cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of monolithic uranium hydride and uranium deuteride

Abstract We report the synthesis of monolithic uranium hydride and uranium deuteride. In our procedure, we grow the UHx (UDx) crystals from the melt at temperatures above 1065 °C under 125 MPa hydrogen (deuterium) pressure. We then quench to room temperature at dT dt C min −1 at high pressure to allow the stoichiometry to come to UH3. UH3 synthesized using this procedure is 100% dense, with dimensions of up to 5 mm × 5 mm × 10 mm. X-ray and Auger electron spectroscopy indicate β-UH3 with essentially no impurities.
Global QCD analysis of parton structure of the nucleon: CTEQ5 parton distributions

An up-to-date global QCD analysis of high energy lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron interactions is performed to better determine the gluon and quark parton distributions in the nucleon. Improved experimental data on inclusive jet production, in conjunction with precise deep inelastic scattering data, place good constraints on the gluon over a wide range of x; while new data on asymmetries in Drell-Yan processes contribute to better determine the d/u ratio. Comparisons with results of other recent global analyses are made, and the differences are described. Open issues and the general problem of determining the uncertainties of parton distributions are discussed.
A Political Economy Approach to the Neoclassical Gradualist Model of Transition

A political economy approach to the neoclassical gradualist model of transition requires the exposition of what I define the primary elements of the model, which are economic analysis, definition of a good society, speed, political structure, ideological structure and whether the initial conditions were incorporated in the model. After the identification of the primary elements of the neoclassical gradualist model the next step is to identify secondary elements, the desired changes with respect to price liberalization-stabilization, privatization, institutional structure, monetary policy and the financial system, fiscal policy, international trade and foreign aid and social policy. The analytical framework developed makes possible to understand the neoclassical gradualist model from a new and more enlightening perspective. We are better able to comprehend the complexities involved and the disagreements about the reform process. The adoption of a gradual process of transition did not only involve specifying the required policies of a successful transition but also entailed a process, a sequence by which the reforms should be introduced. As such, a process of transition consistent with the policies recommended by the neoclassical gradualists economists is developed. The conclusion reveals the inconsistencies in the model. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2005.
Plasma Turbulence in the Local Bubble

Turbulence in the Local Bubble could play an important role in the thermodynamics of the gas that is there. This turbulence could also determine the transport of cosmic rays and perhaps heat flow through this phase of the interstellar medium. The best astronomical technique for measuring turbulence in astrophysical plasmas is radio scintillation. Scintillation measurements yield information on the intensity and spectral characteristics of plasma turbulence between the source of the radio waves and the observer. Measurements of the level of scattering to the nearby pulsar B0950+08 by Philips and Clegg in 1992 showed a markedly lower value for the line-of-sight averaged turbulent intensity parameter 〈C N 2 〉 than is observed for other pulsars, qualitatively consistent with radio wave propagation through a highly rarefied plasma. In this paper, we discuss the observational progress that has been made since that time. The main development has been improved measurements of pulsar parallaxes with the Very Long Baseline Array. This provides better knowledge of the media along the lines of sight. At present, there are four pulsars (B0950+08, B1133+16, J0437-4715, and B0809+74) whose lines of sight seem to lie mainly within the local bubble. The mean densities and line of sight components of the interstellar magnetic field along these lines of sight are smaller than nominal values for pulsars, but not by as large a factor as might be expected. Three of the four pulsars also have measurements of interstellar scintillation. The value of the parameter 〈C N 2 〉 is smaller than normal for two of them, but is completely nominal for the third. This inconclusive status of affairs could be improved by measurements and analysis of “arcs” in “secondary spectra” of pulsars, which contain information on the location and intensity of localized screens of turbulence along the lines of sight. Similar data could be obtained from observations of highly compact extragalactic radio sources which show the “intraday variability” phenomenon.
Sales and Elections as Methods for Transferring Corporate Control

Delaware case law has rendered the tender offer obsolete as a method for purchasing a company whose directors oppose the acquisition. A potential acquirer facing target opposition today must run an insurgent director slate, in the expectation that its directors are more likely to sell. The Delaware courts have not justified their preference for elections over markets as the preferred vehicle for implementing changes in control. Informal scholarly analyses ask transaction cost questions, such as whether proxy contests are more costly than takeovers. This article attempts to break new ground by asking whether there are systematic differences in the performance of elections and markets in the corporate context. Recent models of voting processes, we argue, strongly suggest that elections are inferior to markets. Proxy contest elections sometimes can be won by incumbent managements when a transfer of control would be efficient, a conclusion consistent with the sparse data; and the proxy election process aggregates information regarding the sale decision less well than markets do, thereby implying that proxy voters are less well-informed. Theory and data thus suggest, at the least, that the intellectual burden of proof should change: the task now is to justify using elections to transfer control despite their apparent deficiencies. The article briefly considers the policy implications of this change in perspective.
A Dynamical Model for Hot Gas in the Galactic Center

