cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of health disorders as a systemic measure of aging: Findings from the NLTCS data.

Abstract Background An index of age-associated health/well-being disorders (deficits), called the “frailty index” (FI), appears to be a promising characteristic to capture dynamic variability in aging manifestations among age-peers. In this study we provide further support toward this view focusing on the analysis of the FI age patterns in the participants of the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS). Methods The NLTCS assessed health and functioning of the U.S. elderly in 1982, 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999. Detailed information for our sample was assessed from about 26,700 interviews. The individual FI is defined as a proportion of health deficits for a given person. Results The FI in the NLTCS exhibits accelerated age patterns. The acceleration is larger for elderly who, at younger ages, had a lower FI (low FI group) than for those who showed a higher FI at younger ages (high FI group). Age-patterns for low and high FI groups tend to converge at advanced ages. The rate of deficit accumulation is sex-sensitive. Conclusions The accelerated FI age patterns suggest that FI can be considered as a systemic measure of aging process. Convergence of the (sex-specific) FI age patterns for low and high FI groups by extreme ages might reflect the limit of the FI-specific (or systemic) age as well as the limit of adaptation capacity in aging individuals.
RADIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL FISTULAS

Diagnostic radiology has assumed an increasingly prominent role in the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) fistulas during the last 15 years. This development has been the result of the application of CT and ultrasonography to the diagnosis of intra-abdominal inflammatory processes and the use of these imaging modalities to guide percutaneous intervention by the interventional radiologist. The collaboration of interventional radiologists and general surgeons in the management of patients with these perplexing problems has led to important observations regarding the natural history of GI fistulas and to significant advances in the clinical management of many of these problems. Diagnostic radiology techniques have been used for a long time to diagnose and elucidate internal fistulas and to investigate external fistulas. In recent years, the implementation of percutaneous abscess drainage (PAD) as a viable treatment option for many, if not most, intra-abdominal abscesses has yielded unexpected additional findings and benefits. First, a previously unsuspected high incidence of association of intra-abdominal abscesses with enterocavitary fistulas (15% to 44%) 11,18 has been demonstrated on follow-up drainage catheter contrast injection studies ("abscessograms"); second, 80% to 84% of such fistulas have been shown to be amenable to percutaneous management 18,32 ; and third, similar catheter drainage techniques have been successfully applied to the management of enterocutaneous fistulas following premature surgical drain removal. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the current role of diagnostic radiology in the diagnosis, investigation, and management of patients with GI fistulas. A brief review of the history of this specialty's involvement with these problems is integrated with a discussion of some proven diagnostic and therapeutic methods and techniques.
Microsatellite analyses of loci at 7q31.3-q36 reveal a minimum of two common regions of deletion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to better define the extent and specificity of deletion in the 7q32-qter chromosomal region in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).DESIGN AND SETTING: Polymerase chain reaction-based deletion analysis was performed on DNA samples from 24 paired NPCs and corresponding germlines using 13 microsatellite markers mapped to chromosome subbands 7q31.3-q36.RESULTS: Loss of heterozygosity of at least 1 marker in this interval was found in 18 (75%) of 24 tumor specimens. Particularly frequent allelic losses were identified at 5 loci: D7S495 (46%), D7S509 (42%), D7S500 (45%), D7S631 (30%), and D7S514 (35%). Two shortest regions of overlap could be identified in this interval, although the most common shortest region of overlap appeared to lie around D7S500 between but not including D7S631 and D7S495, on chromosome subband 7q32.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that at least 2 putative tumor suppressor genes important in the pathogenesis of NPC are present in the examined interval, an interval that...
Correction [to "An approach to single-threshold-element synthesis"]

M.L. Dertouzos, author of the paper "An Approach to Single-Threshold-Element Synthesis," which appeared on pp. 519-528 of the October, 1964, issue of these Transactions has called the following corrections to the attention of the Editor. On page 520, (3), the summation endpoints are corrected; on page 523, following (21), the equation is corrected; on page 525, the expression for Theorem 2 is corrected.
The problem of cough and development of novel antitussives.

Abstract Cough is a very common clinical symptom and current therapies are largely ineffective, indicating a major unmet medial need. There is a pressing need to develop novel and safe antitussive therapies. This is likely to arise from better understanding of the sensory nerves involved in cough and the signalling pathways that are activated. A major therapeutic target should be sensitization of the cough reflex which is a feature of patients with both acute (virally induced) cough and chronic cough, including chronic idiopathic cough. Studies on human cough mechanisms are limited. There are several novel therapeutic approaches that are currently being explored. Perhaps the most promising drugs are transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) antagonists, selective cannabinoid agonists (CB2 agonists), maxi-K channel openers and P2X3 antagonists. New cough therapies may target airway nerve sensitization and may best be delivered as inhalers to minimize any systemic effects. Understanding the intercellular signalling pathways involved in nociception may lead to novel drugs, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors, being used in the treatment of cough in the future. It is also likely that several novel treatments that are developed as analgesics will also prove to be beneficial in the treatment of cough.
Identification of active agents for tetrachloroethylene degradation in Portland cement slurry containing ferrous iron.

