cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multinational teams incorporating freelance expatriates in the construction industry: case studies of high-speed railways in China and Taiwan

Freelance expatriates are an important element of the workforce in international projects that are relatively knowledge-intensive and highly specialized. Their expertise and knowledge, accumulated through experience gained by travelling from project to project, is a crucial asset for projects. Incorporating freelance expatriates into project teams allows firms to be flexible and competitive in the international market. However, despite a wide range of research on expatriation in fields such as human resource management and international business management, studies of freelance expatriates in the international construction industry have just begun. Little is known about the major challenges impeding their working relationship with their local colleagues. This paper addresses this question in four ways: (1) we identify eight challenges—expectation gaps, outsider effects, client–contractor tensions, cultural differences and subgroup formation, different values, different norms, different practices and langu...
Bias at School: Perceptions of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination among Latino and European American Children.

Latino and White/European American children (N = 99; 5–11 years of age) participated in a study designed to examine their perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination in educational settings. Children heard scenarios involving two children of different races/ethnicities, one who received a more positive outcome from a teacher than the other. Children were then asked about the reasons for the differential outcomes. The role of (a) situational information (i.e., the race/ethnicity of the children and teacher in the story, and information about the teacher’s past choices); (b) social-cognitive abilities (i.e., theory of mind); and (c) child characteristics (i.e., child’s race/ethnicity and racial/ethnic attitudes) in facilitating children’s attributions to discrimination was assessed. Results indicated that children most frequently attributed differential outcomes to the quality of work or the ability of students. Children were most likely to make an attribution to discrimination when the teacher rewarded a same-race/ethnicity child and had a history of similar behavior. Children’s attention to situational information was moderated, however, by their social-cognitive abilities. Children’s own race/ethnicity and ethnic attitudes also affected their perceptions of discrimination.
Improving student achievement

A cognitive processing capacity model of teaching and studying improved immediate posttest and delayed posttest performances of low-ability students, while it reduced performance differences between the low- and high-ability students. A skeletal study outline and a restudy and retest provision also made positive contributions to performance.
Succession of Property, Sales of Meação, and the Economic Empowerment of Widows of African Descent in Colonial Minas Gerais, Brazil

Although Portuguese laws protected women’s right to property, the process of succession that followed a husband’s death in colonial Minas Gerais often threatened women’s economic well-being. Widows of African descent, moreover, were regularly denied custody of their children, having to defer to court-appointed guardians in matters regarding their property and education. In this context, some couples contracted the sale of the dying spouse’s meacao to the surviving spouse. This understudied strategy of transmission of property empowered widows of African descent to act as heads of household and guardians to their children in ways that were not guaranteed by law.
Excited states of sputtered molecules

Abstract We present some observations of the N2 and O2 molecular spectra induced by ion impact on solids. The N2 spectra are due to bombardment of a nitrogen implanted silicon sample. The O2 spectrum is from Ar+ bombardment of a boron sample with adsorbed oxygen. The nitrogen spectrum shows rotational but not vibrational excitation. A model for its formation is proposed based on surface recombination followed by vibrational deactivation and ejection. The oxygen spectrum appears to contain fragments of the c1Σu−→X3Σg− Herzberg II band system and exhibits high vibrational but no rotational excitation.
Proliferation of serum-deprived neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Both the mitotic index after colchicine block and the fraction of cells labeled by a short exposure to [3H]TdR indicate that the rate of proliferation in cultures of murine neuroblastoma cells (N18 clone) decreases only after several days of maintenance in serum-deficient medium. Viable cell counts remain constant because of a large increase in the number of cells which die and are shed into the medium. Therefore, the neurite formation and enzyme induction which occur under these conditions cannot be caused by inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Optical cleanliness specifications and cleanliness verification

Optical cleanliness is important to NIF because it results in beam obscuration and scatter losses which occur in the front- end (containing over 20,000 small optics) and the large- aperture portions of the laser (containing approximately equals 7,300 optics in 192 beamlines). The level of particulate cleanliness necessary for NIF, is similar to the scatter loss due to surface roughness. That is, the scatter loss should not exceed less than or equal to 2.5 X 10-5 per surface. Establishing requirements for optical and structural surface cleanliness needs consideration of both particulate and organic thin-film cleanliness. Both forms of cleanliness may be specified using guidelines specified in Military Standard 1246C and are referred to as cleanliness Levels. This Military Standard is described briefly and displayed in tables and charts. The presence of organic thin-films on structural surfaces is of particular concern if the contaminated surface is near solgel coated optics [solgel coatings provide an antireflection (AR) quality]; or the optic is in a vacuum. In a vacuum, organic contaminant molecules have a much high probability of transporting from their source to a solgel-coated optic and thereby result in the rapid change in the transmission of the antireflection coating. Optical surface cleanliness can be rapidly degraded if a clean optic is exposed to any atmosphere containing an aerosol of small particles. The use of cleanrooms, as described in Federal Standard 209C, minimizes the settling of particulate contaminants and is described using charts and tables. These charts assist in determining the obscuration and scatter loss that can be expected when a clean surface is exposed to various Classes of cleanrooms due to particulate settling.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Imagination as inter‐science

