cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of lysine residues of the Magnaporthe oryzae effector AvrPiz-t in effector- and PAMP-triggered immunity.

Magnaporthe oryzae is an important fungal pathogen of both rice and wheat. However, how M. oryzae effectors modulate plant immunity is not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that the M. oryzae effector AvrPiz‐t targets the host ubiquitin‐proteasome system to manipulate plant defence. In return, two rice ubiquitin E3 ligases, APIP6 and APIP10, ubiquitinate AvrPiz‐t for degradation. To determine how lysine residues contribute to the stability and function of AvrPiz‐t, we generated double (K1,2R‐AvrPiz‐t), triple (K1,2,3R‐AvrPiz‐t) and lysine‐free (LF‐AvrPiz‐t) mutants by mutating lysines into arginines in AvrPiz‐t. LF‐AvrPiz‐t showed the highest protein accumulation when transiently expressed in rice protoplasts. When co‐expressed with APIP10 in Nicotiana benthamiana, LF‐AvrPiz‐t was more stable than AvrPiz‐t and was less able to degrade APIP10. The avirulence of LF‐AvrPiz‐t on Piz‐t:HA plants was less than that of AvrPiz‐t, which led to resistance reduction and lower accumulation of the Piz‐t:HA protein after inoculation with the LF‐AvrPiz‐t‐carrying isolate. Chitin‐ and flg22‐induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was higher in LF‐AvrPiz‐t than in AvrPiz‐t transgenic plants. In addition, LF‐AvrPiz‐t transgenic plants were less susceptible than AvrPiz‐t transgenic plants to a virulent isolate. Furthermore, both AvrPiz‐t and LF‐AvrPiz‐t interacted with OsRac1, but the suppression of OsRac1‐mediated ROS generation by LF‐AvrPiz‐t was significantly lower than that by AvrPiz‐t. Together, these results suggest that the lysine residues of AvrPiz‐t are required for its avirulence and virulence functions in rice.
Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on International Workshop on Security And Privacy Analytics

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 ACM International Workshop on Security and Privacy Analytics -- IWSPA '16. This year's workshop is the second in the series and continues the tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results and experience reports on leading edge issues and applications of data analytics (by which we mean techniques drawn from data mining, machine learning, statistics and natural language processing) to security challenges. Use of data analytics also has implications on privacy. Because of these reasons, the first international workshop on security and privacy analytics was organized in 2015. The mission of the workshop is to create a forum for interaction between data analytics and security/privacy experts and to examine the questions raised in the 1st workshop. The call for papers attracted 20 submissions from Asia, Canada, Europe, and the United States. Each paper was assigned to three program committee members for review, a total of 54 reviews were obtained with no paper having fewer than two reviews. Six papers were accepted for presentation as full papers (8 page limit) and three were accepted as short papers (6 page limit). We also encourage attendees to attend the three keynotes, the educational session and the industrial session presentations. For the first time, the workshop includes an industrial session, and an educational session with poster presentations on educational modules. These insightful talks should provide rich fodder for your own investigations and help in shaping the future of security and privacy analytics: Security Analytics in the Context of Adversarial Machine Learning, Douglas Tygar (University of California -- Berkeley) How Can We Enable Privacy in an Age of Big Data Analytics? Carl Landwehr (George Washington University and LeMoyne College) The Research Challenges of SDN Networks, Anita Nikolich (National Science Foundation) -- joint with CODASPY 2016 Data Driven Data Center Network Security, Vimalkumar Jeyakumar (Cisco); Ali Parandehgheibi (Cisco); Omid Madani (Cisco); Navindra Yadav (Cisco) -- industrial session Modules on Security and Privacy Analytics1 (educational session) Data Mining, Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing for Security, Rakesh Verma (University of Houston) Statistics for Security, Wenyaw Chan (UT Health Science Center -- Houston) Intrusion Detection, Stephen Huang (University of Houston) Privacy Preservation in Data Mining, Lila Ghemri (Texas Southern University) Internet Crime, Electronic Voting, Digital Content Protection, Ernst Leiss (University of Houston) Privacy Issues in Social Networks, Carlos Ordonez (University of Houston)
Chebyshev Vandermonde-like Measurement Matrix Based Compressive Spectrum Sensing

Compressive sensing is a rapidly growing research area that is being applied in many fields, including mathematics, aerospace, electrical engineering, computer science, and biomedical engineering. This concept proclaims that sparse signals can be recovered from a set of few measurements. It involves two processes, encoding and decoding. The encoding process deals with the question how one should design the linear measurement process and the decoding deals with what algorithm can successfully recover the original sparse signal. To date, both processes are still open problems, particularly how to construct explicit measurement matrices that lead to a successful recovery process. Therefore, in this paper, we review the main properties that can be used to design suitable measurement matrices and propose an explicit construction of measurement matrix based on the Chebyshev polynomial and Vandermonde matrix. The performance of this matrix is evaluated, and its efficiency is compared to those of the existing matrices using several evaluation metrics, namely the recovery error, processing and recovery time, and phase transition diagrams. This matrix is also evaluated in the context of wideband spectrum sensing using metrics such as the probabilities of detection and false alarm. The results show that the proposed matrix outperforms the performances of Gaussian and Toeplitz based models.
A survival comparison between women with uterine serous and/or clear cell carcinoma with and without a history of breast cancer