Winds from massive stars supply ~10-3 M☉ yr-1 of gas to the central parsec of the Galactic center. I present spherically symmetric hydrodynamic simulations of the dynamics of this gas. These calculations show that a few percent of the gas, or ~few × 10-5 M☉ yr-1, flows in toward the central massive black hole Sgr A*; the remaining gas, ~10-3 M☉ yr-1, is thermally driven out of the central star cluster in a wind. This dynamical model accounts for the level of diffuse X-ray emission observed in the central 10'' of the Galactic center by Chandra and the extended X-ray source coincident with Sgr A*; the latter is a signature of gas being gravitationally captured by the black hole.
Epidithiodioxopiperazines. occurrence, synthesis and biogenesis

Covering: 1936 to 2013 Epidithiodioxopiperazine alkaloids possess an astonishing array of molecular architecture and generally exhibit potent biological activity. Nearly twenty distinct families have been isolated and characterized since the seminal discovery of gliotoxin in 1936. Numerous biosynthetic investigations offer a glimpse at the relative ease with which Nature is able to assemble this class of molecules, while providing synthetic chemists inspiration for the development of more efficient syntheses. Herein, we discuss the isolation and characterization, proposed fungal biogeneses, and total syntheses of epidithiodioxopiperazines.
Dihydropyran as a Template for Lactone Synthesis

Abstract 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐pyran (DHP) was efficiently transformed into 4‐thiophenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran. This intermediate was converted to the corresponding 1,3‐O,S‐allylic carbanion with t‐butyllithium and selectively alkylated at the carbon α to the sulfur with alkyl halides, an epoxide, and an aldehyde. An one‐pot oxidative elimination of the sulfur fragment using vanadium pentoxide generates the desired β‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated δ‐valero lactone.
Urinary tract imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance scanning has already found application in the urinary tract in man. It is a method of producing diagnostic images from the radiofrequency signals which can be elicited form hydrogen nuclei when the abdomen is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to pulses of RF energy. Computer-generated images depict the distribution of signal-emitting nuclei, modified by their relaxation times and macroscopic motion. The images are tomographic and have great potential flexibility in plane orientation. Normal anatomy, space-occupying lesions and lesions characterized by local edema have been visualized to date, and as clinical experience is accumulated, a much greater range of pathology promises to be detectable by this technique.
Synthesis of indoles, benzofurans, and related heterocycles via an acetylene-activated SNAr/intramolecular cyclization cascade sequence in water or DMSO.

The synthesis of 2-substituted indoles and benzofurans was achieved by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, followed by subsequent 5-endo-dig cyclization between the nucleophile and an ortho acetylene. The acetylene serves the dual role of the electron withdrawing group to activate the substrate for SNAr, and the C1–C2 carbon scaffold for the newly formed 5-membered heteroaromatic ring. This method allows for the bond forming sequence of Ar–X–N/O–C1 to proceed in a single synthetic step, furnishing indoles and benzofurans in moderate to high yields. Since the method is not transition metal mediated, brominated and chlorinated substrates are tolerated, and benzofuran formation can be conducted using water or water–DMSO mixtures as solvent.
Well-conditioned boundary integral equation formulations for the solution of high-frequency electromagnetic scattering problems

Abstract We present several versions of Regularized Combined Field Integral Equation (CFIER) formulations for the solution of three dimensional frequency domain electromagnetic scattering problems with Perfectly Electric Conducting (PEC) boundary conditions. Just as in the Combined Field Integral Equations (CFIE), we seek the scattered fields in the form of a combined magnetic and electric dipole layer potentials that involves a composition of the latter type of boundary layers with regularizing operators. The regularizing operators are of two types: (1) modified versions of electric field integral operators with complex wavenumbers, and (2) principal symbols of those operators in the sense of pseudodifferential operators. We show that the boundary integral operators that enter these CFIER formulations are Fredholm of the second kind, and invertible with bounded inverses in the classical trace spaces of electromagnetic scattering problems. We present a spectral analysis of CFIER operators with regularizing operators that have purely imaginary wavenumbers for spherical geometries—we refer to these operators as Calderon–Ikawa CFIER. Under certain assumptions on the coupling constants and the absolute values of the imaginary wavenumbers of the regularizing operators, we show that the ensuing Calderon–Ikawa CFIER operators are coercive for spherical geometries. These properties allow us to derive wavenumber explicit bounds on the condition numbers of Calderon–Ikawa CFIER operators. When regularizing operators with complex wavenumbers with non-zero real parts are used—we refer to these operators as Calderon-Complex CFIER, we show numerical evidence that those complex wavenumbers can be selected in a manner that leads to CFIER formulations whose condition numbers can be bounded independently of frequency for spherical geometries. In addition, the Calderon-Complex CFIER operators possess excellent spectral properties in the high-frequency regime for both convex and non-convex scatterers. We provide numerical evidence that our solvers based on fast, high-order Nystrom discretization of these equations converge in very small numbers of GMRES iterations, and the iteration counts are virtually independent of frequency for several smooth scatterers with slowly varying curvatures.
Ionic Memcapacitive Effects in Nanopores

