cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D-xylulose fermentation to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We used commercial bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to study the conversion of d-xylulose to ethanol in the presence of d-xylose. The rate of ethanol production increased with an increase in yeast cell density. The optimal temperature for d-xylulose fermentation was 35 degrees C, and the optimal pH range was 4 to 6. The fermentation of d-xylulose by yeast resulted in the production of ethanol as the major product; small amounts of xylitol and glycerol were also produced. The production of xylitol was influenced by pH as well as temperature. High pH values and low temperatures enhanced xylitol production. The rate of d-xylulose fermentation decreased when the production of ethanol yielded concentrations of 4% or more. The slow conversion rate of d-xylulose to ethanol was increased by increasing the yeast cell density. The overall production of ethanol from d-xylulose by yeast cells under optimal conditions was 90% of the theoretical yield.
A dynamo theory of solar flares

It is proposed that the solar flare phenomenon can be understood as a manifestation of the electrodynamic coupling process of the photosphere-chromosphere-corona system as a whole. The system is coupled by electric currents, flowing along (both upward and downward) and across the magnetic field lines, powered by the dynamo process driven by the neutral wind in the photosphere and the lower chromosphere. A self-consistent formulation of the proposed coupling system is given. It is shown in particular that the coupling system can generate and dissipate the power of 1029 erg s#X2212;1 and the total energy of 1032 erg during a typical life time (103 s) of solar flares. The energy consumptions include Joule heat production, acceleration of current-carrying particles along field lines, magnetic energy storage and kinetic energy of plasma convection. The particle acceleration arises from the development of field-aligned potential drops of 10–150 kV due to the loss-cone constriction effect along the upward field-aligned currents, causing optical, X-ray and radio emissions. The total number of precipitating electrons during a flare is shown to be of order 1037–1038.
Application of the Method of Mixtures to Quadratic Forms in Normal Variates

The method of mixtures, explained in Section 2, is applied to derive the distribution functions of a positive quadratic form in normal variates and of the ratio of two independent forms of this type.
Serial position effects in immediate and final recall as a function of test anxiety and sex

Subjects differing in test anxiety had a single immediate free recall test on each of eight unrelated 12-item lists, followed by final free recall for all items from all lists. There were no main effects due to test anxiety, but Anxiety by Sex interactions indicated that, while high anxiety was generally associated with worse performance than low anxiety for males, it was generally associated with better performance for females. There was little difference between males and females at low-anxiety levels, but females performed better than males given high anxiety.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONAL BOUNDARIES ON COGNITIVE MAPS

This study investigates regions on cognitive maps and methods used to identify their boundaries. Subjects either drew regional boundaries on a map or decided in which region sample points were located. These methods produced similar results with differences associated more with regional boundaries than cores. The amount of time needed to make point decisions demonstrated the subjects' cognitive process and corroborated boundaries and cores for the cognitive regions. Differences among subjects' maps were greater when boundaries were drawn.
A geometric input and editing system for architectural design

A geometric input and editing system is presented that provides a set of tools to aid the architect in the design development phase of a project. The system entitled TOPDRAWER, enables the architect to create and edit a database that represents the three-dimensional geometry of a building being designed. A series of viewing options are available to the user to interactively display computer generated views of the three-dimensional environment on a high speed refresh, vector graphics device.
Aircraft-based measurements of the carbon footprint of Indianapolis

The quantification of greenhouse gas emissions requires high precision measurements made with high spatial resolution. Here we describe measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) conducted using Purdue University’s Airborne Laboratory for Atmospheric Research (ALAR), aimed at the quantification of the “footprints” for these greenhouse gases for Indianapolis, IN. A cavity ring-down spectrometer measured atmospheric concentrations, and flask samples were obtained at various points for comparison. Coupled with pressure, temperature, and model-derived horizontal winds, these measurements allow for flux estimation. Long horizontal transects were flown perpendicular to the wind downwind of the city. Emissions were calculated using the wind speed and the difference between the concentration in the plume and the background concentration. A kriging method is applied to interpolate the measured values to a vertical plane traced out by the flight pattern within the mixed layer. Results show the urban plu...
Detection of HCV RNA using reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction in chronic non-A, non-B liver diseases in Korea.

