cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photocatalyzed labeling of adipocyte plasma membranes with 8-azidoadenosine.

Summary In an effort to investigate adenosine binding components on plasma membranes of intact adipocytes, a photoreactive derivative of adenosine, (2- 3 H)-8-azidoadenosine, has been synthesized. Photolysis of the adenosine derivative in the presence of intact adipocytes results in the incorporation of radioactivity into several protein components of the plasma membrane. In the absence of light, 8-azidoadenosine specifically inhibits the net uptake of adenosine by intact adipocytes. In addition, adenosine, other nucleosides and nucleoside transport inhibitors affect the net uptake of 8-azidoadenosine. These studies suggest that one or more of the labeled proteins may be functionally involved in the adenosine transport system.
Mindful Attraction and Synchronization: Mindfulness and Regulation of Interpersonal Synchronicity

We sought to test whether mindfulness can increase interpersonal synchronicity. To achieve this, a novel method was developed to measure complementary cognition and behavior in dyads. Pairs of individuals in a mindful treatment and control group were asked to converse in pairs, separate and complete another task, and return to talk again when they felt ready. Control group pairs returned in a relatively uniform amount of time, while mindful pairs displayed a higher level of differentiation. Mindfully primed partners enjoyed the second conversation more, were rated as being more comfortable with each other, and often returned closely together. Individuals and pairs high in trait mindfulness also had increased enjoyment. Additionally, the mindful group showed a physiological matching in the closeness of their heart rate. These results suggest that mindfulness, when present, can regulate coordination dynamics and increase interpersonal synchronicity.
Toward an Ontology of Authored Works

In 2003, a photograph taken by Richard Prince, Untitled (Cowboy), sold at auction for $332,300. Some might be surprised that a photograph could garner such a sum, but, in this case at least, none more so than Jim Krantz. Krantz might be allowed a certain level of incredulity, for Prince's photograph was a photograph of another photograph, this one taken by Krantz himself. As far as copyright is concerned, Krantz's photograph and Prince's are the same work, and so Krantz is almost certainly infringing on Prince. Copyright protects 'authored works', and not art works per se. And unfortunately while copyright law assumes some metaphysical basis to its objects, this basis tends to go largely uninvestigated. In this paper, I work to develop a comprehensive, coherent, and consistent account of the ontology of authored works suitable for the purposes of copyright law.
Language and Experience Influence Children's Biological Induction

Children's reasoning about biological concepts is influenced not only by their experiences in the natural world and in their classrooms, but also by the way that these concepts are named. In English, 'animal' can refer either to (a) exclusively non-human animals, or (b) all animate beings (human and non-human animals). In Indonesian, this category of animate beings has no dedicated name. Here, we ask whether this difference in naming has consequences for children's reasoning about humans and non-human animals. Results from English- and Indonesian-speaking children reveals differences in reasoning at age 6, differences that become attenuated by age 9. These results suggest that not only naming practices, but also biologically-relevant formal and informal learning experiences, influence children's reasoning about biological concepts.
When Is the Difference Significant? Estimates of Meaningfulness in Clinical Research

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 52–57, 2010] Shearer-Underhill and Marker (2010) provide a review of effect sizes and clinical significance. They remind researchers that statistical significance and effect size estimates do not provide information that is easy for our clients to understand or use when choosing among treatment alternatives. They assert that we should be reporting more intuitive statistics, such as the number needed to treat, to convey information about clinical significance. They also present data indicating that, as a field, we are not following best practices in reporting statistical, practical, and clinical significance. The present commentary extends the discussion by providing further background information on practical and clinical significance and by making specific recommendations on how to improve our reporting of these statistics.
Quantifying Storage Root Initiation, Growth, and Developmental Responses of Sweetpotato to Early Season Temperature

Published in Agron. J. 106:1795–1804 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj14.0067 Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT Temperature impacts several growth and developmental processes in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)] including storage root (SR) initiation. To quantify early season growth and developmental responses of sweetpotato, an experiment was conducted using sunlit growth chambers at a wide range of day/night temperatures, 20/12, 25/17, 30/22, 35/27, and 40/32°C, from transplanting to 59 d using cultivar Beauregard. Growth and developmental rates were estimated from plants harvested at regular intervals. Total and SR numbers recorded at each harvest were analyzed by fitting sigmoidal curves to estimate SR initiation rates. With increasing temperature, SR conversion efficiency increased quadratically with an optimum at 23.9°C. Adventitous and SR developmental rates were increased linearly and quadratically, respectively, with increasing temperature, and maximum rate of SR initiation was reached at 29.5°C in 16.7 d. Vine and leaf area growth rates showed quadratic trends with temperature with maximum rates at 29 and 33°C, respectively. While quadratic functions best described temperature responses of total, stem, and SR biomass, the optimum temperatures varied among them at 29.2, 30.1, and 26.5°C, respectively. Leaf biomass, conversely, increased linearly with temperature. Fraction of biomass partitioned to roots declined linearly and at high temperature it declined by 75%, compared to the fraction at SR optimum temperature. The SR production efficiency declined from 0.43 to 0.08 g SR kg–1 total weight, and dropped by 81% at high temperature relative to optimum. Quantified growth and developmental responses derived from the developed temperature-dependent functional algorithms will be useful to develop sweetpotato crop models and management decisions.
Applications and Experience with PCR-Based Assays to Predict Blood Group Antigens.

