cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffraction from Overlayer Islands with Positional Correlation.

Abstract By representing the autocorrelation functions with a set of δ functions in the method developed by Houston and Park, closed-form solutions are obtained for the angular distribution of diffracted intensity, in the kinematic approximation, from commensurately adsorbed overlayer islands with positional correlation. It is shown, for islands with unit mesh larger than that of the substrate, that the interference between the islands has only a minor influence on the angular distribution of the superlattice beam intensity if the islands have short-range correlations in their position. Although interference effects are present in the line shape for islands with long-range positional correlation, it is shown that these are not measurable unless a very narrow detector is used. The results are applicable to LEED, RHEED, and grazing-angle X-ray diffraction measurements.
Biotechnological research on the most dangerous pathogens: Challenges for risk governance and safety management

Biotechnological research on the deadliest pathogens has rapidly grown into a vast enterprise in the United States. With over $50 billion from federal agencies, thousands of projects are conducted at hundreds of university laboratories and other facilities in a national effort to gain the knowledge and methods for preventing the natural occurrence of pathogenic disease and protecting against bioterrorism. This paper describes this enterprise, defines several risk scenarios unrelated to terrorism which threaten lab workers and the public with lethal and contagious pathogenic disease, and evaluates the official policy framework for decision-making with regard to preventing and responding to the risk scenarios. It finds that the framework emphasizes physical security and secrecy to prevent terrorist exploitation of the enterprise, but fails to sufficiently address prevention of lab mishaps, accidental releases, and other incidents during the routine conduct of research which would expose workers and the public to the lethal pathogens. Nor does the framework effectively provide for the emergency response measures needed to prevent an accidental release of the more highly contagious pathogens from spiraling into a local or larger scale disease epidemic. These findings, supported by the growing number of near misses and small-scale incidents and lawsuits, point to major weaknesses in federal oversight and regulation, official disregard for siting criteria, inadequate self-regulation and management of lab safety practices, breakdowns in reporting systems, and obstacles to organizational learning and emergency response created by secrecy and security policies. Recommendations are made regarding these inadequacies of the federal framework and urge application of lessons learned from safety science experience with other hazardous technologies where increasing attention is being given to safety culture initiatives.
Solving the Likelihood Equations

Given a model in algebraic statistics and data, the likelihood function is a rational function on a projective variety. Algebraic algorithms are presented for computing all critical points of this function, with the aim of identifying the local maxima in the probability simplex. Applications include models specified by rank conditions on matrices and the Jukes–Cantor models of phylogenetics. The maximum likelihood degree of a generic complete intersection is also determined.
Phase Transformation Dynamics in Porous Battery Electrodes

Abstract Porous electrodes composed of multiphase active materials are widely used in Li-ion batteries, but their dynamics are poorly understood. Two-phase models are largely empirical, and no models exist for three or more phases. Using a modified porous electrode theory based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, we show that experimental phase behavior can be accurately predicted from free energy models, without artificially placing phase boundaries or fitting the open circuit voltage. First, we simulate lithium intercalation in porous iron phosphate, a popular two-phase cathode, and show that the zero-current voltage gap, sloping voltage plateau and under-estimated exchange currents all result from size-dependent nucleation and mosaic instability. Next, we simulate porous graphite, the standard anode with three stable phases, and reproduce experimentally observed fronts of color-changing phase transformations. These results provide a framework for physics-based design and control for electrochemical systems with complex thermodynamics.
TURNING THE TIDES ON THE ULTRA-FAINT DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES: COMA BERENICES AND URSA MAJOR II ∗

We present deep CFHT/MegaCam photometry of the ultra-faint Milky Way satellite galaxies: Coma Berenices (ComBer) and Ursa Major II (UMa II). These data extend to r ~ 25, corresponding to 3 mag below the main-sequence turn-offs in these galaxies. We robustly calculate a total luminosity of MV = –3.8 ± 0.6 for ComBer and MV = –3.9 ± 0.5 for UMa II, in agreement with previous results and confirming that these galaxies are among the faintest of the known dwarf satellites of the Milky Way. ComBer shows a fairly regular morphology with no signs of active tidal stripping down to a surface brightness limit of 32.4 mag arcsec–2. Using a maximum likelihood analysis, we calculate the half-light radius of ComBer to be r half = 74 ± 4 pc (5.8 ± 03) and its ellipticity = 0.36 ± 0.04. In contrast, UMa II shows signs of ongoing disruption. We map its morphology down to μ V = 32.6 mag arcsec–2 and found that UMa II is larger than previously determined, extending at least ~600 pc (11 on the sky) and it is also quite elongated with an overall ellipticity of = 0.50 ± 0.2. However, our estimate for the half-light radius, 123 ± 3 pc (14.1 ± 03) is similar to previous results. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of potential indirect dark matter detections and galaxy formation. We conclude that while ComBer appears to be a stable dwarf galaxy, UMa II shows signs of ongoing tidal interaction.
Formation of galaxies

