cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"So, You Think You Can Teach?" - Reflection Processes That Support Pre-Service Teachers' Readiness for Field Experiences.

This paper discusses and examines the effectiveness of course assignments designed to promote reflection processes and critical thinking of pre-service teachers. Specifically, the study explores and identifies the range of students’ level of reflectivity and critical examination of their own developing pedagogy, with foci on content knowledge, dispositions and teaching skills. In general, initial findings indicate students’ levels of reflectivity ranged from “self ” to “outside of self ” to “beyond self ” concerns or focus. Analysis further revealed that the students’ existing epistemological beliefs possibly mediate their level of reflectivity by either inhibiting the reflective process (most evident with those focused on task, grade, time, procedures and some performance concerns), or supported the reflective thinking flow (most evident through focus on interest, identity, expectations, relevancy, development, personal and student impact concerns).
Practical Considerations for Early Detection Monitoring of Plant Invasions

Invasions by multiple nonnative species into wildland areas require that decisions be made on which species and sites to target for early detection monitoring efforts and ultimately management actions. Efficient allocation of resources to detect invasions from outside of a management unit, and to monitor their spread within a management unit, leaves more resources available for control efforts and other management priorities. In this chapter, we describe three types of monitoring plans that are possible given three typical scenarios of data availability within or adjacent to the management unit: (1) there are no data on invasive species, (2) there are species lists of invasives, and (3) there are georeferenced abundance data for invasive species. In the absence of invasive species data, monitoring must be guided based on the general principals of invasion biology related to propagule pressure and plant resource availability. With invasive species lists, prioritization processes can be applied to narrow the monitoring area. It is also helpful to develop separate prioritized lists for species that are currently colonizing, established but not spreading, and those that have begun to spread within a management unit, because management strategies differ for species at different phases of the invasion process. With georeferenced abundance data, predictive models can be developed for high priority species to further increase the efficiency of early detection monitoring. For the majority of invasive species management programs, we recommend a design based on integrating prioritization and predictive modeling into an optimized monitoring plan, but only if the required species information and resources to process them are available and the decision is based on well-defined management goals. Although the up-front costs of this approach appear to be high, its long-term benefits can ultimately make it more cost-effective than less systematic approaches that typify most early detection programs.
Bionomics of Dalbulus Maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), a Vector of Mollicutes and Virus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Nault and DeLong (1980) introduced evidence to support the co-evolution of leafhoppers in the genus Dalbulus DeLong (1950) with maize (Zea mays L.) and its ancestors. Due to its close relationship with maize, the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) has become an economically important pest because it not only causes feeding damage to corn (Bushing and Borton, 1974), but it also can transmit three important corn disease agents, the corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS), maize bushy stunt mycoplasma (MBSM), and maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) (Nault and Knoke, 1981). Two of these diseases, CSS and MRFV, were associated with the outbreak of a disease complex resulting in a loss of the $60 million hybrid seed production and breeding nurseries in southern Florida in 1979 and 1980 (Bradfute et al., 1981; Niblett et al., 1981).
Medulloblastoma: Challenges and advances in treatment and research

Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is a pediatric brain tumor occurring in the posterior fossa. MB is a highly heterogeneous tumor, which can be grouped into four main subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Each subgroup is different both in its implicated pathways and pathology, as well as how they are treated in the clinic.
Correlation Between the True and False Discoveries in a Positively Dependent Multiple Comparison Problem

Testing multiple hypotheses when observations are positively correlated is very common in practice. The dependence between observations can induce dependence between test statistics and distort the joint distribution of the true and false positives. It has a profound impact on the performance of common multiple testing procedures. While the marginal statistical properties of the true and false discoveries such as their means and variances have been extensively studied in the past, their correlation remains unknown.
Under oil open-channel microfluidics empowered by exclusive liquid repellency

Recently, the functionality of under oil open microfluidics was expanded from droplet-based operations to include lateral flow in under oil aqueous channels. However, the resolution of the under oil fluidic channels reported so far is still far from comparable with that of closed-channel microfluidics (millimeters versus micrometers). Here, enabled by exclusive liquid repellency and an under oil sweep technique, open microchannels can now be prepared under oil (rather than in air), which shrinks the channel dimensions up to three orders of magnitude compared to previously reported techniques. Spatial trapping of different cellular samples and advanced control of mass transport (i.e., enhanced upper limit of flow rate, steady flow with passive pumping, and reversible fluidic valves) were achieved with open-channel designs. We apply these functional advances to enable dynamic measurements of dispersion from a pathogenic fungal biofilm. The ensemble of added capabilities reshapes the potential application space for open microfluidics.
24 – Canonical Transformations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about canonical transformations applicable to a system of ordinary differential equations that arise from a Hamiltonian. Canonical transformations are sometimes called contact transformations. They yield a different system of ordinary differential equations that arise from a different Hamiltonian. The chapter discusses about coordinates of the Hamiltonian, it highlights that canonical transformations can be defined implicitly by a generating function. Tolstoy shows that any given nonlinear ordinary differential equation may be transformed, in principle, by a variable transformation into a linear differential equation, or a system of such equations. The set of all canonical transformations forms a group. Fouling transformations are canonical transformations in which the p coordinates in configuration space are preserved.
Design of organic structure directing agents to guide the synthesis of zeolites for the separation of ethylene–ethane mixtures

