cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cattle preferences differ when endophyte-infected tall fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa are grazed in different sequences

We determined if sequence of ingestion affected use of endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF) when cattle also grazed birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) or alfalfa (ALF). Based on chemical characteristics of TF (alkaloids), BFT (tannins), and ALF (saponins), we hypothesized that cattle first allowed to graze ALF or BFT would subsequently spend more time grazing TF than cattle that first grazed TF followed by ALF or BFT. Sixteen bred heifers (478 ± 39 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to 4 replicated pasture units. Each replicated unit consisted of 4 treatment sequences (TF → BFT, TF→ALF, BFT → TF, or ALF→TF), with 2 cows per sequence. Pastures were in the vegetative stage of growth at a height of 20 to 30 cm and provided ad libitum forage to cattle. We recorded foraging on TF, BFT, and ALF using scan sampling of individuals at 2-min intervals. The study was conducted in 4 phases run sequentially, for a total of 30 d. In phases 1 and 3, cattle in group 1 grazed TF pastures for 45 min and were then moved to BFT pastures for the next 45 min (TF→BFT); cattle in group 2 grazed in the reverse sequence (BFT → TF). In phases 2 and 4, cattle in group 1 grazed TF pastures for 45 min and then subsequently grazed ALF pastures for the remaining 45 min (TF→ALF); cattle in group 2 grazed in the reverse sequence (ALF→TF). Sequence of plant ingestion affected food selection. In phase 1, scans revealed grazing of TF by heifers was cyclic, and heifers tended to have more scans (P = 0.52) grazing TF when they grazed BFT → TF; scans for heifers grazing TF were consistently greater (P < 0.05) throughout phase 3 of the trial. In phase 2, heifers that grazed in the sequence ALF→TF spent considerably more scans (P = 0.03) foraging on TF from d 4 to 10 than heifers that grazed in the sequence TF→ALF, and they remained greater throughout phase 4 of the trial. Although the sequence ALF→TF appeared to be more effective than BFT → TF, consistent with the hypothesis of a complementary relationship between the steroidal alkaloids in TF and saponins in ALF, tannin concentrations in BFT were minimal (1.8%), which likely reduced the presumed inactivation of alkaloids by tannins. We also speculate that heifers needed to learn about the positive postingestive influence of sequence, a notion consistent with more similar scans spent foraging BFT and TF early in phases 1 (BFT → TF) and 2 (ALF→TF), and with the consistent and marked increase in scans spent foraging on TF for animals foraging in phases 3 (BFT → TF) and 4 (ALF→TF).
Malate content of forage varieties commonly fed to cattle.

The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of malate in forage varieties at different stages of maturity. Five alfalfa varieties (Alfagraze, Apollo Supreme, Cimarron, Crockett, and Magnum III) and three bermudagrass varieties (Coastal, Tifton-78, and Tifton-85) were collected at different stages of maturity. Samples were collected from replicate plots (n = 3) of each alfalfa variety at 9, 18, 28, 35, and 42 d of maturity; bermudagrass hay samples were composited from six bales of each variety from two cuttings staged to be harvested at 27 and 41 d of maturity. Malate was extracted from the samples and quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography using an organic acid column. As maturity increased, the concentration of malate declined in both plant species. Concentrations of malate were numerically higher in two alfalfa varieties (Crockett and Magnum III) at 35 and 42 d of maturity than in all other alfalfa varieties. Concentrations of malate in bermudagrass at 41 d of maturity were lower than concentrations of malate in all alfalfa varieties at 42 d of maturity. Malate declined as maturity increased in the Coastal and Tifton-78 varieties. Because malate stimulates the utilization of lactate by the predominant ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium, some of the benefits associated with alfalfa in the diets of dairy cattle may be due to the malate in this forage.
Bone morphogenetic protein-induced repair of the premaxillary cleft

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bony regeneration of premaxillary clefts in humans using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 in a collagen sponge carrier. Patients and Methods Twelve patients with unilateral clefted premaxillas were evaluated preoperatively and 4 months postoperatively. Ten patients were repaired with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 while 2 others were grafted with anterior iliac crest particulate marrow cancellous bone. Computed tomographic studies were used to evaluate preoperative alveolar cleft volumes, postoperative bone bridge volumes, and preoperative and postoperative volume ratios. Results A preoperative and postoperative volume ratio for patients repaired with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 ranged from 24.1% to 90.6% with a mean of 71.7%. Patients who were grafted with particulate marrow cancellous bone had similar preoperative and postoperative volume ratios ranging from 71.3% to 84.9% with a mean of 78.1%. Conclusions Clefts of the anterior maxilla can have complete osseous regeneration induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 as an effective alternative to conventional anterior iliac particulate marrow cancellous bone grafts.
A compact low-noise weighted distributed amplifier in CMOS