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that, when subject to a periodic external electric field, a nanopore in ionic solution acts as a capacitor with memory (memcapacitor) at various frequencies and strengths of the electric field. Most importantly, the hysteresis loop of this memcapacitor shows both negative and diverging capacitance as a function of the voltage. The origin of this effect stems from the slow polarizability of the ionic solution due to the finite mobility of ions in water. We develop a microscopic quantitative model which captures the main features we observe in the simulations and suggest experimental tests of our predictions. We also suggest a possible memory mechanism due to the transport of ions through the nanopore itself, which may be observed at small frequencies. These effects may be important both in DNA sequencing proposals using nanopores and possibly in the dynamics of action potentials in neurons.
Extreme mass ratio binary: radiation reaction and gravitational waveform

For a successful detection of gravitational waves by LISA, it is essential to construct theoretical waveforms in a reliable manner. We discuss gravitational waves from an extreme mass ratio binary system which is expected to be a promising target of the LISA project. The extreme mass ratio binary is a binary system of a supermassive black hole and a stellar mass compact object. As the supermassive black hole dominates the gravitational field of the system, we suppose that the system might be well approximated by a metric perturbation of a Kerr black hole. We discuss recent theoretical progress in calculating the waveforms from such a system.
Hot Molecular Gas in the Galactic Center

Using the new 23 GHz receivers at the Very Large Array (VLA), we have detected NH3 (6, 6) emission (ν = 25.056025 GHz) from hot (>150 K) molecular clouds in the central 10 pc of the Galaxy. This is the first successful detection of NH3 (6, 6) with the VLA. The brightest emission comes from a region interior to the "circumnuclear disk" (CND), less than 1.5 pc in projected distance from Sagittarius A*. This region does not show molecular emission from lower energy transitions such as NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2), HCN (1-0), and HCO+ (1-0). Line ratios of NH3 (6, 6) and (3, 3) emission as well as NH3 (6, 6) line widths have peak values within 1.5 pc of Sgr A*, indicating that the gas is physically close to the nucleus. NH3 (6, 6) is also detected toward many features outside the CND observed in NH3 (1, 1), (2, 2), and (3, 3). These features tend to lie along ridges of gas associated with Sgr A East or the massive "molecular ridge" that connects the "20 km s-1" and "50 km s-1" giant molecular clouds.
Time-dependent behavior of granular material in a vibrating box

Abstract Using numerical and analytic methods, we study the time-dependent behavior of granular material in a vibrating box. We find, by molecular dynamics simulation, that the temporal fluctuations of the pressure and the height expansion scale in Aƒ , where A (ƒ) is the amplitude (frequency) of the vibration. On the other hand, the fluctuations of the velocity and the granular temperature do not scale in any simple combination of A and ƒ . Using the kinetic theory of Haff, we study the temporal behaviors of the hydrodynamic quantities by perturbing about their time-averaged values in the quasi-incompressible limit. The results of the kinetic theory disagree with the numerical simulations. The kinetic theory predicts that the whole material oscillates roughly as a single block. However, the numerical simulations show that the region of active particle movement is localized and moves with time, behavior very similar to the propagation of a sound wave.
Transactions, Volume, and Volatility

We show that the positive volatility-volume relation documented by numerous researchers actually reflects the positive relation between volatility and the number of transactions. Thus, it is the occurrence of transactions per se, and not their size, that generates volatility; trade size has no information beyond that contained in the frequency of transactions. Our results suggest that theoretical research needs to entertain scenarios in which (1) both the frequency and size of trades are endogenously determined, yet (2) the size of trades has no information content beyond that contained in the number of transactions. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
A Note on the Transition Observations on an Axisymmetric Body and Some Related Fluctuating Wall Pressure Measurements

Boundary layer transition on an axisymmetric body up to Reynolds number of 1.26 × 106 was observed by schlieren method of flow visualization developed for water tunnel use. The spectrum of the flush mounted pressure transducer signal showed a dominant frequency to exist at transition and further, this frequency was in close agreement with the predicted critical frequency by Smith’s approximate method of transition calculation based on linear stability theory.
Protein control of true, gated, and coupled electron transfer reactions.

