cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical trapping of individual human immunodeficiency viruses in culture fluid reveals heterogeneity with single-molecule resolution

Optical tweezers use the momentum of photons to trap and manipulate microscopic objects, contact-free, in three dimensions. Although this technique has been widely used in biology and nanotechnology to study molecular motors, biopolymers and nanostructures, its application to study viruses has been very limited, largely due to their small size. Here, using optical tweezers that can simultaneously resolve two-photon fluorescence at the single-molecule level, we show that individual HIV-1 viruses can be optically trapped and manipulated, allowing multi-parameter analysis of single virions in culture fluid under native conditions. We show that individual HIV-1 differs in the numbers of envelope glycoproteins by more than one order of magnitude, which implies substantial heterogeneity of these virions in transmission and infection at the single-particle level. Analogous to flow cytometry for cells, this fluid-based technique may allow ultrasensitive detection, multi-parameter analysis and sorting of viruses and other nanoparticles in biological fluid with single-molecule resolution.
Erratum to: Opening Skinner’s Box: an Introduction

Erratum to: BEHAV ANALYST DOI 10.1007/s40614-014-0016-z The original version of the article indicated that the papers in the special section grew out of a panel discussion at the 2014 meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, International. The panel discussion actually took place at the 2013 meeting.
Digoxin-like immunoreactive substance in renal transplant patients.

Digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been detected in several patient populations that were not receiving digoxin, including those patients with end-stage renal disease. The structure and physiologic significance of this compound are unknown, and the fate of DLIS after renal transplantation has not been studied. The authors prospectively evaluated 163 patients (not receiving digoxin) before and after transplantation for the presence of DLIS. Three different assays were used: radioimmunoassay (RIA), affinity mediated immunoassay (ACA), and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDX I). Depending on the assay method used, 11% (RIA), 6% (ACA), and 9% (TDX) of patients had detectable DLIS pretransplant. Using all 3 assays, a total of 34 patients (21%) were found to have DLIS. The mean serum digoxin concentration was 0.41 +/- 0.13 ng/mL (range: 0.2-1.2 ng/mL) and DLIS was detectable by greater than 1 assay method in seven patients. DLIS persisted longer in patients who had delayed allograft function (13.7 +/- 7 days) than in those who did not (3 +/- 1.9 days), P less than .05. In summary, detection of DLIS in renal transplant recipients appears to be an infrequent occurrence when using a single digoxin assay method. When detected, the concentration of DLIS is often below the usual therapeutic range for digoxin and disappears once allograft function is established. The authors conclude that the presence of DLIS is unlikely to be clinically significant in the renal transplant population.
Local and global existence criteria for capillary surfaces in wedges

This paper addresses a conjecture of Concus and Finn [Capillary Wedges Revisited, SIAM J. Math. Anal., in press] on conditions for local existence of solutions of the zero-gravity capillarity equation at a boundary protruding corner pointP of prescribed opening 2α. Geometrically, surfaces of constant mean curvatureH are sought as graphs which meet vertical walls over the boundary in prescribed angles, which are locally constant except for a possible jump discontinuity atP. The conjecture is settled more or less completely in the affirmative, depending on whetherH is to be prescribed. The proof proceeds through a global existence theorem for “moon domains”, which seems of independent interest.
High-current, low-forward-drop JBS power rectifiers

Abstract The j unction- b arrier-controlled Schottky (JBS) rectifier is a Schottky rectifier with a p - n junction grid structure integrated into the device structure to improve its reverse blocking characteristics. This paper reports the development of large area (0.5 cm 2 ), 30 V, JBS rectifiers capable of handling over 25 A of forward current while operating at up to 125°C with good reverse blocking characteristics. Trade-off curves between forward voltage drop and reverse leakage current are introduced to allow optimization of these devices.
Changes in porcine transmitral flow velocity pattern and its diastolic determinants during partial coronary occlusion.

Abstract OBJECTIVES To define the mechanical determinants of transmitral flow and the effect of heart rate during regional ischemia. BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia changes the transmitral flow velocity pattern due to disease-induced changes in the heart’s diastolic properties. METHODS Regional ischemia was produced in 12 pigs by partially occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery until segment-length shortening in the ischemic region fell by 20%. Transmitral flow velocity patterns and their determinants were measured under two conditions, baseline and ischemia, at two heart rates, 70 and 90 beats/min. RESULTS Regional ischemia had a significant effect on two determinants of filling: relaxation, which was slower, and chamber stiffness, which increased. These changes were associated with reduced contractility and increased myocardial stiffness, resulting in an early transmitral flow pattern that was flatter and narrower, but no change in the late flow pattern. Moderate increases in heart rate accelerated relaxation and decreased atrioventricular pressure gradient but had no effect on contractility or myocardial or chamber stiffness, resulting in an early transmitral flow pattern that was flatter and narrower and an increased late flow velocity. CONCLUSIONS This model of regional ischemia leads to a flatter and narrower early transmitral flow velocity pattern and no change in late flow due to a combination of slowed left ventricular relaxation and increased chamber stiffness. Reflex increases in heart rate that accompany ischemia tend to mask this effect.
Tree resolution and generalized semantic tree

