cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Semi-Autonomous Robot for Stripping Paint from Large Vessels

The National Robotics Engineering Consortium and UltraStrip Systems Inc. have developed a highly flexible and productive robot to strip paint from large ships and other large ferro-magnetic structures based on the patents obtained by UltraStrip Systems, Inc. (US patents: 6,425,340; 5,849,099; 5,628,271). Removal of corrosion and coatings from large vessels has become a serious economic and environmental problem, and current practices are becoming infeasible. The M2000 robot removes paint from ships using ultrahigh pressure water jets and recovers the water and debris in an environmentally sound way. The addition of simple, easy-to-use, cruise control features to the robot has permitted significant increases in productivity, safety, and stripping quality.
Mitochondrial mechanisms of redox cycling agents implicated in Parkinson’s disease

Environmental agents have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on epidemiological studies and the ability of toxicants to replicate features of PD. However, the precise mechanisms by which toxicants induce dopaminergic toxicity observed in the idiopathic form of PD remain to be fully understood. The roles of ROS and mitochondria are strongly suggested in the mechanisms by which these toxicants exert dopaminergic toxicity. There are marked differences and similarities shared by the toxicants in increasing steady-state levels of mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, toxicants increase steady-state mitochondrial ROS levels by stimulating the production, inhibiting the antioxidant pathways of both. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria and ROS in PD associated with environmental exposures to redox-based toxicants.
The influence of organizational culture and conflict on market orientation

Purpose – This study aims to review three recognized culture types: bureaucracy, supportive, and innovative, then to develop a model describing how intra‐organizational conflict mediates the relationship between these cultures and market orientation.Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data from over 200 corporate managers, a model of the mediating effect of conflict was examined. First, the model was tested using structural equation modeling, and then a series of linear regressions was used to confirm mediation.Findings – The study found that conflict mediated the relationship between culture and market orientation. The findings also suggested that conflict was positively associated with bureaucratic organizations and negatively associated with innovative and supportive organizations.Practical implications – The results point out potential pitfalls that some organizations may encounter in maintaining market orientation or in trying to become market‐oriented. The results suggested that innovative an...
Are there structural and functional modules in the vertebrate olfactory bulb

A number of different recording methods have shown that odorants elicit patterns of neuronal activity widely distributed across cells of the olfactory receptor epithelium, olfactory bulb, and piriform cortex in the vertebrate olfactory system. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of odorant molecules are processed by distributed coding mechanisms activated in parallel in olfactory circuits in order to characterize a single, "monomolecular" odorant. These findings also suggest that the response patterns seen at higher levels are set up by differential responses in peripheral receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium. One requirement for understanding the details of this proposed encoding scheme is correlation of odor-generated patterns with the components of these circuits. In this paper, results from 2-deoxyglucose and voltage-sensitive dye studies suggest that certain components of these responses may relate to patterns established in reproducibly identifiable aggregates of bulbar cells. These findings are consistent with previous observations suggesting that columnar groups of periglomerular, mitral/tufted and granule cells, oriented perpendicular to the laminae of the bulb, are functionally related to one another. Such cell groups or modules, when activated in parallel, could serve as building block components of the complete ensemble response. According to this hypothesis, different sets of such modules would be activated with different odorant stimuli and modules could be shared to the degree to which the physicochemical properties of the different stimuli overlap.
Extension of the Regge Representation

The Regge formula is modified in such a way as to exhibit the "full" contribution of each Regge pole to the scattering amplitude. In this modified form both the contribution from each pole and the new background term have the correct cuts in the $z$ plane. In the case where the partial wave amplitude is meromorphic in the whole $l$ plane we show that, under certain assumptions, the scattering amplitude can be represented by a series sum of contributions from the Regge poles. Each contribution has the correct cut in the $z$ plane, and the series converges for all $z$ in the cut plane. An approximation of the scattering amplitude at low energies in terms of a few contributions from leading poles is discussed. Finally, it is shown that this modified Regge formula leads to a relatively simple bootstrap procedure for constructing the scattering amplitude from unitarity and analyticity.
Surgical approach of primary splenic lymphoma: report of a case and review of the literature

A 80-year-old woman was hospitalized due to anemia and fever. Computed tomography depicted a solitary concentric, sharply marginated lesion of the spleen. Laparotomy identified a creamy-white soft tumor. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin B-cells anaplastic lymphoma. Extended range of pathological manifestations explains the variety of radiological appearances and difficulty in accurate diagnostic process of primary splenic lymphoma.
Whittaker Categories and Whittaker Modules for Lie Superalgebras

Following analogous constructions for Lie algebras, we define Whittaker modules and Whittaker categories for finite-dimensional simple Lie superalgebras. Results include a decomposition of Whittaker categories for a Lie superalgebra according to the action of an appropriate sub-superalgebra; and, for basic classical Lie superalgebras of type I, the construction of Whittaker modules from Whittaker modules for the even part.
The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