The noise figure (NF) of a front-end low-noise amplifier (LNA) places a lower bound on the sensitivity of a receiver. In a conventional LNA, there is a trade-off between the intrinsic input capacitance of the input transistors and the achievable bandwidth (BW) of the amplifier. This makes it necessary to use smaller transistors at higher gate overdrive voltages to simultaneously achieve greater BW and better NF. Unfortunately, biasing the transistor in this fashion yields a power-inefficient design. Furthermore, the need for a smaller capacitance presents a challenge to electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection of the input due to its added capacitance.
Short-term exposure to an endocrine disruptor affects behavioural consistency in male threespine stickleback

Abstract It has been established that exposure to xenooestrogens can have profound effects on reproductive and aggressive behaviours in aquatic organisms. Studies on the effects of 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) on behaviour, however, rarely examine these effects over multiple trials, across time, or across contexts. In addition, it is possible that individuals vary in their sensitivity to EE2 and individuals may differ in the degree to which their behaviour is affected. The study of consistent individual differences in behaviour has grown in popularity in recent years perhaps because of the evolutionary questions this behavioural variation raises. Adult male threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from an anadromous population repeatedly received the simultaneous presentation of a dummy male and dummy female conspecific both before and after exposure to a short-term, nominal (15 ng L−1) concentration of 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2). These before and after measures were then compared against one another as well as against responses of males in a control group that was not exposed to EE2. Courtship, aggression, and nesting behaviours were all affected by EE2 exposure. In addition, behavioural consistency over trials was markedly reduced after EE2 exposure, as shown by lower repeatability values in the after exposure measures and in weaker correlations between the before and after exposure measures in the EE2 group compared to the control group. This suggests that male threespine stickleback vary in their sensitivity to EE2. This study is one of the first to examine the effects of short-term EE2 exposure on behaviour across trials and has important implications for population-level fitness consequences of xenooestrogens.
Survey of critical care education in US Colleges of Pharmacy

Abstract Objective To describe the extent to which critical care is included in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula in US Colleges of Pharmacy. Methods A representative at each US College of Pharmacy was contacted to complete the online survey, which was distributed via e-mail. Results The survey response rate was 54.1%. All the responding programs indicated that critical care topics were included in their curricula. Nearly all institutions responding indicated that critical care topics were included in the core curriculum and as available advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs), though markedly fewer institutions offered elective courses in critical care. Among the most commonly included topics were acute myocardial infarction and acid–base balance. Faculty commonly did not have an active critical care practice. Conclusions Overall, exposure to critical care is prevalent, although there is variability in the nature and extent of exposure. Classic critical care topics are commonly discussed, whereas subspecialty topics are rarely included.
Reaction of water with MgO(100) surfaces: Part III. X-ray standing wave studies

Abstract Clean MgO(100) surfaces cleaved in vacuum and exposed to water vapor or bulk water were studied using the X-ray standing wave (XSW) technique in back reflection mode and surface sensitive, element specific O KLL and Mg KLL Auger electron yield detection. The effects of surface charging were mitigated, but not entirely eliminated, by using a low-energy electron flood gun. Simulation of the XSW signal showed that the effect of surface charging on the XSW data could be minimized with careful experimental design. We demonstrate that the XSW method can be applied to studies of insulating surfaces, and our results for MgO(100) surfaces exposed to water vapor or bulk water indicate the following: (1) the vacuum-cleaved clean surface undergoes no surface reconstruction or significant relaxation perpendicular to the surface; (2) Mg–OH distances on surfaces exposed to water vapor or bulk water measured perpendicular to the (100) surface are the same as in bulk MgO; and (3) the z -position of the surface Mg atoms does not change within the estimated error [±2% of the (200) spacing] after the surface is fully hydroxylated. Our results for the clean, vacuum-cleaved surface disagree with results from impact collision ion-scattering spectroscopy and surface-extended electron-loss fine structure for MgO(100), which indicate 15 and 17% inward relaxation, respectively, and they support results from low-energy electron diffraction, reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and photoelectron diffraction that show little, if any, relaxation or rumpling of the surface.
Image Retrieval by Content: A Machine Learning Approach

In areas as diverse as Earth remote sensing, astronomy, and medical imaging, there has been an explosive growth in the amount of image data available for creating digital image libraries. However, the lack of automated analysis and useful retrieval methods stands in the way of creating true digital image libraries. In order to perform query-by-content type searches, the query formulation problem needs to be addressed: it is often not possible for users to formulate the targets of their searches in terms of queries. We present a natural and powerful approach to this problem to assist scientists in exploring large digital image libraries. We target a system that the user trains to find certain patterns by providing it with examples. The learning algorithms use the training data to produce classifiers to detect and identify other targets in the large image collection. This forms the basis for query by content capabilities and for library indexing purposes. We ground the discussion by presenting two such applications at JPL: the SKICAT system used for the reduction and analysis of a 3 terabyte astronomical data set, and the JARtool system to be used in automatically analyzing the Magellan data set consisting of over 30,000 images of the surface of Venus. General issues which impact the application of learning algorithms to image analysis applications are discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thalamic circuitry and thalamocortical synchrony.

