cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where Are the Women

To the Editor: I read with great interest Dr. Roberts’ recent Academic Psychiatry editorial “Where Are the Women Editors?” [1]. Indeed, I thought to myself, where are the women? Ten years ago, when I interviewed for my first faculty position, I had asked the same question. After training in a medical school with 90 % women (in Europe), a residency with a female program director, in a class of 90 % women, and a geriatric fellowship at a premier research-based institution (with less women, yet highly visible), it seemed surprising to me that the only woman on my interview panel that day was the department administrator. I took the job, and quickly realized that the interview was a cross-section of life in the department. In my 10 years, I have witnessed quite a bit of junior faculty turnover, especially among women [2]. This reality is hard to notice at the Association for Academic Psychiatry, where five of the past ten presidents are highly accomplished women. Yet, I was saddened to hear at this year’s meeting (in Portland, Oregon, September 17–20, 2014) that several women we know and respect have left academia. What an incredible loss. I know how hard they fought to stay: they taught and mentored, developed innovative curricula, completed and contributed to faculty development courses, published in Academic Medicine, won teaching awards. They worked hard and gave of themselves wholeheartedly. Somehow, that was not enough. At the national level, half of newly minted full-time assistant professors leave their institution after 8 years on average, and that is equally true for men and women, according to a recent AAMC Analysis in Brief [3]. Newly appointed associate professors seem to fare better, with a 10-year average time to 50 % attrition. M.D.s and faculty in clinical departments leave sooner than Ph.D.s and those in basic science departments. A previous Analysis in Brief [4] tracked faculty over 17 years (1981 to 1997) and showed that almost half of firsttime assistant professors left academia, not just their institutions, with a slight gender difference: 43 % for men, 45 % for women. Many of us struggle to stay in academia. We put up a courageous fight and make it one more year, to the next annual meeting, where we receive a much-needed infusion of mentorship. We go home energized and revitalized and inspire others to pursue academic careers. We love what we do, and do what we love. Let us just hope that will be enough.
Single-wall carbon nanotube-based proton exchange membrane assembly for hydrogen fuel cells.

A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for hydrogen fuel cells has been fabricated using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) support and platinum catalyst. Films of SWCNTs and commercial platinum (Pt) black were sequentially cast on a carbon fiber electrode (CFE) using a simple electrophoretic deposition procedure. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that the nanotubes and the platinum retained their nanostructure morphology on the carbon fiber surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that the carbon nanotube-based electrodes exhibited an order of magnitude lower charge-transfer reaction resistance (Rct) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) than did the commercial carbon black (CB)-based electrodes. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) assembly fabricated using the CFE/SWCNT/Pt electrodes was evaluated using a fuel cell testing unit operating with H2 and O2 as input fuels at 25 and 60 °C. The maximum power density obtained using CFE/SWCNT/Pt electrodes as b...
Direct susceptibility testing on positive blood cultures using Autobac I

Abstract Direct susceptibility tests on 243 on positive blood cultures were performed using a rapid Autobac I procedure and the standard Autobac I procedure. After examining 1762 disc comparisons there was an overall agreement between the two techniques of 95%. A total of 1.5% very major, 1.4% major and 1.8% minor discrepancies occured.
Piggyback drilling in Kansas: An example for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program

As the development of plate tectonic theory has provided a framework within which to interpret new geological and geophysical data, the need for an organized deep-drilling effort on the continents has become apparent. Since the expense of such a venture will be large, it is important to perform as many scientific experiments as practical on each hole drilled. This paper is a report on scientific, administrative, and financial aspects of a drilling program in Kansas. Experiences related here should be of some use to other groups planning scientific drilling ventures. Four holes were drilled to 0.5–1.1-km depth in Kansas as part of a hydrological study of the Arbuckle Formation. Two of the holes penetrated igneous rock of Precambrian age, and several meters of granitic core were recovered. At least one of the cores is highly magnetic and more radioactive than normal granite. Both cores have U/Pb zircon ages of 1340–1360 million years, presenting evidence for a previously unknown episode of intrusive activity. All four holes have been thermally logged with geothermal gradients ranging from 28° C/km to 36° C/km. The cased boreholes will be available in the future for additional experiments by other scientists.
Impact of Mount Pinatubo Aerosols on Satellite-derived Sea Surface Temperatures

Abstract The June 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo produced new stratospheric aerosols that were greater than the aerosols from the 1982 eruptions of El Chichon. These new aerosols strongly affected the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) retrievals of sea surface temperature in the tropics where negative biases occurred with magnitudes greater than 1°C. The time dependence of these biases are shown. In addition, a method to correct these biases is discussed and integrated into the National Meteorological Center's optimum interpolation sea surface temperature analysis.
High-pressure apparatus for use with a cryogenic magnetometer.