A resolution proof or a derivation of the empty clause from a set of clauses S = {C1, C2, …, Ck} is called a tree resolution if no clause Ci is used in more than one resolvent. We show that an unsatisfiable set of clauses S has a tree resolution proof if and only if there is a general semantic tree for S in which no clause appears in more than one terminal node. As an important application of this result, we derive a simple algorithm for obtaining a tree resolution proof, if one exists. The tree resolution proofs are important because they allow us to obtain the shortest “explanation”.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CdSe Nanocrystals in the Gas Phase: A Direct Measure of the Evanescent Electron Wave Function of Quantum Dots

We present the first photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) in the gas phase. By coupling a nanoparticle aerosol source to a femtosecond velocity map imaging photoelectron spectrometer, we apply robust gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy techniques to colloidal quantum dots, which typically must be studied in a liquid solvent or while bound to a surface. Working with a flowing aerosol of quantum dots offers the additional advantages of providing fresh nanoparticles for each laser shot and removing perturbations from bonding with a surface or interactions with the solvent. In this work, we perform a two-photon photoionization experiment to show that the photoelectron yield per exciton depends on the physical size of the quantum dot, increasing for smaller dots. Next, using effective mass modeling we show that the extent to which the electron wave function of the exciton extends from the quantum dot, the so-called “evanescent electron wavefunction”, increases a...
Conflict-related anterior cingulate functional connectivity is associated with past suicidal ideation and behavior in recent-onset schizophrenia.

Suicide is highly prevalent in schizophrenia (SZ), yet it remains unclear how suicide risk factors such as past suicidal ideation or behavior relate to brain function. Circuits modulated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are altered in SZ, including in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) during conflict-monitoring (an important component of cognitive control), and dACC changes are observed in post-mortem studies of heterogeneous suicide victims. We tested whether conflict-related dACC functional connectivity is associated with past suicidal ideation and behavior in SZ. 32 patients with recent-onset of DSM-IV-TR-defined SZ were evaluated with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and functional MRI during cognitive control (AX-CPT) task performance. Group-level regression models relating past history of suicidal ideation or behavior to dACC-seeded functional connectivity during conflict-monitoring controlled for severity of depression, psychosis and impulsivity. Past suicidal ideation was associated with relatively higher functional connectivity of the dACC with the precuneus during conflict-monitoring. Intensity of worst-point past suicidal ideation was associated with relatively higher dACC functional connectivity in medial parietal lobe and striato-thalamic nuclei. In contrast, among those with past suicidal ideation (n = 17), past suicidal behavior was associated with lower conflict-related dACC connectivity with multiple lateral and medial PFC regions, parietal and temporal cortical regions. This study provides unique evidence that recent-onset schizophrenia patients with past suicidal ideation or behavior show altered dACC-based circuit function during conflict-monitoring. Suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior have divergent patterns of associated dACC functional connectivity, suggesting a differing pattern of conflict-related brain dysfunction with these two distinct features of suicide phenomenology.
Associated primes of local cohomology after adjoining indeterminates

Abstract Let A be a domain finitely generated as an algebra over a field, k, of characteristic zero, R = A [ t 1 , … , t n ] or A [ [ t 1 , … , t n ] ] and I ⊂ R any ideal. If A has a resolution of singularities, Y 0 , which is the blowup of A along an ideal of depth at least two and is covered by either two or three open affines with H j ( Y 0 , O Y 0 ) of finite length over A for j > 0 , we prove that Ass R H I i ( R ) is finite for every i. In particular this holds when A is a two or three dimensional normal domain with an isolated singularity which is finitely generated over a field of characteristic 0.
Reactions between Li Atoms and HX (X = F, Cl) Molecules: Semiempirical SCF MO and Matrix Isolation ESR Studies

Examination of reaction between the Li atom and the HX (X = F, Cl) molecule by a semiempirical molecular orbital method (AM1) revealed the spontaneous formation of the Li:HCl and Li:HF complexes wi...
Colony life history and demography of a swarm-founding social wasp

