cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining accesses to electronic health records

Electronic health record systems (EHRs) are increasingly used to store patient medical information. To ensure the responsible use of this data, EHRs collect access logs, which record each access to sensitive data (e.g., a patient's record). Using the access log, it is easy to determine who has accessed a specific medical record. However, in addition to this information, we observe that for various applications such as user-centric auditing, it is also important to understand why each access occurred.In this paper, we study why accesses occur in EHRs. Our goal is to provide an explanation describing why each access occurred (e.g., Dr. Dave accessed Alice's medical record because Dr. Dave has an appointment with Alice). Using data from the University of Michigan Health System, we demonstrate that most accesses to EHRs occur for a valid clinical or operational reason, and often the reason is documented in the EHR database. Specifically, we observe three general types of explanations (direct, group, and consultation), and we show that these explanations can explain over 90% of the accesses in the log. Moreover, we identify collaborative groups that help to explain additional accesses.
δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Transaminase in Chlorella vulgaris

An enzyme catalyzing the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid by transamination of gamma,delta-dioxovaleric acid with l-alpha-alanine, l-glutamic acid, or l-phenylalanine has been detected in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. The activity of this enzyme does not appear to parallel changes in chlorophyll content in a Chlorella mutant which requires light for chlorophyll production. The role of this enzyme in delta-aminolevulinic acid metabolism in plants is not clearly understood.
A rubber-degrading organism growing from a human body

Patients with hematological malignancies are susceptible to unusual infections, because of the use of broad-spectrum anti-infective agents, invasive procedures, and other immunocompromising procedures and medications. Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, a ubiquitous environmental aerobic actinomycete belonging to the family of Gordoniaceae in the order Actinomycetales, is a very rare cause of bacteremia in these patients. We report the first case of pneumonia with associated bacteremia due to this organism, which was initially described in 1999 as a rubber-degrading bacterium following isolation from stagnant water inside a deteriorated automobile tire. We believe that hematologically immunocompromised patients on broad-spectrum antibiotics and with long-term central catheters select the possibility of infection with G. polyisoprenivorans. These infections can be prevented by handling catheters under aseptic conditions. We propose that blood cultures of persistently febrile neutropenic patients should be incubated for at least 4 weeks. Being a rare infection, there are no data available on treatment other than early removal of the foreign bodies.
Plasma creatine kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American men to eccentric exercise.

SCHWANE, J. A., R. T. BUCKLEY, D. P. DIPAOLO, M. A. L. ATKINSON, and J. R. SHEPHERD. Plasma creatine kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American men to eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 370–378, 2000.Purpose:The primary aim was to describe the response of pla
Can information sharing explain recruitment to food from communal roosts

The debate over whether communal nests and roosts function primarily as information centers (they facilitate the sharing of foraging information) remains unresolved. Here I use evolutionary game theory to investigate the relative importance of this influential hypothesis and an alternative: that roosts, in particular, function as recruitment centers (they facilitate aggregation at food patches). Basing my model on juvenile common raven (Corvus corax) behavior, I assume there is no net cost to being at food patches in groups, and foragers roost communally. Moreover, one strategic outcome is the observed raven behavior: individuals search independently and recruit from the roost once a patch is found (they play Search-and-Recruit, or SR). I investigate the stability of this in two scenarios that differ in the magnitude of the lost opportunity costs to mutants playing SR in populations of other strategies. When these costs only involve a chance of not being in a group at a located carcass, SR is the only evolutionarily stable strategy under all conditions. However, when these costs also include missing opportunities to be socially dominant, SR no longer enjoys exclusive dominance in the strategy set. Nevertheless, in both cases, there are conditions where group foraging benefits have no effect on the evolutionary stability of SR. Thus, contrary to assertions in the literature, the opportunity to share foraging information can be sufficient to drive the evolution and maintenance of recruitment to food from communal roosts. However, I conclude that both information and grouping benefits are likely to underlie communal roosting behavior in my focal system. Copyright 2002.
Low-Resolution DAC-Driven Linearity Testing of Higher Resolution ADCs Using Polynomial Fitting Measurements

A low-cost linearity test methodology for high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is presented in this paper. Linearity testing of ADCs requires high-precision digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) capability, commonly 3-bit higher resolution than the ADC under test. Further, a large number of ADC output data samples must be collected making conventional histogram testing impractical for high-resolution ADCs with 18-24 bit precision. In the proposed test methodology, two low-precision and low-cost DACs are used to generate a high-resolution ADC test stimulus. Significant reductions in test cost and test time are achieved by using low-cost instrumentation and by making fewer measurements than required for conventional histogram test. A least-squares-based polynomial fitting approach is used to determine the transfer function of the ADC under test. The generated transfer function is used to compute the non-linearity of the ADC accurately. No assumption is made regarding the linearity of the lower precision signal generators (DACs) used in the testing procedure. Software simulations and hardware experiments are performed to validate the proposed test methodology.
HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IMPEDES INTERSECTIONAL THINKING

