cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of cosalane—a novel highly lipophilic anti-HIV agent—to albumin and glycoprotein

Cosalane is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication with multiple sites of action. The purposes of this study were to (a) determine the extent and nature of cosalane binding to mucin, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AAG), plasma, and human (HSA) and bovine serum (BSA) albumin, and (b) determine the primary site(s) of cosalane binding to HSA. Plasma protein binding of cosalane was studied by a gel filtration technique. Cosalane binding to HSA was also determined in the presence of salicylic acid. Competitive inhibition studies were conducted using warfarin, digitoxin, and diazepam to determine the primary HSA binding site(s) of cosalane. The drug was bound extensively to HSA and BSA and required 500-550 moles to saturate 1 mole of protein. Stoichiometries of cosalane binding to alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and mucin were between 30 and 50 mol/mol of either glycoprotein. The binding isotherm deviated from a rectangular hyperbola, suggesting self-association of the ligand. Salicylic acid decreased cosalane binding to HSA by one order of magnitude. Inhibition studies of cosalane to HSA revealed that the compound binds primarily to warfarin site with a K(i) of 1.24 +/- 0.24 nM. In summary, cosalane binds extensively to serum albumins and to a lesser extent to both AAG and mucin.
Hepatic involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Five children with rheumatoid arthritis, in whom the onset was before the age 6 years, had massive hepatomegaly with mild derangement of liver function studies (elevated serum levels of transaminases and bilirubin and bromsulphalein retention). Three patients were originally thought to have malignancy or infections, rather than juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. All have had high spiking fevers and other systemic manifestations. Hepatomegaly occurred at or near the onset of disease in all patients and regressed with its remission. Hepatic histology, studied in 4 of 5 children, showed nonspecific periportal collections of inflammatory cells and hyperplasia of Kupfler cells. No child has had evidence of progressive liver disease. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly in children, particularly if high fever is associated; and other manifestations of the disease, such as arthritis, rheumatoid rash, splenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy, pleuritis, and pericarditis, should be sought.
Trail of the Crab progenitor star

It is proposed that the jet which has been observed protruding from the northern rim of the Crab Nebula is a tubular trail of material lost by the presupernova star during its red giant phase. The movement of the red giant's stellar wind is analyzed to show that the mass profile downstream should be concentrated within a narrow cylinder. The parameters of the tube predicted by this model are presented and an observational test of the model based on the hydrogen-to-helium abundance ratio in the jet and in the Nebula as a whole is suggested; the model predicts that the ratio in the jet should be larger.
Toward a psychological ecology of affirmative action

Research-based knowledge of the effects of affirmative action has been little help to policy makers. That is the case because there has been no means through which to organize into a policy-relevant whole the findings that have come from a variety of disciplinary sources. A heuristic schematic of the “psychological ecology of affirmative action” is proposed as a step toward developing a conceptual framework that can reduce this problem. A psychological ecology of affirmative action consists of the mutual relations between policy interest groups and the procedures used to implement these policies. A critical point that the ecological framework leads to is that the nature of affirmative action procedures has a major influence on the material and subjective links between interest groups. Given that claim, the schematic is used to categorize, review, and critique the multidisciplinary research on affirmative action. From that overview, a set of general guidelines for the design of effective affirmative action programs is proposed. Finally, a call is made for a shift in the unit of policy analysis from a focus on group justice to relational justice.
The association of polypeptide hormones and growth factors with the nuclei of target cells

Abstract Nuclear sites of action have long been recognized for steroid and thyroid hormones. Evidence accumulated over the past decade suggests that polypeptide hormones and growth factors may also have nuclear sites of action.
Investigation of the structure of lipid A from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and human clinical isolate PO 1021-7.

The lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and a human clinical isolate PO 1021-7 were examined by SDS/PAGE, deoxycholate/PAGE and mass spectrometry. PAGE analysis revealed an electrophoretic pattern similar to the SR-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella. Deoxycholate/PAGE indicated the LPS of A. actinomycetemcomitans to consist of short sugar chains. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of thiobarbituric-acid-positive material (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid equivalents) and four neutral sugars: glucose, galactose, d-glycero-d-manno-heptose and l-glycero-d-manno-heptose. Phosphate, glucosamine, glycine, and the fatty acids, 3-hydroxymyristic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid, comprised the remainder of the molecule. The structure of the free lipid A revealed it to consist of a 1,6-glucosamine disaccharide esterified at C4′ by a phosphomonoester. The hydroxyl group at C3 and the amide group of the non-reducing glucosamine were both acylated by 3-myristoylmyristic acid; analogous sites on the reducing glucosamine were acylated by 3-hydroxymyristic acid. Hydroxyl groups at C4 and C6′ in the free lipid A were unsubstituted, with C6 being the proposed attachment site of the polysaccharide moiety. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of glycine in the intact LPS; its exact location in the A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS is still to be determined. Both intact LPS and free lipid A were highly lethal to galactosamine-sensitized mice, comparable to that of Salmonella.
An examination of the impact of product and service quality perceptions on customer loyalty in rural banks in Ghana: the importance of social networks for nascent entrepreneurs