Industrial production of ethylene entails a costly separation from the ethane by-product, and this separation is the dominant consumer of energy in the process. Zeolites have been proposed as a next generation material for this separation process, and a molecular screen of all known zeolites has revealed several promising candidate materials. None of the identified materials has yet been synthesized in the all-silica form evaluated in the screen. We here design organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) for four of the zeolites with the best predicted separation performance, two that are ethylene selective and two that are ethane selective. The designed OSDAs may enable the synthesis of these zeolites for more energy efficient separation of ethylene and ethane.
Using insurance data to quantify the multidimensional impacts of warming temperatures on yield risk

Previous research predicts significant negative yield impacts from warming temperatures, but estimating the effects on yield risk and disentangling the relative causes of these losses remains challenging. Here we present new evidence on these issues by leveraging a unique publicly available dataset consisting of roughly 30,000 county-by-year observations on insurance-based measures of yield risk from 1989–2014 for U.S. corn and soybeans. Our results suggest that yield risk will increase in response to warmer temperatures, with a 1 °C increase associated with yield risk increases of approximately 32% and 11% for corn and soybeans, respectively. Using cause of loss information, we also find that additional losses under warming temperatures primarily result from additional reported occurrences of drought, with reported losses due to heat stress playing a smaller role. An implication of our findings is that the cost of purchasing crop insurance will increase for producers as a result of warming temperatures. The impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity remain debated. Here, the authors present new evidence for the magnitude and causes of U.S. crop insurance losses, using a database of production risk from 1989–2014 across 1733 counties for corn and 1632 counties for soybeans, and find that crop production risk will increase in response to warmer temperatures.
Evaluation of alum-based water treatment residuals used to adsorb reactive phosphorus

Abstract Excess reactive phosphorus (PO4) in waterways can lead to eutrophication. A low-cost approach to reducing PO4 levels in surface water was evaluated using the alum-based water treatment residual (Al-WTR) or Al-WTR augmented with powdered activated carbon (PAC-WTR). Batch adsorption-desorption and continuous flow column experiments were performed to assess the specific adsorption capacities under various concentration and flow conditions. Both Al-WTR and PAC-WTR exhibited the ability to adsorb PO4. The overall, cumulative sorbed amount after a 28-d desorption step for Al-WTR was 33.93 mg/kg, significantly greater than the PAC-WTR value of 24.95 mg/kg (p
Internalizing symptoms modulate real-world affective response to sweet food and drinks in children.

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to examine affective response to sweet foods and drinks as a function of children's internalizing symptoms using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). A sample of 192 8-12-year-old children completed a self-report measure of internalizing symptoms and EMA prompts of affect and food intake for eight days, excluding time at school. There was an interaction between sweet food intake and internalizing symptoms for positive affect and for sweet drink intake and internalizing symptoms for negative affect. Those low in internalizing symptoms had significantly lower positive affect after consumption of sweet foods compared to when they did not consume sweet foods whereas those higher in internalizing symptoms had slightly, but not significantly, higher positive affect after consumption of sweet foods. Those low in internalizing symptoms had significantly higher negtive affect after consumption of sweet drinks compared to when they did not consume sweet drinks whereas those higher in internalizing symptoms had slightly, but not significantly, lower negative affect after consumption of sweet drinks. Findings highlight the ways in which internalizing symptoms may modulate affective response to sweet foods and drinks.
Traffic noise alters individual social connectivity, but not space-use, of Red-backed Fairywrens

The prevalence of human-generated noise is posing novel challenges to birds, by changing how they communicate or causing them to disperse away from the source of noise. We sought to understand how ...
A prospective trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer testing ablative doses.

