cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The functional equivalence of problem solving skills

Abstract The tower of Hanoi problem is used to show that, even in simple problem environments, numerous distinct solution strategies are available, and different subjects may learn different strategies. Four major classes of solution strategies are described for the problem. Different strategies have different degrees of transferability, place different burdens on short-term memory and on perception, and require different learning processes for their acquisition. The analysis underscores the importance of subject-by-subject analysis of “what is learned” in understanding human behavior in problem-solving situations, and provides a technique for describing subjects' task performance programs in detail.
Fibroblast expression of C—C chemokines in response to orthopaedic biomaterial particle challenge in vitro

C-C chemokines are soluble mediators that occur in a periprosthetic granuloma and influence recruitment, localization and activation of inflammatory cells. This study tested effects of titanium and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles on expression of selected C-C chemokines in cultured human fibroblasts. The C-C chemokines analyzed included monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. 2 (MCP-1. 2), monocyte inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein (RANTES). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) served as a known stimulator of chemokine release while interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression served as a marker for fibroblast activation. Protein and mRNA signal levels were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The results demonstrated that exposure of fibroblasts to titanium and PMMA particles resulted in increased release of MCP-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After 24 h, titanium particles maximally upregulated MCP-1 release 7-fold while PMMA particles increased MCP-1 levels 2-fold, when compared to unchallenged fibroblasts. MCP-2, MIP-1 alpha and RANTES levels remained unchanged following exposure of fibroblasts to titanium or PMMA particles at any concentration or time point tested. However, IL-1 beta stimulated release of MCP-1, MCP-2, and RANTES, but not MIP-1 alpha from the fibroblasts. IL-1 beta, not particles, exhibited the most prominent effect on MCP-1 mRNA levels. Increased release of MCP-1 from fibroblasts exposed to titanium and PMMA particles coincided with increased release of IL-6. This study suggests that release of chemoattractant factors from fibroblasts localized in periprosthetic membranes enhances the chronic inflammatory process leading to bone resorption and implant loosening.
Rapid fabrication of 3D terahertz split ring resonator arrays by novel single-shot direct write focused proximity field nanopatterning

For the next generation of phoXonic, plasmonic, opto-mechanical and microfluidic devices, the capability to create 3D microstructures is highly desirable. Fabrication of such structures by conventional top-down techniques generally requires multiple time-consuming steps and is limited in the ability to define features spanning multiple layers at prescribed angles. 3D direct write lithography (3DDW) has the capability to draw nearly arbitrary structures, but is an inherently slow serial writing process. Here we present a method, denoted focused proximity field nanopatterning (FPnP), that combines 3DDW with single or multiphoton interference lithography (IL). By exposing a thick photoresist layer having a phase mask pattern imprinted on its surface with a tightly focused laser beam, we produce locally unique complex structures. The morphology can be varied based on beam and mask parameters. Patterns may be written rapidly in a single shot mode with arbitrary positions defined by the direct write, thus exploiting the control of 3DDW with the enhanced speed of phase mask IL. Here we show the ability for this technique to rapidly produce arrays of “stand-up” far IR resonators.
Comparison of phosphate adsorption on clay minerals for soilless root media

Abstract The greenhouse industry aims to decrease phosphate discharge to help reduce eutrophication of surface waters, to reduce fertilizer consumption, and to maintain a more constant level of plant‐available phosphate. Iron and aluminum oxides and some aluminosilicate minerals are efficient sorbents for phosphate. The phosphate adsorption characteristics of synthetic hematite (α‐Fe2O3), goethite (α‐FeOOH), and allophane (Si3Al4O12 nH2O), and a commercial alumina (A12O3) were evaluated to determine their potential for reducing phosphate leaching from soilless root media. The pH dependence of phosphate adsorption and maximum adsorption capacities were determined by reacting each mineral with various levels of phosphate between pH 4.0 and 9.0 in a 10 mM potassium chloride (KCl) background solution. Adsorbed phosphate was determined by loss from solution. Adsorption envelopes (adsorbed phosphate versus pH) showed a decrease in phosphate adsorption with increasing pH, particularly for alumina and allophane, ...
Obstetric complications and risk for conversion to psychosis among individuals at high clinical risk.

