cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative testing and monitoring during lumbosacral plexus surgery

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the neuromonitoring options for surgeries that place the lumbosacral plexus at risk. It discusses that the surgeries placing the lumbosacral plexus at risk represent a relatively rare monitoring situation. There is a paucity of literature directly addressing the targeted group of monitored surgeries of the lumbosacral plexus. The chapter focuses on the different monitoring techniques available, the strengths, and the weaknesses of each of these techniques to optimally evaluate the lumbosacral plexus. It reviews that, while the particular situation as applied to the lumbosacral plexus may be relatively rare, there is no need to assess and configure the available neuromonitoring tools to a rare or unique neuromonitoring situation. To do this, the neurophysiologist must understand the anatomy at risk and the capability of the monitoring tools available to him or her. The chapter concludes that for monitoring the lumbosacral plexus is largely based on the anatomy and the current standard practices for monitoring at the level of the nerve root. Further refinement of these recommendations is likely as more directly applicable research becomes available.
Nonlinear Equations and Their Solution by Iteration

Nonlinear functional analysis is the study of operators lacking the property of linearity. In this chapter, we consider nonlinear operator equations and their numerical solution. We begin the consideration of operator equations that take the form $$ u = T(u),\;u \in K $$ (4.0.1) Here, V is a Banach space, K is a subset of V, and T : K → V. The solutions of this equation are called fixed points of the operator T, as they are left unchanged by T. The most important method for analyzing the solvability theory for such equations is the Banach fixed-point theorem. We present the Banach fixed-point theorem and then discuss its application to the study of various iterative methods in numerical analysis.
SemiLog: A Logic-Based Query Language for Hierarchical Data in Web Documents

Most of the textual information posted on the Web are in documents which conform to the HTML [12] or recently emerging XML [4] specification. In the past, a number of query languages have been proposed for querying data in Web documents. We notice that these query languages are incapable of inferring hierarchically structured data from linked Web documents as well as within a Web document itself. In this paper, we propose a logic-based query language, called SemiLog, for retrieving data in Web documents that are hierarchically structured. SemiLog is capable of handling recursive queries, which infer data that are not explicitly presented in hierarchically structured Web documents, and processing partial knowledge of data in Web documents with irregular structure to answer a given query.
Words Will Break Cement: The Passion of Pussy Riot by Masha Gessen

Feminism has not been a broad-based movement in Russia, despite the efforts of many dedicated individuals. After leaving behind communism, which forced a warped Marxist version on society (requirin...
Identification of brittle/ductile areas in unconventional reservoirs using seismic and microseismic data: Application to the Barnett Shale

AbstractBrittleness in unconventional reservoirs is mainly controlled by mineralogy, and it increases with quartz and dolomite content, whereas an increase in the clay content represents an increase in ductility. To generate regional brittleness maps, we have correlated the mineralogy-based brittleness index to elastic parameters measured from well logs. This correlation can then be used to predict the brittleness from surface seismic elastic parameter estimates of λρ and μρ. We applied the workflow to a 3D seismic survey acquired in an area where more than 400 wells were drilled and hydraulically fractured prior to seismic acquisition. Combining λρ and μρ into a single 3D volume allowed the combination of both attributes into a single 3D volume, which can be converted to brittleness using a template based on the well log and core data. Neither of these seismic estimates were direct measures of reservoir completion quality. We, therefore, used production logs and extracted surface seismic estimates at mic...
VIRTUES OF BAD TIMES Interaction Between Productivity Growth and Economic Fluctuations

We develop a model of optimal productivity growth under demand fluctuations. We consider two alternative hypotheses. First, we assume that productivity growth is costly in terms of current production. Second, we assume that the cost of productivity improvements is independent of current production. It is shown that, in the first case, productivity improvements will be countercyclical whereas, in the second case, they will be procyclical. The model then is used to study the impact of the frequency and amplitude of fluctuations on long-run growth. The results corresponding to the first hypothesis are shown to be consistent with recent empirical work.
A caspase-resistant mutant of PKC-|[delta]| protects keratinocytes from UV-induced apoptosis

Keratinocyte apoptosis induced by UV radiation is a major protective mechanism from skin photocarcinogenesis. The induction of apoptosis by UV radiation, as well as a variety of genotoxic stimuli, involves the activation of PKC-δ by caspase-3-mediated cleavage in its hinge region, thus generating a constitutively active catalytic fragment. To determine the role of PKC-δ cleavage in UV apoptosis signaling, we introduced a caspase-resistant PKC-δ mutant (D330A) into human keratinocytes by retrovirus transduction. Overexpression of PKC-δ(D330A) protected keratinocytes from UV-induced apoptosis and enhanced long-term survival. PKC-δ(D330A) partially prevented the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and the loss of Mcl-1, a key antiapoptotic protein downregulated during UV apoptosis. Thus, the cleavage and activation of PKC-δ are critical components of UV-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes, and the inactivation of PKC-δ can promote the survival of keratinocytes exposed to UV radiation.
Abstract 3721: Combination of temozolomide and O6- benzylguanine inhibits breast cancer growth

