cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanomechanics of Ferroelectric Thin Films and Heterostructures

The focus of this chapter is to provide basic concepts of how externally applied stresses and strains alter the ferroelectric properties of a material and how to quantitatively evaluate these effects on the phase stability, domain structure, and material properties of ferroelectrics using the phase field method. The chapter starts with a brief introduction of ferroelectrics and the Landau–Devonshire description of ferroelectric transitions and ferroelectric phases in a homogeneous ferroelectric single crystal. Due to the fact that ferroelectric transitions involve changes in crystal structure in conjunction with domain formation, strains and stresses can be produced inside of the material if a ferroelectric transition occurs under physical confinement. These stresses and strains, in turn, affect the domain structure and material ferroelectric properties. Therefore, ferroelectric and mechanical properties are coupled to each other. The ferroelectric–mechanical coupling can be used to engineer the ferroelectric material properties by designing the phase and structure of the material. The following section details the calculations of the stresses, strains, and elastic energy of a thin film containing a single domain, a twinned domain, as well as complicated multidomains that are constrained by the underlying substrate. Furthermore, a phase field model for predicting ferroelectric stable phases and domain structure in a thin film is presented. This phase field model is then used to demonstrate how substrate constraint and temperature be used to obtain interesting ferroelectric domain structures in BaTiO3 films.
Analog VLSI for auditory and vision signal processing

Various issues connected with the use of analog VLSI for auditory and vision signal processing are discussed. Particular attention is given to the impact of CMOS integrated-circuit technology and precision, reliability and noise considerations. >
Impedance Measurements in Raw Milk as an Alternative to the Standard Plate Count1

Electrical impedance, using the Bactometer 32, was evaluated as an alternative method to the Standard Plate Count (SPC) to determine the initial microbial count of raw milk samples. The raw milk samples were obtained from farm bulk tanks on commercial dairy farms. Analyses were started within 24-36 h after collection. The impedance method was used to evaluate the samples as raw milk, raw milk plus yeast extract, raw milk given preliminary incubation (18 h at 13 C) or raw milk given preliminary incubation plus yeast extract. The yeast extract (1% final concentration) was added after the milk was placed in the module wells. The geometric mean SPC of each of these four groups was 4.51, 4.37, 4.96 and 5.14, and the corresponding mean detection times with Bactometer 32 were 10.13, 8.80, 8.28 and 6.11 h, respectively. The correlation coefficient of detection time to SPC was -0.77, -0.88, -0.78 and -0.79, respectively, for the four sample groups. When specific detection cut-off times (approximately 7 h) were selected and a maximum SPC of 100,000 CFU/ml was selected, 85.2%, 97.2%, 81.0% and 83.6%ofthe samples in the above four groups were correctly classified.
Vasculitic and autoimmune wounds.

Abstract Objective Chronic wounds are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Approximately 20% to 23% of nonhealing wounds that are refractory to vascular intervention have other causes, including vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and other autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this article was to review the literature across medical and surgical specialties with regard to refractory chronic wounds associated with vasculitis and autoimmune diseases and to delineate clinical outcomes of these wounds in response to vascular and other interventions. Methods An electronic search encompassing MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus was completed using the following search terms: rheumatoid arthritis; systemic sclerosis; systemic lupus erythematosus; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; mixed connective tissue disease; antiphospholipid syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum; thromboangiitis obliterans; cryoglobulinemia; hydroxyurea; sickle cell; atrophie blanche; livedoid vasculitis; cholesterol emboli; calciphylaxis; antiphospholipid antibodies; prothrombotic; combined with the terms: chronic wound and leg ulcer. Full-text articles published in English up to March 1, 2016, that investigated the clinical outcomes of chronic wounds associated with autoimmune diseases were included. Review articles and evaluations of management of chronic wounds were also reviewed. Primary outcomes included in the review were amputation, ulcer healing, reduction in wound size, overall survival, and freedom from reintervention. Owing to the heterogeneity of data reporting among articles, qualitative analysis is also reported. Results Vasculitis and autoimmune diseases play a role in 20% to 23% of patients with chronic lower extremity ulcers. Furthermore, patients with autoimmune disease have a significantly high rate of split thickness skin graft failure (50% compared to 97% in patients without autoimmune disease; P = .0002). The management of leg ulcers associated with autoimmune diseases is discussed. Conclusions Autoimmune and vasculitic causes should be considered in patients with chronic wounds who do not respond to appropriate vascular intervention and standard local wound care. A multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of rheumatologists allows investigation for underlying systemic disease and improves clinical outcomes for many of these challenging patients.
Comparing EAM Potentials to Model Slip Transfer of Sequential Mixed Character Dislocations Across Two Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in Ni