Obstetric complications (OCs) are an integral component of a neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, which posits that early brain lesions interacting with later neuroendocrine, neurodevelopmental and psychosocial factors result in the eventual presentation of clinical signs and symptoms of psychosis1,2. In support of this theory, several studies have observed that a history of OCs is associated with earlier onset and a poorer course of illness3,4. Although these investigations have provided evidence for OCs as a general putative marker, to date there has been little research aimed at determining if OCs confer a greater risk for conversion to psychotic disorders among clinical high-risk populations. Such ultra-high-risk (UHR) individuals exhibit a cluster of subthreshold psychotic symptoms, consistent with a prodromal syndrome, and have a roughly 35% rate of conversion to psychotic disorder over 2 years5. If OCs are associated with conversion among UHR populations, this pattern would suggest a link between early neurodevelopmental insults and subsequent neuromaturational events thought to be related to the developmental pathogenesis of psychotic disorders during adolescence/early adulthood. Recent research suggests that early pharmacological and psychosocial interventions with UHR individuals can potentially improve the course of illness, or even prevent onset of psychosis6. Therefore, it has become priority to identify risk-markers that define those UHR individuals who are at the highest risk. In the present study, high-risk individuals were assessed for a history of OCs and their diagnostic status was followed for a period of two-years. We hypothesized that a history of OCs would be associated with greater severity of symptomatology and a greater risk for conversion.
“Silent cerebrovascular lesions” occur among elderly “normal” volunteers besides patients with previous symptomatic strokes

"Silent cerebral infarctions" are a common finding on neuroimaging of neurologically normal elderly patients without any history of stroke. The precise incidence is unknown but increases with advancing age and associated risk factors for stroke and arteriosclerosis. Among a group of 86 neurologically and cognitively "normal" volunteers without a history of stroke, 9 were found to have "silent cerebrovascular lesions" on computed tomography. Thus, there was a 10.5% incidence in the group of 86 "normal" volunteers. It was also found that additional "silent strokes" occurred among 38 patients with a documented history of prior stroke at a rate of 3.4% per year.
A convenient and inexpensive conversion of an aziridine to an oxazolidinone

The conversion of an aziridine to the corresponding oxazolidinone using only carbon dioxide and a catalytic amount of lithium iodide is discussed. In all cases, either no reaction occurred or a high yield of product was obtained. HMPA has been added to the reaction mixture, as needed, to drastically improve the regioselectivity. Net retention of stereochemistry between the starting aziridine and the product oxazolidinone was observed.
Age-related restriction of the light chain heterogeneity of anti-IgG antibodies induced by Epstein-Barr virus stimulation of human lymphocytes in vitro

Abstract The immunoglobulin light chain heterogeneity of two autoantibodies, IgM anti-IgG and IgM anti-human thyroglobulin, induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from young (20–40 years old) and aged normal adults (≥75 years old), as well as patients with rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disease, has been analyzed. The IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies from the aged were markedly enriched in κ light chain-bearing molecules, when compared to the total IgM in the same cultures, in a pattern similar to the IgM anti-IgG from rheumatoid arthritis patient lymphocyte cultures. On the contrary, the IgM anti-IgG from young adult lymphocytes cultures, and the IgM anti-thyroglobulin from all groups, had κ to λ light chain ratios indistinguishable from the total IgM. These results suggest that advancing age in normal people is accompanied by a selective restriction in the heterogeneity of the EBV inducible anti-IgG antibodies. The pattern resembles that seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Successive interference cancellation in downlink heterogeneous cellular networks

Using a multi-tier Poisson model, this paper studies the performance gain of successive interference cancellation (SIC) in the downlink of K-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). For each tier, a fraction of base stations (BSs) is non-accessible. By using a framework based on the marked path loss process with fading and calculating the equivalent access probability, we analytically characterize the coverage probability, i.e., the probability of successfully connecting to at least one accessible BS, for a typical user equipment with finite or infinite SIC capability. The results show how the performance gain of SIC depends on many system parameters including path loss exponent, coding rate, fading distributions and BS accessibilities and densities. We show for contemporary OFDM-based HCNs, infinite SIC capability is often unnecessary. In fact, under typical system parameters, most of the gain of SIC comes from the ability of canceling only a single non-accessible BS.
Performance-optimized design of electromagnetic micro-actuator for Probe recording storage device

In this paper the performance-optimized design of an electromagnetic micro-actuator for a Probe data-storage system is described. The Probe recording system considered in this study consists of a MEMS-based recording head array that can translate relative to a Ferroelectric media substrate. The probe device is slated to achieve 1 Tb/in2 recording density and a read/write data rate of 100 Mb/s while operating within a total power budget of 100 mW. Stringent requirements apply to the form-factor and packaging, power consumption, and operating environment making the design of the mechanical architecture and in particular, the actuator a challenging task. A methodology based on an analytical model framework for performance-optimal design of the actuator meeting these constraints is developed and presented.
Enhanced raman scattering from benzoic acid on silver and gold prolate spheroids on large and transparent patterned areas

Abstract We report a technique for preparing metal particles of prolate spheres for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. The technique is a variation of one described by Liao in which prolate silver particles were formed on a regular array of SiO 2 posts made be reactive-ion etching a thermally grown SiO 2 layer on silicon. In the present study we have used transparent fused quartz as substrates to permit optical absorption measurements. Large patterned areas (6 cm 2 ) with a high density of posts (60/μm 2 ) have been obtained by using silver islands as etch masks. Good SERS spectra have been obtained for benzoic acid on gold and silver microstructures in the 100 nm range produced by this method with helium-neon laser excitation as low as 0.7 mW.
RNAi as an antiviral therapy

