cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Searching for a quantitative proxy for rover science effectiveness

During two weeks of study in September and October of 2004, a science team directed a rover and explored the arid Atacama Desert in Chile. The objective of the mission was to search for life. Over the course of the mission the team gained experience with the rover and the rover became more reliable and autonomous. As a result, the rover/operator system became more effective. Several factors likely contributed to the improvement in science effectiveness including increased experience, more effective search strategies, different science team composition, different science site locations, changes in rover operational capabilities, and changes in the operation interface. However, it is difficult to quantify this effectiveness because science is a largely creative and unstructured task. This study considers techniques that quantify science team performance leading to an understanding of which features of the human-rover system are most effective and which features need further development. Continuous observation of the scientists throughout the mission led to coded transcripts enumerating each scientific statement. This study considers whether six variables correlate with scientific effectiveness. Several of these variables are metrics and ratios related to the daily rover plan, the time spent programming the rover, the number of scientific statements made and the data returned. The results indicate that the scientists created more complex rover plans without increasing the time to create the plans. The total number of scientific statements was approximately equal (2187 versus 2415) for each week. There was a 50% reduction in bytes of returned data between the two weeks resulting in an increase in scientific statements per byte of returned data ratio. Of the original six, the most successful proxies for science effectiveness were the time to program each rover task and the number of scientific statements related to data delivered by the rover. Although both these measures have face validity and were consistent with the results of this experiment, their ultimate empirical utility must be measured further.
A moiré microscope for finite deformation micro-mechanical studies

A new version of a moire microscope is presented that embodies the theory of optical moire interferometry. To interrogate the deformed specimen grating, the device uses a transmission diffraction grating that allows for a simple and quick change of the virtual reference grating vector without disturbing the optical alignment of the other components in the optical train. To analyze deformation from the acquired moire interference fringe patterns, the displacement light-itensity moire optical law introduced by Sciammarella is revisited. The analysis of deformation is consistent with the continuum principles of finite deformation and can readily be used to obtain micro-mechanical quantities of interest such as the local strains, stretches and rotations.
Peasants, Migrants and the Discovery of African Traditions: Ritual and Social Change In Lowland Haiti

Observers of Haitian popular religion have defined Vodou as the authentic African religion of Haitian peasants. In fact, Vodou's congregational forms and practices evolved in and around Port-au-Prince during the twentieth century as the local peasantry was being coerced into wage labor. This paper deals with the incorporation of these ritual innovations in a particular hamlet in Leogane. The agents of ritual diffusion appear to have been not only redundant peasants and neophyte proletarians circulating between the capital city and the nearby plain, but also ethnologists who moved between privileged sites of the Vodou laboratory. The scientific valorization of the heroic slave religion was a centerpiece of the Haitian ethnologists' counter-narrative to European cultural hegemony and North American colonialism. Though their approach to Vodou was part of counter-hegemonic, nationalist discourse, it nonetheless recapitulated a modern view of tradition-bound primitives.
Balancing security and information sharing in intelligence databases

We analyze the restrictions to information sharing imposed by MultiLevel Secure Databases. We offer several measures to quantify the information loss due to security levels, and propose the problem of minimizing such loss without allowing users to access information above their security clearance. We give a partial solution to the problem, and discuss some of its shortcomings.
Interrogating Our Practices.

Sandy Schuck's cross-sectional self-study examines her work as a teacher educator. She views herself as responsible for helping elementary school teachers to develop as teachers who will enact a re...
Hyaluronan catabolism: a new metabolic pathway

A new pathway of intermediary metabolism is described involving the catabolism of hyaluronan. The cell surface hyaluronan receptor, CD44, two hyaluronidases, Hyal-1 and Hyal-2, and two lysosomal enzymes, β-glucuronidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, are involved. This metabolic cascade begins in lipid raft invaginations at the cell membrane surface. Degradation of the high-molecular-weight extracellular hyaluronan occurs in a series of discreet steps generating hyaluronan chains of decreasing sizes. The biological functions of the oligomers at each quantum step differ widely, from the space-filling, hydrating, anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive 10 4 -kDa extracellular polymer, to 20-kDa intermediate polymers that are highly angiogenic, immuno-stimulatory, and inflammatory. This is followed by degradation to small oligomers that can induce heat shock proteins and that are anti-apoptotic. The single sugar products, glucuronic acid and a glucosamine derivative are released from lysosomes to the cytoplasm, where they become available for other metabolic cycles. There are 15 g of hyaluronan in the 70-kg individual, of which 5 g are cycled daily through this pathway. Some of the steps in this catabolic cascade can be commandeered by cancer cells in the process of growth, invasion, and metastatic spread.
Did the Athenians Regard Seduction as a Worse Crime than Rape

