cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of laser propagation in a turbulent atmosphere

The split-step Fourier-transform algorithm for numerical simulation of wave propagation in a turbulent atmosphere is refined to correctly include the effects of large-scale phase fluctuations that are important for imaging problems and many beam-wave problems such as focused laser beams and beam spreading. The results of the improved algorithm are similar to the results of the traditional algorithm for the performance of coherent Doppler lidar and for plane-wave intensity statistics because the effects of large-scale turbulence are less important. The series solution for coherent Doppler lidar performance converges slowly to the results from simulation.
Resonant infrared two-photon ionization of D(n=8) atoms.

Two-photon ionization of hydrogenic atoms with principal quantum number n=8 has been studied experimentally over the wavelength range 10.45\char21{}10.59 \ensuremath{\mu}m. The ionization was resonantly enhanced by the n=12 intermediate state, with a large n=8 to n=12 coupling responsible for a fractional resonance width of about 0.1%. On resonance, ionization rates of order 10 MHz were achieved with nominal 2-mJ, 40-nsec laser pulses, with 40 mJ being required at wavelengths 1% away from resonance. The data are interpreted in terms of the extended two-level model for multiphoton ionization. The peak laser electric field strength reached values where the top of the instantaneous potential energy barrier was near the intermediate-state energy value.
Primary synchronous bilateral breast cancer: epidemiological approach.

Twenty-eight (1.69%) cases of primary synchronous bilateral breast cancer (PSBC) out of 1,654 new cases were studied. PSBC compared with unilateral cases had a significantly higher (p<0.001) first degree family history of breast cancer; high frequency of subareolar location; no predominance of lobular and non-invasive types; no significantly different percentage of pathological stage I presentation. As there is no complete agreement on what constitutes a PSBC, studies should be carried out to fomulate a more precise definition of this entity.
Effects of lesions of the rostral thalamus on brain waves and behavior in cats.

Abstract The EEG and behavioral effects following rostral thalamic lesions were studied in 14 cats; 3 with complete transection, 5 with complete electrolytic lesions, and 6 with partial destruction. Behavioral effects following either complete transection or complete destruction of the rostral thalamus were similar in quality, but different in the degree of severity. The signs and symptoms were: spasticity, difficulty in walking and swallowing, reduced motility and reactivity, catatonic reaction, tendency to stick the head in a corner, and so on. These changes could last from 2 to 8 weeks. The only residual effects were some spasticity of the legs and a slight increase of docility. Cats with rostral thalamic destruction could learn a visual form discrimination. EEG effects following either complete transection or complete destruction of the rostral thalamus were again similar in quality but different in the degree of severity. ( a ) The arousal pattern could be elicited within from 3 to 25 days after surgery. As shown by 3 cats with massive lesions, EEG arousal could be absent during behavioral arousal. ( b ) The sleep spindles were either absent throughout the postoperative survival period or might have recovered to some slight extent within 3 (transection lesion) or 5 (electrolytic lesion) months. ( c ) Both barbiturate burst and recruiting responses were seen to be affected at the terminal experiment, i.e. restricted to localized cortical areas and poorly organized in form. Partial damage to the rostral thalamus caused only transient and slight behavioral and EEG changes in the immediate post-operative period. The results are discussed in relation to the thalamic role in behavior and the functional significance of the final common path from the thalamic diffuse projection system to the cortex.
Left ventricular mechanical synchrony from stress and rest 82Rb PET myocardial perfusion ECG-gated studies: Differentiating normal from LBBB patients

Background We have previously reported normal values for LV mechanical synchrony from post-stress exercise 99mTc SPECT studies; the goal of this study was to develop normal values for mechanical synchrony from pharmacologic stress and rest 82Rb PET studies and compare these values to a population of LBBB patients.
Attention Distribution and Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control

A study was conducted to investigate the way in which controllers deploy their attention in processing information in en route air traffic control scenarios. Actual air traffic control scenarios in which operational errors occurred were re-created using SATORI and displayed to twenty active air traffic control specialists. SAGAT was used to measure the subjects' ongoing understanding of the scenarios along pertinent situation awareness requirements. The data revealed an interesting pattern of attention distribution in processing the displays that can be linked to prior findings regarding operational errors in air traffic control.
Optimal paths in probabilistic networks: A case with temporary preferences

Abstract The classical shortest route problem in networks assumes deterministic arc weights and a utility (or cost) function that is linear over path weights for route evaluation. When the environment is stochastic and the “traveler's” utility function for travel attributes is nonlinear, we define “optimal paths” that maximize the expected utility. We review the concepts of temporary and permanent preferences for comparing a traveler's preference for available subpaths. It has been shown before that when the utility function is linear or exponential, permanent preferences prevail and an efficient Dijkstra-type algorithm [3] is available that determines the optimal path. In this paper an exact procedure is developed for determining an optimal path when the utility function is quadratic—a case where permanent preferences do not always prevail. The algorithm uses subpath comparison rules to establish permanent preferences, when possible, among subpaths of the given network. Although in the worst case the algorithm implicitly enumerates all paths (the number of operations increasing exponentially with the size of the network), we find, from the computational experience reported, that the number of potentially optimal paths to evaluate is generally manageable.
Faculty Student Interaction at the Community College: A Focus on Students of Color.