A high-pressure cell designed to be compatible with a cryogenic magnetometer is described. The cell is used to perform experiments requiring simultaneous application of uniaxial and confining stresses at elevated temperature on specimens of up to 2.6cm diameter. The primary application of the cell is to simulate conditions which may prevail in the earth's upper crust prior to an earthquake. The cryogenic magnetometer is used to measure accompanying changes in sample magnetization.Operation and perfomance of the pressure cell/magnetometer system is illustrated with data from non-magnetic specimen tests and one granitic rock sample representative of basement lithologies near the San Andreas fault system in southern California.
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of HL-60 cells during differentiation induction by tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Many biochemical responses to phorbol ester differentiation inducers have been reported, including alterations in synthesis of specific gene products such as glycoproteins. Stage-specific glycosaminoglycan changes have previously been associated with the differentiation process, including a dramatic reduction in cellular chondroitin 4-sulfate during human myeloid leukemia cell maturation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We have demonstrated that treatment of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells with 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-d-xyloside increases precursor incorporation into glycosaminoglycans linked to β-d-xyloside, rather than core protein, eliminating the need for core protein and xylosyl-transferase. Therefore, these β-d-xyloside-treated cells were used to study the decreased glycosaminoglycan production during TPA-induced HL-60 differentiation. Exposure of these pretreated HL-60 cells to TPA, which induces macrophage-like maturation, resulted in a 70% reduction of incorporation of [35S]sulfate into cell-associated glycosaminoglycans. Thus, even in HL-60 cells in which glycosaminoglycan production is maximally stimulated by β-d-xyloside, TPA is a strong inhibitor of free glycosaminoglycan chain production, and this biochemical effect is associated with other features of leukocyte maturation.
A family study of rapid-cycling bipolar illness

Abstract Twenty-nine out of 195 bipolar/episodic schizoaffective patients were judged to be rapid-cyclers (15%). Twenty-five of the 29 were female (86%). The age-corrected morbid risk for major affective disorder was 23.5% in 179 relatives of rapid-cyclers and 31.0% in 189 relatives of matched non-rapid cyclers ( x 2 = 2.6, NS). The prevalence of rapid-cycling itself was also not different in the two groups of relatives. Rapid-cycling thus appears to arise from factors which are separable from the genetic vulnerability to bipolar illness and which do not lead to aggregation within families.
Alternating Donor/Acceptor Repeat Units in Polythiophenes. Intramolecular Charge Transfer for Reducing Band Gaps in Fully Substituted Conjugated Polymers

This paper describes a method to limit the band gap widening that occurs in fully substituted conjugated polymers. This is done by constructing step growth [AB] polymers where the A-units are electron rich and the B-units are electron deficient. The thiophene-based polymers were prepared by modified Stille polymerizations using Pd(0)/CuI catalyst systems in which aryldibromides were coupled with aryldistannanes. The donor units were N,N‘-(bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-diaminothiophene, N,N‘-(bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N,N‘-(dimethyl)-3,4-diaminothiophene, 3,4-diaminothiophene, or 3,4-dialkoxythiophenes while the acceptor units were 3,4-dinitrothiophene, 3,4-(N-n-butylimido)thiophene, or 3,4-diketone-containing thiophenes. The optical spectra showed λmax values ranging from 400 to 676 nm (solution) and 400−768 (film) for these fully substituted polythiophenes, consistent with significant decreases in the band gaps. Intramolecular charge transfer character between the consecutive units explained the lowering o...
Platelet size: finding the right balance

In this issue of Blood , Kanaji et al propose that balanced expression levels of filamin A and GPIbα in megakaryocytes are a major determinant of platelet size.[1][1] ![Figure][2] FlnA and GPIbα regulate platelet size. (A) Increased surface expression of GPIbα is a marker of megakaryocyte
Identification and pharmacological properties of a major metabolite of chlorpromazine.

CHLORPROMAZINE is widely used in the treatment of mental illness, but little is known about its metabolic fate. This communication describes the discovery in the urine of dog and man of the sulphoxide derivative and some preliminary studies of its pharmacological properties.
Force measurement and mechanical characterization of living Drosophila embryos for human medical study

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate and characterize the force behaviour and mechanical properties of living Drosophila embryos using an in situ polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric microforce-sensing tool with a resolution in the range of submicro newtons. The Drosophila embryo is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, medical research, genetics, and developmental biology and has implications in the cure of human diseases. It is also used to study the wiring of the human brain and the nervous system. For a highly efficient and accurate microinjection of genetic material into a Drosophila embryo, it is absolutely necessary to allow close monitoring of the magnitude and direction of microinjection and other biomanipulation forces acting on the embryo during the injection process. In this paper, a networked microrobotic biomanipulation platform integrating a twoaxis (two-dimensional) PVDF microforce-sensing tool is used to implement force sensing and injection of...
HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome versus severe preeclampsia: Onset at ≤28.0 weeks’ gestation

