cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Si/Al Ratio of ZSM-5 Zeolite on the Properties of Lignin Pyrolysis Products

The pyrolysis of softwood (SW) kraft lignin in the presence of various H-ZSM-5 zeolites with different SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratios from 23/1–280/1 as additives were examined at 600 °C. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), including quantitative 13C, 31P NMR, and heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC)-NMR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize various pyrolysis oils. On the basis of the results of the 13C and 31P NMR for pyrolysis oils, the use of H-ZSM-5 zeolites during the pyrolysis process caused the near complete decomposition of aliphatic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. With the exception of carboxylic acid, the H-ZSM-5 zeolite with a relatively higher SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio was more effective at the elimination of methoxyl groups, ether bonds, and aliphatic C–C bonds, and dehydration of aliphatic hydroxyl groups during pyrolysis. However, the H-ZSM-5 zeolite with a very large SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio, such as 280, has only limited effects on the properties of upgraded pyrolysis...
1.54 μm Electroluminescence from Erbium Doped Gallium Phosphide Diodes

Er-doped GaP diodes that exhibit strong room temperature characteristic 4f-shell luminescence under forward bias have been fabricated. The output of the diode increases linearly with current for low current densities but eventually saturates. The radiative decay lifetime is 2.6 msec and is independent of current. It is proposed that the observed intensity dependence on excitation power results from saturation of the optically active Er 3+ centers. Some diodes showed a superlinear dependence, with a threshold of about 2 A/cm 2 .
Clinical gene transfer: education is the key.

Profound damage to public confidence in the discipline of gene therapy has been done in the past two years. The gene transfer incident at the University of Pennsylvania in 1999 and alleged financial conflicts associated with that trial, as well as subsequent revelations of massive underreporting of patient adverse events to the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) as required by the NIH Guidelines on Recombinant DNA Research, combined to cause much of this damage. In response to public concerns and congressional inquiries, relevant federal agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Office of Biotechnology Activities (OBA) at the NIH, and the Department of Human and Health Services (DHHS), have tightened existing regulations and issued new rules and guidelines governing clinical gene transfer studies. One common feature among all of these federal activities is a call for education of investigators and team members to make them thoroughly familiar with all aspects of clinical gene transfer studies and to better protect patient safety. In response to this challenge, the ASGT sponsored a comprehensive Clinical Gene Transfer Training Course over a two-day period immediately preceding the Society’s 4th Annual Meeting in Seattle this past June. The training course was co-organized and cosponsored by the FDA, OBA, OHRP, and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and supported financially by only the OBA and the ASGT. Topics encompassed the following areas: 1. Planning for a Clinical Trial; 2. Preclinical Development of Gene Transfer Vectors; 3. Clinical Trial Design, Approval Process, and Trial Conduct; 4. Clinical Trial Compliance, Monitoring, and Oversight; and 5. Bioethics, Research Integrity, and Conflicts of Interest. Training course objectives were to provide education to basic scientists and trainees on the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in generating and analyzing preclinical efficacy and pharmacology/toxicity data to support clinical translational research; production facility directors and staff members on the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in manufacturing and testing of gene transfer products for human applications; and clinical investigators and team members on the principles of Good Clinical Practices (GCP) in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) in conducting clinical trials. In addition, all registrants were educated on the relevant federal regulations and guidelines governing clinical gene transfer studies.
The study of sensory and learning processes of the newborn.

This paper provides an overview of recent advances made in the documentation of sensoiy and learning processes of newborns. Newly acquired knowledge, both about the behavior of infants and about tire nervous system that mediates developmental change, is substantial.
Cancer incidence trends using American Community Survey estimates are not consistent with SEER for small populations

Abstract Background American Community Survey (ACS) estimates are said to be uncertain for small areas and small population groups. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database uses a decennial census extrapolation methodology to yield population estimates used by cancer researchers across the country. We compared metropolitan Detroit cancer incidence estimates calculated using ACS data to those using SEER population estimates, which we considered to be the gold standard. Methods We generated age-adjusted cancer incidence rate estimates for 1-year, 3-year and 5-year time periods (2005–2010) using SEER and ACS population estimates for four racial/ethnic groups by sex and cancer type for residents in the tri-county Detroit area. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and compared trends. Results While the IRRs were rarely significant, there were significant differences in incidence rate estimates for Hispanic males. Additionally, interpretation of trends varied by the estimate source: the ACS-based lung cancer incidence rate estimate for Hispanic females increased from 70.59 (95% CI 44.85, 110.67) to 86.13 (95% CI 54.83, 132.44) per 100,000 women from 2007 to 2010, while the SEER incidence rate estimate decreased from 80.76 (95% CI 53.36, 119.24) to 73.54 (95% CI 49.24, 106.62). Conclusions Inconsistencies were found when comparing incidence rate estimates for small population groups using the two population estimate sources. This finding has potential implications for health disparities research.
Where Is Your (dis)Comfort Zone

