cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Studies of the Boron Hydrides

Publisher Summary Of the monumental early work by Stock on the boron hydrides, so ably summarized by him in his Baker Lectures (68),S idgwick (6.5∼r)e - marks that “All statements about the boron hydrides earlier than 1912, when Stock began to work upon them, are untrue.” In a remarkable series of studies, Stock characterized B2He, B4Hlo, B5H9, B5Hl1, BBHIO, and BloHlr and gave tentative evidence for a dodecaborane and possibly an additional hexaborane. The fact that it was over twenty years before an additional boron hydride (B9Hl5) was well characterized is only one of many tributes that can be made to the thoroughness of Stock's chemical researches. The systematic principles of boron hydride structures and chemistry are the principal subjects of the present review. The present review will be restricted to the boron hydrides themselves and their relatively simple substitution derivatives. Even the closely related and very important, borohydrides are not reviewed and are mentioned here only insofar as they are relevant to the boron hydrides.
The experience of three flipped classrooms in an urban university: an exploration of design principles

Abstract As a response to the call for technology enhanced, student-centered learning environments, the flipped classroom approach has drawn much attention from both the research and practice communities. Despite over fifteen years of flipped classroom implementation, design principles have been minimally elaborated upon in relation to diverse disciplinary contexts. Focusing on this gap, we engaged in a mixed methods study that examined three instances of the flipped classroom across unique disciplines and to extract specific design principles. Three instructors and 115 students enrolled in three separate classes in fall 2012 participated in the study. Building upon the Revised Community of Inquiry Framework, we developed a flipped classroom design framework and identified nine design principles.
The arginine 276 anchor for NADP(H) dictates fluorescence kinetic transients in 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a representative aldo-keto reductase.

Fluorescence stopped-flow studies were conducted with recombinant rat liver 3α-HSD, an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) that plays critical roles in steroid hormone inactivation, to characterize the bindi...
Femtosecond laser microstructuring and refractive index modification applied to laser and photonic devices

Rapid progress has been made in the last few years in the development direct-write, femtosecond laser micro-structuring and waveguide writing techniques in various materials, particularly semiconductor and other photo-sensitive glasses. There is considerable potential for this becoming a disruptive technology in photonic device fabrication, perhaps even leading to the development of devices that are difficult to fabricate by any other technique. We will review these developments, and with an optimistic eye, offer some perspectives on the future of this technology for opto-electronic systems.
Monte Carlo methods in fuzzy queuing theory

In this paper, we consider an optimization problem in fuzzy queuing theory that was first used in web planning. This fuzzy optimization problem has no solution algorithm and approximate solutions were first produced by computing the fuzzy value of the objective function for only sixteen values of the fuzzy variables. We introduce our fuzzy Monte Carlo method, using a quasi-random number generator, to produce 100,000 random sequences of fuzzy vectors for the fuzzy variables, which will present a much better approximate solution.
Characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Anise swallowtail, Papilio zelicaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), and their amplification in related species

Fifteen polymorphic dinucleotide and two trinucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the Anise swallowtail, Papilio zelicaon, from DNA genomic libraries enriched for simple sequence repeats. Allele numbers varied from eight to 29, with an excess of homozygotes observed for nine loci. This homozygosity is a feature of other lepidopteran microsatellites and is probably due to null alleles. Sixteen markers were amplified successfully in other representatives of Papilio with 11 loci retaining polymorphism in at least one species. These results suggest that the microsatellites reported here may be appropriate for measuring population genetic structure in a number of Papilio species.
Bone marrow as source of cells in reactions of cellular hypersensitivity. II. Identification of allogeneic or hybrid cells by immunofluorescence in passively transferred tuberculin reactions.

The precise origin of cells infiltrating tuberculin skin reactions was studied with the technique of immunofluorescence. Thymectomized, irradiated Lewis rats were restored with bone marrow from allogeneic or F1 donors. They were passively sensitized to tuberculin by a subsequent transfer of Lewis lymph node cells and were given intradermal skin tests with tuberculoprotein. In 24 hr reactions the majority of cells were shown to be derived from the infused marrow. These results were the same regardless whether the lymphocyte transfer was performed on the day of irradiation and marrow injection or 7 days later. The cells in the tuberculin reactions, marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes not derived from the bone marrow were found to originate in the transferred lymph node cells. The relative percentages of marrow-derived and lymph node-derived cells in the tuberculin reactions remained the same during the 9–24 hr period following skin test.
The Soldier and the Aesthete: Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Gilded Age America