Slip transfer via sequential pile-up dislocations across grain boundaries (GBs) plays an important role in plastic deformation in polycrystalline face-centered cubic (FCC) metals. In this work, large scale concurrent atomistic-continuum (CAC) method simulations are performed to address the slip transfer of mixed character dislocations across GBs in FCC Ni. Two symmetric tilt GBs, a Σ3{111} coherent twin boundary (CTB) and a Σ11{113} symmetric tilt GB (STGB), are investigated using five different fits to the embedded-atom method (EAM) interatomic potential to assess the variability of predicted dislocation-interface reaction. It is shown that for the Σ3 CTB, two of these potentials predict dislocation transmission while the other three predict dislocation absorption. In contrast, all five fits to the EAM potential predict that dislocations are absorbed by the Σ11 STGB. Simulation results are examined in terms of several slip transfer criteria in the literature, highlighting the complexity of dislocation/GB interactions and the significance of multiscale modeling of the slip transfer process.
Utility of a multidisciplinary approach to pediatric hearing loss.

Abstract Introduction Because management of hearing loss (HL) often requires multiple specialists, a multidisciplinary clinic, Pediatric Hearing Management Clinic, (PHMC) was established to coordinate care for children with newly diagnosed HL. Methods Retrospective review of patients seen in PHMC from February 2009 to April 2010. Results Clinic information was available for 40/41 of the patients and was included in the study. 37/41 had confirmed HL. HL was categorized into bilateral/symmetric [15], bilateral/asymmetric [12] and unilateral [10]. Sixteen patients subsequently received hearing amplification after PHMC visit. Follow up was successfully established with otolaryngology in 23/32 (72%) patients, audiology in 29/40 (73%) patients, speech pathology in 11/12 (92%) patients, and ophthalmology in 15/30 (50%) patients. Twenty-nine patients completed evaluations of PHMC. The mean score in six total categories was 3.8/4.0 (4.0 as the highest satisfaction). Conclusion A multidisciplinary clinic approach provides a convenient and effective way to coordinate care for children with HL.
Monoclonal Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium spp. Malaria continues to have a devastating impact on human health. Sporozoites are the infective forms of the parasite inside mosquito salivary glands. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a major and immunodominant protective antigen on the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites. Here, we report a generation of specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize the central repeat and C-terminal regions of P. falciparum CSP. The monoclonal antibodies 3C1, 3C2, and 3D3—specific for the central repeat region—have higher titers and protective efficacies against challenge with sporozoites compared with 2A10, a gold standard monoclonal antibody that was generated in early 1980s.
Actin enhances ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer and IMM constriction during mitochondrial division

Summary Mitochondrial division requires division of both the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (IMM and OMM, respectively). Interaction with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) promotes OMM division by recruitment of the dynamin Drp1, but effects on IMM division are not well characterized. We previously showed that actin polymerization through the ER-bound formin INF2 stimulates Drp1 recruitment in mammalian cells. Here, we show that INF2-mediated actin polymerization stimulates a second mitochondrial response independent of Drp1: a rise in mitochondrial matrix calcium through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. ER stores supply the increased mitochondrial calcium, and the role of actin is to increase ER-mitochondria contact. Myosin IIA is also required for this mitochondrial calcium increase. Elevated mitochondrial calcium in turn activates IMM constriction in a Drp1-independent manner. IMM constriction requires electron transport chain activity. IMM division precedes OMM division. These results demonstrate that actin polymerization independently stimulates the dynamics of both membranes during mitochondrial division: IMM through increased matrix calcium, and OMM through Drp1 recruitment.
Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting and Embolic Protection

We review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and also summarizes emerging technical issues. Randomized trials have demonstrated a progressive decrease of periprocedural strokes after CAS. Overall, in symptomatic patients, CAS is associated with a slightly higher risk of periprocedural strokes when compared to CEA. This is especially true after the age of 70 and immediately after a presenting symptomatic event. CAS is associated with lower incidence of periprocedural cardiac events and cranial nerve palsies. Both procedures are equally effective in preventing future ipsilateral ischemic events, and restenosis after CAS is not a major limitation. In asymptomatic patients, CAS is as safe as CEA, although modern medical therapy may be as effective as any carotid intervention. CAS is a valid alternative to CEA in selected patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. In asymptomatic patients, the two procedures are equally safe, although medical therapy alone may be as effective.
Regulation of inositol trisphosphate-induced membrane currents in Xenopus oocytes by a Jurkat cell calcium influx factor

