cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Micropump-Driven High-Speed MEMS Gas Chromatography System

We report (1) the integration of the first functioning MEMS gas chromatography system ( muGC) featuring a micropump, a micro-column, and a micro-chemiresistor sensor array; and (2) experimental demonstration of the state-of-the-art multi-vapor gas separation and detection. In particular, we report the best GC analysis data from the first micropump-driven muGC system to date: the separation and detection of 11 volatile organic compounds (VOC)'s within only 78 seconds while consuming only 15.1 mW of power within a small volume of 0.5 cc. We also report the use of temperature programming (TP) of the separation column for fast analysis, which shortened the analysis time from 78 seconds to 24 seconds while maintaining gas analysis resolution.
A Preliminary trial of twelve-step facilitation and acceptance and commitment therapy with polysubstance-abusing methadone-maintained opiate addicts

The present study compared methadone maintenance alone to methadone maintenance in combination with 16 weeks of either Intensive Twelve-Step Facilitation (ITSF) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in a preliminary efficacy trial with polysubstance-abusing opiate addicts who were continuing to use drugs while on methadone maintenance. Results showed that the addition of ACT was associated with lower objectively assessed opiate and total drug use during follow-up than methadone maintenance alone, and lower subjective measures of total drug use at follow-up. An intent-to-treat analysis which assumed that missing drug data indicated drug use also provided support for the reliability of objectively assessed total drug use decreases in the ACT condition. ITSF reduced objective measures of total drug use during follow-up but not in the intent-to-treat analyses. Most measures of adjustment and psychological distress improved in all conditions, but there was no evidence of differential improvement across conditions in these areas. Both ACT and ITSF merit further exploration as a means of reducing severe drug abuse.
Growth of necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaque

Plaques are fatty deposits that grow mainly in arteries and develop as a result of a chronic inflammatory response. Plaques are characterized as 'vulnerable' when they have large internal regions of necrosis and are heavily infiltrated by macrophages. The particular composition of a vulnerable plaque renders it susceptible to rupture, which releases thrombogenic agents into the bloodstream and can result in myocardial infarction. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to predict the development of a plaque's necrotic core. By solving coupled reaction-diffusion equations for macrophages and dead cells, we focus on the joint effects of hypoxic cell death and chemoattraction to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), a molecule that is strongly linked to atherosclerosis. We do not model the mechanical properties of the plaque, its growth or rupture. Our model predicts cores that have approximately the right size and shape when compared to ultrasound images. Because our model is linear and autonomous, normal mode analysis and subsequent calculation of the smallest eigenvalue allow us to compute the times taken for the necrotic core to form. We find that the spatial distribution of Ox-LDL within the plaque determines not only the placement and size of cores, but their time of formation. Although plaques are biochemically complex, our study shows that certain aspects of their composition can be predicted and are, in fact, governed by simple physical models.
Preoperative Serum Albumin Levels Predict 1-Year Postoperative Survival of Patients Undergoing Heart Transplantation

Background—Serum albumin concentration has been recognized as a marker of nutrition, severity of inflammation, and hepatic function in patients with various chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of pretransplant serum albumin concentration on post-transplant outcome in heart transplant recipients. Methods and Results—Preoperative laboratory variables, including albumin concentration and donor-related information, were obtained from 822 consecutive patients undergoing heart transplant at Columbia University Medical Center between 1999 and 2010. The association between pretransplant albumin concentration and post-transplant 1-year survival was analyzed. Available data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (n=13 671) were also analyzed to evaluate the impact of preoperative albumin levels on post-transplant outcome. In our cohort, multivariable analysis revealed that preoperative albumin (mg/dL; hazard ratio, 0.46; P<0.0001) and preoperative total bilirubin (mg/dL; haz...
Interstitial Lung Disease of Systemic Sclerosis

Fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma is a frequent and serious complication of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. During the past decade data have accumulated in support of an inflammatory process affecting the alveoli and distal airways that culminates in irreversible fibrosis in many SSc patients. Recent findings indicate the presence of lung fibroblasts with altered phenotype and biologic activity (myofibroblasts), perhaps arising from the influence of cytokines on resident lung fibroblasts. Acute-phase inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, MIP-1 alpha, IL-8 and RANTES are increased in SSc bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, as is thrombin, a potent mitogen for lung fibroblasts. Chronic-phase inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines such as PDGF and TGF-beta are also present in increased amounts in SSc BAL fluid. The inciting event(s) and the process(es) leading to the perpetuation of fibrosis in SSc are unknown. Treatment of SSc lung disease has been empiric and generally disappointing, and it is likely that effective treatment awaits a better understanding of the biological events that regulate collagen and other extracellular matrix synthesis.
Ten-year outcomes: the clinical utility of single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography capromab pendetide (Prostascint) in a cohort diagnosed with localized prostate cancer.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical utility of capromab pendetide imaging with single photon emission computed tomography coregistration with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in primary prostate cancer (CaP) for pretreatment prognostic staging and localization of biologic target volumes (BTV) for individualized image-guided radiotherapy dose escalation (IGRT-DE). Methods and Materials Patients consecutively presenting for primary radiotherapy (February 1997 to December 2002), having a clinical diagnosis of localized CaP, were evaluated for tumor stage using conventional staging and SPECT/CT ( N = 239). Distant metastatic uptake (mets) were identified by SPECT/CT in 22 (9.2%). None of the suspected mets could be clinically confirmed. Thus, all subjects were followed without alteration in disease management. The SPECT/CT pelvic images defined BTV for IGRT-DE (+150% brachytherapy dose) without ( n = 150) or with ( n = 89) external radiation of 45 Gy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria defined risk groups (RG). The median survivor follow-up was 7 years. Biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) was reported by clinical nadir +2 ng/mL (CN+2) criteria. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier, multivariate analysis, and Concordance-index models. Results At 10-year analyses, overall survival was 84.8% and bDFS was 84.6%. With stratification by RG, CN+2 bDFS was 93.5% for the low-RG ( n = 116), 78.7% for the intermediate-RG ( n = 94), and 68.8% for the high-RG ( n = 29), p = 0.0002. With stratification by pretreatment SPECT/CT findings, bDFS was 65.5% in patients with suspected mets ( n = 22) vs. 86.6% in patients with only localized uptake ( n = 217), p = 0.0014. CaP disease-specific survival (DSS) was 97.7% for the cohort. With stratification by SPECT/CT findings, DSS was 86.4% (with suspected mets) vs. 99.0% (localized only), p = 0.0001. Using multivariate analysis, the DSS hazard ratio for SPECT/CT findings (mets vs. localized) was 3.58 ( p = 0.0026). Concordance-index tests, based on all data, by CN+2 bDFS criteria were 0.710 for RG alone and 0.773 for SPECT/CT + RG. Conclusions Through long-term outcomes we demonstrate statistically significant bDFS and DSS predictive value for pretreatment capromab pendetide SPECT/CT imaging in primary CaP. Dual clinical utility is demonstrated, using SPECT/CT to define BTV for individualized IGRT-DE.
An evaluation of trace metals, vitamins, and taste function in anorexia nervosa

Trace metals, vitamins, and other biochemical parameters were measured in 30 female patients hospitalized for anorexia nervosa with the aim of relating them to taste function, biochemical changes, and clinical signs found in this illness. Plasma zinc (71.9 +/- 14 microgram/100 ml; P < 0.01), urinary zinc (129.5 +/- 121 microgram/24 hr), and copper (84 +/- 17 microgram/100 ml; P < 0.001), were depressed, whereas zinc and copper content of hair was normal. Anorexia nervosa patients showed hypogeusia, with the bitter and sour taste most severely affected, however plasma zinc levels did not correlate with taste recognition scores. Patients showed hypercarotenemia (214 +/- 129 microgram/100 ml; P < 0.01) with normal plasma vitamin A and retinol-binding protein levels. Total iron binding capacity was depressed (261 +/- 62 microgram/100 ml; P < 0.001) in contrast to plasma iron, ceruloplasmin and folic acid, which were normal. In nine patients, who were retested before discharge, taste function improved; plasma zinc, copper, and total iron binding capacity levels increased whereas plasma carotene and cholesterol decreased to normal levels. It is concluded that the observed zinc, copper, and iron binding protein deficiencies, and hypogeusia, reflect the self-imposed nutritional restriction of anorexia nervosa patients. Zinc and other micronutrients released from catabolized tissue along with vitamin intake may mitigate against more severe deficiency states in anorexia nervosa.
Peer Contagion of Aggression and Health Risk Behavior Among Adolescent Males: An Experimental Investigation of Effects on Public Conduct and Private Attitudes

Peer contagion of adolescent males' aggressive/health risk behaviors was examined using a computerized "chat room" experimental paradigm. Forty-three 11th-grade White adolescents (16-17 years old) were led to believe that they were interacting with other students (i.e., "e-confederates"), who endorsed aggressive/health risk behaviors and whose ostensible peer status was experimentally manipulated. Adolescents displayed greater public conformity, more internalization of aggressive/health risk attitudes, and a higher frequency of actual exclusionary behavior when the e-confederates were high in peer status than low. Participants' level of social anxiety moderated peer contagion. Nonsocially anxious participants conformed only to high-status peers, whereas socially anxious participants were equally influenced by low- and high-status peers. The role of status-maintenance motivations in aggression and risk behavior, and implications for preventive intervention, are discussed.
Sequence-Resolved Detection of Pausing by Single RNA Polymerase Molecules

