cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High temperature insulation coatings and their electrical properties for HTS/LTS conductors

Abstract The high temperature compatible insulation coatings were produced using solutions of Zr, Mg, Y, Ce, Er, Sm, In, Sn, Sr, Pb, Ba, Al, and La based organometallic precursors using a non-vacuum sol–gel technique. The growth mechanism and microstructure of these coatings was characterized using environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Dielectric constants and breakdown voltages of these coatings were also measured by using an insulation tester. The results of microstructure and electric properties of these coatings are presented. The oxide structures were formed between temperatures of 450 and 550 °C from amorphous coating. MgO–ZrO2 coatings on Ag and AgMg sheathed Bi-2212 tapes have been used as the insulation for the 1 T and 3 T HTS high field insert coil. These ceramic insulation coating can be built up to ∼10 μm by successive dipping. Crack-free, dense, very thin (submicron) coatings were also obtained using different solvent and acid with the same method with appropriate dilution of solutions.
Ab-initio calculations to predict stress effects on defects and diffusion in silicon

In recent years a lot of attention has been given to engineering the stress state in ULSI devices to enhance device performance. As a result the stress conditions inside state-of-the-art devices are significantly more complex than simple hydrostatic or biaxial stress situations. In this paper we extend previous work on normal stress effects on point-defect equilibrium concentrations as well as point-defect and dopant diffusion to also include shear. We find there is little effect of shear stress on point-defect equilibrium concentrations. However shear is important for vacancy (V), interstitial (I), and boron (B) migration since it introduces anisotropies and off-diagonal elements in the diffusivity tensor. Diffusivity can no longer be view as a diagonal tensor, but instead a general tensor needs to be used to describe I, V, and B diffusion correctly.
Drought and flood signals in subtropical estuaries recorded by stable isotope ratios in bivalve shells

Isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen recorded in biogenic carbonates can be effective proxies for ambient conditions in estuaries including salinity and temperature. Together, they have the potential to allow periods of drought and flooding to be identified in subtropical estuaries that receive stochastic and aperiodic delivery of freshwater inflow. We investigated the ability of δ13C and δ18O values in shell increments from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica sampled from subtropical estuaries in the western Gulf of Mexico to indicate differences in temperature and salinity dynamics at fine spatial scales. Oyster shells at locations that experienced both hypersalinity during droughts and dramatic decreases in salinity during floods showed distinct variations in shell δ13C and δ18O values that reflected local salinity conditions. In contrast, oysters at sites where no major salinity fluctuation occurred showed only seasonal fluctuations in isotopes reflecting temperature and possibly feeding patterns. Further, similar isotopic patterns were observed across multiple individuals from each site. Our results show that δ13C and δ18O values in shells measured together provide a powerful method to identify droughts and floods in subtropical estuaries and therefore extend records of dynamic inflow to these stressed ecosystems.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND REACTIVITY OF NEW PLATINUM(II) ALKYL ALKENE COMPLEXES

A new Pt(II) ethyl ethene complex, [Pt(μ-Cl)(CH2CH3)(C2H4)]2, (1), was isolated from the reaction of ethene with K2PtCl4 in water, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The results of oxidation experiments involving 1 indicate that PtII−C2H5 and PtII−(CH2CH2) species are viable intermediates in the conversion of ethane to ethanol and ethane-1,2-diol by the Shilov system.
Deformation in metals after low-temperature irradiation: Part I – Mapping macroscopic deformation modes on true stress–dose plane

Abstract Macroscopic deformation modes, elastic, uniform plastic, and unstable plastic deformation modes, are mapped in tensile true stress–dose space for more than two dozen metallic materials consisting of 13 body-centered cubic (bcc), 11 face-centered cubic (fcc), and two hexagonal closed packed (hcp) metals. The boundaries between different deformation zones are set by the true stress versus dose curves: the yield stress (YS), plastic instability stress (PIS), and true fracture stress (FS) plotted as functions of dose. Values for these true stresses are obtained from uniaxial tensile tests or calculated from engineering tensile data using a linear strain-hardening model for necking deformation. The relatively low-strength annealed fcc metals display large uniform plasticity regions, while unstable deformation regions are dominant in the harder bcc and hcp metals. PIS values for all materials are independent of dose except for the precipitation-hardened IN718 alloy, where a decrease of PIS occurs due to an irradiation-induced change in second phases. In the bcc materials for high-temperature application, such as 9Cr ferritic/martensitic steels, sintered molybdenum, vanadium, and tantalum, the radiation-induced embrittlement is characterized in terms of FS decreasing with dose at relatively high doses. FS is nearly dose-independent below the critical dose for embrittlement. It is concluded that the tensile stress-based deformation mode maps effectively integrate mechanical property information and characterize differences in radiation effects between crystalline structures or material groups.
Studies on streptococci. IV. A study of the relationship of certain virulence factors in streptococcal infections to the LD 50 dose of streptococci.

