cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School start time effects on adolescent learning and academic performance, emotional health and behaviour

Purpose of reviewThe investigation of the relationship between the time of day that school begins and the effects it could have on students began in the mid-1990s. Since that time, many articles have been written either for the medical literature or the educational literature. This review is intende
A role for sulfhydryl groups in granulocyte aggregation.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) stimulated by high concentrations of the complement component C5A form cellular aggregates, and both the rate and degree of aggregation are influenced by changes in the PMN plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. Since sulfhydryls are important constituents of the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, we investigated the effect of agents that oxidize and bind sulfhydryls on C5A-induced aggregation. PMN incubated with diamide, a nonspecific sulfhydryl- oxidizing agent, had a marked increase in their aggregation response to C5A. Tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (BHP), which reacts specifically with the soluble sulfhydryl glutathione (GSH), had no effect on aggregation. The enhancement of PMN aggregation by diamide, but not BHP, suggested that oxidation of non-GSH sulfhydryls contributes to the aggregation response. To test the requirement for sulfhydryls in PMN aggregation, PMN were treated with the sulfhydryl-binding agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). NEM markedly impaired aggregation without affecting resting or methylene blue-stimulated [14C]-L-glucose oxidation of the granulocytes. P-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid (PCMPSA), an external sulfhydryl-binding agent, had no effect on aggregation. These studies suggest that cellular sulfhydryls are required for optimal PMN aggregation and that oxidation of these sulfhydryls may be one of the biochemical changes that contributes to aggregation.
Nitric Oxide Generation from Endogenous Substrates Using Metal-Organic Frameworks: Inclusion within Poly(vinyl alcohol) Membranes To Investigate Reactivity and Therapeutic Potential

Cu-BTTri (H3BTTri = 1,3,5-tris[1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl]benzene) is a water-stable, copper-based metal–organic framework (MOF) that exhibits the ability to generate therapeutic nitric oxide (NO) from S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) available within the bloodstream. Immobilization of Cu-BTTri within a polymeric membrane may allow for localized NO generation at the blood–material interface. This work demonstrates that Cu-BTTri can be incorporated within hydrophilic membranes prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a polymer that has been examined for numerous biomedical applications. Following immobilization, the ability of the MOF to produce NO from the endogenous RSNO S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is not significantly inhibited. Poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes containing dispersions of Cu-BTTri were tested for their ability to promote NO release from a 10 μM initial GSNO concentration at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, and NO production was observed at levels associated with antithrombotic therapeutic effects without significant cop...
Increased piezoelectric response in functional nanocomposites through multiwall carbon nanotube interface and fused-deposition modeling three-dimensional printing

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are utilized to resolve low coupling coefficient issue by dispersing MWCNTs in poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix to create stress reinforcing network, dispersant, and electron conducting functions for barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles. Various BT and MWCNT percentages of nanocomposite film are fabricated by FDM three-dimensional (3D) printing which can simplify the fabrication process as well as lower cost and design flexibility. Increasing MWCNTs and BT particles gradually increase piezoelectric coefficient (d31) by 0.13 pC/N with 0.4 wt%-MWCNTs/18 wt%-BT. These results provide not only a technique to print piezoelectric nanocomposites but also unique materials combination for sensor application.
Multimodal underwater adhesion using self-assembled Dopa-bearing ABA triblock copolymer networks

Self-assembled mechanically robust Dopa-bearing triblock copolymer networks improve underwater adhesion through both energy dissipation and interfacial bonding. Polymer networks that incorporate energy dissipating motifs could improve the performance of high-performance wet adhesives that only use interfacial bonds.
Improving Self-Esteem for Youth With Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the construct of self-esteem, interventions for low self-esteem, and a guide for assessing and treating low self-esteem in youth with tic disorders. A cognitive–behavioral conceptualization of low self-esteem is described, followed by strategies for assessing the presence of tic-related low self-esteem. The last portion of the chapter details specific cognitive and behavioral strategies clinicians can use to treat low self-esteem in youth with tics.
Abner of Burgos: The Missing Link between Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Nicolaus Copernicus?

The geometrical theorem known as the ‘Tusi couple’ was first discovered by Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274). The Tusi couple was believed to be discovered for Europeans by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) and it played an important role in the development of his planetary system. It has been suggested by Willy Hartner, that Copernicus borrowed it from al-Tusi, however, a particular way of transmission is not known. In this article I show that Spanish-Jewish author Abner of Burgos (1270–1340) was familiar with the Tusi couple and followed Tusi’s notation in his diagrams. This may provide a missing link in the transmission of the Muslim astronomic knowledge to Europe and advance our understanding of the European Renaissance as a multicultural phenomenon.
Anti-reflective and anti-soiling properties of a KleanBoost™, a superhydrophobic nano-textured coating for solar glass