DNA-based tests are increasingly being used to predict a blood group phenotype. This is possible because genes encoding 29 of the 30 blood group systems have been cloned and sequenced, and the molecular bases associated with most antigens have been determined. Red blood cells (RBCs) carrying a particular antigen, if introduced into the circulation of an individual who lacks that antigen, can elicit an immune response. It is the antibody from such an immune response that causes problems in clinical practice and the reason why antigen-negative blood is required for safe transfusion. The classical method of testing for blood group antigens and antibodies is hemagglutination; however, it has certain limitations, some of which can be overcome by testing DNA. Such testing allows conservation of antibodies for confirmation by hemagglutination of predicted antigen negativity. High-throughput platforms provide a means to test relatively large numbers of donors, thereby opening the door to change the way antigen-negative blood is provided to patients. This article discusses how molecular approaches can be applied in transfusion medicine, and summarizes experiences of using laboratory developed tests and DNA arrays at the New York Blood Center.
Compressive properties of Cu with different grain sizes: sub-micron to nanometer realm

High-quality ultra-fine grained (ufg) and nanocrystalline (nc) bulk Cu samples of proper sizes reliable for mechanical testing, with grain sizes (d) ranging from 720 down to 22 nm were prepared by means of room temperature ball-milling and consolidation processes. The specimens were subjected to compressive loading at the quasi-static strain rate of 10−4 s−1 to large strains (e = 50%). The specimens prepared from the 10-h-milled powder (d = 32 nm) were tested at a wide range of strain rates (10−4 to 1,860 s−1), and the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of the material was determined as a function of strain. The strength and work-hardening behavior were dramatically influenced by change in the grain size; the strength approached ∼900 MPa for the 30-h-milled Cu (d = 22 nm) at the strain level of ∼50%. The SRS increased several fold as the grain size was reduced to 32 nm. Further, the results obtained in this study were compared with those of other investigators on ufg and nc Cu, to gain insights into the effect of different processing routes on the investigated material properties.
Effect of hypophyseal growth hormone in adult rats on a potassium-deficient diet.

Groups of adult female rats were maintained on fixed amounts of isocaloric diets containing 6, 12 and 24 % casein. The administration of 0.5 mg per day per rat of growth hormone (GH) produced a positive nitrogen balance, which was 4 times greater in those animals on the 24% casein diet as in those on the 6% casein diet. The amount of Na and K retained under the influence of GH was relatively little influenced by altering the casein content of the diet. Other rats were maintained on 24 % and 6 % protein diets containing normal or extremely low quantities of K. At both protein intakes animals on the K-deficient diet were in negative K balance at all times in spite of GH treatment. However, the degree of reduction in urinary nitrogen was not influenced by the lack of dietary K. It is concluded that in short term experiments with adult rats the potassium retention produced by GH is not critically influenced by the protein content of the diet nor is the nitrogen balance produced by GH influenced by the intake ...
Prevalence of increased arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus differs by measurement site and sex: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective To discuss vascular stiffness commonly encountered in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Study design We examined 535 subjects with T1DM (14.6 years; 53% male, 88% non-Hispanic white) and 241 healthy control subjects (17.8 years; 42% male, 39% non-Hispanic white). Abnormalities in brachial distensibility (BrachD), pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index corrected to a HR of 75 (AIx-75) were examined. Results Subjects with T1DM had higher body mass index, LDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, and blood pressure than control subjects. Diabetic subjects had lower BrachD and higher AIx-75 indicating increased stiffness. Age-adjusted pulse wave velocity–trunk (aorto-femoral) was higher in cases (all P ≤ Conclusions Increased vascular stiffness is present in youth with T1DM with peripheral abnormalities predominating especially in males. Traditional risk factors are important correlates. Identifying early vascular abnormalities in youth with T1DM will allow for implementation of more aggressive risk factor management.
DOM: The simulation of flexible magnetic bubbles