Psychological science that examines racial and gender bias, primarily located within social psychology, has tended to discount the ways in which race and gender mutually construct each other. Lay conceptions of racial and gender discrimination tend to see racism as primarily afflicting men and sexism primarily afflicting White women, when in fact race and gender are interrelated and work together intersectionally. Ignoring women's experiences of racial discrimination produces androcentric conceptions of racisms—in other words, many definitions of racial discrimination are to some degree sexist (Goff et al., 2008). Similarly, privileging the experiences of White women produces narrow definitions of gender discrimination—in other words, many definitions of gender discrimination are to some degree racist, such that they serve to reinforce the current societal hierarchies. Psychological science sometimes appears to reflect such conceptions. The result is that the social science principally responsible for explaining individual-level biases has developed a body of research that can undervalue the experiences of non-White women (Goff et al., 2008). This article examines features of social psychological science and its research processes to answer a question suggested by this framing: is the current psychological understanding of racism, to some extent, sexist and the understanding of sexism, to some extent, racist? We argue here that the instruments that much of social psychological science uses to measure racial and gender discrimination may play a role in producing inaccurate understandings of racial and gender discrimination. We also present original experimental data to suggest that lay conceptions parallel social psychology's biases: with lay persons also assuming that racism is about Black men and sexism is about White women.2 Finally, we provide some suggestions to increase the inclusivity of psychology's study of discrimination as well as reasons for optimism in this area.
Selected Reference Books of 1998–1999

This article follows the pattern set by the semi-annual series initiated by the late Constance M. Winchell more than fifty years ago and continued by Eugene Sheehy. Because the purpose of the list is to present a selection of recent scholarly and general works, it does not pretend to be either well balanced or comprehensive. A brief roundup of new editions of standard works is provided at the end of the articles. Code numbers (such as AH226) have been used to refer to titles in the Guide to Reference Books , 11 th ed. (Chicago: ALA, 1996).
Stellar Calibration of the Lunar Mapping Camera Subsystem

The Mapping Camera Subsystem provides precision metric photography of the lunar surface as well as time correlated stellar photography used for post-flight camera system attitude determination. A multiple camera system, such as the Lunar Mapper, requires the need for precise stellar calibration to assure maximum usability of its photography in subsequent photogrammetric data reduction. The pertinent parameters of the Lunar Mapping Camera Subsystem, as well as the plans and techniques for performing the overall stellar calibration task are summarized. Included is a review of stellar calibration plans for site selection, site development, logistics, mission observation, and date reduction.
Ecological Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification

Ecological bias is sometimes attributed to confounding by the group variable (ie the variable used to define the ecological groups), or to risk factors associated with the group variable. We show that the group variable need not be a confounder (in the strict epidemiological sense) for ecological bias to occur: effect modification can lead to profound ecological bias, whether or not the group variable or the effect modifier are independent risk factors. Furthermore, an extraneous risk factor need not be associated with the study variable at the individual level in order to produce ecological bias. Thus the conditions for the production of ecological bias by a covariate are much broader than the conditions for the production of individual-level confounding by a covariate. We also show that standardization or ecological control of variables responsible for ecological bias are generally insufficient to remove such bias.
Measurement of hepatic blood flow after severe hemorrhage: lack of restoration despite adequate resuscitation

Although Ringer lactate (RL) is routinely used for resuscitation, it is not known whether the volume of RL that restores cardiac output after severe hemorrhagic shock also restores the depressed effective hepatic blood flow (EHBF). To study this, a 5-cm midline laparotomy was performed in rats (i.e., trauma induced), and the animals were then bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of maximum bleedout volume was returned in the form of RL. Animals were then resuscitated with four or five times the volume of maximum bleedout with RL. EHBF was determined during hemorrhage and at various intervals thereafter by an in vivo indocyanine green (ICG) clearance technique and corrected by the appropriate hepatic extraction ratio for ICG. Cardiac output was determined by ICG dilution, and hepatic microvascular blood flow (HMBF) was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. In addition, hepatic blood flow was assessed by using radioactive microspheres. Results indicate that resuscitation markedly improved but did not restore the depressed EHBF after trauma and hemorrhagic shock despite the fact that cardiac output was restored. Similar changes in EHBF, HMBF, and hepatic blood flow as determined by microspheres were observed, suggesting that the in vivo ICG clearance is a reliable method to assess effective hepatic perfusion. Thus the lack of restoration of EHBF may be responsible for the subsequent hepatocellular dysfunction after trauma and severe hemorrhage.
Methods for regression analysis of strong-motion data