Abstract The present theories of galaxy formation are reviewed. The relation between peculiar velocities and the correlation function of galaxies points to the possibility that galaxies do not form uniformly everywhere. Scale invariant properties of the cluster-cluster correlations are discussed. Comparing the correlation functions in a dimensionless way, galaxies appear to be stronger clustered, in contrast with the comparison of the dimensional amplitudes of the correlation functions. Theoretical implications of several observations as Lyman-α clouds, correlations of faint galaxies are discussed. None of the present theories of galaxy formation can account for all facts in a natural way.
Quantum gauge equivalence in QED

We discuss gauge transformations in QED coupled to a charged spinor field, and examine whether we can gauge-transform the entire formulation of the theory from one gauge to another, so that not only the gauge and spinor fields, but also the forms of the operator-valued Hamiltonians are transformed. The discussion includes the covariant gauge, in which the gauge condition and Gauss's law are not primary constraints on operator-valued quantities; it also includes the Coulomb gauge, and the spatial axial gauge, in which the constraints are imposed on operator-valued fields by applying the Dirac-Bergmann procedure. We show how to transform the covariant, Coulomb, and spatial axial gauges to what we call “common form,” in which all particle excitation modes have identical properties. We also show that, once that common form has been reached, QED in different gauges has a common time-evolution operator that defines time-translation for states that represent systems of electrons and photons. By combining gauge transformations with changes of representation from standard to common form, the entire apparatus of a gauge theory can be transformed from one gauge to another.
Existence of log canonical closures

Let f:X→U be a projective morphism of normal varieties and (X,Δ) a dlt pair. We prove that if there is an open set U 0⊂U, such that (X,Δ)× U U 0 has a good minimal model over U 0 and the images of all the non-klt centers intersect U 0, then (X,Δ) has a good minimal model over U. As consequences we show the existence of log canonical compactifications for open log canonical pairs, and the fact that the moduli functor of stable schemes satisfies the valuative criterion for properness.
Algebraic approach to interacting quantum systems

We present an algebraic framework for interacting extended quantum systems to study complex phenomena characterized by the coexistence and competition of different states of matter. We start by showing how to connect different (spin-particle-gauge) languages by means of exact mappings (isomorphisms) that we name dictionaries and prove a fundamental theorem establishing when two arbitrary languages can be connected. These mappings serve to unravel symmetries which are hidden in one representation but become manifest in another. In addition, we establish a formal link between seemingly unrelated physical phenomena by changing the language of our model description. This link leads to the idea of universality or equivalence. Moreover, we introduce the novel concept of emergent symmetry as another symmetry guiding principle. By introducing the notion of hierarchical languages, we determine the quantum phase diagram of lattice models (previously unsolved) and unveil hidden order parameters to explore new states...
Effects of ziram on tumor-cell-binding capacity, cell-surface marker expression, and ATP levels of human natural killer cells

Human natural killer (NK) cells are central in immune defense against tumor and virally infected cells. Ziram is used as an accelerating agent in latex production and as an agricultural fungicide. Previous studies showed that continuous exposure to ziram inhibits NK lytic function. Additionally, they showed that a brief (1 h) exposure to ziram caused persistent loss of lytic function. This study examined whether decreases in lytic function were accompanied by decreases in the target-binding function of NK cells and found that some, but not all, exposures to ziram caused significant decreases in binding function. Ziram exposures that caused a loss of binding function were examined for effects on expression of key NK cell-surface proteins needed for binding to targets. Exposure to 2 microM ziram for 1 h followed by 24 or 48 h in ziram-free media decreased CD16 expression, but no other exposures caused decreases in cell-surface proteins. As decreases in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) could be in part responsible for loss of lytic function, the effect of ziram exposures on ATP levels of NK cells were examined. Certain ziram exposures decreased ATP levels in NK cells, but a decrease in ATP was not necessarily associated with a decrease in lytic function. The results indicate that ziram-induced losses of lytic function cannot be fully explained by alteration in binding, cell-surface protein expression, or ATP levels.
2MASS J05162881+2607387: A New Low-mass Double-lined Eclipsing Binary

We show that the star known as 2MASS J05162881+2607387 (hereafter J0516) is a double-lined eclipsing binary with nearly identical low-mass components. The spectroscopic elements derived from 18 spectra obtained with the High Resolution Spectrograph on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope during the fall of 2005 are K1 = 88.45 ± 0.48 and K2 = 90.43 ± 0.60 km s-1, resulting in a mass ratio of q = K1/K2 = 0.978 ± 0.018 and minimum masses of M1 i = 0.775 ± 0.016 M☉ and M2 i = 0.759 ± 0.012 M☉, respectively. We have extensive differential photometry of J0516 obtained over several nights between 2004 January and March (epoch 1) and between 2004 October and 2005 January plus 2006 January (epoch 2) using the 1 m telescope at the Mount Laguna Observatory. The source was roughly 0.1 mag brighter in all three bandpasses during epoch 1 when compared to epoch 2. Also, phased light curves from epoch 1 show considerable out-of-eclipse variability, presumably due to bright spots on one or both stars. In contrast, the phased light curves from epoch 2 show little out-of-eclipse variability. The light curves from epoch 2 and the radial velocity curves were analyzed using our ELC code with updated model atmospheres for low-mass stars. We find the following: M1 = 0.787 ± 0.012 M☉, R1 = 0.788 ± 0.015 R☉, M2 = 0.770 ± 0.009 M☉, and R2 = 0.817 ± 0.010 R☉. The stars in J0516 have radii that are significantly larger than model predictions for their masses, similar to what is seen in a handful of other well-studied low-mass double-lined eclipsing binaries. We compiled all recent mass and radius determinations from low-mass binaries and determine an empirical mass-radius relation of the form R(R☉) = 0.0324 + 0.9343M(M☉) + 0.0374M2(M☉).
Cotemplating ionothermal synthesis of a new open-framework aluminophosphate with unique Al/P ratio of 6/7