This study focuses on a national sample of customers who used commercial bank products/services in Ghana. The results demonstrate that social and cultural influences are important determinants of marketing practices of banking institutions in Ghana. Although, societal leaders are critical of the customer service and process components of bank products/services, these leaders encourage individuals to remain within the commercial banking system. Consumers who rely on these same societal leaders for financial advice remain with commercial banks for a longer period of time than other individuals who rely on surrogate advisors. Thus, in commercial bank relationships within Ghana, strategies should be tailored around instilling trust as reflected by the opinions of informal/formal societal leaders and family members. The results overall provide critical insight into how formal financial institutions may adapt their marketing practices in Ghana and other emerging African nations for long-term sustainability/customer retention.
The relationship of early communication concerns to developmental delay and symptoms of autism spectrum disorders.

Objective: Parental concerns related to communication are an oft-cited reason that children present to early intervention clinics. We examine the relationship between early communication first concerns (FCs) and symptoms of ASD.Methods: The present study included 3173 toddlers at risk for developmental delay. The Battelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd edition and the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT) were used to examine developmental quotient scores and autism symptoms.Results: Significant results were observed with respect to FC group and gender. A significant effect of FC-Communication group was observed with respect to developmental quotient overall and subscale scores, as well as autism symptom scores.Conclusion: Those with communication disorders are a heterogeneous population and do not account for all children who will meet criteria for a diagnosis of an ASD.
Morphological and biochemical features of elastase-induced emphysema in strain A/J mice

Elastase-induced animal models of pulmonary emphysema are potentially useful to study the physiological, anatomical, and biochemical injuries associated with emphysema. After the endotracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (0.15 or 0.30 mg elastase per 100 g body weight) into strain A/J mice, selected biochemical and morphometric indices od lung damage were examined. Elastase produced extensive air space enlargement without appreciable mortality. Lesions involving the lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchioles were observed within 2 weeks and possessed features resembling panlobular and centrilobular emphysema. Morphometric analyses of emphysema indicated that after the acute phase of tissue damage and repair, the lesions stabilize without further deterioration of alveolar structure. Increased lung elastin synthesis was noted following endotracheal elastase, resulting in lung elastin levels 30% higher than controls 8 weeks after treatment. Minimal alterations to lung DNA and protein levels indicated that elastase produced specific lung lesions exclusive of inflammation and edema.
The scent of cannibalism: The olfactory basis of cannibalism in hermit crabs

Abstract Animals are constantly exposed to sensory cues that provide conflicting information about their environments and must somehow rely on these sensory cues to make appropriate behavioral decisions. For cannibalistic scavengers, the odors of injured conspecifics or heterospecifics can serve as conflicting sensory cues because they could represent either the proximity of a food resource or the proximity of a predator ( e.g. , a recent predation event). Foraging cannibals must therefore weigh the risk–reward consequences of approaching injured conspecifics and heterospecifics. Previous research has shown that foraging cannibals respond to these conflicting cues by exhibiting caution, showing anti-predation behaviors instead of foraging behaviors. Hermit crabs are cannibalistic animals that rely heavily on olfaction to forage. Here I show for the first time that cannibalistic hermit crabs use the odors of crushed conspecifics and heterospecifics as foraging cues instead of anti-predation cues. Test animals, in general, responded to the odors of crushed conspecifics and heterospecifics with increased foraging responses instead of anti-predation responses, and readily consumed both conspecific and heterospecific animals. However, test animals showed faster approach times and longer feeding times for heterospecifics than conspecifics. These results suggest that hermit crabs are capable of discerning between the odors of conspecifics and heterospecifics, and show greater avoidance towards dead conspecifics than heterospecifics.
On the Theory of Pulse Propagation and Two-Frequency Field Statistics in Irregular Interstellar Plasmas

