cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Behavior of Carbon Steel Components in High-Temperature Water Environments

This paper describes the results of a combined experimental/analytical program on the fatigue initiation behavior of carbon steel components. Based on this study, several improvements in the fatigue analysis procedures are suggested: (I) a notch factor for local strains, (2) a mean stress factor, (3) improved fatigue strength reduction factor for butt welds, and (4) an environmental correction factor. It is shown that with the suggested fatigue analysis procedures, the fatigue design margins of the ASME Code will be maintained even with unusually severe local strain and mean stress.
Teachers’ Organization of Participation Structures for Teaching Science with Computer Technology

This paper describes a qualitative study that investigated the nature of the participation structures and how the participation structures were organized by four science teachers when they constructed and communicated science content in their classrooms with computer technology. Participation structures focus on the activity structures and processes in social settings like classrooms thereby providing glimpses into the complex dynamics of teacher–students interactions, configurations, and conventions during collective meaning making and knowledge creation. Data included observations, interviews, and focus group interviews. Analysis revealed that the dominant participation structure evident within participants’ instruction with computer technology was (Teacher) initiation–(Student and Teacher) response sequences–(Teacher) evaluate participation structure. Three key events characterized the how participants organized this participation structure in their classrooms: setting the stage for interactive instruction, the joint activity, and maintaining accountability. Implications include the following: (1) teacher educators need to tap into the knowledge base that underscores science teachers’ learning to teach philosophies when computer technology is used in instruction. (2) Teacher educators need to emphasize the essential idea that learning and cognition is not situated within the computer technology but within the pedagogical practices, specifically the participation structures. (3) The pedagogical practices developed with the integration or with the use of computer technology underscored by the teachers’ own knowledge of classroom contexts and curriculum needs to be the focus for how students learn science content with computer technology instead of just focusing on how computer technology solely supports students learning of science content.
Reported cat bites in Dallas: characteristics of the cats, the victims, and the attack events.

Associated with the increased popularity of cats as pets in American households has been an increase in the number of cat bites reported to health departments. Bite reports from Dallas, TX, for 1985 were analyzed for different aspects of the cat bite event, including characteristics of the cats, the people bitten, the wounds, and the attack events. Cat bites and scratches constituted 25 percent of the 2,494 reported animal bites. Biting cats were typically stray females. People 21 to 35 years old were bitten in numbers disproportionate to their numbers in the Dallas population. Females were the victims of a majority of bites. Although wounds were typically described as "scratches" of a hand or finger, 80 percent of all victims sought some form of treatment for their wound. The highest proportion of bites occurred from May through August from 9 am through 12 noon; unowned cats accounted for most wounds. Cat bit events may be explained by frequency of contact, that is, women prefer cats as pets; activities that bring people and cats into contact; and reaching toward cats to feed or pet them. More specific information on the causes of cat bites will enable educational programs to be established so that the rate of cat bites can be decreased at the community level. Language: en
Seasonal Abundance, Sex Ratio, and Macroptery of Field Crickets in Northern Florida

A total of 7911 adults of 3 species of field crickets, Gryllus rubens Scudder, G. firmus Scudder, and G. ovisopis Walker, were collected during 4.5 yr in pitfall traps in fields at Tall Timbers Research Station near Tallahassee, FL. Gryllus rubens adults were trapped throughout the year with peak numbers in July, August, and September (n=4978) and with a 2nd, smaller peak in March, April, and May (n=236). Those collected during the spring peak were 10% macropterous and 33% male, while those collected during the summer peak were 32% macropterous and 42% male. No macropterous G. rubens were taken between Oct. 25 and March 16. Adults of G. firmus were trapped between Feb. 22 and Dec. 20 with peak numbers in June and July (n=1052) and again in September, October, and early November (n=1358). During the summer peak, 15% of the G. firmus were macropterous and 45% were male. During the fall peak, 3% were macropterous and 52% were male. Adult G. ovisopis were taken between Aug. 25 and Nov. 22 (n=249). All were micropterous and 72% were male. Seasonal patterns of macroptery and sex ratio differed among the 3 species.
Uremic serum inhibition of renal paraaminohippurate transport.

