cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of tunneling ionization using Bohmian mechanics

Recent attoclock experiments and theoretical studies regarding the strong-field ionization of atoms by few-cycle infrared pulses revealed features that have attracted much attention. Here we investigate tunneling ionization and the dynamics of the electron probability using Bohmian mechanics. We consider a one-dimensional problem to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of the ionization process. It is revealed that in the major part of the below-the-barrier ionization regime, in an intense and short infrared pulse, the electron does not tunnel through the entire barrier, but rather starts already from the classically forbidden region. Moreover, we highlight the correspondence between the probability of locating the electron at a particular initial position and its asymptotic momentum. Bohmian mechanics also provides a natural definition of mean tunneling time and exit position, taking account of the time dependence of the barrier. Finally, we find that the electron can exit the barrier with significant kinetic energy, thereby corroborating the results of a recent study [N. Camus et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 023201 (2017)].
Involvement of Acute Care Physical Therapists in Care Transitions for Older Adults Following Acute Hospitalization: A Cross-sectional National Survey.

Background and purpose Recent evidence has suggested physical therapist involvement in care transitions after hospitalization is associated with reduced rates of hospital readmissions. However, little is known about how physical therapists participate in care transitions for older adults, the content of care communications, and the facilitators and barriers of implementing evidence-based care transition strategies into practice. Thus, the purpose of this article is to evaluate participation in care transition activities known to influence readmission risk among older adults, and understand perceptions of and barriers to participation in these activities. Methods We developed a survey questionnaire to quantify hospital-based physical therapist participation in care transitions and validated it using cognitive interviewing. It was introduced to a cross-sectional national sample of physical therapists who participate in the Academy of Acute Care Physical Therapy electronic discussion board using a SurveyMonkey tool. Results and discussion More than 90% of respondents agreed they routinely recommended a discharge location and provided recommendations for durable medical equipment for patients at the time of hospital discharge. Respondents did not routinely initiate communication with therapists in other care settings, or follow up with patients to determine whether recommendations were followed. A majority of respondents agreed their facilities would not consider many key care transition activities to count as productive time.This survey provides a novel insight into how hospital-based physical therapists participate in care transitions. Communications between rehabilitation providers across care settings are infrequent, even though those communications are recommended to help reduce readmissions. However, administrative barriers were elucidated in this study that may help explain lack of therapist involvement. Conclusions Physical therapists' communications across health care setting about older adults discharging from acute care hospitalization are infrequent, but may represent a meaningful intervention target for future studies. Future research is needed to evaluate best practices for hospital-based physical therapists during care transitions.
The effectiveness of scaling procedures for comparing ground reaction forces.

Abstract Various scaling methods are used when attempting to remove the influence of anthropometric differences on ground reaction forces (GRF) when comparing groups. Though commonly used, ratio scaling often results in an over-correction. Allometric scaling has previously been suggested for kinetic variables but its effectiveness in partialing out the effect of anthropometrics is unknown due to a lack of consistent application. This study examined the effectiveness of allometric scaling vertical, braking and propulsive GRF and loading rate for 84 males and 47 females while running at 4.0 m/s. Raw, unfiltered data were ratio scaled by body mass (BM), height (HT), and BM multiplied by HT (BM∗HT). Gender specific exponents for allometric scaling were determined by performing a log-linear (for BM and HT individually) or log-multilinear regression (BMHT). Pearson productmoment correlations were used to assess the effectiveness of each scaling method. Ratio scaling by BM, HT, or BM∗HT resulted in an over-correction of the data for most variables and left a considerable portion of the variance still attributable to anthropometrics. Allometric scaling by BM successfully removed the effect of BM and HT for all variables except for braking GRF in males and vertical GRF in females. However, allometric scaling for BMHT successfully removed the effect of BM and HT for all reactionary forces in both genders. Based on these results, allometric scaling for BMHT was the most appropriate scaling method for partialing out the effect of BM and HT on kinetic variables to allow for effective comparisons between groups or individuals.
Congenital Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia—An Unusual Cause of Respiratory Distress in the Newborn

The clinical and anatomical features of a patient with an unusual pulmonary malformation, is reported. The clinical course was consistent with the syndrome of persistent fetal circulation; morphologically, however, the patient was found to have a unique form of pulmonary dysplasia. Failure of formation and ingrowth of alveolar capillaries led to absence of normal air-blood barriers in this term infant. In addition anomalous veins were present in the bronchovascular bundles. Morphometric study indicated that the lungs were otherwise mature. This selective deficiency and dysplasia suggests that distal pulmonary epithelial and vascular development operate under separate control mechanisms.
Rational Homotopy Theory of Flag Varieties Associated to Kac-Moody Groups