Experimental studies were designed to identify the active agents in Fe(II)-based degradative solidification/stabilization (Fe(II)−DS/S) that are responsible for the degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) as well as the conditions that enhance the formation of these active agents. First, the conditions that lead to maximizing production of the active agents were identified by measuring the ability of various chemical mixtures to degrade PCE. Results showed that Fe(II), Fe(III), and Cl were the elements most closely associated with high degradation rates. In addition to elemental composition, unknown factors associated with the formation of solid phases could also be important in determining the extent of formation of active reducing agents. Second, instrumental analysis techniques (XRD, SEM, SEM−EDS) were used to identify compounds in chemical mixtures that were observed to have high activities for PCE degradation. SEM−EDS analysis indicated that Fe was associated with hexagonal particles, which is the t...
Plant pathotoxins from Alternaria citri: The major toxin specific for rough lemon plants

Abstract A pathotype of the fungus Alternaria citri that attacks rough lemon plants produces several toxins in culture which specifically damage rough lemon and Rangpur lime plants. The major toxin produced, Toxin I, was by far the most potent compound ( ED 50 = 30 ng/ml). Five other minor toxins were active at ED 50 levels greater than 1 μg/ml. On the basis of mass, 1H and 13C NMR spectra and decoupling studies of Toxin I and derivative, Toxin I is a 19 carbon polyalcohol with an α-dihydropyrone ring. The γ-dihydropyrone tautomer was less predominant. Culture filtrates of A. citri also contained a biologically inactive, partially analogous, component possessing a tetrahydropyran ring. It probably arises from decarboxylation of Toxin I. Toxin I was highly specific and did not affect nonhost plants at 10 000 times the concentrations affecting rough lemon.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of weedy and colonizer plant species at disturbed sites in Utah.

A survey was made of weedy plant species found on distubed sites in Utah. Of the 74 species sampled, 57% were found to contain VA mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal species strictly followed taxonomic divisions, regardless of growth habit. Nonmycorrhizal species were members of the Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Papaveraceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Rubiaceae, and Zygophyllaceae.
Obstructed Diffusion in Phase-Separated Supported Lipid Bilayers: A Combined Atomic Force Microscopy and Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching Approach

Proteins and other macromolecules are believed to hinder molecular lateral diffusion in cellular membranes. We have constructed a well-characterized model system to better understand how obstacles in lipid bilayers obstruct diffusion. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to measure the lateral diffusion coefficient in single supported bilayers composed of mixtures of 1,2-dilauroylphosphotidylcholine (DLPC) and 1,2-distearoylphosphotidylcholine (DSPC). Because these lipids are immiscible and phase separate at room temperature, a novel quenching technique allowed us to construct fluid DLPC bilayers containing small disk-shaped gel-phase DSPC domains that acted as obstacles to lateral diffusion. Our experimental setup enabled us to analyze the same samples with atomic force microscopy and exactly characterize the size, shape, and number of gel-phase domains before measuring the obstacle-dependent diffusion coefficient. Lateral obstructed diffusion was found to be dependent on obstacle area fraction, size, and geometry. Analysis of our results using a free area diffusion model shows the possibility of unexpected long-range ordering of fluid-phase lipids around the gel-phase obstacles. This lipid ordering has implications for lipid-mediated protein interactions in cellular membranes.
Human motion patterns from single camera cues for medical applications

Physical constraints that underly the formation of periodic motions can be effectively used to accurately reconstruct the periodic motion from even single camera views. As shown in our earlier work, this reduces to a problem of geometric inference. In this paper, we focus on periodic motions exhibited by humans, which are generally not perfectly periodic, and explore the suitability of the reconstruction techniques in these scenarios. We examine the degree of periodicity of human gait empirically, including the applicability of our motion model. Importantly, we illustrate the usefulness of these techniques by applying them to the task of clinical gait analysis. A computational tool to analyze periodic human motion can prove to be invaluable in medical applications either in terms of assessing deviations from normal patterns or evaluating changes resulting from therapy or other clinical procedures.
Circadian rhythms and the effects of exogenous melatonin in the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus: a mammal lacking a distinct pineal gland.

