cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of water-dispersible fluorescent, radio-opaque, and paramagnetic CdS:Mn/ZnS quantum dots: a multifunctional probe for bioimaging.

Ultra-small (3.1 nm) multifunctional CdS:Mn/ZnS core−shell semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots), which possess fluorescent, radio-opacity, and paramagnetic properties, have been shown here. To demonstrate in vivo bioimaging capability, a rat was administered endovascularly with Qdots conjugated with a TAT peptide. The labeling efficacy of these Qdots was demonstrated on the basis of the histological analysis of the microtome sliced brain tissue, clearly showing that TAT-conjugated Qdots stained brain blood vessels.
Ethnicity in family therapy: A comparison of brief strategic therapy and culture-focused therapy

Abstract Many people of different ethnic groups enter therapy today, and therapists must choose among different ways to approach their problems. This article provides a brief, strategic family therapy approach that can be an alternative to a culture-focused therapy. The culture-oriented therapist focuses on understanding cultural premises and attempting to do therapy within the world view of clients. The strategic approach emphasizes the structure of the family and offers techniques that can be used whatever the culture. Ways of dealing with ethnicity are presented here, with a focus on problems of violence and alternate belief systems. The strategies emphasized are (a) minimizing ethnic issues as much as possible and dealing with the case in terms of the social context and family structure, (b) focusing on ethnicity as the basic therapy approach, and (c) combining the two approaches (structural and ethnic).
FRAY PEDRO DE GANTE PIONEER AMERICAN MUSIC EDUCATOR

Fray Pedro de Gante was an important figure in the history of American music education. His life and work in Mexico City predate similar activities in the United States by at least a century. He worked in a radically changing ethnic ard sociocultural environment and was a principal agent in the acculturation process. In teaching music he also became involved in the arts in general education, multicultural education, and student teaching. He was the first European to teach music in the Western hemisphere and taught thousands of students during his 45-year tenure. His school served as a model for later Franciscan schools in the southwestern United States. The documents show that he was not only successful by European standards, but that he was also highly respected and admired by the Indians he taught.
Some Important Details in the Technique of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy via the Modified Seldinger Technique

Study objective The percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy can be performed with a low complication rate if several important technical details are followed. This study delineates our experience and recommends changes in the operative technique. Design and setting Patients requiring tracheostomy were selected for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy based on previously reported criteria. The procedures were performed routinely in the ICU unless there was another reason to transport the patient to the operating room. The patients were monitored with an ECG and pulse oximetry. End−tidal CO 2 and ventilator settings were noted by the respiratory therapist. The airway was controlled using the bronchoscope and manually by the respiratory therapist. Adjustments were made in respiratory rate or tidal volume as indicated by an increase in end−tidal CO 2 . Patients and measurements We report our experience with 254 patients who underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. We prospectively recorded intraoperative, early, and late complications. From our personal experience of 170 cases previously reported and 84 recent cases, we find that there are several important technical details in performing the procedure that will minimize complications. Results (1) Use of a deflated endotracheal tube cuff and increased tidal volume on the ventilator to compensate for lost minute volume and maintain normal PaCO 2 ; (2) an adequate skin incision to more easily palpate and identify the tracheal cartilages; (3) directing the cannula needle caudally to properly identify the tracheal air column; (4) a new ridge on the 8F Teflon guiding catheter to prevent injury to the posterior tracheal wall by the dilators; (5) there is a danger of partially withdrawing the double guide when removing the largest−sized dilators that are usually tightly grasped by the tissues; (6) use of a single cannula flexible tracheostomy tube and a longer tracheostomy tube when indicated; (7) a double swivel connection and flexible tubing to connect the patient to the ventilator to lessen trauma to the stoma; (8) fenestrated tracheostomy tubes allow talking in conscious patients; and (9) use of a disposable end−tidal CO 2 monitor and bronchoscope to confirm intratracheal position of the endotracheal tube while performing the procedure and proper placement of the tracheostomy tube on completion of the procedure. Conclusion Using these principles, minor complications occurred in 6.5% of the patients and major complications occurred in 1.5% of the patients, with a mortality rate of 0.39%.
Speaker turn segmentation based on between-channel differences

Multichannel recordings of meetings provide information on speaker locations in the timing and level differences between microphones. We have been experimenting with cross-correlation and energy differences as features to identify and segment speaker turns. In particular, we have used LPC whitening, spectral-domain cross-correlation, and dynamic programming to sharpen and disambiguate timing differences between mic channels that may be dominated by noise and reverberation. These cues are classified into individual speakers using spectral clustering (i.e. defined by the top eignenvectors of a similarity matrix). We show that this technique is largely robust to precise details of mic positioning etc., and can be used with some success with data collected from a number of different setups, as provided by the NIST 2004 Meetings evaluation.
Abrams on active and passive euthanasia.

