cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic crosses between restricted and unrestricted phage T1 in lysogenic and nonlysogenic hosts

Abstract When Shigella dysenteriae is lysogenized by the phage P1, it becomes immune to infection with “ordinary” T1 phage (“restricted T1” or “rT1”). A host-controlled variant of T1 (“unrestricted T1” or “uT1”) can multiply in the lysogenic S. dysenteriae. Three-factor crosses were done between suitably marked strains of rT1 and uT1 in both lysogenic and nonlysogenic S. dysenteriae. When lysogenic cells are infected with both rT1 and uT1, one finds some recombinants among the progeny, but few, if any phage bearing the genotype of the restricted parent. The proportion of recombinants in the total yield is about one-eighth to one-twelfth that in control crosses (in nonlysogenic hosts) and is independent of the order of addition of either parent and of the time elapsing between the addition of each parent. We infer, then, that (1) the genome of rT1 enters the lysogenic cells; (2) it is neither replicated nor is it destroyed; and (3) it can “mate” with genomes of uT1 which may be present. The proportions of the various recombinant classes are unusual. Complementary classes are not equal; certain markers may be recovered together with a high frequency, whereas certain others, more closely linked, are seldom found together. Certain “double crossover” classes are more frequent than certain “single crossover” classes. These observations can be explained in terms of a “copy choice” mechanism of recombination by assuming that the rT1 genome contains at least two “bad spots,” the location of which can be determined approximately and which force a “switch” in replication from the restricted genome to the unrestricted genome.
Particle shape discrimination using the aerosol shape analysis system (ASAS)

Abstract An instrument has been developed which can characterise airborne particles in terms of both size and shape. The instrument analyses the spatial distribution of light scattered by single particles as they pass through the focus of a laser beam. The instrument has been used extensively to characterise particles of well defined size and shape. Many of the applications of the system will involve the recognition of particles with a particular shape characteristic against a heterogeneous background. To determine how effective it is in this role the instrument has been used to analyze mixtures of particles with a range of sizes and shapes. The results so far indicate that the system is effective in discriminating specific particles in mixed aerosols.
Methodologic evaluation of incidence rates for hypertension: Calculated for Pittsburgh's MRFIT Usual Care men

Methodologic limitations in the calculation of incidence rates for hypertension and in the assessment of associations between rates of change in attributes and the development of hypertension were examined for Pittsburgh's MRFIT Usual Care population. In a group of normotensive middle-aged men at high risk for the development of coronary heart disease, the incidence of hypertension ranged from 6.2 to 15.5 per 100 man years, depending on the definition of hypertension. A simulation study showed that the magnitude of these incidence rates could be explained by random variation in the measurement of blood pressure. Controlling for these random effects, the development of hypertension was associated with high normal baseline diastolic blood pressure and with a reported past diagnosis of hypertension, but not with age or baseline body mass index. Finally, a method, estimating the relative risk associating weight gain and the development of hypertension, was presented.
Adjustments for the display of quantized ion channel dwell times in histograms with logarithmic bins.

Dwell-time histograms are often plotted as part of patch-clamp investigations of ion channel currents. The advantages of plotting these histograms with a logarithmic time axis were demonstrated by, J. Physiol. (Lond.). 378:141-174), Pflugers Arch. 410:530-553), and, Biophys. J. 52:1047-1054). Sigworth and Sine argued that the interpretation of such histograms is simplified if the counts are presented in a manner similar to that of a probability density function. However, when ion channel records are recorded as a discrete time series, the dwell times are quantized. As a result, the mapping of dwell times to logarithmically spaced bins is highly irregular; bins may be empty, and significant irregularities may extend beyond the duration of 100 samples. Using simple approximations based on the nature of the binning process and the transformation rules for probability density functions, we develop adjustments for the display of the counts to compensate for this effect. Tests with simulated data suggest that this procedure provides a faithful representation of the data.
Prevention of stress-induced morphological and cognitive consequences

