cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indonesia-China Relations: The Politics of Re-engagement

Indonesia’s relations with China, which were resumed in August 1990 after more than two decades of “frozen” relationship, have begun to improve since 1998. By examining three cases—China’s response to the 1997 economic crisis, the May 1998 riots in Indonesia, and the 2004 Tsunami disaster—this chapter argues that recent improvements in bilateral relations have been primarily the function of dramatic changes in Indonesia’s domestic politics. Moreover, China’s changing policy toward Southeast Asia in general and toward the ethnic Chinese issue in particular have also contributed to the creation of an atmosphere of trust and comfort in Jakarta’s reengagement with China. However, the future course of Indonesia-China relations will continue to be subject to the persistence of Indonesia’s domestic ambiguity toward China, emanating from the question of an Indonesian ethnic Chinese minority within Indonesia’s domestic politics and Indonesia’s perceptions of China’s long-term intention and policy in Southeast Asia.
The Development of Social Justice Attitudes and Actions: An Overview of Current Understandings.

This chapter reviews the current theoretical understanding of the development of social justice attitudes and related concepts.
Time and decision making: differential contribution of the posterior insular cortex and the striatum during a delay discounting task

Delay discounting refers to the fact that an immediate reward is valued more than the same reward if it occurs some time in the future. To examine the neural substrates underlying this process, we studied 13 healthy volunteers who repeatedly had to decide between an immediate and parametrically varied delayed hypothetical reward using a delay discounting task during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subject’s preference judgments resulted in different discounting slopes for shorter (<1 year) and for longer (≥1 year) delays. Neural activation associated with the shorter delays relative to the longer delays was associated with increased activation in the head of the left caudate nucleus and putamen. When individuals selected the delayed relative to the immediate reward, a strong activation was found in bilateral posterior insular cortex. Several brain areas including the left caudate nucleus showed a correlation between the behaviorally determined discounting and brain activation for the contrast of intervals with delays <1 and ≥1 year. These results suggest that (1) the posterior insula, which is a critical component of the decision-making neural network, is involved in delaying gratification and (2) the degree of neural activation in the striatum, which plays a fundamental role in reward prediction and in time estimation, may code for the time delay.
Phase I study of sorafenib in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemias

Background Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor with activity against fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 with internal tandem duplication mutation and Raf kinase among others. A phase I dose escalation study of sorafenib was conducted in patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsed or refractory acute leukemias. Design and Methods Fifty patients received one of two different schedules; Schedule “A”: once or twice daily, five days per week, every week for a 21 day cycle, and Schedule “B”: once or twice daily, for 14 days every 21 days. Dose limiting toxicities were grade 3/4 hypertension, hyperbilirubinemia, and amylase elevation. The recommended phase II dose in hematologic malignancies is 400 mg twice daily for both schedules. Results Complete remissions or complete remissions with incomplete recovery of platelets were achieved in 5 (10%) patients (all with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication). Significant reduction in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood blasts was seen in an additional 17 (34%) patients (all with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication). Eleven of these responses (including 3 complete remissions/complete remissions with incomplete recovery) lasted for 2 cycles or beyond. In conclusion, sorafenib is active and well tolerated in acute myelogenous leukemia with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication mutation. Conclusions Additional studies of sorafenib in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, particularly those with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication, are warranted, including sorafenib-based combinations. ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: [NCT00217646][1] ) [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00217646&atom=%2Fhaematol%2F96%2F1%2F62.atom
Dawkins’ godless delusion

A philosophical assessment of Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion, exposing some errors of reasoning that undermine part of the foundation of his atheism. Distinctions between theism, atheism and agnosticism are also provided and explored for their significance to Dawkins’ argument.
BULK COMPRESSION DUE TO SURFACE TENSION IN HARTREE-FOCK, THOMAS-FERMI AND DROPLET-MODEL CALCULATIONS*

Hartree-Fock calculations for hypothetical spherical nuclei with N = Z are carried out without the inclusion of Coulomb interactions, spin-orbit terms or pairing in order to study one simple property of such systems: the bulk compression due to surface tension. We find that the behavior expected from Thomas-Fermi and droplet calculations manifests itself for medium and heavy nuclei, and the relation between microscopic and macroscopic descriptions is further illustrated by carrying the calculations to extremely large mass numbers. Deviations of the lighter nuclei from the simplest form of the macroscopic theory are discussed and various improvements are considered.
Inversion versus migration in two‐dimensional geoelectrical problems

One of the most challenging problems in electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods is developing fast and stable methods of imaging inhomogeneous underground structures using EM data. In our previous publications we developed a novel approach to this problem, using EM migration. In this paper we demonstrate that there is a very close connection between the method of EM migration and the solution of the conventional EM inverse problem. Actually, we show that migration is an approximate inversion. It realizes the first iteration in the inversion algorithm, based on the minimization of the residual field energy flow through the profile of observations. This new theoretical result opens a way for formulating a new electromagnetic imaging condition.
Infrared polarizing reflectarray metasurfaces