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferease (MGMT) is over expressed in breast cancer cells. A number of cytotoxic agents utilized in the treatment of cancer directly or indirectly damage DNA, thus initiating a cascade of events which finalizes in cell death. MGMT has received significant focus for its role in the repair of DNA damage caused by a number of chemotherapeutics including alkylating agents, chlorethylating and methylating agents. In the present study, we tested the administration of the MGMT inhibitor [O6-benzylguanine (BG)] at non-toxic doses in combination with MGMT alkylator (temozolomide) on breast cancer cells in cell culture and xenograft models. Here, we report that temozolomide in combination with BG effectively inhibits breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Here, we also report that BG either alone or in combination with temozolomide inhibits gene expressions which are involved in breast tumorigenesis and cell division process (CDC20, TOP2A, AURKB, BIRC5) and induces the expression of p21cip1 cell cycle inhibitor. The combination also enhanced PARP cleavage, indicative of apoptosis. In breast cancer xenograft models, BG alone or in combination with temozolomide caused marked delay in tumor growth. These findings suggest that MGMT inhibition may provide a novel and effective approach for breast cancer growth inhibition. Furthermore, the combination of MGMT inhibitors and MGMT alkylators can provide alternative therapeutic approaches to treat breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3721. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3721
Intraband and interband optical deformation potentials in femtosecond-laser-excited α-Te

We calculated the intraband and interband optical deformation potentials for semiconducting $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Te}$ from experimental data of the band gap shrinkage and softening of the ${A}_{1}$-optical phonon mode in response to femtosecond laser excitation. These potentials were obtained by applying first- and second-order perturbation theory to the Fr\"olich Hamiltonian describing the carrier-phonon interaction. The intraband optical deformation potential is considerably smaller than previously estimated values; there are no previously reported values for the interband optical deformation potential.
The ACA Medicaid Expansion Waiver in the Keystone State: Do the Medically Uninsured “Got a Friend in Pennsylvania”?

Medicaid is fundamental to near universal health insurance coverage under the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA). Its goal of broadening the program to all households with income at or below 138 percent of the federal poverty level was thwarted in 2012 by a Supreme Court decision that allowed the states to choose whether or not they would join. This essay seeks to assess the status of Pennsylvania with regard to the Medicaid expansion controversy. It briefly describes the Keystone State's existing Medicaid program and the potential impact of the ACA on its growth. It then discusses Governor Tom Corbett's market-based alternative and what he achieved in his deliberations with the Obama administration. The article also discusses some of the financial considerations facing Pennsylvania policy makers in the expansion decision, the role of three of the more influential lobby groups, and the problematic situation of the medically uninsured population.
Structures of P transposable elements and their sites of insertion and excision in the Drosophila melanogaster genome

We have isolated and characterized several members of the P transposable element family from a Drosophila melanogaster P strain. Large 2.9 kb elements are present as multiple highly conserved copies together with smaller (0.5-1.6 kb), heterogeneous elements. The complete DNA sequences of the 2.9 kb element and four small elements (previously isolated from hybrid-dysgenesis-induced mutations of the white locus) have been determined. Each small element appears to have arisen from the 2.9 kb element by a different internal deletion. P elements have 31 bp perfect inverse terminal repeats and upon insertion duplicate an 8 bp sequence found only once at the site of insertion. Three of the insertions into the white locus occurred at the same nucleotide, indicating a high degree of local site specificity for insertion. The basis of this specificity has been investigated by DNA sequence analysis of the sites where 18 P elements are found. A revertant of one of the white locus mutants has been found to result from precise excision of the P element, restoring the wild-type DNA sequence.
Building an Ecology of Support: A Case Study of One Young Woman with Severe Problem Behaviors Living in the Community

This case study describes 30 months in the life of a young woman with a history of life-threatening self-injurious behaviors (SIB) who moved from a large public institution to her community. Quanti...
The effect of estradiol and hydrocortisone on atherosclerosis in cockerels

Summary The effects of the implantation of pellets of estradiol or hydrocortisone were studied in 3-4-month-old New Hampshire Red cockerels maintained on regular mash for 11 months. Minimal sudanophilia and moderate fibrosis were present in the aorta and some degree of coronary atherosclerosis was also observed. Estradiol increased sudanophilia in the aorta but was without effect on aortic fibrosis or on the spontaneous coronary lesions. Hydrocortisone did not modify aortic fibrosis or coronary atherosclerosis; sudanophilia in the abdominal aorta was increased. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Menopausal estrogen use, high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions and liver function

