cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A limited-global-information-based multicasting scheme for faulty hypercubes

We study the multicast problem in hypercubes with faulty nodes. We assume that each node has limited global information of fault distribution, which is captured by the safety level associated with the node. Basically, the safety level is an approximate measure of the distribution of faulty nodes in the neighborhood. We first propose a safety level-based multicasting scheme which guarantees time optimality. We then present a variant of this scheme that reduces the number of traffic steps. Finally, an address-sum-based multicasting scheme is studied which utilizes both the distribution of destination nodes and the safety level of neighboring nodes. Simulation results show that the traffic generated in both schemes is very close to optimal. Time optimality is guaranteed when the source is safe and at most two additional time steps are required when the source is unsafe in an n-dimensional cube (denoted as n-cube) with up to n-1 node faults. >
Designing Soft Detectors based on Seysen's Algorithm

Lattice reduction (LR) techniques have been applied to linear equalizers to improve their performance. Seysen's algorithm (SA) is an LR method which has been shown to have better performance than the well-documented LLL algorithm in many cases. However, no matter which LR method is adopted, there still exists a performance gap between LR-aided and ML equalizers. To fill this gap, one could use soft detectors. In this paper, we first give a tree-search implementation of Seysen's method, which reduces the complexity of SA without sacrificing its performance. Based on this algorithm, an LR-aided soft detector is proposed to achieve better performance. The performance-complexity tradeoff of our proposed algorithms is also studied. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Detecting the Higgs bosons of supersymmetric models in Z0 decays

Abstract We propose a method to detect the associated pair production, at the Z0 resonance, of the light scalar and pseudoscalar Higgs bosons predicted by the minimal supersymmetric model. The method would be useful to study Higgs boson masses in the range 15–50 GeV. We consider the b b -b b and b b -τ+τ− decat combinations of the Higgs pair. We exploit the agular distributions of the decay products in order to suppress the background and accurately determine the mass of the two Higgs particles. The number of events is small, but the signals are very distinct, and a limited study strongly suggests that the backgrounds will not obscure the signals.
One-Year Follow-Up Outcomes of Spanish and English Interventions for English Language Learners at Risk for Reading Problems

The authors report 1-year follow-up data from 215 English language learners with reading difficulties who received a supplemental first grade reading intervention in the language of their core reading instruction. The researchers provided no intervention or boosters in second grade. The Spanish study revealed significant differences favoring treatment students on Spanish measures of decoding, spelling, fluency, and comprehension (median d = 0.53). Similar results were evidenced in the English study, with significant differences favoring treatment students on English measures of oral language, decoding, spelling, fluency, and comprehension (median d = 0.40). Few direct transfer effects were noted for either language. The first grade intervention was associated with stronger skills in a variety of literacy-related domains 1 year after its termination.
Integrating knowledge, interests and values through modelling in participatory processes: dimensions of legitimacy

This paper examines two participatory environmental planning cases in which modelling played an important role. The cases occurred in Vermont. They provide contrasts in the use of technology to model future scenarios: magic markers and mylar for forest mapping as compared to computer modelling for watershed assessment. The paper describes how modelling and models were employed to integrate knowledge, interests and values in each case. It explores two dimensions of legitimacy, procedural and scientific expertise, in these modelling processes. It concludes with the implications of decision-making authority for legitimacy and the integration of knowledge and values.
Parenting stress and parental post-traumatic stress disorder in families after pediatric heart transplantation.

Background There has been little research on the stress experienced by parents of children who have undergone heart transplantation. Methods Parents of 52 consecutive pediatric heart transplant recipients completed questionnaires assessing illness-related parenting stress and post-traumatic stress symptoms at a routine clinic visit. Medical charts were reviewed retrospectively to gather peri- and post-operative information. Results The average age of patients at transplant was 12 years (range 1 to 18 years), and participation occurred 3 months to 10 years post-transplant (median 2.5 years). Nearly 40% of parents indicated moderately severe to severe post-traumatic stress symptoms. Ten of the 52 participating parents met DSM-IV-TR clinical diagnostic criteria for current post-traumatic stress disorder. Parents also identified significant levels of illness-related parenting stress in the areas of communication around the child's illness, emotional distress, managing the child's medical care, and balancing role functions. Conclusions Illness-related parenting stress and post-traumatic stress symptoms are significant concerns among parents of pediatric heart transplant patients. Parents' psychologic functioning post-transplant should be routinely assessed and addressed by transplant teams.
On optimal sequential prediction for general processes

