cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two models of syllogistic reasoning: Feature selection and conversion

The present paper offers two processing models of how reasoners solve categorical syllogisms. The models are based on traditional statements of the atmosphere effect and the conversion hypothesis. A test of the two models shows that previous studies of formal reasoning have unnecessarily restricted the scope of the hypotheses and have failed to compare them on the critical conditions and in their intended senses. Both models are reasonably accurate in predicting the overall distribution of errors. While the feature selection model is superior to the conversion model in predicting the decisions on a set of critical problems, the underlying assumption of the feature selection model is not supported by the data.
Improved stress calculations for simple quadrilateral elements

Abstract An interpolation procedure is developed for calculating node point stresses for plane four node quadrilateral elements. The procedure is applied to three sample problems and the results compared to other finite element results and to analytical results. Particular attention is given to the accuracy of stresses for node points lying on the boundaries of the bodies.
Spinal leptomeningeal epidermoid cysts in inbred mouse strains.

The anatomic location and histological appearance of spinal cord epidermoid cysts in a variety of inbred mouse strains was examined. A variable incidence of cysts was found in mice of the C57BR/cdJ, C57BL/6J, B10.BR/SgSnJ, C58/J, AKR/J, C57L/J, and RF/J strains. Cysts were largely found in the leptomeninges, adjacent to the posterior horn and the lateral or anterior columns. The cysts consisted of a central whorled mass of keratinized cells surrounded by polygonal epithelial cells; some of these cells contained keratohyaline granules. Basal cells were absent. The presence of cysts did not correlate with the H-2k or H-2b haplotypes of the mouse.
MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH : WHOSE AGENDA?

My grandfather was a general practitioner in a rural midwestern town during the first half of this century. His office consisted of a single examining room in the family home, a tiny waiting area, and little envelopes in which he dispensed medications. Patient hours were in the evening, no appointment necessary. Mostly, folks chatted in the living room with my grandmother while waiting to see "Grandpa Doc." My grandfather's nights often included trips to neighbors' kitchens to deliver babies. Days were time to serve as the county health officer, student health director for the local college, and organizer of the town's free clinic for indigent patients, based in the Presbyterian church.
Impact fracture toughness tests on polymers

A series of impact tests are described in which the plane strain fracture toughness, Kc1, of five different polymers is measured using a three point bend specimen at striker speeds up to 5m/s. At low speeds Kc1 is determined using the maximum load and a static analysis, but at speeds greater than 1 m/s the dynamic effects render the load signal unusable. For the higher speeds the fracture is timed using contact and crack propagation gages and the analysis is performed using the striker displacement at fracture. A dynamic analysis is used to convert this measurement to the true specimen displacement and Kc1 is determined from this. The apparent downward trends in the Kc1 results obtained, especially at speeds above 3m/s, are discussed.
Keratin 10 Gene Expression during Differentiation of Mouse Epidermis Requires Transcription Factors C/EBP and AP-2

Abstract The epidermis forms a vital barrier composed of stratified keratinocytes and their differentiated products. One of these products, keratin K10, is critical to epidermal integrity, because mutations in k10 lead to abnormal blistering. For the normal expression of k10, differentiation-associated transcription factors C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and AP-2 are well positioned to play an important role. Here, regulation of the k10 gene is examined in keratinocytes in the skin of normal mice and in transgenic mice carrying targeted deletions of c/ebpβ and ap-2α. In cultured cells, C/EBPα and C/EBPβ are each capable of activating the k10 promoter via three binding sites, identified by site-directed mutagenesis. In a given epidermal cell in vivo, however, the selection of C/EBPα versus C/EBPβ for k10 regulation is determined via a third transcription factor, AP-2. This novel regulatory scheme involves: (1) unique gradients of expression for each transcription factor, i.e., C/EBPβ and AP-2 most abundant in the lower epidermis, C/EBPα in the upper; (2) C/EBP-binding sites in the ap-2α gene promoter, through which C/EBPβ stimulates ap-2α; and (3) AP-2 binding sites in the c/ebpα promoter, through which AP-2 represses c/ebpα. Promoter-analysis and gene-expression data presented herein support a regulatory model in which C/EBPβ activates and maintains AP-2 expression in basal keratinocytes, whereas AP-2 represses C/EBPα in those cells. In response to differentiation signals, loss of AP-2 expression leads to derepression of the c/ebpα promoter and activation of k10 as cells migrate upward.
Gaze toward and avoidance of the handicapped: A field experiment

