cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical characterization of ultra-thin films by combining AFM nanoindentation tests and peridynamic simulations

In this study, the loading-unloading data obtained from the nono-indentation tests in combination with the peridynamic simulations are used to determine the elastic modulus and yield stress of the material. A simple search algorithm minimizing the difference between the predicted force- indentation depth and experiments leads to the determination of the material properties. Nano-indentation experiments are performed on both a soft polymer (polymethyldisiloxane (PDMS)) representative of the bulk dimensions, and a hard thin-film polymer (polystyrene (PS)) deposited on the bulk PDMS. Both the simulation and experimental results are validated by comparison against those previously published in the literature.
Resurrection of an ancestral 5S rRNA

In addition to providing phylogenetic relationships, tree making procedures such as parsimony and maximum likelihood can make specific predictions of actual historical sequences. Resurrection of such sequences can be used to understand early events in evolution. In the case of RNA, the nature of parsimony is such that when applied to multiple RNA sequences it typically predicts ancestral sequences that satisfy the base pairing constraints associated with secondary structure. The case for such sequences being actual ancestors is greatly improved, if they can be shown to be biologically functional. A unique common ancestral sequence of 28 Vibrio 5S ribosomal RNA sequences predicted by parsimony was resurrected and found to be functional in the context of the E. coli cellular environment. The functionality of various point variants and intermediates that were constructed as part of the resurrection were examined in detail. When separately introduced the changes at single stranded positions and individual double variants at base-paired positions were also viable. An additional double variant was examined at a different base-paired position and it was also valid. The results show that at least in the case of the 5S rRNAs considered here, ancestors predicted by parsimony are likely to be realistic when the prediction is not overly influenced by single outliers. It is especially noteworthy that the phenotype of the predicted ancestors could be anticipated as a cumulative consequence of the phenotypes of the individual variants that comprised them. Thus, point mutation data is potentially useful in evaluating the reasonableness of ancestral sequences predicted by parsimony or other methods. The results also suggest that in the absence of significant tertiary structure constraints double variants that preserve pairing in stem regions will typically be accepted. Overall, the results suggest that it will be feasible to resurrect additional meaningful 5S rRNA ancestors as well as ancestral sequences of many different types of RNA.
Overview and critique of the classifi cation of personality disorders proposed for DSM-V

Summary This paper describes some of the concerns that motivated the committee d eveloping the new classification of personality disorders for the DSM-V. They included the tension between empirical research on normal populations, on the one hand, and clinicians interested in the personality disorders constellations found in clinical settings, on the other. This tension was e xpressed in the controversies between categorical and dimensional a pproaches to the classification. There also was an effort to relate a dimensional system of concrete behavioural traits with neurobiological and genetic markers. In addition, there was also a tension between neurobiological and psychodynamic approaches. A major compromise was reached in a “hybrid,” dimensional and c ategorical approach that maintained six of the ten categories of the DSM-IV systems, while developing a dimensional approach to a general level of p ersonality function centered on the pathology of the experience of the self. This included the assessment of identity, the experience of oneself, selfesteem and self-appraisal, and emotional regulation; and self-direction. It also included the assessment of interpersonal functioning as reflected in the capacity for empathy and intimacy. In a critical review of this proposal, the author expresses his general agreement with the main thrust of this proposal, the emphasis on identity and interpersonal functioning and their pathology, and points to the fact that this emphasis corresponds to central concerns of psychodynamic approaches to personality pathology. Regarding the selection of six of the ten personality prototypes of DSM-IV, the criteria for the elimination of the paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, and dependent personality disorder, and the depressive personality disorder (in the appendix of DSM-IV) may be questioned in terms of their prevalence and clinical significance. An underlying problem may be the fact that we do not yet have an integrated understanding of the interplay of neurobiological and psychodynamic structures in the development and psychopathology of the personality. In any case, the introduction of the pathology of identity and interpersonal relations in the proposed DSM-V system seems an important step forward.
Genetic testing and the moral dynamics of family life

American families are a segment of the public that will feel the impact of the Human Genome Project most acutely: but they are also one of the least well studied segments with regard to that impact...
Peripheral coding of tonic mechanical cutaneous pain: Comparison of nociceptor activity in rat and human psychophysics

These experiments investigated temporal summation mechanisms of tonic cutaneous mechanical pain. Human volunteers provided psychophysical estimates of pain intensity, which were compared with disch...
Abstract 179: Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation: 30-day Outcomes and Factors Associated with Severity

Background and Hypothesis: Ischemic stroke (IS) in atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with high mortality. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability, in addition to blood stasis in the left atrium, play a critical role in thrombogenesis in AF. Hyperglycemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are potent triggers for inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombogenesis. Statins have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombotic properties. Accordingly, we assessed the hypothesis that statin use may modulate stroke severity in AF. Methods: Consecutive IS admissions were identified from 2006-2010. All events were subject to CT or MRI and assessed for functional independence at discharge using modified Rankin scale (mRS). AF was confirmed by ECG at presentation or within the prior 6 months in all cases. Covariates were abstracted from the medical record. To account for confounding by treatment, we used multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted using in...
Application of Covering Slag Technology on Remelting Amorphous Alloy's Mother Alloy

