cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of Coevolution

The goal of this study is twofold. First, it seeks to move beyond the exploration of motivations for understanding why the United States launches some humanitarian interventions and avoids others. Second, it initiates a theory building process to map the complex international and domestic environment that frames American humanitarianism. To explain the selectivity of U.S. engagement, the article establishes a typology of actors, restraints, and concerns involved in the humanitarian policy-making process. It then presents a theory of coevolution that serves as a framework for understanding the interactive and diffusive dynamics between policy makers and their broader operating environment. With illustrative case studies on Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq (1991), Operation Allied Force in Kosovo (1999), and Operation Unified Assistance in response to the Asian Tsunami (2004), this study suggests that U.S.-led humanitarian interventions are part of larger episodes of engagement that hold consequences for subsequent involvements. It finds that altruistic interventions are often blurred with self-interested power pursuits, as American humanitarianism is the product of a confluence of domestic political factors, historical milieu, and international normative advancement.
Rapid switching of mood in families with familial bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE: Rapid switching of moods in bipolar disorder has been associated with early age at onset, panic comorbidity, and suicidality. This study aims to confirm these associations and investigate other potential correlates of rapid switching of mood using families from a multisite bipolar linkage study. METHODS: The subjects were comprised of 1,143 probands and relatives with diagnosis of bipolar disorder. All subjects were interviewed directly with a standard diagnostic instrument, and all subjects who met criteria for bipolar disorder were asked if their moods had ever switched rapidly. RESULTS: Individuals with rapid mood switching had significantly earlier age at onset (18 versus 21 years, p Language: en
Osseointegrated implants in the management of childhood ear abnormalities: with particular emphasis on complications

Little has been published about the difficulties encountered during the insertion of osseointegrated implants for the attachment of bone anchored hearing aids (BAHA) and auricular prostheses in children. This study examines this issue in the first 51 children implanted at our centre. During surgery, the most common problem encountered was the presence of thin bone resulting in incomplete insertion of fixtures. Five fixtures had failed to integrate and six fixtures were lost in the long-term, however, only five children required revision surgery. The reason why few patients require revision was due to the judicious insertion of 'sleeper' fixtures. At follow-up, seven children required counselling for psychological problems. It is apparent from this study that osseointegrated implants in children are associated with difficulties, re-emphasizing that a paediatric osseointegration programme requires significant investment, and should only be undertaken by institutions that are committed to its success.
Direct mixed and open questions in child interviewing: An analog study

Purpose. This study evaluated the relative value of direct questions, open-ended questions, and mixed questions (including cued invitations) in eliciting accurate statements from young children about a known episode. Methods. Children, 25 aged 5–7 years, and 25 aged 10–12 years, were interviewed concerning a standardized experience the previous week. Direct, mixed, and open-ended question sequences were counterbalanced between participants. Transcribed videos were assessed for quantity and quality of statements. Results. Mixed questions tended to fall in the middle, between direct and open questions on length of statement, and number of errors. For the younger children, direct questions, but not mixed questions, increased the number of errors of commission in subsequent open question sequences. Cued invitations, where the direct portion of the mixed question pair reiterated information previously elicited from the child, produced fewer errors of omission than mixed questions without adding errors of commission. Conclusions. Mixed questions, especially cued invitations, were found to be a useful alternative for obtaining specific content when open questions alone were not sufficient. Support for conducting the interview in an ‘inverted pyramid’ or ‘funnel’ fashion was found in an analog study where ground truth was firmly established.
Karst and Early Fracture Networks in Carbonates, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies

Abstract Historically, studies of Quaternary carbonates have not adequately addressed the influence of early fracture networks on diagenesis. Because of this lack of detail, understanding and predicting fracture-related diagenetic heterogeneities and preferential fluid flow pathways in ancient carbonate successions is particularly challenging. The Pleistocene oolitic grainstones of the Caicos platform provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of fractures on early diagenetic alteration styles, and are a suitable analog for subsurface carbonate reservoirs. Detailed analyses of fractures (e.g., orientation, aperture, spacing, fill material) from Caicos outcrops combined with high-resolution, three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (3D GPR), assisted in exploring the causality and distribution of fractures and relationship to karst. Four models were evaluated to explain the observed distribution of dolines: (1) gravitational, fractured-margin controlled, (2) tectonic-fracture controlled, (3) antecedent-topography controlled, and (4) a hybrid model. Based on observations of numerous fractures (n = 306) on the western Caicos platform, early fractures are abundant and dominantly margin-parallel. These fracture networks are well established in limestones prior to mineralogical stabilization, thereby indicating that diagenetic heterogeneities evolve very early in carbonate diagenesis. The spatial distribution of dolines on Providenciales is likely the result of a complex interplay between the antecedent topography, margin-parallel fracture systems, and meteoric fluids. Resultant diagenetic alteration is far more complicated than simple, unconfined, meteoric lenses associated with topographic highs. Any attempts to model early diagenesis in carbonates should not dismiss the role of fractures as diagenetic facilitators and diagenetic anisotropy templates.
GROWTH INHIBITION OF HL-60 CELLS BY EXTRACELLULAR ATP : CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT INVOLVEMENT OF A P2 RECEPTOR AND ADENOSINE GENERATION