There are a dozen or so viruses that will continue to be a serious global health threat for many years to come, mainly due to their chronic nature. These include hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus viruses (HPVs), West Nile virus and human herpes viruses (i.e., HSV, CMV, EBV, HHV-8, etc.). However, HIV-1 infections will remain at the top of the list due to its high prevalence and the significant mortality and morbidity from AIDS. The development of a suitable vaccine against HIV-1 remains an important area of public interest. The initial hope of identifying the specific anti-HIV-1 antigenic epitopes that can protect HIV-1-infected individuals and serve as a potential vaccine has been replaced by the realisation that we have yet to identify a clear correlation of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection. Understanding the anti-HIV-1 protective factors and their potential role in the development of a vaccine or inexpensive therapy remains one of the major obstacles in HIV-1 research. In the last quarter century--since the realisation of AIDS--previous studies have established that the role of humoral or cellular immune responses in protecting human hosts against HIV-1 have been inconclusive. Moreover, most of the publicized and awaited clinical trials on vaccines have failed. The recent discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has raised the possibility of developing a new generation of vaccines that can stymie human viruses, particularly HIV-1 replication at various stages of its life cycle at the intracellular level. Various transcripts in the HIV-1 life cycle can be targeted, and specific small double-stranded RNAs (small interfering RNAs) can be developed against these HIV-1-specific targets. However, some recent data suggests that RNAi-based therapeutics against this virus should be viewed with strong caution. Specifically, there are multiple factors that make HIV-1 a difficult infection to 'cure' because of HIV-1 latency. The changing nature of HIV-1 genomes and the possible presence of microRNAs within the HIV-1 genes can suppress RNAi directed against HIV-1 gene targets. Thus, HIV-1 would be a difficult epidemic to overcome by RNAi-based therapeutics.
Spinning rods, elliptical disks and solid ellipsoidal bodies: Elastic and plastic stresses and limit spins

Abstract The analysis of the stresses in one-, two- and three-dimensional spinning bodies is discussed in a systematic and comprehensive way. First elastic solutions are derived for rods, for elliptical-shaped flat disks and for ellipsoidal solid bodies spinning about their sideways axes. Then the spins for first plastic yield are found in each case using each of the Tresca and the von Mises yield conditions. Then upper and lower bounds on the maximum allowable limit spins where the body would globally fail assuming perfectly plastic behavior are derived. The elastic solutions at first yield always give a lower bound to that limit spin, but global failure generally does not occur until the spin is increased. A way to calculate an improved lower bound is illustrated. Upper bounds are found in a simple and new way. The method uses the fact that the volume-averaged stresses can be calculated directly from the loadings without the need for any actual stress solutions, and then it is proved that the use of those average stresses in the yield functions always gives an upper bound to the limit loads. That use of the statically determinate average stresses to obtain meaningful plastic upper bounds to limit loads is though to be a new method, and can be applied to any shape. Finally, several finite element calculations are used to determine the quantitative relations between the lower and upper bounds and the actual limit spins for ellipsoidal bodies. The results are of interest in the spin of planetary bodies, where they explain the nature of an average-stress approximate method, and in the analysis of spinning bodies in general. In addition, the approach gives a very interesting example of the utility of the limit analysis approaches of plasticity theories.
Maximum electric field in high-field domain

A simple formula relating the domain voltage to the maximum domain field and device parameters is derived. The results are used to analyse the limitations of the parameters of GaAs and InP transferred-electron devices related to the impact ionisation within a high-field domain.
Separation and crystallization of T = 3 and T = 4 icosahedral complexes of the hepatitis B virus core protein

The icosahedral nucleocapsid of human hepatitis B virus is a homopolymer of the dimeric capsid protein also known as hepatitis B core antigen or HBcAg. Purified capsid protein obtained from an Escherichia coli expression system was reassembled into a mixture of T = 3 and T = 4 icosahedral particles consisting of 90 and 120 dimers, respectively. The two types of capsid were separated on a preparative scale by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient. In addition to this heterogeneity, the capsid protein has three cysteines, one of which has a great propensity for forming disulfide bonds between the two subunits, forming a dimer. To eliminate heterogeneity arising from oxidation, alanines were substituted for the cysteines. T = 3 and T = 4 capsids crystallized under similar conditions. Crystals of T = 3 capsids diffracted to ∼8 A resolution; crystals of T = 4 capsids diffracted to 4 A resolution.
Highly Dispersed and Active ReOx on Alumina-Modified SBA-15 Silica for 2-Butanol Dehydration