The functional interactions of a Jurkat cell-derived calcium influx factor (CIF) with Ins(1,4,5)P3 were examined by microinjection and voltage-clamp recording of current responses in Xenopus oocytes. CIF, which stimulates Ca2+ entry directly on microinjection, was active at dilutions at which it had no direct effect by augmenting both initial rapid Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated Ca2+ discharge-activated currents and later sustained Ca2+ entry-activated currents. Augmented initial membrane currents were 3-5-fold greater in peak amplitude than currents evoked by injection of the same dose of Ins(1,4,5)P3 alone. The augmented initial response was not decreased by removal of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that there is potentiation of Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated discharge from intracellular Ca2+ stores. However, the augmentation of Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated discharge cannot be due to an enhanced production of endogenous Ins(1,4,5)P3 because maximal Ins(1,4,5)P3-activated currents saturate (approx. 500 nA) with supramaximal levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 (10-50 microM). Depletion of Ca2+ stores, by pretreatment with thapsigargin or by prior injection with the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor antagonist heparin, abolished membrane currents elicited by Ins(1,4,5)P3/CIF co-injection, further suggesting that the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor was the target for the initial-current potentiating actions of CIF. In this regard, CIF also induced augmented initial currents with co-injection of either Ins(2,4,5)P3 or Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. The augmentation of Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated currents by CIF was bell-shaped with regard to Ins(1,4,5)P3 concentration, reminiscent of the regulatory influence of Ca2+ on Ins(1,4,5)P3 responses. Co-injection of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and CIF also augmented (2-3-fold) later current responses arising from sustained Ca2+ entry. The augmented late-current responses were not due to enhanced Ca2+ store depletion because supramaximal levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 (50 microM) or injection of the poorly metabolized Ins(1,4,5)P3 analogue, Ins(2,4,5)P3, cannot activate the same magnitude of Ca(2+)-entry-dependent currents. These results suggest that CIF at low levels interacts with Ins(1,4,5)P3 to sensitize two pathways of Ca2+ signalling: initial discharge and later Ca2+ entry. Thus under physiological conditions CIF might be more potent as a co-messenger than as a direct Ca2+ entry signal and might provide a novel type of direct feedback regulation between the stores-activated influx pathway and the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. Moreover these results suggest that CIF modulation of the receptor for Ins(1,4,5)P3 may underlie control of both augmentation of discharge and Ca2+ entry, as has been predicted from the conformational coupling model of Ca2+ entry.
Knowledge Building on Climate Change among Women in Flood-Prone Communities in Cotabato City

According to the United Nations (UN), disaster situations such as flooding in South and East Asia are increasingly linked to climate change, and the greater vulnerability of women is most striking. Women typically outnumber men by 14 to 1 among those dying from natural disaster. Due to the scarcity of studies which document knowledge building on climate change among women particularly in flood-prone communities in Cotabato City prompted the researcher to conduct this study. Using an exploratory research design, 289 respondents were interviewed using questionnaires. Mean, frequency, and percentage were also utilized. Findings revealed that six out of seven women had heard about climate change and all have experienced its serious effects. Women had moderate knowledge on climate change. There was a significant difference in women’s knowledge when grouped according to age, educational attainment, and length of stay in the community. Women have some correct understanding of the issue yet they have misconceptions about the scientific causes and effects of climate change. Hence, the DepEd and CHED must ensure the integration of climate change and its full implementation in the basic education and the new tertiary general education curricula. This mechanism will ensure the building of knowledge and capacity of the youth on climate change.
Comparative Analysis of Open Versus Minimally Invasive Techniques for Posterior or Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Lumbar spinal fusion is an effective treatment for various pathologies, including degenerative conditions. With an aging population, the demand for spinal fusion procedures continues to increase. The morbidities associated with the traditional open midline techniques for spinal fusion, such as significant blood loss and prolonged hospitalization, may warrant consideration of alternative minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches. First described by Foley in 2003 [1], MIS techniques have become more widely utilized with the potential benefits of less structural damage to paraspinal tissues and faster postoperative recovery. As with any new surgical method, the associated learning curve requires time, potentially increasing the length of the operation and complication rates. To date, many studies have reported the outcomes of MIS lumbar fusion as well as the comparative analysis of open versus MIS approaches.
An Efficient Pico-Probe Error Box Removal Method

High-speed VNA pico-probe calibration can be a very tedious process and is one of the most important and time consuming parts of collecting good S-parameter data. When performing multi-port probe calibrations using a calibration substrate, an operator can easily introduce errors caused by the lengthy process and large number of touchdowns that are required. This paper presents a simplified methodology of removing the error boxes, including effects of the pico-probes using 2x Thru de-embedding. Validation has been completed through a designed test board targeted for frequencies up to 40 GHz. Detailed procedures will be shared through extensive measurements to ensure accurate and consistent de-embedding results.
Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: A Case Study of an Adult Male With Mixed Depression and Anxiety:

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) gained support for treating transdiagnostic features of major depressive (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorders (GAD). However, ACT’s intrapersonal emphasis...
The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on the burden of disease in Ireland, 2000-2015.

