cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated silicon-germanium electronics for CubeSat-based radiometers

This paper discusses the motivation for and accomplishments to date in our ongoing effort to develop an integrated G-band SiGe radiometer for use in large-scale production of remote sensing CubeSats. The constrained nature of these platforms necessitates the use of highly integrated, low-power electronics that are well-suited for large-scale production, assembly, and testing. The high speeds of emerging 4th-generation SiGe BiCMOS technologies makes these platforms realistic targets for >100 GHz applications for the first time. The high integration level, fabrication economy-of-scale, low 1/f noise, built-in total-dose radiation tolerance, and attractive thermal properties of these technologies make them ideal for this application. Ultra-low noise SiGe LNA designs which show the potential of these technologies for use in high-quality radiometers are presented. Future designs will increase integration levels, with the ultimate goal being a full radiometer-on-a-chip containing calibration sources.
Combining Digital Optical MEMS, CMOS and Algorithms for Unique Display Solutions

The binary electrostatic actuation of a MEMS micromirror through relatively large rotation angles by a single, low- voltage SRAM cell forms the basis of a digital optical MEMS switch, or DMD pixel, that is fast, scalable, producible and reliable. Arrays of DMD pixels are monolithically integrated on a CMOS chip and combined with optics, algorithms and a light source to produce unique DLPreg front projection and HDTV products. Examples include DLP pocket-class mobile projectors, 3-D enabled DLP HDTVs and DLP Cinemareg projectors.
Right Ventricular Failure: A Novel Era of Targeted Therapy

There now is strong evidence to recognize the pivotal role of the right ventricle (RV) in heart disease and to establish it as a unique and separate entity than the left ventricle (LV). Here, we summarize the differences between the two ventricles, the diagnosis of RV failure, and the management of acute and chronic RV failure. We review the indices derived by echocardiography used to measure RV function, and novel biomarkers that may play a role diagnosing and prognosticating in RV-specific disease. There are new novel therapies that specifically target the RV in disease. For example, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors improve contractility of the hypertrophied RV while sparing the normal LV in pulmonary arterial hypertension. The metabolism of the hypertrophied RV is another area for therapeutic exploitation by metabolic modulation. We also suggest future potential molecular targets that may be unique to the RV because they are upregulated in RV hypertrophy greater than in LV hypertrophy.
Analysis of frame-based reservation random access protocols for microcellular radio networks

Reservation random access (RRA) protocols have been proposed for handling speech and data traffic on packet wireless networks. An interesting property of some RRA protocols is the capability of decoupling the speech access procedure from the data access procedure, so that speech access performances do not depend on actual data load. Frame-based protocols allow one to get the decoupling property easily. In this paper, we present a Markov model for analyzing the performances of frame-based RRA protocols that operate in a microcellular environment with channel errors. In the paper, this model is used for evaluating the performances of centralized RRA protocols, which use retransmissions for handling channel errors. Both in-slot access schemes, in which all the slots can be used for talkspurt setup and for user information transmission, and out-slot access schemes, with a separate reservation channel, are examined. Moreover, we present and analyze a new, stable, centralized RRA protocol, namely centralized-collision resolution access (C-CRA), which is based on collision resolution techniques.
A low complexity seizure prediction algorithm

A new low complexity seizure prediction algorithm is proposed. The algorithm achieves high sensitivity and low false positive rates in 10 out of 18 epileptic patients from the Freiburg database. Its primary achievement is two orders of magnitude computational complexity reduction. The reduced complexity makes an implantable medical device application realizable. In the subset of ten highly predictable patients average sensitivity is 96%, average specificity is 0.25 false positives per hour, and 13.5% of time is spent in false alarms. For all eighteen patients tested, the average sensitivity is 83%, the average specificity is 0.38 false positives per hour, and the amount of time spent in false alarms is 21.1%. This result may be compared with sensitivity of 97.5%, specificity of 0.27 false positives per hour, and 13% of time is spent in false alarms of prior results without complexity reduction.
Chromothripsis: Basis of a Concurrent Unusual Association between Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

A 20 year old male was initially diagnosed suffering from Primary ciliary dyskinesia with symptoms of bronchiectasis, severe frontal, maxillary and ethmoid sinus disease. At the age of 20, the patient was also diagnosed with Myelodysplastic syndrome requiring Bone marrow transplant due to the advanced stage at time of presentation. Primary ciliary dyskinesia and Myelodsyplastic syndrome are both rare clinical conditions found in the general population, especially in young adults. This rare combination of disorders has never been reported in literature to the best of the author's knowledge. The presence of an advanced cancer and a genetic abnormality due to two deletions occurring in two arms of the same chromosome can be explained on the base of chromothripsis. A number of evidences have been published in the literature, about multiple deletions in chromosome 5 and advanced stages of MDS being associated with chromothripsis however this is the first case report on two deletions in chromosome 7 giving rise to two different clinical entities requiring multiple modes of management.
Genetic Influences on Seasonal Decline in the Fertility of Female Turkeys

