cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
8. Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” American Political Science Review 89 (September): 634–47 Cited 398 times.

Much as we would like to believe that the high citation count for this article is due to the brilliance and clarity of our argument, it is more likely that the count is due to our being in the right place (that is, the right part of the discipline) at the right time. In the 1960s and 1970s, serious quantitative analysis was used primarily in the study of American politics. But since the 1980s it has spread to the study of both comparative politics and international relations. In comparative politics we see in the 20 most cited Review articles Hibbs's (1977) and Cameron's (1978) quantitative analyses of the political economy of advanced industrial societies; in international relations we see Maoz and Russett's (1993) analysis of the democratic peace; and these studies have been followed by myriad others. Our article contributed to the methodology for analyzing what has become the principal type of data used in the study of comparative politics; a related article (Beck, Katz, and Tucker 1998), which has also had a good citation history, dealt with analyzing this type of data with a binary dependent variable, data heavily used in conflict studies similar to that of Maoz and Russett's. Thus the citations to our methodological discussions reflect the huge amount of work now being done in the quantitative analysis of both comparative politics and international relations.
Multipath and precorrelation filtering effect on GPS noncoherent early-minus-late power discriminators

The performance of GPS delay lock loop (DLL) can be greatly compromised by multipath. This paper considers the effects of multipath on the GPS receiver. It evaluates the DLL performance in terms of the tracking error of the noncoherent early-minus-late power discriminator. We discuss the effect of precorrelation filter bandwidth on the autocorrelation function of the GPS spreading code and subsequently, on the DLL signal tracking. The tracking error, which is influenced by the precorrelation filter bandwidth, is analyzed
Serum Folate but Not Vitamin B-12 Concentrations Are Positively Associated with Cognitive Test Scores in Children Aged 6–16 Years

Folate and vitamin B-12 are important for nervous system functioning at all ages, with important roles in functions such as neurotransmitter synthesis. Although studies suggest a relation between folate and vitamin B-12 and cognitive function in the elderly population, there is relatively less evidence regarding these vitamins and children's cognitive function. The purpose of the study was to examine the associations of serum folate and vitamin B-12 with cognitive performance in children 6-16 y old in the NHANES III, conducted from 1988 to 1994, prior to the implementation of folic acid fortification. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data on 5365 children 6-16 y old from NHANES III. Serum folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations were measured, along with performance, on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Associations of B vitamins with cognitive performance were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for various covariates. Higher serum concentrations of folate were associated with higher reading and block design scores after adjusting for various covariates. For example, compared with the lowest quartile of folate, children in the highest quartile scored 3.28 points or 0.19 SD units higher on the reading test (P < 0.05). Vitamin B-12 was not associated with any of the test scores. In the largest study to date, higher folate concentrations were associated with better reading and block design scores. These associations appear to be biologically plausible and merit further study.
A real-time prototype for small-vocabulary audio-visual ASR

We present a prototype for the automatic recognition of audio-visual speech, developed to augment the IBM ViaVoice/spl trade/ speech recognition system. Frontal face, full frame video is captured through a USB 2.0 interface by means of an inexpensive PC camera, and processed to obtain appearance-based visual features. Subsequently, these are combined with audio features, synchronously extracted from the acoustic signal, using a simple discriminant feature fusion technique. On the average, the required computations utilize approximately 67% of a Pentium/spl trade/ 4, 1.8 GHz processor, leaving the remaining resources available to hidden Markov model based speech recognition. Real-time performance is there- fore achieved for small-vocabulary tasks, such as connected-digit recognition. In the paper, we discuss the prototype architecture based on the ViaVoice engine, the basic algorithms employed, and their necessary modifications to ensure real-time performance and causality of the visual front end processing. We benchmark the resulting system performance on stored videos against prior research experiments, and we report a close match between the two.
Cell Entry of Borna Disease Virus Follows a Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Pathway That Requires Rab5 and Microtubules

Borna disease virus (BDV), the prototypic member of the Bornaviridae family within the order Mononegavirales, exhibits high neurotropism and provides an important and unique experimental model system for studying virus-cell interactions within the central nervous system. BDV surface glycoprotein (G) plays a critical role in virus cell entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis, and therefore, G is a critical determinant of virus tissue and cell tropism. However, the specific cell pathways involved in BDV cell entry have not been determined. Here, we provide evidence that BDV uses a clathrin-mediated, caveola-independent cell entry pathway. We also show that BDV G-mediated fusion takes place at an optimal pH of 6.0 to 6.2, corresponding to an early-endosome compartment. Consistent with this finding, BDV cell entry was Rab5 dependent but Rab7 independent and exhibited rapid fusion kinetics. Our results also uncovered a key role for microtubules in BDV cell entry, whereas the integrity and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton were not required for efficient cell entry of BDV.
The Interface Between Dangerous Offender Sentencing and Psychiatry