A new open-framework aluminophosphate JIS-1 with unique Al/P ratio of 6/7 and intersecting 10-, 10-, and 8-rings channels has been prepared using 1-methylimidazole (MIA) and 1-methyl 3-ethylimidazolium bromide (EMIMBr) as the co-templates in ionothermal synthesis.
The Exosome Component Rrp6 Is Required for RNA Polymerase II Termination at Specific Targets of the Nrd1-Nab3 Pathway

The exosome and its nuclear specific subunit Rrp6 form a 3’-5’ exonuclease complex that regulates diverse aspects of RNA biology including 3’ end processing and degradation of a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and unstable transcripts. Known targets of the nuclear exosome include short (<1000 bp) RNAPII transcripts such as small noncoding RNAs (snRNAs), cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), and some stable unannotated transcripts (SUTs) that are terminated by an Nrd1, Nab3, and Sen1 (NNS) dependent mechanism. NNS-dependent termination is coupled to RNA 3’ end processing and/or degradation by the Rrp6/exosome in yeast. Recent work suggests Nrd1 is necessary for transcriptome surveillance, regulating promoter directionality and suppressing antisense transcription independently of, or prior to, Rrp6 activity. It remains unclear whether Rrp6 is directly involved in termination; however, Rrp6 has been implicated in the 3’ end processing and degradation of ncRNA transcripts including CUTs. To determine the role of Rrp6 in NNS termination globally, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on total RNA and perform ChIP-exo analysis of RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) localization. Deletion of RRP6 promotes hyper-elongation of multiple NNS-dependent transcripts resulting from both improperly processed 3’ RNA ends and faulty transcript termination at specific target genes. The defects in RNAPII termination cause transcriptome-wide changes in mRNA expression through transcription interference and/or antisense repression, similar to previously reported effects of depleting Nrd1 from the nucleus. Elongated transcripts were identified within all classes of known NNS targets with the largest changes in transcription termination occurring at CUTs. Interestingly, the extended transcripts that we have detected in our studies show remarkable similarity to Nrd1-unterminated transcripts at many locations, suggesting that Rrp6 acts with the NNS complex globally to promote transcription termination in addition to 3’ end RNA processing and/or degradation at specific targets.
AFTER THE STANDARD MODEL: NEW RESONANCES AT THE LHC

Experiments will soon start taking data at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with high expectations for discovery of new physics phenomena. Indeed, the LHC's unprecedented center-of-mass energy will allow the experiments to probe an energy regime where the standard model is known to break down. Here, the experiments' capability to observe new resonances in various channels is reviewed.
Equivariant orbifold structures on the projective line and integrable hierarchies

Abstract Let CP 1 k , m be the orbifold structure on CP 1 obtained via uniformizing the neighborhoods of 0 and ∞ respectively by z ↦ z k and w ↦ w m . The diagonal action of the torus T = ( S 1 ) 2 on CP 1 induces naturally an action on the orbifold CP 1 k , m . In this paper we prove that if k and m are co-prime then Givental's prediction of the equivariant total descendent Gromov–Witten potential of CP 1 k , m satisfies certain Hirota Quadratic Equations (HQE for short). We also show that after an appropriate change of the variables, similar to Getzler's change in the equivariant Gromov–Witten theory of CP 1 , the putative Gromov–Witten potential turns into tau-function of a new integrable hierarchy, which we call the equivariant bi-graded Toda hierarchy. The Hamiltonian description of this hierarchy will be investigated in a future article.
Monte Carlo calculation of the distributions of interatomic separation and relative velocity resulting from the dissociation of fast molecular ions by thin foils

Abstract A Monte Carlo program to calculate the distributions of separation and relative velocity resulting from the dissociation of fast molecular ions traversing thin foils, including effects of Coulomb explosion, multiple scattering and differential energy loss, has been developed. Effects of differing single particle scattering cross sections due to different assumptions concerning the screening of target atoms have been considered. Results for H 2 + ions of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 MeV/amu incident upon C foils of thickness ranging from 2–15 μ/cm 2 are presented.
The removal of nickel from mine waters using bacterial sulfate reduction

