cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two phase boundary layer in laminar film condensation

Abstract Consideration is given to the two-phase flow problem in laminar film condensation which arises when induced motions of the vapor are included. The shear forces at the liquid-vapour interface, heretofore neglected, have been fully taken into account. It is shown that the problem can be formulated as an exact boundary layer solution. From numerical solutions of the governing equations, it is found that the effects of the interfacial shear on heat transfer are negligible for Prandtl numbers of ten or greater and are quite small even for a Prandtl number of one. For the liquid metal range, the interfacial shear was found to cause substantial reductions in heat transfer.
Saddle Embolus of the Aorta

ACUTE embolic occlusion of the terminal aorta at its bifurcation is a common and life-threatening cardiovascular catastrophe. Aortic saddle embolus accounts for approximately 10% of all peripheral arterial emboli. It is invariably a reflection of severe, coexisting heart disease. Physicians must be sufficiently familiar with the characteristic clinical manifestations of saddle embolus in order to reach the diagnosis promptly, recommend appropriate therapy, and avoid irreversible ischemic injury. Time is of the essence in the successful treatment of patients with this disease. Pathogenesis Sudden embolic occlusion of the terminal aorta is almost always caused by dislodged intracardiac mural thrombi, from either the left ventricle or left atrium. Perhaps the most common source of large emboli is the left ventricular chamber in patients who have had a recent myocardial infarction. Endocardial inflammation and roughening becomes the site for mural thrombosis. During early convalescence from infarction, such thrombi may become detached from the
Isolation and some properties of a succinylated protein-lipid complex derived from calf brain myelin

Myelin was isolated from calf brain, lyophilized, and partially delipidated by solvent extraction. The residue after delipidation (PDM) was solubilized, succinylated, and after passage through Sephadex G-50 two peaks were obtained. The major peak was found to contain cholesterol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, sphingomyelin, sulfatides, cerebrosides, and at least three polypeptide moieties which had been modified by succinylation. In the analytical ultracentrifuge apparent homogeneity was demonstrated for this succinylated complex (SC) by schlieren optics with an S 20,w of 4.2 determined by extrapolation to zero protein concentration and by sedimentation equilibrium a weight average mol wt of 81,500 was obtained. On a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column in 8 m urea the SC revealed three aggregates with the major peak having a mol wt of 79,000. The major peak from the Sephadex G-200 column on recycling revealed essentially the same molecular weight with minimal evidence of dissociation. The SC could not be dissociated in 6 m guanidine HCl on an Agarose column. Circular dichroism studies revealed the presence of apparent helicity in the SC with evidence of partial unfolding after dialysis against 8 m urea. The significance of these findings is discussed in relationship to the structural organization of the myelin membrane.
Lactose Crystallization from Whey Permeate in an Ethanol-Water Mixture

A 30% concentrated permeate of a whey ultrafiltration process was used for producing crystalline a-lactose monohydrate. Effect of pH (2.75–5.5 pH units) at solvent to solute ratio 10:1 v/w, agitation and seeding (0.004–0.02%) on rate of lactose crystallization were examined. Conditions which were favorable in terms of crystallized lactose yield, and time of crystallization were: pH 5.5, agitation with or without seeding and 22°C. The first-order reaction-rate constant for crystallization ranged from 0.0178 to 0.200 hr−1 depending on conditions.
The Synthesis of an O,C-Trisaccharide: The O,C-Analog of Methyl 4′-O-β-d-glucopyranosylgentiobioside

Abstract The synthesis of an O,C-trisaccharide, namely methyl O-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-C-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α- d -glucopyranoside, was achieved in 14 steps by way of the nitro–aldol coupling of hepta-O-acetyl-β-cellobiosylnitromethane and methyl 6-aldehydo-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α- d -gluco-hexodialdo-1,5-pyranoside, followed by the elaboration of the coupling product. The resulting O,C-trisaccharide constitutes a potential inhibitor of the β-glucanases of the cellulase family. The perbenzylated derivative of cellobiosylnitromethane was also prepared. Both disaccharide-C-glycosides constitute useful starting materials for the preparation of higher mixed O,C-oligosaccharides.
Thyroxine stimulation of ornithine transcarbamylase activity and protein synthesis in tadpole (RNA catesbeiana) liver in organ culture.

