cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monotonic Surplus Sharing and the Utilization of Common Property Resources

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses monotonic surplus sharing and the utilization of common property resources. It discusses surplus sharing problems akin to axiomatic bargaining. Cooperative opportunities are depicted by a set of feasible utility vectors. An individual rationality (IR) constraint sets a lower bound on every individual utility level. Unlike the traditional Nash model, the surplus sharing problems depend upon an exogenous parameter, affecting both the feasible utility set and the individual rationality constraint. The chapter defines the monotonicity axiom when the set of parameters is partially ordered. It discusses an important special case where the mapping from the resource parameter into the set of feasible utility vectors satisfies a certain lattice homomorphism property. Examples include the models where the resource is a production set. Under the lattice property, the monotonicity and solidarity axioms prove to be equivalent and the existence of a monotonie surplus sharing method is easy to characterize.
Febrile Neutropenia with Thrombocytopenia after Infliximab Induction in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis

A 34-year-old female with left-sided ulcerative colitis (UC) developed severe febrile neutropenia/thrombocytopenia soon after infliximab induction therapy. There was no other plausible cause of the cell line abnormalities other than an accurate temporal association with infliximab administration. Supportive care, broad-spectrum antibiotic, and single dose of filgrastim was given on day 5 of admission due to persistently low absolute neutrophil count and fevers. The cell lines recovered, fever resolved and the patient made a complete clinical recovery. Clinicians should be aware of this potential life-threatening inflixmab side effect previously unreported in adults with UC.
Laws, Place, History and the Interpretation of Landforms

The state of an Earth surface system (ESS) is determined by three sets of factors: laws, place, and history. Laws (L = L1, L2, . . . , Ln) are the n general principles applicable to any such system at any time. Place factors (P = P1, P2, . . . , Pm) are the m relevant characteristics of the local or regional environment. History factors (H = H1 , H2, . . . , Hq) include the previous evolutionary pathway of the ESS, its stage of development, past disturbance, and initial conditions. Geoscience investigation may focus on laws, place, or history, but ultimately all three are necessary to understand and explain ESS. The LPH triad is useful as a pedagogical device, illustrated here via application to explaining the world's longest cave (Mammoth Cave, KY). Beyond providing a useful checklist, the LPH framework provides analytical traction to some difficult research problems. For example, studies of the avulsions of three southeast Texas rivers showed substantial differences in avulsion regimes and resulting alluvial morphology, despite the proximity and superficial similarity of the systems. Avulsions are governed by the same laws in all cases [L(A) = L(B) = L(C)], and the three rivers have undergone the same sea-level, climate, and tectonic histories, as well as the same general anthropic impacts [H(A) ≈ H(B) ≈ H(C)]. Though regional environmental controls are similar, local details such as the location of the modern main channel relative to Pleistocene meander channels differ, and thus these place factors explain the differences between the rivers. The LPH framework, or similar types of reasoning, is implicit in many types of geoscience analysis. Explicit attention to the triad can help solve or address many specific problems and remind us of the importance of all three sets of factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In God’s Land: Cinematic Affect, Animation and the Perceptual Dilemmas of Slow Violence

This chapter examines Pankaj Rishi Kumar’s documentary feature In God’s Land (2012). In extending literary critic Rob Nixon’s (2010) notion of “slow violence” to cinema, it considers how a postcolonial Indian filmmaker uses animation to mediate socio-environmental injustices that are not spectacular but instead accumulate over long periods of time. In illuminating In God’s Land’s dark and discordant mode of animation, I also suggest that such postcolonial cinema expands eco-film scholarship’s current preoccupations with primarily Western/Japanese animation and with its predominant focus on animation as playful. In all, the essay argues for furthering our understanding of Indian and eco-animation.
Molecular analysis of Acanthemblemaria macrospilus (Teleostei: Chaenopsidae) with description of a new species from the Gulf of California, Mexico

Molecular analysis of the chaenopsid tube blenny, Acanthemblemaria macrospilus Brock, reveals species-level differentiation and the existence of a new species, described here as Acanthemblemaria hastingsi, using molecular and morphological data. This new species is a member of the hancocki species group and is limited to the Gulf of California. It is distinguishable from A. macrospilus by mitochondrial gene sequences of cytochrome C oxidase I and D-loop region as well as by coloration. This differentiation is also supported to a lesser extent by the nuclear ribosomal protein S7 first intron. There is no geographic overlap in the ranges of these species, as they occur exclusively on either side of the Sinaloan Gap.
Clinical and Translational Science Infrastructure

