cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minding the Terrazzo Gap between Athletes and Nonathletes Representativeness, Integration, and Academic Performance at the U.S. Air Force Academy

The tension between focusing on collegiate athletic or academic performance has persisted for decades. A recent study finds that recruited athletes in college athletic programs underperform academically, earning lower grades than predicted. It postulates that increased representativeness and integration efforts will enhance the academic value of college athletes’ experience. The U.S. Air Force Academy system presents a natural experiment of whether such efforts can affect student-athlete academic performance. In this setting, we find that student-athletes perform comparably to nonathletes after controlling for predicted academic performance.
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) and Mulla Sadra Shirazi (980/1572–1050/1640) and the Primacy of esse/wuj$ucirc;d in Philosophical Theology

As an exercise in comparative philosophical theology, our approach is more concerned with conceptual strategies than with historical “influences,” although the animadversions of those versed in the history of each period will assist in reading the texts of each thinker. We need historians to make us aware of the questions to which thinkers of other ages and cultures were directing their energies, as well as the forms of thought available to them in making their response; but we philosophers hope to be able to proceed without having to arm ourselves with extensive knowledge of the surrounding milieu, trusting that others more knowledgeable will correct and extend our efforts. Our contribution should then be one of offering perspectives within which further discourse may profitably proceed, suitably challenged and amended in the course of a common inquiry. Since my familiarity is with Aquinas, and since he comes chronologically first, I shall begin with him, though there is no discernible connection between the two thinkers other than their preoccupation with establishing the primacy of existing in a metaphysical discourse which had hitherto obscured its significance.
Instrumentation for exact packet timings in networks

We design and implement a novel class of highly precise network instrumentation, capable of the first-ever capture of exact packet timings of network traffic. Our instrumentation — combining real-time physics test equipment with off-line postprocessing software — prevents interference with the system under test, provides reproducible measurements by eliminating non-deterministic error, and uses transparent and ubiquitous lab equipment and open-source software for ease of replication. We use our technique to perform in-situ observations of 10 Gigabit Ethernet packets in flight on optical fiber, showing improvements in timing precision of two to six orders of magnitude over existing methods of measurement, which generally employ software on commodity computer endpoints of network paths.
Sponsorship: developing leaders for occupational therapy.

Professional sponsorship is a helping relationship aimed at a career advancement. It includes the hierarchical association between the mentor and protege, and the collegial associations between peer mentors, among "peer pals," and in support networks. Sponsors serve as advocates, emotional supporters, and information-givers for those they sponsor. The adoption of sponsorship as a leadership development strategy for occupational therapy is recommended, and illustrations of initiating and using sponsorship are given.
Confronting the WTO: Intervention Strategies in GMO Adjudication:

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has been the target of social justice activists since its inception in 1994, with many seeking to reshape or rescind the WTO agreements. This article instead explores possible interventions into WTO adjudication by compelling the reinterpretation of existing WTO documents. Such an approach can take several forms: mobilizing professional expertise, engaging technical standards, and constructing companion regimes. Using the recent United States/European Community genetically modified organisms (GMO) case as a reference point, this article explores opportunities for implementing the last two strategies. The Codex Alimentarius, an international food standards regime, seems to provide a particularly promising location for reconstructing WTO risk and governance procedures. The Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, an international environmental regime, deeply challenges narrow readings of WTO texts but may not have enough legal force in the WTO. These alternative locations for interve...
The vBow: a virtual violin bow controller for mapping gesture to synthesis with haptic feedback

The vBow, a virtual violin bow musical controller, has been designed to provide the computer musician with most of the gestural freedom of a bow on a violin string. Four cable and servomotor systems allow for four degrees of freedom, including the lateral motion of a bow stroke across a string, the rotational motion of a bow crossing strings, the vertical motion of a bow approaching and pushing into a string, and the longitudinal motion of a bow travelling along the length of a string. Encoders, attached to the shaft of the servomotors, sense the gesture of the performer, through the rotation of the servomotor shafts, turned by the motion of the cables. The data from each encoder is mapped to a parameter in synthesis software of a bowed-string physical model. The software also sends control voltages to the servomotors, engaging them and the cables attached to them with a haptic feedback simulation of friction, vibration, detents and elasticity.
A Systematic Replication Comparing Interteaching and Lecture in the Community College Classroom