An infrared-frequency polarizing reflectarray is designed with a phase-amplitude synthesis method at 4μm wavelength. The proposed phase-amplitude synthesis method is based on the optimization of the axial ratio of the steered beam through the reflection phase and amplitude of reflectarray elements. The proposed reflectarray reradiates an incoming slant linearly polarized wave into a circularly polarized reflected wave with an axial ratio less than 0.8dB in the main beam direction.
Dependence of the pinning force on magnetic fields in type II superconductors

Abstract The surface “barrier”, the diamagnetic magnetization, the residual flux and the critical current of Nb 3 Zr and NbTi wires in transverse fields can all be enhanced by a factor of ≈ 3 by superimposing an axial magnetic field. This enhancement arises mainly because the pinning force density at the surface and in the bulk increases as B n when B ⪡ H Ce with n ≈ 0.7 in Nb 3 Zr.
Adverse selection and growth under IMF programs

The dominant approach to studying the effects of IMF programs has emphasized moral hazard, but we find that adverse selection has more impressive effects. We propose a novel strategic selection model to study the growth effects of IMF programs, which allows for the possibility of adverse selection. We find that adverse selection occurs: the countries that are most interested in participating in IMF programs are the least likely to have favorable growth outcomes. Controlling for this selection effect, we find that countries benefit from IMF programs on average in terms of higher growth rates, but that some countries benefit from participation, while others are harmed. Moral hazard predicts that long-term users of Fund resources benefit least from participating in programs, while adverse selection predicts the opposite. Contrary to previous findings, we find that IMF programs have more successful growth performance among long-term users than among short-term users.
ONLINE DICTIONARY LEARNING OVER DISTRIBUTED MODELS

In this paper, we consider learning dictionary models over a network of agents, where each agent is only in charge of a portion of the dictionary elements. This formulation is relevant in big data scenarios where multiple large dictionary models may be spread over different spatial locations and it is not feasible to aggregate all dictionaries in one location due to communication and privacy considerations. We first show that the dual function of the inference problem is an aggregation of individual cost functions associated with different agents, which can then be minimized efficiently by means of diffusion strategies. The collaborative inference step generates local error measures that are used by the agents to update their dictionaries without the need to share these dictionaries or even the coefficient models for the training data. This is a useful property that leads to an efficient distributed procedure for learning dictionaries over large networks.
Preference for Racial Composition of Groups

Summary The principal aim of the study was to determine what racial balances or proportions blacks and whites prefer in groups. Factors such as group intimacy (e.g., task and size) and the racial proportion from which the group was selected were manipulated in an effort to assess their impact on group member selections. Black (n = 80) and white (n = 80) subjects were asked to select from lists, individuals with whom they would hypothetically like to share a group. Results suggest that whites and blacks prefer different racial balances with whites preferring proportional representation and blacks preferring equity. Black group compositions indicate support for Triandis's hypothesis that increased intimacy heightens the saliency of race. Moreno's concept of “racial saturation point” is offered as a possible explanation for black-white differences in varying group compositions. Finally, black subjects gave significantly greater weight to the attribute of race when making their selections. It is suggested tha...
Desktop research and software connectivity

“Desktop research” encompasses the various tools that a scholar requires in the course of his or her work. The “scholar's workstation” of the future will involve several software packages from a number of developers to accomplish the tasks required in doing research and creating publications. To function effectively, the programs must be able to interact with each other and communicate data. A common user interface will ease the learning of each new addition to the software repertoire. A model workstation is discussed that allows searching of bibliographic databases or library catalogs, the assembly of bibliographies, the ordering and acquisition of documents, as well as the preparation of manuscripts.
Accelerating Soft Error Rate Testing Through Pattern Selection

In this paper we propose a technique for increasing the rate of failure due to soft errors by carefully choosing the patterns for soft-error detection. It is well known that all circuit nodes are not equally vulnerable to soft error. We propose a metric for measuring vulnerability of a node to soft-error. The pattern selection approach constructs a test set to maximize the node vulnerability metric. In order to facilitate scan based application of these tests, we propose a test-per-clock DFT scheme that allows counting of such errors. The test set thus derived is applied repeatedly to accelerate the soft error rate measurement. Acceleration reported for this technique over random pattern testing on ISCAS-85 benchmarks ranges from 5X to infinity.
Sutureless End‐to‐End bowel anastomosis using Nd:YAG and water‐soluble intralurninal stent