Background We perform an econometric assessment of the impact that pharmaceutical innovation had on the burden of disease in Ireland. Methods We use a difference-in-differences (or two-way fixed effects) research design: we investigate whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent reductions in mortality. This design controls for the effects of general economic and societal factors (e.g. income, education, and behavioral risk factors), to the extent that those effects are similar across diseases. Results New Chemical Entities launched during 1983-1997 are estimated to have reduced the total number of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in 2015 by about 234 600. Conclusions Pharmaceutical expenditure per DALY gained in 2015 from drugs launched during 1983-1997 was €1137, which indicates that the new drugs launched during 1983-1997 were very cost-effective, overall.
Enabling Software Defined Networks: Precursors, Evolution and Prognosis

Over the years, the technological advancements have led to the restructuring of networks to cope up with the emerging requirements. In order to support network evolution, programmable features were introduced in the networks. This subsequently led to the development of open interfaces between control and data planes. This progress resulted in successful separation of control and data planes with respect to the feasibility and scalability perspectives. In this paper, we dilate upon the evolutionary process that led to the birth of today's software defined networks (SDN). We analyze various contributions that served as the milestones in the journey of SDN evolution and assess how the SDN of today has shaped up from its predecessor technologies. We also peep into the future with an aim to ascertain the future trends that might be emanated from the current architecture of SDN.
Role of SLC transporters in toxicity induced by anticancer drugs.

. Membrane transporters are integral to the maintenance of cellular integrity of all tissue and cell types. While transporters play an established role in the systemic pharmacokinetics of therapeut...
Research on Students' Understanding of Michaelis-Menten Kinetics and Enzyme Inhibition: Implications for Instruction and Learning

ABSTRACT We report a summary of the results from an education research project that investigated student reasoning related to Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition. We have previou...
Identifying subtypes of attitudinal learning among MOOCs learners: a latent profile analysis

This study aims (1) to investigate the different motivations and perspectives for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that targeted attitudinal learning outcomes; and (2) to categorise learner prof...
Penalized regression and model selection methods for polygenic scores on summary statistics

Polygenic scores quantify the genetic risk associated with a given phenotype and are widely used to predict the risk of complex diseases. There has been recent interest in developing methods to construct polygenic risk scores using summary statistic data. We propose a method to construct polygenic risk scores via penalized regression using summary statistic data and publicly available reference data. Our method bears similarity to existing method LassoSum, extending their framework to the Truncated Lasso Penalty (TLP) and the elastic net. We show via simulation and real data application that the TLP improves predictive accuracy as compared to the LASSO while imposing additional sparsity where appropriate. To facilitate model selection in the absence of validation data, we propose methods for estimating model fitting criteria AIC and BIC. These methods approximate the AIC and BIC in the case where we have a polygenic risk score estimated on summary statistic data and no validation data. Additionally, we propose the so-called quasi-correlation metric, which quantifies the predictive accuracy of a polygenic risk score applied to out-of-sample data for which we have only summary statistic information. In total, these methods facilitate estimation and model selection of polygenic risk scores on summary statistic data, and the application of these polygenic risk scores to out-of-sample data for which we have only summary statistic information. We demonstrate the utility of these methods by applying them to GWA studies of lipids, height, and lung cancer.
Soft skin layers for reconfigurable and programmable nanowrinkles

Wrinkling skin layers on pre-strained polymer sheets has drawn significant interest as a method to create reconfigurable surface patterns. Compared to widely studied metal or silica films, softer polymer skins are more tolerant to crack formation when the surface topography is tuned under applied strain. This Mini-review discusses recent progress in mechano-responsive wrinkles based on polymer skin materials. Control over the skin thickness with nanometer accuracy allows for tuning of the wrinkle wavelength and orientation over length scales from nanometer to micrometer regimes. Furthermore, soft skin layers enable texturing of two-dimensional electronic materials with programmable feature sizes and structural hierarchy because of the conformal adhesion to the substrates. Soft skin systems open prospects to tailor a range of surface properties via external stimuli important for applications such as smart windows, microfluidics, and nanoelectronics.
Abyssal Benthic Rover, an autonomous vehicle for long-term monitoring of deep-ocean processes

The deep-ocean carbon cycle is poorly quantified. An abyssal benthic rover was developed to make long time-series measurements of seafloor processes related to organic carbon remineralization and s...
Computed Tomograph Cardiovascular Imaging

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is a robust technology for the noninvasive assessment of a spectrum of cardiovascular disease processes. The predominant use of cardiac CT is first detection of atherosclerosis and subsequently detection of stenosis, perfusion imaging, wall motion and ultimately valve disease. Although the technology has been clinically available for more than 25 years, cardiologists and even radiologists are largely unaware of its full capabilities. This chapter reviews cardiac CT’s current clinical uses and its potential for even greater utility in the near future. Advances in spatial and temporal resolution, electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering methodology, radiation dose reduction, and image reconstruction software have helped in the evaluation of coronary artery anatomy and vessel patency, providing the ability to noninvasively diagnose or rule out significant epicardial CAD. Cardiac CT allows the 3-dimensional (3D) simultaneous imaging of additional cardiac structures–including the coronary veins, pulmonary veins, atria, ventricles, aorta, and thoracic arterial and venous structures–and definition of their spatial relationships for the comprehensive assessment of a variety of cardiovascular disease processes. This chapter details the role of cardiac CT for the assessment of cardiovascular pathology with an emphasis on the detection of coronary atherosclerosis.
Contract & Conditional Zoning Without Romance: A Public Choice Analysis