Many violent and sexual offenders are mentally disordered or will develop mental disorders while serving their sentence. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 introduced major changes to the sentencing of 'dangerous offenders'. The disposal given to these offenders has implications for subsequent clinical management in secure mental health units, prison and, ultimately, in the community, particularly when it is an indeterminate sentence. This paper argues that the Act also has implications for psychiatric evidence submitted to the courts in such cases. The changes appear to carry significant resource implications too, especially for community forensic psychiatry.
The beneficial effects of dichloroacetate in acute limb ischemia

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dichloroacetate (DCA) in acute limb ischemia. Methods: Anterior tibialis muscle samples of DCA-treated and control animals (Sprague Dawley rats) were collected and assayed for pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, lactate, adenosine triphosphate, and creatine phosphate using spectrophotometry. A physiograph was used to measure fatigability. In an ischemia/reperfusion model using New Zealand rabbits, serum lactate and end-tidal CO2 were compared. Skeletal muscle was evaluated microscopically for muscle necrosis. Results: DCA administration resulted in a 50% increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (p = 0.025), reversal of the increase in lactate levels seen during acute limb ischemia (p = 0.41), a significant increase in the time to skeletal muscle fatigue (p = 0.05), a trend toward increased adenosine triphosphate (p = 0.07), and a significant increase in creatine phosphate (p < 0.02). DCA treatment resulted in a decrease in serum...
Microbic Interactions in the Gnotobiotic Mouse

It is axiomatic that the microflora associated with animal life, including man, may be vital to the well-being of the host and that disturbances in the intermicrobial equilibrium could become detrimental to health. Long term confinement of man or animals in a sealed-off environment could cause a disturbance in the microbial equilibrium and possibly result in the elimination of beneficial organisms, the build up of pathogens, or both. Microbial exchanges among individuals in a closed environment could transfer potential pathogens from a nonsymptomatic carrier host to a susceptible recipient. The study of the above relationships in man or in conventionally-reared animals is quite complex because of the diversity and largely unknown nature of the microbial flora. Therefore, attempts have been made to establish experimental models whereby gnotobiotic mice, bearing only known, purposely introduced microorganisms can be studied in terms of interorganism compatibilities and incompatibilities. Attempts have also been made to manipulate these interflora relationships via dietary means.
Chiral three-dimensional lattices with tunable Poisson’s ratio

Chiral three-dimensional cubic lattices are developed with rigid cubical nodules and analyzed via finite element analysis. The lattices exhibit geometry dependent Poisson's ratio that can be tuned to negative values. Poisson's ratio tends to zero as the cubes become further apart. The lattices exhibit stretch–twist coupling. Such coupling cannot occur in a classical elastic continuum but it can occur in a chiral Cosserat solid.
Optical Diagnostics Options for Bismuth Hall Thrusters

*† A bismuth-fed Hall thruster has recently been selected for further development as a potential solution for faster missions to the outer planets. With higher efficiency and higher power handling, this two-stage Thruster with Anode Layer (TAL) should meet the necessary requirements for such missions. As the thruster is developed, there will be a need for nonintrusive diagnostic methods to optimize the geometry and operating conditions. Such optical diagnostic methods for analyzing the velocity, energy, and number densities of BiI and BiII are developed and discussed here. Candidate transitions are selected and their lineshapes modeled with respect to hyperfine splitting and broadening mechanisms. Suitable transitions are selected on the basis of relative strength, hyperfine data, and accessibility to tunable diode lasers; candidate transitions include the 306.86, 784.25, and 854.7nm lines of BiI and the 143.68, 796.7, and 854.3nm lines of BiII. Preliminary spectrum measurements using a microwave discharge are presented and future work is discussed.
Abstract 5248: A novel ovarian cancer imaging agent based on integrin ligation