Electron transfer (ET) through and between proteins is a fundamental biological process. The rates of ET depend upon the thermodynamic driving force, the reorganization energy, and the degree of electronic coupling between the reactant and product states. The analysis of protein ET reactions is complicated by the fact that non-ET processes might influence the observed ET rate in kinetically complex biological systems. This Account describes studies of the methylamine dehydrogenase−amicyanin−cytochrome c-551i protein ET complex that have revealed the influence of several features of the protein structure on the magnitudes of the physical parameters for true ET reactions and how they dictate the kinetic mechanisms of non-ET processes that sometimes influence protein ET reactions. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies, coupled with structural information and biochemical data, are necessary to fully describe the ET reactions of proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis can be used to elucidate specific structure–functi...
Radiative widths of neutral kaon excitations

We observe 147 events of the axial vector pairK 1(1270)–K 1(1400) produced in the Coulomb field of a Pb target and measure the radiative widths Γ(K 1(1400)→K 0 + γ) = 280.8 ±23.2(stat.) ±40.4(syst.) keV and Γ(K 1(1270) →K 0 + γ) = 73.2 ±6.1(stat.) ±28.3(syst.) keV. These first measurements are lower than the quark-model predictions. We also place upper limits on the radiative widths forK*(1410) andK 2 * (1430) and find that the latter is very small in accord withSU(3)invariance in the naive quark model.
Ideals associated to two sequences and a matrix

Let u1 x nXx n, and vn xl be matrices of indeterminates, Adj X be the classical adjoint of X, and H(n) be the ideal I1(uX) + 1(Xv) + 1(vu - AdjX). Vasconcelos has conjectured that H(n) is a perfect Gorenstein ideal of grade 2n. In this paper, we obtain the minimal free resolution of H(n)\ and thereby establish Vasconcelos' conjecture
(Diisopinocampheyl)borane-Mediated Reductive Aldol Reactions of Acrylate Esters: Enantioselective Synthesis of Anti-Aldols

The (diisopinocampheyl)borane promoted reductive aldol reaction of acrylate esters 4 is described. Isomerization of the kinetically formed Z(O)-enolborinate 5Z to the thermodynamic E(O)-enolborinate 5E via 1,3-boratropic shifts, followed by treatment with representative achiral aldehydes, leads to anti-α-methyl-β-hydroxy esters 9 or 10 with excellent diastereo- (up to ≥20:1 dr) and enantioselectivity (up to 87% ee). The results of double asymmetric reactions of 5E with several chiral aldehydes are also presented.
A Generalization of the prime geodesic theorem to counting conjugacy classes of free subgroups

The classical prime geodesic theorem (PGT) gives an asymptotic formula (as x tends to infinity) for the number of closed geodesics with length at most x on a hyperbolic manifold M. Closed geodesics correspond to conjugacy classes of π1(M) = Γ where Γ is a lattice in G = SO(n,1). The theorem can be rephrased in the following format. Let \(X(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)\) be the space of representations of \(\mathbb{Z}\) into Γ modulo conjugation by Γ. \(X(\mathbb{Z},G)\) is defined similarly. Let \(\pi : X(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)\to X(\mathbb{Z},G)\) be the projection map. The PGT provides a volume form vol on \(X(\mathbb{Z},G)\) such that for sequences of subsets {Bt}, \(B_t \subset X(\mathbb{Z},G)\) satisfying certain explicit hypotheses, |π−1(Bt)| is asymptotic to vol(Bt). We prove a statement having a similar format in which \(\mathbb{Z}\) is replaced by a free group of finite rank under the additional hypothesis that n = 2 or 3.
VIBRATIONAL CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS: STABILIZATION AND CONVERSION IMPROVEMENT IN AN EXOTHERMIC CSTR

Vibrational control is an open-loop control strategy implemented by fast zero-average oscillations in the input variables of a system. It has been previously shown that vibrational control of an exothermic reaction in a CSTR, introduced via oscillations in the input flow rate, modifies the dynamic behavior of the reactor and enables its stabilized operation in the unstable steady-state region. In the present paper it is shown that simultaneous vibrations in input flow rate and concentration lead, in addition, to a reduction of the amplitude of oscillations in reactor temperature and/or increase in reactant conversion. It is also shown that the phase shift between the vibrations of the two input variables affects the behavior of the system as well as the amplitude, the frequency and the form of forcing functions
Temple Dental School Uses an Expert System to Schedule Students' Clinical Rotations

Each semester, Temple University School of Dentistry must develop a complex schedule for students' clinical rotations in seven clinics. The schedule must satisfy several demands: clinics have to be adequately staffed, students need time off for lectures and treating patients, and each student should serve approximately the same number of rotations over a two-year period. A number of methods are available to solve scheduling problems such as this. They range from simple rules and linear programming to custom-coded algorithms and expert systems. The many, sometimes conflicting requirements of the schedules at Temple Dental School made using mathematical or algorithmic methods difficult. I developed a scheduler in a rule-based artificial intelligence language Prolog to generate schedules that satisfy all user requirements. It has resulted in yearly savings of 11 to 19 person-days for programming and schedule development.
Catalytic Asymmetric α-Iminol Rearrangement: New Chiral Platforms

