cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-dependent expression of placental (P)-cadherin during mouse gonadogenesis.

Background Placental (P)-cadherin is one of a family of cell adhesion molecules that participate in embryonic sorting and organogenesis. In previous work, P-cadherin was localized to Sertoli cells in the mouse testis as early as postnatal day 1. This early postnatal localization raised questions about when P-cadherin first appeared in the embryonic testis and whether P-cadherin was expressed differentially in the embryonic testis and ovary. Methods The localization of P-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, and Mullerian inhibiting substance was determined in frozen sections of mouse gonads between embryonic days 10.5 and 18 using indirect immunohistochemistry. Alkaline phosphatase reactivity was used to identify germ cells. Results The expression of P-cadherin was traced back to the indifferent stage of gonadogenesis where uniform distribution was observed in the indifferent gonad of both sexes. However, after sexual differentiation, the expression of P-cadherin in the testis was localized to Sertoli cells in the testicular cords, while its expression in the ovary fell below detectable levels. Conclusions The localization of P-cadherin in the male and female indifferent gonad is similar and cannot be used to distinguish the future testis and ovary. The localization of P-cadherin in the testis after sexual differentiation suggests a role for P-cadherin in testicular cord formation. The common temporal pattern of P-cadherin and Mullerian inhibiting substance expression in Sertoli cells is consistent with a shared regulatory mechanism. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a brief review.

AbstractBackground:This brief review presents a comprehensive evaluation of valproate-induced encephalopathy (VHE) and also discusses potential mechanisms of the condition.Scope:Sodium valproate (VPA) is an effective antiepileptic drug used in neurology as well as in psychiatry, in adults and children. VHE requires early diagnosis and management. Focused research efforts in understanding the condition will help decrease its incidence. Delay in recognition of VHE can result in the development of potentially life-threatening complications.Findings:Management options are described. Since VPA frequently causes a modest rise in plasma ammonia levels which is asymptomatic, it is important to recognize the symptoms of VHE promptly and to correlate them with the plasma ammonia levels.Conclusions:Although there are several case reports on VHE, this review is a comprehensive evaluation of its causes and potential mechanisms. Rapid diagnosis and management will help in reducing VHE-related morbidity.
Can Computed Tomography Predict Hip Stability in Posterior Wall Acetabular Fractures

Background In a pilot study, two-dimensional (2-D) CT assessment of posterior wall fracture fragments predicted hip stability with small fracture fragments and instability for large fracture fragments.
Functional Coupling of Capping and Transcription of mRNA

In humans, 5' m(7)G cap addition is accomplished cotranscriptionally by the sequential action of the capping enzyme (Hce1) and the cap methyltransferase (Hcm1). We found that guanylylation and methylation occur efficiently during transcription with t(1/2)'s of less than 15 and 70 s, respectively. A two to four order of magnitude increase was found in the rate of guanylylation of RNA in transcription complexes compared to free RNA. This stimulation required only the RNA polymerase II elongation complex and Hce1. Capping activity was weakly associated with elongation but not preinitiation complexes. The CTD was not required for functional coupling but stimulated the rate of capping 4-fold. Inhibition of Cdk7 but not Cdk9 similarly slowed the rate of capping.
Curve fitting by a sum of Gaussians

Abstract Gaussians are useful in multiscale representation of video data. An algorithm is presented which approximates a sequence of uniformly spaced single-valued data by a sum of Gaussians with a prescribed accuracy. The scale-space image [6] of the data is used to estimate the number of Gaussians and their initial parameters. The Marquardt algorithm (J. SIAM 11(2), 1963, 431-441) is then used to optimize the parameters.
Steps for Building a Calibrated Flux-Transport Dynamo for the Sun

Given the complexity involved in a flux-transport-type dynamo driven by both Babcock – Leighton and tachocline α effects, we present here a step-by-step procedure for building a flux-transport dynamo model calibrated to the Sun as a guide for anyone who wishes to build this kind of model. We show that a plausible sequence of steps to reach a converged solution in such a dynamo consists of (i) numerical integration of a classical α – ω dynamo driven by a tachocline α effect, (ii) continued integration with inclusion of meridional circulation to convert the model into a flux-transport dynamo driven by only a tachocline α effect, (iii) final integration with inclusion of a Babcock – Leighton surface α effect, resulting in a flux-transport dynamo that can be calibrated to obtain a close fit of model output with solar observations.
Hepatic microsomal 16α-hydroxylation of 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA) by fetal, newborn, and adult Rhesus monkeys

The rates of 16α-hydroxylation of 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA) by hepatic microsomes from fetal, newborn, and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were measured to determine their pattern of enzyme development. The activity (μg/g/hr), quantitated colorimetrically by reduction of blue tetrazolium is low in fetal livers; it increases in the newborn period; and it is highest in adults. The pattern is the opposite of that observed in humans and the findings are consistent with the small excretion of 16-oxygenated estrogens by pregnant rhesus monkeys.
On Distinguishing Functional Ecology and Evolution in Cultural Theory