Abstract Daughter-dam pairs of white, large-bodied, turkey breeder hens (108) were reared under similar husbandry conditions, and their egg production and fertility were monitored from the onset of lay for 6 mo. On a monthly basis, percentage fertility was compared by daughter-dam regressions to estimate heritabilities. The heritability estimates were 18, 36, and 38%, respectively, for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th mo of lay; but no estimates could be made for Months 1, 5, or 6. The heritability of percentage fertility for Months 2, 3, and 4 combined was 42%. The proportion of hens that remained above 75% fertility declined each month for both dams and daughters, except in one case. Thus, the seasonal decline in fertility appears to have a genetic component.
Two cases with a C-group ring autosome.

Summary Two boys with a C-group ring autosome, one 81/2 and the other 21/2 years old, are described. The older boy, who had microcephaly, muscular hypotonia and poor co-ordination as well as mental and physical retardation, had an additional chromosomal anomaly in the form of a presumed translocation involving a B-group chromosome and a fragment of the C-group autosome from which the ring was derived. The younger boy showed only retardation of mental and physical development. This investigation was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant no. NB-04662 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. We are indebted to Dr Lyn Konugres of the Blood Grouping Laboratory, Boston, for the erythrocyte antigen, haptoglobin and transferrin studies. The technical assistance of the Misses Ida Leone, Mary Hauck. Susan Fletcher, Charlotte King, and Mrs Bettina Hirsch is acknowledged.
Eudaemonic computing ('underwearables')

This paper presents a framework for wearable computing, based on the principle that it be unobtrusive, and that it be integrated into ordinary clothing. This design philosophy, called 'eudaemonic computing' (named in honor of the group of physicists who designed the first truly unobtrusive wearable computers with vibrotactile displays) is reduced to practice through the 'underwearable computer' ('underwearable' for short). The 'underwearable' is a computer system that is meant to be worn within or under ordinary clothing. The first 'underwearables' were built in the early 1980s, and have evolved into a form that very much resembles a tank-top. There were three reasons for the tank structure: (1) weight is evenly and comfortably distributed over the body, and bulk is distributed unobtrusively; (2) it provides privacy by situating the apparatus within the corporeal boundary we consider our own (personal) space, and others also so-regard; and (3) proximity to the body affords capability to both sense biological signal quantities (such as respiration and heart signals which are both accessible to a vest-based device), as well as produce output that we can sense, unobtrusively. The vibrotactile output modality (VibraVest) was explored as a means of assisting the visually challenged (to avoid bumping into objects through an ability to 'feel' objects at a distance). The success of VibraVest suggests other possibilities for similar unobtrusive devices that can be worn over an extended period of time, in all facets of day-to-day life.
Selectivity and specificity of substrate binding in methionyl-tRNA synthetase

The accuracy of in vivo incorporation of amino acids during protein biosynthesis is controlled to a significant extent by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS). This paper describes the application of the HierDock computational method to study the molecular basis of amino acid binding to the Escherichia coli methionyl tRNA synthetase (MetRS). Starting with the protein structure from the MetRS cocrystal, the HierDock calculations predict the binding site of methionine in MetRS to a root mean square deviation in coordinates (CRMS) of 0.55 A for all the atoms, compared with the crystal structure. The MetRS conformation in the cocrystal structure shows good discrimination between cognate and the 19 noncognate amino acids. In addition, the calculated binding energies of a set of five methionine analogs show a good correlation (R^2 = 0.86) to the relative free energies of binding derived from the measured in vitro kinetic parameters, K_m and k_(cat). Starting with the crystal structure of MetRS without the methionine (apo-MetRS), the putative binding site of methionine was predicted. We demonstrate that even the apo-MetRS structure shows a preference for binding methionine compared with the 19 other natural amino acids. On comparing the calculated binding energies of the 20 natural amino acids for apo-MetRS with those for the cocrystal structure, we observe that the discrimination against the noncognate substrate increases dramatically in the second step of the physical binding process associated with the conformation change in the protein.
Assessing the trace element status of man.