Atrophy and dysfunction of the human hippocampus is a feature of aging in some individuals, and this dysfunction predicts later dementia. There is reason to believe that adrenal glucocorticoids may contribute to these changes, since the elevations of glucocorticoids in Cushing's syndrome and during normal aging are associated with atrophy of the entire hippocampal formation in humans and are linked to deficits in short-term verbal memory. We have developed a model of stress-induced atrophy of the hippocampus of rats at the cellular level, and we have been investigating underlying mechanisms in search of agents that will block the atrophy. Repeated restraint stress in rats for 3 weeks causes changes in the hippocampal formation that include suppression of 5-HT1A receptor binding and atrophy of dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons, as well as impairment of initial learning of a radial arm maze task. Because serotonin is released by stressors and may play a role in the actions of stress on nerve cells, we investigated the actions of agents that facilitate or inhibit serotonin reuptake. Tianeptine is known to enhance serotonin uptake, and we compared it with fluoxetine, an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, as well as with desipramine. Tianeptine treatment (10 mg/kg/day) prevented the stress-induced atrophy of dendrites of CA3 pycamidal neurons, whereas neither fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) nor desipramine (10 mg/kg/day) had any effect. Tianeptine treatment also prevented the stress-induced impairment of radial maze learning. Because corticosterone- and stress-induced atrophy of CA3 dendrites is also blocked by phenytoin, an inhibitor of excitatory amino acid release and actions, these results suggest that serotonin released by stress or corticosterone may interact pre- or post-synaptically with glutamate released by stress or corticosterone, and that the final common path may involve interactive effects between serotonin and glutamate receptors on the dendrites of CA3 neurons innervated by mossy fibers from the dentate gyrus. We discuss the implications of these findings for treating cognitive impairments and the risk for dementia in the elderly.
Correlations between validation and definitive study results for genotoxic compounds

The use of batteries of predictive tests, perhaps in lieu of costly definitive testing, requires thoughtful identification of individual assays and definition of test batteries and tiers. Generally predictive assays are appraised in a validation study which uses a number of compounds known to be positive (or negative) in the definitive assay. A predictive test meeting specified criteria of specificity (proportion of true positives detected) and sensitivity (proportion of true negatives detected) is then eligible for use in screening compounds of unknown potency. We formally derive the definitions of prevalence (proportion of true positives in a sample of N compounds), sensitivity, and specificity, and show that these arise from different multinomial distributions for validation and screening studies. The formal statistical correlations between the predictive tier and the definitive tier are derived for both types of studies. Correlations show that a predictive assay which is eliminated in a validation study because of low sensitivity or specificity may perform satisfactorily when used for screening. Conversely, a predictive assay which performs well in a validation study may have a poor correlation with definitive assay results when used for screening.
Energy-Conscious Co-scheduling of Tasks and Packets in Wireless Real-Time Environments

Exclusive access to the wireless medium, e.g., as provided by bandwidth-reservation mechanisms, limits contention and therefore is capable of providing effective real-time support to periodic communications. Furthermore, to preserve energy, wireless cards can be powered down between periodic accesses without loss of data. However, packet schedulers must be aware of the limited communication opportunities to ensure that packets are transmitted before their deadlines, CPU schedulers must execute jobs such that the packets generated by these jobs are available for transmission in time, and DVS algorithms must choose processor speeds such that job execution and therefore packet generation are not unduly delayed. This paper proposes a co-scheduling approach to integrate CPU, network, and energy management for wireless real-time systems that rely on bandwidth reservations. Both simulation and experimentation indicate significant improvements in meeting packet deadlines (up to 40%) with only small increases in overall energy consumption (less than 10%) compared to the state of the art.
Pediatric leukemia predisposition syndromes: clues to understanding leukemogenesis

The study of cancer predisposition syndromes leads to identification and understanding of mutations in genes coding for proteins and cellular pathways leading to cancer development, as well as normal cell growth and death regulators. Many patients with cancer predisposition syndromes experience excess toxicity with standard therapeutic regimens and are at lifelong risk for development of additional cancers and must be followed closely; early diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management of these patients. This review describes specific leukemia-predisposing conditions, including the clinical and historical findings that should trigger testing for these syndromes, and discusses recent insights into the management of these disorders. Disorders are organized by mechanism: (1) DNA damage repair defects, including Fanconi anemia, ataxia–telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, and Bloom syndrome; (2) cell cycle and differentiation defects, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan and Noonan-like syndromes, and severe congenital neutropenia; (3) the hereditary transcription factor syndromes familial platelet disorder with predisposition to myeloid malignancy and CEBPA deficiency; and (4) aneuploidy-associated leukemia predisposition, exemplified by Down syndrome. Identifying the specific mechanisms underlying these relatively rare conditions allows for better understanding of leukemogenesis and development of targeted therapies that benefit a much broader population than simply those with genetic predispositions to leukemia.
Prepulse inhibition in patients with non-psychotic major depressive disorder

Background: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is a measure of sensorimotor gating. PPI deficits have been reported in schizophrenia and in patients characterized by a known dysfunction in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic (CSPT) brain substrates that regulate PPI. Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are also thought to have impairment in the CSPT circuitry as they are characterized by clinical gating deficits. Therefore, we assessed PPI in non-psychotic MDD patients and compared their results to schizophrenia patients and non-patients. Method: PPI was assessed in 19 non-psychotic hospitalized MDD patients and compared to 14 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and 13 archival normal comparison subjects. Results: MDD patients had PPI levels that were significantly higher than schizophrenia patients. The MDD subjects had PPI levels that were lower than non-patients but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: MDD patients without psychosis do not exhibit PPI deficits comparable to schizophrenia patients. However, the MDD patients demonstrated a non-significant tendency towards lower PPI than the non-patients. Our results replicate previous findings that PPI deficits are found in acutely hospitalized schizophrenia patients, even when treated with atypical antipsychotic medication. Future studies with psychotic MDD patients are necessary to fully understand the relationship between MDD, psychosis, symptom severity and PPI.
Phase-Specific Characteristics of Wintertime Clouds across a Midlatitude Mountain Range

