cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating human interindividual biotransformation variance in health risk assessment.

Abstract The protection of sensitive individuals within a population dictates that measures other than central tendencies be employed to estimate risk. The refinement of human health risk assessments for chemicals metabolized by the liver to reflect data on human variability can be accomplished through (1) the characterization of enzyme expression in large banks of human liver samples, (2) the employment of appropriate techniques for the quantification and extrapolation of metabolic rates derived in vitro, and (3) the judicious application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. While in vitro measurements of specific biochemical reactions from multiple human samples can yield qualitatively valuable data on human variance, such measures must be put into the perspective of the intact human to yield the most valuable predictions of metabolic differences among humans. For quantitative metabolism data to be the most valuable in risk assessment, they must be tied to human anatomy and physiology, and the impact of their variance evaluated under real exposure scenarios. For chemicals metabolized in the liver, the concentration of parent chemical in the liver represents the substrate concentration in the Michaelis–Menten description of metabolism. Metabolic constants derived in vitro may be extrapolated to the intact liver, when appropriate conditions are met. Metabolic capacity V max ; the maximal rate of the reaction) can be scaled directly to the concentration of enzyme (or enzyme fraction) contained in the liver. Several environmental, genetic and lifestyle factors can influence the concentration of cytochrome P450 forms (CYP) in the liver by affecting either (1) the extent to which the CYP forms are expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell (isolated as the microsomal fraction from tissue homogenates), or (2) the expression of microsomal protein in intact liver tissue. Biochemically sound measures of the hepatic distribution of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes among humans, based on expression of the enzymes within microsomal protein and the distribution of microsomal protein among intact livers, can be combined with metabolic constants derived in vitro to generate values consistent with those employed in PBPK models. When completed, the distribution (and bounds) of V max values can be estimated and included in PBPK models. Exercising such models under plausible exposure scenarios will demonstrate the extent to which human interindividual enzyme variance can influence parameters (i.e., the detoxication of a toxic chemical through metabolism) that may influence risk. In this article, we describe a methodology and conditions which must exist for such an approach to be successful.
Effects of the miR-143/-145 MicroRNA Cluster on the Colon Cancer Proteome and Transcriptome

The miR-143/-145 cluster is greatly reduced in several cancers, including colon cancer. Both miR-143 and miR-145 have been shown to possess antitumorigenic activity with involvement in various cancer-related events such as proliferation, invasion and migration. As the deregulation of the miR-143/-145 cluster is implicated in tumorigenesis, we combined SILAC and microarray analyses to systematically interrogate the impact of miR-143/-145 on the colon cancer proteome and transcriptome. Using SILAC we identified over 2000 proteins after reintroduction of miR-143 and miR-145, in the colon cancer cell line SW480, individually and then, in concert. Our goal was to determine whether these microRNAs function individually or synergistically. The resulting regulated gene products showed evidence of both mRNA destabilization and translational inhibition with a bias towards the former mechanism of regulation. Numerous candidate targets were identified whose expression is attributable to an individual microRNA or whose regulation was more apparent following reintroduction of the miR-143/-145 cluster. In addition, several shared targets of miR-143 and miR-145 were identified. Overall, our results indicate that the summed effects of individually introduced microRNAs produce distinct molecular changes from the consequences of the assembled cluster. We conclude that there is a need to investigate both the individual and combined functional implications of a microRNA cluster.
Typicality Treatment for Naming Deficits in Aphasia: Why Does It Work?

Abstract Purpose: The present paper provides a review of a recent treatment approach for alleviating naming deficits in patients with aphasia. This is an example of a treatment that is theoreticall...
Addressing spirituality in hospice: Current practices and a proposed role for transpersonal social work

Summary Despite evidence of the importance of spirituality to terminally ill patients, the social work profession has developed few curriculum materials, practice models, or research on this topic. This chapter presents theoretical and empirical support for the proposition that transition to the transegoic stage of consciousness can promote a comfortable death for hospice patients and that hospice social workers should address spiritual issues in order to assist terminally ill patients and their families in making this transition. It also presents the results of a national survey describing and testing the effectiveness of some current social work approaches to addressing spirituality in hospice. Implications for practice and social work education are explored.
An intermediate value theorem for graphs with given automorphism group

For a positive integer n and a finite group G, let the symbols e(G, n) and E(G, n) denote, respectively, the smallest and the greatest number of lines among all n-point graphs with automorphism group G. We say that the Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) holds for G and n, if for each e satisfying e(G, n)≤e≤E(G, n), there exists an n-point graph with group G and e lines. The main result of this paper states that for every group G the IVT holds for all sufficiently large n. We also prove that the IVT holds for the identity group and all n, and exhibit examples of groups for which the IVT fails to hold for small values of n.
Assessing the mechanisms behind successful surrogates for biodiversity in conservation planning

