cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation into mechanical strength of exoskeleton of hydrothermal vent shrimp (Rimicaris exoculata) and shallow water shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) at elevated temperatures.

Abstract This investigation reports a comparison of the exoskeleton mechanical strength of deep sea shrimp species Rimicaris exoculata and shallow water shrimp species Pandalus platyceros at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 80 °C using nanoindentation experiments. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations suggest that both shrimp exoskeletons have the Bouligand structure. Differences in the structural arrangement and chemical composition of both shrimps are highlighted by SEM and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analyses. The variation in the elastic moduli with temperature is found to be correlated with the measured compositional differences. The reduced modulus of R. exoculata is 8.26 ± 0.89 GPa at 25 °C that reduces to 7.61 ± 0.65 GPa at 80 °C. The corresponding decrease in the reduced modulus of P. platyceros is from 27.38 ± 2.3 GPa at 25 °C to 24.58 ± 1.71 GPa at 80 °C. The decrease in reduced moduli as a function of temperature is found to be dependent on the extent of calcium based minerals in exoskeleton of both types of shrimp exoskeletons.
Energy-efficient on-demand reprogramming of large-scale sensor networks

As sensor networks operate over long periods of deployment in difficult to reach places, their requirements may change or new code may need to be uploaded to them. The current state-of-the-art protocols (Deluge and MNP) for network reprogramming perform the code dissemination in a multihop manner using a three-way handshake where metadata is exchanged prior to code exchange to suppress redundant transmissions. The code image is also pipelined through the network at the granularity of pages. In this article we propose a protocol called Freshet for optimizing the energy for code upload and speeding up the dissemination if multiple sources of code are available. The energy optimization is achieved by equipping each node with limited nonlocal topology information which it uses to determine the time when it can go to sleep since code is not being distributed in its vicinity. The protocol to handle multiple sources provides a loose coupling of nodes to a source and disseminates code in waves each originating at a source with a mechanism to handle collisions when the waves meet. The protocol's performance with respect to reliability, delay, and energy consumed is demonstrated through analysis, simulation, and implementation on the Berkeley mote platform.
The Effects of Bonus Tokens Upon Productivity in a Remedial Classroom for Behaviorally Disturbed Children.

The effects of no token, constant tokens, and bonus tokens upon classroomproductivity in a remedial program for behaviorally disturbed children was investigated. A constant level of token reinforcement was sufficient to maintain, but not increase, performance. A dramatic increase in productivity was associated with bonus tokens. The performance of subjects originally intended as a no-token group deteriorated so markedly that it became necessary to institute a token system.
DOPPLER AND CERENKOV EFFECT IN AN ANISOTROPIC FERRITE

ABSTRACT The Doppler effect is treated for motion of an oscillator along the axis of an anisotropic ferrite. Explicit expressions for the field components are obtained. Those can be used, in particular, to obtain formulas for the Cerenkov radiation of a charge and of a dipole. A number of properties of the radiation that are peculiar to an anisotropic medium are pointed out. Some new effects, occurring themselves in changes of the components of the electromagnetic field and in additional splitting of the original frequency, depend on degree of anisotropy and on the values of the tensor parameters of the ferrite.
Effects of pronoun brand name perspective and positioning on brand attitude

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relative effectiveness of the second-person pronoun perspective within a brand name (as in “You”Tube) and the first-person pronoun perspective (as in “i”Phone). Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on prior research on self-concept, general pronoun usage and the fit between branding tactics and positioning, it is predicted that “you” will garner more favorable consumer responses when the brand is positioned on social benefits, while “I” will garner more favorable responses when the brand is positioned on personal benefits. These predictions are tested in two experiments with US consumers. Findings – When the brand in the experiment was positioned for its social benefits, “you” elicited more favorable brand attitudes than “I”, while the opposite was true when the brand was positioned for its personal benefits. This effect tends to be stronger among those with higher self-esteem. Practical implications – Managers can make more informed pronoun brand...
Honoring Two Leaders in the Field of Personality Assessment

As the last issue of the Journal of Personality Assessment is reaching readers this year, it does so at a time when the field has observed the deaths of two highly influential and legendary persona...
Antigen processing and presentation in teleost immune responses