Sutureless end-to-end intestinal anastomoses were successfully constructed in 20 rabbits. A water-soluble intraluminal stent was used to approximate the tissue edges, and the anastomotic seam was lased with 1.06 microns neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser energy supplied through a hand-held 600-microns gas-cooled noncontact optical fiber. A continuous 5-watt wave of power was applied over periods ranging from 46 to 92 seconds to produce the tissue blanching and shrinkage that indicated a satisfactory tissue weld. Integrity, degree of tissue reaction, and bursting pressures of the anastomoses were compared to those of anastomoses constructed using standard sutured techniques. The results of the two methods were equivalent at 1 to 3 days, but the laser-fused enteric anastomoses showed less inflammatory reaction and greater bursting pressures at 7 and 14 days. Application of a variety of proteinaceous solutions including extracellular matrix materials and epidermal growth factors prior to lasing failed to augment wound healing. We conclude that lasers show promise as reconstructive, in addition to ablative, surgical instruments.
San Jose Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae): Simulation of Seasonal Phenology in North Carolina Orchards

Orchard temperatures and pheromone trap catch data and crawler hatch data for nine orchard-years were used to validate the accuracy of physiological time models in simulating the time intervals for one generation between male flight peaks, and crawler peaks, as well as the interval between male flight peaks and crawler peaks (embryonic development) of four seasonal generations of the San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) in North Carolina orchards. Linear (degree-days) models simulated within ±1 wk the interval for all male flight peaks between overwintering and F1 generations, while a nonlinear model simulated within ±1 wk all but one male flight peak between overwintering and F1 generations. The models were less accurate for simulating intervals of flight peaks between F1 to F2 and F2 to F3 generations. Likewise, model simulations of the time interval for one generation between crawler hatch peaks, and the time required for embryonic development, were more accurate for F1 and F2 than F3 and F4 generations. Simulation results of the linear and nonlinear models were similar with 40 of the 49 simulations comparing linear versus nonlinear models not differing by more than 6 d of each other. Validation of the models for San Jose scale was complicated in one apple orchard by the presence of Forbes scale, Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson).
Role of gemcitabine in breast cancer management: an update.

Anthracyclines and the taxanes are now used earlier in the course of therapy for metastatic breast cancer, and increasingly as part of adjuvant treatment. Accordingly, novel therapies are warranted, including alternatives to anthracyclines and combination strategies in the setting of disease resistance to or disease progression after anthracycline and taxane therapy. Gemcitabine is part of this strategy. The gemcitabine/paclitaxel combination has emerged as part of a new standard of combination therapy for advanced breast cancer, based on phase III data showing superiority of this combination over paclitaxel alone in the first-line therapy setting. Gemcitabine alone, or in combination with paclitaxel and other agents, is also undergoing evaluation in other settings including the refractory metastatic setting, as part of management of patients with HER2-positive disease, and also as part of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
Transfer Pricing in a Multi-Product Environment

This paper develops a simple model of a decentralized multi-product firm in which transfer pricing is used to co-ordinate the activities of its constituent divisions. Two goods are produced in a single facility and the accounting system provides the full cost for each based on a rule in which overhead costs are allocated in proportion to direct labor costs. The study compares the performance of some commonly used transfer pricing (TP) policies with respect to level as well as efficiency of production. The policies studied are Actual Cost-Based TP (ACTP), Standard Cost-Based TP (SCTP), and a hybrid TP policy based on both standard and actual costs. It is shown that under ACTP managers may have incentives to “pad” as well as misallocate costs deliberately to maximize their divisional incomes, while under SCTP there is over-reporting of costs leading to under-production. In general, neither policy achieves the first-best level of production or profit. ACTP yields higher profits to the firm than SCTP if the internally transferred good is the primary good produced by the firm. The hybrid policy eliminates some of the production inefficiencies associated with ACTP as well as the over-reporting problems associated with SCTP, resulting in a higher profit to the firm than can be achieved using either policy alone.
Kinetics of ion-induced ripple formation on Cu(001) surfaces

We have used low energy ion beams to spontaneously create patterns (sputter ripples) on Cu(001) surfaces. The evolution of the ripple amplitude and wavelength was measured in situ by using light scattering. At the temperatures $(415--455\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ and ion fluxes $({10}^{14}--{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{ions}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ studied, the ripple formation process is found to be similar to that described by the Bradley-Harper instability theory, i.e., the wavelength does not change appreciably with time, the orientation is determined by the ion beam direction and the amplitude increases exponentially during the early stages of growth. The flux dependence of the growth rate and wavelength is measured to determine the kinetics of defect production and annihilation on the surface.
Dynamical mean-field theory and electronic structure calculations

We formulate the dynamical mean field theory directly in the continuum. For a given definition of the local Green's function, we show the existence of a unique functional, whose stationary point gives the physical local Green's function of the solid. We present the diagrammatic rules to calculate it perturbatively in the interaction. Inspired by the success of dynamical mean field calculations for model Hamiltonian systems, we present approximations to the exact saddle point equations which may be used in the strong coupling regime, by using mappings onto generalized quantum impurity models.
Aplications Of Neural Networks In The Controller Design