We have computed two-frequency second moments and pulse profiles for plane and spherical waves both propagating in an extended plasma and incident on a thin plasma phase screen located between the source and the observer. The various models we consider for the power spectrum of the interstellar electron density fluctuations versus wavenumber are the simple power-law model, the power-law model with an inner scale, the "β=4" model, and the square-law structure function model. The power-law model with spectral exponent β=11/3 corresponds to the Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum. The β=4 model describes the random distribution in location and orientation of discrete objects with relatively sharp boundaries, such as shocks, across the line of sight. An outer scale is included in the β=4 model to account for the average size of such objects. The results for the various spectral models generally lie between the extremes represented by the simple Kolmogorov and square-law structure function models. In the strong scattering limit, the diffractive decorrelation bandwidth is related to the scattering broadening time via a Fourier uncertainty relation. We have computed numerical values for the uncertainty constant for the various geometries and spectral models and find values ranging over a factor of 2. For the Kolmogorov spectrum, the value is less than that in the widely-used Taylor, Manchester, & Lyne (1993) catalog by factors of 1.98 and 2.34 for a point source in an extended medium and in screen geometries, respectively. Thus observers must use the appropriate constant when comparing observations with a specific spectral and geometrical model. We also note that high signal-to-noise ratio observations of the scattering tails of pulsar pulses may be used to constrain the various spectral models of the Galactic electron density fluctuations, independent of the distribution of the scattering material along the line of sight.
NMR AND OTHER MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES IN UNSTABLE MAGNETS

This paper reviews and compares the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and related hyperfine techniques [muon spin rotation (μSR) and, to a lesser extent, other methods] in the study of 4f and 5f magnetism in “unstable magnets”, i.e., intermediate-valent and heavy-fermion materials. In both NMR and μSR the features of interest are the spectral shape, the frequency shiftK (Knight shift in metals) and the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1. For temperatures below the characteristic or “Kondo” temperatureT0 these experiments given evidence for (1) modification of the transferred hyperfine field [nonlinearK(χ)]. (2) spin fluctuations with a characteristic fluctuation rate ∼kBT0/h, (3) strong energy-gap anisotropy (zeros of the gap along lines on the Fermi surface) in heavy-fermion superconductors, (4) spin-singlet Cooper pairing from the change in muon Knight shift in superconducting UBe13, and (5) very weak static magnetism (10−1–10−3 μB/f atom) in CeAl3, CeCu2Si2, U1−xThxBe13 (x=0.033), and UPt3. There is some controversy concerning the interpretation of 1/T1 well aboveT0 in UBe13; the situation is reviewed.
Agricultural conservation planning framework: 2. Classification of riparian buffer design types with application to assess and map stream corridors.

A watershed's riparian corridor presents opportunities to stabilize streambanks, intercept runoff, and influence shallow groundwater with riparian buffers. This paper presents a system to classify these riparian opportunities and apply them toward riparian management planning in hydrologic unit code 12 watersheds. In two headwater watersheds from each of three landform regions found in Iowa and Illinois, high-resolution (3-m grid) digital elevation models were analyzed to identify spatial distributions of surface runoff contributions and zones with shallow water tables (SWTs) (within 1.5 m of the channel elevation) along the riparian corridors. Results were tabulated, and a cross classification was applied. Classes of buffers include those primarily placed to (i) trap runoff and sediment, (ii) influence shallow groundwater, (iii) address both runoff and shallow groundwater, and (iv) maintain/improve stream bank stability. Riparian buffers occupying about 2.5% of these six watersheds could effectively intercept runoff contributions from 81 to 94% of the watersheds' contributing areas. However, extents of riparian zones where a narrow buffer ( 25 m width of buffer vegetation could root to a SWT varied according to landform region ( < 0.10). Yet, these wide-SWT riparian zones were widespread and occupied 23 to 53% of the lengths of stream banks among the six watersheds. The wide-SWT setting provides opportunities to reduce dissolved nutrients (particularly NO-N) carried via groundwater. This riparian classification and mapping system is part of a ArcGIS toolbox and could provide a consistent basis to identify riparian management opportunities in Midwestern headwater catchments wherever high-resolution elevation data are available.
Automatic Photoelastimeter for Determining Very Small Dilatations

A sensitivity of 0.03-mμ birefringence is achieved by the introduction of a plastic disk (~6-mμ birefringence) rotated at 30 Hz to modulate the birefringence at 60 Hz and a suitable detector. Two components are found in the detector signal: the one (120 Hz) that depends on the modulator birefringence is rejected; the other (60 Hz) which depends linearly on the compensator birefringence and changes phase at extinction is utilized. An A.E.I. BTH compact mercury arc (with interference filter for 546 mμ) operated on dc is the light source; a photomultiplier 1P21 is the detector. The signal is first fed into a parallel T notch filter which reduces the 120-Hz component five-hundred-fold and then into a three-stage narrow-band (5-Hz) active filter (utilizing three integrated-circuit operational amplifiers) that provides possible gain of 151 dB for the 60-Hz component. To obviate tedious manual setting of the compensator for the required traverse of the specimen, a 60-Hz servo motor is linked to the tangent screw of the analyzer and operated by a power amplifier for the active filter-output signal. Potentiometers on the specimen-translation screw and on the analyzer tangent screw permit the data to be plotted on an x-y For vitreous silica specimens 1 cm deep, 3 mm wide, irradiated with electrons of 1-mm range recorder. (0.6 MeV), the effect of a radiation-induced dilatation as small as 3 × 10−8 can be observed, equivalent to inserting an atomic sheet into a 1-cm long specimen. Alternatively, 1% dilatation of a surface layer 30 A thick can be detected.
Ozone inactivation of Bacillus and Clostridium spore populations and the importance of the spore coat to resistance