We introduce a new computational method for implementing Brillinger and Preisler's (1984, 1985) one-stage maximum-likelihood analysis of strong-motion data. We also reexamine two-stage methods and agree with Masuda and Ohtake (1992) that rigorous analysis requires off-diagonal terms in the weighting matrix for the second-stage regression but note that Masuda and Ohtake failed to account for the earthquake-to-earthquake component of variance. Analysis by Monte Carlo methods shows that both one-stage and two-stage methods, properly applied, are unbiased and that they have comparable uncertainties. Both give the same correct results when applied to the data that Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) have shown cannot be satisfactorily analyzed by ordinary least squares. The two-stage method is more efficient computationally, but for typical problems neither method requires enough time to make efficiency important. Of the two methods, only the two-stage method can readily be used with the techniques described by Toro (1981) and McLaughlin (1991) for overcoming the bias due to instruments that do not trigger.
Solving the Eikonal equation on an adaptive mesh

A fast marching method (FMM) using the line-of-site calculation to solve the eikonal equation is applied to an adaptive mesh. The criteria for refinement are the curvature of the propagating front. It is shown empirically that for cases involving an initial front initiated from a single point in an open three dimensional domain and constant front propagating speed that the FMM with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) uses roughly an order of magnitude less CPU time and an order of magnitude less CPU memory than the non-AMR FMM to attain a similar level of accuracy. It is also shown that the AMR-FMM refines when the curvature is caused by boundary irregularities and also non-constant front propagating speed.
You Know What I Want to Hear

Abstract The author provides an analysis of how Max Steiner wove diegetic and nondiegetic music in Casablanca (1942) into a meaningful score that illuminates and connects the political and romantic conflicts and themes in the film. The analysis includes background on the creation of the score and analysis of key sequences and motifs.
Inventing while you work: Knowledge, non-R&D learning and innovation

Abstract “Intuition, judgment, creativity are basically expressions of capabilities for recognition and response based upon experience and knowledge (p. 128–129)” ( Simon, 1997 ). Workers gain experience and knowledge in the course of their normal jobs. Therefore, innovative ideas can be generated from knowledge built from learning opportunities across the firm (not just the R&D lab). Employees working for different functions (R&D and outside of R&D) in an organization have different work practices and build their learning through different processes. Moreover, the relative effectiveness of learning by different work practices for innovation is contingent on the nature of knowledge, characterized by generality (i.e., high mobility/transferability) and visibility (i.e., tighter links between actions and outcomes). Using multiple datasets combining public and private data and focusing on births of innovations, this study shows how the nature of knowledge affects differences in the innovation productivity of R&D and non-R&D work. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these insights for innovation management and policy.
Energy expenditure responses to fasting and overfeeding identify phenotypes associated with weight change

Because it is unknown whether 24-h energy expenditure (EE) responses to dietary extremes will identify phenotypes associated with weight regulation, the aim of this study was to determine whether such responses to fasting or overfeeding are associated with future weight change. The 24-h EE during energy balance, fasting, and four different overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements was measured in a metabolic chamber in 37 subjects with normal glucose regulation while they resided on our clinical research unit. Diets were given for 24 h each and included the following: 1) low protein (3%), 2) standard (50% carbohydrate, 20% protein), 3) high fat (60%), and 4) high carbohydrate (75%). Participants returned for follow-up 6 months after the initial measures. The decrease in 24-h EE during fasting and the increase with overfeeding were correlated. A larger reduction in EE during fasting, a smaller EE response to low-protein overfeeding, and a larger response to high-carbohydrate overfeeding all correlated with weight gain. The association of the fasting EE response with weight change was not independent from that of low protein in a multivariate model. We identified the following two independent propensities associated with weight gain: a predilection for conserving energy during caloric and protein deprivation and a profligate response to large amounts of carbohydrates.
Metrics for and Analysis of Variables for Wiki Use: A Case Study

Abstract Wikis have emerged as an important Web 2.0 technology for facilitating collaboration in organizations. Although researchers have begun to analyze their use in organizations and develop metrics to study their usage, there has been limited statistical analysis of use data. In addition, much of the empirical analysis of wikis is based on Wikipedia. This paper mitigates those limitations in the literature by examining data generated from a large consulting organization, Accenture, to statistically analyze the relationships between different use variables.
Improved human-robot team performance through cross-training, an approach inspired by human team training practices