The corticothalamic system has an important role in synchronizing the activities of thalamic and cortical neurons. Numerically, its synapses dominate the inputs to relay cells and to the γ–amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic cells of the reticular nucleus (RTN). The capacity of relay neurons to operate in different voltage–dependent functional modes determines that the inputs from the cortex have the capacity directly to excite the relay cells, or indirectly to inhibit them via the RTN, serving to synchronize high– or low–frequency oscillatory activity respectively in the thalamocorticothalamic network. Differences in the α–amino–3–hydroxy–5–methyl–4–isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subunit composition of receptors at synapses formed by branches of the same corticothalamic axon in the RTN and dorsal thalamus are an important element in the capacity of the cortex to synchronize low–frequency oscillations in the network. Interactions of focused corticothalamic axons arising from layer VI cortical cells and diffuse corticothalamic axons arising from layer V cortical cells, with the specifically projecting core relay cells and diffusely projecting matrix cells of the dorsal thalamus, form a substrate for synchronization of widespread populations of cortical and thalamic cells during high–frequency oscillations that underlie discrete conscious events.
Comparison of Ultraviolet Absorbance, Chemiluminescence, and DOAS Instruments for Ambient Ozone Monitoring

This paper evaluates the accuracy of ozone measurements made by monitors that determine ozone concentrations in ambient air by UV absorption. These monitors are typically used to measure ozone for the purpose of establishing local compliance to air-quality standards. The study was predicated by the concern that commercially available UV absorbance O3 monitors may be subject to interference from volatile organic carbon (VOC) species that absorb light at 254 nm. To test for these and other effects, we compared simultaneous O3 measurements made by a commercial UV O3 monitor with an O3-NO chemiluminescence instrument, which is not subject to interference by VOC compounds. The comparisons were carried out in the summers of 1999 and 2000 at urban/industrial sites in Nashville and Houston, and in 2004 aboard a ship in the Gulf of Maine. In the two urban areas, we also compared the 03 measurements from these two methods with O3 measurements made by a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS). Our tests indicate that, with well-maintained monitors, there are no significant interferences even in areas with significant ambient concentrations of potentially interfering VOCs.
A generalized length strategy for direct optimization in planar grid generation

Abstract We consider an alternative to conventional grid generation strategies based on the length functional. These conventional strategies include using an inverse mapping (the famous Winslow generator), or augmenting length with other functionals that promote unicity. Both strategies have the drawback that the resulting minimization problem becomes complicated and expensive. As an alternative, we propose a generalized strategy for length which does not use inverse mappings or auxiliary functionals. The strategy, based largely on reference mappings, provides flexibility in controlling grid quality, and its minimization problems can be solved using a simple multigrid algorithm, yielding a grid generation scheme with optimal complexity.
Evaluation of the agonist PET radioligand [¹¹C]GR103545 to image kappa opioid receptor in humans: kinetic model selection, test-retest reproducibility and receptor occupancy by the antagonist PF-04455242

Abstract Introduction Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are implicated in several brain disorders. In this report, a first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted with the potent and selective KOR agonist tracer, [11C]GR103545, to determine an appropriate kinetic model for analysis of PET imaging data and assess the test–retest reproducibility of model-derived binding parameters. The non-displaceable distribution volume (VND) was estimated from a blocking study with naltrexone. In addition, KOR occupancy of PF-04455242, a selective KOR antagonist that is active in preclinical models of depression, was also investigated. Methods For determination of a kinetic model and evaluation of test–retest reproducibility, 11 subjects were scanned twice with [11C]GR103545. Seven subjects were scanned before and 75 min after oral administration of naltrexone (150 mg). For the KOR occupancy study, six subjects were scanned at baseline and 1.5 h and 8 h after an oral dose of PF-04455242 (15 mg, n = 1 and 30 mg, n = 5). Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured and all scans were 150 min in duration. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were analyzed with 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1TC and 2TC) and the multilinear analysis (MA1) method to derive regional volume of distribution (VT). Relative test–retest variability (TRV), absolute test–retest variability (aTRV) and intra-class coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess test–retest reproducibility of regional VT. Occupancy plots were computed for blocking studies to estimate occupancy and VND. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PF-04455242 was determined from occupancies and drug concentrations in plasma. [11C]GR103545 in vivo KD was also estimated. Results Regional TACs were well described by the 2TC model and MA1. However, 2TC VT was sometimes estimated with high standard error. Thus MA1 was the model of choice. Test–retest variability was ~ 15%, depending on the outcome measure. The blocking studies with naltrexone and PF-04455242 showed that VT was reduced in all regions; thus no suitable reference region is available for the radiotracer. VND was estimated reliably from the occupancy plot of naltrexone blocking (VND = 3.4 ± 0.9 mL/cm3). The IC50 of PF-04455242 was calculated as 55 ng/mL. [11C]GR103545 in vivo KD value was estimated as 0.069 nmol/L. Conclusions [11C]GR103545 PET can be used to image and quantify KOR in humans, although it has slow kinetics and variability of model-derived kinetic parameters is higher than desirable. This tracer should be suitable for use in receptor occupancy studies, particularly those that target high occupancy.
Phase transformations in the (Ti, Nb)3 Al section of the TiAlNb system—II. Experimental tem study of microstructures

