cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a dynamically loaded three-point-bend ductile fracture specimen

Abstract The three-point-bend bar is a common specimen configuration used in experimental fracture studies. It is essentially a two-dimensional configuration in the form of a simply supported beam with an initial edge crack on the cross-section at mid-span. The specimen is loaded to fracture initiation by means of a concentrated transverse force applied at mid-span on the uncracked surface of the beam. In the present case, it is assumed that the material of interest is ductile, and that fracture initiation occurs after substantial plastic deformation, which develops in the uncracked ligament under the applied load. Furthermore, it is assumed that the loading is rapidly applied so that material inertia must be taken into account in relating applied loads to crack tip fields. It is supposed that the crack tip conditions are such that the J-integral may be adopted as a characterizing parameter. The main purpose of the present study is to determine conditions under which the value of J at initiation may be inferred from quantities that are directly measurable in an experiment. To this end, J is determined from computed field quantities by means of a crack tip integral that is suitable for finite element procedures. The value of J is simultaneously computed in terms of measurable quantities by means of an appropriate deep crack formula, and implications for fracture testing of tough materials at relatively high loading rates are discussed. The notion of a transition time, defined as the time beyond which a deep crack formula may be used to compute J in an experiment, is introduced on the basis of simple model studies. Calculations are performed for typical specimen dimensions and material properties representative of a high-strength structural steel in a ductile condition.
Higher order multi‐point boundary value problems

We consider the boundary value problem where n ⩾ 2 and m ⩾ 1 are integers, tj ∈ [0, 1] for j = 1, …, m, and f and gi, i = 0, …, n − 1, are continuous. We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution of the above problem based on the existence of lower and upper solutions. Explicit conditions are also found for the existence of a solution of the problem. The differential equation has dependence on all lower order derivatives of the unknown function, and the boundary conditions cover many multi-point boundary conditions studied in the literature. Schauder’s fixed point theorem and appropriate Nagumo conditions are employed in the analysis. Examples are given to illustrate the results. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Sulfone-based electrolytes for high-voltage Li-ion batteries ☆

Sulfone-based electrolytes have been investigated as electrolytes for lithium-ion cells using high-voltage positive electrodes, such as LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and LiNi{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 1.5}O{sub 4} spinels, and Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} spinel as negative electrode. In the presence of imide salt (LiTFSI) and ethyl methyl sulfone or tetramethyl sulfone (TMS) electrolytes, the Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12}/LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cell exhibited a specific capacity of 80 mAh g{sup -1} with an excellent capacity retention after 100 cycles. In a cell with high-voltage LiNi{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 1.5}O{sub 4} positive electrode and 1 M LiPF{sub 6} in TMS as electrolyte, the capacity reached 110 mAh g{sup -1} at the C/12 rate. When TMS was blended with ethyl methyl carbonate, the Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12}/LiNi{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 1.5}O{sub 4} cell delivered an initial capacity of 80 mAh g{sup -1} and cycled fairly well for 1000 cycles under 2C rate. The exceptional electrochemical stability of the sulfone electrolytes and their compatibility with the Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} safer and stable anode were the main reason behind the outstanding electrochemical performance observed with high-potential spinel cathode materials. These electrolytes could be promising alternative electrolytes for high-energy density battery applications such as plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles that require amore » long cycle life.« less
Generation of T-cell lines to autologous acute myeloid leukemia cells by competitive limiting dilution culture of acute myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells

Objective To develop a novel method of generating multiple autologous acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reactive T-cell lines as a step toward adoptive immunotherapy for AML. Materials and Methods AML peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC), including >90% AML blasts and 1% to 3% T cells, were seeded in limiting dilution culture in which AML blasts were induced to undergo dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. T cells were primed and activated with the addition of a cytokine combination. Results Highly reactive anti-AML T-cell lines (both CD4 + and CD8 + ) were generated, selected, and expanded. The estimated average frequency of AML-reactive T cells or precursors was 6 ± 3/1,000,000 AML peripheral blood mononuclear cells (n = 11). Robust intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release from T-cell lines was demonstrated by flow cytometry after stimulation by autologous AML cells, but not an autologous B-lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). These T-cell lines caused specific lysis of autologous AML cells, but not autologous LCL or allogeneic AML cells, and they depleted autologous AML colony-forming cells (CFC), but not normal CFC. Most CD4 + T-cell lines exerted strong proapoptotic effects on AML cells. AML cell apoptosis by CD4 + T-cell lines correlated with IFN-γ secretion. Conclusion This study demonstrates a methodology for generating large numbers of AML-reactive cytotoxic T cell lines (either class I or II restricted) that may be useful clinically in adoptive immunotherapy. This study also provides estimates of AML-reactive T-cell frequency in patients with AML.
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein in a child with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