We design and evaluate a method of human-robot cross-training, a validated and widely used strategy for the effective training of human teams. Cross-training is an interactive planning method in which team members iteratively switch roles with one another to learn a shared plan for the performance of a collaborative task. We first present a computational formulation of the robot mental model, which encodes the sequence of robot actions necessary for task completion and the expectations of the robot for preferred human actions, and show that the robot model is quantitatively comparable to the mental model that captures the inter-role knowledge held by the human. Additionally, we propose a quantitative measure of robot mental model convergence and an objective metric of model similarity. Based on this encoding, we formulate a human-robot cross-training method and evaluate its efficacy through experiments involving human subjects n = 60 . We compare human-robot cross-training to standard reinforcement learning techniques, and show that cross-training yields statistically significant improvements in quantitative team performance measures, as well as significant differences in perceived robot performance and human trust. Finally, we discuss the objective measure of robot mental model convergence as a method to dynamically assess human errors. This study supports the hypothesis that the effective and fluent teaming of a human and a robot may best be achieved by modeling known, effective human teamwork practices.
Diet modifications to improve finishing pig growth performance and pork quality attributes during periods of heat stress

A total of 196 barrows (88 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and housed in a facility (seven pigs per pen) where temperatures cycled between 27 and 35 degrees C. Treatments consisted of (as-fed basis) two CP levels (13.6 or 11.3%) and two levels of added fat (1 or 8%). Diets were formulated to the same true digestible lysine:ME ratio (1.68 g of lysine/Mcal of ME). Diets were fed and growth variables were measured until pigs reached 114 kg of BW. Ham and LM (loin) 24-h pH (PH24), and light reflectance (CIE L*, and a*, and b*, and hue angle) were taken after slaughter. Additionally, loins were removed and measured for i.m. fat, moisture, glycolytic potential, and subjected to a 7-d retail display evaluation that measured pH, light reflectance, and subjective color and odor score. The remaining boneless lumbar loin segment was vacuum-sealed for 14 d and subsequently measured for pH, light reflectance, and color. Pigs fed the high-CP, low-fat diet had a lower ADG than all other treatments (P = 0.06). High-fat feeding resulted in improved ADG (CP x Fat; P = 0.06) and G:F (Fat effect; P < 0.01). Higher fat and lower protein levels both increased final BF (P = 0.07). Pigs fed the low-CP diets had lower ham PH24 (P < 0.01). Loin PH24 was higher with high fat feeding (P = 0.10). Additionally, pigs fed high fat diets had lower L* values on the ham face and cut loin 24 h after slaughter (Fat effect; P <or= 0.02). These loin color differences were maintained through the 7-d retail display and 14-d storage period. There were no differences in loin i.m. fat or moisture content; however, high-fat feeding tended to decrease loin glycolytic potential (P = 0.11). These results suggest that in a hot environment, decreased CP content improved finishing pig ADG when dietary fat supplementation was low. High dietary fat inclusion during heat stress improved ADG and G:F, especially when CP level was elevated. High-fat diets fed in a hot environment increased pork color intensity by decreasing the glycolytic potential at slaughter and elevating muscle pH.
Coating of Small Particles by Chemical Vapor Deposition While the Particles are Fluidized

Coating of small particles is often employed to impart special properties to the particles. One process that has been used to accomplish this is chemical vapor deposition while the particles are fluidized. Because the depositing solids can plug small orifices, the gas distributors used for chemical vapor deposition in a fluidized bed of particles are different from those used for most other fluidized bed processes. The turbulent mixing of the gases by the particle bed and the high collection efficiency of depositing species by the large surface area of the particle bed can produce unique coating microstructures. Examples of these unique microstructures are those of isotropic pyrolytic carbon, fine-grained silicon carbide and carbon-silicon two-phase mixtures.
Epitaxial and Conductive RuO2 Thin Films Grown on MgO and LaAlO3 by MOCVD

Conductive RuO2 thin films have been grown epitaxially on (100) MgO and (100) LaAlO3 substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) at different temperatures. The microstructural properties of the RuO2 films have been studied using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Different growth and microstructure properties were observed for the films deposited on the two substrates. The films on MgO are epitaxial at deposition temperatures as low as 350°C, and consist of two variants with an orientation relationship given by (110) RuO2 /(100) MgO and [001] RuO2//[011]MgO. The films on LaAlO3, on the other hand, are epitaxial only at deposition temperatures of 600°C and above, and contain four variants with an orientation relationship given by (200)RuO2//(100)LaAlO3 and [011] RuO2//[011] LaAlO3. The observed microstructures of epitaxially grown films can be explained based on geometric considerations for the films and substrates.
The Effects of House Bill 1355 on Voter Registration in Florida

