cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on natural and induced epizootics of vibriosis in Crassostrea virginica larvae

Abstract Observations of a spontaneous infection in Crassostrea virginica larvae at Milford Laboratory indicate that the causative microorganism, Vibrio sp., was present in the filtered, uv light-treated sea water in very low concentrations. The disease was usually noted within 6–10 days after fertilization of eggs and mortality was usually complete about 6–8 days later. The disease could be induced by adding either washed cells of the pathogen or the broth filtrate. Observations made when the filtrate was employed indicate that the bacterium produced a toxin capable of breaking down the tissue structure of the oyster larvae. Mortalities were prevented with 100 mg of neomycin/liter of oyster egg culture.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: reappraisal of wide local excision and impact of inadequate initial treatment.

Background: The extent of local invasion in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is often clinically difficult to appreciate, and this leads to inadequate resections. We examined the effect of inadequate initial treatment and the efficacy of wide resection. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of 35 patients with DFSP treated at our institution (1985 and 2001). Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon’s ranked sum test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Of the 24 patients eligible for analysis, 11 had definitive wide resection after diagnostic excisions elsewhere (primary group), and 13 had recurrent tumors after previous surgical treatment elsewhere (recurrent group). Twenty-three patients were treated with wide resection only, and adjuvant radiation was administered to one patient who had a fibrosarcoma. At a median follow-up of 54 months, patients definitively treated at our institution had a 100% local recurrence–free survival. In comparison to the primary group, recurrent DFSPs were significantly larger and deeper and occurred in the head and neck region. Five cases had bone involvement, and of these, 80% occurred in the recurrent group. Conclusions: Inadequate initial treatment results in larger, deeper recurrent lesions, but these can be managed by appropriate wide excision. Wide resection of DFSP (whether recurrent or primary) with negative histological margins predicts a superior local recurrence–free survival.
Increased gastroduodenal concentrations of transforming growth factor alpha in adaptation to aspirin in monkeys and rats.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The mechanism by which gastric mucosa becomes more resistant to damage by repeated aspirin administration is not known. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevent drug-induced gastric injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether gastroduodenal tissue levels of TGF-alpha and EGF protein were altered during adaptation to aspirin-induced injury in monkeys and rats in vivo. METHODS: Animals were given aspirin daily for up to 28 days. Gross mucosal injury was assessed by computerized image analysis in rats and by endoscopy in monkeys. Mucosal concentrations of TGF-alpha and EGF were quantitated by radioimmunoassays from endoscopic biopsy samples in monkeys and from scraped mucosa in rats. RESULTS: Long-term administration of aspirin caused a significant increase in gastric and duodenal tissue levels of TGF-alpha in monkeys and rats; the increased levels of TGF-alpha significantly correlated with the decrease in aspirin-induced injury. No change in the gastroduodenal tissue levels of EGF was observed. Adaptation was not associated with any significant change in basal gastric acid secretion in monkeys and occurred despite a significant decrease in gastric mucin in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptation of the gastric mucosa to the damaging effect of aspirin is associated with a significant and specific increase in TGF- alpha protein in the gastroduodenum. (Gastroenterology 1996 May;110(5):1448-55)
Distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in a tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and its putative diploid ancestors.

The most widely cultivated species of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum, is a disomic tetraploid (2n=4x=52). It has been proposed previously that extant A- and D-genome species are most closely related to the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in the A-genome speciesG. herbaceum andG. arboreum, the D-genome speciesG. raimondii andG. thurberi, and the AD tetraploidG. hirsutum. High signal-to-noise, single-label FISH was used to enumerate rDNA loci, and simultaneous, dual-label FISH was used to determine the syntenic relationships of 5S rDNA loci relative to 18S–28S rDNA loci. These techniques provided greater sensitivity than our previous methods and permitted detection of six newG. hirsutum 18S–28S rDNA loci, bringing the total number of observed loci to 11. Differences in the intensity of the hybrizization signal at these loci allowed us to designate them as major, intermediate, or minor 18–28S loci. Using genomic painting with labeled A-genome DNA, five 18S–28S loci were localized to theG. hirsutum A-subgenome and six to the D-subgenome. Four of the 11 18S–28S rDNA loci inG. hirsutum could not be accounted for in its presumed diploid progenitors, as both A-genome species has three loci and both D-genome species had four.G. hirsutum has two 5S rDNA loci, both of which are syntenic to major 18S–28S rDNA loci. All four of the diploid genomes wer examined contained a single 5S locus. InG. herbaceum (A1) andG. thurberi (D1), the 5S locus is syntenic to a major 18S–28S locus, but inG. arboreum (A2) andG. raimondii (D5), the proposed D-genome progenitor ofG. hirsutum, the 5S loci are syntenic tominor and intermediate 18S–28S loci, respecitively. The multiplicity, variation in size and site number, and lack of additivity between the tetraploid species and its putative diploid ancestors indicate that the behavior of rDNA loci in cotton is nondogmatic, and considerably more complex and dynamic than previously envisioned. The relative variability of 18S–28S rDNA loci versus 5S rDNA loci suggests that the behavior of tandem repearts can differ widely.
Enhanced Detection and Identification of Glycopeptides in Negative Ion Mode Mass Spectrometry