Ozone inactivation of B. cereus T and F4810/72, B. stearothermophilus ATCC 1518, C. perfringens NCTC 8798 and C. botulinum 12885A spore populations were evaluated in a batch system at pH 3, 4, and 5. Four preparations of B. cereus T spores prepared by using the same complex sporulation medium and protocol varied in ozone sensitivity, indicating environmental parameters during sporulation will affect spore resistance to ozone. Acidic pH values enhanced the lethality of ozone. Ozone was a rapid and effective sporicide. For example, 1·5 mg ozone l −1 at pH 3 inactivated about 90 to 99·9% of B. cereus T spore populations with 15 min when the initial population was c. 10 7 cfu ml −1 . B. stearothermophilus ATCC 1518 (c. 10 5 cfu ml −1 exhibits greater ozone resistance; 2·2 mg ozone l −1 at pH 3·0 inactivated about 60% of the population within 15 min. B. cereus spore populations ( c. 5.5 × 10 6 cfu ml −1 ) treated to remove coat proteins were rapidly inactivated (99·995% in 15 min) by 0·2 mg ozone l −1 at pH 3·0 indicating the spore coat is a primary protective barrier against ozone.
Radioiodine Biogeochemistry and Prevalence in Groundwater

129I is commonly either the top or among the top risk drivers, along with 99Tc, at radiological waste disposal sites and contaminated groundwater sites where nuclear material fabrication or reprocessing has occurred. The risk stems largely from 129I having a high toxicity, a high bioaccumulation factor (90% of all the body's iodine concentrates in the thyroid), a high inventory at source terms (due to its high fission yield), an extremely long half-life (16M years), and rapid mobility in the subsurface environment. Another important reason that 129I is a key risk driver is that there is uncertainty regarding its biogeochemical fate and transport in the environment. We typically can define 129I mass balance and flux at sites, but cannot predict accurately its response to changes in the environment. As a consequence of some of these characteristics, 129I has a very low drinking water standard, which is set at 1 pCi/L, the lowest of all radionuclides in the Federal Register. Recently, significant advancements have been made in detecting iodine species at ambient groundwater concentrations, defining the nature of the organic matter and iodine bond, and quantifying the role of naturally occurring sediment microbes to promote iodine oxidation and reduction. These recent studies have led to a more mechanistic understanding of radioiodine biogeochemistry. The objective of this review is to describe these advances and to provide a state of the science of radioiodine biogeochemistry relevant to its fate and transport in the terrestrial environment and provide information useful for making decisions regarding the stewardship and remediation of 129I contaminated sites. As part of this review, knowledge gaps were identified that would significantly advance the goals of basic and applied research programs for accelerating 129I environmental remediation and reducing uncertainty associated with disposal of 129I waste. Together the information gained from addressing these knowledge gaps will not alter the observation that 129I is primarily mobile, but it will likely permit demonstration that the entire 129I pool in the source term is not moving at the same rate and some may be tightly bound to the sediment, thereby smearing the modeled 129I peak and reducing maximum calculated risk.
A simulation of neuromuscular function and heart rate during induction, maintenance, and reversal of neuromuscular blockade.

We developed a two-compartment model to simulate neuromuscular function and heart rate following the administration of four nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (atracurium, vecuronium, pancuronium, and d-tubocurarine), three neuromuscular block reversal agents (edrophonium, neostigmine, and pyridostigmine), and two anticholinergic agents (atropine and glycopyrrolate). Twitch depression, train-of-four ratio, and heart rate were modeled during fentanyl, halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane anesthesia, optionally supplemented with nitrous oxide. Simulation results, compared with published values for each drug, fell within the clinical accuracy range (onset time 6.1 ± 3.9% [mean ±SEM]; duration, 1.7 ±3.5%, 50% effective dose, 0.5 ±5.7%; and 95% effective dose, 2.1 ±1.1%). The simulation graphically demonstrates the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and interactions between neuromuscular blocking agents, reversal agents, and anticholinergic agents. During a simulation, the need for frequent monitoring and repeated delivery of a neuromuscular blocking agent to keep neuromuscular blockade stable becomes apparent, especially with the intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents. When inhalational agents are given concomitantly, the task becomes even more difficult, since potentiation changes with anesthetic uptake. Recurarization, tachycardia, or bradycardia may be seen with the simulation if an improper drug regimen is followed. Concurrent simulation of two identical patients allows comparison of different modes of administration, choice of anesthetic agents, and drug doses.
Characterization of Intermetallic Diffusion Barrier and Alloy Formation for Pd/Cu and Pd/Ag Porous Stainless Steel Composite Membranes