AbstractObservations from a series of frontal and postfrontal storms during the Colorado Airborne Multiphase Cloud Study (CAMPS) are combined to show transitions in cloud dynamics and microphysical statistics over a mountain range. During 10 flights in 2010 and 2011, along-wind, across-ridge transects over the Colorado Park Range are performed to statistically characterize air motion and microphysical conditions and their variability. Composite transect statistics show median vertical winds to be mostly upward windward of the ridge axis, and that cloud water concentration (CWC) and ice-particle number concentration are greatest near the ridge. Mixed-phase clouds were found throughout the study area, but increase in frequency by 70% relative to other cloud types in the vicinity of the range. Compared to ice-only clouds, mixed-phase clouds are associated with greater near-ridge increases in CWC and preferentially occur in regions with greater vertical wind variability or updrafts. Strong leeside reductions ...
Structural evolution of cuboidal granular media

Mono- and bi-disperse rectangular cuboidal granules are assembled from colloid-hydrogel suspensions via stop-flow lithography and fully submerged in hexadecane. Their packing density and structural evolution are studied as a function of agitation time using micro-computed X-ray tomography. When subjected to periodic agitation, the granule packing density increases logarithmically in time; concomitantly, the nearest-neighbor separation distance between granules decreases. Akin to spherical granular media, the distributions of Voronoi volume for these granule packings can be scaled using a shifted k-gamma probability distribution. This Boltzmann-type distribution maximizes packing entropy, indicating that the statistical mechanics approach to granular fluctuations is valid for non-spherical granular media.
The value of radionuclide angiography as a predictor of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm resection

Abstract To define the group of patients at high risk for myocardial infarction (MI) and death associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, resting gated blood pool studies were obtained on 50 such aneurysm patients preoperatively. The results indicated that three groups could be distinguished among these patients by cardiac ejection fraction. Group I (n = 25) had preoperative ejection fractions ranging from 56% to 85%. None of the patients in group I suffered an acute perioperative MI. Group II (n = 20) comprised patients with ejection fractions ranging from 36% to 55%. There was a 20% incidence of MI in group II but no cardiac deaths. Group III included five patients with ejection fractions ranging from 27% to 35%. There was an 80% incidence of perioperative MI in these patients, with one cardiac death and one cardiac arrest. All perioperative MIs occurred within the first 48 hours after surgery. In addition there was a 50% incidence of perioperative MI among all those patients who were 80 years of age or older. These results indicate guidelines for the management of patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair based on their preoperative ejection fraction. The data further suggest that the noninvasive gated blood pool method of determining ejection fraction may serve a more broadly useful function in helping to determine which of those patients about to undergo major surgical procedures are at high risk for perioperative MI. (J VASC SURG 1984; 1:320-5.)
Ultrafast optical measurements of coherent acoustic phonon attenuation in silicon

We report measurements of the attenuation of ∼100 GHz coherent acoustic phonons in silicon and results are compared with existing theory. The results have implications for nanoscale thermal transport models and novel acoustic imaging schemes.
Implementation of geometric hashing on the Connection Machine

The authors report on a scalable implementation of geometric hashing on the Connection Machine. Using this implementation, it is possible to recognize models consisting of patterns of points embedded in scenes, independent of translation, rotation, and scale changes. With 1024 models and a scene of 200 points, the implementation yields an execution time of 70 milliseconds for recognition of the one embedded model given a two-point basis set (consisting of a pair of points in the model) on a 64 K-processor CM-2 parallel computer. The algorithm is scalable, yielding an expected execution time that is O(log/sup 2/ M+log S log M) on a Mn/sup 3/-processor hypercube-connected SIMD machine such as the Connection Machine; M is the number of models, n is the number of points per model, S is the number of scene points, and it is assumed that execution proceeds until the first model is discovered. >
Population momentum across vertebrate life histories

Population abundance is critically important in conservation, management, and demographic theory. Thus, to better understand how perturbations to the life history affect long-term population size, we examined population momentum for four vertebrate classes with different life history strategies. In a series of demographic experiments we show that population momentum generally has a larger effect on long-term population size for organisms with long generation times than for organisms with short generation times. However, patterns between population momentum and generation time varied across taxonomic groups and according to the life history parameter that was changed. Our findings indicate that momentum may be an especially important aspect of population dynamics for long-lived vertebrates, and deserves greater attention in life history studies. Further, we discuss the importance of population momentum in natural resource management, pest control, and conservation arenas.
Patterns of cell motility in the organizer and dorsal mesoderm of Xenopus laevis.

