cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps

[1] We present estimates of whitecap coverage on a global scale from satellite-measured brightness temperature of the ocean surface. This is a first step in a larger framework aiming at more realistic modeling of the high variability of whitecap coverage as a function of wind speed and a suite of additional environmental and meteorological factors. The involvement of oceanic whitecaps in various physical and chemical processes important for climate studies such as production of sea-salt aerosols, enhancement of air-sea gas exchange, and influence on retrievals of ocean surface wind and ocean color motivates this effort. A critical review of the physical variables causing the high variability of whitecap coverage and existing approaches modeling this variability establishes the need for a database of whitecap coverage and concomitant measurements of additional factors. The necessity to build such an extensive database justifies the quest for a method estimating whitecap coverage from satellite data. We describe the physical concept, a possible implementation, error analysis, results, and evaluation of a method for estimating whitecap coverage from routine satellite measurements. The advantages of the concept and the drawbacks and necessary improvements of the implementation are discussed.
Taxis as media: a temporal materialist reading of the taxi-cab

Through interviews with Toronto city taxi drivers and frequent business travelers this paper explores how the taxi might be understood as a medium – one that cannot be disarticulated from a particular temporal politics. To understand the taxi as a medium is also to insist that labor, social difference, and the cultural politics of space and time are not external effects or byproducts of media, but rather quite central to how media mediates.
A Case Study of Subacute Pullorum Disease

Abstract THE case study herein described, while not of unusual occurrence, will probably be of interest because of its close similarity to ante-mortem and post-mortem findings in subacute fowl typhoid infection for its epiornithological significance. Subject.—A mature Barred Plymouth Rock female. History.—This bird was received alive at the laboratory, April 19, 1934. Because of its clinical similarity to fowl typhoid and the belief that this was a fowl typhoid case, the bird was studied along with other birds that are the basis of a fowl typhoid study now in progress. It was not until three days after the receipt of this bird that pullorum organisms were isolated from its feces. The flock owner furnished the following information: twenty-two adult birds out of forty-five had died during a sixty-day period just prior to the date the bird was sent. In the first stages of the outbreak, birds died in two . . .
Hepatic microvascular development in relation to the morphogenesis of hepatocellular plates in neonatal rats.

The development of hepatic microvascular heterogeneity after birth, and its temporal relationship to the development of parenchymal cell plates have received little attention. As a result, the morphogenesis of some of the parameters contributing to this heterogeneity in suckling and weaned rats was studied as a function of time between postpartum days 4 and 30 using in vivo light microscopic, electron microscopic, and immunocytochemical methods. During the early suckling period, the sinusoid network is highly anastomotic, with little evidence of zonation, and the parenchymal cell plates contain multiple cells and are irregularly arranged throughout the lobule. Sinusoidal endothelial fenestration is sparse at 4 days, but phagocytic Kupffer cell (KC) function already exists and exhibits zonal heterogeneity, with more cells located in the periportal zone. With increasing age, endothelial fenestrae increase and organize as sieve plates. Widened centrilobular radial sinusoids form through a loss (“drop-out”) of intersinusoidal sinusoids (ISS). Concomitantly, the associated cell plates straighten and become one cell thick. Hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis are higher in the periportal zone, which retains thickened cell plates and anastomotic sinusoids. The centrilobular sinusoids may widen to accommodate the increased volume of blood that results from the loss of ISS as well as the increased numbers of periportal sinusoids containing flow that feed these vessels. KC phagocytic activity increases during the suckling period concomitant with an increase of gut-derived endotoxin in the portal blood, which suggests that the KCs may be releasing mediators that affect sinusoid diameter, blood flow, endothelial fenestration, and perhaps parenchymal growth either directly or through the stimulation of growth factors. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1019–1030, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A carrier protein strategy yields the structure of dalbavancin

Many large natural product antibiotics act by specifically binding and sequestering target molecules found on bacterial cells. We have developed a new strategy to expedite the structural analysis of such antibiotic–target complexes, in which we covalently link the target molecules to carrier proteins, and then crystallize the entire carrier–target–antibiotic complex. Using native chemical ligation, we have linked the Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala binding epitope for glycopeptide antibiotics to three different carrier proteins. We show that recognition of this peptide by multiple antibiotics is not compromised by the presence of the carrier protein partner, and use this approach to determine the first-ever crystal structure for the new therapeutic dalbavancin. We also report the first crystal structure of an asymmetric ristocetin antibiotic dimer, as well as the structure of vancomycin bound to a carrier–target fusion. The dalbavancin structure reveals an antibiotic molecule that has closed around its binding partner; i...
The effect of bed width on the hydrodynamics of large particle fluidized beds