Abstract Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity and radioactive amino acid incorporation into protein decrease during the initial period that tadpole liver slices are maintained in organ culture; after 36 hours both activities increase. Thyroxine, added to the culture medium, stimulates OTC activity and the incorporation of amino acids. Light and electron microscopy observations are correlated with the biochemical alterations.
Pyrvinium pamoate in the treatment of pinworm infection (enterobiasis) in the bome

Summary Pyrvinium pamoate suspension in a dosage of 5 mg. per kilogram was administered to children from a group of families in a university housing project. The results show that a single dose was highly effective initially in controlling infection, but reinfection occurred commonly. Doses repeated at 3 week intervals partially solved the problem of recurrent infection. The data from this study do not justify the use of pyrvinium pamoate prophylactically in noninfected children. Factors important in reinfection withinthe family environment are discussed, and a dose of 5 mg. per kilogram of body weight administered 3 times at biweekly intervals is suggested.
Fragmentation phenomena in populations of magmatic crystals

Fragmentation of crystals is an important mechanism, and a component of particle dynamics in igneous and metamorphic rocks that has received surprisingly little attention. Recent advances in textural analysis, extraction techniques, digital imaging, and computer-assisted measurements enable rapid accumulation of 3D data on particle shapes and size distributions. This paper reviews fragment size distributions (FSD) that result from fragmentation: lognormal, fractal, loggamma, and Weibull; discusses their genesis mechanisms; and presents relevant examples of fragmentation from experimental physics. Next, the paper considers FSDs of feldspars on digitized images of thin sections and on published images, and quartz extracted from vesicular pumice by acid from eight well-known large-volume eruptive units. The acid solution of pumice enables examination of volume abundance, 3D shapes, proportions of fragmented crystals, and measurements of their CSDs and FSDs. FSDs were also measured in samples of welded tuff and a granite disaggregated by electric pulse. Products of syneruptive shock wave fragmentation, and fragmentation by an electric pulse are found to be fractal with large breakage probabilities, branching ratios, and fractal dimensions of 2 to 3. In contrast, most quartz fragments in pumice obey a lognormal distribution and fragmentation is driven by a melt inclusion decrepitation mechanism, which results in low breakage probability and small number (2–3) of fragments per breakage cycle. These results are consistent with one atmosphere heating experiments of quartz phenocrysts that led to melt inclusion decrepitation and caused quartz to break up into several smaller pieces collectively having lognormal FSD. Measured melt inclusion size distributions suggest decrepitation of outermost melt inclusions, and low survival rate for large inclusions, and inclusions with large radius/crystal size ratio. The modeling of periodic fragmentation of crystals with melt inclusions due to overheating and/or decompression, which may occur many times during the lifetime of a long-lived magma body, may explain concave-down, lognormal CSDs abundant in igneous rocks. The genesis of lognormality can be explained by the fragmentation algorithm of Kolmogorov (1941). Other algorithms may generate lognormal-like loggamma distributions. Fragmentation serves as an important size limiting factor, a nucleation aid, and it facilitates isotopic and trace elemental exchange.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons display endogenous resistance to excitotoxicity

A comprehensive understanding of neuroprotective pathways is essential to progress in the battle against numerous neurodegenerative conditions. The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is endogenously resistant to glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity in vivo. This study was designed to determine whether immortalized SCN neurons (SCN2.2 cells) retain this characteristic. We first established that SCN2.2 cells retained the ability to respond to Glu. SCN2.2 cells expressed N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtypes NR1 and NR2A/2B, suggesting the presence of functional receptors. mRNA for the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B were higher in the SCN2.2 than in the control hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7). Specific NMDA receptor antagonists (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate and d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid blocked Glu-induced activation of gene expression. SCN2.2 cells were resistant to Glu excitotoxicity compared with GT1-7 neurons as assessed with a mitochondrial function assay, cell death by trypan blue exclusion and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. SCN2.2 resistance to Glu excitoxicity was retained in the presence of the broad spectrum Glu transport inhibitor, l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4 dicarboxylate, excluding glial Glu uptake as a major neuroprotective mechanism. Collectively, these observations demonstrate endogenous neuroprotection in SCN2.2 cells; this cell line is resistant to excitotoxicity under conditions that are toxic to other immortalized cell lines. Thus, the SCN2.2 cell line may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that confer endogenous neuroprotection in the SCN.
Solute-Atom Segregation at Symmetrical Twist Boundaries Studied by Monte Carlo Simulation

