cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The high cost of bureaucratic written communications

Executives writing in a readable style could save their companies millions of dollars in time. T n both manufacI turing and service industries, U.S. companies are carrying out dramatic cost-cutting programs to make their operations more efficient. Companies are not only closing factories and service centers or relocating their manufacturing operations to less costly overseas locations; they also are eliminating management levels in an attempt to flatten their organizational structures so they can be more responsive to quick market changes. This perceived need to "cut to the bone" is largely in response to increasing global competition, burgeoning corporate debt (partially caused by the takeover mania of the 1980s), and a longanticipated economic turndown. In all likelihood, this cost-cutting consciousness will continue throughout the 1990s. The emerging European Community will force American companies to view streamlining their operations as an ongoing process. Given this pervasive cost-cutting mentality, it is surprising that companies have overlooked an activity that consumes a significant amount of their staffs' and managers ' time and their companies' dollars: time spent reading. Although studies have been done on the cost of producing a onepage letter (the cost ranges between $10-$12 per page), company cost cutters have overlooked the reading and rereading time differences between well-written documents and those written in a hard-to-read, bureaucratic style (Locker, 1989). In fact, CEOs and upper management infrequently realize the impact their organization's written communication habits have on their employees ' ability to quickly and economically process informarion. The way a document is written, organized, and formatted can s ave -o r was te t ime and dollars. This study provides empirically supported information about written communication efficiency and cost associated with two writing styles: a "plain" style and the traditional bureaucratic style still prevalent in many companies.1 Although the study focuses on U.S. naval officers, these professionals, like their private sector counterparts, work in environments awash in paper, requiring that they spend a significant amount of time reading and rereading documents. Because of this similarity in work environments, we believe the study's results can be generalized to any large or medium-sized organization. The research results answer the following questions: 1. Do respondents spend less time reading a document written in the plain style rather than the bureaucratic style? What are the financial implications of this difference if there is one? 2. Do respondents perceive that they have comprehended more information in the plain style than the bureaucratic style and thus believe they don't need to reread the document? Again, what are the financial implications of this difference? 3. Do respondents actually better comprehend information presented in the plain style or the bureaucratic style? What are the "costs" associated with any differences?
Euclidean algorithm for Laurent polynomial matrix extension—A note on dual-chain approach to construction of wavelet filters

Abstract In this paper, we develop a novel and effective Euclidean algorithm for Laurent polynomial matrix extension (LPME), which is the key of the construction of perfect reconstruction filter banks (PRFBs). The algorithm gives an approach to the construction of PRFBs other than the dual-chain approach in the paper [5] . The developed algorithm can also be used in the applications where LPME plays a role.
Students' Attitudes Toward Women: Do Social Work Programs Make a Difference?

This article presents the results of a study of the attitudes of undergraduate students and changes in those attitudes toward women at various points in a social work program. The study found that ...
B7-H1 Determines Accumulation and Deletion of Intrahepatic CD8+ T Lymphocytes

Upon systemic activation by antigens, CD8 + , but not CD4 + , T cells selectively accumulate and undergo apoptosis in the liver, a mechanism associated with the induction of hepatic tolerance and chronic infection. The molecular basis for CD8 + T cell preference in this process is unknown. We prepared B7-H1-deficient mice by gene targeting and found spontaneous accumulation of CD8 + T cells in the liver while CD4 + T cell levels remained normal. Moreover, antigen-driven CD8 + T cells proliferated normally while apoptotic levels during the contraction phase was selectively impaired in the liver, leading to accelerated hepatocyte damage in experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Therefore, B7-H1 is a key protein selectively regulating the accumulation and deletion of intrahepatic CD8 + T cells and may also contribute to inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and tolerance in the liver.
The impact of multiple stocking points on system profitability

In this paper we examine the impact of multiple stocking points on system profitability by examining the increased profit needed to offset cost increases due to cycle inventory, safety stock, and order placement. We utilize the economic order quantity model to analytically evaluate this relationship. A table based on the analytical result is presented at the end of the paper that quickly illustrates this relationship.
An Inexpensive Device for Determining Sinus Node Function and the Refractory Periods of Cardiac Conduction Systems

A simple, inexpensive device capable of measuring the refractory period of the cardiac conducting system has been described. All components used in the device may be purchased for less than $150 and commercial equipment capable of performing similar tasks costs over two-thousand dollars. The undesired features of previous methods have been eliminated and results of using the device in clinical settings have been given.
Proterozoic tectonic assembly of New Mexico