Ovarian cancer diagnosis and subsequent evaluation of disease progression is difficult due to the location of tumor mass and access to the organs affected. Ultrasound and surgical exposure are required to confirm disease and response to treatment. In an effort to develop a non-invasive radiologic method for both diagnostic assessment and to follow disease progression we have produced a integrin ligand, vicrostatin (VCN) that can be radiolabeled and imaged upon binding to active integrins over-expressed on the tumor. VCN displays a high affinity for integrins which are active and pivotal in tumor growth and progression. In the present studies we utilized an animal model employing the luciferase expressing cell line OVCAR-3 luc . This procedure allows us to observe both the tumor itself in a living animal, and also co-register the PET image with the optical image enabling us to detect tumors in the intraperitoneal (IP) space. For these experiments we injected OVCAR-3 luc cells IP and allowed the tumors to age for 28 days. At this point, with no obvious sign of disease, we imaged the tumors using the optical imaging system to detect the presence of luciferase. Since luciferase is only found in the tumor, this enables us to specifically image the tumor. Following these images 64 Cu-DOTA-VCN is injected into the tail vein of the study animals and allowed to circulate for 90 minutes. At this time the animal is placed onto the mounting tray of the PET imaging instrument. There is a specific accumulation of 64 Cu-DOTA-VCN in an area in the lower abdomen that correlates with a location of luciferase activity seen in the optical image. Both of these positions were confirmed by dissection and exposure of the tumor in the sacrificed animal. Experiments in which a larger number of cells are injected IP produced unusable optical images, as the tumors grew very large and coated much of the surface in the IP space yielding bright and indistinguishable images in the mouse abdomen. One problem of note is the high level of uptake by the kidneys at the 90 minute time point. The kidneys shield the ability to view an ovarian tumor via a dorsal or ventral total slice view. When viewed transversely, there is clear separation between the kidneys and the tumor mass which binds the 64 Cu-DOTA-VCN. A three dimensional reconstruction yields a three dimensional model that can be rotated and rendered to observe the position of the tumor in relationship to the kidneys in space. These studies show that VCN can be utilized to image early stage OC and could possibly be used to monitor residual disease after surgical or therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5248. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5248
A Revision of the Genus Malezonotus (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Complete synonomies, descriptions, type data, and distributions, and a key to species for members of this North American genus are given. Malezonotus arcuatus and M. barberi are described as new. Lectotypes are selected for M. rufipes (Stal), M. sodalicius (Uhler) and M. angustatus (Van Duzee). There is practically no information about the biology of species of Malezonotus, or the subfamily Megalonotinae to which the genus belongs. Clues from the literature and elsewhere led the author to attempt to feed these bugs on dry seeds and water. The following species were observed to do so: Malezonotus angustatus (Van Duzee), Ligyrocoris latimarginatus (Barber), Peritrechus tristis (Van Duzee), Megalonotus chiragra var. californicus (Van Duzee), Plinthisis sp., Emblethis vicarius Horvath and Scolopostethus thomsonii Reuter.
Effects of hay supplementation in corn-based and dried distillers grains with solubles–based diets on performance and ruminal metabolism in feedlot cattle

ABSTRACT Sulfuric acid in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) decreases ruminal pH, potentially inhibits fiber digestion, and may increase the risk of polioencephalomalacia. At high dietary inclusions of DDGS, increased forage may be needed to attenuate negative effects of low ruminal pH. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of hay inclusion (7 or 14% of dietary DM), energy source (corn or DDGS), and their interactions on performance and ruminal metabolism in feedlot cattle. In Exp. 1, Angus-cross steers (n = 47) and heifers (n = 24; BW = 253 ± 3 kg) were evenly allotted to treatments by sex, blocked by BW, and allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to 12 pens. Dietary treatments were 1) 7% hay and cracked corn, 2) 14% hay and cracked corn, 3) 7% hay and DDGS, and 4) 14% hay and DDGS. Increasing hay did not affect (P > 0.12) DMI, ADG, G:F, or final BW. Cattle fed DDGS had 5.8% lower DMI (P = 0.01), 2.7% decreased final BW (P = 0.05), and tended to have decreased (P = 0.06) ADG compared with those fed corn. In Exp. 2, ruminally fistulated heifers (n = 8; BW = 645 ± 14 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design and fed the diets used in Exp. 1. Increasing dietary hay concentration tended to increase (P ≤ 0.08) ruminal pH from 0 to 3 h postfeeding but did not affect (P ≥ 0.15) pH thereafter. In situ DM disappearance of soy hulls was 35% greater (P = 0.01) for heifers fed DDGS than for those fed corn and tended (P = 0.09) to be greater with 14% hay. Heifers fed DDGS had less (P = 0.01) total VFA and greater (P = 0.01) ratio of acetate to propionate than those fed corn. Increasing hay from 7 to 14% of the diet did not increase performance of cattle fed corn or DDGS-based diets. However, increasing dietary percentage of hay tended to increase ruminal pH and in situ DM digestion.
Steroids and the Blood–Brain Barrier: Therapeutic Implications