Forty-eight menopausal women taking exogenous estrogen were compared with 246 postmenopausal women not on estrogen. The estrogen users had significantly higher total high density lipoprotein (HDL) (76.0 vs 61.4 mg/dl) and HDL2 (36.7 vs 23.0 mg/dl) cholesterol than the controls. There was a similar concentration of HDL3 cholesterol for the two groups (39.2 for the estrogen users and 38.4 for the controls). A dose-response was evident between the amount of daily estrogen and HDL-total and HDL2 cholesterol. The significant differences between the two groups remained after adjusting for body composition, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and physical activity. There was a significant difference between the two groups in liver function as measured by the liver enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, with liver enzyme concentrations lower in the estrogen users. The results indicate that the increase in the total HDL cholesterol as a result of menopausal estrogen is primarily the result of increased HDL2. The increase could not be explained by alterations in hepatic microsomal activity as measured by liver enzymes since estrogen users had lower concentrations of liver enzymes than non-estrogen users.
The reproductive behaviour of α-, β-, and γ-male morphs in Paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod crustacean

[Males occur as three distinct morphotypes in Paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod inhabiting the Gulf of California. Alpha-males are largest in body size (x ± SD = 6.55 ± 0.72mm, N = 63) and defend breeding sites in intertidal sponges. Beta-males are smaller (x ± SD = 4.34 ± 0.43 mm, N = 59) and resemble sexually receptive females in behaviour and body form. Gamma-males are tiny (x ± SD = 2.65 ± 0.73 mm, N = 23) and are capable of rapid movements. All three male morphs are sexually mature and successfully sire young in the field (SHUSTER, 1989a). Using artificial sponges to simulate natural breeding habitats, I examined (a) competitive interactions among α-males for access to breeding sites and sexually receptive females, (b) behaviours used by β- and y-males to enter spongocoels, and (c) the tendency for β- and γ-males to discriminate breeding site quality in terms of the availability of sexually receptive females. I found that: 1. Resident and intruder α-males used their walking legs, uropods and body positioning to retain or gain access to breeding sites. 2. Intruders were consistently more aggressive than residents in contests, except when breeding sites containing sexually receptive females were limited. 3. Despite their relative quiescence, residents retained their spongocoels in most contests, apparently due to the positional advantage residents gain when situated in the spongocoel. 4. When interacting with α-males, β-mates imitated female courtship behaviour, and, Males occur as three distinct morphotypes in Paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod inhabiting the Gulf of California. Alpha-males are largest in body size (x ± SD = 6.55 ± 0.72mm, N = 63) and defend breeding sites in intertidal sponges. Beta-males are smaller (x ± SD = 4.34 ± 0.43 mm, N = 59) and resemble sexually receptive females in behaviour and body form. Gamma-males are tiny (x ± SD = 2.65 ± 0.73 mm, N = 23) and are capable of rapid movements. All three male morphs are sexually mature and successfully sire young in the field (SHUSTER, 1989a). Using artificial sponges to simulate natural breeding habitats, I examined (a) competitive interactions among α-males for access to breeding sites and sexually receptive females, (b) behaviours used by β- and y-males to enter spongocoels, and (c) the tendency for β- and γ-males to discriminate breeding site quality in terms of the availability of sexually receptive females. I found that: 1. Resident and intruder α-males used their walking legs, uropods and body positioning to retain or gain access to breeding sites. 2. Intruders were consistently more aggressive than residents in contests, except when breeding sites containing sexually receptive females were limited. 3. Despite their relative quiescence, residents retained their spongocoels in most contests, apparently due to the positional advantage residents gain when situated in the spongocoel. 4. When interacting with α-males, β-mates imitated female courtship behaviour, and]
Influences on R&D growth among Japanese pharmaceutical firms, 1975–1990

Abstract In this paper, we study changes in R&D expenditure of Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers between 1975 and 1990. The analysis contributes to our understanding of firms' R&D strategy as a dynamic process. How competitors change their relative R&D positions, more than whether differences exist at one time, has a major impact on changes in competitive strength within technology-intensive industries. Understanding the dynamics of R&D expenditure is an important element in understanding why large firms do not always stay large and why industry leaders are sometimes dislodged by innovative followers. In addition, the study is intrinsically interesting because it helps us understand the changing nature of technological competition in an important global industry. Individual firms in the pharmaceutical industry are pursuing very different R&D investment strategies. Understanding the differences is critically important if we are to understand the potential strength of the firms in the future global pharmaceutical industry.
1994 TASK ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN CERTIFIED NURSE-MIDWIFERY

The ACNM Certification Council is responsible to the American College of Nurse-Midwives for the development, administration, and evaluation of a psychometrically sound and legally defensible certification examination in nurse-midwifery. A task analysis study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, skills, and abilities that define American nurse-midwifery practice. A stratified sample of 825 American College of Nurse-Midwives members was asked to rate the frequency of performance and the criticality of 189 nurse-midwifery activities and 109 discrete diagnoses that the nurse-midwife might encounter while providing clinical care. The frequency and criticality ratings were combined to generate an importance weight for each activity. Study data will be used as the basis of the examination blueprint in order to ensure job-related content validity. Aggregate data can also be used for curriculum development, self-assessment, and evaluation research purposes.
NONLOCAL THEORY OF SINGLE PION PHOTOPRODUCTION.

