cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON POROMECHANIC BEHAVIOURS OF SATURATED POROUS CHALK

The experimental results suggest that the mechanical behaviours of chalk can be modeled in terms of elastoplastic model with two plastic deformation mechanisms:plastic compaction(pore collapse) and plastic shear.From this observation,a constitutive model based on Gurson criterion and Pietruszczak criterion is proposed to study the mechanicals behaviour of chalk.The model contains two yield functions and corresponding plastic flow rules.The performance of the model has been verified for the chalk in drained hydrostatic and triaxial tests;and a good agreement has been obtained.It is well known that minerals,structure and saturation conditions have important influences on the mechanical behaviours of chalk.Moreover,the influence of pore pressure is also very important.Consequently,pore pressure should be taken into account in the modelling of mechanical behaviour of saturated porous chalk.Coussy′s poroplastic theory is used for the extension of this model to describe poromechanical coupling of chalk.According to the general framework of poro-elasto-plastic modelling,the concepts of the effective stress tensors,especially the concept of plastic effective stress tensor,are discussed.In order to study the poromechanical behaviour of chalk in consideration of pore pressure variation,two yield functions and plastic potentials are expressed as the function of the plastic effective stress tensor.Then the plastic behaviour of saturated porous chalk can be studied in undrained conditions,especially in undrained triaxial compression condition.In general,the model′s predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.It is shown that the proposed model is able to describe the poromechanical behaviour of saturated porous chalk by using the concept of effective stress.
Spectral efficiency of large-system CDMA via statistical physics

Dept. of Electrical EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, NJ 08544, USAemail: {dguo,verdu}@princeton.eduAbstract — The channel capacity of randomly spreadCDMA subject to Gaussian noise and ﬂat fading isstudied in the large-system limit under arbitrary in-put distributions. Using the replica method originallydeveloped in statistical physics, we ﬁnd the spectraleﬃciencies under both joint decoding and single-userdecoding. We show that under single-user decoding,where a conditional mean estimator is ﬁrst appliedto separate the users, each user is as if transmittingthrough a degraded Gaussian channel where the ratioof the eﬀective energy to the true energy is the samemultiuser eﬃciency to everyone. It is found that themultiuser eﬃciency is the solution to a ﬁxed-pointequilibrium equation. The spectral eﬃciency underboth joint and separate decoding are expressed explic-itly in the multiuser eﬃciency, the input distributionand the fading characteristics.
FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels.

Imaging of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.
Communication in Adoptive Families

Members of families formed through adoption rely extensively on communication practices to construct and maintain their relational ties even as they confront numerous challenges to their identity. Many contemporary adoptive families maintain connections with one of more sets of the children's biological parents, a significant communication challenge; other families confront external challenges to their family identity due to visible differences among members. Because of the major role that communication plays in managing family identity, both internally and externally, a growing body of research addresses these communicative practices. This entry focuses on the issues of openness, visibility, and flexibility that are managed communicatively by adoptive family members. Keywords: children; diversity; family communication; Gay and Lesbian Studies; identity; interpersonal communication; privacy; Race and Ethnicity Studies; relational communication; social change
Urine-powered (galvanic) electric cell and sensor on paper substrate

A self-powered urinalysis platform for point of care utility is reported consisting of an electrochemical sensor fabricated on paper substrate and powered by urine. A galvanic cell activates upon addition of urine, with the REDOX reaction between urine and electrode–electrolyte pair Al|NaOH|NaCl|CuSO4|Cu generating power. Owing to presence of many ionic species in urine, electrical conductivity (EC) is positively related to osmolality, Na+ concentration, and uric acid concentration. Urine EC dependence on osmolality and Na+ concentration contribute to cell electrical property. The cell consists of several layers: the base paper layer (impregnated with NaOH), hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers, CuSO4 and NaCl strips, and Cu and Al electrodes. A single cell device upon exposure to urine generates an open circuit voltage of 1.15 V and a short circuit current of 1.6 mA. A series twin cell device can power an LED for ~40 min. The device also selectively responds to K+ ion discharged in urine within the physiological range (25–125 mEq l−1). A single cell device generates short circuit current in range of 2.4–3.3 mA for concentrations of K+ from 50 to 130 mEq l−1 in urine.
Prognostic considerations of the new World Health Organization classification of lung adenocarcinoma