The formation of the intermetallic diffusion barrier layer by the controlled in-situ oxidation method for Pd and Pd/alloy porous stainless steel composite membranes was investigated. SEM and EDS results showed the existence of an oxide layer as the intermetallic diffusion barrier for oxidation temperatures higher than 600 °C. At oxidation temperatures lower than 600 °C, there might still be an oxide layer at the membrane-substrate interface although it was too thin to be detected by SEM and EDS. The alloy formation study showed that annealing at 500 °C under helium atmosphere did not produce alloys with uniform compositions either for Pd/Ag or Pd/Cu membranes. However, annealing at 600 °C gave a uniform Pd/Cu-porous stainless steel (PSS) composite membrane, with no detectable presence of elements from the PSS substrate, further demonstrating the oxide layer as an effective intermetallic diffusion barrier.
The importance of fats and fatty acids in infant nutrition

SummaryWhile man can live with small amounts of dietary fat, it appears that at certain times in one's life good fat absorption is essential. In the premature infant, excessive fat loss in the stools wastes calories, may cause diarrhoea and other symptoms, and is associated with loss of certain dietary essentials. Those recognized include calcium, fat-soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids. Similar abnormalities occur at any age in those with fat intolerance. The secondary effects of loss of these essentials can be devastating to the individual. Methods have been developed to improve fat absorption in infants not fed on human milk. These include modification of triglycerides, use of unsaturated fats and medium-chain triglycerides in fat mixtures, and administration of essentials by vein or skin. In the enthusiasm for increasing fat absorption, care must he exercised lest excessive fats, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, result in toxicity.
Hierarchical control of series elastic actuators through control Lyapunov functions

This paper addresses the control design problem of stabilizing both joint-angle and spring-torque control objectives in robots with series elastic actuators (SEAs). The proposed method is a hierarchical control scheme which employs rapidly exponentially stabilizing control Lyapunov functions (RES-CLFs) to obtain controllers for each tier in the scheme. The main result of the paper demonstrates that for a proper choice of controller parameters, applying the proposed controller to the SEA control system results in simultaneous exponential stability of the joint-angle and the spring-torque control objectives. Furthermore, it is shown that for a locally exponentially stable periodic orbit in the zero dynamics of the control system considered, the controller renders a corresponding orbit in the full SEA dynamics locally exponentially stable.
An Interesting Recursion

(2004). An Interesting Recursion. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 111, No. 6, pp. 528-530.
Plaque vulnerability, plaque rupture, and acute coronary syndromes: (Multi)-Focal manifestation of a Systemic disease process

In this issue of Circulation , Rioufol et al1 describe the presence of multiple ruptured atherosclerotic coronary plaques in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). With the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), the authors systematically examined proximal portions of the entire coronary tree in 24 patients. Ruptured plaques were found at the culprit lesion in 9 patients (37.5%) but, more importantly, distant from the culprit lesion in 19 patients (79%). These additional ruptured plaques were frequently multiple, located in a vessel different from the culprit vessel in 70% of patients and in 2 vessels not related to the acute event in 12% of patients. Both culprit lesions and additional ruptured plaques were characterized by positive remodeling. The authors proceeded with coronary stent placement at the culprit lesion site in 19 patients (86%) and, on the basis of angiographic and IVUS criteria (minimum luminal diameter <1.5 mm, minimum luminal cross-sectional-area <4 mm2), at additional sites in 16 patients (72%). See p 804 It is important to consider these findings in the context of the recent literature. Traditional diagnostic criteria of lesion significance define focal, hemodynamically significant plaques that cause acute or chronic impairment of coronary blood flow. These lesions are identified by selective coronary angiography. However, it is well known from angiographic studies that most myocardial infarctions occur at sites that previously caused only mild-to-moderate luminal stenosis.2 In histological studies of patients with coronary artery disease who died suddenly, the plaque at the culprit lesion site shows evidence of rupture in ∼70% of patients and superficial erosion in 30% of patients. 3 Acute superimposed thrombosis leads to luminal obstruction. Similar to the findings of Rioufol et al, 1 other recent studies that used different clinical imaging modalities found evidence of ruptured plaques that were …
Theory of phase equilibria in multireaction systems

Abstract It is shown that the Gibbs free energy for reacting mixtures may be expressed as an unconstrained function of a set of new composition variables. It follows that the chemical potential (and other thermodynamic function) may also be expressed in a similar way. This leads to a simplified representation of equilibrium and stability conditions for reacting systems that are similar to the nonreacting case provided the new variables are used.
Differences in Comprehension are Important in Studies of Conformity, Influence, and Persuasion

Early reviews of research on conformity, influence, and persuasion have reported that females were more persuasible than males. Recent reviews of research have reported little empirical support for...
Low-Order Model Identification of Distributed Parameter Systems by a Combination of Singular Value Decomposition and the Karhunen−Loève Expansion