5580 Background: The association between breast and uterine is well known. However, the effect that a prior breast cancer diagnosis may have on women with a new endometrial cancer diagnosis is less...
An Automated Functional Annotation Pipeline That Rapidly Prioritizes Clinically Relevant Genes for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Human genetic studies have implicated more than a hundred genes in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Understanding how variation in implicated genes influence expression of co-occurring conditions and drug response can inform more effective, personalized approaches for treatment of individuals with ASD. Rapidly translating this information into the clinic requires efficient algorithms to sort through the myriad of genes implicated by rare gene-damaging single nucleotide and copy number variants, and common variation detected in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To pinpoint genes that are more likely to have clinically relevant variants, we developed a functional annotation pipeline. We defined clinical relevance in this project as any ASD associated gene with evidence indicating a patient may have a complex, co-occurring condition that requires direct intervention (e.g., sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances, attention deficit hyperactivity, anxiety, seizures, depression), or is relevant to drug development and/or approaches to maximizing efficacy and minimizing adverse events (i.e., pharmacogenomics). Starting with a list of all candidate genes implicated in all manifestations of ASD (i.e., idiopathic and syndromic), this pipeline uses databases that represent multiple lines of evidence to identify genes: (1) expressed in the human brain, (2) involved in ASD-relevant biological processes and resulting in analogous phenotypes in mice, (3) whose products are targeted by approved pharmaceutical compounds or possessing pharmacogenetic variation and (4) whose products directly interact with those of genes with variants recommended to be tested for by the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG). Compared with 1000 gene sets, each with a random selection of human protein coding genes, more genes in the ASD set were annotated for each category evaluated (p ≤ 1.99 × 10−2). Of the 956 ASD-implicated genes in the full set, 18 were flagged based on evidence in all categories. Fewer genes from randomly drawn sets were annotated in all categories (x = 8.02, sd = 2.56, p = 7.75 × 10−4). Notably, none of the prioritized genes are represented among the 59 genes compiled by the ACMG, and 78% had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in ClinVar. Results from this work should rapidly prioritize potentially actionable results from genetic studies and, in turn, inform future work toward clinical decision support for personalized care based on genetic testing.
Parental emotional support and social buffering in previously institutionalized and typically developing children and adolescents.

The current study tested the hypothesis that variation in parental emotional support explains differences in cortisol reactivity among 159 youth, including both previously institutionalized (PI; N = 78) and non-adopted (NA; N = 81) children (ages 9-10) and adolescents (ages 15-16). Youth participated in a Modified Trier Social Stress Test after a period of preparation with either their parent or a supportive stranger. Saliva samples were collected to derive a measure of cortisol reactivity. Our findings revealed that parents buffered the cortisol stress response for PI children and adolescents only if they were high on emotional support. Our results also suggest that simply preparing with a parent might buffer the stress response for NA children; for NA adolescents, however, only emotionally supportive parents significantly buffered their adolescents' stress.
Associations of Insomnia Symptoms With Cognition in Persons With Heart Failure

Although cognitive impairment is common among persons with heart failure and negatively impacts self-care, hospitalization, and mortality, the associations between cognitive impairment and insomnia...
Drug Reactions and Therapy Effects

Pulmonary toxicity can occur therapeutic agents as well as recreational drug abuse. Common imaging patterns of lung injury due to therapeutic drugs are highlighted in a table, and lung injury patterns from recreational drugs of abuse are also discussed, with imaging examples of both categories provided.
Gratification Disorder Associated With Perineal Irritation in Young Children: Management and Short-Term Outcome:

Masturbatory behaviors occur as a part of psychosexual development in young children, but if such behaviors exceed resulting in discomfort and disability, it is known as gratification disorder. Chi...
Structured CT reporting of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: impact on completeness of information and interdisciplinary communication for surgical planning

With the rise in popularity of structured reports in radiology, we sought to evaluate whether free-text CT reports on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) staging at our institute met published guidelines and assess feedback of pancreatic surgeons comparing free-text and structured report styles with the same information content. We retrospectively evaluated 298 free-text preoperative CT reports from 2015 to 2017 for the inclusion of key tumor descriptors. Two surgeons independently evaluated 50 free-text reports followed by evaluation of the same reports in a structured format using a 7-question survey to assess the usefulness and ease of information extraction. Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test for independence were utilized for categorical responses and an independent samples t test for comparing mean ratings of report quality as rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The most commonly included descriptors in free-text reports were tumor location (99%), liver lesions (97%), and suspicious lymph nodes (97%). The most commonly excluded descriptors were variant arterial anatomy and peritoneal/omental nodularity, which were present in only 23% and 42% of the reports, respectively. For vascular involvement, a mention of the presence or absence of perivascular disease with the main portal vein was most commonly included (87%). Both surgeons’ rating of overall report quality was significantly higher for structured reports (p < 0.001). Our results indicate that free-text reports may not include key descriptors for staging PDAC. Surgeons rated structured reports that presented the same information as free-text reports but in a template format superior for guiding clinical management, convenience of use, and overall report quality.
Mitral Annular Calcification in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence and Outcomes.