ABSTRACTResearchers demonstrated the effectiveness of interteaching relative to lecture in 4-year university classrooms, but exploration in other settings is deficient. This systematic replication examines the extent to which interteaching leads to increased exam scores compared to traditional lecture in the community college classroom. Participants in two introductory psychology sections took identical exams following counterbalanced alternating lecture and interteaching conditions. Most student exam scores following interteaching were slightly higher than exams following the lecture condition, with statistically significant differences in two of the six exams. Students in both sections correctly answered more interteaching-based than lecture-based questions on the cumulative final exam, although these differences were not significant. During interteaching, students earned significantly more points throughout the semester compared to the lecture condition. Also, more students reportedly preferred interte...
Networks of energetic and metabolic interactions define dynamics in microbial communities

Microorganisms form diverse communities that have a profound impact on the environment and human health. Recent technological advances have enabled elucidation of community diversity at high resolution. Investigation of microbial communities has revealed that they often contain multiple members with complementing and seemingly redundant metabolic capabilities. An understanding of the communal impacts of redundant metabolic capabilities is currently lacking; specifically, it is not known whether metabolic redundancy will foster competition or motivate cooperation. By investigating methanogenic populations, we identified the multidimensional interspecies interactions that define composition and dynamics within syntrophic communities that play a key role in the global carbon cycle. Species-specific genomes were extracted from metagenomic data using differential coverage binning. We used metabolic modeling leveraging metatranscriptomic information to reveal and quantify a complex intertwined system of syntrophic relationships. Our results show that amino acid auxotrophies create additional interdependencies that define community composition and control carbon and energy flux through the system while simultaneously contributing to overall community robustness. Strategic use of antimicrobials further reinforces this intricate interspecies network. Collectively, our study reveals the multidimensional interactions in syntrophic communities that promote high species richness and bolster community stability during environmental perturbations.
Brassage Congolais: The Efforts to Forge the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the Wake of the Second Congo War

This paper examines the attempts to forge a national armed forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2004 and 2008. Based on documentary evidence and interviews, this paper provides policy recommendations for security sector reform in the DRC.
Bacillus anthracis lcp Genes Support Vegetative Growth, Envelope Assembly, and Spore Formation.

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen, replicates as chains of vegetative cells by regulating the separation of septal peptidoglycan. Surface (S)-layer proteins and B. anthracis S-layer-associated proteins (BSLs) function as chain length determinants and are assembled in the envelope by binding to the secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP). B. anthracis expresses six different genes encoding LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) enzymes (lcpB1 to -4, lcpC, and lcpD), which when expressed in Staphylococcus aureus promote attachment of wall teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. Mutations in B. anthracislcpB3 and lcpD cause aberrations in cell size and chain length that can be explained as discrete defects in SCWP assembly; however, the function of the other lcp genes is not known. By deleting combinations of lcp genes from the B. anthracis genome, we generated variants with single lcp genes. B. anthracis expressing lcpB3 alone displayed physiological cell size, vegetative growth, spore formation, and S-layer assembly. Strains expressing lcpB1 or lcpB4 displayed defects in cell size and shape, S-layer assembly, and spore formation yet sustained vegetative growth. In contrast, the lcpB2 strain was unable to grow unless the gene was expressed from a multicopy plasmid (lcpB2++), and variants expressing lcpC or lcpD displayed severe defects in growth and cell shape. The lcpB2++, lcpC, or lcpD strains supported neither S-layer assembly nor spore formation. We propose a model whereby LCP enzymes fulfill partially overlapping functions in transferring SCWP molecules to discrete sites within the bacterial envelope. IMPORTANCE Products of genes essential for bacterial envelope assembly represent targets for antibiotic development. The LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) enzymes tether bactoprenol-linked intermediates of secondary cell wall polymers to the C6 hydroxyl of N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan; however, the role of LCPs as a target for antibiotic therapy is not defined. We show here that LCP enzymes are essential for the cell cycle, vegetative growth, and spore formation of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease. Furthermore, we assign functions for each of the six LCP enzymes, including cell size and shape, vegetative growth and sporulation, and S-layer and S-layer-associated protein assembly.
Avoiding negative elastic moduli when using Lagrange interpolation for material grading in finite element analysis

Polynomial interpolations, one of the most common interpolations used in finite element methods (FEMs), are a workhorse of many FEM codes. These interpolations are readily available for all kinds of elements, and using them for modeling the variation of elastic moduli in graded elements is thus both convenient and natural. Yet, like all polynomial interpolations, they can be prone to oscillations that can result in regions of negative elastic modulus in the element, even with only positive nodal values of elastic moduli. The result of these negative modulus regions, even if the region is small, can be unexpected singularities in the solution. This defeats the purpose of using polynomial interpolations for capturing material grading in the element. We demonstrate the issue using three-node quadratic Lagrange interpolations of material grading in otherwise isoparametric p-type elements and show how to avoid this problem.
Critical Tax Theory: Women, Poverty, and the Tax Code: A Tale of Theory and Practice