We present an 11 year old boy who developed collateral vessels in the portal hepatis with non-visualization of the portal vein 9 months after treatment for large cell lymphoma. This “cavernous transformation of the portal vein” may lead to varices with subsequent gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:143–145, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contrast-Detail-Dose Evaluation Of Computed Radiography: Comparison With Computed Tomography (CT) And Conventional Radiography

The contrast sensitivity and patient entrance dose of a prototype computed radiography (CR) system is examined, and the results compared with those obtained from computed tomography and conventional radiography. Limiting perceptibility measurements of hole patterns are used to generate contrast-detail-dose diagrams for various contrasts, hole diameters, doses and scatter thicknesses. A perceptibility-dose factor is defined from which the relative dose efficiencies are derived for CR and conventional radiography.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economic assessment of controlling stem borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with insecticides in Texas rice

Abstract A 4-year field study was conducted to evaluate insecticide applications on infestations of the stem borers Diatraea saccharalis (F.) and Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) in rice, Oryza sativa L. Except for rice yield in 2002, whiteheads per square meter and rice yield were significantly affected by insecticide treatments in each year of the study. Biorational insecticides (diflubenzuron, novaluron and tebufenozide) did not significantly ( P >0.05) reduce injury and yield in 2002. Applications of diflubenzuron and novaluron at 14 days after flood were not as effective in reducing injury as lambda-cyhalothrin. In 2005, applications of methoxyfenozide at the 2.5–5 cm panicle stage significantly ( P
Successful Novel Drainage Treatment of Mediastinal Abscess Complicating Tracheostomy

Drainage from an old tracheostomy stoma with occurrence of fever and chills in a patient led to the discovery of a mediastinal abscess behind the anterior chest wall, an unusual complication of tracheostomy. Successful treatment consisted of intravenous administration of an antibiotic and repeated aspiration of the abscess through a plastic tube inserted into the old tracheostomy stoma.
An analysis of players' consistency among professional golfers: a longitudinal study.

Summary This study followed the performance of individual professional golfers who played from 1997 to 2000 on the Professional Golfers Association Tour (PGA Tour, N = 35), Ladies Professional Golfers Association Tour (LPGA Tour, N = 25), and Senior Professional Golfers Association Tour (SPGA Tour, N = 31) and investigated individual players’ consistency in round-to-round performance within tournaments. Although the number of players showing consistency for most years exceeded chance expectations, evidence for round-to-round consistency from one year to the next for any player was small. Such evidence suggests that variability in player performance is more the rule than the exception for players on the three American professional tours.
A contextual model of negotiation orientation

Abstract Much of the previous research on buyer–seller negotiations has demonstrated that the styles and approaches taken by individual negotiators can impact the buyer and seller satisfaction levels as well the profit levels of the organizations that they represent. In demonstrating these effects, however, researchers have characterized these negotiation approaches in a variety of ways. This research proposes negotiation orientation (NO) as a contextually determined motivational construct that underlies behavior in negotiations. NO is defined and linked to several antecedents and consequences drawn from the negotiation and sales literature in a theoretically sound nomological network. The proposed model reduces conceptual confusion and overlap in the literature while suggesting a number of interesting directions for future research.
Effects of calcium supplementation, calcium source and lactose on iron absorption in the rat

Abstract Ca-supplemented diets (containing 1.0% Ca) were prepared by substituting milk, cheese, yogurt, CaCO 3 , or Ca citrate-malate (CaCM) into 2 control diets (containing 0.5% Ca and either no lactose or 20% lactose). The diets were labeled with 59 Fe and offered to fasted rats aged 21 d, 40 d, and 100 d. Fe absorption was determined by whole-body counting. The effect of Ca supplementation was most pronounced in the 21 d rats where supplementation with yogurt, CaCM, and CaCO 3 , but not milk or cheese, depressed 59 Fe absorption (p 59 Fe absorption. There was no effect with any of the sources in the 100 d rats. Lactose dramatically increased 59 Fe absorption from the milk and control diets in 21 d rats, decreased 59 Fe absorption from CaCM in 40 d rats but had no effect in other treatments. These data suggest that Ca in the form of CaCO 3 and CaCM, has a more pronounced effect on iron bioavailability than Ca in dairy products (except for yogurt) and that Fe−Ca interactions are influenced by the physiological state of the animal.
Induction of prolactin release by LRF and LRF-agonist

Abstract Infusion of LRF (0.2 μg/min × 3.5 hrs) and injection of LRF-agonist (50 μg, SC) elicited a prompt and sustained PRL release by the pituitary. This effect is independent of ovarian steroid environment as observed in both normal cycling women and hypogonadal subjects with similar time course and magnitude of PRL release.
Host Range of Mycoleptodiscus terrestris, a Microbial Herbicide Candidate for Eurasian Watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum

Abstract A native strain of the fungal plant pathogen Mycoleptodiscus terrestris is capable of causing under experimental conditions necrotic shoot lesions and a generalized decline and disintegration of Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), an exotic submerged aquatic weed in North America. The potential of this fungus to cause disease on nontarget plants was evaluated on 33 species and cultivars in 11 families. The nontarget selection, intended as a Tier I group, was biased toward probable suscepts consisting of submerged, floating, and emergent aquatic species and terrestrial crop plants. The plants were exposed to the fungal mycelium formulated in alginate beads. Pathogenicity rather than phytotoxicity was the primary mode of attack by the fungus. Of the 16 nontarget aquatic species tested, the fungus was pathogenic to Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla), Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrotfeather), and Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail), but only in hydrilla did it cause plant mortality comparable to that in Eurasian watermilfoil. The remaining 13 submerged, floating, and emergent aquatic species were unaffected. Of the 17 terrestrial species screened, none was significantly affected by the fungus in germination studies, but postemergent disease symptoms developed on seedlings of 10 species. Four of the 10, Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil), Trifolium hybridum (alyce clover), and T. repens (white clover), developed disease affecting 26-50% of their tissues. Thus, this host range testing scheme, based on the concept of screening plants under the maximum hazard potential, helped to identify susceptible species. Nonetheless, it exaggerated the nontarget risk due to the small number of host species tested. Screening a taxonomically diverse and larger selection of plants as well as testing under conditions of less severe exposure to the fungal inoculum are necessary to obtain a more realistic view of the host range than presently indicated.
Extreme variability in sperm precedence in the fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae)

Most previous studies of sperm precedence have reported only average values for species. Intraspecific variation in sperm precedence, however, is necessary for the evolution of adaptations that alter sperm precedence patterns. To examine intraspecific variation in sperm precedence, virgin female fungus beetles were mated to two different males in succession, and all females, males, and offspring were genotyped at eight allozyme loci. The proportion of offspring fathered by the second male varied from zero to one. Future studies should not only measure intraspecific variability in sperm precedence, but should attempt to determine causes of this variability.
Hyponatremia after adenotonsillectomy: Not gone and best not forgotten

Abstract Hyponatremia has been reported in children after tonsillectomy, but the morbidity of this clinical entity is still not widely appreciated. We describe a case of severe hyponatremia in a child who had adenotonsillectomy and perioperative treatment for von Willebrand disease. We will discuss the pathophysiology involved in this complication as well as strategies for prevention.
The clinical application of free-style cutaneous perforator flaps

Perforator flaps have become increasingly popular in reconstructive surgery. In theory, a flap can be based on any identified perforator, whether free or pedicled, based on the perforasome concept. In this study, we report our initial experience with free-style perforator flaps for reconstruction of complex soft tissue wounds. We present two cases of free-style cutaneous perforator flaps; one pedicled free-style perforator flap was designed and elevated adjacent to a complex hip wound and another free-style free perforator flap was elevated in the thigh based on a perforator identified within the flap territory, but no dominant perforator was present for a free anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap. In this case, a free ALT flap was converted to a free-style free perforator flap for the anterior neck reconstruction. Two free-style perforator flaps, one pedicled and one free, were successfully performed to reconstruct complex wounds of the hip and anterior neck. During more than 12 months of follow-up, both reconstructions have healed adequately with optimal contour in the reconstructed areas. This series demonstrates some of the clinical applications available using both free and pedicled freestyle perforator flaps. These free-style flaps can be used successfully with good esthetic and functional results at various regions of the body if there is a detectable perforator that can be based on as a perforator flap.
Processing considerations with plasma immersion ion implantation

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) was originally conceived as a method for high-flux implantation and with the capability of conformally implanting non-planar surfaces. Research in the last 15 years has revealed other characteristics which are dissimilar with beamline implantation: multiple species implant; energy and angular distribution spread; plasma y surface interaction; substrate self-heating; and dielectric substrate charging. This paper will address the effect of sheath characteristics, conformality of implant, multiple species implant, ion-neutral scattering and bias schemes on designing the processing recipes. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Biomimetic glass nanopores employing aptamer gates responsive to a small molecule

We report the preparation of 20 and 65 nm radii glass nanopores whose surface is modified with DNA aptamers controlling the molecular transport through the nanopores in response to small molecule binding.
A simplified method of complete diversionary colostomy for patients with radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis

Abstract A simplified technique is presented to perform a diversionary colostomy for patients debilitated by severe, radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis. Radiation therapy administered for the treatment of pelvic malignancies may infrequently result in severe rectal lesions: proctitis, stenosis, fistula, and obstruction. Fecal contamination of the lesion promotes infection, pain, bleeding, anorexia, malnutrition, and marked debilitation. Proper management, frequently including diversionary colostomy, is required. In order to reduce operative morbidity, a simplified technique for colostomy formation using a special surgical instrument (Auto Suture) is described. Criteria for patient selection, pathophysiology of radiation-induced proctitis, and case reports are also presented.
Re-examination of gas-cycle nuclear-electric space power blants