Recent developments in human trace element nutrition have revealed the need for adequate means of assessing trace element status but, with the notable exception of iron, methods remain grossly inadequate. This applies to the detection of clinically significant deficiency states and even more to the detection of minor deviations from optimal tissue reserves. There is a disturbing tendency for over-interpretation of values used in the assessment of trace element status which is often associated with the use of arbitrary ‘cut off’ levels (Beaton, 1986). The objective of the present paper is to review the limitations of available methods, which restrict both the clinical researcher and the application of new findings in clinical nutrition practice. One must bear in mind the circumstances in which we wish to assess trace element status. If this is in a research setting, there may be access to, and time for, techniques that would not be available or applicable on a clinical basis. In a strictly clinical setting, it may be possible to investigate the long-term hospitalized patient more extensively than the ambulatory patient. Our options are especially restricted when the subjects are infants and young children. A particularly demanding challenge is posed by epidemiological investigations, for which there is a major need. Such studies require use of samples that are easy to collect, process, transport, store and analyse in large batches relatively economically. Approaches to the assessment of trace element status that will be considered are: clinical assessment, ‘static’ measurements of tissue concentrations and of indices of body stores (Solomons & Allen, 1983), measurement of ‘functional’ biochemical or physiological indices that require the presence in optimal quantities of a specific trace element, calculations of dietary intake, traditional balance techniques, intestinal absorption and kinetics studies utilizing isotope techniques, and measuring the response to dietary supplementation. The present paper will focus on one example, namely zinc, in order to illustrate the limitations of currently available techniques. Clinical features
Intergenerational transmission of emotional trauma through amygdala-dependent mother-to-infant transfer of specific fear

Emotional trauma is transmitted across generations. For example, children witnessing their parent expressing fear to specific sounds or images begin to express fear to those cues. Within normal range, this is adaptive, although pathological fear, such as occurs in posttraumatic stress disorder or specific phobias, is also socially transmitted to children and is thus of clinical concern. Here, using a rodent model, we report a mother-to-infant transfer of fear to a novel peppermint odor, which is dependent on the mother expressing fear to that smell in pups’ presence. Examination of pups’ neural activity using c-Fos early gene expression and 14C 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography during mother-to-infant fear transmission revealed lateral and basal amygdala nuclei activity, with a causal role highlighted by pharmacological inactivation of pups’ amygdala preventing the fear transmission. Maternal presence was not needed for fear transmission, because an elevation of pups’ corticosterone induced by the odor of the frightened mother along with a novel peppermint odor was sufficient to produce pups’ subsequent aversion to that odor. Disruption of axonal tracts from the Grueneberg ganglion, a structure implicated in alarm chemosignaling, or blockade of pups’ alarm odor-induced corticosterone increase prevented transfer of fear. These memories are acquired at younger ages compared with amygdala-dependent odor-shock conditioning and are more enduring following minimal conditioning. Our results provide clues to understanding transmission of specific fears across generations and its dependence upon maternal induction of pups’ stress response paired with the cue to induce amygdala-dependent learning plasticity. Results are discussed within the context of caregiver emotional responses and adaptive vs. pathological fears social transmission.
Univariate and multivariate family-based association analysis of the IL-13 ARG130GLN polymorphism in the Childhood Asthma Management Program.

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in animal models of allergy and asthma. In human case-control genetic-association studies, the Arg130Gln polymorphism has been associated with elevated total serum IgE and an asthma diagnosis in atopic and nonatopic individuals (Graves et al. [2000] J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105:506-513; Heinzmann et al. [2000] Hum. Mol. Genet. 9:549-559). To apply family-based association methods, we obtained DNA samples from 685 asthmatic children from 640 sibships and their parents in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). Six hundred and sixty-six asthmatic children had complete phenotypic information and were used for this analysis. We performed quantitative association analysis using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on 22 individual phenotypes and 5 grouped phenotypes relating to allergy, airway responsiveness, pulmonary function, bronchodilator responsiveness, and asthma severity, using genotypes at the Arg130Gln polymorphism of the IL-13 gene. A positive association was obtained between Arg130Gln and a grouped phenotype of allergy (consisting of the individual phenotypes of eosinophils, IgE, and positive skin tests), using FBAT-GEE, a multivariate extension of the family-based association test (Lange et al. [2002] Biostatistics 1:1-15). The three phenotypes were then evaluated individually and revealed a significant association between total eosinophil count and the Arg130Gln locus; there was a trend for association between total IgE and the Arg130Gln polymorphism. The Arg130Gln polymorphism is associated with an elevated eosinophil count as well as with a grouped allergy phenotype, in children with mild to moderate asthma. No evidence for association was found between Arg130Gln and airway responsiveness, asthma diagnosis, or asthma severity.
Learning Coordination in Multi-Agent Systems Using Influence Value Reinforcement Learning

