cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adversarial decision making: benefits or losses

Abstract A substantial body of work has been performed developing models for decision making under adversarial conditions. To date however, little attention has been paid to the underlying motivation of the decision makers or how the decision process actually functions in the corporate environment when adversarial relationships exist between departments. In this paper adversarial decisions are analyzed using Allison's conceptual framework, strategic assumption surfacing and testing (SAST), and agency theory. The performance of the SAST method is found to be linked to the descriptive model that best represents the decision making process and whether the analyst subscribes to agency theory as a valid motivator for individual decisions within the organization.
Isolation of mannose-binding C-type lectin from Heliothis virescens pupae.

Abstract A mannose-binding C-type lectin (MBL) was isolated by affinity chromatography from Heliothis virescens immune pupal hemolymph. The immune pupal hemolymph was obtained after bacterial injection of live Enterobacter cloacae bacteria. MBL in mammals acts as an opsonin for phagocytosis and activates the lectin complement pathway of the innate immune response, which leads to killing of gram-negative bacteria and enveloped viruses. The affinity-purified and reduced pupal MBL showed a single band of 36 kDa by SDS–PAGE (12% gel). A dot-immunoblot ELISA (using guinea pig anti-MBL IgG as primary antibody) demonstrated specificity of the antibody for the affinity-purified pupal MBL. The immune pupal hemolymph contained 21 μg of MBL per ml of hemolymph. The amino acid composition of the purified pupal MBL was determined with high amounts of arginine and histidine detected. The presence of MBL in insect pupae has not before been reported and could be important in pupal innate immunity to bacterial infection.
Inhibition of Certain Types of Bacterial Spoilage in Creamed Cottage Cheese by the Use of a Creaming Mixture Prepared with Streptococcus citrovorus

Summary A special creaming mixture consisting of 1.5 parts of cream containing 20% fat and 1.0 part of an acidified culture of Streptococcus citrovorus (Leuconostoc citrovorum) , by weight, prevented slime formation on creamed cottage cheese inoculated with Pseudomonas fragi or Pseudomonas putrefaciens . The biacetyl content of regularly creamed cottage cheese was decreased by P. fragi and P. putrefaciens , but these organisms did not decrease the biacetyl content of the specially creamed cottage cheese. Coliform organisms also were inhibited in cottage cheese creamed with the special creaming mixture, but Geotrichum candidum and Candida pseudotropicalis were not inhibited. The addition of acetic or propionic acid to creamed cottage cheese delayed the formation of slime by P. fragi , and the delay was related to the amount of acid added. However, relatively large amounts of acetic or propionic acid did not entirely eliminate slime formation and the addition of these acids was not as effective as the special creaming mixture. Therefore, the volatile acids formed by S. citrovorus in the special creaming mixture are not considered to be the cause of inhibition of P. fragi . Cottage cheese creamed with the special creaming mixture always had a slightly lower pH than cheese creamed with a regular creaming mixture. Adjusting the pH of the regular creaming mixture to the same pH as the special creaming mixture (pH 5.2) did not delay the rate of slime formation by P. fragi . Therefore, some factor other than the pH was responsible for the inhibition.
Texts in context: Afro-Colombian women's activism in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia

This paper speaks across the divide between feminist theorists and praxis-oriented gender experts to argue for a more enabling reading of postcolonial feminist critiques of gender and development. Drawing on the activism of Afro-Colombian women in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia – most especially Matamba y Guasa, a network of black women's organizations from the state of Cauca – it brings attention to the independent ability of women in these locations to reflect and act on their own realities and claims.
Studies in sensitization as applied to skin test reactions: I. Do skin test reactions change?

I N A previous Ctor~lnllllliCat,io11,1 we discussed the various fac,tors which might influence skin test reactions. It was pointed out that positive reactions may increase, decrease, or remain stationary, clepenciing upon such influences as avoidance, specific treatment, or various physiologic reasons. The latter included change in the reactivity of the skin with advancing age. Thus, as indicated by our questionnaire survey,’ some allergists believe that older people have a lessened skin reactivity which accounts, perhaps, for the change in skin reactions upon retest. Clinical experience also has suggested that there is a lower incidence of positive skin test reactions in the aged, even to potent allergens, but these are opinions based solely upon clinical impressions rather than upon the results of investigative studies. This is supported by a review of the literature which did not reveal any confirmatory evidence to support these contentions. In an attempt to obtain more definite evidence, investigations were carried out, the results of which form the basis of the present report,.
Method for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of wind turbine blades at high angles of attack

