cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CHIRONOMID (INSECTA: DIPTERA) TUBE‐BUILDING ACTIVITIES ON STREAM DIATOM COMMUNITIES1,2

Chironomid retreats, constructed out of sand grains upon submerged wood debris, increase the surface area available for diatom colonization. The three dimensional substratum afforded by chironomid tubes supports up to twelve times the diatom biavolume found upon adjacent, unmodified substratum in a northern Michigan stream. Diatom enumeration within scrapings from small defined areas on artificial substrata, combined with examination of intact natural substrata through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reveals distinct, microdistribution patterns. The larval retreats of two major taxa of tube-dwelling chironomid's (Micropsectra sp. and Pseudodiamesa cf. pertinax Garrett) display significantly different diatom communities relative to adjacent masonite substratum. Substratum without chironomid tubes is primarily colonized by Achnanthes minutissima Kutz. and Cocconeis placentula Ehr., exhibiting the lowest species diversity of microhabitats examined. The diatom flora upon sand tubes of Micropsectra sp. is dominated by Opephora martyi Herib., as is the flora of sand grains collected from the stream sediment load. These two micro-habitats exhibit a high community similarity (SIMI). The SIMI index also suggests that the flora of P. pertinax tubes is highly similar to that of sand grains. Diversity, however, is almost three times greater on P. pertinax tubes and SEM observations reveal that this microhabitat is characterized by a more spatially complex flora; Nitzschia and Navicula spp. dominate the upperstory, and O. martyi is located on underlying sand grains. Results indicate that tube-building chironomids in Carp Creek affect diatom microdistribution by: (1) stabilizing sand grains and associated flora within their retreats, (2) providing a ‘refugium’ for upperstory diatom taxa from the mayfly grazer, Baetis vagans McDunnough (Insecta: Ephemeroptera), and (3) through local nutrient enrichment.
A Reanalysis of the Wolf Creek Pass Cloud Seeding Experiment

Abstract A six-season, randomized-by-season cloud seeding experiment consisting of three seeded seasons and three non-seeded seasons was conducted by Colorado State University (CSU) during the middle and late 1960's in the Wolf Creek Pass region of the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. The results of the seeding have been reported in a series of papers as having produced statistically significant increases in precipitation at Wolf Creek Summit when the 500 mb temperature was ≥−23°C. Furthermore, it has been reported that increases in precipitation produced statistically significant increases in the runoffs from three target watersheds when compared to the runoffs from three control watersheds. In this paper the results of the Wolf Creek Pass Experiment (WCPE) are reexamined. It is shown that the three non-seeded seasons occurred during meteorological conditions which brought “warm aloft” (500 mb temperatures ≥ −23°C) storm days with unusually light precipitation over a wide region of Colorado, nor...
Multilevel substructuring sensitivity analysis

Abstract Solution techniques for handling large scale engineering optimization problems are reviewed. Potentials for practical applications as well as their limited capabilities are discussed. A new solution algorithm for design sensitivity is proposed. The algorithm is based upon the multilevel substructuring concept to be coupled with the adjoint method of sensitivity analysis. There are no approximations involved in the present algorithm except the usual approximations introduced due to the discretization of the finite element model. It is a well-known fact that substructuring concept can be exploited in order to reduce computer core memory requirement and the total solution time executed. These advantages have been realized not only for statics analysis, but also for design sensitivity analysis. For truly large scale structures, however, it is necessary to use multilevel substructuring. The present paper has formulated a multilevel algorithm for design sensitivity analysis. A two-level substructuring example is used to verify the proposed algorithm. The sensitivity vector obtained by the multilevel algorithm is exactly identical to the one obtained by a more conventional approach.
Trends in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement in high risk United States adults: longitudinal findings from the 1999-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated gaps in achievement of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) goals among U.S. individuals at high cardiovascular disease risk; however, recent studies in selected populations indicate improvements.
Synchronization of Estrus in Dairy Cows with Prostaglandin F2α and Estradiol Benzoate

A field study using 322 lactating dairy cows in seven commercial and two university herds was conducted to determine if treatment with estradiol benzoate 40 to 48 h after treatment with prostaglandin F2 alpha would enhance synchronization of estrus. Estrogen treatment tended to increase the proportion of cows in estrus within 5 d (synchronized) after prostaglandin treatment (66.9% versus 58.9%). Of synchronized cows, a greater proportion treated with estrogen (66.9%) were in estrus on d 3 than those not receiving estrogen (48.2%). First service conception rate (31.9%) and interval to second service (35.6 d) were not affected by treatment with estrogen. Milk progesterone was measured in university herds. More cows with milk progesterone concentrations greater than or equal to 8 ng/ml were synchronized (75.4%) than those with less than 8 ng/ml (63.3%). Treatment with estrogen increased synchrony of cows with high progesterone (90.3%) more than prostaglandin alone (60.0%). Based on progesterone concentrations at breeding and 22 to 24 d later, estimated conception rate was 58.7%, and net conception rate based on palpation was 41.3%. Tighter synchrony of estrus can be achieved by using estradiol benzoate 40 to 48 h after prostaglandin. Concentrations of milk progesterone might predict success of treatment.
The Bethe-Salpeter equation in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