Abstract Large sand particles with a 1 mm mean diameter were fluidized in large beds with different widths to determine the effect of wall spacing on bed hydrodynamics. The bed cross-section ranged from 1.2 m × 1.2 m to 7.6 cm × 1.2 m. When the open bed width was equal to or larger than five times the mean bubble diameter, the bubble behavior was independent of bed width. A maximum upper limit to the bubble size was not observed. When a horizontal tube bank was added to the bed, the bubble characteristics approached results at smaller open bed widths.
Hydrothermal carbonization: Fate of inorganics

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a pretreatment process for making a homogenized, carbon rich, and energy-dense solid fuel, called biochar, from lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover, miscanthus, switch grass, and rice hulls were treated with hot compressed water at 200, 230, and 260 °C for 5 min. Mass yield is as low as 41% of the raw biomass, and decreases with increasing HTC temperature. Higher heating values (HHV) increase up to 55% with HTC pretreatment temperature. Up to 90% of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, and potassium were removed with HTC treatment possibly due to hemicellulose removal. At a HTC temperature of 260 °C, some structural Si was removed. All heavy metals were reduced by HTC treatment. The slagging and fouling indices are reduced with HTC treatment relative to that of untreated biomass. Chlorine content, a concern only for raw and HTC 200 switch grass, was reduced to a low slagging range at 230 °C, and 260 °C. Alkali index was medium for raw biomass but decreased by HTC.
Developmental stability and enzyme heterozygosity in rainbow trout

The developmental pathways of organisms are genetically adjusted to produce the characteristic morphology of the species regardless of variations in internal and external conditions during development. This 'developmental buffering', however, is not always precise. Bilateral characters of an organism are often asymmetric, that is, different in size, shape or number. Fluctuating asymmetry occurs when the difference between a character on the left and right sides of individuals is normally distributed about a mean of zero. This type of asymmetry results from the inability of an organism to develop precisely along determined paths and can be used as a measure of developmental stability. Increased developmental stability would be reflected by reduced amounts of fluctuating asymmetry. We have now examined the relationship between the amount of fluctuating asymmetry for five bilateral characters and heterozygosity at 13 polymorphic loci in a population of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Our results indicate a significant negative correlation between the proportion of heterozygous loci and the proportion of asymmetric characters. These data provide evidence that individuals with greater heterozygosity within a population have increased developmental stability.
Do women value marriage more? The effect of obesity on cohabitation and marriage in the USA

This paper looks into the impact of obesity and other factors on first entry into a marital or cohabiting union, using 1997 cohort data from the national longitudinal survey. Results show obese women are less likely to be accepted into either cohabitation or marriage, while obese men are less likely to be accepted in a cohabitating relation but are not less likely to enter into marriage. Income affects all union and all genders symmetrically, increasing the likelihood of a union. These results suggest that marriage is a special form of union for women, so they are willing to marry obese men because they value other factors related to the marriage choice, such as commitment or the prospect of having children. Men do not appear to value these factors as much, so obese women are less likely to be accepted into either cohabitation or marriage.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Modulate Immune Responses Independently of NADPH Oxidase in the Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment in Mice

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates superoxide anion and downstream reactive oxidant intermediates in response to infectious threat, and is a critical mediator of antimicrobial host defense and inflammatory responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that are recruited by cancer cells, accumulate locally and systemically in advanced cancer, and can abrogate anti-tumor immunity. Prior studies have implicated the phagocyte NADPH oxidase as being an important component promoting MDSC accumulation and immunosuppression in cancer. We therefore used engineered NADPH oxidase-deficient (p47phox−/−) mice to delineate the role of this enzyme complex in MDSC accumulation and function in a syngeneic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer. We found that the presence of NADPH oxidase did not affect tumor progression. The accumulation of MDSCs locally and systemically was similar in tumor-bearing wild-type (WT) and p47phox−/− mice. Although MDSCs from tumor-bearing WT mice had functional NADPH oxidase, the suppressive effect of MDSCs on ex vivo stimulated T cell proliferation was NADPH oxidase-independent. In contrast to other tumor-bearing mouse models, our results show that MDSC accumulation and immunosuppression in syngeneic epithelial ovarian cancer is NADPH oxidase-independent. We speculate that factors inherent to the tumor, tumor microenvironment, or both determine the specific requirement for NADPH oxidase in MDSC accumulation and function.
Distributed Versus Massed Practice in High School Physics