Steroids have a wide spectrum of impact, serving as fundamental regulators of nearly every physiological process within the human body. Therapeutic applications of steroids are equally broad, with a diverse range of medications and targets. Within the central nervous system (CNS), steroids influence development, memory, behavior, and disease outcomes. Moreover, steroids are well recognized as to their impact on the vascular endothelium. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the level of the brain microvascular endothelium serves as the principle interface between the peripheral circulation and the brain. Steroids have been identified to impact several critical properties of the BBB, including cellular efflux mechanisms, nutrient uptake, and tight junction integrity. Such actions not only influence brain homeostasis but also the delivery of CNS-targeted therapeutics. A greater understanding of the respective steroid-BBB interactions may shed further light on the differential treatment outcomes observed across CNS pathologies. In this chapter, we examine the current therapeutic implications of steroids respective to BBB structure and function, with emphasis on glucocorticoids and estrogens.
Chronic Gestational Exposure to Ethanol Leads to Enduring Aberrances in Cortical Form and Function in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Background Exposure to ethanol (EtOH) in utero alters the disposition of tangentially migrating GABAergic interneurons in the fetal brain. The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) gives rise to a large portion of cortical GABAergic interneurons, including the parvalbumin-expressing interneurons that shape and contribute to inhibitory/excitatory (I/E) balance of the intracortical circuit. Here, we investigated in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) the hypothesis that low levels of maternal EtOH consumption from closure of the neural tube embryonic day (E) 9.5 until birth result in an enduring interneuronopathy. Methods Pregnant mice were subjected to a 2% w/w EtOH consumption regimen starting at neural tube closure and ending at parturition. Neurogenesis in the MGE was assessed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence at E12.5. The count and distribution of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons were determined in adult animals, and patch clamp electrophysiology was performed to determine GABAergic function and I/E balance. Open-field behavior in adult mice was assessed to determine whether the EtOH-exposed cohort displayed a lasting alteration in exploratory behavior. Results In embryos exposed to EtOH in utero, we found increased BrdU labeling in the MGE, pointing to increased neurogenesis. Adult mice prenatally exposed to EtOH were hyperactive, and this was associated with an increase in parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the mPFC. In addition, prenatal EtOH exposure altered the balance between spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory synaptic input and attenuated GABAergic tone in layer V mPFC pyramidal neurons in juvenile mice. Conclusions These findings underscore that altered migration of GABAergic interneurons contributes to the EtOH-induced aberration of cortical development and that these effects persist into adulthood as altered cortical form and function.
Pulse Centrovelocity: Asymptotic and FFT Results

Over the past 100 years a variety of definitions have been introduced in order to describe the velocity of an electromagnetic pulse as it travels through a dispersive material. Although these velocity measures provide comparable results in those frequency regions of the material dispersion where the loss is small, they disagree wherever the material loss is large. In fact, some definitions of the pulse velocity yield nonphysical results (superluminal or negative velocities), while others apply only to certain pulse characteristics. In 1970, Smith1 addressed these issues while proposing a new definition for the velocity of an electromagnetic pulse which he called the centrovelocity. This centrovelocity is defined by the quantity $$ \left| {\nabla \left( {\int_{ - \infty }^\infty {tE^2 (r,t)dt} /\int_{ - \infty }^\infty {E^2 (r,t)dt} } \right)} \right|^{ - 1} $$ where E(r, t) is the real electric intensity vector. Notice that the ratio of the two integrals is analogous to a center of mass calculation since it tracks the temporal center of gravity of the intensity of the pulse. Recently, Peatross, Glasgow and Ware2 introduced a variant of Smith’s centrovelocity which tracks the temporal center of gravity of the real Poynting vector S(r, t) rather than that of the intensity of the pulse, where the Poynting vector is defined (in MKS units) as $$ S(r,t) = E(r,t) \times H(r,t). $$ (1) In this paper, the centrovelocity of a rectangular-modulated plane-wave electromagnetic pulse traveling in the positive z -direction in a Lorentz model3 dielectric material is calculated in two independent ways: the first uses an asymptotic approximation and the second uses a numerical code based on the fast Fourier transform algorithm. The results show that, in the asymptotic limit as z → ∞, the centrovelocity approaches the speed at which the Brillouin precursor travels through the causally dispersive material
Abstract 3018: Cotargeting MEK and CDK4/6 to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Hyperactivation of KRAS and inactivation of CDKN2A [p16] play a prominent role in tumor initiation and progression in a broad spectrum of human cancers. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, KRAS mutation occurs in 90-95% of cases and is often coupled with inactivation of CDKN2A (>90% incidence), typically by homozygous deletion. Based on the high incidence of these genetic events, the present study addresses the hypothesis that dual targeting of MEK and CDK4/6 represents a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A panel of primary and high passage xenograft models was screened for in vitro synergy to the antiproliferative effects of the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Two models that emerged as highly sensitive to this combination treatment strategy, L3.6pl and UM59, both exhibited G1 cell cycle arrest that was significantly more pronounced in response to the combination compared to either single agent. In vivo studies were subsequently carried out to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in tumor-bearing mice. Mice implanted subcutaneously with L3.6pl or UM59 cells were treated daily by oral gavage for ten days with trametinib (3 mg/kg), palbociclib (100 mg/kg), or the combination of these two agents at these doses. Consistent with in vitro synergy observations, both models proved to be exceptional responders in vivo to this combination treatment strategy, showing a robust response to the combination not seen with either single agent. These results suggest that the combined inhibition of MEK and CDK4/6 may offer a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Studies are ongoing to identify molecular determinants of response in pancreatic tumors that are highly sensitive to this combination approach to guide future patient enrichment strategies. Citation Format: Joel D. Maust, Diane Simeone, Judith Sebolt-Leopold. Cotargeting MEK and CDK4/6 to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3018.
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor: pleiotropy of signal-response coupling.