Presentation de deux equations pour le calcul des coefficients aerodynamiques de pales d'aeromoteurs pour des angles d'attaque eleves. Comparaison des valeurs calculees avec des donnees experimentales
Modified Force-Directed Scheduling for Peak and Average Power Optimization using Multiple Supply-Voltages

In this paper, we consider the problem of peak and average power optimization in high-level synthesis. We focus on the scheduling task under timing constraint using supply voltage scaling since it is considered as the most efficient technique for reducing power consumptions in CMOS circuits. We propose a two-phase heuristic for peak and average power minimization using multiple supply voltages scheduling technique. The first phase is the modified power-force-directed scheduling (MPFDS) heuristic based on the well-known force-directed scheduling technique. The second phase is a post-processing procedure (power-area-saving) that is a revisit of the output schedule from the first phase in order to exploit the available rooms to get more power and/or the operating resources minimization. Results show that our proposed heuristic is capable of achieving near-optimal results with polynomial complexity.
Non-solar photovoltaics for small space missions

NASA has missions planned to targets in the solar system ranging from the permanently shadowed craters of Mercury to the icy reaches of the Kuiper belt and beyond. In 2011, the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) requested the NASA Ames and Glenn Research Centers to assess the potential of small power supplies based on direct conversion of energy from radioisotope sources for future NASA missions; and in particular to assess whether alphavoltaic and betavoltaic power sources could be of potential benefit in small missions, as well as examining the use of miniaturized thermophotovoltaic power supplies. This paper summarizes the results of that assessment.
Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m � 2 cm � 1 precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m � 2 cm � 1 precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m � 2 h � 1 at Nahant and 9.3 ng m � 2 h � 1 at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of 730%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scoring of Skin Rejection in a Swine Composite Tissue Allograft Model

Abstract Background. For the first time, we define and correlate visual and histologic grading systems of composite tissue allograft (CTA) skin rejection in a large-animal model and determine the utility of these grading systems for early diagnosis and monitoring of rejection. Materials and methods. Sixteen pairs of outbred swine underwent transplant of a forelimb osteomyocutaneous free flap. Group I ( n = 6) did not receive immunosuppressive therapy. Group II ( n = 10) received oral cyclosporin A, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. The flap was visually inspected and protocol skin biopsies were taken at frequent intervals over a 90-day period. Visual Grades 0 (no rejection) to 4 (severe rejection) were assigned based on skin color, bleeding from biopsy site, and blister formation. Histologic Grades 0 to 4 were assigned based on the degree of vasculitis, folliculitis, dermal inflammation, and epidermal degeneration present. Results. All Group I animals progressively rejected their graft by Day 7. Group II grafts survived from 19 and 90 days; 93% of 115 biopsy specimens were read to be within ±1 histologic score of their assigned flap visual grade. Visual assessment carried an 8% false positive and 39% false negative rate with regard to biopsy-proven rejection. However, 81% of missed rejection specimens were histologic Grade 1. Biopsy, when visually indicated, would detect all rejection episodes when histologically Grade 1 or 2 and still potentially reversible. Conclusions . Visual scoring of CTA skin serves as a useful tool for initially detecting rejection, but repeated histologic evaluation is necessary for monitoring the subsequent course of the graft.
Acute normovolemic hemodilution

Patients and physicians continue to be motivated to find methods to reduce the use of allogeneic blood. Even though donor screening has increased the safety of donated blood products, autologous blood is the most desirable source of red cells during the perioperative period. The methods commonly used to obtain autologous blood during the perioperative period can be initiated prior to the operative procedure (autologous preoperative donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution) or during surgery (cell scavenging). Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) involves a controlled removal of whole blood immediately prior to the operation. The patient’s intravascular volume is maintained with solutions that contain non-red cells. The operative procedure is conducted with a normal blood volume, but with a reduced red cell mass. At the conclusion of the operation, the stored autologous blood is restored to the patient. If operative blood loss is not excessive, the replacement of autologous blood may provide an acceptable red cell mass. In addition to surgical blood loss, some of the key factors in determining how effective acute normovolemic hemodilution will be in limiting allogeneic transfusion are: the patient’s initial hematocrit and blood volume; the volume of autologous blood removed prior to the operation; the effectiveness of the hemodilution; and the timing of autologous blood replacement. In contrast to autologous pre-donation, autologous blood removed during acute normovolemic hemodilution is usually stored and re-infused in the operating room.
The Transcriptional Effect of WT1 Is Modulated by Choice of Expression Vector