This article, originally presented as part of a symposium on the "Femininization of Poverty," discusses some of the difficulties scholars have encountered in addressing the problems of women and poor people under the tax code. These problems result primarily from the different perspectives of feminist and critical race scholars, who tend to know relatively little about the tax code, and mainstream tax scholars who tend to emphasize more traditional issues. There is also a related tendency to emphasize efficiency over equity (especially vertical equity) issues although this has changed somewhat in recent years. One encouraging trend is the work of a new generation of tax scholars who have addressed such issues as the role of the tax code in discouraging female labor outside the home, the tax treatment of housework, the earned income credit, and the relationship between tax progressivity and women's issues. Some of this work concerns specifically women's or family tax issues while some addresses more traditional issues (e.g. progressivity) from a new or different perspective. Although this work is significant, it remains somewhat isolated from mainstream tax discourse, a distance that remains to be bridged by new scholarship. The article concludes by discussing the treatment of women and poverty in the 2000 presidential campaign. In this case the focus was primarily on middle-class issues (e.g., tax cuts and the "marriage penalty") but with both parties recognizing at least the symbolic importance of fairness issues, and an opening for more redistributive tax policies as a part of broader reform.
eCRM: Understanding Internet Confidence and the Implications for Customer Relationship Management

As we enter the 21st century many firms implementing Customer Relationship Management strategies have turned to the Internet as a primary means for collecting consumer data. Consequently, understanding when consumers are willing to comply with data requests has become increasingly important to e-marketers. However, current research has failed to explore how self-confidence with using the Internet impacts a consumer’s willingness to provide personal information online. Therefore, IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advances in Electronic Marketing edited by Irvine Clarke III and Theresa B. Flaherty © 2005, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB10965
A stochastic model for the size dependence of spherical indentation pop-in

A simple stochastic model is developed to determine the pop-in load and maximum shear stress at pop-in in nanoindentation experiments conducted with spherical indenters that accounts for recent experimental observations of a dependence of these parameters on the indenter radius. The model incorporates two separate mechanisms: pop-in due to nucleation of dislocations in dislocation-free regions and pop-in by activation of preexisting dislocations. Two different types of randomness are used to model the stochastic behavior, which include randomness in the spatial location of the dislocations beneath the indenter and randomness in the orientation of the dislocations, i.e., randomness in the stress needed to activate them. In addition to correctly predicting the experimentally observed average maximum shear stress at pop-in, the model also correctly describes the scatter in pop-in loads and how it varies with indenter radius. Monte Carlo simulations are used to validate the model and visualize the scatter expected for a limited number of tests.
New Model for “Stretched Exponential” Relaxation

A new model to explain stretched exponential relaxation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is presented. The model does not invoke statistical distributions; rather, it is based on a careful treatment of diffusion, including retrapping. Excellent fits to a variety of experimental data are obtained.
Transformation of Brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) to Whitlockite (Ca9Mg(HPO4)(PO4)6) or Other CaPs in Physiologically Relevant Solutions

Brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD, CaHPO4·2H2O) and whitlockite [WH, Ca9Mg(HPO4)(PO4)6] are usually found in the mammalian metabolism in the form of diverse pathological calcifications, dental calculi, urinary tract stones, salivary gland deposits, cardiovascular or pulmonary calcified deposits, and even as prostate or cartilage calcifications. The hydrothermal transformation of synthetic brushite crystals into single-phase whitlockite, octacalcium phosphate, or apatitic calcium phosphate was observed over the time period of 1 to 21 d and at 37°C, 70°C, and 115°C in nonstirred physiologically relevant solutions developed for this work. The strong influence of the physiologically relevant ions such as Mg2+ and HCO3− on hydrothermal transformations is exposed. The formation of the nanoglobules and nanofibrils of X-ray amorphous calcium phosphate or Mg-doped calcium phosphate on the surfaces of brushite crystals are observed for the first time in biomimetic solutions containing 10 mm Mg2+ and/or 27 mm HCO3−. The experimental conditions leading to the formation of such nanofibrils on brushite crystal surfaces are also found to stop the further transformation of brushite into any other calcium phosphate (CaP) phases even at high solution temperatures. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.
Lymphangioma presenting as a primary parotid neoplasm in an adult. Report of a case with the diagnosis suggested by fine needle aspiration biopsy.

