cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed Computation Using Algebraic Elements

Information processing in the nervous system is subject to a number of constraints. Because the number of neurons far exceeds the number of genes expressed in the brain, a computing architecture based on multiple copies of relatively simple modules seems necessary. Since most neuronal processes are short, the connections between modules have to be primarily local. Processing in neurons is slow compared to the complexity of the tasks that have to be carried out, so distributed rather than sequential computation is required. There does not seem to be a master “clock” regulating transfer of data from module to module; nor is there any rigorous distinction between signal transmission and processing. Signals are transformed even while propagating through the brain. One might call such an architecture “diffusional” rather than “parallel”. Diffusional architecture creates still another problem for the nervous system, however, because the probabilistic nature of propagation in dendrites and small-caliber axons makes repeated signal copying and transformation subject to a high error rate. Error-correction of some kind must be built into the system.
244: The effect of race/ethnicity on adverse perinatal outcomes among patients with gestational diabetes

OBJECTIVE To determine racial/ethnic differences in perinatal outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Throwing a chair could save officers’ lives during room entries:

Law enforcement officers are sometimes required to perform building searches and room entries to search for, or apprehend, suspects. There have been several instances where officers have been shot ...
Drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: an analysis of the FAERS database.

Introduction Substantial evidence suggests that drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives may cause a higher risk of venous thrombotic events than earlier-generation oral contraceptives. Methods To gain insight into recent real-world implications, we conducted an analysis using the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System. Results Venous thrombotic events continue to be reported at a much higher rate with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives than the general background. The disproportionality has been rising since 2010. The same behavior is not seen with levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives. Conclusion Our results are consistent with decreased physician and patient awareness of risks associated with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives.
Comparison of brittle- and viscous creep in quartzites: Implications for semi-brittle flow of rocks

Abstract The co-existence and interaction between brittle and viscous deformation processes contributes to the integrated strength of the crust and results in a wide range of energy-release mechanisms ranging from earthquakes to creep. Here, we compare flow laws derived for quartz-rich rocks deforming by brittle creep, wet dislocation power-law creep and dissolution-precipitation creep. We investigate theoretically the conditions when both brittle and viscous processes contribute significantly to deformation provided that all processes act independently and in parallel. Utilizing a comprehensive data set for deformation experiments in quartz-rich rocks, we find that the transition between deformation mechanisms is strongly dependent on input variables such as initial flaw size and grain size. The transition can occur abruptly or over hundreds of MPa in differential stress and hundreds of degrees Kelvin at a constant strain rate. The transition is strongly dependent on grain-size and confining pressure. Limitations to this work are first that all three flow laws are poorly constrained by experimental data for conditions relevant for the comparison. Secondly, a need exists for new experiments to infill the knowledge gaps between high-temperature and low-temperature deformation experiments and deriving quantitative flow laws for low-temperature plasticity and high-temperature brittle creep.
Global Capitalism, Reactionary Neoliberalism, and the Deepening of Environmental Injustices

The systemic crisis of neoliberal capitalism is not only economic and ecological in nature, as is manifest in the explosive growth in global economic and ecological inequalities, but is also witnes...
Williams' blister test analyzed as an interface crack problem

A model is constructed to analyze more carefully the energy release rate for Williams' blister test. The model, which consists of an interface crack between two elastic layers, is loaded by uniform internal pressure. The singular integral equations for the dislocation densities are derived and solved using numerical quadrature and the energy release rate is calculated directly from the dislocation densities. Both the two-dimensional and axisymmetric penny-shaped crack problems are considered, and it is noted that there are significant differences between these two cases. It is found that in some cases crack propagation will not be catastrophic.
Psychological Stress and Psychosis

To understand how a person is feeling just from hearing his or her voice is not something that is very easy to do. Perhaps it is a nearly impossible task. Yet, there are times when an individual (a police officer, for example) has little else but the heard voice to tell him or her what action the talker is intending to take. While some of the relationships between vocal behaviors and emotions are known or suspected, they are tenuous enough that you cannot expect this chapter to be replete with illustrative cases or with descriptions of systems which would allow you to interpret a person’s mental state from listening to his or her voice. Nonetheless, this area of study is an important one and probably will prove amenable to development over time—that is, as more and more relevant research is completed.
Virtual reality exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD.