Background We explored the safety and efficacy of ablative doses of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Methods This phase I/II trial included patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer previously treated with any number of cycles of induction chemotherapy. Patients were enrolled according to a 3+3 dose escalation design at 10, 12.5, and 15 Gy ×3, with subsequent patients at the maximally tolerated dose (MTD). Treatment was delivered to gross tumor delineated with MRI fusion using image-guidance to fiducial markers. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as grade 3+ toxicity within 30 days. Secondary endpoints included late gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, freedom from local failure (FFLF), and survival. Results Fifteen patients received a median 10 cycles of chemotherapy. There were no DLTs, and the MTD was 15 Gy ×3. Thirty-day toxicity included grade 2 nausea (46%) and grade 2 diarrhea (7%). Median survival after SBRT was 12.8 months (23 months after diagnosis) and median relapse-free survival was 7 months. At 1-year, FFLF was 80%. Four patients had grade 3+ GI bleeding after 30 days (median 6 months). Grade 3+ GI bleeding was associated with tumor volume (P=0.01), heterogeneity of dose within the planning target volume (PTV) (V120, P=0.03), and duodenal dose (V26-30 Gy, P Conclusions This aggressive SBRT regimen demonstrated limited 30-day morbidity, a moderate degree of local control, and a moderate risk for late GI bleeding. Further work is necessary to define the most appropriate hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) regimen in the ablative dose range.
Five Lessons on Profit Shifting from the U.S. Country by Country Data

One of the signature achievements of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project is the collection of multinational company country by country data, for government use in tax enforcement efforts. In late 2019, the United States became the first country to release a complete set of these data, in aggregate form, for the year 2017. This paper analyzes these data, demonstrating five important lessons for scholars investigating international corporate tax avoidance. First, profits and accumulated earnings are disproportionately reported in tax havens, and some previously unobservable havens have a sizable role. Tax havens have a dominant role in profit shifting; the bulk of the misalignment between profits and economic activity occurs with respect to haven countries. Second, unlike reported profits, economic activity is far less tax sensitive to tax differences across countries. Third, aggregate data sets that combine companies with profits and those with losses provide an incomplete and biased picture of international tax avoidance; country by country data are promising in their ability to distinguish profitable companies from those with losses. Fourth, analysis of these data indicates that profit shifting remains a very large problem in 2017, generating significant revenue costs in many countries including the United States. Fifth, relatively modest tax reform measures have the potential to substantially increase government revenues and stem tax competition pressures. Finally, only very limited company-specific information is available, and there is a strong case for the public release of these data.
Lateral Undrained Capacity of a Multiline Ring Anchor in Clay

Abstract Offshore wind energy is an attractive alternative in pursuing the nation's clean energy goals due to the significant demand for electricity in the coastal areas of the United States. Locat...
Number and location of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with global and domain-specific cognitive impairment (4439)

Objective: We examined whether the number or location of CMBs are related to cognition. Background: CMBs are associated with risk factors for cognitive dysfunction but their own role is unclear. It is also unclear whether any role is region-specific or a function of global count. Design/Methods: At the 6th examination of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 256 participants at the Wake Forest field center (Winston-Salem, NC) received 3T brain MRI in addition to detailed cognitive testing (Uniform Data Set v3) and adjudication of cognitive status via expert consensus review. A single trained neuroradiologist graded for large (>1.5 cm) infarcts, CMBs, and lacunes in basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. We excluded 4 participants with large infarcts. Linear regression modeled parameter estimates (β (standard error)) per lesion count and global (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) and domain-specific cognitive performance (memory, executive, visuospatial, language) as standardized scores adjusted to normative data including age, education, gender, and race. Results: This sample included 252 individuals: mean age (SD) of 72 (7) years, 58% women, 53% African-American, 67% hypertensive, 20% diabetic. Participants were adjudicated to cognitively normal (n=164, 65%), mild cognitive impairment (n=65, 26%), dementia (n=11, 4%), and "other" (n=8, 3%). CMBs were present in 89 (35%) and lacunes in 76 (30%) participants. Total CMBs (β (SE) = −0.08 (0.03), p Conclusions: In this cohort, global and region-specific CMBs were associated with global and domain-specific cognitive impairment while lacunes were not. Our results have important implications for our understanding of vascular biomarkers of cognitive performance. Disclosure: Dr. Haq has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Boston Scientific. The institution of Dr. Haq has received research support from NINDS, NIAA, Boston Scientific, Medtronics. Dr. Haq has a non-compensated relationship as a Neurosciences Steering Board member with Epic that is relevant to AAN interests or activities. Kevin Hiatt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Whitlow has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Lockhart has received research support from NIH. Kathleen Hayden has nothing to disclose. Stephen Rapp has nothing to disclose. Suzanne Craft has nothing to disclose. The institution of Christopher Schaich has received research support from NIH. Timothy M. Hughes has nothing to disclose. Bonnie Sachs has received research support from NIH. Bonnie Sachs has received research support from Alzheimer’s Association.
Chronic Nerve Pain after Burn Injury: An Anatomical Approach and the Development and Validation of a Model to Predict a Patient's Risk.

