cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip line formation during tensile straining experiments at ambient temperature in a Nb–Cr–Ti alloy

Abstract Tensile deformation experiments were conducted on a high fracture toughness experimental alloy 50Nb–13Cr–37Ti (at.%) at ambient temperature. Stress–strain curves were measured for large grained specimens in the laboratory and within the scanning electron microscope. Strain gages were used to measure macroscopic strain and stereoimaging was used to measure microscopic strains within several grains that formed slip lines. Proportional limit was about 850 MPa and strain hardening coefficient was about 0.05. Creep was encountered at stresses just above the proportional limit. One of the deformed specimens was subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. The stress–strain characteristics measured are compared to Nb–Al–Ti alloys.
Electroweak symmetry breaking at photon colliders

Abstract The electroweak-symmetry-breaking sector of the standard model can be weakly-coupled or can be strongly-coupled, which is characterized by some kinds of strong interaction among the Goldstone bosons of the electroweak-symmetry-breaking sector. In this paper, we summarize an investigation of probing the strong electroweak-symmetry-breaking effects at photon colliders.
Song learning and sleep.

Song learning in juvenile birds is guided by daytime sensorimotor feedback, but nighttime sleep is also integral to song learning, reports a study in Nature, setting the stage for physiological insights into sleep-dependent learning mechanisms.
Factors affecting adventitious bud formation in the potato

The formation of adventitious buds on calluses from surfaces of incisions made into stems was studied in several experiments. Only three of 946 clones were rated excellent in initial tests for adventitious bud producing capability. Other factors significantly affecting adventitious bud formation were photoperiod, temperature, angle of incision, location of incision, time incision was made in relation to bud removal, and phosphorus content in the soil media.
Potential complications associated with the use of biologic agents for psoriasis.

The biologic agents are effective drugs to treat psoriasis. They provide physicians with additional options for patients who cannot tolerate traditional therapies or for whom traditional therapies are not sufficient. While these new TNF-α inhibitors and anti–T-cell agents have potential complications, they are generally safe with proper monitoring. Both physicians and patients should be aware of the risks involved with each medicine so that the correct drug is chosen to suit each patient.
Primes associated to multigraded modules

Abstract Let R=⊕ n ∈ N t R n be a Noetherian multigraded ring, and let M be a finitely generated multigraded R-module. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of Ass R 0 (M n ) . In case R is generated in total degree one, we show that the expected stability occurs. We also consider several non-standard cases. For general N -graded R, we show that {AssR0(Mn)} is eventually periodic, but need not be stable. For rings graded by N t , with t⩾2, we show that in some cases a form of periodicity holds, while in others there is a “cone” of stability.
Trail-following by Termitophiles

Two staphylinid termitophiles, Trichopsenius depressus LeConte and Xenistusa hexagonalis Seevers, associated with Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), follow the trail pheromone of their termite host. These beetles also follow the trail pheromone of the closely related termite R. flavipes (Kollar) but, if given a choice, prefer to follow the R. virginicus trail pheromone. I hypothesize that these termitophiles are using(the termites);trail pheromone as a cue for resource tracking their food supply (the termites) and for locating the low numbers of their conspecifics.
Gauge mediation in supergravity and gravitino dark matter

Gravitinos and hidden sector fields often cause a cosmological disaster in supersymmetric models. We find that a model with gravitational gauge mediation solves such a problem quite naturally. The {mu}-problem is also absent in the model. Moreover, the abundance of gravitinos explains correct amount of dark matter of the universe. The dark matter abundance can be calculated without detailed information on the thermal history of the universe such as the reheating temperature after inflation.
Phenytoin, leukopenia, and remission of eczema.

Excerpt To the editor: A leukopenic drug allergy occurred in a patient with longstanding refractory eczema. There was subsequently a striking remission in the eczema disease activity. A 50-year-old...
A game theoretic account of social justice

The role in ethics of game theory proper (as opposed to decision theory) is discussed via an elucidation of a new theory of justice. The new theory integrates into a coherent whole two fundamental distributive norms: To Each According to his Needs; and to Each According to his Contribution. The theory incorporates a new account of ethics in terms of impartial decision — an account which dispenses with the need for a Veil of Ignorance construct. Also, the new theory does not require the use of interpersonal comparisons of utility at an operational level, even though such comparisons arise at a conceptual level. The reason for this lies in its relationship to game theoretical structures which do not entail interpersonal comparisons. Finally, the theory makes possible a new interpretation of two cooperative game solutions: The Nash solution, and the Generalized Shapley Value.
Pseudo - first - order phase transitions in one dimension