The aftermath of civil strife, note some historians, can change perceptions of gender. Particularly for males, the effect of exhaustive internal wars and the ensuing collapse of the warrior ideal relegates the soldier/hero to a marginal iconological status. Linda L. Carroll has persuasively argued, for instance, that, following the Italian wars, one finds the “damaged” images of males in Renaissance art: bowed heads, display of stomach, presentation of buttocks. In fact, male weakness and “effeminacy” can, notes Linda Dowling, follow on the military collapse of any collective state. Arthur N. Gilbert argues, in contrast, that historically in wartime, male weakness in the form of “sodomites” was rigorously persecuted. From 1749 until 1792, for instance, there was only one execution for sodomy in France, while, during the Napoleonic Wars, the period of 1803–14, seven men were executed. Such analysis suggests that, in the aftermath of civil wars, cultural attitudes toward effeminate or homosexual men shifted from suppression or persecution during martial crisis to one of latitude and perhaps tolerance in periods following the breakdown of the military collective. The aftermath of America's Civil War, the decades of the 1870s and 1880s, provides a testing ground to examine attitudes toward the soldier/hero and toward the effeminate male in a time of social and cultural disarray. At this time, an art “craze,” the Aesthetic Movement, captured popular culture. Aestheticism, seen in the eighteenth century as a “sensibility,” had, by the nineteenth century, an institutional base and a social reform ideology.
On the Fully Commutative Elements of Coxeter Groups

Let W be a Coxeter group. We define an element w ∈ W to be fully commutative if any reduced expression for w can be obtained from any other by means of braid relations that only involve commuting generators. We give several combinatorial characterizations of this property, classify the Coxeter groups with finitely many fully commutative elements, and classify the parabolic quotients whose members are all fully commutative. As applications of the latter, we classify all parabolic quotients with the property that (1) the Bruhat ordering is a lattice, (2) the Bruhat ordering is a distributive lattice, (3) the weak ordering is a distributive lattice, and (4) the weak ordering and Bruhat ordering coincide.
Depression: relationships to sleep paralysis and other sleep disturbances in a community sample.

Sleep disturbances are important correlates of depression, with epidemiologic research heretofore focused on insomnia and sleepiness. This epidemiologic study's aim was to investigate, in a community sample, depression's relationships to other sleep disturbances: sleep paralysis (SP), hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations (HH), cataplexy - considered rapid eye movement-related disturbances - and automatic behavior (AB). Although typical of narcolepsy, these disturbances are prevalent, albeit under-studied, in the population. Cross-sectional analyses (1998-2002), based on Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study population-based data from 866 participants (mean age 54, 53% male), examined: depression (Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale), trait anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T >or= 75th percentile), and self-reported sleep disturbances. Descriptive sleep data were obtained by overnight polysomnography. Adjusted logistic regression models estimated depression's associations with each (>few times ever) outcome - SP, HH, AB, and cataplexy. Depression's associations with self-reported SP and cataplexy were not explained by anxiety. After anxiety adjustment, severe depression (Zung >or=55), vis-a-vis Zung or=50), after stratification by anxiety given an interaction (P = 0.02), increased self-reported cataplexy odds in non-anxious (OR 8.9, P = 0.0008) but not anxious (OR 1.1, P = 0.82) participants. Insomnia and sleepiness seemed only partial mediators or confounders for depression's associations with self-reported cataplexy and SP. Anxiety (OR 1.9, P = 0.04) partially explained depression's (Zung >or=55) association with HH (OR 2.2, P = 0.08). Anxiety (OR 1.6, P = 0.02) was also more related than depression to AB. Recognizing depression's relationships to oft-neglected sleep disturbances, most notably SP, might assist in better characterizing depression and the full range of its associated sleep problems in the population. Longitudinal studies are warranted to elucidate mediators and causality.
Sketching knowledge: Quandaries in the mimetic reproduction of Pueblo ritual

In this article, I examine the quandaries of knowledge reproduction and preservation raised by the Henry C. Toll Collection of sketches, curated at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, depicting the religious ceremonies of 18 Pueblo tribes. The collection provides unique insight into the interrelationships between power and image making, intellectual property and secrecy, and museum practices in an age of ethical engagement with descendant communities. I explore these themes in the context of the Pueblos’ historical struggle to control images, the Toll Collection's formation, and ethnographic interviews with Acoma, Hopi, Laguna, and Zuni cultural leaders.
Melatonin reduces tachycardia in postural tachycardia syndrome: a randomized, crossover trial.

