cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summertime nitrous acid chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer at a rural site in New York State

[1] Ambient measurements of HONO and HNO3, using a highly sensitive coil scrubbing/HPLC/visible detection technique, were made at a rural site in southwestern New York State from 26 June to 14 July 1998, along with concurrent measurements of NOx, NOy, O3, and various meteorological parameters. The mean (and median) half-hour concentrations of HONO and HNO3 during this period were 63 (and 56) pptv and 418 (and 339) pptv, respectively. On average, there were two HONO concentration peaks, the first around 0200–0300 LT and the second around 0700–0800 LT, and a minimum at about 2000 LT. The sum of NOx, HONO, and HNO3 (ΣNOyi) was highly correlated with the measured NOy concentration (r2 = 0.64). The average HONO/NOx ratio was 0.07, while the average ΣNOyi/NOy ratio was 0.66. During the early morning hours, the photolysis of HONO appeared to be a dominant source of HOx radicals in boundary layer near the ground surface. The average daily radical production from HONO photolysis was 2.3 ppbv, accounting for 24% of the total production from photolyses of HONO, O3, and HCHO at the measurement height of 4 m above the ground. Diurnal patterns of HONO and relative humidity suggest that the ground and vegetation surfaces were sinks for HONO in the boundary layer when dew droplets were formed at night and that the subsequent release of the trapped nitrous acid/nitrite from the surfaces acted as a strong HONO source in the morning as the dew droplets evaporated. Our data also suggest that, in order to maintain the observed daytime HONO concentration of ∼60 pptv, there should be a strong daytime source of 220 pptv hr−1, which was much greater than the nighttime source of 13 pptv hr−1 and the estimated production of ∼ 40 pptv hr−1 from the gas-phase NO-OH reaction. Photolysis of HNO3, which deposits and accumulates on the ground and vegetation surfaces, may contribute significantly to the “missing” daytime HONO sources.
Computerized Nutrition Documentation for Pediatric Patients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Incorporation of pediatric nutrition screening, follow-up and assessment into a usable format for computerized documentation. A computerized clinical documentation system was developed to document nutrition screening, follow-up and assessment for hospitalized pediatric patients. The nutrition screen includes assessment of appropriate nutrition parameters including growth, current nutritional support, pertinent laboratory values and a review of medications for possible food interactions. Nutrition concerns are noted and an acuity code is assigned based on the nutritional risk factors identified. Nutrition care plans and follow-up times are listed. Follow-up notes and subsequent assessments build on previous input from the nutrition screen. A nutrition follow-up documents weight changes, changes in nutrition support, meal intake, adequacy of current nutrition support, tolerance problems and reviews new laboratory values and medications with nutritional significance. With an order for nutrition assessment: energy and protein needs are assessed; a special formula, tube feeding or parenteral nutrition screen may be included; and identified nutritional problems are further assessed resulting in nutritional recommendations and a follow-up nutrition care plan. Key statements and prompts are listed for selection as appropriate for the various elements. Elements may have age-specific or disease-specific statements depending on the patient unit selected. The most common finding for each element is designated as the normal default for data entry ease. The system also accommodates free style entries for individualization.
New twists in class III transcription

Recent work emphasizes the similarity between polymerase II and III in the mechanisms of transcription. Highlights of the past year include the alignment of individual polypeptides within class III transcription complexes and the demonstration that class III transcription machinery includes TFIID and an RNA component.
Robust preconditioning of large, sparse, symmetric eigenvalue problems

Abstract Iterative methods for solving large, sparse, symmetric eigenvalue problems often encounter convergence difficulties because of ill-conditioning. The generalized Davidson method is a well-known technique which uses eigenvalue preconditioning to surmount these difficulties. Preconditioning the eigenvalue problem entails more subtleties than for linear systems. In addition, the use of an accurate conventional preconditioner (i.e., as used in linear systems) may cause deterioration of convergence or convergence to the wrong eigenvalue. The purpose of this paper is to assess the quality of eigenvalue preconditioning and to propose strategies to improve robustness. Numerical experiments for some ill-conditioned cases confirm the robustness of the approach.
Ischemia, reperfusion, and the role of surgery in the treatment of cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction: an interpretative review