Abstract A single addition of ATP (20–1000 μM) to cultures of HL-60 cells resulted here in permanent, Ca2+-independent inhibition of cellular proliferation, evident 48 h following treatment. Extracellular ATP (ATPo) was maximally effective at 250 μM giving 90 ± 1.5% growth inhibition. Up to a concentration of 250 μM ATPo, growth inhibition is solely attributable to ATPo, while at higher ATPo concentrations adenosine generated from ATPo hydrolysis contributes to this effect. The order of potency for growth inhibition was ATP = ADP > AMP > adenosine. Suramin, a P2 receptor antagonist, attenuated growth inhibition by ATP and ADP, indicative of P2 receptor involvement. Equipotency of ATP and ADP excludes the involvement of either an ecto-protein kinase or a P2X7receptor in growth inhibition. Neither UTP (P2Y2agonist) nor α,β-methyleneATP (P2X1agonist) inhibited growth, indicating that such inhibition is mediated by a previously undescribed P2 receptor on HL-60 cells.
Ligand-Controlled Proteolysis of the Escherichia coli Transcriptional Regulator ZntR

Proteases play a crucial role in remodeling the bacterial proteome in response to changes in cellular environment. Escherichia coli ZntR, a zinc-responsive transcriptional regulator, was identified by proteomic experiments as a likely ClpXP substrate, suggesting that protein turnover may play a role in regulation of zinc homeostasis. When intracellular zinc levels are high, ZntR activates expression of ZntA, an ATPase essential for zinc export. We find that ZntR is degraded in vivo in a manner dependent on both the ClpXP and Lon proteases. However, ZntR degradation decreases in the presence of high zinc concentrations, the level of ZntR rises, and transcription of the zntA exporter is increased. Mutagenesis experiments reveal that zinc binding does not appear to be solely responsible for the zinc-induced protection from proteolysis. Therefore, we tested whether DNA binding was important in the zinc-induced stabilization of ZntR by mutagenesis of the DNA binding helices. Replacement of a conserved arginine (R19A) in the DNA binding domain both enhances ZntR degradation and abolishes zinc-induced transcriptional activation of zntA. Biochemical and physical analysis of ZntR(R19A) demonstrates that it is structurally similar to, and binds zinc as well as does, the wild-type protein but is severely defective in binding DNA. Thus, we conclude that two different ligands-zinc and DNA-function together to increase ZntR stability and that ligand-controlled proteolysis of ZntR plays an important role in fine-tuning zinc homeostasis in bacteria.
Problems for judgment and decision making.

▪ Abstract This review examines recent developments during the past 5 years in the field of judgment and decision making, written in the form of a list of 16 research problems. Many of the problems involve natural extensions of traditional, originally rational, theories of decision making. Others are derived from descriptive algebraic modeling approaches or from recent developments in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. “Wir mussen wissen. Wir werden wissen.” (We must know. We will know.) David Hilbert, Mathematische Probleme (1900)
Important Records of the Bird-Voiced Treefrog (Hyla avivoca) in the Headwaters of the Ouachita River Drainage of Southwestern Arkansas

We document the occurrence of the Bird-voiced Treefrog (Hyla avivoca), at 32 sites in the upper Ouachita River system of Arkansas, including specimens from the Little Missouri and Saline River tributaries. This more than doubles the total number of sites from which this frog is known in Arkansas, and the distributional limit coincides with the interface of the Ouachita Mountains and the Gulf Coastal Plain. West of the Mississippi River, only a few localities are known for this species in Oklahoma and Louisiana, making the Arkansas populations important for the conservation of the species.
Decisional Balance: Alcohol Decisional Balance Intervention for Heavy Drinking Undergraduates.