To investigate the interrelationship between the anti-HCV prevalence and the HCV RNA positivity in chronic non-A, non-B (NANB) liver diseases in Korea (n=137), we performed RT-nested PCR using 4 primers in the 5′-noncoding region of HCV genome. The overall HCV RNA positive rates were 62.8%; 87.7% (57/65) of anti-HCV positive cases and 40.3% (29/72) of anti-HCV negative cases. Four patterns according to the combination of anti-HCV and HCV RNA assays could be observed; 41.6% in [anti-HCV+/ HCV RNA+], 5.8% in [anti-HCV+/HCV RNA], 21.2% in [anti-HCV+/HCV RNA], and 31.4% in [anti-HCV+/HCV RNA]. Our results suggested that HCV may be still related to chronic NANB liver diseases negative for anti-HCV, and other unknown agents, so-called non-B non-C, might be accounted for patients negative for both, although a low concentration of HCV RNA, or the presence of HCV RNA or HBV DNA in liver tissue should be excluded.
Iohexol in urography

Thirty patients injected intravenously with a nonionic contrast medium, iohexol, for urography were compared with 30 patients similarly injected with sodium iothalamate. Comparable radiographic results were obtained in these patients with normal renal function. Few minor responses were observed with the iohexol, suggesting that it may prove to be an attractive contrast medium for this purpose.
Algorithm for computation of Zernike polynomials expansion coefficients

A numerically efficient algorithm for expanding a function in a series of Zernike polynomials is presented. The algorithm evaluates the expansion coefficients through the standard 2-D integration formula derived from the Zernike polynomials’ orthogonal properties. Quadratic approximations are used along with the function to be expanded to eliminate the computational problems associated with integrating the oscillatory behavior of the Zernike polynomials. This yields a procedure that is both fast and numerically accurate. Comparisons are made between the proposed scheme and a procedure using a nested 2-D Simpson’s integration rule. The results show that typically at least a fourfold improvement in computational speed can be expected in practical use.
Stewardship and future land use at a Department of Energy site: does self-interest determine ratings?

Based on studies at several Department of Energy sites and Superfund sites, as well as elsewhere, it is clear that people prefer that contaminated lands be restored to usable land. Knowing the future uses for such land can inform environmental cleanup and restoration decision making, often determining the level of cleanup, costs, future management, and stewardship. This article examines the relationship between general environmental attitudes, future land use preferences, and recreational activities for people living around the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina. There were few differences in the rating for general environmental problems as a function of recreational activities. Although future land use ratings were generally correlated with the number of days people engaged in particular activities (hunting, fishing, hiking, camping), people who hunted and fished rated nearly every recreational activity higher than did people who only camped or hiked, or than those who engaged i...
PTSD symptoms and onset of neurologic disease in elderly trauma survivors

In this case study, we present two Holocaust survivors who appeared to have adapted well post-trauma, but developed severe PTSD symptomatology following the onset of neurologic illness in later life. These individuals were referred for neuropsychological evaluations by their treating neurologists to assess their levels of cognitive functioning. We present the neuropsychological findings, and discuss possible mechanisms for the emergence of PTSD symptoms. These case studies demonstrate the need for systematic research to further investigate the potential relationship between aging, degenerative disease, and PTSD symptoms in elderly trauma survivors.
Zero balancing: information on a therapy

Zero Balancing (ZB, pronounced Zee Bee) can be defined as the art and skill of balancing body energy with body structure through the use of conscious touch. ZB is unique as a therapeutic tool, as its aim is to work with energy and structure simultaneously. ZB bridges the gap between energetic therapies and structural therapies, maximizing the potential of both and creating a new world of possibilities for health-care professionals.
Early posttransplantation hypertension and poor long-term renal allograft survival in pediatric patients.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of early hypertension on long-term allograft survival in children with kidney transplantation. Study design Data from a total of 159 patients (mean age, 12.8±4.8 years) who underwent kidney transplantation between 1978 and 1998 and whose allograft was functioning for at least 1 year were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided according to the presence of hypertension within the first year after transplantation. Primary outcome was time of allograft failure (death, return to dialysis, or retransplantation). Results Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that systolic ( P P =.016) hypertension was associated with overall worse allograft survival. Children with systolic hypertension had a significantly higher graft failure rate regardless of the type of donor, cause of kidney failure, presence or absence of acute rejection, and allograft function at 1 year after transplantation. The multivariate Cox regression model proved that systolic hypertension was a significant and independent risk factor for poor graft survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; P P P =.01) and age P =.045). Conclusions Early posttransplantation systolic hypertension strongly and independently predicts poor long-term graft survival in pediatric patients.
Magnetic monopoles: Evidence since the Dirac conjecture

In the fifty-one years since its publication Dirac's magnetic monopole conjecture has stimulated a theoretical outpouring rich in variety. We review here the experimental techniques with which monopoles have been sought and we will describe the limits on monopole properties these searches have established.
Multiwall carbon nanotube supported poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/manganese oxide nano-composite electrode for super-capacitors