Colonies of social insects are sometimes viewed as superorganisms. The birth, reproduction, and death of colonies can be studied with demographic measures analogous to those normally applied to individuals, but two additional questions arise. First, how do adaptive colony demographies arise from individual behaviors? Second, since these superorganisms are made up of genetically distinct individuals, do conflicts within the colony sometimes modify and upset optima for colonies? The interplay between individual and superindividual or colony interests appears to be particularly complex in neotropical, swarm-founding, epiponine wasps such as Parachartergus colobopterus. In a long-term study of this species, we censused 286 nests to study colony-level reproduction and survivorship and evaluated individual-level factors by assessing genetic relatedness and queen production. Colony survivorship followed a negative exponential curve very closely, indicating type II survivorship. This pattern is defined by constant mortality across ages and is more characteristic of birds and other vertebrates than of insects. Individual colonies are long-lived, lasting an average of 347 days, with a maximum of over 4.5 years. The low and constant levels of colony mortality arise in part from colony initiation by swarming, nesting on protected substrates, and an unusual expandable nest structure. The ability to requeen rapidly was also important; relatedness data suggest that colonies requeen on average once every 9–12 months. We studied whether colony optima with respect to the timing of reproduction could be upset by individual worker interests. In this species, colonies are normally polygynous but new queens are produced only after a colony reaches the monogynous state, a result which is in accord with the genetic interests of workers. Therefore colony worker interests might drive colonies to reproduce whenever queen number happens to cycled down to one rather than at the season that is otherwise optimal. However, we found reproduction to be heavily concentrated in the rainy season. The number of new colonies peaked in this season as did the percentages of males and queens. Relatedness among workers reached a seasonal low of 0.21–0.27, reflecting the higher numbers of laying queens. This seasonality was achieved in part by a modest degree of synchrony in the queen reduction cycle. Worker relatedness reached peaks of around 0.4 in the dry season, reflecting a decrease to a harmonic mean queen number of about 2.5. Thus, a significant number of colonies must be approaching monogyny entering the rainy season. Coupled with polygynous colonies rearing only males (split sex ratios), this makes it possible for a colony cycle driven by selfish worker interests to be consistent with concentrating colony reproduction during a favorable season.
Introduction to Special Issue on POM Research on Emerging Markets

This special issue presents production and operations management research papers from emerging markets worldwide, focusing on their unique contexts, institutions and markets. Collectively, they offer insights into the unique operations management strategies and practices that firms face in emerging markets. The magnitude and pace of change is staggering. As a result, execution and managing growth in these emerging markets represents both huge operational and supply chain risks, and simultaneously vast opportunities. We are confident that these papers stimulate new operations management research while highlighting the effective use of different research methodologies. We welcome you to enjoy this special issue of POMS. We express our deep gratitude to editorial team for their support. We especially wish to thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue.
Compactification of Ten-dimensional Superstring Theories Over Ricci Flat Coset Spaces

Abstract In this paper the compactification of ten-dimensional superstring theories over homogeneous coset spaces S/R is analyzed. We construct explicitly the Ricci-flattening spin connection with torsion for the non-symmetric spaces G 2 /SU(3), SU(3)/U(1) × U(1) and Sp(4)/SU(2) × U(1). These spaces provide a solution to the classical field equations with vanishing energy-momentum tensor and therefore one might expect that the conformal invariance of the string theory is preserved. We discuss the two-dimensional non-linear σ-model with Wess-Zumino term corresponding to the homogeneous spaces S/R. In addition, we investigate the constraints for the compactification coming from the requirement of unbroken supersymmetry and anomaly cancellation and give explicit examples of consistent compactification with S and R being embedded into the ten-dimensional gauge group E 8 .
Eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial infections in adults of two 17-year periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim and M. cassini.

Abstract Nodulation is the first and quantitatively most important cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects. Treating adults of the 17-year periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim and M. cassini, with eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors immediately prior to intrahemocoelic injections of the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, sharply reduced the nodulation response to bacterial challenges. Separate treatments with specific inhibitors of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase reduced nodulation, supporting our view that nodule formation is a multi-step process in which individual steps are separately mediated by lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. The inhibitory influence of dexamethasone was apparent by 2 h after injection, and nodulation was significantly reduced, relative to control insects, over the following 14 h. The dexamethasone effects were reversed by treating bacteria-challenged insects with the eicosanoid-precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Low levels of arachidonic acid were detected in fat body phospholipids. These findings in adults of an exopterygote insect species with an unusual life history pattern broaden our hypothesis that eicosanoids mediate cellular immune reactions to bacterial infections in most, if not all, insects.
Oxidative Metabolism of Lactic Acid Bacteria Associated with Pink Discoloration in Italian Cheese

Abstract Metabolism of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 12278 and Lactobacillus belveticus ATCC 10797, associated with pink discoloration of cheese, was compared to that of Lactobacillus lactis ATCC 11061 which never caused the defect. Hydrogen peroxide was produced in various media by L. lactis but did not accumulate during growth of the other two strains. Cell suspensions of L. lactis consumed oxygen rapidly in the presence of glucose and lactate; the other strains were moderately active. Added tyrosine increased the ultimate intensity of pink discoloration in Romano cheese made with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus belveticus ; ascorbate, pyruvate, and fumarate accelerated rate of development of the defect. These additives did not induce the defect in cheese made with Lactobacillus lactis or Streptococcus tbermopbilus strain Mc which never were associated with the defect. Sodium thioglycolate and glutathione prevented the discoloration.
A comparative study of the effect of practice with elementary children or with peers in the science methods course