Detailed Monte Carlo simulations are performed of solute-atom segregation at (002) twist boundaries in the Au–Pt system at 850 K; the particular single-phase bicrystal alloys studied are Pt–1 at% Au and Au–1 at% Pt. The emphasis in this paper is on studying the distribution of solute atoms at low-angle boundaries. For the Pt–1 at% Au alloy the distribution of sites enhanced in the solute species Au is found to form a bipyramid based on the square cells of the orthogonal primary grain boundary screw dislocations. In the case of the Au–1 at% Pt alloy the solute species Pt is found to be depleted and it also forms a similar bipyramidal pattern. The Gibbsian interfacial excesses of Au and Pt are found to be positive and negative, respectively, for the Pt–1 at% Au and Au–1 at% Pt bicrystal alloys. The absolute values of these Gibbsian interfacial excesses both increase with increasing twist angle. An (002)-Dreh-Korngrenzen im Au–Pt System werden ausfuhrliche Monte-Carlo-Simulationen zur Segregation geloster Atome bei 850 K durchgefuhrt; speziell untersuchte einphasige Bikristalle sind Pt–1 At% Au und Au–1 At% Pt. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist das Studium der Verteilung der gelosten Atome an Klein-Winkelkorngrenzen. Fur Pt–1 At% Au bilden die Au-angereicherten Platze eine Bipyramide mit den quadratischen Zellen der orthogonalen primaren Korngrenzen-Schraubenversetzungen als Basis. Im Falle der Au–1 At% Pt Legierung findet man auf einem ahnlichen Bipyramiden-Muster eine Abnahme an Pt Atomen. Der Gibbssche Grenzflachen-Uberschus an Au und Pt is positiv bzw. negativ fur Pt–1 At% Au bzw. Au–1 At% Pt Bikristalle. Die Absolutwerte des Gibbsschen Grenzflachen-Uberschusses wachsen mit zunehmendem Drehwinkel jeweils an.
Equine Abortion and Premature Birth Associated with Cellulosimicrobium Cellulans Infection

During the 2002 and 2003 foaling seasons, Cellulosimicrobium (Cellumonas) cellulans (formerly Oerskovia xanthineolytica) was the principal microorganism isolated from fetal tissues or placentas from cases of equine abortion, premature birth, and term pregnancies. Significant pathologic findings included chronic placentitis and pyogranulomatous pneumonia. In addition, microscopic and macroscopic alterations in the allantochorion from 4 of 7 cases of placentitis were similar to those caused by Crossiella equi and other nocardioform bacteria. This report confirms a causative role of C. cellulans infection in equine abortion.
An Improved Decision Tree for Predicting a Major Product in Competing Reactions

When organic chemistry students encounter competing reactions, they are often overwhelmed by the task of evaluating multiple factors that affect the outcome of a reaction. The use of a decision tree is a useful tool to teach students to evaluate a complex situation and propose a likely outcome. Specifically, a decision tree can help students predict a major product in substitution and elimination reactions.
An Architecture and Framework for Steerable Interface Systems

Steerable Interfaces are emerging as a new paradigm used in realizing the vision of embodied interaction in ubiquitous computing environments. Such interfaces steer relevant input and output capabilities around space, to serve the user when and where they are needed. We present an architecture and a pr o- gramming framework that enable the development of Steerable Interface appli- cations. The distributed multi-layer architecture provides applications with ab- stractions to services of several novel components - for instance, steerable pro- jection, steerable visual interaction detection, and geometric reasoning. The programming framework facilitates integration of the various services while hiding the complexity of sequencing and synchronizing the underlying compo- nents.
Why Study Housework? Cleaning as a Window Into Power in Couples

Given the volume of research on the division of household labor, this article queries the purpose of continuing to study a phenomenon when the empirical results are remarkably consistent. This introductory article to the special issue asking,“Why study housework?” proffers one possible answer: Studying housework provides insight into the power and equity in intimate relationships. We document how power as a characteristic of social relations, rather than an individual characteristic, has been underexamined in the literature. We argue that by ignoring power, researchers studying housework are missing an opportunity to contribute to broader social scientific conversations on inequality.
Can Reading Disabilities Be Diagnosed Without Using Intelligence Tests

Unlike conventional procedures, which use IQ in making diagnostic and eligibility decisions regarding learning disabilities, this demonstration study used listening comprehension and other reading-related tasks to make a differential diagnosis of reading disabilities. Tests of listening and reading comprehension were administered to 180 children from Grades 3 through 8. A regression equation was then derived to predict reading comprehension from listening comprehension. The regression equation was applied to the listening comprehension scores of seven children from Grades 3 to 8 who had reading difficulties, and their reading comprehension was predicted. Based on the discrepancy between their actual reading comprehension and the predicted reading comprehension, their reading difficulty was attributed to one of the following three factors: (a) poor decoding, (b) poor comprehension, or (c) a combination of poor decoding and poor comprehension. The validity of these diagnostic decisions was assessed by testing independently these children's word-decoding skill and reading speed. The results suggest that this diagnostic procedure has potential utility.
Limiting Case of a Lack of Rich Scattering Environment for MIMO Radar Diversity

A radar system with M transmit and N receive antennas which are widely separated is employed to detect the presence of a target at a given point in space. This target is assumed to be composed of Q point scatterers which are closely spaced with respect to the waveforms transmitted by the radar system. The diversity gain for radar systems employing optimum processing (likelihood ratio tests) for detecting the presence of these targets is shown to be less than or equal to min(Q,MN).
Auditory Fusion among Learning Disabled, Reading Disabled, and Normal Children