The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) lung adenocarcinoma classification divides tumours into categories of indolent pre-invasive, minimally invasive and predominantly lepidic and, by examining predominant patterns of invasion, allows for further stratification into intermediate and high-grade tumours. The impact of the 2015 classification on prognosis was reviewed by a PubMed search for search terms "adenocarcinoma", "lung pathology" and "prognosis" and relevant publications reviewed. These were sorted for data on stage and survival as impacted by histological classification, and survival studies were separated into all stage versus stage 1 studies. Predictive aspects of histological classification were also examined, but molecular correlates were not. The separation of adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma from invasive subtypes as distinct prognostic entities and the prognostic significance, for disease specific and overall survival for low- and high-grade categories, are discussed. The impact on stage at presentation including risk of node metastasis by histology is examined, as well as histology in relation to recurrence after surgery. Early data with regard to the value of predominant histology in the prediction of chemotherapy response will also be explored.
The Moral Economy of Money between the Gold Standard and the New Deal

In this article, I show that Depression-era popular opposition to gold standard orthodoxy had an identifiable impact on New Deal policy. Popular pressure was rooted in a political-economic vision I call the “moral economy of money.” The moral economy of money included a critique of the gold standard and creditor classes and advocated a democratization of control over money and credit to restore social justice. Against many odds, Roosevelt narrowly defeated congressional majorities connected to popular groups bent on mandating Treasury currency issue. At the same time, he pioneered a discourse that became generalized in the following decades and discouraged a reemergence of the moral economy of money.
High-efficiency amplitude-phase modulation holograms based on dielectric metasurfaces

We report a high-efficiency dielectric metasurface with continuous and arbitrary control of both amplitude and phase. We experimentally demonstrated the advantages of complete wavefront control by comparing amplitude-phase modulation metasurface holograms to phase-only metasurface holograms.
Case 29-2017. A 59-Year-Old Woman with Pain and Swelling in the Right Hand and Ankles.

A 59-year-old woman presented with progressive pain in her right thumb and both ankles. Examination revealed effusion of both ankle joints and pain with movement of the ankles and the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right thumb. A diagnostic test was performed.
Health Literacy and Health Status in People With Chronic Heart Failure.

PURPOSE/AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether health literacy, self-efficacy, and medication adherence can explain or predict the variance in health outcomes (measured as perceived physical or mental health status [HS]) in persons with chronic heart failure (HF). DESIGN A nonexperimental cross-sectional survey study used data gathered from 175 patients with chronic HF from urban cardiology practices in the northeast United States. METHODS The Paasche-Orlow and Wolf Causal Pathways conceptual model and Bandura's self-efficacy theory were used to select and test variables in the study. A demographic questionnaire, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy, the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and the Short Form-12 version 2 assessing perceived physical and mental HS were completed. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were used to analyze relationships among the variables. RESULTS Significant associations between health literacy and self-efficacy and between health literacy and perceived mental HS were found (P < .05). High self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of physical HS (P < .01). The strongest predictor of mental HS was medication adherence (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Support of self-efficacy and medication adherence may improve HS. Including health literacy strategies in clinical practice may support improvements in HS in people with chronic HF.
Dent depth visibility versus delamination damage for impact of composite panels by tips of varying radius

The ability to visually detect damage from impact events is a common concern for carbon/epoxy composite laminates, particularly because composite materials can sustain impact damage in forms such a...
Managing acute cholecystitis among Medicaid insured in New York State: opportunities to optimize care

Identifying sources of unnecessary cost within Medicaid will help focus cost containment efforts. This study sought to identify differences in surgical management and associated costs of cholecystitis between Medicaid and privately insured in New York State. The New York State all-payer mandatory discharge database from 2003 to 2013, had 297,635 patients with Medicaid (75,512) and privately (222,123) insurance who underwent cholecystectomy for cholecystitis. Patients were stratified by insurance. Four surgical management approaches were delineated based on cholecystectomy timing: primary, interval, emergency, and delayed cholecystectomy. Delayed cholecystectomy was defined as more than one hospital visit from diagnosis to definitive cholecystectomy. Medicaid and privately insured patients were propensity score matched. Surgical management approach and associated costs were compared between matched cohorts. A greater proportion of Medicaid patients underwent delayed cholecystectomy compared to matched privately insured patients, 8.5 versus 4.8%; P < 0.001. Primary initial cholecystectomy was performed in fewer Medicaid compared to privately insured patients, 55.4 versus 66.0%, P < 0.001. Primary initial cholecystectomy was the cheapest surgical management approach, with the median cost of $3707, and delayed cholecystectomy was the most expensive, $12,212, P < 0.001. The median cost per Medicaid patient was $6170 versus $4804 per matched privately insured patient, P < 0.001. The annual predicted cost savings for New York State Medicaid would be $13,097,371, if the distribution of surgical management approaches were proportionally similar to private insurance. Medicaid patients with cholecystitis were more frequently managed with delayed cholecystectomy than privately insured patients, which had substantial cost implications for the New York Medicaid Program.
Surveillance of traffic incident management-related occupational fatalities in Kentucky, 2005-2016.