Transcriptional pausing by RNA polymerase (RNAP) plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Defined, sequence-specific pause sites have been identified biochemically. Single-molecule studies have also shown that bacterial RNAP pauses frequently during transcriptional elongation, but the relationship of these “ubiquitous” pauses to the underlying DNA sequence has been uncertain. We employed an ultrastable optical-trapping assay to follow the motion of individual molecules of RNAP transcribing templates engineered with repeated sequences carrying imbedded, sequence-specific pause sites of known regulatory function. Both the known and ubiquitous pauses appeared at reproducible locations, identified with base-pair accuracy. Ubiquitous pauses were associated with DNA sequences that show similarities to regulatory pause sequences. Data obtained for the lifetimes and efficiencies of pauses support a model where the transition to pausing branches off of the normal elongation pathway and is mediated by a common elemental state, which corresponds to the ubiquitous pause.
MiRNAs in kidney transplantation: potential role as new biomarkers

MiRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small endogenous, noncoding RNAs with important roles in regulating gene expression known to play a role in many cellular functions including cellular differentiation, cell proliferation, cell development and functional regulation of the immune system, among others. As such, miRNAs are emerging not only as potential biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the currently published work on miRNAs and renal transplantation as it pertains to ischemia–reperfusion injury, acute kidney injury, delayed graft function, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, acute rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction and kidney fibrosis.
Relocation Subsidies: Regional Growth Policy or Corporate Welfare?

Relocation subsidies in the form of property tax abatements, subsidized construction bonds, or the outright provision of land, buildings, and other services, are being offered in increasing frequency as a lure to keep old firms from moving out of a city or region as well as to attract new firms and industry into the region. For a community, these incentives are typically a strategic response to the issue of retaining and creating jobs against the threat of firms locating or relocating to competing communities.
Directional escape from nearly spherical optical resonators

Extremely high-Q resonant "whispering-gallery" (WG) modes are found, and their potential for quantum optics applications has recently attracted attention. To achieve tunability and break the high degree of degeneracy found in ideal spheres, shape deformations can be induced either mechanically or directly by fabrication of deformed spheroids.
Timing Is Everything Motivating Patients to Call 9-1-1 at Onset of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Over the past 20 years, advances in reperfusion therapy with angioplasty and thrombolysis have revolutionized the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Use of these therapies has led to impressive reductions in mortality from acute MI.1 Unfortunately, their full potential has not been realized, because many patients do not reach the hospital in time to benefit from them. Studies show that only ≈1 in 5 patients gets to the hospital within 1 hour of the onset of acute MI symptoms; this is the time frame in which they would obtain the greatest benefit from reperfusion.2 We can greatly decrease death and disability among our patients (≈40% of the 1.1 million heart attacks in the United States each year are fatal3) if we motivate and educate them to call 9-1-1 at the earliest suggestion of an acute MI. Data from the Fibrinolytics Therapy Trialists’ Collaborative Group4 indicate that for every hour of delay, 2 lives per 1000 patients are lost. The GUSTO I trial5 and others demonstrated that mortality was 2 times as great if thrombolytic treatment occurred 4 to 6 hours after onset compared with 1 to 2 hours after onset (8.9% versus 4.3%). The GUSTO IIb study6 also showed a time dependency for primary angioplasty, with a 30-day mortality of 1% when angioplasty was performed within 60 minutes of hospital arrival and of 6.4% when it was delayed >90 minutes. In the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial, the rate of death among patients with acute MI who were treated within 70 minutes after the onset of symptoms was 1.3% compared with 8.7% among patients who were treated later.7 Research has identified a number of reasons for patient delay in seeking medical treatment for an acute MI. In many cases, patients expect …
SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN AN ALPHEID SHRIMP AND A XANTHOID CRAB IN SALT MARSHES OF MID-ATLANTIC STATES, U.S.A

Abstract Instances of mutualism and commensalism between alpheid shrimp and other marine invertebrates and fish are common in tropical waters. In this study, we present evidence that the temperate alpheid big-clawed snapping shrimp (Alpheus heterochaelis) participates in a symbiosis with the black-clawed mud crab (Panopeus herbstii), which constructs and maintains burrows in salt marshes of mid-Atlantic states, U.S.A. We surveyed eight mid-Atlantic salt marshes and found that 11% of occupied crab burrows (n = 1042) also housed Alpheus. Feeding trials showed that whereas Panopeus readily consumes other marsh Crustacea (i.e., grass shrimp and fiddler crabs), it will not prey on snapping shrimp. Alpheus caged in the marsh without access to mud crab lairs could not construct burrows. These results suggest that alpheid shrimps, thought to be limited in distribution to unvegetated mudflats and oyster reefs, may expand their intertidal range by living commensally with Panopeus herbstii in salt marsh habitats.
Lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine maintenance requirements of broiler breeders