This paper is a sequel to my earlier paper “Geometry of Schubert cells and cohomology of Kac-Moody Lie-algebras”. It uses many results from the paper, just mentioned, in an essential manner.
Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Identify Parkinson’s Disease-Relevant Phenotypes

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting older individuals. The specific cause underlying dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in the substantia nigra, a pathological hallmark of PD, remains elusive. Here, we highlight peer-reviewed reports using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to model PD in vitro and discuss the potential disease-relevant phenotypes that may lead to a better understanding of PD etiology. Benefits of iPSCs are that they retain the genetic background of the donor individual and can be differentiated into specialized neurons to facilitate disease modeling. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER stress, and alpha-synuclein accumulation are common phenotypes observed in PD iPSC-derived neurons. New culturing technologies, such as directed reprogramming and midbrain organoids, offer innovative ways of investigating intraneuronal mechanisms of PD pathology. PD patient-derived iPSCs are an evolving resource to understand PD pathology and identify therapeutic targets.
General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research

This chapter describes the research on General strain theory (GST), the proposed revisions/extensions in the theory and areas where further research is needed. It discusses the types of strain most likely to result in crime and the reasons why strains increase the likelihood of crime. The chapter focuses on the factors that influence or condition the effect of strains on crime and the consequences of criminal coping on strains and negative emotions. According to GST, strains lead to a range of negative emotions. Certain negative emotions may also reduce the ability to cope in a legal manner, reduce concern for the costs of crime, and/or increase the individual's disposition for crime. GST may also suggest new strategies for controlling crime like altering the goals and perceptions of individuals in ways that reduce subjective strain. For example, people might alter the masculinity goals of individuals.
Intratumoral Heterogeneity: More Than Just Mutations

Most human tumors are composed of genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cell populations, which poses a major challenge for the clinical management of cancer patients. Advances of single-cell technologies have allowed the profiling of tumors at unprecedented depth, which, in combination with newly developed computational tools, enable the dissection of tumor evolution with increasing precision. However, our understanding of mechanisms that regulate intratumoral heterogeneity and our ability to modulate it has been lagging behind. Recent data demonstrate that epigenetic regulators, including histone demethylases, may control the cell-to-cell variability of transcriptomes and chromatin profiles and they may modulate therapeutic responses via this function. Thus, the therapeutic targeting of epigenetic enzymes may be used to decrease intratumoral cellular heterogeneity and treatment resistance, when used in combination with other types of agents.
Recruitment in online research for COPD: leveraging social media and research registries.

Social media and research registries effectively reach diverse subgroups of patients with obstructive lung conditions. Patient co-created mail and e-mail pre-notifications that precede a formal e-mail invitation can enhance enrolment in online research.http://ow.ly/gQQt30o6Bcw
Patient-Level Trajectories and Outcomes After Low-Dose CT Screening in the National Lung Screening Trial.

Background Shared decision-making is an essential element of low-dose CT (LDCT) screening for lung cancer. Understanding patient-level outcomes from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) is critical to effectively communicate risks and benefits of screening to patients. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data collected in the NLST. We determined outcomes of each LDCT scan performed in the NLST (downstream evaluation, complications, lung cancer diagnoses), and compared outcomes at the test level with outcomes calculated at the patient level for those randomized to LDCT screening. To assess the impact of COPD on patient outcomes, we compared outcomes among patients with and without COPD. Results Of 75,138 LDCT scans, 14.2% led to a diagnostic study and 1.5% to an invasive procedure, with 0.3% of LDCT scans resulting in a procedure-related complication and 0.1% in a serious complication. Among 24,453 patients who underwent LDCT screening, 30.5% underwent a diagnostic study and 4.2% an invasive procedure, with 0.9% of screened patients experiencing a procedure-related complication and 0.3% a serious complication. Patients with COPD (defined by self-report) were more likely to need a diagnostic study (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.29; P Conclusions We provide important patient-level data from the NLST that can be used to guide shared decision-making. The risk-to-benefit ratio of screening may vary significantly in some patients, such as those with COPD, in whom both risks and benefits of screening may be increased.
Saccharide analog, 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose enhances 4‐1BB‐mediated antitumor immunity via PD‐L1 deglycosylation

