cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elimination of the transient outward current and action potential prolongation in mouse atrial myocytes expressing a dominant negative Kv4 α subunit

1Analyses of whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from isolated adult (C57BL6) mouse atrial myocytes reveal the presence of two prominent Ca2+-independent depolarization-activated K+ currents: a rapidly activating and inactivating, transient outward K+ current, Ito,f; and a non-inactivating, steady-state, K+ current, Iss. 2The properties of Ito,f and Iss in adult mouse atrial myocytes are similar to those of the analogous currents recently described in detail in adult mouse ventricular cells. A slowly inactivating K+ current, which is similar to IK,slow in ventricular cells, is detected in ≈40 % of adult mouse atrial myocytes, and when expressed, the density of this current component is substantially lower than the density of Ito,f or Iss. 3The similarity between atrial and ventricular Ito,f and the finding that both the Kv4 subfamily α subunits, Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, are expressed in wild-type mouse atria prompted us to determine if atrial Ito,f is affected in transgenic mice expressing a mutant Kv4.2 α subunit, Kv4.2W362F, that functions as a dominant negative. 4Similar to findings in ventricular cells, electrophysiological recordings reveal that Ito,f is selectively eliminated in atrial myocytes isolated from transgenic mice expressing Kv4.2W362F, thereby demonstrating directly that Kv4 subfamily members also underlie mouse atrial Ito,f. 5Neither the steady-state, non-inactivating K+ current Iss, nor the inwardly rectifying K+ current IK1, in atrial myocytes is affected by the expression of Kv4.2W362F. 6In contrast to previous findings in Kv4.2W362F-expressing mouse ventricular myocytes, there is no evidence that electrical remodelling occurs in atrial cells when Ito,f is functionally eliminated. 7The elimination of Ito,f is accompanied by marked increases in atrial action potential durations, although no electrocardiographic abnormalities attributable to, or suggestive of, altered atrial functioning are evident in Kv4.2W362F-expressing animals.
The Parvovirus H-1 NS2 Protein Affects Viral Gene Expression through Sequences in the 3′ Untranslated Region

Abstract We reported previously that an NS2 null mutant of parvovirus H-1 (H-1SA) was capable of lytic growth in human and hamster cells, but not in rat cells (Li and Rhode, 1991). The host-range phenotype of H-1SA was also manifested in newborn rats and was associated with a reduction of viral protein synthesis to about 10% of wild-type virus and an absence of virions in cultured rat fibroblasts. However, the H-1SA mRNAs for NS1 and capsid proteins, R1 and R3, accumulated to wild-type levels and translated well with a cell free rabbit reticulocyte lysate. These results indicate that NS2 plays an important role in the regulation of viral protein synthesis in rat cells in vivo and in vitro , but NS2 is largely dispensable in other types of cells, such as human and hamster cells. To analyze whether the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of viral RNA are involved in the regulation by NS2, the viral VP2 gene was replaced by a reporter gene, firefly luciferase, in a plasmid clone of viral sequences and the protein synthesis under the control of P38 was evaluated by luciferase assay. Cells were transfected with luciferase expressing plasmids and subsequently infected with wild-type H-1 or H-1SA. We were able to mimic the defect in expression that we observed in cultured cells and animals with virus infection. Luciferase activity in H-1SA-infected rat cells was about 10-fold lower than that in H-1 -infected rat cells, but only 2-fold lower or less in H-1SA-infected human cells and hamster cells compared to wild-type H-1. These results are consistent with our previous data that NS2 has a host-range phenotype in the natural host of H-1, the rat. Deletion of 5′ UTR sequences from P38 transcripts reduced the overall P38-luc expression but expression was NS2 independent, whereas deletion of the terminal 3′ UTR sequences of viral RNA reduced NS2-dependent expression in rat cells. These results suggest that the regulation of viral protein synthesis by NS2 depends on RNA sequences in the 3′ UTR.
Determinants of the Community Living Arrangements of Older Unmarried Women

Data from the nationally representative 1976 [U.S.] Survey of Income and Education provide the opportunity to examine the joint effects of age marital status personal income and the need for functional assistance on living arrangements of older unmarried white women. A particular interest in this research is testing the hypothesis that the effects of income and functional health are interactive. This hypothesis implies that the effect of functional disability on living arrangements is contingent on level of personal income. The results of "log-linear model analyses indicate that although the main effects of all independent variables except marital status are significant none of the interaction effects are significant. Odds calculated under the best-fitting model show that an unimpaired older woman has seven times the chance of living alone as one who requires frequent assistance whereas those in the lowest income group have only a quarter of the likelihood of living alone as someone in the highest income group." This is a revised version of a paper orginally presented at the 1981 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index Vol. 47 No. 3 Fall 1981 p. 445). (EXCERPT)
Child exposure to intimate partner violence after soldiers' deployment