The effect of water on the flow behavior of glass microspheres dispersed in mineral oil was investigated for various levels of water, particle volume fractions, and particle sizes. The addition of small amounts of water leads to large increases in viscosity due to the formation of water bridges between particles that give rise to capillary forces between the particles. The capillary forces between the particles also make the flow profile highly shear-thinning across the range of particle volume fractions that were studied (0.10 to 0.25). The presence of water leads to a significant effect of particle size, and the viscosity of dispersion goes through a maximum as the amount of water is increased. Two hydrophobic surfactants, Span 80 and Arquad 2HT, were found to reduce the viscosity of the dispersions with added water, but the mechanism and extent of viscosity reduction differed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
P-95: The Improvement of Contrast Ratio in AC-PDPs with Thin Black Top Rib

We fabricated and evaluated AC-PDP with thin black rib layer on the white barrier rib. The thin black rib was prepared by green sheet using the die coater. AC-PDP with thin black rib has high contrast ratio in the bright room than normal AC-PDP by means of reduction of panel reflectivity. Therefore, the properties of brightness, efficiency, and current density were showed the nearly same.
Response‐Dependence and Normative Bedrock*

Value that in virtue of which actions, objects, and agents are noninstrumentally good or bad in various ways is a mysterious thing. Moral value is perhaps among its most mysterious incarnations, since it sometimes requires us to act against our own interests. Values of various sorts play as central a role in our practical decisions as do facts about the efficacy of medications, or the load-bearing capacities of building materials, or the distances between cities. Yet it is not clear how we have access to these values. How do we form justified beliefs about them, as we seem to do? What, in the first instance, is value? What is its source? Does it, in fact, have a source? Difficulties in answering such questions have led some philosophers to the view that claims about value are not, despite surface appearances, expressions of beliefs at all, but are rather expressions of proand con-attitudes such as approval or disgust.1 These philosophers do not believe that such expressions are literally true or false at least not in virtue of independent facts of the matter, as claims about the material world are
Preparation and testing of silver-protein compounds.

Silver derivatives of the protargol type were made from 13 different commercial peptones. The peptone samples were purified by precipitating with an ethanol concentration of 75%, reprecipitating once, and discarding any water-insoluble material. A 20–22% solution of the purified material in water, allcalinized with 2 ml. of strong ammonia per 100 ml., was precipitated by adding an equal volume of 25% aqueous AgNO3, and stood in a refrigerator overnight. Thorough washing of the precipitate with distilled water, draining, and then dissolving it in a purified peptone solution (30–35% aqueous), whose volume was 0.6 that of the solution used for silver precipitation, gave the soluble silver derivative. Ammonia was added to facilitate solution and the final pH adjusted to 8.0–8.4. The concentrated solution was dehydrated either with acetone or in a dessicator under reduced pressure and ground to a powder. Staining tests on neurological tissue showed that the Pharmaceutical peptone (Cudahy Packing Co., Omaha, Ne...
Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern North Carolina: Reduction of emissions from water-holding structures at two candidate superior technologies for waste treatment

Abstract Program OPEN (Odor, Pathogens, and Emissions of Nitrogen) was an integrated study of the emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ), odor and odorants, and pathogens from potential environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) for swine facilities in eastern North Carolina. This paper, as part of program OPEN, focuses on quantifying emissions of NH 3 from water-holding structures at two of the best ESTs and compares them with the projected emissions from two conventional lagoon and spray technologies (LSTs). The evaluated ESTs are: (1) Super Soils at Goshen Ridge; and (2) Environmental Technologies at Red Hill. The water-holding structures for these two ESTs contained no conventional anaerobic lagoon. A dynamic flow-through chamber was used to measure NH 3 fluxes from the water-holding structures at both the ESTs and at the conventional LST farms. In order to compare the emissions from the water-holding structures at the ESTs with those from the lagoons at the conventional sites under similar conditions, a statistical-observational model for lagoon NH 3 emissions was used. A mass-balance approach was used to quantify the emissions. All emissions were normalized by nitrogen-excretion rates. The percentage reductions relative to the conventional lagoons were calculated for the two ESTs. Results showed substantial reductions in NH 3 emissions at both ESTs. Super Soils had reductions of 94.7% for the warm season and 99.0% for the cool season. Environmental Technologies had slightly larger reductions of 99.4% and 99.98% for the cool and warm season, respectively. As a result of such large reductions in ammonia emissions, both technologies meet the criteria to be classified as ESTs for ammonia emissions.
A DSP implementation of OFDM acoustic modem

