cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal MEG Oscillatory Activity during Visual Processing in the Prefrontal Cortices and Frontal Eye-Fields of the Aging HIV Brain

Objective Shortly after infection, HIV enters the brain and causes widespread inflammation and neuronal damage, which ultimately leads to neuropsychological impairments. Despite a large body of neuroscience and imaging studies, the pathophysiology of these HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains unresolved. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown greater activation in HIV-infected patients during strenuous tasks in frontal and parietal cortices, and less activation in the primary sensory cortices during rest and sensory stimulation. Methods High-density magnetoencephalography (MEG) was utilized to evaluate the basic neurophysiology underlying attentive, visual processing in older HIV-infected adults and a matched non-infected control group. Unlike other neuroimaging methods, MEG is a direct measure of neural activity that is not tied to brain metabolism or hemodynamic responses. During MEG, participants fixated on a centrally-presented crosshair while intermittent visual stimulation appeared in their top-right visual-field quadrant. All MEG data was imaged in the time-frequency domain using beamforming. Results Uninfected controls had increased neuronal synchronization in the 6–12 Hz range within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right frontal eye-fields, and the posterior cingulate. Conversely, HIV-infected patients exhibited decreased synchrony in these same neural regions, and the magnitude of these decreases was correlated with neuropsychological performance in several cortical association regions. Conclusions MEG-based imaging holds potential as a noninvasive biomarker for HIV-related neuronal dysfunction, and may help identify patients who have or may develop HAND. Reduced synchronization of neural populations in the association cortices was strongly linked to cognitive dysfunction, and likely reflects the impact of HIV on neuronal and neuropsychological health.
Preferences and behaviors of morning and night people: self-report

The history of individual differences for those who might be described as morning or night people (a.m.-p.m. people) dates back at least to O'Shea ( 7 ) , who tried to determine the time of day when people were at their best and their worst and found individual differences. There has been some debate as to how many categories and types exist. Freeman and Hovland ( 3 ) proposed four types, classified as to patterns of body temperature. Kleitrnan ( 5 ) on the same bases argued for two types. Arguments have been made that a.m.-p.m. people have different personality profiles (6), perform better in their respective time slots ( I ) , do not vary in total amount of sleep, but do vary in the times that they retire and rise, with a.m. people doing these earlier ( 4 ) . Very often in these studies and classification schemes body temperature was used as the categoriter, noting earlier ~ e a k temperatures characterize a.m. people. The present study using the self-report questionnaire yields a descriptive profile of preferences and behavioral differences for a.m.-p.m. cypes and examines independent item cluster ~rof i les for rhese groups using factor analysis. A 45-item questionnaire was administered to 230 undergraduates; 180 of these were completed as directed and analyzed. A factor analysis using principal factoring without iteration, showed that Factors 1 and 2 accounted for 12.7 and 10.4% of the total variance, respectively. Items correlated with Factor I were the time a person returned home after an evening out (0.51) and the time a person went to bed on the weekend (0.37). Factor 1 seems to refer to a night person. Items that correlated significantly with Factor 2 were quantity of breakfast eaten during the week (-O.63), number of days breakfast was eaten during the week (-0.57), number of days breakfast was eaten during the weekend (-0.40), and size of breakfast the person ate (-0.52). Factor 2 seems to refer to people who dislike breakfast. Using a cross-tabulation procedure the variable of self-description of morningness or eveningness was crossed with the other 44 variables. The following items had significant values of chi squared ( p > .05) for those who consider themselves morning people: drink alcoholic beverages less, get up earlier during the week, get up earlier on the weekends, eat breakfast on more days during the week, accomplish more work in the morning, prefer to work in the mornings. and enjoy soft music. Self-reported morning people seem to require less st~mulus input (i.e., drink alcohol less and enjoy softer music) than night people and t h ~ s agrees with Eysenck ( 2 ) who reported lower arousal thresholds for day people. Coos~stent with the self-reported category morning people do prefer to be more active earlrer, i.e., getting up earlier, accomplishing more, and eating more breakfast. The relatively strong appearance of a breakfast-disliking factor was surprising. It has not appeared as a factor in the a.m.-p.m. literamre. It may indeed be unrelated as the only direct link was that a.m. people eat breakfast more on weekdays.
Evidence for isoniazid-dependent free radical generation catalyzed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG and the isoniazid-resistant mutant KatG(S315T).