Abstract Circadian rhythms of body temperature, activity and oxygen consumption were recorded in the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus , a mammal lacking a distinct pineal gland. The rhythms were entrained by light-dark cycles and appeared to be phase-coupled. Under constant illumination, the animals displayed free-running circadian rhythms with period lengths of slightly less than 24 hr. Melatonin implants caused a lengthening of the free-running period of activity and body temperature. The occurrence of a “normal” circadian rhythmicity in the armadillo indicates that the pineal organ is not necessary for the circadian organization of this animal whereas melatonin of non-pineal origin may have a role.
Synthesis of sulfonated aromatic poly(ether amide)s and their application to proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A series of wholly aromatic sulfonated poly(ether amide)s (SPEAs) containing a sulfonic acid group on the dicarbonyl aromatic ring were prepared via a polycondensation reaction of sulfonated terephthalic acid (STA), terephthalic acid (TA), and aromatic diamine monomers. The degree of sulfonation was readily controlled by adjusting the monomer feed ratio of STA and TA in the polymerization process, and randomly sulfonated polymers with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 1.0–1.8 mequiv/g were prepared using this protocol. The chemical structures of randomly sulfonated polymers were characterized using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies. Gel permeation chromatography analysis of SPEAs indicated the formation of high-molecular-weight sulfonated polymer. Tough and flexible SPEA membranes were obtained from solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide, and thermogravimetric analysis of these membranes showed a high degree of thermal stability. Compared with previously reported sulfonated aromatic polyamides, these new SPEAs showed a significantly lower water uptake of 10–30%. In proton conductivity measurements, ODA-SPEA-70 (IEC = 1.80 mequiv/g), which was obtained from polycondensation of 4,4′-oxydianiline and 70 mol % STA, showed a comparable proton conductivity (105 mS/cm) to that of Nafion 117 at 80 °C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 485–496, 2009
Low temperature solution polycondensation of piperazine polyamides

A simple process is described for the preparation of condensation polymers from diamines and diacid halides, which comprises reacting equivalents of the intermediates at about room temperature in an inert solvent together with an acceptor for the by-product acid. This first paper of a series discusses the formation of polyamides from piperazines and aliphatic and aromatic diacid chlorides. Examples are poly(sebacyl piperazine) and poly(terephthaloyl dimethylpiperazine). Such variables are discussed as types of acid acceptors, solvents, reactant balance, interfering reactions, and the mechanism of the reaction. Some of the polymers are described briefly in terms of melt temperature, solubility, and molecular weight-viscosity relationships.
Modeling complex vapor-transport systems using Monte-Carlo techniques: Radioactive ion beam applications

A Monte-Carlo code has been developed that can be used to optimally design vapor transport systems for isotope-separator-on-line-based radioactive ion beam facilities in lieu of costly iterative trial and error design methods. The code provides a powerful means for delineating diffusion-release and effusive-flow (molecular-flow) processes, in combination, the delay times of which are principal intensity limiters of short-lived radioactive species at such facilities. The code provides time dependent particle evacuation, average distance traveled per particle, and particle/wall interaction information during particle transit through a given vapor-transport system under molecular-flow conditions, independent of the chemistry between particles of interest and the materials of which the transport system are constructed. In addition, the code provides powerful graphical insight via particle trajectories that serve as strong assets in arriving at a final design by identifying regions within the transport system ...
Labor Mobility, Market Integration, and Wage Convergence in Late 19th Century India

Abstract I use district-level wage and food price data for the period 1873 to 1906 to investigate the impact of improvements in transportation on the price of labor in late 19th century India. Falling transport costs could have promoted regional wage convergence by facilitating both labor mobility and interregional commodity trade. There is, however, only qualified evidence of wage convergence in late 19th century India, and it appears that the steady-state dispersion of wages was not compressed by the forces of “globalization.” Relatively low rates of internal migration, weak Heckscher–Ohlin factor price convergence forces, and high climatic variability all contribute to this result.
Quantitative relationships of near-surface spectra to Landsat radiometric data.

Abstract The aim of our research has been to determine the quantitative relationship between the surface spectral character of a variety of geologic terrains and that sensed by the Landsat multispectral scanner. A spectral sampling and measurement program was conducted to accurately characterize the surface spectral reflectance of the Landsat resolution element and, for the first time, to establish statistically the degree of sampling required for a variety of natural terrains. Results from the study showed that for typical homogeneous and moderately heterogeneous terrains, the number of samples required to estimate the mean reflectance of a pixel is small. Only 9–20 samples are required to be within 2% reflectance at the 95% probability level. Coincident field measurements and satellite observations were used to test the equivalency and correlation of the reflectance data. Before the Landsat data could be compared with the surface measurements the satellite brightness values must be converted to absolute radiometric units, and corrected for atmospheric attenuation and scattering. A conversion method using a standard/target comparison, which indirectly compensated for atmospheric attenuation and scattering, produced a Landsat equivalent reflectance that exhibited a root-mean-square error of ± 4% reflectance, when compared with the surface measured value at 12 test sites. Although the equivalence of the surface and satellite data cannot be shown to be better than 4% reflectance, statistical study indicates that the surface and satellite data are highly correlated within defined contrast constraints. However, this correlation is present only after the satellite brightness values are corrected for between band gain differences and compensation is made for atmospheric attenuation and scattering.
Phosphoprotein associated with activation of the src gene product in myogenic cells.