The WT1 Wilms' tumor suppressor gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor which plays a critical role in renal and genitourinary development. The WT1 protein was reported to both activate and repress transcription. We found that the transcriptional effect of WT1 on the Egr1 promoter could be modulated by the use of expression vectors containing different promoters. WT1 activated the Egr1 promoter when expression of WT1 was driven by the Rous sarcoma virus promoter. In contrast, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-containing WT1 expression vector repressed the Egr1 promoter. However, WT1 activated transcription of a simple test promoter, EGR3tkCAT, regardless of the expression vector used. Co-transfection of the parental CMV-based vector strongly depressed the basal activity of the Egr1-CAT reporter, suggesting that the CMV promoter competes with the Egr1 promoter for transcription factors or co-factors which may be required for activation by WT1. In support of this hypothesis, WT1 was converted from an activator to a repressor by co-transfection of an excess of the parental CMV-based vector. These results provide an important caveat to the interpretation of co-transfection studies and confirm the bi-functional nature of the WT1 transcription factor.
A study of precipitation in interstitial alloys—III. Coherent and semicoherent growth mechanisms

Abstract Frank and Shockley partial dislocations have been generalized using the coherency concept of Olson and Cohen to describe coherent and semi-coherent growth ledges on plate-shaped precipitates. Carbide platelet precipitate growth on {001} planes in platinum was quantified in these terms using displacement fringe and strain contrast analysis of dislocations surrounding the precipitates. The first two stages in the growth sequence proceeded solely by semi-coherent ledges associated with a 4 〈00 1 〉 (Frank-type) dislocations. These stages thus correspond to the co-precipitation of vacancies and carbon atoms. Coherent ledges were observed only occasionally during the third stage of growth, the ledges being bounded by a 4 〈201〉 (Shockley-type) dislocations. The uniqueness of this result is interpreted in terms of the low solubility of carbon in platinum which results in similar concentrations of quenched-in vacancies and carbon atoms.
Tavis-Cummings model beyond the rotating wave approximation: Quasidegenerate qubits

The Tavis-Cummings model for more than one qubit interacting with a common oscillator mode is extended beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA). We explore the parameter regime in which the frequencies of the qubits are much smaller than the oscillator frequency and the coupling strength is allowed to be ultrastrong. The application of the adiabatic approximation introduced by Irish et al. [Phys. Rev. B 72, 195410 (2005)] for a single-qubit system is extended to the multiqubit case. For a two-qubit system, we identify three-state manifolds of close-lying dressed energy levels and obtain results for the dynamics of intramanifold transitions that are incompatible with results from the familiar regime of the RWA. We exhibit features of two-qubit dynamics that are different from the single-qubit case, including calculations of qubit-qubit entanglement. Both number state and coherent state preparations are considered, and we derive analytical formulas that simplify the interpretation of numerical calculations. Expressions for individual collapse and revival signals of both population and entanglement are derived.
Origin of the scaling constant d = 1.7 in item response theory.

Cox (1970) observed that the most apparent method of scaling ti to coincide with 4 is to standardize the logistic variable, which is done by multiplying x by Tw/In = 1.81380. Johnson and Kotz (1970) graphically showed that the scaling could be improved by the factor (w//l3) (15/16) = 1.70044. However, Haley (1952) outlined the theoretical derivation of d = 1.702. Because the use of d is widespread and Haley's (1952) unpublished work is not easily accessible, the derivation of d re-presented in this brief note provides a
Oral Contraceptives and Bone Mineral Density in White and Black Women in CARDIA

To examine whether exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in young women, we studied, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, 216 white and 260 black women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Spine, hip and whole body BMDs were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) when the women were aged 25–37 years, and whole body BMD was remeasured in 369 of the women 3 years later. A comprehensive history of OC use, including dose of ethinyl estradiol (estrogen) and duration of use, was determined from an interviewer-administered questionnaire. After adjustment for other relevant variables, we found that cumulative estrogen from OCs (mg) explained 4.0% of the variation in spine BMD (p = 0.024) among white women, but did not explain any of the variance in BMD in black women. Cumulative OC estrogen was associated with a decreased risk for low bone density (lowest quartile) at the spine, hip and whole body in white women. The odds ratios (95% CIs) comparing women in the highest quartile of cumulative OC estrogen with those in the lowest quartile were, at the spine: 0.08 (0.02, 0.46); at the hip: 0.23 (0.06, 0.87); and at the whole body: 0.37 (0.11, 1.26). OC exposure was not related to low bone density in black women. OCs did not predict longitudinal changes in whole body BMD in either race. These results suggest that exposure to the estrogen from OCs during the premenopausal years may have a small beneficial effect on the skeleton in white women. Benefit is proportional to the cumulative estrogen exposure, suggesting that previous cross-sectional studies that considered OC use as a dichotomous variable may have lacked the power to detect an association.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Fully-Sampled, Two-Dimensional Transducer Array for “Sonic Window” Imaging System