This paper considers several aspects of the sequential prediction problem for unbounded, nonstationary processes under pth power loss /spl lscr//sub p/(u,v)=|u-v|/sup p/, 1<p</spl infin/. In the first part, it is shown that Bayes prediction schemes are Cesaro optimal under general conditions, that Cesaro optimal prediction schemes are unique in a natural sense, and that Cesaro optimality is equivalent to a form of weak calibration. Connections between calibration and stronger forms of optimality are considered. Extensions of the existence and uniqueness results to generalized prediction, and prediction from observations with additive noise, are established. For binary processes, it is shown that thresholding an optimal prediction scheme for the squared loss yields an optimal binary prediction scheme for the Hamming loss. In the second part of the paper, it is shown how to construct, from a countable family of prediction schemes, a single composite scheme whose asymptotic performance on any suitable process dominates the performance of each member of the family. The construction is based on aggregating methods for individual binary sequences. Using the construction, some results of Algoet (1994, 1995) on the existence of Cesaro optimal schemes for families of ergodic processes are rederived in a direct way and extended to unbounded processes.
A marine fauna from the Dartmouth Beds (Lower Devonian) of Cornwall

A brachiopod fauna is described from a marine horizon within the Dartmouth Beds at Bull Cove, Cornwall. The fauna indicates a Middle or Late Siegenian age and aspects of the palaeoecology are discussed. The Lower Devonian succession of south Devon and north Cornwall is discussed and the terms Meadfoot facies and Standon facies are proposed to replace the Meadfoot Beds and Staddon Grits of the old terminology.
Molecular and Functional Dissection of the Maize B Chromosome Centromere

The centromere of the maize (Zea mays) B chromosome contains several megabases of a B-specific repeat (ZmBs), a 156-bp satellite repeat (CentC), and centromere-specific retrotransposons (CRM elements). Here, we demonstrate that only a small fraction of the ZmBs repeats interacts with CENH3, the histone H3 variant specific to centromeres. CentC, which marks the CENH3-associated chromatin in maize A centromeres, is restricted to an ∼700-kb domain within the larger context of the ZmBs repeats. The breakpoints of five B centromere misdivision derivatives are mapped within this domain. In addition, the fraction of this domain remaining after misdivision correlates well with the quantity of CENH3 on the centromere. Thus, the functional boundaries of the B centromere are mapped to a relatively small CentC- and CRM-rich region that is embedded within multimegabase arrays of the ZmBs repeat. Our results demonstrate that the amount of CENH3 at the B centromere can be varied, but with decreasing amounts, the function of the centromere becomes impaired.
A Handoff Solution in Wireless Mesh Networks by Implementing Split Channels

Seamless handoff support is an essential issue to ensure continuous communications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to the existence of multi-hop wireless links, traditional handoff schemes designed for single-hop wireless access networks can hardly guarantee the low handoff latency requirement in WMNs. Existing solutions on reducing the handoff delay in WMNs ignore one important factor for the long handoff delay: the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over the multi-hop wireless mesh backbone network. In this paper, we address the seamless handoff issue in WMNs from a different perspective and propose a channel splitting strategy to reduce the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over multi-hop wireless links. Based on the proposed channel splitting strategy, the handoff procedures and two transmission strategies for scheduling the delivery of handoff signaling packets are designed. Simulation results show that using the proposed channel splitting strategy, the handoff delay requirement in WMNs can be guaranteed regardless of the background data traffic, and the channel throughput can also be improved.
30 GHz CMOS Low Noise Amplifier

30 GHz low noise amplifier was designed and fabricated in a 90 nm digital CMOS process. The mm-wave amplifier has a peak gain of 20 dB at 28.5 GHz and a 3 dB bandwidth of 2.6 GHz with the input and output matching better than 12 dB and 17 dB over the entire band respectively. The NF is 2.9 dB at 28 GHz and less than 4.2 dB across the band and it can deliver 2 dBm of power to a matched load at its 1 dB compression point. The amplifier has a measured linearity of IIIP3=-7.5 dBm. It consumes 16.25 mW of power using a low supply voltage of 1 V and occupies an area (excluding the pads) of 1600 mum x 420 mum.
Protective Live Oral Brucellosis Vaccines Stimulate Th1 and Th17 Cell Responses

Zoonotic transmission of brucellosis often results from exposure to Brucella-infected livestock, feral animals, or wildlife or frequently via consumption of unpasteurized milk products or raw meat. Since natural infection of humans often occurs by the oral route, mucosal vaccination may offer a means to confer protection for both mucosal and systemic tissues. Significant efforts have focused on developing a live brucellosis vaccine, and deletion of the znuA gene involved in zinc transport has been found to attenuate Brucella abortus. A similar mutation has been adapted for Brucella melitensis and tested to determine whether oral administration of ΔznuA B. melitensis can confer protection against nasal B. melitensis challenge. A single oral vaccination with ΔznuA B. melitensis rapidly cleared from mice within 2 weeks and effectively protected mice upon nasal challenge with wild-type B. melitensis 16M. In 83% of the vaccinated mice, no detectable brucellae were found in their spleens, unlike with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-dosed mice, and vaccination also enhanced the clearance of brucellae from the lungs. Moreover, vaccinated gamma interferon-deficient (IFN-γ(-/-)) mice also showed protection in both spleens and lungs, albeit protection that was not as effective as in immunocompetent mice. Although IFN-γ, interleukin 17 (IL-17), and IL-22 were stimulated by these live vaccines, only RB51-mediated protection was codependent upon IL-17 in BALB/c mice. These data suggest that oral immunization with the live, attenuated ΔznuA B. melitensis vaccine provides an attractive strategy to protect against inhalational infection with virulent B. melitensis.
Spatio-temporal and healthcare trends of non-endemic, invasive fungal infections in the United States, National Hospital Discharge Survey--1996 to 2006.