In this work, a new system identification method that combines the characteristics of singular value decomposition (SVD) and the Karhunen−Loeve (KL) expansion for distributed parameter systems is p...
Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants of p+ Silicon

The free hole contribution to the elastic properties of p-type silicon is investigated. A wide range of doping concentration, from 1017 to 1020 cm−3, and temperature variation, from 100 to 500 K, is considered. Numerical calculations are given for the free hole contribution to the elastic constants. Effects of temperature variation are investigated and numerical results are given for the temperature coefficients of the elastic constants of p+ silicon. Der Beitrag freier Locher zu den elastischen Eigenschaften von p-dotiertem Silizium wird untersucht. Es wird ein weiter Bereich der Dotierungskonzentration, 1017 bis 1020 cm−3, und der Temperaturabhangigkeit, 100 bis 500 K, einbezogen. Numerische Rechnungen fur den Beitrag freier Locher zu den Elastizitatskonstanten werden angegeben. Effekte der Temperaturabhangigkeit werden untersucht, und numerische Ergebnisse fur die Temperaturkoeffizienten der Elastizitatskonstanten von p+-Silizium werden angegeben.
Odor quality: Discrimination versus free and cued identification

Eighty-two adults, ranging in age from young to elderly, performed odor-quality discrimination and both free and cued identification on six odorants presented at two intensity levels. The odorants simulated the real-world substances banana, licorice, cherry/almond, wintergreen, clove, and lemon. Performance on all three tasks declined with age, but improved with stimulus intensity. Performance at discrimination benefited from the mere availability of the six names during testing. Performance in cued identification far exceeded that in free identification and, for young and middle-aged adults, fell close to that for discrimination. For elderly adults, however, performance in cued identification fell substantially below that in discrimination. Although not entirely free of cognitive influences, discrimination seems to offer particularly clear resolution of alterations in olfactory functioning.
The case for a burst from 3U 0614+09.

A single flare event with a rise time of about 7 s and a decay time of approximately 40 s was observed by the Goddard cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8 during observations of 3U 0614+09 in September 1975. The possibility is discussed that the source was 3U 0614+09, which has been compared with the low-mass binary Sco X-1. The spectra during the event could be fitted with blackbody (kT = 0.8-1.1 keV) or thermal bremsstrahlung (kT = 1.1-2.5 keV) models with absorption by cool material. In the blackbody model the source was of the order of 1 million cm in size.
Are changes in US practices for androgen deprivation therapy financially motivated

This commentary discusses the retrospective study by Weight and colleagues, which evaluated the practice patterns of US physicians using androgen deprivation therapy (either medical castration with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] agonists or surgical castration by orchiectomy) for the treatment of Medicare patients with prostate cancer during 2001–2005. In 2003, the enactment of the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA), which lowered reimbursement for LHRH analog administration, was introduced. The authors found that LHRH agonist use increased in 2001–2003, and decreased in 2004 and 2005, while surgical castration rates increased. The authors speculated that the treatment decisions for androgen deprivation therapy were financially influenced. Although this study highlights the possible influence that reimbursement levels might have in the decision to prescribe androgen deprivation therapy, the study has several limitations, and the conclusion that financial incentives were solely responsible for the observed decrease in LHRH agonist use can not be made.
Falsely Elevated International Normalized Ratio Values in Patients Undergoing Anticoagulation Therapy: A Descriptive Evaluation

Abstract Background:Elevated international normalized ratio (INR) values have been linked to bleeding complications; however, elevated INR values are not always physiologic and can be falsely increased. This study describes the rate of falsely elevated INRs and characteristics predictive of falsely elevated INRs. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients receiving anticoagulation therapy monitored by a centralized anticoagulation service during January 2000 through December 2004 (n = 29,536). Prevalence rates of all elevated (ie, value ≥ 10), falsely elevated, and truly elevated INRs were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of falsely elevated INRs among elevated INRs. Results:Of the 556,998 INRs included in the analysis, 793 INRs (prevalence, 0.14%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.19%), 53 INRs (prevalence, 0.01%; 95% CI, Conclusions:Although INR values ≥ 10.0 occur infrequently, patients presenting with such values can present a challenge to the anticoagulation provider. Anticoagulation providers should be particularly vigilant for falsely elevated INRs when monitoring patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Effects of prenatal stress on reproduction in male and female mice

Pregnant mice were exposed to heat-restraint stress from Days 14 through 21 of gestation. Feminine receptivity quotients were significantly higher in prenatally-stressed male offspring than in unhandled males; however there were no differences in testes weights or masculine copulatory behavior. Prenatally stressed females exhibited vaginal opening at a later date, had longer estrus cycles and higher median quality receptivity scores than unhandled controls. Prenatal stress had no profound effects on pregnancy, parturition or survival of young. However there was a significantly smaller proportion of parturient postnatally stressed females compared to unhandled controls.
Characterization of Zener-tunneling drain leakage current in high-dose halo implants