Abstract Recent in vitro studies clearly demonstrate the importance of antigen processing and presentation in the generation of immune responses to T-dependent antigens (i.e. proteins and hapten-carrier conjugates) in phylogenetically lower vertebrates such as teleosts. Similar to the situation in mammals, antigens are processed and presented by accessory or antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as monocytes or macrophages, to specific lymphocytes in a seemingly alloantigen- (presumably major histocompatibility complex [MHC] or MHC-like) restricted fashion. Results show that processing involves proteolysis, which presumably occurs within acidic subcellular compartments. The requirement for processing can be circumvented by the presentation of peptide fragments of the native antigen on paraformaldehyde-fixed APC. Moreover, usage of structurally defined proteins, such as cytochrome C, as model antigens reveals that their species variants are cross-stimulatory to immune fish lymphocytes. Molecular analyses of such antigens reveal the existence of overlapping epitopes that seem to define the specificity of the immune response to such “families” of antigens but not to other unrelated (yet structurally defined) antigens. Consequently, these studies corroborate the hypothesis that immune functions in the divergent classes of vertebrates are highly conserved. Further, results from such studies also show that these immunologic processes appear to occur under low temperature regimes previously reported to suppress primary immune responses. Hence, these studies provide direct evidence that low temperature-induced immunosuppression in fish does not involve impaired APC functions. In light of the above observations indicating similarities between fish and mammalian systems, implications for fish vaccine design are also discussed.
Identification of a novel parvalbumin in avian thymic tissue.

Abstract A novel calcium-binding protein has been isolated from chicken thymus tissue. Its molecular weight (≈11,500) and characteristic interactions with Tb 3+ and Eu 3+ identify the protein as a member of the parvalbumin family. Electrophoretically distinct from both chicken (muscle) parvalbumin and avian thymic hormone, it represents the third parvalbumin to be identified in avian tissues and the second to be identified in the avian thymus gland.
Conical Euler simulation of wing rock for a delta wing planform

Unsteady, vortex-dominated flowfields are presently studied by using the conical Euler equations as an efficient first step toward investigation of the full three-dimensional problem, under the assumption that the supersonic flow about a delta wing is conical and therefore allows the three-dimensional problem to be reduced to a two-dimensional one. Attention is given to the case of a delta wing undergoing wing-rock motion. The code developed has also been modified to allow treatment of the 'free-to-roll' case.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a nonsteroidal bromine-76-labeled androgen receptor ligand 3-[76Br]bromo-hydroxyflutamide

Abstract Introduction Androgen receptors (ARs) are overexpressed in normal tissues and in most primary and metastatic prostate cancers. In our efforts to develop a nonsteroidal AR-specific imaging agent, we synthesized (±)-3-[ 76 Br]bromo-hydroxyflutamide ( 76 Br-3), an analog of hydroxyflutamide, the active metabolite of the AR antagonist ligand flutamide. Materials and Methods 76 Br-3 was synthesized in three steps, starting with commercially available compounds. Labeling of 76 Br-3 was achieved through the nucleophilic opening of an epoxide intermediate, and a labeled compound was obtained in high specific activity and good radiochemical yield. Results and Discussion (±)-3-Bromo-hydroxyflutamide has a significantly higher affinity for ARs compared to hydroxyflutamide, its parent compound. The androgen target-tissue uptake of 76 Br-3 in diethylstilbestrol-treated male rats was examined; however, AR-mediated uptake was minimal due most likely to the rapid metabolic debromination of the radiolabeled ligand. Conclusions This study is part of our first look at a novel class of nonsteroidal AR antagonists as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents, which are alternatives to steroidal AR agonist-based imaging agents. Although 76 Br-3 has a significant affinity for ARs, it showed limited promise as a PET imaging agent because of its poor target-tissue distribution properties.
Viewing Instructions Impact Emotional Memory Differently in Older and Young Adults

The current study examines how the instructions given during picture viewing impact age differences in incidental emotional memory. Previous research has suggested that older adults' memory may be better when they make emotional rather than perceptual evaluations of stimuli and that their memory may show a positivity bias in tasks with open-ended viewing instructions. Across two experiments, participants viewing photographs either received open-ended instructions or were asked to make emotionally focused (Experiment 1) or perceptually focused (Experiment 2) evaluations. Emotional evaluations had no impact on older adults' memory, whereas perceptual evaluations reduced older adults' recall of emotional, but not of neutral, pictures. Evidence for the positivity effect was sporadic and was not easier to detect with open-ended viewing instructions. These results suggest that older adults' memory is best when the material to be remembered is emotionally evocative and they are allowed to process it as such.
Thermodynamics and mechanis of stabilization and precipitation of petroleum colloids

Abstract The influences of different factors on the stability of colloid disperse crude oil systems are investigated by determining the flocculation points. The results are discussed on the base of theory of regular solutions considering the influence of solvation on the kinetics of chemical processes in liquid phases. Analogy to the behavior of polymer solutions was found. Differences result from the micelle structure of colloid particles. The criterion of metastability using nonpolar precipitants is defined by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. Using polar precipitants, the polar interactions and the solvation of asphalt require to use the Hansen solubility parameter to interpret the results. The influences of conditions of precipitation and of surfactants are discussed also.
A point-of-care instrument for rapid multiplexed pathogen genotyping