A numerical model for the simulation of the dynamics and deformations of thin film magnetic domains in magnetic bubble devices is described. The motions of the domain walls are calculated from the total effective magnetic field acting on them; the total field includes the equivalent field of the wall energy, the demagnetizing fields, the bias field, and the nonuniform fields from conductors or other sources. The numerical scheme of time integration of the wall motion is described; the simulated time step is adaptively optimized in the presence of incipient numerical instabilities, which are monitored by means of Fourier transformations. The model was used to investigate collapse and runout of free bubbles and stripeout and replication of domains under current carrying conductors. The results presented show agreement with experimental data.
A Semiparametric Separation Curve Approach for Comparing Correlated ROC Data From Multiple Markers

In this article, we propose a separation curve method to identify the range of false positive rates for which two receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves differ or one ROC curve is superior to the other. Our method is based on a general multivariate ROC curve model, including interaction terms between discrete covariates and false positive rates. It is applicable with most existing ROC curve models. Furthermore, we introduce a semiparametric least squares ROC estimator and apply the estimator to the separation curve method. We derive a sandwich estimator for the covariance matrix of the semiparametric estimator. We illustrate the application of our separation curve method through two real life examples. The technical proofs, a dataset, and the computer code are available in the online supplementary materials.
Mineralogy of the oxidation products of the sputnik 4 fragment and of iron meteorites

The melted and oxidized products on the Sputnik 4 fragment make up 10 to 15 per cent of the total mass and consist of droplets of a iron, coated with the iron oxides wustite (Fe1−xO), magnetite (FeFe2O4), and akaganeite (β FeO(OH)), and the magnesium oxide periclase (MgO). This assemblage of minerals reflects nonequilibrium conditions of rapid cooling from above 1535°C, the melting point of iron, to below 80°C, the temperature region in which akaganeite can form as a rnetastable variety of iron oxy hydroxide. A re-examination of the crust during the fifth month after recovery showed that the akaganeite and some of the wustite had been oxidized to hematite (α Fe2O3). Wustite and akaganeite are metastable at surface temperatures and are therefore virtually unknown in terrestrial rocks and in meteorites. Their discovery on the Sputnik 4 fragment, however, led to the investigation, by X-ray diffraction procedures, of the crusts of numerous iron meteorites. Wustite was identified in association with magnetite in the fusion crust of the Bogou iron that fell in Upper Volta in August 1962, and of several older irons including the Braunau, Czechoslovakia, hexahedrite that fell in 1847. Akaganeite was found among the alteration products of weathered iron meteorites.
Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c

In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that common polygenic diseases generally do not result from accumulated defects in a single pathway but, rather, present as complex interactions among multiple environmental and inherited factors. Nowhere is this more obvious than in diabetes mellitus, which is classified into at least two groups, type 1 and type 2 (T2DM), that share hyperglycemia but differ in the initiating primary immune destruction of the β-cells or insulin resistance, respectively. Although much literature has emphasized the dissimilarities in the progression of β-cell failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus vs. T2DM, only recently have investigators focused on how the peripheral metabolic profile of T2DM differs from that predicted to be the consequence of an insulin deficiency state (i.e., simple global “insulin resistance”). As a result of these studies, the idea has emerged that the “insulin-resistant” liver, for example, remains sensitive to action of the hormone on lipid metabolism while developing resistance to the control of glucose metabolism, a state that has been termed “selective insulin resistance” (1). One consequence of this revised model has been an emphasis on examining downstream signaling pathways as possible sites of insulin insensitivity as well as potential targets for therapeutic intervention (2). In PNAS, Owen et al. (3) describe a unique “branch point” in the pathway by which insulin works in concert with nutritional signals to regulate hepatic lipid synthesis positively.
Regulation of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase (SHIP1) by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Many agents that activate hematopoietic cells use phos pha tidyl ino si tol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns 3,4,5-P3) to initiate signaling cascades. The SH2 domain-containing inositol 5′ phosphatase, SHIP1, regulates hematopoietic cell function by opposing the action of phos pha tidyl ino si tol 3-kinase and reducing the levels of PtdIns 3,4,5-P3. Activation of the cyclic AMP-de pend ent protein kinase (PKA) also opposes many of the pro-inflammatory responses of hematopoietic cells. We tested to see whether the activity of SHIP1 was regulated via phos pho ryl a tion with PKA. We prepared pure recombinant SHIP1 from HEK-293 cells and found it can be rapidly phos pho ryl a ted by PKA to a stoichiometry of 0.6 mol of PO4/mol of SHIP1. In 32P-labeled HEK-293 cells transfected with SHIP1, stimulation with Sp-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylammonium salt hydrate (Sp-cAMPS) or activation of the β-adrenergic receptor increased the phos pho ryl a tion state of SHIP1. Inhibition of protein phosphatase activity with okadaic acid also increased the phos pho ryl a tion of SHIP1. Phosphorylation of SHIP1 in vitro or in cells by PKA increased the 5′ phosphatase activity of SHIP1 by 2–3-fold. Elevation of Ca2+ in DT40 cells in response to B cell receptor cross-linking, an indicator of PtdIns 3,4,5-P3 levels, was markedly blunted by pretreatment with Sp-cAMPS. This effect was absent in SHIP−/− DT40 cells showing that the effect of Sp-cAMPS in DT40 cells is SHIP1-de pend ent. Sp-cAMPS also blunted the ability of the B cell receptor to increase the phos pho ryl a tion of Akt in DT40 and A20 cells. Overall, activation of G protein-coupled receptors that raise cyclic AMP cause SHIP1 to be phos pho ryl a ted and stimulate its inositol phosphatase activity. These results outline a novel mechanism of SHIP1 regulation.
Can relevant grammatical cues result in invalid test items