In this paper authors propose a new paradigm for learning coordination in multi-agent systems. This approach is based on social interaction of people, specially in the fact that people communicate each other what they think about their actions and this opinion can influence the behavior of each other. It is proposed a model in which agents, into a multi-agent system, learns to coordinate actions giving opinions about actions of other agents and also being influenced with opinions of other agents about their actions. This paradigm was used to develop a modified version of the Q-learning algorithm. This algorithm was tested and compared with independent learning (IL) and joint action learning (JAL) in two single state problems with two agents. This approach shows to have more probability to converge to an optimal equilibrium than IL and JAL Q-learning algorithms. Also, it does not need to make an entire model of all joint actions like JAL algorithms.
Teaching Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities to Solve Word Problems Using a Schema-Based Approach

The present study investigated the effectiveness of a schema strategy on the mathematical word-problem-solving performance of 4 sixth- and seventh-grade students (2 girls, 2 boys) with learning disabilities. A multiple-baseline design across students and across two behaviors was used. Results indicated that the schema strategy led to an increase in word-problem-solving performance for all 4 students. Further, these results were maintained at a 2 and 4 weeks follow-up, and all 4 students' performance on two-step word problems (M = 86% correct) at the end of the study surpassed that of the normative sample (M = 54% correct). Student treatment acceptability ratings revealed that the strategy was helpful in solving word problems.
Soybean Germplasm Evaluated for Resistance to Races 3, 5, and 14 of Soybean Cyst Nematode

The PI 424137B was moderately resistant to the three races having 17 to 31% as many cysts as the susceptible check Lee'. Plant Introduction 399061, PI 424595 and PI 438342 were highly resistant to Race 5 but were susceptible to Races 3 and 14
Dietary Cholesterol Concentration and Duration Degrade Long-Term Memory of Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit’s Nictitating Membrane Response

A rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease based on feeding a cholesterol diet for eight weeks shows sixteen hallmarks of the disease, including learning and memory changes. Although we have shown 2% cholesterol and copper in water can retard learning, other studies show feeding dietary cholesterol before learning can improve acquisition whereas feeding cholesterol after learning can degrade long-term memory. We explored this issue by manipulating cholesterol concentration and duration following classical trace conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response and assessed conditioned responding after eight weeks on cholesterol. First, rabbits given trace classical conditioning followed by 0.5%, 1%, or 2% cholesterol for eight weeks showed body weight and serum cholesterol levels that were a function of dietary cholesterol. Although all concentrations of cholesterol showed some sign of retarding long-term memory, the level of memory retardation was correlated with serum cholesterol levels. Second, rabbits given trace conditioning followed by different durations of a 2% cholesterol diet combined with different durations of a 0% control diet for 8 weeks showed duration and timing of a 2% cholesterol diet were important in affecting recall. The data support the idea that dietary cholesterol may retard long-term memory.
An object-oriented modelling enviornment

Many tools and techniques exist for the modeling and analysis of computer and communication systems. These tools are often complex and tailored to a narrow range of problems. The system analysis task often requires coordinated use of multiple tools and techniques which is not supported by currently available systems. The Tangram project goal is to develop an environment which makes a large set of tools and techniques readily accessible and is easily tailored to specialized applications.This system has been prototyped in an object-oriented extension to Prolog. The impact that these two paradigms, logic and objects, have had on the design is discussed. Several example applications are presented to illustrate the extensibility of the system.
Effects of anchor stimuli on category and ratio scaling.

Sumnrlry.-Two experiments compared the influence of an anchor stimulus on judgments of size using a category-scaling procedure and two ratio-scaling procedures--Stevens' magnimde estimation and direct size estimation. Using an anchor stimulus smaller than any of the judged series stimuli (Exp. I) produced slight contrast effects for category scaling, assimilation for size estimation and no anchoring effects with magnimde estimation. The downward concave relationship between the category scale and the ratio scales was not obtained under any anchoring condition. Use of an anchor stimulus larger than the judged series (Exp. 11) produced similar results, with the exception that size estimation did not show consistent assimilation effects. Galanter ( 1962) has suggested that the crucial test for determining whether the magnitude-estimation method of scaling is superior to the category technique is the invariance of results "in the face of manipulation of ostensible nonessential characteristics of the experiment" (p. 153). When the elements of a stimulus series are changed, he claims, the category-scale values for any given stimulus shift, bur the magnitude-estimation values remain relatively unaffected. His assertion and s~lpporting data have not gone unchallenged. Both Helson ( 1964) and Underwood (1966) have been quite strong in their criticisms. Poulton and Simmonds (1963) not only cite numerous instances in which the magnitude estimations of Ss fail to be independent of series effects but they also present voluminous data from a tightly controlled study which led them to conclude: "It appears to be impossible to obtain a direct measure of sensory magnitude which is unaffected by the experimental conditions under which it is made" (p. 303). Almost all of the work has centered on within-series context effects. What would be the effects of extra-series stimuli on the two forms of scaling? In a preliminary stndy Huckabee and Ferrell (1967) compared judgments of the sizes of squares of projected light by Ss who used category-scaling and size-estimation techniques and who viewed the stimuli with and without an interposed anchor stimiilus which was smaller than any within the judged series. A significant anchor effect was not obtained for either scaling method, although the P ratio for the category method was just short of significance at the .05 level. The finding of greatest interest was that under the anchor condition the plot of category judgments against size estimations was downwardly concave. However, 'Based on a paper read to the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, Durham, North Carolina, March 27, 1970, for which the author received the Richard M. Griffith Memorial Junior Award.
Coarse woody debris in a southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract Spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains receive high atmospheric nitrogen inputs and have high nitrate levels in soil solution and streamwater. High levels of excess nitrogen have been associated with reduced tree vigor. Additionally, the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) has killed the majority of endemic Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] trees, resulting in large amounts of coarse woody debris. As part of a biogeochemical study in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, coarse woody debris was sampled to determine volume, mass, change in density, and change in concentration and content of carbon and nitrogen over the decomposition process. Dead wood volume was highly variable across the watershed, ranging from 4.5 m3 ha−1 to 306.8 m3 ha−1 for standing boles and from 21.2 m3 ha−1 to 402.7 m3 ha−1 for down boles. Wood density decreased significantly for all three major overstory species [red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt...
CC2-01: A Telephone-Based Diabetes Prevention Program and Social Support for Weight Loss: the Call-2-Health Study

