cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating black holes in the universe, and universes through black holes

Abstract We describe the quantum creation of black holes during inflation using Euclidean quantum gravity. We argue that a single topology change can lead to the formation of multiple black holes. They evaporate and disappear, causing the universe to disintegrate into large fragments. This process repeats iteratively, leading to the proliferation of inflationary universes. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Citral: identifying a threshold for induction of dermal sensitization.

Abstract Citral [CAS# 5392-40-5; EINECS# 226-394-6; RIFM # 116; cis- and trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal] is an important fragrance ingredient appreciated for its powerful lemon-aroma. It is widely used in fragrance formulations and incorporated into numerous consumer products. A comprehensive review of the dermal sensitization data available for citral was undertaken with the goal of identifying a threshold for the induction of dermal sensitization. In 2007, a complete literature search was conducted. On-line databases that were surveyed included Chemical Abstract Services and the National Library of Medicine. In addition, the toxicologic database of the Research Institute for Fragrance materials, Inc. (RIFM) was searched, which includes numerous unpublished reports. Based on a weight of evidence approach, the data from this survey demonstrate that the human NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) for induction of dermal sensitization to citral is 1400 μg/cm2. The identification of this induction threshold will allow for risk assessments to focus on primary prevention of contact allergy to citral based on a new Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) paradigm. This subsequent assessment will form the basis of a risk management approach; specifically a new IFRA (International Fragrance Association) standard on the use of citral in consumer products.
Behavioral development in children prenatally exposed to drugs and alcohol.

Empirical research on the behavioral consequences to the offspring of use of recreational and addictive drugs and alcohol by pregnant women is reviewed. The current epidemic of cocaine use has raised the specter of a host of “cocaine babies” whose prenatally induced impairments will interfere with social and academic functioning and constitute an immense social burden. In fact, examination of effects of drug exposure on infant behavior and subsequent development suggests a much more subtle and complicated process which must take into account not only the child's prenatal exposure but the various other environmental factors which contribute to eventual outcome. These other factors include caregiving competence and social environment. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Effect of phenobarbital on the altered biochemical phenotypes expressed by hyperplastic liver nodules during hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat

The effects of a chronic 8- to 12-week administration of the hepatic tumor promoter, phenobarbital, on further altering the biochemical enzyme deviation patterns shown by hyperplastic liver nodules was examined in rats previously subjected to the initiation/selection protocol of Solt and Farber. Hyperplastic liver nodules of various size classes from the phenobarbital-treated group exhibited a significant increase in GGT specific activity, as well as 2- to 3-fold higher levels of microsomal cytochrome P-450 than was shown by control nodules. The increase in GGT specific activity was also found in many cases to be higher in those hyperplastic liver nodules from the phenobarbital-treated group with diameters greater than 3.0-3.5 mm than in nodules of a smaller size. In contrast, the GGT specific activity of the control nodules did not correlate with differences in their sizes. Furthermore, while histochemical staining of GGT activity appeared uniform in sections of the various sized hyperplastic nodules from the phenobarbital-treated group, biochemical measurements indicated a consistently higher specific activity for this enzyme in tissue taken from the central portion of the nodule than in tissue from the peripheral portion of the nodule. On the other hand, the specific activities of glucose-6-phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase of the hyperplastic liver nodules were not found to be significantly altered over control values by the chronic phenobarbital treatment, suggesting a stability of these other marker enzyme alterations during the early promotional phase of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Microbial populations as determinants in protozoan succession

Abstract Twelve species of ubiquitous soil and water bacteria were randomly selected as substrates for a soil ciliate. Six species (particularly Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes) supported a flourishing protozoan population, while the remaining six (predominantly of the genus Arthrobacter) were of meagre nutritive value. Preliminary investigations indicate the presence of a toxic cytoplasmic principle that limits protozoan predation. This factor may account for the universal distribution and persistence of Arthrobacter while their nutritive attractiveness may explain the rapid disappearance of coliforms from soil and water.
The metamathematics of random graphs

Abstract We explain and summarize the use of logic to provide a uniform perspective for studying limit laws on finite probability spaces. This work connects developments in stability theory, finite model theory, abstract model theory, and probability. We conclude by linking this context with work on the Urysohn space.
The Long‐Term Clinical Correlates of Childhood Sexual Victimization