An analysis of the effects of distributed practice in physics was undertaken. The subjects were 41 students, nearly equal numbers of males and females, in two suburban high school physics classes. All students were exposed to both massed and distributed practice on two different physics topics. The interaction of practice type with time and previous physics achievement were evaluated using a repeated measures MANOVA. A significant difference in achievement at the 0.01 level was found between the group which used distributed practice and the group which used massed practice in favor of distributed practice; the effect was stable with time, and the treatment was of benefit to both high and low achievers. The results suggest that using distributed practice in high school physics classrooms can lead to higher student achievement in physics.
The Sun’s Reversing Flows and Heat Spike as Caused by g-Modes

The reversing east-west flows centered near 0.675 R☉ have not been explained by gravity waves from the convection zone because suitable wavelengths do not penetrate deeply enough to drive the observed flow. An alternative is explored using g-modes, many of whose rotation rates have already been detected. Simple formulas for the radial drift of the flow and for angular momentum transfer from asymptotic g-modes are expressed in terms of local oscillation amplitudes and dissipation rates. The main loss mechanism is horizontal turbulence caused by the flow. It exceeds that due to gravity waves for which Schatzman estimated a diffusivity ~108 m2 s-1. Our proposed flow has a peak zonal speed of 50 m s-1, consistent with the observations at current resolving power. An array of g-modes with amplitudes near the detectable limit at the solar surface can cause the flow to replace itself about every 1.3 yr, as observed, if there are ~103 high harmonic modes. Since the flow occupies the same thin layer where the sound speed is anomalous, heat dissipated in driving the flow acts to reduce that solar modeling error.
Expression of cyclin protein after thermal skin injury in a guinea pig model.

Abstract In this study, an immunohistochemical stain for cyclin was used to quantitate proliferating elements in hair follicles at the edge of and within thermal burn areas. Biopsy specimens from thermal injury in the guinea pig (day 1 through day 28) were sectioned and stained with MIB-1 antibody, which recognizes cyclin, a protein expressed during epithelial cell proliferation. At the edge of the burn, 89 +/- 6.1 (SD) cells per medium power field (x 10, mpf) were MIB-1-positive on days 1 through 16. On day 17, the number of positive cells increased, reaching peak values on days 20 to 28 (271 +/- 12.7 cells/mpf). Within the burn, minimal staining was observed from day 1 to day 15 (12.7 +/- 1.6 cells/mpf). Thereafter the number of MIB-1-positive cells increased and plateaued with an average of 96.4 +/- 9.0 cells/mpf on days 20 through 28. In conclusion, immunohistochemical staining of dermal biopsy specimens with MIB-1 antibody may provide a quantitative method for the evaluation of tissue damage and healing after thermal injury.
Effect of lactose administration in drinking water prior to and during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery from broiler crops and ceca

Salmonella contamination of the chicken crop has been reported to increase markedly and significantly during feed withdrawal, probably due to coprophagy, and may contribute to carcass contamination at processing. The effect of prolonged lactose administration (2.5%) in the drinking water on the incidence of Salmonella recovery from broiler crops or ceca was evaluated in seven experiments. In these experiments, all or a percentage (providing seeders and contacts) of 7-wk-old broilers were challenged with approximately 1 x 108 cfu Salmonella enteritidis and provided lactose for 5 or 11 d prior to and during an 18 or 24 h feed withdrawal period. A small but significant lactose-mediated reduction in Salmonella contamination of crops was observed in one of two identical experiments with 18 h feed withdrawal. Extending the feed withdrawal period to 24 h did not improve the ability of lactose to affect Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca. Similarly, lactose did not affect Salmonella recovery when the percentage of birds challenged was reduced to 3 out of 16 and Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca of unchallenged, contact broilers was measured. Extending the duration of exposure to 2.5% lactose in the drinking water from 5 to 11 d did not improve the ability of lactose to affect Salmonella recovery. Taken together, these data suggest that provision of 2.5% lactose in the drinking water during the last 5 to 11 d of growout prior to slaughter will not be useful in an integrated Salmonella control program under commercial conditions.
The importance of the induction of gene expression and differentiation by cytotoxic chemotherapy.

AbstractINTRODUCTION Cells cultured from animal and human tumors can be induced to differentiate by over 300 agents, including powerful nonphysiologic inducers such as polar solvents and Na-butyrate, and physiologic inducers such as hormones, regulatory peptides, retinoids, vitamin D3, proteases, hemin, and hypoxanthine (for review see Refs. 1,2). Differentiation can be defined as a coordinated genomic expression whose products are characteristic of a more defined cell lineage (e.g., differentiation of erythroleukemia cells is characterized by globin gene expression, followed by hemoglobin production). When differentiation of tumor cells is induced, it is often followed by reduced tumorigenicity due to a decrease in the proliferation rate. Agents that induce differentiation in leukemia, embryonal carcinoma, mammary carcinoma, and mouse melanoma cells in vitro, can also reduce tumor growth in vivo (for review see Refe 2,3). Anticancer treatments such as radiation, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, or inter...
Phytoseiid mites on peppermint and effectiveness of Neoseiulus fallacis to control Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) in arid growing regions.