Publisher Summary The Clinical and Translational Science Research Institutes in the United States constitute a national effort to strengthen and broaden the clinical research enterprise. With the proposal of the Clinical and Translational Research Institutes, a more robust collaboration between the academic and private sectors could work to the advantage of both. Furthermore, the discipline of clinical and translational science is needed to ensure that rapidly emerging and fundamental advances in biomedical and behavioral sciences animate patient-oriented research. The discipline requires the development of well-structured and well-recognized career development pathways that are intertwined with original and fundamental research addressing the methods and spirit of clinical research. This goal is easy to achieve in an academic home with a dedicated faculty and staff of multiple disciplines who have a transformative vision, mission, and strategy. This chapter reviews the infrastructure of clinical and translational research, especially in the United States, and considers its historical background, current evolution, and the future opportunities that substantially alter its nature and allow it to support new paradigms of clinical research. This study will particularly emphasize the Clinical and Translational Science Institutes, which began to be funded in 2006 in the United States. These institutes, still in their formative stage, numbered 38 in January 2009, and were established with the aim of constituting an academic home for clinical research in American Academic Health Centers (AHCs).
Social Media Use Before Bed and Sleep Disturbance Among Young Adults in the United States: A Nationally Representative Study.

Study objectives Social media (SM) use has been positively associated with disturbed sleep among young adults. However, previous studies have not elucidated the specific importance of SM use immediately before bed. We aimed to determine the independent association of SM use during the 30 minutes before bed and disturbed sleep while controlling for covariates including total SM use throughout the day. Methods We assessed a nationally representative sample of 1763 US young adults aged 19-32. Participants estimated to what extent they used SM in the 30 minutes before bed. We assessed sleep disturbance using the brief Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Sleep Disturbance measure. After testing the proportional odds assumption, we used ordered logistic regression to compute the independent association between SM use before bed and sleep disturbance controlling for covariates, including total SM use. Results Compared with those who rarely or very rarely check SM in the 30 minutes before bed, those who often or very often check SM at that time had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.62 (95% confidence interval = 1.31-2.34) for increased sleep disturbance. Additionally, we found a significant linear trend in the odds ratios between the frequency of checking SM in the 30 minutes before bed and increased sleep disturbance (p = .007). Results were consistent in all sensitivity analyses. Conclusions SM use in the 30 minutes before bed is independently associated with disturbed sleep among young adults. Future work should use qualitative and experimental methods to further elucidate the directionality of-and mechanisms underlying-this association.
Nonunions of the Forearm

Nonunions of the forearm are rare, but do occur. Many people are able to function well in their daily life with a nonunion. However, a nonunion of the forearm can also result in disability and the inability to perform normal daily activities. For this purpose, nonunions are often treated surgically. We discuss the etiology, appropriate medical and surgical evaluation, surgical treatment, and anticipated outcomes of nonunions of the forearm.
The best of both worlds—repair of acute Stanford type A aortic dissections in the hybrid operating room?

Acute type A aortic dissection is a fatal disease without prompt surgical intervention. Optimal surgical technique, particularly with respect to arch management, has undergone significant evolution over the last decade and has resulted in significant improvements in operative outcome.
Disorders of Phosphorus Homeostasis: Emerging Targets for Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of phosphorus metabolism are independent risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Since dietary phosphorus intake plays a central role in the pathogenesis of disordered phosphorus homeostasis in CKD, these findings have renewed interest in restricting phosphorus intake as a potential therapy for slowing kidney function decline. While the balance of experimental and human data support this possibility, the lack of randomized, controlled trials examining the efficacy of dietary phosphorus restriction in CKD patients precludes the ability to advocate phosphorus restriction for preserving kidney function at this time. Future studies will need to determine whether limiting phosphorus intake is effective for slowing CKD progression and if so, determine the optimal timing of phosphorus restriction, appropriate targets of therapy, and strategies for safely prescribing phosphorus restriction in clinical practice. Given the markedly high phosphorus content of westernized diets, these studies should be a high priority in future research.
Malebranche and Arnauld

In Comments on a Certain Broadsheet, Descartes says “I have never written or taken the view that the mind requires innate ideas that are something distinct from its own faculty of thinking. I did observe, however, that there are certain thoughts within me which neither come to me from external objects nor were determined by my will, but which come solely from the power of thinking within me.”2 He goes on to say that “by ‘innate ideas’ I have never meant anything other than what the author [Regius] himself . . . explicitly asserts to be true, viz., that ‘there is present in us a natural power which enables us to know God’. But I have never written or even thought that such ideas are actual or that they are some sort of ‘forms’ which are distinct from our faculty of thinking.”3 Also, in the Third Set of Replies, Descartes says that “when we say that an idea is innate in us, we do not mean that it is always there before us. This would mean that no idea was innate. We simply mean that we have within ourselves the faculty of summoning up the idea.”4
Transfer function estimation part I: theoretical and practical considerations