As a legacy from Julian Steward, cultural anthropology has moved “away from the preoccupation with issues of origins that was characteristic of the earlier evolutionary outlook” (Miller and Weitz). Indeed, some have maintained that the distinction between functional ecology and evolution “dissolves” in the dynamics of ecological operations (Rappaport). However, a firm distinction is made in biological theory between the “operation” problem and the “origin” problem. This distinction between functional ecology and evolution is also emphasized by “new evolutionists” (Diener, Nonini, and Robkin 1978, 1980). In this paper, documentation is provided demonstrating that a more adequate understanding of complex systems structures, complex systems processes, temporal process, systemic history, and rapid change is available if we begin by recognizing functional ecology and evolution as “distinct, but related.” We need to return to the evolutionary viewpoint once so influential in American anthropology, and use it to complement ecological analyses.
Research Note: Ovarian Follicular Growth and Maturation in the Domestic Pigeon and Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

Abstract Yolks of pigeon and guinea fowl eggs were examined for the number of dichromate-staining rings. Estimates of the time for rapid follicular development using this technique were 5.1 and 5.6 days for pigeons and guinea fowl, respectively. Another measure of follicular development based on the incorporation of Sudan dyes into the yolk yielded an estimate of 6.5 and 8.3 days for pigeons and guinea fowl, respectively. Using one and two-egg clutches, no differences due to clutch position were observed in either species. There was a significant difference (P≤.01) between results obtained with the two techniques for measuring the period of rapid yolk deposition. The dichromate technique can give valuable data relative to yolk deposition, especially in species where it is impractical to daily catch and administer Sudan dyes. But the tendency to underestimate the period of follicular growth means that caution must be exercised in comparing results obtained with that technique and the more labor-intensive Sudan dye incorporation method. The time from the end of yolk deposition until oviposition is defined as the rest period. This interval was 1.5 days for pigeons and 1.7 days for guinea fowl. This is considerably longer than the rest period of Coturnix quail but similar to that found in turkeys and chickens.
Linkage Analysis of Sex Determination in Bracon sp. Near hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

To test whether sex determination in the parasitic wasp Bracon sp. near hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is based upon a single locus or multiple loci, a linkage map was constructed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The map includes 71 RAPD markers and one phenotypic marker, blonde. Sex was scored in a manner consistent with segregation of a single “sex locus” under complementary sex determination (CSD), which is common in haplodiploid Hymenoptera. Under haplodiploidy, males arise from unfertilized haploid eggs and females develop from fertilized diploid eggs. With CSD, females are heterozygous at the sex locus; diploids that are homozygous at the sex locus become diploid males, which are usually inviable or sterile. Ten linkage groups were formed at a minimum LOD of 3.0, with one small linkage group that included the sex locus. To locate other putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) for sex determination, sex was also treated as a binary threshold character. Several QTL were found after conducting permutation tests on the data, including one on linkage group I that corresponds to the major sex locus. One other QTL of smaller effect had a segregation pattern opposite to that expected under CSD, while another putative QTL showed a female-specific pattern consistent with either a sex-differentiating gene or a sex-specific deleterious mutation. Comparisons are made between this study and the indepth studies on sex determination and sex differentiation in the closely related B. hebetor.
The Market as a Creative Process

Contributions in modern theoretical physics and chemistry on the behavior of nonlinear systems, exemplified by Ilya Prigogine's work on the thermodynamics of open systems (Prigogine and Stengers, 1984), attract growing attention in economics (Anderson, Arrow, and Pines, 1988; Arthur, 1990; Baumol and Benhabib, 1989; Mirowski, 1990; Radzicki, 1990). Our purpose here is to relate the new orientation in the natural sciences to a particular nonorthodox strand of thought within economics. All that is needed for this purpose is some appreciation of the general thrust of the enterprise, which involves a shift of perspective from the determinism of conventional physics (which presumably inspired the neoclassical research program in economics) to the nonteleological open-endedness, creative, and nondetermined nature of evolutionary processes.
Contracting for Property Rights

Series editors' preface 1. Contracting for property rights 2. Analytical framework 3. Contracting for mineral rights 4. Contracting for changes in federal land policies 5. Contracting in fisheries 6. Contracting for the utilization of oil fields 7. Concluding remarks References Index.
An energy‐resolved, electron‐stimulated desorption study of hydrogen from cleaned and oxidized Si(100)

Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) was used to study the hydrogen present on cleaned and oxidized Si(100), Cleaning the surface by ion bombardment and annealing does not completely remove hydrogen from a Si(100) surface. Kinetic energy analysis of the hydrogen ions emitted through ESD shows that multiple states of adsorbed hydrogen are present. Electron beam exposure results in a depopulation of higher energy states. These states are repopulated upon annealing suggesting that the bulk silicon is a source of hydrogen. Oxygen exposure also results in a depopulation of the higher energy desorption states. Angle-resolved, energy-resolved ESD spectra of H+ from the cleaned Si(100) surface were also collected. They show that different hydrogen bonding states desorb at different angles relative to the surface plane with differing energy distributions.
More than One Way to be Happy: A Typology of Marital Happiness

This study utilized observational and self-report data from 57 happily married couples to explore assumptions regarding marital happiness. Suggesting that happily married couples are not a homogeneous group, cluster analyses revealed the existence of three types of couples based on their observed behaviors in a problem-solving task: (1) mutually engaged couples (characterized by both spouses' higher negative and positive problem-solving); (2) mutually supportive couples (characterized by both spouses' higher positivity and support); and (3) wife compensation couples (characterized by high wife positivity). Although couples in all three clusters were equally happy with and committed to their marriages, these clusters were differentially associated with spouses' evaluations of their marriage. Spouses in the mutually supportive cluster reported greater intimacy and maintenance and less conflict and ambivalence, although this was more consistently the case in comparison to the wife compensation cluster, as opposed to the mutually engaged cluster. The implications of these typologies are discussed as they pertain to efforts on the part of both practitioners to promote marital happiness and repair marital relations when couples are faced with difficulties.
An implicit LU/AF FDTD method

This paper has introduced an implicit LU/AF FDTD method for computational electromagnetics. A second-order accurate LU/AF characteristic based algorithm for electromagnetics has been implemented and tested on one-dimensional model problems for uniform and nonuniform grids. The one-dimensional model problem results show that accurate solutions for wave propagation can be obtained using Courant number greater than one and the method works well with lossy dielectric materials. The results demonstrate potential advantages in a one dimensional context, and this approach appears promising for development of stable, accurate and efficient implicit LU/AF schemes for complex two and three dimensional applications. Extensions to two and three dimensional applications have been outlined.
The Incumbency Protection Power of Network Effects: Hype or Reality?

Many IT enabled networks have attained a large user base induced by strong network effects, which are thought to create an economic moat by increasing switching costs, thus offering protection against new entrants. The underlying assumption behind this result is that users completely adopt one network at any given time. Is the incumbency protection power of the moat as strong in multi-homing when users co-exist on multiple networks and can incrementally adopt a new entrant? We develop a multi-period analytical model of endogenous adoption decisions in a setting where a new network arrives with a superior capability, and where users have a resource constraint and derive value from technological capability as well as network effects. We demonstrate that the moat created by network effects for the case of incremental adoption is weaker than that in the case of complete adoption. Thus the protection power of network effects and the resulting competitive intensity may be overrated and underplayed respectively in many modern technology settings.
Differences between pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons of Aplysia on voltage clamping.

The responses of pacemaker and nonpacemaker Aplysia neurons to voltage clamp commands of less than 200 msec duration are essentially identical. For moderate depolarizing commands there is an early inward transient current followed by a late outward current and an outward tail current when the membrane is clamped back to resting potential. On long (1–2 sec) commands in pacemakers there is a marked sag in the late current and an inward tail current. Etail, the potential of the membrane at which there is no net current flow under the conditions prevailing at the end of the clamp, shifts from about -9.0 mv on short commands to +5.0 mv on long commands. In contrast there is no marked sag of the late current or inward tail current on long commands in nonpacemakers, and Etail is near -9.0 mv for both short and long commands. The current sag and shift in Etail can be ascribed to a decreased conductance (presumably to K+) at the end of the long as compared to the short command in half of the pacemaker neurons. In the remaining cells the essential difference from nonpacemakers appears to be either a greater restricted extracellular space or a more active potential-dependent electrogenic Na+ pump in pacemakers.
Robust recovery of motion: effects of surface orientation and field of view

Recovering, from two-dimensional images, certain three-dimensional properties of the scene, such as motion and shape of objects in a scene and their spatial arrangement, is one of the primary goals of a machine vision system. Given a textured scene motion can be recovered rather easily if the structure of the scene, usually in the form of a depth map of the scene, is known. In theory, it is also possible to recover shape if the relative motion between the viewer and objects in the scene is known. The authors study the sensitivity of the solution of the first problem to inaccuracies in the knowledge of the depth map of the scene. First a brightness change constraint equation, is used give closed-form solutions for the motion parameters in two cases: known depth, and small depth variations relative to the absolute distance of the scene from the viewer. They then investigate the robustness of the solution for the motion parameters in terms of the scene structure, modeled as piecewise planar patches. They demonstrate the behavior of the solution with the variations of the orientation of the surface patch being viewed and the size of the field of view. Using a quantitative measure, the show the need for a large field of view to recover motion robustly. The eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition of a 6*6 matrix allows the authors to analyze some well-known ambiguities in recovering motion. >
The effect of amygdalectomy on orienting and classical conditioning in monkeys.