Many military personnel returning from deployment have significant mental health issues, which may impact family functioning. This descriptive study examines 1,702 child maltreatment incidents involving previously deployed soldiers to identify characteristics associated with intimate partner violence committed on the same day as the child maltreatment incident. Such events were more likely to be committed by male parents, to consist of emotional abuse, and to involve offender alcohol use. Soldier concerns regarding interpersonal conflict predicted co-occurring intimate partner violence, but depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) did not. Better understanding of co-occurrence may suggest opportunities for prevention and early intervention services.
THE STRUCTURE OF RAPE ATTITUDES FOR MEN AND WOMEN : A THREE-FACTOR MODEL

Abstract The present study used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the generalizability of extant measurement models derived for the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (RMA; Burt, 1980; Briere, Malamuth, & Check, 1985). For samples of females restricted or unrestricted by current romantic relationship status, and for an unrestricted sample of males, models were inadequate. For both female samples, RMA responses were best explained by a modified 12-item version of Briere et al.'s original model. The new model consisted of three correlated factors (Disbelief of Rape Claims, Blame the Victim, Rape Reports as Manipulation). Demonstrating gender invariance, multi-group analyses revealed that the three-factor model provided a comparable goodness-of-fit for male data. Additional analyses demonstrated the discriminant validity of the three RMA factors when considered as a function of individual differences in dispositional empathy among males and females. Future researchers can use the oblique three-factor model to better conceptualize and measure rape myth beliefs.
Discourse and interactional functions of the Japanese modal adverb Yahari/Yappari

Abstract This paper analyzes meaning and function of the Japanese modal adverb yahari/yappari within a proposed framework of Discourse Modality. Yahari signals the relevant semantic connection (on the basis of similarity and conformity) between the proposition being expressed and a piece of assumed knowledge by way of four knowledge association types: Textual Knowledge, Social Knowledge, Knowledge for Conclusion, and Knowledge for Selection. Yahari offers three discourse pragmatic functions: foregrounding of speaker subjectivity, cohesion marking and cohesiveness marking. On the interactional level, yappari offers interpersonally expressive functions: as a rapport seeker, a hesitation marker, and as a filler which sometimes functions as a planner. The theoretical framework. Discourse Modality (DM), is proposed as a model within which the results of this study are most meaningfully interpreted. Yahari/yappari is a DM indicator with primary functions in the areas of epistemic modality, discourse-organizational modality and interactional modality, all of which construct the overall DM effects which constrain the semantic interpretation of yahari in a specific context.
Managing home and network storage of television recordings: "I filled my DVR again! Now what?"

In this paper we study the recording and watching patterns of DVR users using real traces. Many DVR users complain about running out of space. Thus, we propose the idea of adding extra storage on the network. Storing content in the network would create a new challenge, as most of users use their DVR during prime-time resulting in congesting the already strained network with unicast streams. We develop statistical models that learn the behavior of users and are most likely to make watched programs readily available for users each day. We develop a simple caching technique that captures the dominant factors of user behavior. Our verification, using real traces, shows that this technique performs as efficiently as more advanced statistical models, while requiring only a small state to be maintained.
Our Sisters' Recipes: Exploring “Community” in a Community Cookbook

Depuis la Guerre de secession, il est courant que des organisations communautaires benevoles americaines, generalement feminines, recueillent des fonds a travers la publication et la vente d'ouvrages de cuisine. Ces ouvrages nous renseignent sur la communaute elle-meme, mais aussi sur la participation des femmes a la societe. Il en va ainsi du recueil Les recettes de nos soeurs edite en 1909 par une communaute juive de Pittsburg
Surgical Exposure of the Petrous Internal Carotid Artery: Practical Application for Skull Base Surgery

When exposing the horizontal petrous carotid artery in preparation for intrapetrous carotid bypass, the surgeon has no definite landmarks to localize the perimeter of the cochlea. The results of this study provide a practical, consistent, and safe method to maximize carotid artery exposure while minimizing cochlear injury. We measured the carotid-cochlea distance (mean, 4.3 mm) and the carotid-cochlear angle (mean, 10.8 degrees) in 33 temporal bones in which the extended middle fossa approach had been performed. We correlated this distance to the width of a Sheehy weapon knife, which can be easily measured intraoperatively. Twenty-five temporal bones were imaged prior to surgical exposure using a new computed tomography (CT) protocol that can be used for preoperative assessment of the carotid-cochlear anatomy. The carotid-cochlea distance and carotid-cochlear angle measured on CT are compared with postsurgical measurements.
Function within mesoblastic nephroma: imaging — pathologic correlation

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma is the only primary renal neoplasm with radiographically demonstrable function. Renal function within two typical congenital mesoblastic nephromas was demonstrated by computed tomography in one case and renal scintigraphy in the other. Excretion of contrast medium and radionuclide was due to functioning nephrons trapped within the tumor.
HVS-motivated quantization schemes in wavelet image compression