Despite the contention of some clinicians and researchers that sexual child abuse is not necessarily traumatic or harmful,’-’ most recent studies indicate that sexual victimization during childhood produces both shortand long-term psychological effects. In their comprehensive review of over 35 studies, most of which were published or presented since 1980, Browne and Finkelhor conclude that “sexual abuse is a serious mental health problem, consistently associated with very disturbing subsequent problems in some important portion of its victims. ”’ Among other difficulties, it appears that women sexually abused as children are more likely than their nonabused peers to report depression, guilt, feelings of inferiority, and low self-e~teem?~ interpersonal problems, delinquency, and substance a b ~ s e ~ ” ~ ” s~icidality,~*’~.’’ anxiety and chronic tenSion,5.6.12,14 sexual problem^,^^'^^^^^'^^^ and a tendency toward revictimization in adultThese findings appear to be relatively stable across a variety of groups (i.e., clinical, university student, and community samples), and may hold for both males and females.” Until very recently, in what may be referred to as the “first wave” of sexual abuse research, investigators devoted considerable time and energy to “effects research”-documenting that adults with histories of childhood sexual abuse have more mental health problems than similar adults with no such history. As reflected in the Browne and Finkelhor4 review, this goal has been more or less accomplished. What remains in this area may be described as the “second wave” of investigation-determining the actual relationship between aspects of the abuse (what Finkelhor20.2’ refers to as “traumagenic” factors) and specific psychological symptomatology. Such data are important, since they (a) offer clinicians and others a greater understanding of abuse-related symptom development, potentially leading to more specific and effective treatment procedures, and (b) increase our ability to identify and treat sexual abuse victims who are specifically “at risk” for certain types of problems (e.g., suicidality or substance abuse) later in life, by virtue of the specific type( s) of trauma they experienced. Finally, such research is “good science,” increasing our ability to explain and predict sexual victimization effects. Unfortunately, as noted by Browne and Finkelhor: “only a few studies on the effects of sexual abuse have had enough cases and been sophisticated enough methodologically . . . [to study traumagenic factors] empirically,” and little consensus has been reached regarding specific abuse-effects relationships.
Sex Steroids Induce Apoptosis of CD8⁺CD4⁺ Double-Positive Thymocytes via TNF-α

T cell production by the thymus, thymic size, cellularity and output all decrease drastically after puberty. Among the candidates that may mediate this decrease are the sex steroids: hypersecretion or pharmacological administration of these hormones has long been known to induce thymic hypocellularity, and their depletion yields thymic hypercellularity. Here we show that a typical sex steroid, testosterone, specifically targets CD8+CD4+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes for apoptosis via TNF-alpha. Anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies abrogated testosterone-induced DP apoptosis, and TNF-alpha-/- DP thymocytes were largely resistant to testosterone-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Testosterone accomplished this effect by upregulating TNF-alpha production and by simultaneously sensitizing DP thymocytes to TNF-alpha. Thus, TNF-alpha is the critical mediator of sex steroid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes, and its manipulation should provide a point of intervention to modulate T cell production in sex hormone disorders.
Cotton regrowth and recovery from early season leaf loss

Abstract Understanding plant reponse to the array of environmental stresses that may occur at any time during the life cycle is critical in plants grown for economic purposes. Leaf loss in crop seedlings may be severe enough to force growers to decide whether costly replanting should be undertaken. In an attempt to assess recovery potential of partial and complete seedling defoliation, primary and/or cotyledonary leaves were removed from laboratory and field grown cotton seedlings at 7 and 9 days after emergence, respectively. Root and shoot growth, plant height, leaf area and fruit production were evaluated. Results indicated that excessive leaf loss at this early stage of development was not well tolerated and even though regrowth occurred in most instances, lint yield was usually reduced or eliminated. Less severe leaf loss treatments were able to recover, especially if environmental conditions were favorable, and final lint yield in some cases was not different than the fully-leafed control. Mild defoliation, such as the loss of one or possibly two cotyledons appears to be the damage threshold that seedlings can suffer before growth and lint yield are affected.
Estimation of performance indices for the planning of sustainable transportation systems

In the context of sustainable transportation systems, previous studies have either focused only on the transportation systemor have not used a methodology that enables the treatment of incomplete, vague, and qualitative information associated with the available data. This study proposes a system of systems (SOS) and a fuzzy logic modeling approach. The SOS includes the Transportation, Activity, and Environment systems. The fuzzy logic modeling approach enables the treatment of the vagueness associated with some of the relevant data. Performance Indices (PIs) are computed for each system using a number of performance measures. The PIs illustrate the aggregated performance of each system as well as the interactions among them. The proposed methodology also enables the estimation of a Composite Sustainability Index to summarize the aggregated performance of the overall SOS. Existing data was used to analyze sustainability in the entire United States. The results showed that the Transportation and Activity systems follow a positive trend, with similar periods of growth and contractions; in contrast, the environmental system follows a reverse pattern. The results are intuitive and are associated with a series of historic events, such as depressions in the economy as well as policy changes and regulations.
Atomic-Scale Structure of Nanosized Titania and Titanate : Particles, Wires, and Tubes