The success of multicarrier modulation in the form of OFDM in radio channels illuminates a path one could take towards high-rate underwater acoustic communications, and recently there are intensive investigations on underwater OFDM. In this paper, we implement the acoustic OFDM transmitter and receiver design of [4,5] on a TMS320C6713 DSP board. We analyze the workload and identify the most time-consuming operations. Based on the workload analysis, we tune the algorithms and optimize the code to substantially reduce the synchronization time to 0.2 seconds and the processing time of one OFDM block to 1.7 seconds on a DSP processor at 225 MHz. This experimentation provides guidelines on our future work to reduce the per-block processing time to be less than the block duration of 0.23 seconds for real time operations.
Indexing and exploiting a discourse history to generate context-sensitive explanations

A striking difference between the interactions that students have with human tutors and those they have with computer-based instruction system is that human tutors frequently refer to their own previous explanations. Based on a study of human-human instructional interactions, we are categorizing the uses of previous discourse and are developing a computational model of this behavior. In this paper, I describe the strategies we have implemented for identifying relevant prior explanations, and the mechanisms that enable our text planner to exploit the information stored in its discourse history in order to omit information that has previously been communicated, to point out similarities and differences between entities and situations, and to mark re-explanations in circumstances where they are deemed appropriate.
Majority rule and allocation

Majority rule is, generally speaking, not an optimal decision-making process. Important among its advantages is the element of participation. Everyone who wishes votes and in close situations the switching of a single vote may reverse the outcome. Also the winning proposal (if there is one) has the advantage that shifting from it to another alternative will cause dissatisfaction among more people than it will please. On the other hand, majority rule suffers from lack of consideration of intensity of desire among the voters. If some measure of interpersonal satisfaction is hypothesized, a shift away from the winning proposal may well increase total satisfaction, according to that measure. Also there is the problem of tyrannous majorities. If a whole series of decisions is made by majority rule, there is the danger that a minority may contain the same people for each decision. Under these circumstances the sense of participation may well be weakened. Indeed, one might argue that the chief merit of majority decisionmaking lies in its ability to compromise conflict under conditions of substantial diver-
Optically Transparent and High Molecular Weight Polyolefin Block Copolymers toward Self-Assembled Photonic Band Gap Materials

Block copolymers based on readily available olefins have been synthesized to construct self-assembled one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals. Using living olefin polymerization via a bis(phenoxyimine)titanium dichloride/MAO catalyst system, optically transparent and high molecular weight polyolefin block copolymers have been prepared with a narrow molecular weight distribution. The resulting copolymers exhibited a partial 1-D photonic band gap with an excellent optical transparency. Random copolymerization of olefin monomers provided a route to tune the refractive index of each block as well as to suppress the crystallinity for optical transparency. Ternary blending of diblock copolymer with homopolymers further afforded a pathway to control the wavelength of the peak reflectivity of the polyolefin-based photonic structures.
Technology Usability and Utility Issues in a State Government Voice Mail Evaluation Survey

This paper summarizes results of a user evaluation survey of computer-based telephone messaging ("voice mail") technologies. A mail survey of the population of voice mail users in state government agencies (approximately 3000 users) yielded 1072 user responses. Survey analyses tested hypotheses regarding how voice mail evaluations are influenced by user characteristics, system use and experience, task and situation factors, and differences in organizational context and operations. Highlights of the results include findings relating both endogenous (age and gender) and exogenous (reported length of experience and average weekly use) user characteristics to ratings of the voice mail interface. Participating organizations reported mean differences in ratings of the interface and situation-based voice mail appropriateness. The findings emphasize the importance of a systems approach to integrate user-centered design and functional, situational, and organizational contexts in order to enhance the success of imp...
Electrophoretic Studies on Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia.

Electrophoretic studies were made on vaccine virus, collodion particles, and glass particles suspended in 0.01 molar buffer solutions at pH 7.9, in which the moving boundary method was used. In some experiments, uncoated particles were used; in others, particles were coated with proteins and then resuspended in the buffer solution after a washing; in still others, an excess of protein which had been used to coat the particles was included in the buffer medium. Streaming boundaries were obtained with all dilute suspensions of particles in solutions containing no soluble protein instead of the flat ones usually observed with the Tiselius moving boundary technique. This boundary artifact was suppressed by maintaining a density gradient of sufficient magnitude in association with the moving boundary to counteract the tendency of endosmotic flow. This was done partially by increasing the concentration of the particles in the suspensions, and almost completely by retaining an excess of soluble-coating substance in the solutions containing the particles. The mobility of elementary bodies of vaccinia corresponds to that found for the heat-stable (S) antigen. This value was not altered by drying, heating, ether extraction, or simple washing, but was materially increased by treatment with the surface active detergent (duponol) which presumably altered the nature of the surface of the virus particles. Collodion particles coated with the heat-stable antigen of vaccinia had the same mobility as elementary bodies under comparable conditions. Glass particles coated with normal rabbit serum moved at the rate of albumin, the fastest serum component in the buffer solutions used. However, both collodion particles and vaccine virus moved at a somewhat slower rate when they were similarly coated and measured in the presence of an excess of serum in the solutions. This was probably due to adsorption of a small amount of one of the slower components (globulin) of rabbit serum on the surface of the particles. Simple washing after treatment seemed to remove the coating of serum proteins, at least in part, from both collodion particles and elementary bodies of vaccinia.
Variable dietary management of methylmalonic acidemia: metabolic and energetic correlations

