cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of holographic imaging cytometer holomonitor M4® motility applications

Digital holographic cytometry (DHC) and other methods of quantitative phase imaging permit extended time-lapse imaging of mammalian cells in the absence of induced cellular toxicity. Manufactured DHC platforms equipped with semi-automated image acquisition, segmentation, and analysis software packages (or modules) for assessing cell behavior are now commercially available. When housed in mammalian cell incubators these cytometers offer the potential to monitor and quantify a range of cellular behaviors without disrupting routine culture. Realization of this potential requires validation against established standards. Two proprietary software modules for assessing cellular motility available using the HoloMonitor M4 DHC platform were evaluated on human melanoma cells lines with known relative motility and metastatic potential. One such software package, the Track Cells module, was run during routine culture. In addition, the Wound Healing module was conducted in parallel with established transwell migration and invasion assays. Each module was evaluated for reproducibility and correlation to established assays. Both software modules reliably recorded increased cellular motility in the metastatic 1205Lu line as compared with the non-metastatic WM793 line. In a direct comparison of the two propriety DHC software modules and two established transwell assays, the relative cell motilities were well correlated. The granularity of data provided by the Track Cells module permitted the additional identification of rare hyper-motile cells in the metastatic population and the distinction of motility from division associated displacement. The two HoloMonitor M4 DHC proprietary software modules for assessing cellular motility yielded reproducible results that were well-correlated with established standards. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Making Meaning in (and of) Old Age: The Value of Lifelong Literacy

This article, based on an ethnographic study of aging among women, reports on the benefits of literacy across the lifespan. Using methods based on phenomenological human science, I selected four participants in their eighties and nineties from a small town in Western Massachusetts whom I regarded as exemplars of positive aging. The importance of reading and writing over a lifetime emerged as a central theme in helping to explain how these women coped with the challenges of aging. In the participants’ elder years, literate activities were particularly significant as a way of constructing meaning. With illustrations drawn from the women’s literacy experiences over the better part of a century, I focus on the importance of early literacy development, the key role of literacy sponsors, the self-sponsored nature of memorable literacy experiences, and the differing ways in which the women used reading and writing in their adult years. All four expressed alienation from computers and modern communication technology. Despite this limitation, however, literate activities remained central into old age, helping them to make meaning of their lives, a crucial developmental task in old age. For the women in this study, active, lifelong literacy was a key factor in their continued vitality and involvement in the elder years.
Coagulation disorders in the neonate

A review is presented of those aspects of hemostatic mechanisms that differ between neonates and older children. Practical laboratory tests to evaluate bleeding disorders in the newborn infant are discussed, as are the most frequently encountered primary and secondary conditions that affect hemostasis, both in the otherwise healthy newborn and in the sick low birthweight infant. Pathophysiology and treatment approaches will be briefly reviewed.
Post-Flame Oxidation and Unburned Hydrocarbon in a Spark-Ignition Engine

Abstract : Many recent publications indicate that spark ignition (SI) engines equipped with the conventional port-injection fuel system (PIF) seem to have serious fuel-maldistribution problems, including the formation of liquid layers over the combustion chamber surfaces. It is reasonable to expect that such a maldistribution is an unfavorable condition for the flame propagation in the cylinder. The in-cylinder flame behaviors of a PIF-SI engine as fueled with gasoline are investigated by using the Rutgers high-speed spectral infrared imaging system. These results are then compared with those obtained from the same engine operated by gaseous fuels and other simple fuels. The results from the engine operated by gasoline reveal slowly burning fuel-rich local pockets under both fully warmed and room-temperature conditions. The local pockets seem to stem from the liquid layers formed over the surfaces during the intake period. The (invisible) post-flame oxidation of the rich pockets is observed to continue even after the exhaust valve opens. On the contrary, the same engine run with a gaseous fuel exhibits some predictable and 'clean' flame propagations. The new results obtained from the present study suggest that such a late oxidation of locally fuel-rich liquid pockets may be a significant cause for the emission of the engine-out unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). The sluggish consumption of the fuel there may also be a factor for reducing the thermal efficiency of the engine. A parametric study of this observation is performed to obtain a better understanding of the findings. (AN)
Characterization of prostate cancer information available on smartphones.

e15102 Background: When seeking information regarding prostate cancer, patients are often turning to Smartphones. We decided to look at the “top applications” (apps) on the iTunes store to determin...
Regioselective Alkylative Cross-Coupling of Remote Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds.

The functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds poses a significant challenge due to their ubiquity and relative similarity in most organic frameworks. Herein, we describe the use of a combined photoredox and nickel catalytic system for the regioselective C(sp3)–C(sp3) coupling of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds and alkyl bromides. Positional selectivity is dictated by a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction by a pendent amide. Interception of this radical by a Ni catalyst allows distal alkylation to occur in good yield and excellent selectivity.
Supercontinuum Generation From a Thulium Ultrafast Fiber Laser in a High NA Silica Fiber

A broadband supercontinuum is generated from a thulium ultrafast soliton fiber laser in a high numerical aperture silica fiber with low nJ seed pulse energies. Amplification of a thulium based ultrafast soliton ring fiber laser in two customized thulium doped fiber amplifiers provides pulses varying in energy between 1.8 nJ and 13.5 nJ. Coupling these seed pulses into a high numerical aperture silica fiber UHNA 7 of varying length, a systematic study of the impact of pulse energy, pulse duration and nonlinear fiber length is conducted. Based on the normal dispersion, self-phase modulation dominates for lower pump power values and results in a symmetric spectral broadening process. For higher pulse energies, four-wave mixing and Raman scattering contribute to a strong red-shift of the spectrum beyond 2.3 μm. For a fiber length of 20 m of UHNA 7, a broadband supercontinuum spanning from 1.7 μm to 2.33 μm is generated with a 20 dB spectral bandwidth of 502 nm with an output pulse energy of 4.4 nJ, corresponding to an output power of 92 mW. This represents a low seed energy threshold for efficient flat supercontinuum generation at infrared wavelengths.
Screening guidelines and recommendations for patients at high risk of developing endocrine cancers

Screening guidelines in patients with inherited endocrine syndromes and others at high risk for developing endocrine cancers have significant implications as early tumor detection is associated with improved outcomes. Given the unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment, patients at high risk for developing endocrine cancers require multidisciplinary care. The complexity of decision making and rarity of these syndromes support referral to high-volume centers with the experience and knowledge to treat these at-risk patients.
Calm Commute: Guided Slow Breathing for Daily Stress Management in Drivers

Commutes provide an opportune time and space for interventions that mitigate stress-particularly stress accumulated during the workday. In this study, we test the efficacy and safety of haptic guided slow breathing interventions of short duration while driving. We also present design and experimental implications for evolving these interventions from prior simulator to moving vehicle scenarios. We ran a controlled study (N=24) testing a haptic guided breathing system in a closed circuit under normal and stressful driving conditions. Results show the intervention to be successful in both user adoption and system effectiveness with an 82% rate of engagement in intervention and clear reduction of breathing rate and physiological arousal, with no effect on driving safety and minimal effect on performance. The haptic intervention received positive acceptance from the participants: all indicated a willingness to engage with the intervention in the future and all rated the intervention as safe for traffic applications. The results of this study encourage further investigations exploring the use of the intervention on public roads and monitoring for longitudinal health benefits.
Non-three space properties and Szlenk index

Abstract We prove that for any non-zero, countable ordinal ξ which is not additively indecomposable, the property of having Szlenk index not exceeding ω ξ is not a three space property. This complements a result of Brooker and Lancien, which states that if ξ is additively indecomposable, then having Szlenk index not exceeding ω ξ is a three space property.
Titan cell formation is unique to Cryptococcus species complex

Members of the Cryptococcus species complex stand out by unique virulence factors that allowed evolutionary transition to pathogenesis. Among the factors contributing to cryptococcosis is a morphological transformation into giant (Titan) cells. It remains unclear whether species outside of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex are capable of titanization. We utilized two recently developed protocols that allow obtaining Titan cells in vitro to test if titanization occurs in non-C. neoformans/C. gattii species. We find that none of the tested strains, representing 10 species of basidiomycetous yeasts and the ascomycetous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, undergo significant titanization under conditions that promote robust Titan cell formation in C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex. C. terreus formed occasional enlarged cells through a mechanism potentially similar to that of titanization. Our findings suggest that titanization is a rare phenomenon among basidiomycetous yeasts that occurs mostly in members of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex.
Design and Implementation of Visualized and Rule Based Integrated Primary Equipment Overhaul Management System Build on Dcloud

The systems are deployed at all levels of dispatching organizations which are connected by microservices. In this paper we introduced unified equipment model to achieve show overhaul plans on geographic information system map. Balancing and scheduling overhaul plans by build a rule based expert library. Information exchange and workflow pushing achieved by introducing data exchange service and workflow pushing service which registered on service bus provide by Dcloud, with help of the service the information could be shared among all levels of dispatching organizations, the workflow could be ran more smoothly. The system also provides a collaboration planning platform which is used for make the processing of workflow more efficient. This system is a powerful technique support for continuous protection of the safe operation of the power grid.
The Effects of Microsuppression on State Education Data Quality

States often turn to a data masking procedure called microsuppression in order to reduce the risk of disclosing student records when sharing data with external researchers. This process removes rec...
Does CEO myopia impede growth opportunities