Kleck has discovered more eye contact directed toward a handicapped than a nonhandicapped confederate. He suggested that this was due to the information seeking function of eye contact. Langer et al. argued that this occurred because a handicap is a novel stimulus and that, when socially acceptable, people are motivated to look at something unusual. The present study posited that Kleck's findings occurred because of the experimental setting and that the Langer et al. hypothesis holds true only when interaction with the handicapped person will not occur. A field experiment indicated less gaze toward and more avoidance of handicapped than nonhandicapped confederates when conversation was required and more staring toward the handicapped than the nonhandicapped when conversation was not likely.
Toward a reliable safety sensor implementation for industrial automation

This paper presents a discussion of automation/robotic safety and reliability research that is pertinent to manufacturing environments. A description of reliability work completed toward the development of safety sensors, automation aspects of systems, and control-oriented hardware/software integration techniques is included; along with an attempt to discuss potential applications of these developments within industrial environments. This discussion is to serve as: (1) a basis upon which future investigation can proceed, (2) an automation/robotic safety and reliability research primer for the education of those working with automated machinery and required to provide adequate worker protection, and (3) a resource for a national program whose responsibility is the development of engineering guidelines for the reliable use of safety devices for potentially hazardous, automated multi-purpose machinery. The final section presents considerations for future research and emphasizes the need for reliable safety systems.
ATS in exposition.

Abstract ATS (A Tutorial System) is written in APL 360 . It contains an author interrogation program that interviews the author in English and formats his tutorial for him, and a tutorial supervisor program that interfaces with the students. The supervisor program contains many features of machine intelligence (a knowledge of the rules of human discourse) which operate in every tutorial without intervention by the author, and provide the discourse with an aura of intelligent behavior. Certain aspects of both programs are illustrated by terminal examples.
The mechanism for the cathodic delamination of organic coatings from a metal surface

Abstract A detailed mechanism of cathodic delamination from a defect in an organic coating is presented, which takes into account the reactants and how they get to the delaminating front. Oxygen and water pass through the organic coating whereas cations, at least in part, reach the front by lateral diffusion. Five means for minimizing cathodic delamination are suggested: (1) No bare metal, or superficially oxidized metal, should be present at the coating/substrate interface. (2) There should exist at the coating/substrate interface a layer which is a very poor conductor of electrons. (3) The interfacial layer at the coating/substrate interface should be a poor catalyst for the cathodic reaction. (4) The boundary between the substrate and the coating should be rough in order to provide a tortuous path for lateral diffusion. (5) The interfacial region should be resistant to alkaline attack.
Sorghum Management Practices Suited to Varying Irrigation Strategies: A Simulation Analysis

Increasing pumping costs and declining well capacities in regions like the Southern High Plains of Texas are requiring producers to adaptcroppingpracticesforusewithirrigation levelsthatvarybetween complete replacement of crop evapotranspiration (ET) to none (i.e., dryland production). Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] isacropsuitedtobothdrylandandvariousdeficitirrigationproduction systems. Our objectives were to (i) identify cultural practices (planting date, population, and cultivar maturity) that maximize sorghum grain yield for widely varying irrigation strategies; and (ii) consider effective means to allocate available water among irrigation strategies that maximizes the ratio of yield to ET, that is, water use efficiency (WUE). Using the model SORKAM and long-term (1958–1999) weather records from Bushland, TX, we simulated sorghum grain yields on a Pullman soil (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) under dryland (rain) and three deficit irrigation levels (rain 1 irrigation 5 2.5, 3.75, or 5.0 mm d 21 ) for all combinations of planting date (mid-May, 15 May; early June, 5 June; and late June, 25 June), cultivar maturity (early, 95 d; medium, 105 d; late, 120 d), and plant density (12and16plantsm 22 ).For2.5mm d 21 irrigation level,simulated grain yields were maximized with either early or medium-maturing cultivars planted in early June. In contrast, simulated sorghum yield and WUE increased with a mid-May planting date and later-maturing cultivars forirrigationlevelsof3.75and5.0mmd 21 .Weconcludethatspreading water to uniformly irrigate a field with 2.5 mm d 21 produces |16% less grain than concentrating the same water resources to variably irrigate a field at 3.75 or 5.0 mm d 21 with complementary (2:1 and 1:1) dryland areas.
RECENT GEOGRAPHY THESES COMPLETED AND IN PREPARATION

Titles followed by an asterisk in the list below are available on interlibrary loan. The next list of titles will be published in the November, 1962 issue.
Serotonin and brain development: role in human developmental diseases

Serotonin is known to play a role in brain development prior to the time it assumes its role as a neurotransmitter in the mature brain. Serotonin regulates both the development of serotonergic neurons (termed autoregulation of development) and the development of target tissues. In both cases, the astroglial-derived protein, S-100β plays a role. Disruption of serotonergic development can leave permanent alterations in brain function and behavior. This may be the case in such human developmental illnesses as autism and Down Syndrome.
On the universality of global modes in low-density axisymmetric jets