SummaryRat uremic serum depressed the uptake of paraaminohippurate (PAH) by normal rat kidney cortex slices, while rat normal serum increased the uptake of PAH.The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Mr. A. Bloomberg and Miss R. James.
Flexible Coordination of Diphosphine Ligands Leading to cis and trans Pd(0), Pd(II), and Rh(I) Complexes

A series of diphosphine ligands iPr2P–C6H4–X–C6H4–PiPr2 (for ligand L1, X = CH2; for ligand L2, X = CH2CH2) was investigated to determine the preference for cis/trans coordination to palladium(0), palladium(II), and rhodium(I). Increasing the length of the bridging alkyl backbone from one to two carbons changes the geometry of the resulting palladium(II) complexes, with L1 coordinating preferentially cis, while L2 coordinates in a trans fashion. Coordination to Pd(0) leads to L1Pd(dba) and L2Pd(dba), in which both ligands accommodate a P–M–P angle close to 120°. L2 was found to coordinate cis in a rhodium(I) complex ([L2Rh(nbd)][BF4], where nbd = norbornadiene).
Infrared Spectra of CX3−MnX and CX2═MnX2 (X = H, F, Cl) Prepared in Reactions of Laser-Ablated Manganese Atoms with Halomethanes

Small manganese insertion (CX3−MnX) and methylidene (CX2═MnX2) complexes, carrying the highest multiplicities (sextet and quartet) among the analogous group 3−12 metal complexes, are produced in la...
How Nsaids Affect Lipid Monolayer and Bilayer Properties

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by blocking cyclooxygenase and influence gramicidin channel lifetimes in planar lipid bilayers. In the past we studied how the NSAIDs salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, ibuprofen and diclofenac influenced the pressure-area curve in the aqueous subphase on dipalmitoyl-PC pressure-area curves at modestly supratheraputic dosages (1 mM concentrations in the subphase). We observed consistent changes that imply these NSAIDs interact strongly with the lipid head groups of monolayers. Here we report subsequent findings using umbrella sampling molecular dynamics. Each titratable NSAID was simulated, both protonated and unprotonated, with DPPC bilayers. The neutral NSAIDs have free energy wells as deep as −10 kcal/mol in the headgroup region, whereas charged molecules were uniformly repulsed from the bilayer. These findings call for further experiments on the pH dependency of drug-bilayer interactions and suggest that neutral NSAIDs, including protonated aspirin in the low pH chyme of the stomach, interact with cell membranes and could cause adverse side effects.
Effect of curvature on nanoparticle supported lipid bilayers investigated by Raman spectroscopy.

The packing of lipids on silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated by Raman spectroscopy for 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) as a function of their size, for SiO2 NPs of 5, 15, 25, 45, and 100 nm nominal diameter. Raman spectral indicators in the C–C and C–H stretching regions were used to determine conformational order and alkyl chain packing for these systems. As the ratio of NP to lipid size decreases, packing in a normal bilayer configuration increases free volume and decreases hydrophobic interaction between the chains. For the 15, 25, 45, and 100 nm SiO2, for which single supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are formed around the NPs, the Raman data indicate that there is increased interdigitation and increased lateral packing order between the chains with decreasing NP size, which improves hydrophobic association and decreases the voids that would occur for normal bilayers. For the same size NP, there is increased interdig...
Hybrid Genetic Programming With Accelerating Genetic Algorithm Optimizer for 3-D Metamaterial Design

The computational efficiency of existing genetic programming (GP) software is improved through the addition of parallelization and hybridization with a low-level optimizer. The low-level optimizer is implemented using genetic algorithm, and two different versions of the developed hybrid GP program are presented. Timing and efficiency performance are discussed, which includes a method of making the original optimizer more than eight times faster. Efficiency results indicate that through the use of the optimizer, with sufficient variables included, significantly fewer (about ¼ to ½) GP generations are required to achieve working metamaterial designs. Two low-frequency broadband (225–450 MHz) ground plane design examples, which are 25.3% thinner than a previously published design covering the same frequency band, are included.
Getting to know your subject specialty: Add a little romance (literature) to your life

L'A., bibliothecaire specialisee en litterature des langues romanes, decrit comment se familiariser avec son sujet et acquerir un savoir-faire en developpement des collections : commencer par consulter une encyclopedie ou tout autre outil generaliste permettant d'avoir une vue d'ensemble du sujet, interroger les etudiants et les enseignants specialistes du domaine, evaluer les fonds en les comparant aux bibliographies existantes, rechercher les auteurs principaux et leurs oeuvres, sans oublier de discuter avec d'autres bibliothecaires...
Vibrational contributions to phase stability in the Mo-Ru system

Density functional theory using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional and the small displacement method was used to calculate the quasiharmonic phonon density of states (DOS) for 69 ordered structures in the Mo-Ru substitutional alloy system to estimate the effect of vibrational contributions to the free energy of formation. These structures were used to determine interaction parameters in the cluster expansion approximation up to triplet sets to incorporate the vibrational contribution into the configurational energy of formation for the randomly mixed system. The free energies calculated using this approximation are shown to resolve lingering disagreement between reported theoretical and experimental results, and the stabilizing effect of vibrational entropy is observed to improve theoretical predictions of the Mo-Ru phase diagram.
Fish and shellfish poisoning.