Wavelet still image compression has recently been a focus of intense research, and appears to be maturing as a subject. Considerable coding gains over older DCT-based methods have been achieved, while the computational complexity has been made very competitive. We report here on a high performance wavelet still image compression algorithm optimized for both mean-squared error (MSE) and human visual system (HVS) characteristics. We present the problem of optimal quantization from a Lagrange multiplier point of view, and derive novel solutions. Ideally, all three components of a typical image compression system: transform, quantization, and entropy coding, should be optimized simultaneously. However, the highly nonlinear nature of quantization and encoding complicates the formulation of the total cost function. In this report, we consider optimizing the filter, and then the quantizer, separately, holding the other two components fixed. While optimal bit allocation has been treated in the literature, we specifically address the issue of setting the quantization stepsizes, which in practice is quite different. In this paper, we select a short high- performance filter, develop an efficient scalar MSE- quantizer, and four HVS-motivated quantizers which add some value visually without incurring any MSE losses. A combination of run-length and empirically optimized Huffman coding is fixed in this study.
Instructional manipulation of users' mental models for electronic calculators

Abstract A mental model for a calculator or computer refers to the user's conception of the “invisible” information processing states and transformations that occur between input and output. This paper explores the following ideas concerning users' mental models for electronic calculators: (1) users differ greatly in their mental models in spite of similar “hands-on” experience; (2) users often tend to develop either impoverished or incorrect models; (3) users can be encouraged to develop more useful mental models through instructional intervention.
Modulating LOV Domain Photodynamics with a Residue Alteration outside the Chromophore Binding Site

Phototropins, a class of light-activated protein kinases, are essential for several blue light responses in plants and algae, including phototropism. These proteins contain two internal light, oxygen, and voltage sensitive (LOV) domains, which bind flavin chromophores and undergo a reversible photochemical formation of a cysteinyl-flavin adduct as part of the light sensing process. While the photodynamic properties of such photosensory domains are dictated by interactions between the chromophore and surrounding protein, more distant residues can play a significant role as well. Here we explore the role of the Phe434 residue in the photosensory response of the second LOV domain of Avena sativa phototropin 1 (AsLOV2), a model photochemical system for these LOV domains. Phe434 lies over 6 A from the FMN chromophore in AsLOV2; nevertheless, a F434Y point mutation is likely to change several structural features of the chromophore binding site, as we demonstrate using molecular dynamics simulations. Transient absorption signals spanning 15 decades in time were compared for wildtype AsLOV2 and the F434Y mutant, showing that the latter has significantly altered photodynamics including (i) a faster intersystem crossing leading to triplet formation on a nanosecond time scale, (ii) biphasic formation of adduct state kinetics on the microsecond time scale, and (iii) greatly accelerated ground-state recovery kinetics on a second time scale. We present mechanistic models that link these spectroscopic differences to changes in the configuration of the critical cysteine residue and in the chromophore’s accessibility to solvent and oxygen according to MD trajectories and purging experiments. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of residues outside the chromophore-binding pocket in modulating LOV domain photodynamics.
Thin film, channelized drainage, or sheetfloods beneath a portion of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: an examination of glacial erosion forms, northern New York State, USA

Abstract Morphologic analyses of characteristic bedrock erosion forms found in northern New York State, USA were used to reconstruct the subglacial conditions under which they may have been produced. Observations from sites on Wellesley Island, N.Y, at Point Salubrious, N.Y, and at an open pit mine near Balmat, N.Y, were combined with regional mapping of a diverse suite of glacial erosion forms in order to establish the areal extent and significance of subglacial drainage in northern New York. Results of these site-specific and regional studies are the basis for discussion of the probable role of subglacial meltwater in the region. Bedrock erosion forms preserved at various locations in northern New York are interpreted as products of flow separation of localized subglacial meltwater during ice/bed decoupling. The regional distribution of these forms indicates that they are largely restricted to pre-existing subglacially-modified bedrock valleys that served as subglacial tunnel channels. Regionally extensive, deep, subglacial meltwater flow, characterized as sheetfloods, is not required to account for the erosional features described from specific sites in northern New York State.
A mining technique using n-grams and motion transcripts for body sensor network data repository

Recent years have seen a large influx of applications in the field of Body Sensor Networks (BSN). BSN, and in general wearable computers with sensors, can give researchers, users or clinicians access to tremendously valuable information extracted from data that were collected in users' natural environment. With this information, one can monitor the progression of a disease, identify its early onset or simply assess user's wellness. One major obstacle is managing repositories that store large amounts of BSN data. To address this issue, we propose a data mining approach for large BSN data repositories. We represent sensor readings with motion transcripts that maintain structural properties of the signal. To further take advantage of the signal's structure, we define a data mining technique using n-grams. We reduce overwhelmingly large number of n-grams via information gain (IG) feature selection. We report the effectiveness of our approach in terms of the speed of mining while maintaining an acceptable accuracy in terms of precision and recall. We demonstrate that the system can achieve average 99% precision with an average 100% recall on our pilot data with the help of only one transition for each movement.
The development of the length of the temporal window of integration for rapidly presented auditory information as indexed by MMN.

