cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative X-ray Determinations of some Aluminous Clay Minerals in Rocks1

ABSTRACT x-ray diffraction traces were made of oriented aggregates of artificial binary mixtures containing approximately equal, weighed amounts of samples of illite, montmorillonite, mixed-layered combinations of illite and montmorillonite, and of kaolinite samples having different degrees of crystallinity. Measurements most suitable for quantitative purposes were obtained from the 7 a kaolinite peaks and from the 10 a peaks of illite and collapsed montmorillonite and collapsed mixed-layer clay. In this paper the sum of five height measurements at half-degree intervals across the peak are considered to be a measure of the area of the peak. Fireclay-type kaolinites gave 7 a peak areas about equal to the area of the 10 a peak of an equal amount of illite, montmorillonite, or mixed-layer clay, whereas well-crystallized kaolinites gave 7 a peak areas generally about twice that of the 10 a peak of an equal weight of the illite-montmorillonite minerals. Kaolinite samples having intermediate degrees of crystallinity gave 7 a/10 a peak area ratios intermediate between 1: 1 and 2: 1. The shape of the 7 a kaolinite peak was used to evaluate the crystallinity of the kaolinite. x-ray diffraction characteristics of the chlorite minerals from the different groups of sedimentary rocks studied vary considerably, and no uniform method has been found for their evaluation.
Cyclocarbonylation of silicon tethered enynes derived from propargylic alcohols and vinylsilanes: a new reductive Pauson–Khand reaction with a traceless tether

Abstract In nitrile solvents vinylsilyl ethers of propargylic alcohols undergo Pauson–Khand reaction with polysiloxane extrusion and concomitant reduction of the propargylic CO bond. The product enones are formally the result of an intermolecular PKR reaction with ethylene.
Power system design issues for smart materials

The effect of bidirectional power flow on the power distribution system of an aircraft is addressed in this paper. The active vibration control problem of the tail surface of an aircraft using piezoelectric actuators is chosen to motivate the study presented. A simple dynamic model of the tail surface is developed. A current controlled switched-mode power amplifier is used to drive the actuators. The integration of the `amplifier-actuator' into the power distribution system of the aircraft is studied in detail. The effect of circulating energy between the actuators and the DC bus on the voltage on the bus is explained. Solutions to avoid instability and undesirable distortion in the DC bus voltage are proposed.
Crystal engineering with urea and thiourea hydrogen-bonding groups

The utilization of N,N'-disubstituted ureas and thioureas as design elements in the synthesis of crystalline organic solids is reviewed. These hydrogen-bonding units are versatile yet predictable building blocks that can be rationally employed in both crystal assembly and functionalization.
Distribution of the error in estimated numbers of fixed points of the discrete logarithm

Brizolis asked the question: does every prime p have a pair (g, h) such that h is a fixed point for the discrete logarithm with base g? This author and Pieter Moree, building on work of Zhang, Cobeli, and Zaharescu, gave heuristics for estimating the number of such pairs and proved bounds on the error in the estimates. These bounds are not descriptive of the true situation, however, and this paper is a first attempt to collect and analyze some data on the distribution of the actual error in the estimates.
A bridging model for multi-core computing

Writing software for one parallel system is a feasible though arduous task. Reusing the substantial intellectual effort so expended for programming a second system has proved much more challenging. In sequential computing algorithms textbooks and portable software are resources that enable software systems to be written that are efficiently portable across changing hardware platforms. These resources are currently lacking in the area of multi-core architectures, where a programmer seeking high performance has no comparable opportunity to build on the intellectual efforts of others. In order to address this problem we propose a bridging model aimed at capturing the most basic resource parameters of multi-core architectures. We suggest that the considerable intellectual effort needed for designing efficient algorithms for such architectures may be most fruitfully expended in designing portable algorithms, once and for all, for such a bridging model. Portable algorithms would contain efficient designs for all reasonable combinations of the basic resource parameters and input sizes, and would form the basis for implementation or compilation for particular machines. Our Multi-BSP model is a multi-level model that has explicit parameters for processor numbers, memory/cache sizes, communication costs, and synchronization costs. The lowest level corresponds to shared memory or the PRAM, acknowledging the relevance of that model for whatever limitations on memory and processor numbers it may be efficacious to emulate it. We propose parameter-aware portable algorithms that run efficiently on all relevant architectures with any number of levels and any combination of parameters. For these algorithms we define a parameter-free notion of optimality. We show that for several fundamental problems, including standard matrix multiplication, the Fast Fourier Transform, and comparison sorting, there exist optimal portable algorithms in that sense, for all combinations of machine parameters. Thus some algorithmic generality and elegance can be found in this many parameter setting.
The RAND intelligent terminal agent (RITA) as a network access aid