Proterozoic rocks in northern and central New Mexico originated in at least six tectonostratigraphic terranes, which can be distinguished by differences in lithology, age, and/or metamorphic grade. Boundaries between some terranes have the geometry of bedding parallel, north-verging ductile thrusts. These were active during metamorphism, but prior to the thermal peak. One terrane boundary is a south-verging ductile shear zone that has placed medium-grade on top of high-grade metamorphic rocks. It was active at and after the peak of metamorphism and may be extensional in origin. We interpret that terrane assembly occurred by ductile deformation in the middle levels of the continental crust. We do not know the original geographic relations among terranes, but the possibility exists of significant horizontal translation.
Effects of disturbance and ecosystem on decomposition

Decomposition of organic matter integrates collective activities of organisms within the soil food web. We compared decomposition of museum board (predominantly cellulose) and balsa wood substrates in 18 sites chosen to represent a completely nested design with two disturbance levels nested within three ecosystems (agriculture, wetland, and forest) and ecosystems nested within three land resource regions (LRR) in North Carolina. Percentage mass remaining and daily rate of mass loss of museum board and balsa wood substrates were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance with soil physical and chemical properties as covariates. At the end of the two-year monitoring period, the percentage of museum board and balsa wood substrates remaining was least in agricultural and wetland and greatest in forest ecosystems. Soil pH influenced the percentage of substrate remaining based on days of incubation, and its effects were greater than electrical conductivity, percentage soil organic matter, and total available soil nitrogen (N). Percentage of substrate remaining (museum board or balsa wood) was correlated negatively with pH for all sites, suggesting that pH should be included as a covariate if measures of decomposition are used as environmental indicators. Overall, rate of decomposition of museum board substrates distinguished between relative levels of disturbance in agricultural and wetland but not forest ecosystems. The rate of balsa wood decomposition distinguished between relative levels of disturbance in wetland but not forest or agricultural sites. Forest soils had consistently lower total N and electrical conductivity, and sometimes lower pH, associated with slower decomposition than disturbed wetlands or agricultural lands. We conclude that for short-term monitoring, measures of decomposition of predominantly cellulose substrates can be used to distinguish between relative levels of disturbance in agricultural and wetland but not forest systems. Differences in decomposition may signal either a change in decomposer community or condition of biotic and abiotic resources at a site.
Separable two-dimensional discrete Hartley transform

Bracewell has proposed the Discrete Hartley Transform (DHT) as a substitute for the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), particularly as a means of convolution. Here, it is shown that the most natural extension of the DHT to two dimensions fails to be separate in the two dimensions, and is therefore inefficient. An alternative separable form is considered, corresponding convolution theorem is derived. That the DHT is unlikely to provide faster convolution than the DFT is also discussed.
Fiber nonlinear predictive model for combined bending-compression loading of an orthogonal plane weave composite laminate structure:

To increase understanding of damage evolution in advanced composite material systems, a series of large deflection bending-compression experiments and model predictions have been performed for a woven glass-epoxy composite material system. Theoretical developments employing both small and large deformation models and computational studies are performed. Results (a) show that the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory for small deformations is adequate to describe the shape and deformations when the axial and transverse displacement are quite small, (b) show that a modified Drucker's equation effectively extends the theory prediction to the large deformation region, providing an accurate estimate for the buckling load, the post-buckling axial load-axial displacement response of the specimen and the axial strain along the beam centerline, even in the presence of observed anticlastic (double) specimen curvature near mid-length for all fiber angles (that is not modeled), and (c) for the first time the quantities σeff – ...
Return to Play and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes after Suture Anchor Repair of Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Collegiate Football Athletes

Objectives: Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injuries (UCL, gamekeeper’s thumb), their surgical treatment and the potential need for prolonged immobilization can significantly damage the careers of collegiate football athletes. Suture anchor fixation may allow quicker return to play with good clinical outcomes but has not been previously studied in this population. The goal of this study is to evaluate return to play and minimum two-year clinical outcomes in collegiate football athletes treated for thumb UCL injuries with suture anchor repair.
On ice shape prediction methodologies and comparison with experimental data

Comparisons are made between the analysis of Wilder (1969), Bragg (1982), and the ice shape predictions of LEWICE given a specific airfoil geometry and set of meteorological conditions. Also, comparisons are made between the actual ice shapes as found in flight tests of the NASA Lewic RC Twin Otter and that predicted by the approximate methods noted earlier and LEWICE. Further, an investigation of two important parameters in the analysis of LEWICE has been made. Time stepping and initial surface roughness has been varied to identify any trends in the results. Guidelines have been identified for the correlation of these two parameters with the results in terms of atmospheric conditions. The range of meteorological conditions chosen, such as droplet diameter, free air temperature, and liquid water content has allowed rime, mixed, and glaze ice shapes at the leading edge of an airfoil to be investigated.
Illegal Substance Use among Italian High School Students: Trends over 11 Years (1999–2009)