The present study describes the level of faculty--student interaction on 2-year college campuses, examines student characteristics correlated with faculty contact, and considers how interaction may differ among racial subgroups of students. Using data collected from the Transfer and Retention of Urban Community College Students (TRUCCS) survey, a sample of 2500 students informed this research. The findings reveal generally low levels of interaction, and especially with Asian American/Pacific Islander and Latino students. Having positive perceptions of the college environment and interacting with other members of the institution, from students to academic counselors, glow the strongest positive association with faculty contact among all racial subgroups of students. Prominent among the differences is the negative relationship between perceiving racial difficulties and interacting with faculty for Asian American/Pacific Islander students. The findings provide insight in how to increase and enrich faculty interaction on these campuses to better retain underrepresented students in the educational pipeline.
Learning Internal Controls from a Fraud Case at Bank of China

ABSTRACT : This case provides an opportunity to discuss principles of internal control, the process by which an entity's board of directors, management, and other personnel provide reasonable assurance that fraud and theft are prevented and detected. The case also facilitates discussion of the unique corporate governance and internal control environments in China, a fast-growing economy. Readers will be asked to apply the fraud triangle theory to identify internal control weaknesses and to design control activities for preventing fraud. The case is intended for beginning auditing students, but is also suitable for a more general audience such as accounting, management, and business students at the M.B.A. or undergraduate level. The case introduces Bank of China (BOC) against the backdrop of China's banking sector. It describes the proliferation of non-performing loans in Chinese banks, the failure to report these loans correctly, and the way in which these conditions create a climate where fraud and thef...
Operational tolerance: Past lessons and future prospects

Every liver transplant (LT) center has had patients who either self-discontinue immunosuppressive (IS) therapy or are deliberately withdrawn due to a research protocol or clinical concern (ie, lymphoproliferative disorder [LPD], overwhelming infection). This is understandable because maintenance IS therapy, particularly calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), is associated with significant cost, side effects, and considerable long-term morbidity and mortality. Detrimental effects of IS therapy include increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, bone loss, opportunistic and community-acquired infections, and malignancy. In fact, LT recipients have among the highest rates of chronic kidney disease and associated mortality among all nonkidney solid organ recipients. This mortality is only ameliorated by undergoing a curative kidney transplant, usurping costs and valuable organ resources. The search for improved treatment algorithms includes trial and error CNI dose minimization, the use of alternative IS agents (antimetabolites, mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] inhibitors), or even complete CNI withdrawal. Yet those who are successful in achieving such operational tolerance (no immunosuppression and normal allograft function) are considered lucky. The vast majority of recipients will fail this approach, develop acute rejection or immune-mediated hepatitis, and require resumption of IS therapy. As such, withdrawal of IS following LT is not standard-of-care, leaving clinicians to currently maintain transplant patients on IS therapy for life. Nonetheless, the long-term complications of all IS therapies highlight the need for strategies to promote immunologic or operational tolerance. Clinically applicable biomarker assays signifying the potential for tolerance as well as tolerogenic IS conditioning are invariably needed if systematic, controlled rather than "hit or miss" approaches to withdrawal are considered. This review will provide an overview of the basic mechanisms of tolerance, particularly in relation to LT, data from previous IS withdrawal protocols and biomarker studies in tolerant recipients, and a discussion on the prospect of increasing the clinical feasibility and success of withdrawal.
Mass-balance measurements in Alaska and suggestions for simplified observation programs

US Geological Survey glacier fieldwork in Alaska includes repetitious measurements, corrections for leaning or bending stakes, an ability to reliably measure seasonal snow as deep as 10 m, absolute identification of summer surfaces in the accumulation area, and annual evaluation of internal accumulation, internal ablation, and glacier-thickness changes. Prescribed field measurement and note-taking techniques help eliminate field errors and expedite the interpretative process. In the office, field notes are transferred to computerized spreadsheets for analysis, release on the World Wide Web, and archival storage. The spreadsheets have error traps to help eliminate notetaking and transcription errors. Rigorous error analysis ends when mass-balance measurements are extrapolated and integrated with area to determine glacier and basin mass balances. Unassessable errors in the glacier and basin mass-balance data reduce the value of the data set for correlations with climate change indices. The minimum glacier mass-balance program has at least three measurement sites on a glacier and the measurements must include the seasonal components of mass balance as well as the annual balance.
Having and being an other-sex crush during early adolescence