Objective To review history, biology, and medical aspects associated with fish and shellfish poisoning. Data sources Current literature, various Web sites, and Halstead's Volume II of Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals. Study selection Determined by author. Data selection Determined by author. Data synthesis Fish and shellfish poisoning occur through the natural event of the food chain. Fish and shellfish consume algae that contain toxin-producing dinoflagellates. As a result they become contaminated and the toxin is concentrated as it moves up the food chain. Fish and shellfish can tolerate high levels of toxins, thereby appearing healthy while posing a significant danger to man. The toxin cannot be detected by sight, smell, or taste and is not destroyed by cooking or freezing. Thus man becomes an unsuspecting victim. There are several types of poisoning that occur through fish and shellfish consumption. They are ciguatera and scombroid fish poisoning; and paralytic, diarrheic, neurotoxic, and amnesic shellfish poisoning. A different toxin produces each of these poisonings; however, sources and symptoms may be similar among these poisonings making them difficult to diagnose. These intoxications can vary in severity from mild to fatal depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested. Age and underlying illnesses may also contribute to the outcome of these poisonings. Conclusion Though people are aware of health warnings and may think they are important, it is human nature to think that "this could not possibly happen to me". Therefore, they fail to make the necessary changes required to reduce the incidence of fish and shellfish poisoning.
116th Annual Meeting, Medical Library Association, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada, May 15-20, 2015.

This is a correction to the original article. For information about the changes made, please see the correction: DOI: dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.202.
Polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether profiles in serum from cattle, sheep, and goats across California

It has been previously been shown by our lab and others that persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are contaminants in milk produced for human consumption. To further this research we determined the concentration of 21 PCB and 14 PBDE congeners in livestock serum, mainly bovine, across California. Congeners were extracted from serum using solid phase extraction (SPE), cleaned up by silica cartridge and quantified using gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. We detected significant differences among species and the production class of cattle (beef or dairy). The sum of all 21 PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) in caprine and ovine sera had a mean value of 9.26 and 9.13 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3.98 ng/mL in bovine sera. The mean value for the sum of all 14 PBDE congeners (ΣPBDEs) in caprine and ovine sera was 2.82 and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 0.91 ng/mL in bovine sera. Mean ΣPCBs in dairy cattle was 5.92 ng/mL compared to 2.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. Mean ΣPBDEs in dairy cattle was 1.33 ng/mL compared to 0.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. There were no regional differences in the ΣPCBs or ΣPBDEs in cattle distributed across California. These results highlight the fact that livestock are still being exposed to these pollutants yet little is known about where this exposure may be coming from.
Method to Increase Undergraduate Laboratory Student Confidence in Performing Independent Research.

The goal of an undergraduate laboratory course should be not only to introduce the students to biology methodologies and techniques, but also to teach them independent analytical thinking skills and proper experiment design. This is especially true for advanced biology laboratory courses that undergraduate students typically take as a junior or senior in college. Many courses achieve the goal of teaching techniques, but fail to approach the larger goal of teaching critical thinking, experimental design, and student independence. Here we describe a study examining the application of the scaffolding instructional philosophy in which students are taught molecular techniques with decreasing guidance to force the development of analytical thinking skills and prepare undergraduate students for independent laboratory research. This method was applied to our advanced molecular biology laboratory class and resulted in an increase of confidence among the undergraduate students in their abilities to perform independent research.
Empowering leadership and team creativity: The roles of team learning behavior, team creative efficacy, and team task complexity

Building on and extending Amabile’s (1983, 1996) componential theory of creativity and Amabile and Pratt’s (2016) dynamic componential theory of creativity, we developed and tested a theoretical model that links empowering leadership with team creativity through the mediating effects of team learning behavior and team creative efficacy. Using three-wave time lagged data from 102 research and development teams across three large information technology companies, we found that empowering leadership positively influenced team creativity through the full mediations of team learning behavior and team creative efficacy. In addition, moderated path analysis indicated that team task complexity strengthened the direct effect of empowering leadership on team learning behavior and team creative efficacy, and its indirect effect on team creativity.
Investigation of a scalable phoswich crystal design for a TOF-DOI PET detector