This series of studies examined the effect of adhering to the universally endorsed item-writing practice of making the correct answer of a multiple-choice item grammatically consistent with the stem. Formats were designed to investigate whether the practice of providing relevant grammatical cues in itself created a sensitivity for item performance. ACT Assessment experimental social studies items were constructed to investigate grammatical compliance in two particular situations: plural-singular and vowel-consonant agreement. In no instance were grammatically inappropriate situations created. Results suggest some subject sensitivity to these cues. Rephrasing into neutral, but still precise and grammatically correct, language may eliminate this sensitivity.
SU‐FF‐T‐14: Skin Dose Evaluation for HDR Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation

Purpose: Although the physical consideration of minimum skin distance has been well established for partial breast irradiation HDR treatment, there are uncertainties about the actual calculated skin dose. Usually the calculated dose is based on infinite homogenous media. Thus, the actual skin dose will be less than calculated dose due to lack of backscattering. This study confirms this conclusion by using MOSFET dosimeters and Monte Carlo 3D simulation. Materials & Methods: The MOSFET detector was first calibrated as a function of distance from HDR source. The calibration factors were obtained by recording the voltage variation after delivering exactly 1 Gy. A Contura balloon filled with water was embedded off center in a cylindrical tissue equivalent gel phantom. Four locations along the surface were selected for MOSFET placement. Two plans, one with single dwell position and the other with three dwells, were delivered with the MOSFET at different positions, with and without extra bolus for backscattering.Monte Carlo simulation was validated by simple plans with single source dwell in different catheters of the Contura balloon. Results: The measurements with bolus matched well with the TPS calculated dose, while the data acquired without bolus had dose discrepancies from 12% to 27%, corresponding to the source to detector distance ranging from 2.8cm to 3.9cm. Conclusion:MOSFETmeasurements have proved that the actual skin dose is much less than the calculated dose, which indicates that the minimum skin distance used as selecting criteria may be less than currently established standard.
Recyclable organic solar cells on cellulose nanocrystal substrates

Solar energy is potentially the largest source of renewable energy at our disposal, but significant advances are required to make photovoltaic technologies economically viable and, from a life-cycle perspective, environmentally friendly, and consequently scalable. Cellulose nanomaterials are emerging high-value nanoparticles extracted from plants that are abundant, renewable, and sustainable. Here, we report on the first demonstration of efficient polymer solar cells fabricated on optically transparent cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) substrates. The solar cells fabricated on the CNC substrates display good rectification in the dark and reach a power conversion efficiency of 2.7%. In addition, we demonstrate that these solar cells can be easily separated and recycled into their major components using low-energy processes at room temperature, opening the door for a truly recyclable solar cell technology. Efficient and easily recyclable organic solar cells on CNC substrates are expected to be an attractive technology for sustainable, scalable, and environmentally-friendly energy production.
Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of child deviance: roles of parent and child behaviors and parent adjustment.

The mothers (n = 120) and fathers (n = 85) of children with conduct problems (ages = 3-8 years) completed two measures of child adjustment (Child Behavior Checklist, Eybeig Child Behavior Inventory), three personal adjustment measures (Beck Depression Inventory, Marital Adjustment Test, Parenting Stress Index), and a Life Experience Survey and were observed at home interacting with their children. In addition, teachers (n = 107) completed the Behar Preschool Questionnaire. Fathers' perceptions of their children's behaviors were significantly correlated with teachers' ratings, but mothers' ratings were not. Correlations showed that mothers who were depressed or stressed due to marital problems perceived more child deviant behaviors and interacted with their children with more commands and criticisms. Fathers' perceptions and behaviors were relatively unaffected by personal adjustment measures. Differences in these perceptions and behaviors between mothers and fathers are discussed. Before young children with behavior problems can receive treatment, they must be identified by at least one of their parents as having severe enough problems to warrant professional attention. However, a number of researchers (Christensen, Phillips, Glascow, & Johnson, 1983; Forehand, Wells, McMahon, Griest, & Rogers, 1982; Rickard, Forehand, Wells, Griest, & McMahon, 1981) have cautioned clinicians against overreliance on mothers' perceptions of their children's deviant behaviors and have suggested that mothers may inaccurately label their children as deviant due to their own personal adjustment problems, including depression, anxiety, and marital dissatisfaction. Moreover, observational research has suggested that the mothers of clinic-referred children who are distressed either due to depression or marital dissatisfaction may exhibit more commands and may be more negative or hostile in their interactions with their children than nondistressed mothers (Forehand, Lautenschlager, Faust, & Graziano, 1986; Patterson, 1980). Research has also suggested that the clinic-referred children of distressed mothers are much less deviant than the clinicreferred children of nondistressed mothers (Rickard et al.,
Criteria and Methods for Performing and Evaluating Solar-Weather Studies