Summary Chicken mononucleated myoblasts were infected with a temperature sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (tsNY68) and allowed to develop into myotubes by incubating at 41°C (nonpermissive temperature for the src gene product). Activation of the src gene product by temperature shiftdown to 36°C (permissive temperature) in these myotubes was found to phosphorylate a 36,000 dalton cellular protein which is similar to the one reported by Radke and Martin (1) recently. Phosphorylation of this 36,000 dalton protein was observed within 3 hr after temperature shift. No appreciable phosphorylation of this protein was observed in control myotubes kept at 41°C nor in the uninfected myotubes. These results suggested that this 36,000 dalton protein may be a possible target of the src gene product (pp60 src ) of Rous sarcoma virus for its cellular transformation in myotubes as well as in fibroblasts.
Nonlinear Inter-Channel Crosstalk Compensation in Carrier Phase Locked WDM

The concept of nonlinear inter-channel crosstalk compensation in phase-locked WDM transmission systems is proposed. Cancellation of FWM-induced waveform distortion by pre-compensation and its reduction by proper setting of the phase relationship between neighbouring channels are successfully demonstrated.
Concluding remarks on the debate about prescription privileges for psychologists.

This article summarizes the six primary arguments for and against prescription privileges for psychologists (PPP or RxP) that were presented in this special issue. Four articles addressed points made in the testimony in favor of PPP by the American Psychological Association. Six articles addressed points in the testimony against PPP by the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology. It is concluded that the PPP debate reflects a deep schism in clinical psychology that represents a serious disunity in the field. The disunity is seen as a divide between those trained to be psychotherapists and those trained to be scientist-practitioners. It is argued that the former support PPP and are interested in the survival of professional schools, while the latter oppose PPP and are interested in the survival of university departments of psychology. For the discipline to survive there must be a rapprochement between these factions and alternatives to PPP for the retraining of psychotherapy practitioners.
Localization of antimonate-mediated precipitates of cations in zoospores ofChytriomyces hyalinus

Abstract The osmium tetroxide-potassium pyroantimonate technique was used to detect cations in zoospores of Chytriomyces hyalinus . Electron-opaque precipitates were located on the fenestrated and closed cisternal portions of rumposomes in zoospores. Precipitates also appeared in the fenestrae of rumposomes, in mitochondria, in lipid globules, and on the plasma membrane. Ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N′ -tetraacetic acid, which selectively chelates calcium ions, removed most of the precipitates from sections of rumposomes, mitochondria, and lipid globules, indicating the electron-opaque material was antimonate precipitates of calcium ions concentrated in these organelles. The localization of calcium in therumposome and the close association of the rumposome with the flagellar apparatus suggest a role for the rumposome in the regulation of flagellar activities.
Modeling effects on the prediction of aerodynamic performance of a double-delta wing

A numerical investigation is undertaken of an 80/65-deg double-delta flat wing by means of the free vortex sheet method that views the vortex system on the leading edge in three different ways, in order to assess the effect of the model's type on the aerodynamic performance of the wing. The model employing two separate vortex systems, one each on inward and outward leading edges, yields predictions that are in close agreement with experimental data, although the model with single-vortex representation is adequate and requires less computational time.
A hypertensive response to infusion of prostaglandin F2α into the vertebral artery of the conscious dog

Abstract Prostaglandin F 2α can increase blood pressure acutely by an action on the central nervous system in the anesthetized dog. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a hypertensive response could be obtained from continuous infusion of prostaglandin F 2α into the vertebral arteries of conscious dogs previously prepared with indwelling catheters. Continuous vertebral artery infusions of prostaglandin F 2α (4–40 ng/kg per min) significantly increased mean arterial pressure by 20 mm Hg during infusions lasting 2 hr. Mean arterial pressures also were increased during infusions into the vertebral artery lasting 24 hr. Heart rates were not significantly changed. These data suggest that prostaglandin F 2α , by activating areas in the distribution of the vertebral artery, can elevate arterial pressure in the conscious dog.
Homology Among Telomeric End-Protection Proteins