Experiments were done to determine if a compost-based sulfate-reduction system could be used to treat nickel-contaminated mine waters. Sulfate-reduction systems were established in columns containing acid-washed mushroom compost. Simulated mine waters containing 2000 mg sulfate 1−1 and 50–1000 mg nickel 1−1 were adjusted to pH 4.5 and pumped through the columns at flow rates between 15 and 25 ml h−1. Initially, almost all of the influent nickel was removed in the columns by sorptive and ion exchange mechanisms. The nickel removal rate then dropped to 18–30 mg nickel day (7.8 to 12.8 nmol g −1 compost day), where it remained relatively constant. The mechanisms responsible for the low and sustained rates of nickel removal on unamended compost are unclear. When sodium lactate was added to the inflow, sulfate reduction rates between 250 and 650 nmol day cm−3 compost were obtained and a sevenfold increase in the nickel removal rate was observed. The maximum nickel removal rate observed was 540 mg Ni kg−1 compost day (92 nmol Ni g−1 compost day) for columns receiving 1000 mg Ni 1−1.
Disorder effects on transport near AFM quantum phase transitions

Abstract We discuss three different scenarios recently proposed to account for the non-Fermi liquid behavior near antiferromagnetic (AFM) quantum critical points in heavy-Fermion systems: (i) scattering of Fermi liquid quasiparticles by strong spin fluctuations near the spin-density-wave instability, (ii) the breakdown of the Kondo effect due to the competition with the RKKY interaction, and (iii) the formation of magnetic regions due to rare configurations of the disorder. Here we focus on the first scenario and show that it explains in some detail the anomalous temperature dependence of the resistivity observed, e.g. in CePd 2 Si 2 , CeNi 2 Ge 2 or CeIn3. The interplay of strongly anisotropic scattering due to critical spin-fluctuations and weak isotropic impurity scattering leads to a regime with a resistivity ρ≈ρ 0 + Δ ρ(T), Δ ρ(T)≡T 3/2 f(T/ρ 0 )∝T ρ 0 for sufficiently large T and small ρ0.
Fast Flux Test Facility Instrumentation Requirements

The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is the major irradiation test facility planned for the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Program. This paper discusses the facility instrumentation requirements, placing particular emphasis on out-of-core instrumentation. In-core instrumentation requirements are described in more general terms due to their greater dependence on reactor concept decisions. Out-of-reactor instrumentation requirements included in these discussions are: sodium and inert gas purity, sodium heat transport system measurements, fuel handling and examination, radiation monitoring, containment actuation and process control problem areas. Considerations leading to provisions for a multiple digital computer-based data handling and display system are described.
Statistical file matching of flow cytometry data

Flow cytometry is a technology that rapidly measures antigen-based markers associated to cells in a cell population. Although analysis of flow cytometry data has traditionally considered one or two markers at a time, there has been increasing interest in multidimensional analysis. However, flow cytometers are limited in the number of markers they can jointly observe, which is typically a fraction of the number of markers of interest. For this reason, practitioners often perform multiple assays based on different, overlapping combinations of markers. In this paper, we address the challenge of imputing the high-dimensional jointly distributed values of marker attributes based on overlapping marginal observations. We show that simple nearest neighbor based imputation can lead to spurious subpopulations in the imputed data and introduce an alternative approach based on nearest neighbor imputation restricted to a cell's subpopulation. This requires us to perform clustering with missing data, which we address with a mixture model approach and novel EM algorithm. Since mixture model fitting may be ill-posed in this context, we also develop techniques to initialize the EM algorithm using domain knowledge. We demonstrate our approach on real flow cytometry data.
Does industrial structure explain the benefits of international diversification

Abstract We examine the influence of industrial structure on the cross-sectional volatility and correlation structure of country index returns for 12 European countries between 1978 and 1992. We find that industrial structure explains very little of the cross-sectional difference in country return volatility, and that the low correlation between country indices is almost completely due to country-specific sources of return variation. Diversification across countries within an industry is a much more effective tool for risk reduction than industry diversification within a country.
Ambidentate ligands, the schizophrenics of coordination chemistry

Abstract Representative examples of ambidentate ligand chemistry, drawn primarily from studies published during the past decade, are presented. An overview of the physical methods used for structural elucidation is included, with major emphasis being placed on structures emanating from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. A great variety of ambidentate ligands are covered, although the bulk of the review deals with the schizophrenic behaviour of the classic ambidentate ligands NO2−CN− NCO−, NCS− NCSe− and NCTe−. As usual, the thiocyanate ion is accorded the most extensive coverage. Other ambidentate ligands discussed include CNO−, CNS−, azaphospholes, aminobenzonitriles, 4,4'-bipyrimidine, cyanoborohydrides, CCO, ClC(CN)3, chloranilate ion, isonitroso(β-ketoimine), nicotinate ion, nitramines, nitrosobenzenes and -anilines, Ph2PC(S)NHR, phosphine/arsine, phosphine sulfide/methine, and phosphinethioamide hybrid ligands, pyridine-2-thione, N-(2-pyridyl)imidazole, 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, saccharinate ion, H2NSO3−, SO32−, Me2SO, SO2, SO2−, SNO−, NSO−, S2O32−, S2CO2−, SeO32−, SC(O)NHR−, OSNH−, dithioimidodiphosphinate ion, dithiosquarate ion, triphosphate ion, and ureas. Transition metal complexes of ambidentate ligands are emphasized throughout the review.
Deficiency in peripheral glutamine production in pediatric patients with burns