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks a well-defined molecular target and is associated with poorer outcomes compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy shows a 10% to 20% response rate in TNBC patients. Our previous studies show that PD-L1 proteins are heavily glycosylated in TNBC, and the glycosylation plays an important role in the PD-L1 protein's stability and immunosuppressive function. However, a strategy for PD-L1 deglycosylation in TNBC is poorly defined. Here we found that a saccharide analog, 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2-DG), inhibits glycosylation of PD-L1 and its immunosuppressive function by combining with EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib. Interestingly, 2-DG/gefitinib-induced deglycosylation of PD-L1 decreased the expression level of PD-L1 protein as well as its binding with PD-1. However, there was no significant decrease in 4-1BB expression and its binding with 4-1BBL by 2-DG/gefitinib. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the combination treatment of 2-DG/gefitinib and 4-1BB antibody enhances antitumor immunity in TNBC syngeneic murine models. Together, our results suggest a new immunotherapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor immunity by PD-L1 deglycosylation and 4-1BB stimulation in TNBC.
Phoenix canariensis: Canary Island Date Palm

The Canary Island date palm is native to the Canary Islands. Although it can reach heights of 40–50 feet, it is slow growing and requires many years to attain that height. It has 8- to 15-foot-long rigid leaves that contain up to 200 V-shaped leaflets, the basal ones of which are modified into long, sharp spines. Leaves are not self-cleaning and must be manually removed when dead, but the leaf bases eventually rot off, leaving an attractive diamond-shaped pattern of leaf scars on the 2- to 3-foot-diameter trunk. On older specimens, the basal foot or so of the trunk typically is covered with short root initials. This 6-page fact sheet was written by T. K. Broschat, and published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, August 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st439
Nomads and States in Comparative Perspective

Today every inhabited part of the world is controlled by sovereign states of various types and sizes. In contrast before 1600 a majority of the world’s territories were outside their control either because they were unknown to them or because their sovereign claims on paper were effectively resisted by non-state actors. The most numerous and effective of these non-state actors lived as pastoral nomads. Organized as mobile social and political groups, they occupied and defended territories but did not define themselves by them. If they lost one territory, they could re-establish themselves elsewhere and still maintain their solidarity. Those living on the borders of powerful states such as China developed their own political and military strategies that kept them independent until the early modern period, sometimes creating their own empress as did the Mongols in the thirteenth century. On other occasions (particularly in North Africa and the Middle East), they became the ruling dynasties of established states. Changes in military technology and transportation beginning in the nineteenth and accelerating in the twentieth centuries gave territorial states such an advantage that they completely displaced older alternative forms of that had been politically significant for thousands of years.
Online Kernel based Generative Adversarial Networks.

One of the major breakthroughs in deep learning over the past five years has been the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), a neural network-based generative model which aims to mimic some underlying distribution given a dataset of samples. In contrast to many supervised problems, where one tries to minimize a simple objective function of the parameters, GAN training is formulated as a min-max problem over a pair of network parameters. While empirically GANs have shown impressive success in several domains, researchers have been puzzled by unusual training behavior, including cycling so-called mode collapse. In this paper, we begin by providing a quantitative method to explore some of the challenges in GAN training, and we show empirically how this relates fundamentally to the parametric nature of the discriminator network. We propose a novel approach that resolves many of these issues by relying on a kernel-based non-parametric discriminator that is highly amenable to online training---we call this the Online Kernel-based Generative Adversarial Networks (OKGAN). We show empirically that OKGANs mitigate a number of training issues, including mode collapse and cycling, and are much more amenable to theoretical guarantees. OKGANs empirically perform dramatically better, with respect to reverse KL-divergence, than other GAN formulations on synthetic data; on classical vision datasets such as MNIST, SVHN, and CelebA, show comparable performance.
Venous thromboembolism prevention compliance: A multidisciplinary educational approach utilizing NSQIP best practice guidelines.

Abstract Background Review of our institutional National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) data found higher rate of Venous Thromboembolic Events (VTE) (2.5% vs. 1.1%). Compared to the national benchmark. Our goal was to identify opportunities for quality improvement. Methods We compared NSQIP general surgery data from January 2015–December 2016 (period 1) to January 2017–December 2018 (period 2). A multidisciplinary committee was developed and patient centered education implemented to enhance VTE compliance. Results Over 50% of all the patients who developed VTE were non-compliant with chemical prophylaxis. The majority of non-compliance was due to pain. During period 1 there were 12 VTEs in 482 cases, while in period two, 18 VTEs in 2347 cases (2.5% vs. 0.8%; RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5–3.7, p Conclusion A multidisciplinary, patient centered approach to increase VTE prevention decreases VTE rates to below a comparable benchmark.
Reporting Considerations for Cefepime-Susceptible and -Susceptible-Dose Dependent Results for Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales.