I! I j SIMPLE REPETITION OF an experience modifies the behavior of organisms in predictable ways. Initially, an orienting reaction is obtained: this habituates. Any change in the repetition results in dishabituation. The proper coupling of the repeti­ tion with a reinforcer such as food or shock over­ rides habituation. The repeated omission of the reinforcer results in extinction of the behavioral pattern. Over the past decade, our laboratory has been engaged in experiments designed to discover the role of one part of the brain, the amygdala, in this process of behavior modification. The amygdala was chosen because of the dramatic and easily observable effects of its removal (hyperphagia, "tameness") and because some other types of behavior modification-e.g.. simple sensory dis­ crimination learning-are little affected by the le­ sion (Pribram and Bagshaw, 1953). The initial experiments showed that amyg­ dalectomy virtually eliminated the viscero­ autonomic responses, including the galvanic skin response (GSR), cardiac acceleration, and re­ spiratory disruption, which are normal compo­ nents of orientation to a novel stimulus (Bag­ shaw, Kimble and Pribram, 1965). Behavioral components oforientation such as increased gen­ eral activity and response to cue change were not disrupted (Schwartzbaum, Wilson and Morris­ sette, 1961: Schwartzbaum and Pribram, 1960: Douglas, 1966). No evidence of classical condi­ tioning of the GSR to the offset of a light using a shock reinforcer was noted in a subsequent study (Bagshaw and Coppock, 1968).
Circulatory adjustments to postnatal life

Dramatic changes occur in the cardiovascular system at birth. The circulation changes from one characterized by the presence of central shunts, a relatively low combined ventricular output, right ventricular dominance, and pulmonary vasoconstriction, to a circulation in series with a high cardiac output equally divided between the two ventricles, and a greatly dilated pulmonary vascular bed. To understand the mechanisms that initiate these profound changes, studies that separate the components of the birth process in the chronically instrumented fetus must be continued, along with biochemical studies of isolated tissues to determine the cellular and subcellular events that mediate these changes. Understanding the many processes that control perinatal cardiovascular development will assist the physician in treating those infants in whom the transition from the fetal to the neonatal circulation is abnormal.
Four Years of Tropical ERA-40 Vorticity Maxima Tracks. Part II: Differences between Developing and Nondeveloping Disturbances

Using a subset of the relative vorticity maxima (VM) tracks described in Part I, large-scale environmental fields, cold cloud area, and rainfall area are used to discriminate between developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances in the eastern North Pacific (EPAC) and Atlantic Oceans. By using a minimum cold cloud coverage requirement, the nondeveloping VM are limited to disturbances with enhanced low-level relative vorticity and widespread deep convection. Linear discriminant analysis is used to determine the overall discrimination and the relative importance of each predictor for each basin separately. It is important to distinguish the two basins because, for many predictors, the differences between the basins are greater than the differences between developing and nondeveloping VM in each basin. Using the parametric forecast method, there is greater discrimination and prediction skill in the EPAC than in the Atlantic. There are also significant differences between the two basins in terms of the degree of discrimination provided by each of the predictors. Surprisingly, the mean vertical wind shear magnitude is greater for EPAC developing VM than for EPAC nondeveloping VM. Incorporating the satellite-derived predictors marginally improves the potential forecast skill in the EPAC but not in the Atlantic. The prediction skill (Heidke skill score) of tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic is similar to what has been obtained in previous studies using cloud cluster tracks. There is greater predictive skill in the EPAC.
THE HABITATS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION HABITATS DIRECTIVE

The habitats listed in Annex I of the 1992 European Union Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora cover a wide range of both terrestrial and marine habitats, including a large number that are semi natural rather than natural. Implementing the directive has revealed many problems, particularly with identifying the habitats in the field and the absence of information on habitat distribution. As a result the Directive has been responsible for much survey work and has increased our knowledge of many habitats and species across the European Union. As data are reported to the European Commission in agreed standard formats, a database of information about habitats now exists that can be used for other projects. Monitoring obligations will give another unified source of information at a European Union scale.
High value cost conscious care for diabetic patients at a community hospital

Abstract At New York Methodist Hospital (Brooklyn, NY), the pattern of ordering glucose testing was studied by a multidisciplinary committee because the medicine residents were placing inpatient chemstrip orders at their own discretion. It was found that chemstrip orders were being placed at inappropriate frequencies, and occasionally on inappropriate patients. The staff and residents were educated on daily rounds in order to achieve the goal of reducing unwarranted fingersticks, consequently increasing patient satisfaction and reducing wasted time, resources, and costs. From April 2014 through March 2015 there were 274,889 fingersticks in the inpatient setting and following the intervention the number of fingersticks had decreased to 238,187, representing a significant decrease.
Does the Renal Parenchyma Adjacent to the Tumor Contribute to Kidney Function? A Critical Analysis of Glomerular Viability in Partial Nephrectomy Specimens