Telomere maintenance and end protection are essential for the survival and proliferation of eukaryotic cells, leading to the prediction that components of this system would be highly conserved. In practice, however, evidence for homology among these factors has been elusive, and, in the case of the known end-protection proteins, evolutionary relationships have been postulated largely on the basis of protein structural and functional similarity alone. Here we report support from sequence profile analyses for a significant and specific evolutionary relationship among OB-fold telomeric end-protection factors.
Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for College Students With ADHD: A Case Series Report

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often diagnosed in childhood but persists into adulthood in many cases. Thisdisorder, which is defined by the core symptoms of IA and HI, is also associated with impairment in academic settings, interpersonalrelationships, and behavioral risk taking. While ADHD is most often treated with medication (e.g., stimulants), brief psychosocialtreatments have also been shown to produce improvement in adults with ADHD, although these have not been adequately tested incollege-age populations. The current study tested a brief, eight-session cognitive-behavioral protocol in a case-series design with fourcollege students with ADHD. Participants completed measures tapping ADHD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and general impairmentin academic, social, and employment domains. The findings indicate that the protocol may be useful as a short-term treatment option forcollege students with ADHD, warranting further study in controlled trials.
On spline functions determined by singular self-adjoint differential operators☆

Abstract : Spline functions are shown to exist minimizing the quadratic functional B(u,u) with associated self-adjoint, possibly singular, Euler operator Lambda. The singularity of Lambda is restricted by the hypothesis that the reciprocal of the leading coefficient be integrable and finite-valued at interior points. (Author)
The Grammaticization of Topics in American Sign Language

The topic construction of American Sign Language (ASL), within a topic-comment discourse structure framework, is explained as having emerged from gestural, communicative roots. In modern ASL, the prototypical topic construction is understood to grammatically mark pragmatic information that is accessible to both the signer and the addressee. But the construction is shown to have grammaticized further, with grammatical meaning having to do with text organization and with no reference to pragmatic, extra-linguistic information. The topic, however, is not seen as grammaticizing into a subject. Rather, the grammaticized topic remains prominent in ASL, with its own distinct set of resulting functions.
Improving the assessment of gestational age in a Zimbabwean population

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the performance and the utility of using birthweight-adjusted scores of Dubowitz and Ballard methods of estimating gestational age in a Zimbabwean population. Method: The Dubowitz and the Ballard methods of estimating gestational age were administered to 364 African newborn infants with a known last menstrual period (LMP) at Harare Maternity Hospital. Results: Both methods were good predictors of gestational age useful in differentiating term from pre-term infants. Our regression line was Y (LMP gestational age) =23.814+0.301*score for the Dubowitz and Y (LMP gestational age) =24.493+0.420*score for the Ballard method. Addition of birthweight to the regression models improved prediction of gestational age; Y (LMP gestational age) =23.512+0.219*score+0.0015*grams for Dubowitz and Y (LMP gestational age) =24.002+0.292*score+0.0016*grams for Ballard method. Conclusions: We recommend the use of our birthweight-adjusted maturity scales; the Dubowitz for studies of prematurity, and the Ballard for routine clinical practice.
Allopregnanolone analogs that positively modulate GABAA receptors protect against partial seizures induced by 6-Hz electrical stimulation in mice

Summary: Purpose: Low-frequency (6 Hz), long-duration (3 s) electrical stimulation in mice produces seizures characterized by immobility, focal clonus, and automatic behaviors reminiscent of human limbic epilepsy. Renewed interest has been expressed in this seizure model with the recognition that it is sensitive to a broad spectrum of anticonvulsants (AEDs) and may have distinct pharmacologic responsiveness from other in vivo tests of AED efficacy. Here we sought to determine whether the progesteronederived neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (5α,3α-P) and several structural analogues with varying degrees of activity as positive allosteric modulators of γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors are protective in the 6-Hz seizure model. Methods: Mice were pretreated with neuroactive steroids (15 min before) or clonazepam (CZP; 30 min before) to 6-Hz corneal stimulation (32 mA). Animals that failed to exhibit immobility were considered protected. Results: The neuroactive steroids prevented 6-Hz seizures with rank order of potencies (ED50 values): ganaxolone (6.3 mg/kg) > 5α,3α-P (14.2 mg/kg) ≥ 5β,3α-P (14.4 mg/kg) > 5α,3β-P (>100 mg/kg). CZP also was protective (ED50 value, 0.075 mg/kg). The potencies of the neuroactive steroids and CZP are similar to their previously reported activities in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure model. Conclusions: Neuroactive steroids have comparable potencies in the 6-Hz and PTZ models. Their structural specificity in both models corresponds with their activities as positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, although ganaxolone is more potent than expected, probably because it has greater bioavailability. The 6-Hz model may be a valuable tool in drug development for the identification of GABAergic AEDs. Key Words: Neuroactive steroid—Ganaxolone—Allopregnanolone—Clonazepam—GABAA-receptor modulation—Seizure— 6-Hz model—Mouse.
Anthropological Assessment for Culturally Appropriate Interventions Targeting Men Who Have Sex With Men