In her article 'Active and Passive Euthanasia' (Philosophy 53, No. 204, April I978) Natalie Abrams argues that active euthanasia is preferable to passive euthanasia on the basis of a moral difference between acting and refraining in 'positive' cases where the outcome is desirable for the victim. She contends that in positive cases we intuitively feel an individual who merely allows a good thing to occur is not as praiseworthy as one who actually does something to bring it about, assuming identical motives and outcomes. Thus if Dick rescues his wife from a flaming building, we find him praiseworthy. But if Ernest's wife staggers out of a flaming building by herself before Ernest is able to find a way to go into the building to take her out, we do not believe him praiseworthy. Abrams then claims that euthanasia should be classified as a positive case, since it is performed only where the outcome is believed to be the more desirable outcome for the patient. Therefore a doctor who acts to bring about the death of a patient is more praiseworthy than one who merely allows the death to occur. There are a number of questionable points in Abrams's argument. For example, we may disagree that euthanasia should be classified as a positive case. Are there not cases in which death is mistakenly judged to be desirable for the patient? Also, one could argue that Ernest is just as praiseworthy as Dick, not for his inaction in allowing another to live but for his actions in attempting a rescue. After all, Ernest did not merely allow another to live. He took certain steps with the intention of bringing about the positive outcome. However, I will grant Abrams these points. Still, I believe her argument fails, because it is not true that given identical motives allowing a positive outcome to occur is never as praiseworthy as acting to bring about that outcome. Consider the following pairs of cases:
A Drosophila homologue of membrane-skeleton protein 4.1 is associated with septate junctions and is encoded by the coracle gene

Protein 4.1 functions to link transmembrane proteins with the underlying spectrin/actin cytoskeleton. To permit a genetic analysis of the developmental role and cellular functions of this membrane-skeletal protein, we have identified and characterized its Drosophila homologue (termed D4.1). D4.1 is localized to the septate junctions of epithelial cells and is encoded by the coracle gene, a new locus whose primary mutant phenotype is a failure in dorsal closure. In addition, coracle mutations dominantly suppress Ellipse, a hypermorphic allele of the Drosophila EGF-receptor homologue. These data indicate that D4.1 is associated with the septate junction, and suggest that it may play a role in cell-cell interactions that are essential for normal development.
Dinkelbach NCUT: An Efficient Framework for Solving Normalized Cuts Problems with Priors and Convex Constraints

In this paper, we propose a novel framework, called Dinkelbach NCUT (DNCUT), which efficiently solves the normalized graph cut (NCUT) problem under general, convex constraints, as well as, under given priors on the nodes of the graph. Current NCUT methods use generalized eigen-decomposition, which poses computational issues especially for large graphs, and can only handle linear equality constraints. By using an augmented graph and the iterative Dinkelbach method for fractional programming (FP), we formulate the DNCUT framework to efficiently solve the NCUT problem under general convex constraints and given data priors. In this framework, the initial problem is converted into a sequence of simpler sub-problems (i.e. convex, quadratic programs (QP's) subject to convex constraints). The complexity of finding a global solution for each sub-problem depends on the complexity of the constraints, the convexity of the cost function, and the chosen initialization. However, we derive an initialization, which guarantees that each sub-problem is a convex QP that can be solved by available convex programming techniques. We apply this framework to the special case of linear constraints, where the solution is obtained by solving a sequence of sparse linear systems using the conjugate gradient method. We validate DNCUT by performing binary segmentation on real images both with and without linear/nonlinear constraints, as well as, multi-class segmentation. When possible, we compare DNCUT to other NCUT methods, in terms of segmentation performance and computational efficiency. Even though the new formulation is applied to the problem of spectral graph-based, low-level image segmentation, it can be directly applied to other applications (e.g. clustering).
Gender and Global Value Chains: Challenges of Economic and Social Upgrading in Agri-food

Supermarkets and agri-food companies increasingly dominate the production and retailing of food across the global south and north. They operate through global value chains (GVC) within which trade is coordinated by consumer-focused lead firms. This is generating jobs and incomes for workers and smallholders, a significant proportion female. Women contribute to enhancing productivity and quality in GVCs, but outcomes for improving their well-being appear to be mixed. The paper develops a gendered global value chain analysis as a frame for analysing processes of economic and social upgrading and downgrading in GVCs. It draws on case studies from African traditional and high value agro-exports to highlight three scenarios where: i. economic and partial social upgrading have gone together (floriculture); ii. upgrading and downgrading outcomes are mixed (horticulture); and iii. economic and social downgrading have gone together (cocoa). It considers the intersection of GVCs and gender embeddedness in shaping gender dynamics, and the role of private, civil society and public governance in promoting more gender equitable economic and social upgrading.
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural Coincidence Detection in the Nucleus Laminaris of the Owl