In this paper, the applications of neural networks for the design of learning controllers are discussed. It is argued that the usual error back propagation (EBP) algorithm cannot be readily used for the training of neural controllers. Instead, in order to ensure the convergence of the training process and the stability of the closed-loop system, a stability approach must be taken to derive a learning algorithm. We use Liapunov's stability approach to develop a learning rule for neural network controllers that would guarantee the stability of the training process under mild conditions, These controllers do not require a priori information about the plant dynamics. The designed controller is then used for the control of robots.
Rate, Age, and Criteria for Disposal in a Herd of Registered Jersey Cattle

Abstract Reasons for disposal of dairy cattle from a registered Jersey herd established in 1887, noted for high production, on supervised herd test since 1929, and classified annually since 1938, were analyzed for the period, 1948 to October, 1963. Average size of the milking herd was 108.4 cows. Sixty-seven per cent of the 854 females, exclusive of free-martins, born during the period lived to enter the milking herd. Stillbirths and early post-natal mortality accounted for 23.3% of the disposals. Sterility, undesirable type and unthriftiness, and pedigree were the major reasons for disposal of heifers between six and 24 months of age, accounting for 42.7, 35.3, and 9.8% of the reasons for disposal in this age group, respectively. Five hundred and three milking cows were culled; annual disposal rate, 29%. The culled cows included 13 Excellent, 192 Very Good, 177 Good Plus, 26 Good, and 95 Unclassified. Criteria for disposal were: low production, 7.7%; sterility, 4.2%; mastitis, 4.1%; other diseases, 3.9%; type, 3.0%; age, 1.2%, and 4.9% were sold for dairy purposes. Average age in years and number of lactations completed by all cows at time of disposal were 6.79 and 3.43, respectively.
The translation of isolated cold eddies on a sloping bottom

A two-layer analytical model is considered to examine the dynamics of cold isolated patches on the ocean floor. Such patches have been observed in the North Atlantic Ocean and are characterized by a bounding interface that intersects the bottom along a closed curve. They correspond, therefore, to isolated anticyclonic eddies with a lens-like cross section. The model incorporates steady movements resulting from the swirl velocity within the eddy and a topographically-induced translation. The movements are assumed to be frictionless and nondiffusive but are not restricted to be quasigeostrophic in the sense that the Rossby number is not necessarily small. For steady motions, analytical solutions are obtained using the full equations of motion in a coordinate system moving with the eddy itself. A uniformly sloping bottom causes a steady translation at 90° to the right of the downhill direction. Thus, the model predicts that an anticyclonic eddy on the ocean floor will migrate along lines of constant depth. Suprisingly, the predicted translation speed depends only on the gravitational acceleration, the density difference between the layers, the Coriolis parameter, and the bottom slope. It is independent of the intensity, size, and depth of the eddy. For the range of parameters typical for the deep ocean, the predicted translation speed is 5 to 10 cm s−1. It is estimated that isolated eddies on the ocean floor may be able to carry temperature anomalies for a few thousand kilometers away from their origin.
Improvement of the use of MSG and GOES data in the NCEP GDAS

Infrared (IR) observations from Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)-2 satellite are assimilated into NCEP global data assimilation system (GDAS). The assimilation of current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager data was also reinvestigated. The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) was used as observation operator for the assimilation of SEVIRI radiance observations. The CRTM was enhanced with several critical components for IR radiance assimilation, such as a dynamically-updated land surface emissivity data, as well as fast and accurate gaseous absorption modules. The Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) calibration corrections were applied to improve the simulation of SEVIRI and GOES Imager radiances. Preliminary results show that inclusions of the SEVIRI radiances at water vapor channels (6.25 and 7.35 micron) and CO2 channel (13.4 micron) in Global Forecast System (GFS) produced significant positive impacts on the six-day forecasts. Assimilation of other five SEVIRI IR window channels in GFS reduces the positive impact. By applying GSICS calibration algorithm to correct SEVIRI and GOES-12 Imager observations biases, the impacts on GFS forecast were improved. Further studies are being carried out to improve the effective assimilation of SEVIRI IR window channels radiances.
Exploring the hedonic value of ambient water quality: A local watershed-based study

Abstract Non-point source water pollution of local watersheds can result from various sources but is tied most closely to runoff from impervious surfaces associated with development activities such as roadways, parking lots and large commercial structures. This research investigates the value of ambient water quality as measured by data from twenty-two monitoring stations located throughout a local watershed in Maryland; the St. Mary's River watershed. A hedonic property value model is used to investigate the marginal implicit values of the following water quality variables: total suspended solids and dissolved inorganic nitrogen. The econometric results indicate the marginal implicit prices associated with a one milligram per liter change in total suspended solids and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, are $− 1086 and $− 17,642, respectively.
Transthyretin Pro55, a variant associated with early-onset, aggressive, diffuse amyloidosis with cardiac and neurologic involvement.