We are leveraging recent advances in rapid nucleic acid amplification chemistries, self-powered microfluidics, and low-cost optoelectronics to develop instrumentation for pathogen genotyping in the developing world. A growing number of correlations are emerging between genetic mutations in pathogens and their infectivity, origin, and drug resistance. Particularly for diseases like tuberculosis, where multi-drug resistance is a growing concern, a rapid diagnostic which could inform prescription decisions for newly diagnosed patients would not only save lives and reduce prolonged sickness but would help slow the emergence of more virulent strains. Additionally, for pathogens such as HIV, there is a need for new assay formats which can inexpensively and quantitativly monitor pathogen load. We have developed a portable instrument which uses disposable microfluidic assay cartridges pre-loaded with lyophilized reagents for genetic amplification of multiple markers. The cartridges can be adapted for a variety of sample types (blood, sputum, saliva). The instrument controls assay temperature and quantitatively monitors real-time fluorescence signals from 96 individual reaction chambers. The platform can be tailored for different economic situations — from a quantitative electronic readout to a simple binary readout with the naked eye.
Time Resolved Microwave Interferometry Measurement of the Electron Density in a Pulsed 1,3-Butadiene Discharge

Pulsed plasmas containing organic precursors are becoming increasingly common for multiple applications. To understand the nature of such discharges, in-situ time resolved microwave interferometry measurements of the electron density in a 60 W pulsed inductively coupled 1,3-butadiene discharge have been made. Measurements were also made for continuous wave plasmas at 40, 50, 60 and 70 W power for comparison. The data shows that the time averaged electron densities are independent of pulse width at a particular duty cycle. In addition, time averaged values increase approximately linearly with increasing duty cycle. Such linearity in average density is tied to the ambipolar loss rate. This knowledge is important for understanding the growth kinetics of plasma polymerized films.
First‐generation genetically modified organisms in agriculture

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops has led to a plethora of policy issues based around consumer perceptions. In this paper, we present a general framework for analysing the economic impact of GM crops that incorporates supply benefits, market segmentation and the additional segregation costs imposed by market segmentation. We then give the results of five case studies of GM crops based on this general model. Consumers not sensitive to GM content and farmers in certain regions who can use GM seed to reduce costs benefit from the introduction of GM varieties, while consumers sensitive to GM content and producers in certain regions who cannot use GM seed to reduce costs are worse off. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Current perspectives

Abstract Nitrogen-limited estuaries, shallow coastal and continental shelf waters account for nearly half the global oceanic primary production. Accelerating primary production, or eutrophication, of these waters appears linked to increasing anthropogenic N loading. Among loading sources, atmospheric nitrogen deposition (AND) (as wet- and dryfall) is of considerable and increasing importance (100 to over 1000 mgN·m-2·yr-1). Current contributions of AND to total external N loading range from 10 to over 50%, AND may play a central role in mediating “new” production in coastal oceans downwind of emissions. Examples of AND-impacted waters include: US Atlantic coastal waters, where atmospheric N inputs can significantly enhance CO2 fixation and chlorophyll a production, the Baltic and North Seas, the Canadian Atlantic seaboard, and the Western Mediterranean Sea. Recent increases in toxic and non-toxic phytoplankton blooms in these waters may be linked to accellerating nutrient loading at the land-sea interface...
Topographic evidence for shield volcanism on Io

Similarities between terrestrial shield volcanoes and a volcano on Io observed in Voyager I imagery of the satellite at 30 deg S, 246 deg W are delineated. A photoclinometry model was used to numerically estimate the slope based on the Minnaert photometric function. The slope values are accurate to within 10 deg on the sun-facing slope and 1 deg on the shadow side. As found with shield volcanoes, the feature has a central edifice, 40-50 km in diameter, and a broad, elliptical base, 77 x 90 km across. The summit of the Io volcano is 2.2-2.8 km above the surrounding plane and contains a caldera about 5 km in diameter. The similarity in shape between basaltic terrestrial shield volcanoes and the Io volcano indicates that the Io feature may also be composed of basalt. The composition could be sulfur if the heat flow was under 0.05 W/sq m, as it might have been in later stages of formation.
Fluidic origami cellular structure -- combining the plant nastic movements with paper folding art

By combining the physical principles behind the nastic plant movements and the rich designs of paper folding art, we propose a new class of multi-functional adaptive structure called fluidic origami cellular structure. The basic elements of this structure are fluid filled origami "cells", made by connecting two compatible Miura-Ori stripes along their crease lines. These cells are assembled seamlessly into a three dimensional topology, and their internal fluid pressure or volume are strategically controlled just like in plants for nastic movements. Because of the unique geometry of the Miura-Ori, the relationships among origami folding, internal fluid properties, and the crease bending are intricate and highly nonlinear. Fluidic origami can exploit such relationships to provide multiple adaptive functions concurrently and effectively. For example, it can achieve actuation or morphing by actively changing the internal fluid volume, and stillness tuning by constraining the fluid volume. Fluidic origami can also be bistable because of the nonlinear correlation between folding and crease material bending, and such bistable character can be altered significantly by fluid pressurization. These functions are natural and essential companions with respect to each other, so that fluidic origami can holistically exhibit many attractive characteristics of plants and deliver rapid and efficient actuation/morphing while maintaining a high structural stillness. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design and working principles of the fluidic origami, as well as to explore and demonstrate its performance potential.
Immunogenetic analysis of H-2 mutations: V. Serological analysis of mutations H-2da H-2fa and H-2ka