Plasma glutamine levels decrease in association with severe injury, which suggests that the consumption of glutamine exceeds the production of glutamine or possibly represents a deficit in the release of glutamine from skeletal muscle. The goal of this study was to assess the peripheral glutamine kinetic response to prolonged stress in children with critical injuries. To accomplish this purpose, we quantitated peripheral glutamine kinetics in vivo with the use of 5N15 glutamine in 5 children with severe burns (total body surface area, 74%+/-14%; mean +/- SEM) and 3 children who underwent elective scar reconstruction. In the children with severe burns, leg blood flow was significantly elevated (16.2+/-2.1 vs 7.5 +/-0.3 mL/min/100 mL leg volume, P < .02) and the arterial concentration of glutamine was significantly reduced (0.31+/-0.04 vs 0.84+/-0.05 mmol/L, P < .001). The rate of glutamine turnover within the leg was significantly reduced in the patients with acute burns, whereas the net efflux of glutamine was similar between the 2 groups. These findings suggest that plasma glutamine concentrations decrease during severe stress as a result of a deficit in peripheral glutamine release in conjunction with an increased central consumption. This preliminary study supports the notion that exogenous glutamine supplementation in pediatric patients with severe injuries may be needed because of this inadequate skeletal muscle response.
Implications of a Running Spectral Index for Slow Roll Inflation

We analyse the weak (2σ) evidence for a running spectral index seen in the three year WMAP data set and its implications for single field, slow roll inflation. We assume that the running is comparable to the central value found from the WMAP data analysis, and use the Hubble slow roll formalism to follow the evolution of the slow roll parameters. For all parameter choices consistent with a large, negative running, single field, slow roll inflation lasts less than 30 e-folds after CMB scales leave the horizon. Thus, a definitive observation of a large negative running would imply that any inflationary phase requires multiple fields or the breakdown of slow roll. Alternatively, if single field, slow roll inflation sources the primordial fluctuations, we can expect the observed running to move much closer to zero as the CMB is measured more accurately at small angular scales.
Improved test statistics for multivariate regression

Abstract Edgeworth expansions to the null distributions of three classical test statistics in the multivariate regression model were derived by Rothenberg (University of California at Berkeley, Working Paper IP-225, 1977) and Phillips ( Journal of the Japan Statistical Society , 1984, 14, 107–124) for the purpose of obtaining size-corrected critical values for such tests. We combine their results with the results of Cordeiro and Ferrari ( Biometrika , 1991, 78, 573–582) to obtain corrections to be applied to the test statistics directly. Simulation results are also given.
Foreclosures and local government revenues from the property tax: The case of Georgia school districts☆

Abstract Historically, local governments in the United States have relied on the property tax as their main source of own-source revenues. With the recent collapse of housing prices and the resulting increase in foreclosures that followed the “Great Recession”, many observers have speculated that the local governments would suffer significant revenue losses, either immediately or in the near future. However, to our knowledge there is no existing work that examines the impacts of these recent foreclosures on property values and the subsequent impacts on property tax revenues and other dimensions of the property tax system. We use proprietary information from RealtyTrac on annual foreclosure “activity” (e.g., the flow of newly foreclosed properties into foreclosure filings), for the period 2006 through 2011, merged with information on local government revenues and economic data, to estimate the impacts of foreclosures on local government property tax revenues, as well as on market values and property tax levies. We focus on school districts in the State of Georgia, and address the question: How have recent foreclosures stemming from the Great Recession affected the property tax system of local governments? Across various specifications, we find that foreclosure activity had significant impacts on property tax bases, levies, and revenues.
Toward a rational workholding methodology.

Abstract The technology of workholding is intimately related to the developing surface features of the parts to be held, the tooling systems which generate these surfaces, and the approaches applied to grasp and secure the part. A rationale for workholding is developed which considers “single setup” as a desirable goal in the context of a machining FMS. A taxonomy of workholding is outlined with examples.
Urinary Obstruction Causes Irreversible Renal Failure by Inducing Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Obstruction of urinary tract is a frequent cause of transient renal dysfunction, which, in the majority of cases, is reversible. Urinary obstruction can occasionally cause chronic renal failure, in spite of successful relief of the obstruction. Sonographic and pathologic studies show renal atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and interstitial inflammation, which explain the loss of renal function. Herein, we report two cases of bilateral obstructive nephropathy due to prostatic hyperplasia, in which renal ultrasound demonstrated hydronephrosis and normal cortical thickness. In both cases, the renal failure persisted even after urinary obstruction was relieved by continuous catheter drainage. Renal biopsy showed that in each case the cause of the irreversible renal failure was chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. It is concluded that renal biopsy can be of diagnostic, as well as of prognostic value in obstructive nephropathy, especially when relief of the obstruction is not followed by restoration of the renal function.
The determinants of U.S. banks’ international activities