derm, but only eight strains, two group B, five group D, and one of group K, invaded and spread to a greater or less degree in the mesoderm. Russell and Sherwood2 showed that only two of these produced hyaluronidase in vitro. They observed no correlation between virulence and the ability to spread within the mesoderm nor any correlation between virulence and any particular Lancefield group. While a great deal has been written about the relationship of hyaluronidase, fibrinolysins, leucotoxins, oxygen-labile hemolysins, hyaluronic acid formation, invasiveness of the mucous membrane and apparent generation time to virulence of streptococci for mice and man, there have
Simulations of Incompressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We simulate incompressible MHD turbulence using a pseudospectral code. Our major conclusions are: (1) MHD turbulence is most conveniently described in terms of counterpropagating shear Alfven and slow waves. Shear Alfven waves control the cascade dynamics. Slow waves play a passive role and adopt the spectrum set by the shear Alfven waves. Cascades composed entirely of shear Alfven waves do not generate a significant measure of slow waves. (2) MHD turbulence is anisotropic, with energy cascading more rapidly along k_⊥ than along k_∥, where k_⊥ and k_∥ refer to wavevector components perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field, respectively. Anisotropy increases with increasing k_⊥ such that excited modes are confined inside a cone bounded by k_∥ ∝ k^y_⊥, where γ 1. (4) MHD turbulence is generically strong in the sense that the waves that comprise it suffer order unity distortions on timescales comparable to their periods. Nevertheless, turbulent fluctuations are small deep inside the inertial range. Their energy density is less than that of the background field by a factor of Θ^((α-1)/(1-γ)) « 1. (5) MHD cascades are best understood geometrically. Wave packets suffer distortions as they move along magnetic field lines perturbed by counterpropagating waves. Field lines perturbed by unidirectional waves map planes perpendicular to the local field into each other. Shear Alfven waves are responsible for the mapping's shear and slow waves for its dilatation. The amplitude of the former exceeds that of the latter by 1/Θ(k_⊥), which accounts for dominance of the shear Alfven waves in controlling the cascade dynamics. (6) Passive scalars mixed by MHD turbulence adopt the same power spectrum as the velocity and magnetic field perturbations. (7) Decaying MHD turbulence is unstable to an increase of the imbalance between the fluxes of waves propagating in opposite directions along the magnetic field. Forced MHD turbulence displays order unity fluctuations with respect to the balanced state if excited at low k_⊥ by δ(t)-correlated forcing. It appears to be statistically stable to the unlimited growth of imbalance. (8) Gradients of the dynamic variables are focused into sheets aligned with the magnetic field whose thickness is comparable to the dissipation scale. Sheets formed by oppositely directed waves are uncorrelated. We suspect that these are vortex sheets, which the mean magnetic field prevents from rolling up. (9) Items 1-6 lend support to the model of strong MHD turbulence put forth by Goldreich & Sridhar (GS). Results from our simulations are also consistent with the GS prediction γ = 2/3, as are those obtained previously by Cho & Vishniac. The sole notable discrepancy is that one-dimensional energy spectra determined from our simulations exhibit α ≈ 3/2, whereas the GS model predicts α = 5/3. Further investigation is needed to resolve this issue.
High mutation rate and predominance of insertions in the Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear genome

Mutations have pivotal functions in the onset of genetic diseases and are the fundamental substrate for evolution. However, present estimates of the spontaneous mutation rate and spectrum are derived from indirect and biased measurements. For instance, mutation rate estimates for Caenorhabditis elegans are extrapolated from observations on a few genetic loci with visible phenotypes and vary over an order of magnitude1. Alternative approaches in mammals, relying on phylogenetic comparisons of pseudogene loci2 and fourfold degenerate codon positions3, suffer from uncertainties in the actual number of generations separating the compared species and the inability to exclude biases associated with natural selection. Here we provide a direct and unbiased estimate of the nuclear mutation rate and its molecular spectrum with a set of C. elegans mutation-accumulation lines that reveal a mutation rate about tenfold higher than previous indirect estimates and an excess of insertions over deletions. Because deletions dominate patterns of C. elegans pseudogene variation4,5, our observations indicate that natural selection might be significant in promoting small genome size, and challenge the prevalent assumption that pseudogene divergence accurately reflects the spontaneous mutation spectrum.
Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, normal coordinate analysis, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment of 1-fluoro-1-methylsilacyclobutane

Abstract The infrared (3500–40 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid 1-fluoro-1-methylsilacyclobutane, c-C 3 H 6 SiF(CH 3 ), have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum (3500–30 cm −1 ) of the liquid has been recorded and quantitative depolarization values have been obtained. Both the axial and equatorial (with respect to the methyl group) conformers have been identified in the fluid phases. Variable temperature (−55–−100°C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 267±10 cm −1 (3.19±0.12 kJ mol −1 ), with the axial conformer being the more stable form and the only conformer remaining in the polycrystalline solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the axial conformer and many of the fundamentals for the equatorial conformer have also been identified. The vibrational assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing ab initio force constants. Complete equilibrium geometries have been determined for both rotamers by ab initio calculations employing the 6-31G* and 6-311++G** basis sets at the levels of restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) and/or Moller–Plesset (MP) to second order. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Optical Pulsations in the Crab Nebula Pulsar