BACKGROUND A model that predicts a patient's risk of developing chronic, burn-related nerve pain may guide medical and/or surgical management. This study determined anatomy-specific variables and constructed a mathematical model to predict a patient's risk of developing burn-related nerve pain. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted from 1862 adults admitted to a burn center from 2014 to 2019. One hundred thirteen patients developed burn-related nerve pain. Comparisons were made using 11 anatomy-specific locations between patients with and without burn-related nerve pain. The modified Delphi technique was used to select 14 potential risk variables. Multivariate regression techniques, Brier scores, area under the curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit, and stratified K-fold cross-validation was used for model development. Chronic pain was defined as pain lasting 6 or more months after release from the Burn Center. RESULTS Prevalence rates of burn-related nerve pain were similar in the development (6.1 percent) and validation (5.4 percent) cohorts [Brier score = 0.15; stratified K-fold cross-validation (K = 10): area under the curve, 0.75; 95 percent CI, 0.68 to 0.81; Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit, p = 0.73; n = 10 groups]. Eight variables were included in the final equation. Burn-related nerve pain risk score = -6.3 + 0.02 (age) + 1.77 (tobacco use) + 1.04 (substance abuse) + 0.67 (alcohol abuse) + 0.84 (upper arm burn) + 1.28 (thigh burn) + 0.21 (number of burn operations) + 0.01 (hospital length-of-stay). Burn-related nerve pain predicted probability = 1 - 1/[1 + exp(burn-related nerve pain risk score)] for 6-month burn-related nerve pain risk score. As the number of risk factors increased, the probability of pain increased. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors were identified for developing burn-related nerve pain at 11 anatomical locations. This model accurately predicts a patient's risk of developing burn-related nerve pain at 6 months. Age, tobacco use, substance abuse, alcohol abuse, upper arm burns, thigh burns, the number of burn operations, and hospital length of stay represented the strongest predictors. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Using Ecological Momentary Assessments and Fitbit Data to Examine Daily Associations Between Physical Activity, Affect and Alcohol Cravings in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

Background Preliminary studies show that structured physical activity (PA) interventions can reduce negative affect and alcohol use in patients recovering from alcohol use disorder (AUD). The current study tested whether the association between PA, affect, and alcohol cravings can be observed in patients' natural environments (i.e., without a structured intervention) as well. Method Twenty-five participants with AUD completed 3 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) monitoring and wore Fitbit devices to measure physical activity directly after discharge from partial hospitalization treatment for AUD. PA was operationalized as total steps and consecutive 10-min bouts of moderate-intensity exercise (100 steps/minute). Results Only 56% of participants engaged in any bouts of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the 3-week study period (mode = 1 bout), and participants logged an average of 8183 steps/day (SD = 5560). Daily steps were associated with a higher positive affect and lower alcohol cravings, and with higher positive affect the next day, but the effects were very small. No relationships were observed between PA and affect or alcohol cravings at the hourly level except a random effect signifying that bouts of PA were either positively associated or not associated with negative affect in the next hour for different participants. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that naturalistic PA may be beneficial for a small subset of patients in recovery from AUD, but the majority did not engage in regular exercise or experience improvements in affect and cravings as a result of PA.
The vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve have unique latencies allowing for intraoperative documentation of intact neural function during thyroid surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis To define normative amplitude and latency of vagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) and to apply them to postoperative neural function documentation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report electrophysiologic characteristics of all three nerves in a consecutive patient series. Study Design Prospective. Methods Quantitative analysis of evoked waveform data was performed on both sides in consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery by a single surgeon. Mean values, standard error of mean, and standard deviation were calculated for latency (in milliseconds) and amplitude (in microvolts) of the vagus nerves, RLN, and EBSLN. Pre- and postoperative vocal cord function was normal in all patients. Results Normative latency analysis showed mean right and left vagal latency of 5.47 ms (±0.73) and 8.14 ms (±0.86), respectively (P or or or <50 years), gender, or degree of neural dissection. Conclusions The unique right vagus, left vagus, and RLN latencies are characteristic of the individual nerves and allow identification (through the characteristic waveform latency) of an intact left or right vagus/RLN system. Timed recording of vagal waveform after thyroid lobectomy consequently documents intact ipsilateral vagal-RLN neural circuit and may be placed into the medical record as electrophysiologic documentation of existence of postresection complete neural integrity. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 125:E84–E89, 2015
Space insurance. Comments from an observer

