cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A correlated thin‐section and freeze‐fracture analysis of guinea pig adrenocortical cells

Comparison of the fine structural features of guinea pig adrenocortical cells as seen in thin sections with those revealed by freeze-fracture confirms the structural appearance of steroid-secreting cells as interpreted from thin sections and reveals significant new features of the membranous organelles. Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum appears as a network of tubules, interwoven or in parallel, and as cisternae, fenestrated and non-fenestrated. These elements are tightly packed in the deeper cortical cells, excluding other organelles from their domain. Tubules and fenestrated cisternae possess randomly distributed intramembranous particles on their PF faces, while closely packed non-fenestrated cisternae possess aggregates of particles interspersed with aparticulate regions on their PF faces. These differences in particle distribution suggest functional specialization among the various forms of reticulum. Mitochondria appear as elongated structures of varying shape. Freeze-fracture reveals that all their cristae have circular origins from the inner membrane. Sinuous tubules, which appear as tubules in section, and straight tubules, which appear as lamellae in section, arise from single sites. Flattened sac-like cristae may have multiple circular origins. Definite contact points seen between inner and outer membranes may facilitate passage of molecules, including steroids, into the mitochondrial compartments. Lysosomes and peroxisomes, which are easily identified in thin sections with the aid of cytochemistry, are difficult to identify with certainty by freeze-fracture. Single membrane-bound granules of slightly smaller diameter than mitochondria may represent lysosomes. Smaller granules interconnected with the tubular reticulum, as well as dilated regions of this organelle, may represent peroxisomes. Plasma membranes show no indication of tight junctions but do have abundant gap junctions which show a zonal differentiation: small gap junctions throughout the cortex, medium-sized regularly shaped gap junctions in zona fasciculata externa, and large irregular gap junctions in zona fasciculata interna and zona reticularis. The large junctions cover planar areas as well as surfaces of projections of one cell into another. Such junctions may allow passage of ions as well as of low-molecular-weight substances between the cells, facilitating or even amplifying the response to trophic hormone stimulation.
Identification of Novel Targets for miR-29a Using miRNA Proteomics

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNA molecules that interfere with the expression of target mRNA by binding to complementary sequences. Currently, the most common method for identification of targets of miRNAs is computational prediction based on free energy change calculations, target site accessibility and conservation. Such algorithms predict hundreds of targets for each miRNA, necessitating tedious experimentation to identify the few functional targets. Here we explore the utility of miRNA-proteomics as an approach to identifying functional miRNA targets. We used Stable Isotope Labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) based proteomics to detect differences in protein expression induced by the over-expression of miR-34a and miR-29a. Over-expression of miR-29a, a miRNA expressed in the brain and in cells of the blood lineage, resulted in the differential expression of a set of proteins. Gene Ontology based classification showed that a significant sub-set of these targets, including Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 1 and 2 (VDAC1 and VDAC2) and ATP synthetase, were mitochondrial proteins involved in apoptosis. Using reporter assays, we established that miR-29a targets the 3′ Untranslated Regions (3′ UTR) of VDAC1 and VDAC2. However, due to the limited number of proteins identified using this approach and the inability to differentiate between primary and secondary effects we conclude that miRNA-proteomics is of limited utility as a high-throughput alternative for sensitive and unbiased miRNA target identification. However, this approach was valuable for rapid assessment of the impact of the miRNAs on the cellular proteome and its biological role in apoptosis.
Estradiol treatment fails to affect the feeding responses to melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonism or antagonism in ovariectomized rats.

Abstract The involvement of the hypothalamic melanocortin-3 and -4 (MC3/4) receptors system in the inhibitory actions of estradiol (E2) on feeding was investigated. Ovariectomized Long–Evans rats with lateral ventricular (LICV) injection cannulae were maintained on a near-physiological, cyclic schedule of E2 treatment. LICV injections of 0.5 nmol of the MC3/4 agonist MTII decreased feeding, and LICV injections of the MC3/4 antagonists SHU9119 (12.5–500 pmol) and AgRP (1.0 nmol) stimulated feeding. None of these effects was affected by E2 treatment. Thus, hypothalamic MC3/4 receptors play a physiological role in the control of feeding in female rats as in males but do not mediate E2’s feeding effects during the ovarian cycle.
Fracture toughness of brittle foams

Abstract Existing models for the fracture toughness of brittle cellular materials have two limitations: the crack is assumed to be large relative to the cell size and the modulus of rupture of the cell wall material is assumed to be constant. In the previous companion paper, we reanalyzed the fracture toughness using a finite element analysis for short cracks and assuming that the modulus of rupture of the cell wall material followed a Weibull distribution. The finite element analysis gave a reduction factor for the effective fracture toughness for short cracks which was independent of the cell geometry. The Weibull analysis showed that the effect of cell size on the fracture toughness of brittle honeycombs is dependent upon the Weibull modulus of the cell wall material. We now apply similar ideas to the analysis of the fracture toughness of brittle foams.
An investigation of the dynamic switching properties of 4-layer diodes