This is a primer, in two parts, on transfer function estimation: this first part covers the major theoretical considerations including the design of the stimulus and analysis of the response; the second part is a presentation of processed results demonstrating key theoretical points.
Block Copolymers as Homogenizing Agents in Blends of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers

Previous research in our laboratory has focused on amorphous rubbery-rubbery diblock copolymers and the corresponding homopolymer blend. This work can be represented by a unified “phase diagram” consisting of three regions: (i) A low molecular weight region in which diblock copolymers and their corresponding blends are homogeneous materials (ii) A high molecular weight region in which diblock copolymers and blends are heterogeneous (iii) A region of intermediate molecular weight, spanning regions (i) and (ii) by a factor of at least three, in which the diblock copolymers are homogeneous but the corresponding blend is heterogeneous It is in this largely unexplored region (iii) that we have acquired data verifying that diblock copolymers can be used as homogenizing agents in amorphous homopolymer blends.
Legitimacy Building in Policy and Practice: The Case of US Private Military and Security Contractors (PMSCs) in Afghanistan

From 2000 to 2009, the US military more than tripled its contracts with private military and security contractors (PMSCs). During the same period, a focus on building legitimacy for domestic governments became central to US counterinsurgency doctrine. This chapter examines how these corresponding changes in policy and practice interact. Prior research on legitimacy in contentious politics has shown that the involvement of external actors working on behalf of a national government can introduce ambiguities that undermine the legitimacy of counterinsurgency operations. We extend this research by specifically examining how the use of PMSCs affected this dynamic during counterinsurgency operations that followed the 2001 US invasion of Afghanistan. To do this, we analyze reports published under the United Nations Human Rights Council. We find that the widespread use of PMSCs undermined local perceptions that the Afghan Government was capable of establishing security and stability, both of which are considered central components of legitimacy building during counterinsurgency. Moreover, we detail how legal and institutional ambiguities limited the US Government’s capacity to mediate the adverse effects that PMSCs had on the legitimacy of counterinsurgency operations. Our findings suggest that the use of PMSCs can actually exacerbate previously identified challenges associated with legitimacy building during counterinsurgency.
Completely classifying all vertex-transitive and edge-transitive polyhedra

Recently A. Dress completed the classification of the regular polyhedra in E 3 by adding one class to the enumeration given by Grunbaum on this subject. This classification is the only systematic study of a collection of polyhedra possessing special symmetries which uses the generalized definition of a polygon allowing for skew polygons as well as planar polygons in E 3. This study gives necessary conditions for polyhedra to be vertex-transitive and edge-transitive. These conditions are restrictive enough to make the task of completely enumerating such polyhedra realizable and efficient. Examples of this process are given, and an explanation of the basic process is discussed. These ‘new’ polyhedra are appearing more frequently in applications of geometry, and this examination is a beginning of the classifications of polyhedra having special symmetries even though there are many other such classes which lack this scrutiny.
Using Social Media to Broaden Understanding of the Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

Background:Many people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve levels of exercise recommended by the American Diabetes Association, often due to unique barriers, including fear of hypoglycemia. T...
The Relationship Between Living Alone and Self-Rated Health Varies by Age: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey.

Despite growing attention to the connection between living arrangements and health, less is known about how the health of individuals living alone varies by age. Using data from the 2016 National H...
Towards bridging the gap between model- and data- driven tool suites for cyber-physical systems

Model-driven approaches in developing and operating Cyber-Physical Systems are increasingly complemented by data-driven methods. Examples for their use cases are the analysis of model repositories for discovering patterns and relationships in models, the design-time learning of approximate system and environment models from data, and the detection of divergence from design-time assumptions during operations. In this paper we argue that model- and data-driven approaches have combined use cases that that need complementary services provided by modeling and data analytic frameworks. However, convergence of model-driven and data-driven methods is hindered by the strongly different tool infrastructure. The paper summarizes the integration challenges and proposes a semantic bridge as a solution for filling the gap between the model - and data-driven tool suites.
Identification and sensitivity analysis of contagion effects in randomized placebo‐controlled trials

In social science research, interference between units is the rule rather than the exception. Contagion represents one key causal mechanism of such spillover effects, where one's treatment affects the outcome of another individual indirectly by changing the treated unit's own outcome. Alternatively, the treatment of one individual can affect the outcome of another person through other mechanisms. We consider the identification and sensitivity analysis of contagion effects. We analyse a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of the get out the vote campaign, in which canvassers were sent to randomly selected households with two registered voters but encouraged only one voter within each household to turn out in an upcoming election. To address the problem of non‐compliance, the experiment includes a placebo arm, in which canvassers encourage voters to recycle. We show how to identify and estimate the average contagion and direct effects by decomposing the average spillover effect. Our analysis examines whether canvassing increases the turnout of a non‐contacted voter by altering the vote intention of a contacted voter or through other mechanisms. To address the potential violation of key identification assumptions, we propose non‐parametric and parametric sensitivity analyses. We find robust contagion effects among some households.
Eating pathology and depressive symptoms as predictors of excessive weight gain during pregnancy.

Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with negative outcomes and the identification of contributing psychosocial factors may be useful in prevention and intervention. Pregnant women (N = ...
Noncommutative field theory and composite Fermi liquids in some quantum Hall systems

This paper addresses long-standing fundamental questions on the validity of the classic Halperin-Lee-Read (HLR) theory, which is thought to describe metallic composite Fermi liquids in quantum Hall systems. The authors derive a novel ``noncommutative'' field theory as a low-energy description, and obtain the HLR action and its microscopic parameters in a further approximation. The work demonstrates the importance of noncommutative field theory for future microscopic studies of composite Fermi liquids in quantum Hall systems.
Genes and genetics in human SLE

Abstract It is generally agreed that disease features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) manifest in genetically predisposed individuals after encountering environmental triggers. Genome wide association studies provide an unbiased approach to screening hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms and have enhanced the discovery of genetic risk loci associated with SLE. Further advancements in the field (large-scale replication studies, meta-analysis, next generation sequencing, fine mapping of disease characteristics, and functional studies) have led a rapid increase in the discovery of SLE risk variants, approaching 150 loci identified. Although functions of a number of identified loci remain unknown, most risk gene products participate in various aspects of the immune system, including the clearance of immune complexes, type I interferon and NFkB pathways, B and T cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation, which are highlighted herein. Updated progress in lupus genetics, the identification of new causal variants, the discovery of novel pathways and regulatory mechanisms, and advances in utilizing SLE-risk loci to predict disease susceptibility and therapeutic strategies are reviewed. Here we emphasize the progress made in the last few years that has greatly enhanced our understanding of SLE pathogenesis, which will serve to guide the development of novel therapies to treat the disease.
Total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis in rheumatic disease patients: An analysis of outcomes and complications using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.

Abstract Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can manifest as an inflammatory arthropathy in the ankle. As a result, this study sought to examine the role of RA with respect to complications in patients undergoing either total ankle arthroplasty or ankle arthrodesis by utilizing the National Inpatient Sample to assess for correlations. Methods Admissions for TAA and AA were extracted from the National Inpatient Sample using primary ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. Patients aged 18–65 years with a duration of hospital stay of >3 days and isolated complications were included. Multivariable regression was then performed within matched groups to determine differences. Results There was decreased risk of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, surgical site infection, and urinary tract infection in patients with RA. Postoperative development of pneumonia was seen at a higher rate in patients with RA. Conclusion RA is not associated with a markedly increased complication burden in the appropriately chosen surgical candidate for ankle arthrodesis and ankle arthroplasty.
Celiac Disease and Elevated Liver Enzymes: A Review

Aminotransferases are commonly found to be elevated in patients with celiac disease in association with two different types of liver dysfunction: cryptogenic liver disorders and autoimmune disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanisms by which aminotransferases become elevated in celiac disease, clinical manifestations, and response to gluten-free diet. Many studies have shown that celiac patients with cryptogenic liver disease have normalization in aminotransferases, intestinal histologic improvement and serologic resolution after 6-12 months of strict gluten-free diet. In patients with an underlying autoimmune liver disease, simultaneous treatment for both conditions resulted in normalized elevated aminotransferases. The literature suggests that intestinal permeability may be at least one of the mechanisms by which liver damage occurs. Patients with celiac disease should have liver enzymes routinely checked and treated with a strict gluten-free diet if found to be abnormal. Lack of improvement in patients who have strictly adhered to gluten-free diet should prompt further workup for other causes of liver disease.
Impact of a Clinical Documentation Integrity Program on Severity of Illness of Expired Patients.