Abstract Research criteria and methods are presented for performing and evaluating the growing discipline of solar-weather studies. A clear distinction among preliminary, exploratory, and confirmatory studies is presented, and it is shown that this distinction affects all dimensions and findings of a study. Particular attention is given to conceptual models, variables and data, sample designs, analyses, and formal ampliative inference issues under exploratory and confirmatory conditions. The utility of the proposed criteria and methods are illustrated by evaluating two recent solar-weather claims of strong association between solar flux and stratospheric temperature at the North Pole when partitioned by the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation. The results of the evaluation indicate that these claims are only exploratory ones and are still in need of confirming evidence. Last, a reanalysis of the solar flux and temperature relation, using some of the proposed methods, indicates that the association act...
Steric Influence on the Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Reactivity of Hexa- and Octaisopropylmanganocene

The reaction of KCpni (Cpni = (C3H7)nC5H5-n; n = 3, 4) with MnCl2 in THF produces the metallocenes (Cp3i)2Mn or (Cp4i)2Mn in good yield. Solid-state magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that orange-red (Cp3i)2Mn is in high-spin/low-spin equilibrium at room temperature. In the solid-state, it has a centrosymmetric sandwich structure with an average Mn−C bond length (2.130(6) A) typical of low-spin manganocenes. (Cp3i)2Mn reduces tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to generate the TCNE radical anion. Despite the presence of additional electron-donating isopropyl groups, pale yellow (Cp4i)2Mn is entirely high-spin from room temperature to 10 K. The crystal structure of (Cp4i)2Mn reveals a bent metallocene structure, with a centroid−Mn−centroid angle of 167.4° and an average Mn−C distance of 2.42(2) A. This structure is consistent with its high-spin electron configuration; the longer Mn−C bonds provide relief from the steric strain that would be present in a low-spin complex. The reaction of (Cp4i)2Mn with TCN...
Coronary artery lumen volume measurement using three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound: validation of a new technique.

Objective: To validate an automated algorithm for the measurement of lumen volumes of coronary arteries. Background: Current intravascular ultrasound systems use absolute measurements of and changes in areas and diameters for the assessment of coronary artery disease. However, the coronary artery is a three-dimensional structure of complex geometry and volume. Methods: We used a comprehensive imaging system designed to reconstruct planar intravascular ultrasound images in three dimensions. This system consisted of a 25 MHz transducer-tipped rigid probe (for in vitro studies) or a 25 MHz transducer-tipped catheter within a 3.9F monorail imaging sheath (for in vivo studies), a motorized catheter pullback device that withdrew the transducer at 0.5 mm/sec, and an image processing computer that stacked 15 image slices/mm of vessel axial length and then performed thresholding-based three-dimensional image rendering and lumen volume measurement. We imaged 13 human coronary vessels (6 RCA, 6 LAD, 1 LCX) in vitro and 16 vessels (8 LAD, 6 RCA, 2 SVG) in vivo. Results: In vitro studies: Lumen volumes derived by three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound were 171 ± 121 mm3 and compared very well with those derived by histology (160 ± 109 mm3, r = 0.97, SEE = 29 mm3, P < 0.001) and with those derived by manual planimetry of planar intravascular ultrasound images (150 ± 106 mm3, r = 0.97, SEE = 30 mm3, P < 0.001). In vivo studies: Lumen volumes derived by three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound were 74 ± 35 mm3 and compared well with those derived by quantitative angiography (52 ± 20 mm3, r = 0.71, SEE = 25 mm3, P < 0.002). Conclusions: Three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound is a new technique that can accurately measure coronary artery lumen volumes. Further technical improvements may help to establish this technique as the new standard for lumen volume measurement. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : XV. CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF CELL MIGRATION.