Five hundred and sixty Cobb-Vantress broiler breeders were used to determine the maintenance requirement of dietary Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val in 10 21-d assays using the comparative slaughter technique. Fifty sexually immature broiler breeder pullets per assay were given crystalline amino acid diets containing graded levels of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, or Val, respectively, representing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40% of their suggested requirement level (NRC, 1994) with all other amino acids maintained at 40% of their suggested requirement level. Sixty hens were slaughtered prior to the beginning of the study to assess initial body composition at 3 weight groups. Linear regression lines (protein accretion vs. amino acid intake) were determined and the maintenance requirements were calculated based on zero protein accretion. The maintenance requirements expressed on a metabolic weight basis were determined to be 174, 94, 52, 81, 60, 126, 133, and 155 mg/kg(0.75)/d for Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val, respectively. Additionally, the maintenance requirements, expressed on metabolic protein weight basis, were determined to be 651, 329, 172, 295, 223, 523, 478, and 546 mg/kgCP/d for Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val, respectively. The requirement for His could not be established as the results obtained were outside of assay range.
Dynamic Shearing Resistance of Dry Ottawa Sand

A relationship between: (1) Rate of deformation in simple shear; (2) overburden pressure; (3) shearing strength or stress on the failure plane at the time of failure; and (4) initial void ratio and changes in void ratio has been determined. A simple shear apparatus was used to conduct the tests, with which simple shear or homogeneous deformation throughout the sample was obtained. Overburden pressures simulating soil depths up to 100 ft were employed. Dynamic shearing of the specimen was accomplished in 0.004 sec or less, and static shearing in 120 secs or less. A projectile fired from a gun activated by an explosive charge was used to initiate shearing of the specimen in the dynamic case, and a conventional metal lathe was employed in the static case. A maximum rate of deformation, expressed in terms of angular velocity, of 400 rad per sec was obtained. A mathematical equation describing a three-dimensional surface which relates shearing strength, overburden pressure, and rate of deformation (angular velocity) was derived.
Exact MIP-based approaches for finding maximum quasi-cliques and dense subgraphs

Given a simple graph and a constant $$\gamma \in (0,1]$$??(0,1], a $$\gamma $$?-quasi-clique is defined as a subset of vertices that induces a subgraph with an edge density of at least $$\gamma $$?. This well-known clique relaxation model arises in a variety of application domains. The maximum $$\gamma $$?-quasi-clique problem is to find a $$\gamma $$?-quasi-clique of maximum cardinality in the graph and is known to be NP-hard. This paper proposes new mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations for solving the maximum $$\gamma $$?-quasi-clique problem. The corresponding linear programming (LP) relaxations are analyzed and shown to be tighter than the LP relaxations of the MIP models available in the literature on sparse graphs. The developed methodology is naturally generalized for solving the maximum $$f(\cdot )$$f(·)-dense subgraph problem, which, for a given function $$f(\cdot )$$f(·), seeks for the largest k such that there is a subgraph induced by k vertices with at least f(k) edges. The performance of the proposed exact approaches is illustrated on real-life network instances with up to 10,000 vertices.
High pressure and temperature equation of state and spectroscopic study of CeO2.

One of the most widely used x-ray standards and a highly applied component of catalysis systems, CeO2 has been studied for the purpose of better understanding its equation of state and electronic properties. Diamond anvil cells have been used to extend the equation of state for this material to 130 GPa and explore the electronic behavior with applied load. From the x-ray diffraction studies, it has been determined that the high pressure phase transition extends from approximately 35–75 GPa at ambient temperature. Elevation of temperature is found to decrease the initiation pressure for this transition, with multiple distinct temperature regions which indicate structural related anomalies. In addition, hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic effects are compared and exhibit a drastic difference in bulk moduli. Furthermore, the electronic results indicate a change in the scattering environment of the cerium atom, associated with the high pressure phase transition. Overall, these results present the first megabar pressure study and the first high pressure and temperature study of ceria. Additionally, this shows the first combined study of the K and LIII edges of this material to 33 GPa.
Tolofson and Flames in Cyberspace: The Changing Landscape of Multistate Defamation

This early paper, published at a time when legal issues relating to the internet were still relatively new, examines the conflict of laws issues surrounding on-line defamation claims, and particularly the question of what choice of law should apply in Canada in light of the Canadian Supreme Court decision in Tolfson v. Jensen (1994), which established a new choice of law rule for tort cases involving conflict of laws. The paper begins by suggesting that on-line defamation claims will likely increase dramatically in the coming years, and examines the conflict of laws issues that will thus arise. It proceeds to examine the nature of the tort of defamation, emphasizing that the complex area of law is primarily concerned with protecting the private right to protection of one's reputation, which in turn will inform the analysis for choice of law. Next the analysis moves to an overview of the conflict of laws rules that governed defamation and all other tort claims prior to Tolofson, with the choice of law rule having been that to ground a claim a plaintiff had to prove that the wrong was actionable under the law of the forum in which the claim was made(lex fori), and that it was not justifiable under the law of the jurisdiction in which the tort was committed (lex loci). Moving to an analysis of the reasons in Tolofson, an automobile accident insurance claim case, the paper reviews the Court's establishment of lex loci delecti as the new rule governing choice of law in tort cases involving multiple jurisdictions. The paper analyzes the extent to which the Court may have left room for an exception for those cases in which the tort occurs in one jurisdiction but the greatest harm is suffered in another. Finally, the paper considers the nature of multi-state defamation via the internet, and queries the extent to which it really raises new and novel issues that require unique rules. It makes the modest claim that there are some circumstances in which on-line defamation may raise new issues. The paper concludes by suggesting that a consideration of the values that defamation law seeks to protect, the nature of on-line defamtion, and the narrow exception that the reasons in Tolofson may permit, would form a basis for a specific rule for choice of law in on-line defamation cases, that being to apply the law of the place of greatest harm.
A ‘Technology Gap’ Model of International Trade

