cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fezf2 transient expression via modRNA with concurrent SIRT1 inhibition enhances differentiation of cortical subcerebral / corticospinal neuron identity from mES cells

Abstract During late embryonic development of the cerebral cortex, the major class of cortical output neurons termed subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN; including the predominant population of corticospinal neurons, CSN) and the class of interhemispheric callosal projection neurons (CPN) initially express overlapping molecular controls that later undergo subtype-specific refinements. Such molecular refinements are largely absent in heterogeneous, maturation-stalled, neocortical-like neurons (termed “cortical” here) spontaneously generated by established embryonic stem cell (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) differentiation. Building on recently identified central molecular controls over SCPN development, we used a combination of synthetic modified mRNA (modRNA) for Fezf2, the central transcription factor controlling SCPN specification, and small molecule screening to investigate whether distinct chromatin modifiers might complement Fezf2 functions to promote SCPN-specific differentiation by mouse ES (mES)-derived cortical-like neurons. We find that the inhibition of a specific histone deacetylase, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), enhances refinement of SCPN subtype molecular identity by both mES-derived cortical-like neurons and primary dissociated E12.5 mouse cortical neurons. In vivo, we identify that SIRT1 is specifically expressed by CPN, but not SCPN, during late embryonic and postnatal differentiation. Together, these data indicate that SIRT1 has neuronal subtype-specific expression in the mouse cortex in vivo, and its inhibition enhances subtype-specific differentiation of highly clinically relevant SCPN / CSN cortical neurons in vitro.
Immune Reconstitution and Thymic Involution in the Acute and Delayed Hematopoietic Radiation Syndromes.

Lymphoid lineage recovery and involution after exposure to potentially lethal doses of ionizing radiation have not been well defined, especially the long-term effects in aged survivors and with regard to male/female differences. To examine these questions, male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to lethal radiation at 12 wk of age in a model of the Hematopoietic-Acute Radiation Syndrome, and bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood examined up to 24 mo of age for the lymphopoietic delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. Aged mice showed myeloid skewing and incomplete lymphocyte recovery in all lymphoid tissues. Spleen and peripheral blood both exhibited a monophasic recovery pattern, while thymus demonstrated a biphasic pattern. Naive T cells in blood and spleen and all subsets of thymocytes were decreased in aged irradiated mice compared to age-matched non-irradiated controls. Of interest, irradiated males experienced significantly improved reconstitution of thymocyte subsets and peripheral blood elements compared to females. Bone marrow from aged irradiated survivors was significantly deficient in the primitive lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors, which were only 8-10% of levels in aged-matched non-irradiated controls. Taken together, these analyses define significant age- and sex-related deficiencies at all levels of lymphopoiesis throughout the lifespan of survivors of the Hematopoietic-Acute Radiation Syndrome and may provide a murine model suitable for assessing the efficacy of potential medical countermeasures and therapeutic strategies to alleviate the severe immune suppression that occurs after radiation exposure.
Tunable dynamics of B cell selection in gut germinal centres

Germinal centres, the structures in which B cells evolve to produce antibodies with high affinity for various antigens, usually form transiently in lymphoid organs in response to infection or immunization. In lymphoid organs associated with the gut, however, germinal centres are chronically present. These gut-associated germinal centres can support targeted antibody responses to gut infections and immunization1. But whether B cell selection and antibody affinity maturation take place in the face of the chronic and diverse antigenic stimulation characteristic of these structures under steady state is less clear2–8. Here, by combining multicolour ‘Brainbow’ cell-fate mapping and sequencing of immunoglobulin genes from single cells, we find that 5–10% of gut-associated germinal centres from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice contain highly dominant ‘winner’ B cell clones at steady state, despite rapid turnover of germinal-centre B cells. Monoclonal antibodies derived from these clones show increased binding, compared with their unmutated precursors, to commensal bacteria, consistent with antigen-driven selection. The frequency of highly selected gut-associated germinal centres is markedly higher in germ-free than in SPF mice, and winner B cells in germ-free germinal centres are enriched in ‘public’ clonotypes found in multiple individuals, indicating strong selection of B cell antigen receptors even in the absence of microbiota. Colonization of germ-free mice with a defined microbial consortium (Oligo-MM12) does not eliminate germ-free-associated clonotypes, yet does induce a concomitant commensal-specific B cell response with the hallmarks of antigen-driven selection. Thus, positive selection of B cells can take place in steady-state gut-associated germinal centres, at a rate that is tunable over a wide range by the presence and composition of the microbiota. Antibody selection and maturation within B cells found in gut-associated germinal centres is stimulated by the gut microbiota, to a degree that depends on the presence and composition of the microbes.
Optical verification experiments of sub-scale starshades