Purpose To monitor changes in habits in drug use among Italian high school students. Methods Cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) carried out in Italy annually for 11 years (1999–2009) with representative samples of youth attending high school. The sample size considered ranges from 15,752 to 41,365 students and response rate ranged from 85.5% to 98.6%. Data were analyzed to obtain measures of life-time prevalence (LT), use in the last year (LY), use in the last 30 days (LM), frequent use. Comparisons utilized difference in proportion tests. Tests for linear trends in proportion were performed using the Royston p trend test. Results When the time-averaged value was considered, cannabis (30% LT) was the most, and heroin the least (2%) frequently used, with cocaine (5%), hallucinogens (2%) and stimulants (2%) in between. A clear gender gap is evident for all drugs, more obvious for hallucinogens (average M/F LY prevalence ratio 2, range 1.7–2.4, p<0.05), less for cannabis (average M/F LY prevalence ratio 1.3, range 1.2–1.5, p<0.05). Data shows a change in trend between 2005 and 2008; in 2006 the trend for cannabis use and availability dropped and the price rose, while from 2005 cocaine and stimulant use prevalence showed a substantial increase and the price went down. After 2008 use of all substances seems to have decreased. Conclusions Drug use is widespread among students in Italy, with cannabis being the most and heroin the least prevalent. Girls are less vulnerable than boys to illegal drug use. In recent years, a decrease in heroin use is overbalanced by a marked rise in hallucinogen and stimulant use.
Economic thoughts from an East Asian perspective: a conceptual framework of viability and development strategy

This paper attempts an analytical framework centred on the relationship between the concept of viability and choice of development strategy. On the basis of a critical review on the mainstream literature in economic development, it presents the conceptual framework with an emphasis on elaborating the dichotomy of ‘comparative advantage defying (CAD) strategy’ versus ‘comparative advantage following (CAF) strategy’. Empirical experiences of economic development in China and other East Asian economies in the contemporary era are discussed in the context of the conceptual framework.
Cytochrome P450s and molecular epidemiology

Cytochrome P450 (P450) represent a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that are found throughout the animal and plant kingdoms and in many microorganisms. A number of these enzymes are involved in biosynthetic pathways of steroid synthesis but in mammals the vast majority of P450s function to metabolize foreign chemicals or xenobiotics. In the classical phase I reactions on the latter, a membrane-bound P450 will hydroxylate a compound, usually hydrophobic in nature, and the hydroxyl group will serve as a substrate for the various transferases or phase II enzymes that attach hydrophilic substituents such as glutathione, sulfate or glucuronic acid. Some chemicals, however, are metabolically-activated by P450s to electrophiles capable of reacting with cellular macromolecules. The cellular concentrations of the chemical and P450, reactivity of the active metabolite with nucleic acid and the repairability of the resultant adducts, in addition to the nature of the cell type, likely determines whether a chemical will be toxic and kill the cell or will transform the cell. Immunocorrelative and cDNA-directed expression have been used to define the substrate specificities of numerous human P450s. Levels of expression of different human P450 forms have been measured by both in vivo and in vitro methodologies leading to the realization that a large degree of interindividual differences occur in P450 expression. Reliable procedures for measuring P450 expression in healthy and diseased subjects will lead to prospective and case- cohort studies to determine whether interindividual differences in levels of P450 are associated with susceptibility or resistance to environmentally-based disease.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attention in visual search: Distinguishing four causes of a set-size effect.

Visual search is a common task both in naturalistic settings and in the laboratory. Outside the labora tory, one might look for a car in a parking lot, a name in text, or a nav igation marker on the horizon. In the laboratory, search is simplified in several ways; commonly, the sub ject views a set of distinct objects and is asked to detect the presence of a particular object (the target) among a set of distractors. Two ex amples are shown in Figure 1. The top two panels illustrate the contrast increment task, in which the target is a disk of high luminance and the dis tractors are disks of lower lumi nance; the bottom two panels illus trate the line bisection task, in which the target is a rotated L and the dis tractors are rotated Ts. One of the most studied aspects of visual search is the effect on per formance of the number of objects, here referred to as the display set size. Display set sizes of 2 and 24 are illustrated in Figure 1. In the top panels, the target "pops out"?even for a large display set size. More pre cisely, display set size has little or no effect on search time or accuracy when the target is much brighter than the distractors. In contrast, in the bottom panels, finding the target requires "scrutiny" for the large set size. Display set size has a large ef feet on both search time and accu
Helical sexithiophenes: an experimental and theoretical study implicating the alternating 2,2':3,3' regioisomer as a reliable helical motif.