The atomic-scale structure of nanosized “TiO2-type” materials of different morphologies, including particles, wires. and tubes, has been determined by total X-ray diffraction and atomic pair distribution function analysis. Atoms in dense-filled materials such as nanoparticles and nanowires are found to form a three-dimensional network of TiO6 octahedra, similar to that occurring in bulk TiO2. Atoms in hollow materials such as nanotubes are arranged in corrugated layers of TiO6 octahedra. The study calls attention to the often overlooked fact that a materialʼs morphology and atomic ordering may be strongly correlated at the nanoscale.
Effects of dietary PCBs and nonyl-phenol on immune function and CYP1A activity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) induce CYP1A, modulate immune responses, and may have endocrine disruption properties. Many coastal ecosystems and their tributaries contaminated with PCBs also receive sewage out-fall effluents containing detergents such as nonyl-phenol (NP). Because NP has estrogenic properties and modulates P4501A activity, and because estrogen modulates immune function in a variety of vertebrates, studies to investigate interactions of PCBs and NP are needed. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (25–30 g) were fed seven different diets containing 10 ppm Aroclor 1254 (PCB), 10 ppm NP, Wppm PCB + 10 ppm NP, 100 ppm PCB + 10 ppm NP, 10 ppm PCB + 100 ppm NP, 100 ppm of each, or carrier. After 7 and 21 days of treatment peripheral blood hematocrits, total serum protein and immunoglobulin, antigen-specific antibody, anterior kidney phagocyte oxidative burst, and gut/liver cytochrome P4501A protein/EROD, were evaluated. Phagocyte function was enhanced by low NP on day 7 and low PCB + high NP on day 21. Gut and liver P4501A protein/EROD were greatly induced by combinations of high PCB + high and low NP. Treatments did not effect hematocrits, serum protein or total immunoglobulin on either day or antibody titers on day 21 against formalin-killed Edwardsiella ictualuri (day 14 post sensitization).
A case of "common variable immunodeficiency" with reduced C2 activity and multiple associations.

Abstract We report a case of “common variable immunodeficiency” (CVID) with low levels of C2 activity and of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the serum; no detectable IgA or IgG in the saliva; a defect in cell-mediated immunity as shown by low responses to mitogen stimulation, low numbers of T cells, and high numbers of monocytes; and clinical features including pernicious anemia, malabsorption syndrome, achlorhydria, diarrhea, giardiasis, splenomegaly, arthritis, and evidence of glomerulonephritis. Although one or more of these findings often occur in patients with CVID, to our knowledge the presence of all these findings in a single patients has not been described previously. In particular, the finding of high numbers of monocytes and low numbers of T cells is uncommon; furthermore, C2 deficiency has not been reported previously in CVID.
An IR study of CO surface diffusion on submonolayer metal overlayers

Abstract The adsorption and surface diffusion of CO on Pd/W (110) and Cu/Rh (100) surfaces have been studied using infrared reflection—absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). For CO adsorbed on 0.14 MP Pd on W (110), the CO is found to diffuse from Pd to W at approximately 200 K. Likewise, CO adsorbed on ≈ 0.1 ML Cu on Rh (100) will diffuse from the Cu to the Rh at approximately 250 K. In addition, the CO adsorbed on the copper is blue-shifted relative to the gas phase CO stretching frequency of 2143 cm−1.
Tool support for software measurement, analysis and improvement

This paper presents our strategy, implementation, and experience with tool support for software measurement, analysis, and quality improvement in a commercial software development environment. The activities that need to be supported include: 1) gathering software product and process measurements, 2) analyzing measurement data, and 3) using the results to assess and improve software quality. We employed existing internal tools, commercial off-the-shelf tools, and new tools that we developed to gather and analyze data, and presented results. These tools were tailored to fit the application environments and were integrated through common rules, multiple purpose tools, and utility programs. This approach has been used successfully in supporting software measurement and quality improvement for several large commercial software products developed in the IBM Software Solutions Toronto Laboratory.
Q-Band EPR of the S2 State of Photosystem II Confirms an S = 5/2 Origin of the X-Band g = 4.1 Signal

Disagreement has remained about the spin state origin of the g = 4.1 EPR signal observed at X-band (9 GHz) from the S2 oxidation state of the Mn cluster of Photosystem II. In this study, the S2 state of PSII-enriched membrane fragments was examined at Q-band (34 GHz), with special interest in low-field signals. Light-induced signals at g = 3.1 and g = 4.6 were observed. The intensity of the signal at g = 3.1 was enhanced by the presence of F− and suppressed by the presence of 5% ethanol, indicating that it was from the same spin system as the X-band signal at g = 4.1. The Q-band signal at g = 4.6 was also enhanced by F−, but not suppressed by 5% ethanol, making its identity less clear. Although it can be accounted for by the same spin system, other sources for the signal are considered. The observation of the signal at g = 3.1 agrees well with a previous study at 15.5 GHz, in which the X-band g = 4.1 signal was proposed to arise from the middle Kramers doublet of a near rhombic S = 5/2 system. Zero-field splitting values of D = 0.455 cm−1 and E/D = 0.25 are used to simulate the spectra.
ERM on a Shoestring: Betting on an Alternative Solution