Abstract MWCNT-PSS/PEDOT/MnO 2 nano-composite electrodes were fabricated by generating pseudo-capacitive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/MnO 2 nano-structures on poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). PSS dispersed MWCNTs (MWCNT-PSS) facilitated the growth of PEDOT and MnO 2 into nano-rods with large active surface area and good electrical conductivity. The ternary MWCNT-PSS/PEDOT/MnO 2 nano-composite electrode was studied for the application in super-capacitors, and exhibited excellent capacitive behavior between −0.2 V and 0.8 V (vs. saturated Ag/AgCl electrode) with high reversibility. Specific capacitance of the nano-composite electrode was found as high as 375 F g −1 . In contrast, specific capacitance of MWCNT-PSS/MnO 2 and MWCNT-PSS nano-composite electrodes is 175 F g −1 and 15 F g −1 , respectively. Based on cyclic voltammetric studies and cycle-life tests, the MWCNT-PSS/PEDOT/MnO 2 nano-composite electrode gave a highly stable and reversible performance up to 2000 cycles. Our studies demonstrate that the synergistic combination of MWCNT-PSS, PEDOT and MnO 2 has advantages over the sum of the individual components.
A tracking and notification system to support the North Carolina JOBS evaluation

Abstract An integral part of the North Carolina Job Opportunities and basic skills (JOBS) Program evaluation is the longitudinal tracking study. The JOBS Traking and Notification System (JTNS) is a computer program developed to automate administration and tracking in the 12 evaluation counties. The JTNS notifies researchers of survey administration dates, tracks surveys, updates participant status, reports county performance, supports data entry from survey, and supports numerous other administrative tasks. The notification program has helped the counties keep abreast of their progress without the burden of the administrative overhead necessary for this evaluation. The system has performed well and has heightened theinterest of many counties concerning automation.
Flow visualization during solid-liquid phase change heat transfer I. Freezing in a rectangular cavity

Abstract The results of flow visualization experiments in a rectangular test cell during the solidification of n-octadecane from above are reported. The experiments provide information on buoyancy-induced fluid motion and its effect on the shape and motion of the solid-liquid interface.
Log-normal regression modeling through recursive partitioning

Abstract This article discusses a method for fitting log-normal regression models to censored survival data through binary decision trees. Recursive partitioning is performed by analysis of the distributions of residuals and cross-validation estimates of the average squared error. Several forms of strata selection and bootstrapping are examined to study their relative effectiveness. If the Newton — Raphson method for determining the maximum likelihood estimates fails because of heavy censoring, a method relying only on the first derivatives of the log likelihood function is used. The proposed method helps to identify the local effect of the covariates. The methods are illustrated with real and simulated data. Especially, a data set having categorical variables and missing values is used for modeling the tree-structured log-normal regression.
Escaping the snare of chronological growth and launching a free curve alternative: general deviance as latent growth model.

Researchers studying longitudinal relationships among multiple problem behaviors sometimes characterize autoregressive relationships across constructs as indicating “protective” or “launch” factors or as “developmental snares.” These terms are used to indicate that initial or intermediary states of one problem behavior subsequently inhibit or promote some other problem behavior. Such models are contrasted with models of “general deviance” over time in which all problem behaviors are viewed as indicators of a common linear trajectory. When fit of the “general deviance” model is poor and fit of one or more autoregressive models is good, this is taken as support for the inhibitory or enhancing effect of one construct on another. In this paper, we argue that researchers consider competing models of growth before comparing deviance and time-bound models. Specifically, we propose use of the free curve slope intercept (FCSI) growth model (Meredith & Tisak, 1990) as a general model to typify change in a construct over time. The FCSI model includes, as nested special cases, several statistical models often used for prospective data, such as linear slope intercept models, repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, various one-factor models, and hierarchical linear models. When considering models involving multiple constructs, we argue the construct of “general deviance” can be expressed as a single-trait multimethod model, permitting a characterization of the deviance construct over time without requiring restrictive assumptions about the form of growth over time. As an example, prospective assessments of problem behaviors from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (Silva & Stanton, 1996) are considered and contrasted with earlier analyses of Hussong, Curran, Moffitt, and Caspi (2008), which supported launch and snare hypotheses. For antisocial behavior, the FCSI model fit better than other models, including the linear chronometric growth curve model used by Hussong et al. For models including multiple constructs, a general deviance model involving a single trait and multimethod factors (or a corresponding hierarchical factor model) fit the data better than either the “snares” alternatives or the general deviance model previously considered by Hussong et al. Taken together, the analyses support the view that linkages and turning points cannot be contrasted with general deviance models absent additional experimental intervention or control.
The future of organizational privacy

Privacy is important to organizations in competitive situations and also in other relations. This paper argues that organizational privacy is increasingly vulnerable to the ''strategic intelligence systems'' of other organizations. Just beginning to be widely developed, these systems are capable of correlating small, individually inconsequential, bits of information to predict the capability and strategy of other organizations. As organizations become more interdependent and involved in more frequent contact with other organizations, it is suggested that strategic intelligence systems can be even more effective, since each interaction in the environment creates some evidence about capacity and intention that others can collect and interpret. Thus the complex environment characteristic of most corporations may in itself decrease the chance for organizational privacy. Although regulation may be desirable, information systems oriented toward strategic estimation appear to be especially difficult to regulate. Information policy may instead have to focus on promoting the ability of organizations to operate effectively in information rich but increasingly ''transparent'' environments.
Estrogen mediated inhibition of dopamine transport in the striatum: Regulation by Gαi/o