In a companion paper (Shih, J. and Keller, R. (1992) Development 116, 901–914), we described a sequence of cell behaviors, called mediolateral intercalation behavior (MIB), that produces mediolateral cell intercalation, the process that drives convergence and extension of the axial and paraxial mesoderm of Xenopus. In this paper, we describe the pattern of expression of MIB in the mesoderm during gastrulation, using video image processing and recording of cell behavior in ‘shaved’, open-faced explants of the marginal zone. At midgastrula stage (10.5), MIB begins at two dorsolateral sites in the prospective anterior mesoderm and progresses medially along two arcs that lengthen toward and meet at the midline to form a single arc of cells expressing MIB, called the vegetal alignment zone (VgAZ). The notochordal-somitic mesodermal boundary forms within the VgAZ at stage 11, and then progresses animally and laterally, along the prospective anterior-posterior axis, eventually bounding a trapezoidal area the shape of the fate-mapped notochord. Meanwhile, from its origin in the VgAZ, MIB spreads in the prospective posterior direction along the lateral boundaries of both the notochordal and somitic mesoderm. From there it spreads medially in both tissues. Subsequently, vacuolation of notochord cells, and segmentation and expression of a somite-specific marker repeat the progression of mediolateral intercalation behavior. Thus cells in the posterior, medial regions of the notochordal and the somitic territories are the last to express mediolateral intercalation behavior and subsequent tissue differentiations. In explants that do not converge, these cells neither express mediolateral intercalation behavior nor differentiate. These facts suggest that progressions of MIB in the anterior-posterior and lateral-medial directions may be organized by signals emanating from the lateral somitic and notochordal boundaries. These signals may have limited range and may be dependent on convergence, driven by mediolateral cell intercalation, to bring cells within their range. In the embryo, the posterior progression of MIB results in arcs of convergence, anchored in the vegetal endoderm at each end, acting on the inside of the blastoporal lip to produce involution of the IMZ.
The impact of the percent of positive prostate biopsies on prostate cancer-specific mortality for patients with low or favorable intermediate risk disease

Purpose We investigated whether pretreatment factors predicted time to prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) after conventional-dose and conformal radiation therapy (CRT).
Homeownership Boom and Bust 2000 to 2009: Where Will the Homeownership Rate Go from Here?

The increase in the homeownership rate in the middle of the last decade extended to all age groups but was most pronounced among individuals under age 30. These increases coincided with looser credit conditions that enhanced household access to mortgage credit along with evidence of less risk averse attitudes towards investment in homeownership. Following the crash, these trends have reversed and homeownership rates have largely reverted back to the levels of 2000. The drop in the homeownership rate from an all-time high of 69.2 in 2004 to 66.4 percent in the first quarter of 2011 reflects a decline from unsustainable levels to something closer to historical averages, and while the homeownership rate may have bottomed out, it could fall another one or two percentage points due to tightened credit and other factors.
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in a Biracial Sample of Hypertensive Adults The HyperGEN Study

To determine the prevalence and correlates of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients in a biracial population-based sample, clinical evaluation and echocardiography were performed in 2086 participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) examination; 86% had normal ejection fraction (>54%), 10% had mild ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction 41% to 54%), and 4% had severe ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤40%). Prevalences of mild and severe ventricular dysfunction were higher in men than women (14% versus 8% and 7% versus 3%, P <0.001) and, weakly, in diabetics than nondiabetics (13% versus 10% and 6% versus 4%, P =0.07). Patients with severe ventricular dysfunction were older than those with mild dysfunction or normal function (mean, 58 versus 54 and 54 years, respectively; P =0.005) and had higher mean creatinine (1.20 versus 1.05 and 1.00 mg/dL) and uric acid (6.9 versus 6.3 and 6.1 mg/dL) levels (both P <0.001). Those with severe ventricular dysfunction, compared with those with mild dysfunction or normal ejection fraction, had greater mean ventricular internal dimension (6.2 versus 5.6 and 5.1 cm) and mass (61 versus 50 and 43 g/m2.7) and lower relative wall thickness (0.31 versus 33 and 0.35; all P <0.0001). Severe and mild ventricular dysfunction was associated with lower myocardial contractility (mean stress-corrected midwall shortening, 68% versus 94% versus 106% of predicted; P <0.0001). In regression analyses, lower ejection fraction as a continuous variable was independently and positively associated with male gender, diabetes, uric acid level, and body mass index. With the addition of echocardiographic variables, lower ejection fraction was associated with male gender, black race, prior myocardial infarction, and higher ventricular mass and lower relative wall thickness, pulse pressure, and body mass index. In a population-based sample of hypertensive patients, left ventricular systolic dysfunction was related to male gender, black race, diabetes, and elevated uric acid levels, as well as higher ventricular mass and lower relative wall thickness.
The effect on spatial accessibility from removing tobacco from pharmacies in the Washington, DC area.