We are developing a phoswich PET detector capable of measuring both 511 keV photon time-of-fight (TOF) and depth-ofinteraction (DOI). In our previous work, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of using time-over-threshold (ToT) for pulse shape discrimination in a two-layer TOF phoswich detector. However, in that work, the LSO:Ce,Ca (calcium co-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate) crystals used to construct the phoswich detectors and the polished surface treatment of the crystals may not be realistic for scaling to a full clinical PET system. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the DOI and timing performance of two-layer phoswich detectors made of commercially manufacturable, non-polished (as-cut and chemically etched) LSO-only crystals. Eight two-layer phoswich detector configurations comprising a mixture of combinations of 2 LSO crystal types (fast and slow decay time, both 3.2 × 3.2 × 10 mm3), 2 surface treatments (as-cut and etched) and 2 orientations (fast crystal coupled to SiPM and slow crystal coupled to SiPM) were tested. Two different types of pulse shape discrimination, ToT and pulse integral, to identify hits in the two phoswich layers were used. The relative layer separation accuracy for the ToT spectra was 5%-24% better than for the pulse integral spectra. To evaluate the effect of DOI measurement on coincidence timing performance, layer separation was performed with pulse integral except for the detector configurations that could not be separated by pulse integral, for which ToT was used. The coincidence timing resolution (CTR) improved by 2%-20% with DOI measurement, depending on the surface treatment. A CTR of ≈200 ps FWHM was achieved for all phoswich detector configurations. Phoswich detectors made of fast (as-cut) and slow (etched) crystals with the slow crystal coupled to SiPM showed the largest layer separation (with a figure of merit ranges from 0.8 to 1.1) among the phoswich detector configurations studied in this work.
EFFECT OF PREHEATING TIME ON THE INACTIVATION OF PHOSPHATASE IN MILK

The authors consider the incongruities encountered when the phosphatase test is applied to milk and offer a practical mathematical solution for some of them. Experiments are described wherein it was possible to evaluate the individual effects of the preheating, holding and cooling segments of the heating (pasteurizing) curve on the inactivation of phosphatase in milk. Thus experimental data were obtained that satisfied the requirements of the mathematical equations used currently in the food canning industry to calculate the total lethal heat effect of a process. The authors report that when one minute preheating time with straight line heating is used, it will contribute 0.40 percent and 29.91 percent of the total lethal heat respectively when the holding temperatures are 146.3° F and. 163.4° F.
History-Based Throttling of Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack has been identified as one of the most serious threats to Internet services. The attack denies service to legitimate users by flooding and consuming network resources of the target server. We propose a distributed defense mechanism that filters out malicious traffic and allows significant legitimate traffic during an actual attack. We investigate the features of network traffic that can be used to do such filtration and describe a history-based profiling algorithm to identify legitimate traffic. We use Bloom filters to efficiently implement the history-based profile model, which serves to reduce the communication and computation costs. To further improve communication and computation costs, we describe two optimizations: (a) using only three octets of the IP address to generate the history profile, and (b) a data structure called Compacted Bloom Filter, which is a modified version of a regular Bloom filter. We use these notions as building blocks to describe a distributed framework called Collaborative Filtering for filtering attack traffic as far away as possible from the target server. The proposed techniques identify a set of nodes that are best suited for filtering attack traffic, and places the Bloom filters in these locations. The approach is evaluated on different real-world data sets from Auckland University, CAIDA, and Colorado State University. Under different experimental settings, we demonstrate that 70–95% attack traffic can be filtered by our approach while allowing the flow of a similar percentage of legitimate traffic.
Multimaterial actinic spatial control 3D and 4D printing

Production of objects with varied mechanical properties is challenging for current manufacturing methods. Additive manufacturing could make these multimaterial objects possible, but methods able to achieve multimaterial control along all three axes of printing are limited. Here we report a multi-wavelength method of vat photopolymerization that provides chemoselective wavelength-control over material composition utilizing multimaterial actinic spatial control (MASC) during additive manufacturing. The multicomponent photoresins include acrylate- and epoxide-based monomers with corresponding radical and cationic initiators. Under long wavelength (visible) irradiation, preferential curing of acrylate components is observed. Under short wavelength (UV) irradiation, a combination of acrylate and epoxide components are incorporated. This enables production of multimaterial parts containing stiff epoxide networks contrasted against soft hydrogels and organogels. Variation in MASC formulation drastically changes the mechanical properties of printed samples. Samples printed using different MASC formulations have spatially-controlled chemical heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy, and spatially-controlled swelling that facilitates 4D printing. Objects with varied mechanical properties can be produced by additive manufacturing, but multimaterial control along all three axes of printing is still limited. Here the authors use wavelength control during vat polymerization and demonstrate printing of objects with spatial control of the composition and stiffness.
Image sharpening by holography.