Abstract The space insurance industry has suffered serious financual setbacks in recent years. These setbacks, amounting to a net cash outflow of hundreds of millions of dollars, have resulted in substantial increases in insurance rates and the withdrawal of a number of firms from the launch insurance market. After two decades of commerial space activity a number of questions may be raised: What has been learned from the experience to date? What are the causes of the poor performance of the space insurance industry? What can be done to improve performance? What are the likely prospects of the insurance industry and the likely impacts on the communications satellite industry? In order to answer these questions several examples are considered and analytic approaches discussed. The implications of mission modes, failure/recovery paths and multiple correlated payloads are considered, and analytic approaches based upon computer simulation techniques are described which are required to understand the complex insurance environment and the setting of policies and rate structures.
Risk Factors for Family Abduction: Demographic and Family Interaction Characteristics

Previous research in the study of family abduction has been plagued by three problems in efforts to establish risk factors for the experience of these events: (1) failure to use appropriate comparison groups; (2) focus on only the most severe cases of abduction, without consideration of the full spectrum of these events; and (3) use of data drawn only from some “reported” source (i.e., police, court, or missing children agency reports). This paper addresses these three methodological difficulties, using data drawn from a national sample of families, and including both abducted and nonabducted children. We find that race, age of children, family size, and incidence of violence in the family all appear to bear on the risk of experiencing a family abduction event. Further, recency of divorce or separation appears to be associated with the risk for more serious or alarming cases of family abduction.
The subunit structure of tryptophanase. II. A correlation of ultracentrifugal and chemical studies.

Abstract At high pH values or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 5 m guanidinium chloride, or 8 m urea, apotryptophanase (mol wt 220,000) dissociates into four subunits of molecular weight near 55,000. Evidence is presented as follows that each of these subunits contains two apparently identical peptide chains joined through a disulfide linkage. (a) Reduced, carboxymethylated and performate-oxidized apoptrytophanase both show molecular weights of 28,000 to 30,000; apotryptophanase in 5 m guanidinium chloride shows a similar molecular weight only after treatment with dithiothreitol at alkaline pH values. (b) Analyses for cysteic acid in hydrolysates of performate-oxidized apotryptophanase and for carboxymethylcysteine in reduced and carboxymethylated apotryptophanase both show the presence of 24 half-cystine residues per molecule, in agreement with the 24 —SH groups titratable with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) in the dithiothreitol-treated, denatured protein. Only 16 —SH groups are found by DTNB titration or by carboxymethylation if reduction with dithiothreitol is omitted. These results indicate that apotryptophanase contains 16 free —SH groups and 4 disulfide bridges per molecule (mol wt 220,000), corresponding to 1 disulfide bridge per subunit. Of the 16 free —SH groups, only 8 react with DTNB in the native enzyme, and these are essential for enzymatic activity. (c) Dinitrophenylation yielded 7.2 moles (corrected) of dinitrophenylmethionine, and catalytic hydrazinolysis yielded 8.4 moles (corrected) of valine, per 220,000 g of apotryptophanase. Digestion of denatured apotryptophanase with carboxypeptidase A yielded 7.3 moles of valine per 220,000 g. These values indicate the presence of eight peptide chains with identical NH2-terminal (methionine) and COOH-terminal (valine) amino acids. (d) Peptide maps of reduced, carboxymethylated apotryptophanase following tryptic digestion showed the presence of 34 to 36 ninhydrin-reactive spots, 15 spots positive to Sakaguchi's reagent, and 1 tryptophan-containing spot. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of cyanogen bromide-treated apotryptophanase showed nine zones. These values are within experimental error of those expected from quantitative amino acid analyses on the assumption that eight identical peptide chains are present per 220,000 g of tryptophanase (i.e. 31 eq of residues of lysine plus arginine, 14 of arginine, 1 of tryptophan, and 8 of methionine per 27,500 g of apotryptophanase). Since tetrameric native apotryptophanase contains only four binding sites for pyridoxal-P per molecule, the coenzyme must bind to only one of the two peptide chains comprising each monomer. The distribution of peptides in maps of tryptic digests of apoenzyme and reduced holoenzyme supports this supposition.
The Relation between Physical Defects and School Progress

(1910). The Relation between Physical Defects and School Progress. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 389-395.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