In the current study, the interaction between estrogen priming and dopamine D2 receptor activation on dopamine uptake in the striatum of ovariectomized female rats was investigated. Basal ADP-[32Pi]ribosylation of Gi/o was examined in synaptosomal membranes prepared from ovariectomized, estrogen primed or N-p-(isothiocyanatophenethyl) spiperone (NIPS) treated rats. [32Pi]-incorporation was significantly increased (141%) in tissue from NIPS treated animals but attenuated (57%) in tissue from estrogen primed animals. Dopamine uptake kinetics were measured in vivo following manipulation of the heterotrimeric G-protein by pertussis toxin (0.5 μg, 48 h). Pertussis toxin significantly inhibited dopamine uptake at all concentrations of dopamine examined. Co-treatment with estrogen and pertussis toxin resulted in a further attenuation of dopamine transport at high but not low dopamine concentrations. These data are consistent with an estrogen mediated alteration of G-protein activity and support the hypothesis that estrogen may alter transporter activity through a modulation of dopamine D2 autoreceptor/Gαi/o protein coupling.
The ketogenic diet: a therapy in search of an explanation.

In 1928, W. G. Lennox stated, referring to the ketogenic diet, “One who is confronted with the task of controlling seizures in a person with epilepsy grasps at any straw.”1 Even today, we must often grasp at straws when treating patients with refractory epilepsy. The ketogenic diet has had a checkered history. For several years after its introduction in 1921,2 the diet was used widely, but it was relegated to back burner status when anticonvulsants became available. In the early 1990s, the diet enjoyed a resurgence in popularity, and its efficacy in the modern era has been confirmed.3 However, despite its increasing clinical use, our understanding of how a high-fat, low carbohydrate and protein diet controls seizures has progressed little since Lennox’s day. The article by Thio et al.4 in this issue of Neurology addresses appropriate hypotheses about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet’s action. Although it is clear that the …
Tensor Green's function evaluation in arbitrarily anisotropic, layered media using complex-plane Gauss-Laguerre quadrature

We discuss the application of complex-plane Gauss-Laguerre quadrature (CGLQ) to efficiently evaluate two-dimensional Fourier integrals arising as the solution to electromagnetic fields radiated by elementary dipole antennas embedded within planar-layered media exhibiting arbitrary material parameters. More specifically, we apply CGLQ to the long-standing problem of rapidly and efficiently evaluating the semi-infinite length ``tails'' of the Fourier integral path while simultaneously and robustly guaranteeing absolute, exponential convergence of the field solution despite diversity in the doubly anisotropic layer parameters, source type (i.e., electric or equivalent magnetic dipole), source orientation, observed field type (magnetic or electric), (nonzero) frequency, and (nonzero) source-observer separation geometry. The proposed algorithm exhibits robustness despite unique challenges arising for the fast evaluation of such two-dimensional integrals. Herein we develop the mathematical treatment to rigorously evaluate the tail integrals using CGLQ, as well as discuss and address the specific issues posed to the CGLQ method when anisotropic, layered media are present. To empirically demonstrate the CGLQ algorithm's computational efficiency, versatility, and accuracy, we perform a convergence analysis along with two case studies related to modeling of electromagnetic resistivity tools employed in geophysical prospection of layered, anisotropic Earth media and validating the ability of isoimpedance substrates to enhance the radiation performance of planar antennas placed in close proximity to metallic ground planes.
Morphological, physiological and dormancy responses of three Vitis genotypes to short photoperiod

Dormancy is initiated by decreasing photoperiod or temperature in many woody species. We investigated the effect of photoperiod on the induction of dormancy in Vitis. Three genotypes (Vitis riparia, Vitis spp. cv. Seyval Blanc and a F 1 hybrid [V. riparia × Seyval Blanc']) were monitored for morphological and physiological dormancy responses during 6 weeks of short (8 h, SD) and long (15 h, LD) photoperiod treatments. V. riparia became dormant after 4 weeks of SD as indicated by several morphologic changes. Cane elongation ceased, terminal meristems began to abscise, and primary dormant buds failed to grow after pruning and returning to LD. There was also a pronounced decrease in bud water content in response to SD. 'Seyval Blanc', in contrast, maintained actively growing meristems with no terminal abscission throughout SD treatment, and little delay in budbreak after pruning and returning to LD. Moderate decreases in bud water content were observed after 6 weeks of SD treatment in 'Seyval Blanc'. F 1 plants displayed intermediate responses to SD treatment, but more closely paralleled that of the V. riparia parent. Growth cessation, terminal meristem abscission and absence of budbreak occurred in the F 1 after 6 weeks of SD. Ten percent discontinuous SDS-PAGE protein profiles demonstrated SD-induced changes in polypeptide accumulation. A 19-kDa polypeptide increased 2-3-fold in response to SD in all genotypes. A 17-kDa polypeptide appeared at 4 weeks of SD, and represented 2.5-5% of all proteins visualized on the gels by 6 weeks of SD. These increases in polypeptides appear to be a general response to SD. This experimental system with heritable morphological and physiological variations in SD responsiveness will be valuable for studying dormancy initiation and maintenance in Vitis.
Structure studies of chemically etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) film