BACKGROUND: As payment models continue to move toward value-driven care, the quality of documentation has become more important than ever. Clinical Documentation Integrity (CDI) programs can aid in the documentation of diagnoses that are specific and consistent throughout the medical record, which leads to accurate code assignment, better understanding of patient complexity, and improved facility reimbursement. METHODS: An interrupted time series analysis was conducted by using a segmented regression model to estimate the impact of our hospital’s CDI program on perceived patient complexity using severity of illness stratification, observed to expected mortality ratio and case-mix index. Patients who died during the admission were chosen to limit our analysis to patients with the highest severity of illness. RESULTS: A total of 206 patients who had died while inpatient at our 400 bed children’s hospital were included. There was a 15.7% increase in patients who were final coded with the highest level of severity of illness after our CDI program launched compared with those patients admitted before program inception. The hospital case-mix index for inpatient cases increased 25% from 2011 to 2017. There was a 44% decrease in the observed to expected mortality ratio. DISCUSSION: A CDI program can have a significant impact, as evidenced by our ability to show complexity gains on some of the sickest patients by supporting documentation of precise, accurate diagnoses. In turn, this may allow for better understanding of the complexity of our patient population and support appropriate reimbursement and payer contract negotiations.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Predicting the Outcome of Large-Vessel Ischemic Stroke Treated with Mechanical Thrombectomy: Is This the Prime Time?

DTI uses the physical principles of random displacement of water molecules, also known as Brownian motion, to measure the degree and directionality of water molecule motion in the human body.[1][1] These measurements can be used to infer the microstructural integrity of the underlying tissue. In the
Pain Is the Primary Factor Associated With Satisfaction With Symptoms for New Patients Presenting to the Orthopedic Clinic.

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to (1) determine the percentage of new orthopedic patients reporting their symptoms to be acceptable at presentation, as measured by the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) question, and (2) evaluate whether patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), including Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) or Upper Extremity, Pain Interference (PI), and Depression (D), or sociodemographic factors are associated with acceptable symptoms at presentation. Methods Between February 7, 2020, and March 16, 2020, new orthopedic patients who completed PROMs were identified. Patient records were reviewed for those who also completed the PASS question, a yes/no question about whether a patient’s current symptom state is satisfactory. Bivariate analysis was conducted to compare patient characteristics, such as area deprivation index (ADI), between those reporting acceptable symptoms and those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with acceptable symptoms at presentation. Results A total of 570 patients were included, with one-fourth (n = 143 [25%]) reporting acceptable symptoms at presentation. In multivariable regression analysis, only pain, as measured by the PROMIS PI, was associated with acceptable symptoms at presentation (non–upper extremity patient regression: PROMIS PI: odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.90, P .05). Conclusions One-fourth of new orthopedic patients reported their symptoms to be acceptable at presentation. Of those who considered their symptom state unsatisfactory, pain—not functional status, mental health, or sociodemographic factors—was the primary determinant. Level of Evidence Level III, diagnostic.
Gauge R & R studies for angular measurements

Angular measurements lie on the circumference of a circle and have different characteristics than standard scalar measurements. For applications involving angular data, treating the measured values...
Horizontal Side-Channel Vulnerabilities of Post-Quantum Key Exchange and Encapsulation Protocols

Key exchange protocols and key encapsulation mechanisms establish secret keys to communicate digital information confidentially over public channels. Lattice-based cryptography variants of these pr...
Dynamics of Impulsively Loaded Circular Plates

A theoretical investigation is done on a loosely clamped, rigid-plastic plate subjected to a parabolically distributed impulse load. It is assumed that the plate is spherical at any instant and maintains a constant thickness. Interaction between membrane and moment yield surfaces is ignored. The simple solution obtained compares well with published experimental and theoretical investigations. Although the solution is based on an approximate scheme, it has the advantage of exhibiting the relevant parameters in a direct way and making quick calculations possible.
Contrasting differences of chronic endothelin A receptor blockade during the progression of renal injury in type-1 and type-2 diabetic nephropathy (689.3)

Contrasting differences of chronic endothelin A receptor (ETA) blockade during the progression of renal injury in type-1 and type-2 diabetic nephropathy Denisha Spires1, Tiffani White2, Lateia Taylor2 and Jan M. Williams2. 1Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS, 2Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 The endothelin (ET) system has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) via the endothelin A (ETA) receptor. Preliminary studies from our laboratory indicate that the induction of diabetes (STZ, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) in Dahl salt-sensitive (STZ-SS) rats promotes the development DN that was associated with an increase in ET-1 excretion. Therefore, the present study examined whether chronic ETA blockade with ABT-627 prevents the progression of renal injury in STZ-SS rats with pre-existing renal disease. After 6 weeks of ABT-627 (5mg/kg/day) treatment, proteinuria was markedly decreased in ABT-627 treated STZ-SS rats...
Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development

Pharmacogenomics is the study that examines how genetic variations affect the ways in which people respond to drugs. The ways people respond to drugs are complex traits that are influenced by many different genes. Pharmacogenomics intends to develop rational means of optimizing drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to maximize efficacy with minimal adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenomics has the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine, and promises to usher in an area of personalized medicine, in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Indeed, pharmacogenomics is exploited as an essential step for target discovery and drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of the personalized medicine is to get the right dose of the right drug to the right patient at the right time. In this article, we will review the use of pharmacogenomics in drug discovery and development.
Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) of Adhesion Complexes