• Exploratory spatial data analysis shows that CVS establishments are generally clustered and nearly ubiquitous.
Intermittent bonding for high toughness/ high strength composites

High strength and high toughness are usually mutually exclusive in brittle filament/brittle matrix composites. The high tensile strength characteristic of strong interfacial filament/matrix bonding can, however, be combined with the high fracture toughness of weak interfacial bonding, when the filaments are arranged to have alternate sections of high and low shear stress (and low and high toughness). Such weak and strong areas can be achieved by appropriate intermittent coating of the fibres. The strong regions ensure that the filament strength is picked up; weak areas randomly in the path of running cracks serve to blunt them by the Cook/Gordon mechanism which, in turn, produces long pull-out lengths with an associated large contribution to toughness. Boron-epoxy composites of volume fraction 0.20 to 0.25 have been made in this way which have fracture toughnesses of over 200 kd m -2, whilst retaining rule of mixtures tensile strengths (~ 650 MN m-2). At the volume fractions used, this apparently represents Kic values greater than 100 MN m -3/2, An analysis is presented for toughness and strength which demonstrates, in broad terms, the effects of varying the coating parameters of concern. Results show that the "toughness" of interfaces is an important parameter, differences in which may not be shown up in terms of interfacial "strength". The choice of coating material is crucial in getting the desired effect. Some observations are made upon methods of measuring the components of toughness in composites.
Reexamining psychotherapeutic action through the lens of trauma.

Work with survivors of childhood trauma sheds light on the enigmatic sub- ject of just how psychotherapy produces change. The focus of this paper is the obser- vation that there are two fundamental change mechanisms in psychotherapy, catharsis and internalization. Each one has a different time course and different clinical charac- teristics including the role played by the therapeutic relationship. Catharsis is triggered by the presence of the empathically attuned therapist, while internalization is driven by the therapist's slightly aloof stance of expectancy and the patient's need for con- nection. Each mechanism has a different childhood origin. Taken together, these two mechanisms are sufficient to explain therapeutic gains in other forms of psychother- apy and with other pathologies. After 120 years of practicing the "talking cure," we still know relatively little about how it works. In what Jeremy Naham (1997 personal communica- tion) has called, "moments of meeting," we sense that something important is happening, but even with close observation it is difficult to discern just how and when lasting change takes place. Loewald (1960) has pointed out that, with relatively intact patients, change processes are subtle and hard to ob- serve. Even when ego damage is more serious, making process more obvious, the action remains largely nonverbal and slightly outside of consciousness. Until recently, debate has tended to focus on positions clustered around the ideologically-based poles of interpretation and the therapeutic relationship. Neither of these elements represents a basic mechanism of change, rather, they are agents of change. Both interpretation and the therapeutic relationship are complex, multifaceted phenomena that lead to therapeutic action but do not explain it. Going one level deeper, insight could be identified as the key component of interpretation and empathy the key element of the therapeutic relationship. Even so, insight and empathy still represent agents or facilitators of change, not mechanisms. In order to answer the more fundamental ques- tions of just how change takes place, we must go yet another level deeper seeking basic, irreducible mechanisms of change. Returning to the early roots of psychoanalysis in childhood trauma, in this
Induction of CD36 expression by oxidized LDL and IL-4 by a common signaling pathway dependent on protein kinase C and PPAR-γ

CD36, a class B scavenger receptor, is a macrophage receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and may play a critical role in atherosclerotic foam cell formation. We have previously demonstrated that OxLDL, macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enhanced expression of CD36. The effect of OxLDL on CD36 is due, in part, to its ability to activate the transcription factor, PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma). Other PPAR-gamma ligands (15-deoxyDelta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs) also increase CD36 expression. We have now evaluated signaling pathways involved in the induction of CD36. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells (a murine macrophage cell line) with protein kinase C (PKC) activators (diacylglycerol and ingenol) up-regulated CD36 mRNA expression. Specific inhibitors of PKC reduced CD36 expression in a time-dependent manner, while protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic AMP agonists had no effect on CD36 mRNA expression. PKC inhibitors reduced basal expression of CD36 and blocked induction of CD36 mRNA by 15d-PGJ(2), OxLDL and IL-4. In addition, PKC inhibitors decreased both PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein expression and blocked induction of CD36 protein surface expression by OxLDL and 15d-PGJ(2) in human monocytes, as determined by FACS. 15d-PGJ(2) had no effect on translocation of PKC-alpha from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. These results demonstrate that two divergent physiological or pathophysiological agonists utilize a common pathway to up-regulate of CD36 gene expression. This pathway involves initial activation of PKC with subsequent PPAR-gamma activation. Defining these signaling pathways is critical for understanding and modulating expression of this scavenger receptor pathway.
Mean(ing) to Me: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Aggression in Sport Psychology