A series of 19 different asymmetric catalysts were screened in an effort to identify the first chiral catalyst for the rearrangement of α-hydroxy imines to α-amino ketones involving a 1,2-carbon shift. Although aluminate complexes of VAPOL, VANOL, and 7,7′-tBu2VANOL were quite effective catalysts giving up to 88% ee, the ne plus ultra catalyst for this reaction was found to be a zirconium complex of VANOL which gives 97 to >99% ee for the majority of the substrates examined. An X-ray diffraction study of the catalyst reveals that the zirconium exists as a homoleptic complex with three VANOL ligands and two protonated N-methyl imidazoles.
1-Phenylsulfonylbenzotriazole: A Novel and Convenient Reagent for the Preparation of Benzenesulfonamides and Aryl Benzenesulfonates

Abstract Readily available 1-phenylsulfonylbenzotriazole smoothly converts various aliphatic and aromatic amines and phenols into the corresponding benzenesulfonamides and benzenesulfonates in good yields.
A conditional quasi-greedy basis of $l_1$

We show that the Lindenstrauss basic sequence in l1 may be used to con- struct a conditional quasi-greedy basis ofl1, thus answering a question of Wojtaszczyk. We further show that the sequence of coecien t functionals for this basis is not quasi-greedy. 1. Introduction. In what follows, feig 1=1 denotes the standard unit
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SR3FEMOO6.88: AN OXYGEN-DEFICIENT 2D ANALOGUE OF THE DOUBLE PEROVSKITE SR2FEMOO6

We have prepared Sr3FeMoO6.88(1), an oxygen-deficient two-dimensional analogue of the double perovskite Sr2FeMoO6, and have investigated its structure and physical properties. According to powder X-ray and neutron diffraction data, Sr3FeMoO6.88 adopts the tetragonal n = 2 Ruddlesden−Popper structure (space group I4/mmm) with a completely disordered B-cation distribution and oxygen vacancies occurring preferentially at the axial O1 sites between the perovskite layers. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and Mossbauer data are consistent with trivalent Fe and mixed (4+/5+) Mo oxidation state. The compound is semiconducting, showing an intrinsic magnetic transition at ∼85 K and an additional upturn in the magnetic susceptibility at ∼270 K, the latter is associated with intergrowth defects. An appreciable magnetoresistance, reaching the value of ∼−15% at 5 K and 5 T is also observed
Renormalization group equations and the Lifshitz point in noncommutative Landau–Ginsburg theory

Abstract A one-loop renormalization group (RG) analysis is performed for noncommutative Landau–Ginsburg theory in an arbitrary dimension. We adopt a modern version of the Wilsonian RG approach, in which a shell integration in momentum space bypasses the potential IR singularities due to UV-IR mixing. The momentum-dependent trigonometric factors in interaction vertices, characteristic of noncommutative geometry, are marginal under RG transformations, and their marginality is preserved at one loop. A negative Θ -dependent anomalous dimension is discovered as a novel effect of the UV-IR mixing. We also found a noncommutative Wilson–Fisher (NCWF) fixed point in less than four dimensions. At large noncommutativity, a momentum space instability is induced by quantum fluctuations, and a consequential first-order phase transition is identified together with a Lifshitz point in the phase diagram. In the vicinity of the Lifshitz point, we introduce two critical exponents ν m and β k , whose values are determined to be 1/4 and 1/2, respectively, at mean-field level.
Amines in schizophrenia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses amines in schizophrenia. Effects of phenothiazines upon brain catecholamines would be relevant to schizophrenia only if the phenothiazine drugs exerted a selective antischizophrenic action, so that their primary site of action might be assumed to play a prominent role in brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Thin layer chromatographic analysis in several systems showed that, while phenethylamines, tryptamine, and 5-methoxytryptamine are methylated on the amine nitrogen, serotonin is predominantly methylated on the 5-hydroxyl group to form 5-methoxytryptamine. Confirmation of the O -methylation of indoleamines was obtained by showing that bufotenin, in which the amine nitrogen is already dimethylated, is vigourously methylated to form the potent hallucinogen, 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltryptamine. The relative methylation of bufotenin and 5-methoxytryptamine is constant in 4 different ammonium sulphate fractions of the enzyme purified from rat liver, suggesting that the same enzyme mediates O-, and TV-methylation. The failure of serotonin to function as a substrate with S -adenosylmethionine (AMe) may indicate that O -methylation requires methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF), while both MTHF, and AMe can serve as donors for N -methylation.
Planetary waves in Jupiter's equatorial atmosphere

Planetary-scale waves which have been latitudinally trapped within the equatorial jet of Jupiter are attested to by Voyager IR, radio occultation, and imaging data. An effort is presently made to identify a distinguishing class of planetary wave modes in the course of interpreting these data, with special attention being given to the equatorial plume features observed. A comparative evaluation of horizontal dispersion properties for linear wave modes on an equatorial beta plane suggests that the Rossby modes with a meridional structure index of 1 and an equivalent depth of 2-4 km are the interpretation most nearly consistent with all of the observational data for an equatorially trapped, wavenumber 12 pattern.
Outer Planet Mission Guidance and Navigation for Spinning Spacecraft