The discovery of strong light flashes from pulsar NP 0532 is confirmed in this paper from McDonald Observatory.
Keto-Aldehydes and Cell Division

Many problems are left open in this article. Its publication may be excused by the suffering cancer causes, which urges the researcher to publish as soon as he thinks he may have found a new trail, which also may be taken by others. What emerges clearly is that SH groups, with their specific reactivities, offer a hopeful target in the search for cancerostatic substances, among which the natural repressor of cell division may hold out the most promise. The glyoxal derivatives also have antiviral properties (7, 16) and may be in the center of a hitherto unknown system of equilibria which deserves a thorough study. The low molecular weight of the glyoxal derivative reported justifies the hope of an early clarification of its structure, as well as its synthesis (17).
Observed Flow Reversals and Measured-Predicted Nusselt Numbers for Natural Convection in a One-Sided Heated Vertical Channel

A three-part study encompassing both experiment and analysis has been performed for natural convection in an open-ended vertical channel. One of the principal walls of the channel—the heated wall—was maintained at a uniform temperature, while the other principal wall was unheated. The experiments, which included flow visualization and Nusselt number measurements, were carried out with water in the channel and in the ambient which surrounds the channel. At Rayleigh numbers which exceeded a threshold value, the visualization revealed a pocket of recirculating flow situated adjacent to the unheated wall in the upper part of the channel. The recirculation was fed by fluid drawn into the top of the channel, adjacent to the unheated wall. Average Nusselt numbers for the heated wall were measured over a three orders of magnitude range of a single correlating parameter, which includes the Rayleigh number and the ratio of the channel length to the interwall spacing. The Nusselt numbers were found to be unaffected by the presence of the recirculation zone. Numerical solutions obtained via a parabolic finite difference scheme yielded Nusselt numbers in good agreement with those of experiment. The numerical results covered the Prandtl number range from 0.7 to 10.
The Ballot and the Bullet

The June 1966 March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi represented a significant shift in the character and balance of forces in the southern civil rights movement. During a late night meeting in a Memphis church, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) chairman Stokely Carmichael argued that White participation in the march be de-emphasized. Carmichael also proposed that armed security be provided by the Deacons for Defense and Justice, a Louisiana-based paramilitary organization. Floyd McKissick, the chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), supported Carmichael's positions. Martin Luther King, Jr., the chairman of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, continued to argue for the practice of nonviolence and a multiracial emphasis in civil rights marches. Finally, though expressing reservations, King conceded to Carmichael's proposals to maintain unity in the march and the movement. The involvement and association of the Deacons with the march signified a shift in the civil rights movement, which had been popularly projected as a "nonviolent movement." Beginning with the sit-in movement of 1960 and the Freedom Rides of 1961, CORE and SNCC were two of the principal organizations committed to eliminating segregation in the South through nonviolent passive resistance. By 1966, both organizations had endorsed armed self-defense as a legitimate and viable tactic in the struggle to achieve civil and human rights (Hampton & Fayer, 1990; Sellers, 1990). Many CORE and SNCC
Analysis of Transient Thickness of Pneumatic Foams

This paper presents a simple, experimentally validated approach to analyze the transient formation of a foam layer produced by injecting gas bubbles into a foaming solution. Based on experimental observations, three different regimes in the transient growth of the foam have been identified as a function of the superficial gas velocity. A model based on the mass conservation equation for the gas phase in the foam combined with three different models for the average porosity is proposed. It is shown that for practical calculations a constant average porosity equal to 0.82 can be used. The model predictions show very good agreement with experimental data for low superficial gas velocity and provide an upper limit of the foam thickness for intermediate and large superficial gas velocities. The paper discusses the physical mechanisms that may occur during the foam formation and the effects of the superficial gas velocity on the foam dynamics. The present analysis speculates several mechanisms for the bursting of the bubbles at the top of the foams and proposes the framework for more fundamental and detailed studies.
Morphologic and cytotaxonomic evaluation of Lomatium tuberosum (Apiaceae)

Lomatium tuberosum Hoover, a south-central Washington endemic, has been considered to be closely related to three other normally purple-flowered lomatiums:L. columbianum, L. cuspidatum, andL. minus. Recent morphologic studies confirm the close phenetic relationship of these four species. Chromosome counts from a purple-flowered population in the eastern range ofL. tuberosum indicaten=11, the same chromosome number earlier determined with yellow-flowered plants from the type locality.
Multivariate Analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research