Abstract This study examined other-sex crush experiences (both having and being perceived as an other-sex crush) among 544 young adolescents (mean age = 12.74 years). Results indicated that 56% had at least one current other-sex crush, with little overlap between crushes, friends, and boyfriends/girlfriends. Significant associations between other-sex crush scores (scores reflecting the number of crush nominations received) and physical attractiveness, relational aggression, physical aggression, and popularity, as reported by same-sex and other-sex peers, were found. In addition, crush scores were (a) associated with same-sex likeability for boys (but not girls) and (b) uniquely related to peer nominations of popularity and physical attractiveness, as reported by other-sex peers. Neither having nor being perceived as an other-sex crush was uniquely related to loneliness. Taken together, the findings suggest that other-sex crushes are normative experiences during early adolescence that warrant further research attention.
The Regulatory Role of the Embryo on the Development of Isocitrate Lyase Activity during Germination of Ponderosa Pine Seeds

The specific activity of isocitrate lyase rapidly increased in the megagametophytic tissue of cold-stratified seeds of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) prior to and after germination. When the embryo was removed at germination, isocitrate lyase activity continued to develop. However, in the total absence of the embryo, only a small increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was observed. The development of the enzyme was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin D and abscisic acid. The embryo produced an unidentified factor which enhanced the development of isocitrate lyase activity in the megagametophytic tissue. This embryo factor could not be replaced by the hormones indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) or benzylaminopurine (BA). Indoleacetic acid had little effect upon enzyme development. Gibberellic acid and benzylaminopurine inhibited isocitrate lyase development in the megagametophytic tissue of the seed.
1469 MYOGLOBIN LEVELS IN MOTHERS AND NEONATES

This study was undertaken to provide information on myoglobin (Mb) levels in normal and distressed infants and their mothers at the time of delivery. 76 maternal and 70 cord sera, including 69 cord-maternal pairs, were examined using a radioimmunoassay method. The mean cord Mb was 28 ng/ml (range 4 to 111 ng/ml); the mean maternal Mb was 18 ng/ml (range 5 to 96 ng/ml). Mothers with complications of labor or delivery had significantly higher Mb (29 ng/ml) than mothers without difficulties (15 ng/ml, p < 0.05), but there was little correlation between maternal and cord values. Multiple regression models were constructed to assess factors influencing the Mb level. In both mothers and infants duration of labor, birth weight, fetal distress, and maternal complications were the most important factors. All contribute directly or indirectly to physical stresses which may be associated with release of Mb into the circulation. In infants race was also of importance, with black infants having higher Mb (mean 31 ng/ml) than white infants (23 ng/ml, p < 0.08); this was not accounted for by differences in stress-related parameters. There were no cases of renal failure among distressed infants, and Mb levels varied considerably in completely normal deliveries. Myoglobinemia probably contributes infrequently to the pathology of fetal distress.
Oscillatory Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems with two coupled layers.

A model reaction-diffusion system with two coupled layers yields oscillatory Turing patterns when oscillation occurs in one layer and the other supports stationary Turing structures. Patterns include ``twinkling eyes,'' where oscillating Turing spots are arranged as a hexagonal lattice, and localized spiral or concentric waves within spotlike or stripelike Turing structures. A new approach to generating the short-wave instability is proposed.
456 A randomized double-blind trial in 813 previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer (CaP) patients (PTS) comparing a new antiandrogen casodex® (bicalutamide) with eulexin (flutamide) in combination with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRH-a) therapy

Pts (813) with stage D2 CaP were randomized between Jan 92 and Sept 93, to CASODEX (C), 50 mg once daily or EULEXIN (E), 250 mg tid, given as double blind therapy each in combination with LHRH-a, either goserelin acetate (ZOLADEX ® ) or leuprolide acetate (LUPRON). PSA responses were similar in both treatment groups: the median percentage fall was 99% after 3 months of therapy, at which time 70% of the pts had a PSA value within the normal range (0–4 ng/ml). Of the 404 pts randomized to C-LHRH-a therapy, 168 (42%)have reached a treatment failure end point, while of the 409 pts randomized to E-LHRH-a therapy, 218 (53%) have reached treatment failure. The hazard ratio with regard to time to treatment failure of C-LHRH-a to E-LHRH-a was 0.749 (95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.92), indicating a significant advantage ( P = 0.005) for CASODEX-LHRH-a therapy. Hot flashes were the most frequent adverse event (C-LHRH-a: 49%, E-LHRH-a: 50%). The incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher for E-LHRH-a than for C-LHRH-a (24% vs. 10%; P
Improved outcomes in the recent management of secondary aortoenteric fistula.

