cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON EXTENSIONS OF PROBABILISTIC PROFIT BUDGETS: A COMMENT

Recognizing the potential importance of new uses of analysis, the author provides an alternative approach for constructing the confidence interval (C.I.) for the population coefficient of variation, V=α/μ. More specifically, the comment demonstrates the use of some of the existing percentage points of the sample coefficient of variation, v=s/x. The results of these approximations are then compared empirically with the results recently published by Hayya, Copeland and Chan [1, pp. 115–118]. The available approximations given by Iglewicz [2] and again by Iglewicz and Myers [3] of the practical range of V and of the sample size n are more accurate than those obtained using the method in [1].
Comparison of perceptions of computer-animated left- and right-facing profiles.

Purpose Although scientific publications differ in displaying left- or right-facing profiles, there are few systematic studies of the possible effects of directional biases and laterality on patients' and clinicians' perceptions of treatment need, outcomes, and satisfaction. As part of a research program to quantitate the physical bases of the perceived zone of acceptability and most-pleasing facial profiles, responses to computer-animated left- and right-facing soft-tissue profile images were compared and related to eye and hand preference. Materials and Methods Standardized left-facing, soft-tissue profile images were captured in color and digitized. The right-facing profile was created by reversing the left profile image to display a mirror image. Using imaging and customized morphing software, retrusive and protrusive extremes were created, from which transitional frames were developed to display five features of the soft-tissue profile: upper lip, chin, bimaxillary position, lower face height, and mandible. One left- and one right-facing profile for a Class II division 1 female, and Class III male were randomly presented to 24 subjects who were asked to indicate: 1) acceptability by pressing a mouse button and releasing the button when the images were no longer acceptable; and 2) most-pleasing image by pressing the mouse button once. Results No differences were found between left- and right-profile images for zone of acceptability, midpoint of the zone of acceptability, or most pleasing; nor was there any relation to laterality measures. However, consistently higher intercorrelations among the features for the zone of acceptability were found for the left- than for the right-facing profiles for retrusive to protrusive and protrusive to retrusive excursions measured in millimeters (p < .001). The bimaxillary position accounted for most of the variance in judgments of acceptability with greater influence on the left than on the right profile. Conclusion With the increasing use of computer-imaging in dental practices, the influence of psychophysical and other environmental variables on perception must be considered.
Update on risk-stratified management for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Major recent advances in understanding the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) have improved clinical evaluation and influenced treatment decisions. CLL can be diagnosed early and accurately, and biological measurements can be used to predict a prognosis at diagnosis. Individual patient care can be risk stratified to optimize benefit and minimize complications of therapy. Purine analogs and monoclonal antibodies have markedly improved the efficacy of initial therapy but are not curative. The treatment of relapsed and refractory CLL is less successful. However, recent developments suggest that allogeneic stem cell transplant could have a larger role in a selected group of these patients. Potential new treatment modalities include targeted molecules that interrupt key components of CLL cell survival pathways, and active and passive immunotherapy. The management of CLL is in a dynamic phase of rapid evolution. Risk stratification using biological prognostic markers can improve current patient care and direct future clinical research.
Engineering graphic user interfaces with protected content

Information technology organizations are increasingly having difficulty completing software projects with protected content due to a lack of qualified engineers with proper security credentials. These organizations are turning toward technology to look for advanced software tools that allow them to develop software systems while protecting proprietary or classified content. Many of these software systems require that a graphic user interface (GUI) be developed without accessing protected content. Properly credentialed engineers can later embed the protected content in this GUI. This paper presents a software tool, called GUI Miner, which allows users to edit the contents of GUIs without accessing the source code of the target application. This tool extracts the entire set of GUI widgets in an existing Java application to make them available for editing. Edit changes made on these widgets are automatically reflected on the screen and saved to appropriate class files by modifying their bytecode. Testing of this tool on a set of small Java applications shows that it works as expected without consuming too many memory or processor resources.
Pathogenesis of osteoporosis

Five major risk factors for osteoporosis have been identified: age, initial bone density, the menopause, bioavailability of calcium, and sporadic factors. Age appears to be the major determinant of bone mass. During a lifetime, a woman will typically lose 50% of her trabecular bone and 35% of her cortical bone. Bone density is affected by the amount of bone developed during growth, as well as by the subsequent rate of loss. Strong evidence has shown that loss of ovarian function leads to an accelerated phase of bone loss. Bone turnover rates increase, but resorption occurs faster than formation. This acceleration slows with time, reaching the level of the underlying slower phase of bone loss approximately 10 years after the onset of menopause. The role of calcium intake in preventing osteoporosis remains a matter of debate. Other factors shown to affect the risk of osteoporosis include low weight, smoking, alcohol intake, and degree of physical activity. The fact that not all postmenopausal women develop osteoporosis suggests that other, as-yet-undetermined factors may play a role in this condition.
Multiple synthesis routes to transparent ceramic lutetium aluminum garnet