Abstract In Part I of this paper possible transformation paths that involve no long range diffusion and their corresponding microstructural details were predicted for TiAlNb alloys cooled from the high temperature b.c.c./B2 phase field into close-packed orthorhombic or hexagonal phase fields. In the present paper experimental TEM results show that two of the predicted transformation paths are indeed followed for different alloy compositions. For Ti25Al12.5Nb (at.%), the path includes the formation of intermediate hexagonal phases, A3 and D0 19 , and subsequent formation of a metastable domain structure of the low-temperature O phase. For alloys close to Ti25Al25Nb (at. %), path involves an intermediate B19 structure and subsequent formation of a translational domain structure of the O phase. The path selection depends on whether B2 order forms in the high temperature cubic phase prior to transformation to the close-packed structure. The paper also analyzes the formation of a two-phase modulated microstructure during long term annealing 700°C. The thermodynamics underlying the path selection and the two-phase formation are also discussed.
Notes on an Early Daguerreotype of Walt Whitman

Offers evidence that the well-known early daguerreotype of Whitman frequently cited as the poet's earliest known photograph "was not taken in New York, but in New Orleans, and thus can be dated precisely to that period of February to May, 1848."
The Effect of a Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate Detergent on the Growth of Chicks

Abstract RIEDEL Barber and Hays (1949) showed that quaternary ammonium compounds fed to broilers promoted increased gains in weight. Whether this effect was related to either the surface active or the antibiotic properties of the compounds was not demonstrated. Ely (1951) and Ely and Schott (1952) have recently reported growth stimulation by a number of surfactants fed to chicks throughout a 10-12 weeks experimental period. Scott et al. (1952) and Stern et al. (1952) reported 4-week chick studies in which they found no growth-promoting effect with several detergents tested. In each case, antibiotic supplements were used as positive controls. The growth promoting effects of antibiotic supplements have been studied by numerous investigators since first reported by Moore et al. (1946). The present experiment was undertaken to determine the effect on weight gain and feed utilization of a commercial sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate detergent. Aureomycin, penicillin, and phenylarsonic acid supplements were included …
Differential gene expression in mouse sclera during ocular development.

Purpose Ocular development involves changes in extracellular matrix components of the scleral wall as it expands. This study was conducted to determine scleral gene expression profiles during mouse ocular development to identify genes involved in normal scleral growth. Methods Sample sets of pooled sclerae of 3- and 8-week-old mice were microdissected, and total RNA was isolated. After reverse transcription, the cDNA was in vitro transcribed to produce biotin-labeled cRNA. The purified biotin-labeled cRNA samples were hybridized to microarray chips (GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0; Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Gene transcript expression profiles were determined, and eight differentially expressed genes between the two age groups underwent further confirmation by real-time PCR analysis. Results Differential regulation of 4884 gene transcripts in mouse sclera with less than 5% false-discovery rate (FDR) was identified. The top 1000 with the lowest FDR among the 4884 probe sets were filtered for threefold changes between the two age groups, and 718 gene transcripts were identified. Among these 718 gene transcripts, 210 were upregulated and 508 downregulated in adult relative to juvenile mouse sclera. TGF-beta1 and several collagen genes were significantly downregulated. Microarray differential expression by real-time PCR validation of eight extracellular matrix-associated gene transcripts was confirmed. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate gene expression profiles in mouse sclera during ocular growth. These findings support the role of TGFbeta1 as a signaling molecule in modulating extracellular matrix during ocular development. This endeavor may be helpful in furthering understanding of how scleral remodeling is regulated during eye growth.
Frontiers of Liberal and . Non-Liberal Democracy in Tropical Africa