The H-2 and Ia antigenic composition of strain pairs B10.D2 (H-2d) and M504 (H-2da). A.CA (H-2f) and M506 (H-2fa), and CBA (H-2k) and M523 (H-2ka) was compared by testing their cells against a battery of oligospecific antisera, by performing absorption analysis, and by cross-immunization. The two strains of each pair are congenric and differ in taht the second strain of the pair carries a mutation that occurred in the H-2 haplotype of the first strain. The Ia composition of each mutant haplotype was found to be the same as that of the haplotype from which the mutant was derived. Several differences in the serologically detectable H-2 antigens were found. The H-2d and H-2da haplotypes were found to differ in that the latter lost at least one and gained another antigen. The affected antigens were demonstrated to be classic H-2 antigens controlled by the H-2D locus. The H-2t and H-2fa haplotypes were found to differ in that antigens 26, 37, and 39, controlled by the latter, bound their respective antibodies less firmly than those controlled by the former haplotype. Since all three antigens are coded for by the H-2K locus, since no change was found in the D-region controlled antigens, and since the H-2fa mutation maps in the K end, we conclude that most likely the mutation occurred in the K region. The H-2k and H-2ka haplotypes were found to differ in that the latter lost one antigen encoded by the H-2Kk allele. This mutation, therefore, must have occurred in the H-2K locus. The data tip the scale of evidence in favor of the interpretation that each of the H-2 mutations occurred in a single region, either K or D. No evidence for a second mutation within any of the other H-2 regions was found.
Calculation of vapor–liquid equilibria for a 10-component system: comparison of EOS, EOS–GE and GE–Henry’s law models ☆

Abstract Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for a 10-component system containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , methanol, ethanol and n -propanol have been used to evaluate the performance of several commonly used thermodynamic models for representing multi-component phase equilibrium data. The equation of state (EOS) used is the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation with modified mixing rules. The EOS– G E models used are the predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong (PSRK) model, the MHV2 “zero pressure” model, and recently proposed “finite pressure” approach. The G E –Henry’s law models used are the three popular activity coefficient models of Wilson, UNIQUAC and NRTL combined with the Henry coefficients derived from gas solubility data. Application of the EOS– G E models to the mixture containing supercritical components such as those present in this work usually requires additional work to obtain binary parameters for the pairs involving these components. Some problems associated with handling supercritical components in the EOS– G E models are discussed and the results are shown for the bubble point pressure and vapor phase compositions at the conditions of pressure equal to 100 bar and temperature in the range of 313–333 K.
Concentration of methane from mixtures with carbon dioxide by permeation through polymeric films

Abstract A number of commercially available polymeric films and several modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) films were tested for the removal of CO 2 from a synthetic biogas containing 60% CO 2 and 40% CH 4 . Total flux and separation factors were determined at temperatures varying from 25 to 100°C at an operating pressure of 2068 kPa. Observed separation factors ranged from less than 0.1 to 40.2 with fluxes up to 4.4 x 10 −−2 cm 3 (STP)/cm 2 sec. All films tested selectively passed CO 2 . The best separations were obtained with polyethersulfone, polysulfone, and cellulose acetate.
Oxynitride glasses and glass-ceramics

The glass forming regions in several oxynitride systems were investigated. Among the alkali modifiers Li2O was most compatible with oxynitride melts. In the case of the rest of the alkalies, Na2O to Cs2O, considerable loss of the modifiers by vaporization was observed. BeO, MgO, all the alkaline earth oxides, Y2O3, La2O3, ZrO2, HfO2 and CeO2 were compatible with oxynitride melts. Up to one out of seven oxygen atoms could be replaced by nitrogen in a silicate glass. The nitrogen is believed to enter the glass network by forming tribridging tetrahedra. The oxynitride glasses are self-nucleating and form fine grained glass-ceramics. At low levels of nitrogen, X-phase crystals were found nucleate and grow in the glass. At higher levels of nitrogen s-Si3N4 phase was found to crystallize from the glass.
Margin assessment of selected basal cell carcinomas utilizing laser Doppler velocimetry.