The orbit determination accuracies, maneuver results, and navigation system specification for spinning Pioneer planetary probe missions are analyzed to aid in determining the feasibility of deploying probes into the atmospheres of the outer planets. Radio-only navigation suffices for a direct Saturn mission and the Jupiter flyby of a Jupiter/Uranus mission. Saturn ephemeris errors (1000 km) plus rigid entry constraints at Uranus result in very high velocity requirements (140 m/sec) on the final legs of the Saturn/Uranus and Jupiter/Uranus missions if only Earth-based tracking is employed. The capabilities of a conceptual V-slit sensor are assessed to supplement radio tracking by star/satellite observations. By processing the optical measurements with a batch filter, entry conditions at Uranus can be controlled to acceptable mission-defined levels (+ or - 3 deg) and the Saturn-Uranus leg velocity requirements can be reduced by a factor of 6 (from 139 to 23 m/sec) if nominal specified accuracies of the sensor can be realized.
Truth-value based interval neutrosophic sets

Neutrosophic set is a part of neutrosophy, which studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. Neutrosophic set is a powerful general formal framework that has been recently proposed. However, neutrosophic set needs to be specified from a technical point of view. To this effect, we define the set-theoretic operators on an instance of neutrosophic set, we call it truth-value based interval neutrosophic set. We provide various properties of truth-value based interval neutrosophic sets, which are connected to the operations and relations over truth-value based interval neutrosophic sets.
Reflexivity in social systems: the theories of George Soros

George Soros's reflexivity theory is quite compatible with second order cybernetics. Indeed his work shows how to apply ideas in second order cybernetics to economics, finance and political science. This paper briefly reviews three theories of reflexivity in cybernetics. It provides an introduction to Soros's version of reflexivity theory and reviews applications in economics and finance. Soros's approach to economics is based on different assumptions about information and about human behaviour. His approach to finance is more holistic than most current work in finance. He does not emphasize mathematical models but rather sees finance as a human player game with himself as a participant. The paper concludes that Soros's work is a very important contribution to and expansion of contemporary social science. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
W-polymetal gate with low W/poly-Si interface resistance for high-speed/high-density embedded memory

A new W-polymetal gate electrode with the structure of W/WN/WSi/poly-Si is proposed. The W-polymetal gate is suitable for high-density memories since it has low resistance and is compatible with the self-aligned contact process. In our study, however, it is found that the interface of W and poly-Si has non-ohmic and quite high resistance in the case wherein only WN is used as a barrier film. This resistance increases the delay in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits and prevents high-speed operation. Our new process includes the deposition of thin WSi on poly-Si, followed by rapid thermal annealing, which results in ohmic and sufficiently low contact resistance between W and poly-Si. It is also demonstrated that selective gate reoxidation is successfully applied for this new structure, and the insertion of thin WSi does not cause any adverse effect on the electrical characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). This process is promising for high-speed and high-density embedded memory.
Strategic Assessment Model (SAM): A Multiple Criteria Decision Support System for Evaluation of Strategic Alternatives*

The evaluation of strategic alternatives is a particularly difficult task. This difficulty is due to the complexities inherent in the evaluation process and the lack of structured information. The evaluation process must consider a multitude of relevant information from both the internal and external environments of the organization. Various analytical and normative models have helped decision makers utilize large volumes of information in strategic evaluation; however, most of these models have some limitations. We present a multiple criteria decision support system, called strategic assessment model (SAM), that addresses some of the limitations inherent in the existing models. SAM captures the decision maker's beliefs through a series of sequential, rational, and analytical processes. The environmental forces—decomposed into internal, task, general opportunities, and threats—are used along with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), subjective probabilities, the entropy concept, and utility theory to enhance the decision maker's intuition in evaluating a set of strategic alternatives.
A simple phenomenological parametrization of supersymmetry without R-parity

Abstract We present a parametrization of the supersymmetric standard model without R-parity that permits efficient phenomenological analyses of the full model without a priori assumptions. Under the parametrization, which is characterized by a single vacuum expectation value for the scalar components of the Y =−1/2 superfields, the expressions for tree-level mass matrices are quite simple. They do not involve the trilinear R-parity violating couplings; however, the bilinear μ i terms do enter and cannot be set to zero without additional assumptions. We set up a framework for doing phenomenology and show some illustrative results for fermion mass matrices and related bounds on parameters. We find in particular that large values of tan β can suppress R-parity violating effects, substantially weakening experimental constraints.
Brief hypnotherapy with passive children

This is a report of the successful use of hypnotic suggestions aimed at encouraging self-assertion and self-acceptance in 51 children aged from 6–15 seen in a general medical practice with psychogenic enuresis or abdominal pain, school phobias, behavioural problems or chronic anxiety. All children treated were passive, timid and unassertive. The psychodynamics of passivity and of assertive therapy are discussed. Thirty-nine children were rated at a two-year follow-up as completely recovered; twelve made no permanent improvement. The average total time spent on treatment was only one and a half hours so this approach to hypnotherapy may be of interest to general medical practitioners as well as child psychiatrists and therapists. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Inverse design of simple pairwise interactions with low-coordinated 3D lattice ground states

We demonstrate that inverse statistical mechanical optimization can be used to discover simple (e.g., short-range, isotropic, and convex-repulsive) pairwise interparticle potentials with three-dimensional diamond or simple cubic lattice ground states over a wide range of densities.
Infrequent occurrence of amphotericin B lipid complex-associated nephrotoxicity in various clinical settings at a university hospital: a retrospective study.