One of the most important trends in the world economy in recent decades has been the gradual erosion of the technological superiority of the industrial nations in general, and of the USA in particular. To this ‘closing of the gap’ may be attributed the decline of some traditional industries in the advanced countries; the increasing relative importance of high-technology products in the advanced countries’ exports; and the secular decline in US relative wages and the US real exchange rate. These effects on trade of technology and technological change are at the heart of the debate on international economic policy. Furthermore, there is widespread agreement on certain ways of looking at this issue — such as the common image of a ‘ladder’ of countries whose exports can be ranked on a ‘scale’ of goods — which suggest an implicit model shared by many observers. Yet this model has not been formalised. To a remarkable extent the treatment of technology in formal trade theory has failed to connect with policy concerns.
Abstract LB-150: Genetic depletion of DNMT1 reveals a DNMT1 threshold controlling DNA methylation in human cells

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Altered DNA methylation patterns are a central feature of most types of human cancer cells. However, the exact roles of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in human DNA methylation maintenance are not well characterized. The long-established model that DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 maintains most DNA methylation in human cells has been challenged by multiple DNMT1 knockdown/knockout studies in the past decade. A potential role for de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B in maintaining DNA methylation in cancer cells has been suggested but is also not precisely known. To investigate the above issues, we have utilized both genetic recombination and CRISPR technology to deplete DNMTs individually or in combination in human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. Previously we created a strong HCT116 DNMT1 hypomorph (1KO) by genetic recombination. Although 1KO cells lost about 85% of DNMT1 protein, they still maintained the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes and showed only 20% decrease in overall DNA methylation. We now show that further depletion of DNMT1 in 1KO cells, to less than 1% of wild type HCT116 cells, resulted in elimination of most DNA methylation and reactivation of key tumor suppressor genes including p16. In addition, we found that DNA methylation in HCT116 cells is controlled by different DNMT1 thresholds. Surprisingly, when we disrupted DNMT3A or DNMT3B with CRISPR in HCT116 cells, we see altered DNA methylation patterns involving both gains and losses of DNA methylation. Since abnormal DNA hypermethylation in cancer often associates with epigenetic gene silencing, this observation is especially relevant for the function of DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Finally, we demonstrated that depletion of DNMT1-targeting protein UHRF1 efficiently reduced DNA methylation in human colon cancer cells. Our results not only defined the distinct roles of individual DNMTs in human cancer cell DNA methylation maintenance but also suggested UHRF1 inhibition as an alternative approach to reverse abnormal DNA hypermethylation in human cancer cells. Citation Format: Yi Cai, Hsing-chen Tsai, Ray-whay Yen, Limin Xia, Yang Zhang, Stephen Baylin. Genetic depletion of DNMT1 reveals a DNMT1 threshold controlling DNA methylation in human cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-150. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-150
Cleavage Steps on Zinc Monocrystals: Their Origins And Patterns

Examination showed that characteristic cleavage step patterns are observed on the cleavage surfaces of undeformed, slipped, bent, twinned, compressed, and indented zinc crystals; and the effect of temperature is discussed. Dimples were seen to produce cleavage steps in a treelike pattern in otherwise undeformed crystals. The steps seem to originate when cracks intersect screw dislocations.
Becoming a Teacher: Self and the Social Location of Teacher Education

Cutting across several literatures, ‘Becoming a Teacher’ is anything but a simple topic. I have had to set some parameters. Because preservice teacher education confronts what Lortie (1975) called an ‘apprenticeship of observation,’ I necessarily touch on issues related to teacher development grounded in biography and prior experience. Recognized as developmentally important, the first or second years of inservice teaching form an additional parameter (see Olson & Osborne, 1991). With only an occasional exception, most of the studies I draw on were published or presented within the last five years and build on earlier research. This was necessary in order to make the task manageable. I recognize the inherent dangers that come when drawing on studies produced in different countries and contexts, and so I have tried to exercise caution when linking studies and making comparisons.
H. L. Hunley Revealed: documentation, deconcretion, and recent developments in the investigation of an American Civil War submarine from 1864