References 1 Gilbert, M., Davis, L., and Altman, D., "Velocity lag of particles in linearly accelerated combustion gases/' Jet Propulsion 25,25-30 (1955). 2 Kliegel, J. R., "One-dimensional flow of a gas-particle system," IAS Paper 60-3 (January 1960). 3 Hogland, R. F., "Recent advances in gas particle nozzle flows/' ARS J. 32, 662-671 (1962). 4 Rannie, W. D., "A perturbation analysis of one-dimensional heterogeneous flow in rocket nozzles/' Progress in Astronautics and Rocketry: Detonation and Two-Phase Flow (Academic Press, New York, 1962), Vol. 6. 5 Marble, F. E., "Dynamics of a gas containing small solid particles," Proceedings of the Fifth AGARD Combustion and Propulsion Colloquium (Pergamon Press, New York, 1963).
Sustained B7/CD28 interactions and resultant phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity maintain G1-->S phase transitions at an optimal rate.

Twenty-four hours of TCR engagement and CD28 costimulation was found sufficient to elicit an optimal rate of cell division over a 72-h period only when a high concentration of IL-2 was produced in the culture and remained readily available to the CD4+ T cells. The cell division response could be aborted following 24 h of stimulation by the simultaneous abrogation of IL-2R signaling and the blockade of CD28 or TCR ligands. Biochemical and pharmacologic studies indicated that a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling cascade costimulated by the TCR and CD28 maintained the blasting cell division rate at a maximal level beyond 24 h even when IL-2 was withdrawn, neutralized, or exhausted. These data show that CD4+ T cells remain sensitive to antigens (Ag) and costimulatory signals throughout the clonal expansion response. Furthermore, only those T cells that perceive the presence of a continued threat in the form of Ag/MHC complexes and B7 costimulatory ligands or a high concentration of a growth factor are directed to remain in cell cycle.
Aristotle's theory of stasis in forensic and deliberative speech in the rhetoric

Through definition, classification, and example, an explanation of Aristotelian stasis will be developed.
Effect of pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid on stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins

BACKGROUND: 3-Deoxyanthocyanins are a rare class of plant pigments primarily found in sorghum and known to possess distinct chemical and bioactive properties. They have potential as natural food colourants. This work investigates how 3-deoxyanthocyanin pigments react with pyruvic acid and their stability in the presence of ascorbic acid. RESULTS: Substitution at C-5 was the major determinant of the mechanism of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin complexation with pyruvic acid: hydroxyl substitution favoured cyclic condensation, whereas methoxyl substitution favoured oxidative ring contraction. Pure 3-deoxyanthocyanidins generally showed poor stability in the presence of 500 mg L−1 ascorbic acid at pH 2.0 and 3.2 but were stable at pH 5.0; pyruvic acid improved their stability at pH 2.0 and 3.2 and enhanced their colour intensity at pH 5.0. Crude sorghum pigment extract was very stable in the presence of ascorbic acid: 31% colour loss at pH 2.0; 1.9- and 1.3-fold increases in colour intensity at pH 3.2 and 5.0 respectively. In contrast, red cabbage pigment lost 30–85% of its colour in the presence of ascorbic acid under the conditions used in the study. CONCLUSION: Crude sorghum pigments are very stable in the presence of ascorbic acid and may be useful as natural food colourants. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurements of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower

We present a continuous, 2-year long record of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) mixing ratio at three altitudes up to 496 m above the ground on a television transmitter tower in the southeastern United States. The data show strong diurnal and seasonal variations, and large vertical gradients. The diurnal cycles are modulated by surface uptake and release by vegetation and soils, emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and by the diurnal development of the planetary boundary layer. Gradients of 1-2 ppm between 496 m and 51 m are typically observed during summertime afternoons, due to vigorous photosynthetic uptake. With increasing altitude the magnitude of the diurnal cycle is damped, and daily average mixing ratios decrease, caused by coincident changes in the sign and magnitude of the surface flux, and changes in vertical stability of the boundary layer over the course of the day. Measurements at 496 m give an approximate measure (within a few tenths of a ppm) of the afternoon mean mixing ratio in the convective boundary layer. Vertical gradients between 51 m and 496 m are typically close to zero, and monthly mean mixing ratios increase slowly between November and April, indicating that biological activity is minimal during this period. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of CO 2 is larger at the tower site than at marine boundary layer and mountaintop sites which are at nearly the same latitude, because of the proximity of the tower site to terrestrial sources and sinks. Comparison of our continental tower data with data from “background” sites should provide a strong constraint for regional and global models of terrestrial CO 2 fluxes. We also present data from weekly flask samples taken from the 496 m level and which have been analyzed for methane (CH 4 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and the stable isotopes of carbon in CO 2 ( δ 13 C). The flask data provide further information about the processes that drive observed changes in CO 2 mixing ratio at the tower. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue5.2.x
Simulation and systematic errors in prediction.