The voltage-current relation for 4-layer diodes has been described in the literature and is characterized by regions of high and low positive resistance separated by a region of negative resistance.1,2 The transition between high positive resistance and negative resistance occurs at a potential designated as the breakover or firing potential, Vb. This breakover potential is normally specified in terms of static (d-c) or low-frequency sinusoidal measurements but is, however, a variable dependent on the waveform of the applied voltage. The purpose of this paper is to present experimental data on the variation of breakover potential for various types of applied voltage waveforms, and to give a qualitative explanation of this variation in terms of the breakover process of the 4-layer diode.
TRAM: Optimizing Fine-Grained Communication with Topological Routing and Aggregation of Messages

Fine-grained communication in supercomputing applications often limits performance through high communication overhead and poor utilization of network bandwidth. This paper presents Topological Routing and Aggregation Module (TRAM), a library that optimizes fine-grained communication performance by routing and dynamically combining short messages. TRAM collects units of fine-grained communication from the application and combines them into aggregated messages with a common intermediate destination. It routes these messages along a virtual mesh topology mapped onto the physical topology of the network. TRAM improves network bandwidth utilization and reduces communication overhead. It is particularly effective in optimizing patterns with global communication and large message counts, such as all-to-all and many-to-many, as well as sparse, irregular, dynamic or data dependent patterns. We demonstrate how TRAM improves performance through theoretical analysis and experimental verification using benchmarks and scientific applications. We present speedups on petascale systems of 6x for communication benchmarks and up to 4x for applications.
An Indirect Effects Model of the Association Between Poverty and Child Functioning: The Role of Children's Poverty-Related Stress

The authors tested a theoretical model positing that poverty has an indirect effect on child and adolescent functioning through children's poverty-related stress. Path analyses with a multiethnic sample of 164 children aged 6 to 18 revealed that the stress associated with poverty, such as economic strain, family conflict, violence/trauma, and discrimination, is an important component of the experience of poverty for children. Poverty-related stress was associated with a wide range of correlates, including internalizing and externalizing syndromes, DSM-IV diagnostic symptoms, physical health, and deviant behavior such as pregnancy, legal problems, substance abuse, and school dropout. Most models fit equally well for adolescents and preadolescents, suggesting that poverty is stressful for children as young as 6. African American children's functioning was less strongly associated with poverty-related stress than was the functioning of Hispanic and Caucasian children. Implications of poverty-related stress a...
Uterine Electromyography and Light-Induced Fluorescence in the Management of Term and Preterm Labor

Understanding the physiology of the uterus and cervix during term and preterm parturition is crucial for developing methods to control their function and is essential to solving clinical problems related to labor. To date, only crude, inaccurate, and subjective methods are used to assess changes in uterine and cervical function in pregnancy. In the past several years, we have developed noninvasive methods to quantitatively evaluate the uterus and cervix based on recording of uterine electrical signals from the abdominal surface (uterine electromyography) and measurement of light-induced fluorescence (LIF) of cervical collagen (Collascope), respectively. Both methods are rapid and allow immediate assessment of uterine contractility and cervical ripening. Studies in animals and humans indicated that uterine and cervical performance can be monitored successfully during pregnancy using those approaches and that these techniques can be used during labor to better define management in a variety of conditions associated with labor. The potential benefits of the proposed instrumentation and methods include reducing the rate of preterm delivery, improving maternal and perinatal outcome, monitoring treatment, decreasing cesarean rate and providing research methods to understand uterine and cervical function.
Reality Negotiation: Governing One's Self and Being Governed by Others:

Self-theories are posited along 2 related cognitive dimensions. First, the valence of an act varies from negative to positive. Second, the linkage to an act reflects the degree (ranging from none t...
Correlation of blend and pure component viscosities

An equation for the viscosity of single-phase blends is derived by considering the fractions of the various kinds of bonds. For binary blends a quadratic term in viscosity is associated with unlike interactions in the melt. Both negative and positive deviations from the logarithmic rule of mixtures are possible. These deviations need not be connected to specific interactions. An extremum can occur and conditions for this are examined. In principle either an absolute maximum or an absolute minimum can occur. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 455–456, 2002
Mutual information in the frequency domain

Coefficients of mutual information (MI) can provide powerful extensions of classical coefficients of correlation. In particular, they have the property of vanishing if and only if the components involved are statistically independent of each other. This characteristic can prove useful in preparatory work to model building. In this article a frequency domain variant of MI is developed and studied for bivariate stationary time series. As a scientific example an ambient seismic noise data set is studied and a lack of independence of the components inferred. The character of the dependence of the MI on frequency may be used to suggest the nature of the statistical dependence.
Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in women athletes during training and competition.