The covering slag technology was firstly used to remelt the amorphous alloy's mother alloy.According to the designing principle of covering slag,the covering slag suitable for Zr50Cu50 alloy was designed by considering the molten slag-alloy thermodynamics and physical properties of covering slag.After the verification of remelting experiment,it was found that the separation of alloy and slag was very well.The amount of gas element in the alloy did not increase too much.The elements in the alloy and slag did not penetrate each other,which proved that the performance of covering slag to protecting molten slag was excellent.The remelting of amorphous alloy's mother alloy had been achieved in the non-vacuum condition.
Entrainment, retention, and transport of freely swimming fish in junction gaps between commercial barges operating on the Illinois Waterway

Abstract Large Electric Dispersal Barriers were constructed in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) to prevent the transfer of invasive fish species between the Mississippi River Basin and the Great Lakes Basin while simultaneously allowing the passage of commercial barge traffic. We investigated the potential for entrainment, retention, and transport of freely swimming fish within large gaps (> 50 m3) created at junction points between barges. Modified mark and capture trials were employed to assess fish entrainment, retention, and transport by barge tows. A multi-beam sonar system enabled estimation of fish abundance within barge junction gaps. Barges were also instrumented with acoustic Doppler velocity meters to map the velocity distribution in the water surrounding the barge and in the gap formed at the junction of two barges. Results indicate that the water inside the gap can move upstream with a barge tow at speeds near the barge tow travel speed. Water within 1 m to the side of the barge junction gaps was observed to move upstream with the barge tow. Observed transverse and vertical water velocities suggest pathways by which fish may potentially be entrained into barge junction gaps. Results of mark and capture trials provide direct evidence that small fish can become entrained by barges, retained within junction gaps, and transported over distances of at least 15.5 km. Fish entrained within the barge junction gap were retained in that space as the barge tow transited through locks and the Electric Dispersal Barriers, which would be expected to impede fish movement upstream.
SU-F-R-25: Automatic Identification of Suspicious Recurrent/residual Disease Regions After Prostatectomy

Purpose: To automatically identify and outline suspicious regions of recurrent or residual disease in the prostate bed using Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI) in patients after prostatectomy. Methods: Twenty-two patients presenting for salvage radiotherapy and with identified Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) in the prostate bed were retrospectively analyzed. The MRI data consisted of Axial T2weighted-MRI (T2w) of the pelvis: resolution 1.25×1.25×2.5 mm; Field of View (FOV): 320×320 mm; slice thickness=2.5mm; 72 slices; and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI)–12 series of T1w with identical spatial resolution to T2w and at 30–34s temporal resolution. Unsupervised pattern recognition was used to decompose the 4D DCE data as the product W.H of weights W of k patterns H. A well-perfused pattern Hwp was identified and the weight map Wwp associated to Hwp was used to delineate suspicious volumes. Threshold of Wwp set at mean(Wwp)+S*std(Wwp), S=1,1.5,2 and 2.5 defined four volumes labeled as DCE1.0 to DCE2.5. These volumes were displayed on T2w and, along with GTV, were correlated with the highest pre-treatment PSA values, and with pharmacokinetic analysis constants. Results: GTV was significantly correlated with DCE2.0(ρ= 0.60, p<0.003), and DCE 2.5 (ρ=0.58, p=0.004)). Significant correlation was found between highest pre-treatment PSA and GTV(ρ=0.42, p<0.049), DCE2.0(ρ= 0.52, p<0.012), and DCE 2.5 (ρ=0.67, p<<0.01)). Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed that Ktrans median value was statistically different between non-specific prostate bed tissue NSPBT and both GTV (p<<0.001) and DCE2.5 (p<<0.001), but while median Ve was statistically different between DCE2.5 and NSPBT (p=0.002), it was not statistically different between GTV and NSPBT (p=0.054), suggesting that automatic volumes capture more accurately the area of malignancy. Conclusion: Software developed for identification and visualization of suspicions regions in DCE-MRI from post-prostatectomy patients has been validated by PSA and pharmacokinetic constants analysis showing that it generates clinically relevant volumes.
How ice ‘melts’ below its melting point

Water is the most important chemical substance on Earth, but there is still much that we do not understand about it. Everyone knows that ice melts when it is heated above 273 K or 0°C at atmospheric pressure, and that liquid water freezes when it is cooled below this temperature. However, it is less well known that there are at least 13 different crystalline phases of ice.
Incorporating Alternative Care Site Characteristics Into Estimates of Substitutable ED Visits.