Objective We reviewed the presentation, management, and late events in a recent experience with aortic graft-enteric communications (secondary aortoenteric fistula) to identify variables associated with poor outcomes. Methods Since 1991, 29 patients (19 men, 10 women; mean age, 70) presented with a secondary aortoenteric fistula. The duration from aortic graft implantation to aortoenteric fistula development ranged from 8 months to 180 months (mean, 47 months). Presenting symptoms included gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 25), sepsis and retroperitoneal abscess (n = 3), and ruptured para-anastomotic aneurysm (n = 1). One third (10/29) of patients were hypotensive at presentation. Repair was accomplished by graft excision with axillobifemoral bypass (17 simultaneous, 8 staged), graft excision with in situ deep vein replacement (n = 2), or graft excision with rifampin-treated prosthetic replacement (n = 2). Mean follow-up was 51 months, and the incidence of late events was reported by life table methods. Results The operative (≤30-day) mortality rate was 21%, with shock at presentation (P Conclusion Outcomes associated with aortoenteric fistula repair were surprisingly favorable in the absence of preoperative hemodynamic instability.
Viewpoint: Managing Change in Business Schools: Focus on Faculty Responses

The authors' purpose in this article was to examine the administrative challenges of change initiatives in business schools confronted by a changing and more competitive environment. The authors used traditional faculty role content as the unit of analysis to address change management issues from a school administrator's perspective. On the basis of the administrator commitment to the mission-based status quo versus the vision-based change, the authors developed a framework to analyze possible faculty responses to the administrative initiatives. The authors also outline practical recommendations for the advancement of administration in business schools.
Regional heterogeneity, migration, and shadow prices

Abstract This paper deals with some spatial influences on social scarcities: first, the existence of ‘regional’ goods, which usually implies differences in consumer prices; second, differences in preferences across locations; and third, a rigid wage in one region, which may result in ex post inequalities among migrants who were identical ex ante. It is shown that, in general, the shadow wage depends on regional differences in the cost of living and preferences, and that the effect of a shift from ex ante to ex post social welfare on the shadow wage is unclear. In this connection, the assumption that the marginal product of labor is (locally) constant proves to be much stronger than is commonly recognized.
Decreased dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in unipolar geriatric delusional depression.

Abstract Background: Decreased dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity has been reported in unipolar psychotic depression. DBH comparisons between elderly delusional and nondelusional depressives and controls and determination of whether pretreatment group differences persist have not been reported. Our objective was to compare DBH activity in elderly delusional major depressives with that of nondelusional depressives and normal control subjects before and after hospital treatment. Methods: Enzyme activity was assessed after hospital admission. A subsample had predischarge assessments. Treatment was not controlled but accounted for in analyses. Electroconvulsive therapy subjects were medication-free for posttreatment assays. Results: Baseline and predischarge DBH assays were lower in subjects with delusional depression than in either comparison group. Despite high intraindividual correlation, treatment was associated with significant increases in activity in the clinical groups. Conclusions: Patients with late-life delusional depression have lower DBH activity before and after hospital treatment than age-matched nondelusional patients or normal controls.
Coulomb drag and magnetotransport in graphene double layers

Abstract We review the fabrication and key transport properties of graphene double layers, consisting of two graphene monolayers placed in close proximity, independently contacted, and separated by an ultra-thin dielectric. We outline a simple band structure model relating the layer densities to the applied gate and inter-layer biases, and show that calculations and experimental results are in excellent agreement both at zero and in high magnetic fields. Coulomb drag measurements, which probe the electron–electron scattering between the two layers reveal two distinct regime: (i) diffusive drag at elevated temperatures, and (ii) mesoscopic fluctuation-dominated drag at low temperatures. We discuss the Coulomb drag results within the framework of existing theories.
Tangentially transitive planes of order 16

Lorimer and Rahilly have given constructions for translation planes of order 16. We show that both of these planes have a subplane of order 2 and a group of collineations fixing pointwise which is transitive on the points of l∞ − . We show that all such planes of order 16 are isomorphic and that these planes have a number of other properties which are exceptional.
XPS study of single crystal Ge-Si alloys

Abstract The binding energies of the Ge 3d and Si 2p core electrons in single crystal GeSi alloys were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that up to the instrumental resolution neither the energy position nor the line shapes change as the alloy composition is varied. This in turn puts a limit on the electronegativity of Ge and Si and consequently on the electron charge transfer between the two atoms in the alloy. The results are discussed and compared to similar measurements on sputtered grown amorphous GeSi alloys.
Reverse osmosis desalination driven by low temperature supercritical organic rankine cycle