Some libraries are not ready, willing, or able to make a big commitment to an expensive electronic resources management system. But, with a bit of creativity and flexibility, librarians can come up with alternatives that will effectively manage the information they need at little or no additional cost. Although makeshift solutions may not be ideal, presenters Jennifer Watson and Dalene Hawthorne stress the importance of getting started with the task of gathering information about one's electronic resources in some workable way and using whatever tools are available.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: are we making progress?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver. Worldwide, HCC is one of the most common malignancies accounting for 4–5% of all human cancers,[[1]] with nearly 1 mil...
Hemodynamic Effects of a Pressor Amine (Methoxamine) with Predominant Vasoconstrictor Activity

A pressor amine (methoxamine) which produces peripheral vasoconstriction, while lacking a significant, direct, positive inotropic effect upon ventricular heart muscle, has been shown to produce hemodynamic effects that are in distinct contrast to those resulting from the injection or infusion of l -epinephrine and l -norepinephrine in "physiologic" concentrations or of mephentermine sulfate. The latter 3 amines, possessing a positive inotropic action in addition to varying vasoconstrictor effects, decrease right and left atrial mean pressures while increasing femoral and pulmonary arterial pulse and mean pressures, right and left ventricular stroke works and the cardiac index. Methoxamine injection or infusion, in contrast, resulted in linear increases in the calculated total peripheral resistance and left and right atrial mean pressures. There was a simultaneous rise in right and left ventricular stroke works which were maintained until a maximum rise in the mean arterial pressure was reached. The average stroke volume indices were maintained at near control values in both blocked and unblocked animals. The cardiac index of the normal unblocked dogs decreased in proportion to the decrease in heart rate. Following the peak pressor response to methoxamine, a progressive fall in mean femoral arterial pressure occurred resulting from ventricular failure rather than "tachyphylaxis" to the vasoconstrictor activity of methoxamine. This decrease in systemic arterial pressure was accompanied by: (1) a further rise in calculated total peripheral resistance and in right and left atrial mean pressures, and (2) a fall in right and left ventricular stroke work and stroke volume indices and in the cardiac indices.
The Genome of Human Parvovirus B19 Can Replicate in Nonpermissive Cells with the Help of Adenovirus Genes and Produces Infectious Virus

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a member of the genus Erythrovirus in the family Parvoviridae. In vitro, autonomous B19V replication is limited to human erythroid progenitor cells and in a small number of erythropoietin-dependent human megakaryoblastoid and erythroid leukemic cell lines. Here we report that the failure of B19V DNA replication in nonpermissive 293 cells can be overcome by adenovirus infection. More specifically, the replication of B19V DNA in the 293 cells and the production of infectious progeny virus were made possible by the presence of the adenovirus E2a, E4orf6, and VA RNA genes that emerged during the transfection of the pHelper plasmid. Using this replication system, we identified the terminal resolution site and the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) binding site on the right terminal palindrome of the viral genome, which is composed of a minimal origin of replication spanning 67 nucleotides. Plasmids or DNA fragments containing an NS1 expression cassette and this minimal origin were able to replicate in both pHelper-transfected 293 cells and B19V-semipermissive UT7/Epo-S1 cells. Our results have important implications for our understanding of native B19V infection.
Validation of nearest neighbor classifiers

This article presents a method to bound the out-of-sample error rate of a nearest neighbor classifier. The bound is based only on the examples that comprise the classifier. Thus all available examples can be used in the classifier; no examples need to be withheld to compute error bounds. The estimate used in the bound is an extension of the holdout estimate. The difference in error rates between the holdout classifier and the classifier consisting of all available examples is estimated using truncated inclusion and exclusion.
Prediction of Exposure–Response Relationships to Support First-in-Human Study Design