Perchlorinated sexithiophene regioisomer, 2,2‘ ‘‘ ‘‘-diX-5,5‘,5‘ ‘,5‘ ‘‘,5‘ ‘‘ ‘,5‘ ‘‘ ‘‘-hexachloro-[3,3‘;2‘,2‘ ‘;3‘ ‘,3‘ ‘‘;2‘ ‘‘,2‘ ‘‘ ‘;3‘ ‘‘ ‘,3‘ ‘‘ ‘‘]sexithiophene (compound 1), demonstrates a reliable helical conformation in the solid state, regardless of a broad range of substituents, X. The synthesis and composition of compound 1a (X = H) synthetically accommodates substituent diversity at the 2- and 2‘ ‘‘ ‘‘-sites. X-ray crystal structures (X = H, Cl, Br) and theoretical geometry optimizations (X = H, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, t-Bu, and Ph) both confirm that the helical state, a conformation likely dictated by internal torsional strain, is predominant and unaffected by substituent X. It is predicted (ACID/B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations and UV−visible spectra) that the helical structure exists as a fully conjugated system.
Proximal esophageal pH monitoring: improved definition of normal values and determination of a composite pH score.

Background Patients with respiratory and laryngeal symptoms are commonly referred for evaluation of reflux disease as a potential cause. Dual-probe pH monitoring is often performed, although data on normal acid exposure in the proximal esophagus are limited because of the small number of normal subjects and inconsistent placement of the proximal pH sensor in relation to the upper esophageal sphincter. We measured proximal esophageal acid exposure using dual-probe pH and calculated a composite pH score in a large number of asymptomatic volunteers to better define normal values. Study Design Eighty-one normal subjects free of reflux, laryngeal, or respiratory symptoms were recruited. All had video esophagraphy to exclude hiatal hernia. Esophageal pH monitoring was performed using 1 of 3 different dual-probe catheters with sensors spaced 10, 15, or 18 cm apart. The standard components of esophageal acid exposure were measured, excluding meal periods. A composite pH score for the proximal esophagus was calculated using these components. Results The final study population consisted of 59 (49% male) subjects, with a median age of 27 years. All had normal distal esophageal acid exposure and no hiatal hernia. The 95 th percentile values for the percent time the pH was th percentile for the number of reflux episodes was 24 and for the calculated proximal esophageal composite pH score was 16.4. Conclusions In a large population of normal subjects, we have defined the normal values and calculated a composite pH score for proximal esophageal acid exposure. The total percent time pH
Further evidence for a relationship between central excitatory state and classical conditioning in the blow fly Phormia regina

A positive phenotypic correlation between the central excitatory state (CES) and classical conditioning was observed in 11 populations of the blow flyPhormia regina including two replicate, selected high and low learning lines and two replicate, selected high and low CES lines. Tullyet al. [(1982)Behav. Genet.12:181–191] have shown that a CES-conditioning correlation remained in the F2 generation of CES-selected lines. The CES-conditioning correlation also remained in the F2 generation of a hybrid cross between selected learning lines. This result suggests that the observed phenotypic correlation was due to pleiotropy and that CES and conditioning share related neural, biochemical, or physiological systems.
A problem of Erdős on the minimum number of k-cliques

Fifty years ago Erdos asked to determine the minimum number of k-cliques in a graph on n vertices with independence number less than l. He conjectured that this minimum is achieved by the disjoint union of l-1 complete graphs of size nl-1. This conjecture was disproved by Nikiforov, who showed that the balanced blow-up of a 5-cycle has fewer 4-cliques than the union of 2 complete graphs of size n2. In this paper we solve Erdos@? problem for (k,l)=(3,4) and (k,l)=(4,3). Using stability arguments we also characterize the precise structure of extremal examples, confirming Erdos@? conjecture for (k,l)=(3,4) and showing that a blow-up of a 5-cycle gives the minimum for (k,l)=(4,3).
Transient Noise Analysis for Comparator-Based Switched-Capacitor Circuits

This work investigates the analysis of transient noise in non steady-state systems such as comparator-based switched-capacitor circuits. It expands the impulse sensitivity method previously applied to oscillator noise analysis to general linear time varying systems. The method described here uses simulation techniques to obtain the noise transfer function. This provides a useful tool for circuit design because it allows for the precision and ease of simulation without sacrificing the intuition of hand calculations.
Papillary and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Initial presentation and response to therapy.

Introduction The 2 most common histologic variants of papillary carcinoma are pure papillary carcinoma (PTC) and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). The purpose of this study is to compare the presentation and short-term response to therapy of these variants and to determine if FVPTC is a more aggressive form of thyroid cancer that warrants intensive therapy. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients treated for PTC and FVPTC between 1996 and 1999 was performed. Clinical variables were compared with the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test or the Fischer’s Exact Test. Results Of 160 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma included, 114 (71%) had PTC and 46 (29%) had FVPTC. Mean follow-up was 38.6 months. FVPTC presented with larger tumors (median 1.5 cm vs 1.0 cm, P = 0.007) and higher tumor stage than PTC. PTC patients were more likely to present with local invasion and to have local recurrence (9.65% vs 0% for both variables). There were no significant differences in patient age, gender, vascular invasion, lymph node or distant metastases, surgical treatment, radioactive iodine therapy, remission, or mortality. Conclusion FVPTC presented with larger original tumor size and higher tumor stage but a lower local invasion rate and recurrence rate than patients with PTC despite similar therapies. These data suggest that FVPTC and PTC carry similar prognoses in early stages and that FVPTC may have a reduced predilection for local invasion. Although further studies with longer follow-up are required, these results do not suggest that FVPTC warrants more aggressive therapy than PTC.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of n-Hexadecane by a Nitrate-Reducing Consortium