Degraded junction leakage current in scaled MOSFETs due to enhanced band-to-band tunneling (i.e. local Zener effect) is characterized based on a modified band-to-band tunneling model. To suppress the severe drain leakage current in the presence of high-dose halo implants, the impact of implant conditions on drain leakage current is estimated based on implant induced damage (point defect) profiles.
Revolutionizing Rights: Epp's Comparative Perspective

The twentieth century will be remembered as a time when people learned to think about individual rights in a new way. The basic idea of rights-that citizens hold powers of self-determination independently of their goverment-once served primarily as a backdrop for other political discussions. Rights justified popular rebellion against the absolutist pretensions of kings and described limits on the power of popularly elected governments. In the nineteenth century, rights rhetoric served primarily the rich, who sought to protect and extend their wealth. During the twentieth century, however, rights talk grew to cover a much broader range of concerns, and in the process became more specific, more utilitarian, and more democratic. Rights evolved into a powerful fulcrum for promoting social change without revolutionary upset. The theory of individual rights has, in a sense, become domesticated, but in this process, democratic governments have had to become much more responsive to the claims of their citizens.
Reaching Out: Understanding the Puzzle of Cross-Party Nominations to the Lower United States Federal Courts

Scholars have argued that U.S. presidents use their judicial appointments to advance their political goals. However, on rare occasions, presidents nominate people who are not members of their political party to the judiciary. This study will examine the factors that affect the probability of a cross-party judicial nomination occurring, in order to better understand the goals that presidents are seeking to advance through these unusual actions. Looking at nominations to United States federal circuit courts and district courts between 1977 through 2004, the study finds that, controlling for a number of relevant factors, a greater number of opposition senators from a state and a higher level of electoral competition between the Republican and Democratic parties in a state increase the probability that a president will name someone from outside of his party from that state to a federal court vacancy. The findings support the hypothesis that presidents make cross-party judicial nominations to further their partisan electoral objectives, and as a response to institutional pressure from opposition senators through the use of Senate rules.
Secure data aggregation and source-channel coding with MIT code for wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a secure data aggregation and source-channel coding algorithm, called SAC, for implementing secure data aggregation and compression along with error correction in wireless sensor networks by employing multiple-input turbo (MIT) code that we have recently introduced for source and channel coding. If there is no direct communication between two sensor nodes, SAC implements Slepian-Wolf coding principles in performing source encoding using MIT code. However, if there exists an explicit communication between two sensor nodes, the node that has more residual energy performs data aggregation and source encoding. When the bit error rate is not acceptable, MIT code is used for channel coding as well. Security is achieved by encrypting the data with shared keys. To reduce energy consumption, latency, and memory size requirements, MIT code employs partial interleavers.
Intimate Partner Violence, PTSD, and Adverse Health Outcomes

The high prevalence of adverse health outcomes related to intimate partner violence (IPV) is well documented. Yet we know little about the pathways that lead to adverse health outcomes. Research concerning the psychological, biological, neurological, behavioral, and physiological alterations following exposure to IPV--many of which are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)--represents a promising area of empirical discovery. New technologies and interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are required to integrate diverse methodologies and to apply new findings to improving the health and well being of those affected by IPV. This article focuses on victimization by IPV and addresses the most important research findings in the last 20 years (health and mental health burden of IPV), the most important research issue for the next decade (pathways between IPV and adverse health outcomes), and the most promising methodological innovation for the study of IPV (integrated, interdisciplinary, biobehavioral methodology).
Application of Neural Networks to Wind Tunnel Data Response Surface Methods

The integration of nonlinear neural network methods with conventional linear regression techniques is demonstrated for representative wind tunnel force balance data modeling. This work was motivated by a desire to formulate precision intervals for response surfaces produced by neural networks. Applications are demonstrated for representative wind tunnel data acquired at NASA Langley Research Center and the Arnold Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, TN.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Phonological Development in Late Talkers.

Purpose: This study involved prospective longitudinal data on 5 late talkers to provide information about the course of phonological development in order to identify possible predictors of delayed versus deviant development. Method: Five children (3 boys, 2 girls) were identified as late talkers and divided into a younger group and an older group. Each child was followed monthly for 10 to 12 months (22–33 months for the younger group and 30–42 months for the older group). Two types of monthly language samples (free play and elicited) were obtained to describe the individual courses of phonological development for each child. Independent and relational analyses were completed at each age to describe word-initial and word-final phonetic inventories, syllable structure, syllable diversity, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), sound variability, and error patterns. Results: The results indicated that 3 of the children resolved their late onset of speech by 33 to 35 months of age. In addition to quantitativ...
Isolated Contralateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Unusual Manifestation of Pontine Infarct