Neurons of the owl's nucleus laminaris serve as coincidence detectors for measurement of interaural time difference. The discharge rate of nucleus laminaris neurons for both monaural and binaural stimulation increased with sound intensity until they reached an asymptote. Intense sounds affected neither the ratio between binaural and monaural responses nor the interaural time difference for which nucleus laminaris neurons were selective. Theoretical analysis showed that high afferent discharge rates cause coincidence detectors with only excitatory input to lose their selectivity for interaural time difference when coincidence of impulses from the same side becomes as likely as that of impulses from the two sides. We hypothesize that inhibitory input whose strength increases with sound intensity protects nucleus laminaris neurons from losing their sensitivity to interaural time difference with intense sounds.
Peak capacity in packed capillary column solvating gas chromatography

In this paper, a general peak capacity expression was evaluated using columns containing various packing materials under solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions. Differing from column efficiency, peak capacity can describe both separation capability and speed when introducing the dead time into the peak capacity expression. Various factors that influence peak capacity in SGC are described, including particle pore size, chemical surface modification, particle size, column length, temperature, and pressure.
Evaluation of a Porous Polyurethane Scaffold in a Partial Meniscal Defect Ovine Model

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a degradable porous polyurethane scaffold in a partial meniscectomy ovine model. Methods: We subjected 42 skeletally mature ewes to unilateral partial excision of the lateral meniscus. In 19 animals the defect was left unfilled; in 23 animals a scaffold was inserted. Knees were examined by magnetic resonance imaging, gross inspection, and histologic inspection of the cartilage of the tibial plateau. Results: In contrast to what has been previously reported in a complete meniscal replacement model, cartilage damage did not occur under the site of scaffold implantation; this was likely influenced by the rapid infiltration of cells and the dense tissue that formed within the scaffold. Cartilage damage in both groups was located close to the midline of the joint. No significant difference in the condition of the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau was seen between groups up to 12 months postoperatively. This result was influenced by the fact that the partly meniscectomized knees also showed unexpected tissue regeneration within the defect site, which raises concern about the suitability of using a partial meniscectomy as a control in the ovine model. Conclusions: Our study has shown that implantation of a polyurethane scaffold in a partial meniscectomy ovine model promotes tissue ingrowth without damaging the cartilage with which it articulates. Clinical Relevance: Meniscal deficiency is a common occurrence, the effective clinical management of which is limited by the absence of an off-the-shelf implantable construct.
Consequences of Test Score Use as Validity Evidence: Roles and Responsibilities

This article has three goals. The first goal is to clarify the role that the consequences of test score use play in validity judgments by reviewing the role that modern writers on validity have ascribed for consequences in supporting validity judgments. The second goal is to summarize current views on who is responsible for collecting evidence of test score use consequences by attempting to separate the responsibilities of the test developer and the test user. The last goal is to offer a framework that attempts to prescribe the conditions under which the responsibility for collecting evidence of consequences falls to the test developer or to the test user.
Modulating the Dehydration Conditions of Adefovir Dipivoxil Dihydrate to Obtain Different Physical Forms of Anhydrate

The physical form of anhydrous adefovir dipivoxil (AD), obtained following the dehydration of AD dihydrate, was governed by the kinetics of water removal. The rate and extent of water removal following the dehydration of AD dihydrate was manipulated by altering the sample size, pan configuration, and heating rate in a differential scanning calorimeter. Interestingly, when there was moderate resistance to water removal, a new anhydrous polymorph (melting point 80°C) was obtained. High resistance to water removal resulted in amorphous AD. Variable temperature XRD of AD provided direct and unambiguous evidence of this new polymorph. We have prepared and characterized this new anhydrous polymorph as well as amorphous AD. Based on HPLC, AD dihydrate heated under different conditions in the DSC was observed to be chemically stable. When exposed to water vapor (RH ≥ 80%; 25°C), the new polymorph had a stronger propensity to convert to AD dihydrate than the amorphous anhydrate or AD form I.
Two Distinct Mechanisms Target Membrane Proteins to the Axonal Surface

We have investigated the trafficking of two endogenous axonal membrane proteins, VAMP2 and NgCAM, in order to elucidate the cellular events that underlie their polarization. We found that VAMP2 is delivered to the surface of both axons and dendrites, but preferentially endocytosed from the dendritic membrane. A mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of VAMP2 that inhibits endocytosis abolished its axonal polarization. In contrast, the targeting of NgCAM depends on sequences in its ectodomain, which mediate its sorting into carriers that preferentially deliver their cargo proteins to the axonal membrane. These observations show that neurons use two distinct mechanisms to polarize proteins to the axonal domain: selective retention in the case of VAMP2, selective delivery in the case of NgCAM.
Exploring the role of large predators in marsh food webs: evidence for a behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade

The influence of large predators on lower trophic levels in oligotrophic, structurally complex, and frequently disturbed aquatic environments is generally thought to be limited. We looked for effects of large predators in two semi-permanent, spikerush-dominated marshes by excluding large fish (>12 mm body depth) and similarly sized herpetofauna from 1 m 2 cages (exclosures) for 2 weeks. The exclosures allowed for colonization by intermediate (in size and trophic position) consumers, such as small fish, shrimp, and crayfish. Exclosures were compared to control cages that allowed large fish to move freely in and out. At the end of the experiment, intermediate-consumer densities were higher in exclosures than in controls at both sites. Decapod crustaceans, especially the riverine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus), accounted for the majority of the response. Effects of large fish on shrimp were generally consistent across sites, but per capita effects were sensitive to estimates of predator density. Densities of intermediate consumers in our exclosures were similar to marsh densities, while the open controls had lower densities. This suggests that these animals avoided our experimental controls because they were risky relative to the surrounding environment, while the exclosures were neither avoided nor preferred. Although illuminating about the dynamics of open-cage experiments, this finding does not influence the main results of the study. Small primary consumers (mostly small snails, amphipods, and midges) living on floating periphyton mats and in flocculent detritus (‘‘floc’’) were less abundant in the exclosures, indicative of a trophic cascade. Periphyton mat characteristics (i.e., biomass, chlorophyll a, TP) were not clearly or consistently affected by the exclosure, but TP in the floc was lower in exclosures. The collective cascading effects of large predators were consistent at both sites despite differences in drought frequency, stem density, and productivity.
Modeling contextual factors of click rates

In this paper, we develop and evaluate several probabilistic models of user click-through behavior that are appropriate for modeling the click-through rates of items that are presented to the user in a list. Potential applications include modeling the click-through rates of search results from a search engine, items ranked by a recommendation system, and search advertisements returned by a search engine. Our models capture contextual factors related to the presentation as well as the underlying relevance or quality of the item. We focus on two types of contextual factors for a given item; the positional context of the item and the quality of the other results. We evaluate our models on a search advertising dataset from Microsoft's Live search engine and demonstrate that modeling contextual factors improves the accuracy of click-through models.
Nerve growth factor-induced sprouting of mature, uninjured sympathetic axons.

The infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) into the lateral ventricle ofthe mature rat brain elicits a sprouting response from axons associated with the intradural segment of the internal carotid artery. Using electron microscopic techniques, we observed a three–fold increase in the total number of perivascular axons. This NGF-elicited response is characterized by a dramatic reduction in glial cell ensheathment similar to that observed during development and by the presence of profiles devoid of organelles that may represent newly formed sprouts. In spite of the increase in axon number, no significant changes in the percentage of small, medium, or large axons wereobserved. The three-fold increase in the total number of axons was accompanied byan increase in the number of axons/fascicle but no change in the number of fascicles. This, along with the observation that a majority of sprouted axons were associated with other axons, supports the idea that the sprouted axons tend to associate preferentially with other axons. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomies following cytochrome C infusion indicate that approximately 60% of the axons associated with the internal carotid artery arise from the superior cervical ganglion and that the majority of axons contacting the smooth muscle layer arise from this ganglion. Sympathectomy following NGF infusion resulted in a 79% reduction in the total number of perivascular axons, demonstrating overwhelmingly that the majority of sprouted axons are sympathetic fibers. These results demonstrate that infusion of NGF into the mature rat brain results in the preferential sprouting of sympathetic axons associated with the internal carotid artery. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NGF normally plays a role in the regulation of autonomic cerebrovascular innervation in the adult animal and that mature, uninjured sympathetic neurons remain responsive to NGF. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using a Constant Time Delay Procedure to Teach Foundational Swimming Skills to Children With Autism

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a constant time delay procedure to teach foundational swimming skills to three children with autism. The skills included flutter kick, front-crawl arm strokes, and head turns to the side. A multiple-probe design across behaviors and replicated across participants was used. Results of the study indicated that the constant time delay procedure was effective in teaching foundational swimming skills to the three children. Implications for future research and practice are presented.
Therapeutic ultrasound phased arrays: practical consideration and design strategies