Background: Isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is managed by dietary protein restriction and medical food supplementation. Resting energy expenditure (REE) can be depressed in affected individuals for undefined reasons. Objective: The objective was to document the spectrum of nutritional approaches used to treat patients with MMA, measure REE, and analyze the dependence of REE on body composition, biochemical, and nutritional variables. Design: Twenty-nine patients with isolated MMA (22 mut, 5 cblA, 2 cblB; 15 males, 14 females; age range: 2–35 y) underwent evaluation. REE was measured with open-circuit calorimetry and compared with predicted values by using age-appropriate equations. Results: Nutritional regimens were as follows: protein restriction with medical food (n = 17 of 29), protein restriction with medical food and supplemental isoleucine or valine (n = 5 of 29), or the use of natural protein alone for dietary needs (n = 7 of 29). Most mut patients had short stature and higher percentage fat mass compared with reference controls. Measured REE decreased to 74 ± 13.6% of predicted (P 18 y (n = 7). Linear regression modeling suggested that age (P = 0.001), creatinine clearance (P = 0.01), and height z score (P = 0.04) accounted for part of the variance of measured REE per kilogram of fat-free mass (model R2 = 0.66, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: There is wide variation in the dietary treatment of MMA. Standard predictive equations overestimate REE in this population primarily due to their altered body composition and decreased renal function. Defining actual energy needs will help optimize nutrition and protect individuals from overfeeding. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00078078","term_id":"NCT00078078"}}NCT00078078.
Delay models for verifying speed-dependent asynchronous circuits

It is demonstrated that the binary inertial delay model can lead to false positive results when used in the verification of speed-dependent asynchronous circuits. A delay model called the binary chaos delay model solves this problem in many cases. The two timing models are compared by using them in the verification of a FIFO controller circuit. The models can be viewed as two extremes of a more general, parameterized model. >
Establishing priorities for plant science research and developing world food security

This paper begins with a broad review of food security in the developing world. I argue that technological change has made a key contribution to improving food security wherever it has been achieved and that plant sciences can contribute in the future. Potential contributions by plant scientists will have to be funded through development assistance. A perspective on development assistance and the role of assistance to agricultural research in particular provides a useful background to the consideration of how to set priorities for research using information on what is needed and what can be done. Optimizing the contributions of research entails five steps: (1) determine the specific objective, (2) identify alternatives to address the objective, (3) choose a method by which to set priorities, (4) apply the selected method to quantify priorities, (5) allocate available funds among the priority alternatives. Finally, it is important to take a longterm view and continue supporting the research long enough to make a difference. The paper discusses these steps, illustrates how such an approach might be applied and demonstrates the importance of applying economic criteria to research resource allocation.
Back in Style (Limited Edition): Contrasts in Style and CEO Impact on Corporate Policy

This paper proposes a new approach to study how corporate policies change upon the replacement of the CEO. We employ empirical Bayes simultaneous tests on the executive fixed effects and find a significant heterogeneity in their styles. Furthermore, we implement a measure that explores the differences in styles between the exiting CEO and the incoming CEO. This comparison reveals that corporate policies change before and after a turnover. Moreover, some changes are not immediate, so we estimate how fast the firm policy converges to the new equilibrium. For the most part, our results are not significantly different if we consider exogenous turnovers (e.g., death, illness, and natural retirements). Thus the relationship between CEO turnover and subsequent corporate policy is not only driven by the event itself, but it is also largely determined by the contrasts between CEOs’ characteristics.
Endomixis in diverse races of Paramaecium aurelia

Woodruff and Erdmann in 19141 described a normal periodic reorganization process without cell fusion, which they termed endomixis, in Paramaecium aurelia. This study was based chiefly on pedigreed cells from Woodruff's 5,000-generation race of Paramaecium aurelia, though specimens of a race of this organism isolated by Erdmann in Germany showed the same phenomenon.The present communication is to prove the general occurrence of endomixis in races of Paramaecium aurelia, since this has been questioned, on a priori grounds, by certain authors.The following races of Paramaecium aurelia, in addition to those mentioned above, have now been studied:Oberlin Race. Isolated at Oberlin, Ohio. Carried in pedigreed culture from October 8, 1914, to date, during which time it has attained 951 generations.Bryn Mawr Race. Isolated at Bryn Mawr, Pa. In pedigreed culture from January 7, 1915, to February 8, 1916, when it was discontinued at the 650th generation.Oxford Race. Isolated at Oxford, Ohio. Pedigreed culture starte...
Growth and sporulation of thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes in O2-N2 atmospheres.