In drug development, phase 1 first-in-human studies represent a major milestone as the drug moves from preclinical discovery to clinical development activities. The safety of human subjects is paramount to the conduct of these studies and regulatory considerations guide activities. Forces of evolution on the pharmaceutical industry are re-shaping the first-in-human dose selection strategy. Namely, high attrition rates in part due to lack of efficacy have led to the re-organization of research and development organizations around the umbrella of translational research. Translational research strives to bring basic research advances into the clinic and support the reverse transfer of information to enhance compound selection strategies. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling holds a unique position in translational research by attempting to integrate diverse sets of information. PK/PD modeling has demonstrated utility in dose selection and trial design for later stages of drug development and is now being employed with greater prevalence in the translational research setting to manage risk (i.e., oncology and inflammation/immunology). Moving from empirical Emax models to more mechanistic representations of the biological system, a higher fidelity of human predictions is expected. Strategies that have proven useful for PK predictions are being applied to PK/PD predictions. This review article examines examples of the application of PK/PD modeling in establishing target concentrations for supporting first-in-human study design.
U.S. crustal strain to be measured

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have entered into an interagency agreement to determine strain in the crust of the eastern two thirds of the contiguous United States. A network of 44 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations is planned, and distance measurements are expected to be accurate within 1 part in 107. The station spacing (see the distribution, Figure 1) should permit the establishment of relative movements between major tectonic units in the central and eastern United States. GPS measurements use radio frequency signals emitted by several satellites and precise timing to establish the position of a GPS receiving instrument on the ground. Various measurement procedures are possible, but for the strain network the number of cycles from a starting signal and the phase of the last cycle received will be measured for high accuracy. For even greater accuracy, clock effects will be eliminated by differencing phase measurements between satellites and between stations in an interferometric mode.
Concurrent processing of vehicle lane keeping and speech comprehension tasks

With the growing prevalence of using in-vehicle devices and mobile devices while driving, a major concern is their impact on driving performance and safety. However, the effects of cognitive load such as conversation on driving performance are still controversial and not well understood. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the concurrent performance of vehicle lane keeping and speech comprehension tasks with improved experimental control of the confounding factors identified in previous studies. The results showed that the standard deviation of lane position (SDLP) was increased when the driving speed was faster (0.30 m at 36 km/h; 0.36 m at 72 km/h). The concurrent comprehension task had no significant effect on SDLP (0.34 m on average) or the standard deviation of steering wheel angle (SDSWA; 5.20° on average). The correct rate of the comprehension task was reduced in the dual-task condition (from 93.4% to 91.3%) compared with the comprehension single-task condition. Mental workload was significantly higher in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task conditions. Implications for driving safety were discussed.
Genetic predisposition to radiation-related cancer and potential implications for risk assessment

Several lines of evidence suggest that risk estimates for cancer associated with radiation exposure incorporate individuals who are more and less inherently susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of radiation, and the technology to further evaluate this issue is now available. For example, genome-wide association scan studies could be undertaken to address, at least in part, the direction of causality in the observations of differential sensitivity to radiomimetic agents in cancer cases compared with normal individuals, thereby building on previous observations that sensitivity to these agents is higher in apparently normal individuals carrying gene mutations in NBS and ATM. Direct studies of risk of second cancers in relation to radiation are underway, and some results have been reported (e.g. for the PRDM1 gene as related to sensitivity to radiation-related cancers after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma). It is important to understand the risk synergies between variants affecting associations with various cancers defining susceptibility in unexposed populations and the excess risk in populations therapeutically or occupationally exposed to radiation for the purpose of risk protection, especially as additional baseline risk variants are discovered in increasingly large-scale analyses. While there are studies that are beginning to address these questions, there have been no compelling new discoveries, to date, to indicate that predisposition information should be included in risk assessment. The conclusions in ICRP Publications 79 and 103 appear relevant today.
Constraints on host use by a parasitic plant

Consumers do not always utilize all suitable hosts. Understanding why parasitic plants do not always parasitize potentially suitable hosts requires a better understanding of the constraints that limit host use by parasitic plants. In Texas salt marshes, the parasitic plant Cuscuta indecora rarely parasitizes three hosts that support vigorous growth in the greenhouse. We identified three constraints on host use by C. indecora. First, a mismatch between the phenology of C. indecora and some suitable hosts meant that these hosts were not abundant when C. indecora was growing most vigorously, and therefore were underutilized. Second, C. indecora preferentially parasitized tall plants versus short ones, causing relatively short species to be underutilized. Third, C. indecora overwinters in some perennial hosts but has to reinfect annual hosts each year, causing annuals and perennials that do not support overwintering to be underutilized. In combination, these constraints, which reflect the general lack of mobility of parasitic plants relative to herbivores, remove half of the potential host species from the actual diet of C. indecora, and therefore likely represent a major limitation on the success of this parasite. Similar constraints are likely to limit the realized host range of many parasitic plants and select for generalized diet preferences.
The relationship between gender, depression, and self-esteem in children who have witnessed domestic violence.