Although social and cultural factors play a fundamental role in the health of sexual minority populations and the development of culturally appropriate interventions, public health activities and research have sometimes lacked appropriate sophistication or attention to issues of cultural competency. In areas such as HIV prevention for men who have sex with men (MSM), biomedical interpretations of same-sex phenomena should be applied with caution. Communities and societies may broadly understand same-sex desire, attraction, behavior, and identity through age-structured/initiatory, gender-defined, profession/social role-defined, or egalitarian/gay frameworks. When more detailed, locally specific information is required, such as for youth, ethnic minorities, or urban versus rural populations, the approach to rapid anthropological assessment presented can provide nuanced insights for effective health programs targeting MSM.
Timing of dietary change in response to a telephone counseling intervention: evidence from the WHEL study.

Objective: Little is known about temporal patterns of diet change within interventions, nor about predictors of early and sustained successful change. Social-cognitive theory asserts that early successes in achieving behavior change increase self-efficacy, leading to longer-term success. Design: The authors conducted exploratory cluster analyses using dietary data from the first month of the telephone counseling intervention of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study. Main Outcome Measure: Change in dietary pattern at three early intervention timepoints. Results: Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (25%) was close to meeting study goals at baseline, but still made major changes; Cluster 2 (49%) and Cluster 3 (26%) were not achieving study goals at baseline, but Cluster 2 made substantial immediate changes, while Cluster 3 changed their diet more gradually. Baseline demographic and behavioral variables were associated with cluster membership; however, the strongest predictors of cluster were self-efficacy, motivation, and approaches to study goals. Cluster membership predicted dietary pattern at 12 months. Conclusion: These data suggest that a one-on-one telephone counseling intervention that is intensive in the early weeks may maximize the level of change achieved in a study.
Alexander Bain and the rise of the organic paragraph

(1965). Alexander Bain and the rise of the organic paragraph. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 399-408.
Signal Transduction in Cancer

Cancer is driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations that allow cells to overproliferate and escape mechanisms that normally control their survival and migration. Many of these alterations map to signaling pathways that control cell growth and division, cell death, cell fate, and cell motility, and can be placed in the context of distortions of wider signaling networks that fuel cancer progression, such as changes in the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Mutations that convert cellular proto-oncogenes to oncogenes can cause hyperactivation of these signaling pathways, whereas inactivation of tumor suppressors eliminates critical negative regulators of signaling. An examination of the PI3K-Akt and Ras-ERK pathways illustrates how such alterations dysregulate signaling in cancer and produce many of the characteristic features of tumor cells.
A genetic system for Geobacter metallireducens: role of the flagellin and pilin in the reduction of Fe(III) oxide

Summary Geobacter metallireducens is an important model organism for many novel aspects of extracellular electron exchange and the anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds, but studies of its physiology have been limited by a lack of techniques for gene deletion and replacement. Therefore, a genetic system was developed for G. metallireducens by making a number of modifications in the previously described approach for homologous recombination in Geobacter sulfurreducens. Critical modifications included, among others, a 3.5-fold increased in the quantity of electrotransformed linear DNA and the harvesting of cells at early-log. The Cre-lox recombination system was used to remove an antibiotic resistance cassette from the G. metallireducens chromosome permitting the generation of multiple mutations in the same strain. Deletion of the gene fliC, which encodes the flagellin protein, resulted in a strain that did not produce flagella, was non-motile, and was defective for the reduction of insoluble Fe(III). Deletion of pilA, which encodes the structural protein of the type IV pili, inhibited the production of lateral pili as well as Fe(III) oxide reduction and electron transfer to an electrode. These results demonstrate the importance of flagella and pili in the reduction of insoluble Fe(III) by G. metallireducens and provide methods for additional genetic-based approaches for the study of G. metallireducens.
Lysis Inhibition in Escherichia coli Infected with Bacteriophage T4