Background: Several recent efforts to improve health care value have focused on reducing emergency department (ED) visits that potentially could be treated in alternative care sites (ie, primary care offices, retail clinics, and urgent care centers). Estimates of the number of these visits may depend on assumptions regarding the operating hours and functional capabilities of alternative care sites. However, methods to account for the variability in these characteristics have not been developed. Objective: To develop methods to incorporate the variability in alternative care site characteristics into estimates of ED visit “substitutability.” Research Design, Subjects, and Measures: Our approach uses the range of hours and capabilities among alternative care sites to estimate lower and upper bounds of ED visit substitutability. We constructed “basic” and “extended” criteria that captured the plausible degree of variation in each site’s hours and capabilities. To illustrate our approach, we analyzed data from 22,697 ED visits by adults in the 2011 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, defining a visit as substitutable if it was treat-and-release and met both the operating hours and functional capabilities criteria. Results: Use of the combined basic hours/basic capabilities criteria and extended hours/extended capabilities generated lower and upper bounds of estimates. Our criteria classified 5.5%–27.1%, 7.6%–20.4%, and 10.6%–46.0% of visits as substitutable in primary care offices, retail clinics, and urgent care centers, respectively. Conclusions: Alternative care sites vary widely in operating hours and functional capabilities. Methods such as ours may help incorporate this variability into estimates of ED visit substitutability.
Time to Worry about Anthrax Again.

The article offers recent insights into the death of dozens of people in the Central Asian city of Sverdlovsk in 1979 to show just how deadly bioweapons can be. Topics covered include how the anthrax outbreak in a secret Soviet bioweapons facility as the reason behind the outbreak, the suitability of Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, for arming unconventional weapons, and concerns that the Russian government may be relaunching its bioweapons program.
Experiences and Perspectives of Music Therapists Providing Services to Families Experiencing Poverty: A Qualitative Investigation

现存只有少量音乐治疗文献是关于音乐治疗师为贫困家庭提供音乐治疗干预。本研究目的是了解注册音乐治疗师在为贫困家庭提供音乐治疗服务的体验和观点。5名现在或曾经在这个领域工作的注册音乐治疗师接受了半结构性的采访。所有参加者复核了采访的文字记录并在之后对主题的形成提供意见。采访内容使用主题分析法中的六个步骤进行分析，从而形成主题 (Braun & Clark, 2006)。研究的可信度则通过第二作者独立地审查文字记录和创建代码与主题来获得。四个关于音乐治疗对贫困家庭干预的主题形成：(a) 音乐治疗通过教育和互动的方式促进父母教育技巧的发展；(b) 儿童和成人将从音乐治疗中获得的技巧应用到日常生活中；(c) 对与贫困相关的因素和独特应激原的认识能有效地影响着治疗过程；(d) 音乐治疗被誉为一种能够从更宽泛的维度上、满足个体需要的支持性服务。总的来说，参加者们认为音乐治疗干预在支持贫困家庭的治疗性需求上有着不可替代的作用。音乐治疗师可使用新形成的主题便捷地发展工作联盟，和很可能创造新的职位去为这个边缘人群提供服务。文章最后还对未来研究提出实践意义、局限性和建议。(笔译：温蕴)
Engineering management: at the intersection of dynamic forces

The times, they are a-changin'... Yes, there are rapid and unprecedented changes in virtually all domains of human endeavors- social interactions, business and commerce, urban migrations, global trade and communications. Advancements of science and engineering are behind many of these changes and therefore today’s young engineering professionals are increasingly being evaluated on nontraditional parameters such as teamwork and communication, project and process management, product innovation, and marketing acumen. This is indeed an uncharted territory for most graduates who have been brought up on the staple of engineering design, applied maths and physics, and conventional computer programming skills. Let me try to briefly share my own experience and touch upon key skills and approaches needed to succeed and self-develop in this turbulent and exciting time.
How Concept Images Affect Students' Interpretations of Newton's Method.

Knowing when students have the prerequisite knowledge to be able to read and understand a mathematical text is a perennial concern for instructors. Using text describing Newton's method and Vinner's notion of concept image, we exemplify how prerequisite knowledge influences understanding. Through clinical interviews with first-semester calculus students, we determined how evoked concept images of tangent lines and roots contributed to students’ interpretation and application of Newton's method. Results show that some students’ concept images of root and tangent line developed throughout the interview process, and most students were able to adequately interpret the text on Newton's method. However, students with insufficient concept images of tangent line and students who were unwilling or unable to modify their concept images of tangent line after reading the text were not successful in interpreting Newton's method.
FMLRC: Hybrid long read error correction using an FM-index