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether there are measurable gender differences in self-esteem and depression in elementary school-age children who have witnessed domestic violence. Method: Forty-five elementary school-age children who were identified as having witnessed domestic violence, and their teachers were surveyed for self-esteem, depression, and classroom behaviors. The results were compared between males and females using linear regression modeling. Results: No significant gender differences were found for self-esteem and depression. An interaction between gender and post-traumatic stress was found to play a significant role in the interpretation of the results. Conclusions: Results indicated that higher levels of symptoms indicative of post-traumatic stress were associated with greater numbers of depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem for boys who had witnessed domestic violence. The results appeared similar to previous work with children and their emotional reactions to divorce.
BUILDING A CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM AS AN EDUCATIONAL, COMMUNITY, AND PROFESSIONAL RESOURCE

Building a criminal justice program as a multidimensional resource requires a broad sense of purpose, the involvement of faculty and staff from many disciplines, the cooperation and partnership of criminal justice practitioners, and the involvement of the community. This coalition of personnel and resources should assist students in understanding that criminal justice must be seen within its academic, professional, geographic, social, and cultural context. It should enrich public understanding of the criminal justice system and allow the college to serve the community in a significant manner. In short, a college criminal justice program should be understood as a continuing investment in the civic life of the community.
GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake

[1] We show that spherical harmonic (SH) solutions of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are now of sufficient quality to observe effects of co-seismic and post-seismic deformation due to the rupture from the Mw = 9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26, 2004, and its companion Nias earthquake (Mw = 8.7) on March 28, 2005. The improved GGM 03 SH (Level 2) solutions, and improved filtering methods provide estimates with spatial resolution comparable to earlier estimates from range-rate (Level 1) GRACE data.The gravityfield disturbance extends over 1800 km along Andaman and Sunda subduction zones, and changes with time following events. Gravity changes may be due to afterslip, viscoelastic relaxation, or other processes associated with dilatation. Satellite gravity measurements from GRACE provide a unique new measure of deformation and post-seismic processes associated with major earthquakes, especially in areas which are primarily oceanic. Citation: Chen, J. L., C. R. Wilson, B. D. Tapley, and S. Grand (2007), GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the SumatraAndaman earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13302,
Personal communications via low Earth orbit satellite communication networks

With the emergence of cellular radio technology, there has been a renewal of interest in low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks. Interest in these type of systems is fuelled by reduced propagation delays compared to those experienced by geostationary satellites as well as the benefits associated with mobile and tetherless communications. LEO systems are presently being proposed to provide global communications for both voice and data applications. These systems are being designed to provide communications to areas of the world where either public telephone systems do not exist or cannot be provided due to terrain constraints. This paper examines the effects of packet-switched low-Earth orbit satellite systems as a medium for wireless communications. An overview of LEO systems is provided, as well as critical issues associated with the implementation of such a system. The benefits as well as the detriments to the implementation of LEO systems over other types of communication networks are addressed. To illustrate the nature of LEO communications, six representative constellations, varying in size from 36 to 77 satellites and residing at orbital altitudes ranging from 765 to 1549 kilometers, are examined.
Program micro‐ and macrotheories: A guide for social change

Program theory helps link evaluative information to the creation of important change in social programs.
Early results of a new method of treatment for idiopathic congenital vertical talus.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of idiopathic congenital vertical talus has traditionally consisted of manipulation and application of casts followed by extensive soft-tissue releases. However, this treatment is often followed by severe stiffness of the foot and other complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new method of manipulation and cast immobilization, based on principles used by Ponseti for the treatment of clubfoot deformity, followed by pinning of the talonavicular joint and percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon in patients with idiopathic congenital vertical talus. METHODS: The cases of eleven consecutive patients who had a total of nineteen feet with an idiopathic congenital vertical talus deformity were retrospectively reviewed at a minimum of two years following treatment with serial manipulations and casts followed by limited surgery consisting of percutaneous Achilles tenotomy (all nineteen feet), fractional lengthening of the anterior tibial tendon (two) or the peroneal brevis tendon (one), and percutaneous pin fixation of the talonavicular joint (twelve). The principles of manipulation and application of the plaster casts were similar to those used by Ponseti to correct a clubfoot deformity, but the forces were applied in the opposite direction. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at the time of presentation, immediately postoperatively, and at the time of the latest follow-up. Radiographic measurements obtained at these times were compared. In addition, the radiographic data at the final evaluation were compared with normal values for an individual of the same age as the patient. RESULTS: Initial correction was obtained both clinically and radiographically in all nineteen feet. A mean of five casts was required for correction. No patient underwent extensive surgical releases. At the final evaluation, the mean ankle dorsiflexion was 25° and the mean plantar flexion was 33°. Dorsal subluxation of the navicular recurred in three patients, none of whom had had pin fixation of the talonavicular joint. At the time of the latest follow-up, there was a significant improvement (p < 0.0001) in all of the measured radiographic parameters compared with the pretreatment values, and all of the measured angles were within normal values for the patient's age. CONCLUSIONS: Serial manipulation and cast immobilization followed by talonavicular pin fixation and percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon provides excellent results, in terms of the clinical appearance of the foot, foot function, and deformity correction as measured radiographically at a minimum two years, in patients with idiopathic congenital vertical talus.
Architecting the Human Space Flight Program with Systems Modeling Language (SysML)