Six species of actinomycetes and 12 species of fungi were studied. The actinomycetes were: Pseudonocardia thermophila, Streptomyces rectus, Thermoactinomyces glaucus, T. vulgaris (two isolates), Th...
Mitochondrial fusion gene 2 mutant inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and its mechanism

Objective:To investigate the effect of Mfn21A on the proliferation of VSMC and its underlying mechanism. Method:The fragment sequence of Mfn21A contains the p21 ras signature motif and ATP/GTP binding site motif.VSMCs separated from spontaneously hypertensive rats were transfected with adenovirus mediated 1A(Adv-Mfn2 1A) or adenovirus mediated Mfn2(Adv-Mfn2).The proliferation of VSMC was detemined by cell counting and CCK-8.The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.The protein expression of Mek and Erk1/2 was determined by Western blot. Result:VSMCs tranfected with Adv-Mfn2 1A could express Mfn2 protein.Overexpression of Mfn21A inhibited the proliferation of VSMC more obviously than Mfn2 on day 3(P0.05).More cells were arrested at G0/G1 phases after Mfn2 1A and Mfn2 overexpression,and the percentage of cell that were arrested at G0/G1 phases was(77.74±3.67)% in Mfn21A transfection group.Overexpression of Mfn2 1A led to down regulation of P-Erk1/2,and this downregulation was more significant in Mfn21A transfection group than that of Mfn2 group(P0.05). Conclusion:Overexpression of Mfn2 1A inhibit the proliferation of on VSMC and induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phases via inhibiting the Mek-Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
Prevalence survey on hypertension among adult residents in Jilin province

Objective To investigate the blood pressure level and the prevalence and distributional characteristics of hypertension among the adults in Jilin province and to provide evidence for making preventive and controlling strategies against hypertension.Methods A total of 20 473adults aged 18-79years old from Jilin province were selected by multistage cluster randomly sampling.Medicial examination and face-to-face questioning survey were conducted to collect the information about hypertensive distribution.Blood pressure was examined by electronic blood pressure monitor.According to complex sampling plan and post-stratification,the resultant data were weighted to estimate the level of blood presure and the prevalence rate.Results The weighted average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were(128.1±20.2)mmHg and(78.4±11.6)mmHg,respectively.The weighted prevalence rate of hypertension was 30.5%(95%CI:29.7%-31.2%).The prevalence rate was increased with age.The prevalence rate of the males(34.4%,95%CI:33.3%-35.6%)was statistically higher than that of the females(26.3%,95%CI:25.3%-27.2%)(P0.01).The prevalence rates of hypertension in easten region(33.2%,95%CI:31.4%-35.1%)and western region(32.4%,95%CI:30.5%-34.3%)were higher than that in central region(29.0%,95%CI:28.1%-29.9%)(P0.01).There was no significant difference between the prevalence of hypertension in urban area(30.4%,95%CI:29.3%-31.4%)and rural area(30.6%,95%CI:29.6%-31.7%)(P0.05).Conclusion In 2012,the prevalence rate of hypertension among the adult residents in Jilin province is higher than before.There are differences in the distributional characteristics of hypertension among variations by age,gender and geographic regions.Health system should prevent and control hypertension according to the epidemiological characteristics.
Rate of bleeding-related episodes in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cohort study using a large administrative medical claims database in the US

Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare disorder characterized by low platelet counts and an increased tendency to bleed. The goal of ITP therapy is to treat or prevent bleeding. Actual rates of bleeding are unknown. Clinical trial data may not reflect real-world bleeding rates because of the inclusion of highly refractory patients and more frequent use of rescue therapy.
Evaluating Applicants’ Writing Samples: A Short Guide for Hiring Partners

This article gives advice to hiring partners about what to look for, and what not to look for, when evaluating an applicant’s writing sample.
Temperature-aware adaptive task-mapping targeting uniform thermal distribution in MPSoC platforms

As on-chip integration increases, the thermal distribution becomes spatially non-uniform and varies based on the power dissipation. In this paper, we introduce a temperature-aware task-mapping algorithm to prevent hotspots and achieve a highly uniform thermal distribution using adaptive multi-threshold values. The algorithm monitors the temperature of the cores, swaps tasks when the temperature of the core is relatively higher than the average temperature of the chip. Cores are switched off if they exceed an absolute maximum temperature. Using this algorithm, reliability is enhanced by achieving a highly uniform thermal distribution and preventing hot cores from exceeding an absolute threshold.
Role of Depressive Symptoms in Mediating Socioeconomic Disparities in Diabetes Risk Misperception.