John knew teaching in a school located in the middle of a housing project would not be easy. He was aware of the high number of English Language Learners in the school as well as the number of children who qualified for free or reduced lunch. He was ready to embrace the diversity and the challenge. Yet the problems John faced in his school were none that he had anticipated. Not only did he have to face the challenges all new teachers encounter—to teach and learn to teach well simultaneously—he was also teaching in a school that even the substitute teachers would avoid. Disgusted with the lack of support, problems with students, and a general morose feeling across the school, he decided to leave the profession. We were deeply saddened by his decision. We knew that the city schools had lost a gifted, creative, knowledgeable teacher who taught from his heart.
Fossil fuels – how much is there?

The world economy runs mainly on fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas – and as shown in the previous chapter, they are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions outside the agricultural sector. They were made in geological processes that turned plants grown hundreds of millions of years ago into the fossil fuels we use today. High temperature and high pressure can convert a prehistoric tree into a piece of coal, or under different conditions of temperature and pressure into oil or gas. What we are doing today is mining the fuels generated so long ago at a rate much faster than they can be replaced by the processes that produced them in the first place. This means that fossil fuels are going to run out eventually and the era of powering the world economy with them will come to an end. The question is not if, but when, so the movement away from fossil fuels that is required to deal with climate change will eventually have to happen anyway to deal with resource exhaustion. Think of this century as a transition period in a move away from the energy resources that have brought great economic benefits, but have turned out to bring an unexpected problem – global warming. Some say the era of available and affordable fossil fuels is coming to an end very soon, but the data on reserves say this is not true.
Band to Band Tunneling limited Off state Current in Ultra-thin Body Double Gate FETs with High Mobility Materials : III-V, Ge and strained Si/Ge

We have developed new Band to Band Tunneling (BTBT) model, which captures band structure information, all possible transitions between different valleys, energy quantization and quantized density of states (DOS). Minimum standby off-state currents (IOFF, MIN) are investigated in Double Gate (DG) MOSFETs with various high mobility materials, like GaAs, InAs, Ge and strained Si/Ge (s-Si/s-Ge) using the new band to band tunneling model. Our results show that the body thickness & supply voltage strongly affect the BTBT and should be carefully chosen to meet the ITRS specifications of the off state leakage current in these new high mobility/small bandgap materials.
Electronic structure study of screw dislocation core energetics in Aluminum and core energetics informed forces in a dislocation aggregate

Abstract We use a real-space formulation of orbital-free DFT to study the core energetics and core structure of an isolated screw dislocation in Aluminum. Using a direct energetics based approach, we estimate the core size of a perfect screw dislocation to be ≈ 7 |b|, which is considerably larger than previous estimates of 1–3 |b| based on displacement fields. The perfect screw upon structural relaxation dissociates into two Shockley partials with partial separation distances of 8.2 A and 6.6 A measured from the screw and edge component differential displacement plots, respectively. Similar to a previous electronic structure study on edge dislocation, we find that the core energy of the relaxed screw dislocation is not a constant, but strongly dependent on macroscopic deformations. Next, we use the edge and screw dislocation core energetics data with physically reasonable assumptions to develop a continuum energetics model for an aggregate of dislocations that accounts for the core energy dependence on macroscopic deformations. Further, we use this energetics model in a discrete dislocation network, and from the variations of the core energy with respect to the nodal positions of the network, we obtain the nodal core force which can directly be incorporated into discrete dislocation dynamics frameworks. We analyze and classify the nodal core force into three different contributions based on their decay behavior. Two of these contributions to the core force, both arising from the core energy dependence on macroscopic deformations, are not accounted for in currently used discrete dislocation dynamics models which assume the core energy to be a constant excepting for its dependence on the dislocation line orientation. Using case studies involving simple dislocation structures, we demonstrate that the contribution to the core force from the core energy dependence on macroscopic deformations can be significant in comparison to the elastic Peach–Koehler force even up to distances of 10–15 nm between dislocation structures. Thus, these core effects, whose origins are in the electronic structure of the dislocation core, can play an important role in influencing dislocation-dislocation interactions to much larger distances than considered heretofore.
Synthesis and characterization of photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic Cu2BaSnS4 thin films and solar cells

