cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pelagic Larval Duration and Dispersal Distance Revisited

I present dispersal distances for 44 species with data on propagule duration (PD) for 40 of these. Data were combined with those in Shanks et al. (2003; Ecol. Appl. 13: S159 -S169), providing information on 67 species. PD and dispersal distance are correlated, but with many exceptions. The distribution of dispersal distances was bimodal. Many species with PDs longer than 1 day dispersed less than 1 km, while others dispersed tens to hundreds of kilometers. Or- ganisms with short dispersal distances were pelagic briefly or remained close to the bottom while pelagic. Null models of passively dispersing propagules adequately predict dis- persal distance for organisms with short PDs (1 day), but overestimate dispersal distances for those with longer PDs. These models predict that propagules are transported tens of kilometers offshore; however, many types remain within the coastal boundary layer where currents are slower and more variable, leading to lower than predicted dispersal. At short PDs, dispersal distances estimated from genetic data are similar to observed. At long PDs, genetic data generally overestimate dispersal distance. This discrepancy is proba- bly due to the effect of rare individuals that disperse long distances, thus smoothing genetic differences between pop- ulations. Larval behavior and species' life-history traits can play a critical role in determining dispersal distance.
The Relevance of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit to the Process of Contemporary Psychoanalysis

Do changes in psychoanalytic technique represent progress in knowledge or are they for the most part a sideways movement in tune with the particular changes in the socioeconomic milieu of the day? Hegel raised the question in the area of philosophy when discussing the stages in the development of self-consciousness. For him this was an inevitable development toward a greater and greater self-understanding, going through various phases until Absolute Spirit (Mind) became completely cognizant of itself. This metaphysical conception was the cornerstone of Hegel's thought as first presented in his chaotic masterpiece, Phenomenology of Spirit. In this article I will examine his philosophical vision as expressed in that masterpiece, compare it with that of Freud, and discuss aspects of it that are pertinent to the practice of contemporary psychoanalysis.
Subalgebras of C * -algebras and von Neumann algebras

Soit A une C*-sous algebre de la C*-algebre B et M une α-sous algebre faiblement close de l'algebre de Von Neumann N. On considere les conditions suivantes: 1) pour tout b¬=O dans B il existe a∈A tel que O¬=ab∈A; 2) pour tout b∈B il existe a¬=O dans A tel que ab∈A
Light-Dependent and Tissue-Specific Expression of the H-Protein of the Glycine Decarboxylase Complex

Glycine decarboxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme complex, which is the site of photorespiratory CO2 and NH3 release. Although the proteins that constitute the complex are located within the mitochondria, because of their intimate association with photosynthesis their expression is controlled by light. Comparisons of the kinetics of mRNA accumulation between the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the H-protein of glycine decarboxylase during the greening of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that their expression is controlled in parallel. A genomic clone for the H-protein (gdcH) was isolated from Arabidopsis and sequenced. The upstream region from -856 to +62 was fused to the [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and this construct was transformed into tobacco. This 5[prime] upstream regulatory region appears to control GUS expression in a manner very similar to that of the endogenous H-protein gene. Constructs with deletions in the 5[prime] upstream region were transformed into tobacco. These deletions revealed that light-dependent and tissue-specific expression was largely controlled by a 259-bp region between -376 and -117 bp. This region contains several putative GT boxes with the GGTTAA consensus core sequence. Once these strong light-dependent elements were removed, a second level of control was revealed. In constructs in which the gdcH 5[prime] regulatory region was shortened to -117 bp or less, there was more GUS activity in the roots than in the leaves, and in dark-grown plants than in light-grown plants. This suggests that more proximal control elements may be responsible for the constitutive low levels of gene expression noted in all nonphotosynthetic tissues.
Taxonomy of some common Amphidinium species

The taxonomic status of several well known species belonging to the genus Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) has been re-examined. Studies in culture and observations on the micro-anatomy of these organisms suggest that the number of species can be reduced to two, A. klebsii and A. carterae. They may be distinguished on the basis of fundamental differences in chloroplast morphology.
Liver transplant fellowship and resident training is not a part of the “July effect”