Since 2014, the conservation staff at Clemson University's Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, South Carolina have been removing the concretion from the hull of H. L. Hunley, an American Civil War submarine lost 1864. In parallel, the archaeological team has been documenting the condition of the hull, the concretion layers, and the hull features revealed by the deconcretion process. This involved photography, direct measurements, and 3D scanning. This article will discuss the strategy for recording the concretion, the techniques used to document the newly revealed hull and its unique features, and the preliminary analysis of their archaeological significance.
Phosphorus Dynamics Near Bald Cypress Roots in a Restored Wetland

Phosphorus (P) dissolution occurs commonly in wetland soils restored from agricultural land. Associated with P release are high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Fe²⁺. This field study evaluated the effect of a fluctuating water table on the root dynamics of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) to determine whether root death created soil reduction microsites, potentially contributing to P dissolution. The study site is a restored Carolina bay wetland with organic soils. Root growth and death were monitored on 16 6-yr-old bald cypress using minirhizotrons. Root dynamics, water table levels, and soil porewater chemistry and redox potential in the root zone were monitored for 2 yr. Soil solution samples were analyzed for Fe²⁺, pH, DOC, and P. High rates of root growth occurred during dry conditions, whereas root death occurred during sustained periods of saturation, particularly within 20 cm of the surface. Cyclic changes in concentrations of Fe²⁺, DOC, and dissolved total P (DTP) were related to water table position but not to changes in root numbers. After sustained periods of saturated conditions, redox potential decreased to 0 mV, Fe²⁺ increased to 1.75 mg Fe²⁺ L–¹, and DOC increased to 350 mg L–¹, resulting in peak DTP concentrations of 750 μg L–¹, compared with 100 μg L–¹ during dry periods. This study showed that in these high-C soils (∼20% organic C) rooting dynamics had minimal impact on changes in P concentrations and that P dissolution was largely controlled by Fe reduction processes occurring within the C-rich soil matrix.
TXT-tool 3.001-1.2: Physical Modelling of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Earthquakes can be disastrous events causing loss of lives, damage to and destruction of infrastructure, economic losses, and can lead to other disasters such as tsunamis and fires. Moreover, they can serve as a triggering factor for hundreds to thousands of landslides in the region affecting by ground shaking. Asides from the ground shaking intensity resulting from an earthquake, several other factors including slope inclination, density of the slope material, antecedent and intensity and duration of post-earthquake rainfall can also influence the stability of a slope. As it is difficult to simulate field conditions and expected ground shaking, laboratory based models can assist in performing sensitivity analyses to understand the effect of various factors in triggering earthquake-induced landslides. In this tool, procedures for the development of simple laboratory models to perform such sensitivity analyses are described.
Progressive kidney disease may not alter the association of hyponatremia with mortality.

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder and a prognostic marker for mortality. We hypothesize that in advanced chronic or acute kidney disease, hyponatremia is not independently associated with mortality because of the contribution of kidney failure to its pathophysiology. Clinical Looking Glass, Montefiore’s clinical database, was used to build a cohort of all patients hospitalized between January of 2009 and December of 2011. A chronic kidney disease (CKD) group and an acute kidney injury (AKI) group were defined based on GFR measurements during and before index hospitalization. Cox regression models assessed the hazard for death for those with community acquired hyponatremia as compared to those without hyponatremia, stratified by stage of kidney disease within each cohort. Forty-four thousand four hundred and seventy-six patients were studied. Forty six percent (46.2%) of subjects were in the CKD cohort and 53.8% were in the AKI cohort. Hyponatremic patients were older, and had a higher prevalence of CKD and AKI. A total of 7,934 subjects died (17.8%) during 22 months of follow-up. In CKD and AKI cohorts, hyponatremia, age, race, illness severity and Charlson score were associated with mortality. Hyponatremia had similar hazard ratios (HR) across kidney disease stages despite loss of statistical significance in later stages due to smaller sample size. The association between community acquired hyponatremia and mortality showed consistent HRs across progressive stages of CKD and AKI suggesting that the contribution of tubular dysfunction to hyponatremia in advanced kidney disease does not alter this association.
Vaccinations in pediatric kidney transplant recipients

Pediatric kidney transplant (KT) candidates should be fully immunized according to routine childhood schedules using age-appropriate guidelines. Unfortunately, vaccination rates in KT candidates remain suboptimal. With the exception of influenza vaccine, vaccination after transplantation should be delayed 3–6 months to maximize immunogenicity. While most vaccinations in the KT recipient are administered by primary care physicians, there are specific schedule alterations in the cases of influenza, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccinations; consequently, these vaccines are usually administered by transplant physicians. This article will focus on those deviations from the normal vaccine schedule important in the care of pediatric KT recipients. The article will also review human papillomavirus vaccine due to its special importance in cancer prevention. Live vaccines are generally contraindicated in KT recipients. However, we present a brief review of live vaccines in organ transplant recipients, as there is evidence that certain live virus vaccines may be safe and effective in select groups. Lastly, we review vaccination of pediatric KT recipients prior to international travel.
Coronary Risk Factors: An Overview