The growth and development of the United States after World War II left the country needing more flexibility in zoning law. Over the past few decades, zoning has undergone drastic changes to make the process more flexible. Two methods used to meet this new demand are contract and conditional zoning. Jurisdictions are split on whether to permit contract zoning, conditional zoning, both, or neither. This is an important question that a growing number of jurisdictions have recently encountered. This Note seeks to propose potential solutions to the conflict by analyzing it through public choice theory. By applying the principles of public choice theory, this Note finds that increased flexibility in zoning will likely have the undesired consequence of allowing legislators to easily appease interest groups, rather than bargain for the most efficient land use allocation. From this observation, this Note ultimately concludes that jurisdictions should either prohibit both contract and conditional zoning or, if economic efficiency concerns prove too great, permit both contract and conditional zoning but apply a strict standard of judicial review.
Language development and age

1. Just in time: is there a critical period for language acquisition? 2. Right on time: process and schedule of first language acquisition 3. All in good time: a window of opportunity for first language acquisition 4. Behind time: process and schedule of second language acquisition 5. Pressed for time: age constraints in second language acquisition 6. Biding time: further consideration of age and acquisition 7. It's about time: evaluation of age sensitivity in language acquisition.
Representing development: new perspectives about the new deal in Puerto Rico 1933-36

Resumen en: This article suggests an alternative approach to the traditional perspectives in which the New Deal, specifically the Puerto Rican Emergency Relief Admin...
6.4: Fabrication of 4H-SiC cold field emitter arrays

A new fabrication method of SiC field emitter arrays has been developed. The new method involves the formation of three-dimensional silicon dioxide masks, dry etching, and tip sharpening. The field emitter arrays were successfully fabricated on 4H-SiC substrates with tip diameter less than 10 nm.
Fast regularization technique for expectation maximization algorithm for optical sectioning microscopy

Maximum likelihood image restoration is a powerful method for 3D computational optical sectioning microscopy of extended objects. With punctate specimens, however, this method produces a few very bright isolated spots and dim detail around them is lost. The commonly used regularization methods (sieves and roughness penalty) decrease the amplitude of the bright spots, but do not avoid loosing dim detail. We derived an intensity regularization that decreases the amplitude of bright spots without loosing dim detail. In contrast with other regularization methods, this method does not increase significantly the computational complexity of the estimation algorithm.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Discordant regulation of phenoloxidase and capsular polysaccharide in Cryptococcus neoformans

We examined the regulation of two fungal virulence factors, phenoloxidase and capsular polysaccharide, in an ex-type strain of the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Both were made during the stationary phase of cultural growth. Exogenous iron increased phenoloxidase activity three-fold (from 8.7 to 27.7 units mg-1, P < 0.05) but decreased capsular polysaccharide three-fold (from 9.0 to 3.4% packed cell volume, P < 0.01). A temperature shift from 25 to 37 degrees C decreased phenoloxidase activity three-fold (from 60.6 to 23.7 units mg-1, P < 0.01) but not capsular polysaccharide (8.5 to 6.7% packed cell volume, P not significant). Thus, cryptococcal virulence factors are not regulated coordinately. Moreover, although the phenoloxidase synthesizes an antioxidant, melanin, the enzyme is not induced by the oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, or by a combination of hydrogen peroxide and solubilized ferric ion. As cryptococcal melanin is cheaply made from exogenous catechols, perhaps C. neoformans does not need to regulate the phenoloxidase strongly but, rather, can afford to synthesize the phenoloxidase at a moderate rate whenever it finds its growth limited.
Management ownership and corporate value

Existing literature on the relation between management ownership and firm value has provided competing hypotheses and conflicting evidence. Using samples of Fortune 500-sized firms in 1976, 1980 and 1984, we find that corporate value measured by Tobin's q is a function of management ownership. Specifically, the q rises when management ownership is between 0% and 5-7%, and falls as the ownership increases to 10-12%. Beyond this range, we find that the q continues to fall in the 1976 sample, and starts to rise in the 1980 and 1984 samples. The evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a nonmonotonic relation between management ownership and corporate value.
Collateral Damage Involvement and the Effects of Negative Super PAC Advertising