Abstract A technique of continuous filtration of T4-infected Escherichia coli has been devised to study the phenomenon of lysis inhibition. Studies using this technique revealed that the length of the lysis delay caused by superinfection can attain only certain discrete values, which for low average multiplicity of superinfection is thought to be a reflection of the actual number of superinfecting particles per cell. The time interval between primary and superinfection had little effect on the length of lysis delay. With increasing rate of superinfection, the length of lysis delay decreased. In superinfected cells, the concentration of endolysin exceeded the final concentration in nonsuperinfected cells. Superinfection of a lysing culture induced lysis inhibition immediately. Temperature-shift experiments, with cells primarily infected by a temperature-sensitive endolysin mutant, revealed that after the normal latent period superinfection was unable to induce lysis inhibition. Amber-restrictive cells, which were primarily infected by an endolysin negative amber mutant, released adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the end of the normal latent period although lysis did not occur. Superinfection reduced the loss of ATP markedly. The hypothetical role of the cytoplasmic membrane in lysis inhibition is discussed.
Anatomical Description and Its Limitations

In order to understand the origins of human movement, it is essential to understand anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. Anatomy provides essential labels for musculoskeletal structures and joint motions relevant to human movement. Knowledge of anatomy also provides a common “language” of the human body and motions for kinesiology and medical professionals. Anatomy is an important prerequisite for kinesiology professionals trying to improve movement, prevent or treat injury. Anatomy is primarily a descriptive science and is not, by itself, enough to explain the function of the musculoskeletal system in movement. Knowledge of anatomy must be combined with biomechanics to accurately determine the musculoskeletal causes or the “how” human movement is created. This chapter reviews key anatomical concepts, shows how functional anatomy traditionally classifies muscle actions, shows how biomechanics is needed to determine muscle function in movement, and discusses the first two of the nine principles of biomechanics: Range of Motion and Force-Motion.
Automatically Generating Annotator Rationales to Improve Sentiment Classification

One of the central challenges in sentiment-based text categorization is that not every portion of a document is equally informative for inferring the overall sentiment of the document. Previous research has shown that enriching the sentiment labels with human annotators' "rationales" can produce substantial improvements in categorization performance (Zaidan et al., 2007). We explore methods to automatically generate annotator rationales for document-level sentiment classification. Rather unexpectedly, we find the automatically generated rationales just as helpful as human rationales.
The Benefits of Multi-Year Research Experiences: Differences in Novice and Experienced Students’ Reported Gains from Undergraduate Research

This mixed-methods study explores differences in novice and experienced undergraduate students' perceptions of their cognitive, personal, and professional gains from engaging in scientific research. The study was conducted in four different undergraduate research (UR) programs at two research-extensive universities; three of these programs had a focus on the biosciences. Seventy-three entry-level and experienced student researchers participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews and completed the quantitative Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment (URSSA) instrument. Interviews and surveys assessed students' developmental outcomes from engaging in UR. Experienced students reported distinct personal, professional, and cognitive outcomes relative to their novice peers, including a more sophisticated understanding of the process of scientific research. Students also described the trajectories by which they developed not only the intellectual skills necessary to advance in science, but also the behaviors and temperament necessary to be a scientist. The findings suggest that students benefit from multi-year UR experiences. Implications for UR program design, advising practices, and funding structures are discussed.
Profiles of laser-created cavities on metal surfaces

Metal surfaces of titanium, aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc were irradiated by a 25 joules pulsed laser with an energy flux ranging from 106 to 108 cal./(sq.cm.) (sec.). The resulted cavities were sectioned, polished and measured to compare with the isotherms computed from several heat conduction models. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental cavity diameters at the interface and those calculated from the disk source model. Also, a graphical correlation between the cavity depth and its interface diameter is presented.
Current distribution in PEM fuel cells. Part 1: Oxygen and fuel flow rate effects

A segmented electrode/current collector setup was used to examine the effect of oxygen flow rate, anode sparger temperature, and hydrogen starvation on the spatial and temporal distribution of local current densities along a single gas channel in a PEM fuel cell operated on pure hydrogen and oxygen. Uniformity in local current densities at a given voltage was sustained over longer periods of time with higher oxygen flow rates that enhanced liquid water removal. When water removal rate was not sufficient, electrode flooding occurred in segments that were farthest from the gas inlet. Increasing anode sparger temperature resulted in reduction of water removal rate from the cathode by back diffusion leading to performance reduction of downstream segments. When fuel was in excess, the current density distribution was dominated by the hydration pattern of the membrane electrode assembly. When fuel supply was less than the electrochemical reaction demand, segments furthest from the inlet suffered fuel starvation, resulting in loss of performance. The use of one of the electrode segments as a novel in-line voltage sensor to reflect available reactant concentrations was also demonstrated. Air operation and effect of cell temperature were also examined and the results are presented in the second part of this series. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
An integrated flexible implantable L-glutamate sensor