Soiling of solar cover glass can result in a significant loss of electrical output of PV panels. Dust and other contaminants adhere strongly to the glass by known mechanisms. In contrast, anti-soiling coatings, and the mechanisms by which they function, are not well-characterized. In this paper, we examine the properties of KleanBoost™ a thin anti-reflective and anti-soiling fluoropolymer coating for glass. In particular, we examine the effect of dew and baking cycles on dust accumulation and optical transparency. A dust “herding” process was observed as the condensed water droplets reduce in diameter as they evaporate on the hydrophobic surface. Anti-soiling and cleaning mechanisms were evaluated as a function of hydrophobicity of the glass nano-coating, and the KleanBoost™ surfaces were characterized and compared to their anti-soiling and cleaning properties.
Abstract LB-248: A single-institution prospective study evaluating the functional diffusion map (fDM) as an early imaging biomarker for overall survival in high-grade glioma

Introduction: Standard assessment of radiologic response in patients with malignant glioma is traditionally carried out using T1 gadolinium-enhanced MRI at approximately 10 weeks following treatment initiation. Diffusion-weighted MRI of gliomas, analyzed by the functional diffusion map (fDM), may provide an early measure of response during treatment to predict patient survival (OS). Tumor cells restrict the random diffusion of water molecules within a tumor; therefore, diffusion will increase during successful therapy. The fDM imaging biomarker is a voxel-wise method for analysis of DW-MRI data providing for quantification of treatment-associated spatial alterations in tumor diffusion values earlier than radiologic response. Methods: A prospective single-institution trial of early assessment of brain tumor response by MRI was performed early during radiation therapy. Sixty patients with high grade glioma undergoing radiation therapy were enrolled in an IRB-approved study of intra-treatment MRI 1, 3, and 10 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate imaging parameters as a function of patient survival at one-year. Log Rank and Cox Proportional Hazards models were utilized to assess OS. Results: Measurable changes in diffusion MRI were observed as early as one week into treatment. The volume of tumor with increased diffusion as assessed by fDM 3 weeks after the start of therapy was the strongest predictor of patient survival at one year, with larger fDM predicting longer median survival [52.6 vs. 10.9 months, log-rank, P Conclusions: Compared to conventional neuro-imaging, fDM provided an earlier assessment of equal predictive value during the course of treatment, providing the opportunity to individualize therapy. The combination of fDM and RR provided a more accurate prediction of patient survival than either metric alone.
An Asymmetric Synthesis of the Tricyclic Core and a Formal Total Synthesis of Roseophilin via an Enyne Metathesis

A formal synthesis of roseophilin, a novel pentacyclic structure possessing significant antitumor activity, starting from 3-cycloundecenylcarboxylic acid has been completed. The acid was converted diastereoselectively to the corresponding menthol ester via the ketene which, in turn, provided (S)-3-cycloundecenylcarboxaldehyde. Diastereoselective propargylation with propargyltriphenylstannane promoted by an asymmetric boron reagent prepared in situ from boron tribromide and the bis-p-toluenesulfonamide of (S,S)-stilbenediamine gave (1S,1‘R)-1-cycloundec-2‘-enylbut-3-yn-1-ol which set the stage for the key metathesis reaction. Platinum-catalyzed enyne metathesis via a formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition to a cyclobutene followed by conrotatory ring opening created the corresponding bicyclo[10.2.1]pentadeca-1(15),2-diene. Regioselective epoxidation of the less reactive double bond of the 1,3-diene was accomplished by 1,4-bromohydrin formation followed by base. Cuprate opening regio- and stereospecifically installed...
Effects of immersive stories on prosocial attitudes and willingness to help: testing psychological mechanisms

In recent years, the journalism and marketing industry has seen an increasing use of immersive stories, in the format of 360° videos and virtual reality. However, the impact of immersive stories on...
The impact of evacuating on short-term disaster recovery: a study of individuals affected by Hurricane Harvey living in Texas counties

Abstract It is commonly accepted that evacuating disaster areas prior to the impact of an event is in everyone's best interest. As such, many studies have investigated what factors influence both evacuation behavior and return migration. However, few studies have specifically looked at the direct influence that the decision to evacuate may have on individuals' disaster recovery. Through the analysis of a representative sample of individuals affected by Hurricane Harvey living in Texas, this preliminary case study observes that evacuation negatively affected the extent to which people were able to recover in the short-term. This observation was not respective of race/ethnicity nor level of poverty. Additionally, being Hispanic had a positive relationship with the extent to which an individual recovered in the short-term. Future research recommendations are made in an effort to better understand these observations that may have profound implications on whether or not people choose to evacuate in future disasters.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of absent pulmonary valves syndrome