Abstract A low-cost, fully-sampled, 3600 element 2D transducer array operating at 5 MHz and designed for use in a hand-held ultrasound system is described here. Four array configurations are presented – (1) array with both matching and pedestal backing layers, (2) array with a matching layer but no backing pedestal, (3) array with a backing pedestal but no matching layer, and (4) array with neither matching layer nor backing pedestal. Each array was characterized in terms of impedance measurements, pulse-echo response, and experimental beamprofile. Comparative finite element analysis simulations are also presented. Average estimated active element yield for the four arrays was 94%. The array with pedestal layer proved the most promising, providing a 26% bandwidth and a 1.7 dB improvement in sensitivity with respect to the array with neither pedestal nor matching layer. Although this bandwidth is acceptable for our specific application (C-scan imaging), reverberations within the substrate material remain a potential challenge. We are currently working to fabricate a custom PCB material to address this concern, and may also consider using a pre-compensated transmit waveform or matched digital filter approach to further reduce the effects of such reverberations.
The energy coupling function and the power generated by the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo

A solar wind parameter epsilon, known as the energy coupling function, has been shown to correlate with the power consumption in the magnetosphere. It is shown in the present paper that the parameter epsilon can be identified semi-quantitatively as the dynamo power delivered from the solar wind to an open magnetosphere. This identification not only provides a theoretical basis for the energy coupling function, but also constitutes an observational verification of the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo along the magnetotail. Moreover, one can now conclude that a substorm results when the dynamo power exceeds 10 to the 18th erg/s.
13.5 A 16nm 128Mb SRAM in high-κ metal-gate FinFET technology with write-assist circuitry for low-V MIN applications

FinFET technology has become a mainstream technology solution for post-20nm CMOS technology [1], since it has superior short-channel effects, better sub-threshold slope and reduced random dopant fluctuation. Therefore, it is expected to achieve better performance with lower SRAM VDDMIN. However, the quantized sizing of the channel width and length has drawbacks for conventional 6T-SRAM bitcell scaling. To minimize the bitcell area of the high-density SRAM bitcell, the number of fins (setting the channel width, W) of the pull-up PMOS (PU), passgate NMOS (PG) and pull-down NMOS (PD) transistors must be selected as 1:1:1. Since PU, PG, and PD have the same channel length (L), the ratio in geometry between the PU transistor and the PG transistor is equal to one. With the process variations, the strength of PU transistor can be much stronger than the PG transistor. A stronger PU transistor increases read stability of the SRAM bitcell but it degrades the write margin significantly and results in worse write-VDDMIN issue. Figure 13.5.1(a) shows a contention condition between PU and PG transistors of a 6T-SRAM bitcell for the write operation. During the write operation, the PU transistor impedes the ability of the PG transistor to pull the storage node (S) from VDD to ground. The bitcell may suffer a write failure at the stronger PU with weaker PG condition caused by the device variations. Two techniques have been proposed to improve the high density SRAM bitcell write VDDMIN: 1) negative bit-line voltage (NBL) to increase the strength of PG transistor and 2) lower cell VDD (LCV) to weaken PU transistor strength [1-5]. Compared to the conventional techniques, this work develops a suppressed-coupling-signal negative bitline (SCS-NBL) scheme and a write-recovery-enhancement lower-cell-VDD (WRE-LCV) scheme for write assist without the concern of reliability at higher VDD operating region. A comparison of the effectiveness of the two design techniques is also performed. Figure 13.5.1(b) shows the layout view of the high-density 6T-SRAM bit-cell with 0.07μm2 area in a 16nm high-k metal-gate FinFET technology. To minimize area, we set the geometric ratio of PU, PG, and PD transistors all equal to one. With the two developed write-assist circuits, the overall VDDMIN improvement can be over 300mV in a 128Mb SRAM test-chip.
The mathematical and military sciences in Renaissance England.

Abstract The Renaissance saw the evolution of troop management, fortification and artillery into ‘mathematical’ sciences and those who practiced these tasks into ‘mathematical practitioners’. These terms have been allowed to imply that these areas were deeply theoretical, whereas they varied from theoretical to simply numerical. Gunnery, in particular, tended towards the latter. Practitioners of the simpler mathematics, however, gained by being able to connect their action to the more impressive study of ‘the mathematicks’. Future work must recognize more critically the distinction inherent in the term ‘mathematical’ when applied to the arts of the Renaissance.
Design and performance of a compact collimator on GM/CA-CAT at the Advanced Photon Source.