Objective: The length of the temporal window integrating successive auditory stimuli into unitary percepts has been estimated to be less than 200 ms in adults. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of the integrating window in children to determine whether it is similar to young adults. Methods: A modified auditory oddball paradigm was presented at a rapid (150‐400 ms) onset-to-onset pace during recording of electroencephalogram in two groups of children (aged 5‐8 and 9‐11 years) and one group of adults. Latencies and amplitudes of the P1, N1, and the mismatch negativity (MMN) components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured. Results: The length of the temporal window of integration (TWI) was shorter in adults (!200 ms) than older children (!300 ms in 9‐11-year-olds) and younger children (!350 ms in the 5‐8-year-olds). In addition, age-related changes were found in the latency and amplitude of the ERP components. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a general maturational development of the auditory evoked potentials and also a specific maturational process for temporal encoding of information in auditory cortex. Significance: Rapid stimulus presentation rates can be successfully used in school-aged children to study neural mechanisms of auditory processes.
A COMMENT ON EINHORN'S “ALCHEMY IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES”

Einhorn has presented some interesting results applying dataanalysis programs to random data, but he comes to some wrong conclusions. The dichotomy he raises between mindless ransacking and precise testing of a theory is a false one. In the real world no one does either. It would be absurd to take any set of data of any richness and test a single model with it. But once one fits more than one model to the data-e.g. runs more than one regression-the whole logical structure of significance tests topples. Our problem is not insufficient theory, but too many competing theories. We are choosing among a number of models, each probably misspecified. What then is an appropriate strategy? Clearly, significance tests are inappropriate. Indeed, no such tests are produced by any version of the AID program developed by the Survey Research Center. They are equally inappropriate when one runs a whole series of regressions on a set of data. Conducting significance tests on the results of an AID analysis is totally illegitimate, and irrelevant. If we are then selecting among competing hypotheses, usually a substantial number of them, theory operates at a different levelin the range of possibilities considered and the extent of imposition of assumptions for statistical convenience (additivity, linearity). We argue that what is important in the inevitable ransacking is some prestated strategy so that the process is reproducible. This is what AID does: it makes visible the strategy. What is also required if the results are to be carried very far is some assessment of the power of the model finally selected in explaining the world from which the sample was drawn. Einhorn does correctly stress the need for replicating the results. This requires refitting that model to a fresh (independent) sample. This is simple to say, but complex to put into practice for the following reasons: In any complex (clustered, multistage) sample, dividing it into
Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida

Abstract Extralimital and extinct species of birds and mammals with either tropical or western affinities are characteristic of numerous Florida Pliocene and Pleistocene vertebrate faunas. These sites document nonanalog or disharmonious faunas, recording the association of certain genera or species that are no longer sympatric, in particular taxa now restricted to drier habitats in western North America or tropical habitats in Middle America occurring together with species still found in Florida and the southeastern United States. Extralimital or extinct taxa of western origin in Florida Plio-Pleistocene nonanalog faunas include: the mammals Antrozous , Lepus , Spermophilus , Thomomys , and Baiomys ; and the birds Gymnogyps californianus , Teratornis merriami , Aquila chrysaetos , Tympanuchus cupido , two species of Glaucidium , and Pica pica . A large influx of tropical species occurred in Florida late Blancan and early Irvingtonian sites, primarily consisting of taxa of South American origin involved in the Great American Biotic Interchange. Besides large Interchange mammals, other mammals with tropical affinities now extinct or extralimital to Florida include: the bats Desmodus archaeodaptes , Desmodus stocki , Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus pristinus , and Eumops underwoodi , the carnivores Leopardus pardalis , Leopardus wiedii , Panthera onca , two species of Conepatus , and Tremarctos floridanus , and the peccary Pecari . Tropical birds in Florida Plio-Pleistocene faunas include the extralimital Tachybaptus dominicus , Laterallus exilis , Jacana spinosa , Buteogallus urubitinga , Milvago chimachima , Vanellus chilensis , and Ceryle torquata ; as well as several extinct species including Titanis walleri , a chachalaca (Family Cracidae), Amplibuteo concordatus , Spizaetus grinnelli , and Cremaster tytthus . These tropical and western taxa indicate the presence of biogeographic corridors during Plio-Pleistocene glacial intervals that connected the Florida peninsula to both the arid western United States and tropical Middle America. A mosaic of desert grassland and savanna habitats intermixed with wetlands apparently extended eastward from the arid Southwest through Texas and along a southeastern corridor to the Florida peninsula. A Gulf Coast savanna corridor supporting savanna and thorn scrub habitats probably existed during glacial low sea level stands on the exposed continental shelf and coastal plain along the northern margin of the Gulf of Mexico, connecting the Florida peninsula with Mexico and Central America. The occurrence of both tropical and western taxa in some of the same faunas strongly indicates that these distributional patterns were contemporaneous and corresponded to climatic conditions and vegetational associations that no longer exist in Florida.
Density-sensitive instabilities in the magnetosphere

Abstract Many aspects of magnetospheric dynamics are sensitive to the cold plasma density, even though the cold plasma carries almost no energy. This is because instabilities driven by energetic particles are often sensitive to the cold plasma density. We begin with a brief review of density-sensitive instabilities, and then focus attention on the role of the ion electromagnetic cyclotron (EMC) instability in causing SAR arcs and proton ring current losses near the plasmapause.
Family organization and fertility limitation in Nepal

