cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical binding and electron scattering by symmetric-top polar molecules

Quantum treatments of electron interactions with polar symmetric-top rotor molecules show features not present in the treatment of the linear-polar-rotor model. For symmetric tops possessing non-zero angular momentum about the symmetry axis, a new critical dipole can be defined that guarantees an infinite set of dipole-bound states independent of the values of the components of the inertial tensor. Additionally, for this same class, the scattering cross section diverges for all nonzero values of dipole moments and inertial moments, similar to solutions for the fixed linear dipole. Additional predictions are presented for electron affinities and rotational resonances of these systems.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT‐INDUCED FREE RADICAL FORMATION IN SKIN: AN ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY

It has been suggested that ultraviolet light induces free radical formation in skin, leading to photoaging and cancer. We have demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance that the ascorbate free radical is naturally present in unexposed skin at a very low steady state level. When a section of SKH-1 hairless mouse skin in an EPR cavity is exposed to UV light (4,500 J m-2.s-1, Xe lamp, 305 nm cutoff and IR filters), the ascorbate free radical signal intensity increases. These results indicate that UV light increases free radical oxidative stress, consistent with ascorbate's role as the terminal, small-molecule antioxidant. The initial radicals produced by UV light would have very short lifetimes at room temperature; thus, we have applied EPR spin trapping techniques to detect these radicals. Using alpha-[4-pyridyl 1-oxide]-N-tert-butyl nitrone (POBN), we have for the first time spin trapped a UV light-produced carbon-centered free radical from intact skin. The EPR spectra exhibited hyperfine splittings that are characteristic of POBN/alkyl radicals, aN = 15.56 G and aH = 2.70 G, possibly generated from membrane lipids as a result of beta-scission of lipid alkoxyl radicals. Iron can act as a catalyst for free radical oxidative reactions; chronic exposure of skin to UV radiation causes increased iron deposition. Using our spin trapping system, we have shown that topical application of the iron-chelator, Desferal, to a section of skin reduces the UV light-induced POBN adduct radical signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonlinear supercurrent response in anisotropic superconductors

We study the nonlinear supercurrent response of unconventional superconductors to an applied magnetic field. We calculate numerically the superconducting penetration depth [lambda] and the magnetization component transverse to the applied magnetic field, at finite temperature and in arbitrary field, in the Meissner state. In the [ital d]-wave pairing state we find that both quantities exhibit nonlinear effects, due to the presence of nodes in the order parameter. We relate the results to various experimental situations and show how one can verify whether an observed [lambda]([ital T],[ital H]) is a signature of a particular pairing state. For an admixture of [ital s]-wave and [ital d]-wave superconducting states, we find that the transverse magnetization is suppressed, but that the [ital s]-wave component effect on the penetration depth may be overlooked in sufficiently large magnetic fields. We also consider dirty [ital d]-wave superconductors and discuss how these quantities, calculated as a function of temperature and field, are altered in this case.
Effects of roughness on nonlinear stationary vortices in rotating disk flows

Primary instability of rotating disk boundary layer flow over a rough surface for stationary modes was investigated by using the weakly nonlinear theory where the Reynolds number R is close to its critical value R"c as determined by linear theory. Both the single mode case, where the wave vector K equals its critical K"c at the onset of stationary primary instability, and the bimodal case, where the wave vectors K"n (n = 1, 2) are close to K"c for the primary instability of the flow, are considered. The analysis leads to stable solutions for particular roughness forms and magnitude, and particular wave vectors ~K"n (n = 1, 2) of the surface roughness.
Historical Time and U.S. Marital Dissolution

The leading perspective on historical variations in marital dissolution is that they are explained by period rather than marriage cohort effects. However some theories of marriage formation suggest that marriage cohort membership also influences the historical patterns. Using direct measures to capture some of the marriage cohort effects this article examines whether a marriage cohort effect is present net of period effects. The results from the June [U.S.] Current Population Surveys indicate that there is a cohort basis to the historical variations. In particular even when controlling for period effects an increase in womens education at first marriage is linked to a higher level of cohort marital dissolution. Thus an explanatory framework that excludes marriage cohort effects overlooks a major influence on the historical patterns of marital dissolution. (EXCERPT)
A program of research in mechanical design : computer-based models and representations

Abstract This paper describes a research program which attempts to contribute to a theory of mechanical design by implementing and experimenting with computer-based models of design processes and new representations for in-progress designed artifacts. A proposed “taxonomy” of design problem types is summarized, and computer-based models for parametric component design, parametric assembly design, configuration design and design-with-features representations are described.
Asymptotic estimates for an axisymmetric rotating fluid