ABSTRACT Background The prevalence and clinical impact of mitral annular calcification (MAC) in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are largely unknown. Methods We reviewed 2113 HCM patients who underwent septal myectomy from January 2000 to April 2016. Preoperative and intraoperative echocardiograms along with operative notes were reviewed to identify MAC. Survival was estimated and compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality. Results MAC was identified in 390 (18.5%) patients. Older age, female sex, and presence of mitral valve leaflet calcification were strongly associated with higher odds of having MAC. Patients with MAC had higher resting LVOT gradients, more likely to have worse mitral valve regurgitation (MR) preoperatively, and more likely to undergo a concomitant mitral valve replacement (6% vs 1%, P Conclusions MAC is a frequent finding in older patients with obstructive HCM, more likely to be seen in females, and is associated with higher rates of concomitant mitral valve replacement. Despite higher prevalence of comorbidities, MAC remained an independent predictor for overall mortality following septal myectomy.
Higher Education for Sustainability : Cases, Challenges, and Opportunities from Across the Curriculum

Foreword: When You Wake Up Tomorrow, Paul Rowland Chapter 1: Introduction: What's Required to Take EfS to the Next Level? Dedee DeLongpre Johnston and Lucas Johnston SECTION 1: Understanding the Landscape for Change Chapter 2: The Emerging Environmental Sustainability Program at Meredith College: Exploring Student and Faculty Interest and Participation, Laura Fieselman and Erin Lindquist Chapter 3: Understanding Student Environmental Interests When Designing Multidisciplinary Curriculum, Jeremy T. Bruskotter, Greg Hitzhusen, Robyn S. Wilson, Adam Zwickle Chapter 4: Learning Outcomes: An International Comparison of Countries and Declarations, Debra Rowe and Lucas Johnston SECTION 2: Sustainability Across the Curriculum: Strategies and Tactics Chapter 5: Systems Study of an International Masters Program: A Case from Sweden, Sanaz Karim, Nadarajah Sriskandarajah, Asa Heiter Chapter 6: Keys to Breaking Disciplinary Barriers that Limit Sustainable Development Courses, William Van Lopik SECTION 3: Educating the Professional Chapter 7: Strategies for Transforming Healthcare Curricula: A Call for Collaboration between Academia and Practitioners, Carrie Rich and Seema Wadhwa Chapter 8: Sustainability and Professional Identity in Engineering Education, Mark Minster, Patricia D. Brackin, Rebecca DeVasher, Erik Z Hayes, Richard House, Corey Taylor Chapter 9: Implementing Environmental Sustainability in the Global Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure Industries: Developing a Comprehensive Cross-Disciplinary Curriculum, Michelle Millar, Chris Brown, Cynthia Carruthers, Thomas Jones, Yen-Soon Kim, Carola Raab, Ken Teeters, Li-Ting Yang SECTION 4: Problem-Based Learning Chapter 10: Everybody's Business: Addressing the Challenge of Team-Teaching Partnerships in the Global Seminar, Tamara Savelyeva Chapter 11: The Moral Ecology of Everyday Life, James J. Farrell Chapter 12: The Living Home: Building It into the Curriculum, Braum Barber and Leona Rousseau SECTION 5: Transformational Approaches Chapter 13: Shaping Sustainability at Furman and Middlebury: Emergent and Adaptive Curricular Models, Angela C. Halfacre, Michelle Horhota, Katherine Kransteuber, Brittany DeKnight, Brannon Andersen, Jack Byrne, Steve Trombulak, Nan Jenks-Jay Chapter 14: Stepping Up to the Challenge-The Dalhousie Experience, Tarah Wright Chapter 15: Sustainability as a Transformation in Education, Charles L. Redman Chapter 16: Toward a Resilient Academy, Richard M. Carp Epilogue About the Contributors
Chemotherapy Regimens for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Malignant Bone Tumors