Experiments conducted in axisymmetric low-density jets reveal that the transition to global instability and the frequency selection of the global mode depend on the operating parameters of density ratio, momentum thickness, and Reynolds number. The onset of the global mode was mapped in the Reynolds number-momentum thickness operating domain for density ratios S=ρ j /ρ ∞ ranging from 0.14 to 0.5. The results provide convincing evidence of the universality of global oscillations in low-density jets and indicate that conditions in the jet exit plane are responsible for driving the global instability.
New species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from Peru

Aristolochia fosteri is a new species with unusual branched trichomes collected in Pasco near Oxapampa.Aristolochia hutchisonii is a prostrate species found in Amazonas and Cajamarca that is related toA. weberbaueri.Aristolochia barbouri is a narrow-leaved, herbaceous liana from Madre de Dios.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Notched Composites Under Tension Loading

Experimental quasi-static tests were performed on center notched carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites having different stacking sequences made of G40-600/5245C prepreg. The three-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was used during quasi-static tests conducted on quasi-isotropic notched samples to obtain the distribution of strains as a function of applied stress. A finite element model was built within Abaqus to predict the notched strength and the strain profiles for comparison with measured results. A user-material subroutine using the multi-continuum theory (MCT) as a failure initiation criterion and an energy-based damage evolution law as implemented by Autodesk Simulation Composite Analysis (ASCA) was used to conduct a quantitative comparison of strain components predicted by the analysis and obtained in the experiments. Good agreement between experimental data and numerical analyses results are observed. Modal analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of static damage on the dominant frequencies of the notched structure using the resulted degraded material elements. The first in-plane mode was found to be a good candidate for tracking the level of damage.
Terrorist networks, support, and delegation

The paper presents a game-theoretic representation of a general terrorist organization (GTO) that delegates responsibility to local terrorist representatives in n countries. The GTO achieves a strategic advantage by deploying a more radical representative when the government is perceived to be weak and terrorist supporters are committed. When the government or terrorist supporters alter their posture, the GTO may regret its local representative. Outside assistance can change a besieged government’s posture, thereby removing the GTO’s delegation advantage. When both the GTO and the government delegate to surrogates, the delegators are worse off if the government appears to be weak.
Parental involvement in school: A test of Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's model among Jewish and Arab parents in Israel

Abstract Parental involvement in children's schooling has been repeatedly shown to be positively and significantly correlated with a number of positive child outcomes. Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) proposed a multivariate model of parental involvement. There are indications that the model should be adjusted to include mediating effects of parental role constructions. Further, this model has not been tested in educational systems and cultural contexts outside the US. The goals of the present study were to model factors associated with parental involvement in schools in Israel, and compare model fit among two populations representing different cultures. A survey was conducted with 5999 parents of junior- and senior-high school students in Israel. Data were collected on the extent of parental involvement, parental role construction, invitation for involvement from school, homeroom teacher and the child, availability of resources such as time, energy, skills, and knowledge, parents' ethnic affiliation, and the socio-economic status of the school's local authority. Data were analyzed using SEM, Sobel test for mediation, and multivariate hierarchical regression. The findings support the original theoretical model. Findings also revealed significant but very weak mediating effect of parental role construction. The model had a similar fit for both Jewish and Arab samples. Little of the variance in parental involvement was explained by ethnic/cultural affiliation and socio-economic status. Implications for parental involvement interventions with diverse populations are discussed.
Morality as the enemy of equality: Law, economy, and moral responsibility in the early Mormon church

Abstract The Law of Consecration and Stewardship, revealed to the prophet Joseph Smith, Jr., in 1831, sought to establish obligations of mutual moral responsibility that would simultaneously serve to promote economic equality among members of the early Mormon church. The failure of the law, leading to its demise in 1834, is considered with reference to some current conceptions of the bases of human moral responsibility and their implications regarding moral stratification. This analysis suggests that by seeking to create a system of moral responsibility in the interests of economic equality, the law would necessarily have impaired the expression of a disposition to act morally on the part of individual Mormons. This inhibition of the capacity for personal moral action as much, if not more than, an uncharitable human nature may have undermined the law.
Editor's Summary, Q & A, Reviewer's Critique: Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage

Introduction Reports comparing Class III patients treated by camouflage and those treated by orthognathic surgery are not numerous. The purpose of this study was to compare the dental and skeletal values of Class III patients treated with these methods against normative data and over the course of treatment. Methods Thirty-three surgical and 39 camouflage Class III patients were selected from a graduate orthodontic clinic and regional private practices, and lateral cephalograms were digitized. Skeletal and dental values were obtained, and mean and efficacy evaluations referenced to ethnic norms were calculated. Results At pretreatment, the surgery patients had more severe skeletal discrepancies and more compensated incisors. During presurgical orthodontic treatment, most of the surgery group's mandibular incisors were significantly decompensated, although half of the maxillary incisors remained compensated. The surgical move improved 90% of these patients but to only 60% to 65% of the norm. The camouflage group was compensated at pretreatment, and they became more compensated in the end. After treatment, there were no differences between the incisor positions of the 2 groups. Conclusions There was no statistical difference in incisor inclination and position between the Class III surgical and camouflage groups after treatment; there was a significant difference in the pretreatment and posttreatment incisor inclination and position compared with normative values for both the surgical and the camouflage groups; the maxillary and mandibular incisors were not adequately decompensated in the surgical group, but significant improvement in mandibular incisor position and axial inclination was achieved presurgically. The outcome of the surgical correction was limited by the inadequate presurgical orthodontic incisor decompensation, and orthodontic compensation of incisors occurred postsurgically to achieve an optimal occlusal result.
Ion kinetic energy distributions and their relationship to fundamental plasma parameters in a radio frequency glow discharge source

Abstract Studies are performed to evaluate the effect of discharge power, pressure, and sampling position on the kinetic energy of ions sampled from a radio frequency glow discharge (rf-GD) source. The average kinetic energy of ions decreases with increases in discharge power (20–40 W) and pressure (130–300 mTorr), with typical values lying in the range of 10–14 eV. Average ion kinetic energy (1KE) values increase at longer sampling distances from the cathode surface. The fundamental plasma parameters of positive ion number density (ni) and plasma floating potential (Vf) are also measured via a Langmuir probe technique in order to investigate their relationships to the extracted ion beam characteristics. Total ion beam currents measured on a Faraday plate mounted behind the sampling cone reveal that the positive ion density and beam current track each other with respect to changes in discharge power and sampling position. The obtained IKE distributions are dominated by a broad, low energy peak extending from 0-to-20 eV with a high energy shoulder, which is indicative of rf modulation effects. Average IKEs track Vf as a function of power, pressure and sampling distance. The IKEs measured here are much lower than Vj (by −12 eV in most cases), suggesting that rf modulation effects and collisions in the anode sheath influence the observed energies.
SORTING GENDER OUT IN A CHILDREN'S MUSEUM

Psychologists believe grade schoolers' free play in the United States is universally biased toward single-gender groups. In a study of grade schoolers in a children's museum, already-acquainted kindergartners to sixth graders (453 girls and 502 boys) were observed at three exhibits. While boys chose more automobile play and girls more supermarketing, one-quarter of each group played in settings dominated by the other gender. Boys had no group-size preference; girls had a strong preference for small groups. That preference accounts for most of the gender differences found in children's gender sorting in a novel environment. However, the ubiquity of gender segregation in large groups of grade schoolers was disconfirmed for this setting.
Elevated temperature inelastic analysis of metallic media under time-varying loads using state variable theories

A general method for analyzing the time-dependent inelastic response of three-dimensional metallic bodies to arbitrary time-varying mechanical loads and temperature is presented. The method is capable of using any of a number of constitutive relations using state variables that have been recently proposed by other researchers. For the purpose of illustration, the problems of a hollow sphere, cylinder and thin circular disc subjected to various combinations of internal and external pressures, axial force (or constraint) and torque are analyzed using the proposed analysis procedure. The constitutive equations due to Hart are used in the numerical calculations. Hart's model has been previously shown to accurately simulate the deformation behavior of uniaxial metallic specimens subjected to various histories of stress and strain. Numerical results are presented for the mechanical response of a sphere to various prescribed internal pressure or internal displacement histories. Various experimentally observed phenomena in creep and plasticity such as constant stress creep, stress redistribution, history dependence, creep recovery, plastic work hardening, strain rate sensitivity and Bauschinger's effect are shown to be qualitatively predicted by Hart's model for this multiaxial problem.
Scopolamine Rapidly Increases Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling, Synaptogenesis, and Antidepressant Behavioral Responses

Background Clinical studies report that scopolamine, an acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects in depressed patients, but the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic response have not been determined. The present study examines the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and synaptogenesis, which have been implicated in the rapid actions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Methods The influence of scopolamine on mTORC1 signaling was determined by analysis of the phosphorylated and activated forms of mTORC1 signaling proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The numbers and function of spine synapses were analyzed by whole cell patch clamp recording and two-photon image analysis of PFC neurons. The actions of scopolamine were examined in the forced swim test in the absence or presence of selective mTORC1 and glutamate receptor inhibitors. Results The results demonstrate that a single, low dose of scopolamine rapidly increases mTORC1 signaling and the number and function of spine synapses in layer V pyramidal neurons in the PFC. Scopolamine administration also produces an antidepressant response in the forced swim test that is blocked by pretreatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor or by a glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor antagonist. Conclusions Taken together, the results demonstrate that the antidepressant actions of scopolamine require mTORC1 signaling and are associated with increased glutamate transmission, and synaptogenesis, similar to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. These findings provide novel targets for safer and more efficacious rapid-acting antidepressant agents.
Intrinsic bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a gas condensate-contaminated aquifer