Abstract Background The influx of new resident physicians has been shown to cause increased complications in academic institutions, named the “July effect.” This study investigated if this effect is associated with liver transplants and if it affects patient or allograft outcomes after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Materials and methods The United Network of Organ Sharing or Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was queried. Cases were separated and coded by the month of transplant. The survival analysis was calculated by log-rank and Kaplan–Meier tests in SPSS version 15.0 (IBM Corporation, Chicago, IL). Results A total of 108,666 OLTs were analyzed through March 31, 2011. The mean short-term patient survivals at 30 d and 1 y were 94.3% and 85.2%, respectively. The mean long-term survivals at 3, 5, and 10 y were 77.6%, 72.1%, and 58.8%, respectively. The mean short-term allograft survivals at 30 d and 1 y were 90.6% and 79.4%, respectively. The mean long-term allograft survivals at 3, 5, and 10 y were 71.0%, 65.0%, and 51.5%, respectively. OLTs in the month of April had significantly improved patient and allograft survivals compared with those in the months of January, October, and December; OLTs in the month of December had significantly decreased patient and allograft survivals compared with those in the months of July and August. Conclusions OLTs in the month of April had significantly improved outcomes, and OLTs in the month of December had significantly decreased outcomes. These months do not correlate with the beginning of new trainees; therefore, there is no July effect observed in liver transplant fellowship and resident training.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AEROPROPULSION ENGINE HEAT EXCHANGERS PART 3: PRINTED CIRCUIT HEAT EXCHANGER

A major challenge which emerged in developing innovative approaches for significantly reducing the aviation Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions was the design of a compact heat exchanger. As a part of the FAA program under US Department of Transportation Contract Number DTRT57-11-P-80083, an LP Turbine Exhaust Driven (TED-T) secondary cycle was proposed for contrail mitigation as well as an increment of 4-5% pts in overall powerplant efficiency. It was identified that a compact heat exchanger is a critical component of TED-T. In this series of papers, Paper #1 presented some of the existing advanced compact heat exchanger (HEX) technologies along with parametric analysis of a baseline configuration. A 1-D steady state code was developed for heat transfer calculations. In this paper, a similar parametric study is presented for a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) operating at the proposed TED-T cycle conditions.
Kainate Acts at Presynaptic Receptors to Increase GABA Release From Hypothalamic Neurons

Recent reports suggest that kainate acting at presynaptic receptors reduces the release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA from hippocampal neurons. In contrast, in the hypothalamus in the presence...
Real Exchange Rate Response to Capital Inflows, the Case of Mexico

In most emerging economies, there is a relationship between the fluctuations in the real exchange rate and capital flows. This research examines the long-run response of the real exchange rate to capital inflows in Mexico for the period 1986:1-2002:2, using cointegration analysis.The estimated models consist of the real exchange rate index and several explanatory variables, including ratio of capital inflow to GDP, terms of trade, and index of industrial production volume in manufacturing sector.Different estimations revealed that a once-and-for-all unit increase in the ratio of quarterly capital inflow to GDP has caused a long-term appreciation of peso of about 3 percent (static OLS method) and about 2 percent (ARDL method). The significance of the equilibrium correction term in the ECM confirmed the existance of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the real exchange rate and other variables, and that about 43 percent of disequilibrium in a given quarter is corrected in the following quarter.
Leveraging common structure to improve prediction across related datasets

In many applications, training data is provided in the form of related datasets obtained from several sources, which typically affects the sample distribution. The learned classification models, which are expected to perform well on similar data coming from new sources, often suffer due to bias introduced by what we call 'spurious' samples - those due to source characteristics and not representative of any other part of the data. As standard outlier detection and robust classification usually fall short of determining groups of spurious samples, we propose a procedure which identifies the common structure across datasets by minimizing a multi-dataset divergence metric, increasing accuracy for new datasets.
Occurrence of Hymenopteran Parasitoids in Residential Turfgrass in Central Georgia

The influence of turfgrass genotype (bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.), centipedegrass Eremochloa ophiuroides Munro Hack, St. Augustinegrass Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt.] Kuntze, zoysiagrass, Zoysia spp., and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb) on occurrence of hymenopteran parasitoids was evaluated in residential turf during May, June and July in 2005. Most wasps belonged to Chalcidoidea (55%) and Platygastroidea (29%). Adult wasps representing Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae and Braconidae were captured in all turfgrasses. Among all wasps, 26.5% were mymarids and included Gonatocerus sp. and Mymar sp. Eulophidae, Aprostocetus and Pnigalio sp. were less abundant in centipedegrass compared with other turfgrasses. Trichogrammatids (18.2% of total wasps) were more abundant in St. Augustinegrass or tall fescue than in zoysiagrass. Platygastrid wasps, Allotropa and Fidiobia sp., were most often collected from zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass. Scelionids represented 23% of the total parasitoi...
Functional morphology and locomotion of the arctic ctenophore Mertensia ovum (Fabricius) (Tentaculata: Cydippida)