The antitubercular agent isoniazid can be activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG using either a peroxidase compound I/II or a superoxide-dependent oxyferrous pathway. The identity of activate...
Evolutionary trends in poetic style: the case of English metaphysical poetry

In the face of the wide agreement that literary history exhibits a good deal of regularity, it is surprising that literary theorists have not devoted more effort to the discovery of general laws of literary change. As Smith (in press) has pointed out, critics have systematically evaded the questions of literary value and evaluation for the past fifty years. They have concentrated almost exclusively on questions of literary interpretation and understanding. In so ignoring questions of value or preference, they have made it impossible to attack the question of literary change. A general theory of literary change and the results of testing some hypoth
Effects of male trophy hunting on female carnivore population growth and persistence

Carnivore populations are often managed based on the density dependent, compensatory mortality model, which suggests that trophy hunting of males causes an increase in female reproductive success, survival, and population growth. Our previous research on grizzly bears (Ursus acrtos) and cougars (Puma concolor) showed that increased mortality of males resulted in no net reduction in males due to increased immigration. Female reproduction and survival did not increase with male mortality. That research suggested that female demographics are additive to male mortality and might even be depensatory (inversely compensatory), whereby increased male immigration and infanticide may be associated with decreased female reproductive success, survival, and population growth. In this paper we test the compensatory, additive, and depensatory hypotheses by censoring female hunting deaths and plausible kitten infanticides from two independent cougar populations. The previously observed lack of compensatory demographics allowed us to censor deaths in this manner. The lightly hunted population (male hunting mortality = 0.16) had a female population growth rate of 1.05. With female mortality from hunting removed the growth rate increased to 1.14. The heavily hunted population (male hunting mortality = 0.35) had a female population growth rate of 0.78. With infanticide removed the growth rate increased to 0.89. With hunting mortality of females removed, the growth rate increased to 0.98. With both female mortalities and infanticide removed, the growth rate increased to 1.14. Light hunting of males (no net male immigration) decreased female population growth in an additive manner and heavy hunting of males (increased net male immigration) decreased female population growth in a depensatory manner. We reject the compensatory mortality hypothesis, and suggest that hunting of male carnivores has a negative additive or depensatory effect on female population growth depending on the intensity of male mortality. We recommend that hunting of polygnous carnivores not exceed their intrinsic growth rates to forestall excessive compensatory male immigration and infanticide. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife instituted a new ‘‘equilibrium’’ hunting management plan (hunting mortality < 14%/ year) for cougars in 2013 based on our findings and recommendations.
Mineral Mössbauer spectroscopy: Correlations between chemical shift and quadrupole splitting parameters

The variety of coordination numbers, symmetries, distortions and ligand environments in thermally-stable iron-bearing minerals provide wide ranges of chemical shift (δ) and quadrupole splitting (δ) parameters, which serve to characterize the crystal chemistries and site occupancies of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in minerals of terrestrial and extraterrestrial origins. Correlations between ferrous and ferric chemical shifts enable thermally-induced electron delocalization behavior in mixed-valence Fe2+-Fe3+ minerals to be identified, while chemical shift versus quadrupole splitting correlations serve to identify nanophase ferric oxides and oxyhydroxides in oxidized minerals and in meteorites subjected to aqueous oxidation before and after they arrived on Earth.
Creep and transient testing of irradiated type 316 stainless steel

Abstract In this study the failure conditions of stress, temperature and time for an irradiated type 316 stainless steel have been analyzed. A Larson-Miller parameter relationship has been used to predict failure when the irradiation and metallurgical history of the material were known. Creep failure tests plus temperature and pressure ramp-to-failure tests were conducted on type 316 annealed stainless steel cylindrical segments which were used as cladding for metallic nuclear fuel elements. The results were compared using a plot of the natural logarithm of effective failure stress versus the Larson-Miller parameter (time-temperature relationship) values. Failure curves for various cladding segments were characterized by two linear relationships, each representing a distinct fracture mechanism. One of the fracture mechanisms was independent of material irradiation and metallurgical history, while the other fracture mechanism was highly dependent on the metallurgical history (annealed as against cold worked) and on the irradiation history (fluence and temperature) of the material. A comparison was made between observed in-core failures and experimental out-of-core failures, leading to the conclusion that out-of-core test results can be used to predict in-core failures accurately when the fuel cladding history is known.
Assessing disease risk at the wildlife–livestock interface: A study of Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep

Despite evidence that domestic sheep diseases threaten the persistence of bighorn sheep populations, the economic consequences of restricting domestic sheep grazing has polarized the debate, with some arguing that disease risk posed by domestic sheep has been exaggerated and grazing restrictions should be eased. We constructed a model to assess how different management strategies (grazing allotment closures, grazing time reductions, and reduced probability of stray domestic sheep) affect the risk of respiratory disease transmission from domestic sheep to endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, and to predict population-level impacts of an outbreak. Even when management strategies reduced risk of interspecies contact to less than 2% per year, our model predicted a 50% probability of a catastrophic respiratory disease outbreak during the next 10 bighorn sheep generations. If an outbreak occurs in the near future, the model predicts that the smallest Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep population would have a 33% probability of quasi-extinction. To eliminate all risk of contact and potential disease transmission, domestic sheep cannot be grazed on allotments that overlap with areas utilized by Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. Where wildlife and domestic animal populations share limited habitat, and there is documented evidence of a substantial disease threat and extinction risk, stakeholders must recognize that the only way to eliminate contact and risk of disease transmission is to give priority to one species or the other. If conservation is the priority, difficult decisions will need to be made to balance trade-offs between economic livelihoods and species conservation.
Research on 1 Peter: A Survey of Scholarly Literature Since 1985