Binding of CSF-1 activates the receptor kinase, leading to «autophosphorylation» of receptor subunits and the concommitant phosphorylation of a series of cellular proteins on tyrosine residues. The diverse effects of CSF-1 on mononuclear phagocyte proliferation, differentiation, survival, and macrophage effector function appear to reflect the ability of CSF-1R to simultaneously modulate the activities of a series of intracellular proteins that function in relaying biochemical signals
Putting Yourself First

Caring for others is a traditional female role. This powerful stereotype represents unfair societal expectations of women and affects their ability to prioritize their own needs.
Characterization and comparison of three microfabrication methods to generate out-of-plane microvortices for single cell rotation and 3D imaging

This paper presents three different microfabrication technologies for manufacturing out-of-plane, flat-bottomed, undercut trapezoidal structures for generating a fluidic microscale vortex (microvortex). The first method is based on anisotropic silicon etching and a 'sandwich' UV polymer casting assembly; the second method uses a backside diffuser photolithography technique; and the third method features a tilted backside photolithography technique. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and utility of each technique. We further demonstrate that the microvortex generated in the resultant undercut trapezoidal structures can be used to rotate biological microparticles, e.g. single, live cells for multiperspective, high resolution 3D imaging using computed tomography, and angularly resolved confocal imaging.
Advancing Ecosystem Science by Promoting Greater Use of Theory and Multiple Research Approaches in Graduate Education

Since the inaugural edition of Ecosystems was published in 1998, ecosystem science has undergone substantial changes including the development of new research methods and an increasing emphasis on collaborations across traditional academic boundaries. In response to this transformation, we reflect on the current state of theory in ecosystem science, and make recommendations for training the next generation of Ph.D.-level ecosystem scientists. Specifically, we call for increased integration of theory into ecosystem science and outline the utility of iterating between theory and data generated by observations, experiments, and quantitative models. We recommend exposing graduate students to these three major approaches for generating data and propose strategies that students, advisors, and departments can employ to ensure this exposure. Ultimately, a successful training program will provide students with an understanding of key theories related to ecosystem science and how they interact with data, an appreciation for the interconnectedness of approaches to scientific inference, and a well-developed skill set in at least one approach—thereby empowering them to confidently tackle our pressing environmental problems. Although this is a daunting list of goals, continuing to advance our understanding of how ecosystems function necessitates a rigorous and well-developed training program.
Income Tax Reform in Canada: The Report of the Royal Commission on Taxation