Background: This study evaluated a decisional balance intervention among heavy drinking undergraduates and compared a nonweighted decisional balance proportion (DBP; Collins, Carey, & Otto, 2009) to a participant-weighted DBP with weights based on relative importance of items. We expected: (1) the intervention to decrease drinking compared to control; (2) the weighted intervention to be more effective compared to the nonweighted or control in reducing drinking; and (3) intervention efficacy to be moderated by initial DBP. Method: Participants (N = 162, Mean age = 24.37, SD = 6.81, 27% male) were randomly assigned to an alcohol intervention wherein they were either asked to assign weights of importance to pros and cons (weighted intervention), or not (nonweighted intervention), or to control. Participants completed web-based questionnaires at baseline and again during a one month follow-up assessment. Results: Consistent with expectations, the nonweighted intervention was associated with reduced follow-up ...
A World of Adventure: Bringing into Focus White Female Filmmakers in Colonial Africa

The British Journalism Review recently lauded Armand and Michaela Denis, those intrepid travellers filming in Africa after World War Two: Armand was the one with the camera, the spectacles and the Belgian accent. Michaela was the one with the jodhpurs, the fluting voice and the lipstick. This emphasis on the bespectacled male explorer carrying the lens, and his female sidekick the lipstick, raises questions: what was the role of white female filmmakers in colonial Africa? Did these women serve merely cosmetic functions, or did they act as more willful agents in their own right? While the contributions of African women to post-colonial filmmaking are being investigated, this paper offers a new perspective by highlighting the ubiquity of white female filmmakers during the colonial era. Despite the prevalent assumption that colonial filmmaking constituted a decidedly male enterprise replicating nineteenth century masculinist imperialist discourse, women played a significant role in film production throughout the continent, serving as interpreters, scene coordinators, and camera operators. Women delineated their experiences as putatively depoliticized adventures, and while they reinforced the masculinist scaffolding of twentieth African exploration, they still highlighted their femininity and the novelty of white women traversing the continent during the era of colonial consolidation.
Surface modification of zein colloidal particles with sodium caseinate to stabilize oil-in-water pickering emulsion

Abstract Zein colloidal nanoparticles can adsorb at the oil–water interface to form Pickering emulsion. However, zein Pickering emulsion is usually not stable due to the poor wettability of zein colloidal nanoparticles. The objective of this study was to modify the surface of zein nanoparticles using sodium caseinate (NaCas) and assess the properties of zein/NaCas nanocomplexes and the resultant oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. One percent (w/w) of zein/NaCas colloidal nanocomplexes were formed, with the zein:NaCas ratios (w/w) ranging from 10:1 to 10:4 at pH = 3 by an ultrasound treatment. The zeta-potential of the zein/NaCas nanocomplexes showed altered surface charges, indicating that NaCas adsorbed on the surface of the zein colloidal nanoparticles. Three-phase contact angle measurements suggested that the original zein colloidal nanoparticles were preferentially wetted in water. The incorporation of 0.1%–0.2% (w/w) NaCas significantly enhanced its wettability in the oil, and intermediate wettability was achieved at a zein:NaCas ratio of 10:3. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images showed that the incorporation of NaCas improved the interfacial coverage of the Pickering emulsions. When the zein:NaCas ratio ranged from 10:1 to 10:3, the interface was composed of zein/NaCas nanocomplexes. At a zein:NaCas ratio of 10:4, NaCas can competitively adsorbed to the interface and formed a hybrid interfacial structure. The Zein/NaCas nanocomplexes stabilized the Pickering emulsions and exhibited greater centrifugal stability than plain zein emulsions at most pHs and ionic strengths. The underlying mechanisms of the improved emulsion stability are discussed in this paper. This study explored a novel approach to stabilizing Pickering emulsions via the surface modification method using a food-grade protein.
Speed and accuracy indicators of test performance under different instructional conditions: Intelligence correlates

Abstract Performance on speeded ability tests, in contrast to power tests, reflects an individual's ability to get answers correct and to do so rapidly. However, with speeded tests, overall performance scores represent some unknown combination of the individual's strategy toward greater speed or higher accuracy. Scoring methods, such as penalties for wrong answers, are often imposed to either encourage examinees to adopt a specific speed-accuracy tradeoff strategy, or to attempt to derive performance scores that ‘factor out’ such strategic differences. In the current study, baseline assessments of four perceptual speed and psychomotor ability tests were administered, along with three different instructional conditions (accuracy-emphasis, speed-emphasis, and balanced accuracy and speed). A general ability composite was derived from a battery of intellectual ability tests. Changes in speed-accuracy tradeoff emphasis resulted in a consistent pattern of changes in the g correlates of latency/completion time performance indicators and number of errors. Increasing emphasis on accuracy resulted in increasing g correlates with latency/completion time, and decreases in g correlates with error rates. Implications for construct validity of ability tests and for further consideration of the conditions of testing are presented.
Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in Controlling a Sciarid Fly, Lycoriella mali, in Mushroom Compost

An experimental preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis (Goldberg) tested against a sciarid fly Lycoriella mali (Fitch) in mushroom compost gave over 90% control. The LC95 was one part B. thuringiensis var. israelensis to 696 parts water (wt/wt); the L95 was one part B. thuringiensis var. israelensis to 64 parts water. With a 1:60 dilution, the mortality exceeded 99.5%. Two commercial preparations containing B. thuringiensis var. israelensis tested at a dilution of 1:100 produced mortality rates of either 79.2 or 94.4%.
DIFFERENTIAL CARDIAC HISTOPATHOLOGY IN INBRED MOUSE STRAINS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI

Seven inbred mouse strains were examined for the presence of chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy in postacute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. DBA/1, DBA/2, BALB/c, B 10.T (6R), B 10.Q, B 10.D2, and B6 mice were infected for 100 days with the Brazil strain of T. cruzi. Standard histologic examination of cardiac tissue from these mice revealed the following relationship among the different strains based on the severity of observed inflammation (myocarditis): BALB/c, DBA/1, and DBA/2 were the most inflamed; B 10.T (6R) and B 10.Q were intermediate; and B6 and B 10.D2 showed the least inflammation. Examination of these tissues for characteristics of myocardiopathy such as cell swelling, edema, vacuolization, necrosis, myocytolysis, connective tissue infil- tration, and thinning of the right ventricular wall indicated a relative relationship among the different strains relative to the severity of cardiomyopathy as follows: BALB/c, DBA/2, and DBA/1 showed the most cardiopathy (pathopermissive); B 10.T (6R) and B 10.Q showed intermediate pathology; and B6 and B 10.D2 showed the least involvement (pathoresistant). Anti-heart antibody present in the sera of all these mice showed specific reactivity in western blots to a 43-kDa glycoprotein from normal heart tissue. Also, anti-heart antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay titers for all mouse strains were similar and showed no correlation with the severity of tissue damage. The fact that different inbred strains show various degrees of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy may be useful in the study of pathogenesis of chronic Chagas' disease. Results from this limited list of inbred strains suggest that background genes, rather than the major histocompatibility complex, play the major role in the expression of cardiac pathogenesis. Correlation of acute parasitemia level with degree of chronic damage was indicated in pathopermissive strains (BALB/c and DBA/2), which had higher parasitemia levels than the pathoresistant (B6 and B 10.D2). Potential hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi include nearly all mammalian species. Each species shows differing susceptibility to acute infection and typ-
A method for estimating the average packet error rates of multi-carrier systems with interference

We propose a method for estimating the average packet error rates (PER) of a coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) system when the signal is subject to interference with a shaped spectral density. Thus the interference has a different impact on each sub-carrier. Typically, the PER is a function of the received signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and the packet bits are distributed evenly amongst a fixed number of sub-carriers where each sub-carrier has the same SNR. The OFDM system under consideration here utilizes convolutional coding for error correction and Mn-ary square quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) for signaling. The proposed method assumes that each sub-carrier is affected by a different interference power. The novelty in the analysis lies in equating the average interference power affecting each sub-carrier to an equivalent additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) power. We compare PER prediction using this approach to simulation for a number of modulation and coding schemes (MCS) to validate that the proposed approximation can be used to calculate the average PER.
Academic Advisors in Athletics Lead the Way

What is an academic advisor today? The term has evolved to include people from different units of h igher education. At the t ime the O'Banion and Crookston articles were written, the model used by four-year colleges and universities was aptly described by O'Banion: In that model academic advising is faculty advising, with every faculty member being an advisor. Today, an academic advisor can still be a faculty member, but an academic advisor can also be a student personnel specialist. Further, in athletic departments an academic advisor can be a former coach or athlete. According to O'Banion, "the purpose of academic advising is to help the student choose a program of study which will serve him in the development of his total potential." This was basically the purpose for which the profession was established as envisioned by both authors. However, in all too many instances academic advising has become the process of fitting the student into a particular course of study or canned program. Th i s is the least t ime-consuming ap proach used by faculty in what has become a researchand publishing-driven profession. This is also the method used by many in the overworked, underpaid, unappreciated academic advising profession while they learn their craft.
Chinese hamster polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid: relationship to non-polyadenylated sequences and relative conservation during messenger ribonucleic acid processing.

Abstract We have further analyzed the metabolism of specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) sequences within the cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by using a set of previously constructed complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) clones (Harpold et al., Cell 17:1025-1035, 1979) as specific molecular probes in a variety of RNA:DNA hybridization experiments. The majority of the labeled mRNA complementary to each of the nine clones was found in the polyribosomes, with some variation between individual sequences. The great majority of each specific mRNA labeled for 3 h or less was in the polyadenylated [poly(A)+] fraction. However, the amount of each sequence increased in the non-poly(A)+ [poly(A)-] fraction after very long label times, suggesting the derivation of the poly(A)- RNA from the poly(A)+ RNA. Eight of the nine mRNA's have cytoplasmic half-lives ranging from 8 to 14 h, whereas one of the mRNA's, the scarcest in the group, has a somewhat shorter half-life of approximately 3 h. The proportion of each of the specific long-lived mRNA's within the total labeled mRNA increased as a function of labeling time, indicating that a large fraction, probably greater than 50%, of the initially labeled poly(A)+ mRNA in CHO cells has a half-life of less than 3 h. A quantitative analysis of the kinetics of labeling of specific nuclear and cytoplasmic sequences indicated that a significant fraction of the mRNA sequences transcribed from genes containing these nine CHO sequences were successfully processed into mRNA. However, two of the CHO mRNA sequences were only partially conserved during nuclear processing to yield mRNA. These studies demonstrated that events at two post-transcriptional levels, differential nuclear processing efficiency of different primary transcripts and cytoplasmic stability of different mRNA's, can be involved in the determination of the cytoplasmic concentrations of different mRNA's.
“He just wanted everything to be perfect, me to be perfect”: U.S. NCAA Division I daughter-athletes’ experiences of the father–daughter relationship.