A 38-year-old man presented with a unilateral, asymptomatic parotid gland mass. A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the mass, consisting predominantly of small lymphocytes, suggested the possibility of a lymphangioma. Microscopic examination of the subsequent parotidectomy specimen revealed a cystic lymphangioma involving the parotid gland and periparotid soft tissue. Although the presentation of a lymphangioma as a primary parotid neoplasm in an adult is a rare event, the differential diagnosis of a parotid gland aspirate containing small tymphocytes should include a lymphangioma
Trends in Innovative Treatment Technologies at Contaminated Sites

Increasing the diversity of technologies used to remediate contaminated soils and groundwater is one of the goals of EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). While conventional methods of waste remediation, such as stabilization, containment, and incineration, are certainly valid approaches to resolving waste problems, statutory and economic considerations are now, more than ever, encouraging the entire remediation community to consider change in thinking and practice.
The medicalization and demedicalization of kink: Shifting contexts of sexual politics:

BDSM (also known as kink) has been stigmatized through medicalization since the late 19th century. However, the recent publication of the DSM-5 has significantly changed the definition of Paraphilia, which used to be the catch-all diagnostic category for atypical sexual behaviors. In this study, I examined multiple sources of qualitative data to tap into the ever-changing social contexts and power dynamics of the medicalization and demedicalization of kink. The analyses of this study reveal how both activist strategies as well as approaches to social control evolve in the context of increasing reflexivity cultivated amidst sexual politics of the past few decades.
Ethics Training for U.S. Military Leaders: Challenging the Conventional Approach

The U.S. military plays a fundamental role in protecting the United States and its national security interests. Given the nature of the combat and noncombat duties military personnel perform and the ethical dilemmas they face in doing so, it is fundamental that they be men and women of strong ethical competence. Providing effective ethics training to those serving in the U.S. military is crucial; particularly to senior leaders, as they create the environment in which subordinates perform their duties. Current ethics training for senior leaders in the U.S. military focuses on developing individual moral competence. This article argues for the need to complement such training with an approach focusing on developing individuals’ capacity to create and sustain organizational environments in which ethical reflection and action are possible.
Postoperative hemorrhage and hospital revisit after transoral robotic surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis To investigate the incidence and complications related to postoperative hemorrhage (POH) after transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Study Design Retrospective review of the State Inpatient Database (SID), the State Ambulatory Surgery Database (SASD), and the State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Methods Patients were identified from the SID, SASD, and SEDD for the states of Florida, New York, and California from 2005 to 2013 who had an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition code for a surgical procedure on the upper aerodigestive tract associated with a code for robotic-assisted surgery. Univariate logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with POH. Results Five hundred nine patients underwent TORS. Indications for surgery included neoplastic disease in 376 (74%) and sleep apnea in 74 (15%). Forty-one (8%) had an episode of POH at a median of 9 days postoperatively (range = 0–21 days). Twenty-four (5%) required an intervention related to their POH. Sixteen (3%) required return to the operating room for control of hemorrhage; 11 (2%) had a severe complication that required embolization or tracheostomy. Charlson Comorbidity Score of ≥3 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45-6.30) and a tonsillar neoplasm (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.03-3.74) were significantly associated with POH. Conclusions The incidence of POH after TORS was low, and few of these patients had a severe complication related to this event. Medical comorbidity and tonsillar subsite may be independent risk factors for POH. These data provide a benchmark for informed decision making in TORS and a basis for further study. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2287–2292, 2017
Experimental evaluation of the efficiency of a pneumatic strain energy accumulator

AbstractThere is heightened interest in research to develop materials and devices that achieve greater energy storage capacity, power density and increased energy efficiency. This work analyses the performance of a novel energy storage device, the pneumatic strain energy accumulator (pSEA), which is designed to exploit the advantageous aspects of the non-linear behaviour of elastomeric materials. An analytical method for simultaneously characterising the pneumatic energy and strain energy stored in a strain energy accumulator (SEA), and more generally for pneumatic and strain energy systems, has been employed. Component efficiency along with the expansion and contraction pressures of the pSEA are determined experimentally so that a system level efficiency calculation can be performed. Incorporating uncertainty analysis, the efficiencies of the SEA are measured to be consistently over 93% in over 800 cycles of testing. The steady-state expansion and contraction pressures of the accumulator have steady-stat...
Stochastic Modeling in Industry and Management