Africa's present circumstances of economic adversity may offer new opportunities for democratization, as a result of the decline of state direction of economies, a rise of class-based pluralism and the use of legal-institutional means for criticisms and participation. This paper investigates the responses to economic decline of a sampling of African political commentators, 1980-1985, and reports of the uses of institutional means of participation, 1981-1986. A survey of the evidence from three countries reveals no certain pattern, but suggests the emergence of practices of "diarchy"-tension-laden cooperation-between party and government and between courts and administration.
SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY: INSIGHTS INTO UNDERLYING MECHANISMS

This study compared parent-based Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) social competence scores of 90 children with complex partial seizures (CPS) and 62 with absence epilepsy (CAE) of average intelligence with scores of 91 healthy children. It also examined the role of seizure-related, cognitive, behavioral, linguistic, social communication, and demographic variables on these measures. When differences in cognitive, linguistic, and demographic variables were controlled for, the CPS and CAE groups had significantly lower scores in the school, but not in the social interaction and activities domains compared with the healthy control group. Among the patients, lower Full Scale IQ externalizing behaviors, disruptive disorders, minority status, and impaired social communication, but not seizure variables, predicted lower social competence scores. These findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for cognitive, behavioral, and demographic variables in social competence studies of children with CPS and CAE and the need to assess cognition and behavior when parents report school and social problems in these children.
Photochemistry of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide: concurrent triplet and singlet processes via singlet excitation.

The photochemistry of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide (254 nm) was reexamined and indan was found to be a primary photoproduct, as well as the traditionally assumed secondary photoproduct. Quenching studies demonstrated that indan, as a primary photoproduct, is derived from a triplet pathway, competing with a singlet route, back to the ground state surface. CASSCF calculations strongly suggest that the triplet pathway consists of a dissociation of the oxirane moiety to give a triplet carbene and aldehyde, which via hydrogen abstraction−decarbonylation−ISC recloses to give indan. Conical intersections corresponding to the presumed 1,2-hydrogen shift and 1,2-alkyl shift to give 2-tetralone and 1-indancarbaldehyde, respectively, were located computationally.
Etiology of the pulmonary pathophysiology associated with inhalation injury.

This study describes an experimental model of smoke inhalation injury in sheep in which the same pathophysiologic alterations occur as with clinical inhalation injury in man. Diffuse pulmonary mucosal sloughing with atelectasis and emphysema with concommitant development of pulmonary edema results in a decrease in arterial oxygen and progressive pulmonary deterioration which results in a substantial mortality. Increased pulmonary edema fluid is shown to be caused by an increased microvascular permeability to protein with pulmonary lymph and tracheobronchial fluid, a filtrate of plasma. Concommitant with this increase in microvascular permeability is an influx of neutrophils, release of proteolytic enzymes and an identified presence of the metabolite of the prostanoid thromboxane A2 which are postulated as contributors to the progressive pulmonary dysfunction post inhalation injury.
Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies of tricyclic oxazolidinones as antibacterial agents

Abstract Oxazolidinones exemplified by eprezolid and linezolid are a new class of antibacterials that are active against Gram positive and anaerobic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). In an effort to have a better antibacterial agent in the oxazolidinone class, we have performed three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies for a series of tricyclic oxazolidinones. 3D-QSAR studies were performed using the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) procedures. These studies were performed using 42 compounds; the QSAR model was developed using a training set of 33 compounds. The predictive ability of the QSAR model was assessed using a test set of 9 compounds. The predictive 3D-QSAR models have conventional r2 values of 0.975 and 0.940 for CoMFA and CoMSIA respectively; similarly, cross-validated coefficient q2 values of 0.523 and 0.557 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively, were obtained. The CoMFA 3D-QSAR model performed better than the CoMSIA model.
High excited states of dipole-bound anions of polar diatomic molecules

Abstract Stationary nucleus. Koopmans' theorem level calculations of the electron binding energies in excited state anions of several polar diatomic molecules have been performed. Binding energies as small as 5 × 10 −8 eV (for the fifth) excited state of MgO − ) were obtained. The results indicate that catastrophic breakdown of the Born—Oppenheimer approximation should be observable in the second excited state of LiF − .
Temperament; or, the Division of the Octave

In a previous paper read before the Musical Association on November 2, 1874, a method was developed for the derivation and treatment of a class of systems of tuning, to which the term ‘regular’ was applied—this term being taken to imply that the notes of any such system can be arranged in a continuous series of equal fifths. A notation was described, applicable to written music, by which the position of the notes of such systems in the fundamental series of fifths is defined; and a brief sketch was given of a ‘Generalised Keyboard,’ founded on a principle of ‘symmetrical arrangement,’ by means of which the notes of any such system can be controlled, the fingering of any passage being the same in whatever key it is taken.
Optical system alignment via optical state estimation using wavefront measurements

Optical State Estimation provides a framework for both separating errors in test optics from the target system and deducing the state of multiple optics in a telescope beam train using wavefront as well as pre-test component measurements including the knowledge of their level of error. Using this framework, we investigate the feasibility of simplifying the interferometric alignment configuration of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, a large segmented-aperture cryogenic telescope, using a single, static auto-collimating flat instead of six such flats, resulting in a reduced sub-aperture sampling.
A histological study of regeneration of the completely disrupted periodontal ligament in the rat.