A supercritical organic rankine cycle (SORC) driven seawater reverse osmosis (RO) system (SORC-RO) is proposed. The proposed system is suitable for using both recirculating heat sources such as, solar thermal, and once-through thermal energy resources, such as, waste heat or geothermal. The SORC-RO system is analyzed using two types of low-grade heat sources with a maximum temperature of 150 °C and compared with the conventional organic rankine cycle driven seawater reverse osmosis system (ORC-RO). The results show that the SORC-RO system is able to make use of different heat sources and provide relative stable performance. If the source is waste heat, the SORC-RO system could make full use of the heat source and reduce thermal pollution to the environment. A comprehensive list of working fluids candidates for the SORC-RO system using low-grade heat sources less than 150 °C is proposed based on the critical pressure and temperature of the fluids.
400 Gbps energy-efficient multi-field packet classification on FPGA

Packet classification is a network kernel function that has been widely researched over the past decade. However, most previous work has only focused on achieving high-throughput without considering its energy-efficiency implications. With the rapid growth of Internet, energy-efficiency has become an important metric for networks. We present the design of an energy-efficient packet classifier on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). The classifier is arranged as a 2-dimensional array of processing elements to enable sustained high throughput. We developed a memory activation scheduling technique that is able to significantly reduce memory power dissipation by selectively activating memory blocks. We conducted experiments using real-life rule sets and packet traces to evaluate our design. The experimental results show that with the memory activation scheduling technique, our design achieves 1.8× greater energy-efficiency compared with a baseline implementation without this energy optimization. With 6 individual classifiers on a single chip and a rule set of size IK, our design sustains a throughput of 400 Gbps for minimum size (40 bytes) packets and can process over 100 Gbps network traffic per Joule. Compared with state-of-the-art solutions, we achieve over 1.7× improvement in energy-efficiency.
Clinical implications of the mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors

Novel therapeutic agents that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) constitute an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of metastatic disease. EGFR-targeted agents currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration include cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer; and the small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) erlotinib for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer. Approval of the TKI gefitinib for NSCLC recently was withdrawn. Although both classes of anti-EGFR agents target the same receptor, substantial distinctions regarding their mechanism significantly affect dosing requirements, toxicity profiles, and their use as combination agents.
Upregulation of CXCR4 is essential for HER2-mediated tumor metastasis

The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 enhances tumor metastasis; however, its role in homing to metastatic organs is poorly understood. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has recently been shown to mediate the movement of malignant cancer cells to specific organs. Here, we show that HER2 enhances the expression of CXCR4, which is required for HER2-mediated invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. HER2 also inhibits ligand-induced CXCR4 degradation. Finally, a significant correlation between HER2 and CXCR4 expression was observed in human breast tumor tissues, and CXCR4 expression correlated with a poor overall survival rate in patients with breast cancer. These results provide a plausible mechanism for HER2-mediated breast tumor metastasis and establish a functional link between HER2 and CXCR4 signaling pathways.
Toward an optical fiber spectral radiometer for surface reflectance measurements

Vicarious calibration of future space-based spectral imagers will require ground-based measurements of much higher accuracy and precision than current field instruments support. A promising new technology is the use of a multi-mode fiber as the source of dispersion, replacing a grating. It has recently been demonstrated that the wavelength dependent speckle pattern present at the output of a multimode fiber may be exploited to recover the spectrum of the illuminating source, potentially enabling very compact and stable instruments. In this paper, we review our development of a performance model to assess the prospects for developing a field spectral radiometer based on this concept.
Analytical and experimental strain response in impact of composite cylinders

Abstract Accidental impact damage is an important issue in the use of structures made of advanced composite materials. As part of an overall program on impact damage, a study was conducted to determine the strain response of carbon/epoxy cylinders subjected to impact loading. Experiments were carried out on two sizes of cylinder, using an airgun impact apparatus. The cylinders and impact projectiles were designed so that the applicability of scaling rules could be considered. Theoretical analyses were also carried out for the impact loading, using a closed-form dynamic solution obtained previously. The results showed that the experimental strain data were quite reproducible. The strain results obtained followed the scaling rules quite accurately, over the range of geometric scaling of the two cylinders of 3·3. In general the theoretical analysis showed good comparison with the experimental data for impacts without damage formation. Higher impact velocities showed nonlinear strain response with velocity, indicating damage effects.
Functional discrimination between photosystem-II associated chlorophyll a proteins in Zea mays