War is one of the most challenging environments that a human can experience. The cognitive, emotional, and physical demands of a combat environment place enormous stress on even the best-prepared military personnel. The OEF-OIF (Operation Enduring Freedom-Operation Iraqi Freedom) combat theatre, with its ubiquitous battlefronts, ambiguous enemy identification, and repeated extended deployments, was anticipated to produce significant numbers of military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental disorders. Recent studies are now confirming this expectation. Among the many approaches that have been used to treat PTSD, exposure therapy appears to have the best-documented therapeutic efficacy. Such treatment typically involves the graded and repeated imaginal reliving of the traumatic event within the therapeutic setting and is believed to provide a low-threat context in which the patient can begin to therapeutically process trauma-relevant emotions as well as decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation/extinction process. While the efficacy of imaginal exposure has been established in multiple studies with diverse trauma populations, many patients are unwilling or unable to effectively visualize the traumatic event. To address this problem, researchers have recently turned to the use of virtual reality (VR) to deliver exposure therapy by immersing patients in simulations of trauma-relevant environments that allow for precise control of stimulus conditions. This chapter presents an overview of PTSD exposure therapy, a description of VR, and the rationale for how this technology has been applied as a tool to deliver exposure therapy along with a brief review of current research. We then provide a description of the current Virtual Iraq exposure therapy system and treatment protocol and present initial results from an open clinical trial with active duty military personnel and a brief case study. The chapter concludes with a summary of future directions in which VR technology can be further applied to more comprehensively address a range of PTSD-relevant issues.
A Chip-Level Anti-Reverse Engineering Technique

Protection of intellectual property (IP) is increasingly critical for IP vendors in the semiconductor industry. However, advanced reverse engineering techniques can physically disassemble the chip and derive the IPs at a much lower cost than the value of IP design that chips carry. This invasive hardware attack—obtaining information from IC chips—always violates the IP rights of vendors. The intent of this article is to present a chip-level reverse engineering resilient design technique. In the proposed technique, transformable interconnects enable an IC chip to maintain functioning in normal use and to transform its physical structure into another pattern when exposed to invasive attacks. The newly created pattern will significantly increase the difficulty of reverse engineering. Furthermore, to improve the effectiveness of the proposed technique, a systematic design method is developed targeting integrated circuits with multiple design constraints. Simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the capability of the proposed technique, which generates extremely large complexity for reverse engineering with manageable overhead.
Nonlinear neoclassical two-fluid theory of response of tokamak plasma to resonant error-field

A nonlinear, neoclassical, two-fluid theory of the interaction of a single-helicity magnetic island chain with a resonant error-field in a quasi-cylindrical, low-β, tokamak plasma is presented. In particular, the analysis of Fitzpatrick [Phys. Plasmas 25, 042503 (2018)] is generalized to take explicit time dependence into account. Aside from the ability to more accurately treat time-varying problems, the main physical effect that is introduced into the theory by the incorporation of explicit time dependence is ion inertia. The formalism developed in the paper is used to analyze two time-varying problems. First, the interaction of a pre-existing magnetic island chain with a resonant error-field. Second, an error-field-maintained magnetic island chain. The latter problem is of direct relevance to experiments in which deliberately applied, multi-harmonic, resonant magnetic perturbations are used to suppress edge localized modes (ELMs) in tokamak plasmas. Indeed, the predictions of the theory are strikingly similar to data recently obtained from ELM suppression experiments in the DIII-D tokamak [R. Nazikian et al., Nucl. Fusion 58, 106010 (2018)].
Representações e novas tecnologias

Esta exposicao centra a atencao sobre a dificuldade que o paradigma moderno tem de explicar a tecnologia e a sociedade e tenta mostrar como a relacao e a mistura entre as duas as constitui, como funciona e como pode ser compreendida. A representacao moderna ve o mundo composto por elementos independentes, exteriores uns aos outros, constituindo uma natureza morta, esta tambem exterior a vida em geral e a vida social. Desde os anos setenta, porem uma nova corrente de pensamento, designada como sociologia da tecnica e da ciencia, apresenta um tratamento teorico-metodologico simetrico aos humanos e nao-humanos, consequentemente ao tecnico e ao social. Dividida em tres abordagens, a terceira, aqui exposta com mais detalhe, tem como base a ideia de que a tecnologia e os humanos formam uma rede de atores. Um dos conceitos mais importantes na teoria das redes parece ser o de mediacao entre os humanos e os nao-humanos, e a metodologia de pesquisa segue uma regra simples: "siga os atores". Processo que requer a persistencia e astucia de um detetive na leitura e decifracao de infimos signos. Admitindo ganhos e perdas numa concepcao evolutiva, assim tambem esta abordagem admite perdas e ganhos toda vez que os homens deslizam funcoes de seus corpos para um novo dispositivo tecnico, embora sem semelhanca com as referidas perdas, como pernas substituidas por rodas. Hoje as cabecas se tornam virtuais e vazias enquanto novas tecnologias de comunicacao digital atualizam calculos, teorias, noticias em tempo real e sobre o planeta inteiro. Industria e pedagogia se transformam, a ciencia muda de paradigma, a arte se revoluciona, e, depois do celular, o jornalismo nunca mais sera o mesmo.
Preparation and characterization of six-coordinate titanium(IV) monothiocarbamate complexes. X-ray crystal structure of Dichlorobis(N,N-dimethylcarbamothioato-O,S)titanium(IV)