Unprecedented numbers of negative political advertisements aired in battleground markets during the 2012 primaries, the first presidential campaign since the 2010 Citizens United decision. Grounded...
Population-based study of the use of cardiac stress imaging and referral for coronary angiography and repeated revascularization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Abstract Objective To assess stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and stress echocardiography use after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and their effect on referral for coronary angiography and revascularization. Patients and Methods The referral, timing, and results of stress imaging after CABG; referral for coronary angiography and revascularization; and all-cause mortality were assessed in this longitudinal, population-based, retrospective study of 1138 Olmsted County, Minnesota, patients undergoing CABG between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2003. Results A total of 570 patients (50.1%) underwent a stress imaging study (341 SPECT and 229 echocardiography) during the study period. Of the 1138 patients, 372 (32.7%) were referred for coronary angiography, and 144 of those patients (12.7%) underwent repeated revascularization (132 percutaneous revascularization and 12 CABG). The median interval between CABG and the index stress imaging study was 3.0 years (25th-75th percentile, 1.2-5.7 years). The results of 75.7% (258 of 341) of the stress SPECT studies and 70.7% (162 of 229) of the stress echocardiograms were abnormal. Seventy-six of 570 patients (13.3%) referred for stress imaging underwent coronary angiography within 180 days after the stress test. Repeated coronary revascularization was performed in 25 patients (4.4%) who underwent a stress imaging study within the preceding 180 days. The 5- and 10-year survival rates in the entire study cohort (83.5% and 65.1%, respectively) were not significantly different than predicted for the age- and sex-matched Minnesota population. Conclusion Half of this community-based population of patients with CABG underwent stress SPECT or echocardiography during median follow-up of 8.9 years. Despite that approximately 75% of the results of stress imaging studies were abnormal, subsequent referral for coronary angiography within 180 days was low (13.3%), and the yield for repeated revascularization was very low (4.4%).
[1,2-3H]progesterone uptake by guinea pig brain and uterus: Differential localization, time-course of uptake and metabolism, and effects of age, sex, estrogen-priming and competing steriods

Summary Levels of radioactivity were measured in various brain tissues and in the uterus of guinea pigs at several time intervals after subcutaneous injection of [1,2- 3 H]progesterone in a sesame oil vehicle. The effects of sex, age, estrogen priming, and competing steroids were also evaluated. The findings were: (1) There was a higher concentration of progesterone in the uterus and all brain tissues studied than in blood plasma at time intervals from 0.5 to 48 h post-injection. Uptake was highest in the uterus followed by the midbrain, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus. Anterior pituitary did not take up more hormone than cortex. (2) Highest progesterone uptake (in disint./min/mg) was found in all tissues at 4 h after injection, but radioactive progesterone was still detectable at 48 h. Four hours after injection 90% of the uterine radioactivity and 60–70% of the brain radioactivity remained as unmetabolized progesterone. (3) Prior injection of unlabeled progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, or corticosterone had no effect on brain uptake, but all hormones depressed uterine uptake. Unlabeled progesterone was more effective than the other steroids in inhibiting uterine uptake. (4) Estrogen priming enhanced uptake in the uterus but not in the neural tissues. (5) There were no sex or age differences in uptake of radioactive progesterone.
Accuracy of a novel multi-sensor board for measuring physical activity and energy expenditure

The ability to relate physical activity to health depends on accurate measurement. Yet, none of the available methods are fully satisfactory due to several factors. This study examined the accuracy of a multi-sensor board (MSB) that infers activity types (sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and running) and estimates energy expenditure in 57 adults (32 females) 39.2 ± 13.5 years. In the laboratory, subjects walked and ran on a treadmill over a select range of speeds and grades for 3 min each (six stages in random order) while connected to a stationary calorimeter, preceded and followed by brief sitting and standing. On a different day, subjects completed scripted activities in the field connected to a portable calorimeter. The MSB was attached to a strap at the right hip. Subjects repeated one condition (randomly selected) on the third day. Accuracy of inferred activities compared with recorded activities (correctly identified activities/total activities × 100) was 97 and 84% in the laboratory and field, respectively. Absolute accuracy of energy expenditure [100 – absolute value (kilocalories MSB – kilocalories calorimeter/kilocalories calorimeter) × 100] was 89 and 76% in the laboratory and field, the later being different (P < 0.05) from the calorimeter. Test–retest reliability for energy expenditure was significant in both settings (P < 0.0001; r = 0.97). In general, the MSB provides accurate measures of activity type in laboratory and field settings and energy expenditure during treadmill walking and running although the device underestimates energy expenditure in the field.
Physician-Elder Interaction in Community Family Practice