Nitrate-reducing enrichments, amended with n-hexadecane, were established with petroleum-contaminated sediment from Onondaga Lake. Cultures were serially diluted to yield a sediment-free consortium. Clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene community PCR products indicated the presence of uncultured alpha- and betaproteobacteria similar to those detected in contaminated, denitrifying environments. Cultures were incubated with H34-hexadecane, fully deuterated hexadecane (d34-hexadecane), or H34-hexadecane and NaH13CO3. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of silylated metabolites resulted in the identification of [H29]pentadecanoic acid, [H25]tridecanoic acid, [1-13C]pentadecanoic acid, [3-13C]heptadecanoic acid, [3-13C]10-methylheptadecanoic acid, and d27-pentadecanoic, d25-, and d24-tridecanoic acids. The identification of these metabolites suggests a carbon addition at the C-3 position of hexadecane, with subsequent β-oxidation and transformation reactions (chain elongation and C-10 methylation) that predominantly produce fatty acids with odd numbers of carbons. Mineralization of [1-14C]hexadecane was demonstrated based on the recovery of 14CO2 in active cultures.
Rate Constants for Electron Transfer and Radical Cation Reactions of Methylated Naphthalenes

Since kinetic measurements of base-promoted arene oxidations by tris(phenanthroline)iron(III) provide a ready method for determining rate constants for both electron transfer (ET) and follow-up reactions of arene radical cation intermediates, [1–3] we are using this approach to study the effects of structure on the reactions of radical cations, especially the competition between side chain fragmentation and nucleophilic addition reactions. In this paper, we report our findings for methylated naphthalenes and make comparisons with data for methylated benzenes that were reported by Kochi, Amatore and Schlesener [1].
Occupational Segregation and the Tipping Phenomenon: The Contrary Case of Court Reporting in the USA

The ‘tipping’ phenomenon, whereby an occupation switches from dominance by one demographic group to dominance by another, has occurred in various occupations. Multiple causes have been suggested for such switches, including several related to technological change, both through effects on the performance of the work and through the effect of changing demand for different occupations. The court reporting occupation provides a novel setting for testing the relevance of various proposed causes for the increased feminization of many occupations. In this case, many of the general correlates, including declining wages, are not found; rather the phenomenon is related to the earlier feminization of the clerical workforce and the increased identification of court reporting with clerical work.
A sub-pixel-based calculation of fire radiative power from MODIS observations: 1 Algorithm development and initial assessment

Abstract Developed as a quantitative measurement of fire intensity, fire radiative power (FRP) and the potential applications to smoke plume injection heights, are currently limited by the pixel resolution of a satellite sensor. As a result, this study, the first in a two-part series, develops a new sub-pixel-based calculation of fire radiative power (FRP f ) for fire pixels detected at 1 km 2 nominal spatial resolution by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire detection algorithm (collection 5), which is subsequently applied to several large wildfire events in California. The methodology stems from the heritage of earlier bi-spectral retrievals of sub-pixel fire area and temperature. However, in the current investigation, a radiative transfer model is incorporated to remove solar effects and account for atmospheric effects as a function of Earth-satellite geometry at 3.96 and 11 μm (MODIS fire detection channels). The retrieved sub-pixel fire (flaming) area is assessed via the multispectral, high-resolution data (3–50 m) obtained from the Autonomous Modular Sensor (AMS), flown aboard the NASA Ikhana unmanned aircraft. With fire sizes ranging from 0.001 to 0.02 km 2 , pixel-level fire area comparisons between MODIS and AMS are highly variable, regardless of the viewing zenith angle, and show a low bias with a modest correlation (R = 0.59). However, when lower confidence fire pixels and point-spread-function effects (fire hot spots on the pixel edge) are removed, the correlation becomes much stronger (R = 0.84) and the variability between MODIS and AMS is reduced. To account for these random errors via averaging, two clustering techniques are employed and the resulting AMS and MODIS comparisons of fire area, after correcting for overlapping MODIS pixels, are even more encouraging (R = 0.91). Drawing from the retrieved fire area and temperature, the FRP f is calculated and compared to the current MODIS pixel area-based FRP. While the two methods are strongly correlated (R = 0.93), the FRP f , in combination with retrieved fire cluster area, allows a large fire burning at a low intensity to be separated from a small fire burning at a high intensity. Similarly, the flux of FRP f over the retrieved fire area can be calculated, allowing for improved estimates of smoke plume injection heights in modeling studies and creating potential applications for the future VIIRS and GOES-R fire detection algorithms.
Engraftment Syndrome after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: An Update Unifying the Definition and Management Approach