This article examines the scholarly literature on 1 Peter that has appeared since 1985, providing a comprehensive bibliography. Topics of discussion include authorship, date and historical setting,...
Improving mass storage performance

Abstract Description of how a bubble memory operates is given, and the increases in bubble densities since the mid 1970s are outlined. The advantages of the bubble memory over the floppy disc drive are weighed up. The conclusion made is that for ‘working storage’ — software compilation, operating system utilities, system interface functions etc. — the bubble memory is best, whereas for ‘archival storage’ — system initialization, software distribution, out-of-system storage etc. — the floppy disc is still superior. Implementation of an Intel 7110 1 Mbit bubble memory is described using a purpose-built controller which provides the hardware interface with a TTL-level microprocessor bus. Modification of the floppy disc operating system to take into account the bubble memory is also shown.
Manganese(III) complexes with porphyrins and related compounds as catalytic scavengers of superoxide

Abstract Two groups of Mn-based catalytic antioxidants are described in terms of their catalytic activities and electrochemical properties. In the first group, manganese porphyrins, phthalocyanine, and porphyrazine employ the Mn(III)/Mn(II) couple in the catalysis of O2 − dismutation (disproportionation). The catalytic rate constant is dependent upon the metal-centered redox potential, as shown previously for water-soluble Mn porphyrins. The limitation of this simple relation becomes obvious with compounds of high redox potential (+2 metal oxidation state is stabilized) which exhibit a weak metal/ligand binding; although of high superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, the compounds are not stable under physiological conditions. The second generation of the potent O2 − scavengers are manganese complexes with biliverdin IX and its derivatives which have an RO− functionality as a fifth coordination to the metal center in a dimeric structure. Such a coordination pattern stabilizes the +4 oxidation state of the manganese so that the Mn(III)/Mn(IV) redox (E1/2=∼+0.46 V vs. NHE) becomes coupled to the O2 − dismutation. More importantly, despite operating at a high positive metal-centered redox potential and having the+3 oxidation state as the resting state of the metal center, metallobiliverdins still retain a high ligand affinity in solution. Independently of their charge (two neutral and the other two negatively charged) metallobiliverdins studied are of similar SOD-like activity comparable to the efficacy of highly charged manganese(III) ortho N-alkylpyridylporphyrins. These most potent in vitro SOD-like Mn porphyrins are also reactive towards peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Since the fifth coordination site of the metal center is occupied no reactivity of the manganese(III) biliverdin IX dimethyl ester towards NO and H2O2 is observed. Thus, manganese(III) porphyrins and manganese(III) biliverdins are expected to differ with regards to their tissue localization and to the type and the concentration of reactive oxygen species they would encounter in biological systems. Comparative kinetic and thermodynamic studies of these catalytic antioxidants would help us understand not only the prevalent mode of their in vivo biological action but the mechanism of oxidative stress injuries as well.
Incorporation of Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 via Organoborane Technology

Abstract Organoboranes have proven to be important synthetic intermediates.1–3 They are unique in that they are readily prepared from substrates which may contain a variety of funtional groups. In addition, the boron atom is readily replaced by a wide variety of atoms in a stereospecific fashion under surprisingly mild conditions.4–6
Gender Differences in the Factors That Affect Self‐Assessments of Health

We hypothesized that women's self-assessments of health (SAH) would decrease more than men's when participants considered the functional limitations of illness and non-health-related sources of emotional distress. We examined the effects of type of illness, illness-produced limitations, and distress from illness- and nonillness-related sources on men's and women's SAH. Women's SAH were significantly more responsive than men's to the affective and functionally limiting aspects of illness. This suggests that women include a broader range of illness factors unrelated to mortality when evaluating their own health and explains why men's SAH have been found to be more strongly related to mortality. Contrary to our hypothesis, men's SAH were significantly more responsive than women's to social sources of distress.
Language and Dialect Contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the Formation of a Speech Community

Subject personal pronouns are highly variable in Spanish but nearly obligatory in many contexts in English, and regions of Latin America differ significantly in rates and constraints on use. We investigate language and dialect contact by analyzing these pronouns in a corpus of 63,500 verbs extracted from sociolinguistic interviews of a stratified sample of 142 members of the six largest Spanish-speaking communities in New York City. A variationist approach to rates of overt pronouns and variable and constraint hierarchies, comparing speakers from different dialect regions (Caribbeans vs. Mainlanders) and different generations (those recently arrived vs. those born and/or raised in New York), reveals the influence of English on speakers from both regions. In addition, generational changes in constraint hierarchies demonstrate that Caribbeans and Mainlanders are accommodating to one another. Both dialect and language contact are shaping Spanish in New York City and promoting, in the second generation, the formation of a New York Spanish speech community.*
Gravity field of Mars from Mariner 9 tracking data