Background/Aims Programs to translate the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) into effective real-life interventions are needed. In the Call-2-Health pilot study we designed and tested a telephone-based intervention modeled on the DPP. Here we present the impact of Call-2-Health on participants’ report of support from friends and family for diet changes. Social support may be critical to long-term maintenance of behavioral changes.
A broadband free-space millimeter-wave vector transmission measurement system

We report both broadband monolithic transmitter and receiver IC's for MM-wave electromagnetic measurements. The IC's use a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) and a sampling circuit as a picosecond pulse generator and detector. The pulses are radiated and received by planar monolithic bow-tie antennas, collimated with silicon substrate lenses and off-axis parabolic reflectors. Through Fourier transformation of the received pulse, accurate 30-250 GHz free space gain-frequency and phase-frequency measurements are demonstrated. Systems design considerations are discussed, and a variety of MM-wave broadband transmission measurements are demonstrated. >
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate B-cell growth and differentiation via CD70

The ability of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to promote plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion through the production of type I interferon and interleukin-6 has been well documented, although the role of additional factors, including tumor necrosis factor receptor-ligand interactions, has not been addressed. On stimulation with the Toll-like receptor ligand CpG (B type, 2006) we found that pDCs exhibit strong and stable expression of CD70, a tumor necrosis factor family ligand that binds to its receptor CD27 expressed on memory B cells and promotes plasma cell differentiation and Ig secretion. Using a pDC/B-cell coculture system, we found that CpG-stimulated pDCs can induce the proliferation of CD40L-activated human peripheral B cells and Ig secretion. This occurs independently of interferon and residual CpG, and requires physical contact between pDCs and B cells. CpG-stimulated pDCs can induce the proliferation of both naive and memory B cells, although Ig secretion is restricted to the memory subset. Blocking the interaction of CD70 with CD27 using an antagonist anti-CD70 antibody reduces the induction of B-cell proliferation and IgG secretion by CpG-stimulated pDCs. We have therefore identified CD70 as an important factor in the regulation of B-cell growth and differentiation by pDCs.
Sideline and lifeline: The cultural economy of maple syrup production

Abstract Why do people engage in economically minor resource production activities? This field study of Vermont and Quebec maple syrup producers and their households and enterprises examines the diversion of motivations and concerns m contemporary maple syrup production. Farmers, former farmers, and non-farmers all produce maple syrup. The concept of embeddedness provides a framework for understanding how producers understand their involvement with maple syrup, by highlighting the social and cultural context of economic action. An embeddedness perspective emphasizes how other work activities, household relations, the surrounding community, and the resource environment shape the possibilities for and understandings of minor resource production activities. Maple syrup generally only supplemented the household income of the 76 producers interviewed. Producers articulated a cultural economy of syrup production centered on its contribution to overall livelihood, cultural identity, and lifestyle. Reasons included managing risks, making seasonal use of land and labor resources, developing a retirement income, demonstrating a rural, agrarian identity, and strengthening family and community ties. Implications for policy include the place of minor resource production activities in securing rural livelihoods and providing cultural anchors in rural regions experiencing demographic and economic change.
Enhancement of speech intelligibility using transients extracted by wavelet packets