The imagination was central to Romantic epistemology. This essay examines how scientific writers on the imagination had to locate the science of the imagination somewhere else. Since the anatomy of nerves offered so little concrete information, especially before the dawn of cell theory, physiologists turned to concepts like life or action or electrical nerves to explain nervous action. Likewise, natural philosophers turned from proliferating organs of the mind (neurology) to the thoughts of individuals for knowledge (psychology). This need to make mental processes empirical was assisted by a general slide in psychology from experiments to experience. The imagination, thus, was located between the various sciences: it was an inter‐science. I am therefore interested here in the ways in which the imagination provided instrumental and necessary cross‐pollinations within science, so that scientific work could advance without the technologies needed for advancement.
Metamorphic modifications of the Muremera mafic–ultramafic intrusions, eastern Burundi, and their effect on chromite compositions

Abstract The Muremera mafic–ultramafic intrusions were emplaced into metasedimentary rocks of the Karagwe–Ankole Belt in eastern Burundi, as part of the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran tectonomagmatic event. Igneous minerals of the Muremera intrusions have been partly altered to hydrous and carbonated metamorphic assemblages, although in most cases, the original igneous textures are well-preserved. Rounded, subhedral cumulus olivine has been partially and pseudomorphically replaced by lizardite–magnetite mesh-rim and lizardite–brucite mesh-centre assemblages, while anhedral interstitial plagioclase has been replaced by chlorite–tremolite. A later and localized event results in prograde alteration to antigorite–magnetite–chlorite–talc–carbonate and talc–carbonate–chlorite assemblages. The rocks are inferred to have undergone at least three separate metamorphic/alteration events resulting in: AS1 – an early alteration assemblage (mesh-rim lizardite–magnetite) characterized by very low fluid/rock ratios and widespread distribution; AS2 – a later, widespread low-temperature retrogressive (mesh-centre lizardite–brucite) assemblage associated with abundant close-spaced parallel veins; AS3 – later, prograde (antigorite–magnetite) and AT4 (talc–chlorite–carbonate) assemblages associated with more localized shearing and higher fluid/rock ratios. The AS1 assemblage most likely represents deuteric alteration that occurred soon after intrusion and cooling. The AS2 assemblage may relate to a continuation of this cooling, or may be correlated with the regional upright D2 folding event, while the AS3 and AT4 alteration assemblages are most likely correlated with the N–S oriented D3 faulting episode linked to the distal East African Orogeny. Euhedral to subhedral chromite grains are essentially unaltered where enclosed in primary unaltered olivine, pyroxene or plagioclase, as well as in AS1 lizardite–magnetite and AS2 lizardite–brucite altered olivine or pyroxene. In samples which show alteration to AS3 antigorite–magnetite and AT4 talc–carbonate–chlorite assemblages, the chromite grains are zoned to Mg–Al-poor ferritchromite rims. The width and the composition of these alteration rims are related to the degree of alteration of the silicate assemblages. However, it is concluded that chromite found in rocks that have avoided late/localized AS3–AT4 alteration preserve their magmatic to late-magmatic chemical and textural characteristics, and can therefore be used in regional geological studies and exploration.
Low level of genetic drift in foreign sequences replicating in an RNA virus in plants

The accumulation of mutations was measured in foreign sequences constituting a portion of a hybrid virus derived from the 6.4-kb (+) RNA virus, tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV). Neither of the two foreign sequences tested (dihydrofolate reductase and neomycin phosphotransferase II) are functionally required by the virus, so they should be free of selective pressures and should be a true measure of viral sequence drift in whole plants. Four hybrid virus populations, two of each foreign sequence, were taken through 9-10 passages in whole plants of Nicotiana benthamiana. Sequences were sampled from these populations by conversion to cDNA, amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing resulting bacterial clones. The background mutation rate contributed by the enzymes of this assay system allowed viral mutation rates greater than 10(-4) mutations per base per passage to be measured. Surprisingly, all native and foreign genes accumulated mutations at a very low rate, lower than could be detected by the assay procedure. This low mutation accumulation rate of < or = 10(-4) mutations per base per passage may be due to replicase fidelity or populational "bottlenecking." Sequence drift should not be a practical limitation to most uses of TMV as a vector, although deletion phenomena observed in this study may present difficulties.
It's the DNA That Counts

Natural biological systems have evolved genetic programs that control complex activities through the coordinated processing of signals received from their environments. The engineering of synthetic biological systems to perform programmed information processing and computational functions has remained a challenge. Counters represent one class of information-processing systems and can be used to trigger events in response to a series of detected signals that are integrated and processed over time. Engineered biological counters would enable many applications, such as regulating cell death after a specified number of cell division cycles, controlling cell differentiation in response to temporal cues, noninvasive monitoring of aging, and recording the frequency of environmental events. On page [1199][1] in this issue, Friedland et al. ( 1 ) report an important step toward the construction of genetically encoded counters. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1172005
Modern approach to the sudden unexpected death investigation.