Abstract Six-coordinate titanium(IV) N,N-dialkylmonothiocarbamate complexes Ti(R2mtc)2Cl2 (R = Me, Et, i-Pr, or i-Bu) have been prepared in excellent yield by reaction of titanium(IV) chloride with stoichiometric amounts of sodium N,N-dialkylmonothiocarbamates in dichloromethane or benzene. The complexes were characterized by conductance measurements and by infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The x-ray crystal structure of Ti(Me2mtc)2Cl2 was determined in order to establish the location of the sulfur atoms, which are generally cis in monothiocarbamate and monothio-β-diketonate complexes. Ti(Me2mtc)2Cl2 has a distorted octahedral structure in which the Ti(IV) atom is bonded to two cis Cl atoms and two planar, bidentate monothiocarbamate ligands. The complex exists (unexpectedly) as the C2 stereoisomer that has S atoms in trans positions.
Corrections to “Direct Patlak Reconstruction From Dynamic PET Data Using the Kernel Method With MRI Information Based on Structural Similarity” [Apr 18 955-965]

In the above paper [1] , there are typos in Algorithm 1 table. The correct version of Algorithm 1 is given below.
Comparing Binary-Swap Algorithms for Odd Factors of Processes

A key component of most large-scale rendering systems is a parallel image compositing algorithm, and the most commonly used compositing algorithms are binary swap and its variants. Although shown to be very efficient, one of the classic limitations of binary swap is that it only works on a number of processes that is a perfect power of 2. Multiple variations of binary swap have been independently introduced to overcome this limitation and handle process counts that have factors that are not 2. To date, few of these approaches have been directly compared against each other, making it unclear which approach is best. This paper presents a fresh implementation of each of these methods using a common software framework to make them directly comparable. These methods to run binary swap with odd factors are directly compared. The results show that some simple compositing approaches work as well or better than more complex algorithms that are more difficult to implement.
Correlation between the wafer curvature and fluorescence of pulsed laser deposited ruby thin films stressed to ∼2 GPa

Here, the room temperature piezospectroscopic response of highly-fluorescent, ∼330 nm-thick pulsed laser deposited crystalline ruby (0.05 wt. % Cr3+ doped α-Al2O3) thin films on either (001)-oriented sapphire or (001)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia wafers was investigated and calibrated against biaxial film stress measurements obtained from a multibeam optical stress sensor or profilometry-determined wafer curvature measurements. The piezospectroscopic frequency shift from 0 to 1.9 GPa of compressive biaxial stress for the phase-pure (001)-oriented ruby films produced here had the same piezospectroscopic Π11 and Π22 tensor coefficient values as bulk ruby over its previously calibrated 0–0.9 GPa range. This extended calibration may be useful when using ruby to measure the amount of biaxial stress in a variety of multilayer devices and coatings.Here, the room temperature piezospectroscopic response of highly-fluorescent, ∼330 nm-thick pulsed laser deposited crystalline ruby (0.05 wt. % Cr3+ doped α-Al2O3) thin films on either (001)-oriented sapphire or (001)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia wafers was investigated and calibrated against biaxial film stress measurements obtained from a multibeam optical stress sensor or profilometry-determined wafer curvature measurements. The piezospectroscopic frequency shift from 0 to 1.9 GPa of compressive biaxial stress for the phase-pure (001)-oriented ruby films produced here had the same piezospectroscopic Π11 and Π22 tensor coefficient values as bulk ruby over its previously calibrated 0–0.9 GPa range. This extended calibration may be useful when using ruby to measure the amount of biaxial stress in a variety of multilayer devices and coatings.
Longitudinal vibration responses of axially functionally graded optimized MEMS gyroscope using Rayleigh–Ritz method, determination of discernible patterns and chaotic regimes

Axial vibration analysis of an optimized MEMS gyroscope is investigated in this paper. For this purpose; a model of rotating, axially functionally graded (tapered) nano-rod is represented. Along with classical continuum mechanics, Eringen’s non-local theory is adopted. Using Hamilton’s variational approach along with coupled displacement field concept which is derived from Babaei and Yang, governing equations of motion are derived. Rayleigh–Ritz approximate method is used to solve the equation for both clamped–clamped and clamped-free rod model. Verification of current results is ratified by comparison with results available in technical literature. Incorporation of taper parameter, non-local effect and rotation effects reveals predictable patterns along with unpredictable chaotic behavior of the optimized gyroscope. Such outcomes report necessity of precise and case-by-case perusal as for some specific values of taper and non-local parameters; system results unpredictable responses. In such chaotic regimes, pattern detection based on response of the gyroscope is impossible and a kind of real-time monitoring and analysis is required. Excluding critical values of the mentioned parameters of non-locality and taper; generally rotations around a fixed axis leads to lessening the oscillations, enhancing the non-locality yields weak vibrations, and intensifying the taper effects makes the system oscillate with greater frequencies wherein for quite high values of taper parameter, gyroscope model behavior turns out independent. It is good to mention that only case in which increment of taper parameter suppresses vibrations occurs when cross-section area of clamped-free nano-rod model is increasing. Eventually, influential factors of current model are revealed.
Self-efficacy and subjective task values in relation to choice, effort, persistence, and continuation in engineering: an Expectancy-value theory perspective