Objective: To determine whether outpatient visits by elders seeing community family physicians differ in length or content from visits by younger patients; socioemotional preferences predict visit content; and satisfaction correlates with visit content differentially across age. Methods: In a multimethod cross-sectional study of 84 community family practices in northeastern Ohio, 3453 adult patient visits with 138 community family physicians were observed; 2362 of these patients completed self-report questionnaires. Three age groups were compared: 18 to 64, 65 to 74, and over 74 years. Length and content of the physician-patient encounter was determined using the Davis Observation Code (DOC); satisfaction was assessed using the MOS 9-item Visit Rating Scale. Results: Controlling for reason for visit and demographics, visit length averaged 10.7 minutes for each group. Visit content differed significantly on 13 of 20 DOC codes between one of the older groups and the younger group; in 4 instances, content varied between the 2 older groups. Although visit content varied as predicted by socioemotional theory, no consistent patterns of association between visit content and satisfaction emerged. Discussion: Older patient visits differ from those of younger patients as might be predicted by socioemotional selectivity theory; however, there was little association of visit content with patient satisfaction.
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C.887: An Unpublished Seventeenth-Century Anglo-Saxon Glossary by Nathaniel Spinckes

Between 1698 and ca. 1715 Nathaniel Spinckes created an Anglo-Saxon glossary, now Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C.887. This article describes the manuscript, identifies Spinckes’s sources, traces the compilation process and speculates on its purpose, and positions it within the larger context of contemporary antiquarian projects. Spinckes, who enjoyed a long friendship and working relationship with George Hickes and Edward Thwaites, is known for his role as a bishop in the nonjuring Church of England, but not for his part in the compilation and publication of Hickes’s Linguarum veterum septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico-criticus et Archaeologicus (1698–1705). His unpublished manuscript reflects a careful reader of some of the earliest published editions of Anglo-Saxon texts. It, together with surviving correspondence, attests to Spinckes’s place in the late-seventeenth and early eighteenth-century antiquarian project to recover Old English.
An Economic Analysis of Integrated Fisheries Management: The Case of the Lake Michigan Alewife and Salmonid Fisheries

Intense predator-prey relationships exist between stocks of alewives and salmonids in Lake Michigan. In this paper, the economic implications of these biological interactions are explored and suggestions regarding efficient fisheries management options are made. A theoretical optimal control model is developed which delineates conditions for optimizing alewife and salmonid harvest rates. Model results indicate that the indirect effects which harvesting in one fishery have on harvest costs and returns in the other must be considered if economic efficiency in alewife/salmonid management is to be achieved. Furthermore, marginal net social values associated with alewife and salmonid harvests must be equated. It is estimated that alewives currently have a marginal net social value close to zero compared to $4.10 per salmonid. These findings strongly suggest that utilization of alewife biomass as a forage base for predatory salmonids is more efficient than direct harvesting of alewives in a commercial fishery.
A speculative paradigm on the birth of the modern sport spectacular: the Real Madrid and Eintracht Frankfurt European Cup final of 1960

(1992). A speculative paradigm on the birth of the modern sport spectacular: the Real Madrid and Eintracht Frankfurt European Cup final of 1960. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 433-438.
Comparison of the effects of vitamin D metabolites on collagen synthesis and resportion of fetal rat bone in organ culture.

We compared the effects of four vitamin D metabolites, 1α,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), 1α hydroxy vitamin D3 (1αOH D3), 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25 OH D3), and 24R,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) on resorption and collagen synthesis in fetal rat bone maintained in organ culture. Resorption was quantitated by measuring the release of previously incorporated45Ca from long bone shafts of 19-day fetal rats, and collagen synthesis was assessed by measuring the incorporation of3H-proline into collagenase digestible protein (CDP) in calvaria from 21-day fetal rats. All four compounds stimulated bone resorption and inhibited collagen synthesis, but 1α,25(OH)2D3 was approximately 1000 times more potent in both organ culture systems. Although the differences were small among the other three compounds, the order of potency was 1αOH D3>25 OH D3≧24R,25(OH)2D3. These results suggest that the receptor for 1α25(OH)2D3 in both bone resorbing and bone forming cells has similar affinities for several vitamin D metabolites.
Pharmacologic profile of certoparin

The low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are now not only used for the prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), but also for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Beside these approved usages, the LMWHs have been developed for indications such as thrombotic and ischaemic stroke, cancer-associated thrombotic and vascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease and a variety of inflammatory disorders. In the United States, there are three approved LMWHs (enoxaparin, dalteparin and ardeparin). In Canada, reviparin and tinzaparin are also approved. The European Union has taken the lead; eight LMWHs are approved for various indications. Certoparin represents one of the earlier LMWHs used for DVT prophylaxis and treatment, with additional indications currently under development. Certoparin represents an isoamyl nitrite depolymerised LMWH with comparable structural characteristics to other nitrous acid depolymerised products such as nadroparin and reviparin. While comparable in structure to dalteparin, this agent differs in function due to a secondary purification process that is employed in the manufacture of dalteparin. The preclinical pharmacology of this drug has been extensively investigated. Although indication specific dosing and the optimisation of use in, for example, acute coronary syndromes and thrombotic stroke, may be require, certoparin represents a typical LMWH with comparable performance characteristics to some other agents. This chapter describes some of the preclinical and clinical pharmacologic characteristics of this drug. This information will be useful in designing clinical trials for newer indications of this drug.
Hydrothermal synthesis of Na2(MoOPO4)2(HPO4) · 2H2O: A layered molybdenum (V) phosphate structure and its relationship to 2VOSO4 · H2SO4