Summary The periodontal ligament of the maxillary first molar of rats was completely disrupted and studied at various time intervals during regeneration. Serial sections for collagen, elastic, reticular and oxytalan fibres, inflammation, root resorption and bacteria showed that initial healing of collagen fibres was rapid at the trans-septal and cervical areas of the tooth, while that in the apical portion, although initially slower, surpassed that of the cervical area by 10 days post-operatively. By 15 days, the regeneration of the periodontal ligament had returned it to the state of the controls but this state failed to maintain itself and organization of the periodontal ligament gradually decreased at a time when root resorption began. An increase and subsequent decrease in the number of oxytalan fibres observed suggests that these fibres play a role in regeneration of the periodontal ligament but have no apparent part in tooth support.
Cell transformation mutants are not susceptible to growth activation by fibroblast growth factor at permissive temperatures.

CHEMICAL1 or viral2 transformation of fibroblasts in tissue culture results in cell variants with different properties from the original cells (see ref. 2 for review). These properties include morphological changes, surface alterations3 and an increased growth ability under various conditions. This changed pattern in growth control of many transformed cells is manifested in vitro by their ability to grow in agar, to attain higher saturation densities in monolayer cultures and to be much less responsive to inhibition of cell multiplication by serum limitation4,5. In addition, different fractions of serum stimulate the growth of untransformed mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and 3T3 cells transformed by SV40 (SV3T3) in culture6 which suggests the involvement of different growth promoting molecules for normal and transformed cells. It has been shown that a new pituitary hormone, fibroblast growth factor7 (FGF), with a glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone, and with a nonspecific carrier protein could completely replace exogenously added serum for the induction of the complete mitogenic response in lines of BALB/c 3T3 cells7, whereas virtually no effects were observed on virally transformed cells (P. S. R., W. S. and D. G.; manuscript in preparation). In the presence of serum exhausted for its growth-initiating ability only FGF was required to initiate or increase DNA synthesis and cell division; the hydrocortisone concentration present in serum was considered to be sufficiently high not to require further addition7. We have now investigated the ability of FGF to promote the growth of cell mutants of BALB/c 3T3 which show temperature dependent changes in many properties characteristic of the transformed state (W. E., manuscript in preparation). We found that FGF initiates DNA synthesis and cell multiplication only at the non-permissive temperatures (‘normal’ state) but fails to initiate or promote cell growth at permissive temperatures (transformed state).
Nonlinear optimal tracking with incomplete state information using finite-horizon State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE)

In this paper, an online technique for finite-horizon nonlinear stochastic tracking problems is presented. The idea of the proposed technique is to integrate the Kalman filter algorithm and the State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) technique. Unlike the ordinary methods which deal with the linearized system, this technique will estimate the unmeasured states of the nonlinear system directly, and this will make the proposed technique effective for wide range of operating points. Numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
[EXPERIMENTS ON VIRAL EXCRETION AND SERUM DIFFERENTIATION DURING A POLIOMYELITIS EPIDEMIC FOLLOWING ORAL VACCINATION WITH POLIOVIRUS TYPE-3].

1. 38 Poliomyelitis-Typ 3-Stamme wurden in Serodifferenzierungsversuchen auf intratypische Unterschiede gegenuber dem Poliomyelitis Impfvirus (Sabin) untersucht.
Efficacy of felbamate in the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy

The antiepileptic drug felbamate has demonstrated efficacy against a variety of seizure types in the pediatric population, particularly seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Postmarketing experience, however, revealed serious idiosyncratic adverse effects not observed during clinical trials, including aplastic anemia and liver failure. As a result, many physicians have been hesitant to prescribe felbamate. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of felbamate in a pediatric population with intractable epilepsy. Of 38 patients, 22 had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (58%); 6 had myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of Doose (16%); 5 had symptomatic generalized epilepsy, not otherwise specified (13%); and 5 had symptomatic localization-related epilepsy (13%). Most patients had multiple seizure types and had been tried on a variety of antiepileptic medications. With felbamate treatment, 6 patients (16%) became seizure free, including 4 of the 6 patients with myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of Doose; 24 patients (63%) had a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. In this population felbamate appeared to be safe, with minimal adverse effects. The study is limited by the small number of patients and by its retrospective nature, but nonetheless adds to the evidence that felbamate is an important antiepileptic drug for medically refractory epilepsy in children and is well tolerated with few adverse effects.
Forced torsional properties of PMR composites with varying nadic ester concentrations and processing histories