Summary Background Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) induces disabling chronic orthostatic intolerance with an excessive increase in heart rate (HR) upon standing, and many POTS patients have a hyperadrenergic state. Medications that restrain HR are a promising approach to this problem. Objective We tested the hypothesis that melatonin will attenuate the tachycardia and improve symptom burden in patients with POTS. Methods Patients with POTS (n = 78) underwent acute drug trials with melatonin 3 mg orally and placebo, on separate mornings, in a randomized crossover design. Blood pressure, HR, and symptoms were assessed while seated and after standing for up to 10 min prior to, and hourly for 4 h following study drug administration. Results The reduction in standing HR was significantly greater 2 h after melatonin compared with placebo (P = 0.017). There was no significant difference in the reduction of systolic blood pressure between melatonin and placebo, either with standing or while seated. The symptom burden was not improved with melatonin compared with placebo. Conclusion Oral melatonin produced a modest decrease in standing tachycardia in POTS. Further research is needed to determine the effects of regular night-time use of this medication in POTS.
Efficient structured data access in parallel file systems

Parallel scientific applications store and retrieve very large, structured datasets. Directly supporting these structured accesses is an important step in providing high-performance I/O solutions for these applications. High-level interfaces such as HDF5 and Parallel netCDF provide convenient APIs for accessing structured datasets, and the MPI-IO interface also supports efficient access to structured data. However, parallel file systems do not traditionally support such access. In this work we present an implementation of structured data access support in the context of the parallel virtual file system (PVFS). We call this support "datatype I/O" because of its similarity to MPI datatypes. This support is built by using a reusable datatype-processing component from the MPICH2 MPI implementation. We describe how this component is leveraged to efficiently process structured data representations resulting from MPI-IO operations. We quantitatively assess the solution using three test applications. We also point to further optimizations in the processing path that could be leveraged for even more efficient operation.
Bloody nipple discharge in infancy

7. Howley PM, Israel MA, Law MF, Martin M: A rapid method for detecting and mapping homology between heterologous DNAs. J Bio Chem 254:4876, 1979. 8. Andiman WA: The Epstein-Barr virus and EB virus infections in childhood. J PEDIATR 95:171, 1979. 9. Goldberg GN, Fulginiti VA, Ray G, Ferry P, Jones JF, Cross H, Minnich L: In utero Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis) infection. JAMA 246:1579, 1981. 10. Hewetson J, Rocchi G, Henle W, Henle G: Neutralizing antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in healthy populations and patients with infectious mononucleosis. J Infect Dis 128:283, 1973.
Sharing and exploring sensor streams over geocentric interfaces

We present SenseWeb, an open and scalable infrastructure for sharing and geocentric exploration of sensor data streams. SenseWeb allows sensor owners to share data streams across multiple applications and users, thus amortizing sensor deployment costs effectively. It also provides mechanisms to transparently index and cache data, to process spatio-temporal queries on real-time and historic data, and to aggregate and present results on a geocentric web interface. In this paper, we present the architecture of SenseWeb, its techniques to enable global sharing of heterogeneous sensors, and its mapbased front-end for spatio-temporal data exploration. We enable interactive geocentric data exploration in the mapbased front-end using techniques for rapidly changing map overlaid visualizations of numerous data streams. We also demonstrate flexibility and scalability of the architecture by evaluating a deployed prototype of SenseWeb, which has been publicly available since March 2008.
Simulation of the Global Hydrological Cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3): Mean Features

The seasonal and annual climatological behavior of selected components of the hydrological cycle are presented from coupled and uncoupled configurations of the atmospheric component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). The formulations of processes that play a role in the hydrological cycle are significantly more complex when compared with earlier versions of the atmospheric model. Major features of the simulated hydrological cycle are compared against available observational data, and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed in the context of specified sea surface temperature and fully coupled model simulations. The magnitude of the CAM3 hydrological cycle is weaker than in earlier versions of the model, and is more consistent with observational estimates. Major features of the exchange of water with the surface, and the vertically integrated storage of water in the atmosphere, are generally well captured on seasonal and longer time scales. The water cycle response to ENSO events is also very realistic. The simulation, however, continues to exhibit a number of long-standing biases, such as a tendency to produce double ITCZ-like structures in the deep Tropics, and to overestimate precipitation rates poleward of the extratropical storm tracks. The lower-tropospheric dry bias, associated with the parameterized treatment of convection, also remains a simulation deficiency. Several of these biases are exacerbated when the atmosphere is coupled to fully interactive surface models, although the larger-scale behavior of the hydrological cycle remains nearly identical to simulations with prescribed distributions of sea surface temperature and sea ice.
Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composites - a review