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the leading cause of death for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Despite contemporary management of AMI, the incidence of shock due to left ventricular failure has not declined and its mortality continues to be in excess of 50%. Furthermore, the role and indications of the different means of acute revascularization remain unclear. Recent observational and randomized studies have shown improved survival in patients acutely revascularized by either percutaneous interventions or conventional surgery, particularly in patients younger than 75 years of age. Current guidelines recommend surgical revascularization in selected patients with multiple vessel disease who develop shock due to progressive ischemia of the remote myocardium up to 18 h from the onset of shock. However, patients with single-vessel disease who develop shock as a consequence of the initial infarction can only be helped if revascularization is achieved during the first 4 to 6 h after the occlusion of the infarct related artery, preferable by percutaneous techniques. Not all ischemic myocytes become irreversibly injured at the same time. Due to variability in the distribution of collateral flow, there is great variability in the severity of ischemia. Myocytes can exhibit different metabolic responses including hibernation, ischemic preconditioning, stunning, reperfusion injury, and necrosis. Precise knowledge of these biochemical and metabolic changes that take place in the myocardium after arterial occlusion and following reperfusion is paramount to the understanding of the indications for acute revascularization, the implementation of the different management strategies to enhance myocardial preservation and recovery, and the role of circulatory support in these exceedingly sick patients.
Seismological studies of a fluid injection in sedimentary rocks, East Texas

Induced microseismicity data from a large volume fluid injection into sedimentary rock was analyzed to study the fracture system, fluid pathways, and state of stress in the lower Frio formation in east Texas. Seismicity data are from two arrays of 25 3-component geophone packages sited in two monitoring boreholes. From a total of 2,894 event triggers, a subset of 54 microearthquakes was chosen for their high quality seismograms and clear P and S arrivals. Arrival times were picked with a precision of 0.5 to 1.0 ms, and microearthquakes were located with hypocentral uncertainties estimated as less than 10–20 m. Hypocenters farthest from the injection well define a nearly horizontal tube of seismicity approximately aligned in the direction of the injection well. A simultaneous inversion of arrival times for transverse isotropic velocity structure and hypocenters yielded P-wave anisotropy of –14% and S-wave anisotropy of –2%. Thus, velocities along vertical ray paths are higher than those along horizontal paths, probably because of lithologic differences. Single-event focal mechanisms were determined for 47 events, and many of them are normal fault type. The minimum principal stress derived from the focal mechanisms is nearly horizontal and trends approximately north-south, consistent with the regional stress state. An imaging analysis of the seismograms shows the presence of strong seismic scatterers at positions that correlate with boundaries seen in the hypocenters; both features probably result from a similar set of heterogeneities. This study demonstrates the abundance of information that can be extracted from induced seismicity data and underscores the value of induced seismicity monitoring for studying the fluid and fracture systems created by fluid injections.
THE “PSYCHOSOMATIC FAMILY” RECONSIDERED: DIABETES IN CONTEXT

Minuchin, Rosman and Baker’s (1 978) Psychosomatic Families is widely cited as a demonstration that the physiological disturbance of some diabetic patients serves a function in their families. We found that the original data did notprovide such a demonstration. We examined the psychosomatic family model in light of recent developments in the study and treatment of diabetes. We concluded that the model decontextualizes the family and assigns to it characteristics that are more appropriately seen as reflections of the disease process, the family coping tasks this entails, and the nature of the family’s relationship with the health care system. The need for new open-systems models of the family’s role in diabetes is discussed. Minuchin, Rosman and Baker’s (1978) Psychosomatic Families is truly a classic work, and it will long be recognized as an important first step for the field. The provocative book is one of the most frequently cited ones from the field of family therapy (Forman, 19861, in large part because of the attention it has received, not only in the family journals, but in pediatrics, psychiatry, psychology, and social work. The claim that ongoing family interaction had been shown to influence free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the blood of diabetic children legitimized further exploration of links from family functioning to such life-threatening problems as anorexia and poorly controlled diabetes and asthma. The book also provided an important theoretical statement, and a decade after its appearance, it retains its position as the most clearly articulated theoretical framework for what Weakland (1977) has called family somatics-our understanding of how the individual’s interactions with the family impact on physical health and vice versa. Finally, the book provided impressive outcome data from the successful family treatment of anorexia nervosa, as well as provocative clinical examples, and it has done much to widen the appeal not only of Minuchin’s structural approach to therapy, but the full range of family therapies. It should be noted that although the book is frequently cited as a convincing demonstration of both the immediate effect of family interaction on physiology and the homeostatic function of the patient’s physiological disturbance in the family, the actual data available in the book were preliminary and summarized in an impressionistic manner. It was stated that a more complete and formal presentation would be forthcoming. A decade later, the publications from the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic continue to make strong claims about what these data purportedly demonstrate (Sar
Review of the role of potential teratogens in the origin of human nonsyndromic oral clefts

Oral clefts are common birth defects affecting approximately 1 every 1,000 caucasian newborns. While many syndromes with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) or with cleft palate (CP) are recognized, the majority of oral clefts fall into the category of "nonsyndromic oral clefts" and the etiology of this group remains incompletely understood. Investigators agree that oral clefts are multifactorial in origin, with both genetic and environmental factors in their etiology. While animal models have identified several teratogens for oral clefts, their precise relevance for humans remains unclear. The goal of this work is to review literature on environmental exposures potentially associated with non-syndromic oral clefts.
How predictable are the FIFA worldcup football outcomes? An empirical analysis