Background. Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) have increased vasculature, therefore, blood flow within the tumor may be greater than normal surrounding skin. We attempted to detect the difference in blood flow between the tumor and uninvolved surrounding skin utilizing laser doppler velocimetry (LDV). Methods. Ten patients with 14 BCC were studied. Using LDV, we calculated the size of the tumor based on margin assessment as predicted by the measured difference in blood flow and compared this size with the clinically predicted size and the size of the defect after Mohs micro-graphic surgery (MMS). Results. Clinical evaluation of tumor size prior to MMS did not correlate with the size of the surgical defect after MMS; however, correlation was found between the predicted size of the tumor as determined by LDV and the defect after MMS. Conclusions. Tumor size of BCC as predicted by measured differences in blood flow using LDV correlated with the size of the surgical defect after MMS. This suggests that LDV was able to detect the difference in blood flow between the tumor and uninvolved surrounding skin.
Prolonged hypoxia modulates platelet activating factor receptor-mediated responses by fetal ovine pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Hypoxia augments PAF receptor (PAFr) binding and PAFr protein expression in venous SMC (SMC-PV). We compared effect of acute and prolonged hypoxia (pO 2 2 ~100torr) conditions. PAF binding was quantified in fmol/10 6 cells (mean±SEM). PAF binding in normoxia were SMC-PA, 5.2±0.2 and in SMC-PV, 19.3±1.1; values in acute hypoxia were SMC-PA, 7.7±0.4 and in SMC-PV, 27.8±1.7. Prolonged hypoxia produced 6-fold increase in binding in SMC-PA, but only 2-fold increase in SMC-PV, but binding in SMC-PV was still higher. Acute hypoxia augmented inositol phosphate release by 50% and 40% in SMC-PA and SMC-PV, respectively. During normoxia, PAFr mRNA expression by both cell types was similar, but expression in hypoxia by SMC-PA was greater. In SMC-PA, hypoxia and PAF augmented intracellular calcium flux. Re-exposure of cells to 30min normoxia after 48h hypoxia decreased binding by 45–60%, suggesting immediate down-regulation of hypoxia-induced PAFr-mediated effects. We speculate that re-oxygenation immediately reverses hypoxia effect probably due to oxygen tension-dependent reversibility of PAFr activation and suggest that exposure of the neonate to prolonged state of hypoxia will vilify oxygen exchange capacity of the neonatal lungs.
Experimental and theoretical studies of electrothermal waves.

Experimental and theoretical studies have been made of the electrothennal waves occurring in a nonequilibrium electrical discharge in a potassium-seeded argon plasma. The studies presented in this paper refer to discharges in transverse gas flow and magnetic field. The behavior of these discharges as determined by photographs, photomultiplier measurements, and voltage probes is discussed and the results interpreted in terms of a steady, one-dimensional theory. A single discharge was found to operate in one of three modes-the shorted, transition, or normal mode-depending on the length of the ionization transient. An extension of the one-dimensional theory to the inlet problem predicts the approximate length of this transient and thus provides criteria for the existence of each mode. The normal mode was studied in a duct with a series of circuits discharging in parallel across a gas flow. Here, a regular set of steady, one-dimensional streamers was found in the center of the duct between hot boundary regions along each electrode wall. The properties of the one-dimensional streamers are shown to agree in detail with values predicted from the one-dimensional theory. A scheme is then presented for calculation of the effective conductivity of a duct using the amplitude of conductivity fluctuations predicted by this theory.
Localization of the Bloom syndrome helicase to punctate nuclear structures and the nuclear matrix and regulation during the cell cycle: comparison with the Werner's syndrome helicase.

The Bloom (BLM) and Werner's (WRN) syndrome proteins may regulate recombination and DNA repair. Using a novel polyclonal antibody to human BLM, we detected the 170-kda BLM antigen in wild-type but not Bloom syndrome cells. BLM was localized to punctate nuclear structures. The level of BLM but not WRN was 3.6 fold-higher in G(1)/S-synchronized fibroblasts than in G(0)-synchronized fibroblasts. BLM-positive cells invariably expressed topoisomerase IIalpha, whereas topoisomerase IIbeta was expressed constitutively. Transfections of BLM deletion mutants demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of BLM mediated nuclear entry and the central helicase domain was necessary for producing the punctate pattern. By subcellular fractionation, BLM was found primarily in high-salt extracts of the nucleoplasm and the nuclear matrix and was enriched in G(1)/S-synchronized cells compared with G(0)-synchronized cells. There was no interaction between BLM and WRN or topoisomerases IIalpha and IIbeta in fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that BLM is targeted to specific nuclear structures and that its expression is enhanced during cell growth. The known nucleolar localization of WRN, its invariant expression during the cell cycle, and the lack of interaction between BLM and WRN suggest distinct roles for BLM and WRN in processes such as DNA repair and recombination.
Colonial coordination in anthozoans: Pennatulacea†

Morphological and physiological evidence from five species of pennatulid octocorals indicates that a through‐conducting colonial nerve net controls colony‐wide responses including polyp withdrawal, bioluminescence and rachidial contraction. This nerve net is synaptic, and located in the ectoderm and mesoglea of the colonial tissue. Nerve net impulses recorded extracellularly, show initial increases in conduction velocity during repetitive stimulation which promote facilation of effectors. The response‐amplitude of these effectors is frequency dependent. Bridge experiments suggest that interneural facilitation may contribute to the conduction velocity changes. Photometric measurements with concurrent electrophysiological recordings reveal that bioluminescence is under the control of the colonial nerve net. Luminescent responses show a frequency‐dependent facilitation similar to that of other effectors. These physiological data, together with morphological data on the location and shape of autozooid photocy...
The cerebrocortical projection of hypoglossal afferents.