Abstract Mertensia ovum is an ambush predator, abundant in the Arctic regions, and reaches lengths of 8.9 cm and can swim at velocities up to 13.4 cm s-1. The mean Reynolds number for cilia (Rec) is 96 while the mean Reynolds number for the body (Reb) is 1738. Based on laboratory investigations using a flow tank and dynamically scaled models of M. ovum (without cilia), M. ovum may experience drag forces up to 848 dynes with drag coefficients (CD) from 0.3 to 1.6. Comparison of flow patterns around living M. ovum in situ and around models reveals that flow stagnation behind the keels is a result of the body morphology while the narrowing of the wake is a result of body morphology and differential ctene row propulsive forces. The ctene plate and ctene row are important as individual edge vortices are generated from single ctene plates, and the edge vortices are joined into larger aboral vortices that form beyond the posterior region of the ctenophore. The eight characteristic ctene rows are on top of ridges...
Water, Electricity and Weather Variability in Rural Northern China

Economic growth has reshaped rural household characteristics dramatically in the past few decades in China. Families become richer, smaller and older. How do these changes impact household water and electricity demands? This paper answers the question using household data in a water-scarce rural village in Northern China. I find that smaller families tend to increase per capita water and electricity consumptions by more than 20% for one fewer family member. Households with more women in the family have higher water and electricity consumptions even when controlling the family size. Both water and electricity consumptions increase in hotter or drier months. Smaller households are more sensitive to weather variabilities by increasing water use more in face of temperature increases. These findings provide implications on rural water and electricity demand in the context of urbanization and climate change impacts.
Anisotropic Attenuation Analysis of a Cross-hole Data Set

Measurements of attenuation anisotropy can provide valuable information for reservoir characterization and monitoring. Here, we analyze cross-hole data generated by perforation shots fired in a horizontal borehole to induce hydraulic fracturing in a tight gas reservoir. The spectral-ratio method is applied to pairs of traces to set up a system of equations for directionally-dependent effective attenuation. The anisotropic attenuation coefficient is expanded in a quadratic function of the polar and azimuthal angles of the source-receiver line. The coefficients of this polynomial are found separately for each stage of perforation shots. Although the inversion provides clear evidence of attenuation anisotropy, the narrow range of propagation directions impairs the accuracy of anisotropy analysis. The observed variations of the attenuation coefficient between different perforation stages may be related to changes in the medium due to hydraulic fracturing and stimulation.
Inhibition Studies with Streptococcus faecalis. Acridines and Acridones

Summary1. 46 Acridines and 7 acridones were tested against Streptococcus faecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. It was observed that 10 of the acridines and 5 of the acridones inhibited the organism. However, the amounts of test compounds needed were 1000 times (or more) those needed by aminopterin, amethopterin, and pyrimethamine. 2. Further study demonstrated that inhibition exhibited by acridines and acridones could be overcome by citrovorum factor, thymine, or thymidine in some instances. The toxicity of 5 of the acridines and 4 of the acridones was not overcome by any of the nutrilites tested which suggests that their inhibition was not due to interference with the nucleic acid metabolism of the organism. 3. An additional observation was that the anti-malarial quinacrine and the anti-bacterial Entozon did not inhibit S. faecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. The anti-bacterial 5-aminoacridine was inhibitory whether the limiting nutrilite was folic acid, citro...
The Wrath of Steroids in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Diseases

Pulmonary diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma are common in the elderly population. Corticosteroids, systemic and inhaled, are commonly used in their treatment. There are many adverse effects associated with corticosteroid treatment. These include cataracts, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and delirium, which are more common and more dangerous in the elderly population.
Molecular biomarker panels for assessment of selenium status in rats.

Molecular biomarkers are mRNA transcripts that indicate the (nutrient) status of an organism or tissue. Molecular biomarker panels have the potential to readily and more accurately determine nutrient status than individual traditional biomarkers. To study the efficacy of molecular biomarker panels for predicting selenium (Se) status, we examined 30 biomarkers from rats fed graded levels of Se from deficient to eight times the minimum Se requirement, including four liver and four kidney traditional biomarkers, and 13 liver and nine kidney selenoprotein mRNA levels. Multiple regression analysis against liver and kidney Se and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) activity, with stepwise single elimination of biomarkers that did not significantly contribute, was used to identify biomarker panels with significant (P < 0.05) regression coefficients. Resulting regression equations were then used to predict Se status, and compared with traditional Se biomarkers panels. Over the full spectrum of Se status from 0 to 0.8...
γ-glutamyl hydrolase and folylpolyglutamate synthetase activities predict polyglutamylation of methotrexate in acute leukemias