A combined mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approach implemented with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI FTICR MS) in the negative ion mode is described for enhanced glycopeptide detection and MS/MS analysis. Positive ion mode MS analysis is widely used for glycopeptide characterization, but the analyses are hampered by potential charge-induced fragmentation of the glycopeptides and poor detection of the glycopeptides harboring sialic acids. Furthermore, tandem MS analysis (MS/MS) via collision-induced dissociation (CID) of glycopeptides in the positive ion mode predominantly yields glycan fragmentation with minimal information to verify the connecting peptide moiety. In this study, glycoproteins such as, bovine lactoferrin (b-LF) for N-glycosylation and kappa casein (k-CN) for O-glycosylation were analyzed in both the positive- and negative ion modes after digestion with bead-immobilized Pronase. For the b-LF analysis, 44 potential N-linked glycopeptides were detected in the positive ion mode while 61 potential N-linked glycopeptides were detected in the negative ion mode. By the same token, more O-linked glycopeptides mainly harboring sialic acids from k-CN were detected in the negative ion mode. The enhanced glycopeptide detection allowed improved site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation and superior to positive ion mode detection. Overall, the negative ion mode approach is aimed toward enhanced N- and O-linked glycopeptide detection and to serve as a complementary tool to positive ion mode MS/MS analysis.
Accessibility of optima in pure exchange economies

Abstract Assuming differentiable monotonicity and differentiable convexity of utility functions, we show that if y and z are allocations of a pure exchange economy with z optimal and preferred to y by every agent, then there is a trade curve of finite length from y to z . We make no assumption on utility functions designed to ‘keep away from the boundary’. The conclusion need not hold if z is not optimal, unless a special boundary condition is assumed and ( l , m ) ≠ (2, 2).
Analysis of deprotonated acids with silicon nanoparticle‐assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry

Chemically modified silicon nanoparticles were applied for the laser desorption/negative ionization of small acids. A series of substituted sulfonic acids and fatty acids was studied. Compared to desorption ionization on porous silicon (DIOS) and other matrix-less laser desorption/ionization techniques, silicon nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SPALDI) mass spectrometry allows for the analysis of acids in the negative ion mode without the observation of multimers or cation adducts. Using SPALDI, detection limits of many acids reached levels down to 50 pmol/µl. SPALDI of fatty acids with unmodified silicon nanoparticles was compared to SPALDI using the fluoroalkyl silylated silicon powder, with the unmodified particles showing better sensitivity for fatty acids, but with more low-mass background due to impurities and surfactants in the untreated silicon powder. The fatty acids exhibited a size-dependent response in both SPALDI and unmodified SPALDI, showing a signal intensity increase with the chain length of the fatty acids (C12-C18), leveling off at chain lengths of C18-C22. The size effect may be due to the crystallization of long chain fatty acids on the silicon. This hypothesis was further explored and supported by SPALDI of several, similar sized, unsaturated fatty acids with various crystallinities. Fatty acids in milk lipids and tick nymph samples were directly detected and their concentration ratios were determined by SPALDI mass spectrometry without complicated and time-consuming purification and esterification required in the traditional analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC). These results suggest that SPALDI mass spectrometry has the potential application in fast screening for small acids in crude samples with minimal sample preparation. Copyright c � 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chloroxymorphamine, and opioid receptor site-directed alkylating agent having narcotic agonist activity

Chloroxymorphamine, the 6beta-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) derivative of oxymorphone, is a potent nonequilibrium narcotic agonist in the longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea pig ileum. The corresponding naltrexone analog,chlornaltrexamine, is a potent nonequilibrium antagonist of morphine. These receptor sitedirected alkylating agents possess considerable potenial as pharmacologic and biochemical probes of apoid receptors.
The roles of NADH in the support of steroid aromatization by human placental microsomes

Abstract The ability of NADH to function as an alternative cofactor for the support of estrogen biosynthesis was validated. NADH supported rates of aromatization of up to 80% of those obtained with NADPH, with an apparent Km of 0.70 mM, and stimulated the NADPH-supported reaction only when supplies of the normal cofactor were limiting, both additive and synergistic effects being observed. NADH-supported aromatization was inhibited competitively by NADP+ and 2′-AMP with Ki values of 5 μM and 22 μM, respectively. Support by both cofactors was lost in parallel with the selective removal of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase from microsomes by graded subtilisin treatment. NADH-supported aromatization was differentiated from NADPH-supported aromatization by its sensitivity to inhibition by NAD+ and its response to changes in ionic strength. NADH appears to function, at high concentrations, as a surrogate for NADPH at the reduced nucleotide-binding site of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase but additional roles for NADH are also suggested both when acting alone and as a supplement to NADPH. A common oxidase (cytochrome P-450) appears to catalyze both NADH- and NADPH-supported aromatization.
INTRAVENOUS AMINO ACIDS STIMULATE GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN INFANTS