In mid-2011, the Florida state legislature passed House Bill 1355 (HB 1355) and in so doing placed new regulations on community organizations that historically have helped eligible Floridians register to vote. Among the legal changes promulgated by this bill were new regulations on the operations of groups like the League of Women Voters and a new oath, warning of prison time and fines, that voter registration agents were required to sign. Such changes raised the implicit costs that eligible Florida citizens faced when registering to vote, and we show that voter registrations across the state in the second half of 2011 dropped precipitously compared with registrations in the second half of 2007. This pattern is evident among registrants in general, among registrants age 20 and younger, and among individuals who registered as Democrats. Outside of HB 1355, we know of no credible explanations for these results. Our findings thus show how restrictions on the way that third-party organizations register voters can have tangible effects on actual registrations. Given that registration prior to an election is a civic necessity in Florida and in many other states, such restrictions have the potential to affect electoral outcomes as well.
A pathologist's look at infectious diseases: selection by AIDS and other infections, clinical types of immunities and vaccine expectations

Thank you, Bill [Reeves], for your generous introduction. I also thank all members of the Society for the confidence you placed in me, and to those for whom I had the pleasure to work with, for your collaboration. The addresses of several of my predecessors dealt with the issues of our Society and specialty. Bill Reeves in 1972 drew attention to the fact that our war against infectious diseases can be lost. Karl Johnson assessed the Society's recent past, and its needs for the future. Phil Russell stressed that excellence in research was not enough and that the development of practical applications and political involvement were necessary to implement the results of research. Franz von Lichtenberg analyzed the diverse demographics of our Society. Bill Scherer considered the dwindling supply of medical research scientists and suggested remedies; and Joe Cook discussed the challenge of tropical infectious disease problems in the developing world and in this country and whether we were able to meet it.
Abstract 3681: Nischarin disruption promotes breast tumor development in mouse models

Nischarin is a novel tumor suppressor that was first discovered and characterized in our laboratory. The accumulating evidence suggests that Nischarin is a critical regulator of cell migration and breast tumor growth, metastasis and invasion. However, little is known about the exact function of Nischarin in in vivo physiological conditions, probably due to lack of any transgenic Nischarin animals. We recently generated Nischarin knockout mouse. This Nischarin knockout mouse has a dramatic unusual phenotype of mammary development and overall growth defect. Nischarin knockout mice do not spontaneously develop breast tumors. To determine the importance of Nischarin in regulation of breast cancer development, we bred Nischarin knockout virgin mice with PyMT (polyoma middle T antigen) and Neu background mice and the progeny produced tumors exclusively in the mammary gland. We found Nischarin knockout virgins with PyMT accelerated breast cancer onset and progression, which further suggests Nischarin inhibits tumor growth. Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are surrounded by basement membrane, which mainly consists of extracellular matrix. We noted that the basement membrane of Nischarin knockout virgins contain much more collagen and fibronectin than those of wild type virgins. In addition, we observed that Nischarin disruption significantly changed extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) in mouse primary breast tumour cells. We suspected that this changed acidic microenvironment might facilitate breast tumor progression. Recent studies indicated that clinical anti-diabetic drug Metformin, an AMPK activator, inhibits breast cancer cell growth. Our data show that Het-PyMT and Null-PyMT primary cells were much more sensitive for metformin treatment. Thus we examined the importance of AMPK signaling in our mouse models. Interestingly, both tumor tissues and primary cells derived from Null-PyMT breast tumors had lower AMPK activity. Together, our data strongly support that Nischarin disruption promotes breast tumor development and AMPK signaling is important for Nischarin-mediated suppression of breast tumor. Citation Format: Shengli Dong, Suresh K. Alahari. Nischarin disruption promotes breast tumor development in mouse models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3681.
The effect of anomalous utterances on language production

Speakers sometimes encounter utterances that have anomalous linguistic features. Are such features registered during comprehension and transferred to speakers' production systems? In two experiments, we explored these questions. In a syntactic-priming paradigm, speakers heard prime sentences with novel or intransitive verbs as part of prepositional-dative or double-object structures (e.g., The chef munded the cup to the burglar or The doctor existed the pirate the balloon). Speakers then described target pictures eliciting the same structures, using the same or different novel or intransitive verbs. Speakers overall described targets with the same structures as the primes (abstract syntactic priming), but more so when the primes and targets had the same novel or intransitive verbs (a lexical boost), an effect that was only observed when the novel words served as the verbs in both the prime and target sentences. Such a lexical boost could only manifest if speakers formed associations between the verbs and structures in the primes during comprehension, and if these associations were then transferred to their production systems. We thus showed that anomalous utterance features are not ignored but persist (at least) in speakers' immediately subsequent production.
Classification of Clinical Subtypes in Parkinson’s Disease Based on Phenotypic Variability in the Motor, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Domains (S19.002)