Objective To assess the value of prenatal ultrasonography in diagnosing fetal absent pulmonary valve syndrome(APVS). Methods This was a retrospective study of 8 fetuses with absent pulmonary valve syndrome. Fetal echocardiography and segmental analysis were used to determine the atrial situs,atrioventricular connections and ventriculoarterial relationships. Cardiac chamber dimensions,Doppler studies of the atrioventricular valve and semilunar value were recorded, and cardiothoracic ratio were calculated. Results Levocardia,normal situs and atrioventricular connections were present in all cases. All cases showed typical signs:severe dilatation of the pulmonary trunk and it's branches, and concurrent occurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation. In 6/8 there was an associated ventricular septal defect,overriding aorta and absent arterial duct(Fallot-like APVS),while in 2/8 there was an assoiciated intact ventricular septal and patent arterial duct. Extracardiac malformations were detected in 5 cases.Conclusions APVS can be accurately diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography but we should pay more attention to the ventricular septal and arterial duct,due to the existence of two variants. Key words: Ultrasonography, prenatal; Heart defects,congenital; Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Transforming STEM Learning at Scale: PhET Interactive Simulations

Photo by Muhammad Zulham, licensed under CC BY 4.0In Indonesia, students explore PhET’s Balancing Act simulation.As COVID-19 spread across the globe, schools shuttered their doors and millions of s...
The conserved ER-transmembrane protein TMEM39A coordinates with vesicular COPII to promote collagen secretion and prevent ER stress

Dysregulation of collagen production and secretion contributes to aging and tissue fibrosis of major organs. How premature collagen proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) route in specialized vesicles for secretion remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that TMEM39, an ER-localized transmembrane protein, regulates production and secretory cargo trafficking of procollagen. We identify the C. elegans orthologue TMEM-39 from an unbiased RNAi screen and show that deficiency of tmem-39 leads to striking defects in cuticle collagen production and constitutively high ER stress response. RNAi knockdown of the tmem-39 orthologue in Drosophila causes similar defects in collagen secretion in fat body cells. The cytosolic domain of the human orthologue TMEM39A binds to Sec23A, a vesicle coat protein that drives collagen secretion and vesicular trafficking. We propose that roles of TMEM39 in collagen secretion and preventing ER stress are likely evolutionarily conserved.
Reversible Crystal–Glass Transition in a Metal Halide Perovskite

Crystalline metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have provided unprecedented advances in interdisciplinary fields of materials, electronics, and photonics. While crystallinity offers numerous advantages, the ability to access a glassy state with distinct properties provides unique opportunities to extend the associated structure-property relationship, as well as broaden the application space for MHPs. Amorphous analogs for MHPs have so far been restricted to high pressures, limiting detailed studies and applications. Here, a 2D MHP is structurally tailored using bulky chiral organic cations to exhibit an unusual confluence of exceptionally low melting temperature (175 °C) and inhibited crystallization. The chiral MHP can thus be melt-quenched into a stable glassy state, otherwise inhibited in the analogous racemic MHP. Facile and reversible switching between glassy and crystalline states is demonstrated for the chiral MHP, each with distinct optoelectronic character, opening new opportunities for applications including, for example nonvolatile memory, optical communication, and neuromorphic computing.
On the Epistemic Condition of Pandemic in a Globalized Present

The current pandemic provoked by the Coronavirus that emerged first in the city of Wuhan in China has elicited a wide range of philosophical speculations, especially when the virus started to hit the hinterland of the Western world (first Europe and then the USA). Among those reflections are some of the best known thinkers of our times. French philosopher Alain Badiou wrote a reflection “On the Epidemic Situation” on Verso Book Blog in late March, for example, where he constructed a reductive dualism between the Cartesian pure/clean reason and the Chinese irrational (“irrepressible” in his own word)/dirty archaic habit of animal consumption, which resonated strongly with racist bigotry that we have seen since the beginning of the epidemic outbreak, against people of (east) Asian heritage. This essay departs from a critique of Badiou’s text in order to show the underlying epistemic racism/eurocentrism interweaving the author’s personal experience with the “wet market” and an analysis of the economic condition of the globalized present. Facing an ever more complex world entangled in deep trouble caused by the pandemic, the essay argues against any epistemic reductionism and simplistic solutions.
Electrochemical implications of modulating the solvation shell around redox active organic species in aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Organic and organometallic reactants in aqueous electrolytes, being composed of earth-abundant elements, are promising redox active candidates for cost-effective organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs). Various compounds of ferrocene and methyl viologen have been examined as promising redox actives for this application. Herein, we examined the influence of the electrolyte pH and the salt anion on model redox active organic cations, bis((3-trimethylammonio) propyl)- ferrocene dichloride (BTMAP-Fc) and bis(3-trimethylammonio) propyl viologen tetrachloride (BTMAP-Vi), which have exhibited excellent cycling stability and capacity retention at ≥1.00 M concentration [E. S. Beh, et al. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 639-644 (2017)]. We examined the solvation shell around BTMAP-Fc and BTMAP-Vi at acidic and neutral pH with SO4 2-, Cl-, and CH3SO3 - counterions and elucidated their impact on cation diffusion coefficient, first electron transfer rate constant, and thereby the electrochemical Thiele modulus. The electrochemical Thiele modulus was found to be exponentially correlated with the solvent reorganizational energy (λ) in both neutral and acidic pH. Thus, λ is proposed as a universal descriptor and selection criteria for organic redox flow battery electrolyte compositions. In the specific case of the BTMAP-Fc/BTMAP-Vi ORFB, low pH electrolytes with methanesulfonate or chloride counterions were identified as offering the best balance of transport and kinetic requirements.
Research on Assisted Strategy of Fault Line Selecting Method for Single-phase Ground Fault in Distribution Netword Base on Automation System