Non-endemic, invasive fungal infections (IFI) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality but their healthcare epidemiologic patterns require further elucidation. The 1996–2006 records in the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) of a hospitalized sub-cohort of HIV, hematologic malignancy, and transplant patients were analyzed. The objective was to determine independent predictors of non-endemic IFI, apart from other known predisposing host factors. Population-weighted, univariate analyses identifi ed potential variables to include in multivariate models. Risk ratios for IFI using logistic regression and calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) for IFI-associated mortality using a discrete, proportional hazards model were estimated. A total of 372 IFI hospital discharges, with a case-fatality proportion of 11.7% were identifi ed. There was a signifi cant trend toward increasing IFI hospitalizations (86.2%) in smaller hospitals ( � 500 beds). Most IFIs occurred during the spring (37.6%, P � 0.01) and in the Midwest and South (41%) sections of the US, and lasted more than 7 days (61.7%, P � 0.0001). However, multivariable analysis revealed that the risk for IFI hospitalization was greatest during the autumn in the Midwest (RR � 6.25 [1.57–24.9], P � 0.009) and in the Northeast (RR � 8.14 [2.03–32.6], P � 0.003). Transfer from another healthcare facility conferred over a 3-fold increase risk (RR � 3.38 [2.30–4.97]) whereas a clinician referral reduced the risk by 36% (RR � 0.64 [0.44–0.88]). The IFI-related mortality rate was least for the young, regardless of area and season (IRR 0-14years � 0.155 [0.044–0.550]). Maintaining a steady rate over the past decade, non-endemic IFI hospitalizations exhibit a signifi cant differential distribution in time and space. Prevention efforts that incorporate these trends may lessen IFI healthcare burden.
Pediatric Board Review Course for Residents “at Risk”

Objective: There is a correlation between American Board of Pediatrics In-Training and General Pediatrics Certifying Examination scores. A course targeted mainly for residents “at-risk” based on in-training scores may improve the outcome of the certification exam. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of a board review course on pediatric board certification scores, particularly for residents at-risk. Methods: Residents “at-risk” taking the course (Yes) were compared to residents not taking the course who were not at-risk (No) as well as to a cohort of residents predating the onset of the course with mixed risk (Comparison). Analyses compared board exam scores and passing rates in the three groups and in the subcategory of residents who scored ≤300 on the in-training exam in each group. Results: Standard scores and pass rates were higher for the residents not at risk, middle for residents of mixed risk and lowest for residents at risk. When analyzing the subset of scores for those with in-...
Vaginal Bacteroides Species Are Associated with an Increased Rate of Preterm Delivery among Women in Preterm Labor

The relationship of high concentrations of vaginal microorganisms with an increased rate of preterm delivery (less than or equal to 34 weeks) among women in preterm labor was evaluated. Quantitative vaginal cultures were obtained from 211 women in preterm labor between gestational ages of 22 and 34 completed weeks. Preterm delivery occurred in 139 (66%). The rate of preterm delivery was determined by Cox proportional hazards models. Women with greater than 10(7) cfu/ml of vaginal fluid of facultative lactobacilli had a 40% decreased rate of preterm delivery (rate ratio [RR] = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4-0.9). An increased rate of preterm delivery occurred among women with Bacteroides bivius at concentrations of greater than 10(4) cfu/ml (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4-2.9) and Bacteroides fragilis (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.8). Other microorganisms, including Gardernella vaginalis, the genital mycoplasmas, group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Peptostreptococcus species, were not associated with an increased rate of preterm delivery for women in preterm labor.
Nervy Links Protein Kinase A to Plexin-Mediated Semaphorin Repulsion

Cyclic nucleotides regulate axonal responses to a number of guidance cues through unknown molecular events. We report here that Drosophila nervy, a member of the myeloid translocation gene family of A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), regulates repulsive axon guidance by linking the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to the Semaphorin 1a (Sema-1a) receptor Plexin A (PlexA). Nervy and PKA antagonize Sema-1a-PlexA-mediated repulsion, and the AKAP binding region of Nervy is critical for this effect. Thus, Nervy couples cAMP-PKA signaling to PlexA to regulate Sema-1a-mediated axonal repulsion, revealing a simple molecular mechanism that allows growing axons to integrate inputs from multiple guidance cues.
Nonlinear optical pulse propagation in a semiconductor medium in the transient regime. II. Interferometric sampling