A crystalline nitrogenous substance recovered from inflammatory exudates induces in cutaneous tissue a rapid migration of polymorphonuclear cells through the endothelial wall of small vessels. For the sake of convenience the tentative name of leukotaxine has been proposed for this active substance which per se is capable of rapidly reproducing the basic sequences of the inflammatory reaction, namely, the initial increased capillary permeability followed by the outward migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Comparison of the effect of various inflammatory irritants (e.g. turpentine or aleuronat) with that of leukotaxine indicates that the migration of cells does not seem to be primarily referable to the initial increase in vascular permeation. Furthermore leukotaxine is definitely chemotactic. It induces an active migration of leukocytes into capillary glass tubes containing this substance. The relation of leukotaxine to the mechanism of cellular migration at the site of inflammation is pointed out.
The superconducting transition behavior of ZrNb binary alloys

Abstract The superconducting transition behavior of Zr-Nb binary alloys has been investigated in conjunction with studies of the alloy constitution and microstructure. The superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) is reduced by the formation of the omega phase during aging and is raised by a subsequent omega reversion treatment. Isothermal aging at 550 °C for 175 h increases the value of T c from 6.82 K in the as-quenched condition to 10.2 K. The temperature range characterizing the superconducting transition is broadened by the presence of composition fluctuations in the beta phase. The formation of the aged omega phase at 350 °C is inhibited by repeated aging and reversion treatments.
Interspersion of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA sequences in the Drosophila melanogaster genome

Abstract Cot analysis shows that the haploid Drosophila genome contains 12% rapidly reassociating, highly reiterated DNA, 12% middle repetitive DNA with an average reiteration frequency of 70, and 70% single-copy DNA. The distribution of the middle repetitive sequences in the genome has been studied by an examination in the electron microscope of the structures obtained when middle repetitive sequences present on large DNA strands reassociate and by the hydroxyapatite binding methods developed by Davidson et al. (1973). At least one third by weight of the middle repetitive sequences are interspersed in single-copy sequences. These interspersed middle repetitive sequences have a fairly uniform distribution of lengths from less than 0.5 to 13 kb, with a number average value of 5.6 kb. The average distance between middle repetitive sequences is greater than 13 kb. The data do not exclude the possibility that essentially all of the middle repetitive sequences have the interspersion pattern described above; however, it is possible that some of the middle repetitive sequences of Drosophila are clustered in stretches of length much greater than 13 kb. The interspersion pattern of the middle repetitive sequences in Drosophila is quite different from that which occurs in the sea urchin, in Xenopus, in rat, and probably many other higher eucaryotes.
Launching Cellular Logistics.

It is an honor to launch Cellular Logistics. We hope that this journal will serve the community of cell biologists in multiple ways. We defined a new discipline of cell biology “Cellular Logistics” as: “The organization of the flow of molecules, information and energy to their destinations, inside and outside of cells.” We envision that this discipline would link intracellular trafficking with other cellular processes, e.g., cell polarity, mitochondrial function, cell cycle, biological clock, signaling and development. During the planning stage we recruited an outstanding Editorial Board including four Associate Editors. We are proud to have editorial board members from most of the areas that we would like to cover in the journal. The board discussed options for the journal’s policies and refined its mission. As a result of these discussions, we decided to implement a number of publication policies that we hope will benefit everyone in the community.
Peripheral Proliferative Retinopathies

Peripheral retinal neovascularization (i.e., new vessel growth peripheral to the major vascular arcades) may be secondary to a wide variety of ocular and systemic diseases. Vascular and inflammatory diseases in particular may cause peripheral neovascularization. Following a brief review of ocular angiogenesis, the various clinical entities that can cause peripheral retinal neovascularization are described. The diagnostic workup of a patient with peripheral proliferative retinopathy is outlined and techniques of treatment of the neovascularization (including feeder vessel technique, cryopexy, and panretinal photocoagulation) are discussed.
A new class of Banach spaces

In this paper, we construct a new class of separable Banach spaces , for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, each of which contains all of the standard Lp spaces, as well as the space of finitely additive measures, as compact dense embeddings. Equally important is the fact that these spaces contain all Henstock–Kurzweil integrable functions and, in particular, the Feynman kernel and the Dirac measure, as norm bounded elements. As a first application, we construct the elementary path integral in the manner originally intended by Feynman. We then suggest that is a more appropriate Hilbert space for quantum theory, in that it satisfies the requirements for the Feynman, Heisenberg and Schrodinger representations, while the conventional choice only satisfies the requirements for the Heisenberg and Schrodinger representations. As a second application, we show that the mixed topology on the space of bounded continuous functions, , used to define the weak generator for a semigroup T(t), is stronger than the norm topology on . (This means that, when extended to is strongly continuous, so that the weak generator on becomes a strong generator on .)
Tribological performance of ion-beam-mixed Fe/B multilayers on M50 steel☆