The effect of fluctuations on a Landau-Ginzburg model of a first-order phase transition in one dimension is studied. Extremely sharp pseudotransitions can be obtained. The critical region or width of the transition is found to vanish exponentially with the effective number of interacting units across a cross section of the system. The results are physically interpreted in the context of the Landau-Lifschitz proof that phase equilibrium is impossible in one dimension.
A Graph for Determining Reserves and Spacing

The graph accompanying this study presents a quick method to determine reserves under varying conditions. It can also be used to estimate minimum spacing for an economic recovery. Two examples are given: recoverable reserves and spacing. The solution in each case is given. The chart permits a simple solution and it will permit-on-site analysis. Additional charts can be developed for gas reserve determinations. Basin recovery analyses also can be solved under a maximum, minimum, and most likely approach by varying parameters. A basin analysis, however, will require expansion of the spacing (basin size) and recovery thousand-barrel charts.
Performance analysis of radiation cooled dc transmission lines for high power space systems

As space power levels increase to meet mission objectives and also as the transmission distance between power source and load increases, the mass, volume, power loss, and operating voltage and temperature become important system design considerations. This analysis develops the dependence of the specific mass and percent power loss on hte power and voltage levels, transmission distance, operating temperature and conductor material properties. Only radiation cooling is considered since the transmission line is assumed to operate in a space environment. The results show that the limiting conditions for achieving low specific mass, percent power loss, and volume for a space-type dc transmission line are the permissible transmission voltage and operating temperature. Other means to achieve low specific mass include the judicious choice of conductor materials. The results of this analysis should be immediately applicable to power system trade-off studies including comparisons with ac transmission systems.
Sintering of Fine Oxide Powders: I, Microstructural Evolution

Microstructural evolution during sintering has been investigated using fine powders of CeO2 and Y2O3 with excellent sinterability. A universal pore size distribution, normalized by particle size, has been determined and found to be a function of density only. Microstructure evolves toward the universal distribution, with or without densification, signifying homogenization at all stages. This may even involve the elimination of supercritical pores, at low densities, which are otherwise thermodynamically not sinterable. Theoretical justification for these observations is made by using a network model with a random, but spatially homogeneous, distribution of spherical particles. Final microstructure after full density is reached is also found to evolve toward a universal steady state of grain shape/grain size distribution regardless of initial state.
Mechanism of early effect of hydrocortisone on the transcriptional process: stimulation of the activities of purified rat liver nucleolar RNA polymerases.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated the presence of four RNA polymerases in rat liver nuclei. Two of these enzymes appear to be of nucleolar origin. In this communication we report that a single injection of hydrocortisone results, after 1 1 2 hours, in the stimulation of both the purified nucleolar RNA polymerases whereas the nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases remain unaffected. Since the enzymes were analyzed using exogenous templates, we conclude that hydrocortisone initially stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis in the nucleolus mostly by regulating the level or activity of nucleolar RNA polymerases, rather than availability of the template. Evidence is presented to show that hydrocortisone initially induces an allosteric change in nucleolar RNA polymerases, which results in increased activity of the enzymes and consequently in enhanced synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
Algorithmic and explicit determination of the Lovász number for certain circulant graphs

We consider the problem of computing the Lovasz theta function for circulant graphs Cn,J of degree four with n vertices and chord length J, 2≤J≤n. We present an algorithm that takes O(J) operations if J is an odd number, and O(n/J) operations if J is even. On the considered class of graphs our algorithm strongly outperforms the known algorithms for theta function computation. We also provide explicit formulas for the important special cases J=2 and J=3.
The Impact of Health Care Reform on Surgery

I recently had the opportunity to critique the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) [1]. I documented that the 3 pillars of health care delivery—quality, cost, and access—were flawed in the old health care model. Unfortunately, the ACA does not adequately address these 3 issues. I also pointed out that cost is the number one problem, not quality. Cost is negatively affected by the bureaucracy of our health care system because of waste, fraud, and loss of value. The cost of the medical bureaucracy is staggering. In the United States, it is $1059 per capita per year. In contrast, in Canada it is $307. In the US health care system, administrative workers account for 27.3% of total health care costs. In Canada this figure is 3.1%. If the United States had a singlepayer system, this would save $375 billion a year in health care costs according to a 2003 article in the New England Journal of Medicine [2]. The authors of this study estimated there are 1 million workers (specifically middlemen) who are doing unneeded work. There is support of the previous points from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which in December of 2008 printed ‘‘Key Issues in Analyzing Major Health Insurance Proposals’’ [3]. Administrative costs are addressed, which are restricted to marketing costs, medical activities, and general administrative costs. By their calculation, administrative costs totaled $90 billion in 2006, of which $24 billion was for marketing and related costs, roughly $14 billion was for medical activities, and about $52 billion went toward general expenses. The CBO also documents variation of administrative costs, which vary significantly by the size of the firms, from about 7% for firms with at least 1000 employees to 26% for firms with 25 or fewer employees. They do not address the issues raised by Himmelstein and colleagues [2] in the previous paragraph. Another issue that was not completely addressed by the current health care reform bill is access. The new health care reform bill will not completely address the 44 to 50 million people who have no health insurance; in fact, there will be at least 12 million people who will not have access to the new health care system
Sharp heat-capacity signature at the superfluid transition of helium films in porous glasses.