The humid-adapted species Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) was the most common phytoseiid mite collected in either humid (>100 cm annual rainfall) or arid (20–45 cm annual rainfall) mint growing regions of Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and California during 1991–1995. In experimental field plots, this predator gave excellent biological control of Tetranychus urticae Koch on mint grown under arid conditions in central Oregon when evaluated by an insecticide check method or by the caging of mites. N. fallacis is effective as a predator in arid areas probably because regular irrigation creates a humid environment in the canopy. The selective miticide propargite, when used in combination with predators, was effective at reducing high spider mite populations to below the treatment threshold faster than did N. fallacis alone.
Role of phosphoproteins in ion transport in liver slices.

Abstract 1. Liver slices suspended in Ringer containing choline instead of sodium rapidly lose potassium to the medium. This loss is reversible upon removing the slices to a normal Ringer. 2. Rapid changes in phosphoprotein and ATP turnover occur upon transfer of slices to choline - Ringer. The former substances show these changes more quickly than does ATP. 3. Addition of small amounts of Na + reverse the effects of the Na + -free medium on phosphate turnover. The changes brought about by Na + precede the ion changes seen during recovery from incubation in Na + -free media. 4. The phosphoprotein fraction has been identified by isolation and chromatography of phosphorylserine derived from the radioactive phosphoproteins. 5. Drugs, known to inhibit ion movements in liver slices, dissociate the effect of Na + on phosphoproteins from that on ATP. It is suggested that Na + transport is mediated by at least two separate steps. 6. The phosphoprotein fraction affected by brief incubation of slices in Na + -free media is shown to be non-mitochondrial.
Rate of tongue flicking by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix haydeni) and Rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis, Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus, and Sistrurus catenatus edwardsi) during prolonged exposure to food odors

Garter snakes (Thamnophis radix haydeni) emitted more tongue flicks in environments containing fish or salamander odors than in a control environment. This indicates that appetitive searching (guided by the vomero-nasal system) can be activated by olfactory cues. Specimens of three taxa of rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis, Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus, and Sistrurus catenatus edwardsi) did not emit more tongue flicks in an environment containing mouse odors than in a control environment. Hence, the vomeronasal systems of these rattlesnakes were not activated by olfactory cues. A hypothesis is offered about the conditions required to stimulate tongue flicking in rattlesnakes.
Synthesis and release of lipophorin in larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella: An in vitro study

Abstract The source of the lipophorin present in the larval haemolymph of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , was examined in vitro . Although lipophorin was shown to be one of several proteins released from cultured fat body and midgut, only fat body was shown to synthesize lipophorin. Fat body, incubated in a medium containing [ 3 H]leucine, was shown to release radiolabelled lipophorin using immunoprecipitation. Similar studies using midguts incubated in a medium containing [ 3 H]leucine did not reveal any synthesis of lipophorin. Lipophorin was isolated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation from media in which the fat bodies of about 600 diapausing larvae had been incubated for 4 hr. The isolated lipophorin had a peak density of 1.11 g/ml, and contained various lipids including diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, sterol, hydrocarbon, free fatty acid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin.
Audiogenic seizures: relation to age and mechanisms of monoamine neurotransmission.

Summary Mice with a genetically determined susceptibility to audiogenic seizures were utilized to analyze the ontogeny of central monoamine neurotransmission in relation to a behavior with age-specific properties. Levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were measured in forebrain and hindbrain regions at 14, 21, 28, and 42 days postnatal age in genetically sensitive or resistant strains of mice. An in vivo estimate of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activity was obtained at the same ages by following the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) respectively, after the administration of a centrally effective l -amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (R04-4602, 800 mg/kg). At 14 days, there was a faster rate of accumulation of DOPA in both the forebrain and hindbrain of the sensitive mice compared to mice of the nonsensitive strain. At 21 days, the age of maximal sensitivity in the sensitive mice, the levels of NA were significantly lower in both regions of the sensitive mice, but the accumulation of DOPA was similar between strains at this age. There was also a slightly lower level of 5-HT in the forebrain of sensitive mice at 21 days accompanied by a slower rate of accumulation of 5-HTP in this region. In the hindbrain of the sensitive animals however, the rate of accumulation of 5-HTP was faster than in the sensitive strain. At 28 days, some impairment in mechanisms within NA-containing neurons in the sensitive mice was still apparent (including lower NA levels). At 42 days, there were no differences in amine levels, however, the levels of accumulated DOPA and 5-HTP were significantly lower in the sensitive strain. The results suggest that in the sensitive mice, developmental differences in mechanisms of monoamine storage and/or synthesis may exist which could contribute to deficient amounts of physiologically releaseable transmitter.
Learning by Selection in the Trion Model of Cortical Organization