Abstract A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the tribological performance of ion-beam-mixed multilayers of iron and boron deposited on hardened M50 steel. Under partially lubricated conditions, ion mixing was found to increase the duration of a low friction (less than 0.2) regime by forming hard iron borides that resisted wear and thereby maintained the original smooth surface. Under non-lubricated conditions, ion mixing reduced the wear rates but not the coefficient of friction. The relative humidity (RH) was also found to affect the wear of coated steel substrates significantly, with less wear in air environments occurring at 50% RH than at 0% RH.
On Using Voice Analysis in Marketing Research

Voice analysis has received attention recently both in the marketing/advertising literature and among marketing research practitioners. The authors summarize the concept behind the technique and id...
Magnetoacoustic effects caused by surface-scattered conduction electrons in copper.

We have measured the magnetic-field dependence of the attenuation of a 32.3-MHz surface acoustic wave propagating in the [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}01] direction on the (101) surface of a copper crystal. Magnetoacoustic effects due to both closed and open orbits are observed, and evidence is presented to confirm that they are caused by surface-scattered conduction electrons. It is proposed that this method of measuring the trajectories of surface-scattered electrons can be useful for studying the structure of metal crystal surfaces.
Optimal transform coefficient selection for images

An algorithm for methodically deriving rate-distortion points for transform coefficient selection schemes for images is presented. The idea is to iteratively generate a set of convex hulls from which a composite operational rate- distortion curve is derived. Although this approach can be used to generate optimal interior rate-distortion points, the complexity is high. A fast suboptimal approach is then proposed which is based upon a modified version of threshold selection. In the modified threshold selection algorithm, each transform block operates on a point along a non-convex rate-distortion curve which is generated from rank ordering of coefficients in the block. Simulations of this fast algorithm using finely quantized DCT coefficients from an image with separate coding of amplitudes and runlengths show that very good rate-distortion performance can be obtained. These simulations also suggest that the modified threshold selection curve tends to lie within the first few convex hulls generated from the composite shell method. The modified threshold selection algorithm provides a fast way for achieving good rate-distortion performance in transform coding systems.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlinear fatigue damage assessment of existing bridges considering progressively deteriorated road conditions

Variable stress ranges from dynamic vehicle loads can induce fatigue damage accumulations at certain bridge components and accelerate the road surface deterioration in bridges’ life cycle. The interactions of the road surface deterioration and random dynamic vehicle loads might accelerate the fatigue damage accumulations and lead to serious fatigue failures when such damages increase to a certain limit. This paper presents a nonlinear fatigue damage assessment approach for existing bridges to include the progressive road surface deterioration and the nonlinear effects of the fatigue damage accumulation due to random dynamic vehicle loads. In each stress block for fatigue damage calculation, vehicle types and speeds and road profiles for a certain road roughness coefficient are randomly generated for the vehicle–bridge dynamic system. Fatigue damage and cumulative probability of fatigue failures due to these variable stress ranges are calculated based on a nonlinear cumulative fatigue damage rule. Nevertheless, the vehicle types, numbers, and weights are used to predict the road roughness coefficient for the next stress block. The predicted fatigue damages are different when using the linear and nonlinear fatigue damage rules. The effects from the random variables in the vehicle–bridge dynamic system are discussed, as well.
An in vitro transcription system that recapitulates equine infectious anemia virus Tat-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat activity demonstrates a role for positive transcription elongation factor b and associated proteins in the mechanism of Tat activation

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) activates transcription via a Tat protein, a TAR element, and the equine elongation factor positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). In human cells, EIAV Tat (eTat) can inhibit the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (hTat) to activate transcription from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, demonstrating that EIAV Tat can interact nonproductively with human P-TEFb. To study the mechanism of EIAV Tat and HIV-1 Tat activation, we developed an in vitro elongation assay that recapitulates EIAV Tat-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 Tat trans-activation. We found that eTat specifically inhibits activation of elongation by HIV-1 Tat while having no effect on basal transcription elongation. The competitive inhibition of hTat activation was reversed by an activity present in HeLa cell nuclear extracts, most likely a form of P-TEFb. Recombinant P-TEFb (cyclin T1 and CDK9) overcame the inhibition of transcription by eTat but in a nonspecific manner. EIAV Tat affinity chromatography was used to purify the activity present in nuclear extract that was capable of reversing eTat inhibition. We characterized the protein components of this activity, which include cyclin T1, CDK9, Tat-SF1, and at least three unidentified proteins. These data suggest that additional factors are involved in the mechanism of Tat activation.
OBJECT EXTENSIONS TO Z: A SURVEY