We report the first observation of a sharp heat-capacity signature related to the superfluid transition in thin /sup 4/He films adsorbed on porous Vycor and xerogel glasses. The transition temperatures of these films range from 0.14 to 1.1 K. This new feature is found in addition to the broad peak centered at a higher temperature reported in a number of earlier studies.
Molecular dynamics study of structure and stability of a model coiled coil

This paper employs methods used earlier to study helix propensity in a model α-helix. The methods are extended to simulations of a motif structure of the α-helical coiled coil, i.e., a structure with a simple amino acid sequence, containing only alanine, leucine, and valine, with leucine and valine forming hydrophobic contacts in the helix interface (positions “d” and “a”). Dynamic simulations of the model coiled-coil structure reproduce characteristic features of the coiled-coil motif seen in experimental studies. Free energy simulations were used to assess the change in stability of the model when a leucine pair or a valine pair in the helix interface was replaced with an alanine pair. A leucine pair at position d was found to contribute 3.4 kcal/mol to the stability of the coiled coil relative to an alanine pair, and a valine pair at postion a was found to contribute 0.8 kcal/mol relative to an alanine pair. The value for the leucine pair agrees with reports in two experimental studies with molecules having different amino sequence. The value for the valine pair is reasonable given the smaller size of the valine side chain and the intrinsic low helix propensity of valine. No experimental value was available for comparison. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strong CP violation: The neutron electric dipole moment in lattice QCD

Abstract I report on an exploratory calculation of the neutron electric dipole moment induced by a CP violating θ - term in the QCD action within the framework of lattice QCD.
The Long War: The Intellectual People’s Front and Anti-Stalinism, 1930–1940

In the early 1930s, the American Communist Party attracted support from a wide range of liberal and radical intellectuals, partly in response to domestic politics, and also in opposition to the growing power of fascism abroad. The Long War, a social history of these intellectuals and their political institutions, tells the story of the rift that developed among the groups loosely organized under the umbrella of the Party-representing communist supporters of the People's Front and those who would become anti-Stalinists-and the evolution of that rift into a generational divide that would culminate in the liberal anti-communism of the post-World War II era. Judy Kutulas takes us into the debates and outright fights between and within the ranks of organizations such as the League of American Writers, the John Reed Clubs, the Committee for Cultural Freedom, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners. Showing how extremist views about the nature and value of communism triumphed over more moderate ones, she traces the transfer of the left's leadership from one generation to the next. She describes how supporters of the People's Front were discredited by the time of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and how this opened the way for a new generation of leaders better known as the New York intellectuals. In this shift, Kutulas identifies the beginnings of the liberal anti-communism that would follow World War II. A book for students and scholars of the intersection of politics and culture, The Long War offers a new, informed perspective on the intellectual maneuvers of the American left of the 1930s and leads to a reinterpretation of the time and its complex legacy.
In vivo and in vitro studies on ATP and electron donors to nitrogenase in Rhodospirillum rubrum

The photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum (ATCC 11170), was tested for its ability to fix nitrogen (acetylene reduction) under aerobic and dark-anaerobic conditions. Whole cells reduced acetylene under darkanaerobic conditions if pyruvate was supplied. Reactions of the cells were inhibited less by oxygen in the dark than in the light, and the cells were capable of acetylene reduction in the presence of low levels of oxygen (0.6%) in the dark. Crude extracts of R. rubrum reduced acetylene if pyruvate and Coenzyme A were added; ferredoxin from R. rubrum greatly increased the pyruvate-driven activity in crude extracts. It was not possible to demonstrate light-driven acetylene reduction in crude extracts unless a reductant (dithionite) was added.
Adsorption phenomena in hydrometallurgy, 2. Electrophoretic behavior of oxides in aqueous ammoniacal solutions of copper, nickel and cobalt

Abstract The electrophoretic mobilities of finely divided oxides in aqueous ammoniacal solutions of copper, nickel, and cobalt have been measured. The solids used were rutile, alumina, quartz, and hematite. The effects of pH, ammonia-ammonium concentration, and metal-ion concentration on the electrophoretic behavior were investigated. The experimental results indicate that oxide colloids may undergo as may as five charge reversals in aqueous ammoniacal solutions of hydrolyzable ammine-forming metal ions.
Socrate 'Dream' in the Theaetetus