Further reduction of Doppler tracking data from Mariner 9 confirms our earlier conclusion that the gravity field of Mars is considerably rougher than the fields of either the earth or the moon. The largest positive gravity anomaly uncovered is in the Tharsis region which is also topographically high and geologically unusual. The value obtained for the inverse mass of Mars is in good agreement with prior determinations from Mariner fly by trajectories. The direction found for the rotational pole of Mars is in excellent agreement with Sinclair's recent value, determined from earth-based observations of Mars' satellites. Other important physical constants that have either been refined or confirmed by the Mariner 9 data include: (1) the dynamical flattening, (2) the maximum principal moment of inertia, and (3) the period of precession of Mars' pole.
Silicon oxycarbide coatings on graphite fibers II. Adhesion, processing, and interfacial properties

Abstract Silicon oxycarbide coatings are applied to graphite fibers by dip coating tows of fibers into hexane solutions of the silsesquioxane terpolymer -[MeHSiO]0.1[MeSi(OnPr)O]0.2[MeSi(O)1.5]0.7- to form silsesquioxane coatings typically 0.1 μm thick. The coatings are then pretreated by heating in N2 to selected temperatures (200 °C increments to 1000 °C). The amorphous polymeric coatings were shown to convert to amorphous silicon oxycarbide coatings on heating to temperatures above 600 °C. Single carbon fibers coated with silicon oxycarbide coatings were pyrolyzed and then encapsulated in a transparent epoxy matrix so that stress could be applied and the adhesion and fracture behavior of the coatings could be observed. The properties and adhesion of the coatings to the carbon fibers change with the degree of pyrolysis. Initially the adhesion is low and interfacial failure is observed. After thermal processing to 800 °C and above a significant increase in adhesion is detected but the failure mode remains interfacial and circumferential cracks in the coating are detected. A non-linear axisymmetric finite element model of this single fiber coated with material having properties varying in a manner similar to the coating was used to gain insight into observed changes.
Fear of Failure and the Pass-Fail Grading Option

The Pass-Fail (P-F) option presents (a) a natural setting for testing some implications of Atkinson’s concept of “fear of failure” (1, 2) and (b) a practical setting for evaluating one aspect of university policy. A sample of students enrolled for P-F credit was compared (on test anxiety, grade utilities under chance and skill conditions, grades, and course loads) with another sample taking course work under an A-F grading system. Only partial confirmation was found for a prediction that test anxiety should be negatively correlated with the difference between grade utilities under chance and under skill conditions. Other findings were (a) that test anxiety and grade option were not significantly correlated, and (b) that the P-F sample had significantly higher grades and heavier course loads.
Direct Determination of Dissolved and Total Thallium in Lake Waters by Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract Thallium is a highly toxic, under-studied priority element. However, it has recently created much interest due to afresh and rapid improvements in detection limit. It appears that there are no published T1 data for Great Lakes waters, likely due to the poor sensitivity of classical methods. An electrothermal Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer has been optimized to detect sub-femtogram of thallium and used to develop a method for direct determination of dissolved and total thallium in lake waters. The method voids the labor-intensive, contamination-prone tasks of filtration, centrifugation and acid digestion of collected particulates. Adequate precision and recoveries were achieved using several lake waters (undigested and digested) and a certified reference material. The concentration of thallium in the acidified (0.2% HNO3) Milli-Q-Water was monitored over a period of four months and averaged 0.02 ± 0.01 ng/1. The concentration in Hamilton Harbor ranged from 3 to 48 ng/1. The mean of...
Leaf physiognomy and climate: A multivariate analysis

Abstract Research has demonstrated that leaf physiognomy is representative of the local or microclimate conditions under which plants grow. The physiognomy of leaf samples from Oregon, Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee, and the Panama Canal Zone has been related to the microclimate using Walter diagrams and Thornthwaite water-budget data. A technique to aid paleoclimatologists in identifying the nature of the microclimate from leaf physiognomy utilizes statistical procedures to classify leaf samples into one of six microclimate regimes based on leaf physiognomy information available from fossilized samples.
Five year clinical experience with the Copper 7 intrauterine device.

Abstract The clinical observation of 1547 patients who had a Copper 7 IUD inserted in a municipal hospital in New York City during the period August 1, 1974 to July 31, 1979, is presented. Despite the extreme mobility of this lower socio-economic population, complete followup was possible for 79% of the insertions. The demographic characteristics of the patients are presented, as well as the number of events and closures for the first segment of use and for all segments. The events are analyzed by patient's age, gravidity, parity and duration of use. Net annual rates for accidental pregnancies, expulsions and removals, as well as continuation rates are presented for the first 3 years of use. Net cumulative rates for the same events are presented for the 5 years of the study.
Escherichia coli DNA polymerase V subunit exchange: a post-SOS mechanism to curtail error-prone DNA synthesis.