Objective To evaluate the viability of glomeruli in the peritumor parenchyma of partial nephrectomy specimens removed for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and relate it to kidney function, to better understand the contribution of peritumor parenchyma to renal function. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of 53 partial nephrectomies containing RCC was performed. Glomeruli within 0.25-cm increments from the tumor were quantified and histologically assessed for viability. Tumor size, minimum and maximum margin size, and pre- and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were obtained. Results Glomerular viability positively correlated with distance from tumor with mean viable glomeruli in successive 0.25-cm increments of 0-0.25 cm, 58%; 0.25-0.5 cm, 80%; 0.5-0.75 cm, 90%; and 0.75-1.0 cm, 92%. Glomerular viability near the tumor did not correlate with preoperative eGFR, whereas decreased viability further from the tumor did correlate with worse preoperative eGFR. Tumor size showed a nonstatistically significant positive trend with minimum (median 0.15 cm) and maximum margin (median 0.7 cm) sizes. Percent change of glomerular filtration rate did not correlate with margin size ( P = .190). Conclusion Renal parenchyma immediately adjacent to RCC contains fewer viable glomeruli compared with the parenchyma further from the tumor. Based on this information, attempts to preserve all non-neoplastic renal parenchyma via a surgical margin approaching zero may not necessarily result in clinically relevant differences in the amount of viable glomeruli remaining or the renal function preserved.
Psychophysiological Etiology of Illness

Research has documented multiple examples of linkages between psychological states and physical conditions in chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, sleep disorders, metabolic diseases, and respiratory illnesses. The target systems or tissues are partially determined by heredity, lifestyle choices, and environment in various proportions. This chapter will describe several paradigms that were developed to explain the general psychophysiological pathways to illness, while later chapters will provide examples of specific disorders. Although this is not an exhaustive list, the models chosen for discussion here will facilitate understanding of stress-related, frequently observed pathways to illness and lay the foundation for the later chapters on pathways to health.
‘The Convergence Illusion’: Why Europe’s Approach to the Financial Crisis isn’t Working – And What to Do About it

The crisis of sovereign debt in Europe revealed the limits and anomalies of the Euro, the common currency for 17 European Union member states, which participate in the EU common market but are denied independent monetary policies, even during a period of severe economic contraction and illiquidity. Such rigidity has had some perverse effects, such as, in the wake of divergent pressure on interest rates, that capital flight from weak to strong countries, exacerbating political differences within the EU, even to the point of calling the Union’s continued existence into question. The solution to the sovereign debt crisis and the restoration of confidence in the European project are critical for the long term stability and economic growth of the region, and for the stability of worldwide financial market. But such a solution lies not only in Eurozone members’ hands, rather, particularly in this moment, in US possible support and long term strategy. The opening to a renewed Transatlantic bond, eventually extended to a broader common market or at least a trade agreement, jointly with a clear path to a growing political integration of Europe may be the ways for solving credibly all market doubts on the future of Euro and the stability of financial markets. Reversing the most serious adverse trends – as opposed to temporizing with ‘crisis response’ – requires a thorough understanding of the origins of the crisis and the continuing efforts to contain it, in Greece, including the prospects for stemming contagion to Spain and Italy. This paper explores those issues and, as well, the continuing political difficulties that plague European policy making. The implications for the US economy and global financial stability of continuing failure by Europe to confront difficult truths – and to take concerted action – are enormous.
Dealer Funding Costs: Implications for the Term Structure of Dividend Risk Premia

I show how funding costs to derivatives dealers' shareholders for carrying and hedging inventory affect mid-market derivatives prices. An implication is that some supposed "no-arbitrage" pricing relationships, such as put-call parity, frequently break down. As a result, I show that risk premia for S&P 500 dividend strips estimated in some recent research are notably biased. In particular, I question whether the term structure of S&P 500 dividend risk premia is on average downward sloping.
Alternate carbohydrate and nontraditional inducer leads to increased productivity of a collagen binding domain fusion protein via fed-batch fermentation

The production of collagen binding domain fusion proteins is of significant importance because of their potential as therapeutic biomaterials. It was previously reported that the expression of collagen-binding domain fusion proteins in Escherichia coli was higher when expressed using lactose as an inducer and chemically defined growth media on a shake flask scale. In an effort to further investigate factors that affect expression levels on a fed-batch scale, alternative induction techniques were tested in conjunction with fed-batch fermentation. In this paper, we discuss ten fed-batch fermentation experiments utilizing either glucose or glycerol feed and using lactose or isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as an induction source. It was found that glycerol-fed fermentations induced with lactose allowed for greater expression of target protein, though lesser cell densities were achieved.
Effect of Potassium on Membrane Current of Single Ranvier Node During Excitation