In this work, we have developed a fully integrated implantable probe on polyimide-film substrate for sensing neurotransmitters and recording extracellular action potentials simultaneously. The flexibility of the probe helps to prevent scar forming in tissues aiming for long-term in vivo monitoring. An Ag/AgCl reference electrode was integrated in the same probe with the Au/Cr or Pt/Cr working electrodes, which presented an integrated, compact and robust system. Several electrode configurations have been designed for implantation at various locations in the central nervous system. The prototype device for proof of principle is an enzyme-based electrochemical L-glutamate sensor using L-glutamate oxidase. A comparison between Au and Pt thin films was conducted by cyclic voltammtry. The enzyme was deposited with a multiple-step process on the working electrodes followed by meta-Phenylenediamine coating for better selectivity. The self-referencing technique was also used to enhance both the limit of detection and selectivity. The assembled sensors were calibrated and tested at various concentrations of L-glutamate at the presence of interfering molecules showing good sensitivity and selectivity.
An embedded image coding system based on tarp filter with classification

Recently, image compression systems based on the tarp filter, a type of recursive filter, have attracted much attention in the image processing community. While providing very good performance when used in a non-embedded manner, the original tarp-filter-based algorithm performs less competitively when used in an embedded manner (in spite of its operation on bitplanes), because of its raster scan encoding order. We propose a Tarp-filter-based system which utilizes Classification of coefficients to achieve Embedding (TCE). The algorithm classifies the coefficients according to their statistical properties, and the tarp filter only runs on the single class on which it tends to generate accurate probability estimates. TCE can achieve much better rate-distortion embedding performance than the original tarp-filter-based system when used in an embedded manner; it achieves slightly better performance than SPIHT with arithmetic coding, and is comparable with JPEG-2000 performance on average.
A New Approach to Analyzing Reactions and Deflections of Beams: Formulation and Examples

This paper is aimed at developing a new approach to analyzing statically indeterminate reactions at supports, as well as the slopes and deflections, of beams. The approach uses a set of four general formulas, derived using singularity functions. These formulas are expressed in terms of shear forces, bending moments, distributed loads, slopes, and deflections of a beam having a constant flexural rigidity and carrying typical loads. These loads include (a) a bending moment and a shear force at the left, as well as at the right, end of the beam; (b) a concentrated force, as well as a concentrated moment, somewhere on the beam; and (c) a uniformly, as well as a linearly varying, distributed force over a portion of the beam. The approach allows one to treat reactions at supports (even supports not at the ends of a beam) as concentrated forces or moments, where corresponding boundary conditions at the points of supports are to be imposed. This feature allows one to readily determine reactions at supports as well as slopes and deflections of beams. A beam needs to be divided into segments for study if it contains discontinuities in slope at hinge connections or different flexural rigidities in different segments. Several examples are included to illustrate the new approach.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Neurocognitive impairment in dramatic personalities: Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial disorders

Thirty-seven patients with personalities in the dramatic cluster (DSM-III-R histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial) and 40 controls matched for age and gender were evaluated on 16 neurocognitive variables. The evaluation screened for deficits in functions of attention, memory, language, abstraction, and behavior planning/sequencing. Analysis of variance revealed significant deficits in neurocognitive performance among patients with dramatic personalities, particularly in subtests requiring multi-step, multi-element associative operations.
Semanticons: Visual Metaphors as File Icons

Semanticons can enhance the representation of files by offering symbols that are both meaningful and easily distinguishable. The semantics of a file is estimated by parsing its name, location, and content to generate a ‘context’, which is used to query an image database. The resulting images are simplified by segmenting them, computing an importance value for each segmented region, and removing unimportant regions. The
Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation

Endogenous gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides have been implicated as important cofactors in the pathogenesis of liver injury. However, the molecular mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharides ...
Wireless passive sensing application using a cavity loaded evanescent mode half mode substrate integrated waveguide resonator

In this work, an evanescent mode half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) resonator is designed for a wireless passive sensing application at 5 GHz. The wireless pressure sensor has been implemented by placing a small Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cavity, covered with a metal coated membrane, on top of the original resonator or by using a cavity ground plane. When the metal coated membrane is deformed or deflected by an external pressure, it perturbs the electric field of a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) patterned on top of the HMSIW, producing a shift in the resonance frequency. Because it operates in a microwave frequency spectrum, it offers a high pressure-frequency sensitivity. Resonance frequency as a function of an applied pressure has been presented. Also, a broadband antenna has been integrated to perform wireless interrogation of the sensor.
Case study of microgrid for electrification and its benefits in rural Nepal

This paper describes a microgrid for electrification of an isolated rural village in Nepal. Photovoltaic and various storage systems were modeled to find the optimal design. The economic and environmental impacts are also studied.