Decreased methotrexate (MTX) long-chain polyglutamate formation is associated with MTX resistance whereas high levels of MTX polyglutamate accumulation are found in the blasts of leukemia patients who respond to therapy and have improved outcome. The steady-state level of long-chain MTX polyglutamates depends on the balance of activities of two enzymes: folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which adds glutamates to MTX in a gamma-carboxyl linkage, and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) or conjugase, which sequentially removes the terminal glutamate residue of MTX polyglutamates. FPGS and GGH activities as well as the formation of total and long-chain MTX polyglutamates were measured after incubation with [3H]MTX in 15 blast samples from patients with acute leukemias (myeloid and lymphoid). The ratio between GGH and FPGS activities was better at predicting the amount of polyglutamate accumulated in the 24-h [3H]MTX assay compared to the determination of either activity alone. The linear regression curve relating the relative levels of long-chain polyglutamates/total polyglutamates with the ratio of GGH/FPGS showed an r value of 0.81 (P < 0.001). These data suggest that the evaluation of both these enzymes at diagnosis may be used as a predictor of MTX polyglutamylation and therefore for response to MTX therapy and outcome.
A Report on the Present Status of Undergraduate Urologic Teaching in Medical Schools and Some Resulting Recommendations

AbstractAt the request of the Education Council of the American Urological Association a survey of urologic teaching in America’s medical schools was done. The most startling and distressing finding, based upon the study of 99 medical schools, was that more than half (52 per cent) of the schools do not require any clinical exposure to urology before graduation. Suggestions are offered, based upon the documented importance of urology in the delivery of primary care, for an approach to medical school curriculum committees to mandate the return of urology as a required subject in our schools.
A Comparative Study of the Very Early Age Cement Hydration Monitoring Using Compressive and Shear Mode Smart Aggregates

The load-bearing capacity of concrete is highly influenced by the initial cement hydration process, especially in its very early age (0–48 h). Due to the rapid and intense chemical reactions between the cement and the water in the very early hydration process, it is still a challenge to monitor the cement hydration process in real time. In this paper, we investigated a stress wave-based active sensing method to monitor the cement hydration process using piezoceramic-based transducers, called smart aggregates. Using different types of the embedded piezoceramic patches, including $\text{d}_{33}$ and $\text{d}_{15}$ modes, smart aggregates can function as both the compressive and shear wave transmitters and receivers. In each mode of the smart aggregate, the active sensing approach that uses a pair of smart aggregates, one as a wave transmitter and the other one as a wave receiver, was employed. A comparative study was conducted to investigate the performance of monitoring the very early age cement hydration process by using compressive wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave). A frequency domain analysis of the received signal was performed during the very early age cement hydration process. Experimental results reveal the differences of the received signal strength, valid monitoring period, and the effective frequency range by using both P-wave and S-wave.
Stochastic Simulation of Coal Bed Thickness and Economic Decision-Making

The State of West Virginia (eastern United States) taxes owners of coal that exceeds a specified threshold in thickness under their property. This criterion for minability does not account for uncertainty in the estimation of average coal thickness. A new criterion is proposed that uses conditional simulation to generate multiple realizations of coal thickness in a 7.5 minute quadrangle in West Virginia. From each simulated surface, the average thickness and total coal volume can be computed for each parcel. The total set of simulations is used to determine percentiles of average coal thickness by parcel. The proposed criterion requires that a given percentile of average values exceed the threshold for a parcel to be classified as minable, and therefore subject to taxation. This study shows the effect of criterion, parcel size, regional coal bed thickness, and sample size on the proportion of parcels determined to be minable.
The connectomes of males and females with autism spectrum disorder have significantly different white matter connectivity densities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a set of neurodevelopmental conditions whose striking sex-related disparity (with an estimated male-to-female ratio of 4:1) remains unknown. Here we use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) to identify the brain structure correlates of the sex-by-ASD diagnosis interaction in a carefully selected cohort of 110 ASD patients (55 females) and 83 typically-developing (TD) subjects (40 females). The interaction was found to be predicated primarily upon white matter connectivity density innervating, bilaterally, the lateral aspect of the temporal lobe, the temporo-parieto-occipital junction and the medial parietal lobe. By contrast, regional gray matter (GM) thickness and volume are not found to modulate this interaction significantly. When interpreted in the context of previous studies, our findings add considerable weight to three long-standing hypotheses according to which the sex disparity of ASD incidence is (A) due to WM connectivity rather than to GM differences, (B) modulated to a large extent by temporoparietal connectivity, and (C) accompanied by brain function differences driven by these effects. Our results contribute substantially to the task of unraveling the biological mechanisms giving rise to the sex disparity in ASD incidence, whose clinical implications are significant.
Analytical Technologies for Integrated Single-Cell Analysis of Human Immune Responses