PMR polyimide resin was prepared from 4,4'-methylenedianiline, the dimethyl ester of 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid and the monomethyl ester of 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (NE). The NE group serves as a chain terminator and crosslinking site. PMR/Celion 6000 composites were fabricated from resins having varying NE concentrations using two molding processes, and the laminates characterized in forced torsion. Glass transition temperatures (T(g)) of 360-390 C were observed in the crosslinked resins, as compared with the literature value of 284 C reported for the uncrosslinked system. T(g) did not decrease with decreasing NE concentrations over the range from 2.0 to 1.25 moles. Stoichiometry, within the range studied, showed little influence on shear properties; however, a 25% variation in matrix shear modulus with processing was observed. The G(12) values determined in forced torsion were in excellent agreement with those reported from tensile tests of + or - 45 deg laminates. A branching and possible secondary crosslink mechanism is proposed based on dynamic mechanical behavior and infrared spectra of the composites.
Complication rate of power coronary angiography injection.

From 1970 to 1975, 1,498 patients underwent coronary angiography at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center via the same injection technique utilizing a Viamonte Hobbs automatic volume injector. Most institutions now perform coronary angiography by hand injections of contrast medium, and automatic power injection angiography is reserved for ventriculograms. The Sones technique was used in 822 patients (55%) and the Judkins technique in 676 (45%). Saphenous vein grafts were studied in 12% or 180 cases. The amounts of contrast medium usually used were 4 cc for right coronary artery injection and 6 cc for left coronary artery and saphenous vein graft injections over 2 seconds. No acute coronary artery dissections, one coronary occlusion (0.067%), one death (0.067%) in a patient with greater than 90% left main coronary obstruction, and three (0.20%) acute myocardial infarctions occurred. We conclude that power injection is a safe technique for coronary angiography. This technique is easier to use, could improve the ...
Simulation of Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Using Renormalized Media Cells

A new scheme for the simulation of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) that systematically includes fluctuating material properties above a predefined length scale, while retaining magnetostatic interactions, is introduced. Renormalized media parameters Ms, Ku, Aex, and αdamp, suitable for useful length scales, are found numerically. These renormalized parameters are then used to model the Voronoi-cell-composed medium in the HAMR simulation. Transition jitters are obtained under various conditions. The results show that moderate maximum temperature of the heat spot, intergranular exchange coupling, media thickness of at least 10 nm, nonzero canting angle of the head field, relatively low head velocity, and large head-field strength are helpful for a successful recording.
D3+D6 solution and D4+D6 solution

Abstract We make the supergravity solutions describing the branes (D3 branes and D4 branes) localized within the D6 branes in the near core region of D6 brane. From the D=11 solutions (M3 branes and M4 branes with the ZN identifications in the transverse space) we obtain the D=10 supergravity solutions of D3 branes localized within D6 branes and D4 branes localized within D6 branes by reducing the dimension down to D=10 along a circular direction of S3 part of the transverse space. M3 brane solution leads to D=10 background representing D3 branes localized on D6 branes in the region close to the D6 branes core. M4 branes lead to the D4 branes localized on D6 branes in the region close to the D6 brane core.
The reaction of aluminium chloride with lithium borohydride

The synthesis of aluminum borohydride by the reaction between lithium borohydride and aluminum chloride seems to occur, ai least in pant, through the decomposition of very unstable, volatile intermediates. Attempts to isolate these intermediates in pure state were unsuccessful but by trapping intermediate fractions at low temperatures and destroying them with excess hydrogen chloride, it was possible to obtain analytical evidence consistent with the identification of the intermediate compounds as Al(BH/sub 4/)Cl/sub 2/ and Al(BH/sub 4/) /sub 4/ )/sub 2/Cl. (auth)
Molecular biology of insecticide resistance

The widespread use of insecticides has amounted to a large scale 'experiment' in natural selection of insects by chemicals of toxicological importance to humans. Specific examples in which the molecular basis of insecticide resistance has been studied in detail are presented here. The biochemical/physiological mechanisms of resistance can be categorized as target site insensitivity, increased metabolic detoxification and sequestration or lowered availability of the toxicant. These are achieved at the molecular level by: point mutations in the ion channel portion of a GABA receptor subunit (cyclodiene insecticides); point mutations in the vicinity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) active site (organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide resistance); amplification of esterase genes (organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides); mutations linked genetically to a sodium channel gene (DDT and pyrethroid insecticides); and yet uncharacterized mutations leading to the up-regulation of detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferases (many classes of insecticides). In several cases, the selection of a precisely homologous mutation has been observed in different insect species.
Observations of protoplasmic behavior and motile protoplasmic fibrils in Cytochalasin B treatedNitella rhizoid