Abstract It is shown that in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, the Bethe-Salpeter equation reduces to the Schrodinger equation determining the relative motion upon using the translational invariance of the theory.
GLACIAL DEBRIS FLOW DEPOSITS ON THE BAFFIN ISLAND SHELF : SEISMIC FACIES ARCHITECTURE OF TILL-TONGUE-LIKE DEPOSITS

Abstract 3-D seismic facies modeling of late Foxe/Wisconsin glacial deposits in the Savage Basin provides important new data concerning the morphology and origin of acoustically unstratified seismic units on high-latitude continental shelves. Savage basin contains a thick sequence (up to 110 m) of morainal bank deposits (Unit II) similar to ‘till tongue root’ deposits described from the Scotian and Norwegian shelves. In 2-D longitudinal cross-section, Unit II thins and differentiates northward into two acoustically unstratified wedges or ‘till tongue’-like deposits (Units IIAw and IIBw) which are observed to interbed with stratified glacimarine sediments (Unit I). Sediment transport was northeastward, away from a late glacial ice margin in outer Frobisher Bay. Both unstratified wedges are lobate in plan view with the thickest portion (5 m to 50 m) lying along the lobe axis. Upper surface contours are convex to the north and concentric to the lobate margin. Southward, at the transition to the morainal bank, the contours become concave to the north. This morphology is consistent with that of lobate debris flow deposits with the concave contours defining a zone of sediment failure. The data indicate sediment failure within morainal bank deposits which accumulated near the terminus of a temperate tide water ice sheet. Truncations of Unit I reflectors against the lower surface of the debris flows indicate that the flows were deposited episodically and that they remobilized or eroded some of the Unit I sediments. This unconformable relationship gives the same stratigraphic sequence that King et al. (1991) proposed to explain ‘till tongue’ formation from subglacial meltout beneath buoyant glacier ice in contact with the seabed. Coalescing debris flow lobes are observed along the entire distal slope of the morainal bank. These give the appearance of a continuous till tongue wedge in seismic cross-sections taken parallel and distal to the paleoice margin. Without 3-D geometry reconstructed at contour intervals ≤ 10 m, the complex lobate morphology could not be resolved.
Histone Transfer Among Chaperones

The eukaryotic processes of nucleosome assembly and disassembly govern chromatin dynamics, in which histones exchange in a highly regulated manner to promote genome accessibility for all DNA-dependent processes. This regulation is partly carried out by histone chaperones, which serve multifaceted roles in co-ordinating the interactions of histone proteins with modification enzymes, nucleosome remodellers, other histone chaperones and nucleosomal DNA. The molecular details of the processes by which histone chaperones promote delivery of histones among their many functional partners are still largely undefined, but promise to offer insights into epigenome maintenance. In the present paper, we review recent findings on the histone chaperone interactions that guide the assembly of histones H3 and H4 into chromatin. This evidence supports the concepts of histone post-translational modifications and specific histone chaperone interactions as guiding principles for histone H3/H4 transactions during chromatin assembly.
Rate sensitivity of compressive strength of columnar-grained ice

Methods of selecting and preparing specimens and details of test procedures, including those for microstructural examination, are described for the investigation of uniaxial compressive strength of columnar-grained ice. It is shown that specimen strain rates are not constant for constant cross-head-displacement rate and that consequently the results are not representative of the constant strain-rate condition. Analysis shows that constant cross-head-displacement tests are more closely representative of the constant stress-rate condition. The paper also discusses failure strains, failure times, mode of failure and possible dependence of strength results on stiffness of the test system.
Cutting Planes for Multistage Stochastic Integer Programs

This paper addresses the problem of finding cutting planes for multistage stochastic integer programs. We give a general method for generating cutting planes for multistage stochastic integer programs based on combining inequalities that are valid for the individual scenarios. We apply the method to generate cuts for a stochastic version of a dynamic knapsack problem and for stochastic lot-sizing problems. We give computational results, which show that these new inequalities are very effective in a branch-and-cut algorithm.
Fine-Tuning of Histone H3 Lys4 Methylation During Pseudohyphal Differentiation by the CDK Submodule of RNA Polymerase II