Objective: To identify clinical subtypes in Parkinson disease based on the pattern of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms, and to validate these subtypes using independent clinical and demographic features. Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor impairment. Typically, PD clinical subtypes focus on single domain phenotypes, such as motor subtypes of tremor versus non-tremor. Few studies, however, employ more comprehensive data-driven approaches to identify subtypes based on the presentation of symptoms across multiple domains of impairment. Methods: Data were obtained from 157 non-demented PD participants as part of a broad clinical assessment of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Latent class analysis delineated subtypes based on score patterns across the motor, cognitive, and psychiatric domains. Models were fit to individual manifestations from each domain controlling for sex, age, and education level: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability and gait difficulty (motor); attention, memory, language, visuospatial, and executive functions (cognitive); and depression and apathy (psychiatric). The relationship of latent classes with independent clinical and demographic variables was investigated with one-way ANOVAs and chi-square tests. Results: The latent class model identified three distinct clinical subtypes. One class (N=69) was characterized by predominant tremor with normal cognition and psychiatric function; the second class (N=70) was characterized by postural instability and gait difficulty, impaired cognition, and normal psychiatric function; and the third class (N=18) was characterized by elevated psychiatric symptoms with intermediate motor symptoms and normal cognition. Independent analyses indicated later age of onset and shorter disease duration for Class 1. Additionally, Class 3 contained the highest proportion of participants with cognitive impairment on the clinical dementia rating scale (CDR = 0.5), while Class 1 had the lowest. Conclusions: Study results emphasize the importance and contribution of non-motor symptoms to the overall pattern of phenotypic variability in PD. Disclosure: Dr. Campbell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weigand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lessov-Schlaggar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perlmutter has received personal compensation for activities as a medical-legal consultant.
Serum and urinary thioredoxin concentrations are associated with severity of children hydronephrosis.

Abstract Background Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in children. This study was to assess the relationship between serum thioredoxin (S-Trx) and urinary thioredoxin (U-Trx) concentrations and severity of children hydronephrosis caused by UPJO. Methods This study included 156 hydronephrosis children with unilateral UPJO and 80 healthy children. S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. U-Trx/creatinine (cr) ratio was calculated. Results S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations and U-Trx/cr ratio were significantly higher in hydronephrosis children than in healthy children. They were significantly correlated with split renal function, anterior–posterior diameter and Society for Fetal Urology classification, as well as were independently related to the split renal function 30 mm and Society for Fetal Urology grade IV. Under receiver operating characteristic curves, U-Trx/cr ratio showed the higher predictive value compared to S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations. Conclusion Increased S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations, especially U-Trx/cr ratio, are closely associated with the severity of children hydronephrosis, substantializing Trx as a promising biomarker for the progression of children hydronephrosis.
Virtual Screening in Search of Allosteric Modulators of Nav1.1 Channels

Voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels provide the basis for neuronal excitability in the brain. Of the nine Nav channel isoforms (Nav1.1-Nav1.9), Nav1.1 exhibits cell-specific distribution in fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the cortical circuit. Reduced function of PV interneurons results in impairment of the cognitive domain, a bio-signature common to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, selective allosteric modulators targeting Nav1.1 might provide new means to rescue PV interneuron function and improve cognition. Previous studies have identified fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) as a functionally relevant regulator of Nav1.1 channels. Binding of FGF14 to the Nav1.1 C-terminal tail results in modulation of Nav1.1-mediated peak transient currents and biophysical properties of the channel activation and steady-state inactivation. The FGF14:Nav1.1 protein:protein interaction (PPI) interface might therefore provide a novel target for the development of Nav1.1 allosteric modulators.In search of small molecules targeting Nav1.1, we conducted a ligand-based high-throughput virtual screening using a FGF14:Nav1.1 homology model based on available crystal structures of homologous proteins. The UCSF chimera software was used to determine the region of interaction between FGF14 and Nav1.1, and Autodock was used to create a grid box surrounding this area to identify critical amino acids at the PPI surface of FGF14.This region of interest was submitted to the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) drug discovery database, which identified 1001 ZINC compounds out of 642,759 possible ligands against the interaction site. Scores ranged from −13 to 0, with lower scores indicating greater likelihood of binding to the FGF14 surface, and thus interfering with Nav 1.1 binding. On-going counter and orthogonal screenings using in heterologous systems as well as Schrodinger Advanced Drug Discovery Suite are being used to provide in-cell validation of 14 identified hits and understanding of the target-ligand interactions. These small molecules might represent a new class of PPI-based Nav1.1-specific allosteric modulators with applicability as cognitive enhancers.
Insults as Tools of Systemic Humiliation