Engraftment syndrome (ES) encompasses a continuum of periengraftment complications after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ES may include noninfectious fever, skin rash, diarrhea, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, transient encephalopathy, and capillary leak features, such as noncardiogenic pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxia, and weight gain with no alternative etiologic basis other than engraftment. Given its pleiotropic clinical presentation, the transplant field has struggled to clearly define ES and related syndromes. Here, we present a comprehensive review of ES in all documented disease settings. Furthermore, we discuss the proposed risk factors, etiology, and clinical relevance of ES. Finally, our current approach to ES is included along with a proposed treatment algorithm for the management of this complication.
Large-time regularity of viscous surface waves

Etude du mouvement d'un fluide visqueux incompressible contenu dans un ocean tridimensionnel de dimensions finies, limite en bas par un sol solide et en haut par une atmosphere a pression constante. La surface superieure se modifie en fonction du mouvement du fluide
SOME EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON PLATELETS

Platelet function is known to be influenced by a wide variety of chemical, biochemical, and pharmacologic agents (1,2). One report indicates that nicotine does have an effect upon platelet function (3) while other reports deny this (4-6). Since nicotine is a commonly encountered substance in our society and can even reach toxic levels in the body under special circumstances (7), the present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of nicotine on platelets. In this study, nonsmokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers served as donors of blood used in the platelet function studies.
Lessons from a Gnutella-web gateway

We present a gateway between the WWW and the Gnutella peer-to-peer network that permits searchers on one side to be able to search and retrieve files on the other side of the gateway. This work improvesthe accessibility of files across different delivery platforms, making it possible to use a single search modality. We outline our design and implementation, present access statistics from a test deployment and discuss lessons learned.
Ishihara's Tests for Color Blindness: A useful Indicator of Visual Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Because vision commonly is affected in persons with multiple sclerosis, it would be helpful to have a bedside test capable of identifying abnormalities that are not readily apparent. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the first 11 plates of Ishihara's Tests for color blindness (1995 concise edition) as compared to visual evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis reporting normal vision. Forty-five multiple sclerosis patients and 42 controls, aged 25 to 44 years, were assessed. After examination of vision by a neurologist, Ishihara's Tests for color blindness and visual evoked potential tests were administered under conditions similar to those encountered in a neurologic practice. The specificity for each test was defined by the responses of the control population. In differentiating individuals with multiple sclerosis from controls, Ishihara's Tests for color blindness was as sensitive (62%; 28/45) and specific (100%; 42/42) as visual evoked potentials (sensitivit...
Cryoglobulinemia and hepatatrophic viruses

Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia is frequently associated with chronic hepatitis. This report presents four cases of cryoglobulinemia with vasculitis associated with chronic hepatitis related to hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatitis C virus infection was ascertained in the four patients by both the presence in the serum of anti-HCV antibodies detected by the fourantigen recombinant immunoblot assay and of HCV RNA detected by polymerase chain reaction. In two patients tested, anti-HCV antibodies were not detected after centrifugation in the purified cryoglobulin but were detected in the supernatant. HCV RNA was detected in the purified cryoglobulin in all four patients and was detected in the supernatant in three patients. In one patient receiving recombinant interferon alfa, serum aminotransferases normalized and cryoglobulin disappeared; in another patient receiving recombinant interferon alfa, serum aminotransferases remained high and the cryoglobulin persisted. The presence of HCV RNA in the cryoglobulin and the parallelism of the changes of the cryoglobulinemia and of the serum aminotransferases during recombinant interferon alfa administration suggest that HCV infection is responsible for the production of cryoglobulinemia and vasculitis. It is proposed that HCV infection is a cause of cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic hepatitis. Background. Type II cryoglobulinemia is a vasculitis characterized by cryoglobulins consisting of complexes of polyclonal IgG and monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors. The cause of these immune complexes is unknown, though both the hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses have been suspected. Methods. We studied 19 patients with Type II cryoglobulinemia for markers of HCV and HBV infection. Quantitative HCV antibody and RNA studies were performed on whole serum, cryoprecipitates, and supernatants. Results. Eight patients (42 percent) had HCV antibodies, and 16 (84 percent) had HCV RNA. Of the 19 patients, 5 (26 percent) had HBV markers, but only 1 had evidence of active HBV infection. Control serum samples from nine patients with Type I cryoglobulinemia were negative for HCV antibody and HCVRNA. There was a close, although not exclusive, association of one type of rheumatoid factor (WA) with HCV RNA. HCV antibody and HCV RNA were concentrated approximately 10-fold and 1000-fold, respectively, in the Type II cryoglobulins examined. Conclusions. Type II cryoglobulinemia is strongly associated with concomitant HCV infection and a high rate of false negative serologic tests. HCV virions and HCV antigen-antibody complexes are concentrated in the cryoprecipitates, most commonly in association with the WA type of rheumatoid factor, suggesting a role for HCV in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Collective Success: A Phenomenological Case Study of Ohio Public Libraries