A study was designed to determine if the intrinsic bioremediation of gas condensate hydrocarbons represented an important fate process in a shallow aquifer underlying a natural gas production site. For over 4 yr, changes in the groundwater, sediment, and vadose zone chemistry in the contaminated portion of the aquifer were interpreted relative to a background zone. Changes included decreased dissolved oxygen and sulfate levels and increased alkalinity, Fe(II), and methane concentrations in the contaminated groundwater, suggesting that aerobic heterotrophic respiration depleted oxygen reserves leaving anaerobic conditions in the hydrocarbon-impacted subsurface. Dissolved hydrogen levels in the contaminated groundwater indicated that sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were predominant biological processes, corroborating the geochemical findings. Furthermore, 10−1000-fold higher numbers of sulfate reducers and methanogens were enumerated in the contaminated sediment relative to background. Putative metabol...
A Review of Multifunctions of Dielectrophoresis in Biosensors and Biochips for Bacteria Detection

This paper reviews the functions of dielectrophoresis (DEP) that have been applied to biosensor and biochip platforms for bacteria detection, including concentration of bacterial cells from continuous flows, separation of target bacterial cells from non-target cells, as well as the enhancement of antibody capture efficiency on biosensor and biochip surfaces. DEP could provide effective concentration and separation simultaneously in well-designed microfluidic biosensor and biochip systems. The integration of DEP with a detection system allows the integration of sample preparation and enrichment steps with detection, which has the potential to eliminate the traditionally used time-consuming culture-based enrichment steps and other multiple off-chip sample preparation steps. DEP is also useful in biosensor and biochips platforms for enhancing antibody capture efficiency in both flow-through and non-flow-through microdevices. The enhanced antibody capture efficiency could allow the sensor capture more cells a...
Gynecologic cancer in the young female: Clinical presentation and management

Abstract Cancer of the female genital tract in children and adolescents is rare. Gynecological malignant tumors account for only 2–3% of malignancies in the pediatric adolescent patient. However, in general, these tumors have a poor prognosis, as the rare nonspecificity of their symptoms is frequently responsible for a delay in diagnosis—sometimes past the point of potential cure. Ovarian tumors account for the majority of tumors in pediatric adolescent patients in comparison with adults where gynecological malignancy more commonly involves the vulva, vagina, cervix, and uterine fundus. The young female developing physically and psychologically is exposed not only to the direct destructive and incapacitating effects of the tumor process but is also vulnerable to disabling and often permanent injuries arising from all modalities of cancer therapy. Indeed, the treatment of genital neoplasms may well result in permanent loss of the patient's reproductive capacity.
The standardization of 188W/188Re by 4πβ liquid scintillation spectrometry with the CIEMAT/NIST 3H-standard efficiency tracing method

Abstract The massic activity of a solution containing 188W in equilibrium with its daughter, 188Re, has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology using 4πβ liquid scintillation counting with efficiency tracing using the CIEMAT/NIST method. Confirmatory measurements were carried out with γ-ray spectrometry using high purity germanium detectors and a 4πγ NaI(Tl) system. A calibration factor of 1.68 MBq pA −1 ±0.03 MBq pA −1 (expanded, k=2, uncertainty) for the 188W in the solution was determined, along with correction factors for activity determinations using Capintec dose calibrators. A half-life value of 69.78 d±0.05 d (standard uncertainty) was determined by measurement in the NIST 4πγ ionization chamber and is consistent with currently recommended values.
o-and c-glycosylflavones from passiflora biflora

Six c-glycosylflavones including two new compounds, 4′-o-rhamnosylswertisin and 4′-o-rhamnosylswertiajaponin, were isolated from leaves of passiflora biflora. Known c-glycosylflavones were swertisin, swertiajaponin, 2″-o-rhamnosylisoorientin and 2″-o-rhamnosylisovitexin. In addition, luteolin 7-o-neohesperidoside was isolated.
Glycosides of Hydroxyproline: Some Recent, Unusual Discoveries