The advent of chemotherapy brought dramatic improvements to the care of patients stricken with malignant bone tumors. Early experimentation with cytotoxic medications identified a number of agents with activity in both Ewing’s sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Survival rates in patients treated with these new agents improved five- to six-fold over the course of less than a decade. Therapies identified during the early years of chemotherapy continue to form the backbone upon which most modern regimens are built. Efforts to further improve outcomes have proved difficult. Modest, incremental gains have come only through experimentation involving large populations of patients made possible through the emergence of international cooperative groups. Advances in supportive care have facilitated the gradual intensification of treatment regimens both in terms of dose intensity and interval compression. Patients with refractory or metastatic disease continue to fare poorly. New approaches to the treatment of these patients are desperately needed.
T cell tolerance to germline-encoded antibody sequences in a lupus-prone mouse

The BCR V region has been implicated as a potential avenue of T cell help for autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. In principle, either germline-encoded or somatically generated sequences could function as targets of such help. Preceding studies have indicated that class II MHC-restricted T cells in normal mice attain a state tolerance to germline-encoded Ab diversity. In this study, we tested whether this tolerance is intact in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone (New Zealand Black x SWR)F1 mice (SNF1). Using a hybridoma sampling approach, we found that SNF1 T cells were tolerant to germline-encoded Ab sequences. Specifically, they were tolerant to germline-encoded sequences derived from a lupus anti-chromatin Ab that arose spontaneously in this strain. This was true both for diseased and prediseased mice. Thus, there does not appear to be a global defect in T cell tolerance to Ab V regions in this autoimmune-prone strain either before or during autoimmune disease.
ESCORT: energy-efficient sensor network communal routing topology using signal quality metrics

ESCORT aims at decreasing the energy cost of communication in dense sensor networks. We employ radio frequency (RF) signal quality assessment in forming communities of redundant nodes. These communities avoid spanning regions of environmental interference to preserve the routing fidelity of the network. ESCORT is routing protocol-independent and conserves energy by alternating redundant nodes' radio duty cycles. Simulation demonstrates that ESCORT enables nodes to deactivate their radios more than 60% of the time while sustaining acceptable communication performance.
More Than a Contest Between Armies: Essays on the Civil War Era

Review of: "More Than a Contest Between Armies: Essays on the Civil War Era," edited by James Marten and A. Kristen Foster.
Back Blows and Choking

In Reply.— Day and colleagues1 at tye Yale University School of Medicine reported studies proving that back blows propel a foreign body downward and backward into the throat or larynx in a direction toward the lung at a force of 3 g. Day et attributed this finding to Newton9s Third Law of Motion: "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction." They conclude that, in a choking person, "in the case of a partial obstruction, a back blow could transform the situation into one of compleete blockage."
Analysis of ubiquitin-dependent protein sorting within the endocytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The plasma membrane protein composition of a eukaryotic cell is maintained in part through the removal of transmembrane proteins by endocytosis and delivery to the lysosome (or vacuole in yeast) for degradation. The endocytic and biosynthetic pathways converge at endosomes, where related sorting events occur for proteins arriving from either pathway before their lysosomal delivery. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be an excellent model organism for the study of fundamental cellular processes, and this complex process is no exception. The powerful genetics available in the yeast system have facilitated the identification of a large number of factors that drive protein sorting throughout the endocytic pathway. It is clear that ubiquitin plays a critical role in targeting cargoes into this degradative pathway and that this signal is recognized by a series of adaptor proteins between the cell surface and lysosome that are responsible for directing the cargo for degradation. Here we provide detailed protocols for studying the fate of cargo proteins within the endosomal system, as well as the role of putative ubiquitin‐binding proteins.
The theory of information and coding

1. Entropy and mutual information 2. Discrete memoryless channels and their capacity-cost functions 3. Discrete memoryless sources and their rate-distortion functions 4. The Gaussian channel and source 5. The source-channel coding theorem 6. Survey of advanced topics for part I 7. Linear codes 8. BCH Goppa, and related codes 9. Convolutional codes 10. Variable-length source coding 11. Survey of advanced topics for part II.
Responses to the multitargeted MET/ALK/ROS1 inhibitor crizotinib and co-occurring mutations in lung adenocarcinomas with MET amplification or MET exon 14 skipping mutation.