Key to understanding a protein's biological function is the accurate determination of its spatial distribution inside a cell. Although fluorescent protein markers allow the targeting of specific proteins with molecular precision, much of this information is lost when the resultant fusion proteins are imaged with conventional, diffraction-limited optics. In response, several imaging modalities that are capable of resolution below the diffraction limit (∼200 nm) have emerged. Here, both single- and dual-color superresolution imaging of biological structures using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) are described. The examples discussed focus on adhesion complexes: dense, protein-filled assemblies that form at the interface between cells and their substrata. A particular emphasis is placed on the instrumentation and photoactivatable fluorescent protein (PA-FP) tags necessary to achieve PALM images at ∼20 nm resolution in 5 to 30 min in fixed cells.
A General Approach to 1-Hydroxymethylquinolizidine and 8-Hydroxymethylindolizidine Stereoisomers: Synthesis of (+)-Epitashiromine and Formal Syntheses of (+)-Epilupinine and (+)-Tashiromine

A general strategy for the synthesis of structurally and stereochemically related indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids was developed. The methodology involves regio- and stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of simple nitrones with ephedrine-derived alkylidenemorpholinones. The intermediate isoxazolidines can be converted into either the indolizidine or the quinolizidine motif depending on the nitrone and the substituent on the dipolarophile. The approach was applied to the synthesis of (+)-epitashiromine and to the formal syntheses of (+)-epilupinine and (+)-tashiromine.
Structures of homoerythrina alkaloids from Cephalotaxus harringtonia

The structures of five minor alkaloids from Cephalotaxus harringtonia K. Koch var. harringtonia have been determined. These alkaloids are simple derivatives of schelhammericine (I). In alkaloid II, the methylenedioxy group of I is replaced by one hydroxyl group and one methoxyl group; alkaloid III is the analogous dimethoxy derivative. Alkaloids IV, V and VI are the corresponding C-3 epimers of alkaloids I, II and III. Though schelhammericine itself has not yet been observed in Cephalotaxus, alkaloids IV and V are identical in all respects with two alkaloids found in Schelhammera pedunculata. Alkaloids II, III and VI are previously unreported in the literature. The co-occurrence of these minor homoerythrina-type alkaloids (II-VI) with the major Cephalotaxus alkaloid cephalotaxine (VII) and its antileukemic esters (VIII-XI) is of interest biogenetically.
Effect of phenylephrine on pyruvate dehydrogenase in fasting rat livers.

Previous estimates of flux through the pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex were made by measuring 14CO2 generated from oxidation of [1-14C]pyruvate, assuming a 1:1 stoichiometry. However, this method fails to discriminate between 14CO2 produced from pyruvate dehydrogenase and 14CO2 generated from phospho-enolpyruvate carboxykinase and citric-acid-cycle dehydrogenases. While some previous reports have attempted to correct for the additional 14CO2 production by comparing 14CO2 generated by [1-14C]pyruvate with [2-14C]pyruvate or [3-14C]pyruvate, the estimates are flawed by failure to determine the radioactivity and distribution of the 14C label in the oxalacetate pool. The present method circumvents these problems by utilizing [1,4-14C]succinate to radiolabel the oxalacetate pool and by directly measuring the specific radioactivity of malate. The results demonstrate that flux through the pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex is negligible compared to the other reactions which generate 14CO2 from [1-14C]lactate in the fasted state. Phenylephrine did not significantly alter this result in the fasted state. However, 14CO2 production via the pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex is large (∼ 11.5 nmol · min−1· mg mitochondrial protein−1) compared to 14CO2 production via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and citric-acid-cycle dehydrogenases (∼ 6.4 nmol · min−1· mg−1) when the pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex is activated, in the fed state with 1 mM dichloroacetate.
The effect of ionizing and displacive radiation on the thermal conductivity of alumina at low temperature

Abstract The effects of radiation-produced vacancies and of radiation-induced electrical conductivity (RIC) on the thermal conductivity of alumina at low temperatures have been calculated. The phonon scattering relaxation times for these mechanisms have been used in the evaluation of the thermal conductivity integral in order to determine the effect each mechanism has on the lattice thermal conductivity of alumina. It is found that vacancy scattering can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity; for example, a vacancy concentration of 0.01 per atom leads to a fractional change in thermal conductivity of about 90%. It is also concluded that the scattering of phonons by electrons in the conduction band due to RIC does not lead to a large reduction in the thermal conductivity.
Nonimmune fetal hydrops: Diagnosis and obstetrical management

As the incidence of Rh-isoimmunization has been decreasing with the availability of Rh immune globulin, the proportion of cases of fetal hydrops from nonimmune causes has increased. Evaluation of the fetus with hydrops requires an integrated approach, beginning with targeted ultrasound evaluation and potentially including maternal and fetal blood testing and other invasive testing. Because the list of conditions that may cause hydrops is long and continues to grow, it is often difficult to make a precise diagnosis; however, through a systematic approach, one may frequently narrow the etiology to a category of disorders and determine whether any interventions are available that are likely to be helpful in improving the outlook for the fetus.
HUMAN RESOURCES AND THE BOTTOM LINE: MISTAKES ARE COSTLY!