Transcriptional regulation is dependent upon the interactions between the RNA pol II holoenzyme complex and chromatin. RNA pol II is part of a highly conserved multiprotein complex that includes the core mediator and CDK8 subcomplex. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CDK8 subcomplex, composed of Ssn2p, Ssn3p, Ssn8p, and Srb8p, is thought to play important roles in mediating transcriptional control of stress-responsive genes. Also central to transcriptional control are histone post-translational modifications. Lysine methylation, dynamically balanced by lysine methyltransferases and demethylases, has been intensively studied, uncovering significant functions in transcriptional control. A key question remains in understanding how these enzymes are targeted during stress response. To determine the relationship between lysine methylation, the CDK8 complex, and transcriptional control, we performed phenotype analyses of yeast lacking known lysine methyltransferases or demethylases in isolation or in tandem with SSN8 deletions. We show that the RNA pol II CDK8 submodule components SSN8/SSN3 and the histone demethylase JHD2 are required to inhibit pseudohyphal growth—a differentiation pathway induced during nutrient limitation—under rich conditions. Yeast lacking both SSN8 and JHD2 constitutively express FLO11, a major regulator of pseudohyphal growth. Interestingly, deleting known FLO11 activators including FLO8, MSS11, MFG1, TEC1, SNF1, KSS1, and GCN4 results in a range of phenotypic suppression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that SSN8 inhibits H3 Lys4 trimethylation independently of JHD2 at the FLO11 locus, suggesting that H3 Lys4 hypermethylation is locking FLO11 into a transcriptionally active state. These studies implicate the CDK8 subcomplex in fine-tuning H3 Lys4 methylation levels during pseudohyphal differentiation.
Analysis of the floral fragrance of Platanthera stricta

Abstract The qualitative and quantitative composition of the floral fragrance of Platanthera stricta was determined by trapping fragrance components on charcoal or Tenax adsorbents in the field. Analysis (GC-MS) showed the fragrance to consist largely of lilac aldehydes, lilac alcohols and other monoterpene alcohols, monoterpene hydrocarbons (of which α-pinene is the predominant constituent), and aromatic aldehydes and alcohols. Rates of emission of fragrance among mature inflorescences varied greatly ( ca 50—0 μg/hr/inflorescence). Neither charcoal nor Tenax alone effectively trapped the full range of floral fragrance compounds. When Tenax was used as the trapping agent, lilac aldehydes, lilac alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic alcohols, and some of the monoterpenes were recovered, but α-pinene, a major component of the fragrance, was recovered only in trace amounts. By contrast, α-pinene and lilac alcohols were effectively recovered from charcoal, but aromatic aldehydes and alcohols were poorly recovered, and lilac aldehydes decomposed.
Scales of Thermal Variability in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Long-range P-3 aircraft have been used to occupy two 4000 km long sections from 20°N to 17°S along 150 and 158°W in the central equatorial Pacific. The temperature field along these sections was measured at approximately weekly intervals for three months (November 1977–January 1978). The principal meridional scales of variability derived from this data set suggest highly coherent fluctuations in the upper ocean thermal structure within ±10° of the equator. The region of coherent variability extends across the equator, across boundaries of major current systems and through the ITCZ. The time scale of these fluctuations is of order 2–3 months. Variability in the zonal direction is also coherent, although of smaller amplitude, with space scales of at least 2000 km and time scales of several months. These latter modes of variability are suggestive of propagating disturbances, although that hypothesis could not be proved with the current data set. The observed oceanic variability at 150°W was not clos...
How people recall search result lists

People commonly interact with lists of information -- incoming emails are listed in a person's Inbox, search engines return lists of results, news stories appear as lists on newspaper Web sites, and people navigate file systems by listing directory contents. While the changes that occur to a list can be interesting -- a new search result is interesting to the person searching for new information -- changes are often secondary to the primary goal of using information. New search results are inconsequential when a person wants to summarize a set of results or return to a previously viewed Web page. This paper presents a study of which aspects of a list are memorable and thus are likely to be noticed when they change, and which are not memorable and thus are unlikely to be missed if changed. The study shows that what people remember about a list item is a function of their interaction with the item and the item's location in the list.
A CATALOG OF THE YOUNGEST YSOS AND CANDIDATE PROTOSTARS

We have compiled a catalog of candidate protostars from the major astronomical journals up to the end of 1993. The Beichman-Ichikawa color criterion was used as the main test of an author's claim that a source should be deemed a candidate protostar. Names, positions (1950 and 2000), LSR velocities, information on whether there are associated outflows, and references are provided. This catalog is meant to update an earlier compilation by Wynn-Williams (1982).
The influence of pheromones produced by freely growing laboratory populations on the reproductive maturation of prairie deermice following prenatal and postnatal exposure