One hundred thirty-five children aged 7 through 9 years were asked to indicate whether they heard one or two sounds when presented with 270 separate pairs of tones. Each pair consisted of two tones separated by a silent interval that varied from 0 through 40msec. The frequencies of the tones that comprised the pairs were 250 through 4,000 Hz at one-octave intervals. These stimuli were presented at three sensation levels: 20, 40, and 60dB. All sensation levels and frequencies were rotated to control for order and practice effects. The results indicate that normal children experience auditory fusion at shorter time intervals than is true for reading disordered or learning disabled children, that signal intensity affects auditory fusion for allgroups, and that only the learning disabled children are differentially affected by the frequency (hertz) of the stimulus tones.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Transformative Proteomics for Clinical Microbiology

Clinical microbiology laboratories today operate with the use of a blend of high- and low-technology procedures. Despite huge steps forward in diagnostic methods based on nucleic acid amplification, clinical microbiology laboratories still rely heavily on culturing bacteria and fungi for diagnostic purposes because of the plethora and diversity of potentially isolated organisms. This process is typically done on solid (e.g., blood agar) and occasionally in liquid (i.e., broth) media. Once plate growth is observed (the so-called “colony”), the challenge is accurate identification of that growth. Historically, this identification has been considered to be a complex task, and numerous textbooks have been written about it. Traditional (phenotypic) identification of bacteria and fungi involves examination of morphologic characteristics, staining, and conducting biochemical tests (either manually or as an automated panel). Manual biochemical assays (e.g., catalase, oxidase) may provide a rapid turnaround time, but they identify only a limited number of organism types. Automated systems (e.g., VITEK®, bioMerieux; BD Phoenix™ Automated Microbiology System; MicroScan®, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) identify a broader range of organisms, but suffer from longer turnaround time and expensive consumables. Furthermore, the user often must have a priori knowledge of the organism type (e.g., gram-negative bacillus) being tested. Introduction of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry into the clinical microbiology laboratory has markedly altered workflow, allowing bacterial and fungal colonies to be accurately, rapidly, and inexpensively identified. Contemporary applications in clinical microbiology combine the powerful capabilities of mass spectrometry and bioinformatics to yield a novel methodology for bacterial and fungal identification. Utilization of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the clinical microbiology laboratory is explained in its simplest form by discussing the routine workflow of a microbiology technologist. Starting from a single isolated colony on a culture plate, a colony is “picked” to a spot on a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry plate, which is a solid, typically …
The Early Stages of the Spinel-Alumina Phase Transformation

The initial stage of topotactic growth of Ni-Al spinel into Al 2 O 3 has been examined using transmission electron microscopy. A new experimental approach to the study of solid-state reactions, which may be adapted for in-situ experiments for low-temperature systems, has been used in this study. In its present form, the technique involves heating a thin film of one oxide in the presence of a vapor of the second oxide. In the study of the growth characteristics of Ni-Al spinel phase, the orientation of the Al 2 O 3 substrate has been found to influence greatly both the structural and morphological aspects of the spinel growth. In particular, the topotactic relationship between the spinel and the alumina are very different for (0001) and {11 2 0} substrate orientations. The very early stage of the kinetics of the spinel growth, in which the length and the width of the spinel particles are only a few hundred angstroms, is illustrated with the results obtained from the re-heating experiments. The structure of the spinel-alumina interface has also been studied using high-resolution electron microscopy. These results are discussed in relation to the different models proposed for the spinel-alumina phase transformation.
Size and Profitability of English Colliers in the Eighteenth Century

Taking a fresh look at the factors bearing on profitability of carrying coal from Newcastle to London in the eighteenth century, Professor Hausman finds that average ship loads rose and technology improved during the period. He notes that this is consistent with Adam Smith's dictum that England's effort to monopolize the colonial carrying trade, through the Navigation Acts, would divert capital from domestic to colonial shipping, thereby raising rates of return in the former and lowering them in the latter.
System composition strategies, panel introduction

This short paper is an introduction to System Composition Strategies, for the ECBS 2001 panel on this subject. Significant advances in system composition strategies and supporting infrastructure are needed before projected growth in system interoperability can take place. Without these advances, expensive failures will occur, including operational disasters in mission and safety critical systems. The goal of the panel is to identify ongoing research and promote new research in the area. This paper discusses projected growth in system interoperability, current capabilities to support this, and required capabilities for future design synthesis environments.
Lepus californicus eremicus (Black-tailed jack rabbit)

The specimens were collected by Mr. David Hinds in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Muscles were used to initiate cultures for karyological studies.
AHRQ's Effective Health Care Program: its impact on managed care.