This second edition of Tatsuoka's widely used text is, in my opinion, required reading for anyone who has the idealistic goal of devoting his life to instruction in an environment where demands, tools, standards, professional recognition, even hope of financial success, change rapidly. This book, like the first edition, is not a dogmatic textbook, of which we have so many in mathematical statistics but, as is evident in every chapter, shows the author's struggle to provide students with what they need (proficiency) rather than what they want (cookbook, phrases, ready-made tools). I fully agree with the author's desire to encourage students to write their own programs rather than applying ready-made packages. My experience, which has been very similar to Tatsuoka's, would dictate a different ordering of the chapters. In the review below, I will indicate this and attempt to compare the approach followed in the first (1971) edition with that in the current (1988) edition. The placement of chapter 2 (Matrix manipulations) at the beginning of this text seems to be an open invitation to instructors with little or no knowledge of either mathematics or educational research, to teach a course by being merely a chapter ahead of their students. As the author doubtless knows, these techniques can be taught only in a laboratory atmosphere, by careful supervision of active work. In this connection, I prefer the approach in the first edition, where the matrix manipulations were used to cast a univariate technique (multiple regression) into a notation that permits the introduction of multivariate techniques by analogy. In the beginning of chapter 4, the author refers to Multiple Regression as an "exception" to multivariate techniques. In all statistical curricula that I have seen in the past 35 years, it is considered a univariate technique, because it involves only one response variable, and thus chapter 3, at the very beginning, may discourage readers from continuing in this text. The inclusion of multiple correlation, clearly a multivariate technique, makes this all the more confusing. The "shrinkage" formula (p. 52) and the "incremental R -test" (p. 50), which are Beta statistics borrowed from univariate analysis, seem unnecessary in this context, because the multivariate noncentral distribution of the multiple correlation is as easily evalu-
Crossover in diffusion-limited aggregation

We consider a generalization of the Witten-Sander model for aggregation to allow for a finite density of diffusing particles. In a continuum treatment we show that for small aggregates we recover the previous behavior that the density of the aggregate decreases inversely with the radius, but larger aggregates cross over to having constant density. Our results are in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations of the discrete model.
Mental Health Treatment Preferences of Older and Younger Primary Care Patients

Objective:To compare mental health treatment history and preferences in older and younger primary care patients.Method:We surveyed 77 older (60+) and 312 younger adult primary care patients from four outpatient medical clinics about their mental health treatment history and preferences.Results:Older adults were less likely than younger adults to report a history of mental health treatment (29% vs. 51%) or to be currently receiving treatment (11% vs. 23%). They were also less likely to indicate that they currently desire help with emotional problems (25% vs. 50%). Older adults were more likely to hold a belief in self-reliance that could limit their willingness to accept treatment for mental health problems, although they were less likely than younger adults to identify other barriers to treatment. Older adults reported that they were less likely to attend programs in primary care targeting mental health issues (counseling, stress management) than younger adults, although they were as willing as younger ad...
Effects of combustor exit profiles on high pressure turbine vane aerodynamics and heat transfer

The goal of this work was to investigate the effects of different profiles representative of those exiting aero-engine combustors on high pressure turbine vane aerodynamics and heat transfer. The various profiles were produced using the non-reacting, inlet profile generator in the Turbine Research Facility (TRF) located at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). This paper reports how the pressure loading and heat transfer along the vane surface is affected by different turbine inlet pressure and temperature profiles at several different span locations. The results indicate that the different inlet total pressure profiles affected the aerodynamic loading by as much as 10%. The results also reveal that the combination of different total pressure and total temperature profiles significantly affected the vane heat transfer for a baseline test with relatively uniform inlet total pressure and total temperature profiles. Near the ID endwall, the baseline heat transfer was reduced 30 to 40% over the majority of the vane surface. Near the OD endwall, it was found that certain inlet profiles could increase the baseline heat transfer by 20 to 30%, while other profiles resulted in a decrease of the baseline heat transfer by 30 to 40%.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Blaming the Booze The Attribution of Responsibility for Drunken Behavior

Evidence from historical analyses, legal history, and attribution studies is reviewed as it concerns how evidence of drunkenness affects the attribution of responsibility. The findings are discussed from the viewpoint of attribution theory. Several theoretical issues are discussed, including definitions of responsibility and individual differences. The available information supports the cultural ambivalence toward the use of alcohol.
N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase, Etiologic Agent, and Duration of Clinical Signs for Sequential Episodes of Chronic Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Abstract This study examined effects of repeated episodes of clinical mastitis in chronically infected quarters on milk N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity and duration of clinical signs. Milk samples were collected at each clinical onset from 49 chronic mastitis cases on a 1700-cow Michigan dairy farm. There were 49 first episodes of clinical mastitis, 49second episodes, and 13 episodes of third or more. Agents isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (18.4%), Staphylococcus spp. (7.3%), no growth (20.2%), environmental pathogens (streptococci other than agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp.) (22.0%), other pathogens ( Serratia spp., Bacillus spp., diphtheroids [ Corynebacterium spp. and Actinomyces pyogenes ], Pseudomonas spp., and Nocardia spp.) (11.9%), mixed pathogens (two agents isolated) (12.8%), and contaminated samples (7.3%). Etiologic agents, duration of clinical signs, and NAGase did not differ by episode number. The correlation between log of NAGase and log of time until clinical recovery was .34. The relationship between NAGase and duration of clinical signs was strongest for second episodes, and weakest for third and greater episodes of chronic mastitis.
Identity as a Determinant of the Overreporting of Church Attendance in Canada