This study examines the collective success and Best in the Nation status of Ohio public libraries as indicated by the Hennen American Public Library ratings (HAPLR), the “Star” libraries statistical rankings, and expert suppositions in the trade literature. This study is a phenomenological case study design that utilizes in-depth, semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of former and current Ohio public librarians. The analysis indicates that equitable state-based funding and organized library autonomy are the overarching drivers in setting the Best in the Nation phenomenon for Ohio public libraries. This phenomenon is abetted by supportive public and professional communities within a hospitable geographic region. Altogether these qualities are the basis of a dynamic ecosystem of success for Ohio public libraries. The sharp funding reduction of 2009, however, has called the sustainability of the Best in the Nation library ecosystem into question. Additionally, the research revealed the specific...
Synthesis and application of a glycoprotein derived from the proteoglycan linkage structure

Recently, there has been significant interest in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved in determining glycosaminoglycan (GAG) identity during chain assembly. The phosphorylation of the chain-initiating xylose residue in the proteoglycan linkage structure (Fig. 1) is an early biosynthetic event and may be intimately involved in determining ultimate GAG identity (heparan sulfate vs. chondroitin sulfate families) [1].
Mid-infrared lasing characteristics of praseodymium doped lanthanum trichloride

In order to extend the range of solid state laser sources further into the mid-IR, we have explored the stimulated emission properties of praseodymium in low phonon energy host crystals. As a result, we have obtained efficient pulsed operation at the longest wavelength reported to date for any rare earth laser, 5.25 μm.1 In addition, a new high gain, three level Pr+3 laser line at 1.64 μm has also been characterized. See Fig. 1.
Berkeley Women Economists, Public Policy, and Civic Sensibility

The production of knowledge was a critical component of progressive reform in the early part of the twentieth century in the United States. For many social scientists, it was also a conscious manifestation of their moral and civic commitment to ensuring that democratic institutions became responsive to all citizens, from the poorest to those of the comfortable middle class, in the face of corporate expansion and monopoly of labor and production and political officials more concerned with their own gains than with the daily problems of the citizenry. Women social scientists resolved the question of how to connect research to policy and to their moral and civic commitments in various ways between 1890 and 1940.
Appropriate Health R&D and IPR Reform in Developing Countries

The welfare implications of imposing intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on health goods in developing countries is analyzed using a North-South model. Consumption of health goods counteracts the adverse effects of region-specific diseases on labor supply. Health needs differ between consumers in innovating and imitating countries, weakening the benefits of Southern IPR enforcement for the North and strengthening the benefits for the South. Southern regions with unique health needs are more likely to benefit from IPR enforcement, while the poorest countries with inadequate health care infrastructure are less likely to benefit. Southern welfare increases with the imposition of IPR protection when the Southern market is large enough (in terms of purchasing power and efficient health care delivery systems) to stimulate sufficient innovation. There is income convergence between the North and the South when health needs in the South are unique and market demand in the South is large.
The HIV/AIDS Epidemics of the Americas

What eventually became termed the HIV epidemic was first detected in 1981 in 11 homosexual men in the United States with very aggressive and rare malignancies (Kaposi’s Sarcoma). The initial case reports of mostly men who had sex with men to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) showed geographic clusters in Belle Glade, Florida, New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Soon this mixed group of patients with severely compromised immune systems became colloquially referred to as the “Four H Disease” by the CDC, as it primarily involved homosexuals, heroin addicts, hemophiliacs, and Haitians. Naturally, Haitians were later found to have the same behavioral risks as all others infected with HIV, but the die was cast. The sad and discriminating legacy of the early stages of the nascent HIV epidemic in the United States forced the poorest nation in the Americas and one of the least economically developed in the world into an economic freefall that compounded an otherwise chaotic political situation in Haiti in the mid-1980s. With virtually no economic resources, political instability and international discrimination, one would have predicted a disastrous, expanding HIV epidemic in this island nation of the Caribbean. Nothing could be farther from the truth, and the Haitian response to their HIV epidemic offers useful lessons for other nations. With an estimated 130,000 new infections in the Americas in 2007, the region has basically experienced a plateau in HIV/AIDS for the past decade. In the United States, the high rate of ART among HIV infected patients has led to a dramatic decline in mortality associated with AIDS. While this is the case in Canada and Brazil as well, many of the poorer nations in Central and South America and in the Caribbean have not yet been able to scale up ARTs to those in need. Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. bear the brunt of the epidemic, although they represent a small fraction of the population. Among its neighbors,
Vascularized lymph node transfer for treatment of lymphedema: a comprehensive literature review.