Abstract Three minor Chl a proteins were detected in electrophoretic profiles from wild-type maize thylakoids. The spectral characteristics of these Chl proteins and the apparent molecular weights of their constituent apoproteins suggested that they were associated with the Photosystem-II reaction center. One of these Chl a-proteins, CPa-1, was present in wild-type thylakoids and a photochemically active Photosystem-II particle, but was missing from thylakoids of a mutant-lacking Photosystem-II reaction center. CPa-2, on the other hand, was enriched in mutant thylakoids but was completely missing from the Photosystem-II particles. We conclude that CPa-1 is most likely to contain the photoactive chlorophyll of Photosystem II, while CPa-2 is not required for Photosystem-II activity. The apparent molecular weights of the major CPa-1 and CPa-2 apoproteins were 48 000 and 42 000, respectively. The third minor Chl protein seems most likely to be an electrophoretic variant of CPa-1 and has been designated CPa-1∗. Seven other Chl proteins were detected in wild-type profiles. Many of these Chl proteins appeared to be oligomers or highly order complexes of LHCP and CP-1.
Microbial genomics--challenges and opportunities: the 9th International Conference on Microbial Genomes.

Genomic sequencing and analysis are in a period of “exponential growth.” More than 60 eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes have been completely sequenced, with analysis of more than 200 genome sequences currently under way ([www.jgi.doe.gov][1] ; [www.wit.integratedgenomics.com/GOLD/][2] ; [www.
Language and power: an empirical analysis of linguistic strategies used in superior–subordinate communication

Importing the anthropological, sociolinguistic theory of ‘politeness’ into the domain of organizational studies, this article presents results of a laboratory study that illustrates how power is communicated through specific linguistic gestures differentially used by superiors and subordinates throughout daily interchange. The approach taken illustrates how language is amenable to quantitative, as opposed to sheerly qualitative analysis. Contributions of politeness theory to the study of organizational communication, of influence tactics, the distortion of communication in hierarchical relations, and the presumed egalitarianism associated with programmes of workplace participation, are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enquoting voices, accomplishing talk: Uses of be + like in Instant Messaging

Abstract Based on a comparative study of informal speech and writing practices within comparable samples of American college students in 2003 and 2006, this article charts a dramatic expansion in the use of quotative like, and of reported speech and thought more generally, in Instant Messaging (IM). The spread of be + like from speech, where it was already pervasive, into IM correspondence gives a quotative format once thought exclusively oral new purchase in written language and heralds new strategies of voice representation within a typewritten medium ostensibly limited in its expressive potential. We present this development as evidence of a speech community that recognizes specific quotative forms and functions as constitutive of a preferential conversational style we term ‘polyphonic’, which foregrounds morally and affectively charged voicings.
Preparation of iron-deficient tissue culture medium by deferoxamine-sepharose treatment and application to the differential actions of apotransferrin and diferric transferrin.

We have shown that triiodothyronine-dependent GH1 rat pituitary cell growth in serum-free defined culture required apotransferrin (apoTf) (D. A. Sirbasku, et al., Biochemistry 30, 295-304, 7466-7477, 1991). These studies were done in "low-Fe" medium without Fe(III)/Fe(II) salts. Nonetheless, significant concentrations of iron may have been contributed by other components, making this medium unsuitable for study of the differential effects of apoTf and diferric transferrin (2Fe.Tf). Measuring residual iron in culture medium has been troublesome because the most sensitive method (i.e., atomic absorption) detected levels only in excess of 10 ng/ml and did not distinguish between the forms of iron present. To estimate the Fe(III) available to bind to apoTf, we developed a more sensitive and specific method. Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) separates apoTf, the two monoferric transferrins, and 2Fe.Tf. [125I]apoTf was incubated with medium, or components, and the formation of [125I]-2Fe.Tf was monitored by urea-PAGE/autoradiography. By this method, the concentration of Fe(III) in low-Fe medium was estimated at 8.4 to 20 ng/ml and the sources were identified. We next sought to remove the Fe(III). Standard chelators were ineffective or cytotoxic. In contrast, an affinity method with deferoxamine-Sepharose depleted greater than or equal to 90% of the Fe(III). In this medium, apoTf and 2Fe.Tf showed differential effects with GH1 cells and with MCF-7, MTW9/PL2, an MDCK cells. With the methods described here, the effects of apoTf and 2Fe.Tf on growth can be studied separately.
Emotion regulation and obsessive–compulsive symptoms: A further examination of associations

Abstract Despite the potential transdiagnostic importance of emotion regulation, there has been a lack of research examining emotion regulation in the context of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). We examined associations between facets of emotion regulation corresponding to two contemporary models of emotion regulation and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a community sample of adults ( N =372). The targeted facets of emotion regulation included cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of awareness of emotions, limited access to strategies for emotion regulation, and lack of emotional clarity. Results from hierarchical regressions showed that expressive suppression, impulse control difficulties, and emotional clarity were the only facets of emotion regulation that shared unique associations with each obsessive–compulsive symptom dimension. These associations were not better accounted for by general distress. Conceptual and clinical implications are discussed.
Hydrodynamic-flow-driven wetting in thin film polymer blends: growth kinetics and morphology