Long read sequencing is changing the landscape of genomic research, especially de novo assembly. Despite the high error rate inherent to long read technologies, increased read lengths dramatically improve the continuity and accuracy of genome assemblies. However, the cost and throughput of these technologies limits their application to complex genomes. One solution is to decrease the cost and time to assemble novel genomes by leveraging “hybrid” assemblies that use long reads for scaffolding and short reads for accuracy. We describe a novel method leveraging a multi-string Burrows-Wheeler Transform with auxiliary FM-index to correct errors in long read sequences using a set of complementary short reads. We demonstrate that our method efficiently produces significantly more high quality corrected sequence than existing hybrid error-correction methods. We also show that our method produces more contiguous assemblies, in many cases, than existing state-of-the-art hybrid and long-read only de novo assembly methods. Our method accurately corrects long read sequence data using complementary short reads. We demonstrate higher total throughput of corrected long reads and a corresponding increase in contiguity of the resulting de novo assemblies. Improved throughput and computational efficiency than existing methods will help better economically utilize emerging long read sequencing technologies.
L2 Spanish Pragmatics. From Research to Teaching

Co-Editors Domnita Dumitrescu (Emerita, California State University, Los Angeles) and Patricia Lorena Andueza (Associate Professor of Spanish, University of Evansville, IN) both enjoy outstanding r...
The Journal of Public Affairs Education at Age Ten: History, Content, and Prospects

(2004). The Journal of Public Affairs Education at Age Ten: History, Content, and Prospects. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 83-89.
Risk Perception, Knowledge, and Lifestyles in Siblings of People with Premature Coronary Disease

This study examines perceptions of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, associated risk factors, and CHD contributory lifestyles in 80 unaffected siblings of people under 60 years of age with recently documented CHD hospitalizations. Brothers and sisters in the aggregate did not perceive their own high relative risk for CHD nor significantly change their smoking habits, body weight, dietary salt or fat intake, self-reported stress levels, or exercise patterns in the four months following a CHD event in a young index case. They did demonstrate moderate general knowledge; however, specific knowledge about the presence or absence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension in the index sibling was poor, as documented by comparisons of sibling reports to medical records. This study has implications for risk reduction in this easily identifiable high-risk group, which appears, in the aggregate, to resist lifestyle changes following a CHD event in young brothers or sisters.
Infections with the agent of 'kennel cough' in patients with cancer

Summary Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations, microbiological data, and outcomes of Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) infections in patients with cancer. Methods Review of electronic medical records of 24 patients with Bb infection, from 2000 to 2013. An infection was considered to be associated with Bb if both clinical manifestations plus microbial growth from infected sites were present. Results Ten patients (42%) had a monomicrobial infection, whereas multiple pathogens in addition to Bb were isolated from the rest (14 patients, 58%). The most frequent sites of infection were the respiratory tract (18 patients, 75 %) and bloodstream (17%). The most frequently associated conditions were lymphopenia (71%), tobacco use (42%), and chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive agents (33% each). Animal exposure was established in four patients. Overall, the response rate to treatment was 100% for monomicrobial and 79% for polymicrobial infections, respectively. Conclusions Bb is an uncommon pathogen even in immunosuppressed patients. Predominant sites of infection are the respiratory tract and bloodstream. Bb should be considered pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts, particularly with history of zoonotic exposure, even if accompanied by co-pathogens. Therefore, contact with potential animal sources should be minimized. The infection ranges from mild to severe and has no specific clinical or radiographic manifestations.
Usability Evaluation of a Novel Robotic Power Wheelchair for Indoor and Outdoor Navigation.

Abstract Objective To compare the Mobility Enhancement roBotic (MEBot) wheelchair’s capabilities with commercial electric-powered wheelchairs (EPWs) by performing a systematic usability evaluation. Design Usability in effectiveness, efficacy, and satisfaction was evaluated using quantitative measures. A semistructured interview was employed to gather feedback about the users’ interaction with MEBot. Setting Laboratory testing of EPW driving performance with 2 devices in a controlled setting simulating common EPW driving tasks. Participants A convenience sample of expert EPW users (N=12; 9 men, 3 women) with an average age of 54.7±10.9 years and 16.3± 8.1 years of EPW driving experience. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Powered mobility clinical driving assessment (PMCDA), Satisfaction Questionnaire, National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Task Load Index. Results Participants were able to perform significantly higher number of tasks (P=.004), with significantly higher scores in both the adequacy-efficacy (P=.005) and the safety (P=.005) domains of the PMCDA while using MEBot over curbs and cross-slopes. However, participants reported significantly higher mental demand (P=.005) while using MEBot to navigate curbs and cross-slopes due to MEBot’s complexity to perform its mobility applications which increased user’s cognitive demands. Conclusions Overall, this usability evaluation demonstrated that MEBot is a promising EPW device to use indoors and outdoors with architectural barriers such as curbs and cross-slopes. Current design limitations were highlighted with recommendations for further improvement.
Analysis and demonstration: Wallis and Newton on mathematical presentation