Earth-abundant copper–barium–thiostannate Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) based thin films have recently been reported to exhibit optoelectronic and defect properties suitable for their use as absorbers for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and the top cell of tandem photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. In this work, we synthesise CBTS thin films from precursors with different Cu compositions and find that the Cu composition of the precursor can influence the phase formation and structural preferred orientation in the resultant CBTS. Single-phase and device-grade CBTS films can be prepared using the precursor with a slightly Cu poor content of Cu/(Ba + Sn) = 0.95 and Cu/Ba = 1.81. We also find that CBTS demonstrates an intrinsic copper poor composition leading to p-type conductivity and that exposing CBTS in air can lead to a native oxide layer of SnOx. The PEC water reduction device with the configuration fluorine-doped SnO2/CBTS/Pt/electrolyte (pH ∼ 7) is able to generate a cathodic photocurrent of 3.9 mA cm−2 at zero volt versus reversible hydrogen electrode under the illumination of a 300 W xenon lamp. The PV solar device with the configuration fluorine-doped SnO2/CBTS/CdS/ZnO/aluminum-doped ZnO suffers from a severe recombination issue at the heterointerface which greatly limits the overall device performance, evidenced by detailed characterization using capacitance–voltage and impedance spectroscopy tested with various alternating-current frequencies, temperatures, and applied direct-current biases. As a consequence, the best PV device only delivers 1.6% conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 illumination, albeit with moderate heat treatments of CBTS/CdS junctions at low temperatures mitigating the interfacial recombination to some degree.
Multisource domain adaptation and its application to early detection of fatigue

We consider the characterization of muscle fatigue through a noninvasive sensing mechanism such as Surface ElectroMyoGraphy (SEMG). While changes in the properties of SEMG signals with respect to muscle fatigue have been reported in the literature, the large variation in these signals across different individuals makes the task of modeling and classification of SEMG signals challenging. Indeed, the variation in SEMG parameters from subject to subject creates differences in the data distribution. In this article, we propose two transfer learning frameworks based on the multisource domain adaptation methodology for detecting different stages of fatigue using SEMG signals, that addresses the distribution differences. In the proposed frameworks, the SEMG data of a subject represent a domain; data from multiple subjects in the training set form the multiple source domains and the test subject data form the target domain. SEMG signals are predominantly different in conditional probability distribution across subjects. The key feature of the first framework is a novel weighting scheme that addresses the conditional probability distribution differences across multiple domains (subjects) and the key feature of the second framework is a two-stage domain adaptation methodology which combines weighted data from multiple sources based on marginal probability differences (first stage) as well as conditional probability differences (second stage), with the target domain data. The weights for minimizing the marginal probability differences are estimated independently, while the weights for minimizing conditional probability differences are computed simultaneously by exploiting the potential interaction among multiple sources. We also provide a theoretical analysis on the generalization performance of the proposed multisource domain adaptation formulation using the weighted Rademacher complexity measure. We have validated the proposed frameworks on Surface ElectroMyoGram signals collected from 8 people during a fatigue-causing repetitive gripping activity. Comprehensive experiments on the SEMG dataset demonstrate that the proposed method improves the classification accuracy by 20p to 30p over the cases without any domain adaptation method and by 13p to 30p over existing state-of-the-art domain adaptation methods.
Abstract TP117: Outcomes of Elective Carotid Stenting in the Octogenarians

Background: The CREST trial showed that risk of stroke, MI, death, and composite of the any of the 3 adverse events during the periprocedural period of carotid artery stent (CAS) is 4.1%, 1.1%. 0.7%, and 7.2% respectively. We aim to assess trends of periprocedural outcomes after CAS based on different age strata. Methods: A cohort of patients with CAS is identified from the National In patient Sample database using the procedure codes (00.63) for the years 2001 through 2009. We only included elective admissions for CAS. Missing observations on the death status are eliminated. Age was stratified as follows: 80. Trend analysis for the following periprocedural outcomes: peri-procedure stroke, myocardial infarction ‘MI’, and death; was performed across different age strata. The Cochrane-Armitage test was used for trend analysis. Results: Over 9 years, 10,655 CAS procedures were performed; 1818 (17.1%) were performed in the octogenarians. Race and gender distribution was similar across the age strata; men and Whites were predominant. In addition to age, co-morbid high risk factors were documented in 91% of the octogenarians compared to 83.2% of those 80 (2.75%); trend P value 80 (1.9%), P value 80 (0.77%), P value Conclusion: In this study, periprocedural risks of stroke and MI are lower than what was reported in the CREST trial. A slight increase in these risks is noted with age, though appeared to plateau after age of 70 years.
The Negative Binomial Model for Counts in Units of Varying Size

Consider count data which arises from independent observations, but on units of varying size. The counts are assumed to follow a negative binomial distribution. Moment estimators for the parameters K and P are presented, but the procedure for estimating..
On Characterizing Information Dissemination During City-Wide Cascading Failures in Smart Grid