Significantly more females reared on bedding soiled by different populations reproduced by 100 days of age than those reared on bedding soiled by the same populations (P<.1) or on clean bedding (P<.025) whereas the latter two groups did not differ significantly. Significantly greater percentages of females reproduced in both treatments maintained on soiled bedding than was true in the populations from which the bedding came. There were no significant differences between treatments in the weights of the reproductive organs (testes, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uteri) or in the numbers of corpora lutea or mature follicles in the ovaries of nulliparous females. The data suggest that if there were reproductively inhibiting pheromones influencing the population animals, they were altered or dissipated immediately after removal of the bedding from the population enclosures or that they were nonfunctional in the absence of the population animals. These data further suggest that the reproductive inhibition of population young is due to the presence of the populaton animals and that sociobiological factors within the populations act to prevent the reproductively stimulating influence of materials which may be present.
Regulating Access to the Genome: Nucleocytoplasmic Transport throughout the Cell Cycle

Macromolecular transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleus occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and is mediated by multiple families of soluble transport factors. All these transport factors share the ability to translocate across the NPC through specific interactions with components of the nuclear pore. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the NPC and the shuttling transport receptors involved in nuclear transport. It discusses recently proposed models for the translocation of receptor-cargo complexes through the NPC channel and reviews how the small GTPase Ran functions as a positional marker of the genome to regulate multiple important aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
An asymptotic solution for the large deflection of a circular plate with a central hole

Abstract A linear asymptotic differential equation is derived in this work which closely approximates the deflection of a circular plate with a central hole for large values of the load parameter. This equation, therefore, replaces the exact non-linear von-Karman differential equation which results from the vertical force summation. The solution to the above equation may be used as an initial iterate to the numerical solution technique (hereafter referred to as the ‘exact’ solution) or may be used as a good engineering approximation in the useful load range. For a particular geometric configuration, an overlap of the linear (small deflection) solution and the asymptotic (large deflection) solution can result. This will eliminate the necessity of employing the exact solution. Numerical results are presented which compare the exact deflections with those obtained from the asymptotic solution.
Behavioral development of nursery-reared rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) neonates

Abstract Twenty-seven nursery-reared rhesus macaques were observed during the first month of life. Males were more irritable and wakeful than females for the first day of life only. Measures of active behavior and wakefulness increased over time, and stability of individual behavioral differences was observed.
Characterization of G1 and mitotic cyclins of budding yeast

It has been known for a decade that in yeast, the CDC28 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the cdc2+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe are needed at two points in their host's cell cycles: once in G1 phase, for commitment to division, and once again in mitosis (Nurse and Bissett 1981; Piggott et al. 1982). These two genes encode highly homologous proteins, which have proven to be the catalytic subunits of protein kinases (Reed et al. 1985; Simanis and Nurse 1986). The active protein kinase is a complex containing the Cdc28/cdc2 protein and a protein called a cyclin (Draetta et al. 1989). Other subunits may also be present (Brizuela et al. 1987.
Campbell's lectures on pulpit eloquence

(1952). Campbell's lectures on pulpit eloquence. Speech Monographs: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Batch mode active learning for biometric recognition

Active learning methods have gained popularity to reduce human effort in annotating examples in order to train a classifier. When faced with large amounts of data, the active learning algorithm automatically selects appropriate data samples that are most relevant to train the classifier. Typical active learning approaches select one data instance (one face image, for example) in one iteration of the algorithm, and the classifier is trained with the selected data instances, one-by-one. Instead, there have been very recent efforts in active learning to select a batch of examples for labeling at each instant rather than selecting a single example and updating the hypothesis. In this work, a novel batch mode active learning scheme based on numerical optimization of an appropriate function has been applied to the biometric recognition problem. In problems such as face recognition, real-world data is often generated in batches, such as frames of video in a capture session. In such scenarios, selecting the most appropriate data instances from these batches (which usually have a high redundancy) to train a classifier is a significant challenge. In this work, the instance selection is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem and the framework is extended to handle learning from multiple sources of information. The results obtained on the widely used NIST Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge (MBGC) and VidTIMIT biometric datasets corroborate the potential of this method in being used for real-world biometric recognition problems, when there are large amounts of data.
Research in In Extremis Settings: Expanding the Critique of ‘Why They Fight’

Previous work by the author that was based on data collected in combat has been criticized, based on its ability to generalize to research done in routine, peaceful settings. The idea that behavioral and social scientists may test the robustness of their theories by studying the same phenomenon across in extremis settings is explored. Research involving human participants conducted in safe, peaceful settings will not necessarily generalize to combat; combat findings may differ from those developed elsewhere. The appropriate scientific approach is to replicate and extend, in the combat context, findings already well established in peacetime work
Xe and Kr adsorption on the Si(111) 7 × 7 surface