This review summarises the research work carried out in the field of carbon nanotube (CNT) metal matrix composites (MMCs). Much research has been undertaken in utilising CNTs as reinforcement for composite material. However, CNT-reinforced MMCs have received the least attention. These composites are being projected for use in structural applications for their high specific strength as well as functional materials for their exciting thermal and electrical characteristics. The present review focuses on the critical issues of CNT-reinforced MMCs that include processing techniques, nanotube dispersion, interface, strengthening mechanisms and mechanical properties. Processing techniques used for synthesis of the composites have been critically reviewed with an objective to achieve homogeneous distribution of carbon nanotubes in the matrix. The mechanical property improvements achieved by addition of CNTs in various metal matrix systems are summarised. The factors determining strengthening achieved by CNT reinforcement are elucidated as are the structural and chemical stability of CNTs in different metal matrixes and the importance of the CNT/metal interface has been reviewed. The importance of CNT dispersion and its quantification is highlighted. Carbon nanotube reinforced MMCs as functional materials are summarised. Future work that needs attention is addressed.
Changes in calcium oxalate crystal morphology as a function of supersaturation

PURPOSE: To study the changes in calcium oxalate crystal morphology induced by different levels of supersaturation (SS) in human urine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four hours urine samples from 5 normal men were collected. Each specimen was centrifuged and filtered. About 200 mL of each sample was dialyzed overnight. Aliquots of 2 mL of urine was then added to a 24-wells tissue culture plate and checked for crystal absence. Calcium oxalate crystals were precipitated from each sample by adding sodium oxalate and calcium chloride in sufficient quantities to induce spontaneous crystallization. Finally, each plate hole was examined with an inverted polarized microscope (X500 magnification). Initial SS of each sample relative to calcium oxalate was calculated using an iterative computer program. RESULTS: Crystal formation was connecte to relative calcium oxalate (CaOx) SS. At SS of 10, small crystals of similar shape were formed, mainly CaOx dihydrate morphology. At SS of 30, there was an enormous increase in the number of crystals, that kept the same size. SS greater than 50 produced larger crystals with different shapes and multiple crystalline aggregates. Urine was able to tolerate, i.e., to avoid crystal formation, until SS ratios of approximately 10. CONCLUSIONS: Relative CaOx SS and the concentration ratio of calcium to oxalate are important determinanting factors of crystal morphology. Non-dialyzable urinary proteins can act as inhibitors and influence the structure of formed crystals. Additional studies from patients with kidney stones are needed in order to establish whether crystal size and habit distribution are different from crystals in normal urine.
Metabolomics and biomarker discovery: NMR spectral data of urine and hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, and d-galactosamine in rats

The primary objective of this study was to discover biomarkers which are correlated with hepatotoxicity induced by chemicals using 1H NMR spectral data of urine. A procedure of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) urinalysis using pattern recognition was proposed for early screening of the hepatotoxicity of CCl4, acetaminophen (AAP), and d-galactosamine (GalN) in rats. The hepatotoxic compounds were expected to induce necrosis in hepatocytes. This was confirmed through blood biochemistry and histopathology. CCl4 (1 ml/kg, po) or GalN (0.8 g/kg, ip) was single administered to Sprague–Dawley (S–D) rats and urine was collected every 24 h. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 48 h post-dosing. AAP (2 g/kg, po) was administered for 2 days and then the animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment. NMR spectroscopy revealed evidently different clustering between control groups and hepatotoxicant treatment groups in global metabolic profilings as indicated by partial least square (PLS)-discrimination analysis (DA). In targeted profilings, endogenous metabolites of allantoin, citrate, taurine, 2-oxoglutarate, acetate, lactate, phenylacetyl glycine, succinate, phenylacetate, 1-methylnicotinamide, hippurate, and benzoate were selected as putative biomarkers for hepatoxicity by CCl4, AAP, and GalN. Comparison of our rat 1H NMR PLS-DA data with histopathological changes suggests that 1H NMR urinalysis can be used to predict hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4, AAP, and GalN.
Reservation based wavelength assignment for sparse groomed optical WDM mesh networks

In this paper, we consider performance improvements for a sparse groomed wavelength routed optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) network. In such networks, the wavelength capacity per channel can be as high as 40 Gbps whereas the individual session requests can be much lower. Traffic grooming, that multiplexes several sessions on a wavelength, is a widely studied technique to reduce the effects of this capacity mismatch. In this paper, we consider an electronic traffic groomed network that consists of SONET/SDH groomers at the core optical cross connect (OXC) nodes. Since these groomers are expensive, reducing the number of groomers needed is an important design goal. A sparse groomed network is defined as one where only a subset of the core network nodes possess grooming capability in addition to optical switching; other nodes only possess optical switching and optical add/drop capabilities. In order to improve the overall blocking probability, we present a mechanism for reserving wavelengths between the grooming nodes in a network. The performance of the mechanism is studied using discrete event simulation techniques for various topologies and system parameters. The results show that when we reserve enough wavelengths for groomed traffic, the performance of the network is improved by up to 100% and up to 76% for ARPANET and NSFNET topologies respectively.
Impact of ion-induced transients on high-speed dual-complementary Flip-Flop designs