At the concentration of 3–6 μg/ml, Cytochalasin B completely inhibits the protoplasmic streaming in theNitella rhizoid within 10 to 25 minutes. Under the influence of the chemical, behavior of the endoplasm leading to the complete inhibition suggests, as proposed by earlier investigators, that the motive force of the streaming is generated at the boundary between the ectoplasm and the endoplasm. Before the complete inhibition, the chemical causes formation of numerous motile looped and linear fibrils, both of which were similar to those observed by earlier investigators in mechanically disturbed or isolated protoplasm and, in rare cases, in intact cells. The inhibition eventually results in the formation of stationary structures: thicker looped and linear fibrils, and polygonal protoplasmic fragments. Several investigators already inferred that these fibrillar structures were made of microfilaments. This suggests that, at least in theNitella rhizoid, Cytochalasin B probably did not drastically alter the microfilaments, the proposed morphological entities of the force generation in the protoplasmic streaming.
Transmission of watermelon mosaic virus by green peach aphids subjected to light or darkness.

In laboratory studies the transmission incidences of the watelmelon mosaic virus by Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in the afternoons or after 12 hours of light in simulated day-night conditions were in general lower than those in the mornings or after 12 hours of darkness. Aphids held in darkness before, during, or after a virus-acquisition access period of less than 2 minutes had lower transmission incidences than aphids held in artificial light.
The Centrifugal Spread of Neonatal Intensive Care in the Midwest: March of Progress or Runaway Train?

The Centrifugal Spread of Neonatal Intensive Care in the Midwest: March of Progress or Runaway Train?
Unlocking the Gates: an Examination of MSNBC Investigates – Lockup

Abstract: Most people do not have first-hand knowledge of the prison system; therefore, media images are critical in shaping their understanding of these institutions. While research has examined how prisons are depicted in film, less attention has been paid to images in other facets of the media. This study examined MSNBC Investigates – Lockup in order to determine how televised documentaries depict prisons. Findings indicate that this series presents tales of some of the most extreme institutions and the most violent inmates. By using violence as the main frame, this programme sends messages that support the United States' current use of imprisonment.
Small-tilt micromirror-device-based multiwavelength three-dimensional 2X2 fiber optic switch structures

Small-tilt micromirror-based 232 fiber optic switch array structures are proposed using fixed mirrors and fiber interconnections. A multiwavelength 232 fiber optic switch based on this small-tilt micromir- ror is experimentally demonstrated. The key innovation in this architec- ture is the use of a specially located fixed mirror to form a symmetric 2 32 retroreflective switching structure. These 2 32 fiber optic switch struc- tures can also provide a fault-tolerant design using a macropixel ap- proach. A two-dimensional digital micromirror device (2D-DMD) from Texas Instruments (TI) designed to operate in the visible band is used to represent the small-tilt micromirrors in our experimental demonstration. Multiwavelength switch operation is characterized by changing the oper- ating wavelength of the tunable laser. The measured average optical coherent crosstalk is 222 dB with 60.9 dB fluctuation over 40 nm, lim- ited by the on-off ratio of the 2D-DMD. The measured average optical loss is 14.8 dB at a 1.55-mm operating wavelength, limited by the visible wavelength design TI 2D-DMD, three-port optical circulators, fiber adapt- ers, and free-space-to-fiber coupling efficiency. © 2000 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)02002-X)
Modeling spatially correlated data in sensor networks

The physical phenomena monitored by sensor networks, for example, forest temperature or water contamination, usually yield sensed data that are strongly correlated in space. With this in mind, researchers have designed a large number of sensor network protocols and algorithms that attempt to exploit such correlations.There is an increasing need to synthetically generate large traces of spatially correlated data representing a wide range of conditions to carefully study the performance of these algorithms. Further, a mathematical model for generating synthetic traces would provide guidelines for designing more efficient algorithms. These reasons motivate us to obtain a simple and accurate model of spatially correlated sensor network data.The proposed model is Markovian in nature and can capture correlation in data irrespective of the node density, the number of source nodes, or the topology. We describe a rigorous mathematical procedure and a simple practical method to extract the model parameters from real traces. We also show how to efficiently generate synthetic traces on a given topology using these parameters. The correctness of the model is verified by statistically comparing synthetic and real data. Further, the model is validated by comparing the performance of algorithms whose behavior depends on the degree of spatial correlation in data, under real and synthetic traces. The real traces are obtained from remote sensing data, publicly available sensor data, and sensor networks that we deploy. We show that the proposed model is more general and accurate than the commonly used jointly Gaussian model. Finally, we create tools that can be easily used by researchers to synthetically generate traces of any size and degree of correlation.