Objectives In the U.S., type 2 diabetes awareness remains low among individuals at risk. Unawareness poses risk of developing comorbidities, commonly depression, which would harm physical and mental health and well-being. This study builds off previous findings identifying significant differences in accurate diabetes perception by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and self-rated health. This study explores depressive symptoms as a mediator and potential explanation for significant associations between determinants of risk and incorrect perception of risk when at risk. Methods This study uses 2011-2012 & 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (NHANES). The sampling frame includes individuals identified with clinical risk of diabetes, who report not perceiving risk (N = 3238). Summary statistics, bivariates by outcome and mediator, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression were conducted. The Sobel test was used for mediation analysis. Results Depressive symptoms, female sex, Mexican American ethnicity or other/multiple race, younger age, or worse self-rated health were independently associated with lower odds of incorrectly perceiving no clinical risk. Depressive symptoms moderated most socioeconomic disparities. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that depressive symptoms explain disparities in incorrectly perceiving no diabetes risk by sex, age, and self-rated health but not race/ethnicity.
Intraoperative use of a transarticular circular fixator construct to facilitate reduction and stabilisation of a proximal tibial physeal fracture in a dog

Case report A 4-month-old female intact American Pit Bull Terrier was presented for right pelvic limb lameness 1 day after the dog had been hit by an all-terrain vehicle. Orthogonal radiographs of the right stifle revealed a Salter-Harris type IV fracture through the proximal tibial physis extending caudodistally through the proximal tibial metaphysis. The distal tibia was markedly displaced cranially, laterally and proximally, resulting in complete overriding of the fracture segments. An open approach was made in order to facilitate direct reduction, but the fracture could not be sufficiently distracted and the epiphyseal segment remained fixed caudal to the remainder of the tibia. Concerns regarding possible iatrogenic trauma to the epiphysis prompted the use of a transarticular circular fixator construct to distract the fracture segments to facilitate reduction. Distraction that facilitated reduction was performed using three TrueLok Rapid Quick Adjust Struts that were positioned between the two ring components. The struts also allowed for multiplanar adjustment of alignment, which allowed the fracture to be maintained in anatomic reduction as divergent interfragmentary Kirschner wires were placed. Radiographic union was confirmed 19 days after surgery. Conclusion/Clinical significance Transient intraoperative application of a circular construct incorporating the TrueLok components facilitated accurate fracture reduction without inflicting further iatrogenic trauma to the epiphysis, after traditional direct reduction techniques proved ineffective, and afforded a successful clinical outcome in the dog reported here.
Past, Present, and Future Developments in Liquefaction Hazard Analysis

Liquefaction of soils has been widely recognized as an important cause of damage in many past earthquakes. Although recognized and named in the early 1950s (Mogami T, Kubo K, The behavior of soil during vibration. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, vol 1, Zurich, pp 152–155, 1953; Terzaghi K, Variety of submarine slope failures. In: Proceedings of the 8th Texas conference on soils and foundation engineering, University of Texas, Austin, pp 1–41, 1956), liquefaction sprang to the attention of the geotechnical engineering profession in 1964 following large earthquakes in Niigata, Japan and Alaska, USA. Since that time, a great deal of research on soil liquefaction has been performed, particularly in Japan and the United states but also in other seismically active countries such as Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Turkey. This research has led to breakthroughs in understanding of the basic mechanics of liquefiable soils, the development of practical, empirical procedures for evaluation of liquefaction potential, and the development of numerical procedures for site-specific analysis of liquefaction and its effects. This paper presents a brief and incomplete review of the history of liquefaction hazard evaluation, assesses its current status, and discusses future developments in this area.
Detection of Pancreatic Islet Transplant Rejection

The immune system in multicellular organisms evolved with the major function to discriminate self from non-self. Thus, the immune system of each individual is able to recognize and respond to many foreign antigens, but is normally unresponsive to the individual’s own “self” proteins. The integrity of the individual resides in the immune system carrying out this basic role. Abnormalities in the induction or maintenance of this major function lead to overwhelming infection by common organisms or to immune responses against “self” proteins resulting in autoimmune disease. When an organ or tissue is diseased or damaged, this basic function of the immune system must be circumvented when attempting to replace the damaged or diseased tissues through organ transplantation. In recent years, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in “self” recognition, organ/tissue rejection, and the development of autoimmune disease, have played a major role in improving the success of transplants and treatments for autoimmune diseases.
Pulmonary Aspects of Aging