Transparent ceramics may be fabricated using various material sources and processing routes. In an effort to identify key processing parameters, we explored two different particle processing methods for production of ceramic lutetium aluminum garnet doped with cerium (LuAG:Ce): flame spray pyrolysis powder and high-energy-milled commercial powders. Powders were cold-pressed and vacuum sintered prior to hot isostatic pressing. The flame spray pyrolysis route led to phase-pure transparent ceramics, while the high-energy milling route led to multi-phase, translucent ceramics.
Workshop Six: Poem 1651, “A word made flesh is seldom”

(1989). Workshop Six: Poem 1651, “A word made flesh is seldom”. Women's Studies: Vol. 16, Emily Dickinson: A Celebretion for Readers, pp. 175-187.
Evidence of Independent Origin of Multiple Tumors From Patients With Prostate Cancer

Background In men with prostate cancer, the gland usually contains two or more widely separate tumors. A critical issue of prostatic carcinogenesis is whether these multiple tumors are independent in origin. Molecular analysis of microsatellite (i.e., highly repeated, short nucleotide sequences) alterations in the DNA from separate tumors in the same prostate can be used to determine whether or not these separate tumors arise independently. Methods Four microsatellite polymorphic markers (D8S133, D8S136, and D8S137, for a putative tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 8p, and D17S855, for the BRCA1 gene on chromosome 17q) were used to examine the pattern of allelic loss in prostate cancer from 19 patients who had two or more distantly separate tumors (i.e., located on contralateral sides or separated by at least half the anterior-posterior diameter of the prostate). Forty distantly separate tumors were microdissected, DNA samples were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded wholemount prostate tissue section, and the overall frequencies of loss of heterozygosity at the four loci were determined. Results The pattern of allelic loss was compatible with independent tumor origin in 15 of 18 informative cases. A random discordant pattern of allelic deletion was observed in distantly separate tumors, whereas the same allele was consistently lost in cells from different regions of the same tumor. For three patients, the results were compatible with either intraglandular dissemination or independent origin of prostate cancer. Conclusions Our data suggest that multiple tumors in some patients with prostate cancer have independent origin.
Comment on “Deformation of compliant fault zones induced by nearby earthquakes: Theoretical investigations in two dimensions” by Benchun Duan et al.

[1] Duan et al. [2011] recently presented analysis of deformation caused by dynamic and static stress changes on fault zones that have reduced strength and effective elastic moduli relative to the ambient rocks. Low-rigidity fault zones were previously proposed to explain anomalous geodetic signals around major crustal faults in the vicinity of large earthquakes [e.g., Fialko et al., 2002; Fialko, 2004; Hamiel and Fialko, 2007; Barbot et al., 2009]. Duan et al. [2011] claimed that “some deficiencies may exist” in the previously published results (in particular, those presented by Fialko et al. [2002]), and called for a reexamination of existing observations. Unfortunately, claims made by Duan et al. [2011] appear to stem from their misunderstanding of the published data and theory. Here I refute claims made by Duan et al. [2011], and explain why their arguments are flawed. [2] Inferences of low-rigidity zones surrounding major crustal faults have been made based on a number of seismic [e.g., Li et al., 1994; Ben-Zion et al., 2003; Spudich and Olsen, 2001; Cochran et al., 2009], and geodetic [e.g., Lisowski et al., 1991; Chen and Freymueller, 2002; Fialko et al., 2002] observations. Such zones most likely result from extensive damage associated with slip on faults, in agreement with geologic evidence [Faulkner et al., 2003; Oskin and Iriondo, 2004; Chester et al., 2005; Dor et al., 2006]. [3] Compliant fault zones are of considerable interest as they encapsulate a long-term record of time-dependent damage and healing associated with the earthquake cycle, likely affect the earthquake rupture dynamics, bear on the issue of strain localization in the brittle upper crust, and may even hold clues about the magnitude of stress at seismogenic depths [e.g., Hearn and Fialko, 2009]. Thus more studies of compliant fault zones are certainly warranted, from both the observational and theoretical perspectives. [4] Duan et al. [2011] (hereafter, DKL11) explored the effects of plastic yielding of fault zones due to dynamic stress changes from passing seismic waves, and compared predictions of their elastoplastic simulations to those of the elastic inhomogeneity model like that previously invoked to explain InSAR observations of small-scale strain anomalies on a number of faults in the Eastern California Shear Zone [Fialko et al., 2002; Fialko, 2004]. In the framework of the elastic inhomogeneity model, the observed strain anomalies represent elastic response of massive compliant fault zones to static stress changes from a nearby earthquake.
A technique for voltage-source inverter seamless transitions between grid-connected and standalone modes