One of the most ingenious arguments in all of Attic oratory is to be found in the speech Lysias wrote for Euphiletus to deliver at his trial for the murder of Eratosthenes (Lys. 1.30–5). In his speech Euphiletus first describes to the court how his wife was seduced by Eratosthenes, then recounts how he discovered the affair, caught the adulterer in the act, and, despite an offer to pay compensation, slew him. Euphiletus defends his action by citing the law of the Areopagus that whoever kills an adulterer caught in flagranti with his wife cannot be convicted of murder. Euphiletus further points out that the same exemption applies to the man who catches someone seducing his pallakē. If the lawgiver regarded the seduction of a pallakē as so serious that it merited the death penalty, Euphiletus argues, he must have regarded the seduction of a wife as even more reprehensible, deserving a penalty worse than death.
Advancements in large mesh reflector technology for multi-beam antenna applications

Communications satellite capacity is an important factor in meeting ever increasing user demand while efficiently utilizing limited frequency spectrum and orbital slot resources. Satellite antennas and their associated earth coverage play an important role in system capacity due to their influence on user spectrum distribution and re-use. Traditionally, antenna aperture size is limited to 1-3 meters due to launch envelope and mass constraints. As a result, regional shaped beam coverage is typically used in the C and Ku bands, requiring limited frequency spectrum to be shared across a large population of users. The advent of Ka band systems has resulted in more spectrally efficient multi-spot beam architectures that provide dramatic increases in system capacity by allowing frequency reuse within regional coverage areas. Mesh reflector technology, including both unfurlable and fixed (non-unfurlable) designs, provide the ability to overcome the inherent aperture size constraints associated with traditional solid reflector technology and implement higher capacity multi-spot beam antenna systems. In the C and Ku bands, regional shaped beam coverage can be upgraded to multi-spot beam solutions that are traditionally only available at Ka band. At Ka band, larger mesh reflectors enable smaller spot beams and dramatic increases in satellite capacity through expanded frequency reuse. In this paper, we describe the state of mesh reflector technology including space reflector legacy and recent advances supporting high frequency spot beam implementations.
Role of opioid antagonists in treating intravenous cocaine abuse

Intravenous cocaine abuse is a major probel in opioid abusers including those treated in methadone maintenance. Studying 138 opioid addicts, we found that speedballing by combining opioid agonists with cocaine may be blocked by opioid antagonists such as naltrexone and by partial antagonists such as buprenorphine. With both these treatments cocaine abuse was five to eight times less than with methadone treatment.
Personnel Exposure In Interventional Radiology

The personnel radiation exposure which is possible in interventional radiology is much greater than that in other areas of diagnostic radiology. Following a review of recent film badge records for personnel involved in interventional radiology at our institution, we have examined various methods to reduce head and neck exposures during interventional procedures. Calculations and measurements demonstrate that with even a modest workload ancillary shielding materials are necessary in order to maintain head exposures within regulatory limits. This report presents a newly developed shielding method (surface shield) for use during interventional radiology procedures. The surface shield is inexpensive and reduces head and neck exposure by up to 75% without compromising patient access or radiologist convenience. Due to the special demands of interventional radiology, periodic review of procedures and radiation protection principles with the personnel involved is important in keeping personnel exposure as low as reasonably achievable.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Possible clonal origin of common warts (Verruca vulgaris).

FEMALES heterozygous for the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) locus have two populations of cells, each expressing a single phenotype corresponding to one or the other of the two alleles1–3. Where subjects are heterozygous for the A and B electrophoretic variants of G6PD4, one cell population will show only the A electrophoretic variant and the other only the B. The study of these variants has been used to throw light on the origin of certain tumours. Thus, uterine leiomyomas from Negro females heterozygous for G6PD variants A and B are of only one phenotype, although the adjacent uninvolved tissue shows both phenotypes5, which is consistent with a clonal or unicellular origin for this tumour. Similarly, chronic granulocytic leukaemia6 is probably of clonal origin, like the metastatic lesions from one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia7. On the other hand, studies of metastatic lesions from a colonic malignancy7 and epider-moid carcinomas of the cervix have revealed8 the presence of both G6PD phenotypes, which implies a multiclonal origin.
Abstract 2652: Formulation and pharmacokinetics of Lazaroid U-74389G (LAZ) liposomes in rats