Abstract The hydrothermal synthesis and structure of the molybdenum (V) phosphate, Na 2 (MoOPO 4 ) 2 (HPO 4 ) · 2H 2 O, was determined and compared to the closely related 2VOSO 4 · H 2 SO 4 ( B. Jordan and C. Calvo , Can. J. Chem. 51, 2621 (1973)). Na 2 (MoOPO 4 ) 2 (HPO 4 ) · 2H 2 O crystallizes with lattice parameters a = 6.452(2)A, c = 15.999(1)A, and z = 2 in the tetragonal space group I4 mmm and was refined to R f = 0.041 and R wf = 0.044 with 426 reflections for which I > 2 σ . The structure is made up of layers of MoOPO 4 composed of alternating molybdenum oxygen octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra. The layers are linked by disordered phosphorus tetrahedra forming tunnels. Thermogravimetric analysis, infrared, solid state, NMR, and ESR spectra indicate the presence of water in the tunnels and molybdenum with an oxidation state of (V).
Entrepreneurship and Community: The Next Frontier of Entrepreneurship Inquiry

In this article, the authors examine the existing literature addressing the relationship between entrepreneurship and the community and conclude that this is an important, yet relatively neglected, topic. The article begins by defining the terms “community,” “entrepreneurship,” and the nexus of the two: “community development.” It then proceeds to explore what the current literature tells us about the interaction between these elements, touching upon issues of individualism vs. community, social capital building, productive and unproductive interaction, community culture, leadership, community entrepreneurship, and family venturing, among others. The article concludes with a set of observations about the types of research needed to fill gaps in our understanding of this delicate and vital relationship.
Lesion of a serotonergic modulatory neuron inAplysia produces a specific defect in feeding behavior

Abstract The serotonergic metacerebral cells (MCCs) ofAplysia were destroyed by intracellular injection of proteolytic enzyme. MCC-lesioned animals showed alterations of biting responses compared to MCC-sham and B-cell-lesioned control animals, as well as to their own preoperative behavior. The alterations of biting responses included a prolongation of the duration of radula protraction and a lengthening of interbite interval. No changes were observed in non-biting feeding responses and in behaviors unrelated to feeding.
Detection of angiographically occult, ruptured cerebral aneurysms: case series and literature review.

Background Ruptured and thrombosed cerebral aneurysms pose a risk for rebleeding that may go undetected because they are angiographically occult. The presence of multiple aneurysms may further complicate efforts in accurately identifying the true source because their treatment may circumvent further necessary investigations. Methods This case series and literature review illustrates the background and clinical features of ruptured thrombosed cerebral aneurysms. Results Thrombosed ruptured cerebral aneurysms have several common anatomic and physiologic mechanisms for their occurrence. They may evade detection if not considered part of a diligent thorough approach that includes careful analysis of the pattern of initial bleeding on non-contrast head CT scan. Conclusions Despite negative angiographic studies, and even when multiple cerebral aneurysms are present, diffuse subrachnoid hemorrhage may still warrant further investigation.
Combining Intra and Inter Block Analysis of Group Divisible Designs

Introduction: Kapadia and Weeks [2] suggested an alternative method of computing the adjusted treatment sum of squares for Group-Divisible Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs. The purpose of this note is to present a similar method for combining intra and inter block analysis for such designs. Method: It is assumed that readers are familiar with the results given by Bose, Clatworthy, Shrikhande [1 (hereafter referred to as BCS)]. The notations used here are exactly the same as those given there except that Q, , , P, G' , t are replaced by Qii , Qi , Pii , GI and ti' (i = 1 *... , j = 1 .. m) respectively, where each one of these is defined if the ith treatment belongs to the jth group. Further, let G6, = G;' if the ith treatment belongs to the jth group. For the combined intra and inter block analysis there is no exact test of hypothesis of the equality of treatment means, but when this hypothesis is true, the quantity ,. 3. t^'iPi is approximately distributed as x2 with v - 1 degrees of freedom. It will be shown that the Table 2.7 given by BCS (p. 25) is enough to compute , , m tiP,i which will be shown to be equal to the proposed formula:
Assignment of the carbon‐13 chemical shifts of quinacrine, chloroquine and related compounds in D2O solution

The carbon resonances of quinacrine, chloroquine, acranil, 4-aminopyridine and 9-aminoacridine in D2O solution have been assigned. Resonance assignments were made using empirical shift parameters, partial proton decoupling, selective proton decoupling and by interpretation of the fully coupled spectra. The effect of pD on the carbon chemical shifts for quinacrine and chloroquine over the range of about 4.5 to 8.5 was observed. Characteristic chemical shifts for the aromatic ring carbons for deprotonation of the heteroaromatic nitrogen were observed.