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether the onset of the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome in women at ≤28.0 weeks' gestation is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age. Study Design: Sixty-four patients with either the HELLP syndrome (n = 32) or severe preeclampsia but absent HELLP syndrome laboratory test results (n = 32), admitted at ≤28.0 weeks' gestation between July 1, 1992, and April 30, 1999, were studied. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t test and the Fisher exact test. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding African-American race (59% vs 75%), nulliparity (50% vs 56%), or the use of corticosteroids (59% vs 78%). There were no maternal deaths. One woman with the HELLP syndrome had a liver hematoma. The rate at which transfusion of blood products was required was significantly greater in women with the HELLP syndrome than in those with severe preeclampsia only (25% vs 3%; P Conclusions: Except for the need for transfusion of blood products in women with the HELLP syndrome, onset at ≤28.0 weeks' gestation is not associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1475-9.)
A kinetic study of the seeded growth of barium sulfate in the presence of additives

Abstract The crystallization of barium sulfate seed crystals in supersaturated solutions has been studied conductometrically and radiochemically at 25°C. After an initial surge reflecting secondary nucleation, the crystal growth follows a rate law second-order in relative supersaturation, both in the absence and presence of additives. Organic polyphosphonates and polymeric molecules such as polygalacturonic acid and ethylenemaleic anhydride co-polymer are effective inhibitors of crystallization. The inhibiting influence of benzene polycarboxylic acids can be related to the tendency for complex formation with barium ions and to the pH of the supersaturated solutions.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: incidence of ocular complications and visual acuity loss.

Purpose To estimate the incidences of ocular complications and vision loss in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated uveitis, to describe risk factors for vision loss, and to describe the association between therapy and complications and vision loss. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods setting: Single-center, academic practice. study population: A total of 75 patients with JIA-associated uveitis evaluated between July 1984 and August 2005. procedures: Clinical data on these patients were analyzed. outcome measures: Occurrence of ocular complications and visions of 20/50 or worse and 20/200 or worse. Results Over a median follow-up of three years, the incidence of any ocular complication was 0.33/eye-year (EY). Rates of vision loss to 20/50 or worse and 20/200 or worse were 0.10/EY and 0.08/EY, respectively. Risk factors at presentation for incident vision loss included presence of posterior synechiae, anterior chamber flare ≥ 1+, and abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). During follow-up, ocular inflammation ≥ 0.5+ cells was associated with an increased risk of visual impairment (relative risk [RR] = 2.02, P = .006) and of blindness (RR = 2.99, P = .03). Immunosuppressive drug therapy reduced the risk of hypotony by 74% ( P = .002), epiretinal membrane formation by 86% ( P = .05), and blindness in the better eye by 60% ( P = .04). Conclusions Incident vision loss and complications were common. Presence of posterior synechiae, anterior chamber flare ≥ 1+, and abnormal IOP at presentation were associated with vision loss during follow-up. Use of immunosuppressive drugs reduced the risk of some ocular complications and of blindness in the better-seeing eye.
Effect of TNF-α on CD3-ζ and MHC-I in Postnatal Rat Hippocampus

The zeta subunit of the CD3 T-cell receptor complex and the major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-I) are important not only for the immune response to antigens, they also function as signal molecules in the brain, where they play a role in the postnatal maturation process. The expression of these molecules can be regulated by cytokines. In situations associated with increased cytokine production, such as neonatal hypoxia, the hippocampus is particularly susceptible to permanent damage. This has prompted us to examine the MHC-I and CD3-zeta expression in hippocampus from early postnatal, weanling and adolescent rats and to record the effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, cytokines commonly increased in neonatal hypoxia, on MHC-I and CD3-zeta expression in the hippocampus. We show that there is a robust postnatal up-regulation of CD3-zeta and MHC-I protein as well as of MHC-I mRNA and that TNF-alpha down-regulates the expression of CD3-zeta protein and MHC-I mRNA in early postnatal but not in weanling nor in adolescent rats. These results may offer a molecular explanation to the adverse effects of increased circulating levels of cytokines on brain in neonatal hypoxia.
Mind Activity in Teaching and Mentoring.