Although the smart gird is expected to eliminate cascading failures with the help of real-time system monitoring and control, it is yet unknown whether its underlying communication network is fast and reliable enough to achieve this goal. In this paper, we take an in-depth study on this issue by addressing three specific questions: 1) what is the evolution process of information dissemination and fault propagation in the smart grid?; 2) how to quantify the impact of cascading failures?; and 3) what are the conditions that information dissemination becomes either a booster or an adversary in mitigating cascading failures? To answer these questions, we build an innovative framework, the cascading failure with communications framework, to consolidate both communication networks and power grids, and provide quantitative evaluation on the impact of cascading failures. By studying and observing the progress of cascading failures in two city-wide power grids, we find that information dissemination is not always the winner in the race against fault propagation. Particularly, while fast and reliable communications can help in mitigating the consequences of cascading failures, anomalies such as massage delays may weaken its capability. Moreover, severely under-achieved communications, counter-intuitively, can even exacerbate the consequence of cascading failures.
Price timing in new markets with strategic consumers

We analyse the competitive price timing decisions of both e-tailers (online sellers) and brick-mortar retailers for a new product. Firms may announce the price early (when the product's valuation for consumers is highly uncertain) or late (when the uncertainty of the product's valuation has been resolved). Both firms choose the timing and price level to maximise their own expected profits. We find that firms always choose to announce the price late when they monopoly the market. However, when both firms compete against each other and duopoly the market, both firms announce the price late when the uncertainty of the product's valuation is high and the online acceptance rate is low; by contrast, one of them takes a leadership role and announces the price early whereas the other one follows and announces late when the uncertainty of the product's valuation is low and the online acceptance rate is high.
Similarity of wake meandering for different wind turbine designs for different scales

The wake meandering characteristics of four different wind turbine designs with diameters ranging from a few centimetres (wind tunnel scale) to a hundred metres (utility scale) are investigated using large-eddy simulation with the turbine blades and nacelle parametrised using a new actuator surface model. Different velocity fields and meandering behaviours are observed at near-wake locations. At far-wake locations, on the other hand, the mean velocity deficit profiles begin to collapse when scaled by the centreline velocity deficit based on the incoming wind speed at turbine hub height, suggesting far-wake similarity across scales. The turbine-added turbulence kinetic energy profiles are shown to also nearly collapse with each other in the far wake when normalised using a velocity scale defined by the thrust on the turbine rotor. Moreover, we show that at far-wake locations, the simulated flow fields for all four turbine designs exhibit similar wake meandering characteristics in terms of (1) a Strouhal number independent of rotor designs of different sizes and (2) the distributions of wake meandering wavelengths and amplitudes when normalised by the rotor diameter and a length scale defined by the turbine thrust respectively.
Mitigating the effects of reverberation and noise in cochlear implants

In listening environments with room reverberation and background noise, cochlear implant (CI) users experience substantial difficulties in understanding speech. Because everyday environments have different combinations of reverberation and noise, there is a need to develop algorithms that can mitigate both effects to improve speech intelligibility. Desmond et al. (2014) developed a machine learning approach to mitigate the adverse effects of late reverberant reflections of speech signals by using a classifier to detect and remove affected segments in CI pulse trains. In this study, we investigate the robustness of the reverberation mitigation algorithm in environments with both reverberation and noise. We conducted sentence recognition tests in normal hearing listeners using vocoded speech with unmitigated and mitigated reverberant-only or noisy reverberant speech signals, across different reverberation times and noise types. Improvements in speech intelligibility were observed in mitigated reverberant-only conditions. However, mixed results were obtained in the mitigated noisy reverberant conditions as a reduction in speech intelligibility was observed for noise types whose spectra were similar to that of anechoic speech. Based on these results, the focus of future work will be to develop a context-dependent approach that activates different mitigation strategies for different acoustic environments. [Research supported by NIH grant R01DC014290-03.]
Grating-assisted-cylindrical-resonant-cavities interlayer coupler.

A grating-assisted-cylindrical-resonant-cavities (GARC) interlayer coupler made of Si/SiO2 is designed and simulated to achieve efficient and broadband interlayer coupling. This coupler consists of three cylindrical resonant cavities: two waveguide cavities in the horizontal direction and one cylindrical via cavity in the vertical direction. The resonant strengths of the two cylindrical waveguide cavities are enhanced by circular Bessel-function-defined gratings and distributed Bragg reflectors. The interlayer coupling efficiency of this Si/SiO2 GARC coupler is simulated as ηc=68%(-1.7 dB) for transverse electric polarization at 1.55 μm wavelength, which is generally higher than those of conventional rectangular silicon-on-insulator gratings with additional features such as reflectors, overlayers, chirped periods, dual gratings, etc. The GARC couplers are predicted to have favorable attributes compared to previous couplers, including wider operational bandwidth (δλ,1 dB=270 nm), larger tolerance to inplane misalignment (±2 μm for 1 dB extra loss), easier grating patterning (wider grating ridges), smaller footprint (20 μm in diameter), and more flexible choices of interlayer distances (2-5 μm). A sensitivity analysis is also provided as a guide in fabrication. In general, it is found that the vertical dimensions of the GARC couplers need to be carefully controlled while the horizontal dimensions are less critical.
Carrier-induced absorption as a mechanism for electrochromism in tungsten trioxide