This chapter focuses on four topics concerning respiratory function and disease in the elderly population. First, understanding the effects of aging on lung function and gas exchange provides the basis for distinguishing between age-related alterations and dysfunction. Health, at whatever age, is most often determined by the ability of an individual to perform activities of daily living, to work, and/or to participate in recreational interests. In order to achieve these objectives, the elderly person must develop and maintain a minimal level of exercise tolerance. Accordingly, the physiologic interactions affecting exercise performance in the elderly will be discussed.
Promise and Perils of Big Data Science for Intelligence Community

Collecting, processing, and analyzing digital data in bulk holds critical importance today more than it has at any period in past, or, arguably, in future. Big data science is influencing the global financial, industrial, academic as well as defense sectors. With the exponential rise of open source data from social media and increasing government monitoring, big data science is now closely aligned with national security policies, and the intelligence community. This chapter reviews the role that big data sciences can play in supporting functions of the intelligence community. A major part of the chapter focuses on the inherent limitations of big data, which can affect and even disrupt the chain of operations of intelligence agencies from gathering information to anticipating surprises. The limiting factors range from technical to ethical issues. The chapter concludes that there is a continuing need for experts with domain knowledge from intelligence community to efficiently guide big data analysis to fill any gaps in knowledge. As a case study on limitations of using big data, work in nuclear intelligence using simple analytics is examined to show why big data analysis in certain cases may lead to unnecessary complications.
Determinants of Hypertensive Renal Disease and Its Progression

The susceptibility to hypertension-induced renal damage (HIRD) varies greatly within the hypertensive population. With the exception of certain genetically susceptible groups such as African-Americans, the vast majority of individuals with essential hypertension (HTN) are quite resistant to the development of significant HIRD. This is because the normal preglomerular renal autoregulatory mechanisms prevent the transmission of systemic HTN to glomerular capillaries protecting them from barotrauma. Significant HIRD only develops when HTN becomes very severe and exceeds this protective capacity. By contrast, these protective autoregulatory mechanisms are impaired in individuals with significant CKD including those with diabetic nephropathy. This impairment allows an enhanced glomerular transmission of even moderate HTN and results in progressive glomerular barotrauma and glomerulosclerosis (GS). Studies in renal mass reduction (RMR) models of CKD have confirmed the quantitative importance of autoregulatory impairment and physical glomerular BP transmission as the predominant determinant of HIRD severity and its rate of progression. Recent data indicate that the loss of NO-mediated efferent vasodilation may independently contribute to the pathogenesis of HIRD in states of endothelial dysfunction. The CKD-associated glomerular capillary hypertrophy may additionally increase HIRD susceptibility due to a reduction in podocyte density and the ability to withstand mechanical stress. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is widely believed to promote HIRD through BP-independent fibrogenic pathways, most of the benefits of RAS blockade are attributable to BP lowering when BP has been measured adequately. Nevertheless, RAS blockade combined with adequate diuretic therapy offers the most effective strategy to control BP and thereby CKD progression.
How Many Smartphones Does It Take To Detect A Power Outage

Utilities across the world struggle to accurately measure electricity reliability on their grids; the average utility in a 109-country sample underestimates outages by a factor of 7 (relative to customers). While some utilities are addressing this challenge by installing smart meters, many utilities in emerging economies do not have the technical or budget capacity to deploy smart meters widely. In this paper, we analyze the size of deployment needed for outage detection via the GridWatch system, a novel crowdsourcing mobile application for measuring outages. Using outage data from Kenya Power and user mobility data, we consider different deployment sizes and varying levels of detection accuracy of the GridWatch app. Our results show that differences in neighborhood infrastructure and dynamics can necessitate a more than 3x difference in GridWatch deployment size to achieve the same outage detection performance, stressing the importance of deployment planning for a crowdsourced infrastructure monitoring system.
Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of Phylogenetic Trees: The Prokaryotic Forest of Life

Genome-wide comparison of phylogenetic trees is becoming an increasingly common approach in evolutionary genomics, and a variety of approaches for such comparison have been developed. In this article we present several methods for comparative analysis of large numbers of phylogenetic trees. To compare phylogenetic trees taking into account the bootstrap support for each internal branch, the Boot-Split Distance (BSD) method is introduced as an extension of the previously developed Split Distance (SD) method for tree comparison. The BSD method implements the straightforward idea that comparison of phylogenetic trees can be made more robust by treating tree splits differentially depending on the bootstrap support. Approaches are also introduced for detecting tree-like and net-like evolutionary trends in the phylogenetic Forest of Life (FOL), i.e., the entirety of the phylogenetic trees for conserved genes of prokaryotes. The principal method employed for this purpose includes mapping quartets of species onto trees to calculate the support of each quartet topology and so to quantify the tree and net contributions to the distances between species. We describe the applications methods used to analyze the FOL and the results obtained with these methods. These results support the concept of the Tree of Life (TOL) as a central evolutionary trend in the FOL as opposed to the traditional view of the TOL as a ‘species tree’.
The Limits of Globalization and the Future of Administrative Law: From Government to Governance