To determine the effect of an intravenous amino acid infusion on gastric acid secretion we measured acid secretion in 7 enterally fed chronically ill infants (age 3-7 mo, weight 2-6 kg) requiring intravenous supplements. Amino acids were emitted from intravenous solutions for 8 hr, and enteral feedings were omitted for 6 hr prior to studies on 2 consecutive days. On day 1 basal acid output (BAO) was 28±5 μmoles/kg.hr, and post-pentagastrin (6 μg/kg, s.c.) maximal acid output (MAO) was 99±20 μmoles/kg.hr. On day 2 BAO was determined and then acid output was measured for 4 hr following addition of amino acids (Aminosyn, Abbott) to the intravenous solution. The rate of amino acid infusion was 0.15 gm/kg.hr. Serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay before and after amino acid infusion. All results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Amino acid-stimulated acid output was significantly higher than BAD in the final 2 hr. The infusion of intravenous amino acids resulted in 1) an immediate and sustained increase in acid secretion 2) a 2-fold increase in acid secretion to 50% MAO, and 3) no significant change in serum gastrin concentration. We conclude that amino acids infused at a rate typical for parenteral nutrition stimulate gastric acid secretion in infants.
Flustered and faithful: embarrassment as a signal of prosociality.

Although individuals experience embarrassment as an unpleasant, negative emotion, the authors argue that expressions of embarrassment serve vital social functions, signaling the embarrassed individual’s prosociality and fostering trust. Extending past research on embarrassment as a nonverbal apology and appeasement gesture, the authors demonstrate that observers recognize the expression of embarrassment as a signal of prosociality and commitment to social relationships. In turn, observers respond with affiliative behaviors toward the signaler, including greater trust and desire to affiliate with the embarrassed individual. Five studies tested these hypotheses and ruled out alternative explanations. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals who are more embarrassable also reported greater prosociality and behaved more generously than their less embarrassable counterparts. Results of Studies 2‐5 revealed that observers rated embarrassed targets as being more prosocial and less antisocial relative to targets who displayed either a different emotion or no emotion. In addition, observers were more willing to give resources and express a desire to affiliate with these targets, and these effects were mediated by perceptions of the targets as prosocial.
Soybean aphid resistance genes in the soybean cultivars Dowling and Jackson map to linkage group M

The soybean aphid [Aphis glycines Matsumura] is an important pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in North America. Single dominant genes in the cultivars ‘Dowling’ and ‘Jackson’ control resistance to the soybean aphid. The gene in Dowling was named Rag1, and the genetic relationship between Rag1 and the gene in Jackson is not known. The objectives of this study were to map the locations of Rag1 and the Jackson gene onto the soybean genetic map. Segregation of aphid resistance and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in F 2:3 populations developed from crosses between Dowling and the two susceptible soybean cultivars ‘Loda’ and ‘Williams 82’, and between Jackson and Loda, were analyzed. Both Rag1 and the Jackson gene segregated 1:2:1 in the F 2:3 populations and mapped to soybean linkage group M between the markers Satt435 and Satt463. Rag1 mapped 4.2 cM from Satt435 and 7.9 cM from Satt463. The Jackson gene mapped 2.1 cM from Satt435 and 8.2 cM from Satt463. Further tests to determine genetic allelism between Rag1 and the Jackson gene are in progress. The SSR markers flanking these resistance genes are being used in marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance in soybean breeding programs.
EH domain of EHD1

EHD1 is a member of the mammalian C-terminal Eps15 homology domain (EH) containing protein family, and regulates the recycling of various receptors from the endocytic recycling compartment to the plasma membrane. The EH domain of EHD1 binds to proteins containing either an Asn-Pro-Phe or Asp-Pro-Phe motif, and plays an important role in the subcellular localization and function of EHD1. Thus far, the structures of five N-terminal EH domains from other proteins have been solved, but to date, the structure of the EH domains from the four C-terminal EHD family paralogs remains unknown. In this study, we have assigned the 133 C-terminal residues of EHD1, which includes the EH domain, and solved its solution structure. While the overall structure resembles that of the second of the three N-terminal Eps15 EH domains, potentially significant differences in surface charge and the structure of the tripeptide-binding pocket are discussed.
High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for separation and quantification of zeatin and zeatin riboside from pears, peaches and apples

Abstract A method for purification of zeatin and zeatin riboside from plant extracts for quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Initial separation is by chromatography on insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and C18 Porasil B columns, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel H. The final separations and quantification are done with methanol—water (pH 7)_ and then acetonitrile—water (pH 3) on μBondapak C18 analytical HPLC columns.
A finite polynomial algorithm for computing the largest eigenvalue of the "Toeplitz+Hankel" operator of the H ∞ problem