Abstract This paper develops a model and structural dynamic estimation of bank behavior to map the relationship between U.S. banks’ choices of foreign banking activities, and bank and foreign market traits. This estimation framework is applied to a unique bank-level dataset compiled from regulatory sources, covering U.S. banks’ foreign activities in 83 host markets over the 2003–2013 period. Bank traits are better able to explain the evolving patterns of foreign banking than host market characteristics. After controlling for these traits, the post-financial crisis period shows a structural shift away from cross-border claims towards foreign affiliate activities. Structural estimates of foreign market entry costs and regulatory attitudes towards risk are derived. Simulation exercises confirm the strong impact of banks’ and regulators’ risk stance on bank profits and portfolio composition.
Weighing the universe with photometric redshift surveys and the impact on dark energy forecasts

With a wariness of Occam's razor awakened by the discovery of cosmic acceleration, we abandon the usual assumption of zero mean curvature and ask how well it can be determined by planned surveys. We also explore the impact of uncertain mean curvature on forecasts for the performance of planned dark energy probes. We find that weak lensing and photometric baryon acoustic oscillation data, in combination with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, can determine the mean curvature well enough that the residual uncertainty does not degrade constraints on dark energy. We also find that determinations of curvature are highly tolerant of photometric redshift errors.
Free-free absorption of gyrosynchrotron radiation in solar microwave bursts.

Abstract : A model for solar microwave bursts is considered in which over a broad frequency band the flux density is a slowly varying function of frequency. It is proposed that such an essentially flat spectrum could result from free-free absorption of gyrosynchrotron emission of nonthermal electrons accelerated in solar flares. The theory of gyrosynchrotron radiation is reviewed, and simplified formulae for the Razin effect, selfabsorption and gyroresonance absorption are given and their range of validity is discussed. Using these results the thermal electron density, temperature, emission measure, magnetic fields and number of nonthermal electrons in the emitting region are evaluated for a flare with a flat microwave spectrum. (Author)
Legal Requirements in the Practice of Forensic Economics in the Northeast States

Statutory law and case law establish mandates with respect to discounting future sums and the treatment of taxes in cases of personal injury. The results presented herein concern the northeast states and have been distilled from a larger ongoing study of the 50 states in the US. The principal finding is that states differ widely in their individual mandates. Forensic economists must be aware of the requirements in the jurisdiction(s) in which they practice or risk running afoul of established procedures.
Time-domain feedback analysis of adaptive gradient algorithms via the small gain theorem

This paper provides a time-domain feedback analysis of gradient-based adaptive schemes with emphasis on stability and robustness issues. It is shown that an intrinsic feedback structure, mapping the noise sequence and the initial weight guess to the a priori estimation errors and the final weight estimate, can be associated with such schemes. The feedback configuration is motivated via energy arguments and is shown to consist of two major blocks: a time-variant lossless (i.e., energy preserving) feedforward path and a time-variant feedback path. The configuration is further shown to lend itself rather immediately to analysis via a so-called small gain theorem; thus leading to stability conditions that require the contractivity of certain operators.
Hydrolysis of ferric ion in water and conformational equilibrium

Reported here are results of theoretical calculations on Fe(H2O)63+, Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+, three isomers of Fe(H2O)4(OH)2+, and Fe(H2O)3(OH)2+, which investigate the molecular mechanisms of hydrolysis of ferric ion in water. The combination of density functional electronic structure techniques and a dielectric continuum model for electrostatic solvation applied to the Fe(H2O)63+ complex yields an estimate of −1020 kcal/mol (experimental values −1037 to −1019 kcal/mol) for the absolute free energy of the aqueous ferric ion. The predicted free energy change for the first hydrolysis reaction is surprisingly close to the experimental value (2 kcal/mol predicted compared to 3 kcal/mol experimental). For the second hydrolysis reaction, we found an unexpected low-energy isomer of Fe(H2O)4(OH)2+ with five ligands in the inner sphere and one water outside. The hexacoordinate cis and trans isomers are, respectively, slightly lower and higher in energy. Calculations on the pentacoordinate species Fe(H2O)3(OH)2+ suggest th...
Practical strategies for integrating a conversation analyst in an iterative design process

We present a case study of an iterative design process that includes a conversation analyst. We discuss potential benefits of conversation analysis for design, and we describe our strategies for integrating the conversation analyst in the design process. Since the analyst on our team had no previous exposure to design or engineering, and none of the other members of our team had any experience with conversation analysis, we needed to build a foundation for our interaction. One of our key strategies was to pair the conversation analyst with a designer in a highly interactive collaboration. Our tactics have been effective on our project, leading to valuable results that we believe we could not have obtained using another method. We hope that this paper can serve as a practical guide to those interested in establishing a productive and efficient working relationship between a conversation analyst and the other members of a design team.
Recently Discovered Pulsars and Unidentified Egret Sources