The 1966 Report of the Royal Commission on Taxation,' established with a sweeping mandate to examine the federal tax laws of Canada and to make recommendations for their improvement, has few peers among modern proposals for income tax reform. Its only rivals in this country are the two collections of tax reform proposals assembled in 1955 and 1959 by the Joint Economic Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee, which could range more speculatively over the tax landscape because they consisted of separate papers submitted by a medley of experts, but which for the same reason lacked the cohesiveness that marks the Canadian Commission's program. The 1953-1955 reports of the British Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income are of comparable interest and quality, but they lack the boldness of the Canadian report, and at points require such a familiarity with the details of the United Kingdom's existing income tax law as to discourage the outsider. The only other comparable projects with which I am familiar are the 1949 recommendations of the Shoup Mission for the reform of the Japanese tax system and Nicholas Kaldor's 1954 prescription for India; neither has received the attention it deserves, the former having been discounted because of its military sponsorship and the latter because of an assumption that a plan devised for India would inevitably be destined for exhibition rather than use and hence would not have to be anchored in reality. The talent contributing to the American Law Institute's Federal Income Tax Project of the early 1950's could have produced a landmark of analysis and innovation, but its objective was "an improvement of the technical provisions of the present income tax statute" and it was faithful to this limited commitment.2
How Smart are Online Workers? A Student Versus MTurk Participant Comparison

The use of online workers as research participants has dramatically escalated in recent years, prompting interest in how online workers compare to traditional research participants (e.g., Paolacci and Chandler 2014; Farrell, Grenier, and Leiby 2016). To date, no study has compared the general intelligence level of online workers to traditional research participants. We broadly investigate fluid intelligence (McGrew 2009) using two easy-to-administer, psychometrically validated cognitive ability measures: the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) and Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM). We also compare participant performance on the Luft and Shields (2001) forecasting task. Our main findings are (1) low-cost Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers and traditional student subjects have comparable fluid intelligence and (2) MTurk workers can outperform traditional student subjects under certain conditions. In spite of our main findings, we caution researchers about, and provide guidance to mitigate, a “fat tail” of extremely poor performers in the MTurk participant pool.
Neurology Concepts: Young Women and Ischemic Stroke: Evaluation and Management in the Emergency Department

Objective Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the incidence of ischemic stroke is highest in older populations, incidence of ischemic stroke in adults has been rising particularly rapidly among young (e.g., premenopausal) women. The evaluation and timely diagnosis of ischemic stroke in young women presents a challenging situation in the emergency department, due to a range of sex-specific risk factors and to broad differentials. The goals of this concepts paper are to summarize existing knowledge regarding the evaluation and management of young women with ischemic stroke in the acute setting. Methods A panel of six board-certified emergency physicians, one with fellowship training in stroke and one with training in sex- and sex-based medicine, along with one vascular neurologist were coauthors involved in the paper. Each author used various search strategies (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) for primary research and reviewed articles related to their section. The references were reviewed and evaluated for relevancy and included based on review by the lead authors. Results Estimates on the incidence of ischemic stroke in premenopausal women range from 3.65 to 8.9 per 100,000 in the United States. Several risk factors for ischemic stroke exist for young women including oral contraceptive (OCP) use and migraine with aura. Pregnancy and the postpartum period (up to 12 weeks) is also an important transient state during which risks for both ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage are elevated, accounting for 18% of strokes in women under 35. Current evidence regarding the management of acute ischemic stroke in young women is also summarized including use of thrombolytic agents (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator) in both pregnant and nonpregnant individuals. Conclusion Unique challenges exist in the evaluation and diagnosis of ischemic stroke in young women. There are still many opportunities for future research aimed at improving detection and treatment of this population.
Demographic disequilibrium in living nautiloids (Nautilus and Allonautilus): Canary in the coal mines?

Averaged demographic data from previously unfished populations of Nautilus and Allonautilus (Cephalopoda) provide a baseline to determine if a population is undisturbed and in “equilibrium” or is in “disequilibrium” as a result of fishery pressure. Data are available for previously undisturbed local nautiloid populations in Papua New Guinea, Australia, Indonesia, Fiji, Palau, American Samoa, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (total n = 2,669 live-caught, tagged and released animals). The data show that unfished populations average ~75% males and ~74% mature animals. By contrast, unpublished, anecdotal and historical records since 1900 from the heavily fished central Philippines have shown a persistent decline in trap yields and a change in demographics of N. pompilius. By 1979, a sample of fished live-caught animals (n = 353) comprised only ~28% males and ~27% mature animals. Continued uncontrolled trapping caused collapse of the fishery and the shell industry has moved elsewhere, including Indonesia. In addition, we show that estimated rates of population decline are offered by unpublished tag-release records in unfished Palau. These data show that patterns of trap yields and demographic differences between fished and unfished populations in relative age class and sex ratios can indicate disequilibria wrought by fisheries pressure that can render local populations inviable. Given adequate samples (n ≥100 live-caught animals), a threshold of <50% males and mature animals in fished populations should signal the need to initiate curative conservation initiatives. The current trajectory of uncontrolled nautiloid fisheries can only mean trouble and possibly extinction of local populations of this ancient, iconic molluscan lineage.
Using online platforms to engage employees in unionism. The case of IBM