Abstract A variational method is used to study the shape of a self-gravitating fluid mass rotating with a prescribed angular momentum per unit mass. The model is of primary interest in astrophysics, where it is taken as a model of a star. Sharp estimates are obtained on the diameter of the rotating body in terms of the total mass M and parameter Q = T W ; T and W represent, respectively, the kinetic and potential energy. The cases of Q small (slowly rotating body) and Q large (rapidly rotating body) are dealt with separately.
Hemodynamic benefits of regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to define differences in perioperative hemodynamics and associated outcomes in patients who undergo carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with regional and general anesthesia. Methods: All the patients who underwent CEA during a 25-month period were reviewed, with a comparison of those who underwent operation with cervical block anesthesia (CB) with those who underwent operation with general anesthetic (GA). Baseline intraoperative and postoperative blood pressure and heart rate were recorded, and deviation from initial values was calculated. The administration of vasoactive medications was assessed. Operative time, intensive care unit admission, postoperative length of stay, and cardiac/neurologic morbidity were recorded. Results: From October 16, 1998, to December 1, 2000, 550 nonemergent CEAs were performed in 527 patients (226 with CB and 324 with GA). The patients in both groups were similar in age, presentation, and associated comorbidities. Although baseline blood pressure and heart rates were similar in both groups, those patients who underwent operation with GA had significantly greater intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic variability and received more vasoactive medications during surgery (87% versus 51%; P P =.0009). Major postoperative blood pressure derangements were more common in the GA group (18% versus 10%; P P =.01) and had more frequent delays in discharge (20% versus 11%; P =.008; postoperative length of stay, 2.1 versus 1.6 days; P =.01). Although no difference was seen in neurologic morbidity rates between groups (combined major stroke/death rate, 1.8%), the major cardiac morbidity rate was noted to be lower in the CB group (1% versus 4%; P =.05). The total in-room time was shorter in the CB group (108 versus 122 minutes; P Conclusion: CEA performed with CB is associated with significantly less perioperative hemodynamic instability than with GA. This results in fewer major adverse cardiac events. Ultimately, decreased critical care resource use is realized as is a shortened length of stay. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:333-9.)
Mutation of invH, but not stn, reduces Salmonella-induced enteritis in cattle

The induction of secretory and inflammatory responses in calves by Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin strains was compared, and the effects of mutations in the invH and stn genes were assessed. S. typhimurium induced greater secretory and inflammatory responses than S. dublin in bovine ileal loops, despite the fact that these serotypes were recovered from bovine ileal mucosa in comparable numbers (P. R. Watson, S. M. Paulin, A. P. Bland, P. W. Jones, and T. S. Wallis, Infect. Immun. 63:2743–2754, 1995). These results implicate serotype-specific factors other than, or in addition to, intestinal invasion in the induction of enteritis. The secretory and inflammatory responses induced by S. typhimurium and S. dublin in bovine ligated ileal loops were not significantly altered by mutation of stn, which suggests that stn does not have a major role in Salmonella-induced enteritis. The invH mutation significantly reduced the secretory and inflammatory responses induced in bovine ileal loops, and this correlated with a reduction in the severity of enteritis following oral inoculation of calves. The attenuation associated with the invH mutation did not appear to be due to an increased susceptibility to the innate host defense mechanisms, because the resistance of S. typhimurium to the bactericidal action of either bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes or bovine serum was not significantly altered. However, lysis of macrophages following infection with S. typhimurium was significantly reduced by the invH mutation. The invH mutation prevented the normal secretion of several proteins, including SipC, by S. typhimurium, indicating that the function of the inv-spa-encoded type III protein secretion system was disrupted. Taken together, these observations implicate inv-spa-dependent effectors in mediation of Salmonella-induced enteritis in cattle. Clearly, however, other undefined serotype-specific virulence factors are also involved in Salmonella-induced enteritis.
A Putative Cro-Like Repressor Contributes to Arylomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a significant public health concern and motivate efforts to develop new classes of antibiotics. One such class of antibiotics is the arylomycins, which target type I signal peptidase (SPase), the enzyme responsible for the release of secreted proteins from their N-terminal leader sequences. Despite the essentiality, conservation, and relative accessibility of SPase, the activity of the arylomycins is limited against some bacteria, including the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. To understand the origins of the limited activity against S. aureus, we characterized the susceptibility of a panel of strains to two arylomycin derivatives, arylomycin A-C 16 and its more potent analog arylomycin M131. We observed a wide range of susceptibilities to the two arylomycins and found that resistant strains were sensitized by cotreatment with tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step of wall teichoic acid synthesis. To further understand how S. aureus responds to the arylomycins, we profiled the transcriptional response of S. aureus NCTC 8325 to growth-inhibitory concentrations of arylomycin M131 and found that it upregulates the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) and an operon consisting of a putative transcriptional regulator and three hypothetical proteins. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the putative transcriptional regulator are correlated with resistance, and selection for resistance ex vivo demonstrated that mutations in this gene are sufficient for resistance. The results begin to elucidate how S. aureus copes with secretion stress and how it evolves resistance to the inhibition of SPase.
Mathematica as an educational tool for signal processing