Glycosides of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the plant cell wall matrix were discovered by Lamport and co-workers in the 1960s. Since then, much has been learned about these Hyp-rich glycoproteins. The intent of this review was to compare and contrast some less common structural motifs, in nontraditional roles, to uncover themes. Arabinosylation of short-peptide plant hormones is essential for growth, cell differentiation and defense. In a very recent development, prolyl hydroxylase and arabinosyltransferase activity has been shown to have a direct impact on the growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pollen allergens of mugwort and ragweed contain proline-rich domains that are hydroxylated and glycosylated and play a structural role. In the case of mugwort, this domain also presents a significant immunogenic epitope. Major crops, including tobacco and maize, have been used to express and produce recombinant proteins of mammalian origin. The risks of plant-imposed glycosylation are discussed. In unicellular eukaryotes, Skp1 (a subunit of the E3(SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex) harbors a key Hyp residue that is modified by a linear pentasaccharide. These modifications may be involved in sensing oxygen levels. A few studies have probed the impact of glycosylation on the structure of Hyp-containing peptides. These have necessarily looked at small, synthetic molecules, since natural peptides and proteins are often isolable in only minuscule amounts and/or are heterogeneous in nature. The characterization of native structural motifs, together with the determination of glycopeptide conformation and properties, holds the key to rationalizing nature's architectural design.
A STUDY OF SOCIAL VARIATION IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE AQUISITION

This study focuses on the developing sensitivity of 74 adult English learners to 3 English dialects in their speech community and the extent to which these learners have assimilated community norms regarding dialect speakers. On the basis of a dialect discrimination task, a speaker evaluation task, and a personal interview, the awareness and attitudes of English learners were compared to those of a control group of native English speakers attending the same university. An integration of the results from the three tasks seems to indicate that dialect sensitivity and attitude formation develop in a parallel fashion so that by the advanced level of proficiency, learners have assimilated native dialect attitudes to a surprising extent. Attitudes appear to stem from personal experience which is reinforced by other factors such as the opinions of others and characters presented in the media.
Focusing on Demand Side Management in the Future of the Electric Grid

The widespread blackout that occurred on August 14, 2003 (“the blackout”) exposed the weaknesses of the current electric transmission grid structure, and underscored the need for improvements to the transmission grid in the United States. The outage knocked out power to approximately fifty million people in Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and the Canadian province of Ontario. 1 The total cost in the United States was estimated to be between $4 and $10 billion.
A phase I trial of dose-dense (biweekly) carboplatin combined with paclitaxel and pegfilgrastim: a feasibility study in patients with untreated Stage III and IV ovarian, tubal or primary peritoneal cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Purpose Dose-dense regimens have been shown to improve outcome when given as adjuvant therapy to patients with breast cancer compared with their three weekly counterparts. We investigated the feasibility of a dose-dense regimen with carboplatin/paclitaxel followed by pegfilgrastim in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. We also investigated the toxicities including the percentage of patients with grade 2 or greater peripheral neurotoxicity and the clinical response of this regimen.
Speciation is not necessarily easier in species with sexually monomorphic mating signals.

Should we have different expectations regarding the likelihood and pace of speciation by sexual selection when considering species with sexually monomorphic mating signals? Two conditions that can facilitate rapid species divergence are Felsenstein's one-allele mechanism and a genetic architecture that includes a genetic association between signal and preference loci. In sexually monomorphic species, the former can manifest in the form of mate choice based on phenotype matching. The latter can be promoted by selection acting upon genetic loci for divergent signals and preferences expressed simultaneously in each individual, rather than acting separately on signal loci in males and preference loci in females. Both sexes in the Chrysoperla carnea group of green lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) produce sexually monomorphic species-specific mating signals. We hybridized the two species C. agilis and C. carnea to test for evidence of these speciation-facilitating conditions. Hybrid signals were more complex than the parents and we observed a dominant influence of C. carnea. We found a dominant influence of C. agilis on preferences in the form of hybrid discrimination against C. carnea. Preferences in hybrids followed patterns predicting preference loci that determine mate choice rather than a one-allele mechanism. The genetic association between signal and preference we detected in the segregating hybrid crosses indicates that speciation in these species with sexually monomorphic mating signals can have occurred rapidly. However, we need additional evidence to determine whether such genetic associations form more readily in sexually monomorphic species compared to dimorphic species and consequently facilitate speciation.
Quantifying CaCO 3 Microprecipitates Within Developing Surface Mats of Marine Stromatolites Using GIS and Digital Image Analysis

The unique geochemical coupling of organic molecules and mineral CaCO3 provides a fluorescence signature detectable using conventional confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The surface microbi...
The effect of caffeine on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells

Cisplatin is an important DNA-damaging anticancer drug that has been used to treat many cancer types. However, the effectiveness of cisplatin treatment diminishes quickly as cancer cells develop resistance to the drug, which eventually results in treatment failure. Caffeine is an ingredient contained in many food sources. Caffeine can inhibit activities of both ATM and ATR, two important protein kinases involved in DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The effect of caffeine on cisplatin-based cancer treatment is not well known. Caspase-3 activation and cell growth inhibition assays were used to determine the effect of caffeine on cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cell growth in lung cancer cells. Real time PCR, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry assays were used determine a mechanism through which the presence of caffeine increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis of the lung cancer cells. Our caspase-3 activation studies demonstrated that the presence of caffeine increased the cisplatin-induced apoptosis in both HTB182 and CRL5985 lung cancer cells. Our cell growth inhibition studies indicated that the presence of caffeine caused a more increase for cisplatin-induced cell growth inhibition. The results obtained from our real time PCR and western blot studies revealed that the presence of caffeine increased cisplatin-induced expression of the PUMA pro-apoptotic protein in these lung cancer cells. The results of our protein phosphorylation studies indicated that the presence of caffeine caused a decrease in CHK1 phosphorylation at Ser317/Ser345 but an increase in ATM phosphorylation at Ser1981 in the lung cancer cells treated with cisplatin. In addition, our flow cytometry studies also revealed that the presence of caffeine caused an increase in G1 cell population but a decrease for cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrests at the S and the G2 checkpoints in HTB182 and CRL5985 cells respectively. Our results suggest that the presence of caffeine increases the cisplatin-induced lung cancer cell killings by inhibiting ATR but inducing ATM activation, resulting in an increase in expression of PUMA protein and an increase in apoptosis.
Complexity, Contextualism, and Multiculturalism Responses to the Critiques and Future Directions for the Gender Role Conflict Research Program

The author reacts to three reviews by Carolyn Enns, Stephen Wester, and P. Paul and Mary Heppner on The Counseling Psychologist Major Contribution “Summarizing 25 Years of Research on Men's Gender Role Conflict Using the Gender Role Conflict Scale: New Research Paradigms and Clinical Implications.” The reviews provide support for assessing the complexity and diversity of men's gender role conflict. The author comments on the reviewers' most critical points in four areas: (a) endorsing contextual, multicultural, and cross-cultural dimensions of gender role conflict; (b) the gap between gender role conflict and career psychology; (c) integrating feminist theory and the macrosocietal perspectives of gender role conflict and sexism; and (d) qualitative and developmental research, societal needs, and social activism. The author recommends further theory development, research, and activism in combating and preventing sexism and gender role conflict.
Rateless coding with partial CSI at the decoder

A channel model for channels with unknown state and partial state information available causally at the decoder is proposed. The model is based on arbitrarily varying channels (AVCs), and the partial state information is characterized by allowing the decoder to know a subset in which the average empirical channel must lie. A randomized rateless coding scheme for these channels is presented that achieves rates near that if the channel quality were known in advance under the assumption that the average channel can be estimated accurately. The same coding scheme can use used to multicast a common message to several receivers with different state sequences.
Reasoning across Ontologically Distinct Levels: Students' Understandings of Molecular Genetics.

In this article we apply a novel analytical framework to explore students' difficulties in understanding molecular genetics—a domain that is particularly challenging to learn. Our analytical framework posits that reasoning in molecular genetics entails mapping across ontologically distinct levels—an information level containing the genetic information, and a physical level containing hierarchically organized biophysical entities such as proteins, cells, tissues, etc. This mapping requires an understanding of what the genetic information specifies, and how the physical entities in the system mediate the effects of this information. We therefore examined, through interview and written assessments, 10th grade students' understandings of molecular genetics phenomena to uncover the conceptual obstacles involved in reasoning across these ontologically distinct levels. We found that students' described the genetic instructions as containing information about both the structure and function of biological entities across multiple organization levels; a view that is far less constrained than the scientific understandings of the genetic information. In addition, students were often unaware of the different functions of proteins, their relationship to genes, and the role proteins have in mediating the effects of the genetic information. Students' ideas about genes and proteins hindered their ability to reason across the ontologically distinct levels of genetic phenomena, and to provide causal mechanistic explanations of how the genetic information brings about effects of a physical nature. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 938-959, 2007
Pleural lesions in Syrian golden hamsters and Fischer-344 rats following intrapleural instillation of man-made ceramic or glass fibers

AESTRACI The mesothelium is a target of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of certain natural mineral and man-made fibers. Long-term inhalation of a ceramic fiber (RCF-1) results in a high incidence of pleural mesotheliomas in Syrian golden hamsters but not in identically exposed Fischer-344 rats. The present study compared the histopathology of the early pleural response in rats and hamsters instilled with artificial fibers. Groups of Syrian golden hamsters and Fischer-344 rats were instilled with ceramic (RCF-1) or glass (MMVF-10) fibers directly into the pleural space. Each species received approximately equal numbers of long, thin fibers per g body weight. Fiber-induced lesions were compared 7 and 28 days postinstillation. Both hamsters and rats developed qualitatively similar dose-dependent inflammatory lesions that were not fiber-type specific. Both species developed fibrosis in conjunction with inflammation in the visceral pleura, but a striking interspecies difference was noted in the pattern of mesothelial cell response. Hamsters developed greater surface mesothelial cell proliferation and had focal aggregates of mesothelial cells embedded deep within regions of visceral pleural fibrosis. It is hypothesized from the present study that the marked fiber-induced proliferative mesothelial cell response of the hamster visceral pleura may explain the high number of pleural mesotheliomas found in long-term fiber studies in this species.
Evaluation of ultrasonographic parameters in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis relative to patient age and size