Recent work has demonstrated that Canadians overreport church attendance at rates similar to respondents in the United States. Overreporting in the United States has been attributed to the importance of religious identity; causes of Canadian overreporting have not been examined. This article draws upon Stryker’s identity theory to explain why Canadian survey respondents overreport church attendance. The 2005 Canadian General Social Survey contains observed measures of attendance from both a conventional survey question and a time diary, allowing a direct and rigorous test of the identity explanation. Findings suggest that rates of Canadian overreporting, at about 50 percent, rival rates of overreporting in the United States. Moreover, like overreporting in the United States, Canadian overreporting may be affected by an identity process during the survey interview. Finally, implications for measuring religiosity in both countries are discussed.
Three Views of Associationalism in 19th‐Century America: An Empirical Examination

This article examines three different theoretical conceptions of asso‐ciationalism with respect to cross‐sectional data on municipal expenditure and voter participation in American cities for the fiscal year 1880: a “neo‐Tocquevillian” perspective, which generally views as‐sociational activity as an alternative to government intervention; a “social movements” perspective, which views associations as interest groups mobilized to stimulate government action in areas germane to their specific pursuits; and a “social capital” perspective, which is neutral with respect to the impact of associationalism on the size of government but views associational activity as a stimulus to greater political participation. The analysis provides little support for the social capital and neo‐Tocquevillian perspectives but strong support for the social movements notion that one of the predominant political influences of associationalism, at least in late 19th‐century American cities, was that of interest group mobilization in ...
Duration of share repurchase programs and firm performance

It is widely known that under asymmetric information, share repurchasss can be used by firms to signal firm quality. In this paper, it is shown that the duration of share repurchase programs can signal the degree of firm quality. The model predicts that the highest quality firms repurchase a fraction of their shares outstanding over a short duration, medium quality firms repurchase the same fraction over a longer duration, and low quality firms do not repurchase shares at all. An empirical investigation of firms that engage in repurchase activity supports the model.
FTIR spectroscopic observation of haloalkyl peroxynitrates formed via ROO + NO2 → ROONO2 (R CCI3, CFCI2 and CF2CI)

Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence has been obtained for the formation of haloalkyl peroxynitrates via the gas phase reactions ROO + NO2(+ M) → ROONO2(+M) (R  CCI3, CFCI2 and CF2CI). The possibility is raised that these reactions may participate in stratospheric chemistry.
Geologists explain Sun Dagger Myth

The ‘sun dagger,’ a midday solstice and equinox marker on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, evidently is not a construct of the Chacoan Anasazi, as originally thought. E.B. Newman and R.K. March of the United States Geological Survey and A.G. Vivian of the Arizona State Museum, Tucson, recently reported the results of their study of the sun dagger. They say that erosional processes, not Anasazi engineering, produced the solar marker (Science, Sept. 10, 1982). It was difficult to understand how the Indian culture had been able to design and construct such a huge, and yet sophisticated, instrument in the 10th or 11th centuries, when other buildings were made of stones 2 orders of magnitude lighter. The Anasazi had indeed used the other stations as observatories to record sunrise and sunset, but the sun dagger was the first to be discovered that recorded midday solar observations. The geological evidence suggests that the large sandstone slabs that collimate sunlight and produce the sun dagger image are the result of a natural rockfall and that marker petroglyphs were designed at a later time to observe details of the light pattern for several annual cycles.
Metschnikowia noctiluminum sp. nov., Metschnikowia corniflorae sp. nov., and Candida chrysomelidarum sp. nov., isolated from green lacewings and beetles.