Since 1993 the Federation of International Football Association's (FIFA) monthly world ranking system for senior national football teams has become a reliable source to judge a team's potentiality in football. In the past four FIFA worldcup football tournaments from 1994 to 2006, the top seeded team never won the FIFA worldcup except in 1994 when Brazil won as the number one team. This article examines the strength of this element of uncertainty in FIFA worldcup using two empirical models. We find empirical evidence of the fact that in spite of the number of cases of surprise upsets from the lower ranked teams or poor performance by the top seeded teams; overall the results are strongly in favour of the higher ranked teams.
Games Decisions and Industrial Organization

A survey of the current relationship between the many different problem areas investigated by means of Game Theory and the study of Industrial Organization is presented. Several examples are provided to illustrate the nature and relevance of work on 1 two-person constant-sum games; 2 the extensive form of a game; 3 theories of solution for n-person games; 4 theories of solutions for games against nature; and 5 theories of solution for dynamic games. The nature and state of the current applications of game theory to organizational problems and to parts of the behavorial sciences are summarized.
METROPOLITAN FRAGMENTATION AND SUBURBAN GHETTOS: Some Empirical Observations on Institutional Racism

Are citizens in predominantly black neighborhoods or communities better off with public services provided by a consolidated government where blacks are in the minority than when they control municipal government in an autonomous suburban setting? This paper reports using a comparison group design to investigate four hypotheses: that blacks in predominantly black suburbs in a fragmented environment (1) enjoy more services, (2) evidence lower dissatisfaction with services, (3) are less disaffected, and (4) participate more than minorities in a consolidated government. Contrary to public choice expectations, the findings indicate substantial evidence for traditional reformers' beliefs in the advantages of consolidated government.
Photophase and Illumination Effects on the Swimming Performance and Behavior of Five California Estuarine Fishes

Abstract Photophase and illumination affect many fish activities. In this study, we examined their effects on the critical swimming velocities (Ucrit), swimming gait patterns, and oral grasping behavior of five California estuarine fishes. All species (4–5 cm SL) swam similarly (mean Ucrit range: 30–36 cm/sec) under day/light conditions. However, both nighttime photophase and darkness decreased Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) swimming velocities. Congeneric Wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis) swimming performance also decreased at night/dark conditions. Regardless of photophase and illumination, Delta Smelt, Wakasagi, and Splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) exhibited three swimming gaits: intermittent stroke-and-glide at low velocities, continuous stroking at moderate velocities, and intermittent burst-and-glide at high velocities near Ucrit. In contrast, Chinook Salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) used only two swimming gaits: continuous stroking and burst-and-glide under all conditions. Inland Si...
THE RELEASE OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS FROM SERUM LIPOPROTEINS BY EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

A chemical explanation has been provided for the production of opalescence in human and animal sera by extracts of certain Group A streptococci. Opalescence results from the selective liberation of specific lipids from α1-serum lipoprotein. The released lipids have been quantitatively separated through the relatively simple technique of ultracentrifugal flotation, and subsequently analyzed by chemical and chromatographic means. Esterified cholesterol constitutes by far the major low density reaction product, accounting for 85 to 90 per cent of the total lipid released. A small amount of phospholipid (apparently limited to lecithin) was the only other lipid consistently found in low density product fractions. Comparative kinetics of opalescence development and cholesterol release under varying conditions of pH, extract concentration, and temperature reveal that the two effects do not run exactly parallel but are, nevertheless, probably closely related manifestations of a specific enzymic degradation of serum lipoprotein. It has been suggested that enzymic action may occur at a site within the lipoprotein remote from the cholesterol esters themselves. Although the over-all reaction appears to be mediated by an enzyme present in many Group A streptococci, it is uncertain whether this enzyme acts directly on lipoprotein or acts by causing the activation of a serum enzyme which in turn attacks the lipoprotein.
Mechanisms Underlying Somatosensory Cortical Dynamics: II. In vitro Studies