AUTHOR Steinbach, Alan; Butts, David P. TITLE A Comparative Study of the Effect of Practice with Elementary Children or with Peers in the Science Methods Course. INSTITUTION Texas Univ., Austin. Research and Development Center for Teacher Education. SPORS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW) , Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. REPORT NO Rep Ser-10; RR-6 BUREAU NO BR-5-0249 PUB DATE [68] CONTRACT OEC-6-10-108 NOTE 19p.
Providing access to collected works

SUMMARY How are the boundaries of information objects to be defined in the networked electronic environment and what is the role of our retrieval systems in providing access where these boundaries are uncertain? The authors consider these questions in light of longstanding problems surrounding the definition of the “work” in the print environment. In particular, they examine the role of the index in providing access to the collected works of the individual writer. They review the discussion in the indexing literature of the “long index,” and the close relationship between the functions of indexer and editor in collected works projects. And they treat the role of the index in constituting as a self-contained corpus the disparate types of text that make up a writer's lifetime output. Finally, by way of example, the authors turn to the extensive indexes to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic writings.
Elbow Fractures and Dislocations

Elbow fractures are common in pediatric patients. Most injuries to the pediatric elbow are stable and require simple immobilization; however, more severe fractures can occur, often requiring operative stabilization and/or close monitoring. This article highlights the common fractures and dislocations about the pediatric elbow and discusses the history, evaluation, and treatment options for specific injuries.
Dynamic modeling of linear beam-like structures using the Equivalent Beam Stiffness method Part II: Experimental applications

Abstract In the first paper of this two-part series, the authors presented the analytical development and benchmarking of the Equivalent Beam Stiffness, or EBS, method. Based upon the application of the linear timoshenko beam equations to measured modal data, the technique can be used to determine the equivalent beam bending stiffness profile of a complex beam-like structure. This paper details the application of the EBS method to two full-scale industrial turbine rotor shafts as a demonstration of its ability to provide useful stiffness profile extractions for real systems. The first test structure is a solid stepped shaft forging which allows the accuracy of the method to be assessed. The second test structure is comprised of a single power turbine wheel and two stub shafts connected through combinations of press-fits and bolts. The EBS method is successfully applied to both test articles, and is shown to be stable under the effects of the experimental noise levels present. Beam element models subsequently determined from the extracted stiffness information possess improved eigenvalue correlations over models determined directly from sectional drawings or from the application of a previously proposed similar approach based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The relationships of the EBS method to other identification approaches, such as optimisation, are discussed.
The Power of Self-Directed Learning

This article studies self-directed learning, a variant of the on-line (or incremental) learning model in which the learner selects the presentation order for the instances. Alternatively, one can view this model as a variation of learning with membership queries in which the learner is only “charged” for membership queries for which it could not predict the outcome. We give tight bounds on the complexity of self-directed learning for the concept classes of monomials, monotone DNF formulas, and axis-parallel rectangles in l0, 1, …, n − 1rd. These results demonstrate that the number of mistakes under self-directed learning can be surprisingly small. We then show that learning complexity in the model of self-directed learning is less than that of all other commonly studied on-line and query learning models. Next we explore the relationship between the complexity of self-directed learning and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC-)dimension. We show that, in general, the VC-dimension and the self-directed learning complexity are incomparable. However, for some special cases, we show that the VC-dimension gives a lower bound for the self-directed learning complexity. Finally, we explore a relationship between Mitchell's version space algorithm and the existence of self-directed learning algorithms that make few mistakes.
Creativity Training and the Stability and Internal Consistency of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory:

In his 1986 analytic review of the first ten years of research on adaption-innovation theory, Mudd commented on the importance of continued research on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory. Suggestions pertinent to the present study involved an examination of the stability of the instrument as well as the test-retest reliability of the full scale and subscales. A Lindquist Type III analysis of variance was used to examine the influence of creativity training on the stability of the Kirton full scale scores. The scores did not change after training. There was, however, a significant effect for gender by pre- and posttest interactions for the full scale scores. Men's full scale scores were higher than women's, and only men exhibited an increase. The women's pre- and posttest scores appeared more stable. Internal reliability coefficients and test-retest reliability coefficients for both the full scale scores and the subscale scores were very adequate, but the men's scores did increase.
Effect of dietary chloride content on the elimination of bromide by dogs