Abstract Fourteen yeast isolates belonging to the Metschnikowia clade were isolated from the digestive tracts of lacewings ( Neuroptera : Chrysopidae ), soldier beetles and leaf beetles ( Coleoptera : Cantharidae and Chrysomelidae ), and a caddisfly ( Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae ). The insect hosts were associated with sugary substances of plants, a typical habitat for yeasts in this clade. Based on DNA sequence comparisons and phenetic characters, the yeasts were identified as Candida picachoensis , Candida pimensis , and four undescribed taxa. Among the undescribed taxa, three yeasts were distinguished from one another and from other described taxa by nucleotide differences in the ribosomal DNA repeat, which were sufficient to consider them as new species. Two of the novel yeast species are described as Metschnikowia noctiluminum (NRRL Y-27753 T ) and M. corniflorae spp. nov. (NRRL Y-27750 T ) based in part on production of needle-shaped ascospores, which are found in most Metschnikowia species. Sexual reproduction was not observed in the third new yeast, Candida chrysomelidarum sp. nov. (NRRL Y-27749 T ). A fourth isolate, NRRL Y-27752, was not significantly distinct from Metschnikowia viticola and Candida kofuensis to be described as a new species. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1/D2 loop sequences placed M. noctiluminum within the M. viticola clade, while C. chrysomelidarum was a sister taxon of Candida rancensis . Metschnikowia corniflorae was phylogenetically distinct from other new species and fell outside of the large-spored Metschnikowia group.
Results of radiotherapy in carcinoma of cervix stages I and II: The impact of involvement of endocervix

The results of radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix stages I and II at the University of Missouri-Columbia (UMC) in the period between 1975 and 1980 were analyzed. The failure rate was 13/58 (22.4%). While the failure was 8% (3/36) in ectocervical cancer it was 45% (10/22) in endocervical cancer. The difference was statistically significant to a p value of 0.001. Ten of 13 failure cases (77%) had involvement of the endocervix. In endocervical carcinoma 7 of 10 (70%) of the failure cases had recurrence in para-aortic or supraclavicular nodes. The impact of age, differentiation and hemoglobin level was examined.
Interpolating Irregularly Spaced Observations for Filtering Turbulent Complex Systems

We present a numerically fast reduced filtering strategy, the Fourier domain Kalman filter with appropriate interpolations to account for irregularly spaced observations of complex turbulent signals. The design of such a reduced filter involves: (i) interpolating irregularly spaced observations to the model regularly spaced grid points, (ii) understanding under which situation the small scale oscillatory artifact from such interpolation won't degrade the filtered solutions, (iii) understanding when the interpolated covariance structure can be approximated by its diagonal terms when observations are corrupted by independent Gaussian noise, and (iv) applying a scalar Kalman filter formula on each Fourier component independently with an approximate diagonal interpolated covariance matrix. From the practical point of view, there is an emerging need to understand the effect of (i) toward the filtered solutions, for example, in utilizing the data produced from various interpolation techniques that merge multiple satellite measurements of atmospheric and ocean dynamical quantities. To understand point (iii) above and to see how many of nondiagonal terms are effectively ignored in (iv), we compute a ratio $\Lambda$ between the largest nondiagonal components and the smallest diagonal components of the interpolated covariance matrix. We find that for piecewise linear interpolation, this ratio, $\Lambda$, is always smaller than that of the alternative interpolation schemes such as trigonometric and cubic spline for any irregularly spaced observation networks. When observations are not so sparse with small noise, we find that the small scale oscillatory artifact in (ii) above is negligible when piecewise linear interpolation is used whereas for the other schemes such as the nearest neighbor, trigonometric, and cubic spline interpolation, the oscillatory artifact degrades the filtered solutions significantly. Finally, we also find that the reduced filtering strategy with piecewise linear interpolation produces more accurate filtered solutions than conventional approaches when observations are extremely irregularly spaced (such that the ratio $\Lambda$ is not so small) and very sparse.
Welding fumes from stainless steel gas metal arc processes contain multiple manganese chemical species

Fumes from a group of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes used on stainless steel were generated using three different metal transfer modes and four different shield gases. The objective was to identify and measure manganese (Mn) species in the fumes, and identify processes that are minimal generators of Mn species. The robotic welding system was operated in short-circuit (SC) mode (Ar/CO2 and He/Ar), axial spray (AXS) mode (Ar/O2 and Ar/CO2), and pulsed axial-spray (PAXS) mode (Ar/O2). The fumes were analyzed for Mn by a sequential extraction process followed by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis, and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Total elemental Mn, iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were separately measured after aqua regia digestion and ICP-AES analysis. Soluble Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ni2+ in a simple biological buffer (phosphate-buffered saline) were determined at pH 7.2 and 5.0 after 2 h incubation at 37 °C by ion chromatography. Results indicate that Mn was present in soluble form, acid-soluble form, and acid-soluble form after reduction by hydroxylamine, which represents soluble Mn0 and Mn2+ compounds, other Mn2+ compounds, and (Mn3+ and Mn4+) compounds, respectively. The dominant fraction was the acid-soluble Mn2+ fraction, but results varied with the process and shield gas. Soluble Mn mass percent in the fume ranged from 0.2 to 0.9%, acid-soluble Mn2+ compounds ranged from 2.6 to 9.3%, and acid plus reducing agent-soluble (Mn3+ and Mn4+) compounds ranged from 0.6 to 5.1%. Total Mn composition ranged from 7 to 15%. XRD results showed fumes had a crystalline content of 90–99% Fe3O4, and showed evidence of multiple Mn oxides, but overlaps and weak signals limited identification. Small amounts of the Mn2+ in the fume (<0.01 to ∼1% or <0.1 to ∼10 μg ml−1) and Ni2+ (<0.01 to ∼0.2% or <0.1 to ∼2 μg ml−1) ions were found in biological buffer media, but amounts were highly dependent on pH and the welding process. Mn generation rates for the fractions were tabulated, and the influence of ozone is discussed. The conclusions are that exposures to welding fumes include multiple Mn species, both soluble and insoluble, and that exposures to Mn species vary with specific processes and shield gases.
Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation.