The immune system is a network of cells in which the constitutive members interact through dense and sometimes overlapping connections. The extreme complexity of this network poses a significant challenge for monitoring pathological conditions (e.g., food allergies, autoimmunity, and other chronic inflammatory diseases) and for discovering robust signatures of immunological responses that correlate with or predict the efficacy of interventions. The diversity among immune cells found in clinical samples (variations in cellular functions, lineages, and clonotypic breadth) requires approaches for monitoring immune responses with single-cell resolution.In this chapter, we present an engineering approach for integrated single-cell analysis that uses interchangeable modular operations to provide a comprehensive characterization of the phenotypic, functional, and genetic variations for individual cells. We focus on the use of microfabricated devices to isolate and interrogate single cells, and on the analytical components that enable subsequent detection, correlation, and interpretation of multidimensional sets of data. We discuss specific challenges and opportunities in the realization of this concept, and review two examples where it has been implemented. The presented approach should provide a basis for the design and implementation of nonconventional bioanalytical processes for studying specific responses of an immune system.
Moving Toward Approximations of Practice in Teacher Professional Development: Learning to Summarize a Problem-Based Lesson

This chapter describes a set of activities in a professional development intervention with in-service geometry teachers that engaged them in role-playing a lesson summary. The activities included discussion of animations of classroom instruction with examples of how to lead a summary of a problem-based lesson. The animations were representations of teaching that supported the development of shared knowledge about how to summarize a lesson. In addition, the teachers decomposed the practice of summarizing prior to their engagement in a role-play of a summary. This role-play constituted an approximation of practice that enabled the teachers to envision how a summary would unfold in real time and required the teacher leading the summary to make tactical decisions. Observations of a teacher leading a summary in his classroom provided evidence of teacher learning. Overall, the professional development included a sequence of activities that validated teachers’ knowledge and provided them with the capabilities for engaging in an authentic approximation of practice in a safe environment.
Free amino nitrogen concentration correlates to total yeast assimilable nitrogen concentration in apple juice

Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) is essential for yeast growth and metabolism during apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cider fermentation. YAN concentration and composition can impact cider fermentation kinetics and the formation of volatile aroma compounds by yeast. The YAN concentration and composition of apples grown in Virginia, USA over the course of two seasons was determined through analysis of both free amino nitrogen (FAN) and ammonium ion concentration. FAN was the largest fraction of YAN, with a mean value of 51 mg N L−1 FAN compared to 9 mg N L−1 ammonium. Observed YAN values ranged from nine to 249 mg N L−1, with a mean value of 59 mg N L−1. Ninety-four percent of all samples analyzed in this study contained <140 mg N L−1 YAN, a concentration generally considered the minimum level needed in grape-based wines for yeast to fully utilize all of the fermentable sugars. FAN concentration was correlated with total YAN concentration, but ammonium concentration was not. Likewise, there was no correlation between FAN and ammonium concentration.
Using the two-way shape memory effect of NiTi to control surface texture for cellular mechanotransduction

Mechanical force can crucially affect form and function of cells, and play critical roles in many diseases. While techniques to conveniently apply mechanical force to cells are limited, we fabricate a surface actuator prototype for cellular mechanotransduction by imparting severe plastic deformation into the surface of shape memory alloy (SMA). Using ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), a deformation-based surface engineering technique with high controllability, micro surface patterns can be generated on the surface of SMA so that the micro-size cell can conform to the pattern; meanwhile, phase transformation can be induced in the subsurface by severe plastic deformation. By controlling plastic deformation and phase transformation, it is possible to establish a quantitative relation between deformation and temperature. When cells are cultured on the UNSM-treated surface, such surface can dynamically deform in response to external temperature change, and therefore apply controllable mechanical force to cells. Through this study, we demonstrate a novel way to fabricate a low-cost surface actuator that has the potential to be used for high-throughput cellular mechanotransduction.
Uses of Strontium Isotopes in Petrogenesis

The isotopic composition of strontium is not only a useful indicator of the ages of rocks and minerals, but it also contains information about the origin of igneous rocks and about the geologic processes that have affected their chemical compositions. We showed in the previous chapter that the Rb-Sr isochron method of dating leads not only to the determination of the age of a suite of comagmatic igneous rocks, but also indicates the “initial ratio,” which is the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the magma from which the rocks crystallized. Its value depends on the previous history of the strontium and reflects particularly the Rb/Sr ratios of systems in which the strontium had previously resided. In general there is no way of knowing, in a particular case, in how many systems the strontium previously resided, what the Rb/Sr ratios were in those systems, or how long the strontium resided in each system. We can deal rigorously only with single-stage histories by assuming that the strontium was part of only one previous system for a specified period of time before being incorporated into a particular magma. Although these assumptions undoubtedly oversimplify the real situation in many instances, the approach has shed light on the origin of igneous rocks.
Developing Short-Range Repulsive Potentials for Aqueous Processing of Reliable Ceramics

Nearly all ceramics are processed with powders. Until recently, powders used for advanced ceramics were not sufficiently plastic to use shape forming technologies common for traditional ceramics based on clay. Thus, engineering shapes are generally formed either as the powder is consolidated to a high volume fraction during drypressing, or by producing plastic behavior by adding large volumes of a polymer. Both shaping methods have severe limitations in producing advanced, engineering components.
Circuit Assembly in the Developing Vertebrate Retina