This paper describes the single event performance of a dual-complementary D-type Flip-Flop (DC-DFF) implemented similarly to Dual Interlocked Cell (DICE-DFFs), but without pass-gates. Circuit-level modeling indicates that the DC-DFF is resistant to single event transient (SET) capture of errant signals on the data lines while increasing the operating speed, as compared to the DICE-DFF. However, the simulations also predict that the DC-DFF is susceptible to internal single events during data transitions. This susceptibility is not present in basic DICE designs, but is present in standard DFF designs. Heavy ion testing verified the simulations of the internal single-event clock-dependent mechanism in the DC-DFF design. This dynamic clock-dependent mechanism is described in detail.
The Structural Transformation of Sociology

The advent of public sociology over the past decade represents the end of a string of crisis moments in sociology. Since the 1950s and, especially, the 1960s, sociology was argued to be in a crisis because the discipline was thought to be conservative and contributing to sustain the status quo. As a result, the 1970s witnessed a radicalization of sociology, but the 1980s saw a general decline of sociology. Upon a resurgence during the 1990s, the crisis advocates have come back with a vengeance in the form of a renewed commitment to a heavily politicized sociology under the heading of public sociology, a perspective that is now thoroughly institutionalized and widely embraced. In sociology, the effects of the 1960s thus began to be felt in earnest some 40 years late.
Evaluation of different genotypes of nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus for their ability to reduce aflatoxin contamination in peanuts

Aflatoxins produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus are potent carcinogens and account for large monetary losses worldwide in peanuts, maize, and cottonseed. Biological control in which a nontoxigenic strain of A. flavus is applied to crops at high concentrations effectively reduces aflatoxins through competition with native aflatoxigenic populations. In this study, eight nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups and differing in deletion patterns within the aflatoxin gene cluster were evaluated for their ability to reduce aflatoxin B1 when paired with eight aflatoxigenic strains on individual peanut seeds. Inoculation of wounded viable peanut seeds with conidia demonstrated that nontoxigenic strains differed in their ability to reduce aflatoxin B1. Reductions in aflatoxin B1 often exceeded expected reductions based on a 50:50 mixture of the two A. flavus strains, although one nontoxigenic strain significantly increased aflatoxin B1 when paired with an aflat...
How Not to See (Or, How Not to Not See) the Photographs of Tseng Kwong Chi

This essay reconsiders the work of acclaimed photographer Tseng Kwong Chi and what his "Man in the Mao Suit" series has to say about the cultural politics of race and gender. The author focuses on the formal elements of the photographs and the context behind them to reveal the assumptions about identity represented by Tseng Kwong Chi's use of the Mao suit.
Lack of association with epidermal growth factor receptor gene polymorphisms with clinical outcome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with platinum-based chemotherapy

3079 Background: We had previously shown an association between functional polymorphisms of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and clinical outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced...
Nature of Environmentally Assisted Fractures in Polycrystals

Environmentally assisted fracture is in practice one of the most important fracture modes. It is especially dramatic in polycrystalline super-alloys, which are believed to be embrittled by oxygen diffusing along their grain boundaries. We used a large scale atomistic Monte-Carlo simulation to study phenomena of the environmentally assisted fracture nucleation in solids with grain boundaries exposed to an oxygen atmosphere. We find nucleation of inter-granular microcavities in a region which is well in front of the oxidized zone of the sample, apparently due to inhomogeneous stresses induced by the presence of oxide particles. This effect increases with decreasing oxidation rate since then the oxidation front becomes fuzzier and inhomogeneous stresses stronger. These findings compare well with the experimental data on super-alloys which indicate that the environmental embrittlement effects are strong for slower oxidation rates, whereas at higher oxidation rates the embrittlement may be suppressed.
Fast Computation of Focal Planes for Sparsely Populated Digital Holograms Using a Spectral l 1 Norm

A new focus measure utilizing l1norms in the Fourier domain provides focal depth estimates without reconstructing an object image. A polar implementation reduces the problem to one dimension, yielding two orders of computational speedup.
The Process of Agricultural Colonization

A notable feature of the Holocene in many regions, including Iberia, is the colonization of new areas by agricultural groups. Although there is an extensive literature on migration and colonization, little of this is specific to relatively simple subsistence agricultural groups. In order to understand the process of such colonization, and perhaps ultimately to model this process, ethnographic and archaeological cases will be examined. The focus will be on the spatial and temporal patterns of the process, the criteria used for selecting new settlement locations, and the means by which these criteria are managed in decision-making. A case study from central Europe will be used to explore this process in the archaeological record.
Hot electron luminescence in p-GaAs: a spectroscopic probe of femtosecond phenomena