We present a first-principles investigation on the optical absorption of tungsten trioxide, an electrochromic material. Using state-of-the-art techniques, the absorption spectra are calculated for the cubic, monoclinic, and amorphous phases. For both crystalline and disordered structures, doping induces strong absorption in the infrared. Absorption in the visible range increases with the degree of structural distortion; the absorption coefficient in the blue exceeds 103 cm−1 at doping levels above 1020 cm−3 in the monoclinic phase. Increased disorder in disordered structures significantly enhances the visible-range absorption. We identify the microscopic mechanism as optical absorption originating at conduction-band-derived states that are filled by doping.
Three Legal Approaches to Rural Economic Development

Rural life has long been vaunted in American culture for its moral compass, hardworking spirit, and sense of community and place. At the same time, the percentage of Americans living in rural communities has been shrinking for generations, and American life has been predominantly urban for over a hundred years. In turn, America has fretted — since the country’s very inception — about the effects of urbanization on rural life, and in turn, how the loss of rituals of rural life would affect society generally. These changes in rural life are redoubled by a massive shift in rural economies since World War II: agriculture, once synonymous with the rural way of life, has become so efficient that it no longer serves as a viable source of jobs for rural people despite providing record profits for agricultural corporations.This symposium essay takes on these challenges presented to rural economies by sketching out several roles law can play in rural economic development efforts. As rural economic development law depends upon both national and regional contexts, the essay first provides a background summary of the status of rural America. The essay then proceeds to provide background on the practice of rural economic development as it has traditionally been practiced. Finally, the essay sketches three effective legal approaches to rural economic development: “bottom up” planning mandates; redefining plans, zoning and other codes to reflect non-agricultural economic production; and identifying evaluating and disclosing risks of government involvement in rural economic development.
Psychobiology of Stress and Early Child Development

Stressors that threaten well-being activate physiological systems that, while fostering immediate survival, inhibit future-oriented processes involved in growth and repair. There are two core physiological stress systems, the sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system and the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (LHPA) system. Of these, the glucoconticoid-secreting exerts slower and more persistent actions. A growing literature indicates that conditions during fetal and early development that are associated with poverty, maltreatment, and neglect alter regulation of the LHPA system in ways that could heighten vulnerability later to stress-related disorders. During early life, individual differences in temperament interact with qualities of the caregiving environment to predict cortisol responses to psychosocial stressors. Combined, these growing literatures promise to explicate mechanisms through which early experiences influence physical health and psychopathology.
Diagnostic Decisions in Child Language Assessment: Findings From a Case Review Assessment Task.

Purpose The current study used a case review diagnostic assessment task to examine the diagnostic decisions speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in the United States made after reviewing chi...
Introduction to “Sport and Failure”:

This Special Issue is a collaborative project on the study of sport and failure. In dialogue with a range of works, queries, objects of study, and fields, these interdisciplinary sports studies sch...
Emittance growth due to random force error

Author(s): Qiang, J | Abstract: In Refs. Qiang (2019) and Kesting (2015), the authors showed that the emittance growth rate due to the force error of macroparticle sampling will be proportional to the step size of simulation. In this note, we show that for the random force error, the emittance growth rate will be independent of the step size, which is consistent with the simulation observation.
Feasibility of Delayed Parenteral Heparin Initiation after HM3 Implantation