We present evidence that the negative impact of CEO short-termism on firm value can be attributed to a sub-optimal exercise of real options. Accordingly, the value relevance of firms’ real options portfolios is maximized in the absence of CEO temporal myopia. Moreover, the impact of real options on firms’ stock returns’ idiosyncratic characteristics is more pronounced when CEOs’ decision horizons are longer, in line with the view that enhanced operating flexibility from longer decision horizons can amplify the convexity of real options’ payoffs. These findings have important implications regarding the impact of CEO career horizons on corporate strategies and board decisions related to CEO incentives and succession.
Synthesis of highly dispersive platinum nanoparticles and their application in a hydrogen generation reaction

Abstract Platinum nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using beta-cyclodextrin and applied as a catalyst in the hydrogen generation reaction of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and water. The resulting homogenous solution of nanoparticles was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while a gravimetric water displacement system was used to measure the amount of hydrogen generated by the reaction. TEM characterization showed nanoparticles ranging in size from 2−4 nanometers in length with an average diameter of 3 nm. Platinum nanoparticles outperformed the uncatalyzed reaction displaying reaction rates as high as 1.30 mL·min-1·mLcat−1 under optimal environmental conditions of 303 K, with 925 μmol concentration of NaBH4 at a standard pH 7. Arrhenius plot calculations revealed an activation energy of 39.2 kJ/mol indicating promise for the future of homogeneous platinum nanoparticles as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions.
Percutaneous Management of a Contained Annular Rupture Occurring With Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Abstract Annular rupture is a rare catastrophic event during transcatheter aortic valve replacement, often life threatening and requiring emergent surgical repair. We describe, herein, a case of co...
Model-based Reinforcement Learning from Signal Temporal Logic Specifications.

Techniques based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) are increasingly being used to design control policies for robotic systems. RL fundamentally relies on state-based reward functions to encode desired behavior of the robot and bad reward functions are prone to exploitation by the learning agent, leading to behavior that is undesirable in the best case and critically dangerous in the worst. On the other hand, designing good reward functions for complex tasks is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose expressing desired high-level robot behavior using a formal specification language known as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) as an alternative to reward/cost functions. We use STL specifications in conjunction with model-based learning to design model predictive controllers that try to optimize the satisfaction of the STL specification over a finite time horizon. The proposed algorithm is empirically evaluated on simulations of robotic system such as a pick-and-place robotic arm, and adaptive cruise control for autonomous vehicles.
Working Together to Reduce: An Examination of Environmentally Conscious Consumption

An online survey was used to distribute the questionnaire to individuals residing in the United States via Amazon MTurk. The sample consisted of 394 individuals. The scales were modified from the previous studies. The questionnaire included measures of environmental consciousness (e.g., I would be willing to reduce my consumption to help protect the environment) from Kilbourne and Pickett (2008), collaborative consumption (e.g., I could imagine myself borrowing the product from a friend instead of buying it) modified from Seegebarth et al. (2016), voluntary simplicity (e.g., Even if I could financially afford a product, I would buy the product only if it is absolutely necessary) from Hoffmann et al. (2018), and boycott (e.g., I could imagine taking part in a consumption boycott of a company that destroys the environment) from Hoffmann et al. (2018). Finally, to measure conscious consumption behavior researchers developed measures (e.g. Compared to last year I buy clothing less frequently). All measures were rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 6=strongly agree). The sample demographics were predominately Caucasian (76.9%) females (55.3%) with a mean age of 29 years old and a household income of approximately $50,000- $69,999 annually.
When the Mediterranean “Became” Black: Diasporic Hopes and (Post)colonial Traumas

The Italian political election of March 2018, for the first time in Europe, put two populist parties into power: the Movimento Cinque Stelle (the Five Star Movement) led by Luigi Di Maio and Lega led by Matteo Salvini. Despite the collapse of the coalition after only fourteen months, Salvini put the Mediterranean and issues of race and identity at the core of the government’s attention with a constant focus on the so-called “refugee crisis” and an allegedly needed implementation of anti-immigration decrees which, according to some, brought about an “emergency racism” in Italy. This chapter deconstructs dichotomised and alarmist views of this sudden racism alert in Italy to focus on the liminality of Italians’ racial identity and the resignification of the Mediterranean category as an essential tool to whiten both Italy and Italians. The use of the Black Mediterranean, intended as a racialised and historicised space deeply influenced by the European colonial expansion in Africa, turns out particularly useful for analysing dynamics of anti-Black racism in Italy. As a conceptual framework, the Black Mediterranean debunks hegemonic discursive paradigms on issues of race, identity, and Nation in Italy by bringing to light the impacts of Italian colonialism and fascism for the construction of a national identity marked by normative Whiteness. Intended as a physical and symbolic space, the Black Mediterranean also appears as a reservoir of diasporic memories and narratives, excluded by mainstream processes of knowledge production and able to contrast the weight of dominant and exclusionary ways of thinking.
The agent associated with blue dwarf disease in wheat represents a new phytoplasma taxon, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.