Erythropoiesis is the process whereby erythroid progenitor cells differentiate and divide, resulting in increased numbers of red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs contain hemoglobin, the main oxygen carrying component in blood. The large number of RBCs found in blood is required to support the prodigious consumption of oxygen by tissues as they undergo oxygen-dependent processes. Erythropoietin is a hormone that when it binds and activates Epo receptors resident on the surface of cells results in stimulation of erythropoiesis. Successful cloning of the EPO gene allowed for the first time production of recombinant human erythropoietin and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), which are used to treat anemia in patients. In this chapter, the control of Epo levels and erythropoiesis, the various forms of ESAs used commercially, and their physical and biological properties are discussed.
'I'm Just Saying . . .': Discourse Markers of Standpoint Continuity

Examining discourse markers (Schiffrin, 1987) in two transcribed discussions of controversial issues in an undergraduate 'critical thinking' class, we note frequent uses of 'I'm just saying' and related metadiscursive expressions (I'm/we're saying, I'm/we're not saying, etc.). Our central claim is that these 'saying' expressions are pragmatic devices by which speakers claim 'all along' to have held a consistent argumentative standpoint, one that continues through the discussion unless changed for good reasons. Through close analysis of a series of discourse examples, we show how these discourse markers are used to display continuity, deflect counterarguments, and acknowledge the force of counterarguments while preserving continuity. In a concluding section we reflect critically on the use of these continuity markers with regard to four pragmatic functions that they potentially serve: to specify and clarify argumentative standpoints, to acknowledge a presumption of standpoint continuity, to acknowledge a normative expectation that discussion participants should have standpoints, and to avoid overt disagreement while saving face.
What is Smart Grid Communication

Communication has been used in the power grid for over a century; new concepts addressed by smart grid communication need to be clearly articulated. Fundamental physics has shown the relationship between energy and information; this relationship quantifies the unique aspects of communication in the power grid and how it improves energy efficiency. This forms the core of a new field known as power system information theory, explained for the first time in this book. The energy-information relationship leads to a fundamental understanding of the minimal amount of processing and communication required to compensate for energy transmission inefficiency. As information theory has done for communication, power system information theory provides a fundamental understanding and theoretical optimum limits to what smart grid communication can achieve for power system efficiency. The energy-information relationship is also applied to fundamental physical aspects of communication through wireless and waveguide media.
Formal requirements for key distribution protocols

We discuss generic formal requirements for reasoning about two party key distribution protocols, using a language developed for specifying security requirements for security protocols. Typically earlier work has considered formal analysis of already developed protocols. Our goal is to present sets of formal requirements for various contexts which can be applied at the design stage as well as to existing protocols. We use a protocol analysis tool we have developed to determine whether or not a specific protocol has met some of the requirements we specified. We show how this process uncovered a flaw in the protocol and helped us refine our requirements.
Dissection of sexual organ ontogenesis: a genetic analysis of ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Understanding organogenesis remains a major challenge in biology. Specification, initiation, pattern formation and cellular morphogenesis, have to be integrated to generate the final three-dimensional architecture of a multicellular organ. To tackle this problem we have chosen the ovules of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. In a first step towards a functional analysis of ovule development, we performed a large-scale genetic screen and isolated a number of sterile mutants with aberrant ovule development, We provide indirect genetic evidence for the existence of proximal-distal pattern formation in the Arabidopsis ovule primordium. The analysis of the mutants has identified genes that act at an intermediate regulatory level and control initiation of morphogenesis in response to proximal-distal patterning. A second group of genes functions at a subordinate control level and regulates general cellular processes of morphogenesis. A large group of male and female sterile mutants shows defects restricted to early or late gametogenesis. In addition, we propose that the mature ovule obtains its overall curved shape by at least three different processes that act in only one domain of the ovule.
Metalloprotease OMA1 is involved in fine-tuning of mitochondrial bioenergetic function in embryonic development (756.4)

Mitochondria are involved in key cellular functions including energy production, metabolic homeostasis and apoptosis. Normal mitochondrial function is preserved by several interrelated mechanisms. ...
Sensitivity of limiting hurricane intensity to ocean warmth

[1] The strongest hurricanes are getting stronger as the oceans heat up especially over the North Atlantic. Sensitivity of hurricane intensity to ocean heating is an important variable for understanding what hurricanes might be like in the future, but reliable estimates are not possible with short time-series records. Studies using paired values of intensity and sea-surface temperature (SST) are also limited because most pairs represent hurricanes in an environment less than thermodynamically optimal. Here we overcome these limitations using spatial grids and a model for the limiting hurricane intensity by region and estimate the sensitivity to be 7.9 ± 1.19 m s− K−1 (s.e.) for hurricanes over seas hotter than 25°C across the North Atlantic. Results indicate the potential for stronger hurricanes during the 21st century as oceans continue to warm over this part of the world.
Upper extremity inverse dynamics model for crutch-assisted gait assessment