SBA-15 silica supported rhenium catalysts were synthesized using solution-based atomic layer deposition method, and their activity and stability were studied in the acid-catalyzed 2-butanol dehydration. We find that ReOx/SBA-15 exhibited an extremely high initial activity but a fast deactivation for 2-butanol dehydration at 90–105 °C. Fast deactivation was likely due to the sintering, sublimation, and reduction of rhenia as confirmed by TEM, elemental analysis, and in situ UV–vis (DRS) measurements. To overcome these issues, ReOx/AlOx/SBA-15 catalysts with significantly improved stability were prepared by first modifying the surface identity of SBA-15 with alumina followed by dispersion of rhenia using atomic layer deposition. The AlOx phase stabilizes the dispersion of small and uniform rhenia clusters (<2 nm) as as confirmed by TEM, STEM, and UV–vis (DRS) characterizations. Additional 27Al MAS NMR characterization revealed that modification of the SBA-15 surface with alumina introduces a strong interact...
Finite element micromechanical analysis of the deformation and stress state dependent damage evolution in fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

The progression of ductile damage evolution in the metal matrix and the macroscopic deformation behavior of fiber-reinforced metal matrix composite were investigated using an Internal State Variable (ISV) plasticity-damage model implemented in finite element code. The material properties of the fibers were set as those of Boron while the material properties or behavior of the metal matrix matched those of 99% pure aluminum. The influences of the fiber arrangement and the interphase stiffness on the damage evolution and transverse macroscopic behavior were analyzed. The finite element simulations were terminated when the first element failure occurred. The simulation results show that the void grew as the stress triaxiality increased. After the volume fraction of the fibers increased up to moderate value (about 40%), the fiber square array exhibited much stronger strengthening effects than that of fiber hexagonal array. The damage evolution, in the case of the weak interphase, was studied as well.
Investigation of galvanic corrosion between AISI 1018 carbon steel and CFRPs modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

In this article, we investigate the effect of modified carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites when galvanically coupled with AISI 1018 carbon steel. Two different resins were used to manufacture the CFRPs: neat epoxy resin, and epoxy resin modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The specimens of composite (the cathode of the galvanic cell) and metal (the anode of the galvanic cell) were paired and immersed in electrolyte (NaCl solution, 2 % by weight) at 40 °C, to simulate a corrosive environment and accelerate the electrochemical reaction. Results of corrosion rate (CR) and mass loss rate (MR) were obtained, and the electrical resistances of the CFRPs were also measured. This new study shows that the MWCNTs do not have a statistically significant impact on the corrosion and mass loss rate results, and that both types of CFRP composites have statistically the same electrical resistance. Therefore, common methods used in the engineering practice in conventional hybrid CFRP/steel joints and repairs may be sufficient to delay galvanic corrosion, as there is no increased liability.
Chromosomal Abnormalities Subdivide Ependymal Tumors into Clinically Relevant Groups

Ependymoma occurs most frequently within the central nervous system of children and young adults. We determined relative chromosomal copy-number aberrations in 44 ependymomas using comparative genomic hybridization. The study included 24 intracranial and 20 spinal cord tumors from pediatric and adult patients. Frequent chromosomal aberrations in intracranial tumors were gain of 1q and losses on 6q, 9, and 13. Gain of 1q and loss on 9 were preferentially associated with histological grade 3 tumors. On the other hand, gain on chromosome 7 was recognized almost exclusively in spinal cord tumors, and was associated with various other chromosomal aberrations including frequent loss of 22q. We conclude that cytogenetic analysis of ependymomas may help to classify these tumors and provide leads concerning their initiation and progression. The relationship of these aberrations to patient outcome needs to be addressed.
Further identification of conjugated proteins from the haemolymph of the cricket, Acheta domesticus

Abstract Conjugated proteins from the haemolymph of young adult females of Acheta domesticus separated by acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and characterized histochemically were analysed with SDS-gel electropherograms for molecular weight and Ampholine gels for pI. The cross-matching of mol. wt and isoelectric points with values recorded for known conjugated animal proteins indicates the presence of a homologue of the mammalian pituitary hormone, an immuno-globulin, a gamma-globulin, and a serum albumin.
Fragrance material review on α-irone

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of α-irone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Rationalist explanations for war

Realist and other scholars commonly hold that rationally led states can and sometimes do fight when no peaceful bargains exist that both would prefer to war. Against this view, I show that under very broad conditions there will exist negotiated settlements that genuinely rational states would mutually prefer to a risky and costly fight. Popular rationalist and realist explanations for war fail either to address or to explain adequately what would prevent leaders from locating a less costly bargain. Essentially just two mechanisms can resolve this puzzle on strictly rationalist terms. The first turns on the fact that states have both private information about capabilities and resolve and the incentive to misrepresent it. The second turns on the fact that in specific strategic contexts states may be unable credibly to commit to uphold a mutually preferable bargain. Historical examples suggest that both mechanisms are empirically plausible.
A Comparison of Factor Analysis Programs in SPSS, BMDP, and SAS.