Objective: Traffic incidents occurring on roadways require the coordinated effort of multiple responder and recovery entities, including communications, law enforcement, fire and rescue, emergency ...
“Emotional Support Won’t Cure Cancer”: Reasons People Give for Not Providing Emotional Support

A major stressor faced by many people in their lifetime is a cancer diagnosis; however, cancer patients often report instances of people they know who never communicated emotional support regarding...
EFFECTIVE INSULATION OF GLASS SOLUTION BOTTLES FOR OPERATING ROOM USE

The use of the en bloc technique for removal of human donor kidneys for transplantation is currently standard practice in many transplant centers. When combined with in situ flushing and cooling of the kidneys, these techniques have been shown to reduce warm ischemia time to a minimum and to yield consistantly well-preserved organs. Ideal flush solution temperatures are often difficult to maintain in the operating room environment using glass bottles suspended in an ambient temperature of 22–24°C. A simple flush bottle insulator has been fashioned from closed cell polyurethane material to maintain flush solution bottles at appropriately cold temperatures for adequate time periods. Determinations of the rate of temperature change of a one liter bottle of flush solution from 2°C were made in an ambient temperature of 23±1°C. The rate of temperature rise (as determined by the slope of temp. vs time) was significantly lower (0.149 vs 0.368 p<0.005) with the insulator in place. It is concluded that a simple polyurethane insulator is effective in maintaining appropriate flush solution temperatures in an OR environment.
An Ideal Part of Rings

Before attempting this lab, you should have completed Ring Lab 1. You shouldalso be familiar with cosets of normal subgroups.
Existential Mattering: Bringing Attention to a Neglected but Central Aspect of Meaning?

Most current literature on meaning uses the term meaning to refer to a variety of different specific aspects, such as having a sense of goals, direction, significance, fulfillment, engagement in valued activities, ability to make sense of life, and so forth. One essential aspect of meaning that has yet to receive focused and in-depth attention is existential mattering (EM). EM can be defined as the degree to which individuals feel that their lives are of value and significance in the world. Although EM is an implicit part of the current theoretical and empirical literature on meaning, it is rarely given adequate and focused attention. In this chapter, we discuss EM at length. Citing the work of prior theorists, we highlight how EM may play a crucial role in individuals’ lives, and how individuals are strongly inclined to see their lives as having significance and value. We argue that future theoretical and empirical work that specifically focuses on EM, without conflating it with other aspects of meaning, may foster more nuanced theorizing and research regarding how different aspects of meaning, such as EM, may be related to important variables such as spirituality, resilience, well-being, and death anxiety. We briefly examine EM as it exists in the current empirical literature on meaning. Further, we discuss EM as it relates to Terror Management Theory (TMT). We argue that the construct of EM is intimately tied to TMT. TMT argues that individuals are motivated to feel that their lives are of enduring value, and to feel that they are valued members of a reality that transcends death. TMT conceptualizes self-esteem as the construct that best taps this motivation. Contrary to this, we argue that EM may capture this motivation more accurately than does self-esteem. Research that examines EM in the context of TMT is warranted, as EM may provide additional explanatory power beyond that provided by self-esteem. We conclude the chapter with directions for future research on EM.
Observing the Ocean Surface Topography at High-Resolution by the SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) Mission

This paper presents the oceanographic objectives and plans for calibration and validation, science investigations and applications for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission. SWOT, an international mission planned for launch in 2021, will make high-resolution observations of the ocean surface topography as a next-generation altimetry mission utilizing the technique of radar interferometry.
Estimating Pedestrian Impact on Coordination of Urban Corridors

Pedestrian walk timings at most U.S. traffic signals are run in concurrence with relevant signal phases for vehicular traffic. This usually means that signal operations coordinated for the major st...
Benjamin’s Chinese Painter: Copying, Adapting, and the Aura of Reproduction

In his famous “artwork” essay, Walter Benjamin uses the legend of a Chinese painter who disappeared into his own painting as the example par excellence of traditional art reception, performed throu...
Wind Gust Detection using Physical Sensors in Quadcopters