Despite the large amount of research on aggression in sport psychology, the underlying dynamics of how aggression functions in sport are not well-understood. This paper uses developments in symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1966; Mead, 1934) to extend positivist forms of conceptualizing and theorizing about aggression (e.g., social learning theory, moral reasoning theory) within the sport psychology aggression literature. We further suggest how symbolic interactionism, in light of its adherence to social constructionism, allows for an additional conceptualization of aggression linked to athletic identities which are dynamic, multiple and social due to shifting actions and contexts within which athletes participate (Blumer, 1966; Messner, 2002). How a symbolic interactionist conception of aggression enhances our understanding of aggression in contrast to postpositivist understandings will be outlined. We conclude that in addition to postpositivist approaches, symbolic interactionism can be used to provide c...
US equity investment in emerging stock markets

This article examines the US equity flows to emerging stock markets from 1978 to 1991 and draws three main conclusions. First, despite the recent increase in US equity investment in emerging stock markets, the US portfolio remains strongly biased toward domestic equities. Second, of the fraction of the US portfolio that is allocated to foreign equity investment, the share invested in emerging stock markets is roughly proportional to the share of the emerging stock markets in the global market capitalization value. Third, the volatility of US transactions in emerging-market equities is higher than in other foreign equities. The normalized volatility of US transactions appears to be falling over time, however, and the authors find no relation between the volume of US transactions in foreign equity and local turnover rates or volatility of stock returns.
Low-frequency oscillations measured in the periphery with near-infrared spectroscopy are strongly correlated with blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the range of 0.01-0.15 Hz are commonly observed in functional imaging studies, such as blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Some of these LFOs are nonneuronal and are closely related to autonomic physiological processes. In the current study, we conducted a concurrent resting-state fMRI and NIRS experiment with healthy volunteers. LFO data was collected simultaneously at peripheral sites (middle fingertip and big toes) by NIRS, and centrally in the brain by BOLD fMRI. The cross-correlations of the LFOs collected from the finger, toes, and brain were calculated. Our data show that the LFOs measured in the periphery (NIRS signals) and in the brain (BOLD fMRI) were strongly correlated with varying time delays. This demonstrates that some portion of the LFOs actually reflect systemic physiological circulatory effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NIRS is effective for measuring the peripheral LFOs, and that these LFOs and the temporal shifts between them are consistent in healthy participants and may serve as useful biomarkers for detecting and monitoring circulatory dysfunction.
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CAVITY.

Abstract 1. Squamous cell carcinoma in situ was discovered in the uterus of a patient three and a half years after apparent successful radiation treatment of Stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. 2. The uterus was also affected by multiple myomas and pyometra, the latter due to cervical atresia. 3. Neither the operating surgeon nor the pathologist anticipated encountering the condition, and neither took the steps necessary for complete diagnosis or treatment. 4. Either one of two mechanisms which produce carcinoma in situ of the endometrial cavity could have been operative in this patient: surface spread from disease in the cervix, or malignant transformation of squamous metaplasia of the endometrium. The first method was considered more likely here.
Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Method for the Detection of Solution Phase Superoxide as a Reaction Intermediate of Oxygen Reduction in Neutral Aqueous Solutions

A method is herein described that allows for solution phase superoxide generated via the reduction of dioxygen in neutral aqueous solutions at a rotating disk electrode to be oxidized at a concentric Au ring electrode bearing a covalently linked monolayer of 3-mercapto-1-propanol, a modified surface that blocks the oxidation of solution phase of hydrogen peroxide. Experiments were performed in which the potential of a glassy carbon disk electrode was linearly scanned in the oxygen reduction region and the ring voltage was poised at a value at which superoxide oxidation ensued yielded bell-shaped ring currents. This behavior is consistent with changes in the relative rates constant for the processes involved in the mechanism of oxygen reduction on this carbonaceous material induced by the applied potential which so far had remained undetected using other techniques.
An immunoassay for the detection of triclosan-O-glucuronide, a primary human urinary metabolite of triclosan