The next generation of missions in NASA's Human Space Flight program focuses on the development and deployment of highly complex systems (e.g., Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, Space Launch System, 21st Century Ground System) that will enable astronauts to venture beyond low Earth orbit and explore the moon, near-Earth asteroids, and beyond. Architecting these highly complex system-of-systems requires formal systems engineering techniques for managing the evolution of the technical features in the information exchange domain (e.g., data exchanges, communication networks, ground software) and also, formal correlation of the technical architecture to stakeholders' programmatic concerns (e.g., budget, schedule, risk) and design development (e.g., assumptions, constraints, trades, tracking of unknowns). This paper will describe how the authors have applied System Modeling Language (SysML) to implement model-based systems engineering for managing the description of the End-to-End Information System (EEIS) architecture and associated development activities and ultimately enables stakeholders to understand, reason, and answer questions about the EEIS under design for proposed lunar Exploration Missions 1 and 2 (EM-1 and EM-2).
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Extended Enzyme Synthesis Induced by Bacteriophage T4 Amber Mutants Unable to Synthesize Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The extended synthesis of early enzymes by the deoxyribonucleic acid-negative amber mutants of bacteriophage T4 after infection of the nonpermissive host Escherichia coli B was prevented by incubating the infected cells at 44 C. This effect did not occur if the incubation temperature was 43 C or less or if the cells were grown and infected in broth rather than minimal medium (C medium). Once early enzyme synthesis had ceased at 44 C, lowering the incubation temperature to 37 C did not occasion resumption of synthesis. Experiments with chloramphenicol at 44 C indicated that increased degradation of early enzymes is an unlikely explanation for the effect. Examination of pulse-labeled ribonucleic acid and polysomes made at 37 and 44 C in infected cells revealed some differences, but at present there is no obvious way in which these differences may be related to the effect on enzyme formation. There was no discernible difference between the ribosomal ribonucleic acid and ribosomes at the two temperatures, nor was there a difference in the cell-free amino acid-incorporating systems isolated from cells infected at the two temperatures as judged by polyuridylic stimulation of phenylalanine incorporation. Incubation of cells infected with T4amN82 at 44 C with protein synthesis blocked by 5-methyltryptophan for 15 min did not prevent the typical pattern of enzyme synthesis at 44 C when the block was reversed by excess l-tryptophan. The relation of this and other observations relative to the effect at 44 C on the synthesis of early enzymes is discussed.
On a control policy that maintains indoor air quality in a variable-air-volume air-handling unit

The air handling unit (AHU) in a variable air volume (VAV) heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system consists of outside air, return air and exhaust air dampers. The volume flow of air through a damper can be modified by changing the damper angles. In a typical AHU, outside air is mixed with recycled air and this mixture is then circulated to the various rooms in a building. A portion of the net volume flow out of these rooms is exhausted while the remainder is recycled. The net volume flow is usually determined by a supply fan in the duct, whose speed is dependent on the quiescent thermal load. In the absence of any regulation, the volume flow of outside air depends on the speed of the supply fan. The indoor air quality (IAQ) standards require a constant intake of outside air, independent of the speed of the supply fan. Additionally, motivated by the fact that air entering the system through the exhaust air damper is not as appropriately preconditioned as that entering the system through the outside air damper, it is required that air does not enter the AHU through the exhaust air damper. Using flow conservation equations, we derive a model for the AHU. This model was validated by experimental data collected on a full-scale HVAC test facility. Using this model, we provide a control policy that achieves the objective of maintaining IAQ in a VAV HVAC system where the flow across the exhaust air damper is never reversed. This control policy is validated manually using experimental data.
On the Inference of Functional Circadian Networks Using Granger Causality