The basic issue of whether mammalian learning in cortex proceeds via a selection principle, as stressed by Edelman, versus an instructional one is of major importance. We present here a realization of selection learning in the trion model, which is based on the Mountcastle columnar organizational principle of cortex. We suggest that mammalian cortex starts out with an a priori connectivity between minicolumns that is highly structured in time and in space, competing between excitation and inhibition. This provides a "naive" repertoire of spatial-temporal firing patterns that stimuli and internal processing map onto. These patterns can be learned with small modifications to the connectivity strengths determined by a Hebbian learning rule. As various patterns are learned, the repertoire changes somewhat in order to respond properly to various stimuli, but the majority of all possible stimuli still map onto spatial-temporal firing patterns of the original repertoire. In order to show that the example presented here is showing true selectivity and is not an artifact of more stimuli evolving into the learned pattern, we develop a selectivity measure. We suggest that some form of instructional learning (in which connectivities are finely tuned) is present for difficult tasks requiring many trials, whereas very rapid learning involves selectional learning. Both types of learning must be considered to understand behavior.
A model of mutant selection in plant suspension cultures.

Summary In plant cell suspension cultures, the fastest growing cell type will eventually dominate the culture. This selection process is often proposed as the mechanism by which cultures become habituated to stressful conditions. Equations which model the selection hypothesis predict a sinusoidal transition from sensitive to tolerant cells. Culture growth during the habituation process as predicted by this model closely matches the habituation of tobacco cells to NaCl as described by Nabors, Daniels, Nadolny, and Brown (1975). The equations can also be used to estimate a theoretical mutation rate from experimental results.
Comparison of aerial surveys and pellet‐based distance sampling methods for estimating deer density

Wildlife biologists require density estimates for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to facilitate management. Aerial surveys are often used to obtain density estimates, but are subject to problems necessitating the consideration of novel techniques. During winters 2008 and 2009, we estimated deer density on 6 forest preserves near Chicago, Illinois, USA, using aerial surveys and pellet-based distance sampling (PBDS) methods to provide a comparison of these 2 density-estimation techniques. Density estimates from aerial surveys were obtained by dividing both the raw count of deer observed on each preserve (unadjusted aerial density) and the raw count divided by 0.75 (i.e., assuming a 75% detection rate; adjusted aerial density) by the area of the preserve. We calculated deer densities from PBDS methods using Program DISTANCE 5.0 (PBDS density) and used paired t-tests to compare density estimates between PBDS and aerial survey techniques. Unadjusted aerial density (10–29 deer/km2) and adjusted aerial density (13–39 deer/km2) estimates did not differ (t11 = −1.99–0.44, P = 0.071–0.666) from PBDS density estimates (12–36 deer/km2). We also compared costs and found PBDS (US$85/survey) was 88% cheaper than aerial surveys (US$722/survey). Problems with bias and precision exist with both methods, and managers should give them serious consideration when choosing which method to use to estimate deer densities. Given accurate pellet decay and deposition rates and a large sample size of pellet groups, PBDS may be advantageous due to less bias in density estimates, no dependence on continuous snow cover, cheaper survey costs, and no need for elaborate equipment or for professional biologists to conduct surveys. However, future research needs to address how to reduce coefficient of variations and confidence intervals for PBDS so that differences among years can be better differentiated. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Beyond the module model and into the array: Mismatch in series strings

Mismatch losses have the potential to significantly affect the performance of PV arrays, so it is important to model them as accurately as possible. There are many variables that affect mismatch in a system, and it is often not realistic for commercially-available tools to rigorously model the complex behavior of PV systems operating under non-uniform conditions. Though many tools have simplified methods for estimating mismatch loss, there are few general guidelines for how it should be characterized in PV systems. Various mismatch scenarios and resulting system-level power losses are modeled using a custom, comprehensive PV array simulation environment. Based on the results of these simulations, and the capabilities of current modeling tools, suggestions are made for accurate modeling of module mismatch, partial shading, and panel orientation differences in PV arrays. With improved understanding of mismatch-related PV system power loss, researchers and system designers will be better able to accurately assess and model its impact, enabling future PV research and maximizing the value of a diverse set of PV systems.
Transnational Corporations and Ocean Technology Transfer: New Economic Zones Are Being Developed by Public/Private Partnerships but Deep Sea Miners Balk on Royalties