Wheat blue dwarf (WBD) is one of the most economically damaging cereal crop diseases in northwestern PR China. The agent associated with the WBD disease is a phytoplasma affiliated with the aster yellows (AY) group, subgroup C (16SrI-C). Since phytoplasma strains within the AY group are ecologically and genetically diverse, it has been conceived that the AY phytoplasma group may consist of more than one species. This communication presents evidence to demonstrate that, while each of the two 16 rRNA genes of the WBD phytoplasma shares >97.5 % sequence similarity with that of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' reference strain, the WBD phytoplasma clearly represents an ecologically separated lineage: the WBD phytoplasma not only has its unique transmitting vector (Psammotettix striatus) but also elicits a distinctive symptom in its predominant plant host (wheat). In addition, the WBD phytoplasma possesses molecular characteristics that further manifest its significant divergence from 'Ca. P. asteris'. Such molecular characteristics include lineage-specific antigenic membrane proteins and a lower than 95 % genome-wide average nucleotide identity score with 'Ca. P. asteris'. These ecological, molecular and genomic evidences justify the recognition of the WBD phytoplasma as a novel taxon, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.
Discrete Stochastic Models

In the deterministic and stochastic models of the previous chapters, population size was treated as a continuous variable. But animals come in discrete units. For large populations, a continuous variable may be a reasonable approximation; a model which predicts a population size of 11,924.38 is not much different from one that predicts a population of 11,924. But in small populations the difference may be important; a prediction of 5 animals is more reasonable than a prediction of 5.42. This is especially true when one considers the question of extinction, where the dynamics of small populations are of fundamental interest. A more realistic model should consider population size as a discrete variable restricted to the nonnegative integers.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Objective: To evaluate and compare the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients seen in five specialty areas of a tertiary-care centre.
Decay of the 2p3p 3 S 1 Level of 0 III

The 3p 3S1 level of 0 III is of special interest in the interpretation of spectroscopic observations of gaseous nebulae and Seyfert galaxies; specifically, it was found1,2 that the observed intensity ratio of 3p 3P2 − 3d 3P 2 o λ3444A to 3s 3P 2 o ,1,0 − 3p 3S1 λλ3341, 3312, 3299A could not be properly accounted for unless some transition other than 3s 3P 2 o ,1,0 − 3p 3S1 helped depopulate the 3p 3S1 level. The so-called two electron transitions λλ644, 995A (Fig. 1) were proposed as additional decay modes of this level; calculations3, 4 indicated that the λ644A transition should be important We report an experimental investigation of the decay of 3p 3S1.
Mechanism-based inhibitors of folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase: control of folylpoly-gamma-glutamate homeostasis as a drug target.

Abstract Intracellular folate pools consist primarily of γ‐glutamyl isopeptide conjugates of reduced forms of the vitamin, folic acid. Biosynthesis of these oligomeric isopeptides is catalyzed by the enzyme folylpoly‐γ‐glutamate synthetase (FPGS). The highly anionic character of the oligomers renders them unable to cross the cell membrane and, therefore, these forms of reduced folates (and certain antifolates) accumulate in cells to high concentration. γ‐Glutamyl hydrolase (GH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the oligo‐γ‐glutamates derivatives to monoglutamyl forms, which are substrates for the reduced folate carrier and able to exit the cell. This chapter describes research, primarily from our laboratories, on the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of several novel analogues of glutamic acid, γ‐glutamyl peptides, and derivatives of folic acid as well as of antifolate drugs. These include a series of fluoroglutamic acids, fluoroglutamate‐containing isopeptides, phosphorus‐containing pseudopeptides, and epoxide‐containing peptidomimetics. The fluoroglutamic acids and fluoroglutamate‐containing folates and antifolates exhibit position‐dependent effects on the reactions catalyzed by FPGS and GH, thus providing insight into the catalytic mechanism and control of these enzymes. The phosphinic acid‐containing pseudopeptides are the most potent inhibitors of FPGS identified to date, and were designed based on mechanistic enzymology data from our laboratories and others, prior to the publication of any structural information about the targeted enzymes.
Information Compression and Retention in Dynamical Processes

We discuss some recent work on various constructions that accumulate or remove information within dynamical systems: tail fields, numeration systems and formal languages (especially of s-shifts), and factor mappings between symbolic or tiling dynamical systems.
Relationship of Connected and Separate Knowing to the Learning Styles of Kolb, Formal Reasoning, and Intelligence