A thin film of deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) (A) and poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) at the critical composition is annealed in the two phase region to induce simultaneous phase separation and wetting of the A-rich phase at the surface. Using forward recoil spectrometry, the wetting layer thickness is found to grow linearly with time at $185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ and $190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ After selective etching of A, atomic force microscopy reveals a depletion layer having a bicontinuous, phase separated morphology. The A-rich tubes in this layer provide a pathway for rapid transport of the wetting phase from the bulk to the surface via hydrodynamic flow. Taken together, fast wetting layer growth ${t}^{1}$ and connectivity between the wetting layer and bulk provide unambiguous support for hydrodynamic-flow-driven wetting in thin film polymer blends.
NONAQUEOUS DIAZOTIZATION OF ARYLAMINES IN THE PRESENCE OF DIMETHYLDISULFIDE; THE CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF ARYLMETHYLSULFIDES FROM ANILINES

Modest to good isolated yields of arylmethylsulfides are obtained by the reaction of anilines with alkylnitrite under nonaqueous conditions in the presence of 0.5 molar equivalents of dimethyldisulfide. #.
Embryonic lens induction: more than meets the optic vesicle.

Abstract The classic model of lens induction stipulated that the optic vesicle is both a necessary and sufficient inductor of the lens in amphibian development. Although this view has subsequently been modified to encompass the contributions of earlier inductors, such as the involuting endo-mesoderm, it is still widely reported that the optic vesicle alone is able to elicit lens formation fromectoderm. Recent work, which has employed a host- and donor-marking scheme, has shown the optic vesicle to be a weak inductor of the lens, involved only in the final rather than the initial phases of determination. In addition, a review of the literature substantiates this conclusion since many of the transplantation experiments arguing for the sufficiency of the optic vesicle are characterized by the lack of adequate criteria for judging the authenticity of the resulting lens responses, particularly the absence of a host- and donor-marking strategy. This analysis of the literature, together with our own results, lead us to propose a new model of lens determination in which tissue interactions during gastrulation are required to confer a lens-forming bias upon a large area of head ectoderm allowing the optic vesicle to induce lens formation in a defined area of this primed ectoderm. Data from studies on mesoderm and neural induction are also beginning to suggest a multistep model involving the initial establishment of bias and subsequent interactions resulting in determination, and we propose that this framework will serve as a general paradigm for embryonic induction.
Reconsidering obligatory running and anorexia nervosa as gender-related problems of identity and role adjustment.

A recent study by Yates, Leehey, and Shisslak (1983) noted the dramatic increase of serious runners in the previous decade, and the authors argued on the basis of their research that serious runners shared important character, adaptive, and background qualities with anorexics. This paper extends and refines the researchers' analysis of their findings by examining the possible origins of these obsessions in gender-related problems of identity and role adjustment in American society. Of primary interest are why, when, and how such obsessions develop and what they mean in relation to gender, achievement, and success in America.
G(o) signaling is required for Drosophila associative learning

Heterotrimeric G(o) is one of the most abundant proteins in the brain, yet relatively little is known of its neural functions in vivo. Here we demonstrate that G(o) signaling is required for the formation of associative memory. In Drosophila melanogaster, pertussis toxin (PTX) is a selective inhibitor of G(o) signaling. The postdevelopmental expression of PTX within mushroom body neurons robustly and reversibly inhibits associative learning. The effect of G(o) inhibition is distributed in both γ- and α/β-lobe mushroom body neurons. However, the expression of PTX in neurons adjacent to the mushroom bodies does not affect memory. PTX expression also does not interact genetically with a rutabaga adenylyl cyclase loss-of-function mutation. Thus, G(o) defines a new signaling pathway required in mushroom body neurons for the formation of associative memory.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence, a chemiluminescent polymer based on poly(vinyl-9,10-diphenylanthracene)

Abstract The electrochemistry, absorption, photoluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of poly(vinyl-9,10-diphenylanthracene) thin films on various substrates in various solvents is described. The electrochemical behavior of the polymer film is very similar to that for 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) in N,N-dimethylformamide, indicating that the multiple electroactive groups in the polyvinyl chain do not interact strongly. In situ absorbance measurements of the neutral, oxidized, or reduced polymer films indicate that all of the pendant DPA groups in the chain are electrochemically active during oxidation and reduction. Absorption, photoluminescence, and ECL spectra after potential pulsing or cyclic voltammetric experiments show the presence of components at longer wavelengths than those for the precursor molecules. Such longer wavelength components might be, as in the case of DPA, attributed to the formation of stable products from the decomposition of DPA radical ions.
Geometrical Optimization of Resonant Cantilever Sensors