Abstract Background: Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B (AMB) have been shown to significantly lessen the occurrence of nephrotoxicity associated with the conventional form of AMB. A MEDLINE search of literature published from 1983 to 2002, using the search terms amphotericin B and nephrotoxicity , identified only 1 large, randomized, prospective trial that has tried to compare the nephrotoxicity rates among lipid-based AMB formulations. Using the nephrotoxicity surrogate marker of doubling of serum creatinine (SCr) level, the investigators reported a high rate of AMB lipid complex (ABLC)-associated nephrotoxicity (42.3%). However, enrollment in that study was limited to only febrile neutropenic patients. Objective: This retrospective study estimated the rate of ABLC-associated nephrotoxicity in various clinical settings at a university hospital and compared that rate with previously reported rates of nephrotoxicity. Methods: Data from adult neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients receiving ABLC were collected and the degree of nephrotoxicity was determined using 2 definitions: (1) doubling of baseline SCr level using the peak value within the first 7 days, and (2) end-of-therapy doubling of baseline SCr level using the end-of-therapy value. Results: Data from 33 patients (20 men, 13 women; mean age, 48.6 years) were collected. Using these definitions of ABLC-associated nephrotoxicity, only 2 cases (6.1%) were observed. This rate was significantly below the 42.3% rate reported in the only large published study (95% CI, 1.7–19.6; P Conclusions: Data from this study suggest that ABLC infrequently causes clinically significant nephrotoxicity. Therefore, when formulary decisions are made in the selection of a drug for use in various clinical settings, earlier data derived from a single study in febrile neutropenic patients that suggested a significantly higher rate of nephrotoxicity should be interpreted cautiously. Larger trials with more diverse patient populations are needed to better characterize institutional rates of ABLC-associated nephrotoxicity and to aid formulary decision makers.
Service overlay networks: SLAs, QoS, and bandwidth provisioning

We advocate the notion of service overlay network (SON) as an effective means to address some of the issues, in particular, end-to-end quality of service (QoS), plaguing the current Internet, and to facilitate the creation and deployment of value-added Internet services such as VoIP, Video-on-Demand, and other emerging QoS-sensitive services. The SON purchases bandwidth with certain QoS guarantees from the individual network domains via bilateral service level agreement (SLA) to build a logical end-to-end service delivery infrastructure on top of the existing data transport networks. Via a service contract, users directly pay the SON for using the value-added services provided by the SON. In this paper, we study the bandwidth provisioning problem for a SON which buys bandwidth from the underlying network domains to provide end-to-end value-added QoS sensitive services such as VoIP and Video-on-Demand. A key problem in the SON deployment is the problem of bandwidth provisioning, which is critical to cost recovery in deploying and operating the value-added services over the SON. The paper is devoted to the study of this problem. We formulate the bandwidth provisioning problem mathematically, taking various factors such as SLA, service QoS, traffic demand distributions, and bandwidth costs. Analytical models and approximate solutions are developed for both static and dynamic bandwidth provisioning. Numerical studies are also performed to illustrate the properties of the proposed solutions and demonstrate the effect of traffic demand distributions and bandwidth costs on SON bandwidth provisioning.
Monolayer Charged Quantum Films:. a Quantum Simulation Study

We use path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) to study the effects of adding a long-range repulsive Coulomb interaction to the usual Van der Waals interaction between two atoms of a submonolayer quantum film such as helium on graphite or a pure two-dimensional superfluid. Such interactions frustrate or compete with the natural tendency of the system for phase separation namely to form a macroscopic liquid or solid phase. We find that as a function of the relative strength of the long-range repulsion, surface coverage and temperature, the system undergoes a series of transformations, including a triangular Wigner-like crystal of clusters, a charge stripe-ordered phase and a fluid phase. The goal of these studies is to understand the role of quantum fluctuations when such competing interactions appear together with formation of preexisting electron pairs as might be the case in cuprate superconductors.
Cp* iridium complexes give catalytic alkane hydroxylation with retention of stereochemistry.