Global processes?be they economic, social, or cultural?affect the roles states play in key regulatory settings at home and abroad. The future of domestic administrative law will be closely tied to the ways in which lawmakers succeed or fail to understand the dynamics of globalization. Global processes are integral to the basic frameworks of politics and markets within which regulatory reforms have developed in the United States since the 1970s and will continue to develop in the future. Such frameworks provide the pragmatic structure within which administrative law now evolves, opening the way to new theories of governance that combine elements of both the domestic and the international.
Learn R with Sample Lessons in Education and the Social Sciences, Health, and the Biological Sciences

R was developed in the early-to-mid 1990s and it has developed into a robust open source software environment, used with multiple operating systems for the organization, statistical analysis, and graphical presentation of data. As presented in this chapter, this set of lessons provides an introduction to the use of R and emphasizes good programming practices for data import or data entry, data organization, development of a detailed code book, visual data checks, descriptive analyses, and selected inferential analyses. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the selected inferential test emphasized in this set of lessons, given how two-way ANOVA is well-suited to investigations that examine factorial designs that model complex real-world problems with practical applications. This chapter also introduces the multiple ways datasets are organized for use by R: tab-separated ASCII files, fixed width–fixed column ASCII files, and comma-separated values ASCII files. Throughout these discussions, graphical displays, and other actions that relate to quality assurance practices receive continual reinforcement.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the p21[superscript ras]-related protein Rho1p in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

23 INTRODUCTION 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS 27 RESULTS 31 DISCUSSION 39 REFERENCES 43 TABLES 49 FIGURES 52
Molecular Pathology of Large Cell Carcinoma

As targeted and histology-specific conventional therapies are receiving greater attention in the management of lung carcinoma, the category of large cell carcinoma (LCC) is being increasingly scrutinized. LCC not otherwise specified can often be reclassified, using immunohistochemistry, as adenocarcinoma (AdCa) or squamous carcinoma. Molecular data on this category indicate the majority of these cases show overlap with AdCa, a smaller group with squamous carcinoma, thus leaving a subset that remains “undifferentiated.” Nevertheless, it remains unclear how histology-specific therapies apply to this group. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, a subtype of large cell carcinoma, has similarity to small cell carcinoma. Subtypes of basaloid, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and rhabdoid phenotype carcinoma are relatively rare and potentially molecularly unique.
Lights Out for graphs related to one another by constructions

The Lights Out problem on graphs, in which each vertex of the graph is in one of two states (“on” or “off”), has been investigated from a variety of perspectives over the last several decades, including parity domination, cellular automata, and harmonic functions on graphs. We consider a variant of the Lights Out problem in which the possible states for each vertex are indexed by the integers modulo k. We examine the space of “null patterns” (i.e., harmonic functions) on graphs, and use this as a way to prove theorems about Lights Out on graphs that are related to one another by two main constructions.
International Roundtable on Community Paramedicine

In July 2005 and the creation an informal organization called the International Roundtable on Community Paramedicine and Rural Healthcare Delivery
Eravacycline, a newly approved fluorocycline.

Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) are commonly associated with multimicroorganisms and treatment choices are becoming narrower due to developing resistance, especially in the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae species. Eravacycline is a newly developed, fully synthetic tetracycline derivative that has shown potent broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of microorganisms, including those such as extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter. Eravacycline has shown activity against many gram-positive organisms such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium (VRE), gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli, and anaerobic species of microorganisms such as Bacteroides. This fluorocycline has been compared to ertapenem and meropenem for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and levofloxacin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Eravacycline was shown to be noninferior to ertapenem but did not meet noninferiority criteria in comparison to levofloxacin. Oral and IV formulations on eravacycline were tested in clinical trials, but at this time, only the IV formulation is FDA approved. Eravacycline has been noted to have a half-life of 20 h with protein binding around 80%; AUC over minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) has also been shown to be eravacycline’s best predictor of efficacy. Of note, eravacycline does not require any renal dose adjustments, as the majority of its clearance is by nonrenal pathways.
Adaptive control designs for control-based continuation in a class of uncertain discrete-time dynamical systems:

This article proposes a methodology for integrating adaptive control with the control-based continuation paradigm for a class of uncertain, linear, discrete-time systems. The proposed adaptive cont...
Aspects of Interrupted Coarse-Graining in Stimulated Excitation of Vibronic Bands

We consider the effect of interrupted coarse-graining at an arbitrary time after photo-excitation, and the dependence of certain dynamic discontinuities on the width of the vibronic band.