Guided by Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), we investigated the association of students’ engineering self-efficacy and subjective task values (attainment, intrinsic, utility and cost) to four achievem...
ELMO1 Is a Novel Negative Regulator of Glycoprotein VI Signaling in Platelets

Abstract PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is an important signaling molecule that is activated downstream of various receptors upon platelet activation. PI3-kinase activation leads to the generation of PIP3 (Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate) subsequently leading to the recruitment of PH (pleckstrin homology) domain containing proteins to the plasma membrane. Our laboratory screened for proteins that interacted with PIP3 (Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate) using PIP3 beads. One of the proteins that interacted with PIP3 was ELMO1 (Engulfment and cell motility-1). ELMO1 is a scaffold protein with no catalytic activity and is well known to regulate actin cytoskeletal rearrangement via Rac1 in other cells. However, it is not known whether ELMO1 is expressed in platelets and if so, does it regulate platelet functional responses. Here, we show that ELMO1 is present in both human and murine platelets. We used ELMO1-deficient (ELMO1-/-) mice to study its role in platelets. ELMO1-/- murine platelets showed enhanced platelet aggregation and dense granule secretion in response to the GPVI agonist, CRP (Figure 1 A & B), compared to the wildtype controls although there was no difference in GPVI expression levels between the two. There was no difference observed in response to AYPGKF- or 2-MeSADP. These data suggest that ELMO1 plays a specific role downstream of GPVI pathway but GPCRs. Moreover, ELMO1-/- platelets exhibited enhanced clot retraction and spreading indicating its role in Glycoprotein IIb/IIa (GPIIb/IIIa) mediated outside-in signaling. Furthermore, whole blood from ELMO1-/- mice perfused over collagen under arterial shear conditions exhibited enhanced thrombus formation. In an in vivo pulmonary thromboembolism model, ELMO1-/- mice showed reduced survival compared to the wildtype control. ELMO1-/- mice also showed shorter time to occlusion and increased thrombus stability using the ferric-chloride injury model indicating the role of ELMO1 in thrombus formation in vivo. At the molecular level, Rac1 activity was enhanced in ELMO1-/- murine platelets compared to the wildtype control in response to CRP (Figure 1C). Together, these data suggest that ELMO1 regulates Rac1 activity upon GPVI-mediated thrombus formation and it may play a negative regulator role in both inside-out and outside-in signaling, which might involve Rac1. Download : Download high-res image (43KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Causal Inference and Estimands in Clinical Trials

The National Research Council’s report on the prevention and treatment of missing data highlighted the need to clearly specify causal estimands. This focus fundamentally changed how the missing dat...
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Reading Performance of Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review

Importance: Low vision affects many older adults and is expected to significantly increase over the next several decades. It has a significant impact on all aspects of daily life, including the reading required for participation in occupations. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy to improve reading required for the performance of occupations by older adults with low vision. Data Sources: We conducted a systematic review of literature published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and OTseeker databases from 2010 through 2016. The references of retrieved articles were also hand searched. Study Selection and Data Collection: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to abstract and assess data quality and validity. This review followed the established methodology of the American Occupational Therapy Association Evidence-Based Practice Project. Findings: Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into three themes: (1) technology, (2) visual skills training, and (3) multicomponent interventions. Moderate evidence supports stand-based electronic magnification and eccentric viewing training to improve reading outcomes. Strong evidence supports multicomponent interventions. Conclusions and Relevance: Occupational therapy practitioners working with older adults with low vision are strongly encouraged to integrate stand-based electronic magnification, eccentric viewing training, and comprehensive low vision services into routine care. Further research with larger sample sizes and functional reading outcome measures is needed. What This Article Adds: This review provides additional support for the use of select occupational therapy interventions (stand-based electronic magnification, eccentric viewing training, and comprehensive low vision services) to support the reading required for occupational performance for older adults with low vision. The findings provide guidance to occupational therapy practitioners for selection and implementation of evidence-based interventions for reading.
Social and biological evidence on motives for punishment