Mutations in the protein transthyretin cause amyloidosis involving the heart, peripheral nerves, and other organs. A family from West Virginia developed an unusually aggressive form of widespread transthyretin amyloidosis. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed a variant in the transthyretin gene, which was found on sequencing to be a T→C transversion at position 2 of codon 55, corresponding to a Leu→ Pro substitution. The variant sequence was confirmed by restriction analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-primer introduced restriction analysis.
Review of Bruce Waller, Against Moral Responsibility

In Against Moral Responsibility, Bruce Waller argues that human beings are not morally responsible. This may sound like a startling claim, but determinists have long argued that biological and envi...
"...and a Japanese wife." Social structural antecedents of women's role values in Japan

Japanese women were asked to rank the relative importance they place on the role of wife, mother, woman, and person as well as the relative importance they believe their husbands place on similar male roles. Also asked were questions on the qualities of a good wife, the tone of interpersonal relationships with husbands, and the division of household responsibilities. Findings support the hypothesis that social structural variables related to environmental complexity result in an emphasis on individuality. Furthermore, although the Japanese wife's uncomplaining acceptance of household chores and responsibilities appears to make her fit the stereotype of the selfless domestic desirous of filling her husband's every wish, she seems to be more a disinterested than a willing servant, her husband being nowhere as important a factor in her social and psychological existence as are her children.
Analysis of durability in replicated distributed storage systems

In this paper, we investigate the roles of replication vs. repair to achieve durability in large-scale distributed storage systems. Specifically, we address the fundamental questions: How does the lifetime of an object depend on the degree of replication and rate of repair, and how is lifetime maximized when there is a constraint on resources? In addition, in real systems, when a node becomes unavailable, there is uncertainty whether this is temporary or permanent; we analyze the use of timeouts as a mechanism to make this determination. Finally, we explore the importance of memory in repair mechanisms, and show that under certain cost conditions, memoryless systems, which are inherently less complex, perform just as well.
WISC-R and K-ABC comparison for matched samples of black and white children

Abstract The present study examined the performance of matched pairs of black and white fourth and fifth grade males and females on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). A total of 86 whites (40 males and 46 females) and 86 blacks (40 males and 46 females) were individually matched on age, gender, school, and socioeconomic status. The scores are as follows: the mean WISC-R Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) for blacks was 92.3 ( SD =11.6) and for whites was 101.3 ( SD =11.6) and the mean K-ABC Mental Processing Composite score (MPC) for blacks was 91.5 ( SD =10.1) and for whites was 97.5 ( SD =10.6). These findings suggest that black children will likely earn very similar WISC-R FSIQ and K-ABC MPC mean scores. Additionally, Kaufman and Kaufman's conclusion that use of the K-ABC reduces the difference between black and white levels of intelligence by one half in comparison with values found using the WISC-R was not supported.
Improving the quality of coded still images by postprocessing

Coding techniques, such as JPEG and MPEG, result in visibly degraded images at high compression. The coding artifacts are strongly correlated with image features and result in objectionable structured errors. Among structured errors, the reduction of the end of block effect in JPEG encoding has received recent attention, with advantage being taken of the known location of block boundaries. However, end of block errors are not apparent in subband or wavelet coded images. Even for JPEG coding, end of block errors are not perceptible for moderate compression, while other artifacts are still quite apparent and disturbing. In previous work, we have shown that the quality of images can be in general improved by analysis based processing and interpolation. In this paper, we present a new approach that addresses the reduction of the end of block errors as well as other visible artifacts that persist at high image quality. We demonstrate that a substantial improvement of image quality is possible by analysis based post-processing.
Activity Rhythms and Adiurnal Light-Dark Control

The running-wheel activity pattern of mature male rats was successfully synchronized to light-dark cycles as long as 48 hours and as short as 16 hours. Even after 6 months' exposure to "days" longer than the normal 24 hours, the animals returned promptly to circadian rhythmicity when placed under freerunning conditions of continuous dark. That such rhythms also reappeared when the light condition of the 36-hour cycle was reduced from 660 to 33 lumens per square meter suggests that brightness may be the critical factor in the unexpectedly broad range of entrainment demonstrated.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF DRUGS: ADVANCES IN DETERMINATION, PREDICTION AND ENGINEERING