A new macromolecular crystallographic facility developed by The General Medicine and Cancer Institutes Collaborative Access Team (GM/CA-CAT) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a part of the Biosciences Division (BIO), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The facility consists of three beamlines: two lines based on the first "hard" dual canted undulators and one bending magnet beamline [1]. Several compact collimator systems have been developed for the purpose of background reduction in macromolecular crystallography experiments. The apparatus consists of a tube collimator, pinhole and kinematics mount. This paper will present a series of compact collimator designs and crystallographic applications based on experimental requirements [2]. We also describe the magnet-based kinematic mounting structures [3] developed as a collimator holder.
Securing a wireless network

Driven by pressure to facilitate mobile computing, universities are plunging into wireless networking. Although wireless offers convenience and low-cost deployment, it lacks any inherent means of strong security. Common methods of securing wireless networks include WEP, VPN, MAC registration, IEEE 802.1x, and Firewalls. Each method offers some security, but at varying levels of complexity, convenience, cost effectiveness and completeness. Each security method has its own drawbacks.
Energy Conservation in Adaptive Hybrid Atomistic/Coarse-Grain Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale computer simulation algorithms are required to describe complex molecular systems with events occurring over a range of time and length scales. True multiscale simulations must solve the interface, or hand-shaking, problem of coupling together different levels of description in different spatial regions of the system. If the spatial regions of different resolution move over time, or if material is allowed to flow over the inter-region boundaries, a mechanism must be introduced into the multiscale algorithm to allow material to dynamically change its representation. While such a mechanism is highly desirable in many instances, it is fraught with technical difficulties. Here, we present a molecular dynamics simulation algorithm which is multiscale in both time and space. We supplement the potential and kinetic energy expressions with auxiliary terms in order to recover the total energy as a conserved quantity, even when the total number of degrees of freedom changes during the simulation. This is crucial for a proper assessment of the quality of adaptive hybrid algorithms, and in particular, it allows us to tune the hierarchy of RESPA levels to optimize the integration scheme.
FRONTAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION EXPRESSION IN INFANTS: A BRAIN SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE ON EMOTION

Emotion expressions can be characterized by both the type of emotion displayed and the intensity with which the emotion is expressed. Individual differences in these two aspects of emotion appear to vary independently and may perhaps account for distinct dimensions of temperament, personality, and vulnerability to psychopathology. We reviewed several sets of data gathered in our laboratory that indicate that these two dimensions of emotion expression are associated with distinct and independent patterns of frontal EEG activity in infants. Specifically, whereas the type of emotion expression was found to be associated with asymmetries in frontal EEG activity, the intensity of emotion expression was found to be associated with generalized activation of both the right and the left frontal regions. Moreover, we reviewed and provided evidence that measures of asymmetrical frontal activity are better predictors of individual differences in the tendency to express certain emotions, such as distress and sadness, whereas measures of generalized frontal activity are better predictors of individual differences in emotional reactivity and emotion intensity. The neuroanatomical bases of emotion were discussed with special reference to the role of the frontal lobe in emotion regulation. It was hypothesized that the frontal activation asymmetries that have been found to accompany emotion expressions reflect specific regulation strategies. The left frontal region is specialized for regulation strategies involving action schemes that serve to maintain continuity and stability of the organism-environment relation and of ongoing motor schemes, such as those involved in language and the expression of happiness and interest. In contrast, the right frontal region appears to be specialized for regulation strategies that involve processing novel stimuli that disrupt ongoing activity, such as might occur during the expression of fear, disgust, and distress. Furthermore, it was proposed that individual differences in patterns of frontal EEG asymmetries during emotion may be related to socialization influences rather than solely innate factors. It was speculated that the pattern of generalized frontal lobe activation that accompanies the experience of intense emotions may reflect, in part, the relatively diffuse influence of subcortical structures on the cortex and may serve to increase the infant's general readiness to receive and respond to significant external stimuli.
Destruction of wide binary stars in low-mass elliptical galaxies: implications for initial mass function estimates.

We discuss the effects of destruction of wide binaries in the nuclei of the lower mass giant elliptical galaxies. We show that the numbers of barium stars and extrinsic S stars should be dramatically reduced in these galaxies compared to what is seen in the largest elliptical galaxies. Given that the extrinsic S stars show strong Wing-Ford band and Na I D absorption, we argue that the recent claims of different initial mass functions from the most massive elliptical galaxies versus lower mass ellipticals may be the result of extrinsic S stars, rather than bottom-heavy initial mass function.
The next Community College Movement

The missionary zeal of community colleges in the 1960s is still needed to meet the challenges they still face today: helping underserved and underprepared students succeed, and offering a strong general education curriculum that provides the foundation and framework for later academic and professional success. Even as economic, social, and political conditions change, community colleges can and must still provide national leadership in helping more students achieve success, guiding unsuccessful students to alternatives that will allow them to be successful, and preparing students for meaningful citizenship.
Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in children: clinical features and pathogenesis

Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) is one of the most important and intriguing conditions in the discipline of pediatric nephrology. Although the eventual outcome is excellent in most cases, PSAGN remains an important cause of acute renal failure and hospitalization for children in both developed and underdeveloped areas. The purpose of this review is to describe both the typical and less common clinical features of PSAGN, to outline the changes in the epidemiology of PSAGN over the past 50 years, and to explore studies on the pathogenesis of the condition with an emphasis on the search for the elusive nephritogenic antigen.
Identification of Y and X Chromosomes in Amniotic Fluid Cells

A FLUORESCENT staining technique has been described1–3 for identification of the Y chromosome in cells from various sources. The use of this technique to detect Y chromosomes in the amniotic fluid cells, in conjunction with a search for sex chromatin bodies in these cells, might provide a rapid and accurate means of prenatal sex determination.
Hypertension of Kcnmb1−/− is linked to deficient K secretion and aldosteronism

Mice lacking the β1-subunit (gene, Kcnmb1; protein, BK-β1) of the large Ca-activated K channel (BK) are hypertensive. This phenotype is thought to result from diminished BK currents in vascular smooth muscle where BK-β1 is an ancillary subunit. However, the β1-subunit is also expressed in the renal connecting tubule (CNT), a segment of the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, where it associates with BK and facilitates K secretion. Because of the correlation between certain forms of hypertension and renal defects, particularly in the distal nephron, it was determined whether the hypertension of Kcnmb1−/− has a renal origin. We found that Kcnmb1−/− are hypertensive, volume expanded, and have reduced urinary K and Na clearances. These conditions are exacerbated when the animals are fed a high K diet (5% K; HK). Supplementing HK-fed Kcnmb1−/− with eplerenone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) corrected the fluid imbalance and more than 70% of the hypertension. Finally, plasma [aldo] was elevated in Kcnmb1−/− under basal conditions (control diet, 0.6% K) and increased significantly more than wild type when fed the HK diet. We conclude that the majority of the hypertension of Kcnmb1−/− is due to aldosteronism, resulting from renal potassium retention and hyperkalemia.
Dosimetry in 131I internal emitter therapy using voxel dependent integrated time-activities derived from multiple, registered SPECT and CT images

The accuracy of dosimetry calculations in internal emitter therapy applications is often limited by a lack of data describing the time dependence of the spatial activity concentration in patients. In many cases, time-dependent activity data is acquired only for specific regions of interest (ROIs), and measurements of patient anatomy and 3D activity distributions are made at only single time points during tracer studies. When calculating absorbed dose in these applications, this scarcity of data necessitates the approximation that activity distributions can be wholly defined by single spatial measurements, and that all points within given ROIs exhibit uniform time dependence. In the current work, CT and SPECT images have been acquired using a dual-modality scanner at multiple time points after administration of both tracer and therapy activity to follicular lymphoma patients being treated with 131I tositumomab. The data has been registered to a single CT image, and the mutually registered SPECT images have been used to derive integrated time-activities on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Maps of integral time-activity have been used in conjunction with CT images to determine 3D absorbed dose distributions by Monte Carlo computation. Results are presented illustrating the differences between calculations of spatial distributions of integrated activities and absorbed doses made with the current technique and those performed with previous methods.
The immediate effects of a novel auditory and proprioceptive training device on gait after stroke

This case report describes the immediate effects of a new rehabilitation tool on gait in a chronic stroke patient. Specifically, we measured step length symmetry and gait velocity in a 47 year-old male stroke patient who was currently receiving outpatient physical therapy. Objective gait measurements were taken using the GAITRite before, during, and after a 5 minute training session. Step length symmetry improved 26% during the first minute of training, 71% by the fifth minute of training, and 72% after a 5 minute rest period post-training. Gait velocity increased by 5.5% after 5 minutes of training. Clinical research is warranted to validate this new training tool as a useful adjunctive rehabilitation activity for improving spatial and temporal aspects of gait after stroke.
Sieve: A Tool for Automatically Detecting Variations Across Program Versions

Software systems often undergo many revisions during their lifetime as new features are added, bugs repaired, abstractions simplified and refactored, and performance improved. When a revision, even a minor one, does occur, the changes it induces must be tested to ensure that invariants assumed in the original version are not violated unintentionally. In order to avoid testing components that are unchanged across revisions, impact analysis is often used to identify code blocks or functions that are affected by a change. In this paper, we present a novel solution to this general problem that uses dynamic programming on instrumented traces of different program binaries to identify longest common subsequences in strings generated by these traces. Our formulation allows us to perform impact analysis and also to detect the smallest set of locations within the functions where the effect of the changes actually manifests itself. Sieve is a tool that incorporates these ideas. Sieve is unobtrusive, requiring no programmer or compiler intervention to guide its behavior. Our experiments on multiple versions of open-source C programs shows that Sieve is an effective and scalable tool to identify impact sets and can locate regions in the affected functions where the changes manifest. These results lead us to conclude that Sieve can play a beneficial role in program testing and software maintenance.
Antiplasticization and the elastic properties of glass-forming polymer liquids