The present investigation examined the relationship between the Connected and Separate Knowing dimensions of the Knowing Styles Inventory [K. H. Knight, M. H. Elfenbein, and J. A. Messina (1994) “A Scale to Measure Connected and Separate Knowing: The Knowing Styles Inventory,” paper presented at the meeting of the New England Educational Research Organization, Rockport, ME; (1995) “A Preliminary Scale to Measure Connected and Separate Knowing: The Knowing Styles Inventory, Sex Roles, Vol. 33, pp. 499–513] and the Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization learning modes of D. A. Kolb [(1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall], formal reasoning ability [B. Inhelder and J. Piaget (1958) The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, New York: Basic Books; (1975) The Origin of the Idea of Chance in Children, New York: W. W. Norton; K. G. Tobin and W. Capie (1981) “The Development and Validation of a Group Test of Logical Thinking,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 41, pp. 413–423], and vocabulary and abstract thinking ability [W. C. Shipley, (1940) “A Self-Administering Scale for Measuring Intellectural Impairment and Deterioration,” Journal of Psychology, Vol. 9, pp. 371–377], Study 1 (126 females, 117 males) found that males who were more connected were more likely to describe their learning style as emphasizing feeling rather than thinking (i.e., scored higher on Concrete Experience). Studies 2 (59 females, 39 males) and 3 (56 females, 58 males) found no relationship between Connected or Separate Knowing and formal reasoning and vocabulary or abstract thinking ability, respectively. Suggestions for future research were presented.
Generation of T Cell Hybridomas

This unit presents a method of immortalizing T cells by fusing them with a preexisting T cell line (the fusion partner) to form a T cell hybridoma. Support protocols present key elements in successful fusions, including the selection of an appropriate fusion partner and activation of the donor T cells. Other support protocols describe the selection processes used for hybridomas, including measures to ensure long-term stability and maintenance of cell lines.
Pemphigus in the dog and cat. Part 2: Diagnosis and management

SMALL ANIMAL DERMATOLOGY UK Vet Vol 15 No 1 January 2010 1 DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH The approach to the diagnosis of the pemphigus group of conditions relies on the following: 1. History 2. Clinical examination 3. Diagnostic tests a. Skin scrapings and hair plucks (rules out demodicosis and dermatophytosis) b. Exfoliative cytology (demonstrates acantholysis and rules out bacterial pyoderma) c. Skin biopsy (definitive diagnosis).
Cognitive Load and the Functional Field of View

In an experiment that kept visual display factors constant but which varied cognitive load, it was found that cognitive load modulated the functional field of view. When given a high level of fovea...
Mental Development, Response Speed, and Neural Activity

Publisher Summary The notion that intelligent individuals are mentally more agile has been supported by recent behavioral studies. These studies have demonstrated that measures of reaction time derived from a variety of simple tasks are sensitive to cognitive development, correlate with general intelligence, and discriminate between normal and mentally retarded individuals. This chapter focuses on delineating neural properties that might underlie the brain's information processing speed by reviewing the evidence linking intelligence (as defined by various psychometrictests) to measures of the brain's electrical activity. It is restricted to studies conducted within the past twenty years in which similar measures of neural activity have been examined by independent investigators. The findings for each individual measure of neural activity are reported and an attempt is made to integrate them into a coherent picture.
Performance evaluation of lot dispatching and scheduling algorithms through discrete event simulation

The effect of wafer factory production rules on factory capacity, WIP (work in process), and cycle time is investigated. Algorithms involving lot start rules, equipment loading rules, and lot priority assignment rules are evaluated. Specific rules are found optimum for the factory analyzed here. The spread between worst-case and best-case operating rules is quantified. More importantly, during the course of the investigation it became apparent that reliable methods of rule enforcement and verification are vital, because the tendency is for the undisciplined factory to settle toward worst-case, operating rules. >
The Policy Challenges for Green Economy and Sustainable Economic Development

Green growth, the promotion of energy efficiency and clean energy technologies and sustainable development are frequently viewed as complementary goals by international policymakers. This paper argues that green growth will not ensure sustainable economic development as long as global ecosystem degradation and loss means that the world continues to face worsening problems of ecological scarcity — the loss of myriad benefits, or “services”, as these systems are exploited for human use and activity. Overcoming this problem requires addressing further sustainability and funding challenges. The sustainability challenge is to overcome a vast array of market, policy and institutional failures that prevents recognition of the economic significance of this scarcity. The funding challenge is to bridge the shortfall between the global benefits that humankind receives from ecosystems and what we are willing to pay to maintain and conserve them. Improving economic and scientific analysis of ecological scarcity, valuing the loss in benefits, and translating the implications into policy are the key steps for addressing the sustainability challenge. Exploring and implementing a range of innovative financing mechanisms, from international payments for ecosystem services to financial and currency transactions taxes to international financing facilities are possibilities for alleviating the funding challenge. narf_1397 233..245
Iterative Instrumentation for Code Coverage in Time-Sensitive Systems