A nonlocal interaction theory is formulated for photoproduction processes by introducing a form function. An effective nonlocal, Lorentz invariant and gauge invariant Lagrangian density for the four-field interaction that gives rise to a production amplitude is constructed. The general structure of the form function is investigated by using some restrictions of the form function. For low energy π0 photoproduction an explicit form of the Fourier component of the form function is obtained. The physical model of the present formalism is to assume, similar to the strong absorption model, that the system in intermediate states is confined in a finite domain of space. For π0 production the linear dimension of this domain is obtained to beω0 = 3·88F. It is important to observe that the extent of electromagnetic distribution in a nucleon is also nearly the size ofω0. This is believed to be the reason that in low energy pion photoproduction the effects of electromagnetic structure of a nucleon are irrelevant. The unpolarized differential and total cross sections are calculated forπ0 production in helicity representation and the predictions are found to be in good agreement with experiments.
Cultural Competency as Skilled Dialogue

There is a continuing need to competently serve children and families from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. This article describes Skilled Dialogue, an approach to cultural competency d...
Breaking discrete symmetries in broken gauge theories

We study the spontaneous breaking of discrete symmetries in theories with broken gauge symmetry. The intended application is to $CP$ breaking in theories with gauged flavor symmetries, but the analysis described here is preliminary. We dispense with matter fields and take the gauge theory to be weakly coupled and broken spontaneously by unspecified, short-distance forces. We develop an effective-field-theory description of the resultant low-energy theory, and ask whether this theory by itself can describe the subsequent breaking of discrete symmetries. We conclude that this can happen depending on the parameters of the effective theory, and that the intrinsic violation is naturally of order unity.
New instruments; a changing view of endoscopic instruments and methods for accurate direct observation of the larynx and per oral laryngeal surgery.

(1956). New Instruments: A Changing View of Endoscopic Instruments and Methods for Accurate Direct Observation of the Larynx Oral Laryngeal Surgery. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 80-86.
Transverse cracking in fiber-reinforced brittle matrix, cross-ply laminates

Abstract The topic addressed in this paper is transverse cracking in the matrix of the 90° layers of a cross-ply laminate loaded in tension. Several aspects of the problem are considered, including conditions for the onset of matrix cracking, the evolution of crack spacing, the compliance of the cracked laminate, and the overall strain contributed by residual stress when matrix cracking occurs. The heart of the analysis is the plane strain problem for a doubly periodic array of cracks in the 90° layers. A fairly complete solution to this problem is presented based on finite element calculations. In addition, a useful, accurate closed form representation is also included. This solution permits the estimation of compliance change and strain due to release of residual stress. It can also be used to predict the energy release rate of cracks tunneling through the matrix. In turn, this energy release rate can be used to predict both the onset of matrix cracking and the evolution of crack spacing in the 90° layers as a function of applied stress. All these results are used to construct overall stress-strain behavior of a laminate undergoing matrix cracking in the presence of initial residual stress.
Study of Redox-Regulated Transcription Factors in Prokaryotes☆

Abstract Several prokaryotic regulatory proteins that respond to changes in oxygen tension or the presence of oxidative agents have now been identified. The Fnr protein governs the expression of numerous genes during anaerobic growth, both as a transcriptional activator and as a repressor. OxyR protein responds to cellular exposure to H 2 O 2 to stimulate transcription of several defense proteins. SoxR protein is triggered by superoxide or nitric oxide to activate a multigene regulon for antioxidant defense and antibiotic resistance. Each of these proteins has been purified and characterized for DNA binding and transcriptional activity in vitro. Fnr, OxyR, and SoxR all seem to respond directly to redox signals generated in the cell, and their in vitro properties support this view: Fnr has an oxygen-sensitive [4Fe-4S] center essential for DNA binding; OxyR may be activated via oxidation of a key cysteine residue; and SoxR activation depends on redox-sensitive [2Fe-2S] centers. Basic methods for genetic and biochemical analysis in these systems are presented, with emphasis on detailed methods for SoxR that illustrate general approaches for all the systems.
Fluid-structure interaction of tanks with an eccentric core barrel