Abstract A study of adsorption of Xe and Kr on the Si(111) 7 × 7 surface is presented. Low energy electron diffraction indicates the substrate structure is not appreciably modified by the adsorption. The data consist primarily of isobars, i.e. the amount adsorbed as a function of temperature at fixed pressure. The stepwise adsorption of each of the first several adatoms per surface unit mesh is resolved. This indicates a sequence of distinguishable adsorption sites in the mesh each of which can be occupied by a single atom. There are appreciable differences in the measured binding energies between the various sites. Pairwise sums of 6–12 potentials have been used to estimate binding energies expected for sites presented by proposed structural models of the surface. The observed sequence of sites seems to exclude buckled models and those models which involve only arrays of identical entities. No presently published model is consistent with these data in detail. The triangular island models with some modifications might present sufficiently large binding energies and rich sequences of sites. Whatever the actual structure, it must be more complex than those which have usually been considered.
Identification of E. coli uvrC protein

The excision of pyrimidine dimers from DNA is one of the major mechanisms of repair involving an initial endonucleolytic step followed by excision, resynthesis and ligation1. The enzymatic mechanism for endonucleolytic cleavage of UY light-damaged DNA by the Micrococcus luteus2 and Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4 (ref. 3) dimer-specific endonucleases involves two steps: cleavage of the N-glycosylic bond of the 5′-pyrimidine moiety of the pyrimidine dimer, followed by cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 3′ to the apyrimidinic site produced by the first step. Although E. coli requires functional uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes to repair UV light-damaged DNA4, and enzymatic cleavage of damaged DNA requires the concerted action of at least three proteins5–8 the mechanism of catalysis by which the uvr-endonucleolytic system cleaves UV light-damaged DNA is unclear. We have constructed hybrid multicopy plasmids containing the uvr genes of E. coli9 to study the expression of amplified uvr genes. We have physically mapped uvrC on plasmid pGHY4211 (previously referred to as pGY4211 (ref. 9)) by interruption with the γδ sequence of F+ as described by Guyer10, and determined the minimum size for the uvrC gene to be 1.45 kilobase pairs. SDS-gel electrophoresis of radioiso-topically labelled plasmid proteins indicates that the uvrC+ gene product is a polypeptide of molecular weight (MW) 68,000. We estimate that wild-type E. coli may have as few as 10 copies of uvrC polypeptide per cell.
Is There a Role for Specialized Enteral Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit

The enteral route is preferred for nutrition support of critically ill patients who have a functional gastrointestinal tract. A variety of specialized formulas are available to help manage the complications often seen in these patients. This review summarizes the literature supporting the use of formulas marketed for liver disease, wound healing, immune-system enhancement, pulmonary and renal disease, and diabetes mellitus. With the exception of the immune-enhancing formulas, convincing evidence for the use of these formulas in critically ill patients is lacking. Further studies are warranted.
Improving Teacher Effectiveness through Structured Collaboration: A Case Study of a Professional Learning Community

AbstractThis article reports on the results of a mixed method case study investigating the relationship between professional learning community (PLC) activities and teacher improvement in a first-year middle school. Data were collected from core academic sixth, seventh, and eighth grade teachers using a professional development survey, teacher interviews, and a review of school documents. Results demonstrated that professional learning community activities—that comprised same-subject, same-grade teacher teams—had the potential to achieve significant improvements in teaching effectiveness, but this effectiveness depended on a number of factors. Contributing factors included leadership and organizational practices, the substantive details of PLC activity meetings, the nature of conversations in PLC activities, and the development of community among PLC teams.
Fast 3-D thermal analysis of complex interconnect structures using electrical modeling and simulation methodologies

Accurate and fast estimation of VLSI interconnect thermal profiles has become critically important to estimate their impact on circuit/system performance and reliability, which is necessary for reducing product development time and achieving first-pass silicon success. Present commercial thermal analysis tools are incapable of simulating complex structures, particularly in the 3-D domain and are also difficult to integrate with existing design tools. Existing analytical thermal models are not perfect either: they are either not accurate enough or oversimplified. This paper uses a methodology, which exploits existing electrical resistance solvers for thermal simulation, to allow fast acquisition of thermal profiles of complex interconnect structures with good accuracy and reasonable computation cost. Moreover, for the first time, an accurate closed-form thermal model is developed. The model allows for an equivalent medium with effective thermal conductivity (isotropic or anisotropic) to replace the detailed material information in non-critical regions so that complex interconnect structures can be simulated. Using these techniques, this paper demonstrates the simulation of a very complex interconnect structure (~9000 objects or 15 million meshed unknowns after first order isotropic equivalent medium replacement), which is a first time achievement in the area of interconnect thermal analysis. On the other hand, it is shown that an anisotropic equivalent medium is a much better approximation of real interconnect structures from the point of view of accuracy and computation.
Posets with maximal Mo¨bius function

Abstract The absolute value of the Mobius function of a bounded poset P with n + 2 elements satisfies This bound is sharp. The posets achieving it are classified. The same problem is solved for graded posets of given rank and attacked for finite lattices.
Persistent hand movement representations in the brains of amputees.