The influence of beam geometry on the quality factor Q of resonant cantilever sensors operated at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The studied rectangular silicon cantilevers have lengths and widths ranging from 70-500 mum and 80-160 mum, respectively, and thicknesses of 5, 8, and 17 mum. Transverse cantilever vibrations are excited electromagnetically and the flexural resonance modes of the beams are detected on-chip by a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge. Based on the experimental data, design guidelines for beam dimensions ensuring maximal Q-factors are established. In particular, an optimal length-to-thickness ratio of 15-20 is found; support loss limits the Q-factor for smaller length-to- thickness ratios, while air damping becomes dominant for larger ratios.
Calibrating well logs to VSP attributes: interval velocity and amplitude

The vertical seismic profile (VSP) occupies a unique niche in the discipline of reservoir characterization. It provides a level of resolution and a volume of investigation in between those offered by surface seismic data and well logging tools. The relationship between VSP and surface seismic experiments is obvious: The most common use of VSP is in high-resolution reflection imaging and tying surface seismic sections to depth. The relationship between VSP and acoustic well logging is less well explored. Interval velocities from check shot VSP are often used as coarse equivalents of sonic logs, but significant discrepancies are often seen. There are several reasons why we should not expect VSP interval velocities and sonic logs to match perfectly. Many of these reasons are discussed in Stewart et al. (1984) and include the volume of rock sampled by each method, instrumental biases, and wave propagation effects such as anisotropy, short-path multiples, and velocity dispersion. Because there is some interesting physics behind some of these potential discrepancies, several people have proposed using the differences between sonic log and VSP velocities to extract information about the formation. Because of the larger volume of investigation, most of which may be considered to be undisturbed by the presence of the borehole, VSP is often considered to be more reflective of the true formation properties. Thus, the calibration of sonic logs to VSP is also of importance. Another use of VSP which is gaining in popularity is the direct extraction of attenuation information, or Q values. This typically involves comparing downgoing wave amplitudes at successive receiver locations (often in the frequency domain), and computing a Q value for the interval. Unfortunately, scattering and other elastic effects often dominate the amplitude fluctuations, frequently resulting in nonphysical negative Q values. Recently, there has been progress in using elastic models …
Managing Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Before the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the prognosis for patients with Philadelphia chromosome– positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia was poor. The treatment of choice, stem cell transplantation, is a potentially curative option, but it is available only for a minority of patients and is associated with significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Although imatinib is largely effective, a substantial proportion of patients become resistant or intolerant to it. The activity of imatinib may be enhanced by coadministration with chemotherapy; such treatment is effective in many patients. Dasatinib is established as a second-line treatment in patients with resistance to or intolerance of imatinib. Recent data suggest that dasatinib, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, has utility as first-line therapy. Dasatinib is more potent than imatinib, is less susceptible to drug-resistance mechanisms, and has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, making it potentially effective for treating central nervous system disease. Patients who relapse during treatment with dasatinib frequently carry the T315I mutation of BCR-ABL. Future regimens combining dasatinib with an agent able to inhibit this mutation may further improve outcome.
Novel adaptive responses revealed by transcription profiling of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 delta-isiA mutant in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide.

The isiAB genes have proven to be highly stress-responsive under a variety of environmental conditions, including iron deficiency, high salt and oxidative stress. In order to understand the function of IsiA and its importance in oxidative stress, we constructed a knock out mutant of the isiA gene and compared differential gene expression of the ΔisiA strain in the presence and absence of H2O2. We used the full genome microarray for the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as previously described [Postier BL, Wang HL, Singh A, Impson L, Andrews, HL, Klahn J, Li H, Risinger G, Pesta D, Deyholos M, Galbraith DW, Sherman LA and Burnap RL (2003) BMC Genenomics 4: 23–34]. We determined that one of the main differences in ΔisiA compared to wild-type (in the absence of peroxide) was the induction of a gene cluster (sll1693–sll1696) that encoded genes resembling pilins or general secretory proteins (Gsp). These proteins are targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane and we suggest that they may be involved in the assembly of membrane complexes, including pigment–protein complexes. The ΔisiA strain was more resistant to H2O2 compared to the wild-type. In the presence of 1.5 mM H2O2 for 30 min, a cluster of genes that includes a peroxiredoxin was induced 7- to 8-fold and we suggest that this peroxide scavenging enzyme is responsible for the increased peroxide resistance of the ΔisiA strain.
Design of Holograms for Optical Neural Networks

In the last year and one half there has been considerable world wide interest in making multiple holograms in a two-dimensional array to provide interconnections for a fully interconnected neural network. The number and spatial pattern of such holograms is governed by the number and spatial pattern of the desired outputs. We address here the general question of how to design these holograms and begin the consideration of how to make them adaptive as well.