Abstract DNA polymerase V consisting of a heterotrimer composed of one molecule of UmuC and two molecules of UmuD′ (UmuD′2C) is responsible for SOS damage-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Here we show that although the UmuD′2C complex remains intact through multiple chromatographic steps, excess UmuD, the precursor to UmuD′, displaces UmuD′ from UmuD′2C by forming a UmuDD′ heterodimer, while UmuC concomitantly aggregates as an insoluble precipitate. Although soluble UmuD′2C is readily detected when the two genes are co-transcribed and translated in vitro, soluble UmuD2C or UmuDD′C are not detected. The subunit exchange between UmuD′2C and UmuD offers a biological means to inactivate error-prone polymerase V following translesion synthesis, thus preventing mutations from occurring on undamaged DNA.
Disparate roles for TNF in the pathogenesis of acute immune complex alveolitis and dermal vasculitis

We have compared the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the pathogenesis of analogous acute immune complex-induced lung and dermal vascular injury models in rats. Intratracheal administration of IgG anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA), followed immediately by intravenous infusion of BSA, results in acute neutrophil-mediated alveolitis. Neutralization of intrapulmonary TNF activity with anti-TNF antibodies resulted in reduced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and marked attenuation of lung injury. Intradermal injection of IgG anti-BSA, followed by intravenous BSA, results in acute neutrophil-mediated dermal vasculitis. Neither locally nor systemetically administered anti-TNF antibodies reduced dermal vascular injury as measured by local hemorrhage and vasopermeability changes. Based on morphometric analysis and measurements of myeloperoxidase in tissue extracts, anti-TNF antibodies had no effect on dermal neutrophil recruitment. Intradermal and intrapulmonary administration of physiologic concentrations of recombinant human TNF resulted in modest, dose-dependent increases in local vasopermeability accompanied by negligible neutrophil recruitment. Administration of higher concentrations of TNF resulted in increases in both local vasopermeability and neutrophil recruitment. These data suggest that while both rat pulmonary and dermal blood vessels can respond to TNF-triggered proinflammatory events, endogenous TNF plays a much greater role in acute alveolitis than in dermal vasculitis.
Type II mid-IR lasers operating above room temperature

Laser emission at /spl lambda/=3.2 /spl mu/m has been observed for temperatures up to 350 K in pulsed optical pumping experiments on type-II quantum well lasers with four-constituents in each period (InAs-Ga/sub 0.7/In/sub 0.3/Sb-InAs-AlSb). The characteristic temperature is 68 K, and peak output powers of up to 270 mW are obtained for ambient-temperature operation.
Incorporation of radioacetate into lipid by adipose tissue in vitro: Lipid characterization

Abstract Normal minced rat epididymal adipose tissue incubated in vitro with 14 C- I -acetate incorporates the label almost entirely into the fatty acids of triglycerides with negligible incorporation into other lipid components (including cholesterol esters, cholesterol, non-esterived fatty acid, and phospholipid).
Comment on ''Giant M1 states in Zr isotopes within the simple shell model''

The quenching factor for M1 strength in the Zr isotopes recently deduced by Toki, Cha, and Bertsch is shown to be based on a false assumption concerning the energy dependence of optical-model distortion effects. When the correct energy dependence is accounted for the previously deduced quenching is increased by a factor of about 2.
Effects of hexamethonium on transmitter release from the rat phrenic nerve

Hexamethonium (HEX) was applied to isolated transected diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparations of the rat in order to further elucidate the functional role of the presynaptic nicotinic autoreceptors. End-plate potentials (EPPs) and miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded from the neuromuscular junctions in the presence and absence of HEX to determine the relative effect of this nicotinic antagonist on end-plate sensitivity and evoked release. In this study we show that HEX enhances transmitter release for the first few stimuli, but this action is not maintained during a train-of-six stimulation. While these results support the hypothesis that transmitter released from the nerve terminal normally has a negative feedback effect by depressing transmitter release it is proposed that HEX also has secondary actions on the neuromuscular junction that are unrelated to autoreceptor blockage. The results with HEX suggests that the presynaptic receptors may differ pharmacologically from the postsynaptic receptors.
Endoscopic biopsy requirements for post-treatment diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori

Abstract Background: Data on sensitivities of biopsy tests for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis after modern eradication therapy are limited. We assessed diagnostic yield of endoscopic biopsy tests before and after therapy in 2 U.S. multicenter double-blind trials of 10-day proton pump inhibitor–based triple therapy versus dual antibiotic therapy. Methods: Three hundred one patients with duodenal ulcer and H pylori infection had endoscopy at baseline and at 8 weeks. Four antral and 3 body biopsies were taken at both endoscopies: 1 antral biopsy for a rapid urease test (CLOtest), 2 antral and 2 body biopsies for histologic examination (Genta stain), and 1 antral and 1 body biopsy for culture. Results: The 2 same-site biopsies (antral or body) for histologic examination were in agreement in 97% of cases before treatment and 100% after triple therapy. Histologic examination of antral biopsies without body biopsies missed H pylori infection in 2% of patients before treatment and 5% after triple therapy. Posttreatment sensitivities for triple therapy were significantly lower than pretreatment sensitivities for all tests (e.g., 18% decrease in sensitivity in antral histology, 22% decrease in antral culture); decreases in sensitivity were greater after triple therapy than after the less effective dual therapy. CLOtest plus histology had a post-treatment sensitivity of 96% in the triple therapy group. Conclusions: A single antral biopsy for histology provides excellent sensitivity for H pylori in untreated patients, but, after effective therapy, sensitivities of biopsy tests decrease. Use of more than one method of testing may increase diagnostic yield when assessing post-treatment H pylori status with endoscopy, whereas the addition of multiple biopsies for each type of test is of more limited value. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:664-9.)
Optimal control of katabatic flows within canopies