Factor analysis programs in SAS, BMDP, and SPSS are discussed and compared in terms of documentation, methods and options available, internal logic, computational accuracy, and results provided. Some problems with respect to logic and output are described. Based on these comparisons, recommendations are offered which include a clear overall preference for SAS, and advice against general use of SPSS for factor analysis.
Seasonal Incidence and Effect of a Mermithid Nematode Parasite on the Mortality and Egg Production of the Rice Water Weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus

A mermithid nematode parasite was observed in rice water weevils in the Stuttgart, Ark., area 1973–1976. Intensive observations for one season indicated that the nematode caused weevil mortality and reduced weevil egg production. The nematode was found almost exclusively in female weevils. Peak abundance occurred the last of June with a small 2nd peak in early Aug.
Consensus models of activity landscapes with multiple chemical, conformer, and property representations.

We report consensus Structure–Activity Similarity (SAS) maps that address the dependence of activity landscapes on molecular representation. As a case study, we characterized the activity landscape of 54 compounds with activities against human cathepsin B (hCatB), human cathepsin L (hCatL), and Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin B (TbCatB). Starting from an initial set of 28 descriptors we selected ten representations that capture different aspects of the chemical structures. These included four 2D (MACCS keys, GpiDAPH3, pairwise, and radial fingerprints) and six 3D (4p and piDAPH4 fingerprints with each including three conformers) representations. Multiple conformers are used for the first time in consensus activity landscape modeling. The results emphasize the feasibility of identifying consensus data points that are consistently formed in different reference spaces generated with several fingerprint models, including multiple 3D conformers. Consensus data points are not meant to eliminate data, disregarding,...
Characterization of the reducing properties of anaerobic sediment slurries using redox indicators

The reduction of six redox indicators in anaerobic sediment slurries was studied by observing the disappearance of the color of the oxidized forms. The reaction kinetics were first-order in concentration of the oxidized form of the indicator and the reducing agents were sediment associated. The rate of indicator reduction reflects the standard potential of the indicator couple, the structure of the indicator moiety reduced and the potential and capacity of reducing agents in the sediment slurry. The relative reduction rates of the indicators suggest that anaerobic sediment systems contain concentrations of mild reducing agents that are available to react rapidly with substrates that are easily reduced. However, more refractory substrates require strong reducing agents that are gradually produced, probably as a result of microbial metabolism.
Prolongation of clotting time in the dormant bat (Myotis lucifugus).

En ete, la duree de coagulation du sang augmente notablement si l'on soumet la chauve-souris a une basse temperature (5°C); elle diminue des qu'on replace l'animal dans un milieu chaud (23°C). Ceci indique l'existence d'un mecanisme adaptif qui previent la formation du thrombus.
Use of hyperspectral imaging to distinguish normal, precancerous, and cancerous cells.

BACKGROUND. The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the cytologic diagnosis of cancer cells can be enhanced by the technique of hyperspectral imaging (HSI). METHODS. As a proof of principle, HSI was employed to obtain hyperspectrum from a normal human fibroblast, as well as its telomerase-immortalized and SV40-transformed derivatives. Novel algorithms were developed to differentiate among these cell models based on spectral and spatial differences. Using the same technique with modified algorithms, the authors were able to differentiate among normal and precancerous (low‒grade [LG] and high‒grade [HG]) cervical cells and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on liquid‒based Papanicolaou (Pap) test slides. RESULTS. The specificity for identifying normal fibroblast cell type based on spatial and spectral algorithms was 74.2%. The sensitivity for identifying telomerase-immortalized and SV40-transformed cells was 100% and 90.3%, respectively. The system identified normal cervical cells with a specificity of 95.8%. With regard to LG precancerous cells and HG precancerous cells, the sensitivity was 66.7% and 93.5%, respectively. The sensitivity detected for SCC was 98.6%. CONCLUSIONS. HSI can be utilized in prescreening liquid‒based Pap test slides to improve efficiency in Pap test diagnoses with the goal of ultimately reducing the mortality from cervical cancer while reducing health care costs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Modeling hydrologic and geomorphic hazards across post-fire landscapes using a self-organizing map approach

Few studies attempt to model the range of possible post-fire hydrologic and geomorphic hazards because of the sparseness of data and the coupled, nonlinear, spatial, and temporal relationships among landscape variables. In this study, a type of unsupervised artificial neural network, called a self-organized map (SOM), is trained using data from 540 burned basins in the western United States. The sparsely populated data set includes variables from independent numerical landscape categories (climate, land surface form, geologic texture, and post-fire condition), independent landscape classes (bedrock geology and state), and dependent initiation processes (runoff, landslide, and runoff and landslide combination) and responses (debris flows, floods, and no events). Pattern analysis of the SOM-based component planes is used to identify and interpret relations among the variables. Application of the Davies-Bouldin criteria following k-means clustering of the SOM neurons identified eight conceptual regional models for focusing future research and empirical model development. A split-sample validation on 60 independent basins (not included in the training) indicates that simultaneous predictions of initiation process and response types are at least 78% accurate. As climate shifts from wet to dry conditions, forecasts across the burned landscape reveal a decreasing trend in the total number of debris flow, flood, and runoff events with considerable variability among individual basins. These findings suggest the SOM may be useful in forecasting real-time post-fire hazards, and long-term post-recovery processes and effects of climate change scenarios.
Graded Casting of Materials with Continuous Gradients