In order to effectively improve the working efficiency of dispatchers using the ‘pull test method’ for single-phase ground fault line selection, this paper presents avariety of steady-state electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and reactive power obtained based on the distribution automation system, and combined with the line topology to generate fault line selection auxiliary strategies for different grounding systems that based on the superposition of multi-dimensional elements. Explained the technical principle of identifying the nature and phase of ground faults. Analyzed and introduced the organic fusion technology of fault features in multiple dimensions such as zero-sequence current amplitude, zero-sequence current mutation, reactive power mutation, etc. for different grounding methods and arc suppression coil compensation modes. Than formed "pull test"sequence of all lines. The proposed method does not require the addition of special hardware equipment or the transformation of the neutral point of the substation, not only saves investment, but also effectively reduces the number of line test pulls, and realizes rapid identification and accurate line selection of single-phase ground faults. The feasibility and applicability of this method were demonstrated in combination with specific projects.
Normal Puberty and Pubertal Disorders

Given the various factors that impact pubertal development, clinicians will be exposed to a range of both normal and aberrant presentations that accompany these hallmark changes in young adolescents that designate the gateway to adulthood. Early onset of puberty can be categorized into GnRH-dependent (central precocious puberty) and GnRH-independent forms, the former occurring as a result of premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the latter as a result of steroid hormone production from alternate pathways, some from environmental sources. This review will provide the basis for making the correct diagnosis and providing the most appropriate therapies, with a primary goal being to preserve final adult height. Delayed puberty occurs as a result of ovary’s inability to produce estradiol and progesterone, due to a primary defect or insult to the ovary itself or because of faulty higher cortical function. If beyond the time delay expected from idiopathic or familial causes, treatment strategies emphasize hormone replacement to bring about physiologic change and, for some, to prevent adverse sequelae such as diminished bone mineralization.
The adenosine triphosphate assay: Conceptions and misconceptions

The present state of technology associated with the extraction and quantification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from aquatic samples is considered. A brief examination of the history of the method is presented, and dataavailable from studies designed to determine the level of ATP in some aquatic environments are presented in a comparative manner. The possible interference of guanosine triphosphate in the assay procedure as well as irregularities produced by altering the luciferin concentration employed in the assay are described. Procedures currently employed for the extraction and measurement of ATP as an indicator of microbial biomass are given.
East European feed grain imports: An economic analysis☆

Abstract The economic factors influencing feed grain imports of East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary were analysed by the authors for the 1961–1974 period. They used an economic framework usually applied to trade behaviour of market economics but found it applicable to the centrally-planned countries studied. Imports were significantly affected by international grain prices, domestic grain and livestock production, and government policies toward agriculture.
Immunofluorescence Detection of δ Opioid Receptors (DOR) on Human Peripheral Blood CD4+ T Cells and DOR-Dependent Suppression of HIV-1 Expression

The δ opioid receptors (DORs) modulate T cell proliferation, IL-2 production, chemotaxis, and intracellular signaling. Moreover, in DOR-transfected Jurkat cells, δ opioids have been shown to suppress HIV-1 p24 Ag expression. These observations led us to characterize the expression of DORs by human peripheral blood T cells and to determine whether a specific DOR agonist, benzamide,4-{[2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-propenyl)-1-piperazinyl](3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]- N ,−,{2 S [1( S *),2α,5β]}-(9Cl) (SNC-80), can suppress p24 Ag expression by HIV-1-infected CD4 + T cells obtained from normal donors. By immunofluorescence flow cytometry, PHA stimulated the expression of DOR from 1.94 ± 0.70 (mean ± SEM) to 20.70 ± 1.88% of the PBMC population by 48 h ( p + and CD8 + T cell subsets, and virtually all DORs were found on these subsets. To determine whether activated DORs suppress HIV-1 expression, PBMC were prestimulated with PHA, and then CD4 + T cells were purified, pretreated with SNC-80, and infected with HIV-1. In a concentration-dependent manner, SNC-80 inhibited production of p24 Ag. SNC-80 10 −10 M maximally suppressed (∼50%) both lymphocytotropic (HIV-1 MN) and monocytotropic (SF162) strains; higher concentrations were less effective. Naltrindole, a selective DOR antagonist, abolished the inhibitory effects of SNC-80. Kinetic studies indicated that 24-h pre- or postincubation with SNC-80, relative to infection with HIV-1, eliminated its suppressive effects. Thus, stimulating the DORs expressed by activated CD4 + T cells significantly suppressed the expression of HIV-1. These findings suggest that opioid immunomodulation directed at host T cells may be adjunctive to standard antiviral approaches to HIV-1 infection.
Television Between Analog and Digital