Abstract The effect of dietary chloride content (0·2, 0·4 and 1·3 per cent chloride on a dry matter basis) on the disposition of a single oral dose of bromide (14 mg kg −1 was evaluated in normal beagles. Increasing the dietary chloride content from 0·2 to 1·3 per cent resulted in a significant decrease in the mean apparent elimination half-life from 69 ± 22 days to 24 ± 7 days. The mean area under the concentration curve ( auc ) for dogs fed 1·3 per cent chloride was significantly smaller than the auc for dogs fed 0·2 per cent chloride. Dietary chloride had no effect on the maximum serum concentrations (C max ) or on the time (T max ) to reach the maximum concentrations. The steady-state serum bromide concentrations predicted from the single dose data for daily doses of 14 mg kg −1 of bromide were significantly lower in dogs fed 1·3 per cent chloride (310 ± 150 mg litre −1 ) than in dogs fed 0·2 per cent chloride (1950 ± 1140 mg litre −1 ). The predicted mean daily doses of bromide necessary to maintain serum levels within the therapeutic range for dogs fed 1·3 per cent chloride (43 ± 13 mg kg −1 ) were almost twice as high as the dose estimated for dogs fed 0·4 per cent chloride (22 ± 3 mg kg −1 ) and nearly three times as high as the dose estimated for dogs fed 0·2 per cent chloride (15 ± 4 mg kg −l ). These differences were statistically significant (P=0·002).
Mantle cell lymphoma: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and clinical management

Disease Overview Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by involvement of the lymph nodes, spleen, blood and bone marrow with a short remission duration to standard therapies and a median overall survival (OS) of 4-5 years. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on lymph node, bone marrow, or tissue morphology of centrocytic lymphocytes, small cell type, or blastoid variant cells. A chromosomal translocation t (11:14) is the molecular hallmark of MCL, resulting in the overexpression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 is detected by immunohistochemistry in 98% of cases. The absence of SOX-11 or a low Ki-67 may correlate with a more indolent form of MCL. The differential diagnosis of MCL includes small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Risk Stratification The MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI) is the prognostic model most often used and incorporates ECOG performance status, age, leukocyte count, and lactic dehydrogenase. A modification of the MIPI also adds the Ki-67 proliferative index if available. The median OS for the low-risk group was not reached (5-year OS of 60%). The median OS for the intermediate risk group was 51 months and 29 months for the high risk group. Risk-Adapted Therapy For selected indolent, low MIPI MCL patients, initial observation may be appropriate therapy. For younger patients with intermediate or high risk MIPI MCL, aggressive therapy with a cytotoxic Regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation should be considered. Rituximab maintenance after autologous stem cell transplantation has also improved the progression-free and overall survival. For older symptomatic MCL patients with intermediate or high risk MIPI, combination chemotherapy with R-CHOP, R-Bendamustine, or a clinical trial should be considered. In addition, rituximab maintenance therapy may prolong the progression-free survival. At the time of relapse, agents directed at activated pathways in MCL cells such as bortezomib (NFkB inhibitor), lenalidamide (anti-angiogenesis) and Ibruitinib (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase [BTK] inhibitor) have demonstrated excellent clinical activity in MCL patients. Autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation can also be considered in young patients. Clinical trials with novel agents are always a consideration for MCL patients.
Effect of ionic strength and ionic interactions on the oxidation of Fe(II)

The rates of oxidation of Fe(II) in NaCl and NaClO 4 solutions were studied as a function of pH (6 to 9), temperature (5 to 25°C), and ionic strength (0 to 6m). The rates are second order with respect to [H+] or [OH−] and independent of ionic strength and temperature. The overall rate of the oxidation is given by $$d[Fe(II)]/dt = - k[Fe(II)][OH^ - ]^2 [O_2 ]$$ where [OH−]=K * /[H+](K * is the stoichiometric dissociation constant for water) and [O 2 ] is the molal concentration of the oxygen. The experimental results were fitted to equations of the form $$log{\text{ }}k = log{\text{ }}k_0 + {\rm A}\sqrt {\rm I} + {\rm A}\sqrt {\rm I} /T + CI$$ where log k0=21.56−1545/T, A=0.470, B=−646, and C=0.723 (σ=0.07) for NaCl; A=−1.638, B=0, and C=0.836 (σ=0.11) for NaClO 4 . The lower results in NaCl at higher ionic strengths are attributed to the formation of FeCl+ that has a slower rate of oxidation. The kinetic results giveβ FeCl = 1.2 ± 0.5, which is in reasonable agreement with literature data. Measurements of the effect of various ions on the rates were studied at constant ionic strength. The results were in the order HCO − >Br−>ClO − >Cl−>NO − >SO >B(OH) − and were attributed to the relative strength of the interactions of Fe 2+ with these anions. The strong interactions of Fe 2+ with SO 2− and B(OH) − were used to estimate the stability constants, logβ FeSO 4 = 1.8 ± 0.1 and logβ FeB(OH) 4 = 3.2 ± 0.1, which are in reasonable agreement with literature data.
Disseminated herpes simplex infection in a newborn--treatment with acyclovir.

An eighteen days old neonate with primary disseminated herpes simplex infection (affecting skin, liver, bone marrow and lungs), who received intravenous acyclovir is presented with brief review of literature.
Capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins at neutral pH in capillaries covalently coated with polyethyleneimine

Two procedures for the derivatization of the inner wall of fused-silica capillaries for the analysis of peptides and proteins by capillary electrophoresis (CE) at neutral pH are presented. In the first procedure, polyethyleneimine (PEI) is covalently attached to the capillary wall. In the second procedure, PEI is additionally cross-linked. We present analysis of standard peptides and proteins by CE using the coated capillaries. These coatings will have application for the separation of protein complexes at neutral pH, prior to analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry.
Comparison of pterygium recurrence rates in Hispanic and white patients after primary excision and conjunctival autograft.