At first glance, the typical human resource management activities of hiring and firing do not appear to be directly related to finance, accounting, and the bottom line. Each of these are distinct functions within the larger arena of library management. And in most large library organizations, financial management and human resource management are separate activities, managed by people with different educational backgrounds and specialties. The intent of this article is to show that the two functions are in fact interdependent. Mistakes in the management of human resources can have a dire impact on the bottom line if the wrong person is hired and litigation results.
COOPERATIVE PATH-PLANNING FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

It is shown how to model a cooperative path planning system for multiple autonomous air vehicles within the framework of a stochastic (dynamic programming) decision process. The proposed approach allows the vehicles to cooperate and find near-optimal search paths over a given environment in the presence of uncertainty and constraints on movement and computational power.
Stellate Red-Brown Patches on the Distal Extremities

A woman in her 40s with a history of atopy presented with a 1-year history of asymptomatic red-brownpatches on thedistal extensor extremities. The lesions began on the bilateral lower legs and spread to the thighs, buttocks, hands, forearms, andproximal arms. Physical examination revealednumerous stellate redbrownpatcheswithout induration, scale,or ulceration (Figure, A). Review of systems wasnotable for episodicmuscle crampingandnumbness involving the lower extremities. The patient had no notable recent medical illnesses, illicit drug use, or new medications. An incisional wedge biopsywasperformedona lesion fromthe lowerextremity,andthespecimen was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (Figure, B and C). Quiz at jamadermatology.com WHAT IS YOURDIAGNOSIS? A. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis B. Microscopic polyangiitis C. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis D. Polyarteritis nodosa E. Antiphosphoid syndrome A
Characterization of activity oscillations in an excitable membrane model and their potential functionality for neuronal computations

Abstract A two-dimensional excitable membrane can be implemented as an array of interconnected neural elements. After an initial burst of activity waves, the response of such a membrane to a continuous static input is largely confined to the input area, and manifests oscillations in unit activity levels. The parameters characterizing these oscillations are sensitive to certain input features, including input extent and granularity. These properties, and the phase relationships among input regions, may potentially be used to carry out multiple aspects of visual feature extraction and visually related neural computation.
Sea-ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979–1993

Pollutants such as radionuclides can be incorporated into ice formed in shallow waters of the marginal seas, by suspension freezing, including frazil- and anchor-ice formation. This ice thickens through the winter and can survive the summer melt to eventually be pushed into the perennial ice zone and thus be transported long distances. After a few years, when the ice finally melts, these radionuclides can be re-released in biologically rich waters. We estimate that a mean of 256,000 km2 of sea ice is produced annually in the shallow water area of the Laptev Sea during the October freeze-up and in the flaw lead during winter, accounting for approx. 20% of the total ice area fluxing through the Fram Strait per year.
The contribution of Santiago Ramón y Cajal to functional neuroscience.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal — arguably the most accomplished anatomist in the history of neuroscience — became recognized as such not only because of his incredible anatomical skills and his indefatigable working habits, but also because of his uncanny sense of the functional implications of his work, a sense that made him a true genius in the field of biology.
Sub-milliSievert (sub-mSv) CT colonography: a prospective comparison of image quality and polyp conspicuity at reduced-dose versus standard-dose imaging.

Objective To prospectively compare reduced-dose (RD) CT colonography (CTC) with standard-dose (SD) imaging using several reconstruction algorithms.
New regime map of the geometric optics approximation for scattering from random rough surfaces

The electromagnetic wave scattering from random roughness surfaces is a technologically important but challenging problem. There is a significant amount of interest in understanding the radiative properties of the rough surfaces for diverse applications. On one end, the rigorous models require the solutions of complex formulations of the Maxwell's equations or rely on various numerical schemes, which typically are computationally intensive. On the other hand, it has been found that the geometric optics (GO) ray tracing approximation method produces reasonably accurate radiative property predictions in some cases and with little computational effort. However, the latter ignores the wave interference and polarization effects, which are important when the wavelength is on the same order or larger than the geometrical length scale. It is therefore important to quantify the accuracy of the GO approximation. This study reports a new regime map based on the comparisons of the GO and finite-difference time-domain solutions.
Intersecting identities: Mentoring contributions and challenges for black faculty mentoring black undergraduates