Little empirical research has been done on the father–daughter relationship in sport. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to obtain in-depth description of U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (DI) daughter-athletes’ lived experiences of this relationship during the
Analysis of snails surveying result and molluscicidal effect outside embankment of Shekou town from 2005 to 2008

Objective To take targeted control measures and control schistosomiasis of Shekou area further. Methods According to the schistosomiasis control program of Wuhan,snails surveying by methods of systematic sampling combined with environmental sampling.Niclosamide spraying was used as focal mollusciciding.SPSS12.0 was used for data analysis. Results The snail-ridden area had reduced by 41.79%.The rate of frames with snails,the living snail density,and the infection rate of snails decreased by 73.82%,67.74% and 51.85% respectively.The susceptible area increased by 51.59%.In the four years,the corrected death rates of snail after molluscicide being applied were 97.29%,95.83%,93.22% and 85.01% respectively. Conclusion Now the snail have been controlled effectively by means of focal mollusciciding in the susceptible area since 2005.But the susceptible area control depends on implementation of farm cattle stable breeding and prohibiting graze in the beach with snail.
Endovascular Interventional Cardiology: 2015 in Review

Minimally invasive interventional procedures have become an appealing option for patients with endovascular disease historically referred to surgery. This article reviews the major advancements and trials published in 2015.
Intake, digestion, and digestive characteristics of Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected and uninfected fescue by heifers offered hay diets supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract or laidlomycin propionate.

Tarentaise heifers fitted with a rumen cannula (539 ± 7.5 and 487 ± 15.7 kg avg initial BW in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) were used in two Latin square metabolism experiments having 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangements to determine the effects of supplementation with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AO) or laidlomycin propionate (LP) on intake, digestion, and digestive characteristics of Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected (IF) or uninfected (FF) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hay diets consumed ad libitum. Heifers were housed in individual stanchions in a metabolism facility with ambient temperatures controlled to range between 26.7 and 32.2°C daily. Total feces and urine were collected for 5 d following a 21-d dietary adaptation period. In situ DM and NDF disappearance and ruminal fermentation characteristics were also determined. In Exp. 1, DMI was 24% greater (P < 0.01) by heifers offered FF than by those offered IF (6.7 vs 5.4 kg/d). Heifers fed 2 g/d AO tended (P = 0.09) to consume 4% more DM than those fed a diet without AO. Degradable DM and NDF fractions of IF were greater (P < 0.01) than those of FF, but AO supplementation did not affect situ disappearance (P ≥ 0.42). In Exp. 2, DMI was 18.9% greater (P < 0.01) by heifers offered FF than by those offered IF (6.6 vs 5.5 kg/d). Heifers fed LP (50 mg/d) consumed 10.6% less (P< 0.05) DM than those not fed LP (5.7 vs 6/5 kg/d). Digestibility of NDF tended to be greater (P = 0.08) and digestibility of ADF was greater (P < 0.05) from FF than from IF. Conversely, apparent N absorption (%) was greater (P < 0.05) from IF than from FF. Heifers fed LP had lower (P < 0.05) ADF digestibility than those not fed LP. In situ degradable DM and NDF fractions were greater (P < 0.01) from IF than from FF. Diets supplemented with LP had higher (P < 0.01) indigestible DM and NDF fractions than those without LP. Propionic acid and total VFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) from heifers offered FF than from those offered IF and from heifers fed LP than from those not fed LP. Therefore, it appears the major effect of N. coenophialum was a reduction in forage intake and total-tract fiber digestibility in certain situations. Response to the feed additives was similar whether heifers were offered IF or FF and no evidence was apparent that either additive would improve performance substantially by animals consuming low-quality fescue hay diets.
SP-D and GM-CSF regulate surfactant homeostasis via distinct mechanisms.