Training and competitive epinephrine and norepinephrine levels and proportions were compared in two groups of women athletes to determine whether changes in catecholamine excretion reflect the added mental stress of athletic competition on physical effort. An intercollegiate basketball team and a group of track and field athletes volunteered as subjects. Competitive epinephrine urinary levels were significantly (P<0.01) higher than training levels. A concomitant rise in the norepinephrine with an increase in physical effort was observed in both groups of athletes following training sessions as well as after athletic competition. Track and field athletes trying to qualify for an international team exhibited significantly (P<0.01) higher epinephrine levels than the team members; thus suggesting that anticipation of competiton imposes a mental stress on an athlete. Constant changes in the catecholamine pattern as against a normal work load have yet to be established.
Blood pressure modulation by central venous pressure and respiration. Buffering effects of the heart rate reflexes.

BACKGROUNDDespite constant fluctuations in cardiac preload caused by the effects of respiration and changes in posture on venous return to the heart, arterial blood pressure remains remarkably constant. The effects of instantaneous lung volume (ILV) and variations of central venous pressure (CVP) on blood pressure (BP) were studied by use of frequency domain techniques to quantify the contribution of heart rate (HR) reflexes to attenuation of the effects of changes in right ventricular preload on arterial pressure.METHODS AND RESULTSRandom independent variation of ILV, then CVP (obtained using lower-body negative pressure), was performed in eight humans in the supine position. HR, ILV, CVP, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BPs were recorded during control periods and after complete blockade obtained by use of 0.04 mg/kg atropine and 0.2 mg/kg propranolol. A frequency-domain analysis was performed on pairwise relations by the cross-spectral technique. During autonomic blockade, fluctuations in CVP we...
INHIBITION OF THE GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE SYSTEM BY N-BROMOACETYLETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHATE, A POTENTIAL AFFINITY LABEL FOR AUXILIARY PROTEINS

N-Bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate (BAEP) has been used previously as an affinity label to study the hexose phosphate binding sites of fructose-6-P, 2-kinase:fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase (Sakakibara et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14023–14028). We have employed this compound to probe components of the glucose-6-phosphatase system using a combination of time-dependent and immediate inhibition kinetic techniques. Inhibition of d-glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) phosphohydrolase activity of native microsomes was irreversible and time- and inhibitor-concentration-dependent. Only a partial time-dependent, irreversible inhibition of the PPi phosphohydrolase activity of native microsomes was observed. BAEP inhibited PPi:glucose phosphotransferase activity of native microsomes in a concentration-dependent, irreversible manner which was more extensive than that seen with PPi phosphohydrolase, but less extensive than was observed with G6P phosphohydrolase. Disruption of microsomal integrity by detergent-treatment either prior to incubation with BAEP or subsequent to preliminary incubation with BAEP but prior to assay for activity abolished the time-dependent inhibition. These irreversible, time- and concentration-dependent inhibitory actions of BAEP thus are manifest at a site or sites where the intact membrane-bound enzyme first makes contact with substrates G6P and PPi. An additional site of inhibition by BAEP, through relatively weak, reversible competitive inhibition at the active catalytic site, is indicated by classical steady-state kinetic analysis. The irreversible, time- and concentration-dependent inhibitions by BAEP seen with G6P and PPi as substrates strongly suggest the potential utility of radio-labeled BAEP as an affinity label for the identification and ultimate isolation and study of uncharacterized auxiliary components of the glucose 6-phosphatase system.
Binding water to a PEG-linked flexible bichromophore: IR spectra of diphenoxyethane-(H2O)n clusters, n = 2-4

The single-conformation infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopies of neutral 1,2-diphenoxyethane-(H2O)n clusters with n = 2-4 (labeled henceforth as 1:n) have been studied in a molecular beam using a combination of resonant two-photon ionization, IR-UV holeburning, and resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopies. Ground state RIDIR spectra in the OH and CH stretch regions were used to provide firm assignments for the structures of the clusters by comparing the experimental spectra with the predictions of calculations carried out at the density functional M05-2X/6-31+G(d) level of theory. At all sizes in this range, the water molecules form water clusters in which all water molecules engage in a single H-bonded network. Selective binding to the tgt monomer conformer of 1,2-diphenoxyethane (C6H5-O-CH2-CH2-O-C6H5, DPOE) occurs, since this conformer provides a binding pocket in which the two ether oxygens and two phenyl ring π clouds can be involved in stabilizing the water cluster. The 1:2 cluster incorporates a water dimer “chain” bound to DPOE much as it is in the 1:1 complex [E. G. Buchanan et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 1644 (2013)], with primary attachment via a double-donor water that bridges the ether oxygen of one phenoxy group and the π cloud of the other. Two conformers of the 1:3 cluster are observed and characterized, one that extends the water chain to a third molecule (1:3 chain) and the other incorporating a water trimer cycle (1:3 cycle). A cyclic water structure is also observed for the 1:4 cluster. These structural characterizations provide a necessary foundation for studies of the perturbations imposed on the two close-lying S1/S2 excited states of DPOE considered in the adjoining paper [P. S. Walsh et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 154304 (2015)].
Design challenges for sense amplifier and wireless link in high-density neural recording implants