Greatly sharpened images may be extracted from photographs which have been blurred either by accident or by unsurmountable instrumental imperfections. In simple words, it has recently become truly possible to turn a bad photograph into a good image in a great number of situations, including cases when photographs were blurred by motion, imperfect focus,atmospheric turbulence and by instrumental defects(including aberrations) among other causes.
Elevated Central and Mixed Apnea Index after Upper Airway Stimulation

ObjectiveUpper airway stimulation (UAS) is used to treat patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study is to report the incidence and potential predictors of...
King, Fuller and Dworkin on Natural Law and Hard Cases

Abstract. The debate between natural law and positivist law has been received much attention. Ronald Dworkin exposes the limitation of positivist law through the argument of hard cases. This argument is furthered strengthened when we apply the interpretation of Martin Luther King Jr and the voluntarist natural law tradition, and Lon Fuller’s ‘procedural view’ and the application of the ‘principles of legality’. Keywords. Natural Law, Positivist Law, Hard Cases, Ronald Dworkin, Lon Fuller, Martin Luther King Jr. JEL. B40, K1, K4, K40, L6, M10, P00, P16, Z12, Z18.
Measurement of CO 2 and Ultrasonic Vibration Based on Tunable Fiber Ring Laser

In this paper, we propose a method to simultaneously measure carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and ultrasonic vibration using fiber sensors with a tunable fiber ring laser based on a loop design. The in-line interferometric vibration sensor consists of a single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure and detects continuous dynamic vibrations through intensity demodulation. The evanescent wave absorption based CO2 sensor is composed of a no-core fiber coated with silica derived from tetraethylorthosilicate. The fiber ring laser output is tuned to the CO2 absorption wavelength of 1574.6 nm, which also best matches the quadrature bias point of the vibration sensor. The vibration frequency signals from 10 Hz to 50 kHz, and fast detection of CO2 concentrations from 10% to 100% are experimentally demonstrated. The proposed hybrid sensor system is a promising method for monitoring the gas pipelines operating state, gas turbines, nuclear power plants, and automotive engines, where both vibration and CO2 concentration measurements are essential.
L2 learners' language attitudes and their assessment

This article describes the development of a new questionnaire for assessing L2 learners' language attitudes. Drawing on theoretical work in the fields of social psychology and applied linguistics, the author reviewed the concept of (language) attitudes and contrasted them with the concept of (language) motivation. This thorough literature review, including an examination of the currently available instruments, resulted in the generation of question items for the new questionnaire. The empirical part of the project consisted of data collection and analyses to establish the internal structure of the proposed instrument and to assess its reliability. The new Language Attitudes Questionnaire for Language Learners was found psychometrically sound and easily interpretable
On the Effects of Automation Technologies and Increasing Market Concentration to the Labor Share

Automation technologies displace human labor from various production processes, but they also reinstate labor by creating new tasks. These perpetual developments create changes in the task content performed by human labor. (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019) provide a methodology to measure these changes in task content in industry level. In this article, I first drop the competitive market assumption that is present in their methodology and factor out markup effects from their measurement of change in task content. I find that the observed decrease in labor share is due to the combination of markup effect and change in task content. Moreover, I use this methodology to obtain firm level measures of change in task content and analyze its effect on profits and firm size. I find that profits are increasing with technologies that displace human labor. By further decomposing displacement and reinstatement effects from the change in task content of production, I find that firm size measured as sales increase with displacement. There is no significant effect of displacement or reinstatement when firm size is measured as number of employees. However, controlling for firm sale changes in the regressions regarding number of employees reveal that firms that displaced more labor shrank with respect to their number of employees.
Are Human Beings Apes, or are Apes People too?

We do not know how many genes mark levels of separation among apes and people; we cannot discretely recognize their phenotypic expressions; and they probably are not of equal value to sort apes from people and apes from other apes. Until the developmental and functional biology of our genomes are much better understood (Naylor and Brown, 1998; Hamdi et al., 1999), I recommend a measure of dispassionate conservatism among colleagues who would resolve puzzles regarding our bushy phylogeny and the largely uncharted lineages of extant apes. Estimates of the number of genes in the human genome and presumably also in those of chimpanzees and other great apes range between 30,000 and 150,000 (Venter et al., 2001; Claverie, 2001; Cohen, 1997; Fields et al., 1994; Hattori et al., 2000; O’Brien et al., 1999; Reeves, 2000). Accordingly, if humans and chimpanzees share 98.4% of their genes, between 480 and 2400 of them could be different. However, if Britten (2002) is correct that the overall difference is 5%, then there are 1500–7500 different genes. And if the human-chimpanzee difference in DNA is has been underestimated “possibly by more than a factor of 2” (Britten et al., 2003, p. 4664), the difference could be more than 3000– 15,000 genes. Currently, we are poorly equipped to state how many of these genes, in what combinations, and how interacting with the several preand postpartum environments that shape organisms throughout their careers might be determinate in gauging the distances among them following furcation of the human lineage, whether it be from a dichotomy of humans and chimpanzee/bonobos (Bailey et al., 1992; Diamond, 1988; Horai et al., 1995; Ruvolo, 1996; Goodman et al., 1998), a tritomy of African apes and humans (Marks, 1995; Deinard and Kidd, 1999; Samollow et al., 1996; Rogers, 1994), or a polytomy that also included extinct collateral lineages for which there is no genetic material (Corruccini, 1994).
Studying longitudinal trajectories in animal models of psychiatric illness and their translation to the human condition