Optical studies of electron scattering processes in GaAs often utilize ultrafast laser techniques to resolve directly the femtosecond scattering times. I show here how to achieve comparable time resolution with cw or picosecond lasers, using the 200-fs LO phonon emission time as an internal clock against which other scattering processes can be measured.
Does Nonadiabatic Transition State Theory Make Sense Without Decoherence

We analyze thermal rate constants as computed with surface hopping dynamics and resolve certain inconsistencies that have permeated the literature. On one hand, according to Landry and Subotnik (J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 137, 22A513), without decoherence, direct dynamics with surface hopping overestimates the rate of relaxation for the spin-boson Hamiltonian. On the other hand, according to Jain and Subotnik (J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 143, 134107), without decoherence, a transition state theory with surface hopping underestimates spin-boson rate constants. In this Letter, we resolve this apparent contradiction. We show that, without decoherence, direct dynamics and transition state theory should not agree; agreement is guaranteed only with decoherence. We also show that, even though the effects of decoherence may be hidden for isoenergetic reactions, these decoherence failures are exposed for exothermic reactions. We believe these lessons are essential when interpreting surface hopping papers published in the liter...
The Trend of Japan's Adjustment of Its China ODA Policy and an Analysis of Its Causes

Development Aids (DA) have played a very important part in Japan's restoration and development of its economy after the war and, with the development of its economy, Japan has gradually changed from its role as a receiver of DA to that of provider to other countries. At a time when Japan has been suffering from long-term economic recession, the country has started to reform its Official Development Aids policy since mid- and late 90's of the 20th century. Under the circumstance when the budget of ODA is reducing with each year, Japan's China ODA is now not only undergoing adjustment in terms of aid size, aid mode, major fields to be aided and regional distribution of aids, but it is also affected by the fluctuations of Sino-Japan relationship.
A method for predicting formation pressure using production data for confined gas reservoir

On the basis of the material balance equation,this paper develops a method to predict the formation pressure using cumulative production data for normal pressure confined gas reservoir.Practical application shows that this method is easy to use and has high accuracy.Pressure testing job can be significantly reduced through using this method.
Generation of Synthetic Copolymer Libraries by Combinatorial Assembly on Nucleic Acid Templates

Recent advances in nucleic acid-templated copolymerization have expanded the scope of sequence-controlled synthetic copolymers beyond the molecular architectures witnessed in nature. This has enabled the power of molecular evolution to be applied to synthetic copolymer libraries to evolve molecular function ranging from molecular recognition to catalysis. This Review seeks to summarize different approaches available to generate sequence-defined monodispersed synthetic copolymer libraries using nucleic acid-templated polymerization. Key concepts and principles governing nucleic acid-templated polymerization, as well as the fidelity of various copolymerization technologies, will be described. The Review will focus on methods that enable the combinatorial generation of copolymer libraries and their molecular evolution for desired function.
Sequential flow cytometry and single gene analysis by enzymatic amplification and allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization of urothelial cells.

In this report, we show that fresh urothelial cells first subjected to propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric quantitative DNA analysis can then be used for DNA analysis using the PCR and hybridization with oligonucleotide probes for the detection of specific B-globin alleles
Human Embodiment and Moral Deliberation

This chapter emphasizes the role of biological processes in moral deliberation. Making use of research from neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, sociobiology, and brain imaging technology, this chapter discusses how ancient patterns of fight/flight, nutrition preferences, and reproduction are mediated by complex structures of largely automatic brain responses, both electrically and chemically, to create value preferences directing human action. Many of these operations remain nonevident to human consciousness or are mediated into awareness through basic emotions, but the persistent denial of their impact in most of Western intellectual thought since Descartes is one source of the artificiality present in contemporary moral deliberation.
Abstract 87: Comparison of Pretest Probability Clinical Assessment and 2011 ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/ SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR Appropriate Use Criteria for Transthoracic Echocardiography and Association with Clinical Impact