In this paper we discuss the challenges in designing high-density biomedical neural implants. We discuss in more detail the constraints of the sense amplifier and the wireless link. Different techniques to design the front-end low-noise sense amplifier are discussed. We compare between different wireless designs and we show that trading off the transmitter power consumption and complexity with that of the external receiver will be mandatory to minimize the power dissipation and area of the implant.
Transport in a prism bounded by thermal reservoirs

A solution is presented for the steady-state transport in a prism containing fixed scattering centers, and bounded by walls of temperatures ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ having emissivity e. S-wave scattering, specular reflection, and Boltzmann statistics are assumed. Numerical results are obtained for the thermodynamic quantities over the full range of the Knudson number.
AFIT's laboratory test equipment to optimise the integrated avionics systems for polish military aircrafts

The paper has been intended to present research tools used at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) to activate and test hardware and software implemented in the integrated avionics systems. Particular attention has been paid to the research stand (built under the R&D project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education) intended to optimize avionics systems integrated with digital data buses employed (according to, among other things, MIL-1553B and ARINC-429 standards). Specialized research equipment/test devices used to test software, including - apart from other things - test-patterns generators (within the range of display capability of the secondary head-up display (SHUD)) and information efficiency testers (for the SHUD and up-front control panel (UFCP) thereof) have also been presented.
An assessment of calcite crystal growth mechanisms based on crystal size distributions

Abstract Calcite crystal growth experiments were undertaken to test a recently proposed model that relates crystal growth mechanisms to the shapes of crystal size distributions (CSDs). According to this approach, CSDs for minerals have three basic shapes: (1) asymptotic, which is related to a crystal growth mechanism having constant-rate nucleation accompanied by surface-controlled growth; (2) lognormal, which results from decaying-rate nucleation accompanied by surface-controlled growth; and (3) a theoretical, universal, steady-state curve attributed to Ostwald ripening. In addition, there is a fourth crystal growth mechanism that does not have a specific CSD shape, but which preserves the relative shapes of previously formed CSDs. This mechanism is attributed to supply-controlled growth. All three shapes were produced experimentally in the calcite growth experiments by modifying nucleation conditions and solution concentrations. The asymptotic CSD formed when additional reactants were added stepwise to the surface of solutions that were supersaturated with respect to calcite (initial Ω = 20, where Ω = 1 represents saturation), thereby leading to the continuous nucleation and growth of calcite crystals. Lognormal CSDs resulted when reactants were added continuously below the solution surface, via a submerged tube, to similarly supersaturated solutions (initial Ω = 22 to 41), thereby leading to a single nucleation event followed by surface-controlled growth. The Ostwald CSD resulted when concentrated reactants were rapidly mixed, leading initially to high levels of supersaturation (Ω >100), and to the formation and subsequent dissolution of very small nuclei, thereby yielding CSDs having small crystal size variances. The three CSD shapes likely were produced early in the crystallization process, in the nanometer crystal size range, and preserved during subsequent growth. Preservation of the relative shapes of the CSDs indicates that a supply-controlled growth mechanism was established and maintained during the constant-composition experiments. CSDs having shapes intermediate between lognormal and Ostwald also were generated by varying the initial levels of supersaturation (initial Ω = 28.2 to 69.2) in rapidly mixed solutions. Lognormal CSDs were observed for natural calcite crystals that are found in septarian concretions occurring in southeastern Colorado. Based on the model described above, these CSDs indicate initial growth by surface control, followed by supply-controlled growth. Thus, CSDs may be used to deduce crystal growth mechanisms from which geologic conditions early in the growth history of a mineral can be inferred. Conversely, CSD shape can be predicted during industrial crystallization by applying the appropriate conditions for a particular growth mechanism.
FORGING/FORMING SIMULATION STUDIES ON A UNIQUE, HIGH CAPACITY DEFORMATION SIMULATOR APPARATUS

Unique forging simulation equipment exists at CWRU that combines high load capacity (i.e., 110/220 kip) and the ability to test “large” specimens. In addition, loading rates, which span industrially relevant ranges (i.e., 0.004–120 in./sec) and the ability to provide single or multiple deformation sequences at desired strain levels/loading rates are possible, with data acquisition (e.g., load, displacement) at rates sufficient to capture the load history during the single/multiple deformation sequences. A description of the equipment capabilities and examples of preliminary work on a range of materials, including monolithic Al alloys, polypropylene, and both fully dense and porous P/M aluminum composites is given. Tests conducted on the polypropylene revealed that flow stress is a function of strain rate and increases with increasing strain rate. In addition, extensive damage was detected after forging in all of the polypropylene specimens. It was found that flow localization/cavitation evolved in the cen...
Ordering laboratory tests.