Many forms of psychopathology and/or psychiatric illness can occur through the pathways of altered environmental sensitivity, impulsivity, social functioning, and anxious responding. While these traits are also heritable, environmental conditions are known to play a critical role. The genetic factors that contribute to these traits may be adaptive in certain contexts, but can - under the environmental conditions commonly faced among modern humans - also be key moderators of risk for psychopathological outcomes. This article will discuss how animal studies inform us of the various environmental mechanisms through which prenatal or early postnatal environmental challenge can produce long-term effects on behavior and will briefly address how pre-copulatory, pre-natal and early postnatal epigenetic effects can contribute to persistent alterations in offspring behavior. Its main focus will be how nonhuman primate studies have helped us to understand how genetic vulnerability factors can moderate responses to early environmental factors, suggesting pathways through which early stress might produce long-term effects, thus pointing to systems that might moderate risk for psychiatric illnesses in humans.
Formation of double-layered ejecta craters on Mars: A glacial substrate model

[1] A class of Martian impact craters with particularly unusual ejecta characteristics (double-layered ejecta (DLE) craters) are preferentially located in the midlatitudes in both hemispheres of Mars. Unlike today, decameters thick deposits of snow and ice occupied these same latitudes for significant periods during the Amazonian period. We assess the hypothesis that the unusual double-layer morphology could be related to impact into a snow and ice glacial substrate followed by landsliding of ejecta off of the structurally uplifted rim. We find that many characteristics of DLE craters (e.g., latitudinal distribution, lack of secondaries, landslide-like textures, evidence for overthrusting, relation to other crater types, etc.) are consistent with such an origin.
DNA2DNA computations: A potential “killer app”?

Ever since Adleman's seminal paper [1] there has been a flood of ideas on how one could use DNA to compute. Lipton was the first to show that DNA could be used to solve more than just a variation of the famous travelling salesman problem [12]. Since then there have been many other papers on using DNA to solve various computational problems. [3,5,4,6,7,15] At the top level all these papers are. similar: they all at tempt to use DNA computation to solve some large search problem. Since a liter of water can hold 10 2-" bases of DNA, there is the possibility that one can outperform electronic machines. However, this is currently problematic. There are several reasons for this. First, electronic machines are very fast; moreover, they are getting faster every day. Second, there are many models of how to do DNA computations. Yet, it is unclear if any of these models wilt be practical. The problem is mainly that DNA technology is not perfect. DNA operations are not error free. Finally, there is the lack of a killer app. A killer app is an application that fits the DNA model; cannot be solved by the current or even future electronic machines; and is important. The latter is critical: to be a killer app the problem must be one for which people are willing to "pay money" for solutions. To date there are no viable candidates for the killer app. We propose a new way to use DNA computations. This way allows us to use DNA computations to solve important and potentially killer applications. The potential applications include: (1) DNA sequencing; (2) DNA fingerprinting; (3) DNA mutation detection or population screening; (~) Other fundamental operations on DNA. The key new idea is to use DNA computat ion to operate on unknown pieces of DNA. This is a fundamental change in the way that we use DNA computation. We call these DNA~-DNA computations: DNA to DNA computations. This idea was first proposed in [8] and called "analog" DNA computations there. The key idea is the following. Suppose that one has a test tube that contains multiple copies of some unknown strand X of DNA, By unknown we mean that we do not known
Design and preliminary accuracy studies of an MRI-guided transrectal prostate intervention system

This paper reports a novel system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided transrectal prostate interventions, such as needle biopsy, fiducial marker placement, and therapy delivery. The system utilizes a hybrid tracking method, comprised of passive fiducial tracking for initial registration and subsequent incremental motion measurement along the degrees of freedom using fiber-optical encoders and mechanical scales. Targeting accuracy of the system is evaluated in prostate phantom experiments. Achieved targeting accuracy and procedure times were found to compare favorably with existing systems using passive and active tracking methods. Moreover, the portable design of the system using only standard MRI image sequences and minimal custom scanner interfacing allows the system to be easily used on different MRI scanners.
Anthrax protective antigen interacts with a specific receptor on the surface of CHO-K1 cells.