The authors describe extensions to a symbolic mathematics program that make it an effective educational tool for courses in linear systems theory. These extensions are in the form of packages and notebooks for the Mathematica environment. The new signal processing packages contain rule bases that symbolically compute convolutions and all the transforms common to signal processing: Fourier, Laplace, z, etc. In order to introduce a student to these concepts and to how they are implemented in Mathematica, four tutorials have been written in Mathematica's notebook format. Notebooks, a form of hypertext, allow students to access material randomly, to discover insights at their own pace, and to evaluate code provided in the examples. Students can also use notebooks to solve homework problems in a self-documenting fashion. >
Assessing Craving in Young Adult Smokers Using Virtual Reality

Cigarette smokers, when confronted with cues associated with smoking, evidence strong reactions, including increased craving. These reactions have not been extensively studied in young adult smokers, a group that research suggests may respond differently than adults or adolescent smokers. We used virtual reality, which presents a complex array of smoking cues that may be particularly salient to young adult smokers, and measured self-report of craving. Young adult smokers responded strongly to these cues and, unlike adults, did not return to a baseline of craving following cue exposure, suggesting young adult smokers differ from other smokers in terms of cue responses.
Real time frequency domain processing of medical images

The major practical problem in applying Fourier domain techniques to medical imagery has been the large number of calculations required for substantial image sizes with resultant non-real-time operation. The recent development of an imaging supercomputer with associated two-dimensional fast Fourier transform software has now made possible the calculation of (120*128)-pixel two-dimensional Fourier transforms, multiplication by an arbitrary filter function, and inverse two-dimensional Fourier transformation possible in real time. Here, plain-film projection radiographs are digitized and a variety of high-pass, low-pass and bandpass filters are applied in the transform domain. The preliminary results suggest that such real-time spatial filtering may be particularly attractive to radiologists because of the ability to see simultaneously both the unprocessed and processed radiograph and to utilize rapidly and assess a variety of available filters. >
Evolution of the class III HD-Zip gene family in land plants.

SUMMARY Arabidopsis class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip III) proteins play overlapping, distinct, and antagonistic roles in key aspects of development that have evolved during land plant evolution. To better understand this gene family's role in plant evolution and development as well as to address broader questions of how duplicated genes functionally diversify, we investigated the evolutionary history of this gene family. Phylogenetic analyses including homologs from diverse land plants indicate that a gene duplication event before the angiosperm--gymnosperm split gave rise to two gene lineages that diversified during angiosperm plant radiation. Heterologous expression of an HD-Zip III gene from the nonvascular plant moss within the Arabidopsis HD-zip III revoluta mutant modified but did not complement the phenotype. Comparison of the expression domains of flowering and nonflowering plant homologs indicate an ancestral role in vascular development and organ initiation but not in specifying organ polarity, a prominent role for angiosperm homologs.
Cloning of crustacean ecdysteroid receptor and retinoid-X receptor gene homologs and elevation of retinoid-X receptor mRNA by retinoic acid.

Abstract We report the cloning and analysis of ecdysteroid receptor (UpEcR) and retinoid-X receptor (UpRXR) cDNA homologs from the fiddler crab Uca pugilator. The deduced amino acid sequence of this crustacean EcR most closely resembles the insect EcRs within the DNA binding and ligand binding domains (LBDs). For UpRXR, the DNA binding domain (DBD) shares greatest identity to the insect USPs. The ligand binding domain, however, is closer to vertebrate RXRs but may have a nonfunctional AF-2 domain. Probes derived from these clones were used to examine transcript levels in blastemas during early limb regeneration. Both UpEcR and UpRXR transcripts were detected in low amounts 1 day after limb loss, but increased during the next 4 days. Immersion of crabs in sea water containing all-trans retinoic acid increased the steady state concentrations of UpRXR transcript and altered the pattern of circulating ecdysteroids. These effects correlate with the disruptive effects of retinoic acid on blastemal differentiation observed in earlier studies.
Adverse Effects of Tenofovir Use in HIV-infected Pregnant Women and their Infants