Abstract This article examines the diffusion of the digital television platforms introduced since the 1990s. Thus far, the adoption of these platforms has tended to break down on socioeconomic lines, prompting concerned observers to take note of a widening “digital television divide.” But even more disconcerting than this digital television divide is the research deficit that has accompanied it. Although the adopters of digital platforms are the subject of intensive corporate and scholarly research, industry talk and television studies scholarship rarely acknowledge these platforms' nonadopters. After attempting to account for the sporadic and halting nature of the diffusion of digital television devices and services, I conclude with thoughts about how television studies scholars might redress a research deficit to which we ourselves contribute.
Anionic polymerization of isoprene in tetrahydrofuran: A study of isomerization reactions and ion-pair propagation rates

Abstract The ion-pair propagation rates for isoprene have been determined in tetrahydrofuran with counter-ions lithium and sodium. Because of the instability of the carbonions of diene monomers in this solvent, a parallel spectroscopic study was carried out to check for the occurrence of side-reactions. With Li + counter-ion, the anions were found to be stable up to 0° but with Na + , instability was noticeable even at −40° and may be significant at even lower temperatures. For these reasons, the lithium ion-pair rates show normal behaviour but those for sodium are difficult to interpret.
LONG TERM BONE MARROW CULTURE IN CHEDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME (CHS)

The granulocyte defects of CHS include neutropenia, giant lysosomal granule morphology, and abnormal cell motility. Findings of elevated levels of adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate nucleotide (cAMP) and of concanavalin A (Con A) capping have suggested a pathogenic role for these changes. In order to test which defects derive from the cells' genetic program and which from the host environment, we examined granulocytes produced by CHS long term bone marrow cultures. These cells exhibited the giant granule morphology and defective cell motility of CHS. However, they had normal cAMP contents and normal spontaneous capping of Con A despite elevated values in the patient's peripheral blood granulocytes. Granulopoiesis diminished dramatically after five weeks in culture, with accompanying autophagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes, possibly corresponding to the in vivo neutropenia with intramedullary autophagia of CHS. In mixing experiments of CHS hematopoietic cell engrafted on normal stroma and vice versa, the phenotype of the resultant granulocytes corresponded to the genotype of the hematopoietic component of the culture rather than the stroma. These results indicate that the giant granule morphology and cell motility defect of CHS are expressions of the genetic program of the hematopoietic cells, but abnormalities in cAMP and microtubule regulation may be secondary manifestations of the disease.
Global 3D simulations of disc accretion on to the classical T Tauri star BP Tauri

We performed global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion on to a star with magnetic field and other properties close to those observed in the classical T Tauri star BP Tau. We observed in the simulations that the disc is disrupted by the dipole component and matter flows towards the star in two funnel streams which form two accretion spots below the dipole magnetic poles. The octupolar component becomes dynamically important very close to the star and it redirects the matter flow to higher latitudes. The spots are meridionally elongated and are located at higher latitudes, compared with the pure dipole case. A series of simulation runs were performed at different accretion rates. We found that a 1.2 kG dipole field truncates the disc at a distance comparable to the corotation radius if the accretion rate is (1.4-2) x 10 ―9 M ⊙ yr ―1 , which is at the lower end of the observationally derived values. If the accretion rate is somewhat higher, 8.5 x 10- 9 M ⊙ yr ―1 , then the disc is truncated at r ≈ 3.6R * , which is a less favourable situation for the slowly rotating BP Tau. The magnetic torque acting on the star is also small; however, it is probably sufficient to support rotational equilibrium at the present state of slow rotation. Disc-magnetosphere interaction leads to inflation of the field lines and to the formation of magnetic towers above and below the disc. The magnetic field of BP Tau is close to potential inside the magnetospheric surface, where magnetic stress dominates over the matter stress. However, it strongly deviates from potential at larger distances from the star.
Comparison of prostate cancer diagnosis in patients receiving unrelated urological and non-urological cancer care.