Abstract Increasingly educators and policy makers recognize that new teachers need help making the transition to independent teaching. One particularly important role mentor teachers can play is to help beginning teachers to focus on students’ “mind activity” in order to build on their prior knowledge, experience, and interests, and to promote understanding and meaningful learning. Drawing on interview and observational data collected over two years, this article presents two detailed cases that portray educative mentoring and illustrate how new teachers’ personal history and professional school culture influence what they can learn even from serious mentoring. The authors also offer several directions for strengthening induction programs.
Transfacial recess ossicular reconstruction: technique and early results.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to present the technique of transfacial recess ossicular chain reconstruction (TFROCR) for potential use in selected patients with cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN The author conducted a retrospective case review of all candidates for TFROCR between August 1998 and March 2003. SETTING A tertiary referral center. PATIENTS At first-stage tympanomastoidectomy, 22 ears (21 patients; 8 children and 13 adults) with cholesteatoma and ossicular discontinuity were identified as candidates for TFROCR. Seven patients had undergone previous tympanomastoid surgery. INTERVENTION The first stage included canal wall up mastoidectomy with resection of disease, wide opening of the facial recess, cartilage graft tympanoplasty, and placement of silicone elastomer in the middle ear. Approximately 6 months later, patients underwent a second-stage postauricular procedure. Endoscopes were used to inspect the middle ear through the facial recess. When possible, TFROCR was then performed without elevating a tympanomeatal flap. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variations in anatomy, disease control, and hearing results were studied. RESULTS Of the 22 candidate ears, 17 successfully underwent TFROCR, whereas 5 required traditional second-stage procedures with canal incisions. There were no surgical complications. Early hearing results are promising with an average air-bone gap of less than 20 dB. There have been no early failures from recurrent disease or prosthesis displacement. CONCLUSIONS In carefully selected patients, TFROCR could be safe and effective for disease control and hearing restoration. It could provide for optimal prosthesis placement and almost immediate hearing improvement, avoiding the need for canal incisions, middle ear packing, and dry ear precautions. One must consider the potential risk of missing residual disease secondary to limited exposure.
Controversies: Optic nerve sheath fenestration versus shunt placement for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been increasing in prevalence in the past decade, following the obesity epidemic. When medical treatment fails, surgical treatment options must be considered. However, controversy remains as to which surgical procedure is the preferred surgical option - optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting - for the long-term treatment of this syndrome. Purpose: To provide a clinical update of the pros and cons of ONSF versus shunt placement for the treatment of IIH. Design: This was a retrospective review of the current literature in the English language indexed in PubMed. Methods: The authors conducted a PubMed search using the following terms: Idiopathic IIH, pseudotumor cerebri, ONSF, CSF shunts, vetriculo-peritoneal shunting, and lumbo-peritoneal shunting. The authors included pertinent and significant original articles, review articles, and case reports, which revealed the new aspects and updates in these topics. Results: The treatment of IIH remains controversial and lacks randomized controlled clinical trial data. Treatment of IIH rests with the determination of the severity of IIH-related visual loss and headache. Conclusion: The decision for ONSF versus shunting is somewhat institution and surgeon dependent. ONSF is preferred for patients with visual symptoms whereas shunting is reserved for patients with headache. There are positive and negative aspects of both procedures, and a prospective, randomized, controlled trial is needed (currently underway). This article will hopefully be helpful in allowing the reader to make a more informed decision until that time.
The impact of combined IR/vascular medicine IVC filter clinic on filter retrieval and prevention of chronic venous insufficiency

Purpose An interdisciplinary approach to IVC filter removal may allow discussions of filter removal and strategies to prevent chronic venous insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a novel Interventional Radiology/Vascular Medicine IVC filter clinic on retrieval rate and rates of counseling on chronic venous insufficiency. Materials and Methods Between 10/1/2009 and 9/19/2012 1011 patients received removable IVC filters by IR. Patients were divided in 3 groups based on filter placement date: A (10/1/09 to 9/30/10), B (10/1/10 to 9/30/11), and C (10/1/11 to 8/30/12). Group A had no follow up; in group B, a radiologist assistant called patient to arrange filter removal if appropriate, and in group C, 60 patients who were not dead, in hospice, or unable to return were seen in IVC filter clinic to discuss filter retrieval and counseling for prevention of venous insufficiency. Patients not seen in clinic were followed like group B. The IVC filter removal rate was compared between the groups and in group C, the % of patients who did not see vascular medicine was calculated to estimate the % of patients who miss counseling for prevention of long term venous insufficiency. Results 95 of 365 (26%); 74 of 337 (21%) and 64 of 318 (20.1%) filters were removed from Groups A, B, and C. 38 of 60 (63%) patients seen in the IVC filter clinic had their filters removed while only 26/258 (10%) of patient not seen in clinic in group C had their filters removed. In group C, 52 of 258 (20.2%) patients not seen in IVC clinic were seen by vascular medicine while 100% of the patients who were seen in the IVC clinic received counseling on risk factors for venous insufficiency, risks of anticoagulation and the risks of retaining the filter. They were instructed to wear compression stockings for 2 years after their DVT and fitted for stockings if needed. Conclusion Incorporation of an interdisciplinary clinic can increase IVC filter removal rates and advising patients on venous insufficiency prevention may impact the incidence of venous insufficiency symptoms in patients who receive removable IVC filters.
Effect of naloxone on antinociceptive activity of phenoxybenzamine.