Formal specification languages provide assistance to solving the problem of high maintenance costs caused by ineffective communication of a system’s requirements. Using a sound mathematical basis, a formal specification language provides a precise and definitive system description that can serve as a binding contract. Additionally, the integration of the object-oriented paradigm with a formal specification language provides increased potential for software reuse, conceptually cleaner specifications and a framework for defining interfaces. To this end, there has been significant work done to extend existing specification languages to allow object-oriented specifications. This paper provides a comparison of such object-oriented specification languages, specifically, those extending Z. The paper is organized into five major sections. After a brief introduction to the concepts of formal specification languages and Z, a simple library system is defined and used as an example throughout the paper. Each of the object-oriented specification languages is introduced and classified as either using Z in an object-oriented style or providing a true object-oriented extension of Z. For each language, the specification of the example library system is presented following a brief overview of the language’s features. An in-depth comparison is made of each of the languages which provide a true object-oriented extension of Z.
Anticipated public health consequences of global climate change.

Human activities are placing enormous pressures on the biosphere. The introduction of new chemicals and the increasing ambient levels of existing chemicals have resulted in atmospheric degradation....
Variability and Normality Assumptions for Virginia Department of Transportation Volumetric Properties: Analysis of Contractor Data

The paper investigates the statistical measures of process mean, standard deviation, correlation, and normality assumptions for the Virginia Department of Transportation volumetric properties of voids in total mix (VTM), asphalt content (AC), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) on the basis of 3 years of contractors' testing data. The VTM had an overall pooled standard deviation of 0.86%, but the data distribution was found not to follow the normal distribution. No difference based on mix type [base mix (BM), intermediate mix (IM), surface mix (SM), or stone matrix asphalt (SMA)] was observed. The average AC, however, was found to depend on mix type with three distinct groups: BM and IM (about 4.35%), SM (about 5.30%), and SMA (about 6.40%). The standard deviations for the combined BM and IM and that of the SM were found to be similar (about 0.30%) and different from the standard deviation of the SMA (about 0.42%). The AC data distribution passed one of the three tests of normality. The correlation betw...
An evaluation of prosodic and content variations in college students with and without head injuries

In this study, we evaluated the impact of language variations on listeners with and without head injuries. Participants with and without previous head injuries rated speakers using either normal or motherese speech register. ANOVA results revealed that participants in both groups rated speakers using normal prosody and normal content more favorably than speakers who spoke in motherese content and prosody. When speakers used only one of these motherese components in their speech, listeners still found disfavor with it, though less so than when speakers incorporated both components. Although both components related to ratings of the speakers, content variations exerted a larger influence. This supports implications of previous studies and offers the caveat that not only is “what” you say important, but also “how” you say it.
Dynamic models of gene expression and classification

Powerful new methods, like expression profiles using cDNA arrays, have been used to monitor changes in gene expression levels as a result of a variety of metabolic, xenobiotic or pathogenic challenges. This potentially vast quantity of data enables, in principle, the dissection of the complex genetic networks that control the patterns and rhythms of gene expression in the cell. Here we present a general approach to developing dynamic models for analyzing time series of whole genome expression. In this approach, a self-consistent calculation is performed that involves both linear and non-linear response terms for interrelating gene expression levels. This calculation uses singular value decomposition (SVD) not as a statistical tool but as a means of inverting noisy and near-singular matrices. The linear transition matrix that is determined from this calculation can be used to calculate the underlying network reflected in the data. This suggests a direct method of classifying genes according to their place in the resulting network. In addition to providing a means to model such a large multivariate system this approach can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the problem in a rational and consistent way, and suppress the strong noise amplification effects often encountered with expression profile data. Non-linear and higher-order Markov behavior of the network are also determined in this self-consistent method. In data sets from yeast, we calculate the Markov matrix and the gene classes based on the linear-Markov network. These results compare favorably with previously used methods like cluster analysis. Our dynamic method appears to give a broad and general framework for data analysis and modeling of gene expression arrays.
Dispositional Mindfulness Moderates the Effects of Stress Among Adolescents: Rumination as a Mediator

Recent research has demonstrated that higher levels of mindfulness are associated with greater psychological and physical health. However, the majority of this research has been conducted with adults; research is only beginning to examine the effects of mindfulness among adolescents. Further, research into adolescent mindfulness has typically conceptualized mindfulness as a unidimensional phenomenon and has not yet examined multidimensional models of mindfulness that have emerged in the adult literature. Further, the mechanisms through which mindfulness influences these outcomes are presently unclear. The present study examined the effects of three facets of mindfulness among adolescents. Seventy-eight adolescents (61% female, 94% Caucasian, M age = 16) completed a measure of dispositional mindfulness at baseline. Participants then completed measures of daily stress, dysphoric affect, and state rumination over a 7-day period. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that facets of mindfulness (i.e., nonreact...