Emulating the Greek geometers, Newton used synthetic demonstration to present the ground-breaking arguments of the Principia. This paper argues that we can better understand Newton's reasons for us...
Application of ZigBee-Based Internet of Things Technology to Demand Response in Smart Grids

Abstract The authors discuss how technologies normally associated with Internet of Things may be applied to demand response in smart grids. The authors present a system consisting of wireless hard-ware and intelligent control software that facilitates the participation of residential and commercial loads in demand response initiatives within smart grids. Obviously, the ability to observe and control these devices digitally is essential to such initiatives. The main objectives of this work are to develop a cost-effective and ultra-low power meshed network, introduce proximity estimation and self-location capability as well as, formulate a learning-based optimization algorithm for load automation.
Biomechanical characteristics of lumbar manipulation performed by expert, resident, and student physical therapists.

Abstract Background Lumbar manipulation is a commonly used treatment for low back pain, but little research evidence exists regarding practitioner biomechanics during manipulation. Most existing evidence describes rate of force production through the hands into instrumented manikins and it is unclear how the practitioner moves their body and legs to generate this force. Objectives To identify and characterize important kinetic and kinematic factors in practitioners of varying experience performing lumbar manipulation in order to identify which factors distinguish experts from less experienced practitioners. Study design This was a cohort observational laboratory study. Methods 43 male physical therapists (PT) and PT students (4 experts, 11 residents, 13 third year, and 15 first year students) performed 4 manipulations each on asymptomatic patient models. Angular and linear kinematics of the pelvis were measured using motion capture, and ground reaction forces were measured with force plates under the practitioner's feet. Results Peak pelvic angular velocity was greater and in the opposite direction in experts compared to other groups in the frontal plane (p = 0.020) and transverse plane (p = 0.000). Experts had greater downward pelvic linear velocity than third year students and first year students (p = 0.000). Experts also demonstrated faster rate of vertical ground reaction force unloading during the manipulation (p = 0.002). Conclusions Expert performance of manipulation was characterized by increased speed of linear and angular pelvic motion, and increased modulation of vertical ground reaction force. These results help to inform educators and practitioners that teach and use this complex manual skill.
Screening for Preeclampsia.

A 28-year-old white woman comes to your clinic for prenatal care reporting a new-onset severe headache. She is currently pregnant with twins at an estimated gestational age of 22 weeks. Her obstetric history is significant for one previous term singleton vaginal delivery at 24 years of age without complications.
The Carbon Balance of Tropical Islands: Lessons from Soil Respiration

Tropical islands are often referred to as “microcosms,” given their potential to represent natural laboratories and they appeal to many scientists who study them. Despite their small size compared to larger continental land masses, tropical islands have proven difficulty to characterize, particularly in the face of disturbance and rapidly changing land use and land cover (LULC). Here, we provide an example of how field observations of one of the major components of the carbon cycle—soil respiration—can be useful in identifying major patterns in carbon fluxes across a heterogeneous island. Our findings suggest that carbon fluxes such as soil respiration are highly sensitive to changes in moisture availability, particularly in dry locations or during dry periods. Furthermore, our observations suggest that soil respiration fluxes are also strongly mediated by vegetative cover. We conclude by arguing that not only is the study of the carbon processes of tropical islands necessary to characterize the carbon status of these important ecosystems, but also a viable opportunity to improve our understanding of carbon balance and exchange in highly heterogeneous landscapes in other parts of the planet.
Globular Cluster Abundances from High-resolution, Integrated-light Spectroscopy. IV. The Large Magellanic Cloud: α, Fe-peak, Light, and Heavy Elements

We present detailed chemical abundances in eight clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We measure abundances of 22 elements for clusters spanning a range in age of 0.05-12 Gyr, providing a comprehensive picture of the chemical enrichment and star formation history of the LMC. The abundances were obtained from individual absorption lines using a new method for analysis of high-resolution (R ~ 25,000), integrated-light (IL) spectra of star clusters. This method was developed and presented in Papers I, II, and III of this series. In this paper, we develop an additional IL χ2-minimization spectral synthesis technique to facilitate measurement of weak (~15 mA) spectral lines and abundances in low signal-to-noise ratio data (S/N ~ 30). Additionally, we supplement the IL abundance measurements with detailed abundances that we measure for individual stars in the youngest clusters (age +0.5) and increases with decreasing age, indicating a strong contribution of low-metallicity asymptotic giant branch star ejecta to the interstellar medium throughout the later history of the LMC. We also find a correlation of IL Na and Al abundances with cluster mass in the sense that more massive, older clusters are enriched in the light elements Na and Al with respect to Fe, which implies that these clusters harbor star-to-star abundance variations as is common in the MW. Lower mass, intermediate-age, and young clusters have Na and Al abundances that are lower and more consistent with LMC field stars. Our results can be used to constrain both future chemical evolution models for the LMC and theories of globular cluster formation.
Sculpting crystals one Burgers vector at a time: Toward colloidal lattice robot swarms