In software testing, runtime code coverage is usually measured by instrumenting the executable code. In most cases the effect of the additional instructions is negligible, but for time-sensitive systems it can potentially alter the timing of executing code. This may lead to inconsistent test results, as the tests behave differently when run against non-instrumented code. In this paper, we discuss traditional code coverage techniques (i.e. instrumentation) and our code coverage technique called "iterative instrumentation" which has no runtime overhead. We analyze the impact of instrumentation runtime overhead through a case study of heuristic pathfinders. Next, we compare the effectiveness of iterative instrumentation to traditional instrumentation for measuring code coverage on a case study of control software. Finally, we discuss possible techniques to improve the quality of our technique including the limitations of this paper. Our studies confirm that instrumentation runtime overhead can alter the timing of time-sensitive software systems while our technique can be used effectively with no runtime overhead.
Symmetry-breaking bifurcations in O(2) maps

Codimension-one bifurcations of O(2)-equivariant maps on Rn are analyzed. Steady-state and period-doubling bifurcations lead to reflection symmetric patterns; subsequent instabilities can lead to a slow phase precession. For Hopf bifurcation, the theory for steady-state bifurcation with D4-symmetry applies.
Resolving Power of Photographic Emulsions

Checkerboard grain which simulates photographic grain can be used to demonstrate the basic concepts of the effect of grain on resolving power. Images of gratings have been imbedded in checkerboard grain which the eye cannot detect. The contrast threshold for such gratings is many times higher than for ordinary gratings. The viewing distance or magnification has a marked effect on the visibility of such gratings. If the magnification is too high the eye cannot assess the average brightness of a grainy patch, and if it is too low the eye cannot resolve the lines of the grating. A photographic reproduction of the Washer–Rosberry resolving power test chart has been analyzed and it is shown that grain size per se is not the limiting factor for resolving the grating. A more important factor is the spread of the image which reduces the contrast between the light and dark bars of the grating and transforms square waves to sine waves. A method is proposed for testing combined effects of grain coarseness, average transmittance, line spacing, and contrast on the visibility of sinusoidal gratings.
Magnon edge modes

An exact result is obtained for the dispersion relation for magnons localized at the apex of a semi-infinite, right-angle wedge of a simple-cubic, Heisenberg ferromagnet, with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, formed by the intersection of two (100) surfaces. The modes studied are wavelike in the direction parallel to the edge of the wedge, and they are characterized by a one-dimensional wave vector $q$. Their amplitudes decay exponentially with increasing distance into the wedge from its apex. The finite difference equation of motion for the magnon creation operators is solved by expanding the latter in a double series of Gottlieb functions. The dispersion relation for these edge localized modes is obtained for all values of $q$ in the one-dimensional first Brillouin zone of the wedge. In the long-wavelength limit it agrees with the result obtained recently in this limit by Sharon and Maradudin.
Can Music Professional Associations Build Capacity for Curricular Renewal

The work of renewing curriculum in music education faces the inertia of current curricular practices and an education reform climate that is unfavorable toward such work. This article suggests that the development of music teacher agency is central to combating these challenges, and that the development of such agency relies on today's professional associations. I explore the conditions under which such associations build member agency, examine the National Association for Music Education as a case study, and argue for the importance of professionalism as a reform logic. I then offer recommendations that address how teacher associations can better assert their particular role in leading curriculum renewal in today's complex and rapidly changing environment.
Retrotransposition strategies of the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB group II intron are dictated by host identity and cellular environment

Group II introns are mobile retroelements that invade their cognate intron-minus gene in a process known as retrohoming. They can also retrotranspose to ectopic sites at low frequency. Previous studies of the Lactococcus lactis intron Ll.LtrB indicated that in its native host, as in Escherichia coli, retrohoming occurs by the intron RNA reverse splicing into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through an endonuclease-dependent pathway. However, in retrotransposition in L. lactis, the intron inserts predominantly into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), in an endonuclease-independent manner. This work describes the retrotransposition of the Ll.LtrB intron in E. coli, using a retrotransposition indicator gene previously employed in our L. lactis studies. Unlike in L. lactis, in E. coli, Ll.LtrB retrotransposed frequently into dsDNA, and the process was dependent on the endonuclease activity of the intron-encoded protein. Further, the endonuclease-dependent insertions preferentially occurred around the origin and terminus of chromosomal DNA replication. Insertions in E. coli can also occur through an endonuclease-independent pathway, and, as in L. lactis, such events have a more random integration pattern. Together these findings show that Ll.LtrB can retrotranspose through at least two distinct mechanisms and that the host environment influences the choice of integration pathway. Additionally, growth conditions affect the insertion pattern. We propose a model in which DNA replication, compactness of the nucleoid and chromosomal localization influence target site preference.
A Comparison of Ethics of Female Students, Male Students, Business Executives and Women Managers