The rise of carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) presents an urgent public health threat and has created challenges for clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories ([1][1]). Whereas most carbapenemases hydrolyze third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (
Two-dimensional pitted corrosion localization on coated steel based on fiber Bragg grating sensors

Steel is widely used as building material for large-scale structures, such as buildings, bridges, and oil and gas pipelines, due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. Corrosion has been believed to be one of the main reasons for reducing the load carrying capacity and the service life of structural steel, especially for the structures in harsh service environments. To mitigate corrosion for structural steel, coatings have been widely applied. On the other hand, to monitor corrosion in real time, embedding fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inside the coatings becomes a potential solution for coated steel structures. However, due to the fact that FBG sensors are local point sensors, the localization of pitted corrosion based on these sensors is very challenging. In this study, a methodology based on a three-sensor network was set up to detect the location and severity of the pitted corrosion on steel structures in two dimension (2D). The 2D simply supported plate theory together with the numerical simulation based on finite element analysis (ANSYS software) was used to derive the transfer function of the pitted corrosion location to the FBG sensor reading. Depending on the parametric study through numerical analysis, a pitted corrosion location exhaustion algorithm was successfully programmed. To verify the feasibility of this algorithm, laboratory experiments were carried out using a steel pipe with three FBG sensors and a temperature compensation sensor embedded inside a layer of epoxy coating (Duralco 4461). The experimental results indicated that the proposed methodology has potential to locate and assess the pitted corrosion on steel structures.
Cumulative Effects of Low-Level Lead Exposure and Chronic Physiological Stress on Hepatic Dysfunction-A Preliminary Study.

Chronic physiological stress and hepatic injury were explored in this cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010. Lead exposure was measured using Blood Lead Levels (BLL), which were divided into quartiles of exposure based on the distribution within the database. Allostatic load (AL), a variable representing chronic physiological stress, was operationalized using ten clinical markers. The geometric mean values for markers of liver injury of interest (a) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), (b) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), (c) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and (d) Gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) were explored in quartiles of lead exposure. Associations between AL and AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT among those exposed to lead were analyzed using linear regression models. In examining lead exposure in increasing quartiles, the geometric mean of the liver injury markers showed significant elevations as lead exposure levels increased. Simple linear regression revealed AL was positively associated with several markers of hepatic injury in all degrees of lead exposure. This study demonstrates the potential dangers of social and environmental exposures to liver health.
ylm Has More than a (Z Anchor) Ring to It

The division and cell wall (dcw) cluster is a highly conserved region of the bacterial genome consisting of genes that encode several cell division and cell wall synthesis factors, including the central division protein FtsZ. The region immediately downstream of ftsZ encodes the ylm genes and is conserved across diverse lineages of Gram-positive bacteria and Cyanobacteria. In some organisms this region remains part of the dcw cluster, but in others it appears as an independent operon. A well-studied protein coded from this region is the positive FtsZ-regulator SepF (YlmF), which anchors FtsZ to the membrane. Recent developments have shed light on the importance of SepF in a range of species. Additionally, new studies are highlighting the importance of the other conserved genes in this neighborhood. In this review we aim to bring together the current research linking the ylm region to cell division and highlight further questions surrounding these conserved genes.
Building community resilience to prevent and mitigate community impact of gun violence: Conceptual framework and intervention design

Introduction The USA has the highest rate of community gun violence of any developed democracy. There is an urgent need to develop feasible, scalable and community-led interventions that mitigate incident gun violence and its associated health impacts. Our community-academic research team received National Institutes of Health funding to design a community-led intervention that mitigates the health impacts of living in communities with high rates of gun violence. Methods and analysis We adapted ‘Building Resilience to Disasters’, a conceptual framework for natural disaster preparedness, to guide actions of multiple sectors and the broader community to respond to the man-made disaster of gun violence. Using this framework, we will identify existing community assets to be building blocks of future community-led interventions. To identify existing community assets, we will conduct social network and spatial analyses of the gun violence episodes in our community and use these analyses to identify people and neighbourhood blocks that have been successful in avoiding gun violence. We will conduct qualitative interviews among a sample of individuals in the network that have avoided violence (n=45) and those living or working on blocks that have not been a location of victimisation (n=45) to identify existing assets. Lastly, we will use community-based system dynamics modelling processes to create a computer simulation of the community-level contributors and mitigators of the effects of gun violence that incorporates local population-based based data for calibration. We will engage a multistakeholder group and use themes from the qualitative interviews and the computer simulation to identify feasible community-led interventions. Ethics and dissemination The Human Investigation Committee at Yale University School of Medicine (#2000022360) granted study approval. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. The qualitative interview guides, system dynamics model and group model building scripts will be shared broadly.
Parker Solar Probe FIELDS Instrument Charging in the Near Sun Environment: Part 1: Computational Model