Abstract Phenoxybenzamine was found to have antinociceptive activity in the mouse writhing syndrome test. The percent protection against writhing was dose related from 2.0 to 164.6 μM/kg phenoxybenzamine (ED-50, 37.1 ± 2.0 μM/kg). The dose-response curve for phenoxybenzamine was shifted to the left when morphine was administered. Administration of morphine, 1.12 μM/kg, reduced the ED-50 for phenoxybenzamine to 4.5 ± 1.3 μM/kg. Administration of naloxone shifted the dose response curve for phenoxybenzamine to the right. Naloxone 0.03 μM/kg increased the ED-50 for phenoxybenzamine to 102.5 ± 22.7 μM/kg. Chronic treatment with phenoxybenzamine did not change the antinociceptive response to phenoxybenzamine. The α-adrenergic blockers, phenotolamine and tolazoline showed weak antinociceptive activity which was not blocked by naloxone.
A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization

Projected anthropogenic warming and increases in CO2 concentration present a twofold threat, both from climate changes and from CO2 directly through increasing the acidity of the oceans. Future climate change may be reduced through mitigation (reductions in greenhouse gas emissions) or through geoengineering. Most geoengineering approaches, however, do not address the problem of increasing ocean acidity. A combined mitigation/geoengineering strategy could remove this deficiency. Here we consider the deliberate injection of sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. This action could substantially offset future warming and provide additional time to reduce human dependence on fossil fuels and stabilize CO2 concentrations cost-effectively at an acceptable level.
Testing by Verifying Walsh Coefficients

Testing of logic networks by verifying the Walsh coefricients of the outputs is explored. Measurement of one of these can detect arbitrarily many input leads stuck, and just two measurements, requiring little hardware, can detect any single stuck-at fault in appropriately designed networks.
Left Main Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression, Constrictive Remodeling, and Clinical Events

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis within the left main coronary artery (LMCA) in association with risk factor modifying therapies. Background Despite studies demonstrating slowing of disease progression within epicardial coronaries with risk factor modification, little is known about the natural history and clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis progression within the LMCA. Methods In 340 patients with angiographic coronary artery disease who underwent serial intravascular ultrasound imaging to evaluate the effects of anti atherosclerotic therapies across 7 clinical trials, LMCA and epicardial disease progression was characterized. Relationships between changes in plaque burden with remodeling parameters and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (death, myocardial infarction, hospital stay for unstable angina, and coronary revascularization) were investigated. Results Plaque regression was observed in the LMCA segment, and progression was observed in adjacent epicardial segments (percent atheroma volume [PAV] −0.39 ± 0.1% vs. +0.37 ± 0.1%, p Conclusions Left main coronary atherosclerosis responds to systemic risk factor modification. Patients experiencing a MACE were more likely to demonstrate progressive disease and constrictive arterial remodeling within the LMCA segment.
Level discrimination of single tones in a multitone complex by normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

A conditional-on-a-single-stimulus (COSS) analysis procedure [, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1743–1746 (1989)] was used to estimate how well normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners selectively attend to individual spectral components of a broadband signal in a level discrimination task. On each trial, two multitone complexes consisting of six octave frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz were presented to listeners. The levels of the individual tones were chosen independently and at random on each presentation. The target tone was selected, within a block of trials, as the 250-, 1000-, or 4000-Hz component. On each trial, listeners were asked to indicate which of the two complex sounds contained the higher level target. As a group, normal-hearing listeners exhibited greater selectivity than hearing-impaired listeners to the 250-Hz target, while hearing-impaired listeners showed greater selectivity than normal-hearing listeners to the 4000-Hz target, which is in the region of their hearing loss. Both groups of listeners displayed large variability in their ability to selectively weight the 1000-Hz target. Trial-by-trial analysis showed a decrease in weighting efficiency with increasing frequency for normal-hearing listeners, but a relatively constant weighting efficiency across frequency for hearing-impaired listeners. Interestingly, hearing-impaired listeners selectively weighted the 4000-Hz target, which was in the region of their hearing loss, more efficiently than did the normal-hearing listeners.
Some Perspectives on Human Capital and Innovations in Growth Models.