Triclosan-O-glucuronide (TCSG) is one of the primary urinary metabolites of the antibacterial compound triclosan or TCS that is found in many personal care products and consumer goods. We have developed a competitive, indirect heterologous ELISA for the detection of the target TCSG in urine. Such an ELISA for TCSG could be developed as a useful tool to measure this important biomarker of human exposure to TCS. Immunogens were prepared by conjugating TCSG to thyroglobulin, via heterobifunctional cross-linkers AEDP or 3-[(2-aminoethyl)dithio] propionic acid•hydrochloride and TFCS or N-[e-trifluoroacetylcaproyloxy]succinimide ester. The coating antigen was prepared by the direct conjugation of TCSG to bovine serum albumin. Antibodies raised in rabbits 2619, 2621 (immunogen TCSG-AEDP-Thy), and 2623 (immunogen TCSG-TFCS-Thy), and the coating antigen were screened and characterized to determine their optimal concentrations. The optimized ELISA, developed with antibody 2621, gave an IC50 value of 2.85 ng/mL, with the linear range (IC20-IC80) determined to be 2.6-24.8 ng/mL. Selectivity of the assay was assessed by measuring cross-reactivity of antibody 2621 to related congeners such as the aglycone TCS, triclosan-O-sulfate, triclocarban, a polybrominated diphenyl ether derivative, and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol glucuronide. There was virtually no recognition by antibody 2621 to any of these cross-reactants. Graphical Abstract Urinary biomarker analysis of triclosan glucuronide.
Corrosion of single layer thin film protective coatings on steel substrates for high level waste containers

Abstract Single-layer thin film coatings have been deposited on steel substrates and tested for their corrosion resistance. These coatings include TiN, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MoS 2 , and it is proposed that they will act as barriers to provide protection to the steel canisters that are part of the dry cask storage system for high level nuclear waste. Corrosion testing was completed using electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization techniques in aerated 1 M NaCl solution. Results show an exponential increase in corrosion rate with increasing temperature and an exponential decrease in the passive breakdown overpotential, which is directly related to the ability of a material to form and sustain a corrosion-inhibiting passive film in a given environment. Additionally, kinetic activation parameters have been experimentally determined for each material, leading to predictive equations for corrosion rates. The bare and coated samples corrode analogously, indicative of pores allowing the coating and substrate to corrode simultaneously. The samples were also placed in circulating salt brines of varying pH as a supplementary corrosion testing mechanism to explore their corrosivity over extended time. Negligible weight change was experienced by the bare and coated steel samples over a period of 5 months. Increasing the coating thickness and the number of layers may provide higher resistance to uniform and localized corrosion.
Tailoring lithiation behavior by interface and bandgap engineering at the nanoscale.

Controlling the transport of lithium (Li) ions and their reaction with electrodes is central in the design of Li-ion batteries for achieving high capacity, high rate, and long lifetime. The flexibility in composition and structure enabled by tailoring electrodes at the nanoscale could drastically change the ionic transport and help meet new levels of Li-ion battery performance. Here, we demonstrate that radial heterostructuring can completely suppress the commonly observed surface insertion of Li ions in all reported nanoscale systems to date and to exclusively induce axial lithiation along the ⟨111⟩ direction in a layer-by-layer fashion. The new lithiation behavior is achieved through the deposition of a conformal, epitaxial, and ultrathin silicon (Si) shell on germanium (Ge) nanowires, which creates an effective chemical potential barrier for Li ion diffusion through and reaction at the nanowire surface, allowing only axial lithiation and volume expansion. These results demonstrate for the first time th...
r ∞ -Matrices, Triangular L ∞ -Bialgebras and Quantum ∞ Groups

A homotopy analogue of the notion of a triangular Lie bialgebra is proposed with a goal of extending basic notions of the theory of quantum groups to the context of homotopy algebras and, in particular, introducing a homotopical generalization of the notion of a quantum group, or quantum∞-group.
Promoting Metalinguistic and Metamathematical Reasoning in Proof-Oriented Mathematics Courses: a Method and a Framework

Students’ apprenticeship into proof-oriented mathematical practice requires that they become aware of a range of conventions and assumptions about mathematical language, reference, and inference that rarely appear as explicit components of the content of undergraduate courses. Because these matters of interpretation are often pre-conscious for students and taken for granted by instructors, students may fail to apprehend the problems at hand and thus misunderstand the mathematical community’s solutions. So, we argue that proof-oriented instruction must simultaneously help students understand problems of ambiguity and reference – which requires them to engage in what we call metalinguistic and metamathematical reasoning – as well as provide some informal language for discussing possible solutions to these problems. We provide three illustrative episodes from real analysis classrooms to highlight our common way of framing this class of learning challenge and the pedagogical difficulties they entail. In each case, we highlight the use of analogies as a method of helping students apprehend a problem of mathematical language, reference, or inference and discuss possible solutions. This paper’s contributions are thus both practical and theoretical: the instructional method is intended to serve as one possible approach to training students in mathematical conventions and assumptions, and it helps demonstrate our theoretical perspective on this class of teaching and learning phenomena.
An operative approach to pineal tumors.