The Spacecraft Interaction Plasma Software package (SPIS), a three-dimension particle in cell (PIC) code, was used to model the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft and FIELDS instrument and their i...
Metaphors in political campaigning – An anthropological linguistics perspective

Language is a means of communication in a society. According to linguistic anthropology, a speaker is a social actor who expresses certain ideologies through language. Concepts and ideas, transmitted through language, are part of larger cultural whole in the society. Linguistic anthropology deals with language from a cultural perspective. People represent their mental realities through language which in turn is shaped by culture. Politics is a field of power and dominance. In political discourse, power is exerted through language. Political discourse is to persuade or to motivate the masses. Hence, linguistic choices are important to achieve certain objectives. In Pakistan, the general elections of 2013 were unique in the aspect as it was the first time that one elected democratic government had completed its turn of 5 years and lead towards the next election. Otherwise, the history of Pakistan is marked by incomplete tenures of democratic government and dictatorship. The elections were held on 11 May 2013 in all constituencies of Pakistan. People from all four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Khayber Pakhtoon Khawah, Balochistan, federal area and tribal area had casted their votes. Keywords: First keyword, second keyword, third keyword, forth keyword;
PRKAR1B mutations are a rare cause of FUS negative neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease

Sir, We read with great interest the article by Wong et al. , 2014 that described a novel hereditary late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an early-onset and heterogeneous phenotypic presentation including frontotemporal dementia, pyramidal and extra-pyramidal signs (Bigio et al. , 2003; Cairns et al. , 2003; Josephs et al. , 2003). NIFID is characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of variable morphology which immunostained for class IV intermediate filaments …
Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Guidelines from the American Thoracic Society

The American Thoracic Society published guidelines for pharmacologic management of COPD and long-term oxygen therapy for COPD and interstitial lung disease based on systematic reviews.
Proofs of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2

The first step is to show that for a parameter point p0 which satisfies Condition A or B of Ch. 3 there exist large rectangles for which the crossing probabilities in both the horizontal and vertical direction are bounded away from zero.
How to Succeed at the Medical Interview.

Medical school is famously an expensive and time-consuming endeavor. Perhaps it is no wonder then that medical students are willing to cram for months at a time and shell out exorbitant fees in an attempt to prepare for important standardized licensing exams, the outcomes of which may well dictate the course of their future careers. Yet, as the new book How to Succeed at the Medical Interview points out, most students focus disproportionately on those exams while spending little or no time preparing for residency interviews, arguably the most important component of a successful application. As the authors provocatively assert in the introduction, “It is good preparation, and not a person’s ability or personality, that is the key to success at the medical interview.” How to Succeed at the Medical Interview attempts to remedy this imbalance by providing practical tips and guidelines for students who wish to increase their chances of excelling during the residency interview process. The authors begin by outlining the specific aims of the medical interview, then move on to a discussion of how to prepare in advance and perform well on the interview day itself. The next several chapters are devoted to sample interview questions, including those that test the applicant’s knowledge vs. those that test generic skills. The book concludes with a discussion of so-called “competency-based tasks.” Unfortunately, because this book is primarily targeted at medical students and residents in the United Kingdom, much of the material is simply not applicable to American medical students. While the first few chapters are filled with useful general suggestions as well as commonly encountered interview questions, as the book progresses its focus becomes increasingly specific to the U.K. healthcare system. For example, the chapter entitled “Interview questions that test your knowledge” is filled with descriptions of terms such as the “European Working Time Directive” or the “Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence,” which, while potentially interesting to budding scholars of European health policy, are not particularly high-yield for the average U.S. medical student. Similarly, the final chapter on “Competency-based tasks” describes U.K.-specific interview techniques such as the “patient simulation exercise,” which in the U.S. is assessed not by means of an interview, but during a standardized clinical skills exam such as the USMLE Step 2 CS. Overall, How to Succeed at the Medical Interview might be useful for someone in search of a resource focused specifically on the interview as opposed to other aspects of the residency application process. However, given the distracting preponderance of U.K.-specific discussions and terminology, most medical students are probably better off sticking with some of this book’s better-known U.S. book cousins, such as Iserson’s Getting into a Residency or First Aid for the Match.
Self-injurious behavior in young boys with fragile X syndrome.