This paper uses the family mode of organization framework to link together hypotheses relating social change to fertility limitation. Experiences in nonfamily activities are predicted to affect fertility behavior, with the outcome depending on the social, economic, and cultural context. To provide individual-level tests of hypotheses, the paper uses data from a Nepalese community which recently began dramatic family and fertility transitions. The findings show that experiences in nonfamily activities before marriage increase the odds of subsequently adopting fertility limitation in this setting. The evidence also demonstrates the importance of including measures of husbands’ experiences in models of fertility decisions.
Bifunctional lymphocyte regulation by human Fcγ fragments and a synthetic peptide, p23, derived from the Fc region

Abstract Fc fragments of human IgG 1 and the synthetic peptide, p23, representing residues 335–357 in the CH 3 domain of IgG 1 were able to increase levels of secreted Ig in murine spleen cell cultures. B cell activation by Fcγ fragments was macrophage- and T cell-dependent whereas activation by p23 was only T cell-dependent. Induction of Ig secretion by both stimulators was influenced by endogenous oxidative products of arachidonate, as evidenced by the augmentation of Ig levels in cell cultures treated with indomethacin (IM), a prostaglandin (PG) synthetase inhibitor. Both Fcγ fragments and p23 were able to induce the release of PGE from splenic adherent macrophages and, in the former case, the release was inhibited by either IM or aspirin. Moreover, addition of either exogenous PGE 1 or PGE 2 reduced the levels of secreted Ig in Fcγ fragment- or p23-stimulated cell cultures. These data suggest that B cell activation by Fcγ fragments is influenced by the concomitant induction of suppressive PG.
The influence of sex hormones on obesity across the female life span.

ABSTRACT Women have a higher prevalence of obesity than men in most developed countries. Obesity affects many aspects of women's health by increasing risk for heart disease, diabetes, breast cancer, and infertility. One reason for the gender difference in obesity may be that fluctuations in reproductive hormone concentrations throughout women's lives uniquely predispose them to excess weight gain. Studies in experimental animals and women have shown that hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle affect calorie and macronutrient intake and alter 24-hour energy expenditure. Pregnancy is a significant factor in the development of obesity for many women. Various factors are associated with excess weight retention following pregnancy, including weight gain during pregnancy, ethnicity, dietary patterns, and interval between pregnancies. There is a need to tailor recommendations for energy intake during pregnancy to individual women, and recent evidence also suggests that the timing of weight gain during pregn...
Insertion of alkynes into zirconium-nitrogen bonds leading to 2,3-diazametallacyclopentenes. Generation and reactivity of Cp2Zr(N2Ph2)

Abstract Methyl η2-1,2-diphenylhydrazido(1−)zirconocene (1) has been synthesized from the monopotassium salt of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine and Cp2Zr(Me)(Cl). Heating 1 in THF causes extrusion of methane, generating the transient hydrazido complex Cp2Zr(N2Ph2) (2) which is trapped by solvent to yield the THF adduct Cp2Zr(N2Ph2)(THF) (3). The THF ligand of compound 3 was replaced with a variety of σ-donor ligands to form the ligated hydrazido complexes Cp2Zr(N2Ph2)(L) (L  pyridine) (4), PMe3 (5), NCPh (6) and CNCMe3 (7)). Compound 4 was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The THF adduct 3 also undergoes a reaction involving insertion of alkynes into one of its metal-nitrogen bonds. Thus, reaction of 3 with 2-butyne and 3-hexyne leads to zirconocene 2,3-diazametallacyclopentenes 8 and 9 respectively. The structure of these metallacycles was supported by an X-ray diffraction study of 8. Compound 3 also reacted with phenylacetylene and acetophenone via deprotonation to furnish the η2-hydrazido(1−)acetylide (10) and enolate (11), respectively.
In situ pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan operation: fifteen-year experience.

Background The study purpose is to evaluate the long-term outcome of the in situ pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan operation. Methods From June 1994 to August 2009, 160 patients with single ventricle (boys, n = 96, 60%, median age = 39 months, mean weight 15.5 kg) underwent the pedicled pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel operation. Patients' charts were reviewed for perioperative and long-term follow-up data, outcome, and mortality. The potential growth of these tunnels was evaluated. Results The main diagnoses included tricuspid atresia (n = 44, 27%); double-outlet right ventricle (n = 29, 18%), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 26, 16%). The mean follow-up was 6.5 ± 3.7 years (range: 0.1–15 years). There were 2 (1.3%) operative and 6 (3.7%) late deaths. Actuarial survival at 14 years was 93%. Early complications included prolonged effusions (n = 35, 22%), chylothorax (n = 5, 3.1%), readmissions (n = 35, 22%), cerebrovascular accidents (n = 8, 5%), contralateral phrenic nerve palsy (n = 1, 0.8%), and transient arrhythmias (n = 5, 3.1%). No pacemaker was needed. Late complications included tunnel stenosis (n = 3, 1.8%) managed with balloon dilatation and stenting in 2 patients and surgical revision in 1; tunnel thrombosis (n = 2, 1.2%) causing death in both patients; and protein losing-enteropathy (n = 4, 2.5%). Follow-up echocardiography of 10 patients showed laminar flow, no turbulence/gradient at the inferior vena cava and mid-tunnel levels. The diameter indexed to body surface area showed growth, reduction, or no change depending on flow demands. Conclusions The construction of the extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan conduit using viable pedicled pericardium is a relatively simple, durable, and safe operation. Long-term follow-up confirms low morbidity and mortality. Fenestration is unnecessary in most patients. This viable tunnel adapts to physiologic flow demands.
Viewpoint: The Nature—Culture Distinction and the Future of Environmental Education