To the Editor.— Of the reasons cited by Dr Lundberg for ordering laboratory tests (1983;249:639), perhaps the least supportable and of least potential benefit to the patient is habit . Before September 1982, our laboratory, supporting a 160-bed, tertiary care, pediatric teaching hospital, performed an average of four urine chloride determinations daily. While fluid and electrolyte derangements are common in our patient population, disorders in which urine chloride analysis is said to be helpful 1,2 are not common and could not account for the number ordered. This phenomenon has been previously documented in a study of 47 requests for urine chloride determinations, of which only one was clinically indicated. 3 Despite my addressing this discrepancy informally among the clinical house staff, no reduction was achieved. Most house staff wrote orders for "urine lytes," a phrase translated by the nurses and ward clerks (who actually submitted the laboratory requests) to mean the
On the feedback actions of estrogen on gonadotropin and prolactin release in infantile female rats.

A fetoneonatal estradiol-binding plasma protein, often referred to as alpha fetoprotein (AFP), is present in high levels in serum of neonatal rats. The existence of elevated serum FSH levels, in spite of high estrogen titers and the presence of adult type estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary, suggests that the lack of a fully expressed estrogen negative feedback in these animals is not due to a decreased function of the receptors, but rather to binding of estrogen to AFP. To evaluate this hypothesis, rats were ovariectomized at day 10 and injected sc daily for 3 days with different doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb), for which AFP has a very high binding affinity, diethylstilbestrol (DES), which binds very weakly to AFP, or ll-β-methoxyethynylestradiol (RU2858), which does not bind to AFP. Only the largest doses of EB (0.05 and 0.10 μg/100 g BW) were effective in preventing the postcastration rise in FSH. The smallest dose (0.0025 μg/100 g BW) of DES significantly reduced the postcastration ...
Dose-Response of Guinea Pigs Experimentally Infected with Aerosols of Legionella pneumophila

Experiments were carried out to determine the infectivity, clinical course of disease, and lethality of aerosols of Legionella pneumophila for guinea pigs. The median infectious dose was less than 129 organisms; the 50% lethal dose was 1.4 x 10(5) organisms. In addition, the intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose was 3.0 x 10(6) cells, a value indicating that the organisms were less virulent by the intraperitoneal route than by aerosol. Nonfatal disease always included fever and weight loss. These signs were accompanied by sporadic bacteremia and dyspnea. Leukocyte counts were uninformative. In general, the severity of fever and extent of serologic (microagglutination titer) response were dose-related. The guinea pig may be used as a model for Legionnaires' disease, but the only dependable clinical criteria of infection after airborne challenge are weight loss, fever, and seroconversion.
Somatomedin peptide distribution and somatomedin-binding protein content in cord plasma: comparison to normal and hypopituitary plasma.

To characterize the macromolecular forms of somatomedin (SM) in human newborn plasma, we have studied the molecular weight distribution of endogenous SM peptides as well as the content and distribution of the acid-stable and the unsaturated SM-binding proteins (SMBP) in cord blood from 13 normal term infants. The radioreceptor assayable SM peptide content was significantly reduced in newborns compared with that in normal adults. Furthermore, 50% of the SM content of newborns circulated as part of a 50,000 mol wt complex, in contrast to adult plasma where the majority of SM peptide content is found in the 150,000 mol wt range. Unsaturated SMBP was strikingly elevated in newborns (mean ± SEM, 2.75 ± 1.73 U/ml) compared to adult values of 0.63 ± 0.24. Sephacryl-200 chromatography demonstrated that the unsaturated SMBP is found in the 40,000–50,000 mol wt region in newborns, adults, and GH-deficient children, although adults appear to have a secondary peak of unsaturated SMBP in the 150,000 mol wt region. Ass...
Gender Representation in Foreign Language Textbooks: A Case Study of Textbooks of Russian

This article presents findings from a study that (a) established a series of criteria for assessing the equity of gender representation in foreign language (FL) textbooks, (b) applied the criteria to a number of Russian-language textbooks in order to compare them on this basis as a case study, and (c) considered the criteria as a basis for the examination of gender representation in FL textbooks in general. The study hypothesized that (a) a series of sound criteria would yield information concerning the equity of gender representation of textbooks examined and demonstrate that recent textbooks were more equitable than textbooks published 10 or 20 years ago, and that (b) textbooks written by women or by a team of authors including at least one woman would be more equitable in terms of gender representation than textbooks written only by men. The analysis identifies areas of greatest inequity in gender representation by examining the data for each criterion across all the textbooks examined.
Characterization of chicken protein tyrosine phosphatase α and its expression in the central nervous system