AT the beginning of the third part of the Theaetetus (201d–2O2c), Socrates entertains an interesting theory of knowledge in the form of a ‘dream’. In Cornford's translation, it reads as follows: I seem to have heard some people say that what might be called the first elements ( ) of which we and all other things consist are such that no account ( ) can be given of them. Each of them just by itself can only be named; we cannot attribute to it anything further or say that it exists or does not exist; for we should at once be attaching to it existence or nonexistence, whereas we ought to add nothing if we are to express just it alone. We ought not even to add ‘just’ or ‘it’ (‘that’) or ‘each’ or ‘alone’ or ‘this’, or any other of a host of such terms.
SIMULATED ANNEALING AND GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACHES FOR DISCONTINUOUS COVERAGE SATELLITE CONSTELLATION DESIGN

Abstract Constellations of Earth orbiting satellites are used to perform many tasks. If the constellation's coverage need not be continuous in time, the number of satellites and, therefore, the cost of the constellation may be decreased. Finding constellations that minimize revisit times for discontinuous coverage is posed as an optimization problem. Practical limits on coverage analysis provide objective functions that are not differentiable, so non-gradient-based optimization methods are necessary. Simulated annealing and a genetic algorithm were applied to discontinuous coverage problems for various numbers of satellites and Earth central angles, providing both whole Earth and zonal coverage. Results are presented and compared to constellation designs from a traditional approach. Simulated annealing appears to provide answers with less computational effort, but the genetic algorithm is capable of simultaneously generating different de signs with the same revisit times. Additional conclusions about thes...
Steady Spins and Spinup Dynamics of Axisymmetric Dual-Spin Satellites with Dampers

We investigate the possible equilibria of dual-spin satellites by studying a torque-free gyrostat with an attached spring‐mass damper. Using numerical continuation we present possible equilibria for axisymmetric dual-spin satellites and also show how slight inertia asymmetries affect equilibria. Even small asymmetries can significantly change the location of off-nominal steady spins. Also, the existence of certain equilibria is related to a simple dampertuning condition. Finally, the bifurcation diagrams for varying rotor momentum provide a useful perspective on rotor spinup dynamics.
The Effects of Chlorpropham Exposure on Field-Grown Potatoes

Chlorpropham (CIPC) is a highly effective potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) sprout inhibitor. Some export regulations require CIPC or other sprout inhibitor to be applied to potatoes as a general phytosanitary measure. In addition, due to trucking and temporary storage issues, seed potatoes may be inadvertently exposed to CIPC. The objective of this 2-year study was to document the effects of several low rates of CIPC application or contamination on emergence, yield, and grade of the subsequent crop. CIPC was sprayed on whole ‘Russet Burbank’ seed tubers at rates of 0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ppm CIPC. Seed tubers were cut, planted and grown under typical commercial practices for Idaho. Low rates of CIPC (1.3 and 2.5 ppm) applied to tubers resulted in significant delays in emergence compared to the untreated control. Some plants failed to emerge from seed treated with 5 or 10 ppm CIPC. CIPC treatment resulted in total yield decreases of 26 % (2.5 ppm CIPC) to 78 % (10 ppm CIPC) in 2009 and 36 % (1.3 ppm CIPC) to 94 % (10 ppm CIPC) in 2010 compared to the untreated controls in each respective year. Harvested tuber size profile was significantly altered by CIPC applications with higher rates producing smaller potatoes. These dramatic reductions in yield reinforce the importance of avoiding all potential for CIPC contamination of seed. The study also documents the severe consequences of planting commercial potatoes exported for consumption that have been treated with CIPC.
Responses of a bursting pacemaker to excitation reveal spatial segregation between bursting and spiking mechanisms

Central pattern generators (CPGs) frequently include bursting neurons that serve as pacemakers for rhythm generation. Phase resetting curves (PRCs) can provide insight into mechanisms underlying phase locking in such circuits. PRCs were constructed for a pacemaker bursting complex in the pyloric circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster and crab. This complex is comprised of the Anterior Burster (AB) neuron and two Pyloric Dilator (PD) neurons that are all electrically coupled. Artificial excitatory synaptic conductance pulses of different strengths and durations were injected into one of the AB or PD somata using the Dynamic Clamp. Previously, we characterized the inhibitory PRCs by assuming a single slow process that enabled synaptic inputs to trigger switches between an up state in which spiking occurs and a down state in which it does not. Excitation produced five different PRC shapes, which could not be explained with such a simple model. A separate dendritic compartment was required to separate the mechanism that generates the up and down phases of the bursting envelope (1) from synaptic inputs applied at the soma, (2) from axonal spike generation and (3) from a slow process with a slower time scale than burst generation. This study reveals that due to the nonlinear properties and compartmentalization of ionic channels, the response to excitation is more complex than inhibition.
From Vision to Action: Fostering Peaceful Coexistence and the Common Good in a Pluralistic Society through Teacher Education