Focused high-intensity ultrasound is used for a wide range of therapeutic applications including hyperthermia cancer therapy, myocardial ablation, drug delivery/drug activation, and ultrasound surgery. Although many different applicators are capable of generating acceptable power levels for ultrasound therapy, multiple element arrays offer the most flexible option for ultrasound power delivery. The various engineering and economic trade-offs, which optimize the phased array aperture with respect to the channel count, usually result in element sizes which are far from ideal. These array elements excite lateral modes, which reduce the electric to acoustic efficiency significantly (down to 10-20%). This problem can be solved with piezo-composite technology. Piezo-composite transducers resonate cleanly in the thickness mode with 55-65% efficiency, producing sufficient power for thermal therapy.
Stable Cooperative Surveillance With Information Flow Constraints

We consider a cooperative surveillance problem for a group of autonomous air vehicles (AAVs) that periodically receives information on suspected locations of targets from a satellite and then must cooperate to decide which AAV should search for each target. This cooperation must be performed in spite of imperfect intervehicle communications (e.g., messages with random but bounded delays), less than full communication connectivity between vehicles, uncertainty in target locations, and imperfect vehicle search sensors. We represent the state of the search progress with a ldquosearch map,rdquo and use an invariant set to model the set of states where there is no useful information on target locations. Arrivals of new suspected target location information from the satellite corresponds to perturbations of the search map from this invariant set. A cooperation strategy that pursues a type of ldquopersistent area denialrdquo will try to force trajectories of the system into the invariant set by exploiting initial target information and search progress by the AAVs. We show that the invariant set is exponentially stable for a class of cooperative surveillance strategies. We provide a comparative analysis of cooperative and noncooperative strategies. Next, we show via simulations the impact of imperfect communications, imperfect vehicle search sensors, uncertainty in search locations, and pop-up suspected locations on performance.
Particle Image Velocimetry Flow Measurements About a Vena Cava Filter

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition in which blood clots form in the lower extremities, often times the right leg, or pelvis region. These blood clots are formed through a variety of circumstances including: injury to the vessel wall, decreased blood supply, or increased clotting factors. Complications from DVT often arise when the blood clot breaks free forming a pulmonary embolism (PE). The incidence of such an occurrence is over 600,000 cases per year in the United States. If the PE is allowed to travel through the vascular system, occlusion of the pulmonary arteries and death may result. There are over 200,000 deaths attributed to this cause every year in the United States.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Ozone production potential following convective redistribution of biomass burning emissions

The effects of deep convection on the potential for forming ozone in the free troposphere have been simulated for regions where the trace gas composition is influenced by biomass burning. Cloud photochemical and dynamic simulations based on observations in the 1980 and 1985 Brazilian campaigns form the basis of a sensitivity study of the ozone production potential under differing conditions. It is seen that there is considerably more ozone formed in the middle and upper troposphere when convection has redistributed hydrocarbons, NO(x), and CO compared to the example of no convection.
Complex Organizations and Power

The Third Edition of Charles Perrow's Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay is filled with excellent arguments and examples demonstrating the usefulness of power when it comes to improving our un...
Battery storage systems in electric power systems

Energy storage has been the most challenging and complex issue of the industry whether it is the electric utilities or for industrial applications. The constant need for efficient energy storage has seen the emerging new technologies which promise reliability, productivity and the use of renewables. Energy storage can balance the fluctuations in supply and meet the ever growing demand of electricity. For short duration requirements battery storage can bring about frequency control and stability and for longer duration requirements they can bring about energy management or reserves. Storage can also be used to complement primary generation as they can be used to produce energy during off peak periods and this energy produced can be stored as reserve power as presented in the paper. Storage can play a multi-function role in the electric supply network to manage the resources effectively.
Using Econometric, Statistical, Survey, and In-Depth Interview Methods to Document Consumption Pattern 'Contagion' in the Voluntary Simplicity Movement

This research helps fill the gap in work on the identification problem reviewed by Larry Blume et al. (2011) by showing how qualitative survey methods can potentially help separate actual contagion effects in consumption from confounding effects that look like contagion if only observational data are used. Confounding effects include correlated unobservable characteristics of the consumer, context similarity (homophily), and selection bias. Separating true contagion effects from confounding effects is of basic policy importance because true contagion effects have a social multiplier whereas the confounders do not. This article is an expository article that shows potential gains from merging two lines of inquiry in consumer research typically conducted by separate groups of scholars who do not interact very much with each other. We argue that the statistical methods of separating true contagion effects from confounding effects can benefit from qualitative interview and participant observation methods using examples from the simple living movement.
Originary Temporality and Existential Commitment: A Defense of Heidegger's A Potiori Claim