A technique for the seamless transition of voltage-source inverters switched between grid-tied and standalone modes of operation is presented in this paper. In this technique, only the inverter current and voltage sensors are utilized and no control over the grid-side static transfer switch is needed. The presented technique contains two strategies for grid-tied-to-standalone and standalone-to-grid-tied transitions. In the standalone-to-grid-tied transition strategy, a novel algorithm is presented for estimating the grid angle nearly instantaneously, which allows the three-phase inverter to respond very quickly if the grid and point of common coupling voltages are out of phase. This fast response allows the inverter to effectively eliminate the transient overcurrent that would normally occur if it were connected to the grid without first being synchronized. The fast response also allows the inverter to return to normal operation very quickly after such an event. The strategy for the seamless transition from grid-tied to standalone mode is also presented. These strategies have been verified through experiments, and the results are presented in this paper.
Primitive mitotic mechanisms.

Abstract Unorthodox mitotic mechanisms are reviewed and their contribution to the understanding of evolution of the orthodox mitotic apparatus is considered. Dinoflagellates and hypermastigote flagellates are of particular significance because the microtubular mitotic apparatus is entirely extranuclear with the nuclear membrane persisting through mitosis. Chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane. In hypermastigote flagellates early kinetochore separation is on the nuclear membrane without any contribution from microtubules. In dinoflagellates the chromosomes are also attached to the nuclear membrane, but at least in some species cytoplasmic microtubules connect to the attachment site. In Syndinium the attachment site resembles a typical kinetochore, but is inserted in the nuclear membrane. A similar kinetochore is found in certain Radiolaria, but with an intranuclear spindle apparatus the association with the nuclear membrane is no longer necessary and has been lost. Mitosis in the yeast Saccharomyces is essentially orthodox, though chromosomes do not condense. No kinetochores are seen, but a single microtubule makes direct contact with the 20 nm chromatin fiber of each chromosome and shortens during anaphase. About 5–10 microtubules are continuous between the spindle pole bodies and form the elongating central spindle.
Reactions of C-n and CnH- with Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen

Gas-phase reaction rate constants have been measured for the reactions of C (n = 2, 4-10) and CnH- (n = 2, 4, 6, 7) with atomic hydrogen in a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube at room temperature and 0.5 torr of helium pressure. In general, the rate constants are relatively fast but are less than the collisional rate (~10-9 cm3 s-1). All C and CnH- ions react by associative detachment (e.g., C + H → CnH + e-), and the C for n ≥ 7 also react by association (e.g., C + H → CnH-). Reaction of these carbon chain anions with molecular hydrogen was found to be too slow to measure in our instrument (k < 10-13 cm3 s-1).
The Role of Psychology in Working With Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Varied disciplines participate in both the evaluation and treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder. This article reviews the role of the psychologist on an interdisciplinary tea...
A generalized expression for diffusion noise and hot electron noise at arbitrary drift velocities

Abstract It is demonstrated that the usual form of Nyquist's theorem, extended to include hot electron effects, is valid for arbitrary drift velocities in nondegenerate semiconductors. The same is true for the expression for diffusion noise if the diffusion constant is properly defined from a “spread in drift” experiment.
New Technology and Research: An Analysis of Internet Survey Methodology in Political Science

Rapidly changing technology has created countless new opportunities for political scientists in teaching and research. One such innovation is the development of web surveys.' Web surveys are accessed online by respondents and the data can be downloaded directly into a statistical program such as SPSS. While web surveys require respondents to have Internet access, which precludes conducting general population surveys via the web, in fact many of the populations of interest to political scientists such as interest groups, elected officials, and bureaucrats have near universal access to
History and trends in clinical information systems in the United States.

Purpose: To provide a synopsis of issues about clinical information systems for nurses not schooled in nursing informatics. Organizing construct: The past, present, and future of clinical computing, including major factors resulting in the early hospital information systems (HIS) and decision support systems (DSS) in the United States, current advances and issues in managing clinical information, and future trends and issues. Methods: Literature review and analysis. Findings and Conclusions: The first HIS and DSS were used in the late 1960s and were focused on applications for acute care. The change from fee-for-service to managed care required a change in the design of clinical information systems toward more patient-centered systems that span the care continuum, such as the computer-based patient record (CPR). Current difficulties with CPR systems include lack of systems integration, data standardization, and implementation. Increased advances in information and technology integration and increased use of the Internet for health information will shape the future of clinical information systems.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY

This paper discusses the roughness of surfaces described by nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations on bounded domains. Roughness is an important characteristic for processes arising in molecular beam epitaxy, and is usually described by the mean interface width of the surface, i.e. the expected value of the squared Lebesgue norm. By employing results on the mean interface width for linear stochastic partial differential equations perturbed by colored noise, which have been previously obtained, we describe the evolution of the surface roughness for two classes of nonlinear equations, asymptotically both for small and large times.
The Guns-Growth Relationship in Israel:

Israel has one of the highest defense burdens in the world because of security threats and the related need for domestic defense production in the face of uncertain suppliers. Its vote-conscious leaders also react to the domestic political implications of economic performance. Leaders must maintain a healthy growth rate while guarding against inflation. This milieu of sometimes competing phenomena operates in one of the most volatile regions in the world. Prior to the wars in 1967 and 1973, economic growth was healthy and the defense burden was much lower. Economic growth has since rebounded but not to pre-1967 levels. There are competing explanations of the effect of the Israeli defense sector on growth. I consider the determinants and potential effects of Israeli defense spending and then test a three-sector production function model sensitive to the effects of increases in civilian technology and defense and non-defense externalities. The results suggest that when controlling for technological growth, short-term increases in defense spending diminished growth. Non-defense spending fostered growth. I discuss the implications for the much-anticipated 'peace dividend' in the Middle East. Based on the empirical findings of the model tested, the policy implication for long-term Israeli defense planning is that eventual savings from peace would be best used for non-defense spending on infrastructure and private investment.
A Wind Tunnel Investigation To Reduce the Drag Associated with External Protuberances on the AC-1 30H Gunship

Approximately 120 hours of wind tunnel testing were accomplished to determine the drag contributions of various external protuberances on the AC-130H Gunship and to recommend modifications to achieve optimal drag reduction potential. Also, the operational impact of the recommended configuration was quantified using a performance modeling code. Thirteen basic AC130H protuberances were evaluated to determine their incremental drag. A recommended reduced-drag configuration was developed which provided a drag reduction potential of 58.2 counts. An Air Force Research Laboratory performance modeling code (CASP) predicted that the H-model gunship could save 1,630 Ibs of fuel, increase its radius 57.4 nmi, or increase its loiter time by 30.0 minutes in a typical combat mission with the recommended modifications. Also, the two-engine absolute ceiling of the AC130H was predicted to increase approximately 1,500 feet. This research has successfully demonstrated the potential for significant drag reduction and operational improvements in the AC-l 30H. Verification through flight test is the next logical step before successful implementation.
Brain ceramide hexosides in Tay-Sachs disease and generalized gangliosidosis (GM1-gangliosidosis).

The carbohydrate composition was determined for ceramide hexosides isolated from brains of patients with Tay-Sachs disease and generalized gangliosidosis (hereby named GM1-gangliosidosis). Gray matter of patients with each disease showed a characteristic abnormal ceramide hexoside pattern. In Tay-Sachs gray matter, ceramide trihexoside is the major component, whereas ceramide tetrahexoside is barely detectable. In GM1-gangliosidosis, ceramide tetrahexoside is the major ceramide hexoside, while ceramide trihexoside is present only in small amount. These two major components have been characterized as the asialo derivatives of, respectively, the "Tay-Sachs ganglioside" (GM2-ganglioside) and the normal major monosialoganglioside (GM1-ganglioside). In both diseases, more than half the ceramide monohexoside of gray matter was glucocerebroside. Gray matter ceramide dihexoside, present in both diseases at higher than normal levels, was mostly ceramide lactoside, with possibly a small amount of ceramide digalactoside. Sulfatide contained only galactose. The abnormal ceramide hexoside pattern is limited to gray matter: white matter showed normal ceramide hexosides, i.e. a preponderance of monohexosides and sulfatide, with no detectable glucocerebroside.
Optimal selection of sweep frequencies in ion implantation systems with X-Y scanning

Abstract An investigation has been made to determine quantitatively the effect of the scanner sweep frequencies on the uniformity of charge deposition achieved in ion implantation systems with X - Y scanning. Principles are established for selection of the frequency ratio to yield the best uniformity attainable within specified limits for beam diameter, sweep frequencies and implantation time. A scanning system has been modeled, using an expanded time scale, to generate X - Y plots showing the relationship between the frequency ratio and the spatial resolution for the scanning pattern developed over short time periods.
UDCA, PBC and biochemistry: what does normal mean?

See article on page 121 In this issue (see page 121), Lueschner and colleagues extend previous reports regarding factors that predict biochemical normalisation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) being treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).1 This study differs from others in having a much longer follow up period, an unusually large percentage of patients with early stage disease, and intensive evaluation during the follow up, including extensive biochemical, immunoserological, tumour marker, HLA typing, and histological evaluations. They found, perhaps not surprisingly, that the less abnormal the tests initially, the more likely they were to become normal eventually on treatment and, perhaps even more obviously, the patients who had the best response after one year of treatment were most likely to have test values within the normal range when follow up was extended. They also noted histological improvement and the suggestion that symptoms improve in those patients in whom biochemical tests return to normal. …
Design considerations for stacked Class-E-like mmWave high-speed power DACs in CMOS