The causes, consequences, and neurophysiology of punishment have received increasing attention in recent years. Punishment often occurs in social environments when trust is not reciprocated or when people given an opportunity to be cooperative choose to be selﬁsh instead. In such cases, punishment can stem from formal contracts that specify speciﬁc sanctions for speciﬁc types of behavior. Often though, punishment is spontaneous, informal, and even costly to the punisher. Here we review and discuss aspects of what is known about human motives for punishment. By way of background, this section brieﬂy discusses research on eﬀects, both negative and positive, of formal and informal punishment on cooperation in groups.
Accuracy of NDVI-derived corn yield predictions is impacted by time of sensing

Abstract Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data derived from cameras mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or from tractor-mounted sensors have the potential to aid in quick and accurate decision making for fertility management of corn (Zea mays L.). However, timing of sensing can impact the accuracy of yield predictions and hence nutrient need assessment. In this study the accuracy of yield predictions derived from NDVI data for corn silage and grain was evaluated using (a) an active sensor (GreenSeeker; handheld unit), and (b) a passive sensor (UAV-mounted camera). Two types of replicated trials were conducted in central New York: (a) N rate studies with N applied at V6 at rates ranging from 0 kg N ha−1 to 336 kg N ha−1 (2016, 2017, and 2018); and (b) timing of N application studies, with N applied at V4, V6, V8 or V10 (2017 and 2018). For each of the trials conducted in 2017 and 2018, the crop was sensed and NDVI was determined weekly from V4 through V12. An additional flight was done with the UAV-mounted camera at R2. In addition, the 2016 N rate study and timing of sidedress study in 2018 were sensed at V10 (single day) from 7 am through 5 pm on 2-hour intervals. Results showed that crop growth stage and timing of N application affected the accuracy of yield predictions. Scans within 2 weeks of sidedressing did not result in accurate yield predictions, independent of sensor type. Best yield estimates were obtained with a UAV-mounted camera late in the season (R2 growth stage). For in-season N management, a low-rate (
Direct Kerr frequency comb atomic spectroscopy and stabilization

Microresonator-based soliton frequency combs, microcombs, have recently emerged to offer low-noise, photonic-chip sources for applications, spanning from timekeeping to optical-frequency synthesis and ranging. Broad optical bandwidth, brightness, coherence, and frequency stability have made frequency combs important to directly probe atoms and molecules, especially in trace gas detection, multiphoton light-atom interactions, and spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet. Here, we explore direct microcomb atomic spectroscopy, using a cascaded, two-photon 1529-nm atomic transition in a rubidium micromachined cell. Fine and simultaneous repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset frequency control of the soliton enables direct sub-Doppler and hyperfine spectroscopy. Moreover, the entire set of microcomb modes are stabilized to this atomic transition, yielding absolute optical-frequency fluctuations at the kilohertz level over a few seconds and <1-MHz day-to-day accuracy. Our work demonstrates direct atomic spectroscopy with Kerr microcombs and provides an atomic-stabilized microcomb laser source, operating across the telecom band for sensing, dimensional metrology, and communication.
Metabolic Targets in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Treating the Disease at the Metabolic Root

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Thus far, there are no FDA-approved therapeutic options for NASH. This review discusses relevant and recent findings in the development of pharmacotherapy that targets the metabolic processes implicated in NASH. Several key drugs have been identified across various drug classes. Among inhibitors of de novo lipogenesis, the SCD-1 inhibitor aramchol and the ACC inhibitor firsocostat are the most advanced. Within nuclear hormone receptor agonists, PPARα/δ agonist elafibranor and PPARα/γ agonist saroglitazar show promise with respect to improvement in NASH histology and hepatic steatosis. Additionally, THR-β agonist resmetirom showed significant reduction in hepatic steatosis and NASH resolution. Larger studies with longer treatment duration are needed to establish safety and efficacy of these metabolic drugs. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in testing drugs that modulate the metabolic targets responsible for NASH progression.
For Patients With Isolated Cleft Palate Does Revision Palatoplasty Have an Increased Risk of Inpatient Complication Compared to Primary Palatal Repair

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine whether revision palatoplasty was associated with increased rates of inpatient complication and wound dehiscence compared to primary palatal rep...
Fabrication and device characterization of large linear dynamic range tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors for system applications

The large linear dynamic range tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors were designed and successfully fabricated in 8 inch Silicon process line for current / magnetic sensing applications. In this paper, the TMR sensors show their performances strongly depend on wafer etching conditions and aspect ratios (ARs) of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). During the fine-tuning of etching conditions and AR of MTJs, the packaged TMR sensors have large linear dynamic range (> 200 Oe) and suitable characteristics to apply in current measurement system.
Towards Inferring Nanopore Sequencing Ionic Currents from Nucleotide Chemical Structures

The characteristic ionic currents of nucleotide kmers are commonly used in analyzing nanopore sequencing readouts. We present a graph convolutional network-based deep learning framework for predicting kmer characteristic ionic currents from corresponding chemical structures. We show such a framework can generalize the chemical information of the 5-methyl group from thymine to cytosine by correctly predicting 5-methylcytosine-containing DNA 6mers, thus shedding light on the de novo detection of nucleotide modifications.
A Decade of Research on K–12 Teaching and Teacher Learning with Social Media: Insights on the State of the Field:

Background and ContextThe increasingly widespread use of social media to expand one's social connections is a relatively new but important phenomenon that has implications for teaching, learning, a...
Innovation in breakthrough drugs and vaccines: Development risk, patient impact, and value.