CONTEXT: Existing evidence suggests that military veterans with mental health disorders have poorer family functioning, although little research has focused on this topic. OBJECTIVE: To test whether psychiatric symptoms are associated with family reintegration problems in recently returned military veterans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of a clinical population. Respondents who were referred to behavioral health evaluation from April 2006 through August 2007 were considered for the survey. SETTING: Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pa. PARTICIPANTS: 199 military veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan after 2001 and were referred for behavioral health evaluation from primary care (mean age = 32.7 years, SD = 9.1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for psychiatric diagnoses, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire for depression diagnosis and severity, and screening measures of alcohol abuse and illicit substance use. A measure of military family readjustment problems and a screening measure of domestic abuse were developed for this study. RESULTS: Three fourths of the married/cohabiting veterans reported some type of family problem in the past week, such as feeling like a guest in their household (40.7%), reporting their children acting afraid or not being warm toward them (25.0%), or being unsure about their family role (37.2%). Among veterans with current or recently separated partners, 53.7% reported conflicts involving "shouting, pushing, or shoving," and 27.6% reported that this partner was "afraid of them." Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were both associated with higher rates of family reintegration problems. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health problems may complicate veterans' readjustment and reintegration into family life. The findings suggest an opportunity to improve the treatment of psychiatric disorders by addressing family problems. Language: en
Thinking otherwise: Ethics, technology and other subjects

Ethics is ordinarily understood as being concerned with questions of responsibility for and in the face of an other. This other is more often than not conceived of as another human being and, as such, necessarily excludes others --- most notably animals and machines. This essay examines the ethics of such exclusivity. It is divided into three parts. The first part investigates the exclusive anthropocentrism of traditional forms of moral?thinking and, following the example of recent innovations in animal rights philosophy, questions the mechanisms of such exclusion. Although recent work in animal- and bio-ethics has successfully implemented strategies for the inclusion of the animal as a legitimate subject of moral consideration, its other, the machine, has remained conspicuously excluded. The second part looks at recent attempts to include these machinic others in moral thinking and critiques the assumptions, values, and strategies that have been employed by these various innovations. And the third part proposes a means for thinking otherwise. That is, it introduces an alternative way to consider these other forms of otherness that is not simply reducible to the conceptual order that has structured and limited moral philosophy's own concern with and for others.
IT Outsourcing’s Role in China’s Economic Growth

This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and Information Technology (IT) outsourcing. By analyzing the dynamics of IT outsourcing, the paper will further investigate various financial-related factors to assess their relationship to economic growth. With regards to IT outsourcing, prior research involving technology and outsourcing in China have provided clues to suggest a possible correlation to economic productivity. The paper will also explore past research in the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) expenditures, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and the Labor Market to determine their function in economic growth. A conceptual model was developed to illustrate the postulated relationship between IT outsourcing and economic growth. The model details a three-period lifecycle of the causal relationship between IT outsourcing and economic growth.
Sites of Action of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)–A Neuroactive Drug with Abuse Potential

AbstractObjective: This review highlights the biochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the naturally-occurring fatty acid derivative, gamma-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB). GHB is derived from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and is proposed to function as an inhibitory chemical transmitter in the central nervous system. Content: When administered in pharmacological doses, its powerful central nervous system depressant effects are readily observed. Although some of the neurophysiological actions of GHB could involve alterations in dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia, both its physiological and pharmacological actions are probably mediated through specific brain receptors for GHB. In addition, GHB might mediate some of its effects through interaction with the GABAB receptor. Experimentally, GHB has been used as a model for petit mal epilepsy; clinically, it has been used as a general anesthetic and as a drug to treat certain sleep disorders and related conditions. Owing to the purported ability of GHB...
Programmable dispersion compensation and pulse shaping in a 26-fs chirped-pulse amplifier.