Reilly et al . (2006) report that each type of voluntary movement of a phantom hand evokes a distinct pattern of activity of stump muscles in patients with longstanding upper extremity amputations, even when the amputations are above-elbow and the stump muscles are not those ordinarily used in hand movement. This variety of patterns in stump muscle activity was absent in one shoulder-level amputee who reported that he could not move his phantom limb voluntarily. When pressure palsy of the nerves of the stump was induced in three below-elbow amputees by an inflated cuff spanning the elbow, the stump muscle activity decreased, and the patients reported reduced amplitude or loss of voluntary phantom movement. The authors conclude that reorganization of motor cortex following amputation ‘reflects the fact that preserved hand movement representations retarget stump muscles to express themselves’. This interpretation requires clarification. First, we need to know what is meant by ‘hand movement representation’ in the reorganized cortex. We generally use that term to denote the set of neurons in motor cortex that gives rise to a hand movement when activated either voluntarily or electrically. But in the reorganized cortex of these amputees there are no longer any such neurons. Second, the authors' view that retargeting …
Optical nuclear magnetic resonance: theory, simulation, and animation

The theory of optical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is introduced and developed with supercomputer simulation and animation. A powerful, circularly polarized pulse of laser radiation magnetizes an ensemble of atoms and molecules through the conjugate product of nonlinear optical theory. This magnetization is shown theoretically to result in nonlinear optical Zeeman splitting—the optical Zeeman effect—mediated by the orbital and the spin electronic and nuclear quantum numbers through a new fundamental property, the gyroptic ratio. When a circularly polarized laser is used in a conventional NMR spectrometer, the spectrum is split by Lande coupling, leading to a new analytical technique, optical NMR. This development is potentially of widespread interest. The interaction of a circularly polarized laser with optically active (chiral, or handed) molecules leads to electric polarization, and the statistical dynamical origins of this effect are simulated and animated on the IBM supercomputer of the Cornell Theory Center. Scientific visualization reveals the nature of orientational cross correlations induced by the circularly polarized laser; a novel time-lapse method is used to relate the statistical and actual (motion) correlations. These correlations yield the torque effect of the circularly polarized laser, which imparts net angular momentum whose motion reversal and parity inversion symmetries are the same as those of magnetization.
The interplay of primer-template DNA phosphorylation status and single-stranded DNA binding proteins in directing clamp loaders to the appropriate polarity of DNA

Sliding clamps are loaded onto DNA by clamp loaders to serve the critical role of coordinating various enzymes on DNA. Clamp loaders must quickly and efficiently load clamps at primer/template (p/t) junctions containing a duplex region with a free 3'OH (3'DNA), but it is unclear how clamp loaders target these sites. To measure the Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae clamp loader specificity toward 3'DNA, fluorescent β and PCNA clamps were used to measure clamp closing triggered by DNA substrates of differing polarity, testing the role of both the 5'phosphate (5'P) and the presence of single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs). SSBs inhibit clamp loading by both clamp loaders on the incorrect polarity of DNA (5'DNA). The 5'P groups contribute selectivity to differing degrees for the two clamp loaders, suggesting variations in the mechanism by which clamp loaders target 3'DNA. Interestingly, the χ subunit of the E. coli clamp loader is not required for SSB to inhibit clamp loading on phosphorylated 5'DNA, showing that χ·SSB interactions are dispensable. These studies highlight a common role for SSBs in directing clamp loaders to 3'DNA, as well as uncover nuances in the mechanisms by which SSBs perform this vital role.
PARTITION OF VCM IN PLASTICIZED PVC/FOOD SIMULANT SYSTEMS

Partition of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) between plasticized PVC films and corn oil and between PVC films and water was studied. A specific procedure with predetermined calibration curves has to be followed in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results. At very low VCM levels, the partition coefficient increased with decrease in monomer concentration indicating a preference of the monomer towards the polymer. In plasticized PVC films, the level of plasticization may affect the residual VCM in the film, the rate and extent of monomer migration from the polymeric matrix, as well as the equilibrium monomer distribution between the PVC and the contacting phase.
Comparisons of STS-1 experimental and predicted heating rates

Experimental windward-ray heating rates measured during entry of the first Space Shuttle Orbiter mission are compared with predicted rates based on engineering and detailed equilibrium-air analyses. The experimental heating rates were reduced from temperature-time histories which are available only for the trajectory period from Mach 11 to touchdown. The experimental heating rates are computed for two measured emissivity data sets. The differences in the experimental heating rates based on the two emissivity data sets are sufficiently large that different interpretations of the STS-1 aerothermal environment may be inferred. A boundary-layer transition criterion, momentum thickness Reynolds number divided by local Mach number, is computed from the limited flight data and the results yield a maximum value of 290 compared to a corresponding ground-test value of 225.
Guanidine hydrochloride unfolding of a transmembrane beta-strand in FepA using site-directed spin labeling.