Abstract Innovation has a crucial role in developing breakthrough drugs and vaccines that can change patients’ lives. To better understand this role, we evaluated recent outcomes for assets developed using different types of innovation. Although all approaches have delivered breakthroughs, assets that modulate established biological targets with innovative scientific or technological designs provide a unique combination of reduced development risk, high patient impact, and high commercial value. This type of asset currently represents a relatively small proportion of approved drugs and vaccines, but we anticipate that an increasing body of scientific knowledge and ongoing technological advancements could offer opportunities to grow this category in the future.
Integration in Latvia: a success story?

Since Latvia restored her independence 30 years ago, numerous studies of Latvia’s inter-ethnic relations have been published, each with specific analytical and periodic frames. This article covers ...
Ensconsin-dependent changes in microtubule organization and LINC complex-dependent changes in nucleus-nucleus interactions result in quantitatively distinct myonuclear positioning defects.

A new framework is established to analyze the distribution of nuclei in a muscle syncytium. It is established that nuclei move but cannot separate when the LINC complex is compromised but are immob...
Advances in the use of botulinum neurotoxins in facial esthetics.

Aim To present the latest findings and future developments in the cosmetic use of botulinum neurotoxin. Methods Review of recent literature and new scientific developments. Results Botulinum neurotoxin type A preparations onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX(®) Cosmetic/Vistabel(®), Allergan Inc.) and abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport(®) /Azzalure(®) /Reloxin(®) , Ipsen Pharma,) have been used for many years and are effective and well tolerated for facial esthetic procedures. However, advances are continually made in the esthetics field. New formulations that may exhibit reduced antigenicity are becoming available, such as incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin(®) /Xeomeen(®) /Bocouture(®); formerly known as NT 201, Merz Pharma), which is a botulinum neurotoxin type A free from complexing proteins. In addition, lower facial procedures using botulinum toxin combined with fillers are becoming increasingly popular. Injection techniques and patterns are also evolving, with the aim of creating a more natural result and avoiding a "frozen" appearance. Moreover, the diversity of individuals requesting esthetic procedures is increasing, with growing interest from men and patients with a variety of skin types and colors. Conclusions The uses of botulinum toxins for facial esthetics procedures continue to expand, with new techniques and formulations. The availability of products such as incobotulinumtoxinA may reduce the risk of neutralizing antibody development while maintaining the good efficacy and safety of existing formulations.
A hybrid DMD-waveguide optical signal processor

A hybrid platform is proposed for optical processing with capabilities beyond the standard use for spatial filter coefficients. Time domain operations are explored utilizing electro-optical components to generate and steer an optical beam across the digital micro-mirror device (DMD). An input signal in the form of a collimated optical beam is scanned through an imaging optic across the DMD to achieve 1-D operations. Coefficient “bit depth” is determined by the mirror pattern in the local spot zone giving a ratio of ‘on’ state to ‘off’ state area. The reflected signal returns along the original path through the imaging lens and is read by a receiver. Design feasibility is presented along with initial experimental results.
Cloning of neurotrimin defines a new subfamily of differentially expressed neural cell adhesion molecules

Previous studies in the laboratory indicated that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins may generate diversity of the cell surface of different neuronal populations (Rosen et al., 1992). In this study, we have extended these findings and surveyed the expression of GPI-anchored proteins in the developing rat CNS. In addition to several well characterized GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), we detected an unidentified broad band of 65 kDa that is the earliest and most abundantly expressed GPI-anchored species in the rat CNS. Purification of this protein band revealed that it is comprised of several related proteins that define a novel subfamily of immunoglobulin-like (Ig) CAMs. One of these proteins is the opiate binding-cell adhesion molecule (OBCAM). We have isolated a cDNA encoding a second member of this family, that we have termed neurotrimin, and present evidence for the existence of additional family members. Like OBCAM, with which it shares extensive sequence identity, neurotrimin contains three immunoglobulin-like domains. Both proteins are encoded by distinct genes that may be clustered on the proximal end of mouse chromosome 9. Characterization of the expression of neurotrimin and OBCAM in the developing CNS by in situ hybridization reveals that these proteins are differentially expressed during development. Neurotrimin is expressed at high levels in several developing projection systems: in neurons of the thalamus, subplate, and lower cortical laminae in the forebrain and in the pontine nucleus, cerebellar granule cells, and Purkinje cells in the hindbrain. Neurotrimin is also expressed at high levels in the olfactory bulb, neural retina, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and in a graded distribution in the basal ganglia and hippocampus. OBCAM has a much more restricted distribution, being expressed at high levels principally in the cortical plate and hippocampus. These results suggest that these proteins, together with other members of this family, provide diversity to the surfaces of different neuronal populations that could be important in the specification of neuronal connectivity.
Trait anxiety, but not trait anger, predisposes obese individuals to emotional eating