Abstract The fluid-structure interaction of fluid-coupled concentric cylindrical shells is reviewed. A coupled fluid-structure finite element method which considers the sloshing effect is then developed for the dynamic analysis of liquid-filled systems with internal components. The theoretical development of the mixed finite element formulation is also included. The resulting fluid-structure interaction algorithm has been integrated into the computer code flustr II and the seismic analysis of liquid-filled tanks with an eccentric core barrel is performed. Numerical results show that the method yields accurate solutions with large increases in efficiency.
Optimization of Xanthones for Antimalarial Activity: the 3,6-Bis-ω-Diethylaminoalkoxyxanthone Series

Hydroxyxanthones have been identified as novel antimalarial agents. The compounds are believed to exert their activity by complexation to heme and inhibition of hemozoin formation. Modification of the xanthone structure was pursued to improve their antimalarial activity. Attachment of R-groups bearing protonatable nitrogen atoms was conducted to enhance heme affinity through ionic interactions with the propionate side chains of the metalloporphyrin and to facilitate drug accumulation in the parasite food vacuole. A series of 3,6-bis-omega-diethylaminoalkoxyxanthones with side chains ranging from 2 to 8 carbon atoms were prepared and evaluated. Measurement of heme affinity for each of the derivatives revealed a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.97) between affinity and antimalarial potency. The two most active compounds in the series contained 5- and 6-carbon side chains and exhibited low nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values against strains of chloroquine-susceptible and multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Both of these xanthones exhibit stronger heme affinity (8.26 x 10(5) and 9.02 x 10(5) M(-1), respectively) than either chloroquine or quinine under similar conditions and appear to complex heme in a unique manner.
Transgenic expression of S100A2 in hairless mouse skin enhances Cxcl13 mRNA in response to solar-simulated radiation

S100A2 is a homodimeric protein that undergoes oxidative cross-linking and translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol in the context of oxidative stress. Suggestive of a role for S100A2 in the cutaneous response to ultraviolet light, we found altered S100A2 immunostaining in photodamaged human skin, and crosslinking of S100A2 after ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation of normal human keratinocytes (NHK). Skin from mice, rats, and rabbits did not contain S100A2 protein, whereas skin samples from pigs, frogs and humans were strongly positive. Survival after UVA irradiation was significantly greater in NHK compared to mouse keratinocytes, suggesting a protective role for S100A2. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we expressed S100A2 in SKH2/J hairless mice under the control of a bovine keratin 5 promoter, and compared responses of TG and WT mice from 1 to 7 days after a single dose (0.5–1 MED) of solar-simulated radiation (SSR) from UVA-340 bulbs. WT and TG mice manifested a similarly robust response to SSR, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, marked induction of p21WAF, and a twofold increase in p53. Thymine dimers (TD) were markedly increased in the epidermis and the dermis, but while over 95% of the epidermal TD were removed by 5–6 days, elevated dermal TD persisted nearly unchanged for 7 days. Global transcriptional profiling of WT and TG mice revealed strong induction of multiple transcripts, including keratins K6 and K16, defensin beta 3, S100A8, S100A9, Sprr2i and Sprr2f. However, the only S100A2-dependent difference we observed was an induction of Cxcl13 transcripts in TG, but not WT mice (4.4-fold vs. 0.7-fold, n = 3, P = 0.022). This finding was confirmed in an independent set of mice analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (8.8-fold vs. 1.2-fold, n = 4, P = 0.001). The finding of persistent dermal DNA damage after suberythemal doses of SSR merits further study.
Effects of poliovirus infection on nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and nuclear pore complex composition.

Infection of eukaryotic cells with lytic RNA viruses results in extensive interactions of viral gene products with macromolecular pathways of the host, ultimately leading to death of the infected cells. We show here that infection of cells with poliovirus results in the cytoplasmic accumulation of a variety of shuttling and non-shuttling nuclear proteins that use multiple nuclear import pathways. In vitro nuclear import assays using semi-permeabilized infected cells confirmed that nuclear import was blocked and demonstrated that docking of nuclear import receptor–cargo complexes at the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) was prevented. Analysis of components of the NPC revealed that two proteins, Nup153 and p62, were proteolyzed during poliovirus infection. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic relocalization of numerous cellular proteins is caused by the inhibition of multiple nuclear import pathways via alterations in NPC composition in poliovirus-infected cells. Blocking of nuclear import points to a novel strategy by which cytoplasmic RNA viruses can evade host immune defenses, by preventing signal transduction to the nucleus.
Comparison of complete carcinogenesis and tumor initiation and promotion in mouse skin: the induction of papillomas by tumor initiation-promotion a reliable short term assay