Starshades are a leading technology to enable the detection and spectroscopic characterization of Earth-like exoplanets. We report on optical experiments of sub-scale starshades that advance critical starlight suppression technologies in preparation for the next generation of space telescopes. These experiments were conducted at the Princeton starshade testbed, an 80-m long enclosure testing 1/1000’th scale starshades at a flight-like Fresnel number. We demonstrate 10 − 10 contrast at the starshade’s geometric inner working angle (IWA) across 10% of the visible spectrum, with an average contrast at the IWA of 2 × 10 − 10 and contrast floor of 2 × 10 − 11. In addition to these high-contrast demonstrations, we validate diffraction models to better than 35% accuracy through tests of intentionally flawed starshades. Overall, this suite of experiments reveals a deviation from scalar diffraction theory due to light propagating through narrow gaps between the starshade petals. We provide a model that accurately captures this effect at contrast levels below 10 − 10. The results of these experiments demonstrate that there are no optical impediments to building a starshade that provides sufficient contrast to detect Earth-like exoplanets. This work also sets an upper limit on the effect of unknowns in the diffraction model used to predict starshade performance and set tolerances on the starshade manufacture.
Positive radial solutions to classes of p-Laplacian systems on the exterior of a ball with nonlinear boundary conditions

Abstract An n × n degenerate elliptic system associated with the p -Laplacian − Δ p i u i = λ K i ( | x | ) f i ( u i + 1 ) in Ω , κ i ∂ u i ∂ n + g i ( λ , u 1 , u 2 , … , u n ) u i = 0 on ∂ Ω , u i → 0 as | x | → ∞ , i = 1 , 2 , … , n is studied in this paper in an exterior domain Ω ≔ { x ∈ R N ∣ | x | > r 0 > 0 } , where 1 p i N , λ > 0 , κ i ≥ 0 , and the functions K i > 0 , g i > 0 , and f i are continuous. This type of nonlinear problems with a nonlinear boundary condition arise in applications such as chemical kinetics and population distribution. Through a fixed-point theorem of the Krasnoselskii type, we prove, in different situations, the existence, multiplicity, or nonexistence of positive radial solutions according to the distinct behaviors of f i near 0 and near ∞ . The new traits of the underlying system include relaxation of the restriction n = 2 to any general n ≥ 2 , different p -Laplacian operators for component solutions, the mixed boundary condition, and possible singularities at 0 possessed by and negativity near 0 of the functions f i .
The Outdoor MEDIA DOT: The development and inter-rater reliability of a tool designed to measure food and beverage outlets and outdoor advertising

Few studies of the food environment have collected primary data, and even fewer have reported reliability of the tool used. This study focused on the development of an innovative electronic data collection tool used to document outdoor food and beverage (FB) advertising and establishments near 43 middle and high schools in the Outdoor MEDIA Study. Tool development used GIS based mapping, an electronic data collection form on handheld devices, and an easily adaptable interface to efficiently collect primary data within the food environment. For the reliability study, two teams of data collectors documented all FB advertising and establishments within one half-mile of six middle schools. Inter-rater reliability was calculated overall and by advertisement or establishment category using percent agreement. A total of 824 advertisements (n=233), establishment advertisements (n=499), and establishments (n=92) were documented (range=8–229 per school). Overall inter-rater reliability of the developed tool ranged from 69–89% for advertisements and establishments. Results suggest that the developed tool is highly reliable and effective for documenting the outdoor FB environment.
Women, Tourism, and the Visual Narrative of Interwar Tourism in the American Southwest

A highly visible and visual apprehension of the cultural heritage of the Southwest, viewed through the distorting and dislocating lenses of multiple popular visual narratives, established a largely feminized visual imaginary of Southwestern cultural heritage that has functioned largely intact and relatively unquestioned, even by the region’s tri-cultural residents for almost a century. Visual imaginaries carry a profound visual capital and can frame desire, expectation, and value. Images have the power to construct and sustain visual discourses, regimes, and culturally constructed visualities, two of which competed to describe the cultural heritage of the Southwest between World War I and World War II: that of the masculinized traveler and that of the feminized tourist. The feminized visuality of the tourist not only emerged as dominant but as the popularly constructed visual narrative of the “enchanted Southwest’. The monocular direct gaze of the largely male Anglo newcomers was, however, refracted in a multi-ocular, multi-perspectival sideways glance by Anglo women active in popular visual spaces, who collectively and cumulatively posited a complex, imbricated, and tri-culturally interlaced visual narrative. Their domesticated and feminized touristic visual imaginary shaped an understanding and perception of the Southwest as “enchanted,” a construct that not only remains relatively unchallenged today, but still functions as the region’s prevalent popular narrative of cultural heritage.
Know my radiotracer: Nuclear medicine prototype flash cards for physicians