We propose the use of basic inertial measurement units (IMU) which contain sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes already on-board drones to detect the speed and direction of wind gusts. The ability to quickly sense wind gusts has many applications, the most notable of which is in flight assistance of the drone, where it may adjust motor power parameter to compensate for such external factors or steer the drone toward a safer direction. To illustrate the feasibility of the approach, we conducted studies to assess how reliably wind speed and wind direction can be detected while a quad-copter drone is hovering and then in-motion, using off-the-shelf classifiers. Empirical results with real-life data, collected on a micro aerial vehicle (MAV) in a physical room with a consumer-grade fan, show that (1.1) wind speed can be detected with high accuracy after training, not only on the same drone, but also across different drones of the same class, while (1.2) wind direction can be detected with high accuracy after training on the same drone, but with limited generalizability to other drones. (1.3) We demonstrate how real-time detection of wind speed, using offline trained models, is feasible and can be done with high accuracy. (2.1) Finally, we find the reason behind the lower accuracy for wind direction detection during the analysis of drones in-motion.
Individual and contextual correlates of cardiovascular diseases among adults in the United States: a geospatial and multilevel analysis

This study is among the first few efforts to examine both individual and contextual correlates of major forms of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in a comprehensive manner. With data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the 2010 Census, and a variety of other sources, we applied both geospatial and multilevel statistical analyses to investigate patterns of CVDs in conterminous U.S. counties, and identified underlying dynamics through a wide array of potential contributing factors. Our spatial analysis revealed hot spots primarily in the Southeastern United States, where CVDs prevalence rates exceeded those of other regions. We found that both individual and contextual factors were associated with CVDs, and some associations were disease-specific among heart attack, angina, and stroke. Beyond individual level socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle choices, county level education attainment, geographic clustering of racial and ethnic minorities, fine particulates in the air and park area size and availability were among the most important correlates. Results from this project provided valuable insights into the complex processes behind CVDs in a spatially vast and heterogeneous study area by incorporating environmental in addition to traditional demographic, behavioral and socioeconomic status factors across multiple spatial scales through combined geospatial and traditional statistical methods. Some notable policy implications from this study to combat CVDs at the macro level included promoting spatially more equitable distributions of parks with respect to population, improving aggregate educational attainment, and creating more racially diverse communities.
The multi-floor cross-dock door assignment problem: Rising challenges for the new trend in logistics industry

Abstract This paper is concerned with the multi-floor, cross-dock door assignment problem (MCDAP) to minimize the total material handling costs. We present a novel mixed-integer nonlinear programming model and a classic linearization form for the MCDAP. We use a combination of multi-start, genetic random-key, and very-large-scale neighborhood search (VLSN) as the diversification strategies for the solution perturbation method embedded within the critical event Tabu search to solve MCDAP. We will test the proposed algorithms on a set of 60 very-large sized instances with 150–300 loading doors, and 100–300 unloading doors that raise size of cost matrix up to 90,000 by 90,000.
Representing Entities: The Value of Teaching Students How to Draft Board Resolutions and Other Similar Documentation

This edited transcript comprises a panel presentation and related Q&A at "Educating the Transactional Lawyer of Tomorrow," Emory University School of Law's biennial transactional law conference held June 6-7, 2014. The transcript includes Professor Heminway's talk and a separate presentation by Professor Marcia Narine on "How to Make Transactional Law Less Terrifying and a Bit More Interesting." The panel, "Transactional Drafting: Beyond Contracts," features approaches to teaching transactional business law courses. Professor Heminway's presentation addresses the benefits of teaching the drafting of board resolutions, minutes, and consents in corporate finance and corporate governance courses. She describes how teaching law students using board resolutions enables her to unpack many levels of information with her students. She uses board resolutions to show students, among other things, how corporate governance doctrine connects theory and policy to the practice of business law. Through corporate board resolutions, she provides students with the opportunity to see what corporate boards of directors do, understand how legal rules impact the existence and content of board action, and reinforce existing -- and learn new -- legal drafting skills.In her presentation, Professor Narine describes her practical and experiential teaching in a corporate governance seminar and her Business Associations course. Specifically, she highlights what she deems to be her “greatest hits” exercises designed to engage different kinds of students in these courses. They include, e.g., writing assignments and in-class activities. In-class current events discussions are used to help students understand the connection of the course material to real life. A key goal for her students? "[T]o get them from completely terrified to less terrified."
Acute-phase induction of manganese superoxide dismutase in intestinal epithelial cell lines.