Abstract Introduction Pyloric thickness of 3 mm or higher and length of 15 mm or higher by ultrasonography (US) is widely accepted as diagnostic criteria for pyloric stensosis (PS). However, infants presenting at earlier ages are held to this same criteria, which may not be applicable. Methods Retrospective review was conducted on patients evaluated with pyloric US to rule out PS from May 2010 through December 2010. Pearson correlation was used to detect an association between weight and age with pyloric thickness and length. Sensitivity and specificty for US parameters were determined. Results Three hundred four patients underwent 318 ultrasounds, of which 67 had PS. Of those with PS, age and weight had a positive correlation with thickness ( P P P P = .002). Overall, US had a 100% sensitivity and specificity for PS. Thickness of 3 mm or higher was 100% sensitive and 99% specific, and pyloric length of 15 mm or higher was 100% sensitive and 97% specific. Conclusions Although significant associations between age and weight with pyloric thickness and length may exist, our data indicate that this does not have an impact on the diagnostic criteria for PS.
The -equivalence in a compact semigroup II

In [1] we considered various aspects of the quotient semigroup H . • H where H is an Jf-class of a semigroup S. In particular, the action of the Schiitzenberger group of H upon SH was studied to obtain various results on the existence of subcontinua. Crucial in [1] was the notion of the (right handed) core of an J^-class which may be considered as a generalization of the notion of the core of a homogroup, [2]. The view taken here is the possible description oiH.-Ha.sai fibre bundle, in the sense of Steenrod, in which the core and Schiitzenberger group play an appropriate role as fibre and structure group respectively. This is done somewhat in [2] in the very special case in which H is the kernel of S, and is an orbit of the maximal subgroup at the identity. We recall now some basic definitions for the convenience of the reader. Let S be any semigroup. The Green equivalences are defined as follows
Clips for closure of full-thickness defects

Abstract The ability to close a full-thickness defect of the gastrointestinal wall is a key step in performance of full-thickness resection and translumenal procedures. This step perhaps represents the greatest hurdle in overcoming the barriers to making full-thickness resection a common therapeutic endoscopic procedure. There are many devices and methods that have been developed for closure of an iatrogenic defect, but through-the-scope and over-the-scope clips are most widely available. This article reviews the literature and methods of using clips for full-thickness defect closure.
Rangeland Research: Strategies for Providing Sustainability and Stewardship to the Rangelands of the World

Rangeland research: strategies for providing sustainability and stewardship to the rangelands of the world. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v28i6_vavra
Reconstituting Intracellular Vesicle Fusion Reactions: The Essential Role of Macromolecular Crowding

Intracellular vesicle fusion is mediated by SNAREs and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins. Despite intensive efforts, the SNARE-SM mediated vesicle fusion reaction has not been faithfully reconstituted in biochemical assays. Here, we present an unexpected discovery that macromolecular crowding is required for reconstituting the vesicle fusion reaction in vitro. Macromolecular crowding is known to profoundly influence the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of macromolecules, but its role in membrane transport processes such as vesicle fusion remains unexplored. We introduced macromolecular crowding agents into reconstituted fusion reactions to mimic the crowded cellular environment. In this crowded assay, SNAREs and SM proteins acted in concert to drive efficient membrane fusion. In uncrowded assays, by contrast, SM proteins failed to associate with the SNAREs and the fusion rate decreased more than 30-fold, close to undetectable levels. The activities of SM proteins were strictly specific to their cognate SNARE isoforms and sensitive to biologically relevant mutations, further supporting that the crowded fusion assay accurately recapitulates the vesicle fusion reaction. Using this crowded fusion assay, we also showed that the SNARE-SM mediated fusion reaction can be modulated by two additional factors: NSF and α-SNAP. These findings suggest that the vesicle fusion machinery likely has been evolutionarily selected to function optimally in the crowded milieu of the cell. Accordingly, macromolecular crowding should constitute an integral element of any reconstituted fusion assay.
Using Faculty Tutorials to Foster Externship Students' Critical Reflection

This article reflects on the author's experience with required tutorial conferencing between externship student and doctrinal faculty who have subject mater and/or practice experience relate to the student's externship placement, noting the potential for increasing student thoughtful reflection, as well as the challenges of such an arrangement.