1254 Learning Objectives The purpose of this exhibit is: 1. Introduce new learning methodology for in-training physicians, by creating flash cards detailing normal and abnormal radiotracer distribution. 2. Help the physician to recall essential facts for each radiotracer. 3. Develop a study aid that in-training physicians may utilize for examinations. 4. Assist nuclear radiology physicians in everyday practice. Radioactive tracers possess unique characteristics that take advantage of physiological pathways in the body. Each radiotracer has a specific distribution which may result in an identifiable imaging characteristic. The same radiotracer can be tailored for different clinical indications by changing the route of administration and sequence of imaging. Understanding the mechanism, distribution and clearance of radiotracers may be challenging. Specially designed educational material is useful in learning key facts about each radiotracer. Flash cards were created using 5 x 7 inch laminated paper. The front of the card includes basic radiotracer information: production, decay path and energy emitted, study protocol, dose, mechanism of action, distribution and clearance. The back of the card displays normal and/or abnormal tracer distribution and clearance graphically reproduced on an outline of the human body using multiple colors. The cards have been employed for self-teaching and for group learning by nuclear medicine residents. In the future, the flash cards will be converted to an electronic format to facilitate distribution. Examples of these cards will be utilized for this exhibit. After viewing this presentation, viewers will have a better understanding of each of the radiotracers presented. This self teaching and quizzing method should enhance knowledge and retention of information in a non-stressful manner. Once the project has been completed we will then study its value in resident education via a survey tool.
The ultrastructure of ferritin macromolecules. III. Mineralized iron in ferritin is attached to the protein shell.

Abstract High-resolution electron microscopy of negatively stained horse spleen ferritin shows that freezing and thawing, boiling and cooling, drying and rehydration, and strong ultrasonication, all can produce partial disruption of the protein shells. Some small portions of the disrupted shells remain very closely apposed to their core crystallites. This configuration directly indicates a strong attachment of the mineralized iron to the polymerized protein subunits.
Transmembrane Receptors in Plants: Receptor Kinases and their Ligands

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) represent by far the largest family of cell surface receptors in plants. They mediate cell-cell signals regulating self- incompatibility, innate immunity, and a wide variety of developmental processes. The genetic dissection of paralogous RLKs illuminated their intricate redundancy, synergism, and antagonism. The nature of corresponding ligands for RLKs has been largely elusive. However, recent efforts using genetics, biochemistry, genome-wide functional genomics, and bioinformatics led to the discovery of small, secreted pep- tides and cysteine-rich secreted proteins as candidate ligands for RLKs. Studies of brassinosteroid signaling and innate immunity to bacterial flagellin peptide re- vealed a striking resemblance of the mechanism of plant RK activation to that of animal transforming growth factorreceptors.
The effect of sterols on the compatibility or incompatibility of potato tuber discs and foliage to Phytophthora infestans and Helminthosporium carbonum, and the induction of resistance by arachidonic acid

Abstract Potato tuber discs and foliage of cv. Kennebec (R1) exhibited incompatible interactions to race 0 or race 4 of Phytophthora infestans and a compatible interaction to race 1,2,3,4 of the fungus. Application of 1 or 2 μg/disc stigmasterol or β-sitosterol prior to inoculation with an incompatible race resulted in extensive colonization. Both of the sterols were equally active on tuber discs and were most effective when applied 2 h before, or within 4 h after, inoculation. Treatment of tuber discs with 10 μg/disc arachidonic acid (AA) induced resistance to the compatible race. Application of stigmasterol or β-sitosterol to AA-treated discs resulted in colonization of discs by either compatible or incompatible races ofP. infestans. Treatment with stigmasterol did not cause Helminthosporium carbonum, a pathogen of corn, to become pathogenic to potato tuber discs. Extensive late blight disease was evident on potato plants cv. Kennebec sprayed with stigmasterol, but not β-sitosterol, prior to inoculation with race 0 or race 4 of P. infestans. The possible mechanisms for compatibility/incompatibility in plants and tubers as influenced by sterols are discussed.
Determination of the conformations of epimeric 2,3-diphenyl-3-amino-1-propanols : Simplified ABCX NMR spectra

Abstract The 1H NMR spectra of 2,3-substituted propanes in which both terminal carbon atoms are directly bonded to electronegative elements (Y): have been analysed. The spectra are of the ABCX type with JAC ≈ JBC ≈ 0. The conformations of the epimeric 2,3-diphenyl-3-amino-1-propanols and their cyclized products have been determined by comparing the calculated vicinal proton-proton coupling constants with those usually found in conformational studies.
Preterm Infant Gut Microbiome and Weight at 36 Weeks Corrected Gestational Age

The gut microbiota is thought to influence obesity, but the impact of the microbiota on preterm infant growth has not been studied. We hypothesized that growth of preterm infants could be associate...
Characterization of copper-beryllium alloy C17510