Limited by the availability of data, conservation planners must use surrogates for biodiversity when selecting conservation areas. Although several methods have been proposed for selecting surrogates, no clear set of species attributes have been described that allow for the efficient a priori selection of surrogate groups. We used a database of 1449 species in two regions of the United States to (1) examine the consistency in the performance of simple taxonomic-based surrogates of biodiversity and (2) test five hypotheses proposed to explain surrogate performance. First, we compared the ability of sites selected to protect members of seven surrogate groups to protect non-surrogate species in the north-western United States and in the Middle-Atlantic region of the eastern United States. Then, in a separate analysis, we tested whether surrogate performance could be explained by (1) taxonomic diversity; (2) nested species distributions; (3) hotspots of biodiversity; (4) species range sizes; (5) environmental diversity. Our first analysis revealed little consistency in the performance of surrogates in the two different study regions. For example, butterflies provided protection for 76% of all other species in the north-western United States but only 56% of all other species in the eastern United States. Our second analysis revealed only weak associations between species characteristics and surrogate performance. Furthermore, these associations proved inadequate for selecting successful surrogates across study regions. Overall, our results suggest that in lieu of searching for optimal surrogate groups, research efforts will be better spent by developing alternative methods for assessing conservation value in areas where data on species distributions are limited.
Multinational Corporations and Politics in Developing Countries

Recently, much attention has been focused on the influence that multinational corporations (MNCs) have on the politics of developing countries. Even setting aside past legacies of sinister corporate conduct, most students of politics agree that MNCs are potentially important actors—for better or for worse—in a country's political development because they can influence the rate, direction, and beneficiaries of change. Most case studies begin with the assumption that the political impact resulting from the presence of MNCs in developing countries is primarily a function of the international economic system. However, all but one of the books under review focus on the domestic political system in individual host countries as the independent variable rather than on the international economic system. Taken together, these studies make a strong case that the analysis of the MNC and its impact on politics in developing countries must prace heavy emphasis on the particular political circumstances prevailing in each country. The wants, needs, and motivations of key domestic political actors—many of whom do not behave in the manner predicted by either Liberal or Marxist world models—appear to be of fundamental importance in determining how MNCs affect a developing country's politics, and whether that country can counter any potentially adverse political impacts that may accompany MNCs.
Metallized Propellants for the Human Exploration of Mars

Advanced chemical propulsion using Metallized Propellants (MP) can lead to significant reductions in launch mass for piloted Mars missions. MP allow the propellant density or the specific impulse I(sub sp) of the propulsion system, or both, to increase. It can reduce the propellant mass and the propulsion system dry mass. Detailed mass-scaling equations and estimates of the I(sub sp) for several MP combinations are presented. The most significant savings with MP are derived from increasing the payload delivered to Mars. For the mass in low Earth orbit (LEO), a metallized Mars transfer vehicle can deliver 20 to 22 percent additional payload. This 20-percent payload increase reduces the total number of Mars flights and therefore significantly reduces the number of Space Transportation System-Cargo launches for the entire Mars architecture. Using MP to reduce the mass in LEO per flight is not as effective as increasing the payload delivery capacity. The mass saving per flight, while delivering the same payload with a higher I(sub sp) system, is much smaller. Using MP in all of the Mars propulsion systems would produce a modest 3.3 percent LEO mass saving. This translates into a saving of 38,000 kg over the mass required with O2/H2 propulsion. A Mars excursion vehicle using Earth- or space-storable propellants for the ascent can be an alternative to storing cryogenic H2 on Mars. A space-storable system using oxygen/monomethyl hydrazine/aluminum (O2/MMH/Al) would deliver the lowest mass penalty over O2/H2. For lower-energy expedition missions the LEO mass penalty for using metallized O2/MMH/Al would be only 3 to 5 percent.
Neurologic and Metabolic Issues in Moderately Preterm, Late Preterm, and Early Term Infants

Common neurologic morbidities encountered in very preterm and extremely preterm infants (intracranial hemorrhage, white matter injury and periventricular leukomalacia, and apnea of prematurity) are much less common in moderately preterm and late preterm infants. The frequency of germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage and white matter injury are reported to be low, but selection bias in neuroimaging surveillance prevents ascertainment of precise frequencies. The major neurologic morbidity of moderately and late preterm infants is feeding difficulty reflecting developmental integration of suck, swallow, and breathing.
The impact of law on coronary heart disease: some preliminary observations on the relationship of law to "normalized" conditions.