For pt.I see ibid., vol.26, no.4, p.760-9 (1990). A numerical model of pulse propagation in a semiconductor is used to simulate the technique of interferometric sampling of the semiconductor response to an optical pulse. Interferometric sampling is a form of time-resolved interferometry which combines elements of classical interferometry and pump-probe techniques to obtain the transient response of nonlinear refractive index and absorption changes in a material. The technique is shown to accurately measure saturated changes in phase and transmittance, as well as the interband recombination time. >
Washington State Recreational Marijuana Legalization: Parent and Adolescent Perceptions, Knowledge, and Discussions in a Sample of Low-Income Families

Background: In November 2012, Washington State and Colorado became the first states in the United States to legalize recreational marijuana use for adults, and Uruguay became the first country to a...
The ClassMaps Survey: A Measure of Middle School Science Students’ Perceptions of Classroom Characteristics

This study examined the structure, internal consistency, and construct validity of the ClassMaps Survey, a measure of classroom characteristics that are related to students’ resilience and classroo...
Compartmental Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Oral Amprenavir with Secondary Peaks

Amprenavir is a protease inhibitor that has been shown to have secondary peaks postulated to be due to enterohepatic recycling. We propose a model to describe the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir which accommodates the secondary peak(s). A total of 82 healthy human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative subjects were administered a single 600-mg dose of amprenavir as part of adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5043. Serial blood samples were obtained over 24 h. Samples were analyzed for amprenavir and fit to a compartmental model using ADAPT II software, with all relevant parameters conditional with respect to bioavailability. The model accommodated secondary peaks by incorporating clearance out of the central compartment with delayed instantaneous release back into the gut compartment. The data were weighted by the inverse of the estimated measurement error variance; model discrimination was determined using Akaike's Information Criteria. A total of 76 subjects were evaluable in the study analysis. The data were best fit by a two-compartment model, with 98.7% of the subjects demonstrating a secondary peak. Amprenavir had a mean total clearance of 1.163 liters/h/kg of body weight (0.7), a central volume of distribution of 1.208 liters/kg (0.8), a peripheral volume of distribution of 8.2 liters/kg (0.81), and distributional clearance of 0.04 liters/h/kg (0.81). The time to the secondary peak was 7.86 h (0.17), and clearance into a recycling compartment was 0.111 liters/kg/h (0.74). Amprenavir pharmacokinetics has been well described using a two-compartment model with clearance to a recycling compartment and release back into the gut. The nature of the secondary peaks may be an important consideration for the interpretation of amprenavir plasma concentrations during therapeutic drug monitoring.
Dosimetric characterization of an encapsulated interstitial brachytherapy source of 125I on a tungsten substrate.

Abstract Purpose: Recently, a new design of an encapsulated 125 I source using a tungsten substrate has been introduced by Best Medical International and named as Best Model 2301 source. In contrast to model 6711 source that uses silver as substrate, the model 2301 source does not yield fluorescent x rays (22.1 keV and 25.5 keV) in the energy range of dosimetric interest. This changes the dosimetric characteristics of the source and experimental determination of these characteristics is needed. Methods and Materials: In this work, the dosimetric characteristics of the tungstenbased 125 I source were measured using LiF TLDs in a Solid Water™ phantom. The dose rate constant as well as the radial dose function and anisotropy function were measured. Results: The dose rate constant for the tungsten-based source was determined to be 1.02 ± 0.07 cGy h −1 U −1 in contrast to the previously reported value of 0.98 for the silver-based model 6711 source. The radial dose function for the tungsten-based model 2301 source decreases slightly less rapidly with distance than that for the silver-based model 6711 source. Considerable differences in the anisotropy functions between the two sources were observed. Conclusions: Dosimetric parameters of the Model 2301 source, based on AAPM TG-43 formalism, have been experimentally determined.
Reliability and Validity of a Q-Sort Measure of Attachment Security in Hispanic Infants

An existing set of items for the Q-sort methodology was adapted for a Hispanic population by reducing the numberof items, rewriting the items into "easy English" and translating the items into Spanish. Hispanic mothers completed Q-sort ratings, participated in the Strange Situation with their infants, and were visited in their homes. Observers completed Q-sort ratings after a laboratory or home visit. The mean correlation between Q-sort ratings was .56for mothers, .66for laboratory observations, and .68for home observations. The mean correlations of the easy English Q-sort items with the original wording and with the Spanish translation were .78 and .66, respectively. Ratings on the atachment items in the Q-set significantly differentiated attachment classifications determined from infant behavior in the Strange Situation. The results suggest that the Q-sort scores provide a quantitative measure of individual differences in security of infant attachment.
Yeast NDI1 improves oxidative phosphorylation capacity and increases protection against oxidative stress and cell death in cells carrying a Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mutation