A macrostructure consisting of 1500 A long network, elements has been studied in unoriented and oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The long dimension of the structure is oriented transverse to the stretch direction. A length to width ratio of approximately 10:1 is observed. The structure is observed by scanning electron microscopy after room temperature etching with n-propylamine under special conditions. Also studied are weight loss measurements for up to 80 hrs of etching and molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography. The induction time before weight loss commences depends on sample elongation and thermal history. A coincidence of the following times are observed: (I) commencement of weight loss, (2) development of a well-defined macrostructure by SEM, and (3) completion of molecular weight degradation. Therefore, visual evidence of a macrostructure occurs when weight loss has commenced which requires degradation to products soluble in the etchant. The GPC curves vs rich time show that etched film oriented to a crystalline state possesses two molecular weight peaks. The peak for polymer in which no degradation occurred is replaced by a peak for polymer of nine to ten repeat units which is highly crystalline and, therefore, resistant to further attack.
Mechanism and energetics of self-interstitial formation and diffusion in silicon

Recent work has suggested that prior determinations of diffusion mechanism and point defect thermodynamics in silicon have been affected by nonequilibrium effects stemming from uncontrolled adsorption-induced suppression of a pathway for defect creation at the surface. Through silicon self-diffusion measurements in ultrahigh vacuum in a short-time kinetic limit, the present work shows unambiguously that interstitials are the primary mediators of self-diffusion over the range $650--1000\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, moving over distances of $5--9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ before exchanging into the lattice. The Frank-Turnbull mechanism of interstitial formation does not play a significant role.
Thymoma, plasma cell myeloma, red cell aplasia and malabsorption syndrome

Abstract Described herein is a sixty-nine year old woman who had a thymoma associated with a multitude of immunologic deficiency diseases including pure red cell aplasia, multiple myeloma, malabsorption syndrome and the presence of antimuscle antibodies. This appears to be the first case in which a complete spectrum of immunologic deficiency diseases has occurred and thus has provided an opportunity to analyze the therapeutic response and to speculate on the possible mechanisms involved.
The structure of the chambered nautilus siphuncle: The siphuncular epithelium

The siphuncle of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus) is composed of a layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a vascularized connective tissue base. The siphuncular epithelium taken from chambers that have not yet begun to be emptied of cameral liquid has a dense apical brush border. The great number of apical cell junctions (zonula adherens) compared to the number of nuclei suggests extensive interdigitation of these cells. The perinuclear cytoplasm of these preemptying cells is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The siphuncular epithelium of both emptying and "old" siphuncle (which has already completed emptying its chamber) both show little rough endoplasmic reticulum but do contain extensive systems of mitochondria-lined infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes. Active transport of NaCl into the extracellular space of this tubular system probably entrains the water transport involved in the chamber-emptying process. Both emptying and old siphuncular epithelium also show large basal infoldings (canaliculi) continuous with the hemocoel, which appear to be filled with hemocyanin. The apical cell junctions of emptying and old siphuncular epithelium contain septate desmosomes that may help to prevent back-flow of cameral liquid into the chambers.
PARENTAL BONDING: A KEY FACTOR FOR MENTAL HEALTH OF COLLEGE WOMEN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of parental bonding to the mental health of college women aged 18 to 24 years. A cross-sectional study of a volunteer sample of 246 college women was conducted. Data on depressive symptoms, negative thinking, self-esteem, and parental bonding were collected via self-report. Maternal care was the strongest predictor of all four mental health indices. Paternal overprotection predicted scores of three of the four mental health measures. Women with optimal maternal and paternal bonding profiles (high care/low overprotection) had fewer depressive symptoms, less negative thinking, and higher self-esteem than women with other bonding profiles. The findings have implications for prevention, screening, and intervention to enhance the mental health of college women.
Non-steady-state conditions and incascade clustering in radiation damage modeling