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are important in cell proliferation, differentiation and functioning of the central nervous system. We have identified a cDNA clone encoding a new transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase from a chicken brain cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence contains two phosphatase tandem repeats in the intracellular domain and multiple glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain. Since its intracellular domain shares 94% identity with human PTPα, we call it chicken PTPα (ChPTPα). Antibodies specific to ChPTPα recognize two major protein bands at 130 and 85 kDa in immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. ChPTPα transcript and protein are found in many tissues, but they are particularly abundant in brain. To gain insight into the function of PTPαs, we investigated the cell-type specific localization of ChPTPα in cerebellum by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Throughout development, the level of ChPTPα remains similar from embryonic day 7 to post-hatching day 14, but the abundance and distribution of cells expressing this protein vary systematically through this period. During development, ChPTPα appears in pre-migratory and migrating granule cells, and in Bergmann glia and their radial processes. By 2-weeks after hatching, ChPTPα disappears from all cells of the cerebellum except Bergmann glia. Our data, which show for the first time the temporal and spacial distribution of a PTPα, suggest that these transmembrane phosphatases are important in the differentiation and function of Bergmann glia and in the migration of granule cells, and thereby play a role in development of the cerebellum.
The effects of haloperidol and clozapine on PCP- and amphetamine-induced suppression of social behavior in the rat

Abstract Previous work has shown that phenycyclidine (PCP) and amphetamine decrease social behavior in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of the dopamine antagonists clozapine and haloperidol on PCP- and amphetamine-induced changes in rat social behavior. An intruder paradigm was used, in which rats were injected with drug and placed into a stable home colony of three other rats. Social behaviors were recorded for 30 min. Both amphetamine (4.0 mg/kg) and PCP (4.0 mg/kg) substantially reduced social behavior. Haloperidol and clozapine did not produce a general reversal of the effects of amphetamine or PCP on the total number of social behaviors. Nevertheless, 0.025 mg/kg haloperidol did reverse the effects of PCP and amphetamine on some of the specific social behaviors observed (side threats, mounting, crawling under). Clozapine had no effect on reversing the actions of amphetamine on social behavior, but 2.0 mg/kg clozapine did reverse the effect of PCP on side threats and mounting. These results indicate that DA antagonists do not restore normal social behavior in animals treated with PCP or amphetamine, but can reverse some of the effects of PCP or amphetamine on specific social behaviors.
Cut-off insensitive guidance with variable time of flight

A guidance strategy is proposed for reducing target miss produced by performance uncertainty in the final stage of ballistic missile systems that do not have thrust termination or other velocity control capability. The approach taken here is to turn the thrusting missile onto a null range direction such that performance uncertainty contributions to target miss are reduced. The guidance algorithm proposed here does not constrain time-of-flight. Since timeof-flight normally varies with thrusting flight along a null range direction, the result is a guidance solution that does not change rapidly near the end of the motor burn. This guidance procedure is a variation of an iterative Lambert guidance scheme that can be used with ballistic missile systems that lack a velocity control cabability to provide a position constraint with a nearly constant bum attitude by allowing a variable time-of-flight.
Population genetics of walleye and yellow perch in the St. Marys River

Abstract We assessed the genetic diversity of walleye ( Sander vitreus ) and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) in the St. Marys River system. Walleye samples were collected from four current spawning populations, one historic population, and the two sources used for stocking the St. Marys River. Non-spawning perch were collected from ten sites along the St. Marys River. Five microsatellite loci were used for screening each species to create a genetic baseline to which future populations can be compared and to assess the impacts of past stocking on the walleye populations. Resulting allele and genotype frequencies were characterized to quantify genetic variation and differentiation of the respective populations. Both the walleye and yellow perch populations in the SMR exhibited some degree of population structure. Although stocking has modified the genetic diversity of walleye, there is still at least one unique population (Bar River, Ontario) remaining in the St. Marys River system. Both species had unique populations in Lake George, suggesting that this area may have been isolated in the recent past and should be protected from future stocking events to preserve this uniqueness. Further work is encouraged to understand the nature of this possible genetic isolation.
Entry of amino acids into the rabbit cornea.

Abstract Studies on the accumulation of amino acids in the intact, perfused rabbit cornea and on their transfer across the endothelium of de-epithelialized corneas have been made to determine the mode of access of such substrates from their source, the aqueous humor, to their chief site of utilization, the epithelium. The results indicate that arginine enters and is distributed almost exclusively by diffusion whereas glycine, aspartate and a-amino isobutyric acid are concentrated within the cells of the cornea and cross the endothelium by, in addition to diffusion, a process that is saturable and inhibited by ouabain. However, this process does not appear to be a specifically oriented pump driving these amino acids into the stroma, but rather a cellular accumulation that results in enhanced diffusion out of the cell due to the increased concentration gradient.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in CrGaN: Dependence on growth conditions in rf N-plasma molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Here, we report the influence of the growth conditions for CrGaN grown with the N-polarity on sapphire (0 0 0 1) using radio frequency N plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Samples are grown under different Ga/N flux ratio of 0.65–1.0 at substrate temperatures of 650 and 700 ∘ C . The Cr/Ga flux ratio is set to either 3% or 5%. These growth parameters allow to vary over a range of growth conditions from N-rich to Ga-rich. It is shown that the surface condition during growth influences the surface morphology and magnetic properties of CrGaN. In particular, we show that N-rich and metal-rich growth conditions result in room temperature ferromagnetism. Also discussed are the influence of Cr on the surface reconstruction and also the influence of annealing on the properties of the CrGaN film.
Assessing Quality Using Administrative Data