The present study examined whether trait anxiety and trait anger are associated with vulnerability to emotional eating, particularly among obese individuals. Lean (n = 37) and obese (n = 24) participants engaged in a laboratory study where they completed measures of trait anxiety and trait anger at screening and then completed 3 counterbalanced experimental sessions involving different mood inductions (neutral, anxiety, anger). Following each mood induction, participants were provided with snack foods in a sham taste test. Models predicting snack intake revealed a significant trait anxiety×body mass index group interaction, such that high trait anxiety was positively associated with food intake for obese individuals, but not their lean counterparts. Contrary to the hypothesis, trait anger was not associated with food intake for obese or lean participants. Results suggest that trait anxiety may be a risk factor for emotional eating among obese individuals.
Influence of left ventricular mass on coronary artery cross-sectional area.

Observations from cardiac catheterization suggest that coronary artery cross-sectional area (CSA) is increased in patients with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and is proportional to LV mass. This hypothesis was tested using computer-based quantitative analysis of LV mass and CSA from angiographic images of the left ventricle and proximal coronary arteries from 19 men and 21 women, aged 23 to 78 years (mean 56). Twenty-seven patients had valvular heart disease, 16 of whom had multivalvular involvement; diagnoses included aortic stenosis in 19, aortic regurgitation in 13 and mitral regurgitation in 12. Thirteen patients had normal valvular and ventricular function. All patients had normal coronary arteries. Significant differences between normal patients and those with valvular disease were noted in LV mass (88 ± 7 vs 165 ± 12 g/m2, p < 0.001) and coronary CSA (26 ± 2 vs 46 ± 3 mm2, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a linear relation between LV mass and coronary CSA was noted (r = 0.788, p < 0.001). Thus, proximal coronary artery CSA is significantly larger in valvular heart disease patients with LV hypertrophy than in those with normal ventricles, and proximal coronary artery area increases in proportion to LV mass in hypertrophied ventricles.
Hermite Functions on Compact Lie Groups, II

Abstract The usual formula for Hermite polynomials on Rd is extended to a compact Lie group G, yielding an isometry of L2(G, p1), where p1 is the heat kernel measure at time one, with a natural completion of the universal enveloping algebra of G. The existence of such an isometry was first established by L. Gross; here we present a simplified proof as well as the explicit form of the isometry.
Processing, catering and cooking of foods by means of electromagnetic radiation.

While this paper will deal with the radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum, it will be devoted mainly to the use of radio-frequency energy in the processing, cooking, and catering of foods. A brief expose of the present state of the use of ionizing energy for food preservation will be presented and prognostications for its future use and reasons therefore will be made. The basic principles of the use of radio-frequency energy will be briefly covered as background for its potential in the next 15-20 years on a worldwide basis. Particular attention will be given to the use of microwaves for institutional (catering) feeding with a specific example of the use of microwaves for hospital feeding as a means of cost reduction per patient fed. The growth of the microwave home oven industry and safety of these ovens will also be covered.
Jack Pressman and the future of the history of psychiatry.

L'auteur tente ici de prevoir l'orientation que prendront les historiens de la psychiatrie dans un futur proche, en se concentrant d'abord sur les circonstances et ensuite sur les recits de l'histoire de la psychiatrie.
Parallel column liquid chromatography with a single multi-wavelength absorbance detector for enhanced selectivity using chemometric analysis