Epidemiologic studies have identified hundreds of risk factors and risk markers for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). The established risk factors for CVD include dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, and family history of premature CVD. Each of the measured risk factors confers risk in a continuous, graded fashion, with no clear threshold levels above which risk increases sharply, or below which risk is absent. Each of the established risk factors is associated with increased risk for CVD independent of the others. However, consideration of each risk factor in isolation is insufficient to classify an individual’s global CVD risk. Each risk factor is associated with markedly elevated levels of risk when placed in the context of greater burden of other risk factors. Multivariable risk formulas, such as the Framingham risk score, have been developed to assist in estimating an individual’s absolute risk for CHD over 10 years, in order to guide treatment decisions for primary prevention of CVD. For younger individuals, in whom 10-year risks are likely to be low, consideration should be given to the absolute lifetime risk for CVD. The intensity of preventive therapy should match the level of estimated absolute risk. Risk factors often occur together, or cluster, within individuals. This is particularly seen in individuals with the metabolic syndrome, a complex syndrome involving increased visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevations in inflammatory and prothrombotic markers. Multiple newer risk markers have been identified that are associated with CVD risk independent of the established risk factors. Whereas these newer risk markers provide important insights into the process of atherogenesis, none has yet proven to be worthy of routine screening and treatment. Effective prevention of CVD requires more intensive lifestyle modification at the population and individual level and at younger ages, greater recognition of the concept of global CVD risk, and more aggressive preventive efforts, especially among elderly individuals, who are at highest risk.
Designing New Materials Using Atomic Clusters

Designing principles for forming stable metallic clusters whose chemistry mimics different atoms of the periodic table are discussed. It is shown that while bulk Al is a metal, the chemistry of an Al13 resembles that of a halogen atom, a CAl12 resembles an inert atom, while a NAl12 resembles an alkali atom. The feasibility of making new materials using clusters as the building blocks is discussed. An ionic solid made out of Al13 (or BAl12) and Cs is shown to be metastable and marked by a large gap at the Fermi energy even though bulk Al and Cs are metals.
Critical Observations on Measurement of Adsorption at Electrodes

A great deal has been written that is relevant to the title of the present chapter; however, the subject has not by any means been exhaustively treated. The present chapter focuses on the operational aspects— How can adsorption at electrodes be studied and what information can be obtained?—and attempts to discuss these questions critically rather than to review comprehensively all of the detailed relevant work that has been done. Where topics have been well and recently reviewed, duplication has been avoided; as a result, much of the detailed discussion deals with selected matters that have not been satisfactorily treated, e.g., application of the Gibbs adsorption equation and use of capacity measurements at solid electrodes; in the remaining discussion, it is the aim to present information which clarifies the central issues concerning choice of methods that are available, how reliable they are, and how they are alike or differ. Adsorption at semiconductor electrodes and from fused salt media will not be explicitly considered.
Outcomes of Values and Participation in ‘Values-Expressive’ Nonprofit Agencies

This paper demonstrates the effect of values and management practices on important employee outcomes including satisfaction, commitment, trust, and self-esteem based on a study of 18 not-for-profit social service agencies. The study focused on the relationship between values and management practices and how this relationship affected the perceived satisfaction and social climate in not-for-profit organizations. Results from the analysis of the survey support an important linkage between values and management practice. This study found support for both direct and contingent effects of values on important organizational outcomes.
Imagination and the Prevention of Violence: Fredric Wertham, Mass Media and Mental Hygiene, 1946–1958

Psychiatrist Fredric Wertham claimed that the United States could prevent juvenile delinquency by censoring comics. Bellevue psychiatrist and DC Comics consultant Dr. Lauretta Bender endorsed comics for children. Doyle compares Wertham and Bender’s arguments, concluding the two sides could never resolve whether human imagination—especially that of a developing child—was able to safely internalise pop culture’s rapidly increasing barrage of images. Doyle also makes the claim that Wertham’s mental hygiene campaign attracted popular support precisely because his understanding of imagination and its role in society resonated with a post-war public that had made Walt Disney’s products its standard of an acceptable imaginative life.
Evolution of Chordate Cardiopharyngeal Muscles and the Origin of Vertebrate Head Muscles

Recent findings that urochordates are the closest sister group of vertebrates have dramatically changed our understanding of chordate evolution and of the origin of the vertebrate head and its muscles. To better understand the evolution and diversity of chordates, in particular the morphological and taxonomical diversity of the vertebrates, it is crucial to investigate the origin, development, and comparative anatomy of not only hard tissues but also of soft tissues such as muscles. Building on the recent discovery of the cardiopharyngeal field in urochordates and on the comparative anatomy of chordate and vertebrate muscles, in this chapter we focus on the broader comparative and developmental anatomy of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrate cephalic muscles.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Electrodes