Both surfactant protein (SP) D and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) influence pulmonary surfactant homeostasis, with the deficiency of either protein causing marked accumul...
Validity in Measures and Data Collection

Validity in measures and data collection involves further operationalization of indicators and interrogates into more specific questions administered directly to respondents. A form of construct validity directly affected by decisions in this stage is the translation validity. Translation validity concerns the extent to which instruments or questions administered to the respondents or indicators used to measure program outcomes reflect the construct being measured. This chapter looks into assumptions that evaluators make about respondents and assumptions that respondents make about evaluators. Preconditions for translation validity including preclusion of alternative interpretations, preclusion of difficult and biased questions, biased wording, and biased context are discussed. Measure reliability is presented as a key precondition for translation validity, since for a measure to be valid, it must at least be reliable. Assumptions arise whenever these preconditions are unexamined or taken for granted.
The Art of Domestic Husbandry: Paterson

In arguing for a constant in the extraordinary range of Williams’s work, a paradox emerges in that this invariant is located in the give and take of the activity of relating. To locate a closure which favours either extreme, or to present an overarching ideal which smothers extremes is, in his aesthetic, to achieve only sterility in which ‘the paralytic is confirmed / in his paralysis’ (CP2 263). Seeking neither to rape nor seduce, fertile intercourse is assured only by its adherence to the conditions of metaphor where identity and intercourse are not mutually exclusive. Here it is that Williams earns his ability to be liberated. Here it is that he can move from the intensity of the lyric to the expansiveness of the epic. In doing so, as he does in Paterson, he proceeds as he had developed his poetics. Firstly he must establish a sense of identity which can be relied upon to be accurate. This is possible only by the recognition of an internal dualism. By exposing himself to that dance, Williams patiently earns his acts of intercourse and ensures their fecundity. The conclusiveness which Benjamin Sankey desires of Paterson is thus not available in this aesthetic and what he terms an ‘impressive experiment’ is actually a passionate commitment to the conditions of metaphor.1
Identifying elder abuse & neglect among family caregiving dyads: A cross sectional study of psychometric properties of the QualCare scale

Abstract Background/objectives Universal screening for elder abuse and neglect is a current controversy in geriatrics, fueled by the lack of evidence on valid and reliable instruments. Since each U.S. State and many other countries have their own legal definitions of what constitutes elder abuse and neglect, this further complicates instrument development and clinical assessment. The purpose of this paper is to present data on the sensitivity and specificity of the QualCare Scale, an instrument with utility in detecting clinically significant elder abuse and neglect among older adults receiving care at home. Design Data used in this analysis were collected during a training program in which trainees completed assessments (N=80) of standardized case scenarios of caregiving dyads. Trainees completed the QualCare Scale during each assessment. Setting This training program, including the assessments of the standardized case scenarios, was completed using a custom designed virtual-reality platform. Trainees were able to interact with the environment, older adult and caregiver within the case scenario. Participants Thirty-six nurses and social workers from two Michigan Medicaid Waiver Sites participated in the training program. Each participant assessed between one and five scenarios, yielding the sample of 80 assessments used in this analysis. Measurements The research team designed each standardized case scenario to reflect whether or not the QualCare Scale subscale score should indicate reportable elder abuse and neglect per the State statute. Accordingly, the research team's QualCare Scale scores for each scenario were used as the gold standard criterion of clinical significance for comparison against the participant's assessment scores. Results Sensitivity and specificity for each of the six QualCare subscales was determined. Overall, the subscales had high sensitivity (≥0.811) but a wide range for specificity (0.167–1.000). Conclusion The QualCare Scale can be an effective tool in detecting clinically significant elder abuse and neglect among older adults receiving care at home. This tool is suitable and feasible for use by practitioners working in home care. The QualCare Scale score indicating clinically significant or reportable elder abuse and neglect can be raised or lowered to be consistent with State or Country statutes, or simply used to create appropriate care plans to support caregiving. Findings from the QualCare Scale can support the multidisciplinary team in planning for and evaluating preventative interventions.
Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration

In patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), papilledema, elevated intracranial pressure secondary to disease elsewhere in the body with progressive vision loss despite medical management, optic nerve sheath fenestration may be employed to help relieve the elevated intracranial pressure. In this procedure, incision(s) are made into the meninges surrounding the optic nerve in order to relieve elevated intracranial pressure. The effect of surgery is usually limited to the ipsilateral optic nerve, but the procedure has been shown to have a “filtration effect” in some cases, where there is observed improvement in headaches and contralateral disc edema as well.
Pressure Perturbations Based on Application of the Lamb-Oseen Eddy Structure to Turbulent Eddies

The Lamb-Oseen vortex structure is applied to determine pressure perturbations in measured atmospheric turbulence. It is shown that inclusion of the pressure perturbations improves agreement during quiescent periods between measured and derived turbulence parameters
Imaging the Neural Systems for Motivated Behavior and Their Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Illness