Abstract Cellular protection from immune-generated oxygen free radicals is initiated by the reduction of oxygen radicals by manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD). Using rat adult (IEC-6) and fetal (IRD-98) intestinal epithelial cell lines, factors involved in the regulation of the SODs at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level were examined. Exposure of IEC-6 and IRD-98 to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) results in a marked increase in MnSOD mRNA as early as at 1 hour. Cotreatment of cells exposed to LPS or TNF-α with actinomycin D or cycloheximide showed that de novo transcription but not protein synthesis is required for the LPS- and TNF-α-dependent induction in MnSOD mRNA. Treatment with interleukin 1β results in a 12-fold increase in MnSOD mRNA, but no change was observed with interleukin 6 or interferon α. No change was observed in the level of Cu/ZnSOD mRNA under any condition tested. The results indicate that MnSOD functions as a cytokine-regulated acute phase protein involved in cellular protection from free radical-mediated damage.
Sunbeam Corporation: A Forensic Analysis

The members of the Board of Directors at Sunbeam were completely bewildered. Al Dunlap, Sunbeam’s highly successful but controversial CEO was threatening to resign after almost two years of leading Sunbeam successfully out of a slump that had threatened the long-term viability of the company. Al Dunlap didn’t mince words. He angrily told the board, “We can’t fight a battle on two fronts. Either we get the support we should have or Russ [chief financial officer] and I are prepared to go…Just pay us.” 1 The directors had always stood solidly behind their hardnosed, cost-cutting leader and had been rewarded handsomely for their allegiance. The directors were taken aback. Why would they stop now? What was going on? Was it possible that one of the lead investors had conspired against the success of Sunbeam? A sense of panic set in but the board members assured Al Dunlap that he had their full support.
The COVID-19 AAGP Online Trainee Curriculum: Development and Method of Initial Evaluation.

ABSTRACT Objective One effect of the COVID-19 pandemic is the disruption of in-person clinical experiences within geriatric psychiatry residency education. Online resources for trainees are needed to fill resultant gaps. Methods The American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry (AAGP) Teaching and Training Committee leadership collaborated with geriatric psychiatry experts to develop a web-based geriatric psychiatry curriculum for psychiatry residents and other learners. In addition, we planned to obtain initial self-report outcomes of the curricular modules. Results The COVID-19 AAGP Online Trainee Curriculum (aagponline.org/covidcurriculum) consists of approximately 30 video-recorded lectures provided by AAGP member experts. A demographic survey and pre-/postsurvey attached to each module allow us to obtain learner characteristics and feedback on each module. Conclusions The Curriculum has the potential to supplement psychiatry residency education during the pandemic and potentially raise the profile of AAGP, with the goal of inspiring interest within geriatric psychiatry. Results of the initial self-report evaluation should be available in 1 year
Co-design for Security and Performance: LMI Tools

We present a convex optimization to reduce the impact of sensor falsification attacks in linear time invariant systems controlled by observer-based feedback. We accomplish this by finding optimal observer and controller gain matrices that minimize the size of the reachable set of attack-induced states. To avoid trivial solutions, we integrate a covariance-based $\|H\|_2$ closed-loop performance constraint, for which we develop a novel linearization for this typically nonlinear, non-convex problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this linear matrix inequality framework through a numerical case study.
Non-Volatile Integrated Photonics Enabled by Broadband Transparent Phase Change Material

We report a non-volatile integrated photonic platform enabled by the broadband transparent phase change material Sb 2 S 3 . Extreme low loss and non-volatile switching was demonstrated with <10 reduction in Q factor and over 30dBm extinction ratio.
The Rule of Law in Fragile States: Dictatorship, Collapse, and the Politics of Religion in Post-Colonial Somalia

The fate of the rule of law in fragile states rests in religious politics. Three defining periods of Somali politics illustrate this argument. First is the authoritarian regime of Mohamed Siad Barre in Somalia (1969–1991). This dictatorship used religion to rule by law. The regime executed religious leaders for disagreeing with the government's interpretation of Islam. Second is the rise of Islamic courts in Mogadishu, Somalia's capital city (1991–2007). The Islamic courts apprehended criminals, expelled warlords, and provided spaces for Somalis to resolve disputes peacefully. Third is the breakaway of Somaliland (1991–present). Somaliland has advanced Islamic legal principles to build peace and constitutional law. Taken together, these three periods demonstrate how religious politics transform law and society.
Radiation Versus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Associated Pneumonitis: Distinct Radiologic Morphologies.