The BPX (Burning Plasma Experiment) toroidal field coil conductor is fabricated from plates of C17510, a copper-beryllium alloy. Results of tensile characterizations of this alloy at room temperature and liquid nitrogen (IN/sub 2/) are presented with room temperature fatigue results at R=0.05. The R=0.05 characterization data represent the constraint on the design curve of stress amplitude versus cycles-to-failure. Data are also presented from precision, four-wire electrical conductivity measurements. These measurements include samples of material extracted from key process steps of the C17510 manufacture and span the temperature range of IN/sub 2/ to 300 K in increments of 25 K. The grain structure of the material is also reported for key process steps and material orientations. The directionality of key properties is discussed. >
Pathways for Women to Obtain Positions of Organizational Leadership: The Significance of Mentoring and Networking

The Wall Street Journal, in interviews with top women executives, discussed their path to the top and the importance of mentoring in getting there. The response of Michelle Coleman Mayes was typical. She stressed the importance of having many mentors at different points in one's career, and to mentor others. The question, and positive responses of the executives, indicates the acceptance of the idea that mentoring is important, if not crucial, in helping women and minorities, to reach the top ranks in organizations.For at least two decades social research has confirmed what many have learned through experience. This article reviews the extant literature that addresses the ways in which mentoring and networking, both formal and informal, may help women executives achieve the highest levels of organizational leadership in business organizations, both national and international. In particular, the paper aims to identify those gaps of knowledge that, if bridged, would help companies better understand how to use mentoring and networking to develop women as leaders in multinational and multicultural business environments. The paper further seeks to identify the legal issues suggested by the mentoring and networking literature.
Strategies for using additional resources in parallel hash-based join algorithms

Hash-based join is a compute- and memory-intensive algorithm. It achieves good performance and scales well to large datasets, if sufficient memory is available to hold the hash table and the distribution of computing had across nodes is balanced. We compare three adaptive algorithms that start with a partitioning of the hash table across a group of nodes and expand during the hash table building phase to additional resources, when memory on a node is used up. The split-based algorithm partitions the hash table range assigned to the node, on which memory is full, into two segments and assigns one of the segments to a new node in the system. The replication-based algorithm replicates the hash table range on a new node. The hybrid algorithm combines the first and second strategies in order to address each strategy's short comings. We perform an experimental performance evaluation of these algorithms on a PC cluster. Our results show that among the three algorithms, in most cases the hybrid algorithm either performs close to the better of the two or is the best algorithm.
Electron transport phosphorylation in rumen butyrivibrios: unprecedented ATP yield for glucose fermentation to butyrate

From a genomic analysis of rumen butyrivibrios (Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio sp.), we have re-evaluated the contribution of electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) to ATP formation in this group. This group is unique in that most (76%) genomes were predicted to possess genes for both Ech and Rnf transmembrane ion pumps. These pumps act in concert with the NifJ and Bcd-Etf to form a electrochemical potential (ΔμH(+) and ΔμNa(+)), which drives ATP synthesis by ETP. Of the 62 total butyrivibrio genomes currently available from the Hungate 1000 project, all 62 were predicted to possess NifJ, which reduces oxidized ferredoxin (Fdox) during pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA. All 62 possessed all subunits of Bcd-Etf, which reduces Fdox and oxidizes reduced NAD during crotonyl-CoA reduction. Additionally, 61 genomes possessed all subunits of the Rnf, which generates ΔμH(+) or ΔμNa(+) from oxidation of reduced Fd (Fdred) and reduction of oxidized NAD. Further, 47 genomes possessed all six subunits of the Ech, which generates ΔμH(+) from oxidation of Fdred. For glucose fermentation to butyrate and H2, the electrochemical potential established should drive synthesis of ∼1.5 ATP by the F0F1-ATP synthase (possessed by all 62 genomes). The total yield is ∼4.5 ATP/glucose after accounting for three ATP formed by classic substrate-level phosphorylation, and it is one the highest yields for any glucose fermentation. The yield was the same when unsaturated fatty acid bonds, not H(+), served as the electron acceptor (as during biohydrogenation). Possession of both Ech and Rnf had been previously documented in only a few sulfate-reducers, was rare in other rumen prokaryotic genomes in our analysis, and may confer an energetic advantage to rumen butyrivibrios. This unique energy conservation system might enhance the butyrivibrios' ability to overcome growth inhibition by unsaturated fatty acids, as postulated herein.
Contributions of RNA secondary structure and length of the thymidine tract to transcription termination at the thr operon attenuator