G11778A in the subunit ND4 gene of NADH dehydrogenase complex is the most common primary mutation found in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients. The NDI1 gene, which encodes the internal NADH–quinone oxidoreductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was introduced into the nuclear genome of a mitochondrial defective human cell line, Le1.3.1, carrying the G11778A mutation. In transformant cell lines, LeNDI1-1 and -2, total and complex I-dependent respiration were fully restored and largely resistant to complex I inhibitor, rotenone, indicating a dominant role of NDI1 in the transfer of electrons in the host cells. Whereas the original mutant Le1.3.1 cell grows poorly in medium containing galactose, the transformants have a fully restored growth capacity in galactose medium, although the ATP production was not totally recovered. Furthermore, the increased oxidative stress in the cells carrying the G11778A mutation was alleviated in transformants, demonstrated by a decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Finally, transformants were also shown to be desensitized to induction to apoptosis and also exhibit greater resistance to paraquat-induced cell death. It is concluded that the yeast NDI1 enzyme can improve the oxidative phosphorylation capacity in cells carrying the G11778A mutation and protect the cells from oxidative stress and cell death.
The physical limits of computing

Many of the fundamental limits on information processing, from thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics, are only a few decades away. Novel physically motivated computing paradigms, such as reversible computing and quantum computing, may help in certain ways, but even they remain subject to some basic limits. One can arrive at several firm conclusions regarding upper bounds on the limits of computing. In this article, the author only reviews the fundamental technology-independent limits.
Five-year follow-up of laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia using the Technolas Keracor 117C excimer laser.

PURPOSE: To evaluate safety, predictability, efficiency, and long-term stability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for spherical hyperopia. METHODS: This study was a retrospective 5-year analysis of 67 patients (125 eyes) who had LASIK for spherical hyperopia; preoperative mean manifest spherical equivalent refraction was +3.84 ± 1.13 D (range +1.00 to +6.50 D) and mean astigmatism was 0.37 ± 0.27 D (range 0 to 1.00 D). Preoperative spherical equivalent refraction for the low hyperopia group was +1.00 to +2.75 D; medium hyperopia group, +3.00 to +4.25 D, and high hyperopia group, +4.50 to +6.50 D. All surgeries were performed using the scanning Chiron Technolas Keracor 117C excimer laser. Uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, predictability, long-term stability of refraction, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: At 5 years after hyperopic LASIK, mean spherical equivalent refraction for the low hyperopia group was +0.48D t 0.79 D; medium hyperopia group, +1.52 ± 1.45 D; high hyperopia group C, +3.39 ± 1.98 D. The percentage of eyes with a spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.50 D of emmetropia for the low hyperopia group was 63% (37 eyes); medium hyperopia group, 42% (20 eyes); high hyperopia group, 22% (4 eyes). Eyes with chronic dry eye symptoms had a mean difference in spherical equivalent refraction from target refraction of +1.43 D compared with +0.84 D for eyes without dry eye symptoms. Five eyes (4%) lost 2 lines of BSCVA at 5 years. CONCLUSION: LASIK was safe, effective, and stable for primary hyperopia between +1.00 and +3.00 D. Higher amounts of hyperopia had poor long-term stability, especially eyes with more than +4.25 D. Chronic dry eye symptoms were associated with regression over time.
Chapter 5: Altruism, Rule Violators, and the Case for Modularity

Chapter 5 from Field, Alexander J. 2001, Altruistically Inclined: The Behavioral Sciences, Evolutionary Theory, and the Origins of Reciprocity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Systemic Activity of Shell SD-9129 in Cotton Plants

The systemic activity of Shell SD-9129 (dimethyl phosphate ester with 3-hydroxy- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide) in cotton plants was studied by bioassay and radioassay. The insects and a mite used for bioassay were the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover; the boll weevil, Anthonomus Grandis Boheman; and the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus Lelarius (L.), After application to lower leaves, little or no SD-9129 was found in untreated leaves above treated lower leaves. However, relatively large amounts were found in nectar of the cotton plant after the toxicant was applied to the stem. 5D-9129 was not particularly effective as a systemic insecticide when it was applied to cotton seed or to the soil.
Comparative theoretical study of H 2 Se adsorption and dissociation on ZnO ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) , TiO 2 ( 110 ) , and Zn 2 TiO 4 ( 010 )