An operational "intelligent terminal agent" system called RITA is described. RITA uses production systems to store heuristics about dealing with the interactive protocols of external information systems. The use of production systems allows RITA to operate in either a pattern-directed or goal-directed manner. By creating new production rules as part of their operation, RITA agents can exhibit learning. Advantages and disadvantages of production systems for creating intelligent terminal agents are discussed, and an annotated transcript of a session with a RITA agent is given to illustrate its ability to aid a user in handling File Transfer Protocol on the ARPANET.
Improving meson two-point functions by low-mode averaging

Some meson correlation functions have a large contribution from the low lying eigenmodes of the Dirac operator. The contribution of these eigenmodes can be averaged over all positions of the source. This can improve the signal in these channels significantly. We test the method for meson two-point functions.
MTI noise integration loss

MTI signal processing correlates the independent input noise and thus degrades detection performance when the MTI pulses are integrated. Using simulation techniques, this degradation called the MTI noise integration loss is calculated for small and intermediate sample sizes.
Nonlinear approximations using elliptic basis function networks

Sharp conditions are given under which real-valued functions of several real variables can be approximated arbitrarily well by finite linear combinations of elliptic basis functions. Also given is a related result concerning the representation of functions as a limit in the mean of integrals involving elliptic basis functions.
Synthesis of Novel Functionalized N -Tosylaldimines

Condensation of a variety of aromatic aldehydes with p-toluenesulfonamide in the presence of Lewis acids affords novel functionally varied aromatic N-tosylaldimines in good yields. A diverse array of aromatic aldehydes was examined, each containing a unique functionality. The new method reported here allows for incorporation of functionalities that are unavailable by existing methods.
Taking a new contour: A novel approach to panel unit root tests

Abstract The paper introduces a novel approach to testing for unit roots in panels, which takes a new contour that is drawn along the line given by the equi-squared-sum instead of the traditional one given by the equi-sample-size. We show in the paper that the distributions of the unit root tests are asymptotically normal along the new contour under both the null and the local-to-unity alternatives. Subsequently, we demonstrate that this startling finding may be exploited constructively to invent tools and methodologies for effective inferences in panel unit root models. Simulations show that our approach works quite well in finite samples.
Cosmology with the CMB

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation provides a means to test the standard model of cosmology and determine its parameters with precision. Cosmology has made a great step forward with the observations and discoveries of the COBE satellite. These were followed with a series of observations and progress via ballon-borne and ground-based instrumentation. Now NASA and ESA have selected and approved new space missions: MAP and COBRAS/SAMBA (now named Planck) which may nearly reach the full potential of CMB observations.
Unsymmetrical salen-type ligands: high yield synthesis of salen-type Schiff bases containing two different benzaldehyde moieties

Abstract Salen-type Schiff base ligands incorporating two different benzylidene moieties and a diamine backbone were synthesized in high yield (80–90%) under mild conditions via a stepwise approach. In the first step, anhydrous hydrochloric acid was used to selectively protect one amino group of the vicinal diamine backbone. The resulting ammonium salt was added to a substituted benzaldehyde providing access to a mono-imine product. This compound reacted with an equivalent of a different benzaldehyde in the presence of triethylamine to afford an unsymmetrical salen-type ligand. This synthetic method allows facile access to a plethora of salen-type Schiff base ligands with easily tunable steric and electronic properties.
Total Synthesis of the Highly Potent Anti-HIV Natural Product Daurichromenic Acid along with Its Two Chromane Derivatives, Rhododaurichromanic Acids A and B

The highly potent anti-HIV natural product daurichromenic acid was successfully synthesized in only five steps with 49% overall yield. The key step in the synthetic strategy involves a microwave-assisted tandem condensation and intramolecular SN2‘-type cyclization to form the 2H-benzopyran core structure.
Mathematical foundations of consciousness

Abstract We employ the Zermelo–Frankel Axioms that characterize sets as mathematical primitives. The Anti-foundation Axiom plays a significant role in our development, since among other of its features, its replacement for the Axiom of Foundation in the Zermelo–Frankel Axioms motivates Platonic interpretations. These interpretations also depend on such allied notions for sets as pictures, graphs, decorations, labelings and various mappings that we use. A syntax and semantics of operators acting on sets is developed. Such features enable construction of a theory of non-well-founded sets that we use to frame mathematical foundations of consciousness. To do this we introduce a supplementary axiomatic system that characterizes experience and consciousness as primitives. The new axioms proceed through characterization of so-called consciousness operators. The Russell operator plays a central role and is shown to be one example of a consciousness operator. Neural networks supply striking examples of non-well-founded graphs the decorations of which generate associated sets, each with a Platonic aspect. Employing our foundations, we show how the supervening of consciousness on its neural correlates in the brain enables the framing of a theory of consciousness by applying appropriate consciousness operators to the generated sets in question.
Light-front quantized Chiral Schwinger model and its vacuum structure