We investigate the effect of antiplasticizer additives on long-wavelength thermodynamic properties relating to the efficiency of molecular packing (density ρ and isothermal compressibility κT) and material stiffness (bulk modulus K, shear modulus G, and Poisson ratio ν) of model glass-forming polymer melts. Variations in the stiffness (G and molecular force constant km from the Debye–Waller factor 〈u2〉) and density ρ at a molecular scale are also considered. We find that antiplasticizer additives cause significant changes in the long-wavelength properties that are associated with an enhanced packing efficiency in the glass state, such as a decrease in κT and an increase in K, G, and ν. Moreover, values of the local elastic moduli in the glass state follow a nearly universal (approximately log-normal) distribution and a Fourier transform of the elastic constant fluctuations in space reveals a general −2 wave vector q scaling, as in order parameter fluctuations in critical fluids and magnetic systems near their critical point for phase separation and ordering, respectively. No discernible large-scale fluctuations in the density were observed, however, indicating that the local elastic constant fluctuations do not reflect density (free volume) fluctuations, as often assumed. These observations provide essential insights into how varying the fragility of glass formation, through the addition of antiplasticizer additives, alters the local mechanical properties of polymer melts and other glass-forming liquids.
Symmetry of High-Tc Superconductors

The symmetry classification of superconducting states is reviewed. Based on purely symmetry considerations, a simple proof is given for the enhancement of dx 2 -y 2 superconductivity at the surface of cuprate materials. A novel method to study mixed superconducting phases is introduced.
What makes an event: Temporal integration of stimuli or actions?

In this article, we ask what serves as the “glue” that temporarily links information to form an event in an active observer. We examined whether forming a single action event in an active observer is contingent on the temporal presentation of the stimuli (hence, on the temporal availability of the action information associated with these stimuli), or on the learned temporal execution of the actions associated with the stimuli, or on both. A partial-repetition paradigm was used to assess the boundaries of an event for which the temporal properties of the stimuli (i.e., presented either simultaneously or temporally separate) and the intended execution of the actions associated with these stimuli (i.e., executed as one, temporally integrated, response or as two temporally separate responses) were manipulated. The results showed that the temporal features of action execution determined whether one or more events were constructed; the temporal presentation of the stimuli (and hence the availability of their associated actions) did not. This suggests that the action representation, or “task goal,” served as the “glue” in forming an event in an active observer. These findings emphasize the importance of action planning in event construction in an active observer.
External Organizational Commitment Among Organizational Implants: The Case of Logistics Service Providers

Using the concept of external organizational commitment (EOC), survey data from 312 logistics service provider (LSP) implants are used to test a model of the determinants of implant level of commitment to their host firm and the consequences of such commitment to the LSP. The results show that both inter-organizational outcome and task interdependence affect implant perceptions of the degree to which they are supported by their host organization. Perceived organizational support by the host organization, in turn, was found to be positively related to implant commitment to their host organization, which was positively related to LSP operation-level performance.
Hearing Aids and the History of Electronics Miniaturization

Electrical hearing aids were the principal site for component miniaturization and compact assembly before World War II. After the war, hearing aid users became the first consumer market for printed circuits, transistors, and integrated circuits. Due to the stigmatization of hearing loss, users generally demanded small or invisible devices. In addition to being early adopters, deaf and hard of hearing people were often the inventors, retailers, and manufacturers of miniaturized electronics.
Intermolecular vibrational energy transfers in liquids and solids.

Resonant and nonresonant intermolecular vibrational energy transfers in KSCN/KSC13N/KS13C15N aqueous and DMF solutions and crystals are studied. Both energy-gap and temperature dependent measurements reveal some surprising results, e.g. inverted energy-gap dependent energy transfer rates and opposite temperature dependences of resonant and nonresonant energy transfer rates. Two competing mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for the experimental observations. The first one is the dephasing mechanism in which the measured energy transfer rate originates from the dephasing of the energy donor–acceptor coherence, and the second one is the phonon-compensation mechanism derived from the second order perturbation. It is found that both the nonresonant energy transfers in the liquids and resonant energy transfers in both liquids and solids can be well described by the first mechanism. The second mechanism explains the nonresonant energy transfers in one series of the solid samples very well.
Multilateral Cooperation in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