Abstract To date, there is a paucity of studies that looked into the way unions can use social media platforms to increase employee engagement in activism. Understanding the most effective ways in which unions can make use of online communication to increase membership and raise awareness becomes of paramount importance in light of the decline in union participation that occurred during the last decades and that deepened wage inequality. In addition, union efforts were shown in past studies to be hampered by upper management. Online platforms become an important means that unions can use to eschew managerial control and indirectly increase their membership.The current study used the predictors for online engagement to analyze the online interaction of IBM’s union and assessed the extent to which it was effective in engendering increased employee participation. IBM represents a unique case study as a result of the company’s current focus on offshoring and restructuring. The results of this study showed that the union engaged in an informative and one-way communication style which failed to increase employee activism. The results and their implications are discussed for theorists and practitioners.
Genetics and Gynecological Cancer

Several characteristics are associated with familial cancer syndromes, e.g., the disease onset usually occurs at a younger age than that associated with sporadic cancers. However, an inherited predisposition to gynecologic malignancies remains an important component of the care of the elderly woman, not only as it effects her personal treatment of cancer and the prevention and screening for other malignancies that she may be at risk for, but also the implications for cancer risk among her relatives. For this reason, a discussion of the genetics associated with an inherited predisposition to gynecologic malignancy pertains to women of all ages.
The strong correlation between neonatal early-onset Group B Streptococcal disease and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of newborn gastrointestinal emergencies, affecting 1–3 per 1000 live births. Although NEC has been linked to a microbial etiology, associations with maternal intrapartum and resultant newborn early-onset invasive Group B streptococcus (EO-GBS) have been weakly defined. Objective The study aim was to determine the relationship between EO-GBS and NEC. Study design Data from 2008 to 2015 were collected from pediatric records with ICD diagnosis codes consistent with all stages of NEC, with the exception of neonatal EO-GBS data (only available 2011–2015). Results For the 131 newborns meeting inclusion criteria, the mean gestational age (GA) and birthweight at delivery was 30.2 weeks and 1449 g. Maternal comorbidities were not associated with a more advanced stage of NEC, however male gender (OR 3.2, p Conclusion Our study is the first to describe a strong correlation between neonatal EO- GBS disease and NEC, with more than a five-fold increase in the odds of developing NEC in newborns of GBS positive mothers. Purpose To investigate a possible relationship between EO-GBS disease and the neonatal diagnosis of NEC. Secondary analysis will determine if maternal antepartum and intrapartum factors along with neonatal variables contribute to a more advanced stage of NEC by retrospective chart review of patient data collected at Children’s Hospital: New Orleans.
Policies and praxis of land acquisition, use, and development in Ethiopia

Abstract Ethiopia is one of the few African countries that have implemented a revolutionary land reform program that still retains the relics of the socialist ideology, specifically, the state ownership of land. Since 1975, the country has undergone a major transformation in implementing land reform policies and other major economic programs that have contributed to the development of an unsustainable land use structure that has become a burden on the national economy. The purpose of this research is to examine the current land use system in the context of the various policies and programs of the government. The analysis reveals that the land use system in Ethiopia is riddled with a host of problems including insecurity of tenure, fragmentation and diminution of farm sizes, corruption associated with land stocking by individuals and corporations with strong political ties, the displacement of farmers and poor urban residents, and the issue of expropriation and unfair compensation for land taken from land owners. The study recommends major reform programs related to right of ownership, land confiscation and compensation, institutional capacity building, protection of prime agricultural land and local environment, and addressing problems of land grabbing and land banking.
Primary Care Experience in the Training of Psychiatrists: A Planning Implementation Model

The authors describe the evolution of a program of primary care experience for residents in the new first year of psychiatry training. They identify the doctor-patient relationship and with it the field of two-person biology as the integrating concept for the year. They describe an innovative educational instrument to achieve this end: a faculty preceptor group containing equally the perspective of liaison psychiatry and dynamic psychotherapy. Some early data on the outcome of the program are offered.
Schlussfolgerungen für das deutsche Recht