Purpose The HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD has demonstrated the lowest rates of hemocompatibility adverse events (AEs) in randomized controlled trials. Despite this success, rate of bleeding remains high. HM3 instruction for use recommends starting parenteral heparin 12-24 hours after device implantation or when chest tube drainage is 2 days post implant). The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events with delayed heparin initiation in HM3 recipients Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all HM3 patients implanted at a single center from Oct 1, 2015 to Jun 30, 2019. Patients who received IV heparin ≤2 days after implant were excluded from the analysis (n=6) Results 113 patients were included in the analysis. Mean follow up time was 382±331 days. Mean age was 57±12 years. The cohort was predominantly men (72%), African-American (77%) with a NICM etiology (74%). HM3 implantation as DT represented 54% of the population (BTT 26%). 18% of patients had a history of CVA pre-implant, 2% had history of GIB. The mean time to heparin initiation was 5±2 days. Mean time to warfarin and ASA initiation was 11±9 and 2+6 days respectively. The rates of neurologic event, and hemorrhagic/ischemic CVAs were numerically similar to the rates seen in clinical trials. No confirmed pump thrombosis event was seen. The rate of GI bleeding was higher than seen in trials. Overall, the survival of this cohort was 88% and 84% at 1 and 2 years, respectively Conclusion In this single center study, a strategy of delayed heparin initiation post HM3 implantation does not appear to increase the risk of CVA or pump thrombosis. A prospective clinical study is warranted.
Comparative Studies of Reproductive Diapause in North American Populations of Three Hippodamia Species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Quantifying responses of three congeneric species of lady beetles, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin), and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to abiotic factors that influence their seasonal biology provides an understanding of the phenology of these species in North America. The developmental response and the induction and duration of adult hibernal diapause in four North American populations of H. parenthesis, collected between 40° N and 44° N latitude, was determined when beetles were reared at four photoperiods (L:D 16:8, 14:10, 12;12, and 10:14) at 22°C. Preimaginal development of the four H. parenthesis populations reared at the photoperiods was affected by population, photoperiod, and the interaction between population and photoperiod. Fifteen to 19% of H. parenthesis females reared at L:D 16:8 entered diapause, whereas shorter photoperiods (L:D 12:12 and 10:14) induced diapause in all females. Variation in response to L:D 14:10 was observed among the four populations of H. parenthesis, similar to the response observed in H. convergens and H. variegata. In contrast to the response of H. parenthesis females, in which four individuals oviposited at L:D 12:12 or 10:14 within 120 d, the duration of reproductive diapause in H. convergens and H. variegata females at L:D 12:12 and 10:14 showed a prolonged quantitative response to photoperiod. Comparisons of the responses (days to first oviposition) to photoperiod of H. parenthesis and H. variegata from the same collection sites showed significant differences at most photoperiods. Similarly, responses at all photoperiods varied between H. parenthesis and H. convergens from similar latitudes in Iowa.
O23 Switching Up Sides: Using Behavioral Economics on Children's Menus to Improve Vegetable Intake

Background Children in the US are eating frequently in restaurants, which is associated with poor dietary quality, including decreased vegetable intake. Behavioral economic strategies, such as optimal defaults, have increased children's orders of healthful sides, but it is unknown what children consume when healthful sides are presented. Objective To investigate whether restructuring the children's menu in restaurants using behavioral economic strategies can alter children's ordering and consumption of vegetable sides. Study Design, Setting, Participants A convenience sample of families with a child between 4-8 years old attended 3 dinners at a university-based, sit-down restaurant. Children's meals included 2 entree choices (macaroni-and-cheese or chicken tenders) and a default side: all carrots (150g; Meal-1), small fries (50g)/large carrots (100g; Meal-2), and small carrots (50g)/large fries (100g; Meal-3). Participants could opt-out of the default side and instead choose: only fries (Meal-1), or only fries or carrots (Meals-2/3). Foods offered were weighed pre- and post-meal to determine consumption. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive statistics examined children's ordering behavior. Repeated measures analysis of covariance examined the effects on fries and carrot consumption (g) controlling for child weight (lbs). Results Forty-eight children (6.2 ± 1.3 years; 25 male) participated. Most children remained with the default side (Meal-1: 90.2%; Meal-2: 97.6%; Meal-3: 87.8%). A small percentage of children who remained with the default ordered additional fries after receiving their meal (Meal-1, n = 4, 9.8%; Meal-2, n = 3, 7.3%; Meal-3, n = 1, 2.4%). After controlling for child body weight, no significant effect was noted of Meal condition on carrot (P = .39) or french fry consumption (P ≤ .99). Conclusion Use of optimal defaults leads to increased orders of healthful sides, however vegetable and french fry consumption were unchanged. Further investigation of optimal default use on children's menus is warranted. Funding USDA, Colorado State University.
Similative plurality and the nature of alternatives

This paper investigates the properties of similative plurals, focusing on m-reduplication in Persian and -toka and -tari in Japanese. Although these expressions are associated with what I refer to as a non-homogeneous plural inference in upward-entailing contexts, I demonstrate that this inference is not an entailment of sentences with these morphemes, but is merely implicated, much like the multiplicity condition associated with English bare plurals (Krifka 2004; Spector 2007; Zweig (2009); de Swart & Farkas 2010). I propose an analysis of similative plurals as mereological mixtures of a set with a set of contextually similar objects, and derive the non-homogeneous plural reading via scalar implicature. I demonstrate that deriving this implicature requires both the calculation of implicature at a subsentential level (Chierchia 2004; Chierchia 2006; Zweig 2009) and appeal to an abstract alternative (Buccola et al. 2020; Charlow 2019). This latter point provides a challenge for theories of alternative generation based on structural replacements and deletions (Katzir 2007). EARLY ACCESS
Simulating the spread of epidemics in China on multi-layer transportation networks: Beyond COVID-19 in Wuhan