OBJECTIVE: To describe some of the managed care perspectives regarding the data development and coverage issues. BACKGROUND: Section 1013 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 has initiated the formation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ) Effective Health Care Program, which is evaluating the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Medicare population. The results of these studies have the potential to impact future drug utilization. It is not known whether this data could be applied to the commercial population. SUMMARY: Payers (e.g., managed care organizations, pharmacy benefit managers) make decisions about which drugs will be covered and to which formulary "tier" the drug will be assigned. These decisions are made by evaluating current evidence based on safety, effectiveness, outcomes, and cost. Patients believe in a "warranty" of care, meaning that there will always be a treatment option whether they are compliant with their treatment regimen or not. All treatments ...
Natural Remediation Potential of Arsenic-Contaminated Ground Water

Migration of leachate from a municipal landfill in Saco, Maine has resulted in arsenic concentrations in ground water as high as 647 μg/L. Laboratory experimental data indicate the primary source of arsenic to be reductive dissolution of arsenic-enriched iron oxyhydroxides in the aquifer by organic carbon in landfill leachate. A core from an uncontaminated part of the aquifer yielded no dissolved iron or arsenic when leached with oxic ground water. Eluent ground water spiked with organic carbon in order to create reducing conditions mobilized both ferrous iron and arsenite from this core. The landfill was capped in early 1998 to eliminate the source of leachate. Cores from the contaminated portion of the aquifer were collected and leached with uncontaminated ground water in the laboratory to simulate natural remediation conditions. Data from these experiments show that significant concentrations of labile organic carbon have accumulated on aquifer solids, causing significant biological oxygen demand. In laboratory leaching experiments of the most contaminated core, the organic carbon caused complete consumption of the influent dissolved oxygen (6 mg/L) for 220 pore volumes. Arsenic leaching from contaminated cores rapidly decreased in concentration initially in response to flushing with uncontaminated ground water. Subsequent leaching produced more gradual decreases in dissolved arsenic concentrations, controlled by a combination of reductive dissolution of arsenic-enriched iron oxyhydroxides and adsorption/desorption. In leachate from the most contaminatedcore, arsenic concentrations exceeded the new United States Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 μg/L for more than 200 pore volumes. A geochemical model simulated the concentration of selected constituents as uncontaminated ground water eluted through contaminated aquifer solids. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen, arsenic, and iron, in leachate from one core were used to calibrate the model. This model was validated by successfully simulating constituent concentrations in leachate from cores collected from other contaminated areas of this aquifer.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience for Criminal Law and Procedure

This short essay is the conclusion to a symposium entitled Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology and the Criminal Justice System. The symposium, based on papers presented at an AALS Criminal Justice Section panel at the 2010 Annual Meeting, contains an introduction by its guest editor Deborah Denno, and articles by Alafair Burke, John Darley, and Andrew Taslitz.
Front-Loaded Versus Weekly Counseling for Treatment of Tobacco Addiction

Introduction Approximately 60%-70% of cigarette smokers who try to quit relapse by 2 weeks postcessation. We tested the efficacy of a front-loaded (FL) counseling intervention whose goal was to increase the likelihood of successful early abstinence and subsequent long-term abstinence. Methods We randomized 278 adult smokers to an FL or weekly behavioral smoking cessation counseling schedule. The total number of sessions across treatment was the same for both groups. However, those assigned to the FL schedule received 6 counseling sessions in the first 2 weeks postcessation, while those in the weekly condition received 2 sessions. Participants in both groups also received standard nicotine patch treatment. Results At 1 year postcessation, FL participants were significantly less likely to have relapsed when continuous abstinence was used as the definition of abstinence/relapse (11.7% abstinent vs. 6.3%, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, p = .007); and there were nonsignificant trends for FL subjects to have better outcomes when abstinence was defined as never smoking for 7 or more consecutive days nor for 7 or more consecutive episodes (18.4% abstinent vs. 14.8%, HR = 0.83, p = .20) and as point prevalence abstinence (15.6% abstinent vs. 12.9%, p = .11). The relationship between FL counseling treatment and continuous abstinence was partially mediated by higher postcessation levels of social support perceived from counseling and greater use of cessation-related coping strategies. Conclusions We conclude that FL counseling is a promising treatment model that should be evaluated further, perhaps using modifications of the FL schedule used in this study.
Effect of Molting Method and Dietary Energy on Postmolt Performance, Egg Components, Egg Solid, and Egg Quality in Bovans White and Dekalb White Hens During Second Cycle Phases Two and Three

Two experiments of 4 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of 4 dietary energy levels, 2 molting methods (feed withdrawal and no salt diet), and 2 strains (Bovans White and Dekalb White) were conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy and molting method on long-term postmolt performance of 2 strains of commercial Leghorns. In experiments 1 and 2, Bovans White hens (n = 576) and Dekalb White hens (n = 576) were randomly divided into 16 treatments (6 replicates of 12 birds per treatment). Experiment 1 lasted from 86 to 96 wk of age, and experiment 2 lasted from 100 to 110 wk of age. Bovans White hens had significantly higher egg production than Dekalb White hens, whereas Bovans White hens had significantly lower egg weight, percentage of eggshell, and egg specific gravity than Dekalb White hens. Based on improved feed conversion, dietary energy of 2,846 kcal of ME/kg appeared to be enough for optimal performance during second cycle phase 2. Based on BW of hens, dietary energy level for optimal performance should be less than 2,936 kcal of ME/kg during second cycle phase 3. There can be no fixed ideal dietary energy level for optimal profits for postmolt egg production. Molting method had no effect on egg production and egg mass during the early and middle stages of the postmolt production period. However, hens molted by feed withdrawal had significantly higher egg production and egg mass during the later stage of the postmolt production period compared with hens molted by a no salt diet. There was no significant difference in egg specific gravity due to molting method. Feeding a no salt diet resulted in reasonable long-term postmolt performance and eggshell quality, rather than optimal performance and eggshell quality.
Increasing Interval between Injections after Prolonged Onabotulinum Toxin Type A Use for Blepharospasm (P02.260)