Abstract Afferent fibers are present in the distal portion of the hypoglossal nerve of M. mulatta. Since nothing is known regarding the projections established by these fibers, the present experiments were designed to determine whether stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve evoked potentials in the cerebral cortex. The results suggested that hypoglossal afferents project to a restricted region of the contralateral cerebral cortex. The responsive zone included the classically recognized area of lingual sensorimotor representation on the precentral and postcentral gyri. No ipsilateral projection could be detected. Since sectioning C2 or C3 dorsal root, or both, on the side ipsilateral to the nerve stimulation caused the evoked cortical response to disappear, we concluded that the afferents producing the potentials reached the central nervous system via the cervical dorsal roots and not via the hypoglossal nerve. These afferents project rostrally in the ipsilateral dorsal funiculus.
Acute dyskinetic reaction in a healthy toddler following methylphenidate ingestion.

Abstract Background Acute dyskinetic or dystonic reactions are a long-recognized complication of medications that alter dopamine signaling. Most reactions occur following exposure to agents that block dopamine receptors (e.g., neuroleptics). However, agents that increase dopaminergic transmission (such as methylphenidate) can also trigger acute dyskinesias. This has been previously reported only in patients also taking dopamine antagonists or, less commonly, in children with developmental abnormalities. Case Description The present report describes a previously healthy toddler who developed transient torticollis and orolingual dyskinesias following accidental exposure to methylphenidate. He had no preexisting movement disorder, central nervous system injury, or developmental abnormalities—in short, none of the previously reported risk factors for this side effect. Hypothesis and Conclusions The unique features of this case led to the hypothesis that developmental shifts in dopamine signaling were the basis for his particular sensitivity to methylphenidate. If confirmed, this hypothesis has implications for the treatment of common childhood attentional and behavioral disorders. The article includes a literature review of dyskinetic/dystonic reactions in children and the developmental regulation of dopamine metabolism.
Monomeric Three- and Four-Coordinate Magnesium Amides

Treatment of bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium with 2 equiv of 2,3,5-collidine, 2-picoline, 4-picoline, or 3,5-lutidine in benzene at room temperature for 18 h afforded bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2,3,5-collidine)magnesium (80%), bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2-picoline)magnesium (70%), bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(4-picoline)magnesium (48%), or bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(3,5-lutidine)magnesium (58%), respectively. Sublimation of bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2,3,5-collidine)magnesium (90 degrees C, 0.1 mmHg) and bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2-picoline)magnesium (115 degrees C, 0.1 mmHg) afforded colorless crystals of bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2,3,5-collidine)magnesium (53%) and bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2-picoline)magnesium (46%), respectively. Treatment of bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium with 1 equiv of 2,6-lutidine in benzene at room temperature for 18 h afforded bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2,6-lutidine)magnesium (56%). The X-ray crystal structures of bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2,3,5-collidine)magnesium, bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(4-picoline)magnesium, bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2-picoline)magnesium, and bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2,6-lutidine)magnesium were determined. Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(2,3,5-collidine)magnesium crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 11.8410(7) A, b = 20.5413(13) A, c = 15.5746(10) A, beta = 93.072(2) degrees, V = 3782.8(4) A(3), and Z = 4. Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)bis(4-picoline)magnesium crystallizes in the triclinic space group Po with a = 10.4914(6) A, b = 11.8504(6) A, c = 15.4546(9) A, alpha = 99.3180(10) degrees, beta = 98.4180(10) degrees, gamma = 111.5320(10) degrees, V = 1718.8(2) A(3), and Z = 2. Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2-picoline)magnesium crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 18.4536(14) A, b = 15.2326(9) A, c = 20.614(2) A, V = 5794.6(7) A(3), and Z = 8. Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)(2,6-lutidine)magnesium crystallizes in the orthorombic space group Pbca with a = 18.6221(13) A, b = 15.3236(9) A, c = 20.9085(14) A, V = 5966.4(7) A(3), and Z = 8. Application of the these complexes as source compounds in chemical vapor deposition processes is discussed.
Development of an Integrated Model for Pedicting Patient Compliance