Being and Time's fundamental ontoogy and existentialism both rest on the A Potiori Claim, which states that originary temporality is, although non-sequential, a genuine and basic concept of time from which we derive our more ordinary, sequential concept of time. In this paper, I develop a new reading and defense of this claim against the readings of William Blattner, which ties originary temporality too tightly to the particular roles and identities we live out and must therefore find Heidegger's project a failure, and Tony Fisher, who implies that our various roles and identities hang together in time in a merely accidental and non-rational way. On my reading, originary temporality is the structure of Dasein's characteristic activity of existential commitment. Through this activity, we each work out, in our own case, what it takes to embody the capacity for sense-making, at all. Here, the non-sequentiality of originary temporality reflects the way in which commitments are revised and sustained through time, while the sequence of nows derives from our need to embody our commitment in a single life that negotiates among the practical demands that our various identities make of us.
Sources of Caffeine in Diets of US Children and Adults: Trends by Beverage Type and Purchase Location

New sources of caffeine, besides coffee and tea, have been introduced into the US food supply. Data on caffeine consumption age and purchase location can help guide public health policy. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to estimate population-level caffeine intakes, using data from 24-h dietary recall. First, caffeine intakes by age-group and beverage type were estimated using the most recent 2011-2012 data (n = 7456). Second, fourteen years trends in caffeine consumption, overall and by beverage type, were evaluated for adults and children. Trend analyses were conducted by age groups. Last, trends in caffeine intakes by purchase location and beverage type were estimated. In 2011-2012, children aged four to eight years consumed the least caffeine (15 mg/day), and adults aged 51-70 years consumed the most (213 mg/day). The population mean (age ≥ four years) was 135 mg/day, driven largely by coffee (90 mg/day), tea (25 mg/day), and soda (21 mg/day). For the 14-19 years and 20-34 years age-groups, energy drinks contributed 6 mg/day (9.9%) and 5 mg/day (4.5%), respectively. The bulk of caffeine came from store-bought coffee and tea. Among both children and adults combined, caffeine intakes declined from 175 mg/day (1999-2000) to 142 mg/day (2011-2012), largely driven by a drop in caffeine from soda (41 mg/day to 21 mg/day). Store-bought coffee and tea remain principal drivers of caffeine intake in the US. Sodas and energy drinks make minor contributions to overall caffeine intakes.
Over 2300 phosphorylated peptide identifications with single-shot capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry in a 100 min separation.

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is typically employed for phosphoproteome analysis. Alternatively, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-ESI-MS/MS has great potential for phosphoproteome analysis due to the significantly different migration times of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of peptides. In this work, we systematically compared UPLC-MS/MS and CZE-MS/MS for phosphorylated peptide identifications (IDs) using an enriched phosphoproteome from the MCF-10A cell line. When the sample loading amount of UPLC was 10 times higher than that of CZE (2 μg vs 200 ng), UPLC generated more phosphorylated peptide IDs than CZE (3313 vs 1783). However, when the same sample loading amounts were used for CZE and UPLC (2–200 ng), CZE-MS/MS consistently and significantly outperformed UPLC-MS/MS in terms of phosphorylated peptide and total peptide IDs. This superior performance is most likely due to the higher peptide intensity generated b...
Evaluation and Treatment of Nonmonosymptomatic Enuresis

On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, up to one-third of patients with enuresis will have daytime urinary symptoms indicative of lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. (8)(9) On the basis of international consensus, children with enuresis and LUT dysfunction are correctly identified as having nonmonosymptomatic enuresis (NMSE) (formerly termed diurnal enuresis). (1)(2) On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, an adequate voiding and elimination history is the primary tool in differentiating between MSE and NMSE. (2)(7)(8). On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, therapy for NMSE is based on addressing underlying LUT dysfunction, constipation, and comorbid behavioral conditions before addressing enuresis. (2)(8)(9)(12) On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, treatment of underlying BBD and comorbid conditions will often result in improvement or resolution of enuresis. (2)(8)(9)(12). On the basis of international consensus, if enuresis is still present and a concern after treatment of underlying LUT, specific medical or behavioral therapy for enuresis should be offered to the family.(2)(8).
Norbert Wiener and probability theory

In this article I will be concerned only with what I think are Wiener’s most important contributions to probability theory. In the concluding section of this essay, I mention some of my personal reminiscences about him.
The Seasonal Life Cycle of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri, on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi

During 1968, examinations of over 150 mounds of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were made in the vicinity of Gulfport, Mississippi. The ant was shown to have a yearly developmental cycle that started in early March with the beginning of egg laying and continued until November, when the disappearance of most of the brood indicated an end to the cycle. Alate forms were most abundant in early spring, reaching a peak of 9% of the colony biomass in June. Production of alate forms decreased steadily during the summer and ceased around September. Overwintering alates formed 1–2% of the colony biomass between November and May. Worker production began in March with peaks observed in May and October. During the developmental season, 19.6% of the total colony biomass was comprised of brood.
The Adequacy of Rural Capital Markets: Public Purpose and Policy Options