Coastal state jurisdiction at 200-nautical miles is today a fact of in- ternational law. This has led to a unique situation in the ownership and control oi ocean resources; thus 15 coastal states have received among them approxi- mately 41 percent of the world's 200 mile economic zone area. At least half of these are less-developed coastal states (LDCS) which lack the key inputs, capital, technology, and managerial skill, essential to tap their ocean resources. A sig- nificant part of ocean technology in offshore oil, fisheries, aquaculture, and deep seabed mining exists in the private sector. Consequently, the transnational corporations (TNCs) are the major providers of ocean technology to the LDCS by a process of transfer through service contracts, turnkey operations, co-pro- duction agreements and, most importantly, 70mf ventures. Ail evidence points to a continued constructive partnership between the LDCS and the TNCs under the new regime of ocean resource management.
Timing and mechanism of death determined clinically after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract We reviewed the timing and mechanism of death in 1,184 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with primary angioplasty from 1984 to 1995. Of 98 deaths, 48 (49%) occurred early on day 0 or 1. The mechanisms of death were pump failure in 60 patients (61%), reinfarction in 7 patients (7.1%), left ventricular rupture in 5 patients (5.1%), arrhythmia in 3 patients (3.1%), other cardiac causes in 5 patients (5.1%), stroke in 6 patients (6.1%), anoxic encephalopathy in 7 patients (7.1%), and procedure-related deaths in 5 patients (5.1%). The strongest predictors of mortality were cardiogenic shock and unsuccessful reperfusion. Our data indicate that mortality after primary angioplasty, like thrombolytic therapy, is highest in the early hours and is usually due to pump failure. In contrast to thrombolytic therapy, the incidence of death from myocardial rupture and bleeding complications is low. Future treatment strategies will need to focus on the large number of patients with early death due to pump failure, especially patients with cardiogenic shock. Mortality after primary angioplasty, like thrombolytic therapy, is highest in the early hours after infarction and is usually due to pump failure; unlike thrombolytic therapy, the incidence of death from myocardial rupture and bleeding complications is relatively low. Future treatment strategies will need to focus on the large number of patients with early death due to pump failure, especially patients presenting with cardiogenic shock.
SPEM: improving multiple sequence alignment with sequence profiles and predicted secondary structures

Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is an essential part of bioinformatics tools for a genome-scale study of genes and their evolution relations. However, making an accurate alignment between remote homologs is challenging. Here, we develop a method, called SPEM, that aligns multiple sequences using pre-processed sequence profiles and predicted secondary structures for pairwise alignment, consistency-based scoring for refinement of the pairwise alignment and a progressive algorithm for final multiple alignment. Results: The alignment accuracy of SPEM is compared with those of established methods such as ClustalW, T-Coffee, MUSCLE, ProbCons and PRALINEPSI in easy (homologs) and hard (remote homologs) benchmarks. Results indicate that the average sum of pairwise alignment scores given by SPEM are 7--15% higher than those of the methods compared in aligning remote homologs (sequence identity 30%) is statistically indistinguishable from those of the state-of-the-art techniques such as ProbCons or MUSCLE 6.0. Availability: The SPEM server and its executables are available on http://theory.med.buffalo.edu Contact: yqzhou@buffalo.edu
Measurement of sea surface displacement with interferometric radar

Abstract The technique by which interferometric radar can measure the time-varying sea surface displacement is outlined, and an experiment to test the performance of this technique is described. A high-resolution X-band imaging radar with spatial resolution of 40 cm was deployed from a small pier observing an area approximately 20 m × 20 m. Radar-derived surface wave heights and orbital velocities were compared to measurements made by a resistive wave wire deployed nearby. Consistency between wave height and velocity measurements, and good agreement of radar and wave-wire height statistics were found. Comparison of significant wave height measurements with the in situ sensors shows a correlation of 0.92, with a slope of 0.97 and an intercept of −0.001 m. Although observed wave heights were small, the good agreement obtained indicates the fine sensitivity of the interferometric technique to measuring surface wave heights. The technique should be applicable to any appropriately configured coherent radar wit...
High-power terahertz radiation source based on difference frequency mixing of CO/sub 2/ laser lines

A /spl sim/2 MW, 250 ps terahertz pulse was generated in a noncollinear phase-matched GaAs crystal at room temperature. Tunable CO/sub 2/ lasers in combination with this technique should yield a source in the 0.1 -3.0 THz range.
FPGA based real time electro-thermal modeling of power electronic converters

In this paper, two methods are proposed and analyzed for detailed modeling of power electronic devices and converters in real time using an FPGA. First, a Thevenin equivalent switch representation is enhanced to model the on characteristics of switching devices. Using this approach, an algorithm for real time electro-thermal modeling of power converters is proposed and an example is illustrated. The accuracy of this model is validated with experimental results performed using a 4.5 kW boost converter. This method is an efficient way to perform real time electro-thermal simulations of power electronic circuits operating at high switching frequencies.
Bounded verification of Ruby on Rails data models