This article examines the role of education and the responsibilities of teachers and teacher educators in working for social justice and peace. It describes a nontraditional professional development master's program designed to empower practicing teachers to become active contributors in the quest for social justice and to speak for the common good in their increasingly diverse schools and society. In the context of continuing intolerance and violence in schools and society, the program offers a model for preparing educators with the knowledge, skills, dispositions, and commitments necessary to engage in transformative social action. The article draws on teachers’ written feedback responses to examine the impact of particular curricular experiences and cumulative influences on teachers’ struggles for awareness of human diversity issues and commitments to transformative social action in their own classrooms.
Parallel PARKing: Parkinson's genes function in common pathway.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with diverse genetic and environmental susceptibilities. Functional connections between PD genes have remained elusive. In this issue of Neuron , MacLeod et al. (2013) link three PD susceptibility genes, LRRK2, PARK16, and VSP35, to a common cellular pathway and show how these deficits contribute to dysfunction.
Oxalate oxidation by an obligately parasitic fungus Tilletia contraversa.

Abstract Enzyme preparations from teliospores of Tilletia contraversa oxidize oxalic acid to carbon dioxide and probably hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation is maximum near pH 2.6 and is 50% inhibited by 2.4 × 10 −4 M fluoride and by 1.6 × 10 −2 M cyanide. The oxidation is stimulated by riboflavine and flavine mononucleotide, but not by flavine adenine dinucleotide.
Association Between Extent of Periodontal Attachment Loss and Self-reported History of Heart Attack: An Analysis of NHANES III Data

Coronary heart disease is responsible for one of every five deaths in the United States. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to verify this association using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Data for 5564 people 40 years of age and older who had complete periodontal assessments and information on heart attack were evaluated. The outcome was the self-reported history of heart attack (yes vs. no). The main independent variable was the percent of periodontal sites per person with attachment loss of 3 mm or greater (categorized as 0%, > 0-33%, > 33-67%, and > 67%). Periodontal attachment loss was measured at two sites per tooth in randomly assigned half-mouths, one upper and one lower quadrant. The covariables included sociodemographic variables and established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Relative to the 0% category, the unadjusted odds of heart attack increased with each higher category of attachment loss-2.2 (95% confidence interval = 1.3-3.8), 5.5 (3.4-9.1), and 9.8 (4.5-21.0), respectively. Adjustment for age, sex, race, poverty, smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, body mass index, and serum cholesterol decreased these odds to 1.4 (0.8-2.5), 2.3 (1.2-4.4), and 3.8 (1.5-9.7), respectively. This study supports findings from previous studies of an association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease.
In search of oil seeps in the Cariaco basin using MODIS and MERIS medium-resolution data

Although there have been some reports of surface oil films in the Cariaco basin, there is little information available in either refereed or grey literature to characterize these oil films. Using MODIS 250-m resolution data (March 2011 to July 2012) and MERIS 300-m full resolution data (January 2005 to April 2012) collected under sun glint and cloud free conditions, we found repeated surface slicks at approximately the same locations. After ruling out other possible causes, the slicks are believed to result from natural oil seeps. These surface slicks ranged from 0.9 to 20.4 km in length, and their origins were determined by temporally correlating slick morphology, as determined through feature detection from the satellite imagery. A total of 11 seeps were identified using this method. These results demonstrate the capacity of MODIS and MERIS in identifying oil seeps in the Cariaco basin, where a more comprehensive investigation using higher-resolution imagery is warranted in the future.
Pulse profiles and spectra of gamma ray pulsars in the polar cap model

Abstract We investigate predictions for pulse profiles and spectra of gamma-ray pulsars in the polar cap curvature radiation-initiated cascade model. In this model, the gamma-ray beam is a hollow cone centered on the magnetic pole, producing either double-peaked or single-peaked pulse profiles depending on observer orientation. We have computed simulated distributions of pulse peak phase separation seen by observers at random orientation as a function of gamma-ray beam width and obliquity distribution. The observed distribution of pulse peak phase separation, which favors double-peaked pulses with phase separation near 0.4, can be matched assuming that most gamma-ray pulsars have obliquity
On p-adic differentiability