SummaryThe response of the frog single nerve fiber immersed in Ringer solution containing excess potassium has been studied under a voltage clamp. Two clearly discernible inward ionic currents have been observed. These two currents have been associated with sodium and potassium respectively. The evidence presented strongly supports the presently accepted Ionic Theory of nerve activity.
Polysilicon Tensile Testing with Electrostatic Gripping

Techniques and procedures are described for tensile testing of polysilicon specimens that are 1.5 or 3.5 νm thick and have various widths and lengths. The specimens are fixed to the wafer at one end and have a large free end that can be gripped by electrostatic forces. This enables easy handling and testing and permits the deposition of 18 specimens on a one-centimeter square portion of a wafer. The displacement of the free end is monitored, which allows one to extract Young's modulus from the force-displacement record. Some of the wider specimens have two gold lines applied so that strain can be measured interferometrically directly on the specimen to record a stress-strain curve. The specimens were produced at the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC). When compared with earlier results of wider MCNC specimens that were 3.5 μm thick, the Young's modulus is smaller and the strength is slightly larger.
A molecular characterization of Cercospora species pathogenic to water hyacinth and emendation of C. piaropi

Phylogenetic relationships among isolates of Cercospora species pathogenic to water hyacinth, collected from several geographic regions of the world, were examined by using partial DNA sequenc- es from three protein-coding genes: elongation fac- tor-lox, B3-tubulin, and histone H3. In cladograms from individual, as well as from combined datasets for 14 isolates, two statistically well supported clades were found: a major clade that included isolates from Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Florida (USA), South Af- rica, and Zambia; and a minor clade restricted to iso-
Study of Guided Wave Propagation in Honeycomb Sandwich Structures

This paper studies the guided waves in honeycomb sandwich structures and explores the ability of guided waves for the debonding damage detection. Both the finite element (FE) simulations and laser vibrometry experiments are used. A three-dimensional (3D) FE model is built to simulate the guided waves in a honeycomb sandwich plate. The simulation results show the guided waves in the structure depend on the wave frequency. At low frequencies, the global guided waves propagate in the entire sandwich, while leaky guided waves dominate in the skin panel at high frequencies. To further understand the guided wave propagation fundamentals, laser vibrometry experiments are performed. The waveforms, time-space wavefields, and frequency-wavenumber spectra obtained from the experiments are used to unveil the wave propagation features. The experimental results confirm the leaky guided waves. Moreover, the experimental results show the complex wave interactions induced by the honeycomb core. When the debonding between the skin and honeycomb core presents, the guided wave amplitude increases, and the wave interaction with the honeycomb core reduces.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
House Fly Genetics: Isolation of a Female Determining Factor on Chromosome 4

A mating scheme using crossover suppressors and dominant mutant markers was used to test chromosomes 2,4, and 5 for the presence of a postulated female determination factor (F) in the house fly, Musca domestica L. The data were negative for tests with chromosomes 2 and 5, but positive results were obtained for the presence of F on chromosome 4. Subsequent mapping showed that F was closely linked to the Ba (Bald abdomen, dominant) locus on chromosome 4.
Cerebral Intracellular ADP Concentrations during Hypercarbia: An in vivo 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study in Rats

Qualitatively different responses of ADP levels have previously been observed in the brain during hypercarbia. One investigation has found that cerebral ADP stayed constant during hypercarbia in rats that were anesthetized with halothane, while another observed that ADP decreased during supercarbia in rats that received no supplemental anesthesia. This article reports an in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study to test the hypothesis that halothane anesthesia accounts for the discrepant observations. Isoflurane anesthesia was also studied in a second group of rats to see if a different general anesthetic agent would cause the same effects that halothane causes. The two groups of five rats underwent dual episodes of hypercarbia that were separated by a 45-min recovery period. General anesthesia, either 0.5% halothane or 1.0% isoflurane, was administered during the first episode but not during the second. Hypercarbia during halothane anesthesia caused the measured phosphocreatine (PCr) to decrease by 40%, while the calculated change in ADP was 10%, in agreement with the former investigation. In contrast, hypercarbia during either isoflurane anesthesia or no anesthesia caused a decrease of only 10% in PCr, which meant that the calculated decrease in ADP was 60%, in agreement with the results of the second investigation. We conclude that during hypercarbia, clinical concentrations of halothane, unlike clinical concentrations of isoflurane, interfere with the regulation of ATP metabolism.
Applications and limitations of radiomics

Radiomics is an emerging field in quantitative imaging that uses advanced imaging features to objectively and quantitatively describe tumour phenotypes. Radiomic features have recently drawn considerable interest due to its potential predictive power for treatment outcomes and cancer genetics, which may have important applications in personalized medicine. In this technical review, we describe applications and challenges of the radiomic field. We will review radiomic application areas and technical issues, as well as proper practices for the designs of radiomic studies.
Auger recombination in InAs: Role of spin-orbit coupling and phonons