Background: Although most transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs) performed today meet Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC), the ability of AUC to predict whether these TTEs will impact clinical management remains unclear. Methods: The charts of 143 consecutive inpatient or outpatient TTEs at an academic medical center were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of cardiac transplant or left ventricular assist device, or with inadequate pre-/ post- TTE clinical documentation were excluded; 123 studies were analyzed. Each TTE was assigned an AUC, pre-test, and clinical impact category. TTE indications were assigned by a cardiologist blinded to pre-study and post-study clinical data and categorized as: 1) inappropriate; 2) appropriate; or 3) uncertain based on 2011 AUC. Pre-test clinical course was analyzed by two independent cardiologists blinded to AUC and post-TTE clinical course and categorized as 1) TTE should not be performed, 2) TTE would likely alter clinical management, 3) TTE should be performed for reassurance/ continuity of care. Post-test clinical course was analyzed by two independent cardiologists blinded to AUC and pre-test assignment and categorized as 1) TTE did not alter clinical management, 2) TTE led to active change in management, 3) TTE led solely to reassurance/ continuity of current care. Results: By 2011 AUC, 85% of studies were appropriate, 11% were inappropriate, and 4% were uncertain. Active change resulted from 30% of studies, while 49% of studies provided reassurance/ continuity of care, and 21% had no clinical impact. These proportions were not statistically significant across AUC categories (p=0.54). Pretest clinical assessment suggested that 31% should not have been performed, 63% should have been performed for reassurance / continuity of care alone, and 7% were likely to alter clinical management. These pretest assessments were significantly associated with impact on clinical management (p=0.0067), with 75% (n=6/8) of those studies expected to alter clinical management actually doing so, 56% (n=43/77) of those predicted to primarily result in reassurance actually doing so, and 37% (n=14/38) of those predicted not to alter clinical management actually having no clinical impact. Conclusions: Classification by AUC is not associated with clinical impact. Although classification by pre-test probability is associated with clinical impact, a significant number of studies not predicted to have clinical impact actually had clinical impact. Further studies on methods to improve prediction of clinical utility for transthoracic echocardiography are warranted. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Heterogeneous multimodal biomarkers analysis for Alzheimer's disease via Bayesian network.

By 2050, it is estimated that the number of worldwide Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients will quadruple from the current number of 36 million, while no proven disease-modifying treatments are available. At present, the underlying disease mechanisms remain under investigation, and recent studies suggest that the disease involves multiple etiological pathways. To better understand the disease and develop treatment strategies, a number of ongoing studies including the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) enroll many study participants and acquire a large number of biomarkers from various modalities including demographic, genotyping, fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, neuropsychometric test, and clinical assessments. However, a systematic approach that can integrate all the collected data is lacking. The overarching goal of our study is to use machine learning techniques to understand the relationships among different biomarkers and to establish a system-level model that can better describe the interactions among biomarkers and provide superior diagnostic and prognostic information. In this pilot study, we use Bayesian network (BN) to analyze multimodal data from ADNI, including demographics, volumetric MRI, PET, genotypes, and neuropsychometric measurements and demonstrate our approach to have superior prediction accuracy.
Explanations of the gender gap in philosophy

Recently, researchers have begun to empirically investigate the gender gap in philosophy and provide potential explanations for the underrepresentation of women in philosophy relative to their representation in other disciplines. This empirical research as well as research on the gender gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics fields has shed light on a priori, armchair explanations of the gender gap. For example, implicit bias and stereotype threat may contribute much less to the philosophy gender gap than previously thought. However, new candidate contributing factors have emerged. Drawing on the theoretical resources concerning fixed mindsets in response to difficult tasks, a new theory suggests that practitioners in various fields, including philosophy, hold the belief that success in their fields requires natural brilliance (a brilliance-based field-specific ability belief). Further, the extent to which members of a field hold that belief predicts the diversity of the members of that field. Initial findings suggest that among the set of students who hold these beliefs, women are disproportionately disinterested in continuing in philosophy. Other hypotheses seem plausible, such as the idea that lay people hold gendered schemas about philosophy, but require more empirical support to be partial explanations. Future empirical research should focus on these plausible hypotheses, replications of previous findings, and investigating the effects of intersectionality within the gender gap.
Smoothed Least-laxity-first Algorithm for EV Charging

We formulate EV charging as a feasibility problem that meets all EVs' energy demands before departure under charging rate constraints and total power constraint. We propose an online algorithm, the smoothed least-laxity-first (sLLF) algorithm, that decides on the current charging rates based on only the information up to the current time. We characterize the performance of the sLLF algorithm analytically and numerically. Numerical experiments with real-world data show that it has significantly higher rate of generating feasible EV charging than several other common EV charging algorithms.
Positive Contrast Following Extinction in a Response-Independent Schedule

Four rats were trained on either a mult VI VI or mult VI VTN schedule for food. VTN refers to a schedule in which free food is delivered and there is no response lever available. When extinction was introduced into one component (the VTN component for that group), strong positive contrast effects were noted, i.e., there were increases in response rate in the unaltered component. These results did not support Hinson and Staddon’s (1978) behavioral competition explanation of contrast.
Overhead longwave infrared hyperspectral material identification using radiometric models