Abstract Introduction Genomic aberrations involving ALK , ROS1 and MET can be driver oncogenes in lung adenocarcinomas. Identification of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with activity against these tumors and of preclinical systems to model response are warranted. Methods We analyzed cases with lung adenocarcinomas for representative genomic aberrations, evaluated the response to the multitargeted MET/ALK/ROS1 crizotinib TKI in cases with MET aberrations and profiled lung cancer cell lines with the aforementioned genomic changes. Results Lung cancer cell lines with ALK rearrangement, ROS1 rearrangement or MET amplification had expected in vitro responses to crizotinib and the ALK/ROS1 TKI ceritinib. However, a commercially-available cell line with MET exon 14 skipping mutation and co-occurring PIK3CA -p.Glu545Lys mutation did not respond to crizotinib; suggesting the latter abrogated response. 10% of MET exon 14 skipping mutation co-occurred with PIK3CA mutation in the TCGA cohort. Putative crizotinib-responsive somatic mutations ( ALK rearrangements, ROS1 rearrangements, high level MET amplification or MET exon 14 skipping mutations) were present in 10% of lung adenocarcinomas analyzed at our service and in 9.5% of the TCGA lung adenocarcinoma database. One patient each whose advanced tumors harbored high level MET amplification with wild-type PIK3CA or MET exon 14 skipping mutation with PIK3CA -p.Glu542Lys had significant responses to crizotinib; suggesting that PIK3CA co-mutation did not affect clinical response. Conclusions Approximately 10% of lung adenocarcinomas harbor aberrations that are targetable using the approved multitargeted TKI crizotinib. MET exon 14 skipping mutation predicts for response to MET TKIs in human lung adenocarcinomas but co-occurrence of PIK3CA mutation needs to be better evaluated as a modifier of response to TKI therapy. MET TKIs should not be omitted from MET exon 14 skipping mutated tumors until further preclinical and clinical data can confirm or refute mechanisms of primary or acquired resistance to crizotinib and other MET TKIs in these recalcitrant cancers.
Learning to Argue and Arguing to Learn: Argument‐Driven Inquiry as a Way to Help Undergraduate Chemistry Students Learn How to Construct Arguments and Engage in Argumentation During a Laboratory Course

This study examines whether students enrolled in a general chemistry I laboratory course developed the ability to participate in scientific argumentation over the course of a semester. The laboratory activities that the students participated in during the course were designed using the Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) an instructional model. This model gives a more central place to argumentation and the role of argument in the social construction of scientific knowledge. The development of the students' ability to construct a scientific argument and to participate in scientific argumentation was tracked over time using three different data sources. These data sources included a performance task, which was administered at the beginning, middle, and end of the course, video recording of the students participating in episodes of argumentation, and the lab reports the students wrote as part of each lab activity. As time was the independent variable in this study, a repeated measure ANOVA was used to evaluate changes in the ways students performed on each task over the course of the semester. The results of the analysis indicate that there was significant growth in the quality of the students' written arguments and nature of their oral argumentation. There also was a significant correlation between written and oral arguments. These results suggest that the use of an integrated instructional model that places emphasis on argument and argumentation can have a positive impact on the quality of the arguments students include in their investigation reports, the argumentation they engage in during lab activities, and their overall performance on tasks that require them to develop and support a valid conclusion with genuine evidence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 561–596, 2013
Creative exercises (CEs) in the biochemistry domain: an analysis of students' linking of chemical and biochemical concepts

Creative exercises (CEs), a specific form of open-ended assessment tools, have been shown to promote students' linking of prior and newly learned concepts within a course. In this study, we examined how often students in an upper-division undergraduate biochemistry course linked prior chemical concepts to biochemical ones in response to CE prompts. Thematic analysis of participant responses showed students making in response to the CEs multiple connections between prior chemical concepts and biomolecule structure, thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics. In the case of thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics CEs, most students tended to rely on contexts and concepts focused on specific materials from their current course whereas responses to biomolecule structure CEs mostly invoked foundational concepts in acid–base and organic chemistry, such as pH/pKa, pI, ionization, stereochemistry, and organic functional groups. Invoking the cognitive resources activation framework in discussing the findings, we highlight the utility and relevance of CEs in upper division courses that rely on the application of prior chemical knowledge to explain new ones as well as the implications of the findings for research and teaching.
Mars Exploration Rovers Launch Performance and TCM-1 Maneuver Design

The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project successfully landed two identical rovers on Mars in order to remotely conduct geologic investigations, including characterization of rocks and soils that may hold clues to past water activity. Two landing sites, Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, were selected out of nearly 200 candidate sites after balancing science returns and flight system engineering and safety. Precise trajectory targeting and control was necessary to achieve the atmospheric entry requirements for the selected landing sites within the flight system constraints. This paper discusses the expected and achieved launch vehicle performance and the impacts of that performance on the first Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-1) while maintaining targeting flexibility in accommodating additional project concerns about landing site safety and possible in-flight retargeting to alternate landing sites.
Whole Cell Biochemical and Nanomechanical Investigations of Bacillus Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) based adhesion force spectroscopy and elasticity measurements have emerged as powerful tools in the biophysical analysis of cellular systems. Such measurements can now be extended to probe the distribution of specific biomolecules and elasticity at the single cell level. Here, we report on studies using Bacillus cereus, a common food-borne pathogen, as a model system. Using AFM-based adhesion force spectroscopy coupled with lectin probes - wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (ConA), we show the spatial mapping of specific cell-surface carbohydrate targets - N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannose/glucose (Glu). We show the compositional change from the vegetative cell to the spore, mapped, and quantified at the nanoscale across single B. cereus cell surfaces. The surface molar ratios of GlcNAc:Glu are ∼4:1 on a vegetative cell surface but display a switch to ∼1:3 on a spore surface. This trend is in excellent agreement with previously reported values using GC-MS and chromatography conducted on bulk samples. Further, we investigated the morphological and nanomechanical transformation of B. cereus in the sporulation process in response to temporal nutrient deprivation conditions. Using AFM imaging and elasticity mapping, we observed the morphogenesis and the progression in elasticity of the endospore and released mature endospore. The elastic modulus increased nearly 300% from the rod-like vegetative cell (1.1± 0.2GPa) to the oval-shape mature spore (5.1±0.3 GPa) due to the formation of spore coat and cortex. Collectively, these investigations demonstrate atomic force microscopy as a versatile single cell technique in microbiology to quantitatively detect and spatially map bacterial surface biomarkers and probe key spatial and temporal changes in surface biochemical and nanomechanical properties during cellular activities.
Nursing journal clubs and the clinical nurse specialist.