The experiments of this study demonstrate that relatively modest rates of repetitive tactile stimulation are accompanied by rapid and reversible modifications (either increases or decreases) in the response of SI neurons. Complete recovery occurs in a few minutes following cessation of stimulation. The modifications are reproducible (1) if stimulus parameters remain the same and (2) if time for recovery is provided between successive exposures. In contrast, repetitive tactile stimuli identical to those that modify SI neuron response rarely lead to changes in the response of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents. SI neuron functional properties conventionally regarded as immutable [e.g., directional selectivity, and distribution of sensitivity within the receptive field (RF)] also modify with repetitive stimulation. While the changes in RF organization differ in detail from one neuron to the next, they are similar in form: the response generated by stimulus contact with one (or more rarely, several) RF region(s) becomes enhanced relative to the response the same stimulus evokes from neighboring regions. Neurons in the same column (sampled in the same radial penetration) exhibit very similar changes in the distribution of sensitivity within the RF, whereas neurons sampled in tangential penetrations exhibit diverse, apparently unrelated changes in RF organization in response to the same repetitive stimulus. Simultaneous multichannel recordings reveal that a repetitive tactile stimulus exerts similar effects on the response and RFs of the neurons within local (no more than 100 microns) neuron groupings. A model that incorporates a manner of SI topographical organization (segregate organization) and well-known aspects of neocortical cellular, neurotransmitter/receptor, and connectional architecture accounts for the changes in SI neuron behavior observed during repetitive stimulation.
Scoped and approximate queries in a relational grid information service

We are developing a grid information service, RGIS, that is based on the relational data model. RGIS supports complex queries written in SQL that search for compositions (using joins) of resources. For example, we might ask it to find a Linux cluster with a certain bisection bandwidth and total memory. Such queries can be expensive to execute, however, and so we have developed several approaches that leverage our CIS schema to let us trade off between the number of results returned and the execution time. We describe two of them: scoped queries and approximate queries. Scoped queries constrain search to a network neighborhood, returning all matching results in the neighborhood. Approximate queries reduce the number of joins done by replacing collective constraints with constraints on individual resources, returning a subset of all the possible results in the grid. Scoping, approximation, and nondeterminism (described elsewhere), can be combined. We describe scoped and approximate queries, how they are implemented, and present performance evaluations for two examples. The evaluation suggests that scoping and approximation can greatly reduce query times while still returning a useful number of results.
Design of an optical content-addressable parallel processor for expert systems

The slow execution speed of current rule-based systems (RBS’s) has restricted their application areas. To improve the speed of RBS’s, researchers have proposed various electronic multiprocessor systems as well as optical systems. However, the electronic systems still suffer in performance from the large amount of required time-consuming pattern-matching and comparison operations at the core of RBS’s. And optical systems do not fully exploit the available parallelism in RBS’s. We propose an optical content-addressable parallel processor for expert systems. The processor executes the three basic RBS operations, match, select, and act, in a highly parallel fashion. Additionally, it extracts and exploits all possible parallelism in a RBS. Distinctive features of the proposed system include the following: (1) two-dimensional representation of data (knowledge) and control information to exploit the parallelism of optics in the three RBS units; (2) capability of processing general-domain knowledge expressed in terms of variables, numbers, symbols, and comparison operators such as greater than and less than; (3) the parallel optical match unit, which performs the two-dimensional optical pattern matching and comparison operations; (4) a novel conflict-resolution algorithm to resolve conflicts in a single step within the optical select unit. The three units and the general-knowledge representation scheme are designed to make the optical content-addressable parallel processor for expert systems suitable for any high-speed general-purpose RBS.
[3H]Alvimopan binding to the μ opioid receptor: Comparative binding kinetics of opioid antagonists

Alvimopan is a novel peripheral micro opioid antagonist in clinical development for the management of post-operative ileus and opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. We hypothesized that the long duration of action of alvimopan might be related to a slower dissociation rate from the micro opioid receptor compared to other shorter acting antagonists. The dissociation rate of alvimopan from the micro opioid receptor (t(1/2)=30--44 min) was comparable to that of the long acting partial agonist buprenorphine (t(1/2)=44 min), but was slower than those of the antagonists naloxone (t(1/2)=0.82 min) and N-methylnaltrexone (t(1/2)=0.46 min). Also, increases in the apparent affinities and potencies of buprenorphine and alvimopan, but not of naloxone and methylnaltrexone, were observed upon preincubation with the micro opioid receptor. Consistent with its long duration of action, alvimopan has a slow dissociation rate from the micro opioid receptor compared to other shorter acting antagonists and may be more potent if administered prior to dosing with exogenous opioids.
Temporal Changes in Site Response Associated with the Strong Ground Motion of the 2004 Mw 6.6 Mid-Niigata Earthquake Sequences in Japan

We analyzed temporal changes in site response associated with the strong ground motion of the 2004 Mw 6.6 Mid-Niigata earthquake sequence in Japan. The seismic data were recorded at a site with accelerometers at the surface and a 100-m-deep borehole. We computed the empirical surface-to-borehole spectral ratios and used them to track temporal changes in the top 100 m of the crust. We observed that the peak spectral ratio decreases by 40%-60% and the peak frequency drops by 30%-70% immediately after large earthquakes. The coseismic changes are followed by apparent recoveries, with the time scale ranging from several tens to more than 100 sec. The coseismic peak frequency drop, peak spectral ratio drop, and the post- seismic recovery time roughly scale with the input ground motions when the peak ground velocity is larger than ∼5 cm=sec (or the peak ground acceleration is larger than ∼100 Gal). Our results suggest that at a given site the input ground motion plays an important role in controlling both the coseismic change and the postseismic recov- ery in site response.
Toxic responses of medaka, D-rR strain, to polychlorinatednaphthalene mixtures after embryonic exposure by in ovo nanoinjection: A partial life-cycle assessment