Patient non-compliance with treatment goals and medical guidance poses significant health risks for the patient and a financial burden on the health care system. The proposed compliance prediction process provides health care professionals with a patient-centric methodology to improve patient self-management. The Social Personal Organizational Technological (SPOT) Patient Compliance Model was developed to integrate the success-critical Performance Shaping Factors (PSF) of the patient compliance system. The SPOT Model will be built and validated in an empirical study to iteratively evaluate the dynamic relationship between compliance prognostics and treatment adherence. PSF risk severity states, determined from compliance stakeholder questionnaires, are input to an algorithm which predicts patient non-compliance probability. SPOT Model predictions can be utilized by providers to develop strategies to mitigate identified compliance risks. Potential benefits of utilizing SPOT Model predictions in treatment d...
Nitrofurans as electron acceptors for certain respiratory enzymes

Abstract 1. 1. Three isolated respiratory enzymes have been investigated as to their ability to reduce nitrofurans. One of these enzymes diaphorase, a flavoprotein, was found to act as a nitrofuran reductase. Triosephosphate dehydrogenase, a sulfhydryl enzyme; and cytochrome oxidase were not affected by furacin. 2. 2. The inhibition of the reduction of certain hydrogen acceptors (oxygen, methylene blue, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium) in the presence of furacin can be ascribed to the preferential reduction of furacin by diaphorase.
Structure and reactivity of environmental interfaces: Application of grazing angle X-ray spectroscopy and long-period X-ray standing waves

Abstract Chemical processes occurring at environmental interfaces (e.g. mineral–fluid, mineral–organic matter and mineral–biofilm interfaces) have a profound impact on the environmental fate and bioavailability of aqueous metals and other contaminant species. However, the direct analysis of molecular scale structure and properties of environmental interfaces, particularly under “high-pressure” or “wet” conditions is highly challenging. Synchrotron based X-ray scattering and spectroscopic approaches offer numerous advantages, such as the high penetrating power and molecular scale information inherent to X-ray techniques. Yet, the ability to localize information content to environmental interfaces requires challenging experimental configurations. Here, the application of grazing angle X-ray fluorescence techniques is reviewed, including the presentation of a model formalism that allows for quantitative analysis of fluorescent yield profiles and discussion of the experimental setup. Illustrative examples are discussed, particularly in the context of combining results of GI measurements with the results of other complementary interface probes such as crystal truncation rod diffraction and X-ray microprobe spectroscopic studies.
Effect of chemical stripping on the strength and surface morphology of fused silica optical fiber

Examination of the surface profile of silica optical fiber using the atomic force microscope (AFM) has proved a useful technique for understanding strength degradation of the fiber upon aging in aggressive environments in terms of the production of surface roughness. However, before AFM examination it is necessary to remove the polymer protective coating and this is usually achieved by dipping the fiber sample in methylene chloride (MeCl) or hot (approximately 200 degree(s)C) sulfuric acid. This raises the possibility that the stripping technique modifies the fiber surface. In this work it is shown that hot acid stripping does not affect the fiber strength. It does, however, remove a surface layer from the aged fiber, probably of hydrated silica, which does not contribute to the strength. Therefore, treatment with hot acid is necessary in order to reveal the strength controlling surface profile, even if there is no polymer coating requiring removal. MeCl does not remove the surface layer and does not reveal the strength controlling surface.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An approach to communication-efficient data redistribution

We address the development of efficient methods for performing data redistribution of arrays on distributed-memory machines. Data redistribution is important for the distributed-memory implementation of data parallel languages such as High Performance Fortran. An algebraic representation of regular data distributions is used to develop an analytical model for evaluating the communication cost of data redistribution. Using this algebraic representation and the analytical model, an approach to communication-efficient data redistribution is developed. Implementation results on the Intel iPSC/860 are reported.
Investigation and Control of MOVPE Growth by Combined Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectance‐Difference Spectroscopy

The detailed characterization of epitaxial growth by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and its closed-loop feedback control at the sample level require a combination of thin-film, near-surface, and surface-sensitive techniques to determine layer thicknesses and compositions, the composition of the most recently deposited material, and surface chemistry, respectively. These data can be obtained nondestructively by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and reflectance-difference (-anisotropy) spectroscopy (RDS/RAS). We describe the first unified optical system, basically a rotating-polarizer ellipsometer (RPE) integrated within a modified commercial rotating-sample MOVPE reactor, that performs both SE and RDS simultaneously in a single optical path. We provide examples of its use, showing in particular that GaP can intermix with Si during the initial stages of heteroepitaxy, and demonstrating sample-driven closed-loop feedback control of epitaxy through the fully automatic deposition of an InxGa1—xP parabolic quantum well. These results illustrate capabilities of the presented configuration and its potential for future use.
Identifying links between origami and compliant mechanisms

Abstract. Origami is the art of folding paper. In the context of engineering, orimimetics is the application of folding to solve problems. Kinetic origami behavior can be modeled with the pseudo-rigid-body model since the origami are compliant mechanisms. These compliant mechanisms, when having a flat initial state and motion emerging out of the fabrication plane, are classified as lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). To demonstrate the feasibility of identifying links between origami and compliant mechanism analysis and design methods, four flat folding paper mechanisms are presented with their corresponding kinematic and graph models. Principles from graph theory are used to abstract the mechanisms to show them as coupled, or inter-connected, mechanisms. It is anticipated that this work lays a foundation for exploring methods for LEM synthesis based on the analogy between flat-folding origami models and linkage assembly.
Using food ethnographies to promote systems thinking and intergenerational engagement among college undergraduates