The relationship between law and a population’s health is complex and poorly understood. To the extent that scholarship exists on the subject, it has usually focused on epidemics that are concentrated in relatively vulnerable, marginalized communities. Often, individual behaviors are assumed to play a major role in the epidemiology of these diseases. Perhaps, as a result, these illnesses become stigmatized and the object of coercive laws, which in turn become the subject of litigation, legal debate, and ultimately scholarly analysis. Thus, to the extent that U.S. legal scholars have thought about public health in the last 30 years (and they seldom have), they have generally done so in the context of tuberculosis (TB), intravenous drug abuse, and a handful of similar conditions. Likewise, Jonathan Mann’s own appreciation of the importance of human rights to public health emerged in the wake of his work with HIV, which is perhaps the prototypical stigmatized disease.
Cerebral physiology of cardiac surgical patients treated with the perfluorocarbon emulsion, AF0144.

Background Perfluorooctyl bromide is a biologically inert compound with short biologic retention and high oxygen solubility. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the perfluorocarbon emulsion, AF0144 (Perflubron, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp, San Diego, CA), used in conjunction with acute normovolemic hemodilution on cerebral blood flow and cerebral emboli measurements during coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Thirty-six adult cardiac surgical patients were enrolled in a single-institution, randomized, controlled, single-blind dose escalation trial. Autologous whole blood was harvested from each patient to target an on-bypass hematocrit of 20% to 22%. Placebo, low dose (1.8 g/kg) or high dose (2.7 g/kg) AF0144 was administered. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to quantitate cerebral emboli and xenon-133 clearance was used to measure cerebral blood flow. Results Cerebral blood flow was increased in both AF0144-treated groups compared with placebo ( p = 0.006, low dose vs control; p = 0.036, high dose vs control). Numbers of cerebral emboli were greater in the high-dose AF0144-treated group versus control during the time periods from aortic cannulation through aortic cross-clamp placement ( p = 0.026) and from aortic cross-clamp placement through cross-clamp removal ( p = 0.008). Conclusions The perfluorocarbon emulsion, AF0144, increased cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, total cerebral emboli load during bypass was greater in patients receiving high-dose AF0144.
IS THERE REALLY NO CONNECTION BETWEEN GRAVITY AND KL→π+π-

This work gives a specific proposal for how KL→ππ may be caused by gravitational forces. A consequence is that η+- varies with a very long period.
Does dalteparin PROTECT better than heparin

The PROTECT Investigators for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Dalteparin versus Unfractionated Heparin in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1305-1314. It is unclear whether there is a clinically significant advantage to prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) in mixed medical/surgical critically ill adult patients. Objective: To compare once daily dalteparin with twice daily unfractionated heparin for primary prophylaxis of proximal deep venous thrombosis in critically ill adults. Design: A superiority randomized double-blinded controlled trial from 2006 to 2010 in both medical and surgical ICUs. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00182143) Setting: Multi-center, international medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) Subjects: Critically ill adults expected to remain in the ICU for at least 3 days. Intervention: Patients were randomized to either twice daily UFH or daily dalteparin for the duration of ICU admission. Outcomes: The primary endpoint was proximal leg deep venous thrombosis (DVT), at least three days after randomization, detected on twice weekly screening ultrasound. Secondary endpoints were: any DVT, pulmonary embolism (PE), venous thromboembolism (VTE), death, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), major bleeding, and composite death/VTE. Three thousand seven hundred and forty-six subjects were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Proximal leg DVT occurred in 96 of 1873 (5.1%) patients randomized to dalteparin versus 109 of 1873 (5.8%) patients randomized to UFH (hazard ratio in the dalteparin group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 1.23; P = 0.57). The incidence of PE was 1.3% in the dalteparin group compared to 2.3% in the UFH group (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.88; P = 0.01). There was no mortality difference and no difference in major bleeding between the two study arms. There was a statistically significant decrease in incidence of HIT in the dalteparin group in the per-protocol analysis, but not in the intention-to-treat analysis. Comparing the incidence of PE was a secondary endpoint and the study was not appropriately powered for this conclusion. Among critically ill adult patients, dalteparin was not superior to UFH at preventing proximal lower extremity DVTs. There is a suggestion that dalteparin might be superior to UFH at preventing pulmonary embolism but a larger trial is necessary to confirm this result.
LINKING RELATIONSHIP QUALITY TO PERCEIVED MUTUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP GOALS AND PERCEIVED GOAL PROGRESS