Removal of corrosive or toxic species such as As, Se, and S is critical to the successful implementation of high efficiency integrated gasification combined cycle processes to utilize coal as a more environmentally friendly fuel. In this work we comparatively study the mechanisms of surface reaction of ${\text{H}}_{2}\text{Se}$ on a regenerable sorbent, zinc orthotitanate $({\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4})$, and two constituent materials, ZnO and ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$, using first-principles density-functional theory. ${\text{H}}_{2}\text{Se}$ adsorbs more strongly on the $\text{ZnO}(10\overline{1}0)$ and ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}(010)$ surfaces than on the ${\text{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ surface. Investigation of the dissociation rates shows that dehydrogenation should be facile on both ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}$ and ZnO while it is much slower on ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$. Evaluation of sublimation energies of ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}$ and ZnO suggests that ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}$ has higher thermal stability than ZnO due to addition of ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$, in agreement with experimental results.
Effects of the collateral circulation of the heart

Collateral circulation minimizes the myocardial injury which results from narrowing of a coronary artery. A large collateral circulation has disadvantages, however. It may divert so much of the limited blood flow through the adjacent nonarteriosclerotic coronary artery that the blood supply of the normal muscle supplied by that artery may be inadequate during heavy exercise. In the presence of a large collateral circulation, both the normal and ischemic regions of the heart may be extremely vulnerable to small arteriosclerotic changes narrowing the patent artery near the aorta. The effective increase in flow which results from arteriolar vasodilatation produced by drugs may be much greater in the presence of a small collateral circulation than a large one.
An Evidence-Based Framework for Determination of Material Constants in Advanced Plasticity Models

The principles of evidence theory are used to develop a nondeterministic framework for determination of material constants in advanced plasticity models. Both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties rooted in material microstructure, choice of experimental approach to obtain stressstrain curves at high strain rates and temperatures, method of fitting the constants, and expert opinions for capturing the physics of dynamic material behavior are considered. A step-by-step methodology is presented for deriving the constants in interval form with corresponding assigned degree of belief that accounts for agreement, conflict, and ignorance relationship between different intervals. A formulation for the average belief structure is provided as a way to capture the characteristics of material considering all associated uncertainties. The developed framework is used to calculate the constants in the microstructure-based BCJ plasticity model for ductile heterogeneous metals. The results indicate that the calculated material constants can fairly accurately describe the macroscopic behavior of AL6061-T6 in various ranges of strain rates and temperatures.
The parameter optimization problem in state-of-the-art climate models and network analysis for systematic data mining in model intercomparison projects.

The focus of this work is on two major problems facing the scientific community when using increasingly complicated climate model outputs to investigate the past and future evolution of our climate. On one hand, it is important to assess the reliability of such models and how their response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations may depend on the parameters and parameterizations chosen; on the other, it is fundamental to improve our ability to validate and compare model results in a robust, compact, and meaningful way. Understanding how sensitive climate models are to changes in their parameters is of fundamental importance when addressing the problem of modeled climate sensitivity. Here a quadratic metamodel that uses a polynomial approximation to describe the parameter dependency is presented together with its application to the Community Atmospheric Model, CAM, in its two latest versions. Furthermore, the application of complex network analysis to climate fields is briefly summarized and a novel methodology that allows for robust model intercomparisons is presented together with a set of metrics to quantify the topological properties of model outputs. The application of the network analysis to outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5) completes the notes.
An Introduction to Neuroendocrine Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the science of neuroendocrinology, offering general descriptions of neuroendocrine systems. Neuroendocrinology is a relatively new science that emerged in the mid-20th century as a branch of endocrinology, propelled in part by the realization that the brain produces neurohormones and thereby functions as an endocrine organ. Homeostatic regulation in physiological systems can be described in terms of control systems analysis, using basic terms and concepts borrowed from engineers. Neuroendocrine homeostatic systems can involve the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and an end-organ or target tissues functioning together as an axis. Secretions of GH and PRL are predominantly under the control of two-tier systems in which short-loop feedback functions are the major regulatory mechanism. The reduced importance of long-loop feedback control in these systems is probably a function of the distributed targets of GH and PRL actions. A fundamental property that is specific to many neuroendocrine cell groups is the propensity to release neurohormone in synchrony and at regular intervals.
DNA Walkers as Transport Vehicles of Nanoparticles Along a Carbon Nanotube Track

DNA-based molecular motors are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring protein motors. Typical DNA walkers are constructed from synthetic short DNA strands and are powered by various free energy changes during hybridization reactions. Due to the constraints set by their small physical dimension and slow kinetics, most DNA walkers are characterized by ensemble measurements that result in averaged kinetics data. Here we present a synthetic DNA walker system that exploits the extraordinary physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and the functionalities of DNA molecules, which enables real-time control and monitoring of single-DNA walkers over an extended period.
A Randomized Trial of Collaborative Care for Perinatal Depression in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Women: The Impact of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