Objective: To determine the change in in dosing interval after prolonged onabotulinum toxin A use for blepharospasm. Background We have been using onabolulinum toxin type A (BTA) to treat blepharospasm (BEB) for over 25 years and noted that some patients seem to have an increase in efficacy over time as seen by longer intervals between injections. The change in duration of response to therapy has been described in cervical dystonia and hemifacial spasm. There is limited data regarding changes in dosing intervals after prolonged BTA use in patients with BEB. Design/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients that continued to follow in our clinic and were receiving BTA for BEB. Clinical information from the initial and most recent injections were recorded into a database including: sex, age at the start of treatment, current age, initial frequency of injections, current frequency of injections. Results: We identified 9 cases where the interval between injections had changed. The average age at first injection was 59.8 years and average current age was 74.4 years. Two patients were male and 7 were female. Average duration of toxin use was 15 years (range=8-26 years). The average dosing interval at the start of treatment was 2.8±0.4 months, which increased to 5.0±1.3 months (p Conclusions: The dosing interval for BTA may increase over time in patients treated for BEB. The change in dosing interval may occur more readily in BEB patients treated with BTA for approximately10 years. Disclosure: Dr. DeLott has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cornblath has received research support for the Case Crossover Study.
T Cell Modulation: Anti-PD-1 Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer

The expression of inhibitory receptors on tumor specific T cells leads to compromised effector function such as decreased proliferation, cytokine secretion, and tumor cell lysis. These receptors can be targeted therapeutically using monoclonal antibodies, an approach that was termed “checkpoint blockade”. The improved survival of advanced melanoma patients treated with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab validates this new treatment concept. Inhibition of another inhibitory pathway, PD-1/PD-L1, using monoclonal antibodies has recently shown much promise in the treatment of melanoma, renal cell cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, among other tumor types. Durable anti-tumor activity with a favorable safety profile has lead to fast paced clinical development of many compounds targeting both PD-1 and PD-L1.
Mitotic indices of human bone marrow cells. II. The use of mitotic indices for estimation of time parameters of proliferation in serially connected multiplicative cellular compartments.

1) The use and restrictions of mitotic indices in computations of time parameters in various types of mitotable cell compartments are discussed. Mitotic time must be known, and any death function in the mitotable pool must be assumed to be negligible. 2) The importance of the position of mitosis with respect to cytologic boundaries in computations of time parameters of mitotable cytologic compartments from mitotic indices is emphasized. 3) For detailed temporal analysis of catenated mitotable compartments, the parameter "turnover time" is shown to be inadequate. A new parameter, mean compartment transit time, is introduced. 4) In a catenated series of multiplicative cell compartments where the exact position of mitoses in the compartments is not known, precise compartment transit times cannot be calculated from mitotic index. However, the maximum mean transit time of each compartment can be computed from the number of cells in the compartment divided by the cell entry rate into the compartment, and the minimum mean transit time can be computed from the number of cells in the compartment divided by the cell exit rate. 5) Generation time can be calculated from mitotic indices only if it is possible to differentiate cell generations cytologically.
Analysis of Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics in 55 Patients With Left Ventricular Noncompaction Myocardium

Objective: To explore the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in patients with left ventricular noncompaction myocardium(LVNC). Methods: According to Jenni's diagnosing criteria,a total of 55 LVNC patients from 3 centers of echocardiography in Shaanxi province were collected,the patients were divided into 2 groups,Typical group,n=45 and Suspicious group,n=10. The clinical manifestation and echocardiographic presentation were studied and compared between 2 groups.Results: In Typical group,the left ventricular chamber enlarged to(67±11)mm,ejection fraction decreased to 0.35±0.09,the ratio of noncompaction to compaction(N/C) 2. In Suspicious group,the patients showed normal left ventricular chamber for(51±11)mm,normal ejection fraction for 0.65±0.08,N/C 2. The LVNC complication in Typical group presented as 11 cases with arrhythmia,4 with coronary artery disease,43 with mitral regurgitation,26 with tricuspid regurgitation,12 with pericardial effusion and 1 with lacunar cerebral infarction. Conclusion: LVNC hasn't fully understood yet in our daily clinical practice,echocardiography had the special value in LVNC diagnosis,while there certain technical issues should be further studied.
Spouse quality of life before and 1 year after heart transplantation.