Two goal-related variables were examined as predictors of relationship quality. One was the perception of mutuality of goals held for the relationship; the other was the perception of progress regarding those relationship goals. A mediation model was considered whereby relationship goal mutuality predicted quality via perception of goal progress. Study 1 examined cross-sectional associations among these variables in 245 dating participants. Results of a path analysis (controlling for effects of relationship conflict) were consistent with the mediation model. Study 2 replicated these findings in a sample of 78 committed romantic couples, using an electronic diary methodology to gather data from both partners about relationship quality across multiple time points. Study 2 also extended the findings by examining a dyadic mediation model with both mediated actor effects and mediated partner effects. Findings suggest a central role for shared relationship goals and for perceptions of relationship goal progress...
Research Misconduct in Accounting Literature: A Survey of the Most Prolific Researchers' Actions and Beliefs

Incidents of research misconduct, especially falsification, in the hard sciences and medicine have been widely reported. Motives for misconduct include professional advancement and personal recognition. Accounting academics are under the same tenure, promotion and recognition pressures as other academics; and, without the life-and-death issues of medical research, rationalizing misconduct in accounting research seems much easier. It is reasonable to assume that dishonesty has occurred, even if little evidence exists about its prevalence. Further, accounting research can influence tax policy and market conditions, affecting people’s lives. This study is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to survey accounting researchers directly as to their ethical practices; it uses the randomized response technique of addressing sensitive questions. To maximize its relevance to the most respected accounting research, this questionnaire was sent only to the most prolific researchers at U.S. colleges and universities— those who have published in the ‘top thirty’ accounting journals. The results indicate that serious misconduct has occurred among these established accounting researchers. The estimated percentage of seriously tainted articles in the top thirty accounting journals, based on self-reporting, is about 4 per cent, while the respondents on average believe that about 21 per cent of the literature is tainted. Faculty who were tenured more recently provide higher estimates of the falsification rate, and attribute more of the cause to external factors like tenure pressure. The article concludes by discussing implications and offering policy recommendations.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF AN ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CEREBRAL INFARCT IN A DOG

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on an eleven-year-old dog four days after an acute onset of seizures and neurologic deficits. A ring-enhancing, intra-axial lesion associated with edema, falcial deviation and non-uniform ventricular compression was identified in the left frontal lobe. An area of ill-defined hyperdensity, compatible with hemorrhage, was noted on corresponding CT images prior to contrast enhancement. At post-mortem examination, a focal, hemorrhagic infarct, characterized by liquif ication necrosis, marked gliosis and neovascularization, was found. The etiology of the infarction could not be identified. The CT findings, however, were similar to those seen in humans with cerebral infarction due to embolic occlusion and subsequent hemorrhage. These findings and the pathophysi-ologic mechanisms behind them are discussed.
Adaptive strategies for the control of natural motion

Earlier results of this author and others demonstrate that a broad range of robotic tasks can be commanded through relatively simple feedback controllers with a guarantee of global asymptotic stability. A weakness of such methods is the requirement that exact values of all dynamical parameters be available, since they are used to cancel the disturbance torques introduced by gravity. An adaptive strategy is reported here which guarantees stability and global boundedness of a natural controller in the absence of a priori information regarding dynamical parameters. The present results, however, are not yet satisfactory since they cannot assure convergence to the correct spatial position.
Crystal structure of bovine mitochondrial factor B at 0.96-A resolution.

Coupling factor B (FB) is a mitochondrial inner membrane polypeptide that facilitates the energy-driven catalysis of ATP synthesis in animal mitochondria by blocking a proton leak across the membrane. Here, we report the crystal structure of the bovine mitochondrial FB mutant with Gly-3–Glu substitution determined at a resolution of 0.96 Å and that of the WT polypeptide at a resolution of 2.9 Å. The structure reveals an oblong, oval-shaped molecule with a unique globular N-terminal domain that is proposed to be the membrane anchor domain and the capping region to the C-terminal leucine-rich repeats domain. A short N-terminal α-helix, which extends away from the molecule's body, is suggestive of functioning as an anchor for FB to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Identification of a bound Mg2+ ion reveals that FB is a metalloprotein. We also report the cocrystal structures of FB bound with phenylarsine oxide and Cd2+, two known inhibitors of the FB coupling activity.
Spectrophotometric studies of the formation of charge transfer complex of iron(III) with N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethylidene)-1,2-diiminoethane di-Schiff base ligand in methanol

The complex formation reaction between N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethylidene)-1,2-diiminoethane (BPIE) di-Schiff base ligand as an electron donor and iron(III) chloride as an electron acceptor have been studied spectrophometrically in methanol at 28°C. The values of equilibrium constants, K and molar absorptivities, e were obtained from the Benesi–Hildebrand, Scott and Foster–Hammick–Wardley equations. The results indicate the formation of 1 : 1 charge transfer complex. The absorption band energy of the complex, E CT, the ionization potential of the BPIE Schiff base ligand, I D, and the Gibbs energy changes of the above reaction, ΔG 0, were calculated. Finally, the kinetics of the complex formation reaction were studied and was found to be second-order in each reactant. The values of the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions k 1 and k −1 were determined.
The 2012 UT Austin Villa Code Release