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose Lazaroid U74389G (LAZ) is a 21-aminosteroid that has a radioprotective and antioxidant effects. It prevents the damage in the tissues after radiation by a selective action on vascular endothelium cells in normal tissues. The aim of this study is to develop liposomal formulations of LAZ with favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles for potential therapeutic merits in an animal model. Methods Conventional (LipoB) and pegylated (LipoG) liposomes were prepared with various phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol ratios and lipid: LAZ ratio of 10:1. The liposomes were characterized with the size, charge and release profile. The PK study was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomized into 3 groups (n=4 each) prior to the dosing of the formulations (LAZ solution, LipoB and LipoG) at a dose of 1 mg/kg by injection through the cannula at jugular veins. At pre-determined time points, blood samples were collected from the tail vein. The LAZ concentrations in plasma were quantified by a validated UPLC/MS/MS assay using Daidazine as the internal standard, with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 4 ng/ml for LAZ. The PK profiles were constructed by plotting the plasma concentration versus time and the PK parameters were derived using compartmental models of WinNonlin Ver 3.3 software. Results The liposomal preparations with the least amount of cholesterol had the lowest Encapsulation Efficiency (EE=26%). However, an increase of cholesterol ratio up to 20% increased the EE up to 58%. The size of the liposomes was in the range of 90-118 nm. In in-vivo study, the plasma profile of the solution fits 1-compartment model while the liposomal formulations fit 2-compartment model. The solution group yielded a higher Cmax and faster clearance (4.27 μg/ml and 546 ml/hr) than those of LipoB and LipoG (0.97 and 2.03 μg/ml and 380 and 216 ml/hr, respectively). The t1/2's of LAZ from LipoB and LipoG were 5 folds of that from the solution (0.64 and 0.52 hr vs 0.10hr). The solution showed a significantly smaller AUC compared to those of LipoB and LipoG (0.56 μg.hr/ml vs. 0.79 and 1.42 μg.hr/ml, respectively). The volume of distribution was small for the solution compared to LipoB and LipoG (73 ml vs. 1173 and 589 ml, respectively). The half-lives of distribution and elimination, t1/2 α and t1/2 β, were comparable between LipoB and LipoG (0.22 vs. 0.16 hr and 3.17 vs. 2.55 hr, respectively). Conclusion The liposomal formulations modified the pharmacokinetics of LAZ solution. The liposomal formulations resulted in a slower clearance and wider distribution of LAZ in-vivo compared to the solution. LAZ systemic exposures in rats after administration of LAZ liposomes were 1.4 −2.5 folds higher than that of solution. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2652.
Responding under single vs. multiple schedules

Responding under variable-ratio and variable-interval schedules was compared in pigeons when the schedules were presented singly or as components in a multiple schedule. All birds responded at higher rates under the variable-ratio schedule, even though rate of reinforcement was usually higher under the variable-interval schedule. Presenting these two schedules as components in a multiple schedule and varying the duration of these components appeared to produce no appreciable effect upon the rate or pattern of responding under either schedule, in comparison with single-schedule performance. A second experiment employed the same procedures to compare responding under variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Variable-ratio responding was again higher, but this was mainly a function of consistent postreinforcement pauses under the fixed-ratio schedules, which reduced overall response rate. A notable interaction effect was observed here, in that postreinforcement pauses were much shorter and running rate (postreinforcement pauses excluded) was lower under the fixed-ratio schedule when it was presented as part of a multiple schedule, in comparison with performance under the single fixed-ratio schedule. Variations in the duration of the multiple-schedule components had no discernible effects upon performance under either schedule.
Tumor lysis syndrome after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma.

2Division of Interventional Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd., Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63119. Address correspondence D. B. Brown. umor lysis syndrome is a common complication resulting from treatment of blood-borne malignancies such as acute lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [1]. Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia resulting from rapid tumor cell death. Fewer than 50 cases of tumor lysis syndrome related to treatment of solid organ tumors have been reported because these cancers are inherently resistant to cytotoxic therapies [1–3]. Two of these cases followed hepatic arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and represent the only episodes of tumor lysis syndrome from treatment of this malignancy described, to our knowledge [4]. We report a case of tumor lysis syndrome after radiofrequency ablation of HCC.
Cyber-physical system security of smart grids

This panel presentation will provide perspectives of cyber-physical system security of smart grids. As smart grid technologies are deployed, the interconnected nature of these systems is becoming more prevalent and more complex, and the cyber component of this cyber-physical system is increasing in importance. Studying system behavior in the face of failures (e.g., cyber attacks) allows a characterization of the systems' response to failure scenarios, loss of communications, and other changes in system environment (such as the need for emergent updates and rapid reconfiguration). The impact of such failures on the availability of the system can be assessed and mitigation strategies considered. Scenarios associated with confidentiality, integrity, and availability are considered. The cyber security implications associated with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in the United States are discussed.
A hands-on approach for K-12: getting industry involved