(1997). Viewpoint: The Nature—Culture Distinction and the Future of Environmental Education. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 4-8.
Security education: a roadmap to the future

The topic of this proposed special session is security education with an emphasis on increasing the number of schools and programs that teach it. We will review the current status of security education as it is taught within the CS discipline including funding, curriculum standards and government programs. We will also address misconceptions people may have regarding teaching security and how these views hinder the development of programs and curriculum. Another area we cover which we feel is critical to increasing participation in security education is resources for teaching security including existing curriculum, expert assistance from Centers of Excellence schools and other resources. The format of the session will consist of both presentation periods with at least half the session devoted to participant question and answer. Session participants will be encouraged to share experiences and common concerns to the benefit of everyone attending.
Licensed Practical Nurses in the PACU

Recommended staffing standards were developed by ASPAN to guide decisions for optimal outcomes and efficiency in a PACU. In the midst of a nursing shortage, providing optimal staffing can be challenging. Licensed practical nurses can be educated to meet evidence-based standards for optimal patient recovery. Determining critical skills and competencies and performing a thorough interview assists in selecting suitable licensed practical nurse candidates. Supplying a high-quality orientation contributes to team success. High-performing teams promote greater efficiency in patient care and consequently improve quality of care and staff morale. This article provides details of a model of care that includes licensed practical nurses in the nurse staff mix. Suitability qualities, orientation program, and scope of practice of licensed practical nurses will be discussed. Improved patient experience and efficiency can be successfully achieved with mixed registered and licensed practical nurse PACU staffing.
Fabrication and Characterization of Glycocalyx-Mimetic Surfaces †

A glycocalyx-mimetic film was created by the assembly of biotin chain-terminated glycopolymers onto a polymeric lipid membrane electrostatically coupled to a polyelectrolyte multilayer. Varying molar compositions (10, 25, and 50 mol %) of acrylate-derivatized biotin−phosphoethanolamine/phosphorylcholine lipid mixtures were prepared as unilamellar vesicles, fused onto the alkyl chains of an amphiphilic terpolymer, and photopolymerized in situ as a planar assembly. Polarized external reflection infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of streptavidin. Notably, IR spectroscopy revealed an increase in the conformational and orientational disorder of the lipid hydrocarbon chains with increasing mole fraction of biotinylated lipid. Correlative images obtained by confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that biotinylated lipids cluster at high surface density. Despite the presence of biotin microdomains, the size and hydrophilic characteristics of coupled glycopolymer chains produced a uniform carbohydr...
Airglow and Star Photographs in the Daytime from a Rocket

Photographs of the constellation Cygnus taken in the daytime from altitudes above 100 kilometers indicate that the day sky brightness in the wave-length region from 3600 to 7000 angstroms is only slightly brighter than the night sky viewed from the ground. No diffuse cloud of particles was apparent in the vicinity of the rocket payload, but discrete particles must be considered in the design of instruments for rockets and satellites. The resultant data and reports of star sightings from manned spacecraft indicate similar optical environments for both types of vehicles, that is, discrete particles and relatively low levels of background brightness, only slightly brighter than the night sky as an upper limit.
WE-A-M100J-03 Dose Measurements and New Dose Reference Values

Between Sept. 2002 and Dec. 2004, 829 scanners underwent the ACR CT accreditation process (178 in 2002, 396 in 2003, and 255 in 2004). Volume CTDI values (mean ± std. deviation) were 66.7±23.5, 57.8±16.6, 54.6±13.3, 58.4±17.7 (head), 17.2±9.7, 15.9±8.6, 14.0±7.0, 15.5±8.4 (pediatric abdomen), and 18.7±8.0, 19.2±8.6, 17.0±7.6, 18.4±8.3 (adult abdomen) for 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2002–2004, respectively. In every case except adult abdomen exams in 2003, both the mean dose and the std. dev. fell for each consecutive year. Similarly, the 75th and 90th %tile values and the percentage of units with doses over the reference levels consistently fell. In 2004, 22.4, 6.9, and 2.8% of sites reported doses above reference levels, compared to 49.0, 15.0, and 4.7% in 2002, for head, pediatric abdomen, and adult abdomen exams, respectively. In July 2007, the dose reference values for the program will be based on Volume CTDI to take into account the effect of pitch. The new diagnostic reference levels will be 75 mGy (head), 20 mGy (pediatric abdomen) and 25 mGy (adult abdomen). New to the program will be maximum allowable doses. Sites with doses above these values will not be eligible for accreditation. These values will be 80 mGy (head), 25 mGy (pediatric abdomen) and 30 mGy (adult abdomen). Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the dose data collected by the ACR CT Accreditation Program. 2. Be able to describe the data trends observed in the initial three years of the program. 3. Learn the new dose reference levels and maximum allowable doses that the program will adopt in July 2007.
Abundances of 30 Elements in Lunar Rocks, Soil, and Core Samples