This work describes design considerations for realizing high power mmWave DACs with high efficiency under modulation based on switching-PA DAC cells. A stacked Class-E-like SOI CMOS power amplifier is turned ON/OFF by means of digital circuitry to sustain high-speed 1-bit ASK (OOK) modulation, while high average efficiency is achieved by means of supply-switching. Factors affecting modulation speed, dynamic power dissipation, impact of digital path delays and supply/ground bounce are discussed and design guidelines are provided. A fully-integrated 47GHz prototype has been fabricated in IBM's 45nm SOI CMOS technology. Measurement results yield a saturated output power of 18.2 dBm with a peak PAE of 15.3% under static (continuous-wave) operation, and high-speed OOK modulation (upto 1Gbps and beyond) is demonstrated with high average efficiency.
Trailing vortex rollup from a wing equipped with a gurney flap

Introduction T RAILING vortices and the hazard they pose to following aircraft have been studied by many researchers since the 1970s.1 Although many attempts to minimize the wake vortex problem have been examined, the strong adverse effect on the performance of the wake generating airplane has precluded their use. The present work explores the use of a Gurney flap as a wake vortex alleviation device. A Gurney flap is a narrow rectangular plate that is installed at the trailing edge of a wing on its pressure side as shown in Fig. 1. The typical height of the Gurney flap is 1–5% of the wing chord. The flap was first introduced by Gurney in the 1970s to improve the cornering speeds of racecars. Liebeck2 studied the effect of the Gurney flap on the performance of a Newman airfoil and found that a flap with a height of 0.01c increased the lift and decreased the drag. Storms and Jang examined the effect of a Gurney flap and/or vortex generator on the performance of a rectangular wing.3 They reported an augmentation of lift with Gurney flaps; this augmentation increased with increasing flap height. Ashby examined the effects of the height and location of Gurney flaps on the lift, drag, and pitching moment characteristics of a two-element rectangular wing.4 The effects of Gurney flaps on airfoils, wings, and a reflection plane model were investigated by Myose et al.5 The Gurney flap improved CL ,max of the flap-equipped configurations compared to the baseline configurations.5 Jeffrey et al. studied a single-element wing fitted with a Gurney flap.6 The Gurney flap increased the lift at a given prestall angle of attack but increased drag at most values of CL . Despite a reduction in the stall angle of attack, the Gurney flaps increased CL ,max. Buchholtz and Tso studied the effects of leadingedge fences and Gurney flaps, both separately and in combination, on the performance of a 60-deg delta wing.7 The Gurney flap was observed to increase the lift. Li and Wang tested delta wings with and without riblets and Gurney flaps.8 They found that all Gurney flaps increased CL and the larger flaps were more effective. Gai and Palfrey conducted experiments on a wing equipped with 0.05c Gurney flaps; both solid and serrated Gurney flaps were examined.9 Both flaps increased the lift, but reduced the stall angle of attack. The (L/D)max for both configurations was about 7% less than for the baseline configuration. Lin et al.10 tested a rectangular wing with a Gurney flap. The effects of the angle between the wing’s pressure surface and the flap and the distance between the flap and the wing trailing edge were studied. They found that all Gurney flap configu-
Oral polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and osteoarthritis.

Many patients with arthritis are using alternative modes of therapy, including nutritional supplements, to treat their arthritis. Most patients never tell their doctors that they are taking alternative medications, and few doctors even ask about such activities. Over-the-counter supplements are expensive and consume large amounts of patients’ healthcare dollars. Glucosamine has been widely touted as being an effective arthritis treatment. The authors designed and undertook a study to test the efficacy of a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), or POLY-Nag, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with osteoarthritis. Results indicate that POLY-Nag may be useful in treating patients with osteoarthritis.
Conidioma development in Ophiodothella vaccinii.

The perithecial ascomycete Ophiodothella vaccinii causes a leafspot disease of sparkleberry (Vac- cinium arboreum), in which an anamorph is produced early in the life cycle of the fungus. The anamorph forms shiny, black, pulvinate conidiomata that con- tain a single central pore. After initial infection, fun- gal hyphae permeate the interior tissues of the leaf, creating lesions. Conidiomata are initiated by the for- mation of a small layer of intertwined, thicker-walled hyphae beneath the epidermis of the lesion. Near the center of this hyphal layer a subglobose collection of thick-walled hyphae is formed. This hyphal collection grows upward, becoming conical and pressing against the epidermis. Elongation of a columnar apex of the hyphal collection ruptures the epidermis, creating a pore. Subsequent expansion and development of co- nidiophores and conidia push the epidermis upward, lifting it away from the column, opening the pore and allowing conidia to emerge. The conidioma is regarded as a modified acervulus.
Nutrition Monitor: A Food Purchase and Consumption Monitoring Mobile System