Speech transients have been shown to be important cues for identifying and discriminating speech sounds. We previously described a wavelet packet-based method for extracting transient speech (Rasetshwane et al. WASPAA 2007, pp. 179–182). The algorithm uses a “transitivity function” to characterize the rate of change of wavelet coefficients, and it can be implemented in real-time to process continuous speech. Psycho-acoustic experiments to select parameters for and to evaluate this method are presented. Results show that modified speech created by amplifying transient speech and adding it to original speech has higher percent word recognition scores than original speech in the presence of background noise.
Effects of mineral nutrients on the growth of bacterioߚ and phytoplankton in two southern reservoirs

Nutrient limitation of bacterio- and phytoplankton was studied simultaneously in two warm-water lakes in the southern United States—Joe Pool Lake (JPL) and Eagle Mountain Lake (EML). Lakes were sampled approximately biweekly between March 1998 and December 1999 from a single station. Nutrient limitation was assessed through dilution bioassays in which nitrogen (N, 50 mM above ambient), phosphorus (P, 10 mM above ambient), carbon (C, bacterioplankton only, 83 mM above ambient), and trace nutrients (Tm, phytoplankton only) were supplied. In both lakes, growth of bacterio- and phytoplankton was stimulated by nutrient additions. Multiple nutrient limitation was common. P alone and in combination with N and C or Tm most frequently limited growth of both bacterioand phytoplankton in JPL. N alone and in combination with P and C or Tm most frequently limited growth of both bacterio- and phytoplankton in EML. Comparison of in situ growth rates to growth rates under potentially nutrient saturating conditions revealed that both bacterio- and phytoplankton in both lakes were growing well below maximum potential during warm months but near maximum potential during cooler months. This result was due to a combined effect of low temperature in winter and restricted nutrient availability in summer. Phytoplankton was generally more strongly limited by nutrient availability than was bacterioplankton, but there were occasions when the intensity of limitation shifted between communities.
Labor and the Left in Post-Communist Europe: Pathways of Transition, the Stability of Parties, and the Inheritance of Legacy Unions in Poland and the Czech Republic

A second generation of studies of post-communist labor has begun to take variations in labor relations more seriously despite continuing evidence of union decline and labor passivity. This paper is a contribution to this batch of studies, employing a paired "most similar systems" comparative analysis of Poland and the Czech Republic between 1989 and 2010. In lieu of familiar indicators such as union density or strike frequency, I look at the ability of labor to dilute or slow down efforts to boost employer flexibility in the process of revising labor codes and other regulations related to collective bargaining, job rights, and working conditions. Despite the role played by Solidarity in bringing down the communist regime and designing privatization in Poland, I show that Czech labor had more long run success in preempting the dilution of key provisions related to long-term contracts and collective bargaining coverage (among other things). In explaining the variation, I construct a modified version of the "labor and left" thesis once used to address variation across advanced capitalist economies in Europe, a thesis that has been viewed as irrelevant or inapplicable when it comes to Central and Eastern Europe. I point to the role of the main Czech legacy union (CMKOS) in preventing the dilution of labor power. I also emphasize the stability of the Czech party system and the crystallization of an electorally viable set of left parties (an ex-communist party AND a revived social democratic party) that, despite their differences, have lined up on the same side in opposing employer flexibility and courting working-class support. This argument also implies that history continues to matter, but not in a linear fashion: inherited legacies do not simply continue to exert the same causal effects across time and space, but key historical elements do matter in complex explanations of emergent differences as we move further beyond the crisis and uncertainty of the early years of postcommunist transition.
Bronchial thermoplasty: a promising therapy, still in its infancy.

Inflammation is not the only pathophysiologic process underlying asthma. Bronchial thermoplasty takes a novel approach and offers reason for optimism.
Asymptotic optimality of Hodges-Lehmann inverse rank likelihood estimators

Hodges and Lehmann proposed using rank test statistics evaluated at inversely transformed data to construct estimating equations. This paper reframes the resulting estimates in terms of a rank likelihood. In the context of a model of the form Y = h(e; z, β), where Y is a response, z a vector of predictors and e is a random error, this approach corresponds to computing the inverse e = g(Y, z; β) by solving Y = h(e; z, β) for e and using the distribution of the ranks of independent e’s as a likelihood. The properties of the resulting estimators have been developed in many important contexts. This paper will review and extend asymptotic optimality properties of Hodges Lehmann estimators in semiparametric models. In particular, the paper will establish semiparametric optimality of the estimate obtained from a Gaussian linear model. Moreover, it will be shown that the Hodges-Lehmann estimate obtained from the exponential likelihood is asymptotically minimax for the semiparametric accelerated failure time model...
Nomenclator and Review of Hawaiian Phyllostegia (Lamiaceae)