The purpose of this literature review is to investigate a new generation of models that integrate two approaches to growth, hithertho different: one focusing on research and development, the other on human capital accumulation. These new models allow us to deal with inequalities and growth interaction or underdevelopment persistence in a canonical model. They define new perspectives regarding the link between inequalities and growth and also an optimal education policy.
An exergy-based analysis of the effects of rear door heat exchange systems on data center energy efficiency

A holistic system-level analysis of the energy and mass transfer in a data center cooling system is used to determine the exergy destruction by each component in the system. The analysis, performed using our in-house analysis code, allows for identification of system inefficiencies and comparison of the energy efficiency of different data center cooling strategies. In this paper, we describe a systematic analysis of the exergy destruction in a traditional air-cooled strategy and a hybrid liquid-air system containing rear door heat exchangers (RDHXs). The results show that the exergy destruction by RDHXs increases with the amount of rack heat removal. However, the removal of rack heat concurrently decreases the heat removal and exergy destruction by computer room air handling (CRAH) units. The resultant overall exergy destruction is increased when both RDHX and CRAH units are in operation, but this gain in exergy may be attributed to low heat exchanger effectiveness values. The analysis also shows that when all heat is removed by the RDHX, the exergy destruction is lower than when all heat is removed by the CRAH, suggesting that the data center energy efficiency can be increased through the use of localized hybrid liquid-air cooling schemes as compared to centralized air cooled strategies.
Infrared spectroscopy of a dense potassium vapor jet

Abstract In this paper we report the development of new apparatus for the containment and study of dense alkali metal vapors, and the use of the apparatus to study the infrared spectra of potassium vapor. The apparatus is the first to employ aerodynamic confinement of a dense alkali vapor. We have recorded absorption spectra, thermal emission spectra, and laser-induced emission spectra of dense potassium vapor. These techniques all reveal a spectral feature near 1.1 μm which we believe originates in 3 Σ + g → 3 Σ + u transitions of the K 2 molecule.
Career Outcomes of Graduates of R25E Short-Term Cancer Research Training Programs

The efficacy of short-term cancer research educational programs in meeting its immediate goals and long-term cancer research career objectives has not been well studied. The purpose of this report is to describe the immediate impact on, and the long-term career outcomes of, 499 medical students and graduate students who completed the Cancer Research Experiences for Students (CaRES) program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) from 1999 to 2013. In summer 2014, all 499 program alumni were located and 96.4 % (481 of 499) agreed to complete a longitudinal tracking survey. About 23 % of CaRES alumni (110 of 499) have published at least one cancer-related paper. Overall 238 cancer-related papers have been published by CaRES alumni, one third of this number being first-authored publications. Nearly 15 % (71 of 481 respondents) reported that their current professional activities include cancer research, primarily clinical research and outcomes research. Of these 71 individuals, 27 (38 %) have completed their training and 44 (62 %) remain in training. Of all respondents, 58 % reported that they administered care to cancer patients and 30 % reported other cancer-related professional responsibilities such as working with a health department or community group on cancer control activities. Of the 410 respondents not currently engaged in cancer research, 118 (29 %) stated intentions to conduct cancer research in the next few years. Nearly all respondents (99.6 %) recommended CaRES to today’s students. Challenging short-term educational cancer research programs for medical students and graduate health professional students can help them refine and solidify their career plans, with many program alumni choosing cancer research careers.
Abelian semi-simple algebras and algorithms for the Discrete Fourier Transform

In this paper we show how to use the theory of abelian semi-simple algebras to structure the Nussbaumer-Quandalle algorithm for the two-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform.
Quasicrystalline minimal surfaces.

Minimal surfaces are considered as alternatives to tilings in the search for simple mathematical objects that have the properties of a quasicrystal. The construction of such objects, it seems, has not been addressed before and we propose a solution in the form of a limiting process. The existence of the desired limit has not been established but is investigated numerically for the case of a quasicrystalline minimal surface with icosahedral symmetry. We find that our approximate minimal surface exhibits jumps in topology analogous to the atomic phason jumps in physical quasicrystals.
Ground-state configuration of double acceptors in silicon and germanium.

Les etats fondamentaux de ces impuretes presentent de petites decompositions. Interpretation de cette structure fine fondee sur un calcul contenant des fonctions (P) de liaisons fortes au sommet de la bande de valence. Le couplage spin-orbite et l'interaction trou-trou sont pris en compte dans cette approche
URSA MAJOR: Exploring Web Technology for Design and Evaluation of High-Performance Systems

Ursa Major is a Web-based tool that facilitates the gathering of information about program characteristics and their execution behavior on high-performance machines. It supports users who want to learn about programs and programming methodologies as well as users who want to study in detail computational applications and their performance aspects. We present early experiences with Ursa Major and our vision of how the new internet technology and its combination with high-performance computing systems can be put to maximal use.
Study of strain softening behavior of Al–Al3Sc multilayers using microcompression testing