What slope angle favours the development of katabatic flow is still an open question. Some studies have clarified that katabatic winds are stronger on steep slopes, while others have demonstrated that katabatic winds are stronger on gentle slopes. Here, we explore the control mechanisms of katabatic flow using a simplified theoretical model in an attempt to clarify the causes of the paradoxical findings. Our results indicate that optimal conditions for katabatic flows within canopies are synergistically controlled by terrain angle, canopy structure and thermal condition through a simple equation , where α is terrain slope, Lc = 1/(cDa) is canopy length-scale, cD is drag coefficient, a is leaf area density, VT = Rc/γ is a thermal factor, Rc is a cooling rate, γ is ambient lapse rate, and b is a constant. This theoretical prediction implies that gentle slopes are optimal for katabatic flow developments in stably stratified air while steep slopes are optimal in weak or near-neutral stratification. Canopy effect is significant in the control of katabatic flows only on gentle slopes. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Multi-objective optimisation approach for predicting seated posture considering balance

Common tasks of vehicle operation are performed while seated. Using a whole-body human articulated model, we propose a methodology of predicting realistic seated postures that is based on optimising multiple-objective functions. The idea of zero-moment point (ZMP), inspired from the stability of bipedal motion, is applied to the seated postures as the main criterion for stability. An efficient formulation of ZMP is derived from the resultant reaction loads, which are also necessary to predict seat reaction forces. The required joint actuator torques is calculated and is within the limits. Several seated posture examples with different tasks (external forces and target points) show associated natural postures with different stability levels.
Prospective randomized study of N-acetylcysteine, fenoldopam, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), fenoldopam, and saline in preventing radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (RCIN) in high-risk patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures. We prospectively enrolled 123 patients who were scheduled for cardiovascular procedures and had a baseline creatinine > 1.6 mg/dl or creatinine clearance of 0.5 mg/dl after 48 hr. The incidence of RCIN was 17.7% in the NAC group, 15.3% in the saline group, and 15.7% in the fenoldopam group (P = 0.919). Of the 20 patients who developed RCIN, 2 required dialysis. Serum creatinine decreased after 48 hr (vs. baseline) in 38% patients in the NAC group, 18% in the fenoldopam group, and 15% in the saline group. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, NAC or fenoldopam offered no additional benefit over hydration with saline in preventing RCIN.
Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Ceftriaxone Following Subconjunctival Injection in Rabbits

• Aqueous and vitreous kinetics were studied after anterior subconjunctival injection of 100 mg of ceftriaxone sodium in phakic and aphakic rabbit eyes. Mean peak ceftriaxone concentrations (microgram per milliliter ± SE, n = 3 to 5 rabbits per determination) were as follows: phakic eyes, 159.5 ± 42 at one hour in aqueous humor and 25.3 ± 6.6 at two hours in vitreous fluid; aphakic eyes, 105.1 ± 20.5 at one hour in aqueous humor and 43.1 ± 15.4 at one hour in vitreous humor. The ability of ceftriaxone to eliminate an incipient bacterial infection was also evaluated. Ten aphakic rabbits were challenged intravitreally with 700 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus . Six of the ten immediately received subconjunctival injections of ceftriaxone sodium (100 mg). At 48 hours following the challenge, all four control eyes yielded greater than 5.6 × 10 5 colonies per milliliter. In the six eyes receiving ceftriaxone, five were sterile and one yielded 1.4 × 10 2 colonies per milliliter.
Fetal tracheolaryngeal airway obstruction: prenatal evaluation by sonography and MRI

We reviewed the sonographic and MRI findings of tracheolaryngeal obstruction in the fetus. Conditions that can cause tracheolaryngeal obstruction include extrinsic causes such as lymphatic malformation, cervical teratoma and vascular rings and intrinsic causes such as congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS). Accurate distinction of these conditions by sonography or MRI can help facilitate parental counseling and management, including the decision to utilize the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure.
Neonatal Hypothermia: A Method to Provide Neuroprotection After Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