We construct a finite algorithm for computing the achievable feedback performance evaluated in the H∞ sense. This finite algorithm, which contrasts with previous iterative procedures, reduces the problem of evaluating the achievable performance to the computation of the zeros of a polynomial matrix. It is based on a strange connection between the H∞ and linear-quadratic problems--a "Toeplitz + Hankel" operator shared by both problems.
Grasp posture modulates attentional prioritization of space near the hands

Changes in visual processing near the hands may assist observers in evaluating items that are candidates for actions. If altered vision near the hands reflects adaptations linked to effective action production, then positioning the hands for different types of actions could lead to different visual biases. I examined the influence of hand posture on attentional prioritization to test this hypothesis. Participants placed one of their hands on a visual display and detected targets appearing either near or far from the hand. Replicating previous findings, detection near the hand was facilitated when participants positioned their hand on the display in a standard open palm posture affording a power grasp (Experiments 1 and 3). However, when participants instead positioned their hand in a pincer grasp posture with the thumb and forefinger resting on the display, they were no faster to detect targets appearing near their hand than targets appearing away from their hand (Experiments 2 and 3). These results demonstrate that changes in visual processing near the hands rely on the hands' posture. Although hands positioned to afford power grasps facilitate rapid onset detection, a pincer grasp posture that affords more precise action does not.
Effects of anger awareness and expression training versus relaxation training on headaches: a randomized trial.

Background and Purpose Stress contributes to headaches, and effective interventions for headaches routinely include relaxation training (RT) to directly reduce negative emotions and arousal. Yet, suppressing negative emotions, particularly anger, appears to augment pain, and experimental studies suggest that expressing anger may reduce pain. Therefore, we developed and tested anger awareness and expression training (AAET) on people with headaches.
Clinical and experimental perspectives on metaphorical talk

Abstract Recent years have seen a proliferation in the numbers of books, articles, and workshops that discuss the relevance of metaphorical language to psychology. To a great extent, however, such proliferation represents the evolution of two distinct and uncoordinated literatures: namely, that of clinical or applied researchers, and that of experimental or basic (including psycholinguistic) researchers. The present article seeks to examine some areas of overlap between the two. It does so by comparing various definitions of metaphor and then examining the two literatures for how metaphorical talk “works” in the areas of memorability, comprehensibility, and aptness. Research implications for both literatures are proposed, and some of the difficulties associated with attempting such a comparison are discussed.
What in the world? Notes on Peter Taylor’s Political geography: world economy, state and locality

Abstract This paper consists of an extended reading of Political geography: world economy, state and locality , with the intention of pointing to material that could be added in future additions of the book. A number of aspects of the text are questioned, including the need to incorporate more analysis of religion, and the misreading of the importance and impact of popular culture throughout the world. The paper ends with a brief case study designed to indicate how connections across geographical scales might be made more vigorously.
Assessment of endothelial function in the patient with erectile dysfunction: an opportunity for the urologist

Although there is now ample evidence that men with manifest coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease and their risk factors are at highest risk for suffering from erectile dysfunction, recent findings demonstrate a strong connection between erectile dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction. This review explores how urologists and other providers may utilize the link between these conditions in clinical practice, compares methods of assessing endothelial dysfunction and finally speculates on how this additional information might impact treatment plans.
An optical and x-ray examination of two radio supernova remnant candidates in 30 Doradus

The giant H II region 30 Doradus is known for its violent internal motions and bright diffuse X-ray emission, suggesting the existence of supernova remnants (SNRs), but no nonthermal radio emission has been detected. Recently, Lazendic et al. compared the Hα/Hβ and radio/Hα ratios and suggested two small radio sources to be nonthermal and thus SNR candidates; however, no optical or X-ray counterparts were detected. We have used high-resolution optical images and high-dispersion spectra to examine the morphological, spectral, and kinematic properties of these two SNR candidates and still find no optical evidence supporting their identification as SNRs. We have also determined the X-ray luminosities of these SNR candidates and find them 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than those commonly seen in young SNRs. High extinction can obscure optical and X-ray signatures of an SNR, but would prohibit the use of a high radio/Hα ratio to identify nonthermal radio emission. We suggest that the SNR candidate MCRX J053831.8-690620 is associated with a young star-forming region; while the radio emission originates from the obscured star-forming region, the observed optical emission is dominated by the foreground. We suggest that the SNR candidate MCRX J053838.8-690730 is associated with a dust/molecular cloud, which obscures some optical emission but not the radio emission.
Blind spots in the toleration literature