Tomographic imaging of the human brain has enabled neuroscientists to begin dissection of the complex distributed neural groups that make up the human brain. Of the available tomographic technologies, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as an important tool for the systems neuroscience of cognitive and emotional functions. fMRI has also been an important technology in developing evidence for a generalized circuitry that processes reward/aversion information. Composed of an extended set of subcortical gray matter regions and the surrounding paralimbic girdle, this reward/aversion circuitry forms the core of an informational backbone for motivation (iBM) underlying behavior. Differential components of this iBM appear to be structurally or functionally affected in many neuropsychiatric illnesses. Should some of these structural and functional alterations in the iBM and connected systems be shown to be quantitative measures that are inherited versus state-dependent, they would likely group psychiatric illnesses on a more etiological basis than the diagnostic categories based on statistical clusters of behaviors and symptoms that are used in current psychiatric diagnosis. This chapter will explore how integrative systems biology approaches can bridge the distributed neural circuits responsible for the processing of reward/aversion function and the networks of genes responsible for the development and maintenance of these neural circuits. A major challenge for future research will be to determine whether there is strong or weak scale invariance at the multiple spatiotemporal scales of brain organization. A combined genetics, genomics, and integrative neuroscience approach has the potential to redefine our conceptualization of neuropsychiatric illnesses with the implementation of objective quantitative measures that can then be translated into probabilistic diagnoses for these complex diseases of the human brain.
Will MACRA Improve Physician Reimbursement

Will MACRA Improve Physician Reimbursement? The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, doubting that current law will move Medicare toward value-based physician reimbursement, has proposed scrapping the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System, among other changes. But there are problems with its recommended fixes.
Codrive: cooperative driving scheme for vehicles in urban signalized intersections

This paper presents the design and evaluation of CoDrive, a cooperative speed advice system aiming at vehicular fuel savings by reconciling speeds of different vehicles with the timing of signalized intersections. Existing systems for speed coordination and platoon management primarily focus on safety, stability, and security issues. In the authors' own prior work, speed optimizations are discussed for minimizing fuel consumption by exploiting signalized intersection timing. In this paper, we recognize that vehicles whose paths diverge after the next intersection have different fuel-optimal speeds. Since slower vehicles will block faster ones from meeting their optimal speed in heavy traffic or on single-lane roads, we develop an algorithm for speed re-negotiation that arrives at a compromise speed for all vehicles involved. The resulting cooperative speed advice scheme minimizes the total fuel consumption of the involved vehicles, leading to a global optimum. An accounting scheme offers incentives that compensate for resulting inequity in savings distribution across individual vehicles. For evaluation, we use the SUMO simulator. We show that our cooperative scheme saves up to 38.2% in fuel over the baseline where no speed advice is provided, and saves up to 7.9% over prior work GreenDrive.
Minimally invasive versus full sternotomy aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients: Which will stand against transcatheter aortic valve replacement?

Abstract Background Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement using upper-hemisternotomy has been associated with improved results compared to full sternotomy aortic valve replacement. Given the likely expansion of transcatheter aortic valve replacement to low-risk patients, we examine contemporary outcomes after full sternotomy and minimally invasive aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients using our 15-year experience. Methods Two thousand ninety-five low-risk patients (Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score Results Compared to minimally invasive aortic valve replacement patients, full sternotomy aortic valve replacement patients had a greater burden of comorbidities, including diabetes, stroke, congestive heart failure, and predicted risk of mortality (all P ≤ .05). Operative mortality, stroke, and reoperation rates for bleeding were similar. There was a clinical trend toward shorter median intensive care unit stay and significantly shorter hospital length of stay among minimally invasive aortic valve replacement patients. Adjusted survival analysis identified age, chronic kidney disease, prior sternotomy, and congestive heart failure as predictors of decreased survival (all P ≤ .05), while type of intervention approach was nonsignificantly different. Conclusion In low-risk patients, minimally invasive aortic valve replacement results in similar mortality, stroke, reoperation rates for bleeding, and midterm survival (after adjusting for confounders), but shorter hospital length of stay and a trend (P = .075) toward shorter intensive care unit stay, compared to full sternotomy aortic valve replacement. Therefore, minimally invasive aortic valve replacement should stand as a benchmark against transcatheter aortic valve replacement in these patients.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LDH-X

ABSTRACT. Purified LDH-1, LDH-5, and LDH-X from mice were analysed for their response to substrates and coenzymes. The affinities of the isozymes (Km) for lactate, pyruvate, and NAD were highest for LDH-X, intermediate for LDH-1, and lowest for LDH-5. NADH differed in that LDH-1 had greater affinity than did LDH-X. A model is proposed to explain this observation. The environment of the fallopian tube contains significant quantities of lactate. Because of its high affinity for lactate the LDH-X could produce energy by converting lactate to pyruvate with concomitant conversion of NAD to NADH. The relatively low affinity of LDH-X for NADH would make the reduced coenzyme available to the electron transport system for ATP production. The continuous operation of the system requires that NADH be available to the mitochondria and that LDH-X have the greatest access to NAD and lactate.
Applications of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Microwave Photonic Links