Multilayer thin films with bilayer thicknesses in the nanometer range have been reported to have very high strengths. A previous study has shown that Al–Al3Sc multilayers, with bilayer thicknesses as small as 6 nm, have hardnesses as high as � 3 GPa as measured by sharp tip nanoindentation. In the present study, we have avoided some of the complications associated with sharp tip nanoindentation by directly measuring the yield strengths and strain hardening/softening properties of Al–Al3Sc multilayers using microcompression testing methods with a nanoindenter. The results show the expected trend of increasing yield strength with decreasing bilayer thickness, and compare favorably with estimates of the yield strengths based on sharp tip nanoindentation. During deformation, the Al–Al3Sc multilayer pillars with smaller bilayer spacings experience considerable strain softening, resulting in a ‘‘flat-top mushroom” shape after deformation. We have developed a numerical model to account for this inhomogeneous deformation behavior and to calculate stress–strain relationships during strain softening. A new transmission electron microscopy study of a deformed pillar shows that the softening is a result of destruction of the layered structure due to shearing and rotation. 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Quantitative assessment of DNA methylation: Potential applications for disease diagnosis, classification, and prognosis in clinical settings

Deregulation of the epigenome is now recognized as a major mechanism involved in the development and progression of human diseases such as cancer. As opposed to the irreversible nature of genetic events, which introduce changes in the primary DNA sequence, epigenetic modifications are reversible and leave the original DNA sequence intact. There is now evidence that the epigenetic landscape in humans undergoes modifications as the result of normal aging, with older individuals exhibiting higher levels of promoter hypermethylation compared to younger ones. Thus, it has been proposed that the higher incidence of certain disease in older individuals might be, in part, a consequence of an inherent change in the control and regulation of the epigenome. These observations are of remarkable clinical significance since the aberrant epigenetic changes characteristic of disease provide a unique platform for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we address the significance of DNA methylation changes that result or lead to disease, occur with aging, or may be the result of environmental exposure. We provide a detailed description of quantitative techniques currently available for the detection and analysis of DNA methylation and provide a comprehensive framework that may allow for the incorporation of protocols which include DNA methylation as a tool for disease diagnosis and classification, which could lead to the tailoring of therapeutic approaches designed to individual patient needs.
Superoxide mediates sympathoexcitation in heart failure: Roles of angiotensin II and NAD(P)H oxidase

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is often associated with excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. This event is thought to be a negative predictor of survival in CHF. Sympathoexcitation and central angiotensin II (Ang II) have been causally linked. Recent studies have shown that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxidant species (ROS) are important mediators of Ang II signaling. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that central Ang II activates sympathetic outflow by stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidase and ROS in the CHF state. CHF was induced in male New Zealand White rabbits by chronic ventricular tachycardia. Using radio telemetry of arterial pressure and intracerebroventricular infusions, experiments were performed in the conscious state. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was recorded as a direct measure of sympathetic outflow. Intracerebroventricular Ang II significantly increased RSNA in sham (131.5+/-13.3% of control) and CHF (193.6+/-11.9% of control) rabbits. The increase in CHF rabbits was significantly greater than in sham rabbits (P<0.01). These responses were abolished by intracerebroventricular losartan, tempol, or apocynin. Resting RSNA was significantly reduced by intracerebroventricular losartan, tempol, or apocynin in CHF rabbits but not in sham rabbits. Intracerebroventricular administration of the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid increased RSNA significantly more in sham compared with CHF rabbits. NADPH-dependent superoxide anion production in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was increased by 2.9-fold in CHF rabbits compared with sham rabbits. Finally, increases in the RVLM mRNA and protein expression of Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase (p40phox, p47phox, and gp91phox) were demonstrated in CHF rabbits. These data demonstrate intense radical stress in autonomic areas of the brain in experimental CHF and provide evidence for a tight relationship between Ang II and ROS as contributors to sympathoexcitation in CHF.
Copolymerization of CO2 and meso epoxides using enantioselective β-diiminate catalysts: a route to highly isotactic polycarbonates

We report a new class of catalysts for the enantioselective copolymerization of CO2 and alicyclic meso epoxides. C1-Symmetric β-diiminate zinc catalysts were designed on the basis of mechanistic information and subsequently optimized using structure–activity relationships and iterative ligand design. The optimized catalysts yield highly isotactic poly(cyclohexene carbonate) and poly(cyclopentene carbonate) with units of up to 94% ee under mild conditions. A diblock copolymer of CO2/cyclohexene oxide and CO2/cyclopentene oxide was synthesized, demonstrating the controlled behaviour of the catalyst. Solid-state structures and solution-state dynamics of the catalyst were studied to explain trends in enantioselectivities and turnover frequencies. A strong correlation between the isotacticity of the polymer and its melting temperature was observed. X-ray powder diffraction was used to measure crystallinity and study the changes in morphology observed upon annealing.
Particle-associated Planktonic Naked Amoebae in the Hudson Estuary: Size-fraction Related Densities, Cell Sizes and Estimated Carbon Content