Classic theories of religious toleration from the 17th century regularly made exceptions for various categories of people such as Catholics and atheists who need not be tolerated. From a contemporary perspective these may be understood as blind spots because at least some of us would argue that these exceptions were not necessary. This essay explores the toleration theories of John Milton, Benedict de Spinoza, Denis Veiras, John Locke and Pierre Bayle in order to assess whether they actually called for such exceptions and whether those exceptions were justifed or were in fact blind spots. It concludes with some reflections on what our own blind spots may be, and whether we can see around them.
System design considerations for fast-neutron interrogation systems

We are modelling a number of the fast-neutron interrogation techniques currently under consideration, to include fast neutron transmission spectroscopy, pulsed fast neutron analysis, and its variant, 14-MeV associated particle imaging. The goals of this effort are to determine the component requirements for each technique, identify trade-offs that system performance standards impose upon those component requirements, and assess the relative advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. In determining the component requirements, we will consider how they are driven by system performance standards, such as image resolution, scanning time, and statistical uncertainty. In considering the trade-offs between system components, we concentrate primarily on those which are common to all approaches, for example: source characteristics versus detector array requirements. We will then use the analysis to propose some figures of merit that enable performance comparisons between the various fast-neutron systems under consideration. The status of this ongoing effort is presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A decomposition for additive functionals of Lévy processes

Abstract Motivated by the recent results of Nualart and Xu (2013) concerning limits laws for occupation times of one dimensional symmetric stable processes, this paper proves a decomposition for functionals of one dimensional symmetric Levy processes under certain conditions on the characteristic exponent and computes the moments of the decomposition.
The accuracy of the olfactory sense in detecting alcohol intoxication in trauma patients.

Introduction A common presentation to the emergency department (ED) is the trauma patient with altered sensorium who is presumed to be alcohol intoxicated by physicians based on their olfactory sense. ED physicians may often leave patients suspected of alcohol intoxication aside until the effects wear off, potentially missing trauma as the source of confusion. This often results in delays in diagnosing acute potentially life-threatening injuries in patients with presumed alcohol intoxication. Objective This study aimed to determine the accuracy of a physician9s olfactory sense for diagnosing alcohol intoxication. Methods Patients suspected of major trauma in the ED underwent an evaluation by the examining physician for alcohol odour and a blood alcohol level. Alcohol intoxication was defined as a serum ethanol level ≥80 mg/100 ml. Data were reported as means with 95% CI or proportions with IQR 25–75%. Results 151 patients (70% men) were enrolled, with a median age of 45 years (IQR 33–56). The prevalence of alcohol intoxication was 43% (95% CI 35% to 51%). Operating Characteristics Physician assessment of alcohol intoxication: sensitivity 84% (95% CI 73% to 92%), specificity 87% (95% CI 78% to 93%), positive likelihood ratio 6.6 (95% CI 3.8 to 11.6), negative likelihood ratio 0.18 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.3) and accuracy 86% (95% CI 80% to 91%). 7.3% (95% CI 4% to 13%) of patients were falsely suspected of being intoxicated. Conclusions Although the physicians had a high degree of accuracy in identifying patients with alcohol intoxication based on their olfactory sense, they still falsely overestimated intoxication in significant numbers of non-intoxicated trauma patients.
Indirect Laser Treatment and Anti-VEGF Therapy of a Retinal Angioma, with Resolution of a Large Serous Retinal Detachment, Macular Exudates, and Macular Edema

Purpose: To report on a novel treatment strategy in an eye with a retinal angioma and macular edemaMethods: Wide-angle angiography was used to characterize the lesion and response to theraphy, while the treatment combined laser photocoagulation with the indirect laser delivery system, and intravitreal injections of pegaptanib and bevacizumab. Treatment was rendered over 21 months’ time.Results: The treatment resulted in graduate resolution of marked macular edema and exudation, with a gain in visual acuity.Conclusion: A combination of laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF theraphy can be effective in the treatment of macular exudation and edema from a retinal angioma.
Growing Chinese medicinal herbs in the United States: understanding practitioner preferences

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by US consumers has grown in recent years. CAM therapies often utilize medicinal herbs as part of the treatment process; however, research on US practitioner preferences for medicinal herbs is limited, despite growing concern surrounding the sustainability of wild-harvested medicinal herbs. In order better to understand consumer preferences for this emerging market, a mail survey of US practitioners (licensed acupuncturists) was conducted to examine the importance of five herb attributes in practitioners’ herb selection decisions: (1) country of origin, (2) freshness, (3) production method (organic versus conventional), (4) price, and (5) traceability. The significance of these five traits is investigated using discrete choice analysis, and the implications for US medicinal herb growers are discussed.
Language differentiation by the bilingual infant.