We have used the electron spin resonance (ESR) site-directed spin-labeling (SDSL) technique to examine the guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) induced denaturation of several sites along a transmembrane beta-strand located in the ferric enterobactin receptor, FepA. In addition, we have continued the characterization of the beta-strand previously identified by our group (Klug CS et al., 1997, Biochemistry 36:13027-13033) to extend from the periplasm to the extracellular surface loop in FepA, an integral membrane protein containing a beta-barrel motif comprised of a series of antiparallel beta-strands that is responsible for transport of the iron chelate, ferric enterobactin (FeEnt), across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and many related enteric bacteria. We have previously shown that a large surface loop in FepA containing the FeEnt binding site denatures independently of the beta-barrel domain (Klug CS et al., 1995, Biochemistry 34:14230-14236). The SDSL approach allows examination of the unfolding at individual residues independent of the global unfolding of the protein. This work shows that sites along the beta-strand that are exposed to the aqueous lumen of the channel denature more rapidly and with higher cooperativity than the surface loop, while sites on the hydrophobic side of the beta-strand undergo a limited degree of noncooperative unfolding and do not fully denature even at high (e.g., 4 M) Gdn-HCl concentrations. We conclude that, in a transmembrane beta-strand, the local environment of a given residue plays a significant role in the loss of structure at each site.
The Ingredients of Financial Transparency

The demand for financial accountability by nonprofit organizations has dramatically increased. This includes church organizations that historically have not been very forthcoming or transparent with financial reports. This article examines the practices employed by the Archdiocese of Boston, which released a groundbreaking report in the spring of 2006. This was a multifaceted communications project that provided meaningful financial information to a broad group of stakeholders. In recent years, many of these stakeholders had been critical of the archdiocesan leadership for its lack of accountability. This report substantively answered the questions of all the stakeholder groups, winning high praise for its clarity and conciseness. The article highlights the key lessons learned in the process and how they might be applied to other church organizations.
The andrew system: The role of human interface guidelines in the design of multimedia applications

As computer systems are becoming more advanced, the user interface issues involved in system design are increasing in complexity. Multimedia applications add yet another layer of complexity to this already intricate task and guidelines are needed to help ensure consistency, both within a given computer system as well as across systems. The Human Factors Design Group of the Information Technology Center (ITC) at Carnegie Mellon University has developed a set of user interface guidelines for the Andrew system. These guidelines are intended to assist application developers, both within the ITC and externally, in creating application programs whose interfaces are consistent with the look and feel of Andrew.
Hysteresis of Colloid Retention and Release in Saturated Porous Media During Transients in Solution Chemistry

Saturated packed column and micromodel transport studies wereconductedtogaininsightonmechanismsofcolloidretention and release under unfavorable attachment conditions. The initial deposition of colloids in porous media was found to be a strongly coupled process that depended on solution chemistry and pore space geometry. During steady state chemical conditions, colloid deposition was not a readily reversible process, and micromodel photos indicated that colloids were immobilizedinthepresenceoffluiddrag.Uponstepwisereduction in eluting solution ionic strength (IS), a sharp release of colloids occurred in each step which indicates that colloid retention depends on a balance of applied (hydrodynamic) and resisting (adhesive) torques which varied with pore space geometry, surface roughness, and interaction energy. When the eluting fluid IS was reduced to deionized water, the final retentionlocationsoccurredneargrain-graincontacts,andcolloid aggregation was sometimes observed in micromodel experiments. Significant amounts of colloid retention hysteresis with IS were observed in the column experiments, and it depended on the porous medium (glass beads compared with sand), the colloid size (1.1 and 0.5 µm), and on the initial deposition IS. These observations were attributed to weak adhesiveinteractionsthatdependedonthedoublelayerthickness (e.g., the depth of the secondary minimum and/or nanoscale heterogeneity),colloidmasstransferonthesolidphasetoregions where the torque and force balances were favorable for retention, the number and extent of grain-grain contacts, and surface roughness.
Controllable parameters identification for high speed channel through signal-power integrity combined analysis