Background:Data regarding use of tenofovir disopraxil fumarate in HIV-infected pregnant women are limited.Objective:To identify adverse effects of tenofovir use during pregnancy in HIV-infected women and their infants.Methods:In a retrospective case series, the charts of 127 pregnant HIV-infected women who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between 2001 and 2005 were reviewed. Those who received tenofovir during pregnancy were selected for this study. Each woman's chart was reviewed for clinical data and adverse events during the pregnancy; each infant's chart was reviewed for growth parameters from birth to 12 months.Results:Fifteen HIV-infected women with limited treatment options were prescribed HAART containing tenofovir during 16 pregnancies. In utero tenofovir exposure was a median of 127 days (range 6–259). Tenofovir was well tolerated by all women throughout pregnancy. There were 15 successful deliveries occurring at a median (range) of 36 weeks (30–40), with a median birth weig...
Structural Basis for Substrate Specificity in Adenosylcobalamin-dependent Isobutyryl-CoA Mutase and Related Acyl-CoA Mutases

Acyl-CoA mutases are a growing class of adenosylcobalamin-dependent radical enzymes that perform challenging carbon skeleton rearrangements in primary and secondary metabolism. Members of this class of enzymes must precisely control substrate positioning to prevent oxidative interception of radical intermediates during catalysis. Our understanding of substrate specificity and catalysis in acyl-CoA mutases, however, is incomplete. Here, we present crystal structures of IcmF, a natural fusion protein variant of isobutyryl-CoA mutase, in complex with the adenosylcobalamin cofactor and four different acyl-CoA substrates. These structures demonstrate how the active site is designed to accommodate the aliphatic acyl chains of each substrate. The structures suggest that a conformational change of the 5′-deoxyadenosyl group from C2′-endo to C3′-endo could contribute to initiation of catalysis. Furthermore, detailed bioinformatic analyses guided by our structural findings identify critical determinants of acyl-CoA mutase substrate specificity and predict new acyl-CoA mutase-catalyzed reactions. These results expand our understanding of the substrate specificity and the catalytic scope of acyl-CoA mutases and could benefit engineering efforts for biotechnological applications ranging from production of biofuels and commercial products to hydrocarbon remediation.
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Is a Feed-Forward Translational Coactivator of Transforming Growth Factor β Early Protransforming Events in Breast Epithelial Cells

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is overexpressed early in breast cancers in association with disease progression and reduced survival. Much remains to be understood regarding the role of eIF4E in human cancer. We determined, using immortalized human breast epithelial cells, that elevated expression of eIF4E translationally activates the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, promoting cell invasion, a loss of cell polarity, increased cell survival, and other hallmarks of early neoplasia. Overexpression of eIF4E is shown to facilitate the selective translation of integrin β1 mRNA, which drives the translationally controlled assembly of a TGF-β receptor signaling complex containing α3β1 integrins, β-catenin, TGF-β receptor I, E-cadherin, and phosphorylated Smad2/3. This receptor complex acutely sensitizes nonmalignant breast epithelial cells to activation by typically substimulatory levels of activated TGF-β. TGF-β can promote cellular differentiation or invasion and transformation. As a translational coactivator of TGF-β, eIF4E confers selective mRNA translation, reprogramming nonmalignant cells to an invasive phenotype by reducing the set point for stimulation by activated TGF-β. Overexpression of eIF4E may be a proinvasive facilitator of TGF-β activity.
Generate a bioactive natural product library by mining bacterial cytochrome P450 patterns

The increased number of annotated bacterial genomes provides a vast resource for genome mining. Several bacterial natural products with epoxide groups have been identified as pre-mRNA spliceosome inhibitors and antitumor compounds through genome mining. These epoxide-containing natural products feature a common biosynthetic characteristic that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and its patterns such as epoxidases are employed in the tailoring reactions. The tailoring enzyme patterns are essential to both biological activities and structural diversity of natural products, and can be used for enzyme pattern-based genome mining. Recent development of direct cloning, heterologous expression, manipulation of the biosynthetic pathways and the CRISPR-CAS9 system have provided molecular biology tools to turn on or pull out nascent biosynthetic gene clusters to generate a microbial natural product library. This review focuses on a library of epoxide-containing natural products and their associated CYPs, with the intention to provide strategies on diversifying the structures of CYP-catalyzed bioactive natural products. It is conceivable that a library of diversified bioactive natural products will be created by pattern-based genome mining, direct cloning and heterologous expression as well as the genomic manipulation.
OS friendly microprocessor architecture: Hardware level computer security