BACKGROUND Patients with non-small cell lung cancer may develop pneumonitis after thoracic radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We hypothesized that distinct morphologic features are associated with different pneumonitis etiologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically compared computed tomography (CT) features of RT- versus ICI-pneumonitis. Clinical and imaging features were tested for association with pneumonitis severity. Lastly, we constructed an exploratory radiomics-based machine learning (ML) model to discern pneumonitis etiology. RESULTS Between 2009 and 2019, 82 patients developed pneumonitis: 29 after thoracic RT, 23 after ICI, and 30 after RT + ICI. Fifty patients had grade 2 pneumonitis, 22 grade 3, and 7 grade 4. ICI-pneumonitis was more likely bilateral (65% vs. 28%; p = .01) and involved more lobes (66% vs. 45% involving at least three lobes) and was less likely to have sharp border (17% vs. 59%; p = .004) compared with RT-pneumonitis. Pneumonitis morphology after RT + ICI was heterogeneous, with 47% bilateral, 37% involving at least three lobes, and 40% sharp borders. Among all patients, risk factors for severe pneumonitis included poor performance status, smoking history, worse lung function, and bilateral and multifocal involvement on CT. An ML model based on seven radiomic features alone could distinguish ICI- from RT-pneumonitis with an area under the receiver-operating curve of 0.76 and identified the predominant etiology after RT + ICI concordant with multidisciplinary consensus. CONCLUSION RT- and ICI-pneumonitis exhibit distinct spatial features on CT. Bilateral and multifocal lung involvement is associated with severe pneumonitis. Integrating these morphologic features in the clinical management of patients who develop pneumonitis after RT and ICIs may improve treatment decision-making. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Patients with non-small cell lung cancer often receive thoracic radiation and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), both of which can cause pneumonitis. This study identified similarities and differences in pneumonitis morphology on computed tomography (CT) scans among pneumonitis due to radiotherapy (RT) alone, ICI alone, and the combination of both. Patients who have bilateral CT changes involving at least three lobes are more likely to have ICI-pneumonitis, whereas those with unilateral CT changes with sharp borders are more likely to have radiation pneumonitis. After RT and/or ICI, severe pneumonitis is associated with bilateral and multifocal CT changes. These results can help guide clinicians in triaging patients who develop pneumonitis after radiation and during ICI treatment.
Systemic Risk of Contract

Complexity and uncertainty define our world, now more than ever. Scholars and practitioners celebrate modular contract design as an especially effective tool to manage these challenges. Modularity divides complex structures into relatively discrete, independent components with simple connections. The benefits of this fundamental drafting approach are intuitive. Lawyers divide contracts into sections and provisions to make them easier to understand and reduce uncertainty. Dealmakers constructing complex transactions use portable agreements as building blocks to reduce drafting costs and enable innovation. Little attention, however, has been paid to the risks introduced by modularity in contracts. This Article demonstrates how this touted and now-ingrained drafting approach introduces new forms of the very costs it seeks to minimize. The Article is the first to identify the types of risks introduced by modularity at the intra-contract level, among provisions, and the inter-contract level, among agreements that constitute deals. The Article groups these risks into three categories: First, “intertextualism,” which occurs when the operation of a discrete, or even standard, provision seems clear in isolation but is made uncertain by the presence of other discrete terms. Second, “modular drift,” which occurs when drafters transplant provisions specific to one transactional context into another transactional context, introducing uncertainty. Third, “latent triggers,” which occur when compartmentalization invites error or obscures a nuance in the interaction among discrete provisions. The Article urges courts to articulate distinctions between contract types and offers tools to contract drafters to mitigate uncertainty. It also makes a theoretical contribution with implications for contract doctrine and contract innovation. It shows how modularity can disrupt seemingly stable, standardized provisions, diminishing their certainty and imposing information costs on future drafters who seek to rely on precedent provisions or agreements. It thereby identifies a critical dimension of contract risk that complicates the balancing of standardization and private choice in contracts.
Topological Model of Neural Information Networks.

This is a brief overview of an ongoing research project, involving topological models of neural information networks and the development of new versions of associated information measures that can be seen as possible alternatives to integrated information. Among the goals are a geometric modeling of a “space of qualia” and an associated mechanism that constructs and transforms representations from neural codes topologically. The more mathematical aspects of this project stem from the recent joint work of the author and Yuri Manin [18], while the neuroscience modeling aspects are part of an ongoing collaboration of the author with Doris Tsao.
Sequence to Sequence ECG Cardiac Rhythm Classification using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks.