Current inverse dynamics models of the upper extremity (UE) are limited for the measurement of Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait. The objective of this study is to develop, validate, and demonstrate a three-dimensional (3-D) UE motion assessment system to quantify crutch-assisted gait in children. We propose a novel 3-D dynamic model of the UEs and crutches for quantification of joint motions, forces, and moments during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait. The model is composed of the upper body (i.e., thorax, upper arms, forearms, and hands) and Lofstrand crutches to determine joint dynamics of the thorax, shoulders, elbows, wrists, and crutches. The model was evaluated and applied to a pediatric subject with myelomeningocele (MM) to demonstrate its effectiveness in the characterization of crutch gait during multiple walking patterns. The model quantified UE dynamics during reciprocal and swing-through crutch-assisted gait patterns. Joint motions and forces were greater during swing-through gait than reciprocal gait. The model is suitable for further application to pediatric crutch-user populations. This study has potential for improving the understanding of the biomechanics of crutch-assisted gait and may impact clinical intervention strategies and therapeutic planning of ambulation.
Fundamental dimensions of polypeptide chains.

The dimensions of the polypeptide chain and of its associated N-H...O hydrogen bonds can be inferred with confidence. Data from many sources--X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals of organic acids, amides, peptides and related compounds; polarized infra-red studies of crystals--together with fundamental concepts of structural chemistry, now provide a basis for satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the dimensions and configurations of the amide group, [Note: Equation omitted. See the image of page 10 for this equation.]. The normal coplanarity of the atoms of this group is the result of resonance which gives rise to partial double-bond character of the $\text{N}$-$\text{C}^{\prime}$ peptide bond. Rotation about this bond is, in general, severely restricted. The trans configuration of the amide group appears to be preferred. Interatomic distances and bond angles of the amide group which may be derived from the present data are: N$-$C = 1.47 angstrom N$-$C$^{\prime}$ = 1.32 C$^{\prime}$$-$O = 1.24 C$^{\prime}$$-$C = 1.53 C$-$N$-$C$^{\prime}$ = 123 degrees C$-$N$-$H = 114 H$-$N$-$C$^{\prime}$ = 123 N$-$C$^{\prime}$$-$O = 125 N$-$C$^{\prime}$$-$C = 114 O$-$C$^{\prime}$$-$C = 121 C$^{\prime}$$-$C$-$N = 110 The dimensions and directional characteristics of N-H...O hydrogen bonds have been determined in a great variety of crystals. In these crystals the N...O distances vary, falling generally within the limits $2.79\pm 0.12$ angstrom. The H...O vector rarely makes an angle greater than 20 degrees with the probable direction of the N-H bond.
The effect of groups II and III metabotropic glutamate receptor activation on neuronal injury in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor activation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not well understood. In vitro studies suggest that activation of Groups II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors may provide some degree of neuroprotection and may be potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. Thus, we examined the effects of Group II and Group III selective agonists on neuronal degeneration after in vivo TBI. METHODS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to lateral fluid percussion brain injury immediately followed by an intracranial injection of 2-(2',3')-dicarboxycyclopropylglycine (DCG-IV) (Group II) or (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine (Group III) in the CA2 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. DCG-IV was injected at doses of 20 fmol, 100 fmol, and 500 fmol, and (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine was injected at 8 nmol, 40 nmol, and 200 nmol. Vehicle injection control groups were used for comparison with each drug group. All animals were killed 24 hours after TBI was induced. Four 50-microm brain sections were obtained from each animal and stained for degenerating neurons with the fluorochrome Fluoro-Jade. Two independent, blinded investigators counted the number of degenerating (Fluoro-Jade-positive) neurons in the CA2 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus of each brain section. RESULTS Compared with vehicle, the 500-fmol dose of DCG-IV significantly reduced the number of Fluoro-Jade-positive degenerating neurons (P < 0.001). Lower doses of DCG-IV were associated with a decreased but not statistically significant number of Fluoro-Jade-positive neurons. In contrast, (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine had no significant effect on the number of degenerating neurons. CONCLUSION Administration of selective Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists protects neurons against in vivo TBI. These receptors may thus be a promising target for future neuroprotective drugs.
Critical phases among adoptees and their families: Implications for therapy

A growing body of literature indicates that families with adopted children seek mental health care for the adoptive and other family members more frequently and for different reasons than biologically-bound families. This paper addresses the struggles and corrective strategies for adoptive families at various levels of their development.
Horizontal Structure and Seasonality of Large-Scale Circulations Associated with Submonthly Tropical Convection