Administrative data result from administering health care delivery, enrolling members into health insurance plans, and reimbursing for services. The primary producers of administrative data are the federal government, state governments, and private health care insurers. Although the clinical content of administrative data includes only the demographic characteristics and diagnoses of patients and codes for procedures, these data are often used to evaluate the quality of health care. Administrative data are readily available, are inexpensive to acquire, are computer readable, and typically encompass large populations. They have identified startling practice variations across small geographic areas and-supported research about outcomes of care. Many hospital report cards (which compare patient mortality rates) and physician profiles (which compare resource consumption) are derived from administrative data. However, gaps in clinical information and the billing context compromise the ability to derive valid quality appraisals from administrative data. With some exceptions, administrative data allow limited insight into the quality of processes of care, errors of omission or commission, and the appropriateness of care. In addition, questions about the accuracy and completeness of administrative data abound. Current administrative data are probably most useful as screening tools that highlight areas in which quality should be investigated in greater depth. The growing availability of electronic clinical information will change the nature of administrative data in the future, enhancing opportunities for quality measurement.
On gamma-ray astronomy

Photons in the visible range form the basis of astronomy. They move in straight lines, which preserves source information, but they arise only very indirectly from nuclear or high-energy processes. Cosmic-ray particles, on the other hand, arise directly from high-energy processes in astronomical objects of various classes, but carry no information about source direction. Radio emissions are still more complex in origin. But γ-rays arise rather directly in nuclear or high-energy processes, and yet travel in straight lines. Processes which might give rise to continuous and discrete γ-ray spectra in astronomical objects are described, and possible source directions and intensities are estimated. Present limits were set by observations with little energy or angular discrimination; γ-ray studies made at balloon altitudes, with feasible discrimination, promise valuable information not otherwise attainable.
Distortion around point imperfections in simple crystals

Abstract Point imperfections in crystals with central forces at 0°K, and under arbitrary pressure are considered theoretically. Two approaches are presented with applications to the cases of a vacancy and an interstitial in an f.c.c. Lennard-Jones crystal. The first, an atomic theory, gives a description of the relaxation of the lattice near the site of the defect ; the second, which utilizes linear elasticity, gives a spherically symmetric average of the relaxation everywhere. For both defects, it is found that the energy of distortion is mainly core energy and that the distortion has a high degree of anisotropy. In fact, the displacement near either defect is outward along the cubic axes and inward elsewhere. The results of this paper are compared with those resulting from several methods of fitting an asymptotic r −2 law of displacement.
Fluid Flow Mixing of Turbulent Jets Within a Staggered Rod Bundle

In this investigation, flow mixing between turbulent jets injecting to a channel containing a rod bundle and the channel flows is studied using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) techniques. A specific case of a single impinging jet with a Reynolds number of 13,400 is considered for this analysis. The time-averaged vorticity fields for three different planes within the measurement volume verify the presence of coherent structures within all three fields, specifically in areas close to the jet impingement area and in the shear layer of the jet within the impingement plane. The cumulative effect of the vorticity patterns observed within all measurement planes is believed to have a significant role in the enhancement of mixing within the test section.To further analyze the behavior of the large-scale coherent structures observed in the time-averaged vorticity fields, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique was applied to the PIV velocity fields. The results confirm that the jet flow is the most energetic and the dominant feature of the flow field. Therefore, to further analyze the behavior of some of the relatively smaller-scale coherent structures which could play a significant role in the mixing process, a higher number of modes or a different approach needs to be considered.© 2012 ASME
The influence of GM crop adoption on the profitability of farms operated by young and beginning farmers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impacts of GM crop adoption on the profitability of farms operated by young and/or beginning farmers and ranchers (YBFR).Design/methodology/approach – This research uses weighted quantile regression analysis in conjunction with 2004‐2006 Agricultural Resource Management Survey to evaluate the impact of GM crop adoption on financial performance of farms operated by YBFR. The methodology employed in this study corrects for the simultaneity of technology adoption and farm financial performance.Findings – As expected, the impact of GM crop adoption on profitability is positively affected by the scale of operation and leverage. On the other hand, off‐farm employment by “beginning” farmers has a negative impact on farm's profitability if they choose to adopt GM crops. Finally, quantile regression results from a farm household study shows that the model performs better at the higher quantile of the distribution.Research limitations/implications – This study he...
Effects of cisplatin on parathyroid hormone- and human lung tumor-induced bone resorption.