Most marketed pharmaceuticals consist of molecular crystals. The arrangement of the molecules in a crystal determines its physical properties and, in certain cases, its chemical properties, and so greatly influences the processing and formulation of solid pharmaceuticals, as well as key drug properties such as dissolution rate and stability. A thorough understanding of the relationships between physical structures and the properties of pharmaceutical solids is therefore important in selecting the most suitable form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient for development into a drug product. In this article, we review the different crystal forms of pharmaceuticals, the challenges that they present and recent advances in crystal structure determination. We then discuss computational approaches for predicting crystal properties. Finally, we review the analysis of crystal structures in furthering crystal engineering to design novel pharmaceutical compounds with desired physical and mechanical properties.
Differences between Experienced and Inexperienced Teachers' Planning Decisions, Interactions, Student Engagement, and Instructional Climate

This study focused on the differences between experienced and inexperienced physical education teachers' approaches to planning, low inference indicators of teaching behavior during instruction, and global variables from the Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. It was found experienced teachers asked many more questions before they began planning than did inexperienced teachers. Experienced teachers' plans reflected a concern about contingencies that might arise during instruction, whereas inexperienced teachers' plans did not. Interaction analysis and codings of student engagement showed marked differences between experienced and inexperienced teachers. Judging the qualities of experienced and inexperienced teachers also showed important differences. These sources of data are interrelated and give a vivid picture of how experienced and inexperienced teachers differ in accomplishment of instruction. The findings are discussed in terms of what they may mean for teacher development programs.
Hyperbolically discounted temporal difference learning

Hyperbolic discounting of future outcomes is widely observed to underlie choice behavior in animals. Additionally, recent studies (Kobayashi & Schultz, 2008) have reported that hyperbolic discounting is observed even in neural systems underlying choice. However, the most prevalent models of temporal discounting, such as temporal difference learning, assume that future outcomes are discounted exponentially. Exponential discounting has been preferred largely because it can be expressed recursively, whereas hyperbolic discounting has heretofore been thought not to have a recursive definition. In this letter, we define a learning algorithm, hyperbolically discounted temporal difference (HDTD) learning, which constitutes a recursive formulation of the hyperbolic model.
SU‐FF‐I‐37: A Comparison of Full‐Field Digital and Screen‐Film Mammography Dose

Purpose: To determine whether mammograms acquired with a full‐field digital mammography (FFDM) unit using automatic exposure control (AEC) reduce patient radiation dose and exposure time as compared to screen‐film mammograms.Method and Materials: Exposure techniques and mean glandular dose (MGD) for FFDM and screen‐film mammography was compared for breast tissue equivalent attenuation slabs of varying thickness (2–8 cm) and glandular content (0–100%). FFDM images were acquired with a Lorad Selenia unit with AEC set to the manufacturer's recommended levels. Screen‐film mammograms were acquired with a Lorad M‐IV unit and Kodak Min‐R 2000 screen‐film system with AEC adjusted for an ACR accreditation phantom optical density of 1.8 OD. In addition, a patient survey including 150 mammograms compared the FFDM exposure techniques and MGD with the patient's corresponding screen‐film mammogram acquired 1 year prior. A 50% glandular tissue content was assumed. Results: For breast tissue equivalent attenuation slabs 4 cm thick or more, FFDM AEC was found to call for higher x‐ray beam energy exposures than screen‐film, resulting in lower MGD (mean 40%) and exposure time (mean 50%). Below 4 cm, FFDM kVp was lower than screen‐film, causing higher MGD (mean 15%) and exposure time (mean 20%). For the patient survey, FFDM resulted in a significantly lower MGD (mean 35%) and exposure time (mean 52%) than the corresponding screen‐film mammogram. Similar to the attenuation slabs, the FFDM dose and exposure time were generally higher than screen‐film for 2–4 cm compressed breast thickness and lower than screen‐film for 4 cm and above. Conclusion: FFDM using manufacturer's recommended dose settings results in significant dose reduction as compared to screen‐film mammography, particularly for 4 cm compressed breast thickness and above.
Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties

This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.
Construction of chimeric bovine viral diarrhea viruses containing glycoprotein Erns of heterologous pestiviruses and evaluation of the chimeras as potential marker vaccines against BVDV

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections are enzootic in the cattle population and continue to cause significant economic losses to the beef and dairy industries worldwide. Extent of the damages has stimulated increasing interest in control programs directed at eradicating BVDV infections. Use of a BVDV marker vaccine would facilitate eradication efforts as a negatively marked vaccine would enable differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). We describe here the construction of three chimeric BVDVs containing glycoprotein E(rns) of heterologous pestiviruses and the evaluation of the chimera viruses as potential marker vaccines against BVDV infections. Chimeric NADL/G-E(rns), NADL/R-E(rns), and NADL/P-E(rns) were constructed by replacing the E(rns) gene of the full-length BVDV (NADL strain) genome with the E(rns) genes of giraffe (G-E(rns)), reindeer (R-E(rns)), or pronghorn antelope (P-E(rns)) pestiviruses, respectively. Each chimeric NADL virus was viable and infectious in RD 420 (bovine testicular) and BK-6 (bovine kidney) cells. By immunohistochemistry assays, NADL/G-E(rns) and NADL/R-E(rns) chimeric viruses reacted to BVDV E(rns) specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 15C5, whereas the NADL/P-E(rns) chimeric virus did not. In an animal vaccination study, inactivated vaccines made from two chimeric viruses and the wild type NADL BVDV induced similar neutralizing antibody responses. NADL/P-E(rns)-vaccinated animals were distinguished from animals vaccinated with the wild type virus by means of a companion serological DIVA assay. These results show that chimeric NADL/P-E(rns) virus containing the E(rns) gene of pronghorn antelope pestivirus could be a potential marker vaccine candidate for use in a BVDV control and eradication program.
Superconducting transitions from the pseudogap state: d -wave symmetry, lattice, and low-dimensional effects