The thr operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by an attenuation mechanism in which regulated transcription termination occurs in response to the levels of charged tRNAthr and tRNAile. Transcription of the thr operon regulatory region in vitro produces a 162-base transcript that is terminated efficiently at the attenuator. The attenuator sequence is similar to other rho-independent terminators. It contains a G + C region of dyad symmetry followed by a run of 9 A + T residues. We have characterized in detail the sequence requirements for efficient transcription termination in vitro. Using a set of point mutations in the G + C region of dyad symmetry of the thr attenuator, we have characterized the effects of these mutations on the efficiency of transcription termination. The efficiency was reduced in all of the mutants analyzed with the greatest effect being an approximate 20% decrease in termination. In some instances the electrophoretic mobilities of the terminated transcripts on 8% polyacrylamide, 8 M urea gels were shifted substantially relative to the wild type-terminated transcript, but the sites of transcription termination were altered by only a few base pairs. We also constructed a set of deletions removing consecutive thymidines which follow the G + C-rich region of dyad symmetry. Removal of 1 or 3 of the 9 thymidine residues had no effect on termination efficiency in vitro or in vivo. Removal of four to six thymidines caused a linear decrease in the efficiency of termination. When only one or two thymidines were present in the template, termination was completely abolished. These results indicate that both the integrity of the RNA stem and the length of the consecutive thymidine residues are important signals recognized by RNA polymerase during transcription of the thr operon regulatory region.
Realization of bilinear stochastic systems

This note considers the problem of realization of bilinear stochastic systems (BLSR). First an explicit statement for the BLSR problem is presented. Next a realization algorithm is developed. In this algorithm the state vector is picked as a basis in the subspace obtained by projecting an appropriately defined past vector onto an appropriately defined future vector. Also, the realization algorithm involves solving a matrix nonlinear equation which is akin to the algebraic Riccati equation, except for one additional term.
Evaluation of 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution versus 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and patient tolerance of 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution and 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution after routine phacoemulsification and lens implantation. Setting: The setting for this study was the Storm Eye Institute and Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Medical University of South Carolina (Charleston, SC). Methods: This work was a prospective, double-masked study that included 40 eyes of 40 patients randomly assigned to receive topical treatment with 0.4% ketorolac or 0.5% ketorolac, starting 15 min prior to routine phacoemulsification and foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Following the procedure, patients were instructed to use the assigned treatment agent 4 times a day after surgery for 1 week and twice a day for 3 weeks, when drops were discontinued. Slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP), laser cell and flare measurements, and subjective patient tolerance were e...
Commentary on: ‘Old and new data, new issues: The mitochondrial Δψ’ by H. Tedeschi

A recent review [H.Tedeschi, Old and New Data, New Issues: the Mitochondrial Δψ, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg. (2005)] has questioned the validity of experiments performed more than 30 years ago that provided the first quantitative estimates of the protonmotive force generated by mitochondria. This commentary explains that the review author's confusion stems from ignoring the data in these papers on the trans-membrane pH gradient.
Characteristics of nurse practitioner curricula in the United States related to antimicrobial prescribing and resistance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine current nurse practitioner (NP) curricula in the United States with regard to antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance and assess the need for a web-based module for instruction on antimicrobial resistance and appropriate prescribing of antibiotics. Data sources: A 22-item, anonymous, self-administered, web-based survey was sent to 312 NP programs; 149 (48%) responded. Survey items included questions related to NP specialties offered, program accreditation, format of pharmacology course(s), lecture hours related to antimicrobial therapy, and whether the participant would use a Web-based module to teach NP students about antimicrobial resistance, if one were available. Conclusions: Most NP programs (99.3%) required a pharmacology course, and 95% had lectures dedicated to antimicrobial therapy. Half of the programs (53.5%) devoted ≥4 lecture hours to antimicrobial therapy in the pharmacology course, and most (84.8%) reported covering antimicrobial therapy in nonpharmacology courses as well. Approximately half of the programs (45.3%) reported <4 h of lecture on antimicrobial therapy in nonpharmacology courses. Many programs (51.9%) did not offer a microbiology course; 39.2% required microbiology as a prerequisite. Most respondents (86.7%) were familiar with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention antimicrobial resistance program, and 92.6% reported that they would use an electronic module regarding resistance. Implications for practice: NP curricula generally include <10 h of content on antimicrobial therapy. An electronic module regarding antimicrobial resistance is likely to be a useful and relevant adjunct to current curricula.
Tissue Injury and Healing

This article provides a primer on the biochemistry of wound healing for clinical oral and maxillofacial surgeons, recognizing that time frames, tissue growth, and cell types are important factors in the healing process that may influence treatment, whereas the specifics of molecular composition and fiber interaction are less critical at the tissue level. Various injury patterns, including different types of lacerations, blunt and penetrating trauma, blast injuries, and ballistic injuries, are described with an eye toward the ultimate clinical goals of functional and cosmetic reconstruction. As injuries of our incredibly brave military soldiers are studied and treated and their outcomes ultimately assessed, they serve as the models to help us understand changing wound patterns and effects in this new age of terroristic warfare.
Burnett solutions along the stagnation line of a cooled cylinder in low-density hypersonic flows