Purpose/objectives The purpose of this article was to describe the clinical nurse specialist's role in developing and implementing a journal club. Tools for critiquing clinical and research articles with an application of each are provided. Background The journal club provides a forum through which nurses maintain their knowledge base about clinically relevant topics and developments in their specific clinical discipline, analyze and synthesize the relevant scientific literature as evidence, and engage in informal discussions about evidence-based and best practices. Rationale The value of journal clubs includes nursing staff education, review of and support for evidence-based practice, promotion of nursing research, and fostering of organization-wide nursing practice changes. Description The process for establishing a journal club and suggested appraisal tools are discussed. In addition, strategies for overcoming barriers to the implementation of a journal club are outlined. Suggested article review questions and a reporting format for clinical and research articles are provided with examples from 2 articles. Finally, a glossary of terms commonly used by research scientists and manuscript writers are listed and additional resources provided. Outcome/conclusion The clinical nurse specialist's role in developing and implementing a journal club will be facilitated through the use of this article. Implications Enhanced nursing staff education, evidence-based practice, organization-wide nursing practice changes, and nursing research may be conducted following the implementation of a nursing journal club.
A new hydroid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi

A new fossil hydroid is reported as an organic impression on a calcareous gastropod steinkern from the Prairie Bluff Chalk (Maastrichtian), Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. This is the first such hydroid reported from the Upper Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The fossil organism consists of anastomosing hydrorhizae forming a holdfast, a fascicled hydrocaulus, and elongated, crenulated and ribbed hydrothecae. The fossil is unlike other Mesozoic hydroids that have been reported from Europe and North America; it is described as Mesodendrium oktibbehaensis gen. et sp. nov. and tentiatively referred to an extant family, the Campanulariidae (Calyptoblastina). The complete preservation of the holdfast, hydrocaulus and hydrothecae suggests that this hydroid lived inside gastropod shells. In analogy with Recent symbiotic hydroids inhabiting mollusc shells, the new specimen described here possibly represents the oldest known example of a symbiotic relationship between hydroids and hermit crabs.
Surface cleaning, electronic states and electron affinity of diamond (100), (111) and (110) surfaces

Abstract The effects of cleaning natural type IIb diamond (100), (111) and (110) samples by annealing and hydrogen – or deuterium plasma exposure were investigated by means of ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Different wet chemical cleaning processes (a conventional chromic acid clean and an electrochemical etch) and a H plasma exposure have been employed to clean natural type IIb semiconducting diamond C(100) wafers. The effects of these processes on the diamond surface have been assessed and compared. As evidenced by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), an oxygen free surface could be obtained following vacuum annealing to 900°C for the electrochemical process compared to 1050°C for the chromic acid etch. In addition, the technique of atomic force microscopy demonstrated the presence of oriented pits on the surface of samples that were electrochemically etched for long times at high currents. After a H plasma exposure the negative electron affinity (NEA) peak in the UPS spectra doubled in intensity. An anneal to 1100°C resulted in the removal of the sharp NEA feature. A second H plasma treatment resulted in the reappearance of the NEA peak similar to that after the first H plasma exposure. A (2×1) reconstructed low energy electron diffraction pattern was observed subsequent to the anneals as well as the H plasma treatments. The fact that a NEA can be induced or removed repeatedly by means of a H plasma exposure or annealing at 1100°C, respectively, provides evidence to correlate the appearance of a NEA with the presence of a monohydride terminated surface. Corresponding effects were found for (111) and (110) surfaces. A NEA could be induced by a H plasma and removed by annealing at 900 or 800°C for diamond (111) or (110) surfaces, respectively. Following a deuterium plasma exposure the diamond surfaces exhibited a NEA like the ones treated by a hydrogen plasma. Higher annealing temperatures were necessary to remove the NEA for deuterium due to the isotope effect. Values of 79 and 81 V μm −1 were measured for the field emission threshold of the oxygen terminated C(100) and C(110) surfaces, respectively. A value of 25 V μm −1 was determined for the hydrogen terminated C(110) surface.
Multi-scale polymer properties with applications to solid lubricants in ironing