Objective:A comprehensive literature review of VLNT with updates and comparisons on current application, techniques, results, studies and possible future implications.Background:Lymphedema is a debilitating condition that often results secondary to treatment of cancer. Unfortunately there is no cure
Strong Field Physics with Long Wavelength Lasers

Abstract (35 Word Limit) High harmonic generation and strong-field ionization provides the methods to generate attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. Our research has explored, in particular, how high harmonic generation and strong-field ionization scales with the wavelength of the driving laser. In general, with increasing wavelength, higher frequency harmonic combs can be generated with more favorable intrinsic spectral phase profiles.
Spiral Growth Model for Faceted Crystals of Non-Centrosymmetric Organic Molecules Grown from Solution

The classical Burton−Cabrera−Frank (BCF) spiral growth model fails to work satisfactorily for many non-centrosymmetric organic molecules such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), nonlinear optical compounds, etc., due to the inherent assumption of Kossel crystal structure in the solid-state. We develop a more general mechanistic spiral growth model that enables morphology prediction for all kinds of organic molecules. We develop generalized expressions for kink density, kink incorporation rate, and step velocities for such molecules. Stable and unstable edges arising due to the complex bonding pattern are discussed and treated. We demonstrate the applicability of the model by correctly predicting the experimental morphologies of paracetamol and lovastatin grown from solution.
Electrically Active Defects in Cid Imaging Arrays Fabricated on Hg0.7 Cd0.3Te

CID imaging arrays were fabricated on Hg0.7Cd0.3Te produced by the solid state recrystallization technique. It was found that the most serious source of dark current was sub-grain boundaries. SEM studies of the microstructure revealed by etching showed that boundaries with a high denisty of dislocations were detectable sources of dark current, while those boundaries with a low density of dislocations, as well as individual dislocations were not. TEM showed that all dislocations were free of precipitates, and most were not dissociated. The sub-grain boundaries were found to arise from misorientation between dendrites which form during the solidification from the melt.
Objective and subjective foundations for multiple priors

Abstract Foundations for priors can be grouped in two broad categories: objective, deriving probabilities from observations of similar instances; and subjective, deriving probabilities from the internal consistency of choices. Partial observations of similar instances and the Savage–de Finetti extensions of subjective priors yield objective and subjective sets of priors suitable for modeling choice under ambiguity. These sets are best suited to such modeling when the distribution of the observables, or the prior to be extended, is non-atomic. In this case, the sets can be used to model choices between elements of the closed convex hull of the faces in the set of distributions over outcomes, equivalently, all sets bracketed by the upper and lower probabilities induced by correspondences.
Research on genetic characteristics of measles virus isolated in Fuzhou

Objective: To understand the genetic variation characteristics of measles viruses and evolutionary distribution.Methods: Measles viruses were isolated with Vero/slam cell.The 450 C-terminal nucleotide fragment of the nucleoprotein(N) gene was amplified by RT-PCR and PCR products were purified and conducted determination of nucleotide sequences of N gene to deduce the amino acid sequences via bio-informatics.Finally the phylogenetic tree was analyzed with DNASTAR MegAlign soft ware.Results: The Measles viruses isolated in Fuzhou were identified as H1 genotype,H1a sub-genotype,which belong to one branch in the phylogenetic tree.The sequence identity matrix of the 3 isolates showed that the homology of nucleotide sequence was 99.3%~100.0%.The homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences were 87.5% and 91.9%~92.1% respectively,compared with that of S191.Conclusion: The Measles viruses strains were obviously different from Shanghai 191 strain in nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences.It should be taken for further monitoring and research on variation in measles viruses.
Physiologic disposition of lergotrile.

Lergotrile, an ergot alkaloid, has been shown to be effective in treating disorders associated with elevated serum prolactin levels (e.g., galactorrhea-amenorrhea). Lergotrile has also been found to be a potent dopaminergic agonist and thus to be effective in Parkinson's disease. This study describes the physiologic disposition of lergotrile after administration to human volunteers. N-14CH3-lergotrile was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Lergotrile was detected at low concentrations in plasma when subjects received large doses over extended periods of time. The major portion of radioactivity in plasma was attributed to the presence of circulating metabolites of lergotrile. Lergotrile metabolities were eliminated in the feces (ca. 60%), urine (ca. 20%), and breath (ca. 7% as 14CO2). A metabolite in feces was identified as 13-OH-lergotrile (up to 30% of the dose). A metabolite in urine was formed by conversion of the C8-acetonitrile group of lergotrile to a carboxyl group (about 10% of the dose). The presence of 14CO2 in the expired air after administering N-14C-methyl-lergotrile indicated that the drug was N-demethylated to form norlergotrile.