In this study, we distributed surveys to 67 families of young boys with fragile X syndrome to determine the prevalence, onset, form, function, location, and correlates of self-injurious behavior. Fifty-five surveys were completed (82%). The mean age of the boys at the time of the survey was 80 months (range = 20-144). Self-injurious behavior (SIB) was reported for 58% of the participants with a mean age of onset of 31 months. The mean number of forms of self-injury was 2 per participant. Biting was the most commonly reported form of self-injury with the fingers and back of the hand disproportionately targeted as the most prevalent self-injury body site. There was no linear increase in risk of SIB with age past 25 months. SIB was reported as most likely to occur following the presentation of difficult task demands or changes in routine. Significant group differences were found between overall ratings of problem behavior for boys with self-injury compared to those without self-injury. Groups did not differ on measures of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), autism status, adaptive behavior, or age first medicated. Results are discussed in terms of future research designed to further elucidate the behavioral phenotype of fragile X syndrome.
Making It Clear: Using the Paramedic Method to Help Multimedia Journalism Students Write Concisely

In journalism, writing concisely is fundamental. Multimedia journalism demands even more writing precision. . . . In this quasi-experimental study (n = 113), we tested the effects of the paramedic method (PM) of writing instruction on multimedia writing students completing a broadcast-style news writing assignment. We hypothesized a reduction in word count and an increase in writing quality. Word counts decreased significantly. While the quality of writing did not significantly improve with the PM samples, the overall decrease in words did not lower the quality of writing. The results indicate an overall improvement in writing efficiency with little or no effect on the quality of the writing. This study unveils a unique approach to clarifying writing that can be implemented in the multimedia classroom and by professional journalists. The study shows significant results for lowering word count and an important aspect of multimedia writing.
Superconductivity in Bad Metals

It is argued that many synthetic metals, including high temperature superconductors are “bad matais”, with such a poor conductivity that the usual mean-field theory of superconductivity breaks down because of anomalously large classical and quantum fluctuations of the phase of the superconducting order parameter. Some consequences for high temperature superconductors are described.
The identification and biogeochemical interpretation of fossil magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria, which most commonly live within the oxic-anoxic transition zone (OATZ) of aquatic environments, produce intracellular crystals of magnetic minerals, specifically magnetite or greigite. The crystals cause the bacteria to orient themselves passively with respect to the geomagnetic field and thereby facilitate the bacteria’s search for optimal conditions within the sharp chemical gradients of the OATZ. The bacteria may also gain energy from the redox cycling of their crystals. Because magnetotactic bacteria benefit from their magnetic moments, natural selection has promoted the development of traits that increase the efficiency with which the intracellular crystals impart magnetic moments to cells. These traits also allow crystals produced by magnetotactic bacteria (called magnetofossils when preserved in sediments) to be distinguished from abiogenic particles and particles produced as extracellular byproducts of bacterial metabolism. Magnetofossils are recognizable based on their narrow size and shape distributions, distinctive morphologies with blunt crystal edges, chain arrangement, chemical purity, and crystallographic perfection. This article presents a scheme for rating magnetofossil robustness based on these traits. The magnetofossil record extends robustly to the Cretaceous and with lesser certainty to the late Archean. Because magnetotactic bacteria predominantly live in the OATZ, the abundance and character of their fossils can reflect environmental changes that alter the chemical stratification of sediments and the water column. The magnetofossil record therefore provides an underutilized archive of paleoenvironmental information. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between magnetofossil abundance and glacial/interglacial cycles, likely mediated by changes in pore water oxygen levels. More speculatively, a better-developed magnetofossil record might provide constraints on the long-term evolution of marine redox stratification. More work in modern and ancient settings is necessary to explicate the mechanisms linking the abundance and character of magnetofossils to ancient biogeochemistry.
Measuring the Neutron's Mean Square Charge Radius Using Neutron Interferometry

Abstract The neutron is electrically neutral, but its substructure consists of charged quarks so it may have an internal charge distribution. In fact it is known to have a negative mean square charge radius (MSCR), the second moment of the radial charge density. In other words the neutron has a positive core and negative skin. In the first Born approximation the neutron MSCR can be simply related to the neutron–electron scattering length b ne . In the past this important quantity has been extracted from the energy dependence of the total transmission cross-section of neutrons on high-Z targets, a very difficult and complicated process. A few years ago S.A. Werner proposed a novel approach to measuring b ne from the neutron's dynamical phase shift in a perfect crystal close to the Bragg condition. We are conducting an experiment based on this method at the NIST neutron interferometer which may lead to a five-fold improvement in precision of b ne and hence the neutron MSCR.
X-ray photoelectric effect in the presence of laser radiation☆