Unilateral, acute onset sensorineural hearing loss (“sudden sensorineural hearing loss” [SSNHL]) as an isolated event without other associated neurological deficits usually results from a lesion of the cochlea. Lesions in the ascending central auditory pathways cranial to the cochlear nucleus seldom result in unilateral hearing loss due to decussation of the central auditory pathways at multiple levels. We describe a patient with a tiny acute infarct in the right pons resulting in isolated acute onset left-sided SSHNL, without any other associated acute neurological deficits.
Generic linear RC network model for digital CMOS circuits

A linear RC delay modeling algorithm is presented to model empirically the timing delays in CMO circuits. The empirical model, an multidimensional function of various circuit and device parameters, is shown to be simplified to a two-dimensional model which estimates the delay of a CMOS gate in terms of the generic RC delay and the rise/fall time of the input transition. Accuracy limitations of the linear RC delay model are discussed, and the empirically generated delay models, based on the generic RC model, are shown to improve the accuracy problem. The model has been installed in an experimental simulator and tested for various circuits. Comparisons are made with SPICE to validate the model's reliability. >
TVA: a DoS-limiting network architecture

We motivate the capability approach to network denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and evaluate the traffic validation architecture (TVA) architecture which builds on capabilities. With our approach, rather than send packets to any destination at any time, senders must first obtain ldquopermission to sendrdquo from the receiver, which provides the permission in the form of capabilities to those senders whose traffic it agrees to accept. The senders then include these capabilities in packets. This enables verification points distributed around the network to check that traffic has been authorized by the receiver and the path in between, and hence to cleanly discard unauthorized traffic. To evaluate this approach, and to understand the detailed operation of capabilities, we developed a network architecture called TVA. TVA addresses a wide range of possible attacks against communication between pairs of hosts, including spoofed packet floods, network and host bottlenecks, and router state exhaustion. We use simulations to show the effectiveness of TVA at limiting DoS floods, and an implementation on Click router to evaluate the computational costs of TVA. We also discuss how to incrementally deploy TVA into practice.
Organizational and Individual Conditions Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among Nursing Home Residents Over Time

Purpose: To examine the effect of organizational culture and climate on depressive symptoms among nursing home residents. Design and Methods: Using a pooled cross-sectional design, this study examines a sample of 23 nursing homes, 1,114 employees, and 5,497 residents. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Minimum Data Set, Depression Rating Scale. Organizational culture and climate were measured using the Organizational Social Context Scale. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Results: Depressive symptoms were associated with 2 dimensions of organizational culture (proficiency and resistance), 3 dimensions of climate (stress, engagement, and functionality), geographic location, facility size, staffing ratios, and impairments in activities of daily living and cognition. Implications: Findings suggest that values and beliefs that guide behavior in an organization and employees’ perceived impact of the work environment of their well-being have a significant impact on resident mental health.
Tracking human breath in infrared imaging

In this paper, we propose a novel tracker to capture the human breathing signal through an infrared imaging method. Human facial physiology information is used to select salient thermal features on the human face as good features to track. The major component of the tracker is mean shift localization (MSL)-based particle filtering. A special measurement model is designed for particle filtering so that the tracker can handle significant head movement and object occlusion. The breathing signal is achieved based on tracking results. The experiments show that the tracker is robust and stable and the recovered breathing signal is clear enough for breathing functionality computation.
Synthesis, Properties, and Design Principles of Donor-Acceptor Nanohoops.

We have synthesized a series of aza[8]cycloparaphenylenes containing one, two, and three nitrogens to probe the impact of nitrogen doping on optoelectronic properties and solid state packing. Alkylation of these azananohoops afforded the first donor–acceptor nanohoops where the phenylene backbone acts as the donor and the pyridinium units act as the acceptor. The impact on the optoelectronic properties was then studied experimentally and computationally to provide new insight into the effect of functionalization on nanohoops properties.
Saturation Behavior of a Doppler-Broadened Transition Involving Levels with Closely Spaced Structure

Nonlinear attenuation or gain characteristics of Doppler-broadened atomic resonance involving levels with small splittings, noting mode coupling of gas laser
The Role of Imaging Tools in Biomedical Research: Preclinical Stent Implant Study

Imaging tools are used at the bedside for diagnostic and interventional procedures. The use of more than one modality (including fused modalities) can provide information from diverse sources during different stages of imageguided interventional procedures such as diagnosis, delivery of a stent to treat vascular disease and subsequent evaluation. Multi-modality interventions use an array of tools including ultrasound, fluoroscopy, angiography, endoscopy, electromagnetic tracking, robotics and computed tomographic (CT) imaging, alone or in combination, together with analytical tools during preclinical vascular and therapeutic procedures. Explant analysis includes specimen radiography (Faxitron) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)).