Abstract The bosonized Chiral Schwinger model (CSM) is quantized on the light-front (LF). The physical Hilbert space of CSM is obtained directly once the constraints on the LF phase space are eliminated. The discussion of the degenerate vacua and the absence in the CSM of the θ-vacua, as found in the Schwinger model (SM), becomes straightforward. The differences in the structures of the the mass excitations and the vacua in these gauge theories are displayed transparently. The procedure followed is the one used successfully in the previous works for describing the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the SM on the LF. The physical contents following from the LF quantized theory agree with those known in the conventional treatment. The LF hyperplane is argued to be equally appropriate as the conventional equal-time one for the canonical quantization. Some comments on the irrelevance, in quantized field theory, of the fact that the hyperplanes x±=0 constitute characteristic surfaces of hyperbolic partial differential equation are also made.
Scattering of Waves from Large Spheres

Preface 1. Classical scattering 2. Scattering of scalar waves 3. Scattering of electromagnetic waves from spherical targets 4. First applications of the Mie solution 5. Short-wavelength scattering by transparent spheres 6. Scattering observables for large dielectric spheres 7. Resonance scattering 8. Extensions and further applications Appendices References.
The Features of Contralateral Manifestations After the Repair of Unilateral Inguinal Hernia

Abstract Background/Purpose: Routine contralateral exploration in infants and children with unilateral clinical inguinal hernia is performed by many surgeons in a selected population of patients based on a presumed high incidence of patent processus vaginalis. Our purpose is to report the actual incidence of contralateral manifestations in infants and children after the repair of unilateral inguinal hernia. Methods: From July 1985 through December 1995, 1,052 infants and children with unilateral inguinal hernia or hydrocele were treated in our hospital without contralateral exploration. Among them, 1,001 patients (95.2%) were followed up for 1 to 11 years to determine if contralateral hernia developed after unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Results: The overall incidence of contralateral hernia was 11.6% (116 of 1,001). In boys, the incidence was 13.1%, 13.7%, and 11.7% in those under 1 year, under 2 years of age, and in total, respectively. In girls, the incidence was 9.6%, 13.9%, 11.3%, in those under 1 year, under 5 years of age, and in total, respectively. The side of the initial repair did not influence the subsequent development of contralateral inguinal hernia. In children with hydrocele, the incidence of contralateral hernias was lower (7.6%). In girls with sliding hernias the contralateral occurrence was 12.5%. Conclusion: Given this low incidence of contralateral hernia after unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy, the authors do not recommend contralateral exploration for infants and children with unilateral inguinal hernia.
The Problem of Anthropomorphous Animals: Toward a Posthumanist Ethics

This article examines arguments in favor of and against the anthropomorphism of nonhuman animals across the natural and social sciences. Delineating the political agendas underpinning each side of the debate, the essay demonstrates how both sides embody an anthropocentric paradigm. Both anthropo-denial (resistance to anthropomorphism) and anthropo-insistence (affirmation of anthropomorphism) ultimately depend upon and reinscribe the human/animal binary, a binary both speciesist and specious. This article argues for a posthumanist ethics, which discards as ethically pernicious the humanist “human,” along with the moral code that revolves around it.
Reviewing the reviewers: The impact of individual film critics on box office performance

Critics and their opinions or critical reviews play a major role in many markets. Marketing research on how critics impact product performance has so far examined an aggregate critic effect. An obstacle in studies examining the relationship of aggregate critical opinion and product sales is the close association between the intrinsic quality of a product and the aggregate opinion regarding the product. Our analysis parses out these two effects, allowing us to distinguish individual critics who are simply good at identifying products with popular appeal from those who act as opinion leaders and engender early product sales. The role of critics is especially prominent in the film business, in which one finds multiple expert opinions about each movie and where critics’ endorsements are used in advertising. In the context of the motion picture industry, our research investigates the impact of individual film critics on the market performance of movies, where specific key critics and reviewers may serve as market gatekeepers, and where various critics may have different types of impacts on product performance.
Monetary Policy for Emerging Market Economies: Beyond Inflation Targeting

Monetary policymakers normally seek to achieve multiple objectives: for prices as well as real economic activity, sometimes for the composition of real activity as well as the aggregate, and often for aspects of the economy's international balance. The fact that monetary policy has only one basic instrument to use therefore creates both complexity and tensions among these objectives. Although inflation targeting represents a way of imposing a logical consistency on monetary policy, in the presence of multiple policy objectives inflation targeting undermines policy transparency and therefore makes accountability more difficult too. Because of the limitation of monetary policy's having only one instrument, but multiple objectives, fiscal policy and prudential supervision and regulation of financial institutions are also important for enabling emerging market economies to achieve their macroeconomic aims.
Detection of BRAF mutations on direct smears of thyroid fine-needle aspirates through cell transfer technique.