Abstract The interaction of protective antigen (PA), a component of the anthrax toxin, with receptors on the Chinese hamster ovary cell line CHO-K1 was characterized. Protective antigen binding at 4 degrees C is highly specific, concentration dependent, saturable (Kd = 0.9 nM), and reversible. Scatchard analysis indicates the presence of a single class of PA binding sites at a concentration of 10,000 +/- 2,000 per cell. Pretreatment of cells with a number of different proteases strongly inhibits PA binding, suggesting that the receptor may be at least partially proteinaceous. Direct chemical cross-linking of radioiodinated PA to the cell surface results in the appearance of a major band exhibiting an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The appearance of this band is completely inhibited by a 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled PA, indicating a high specificity for this interaction. Our results suggest that a cell surface protein(s) of 85 to 90 kDa is, or constitutes a portion of, a specific receptor for the PA.
La derrota de/protagonista de la búsqueda. (Unamuno: "Diario íntimo" de 1897)

ABSTRACT: The Diary of 1897, acknowledged testimony of Don Miguel's authentic effort to recover the Catholic faith and of his final failure, didn't seem to contribute to an explanation of his definitive insertion into Christian culture despite his insatisfaction with Christian churches and theologies, nor of his agonic postulation of the "will to believe". Having been responsible for the discovery of this spiritual autobiography ancl for having underscored the anthropological value of the "will to believe", we advance a re-reading which, by avoiding a hasty tabulation of his ideas alongside systematic definitions, tries to understand his human experience because otherwise it isn't possible to evaluate properly formulations born from that experience. Taken into consideration the apparent factors of the failure, the unquestionable authenticity of Unamuno's personal response looms clearly within his historical circumstances and, challenging our present, even beyond them.
An Experimental Investigation on the Wake Flow Characteristics of Tandem Flapping Wings

The use of tandem wings in flapping flight is considered a unique and interesting concept in the area of applied aerodynamics. Dragonflies using the tandem wing configuration have been observed to be some of the most agile and maneuverable predators in the animal kingdom. This leads us to further investigate the advantages of tandem wings and how their application in bio-mimetics can aid in the development of future nano air vehicles (NAVs). Using bio-inspired propulsion methods such as flapping wings, these micro-scaled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would be operating within the Reynolds number range of insects. For the current experimental study the wing spacing between tandem piezoelectric wings are varied to different values with respect to the chord length of the wings. A high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to quantify the time evolution of the unsteady wake vortex structures. The measurements were performed at wing spacing values of 0.15C, 0.5C, 1C, 1.5C and 2C between the fore-wing and the hind-wing for a chord Reynolds number of 1,000and a Strouhal Number (St) of 0.3.
Investigation of Generalized Relative Permeability Coefficients for Electrically Assisted Oil Recovery in Oil Formations

Evaluation of relative permeability coefficients is one of the key steps in reliable simulation of two-phase flow in porous media. An extensive body of work exists on evaluation of these coefficients for two-phase flow under pressure gradient. Oil transport under an applied electrical gradient in porous media is also governed by the principles of two-phase flow, but is less understood. In this paper, relative permeability coefficients under applied electric field are evaluated for a specific case of two- phase fluid flow in water-wet porous media, where the second fluid phase is oil. It is postulated that the viscous drag on the oil phase, exerted by the electro-osmotic flow of the water phase, is responsible for the transport of oil in the absence of a pressure gradient. Reliable prediction of the flow patterns necessitates accurate representation and determination of the relative permeability coefficients under the electrical gradient. The contribution of each phase to the flow is represented mathematically, and the relative permeability coefficients are evaluated through electro-osmotic flow measurements conducted on oil bearing rock cores.
Direct renaturation of the dodecyl sulfate complexes of proteins with triton X-100

Abstract A simple procedure is described for renaturing dodecyl sulfate-unfolded enzymes. The method involves the direct addition of a large molar excess of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 to protein-dodecyl sulfate complexes either in solution or as a band on a polyacrylamide gel. The cytoplasmic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase have been renatured by this protocol. On the other hand, no recovery of activity was found with the mitochondrial isoenzyme of malate dehydrogenase or the mitochondrial enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase or fumarase. Possible implications of the differences in the ability of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes to renature under these conditions are discussed in terms of their biosynthesis.
Remonstrant-Counter-Remonstrant Debates: Crafting a Principled Defense of Toleration after the Synod of Dordrecht (1619–1650)

The debate about toleration occasioned by the condemnation, exile and later return of the Remonstrant leaders during and after the Truce in the Dutch Revolt has often been noted but not examined in detail. Based on the plethora of pamphlets and tracts for and against toleration that these years produced, this article analyzes the arguments and motivations for religious coexistence and freedom of conscience formulated by Simon Episcopius, Johannes Uytenbogaert, and other Remonstrants, in constant polemic interaction with their Contra-Remonstrant opponents. In the course of the debate the Erastian role of the magistrate was hollowed out and the importance of religious inclusion emphasized, but with the understanding that absent a reconciliation with their Gomarist counterparts, the pluriform reality existing within the Dutch Republic should be maintained and safeguarded. Accused of a sectarianism incongruent with their former position, the Remonstrant protagonists were compelled to develop a principled defense of their request for the free practice of their faith as well as of their refusal to tolerate the intolerant. Accused of licentiousness, they reluctantly formulated their own restrictive creedal formula. They presented the unmolested presence in the Republic of various sects as an enriching rather than a nefarious situation, rejected dogmatism and the monopolizing of truth, and argued plausibly that the freedom of conscience guaranteed by the 1579 Union of Utrecht is meaningless unless it include the freedom to practice one's faith.
Examining Moderators of Signature Strengths Use and Well-being: Calling and Signature Strengths Level