The death of young people, regardless of the cause, is devastating, and its effect on families and society is tragic and incalculable. No good can come from this tragedy. Or can it? Prevention of sudden unexplained death (SUD) in the young may be achievable but remains a challenge because the majority of deaths occur without prior symptoms or a family history of sudden death1 or at least without recognition of these symptoms and their connection to sudden death. Although we hotly debate the issue of electrocardiographic screening in the young, we cannot miss the high-yield screening opportunities that occur as a consequence of the tragedy of young people’s sudden death. We must approach each of these deaths with an investigative mindset and the availability of resources that one would approach a criminal investigation. We must track down the killer and make sure it does not kill again. Article see p 1078 Sudden death in the young (<35 years) in the absence of a definable cause by routine autopsy has been the focus of considerable attention in the cardiology community. We need to engage the forensic medicine community in this issue to ascertain the cause of sudden death. An example of such a collaboration between pathologists and a multidisciplinary cardiogenetics team resulted in the article published in this issue.1 Mellor et al1 report on an impressive collection of 2156 cases of sudden cardiac death in the United Kingdom. Cases were referred to the unique Cardiac Risk in the Young Centre for Cardiac Pathology at the Royal Brompton Hospital and St. George’s University. In an unprecedented 16-year-long study, 474 (49%) whole hearts and 493 (51%) cardiac histological specimens were examined by a single cardiac pathologist before classified as autopsy-negative. The purpose was to increase the understanding of the cardiac …
Synthesis of specifically deoxygenated analogues of the methyl α-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1

Treatment of methyl alpha-D-perosaminide (1) with gamma-butyrolactone gave the 2'-deoxy analogue of methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-alpha-D-mannopyranos ide (13), the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1. The analogous 4'-deoxy derivative was obtained by hydrogenolysis of a 4'-chlorodeoxy precursor, obtained by chlorination of methyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-(2-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-d ideoxy-alpha- D-mannopyranoside with methanesulfonyl chloride in DMF. To obtain the 3-deoxy analogue of 13, methyl 4-amino-2-O-benzyl-4,6-dideoxy-3-O-p-methoxy-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranos ide was converted into methyl 2-O-benzyl-4,6-dideoxy-4-(2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronami do)- alpha-D-mannopyranoside, which was deoxygenated via the corresponding 3-O-(imidazol-1-ylthiocarbonyl) derivative. Subsequent catalytic debenzylation gave the deoxy compound (24). In an alternative synthesis, which is also generally useful for the preparation of 4-N-acyl-3-deoxy derivatives of 1, methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside was converted through a series of transformations into methyl 4-amino-2-O-benzyl-3,4,6-tri-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Subsequent reaction with 2-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronolactone, followed by hydrogenolysis of the formed tetronamido derivative, gave 24.
The synthesis of A21978C analogs byStreptomyces roseosporus cultivated under carbon limitation and fed fatty acids

By employing carbon limited fed batch techniques, fatty acids of length C8 to C12 were successfully employed as precursors for biosynthesis of A21978C antibiotics. The efficiency of incorporation was related to the length of the lipid precursor, with C10-C12 fatty acids being the preferred substrates.
Comparison between the effects of extracellular direct and sinusoidal currents on excitability in hippocampal slices

The amplitude of population spikes in the CA1 cell layer of rat hippocampal slices was transiently altered during stimulation of the tissue with DC and sinusoidal extracellular electric fields parallel to the dendrosomatic axis of the CA1 pyramidal neurons. Field threshold was about 50 mV/cm in the tissue. Independently, long-lasting (min) increases in population spike amplitude followed sinusoidal fields as low as 7 mV/cm parallel or perpendicular to the cell axis.
Single-, few-, and multi-cycle terahertz pulses generation from relativistic electrons

We report the generation and characterization of single-, few-, and multi-cycle terahertz pulses from relativistic electrons.
Treating cancer as a family disease.