Objectives: To determine the utility of the cell transfer technique (CTT) for BRAF molecular testing on thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based BRAF molecular testing was performed on tissues obtained through CTT from both air-dried and ethanol-fixed direct smears of thyroid FNA specimens and then compared with the corresponding thyroidectomy formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues on 30 cases. Results: BRAF testing was successfully performed on 29 of 30 air-dried CTT, 27 of 30 ethanol-fixed CTT, and 27 of 30 FFPE tissues. The results exhibited 11, 13, and 13 BRAF mutations and 18, 14, and 14 wild types for the air-dried CTT, the ethanol-fixed CTT, and the FFPE tissues, respectively. The concordance rate was 96% between air-dried and ethanol-fixed CTT tissues, 88% between air-dried CTT and FFPE tissues, and 92% between ethanol-fixed CTT and FFPE tissues. Conclusions: PCR-based BRAF mutational testing can be reliably performed on the direct smears of the thyroid FNA specimens through the application of CTT.
Sensitized two-photon photochemical deprotection

The photoremovable protecting group NPPoc has little sensitivity to two-photon excitation, limiting its use in applications requiring high spatial control of its photochemistry. In the presence of a triplet sensitizer with a large two-photon absorption cross-section, however, the two-photon uncaging action cross-section is improved to levels useful in a variety of applications.
Applications of the military medical model to civilian psychiatry.

AMONG the many contributions made by David Rioch during his twenty years at WRAIR, not the least of these has been his very significant role in mapping out for American psychiatry a new field which, in the very significant seminar held here at WRAIR in 1957, he labelled ‘Preventive and Social Psychiatry’.’ In the design of the program for that meeting, and in other publications by him prior to and since the date of that symposium, Rioch defined the scope of this new field and the importance of the relationship between psychiatry and the basic behavioral and social sciences. His interest in the development of this area has appeared to stem from his fascination with the implications of the unique observations and formulations of military psychiatrists from Thomas Salmon, in World War I, through those workers who have made contributions in all of the later wars and intervening periods up to and including the current struggle in Vietnam. In 1967 I was privileged to write a paper with Dr. Rioch on Military Psychiatry in which the lessons of Thomas Salmon and of later military psychiatrists, particularly Albert J. Glass, were re-explored and restated.2 We dealt with implications of the concepts of immediacy, proximity and expectancy which were first described, although in other terms, by Salmon and later, in these particular terms, by ARTISS;~ and we drew attention to BUCHARD’S important statements on commitment and concurrence. 4 The three levels of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary), the terminology of which probably originated in the Army motor pool, but which have become guidelines to the development of thinking about the various levels of intervention, were also elaborated in this paper. None of these issues was completely new. In addition to others, 3,5 Rioch had discussed some aspects of them in several papers during the previous years .6.7 Subsequent to that paper several other authors have also commented on the significance of the lessons of military psychiatry for contemporary civilian practice. 8*g I would like to take the opportunity here to further expand the implications of these contributions, particularly as they apply to education. My thoughts are drawn both from my service career and, more particularly, from my experiences since retiring from the Army in 1966. To briefly repeat our restatement of the fundamental principles of immediacy, proximity and expectancy, as developed in the earlier paper, we viewed the civilian equivalent of immediacy essentially in terms of the temporal aspect of crisis intervention. Proximity,
Does medical insurance contribute to socioeconomic differentials in health

Both access to insurance and health itself vary widely by socioeconomic status (SES). Are socioeconomic variations in health linked to insurance coverage or to factors that lie outside the medical care arena? Data from the Aging, Status, and the Sense of Control Survey were the basis of a representative U.S. national telephone survey conducted in 1995, and again in 1998. The results showed that persons with private insurance do not differ significantly from the uninsured in their self-reported health, physical functioning, or number of chronic conditions, whereas persons with public insurance report significantly worse health and more chronic conditions than the uninsured. These longitudinal results hold with adjustment for baseline health, SES, change in social status, and the hazard of attrition. Medical insurance does not mediate any associations between SES and health. Medical insurance of all kinds, however, does reduce difficulties in paying medical bills, and Medicaid is associated with more doctor visits and prescription drugs.
Unsymmetrical alkenes by carbene coupling from diazirine decomposition in the presence of diazo compounds

Decomposition thermique d'(halogeno-3 phenyl-3) diazirines en presence d'α-diazo-toluene, -diphenylmethane, -acetate d'ethyle, -acetophenone et -N,N-dialkylacetamides dans CCl 4 . Obtention d'halogenures vinyliques et d'halogenocetone, halogenoesters et halogenocarboxamides vinyliques
Strategic Bidding By Potential Competitors: Will Monopoly Persist?