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of Hispanic and white ethnicity on the recurrence rates of pterygia after primary excision and conjunctival autograft (CAG) in a southern California population. METHODS A retrospective case-control review comparing 15 Hispanic and 11 white patients with primary nasal pterygia was performed. All participants received pterygium excision with superior limbal CAG by 1 of 3 surgeons and postoperative topical steroids for 2 months. The main outcome measure was recurrence after surgery, defined as fibrovascular tissue over the corneoscleral limbus onto clear cornea in the area of previous pterygium excision. RESULTS Average duration of follow-up in the Hispanic and white groups were 9.3 +/- 9.8 months and 13.0 +/- 10.7 months, respectively (P = 0.39). During this follow-up period, there was a statistically significant difference in the pterygium recurrence rate between the Hispanic patients, 6 of 15 (40%), and the white patients, 0 of 11 (0%) (P = 0.02). The average time to recurrence was 3.4 +/- 1.1 months (range, 1.9-5.0). The difference in average age, male/female composition, and follow-up time between the Hispanic and white patient groups studied was not found to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Hispanic ethnicity is a potentially important risk factor for recurrence of primary pterygia treated with CAG.
Comparison between LaGaO3, LaAlO3, KTaO3, and SrTiO3 substrates for the epitaxial growth of YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films by a “BaF2 process”

Abstract YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x films with thicknesses in the range 60–320 nm were grown on LaGaO 3 , LaAlO 3 , KTaO 3 , and SrTiO 3 single-crystal substrates by coevaporation of Y, Cu, and BaF 2 followed by annealing at 850°C in wet oxygen. Films formed with a thickness of 160 nm or greater on SrTiO 3 , KTaO 3 , and LaGaO 3 exhibited sharp superconducting transitions near T c = 91 K. For films on LaAlO 3 , T c was typically reduced by 6–8 K. For films with a thickness less than 120 nm, the superconducting transition broadens for every film-substrate combination investigated, and T c shifts to lower temperatures with decreasing film thickness.
Simultaneous Use of Other Antimicrobials May Have Influenced Clinical Outcomes

TO THE EDITOR—We would like to commend Dr. Kofteridis and his colleagues for their recent excellent contribution to our understanding of treatment of multidrug-resistant Acintobacter [1]. Their investigation provides important data on the potential benefit of using aerosolized colistin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant organisms [1]. Although Kofteridis et al [1] conclude that the addition of aerosolized colistin did not provide therapeutic benefit, we favor Dr Patterson's interpretation that, “the combination of aerosolized plus intravenous colistin is potentially promising” [2, p. 1246]. Data from this investigation show a clear trend toward therapeutic benefit without a significant incidence of adverse events. In the Methods section, Kofteridis et al [1] comment that they collected data on prior and simultaneous use of antimicrobial agents. There are good data that suggest potential synergism between colistin and other antibiotic agents [3]. However, the use and distribution of simultaneous antimicrobial drugs was not described. Were there differences in antibiotic prescribing patterns between the 2 groups? Did the authors consider a secondary analysis to take into consideration the impact of additional therapy? This type of secondary or subgroup analysis has proven to be valuable in other similar studies [4]. We consider this article to be a timely and important addition to the medical literature. We are interested in seeing additional data, because they may improve our ability to interpret these results.
Hippocampal plasticity during the progression of Alzheimer's disease

Neuroplasticity involves molecular and structural changes in central nervous system (CNS) throughout life. The concept of neural organization allows for remodeling as a compensatory mechanism to the early pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an attempt to maintain brain function and cognition during the onset of dementia. The hippocampus, a crucial component of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit, is affected early in AD and displays synaptic and intraneuronal molecular remodeling against a pathological background of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in the early stages of AD. Here we discuss human clinical pathological findings supporting the concept that the hippocampus is capable of neural plasticity during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD and early stage AD.
Damping capacity of carbon foam

Abstract An experimental measurement of dynamic elastic constants and damping capacity expressed by a loss factor in carbon foams is presented. Sample has been placed in free vibration mount in vacuum. Electromagnetic excitation and optical detection of free vibrations have been used. Elastic modulus and loss factor has been inverted from resonance frequencies and logarithmic decay measurement performed at several (up to 10) normal-mode resonances using Demarest’s theory of cube resonance. For samples under investigation dynamic shear modulus was found to be proportional to sample density and equal to 1 GPa for 0.5 kg/m 3 . Specific damping capacity was equal to 0.004 for 0.3 kg/m 3 foam samples and 0.012 for 0.5 kg/m 3 foam samples that cannot be explained by difference in foam structure and must be caused by difference in properties of the constitutive material. Technical problems, such as the contribution of parasitic damping to the loss factor are discussed in details.
Nonlinear density-matrix equation for the study of finite-temperature soliton dynamics.