In this chapter, we are to discuss the stochastic modeling of a task that arrives in a system to receive service and leave. The system may have different types of features. We will start with some basic vocabularies and properties used in the modes discussed in the form of definitions, theorems, etc. Several variations of the basic model up to a relatively higher level will be discussed that will be useful for industry, business, and academia. Some available methods and tools to analyze the model and eventually find some of the standard measure of the models will also be offered and used in discussing the models.
A new mouse expressing human Fcγ receptors to better predict therapeutic efficacy of human anti-cancer antibodies

A new mouse expressing human Fcγ receptors to better predict therapeutic efficacy of human anti-cancer antibodies
Jammed Limit of Bijel Structure Formation

Over the past decade, methods to control microstructure in heterogeneous mixtures by arresting spinodal decomposition via the addition of colloidal particles have led to an entirely new class of bicontinuous materials known as bijels. Herein, we present a new model for the development of these materials that yields to both numerical and analytical evaluation. This model reveals that a single dimensionless parameter that captures both chemical and environmental variables dictates the dynamics and ultimate structure formed in bijels. We demonstrate that this parameter must fall within a fixed range in order for jamming to occur during spinodal decomposition, as well as show that known experimental trends for the characteristic domain sizes and time scales for formation are recovered by this model.
Health and Health Care

Health care is one of the more complex components of U.S. society. Its complexity is such that it is hard to define and even more difficult to describe in meaningful terms. Is health care an industry? A system? An institution? In actuality, it is all of these and more (Sidel and Sidel 1986). As shall be seen, much of what health care is depends on one’s perspective. To the demographer, each of these conceptualizations should be considered important.
8 – Flow cytometry and pathogen screening in foods

Abstract Flow cytometry is a powerful technique that uses fluidics, optics, and multiparametric data analysis to determine and correlate multiple properties of single particles or cells in a rapid, high throughput manner. Although typically used for analysis of mammalian cells, flow cytometry is now being applied to bacterial and fungal cells, as well as biomolecular species relevant to food safety. After describing the concept of flow cytometry, we will give an overview of the instrumentation used in food analysis and will present examples of flow cytometric detection, identification, and quantification of contaminants and components of various foods. Finally, we will describe several directions in the development and application of flow cytometry that will likely have an impact on food safety and screening.
Perioperative Care of the Pediatric Neurosurgical Patient

The management of infants and children with conditions of the brain and spinal cord can be challenging, and optimal management requires a thorough understanding of the developmental stages, age related physiological changes, and the pathophysiological processes that occur with these conditions. Patients with neurological conditions often undergo neurosurgical procedures and encounter clinicians from a variety of specialties. The perioperative period, is therefore, an important therapeutic window and clinicians who manage these patients during this period can provide patients with the opportunity to achieve full neurological recovery before, during, and after neurosurgery. For the preoperative period, pediatricians and emergency physicians are able to diagnose urgent/emergent neurosurgical conditions, prepare patients neurosurgery and prevent clinical deterioration from neurological conditions until definitive therapy such as neurosurgery can be provided. During surgery, anesthesiologists aim to provide optimal brain physiological conditions and optimal anesthetic and hemodynamic care during complex neurosurgical procedures. During the postoperative period, intensivists are responsible for anticipating and preventing postoperative consequences, and for helping patients achieve full neurological recovery. This chapter provides information on the neurological issues that should be considered during the perioperative period in the care of children undergoing neurosurgery.
Quantum Mechanical Calculations of Tunneling Rates in Condensed Phase Systems

Tunneling processes in condensed phase systems represent a significant computational challenge to the theoretical chemist. In the present article, the focus will be on studies of proton transfer processes in polar solvents, but much of the methodology discussed herein is applicable to other condensed phase tunneling problems. Proton transfer reactions in polar solvents have generated a considerable degree of experimental and computational interest. Computationally, efforts have focused on the calculation of the solvent activation free energy [1, 2, 3], studies of intramolecular effects arising from the modulation of the proton tunneling by molecular vibrations [1,4, 5, 6], and molecular dynamics simulations of adiabatic proton transfer in strongly hydrogen-bonded complexes [7]. Some studies [1–
Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use and Adverse Outcomes Among Patients with Chronic Pain Prescribed Long-term Opioid Therapy