Objective To evaluate prostate cancer diagnosis rates and survival outcomes in patients receiving unrelated (non-prostate) urological care with those in patients receiving non-urological care. Materials and Methods We conducted a population-based study using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to identify men who underwent surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC; n = 18 188) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC; n = 45 093) between 1992 and 2008. Using SEER*stat software to estimate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), we investigated rates of prostate cancer diagnosis in patients with RCC and patients with CRC. Adjusting for patient age, race and year of diagnosis on multivariate analysis, we used Cox and Fine and Gray proportional hazards regressions to evaluate overall and disease-specific survival endpoints. Results The observed incidence of prostate cancer was higher in both the patients with RCC and those with CRC: SIR = 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.46) vs 1.06 (95% CI 1.02–1.11). Adjusted prostate cancer SIRs were 30% higher (P < 0.001) in patients with RCC. Overall (hazard ratio = 1.13, P < 0.001) and primary cancer-adjusted mortalities (sub-distribution Hazard Ratio (sHR) = 1.17, P < 0.001) were higher in patients with RCC with no significant difference in prostate cancer-specific mortality (sHR = 0.827, P = 0.391). Conclusion Rates of prostate cancer diagnosis were higher in patients with RCC (a cohort with unrelated urological cancer care) than in those with CRC. Despite higher overall mortality in patients with RCC, prostate cancer-specific survival was similar in both groups. Opportunities may exist to better target prostate cancer screening in patients who receive non-prostate-related urological care. Furthermore, urologists should not feel obligated to perform prostate-specific antigen screening for all patients receiving non-prostate-related urological care.
Average structure and local configuration of excess oxygen in UO 2+x

Determination of the local configuration of interacting defects in a crystalline, periodic solid is problematic because defects typically do not have a long-range periodicity. Uranium dioxide, the primary fuel for fission reactors, exists in hyperstoichiometric form, UO(2+x). Those excess oxygen atoms occur as interstitial defects, and these defects are not random but rather partially ordered. The widely-accepted model to date, the Willis cluster based on neutron diffraction, cannot be reconciled with the first-principles molecular dynamics simulations present here. We demonstrate that the Willis cluster is a fair representation of the numerical ratio of different interstitial O atoms; however, the model does not represent the actual local configuration. The simulations show that the average structure of UO(2+x) involves a combination of defect structures including split di-interstitial, di-interstitial, mono-interstitial, and the Willis cluster, and the latter is a transition state that provides for the fast diffusion of the defect cluster. The results provide new insights in differentiating the average structure from the local configuration of defects in a solid and the transport properties of UO(2+x).
A Content Analysis of Dion McGregor’s Sleep-Talking Episodes

This article explores the content of the somniloquies of Dion McGregor, the most extensive sleep talker ever recorded, and compares these with dream content from normative male dreams on the Hall a...
Sub-chronic exposure to 1,1-dichloropropene induces frameshift mutations in λ transgenic medaka

Abstract 1,1-Dichloropropene (1,1-DCP) is a contaminant present in both ground and surface waters used as sources for drinking water. Structural similarity to several compounds with known mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, and recent demonstration of mutagenicity in vitro, suggest this compound may be similarly mutagenic in vivo. A transgenic fish model, the λ transgenic medaka, was used to evaluate the potential mutagenicity of this contaminant in vivo following sub-chronic exposure for 6 weeks. Mutant frequencies of the cII target gene (MF) increased six-fold in the livers of fish exposed to the lowest 1,1-DCP exposure concentration (0.44 mg/L, MF = 18.4 × 10−5), and increased with each treatment, culminating in a 32-fold induction in fish from the highest 1,1-DCP treatment (16.60 mg/L, MF = 96.3 × 10−5). Mutations recovered from treated fish showed a distinctive mutational spectrum comprised predominantly of +1 frameshift mutations, induced 166-fold above that of untreated animals. The majority of frameshifts were +1 insertions at thiamine and adenine. These results represent the first evidence of mutagenicity of 1,1-DCP in vivo, and of the highly characteristic spectrum of induced mutations dominated by +1 frameshift mutations. Based upon results from previous in vitro studies, the similar role of glutathione S-transferase (GSTT1-1) in the activation of 1,1-DCP to a mutagen in vivo is also suggested. This study further illustrates the utility of the λ transgenic medaka as a model for identifying and characterizing potential genetic health risks associated with chemical exposures in the environment.
Identification and Characterization of Bicistronic speB and prsA Gene Expression in the Group A Streptococcus

Severe, invasive group A streptococcal infections have reemerged worldwide, and extracellular toxins, including streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB), have been implicated in pathogenesis. The genetic regulation of SpeB is not fully understood, and the mechanisms involved in the processing of the protoxin to its enzymatically active form have not been definitively established. The present work demonstrated that the genes encoding SpeB (speB) and a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (prsA) constitute an operon with transcription initiated from two promoters upstream of speB. Further, the speB-prsA operon was transcribed as a bicistronic mRNA. This finding is in contrast to the generally accepted notion that speB is transcribed only as a monocistronic gene. In addition, prsA has its own promoter, and transcription from this promoter starts in early log phase, prior to the transcription of speB. Genomic disruption of prsA decreased the production of enzymatically active SpeB but not the level of the pro-SpeB zymogen. Taken together, these results demonstrate that prsA is required for production of fully mature, enzymatically active SpeB.
Anion separations on columns based on transition metal-macrocycle complex exchange sites