The essential ideas of Davydov's theory of molecular solitons are used to develop a variation of the Zwanzig-Nakajima projection technique. The new projection operator is time dependent and contains the feedback characteristic of the soliton dynamic. The result is a nonlinear equation of motion for the reduced density matrix of an exciton interacting cooperatively with its thermal environment. As the simplest approximation to the exact projected equation, we consider briefly a factored density operator which corresponds closely to the ansatz state vector used in wave-function treatments. This simplest approximation may be considered to be a statistical generalization of the Davydov system of evolution equations. A Markovian approximation is then considered which goes beyond the simplest approximation and contributes corrections to the Davydov-type evolution. The terms of the Markovian equation are then examined in the light of known exact results. Arguments for specific modifications of the equation are given. The resulting equation of motion embodies the correct fluctuation-dissipation relation for this system and recovers the known exact results in the transportless limit. Though the concluding equation is semiphenomenological, the equation contains no phenomenological parameters.
A unified method for purification of basic proteins

Protein purification is still very empirical, and a unified method for purifying proteins without an affinity tag is not available yet. In the postgenomic era, functional genomics, however, strongly demands such a method. In this paper we have formulated a unique method that can be applied for purifying any recombinant basic protein from Escherichia coli. Here, we have found that if the pH of the buffer is merely one pH unit below the isoelectric point (pI) of the recombinant proteins, most of the latter bind to the column. This result supports the Henderson-Hasselbalch principle. Considering that E. coli proteins are mostly acidic, and based on the pI determined theoretically, apparently all recombinant basic proteins (at least pI-1 > or = 6.94) may be purified from E. coli in a single step using a cation-exchanger resin, SP-Sepharose, and a selected buffer pH, depending on the pI of the recombinant protein. Approximately, two-fifths of human proteome, including many if not all nucleic acid-interacting proteins, have a pI of 7.94 or higher; virtually all these 12,000 proteins may be purified using this method in a single step.
Copulas for Demand Estimation for Portfolio Reuse Design Decisions

Design for multiple product lifecycles with component reuse potentially improves profitability, customer satisfaction and environmental impact. However, deciding on the scope and the level of detail (granularity) to be considered in the design process can be challenging. Although a comprehensive model that takes into account all important issues would be immensely useful, modeling difficulties and computational intractability prevent their successful implementation. This paper extends the scope of a previously developed design decision tool for determining optimal end-of-lifecycle decisions. The single product case is extended to a product portfolio, which has been shown to capture more demand. Demand is explicitly considered and its modeling is accomplished with the use of copulas. An important result from statistics, Sklar’s theorem, provides a way to use data from existing product sales to estimate demand for currently nonexistent reused products. In addition, effective age calculations are updated. On the computational front, time-continuation and seeding is used for NSGA-II to converge to optima more quickly in the resulting larger problem. A personal computer case study illustrates the effect of different parameters such as portfolio size, the possibility of recycle, and limits on environmental impact (as opposed to mandated take-back).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Teacher Perceptions of Social Behavior in Learning Disabled and Socially Normal Children and Youth

Several writers have argued that teacher perception of the behavior of students affects the interaction between teacher and student. This study attempted to determine if teachers perceive a difference between learning disabled and socially normal students in terms of interpersonal behavior. A total of 534 subjects between the ages of 8 and 15 classified as either learning disabled (LD) or socially normal (SN) were assessed using the Social Performance Survey Schedule. Data analysis included the MANOVA and one-way analysis of variance. The MANOVA indicated differences at the .000 level by category between the LD and SN groups on the positive subscale and on the negative subscale. There were also differences at the .000 level by sex on the positive subscale. There was one significant interaction, on the negative subscale, between sex and category at the .01 level. A one-way ANOVA was used as a follow-up on the MANOVA to identify the individual items contributing to the differences found by the MANOVA. On th...
Pyramidal cells in piriform cortex receive a convergence of inputs from monoamine activated GABAergic interneurons.

Abstract Previously, serotonin (5-HT) was shown to increase inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) in layer II pyramidal cells, and excite a subpopulation of interneurons located on the layer II/III border of piriform cortex in rat in vitro brain slices. In the present study, the effects of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) on these two populations of neurons were examined in brain slices using intracellular and extracellular recordings. All three monoamines increased GABAergic IPSPs in many pyramidal cells; overall, 5-HT was most effective in eliciting IPSPs (58% of cells), followed by NE (45%), then DA (24%). Commonly, pyramidal cells responded with an increase in IPSPs to more than one of the monoamines. The increase in IPSPs was found to include an increase in the frequency of IPSPs present at baseline, as well as recruitment of additional IPSPs of different amplitudes. In interneurons the effects of the monoamines paralleled that which was found for the pyramidal cells. Thus, all three monoamines increased the firing rate of many interneurons; again 5-HT was most effective (56%), followed by NE (51%), then DA (42%). In about 10% of the interneurons the monoamines inhibited cell firing. Interneurons frequently had responses to more than one of the monoamines. The excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonist, kynurenic acid 200–400 μM), spared most 5-HT and NE responses on interneurons, suggesting that these effects were directly mediated. We conclude that IPSPs elicited by monoamines in pyramidal cells result from a convergence of inputs from populations of layer II/III interneurons that are activated by one, two or all three of the monoamines.
Factors affecting the incidence of Down syndrome live births in Illinois from 1989 to 1997