In 2012, UT Austin Villa claimed the Standard Platform League championships at both the US Open and the 2012 RoboCup competition held in Mexico City. This paper describes the code release associated with the team and discusses the key contributions of the release. This release will enable teams entering the Standard Platform League and researchers using the Naos to have a solid foundation from which to start their work as well as providing useful modules to existing researchers and RoboCup teams. We expect it to be of particular interest because it includes the architecture, logic modules, and debugging tools that led to the team’s success in 2012. This architecture is designed to be flexible and robust while enabling easy testing and debugging of code. The vision code was designed for easy use in creating color tables and debugging problems. A custom localization simulator that is included permits fast testing of full team scenarios. Also included is the kick engine which runs through a number of static joint poses and adapts them to the current location of the ball. This code release will provide a solid foundation for new RoboCup teams and for researchers that use the Naos.
Architectural and multiprocessor design verification of the PowerPC 604 data cache

The PowerPC 604 microprocessor has high performance 32-bit implementation, which is optimized to produce compact code while adhering to RISC philosophy. The PowerPC 604 microprocessor can sustain a maximum issue rate of 4 instructions per cycle. The data cache of the 604 is a 16 KB four-way set-associative non-blocking cache which contains MESI states (M: Modified, E: Exclusive-unmodified, S: Shared, I: Invalid), a reservation bit with its reservation address register, an independent snoop port, WIMG (W: cache write policy, I: cacheability, M: coherency mode, G: protection against speculative access) support logic, and parity bits. The 604 has an on-chip phase-locked loop to provide different Processor/Bus clock ratios to simplify the system design while using a 100 MHz processor clock. The data cache to BIU (Bus Interface Unit) interface can handle different Processor/Bus clock ratios. The architecture and multiprocessor verification for the PowerPC 604 data cache systematically checks the data cache architecture, logic, and implementation correctness and provides the assurance that the PowerPC 604 microprocessor's aggressive hardware and software implementation is carried out correctly in the uniprocessor and multiprocessor environment. >
MTL robust testing and verification for LPV systems

This paper deals with the robust Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) testing and verification of linear systems with parametric uncertainties. This is a very general class of systems that includes not only Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems with unknown constant parameters, but also Linear Time Varying (LTV) systems and certain classes of nonlinear systems through abstraction. The two main tools for the solution of this problem are the approximate bisimulation relations and a notion of robustness for temporal logic formulas.
Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

Abstract The rate of chick growth in high-latitude breeding shorebirds is rapid, but little is known about the effect of chick mass, growth, and brood movements on subsequent brood survival. To address these topics, we monitored chick growth patterns, daily brood movements, and survival of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We assessed the effect of chick age, mass, and hatch date on brood survival using Program MARK. We mapped brood locations daily, and compared brood movement patterns between successful and unsuccessful broods. Younger chicks survived at lower rates and moved shorter distances than older chicks. The overall probability of one or more chicks from a brood surviving to 15 days of age was 0.73 ± 0.05 SE. Brood survival declined seasonally, and broods with heavier chicks survived at higher rates than those with lighter chicks. On average, successful broods fledged 1.7 ± 0.1 SE chicks. Rate of chick growth was intermediate between those of high arctic an...
TGR5 contributes to glucoregulatory improvements after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice

Objective Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) produces high rates of type 2 diabetes remission; however, the mechanisms responsible remain incompletely defined. VSG increases circulating bile acid concentrations and bile acid signalling through TGR5 improves glucose homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the role of TGR5 signalling in mediating the glucoregulatory benefits of VSG. Design VSG or sham surgery was performed in high-fat-fed male Tgr5 +/+ (wild type) and Tgr5 −/− (knockout) littermates. Sham-operated mice were fed ad libitum or food restricted to match their body weight to VSG-operated mice. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure, insulin signalling and circulating bile acid profiles were measured and oral glucose tolerance testing, islet immunohistochemistry and gut microbial profiling were performed. Results VSG decreased food intake and body weight, increased energy expenditure and circulating bile acid concentrations, improved fasting glycaemia, glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, enhanced nutrient-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion and produced favourable shifts in gut microbial populations in both genotypes. However, the body weight-independent improvements in fasting glycaemia, glucose tolerance, hepatic insulin signalling, hepatic inflammation and islet morphology after VSG were attenuated in Tgr5 −/− relative to Tgr5 +/+ mice. Furthermore, VSG produced metabolically favourable alterations in circulating bile acid profiles that were blunted in Tgr5 −/− relative to Tgr5 +/+ mice. TGR5-dependent regulation of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression may have contributed to TGR5-mediated shifts in the circulating bile acid pool after VSG. Conclusions These results suggest that TGR5 contributes to the glucoregulatory benefits of VSG surgery by promoting metabolically favourable shifts in the circulating bile acid pool.
Isolation of Mutagens from Drinking Water: Something Old, Something New