Abstract A p -adic-valued function on the p -adic integers has a continuous derivative, Mahler showed, whenever its interpolation coefficients decay at a certain rate. It is shown here that Mahler's decay condition is equivalent to the strict differentiability of the function. There is a discussion of the Banach-space structure of the space of strictly differentiable functions. It is shown, moreover, that there is no rate of decay common to all functions with continuous derivative. Specifically, given any decay condition, there exists a function with derivative identically zero, whose interpolation coefficients decay more slowly.
Studies in heavy ion activation analysis I. on the selection of activation reactions

Among the numerous heavy ion reactions, those of potential interest for chemical analysis can be identified based on their Q values, Coulomb barriers, and threshold energies. A simple computer code has been written for these calculations. The use of the calculated data is illustrated with a survey of the possibilities of HIAA with N+, Li+, B+, Be+ and C+ beams yielding radioisotopes with half-lives of 10 to 104 sec.
The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp

Abstract The scalp distribution of auditory evoked responses (AERs) was studied in six normal subjects and in four patients who had undergone carotid angiography. The late (200 msec) component to regular stimulation showed a polarity inversion across a line overlying the Sylvian fissure, being positive above and negative below it. The observed distribution, when compared with that predicted from a multi-shell volume conductor model, was most consistent with dipole layer sources within the primary auditory projection cortex in the supratemporal plane. AERs to monaural stimuli were larger over the contralateral hemisphere, also supporting their specific origin. In contrast, the longer latency (300 msec) component appearing in AERs elicited by infrequent aperiodic stimuli possessed a different distribution consistent with its origin in parieto-temporal association cortex. It was possible to differentiate the myogenic post-auricular response, which possessed a quite circumscribed distribution, from the early AER components of intracranial origin whose distribution was similar to that of the 200 msec component.
A statistical approach to estimating acceptance of electric vehicles and electrification of personal transportation

Abstract The environmental and economic impact of electric vehicles (EVs) will depend on the fraction of users that can accept an EV of a given capability, and then in turn on how those EVs are actually used. Historically, estimates of the fraction of total travel that could be electrified as a function of EV range are based on vehicle usage data for large populations of vehicles, most often the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). Two assumptions implicit in such estimates are subject to question: (1) that any user could accept an EV as a primary vehicle and would use it for all trips within its range, and (2) that the usage patterns of any individual EV user are the same as that exhibited by entire population. The first assumption is clearly unrealistic; willingness to accept an EV is dependent on the transportation needs and alternatives readily available to each individual user. As a surrogate for a priori knowledge of individual preferences, we use a crude metric of acceptance defined as a threshold frequency of need for alternative transportation above which all users would not accept the inconvenience. To test the validity of the second assumption and better estimate market and electrification potential, we analyze roughly 1 year of usage data for each of 133 instrumented vehicles in Minneapolis–St. Paul. We find a characteristic individual usage pattern that does not resemble the average over a large number of vehicles. Using the surrogate metric of EV acceptance and a simple payback model, we show that although the market acceptance and electrification potential of EVs are severely limited by battery cost, it is possible to determine an optimal EV range. Using the same usage data and payback model, we show that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can be much more effective than all-electric vehicles in electrifying personal transportation.
AsgD, a new two-component regulator required for A-signalling and nutrient sensing during early development of Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus has a complex life cycle that includes fruiting body formation. One of the first stages in development has been called A-signalling. The asg (A-signalling) mutants have been proposed to be deficient in producing A-signal, resulting in development arresting at an early stage. In this paper, we report the identification of a new asg locus asgD. This locus appears to be involved in both environmental sensing and intercellular signalling. Expression of asgD was undetected during vegetative growth, but increased dramatically within 1 h of starvation. The AsgD protein is predicted to contain 773 amino acids and to be part of a two-component regulatory system because it has a receiver domain located at the N-terminus and a histidine protein kinase at the C-terminus. An asgD null mutant was defective in fruiting body formation and sporulation on CF medium. However, the defects of the mutant were complemented extracellularly when cells were mixed with wild-type strains or with bsgA, csgA, dsgA or esgA mutants, but were not complemented extracellularly by asgA, asgB or asgC mutants. In addition, the mutant was rescued by a subset of A-factor amino acids. Surprisingly, when the mutant was plated on stringent starvation medium rather than CF, cells were able to form fruiting bodies. Thus, it appears that AsgD is directly or indirectly involved in sensing nutritionally limiting conditions. The discovery of the asgD locus provides an important sensory transduction component of early development in M. xanthus.
Synonymous Codon Usage Affects the Expression of Wild Type and F508del CFTR