Who will win the bidding to become the sole producer of a new product: the monopolist of a related product or a new entrant? When there exists potential entry to the monopolist’s existing business, the standard result that monopoly persists (Gilbert and Newbery, ‘Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly’, American Economic Review, 72, pp. 514–526, 1982) may or may not hold, depending crucially on how the new product relates to the existing product of the monopolist. The monopolist tends to win the bidding and to dominate both products if the two products are strategic complements; and the entrant tends to win the bidding if the two products are strategic substitutes.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RADIATIVE TRANSFER: IMPLICATIONS FOR GIANT PLANET FORMATION BY DISK INSTABILITY

The disk instability mechanism for giant planet formation is based on the formation of clumps in a marginally gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disk, which must lose thermal energy through a combination of convection and radiative cooling if they are to survive and contract to become giant protoplanets. While there is good observational support for forming at least some giant planets by disk instability, the mechanism has become theoretically contentious, with different three-dimensional radiative hydrodynamics codes often yielding different results. Rigorous code testing is required to make further progress. Here we present two new analytical solutions for radiative transfer in spherical coordinates, suitable for testing the code employed in all of the Boss disk instability calculations. The testing shows that the Boss code radiative transfer routines do an excellent job of relaxing to and maintaining the analytical results for the radial temperature and radiative flux profiles for a spherical cloud with high or moderate optical depths, including the transition from optically thick to optically thin regions. These radial test results are independent of whether the Eddington approximation, diffusion approximation, or flux-limited diffusion approximation routines are employed. The Boss code does an equally excellent job of relaxing to and maintaining the analytical results for the vertical (θ) temperature and radiative flux profiles for a disk with a height proportional to the radial distance. These tests strongly support the disk instability mechanism for forming giant planets.
Finding composite order ordinary elliptic curves using the Cocks–Pinch method

Abstract We apply the Cocks–Pinch method to obtain pairing-friendly composite order groups with prescribed embedding degree associated to ordinary elliptic curves, and we show that new security issues arise in the composite order setting.
Intramolecular Diels−Alder and Tandem Intramolecular Diels−Alder/1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles

The scope of intramolecular Diels−Alder and a novel tandem Diels−Alder/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is disclosed. In the cases examined, the tandem cycloadditions construct three new rings with formation of four new C−C bonds and set all six stereocenters about a central six-membered ring in a single step including three contiguous and four total quaternary centers without a trace of a second diastereomer.
Multimaterial coatings with reduced thermal noise

The most sensitive measurements of time and space are made with resonant optical cavities, and these measurements are limited by coating thermal noise. The mechanical and optical performance requirements placed on coating materials, especially for interferometric gravitational wave detectors, have proven extremely difficult to meet despite a lengthy search. In this paper we propose a new approach to high performance coatings, the use of multiple materials at different depths in the coating. To support this we generalize previous work on thermal noise in two-material coatings to an arbitrary multimaterial stack, and develop a means of estimating absorption in these multimaterial coatings. This new approach will allow for a broadening of the search for high performance coating materials.
A glimpse from the inside of a space suit: What is it really like to train for an EVA?☆

Abstract The beauty of the view from the office of a spacewalking astronaut gives the impression of simplicity, but few beyond the astronauts, and those who train them, know what it really takes to get there. Extravehicular Activity (EVA) training is an intense process that utilizes NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) to develop a very specific skill set needed to safely construct and maintain the orbiting International Space Station. To qualify for flight assignments, astronauts must demonstrate the ability to work safely and efficiently in the physically demanding environment of the space suit, possess an acute ability to resolve unforeseen problems, and implement proper tool protocols to ensure no tools will be lost in space. Through the insights and the lessons learned by actual EVA astronauts and EVA instructors, this paper will take you on a journey through an astronaut’s earliest experiences working in the space suit, termed the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), in the underwater training environment of the NBL. This work details an actual Suit Qualification NBL training event, outlines the numerous challenges the astronauts face throughout their initial training, and the various ways they adapt their own abilities to overcome them. The goal of this paper is to give everyone a small glimpse into what it is really like to work in a space suit.
Selectivity in an asymmetric nitrogen insertion process

Abstract A simple and efficient synthesis of chiral lactams utilizing a group-selective nitrogen insertion process has been investigated for a group of prochiral ketones. The preparation of a useful intermediate in benzomorphinan synthesis has been carried out in optically active form.
Quantum Zeno stabilization in weak continuous measurement of two qubits