In our previous presentation in this Symposium series, we described the development of a coupled Salmonella mutagenesis/reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the subfractionation of mutagens from complex mixtures of drinking water organics. Using the 20-year-old drinking water residue mixture available to us at that time, we demonstrated the reproducibility of this system. A group of potent, microsomal-activation-dependent, strain TA100 mutagens was detected and partially purified. For one of the repeat HPLC subfractions, further purification by gas chromatography (GC) of multiple aliquots on an SE 30 column yielded 10-μg amounts of purified compound (Tabor and Loper, 1980; Loper and Tabor, 1981). This substance is the “something old” alluded to in our title. Part of the “something new” is that we have determined this substance to be a previously unrecognized mutagen; we will have more to say about it later (see Discussion).
Parental autonomy granting and child perceived control: effects on the everyday emotional experience of anxious youth

Author(s): Benoit Allen, Kristy; Silk, Jennifer S; Meller, Suzanne; Tan, Patricia Z; Ladouceur, Cecile D; Sheeber, Lisa B; Forbes, Erika E; Dahl, Ronald E; Siegle, Greg J; McMakin, Dana L; Ryan, Neal D | Abstract: BackgroundChildhood anxiety is associated with low levels of parental autonomy granting and child perceived control, elevated child emotional reactivity and deficits in child emotion regulation. In early childhood, low levels of parental autonomy granting are thought to decrease child perceived control, which in turn leads to increases in child negative emotion. Later in development, perceived control may become a more stable, trait-like characteristic that amplifies the relationship between parental autonomy granting and child negative emotion. The purpose of this study was to test mediation and moderation models linking parental autonomy granting and child perceived control with child emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in anxious youth.MethodsClinically anxious youth (Nn=n106) and their primary caregivers were assessed prior to beginning treatment. Children were administered a structured diagnostic interview and participated in a parent-child interaction task that was behaviorally coded for parental autonomy granting. Children completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol during which they reported on perceived control, emotional reactivity (anxiety and physiological arousal) and emotion regulation strategy use in response to daily negative life events.ResultsThe relationship between parental autonomy granting and both child emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategy use was moderated by child perceived control: the highest levels of self-reported physiological responding and the lowest levels of acceptance in response to negative events occurred in children low in perceived control with parents high in autonomy granting. Evidence for a mediational model was not found. In addition, child perceived control over negative life events was related to less anxious reactivity and greater use of both problem solving and cognitive restructuring as emotion regulation strategies.ConclusionBoth parental autonomy granting and child perceived control play important roles in the everyday emotional experience of clinically anxious children.
Abstract 3099: Detection Of Intracerebral Hemorrhage In An In Vivo Porcine Model Using Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation

There is a need for continuous, non-invasive neurologic monitoring in patients who are suffering from a significant neurologic insult such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or traumatic brain injury. Currently, these patients are typically sedated and/or intubated in the ICU setting, making it difficult for the clinician to assess their neurologic status. A device capable of non-invasively determining acute changes in brain function would be of great utility in this clinical setting. Here, we present the results of a pilot study of a non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) radiation device to detect acute blood in a well-established in vivo porcine ICH model. Methods: Two antennae were placed collinearly with the upper eyelids of a sedated, anesthetized pig, after local IACUC approval of the protocol. An RF signal was transmitted by one antenna across the head of the pig and received by the other antenna, which was connected to a spectrum analyzer to measure received power (Pr). Blood (3 mL) was infused into the frontal lobe white matter at the level of the upper eyelids. Pr values were collected for the healthy pig (Pr(control)), after infusion of ICH (Pr(ICH)), and 30 minutes after Pr(ICH) measurement (Pr(clot)). Clot size was determined by measuring the clot in post-mortem frozen brain slices. Seven pig experiments were conducted. A student’s paired t-test was used for statistical analysis, and P Results: A 12% (SD: 6%) increase in Pr(ICH) was seen compared to Pr(control) (P = 0.003). Pr(clot) also increased by 13% (SD: 10%) compared to Pr(control) but the difference was not significant (P = 0.053). The average clot size was 1.2mL. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that an RF EM signal can be used to detect acute ICH in an in vivo porcine model. A non-invasive sensor based on this technique may be useful in monitoring the neurologically injured patient.
Evaluation of the melanocortin-1-receptor gene in melanoma predisposition, progression, and recurrence