OBJECTIVE To examine the correlates and odds of receiving overlapping benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions and whether co-prescription was associated with greater odds of falling or visiting the emergency department. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING A large private integrated health system and a Veterans Health Administration integrated health system. SUBJECTS Five hundred seventeen adults with musculoskeletal pain and current prescriptions for long-term opioid therapy. METHODS A multivariate logistic regression model examined correlates of having overlapping benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions in the year before enrollment in the cross-sectional study. Negative binomial models analyzed the number of falls in the past three months and past-year emergency department visits. In addition to propensity score adjustment, models controlled for demographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, medications, overall comorbidity score, and opioid morphine equivalent dose. RESULTS Twenty-five percent (N = 127) of participants had co-occurring benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions in the prior year. Odds of receiving a benzodiazepine prescription were significantly higher among patients with the following psychiatric diagnoses: anxiety disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67-8.32, P < 0.001), post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.14-4.38, P = 0.019), and bipolar disorder (AOR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.49-9.81, P = 0.005). Past-year overlapping benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions were associated with adverse outcomes, including a greater number of falls (risk ratio [RR] = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.77-6.02, P = 0.001) and emergency department visits (RR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.08-2.53, P = 0.0194). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with chronic pain prescribed long-term opioid therapy, one-quarter of patients had co-occurring prescriptions for benzodiazepines, and dual use was associated with increased odds of falls and emergency department visits.
Methodological Challenges and Opportunities in Testing for Racial Discrimination in Policing

A large body of empirical research exists that attempts to determine whether or not police discriminate on the basis of race. We investigate whether the methods used typically produce valid inferen...
Code For Her: Exploring Female and Gender-Diverse Computing Workshops for Faculty, Staff, and Students

Inspired by initiatives like Girls Who Code, the authors developed a similar learning opportunity in a higher education environment. Code for Her, a nine-week coding workshop series, was piloted to determine if interest existed in the academic community. With an overwhelming response (over 100 applicants), the authors saw a need in the community for an informal learning space targeting women and gender-diverse individuals. Currently, two distinct workshop sections, one for students and one for faculty and staff, are being conducted in a single academic semester, each focusing on learning three web development languages. The goal of this study is to investigate the impacts of the workshop series on its participants using a mixed methods approach. The authors will examine measures of self-efficacy, computing behavior, knowledge, and learning to determine, at an exploratory level, how the workshops have an effect on their learning, motivation, attitudes, and computational thinking. Preliminary results from a baseline survey indicate that keeping a flexible curriculum and learning environment is imperative to the ever-changing needs of participants week to week. Further, results indicate a slightly positive attitude towards achieving programming tasks, future predictors of their behavior after the workshop, and self-efficacy. The authors plan to conduct a post survey, collect participant projects as artifacts for analysis, and arrange follow-up focus groups to determine if participant attitudes, motivation, and retention of the content have changed over a period of time. The authors hope to improve future workshop offerings and expand our research efforts.
Career Interventions: Current Status and Future Directions

Much has been written about vocational choice and adjustment, and how they can be achieved and promoted, for at least a century (Parsons, 1909; Zytowski, 1972). Although research on career interventions has had a shorter history, enough research has accumulated to have yielded at least six metaanalyses of which we are aware on the effectiveness of career interventions (Baker & Popowicz, 1983; Brown & Ryan Krane, 2000; Oliver & Spokane, 1988; Spokane & Oliver, 1983; Whiston, Brecheisen, & Stephens, 2003; Whiston, Sexton, & Lasoff, 1998). The purposes of this chapter are twofold. First, we review the meta-analytic evidence on the effectiveness of career interventions along with other pertinent writings to summarize what we currently know about their effects and effectiveness. Our intent is to highlight what we currently know about career interventions in order to inform current practices.
A survey of network interdiction models and algorithms

Abstract This paper discusses the development of interdiction optimization models and algorithms, with an emphasis on mathematical programming techniques and future research challenges in the field. After presenting basic interdiction concepts and notation, we recount the motivation and models behind founding research in the network interdiction field. Next, we examine some of the most common means of solving interdiction problems, focusing on dualization models and extended formulations solvable by row-generation techniques. We then examine contemporary interdiction problems involving incomplete information, information asymmetry, stochasticity, and dynamic play. We conclude by discussing several emerging applications in the field of network interdiction.
Instrumental or Meaningful Friendships: Black Alumnae Perspectives on Peer Relationships During College

This critical qualitative study explores how Black women experienced friendships throughout college. Findings revealed that long-term friendships, primarily with other Students of Color, were both ...
Energy Harvesting and Storage System Stabilized Offshore Wind Turbines

This paper investigates the potential for combining energy harvesting and damping systems as a means for stabilizing floating offshore wind turbines while increasing the total amount of power generated. Ever taller wind turbine towers are needed to accommodate ever larger rotor diameters, which for floating offshore turbines would normally necessitate ever deeper draft marine structures, such as spar buoys, to provide required stability. Damping structures, some of which have energy harvesting mechanisms, have been proposed and shown to be effective for floating turbines, but face the problem of transforming low frequency variable amplitude motion into steady power output. Here the idea of a piston pump in the form of a moving float mechanism is introduced to pump water out of a temporary storage chamber located at the bottom of a floating platform structure. Water flowing down the floating structure through a power turbine empties into the chamber. The entire structure might ideally now only depend on a single anchor line projecting from its center bottom to the seafloor, thereby also reducing the cost of moorings.
Soil C Sequestration as a Biological Negative Emission Strategy