Abstract Macrocycle-based ion chromatographic columns can provide fast and effective separations of inorganic anions. Chromatographic columns based on nitrogen-containing macrocycles such as cryptand decyl-2.2.2 (D222) and didecyl-diaza-18-crown-6 (DD22) have high affinities for transition metal cations. This work compares the chromatographic separation of anions using transition metal cation eluents in columns based on the macrocyclic ligands DD22 and D222 adsorbed on two different polystyrene resins, MPIC and AS10 (Dionex). When a transition metal ion, e.g. Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , or Co 2+ , was present in the mobile phase flowing through an MPIC column loaded with didecyl-diaza-18-crown-6, anion separations of differing selectivities were obtained. Separations of anions were achieved with these columns even when only a cation that has low affinity for the macrocycles, such as Li + , was included in the mobile phase. This is due to protonation of the nitrogen atoms in the macrocycles. Columns based on the AS10 type resin produced much higher efficiency and shorter retention times than did columns based on the MPIC resin.
Benzo[b] thiophene derivatives. XVIII. The sulfur isosteres of harmaline, harmine and related isomers

The sulfur analogs of harmaline, 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1-methyl[1]benzothieno[2,3-c]-pyridine (Ib), harmine, 7-methoxy-1-methyl[1]benzothieno[2,3-c]pyridine (IIb), and corresponding 6-methoxy isomers (Ic and IIc) have been synthesized for pharmacological evaluation as monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Biochemical studies on the mechanisms by which dietary antioxidants suppress mutagenic activity.

Abstract The protection afforded by antioxidants against the induction of a variety of experimental tumors in rodents in a phenomenon on great theoretical interest and potentially of practical importance. The possibility that the antioxidants exert their effects by interacting directly with the electrophilic species of ultimate carcinogens cannot be excluded. However, at present the most plausible mechanisms for the protective effects of antioxidants invoke alteration of the balance between metabolic activation and inactivation of the carcinogens. Dietary administration of 2(3)- tert -butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) to mice results in a marked reduction in the levels of mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene prevailing in theurine and in the peritoneal cavity. This dietary treatment is accompanied by substantial elevations in the levels of various glutathione S -transferase and epoxide hydratase in the livers and a number of other tissues of mice and rats. Direct addition of glutathione and certain purified glutathione S -transferases to the mutagenicity assay system reduces the mutagenic activity of the urinary metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene. Others have shown that epoxide hydratase can function in both the metabolic activation and inactivation of this carcinogen. Other changes in the activities of mouse hepatic enzymes associated with the feeding of BHA include the elevations in UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities suggesting an enhanced capacity for glucuronide formation.
The Determinants of Investor Valuation of R&D Expenditure in the Software Industry

This paper examines the cross-sectional variability in the market valuation of R&D expenditures in the pre-packaged computer software industry. Consistent with some prior research, this paper argues that R&D spending is valued heterogeneously by the stock market, and derives hypotheses regarding the determinants of the cross-sectional heterogeneity in the market valuation of R&D. The empirical tests use an extensive database containing product level information of software firms between 1994 and 1998, along with accounting and stock price data of the same period. The test results, consistent with our hypotheses, show that R&D spending is more valuable for firms with larger market shares, higher percentage of technical employees, and those that have diversified into different product categories. The results also indicate that market valuation of R&D spending is a function of product life cycle.
Architecture and applications of Language-Centered Intelligence for unmanned underwater vehicles

Language-Centered Intelligence (LCI) is an approach to artificial intelligence currently under development at the University of Idaho. In this approach, the existing intervehicle communication language and associated logics are harnessed for parallel use to enable more advanced cognitive abilities, such as anticipation and hypothetical reasoning, and expand the behavioral repertoire of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). We begin with a brief background of relevant UUV research and continue by defining LCI. Next, we propose an architecture for LCI and describe a few applications of LCI to collaborative UUV behaviors. Here, we detail the three primary sub-modules of LCI, namely, the Look-Ahead Inspections Module, the Imagination Replacement Approach, and the newly-proposed Message Anticipation Module (MAM). We conclude that the LCI approach represents a sophisticated extension of cognition in artificial agents and systems that use language to communicate.
Influence of Health Beliefs and Stigma on Choosing Internet Support Groups Over Formal Mental Health Services