The challenge of monitoring food intake can be facilitated by the truly transformational power of mobile phones. Mobile phones provide a pervasive and fairly ubiquitous infrastructure, which we leverage to provide cost-effective, high quality aids to behavior monitoring and modification. Additionally, the technology allows public health messages to reach certain target groups, such as youth and members of low-income communities, which may not otherwise be practical. Our system leverages the existing mobile phone infrastructure. We use the highly capable computational and data-gathering platform of mobile phones to facilitate the collection, transmission and processing of data for purposes of monitoring in the field, behavior and activity classification, and timely behavioral cuing. The nature of mobile phones coupled with a web-interface also allow for customization and personalization, retrieval of nutrition information on demand, as well as the ability to truly monitor the user’s consumption trends.
Observations on the organization of the dendritic processes and receptor terminations in the abdominal muscle receptor organ of homarus

The dendritic processes and terminals of the abdominal muscle receptor organ of the lobster have been studied with the electron microscope. In both the “fast” and “slow” adapting components of the muscle receptor organ, dendritic processes ramify within the body of the stretch muscle in a zone of “relative muscle exclusion,” where the continuity of the muscle bundle is interrupted by a zone of connective tissue. The cell bodies and larger dendritic processes are ensheathed in alternate layers of connective tissue and Schwann cells, but the smallest dendritic twigs are entirely divested of their Schwann cell envelope. The membrane of the dendritic terminations is intimately applied to either connective tissue of the zone of relative muscle exclusion or to the sarcolemma of the stretch muscle. This apposition is interpreted as morphological specialization for transduction or mechanoelectric conversion. It is suggested that these two types of dendritic terminals may represent two distinct sites for transduction and may also mediate different modalities of input. The distribution of dendritic processes and terminals differs in the fast and slow systems. In the fast system the dendrites quickly ramify into a glomerular burst of processes near the junction of stretch muscle and connective tissue. In the slow system, the dendrites ramify more gradually and lie more nearly parallel to the long axis of the stretch muscle. In both the fast and slow systems, but especially in the dendritic terminals of the fast neuron, collections of vesicles 400–2000 A in diameter have been observed. These vesicles are clearly different in fine structure from those found in the neuromuscular junction or axo-dendritic synapses. An effort is made to relate neurophysiological characteristics of this system with the fine structural observations, with particular attention to the mechanism of transduction, or mechanoelectric conversion.
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate-associated macroglossia in a critically ill patient.

Allergic hypersensitivity reactions are a rare adverse effect of corticosteroids. Previous reports have identified patients who developed symptoms of urticaria, dyspnea, hypotension, bronchospasm, and angioedema occurring within minutes to an hour after corticosteroid administration. A 35-year-old woman is described who developed an atypical reaction of isolated macroglossia after receiving intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate for myasthenic crisis. Macroglossia was identified on day 2 of therapy and worsened through day 5. On day 5, she was transitioned to prednisone 50 mg daily administered by feeding tube. Tongue swelling improved by day 7 and on day 10, the patient was extubated. The patient required reintubation due to stridor, but received a tracheostomy and was weaned off mechanical ventilation by day 15. The reaction was not confirmed with skin-prick tests, intradermal tests, or a drug rechallenge; however, she had previously received and tolerated all other drugs administered during this time. Due to the timing of administration and onset of symptoms, we feel this adverse drug reaction was likely due to administration of methylprednisolone. Applying the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale to this case, a score of six was obtained, indicating a probable association between the administration of methylprednisolone and the development of macroglossia. As intravenous corticosteroids are often used in the treatment of allergic reactions, they may be overlooked as a cause of macroglossia and other allergic reactions; therefore, practitioners need to be aware of the possibility of this adverse effect secondary to corticosteroid administration. In the event of methylprednisolone sodium succinate-induced macroglossia, alternative nonesterified corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisone, should be considered if continuation of therapy is required.
The evolution of chemometrics

Abstract Chemometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to chemical problems to permit maximal collection and extraction of useful information. The development of advanced chemical instruments and processes has led to a need for advanced methods to design experiments, calibrate instruments, and analyze the resulting data. For many years, there was the prevailing view that if one needed fancy data analyses, then the experiment was not planned correctly, but now it is recognized that most systems are multivariate in nature and univariate approaches are unlikely to result in optimum solutions. At the same time, instruments have evolved in complexity, computational capability has similarly advanced so that it has been possible to develop and employ increasing complex and computationally intensive methods. In this paper, the development of chemometrics as a subfield of chemistry and particularly analytical chemistry will be presented with a view of the current state-of-the-art and the prospects for the future will be presented.
The Tumor Suppressor, p190RhoGAP, Differentially Initiates Apoptosis and Confers Docetaxel Sensitivity to Breast Cancer Cells