What initially made the Simulation Theory of mindreading (ST) attractive to the cognitive science community was its ability to explain certain systematic errors reported by developmental psychologists [1]. ST predicted that until children had a capacity for sophisticated pretend play, they would fail in false-belief tasks. This prediction also explained findings that individuals with autism, who generally lack the requisite capacity for pretend play, would generally fail in such tasks.
Six Noise Type Military Sound Classifier

Blast noise from military installations often has a negative impact on the quality of life of residents living in nearby communities. This, in turn, negatively impacts the military’s testing & training capabilities due to restrictions, curfews, or range closures enacted to address noise complaints. In order to more directly manage noise around military installations, accurate noise monitoring around bases has become a necessity. Although most noise monitors are simple sound level meters, more recent ones are capable of discerning blasts from ambient noise with some success. Investigators at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) developed a more advanced noise classifier that can discern between wind, aircraft, and blast noise, while simultaneously lowering the measurement threshold. Here, more recent work between Pitt and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center will be presented from the development of a more advanced classifier that identifies additional classes of noise such as machine gun fire, vehicles, and electronic noise. Additional signal metrics were explored given the increased complexity of the classifier. By broadening the types of noise the system can accurately classify and increasing the number of metrics, a new system was developed with increased blast noise accuracy, decreased number of missed events, and significantly fewer false positives.
Comparison of developmental endothelial locus-1 angiogenic factor with vascular endothelial growth factor in a porcine model of cardiac ischemia

Abstract Background This study compared the angiogenic effects of developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as the negative control, β-galactosidase (β-gal), in a porcine model of cardiac ischemia. Methods Twenty pigs underwent left circumflex artery occlusions. After 3 weeks, the animals received myocardial injections of adenovirus expressing β-gal (n=6), DEL-1 (n=7), or VEGF (n=7). At 7 weeks, animals were assessed for both function and coronary flow and compared with baseline measurements. Results Regional wall motion index and global ejection fraction showed deterioration in function in the β-gal group and no change in the VEGF and DEL-1 groups between the treatment and harvest time points. Preload recruitable stroke work suggested functional improvement in the VEGF group (35.8 ± 8.6 vs 56.4 ± 17.8, p = 0.033). The increase in the DEL-1 group was not statistically significant (27.3 ± 9.8 vs, 40.2 ± 19.4, p = 0.067). The β-gal group exhibited minimal change (30.7 ± 14.8 vs 35.9 ± 12.1, p = 0.96). Regional blood flow as assessed by fluorescent microspheres was improved under stress conditions in the VEGF group (1.00 ± 0.15 vs 1.15 ±0.22, p = 0.03). Conclusions Treatment with VEGF led to a modest improvement in regional blood flow and cardiac function in previously ischemic myocardial tissue.
The evolution of group-beneficial traits in the absence of between-group selection.

One specific prediction emerging from trait-group models of natural selection is that when individuals possess traits that benefit other group members, natural selection will favor "cheating" (i.e. not possessing the group-beneficial trait) within groups. Cheating is selected within groups because it allows individuals to avoid bearing the relative costs typically associated with group-beneficial traits, but to still reap the benefits associated with the acts of other group members. Selection between groups favors traits that benefit other group members. The relative strength of within- and between-group selection then determines the equilibrium frequency of those who produce group-beneficial traits and those that do not. Here we demonstrate that individual-level selection, that is selection within groups can also produce an intermediate frequency of such group-beneficial traits by frequency-dependent selection. The models we develop are general in nature, but were inspired by the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The theory developed here is distinct from prior work that relies on reciprocity or kinship per se to achieve cooperation and altruism among group members.
Polarization effects in mask transmission