A series of Cp*Ir complexes can catalyze C−H oxidation, with ceric ammonium nitrate as the terminal oxidant and water as the source of oxygen. Remarkably the hydroxylation of cis-decalin and 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane proceeds with retention of stereochemistry. With H2O18, cis-decalin oxidation gave 18O incorporation into the product cis-decalol.
M(atrix) black holes in five dimensions

We examine five dimensional extreme black holes with three charges in the matrix model. We build configurations of the 5+1 super Yang--Mills theory which correspond to black holes with transverse momentum charge. We calculate their mass and entropy from the super Yang-Mills theory and find that they match the semi-classical black hole results. We extend our results to nonextreme black holes in the dilute gas approximation.
Thermal history of chondrites: Hot accretion vs. metamorphic reheating

The thermal evolution of chondrules is investigated for the stages including primary heating through accretion to parent-body processing to determine whether the chondrules could be hot during accretion. Theoretical attention is given to whether chondrites of different petrologic types could have originated by means of hot accretion or metamorphic reheating. Data are presented from cooling-rate experiments and from calculations of heat retention required for the hot-accretion scenario. The accretion of chondrules hotter than 800 C is shown to be inconsistent with constraints on chondrule thermal evolution, in particular the slow cooling environment of chondrules vs the apparent cooling of chondrites in cold environments. It is argued that petrologic chondrites are formed by cold accretion and subsequently by metamorphic heating.
Dynamic response of elastic thin-walled structures influenced by coupling effects

Abstract The present paper describes the dynamic coupled vibrations of elastic thin-walled structures of arbitrary open cross-section influenced by various forms of coupling. The formulations employ Vlasov's assumptions and both warping and rotary inertia are included in the present developments. Because of the complex nature of such problems, the finite element method is employed in conjunction with an implicit self-starting unconditionally stable methodology for the dynamic computations. Three types of test examples dealing with triple, double, and no coupling are described to illustrate the effects of coupling and rotary inertia on the dynamic behavior of thin-walled structures.
Play It Again, SimMR!

A typical MapReduce cluster is shared among different users and multiple applications. A challenging problem in such shared environments is the ability to efficiently control resource allocations among the running and submitted jobs for achieving users' performance goals. To ease the task of evaluating and comparing different provisioning and scheduling approaches in MapReduce environments, we designed and implemented a simulation environment Sim MR which is comprised of three inter-related components: i) Trace Generator that creates a replayable MapReduce workload, ii) Simulator Engine that accurately emulates the job master functionality in Hadoop, and iii) a pluggable scheduling policy that dictates the scheduler decisions on job ordering and the amount of resources allocated to different jobs over time. We validate the accuracy of Sim MR environment by, first, executing a set of realistic MapReduce applications in a 66-node Hadoop cluster and then by replaying the collected job execution traces in SimMR. Our simulator accurately reproduces the original job processing: the completion times of the simulated jobs are within 5% of the original ones. SimMR can process over one million events per second. This allows users to simulate complex workloads in a few seconds instead of multi-hour executions in the real test bed. Finally, by using SimMR we analyze and compare performance of two novel deadline-driven schedulers over a diverse set of real and synthetic workloads.
On the Structure of Solutions to the Static Vacuum Einstein Equations

(0.2) These equations are the simplest equations for Ricci-flat 4-manifolds. They have been extensively studied in the physics literature on classical relativity,where the solutions represent space-times outside regions of matter which are translation and reflection invariant in the time direction t. However,with the exception of some notable instances,(c.f. Theorem 0.1 below),many of the global properties of solutions have not been rigorously examined,either from mathematical or physical points of view,c.f. [Br] for example. This paper is also motivated by the fact that solutions of the static vacuum equations arise in the study of degenerations of Yamabe metrics (or metrics of constant scalar curvature) on 3-manifolds,c.f. [A1]. Because of this and other related applications of these equations to the geometry of 3-manifolds,we are interested in general mathematical aspects of the equations and their solutions which might not be physically relevant; for example,we allow solutions with negative mass. In this paper,we will be mostly concerned with the geometry of the 3manifold solutions (M, g, u) of (0.1),(i.e. the space-like hypersurfaces),and not with the 4-manifold metric. Thus,the choice of Riemannian or Lorentzian geometry on N in (0.2) will play no role. This considerably simplifies the discussion of singularities and boundary structure,but still allows for a large variety of behaviors; c.f. [ES] for a survey on singularities of space-times. Obviously,there are no non-flat solutions to (0.1) on closed manifolds,and so it will be assumed that M is an open,connected oriented 3-manifold. Let ¯ M
Magnetic Moment of the Electron.

Recent work by Lamb and Retherford on the fine structure of hydrogen and by Nafe, Nelson, and Rabi on the hyperfine structure of hydrogen, has indicated that the detailed conclusions of the Dirac theory are not completely in accord with experimental results.
Real formulations of complex gravity and a complex formulation of real gravity

Two gauge and diffeomorphism invariant theories on the Yang-Mills phase space are studied. They are based on the Lie-algebras so(1,3) and so(3) - the loop-algebra of so(3). although the theories are manifestly real, they can both be reformulated to show that they describe complex gravity and an infinite number of copies of complex gravity, respectively. The connection to real gravity is given. For these theories, the reality conditions in the conventional Ashtekar formulation are represented by normal constraint-like terms.