The use of polymer laminated steels have received significant interest from the can-making industry as a potential base material, mainly due to environmental benefits and excellent solid lubrication properties. Internal corrosion prevention is also very important with food cans. Previous research has experimentally and mathematically analyzed this material, but the mechanical properties, especially the shear strength, of the polymer coating is difficult to obtain given its very small thickness. This paper obtains predictions of polymer coating strength through two approaches: a millimeter-scale approach based on a mathematical model of ironing, and a sub-micrometer scale approach based on asperity plowing with an atomic force microscope. Once piezo-strengthening effects are accounted for, the polymer strength predictions from the two methods are very close.
The catalytic effect of sodium and lithium ions on coupled sorption-reduction of chromate at the biotite edge-fluid interface

Large single crystals of biotite and near-endmember phlogopite were reacted with aqueous solutions bearing 20 μM Cr(VI) and different concentrations of NaCl, LiCl, RbCl, CsCl, NaClO4, and Na2SO4. Solutions were maintained at 25 ± 0.5°C, 1 atm, and pH = 4.00 ± 0.02. Samples were extracted from the reaction chamber at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 h. The edges and basal planes of the reacted micas were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for major elements and Cr. XPS analyses of biotite show trivalent chromium on edge surfaces but no detectable chromium on the basal plane. XPS analyses of near-endmember phlogopites that were reacted in the same experiments as biotite showed no detectable Cr on either the basal plane or edge surfaces. Increasing Na and Li salt concentrations increased the rate of coupled sorption-reduction of chromate at the biotite edge-fluid interface, where the order of effectiveness was NaCl ∼ NaClO4 > Na2SO4 > LiCl. In contrast, no Cr was detected on mica edges after reaction in RbCl and CsCl solutions. Comparison of equimolar NaCl and LiCl experiments indicate that the active agent is Na and Li, not ionic strength or the anion. Sulfate tends to block the reaction more so than chloride. We conclude that it is the substitution of hydrated cations for interlayer K in biotite that enhances the heterogeneous reduction of chromate at the biotite edge-fluid interface.
Comment on ''Interplanetary shocks unconnected with earthbound coronal mass ejections'' by T. A. Howard and S. J. Tappin

[1] Recently, Howard and Tappin [2005] (hereinafter referred to as HT) reported on a set of 7 interplanetary (IP) shocks, apparently not connected with any detectable coronal mass ejection (CME) activity along the Sun-Earth line and concluded that there was no evidence to associate 6 of them with corotating interaction regions (CIRs); they were uncertain about one event. Based on these results, HT put forth a proposal that the 6 shocks were associated with ‘‘erupting magnetic structures’’ or EMSs and that EMSs rather than CIRs are the dominant cause of IP shocks that cannot be associated with halo CMEs. Our analysis of these events does not agree with these conclusions due the following reasons: (1) the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission had a data gap for one event , and (23 October 1998), so the CME association could not be checked; (2) the 18 May 1999 and 23 December 2001 shocks were likely CIR-related; (3) the remaining 4 shocks were CME-related, two (7 April 1998 and 9 November 2002) reported in the published literature [Manoharan et al., 2004] and the other two (both on 23 August 1999) were associated with two successive CMEs from the same region ejected off the Sun-earth line. Therefore, we do not see any basis for invoking anything other than CIRs and CMEs. In the following, we revisit the source of each of the 7 shocks.
Antiseizure effects of TrkB kinase inhibition.

Summary Objective The principal molecular targets of conventional antiseizure drugs consist of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels and proteins subserving synaptic function. Inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB limits epileptogenesis, but its effect on individual seizures is unknown. We sought to determine whether inhibition of TrkB kinase exerts an antiseizure effect. Methods We utilized the kindling model in combination with an inducible conditional knockout of the TrkB gene (Act-CreER TrkBflox/flox mice treated with tamoxifen), and also with a chemical-genetic approach in which mice carry a TrkB kinase with a phenylalanine to alanine substitution of residue 616 (TrkBF616A), which allows inhibition of the kinase by a blood–brain barrier permeable small molecule, 1′-naphthylmethyl-4-amino-1-tert-butyl-3-(p-methylphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1NMPP1). Results Following induction of kindling, reduction of TrkB protein levels in Act-CreER TrkBflox/flox mice treated with tamoxifen was associated with reduced severity of behavioral seizures evoked by stimulation. Treatment with 1NMPP1 for 2 weeks following induction of kindling reversibly elevated both focal electrographic and generalized seizure thresholds in TrkBF616A, but not wild-type (WT), mice. In contrast to kindled animals, treatment of naive TrkBF616A mice for 2 weeks had no detectable effect on electrographic seizure threshold (EST). Significance This study provides proof of concept of a novel molecular target for antiseizure drugs, namely the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Structural interactions of the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein in the yeast ATP synthase.