Abstract The results of molecular dynamics simulations of displacement cascades indicate that a large fraction of the point defects that survive after intracascade annealing may be found in clusters, rather than as individual point defects. In addition, the mobility of these small point defect clusters may be relatively high. The impact of these clusters is discussed in the framework of a radiation damage model for austenitic stainless steel using the chemical reaction rate theory. Although this theory has been broadly applied in models simulating such radiation-induced phenomena as void swelling, irradiation creep, and embrittlement, such models have generally not fully accounted for incascade clustering. Many of these models have also focused on the assumed steady state behavior and tended to neglect the explicit dose and temperature dependence of the sink structure. A previously-developed model has been modified to permit a more extensive investigation of the time (dose) dependence of the point defect and extended defect concentrations and of the impact of incascade clustering. A preliminary evaluation of the so-called production bias was also carried out with this model. The results indicate that defect behavior is complex and that the limiting behavior predicted by simple analytical solutions is frequently not achieved. The comparison of the production bias and the conventional dislocation/interstitial bias found that two were comparable if examined separately at 500°C, but that the production bias effect was minimized in the presence of a reasonable dislocation/interstitial bias.
Two Chiral Nonet Model with Massless Quarks

We present a detailed study of a linear sigma model containing one chiral nonet transforming under $\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{\mathrm{A}}$ as a quark-antiquark composite and another chiral nonet transforming as a diquark-antidiquark composite (or, equivalently from a symmetry point of view, as a two meson molecule). The model provides an intuitive explanation of a current puzzle in low energy QCD: Recent work has suggested the existence of a lighter than 1 GeV nonet of scalar mesons which behave like four quark composites. On the other hand, the validity of a spontaneously broken chiral symmetric description would suggest that these states be chiral partners of the light pseudoscalar mesons, which are two quark composites. The model solves the problem by starting with the two chiral nonets mentioned and allowing them to mix with each other. The input of physical masses in the SU(3) invariant limit for two scalar octets and an excited pion octet results in a mixing pattern wherein the light scalars have a large four quark content while the light pseudoscalars have a large two quark content. One light isosinglet scalar is exceptionally light. In addition, the pion pion scattering is also studied and the current algebra theorem is verified for massless pions which contain some four quark admixture.
Cross sections for charge-changing processes involving kilo-electron-volt H and H + with CO and C O 2

Absolute differential cross sections are reported for electron capture and loss by 1-5 keV H atoms incident on CO and CO{sub 2} for laboratory scattering angles up to 1.73 deg., and for charge transfer of 1-5 keV H{sup +} with CO and CO{sub 2} for scattering angles up to 2.51 deg. To our knowledge, the H-atom differential electron-capture and -loss cross sections presented here are the first of their kind for CO and CO{sub 2}. The differential electron-loss cross sections are very similar to one another, and to previous measurements with other molecular targets, suggesting that some aspects of these collisions may be amenable to a relatively basic theoretical model. The differential measurements reported here significantly advance our knowledge of these collision processes and very good agreement is observed between the corresponding integral cross sections and prior work.
Factors Affecting Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Tall Fescue with near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract Tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) samples were collected for 3 consecutive yr and were analyzed chemically and with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Concentrations of various components, as analyzed by conventional chemistry and by spectroscopy, differed significantly between oven-dried and freeze-dried replicate samples. The ranges of squared correlation coefficients and standard errors of analysis, respectively, for the various components when near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and chemical procedures were compared for the six sample sets were: CP, .96 to .98 and .34 to .45; ADF, .88 to .92 and .63 to .98; NDP, .87 to .97 and .73 to 1.52; and in vitro digestible DM .91 to .98 and .90 to 2.35. Grinding of tall fescue samples through a cyclone mill following grinding through a Christy-Norris mill did not improve analysis accuracy with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. When analysis equations prepared from samples collected during a calendar year were used to analyze samples collected during another year, correlation coefficients were generally lower and standard errors of analysis higher than when prediction equations were used within the same year's samples. This confirms that there is an advantage in recalibrating equations to accommodate new environments of plant growth associated with years.
Calcium-carbonate preservation patterns in the central North Atlantic during the last 150,000 years☆

Abstract The dissolution record of the Canary and eastern North American Basins was examined in 15 cores spanning the last 150,000 years. Stratigraphic control was based on fluctuations in percent carbonate and 18 0 16 0 . Dissolution changes were determined based on variations in percent planktonic foraminiferal fragments and benthonic foraminifera. Results indicate three main dissolution events coincident with 18 0 Stages 2, 4 and 6. The lysocline apparently shallowed about 300 m in the Canary Basin at these times. There is no simple linear relationship between dissolution intensity and ice volume: dissolution was more intense during Stage 4 than during Stage 2, even though 18 0 records indicate the reverse is true for ice volume. Also, carbonate preservation during the lower part of Stage 3 is comparable to Stages 1 and 5e. A comparison of Atlantic-Pacific carbonate-dissolution patterns indicates a tendency for out-of-phase preservation patterns in 18 0 Stages 1 and 2, and an in-phase dissolution event during Stage 4. The out-of-phase pattern may partially reflect variations in the production rate of North Atlantic Deep Water. The in-phase dissolution peak correlates with a major cooling/regression. Transport of organic carbon from transient shallow reservoirs into the deep sea could have contributed to formation of such a pattern. However, additional evidence from longer Atlantic-Pacific records is needed before the shelf/basin model can be more fully evaluated.
Seizure-like spreading depression in immature rabbit hippocampus in vitro