We have constructed a 26-fs chirped-pulse amplifier that incorporates a programmable liquid-crystal spatial light modulator in the pulse stretcher. The modulator serves a dual purpose. First, we apply frequency-dependent phase shifts to compensate for cubic, quartic, and nonlinear phase dispersion in the amplifier, which results in a reduction in pulse duration from 32 to 26??fs, in agreement with the transform limit of the amplified pulse spectrum. Second, we are able to produce high-fidelity compressed amplified shaped pulses by applying phase masks directly within the stretcher. Shaped pulse energies of greater than 1??mJ are routinely obtained.
The role of leaf hydraulic conductance dynamics on the timing of leaf senescence

We tested the hypothesis that an age-dependent reduction in leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) influences the timing of leaf senescence via limitation of the stomatal aperture on xylem compound delivery to leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the tropical trees Anacardium excelsum Kunth, Pittoniotis trichantha Griseb, and the temperate trees Acer saccharum Marsh. and Quercus rubra L. The onset of leaf senescence was preceded by a decline in Kleaf in tomato and the tropical trees, but not in the temperate trees. Age-dependent changes in Kleaf in tomato were driven by a reduction in leaf vein density without a proportional increase in the xylem hydraulic supply. A decline in stomatal conductance accompanied Kleaf reduction with age in tomato but not in tropical and temperate tree species. Experimental manipulations that reduce the flow of xylem-transported compounds into leaves with open stomata induced early leaf senescence in tomato and A. excelsum, but not in P. trichantha, A. saccharum and Q. rubra leaves. We propose that in tomato, a reduction in Kleaf limits the delivery of xylem-transported compounds into the leaves, thus making them vulnerable to senescence. In the tropical evergreen tree A. excelsum, xylem-transported compounds may play a role in signalling the timing of senescence but are not under leaf hydraulic regulation; leaf senescence in the deciduous trees A. trichanta, A. saccharum and Q. rubra is not influenced by leaf vascular transport.
THE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL LIGHT EMISSION

—Bioluminescent bacteria may be isolated from sea water, and grown on a medium containing fish (or meat or yeast) extract. Cells harvested at the peak of luminescence can be lysed osmotically, releasing into the medium the soluble enzyme bacterial luciferase, which catalyzes the bioluminescent oxidation of reduced riboflavin 5′-phosphate and long chain aldehyde by molecular oxygen. Luciferase is the simplest possible heterpolymeric protein, with an α (catalytic, 42,000 daltons)-β (regulatory, 37,000 daltons) dimeric structure. Luciferase is not constitutive; it is induced by a substance produced by the bacteria themselves and excreted into the medium. Control also involves repression (glucose) and cyclic nucleotides. Recent work has resulted in the characterization of an intermediate in the light emitting reaction postulated to be luciferase-bound 4a-peroxy-dihydro FMN. The final steps in the in vitro light-emitting reaction involve reaction of this peroxy intermediate with aldehyde in a mixed function oxidase-type reaction, yielding an excited luciferase-flavin and long chain acid. The excited state is postulated to be the luciferase-bound 4a-hydroxy-dihydro-FMN. Although the identity of the in vivo aldehyde, its localization and its metabolism is unknown, studies with mutants which fail to synthesize aldehyde suggest that the 14 carbon fatty acid is a precursor. Moreover, although bacterial luciferase is highly soluble (200 mg ml-1 in aqueous solution) there is recent evidence from our laboratory and others that its function may involve the cytoplasmic membrane. The function of light emission is of particular interest since a considerable amount of energy is involved; assuming a quantum yield of 10%, the cell foregoes the production of about 60 ATP molecules per photon. A fully induced cell emits about 104 quanta/s and about 20% (!) of the oxygen consumption of the cell has been estimated to go via the light emitting pathway. One function is in light organs of higher organisms, where they occur as symbionts. The inducible (and repressible) nature of the luminescent system may be appreciated in terms of ecological options; the bacteria may be biologically very versatile. Induction by an inducer produced by the bacteria themselves would occur only under conditions where it accumulates, as in a luminous organ of a host. In the open ocean such an accumulation does not occur; the luminous system would thus not be synthesized and energy loss via luminescence is averted, allowing the bacteria to compete in an alternate “life style”.
IVA for multi-subject FMRI analysis: A comparative study using a new simulation toolbox

Joint blind source separation (JBSS) techniques have proven to be a natural solution for achieving source separation of multiple data sets. JBSS algorithms, such as independent vector analysis (IVA), are a promising alternative to independent component analysis (ICA) based approaches for the analysis of multi-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Unlike ICA, little is known about the effectiveness of JBSS methods for fMRI analysis. In this paper, a new fMRI simulation toolbox (SimTB) is used to simulate multi-subject realistic fMRI datasets that include inter-subject variability. We study the performance of two JBSS algorithms representing two different approaches to the problem: (1) a recently proposed IVA algorithm combining second-order and higher-order statistics denoted by IVA-GL; and (2) a JBSS solution found by jointly diagonalizing cross-cumulant matrices denoted IVA-GJD. We compare these two JBSS algorithms with similar ICA algorithms implemented in the widely used group ICA for fMRI toolbox (GIFT). The results show that in addition to offering an effective solution for making group inferences, IVA algorithms provide superior performance in terms of capturing spatial inter-subject variability.