Mr. Chairman and Committee Members, I appreciate the opportunity to testify before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry regarding rural capital issues. Several perspectives inform my comments today. I am an Extension public policy economist at Iowa State University. I serve as a member of the Rural Policy Research Institute's (RUPRI) Rural Finance Task Force. Many of my comments are grounded in the RUPRI Task Force background white paper "The Adequacy of Rural Financial Markets." cited as one of the four studies for review and discussion at today's hearing. At the request of the ISU Vice Provost for Extension, I am leading a dialogue with a diverse group of spark plug rural community economic development and financial leaders on innovative rural capital projects in western Iowa. I am also a partner in a rural community housing development project. Finally, I have served as a city council member for Boone, Iowa population 12,500--a city that is wrestling with issues of economic development, infrastructure and housing from a rural community perspective.
Imaginary imaginary friends? Television viewing and satisfaction with friendships

Kanazawa [Evol. Hum. Behav. 23 (2002) 167] applies evolutionary psychological principles to current debates about social capital by proposing that our evolved minds process information about television characters as though they were real people in our lives. He contends that people thus derive similar satisfaction from ‘‘imaginary friends’’ on television as they do from real friendships, and that men and women should be especially satisfied with their imaginary friends if they watch programs featuring settings similar to where members of their sex tend to form real friendships. Kanazawa claims support for the hypothesis from analyses using the 1993 US General Social Survey (GSS); however, I argue that Kanazawa’s tests may be inadequate because his measure of satisfaction with friendships might substantially reflect overall life satisfaction. Using the same data but measuring satisfaction with friendships relative to satisfaction with other areas of life, I find that the associationstakenassupportingKanazawa’shypothesis largelydisappear.D 2002ElsevierScience Inc. All rights reserved.
Researches on active queue management

Active Queue Management (AQM) can early notify congestion through controlling the drop time and the drop ways of output queues so it plays important roles on realization of TCP congestion control. The design, advantages and disadvantages of Random Early Detection (RED) as well as its variations proposed to solve some problems that exist in original RED are chiefly described. In addition, other AQM technologies that are absolutely different from RED are also introduced. All in all, the research and development of AQM are summarized.
Qualitative study of patient consent for health information exchange in an HIV clinic.

Introduction/background Health information exchange (HIE) is the secure, electronic transfer and/or accessibility of clinical data among healthcare providers. In the United States (US), the consent process for participation varies state to state. New York State (NYS) mandates written patient consent. The purpose of this study was to examine workflow and perceptions related to obtaining HIE consent in an HIV clinic. Methods We used contextual inquiry to observe the HIE consent-related workflow of four registration clerks for a total of 4 hours on two weekdays and subsequently created a flow chart and sequence model diagram. Clerks were also interviewed and the resulting narrative data were coded into themes. Results Observational and interview data suggested that patient privacy/confidentiality/trust, high volume workflow, and multiple competing demands affect the patient HIE consent process. Conclusions Additional qualitative data needs to be gathered from the perspectives of patients and clinicians about the HIE consent process.
Mannitol or hypertonic saline in the setting of traumatic brain injury: What have we learned?

Intracranial hypertension, defined as an intracranial pressure (ICP) >20 mmHg for a period of more than 5 min, worsens neurologic outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI). While several mechanisms contribute to poor outcome, impaired cerebral perfusion appears to be a highly significant common denominator. Management guidelines from the Brain Trauma Foundation recommend measuring ICP to guide therapy. In particular, hyperosmolar therapy, which includes mannitol or hypertonic saline (HTS), is frequently administered to reduce ICP. Currently, mannitol (20%) is considered the gold standard hyperosmolar agent. However, HTS is increasingly used in this setting. This review sought to compare the efficacy of mannitol to HTS in severe TBI.The PubMed database was used to systematically search for articles comparing mannitol to HTS in severe TBI. The following medical subject headings were used: HTS, sodium lactate, mannitol, ICP, intracranial hypertension, and TBI. We included both prospective and retrospective randomized controlled studies of adult patients with intracranial hypertension as a result of severe TBI who received hyperosmolar therapy.Out of 45 articles, seven articles were included in our review: 5 were prospective, randomized trials; one was a prospective, nonrandomized trial; and one was a retrospective, cohort study.While all seven studies found that both mannitol and HTS were effective in reducing ICP, there was heterogeneity with regard to which agent was most efficacious.
Lateral biases for holding infants: early opinions, observations, and explanations, with some possible lessons for theory and research today.