This paper traces the process involved in the bilingual infant's gradual differentiation of his two languages, beginning with the acquisition of a dual lexicon. Word combination is at first based indiscriminately on this dual language source; function words account for a disproportionately large number of tokens used in mixed-language utterances. Universal principles of child syntax are at first applied; later, rules specific to each of the languages are developed separately. The development of self-awareness and sensitivity to standards in the second year provides the essential cognitive underpinning for the child to begin to avoid mixed-language utterances and to choose his language according to his interlocutor. At a still later point the bilingual older child may begin to make use of code-switching strategies appropriate to his or her bilingual community.
Adult and Child Semantic Neighbors of the Kroll and Potter (1984) Nonobjects

Purpose The purpose was to determine the number of semantic neighbors, namely, semantic set size, for 88 nonobjects (J. F. Kroll & M. C. Potter, 1984) and determine how semantic set size related to...
Serotonin receptor activity is necessary for olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Learning and memory in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , is a complex behavior with many parallels to mammalian learning and memory. Although many neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA have previously been demonstrated to be involved in aversive olfactory learning and memory, the role of serotonin has not been well defined. Here, we present the first evidence of the involvement of individual serotonin receptors in olfactory learning and memory in the fly. We initially followed a pharmacological approach, utilizing serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists to demonstrate that all serotonin receptor families present in the fly are necessary for short-term learning and memory. Isobolographic analysis utilizing combinations of drugs revealed functional interactions are occurring between 5-HT 1A -like and 5-HT 2 , and 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 7 receptor circuits in mediating short-term learning and memory. Examination of long-term memory suggests that 5-HT 1A -like receptors are necessary for consolidation and important for recall, 5-HT 2 receptors are important for consolidation and recall, and 5-HT 7 receptors are involved in all three phases. Importantly, we have validated our pharmacological results with genetic experiments and showed that hypomorph strains for 5-HT 2 Dro and 5-HT 1B Dro receptors, as well as knockdown of 5-HT 7 Dro mRNA, significantly impair performance in short-term memory. Our data highlight the importance of the serotonin system and individual serotonin receptors to influence olfactory learning and memory in the fly, and position the fly as a model system to study the role of serotonin in cognitive processes relevant to mammalian CNS function.
Flows Inside and Around a Vaporizing/Condensing Drop Translating in an Electric Field

The flow behavior inside and around a translating liquid drop that simultaneously experiences a large interfacial radial mass flux as a result of evaporation or condensation, and the influence of a uniform electric field is analyzed in this paper. The steady-state equations of continuity and momentum of both continuous and drop phases are transformed, by a perturbation technique, into a series of systems of linear partial differential equations which are then solved analytically. The flow structure and the drag force are computed to the first order in e( =U∞ R/ν) , the perturbed parameter. Interfacial velocity profiles are represented by Legendre polynomials up to second order to accommodate the electric-field-induced shear stress. It is found that the presence of an electric field does not contribute to the total drag force, but greatly modifies the flow patterns. The droplet internal flow is dominated by the electric field such that the double loop Taylor flow appears at relatively high field strength. The outside flow is dominated by the interfacial mass flux and the recirculation zone only shows up for an evaporating drop under a negative electric field. The electric field also moves the dividing streamline toward to or away from the surface depending on the direction of the electric field and the velocity direction at the interface. Also the effects of an electric field on the flow field are more pronounced for a drop with outward interfacial mass flux because the electric field helps restore the strength of internal circulation weakened by the outward interfacial mass flux.
Minimum Sizes for Red Grouper: Consequences of Considering Variable Size at Age

Abstract The influence of variation in length at age on estimates of yield per recruit (YPR) for alternative minimum sizes was evaluated for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico stock of red grouper Epinephelus morio. The YPR and biological reference points, F 0.1 (the value of F at which the slope of the yield-per-recruit curve is 10% of the slope at the origin) and F MAX (fishing mortality that maximizes yield per recruit) were influenced by both the minimum size and the treatment of variability in length at age. The importance of including variation in length at age increased with increasing minimum size. Despite this result, maximum YPR for the existing growth model occurred with a minimum size of 50 cm total length regardless of whether variable growth was included or not. However, large minimum sizes cause the fishery to harvest the faster-growing members of each year-class, and this effect was most profound for the 50-cm minimum size. To the extent that growth is heritable, this process can induce strong geneti...
Two-photon Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Stoichiometry in Living Cells

Using phase-shaped pulses, we perform, for the first time, a proof-of-principle demonstration of two-photon fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy for studying the stoichiometry of intermolecular interactions within living cells.
BLyS BINDS TO B CELLS WITH HIGH AFFINITY AND INDUCES ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS NF-κB AND ELF-1