9018 Background: The melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene is highly polymorphic in humans. Multiple studies have shown the association between MC1R allelic variants and increased risk of melanoma. O...
Impact of Precipitation Intensity and Riparian Geomorphic Characteristics on Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Soil-Atmosphere Interface in a Water-Limited Riparian Zone

As concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG: N2O, CO2, CH4) continue to increase in the earth’s atmosphere, there is a need to further quantify the contribution of natural systems to atmospheric GHG concentrations. Within this context, characterizing GHG contributions of riparian zones following storms events is especially important. This study documents soil GHG effluxes in a North Carolina riparian zone in the days following both a natural 2.5-cm precipitation event, and that same event associated with the addition of 8.7 cm artificial rainwater in select static chambers. No significant differences in CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in response to increased moisture were observed between a depression, a sand bar, and an upland forested area. However, in this water-limited riparian zone, less negative CH4 fluxes (i.e., methane oxidation decreased) and higher CO2 fluxes (i.e., aerobic respiration increased) were observed following precipitation. A short-term burst in N2O emission was observed in the hours after precipitation occurred, but elevated N2O emissions did not persist long enough to turn the site from the N2O sink to a N2O source in the 3 days following the beginning of the experiment. Our results are in contrast with riparian GHG studies in wetter environments and illustrate the importance of water limitation in regulating riparian soil response to precipitation with respect to GHG emissions. More studies should be conducted in water-limited environments (e.g., US southeast/southwest) before management strategies commonly applied in wetter environments (e.g., US Northeast/Midwest) are applied in these regions.
Sulfur Isotopic Profile Through the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus: Preliminary Results and Implications

The sulfide mineralogy, sulfur contents, and sulfur isotopic compositions were determined for a section through the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus, as represented by Cyprus Crustal Study Project drillholes Cy-2a and Cy-4. The composite section includes volcanics altered at low temperature, a subsurface sulfide mineralization, hydrothermally altered sheeted dikes, and underlying gabbros. The volcanics average 400 ppm S, and contain sulfide with δ34S = +4%, consistent with a possible primary arc-like sulfur source. The sulfide mineralization in CY-2a ranges up to 45 wt% S, and pyrites have uniform δ345 values of 6.4 ± 0.4%. The hydrothermally altered rocks in the underlying feeder zone contain an average of 3.5% S, and pyrites have δ345 values averaging +5.9 ± 0.9%. The δ34S values of the mineralization and underlying rocks are consistent with mixtures of 15-35% Cretaceous seawater sulfur +17%) plus sulfur remobilized from elsewhere in the ophiolite. Gabbros of hole Cy-4 contain 10-1270 ppm S, having both gained and lost S through hydrothermal alteration.The δ34S values of sulfide generally range from +0.2 to +7.7%. The lower values are consistent with primary MORB-like sulfur, and the higher values reflect local incorporation of seawater-derived sulfur during hydrothermal alteration, and the possible presence of arc-like primary sulfur (+4 to +5%).
Total glucose control: the role of post-prandial glucose

The basis of strict glucose control and the achievement of a favorable HgbAlc must involve the control of both fasting and post-prandial glucose levels. Most of the day is spent in the post-prandial state. The most important predictor of post prandial glycemia is the pre-prandial glucose. Glucose control in the United States is far from optimal with a minority of patients achieving either the ADA goal of 7.0% or the ACE/AACE goal of 6.5%. There is evidence that post-meal glucose has a better correlation with A1C than fasting glucose levels especially when the A1C is less than 8%. A reduced early insulin release leads to high postprandial glucose. The evidence that lowering Hgb A1C results in lower microvascular risk is substantial. The DCC T demonstrated a clear association, of retinopathy with A1C . The study also demonstrated that for the same Al C, intensive glucose control using short-acting insulin pre-meals was associated with reduced complications compared to conventional treatment without short acting insulin. Further evidence from the Kumamoto Study and the UKPDS confirm reduced microvascular complications with lower A1C levels. Elevated mealtime glucose is an unappreciated concern at all levels of A1C including A1C levels at normal or near normal values. Elevated mealtime glucose is of special concern in the elderly. There is strong epidemiologic evidence linking post challenge hyperglycemia to macro-vascular risk. These include the Rancho Bernardo study the Honolulu Heart Study, the Paris Prospective Heart Study, The Diabetes Intervention Study, and the DECODE Study. There are many other studies going back to the 1980s that relate post-challenge or post-prandial blood glucose to cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. Possible effects of acute hyperglycemia responsible for increased microvascular and macrovascular risk include endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative load, a pro-inflammatory state, protein glycosylation and altered coagulation. There is evidence that oral glucose loading adversely affects endothelial function. Oxidative load in the form of reactive oxygen species is increased following a glucose challenge. The pro-inflammatory state relates to quintiles of dietary glycemic load as it does to the 2- hour post challenge glucose category. There is evidence that in intimal media thickness increases more with the 2 hour glucose than A 1С. In summary, post mealtime glucose spikes are to be prevented because lowering A1C reduces microvascular complications, A1C reflects post mealtime glucose as well as fasting plasma group glucose, elevated post-meal glucose is a highly prevalent issue and elevated blood glucose 2 hours after a glucose load is associated with increased risk of death independent of fasting blood glucose. The Epic- Norfork study raises questions as to the level of A1C associated with risk.
Effect of Simulated Seasonal Thermal Conditions on Hatching of Eggs of a Univoltine Mosquito