We review recent progress in applying stimulated Brillouin scattering to microwave photonic links in multiple signal processing contexts. Dynamic bandpass filters, high selectivity notch filters, and wideband phase shifters are demonstrated. These developments promise to advance the state of the art in wideband microwave systems.
Electronic Pressure Cookers

Pressure cookers are connected to our attitudes toward time and our desire to be able to prepare some foods more quickly as compared with when using other means of cooking. The Instapot Electronic Pressure Cooker and other electronic pressure cookers are a new development in the design of pressure cookers, and are meant to help people deal with the stresses of time and preparing meals, since they free cooks from having to be in attendance when these pressure cookers are used. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the notion that food is seen as fuel in America rather than something to be enjoyed and a source of great pleasure.
Evaluating a Simple Fracturing Criterion for a Hydraulic Fracture Crossing Stress and Stiffness Contrasts

Hydraulic fracture height containment is a critical issue in the development of unconventional reservoirs. The extent of fracture height growth depends on a variety of factors, particularly stress and stiffness contrasts between adjacent layers. Accurate simulation of fracture growth and containment requires a reliable fracturing criterion. The virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is a widely used method for computing energy release rate. However, it is based on the assumption that a small crack extension does not significantly alter the state of the crack tip, which is generally not the case when a fracture crosses strong stress and/or stiffness contrasts. In this work, we assess the applicability and accuracy of a modified virtual crack closure technique (MVCCT) for a fluid-driven fracture in breaking through interfaces with significant stress and/or stiffness contrasts, through comparisons with analytical and reference numerical solutions. The results show that significant error could occur when the fracture tip is very near or at stress/stiffness interfaces. However, this error is localized to the interface and proves to be inconsequential to the predicted penetration depth into the rock layer beyond the interface. This study validates the applicability of MVCCT in 3D hydraulic fracturing simulation in strongly heterogeneous rock formations.
A dataset for resolving referring expressions in spoken dialogue via contextual query rewrites (CQR)

We present Contextual Query Rewrite (CQR) a dataset for multi-domain task-oriented spoken dialogue systems that is an extension of the Stanford dialog corpus (Eric et al., 2017a). While previous approaches have addressed the issue of diverse schemas by learning candidate transformations (Naik et al., 2018), we instead model the reference resolution task as a user query reformulation task, where the dialog state is serialized into a natural language query that can be executed by the downstream spoken language understanding system. In this paper, we describe our methodology for creating the query reformulation extension to the dialog corpus, and present an initial set of experiments to establish a baseline for the CQR task. We have released the corpus to the public [1] to support further research in this area.
A Last-Ditch Effort and Personalized Surgeon Letter Improves PROMs Follow-Up Rate in Sports Medicine Patients: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) are important for the advancement of orthopaedic surgeries. The primary difficulty while collecting PROMs is obtaining adequate follow-up rates. Therefore, it is important to find methods to improve follow-up, especially in patients who have failed to respond to initial attempts. We hypothesized that PROMs follow-up could be effectively increased by sending a salvage-effort personalized surgeon letter to sports medicine patients who failed to respond to initial (centralized electronic, mail, and/or phone contacts) PROMs collection 1 year after surgery. Patients who failed to respond to 1-year follow-up of postoperative PROMs collection at our outpatient sports medicine surgery center were included. Patients were randomized into an intervention or control group. Patients in the intervention group were mailed PROMs form and an Institutional Review Board-approved letter that was personalized with surgical information, surgeon picture, and surgeon signature. Control group was mailed the same letter a month later. Chi-squared analysis was conducted at 5 weeks. Out of 843 surgeries, our initial 1-year PROMs follow-up rate was 65%, which allowed for 292 patients to be eligible for our study. After exclusions, 281 patients (randomized to 140 control group and 141 intervention group) were included in our study. We found a 20% response rate in the intervention group with 28 patients returning PROMs as compared with a 1.4% rate in the control group with two patients returning PROMs. The odds ratio was 17.1 (95% confidence interval: 4–73.3; p
Evaluation of the effect of β-mannanase supplementation and mannans on nursery pig growth performance and serum acute-phase protein concentrations

The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary mannan and β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance and serum acute-phase proteins in nursery pigs. Pigs (n = 480) were blocked by init...
Controlling Search Dynamics by Manipulating Energy Landscapes

Abstract : Touretzky and Hinton's DCPS (Distributed Connectionist Production System) is a neural network with complex dynamical properties. Visualization of the energy landscapes of some of its component modules leads to a better intuitive understanding of the model. Three visualization techniques are used in this paper. Analysis of the way energy landscapes change as modules interact during an annealing search suggests ways in which the search dynamics can be controlled, thereby improving the model's performance on difficult match cases. (jes)