Abstract The structure/function relationship of oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein (OSCP), subunit 5 of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, from yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas been studied by a combination of genetic and biochemical methods. OSCP was studied by deletion mutagenesis of the N- and C-terminal regions by modifying the gene coding for OSCP. Two deletion mutations were made immediately downstream of the leader peptide of OSCP and five were made at the C-terminus. OSCP was functional with deletions of amino acids 3 to 17 (ND15) and of the last 8 amino acids (CD8), while deletion of amino acids 3 to 31 (ND29) and the last 9 amino acids (CD9) inactivated the ATP synthase, as determined byin vivoanalysis. The deletion mutants were expressed inEscherichia coli,purified, and studied byin vitroreconstitution studies. Circular dichroism studies suggested that the mutant proteins, with the possible exception of ND29, were folded in a similar fashion as wild-type OSCP. Mutants ND15 and CD8 were able to reconstitute an oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex, although not as well as wild-type OSCP, while ND29 and CD9 were completely ineffective. Binding studies of ND29 and CD9 indicate that these mutants in OSCP were unable to bind to the membrane portion of the ATP synthase, F0, and these results were supported by competition binding studies. These results support the hypothesis that the N- and C-terminal regions of subunit 5 interact with F0and suggest that the central region interacts with F1.
The G syndrome of dysphagia, ocular hypertelorism and hypospadias.

Two families with the G syndrome of dysphagia, ocular hypertelorism and male genital anomalies are described. One family had a lethal case with a laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft, while the other showed only a relatively mild expression of the syndrome in both sexes. This wide variability and the new findings are discussed, and the importance of an early diagnosis for the successful management of severe cases is emphasized.
Blunt-Body Entry Vehicle Aerothermodynamics: Transition and Turbulence on the CEV and MSL Configurations

Recent, current, and planned NASA missions that employ blunt-body entry vehicles pose aerothermodynamic problems that challenge the state-of-the art of experimental and computational methods. The issues of boundary-layer transition and turbulent heating on the heat shield have become important in the designs of both the Mars Science Laboratory and Crew Exploration Vehicle. While considerable experience in these general areas exists, that experience is mainly derived from simple geometries; e.g. sharp-cones and flat-plates, or from lifting bodies such as the Space Shuttle Orbiter. For blunt-body vehicles, application of existing data, correlations, and comparisons is questionable because an all, or mostly, subsonic flow field is produced behind the bow shock, as compared to the supersonic (or even hypersonic) flow of other configurations. Because of the need for design and validation data for projects such as MSL and CEV, many new experimental studies have been conducted in the last decade to obtain detailed boundary-layer transition and turbulent heating data on this class of vehicle. In this paper, details of several of the test programs are reviewed. The laminar and turbulent data from these various test are shown to correlate in terms of edge-based Stanton and Reynolds number functions. Correlations are developed from the data for transition onset and turbulent heating augmentation as functions of momentum thickness Reynolds number. These correlation can be employed as engineering-level design and analysis tools.
Diurnal Changes on the California Personality Inventory on Work and Leisure Days

15 adults took the Socialization, Responsibility, Well Being, and Good Impression scales from the California Personality Inventory three times each day on two workdays and two leisure days. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon, and in the evening while relaxing before going to bed. They were instructed to answer the questions each time as though they had never seen them before. Analysis showed that, as previously on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, scores on the California Personality Inventory showed diurnal changes and large individual differences in amount of change. Presumed centrality of personality aspects measured had little effect. People changed more on workdays. Therefore, both time of day and context should be taken into account when interpreting personality tests, and the tests given several times to obtain a profile of the person. For both applied and theoretical reasons, diurnal changes and factors influencing individual differences need to be studied further.
Double Polarization Modulation Interferometry

The concepts of a double polarization modulation interferometer and the experimental measurements verifying these concepts are presented. This interferometer serves as an analytical tool for the characterization of polarization modulation devices. In addition, for polarization difference measurements this interferometer offers four times better efficiency over widely used amplitude-division interferometers.
Partner Concurrency and the STD/HIV Epidemic

Conceptually and theoretically, it is easy to see how short gaps and concurrent partnerships fuel the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV in populations. The consequences of concurrency are bounded by the duration of the infectious period and by the relationships between concurrent partnerships and other dimensions of sexual behavior. Consequently, it is difficult to predict how concurrent partnerships or short gaps may be related to the spread of STI and HIV in a particular epidemiologic context in empirical reality. In recent years, analyses of sexual behavior data collected through nationally representative surveys revealed similar prevalences of concurrent sexual partnerships in Western populations. The association between concurrent sexual partnerships and STI/HIV risk is complicated. At the population level, recent findings suggest that the ecological association between polygyny and HIV prevalence is negative at the country level and at the sub-national level. To address the need for agreed-upon standard definitions and measures of concurrent sexual partnerships, which will facilitate comparisons across time and settings, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections convened a meeting in April 2009. The recommendations developed at this meeting include suggestions for a definition, indicators, and measures of concurrency.