Skin tumors can be induced by the sequential application of a subthreshold dose of a carcinogen (initiation phase), followed by repetitive treatment with a weak or noncarcinogenic tumor promoter. Using a two-stage system to induce tumors in Senear mice there is a very good dose-response relationship between the induction of the number of papillomas per mouse at early times (10 to 20 weeks) and the final carcinoma incidence after longer latency (20 to 50 weeks). This system can be used not only to determine the tumor initiating and promoting activities of a compound but if the agent is given repeatedly by itself one can also determine if it is a complete carcinogen, i.e., if it has both tumor initiating and promoting activity. With the exception of a few pure tumor initiators, there is in general a good qualitative and quantitative correlation between the ability of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) to act as a complete carcinogen and to act as a tumor initiator in mouse skin. In addition, if the age...
Adverse reaction to poetry therapy: A case report

The author presents a case analysis of a patient with Borderline Personality Disorder and PTSD who underwent significant regression in response to poetic material during a therapy session. Noting the need for research, a prototypical questionnaire (Poetic Response Assessment Scale) to assess a patient's response to a particular literary work is provided.
The influence of hardness components (Ca2+ and Mg2+) in water on the uptake and concentration of cadmium in a simulated freshwater ecosystem.

Abstract To determine whether hardness components in water influenced uptake and concentration of Cd in members of a simulated freshwater ecosystem, an alga ( Nitella flexilis ), a rooted plant ( Elodea canadensis ), infusoria snails ( Ampullaria paludosa ), catfish ( Corydoras punctatus ), and guppies ( Lebistes reticulatus ) were cultured together for 1, 6, and 12 hr; and 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 14 and 21 days in hard (total Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ approximately 150 ppm) or soft (total Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ 0 ppm) water containing an initial concentration of 0.1 ppm Cd-115. At the end of each of the 10 different exposure periods, specimens of each species were rinsed in distilled water, digested in nitric acid, plated on 2-in. stainless steel planchettes and dried. The amount of radioactivity indicated that the initial rate of Cd uptake by these organisms was faster in hard water than in soft water; however, the total concentration of Cd was greater in those organisms cultured in soft water than those in hard water.
Current smoking is strongly associated with severe periodontitis

Abstract Original Article Hyman JJ, Reid BC. Epidemiologic risk factors for periodontal attachment loss among adults in the United States. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30(3):230–7. Level of Evidence 3 Purpose To identify variables related to periodontitis severity in a nationally representative sample Source of Funding NIH/NIDCR Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study
OMVPE growth of InP and Ga 0.47 In 0.53 AS as using ethyldimethylindium

We report the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth of InP and Ga0.47In0.53As using a new organometallic indium source, ethyldimethylindium (EDMIn), rather than the traditional sources triethylindium (TEIn) or trimethylindium (TMIn). EDMIn is a liquid at room temperature and its vapor pressure at 17° C was found to be 0.85 Torr using thermal decomposition experiments. The growth results using EDMIn were compared to those using TMIn in the same atmospheric pressure reactor. For InP, use of EDMIn resulted in a high growth efficiency of 1.3 × 104 μm/ mole, which was independent of the growth temperature and comparable to the growth efficiency obtained with TMIn. The high growth efficiency is consistent with the observation of no visible parasitic gas phase reactions upstream of the substrate. The 4K photoluminescence (PL) spectra consist of a peak due to bound excitons and an impurity related peak 38 meV lower in energy. This impurity peak is ascribed to conduction band to acceptor transitions from carbon, due to the decreasing relative intensity of this peak with increasing V/III ratio. The relative intensity of the C impurity peak decreases by five times when the growth temperature is increased from 575 to 675° C, with a corresponding increase in the room temperature electron mobility from 725 to 3875 cm2/ Vs. For GalnAs lattice-matched to InP, use of EDMIn also resulted in a temperatureindependent high growth efficiency of 1.0 x 104 μm/mole, indicating negligible parasitic reactions with AsH3. The In distribution coefficient was nearly constant at a value of 0.9, however the run to run composition variation was slightly higher for EDMIn than for TMIn. The 4K PL showed donor-acceptor pair transitions due to C and Zn. The C impurity peak intensity decreased dramatically with increasing growth temperature, accompanied by an increase in the room temperature electron mobility to 5200 cm2/Vs. Overall, the growth of both InP and GalnAs using EDMIn was qualitatively similar to that using TMIn, although the room temperature electron mobilities were lower for the new source than for our highest purity bottle of TMIn.
Isometric shoulder girdle strength of healthy young adults.