Abstract We show here that the energy analyzed X-ray photoelectric current in the presence of laser radiation provides direct observation on multiphoton processes.
Spectroscopic determination of hypochlorous acid, in chloride brine solutions, featuring 5 MeV proton beam line experiments

Abstract The irradiation effects of 4.9 MeV protons on salt repository related brines are investigated spectrophotometrically. The induced formation of hypochlorous acid is determined up to doses of 11 kGy in 3.7 M MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O and in a multicomponent brine of high concentration: Brine G. The build-up of hypochlorous acid to a steady-state concentration is found to be independent on the chloride concentration. The ultimate objective of this experiment is the estimation of the G value for HOCl in which meaningful predictions of long-term redox conditions in a nuclear repository strongly depend on. This paper describes our first steps towards the determination of HOCl.
Coherent and incoherent processes in projectile breakup

Abstract We have studied the breakup of 140 MeV 16 O into 12 C + α by targets of 12 C, 13 C and 28 Si. At least two mechanisms contribute. One can be identified as the coherent excitation of the 16 O projectile to components of the giant resonance states. Another dominant mechanism may be the quasi-free scattering of the α or 12 C constituents of the projectile by the target.
Making practice studyable

A common way to situate professional learning in practice is to use representations of teaching, such as videos of classroom instruction or samples of student work. Using representations of teaching, however, does not automatically lead to teacher learning. Learning in and from practice also requires supports that make such practice studyable. The authors introduce and explore the work of “making practice studyable” by analyzing a case of practice-based professional development in which the professional development designers deliberately tried to mediate participants’ learning in and from practice. From this analysis, the authors identified five categories of work that can help make practice studyable: (1) engaging the content, (2) providing insight into student thinking, (3) orienting to the instructional context, (4) providing lenses for viewing, and (5) developing a disposition of inquiry. These categories are then applied to the use of a representation of mathematics teaching in a course for preservice elementary teachers.
Dietary modulation of the symptoms of cadmium toxicity in rats: Effects of vitamins A, C, D, D hormone, and fluoride

Abstract The effects of vitamins A, C, D, and D hormone (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ), and fluoride and combinations of these micronutrients on the toxic symptoms of young rats exposed to 80 ppm cadmium (Cd 2+ ) in the drinking water and fed a modified AIN-76 diet were studied for 14 weeks. Cd 2+ treated rats displayed smaller body weight gains and larger relative kidney and testis weights than controls. Treatment of Cd 2+ exposed rats with vitamins A or D ameliorated these symptoms. When combined, these two vitamins were synergistic in this protection as was the combination of vitamin A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . Animals exposed to Cd 2+ and treated with vitamin A or a combination of A and D had lower femur dry weights than rats exposed to Cd 2+ alone but this effect was not seen with the combination of vitamin A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Vitamin C had no protective action on the kidneys or testes but caused an increase in the dry weight of the femurs of the exposed rats. Fluoride partially reduced the weight depression of the Cd 2+ exposed rats at certain time periods and lowered the relative weights of the testes in these animals. Fluoride, in combination with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , significantly increased the dry and mineral (ash) weights of the femurs of the Cd 2+ exposed rats above that of the controls, a finding which may be relevant to the treatment of osteoporosis. Exposure of rats to Cd 2+ significantly depressed the hematocrits and erythrocyte counts and altered the ratio of granuloid to mononuclear peripheral leukocytes. Treatment of Cd 2+ exposed rats with either vitamin A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 or vitamins A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and fluoride appeared to lessen the hematotoxicity associated with Cd 2+ exposure.
The relationship of time-dose fractionation factors to complications in the treatment of pituitary tumors by irradiation