We present a correlative study between all unidentified EGRET sources at low Galactic latitudes and the newly discovered pulsars in the released portion of the Parkes multibeam radio survey. We note 14 positional coincidences: eight of these are "Vela-like" pulsars with relatively small periods, small characteristic ages, and high spin-down luminosities. Three of these coincidences have been investigated by D'Amico et al. and Camilo et al. Among the others, we argue that PSR J1015-5719 may plausibly generate part of the high-energy radiation observed from 3EG J1014-5705. Three additional interesting cases are 3EG J1410-6147, either of PSRs J1412-6145 or J1413-6141 if the pulsars are at the estimated distance of the coincident SNR G312.4-0.4, and 3EG J1639-4702/PSR J1637-4642. The remaining positional coincidences between the EGRET sources and the newly discovered pulsars are almost certainly spurious.
Numerical Simulations of Membrane Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications

To gain insight into the aerodynamics of flexible wing-based micro air vehicles (MAVs), we study the threedimensional interaction between a membrane wing and its surrounding fluid flow. A nonlinear membrane structural solver and a Navier‐Stokes flow solver are coupled through the moving boundary technique and time synchronization. Under the chord Reynolds number of 9 × × 10 4 , the membrane exhibits self-initiated vibrations in accordance with its material properties and the surrounding fluid flow. The vortical flow structure, its effect on the aerodynamic parameters, and the implications of the membrane deformation on the effective angle of attack and flow structure are discussed. Nomenclature C D = drag coefficient CL = lift coefficient c = chord length c p = pressure coefficient D = drag Fpx = form drag Fpy = lift caused by pressure force Fτ x = drag caused by friction L = lift U = freestream speed u = chordwise velocity v =v ertical velocity x = chordwise distance from the leading edge Z = half-wing span z = spanwise distance from the root α = angle of attack
Perfect equilibria of a model of n-person noncooperative bargaining

We study the set of subgame perfect equilibria associated with then-person noncooperative bargaining mechanism proposed by Hart and Mas-Colell (1992). Our results pertain to transferable utility games. The set of perfect equilibria depends on the parameter representing the “continuation probability,” ϱ. For general TU games, we characterize the set of payoffs from perfect equilibria for (a) small values of ϱ and (b) large values of ϱ. For symmetric games a complete characterization for all values of ϱ is provided.
Binding and two-dimensional crystallization of streptavidin at the air/water interface via engineered Cu-IDA chelator lipids

Abstract Metal-chelating iminodiacetate (IDA) lipid monolayers at the air/water interface have been engineered to promote the 2D crystallization of proteins which display solvent-accessible histidines. The physical properties of IDA lipid monolayers have been specifically tailored to allow the binding and 2D assembly of added proteins. Fluorescently labeled IDA lipid monolayers allow us to monitor the formation of the protein crystals optically. Here we review our efforts in the interfacial crystallization of streptavidin as monitored using fluorescence, Brewster angle and transmission electron microscopy and discuss future challenges in this area.
Inheritance of zingiberene in Lycopersicon.

The inheritance of the sesquiterpene zingiberene was analyzed in segregating progeny of interspecific crosses among Lycopersicon hirsutum f. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. (hir), L. esculentum Mill. cv ‘Nova’ (esc), and L. hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull (gla). The presence of zingiberene was inherited as a single dominant gene from hir in F2 and BC progeny of esc x hir, and as a single recessive gene in F2 and BC progeny of gla x hir. The segregation of esc x hir, gla x hir, and esc x gla progeny supported a single locus allelomorphic model in which the presence of zingiberene is controlled at a single locus, Z, where the allele from hir confers presence of zingiberene and is dominant to the allele from esc but recessive to that from gla. The presence of zingiberene in esc x hir progeny was not linked to the ability to set fruit or to several fruit characters, and progeny with zingiberene levels comparable to hir were recovered.
Strong Limits on the DFSZ Axion Mass with G117-B15A

We compute rates of period change () for the 215 s mode in G117-B15A and the 213 s mode in R548, first for models without axions, and then for models with axions of increasing mass. We use the asteroseismological models for G117-B15A and R548 we derived in an earlier publication. For G117-B15A, we consider two families of solutions, one with relatively thick hydrogen layers and one with thin hydrogen layers. Given the region of parameter space occupied by our models, we estimate error bars on the calculated values using Monte Carlo simulations. Together with the observed for G117-B15A, our analysis yields strong limits on the DFSZ axion mass. Our thin hydrogen solutions place an upper limit of 13.5 meV on the axion, while our thick hydrogen solutions relaxes that limit to 26.5 meV.
Oxidative deamination of primary amines: selective synthesis of geminal dihalides

Oxidative deamination of unbranched primary amines by the combination of alkyl nitrites and anhydrous copper(II) halides in acetonitrile produces geminal dihalides selectively and in synthetically useful yields.
Star Clusters, Galaxies, and the Fundamental Manifold