Plastic deformation of crystalline materials with isotropic particle attractions proceeds by the creation and migration of dislocations under the influence of external forces. If dislocations are produced and migrated under the action of local forces, then material shape change can occur without the application of surface forces. We investigate how particles with variable diameters can be embedded in colloidal monolayers to produce dislocations on demand. We find in simulation that when embedded clusters of variable diameter particles are taken through multiple cycles of swelling and shrinking, large cumulative plastic slip is produced by the creation and biased motion of dislocation pairs in the solid for embedded clusters of particular geometries. In this way, dislocations emitted by these clusters (biased "dislocation emitters") can be used to reshape colloidal matter. Our results are also applicable to larger-scale swarms of robotic particles that organize into dense ordered two-dimensional (2D) arrangements. We conclude with a discussion of how dislocations fulfill for colloids the role sought by "metamodules" in lattice robotics research and show how successive applications of shear as a unit operation can produce shape change through slicing and swirling.
Large-scale placenta DNA methylation mega-analysis reveals fetal sex-specific differentially methylated CpG sites and regions

Although male-female differences in placental structure and function have been observed, little is understood about their molecular underpinnings. Here, we present a mega-analysis of 14 publicly available placenta DNA methylation (DNAm) microarray datasets to identify individual CpGs and regions associated with fetal sex. In the discovery dataset of placentas from full term pregnancies (N = 532 samples), 5,212 CpGs met genome-wide significance (p < 1E-8) and were enriched in pathways such as keratinization (FDR p-value = 7.37E-14), chemokine activity (FDR p-value = 1.56E-2), and eosinophil migration (FDR p-value = 1.83E-2). Nine differentially methylated regions were identified (fwerArea < 0.1) including a region in the promoter of ZNF300 that showed consistent differential DNAm in samples from earlier timepoints in pregnancy and appeared to be driven predominately by effects in the trophoblast cell type. We describe the largest study of fetal sex differences in placenta DNAm performed to date, revealing genes and pathways characterizing sex-specific placenta function and health outcomes later in life.
Reflections of psychomotor skill development in preclinical simulation: A qualitative analysis.

Introduction Reflection on competency helps students become more proficient in performing skills, with the ultimate goal of better retention of knowledge and skill. Competency progression involves a complex interplay of factors, and not having the insight of such multiple perspectives of the same experience, we will not be able to understand students as learners fully and consequently may rely on assumption and may not be able to provide the necessary interventions for growth and progress towards competency. This study aims to investigate students' insight of their own progression during psychomotor skill development. Materials and methods Data were obtained from scanned reflective dialogue log document portfolios from the preclinical fixed dental prosthodontics section, which is part of a comprehensive dental care course during the second year. Data were coded using NVivo software version 12 plus (QSR International Pty Ltd, Vic, Australia), and subsequent thematic analyses identified emerging themes. Results Three themes emerged and these were (a) challenges to overcome, (b) feed-back and self-appraisal, and (c) progress and growth. The qualitative data generated did not reveal considerable variation in the students' reflections, and the three themes seem to interrelate. Conclusions The main challenge was the concept of the single path of insertion and the perception that it was a source of frustration during this course. Self-appraisal identified time management issues and the transformation from preconceived or learned concepts. As the semester progressed, students reflected progress and growth.
Case Series: High-resolution Optical Coherence Tomography as an Optical Biopsy in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia.

Significance Ocular surface squamous neoplasias are superficial tumors of the cornea and conjunctiva that can be sight threatening if neglected. Therefore, accurate noninvasive diagnostic modalities are needed. Purpose The purpose of this case series was to describe the hallmark features of ocular surface squamous neoplasia on high-resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) imaging and its use in the evaluation and management of superficial ocular tumors. Case series Five eyes of four patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia are described. Whereas two eyes displayed the classic clinical features of ocular surface squamous neoplasia, three of the five eyes had more subtle atypical features. However, all shared features on HR-OCT of epithelial thickening and hyperreflectivity with abrupt transitions between normal and abnormal tissue, classic features of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. All lesions ultimately underwent incisional or excisional biopsy and were confirmed to be ocular surface squamous neoplasia on histopathology. Conclusions Ocular surface squamous neoplasia may present as a classic tumor but can also have subtle features or masquerade. Accurate methods to diagnose and manage patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia are necessary. With recent advancements in technology, HR-OCT has been demonstrated to accurately identify ocular surface squamous neoplasia with the repeatable optical findings of (1) epithelial thickening, (2) epithelial hyperreflectivity, and (3) abrupt transition zone between normal and abnormal tissue. This case series demonstrates how HR-OCT can help provide an optical biopsy to guide appropriate diagnosis and management of this neoplastic lesion.
Neural activation to loss and reward among alcohol naive adolescents who later initiate alcohol use.