Polarization and interface reflection effects are examined for technology issues in mask making of chrome edge shape, overcoating, double phase-shifting removal of defects, and reflective masks. This study is based on the massively parallel rigorous electromagnetic simulator TEMPEST1, with extensions to include the TM polarization and boundary conditions for outgoing waves in optical materials. The analysis was carried out on a CM-2 connection machine with remote electronic access. A local workstation was used to write and preview the geometry as well as process images from files of diffraction efficiencies downloaded to the workstation from the network. Through this remote analysis procedure, the four proto-typical mask case studies described by Doi et al.2 were examined for polarization and boundary condition effects. For chrome masks of one wavelength wide opening in a IX system at 0.248 |im, moderate differences between the TE and the TM polarizations were observed in the peak intensities (10%). The TM polarization in general showed higher transmission and lower sidelobes. The two polarizations showed a similar increase in linewidth and peak intensity with decreasing chrome edge slope. The difference was not as pronounced for a 5X system at 0.365 |Lim. Overcoating chrome masks with anti-reflection layers improved resolution for both polarizations. For 5X chromeless phase-shifting masks at 0.365 pm, neither polarization effect nor phase-shifter edge slope was important. The peak intensity at the phase-shifting section changed by only 1% and the linewidth varied by less than 2% when the phase-shifter edge slope changed from 90° to 45°, keeping the mid-points of the phase-shifter edge fixed. To remove defects on such masks by double phase-shifting may drop the intensity level to 70% of the clear field value for a 0.1 X/NA sized defect. For IX reflective masks at one wavelength, both polarizations displayed similar behaviors. These reflective masks with built-in material-based phase-shifting improved the image slope, and the TM polarization was found to have slightly less ringing than the TE polarization.
INFLUENCE OF THE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD ON THERMAL INACTTVATION OF SPORES OF NONPROTEOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM: DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL1

The effects and interactions of heating temperature (70-90C), pH (5-6.5), sodium chloride (0-3%), and sodium pyrophosphate (0-0.3%) on the heat resistance of a six strain mixture of spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B and type E in turkey were examined. Thermal death times were determined in submerged vials heated using a water bath. Heated spores were recovered on Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) supplemented with lysozyme (10 μg/ml). Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second order response surface regression for temperature, pH, salt (sodium chloride) and sodium pyrophosphate levels. The four variables interacted to effect the inactivation of spores. Confidence intervals (95%) predicted heat resistance of spores in turkey. The data suggest that the effect of reduced pH in increasing the inactivation was more pronounced at high temperatures and may provide an adequate degree of protection from nonproteolytic C. botulinum spores in minimally processed foods, particularly if employed in conjunction with combinations of salt and sodium pyrophosphate.
Search with Learning from Prices: Does Increased Inflationary Uncertainty Lead to Higher Markups?

Aggregate cost uncertainty, arising from real shocks or unanticipated inflation, reduces the informativeness of prices by scrambling relative and aggregate variations. But when agents can acquire additional information, such increased noise may in fact lead them to become better informed, and price competition will intensify. We examine these issues in a model of search with learning, where consumers search optimally from an unknown price distribution while firms price optimally given consumers' search rules. We show that the decisive factor in whether inflation variability increases or reduces the incentive to search, and thereby market efficiency, is the size of informational costs.
Lossless outer joins with incomplete information

In the relational model of data, Rissanen's Theorem provides the basis for the usual normalization process based on decomposition of relations. However, many difficulties occur if information is incomplete in databases and nulls are required to represent missing or unknown data. We concentrate here on the notion of outer join and find some reasonable conditions to guarantee that outer join will also preserve the lossless join property for two relations. Next we provide a generalization of this result to several relations.
Butterfly (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) assemblages associated with natural, exotic, and restored riparian habitats along the lower Colorado River, USA

Butterfly assemblages were used to compare revegetated and natural riparian areas along the lower Colorado River. Species richness and correspondence analyses of assemblages showed that revegetated sites had fewer biological elements than more natural sites along the Bill Williams River. Data suggest that revegetated sites do not provide resources needed by some members of the butterfly assemblage, especially those species historically associated with the cottonwood/willow ecosystem. Revegetated sites generally lacked nectar resources, larval host plants, and closed canopies. The riparian system along the regulated river segment that contains these small revegetated sites also appears to have diminished habitat heterogeneity and uncoupled riparian corridors. Revegetated sites were static environments without the successional stages caused by flooding disturbance found in more natural systems. We hypothesize that revegetation coupled with a more natural hydrology is important for restoration of butterfly assemblages along the lower Colorado River. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of lead by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with tetrahydroborate immobilized on an anion-exchange resin

The efficiencies of four types of strongly basic anion-exchange resins in the tetrahydroborate form for the generation of lead hydride, used in the determination of lead by quartz tube (QT) atomization AAS, were investigated. Amberlyst A-26 gave the highest peak-height and peak-area sensitivities. The effects of column dimensions, tetrahydroborate concentration, loading time, loading direction, carrier reagent flow rate, carrier gas flow rate, sample acidity, and stripping coil length were studied. Without the argon carrier gas, the sensitivity was improved almost five times, though the precision was dependent on carrier agent and waste flow rate. Three procedures for the purification of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) were investigated; a batch procedure, based on plumbane generation, was found to be the most effective. The concentration of acid was critical. Interferences from coexisting cations and anions were investigated. Hydride forming elements and phosphate interfered, but less suppression than for conventional HG-AAS was observed for some species. The limit of detection (3s) in 3% K3Fe(CN)6 and 0.10 mol l−1 HNO3 was 0.25 μg l−1, with a sampling frequency of 20–40 h−1. The precision, expressed as RSD, was 6.4% and 3.5% (n = 5) at concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0 μg l−1, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of different types of biological matrices including natural waters, wine, human saliva and human urine. The detection limits (3s) were 0.20–0.85 μg l−1 for natural waters and 3.1–5.2 μg l−1 for the wine, human saliva and human urine. Recoveries for spiked samples were 86–110%. The results of the analyses of NIST standard reference materials, freeze-dried urine (SRM 2670), and apple leaves (SRM 1515) were in agreement with the certified values and the results for San Joaquin soil (SRM 2709) agreed with the leaching recovery values.
The apache airavata application programming interface: overview and evaluation with the UltraScan science gateway