We present an introduction to the patented OS Friendly Microprocessor Architecture (OSFA) and hardware level computer security. Conventional microprocessors have not tried to balance hardware performance and OS performance at the same time. Conventional microprocessors have depended on the Operating System for computer security and information assurance. The goal of the OS Friendly Architecture is to provide a high performance and secure microprocessor and OS system. We are interested in cyber security, information technology (IT), and SCADA control professionals reviewing the hardware level security features. The OS Friendly Architecture is a switched set of cache memory banks in a pipeline configuration. For light-weight threads, the memory pipeline configuration provides near instantaneous context switching times. The pipelining and parallelism provided by the cache memory pipeline provides for background cache read and write operations while the microprocessor’s execution pipeline is running instructions. The cache bank selection controllers provide arbitration to prevent the memory pipeline and microprocessor’s execution pipeline from accessing the same cache bank at the same time. This separation allows the cache memory pages to transfer to and from level 1 (L1) caching while the microprocessor pipeline is executing instructions. Computer security operations are implemented in hardware. By extending Unix file permissions bits to each cache memory bank and memory address, the OSFA provides hardware level computer security.
Effects of Intellectual Property Rights Protection on Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates whether stronger intellectual property protection benefits economic growth.Firstly,this paper illustrates the interaction effect of intellectual property rights(IPRs) with RD activity and international trade,respectively;and analyzes their roles in economic growth.We adopt RD capital stock as a proxy for RD activity and the total trade as a percentage of real GDP as a proxy for international trade.Secondly,based on Cobb-Douglas production function,we construct our theoretical model;and based on factor analysis,we construct our empirical regression model.Then,we calculate physical capital stock and RD capital stock according to the conventional perpetual inventory model,respectively.Finally,this paper uses the combination of fixed effect(FE) estimator and random effect(RE) estimator to examine the contribution of IPRs to economic growth.The empirical results indicate that stronger IPRs has a positive effect on economic growth.The results also show that the interaction of IPRs with international trade has a significant effect on economic growth,and the interaction of IPRs with RD activity has an insignificant effect on economic growth.
eHXI: a permanently installed, hard x-ray imager for the National Ignition Facility

We have designed and built a multi-pinhole imaging system for high energy x-rays (≥ 50 keV) that is permanently installed in the equatorial plane outside of the target chamber at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It records absolutely-calibrated, time-integrated x-ray images with the same line-of-sight as the multi-channel, spatially integrating hard x-ray detector FFLEX [McDonald et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2004) 3753], having a side view of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion targets. The equatorial hard x-ray imager (eHXI) has recorded images on the majority of ICF implosion experiments since May 2011. Lastly, eHXI provides valuable information on hot electron distribution in hohlraum experiments, target alignment, potential hohlraum drive asymmetries and serves as a long term reference for the FFLEX diagnostics.
A history of non-parental care in childhood predicts more positive adult attitudes towards non-parental care and maternal employment

ABSTRACTData were collected over a 15-year span from three comparable cohorts of students at a Midwestern university about their childcare histories and current attitudes towards non-parental childcare and maternal employment. Across cohorts, a history of non-parental childcare predicted adult attitudes towards non-parental childcare and maternal employment. Compared to participants who did not experience early non-parental care, participants who reported experiencing early non-parental care had more favourable attitudes towards non-parental care and towards maternal employment and were more open to placing their future children in non-parental care. More time spent in non-parental care predicted more favourable attitudes towards it. Females reported significantly more positive attitudes towards non-parental care than did males.
A case of neonatal graves' Disease in a premature infant with negative thyrotropin stimulating antibodies

Neonatal hyperthyroidism is a disorder usually caused by the passage of maternal thyrotropin receptor antibodies. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies can be stimulatory, neutral, or inhibitory. We present a case of neonatal hyperthyroidism in a preterm infant born to a mother with Graves' disease that was thyrotropin receptor stimulating antibody negative. Thyrotropin receptor blocking antibody levels were elevated. Anti-thyroid medication could only be weaned once thyrotropin blocking antibody levels significantly declined. We presume the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism in the infant were secondary to the interaction of thyrotropin blocking antibodies with the TSH receptor.
Open Dislocation of the Knee with Draining Urine: A Case Report.

Concomitant bladder injury is not an uncommon occurrence with pelvic fractures sustained via blunt trauma. Urine can often pool or collect in the peritoneum or form urinomas in multiple sites. We report a case of a patient who sustained a pelvic ring injury with extraperitoneal bladder rupture and an open dislocation of the knee that drained extravasated urine. Pelvic fractures with bladder injury and urinomas have been reported in the literature1,2; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of urine draining from an open knee wound. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. All patient confidentiality in this report is protected according to the United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. A twenty-three-year-old man was involved in a single-vehicle motorcycle accident at highway speed in which he struck a tree lying in the roadway. At the scene of the accident, he had a Glasgow Coma Score of 15 with stable vital signs; he was transported to our American College of Surgeons Level-I Trauma Center by helicopter. Initial assessment revealed an open dislocation of the left knee and pelvic fracture on the left side. A Foley catheter was placed, and gross hematuria was revealed. The patient was able to wiggle the toes of the left lower extremity prior to intubation. He was intubated in the trauma bay for pain control and sedation during assessment of the leg wound. The left lower extremity revealed a large laceration that extended from the midanterior part of the thigh distally to the tibial tubercle. The wound lay directly anterior over the knee joint, and the articular surface was visible (Fig. 1). This wound was contaminated with dirt and grass debris. The knee was grossly …
Polish Archaeology in Retrospective