This paper proposes a novel deep learning architecture involving combinations of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) layers and Recurrent neural networks (RNN) layers that can be used to perform segmentation and classification of 5 cardiac rhythms based on ECG recordings. The algorithm is developed in a sequence to sequence setting where the input is a sequence of five second ECG signal sliding windows and the output is a sequence of cardiac rhythm labels. The novel architecture processes as input both the spectrograms of the ECG signal as well as the heartbeats' signal waveform. Additionally, we are able to train the model in the presence of label noise. The model's performance and generalizability is verified on an external database different from the one we used to train. Experimental result shows this approach can achieve an average F1 scores of 0.89 (averaged across 5 classes). The proposed model also achieves comparable classification performance to existing state-of-the-art approach with considerably less number of training parameters.
General Relativity's energy and positivity -- a brief history

I give a brief review of the search for a proper definition of energy in General Relativity (GR), a far from trivial quest, which was only completed after four and a half decades. The equally (or perhaps more) difficult task of establishing its positivity -- it was to take another fifteen plus years -- will then be summarized. Extension to cosmological GR is included. Mention is made of some recent offshoots.
Thermal and Acoustic Techniques for Monitoring Pulsed Laser Processing

A variety of thermal and/or acoustic techniques have been developed over the past few years to monitor and study laser initiated processes used in the microelectronics industry. A review of some of these will be given with examples from the work of the author and his collaborators, as well as from other laboratories. In many processes, lasers are valuable tools because they are capable of delivering controlled amounts of energy at specific times to localized regions of space. Processes such as hole drilling and laser enhanced etching or photochemical ablation involve a variety of complex physical and chemical processes. The understanding of these requires knowledge of the energy balance between chemical excitation (bond breaking, chemiluminescence, combustion, etc.), kinetic energy of expelled particles, heat in the substrate, and heat transmitted to the surroundings through radiation or conduction. Information concerning this energy balance can be obtained using steady state and time resolved calorimetry, infrared detection of thermal radiation, and steady state and time resolved photoacoustic techniques, and through the study of high frequency ultrasonic waves generated in the substrate. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique will be discussed within the context of specific examples. A better fundamental understanding of the processes involved is achieved as well as the development of practical process monitors.
Ads Selection At Twitter

Online advertising is a multi-billion dollar industry and it also serves as the major revenue source for Twitter Inc. In this talk, we present the ads selection pipeline at Twitter, using Promoted Tweets in Home Timelines as an example. The pipeline starts from targeting, where we model Twitter users' attributes offline, e.g. user gender, age, interest etc, so that we can match them with advertisers' specified audience criteria. The second critical component is user engagement rate prediction, where we employ a large-scale online learning system to do real-time training and prediction with rich features. Lastly, we run a second price auction based on the predictions, advertisers' bids and some other optimization parameters. We will present a series of case studies drawn from recent experiments in the setting of the deployed system used at Twitter.
The role of high pressure experiment and theory in our understanding of gaseous and icy planets

High pressure experiments provide essential data for modeling planetary structure. Shock wave experiments are often especially suitable because they sample the same region of pressure-temperature space that is achieved naturally within the planet during its evolution. A very brief overview of planetary properties is given, followed by a summary of the issues of current interest: the behavior of hydrogen and hydrogen-rich mixtures; C, N, and O at high pressure, and rock-ice mixtures.
A two-phase sampling design for increasing detections of rare species in occupancy surveys

Summary 1. Occupancy estimation is a commonly used tool in ecological studies owing to the ease at which data can be collected and the large spatial extent that can be covered. One major obstacle to using an occupancy-based approach is the complications associated with designing and implementing an efficient survey. These logistical challenges become magnified when working with rare species when effort can be wasted in areas with none or very few individuals. 2. Here, we develop a two-phase sampling approach that mitigates these problems by using a design that places more effort in areas with higher predicted probability of occurrence. We compare our new sampling design to traditional single-season occupancy estimation under a range of conditions and population characteristics. We develop an intuitive measure of predictive error to compare the two approaches and use simulations to assess the relative accuracy of each approach. 3. Our two-phase approach exhibited lower predictive error rates compared to the traditional single-season approach in highly spatially correlated environments. The difference was greatest when detection probability was high (0·75) regardless of the habitat or sample size. When the true occupancy rate was below 0·4 (0·05–0·4), we found that allocating 25% of the sample to the first phase resulted in the lowest error rates. 4. In the majority of scenarios, the two-phase approach showed lower error rates compared to the traditional single-season approach suggesting our new approach is fairly robust to a broad range of conditions and design factors and merits use under a wide variety of settings. 5. Synthesis and applications. Conservation and management of rare species are a challenging task facing natural resource managers. It is critical for studies involving rare species to efficiently allocate effort and resources as they are usually of a finite nature. We believe our approach provides a framework for optimal allocation of effort while maximizing the information content of the data in an attempt to provide the highest conservation value per unit of effort.
Legal Analysis and Terminology