Cancer affects both the individual and his or her collective social network. Like other serious illnesses, it changes lives by changing people's psychology, their life span, and their quality of life. In an attempt to control and minimize this effect, people sometimes avoid talking about cancer. Instead, they whisper about it, talk behind closed doors, or keep feelings locked away. Time has changed our willingness to talk about cancer. In the not-too-distant past, speaking to patients about their diagnosis was considered unacceptable. Adult family members would be told, and patients would be denied the opportunity to make choices, hear information, confront their fears, and personally grow from the experience. But research findings have altered our practice, and patients are now included as part of the treatment team. Young children are also involved in the process, and Barnes and colleagues' article articulates how a few families have dealt with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Their qualitative study describes the decisions that parents make about whether to share a breast cancer diagnosis with their children. It explores why they do so and—most important—their unmet needs for support in the sharing process. The study alerts us to an absence of information and resources to help parents. One of the characteristic experiences of the cancer “journey” is the initial feeling of being alone. This comes from people walking into an unknown territory without companionship. Physicians, the medical team, and mental health professionals play a vital role in providing the companionship and guidance that patients need to feel less alone and, therefore, less afraid. A doctor-patient relationship, like a parent-child relationship, is built on trust, and both need open and honest communication. So what can a primary care physician do to assist patients and help them feel less alone regarding children?
Introduction to the Special Section on Improving Great Lakes Water Level Statistics

Abstract The water levels of the Great Lakes achieved record high levels in 1985 and 1986 followed by a significant decline in 1987 and 1988. Neither the rise nor decrease in levels were forecasted, leading to public demand for improved water level information to be used for planning and water resource management. The development of improved water level statistics must address the user's needs and should consider the physical aspect of the water fluctuations being modeled (annual fluctuations, seasonal fluctuations, storm rises, etc.), matching the type of statistic to the type of risk evaluation and the planning horizon. In order to develop new water level statistics, the experts must reach a consensus on the statistical model, incorporate conditionality, and properly adjust recorded data to reflect the existing hydraulic and hydrologic regimes. The effective use of the new statistics will depend upon the development of decision-making techniques for each interest and their communication to the user in non-technical terms.
Calculation of Factors for Tests and Confidence Intervals concerning the Ratio of Two Normal Variances

Abstract It is demonstrated that factors needed to conduct tests and form confidence intervals for the ratio of two normal variances can be found using one of the new desk calculators which compute F probabilities.
Exploring Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators and Their Applications

Taking advantage of some of unique optical properties of crystalline materials, we explore use of crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators for laser frequency stabilization, nonlinear frequency conversion, and low threshold UV laser.
A gender analysis of U.S. labor market policies for the working poor

Current anti-poverty policy proposals focus on welfare reform to the exclusion of reforming the low-wage labor market. In contrast, we compare two policy proposals aimed at low-wage labor markets: a national comparable worth policy and an increase in the minimum wage. With both policies we pay specific attention to their impact by gender. Our findings suggest that while both would reduce poverty among working women, the impact of a comparable worth policy on female poverty would be greater under most scenarios presented. It is estimated that an increase of 96 cents per hour in the national minimum wage would be necessary to equal the poverty reduction effect for women workers of a comparable worth policy which excludes small employers. Both policies decrease the incidence of povertylevel wages less among men, since roughly 60 percent of minimum wage workers are women. Additionally, not only would a national comparable worth policy improve the economic status of low-waged women workers, it would also narro...
On the connectedness of a centralizer

This letter finds the connected components of certain subgroups of a complex torus that arise in completing the Hamiltonian flows of the full complex Toda lattice.
Computer aided piloting of a deeply towed vehicle

Abstract An instrumented vehicle is towed at the end of a 5 km long cable, gathering data about the deep sea floor and near-bottom water column. Although bottom-moored acoustic transponders are used to determine the vehicle and ship positions precisely and in real time, predicting the ship manoeuvers required to bring the vehicle over an area of interest on the sea floor is far from trivial for the ship driver. Computer software has been developed which recommends courses for the ship to steer so that the vehicle will pass near a desired target. In trials at sea, the computer steered the vehicle 80, 40 and 85 m from pre-selected targets. Analysis of the causes of the misses suggests future developments which may reduce the miss distance, provide information on current structure of the water column, and reduce the level of skill and attention required of the vehicle pilot.
Super-resolution image reconstruction for a steerable array of sub-imagers

Super-resolution image reconstruction has many different application areas. A thin flat-form factor camera can use arrays of small low-resolution imagers with dynamic control of the overlapping fields-of-view to theoretically achieve arbitrarily fine resolution in some parts of a reconstructed image in a noise-free environment. Diversity in the structure of the sub-imagers has been shown to improve performance in medium and low noise environments and also to allow local reconstruction which lowers computational requirements. Analysis in both the space domain and spatial frequency domain of the relationship of measurement noise level and resolution improvement factor on performance explains the behavior of systems with diverse magnification and orientation. Simulations show expected performance over a range of relevant noise levels, and image examples are used to demonstrate results.
Facilitizing the Palomar AO laser guide star system