The evolving progression of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy has devastating effects accounting for approximately 23% of the four million annual neonatal deaths globally. Of infants who survive, 25% to 55% will suffer significant neurologic sequelae (Pediatrics 2008;121:648-649; author reply 649-650). Scientific evidence has demonstrated significant improvements in clinical and developmental outcomes through therapeutic hypothermia. Interventions initiated within a predefined “therapeutic window” showed decreased secondary cellular injury and aptotosis. The aim of this article is to provide an account of the hypoxic event at the cellular level describing the progression of injury that leads to ongoing neuronal cell damage and death. Historical accounts of experimental and clinical trials to date are provided, which describe scientific evidence used to develop standardized treatment protocols for hypothermia after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Details of current protocols are also provided. Lastly, a focus on nursing interventions with symptom management is provided, giving supportive rationale to assist the bedside nurse when caring for these complex patients in an effort to potentially improve short- and long-term outcomes.
Aspects of the Relation between Cyanophora paradoxa (Korschikoff) and Its Endosymbiotic Cyanelles Cyanocyta korschikoffiana (Hall & Claus). I. Growth, Ultrastructure, Photosynthesis and the Obligate Nature of the Association

Ultrastructural studies of the symbiotic relation between the apochlorotic cryptomonad Cyanophora paradoxa and the cyanobacterium Cyanocyta korschikoffiana have demonstrated that the endosymbiotic cyanobacteria are within host cell vacuoles and possess a highly reduced prokaryotic cell wall which becomes particularly evident during binary fission. Division by the endosymbiotic cyanobacteria was found not to be in synchrony with division by the host cryptomonad. The cyanobacteria divided most rapidly when the host population had reached its asymptote, such that, in cultures in extended stationary phase, it is possible to observe as many as eight cyanobacteria in one host cell. Nutritionally, C. paradoxa was found to be an obligate phototroph; its auxotropic capabilities are confined to acetate and cyanocobalamin. Analysis of the rate of photosynthesis by the intact association demonstrated that saturation occurred at the 140 $\mu $E cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ (where E is einstein), and at saturating light intensities, the rate of CO$\_{2}$ fixation was 30 $\mu $mol CO$\_{2}$ (mg chl a)$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$. The best rate of CO$_{2}$ fixation obtained by the isolated cyanobacteria represented 12% of the rate found in the intact association. Two independent methods of analysis showed that at best, only 15% of the carbon fixed by the cyanobacteria was translocated to the host, mostly as glucose and probably sucrose. Studies with metabolic inhibitors directed against the prokaryotic cyanobacteria demonstrated the close interdependence of the host with the endosymbionts, in that disruption of the endosymbionts always resulted in death of the host. Our inability to grow the cyanobacteria away from the host, combined with the apparent inability of the host to survive in the absence of the photosynthetic endosymbiotic cyanobacteria provide strong support for the concept that the association represents a well integrated mutually obligate relation, but the concept that the cyanobacteria are chloroplasts cannot be supported.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHWAY OF EXOGENOUS C14-HISTAMINE IN STIMULATING GASTRIC SECRETION.

Summary o 1. After injection of C 14 -histamine, radioactivity was determined simultaneously in the gastric, duodenal and rectal mucosa, gastric juice and serum of the dog. 2. The acid secretion was measured simultaneously with the above studies. 3. When gastric secretion had ceased, the level of radioactivity in the gastric mucosa and serum was still moderately high. 4. The level of radioactivity in the gastric duodenal and rectal mucosa correlated well with the known levels of endogenous histamine in these organs. 5. After the C 14 -histamine induced secretion had ceased for one hour, stimulation with the same dose of unlabeled histamine increased the radioactivity of the juice above previous levels.
Why the Standard View of Ignorance Prevails

Rik Peels has forcefully argued that, contrary to what is widely held, ignorance is not equivalent to the lack or absence of knowledge. In doing so, he has argued against the Standard View of Ignorance according to which they are equivalent, and argued for what he calls “the New View” according to which ignorance is equivalent (merely) to the lack or absence of true belief. In this paper, I defend the Standard View against Peels’s latest case for the New View.
The fast-time instability of diffusion flames

Abstract A diffusion flame burns with varying intensity if the pressure is varied, and the nonlinear steady-state response is typically S-shaped; that is, multiple solutions exist for some range of pressure. The physically relevant branch can only be determined by unsteady analyses, and in this paper we discuss the stability of a large class of diffusion flames when the activation energy characterizing the reaction rate is large. Specifically, we examine the evolution from the stationary solution on a time scale so short that changes are confined to the thin flame sheet where all the reaction occurs. In this region time derivatives are added to the steady state equations, which otherwise describe a balance between diffusion and chemical reaction. The stability problem is then reduced to the determination of the spectrum of Schrodinger's equation, defined on the infinite interval, with a potential that is not of one sign on this interval. In this way certain conclusions about extinction are drawn and certain past misconceptions are clarified.
Experiments on the cellular structure in bénard convection

Abstract Natural convection in a cylindrical cell was investigated experimentally using two different fluids heated from below. On the whole, good agreement was obtained with many theoretical predictions. In silicone oil, the physical properties of which are relatively insensitive to temperature, the flow pattern was found to consist of concentric rolls in the case of buoyancy-driven convection, and of hexagonal cells for surface-tension-driven flow. These observations are consistent with those reported recently by Koschmieder. With Aroclor, the viscosity of which is highly temperature dependent, rolls appeared for liquid depths ⩾ 6 mm and hexagons for depths ⩽ 5 mm. Rather than transform into rolls as some theories would have predicted, these hexagons, which were somewhat smaller than expected, were found to remain stable over a range of temperature differences extending up to at least three times the critical. This suggests that presently available non-linear analyses should not be extrapolated much beyond the critical point, where in fact they are meant to apply.
SWAT: Do We Need Conjoint Measurement?