Abstract Study of immature rabbit hippocampus, using the in vitro slice preparation, has revealed seizure-like spreading depression (SD) episodes in tissue from 8–12-day-old animals. These SDs occur both spontaneously and in response to stimulation, and are seen in both extracellular and intracellular recordings. At the cellular level, SDs are similar to epileptiform ictal phenomena in their onset bursts of action potentials, prolonged membrane depolarizations, and afterdischarge bursts. Glial recordings indicate that a large rise in [K+]o occurs during these SD episodes. Low chloride concentration in the bathing medium facilitates SD occurrence. The immature CA1 region, where inhibition is slow to develop, is more susceptible to SDs than the CA3 region, where inhibitory post-synaptic potentials are potent early in development. These observations suggest that the slice preparation of immature rabbit hippocampus may provide a useful model in which to study epileptiform mechanisms, such as inhibitory efficacy and extracellular potassium clearance, which might be responsible for ictal onset and control.
Lovastatin Retards the Progression of Established Glomerular Disease in Obese Zucker Rats

Considerable experimental evidence indicates that hyperlipidemia can induce glomerular injury. The importance of lipids in the progression of established glomerular disease has not been established and is of clinical relevance because of the frequent association of lipid abnormalities with human renal disease. In the present study, 26-weekold hyperlipidemic obese Zucker rats (OZRs) with established nephropathy were treated for a period of 18 weeks with daily injections of the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor lovastatin (4 mg/kg). Compared with control OZRs treated with vehicle, lovastatin-treated OZRs had significantly ( P P
Analyzing student understanding in linear algebra through mathematical activity

Abstract In this paper we characterize students’ conceptions of span and linear (in)dependence and their mathematical activity to provide insight into their understanding. The data under consideration are portions of individual interviews with linear algebra students. Grounded analysis revealed a wide range of student conceptions of span and linear (in)dependence. The authors organized these conceptions into four categories: travel, geometric, vector algebraic, and matrix algebraic. To further illuminate participants’ conceptions of span and linear (in)dependence, the authors developed a categorization to classify the participants’ engagement into five types of mathematical activity: defining, proving, relating, example generating, and problem solving. Coordination of these two categorizations provides a framework that proves useful in providing finer-grained analyses of students’ conceptions and the potential value and/or limitations of such conceptions in certain contexts.
Bromide Control, Bifurcation and Activation in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction

The unstirred, ferroin (Fe(phen) 3 2+ ) catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is the prototype oscillatory chemical system. Reaction media with added Br - appear red (reduced, low [Fe(phen) 3 3+ ]) during an induction period of several minutes, followed by the "spontaneous" formation of "pacemaker" sites, which oscillate between a blue, oxidized state (high [Fe(phen) 3 3+ ]) and the red, reduced state and generate target patterns of concentric, outwardly moving waves of oxidation (blue). Auto-oscillatory behavior is also seen in the Oregonator model of Field, Koros and Noyes (FKN), a robust, reduced model that captures qualitative BZ kinetics in the auto-oscillatory regime. However, the Oregonator model predicts a blue (oxidized) induction phase. Here we develop a generalized Oregonator-like model with no explicit bifurcation parameter that yields the observed transition from a red initial state to oscillatory dynamics, and displays a new bifurcation mechanism not seen in the original Oregonator.
Effect of radical scavenger on initiation efficiency

In order to analyze the effect of the scavenger on initiator efficiency f or ratio of combination between two radicals (1 − f), an equation was derived by solving the modified Smoluchowski equation under the boundary condition based on the law of conservation of mass. At time t approaching infinity in a stationary state, this equation becomes: f = {D + a(Dk[S])1/2}/{ak0 + D + a(Dk[S])1/2}, where D is the sum of the diffusion constants of two radicals, a is the diameter of the radical particle, k0 is a specific rate of recombination in the cage between two radicals, k is the rate constant of reaction between the radical and the scavenger as a pair, and [S] is the scavenger concentration. When ak0 ≪ D and k[S] is small, this equation approximates the previously derived Wijsman's equation. An equation of the same type as Noyes' equation is also derived from this equation, when [S] = 0. By using the equations derived in this paper, the effect of α,α′-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl on the ratio of recombination of the (CH3)-(CN)C* radical and the effect of monomer on the initiation efficiency are satisfactorily explained.
Use of Causality Conditions in Quantum Theory

The limitations on scattering amplitudes imposed by causality requirements are deduced from the demand that the commutator of field operators vanish if the operators are taken at points with space-like separations. The problems of the scattering of spin-zero particles by a force center and the scattering of photons by a quantized matter field are discussed. The causality requirements lead in a natural way to the well-known dispersion relation of Kramers and Kronig. A new sum rule for the nuclear photoeffect is derived and the scattering of photons by nucleons is discussed.
Inhibition of protein kinase C antagonizes in vitro tadpole tail fin regression induced by thyroxine