We present an overview of the Apache Airavata Application Programming Interface (API), describe the design choices and implementation details, and describe how API methods map to the UltraScan Science Gateway use case. The Airavata API is designed to standardize access to Airavata services that provide gateways with scientific application metadata and execution management. The API also represents an important milestone in the development of Science Gateway Platform as a Service (SciGaP), a hosted, multi-tenanted gateway service based on open source Airavata software. The UltraScan gateway is a production XSEDE gateway that has been using Airavata services for over three years through customized interfaces and represents a stringent test of the API design and implementation.
Invasive Swallow-worts: An Allelopathic Role for -(−) Antofine Remains Unclear

Pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) and black swallow-wort (V. nigrum) are two invasive plant species in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada that have undergone rapidly expanding ranges over the past 30 years. Both species possess a highly bioactive phytotoxin -(−) antofine in root tissues that causes pronounced inhibition in laboratory bioassays of native plant species co-located in habitats where swallow-wort is found. To further evaluate the allelopathic potential of -(−) antofine, we: determined its concentration in young plant tissues; used in situ approaches to assess antofine stability, potential activity of degradation products, activity in sterile and nonsterile soil; and determined accumulation and concentration in hydroponic cultivation and field collected soil samples. Extracts of seeds and young seedlings were found to have approximately 2–3 times the level of -(−) antofine in comparison to root extracts of adult plants. Breakdown products of antofine accumulated rapidly with exposure to light, but more slowly in the dark, at ambient temperatures, and these products did not retain biological activity. Extraction efficiencies of control soil spiked with -(−) antofine were low but easily detectable by HPLC. Soil samples collected over two growing seasons at four different sites where either pale swallow-wort or black swallow-wort populations are present were negative for the presence of -(−) antofine. Dose response curves using sterile and nonsterile soil spiked with -(−) antofine demonstrated a requirement for at least 20–55 × greater -(−) antofine concentrations in soil to produce similar phytotoxic effects to those previously seen in agar bioassays with lettuce seedlings. Sterile soil had a calculated EC50 of 686 μM (250 μg/g) as compared to nonsterile soil treatments with a calculated EC50 of 1.88 mM (640 μg/g). When pale swallow-wort and black swallow-wort adult plants were grown in hydroponic cultivation, −(−) antofine was found in root exudates and in the growing medium in the nM range. The concentrations in exudate were much lower than that needed for biological activity (μM) although they might be an underestimate of what may accumulate over time in an undisturbed rhizosphere. Based on these various results, it remains uncertain as to whether -(−) antofine could play a significant allelopathic role for invasive swallow-worts.
Hypoxic Quiescence in Alligatorweed

Propagules (stem cuttings) of alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.] were subjected to various treatments of submergence, emergence, light, dark, and oxygen to relate hypoxia to the suppression of alligatorweed growth by dark submergence. In the dark, submergence completely inhibited alligatorweed growth. A nitrogen atmosphere inhibited growth from emersed propagules in the dark. The suspension of growth by dark submergence was relieved by light (40 μ einsteins/m2× s photo-synthetically active radiation), emergence (whereby air is transported to underwater nodes via the aerenchyma), or exposure to 100 mg · l-1 of hydrogen peroxide solution renewed at 48-h intervals. Suspension of growth by a nitrogen atmosphere was relieved by inclusion of 16% oxygen in the ambient atmosphere. Dark to light transfers showed that the suspension of growth was immediately relieved if the requisite conditions were restored; this phenomenon, as described, thus appears to be hypoxic quiescence. The suppression of growth of two other amphibious species, mild smartweed (Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.) and creeping water-primrose (Jussiaea repens L. var. glabrescens Ktze.), by dark submergence suggests that hypoxic quiescence may be a factor in the life history of amphibious species other than alligatorweed.
Alienation as a consequence of disability: contradictory evidence and its interpretations