Indium arsenide (InAs), with a low band gap of 0.35 eV, is used in long-wavelength photo-detectors, lasers, photovoltaic junctions and a host of other semiconductor devices. Very high Auger recombination coefficients (ranging from 10−27∼10−26 cm6s−1) have been measured in this material. Here, we present first-principles-based investigations of Auger recombination processes in InAs. For the direct process, we calculate an Auger coefficient of 1.6 × 10−27 cm6s−1; for the indirect phonon-assisted process, the coefficient is 1.7 × 10−29 cm6s−1. Our results elucidate the role of strong spin-orbit coupling: in InAs, the spin-orbit splitting of the valence band is close in magnitude to the band gap, allowing for efficient excitation of Auger holes and leading to a significant enhancement of the Auger recombination coefficient.
Leader or Lobbyist? How Organizational Politics and Top Supply Chain Manager Political Skill Impacts Supply Chain Orientation and Internal Integration

Despite myriad attempts by supply chain managers and exhortation by scholars, many firms remain insufficiently integrated across internal functional areas. Supply chain management research has hinted that the difficulty may be due to social dynamics occurring within and between organizational departments (i.e., organizational politics) and the perceptions thereof held by employees. This study examines whether perceptions of organizational politics held by firm employees negatively impact internal integration directly, or indirectly via inhibiting the firm's supply chain orientation. Based on social exchange theory and social influence theory, the research also assesses whether the potentially harmful impacts of political perceptions on internal integration are/can be mitigated by employees' perception of the political skill of the top supply chain management executive-a person charged with ensuring the firm's supply chain will function successfully. The findings of a broad managerial survey conducted within the U.S. retail industry suggest that perceptions of organizational politics within organizations do directly influence internal integration. Furthermore, the relationship between organizational politics and supply chain orientation is impacted when the top supply chain executive is perceived to be politically skilled.
Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment

Abstract This study examines Fe-Mn crusts that form on seamounts along the California continental-margin (CCM), within the United States 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. The study area extends from approximately 30° to 38° North latitudes and from 117° to 126° West longitudes. The area of study is a tectonically active northeast Pacific plate boundary region and is also part of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre with currents dominated by the California Current System. Upwelling of nutrient-rich water results in high primary productivity that produces a pronounced oxygen minimum zone. Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts forming along the CCM show distinct chemical and mineral compositions compared to open-ocean crusts. On average, CCM crusts contain more Fe relative to Mn than open-ocean Pacific crusts. The continental shelf and slope release both Fe and Mn under low-oxygen conditions. Silica is also enriched relative to Al compared to open-ocean crusts. This is due to the North Pacific silica plume and enrichment of Si along the path of deep-water circulation, resulting in Si enrichment in bottom and intermediate waters of the eastern Pacific. The CCM Fe-Mn crusts have a higher percentage of birnessite than open-ocean crusts, reflecting lower dissolved seawater oxygen that results from the intense coastal upwelling and proximity to zones of continental slope pore-water anoxia. Carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) is not present and CCM crusts do not show evidence of phosphatization, even in the older sections. The mineralogy indicates a suboxic environment under which birnessite forms, but in which pH is not high enough to facilitate CFA deposition. Growth rates of CCM crusts generally increase with increasing water depth, likely due to deep-water Fe sources mobilized from reduced shelf and slope sediments. Many elements of economic interest including Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, W, and Te have slightly or significantly lower concentrations in CCM crusts relative to crusts from the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and other open-ocean basins. However, concentrations of total rare earth elements and yttrium average only slightly lower contents and in the future may be a strategic resource for the U.S.
Left ventricular dimensions predict risk of appropriate shocks but not mortality in cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator recipients with left bundle-branch block and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Aims Patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and left bundle-branch block (LBBB) often benefit markedly from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Cardiac resynchronization therapy responders have a lower risk of appropriate device shocks from CRT-defibrillators (CRT-D) than do non-responders. Larger baseline left ventricular (LV) dimensions may be associated with less CRT response and thus greater risk of appropriate shocks. Methods and results We analysed all ( n = 249; 55% female) primary prevention CRT-D recipients at our institution with LBBB, NICM, and measured LV dimensions prior to device implant for the outcomes of (i) appropriate shocks, (ii) any appropriate tachyarrhythmia therapies, and (iii) risk of death, transplant, or left ventricular assist device (LVAD). During 59 months (interquartile range 21.5–91.5) follow-up, 19 (8%) patients received ≥1 appropriate shock, and 67 (27%) patients died, received a transplant, or required LVAD. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis of LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) per meter height vs. appropriate shock(s) revealed an area under the curve of 0.75 (95% CI 0.65–0.85; P < 0.001). No patient with indexed LVEDD <3.36 cm/m ( n = 76) received a shock. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of death, transplant, or LVAD (corrected HR 1.67, 95% CI 0.90–3.03; P = 0.103) in patients with indexed LVEDD above this cut-off compared to those with smaller dimension. Among 102 patients with paired quantitative echocardiograms, there was no difference in LVEF change between patients with indexed LVEDD <3.36 cm/m ( n = 27; median 11%) and larger ( n = 75; median 14%). Conclusion Patients with LVEDD <3.36 cm/m height prior to CRT-D implant in the setting of NICM and LBBB have minimal risk of appropriate shocks but similar risk of death, transplant- and LVAD and similar extent of LV functional improvement as patients with larger LVEDD. CRT-pacemakers may be appropriate in such patients.
WebDAV: a network protocol for remote collaborative authoring on the Web