Abstract Adolescent alcohol use is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes, including an increased risk of alcohol use disorder in adulthood. It is therefore important to identify risk factors of alcohol initiation in adolescence. Research to date has shown that altered neural activation to reward is associated with alcohol use in adolescence; however, few studies have focused on neural activation to loss and alcohol use. The current study examined neural activation to loss and reward among 64 alcohol naive 12−14 year olds that did (n = 20) and did not initiate alcohol use by a three year follow-up period. Results showed that compared to adolescents that did not initiate alcohol use, adolescents that did initiate alcohol use by the three year follow-up period had increased activation to loss in the left striatum (i.e., putamen), right precuneus, and the brainstem/pons when they were alcohol naive at baseline. By contrast, alcohol initiation was not associated with neural activation to winning a reward. These results suggest that increased activation in brain regions implicated in salience, error detection/self-referential processing, and sensorimotor function, especially to negative outcomes, may represent an initial vulnerability factor for alcohol use in adolescence.
COVID-19 Infection: Impaired Olfaction, Movement Disorders, Encephalopathy, and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

Abstract COVID-19 infection of the CNS has manifested with several characteristic neurological deficits. Among these are early and sometimes prominent reductions in sense of smell and taste. A few instances of movement disorders have been described, among them myoclonus, orthostatic tremor, ataxic gait, and serotonin syndrome. While the mechanisms of movement disorders and encephalopathy from COVID-19 infection have not been worked out, a few instances of autopsy evidence include findings of, as demonstrated by neuropathological and radiological findings, small hemorrhages and infarctions. Encephalopathy from COVID-19 can present acutely with impaired alertness unrelated to hypoxia and residual deficits in cognition can be long-term outcomes.
Land cover changes on a barrier island: Yearly changes, storm effects, and recovery periods

Abstract Ecosystems on barrier islands provide socio-ecological services to terrestrial and aquatic endangered species, as well as human inhabitants. The management of these coastal ecosystems is challenged by changes in annual and storm time scales driven by atmospheric, oceanographic, geologic, and human processes. Thus, the need for data and methods to accurately quantify and assess ecosystem and land cover evolution to inform stakeholders is on the rise. A dataset of high-resolution color infrared images of a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge is used to quantify annual land cover changes at a barrier island scale and to identify the effects of hurricanes and their recovery periods. Geospatial analysis and change matrices depict the interconnection between 13 land cover classes. Vegetation growth over regions of bare sand formed by storms leads to the creation of successional habitats, while the loss of bare sand dune to beach, and beach to water are indicators of erosional processes. Storms passing along the ocean and sound side of a barrier island result in different land cover changes that can last anywhere from 4 to more than 7 years, respectively. Management practices for coastal regions and the presence of infrastructure partially control the expansion of marshes, bare sand, maritime brush, and dunes.
Controlling the state of a motorway using express lanes

An algorithm for controlling the state of a motorway using express lanes is proposed. The aim of the control is to support the maximum speed on the express lanes by redistributing flows at the entrances. This is achieved with regard to the state of general purpose lanes and the condition of minimal growth of queues at the entrances. To describe the algorithm and its properties, the discretized hydrodynamic traffic flow model of Lighthill, Whitham, and Richards is used.
The reproducibility of assessing arm elevation in the scapular plane on the Cybex 340

Isokinetic testing of arm elevation in the scapular plane offers several advantages over the frontal plane. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the intraexaminer reproducibility of scapular plane (30° anterior to frontal plane) elevation peak torques using a Cybex 340 isokinetic dynamometer. Twelve female and three male (N = 15) noninjured college students were tested on three separate occasions over a six week interval. Dominant shoulder scapular plane elevation was measured with participants seated utilizing a modified abduction/adduction protocol. Testing consisted of four gradient sub-maximum to maximum warm-ups followed by five maximum repetitions at 60°/sec, 180°/sec, and 300°/sec. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated that scapular plane elevation peak torques may be measured using these techniques with good reproducibility at 60°/sec (0.870) and 180°/sec (0.827), and fair reproducibility at 300°/sec (0.708). Results suggest that scapular plane arm elevation isokinetic testing should be conducted at slower angular-velocities to obtain more reproducible measurements.
FGF-1-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in breast cancer cells is mediated by increased activities of NF-kB and activating protein-1