We explore whether global observed properties, specifically half-light radii, mean surface brightness, and integrated stellar kinematics, suffice to unambiguously differentiate galaxies from star clusters, which presumably formed differently and lack dark matter halos. We find that star clusters lie on the galaxy scaling relationship referred to as the fundamental manifold (FM), on the extension of a sequence of compact galaxies, and so conclude that there is no simple way to differentiate star clusters from ultracompact galaxies. By extending the validity of the FM over a larger range of parameter space and a wider set of objects, we demonstrate that the physics that constrains the resulting baryon and dark matter distributions in stellar systems is more general than previously appreciated. The generality of the FM implies (1) that the stellar spatial distribution and kinematics of one type of stellar system do not arise solely from a process particular to that set of systems, such as violent relaxation for elliptical galaxies, but are instead the result of an interplay of all processes responsible for the generic settling of baryons in gravitational potential wells, (2) that the physics of how baryons settle is independent of whether the system is embedded within a dark matter halo, and (3) that peculiar initial conditions at formation or stochastic events during evolution do not ultimately disturb the overall regularity of baryonic settling. We also utilize the relatively simple nature of star clusters to relate deviations from the FM to the age of the stellar population and find that stellar population models systematically and significantly overpredict the mass-to-light ratios of old, metal-rich clusters. We present an empirical calibration of stellar population mass-to-light ratios with age and color. Finally, we use the FM to estimate velocity dispersions for the low surface brightness, outer halo clusters that lack such measurements.
Investigating uranium isotopic distributions in environmental samples using AMS and MC-ICPMS

Abstract Major, minor and trace uranium isotopes were measured at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in environmentally acquired samples using different instruments to span large variations in concentrations. Multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) can be used to measure major and minor isotopes: 238 U, 235 U, 234 U and 236 U. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can be used to measure minor and trace isotopes: 234 U, 236 U and 233 U. The main limit of quantification for minor or trace uranium isotopes is the abundance sensitivity of the measurement technique; i.e. the ability to measure a minor or trace isotope of mass M in the presence of a major isotope at M ± 1 mass units. The abundance sensitivity for 236 U/ 235 U isotope ratio measurements using MC-ICPMS is around ∼2 × 10 −6 . This compares with a 236 U/ 235 U abundance sensitivity of ∼1 × 10 −7 for the current AMS system, with the expectation of 2–3 orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity with the addition of another high energy filter. Comparing 236 U/ 234 U from MC-ICPMS and AMS produced agreement within ∼10% for samples at 236 U levels high enough to be measurable by both techniques.
Area-Delay-Energy Tradeoffs of Strain-Mediated Multiferroic Devices

Multiferroic devices hold profound promise for ultralow energy computing in beyond Moore’s law era. The magnetization of a magnetostrictive shape-anisotropic single-domain nanomagnet strain-coupled with a piezoelectric layer in a multiferroic composite structure can be switched between its two stable states (separated by an energy barrier) with a tiny amount of voltage via converse magnetoelectric effect. With appropriate choice of materials, the magnetization can be switched with a few tens of millivolts of voltages in subnanosecond switching delay while spending a miniscule amount of energy of $\boldsymbol {\sim }1$ attojoule at room temperature. Here, we analyze the area-delay-energy tradeoffs of these multiferroic devices by solving the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz–Gilbert equation in the presence of room-temperature thermal fluctuations. We particularly put attention on scaling down the lateral area of the magnetostrictive nanomagnet that can increase the device density on a chip. We show that the vertical thickness of the nanomagnet can be increased while scaling down the lateral area and keeping the assumption of single-domain limit valid. This has important consequences, since it helps to some extent prevent the deterioration of the induced stress-anisotropy energy in the magnetostrictive nanomagnet, which is proportional to the nanomagnet’s volume. The results show that if we scale down the lateral area, the switching delay increases while energy dissipation decreases. Avenues available for decreasing the switching delay while still reducing the energy dissipation are discussed.
Option pricing in the presence of natural boundaries and a quadratic diffusion term

This paper uses a probabilistic change-of-numeraire technique to compute closed-form prices of European options to exchange one asset against another when the relative price of the underlying assets follows a diffusion process with natural boundaries and a quadratic diffusion coefficient. The paper shows in particular how to interpret the option price formula in terms of exercise probabilities which are calculated under the martingale measures associated with two specific numeraire portfolios. An application to the pricing of bond options and certain interest rate derivatives illustrates the main results.
Convergence rates for rank-based models with applications to portfolio theory

We determine rates of convergence of rank-based interacting diffusions and semimartingale reflecting Brownian motions to equilibrium. Bounds on fluctuations of additive functionals are obtained using Transportation Cost-Information inequalities for Markov processes. We work out various applications to the rank-based abstract equity markets used in Stochastic Portfolio Theory. For example, we produce quantitative bounds, including constants, for fluctuations of market weights and occupation times of various ranks for individual coordinates. Another important application is the comparison of performance between symmetric functionally generated portfolios and the market portfolio. This produces estimates of probabilities of “beating the market”.