Abstract The records of the Radiotherapy Division of the Radiology Department of Vanderbilt University Hospital were reviewed for the years 1952-71. During that period of time, 122 patients with diagnosis of pituitary adenomas were treated by external irradiation. A variety of techniques (2 or 3 stationary fields, 180° rotational fields), equipment ( 60 Co, 6 MeV Linac) and fractionation schedules (treating 4, 5 or 6 days per week, doses ranging between 150 and 280 rad per fraction), were used. Five patients developed severe complications: 1 with brain necrosis and 4 with blindness related radiation damage to optic pathways. From analysis of time-dose factors (TDF), it is evident that the risk of complications increases from 0% to 25% as the dose exceeds a TDF of 80. Although a significant increase in success rate has resulted from doses in excess of 3500 rad, there is little support for believing that doses in excess of 5000 rad (TDF 80) achieve improved results.
In-feed supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces layer-chicken egg-borne transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States, causing gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated eggs. Chickens are the reservoir host of S. Enteritidis. In layer hens, S. Enteritidis colonizes the intestine and migrates to various organs, including the oviduct, leading to egg contamination. This study investigated the efficacy of in-feed supplementation with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) plant compound obtained from cinnamon, in reducing S. Enteritidis cecal colonization and systemic spread in layers. Additionally, the effect of TC on S. Enteritidis virulence factors critical for macrophage survival and oviduct colonization was investigated in vitro. The consumer acceptability of eggs was also determined by a triangle test. Supplementation of TC in feed for 66 days at 1 or 1.5% (vol/wt) for 40- or 25-week-old layer chickens decreased the amounts of S. Enteritidis on eggshell and in yolk (P 0.05). In vitro cell culture assays revealed that TC reduced S. Enteritidis adhesion to and invasion of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells and reduced S. Enteritidis survival in chicken macrophages (P<0.001). Follow-up gene expression analysis using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that TC downregulated the expression of S. Enteritidis virulence genes critical for chicken oviduct colonization (P<0.001). The results suggest that TC may potentially be used as a feed additive to reduce egg-borne transmission of S. Enteritidis.
Stochastic analysis of the dynamics of nitrogen concentration in a stream ecosystem

Abstract A continuous time stochastic process with discrete states has been formulated to model nitrate concentration in a stream ecosystem. The model predicts the distribution, mean and variance of nitrate concentration over time at any point in the stream. Fitting the model to the data gave adequate description of the observed nitrate concentration over time.
Renal infarction due to renal artery dysplasia with dissection: Report of a case in a normotensive patient

A previously healthy 44-year-old man with well-documented normotension had a sudden onset of left flank pain and delayed onset of constitutional symptoms, hematuria, and elevations of lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and creatinine levels. Angiography revealed unilateral renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia with dissection and infarction. In the year since, he has remained well and normotensive without therapy. The literature is reviewed.
Avoiding the “P” Word: Political Contexts and Multicultural Music Education

Socio-historical contexts are integral to both general and music educational practices. However, when music teacher education candidates ask such questions as, “How can we engage in musics outside of the accepted canon and talk about these issues in my class without being accused by parents or administrators of being ‘political?’” they restrict possibilities for engaging with context meaningfully. Yet students, in their complex and often sophisticated musical lives outside of the formal institute of schooling, carry out these kinds of discussions and understandings with ease and nonchalance. Using the companion lenses of critical race theory and antiracism education, this article explores the reluctance of some music educators to engage those socio-historical contexts deemed political within multicultural and world music, asking: Without such contextualization, how is cross-cultural or intercultural understanding possible?
Physiologic concentrations of homocysteine inhibit the human plasma GSH peroxidase that reduces organic hydroperoxides

Abstract The plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) selenoperoxidase is a highly conserved enzyme. Furthermore, a small clinical study reported that patients with severe atherosclerosis had low peroxidase activities. Together these observations suggest that the peroxidase is important in preventing atherosclerosis. Yet others have reported that when the assay was run in Tris buffer, it was inactive with the concentrations of GSH found in the plasma. Second, it is known that hyperhomocysteinemia increases the rate of atherogenesis. Because there is some homology between homocysteine and the cysteine in GSH, the question is whether the hyperhomocysteinemia effect may be due to inhibition of the peroxidase. We purified the peroxidase from human plasma and determined its activity by a coupled spectrophotometric assay and a substrate disappearance chemiluminescence assay. When the peroxidase activity was determined in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), there was significant activity with the reported plasma GSH concentrations (5 to 20 μmol/L). The peroxidase was exclusively in the HDL fraction. There was no correlation between the peroxidase activity and the HDL or LDL cholesterol concentrations. Finally, at physiologic concentrations of GSH (9 μmol/L), the peroxidase was inhibited by physiologic, free homocysteine concentrations (1 to 5 μmol/L). These data suggest that the peroxidase is active in vivo and may be important in protecting the endothelium from atherosclerosis by preventing oxidant injury. The homocysteine inhibition of the peroxidase suggests a possible biochemical basis for the observed association between hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease. Our studies imply that low concentrations of this peroxidase may be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. (J Lab Clin Med 2000;136:58-65)