We have studied quantum coherent oscillations of two qubits under continuous measurement by a symmetrically coupled mesoscopic detector. The analysis is based on a Bayesian formalism that is applicable to individual quantum systems. Measurement continuously collapses the two-qubit system to one of the subspaces of the Bell basis. For a detector with linear response this corresponds to measurement of the total spin of the qubits. In the other extreme of purely quadratic response the operator y y + z z is measured. In both cases, collapse naturally leads to spontaneous entanglement which can be identified by measurement of the power spectrum and/or the average current of the detector. Asymmetry between the two qubits results in evolution between the different measurement subspaces. However, when the qubits are even weakly coupled to the detector, a kind of quantum Zeno effect cancels the gradual evolution and replaces it with rare, abrupt switching events. We obtain the asymptotic switching rates for these events and confirm them with numerical simulations. We show how such switching affects the observable power spectrum on different time scales.
Closing the Pandora's box: Defenses for thwarting epidemic outbreaks in mobile adhoc networks

The openness of the Android operating system increased the number of applications developed, but it also introduced a new propagation vector for mobile malware. We model the propagation of mobile malware using epidemiology theory and study the problem as a function of the underlying mobility models. We define the optimal approach to heal an infected system with the help of a set of static healers that distribute patches, as the T-COVER problem and show that it is NP-HARD. We then propose two families of healer protocols that trade-off time recovery and energy consumed by sending patches. The first one uses randomization to ensure a small recovery time but may result in healers sending more patches than needed. The second one uses system feedback to optimize energy consumed by sending patches, but it may result in a larger recovery time. We show through simulations using the NS-3 simulator that despite lacking knowledge of the future, our protocols obtain a recovery time within a 10x bound of the oracle solution that knows the arrival time of the infected nodes.
Radiolytic Synthesis of Bimetallic Ag−Pt Nanoparticles with a High Aspect Ratio

Aqueous solutions of Ag−Pt ions and poly(vinyl alcohol) were irradiated with gamma rays at dose rates below 0.5 kGy/h to generate nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized with several ex...
Interpretation of vector electric field measurements of bursty Langmuir waves in the cusp

[1] An analysis of auroral Langmuir waves in the cusp observed by two high-frequency electric field instruments on the TRICE high-flyer sounding rocket shows many examples of Langmuir wave bursts modulated at approximately 10 kHz. Previous studies have explained these and similar observations as the result of beating between waves with very close frequencies near the Langmuir cutoff, resulting from either wave-wave interactions or independent linear excitations. The unique three-dimensional (3-D) data set provided by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center TAEFWD instrument shows that up to 25% of waveforms selected from the most intense bursts exhibit anisotropic modulations, i.e., the beat nulls and peaks are not aligned in time across the three perpendicular electric field components. Modulations of this type arise when superposed wave normal modes possess differing polarizations, and simulations using wave modes calculated with the J-WHAMP numerical dispersion code show (1) that waves with differing polarizations can exist in conditions like those observed by TRICE-High and (2) that superpositions of such waves can produce anisotropic modulation. Fourier analysis of the 3-D waveform data suggests that both linear and elliptically polarized waves are present near the Langmuir cutoff at these times. These observations illustrate how 3-D measurements can give valuable insight into the nature of wave interactions in the auroral plasma environment.
Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories

Schizotypal personality research holds the promise of critically important insights into the etiology and ultimate prevention of schizophrenia. This article provides a critical overview of diagnostic, developmental, demographic, psychosocial, genetic, neurodevelopmental, psychophysiological, neurochemical, neurocognitive, brain imaging, and prevention-treatment issues pertaining to this personality disorder. It is argued that genetic and early environmental influences act in concert to alter brain structure/function throughout development, resulting in disturbances to basic cognitive and affective processes that give rise to three building blocks of schizotypy-cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized features. Two clinical subtypes are hypothesized: (a) neurodevelopmental schizotypy, which has its roots in genetic, prenatal, and early postnatal factors, is relatively stable, has genetic affinity to schizophrenia, and may benefit preferentially from pharmacological intervention, and (b) pseudoschizotypy, which is unrelated to schizophrenia, has its roots in psychosocial adversity, shows greater symptom fluctuations, and may be more responsive to psychosocial intervention.
A novel cyclization reaction of a C-6 substituted uridine analog: An entry to 5,6-dialkylated uridine derivatives

Abstract 5,6-Dialkylated uridine derivatives were conveniently synthesized in 5 steps starting from 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneuridine (1) in a 43% overall yield. The key reaction is a novel acid catalyzed cyclization reaction of 6-(4-butanal)-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneuridine.
Extrinsic Sources of Scatter in the Richness-mass Relation of Galaxy Clusters

Maximizing the utility of upcoming photometric cluster surveys requires a thorough understanding of the richness-mass relation of galaxy clusters. We use Monte Carlo simulations to study the impact of various sources of observational scatter on this relation. Cluster ellipticity, photometric errors, photometric redshift errors, and cluster-to-cluster variations in the properties of red-sequence galaxies contribute negligible noise. Miscentering, however, can be important, and likely contributes to the scatter in the richness-mass relation of galaxy maxBCG clusters at the low-mass end, where centering is more difficult. We also investigate the impact of projection effects under several empirically motivated assumptions about cluster environments. Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey data and the maxBCG cluster catalog, we demonstrate that variations in cluster environments can rarely (≈1%-5% of the time) result in significant richness boosts. Due to the steepness of the mass/richness function, the corresponding fraction of optically selected clusters that suffer from these projection effects is ≈5%-15%. We expect these numbers to be generic in magnitude, but a precise determination requires detailed, survey-specific modeling.
Torpid mixing of local Markov chains on 3-colorings of the discrete torus