The relationship between deep tropical convection and large-scale atmospheric circulation in the 6‐30-day period range is examined. Regression relationships between filtered outgoing longwave radiation at various locations in the Tropics and 200- and 850-mb circulation are mapped for the standard seasons, and the spatial structure and seasonal dependence of the results are interpreted in view of the basic-state circulation. In regions where the convection is embedded in upper-level easterlies, anomalous equatorial easterly flow is typically present at 200 mb within and to the west of the convective signal, along with patterns of meridional outflow into subtropical anticyclonic perturbations. Lagged relationships suggest that the convection is forcing the circulation in many of these cases. The outflow and subtropical circulations are strongest into the winter hemisphere during the solstitial seasons, with more symmetric signals about the equator seen in the equinoctial seasons. The longitudinal positioning of the subtropical features with respect to the convection varies but is generally located due poleward or just to the east of the convection. There tends to be a first baroclinic mode vertical structure to these circulations, such that equatorial westerlies are present at 850 mb within the convection, with closed circulations on either side of the equator resembling equatorial Rossby modes especially common over the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. As a contrast, in regions located within upper-level westerlies or along the margin of influence of upper westerly disturbances, convection appears to be forced by upper-level wave energy propagating into the deep Tropics, with the heating located in the upward motion region ahead of upper-level troughs. This occurs over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific sectors during northern winter and spring, and over Australia, the South Pacific, and South America during southern summer, when upper westerlies are at relatively low latitudes where they can interact with deep tropical convection. The results confirm theoretical and modeling ideas that suggest that Rossby wave energy is able to propagate into the deep Tropics in regions where upper-level westerlies exist in the Tropics.
Attitude Parameter Inspired Relative Motion Descriptions for Relative Orbital Motion Control

This paper describes the development of novel relative orbital motion descriptions for a two craft formation, defined by a separation distance and relative orientation parameter set. These descriptions allow for the use of separation distance as a state parameter for the relative motion, while avoiding singularity issues that plague spherical coordinate descriptions. Instead, Euler parameterlike or modified Rodrigues parameterlike coordinates are employed to describe the relative orientation. Equations of motion are developed that allow propagation of these new descriptions for the case of a circular reference orbit and small separation distances between the craft. These equations of motion are derived from the Clohessy–Wiltshire equations. Feedback control laws are developed to stabilize the relative motion between the craft. Numerical simulation is used to compare the newly developed relative motion descriptions with inertial equations of motion. The results validate these new descriptions as a practica...
Relationship between cognitive function and prognosis in glioblastoma

SUMMARY The association between increased signs and symptoms and poorer survival in glioblastoma is well recognized and confirmed in virtually every clinical trial and patient series. Measurement and consideration of performance status is, therefore, vital when counseling patients regarding their expected survival or evaluating the results of clinical trials. Unfortunately, measures of patient function in clinical trials have remained quite crude, in stark contrast to the rapid advances seen in the pathological characterization of brain tumors. Recently, clinical investigators have begun to examine the subcomponents of performance status in more detail, revealing that objective measures of cognition are significantly associated with patient survival in both newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. Furthermore, cognitive function does not appear to be a simple proxy for performance status but rather an independent predictor of survival, even within patient groups defined by currently available clinical ...
Cooperative writing: achieving coordination together and apart

Cooperative writing requires a coordinated, engineered process. Groups must achieve coordination at three levels: a shared contextual motivation that translates into group actions, which operationalize as drafting activities. The arrangement of material resources in face-to-face settings supports those communication events. When efforts at coordination are moved online, however, the material and temporal means of support change. Coordination efforts become distributed over time and media, affecting the quality of coordination achieved.This paper explores the ways that a group of writers built coordination through while drafting a survey research instrument. Based on this case study, I recommend ways to consider technology purchases to support cooperation.
A comparative analysis of particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithms for parameter estimation in nonlinear dynamic systems

Abstract The use of evolutionary algorithms has been popular in recent years for solving the inverse problem of identifying system parameters given the chaotic response of a dynamical system. The inverse problem is reformulated as a minimization problem and population-based optimizers such as evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be efficient solvers of the minimization problem. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no published work that evaluates the efficacy of using the two most popular evolutionary techniques – particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithm, on a wide range of parameter estimation problems. In this paper, the two methods along with their variants (for a total of seven algorithms) are applied to fifteen different parameter estimation problems of varying degrees of complexity. Estimation results are analyzed using nonparametric statistical methods to identify if an algorithm is statistically superior to others over the class of problems analyzed. Results based on parameter estimation quality suggest that there are significant differences between the algorithms with the newer, more sophisticated algorithms performing better than their canonical versions. More importantly, significant differences were also found among variants of the particle swarm optimizer and the best performing differential evolution algorithm.