We investigate the behavior of the superconducting transition temperature within a previously developed BCS Bose-Einstein crossover picture. This picture, based on a decoupling scheme of Kadanoff and Martin, further extended by Patton, can be used to derive a simple form for the superconducting transition temperature in the presence of a pseudogap. We extend previous work which addressed the case of s-wave pairing in jellium, to explore the solutions for ${T}_{c}$ as a function of variable coupling in more physically relevant situations. We thereby ascertain the effects of reduced dimensionality, periodic lattices, and a d-wave pairing interaction. Implications for the cuprate superconductors are discussed.
ALVEOLAR TYPE II CELL (TII) SYNTHESIS OF SATURATED PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (SPC) IS DELAYED BY ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ANDROGENS IN THE FETAL RAT IN VIVO

Incorporation of 3H-choline into 3H-SPC by slices of whole fetal rat lung is lower in males than in females at 20 days gestation (day 0= mating) (Torday and Dow, 1982), leading to the hypothesis that androgens delay fetal rat lung T II maturation. A marker for T II maturation, de novo synthesis of SPC by purified T IIs, is observed to more than double between days 19 and 21 in the developing fetal rat lung. The rate of increase has been observed to be equal in males and females, but the onset of tins increase is delayed in males, such that incorporation of 3H-choline into SPC is 30% less in males on day 20 and 21, though not different on day 19. To test the hypothesis that exogenous androgens delay T II maturation, time-mated Sprague- Dawley rats were injected with 1 mgAg of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) daily from day 14 to sacrifice. Purified T IIs from DHT-treated animals showed decreased 3H-choline incorporation into 3H-SPC, and lower SPC par T II. These data suggest endogenous and exogenous androgens delay the onset of fetal rat lung type II cell maturation in vivo. Supported by NIH SCOR HL34616, and a Canadian Lung Assoc. Fellowship.
Postmodernism and the construction of ethnocultural identity: The Jewish‐Indian theory and the lost tribes of Israel

Ten of the original 12 tribes that comprised the ancient Hebrew people disappeared from conventional history and other secular annals in 722 B.C.E., when the Northern Kingdom of Israel was overrun by the Assyrians and its people sent into exile. However, sacred histories and biblical prophecies held that the 10 Lost Tribes would be reunited with their tribal brethren descended from the Southern Kingdom of Judea in the coming messianic age. A quest for the descendants of the lost tribes has begun many times, usually associated with the resolution of immediate, local, secular, or sacred issues that emerged in a particular era and at a particular place. Various peoples (e.g., the Falasha of Ethiopia, the Lemba of Zimbabwe, the Pachucans of Mexico, the imperial family of Japan, the British Israelites) have proclaimed themselves to be, or have been designated as, the saving remnants of the lost tribes. Among these are the aborigines of Ecuador, Florida, western Georgia, and New England, each group of which has...
The Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase reaction: catalytic mechanism, specificity and inhibition

The Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni promotes the conversion of Δ5-3-ketosteroids to the α,β-conjugated 3-ketosteroids by an unusual intramolecular rearrangement involving a cis, cis diaxial proton transfer from the 4β- to the 6β-position. The enzyme is available as a pure protein in two crystalline forms of known unit cell dimensions and crystallographic symmetry (monoclinic and hexagonal). The amino acid sequence of the protomer has been established. Many lines of evidence suggest a mechanism of isomerization involving an enolic intermediate and the participation of an acidic and a basic group of the enzyme in the catalytic process. Single histidyl and aspartyl residues may be involved in the isomerization process and a mechanism for their participation is proposed. Certain β,γ-acetylenic 5,10-seco-3-ketosteroids are converted by the isomerase to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated allene(s) which irreversibly inactivate the enzyme. A partial purification of the soluble isomerase of rat liver has been achieved. These preparations are profoundly and specifically activated by reduced glutathione. The precise mechanism of this effect remains to be established.
Chronic Heart Failure: Contemporary Diagnosis and Management

Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains the only cardiovascular disease with an increasing hospitalization burden and an ongoing drain on health care expenditures. The prevalence of CHF increases with advancing life span, with diastolic heart failure predominating in the elderly population. Primary prevention of coronary artery disease and risk factor management via aggressive blood pressure control are central in preventing new occurrences of left ventricular dysfunction. Optimal therapy for CHF involves identification and correction of potentially reversible precipitants, target-dose titration of medical therapy, and management of hospitalizations for decompensation. The etiological phenotype, absolute decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and a widening of QRS duration on electrocardiography, is commonly used to identify patients at increased risk of progression of heart failure and sudden death who may benefit from prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy. Patients who transition to advanced stages of disease despite optimal traditional medical and device therapy may be candidates for hemodynamically directed approaches such as a left ventricular assist device; in selected cases, listing for cardiac transplant may be warranted.
Sub-Doppler optical frequency reference at 1064 µm by means of ultrasensitive cavity-enhanced frequency modulation spectroscopy of a C_2HD overtone transition

Using our cavity-enhanced frequency modulation technique, we obtained the saturated signal of the weakly absorbing gas C2HD for the P(5) line of the (ν2 + 3ν3) overtone band at 1.064 μm. An absorption sensitivity of 1.2 × 10−10 (1.8 × 10−12/cm) has been obtained. The absolute frequency of the line center is established (within ±2.6 kHz) with respect to a doubled Nd:YAG laser/I2 frequency reference. The short-term stability, limited by the available signal-to-noise ratio, currently is 1 × 10−11 at 1 s, improving to 5 × 10−13 at 1000 s. The measured pressure-broadening rate is 34.7(0.8) kHz/mTorr (260 ± 6.1 kHz/Pa). Selection of slow molecules gave a linewidth four times narrower than the room-temperature transit-time limit.
Towards deep tissue imaging by time-reversal optical phase conjugation techniques

We recently demonstrated that it is possible to use optical phase conjugation as a means to time reverse the scattering of light through biological tissue 1. This newly observed phenomenon, termed turbidity suppression by optical phase conjugation (TSOPC), can potentially be adapted for numerous biophotonics applications, such as coherent deep optical imaging of tissue, enhanced light delivery for photodynamic therapy and high sensitivity absorption spectrum measurements. In this talk, we shall report on our recent findings and discuss the potential applications.
The relation of the perceived environment to fear, physical activity, and health in public housing developments: evidence from Chicago

Within the realm of active living in urban neighborhoods in the United States, only a few studies have addressed the factors that promote or inhibit active living among residents in public housing. This paper examines the environmental and interpersonal factors associated with active living and health in public housing. We specifically examine the environmental predictors of fear of crime, and whether fear is related to moderate physical activity, and in turn, health and obesity. The analysis drew upon data from a sample of 328 African-American residents living in two severely distressed public housing developments in 2007. Structural equation modeling was used to calculate a path model of direct and indirect effects. Perceptions of violence were positively associated with fear, and both fear and physical activity predicted health. However, neither fear nor physical activity was associated with obesity. We discuss the implications of these findings for improving the quality of life of disadvantaged residents living in high-crime neighborhoods.
A fluorescent assay for proteolytic enzymes.

Abstract A method is described which permits the assay of proteolytic enzyme activity on protein substrates without precipitation or filtration steps, utilizing a fluorescent reagent which is specific for primary amines. The assay is about 100 times more sensitive than the Lowry method, much faster and less complicated. Ambiguities concerning the absorbing species are largely eliminated. The reagent (Fluorescamine, Hoffmann-La Roche RO-20-7234) yields fluorescent compounds with amino acids at pH 9.0 and with peptides at pH 6.8, but possesses no fluorescence by itself.
Reductive Elimination from Metal Phosphonate Complexes: Circumvention of Competing Protonolysis Reactions

The formation of MeP(O)(OPh)2 by reductive elimination from L2PdMe(P(O)(OPh)2) species has been investigated. The electronic and steric effects of the supporting ligands were investigated by studying reductive elimination reactions from a series of discrete complexes containing nitrogen- and phosphorus-based ligands. The P(O)−C(sp3) bond-forming reaction is slow when the intermediate species contains bidentate nitrogen ligands or small basic monodentate phosphines. Analogous complexes bearing large bite angle diphosphines such as dppf and Xantphos undergo reductive elimination at ambient temperature. The rate of MeP(O)(OPh)2 formation by reductive elimination from (dppf)PdMe(P(O)(OPh)2) is not affected by the identity or concentration of added ligand (excess dppf or PPh3), suggesting that the reductive elimination occurs from a four- or three-coordinate intermediate. When the rate of reductive elimination is slow, protonolysis reactions between L2PdMe(P(O)(OPh)2) intermediates and HP(O)(OPh)2 leads to the...