Abstract B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a novel member of the TNF family of proteins expressed by myeloid cells as membrane-bound and soluble forms. BLyS was shown to act specifically on B cells, inducing proliferation and immunoglobulin production both in vitro and in vivo. The present study was undertaken to characterize binding of radiolabeled BLyS to its cognate receptor on human B lymphocytes and examine intracellular events initiated by BLyS binding. Similar to other TNF family members, BLyS is present in solution as a homotrimer as determined by gel filtration chromatography and light scattering analysis. BLyS binding to B cells is specific as other TNF family members tested did not compete for 125 I-BLyS binding. Analysis of equilibrium binding of 125 I-labeled BLyS to purified human tonsillar B cells demonstrated saturable binding. Scatchard analysis of the binding data revealed a single class of high-affinity binding on human B cells with approximately 2600 binding sites per cell and an apparent dissociation constant (K D ) of about 0.1 nM. In addition we report that BLyS binding to B cells results in the activation of NF-κB and the Ets family transcription factor, ELF-1, and in the induction of mRNA for Polo-like kinase (PLK).
Endoscopic laser ablation of obstructing congenital duodenal webs in the newborn: A case report of limited success with criteria for patient selection

Standard approaches to intrinsic obstructing duodenal lesions in the newborn include laparotomy with enteroenterostomy, bypassing the obstruction, or duoduodenotomy with excision. The advent of improved pediatric flexible fiberoptic endoscopes and fiberoptic laser technology makes endoscopic ablation of duodenal webs and windsocks in the newborn possible.
Impact of Internal Open Source Development on Reuse: Participatory Reuse in Action

Adoption of open source software (OSS) principles to internal software development has gained considerable momentum. Often labeled as "internal open source" (IOS), several large firms have started to implement these programs. Research to date has mostly focused on facilitating IOS adoption. In the present research, we focus on how IOS affects reuse. Employing a qualitative case study, we examine the IOS program at IBM called "Community Source." Analyzing data gathered from multiple sources reveals that IOS adoption facilitates participatory reuse by enhancing information sharing and leveraging of broader community skills. Participatory reuse manifests itself when potential reusers participate in the entire development process leading to the creation of reusable assets. Based on data, we develop a theoretical model to illustrate how IOS affects reuse. While furthering research on IOS and reuse, the model informs managers wishing to foster participatory reuse that they are wise to adopt IOS as a vehicle to promote greater openness of the software development infrastructure for leveraging broader community skills and enhancing information sharing among projects' stakeholders.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Sphaerotheca fusca on Tomatillo in California.

Tomatillo or husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) is an annual Solanaceous bush grown for its fruit, which are harvested when the fruit fill the enlarged calyx and are used primarily in Hispanic cooking. In the summer of 1997, commercial field-grown tomatillo in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County) was severely affected by a powdery mildew disease. Fungal growth was found on leaves, petioles, and calyces and resulted in twisting, desiccation, and premature senescence of the tissues. The mycelium was white to gray, ectophytic, amphigenous, and effuse. Mycelial appressoria were indistinct. Conidiophore foot cells were straight, cylindric, measured 36.1 to 61.1 µm (mean 47.0) × 11.1 to 13.9 µm (mean 11.7), and were followed by 1 to 3 shorter cells. Doliform conidia were formed in chains and measured 25.0 to 50.0 µm (mean 32.5) × 11.1 to 22.2 µm (mean 17.7). The length-to-width ratios of conidia generally were less than 2.0, and fibrosin bodies were present. Germ tubes usually were laterally inserted, lacked...
Presenilin affects arm/beta-catenin localization and function in Drosophila.

Presenilin is an essential gene for development that when disrupted leads to a neurogenic phenotype that closely resembles Notch loss of function in Drosophila. In humans, many naturally occurring mutations in Presenilin 1 or 2 cause early onset Alzheimer's disease. Both loss of expression and overexpression of Presenilin suggested a role for this protein in the localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin. In blastoderm stage Presenilin mutants, Arm is aberrantly distributed, often in Ubiquitin-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly located basally in the cell. These inclusions were not observed in loss of function Notch mutants, suggesting that failure to process Notch is not the only consequence of the loss of Presenilin function. Human presenilin 1 expressed in Drosophila produces embryonic phenotypes resembling those associated with mutations in Armadillo and exhibited reduced Armadillo at the plasma membrane that is likely due to retention of Armadillo in a complex with Presenilin. The interaction between Armadillo/beta-catenin and Presenilin 1 requires a third protein which may be delta-catenin. Our results suggest that Presenilin may regulate the delivery of a multiprotein complex that regulates Armadillo trafficking between the adherens junction and the proteasome.
Sodium fusidate in the treatment of erythrasma.

Summary.— Sodium fusidate ointment has been used in the treatment of erythrasma in a mental hospital. In comparison with a benzoic acid (Whitfield's) ointment it proved as effective in clearing fluorescent lesions (90%‚cure’) and more effective in clearing the associated Corynebacterium minutissimum. It was, however, less effective in removing scaling.
Structure synthesis on-the-fly in a modular robot

We describe a mobile modular robot system that can generate foam to make structural elements. The mobile platform itself is built of CKBot modules and carries extra modules along with a foam generation device. We demonstrate the system synthesizing new robot morphologies: a snake-like robot and a legged robot. We also use the foam structures to encapsulate and pick-up objects and to modify the environment by blocking a door. Our presentation describes the issues that arose in implementing and using this technique.
Thymus-grafted SCID mice show transient thymopoiesis and limited depletion of V beta 11+ T cells.