Naked amoeba densities, sizes, biodiversity and carbon content were examined in relation to two particle size fractions ( 200 μm) of suspended matter in the water column of the Hudson Estuary at a near-shore location south of the Tappan Zee, Palisades, New York. The densities varied markedly among the two particle fractions, and therefore the mean densities were not significantly different between the larger and smaller particle fractions. In contrast, the mean sizes and mean carbon content were statistically greater on larger size suspended particles compared to smaller size particles. There was a broader size range of amoebae on the larger particles, including very large Cochliopodium, Vannella, Mayorella, and Hartmannella species suggesting a larger biodiversity, also indicated by a larger diversity coefficient for the > 200-μm-particle fraction compared to the < 200-μm-particle fraction, 4.51 and 4.18, respectively. In conclusion, the size of suspended particulates in the water column of near-shore, estuarine habitats may have a significant influence on the composition of naked amoebae communities and their ecological roles, especially the organization of particle-associated microbial food webs.
Naked mole-rats recruit colony mates to food sources

Naked mole-rats,Heterocephalus glaber, are eusocial, subterranean rodents that inhabit arid regions of northeastern Africa. They feed on bulbs and tubers that are patchily distributed. Nests are often located far from the nearest food source through a labyrinth of tunnels. Two captive colonies were studied to determine whether successful foragers recruit colony mates and, if so, how. Individuals that found a new food source typically gave a special vocalization on their way back to the nest and waved the food around once they got there. Colony mates preferentially visited the site where the initial forager had obtained food, often bypassing alternative sites containing the same type of food. Recruits preferred to use tunnels that had been traversed by the ‘scout’ rather than an alternative pathway to the same food, regardless of whether they had to turn in the same or the opposite direction from that of the scout to enter the previously used pathway. Recruits preferred tunnels that the scout had recently used over tunnels that were recently traversed by another colony mate carrying the same type of food. When tunnels traversed by the scout were replaced with clean substitutes or with tunnels that were recently traversed by another colony mate carrying the same type of food, recruits showed no pathway preferences. Results indicate that naked mole-rats follow each other's (odour) trails to food. There are intriguing parallels between the foraging recruitment system ofH. glaberand those of other social vertebrates and insects.
Discussion of “Pulsational transport of sand by shore agents”

The very interesting paper of Kruabein and Ohsiek brings to mind three types of pulsational sand transport which we have observes in recent studies of Southern California beaches. The relative capacities of longshore currents can be estimated by assuming that the capacity, Q, is proportional to the longshore component of the energy of refracted waves at the plunge zone [Handin and Ludwick, 1950].
Focusing the Gaze: The Role of Music in Film Adaptations of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

This article illustrates how four productions of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice both reinforce and depart from standard film conventions of male and female perspectives, which are coded by both the visual and soundtrack elements. The narrative of Pride and Prejudice, with its dual climaxes illustrated by the two proposals of Fitzwilliam Darcy, helps break some of the filmic conventions for media set in and close to the Regency period. Consequently, the perspective is fourfold, split by gender and circumstance and falling into the categories of male, female, joined (coupled), and society. Although the female perspective grows in importance in the twenty-first century, the music cannot escape the traditional patriarchal narrative. The musical and visual fusing of the couple reinforces the male viewpoint at the end of the film. This study examines the 1940 MGM production, the 1980 BBC miniseries, the 1995 A&E miniseries, and the 2005 Focus/Universal production.
Rationale and Methods of a Trial to Evaluate a Depression Telemonitoring Program that Includes a Patient-Selected Support Person

Objective: To test the effectiveness of an automated telemonitoring program for patients with depression that includes feedback to clinicians and support for a family member or friend serving as a non-professional caregiver. Methods: Prior to being randomized to receive one year of either the Care Partners for Depression (CP-D) intervention or usual care alone, depressed patients from primary care clinics serving primarily low-income populations in rural and urban Michigan select a supportive adult from outside their home (their “Care Partner;” CP) to assist them in their depression self-management. In the CP-D arm, patients receive weekly automated telephone calls that provide monitoring and self-management guidance, CPs receive emailed guidance on supporting the patient’s selfmanagement based on patient-reported information, and primary care providers receive notifications about any urgent issues. At Baseline, Month 6, and Month 12, we assess depressive symptom severity (primary outcome) and several secondary outcomes. Conclusion: To date, this is the only mHealth intervention for any psychiatric condition that involves a patientselected support person. If it proves effective and cost-efficient, a new sustainable intervention would be available to patients with significant depressive symptoms, providing new management alternatives for patients who are medically underserved or socially isolated.
CO‐ORDINATION STRATEGIES AND NON‐MEMBERS' TRADE IN PROCESSING CO‐OPERATIVES

This paper addresses three major issues set forth by LeVay (1983). These may be summarised as (1) the conflict of interests of the individual vis-a-vis the co-operative, (2) the arrange-ments or contract provisions which may be used to increase the efficiency of the co-operative, and (3) modelling of the co-operative trade with non-members and how members can derive maximum benefit from it.