A process is introduced for producing continuously graded materials by slip casting with a continuous flow of slip of changing composition. The approach has been tested using alumina and zirconia slips to produce alumina/zirconia composites with a graded composition. Observation of the microstructure has shown that the phases are relatively well dispersed. Compositional analysis revealed a relatively smooth transition in composition through the thickness of sintered bodies. Results have also indicated that for flow rates up to ∼ 60 cm/min, the highest linear flow rate tested, the casting rate of alumina slips containing 38.6 vol% solids was not affected.
Analysis of unconventional approaches for the rapid detection of surface lectin binding ligands on human cell lines.

Binding results obtained using both assays were compared for frozen, thawed and fixed; cultured and fixed; and live cells. Both qualitative and quantitative fluorescence results generally correlated with those using the bead assay. Similar results were also obtained with all of the 3 different cell preparation protocols. The fluorescence assay was able to detect lower lectin binding ligand levels than the bead assay, while the bead assay, because it can so rapidly detect cells with large numbers of lectin binding ligands, is ideal for initial screening studies that seek to identify cells that are rich in surface binders for specific molecules. The direct use of frozen, thawed, and fixed cells allows rapid mass screening for surface molecules, without the requirement for costly and time consuming cell culture.
Sound radiation from an infinite elastic cylinder with dual-wave propagation-intensity distributions

The radiation of sound from an elastic cylindrical shell filled with fluid and supporting multiwave propagation is studied analytically. Combinations of supersonic and subsonic shell waves are considered. The radiated field is mapped by using acoustic intensity vectors evaluated at various locations. Both time averaged and instantaneous intensity are investigated. The acoustic intensity is seen to vary markedly with axial distance down the cylinder. The effect is shown to be associated with cross terms in the intensity relations, and its magnitude and location to depend upon the relative phase and amplitudes of individual waves. Subsonic shell waves are demonstrated to interact strongly with supersonic shell waves to cause a large modification in the radiated intensity distributions near the shell surface.
X-linked Recessive Cone Dystrophy With Tapetal-like Sheen: A Newly Recognized Entity With Mizuo-Nakamura Phenomenon

• We encountered a new X-linked recessive cone dystrophy in which patients have a greenish-golden tapetallike sheen of the retina; while the retinal sheen and electroretinographic abnormalities are present from childhood, patients are not symptomatic until adult years. All of the male patients tested showed evidence of cone dysfunction on color vision testing, dark adaptometry, and electroretinography. After three hours of dark adaptation, the tapetal-like sheen disappeared, with most areas changing from greenish-golden shades to orange-red hues (Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon). One male patient had a retinal detachment from atrophic round holes in the equatorial retina.
Identification of a Highly Conserved Module in E Proteins Required for in Vivo Helix-loop-helix Dimerization

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors often function as heterodimeric complexes consisting of a tissue-specific factor such as SCL/tal or MyoD bound to a broadly expressed E protein. bHLH dimerization therefore appears to represent a key regulatory step in cell lineage determination and oncogenesis. Previous functional and structural studies have indicated that the well defined HLH domain is both necessary and sufficient for dimerization. Most of these studies, however, have employed in vitrosystems for analysis of HLH dimerization, and their implications for the requirements for in vivo dimerization remain unclear. Using multiple approaches, we have analyzed bHLH dimerization in intact, living cells and have identified a novel domain in E proteins, domain C, which is required for in vivo dimerization. Domain C, which lies just carboxyl-terminal to helix 2 of the HLH domain, represents the most highly conserved region within E proteins and appears to influence the in vivo conformation of the adjacent HLH domain. These results suggest that HLH dimerizationin vivo may represent a complex, regulated process that is distinct from HLH dimerization in vitro.
14C-1-palmitate incorporation by rat lung: effect of nitrogen dioxide.

SummaryThe effect of breathing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the in vivo incorporation and turnover of 14C-1-palmitate in rat lung lecithin was studied. Continuous exposure to 5 ppm of NO2 for 14 days markedly decreased lecithin turnover. The suggestion is made that changes in lecithin turnover may lead to alterations in the surface-active material on the alveolar surface which in turn may account for some of the damage observed in NO2-exposed lungs.
Hydrophobicity, adhesion, and friction properties of nanopatterned polymers and scale dependence for micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems.