A general-purpose simulator for the spread of epidemics in China is built The Chinese public transportation system between over 340 prefectural-level cities is modeled as a multi-layer network having block structure, with layers representing different means of transportation (airlines, railways, sails, buses), and nodes representing two categories of cities (central, peripheral) At each city, an open-system SEIR model tracks the local spread of the disease, with population in- and out-flow exchanging with the overlying transportation network The model accounts for 1) different transmissivities on different transportation media, 2) the transit of inbound flow, 3) cross-infection in public transportation due to path overlap, and that 4) infected population not entering public transportation, 5) recovered population not subject to repeated infections The model is used to simulate the spread of COVID-19 in China;it shows that the framework is robust and reliable, and best-fit inversion results match public datasets to an extraordinary extent
Anesthesia for pediatric patients with anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis: A retrospective case series

INTRODUCTION Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is caused by auto-antibodies that target the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Autonomic instability is a hallmark of the disease. The objective of this case series is to examine how anesthesia affects pediatric patients with this disease. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 28 records in 17 patients who underwent anesthesia. Our primary outcomes were hemodynamic changes during the perioperative period. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation comprise our endpoints. A subgroup of patients, who underwent imaging with anesthesia, was then compared to controls. RESULTS In anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis cases, there were significant percent changes from baseline in heart rate; median = -14.3%, 95% CI (-19.3, -9.0), p < .01 at 30 min and -15.7%, (-21.1, -9.8), p < .01 at 60 min; in systolic blood pressure, -19.4%, (-23.7, -14.8) at 30 min, p < .01, and -14.8%, (-19.7, -9.5) at 60 min, p < .01; in diastolic blood pressure, -41.9%, (-46.9, -36.3), p < .01 at 30 min, and -37.5%, (-43.4, -30.9), p < .01 at 60 min. When compared to controls, there were no significant differences between the two groups across time of anesthesia (baseline to 60 min) in heart rate (p = .24), systolic blood pressure (p = .30), and diastolic blood pressure (p = .11). No patients experienced hemodynamic lability under anesthesia. One patient, with severe symptoms, died within 24 h of anesthesia. CONCLUSION Although pediatric patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis experienced vital sign changes with anesthesia, they were not clinically significant and they behaved similarly to controls. Disease severity may be a risk factor for perioperative complications.
Joint-Learning, Belief-Covariations, and Asset Prices

Information and learning environments shape the dynamics of our beliefs that determine asset prices. When an agent jointly learns about consumption and dividend, her beliefs on them inter-temporally co-vary with each other, decoupled from their true underlying relationship. Such information-driven belief-co-variation can create endogenous exposures of financial assets to learning-induced macroeconomic risks in general equilibrium models. Therefore, even a financial asset without any fundamental connection to consumption can bear a huge risk premium that increases with jointness of signals. Also, both overall and relative precision of signals can affect the equity premium non-monotonically following an inverted U-shape curve, which can give us a hint on how on-going innovations in big-data-driven investments will affect asset prices.
Improving All-to-Many Personalized Communication in Two-Phase I/O

As modern parallel computers enter the exascale era, the communication cost for redistributing requests becomes a significant bottleneck in MPIIO routines. The communication kernel for request redistribution, which has an all-to-many personalized communication pattern for application programs with a large number of noncontiguous requests, plays an essential role in the overall performance. This paper explores the available communication kernels for two-phase I/O communication. We generalize the spread-out algorithm to adapt to the all-to-many communication pattern of two-phase I/O by reducing the communication straggler effect. Communication throttling methods that reduce communication contention for asynchronous MPI implementation are adopted to improve communication performance further. Experimental results are presented using different communication kernels running on Cray XC40 Cori and IBM AC922 Summit supercomputers with different I/O patterns. Our study shows that adjusting communication kernel algorithms for different I/O patterns can improve the end-to-end performance up to 10 times compared with default MPI-IO implementations.
High-Throughput Screen for Inhibitors of the Type IV Pilus Assembly ATPase PilB.