This article employs an intersectional analysis of the experiences of Black faculty at an elite US university who have mentored Black undergraduates, and focuses on faculty’s meaning making of their connection to their mentees, and challenges they face in these relationships. Findings reveal that faculty found their shared cultural background enhanced mentoring, and they worked hard to establish trust with their mentees, absent at times in mentees’ relationships with White faculty. Participants shared barriers to engaging in mentoring relationships, with gender and age intersecting with race for unique challenges and benefits for the subjects. Policy recommendations are made to support junior faculty mentors in the tenure granting process, and produce incentives for all faculty to share the responsibility of mentoring.
Role of fluid dynamics on the healing of an in vivo tissue engineered vascular graft.

A polyester (PET) reinforced fibrin-FN-VEGF-TGFβ vascular graft, formed by a four-step preclotting technique of a porous PET arterial graft, shows the overlapping inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling steps of normal wound healing when implanted in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) position in the dog, forming a surface layer of endothelial cells. While the DTA grafts readily healed (i.e., endothelialized), similar grafts implanted in the carotid–femoral artery position did not fully heal. Since the initial phases of healing were shown to be dependent upon the transport of blood-borne constituents to the graft surface, the extent of healing appears to be dependent on the fluid dynamics present in the artery–graft–artery construct. The length of the noncompliant graft, the construction of the anastomoses, bends in the construct, graft diameter, and graft compliance can affect the fluid dynamics in the implant, and thus the healing of the graft. This has clinical relevance for the testing and development of new vascular graft materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Fixtureless superlayer-driven delamination test for nanoscale thin-film interfaces

Abstract A fixtureless delamination test has been developed to measure the interfacial fracture toughness of patterned nanoscale thin films on a substrate. The driving energy for delamination propagation is supplied by a highly stressed superlayer deposited on top of the nanoscale thin film. The amount of energy available for delamination propagation is changed by depositing an etchable thin release layer with varying width between the nanoscale thin-film strip and the substrate. By designing a decreasing area of the release layer, it is possible to arrest the delamination at a given location, and the interfacial fracture toughness or critical energy release rate can be found at the location where the delamination ceases to propagate. For titanium film with a thickness of 90 nm, the results show that the interfacial fracture toughness of titanium/silicon ranges from 3.45 J/m 2 to 5.70 J/m 2 when the mode mixity increases from 6.8° to 38.4°. The methodology presented in this paper is generic in nature, and can be used to measure the process-dependent interfacial fracture toughness of various micro and nanoscale thin films on a substrate.
At the periphery of the amidohydrolase superfamily: Bh0493 from Bacillus halodurans catalyzes the isomerization of D-galacturonate to D-tagaturonate.

The amidohydrolase superfamily is a functionally diverse set of enzymes that catalyzes predominantly hydrolysis reactions involving sugars, nucleic acids, amino acids, and organophosphate esters. One of the most divergent members of this superfamily, uronate isomerase from Escherichia coli, catalyzes the isomerization of d-glucuronate to d-fructuronate and d-galacturonate to d-tagaturonate and is the only uronate isomerase in this organism. A gene encoding a putative uronate isomerase in Bacillus halodurans (Bh0705) was identified based on sequence similarity to uronate isomerases from other organisms. Kinetic evidence indicates that Bh0705 is relatively specific for the isomerization of d-glucuronate to d-fructuronate, confirming this functional assignment. Despite a low sequence identity to all other characterized uronate isomerases, phylogenetic and network-based analysis suggests that a second gene in this organism, Bh0493, is also a uronate isomerase, although it is an outlier in the group, with <20% sequence identity to any other characterized uronate isomerase from another species. The elucidation of the X-ray structure at a resolution of 2.0 Angstroms confirms that Bh0493 is a member of the amidohydrolase superfamily with conserved residues common to other members of the uronate isomerase family. Functional characterization of this protein shows that unlike Bh0705, Bh0493 can utilize both d-glucuronate and d-galacturonatemore » as substrates. In B. halodurans, Bh0705 is found in an operon for the metabolism of d-glucuronate, whereas Bh0493 is in an operon for the metabolism of d-galacturonate. These results provide the first identification of a uronate isomerase that operates in a pathway distinct from that for d-glucuronate. While most organisms that contain this pathway have only one gene for a uronate isomerase, sequence analysis and operon context show that five other organisms also appear to have two genes and one organism appears to have three genes for this activity.« less