We describe the work that has gone into taking the sodium Laser Guide Star (LGS) program on the Palomar AO system from a successful experiment to a facility instrument. In particular, we describe the operation of the system, the BTO (beam transfer optics) system which controls the path of the laser in the dome, the aircraft safety systems and the optical systems which allow us to take advantage of the unique properties of the macro/micro pulse laser. In addition we present on sky performance results that demonstrate K-band Strehl ratios of up to 48%
The thermocline problem

The main, oceanic thermocline, the layer of strong vertical temperature and salinity gradients in the ocean, and the region below this, where the water asymptotically approaches the deep-sea state, is still far from explained. There have appeared a series of theoretical studies of this phenomenon in recent years, starting with a linearized model by P. S. Lineykin and later concentrating on the nonlinear problem retaining the important nonlinear density advection. A summary of the work up to 1969 has been given by Veronis (1969). It must be admitted that we are still uncertain even about the basic mechanism of the main thermocline. There appears to be several reasons for such an uncertainty. First, we have few direct measurements of horizontal velocities, and none of vertical velocity and vertical turbulent diffusion of heat and salt in the thermocline. The vertical velocities are so small, of order lO-5 cm/s that no known instrument can feel them.
Change, Continuity, and the Evolution of the Law

Congress regularly passes significant laws. Some of these laws continue in their initial form, with the original bargain struck by the enacting coalition untouched by any future laws; others are changed—strengthened or weakened—soon after passage. What accounts for this variation in the stability of laws, in the longevity of the original legislative agreement? We contend that political conditions at the time of enactment—in particular, the existence of divided government and the level of ideological disagreement between the House and Senate—influence the likelihood that a law will be amended. We demonstrate that laws originally crafted by diverse political coalitions are less durable than those crafted by strong, unified coalitions, which are in a position to entrench their preferred policies and protect them from future change. Furthermore, we show that the probability of a law being amended is affected by future political conditions, the actions of the judiciary, and factors specific to the law.
On-Line Monotonic Fault Diagnostics via Recursive Constrained Quadratic Programming

In this paper, we present a model-based approach for estimating fault conditions in a turbine. We formulate fault estimation as a convex optimization problem, where estimates are obtained by solving a quadratic program (QP). A moving horizon framework is used to enable recursive implementation of the QP of fixed size. The estimation scheme takes into account a priori known onotonicity constraints on the faults. Monotonicity implies that the fault conditions can only deteriorate with time. We validate the proposed estimation scheme on a sample of real data from a turbine. An excellent performance of the developed approach is demonstrated by detecting a developing failure while the unit is running at high normalized loads.
A patient with 'spontaneous' heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after undergoing knee replacement

Exogenous heparin exposure is the major risk factor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT). To date, only five cases of 'spontaneous' HITT have been reported in the literature. We report the case of a 60-year-old man who developed severe thrombocytopenia (15 000/μl) and bilateral deep venous thromboses 10 days after bilateral knee replacement. There was no evidence of heparin exposure upon review of the patient's preoperative and postoperative medication history. Heparin: platelet factor-4 (PF4) antibodies were positive as was the serotonin release assay. Anticoagulation with argatroban along with prednisone and intravenous immune globulin were administered. Anticoagulation with argatroban was bridged to warfarin once his platelet count reached 100 000/μl, and he was continued on oral prednisone taper. Heparin: PF4 antibodies were negative 3 months after the event. Six months later, Doppler ultrasound revealed deep vein thrombosis. This case represents a third 'spontaneous' episode of HITT in the context of knee replacement surgery without heparin administration. It is unclear whether these cases are a result of exposure to a heparin-like proteoglycan such as chondroitin sulfate during surgery that binds PF4, or whether the perioperative pro-inflammatory milieu is the inciting event. Further consideration of precipitating events in these individuals merits further investigation and may lead to valuable insight into the pathophysiology of heparin-independent PF4-related thrombocytopenia and thrombosis.
Cloning and characterization of rhesus IL-18 binding protein, a natural antagonist to IL-18

IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is important for host defense, but is also involved in the pathogenesis of a number of disease processes, ranging from autoimmune disorders to atherosclerosis. IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a constitutively expressed glycoprotein that specifically neutralizes the effects of IL-18, resulting in decreased production of IFN-gamma and reduction in Th1 immune responses. In this study we cloned and sequenced a full-length cDNA of the rhesus IL-18BP (RhIL-18BP) from the spleen of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and compared its nucleotide and amino acid sequences to the functional murine and human IL-18BP orthologues. In addition, we fused RhIL-18BP to the Fc portion of human IgG1 to make recombinant RhIL-18BP x Fcgamma1 in order to facilitate its detection by Western blot analysis and determined the approximate molecular weight of RhIL-18BP x Fcgamma1 to be 66 kD. With this fusion protein, we showed that RhIL-18BP was functional and could significantly reduce murine IL-18 and LPS-induced IFN-gamma production by murine splenocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of IL-18BP in atherosclerotic lesions in a rhesus model of atherosclerosis, underscoring the need to fully understand the role of this protein as a primary negative regulator of IL-18 in multiple disease processes.
Low threshold, CW, room temperature 1.49 /spl mu/m GaAs-based lasers

We present the first continuous wave (CW) 1.50 /spl mu/m lasers grown on GaAs substrates. These GaInNAsSb lasers operated CW at room temperature with threshold current densities as low as 1.06 kA/cm/sup 2/ and output powers as high as 140 mW. Peak output power was limited by thermal dissipation and up to 670 mW was obtained under pulsed conditions. The CW slope efficiency was 0.26 W/A, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 31%. The lasers also featured high CW characteristic temperatures of 139 K over the range 10-60 /spl deg/C, making them ideal for use in uncooled optical communication networks.
Demographic variables in general job satisfaction in a hospital: a multivariate study.

The relationships between demographic variables, such as income, age, education, sex, marital status, job categories (nurses, medical technologists, pharmacists, and administrators) and general job...
Student nurses as school nurse extenders

The severe underuse of school nurses leaves students with unaddressed health needs that impact their safety and learning ability. An undergraduate pediatric clinical focusing on nursing students and the role of a school nurse in an elementary school setting can be a unique approach to combining the needs of school children and educating student nurses. One school of nursing created such a project to help address these needs and collect data on the activities student nurses performed in school nurse role and their impact on student health. This project serves as both a practice improvement project and an innovation in pediatric clinical education. The purposes of this project were to quantify baccalaureate nursing student activities related to the school nurse role and to evaluate the results that have the potential to impact on student health in an urban elementary school.
Spectral gradient: a material descriptor invariant to geometry and incident illumination

The light reflected from a surface depends on the scene geometry, the incident illumination and the surface material. A novel methodology is presented which extracts reflectivity information of the various materials in the scene independent of incident light and scene geometry. A scene is captured under different narrow-band color filters and the spectral derivatives of the scene are computed. The resulting spectral derivatives form a spectral gradient at each pixel. This spectral gradient is a material descriptor which is invariant to scene geometry and incident illumination for smooth diffuse surfaces. Spectral gradients can discriminate among smooth dielectrics with different reflectance properties independent of viewing conditions.
Simulation of longitudinal multibunch instabilities in CESR

A tracking simulation predicts beam current thresholds in CESR (Cornell Electron-positron Storage Ring) based on the longitudinal dynamics of multibunch beams in RF cavities. The simulated thresholds are found to have a very strong dependence on the frequencies of the HOM cavity wakefields and are consistent with CESR measurements. Fourier transforms of simulated data are also consistent with observed spectral lines in CESR. After the phase III upgrade to SRF (Superconducting RF) cavities is completed in 1999, a significant increase in the thresholds is predicted.
PoliticWiki: exploring communal politics

This paper describes the methodology and results of an attempt to use a wiki web site for political collaboration. Recruited through gateway contacts for online political organizations and publications, participants in the PoliticWiki project were asked to create a political platform from scratch. Foundation content was copied from 3rdParty.org to seed the wiki. Of the 78 surveys collected, eight members were responsible for 96% of all content changes. This study identifies obstacles to participation on a point-of-view wiki and explores its function as both a political forum and a vehicle for participatory design.
Globular Clusters and the Potential Well of the Galaxy

The globular cluster system affords a unique opportunity to investigate the gravitational field of our Galaxy. Except very close to the Galactic plane the known sample of clusters is almost certainly complete. Both distances and velocities for clusters can be obtained with relative ease to an accuracy which is quite sufficient for the study of Galactic structure, at least outside the central few kiloparsecs. In addition clusters are seen at large radii where they provide information about the potential field that no other test particle population can at present supply. The fundamental limitation of the cluster system in this context is, of course, the fact that less than 100 clusters are known in regions of the Galaxy where we can hope to use them to study Galactic structure. This “small” sample will never be significantly increased and so we are forced to deal with the statistics of small numbers. Further statistical uncertainty is introduced into dynamical analysis of cluster data by the fact that only one of the three components of the space velocity is, in general, observable. Such uncertainties make it impossible to use the clusters to answer detailed questions about the mass distribution of the Galaxy, but their kinematics can give useful information about the large-scale distribution and pose quite severe constraints on any proposed mass model.
Techniques and challenges of implementing large scale logic design models in massively parallel fine-grained multiprocessor systems