Die bisherige Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass die rein tatsachlich bestehenden Unterschiede zwischen dem deutschen und dem US-amerikanischen Haftungsrecht fur fehlerhafte Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte hinsichtlich der Anzahl der Schadensersatzklagen und der Hohe der zugesprochenen Schadensersatzsummen letztlich nicht in der materiell-rechtlichen und beweisrechtlichen Ausgestaltung der jeweiligen Haftungssysteme begrundet sind. Grundsatzlich konnen daher die aus den US-amerikanischen Regelungen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse nicht fur die besondere Problemstellung und Fortentwicklung des deutsche Haftungsrechts fur fehlerhafte Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte herangezogen werden. Es bleibt jedoch zu klaren, ob zwei Aspekte des US-amerikanischen Rechts zumindest in ihren Ansatzen Eingang in das deutsche Recht finden konnten: Die Beschreibung besonderer Untersuchungsmethoden in Fachinformationen sowie die Einfuhrung eines einheitlichen Sonderhaftungstatbestandes fur fehlerhafte Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte.
In Situ Hybridization as a Quantitative Autoradiographic Method: Vasopressin and Oxytocin Gene Transcription in the Brattleboro Rat

The techniques of recombinant DNA have recently generated a great deal of excitement in the neuroscience community because these experimental approaches promise to add greatly to our understanding of nervous system function (50, 68). In situ hybridization is one of the methods of molecular biology that will allow neurobiologists to address fundamental questions concerning gene expression in neural tissue. The in situ method permits one to label ribosomal RNA (28, 63, 74), as well as identify those cells in a section of tissue that contain a particular messenger RNA (mRNA). This methodology has allowed identification in single neurons of mRNA transcripts that encode the peptides/hormones calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, egg-laying hormone, luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone, oxytocin, pro-enkephalin, proopiomelanocortin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and vasopressin (5, 30, 39, 44, 55, 62, 63, 73, 93, 94, 97, 106, 110, and other chapters in this volume). Gene products that encode synthetic enzymes of two classical monoamine neurotransmitters, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were recently localized in brain by this method (70, 111).
Neonatal and Pediatric Dermatologic Emergencies

A wide variety of neonatal and childhood dermatologic conditions can be emergencies. These may arise from genetic disorders, including those causing skin structural protein and keratin dysfunction, vascular birthmarks with systemic associations, autoimmune disorders, and infections. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to systemic effects or may increase the risk of developing secondary complications, potentially resulting in death. It is therefore important that these entities be rapidly identified and addressed. The following pages present a limited collection of some of the most important emergency situations.
PRIMARY BATTERIES – NONAQUEOUS SYSTEMS | Lithium–Vanadium/Silver Oxides

This article contains an overview of primary lithium/vanadium oxide battery technology, and the chemistry of some of the relevant vanadium oxides, especially a family of materials containing vanadium, oxygen, and silver in various stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric ratios. First, the structural characteristics of the relevant vanadium oxide materials are described, including some phase diagrams of the materials. Next, electrochemistry and battery applications of these materials are discussed. Although some vanadium oxides have been widely studied as electrode materials for secondary (rechargeable batteries), only primary (nonrechargeable) battery applications will be considered here. Finally, various synthetic routes to electrochemical grade silver vanadium oxide are summarized, including both older methods and more recent synthetic innovations as well as battery performance results.
Globalization and Inclusive Growth: Can They Go Hand in Hand in Developing Countries?

Low-income developing countries (LIDC) have experienced a rapid increase in economic integration since the early 1990s. This chapter builds a dynamic general equilibrium model that captures important structural characteristics of LIDCs—a large agriculture sector, productivity gaps, and limited financial inclusion—to identify the channels through which integration can affect inclusive growth. The model is used to quantify the growth and distributional effects of the economic and financial liberalization in Ghana in the early 1990s. The results suggest that liberalization contributed significantly to Ghana’s growth take-off and poverty alleviation in 1990–2000. However, with limited labor mobility and persistent skill gaps between sectors, the benefits of integration, particularly from the financial liberalization channel, are concentrated in households with more human capital and access to finance, resulting in higher income inequality.
Application of MILP to Strategic Sourcing of High-Cost Medical Devices and Supplies

We discuss the application of a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to assist in the development of procurement strategies for high-cost medical devices and supplies in one of the largest nonprofit health-care organization in the USA. The MILP model seeks to reduce the costs of providing necessary supplies by qualifying the organization for price discounts through volume purchasing commitments, while maintaining diversity in the supply base, adhering to physicians’ preferences for specific products, and considering ratings given to suppliers on several dimensions on vendor scorecards. With results from multiple optimization scenarios, tradeoffs among procurement costs, requirements for diversity in the supply base, and flexibility of physicians in allowing substitute devices are explored in depth. Also revealed are potential consequences of stipulating formal vendor scorecard requirements when negotiating future contracts.