We study local Markov chains for sampling 3-colorings of the discrete torus TL, d = {0, ..., L--1}d. We show that there is a constant ρ a .22 such that for all even L ≥ 4 and d sufficiently large, certain local Markov chains require exponential time to converge to equilibrium. More precisely, if M is a Markov chain on the set of proper 3-colorings of TL, d that updates the color of at most ρLd vertices at each step and whose stationary distribution is uniform, then the convergence to stationarity of M is exponential in Ld-1. Our proof is based on a conductance argument that builds on sensitive new combinatorial enumeration techniques.
A CRYSTALLINE QUARK-HADRON MIXED PHASE IN NEUTRON STARS

Abstract The mixed phase of a substance undergoing a first order phase transition has entirely different behavior according to whether the substance has more than one conserved charge or only one, as in the text book examples. In the latter case the pressure and nature of the phases are constants throughout the coexistence phase. For systems with more than one conserved charge (or independent component) we prove two theorems: (1) The pressure and the nature of the phases in equilibrium change continuously as the proportion of the phases varies from one pure phase to the other. (2) If one of the conserved charges is the Coulomb force, an intermediate-range order will be created by the competition between Coulomb and surface interface energy. Their sum is minimized when the coexistence phase assumes a Coulomb lattice of one phase immersed in the other. The geometry will vary continuously as the proportion of phases. We illustrate the theorems for a simple description of the hadron to quark phase transition in neutron stars and find a crystalline phase many kilometers thick. However the theorems are general and pertain to chemical mixtures, nuclear systems, either static as in stars or dynamic as in collisions, and have possible applications to phase transitions in the early universe. The theorems hold equally for the nuclear gas-liquid transition.
The general circulation of the atmosphere: an evolving problem

We trace the development of the prevailing ideas about the general circulation of the atmosphere from the middle 17th century up to 1970. During this time, a quantity U, representing the extent to which we have not yet explained those features of the circulation of which we are aware, appears to have gone through four distinct cycles. Since 1970, no additional cycles are apparent, and the outstanding feature of the new work seems to be diversification. We propose that the study of the general circulation is a chaotic process, so that, at any time, the coming developments cannot be predicted with any assurance, even though many possibilities can be eliminated. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991.t01-3-00003.x
Automata-driven indexing of prolog clauses

Abstract Indexing Prolog clauses is an important optimization step that reduces the number of clauses on which unification will be performed and can avoid the pushing of a choice point. It is quite desirable to increase the number of functors used in indexing as this can considerably reduce the size of the filtered set. However, doing so can cause an enormous increase in code size and running time if indexing is done naively. This paper describes new and efficient indexing techniques that utilize all the functors in the clause heads and the goal. The salient feature of these techniques is that the selected clause head unifies (modulo nonlinearity) with the goal. In unification (modulo nonlinearity) all the variables in the terms being unified are assumed to be unique, so the only operation performed is of matching their constant portions. So use of our indexing techniques can result in sharper discrimination, fewer choice points, and reduced backtracking. These techniques have been incorporated into a Prolog compiler and using this compiler the run-time performance of a broad spectrum of Prolog programs has been improved.
Maximally supersymmetric RG flows and AdS duality

Abstract We discuss four-dimensional renormalization group flows which preserve sixteen supersymmetries. In the infrared, these can be viewed as deformations of the N =4 superconformal fixed points by special, irrelevant operators. It is argued that the gauge coupling beta function continues to vanish identically, for all coupling constants and energy scales, for such RG flows. In addition, the dimensions of all operators in short supersymmetry representations are constant along such flows. This is compatible with a conjectured generalization of the AdS/CFT correspondence which describes such flows, e.g., the D3-brane vacuum before taking the near-horizon limit. RG flows in three and six dimensions, preserving 16 supersymmetries, are also briefly discussed, including a discussion of generalized AdS/CFT duality for the M2- and M5-brane cases. Finally, we discuss maximally supersymmetric RG flows associated with noncommutative geometry.
Detection of doxorubicin and metabolites in cell extracts and in single cells by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to separate and detect doxorubicin and at least five metabolites from NS-1 cells that were treated with 25 μM doxorubicin for 8 h. Using 10 mM borate, 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 9.3) as separation buffer, the 488-nm argon-ion laser line for fluorescence excitation, and a 635±27.5 nm bandpass filter for detection, the limit of detection (S/N=3) for doxorubicin is 61±13 zmol. This low limit of detection allows for the detection of a larger number of metabolites than previously reported. Two extraction procedures were performed: a bulk liquid–liquid extraction and an in-capillary single-cell lysis. While in the bulk liquid–liquid extraction procedure, recovery for doxorubicin range from 50 to 99%, in single cell analysis the recovery is expected to be complete. Furthermore performing lysis of a single cell inside the separation capillary prevents doxorubicin or metabolite loss or degradation during handling. Based on the bulk method the calculated metabolite abundance is in the sub-amol per cell range while it varies from 0.1 to 1.1 fmol per cell in single cell analysis confirming metabolite loss during handling. Each metabolite was found at a level less than 0.1% of the doxorubicin content in either method, suggesting a slow metabolism in the NS-1 cell system or effective removal of metabolites by the cell.
Aromaticity in transition metal oxide structures.