People, organizations, social groups, and even countries insult each other every day creating systemic humiliation. Many believe that people offend each other out of frustration, because of bad manners, or simply as a result of the satisfaction they gain from hurting other people. Insult thus is perceived as a common act that reflects frustration, aggressive tendencies in people, or exposes their impoliteness. However, not all insults are the same. Some insults target positive image, while others deny people’s rights. Some insults create space between insulted group and an insulter, while others blame outgroups for actions committed by the insulter. Some insults emphasize the insulter’s power over people, while others present insulted group as illegitimate to others. The chapter shows that people and groups use different kinds of insults depending upon the circumstances. Based on the three case studies—Little Rock, Arkansas; Fergusson, Missouri; and debate around agreement between the United States and Iran—the chapter shows how different forms of insult are employed as tools systemic humiliation.
Differential Pricing of Discretionary, Nondiscretionary and Noise Components of Loan Fair Values

Using a sample of banks, this study examines the capital market pricing implications of three components of loan fair values. We find that the nondiscretionary component is priced on a dollar-for-dollar basis, the discretionary component is assigned a significantly larger multiple and the noise component is not priced. This implies that the relevance and reliability of loan fair values differs across the three components. We offer a signaling interpretation for the larger multiple assigned to the discretionary component. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that the estimated discretionary component proxying for other value-relevant constructs that have a positive pricing implication.
Assessing Learning and Identity in Augmented Reality Science Games

This paper describes strategies used to assess augmented reality (AR) games in K-12 environments. While AR has the potential to provide participatory, situated, and collaborative experiences that foster inquiry-based problem solving and critical thinking skills, it also presents several assessment challenges to researchers and evaluators. The scholarly strategy we are using to assess the effectiveness and impact of AR on the classroom is design-based research, which is a mixed method model. The quantitative assessment challenges relate to: 1. statistical power; 2. statistical conclusion validity due to heterogeneous samples; and 3. limited intervention exposure. The qualitative challenges relate to: 1. novelty/complexity of outdoor collaborative problem solving; and 2. observations of student interaction in a hybrid learning environment.
A Uniform Problem Solving in the Cognitive Algebra of Bounded Rational Agents

The $-calculus cognitive process algebra for problem solving provides the support for automatic problem solving and targets intractable and undecidable problems. Consistent with the ideas of anytime algorithms, $-calculus applies the cost performance measures to converge to optimal solutions with minimal problem solving costs. In the paper, we concentrate on a uniform problem solving and its implementation aspects illustrated on two benchmarks from concurrency and machine learning areas.
Biopsy-Proven Small-Fiber Neuropathy in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Neuropathic Pain Characteristics, Autoantibody Findings, and Histopathologic Features.

OBJECTIVE Painful small-fiber neuropathies (SFNs) in primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) may present as pure or mixed with concurrent large-fiber involvement. SFN can be diagnosed by punch skin biopsy results that identify decreased intra-epidermal nerve-fiber density (IENFD) of unmyelinated nerves. METHODS We compared 23 consecutively evaluated patients with SS with pure and mixed SFN versus 98 patients without SFN. We distinguished between markers of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) degeneration (decreased IENFD in the proximal thigh versus the distal leg) versus axonal degeneration (decreased IENFD in the distal leg versus the proximal thigh). RESULTS There were no differences in pain intensity, pain quality, and treatment characteristics in the comparison of 13 patients with pure SFN versus 10 patients with mixed SFN. Ten patients with SFN (approximately 45%) had neuropathic pain preceding sicca symptoms. Opioid analgesics were prescribed to approximately 45% of patients with SFN. When compared to 98 patients without SFN, the 23 patients with SFN had an increased frequency of male sex (30% versus 9%; P < 0.01), a decreased frequency of anti-Ro 52 (P = 0.01) and anti-Ro 60 antibodies (P = 0.01), rheumatoid factor positivity (P < 0.01), and polyclonal gammopathy (P < 0.01). Eleven patients had stocking-and-glove pain, and 12 patients had nonstocking-and-glove pain. Skin biopsy results disclosed patterns of axonal (16 patients) and DRG injury (7 patients). CONCLUSION SS SFN had an increased frequency among male patients, a decreased frequency of multiple antibodies, frequent treatment with opioid analgesics, and the presence of nonstocking-and-glove pain. Distinguishing between DRG versus axonal injury is significant, especially given that mechanisms targeting the DRG may result in irreversible neuronal cell death. Altogether, these findings highlight clinical, autoantibody, and pathologic features that can help to define mechanisms and treatment strategies.
Unlocking the Value: Communicating the Value of the Pharmacist to the Patient