Abundances of 30 elements in seven lunar rocks and soil were determined by instrumental and radiochemical activation analysis. Seven major and minor elements in chips from 27 rocks were determined by instrumental activation analysis. Abundances of ten bulk elements overlap for the breccia rocks and soil samples. All lunar rare earth elements distribution patterns resemble those found in terrestrial abyssal subalkaline basalt, but with Eu depleted by about 60 percent in all lunar samples compared to the adjacent rare earth elements. Precipitation of plagioclase and hypersthene achondritic-like minerals from a melt could account for Eu depletion and the observed distribution of rare earth elements. Abundances of Ti, Al, Ca, Na, and Mn determined by instrumental activation analysis in five core-tube soil samples indicate uniformity for Al and Mn and apparent differences (10 to 20 percent) for Ti, Ca, and Na at 7.8 and 10.5 centimeters as compared to 0to5.2 centimeter depths.
Water sorption and dynamic mechanical properties of dentin adhesives with a urethane-based multifunctional methacrylate monomer.

Abstract Objectives Our previous study showed the synthesis and characterization of a novel urethane-linked trimethacrylate monomer for use as a co-monomer in dentin adhesives. The objective of this work was to further investigate the performance of dentin adhesives containing a new monomer, with particular emphasis on the water sorption and viscoelastic behavior of the crosslinked networks. Materials and methods Dentin adhesives contained 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]-propane (BisGMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and a new multifunctional methacrylate with urethane-linked groups-1,1,1-tri-[4-(methacryloxyethylaminocarbonyloxy)-phenyl]ethane (MPE) and were photo-polymerized in the presence or absence of water. Adhesives were characterized with regard to degree of conversion (DC), viscosity, water sorption/solubility, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and compared with BisGMA/HEMA controls. Results The experimental adhesives exhibited DC and solubility comparable to that of the control, regardless of the presence or absence of water. All the experimental adhesives tested showed less water sorption, lower tan δ peak heights, and higher rubbery modulus than the control. Significance Dentin adhesives containing a new multifunctional methacrylate showed better dynamic thermomechanical properties and water sorption relative to controls, without compromising DC and solubility. Thus, MPE, when included as a component of methacrylate dentin adhesives, may provide enhanced durability in the moist environment of the mouth.
A retrospective description of anesthetic medication dosing in overweight and obese children

SummaryIntroduction: Pediatric obesity is a major health concern in the United Statesand as many as 34% of those who require general anesthesia are overweightor obese (OW). The lack of data and recommendations for dosing medica-tions in obese children leaves signiﬁcant gaps in the understanding of correctdosing in the clinical setting.Objective: To determine whether OW children were more likely to receivedoses of medications outside the recommended range.Methods: Following IRB approval, patient medical records were queried toidentify children 2 through 17 years who underwent noncardiac surgeries andreceived at least one medication of interest. Children with hepatic disease,renal disease, neurological impairment, sleep-disordered breathing, or missingheight or weight measurements were excluded. Children were stratiﬁed intoweight categories based on age and gender percentiles as per CDC guidelines.Those ≥85th percentile were classiﬁed as overweight/obese. Ideal and leanweight (for age, gender) were calculated. Drug doses were stratiﬁed as under-dosed (>10% below minimum recommended dose), overdosed (>10% abovemaximum recommended dose), or within recommended dose (dose 10%).Actual doses were compared to recommended doses as per actual, ideal, orlean weight (as recommended for speciﬁc drugs) in the overweight/obesegroups vs the control weight (CW) group.Results: Ten thousand ﬁve hundred and nine doses were reviewed. Over-weight/obese children were more likely to receive doses outside the recom-mended dose range than the CW group.Conclusions: Overweight/obese children were more likely to receive doses ofcommon anesthetic medications outside the recommended doses potentiallyadding risk of adverse outcomes in these children.IntroductionPediatric obesity is a major public health concern in theUnited States (1), with up to 34% of school-age childrenand adolescents being overweight [body mass index(BMI) ≥85th percentile] or obese (BMI ≥95th percen-tile). Indeed, childhood obesity prevalence has increasedup to threefold over the last three decades (1,2). RecentCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data(2010) suggest that a slight decrease in obesity and mor-bid obesity in poor, preschool, nonnative American orAlaskan populations have decreased slightly during theprevious 7 years (3). However, obesity continues to be atroubling attribute of America’s young people. Further-more, more than 30% of pediatric patients presentingfor surgery in one large pediatric setting were foundto be overweight or obese (OW) (4). These trends sug-gest a need to address speciﬁc healthcare needs of this
Do “toxins” affect pathogenesis by Endothia parasitica?