We have previously shown that dichlorodiamine platinum (DDP), or cisplatin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, is effective in the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. In the present studies, we evaluated its effects on bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH)- or tumor-induced bone resorption in vitro in the neonatal mouse calvarial bone resorption assay. PTH alone or tumor extract (TE) of a human squamous cell lung cancer alone caused a significant increase in the bone resorption and in the number of osteoclasts in the calvaria. The addition of 3 and 10 μg/ml DDP inhibited the PTH- or TE-induced bone resorption. Lower doses of 1 and 2 μg/ml DDP, although not effective in inhibiting the PTH-induced bone resorption, were effective in lowering the TE-induced bone resorption. The number of osteoclasts was also reduced by DDP treatment. We therefore conclude that DDP is effective in the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia by virtue of its inhibitory effects on osteoclast numbers and on bone resorption.
Sugarbeet Growth as Affected by Wheat Residues and Nitrogen Fertilization

Little is known about how low-N, mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw and high-N, postharvest volunteer wheat growth from the previous year influence N fertilizer requirements for sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). This 2-yr field study examined how wheat straw (3.36 and 6.72 Mg ha -1 ; 3.5 g N kg -1 in 2000 and 8.0 g N kg -1 in 2001), preflowering wheat residues (2.1 to 4.2 Mg ha -1 ; 29.1 to 44.7 g N kg -1 ), and urea (0 to 225 kg N ha -1 ), fall-applied and incorporated, affected sugarbeet growth. The previous crop was wheat, and wheat straw was removed from the experimental sites subsequent to the grain harvest. Sugar yields were decreased 10% by application of 3.36 Mg ha -1 straw and 25% by 6.72 Mg ha -1 straw in 2000. The corresponding 2001 sugar decreases were 13 and 19%, respectively. Application of 45 kg ha -1 urea N largely overcame the detrimental effect from 3.36 Mg ha -1 straw but only partially overcame the detrimental effect from 6.72 Mg ha -1 straw in both experiments. Plant N, petiole NO 3 -N, and soil inorganic N (NH 4 -N + NO 3 -N) data all indicated that incorporation of low-N mature wheat straw decreased availability of soil N, probably due to net N immobilization associated with straw decomposition. In contrast to mature wheat straw, application and incorporation of high-N, preflowering wheat residues increased recoverable sugar yields in both years. Removal of straw after a wheat crop reduces the N fertilizer requirement for a subsequent sugarbeet crop.
Sulfite Formation in Isolated Soy Proteins

Defatted soybean flour contained 2820 parts per million (ppm) inorganic sulfate. The corresponding laboratory isolated soy proteins (ISP) contained 1364 ppm sulfate bound to a greater than 3000 molecular weight fraction. Defatted soy flour contained 0.98 nmoles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per 0.1 g. ATP levels decreased when the defatted flour was hydrated under a variety of conditions. Neither adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate or 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate could be detected in defatted soybean flour or in aqueous extracts of defatted flour. Defatted soy flour contained 1034 ppm reduced glutathione and 647 ppm reduced homogluatathione. These levels dropped to 62 and 13 ppm, respectively, immediately after the isoelectric precipitation step of ISP processing. No oxidized glutathione or homoglutathione were detected. Defatted flour contained 106 ppm cysteine-S-sulfonate, alkaline extracts of defatted flour contained 329 to 579 ppm and ISP contained 0 to 43 ppm. Neither sulfite nor methanethiol were detected until after the soluble components at pH 4.6 were separated from the precipitated soy proteins. These findings indicate that cysteine-S-sulfonate is present in defatted flour and increases during ISP processing. Also, the formation of sulfite during the final stages of ISP processing corresponds to elevated methanethiol levels.
Cylinder-assisted Maker-fringe technique to probe second-order nonlinearity profiles

A cylinder-assisted Maker-fringe technique to probe second-order optical nonlinearity profiles is introduced. This technique presents several significant advantages over existing methods, including the measurement of fringes up to a record incidence angle of 89.6°, which is particularly useful for the accurate determination of the nonlinearity profiles of thin layers.
Free vibration of a cantilevered beam with multiple steps: Comparison of several theoretical methods with experiment

Abstract The flexural-free vibration of a cantilevered beam with multiple cross-section steps is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experimental results are compared against Euler–Bernoulli beam theory solutions from Rayleigh–Ritz and component modal analyses, as well as finite element results using the commercial package ANSYS. Finite elements are also used to investigate a Timoshenko beam, a two-dimensional shell, and a three-dimensional solid element model. A detectable difference in the first in-plane bending natural frequency is noted between the beam theory results and those of the higher-dimensional finite element models and experimental observation. The convergence of the several theoretical approaches and their effectiveness as analysis and design methods for multiple-stepped beams are also discussed.