This study examined the relation between signature strengths use and satisfaction with a sample of diverse undergraduate students. We measured strengths use and satisfaction in both the life and academic domains and identified two possible moderators of this relation: the level of one’s signature strengths and the presence of calling. Results revealed a three way interaction between signature strengths use, signature strengths level, and calling in the prediction of life satisfaction and a two way interaction between signature strengths use and calling in the prediction of academic satisfaction. Contrary to our hypotheses, people low in calling and high in signature strengths level showed the strongest relation between signature strengths use and life satisfaction. For the academic domain, participants low in calling showed the strongest relation between strengths use and academic satisfaction but those high in calling still benefited from using their strengths. Implications for future research and limitations of the study are discussed.
The pattern of hammer speed during a hammer throw and influence of gravity on its fluctuations

Hammer speed at release is one of the most important factors contributing to the distance of a hammer throw. Hammer speed follows a generally increasing trend during the throw, with one fluctuation per turn. The purpose of the present paper was to quantify the influence of gravity on the speed fluctuations. Eight experienced hammer throwers were studied with three-dimensional filming methods. Instantaneous values of hammer velocity and speed were calculated from the film data. The rate of change of hammer speed due to the tangential component of gravity was computed, and integrated to calculate the accumulated contribution of gravity to hammer speed at all instants of the throw. These values were subtracted from the corresponding values of hammer speed. The amplitude of the fluctuations was reduced in the corrected speed functions, indicating a contribution of gravity to the original fluctuations. However, the fluctuations were still clearly present in the corrected speed functions, indicating the existence of other causal factors.
Agency and trust mechanisms in consumer satisfaction and loyalty judgments

The authors propose a framework for understanding key mechanisms that shape satisfaction in individual encounters, and loyalty across ongoing exchanges. In particular, the framework draws together two distinct approaches: (1) agency theory, rooted in the economic approach, that views relational exchanges as encounters between principals (consumers) and agents (service providers) and (2) trust research that adopts a psychological approach toward consumer-provider relationships. In so doing, the authors specify how trust mechanisms cooperate and compete with agency mechanisms to affect satisfaction in individual encounters and influence loyalty in the long run. Because a multidimensional conceptualization of trust is used, the hypothesized framework offers a fine-grained understanding of the interrelated mechanisms. The high level of specificity allows extraction of multiple propositions, facilitates empirical testing, and encourages theoretical development of the proposed model. Several directions to guide future research are provided.
A partition on a Bernoulli shift which is not weakly Bernoulli

In an attempt to further classifyK-automorphism D. Ornstein suggested (orally) a stronger mixing property calledweak Bernoulli (together with N. Friedman he proved that if a generator has this property then the transformation is isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift). I show that in a Bernoulli shift there is a partition which is not weak Bernoulli. I use the following theorem: The shift on a regular stationary Gaussian process is isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift.
Recovery of absolute threshold with UVA-induced retinal damage

A within-trial psychophysical procedure tracked the initial loss and subsequent recovery of visual thresholds in albino rats exposed to ultraviolet light at 350 nanometers and 0.4 milliwatts per square centimeter. Absolute thresholds increased up to 5 log units immediately following the 15 hour ultraviolet exposure, with a daily recovery of 1-2 log to asymptotic thresholds over a 7-day post-exposure period. The corresponding retinal damage on Day 1 included extensive vesiculation of the photoreceptor outer segments, vacuolation of the inner segments, and pyknosis of cell nuclei. The total number of photoreceptor nuclei and outer segments was unchanged relative to control eyes through post-exposure Day 3. Both nuclei and outer segment counts then consistently decreased 15-20 percent between Days 3-7. The two-stage loss of photoreceptors but daily recovery of absolute thresholds again suggests a significant dissociation of retinal structure and psychophysical function in light-induced ocular pathology.
Drug discovery and drug metabolism

The decision as to which chemical entity should progress to development as a drug candidate has, in the past, been based on relatively expensive preclinical efficacy and safety studies that have been performed in animals. This review presents a proposal to improve the efficiency of human drug development and increase the ‘hit rate’ of clinical candidates. The proposal is based on the concept that human drug metabolism strategies established early on in the drug development/drug discovery paradigm could lead to untenable candidates being discarded at an early stage in the drug development process. This strategy would tend to reduce costs and provide greater focus on those agents more likely to be successful as drug candidates.