This article presents empirical data on such questions as, will the business person of tomorrow be more honest than the business person of today? Are women more ethical than men? Will the increasing entry of women into business and managerial respon‐sibility have any impact on ethical behaviour in business?
Minimum variation solutions for sliding vector fields on the intersection of two surfaces in R 3

In this work, we consider model problems of piecewise smooth systems in R 3 , for which we propose minimum variation approaches to find a Filippov sliding vector field on the intersection Σ of two discontinuity surfaces. Our idea is to look at the minimum variation solution in the H 1 -norm, among either all admissible sets of coefficients for a Filippov vector field, or among all Filippov vector fields. We compare the resulting solutions to other possible Filippov sliding vector fields (including the bilinear and moments solutions). We further show that-in the absence of equilibria-also these other techniques select a minimum variation solution, for an appropriately weighted H 1 -norm, and we relate this weight to the change of time variable giving orbital equivalence among the different vector fields. Finally, we give details of how to build a minimum variation solution for a general piecewise smooth system in R 3 .
Preparation and characterization of oxygen deficient perovskites, BaBiO3−x

Abstract Oxygen nonstoichiometry in the distorted perovskite BaBiO3 has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis using controlled oxygen pressures. Three distinct regions of nonstoichiometry are observed with composition ranges which narrow as the temperature is lowered. Samples isolated from each region were shown by powder X-ray diffraction to retain the perovskite subcell but show different types of framework distortion. Low temperature reoxidation of the oxygen deficient phases is also described.
Diffusion and equilibrium swelling of macromolecular networks by their linear homologs

Abstract : Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks having strands of molecular weight in the range 11,000-36,000 have been prepared by endlinking linear PDMS molecules of these molecular weights with a tetrafunctional linking agent. Absorption of a series of homologous linear PDMS molecules by the resulting PDMS networks has been investigated. The diffusion coefficients at 70 deg were found to be rather large, 1x10 to the minus 12th power - 6x10 to the minus 12th power m(2)/s, and approximately inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the diffusion liquid, over the range 5,000-38,000. the amounts of liquid absorbed at equilibrium was relatively small, 10% - 80% in good agreement in all cases with an especially simple version of the Flory-Huggins theory when the heat of mixing is made vanishingly small and only entropic terms are retained.
ELECTRIFICATION OF WATER AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE.

1. Amphoteric electrolytes form salts with both acids and alkalies. It is shown for two amphoteric electrolytes, Al(OH)3 and gelatin, that in the presence of an acid salt water diffuses through a collodion membrane into a solution of these substances as if its particles were negatively charged, while water diffuses into solutions of these electrolytes, when they exist as monovalent or bivalent metal salts, as if the particles of water were positively charged. The turning point for the sign of the electrification of water seems to be near or to coincide with the isoelectric point of these two ampholytes which is a hydrogen ion concentration of about 2 x 10–5 N for gelatin and about 10–7 for Al(OH)3. 2. In conformity with the rules given in a preceding paper the apparently positively charged water diffuses with less rapidity through a collodion membrane into a solution of Ca and Ba gelatinate than into a solution of Li, Na, K, or NH4 gelatinate of the same concentration of gelatin and of hydrogen ions. Apparently negatively charged water diffuses also with less rapidity through a collodion membrane into a solution of gelatin sulfate than into a solution of gelatin chloride or nitrate of the same concentration of gelatin and of hydrogen ions. 3. If we define osmotic pressure as that additional pressure upon the solution required to cause as many molecules of water to diffuse from solution to the pure water as diffuse simultaneously in the opposite direction through the membrane, it follows that the osmotic pressure cannot depend only on the concentration of the solute but must depend also on the electrostatic effects of the ions present and that the influence of ions on the osmotic pressure must be the same as that on the initial velocity of diffusion. This assumption was put to a test in experiments with gelatin salts for which a collodion membrane is strictly semipermeable and the tests confirmed the expectation.
Influence of organic acids on heat resistance characteristics of Talaromyces flavus ascospores

Three strains of Talaromyces flavus were investigated for their tolerance to organic acids during and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Fumaric, sorbic and benzoic acids were clearly more lethal than acetic, malic, citric and tartaric acids, and lethality was enhanced as the pH of the heating medium was reduced from 5.0 to 2.5. The effects of sorbic and benzoic acids on viability of ascospores varied depending upon the strain and were influenced by other constituents in the heating medium. Ascospores of a T. flavus strain with greater heat tolerance were larger and less ellipsoid in shape than ascospores of a less heat-tolerant strain, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. While both strains are known to develop heat resistance with age, no external differences in shape, degree of ornamentation and size could be discerned between ascospores as influenced by age (11 and 51 day old) of cultures.
Knee Angle Estimation based on IMU data and Artificial Neural Networks