Purpose: Prenatal screening and elective termination are known to reduce the overall incidence of Down syndrome births. To evaluate socioeconomic and other factors that also have effects on incidence, through their association with screening and termination, all live births in Illinois between 1989 and 1997 were studied. Methods: Data sources consisted of the Illinois Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Reporting System (a birth defect registry), statewide birth master files, and United States census data. There were 1,589,125 births evaluated in this study, including 1,747 Down syndrome cases. Logistic regression was performed to model Down syndrome births by maternal age, race, prenatal care, maternal education, urban or rural location of residence, trends over time, per capita income, and other variables. Results: The odds ratios (OR) were significantly increased for maternal age (for all women OR = 1.05 per year; 95% Cl = 1.03-1.07; and for women older than 35 a further OR = 1.01 per year; 95% Cl = 1.01-1.02). Increased risk was also found for whites(OR = 1.28; 95% C1 = 1.12-1.46), Protective effects were found for prenatal care (OR = 0.97 per visit; 95% Cl = 0.96-0.99), education (OR = 0.95 for each year of education attained; 95% Cl = 0.94-0.97), and urban residence (OR = 0.82; 95% Cl = 0.74-0.90). Over time there was a general protective effect (OR = 0.96 for each quarter; 95% Cl = 0.94-0.98). A slight protective effect was found for women over 35 living in higher per capita income areas (OR = 0.99 per year of age; Cl = 0.99-1.00). Conclusion: Variables associated with higher socioeconomic status and urban residence correlated with lower rates of Down syndrome live births. The findings are consistent with studies of usage patterns of prenatal diagnosis and have implications regarding the care provided to women in different socioeconomic circumstances.
Switching characteristics of silicon power-controlled rectifiers: I ¿ Turn-on action

Turn-on time is the time interval required for decreasing the forward voltage occurring across a cell to 10% of its initial value after a gate current is applied. It contains two parts: (1) delay time ? the period needed for the voltage to reduce from 100% to 90%, and (2) rise time ? the period during which the voltage reduces from 90% to 10%.
Dancing the Past into the Present: Ruth St. Denis and Bharatanatyam

L'A. analyse la relation entre la danse Bharatanatyam telle qu'elle etait pratiquee par Rukmini Devi dans son ecole d'art, Kalakshetra, et les danses d'inspiration indienne de Ruth St. Denis, l'une des precurseurs de la danse moderne aux Etats-Unis. Mobilisant la theorie de Richard Schechner sur le comportement restaure (restored behavior), elle met en lumiere une relation etroite entre les methodes utilisees par Rukmini Devi et le travail de Ruth St. Denis. Les deux artistes etait interessees par la reconstruction d'une forme d'art ancienne dans la societe contemporaine. Elles etaient egalement toutes les deux entourees par les medias populaires nord-americains et europeens qui depeignaient l'Orient comme primitif, exotique, et souvent comme un spectacle visuel muet.
Optimal Investment With Undiversifiable Income Risk

This paper treats the problem of consumption and portfolio choice in continuous time, with stochastic income that cannot be replicated by trading the available securities. the optimal controls and value functions are characterized in terms of the viscosity solution of the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, which is shown to exist and is characterized. the optimal policy is then given from the first-order conditions of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.
HIS and the New CLARREO Mission

The High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) aircraft spectrometers have validated the accuracy of IR satellite instruments and helped form a foundation for the CLimate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) benchmark climate mission (NRC Decadal Survey).
Intensity and coherence properties of light in oceanic turbulence

Abstract Using the Rytov method and Belen'kii and Mironov's method of effective beam parameters for strong turbulence regimes, the intensity and coherence properties of a Gaussian beam propagating through the clear-water turbulent ocean are explored. The refractive index fluctuations are described by a recently developed power spectrum combining the effects from both temperature and salinity. Due to the complicated nature of the oceanic turbulence spectrum, the analysis is restricted to numerical computations.
Delaying Pap Test Screening in the Adolescent Population: An Evidence-Based Approach

Cervical cancer screening guidelines have evolved significantly over the past ten years in the adolescent population. The objective of this article is to review the cervical screening guidelines in the adolescent population as well as examine the evidence and studies that support delaying screening until 21 years old. Delaying HPV and Papanicolaou testing until 21 years old is safe and will not increase cervical cancer rates in the adolescent population.