The present study sought to determine the utility of the unweighted sum as an alternative to conjoint measurement in forming a workload composite measure with the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). The data from a simulator study designed to identify pilot workload associated with alternative cockpit configurations in a night air interdiction mission were reanalyzed using a percentage measure (SUMPCT) based on the unweighted sum of the three SWAT rating scales. Results indicated that the CONJOINT and SUMPCT workload composites were highly correlated and were equally sensitive to detecting differences in the independent variables. The reasons for the equal sensitivity of the two composite measures are discussed. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that one can form a composite measure of workload using the SWAT rating scales without the necessity of having to conduct the time-consuming card sort.
Estradiol in micellar nanoparticles: the efficacy and safety of a novel transdermal drug-delivery technology in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of topical micellar nanoparticle estradiol emulsion (MNPEE; Estrasorb; Novavax, Inc., Malvem, PA; Esprit Pharma, East Brunswick, NJ) in postmenopausal women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. Design: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 200 postmenopausal women with seven or more moderate to severe hot flushes per day. The study consisted of a 3-week screening period followed by a 1-week placebo emulsion run-in period and a 12-week active or placebo treatment period. Women were randomized (1:1) to receive MNPEE (3.45 g daily dose of emulsion containing 8.6 mg estradiol) or matching placebo emulsion. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline in the frequency of moderate and severe hot flushes at weeks 4 and 12. Adverse events were monitored throughout the trial. Results: Topical micellar nanoparticle estradiol emulsion was statistically significantly superior to placebo emulsion in reducing the mean frequency of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms by week 3 (P = 0.003), with superiority to placebo maintained from weeks 4 to 12 (P < 0.001). At week 12 (peak benefit), MNPEE reduced mean daily frequency of hot flush count by 11.1 (P < 0.001 vs placebo). MNPEE significantly reduced mean symptom severity from weeks 4 to 12 (P < 0.001) compared with placebo. At endpoint, mean serum concentrations of estradiol and estrone were 63 and 89 pg/mL, respectively, in the MNPEE group. The mean endpoint ratio of estradiol to estrone in these patients was 0.774. MNPEE was safe and well tolerated. Conclusion: Once-daily application of 3.45 g of micellar nanoparticle estradiol emulsion containing 8.6 mg of estradiol was safe and effective in providing significant relief of vasomotor symptom frequency and severity in postmenopausal women.
Pigmented choroid plexus carcinoma: A cytogenetic and ultrastructural study

Abstract A pigmented choroid plexus carcinoma was studied. The pigment was Fontana-positive, and the neoplastic cells focally expressed melanosomal marker HMB45 and contained probable aberrant melanosomes. The tumor was composed of two pseudodiploid clones, having the karyotypes 46,XY,in v(4)(q 12q35), t(6;15)(g21;q22),inv(7)(p 11.2822), t(19;22)(q13.4; q11.2)(15)l46,XY, t(4;14)(q31.1; p11.2),t(12;13)(p11.1;q34)(6]. The available data seem to indicate that rearrangements of 7p11–12, 9q11–12, 15822, and 19813.4 may playa role in the development of choroid plexus carcinomas.
Sample preparation method for major-element analyses of carbonate rocks by X-ray spectrometry

A sample preparation method is described which permits fast and accurate wavelength-dispersive, x-ray fluorescence analysis of ten major oxides in carbonate rocks. The sample is first ground into a fine powder, then calcined, its loss-on-ignition (LOI) is determined and finally it is fused into a glass disc with lithium tetraborate at 1100°C using a 1:10 sample-to-flux ratio. Geological reference standards and synthetic standards are used for calibration. Matrix effects are corrected empirically using Lachance-Traill correction algorithms. The accuracy and precision of the method were assessed by the analysis of several NBS carbonate reference standards.
MANAGING FOR AUTONOMY IN JOINT VENTURES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF UPWARD INFLUENCE*

This article explores the relationships among influence, autonomy and control in a joint venture setting. It addresses the mechanisms available to joint venture (JV) managers to influence and gain compliance from parent firms. Control categories derived primarily from research on unified structures are explored in a new domain, an international joint venture. the beginning of new theory specific to relationships in joint ventures is developed based on causal maps of managerial perceptions. the results suggest that the use of upward influence to gain autonomy in a joint venture is different and more complex than in unified structures or among independent organizations.