The use of scripting languages to build web applications has increased programmer productivity, but at the cost of degrading dependability. In this paper we focus on a class of bugs that appear in web applications that are built based on the Model-View-Controller architecture. Our goal is to automatically discover data model errors in Ruby on Rails applications. To this end, we created an automatic translator that converts data model expressions in Ruby on Rails applications to formal specifications. In particular, our translator takes Active Records specifications (which are used to specify data models in Ruby on Rails applications) as input and generates a data model in Alloy language as output. We then use bounded verification techniques implemented in the Alloy Analyzer to look for errors in these formal data model specifications. We applied our approach to two open source web applications to demonstrate its feasibility.
Inherited snowflake cataracts

The authors report two unusual pedigrees of flake-like cataracts inherited as an isolated mendelian trait, presumably autosomal dominant. The most striking biomicroscopic feature is an accumulation of large white irregular flakes ('type B opacities') scattered throughout the equatorial cortex, with apparently less involvement of the nucleus. Some of these opacities are globular, but most are flattened and have feathery edges. These type B opacities are clinically and microscopically identical in the two families. Type B lesions are characterized histologically by irregular pale-staining areas. Ultrastructurally, these areas show large collections of microglobular degeneration immediately adjacent to normal-appearing lens fibers. Electron probe studies demonstrate normal calcium levels. 'Type A' opacities are biomicroscopically smaller, punctate, and clinically non-specific. Ultrastructurally, type A opacities include clusters of medium sized lenticular globules, each of which is larger than the individual microglobular abnormalities of type B lesions, although the aggregated type B lesion is considerably larger than an individual type A lesion. The microscopic appearance of this inherited cataract appears to be unique.
Asynchronous 2-D discrete cosine transform core processor

To lend additional insight into the reality of self-timed design, this paper proposes a large-scale, application specific, asynchronous design-a CCITT compatible asynchronous DCT/IDCT processor. The prototype DCT/IDCT processor uses two-phase transition signaling and a bounded delay approach to implement a modified version of Sutherland's micropipeline. The layout of the core processor was designed using standard cell and custom techniques to integrate 150,000 transistors in a 2 /spl mu/ SCMOS technology. This investigation presents the prototype DCT/IDCT processor design and the resulting measures of speed, power, and area.
Cutting Edge: The “Death” Adaptor CRADD/RAIDD Targets BCL10 and Suppresses Agonist-Induced Cytokine Expression in T Lymphocytes

The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to TCR agonists is regulated by the caspase-recruitment domain membrane-associated guanylate kinase 1 (CARMA1) signalosome through the coordinated assembly of complexes containing the BCL10 adaptor protein. We describe a novel mechanism to negatively regulate the CARMA1 signalosome by the “death” adaptor protein caspase and receptor interacting protein adaptor with death domain (CRADD)/receptor interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain. We show that CRADD interacts with BCL10 through its caspase recruitment domain and suppresses interactions between BCL10 and CARMA1. TCR agonist-induced interaction between CRADD and BCL10 coincides with reduction of its complex formation with CARMA1 in wild-type, as compared with Cradd-deficient, primary cells. Finally, Cradd-deficient spleen cells, CD4+ T cells, and mice respond to T cell agonists with strikingly higher production of proinflammatory mediators, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-17. These results define a novel role for CRADD as a negative regulator of the CARMA1 signalosome and suppressor of Th1- and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses.
Solenopsis invicta virus (sinv-1) infection and insecticide interactions in the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is of great concern because of its destructive nature to endemic wildlife, livestock, and people. Various methods for managing this pest are currently being developed, including the use of viruses as biological control agents. In this study, the effectiveness of the Solenopsis invicta virus (SINV-1), (a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the Dicistroviridae family (Genus: Aparavirus) which only infects the Genus Solenopsis) as an effective biological control agent against S. invicta infestation in combination with commonly used insecticides was investigated. Surprisingly, ants treated with the virus experienced significantly greater survival rates than non-infected but chemically treated individuals. SINV-1 might provide some unidentified benefit to aid individual ant survival, however at this point, without fully understanding the virus-ant interaction, the use of SINV-1 as a biological control agent requires...
Tera-scale Computing - the Role of interconnects in Volume Compute platforms

Future CPU directions are increasingly emphasizing parallel compute platforms which consequently, depend upon greater core to core communication and generally stress the overall memory and storage interconnect hierarchy to a much greater degree than extrapolations of past platform needs. Performance is critically dependent upon bandwidth/latency but must be moderated with power and cost considerations. Motivation, requirements, and potential solutions are summarized briefly in this paper.
Who Cries Wolf? The Reporters of Damage to Police in a Pseudo-Disaster