Electrodes serve as the interface between transcranial direct current stimulators and the human body. Electrodes are the method for delivering current from an electrical stimulator to the brain. If prepared poorly, they can significantly reduce the degree of brain stimulation delivered. The size, number, and relative location of electrodes control the distribution of current in the brain, whether stimulation is focal or broad, and levels of stimulation intensity within the tissue. Thus, careful consideration is required for how electrodes are prepared and applied in transcranial direct current stimulation. This chapter will discuss the typical construction of the electrode assembly, differences in commonly available electrodes, high definition versus conventional electrodes, and contact mediums commonly used for transcranial direct current stimulation. This chapter will also describe approaches for consistent preparation and placement of the electrode assembly on the head. This chapter will give special considerations to methods for avoiding oversaturation of electrodes, safety considerations for avoiding burns on the scalp, and methods for avoiding common mistakes in preparation and placement of electrodes that undermine the valid and consistent application of transcranial direct current stimulation.
Paternal THC exposure in rats causes long-lasting neurobehavioral effects in the offspring.

Abstract Developmental neurotoxicity of a wide variety of toxicants mediated via maternal exposure during gestation is very well established. In contrast, the impacts of paternal toxicant exposure on offspring neurobehavioral function are much less well studied. A vector for paternal toxicant exposure on development of his offspring has been identified. Sperm DNA can be imprinted by chemical exposures of the father. Most but not all of the epigenetic marks in sperm are reprogrammed after fertilization. The persisting epigenetic marks can lead to abnormal genetic expression in the offspring. We have found that paternal delta-9-tetrohydrocannabinol (THC) exposure in rats causes changes in methylation of sperm (Murphy et al., 2018). This is similar to cannabis-associated changes in sperm DNA methylation we found in human males who smoke cannabis (Murphy et al., 2018). In the current study we investigated the intergeneration effects of THC exposure of young adult male rats (0 or 2 mg/kg/day orally for 12 days) to the neurobehavioral development of their offspring. This paternal THC exposure was not found to significantly impact the clinical health of the offspring, including litter size, sex ratio, pup birth weight, survival and growth. However, it did cause a long-lasting significant impairment in attentional performance in the offspring relative to controls when they were tested in adulthood. There was also a significant increase in habituation of locomotor activity in the adult offspring of the males exposed to THC prior to mating. This study shows that premating paternal THC exposure even at a modest dose for a brief period can cause deleterious long-term behavioral effects in the offspring, notably significant impairment in an operant attention task. Further research should be conducted to determine the degree to which this type of risk is seen in humans and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects and possible treatments to ameliorate these long-term adverse behavioral consequences of paternal THC exposure.
Middle Holocene menus: dietary reconstruction from coprolites at the Connley Caves, Oregon, USA

Multiproxy data from coprolites at the Connley Caves in central Oregon provide new evidence for diet, seasonal subsistence strategies, and human health during the middle and late Holocene. Macrobotanical, palynological, and faunal components show that plant taxa from wetland and dryland habitats functioned as dietary staples. Repeated and abundant representation of wetland resources coupled with small dryland seeds provide strong evidence for dietary continuity between ~ 5700 and 3200 calendar years ago. Seasonal availability of represented taxa indicates late summer and early fall habitation. Minimal evidence for parasitic infection and unusual constituents such as cordage raise questions regarding health and cultural behavior. As the first coprolite analysis for this time period in the northern Great Basin, this study contributes unique datasets that complement and clarify the regional understanding of hunter-gatherer settlement-subsistence strategies and food economy.
Energy Management for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles using Economic Model Predictive Control

This paper investigates the problem of energy-optimal control for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), To improve the endurance of AUVs, we propose a novel energy-optimal control scheme based on the economic model predictive control (MPC) framework. We first formulate a cost function that computes the energy spent for vehicle operation over a finite-time prediction horizon. Then, to account for the energy consumption beyond the prediction horizon, a terminal cost that approximates the energy to reach the goal (energy-to-go) is incorporated into the MPC cost function. To characterize the energy-to-go, a thorough analysis has been conducted on the globally optimized vehicle trajectory computed using the direct collocation (DC) method for our test-bed AUV, DROP-Sphere. Based on the two operation modes observed from our analysis, the energy-to-go is decomposed into two components: (i) dynamic and (ii) static costs. This breakdown facilitates the estimation of the energy-to-go, improving the AUV energy efficiency. Simulation is conducted using a six-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model identified from DROP-Sphere. The proposed method for AUV control results in a near-optimal energy consumption with considerably less computation time compared to the DC method and substantial energy saving compared to a line-of-sight based MPC method.