Soil carbon (C) sequestration in one of three main approaches to carbon dioxide removal and storage through management of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil C sequestration relies of the adoption of improved management practices that increase the amount of carbon stored as soil organic matter, primarily in cropland and grazing lands. These C sequestering practices act by increasing the rate of input of plant-derived residues to soils and/or by reducing the rates of turnover of organic C stocks already in the soil. In addition to carbon dioxide removal potential, increases in soil organic matter/soil C content are highly beneficial from the standpoint of soil health and soil fertility Practices to increase soil C stocks include well-known, proven techniques or “best management practices” (BMP) for building soil carbon. A second category includes what we refer to as frontier technologies for which significant technological and/or economic barriers exist today, but for which further R&D and/or economic incentives might offer the potential for greater sequestration over the longer term. We reviewed published estimates of global soil carbon sequestration potential, representing the biophysical potential for managed cropland and/or grassland systems to store additional carbon assuming widespread (near complete) adoption of BMPs. The majority of studies suggests that 4 to 5 GtCO2/y as an upper limit for global biophysical potential with near complete adoption of BMPs. In the longer-term, if frontier technologies are successfully deployed, the global estimate might grow to 8 GtCO2/y. There is a strong scientific basis for managing agricultural soils to act as a significant carbon (C) sink over the next several decades. A two-stage strategy, to first incentivize adoption of well developed, conventional soil C sequestering practices, while investing in R&D on new frontier technologies that could come on-line in the next 2-3 decades, could maximize benefits. Implementation of such policies will require robust, scientifically-sound measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems to track that policy goals are being met and that claimed increases in soil C stocks are real.
Syllable-internal corrective focus in Korean

Abstract In producing linguistic prominence, certain linguistic elements are highlighted relative to others in a given domain; focus is an instance of prominence in which speakers highlight new or important information. This study investigates prominence modulation at the sub-syllable level using a corrective focus task, examining acoustic duration and pitch with particular attention to the gestural composition of Korean tense and lax consonants. The results indicate that focus effects are manifested with systematic variations depending on the gestural structures, i.e. consonants, active during the domain of a focus gesture, but that the patterns of focus modulation do not differ as a function of elicited focus positions within the syllable. The findings generally support the premise that the scope of the focus gesture is not (much) smaller than the interval of (CVC) syllable. Lastly, there is also some support for an interaction among prosodic gestures—focus gestures and pitch accentual gestures—at the phrase level. Overall, the current findings support the hypothesis that focus, implemented as a prosodic prominence gesture, modulates temporal characteristics of articulatory gestures, as well as possibly other prosodic gestures that are co-active in its the domain.
The Kiobel Decision: The End of an Era

I started teaching international law in this country in 1984. I recall reading for the first time Filartiga v. Pena Irala while anxiously preparing for my first class in the sweltering Arizona summer. I was moved. I thought the case exemplified the best of the American spirit, the universal concern with suffering and human dignity, the longstanding rejection of tyranny — in short, the rare Lockean instincts so prevalent in my adoptive land. Here, you have a lone federal judge in Manhattan allowing redress for brutal acts of a faraway tyrant. This was the first time since Nuremberg that we sensed there was some hope for the oppressed, that perpetrators could no longer trust that their twisted logic of “reasons of state” would grant them impunity for their crimes.
Instructing with advanced collaboration technology: lessons learned and unexpected transformations

This paper provides lessons learned and some unexpected transformations in the learning process when advanced collaboration technology was used to overcome limitations of a popular, existing collaboration technology. The activities pursued in these advanced undergraduate and graduate computer and information sciences courses replicate many of the activities in collaborative knowledge work in organizations. Therefore, the lessons learned should be applicable to transforming other kinds of joint knowledge work in general.
Stress tolerance alteration in the freshwater cnidarian green hydra (Hydra viridissima) via symbiotic algae mutagenesis