ABSTRACT The bacterial type IV pilus (T4P) is a prominent virulence factor in many significant human pathogens, some of which have become increasingly antibiotic resistant. Antivirulence chemotherapeutics are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics because they target the disease process instead of bacterial viability. However, a roadblock to the discovery of anti-T4P compounds is the lack of a high-throughput screen (HTS) that can be implemented relatively easily and economically. Here, we describe the first HTS for the identification of inhibitors specifically against the T4P assembly ATPase PilB in vitro. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum PilB (CtPilB) had been demonstrated to have robust ATPase activity and the ability to bind its expected ligands in vitro. We utilized CtPilB and MANT-ATP, a fluorescent ATP analog, to develop a binding assay and adapted it for an HTS. As a proof of principle, we performed a pilot screen with a small compound library of kinase inhibitors and identified quercetin as a PilB inhibitor in vitro. Using Myxococcus xanthus as a model bacterium, we found quercetin to reduce its T4P-dependent motility and T4P assembly in vivo. These results validated our HTS as effective in identifying PilB inhibitors. This assay may prove valuable in seeking leads for the development of antivirulence chemotherapeutics against PilB, an essential and universal component of all bacterial T4P systems. IMPORTANCE Many bacterial pathogens use their type IV pili (T4P) to facilitate and maintain infection of a human host. Small chemical compounds that inhibit the production or assembly of T4P hold promise in the treatment and prevention of infections, especially in the era of increasing threats from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, few chemicals are known to have inhibitory or anti-T4P activity. Their identification has not been easy due to the lack of a method for the screening of compound collections or libraries on a large scale. Here, we report the development of an assay that can be scaled up to screen compound libraries for inhibitors of a critical T4P assembly protein. We further demonstrate that it is feasible to use whole cells to examine potential inhibitors for their activity against T4P assembly in a bacterium.
A Cinematographic Study of Selective Factors in the Pole Vault

Abstract Data were collected from measurements of 151 successful vaults performed by eight collegiate pole vaulters. A designated waistband mark, determined by the board and scale method with the subject in the supine position, served as an arbitrary dynamic balance reference point. The waistband mark and a special take-off board to record duration of contact were employed with the cinematographic analysis. With the criterion expressed as mean height for the group, stepwise regression selected the following variables with regard to their relative contribution to vaulting success: increased distance of the body from the vaulting pole, velocity at take-off, velocity before take-off, duration, and elbow angle of the bottom arm. With the criterion expressed as deviation from mean height for the group, multiple regression found velocity at take-off to be the most important independent variable, followed by distance of the body from the pole, duration, elbow angle of the bottom arm, and velocity before take-off...
Low Frequency Noise Degradation in 45 nm High‐k nMOSFETs due to Hot Carrier and Constant Voltage Stress

Hafnium based materials are the leading candidates to replace conventional SiON as the gate dielectric in complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor devices. Hot carrier and constant voltage stress induced 1/f noise behavior is presented for HfSiON nMOSFETs. The additional low‐frequency noise introduced through stressing was evaluated on nMOSFETs with TiN metal gate and HfSiON gate dielectric. Nitridation of HfSiO was achieved either by high temperature thermal nitridation or by relatively lower temperature plasma nitridation. The difference in stress induced noise behavior is attributed to the nitrogen profile across high‐k/Si interface and bulk of high‐k gate oxide caused by different nitridation techniques.
Intracellular pH regulation in detubulated frog skeletal muscle fibers

Intracellular pH regulation was studied in semitendinosus muscle fibers from frog (Rana pipiens). Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with recessed-tip glass microelectrodes and membrane potential with conventional microelectrodes. Fibers had their connections between the surface and transverse tubular membrane disrupted (detubulation) with the formamide shock technique. Fibers were approximately 80% detubulated as determined by the decrease in membrane capacitance and the loss of contractile capability. The initial rate of pHi recovery from acidification to approximately 6.8 (no CO2) was dependent on external buffering power, reaching a maximum of approximately 0.6 pH/h at 50 mM HEPES, indicating that the rate of pHi recovery in frog muscle is limited by the diffusion of buffer through an external "unstirred layer". In detubulated fibers, pHi recovery from acidification due to both the amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ and the 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS)-sensitive (Na+ + HCO3-)/Cl- exchangers was nearly identical to recovery in fully tubulated fibers. This is consistent with these two pH recovery transporters being localized to the surface, and not the transverse tubular, membrane domain in frog skeletal muscle fibers.
Experiments in real-time quantum feedback

Recent advances in quantum optics and atomic physics have enabled experimenters to begin exploring realtime feedback in quantum settings. In addition to the practical significance of such work for fields like nanotechnology and quantum information processing, research on quantum feedback probes the fundamental physics of conditional evolution for observed systems. Feedback in quantum settings is generally complicated by the intricacies of 'wave-function collapse' and measurement back-action, so that the proper design of quantum feedback controllers will require accurate quantitative models for the measurement process.