In this paper, we describe special techniques and challenges of implementing large scale logic design models in massively parallel fine-grained multiprocessor systems. We will examine performance of such systems and the methods for improving it by reducing the redundant evaluations, memory mapping optimizations, partitioning and scheduling.
Event medicine: injury and illness during an expedition-length adventure race

Abstract To describe the incidence and type of injury and illness occurring during an expedition-length adventure race and identify those resulting in withdrawal from the event, a prospective cohort study was conducted of the injuries and illness treated during the Subaru Primal Quest Expedition Adventure Race™ held in Colorado July 7–16, 2002. All racers, support crewmembers, and race staff were eligible to participate in the study. When a member of the study group received medical care due to an injury or illness, the encounter was recorded on a Medical Encounter Form. If an injury or illness resulted in withdrawal from the race, this was also recorded. Information from the Medical Encounter Forms was used to generate the Medical Log. There were 671 individuals eligible to participate in the study. A total of 243 medical encounters and 302 distinct injuries and illnesses were recorded. There were 179 (59%) injuries and 123 (41%) illnesses. Skin and soft tissue injuries and illness were the most frequent (48%), with blisters on the feet representing the single most common (32.8%). Second was respiratory illness (18.2%), including upper respiratory infection, bronchitis and reactive airway disease-asthma. Respiratory illness was the most common medical reason for withdrawal from the event. Injuries accounted for almost 60% of all injury and illness yet they contributed to less than 15% of the medical withdrawals from the race. Blisters accounted for almost one-third of all conditions treated. Providers of medical support for expedition-length adventure races should be prepared to treat a wide variety of injury and illness.
Manipulating subcategory salience: exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks

Guided by the model of social category salience proposed by M. Blanz (1999), the present paper explores factors affecting the salience of skin tone-based subcategories among Blacks in the United States. Adapting the group discussion paradigm developed by S.E. Taylor and colleagues (1978), Experiment 1 demonstrated that a manipulation of issue relevance enhanced the category salience of skin tone. Participants made more within- than between-category errors when the topic of conversation was related to perceiver’s skin tone-based beliefs. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the influence of the issue relevance manipulation was independent of the presence of structural and/or normative fit. Merely discussing the topic of race relations was sufficient to increase encoding and use of skin tone. These studies provide evidence linking skin tone and social beliefs in memory. In addition, they demonstrate support for a category-based perspective in the study of skin tone bias. Additional factors affecting the salience of skin tone are discussed. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A great deal of social psychological theory and research has focused on the consequences of racial categorization in social perception. It is well known that people vary on numerous dimensions of phenotypic facial appearance. Racial categorization is the process by which social perceivers use these characteristics to parse the continuum of human beings into distinct, socially meaningful categories. For example, individuals categorized as ‘Black’ typically have dark skin colour, broad noses, full lips, short, tightly curled hair, and dark eye colour (Afrocentric features). Likewise, individuals categorized as ‘White’ tend to display characteristics on the opposite end of the continuum: light skin colour, narrow noses, thin lips, long, straight hair, and light eye colour (Eurocentric features). However, using these same phenotypic physical features, the social continuum may be further divided into race-related subcategories that also have social meaning and consequences. Within the range of individuals categorized as Black in the United States, darker skin tone is associated with lower levels of
A Nodal Link Perceptron Network with Applications to Control of a Free-Flying Robot