Applications in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems generally require low adhesion and friction values between two materials of interest. By alteration of the material combinations and surface roughness, including nanopatterning, adhesion and friction can be tailored to meet a specific requirement. Surfaces found in nature, such as hydrophobic lotus leaves, provide a good example of this optimization. Recent models of hydrophobic leaf surfaces show a correlation between roughness and hydrophobicity, which can be mimicked by the presence of nanopatterned asperities on a polymer surface. In addition, by introducing nanopatterns on the polymer surface, the real area of contact decreases when another surface comes into contact with the patterned surface, which reduces adhesion and friction. This study explores the effect of nanopatterning on hydrophobicity, adhesion, and friction for two different hydrophilic polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyurethane acrylate (MINS), with two types of patter...
Negative energy densities in quantum field theory with a background potential

We present a general procedure for calculating one-loop ``Casimir'' energy densities for a scalar field coupled to a fixed potential in renormalized quantum field theory. We implement direct subtraction of counterterms computed precisely in dimensional regularization with a definite renormalization scheme. Our procedure allows us to test quantum field theory energy conditions in the presence of background potentials spherically symmetric in some dimensions and independent of others. We explicitly calculate the energy density for several examples. For a square barrier, we find that the energy is negative and divergent outside the barrier, but there is a compensating divergent positive contribution near the barrier on the inside. We also carry out calculations with exactly solvable ${\mathrm{sech}}^{2}$ potentials, which arise in the study of solitons and domain walls.
Hybrid X-ray telescope systems

It has been known for some time that glancing incidence X-ray optics have sharply peaked point response functions. The spatial resolution of Wolter X-ray telescope systems is frequently limited by the performance characteristics of the X-ray detector rather than by the optics, even when high resolution detectors such as photographic emulsions are used. This problem becomes even more severe when it is desirable to take advantage of the high sensitivity and broad wavelength response afforded by modern solid state detectors such as charge coupled devices or multi-anode microchannel arrays. Results of theoretical investigations of methods for increasing the telescope plate scale by the use of glancing incidence hyperboloid/ellipsoid X-ray microscope optics and normal incidence contoured layered synthetic microstructure optics for coupling the Wolter mirrors to the detector are reported. The relative merits of the different hybrid X-ray telescope systems which result will be discussed. Considerations will be made concerning applications of these systems to high resolution imagery and spectroscopy of astronomical X-ray/XUV sources.
Thermally-Induced (Re)shaping of Core-Shell Nanocrystalline Particles

Confinement of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) within a cross-linked shell limits the crystal growth to nanoscale dimensions and allows for the thermal melting and crystallization transitions to be expl...
The use of phosphazenes as fire-resistant materials

A survey of the use of cyclo- and poly(phosphazenes) in fire resis tant applications is presented. Where appropriate, synthesis and commercial availability will be indicated. Two fundamentally different approaches, phosphazenes as additives or as intrinsically flame resistant materials, will be discussed. While the former category is limited to cyclophosphazenes, the lat ter involves linear poly(phosphazenes), cyclolinear and cyclomatrix materials and carbon chain polymers with cyclophosphazenes as substituents.
The influence of strain rate on ductility in the superplastic Zn–22% Al eutectoid

Abstract There is an optimum range of strain rate for maximum ductility in the superplastic Zn–22% Al eutectoid, and the elongation at fracture decreases at both low and high strain rates. For a testing temperature of 473 K and a grain size of 2·5 μm, tensile specimens deform to strains in excess of 2000% over almost two orders of magnitude of strain rate.
Regulation of the human sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIb gene promoter by epidermal growth factor

The intestinal sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) plays a major role in intestinal Pi absorption. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is involved in the regulation of Pihomeostasis. However, the r...
Small echogenic renal masses: how often is computed tomography used to confirm the sonographic suspicion of angiomyolipoma?

Abstract Objectives Although renal angiomyolipoma (AML) has a typical ultrasound appearance, many authorities suggest that a computed tomography (CT) scan be obtained to confirm the diagnosis because small echogenic renal cell carcinomas can simulate AML. Our study evaluates the actual follow-up in such patients and factors that may affect whether CT confirmation is recommended or obtained. Methods From 1986 through 1992, 36 patients had an ultrasound diagnosis of probable renal AML (well-circumscribed, homogenously echogenic mass). In each case the patient's age, symptoms, ultrasound results and recommendations, and imaging follow-up were recorded. Results CT confirmation of the sonographic diagnosis was recommended in only 11 of 36 (31%) patients. Only 7 of these 11 patients actually underwent CT, 5 of whom had the diagnosis confirmed by CT detection of intratumoral fat. Ten of 23 patients (43%) over 50 years of age had CT recommended, whereas only 1 of 13 (8%) patients under age 50 years did ( P Conclusions Although many authorities recommend CT to confirm the sonographic diagnosis of renal AML, this algorithm is rarely followed in everyday clinical practice, especially in patients under age 50 years with masses less than 10 mm.
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults

Background: Several studies suggest that calcium and vitamin D (CaD) may play a role in the regulation of abdominal fat mass. Objective: This study investigated the effect of CaD-supplemented orange juice (OJ) on weight loss and reduction of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD age: 40.0 ± 12.9 y). Design: Two parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted with either regular or reduced-energy (lite) orange juice. For each 16-wk trial, 171 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The treatment groups consumed three 240-mL glasses of OJ (regular or lite) fortified with 350 mg Ca and 100 IU vitamin D per serving, and the control groups consumed either unfortified regular or lite OJ. Computed tomography scans of VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue were performed by imaging a single cut at the lumbar 4 level. Results: After 16 wk, the average weight loss (∼2.45 kg) did not differ significantly between groups. In the regular OJ trial, the reduction of VAT was significantly greater (P = 0.024) in the CaD group (−12.7 ± 25.0 cm2) than in the control group (−1.3 ± 13.6 cm2). In the lite OJ trial, the reduction of VAT was significantly greater (P = 0.039) in the CaD group (−13.1 ± 18.4 cm2) than in the control group (−6.4 ± 17.5 cm2) after control for baseline VAT. The effect of calcium and vitamin D on VAT remained highly significant when the results of the 2 trials were combined (P = 0.007). Conclusions: The findings suggest that calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation contributes to a beneficial reduction of VAT. This trial is registered at clinicaltrial.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00386672","term_id":"NCT00386672"}}NCT00386672, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01363115","term_id":"NCT01363115"}}NCT01363115.
Current limitations of molecular dynamic simulations as probes of thermo-physical behavior of silicate melts

Molecular dynamic simulations offer promise as an essential tool, complementary to experiments, for expanding the reach of computational thermodynamics in igneous petrology by evaluating excess thermodynamic properties of multicomponent silicate melts. However, we present evidence suggesting that current practices in simulation may not achieve the precision needed to predict complex phase equilibria relevant to modeling the Earth’s interior evolution. We highlight the importance of quantification of the chemical short-range order in terms of cation-cation pairs in the melt and its impact on different kinetic aspects of molecular dynamic simulations. We analyze published molecular dynamic simulation studies of silicate melts to identify specific criteria and best practices for achieving and demonstrating equilibrium and producing accurate results. Finally, we propose a list of experimental and numerical investigations that need to be performed in the future to ensure full consistency between these two approaches to reduce the gap in our fundamental understanding of silicate melts between the atomic level and the macroscopic scale.
Advances in Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear scintigraphy is a mainstay of diagnostic imaging and has preserved its relevance in the imaging of acute and chronic trauma. It is particularly useful in the evaluation of athletic injuries. Pitfalls of interpretation, false negatives and false positives exist as with many imaging modalities. Synthesis of physical exam findings, lameness evaluation and, when possible, diagnostic analgesia in combination with nuclear scintigraphy imaging findings, will allow for the most information to be applied to the patient's clinical problem.
Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus

The tribe Cercosaurini is one of the most poorly studied groups of the lizard family Gymnophthalmidae. Recent studies have suggested that two cercosauriine genera, Neusticurus and Proctoporus, are polyphyletic. The aim of the current study was to rectify the polyphyletic relationships and construct a phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini that is congruent with evolutionary history. Neusticurus is divided into two genera, one of them new (Potamites), based on the clades recovered by molecular studies and previously discussed morphological data. Proctoporus is divided into three genera, one of which is new (Petracola), while an older name (Riama) is resurrected for another. All five genera are described and defined and taxonomic keys are presented. This study represents an important advance in rectifying the taxonomy of the Cercosaurini. Many other para- and polyphyletic genera remain in the Gymnophthalmidae and much future work on this group is warranted. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 405–416.
Lidocaine Inactivation of Ventral Subiculum Attenuates Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats

The role of the ventral subiculum in cocaine- or cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior was investigated in rats tested on a between-session reinstatement model. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion, i.v.) in a lever-pressing operant task in a daily 2 hr session. Responding was reinforced contingent on a modified fixed-ratio 5 schedule. Reinstatement tests began after the lever-pressing behavior was extinguished in the absence of cocaine and conditioned cues (light and tone). Bilateral microinjections of lidocaine (100 μg) into the ventral subiculum decreased cocaine- or cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior compared with saline microinjections into the same area in another group of rats. Lidocaine microinjections, however, had no effect on cocaine self-administration behavior or food-maintained or food-reinstated responding. Collectively, these results suggest that the ventral subiculum plays an important role in cocaine-seeking behavior. Considering the role of this structure in context learning, our data suggest that the full expression of cocaine- or cue-induced reinstatement may depend on the context in which the cocaine experience occurred.