AbstractThis article discusses an intergenerational, interdisciplinary service-learning project that integrated courses on life-cycle nutrition and developmental psychology. Students from the two classes worked in teams to interview older adult learning partners in their community about diet, lifestyle, and personal life events deemed relevant to nutrition and wellbeing, to create food ethnographies based on information learned. As a service-learning component, students provided the older adults with individualized nutrition and wellness plans at the end of the project, based on the older adult's expressed interests and concerns. In this paper, we describe how the project was carried out; discuss how learning goals pertaining to systems thinking, sustainability consciousness, and intergenerational engagement were assessed; and present the results of that assessment. Results of qualitative analyses of student work, as well as quantitative analyses of a course survey indicate that the project facilitated st...
Characterization and pyrolysis of separated coal macerals

Abstract Precise mass measurement Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry (PyMS) is used to characterize separated coal macerals and to examine and contrast their reactivity under vacuum pyrolysis and short contact time (SCT) liquefaction conditions. Even over a limited rank range variation with rank can be observed. Different liptinites yield very different PyMS results which help explain variations in SCT yields. Oxygen and sulfur organic compounds appear to influence reactivity.
Low-power light control with light in high Q/V silicon microring resonators

We demonstrate critically coupled silicon microring resonators with intrinsic Q close to 300,000 and mode volume Vap20times(lambda/ne)3. For sub-mW optical power, large pump induced resonance shifts were observed for applications in all-optical switching.
The functional interactome landscape of the human histone deacetylase family

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a diverse family of essential transcriptional regulatory enzymes, that function through the spatial and temporal recruitment of protein complexes. As the composition and regulation of HDAC complexes are only partially characterized, we built the first global protein interaction network for all 11 human HDACs in T cells. Integrating fluorescence microscopy, immunoaffinity purifications, quantitative mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics, we identified over 200 unreported interactions for both well-characterized and lesser-studied HDACs, a subset of which were validated by orthogonal approaches. We establish HDAC11 as a member of the survival of motor neuron complex and pinpoint a functional role in mRNA splicing. We designed a complementary label-free and metabolic-labeling mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategy for profiling interaction stability among different HDAC classes, revealing that HDAC1 interactions within chromatin-remodeling complexes are largely stable, while transcription factors preferentially exist in rapid equilibrium. Overall, this study represents a valuable resource for investigating HDAC functions in health and disease, encompassing emerging themes of HDAC regulation in cell cycle and RNA processing and a deeper functional understanding of HDAC complex stability.
Primary cilia enhance kisspeptin receptor signaling on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons

Most central neurons in the mammalian brain possess an appendage called a primary cilium that projects from the soma into the extracellular space. The importance of these organelles is highlighted by the fact that primary cilia dysfunction is associated with numerous neuropathologies, including hyperphagia-induced obesity, hypogonadism, and learning and memory deficits. Neuronal cilia are enriched for signaling molecules, including certain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), suggesting that neuronal cilia sense and respond to neuromodulators in the extracellular space. However, the impact of cilia on signaling to central neurons has never been demonstrated. Here, we show that the kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r), a GPCR that is activated by kisspeptin to regulate the onset of puberty and adult reproductive function, is enriched in cilia projecting from mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Interestingly, GnRH neurons in adult animals are multiciliated and the percentage of GnRH neurons possessing multiple Kiss1r-positive cilia increases during postnatal development in a progression that correlates with sexual maturation. Remarkably, disruption of cilia selectively on GnRH neurons leads to a significant reduction in kisspeptin-mediated GnRH neuronal activity. To our knowledge, this result is the first demonstration of cilia disruption affecting central neuronal activity and highlights the importance of cilia for proper GPCR signaling.
Effect of plant uptake strategy on the water-optimal root depth.

[1] The depth of plant roots depends on a variety of conditions, including soil properties, vegetation type, nutrient availability, and climate. A water-optimal root depth is determined by equating the marginal carbon cost of deeper roots with the benefit of those roots to continued transpiration. This work compares the effect of two bounding strategies of plant uptake, conservative and intensive, on the water-optimal root depth and the response of that depth to changes in precipitation. While there are some differences between the models, both indicate similar responses of root depth to climate. The deepest roots are found in climates for which precipitation and potential transpiration are approximately equal, and root depths are more sensitive to changes in precipitation depth than frequency under dry conditions and more sensitive to rainfall frequency when the climate is wet. For all climate conditions, the water-optimal root depth is deeper and mean transpiration is lower when plant uptake is represented by the conservative model. These results highlight the explanatory power of water with respect to root depth and identify potential effects of a changing climate.