Abstract A sensitive and semi-quantitative method for assaying the toxicity of metabolites from Endothia parasitica was developed using American and Chinese chestnut inner bark. Skyrin and rugulosin showed detectable toxic effects in high concentrations. However, diaporthin and other metabolites extractable in organic solvents showed no toxic affect on chestnut tissue. Skyrin, rugulosin and diaporthin were not detectable in samples taken from the advancing mycelium at the periphery of cankers. These compounds were found only in areas associated with well developed necrosis and active sporulation. Results presented here do not support the concept that skyrin, rugulosin, diaporthin or other extractable aromatic or heterocyclic compounds effect the advance of E. parasitica mycelium into chestnut inner bark.
Magnetic profiles and coupling in Fe/Cr(110) superlattices

In epitaxial Fe/Cr superlattices the coupling between the Fe layers oscillates between antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic as a function of the Cr layer thickness tCr. The period of the oscillation is the same for superlattices grown with (211) and (100) orientations. We measured the coupling of Fe/Cr(110) superlattices consisting of three identical Fe layers. The magnetization curves were characterized by two to four levels, M/Ms=±1 or ± $\frac\Box1\Box\Box3\Box$ . Polarized neutron reflectometry identified the direction of the magnetization of each Fe layer and showed that the levels M/Ms=± $\frac\Box1\Box\Box3\Box$ were not always due to AFM alignment of the central layer, but rather it was found that, in spite of the structural similarity, the bottom Fe layer had a different coupling strength from the top Fe layer. The magnetic coupling must be sensitive to small structural differences at the interface. Furthermore, the measurements indicate an unexpected periodicity for Fe/Cr(110) superlattices.
Genetic differentiation between the yellow-shafted and red-shafted subspecies of the northern flicker

Abstract Red-shafted and yellow-shafted subspecies of the northern flicker do not show statistically significant genetic differentiation. Genetic distance between hybridizing flicker subspecies is lower than average interspecific avian values (as expected), and is small relative to genetic distance values between 'pure' samples from other bird hybrid zones.
2‐(Methyldithio)‐1H‐isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐dione

[116186-35-7] C9H7NO2S2 (MW 225.29) InChI = 1S/C9H7NO2S2/c1-13-14-10-8(11)6-4-2-3-5-7(6)9(10)12/h2-5H,1H3 InChIKey = HNKMNKKHTHQWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (sulfur transfer reagent for synthesis of allylic trisulfides) Alternate Name: 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2-(methyldithio)-(9CI); Harpp reagent;1 2-(2-methyldisulfanyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione; N-(methyldithio)phthalimide. Physical Data: mp 157–159 °C; 1H-NMR1 (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.95 (dd, J = 3.1, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (dd, J = 3.0, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H); chemical ionization mass spectrum, 226.0015 (M+H calculated for C9H8NO2S2, 225.9997); IR (CHCl3) 3020, 1785, 1740, 1705, 1340, 1275, 1055, 870 cm-1. Solubility: soluble in dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran. Form Supplied in: crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, MS, IR. Preparative Methods: the methyl phthalimido disulfide reagent can be prepared by the following two methods. (a) A suspension of phthalimide and Et3N in CH2Cl2 is added to a vigorously stirred solution of SCl2 and 0 °C over 40 min. A mixture of methanethiol and Et3N in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C is added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 0 °C over 12 min. The resulting mixture is stirred and 0 °C for 8 h.1 (b) Displacement of the imide group from sulfenimides2 by thiols, hydrodisulfides, alkoxides, and phosphines has also resulted in the preparation of disulfides.3 Purification: recrystallization from dichloromethane and ethanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture stable, white crystalline solid. No special handling or storage precautions are indicated.4
Incidence of fragile X syndrome by newborn screening for methylated FMR1 DNA.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results from a CGG-repeat expansion that triggers hypermethylation and silencing of the FMR1 gene. FXS is referred to as the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, yet its true incidence has never been measured directly by large population screening. Here, we developed an inexpensive and high-throughput assay to quantitatively assess FMR1 methylation in DNA isolated from the dried blood spots of 36,124 deidentified newborn males. This assay displays 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for detecting FMR1 methylation, successfully distinguishing normal males from males with full-mutation FXS. Furthermore, the assay can detect excess FMR1 methylation in 82% of females with full mutations, although the methylation did not correlate with intellectual disability. With amelogenin PCR used for detecting the presence of a Y chromosome, this assay can also detect males with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47, XXY). We identified 64 males with FMR1 methylation and, after confirmatory testing, found seven to have full-mutation FXS and 57 to have KS. Because the precise incidence of KS is known, we used our observed KS incidence as a sentinel to assess ascertainment quality and showed that our KS incidence of 1 in 633 newborn males was not significantly different from the literature incidence of 1 in 576 (p = 0.79). The seven FXS males revealed an FXS incidence in males of 1 in 5161 (95% confidence interval of 1 in 10,653–1 in 2500), consistent with some earlier indirect estimates. Given the trials now underway for possible FXS treatments, this method could be used in newborn or infant screening as a way of ensuring early interventions for FXS.