Eileen G. Collins, Connie White-Williams, and Anne Jalowiec Quality of life is measured in 72 spouses of heart transplant patients before and 1 year after transplantation. Spouses reported moderately high quality of life, stress, and ability to cope before and after transplantation. There was a significant decline in perceived health and the use of fatalistic, emotive, optimistic, and self-reliant coping styles from before to after transplantation.
Ethological Contributions to the Study of Human Motherhood

Over the past few years, with the rise of sociobiology, it has become common for the popular press to give the impression that scientists have agreed that human motherhood has an innate biologically controlled basis. This conclusion is ostensibly based on work by ethologists and sociobiologists and supposedly generally accepted by psychologists. There is a further impression given that mothering as it was carried out in the mythical traditional 1950s home is known to be the best kind of mothering, best because it is most natural, most akin to mothering styles seen in other animals. There is a strong implication that variation from this natural biologically determined model will lead to disaster and damaged children—a feeling that people who fight Mother Nature on motherhood are asking for trouble. In fact, however, examination of the now extensive literature on the theory and practice of animal motherhood does not lead one to any of these conclusions. Further, using the criteria that ethologists and sociobiologists most commonly require, these “generally accepted” conclusions are easily shown to be false. Since public policy decisions (e.g., lack of governmental support of nonmaternal child care) have been based on those misconceptions, this issue is of more than academic interest.
Horizontal Cane Orientation and Rowcover Application Improve Winter Survival and Yield of Trailing ‘Siskiyou’ Blackberry

Using the rotating cross-arm (RCA) trellis and cane training system, lateral canes of trailing ‘Siskiyou’ blackberry (genus Rubus subgenus Rubus) were kept vertically or rotated down to horizontal so that plant canopy was close to the ground. In winter, the plots were either covered with a non-woven rowcover (RC) or left uncovered. Cane injury was least in plants with lateral canes oriented horizontally and covered. Cane injury was high in plants with lateral canes oriented vertically in winter, whether covered or not, and among plants with lateral canes laid close to the ground but not covered. Among ‘Siskiyou’ plants that had lateral canes oriented horizontally, 280 flower clusters and 6.0 kg fruit/plant were produced on plants that had a RC in the winter compared with only 72 flower clusters and 1.7 kg fruit/plant for plants that were not covered in winter, in 2009. Fewer flower clusters developed and the yield was 2 kg/plant on plants with lateral canes oriented vertically. Yield differences between the most and least productive treatments were low in 2010 because of milder winter conditions and snowfall during the coldest periods that fully or partially covered the lateral canes oriented horizontally and close to the ground. The RC treatment had no effect on cane injury or yield when lateral canes were oriented vertically. The findings suggested that ‘Siskiyou’ blackberry can be grown in the eastern United States, where winter injury has frequently caused a crop failure, by positioning the lateral canes close to the ground and covering plants with a RC.
Classical Discourse and British Conceptions of India

Considering only the narratives of decline discussed in the preceding chapter, it would seem that classical discourse contributed to a rather negative image of Asia. Whether we take Gibbon’s link between ‘Oriental traffic’, the taste for luxury and moral decline, Cobden’s fear that Asia would infect Britain with decay as it had Greece and Rome, or Seeley’s assertion that contact with eastern civilization had killed the higher civilizations of Greece and Rome, Asia and Asians appear as dangerously different. Whether derived directly from ancient sources, the works of modern historians, or a combination of the two, with some contemporary prejudice thrown in, such negative imagery naturally tinged British attitudes to India.538 Other elements of classical discourse made similar contributions — not all of them strictly negative or leading inevitably to the entrenchment of ‘difference’, though in the end this seems to have been the most common result of applying it to the study and representation of India during the long 19th century.
Association Between Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Snoring Among Women in the Nurses' Health Study.

Importance Snoring is highly prevalent among adults. The use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists is also common, with higher prevalence of use with more advanced age. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists cause muscle relaxation, which may affect muscle tone and airway dynamics and thereby increase snoring. Previous studies examining the association between use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and snoring were underpowered to detect clinically meaningful differences or did not report the magnitude of association. Objective To investigate the association between use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and snoring in women. Design, Setting, and Participants Women aged 62 to 86 years provided information on snoring and covariates of interest in the 2008 survey of the Nurses’ Health Study, a cross-sectional cohort study of female registered nurses in the United States. Potential effect modification of the association between use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and snoring by age, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity was explored. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. Data analysis was conducted from November 2015 to March 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported habitual snoring, defined as a few nights a week or more. Results Of 52 504 participants (mean [SD] age, 72.4 [6.7] years), 14 831 (28.2%) reported habitual snoring. There was a slightly higher prevalence of benzodiazepine receptor agonist use among habitual snorers (11.4%) compared with nonhabitual snorers (10.6%) (absolute difference, 0.8%; 95% CI, 0.2%-1.4%). After multivariable adjustment, use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists was not associated with snoring (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.95-1.07) compared with women who did not use benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Although there was no significant interaction with smoking, there were higher odds of snoring with use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists among current smokers (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.73). Conclusions and Relevance Use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists is not associated with odds of snoring in middle-aged and elderly women.
Iodine in Cow's Milk Produced in the USA in 1980–19811