Disasters and Pseudo-Disasters. Research on the community perception of and reaction to disaster focuses understandably on situations of havoc due to physical shock: a tornado in Worcester, a fireworks explosion in Houston, floods in the Rio Grande Valley. Such situations appear to simulate the conditions against which these studies are primarily designed to forearm us-namely, attack on large population centers by nuclear weapons.
The specification and verified decomposition of system requirements using CSP

A formal method for decomposing the critical requirements of a system into requirements of its component processes and a minimal, possibly empty, set of synchronization requirements is described. The trace model of Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP) is the basis for the formal method. The method is applied to an abstract voice transmitter and describes the role that the EHDM verification system plays in the transmitter's decomposition is described. In combination with other verification techniques, it is expected that this method will promote the development of more trustworthy systems. >
PLAYING IN THE GENDER TRANSGRESSION ZONE Race, Class, and Hegemonic Masculinity in Middle Childhood

This research focuses on how children negotiate gender boundaries in middle childhood play. Over a nine-week period, children were observed creating, defining, and altering gender codes in a summer day camp. When girls and boys disregarded pre-described boundaries, they entered an area we refer to as the gender transgression zone. This area of activity, where boys and girls conduct heterosocial relations in hopes of either maintaining or expanding gender boundaries in child culture, is where gender transgression takes place. The study revealed that high-status boys used hegemonic masculinity to regulate both girls' and boys' boundaries by reserving the authority to sanction all gender transgressions. While race and class were salient for girls' homosocial organization and behavior, within this age group they did not appear to influence the boys' status system.
Detecting data races from sequential traces

One of the fundamental problems encountered when debugging a parallel program is determining the race conditions in the program. This paper presents a tool for automatically detecting data races in parallel programs by analyzing program traces. Given a trace of important events, the authors present a series of algorithms which identify those pairs of events which may have participated in a race condition. The linear event trace is first converted into a partial ordering which reflects one of the possible executions. Other algorithms modify the partial ordering on the events, extracting information common to all of the executions which could have generated the linear trace. This allows one to analyze sets of executions rather than just one specific execution based on the trace information. A working trace analyzer has been implemented for IBM parallel fortran. The trace analyzer can report various data races in parallel programs by finding unordered pairs of events and variable access conflicts. >
Test–re‐test reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross‐national study

Aims This study evaluated the prevalence and reliability of DSM-IV adopted criteria for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence with a purpose to determine whether it is best conceptualized within the category of hallucinogens, amphetamines, or its own category.
Justice in Siberia: a case study of a lower criminal court in the city of Krasnoyarsk

Empirical investigation of justice administration udertaken in post-Soviet Russia has been insignificant. Consequently, there is a dearth of knowledge about realities of justice administration ‘on the ground’, at the level of districts or towns. The author’s research project, an in depth empirical investigation of the activity of a single criminal court located in the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk, represents a step toward filling this gap. This paper concludes that the rule of law has made rather limited inroads in the day-to-day operations of criminal courts in the Russian deep provinces. The correspondence between earnestly declared legal principles and the mundane reality of judicial practice is loose and at some junctions non-existent.  2001 The Regents of the University of California. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
MicroRNA-Directed Regulation of Arabidopsis AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 Is Essential for Proper Development and Modulates Expression of Early Auxin Response Genes

The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles during plant growth, many of which are mediated by the auxin response transcription factor (ARF) family. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-nucleotide riboregulators, target several mRNAs implicated in auxin responses. miR160 targets ARF10 , ARF16 , and ARF17 , three of the 23 Arabidopsis thaliana ARF genes. Here, we describe roles of miR160-directed ARF17 posttranscriptional regulation. Plants expressing a miRNA-resistant version of ARF17 have increased ARF17 mRNA levels and altered accumulation of auxin-inducible GH3 -like mRNAs, YDK1/GH3.2 , GH3.3 , GH3.5 , and DFL1/GH3.6 , which encode auxin-conjugating proteins. These expression changes correlate with dramatic developmental defects, including embryo and emerging leaf symmetry anomalies, leaf shape defects, premature inflorescence development, altered phyllotaxy along the stem, reduced petal size, abnormal stamens, sterility, and root growth defects. These defects demonstrate the importance of miR160-directed ARF17 regulation and implicate ARF17 as a regulator of GH3 -like early auxin response genes. Many of these defects resemble phenotypes previously observed in plants expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing and plants with mutations in genes important for miRNA biogenesis or function, providing a molecular rationale for phenotypes previously associated with more general disruptions of miRNA function.