p190RhoGAP (p190) is a negative regulator of RhoGTPases and a putative tumor suppressor, whose mechanism of tumor suppression is poorly defined. Ectopic expression of p190 induces various morphological phenotypes, including multinucleation, dendrite-like formation, and chromatin condensation, suggesting an involvement in apoptosis. We examined the possibility that p190 can function as a tumor suppressor by regulating induction of apoptosis. We show that the predominant phenotype of p190 overexpression in a variety of cell lines is apoptosis, which is mediated through p190’s regulation of Rho and caspases. The secondary phenotypes, multinucleation and dendrite-like formation, are determined by transformation status, not cell lineage, and appear to be intermediate phenotypes in the p190-induced apoptotic pathway. Finally, we show that p190 levels can regulate the apoptotic response of breast cancer cell lines to docetaxel through its regulation of Rho. Together, these findings suggest that one mechanism by which p190 can mediate its tumor-suppressive function is through regulation of Rho-activated cell death pathways and that this function can be exploited to optimize the action of cytoskeletal-based chemotherapeutics, such as the taxanes.
A fast nonenumerative automatic test pattern generator for path delay faults

This paper presents a nonenumerative automatic test pattern generator for robustly testable path delay faults. In contrast to earlier work by I. Pomeranz, et al. (see IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design, vol. 14, p. 1505-15, Dec. 1995), the pattern generator takes into consideration the conditions for robust propagation while sensitizing sets of paths. This increases the probability of testing them robustly with a single test. Novel algorithms are described which identify sets that contain many such potentially compatible paths. The number of detected faults is estimated using a simple and fast method. The approach compares favorably to that of Pomeranz et al. in both fault detection and time performance.
Bioengineered human myobundles mimic clinical responses of skeletal muscle to drugs

Existing in vitro models of human skeletal muscle cannot recapitulate the organization and function of native muscle, limiting their use in physiological and pharmacological studies. Here, we demonstrate engineering of electrically and chemically responsive, contractile human muscle tissues ('myobundles') using primary myogenic cells. These biomimetic constructs exhibit aligned architecture, multinucleated and striated myofibers, and a Pax7(+) cell pool. They contract spontaneously and respond to electrical stimuli with twitch and tetanic contractions. Positive correlation between contractile force and GCaMP6-reported calcium responses enables non-invasive tracking of myobundle function and drug response. During culture, myobundles maintain functional acetylcholine receptors and structurally and functionally mature, evidenced by increased myofiber diameter and improved calcium handling and contractile strength. In response to diversely acting drugs, myobundles undergo dose-dependent hypertrophy or toxic myopathy similar to clinical outcomes. Human myobundles provide an enabling platform for predictive drug and toxicology screening and development of novel therapeutics for muscle-related disorders.
On the Cranial Osteology of Chiroptera. I. Pteropus (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Abstract Although detailed anatomical descriptions of skull morphology are available for representatives of many mammalian orders, no such descriptive work exists for bats, a group that comprises over 20% of extant mammalian species. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the skull of Pteropus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) and establish a system of cranial nomenclature following the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Based on a series of specimens of Pteropus lylei, we describe the skull as a whole and the morphology of external surfaces of 24 bones (7 rostral, 16 cranial, plus the mandible) and 17 teeth. We describe internal surfaces and additional bones of disarticulated skulls of Pteropus livingstonii and use material from the same species to describe the middle ear ossicles and the petrosal bone. We include a description of the hyoid apparatus and larynx based on Pteropus tonganus and a description of the deciduous dentition based on Pteropus hypomelanus. Using a section...
Barbiturates and Sedatives

The behavioral and biochemical effects of two additional classes of psychoactive compounds have been used as a further basis for relating metabolic changes in brain biogenic amines to changes in learning and memory. These classes of drug include the barbiturates and the benzodiazepines. The effects of representative agents upon the regional turnover of serotonin have been studied, and a generalized decrease was observed (Lidbrink et al., 1974). Sedative doses of a barbiturate produced a generalized reduction of serotonin turnover, whereas reduced serotonin turnover occurred only in the cerebral cortex with benzodiazepines. Brain serotonin content is also elevated during barbiturate sedation or anesthesia.
Effects of circulating IGF-I on glucose and amino acid kinetics in the ovine fetus

To investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the regulation of fetal metabolism, the kinetics of leucine, phenylalanine, and glucose were assessed in the chronically catheterized ovine fetus (0.85 gestation) before and during infusion of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I). Substrate kinetics were determined by tracer dilution. rhIGF-I was infused at 6.7 nmol.kg fetus-1.h-1. Fetal insulin and growth hormone concentrations were significantly decreased by 50% during rhIGF-I infusion. Net umbilical glucose uptake was unchanged, and glucose rate of appearance increased in the fed state only. There were no changes in the net umbilical uptakes of leucine or phenylalanine, but the rates of appearance of both declined during rhIGF-I infusion, indicative of decreased fetal protein breakdown (Ra,Leu 45.4 +/- 1.40 to 40 +/- 1.4 mumol/min in the fed state, 43 +/- 1.5 to 37 +/- 1.5 mumol/min in the fasted state; Ra,Phe 10.7 +/- 0.3 to 10.4 +/- 0.3 mumol/min in the fed state and from 10.7 +/- 0.3 to 9.8 +/- 0.3 mumol/min in the fasted state). Leucine oxidation was also decreased (8.90 +/- 0.76 to 6.52 +/- 0.81 mumol/min, P = 0.025), more so in the fasted than the fed state. These results indicate a significant antiproteolytic endocrine effect for IGF-I in the late-gestation mammalian fetus.
Climate-smart agriculture in Midwest cropping systems: evaluating the benefits and tradeoffs of cover crops

Climate-smart agriculture is a framework to develop and implement agricultural systems that facilitate reduced greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience and productivity in the context of a changing climate. Winter cover crops are known to decrease soil erosion, increase soil carbon, improve water retention and have been hypothesized to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore they offer the potential to buffer projected climate change impacts for Midwestern agriculture, including increased rainfall variability. The overall objective of this dissertation research was to evaluate the mitigation and adaptation potential of cover crops in determining their efficacy as a climate-smart agricultural practice. In a global meta-analysis, it was found that cover crops do not universally reduce nitrous oxide emissions from the soil surface but that grass species and chemical termination methods are less likely to increase emissions. An analysis of seven years of crop and soil data found that the long-term use of a winter rye cover crop in a no-till maize-soybean rotation improved water retained in the soil profile and increased plant available water content by 21-22%, without sacrificing maize or soybean growth and yields. Finally, the simulation of a winter rye cover crop in a future climate predicted the practice’s ability to reduce nitrous oxide emissions by up to 34%, offset soil carbon decline by 3% and decrease erosion losses by 11-29% without significantly impacting maize or soybean yields. However, the cover crop is not predicted to offset crop yield declines that may occur because of temperature and water stressors. Taken together, this research illustrates that in the context of climate adaptation and mitigation, the greatest potential benefits from a winter rye cover crop in this region are preventing soil erosion, improving soil water retention, and potentially reducing nitrous oxide emissions from the soil surface.
Characterization of a novel fusion gene EML4-NTRK3 in a case of recurrent congenital fibrosarcoma

We describe the clinical course of a recurrent case of congenital fibrosarcoma diagnosed in a 9-mo-old boy with a history of hemimelia. Following complete surgical resection of the primary tumor, the patient subsequently presented with bulky bilateral pulmonary metastases 6 mo following surgery. Molecular characterization of the tumor revealed the absence of the prototypical ETV6-NTRK3 translocation. However, tumor characterization incorporating cytogenetic, array comparative genomic hybridization, and RNA sequencing analyses, revealed a somatic t(2;15)(2p21;15q25) translocation resulting in the novel fusion of EML4 with NTRK3. Cloning and expression of EML4-NTRK3 in murine fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells revealed a potent tumorigenic phenotype as assessed in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that multiple fusion partners targeting NTRK3 can contribute to the development of congenital fibrosarcoma.
Construction of Band Profiles for Semiconductor Heterojunctions and Layered Structures

Band profiles specify the position of all band edges as a function of distance from a sample surface or interface. They largely determine the electrical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductor heterostructures. Neither theory nor standard transport measurements alone have been able to give reliable values for band offsets, much less entire band profiles. However, the use of electroreflectance, which reveals crossover transitions between localized states or band edges present on opposite sides of an interface, and which allows us to measure accurately built-in fields, has allowed us to determine accurate band profiles for several types of semiconductor heterostructures. The procedure used to find the band profile is elucidated in detail for two technologically important cases.
Suicide contagion in response to widely publicized celebrity deaths: the roles of depressed affect, death-thought accessibility, and attitudes

Suicide contagion often occurs when a suicide death that is widely publicized (typically by the media) results in increases in suicide rates. However, the underlying cognitive and emotional mechanisms behind how and when suicide contagion occurs have been, up to this point, hazily understood. The present study: (a) tested whether individuals with depressed affect respond differently to celebrity suicides widely publicized by the media compared with those who do not have depressed affect, (b) measured 2 potential cognitive mechanisms that may be involved in suicide contagion, death-thought accessibility and attitudes about the acceptability and normality of suicide, and (c) compared responses to widely publicized suicide versus accidental death and natural death. The findings highlight a key moderator--depressive affect--that predicts the likelihood of being susceptible to suicide contagion effects following media coverage of a suicide death, clarify that its boundary conditions include cases of accidental death, and elucidate 2 cognitive mechanisms, death-thought accessibility and attitudes toward suicide acceptability and normality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Language: en