In 378 samples of milk collected from farms and silos outside California, iodine varied from 30 to 3484 μg/kg and averaged 499 μg/kg. In a previously reported study, iodine in 1021 samples of milk collected from farms in California varied from 22 to 4048 μg/kg and averaged 328 μg/kg. Of samples collected outside California, 68.0% were below 500 μg/kg; of samples collected in California 83.4% were below. Volume weighted averages were calculated for both sets of samples. The volume weighted average outside California was 438 μg/kg and inside California was 316 μg/kg. While some farms do produce milk containing high (more than 500 μg/kg) concentrations of iodine, dilution of that milk with milk lower in iodine results in finished fluid and manufactured products low in iodine; thus it is unlikely that any population group purchasing processed dairy foods at the retail level in the USA will be exposed to excessive concentrations of iodine in the dairy products they consume. However, it is possible that some farm families using only the milk produced on their farms might be at risk.
Evaluating Treatment and Generalization Patterns of Two Theoretically Motivated Sentence Comprehension Therapies.

Purpose The current study examined treatment outcomes and generalization patterns following 2 sentence comprehension therapies: object manipulation (OM) and sentence-to-picture matching (SPM). Find...
An Integration and Extension of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Livelihoods

Market-based mechanisms of development simultaneously create opportunities for sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable livelihoods. Through a synthesis of these two concepts, by way of their r...
Improvement in Quality of Life Following Operative Correction of Midtarsal Charcot Foot Deformity

Background:Patients with Charcot foot arthropathy report a poor quality of life following the development of deformity. Their quality of life is often not improved with “successful” historic accomm...
Language-concordant automated telephone queries to assess medication adherence in a diverse population: a cross-sectional analysis of convergent validity with pharmacy claims

Clinicians have difficulty accurately assessing medication non-adherence within chronic disease care settings. Health information technology (HIT) could offer novel tools to assess medication adherence in diverse populations outside of usual health care settings. In a multilingual urban safety net population, we examined the validity of assessing adherence using automated telephone self-management (ATSM) queries, when compared with non-adherence using continuous medication gap (CMG) on pharmacy claims. We hypothesized that patients reporting greater days of missed pills to ATSM queries would have higher rates of non-adherence as measured by CMG, and that ATSM adherence assessments would perform as well as structured interview assessments. As part of an ATSM-facilitated diabetes self-management program, low-income health plan members typed numeric responses to rotating weekly ATSM queries: “In the last 7 days, how many days did you MISS taking your …” diabetes, blood pressure, or cholesterol pill. Research assistants asked similar questions in computer-assisted structured telephone interviews. We measured continuous medication gap (CMG) by claims over 12 preceding months. To evaluate convergent validity, we compared rates of optimal adherence (CMG ≤ 20%) across respondents reporting 0, 1, and ≥ 2 missed pill days on ATSM and on structured interview. Among 210 participants, 46% had limited health literacy, 57% spoke Cantonese, and 19% Spanish. ATSM respondents reported ≥1 missed day for diabetes (33%), blood pressure (19%), and cholesterol (36%) pills. Interview respondents reported ≥1 missed day for diabetes (28%), blood pressure (21%), and cholesterol (26%) pills. Optimal adherence rates by CMG were lower among ATSM respondents reporting more missed days for blood pressure (p = 0.02) and cholesterol (p < 0.01); by interview, differences were significant for cholesterol (p = 0.01). Language-concordant ATSM demonstrated modest potential for assessing adherence. Studies should evaluate HIT assessments of medication beliefs and concerns in diverse populations. NCT00683020 , registered May 21, 2008.
Cyclic pelvic pain.

Cyclic pelvic pain is a common gynecologic problem caused by relatively few diseases, which usually can be diagnosed and remedied quickly. Some complaints reflect normal physiologic aspects of the menstrual cycle (mittelschmerz, menstrual awareness). Premenstrual syndrome can be diagnosed, but an effective and convenient treatment is lacking. Dysmenorrhea is the commonest source of cyclic pain, diagnosed by its characteristic history and rapid relief on administration of antiprostaglandin agents. Endometriosis is diagnosed surgically and best treated either surgically then, or medically by danazol or GnRH agonists. In contrast, adenomyosis is a problem commonly encountered in later life, and hysterectomy is usually needed for both definitive diagnosis and treatment.