The measurement of joint angles is of profound importance in analysis of human gait. However, currently these measurements can be acquired only with the use of dedicated measuring devices such as a goniometer or in a gait lab with a motion capture system. The low-cost and portability of recent IMU technology makes them ideal for continuous monitoring of kinematic data. In this research we present an algorithm for estimating knee angles based on IMU data with the use of artificial neural networks. Two IMUs with tri-axis accelerometers and gyroscopes were used above and below the knee under investigation. Simultaneously, an electro-goniometer was used to measure the angle, acquired at 64 Hz. A feed-forward ANN with one hidden layer was fed IMU data from 25 of the acquired steps as inputs and trained against the goniometer angles. The ANN was evaluated on 25 trials for a single subject. The estimated knee angle exhibited strong correlation and minimal error compared to the actual angle.
Cultural change and attitude change: an assessment of postrevolutionary marriage and family attitudes in Iran.

This report is aimed at investigating beliefs and intentions of Iranian adolescents regarding marriage and family building approximately four years after the Islamic Revolution, which brought substantial political and cultural changes. Differences associated with gender and parental education were found in beliefs and intentions regarding marriage and family building. Also, the sample seemed to hold more traditional cultural values than did a comparable prerevolutionary sample of youth who were from the same geographical location and were of the same sex and parental educational background. However, it was found that even the groups from the lowest educational background showed some degree of nontraditional attitudes and intentions regarding marriage and family. Interpreting the findings in light of cultural observations and attitude change theory, it is argued that a certain degree of “real” attitude change has occurred, and is continuing, in the nontraditional direction among educated youth.
Gender, violence and brief interventions for alcohol in the emergency department.

Abstract Background The impact of gender and violence on brief interventions (BIs) for alcohol use in the emergency department (ED) has not been studied. Our objective was to examine the effectiveness of alcohol BIs in an ED population stratified by gender and violence. Methods This was a secondary analysis of datasets pooled from three ED-based randomized controlled studies of alcohol BIs. AUDIT-C was the primary outcome measure; secondary outcomes were binge drinking and achievement of NIAAA safe drinking levels. We conducted univariate comparisons and developed generalized linear models (GLM) for the primary outcome and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models for secondary outcomes to examine the intervention effect on the whole study group, gender-stratified subgroups, and gender- and violence-stratified subgroups. Results Of 1219 participants enrolled, 30% were female; 31% of women and 42% of men reported violence involvement at baseline. In univariate analysis, no differences in outcomes were found between intervention and control groups for any subgroup. However, in multivariable models, men demonstrated an intervention effect for likelihood of safe drinking limits. Stratifying further by violence, only men without violence involvement demonstrated a positive intervention effect for safe drinking limits. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on women. Conclusions Analyzing the overall effect of ED-based BI may mask its ability to improve alcohol-related outcomes in a subset of the population. Alternatively, interventions may need to be significantly improved in subsets of the ED population, e.g., in women and in men with involvement in violence.
Obstetric ultrasound utilization in the United States: Data from various health plans

Abstract There is currently a lack of published data on ultrasound utilization in obstetrics in the United States. In order to get some meaningful information on this topic, we analyzed de-identified data obtained from large insurance providers and underwriters that covered large segment of the United States population in various geographic areas of the country. Our results show an overall significant increase in utilization of obstetric ultrasound over the years, with pregnancies receiving around 4–5 ultrasounds per pregnancy. Another important aspect of the data is a higher than expected utilization of the targeted 76811 ultrasound examination, with utilization rates between 30% and 50%, beyond the original intention of the targeted code. Despite the fact that the data was not intended to shed light on indication of ultrasound or competency of ultrasound providers, in a healthcare world of shrinking reimbursement, as leaders of quality, we should ensure that ultrasound examinations that pregnant women receive are indicated and are performed by competent healthcare workers in ultrasound laboratories that meet accreditation standards.
Burrowing of the lingulid brachiopod Glottidia pyramidata: its ecologic and paleoecologic significance

Contrary to popular assumption, the pedicle of Glottidia is not its principal burrowing organ. The brachiopod props itself up with the pedicle and enters the sediment with the valves leading, anterior end first. The pedicle trails behind. Burrowing is accomplished by cyclical valve motions: rotary, sliding, and gaping movements are used. Rapid valve closure ejects water from the mantle cavity to loosen the sediment. The lateral setae convey mucus-bound sand posteriorly (upwards). X-radiography shows that the burrows are U-shaped: in a few hours, the animal reappears in feeding position with the anterior end pointing out of the sediment and the pedicle extending down into the burrow. This burrowing process explains the substrate preferences of lingulids. The thick. closely spaced setae are adapted for burrowing. The spacing between individuals is increased, suggesting competition for food.