The 1989/1990 systemic transition in Eastern Europe prompted my interest in the condition of the social sciences and especially archaeology under the communist rule and the newly emerging socioeconomic and political regimes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the status of archaeology in Poland, its theory, practice, and structure in the period from 1945 to 1990, marked by two milestone historical events: the end of WWII, which brought about a new social, economic, and political constellation, and the social revolution of 1989–1990, which complicated the region’s socioeconomics and politics even more. The larger problem examined is how archaeology relates to socioeconomic and political settings in general. I conclude that despite certain attempts, archaeological theory and methodology have not changed after 1990, while the practice and structure of archaeology include new elements.
Advances in the Sokoloff Tube

The Sokoloff Tube, embracing modern electron tube technology, has emerged as one of the most sensitive yet simple high speed image converters for two dimensional display of ultrasound fields.1 A number of studies have identified the limitations of the tube as regards sensitivity and image forming capabilities.2 The principal limitations are 1) a limited effective aperture when achieving maximum detail resolution, and 2) a constraint on the maximum size of the imaging surface that permits maximum detail resolution. The work reported here describes two technological advances that have, for all practical purposes, eliminated these factors.
Career education discourse: Promoting student employability in a University Career Center

In 2016, Gallup reported 80 percent of recent U.S. college graduates who had visited career services offices (CSO) rated their engagement to be somewhat to very helpful. Quantitative reports such as this provide student views of CSOs, but neither address CSO staff’s perceptions of the value of their work nor the tools they use to assist students. Staff perceptions provide insight into how they communicate with students and align with emerging career education paradigms. Through in-depth interviews and participant observations, this study illuminates the communicative strategies used by CSO staff at a large U.S. Midwestern public university to support student employability. This study extends our theoretical understanding of career education and employability discourse, where staff engaged students’ assumptions about careers and provided opportunities for them to diversify knowledge about themselves and work to develop their career identities. Additionally, career education activities supported the development of students’ social capital and personal adaptability through staying positively focused and proactive in career exploration and job searches. Practical implications for this study are that employability discourse could (1) emphasize how institution-sponsored activities could increase student job seeker competitiveness, but also (2) instill a “no guarantees” academic culture where students are responsible for their employability.
Differential Diagnosis of Echocardiographic Patterns in the Newborn

We have reviewed 600 echocardiograms performed on newborns with known or suspected congenital heart disease, and have compared the echocardiographic findings with the diagnoses ultimately established by cardiac catheterization or autopsy. In some instances, the echocardiogram was specific for an anatomic lesion; more often, it suggested a group or category of possible diagnoses.
Representing the costs of low-carbon power generation in multi-region multi-sector energy-economic models