2082 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) plays a critical role in tumor invasion, metastasis angiogenesis, inflammation, and would healing. Here, we investigate the effect of fibroblast growth factors-1 on the expression of MMP-9 in ENU1564, a carcinogen-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line. Gelatin zymography, and RT-PCR demonstrate that FGF-1 dose dependently increased MMP-9 mRNA level and gelatinolytic activity in conditioned medium. Also, FGF-1 treatment of cancer cells activated phosphorylation of Akt, Erk 1/2, and SPK/JNK. Pretreatment of cells with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor significantly inhibited FGF-1-dependent activation of MMP-9. Also, pretreatment with SP600125, and JNK inhibitor, and with PD98059, and ERK 1/2 inhibitor, strongly inhibited FGF-1-dependent MMP-9 expression. FGF-1-triggered nuclear translocation of NF-kB p65, c-jun, and enhanced degradation of cytoplasmic IkB-α. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed increased DNA binding of NF-kB, and AP-1 to the MMP-9 promoter in FGF-1 treated cells. The specificity of DNA binding complex was determined by supershift analysis. To define the transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 by FGF-1 we performed promoter-reporter assays. In the previous studies a number of transcription factor binding sites have been characterized in the upstream region of the MMP-9 gene, including those for AP-1, and NF-kB. Our results indicate that mutation of either response element prevented MMP-9 promoter activation by FGF-1. Taken together, these results demonstrated that FGF-1-upregulates MMP-9 expression by activation of a dual signalling pathway, Akt and MAPK, and contribute to cancer progression.
Directory Systems for Computer Mail in Internetworking Environments

In this paper we present design considerations of directory systems for computer mail. Directory systems are analyzed based on a hierarchical architecture for computer mail systems and the emphasis of the paper is on large systems and system interconnection. The paper describes the organization of the directory system’s databases into (logical) levels according to the nature of the information stored in such databases, and discusses the design issues associated with the management of such a distributed database. These issues include: a. How the information is structured and distributed. b. How to control access to the data. c. How to process identification queries. d. How to ensure integrity and security of information. e. How to update the directory system.
Carcinogenesis in human skin grafted to SCID mice

To directly examine a multistage carcinogenesis model and the role of UV light in human tissues, we grafted human skin onto mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. We found that the maximum dose of UV radiation in the B range (UVB; 280-320 nm) tolerated by these grafts was 500 J/m2 three times weekly. One hundred fifty-one grafted mice were then randomized and observed for a median of 9 months in five groups: no treatment, chemical initiation alone, UVB as a complete carcinogen, initiation plus UVB promotion, and initiation plus UVB and phorbol ester promotion. Actinic damage and squamous atypia were found in grafts of all groups receiving UV treatment; unequivocal human squamous carcinomas developed in two of these. Species origin was verified by human-specific bisbenzimide staining and in situ hybridization for human-specific Alu segment. Overall basal proliferation, measured immunohistologically, was reduced in UV-treated grafts, but foci of hyperproliferation were seen in conjunction with the dedifferentiated expression of cytokeratins 1, 10 and 5, 8. Murine tumors also developed frequently, confirming the biological relevance of the carcinogenic strategies tested. These findings demonstrate that development of malignant human tumors can be experimentally accelerated in human tissue.
Medical radiation, family history of cancer, and benign breast disease in relation to breast cancer risk in young women, USA.

OBJECTIVE: In previous studies breast cancer risk has been increased among women who received high doses (above 100–200 cGy) of ionizing radiation or those exposed to lower doses prior to age 20. Some evidence suggests that such risk may be distinctly elevated among women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer (probably only carriers of specific gene mutations) and women with benign breast disease (BBD). METHODS: A population-based case–control study in Los Angeles County obtained interview data from 744 women who were aged 40 or younger and diagnosed with breast cancer during 1983–1988, and from 744 matched controls. Women with a positive family history of breast or ovarian cancer reported cancer in a mother, sister, or grandmother. Women with BBD reported a physician diagnosis. Radiation exposure was defined as a history of either radiation therapy or moderate exposure to medical radiography. RESULTS: Breast cancer risk was elevated among women exposed to medical radiation prior to age 20 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–1.8), relative to unexposed women. This increased risk was observed only among women with a history of BBD (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.6–3.7). Overall, risk was not associated with exposure to medical radiation after age 20 years, although among women with a positive family history of breast or ovarian cancer, exposed women had an increased risk (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.1). Breast cancer risk was not increased among women with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer exposed to medical radiation before age 20 years or those with BBD exposed to medical radiation after age 20 years. DISCUSSION: Study participants may have received radiation doses that are no longer common, hampering study generalizability. Although differences in recall between cases and controls cannot be completely excluded, women with BBD or a family history of breast cancer appear to have greater breast cancer risk following relatively low ionizing radiation exposure than other women in this study.
Corrosion Inhibitor Film Formation Studied by ATR-FTIR

The development of an inhibitor film is essential for the effective performance of a corrosion inhibitor. The use of attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) allows the development of inhibitor films on iron oxides to be monitored. For two distinct corrosion inhibitor chemistries, oleic imidazoline and phosphate ester, the film formation and corrosion processes are monitored on Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} in a powdered form (a model surface). Additional data following on the physical and chemical properties are obtained using XPS and SEM techniques, which allows for a more complete characterization of the model inhibitor/oxide system. By the proper choice of system and measurement techniques, the complex phenomenon of corrosion inhibition may be analyzed directly.