The Burnett equations in the cylindrical coordinate system have been applied to the hypersonic flow over a cylinder in low density environments. Through a local similarity transformation, the Burnett equations are degenerated into nonlinear third-order ordinary differential equations which are only valid along the stagnation line. These equations are solved by the multi-staged Runge-Kutta integration technique. Steady state solutions are asymptotically reached by the time-marching procedure. A newly-developed computer code is used to solve both the Navier-Stokes and the Burnett equations within the shock layer. The computed heat transfer coefficients are consistent with wind-tunnel and STS flight data. Comparisons with the DSMC solutions and the Boltzmann solutions show that the Burnett equations are more appropriate as the governing equations than the Navier-Stokes equations in the transitional flow regime.
Predation risk and the number of adult males in a primate group: a comparative test

The number of adult males in a bisexual primate group is thought to be determined mainly by the defensibility of mating access to the females. However, among primates, small groups sometimes contain several adult male. We evaluate the hypothesis that high predation risk may lead to greater male representation in primate groups, independent of the effect of group size. Male primates are known to be more vigilant than females, and may also be better at detecting potential predators. A comparative test was done using arboreal folivores in three continents, howler monkeys in the Neotropics, colobus monkeys in Africa and langurs in South and Southeast Asia. Howlers and colobus are exposed to predation by large monkey-eating eagles, whereas the langurs are not. We conducted regression analyses on group composition data of single populations and on mean group compositions among populations, and found that the arboreal langurs basically live in groups with only a single adult males whereas groups of howler and colobus monkeys of comparable size have multiple adult males (Fig. 3). Thus, the hypothesis was supported. Several alternative hypotheses do not account for this pattern.
Neuroplasticity in the cat’s visual system: test of the role of the expanded retino-geniculo-parietal pathway in behavioral sparing following early lesions of visual cortex

Sparing of the ability to redirect head and eyes to new stimuli and expansion of the retino-geniculo-parietal pathway are both robust aspects of the repercussions of early lesions of occipital visual areas in cats. The purpose of the present work was to test the proposition that the pathway expansions and spared behaviors are causally linked. The proposition was tested by deactivating either the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and thereby uncoupling the primary and secondary limbs of the retino-geniculo-parietal pathway, or silencing the terminus of the pathway, and then testing the ability of cats to detect and orient head and eyes to visual targets. Six cats sustained experimental unilateral lesions of occipital areas 17 and 18 and variable amounts of area 19 on postnatal days 1–2 or 26–30 to induce rewiring and expansion of visual pathways from retina through the dLGN onto a critical region of visuoparietal (VP) cortex. Unilateral lesions ensured that we could use the orienting performance of the intact hemisphere as a fiduciary marker of performance against which performance of the experimental hemisphere could be gauged. When the cats were adult, a secondary test lesion was made on the damaged side by injecting, under electrophysiological guidance, ibotenic acid into either dLGN of four cats or into VP cortex of two cats. Prior to injection of ibotenic acid, all cats oriented head and eyes with high proficiency throughout the contralesional field, and performance was indistinguishable from orienting to stimuli presented in the ipsilesional field; sparing of the orienting behavior was complete. Ibotenic acid lesions of both dLGN and VP cortex induced a profound neglect of stimuli introduced into the contralesional hemifield. Orienting into the ipsilesional field remained high throughout. Subsequently, there was restoration of orienting behavior over the next 4–6 (dLGN deactivation) and 9–12 (VP deactivation) days. The test results demonstrate the essential contribution made by the retino-geniculo-parietal pathway to the ability to detect and redirect head and eyes to look at visual stimuli following early lesions of occipital visual cortices. The subsequent post-test lesion restoration of high orienting proficiency shows that in the absence of dLGN, or the critical region of VP cortex, other regions of cerebral cortex, or other structures such as the superior colliculus, can emerge and make important contributions to orienting behavior. These results reveal a maintained residual, beneficial adaptive plasticity of mature neural circuits even in brains compromised by early lesions of occipital visual areas.
Toxicity of three preparations of pentachlorophenol to fathead minnows ‐A—comparative study

The toxicity of three samples of pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing various impurities was evaluated in 90-d, partial life-cycle toxicity studies with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque). Samples of purified PCP, Dowicide EC-7, and a composite of commercial PCP were used in the studies. The exposure concentrations were 10 to 142 μg/L of the purified PCP; 8 to 139 μg/L of the Dowicide EC-7; and 6 to 121 μg/L of the commercial composite of PCP. The purified PCP contained relatively high amounts of chlorinated phenoxyphenols; Dowicide EC-7 contained more types of impurities, but generally at lower concentrations than in either the purified PCP or the commercial composite; and the commercial composite contained relatively large quantities of hexachlorobenzene, chlorinated phenoxyphenols, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans. Concentrations of the purified PCP equal to or greater than 85 μg/L reduced the growth of the fathead minnows but did not adversely affect survival. Dowicide EC-7 concentrations as high as 139 μg/L did not adversely affect growth or survival of fathead minnows. The commercial composite of PCP reduced growth at concentrations of 13 μg/L or higher and reduced survival at concentrations of 27 μg/L or higher. Degeneration of the fins and opercles, and malformations of the anterior regions of the skull were also noted in fathead minnows exposed to the commercial composite of PCP. Impurities clearly increased the toxic effects of PCP in fathead minnows.
Domain differences in absolute judgments of category membership: Evidence for an essentialist account of categorization