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are organic compounds with some chemical properties and uses similar to polychlo-rinated biphenyls. Polychlorinated naphthalenes have been detected in biota from certain aquatic environments. The toxicities of several PCN technical mixtures (Halowax) to medaka (Oryzias latipes) were determined by use of an embryo nanoinjection method. Medaka eggs (early gastrula) were injected with 0.5 nl of triolein (vehicle control) or 0.5 nl of four to five graded doses (0.3–30 ng/egg) of Halowax 1014, Halowax 1013, or Halowax 1051 in triolein. Following exposure, embryos developed, and fry were reared to sexual maturity (4 months), at which time they were euthanized. Responses were evaluated as early life stage (ELS) and early adult life stage (EALS) assessments. For ELS, lethality and sublethal alterations in embryos and larvae (<16 d old), such as craniofacial, cardiovascular, and myoskeletal deformities and abnormal or delayed hatch, were monitored for the first 9 d, and a dose severity index was computed. The EALS assessment examined the survival of 16-d-old larvae until early adulthood (123 ± 3 d old), including gonadosomatic index (GSI) and morphometry. Halowax 1014 was found to be the most toxic mixture (LD50 4.2 ng/egg), whereas Halowax 1013 and 1051 were significantly less toxic (LD50s could not be determined). The gonadosomatic index of females was significantly less in fish dosed with Halowax 1014 or 1051. The LD50 for medaka embryos nanoinjected with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is about 0.75 pg/egg. Thus, Halowax 1014 was 5,585-fold less potent than TCDD. For Halowax 1014, ELS assessments accurately predicted the results of EALS assessments.
Tomographic Reconstruction of a 3-D Flow Field Using a Plenoptic Camera

A novel 3-D, 3-C PIV technique is described, based on volume illumination and a plenoptic camera to measure a velocity field. This technique is based on light-field photography, which uses a dense microlens array mounted near a camera sensor to sample the spatial and angular distribution of light entering the camera. Tomographic algorithms (MART) are then used to reconstruct a volumetric intensity field after the image is taken, and cross-correlation algorithms extract the velocity field from the reconstructed volume. This paper provides and introduction to the concepts of light fields and plenoptic photography, and describes the tomographic algorithms used to reconstruct the measurement volume. The first preliminary experimental results on a turbulent boundary layer are presented.
39.1: Invited Paper : Printed Inorganic Transistors Based on Transparent Oxides

Transparent transistors based on inorganic oxides have received attention in recent years due to their high performance and excellent optical transparency. For large area and flexible display applications, the development of a printing-based route to realize these devices is particularly interesting due to the potential for realization of a scalable and low-cost manufacturing process. Here, we review our work on the development of printed transparent oxide transistors based on indium and tin oxides. We discuss the formulation of inks for printing of transparent conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics, and show how these can be integrated using inkjet and gravure printing to realize high-performance fully printed transparent oxide transistors.
Effect of Manufacturing Process on the Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of Ti-30Ta Alloy

Ti alloys have been widely used in the aerospace, chemical, and biomedical industries for their high strength/weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, Nitinol's usage in the latter industry has been fraught with concerns of allergic and toxic effects of Ni released from implants. Recently, much attention has been placed on the development of Ni-free Ti-Ta alloys, which are considered prime candidates for applications such as metal-on-metal spinal disk replacements, orthopedic implants, cardiovascular stents, dental posts, and guide wires. In this research, the biocompatibility of Ti-30Ta alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy (PM) and arc melting (ARC) were investigated. The corrosion resistance of each alloy was determined in accordance with ASTM F 2129-08 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and PBS with amino acids at 37 °C. The concentration of metal ions released during corrosion was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the morphology of the alloys before and after corrosion. Vicker's hardness tests were performed to compare the hardness and tensile strength of the alloys. Human osteoblast cells were successfully grown on the surface of both alloys.
AGE (Attempt to Generalize): a knowledge-based program for building knowledge-based programs

The goal of the ACE project is to demystify and make explicit the art of knowledge engineering. It is an attempt to formulate the knowledge that knowledge engineers use in constructing knowledge-based programs and put it at the disposal of others in the form of a software laboratory. To achieve this goal, the task for ACE is divided into two main sub-tasks: (1) isolating techniques used in knowledge-based systems and programming those that are general and useful (2) building an intelligent agent to guide in the use of these techniques. Currently AGE has a facility to build programs using the Blackboard Model [8,13]
Analysis of the gap between behavioral and gate level fault simulation

A VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) Automatic Test Pattern Generator (ATPG) system to perform behavioral fault modeling and simulation is discussed. The input to the VHDL ATPG system is VHDL at the behavioral level. The behavioral fault model analyzer generates the behavioral faulty files for each fault simulated. The behavioral faulty files are input to both the behavioral fault simulator and the test bench generator. The test bench generator, at the request of user, produces a fault simulation test bench which is applied to the behavioral fault simulator for simulating the faulty files and reference model, respectively. The outputs of these two simulators are compared in the fault simulation comparator which generates the simulation report. The authors analyze the gap of the fault model and fault simulation between the behavioral level and gate level circuit description and show the one to one correspondence with typical examples. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of behavioral fault modeling and simulation by illustrations of applying the method to practical examples. >
"The computer revolution", "computer science", and "software engineering" haven't happened yet

If we compare with "The Printing Revolution", and "Modern Science and Engineering in the Physical World", then we have to conclude that the computer versions of these haven't happened yet. The printing revolution was not the hardware technology that allowed the automation of hand written texts such as bibles, but a much longer learning curve that brought about new ways to think and argue, culminating in the 17th century with new ways to understand the physical and political universes in which humans live. This created our modern world. By contrast we are still generally "automating bibles" with computers and the "new ways to think and argue" are still being invented and haven't reached most computer users. Similarly, if we compare the state of software building against modern engineering - such as the building of the Empire State Building in New York City from scratch in less than one year with less than 3000 coordinated workers - then we can hardly claim "software engineering" to be much past ancient Egyptian pyramid building: millions of lines of code-bricks piled on top of each other with little coordination or discernable architecture.A science is generally about finding better models about structures in the universe. As Simon pointed out, ours is a "science of the artificial" like a "science of bridges". We first have to make structures and then study them to create better theories. We might claim that McCarthy's LISP-in-itself as a kind of "Maxwell's Equations", but we still lack the equivalent "Special Theory" that includes the handling of time in a reasonable and useful way. The immense commercialization of computing that happened in the 80s and 90s disrupted much of the progress in each of these areas, especially in the US. It's now time to ask again what these three ideas should mean, and then get back to the real work of advancing our field and making the real computer revolution happen.
A Null Mutation in the UL36 Gene of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Results in Accumulation of Unenveloped DNA-Filled Capsids in the Cytoplasm of Infected Cells

The UL36 open reading frame (ORF) encodes the largest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein, a 270-kDa polypeptide designated VP1/2, which is also a component of the virion tegument. A null mutation was generated in the UL36 gene to elucidate its role in the virus life cycle. Since the UL36 gene specifies an essential function, complementing cell lines transformed for sequences encoding the UL36 ORF were made. A mutant virus, designated KΔUL36, that encodes a null mutation in the UL36 gene was isolated and propagated in these cell lines. When noncomplementing cells infected with KΔUL36 were analyzed, both terminal genomic DNA fragments and DNA-containing capsids (C capsids) were detected; therefore, UL36 is not required for cleavage or packaging of DNA. Sedimentation analysis of lysates from mutant-infected cells revealed the presence of particles that have the physical characteristics of C capsids. In agreement with this, polypeptide profiles of the mutant particles revealed an absence of the major envelope and tegument components. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of numerous unenveloped DNA containing capsids in the cytoplasm of KΔUL36-infected cells. The UL36 mutant particles were tagged with the VP26-green fluorescent protein marker, and their movement was monitored in living cells. In KΔUL36-infected cells, extensive particulate fluorescence corresponding to the capsid particles was observed throughout the cytosol. Accumulation of fluorescence at the plasma membrane which indicated maturation and egress of virions was observed in wild-type-infected cells but was absent in KΔUL36-infected cells. In the absence of UL36 function, DNA-filled capsids are produced; these capsids enter the cytosol after traversing the nuclear envelope and do not mature into enveloped virus. The maturation and egress of the UL36 mutant particles are abrogated, possibly due to a late function of this complex polypeptide, i.e., to target capsids to the correct maturation pathway.
Adaptive resonance tuning through feedback

An adaptive control method that tunes the resonant frequency of a lightly damped second order system to its excitation frequency is investigated. The resonance tuning is achieved by using proportional feedback around the second order system and adaptively controlling the feedback gain using the error between the excitation and resonant frequencies. This error is obtained by a phase detector. Assuming that the parameters of the lightly damped second order system are slowly time-varying, a nonlinear time-varying model that accurately predicts the performance of the resonance tuning system is developed. This developed model is subsequently linearized to obtain a linear time-invariant model that facilitates both analysis and design of the resonance tuning system. Based on the developed linear time-invariant model, guidelines for designing the resonance tuning system are also provided. The results are illustrated by examples.
Easy to please or hard to impress: Elucidating consumers' innate satisfaction