There is a remarkable consensus among scholars of international relations that bilateral cooperation is easier to achieve than multilateral cooperation. This essay proposes a formal model to show that this is incorrect, because a multilateral agreement may achieve what an equivalent series of bilateral agreements cannot. The author explores formally several different enforcement mechanisms, suggesting that the argument is robust. Throughout the essay, the author uses examples from the Marshall Plan to illustrate the logic of this result. The argument has implications for other substantive topics, such as most-favored-nation clauses in trade agreements, the theory of hegemonic stability, analysis of the European Economic Community, the politics of linkage, and the study of multilateralist norms.
Pitcher Plants (Sarracenia) Provide a 21st-Century Perspective on Infraspecific Ranks and Interspecific Hybrids: A Modest Proposal for Appropriate Recognition and Usage

Abstract The taxonomic use of infraspecific ranks (subspecies, variety, subvariety, form, and subform), and the formal recognition of interspecific hybrid taxa, is permitted by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. However, considerable confusion regarding the biological and systematic merits is caused by current practice in the use of infraspecific ranks, which obscures the meaningful variability on which natural selection operates, and by the formal recognition of those interspecific hybrids that lack the potential for inter-lineage gene flow. These issues also may have pragmatic and legal consequences, especially regarding the legal delimitation and management of threatened and endangered species. A detailed comparison of three contemporary floras highlights the degree to which infraspecific and interspecific variation are treated inconsistently. An in-depth analysis of taxonomy of the North American flowering plant genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae) provides an ideal case...
Coronary artery spasm. Part II.

Abstract Coronary artery spasm can occur in several settings, often combined with coronary artery disease and thrombosis. Calcium channel blockers and β-blockers are primary treatment modalities. The role of α-blocking agents remains unconfirmed.
Viscoelastic Properties of Storage Tissues from Potato, Apple, and Pear

SUMMARY Slices of potato tubers were subjected to cyclic elongation, stress relaxation, and breaking in an Instron materials-testing instrument. Cubes of such tissues and of ripe, fruits of pears and apples were subjected to cyclic compression and stress relaxation. The time required for 20% relaxation of the stress was progressively longer with each of 3 cycles. Cycling increased the apparent values of Young's modulus, E, for slices treated in acetone, treated in acetone and rehydrated, and frozen and then thawed, but decreased values for slices soaked overnight in H2O at 6°C. With potato slices and cubes, treatments which wilted them resulted in shorter times for a 20% relaxation of stress. Cubes of pear and apple soaked 3 hr in H2O tended to disintegrate and also showed much shorter times for relaxation of stress than cubes treated in 0.5M sucrose. The general features of all curves were qualitatively similar, except that compressing cubes of potato tubers beyond a stress of about 0.9 Kg/cm2 resulted in a sharp, reversible increase in apparent values of E.
Composting Unamended Chicken Manure

Normally, manures are composted with amendments. However, a large commercial egg producer in Ohio is composting unamended chicken manure. Studies were done to characterize this composting, both in ...
High resolution 3D flow mapping in tumors

Tumor biologists indicate that angiogenesis is required for tumor growth beyond about 1 mm/sup 3/. Furthermore, regions of increased and decreased vascular density are each on the order of 500 /spl mu/m. Therefore, it is for tumors whose size is on the order of 1 mm/sup 3/ that the authors would like to detect this increased vascular density, and a resolution of at least 500 /spl mu/m is critical. In a small clinical study the authors were able to detect localized vasculature in all malignant masses of diameter 1 cm/sup 3/ or greater, with associated vessels of a size 300 /spl mu/m or greater. In order to detect very low velocity blood flow in vessels of diameter less than 300 /spl mu/m, the authors evaluate the feasibility of both nominal 50 MHz color flow mapping without contrast, and 7 MHz color flow mapping with contrast agent. The authors tested these strategies with LNCaP athymic mice, a human prostate tumor model. In a very high frequency study, they detected low velocity flow in vessels as small as 50 /spl mu/m within and surrounding the tumor. In a 7 MHz contrast study, vessels less than 200 /spl mu/m were not detected with color flow without a contrast agent. With a contrast agent, the dense vasculature within and surrounding the tumors was detected, however, individual vessels can not be resolved. These tumor models are a new tool to evaluate imaging systems, with both development and morphology being similar to human tumors. The authors have detected both high speed flow in A-V shunts and low velocity flow in these tumor models. Here, they establish the feasibility of 7 MHz contrast assisted imaging for detection of smaller vessels, with the goal of detecting angiogenesis in its earliest stages (i.e. for a 1 mm/sup 3/ tumor).