There has been some debate about the correspondence between typicality gradients and category membership. The present study investigates the relationship between these two measures in the domains of animals and artifacts. Forty-two adults judged the degree of typicality or category membership of 293 animals and artifacts. The subjects’ tendency for animals, but not for artifacts, was to make more absolute ratings on category membership (i.e., judging exemplars as definitely members or definitely not members of their respective category) than on typicality. More importantly, at almost every level of typicality, subjects were more likely to make absolute judgments of category membership for animals than for artifacts. These results indicate that people treat category membership of animals as relatively absolute (which best fits an essentialist model of categorization) and treat category membership of artifacts as relatively graded (which best fits a prototype model of categorization). These domain differences add crucial supporting evidence for claims about the domain-specificity of essentialism.
Tempus Fugit: a system for making semantic connections

Tempus Fugit ("Time Flies") is the first of a new generation of Personal Information Management (PIM) systems. A PIM system incorporates an electronic calendar, "to-do" list and address book. The premise behind Tempus Fugit is that information stored in electronic calendars, to-do lists and address books can be given richer semantic interpretation and automatically processed to make its users more effective. Tempus Fugit also tracks the physical and virtual locations of users and uses this information to predict meeting attendance and help them as they travel during their day.
How Can Discussion Forum Questions Be Effective In Online MBA Courses

Purpose – A quasi‐experiment compared two instructional approaches for an existing MBA online business strategy course at an accredited university to answer the question: how can discussion questions become more effective in online MBA courses? The treatment was an instructional approach that integrated Socratic questioning and conversation theory in a discussion forum. This paper aims to document the research.Design/methodology/approach – Correlation and ANOVA were utilized to test the hypothesis that more online experiential knowledge interactions would increase grade. Quasi‐experimental controls included prior ability and demographic factors (gender, age, ethnic race). The test group used Socratic questions and conversation theory while the control group used the traditional peer interaction. A statistically significant ANOVA model was created, using teaching method as a factor, to measure effect on grade.Findings – The online interactions of the test group were higher and so was the mean grade. The MA...
Micromachining of bulk glass with bursts of femtosecond laser pulses at variable repetition rates

Oscillator-only femtosecond laser micromachining enables the manufacturing of integrated optical components with circular transverse profiles in transparent materials. The circular profile is due to diffusion of heat accumulating at the focus. We control the heat diffusion by focusing bursts of femtosecond laser pulses at various repetition rates into sodalime glass. We investigate the effect the repetition rate and number of pulses on the size of the resulting structures. We identify the combinations of burst repetition rate and number of pulses within a burst for which accumulation of heat occurs. The threshold for heat accumulation depends on the number of pulses within a burst. The burst repetition rate and the number of pulses within a burst provide convenient control of the morphology of structures generated with high repetition rate femtosecond micromachining.
Put the Blame on Name

A person's surname is frequently related to his occupation or interests. After providing a list of examples, e.g., neurophysiologists named Head and Brain, contraception researchers named Gamble an...
Photodetachment cross section for the 3 sigma u channel of F2- in the static-exchange approximation.

Calculations of the photodetachment cross section of ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in the 3${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ channel are reported in both the static-exchange and the first Born approximations. A high-energy resonance feature is found in the static-exchange result, which is evidently not associated with tunneling through an angular momentum barrier. The behavior of this feature with varying internuclear distance is explored, and the possible effects of channel coupling on this resonance are discussed.
CCR1 chemokines promote the chemotactic recruitment, RANKL development, and motility of osteoclasts and are induced by inflammatory cytokines in osteoblasts.