Tail fin regression can be induced in anuran amphibians with L-thyroxine (T4). This regression can be antagonized with prolactin (PRL). Previous work had suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) was involved in PRL action. To address this issue further, the effect of a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C on in vitro tail fin regression was investigated. T4-induced regression of tail fin pieces from Rana pipiens tadpoles could be antagonized by adding PRL or the PKC inhibitor H-7 to the medium. H-7 inhibited fin regression in a dose-dependent manner, with a half-maximal effective concentration of about 10(-5) M. The H-7 analogue, HA-1004 (which is not a selective inhibitor of PKC), was without effect. These results suggest a possible role for PKC in tail fin regression and may be useful in elucidating the antimetamorphic action of PRL.
Optimal thermal phase shift filters

In passive solar heating architecture the daily heat wave enters the structure, is attenuated in amplitude, and is shifted in phase. This poses the problem of minimizing the attenuation without changing the phase. Heat flow can be simulated by an RC electrical filter with grounded capacitors. This paper treats the problem of selecting the capacitors of such a filter to minimize the attenuation across a resistive load. An algorithm is developed and a graph of attenuation versus load is plotted when the phase lag of the inside temperature is twelve hours.
Non-specific elevation of antistreptolysin antibody (ASO) in the absence of streptococcal pharyngitis

Abstract Rationale Elevated antistreptolysin antibody (ASO) has been found in five patients without history, physical findings, rapid antigen tests or cultures suggestive of streptococcal pharyngitis. Methods Histories and data are reviewed. Results 1. JK, 10 year old male, presented with urticaria, lymphadenopathy and oral ulcers following treatment with amoxycillin and clarithromycin. Past history included recent Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Laboratory tests: elevated antinuclear antibodies (1:320), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutropenia and massive elevation of ASO at 2,638 (0-200 IU/ml). Diagnosed with drug induced lupus. 2. JA, 56 year old, with hyper-IgM syndrome and bronchiectasis, treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), presented with leukocytoclastic angiitis. Laboratory tests: positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and suppressed complement. Two months after discontinuation of IVIG ASO was 91 U/dL (0-85) but eventually normalized. Reintroduction of IVIG was tolerated without elevation of ANCA or ASO. 3. KB, 19 year old female, referred for recurrent sinusitis, lymphadenopathy, buccal ulcers and recent mononucleosis, had elevated antinuclear antibodies and suppressed complement. ASO has been borderline (84 U/dL) and mildly elevated (96 U/dL, reference: 0-85). Diagnosed with Sjoegren syndrome. 4. TS, 35 year old, presented with chronic urticaria for 6 years, started shortly after his diagnosis with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is possible. ASO titers vary from 71 to 95 U/dL (reference 0-85). 5. DM, 7 year old, presented with angioedema-urticaria, due to penicillin allergy. ASO titer was 242 U/dL (reference 0-200). Conclusions Elevated ASO titers occur without streptococcal pharyngitis. Polyclonal activation of B-cells due to autoimmunity, drug allergy or viral infections, is a likely mechanism.
An inexpensive microscope television for the detection and measurement of nuclear emulsion tracks

Abstract A charge coupled device (CCD) electronic image sensor is used for a microscope television capable of detecting single grains in nuclear emulsion.
Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences The Military’s Influence on the Environmental Sciences in the USA after 1945

The earth sciences expanded dramatically during the first decades of the Cold War. Their growth largely resulted from military patronage, for the earth sciences appeared vital to emerging weapons systems, such as guided missiles, and to the pursuit of anti-submarine warfare. The earth sciences were also seen as important for achieving US foreign-policy objectives. By the mid-1960s military funds had helped create myriad new academic institutes in the earth sciences, and military leaders joined with national security advisors in expanding space and oceanography as strategic fields. In the present paper, I explore the history and significance of this transformation. The prominence of the earth sciences after 1945 was unmatched since the wave of geological exploration in the 1870s, and represents an important revival of federal support for the field sciences. But the particular form the rise of the earth sciences took had great implications for the institutional, intellectual, and professional character of t...
Apical targeting of the P2Y4 receptor is directed by hydrophobic and basic residues in the cytoplasmic tail

The P2Y4 receptor is selectively targeted to the apical membrane in polarized epithelial cell lines and has been shown to play a key role in intestinal chloride secretion. In this study, we delimit...
A Strategic Market Game with Transactions Costs

Abstract Transactions costs in terms of the physical consumption of goods are introduced into a strategic market game model of exchange with complete markets. The existence of noncooperative equilibria is established. The possibility that the activity of markets will depend upon the physical properties of a commodity which might serve as a money are considered. Trade in m commodities with a money calls for m−1 markets as contrasted with solm(m − 1) 2 .