In 1987 Harold St. John published 93 names in Hawaiian Phyllostegia and 1 in Tonga; only 3 of them were accounted for in the most recent taxonomic revision of the Hawaiian species by Wagner et al. in 1990. The types of these names are analyzed, and the names are here incorporated into the current classification. Only five of the new Hawaiian species are here recognized as distinct (P kaalaensis, P. kahiliensis, P micrantha, P pilosa, and P warshaueri), and one of the new combinations is accepted here (P velutina), with the remainder here placed into the synonymy of other species. Five of the names were not validly published. The complete nomenclature of Phyllostegia at the species level and below is presented, including 181 names. A total of 32 Hawaiian Phyllostegia species are currently recognized, including the 5 recognized St. John species published in 1987 and 2 others, P haliakalae, resurrected from the synonymy of P mollis, and P renovans, discovered in 1989. The five Hawaiian species not treated in the 1990 revision are briefly characterized and discussed. Notes adding information on taxonomy, distribution, and population and conservation status not included in the recent treatment also are given. The genus also is known from Tahiti and Tonga, each with one species; the nomenclature for these two species is included, but they are not evaluated
Parallel anisotropic mesh adaptation with boundary layers for automated viscous flow simulations

This paper presents a set of parallel procedures for anisotropic mesh adaptation accounting for mixed element types used in boundary layer meshes, i.e., the current procedures operate in parallel on distributed boundary layer meshes. The procedures accept anisotropic mesh metric field as an input for the desired mesh size field and apply local mesh modifications to adapt the mesh to match/satisfy the specified mesh size field. The procedures fully account for the parametric geometry of curved domains and maintain the semi-structured nature of the boundary layer elements. The effectiveness of the procedures is demonstrated on three viscous flow examples that include the ONERA M6 wing, a heat transfer manifold, and a scramjet engine.
Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. As a consequence of the interaction of gp120 envelope with the CD4 receptor molecule expressed by a subset of T lymphocytes and by mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), a second envelope protein (gp41) mediates fusion of the virion membrane with the target membrane. In these events the role of adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 has recently been highlighted. Following viral entry, reverse transcription of the virion-associated RNA and integration of proviral DNA into the host genome are crucial steps in HIV infection, which can lead to expression of high levels of new HIV or to silent infection for indefinite periods, a condition defined as viral latency. Several factors in addition to endogenous viral regulatory proteins have been reported as capable of modulating the state of viral latency and expression in vitro, including the cytokine network that normally modulates immune homeostasis as well as the immune response to inflammatory stimuli. Finally, recent studies have underscored the observation that the CD4+ T lymphocytes are the major reservoir of HIV in the peripheral blood compartment and in the lymphoid tissues, which are characterized by a greater viral burden, whereas in nonlymphoid organs such as the brain and the lung, local infection is predominantly sustained by MPs.
Report quality and epidemic tendency of notifiable infectious disease before and after network report in Guangxi

Objective To analysis quality of notifiable infectious disease reporting and epidemic tendency of infectious diseases before and after network report. Method All data was dealt by software spss 13.0 and Excel 2003.Results The average reported incidence rates of class A and B infectious diseases in 2004～2006 after network report raised by 36.53% as compared with that of 2001～2003 before network report .And there was no conspicuous difference in epidemic tendency between 2004～2006 and 2003. Conclusions Network report improves the quantity and quality of notifiable infectious disease reporting.
An update on lipidomics: progress and application in biomarker and drug development

Substantial progress has been made in the application of lipidomics in biomarker discovery and drug development, as well as in a variety of other areas. In particular, the number of published studies reporting the quantitation and analysis of low-abundance lipid molecular species has greatly increased. It can be anticipated that many of the biochemical mechanisms underlying metabolic syndromes and other lipid-related diseases will be identified through these methods. Importantly, lipid markers diagnostic of the onset, progression, or severity of these diseases as well as evaluation of drug efficacy and safety will be discovered as the ability to detect low-abundance lipid molecular species improves. An update of technical developments within the field of lipidomics from 2006 to the present is provided, along with a brief discussion of its applications in biomarker and drug development.
Premature birth as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder.

AbstractObjective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is common, life-long in nature, and can be very debilitating. Thus, an intensive search is on to identify the potential risk factors for the disorder. Premature birth has been identified as one potential factor that could influence potential symptoms of ASD. Method: The sample for this study consisted of 1655 at risk children for developmental delays who were 17–37 months of age. Participants were divided into those diagnosed with ASD (n = 916) and children with atypical development only (n = 739). Results: Premature births were almost twice as common for the atypical development group versus the ASD group. Conclusions: Implications of these data are discussed.
The prevalence and impact of risk factors for ethnic differences in loneliness