Material detection algorithms used in hyperspectral data processing are computationally efficient but can produce relatively high numbers of false positives. Material identification performed as a secondary processing step on detected pixels can help mitigate false positives. A material identification processing chain for longwave infrared hyperspectral data of solid materials collected from airborne platforms is presented. The algorithms utilize unwhitened radiance data and Nelder–Meade numerical optimization to estimate the temperature, humidity, and ozone levels of the atmospheric profile. Pixel unmixing is done using constrained linear regression and Bayesian information criteria for model selection. The resulting identification product includes an optimal atmospheric profile and a full radiance material model that includes material temperature, abundance values, and several fit statistics. A logistic regression method utilizing the model parameters to improve identification is also presented. Several examples are provided using modeled data at several noise levels.
Rescuing Alexandria: Depth Psychology and the Return of Tropological Exegesis

The purpose of this essay is to adumbrate the contours of a depth psychological hermeneutics of the Biblical text that would rediscover the value of classical allegorical exegesis and reimagine the role of the Christian Scriptures as a resource for inner transformation and spiritual development. Depth psychology seeks to explore the archetypal motifs that underlie cognitive and behavioral processes, hoping that a conscious engagement of these motives will promote the healing of inner wounds and a gradual move to integration. Archetypal motifs are crucial as they provide an unchanging bedrock for the mythical and spiritual symbols and themes that are spontaneously generated by the psyche and then further elaborated in the context of a religious community. The language of the Christian Scriptures may then be read as expressing the reality of human potential using symbolic language, tropes, and narratives.
NATURE OF BONDING IN METAL CARBONYLS AS DETERMINED FROM THEIR VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA

ABSTRACT From the vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls we can determine the frequencies of most of the fundamental vibrations. From this information the molecular force constants can be calculated provided a suitable potential function is adopted. In this paper it is shown how our knowledge of the electronic structure of the carbonyls can be used to derive relations among some of the interaction force constants. These relations reduce a general quadratic valence force field to a solvable potential function which is suitable for the class of molecule under consideration. The results of applying this treatment to the hexacarbonyls of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are presented and discussed. From the calculated values of the CO force constants it is evident that considerable π-bonding takes place between the metal atom and the CO ligands. From the interaction constants of the hexacarbonyls it is apparent that opposite bonds interact much more than adjacent bonds. This gives us information on the electronic structure of the molecule and gives support for the theory.
A multimethod, multi-informant investigation of maternal validation and invalidation of female adolescents who engage in self-inflicted injury.

Objective This study aimed to characterize parenting behaviors of mothers of adolescent daughters who engage in repetitive self-inflicted injury (SII) and to test hypothesized associations between parenting behaviors and adolescent psychopathology. Method Participants were mothers and their 14- to 18-year-old daughters (N = 51 dyads), including 24 (47%) adolescents with a history of SII and 27 (53%) with no history of SII. Dyads completed questionnaires assessing perceived maternal validation and invalidation and participated in face-to-face interactions, which were later rated for parenting behaviors. Results The two groups did not significantly differ on validation and invalidation across all informants and methods of assessment. For the sample as a whole, adolescent perceptions of maternal parenting behaviors interacted to predict adolescent psychopathology. In particular, adolescent perceptions of high maternal invalidation in interaction with perceptions of low validation were associated with higher levels of self-reported borderline pathology and externalizing problems and mother-reported adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions We failed to find support for the hypothesized parenting deficits in mothers of female adolescents engaging in SII. Adolescent perceptions of their mothers' high levels of invalidation and low levels of validation were associated with higher levels of adolescent psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Strain Gradient Plasticity in Multiprincipal Element Alloys

The strain gradient plasticity of multiprincipal element alloys, CoCrNi and CoCrFeMnNi, was investigated in work-hardened and annealed conditions using nano-indentation. The hardness of the alloys demonstrated significant dependence on indentation depth, which was explained by geometrically necessary dislocations resulting from the high strain gradients due to the shape of the indenter. The characteristic length-scale of the indentation size effect for the multiprincipal element alloys was found to be larger than pure nickel due to higher friction stress, which constrains the storage volume of geometrically necessary dislocations.
DLITE: The Discounted Least Information Theory of Entropy

We propose an entropy-based information measure, namely the Discounted Least Information Theory of Entropy (DLITE), which not only exhibits important characteristics expected as an information measure but also satisfies conditions of a metric. Classic information measures such as Shannon Entropy, KL Divergence, and Jessen-Shannon Divergence have manifested some of these properties while missing others. This work fills an important gap in the advancement of information theory and its application, where related properties are desirable.
Carbon flux and N- and M-shaped environmental Kuznets curves: evidence from international land use change

Economic growth can affect land use change to release or sequester carbon, intensifying or mitigating the impact of other carbon emissions, and the functional form of that relationship is important...
Remain Independence and Neighborhood Social Cohesiveness Among Older Adults Participating in Three Community-Based Programs Promoting Aging-in-Community in the USA.

Objectives: Aging-in-community has been a preferred way to aging. This study examines and compares remain independence (RI) and neighborhood social cohesiveness (NSC) among three programs promoting...