OBJECTIVE The comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with antenatal depression poses increased risks for postpartum depression and may delay or diminish response to evidence-based depression care. In a secondary analysis of an 18-month study of collaborative care for perinatal depression, the authors hypothesized that pregnant, depressed, socioeconomically disadvantaged women with comorbid PTSD would show more improvement in the MOMCare intervention providing Brief Interpersonal Psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, compared to intensive public health Maternity Support Services (MSS-Plus). METHODS A multisite randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment was conducted in the Seattle-King County Public Health System, July 2009-January 2014. Pregnant women were recruited who met criteria for a probable diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and/or dysthymia on the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (5.0.0). The primary outcome was depression severity at 3-, 6-, 12-and 18-month follow-ups; secondary outcomes included functional improvement, PTSD severity, depression response and remission, and quality of depression care. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of the sample of 164 met criteria for probable comorbid PTSD. The treatment effect was significantly associated with PTSD status in a group-by-PTSD severity interaction, controlling for baseline depression severity (Wald χ²₁ = 4.52, P = .03). Over the 18-month follow-up, those with comorbid PTSD in MOMCare (n = 48), versus MSS-Plus (n = 58), showed greater improvement in depression severity (Wald χ²₁ = 8.51, P < .004), PTSD severity (Wald χ²₁ = 5.55, P < .02), and functioning (Wald χ²₁ = 4.40, P < .04); higher rates of depression response (Wald χ²₁ = 4.13, P < .04) and remission (Wald χ²₁ = 5.17, P < .02); and increased use of mental health services (Wald χ²₁ = 39.87, P < .0001) and antidepressant medication (Wald χ²₁ = 8.07, P < .005). Participants without comorbid PTSD in MOMCare (n = 33) and MSS-Plus (n = 25) showed equivalent improvement on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Collaborative depression care had a greater impact on perinatal depressive outcomes for socioeconomically disadvantaged women with comorbid PTSD than for those without PTSD. Findings suggest that a stepped care treatment model for high-risk pregnant women with both MDD and PTSD could be integrated into public health systems in the United States. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01045655.
Job Stress, Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment and Their Associations with Job Burnout Among Indian Police Officers: a Research Note

Job burnout can negatively impact individual officers, the organization that employs the burned out officers, citizens with whom these officers directly interact, and the community more broadly. The vast majority of the empirical research on burnout has been based on Western police officers. The present study extends our understanding of the associations that job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and continuance commitment have with the three dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of accomplishment) among Indian police officers. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was used to examine survey data from 827 police officers in the Sonipat and Rohtak districts of the Indian state of Haryana using a systematic random sample. The findings indicate that job involvement and job satisfaction were associated with lower levels of all three dimensions of burnout. Job stress was associated with emotional and reduced accomplishment burnout. High affective commitment was associated with lower levels of a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, while continuance commitment was associated with higher levels of emotional and depersonalization burnout. The results suggest that job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and continuance commitment have effects on burnout among Indian officers, as has been found among Western officers. As such, police scholars and administrators should focus on reducing job stress and continuance commitment and increasing job involvement, job satisfaction, and affective commitment among officers.
Results of Screening in Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

Background: Although a family history of thyroid cancer is one of the main risk factors for thyroid cancer, the benefit of screening individuals with a family history of thyroid cancer is not known. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with yearly screening using neck ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodule(s) >0.5 cm in at-risk individuals whose relatives were diagnosed with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC). The eligibility criteria were the presence of thyroid cancer in two or more first-degree relatives and being older than seven years of age. Twenty-five kindred were enrolled in the study (12 families with two members affected, and 13 with three or more members affected at enrollment). Results: Thyroid cancer was detected by screening in 4.6% (2/43) of at-risk individuals from families with two members affected, and in 22.7% (15/66) of at-risk members from families with three or more patients affected (p = 0.01). FNMTC detected by screening was characte...
Puromycin based inhibitors of aminopeptidases for the potential treatment of hematologic malignancies

Abstract Substantial progress has been described in the study of puromycin and its analogs for antibiotic properties. However, the peptidase inhibitory activity of related analogs has not been explored as extensively. Specifically, inhibiting aminopeptidases for achieving antitumor effect has been sparsely investigated. Herein, we address this challenge by reporting the synthesis of a series of analogs based on the structural template of puromycin. We also present exhaustive biochemical and in vitro analyses in support of our thesis. Analyzing the structure–activity relationship revealed a steric requirement for maximum potency. Effective inhibitors of Puromycin–Sensitive Aminopeptidase (PSA) are disclosed here. These potential therapeutic agents display superior in vitro antitumor potency against two leukemic cell lines, as compared to known inhibitors of aminopeptidases.
Gene expression profiles in auricle skin as a possible additional endpoint for determination of sensitizers: A multi-endpoint evaluation of the local lymph node assay.