Background : Previous studies have demonstrated that loneliness is more frequently present in citizens of ethnic minority groups than in natives. The current study investigates whether ethnic differences in emotional and social loneliness between Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese and Dutch adults living in the Netherlands are due to ethnic differences in the presence and/or impact of an array of possible risk factors, such as partnership, health and socioeconomic status. Methods: The data were collected in 2012 as a part of a general health questionnaire of the Public Health Services in the four major cities of the Netherlands, containing 20.047 Dutch, 1.043 Moroccan, 1.197 Turkish and 1.900 Surinamese respondents. Results: Structural equation models showed that ethnic differences in emotional and social loneliness can be ascribed to ethnic differences in the prevalence and impact of several risk factors. Main findings were that all three ethnic minority groups reported feeling less healthy and more discriminated against than the Dutch group, which was related to increased loneliness. Perceived financial difficulties and people in the neighbourhood not getting along had more impact on feelings of loneliness for the Turkish group than loneliness for the other ethnic groups. Furthermore, members of the Turkish group were found more at risk to feel anxious or depressed, which was in turn related to increased loneliness. Conclusions: Policy makers are encouraged to develop multifaceted prevention strategies concerning those risk factors that are most changeable, thereby focusing per risk factor on those ethnic groups for which it is an important contribution to loneliness.
New Opportunities for Funding Dialysis-Dependent Undocumented Individuals

The cost of dialysis for the estimated 6500 dialysis-dependent undocumented individuals with kidney failure in the United States is high, the quality of dialysis care they receive is poor, and their treatment varies regionally. Some regions use state and matched federal funds to cover regularly scheduled dialysis treatments, while others provide treatment only in emergent life-threatening conditions. Nephrologists caring for patients who receive emergent dialysis are tasked with the difficult moral dilemma of determining "who gets dialysis that day." Without a path to citizenship and by exclusion from the federal marketplace exchanges, undocumented individuals have limited options for their treatment. A novel opportunity to provide scheduled dialysis for this population is through the purchase of insurance off the exchange. Plans purchased off the exchange must still abide by the 2014 provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage based on a preexisting health condition. In 2015 and 2016, >100 patients previously receiving only emergent dialysis at the two largest safety-net hospital systems in Texas obtained off-the-exchange commercial health insurance plans. These undocumented patients now receive scheduled dialysis treatments, which has improved their care and quality of life, as well as decompressed the overburdened hospital systems. The long-term sustainability of this option is not known. Socially responsive and visionary policymakers allowing the move into this bold, new direction deserve special appreciation.
Dachristic Seizures with Left Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and During Wada Test

Dachristic seizures are characterized by ictal crying during complex partial seizures expressed as an unconscious behavior without sadness.
The effect of Translation Memory tools in translated Web texts: Evidence from a comparative product-based study

Translation Memory tools have been widely promoted in terms of increased productivity, quality and consistency, while translation scholars have ar-gued that in some cases they might produce the opposite effect. This paper investigates these two related claims through a corpus-based contrastive analysis of 40,000 original and localized Web pages in Spanish. Given that all Web texts are localized using TM tools, the claim of increased quality and consistency is analyzed in contrast with Web texts spontaneously pro-duced in Spanish. The results of the contrastive analysis indicate that local-ized texts tend to replicate source text structures and show higher numbers of inconsistencies at the lexical, syntactic and typographic levels than non-translated Web sites. These findings are associated with lower levels of quality in localized texts as compared to non-translated or spontaneously produced texts.
The membrane strikes back: phosphoinositide binding regulates Skywalker function

Drosophila Skywalker regulates the GTPase Rab35, thereby controlling the turnover of synaptic-vesicle proteins. A new crystal structure of the TBC domain of Skywalker reveals an unexpected phosphoinositide-binding pocket, which is critical for synaptic function and is disrupted in DOORS syndrome–causing mutations in the human Skywalker homolog TBC1D24.
Printone: interactive resonance simulation for free-form print-wind instrument design

This paper presents an interactive design interface for three-dimensional free-form musical wind instruments. The sound of a wind instrument is governed by the acoustic resonance as a result of complicated interactions of sound waves and internal geometries of the instrument. Thus, creating an original free-form wind instrument by manual methods is a challenging problem. Our interface provides interactive sound simulation feedback as the user edits, allowing exploration of original wind instrument designs. Sound simulation of a 3D wind musical instrument is known to be computationally expensive. To overcome this problem, we first model the wind instruments as a passive resonator, where we ignore coupled oscillation excitation from the mouthpiece. Then we present a novel efficient method to estimate the resonance frequency based on the boundary element method by formulating the resonance problem as a minimum eigenvalue problem. Furthermore, we can efficiently compute an approximate resonance frequency using a new technique based on a generalized eigenvalue problem. The designs can be fabricated using a 3D printer, thus we call the results "print-wind instruments" in association with woodwind instruments. We demonstrate our approach with examples of unconventional shapes performing familiar songs.