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel composed of 1480 amino acids. The major mutation responsible for cystic fibrosis results in loss of amino acid residue, F508 (F508del). Loss of F508 in CFTR alters the folding pathway resulting in endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation. This study investigates the role of synonymous codon in the expression of CFTR and CFTR F508del in human HEK293 cells. DNA encoding the open reading frame (ORF) for CFTR containing synonymous codon replacements was expressed using a heterologous vector integrated into the genome. The results indicate that the codon usage greatly affects the expression of CFTR. While the promoter strength driving expression of the ORFs was largely unchanged and the mRNA half-lives were unchanged, the steady-state levels of the mRNA varied by as much as 30-fold. Experiments support that this apparent inconsistency is attributed to nonsense mediated decay independent of exon junction complex. The ratio of CFTR/mRNA indicates that mRNA containing native codons was more efficient in expressing mature CFTR as compared to mRNA containing synonymous high-expression codons. However, when F508del CFTR was expressed after codon optimization, a greater percentage of the protein escaped endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation resulting in considerable levels of mature F508del CFTR on the plasma membrane, which showed channel activity. These results indicate that codon usage has an effect on mRNA levels and protein expression, for CFTR, and likely on chaperone-assisted folding pathway, for F508del CFTR.
Relaxation and constrained optimization by local processes

Abstract The distributive computation of constrained optimization problems by networks of locally interconnected simple processors is examined. A general method for designing such networks is described. The design includes the network of interconnections among the participating processors, as well as the iterative computation to be performed by each processor. The application of these results to relaxation techniques in the processing of visual information is discussed and exemplified.
Bridging Psychiatric and Anthropological Approaches: The Case of “Nerves” in the United States

Psychiatrists and anthropologists have taken distinct analytic approaches when confronted with differences between emic and etic models for distress: psychiatrists have translated folk models into diagnostic categories whereas anthropologists have emphasized culture-specific meanings of illness. The rift between psychiatric and anthropological research keeps “individual disease” and “culture” disconnected and thus hinders the study of interrelationships between mental health and culture. In this article we bridge psychiatric and anthropological approaches by using cultural models to explore the experience of nerves among 27 older primary care patients from Baltimore, Maryland. We suggest that cultural models of distress arise in response to personal experiences, and in turn, shape those experiences. Shifting research from a focus on comparing content of emic and etic concepts, to examining how these social realities and concepts are coconstructed, may resolve epistemological and ontological debates surrounding differences between emic and etic concepts, and improve understanding of the interrelationships between culture and health. [“nerves,” cultural models, metaphor, psychiatry, embodiment]
Experimental observations of the dependence of lateral and vertical dispersion characteristics on source height

Abstract The results of some recently analyzed diffusion experiments are examined to study the effects of source height on lateral and vertical dispersion characteristics, σ θ , at elevated release heights is shown to be a poor predictor of the lateral plume spread near the surface; σ θ near ground level is more useful at all downwind distances. For relatively short downwind distances, vertical dispersion for elevated releases is shown to be significantly larger than for surface releases.
Expression of gap junction channels in communication-incompetent cells after stable transfection with cDNA encoding connexin 32.

Abstract The gene family encoding gap junction proteins (connexins) consists of several known members, and multiple connexins are frequently coexpressed by coupled cells. To characterize the channel properties of the major rat liver gap junction protein (connexin 32) in isolation from other gap junction proteins, we have introduced the cDNA encoding it into a human hepatoma cell line (SKHep1) in which we have identified a gap junction deficiency. In this cell line, dye coupling was absent and junctional conductance was near zero. Connexins and connexin 32 mRNA were not detectable by immunocytochemistry and Northern blot analysis. After transfection and selection, cells were strongly coupled with regard to dye and electrical current, and connexin 32 mRNA and punctate connexin 32-immunoreactive membrane contacts were abundant. Functional gap junction channels were still expressed after 19 passages of the cells, indicating stable transfection. When junctional conductance was rendered reversibly low by exposing the cells to agents that uncouple other cell types, currents through single gap junction channels could be observed. The unitary conductance of these expressed channels was about 120-150 pS, a value that is distinctly larger than in heart cells, which express a different gap junction protein.
The Effects of Anisotropy in a Three-Dimensional Array of Conducting Disks

This microwave delay lens medium is shown to have both magnetic and electric anisotropy, which necessitates an analysis describing its refractive properties for obliquely incident waves. A simple linear transformation is applied to the field equations such that the transformed system is magnetically isotropic, Classical solutions from studies in optics provide the ray velocity surfaces in that system. An inverse transformation yields the ray velocity surfaces in the original medium. Huyghens construction is employed, for two particular arrays, to determine the refracted wave direction after oblique incidence.
Co‐localization of α1D Adrenergic Receptor mRNA withMineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid ReceptormRNA in Rat Hippocampus