Abstract Background Shoulder girdle muscles are important for stabilizing the scapula and orienting the glenoid for upper-extremity motion. However, data describing shoulder girdle strength and how it varies with position is lacking. Methods A series of experiments was conducted to measure isometric strength at three positions each for elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction of the shoulder girdle. Nineteen healthy men and women (ages 19 to 23 years) participated in the study. Subjects were seated in a custom apparatus and asked to push or pull with extended arms as forcefully as possible against force-sensing handles. Shoulder girdle elevation angle and protraction angle were recorded with a video system during the tests. Findings In each direction the force generated by the shoulder girdle varied significantly ( P P r > 0.71) and with one-repetition maximum bench-press strength ( r > 0.83). Interpretation Functional tasks such as bench-press may be good indicators of shoulder girdle strength in some directions.
Experimental determination of H2O loss from melt inclusions during laboratory heating: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to quantify H 2 O loss from melt inclusions during laboratory heating using Raman spectroscopy. Quartz-hosted melt inclusions from the early-erupted plinian stage of the Bishop Tuff were heated to 800 °C and 1 kbar for 4 to 1512 h (63 days). Previous studies had shown that unheated melt inclusions from this unit of the Bishop Tuff contain 4.8–6.5 wt.% H 2 O. Many Bishop Tuff melt inclusions fluoresce under visible (514 nm) Raman excitation. To minimize fluorescence interference, a method was developed to analyze silicate glasses and melt inclusions using an UV (244 nm) excitation source. The Raman microprobe was calibrated using silicate glass standards with known H 2 O contents, and the results indicate that the UV excitation data produce a calibration line with a different slope compared to that produced using visible excitation. The inclusions show insignificant H 2 O loss when heated for less than 12 h, while approximately 75% of the original H 2 O was lost after 1512 h. The rate of H 2 O loss decreases after a few hundred hours, suggesting either a change in H 2 O speciation or in the mechanism of H 2 O loss. Our results suggest that most silicic melt inclusions maintain their original H 2 O concentration if they are not heated for more than about 12 h during laboratory studies.
Optical isolator based on a rectangular waveguide with helical grooves

Rectangular waveguide with slanted grooves in its sidewalls can be used as an optical isolator due to the chirality effect. Even the crudest implementations of chirality are shown to exhibit significant directional asymmetry.
Optical Addressing Techniques For A Cmos Ram

Progress on optically addressing a CMOS RAM for a feasibility demonstration of free space optical interconnection is reported in this paper. The optical RAM chip has been fabricated and functional testing is in progress. Initial results seem promising. New design and SPICE simulation of optical gate cell (OGC) circuits have been carried out to correct the slow fall time of the 'weak pull down' OGC, which has been characterized experimentally. Methods of reducing the response times of the photodiodes and the associated circuits are discussed. Even with the current photodiode, it appears that an OGC can be designed with a performance that is compatible with a CMOS circuit such as the RAM.
The mammalian orthoreovirus bicistronic M3 mRNA initiates translation using a 5′ end-dependent, scanning mechanism that does not require interaction of 5′-3′ untranslated regions

Abstract Mammalian orthoreovirus mRNAs possess short 5′ UTR, lack 3′ poly(A) tails, and may lack 5′ cap structures at late times post-infection. As such, the mechanisms by which these viral mRNAs recruit ribosomes remain completely unknown. Toward addressing this question, we used bicistronic MRV M3 mRNA to analyze the role of 5′ and 3′ UTRs during MRV protein synthesis. The 5′ UTR was found to be dispensable for translation initiation; however, reducing its length promoted increased downstream initiation. Modifying start site Kozak context altered the ratio of upstream to downstream initiation, whereas mutations in the 3′ UTR did not. Moreover, an M3 mRNA lacking a 3′ UTR was able to rescue MRV infection to WT levels in an siRNA trans-complementation assay. Together, these data allow us to propose a model in which the MRV M3 mRNA initiates translation using a 5′ end-dependent, scanning mechanism that does not require the viral mRNA 3′ UTR or 5′–3′ UTRs interaction.
Improving the Quality of Physical Education? The Education Reform Act, 1988, and Physical Education in England and Wales

The Education Reform Act (ERA) 1988 represents the most significant piece of legislation to have entered the education system in postwar Britain. Although all its “effects” have yet to materialize, this paper argues that aspects of ERA legislation will have a very damaging impact upon both the level and quality of PE provision in some state schools. The tone of this paper is necessarily speculative; but the analysis, based on the authors' ongoing research in primary and secondary schools, will suggest that ERA may exacerbate social and educational divisions within the education system and make it very difficult for some teachers to provide a quality “PE for all.”
Shakespeare and the Senses

This article examines recent critical approaches to Shakespeare and the senses. Historicizing the senses has posed certain methodological challenges: what is the relationship between subjective sensory perceptions and broader cultural understandings of sensation? Does the sensate have a history? Recent work on each of the five senses demonstrates that the answer is yes. And, surprisingly, Shakespeare and his literary works are at the center of the field. As an important figure of the English literary canon, yet one about whom we know so very little, Shakespeare's sensory archive is both omnipresent and illusive. Shakespearean sensations thus provide a way of grappling with the larger methodological stakes of this field. This article examines a wide range of critical approaches to Shakespeare's sensory archive and ends by considering possible paths for further research.
Near-surface and topographic distortions in electromagnetic induction