Circuits in the vertebrate retina are organized into laminae that process visual information in parallel. Because its structure, connectivity, and function are highly correlated, the retina is an excellent model system for studying how synaptic connections develop in situ. Indeed, studies probing the mechanisms that orchestrate the development of retinal connections have offered novel insights into the strategies the nervous system undertakes to assemble its synapses and pattern its circuitry. Here we present what currently is known of the structural and functional development of the retina at the level of its synapses and its circuitry.
Molecular Population Genetics: Introduction

In the preceding chapters of this book the basic genetic unit was taken as the gene, and the basic numerical quantity was the gene frequency. In particular, the fundamental unit step in evolution was taken as the replacement of one gene (more strictly, allele) by another in a population, and static genetic polymorphisms were usually described in terms of forces acting on gene frequencies. While in Chapters 6 and 7 the point was made that these polymorphisms are better viewed through forces acting on sets of genes at many loci, it remains true that no genetic unit finer than the gene has yet been considered in this book.
Particle Beam Optics

Bending and focusing of high energy, relativistic particles are effected by the Lorentz force $$F = eE + e\frac{{\left[ c \right]}}{c}[v \times B].$$ (6.1)
Developmental Consequences of Malnutrition in Early Childhood

The past ten years have witnessed a heightened and continuing concern with malnutrition as a serious public health problem which constitutes a threat to the normal growth and development of many thousands of poor children in various regions of the world, including the United States. Malnutrition tends to occur primarily in poor families confronting the adverse socioeconomic and environmental conditions typically associated with poverty, including poor housing and sanitation, exposure to infectious and parasitic disease, inadequate health care, large family size, very limited educational and occupational opportunities, poor feeding and child care practices, etc. Under such circumstances, it is well known that malnutrition may lead to increased early childhood mortality and morbidity, and to substantial impairment of physical growth and brain development, particularly if the nutritional deficits are early, severe, and long-lasting without treatment. The possibility that malnutrition may also result in a significant and long-lasting impairment of the development of intellectual and social competence, and of adaptive behavior generally, has been a matter of continuing widespread concern during the past ten years. This issue is obviously not only a matter of substantial scientific importance but one with tremendous social and public-policy implications as well.
Lymphoid Tumor Stem Cells and Their Regulation

The objective of this paper is to review what is known about lymphoid tumor stem cells and their regulation. As will be discussed in some detail below, a great deal of what is known comes by inference from studies that were not concerned with lymphoid tumor stem cells, but typically addressed an aspect of differentiation in lymphoid tumors.
Henoch–Schonlein Purpura

Henoch–Schonlein purpura, also known as “IgA vasculitis” or “anaphylactoid purpura,” is a multisystem small-vessel vasculitis characterized by deposition of immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A and subsequent complement activation. HSP primarily affects the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and renal system. The classic triad of non-thrombocytopenic purpura, arthritis, and abdominal pain is usually present. HSP may relapse during pregnancy and may result in pregnancy-related complications.
Hill estimator of projections of functional data on principal components

ABSTRACTFunctional principal component scores are commonly used to reduce mathematically infinitely dimensional functional data to finite dimensional vectors. In certain applications, most notably ...
Smallness at Birth and Neonatal Death: Reexamining the Current Indicator Using Sibling Data.

Objective The similarity in size among siblings has implications for neonatal death, but research in this area is lacking in the United States. We examined the association between small-for-gestational age (SGA), defined as a birthweight Study Design We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study including 179,436 women who had their first two nonanomalous singleton live births in Missouri (1989–2005). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between SGA and neonatal death among second births, stratified by whether the elder sibling was SGA. Results Out of 179,436 second births, 297 died in the neonatal period. There was a significant interaction between birthweight-for-gestational age of first and second births in relation to neonatal death (p = 0.001). Second births with SGA had increased odds of neonatal death by 2.15-fold if they were “repeaters,” and 4.44-fold if they were “nonrepeaters,” as compared with non-SGA second births. Conclusion Our findings suggest that referencing sibling birthweight may be warranted when evaluating infant size in relation to neonatal death.
An Architecture for Low Overhead Grid, HPC, and Cloud-Based Simulation as a Service

This chapter describes the development of the MITRE Elastic Goal-Directed simulation framework (MEG), designed to provide modelers and analysts with access to (1) grid, cloud, and HPC computing support, (2) a wide range of Design of Experiments (DOE) methods, and (3) robust data processing and visualization. We review the motivation and use cases for MEG, the architecture and functionality of the current framework, discuss recent examples of its use, address its current challenges and future development, and finally consider its applicability and advantages in the context of cyber-physical systems.
Protocol for Tri-culture of hiPSC-Derived Neurons, Astrocytes, and Microglia.