Aedes stimulans (Walker) is a univoltine species that ranges through continental deciduous forests of North America above 40°N. Lat. It spends the summer, fall, and winter as eggs on soil beneath the detritus layer in woodland depressions likely to be flooded by melting snow and ice in the spring. Eggs experience temperatures of 20—25 °C during incubation and the remainder of the summer. Thereafter they are subject to cold (4°C or below) for intervals up to 6 months in the field. They hatch when the ice melts during the spring thaw and water temperatures rise to 4°C or above. In the normal course of events, all eggs hatch at this time so that one generation develops annually. Under unusual conditions, when oviposition sites remain dry, hatching may be delayed for 2 years. Rarely would eggs survive because of predation, burial or premature hatching (Horsfall et al. 1973).
The social definition of time for university students

In today’s world, universities, in particular those in the West, have increasingly become networked, informationalized, and commercialized, and tend to operate on a clock or chronologic time like a business or corporation, though their demands on individuals are often in real or chronoscopic time terms. In light of the increasing demand in time by the university as corporation, we study in this article a neglected aspect of such a modern university: the social meaning of time for university students. To achieve our goal, we chose a Midwestern public university as our research site – a major American research university of about 40,000 students – and conducted field observations through photography and interviews during the 2009 fall semester. The research setting provided a good opportunity to observe a wide range of categories of time experienced by students. In the article we established a typology of six theoretically informed and empirically observable categories of time – scheduled time, compressed t...
A Rat Model of Chondrocyte Death After Closed Intra-Articular Fracture

Objective The development of osteoarthritis after intra-articular fractures has been described for decades, although the exact mechanical and cellular changes that occur remain poorly understood. There are several animal models to study this phenomenon, but they are mechanistically different from physiologic fractures in several important ways. This article describes a novel model that recreates the kinematics present in high-energy trauma and intra-articular fractures. Methods We designed a "drop tower" for the creation of intercondylar femoral fractures in rats and tested it on cadaveric rats to determine the optimal kinetic parameters. Intra-articular fractures were then created in live rats and the animals were killed at 0, 24, and 72 hours after the fracture. Cartilage samples were obtained for live/dead staining, and the relationships among fracture time, cartilage depth, and cell viability were evaluated. Results The model reproduced intra-articular fractures very similar to those seen in high-energy trauma, although we required significantly higher energies (3600 mJ) than those reported in other fracture models (40-200 mJ). Cartilage viability decreased with time (68% immediately after the fracture and 46% at 72 hours, P = 0.02) and increased with depth from the articular surface (47% at the surface vs. 66% in the deepest layer, P = 0.001). Conclusions This model is a physiologically relevant reliable method for creating intra-articular fractures in rats and can produce meaningful data about the biologic changes occurring in cartilage after injury. Cell viability decreases with time postfracture and with proximity to the articular surface.
Cooked meat products sold in Shaanxi Province of food-borne pathogen contamination of results of analysis of pro-active monitoring

Objective:To grasp the market and cooked meat products in Shaanxi Province in the contamination of food-borne pathogens,Shaanxi Food Safety for the status quo analysis and management to provide accurate information.Methods:2002~2008 in accordance with the national network of food-borne disease monitoring requirements and methods of monitoring points in Shaanxi Province to the farmers market,supermarkets,restaurants cooked meat products sold for Salmonella,L.monocytogenes,O157: H7/NM hemorrhagic E.coli to carry out pro-active monitoring.Results:522 samples,86 bacteria detected in the target detection rate of 16.3%.Have detected three pathogens,Mainly in the detection of L.monocytogenes the highest rate,followed by Salmonella.Conclusion:The cooked meat products in Shaanxi Province in the market,there is contamination of food-borne pathogens,Mainly of L.monocytogenes and Salmonella that cause serious pollution,and should strengthen the supervision and management of food safety and hygiene.