In 1962, the psychologist Lee Salk reported finding that 80% of mothers held their infants on the left side of their body, so that the infant's head was to their left. Salk's finding has been amply confirmed, with new studies of mothers as well as other adults reporting figures for left-side holding ranging from 60 to 85% (e.g., de Chateau, 1983; Harris & Fitzgerald, 1985; Harris, Almerigi, & Kirsch, 2000). New studies also suggest that the bias is only for holding infants (or infant dolls), not for books, packages, or other objects (e.g., Almerigi, Carbary, & Harris, 2001; Rheingold & Keene, 1965). The possibility that it is unique to infants (or their likenesses) is what gives it special interest for investigators who study laterality of function. The discovery of the bias is often credited to Salk, but it would be more accurate to say that he rediscovered it because it was first noted at least two hundred years earlier, then, evidently, forgotten, only to be rediscovered and again forgotten several times through the early decades of the twentieth century. Over this period, however, not all agreed that the preferred side was the left: a nearly equal number said it was the right. Each group also proposed explanations for why one or the other side was preferred. They also foresaw different consequences for the infant being held. In the 1980s, I briefly described some of the early reports in essays on the history of theories and research on laterality of function (Harris, 1980, 1983). A manuscript now in preparation provides a more comprehensive description and evaluation of these reports and suggests certain lessons they may hold for current theory and research. The poster proposed for TENNET XII will summarize the main points of this new review and analysis. The poster will be organized into 6 sections, with bulleted text accompanied by drawings, photographs, and other illustrations. The plan is to make the story as visual as possible.
Learning through Leading: A Self-Study in District Administration.

AbstractThere is little research in the area of understanding educational leaders’ psychological processes. This lack of understanding leaves educational leaders to develop their own sense-making practices while in the complex and stressful act of leading. This self-study, conducted over more than half a school year in 2014–2015, was my own effort to do just that: to understand myself as a leader by examining various influences on my role using a four-quadrant framework for leadership. The findings highlight two significant areas influencing my leadership practices: the internal-entity quadrant, defined as the leader’s personal values and beliefs, and the internal-context quadrant, defined as the leader’s perception of the various contextual influences surrounding her role. Adopting this framework for my thinking allowed a more objective view of my practice and the beliefs and assumptions operating within my practice. While this work is, at a personal level, my own struggle to understand the complexities ...
The Deep-Space Network Telecommunication CubeSat Antenna: Using the deployable Ka-band mesh reflector antenna.

In the near future, CubeSats will be deployed beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO) to perform scientific tasks in deep space. To do so, these CubeSats will need high-gain antennas (HGAs) that fit in a highly confined volume. In this article, we present an innovative, deployable Ka-band antenna that folds in a 1.5-U (10 ? 10 ? 15 cm3) stowage volume suitable for 6U (10 ? 20 ? 30 cm3)-class CubeSats. This antenna is designed for telecommunication and is compatible with NASA's deep-space network (DSN) at Ka-band frequencies (i.e., uplink: 34.2-34.7 GHz; downlink: 31.8-32.3 GHz). Calculations and measurements show that 42.0-dBi gain and 57% aperture efficiency are obtained at 32 GHz. We thoroughly describe the mechanical deployment mechanism because it is a critical component of the deployable Cube-Sat antenna. This challenging new design evolved from our previous design that only provided linear polarization and a single-frequency band.
Soil persistence of dimethyl disulfide combined with chloropicrin after repeated applications

Abstract Applying pre-plant soil fumigation is a commonly used practice in plasticulture production systems to control some weed species, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi that can cause damage to high value crops such as cut flowers and vegetables. Since the phasing out of methyl bromide, growers have been seeking an alternative that has similar broad spectrum efficacy. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) alone or combined with chloropicrin (Pic) has proven to be effective against pathogens and has the potential to become a widely used pre-plant soil fumigant. The results show that the addition of Pic significantly increases the soil persistence of DMDS when compared to pure DMDS under totally impermeable film (TIF). Dissipation of pure DMDS during the fall application was quicker during the spring application. The dissipation curve exhibited by DMDS:Pic in the fall was not typical of this mixture. It is unclear if this trend is a result of the sequential applications.
IS SKEPTICISM ABOUT SELF-KNOWLEDGE COHERENT?

In previous work I argued that skepticism about the compatibility ofanti-individualism with self-knowledge is incoherent. Anthony Brueckner isnot convinced by my argument, for reasons he has recently explained inprint. One premise in Brueckner's reasoning is that a person'sself-knowledge is confined to what she can derive solely from herfirst-person experiences of using her sentences. I argue that Brueckner'sacceptance of this premise undermines another part of his reasoning – hisattempt to justify his claims about what thoughts our sincere utterances ofcertain sentences would express in various possible worlds. I describe aweird possible world in which a person who uses Brueckner's reasoning endsup with false beliefs about what thoughts her sincere utterances of certainsentences would express in various possible worlds. I recommend that wereject Brueckner's problematic conception of self-knowledge, and adopt onethat better fits the way we actually ascribe self-knowledge.