The most revealing description of electromagnetic (EM) distortions due to near-surface inhomogeneities and topography is in terms of galvanic and inductive effects. In either case, the distorted electric and magnetic fields can be best visualized as a vectorial sum of primary and secondary fields. Secondary electric fields due to electric charge build-up in the galvanic case persist to the longest periods. In contrast, the secondary electric and magnetic fields due to inductive, vortex currents disappear at long periods. The static shift of magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity sounding curves is a classic example of the galvanic effect. Methods to correct for unwanted distortions such as the static shift can be classified into six categories: use of invariant response parameters, curve shifting, statistical averaging, spatial filtering, use of distortion tensors, and computer modeling. Although invariant impedance calculations are simple to make, they cannot, in general, recover the undistorted impedance. Short period curve shifting is best done with auxiliary soundings such as time domain EM; however, this requires multiple surveys. The shifting of long period MT sounding branches is useful if a standard curve is known and can be matched. Statistical averaging of neighboring MT soundings that are conformal but static shifted has proven very effective at removing random distortions if adaquate data are available. The new EMAP (Electromagnetic Array Profiling) method combats the inherent spatial high pass characteristics of EM distortions by low pass operations in data collection and processing. EMAP proposes the continuous, in-field measurement of electric field dipoles to avoid spatial aliasing. Distortion tensor stripping of topographic distortions is possible since terrain is deterministic but stripping the effects of uncertain subsurface inhomogeneities may be misleading. A new decomposition of the MT impedance tensor under the assumption of surficial three-dimensional (3-D) galvanic effects imposed on a one- or two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) regional setting promises a way to recover the regional structure. There is a continual need for 3-D computer modeling to test new methods and to calculate topographic and regional effects. Computer modeling has established the value of 2-D modeling of the data identified as transverse magnetic (TM) in some 3-D environments. Ideally, EM distortion correction requires continuous, or at least many, data and the application of more than one correction-modeling scheme.
Parasite heat-shock proteins

Many parasites, including most of those of medical or veterinary importance, experience a major increase in ambient temperature at some stage during their life cycle. This occurs when a cyst or free-living larval form is ingested by a warm-blooded host, when a poikilotherm-infecting parasite is transmitted to a homeotherm, or when a transiently free-living invasive larva penetrates the skin of a mammal. This sudden change in temperature could be expected to stress the intruder, as it should dramatically alter rates of metabolic reactions and of denaturation of proteins. This would especially affect the function of near-equilibrium, regulatory, and membrane-bound enzymes (changes in temperature affect membrane fluidity). In this article George Newport, Janice Culpepper and Nina Agabian consider how parasites cope with this problem, emphasizing the possible role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), how the expression of these molecules is regulate, and how HSPs interact with the host immune system.
Comparing Aggregate Housing Price Measures

Three methodologies have been developed to measure the aggregate price of housing. This article provides an overview of these three methodologies for pricing housing as well as a detailed guide to the major house price indexes based on them.
Asymptotics of least squares for nonlinear harmonic regression

This paper considers the least-squares estimator of a nonlinear regression problem where the regression function is a sum of sinusoids with unknown amplitudes and frequencies. It provides a complete proof of the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the nonlinear least-squares estimator after an expository discussion on the gaps and flaws in the related literature.
The Effects of Mountains on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere as Identified by Numerical Experiments

Abstract In order to identify the effects of mountains upon the general circulation of the atmosphere, a set of numerical experiments is performed by use of a general circulation model developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of NOAA. The numerical time integrations of the model are performed with and without the effects of mountains. By comparing the structure of the model atmospheres that emerged from these two numerical experiments, it is possible to discuss the role of mountains in maintaining the stationary and transient disturbances in the atmosphere. The model adopted for this study has a global computational domain and covers both the troposphere and stratosphere. For the computation of radiative transfer, the distribution of incoming solar radiation in January is assumed. Over the ocean, the observed distribution of the sea surface temperature of February is assumed as a lower boundary condition of the model. Over the continental surface, temperature is determined such that the cond...
Flow past a stationary and moving cylinder: DNS at Re=10,000

We conduct direct numerical simulations with 300 million degrees of freedom of turbulent flows past a stationary and a forced oscillating rigid cylinder at the Reynolds number Re=10,000. This one-order of magnitude increase in Reynolds number (compared to previous DNS) is accomplished by employing a multilevel-type parallel algorithm within the spectral element framework. Comparisons with the available experimental data show that the simulation has captured the flow quantities, mean, and rms statistics of the cylinder wake correctly. We also examine the effect of the randomness in the inflow on the vortex formation at a lower Reynolds number. We demonstrate that noisy inflows cause a vortex shedding-mode switching in the cylinder wake.