Tracking control of a class of nonlinear systems using a Perceptron Neural Network (PNN) with local basis functions is presented. The basic structure of the PNN and its main properties are first stated. A novel discrete-time control strategy is introduced that employs the PNN for direct on-line estimation of the required feedforward control input. The developed controller is then applied for end point tracking control of a nonholonomic (free-flying) robot. The simulation results of this application demonstrate a perfect tracking performance after the network is fully trained.
Immunogenic and Plasminogen-Binding Surface-Associated α-Enolase of Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the number one, nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide (56). There are 250 million new cases of trichomoniasis worldwide and ∼9 million cases in the United States (15, 55, 57). Trichomoniasis is known to increase the portal of entry and exit for human immunodeficiency virus (51). A recent study showed serological evidence linking trichomoniasis with prostate cancer (52). Given the significant human morbidity caused by T. vaginalis, there is a need for identifying virulence factors and elucidating the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. A prerequisite for T. vaginalis infection is its ability to colonize the vaginal epithelium. Surface-associated adhesin proteins were shown to be involved in parasite adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) (4, 19, 20). There is a direct relationship between the amount of surface adhesin that binds to host cells in a ligand-receptor type interaction (8, 20) and the level of cytoadherence (8, 20). Contact with VECs produces a dramatic change in morphology accompanied by synthesis of adhesins (9, 26). A recent study using antisense RNA reaffirmed the importance of AP65 and AP33 in parasite associations with VECs (37, 38). In addition, heterologous expression of AP65 and AP33 on the Tritrichomonas foetus surface provided evidence that both are bona fide adhesins of T. vaginalis (25, 38). Interestingly, these adhesins show sequence identity to metabolic enzymes found in the double-membrane organelle called hydrogenosomes (4, 19). Finally, coordinated up-regulated synthesis and compartmentalization of adhesins outside the hydrogenosomes are modulated by iron (20). Metabolic enzymes are known to possess alternative functions in addition to glycolysis and play an important role in several biological and pathophysiological processes (48, 49). For example, surface glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and α-enolase are without signal sequences and membrane-anchoring motifs and are known to be secreted before reassociation with surfaces of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (11, 12, 22, 41). These enzymes exhibit ligand-binding, nonenzymatic functions that play important roles in colonization and invasion (10, 11, 13, 22, 41). This is the first report demonstrating the surface-associated nature of T. vaginalis α-enolase (tv-ENO1) and showing that tv-ENO1 binds human plasminogen. Synthesis of tv-ENO1 is increased in trichomonads after contact with VECs, and tv-ENO1 is released during normal growth and multiplication of the parasites. Further, plasminogen binds to tv-ENO1, and bound plasminogen is activated to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). These findings suggest a heretofore unknown role of tv-ENO1 during infection. Finally, it is clear that T. vaginalis is a member of the growing list of microbial pathogens and parasites with anchorless, surface-associated enzymes that possess alternative functions.
Hydrothermal synthesis and structure of an open framework Co0.7Zn1.3(PO4)2(NH3–CH2CH2NH3) and Co6.2(OH)4(PO4)4Zn1.80, a new adamite type phase

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of cobalt(II)oxalate di-hydrate, zinc oxide, and triethyl-orthophosphate, using 1,2-diaminoethane as structure directing template in water, produced two major crystal phases in almost equal amount: the purple crystals of [NH3–CH2CH2NH3][Co0.7Zn1.3(PO4)2] (1) and the red burgundy crystals of Co6.2(OH)4(PO4)4Zn1.80 (2), a new adamite type phase. The structure of [NH3–CH2CH2NH3] [Co0.7Zn1.3(PO4)2] (1) exhibits a 3D open framework built from PO4 and (Co/Zn)O4 tetrahedra, and (Co/Zn)O5 trigonal bipyramids, forming two major channels, an 8-membered ring channel and a 16-membered ring channel, that host the ethanediammonium ions. The Co6.2(OH)4(PO4)4Zn1.80 (2) is isomorphous with adamite-type M2(OH)XO4 structure, with a condensed vertex and edge sharing network of (Co/Zn)O5, and distorted CoO6, and PO4 subunits. The cobalt preference for higher coordination numbers is displayed in this structure, where the octahedral sites are wholly occupied by cobalt. Thermal analysis confirmed that these compounds display high thermal stability.
Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan; The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania

Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan. Helen Hardacre. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997(cloth and paper), xxii. 310pp. The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Gail Kligman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (cloth and paper), xv. 358 pp.
Robust adaptive flight-path reconstruction technique for nonsteady longitudinal flight test maneuvers

Computational schemes are presented that allow accurate reconstruction of the flight path of the longitudinal aircraft motion in real time. The reconstruction of the flight path is formulated as a discrete, linear, time-variant state reconstruction problem that can be solved via Kalman filtering techniques. This imposes some conditions upon the flight test equipment. A reliable square-root covariance filter implementation is chosen and further developed in a fully adaptive flight-path reconstruction scheme. Therefore, the chosen Kalman filter implementation is modified to cope with several practical problems such as the automatic control of the convergence of the Kalman filter recursions, time-varying bias errors on the input signal of the system model used in the Kalman filter, variations in the wind, and the changing aircraft dynamics owing to a change in nominal flight condition. The developed solutions for these problems are all implemented in a numerically stable way, which guarantees the overall flight-path reconstruction scheme to be robust. Furthermore, some special features of the system model are exploited to make the algorithmic implementation very efficient. These different capabilities are highlighted in an experimental analysis using simulated flight test data.
Structural order for one-scale and two-scale potentials

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the relationship between structural order and waterlike dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies in spherically symmetric potentials having either one or two characteristic length scales. Structural order is characterized by translational and orientational order parameters. We find that (i) dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies exist for both one-scale and two-scale ramp potentials, and (ii) waterlike structural order anomalies exist only for the two-scale ramp potential. Our findings suggest that the waterlike relationship between structural order and anomalies is related to the presence of two different length scales in the potential.