An appraisal of the various known operative methods for removal of tumors in the pineal area is made and an additional operative technique described. This method allows a direct approach to this anatomical region by retracting the occipital lobe and without sacrifice of cerebral tissue. Ventricular drainage during surgery and the sitting position facilitate the exposure and enable easy viewing for the surgeon and the assistant. This procedure also allows dural openings on both sides of the falx and below the transverse sinus if necessary. The operative procedure can be converted into a ventriculo-cisternostomy if no relief of the CSF obstruction can be accomplished.
Cigarette Trafficking, Smurfing, and Volume Buying Policy, Investigation, and Methodology Recommendations From a Case Study

Cigarette trafficking represents a growing but poorly understood criminal activity. There are several modes of trafficking, ranging from small-time smugglers to sophisticated criminal networks. Tax disparities make trafficking cigarettes, often purchased legally in southern states and resold illicitly in northern locations, an immensely profitable yet low-risk enterprise. This article represents a case study of cigarette trafficking and is designed to identify modes of trafficking, key inflection points, and establish a predicate for discussion. Policy recommendations for legislation and law enforcement are proposed and avenues for studying this issue are described.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FMD EMERGENCY VACCINATION STRATEGIES IN THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the United States would likely result in major costs to producers, consumers, and government. How animal health officials manage such an outbreak has substantial impact on probable losses. Without an emergency FMD vaccination strategy, producer and consumer losses of an FMD outbreak in the midwestern United States would likely approach 1 billion.
Assessing the experience of speed dating

We use conversation analysis and a research design modeled on speed dating to examine college-aged speed daters’ assessments of their experience of this activity. In getting acquainted, participant...
Analytical Solutions to Formation Flying System Trajectory Guidance via the Virtual Motion Camouflage Approach

Formation flying has been recognized as one of the enabling technologies for a variety of space mission concepts because of the potential benefits in cost reduction, enhanced flexibility, increased observational baseline, and better survivability and reliability. One important requirement of the formation flying system is the ability to generate trajectories in real-time reliably to maximize mission return. This paper presents simple and analytical open loop guidance solutions to formation flying reconfiguration trajectory design problems through the bio-inspired virtual motion camouflage methodology and the pseudospectral discretization approach. The algorithms investigated here can be applied to different kinds of initial and final conditions as well as different linearized models considering the eccentricity effects and/or the J2 perturbation. Simulations are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the achieved analytical solutions for two formation flying reconfiguration scenarios.
“Glass resins: A new material for electrical applications”

1. The Glass Resins are a new member of the silicone polymers, being a pure thermosetting resin.
Design and Implementation of Database System of Xinjiang Apricot Processing Varieties

【Objective and Method】The purpose of this program is to design and set up the database of apricot quality procession in Xinjiang in view of imperfect data and the lack of assistant system support in our region.By collecting and collating of Xinjiang Apricot Varieties resources and analyzing the characteristics of the processing quality,the program is studying to use Visual Basic language and the Technology of Access2003 Relational database for the Database System of Xinjiang Apricot Processing Varieties based on Microsoft Dotnet Platform.【Result】 The system actualizes the function of digital storage,multi-query,assisted selection for Xinjiang Apricot Varieties resources and the control of critical data access and so on.【Conclusion】The system can improve the efficiency of screening and the accuracy of results,thus providing detailed data for reference to classify apricot varieties and choose the fine ones and develop their relevant products.
A lipoprotein/β-barrel complex monitors lipopolysaccharide integrity transducing information across the outer membrane.

Many disease-causing bacteria have an outer membrane that surrounds and protects the cell, while many hosts of these bacteria produce molecules called antimicrobial peptides that disrupt this outer membrane. In response to this attack, bacteria have evolved a defense system to reinforce their membrane when antimicrobial peptides are present. However, it was not clear how the bacteria sensed these peptides. One clue came from a recent discovery that the bacterial protein required for sensing the peptides is threaded through a barrel-shaped protein to expose a section of it on the bacterial cell’s surface. Now, Konovalova et al. have tested if this surface-exposed domain directly detects damage to the outer membrane caused by the antimicrobial peptides. The investigation revealed several mutants of Escherichia coli that still make the sensor protein but are unable to thread it through the barrel-shaped protein and place a portion on the cell surface. Konovalova et al. showed that these mutants are essentially “blind” to the presence of antimicrobial peptides, and thus prove that it is the surface-exposed domain that works as the sensor. Antimicrobial peptides bind to a major component of the outer membrane and disrupt its normal interactions. Further experiments showed that positively charged sites in surface-exposed domain of the sensor are required to detect these changes and transmit this information inside the cell. Future studies are now needed to understand how the sensor is assembled inside the barrel-shaped protein, and how the danger signal is sent across the membranes that envelope bacterial cells to activate the defense system inside the cell.