To seek direct evidence for the notion that stem cells in the thymus need to be constantly replenished from the bone marrow (BM), fetal (day 15) thymuses from normal BALB/c mice were grafted into T and B cell-deficient C.B-17 SCID mice (both H-2d, I-E+). The thymus grafts in these mice showed normal thymopoiesis for the first 3 wk postgrafting but then developed sudden atrophy with near complete loss of CD4+8+ cells by 4-5 wk. Such atrophy was not seen when the thymus-grafted mice were cotransplanted with normal BM cells. The lymph nodes of SCID mice receiving thymus grafts alone contained mature T cells but virtually no B cells. This lack of B cells was associated with aberrant I-E-restricted V beta deletion: the depletion of V beta 3+ and V beta 5+ T cells was near complete, whereas V beta 11+ cells showed only marginal depletion.
Structurally specialized contacts between the photoreceptors of the retina of the axolotl

Electron microscopic examination of the retina of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, revealed several types of morphological junctions between individual photoreceptors. Distal to the outer limiting membrane of the retina, gap junctions were found between neighboring rods and between neighboring rods and cones. In the external plexiform layer, the synaptic terminals of cones and double cones are often in positions opposite the synaptic ribbons of rod terminals that have been traditionally defined as postsynaptic. A few tight junctions between photoreceptor telodendria were observed. Relationships between the members of double cones are also described.
A synopsis of Persea (Lauraceae) in Central America

During preparation of a treatment of Persea for the Flora Mesoamericana three new species were recognized. A description of these species (Persea albiramea van der Werff, P. brevipetiolata van der Werff, and P. laevifolia van der Werff) is presented, as well as a key to all the known species in the Flora Mesoamericana region including brief notes giving synonyms, distribution, and noteworthy features for these species.
Trends in the methods of measurement of thermophysical properties in the solid state

Abstract The differences in principle between methods of measurement of thermophysical parameters based on Tian's energy-balance equation and those based on the analysis of the temperature field within the sample are discussed. The methods are compared from the viewpoint of the productivity of measurement and the possibility of application in the thermal analysis regime. Recently, the greatest progress has been made in methods based on differential dynamic calorimetry and in pulse methods of measurement.
Increased Prevalence of Pediatric Pneumococcal Serotypes in Elderly Adults

Background. Pneumococcal disease is most prevalent among young children and elderly adults. We explored whether similarities exist in the serotypes that cause disease in these 2 high-risk groups. Methods. With use of US population-based data from 1998-1999 (before the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV7] as routine immunization for infants) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core surveillance, we evaluated whether the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the pediatric serotypes (6B, 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F) increased among elderly persons. We adjusted for potential confounders in multivariable logistic regression. Results. We analyzed 2987 pneumococcal isolates recovered from adults. The risk of infection with pediatric serotypes increased from 32.5% in 35-49-year-old persons to 51.2% in ≥85-year-old persons (P<.001). Compared with 35-49-year-old persons, the risk of infection with pediatric serotypes was significantly elevated among 65-74-year-old persons (relative risk [RR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.20) and increased progressively among persons aged 75-84 years (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.41-2.36) and ≥85 years (RR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.72-3.05), with adjustment for sex, race, geographic location, underlying illness, and penicillin resistance. The rate of penicillin resistance was also elevated in the elderly population but was not significant after adjustment for serotype and race. Conclusions. The increased proportion of severe pneumococcal disease caused by pediatric serotypes in the elderly population might indicate opportunities for prevention with use of PCV7.
Role of macrophage PPARγ in experimental hypertension

Targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene makes mice resistant to angiotensin II-, DOCA/salt-, and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced experimental hypertension. Macrophages, a primary source of Alox15, are facilitating this resistance, but the underlying mechanism is not known. Because Alox15 metabolites are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists, we hypothesized that activation of macrophage PPARγ is the key step in Alox15 mediation of hypertension. Thioglycollate, used for macrophage elicitation, selectively upregulated PPARγ and its target gene CD36 in peritoneal macrophages of both wild-type (WT) and Alox15(-/-) mice. Moreover, thioglycollate-injected Alox15(-/-) mice became hypertensive upon L-NAME treatment. A similar hypertensive effect was observed with adoptive transfer of thioglycollate-elicited Alox15(-/-) macrophages into Alox15(-/-) recipient mice. The role of PPARγ was further specified by using the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662. WT mice treated with 50 μg/kg daily dose of GW9662 for 12 days became resistant to L-NAME-induced hypertension. The PPARγ antagonist treatment also prevented L-NAME-induced hypertension in thioglycollate-injected Alox15(-/-) mice, indicating a PPARγ-mediated effect in macrophage elicitation and the resultant hypertension. These results indicate a regulatory role for macrophage-localized PPARγ in L-NAME-induced experimental hypertension.