Symbiotic organisms such as corals are threatened by changing climate because they are sensitive to stress, and may be unable to adapt quickly due to the long host generation time. Instead of selecting for stress tolerant hosts, manipulating their symbiotic microbes has been proposed because microbes affect holobiont phenotypes and they have rapid life cycles. Because it is time-consuming to isolate stress tolerant symbionts from the wild even when appropriate types exist, mutation and selection of symbionts is a promising alternative approach. Using green hydra (Hydra viridissima) and symbiotic algae (Chlorella variabilis NC64A), we found symbiont mutagenesis in vitro altered their UV-B resistance as well as that of holobionts receiving mutated algae. In addition, hydra UV-B tolerance was positively correlated to that of the algae they were hosting, as the hydra associated with UV-B tolerant algal strains exhibited higher UV-B resistance. However, chronic low-level UV-B selection decreased algal resistance to acute high-level UV-B, which was unexpected, and did not affect UV-B resistance of holobionts. The variations in algal UV-B tolerance and hydra UV-B tolerance were largely due to mutagenesis rather than selection. Our results suggest symbiont mutagenesis and trait-based identification may be more effective than assisted evolution in holobiont phenotype alteration, and it highlights the need to characterize symbiont traits in vitro that are correlated to stress tolerance they can confer to hosts, which may have application in conservation, agriculture and forestry.
Measuring a Business's Grit and Survivability when Faced with "Black Swan" Events Like the Coronavirus Pandemic

The coronavirus crisis disrupted business survivability. Measures, like going concern opinion and bankruptcy predictors, depend on past trends extending into the future. With black swan events, past trends do not extend into the future. We propose two new metrics. The "Going Concern Survivability Index" (GCSI) is the maximum percentage revenue loss that a business can endure as a going concern. The "One Month Resilience Index" (OMRI) is the effect on the net income from the loss of the revenue for its most successful month. While OMRI is straightforward, calculating GCSI requires real options and process mining. The emerging technology of process mining and artificial intelligence are needed to capture the dynamic process by which management will juggle cash flows, sources of funds, and payment of liabilities as revenue falls. This paper is an instance of action design science research, and we discuss the steps to put our artifact into practice.
A 25-year Experience at an Academic Medical Center in the United States: Are There Racial Disparities in the Prognosis of Patients Diagnosed With Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma?

Introduction This study attempted to identify disparities in outcomes between African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) patients treated for hypopharyngeal carcinoma at a tertiary care institution over the past 25 years. Methods An institutional review board (IRB)-approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)-compliant retrospective analysis was performed on patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx treated at our institution between January 1994 and December 2018. Data regarding demographics, stage, treatment, and follow-up were collected. Outcomes, including median survival and overall survival, were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. All analyses were performed using the Social Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results We identified 144 hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients who were treated during this period. Our patient cohort consisted of 61.8% AA and 35.4% CA (P=0.538). Overall, 96% of them presented at an advanced stage (Stages III & IV) of the disease, and only 4% presented in the early stages (Stages I & II). There was no significant difference between AA and CA patients who presented with advanced disease (96.6% vs. 94.1%). In our patient cohort, 15.3% of patients did not receive any therapy; however, 51.4%, 22.9%, and 10.4% of them underwent definitive chemoradiotherapy, definitive surgery, or palliative chemotherapy, respectively. There were no significant differences in patient racial proportions within each treatment group. The median follow-up of the entire cohort was 13 months. There was no significant difference between the median survival of AA and that of CA patients (16 months vs. 15 months; p=0.917). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the overall survival between AA and CA patients at three years (27.2% vs. 36.3%; p=0.917) and five years (20.4 % vs. 16.7 %; p=0.917). Conclusions A retrospective review of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer treated at our institution over the previous 25 years did not identify significant racial disparities regarding the stage at presentation or prognosis. This study suggests that when patients have equal access to care, they appear to have a similar prognosis despite racial differences. Further studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Does EMR Adoption by Nursing Homes Decrease Hospitalization Costs

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) have the potential to decrease medical expenditures by increasing communication between healthcare providers and reducing the incidence of unnecessary tests and medical errors. Using a three-year panel of out-of-home Medicaid spending for long-term care patients in nursing homes, we analyze the effect of nursing home EMR adoption on out-of-home healthcare expenditures for their residents. First, we find evidence that EMR adoption by nursing homes reduces out-of-home healthcare costs for residents by 3.5%-14%. Second, beyond this direct effect, we find a further reduction of hospitalization costs for residents when hospitals and nursing homes both adopt EMR, which is an average savings of 13% of Medicaid expenditure and as much as 35% for hospitals that are part of a system. Given the interdependent nature of healthcare delivery for long-term care patients or patients with chronic conditions, our findings underscore the importance of looking outside the adopting institution when accounting for health IT (HIT) value.