Abstract Multi-region multi-sector energy-economic models are often used to analyze long-term scenarios of energy development, however, these models usually rely on a simplified representation of technological details in power generation. To strengthen this representation, we develop a method for modeling the economic competition between different advanced technologies in multi-region multi-sector dynamic energy-economic models based on a markup approach, which represents the measure of the cost of a technology relative to the price received for electricity generation. The markup includes capital costs, fixed and variable operating and maintenance (O&M) costs, fuel costs, and transmission and distribution (T&D) costs. For intermittent technologies, it also includes a backup requirement to make these technologies effectively dispatchable. For carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, it also includes the costs of CO2 capture, transportation and storage. We provide a standardized markup calculation for generation technologies for different regions of the world, including USA, China, India, EU, Japan and others. Then we analyze the sensitivity of the calculation to critical inputs, including capital costs, fuel costs, carbon prices and capacity factors. We provide a detailed calculation of the relative costs of the following technologies: new pulverized coal, new pulverized coal with CCS, natural gas combined cycle, natural gas with CCS, biomass-fueled plant, biomass with CCS, advanced nuclear, wind (for small and medium penetration levels), solar, wind with backup (for large penetration levels), co-firing of coal and biomass combined with CCS, and advanced CCS on natural gas. For illustration, we incorporate the markups into the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, a global multi-sector multi-sector dynamic energy-economic model with a detailed representation of power generation technologies, and run several scenarios. Our analysis and results provide insight on the deployment of different low-carbon power generation technologies depending on assumptions about carbon policy stringency.
Content and Effectiveness of Interventions Focusing on Community Participation Poststroke: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Objective To investigate the content and effectiveness of interventions that address poststroke community participation. Data Sources EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) were searched using 3 indexing terms and respective thesaurus: stroke, social participation, and clinical trials. Filters for English, publication dates (January 2001-May 2017), and publication types were used. The search also included checking references from relevant systematic reviews. Study Selection Studies conducted with adults with stroke, evaluating interventions addressing community participation, having a comparison group, and reporting at least 1 of 3 outcomes (participation, depression, and health-related quality of life) were selected. Retrieved articles were screened by 2 reviewers. After substantial agreement was achieved using interrater reliability, reviewers screened articles independently. Eighteen of 1130 articles were included. Data Extraction Characteristics of participants, key elements of intervention, comparator, and results were independently extracted by 2 reviewers. Intervention content was categorized based on 9 categories from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Activities and Participation domains. Risk of selection, performance, attrition, and reporting bias were evaluated. Data Synthesis Two intervention categories were identified: leisure participation and community integration. Three leisure and 4 community integration interventions showed significant group differences favoring the intervention group in the target outcomes. The majority of interventions addressed the leisure, interpersonal relations, and community life categories of International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health with few focusing on political life, education, assisting others, and religion. Conclusions A limited number of studies showed an effect on participation, depression, and health-related quality of life outcomes. There were gaps in intervention content indicating that current community participation interventions fall short in addressing full inclusion and citizenship of people with stroke. Future interventions should focus on civic- and societal-level participation and community activities beyond leisure.
Predictors of Initial Presentation with Hemorrhage in Patients with Cavernous Malformations.

Background Cavernous malformations (CMs) are low-flow vascular malformations of the central nervous system which are incidental or present with hemorrhage, seizures, or focal neurologic deficit (FND). Little is known about the time course of symptoms and the predictors of initial hemorrhagic presentation. Methods Beginning in 2015, consecutive patients with radiologically confirmed CMs were recruited and completed a structured interview and written survey at baseline. Medical records and magnetic resonance imaging studies were reviewed. Data collected included the following: comorbid conditions, select medication use, and location of CMs. Logistic-regression models determined predictors of initial presentation with hemorrhage. Results Of 202 patients, 58.4% were women (average age at diagnosis, 43.7 ± 16.5 years). Of the patients, 37.1%, 6.5%, and 14.8% presented with hemorrhage, FND, and seizures, respectively. CM was an incidental finding in 40.6%. Most patients presenting with hemorrhage (66.7%) deteriorated over 2–30 days after symptom onset. Brainstem location correlated with a higher likelihood of initial presentation with hemorrhage. Aspirin use and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use were more common in patients with CMs who did not present with hemorrhage. The effect of estrogen and aspirin was stronger in the sporadic compared with the familial form of CMs. In women, estrogen use increased the likelihood of presenting with hemorrhage. Conclusions This prospective cohort study confirms brainstem location increases the likelihood of presenting with hemorrhage, but also supports a potential role of select medications on the initial clinical presentation of CMs. Further data from combined cohorts may aid in determining whether the influence of medications is different in familial versus sporadic form CMs.
Seismoacoustic observations at deep ocean observatories: ACO, H2O, and OSN1

Deep seafloor (~5000 m) observations of seismoacoustic arrivals are presented from the Aloha Cabled Observatory (ACO), Hawaii-2 Observatory (H20), and Ocean Seismic Network-1 (OSN1). Acoustic observations of local earthquakes from the ACO 24 kHz hydrophone show extraordinarily high frequencies up to 165 Hz at distances to ~200 km—a unique window into earthquake source dynamics. Combined seismic and hydrophone observations show that the traditional T wave propagates as a seismoacoustic polarized interface wave “Ti” coupled to the seafloor. Seismoacoustic Ti waves propagating at the sound speed of water are routinely observed over megameter distances at H2O between Hawaii and California, even though the seafloor site is within the shadow zone for acoustic wave propagation. Internal waves or thermohaline covariation may or may not be sufficient to scatter acoustic energy from the SOFAR channel to the deep seafloor. Ti has also been observed on seismometers SSW of Oahu at the OSN1 site at the seafloor and within an ODP borehole 242 m into the basalt basement. The observation of Ti from an earthquake in Guatemala at OSN1, whose path is blocked by the Island of Hawaii, is consistent with scattering from the vicinity of the Cross Seamount.
Step by step: Planning a needle localization procedure