Collaborative authoring tools generate network effects, where each tool's value depends not just on the tool itself, but on the number of other people who also have compatible tools. We hypothesize that the best way to generate network effects and to add collaborative authoring capability to existing tools is to focus on the network protocol. This paper explores a protocol-centric approach to collaborative authoring by examining the requirements and functionality of the WebDAV protocol. Key features of the protocol are non-connection-oriented concurrency control, providing an upward migration path for existing non-collaborative applications, support for remote manipulation of the namespace of documents, and simultaneous satisfaction of a wide range of functional requirements.
Abstract LB-090: p53 binding sites in normal and cancer-derived cells are characterized by distinct chromatin context

The tumor suppressor protein p53 interacts with DNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Thousands of p53 binding sites have been mapped genome-wide in normal and cancer-derived cells. The way p53 selectively binds its cognate sites in different types of cells is not fully understood, however. We performed a comprehensive analysis of published p53 cistromes and identified 3,551 and 6,039 high-confidence normal and cancer binding sites that are enriched in genes involved in p53 signaling pathways. About 12% of these sites occur in the endogenous retrovirus 1 (ERV1) repeat family in the human genome. We further analyzed chromatin organization at the p53 binding sites in normal (GM12878) and cancer (K562) cells, and found that these sites are characterized by a high nucleosome occupancy and at the same time, by a high sensitivity to DNase I. Strikingly, compared to the sites derived from cancer cells, the p53 binding sites from normal cells are characterized by higher levels of transcriptionally active histone marks (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and DNA methylation. No difference was observed for the repressive histone marks (H3K27me3). These findings reveal two distinct epigenetic patterns associated with p53-DNA binding in normal and cancer-derived cells. Citation Format: Feng Cui. p53 binding sites in normal and cancer-derived cells are characterized by distinct chromatin context [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-090. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-090
Long-Term Comparative Effectiveness of Carotid Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy in a Large Tertiary Care Vascular Surgery Practice

Abstract Objective Carotid interventional trials have strict inclusion and exclusion criteria that make translation of their results to the real-world population challenging. Furthermore, the specialty of the operating surgeon and the role of clinical decision-making are not well studied. This study compares the effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) vs carotid artery stenting (CAS) in a real-world setting when the procedure is performed by fellowship-trained vascular surgeons. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of all consecutive patients undergoing CEA and CAS performed by vascular surgeons in a large rural tertiary health care system from 2004 to 2014. Postoperative outcomes of stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and death were analyzed at 30 days and during the long term (median follow-up of 5.5 years for CEA and 4.8 years for CAS). Standard statistical analysis was performed. Differences in long-term outcomes were expressed as cumulative incidence functions for nondeath outcomes (stroke and AMI), which account for the high death rate in this population of vascular patients, and as Kaplan-Meier curves for death itself. Results From January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2014, there were 2331 carotid interventions performed (CEA, 1853; CAS, 478), all by fellowship-trained vascular surgeons. The average age of the patients was 71 years, and 63% were male, with more men in the CAS group (61.5% vs 67.8%; P = .011). Preoperatively, 30% of patients were symptomatic, and 77% of patients had high-grade stenosis in the 70% to 99% range. CEA patients were more likely to have preoperative hypertension (89.7% vs 86.2%; P = .029) and were less likely to have a history of cardiovascular disease (53.4% vs 59.4%; P = .018). There were no significant differences in 30-day outcomes between CEA and CAS (stroke, 1.1% vs 1.3% [ P = .743]; AMI, 2.2% vs 1.7% [ P = .474]; death, 0.7% vs 0.6% [ P = .859]) or long-term outcomes (stroke, 6.8% vs 7.7% [ P = .321]; AMI, 22.7% vs 21.0% [ P = .886]; death, 28.4% vs 28.2% [ P = .122]). Conclusions The short- and long-term outcomes after CEA vs CAS are similar when the procedure is performed in a real-world setting by fellowship-trained vascular surgeons.