Objective: To evaluate student pharmacists’ perspectives of the value that they provide to their patients. Methods: Third year (P3) professional pharmacy students were required to complete an educational workshop programme integrated into the Professional Practice Skills Laboratory. Prior to, and after the completion of the audio- visual teaching, an Institutional Review Board approved, anonymous, voluntary paper-based survey was distributed to all students. These surveys were intended to assess the perceptions of pharmacy students towards the value of the services they provide. The authors examined student opinions regarding the services most important to their patients, as well as their response to the contents of the workshop. The post-workshop survey also evaluated the impact of the exercise on the students’ ability to have gained new insights on addressing the issues they might have in communicating their value and their ideas regarding the ideal patient attitude to the services provided by the pharmacist. The survey was analysed descriptively. Results: Four hundred and seventy-seven students completed the survey. In the baseline survey, 37% of the students believed that providing accurate clinical information was the most critical service they provided to the patients, with 50% of the students highlighting cost and insurance questions as the most frustrating aspect of their daily routine. The educational workshop was generally well received with 66% of the students strongly agreeing that the speaker met the goals. In the post-workshop survey, 77.7% of the students reported being better equipped to communicate their value to patients by moving the conversation from other issues to the clinical aspects of care. In the baseline survey, 30.2% of the students indicated that clinical information and accurate dispensing were the most important services to the patients. As a result of the exercise, a higher proportion of students (66%) in the post-workshop survey wanted this to be the most valuable service according to the patients. Conclusions: Clinical aspects of care were of most value according to the pharmacy students. As a result of the educational workshop, students gained a new perspective to shift the conversations with the patients to these aspects. The workshop demonstrated a positive impact on student perceptions of ideal patient attitude towards the role of the pharmacists.
Brain Imaging‐Guided Analysis Reveals DNA Methylation Profiles Correlated with Insular Surface Area and Alcohol Use Disorder

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a wide-spread, heritable brain disease, but few studies have linked genetic variants or epigenetic factors to brain structures related to AUD in humans, due to many factors including the high-dimensional nature of imaging and genomic data. METHODS To provide potential insights into the links among epigenetic regulation, brain structure, and AUD, we have performed an integrative analysis of brain structural imaging and blood DNA methylome data from 52 AUD and 58 healthy control (HC) subjects collected in the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample. RESULTS We first found that AUD subjects had significantly larger insular surface area than HC in both left and right hemispheres. We then found that 7,827 DNA methylation probes on the HumanMethylation450K BeadChip had significant correlations with the right insular surface area (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). Furthermore, we showed that 44 of the insular surface area-correlated methylation probes were also strongly correlated with AUD status (FDR < 0.05). These AUD-correlated probes are annotated to 36 protein-coding genes, with 16 genes (44%) having been reported by others to be related to AUD or alcohol response, including TAS2R16 and PER2. The remaining 20 genes, in particular ARHGAP22, might represent novel genes involved in AUD or responsive to alcohol. CONCLUSIONS We have identified 36 insular surface area- and AUD-correlated protein-coding genes that are either known to be AUD- or alcohol-related or not yet reported by prior studies. Therefore, our study suggests that the brain imaging-guided epigenetic analysis has a potential of identifying possible epigenetic mechanisms involved in AUD.
Data-driven stochastic model for basin and sub-grid variability of SMAP satellite soil moisture

Abstract This study focused on the utility of coarse surface soil moisture observations for applications that require high resolution surface soil moisture information. This was accomplished by quantifying the information content of average soil moisture for three different spatial scales of 81 km2, 790 km2, and 4400 km2. In situ point observations of soil moisture from 31 stations in Iowa were used to develop a spatial stochastic model that assumes hillslope-scale model parameters are independent. Soil moisture dry-downs and wetting regimes were analyzed using rain gauge and soil moisture sensor data. The statistical nature of dry-downs were parameterized using a power-law decay, and soil moisture increases due to rainfall were parameterized using a non-dimensional logistic curve that is a function of soil moisture deficit. The resulting stochastic model is used to quantify the magnitude of the standard deviation, σ ( θ ) , and skewness G ( θ ) as a function of the areal average. We show that the greatest information content (small spatial standard deviation) of average observation corresponded to values near the minimum or the maximum soil moisture with σ ( θ ) 5 % , while average observations for intermediate soil moisture values had the lowest information content with σ ( θ ) > 20 % . The differences in information content as a function of the areal average were consistent with the statistical nature of soil moisture that can be interpreted as small range bounded variable. However, this study provides quantitative estimates for the magnitude of the sub-grid and basin scale variability, documenting the utility for applications that require high resolution information. These results form the basis for the investigation of spatial runoff production in response to rainfall and to inform plot scale agriculture applications.