The selectivity of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations is increased using a parallel column configuration. In this system, an injected sample is first split between two HPLC columns that provide complementary separations. The effluent from the two columns is recombined prior to detection with a single multiwavelength absorbance detector. Complementary stationary phases are used so that each chemical component produces a detected concentration profile consisting of two peaks. A parallel column configuration, when coupled with multivariate detection, provides increased chemical selectivity relative to a single column configuration with the same multivariate detection. This enhanced selectivity is achieved by doubling the number of peaks in the chromatographic dimension while keeping the run time constant. Unlike traditional single column separation methodology, the parallel column system sacrifices chromatographic resolution while actually increasing the chemical selectivity, thus allowing chemometric data analysis methods to mathematically resolve the multivariate chromatographic data. The parallel column system can be used to reduce analysis times for partially resolved peaks and simplify initial method development as well as provide a more robust methodology if and when subsequent changes in the sample matrix occur (such as when new interferences show up in subsequent samples). Here, a mixture of common aromatic compounds were separated with this system and analyzed using the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM). Analytes that were significantly overlapped on both stationary phases applied, ZirChrom PBD and CARB phases, when used in traditional single column format, were successfully quantified with a R.S.D.% of typically 2% when the same stationary phases were used in the parallel column format. These results indicate that a parallel column system should substantially improve the chemical selectivity and quantitative precision of the analysis relative to a single-column instrument.
Quantitative analysis of 3α,6α,24-trihydroxy-24,24-di(trifluoromethyl)-5β-cholane, a potent synthetic steroidal liver X receptor agonist in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract The steroidal liver X receptor agonist, 3α,6α,24-trihydroxy-24,24-di(trifluoromethyl)-5β-cholane (ATI-829) is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis. A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) method for the quantification of ATI-829 in mouse plasma was developed and validated. Proteins in a 25 μL aliquot of mouse plasma were precipitated, and ATI-829 was extracted from the precipitate by the addition of 125 μL methanol. The overall extraction efficiency was greater than 99%. LC–MS–MS with negative ion electrospray and selected reaction monitoring was used for the quantitative analysis of ATI-829. The lower limit of quantitation of ATI-829 corresponded to 5.0 ng/mL (9.7 nM) plasma. Interference from matrix was negligible. The calibration curve was linear over the range 5–2000 ng/mL. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision of the analyses were
Hyperglycaemia is associated with fungaemia and an increased mortality rate in severely burned children

Background Hyperglycaemia may have detrimental effects on immunity. The purpose of this study was to assess any relationship between hyperglycaemia and clinical outcome following injury. Methods The records of children with burns covering 60 per cent or more of the body surface admitted after 1996 were reviewed. Patients were categorized as having poor glucose control if 40 per cent or more of all plasma glucose determinations were 7·8 mmol l−1 or greater and were compared with patients with adequate glucose control (less than 40 per cent of glucose values 7·8 mmol l−1 or greater). Results Despite similar age, burn size and caloric intake, the extent and severity of hyperglycaemia was significantly greater in the 33 patients categorized as having poor glucose control than in the 25 patients with adequate glucose control. Patients with hyperglycaemia had a significantly higher proportion of blood cultures positive for yeast (mean(s.d.) 3·7(10·0) versus 0·1(0·7) per cent; P < 0·05, Student's t test). Nine of 33 patients with persistent hyperglycaemia died, compared with only one of 25 with adequate glucose control (P ≤ 0·05, Fisher's exact test). Conclusion This association between hyperglycaemia, fungaemia and subsequent death in severely burned children may be related to a hyperglycaemia-induced deterioration in immune function. This suggests that aggressive manoeuvres to normalize plasma glucose may be warranted. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Magnetic moments and GT-type β-decay matrix elements in nuclei with a LS doubly closed shell plus or minus one nucleon

Abstract The magnetic moments and GT-type β-decay matrix elements of nuclei with an 16O core plus (minus) one nucleon and with a 40Ca core plus(minus) one nucleon are studied from the point of view of configuration mixing in terms of second order perturbation theory. It is found that the effect of the mixing of highly excited configurations through a tensor force is essential to explain the large reduction of the GT-type β-decay matrix elements. It is also found that modulus of the isovector parts of the gyromagnetic ratio, gτS and gτl, are appreciably reduced by the configuration mixing.
Advanced topics in evidence-based urological oncology: using results of a subgroup analysis.

Abstract Background Randomized, controlled trials are the cornerstone of evaluation for therapies in urologic oncology. Clinicians and investigators are frequently interested in whether treatment effects differ among subgroups of patients defined by clinically relevant characteristics. Methods The evidence-based approach to subgroup analysis is explored using an example from the urologic literature. Potential reasons why the results of subgroup analyses may not be reliable are reviewed. Criteria for assessing the validity of a subgroup effect are described. Results The likelihood of observing clinically important differences in treatment results by chance increases with each additional comparison of groups. Ideally, subgroup comparisons should be specified a priori and few in number. The probability of observing the difference in outcomes due to chance should be low and, ideally, the difference will be large. Finally, external evidence or biologic data should support the hypothesized difference in subgroup outcomes. Conclusion Use of these criteria for subgroup analyses will promote a more evidence-based management for oncologic diseases within urology. Understanding appropriate use of subgroup analyses will help clinicians target therapies towards those patients most likely to benefit, and avoid both limiting potentially beneficial therapies or utilizing ineffective therapies when observed subgroup treatment effects are likely due to chance.