Objective:As the Internet has become a ubiquitous tool for health information, the use of Internet support groups for mental health concerns has grown. Despite the widespread use of these groups, little research has examined the efficacy and effectiveness of online communities for ameliorating mental health symptoms or factors that prompt people to seek online support rather than formal treatment. Our study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating Internet support group use as an alternative to formal mental health services. Methods:Logistic regression was conducted with data from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to examine relationships among treatment beliefs, practical variables such as time and affordability, stigma, and use of Internet support groups among 2,532 survey participants who reported a need for mental health treatment but were not receiving formal services. Results:Four significant predictors of Internet support group use emerged: fear of being hospitali...
Do artificial substrates favor nonindigenous fouling species over native species

Exotic species are prominent constituents of fouling communities. If exotic fouling organisms colonize or compete better on a wider range of substrate types than native species, this may partially account for their high abundance in estuaries and bays. We used four artificial and four naturally occurring substrate types to compare initial settlement and percent cover of native and exotic fouling species through six months of community development. Both the identity of common taxa and the total number of species colonizing artificial versus natural substrate types were similar. Despite the similarities in species richness, relative abundance patterns between natural and artificial substrate types varied, particularly as the communities developed. Native species were initially in equal abundance on natural and artificial substrate types. Initially, the two most common exotic species, the colonial tunicates, Botrylloides violaceus Ritter and Forsyth and Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas), were also in similar, but low, abundance on artificial and natural substrates. As the communities developed, there was little change in abundance of exotic or native species on natural substrates. However, on artificial substrates the exotic tunicates increased dramatically and native species declined in abundance. Artificial surfaces may provide a novel context for competitive interactions giving exotic species a more “level playing field” in an environment for which they otherwise might not be as well adapted compared to long-resident native species. Additions of artificial substrates to nearshore environments may disproportionately favor exotic species by increasing local sources of exotic propagules to colonize all types of substrates.
Experimental Data bearing on the Role of Liquid Immiscibility in the Genesis of Carbonatites

The recognition of low-temperature melts in the system CaO—CO_2—H_2O has opened a new field of heterogeneous phase equilibrium studies in systems containing both water and carbon dioxide, the volatiles most abundant in the Earth's crust and among the most important in igneous and metamorphic processes. Liquids in this system may be regarded as simplified carbonatite magmas. The petrogenetic relationships between carbonatite magmas and the associated alkaline rocks can be examined by determining the phase relationships in systems containing CaO—CO_2—H_2O and silicate minerals. In a programme supported by the National Science Foundation, we have been investigating selected portions of complex systems in order to test the feasibility of the petrogenetic relationships which have been proposed on the basis of petrological investigations.
Sulfuryl and Thionyl Halide-Based Ultralow Temperature Primary Batteries

Introduction Outer solar system mission architecture trade studies have recognized that power budgets for spacecraft are critical limitations of mission duration and science objectives. The state-of-the-art low temperature primary batteries, lithium-thionyl chloride, are capable of operating at no lower than about -80C, roughly 80100C higher than Europa and Titan surface temperatures. While in principle heated lithium-thionyl chloride batteries could be used in such an application, battery heaters add undesirable mass, cost, complexity, and power drains.
How youth and mentors experience project-based learning in an internet-based shared environment for expeditions (iExpeditions)

This paper describes experiences of youth and their mentors with authentic problem solving in an Internet-based Shared Environment for Expeditions (iExpeditions). The key questions examined are in what ways and to what extent do youth become engaged in an Expedition. First we examine parentsi attitudes toward the iExpeditions project, and youthis motivation for these online activities. Then we present the design for youthsi first two-weeks of activities and then the reality of what occurred. After that, we present results of an active group of fourteen youth and analyze why they were more engaged than others were. We describe four cases from this group to further explore this question. Our discussion summarizes youthsi status of participation as a whole, factors that have affected youthsi engagement, and what we should do to ensure a good startup for the second round of the project.
Technical note: Use of marker-based relationships with multiple-trait derivative-free restricted maximal likelihood

The widespread use of the set of multiple-trait derivative-free REML programs for prediction of breeding values and estimation of variance components has led to significant improvement in traits of economic importance. The initial version of this software package, however, was generally limited to pedigree-based relationships. With continued advances in genomic research and the increased availability of genotyping, relationships based on molecular markers are obtainable and desirable. The addition of a new program to the set of multiple-trait derivative-free REML programs is described that allows users the flexibility to calculate relationships using standard pedigree files or an arbitrary relationship matrix based on genetic marker information. The strategy behind this modification and its design is described. An application is illustrated in a QTL association study for canine hip dysplasia.
Topological description of Easter Islander palmar dermatoglyphics

A sample of 594 Easter Islander palms was analyzed according to the topological method. Some suggestions for clarification of the topological approach were made, including clearer definition of the palmar triradii and substitution of the term "profile" for "formula." The frequency of Easter Islander profiles was compared against British and Australian Aborigine samples (Loesch, 1974; 1983a,b) and found to be significantly different for two of the ten most common combinations. The individual pattern elements, pattern intensities, a-b count, A-line exit, and atd angle were described, with population comparisons made when they were available.