Abstract This study is an empirical examination of the commonly held argument that physical disability produces alienation from society. Levels of subjectively measured alienation were compared between a sample of unimpaired individuals and a sample of severely impaired workers’compensation recipients in the United States. Based on background characteristics and regression equation predictions, the findings indicate that five years after a severe work-related injury, the workers’compensation recipients were no more alienated than might be expected if they were not impaired. The implications of these contradictory findings raise important theoretical and substantive issues.
Gasoline-induced contact burns

Gasoline contact may cause significant full-thickness burn injuries. Systemic complications may result from the absorption of hydrocarbons through the skin. Regional neuromuscular absorption may produce transient or even permanent impairment. It is vital that the physician be aware of the possible full-thickness injuries and complications that may result from cutaneous exposure to gasoline.
Religious memory and the pluralism of readings: Reflections on Roberto de Nobili and theTaittirīya upanisad

A travers un exemple, celui de la lecture de l'upanisad Taittirīya par Roberto de Nobili (1577-1656), l'A. entend montrer que le pluralisme de ces lectures souvent percu comme destructeur et confus, peut apporter une richesse a l'etude des religions. La lecture effectuee par de Nobili est symptomatique du pluralisme contemporain: un texte qui appartient a une tradition donnee est investi par la verite d'une autre tradition qui tend a se l'approprier. En tant que jesuite, de Nobili voit dans l'upanisad Taittirīya un chemin pratique vers une amelioration de la connaissance interieure
A Comparison of the LigaSure and Harmonic Scalpel in Thyroid Surgery: A Single Institution Review

During the last few years, many surgeons have begun to utilize the LigaSure device or Harmonic scalpel to perform thyroid surgery. Several papers have demonstrated the benefits of these devices compared with traditional hand-tying techniques. The purpose of this study was to examine our institution’s experience with the LigaSure device and Harmonic scalpel during thyroid surgery and to compare mean operative times and complications associated with each device. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent thyroid surgery using the LigaSure device or Harmonic scalpel at a single institution between December 2005 and August 2009. Charts were reviewed for patient demographics, mean operative time, length of stay, and complications, such as transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hypocalcemia, and hematoma formation. A total of 231 patients were included in the study, of whom 123 underwent total thyroidectomy and 108 underwent lobectomy. There was a significant decrease in the operative time for both thyroidectomies and lobectomies when the Harmonic scalpel was utilized. In regard to complications, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of transient and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, percentage of patients developing hypocalcemia, or rate of hematoma development. In this study, there was no difference in the rate of complications between the two devices. However, the use of the Harmonic scalpel significantly decreased operative time for both thyroidectomies and thyroid lobectomies compared with the LigaSure device.
Learning to reach with "sticky" or "non-sticky" mittens: a tale of developmental trajectories.

Abstract The effects of “sticky” and “non-sticky” mittens upon the progression of intentional reaching were examined over 16-day training in 24 non-reaching infants aged 2 months and 21 days. Thirteen age-matched controls did not receive training. Both mittens groups progressed over time; however, by day 16, only the “non-sticky” group made significantly more toy contacts than the controls when looking at the toy. Infants in the “non-sticky” group also directed their looking at the toy more than infants in the “sticky” mittens group. These results support the interpretation that repeated task exposure, with active, reaching-specific experience, was more likely to enhance the formation of object-directed behaviors than with the added provision of grasping simulation via “sticky mittens.”
A model relating to the impact of rural development projects on population change

Abstract In this paper a two-period model is presented which attempts to predict the subjectively optimal fertility response of peasant households to parametric changes resulting from rural development projects and other policies. The seven parameters considered are: the relative price of agricultural capital, the off-farm wage, the responsiveness of out-migration to economic incentives, the discount rate and changes in techniques of production which fall into three categories: neutral, labor-augmenting or capital-augmenting. Some extensions of the model under different out-migration assumptions, endogenous marriage decisions and a “pension motive” for childbearing are considered. Some general policy prescriptions are then made. Less-developed country governments should set a high priority on limiting rural population growth. This could be achieved in part by controling the price of agricultural capital and by subsidizing appropriate changes in techniques of production, the appropriate changes varying by types of crops.
Chiral NMR discrimination of pyrrolidines using (18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid

Abstract The compound (18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid is shown to be an effective chiral NMR solvating agent for determining the enantiomeric excess of chiral pyrrolidines. Enantiomeric discrimination is observed in both the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra. The neutral amine is mixed with the crown ether in an NMR tube and a neutralization reaction between the two produces the corresponding ammonium and carboxylate ions. An association of these ions accounts for the chiral recognition. Pyrrolidines with one or two substituent groups α to the nitrogen atom are not inhibited from binding to the crown ether. Chiral discrimination was observed in the NMR spectra of pyrrolidines that have a stereogenic center α or β to the nitrogen atom. Dibasic substrates are likely converted to their diprotonated form in the presence of the crown ether, and both ammonium sites appear to associate with the crown ether moiety.