Summary This protocol establishes a tri-culture of hiPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia for the study of cellular interactions during homeostasis, injury, and disease. This system allows for mechanistic studies that can identify the roles of individual cell types in disease and injury response in a physiologically relevant, all-human system. This protocol utilizes and modifies prior differentiations. Limitations include the prolonged maturation of human astrocytes and neurons and scalability. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ryan et al. (2020) .
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Responses to Varying Resistance Exercise Volume-Loads.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low ([LV]; 4 total sets), moderate ([MV]; 8 total sets), and high set volumes ([HV]; 12 total sets) in acute full-body resistance exerci...
Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer

There is a high rate of recurrence in patients who undergo just radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for patients with pT3/T4 and/or pN+ M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer despite lack of level I evidence. Meta-analysis of small trials demonstrates an absolute improvement in the survival of ~10% with adjuvant chemotherapy such as MVAC or gemcitabine/cisplatin. Patients must be chosen carefully for these intensive regimens especially after surgery. There are three ongoing trials testing immune checkpoint inhibitors in the adjuvant setting, which, if positive, may change the recommendation for the type of adjuvant therapy as well as increasing how many patients will be eligible for it.
Evaluation of Variability in Gait Styles Used by Dogs Completing Weave Poles in Agility Competition and Its Effect on Completion of the Obstacle

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and define paw placement patterns for canines completing the weave pole obstacle during canine agility trials. Secondary objectives were to determine the most efficient running style, completion percentages, and provide a basis for future studies to evaluate long-term implications of variants in weave style and predisposition to injury. We hypothesized that dogs would display definitive gait patterns, and that a single stepping pattern would yield faster run times compared to double stepping patterns. Animals: 1,377 video recordings of dogs completing weaves poles at the AKC 2019 National Agility Championship Procedures: Competition videos were reviewed as dogs attempted completion of the weave pole obstacle. Data collected included front limb and rear limb paw placement styles, time to complete the obstacle, and demographic data. Results: Attempts could be classified into one of five styles based on front and rear paw placement, with no one style dominant. Weave style differed by height and breed with taller dogs and Border Collies preferring a single stepping style. Weave times were significantly faster for competitors using a single stepping style vs. other gaits. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This study found five identifiable gait styles used by dogs running weave pole obstacles, with front feet single stepping (FFSS) yielding significantly faster run times compared to other gaits. Clear classification of running styles will allow future studies to evaluate different stresses on joints, such as the shoulder, between varying gait styles, which could lead to recommendations for injury prevention.
Preparing Aviators for the 21st Century: A 3-Year Case Study of Service Learning in the Aviation Classroom

This 3-year qualitative case study of service learning in undergraduate aviation classes measures the affective domain learning outcomes of required service learning projects vs. optional service learning projects. A literature review on democratic citizenship suggests a gap in learning materials available to help students become responsible and engaged citizens. Development of the service learning component is described, including critical thinking, problem solving, and developing a clear connection between the course objectives and service activities. The study details three measured outcomes of the affective domain: receiving, responding and valuing. Three semesters of required service learning activities are compared with three semesters of optional service learning activities using descriptive statistics and chisquare analysis. Findings indicate that when service learning is required, students respond at a significantly higher rate than when the service learning is optional. However, students who voluntarily completed the optional activities were found to value the experience to a greater extent than students who were required to complete the projects.
Bayesian Time Series: Models and Computations for the Analysis of Time Series in the Physical Sciences

This articles discusses developments in Bayesian time series modelling and analysis relevant in studies of time series in the physical and engineering sciences. With illustrations and references, we discuss: Bayesian inference and computation in various state-space models, with examples in analysing quasi-periodic series; isolation and modelling of various components of error in ime series; decompositions of time series into significant latent subseries; nonlinear time series models based on mixtures of auto-regressions; problems with errors and uncertainties in the timing of observations; and the development of non-linear models based on stochastic deformations of time scales.
A Weakly Backjumping Strategy to Solve Hard Scheduling Problems

In this paper, we propose and evaluate the use of an incomplete backtracking strategy for solving job shop scheduling problems with non-relaxable deadlines and complex metric constraints. Previous research in constraint satisfaction scheduling [4] has developed highly effective, heuristics for this class of problems based on simple measures of temporal sequencing flexibility. However, they are not infallible, and the possibility of search failure raises in the so called phase transition region, where a problem changes to being soluble to insoluble and where it is reasonable to conjecture [3, 5, 12, 13] there are the hardest problems. Chronological backtracking is one possibility to find a solution to this type of problems, but such systematicity generally implies high computational cost. We instead design an incomplete backtracking procedure based on the intuition that it is more productive to deviate from the sistematic chronological backtracking search in cases where the heuristic is more knowledgeable, and likewise better to follow the sistematic search when heuristic is less informed. Experimental results on job shop scheduling CSPs of increasing size demonstrate comparative advantage over complete chronological backtracking.
Enhancing online collaborative argumentation through question elaboration and goal instructions