In patients with nonpalpable early-stage breast cancer eligible for breast conservation surgery (BCS), wire-guided localization (WGL) is widely accepted as a standard technique for preoperative image-guided lesion localization. In preparation for this procedure, lesion location, size, type and configuration play important roles in preoperative localization planning. Successful preoperative planning requires review of all pertinent imaging studies, imaging reports and pathology reports, with special attention to pre- and post-biopsy imaging and evaluation of the targeted lesions and the type and the position of the marker clips. Preoperative communication with the surgeon is key in the planning process to ensure that clarity in localization objectives are reached in complex cases. This pictorial essay will provide a methodical, step by step approach to planning successful image-guided preoperative needle localizations. These steps include selection of the imaging modality, the equipment, the procedure and intraoperative specimen radiography. The case-based review will also include key steps and considerations during the planning stage, the procedure stage, and the post-procedure stage. These same techniques can also be applied to newer, non-wire image-guided breast localization techniques now available for widespread commercial use.
IT Professional —Accomplishments and Future Plans

The articles in this special section focus on how digital technologies and applications will impact future generations.
A Fluorescent Teixobactin Analogue

This report describes the first synthesis and application of a fluorescent teixobactin analogue that exhibits antibiotic activity and binds to the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. The teixobactin analogue, Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin, has a fluorescent tag at position 9 and an arginine in place of the natural allo-enduracididine residue at position 10. The fluorescent teixobactin analogue retains partial antibiotic activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4-8 μg/mL across a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, as compared to 1-4 μg/mL for the unlabeled Arg10-teixobactin analogue. Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin is prepared by a regioselective labeling strategy that labels Lys9 with an amine-reactive rhodamine fluorophore during solid-phase peptide synthesis, with the resulting conjugate tolerating subsequent solid-phase peptide synthesis reactions. Treatment of Gram-positive bacteria with Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin results in septal and lateral staining, which is consistent with an antibiotic targeting cell wall precursors. Concurrent treatment of Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin and BODIPY FL vancomycin results in septal colocalization, providing further evidence that Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin binds to cell wall precursors. Controls with either Gram-negative bacteria, or an inactive fluorescent homologue with Gram-positive bacteria, showed little or no staining in fluorescence micrographic studies. Lys(Rhod)9,Arg10-teixobactin can thus serve as a functional probe to study Gram-positive bacteria and their interactions with teixobactin.
In-Hospital Illicit Drug Use and Patient-Directed Discharge: Barriers to Care for Patients With Injection-Related Infections.

Background Hospitalized persons who inject drugs are at a greater risk of adverse hospital outcomes including discharge against medical advice, inpatient illicit drug use, overdose, and death. However, there are limited data on the frequency and outcomes of these events in the United States. Methods This retrospective analysis included patients with injection-related infections receiving a protocol for injection drug use (IDU) at University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital from 2016 to 2017. In-hospital IDU was suspected or reported drug usage plus confirmatory drug screen, and documented discharges "against medical advice" were deemed patient-directed discharges (PDD). We analyzed the frequency of and associations between in-hospital IDU, PDD, 30-day readmission, and deaths (between 2016 and 2019) using McNemar's tests. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between PDD, in-hospital IDU, readmission, and death. Results Overall, 83 patients met inclusion criteria: 28 (34%) with in-hospital IDU, 12 (14%) PDD, 9 (11%) died, and 12 (14%) 30-day readmission. In-hospital IDU was significantly associated with PDD (P = .003), 30-day readmission (P = .005), and death (P = .0003). Patient-directed discharges and 30-day readmission were not significantly associated with death nor with each other. Conclusions In a cohort of patients receiving inpatient care for injection-related infections, illicit drug use, PDD, 30-day readmissions, and death were common. Furthermore, patients who use illicit drugs while hospitalized are significantly more likely to leave early, be readmitted, and/or die. We must design models of care that prevent adverse outcomes, including drug use and PDD, to reduce barriers to evidence-based treatment of infections.
Bioinspired Cementitious Materials: Main Strategies, Progress, and Applications

Nature-inspired ensemble of organic and inorganic constituents, such as that found in the microstructure of nacre and dactyl clubs of Mantis shrimp, has evolved into the model system for the structural design of industrial composites. This novel design concept, which helps attaining the balance between strength, toughness and ductility, has not only induced a paradigm shift in the synthesis of advanced materials such as graphene-based composites but also, in the development of more abundant, low-cost materials such as cement and concretes. The advance in synthetic techniques and the advent of new manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing has enabled effective integration of cementitious materials with soft materials across various length scales. Furthermore, novel functional properties such as self-healing have also been materialized based on a variety of strategies. This review will provide a comprehensive overview on the ongoing research efforts, encompassing 3D printing, self-healing strategies and integration of cement hydrate with organic components, all of which are actively exploited in synthesizing bioinspired, multifunctional cementitious materials.