The optimization of high speed channel demands more challenging tasks such as estimating the noise from the interaction between signal nets and power nets, assessing the on-chip power delivery network (PDN) effectiveness, and including the power delivery (PD) to signal coupling noise into the channel budget. However, even just identifying what to optimize in high-speed channel is difficult task, and obtaining meaningful parameters including interaction between signal integrity and power integrity is more challenging. The proposed analysis method employs accurate and more effective ways to find controllable parameters to optimize the channel response for the best performance in the high speed channel considering both signal integrity (SI) and power integrity (PI) interactions by utilizing response decomposition in the time domain with worst case pattern consideration.
All models are wrong: reflections on becoming a systems scientist†

Thoughtful leaders increasingly recognize that we are not only failing to solve the persistent problems we face, but are in fact causing them. System dynamics is designed to help avoid such policy resistance and identify high-leverage policies for sustained improvement. What does it take to be an effective systems thinker, and to teach system dynamics fruitfully? Understanding complex systems requires mastery of concepts such as feedback, stocks and flows, time delays, and nonlinearity. Research shows that these concepts are highly counterintuitive and poorly understood. It also shows how they can be taught and learned. Doing so requires the use of formal models and simulations to test our mental models and develop our intuition about complex systems. Yet, though essential, these concepts and tools are not sufficient. Becoming an effective systems thinker also requires the rigorous and disciplined use of scientific inquiry skills so that we can uncover our hidden assumptions and biases. It requires respect and empathy for others and other viewpoints. Most important, and most difficult to learn, systems thinking requires understanding that all models are wrong and humility about the limitations of our knowledge. Such humility is essential in creating an environment in which we can learn about the complex systems in which we are embedded and work effectively to create the world we truly desire. The paper is based on the talk the author delivered at the 2002 International System Dynamics Conference upon presentation of the Jay W. Forrester Award. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons,
Effects of Parent Immigration Status on Mental Health Service Use Among Latino Children Referred to Child Welfare

Objective:Latino families may be at risk of experiencing stressors resulting from the immigration process, such as those related to documentation status and acculturation, that may increase their need for mental health services. However, little research exists on the mental health needs and service use of Latino children. This study examined how parental nativity and legal status influence mental health needs and service utilization among children in Latino families investigated by child welfare.Methods:Data from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a nationally representative, prospective study of families investigated by child welfare agencies for maltreatment, were used to examine mental health need and service use in a subset of Latino children who remained in the home following a maltreatment investigation (N=390).Results:Although children of immigrants did not differ from children of U.S.-born parents in levels of clinical need, they had lower rates of mental health service...
Followup Interval Prostate Biopsy 3 Years After Diagnosis of High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia is Associated With High Likelihood of Prostate Cancer, Independent of Change in Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

ABSTRACTPurpose: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to exclude coexisting prostate cancer. We further define the natural history of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia by determining the incidence of prostate cancer 3 years following diagnosis.Materials and Methods: A total of 31 men underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All men had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis.Results: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) men had prostate cancer, 11 (35.5%) had high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum PSA at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the men ...
Infected pancreatic necrosis after extraperitoneal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Report of a case

We report a case of acute necrotizing pancreatitis after extraperitoneal repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an uncommon complication of vascular surgery; however, managing its local and general consequences, including the eventual pancreatic abscess and the risk of prosthetic infection, presents formidable challenges.
Capsule Commentary on Kantor et al. Pending Studies at Hospital Discharge: A Pre-Post Analysis of an Electronic Medical Record Tool to Improve Communication at Hospital Discharge

Many patients are discharged from the hospital with pending diagnostic studies, “unfinished business,” so to speak. The presence of those pending studies and a plan for follow-up should be communicated at discharge to achieve a safe transition of care,1 but rarely does this occur.2 Kantor et al.3 developed an EMR-based tool that generated a list of pending studies at discharge and evaluated its effectiveness in increasing the communication of those pending studies using a pre-post analysis. Upon putting the tool into practice, the communication of the presence of pending studies in the discharge summary significantly increased from 18 to 43 %. The authors also conducted a survey of house staff that revealed differing opinions on who is responsible for following up with pending studies after discharge and inconsistent systems for keeping track of pending studies for later follow-up. The mechanisms by which physicians are alerted to the presence of pending studies at discharge vary widely, from no mechanism to an automated population of electronic discharge summary templates. The discharge summary is the only mandated communication tool at hospital discharge,1 but even if the inclusion of critical information (such as pending diagnostic studies) in that tool is perfected, confusion still remains as to the responsible party for follow-up post-discharge.4 Care transitions are complicated. Improving communication, information transfer, and designation of follow-up during care transitions, such as discharge from the hospital, will require a multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach. The Kantor et al. study is a step in the right direction in solving this complicated problem in modern health care, but knowledge gaps remain. Additionally, it is unlikely that any proposed solution will be “one size fits all,” considering the differences in size, staffing, procedures, patient populations, and location among health care facilities in the US.