Abstract Computer-supported collaborative argumentation can improve understanding and problem-solving skills. This study uses WebCT to explore the improvement of argumentation in asynchronous, web-based discussions through goal instructions, which are statements at the end of a discussion prompt indicating what students should achieve. In a previous study (Nussbaum 2005), the goal instruction ‘generate as many reasons as possible’ resulted in more balanced argumentation in an online environment. This study attempts to replicate this finding. It also examines the role of prior attitudes, knowledge and interest, and also the effect of elaborating on possible lines of reasoning in the question prompt. The goal instruction to generate as many reasons as possible (goal/no goal) was crossed with question elaboration (elaborated/unelaborated question) in a 2 × 2 randomized design using 131 undergraduates. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to complete the attitude survey before discussion. Results indicated that, when prior knowledge was controlled, the reason goal instruction positively affected argument development and opposing view exploration, but only for high-issue knowledge students. The sheer volume of notes created by the online environment may have caused cognitive overload for low-issue knowledge students. Question elaboration promoted balanced argumentation for all students, but especially those with low knowledge.
Calorimetric investigation of the glass transition and relaxation in 60:40 ethylene glycol: water: Part 1. Isothermal annealing experiments

Abstract Annealing experiments around the glass transition were performed for 60% w/w ethylene glycol in water. Specific calorimetric measurements allow the calculations of excess entropies and enthalpies as a function of annealing temperatures. Nucleation and crystallization are assumed not to occur. However, the analysis shows that the relaxation is not complete and that its kinetics is overlapping another phenomenon which is concluded to be a nucleation processus. This nucleation is observed during and after the relaxation processus. The kinetics parameters of the glass transition in isothermal conditions are, however, determined in the range of annealing time where the nucleation is still depressed.
Implications of fundamental threshold voltage variations for high-density SRAM and logic circuits

As the number of transistors integrated on a circuit continues to increase, roughly doubling every 18 months, the impact of transistor variations on circuit performance becomes more significant. Even in the absence of systematic variations (implant nonuniformities, Leff and Weff variations), there exists a fundamental variability in the threshold voltage V/sub T/ due to the finite number of dopant atoms in the extremely small MOSFET channel area. This work presents for the first time the impact of these fundamental V/sub T/ variations on SRAM cell stability and CMOS logic performance. We also analyze the impact of device scaling on these V/sub T/ variations and propose guidelines for future SRAM cell design. >
Managing Your Career

Flexible in an Evolving Nursing Industry Health care and nursing as industries have undergone dramatic revolutions within the past 10 years or more. At the same time, the number of hospital-based nursing jobs has decreased, with other care settings, such as home health care agencies, managed care companies and physician offices noting increases in nurse and nurse practitioner hiring. Taken in sum, these changes have had a profound impact on nursing careers and how individual nurses need to manage their careers. Looking ahead, the rapid pace of change, technological development, and continued emphasis on cost containment will drive new waves of change and industry redirection for decades to come.
The comparative effects of 5-azacytidine and dihydro-5-azacytidine on 4 S and 5 S nuclear RNA.

The effects of 5-azacytidine and its hydrolytically stable analog, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine, on the synthesis of low molecular weight nuclear RNA were studied in L1210 cells in vitro . Both drugs inhibited the synthesis of >18 S RNA, 5 S RNA, and 4 S RNA maximally within 1 hr of labeling with [3H]adenosine. Dihydro-5-azacytidine was as potent an inhibitor as the parent drug on the synthesis of high molecular weight RNA, but was slightly more effective in inhibiting the synthesis of 5 and 4 S RNA with respect to both concentration of drug and duration of labeling. 5-[14C]Azacytidine was incorporated into 5 and 4 S nuclear RNA after a delay of 1 hr which coincided with its inhibitory effect on the synthesis of these species of RNA. Both drugs affected the methylation of >18 5 RNA and 4 S RNA to a greater extent than their synthesis. Analysis of eight methylated nucleosides in 4 S RNA indicated that 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine inhibited the methylation of 2-methylguanosine and N 2, N 2-dimethylguanosine to a greater extent than that of the other nucleosides. These studies demonstrate that the dihydro analog of 5-azacytidine has a mode of action similar to that of the parent drug with respect to its effects on the synthesis and methylation of 5 and 4 S nuclear RNA. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors appreciate the assistance of Mrs. Margaret Green in the preparation of this manuscript.