The concept of aromaticity is useful for understanding the properties of some polyoxometalates containing transition metals such as vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten having structures based on metal macropolygons and macropolyhedra with M−O−M edges. Thus, the aromatic macrocuboctahedral Keggin ions readily undergo one-electron reductions to highly colored mixed-valence “blues” (e.g., molybdenum blue), whereas the macroicosahedral Silverton ions, MIVMo12O428- (MIV = Ce, Th, U), which, like cyclohexane, do not have vertex valence orbitals available for delocalization, do not undergo analogous reduction reactions. A macrohexagon of d1 vanadium(IV) atoms as V−O−V units has been imbedded into an electronically inactive borate matrix in the ion [V6B20O50H8]8-. The small β unit for the V−O−V interactions in this V6 macrohexagon leads to an unprecedented example of high spin aromaticity with a paramagnetism corresponding to four unpaired electrons per V6 unit in contrast to benzene, which is diamagnetic and henc...
100 GHz low-noise MESFET, HFET, and MSM technology for 10 Gb/s OEIC applications

Optical interconnects possess great potential in applications for short-distance, multiple channel parallel connections at the chip-to-chip, board-to-board, back plane, and local area network levels of high performance computing environments. Low-loss and high-bandwidth advantages of optical fiber over those for coaxial cables become sizable when the transmission speed exceeds multiple Gb/s. OEIC (Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits) receivers and transmitters are suitable for both free-space and fiber-optic short-wavelength optical links. Such chip sets will be able to support link distances from less than 1 mm for chip-to-chip optical interconnects to over 1 km for local area network (LAN) systems. As a high-speed optical receiver for these systems, monolithic OEICs are very attractive because of their potential for high-speed operation, compactness, and cost reduction. In this paper, we will review the theoretical speed limit of MSM (Metal-Semiconductor-Metal) photodetector. 3-dB bandwidth of 50x50 um2 MSM detector will be studied. The recent progress on the 100 GHz MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), InP HFET (Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor) and their OEIC receivers are also presented.
Job Satisfaction and the Gender Composition of Jobs

Abstract Regarding predominantly male jobs (using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth): While both sexes prefer male jobs, women like the pay and not the job-amenities; men appreciate both. Most of the women's pay premium in male jobs suggests compensating differentials.
A tight-binding investigation of the NaxCoO2 Fermi surface

We perform an orthogonal basis tight-binding fit to an LAPW calculation of paramagnetic NaxCoO2 for several dopings. The optimal position of the apical oxygen at each doping is resolved, revealing a non-trivial dependence of the band structure and Fermi surface on oxygen height. We find that the small eg' hole pockets are preserved throughout all investigated dopings and discuss some possible reasons for the lack of experimental evidence for these Fermi sheets.
Virtual full duplex wireless broadcasting via compressed sensing

A novel solution is proposed to undertake a frequent task in wireless networks, which is to let all nodes broadcast information to and receive information from their respective one-hop neighboring nodes. The contribution in this paper is twofold. First, as each neighbor selects one message-bearing codeword from its unique codebook for transmission, it is shown that decoding their messages based on a superposition of those codewords through the multiaccess channel is fundamentally a problem of compressed sensing. In the case where each message is designed to consist of a small number of bits, an iterative algorithm based on belief propagation is developed for efficient decoding. Second, to satisfy the half-duplex constraint, each codeword consists of randomly distributed on-slots and off-slots. A node transmits during its on-slots and listens to its neighbors only through its own off-slots. Over one frame interval, each node broadcasts a message to its neighbors and simultaneously receives the superposition of neighbors' signals through its own off-slots and then decodes all messages. The proposed solution fully exploits the multiaccess nature of the wireless medium and addresses the half-duplex constraint at the fundamental level. In a network consisting of Poisson distributed nodes, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme often achieves several times the rate of slotted ALOHA and CSMA with the same packet error rate.