Abstract The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is widely used to test chemicals to induce skin sensitization. Exposure of mouse auricle skin to a sensitizer results in proliferation of local lymph node T cells, which has been measured by in vivo incorporation of H3-methyl thymidine or 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The stimulation index (SI), the ratio of the mean proliferation in each treated group to that in the concurrent vehicle control group, is frequently used as a regulatory-authorized endpoint for LLNA. However, some non-sensitizing irritants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or methyl salicylate (MS), have been reported as false-positives by this endpoint. In search of a potential endpoint to enhance the specificity of existing endpoints, we evaluated 3 contact sensitizers; (hexyl cinnamic aldehyde [HCA], oxazolone [OXA], and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [DNCB]), 1 respiratory sensitizer (toluene 2,4-diisocyanate [TDI]), and 2 non-sensitizing irritants (MS and SDS) by several endpoints in LLNA. Each test substance was applied to both ears of female CBA/Ca mice daily for 3 consecutive days. The ears and auricle lymph node cells were analyzed on day 5 for endpoints including the SI value, lymph node cell count, cytokine release from lymph node cells, and histopathological changes and gene expression profiles in auricle skin. The SI values indicated that all the test substances induced significant proliferation of lymph node cells. The lymph node cell counts showed no significant changes by the non-sensitizers assessed. The inflammatory findings of histopathology were similar among the auricle skins treated by sensitizers and irritants. Gene expression profiles of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 in auricle skin were similar to the cytokine release profiles in draining lymph node cells. In addition, the gene expression of the chemokine CXCL1 and/or CXCL2 showed that it has the potential to discriminate sensitizers and non-sensitizing irritants. Our results suggest that multi-endpoint analysis in the LLNA leads to a better determination of the sensitizing potential of test substances. We also show that the gene expression of CXCL1 and/or CXCL2, which is involved in elicitation of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), can be a possible additional endpoint for discrimination of sensitizing compounds in LLNA.
Multivariate Analysis Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations In A Tensioned Cylinder Reveal Nonlinear Modal Interactions

Abstract The modal structure of a tension-dominated flexible cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations in a uniform current is investigated through multivariate analysis. Experiments are performed in a recirculating flow channel where a flexible cylinder is mounted across the flow channel and subjected to a uniform current. The cylinder response is measured using motion tracking with two high speed cameras, allowing for the measurement of both in-line and cross-flow motions of the cylinder. The recorded motion of the cylinder is analyzed in its measured phase space using smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Both decompositions show that most of the motion energy is captured in a six-dimensional subspace; however, the corresponding modal structures are different between the decompositions. While SOD-based modes are persistent regardless of whether the flow speed is increasing or decreasing, the POD modes do not maintain this consistency. For example, the dominant (i.e., most energetic) POD mode changes shape depending on whether the flow speed is undergoing an increase or decrease. This inconsistency leads to a variability in the modal energy that is affected by hysteresis if the POD method is used. Modal frequency response curves show the corresponding variance of the modal response versus the reduced flow velocity. SOD-based plots show hardening spring behavior in the first mode oscillations, which are dominant at low reduced velocities and have negligible amplitude at high reduced velocities. Second mode oscillations are negligible at low reduced velocities but undergo subcritical Hopf bifurcation at higher reduced velocities. The associated hysteresis behaviors are observed over the same range of reduced velocity values for both modes. POD analysis also detects this behavior, but it is less pronounced and leaks into higher-order modes.
Light alkene production by cracking Picochlorum oculatum microalgae using aluminosilicate catalysts

Microalgae are increasingly viewed as a sustainable potential resource of chemicals and biologicals. The production of light alkenes (C2-C4 olefins), a major precursor to plastics and other value-added chemicals currently produced from fossil fuels, was studied by catalytically cracking marine microalgae Picochlorum oculatum. The process was studied in the temperature range of 400–650 °C using two aluminosilicate catalysts; (1) commercial Si/Al at catalyst-to-algae mass ratios of zero, 1:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1; and (2) H-β zeolite at a catalyst-to-algae mass ratio of 10:1. Ethene was obtained as the most significant light olefin product followed by propene and butenes as a result of the selectivity of the Si/Al catalyst towards ethene formation. The total olefin yield rose with increasing temperature, as cracking of cellular macromolecules intensified. However, olefin formation started to level off above 550 °C. The total olefin yield also rose with increasing catalyst-to-algae mass ratio, as a result of the presence of more catalytic reaction sites, but the impact lessened at high ratios. A maximum ethene yield (7.3%) was achieved using Si/Al at a catalyst-to-algae mass ratio of 20:1, whereas a maximum propene yield (5.1%) was obtained using H-β zeolite at a catalyst-to-algae ratio of 10:1. The study provided a more effective catalyst for producing light olefins, compared to previous reports, as the maximum total olefin yields of 10.3% and 12.3% with Si/Al (20:1 ratio) and H-β zeolite (10:1 ratio), respectively, exceeded the literature reported yield by 34% and 60%, respectively.