Chemoattractants that recruit OC precursors to locally inflamed sites of resorption are not well known. A chemokine receptor, CCR1, was expressed in OC precursors and elevated in mature OCs, and its ligands promoted OC precursor recruitment, RANKL development, and OC motility. Cytokines induced OB release of such chemokines, which may therefore significantly contribute to inflammatory bone loss. Introduction: Chemokines, primarily of two major (CXC, CC) families, are essential signals for the trafficking and localization of circulating hematopoietic cells into tissues. However, little is known about their potential roles in osteoclast (OC) recruitment, development, or function. Previously, we analyzed CXC receptors in murine OC precursors and found high expression of CXCR4 that mediated their stromal-derived factor-1(SDF-1)-induced chemotaxis and collagen invasion. Here, we investigated if CC receptors and ligands, which are elevated in inflammatory and other osteolytic diseases, also play important roles in the recruitment, formation, or activity of murine bone-resorptive OCs. Materials and Methods: CC chemokine receptor (CCR) mRNA expression was analyzed during OC formation induced by RANKL in murine RAW 264.7 cells and primary marrow cells. Corresponding CC chemokines were tested for their ability to elicit precursor chemotaxis or OC development, or to influence motility, bone resorption, adhesion, or survival in RANKL-differentiated OCs. Constitutive and inflammatory cytokine-induced release of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was measured by ELISA for OCs, osteoblasts (OBs), and their precursor cells. Results: CCR1 was expressed in murine marrow cells, the most prominent CCR in RAW cells, and upregulated by RANKL in marrow or RAW cells. Chemokines that bind CCR1 (MIP-1α, RANTES, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 [MCP-3]) were produced to varying degrees by murine OCs, OBs, and their precursors, and markedly increased by interleukin (IL)-1α and TNFα in differentiating OBs. RANTES, and especially MIP-1α, increased mature OC motility, but did not alter OC resorption activity, adhesion, or survival. All three chemokines stimulated chemotaxis of marrow or RAW cell precursors, leading to the greater formation of OCs (in number and size) after RANKL development of such chemoattracted marrow cells. All three chemokines also directly and dramatically enhanced OC formation in marrow cultures, through a pathway dependent on the presence of RANKL but without altering RANK expression. Conclusions: Pathological increases in secretion of these chemokines from activated OBs or other cells may potently stimulate the chemotactic recruitment and RANKL formation of bone-resorptive OCs, thereby exacerbating local osteolysis in multiple skeletal diseases.
Dose-response study of the carcinogenicity of dietary sodium nitrite and morpholine in rats and hamsters

Abstract Long-term feeding studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and Syrian golden hamsters using various dietary concentrations of nitrite and morpholine (up to 1000 ppm of each) or N -nitrosomorpholine (5 or 50 ppm). Most combinations of the two chemicals induced a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats and a lower incidence in hamsters. The highest level of nitrite and morpholine (1000 ppm of each) had a stronger potential for carcinogenesis in both rats and hamsters than did a dietary level of 50 ppm of preformed N -nitrosomorpholine. Nitrite and morpholine also induced angiosarcomas in both species, most frequently in the liver, with the lung as the next most common site. The nitrite concentration in the diet seemed to have a greater effect on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and angiosarcoma in the rat than did the concentration of morpholine. Dietary concentrations of 5 ppm each of nitrite and morpholine induced hepatocellular carcinoma and angiosarcoma in some rats. High concentrations of sodium nitrite alone were associated with a relatively high incidence of lymphoreticular tumours.
Pere Portabella's Umbracle and the Francoist crusade narrative

By tracking a tenuous narrative that threads its way through the otherwise radically fragmented and open text of Pere Portabella's Umbracle (1972), this essay examines how the film undermines the codes of the invasion narrative model that characterizes the classical horror film. These codes are analogous to the narrative with which Francoism often justified itself, by generating fear of an other, in order to maintain a permanent state of exception. Umbracle's intervention prompts the following questions: Does a monstrous other threaten the social body? If not, could the regime itself be a threat? In this “untraining” of a spectator well-trained in generic expectations lies the political dimension of Umbracle I discuss. The tenuous narrative I examine functions in the body of Portabella's work as a hinge between his earlier, more avant-garde films and the next two films he made, El sopar (1974) and Informe general (1976), whose politics are far more direct in their opposition to the Franco regime.
Hyacinths treat wastewater

A subsidiary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation treats 180,000 gallons of wastewater effluent a day with water hyacinths at almost 50 times less the cost of conventional chemical and mechanical methods. Project Hyacinth may have significance for a closed ecosystem aboard a space station. Coral Ridge Properties, founder and prime developer of the city of Coral Springs, Florida, based their wastewater treatment on research by B. C. Wofverton at NASA's National Space Technology Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The facility has treated all of its raw sewage and toxic chemical waste with hyacinths for over 6 years, Wolverton says. Current experiments investigate conversion of harvested hyacinth plants to natural gas.
Mining Patterns of the Aspen Leaf Miner, Phyllocnistis populiella, on Its Host Plant, Populus tremuloides

ABSTRACT. Feeding behavior of aspen leaf miner (Phyllocnistis populiella) larvae on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaves was examined, by using image-analysis software, to determine the pattern and distance of the larvae's mining trails and measure the surface area of infested leaves and consumed leaf tissue. Mining pathways between hatching and pupation sites were serpentine and generally followed predictable, sequential changes in orientation. This pattern was most obvious in smaller leaves, those with a surface area of about 700 mm2 or less. In leaves larger than 700 mm2, plasticity in mining behavior increased. The serpentine pattern was initiated but became truncated when larvae reached full growth without having to consume all available leaf material. The final phase of the behavioral program was still executed, however, and larvae entered pupation at the usual leaf-edge location. We hypothesize that the serpentine pattern is genetically controlled and that it has been selected for because it ...