Many adaptive changes occur in response to chronic or repeated stress, involving complex regulatory interactions between central stress-related afferents and the central components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. One change associated with chronic stress is an attenuation of corticosteroid receptor-mediated feedback inhibition of the HPA axis, a process thought to involve corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus. A prominent stress-related central afferent that innervates the hippocampus and that may participate in the regulation of the HPA axis is the central noradrenergic system. Previous evidence suggests that alpha1 adrenergic receptors may down-regulate hippocampal corticosteroid receptors, and may thus contribute to stress-induced facilitation of HPA responses. In the present study, we used combined nonisotopic and radioisotopic in situ hybridization to examine the overlapping expression and co-localization of mRNA encoding the post-synaptic alpha1D adrenergic receptor subtype, the major alpha1 subtype expressed in hippocampus, with mRNA for the two corticosteroid receptor subtypes, type I (mineralocorticoid receptor, MR) and type II (glucocorticoid receptor, GR) in rat hippocampal neurons. We observed overlapping distributions and an extensive degree of co-localization of alpha1D receptor mRNA with both corticosteroid receptor subtype messages, establishing an anatomical substrate by which these two receptor systems may directly regulate each other. The potential interaction between co-localized adrenergic and corticosteroid receptors in hippocampus may contribute to stress-induced alterations in the HPA response to subsequent stress.
The Impact of Parent, Child, and Therapist Mental Representations on Attachment-Based Intervention with Prepubertal Children

Although attachment-based interventions with mothers and infants are beginning to flourish, guidelines for developing attachment-based intervention with prepubertal children are lacking. This article remedies this lack by discussing the potential intervention points of entry with prepubertal children based on attachment theory. In contrast to attachment-based early intervention, in which parental characteristics are targeted, attachment-based intervention with prepubertal children must include the child as well as the parents. Therapists attempting such an intervention must take into account the quality of the child’s mental representation as well as their own quality of mental representation to provide an effective clinical experience.
Comparison of MRI with postcontrast CT for the evaluation of acute abdominal trauma.

Abstract: We compared the ability of MRI and CT to detect and characterize abdominal visceral injury. Seven patients with contrast-enhanced abdominal CT interpreted as showing definite (five patients) or possible (two) solid organ injury following blunt abdominal trauma were referred for abdominal MRI with a mean interval of 3 days between modalities. T1-weighted and T2-weighted spin echo sequences were obtained in all patients. Gradient-recalled echo (GRE) sequences (22–25/12–13/60° flip angle) were obtained in five cases. Both CT and MR allowed detection of complex splenic lacerations in two patients and complex hepatic injuries in three other patients. A sixth patient had subtle periportal hypodensity noted on CT which was not detected prospectively on MRI. One patient had a right adrenal hematoma detected on MRI but not on CT. Relative lesion conspicuity and extent were judged equal on CT and T2− weighted imaging. The Tl-weighted and GRE imaging were judged inferior to CT. We conclude that MRI offers no significant advantage over CT for the routine evaluation of acute abdominal trauma.
The L-meromyosin content of myosin.

Abstract A simple statistical analysis has been applied to the quantitative amino acid data of myosin and the meromyosins. From the calculations it is concluded that amino acid determinations support the finding that L-meromyosin comprises about 42% of rabbit myosin.
Stimulation of retroviral vector infection of murine hematopoietic progenitors

Conditioned media (CM) from a cloned murine marrow-derived stromal cell line, AC6.21 (ALC), was shown to stimulate retroviral vector infection of hematopoietic progenitors in culture. Inclusion of ALC CM during cocultivation of normal murine bone marrow (BM) with vector-producing fibroblasts improved infection efficiency of day 13 spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-s) from 63% (15 provirus-positive spleen colonies/24 total), without added growth factor, to 90% (36 provirus-positive colonies/40 total). In addition, stimulation of BM cells with ALC CM during cocultivation improved retroviral infection of stem cells capable of repopulating the hematopoietic system of irradiated recipient animals. Because ALC CM was found to have 50 to 100 U/ml of IL-6 activity, purified recombinant human IL-6 was tested for an effect in this system. Stimulation with IL-6 alone increased retroviral infection efficiency of CFU-s from 15% (17 colonies provirus-positive/111 total analyzed) without added growth factor to 66% (97 provirus-positive colonies/148 total analyzed). These experiments support and extend previous studies which have demonstrated the necessity for growth factor stimulation in optimizing retroviral vector transduction of hematopoietic precursors.
A Data Representation for Collaborative Mechanical Design

Collaborative design projects place additional burdens on design documentation practices. The literature on group design has repeatedly documented the existence of problems in design decision-making due to the unavailability of design information. This paper describes a data representation developed for collaborative mechanical design information. The data representation is used to record the history of the design as a sequence of design decisions. The resulting data base records the final specifications, the alternatives which were considered during the design process, and the designers' rationale for choosing the final design parameters. It is currently implemented in a computerized data base system under development at Oregon State University (OSU).