Being able to infer one way direct connections in an oscillatory network such as the suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian brain using time series data is difficult but crucial to understanding network dynamics. Although techniques have been developed for inferring networks from time series data, there have been no attempts to adapt these techniques to infer directional connections in oscillatory time series, while accurately distinguishing between direct and indirect connections. In this paper an adaptation of Granger Causality is proposed that allows for inference of circadian networks and oscillatory networks in general called Adaptive Frequency Granger Causality (AFGC). Additionally, an extension of this method is proposed to infer networks with large numbers of cells called LASSO AFGC. The method was validated using simulated data from several different networks. For the smaller networks the method was able to identify all one way direct connections without identifying connections that were not present. For larger networks of up to twenty cells the method shows excellent performance in identifying true and false connections; this is quantified by an area-under-the-curve (AUC) 96.88%. We note that this method like other Granger Causality-based methods, is based on the detection of high frequency signals propagating between cell traces. Thus it requires a relatively high sampling rate and a network that can propagate high frequency signals.
Cytokines and Chemokines as Mediators of Protection and Injury in the Central Nervous System Assessed in Transgenic Mice

Cytokines and chemokines are important autocrine or paracrine regulatory factors in the host response to injury or immunological challenge. They coordinate a diverse array of functions necessary for tissue and host protection and recovery and are pivotal in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Cytokines can be broadly grouped into various families that include the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), colony-stimulating factor (CSF), transforming growth factor (TGF) and chemokine groups.
Correction for Diaz, Paragonimiasis Acquired in the United States: Native and Nonnative Species

Volume 26, no. 3, p. 493–504, 2013. Page 497: The snail shown in Fig. 8 is not a slender walker snail (Pomatiopsis lapidaria), as indicated in the legend of the figure, but rather a sharp hornsnail (Pleurocera acuta). The correct image (that of the slender walker snail, Pomatiopsis lapidaria; courtesy of Steve Cringan, photographer) is shown below.
Serotonergic modulation of neurotransmission in the rat basolateral amygdala.

Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from projection neurons and interneurons of the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) to understand local network interactions in morphologically identified...
4.1 14nm 6th-generation Core processor SoC with low power consumption and improved performance

Intel's 6th generation Core processor (code named “Skylake” or SKL) was designed to enable PC performance and user-experience at smaller and thinner form factors and enable fan-less PC platforms. It required optimization to an extremely low thermal design point (TDP). The lower average power consumption of SKL vs. the previous generation considerably increases the system battery life and allows full-day battery life or thinner designs with smaller batteries. The SKL product family is manufactured using an Intel 14nm tri-gate CMOS 11-metal-layer technology, as with the previous Core generation. Different dice include: 2 or 4 cores, a shared last-level cache (LLC, 1MB/core), a scalable graphic processor (GP) with 24, 48 or 72 execution units (EU), an image processing unit (IPU, supporting 4 cameras simultaneously), 2 channels of DDR3/LPDDR3/DDR4, a display engine (DE) and 3 display IO ports configurable to eDP, DP or HDMI. In mobile SKUs, the peripheral control hub (PCH) resides in the same package (MCP) as the CPU and communicates through an on-package IO (OPIO) bus. For desktop (DT), the PCH resides on the platform. Fig. 4.1.1 presents the SKL block diagram for the minimum configuration (2 cores, 24 EU GP, MCP). A key challenge was the need to add new capabilities, while reducing power, especially for some of the popular uses (media, casual gaming, speech recognition and advanced imaging).
Untangling The Carried Interest Controversy

Carried interest is a form of deferred compensation payable to managers of hedge funds organized as investment partnerships. There are two tax components of this compensation that are favorable to the manager. First, income taxes are due only when amounts are received rather than when this interest is granted, and second, this income is eligible for the lower tax rates of capital gains and dividends. Special tax treatment has been criticized by some as being an unfair benefit for income that is essentially compensation for services, while proponents of continuing this special treatment point out policy reasons for continuing it, emphasizing characteristics of carried interest that warrant treatment such special treatment. Legislative changes have been proposed but not enacted into law, and there are different alternatives that warrant consideration for the future.
Novel Hybrid Heteropoly Acid/Polymer Ionomers with Very High Proton Conductivity

We have fabricated proton conducting films using monomers based on vinyl substituted silicotungstic acid heteropoly acids (HPAs) and acrylate co-monomers. In this work we probe the morphology of this system based on increasing the weight loading of the HPA to 85 wt%. Although impressive proton conductivities can be achieved with these films under hotter and drier operating conditions than in conventional proton exchange membranes, the materials have mechanical limitations. We have begun to develop more practical systems in which ester and methylene groups are eliminated from the polymer backbone.
Partially Differentiable, Yes; Continuous, No

(2000). Partially Differentiable, Yes; Continuous, No. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 42-47.
Local Automation System of Smart Hydropower Plant

The development of smart grid sets forth requirements for smart hydropower plant.The features and the architecture of smart substation based on IEC 61850 standard are analyzed.The similarities between hydropower plants and substations as well as characteristics of hydropower plants are described.The solution of the local automation system of smart hydropower plants is proposed,and the next works to be studied are also pointed out.