This research investigates the moderating role of innate satisfaction in the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. The results from a mixed model estimation using survey data show that innate satisfaction moderates the satisfaction–loyalty relationship asymmetrically and nonlinearly. This finding indicates that at lower levels of satisfaction, an increase in satisfaction leads to a stronger increase in loyalty for innately satisfied customers compared to innately dissatisfied customers. Further, innately satisfied customers and innately dissatisfied customers differ in their responses to service recovery but not service failure. Efforts to increase satisfaction might provide different returns, relative to the innate satisfaction of the target segments.
Yurumein homeland: the Caribs of St. Vincent

St. Vincent and the Grenadines is composed of 32 islands located in the eastern Caribbean, forming part of the Windward Islands. According to local history, the Caribs who were the indigenous peopl...
Localized epigenetic silencing of a damage-activated WNT enhancer limits regeneration in mature Drosophila imaginal discs

Many organisms lose the capacity to regenerate damaged tissues as they mature. Damaged Drosophila imaginal discs regenerate efficiently early in the third larval instar (L3) but progressively lose this ability. This correlates with reduced damage-responsive expression of multiple genes, including the WNT genes wingless (wg) and Wnt6. We demonstrate that damage-responsive expression of both genes requires a bipartite enhancer whose activity declines during L3. Within this enhancer, a damage-responsive module stays active throughout L3, while an adjacent silencing element nucleates increasing levels of epigenetic silencing restricted to this enhancer. Cas9-mediated deletion of the silencing element alleviates WNT repression, but is, in itself, insufficient to promote regeneration. However, directing Myc expression to the blastema overcomes repression of multiple genes, including wg, and restores cellular responses necessary for regeneration. Localized epigenetic silencing of damage-responsive enhancers can therefore restrict regenerative capacity in maturing organisms without compromising gene functions regulated by developmental signals.
Toll-like receptor agonist therapy can profoundly augment the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells without host preconditioning.

Lymphodepletion enhances adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapy by activating the innate immune system via microbes released from the radiation-injured gut. Microbial components, such as LPS, are key mediators of total body irradiation (TBI) enhancement, but our ability to strategically use these toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to bolster the potency of T cell-based therapies for cancer remains elusive. Herein, we used TLR4 agonist LPS as a tool to address how and when to use TLR agonists to effectively improve cancer immunotherapy. To determine the mechanisms of how innate immune activation via lymphodepletion potentiated antitumor T cell immunity, we utilized the pmel-1 melanoma mouse model. B16F10-bearing mice were preconditioned with 5Gy TBI and given a tripartite ACT therapy (consisting of transferred pmel-1 CD8+ T cells, vaccination with fowlpox encoding gp100, and IL-2) along with TLR4 agonist LPS. The timing of LPS administration and the requirement of individual components of the tripartite therapy were evaluated based on tumor growth and the phenotype of recovered splenocytes by flow cytometry. We also evaluated the role of non-toxic and clinically used TLR4 and TLR9 agonists—monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), respectively— for ACT therapy. Here we report that while exogenous administration of LPS was able to enhance adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells’ tumor destruction, LPS treatment alone did not replace individual components of the tripartite ACT regimen, or obviate TBI. Moreover, we found that sequentially administering LPS during or one day prior to ACT therapy compromised tumor regression. In contrast, administering LPS after ACT potentiated the antitumor effectiveness of the regimen, thereby supporting the expansion of transferred tumor-specific CD8+ T cells over host CD4+ T cells. We also found that non-toxic TLR agonists MPL and CpG potentiated the antitumor activity of infused CD8+ T cells. Finally, TBI was no longer needed to regress tumors in mice who were depleted of host CD4+ T cells, given a tripartite ACT regimen and then treated with low dose LPS. Collectively, our results identify how and when to administer TLR agonists to augment T cell-based immunotherapy in the absence or presence of host preconditioning for treatment of advanced malignancies. Our findings have clinical implications for the design of next generation immune-based therapies for patients with cancer.
Promoting healthy lifestyles to children at school: Using a multidisciplinary train-the-trainer approach

Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of a multidisciplinary train-the-trainer model for improving fitness and food label literacy in third-grade students. Design: University student trainers taught ABC for Fitness and Nutrition Detectives, established programs to promote physical activity and nutrition knowledge, to 239 third-grade students in 2 communities over a 6-month period. A total of 110 children were in the intervention group and 129 children in the control group (2 schools each). Outcomes included the Food Label Literacy and Nutrition Knowledge test and the fitness measures of curl-ups, push-ups, 0.5-mile run, and sit and reach. Focus groups were conducted as process feedback. Setting: Four public schools in 2 different communities. Participants: A total of 200 third-grade students. Intervention: ABC for Fitness and Nutrition Detectives. Main Outcome Measures: Food Label Literacy and Nutrition Knowledge test and the fitness measures of curl-ups, push-ups, 0.5-mile run, and sit and reach. Results: Nutrition knowledge increased in the intervention group by 25.2% (P < .01). Fitness measures in the intervention schools showed greater improvement than those in the controls for curl-ups (P < .01), push-ups (P < .01), sit and reach left (P = .07), and 0.5-mile run (P = .06). Process feedback from 3 teachers and 60 students indicated satisfaction with the program. Conclusion: Adaptation of the train-the-trainer approach for Nutrition Detectives and ABC for Fitness was effective for delivering these health-related programs.
Role of black carbon electrical conductivity in mediating hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) transformation on carbon surfaces by sulfides.

Recent research has demonstrated that black carbons catalyze the transformation of a range of nitrated explosives sorbed to the carbon surfaces in the presence of sulfides. Although surface oxygena...
Multi-Step Rapid Thermal Annealing of Si-Implanted Gaas for Microwave Discrete Devices and Monolithic Integrated Circuits Fabrication

In this paper, we report a multi-step rapid thermal annealing process for microwave discrete devices and monolithic integrated circuits fabrication. 2” diameter undoped liquid encapsulated Czochralski GaAs wafers were implanted with 29Si+ and annealed without capping using incoherent light from high intensity halogen lamps. The annealing was carried out in multiple temperature steps to achieve optimum damage removal and dopant activation. As a result, wafers implanted with mid 1012 cm−2 dose exhibited 85–90% activation efficiency for 100kV implant and nearly 100% activation for 300 kV implant. In comparison with single-stepannealed wafers, multi-step-annealed wafers showed not only higher activation efficiency, but also more uniform activation, higher electron mobility and better device performance.
WHERE HAVE ALL THE PRIMARY CARE APPLICANTS GONE

NOT all aspects of the 1960s can be viewed with nostalgia. Nevertheless, many people have such feelings for the deep social concern of the times. During the 1960s Congress implemented Medicare and Medicaid and also initiated primary care programs for underserved rural and inner-city populations. Convictions about a shortage of physicians led first to an expansion in the size of medical school classes and then to a recognition that more primary care physicians were needed. With state and federal support, residency training in family practice expanded rapidly during the 1970s,1 followed by the introduction of primary care tracks in internal . . .
Smart Cities Are Transparent Cities: The Role of Fiscal Transparency in Smart City Governance

Smart cities bring with them the promise of a new period of participatory government. An important ingredient of this political renaissance must be increased fiscal transparency. This is not possible without tools to assess the state of transparency efforts and move them to adequate performance. Excellence in assessment is the key to adequate programming. This chapter looks at the state of online fiscal transparency, assesses how it is currently measured, and offers a framework for improving the assessment of online fiscal transparency in smart cities.
Determination of lead and isotope ratios in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective To establish a method to determine lead and Isotope Ratios in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Methods The whole blood samples was removed protein by 5％ nitric acid,Online join thallium (Tl) as internal standard substance,used lyophilized bovine blood lead and cadmium standard material (GBW09139h and GBW09140h) for quality control of blood lead concentrations.Lead isotope standard substances (GBW04426) is used to determine the correction factor,lead isotope ratios will lead isotope standard reference material NIST SRM981 by icp-ms with samples for testing.Results Optimize the detection method,detection of blood lead and lead isotope,and the method of linear range r ＞0.9999,GBW09139h and GBW09140h test results are within the scope of quality control.NIST SRM981 isotope determination precision RSD＜1％,NIST SRM981 test results and the certificate of value close to.Conclusion The method is simple and convenient data is reliable,can meet the total lead (pb) in blood and former isotope simultaneous determination. Key words: lead; Spectrum, analysis, mass; Isotope Ratios; whole blood
Soft Anisotropic Conductors as Electric Vias for Ga-Based Liquid Metal Circuits.

We introduce a method for sealing liquid metal (LM) circuits with soft anisotropic conductors that prevent leaking, while simultaneously allowing for electrical contact with skin and surface mounted electronics. These films are composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) embedded with vertically aligned columns of ferromagnetic Ag–Ni microparticles. The microparticles are magnetically aligned and support electrical conductivity only through the thickness (z-axis) of the elastomer film. Measurements on 10–40% (by wt) composites show moderate volumetric resistivity (as low as ρ = 0.03 Ω/m) through the thickness and no conductivity between adjacent traces. Functionality is demonstrated with several illustrative applications related to tactile sensing and electronics hardware integration.