Every student of the law must be equipped with certain fundamental concepts and with certain terms in which to express them. Let him read the federal Constitution or the opinion of any court or any legal treatise, or let him listen to the lecture of any law professor, and every sentence will be likely to bristle with rights and duties, powers, privileges, liabilities, and immunities. He will gradually realize also that these terms are frequently used loosely, each term often being used to express several distinct concepts, and he will find that our dictionaries merely record this wide and variable usage and aid little toward the clear expression essential to exact reasoning. No doubt the beginner cannot be made to realize at once the disadvantages attendant upon variableness of terms and uncertainty of concept. But it is quite possible at the very outset to master a number of fundamental legal concepts and to acquire a single definite meaning for each of the terms used to express them. With such simple concepts and definite phraseology the student can more easily analyze a complex problem, arrive at a correct solution, and explain it clearly to others. He can thus be led to avoid much unnecessary obscurity and difficulty. As his experience increases he must test for himself the accuracy and usefulness of the analysis and terminology. The following definitions are offered, chiefly for the benefit of beginning students of the law, in order to assist in establishing an exact terminology and a definiteness and accuracy of mental concept. These definitions are in large part based upon the articles of Professor Wesley N. Hohfeld, referred to below. I. FAcr: This is a world of facts. Physical existence and physical relations are facts. Our mental processes are facts. The existence of any legal relation is a fact. All changes and variations are facts. Facts include acts and events. II. ACT: An act is one of that class of facts manifest to the senses that consists of voluntary physical movements (muscular contractions that are willed) of human beings. A forbearance is a consciously willed absence of physical movement. Animals other than men can act or forbear, but they do not become parties to a legal relation. III. EVENT: Any change in the existing totality of facts, including the acts of human beings.
Chemokines, chemokine receptors and the gastrointestinal system

The biological properties of tumor cells are known to be regulated by a multitude of cytokines and growth factors, which include epidermal growth factor receptor agonists and members of the transforming growth factor β family. Furthermore, the recent explosion of research in the field of chemokine function as mediators of tumor progression has led to the possibility that these small, immunomodulatory proteins also play key roles in carcinogenesis and may, therefore, be potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will summarize recently reported findings in chemokine biology with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract.
The Meteoric Rise of the Signaling Molecule Cyclic di-GMP.

Although my students might think that all major components and important systems in biology are known, I tell them that nothing could be further from the truth. The field of cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) signaling is a case in point. Asking someone at an ASM General Meeting a decade or more ago about c-di-GMP would likely trigger blank stares, unless that person worked with Moshe Benziman at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. This year, however, I chaired a session covering second messenger signaling in bacteria during the 2012 ASM General Meeting in San Francisco. Now the vast majority of papers in this field focus on c-di-GMP. What is c-di-GMP, and why is interest in it sweeping through microbiology? What progress are we making in understanding c-di-GMP, and what challenges do we face? Researchers are now addressing many questions about the environmental cues that control enzymes to produce and degrade this molecule, about downstream effectors, and the many roles of c-di-GMP in bacteria (Table 1). Knowledge from this research will lead to a deeper understanding of how bacteria use this signaling molecule to respond and adapt to different environments. Moreover, deciphering c-di-GMP signaling may lead to new strategies for treating biofilm-based chronic infections. TABLE 1 New frontiers in c-di-GMP signaling
Location and Orientation Specific Material Property Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded Ti‐5111: A Microsample Approach

This work presents microsample measured mechanical properties of a friction stir welded (FSW) plate of Ti-5111. Property measurements and fractographic deformation observations were made as a function of discrete locations within the weld [stir zone (SZ), boundaries, base metal (BM)]. Properties in the longitudinal direction are compared to transverse measurements made at the same locations. Compared to the BM the longitudinal direction shows strength and ductility increases throughout the weld. The outer SZ showed mechanical properties in the longitudinal direction to be similar to the SZ properties in the transverse direction. These observations and measured properties serve to link the local material properties to the complex flow, heat, and deformation imparted to the material during the FSW process.