How does one best reach today's students and convince them to be tomorrow's engineers and scientists? Should we make them sit in lectures, watch movies, or read books? Or should we introduce them to technology professionals and have these role models engage them in hands-on activities? This paper analyzes the motivation for classroom visits, suggests activities in the classroom, and includes a detailed example of one effort by Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Inc., to increase the pool of technical workers in the next decade.
Analysis of grain boundary networks and their evolution during grain boundary engineering

Abstract The goal of grain boundary engineering is to increase the fraction of so-called special grain boundaries, while decreasing the contiguity of the remaining random boundaries which are susceptible to intergranular degradation such as cracking, cavitation, corrosion and rapid self-diffusion. In the present work, we describe a technique for the quantitative experimental study of grain boundary network topology, with an emphasis on the connectivity of special and random grain boundaries. Interconnected grain boundary networks, or “clusters”, of either entirely random or entirely special boundaries are extracted from electron backscatter diffraction data on a Ni-base alloy, and characterized according to their total normalized length (their “mass”), as well as their characteristic linear dimensions. The process of grain boundary engineering, involving cycles of straining and annealing, is found to substantially reduce the mass and size of random boundary clusters. Furthermore, quantitative assessment of the boundary network topology shows that the special grain boundary fraction is a poor predictor of network topology, but that the higher-order correlation derived from triple junction distributions can successfully describe the length scales of random boundary clusters.
CLINICAL ECONOMICS OF HEAD AND NECK MALIGNANCIES

With the continued increase in medical expenditures and the growing awareness that resources are not limitless, there is increasing pressure to curb health care costs and to establish priorities. As potential solutions are proposed and implemented, there is understandable concern that policy choices may adversely affect both the access to and the quality of care. Economic analyses are one tool used to optimize resource allocation decisions. The primary goal of these analyses is to maximize value and efficiency, not necessarily to decrease spending. The current focus on cost cutting is often associated with a more truncated, nonsocietal perspective (e.g., that of the payer or provider). To be most useful, these analyses must be methodologically rigorous. Standard guidelines, such as those established by Eisenberg, are helpful. As shown in the reports applicable to head and neck malignancies that have been discussed here, many articles published in the clinical literature must be interpreted cautiously, because fundamental methodological concerns (e.g., using costs rather than charges, discounting to a common base year) were frequently not addressed. Economic investigations are one aspect of the broader fields of outcomes and health services research. It is easy to underestimate how greatly economic studies depend on the availability of high quality noneconomic data. In that context, current initiatives in evidence-based medicine (EBM), using the best available evidence (considering for example, the type of trial, the quality of the research, and the credentials of the researcher) to help clinicians practice in situations where doubt may exist in the diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis of patients, will likely grow in importance. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and systematic literature reviews are manifestations of this trend. Historically, disease control measures and survival have been the primary and points in clinical cancer studies. Economic analyses and studies evaluating other end points (e.g., function, quality of life) will likely play a larger role in the future in evaluating the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of head, neck and other malignancies.
Comparative potency of gemifloxacin, new quinolones, macrolides, tetracycline and clindamycin against Mycoplasma spp.

This study determined the comparative in vitro potency of the new investigative quinolone gemifloxacin (SB-265805) using low-passaged clinical isolates and type strains of mycoplasma commonly found in the human respiratory and urogenital tracts. Organisms studied were Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma penetrans and Ureaplasma urealyticum, obtained from different geographical regions. Comparator drugs were levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tetracycline and clindamycin. MICs were determined using a microbroth dilution method. The overall range of MICs of gemifloxacin was 0.008‐0.125 mg/L for different Mycoplasma spp. and 0.008‐0.5 mg/L for Ureaplasma spp. Depending on the species tested, gemifloxacin showed variable results when compared with the macrolides. However, gemifloxacin was as potent as, or more potent than, tetracycline, clindamycin and the other quinolones investigated.
Mutual coherence propagation in turbulent media

The differential equation governing the propagation of the mutual coherence function (MCF) in the frequency domain was solved by two techniques: an iterative method and a closed-form integrated method. The results from these two methods agree extremely well. It was necessary to split the MCF into two components: a delta component and a nondelta component. In free space, only the delta component is present and a point source images to a point if diffraction at a lens aperture is ignored. In a turbulent medium, the nondelta component Gamma '/sub f/ is a significant factor. It grows in strength by absorbing energy from the delta component, until it reaches a maximum. Simultaneously, it also loses energy to the medium by scattering. After reaching a maximum Gamma '/sub f/ gradually falls off. The delta component will still image to a point, with greatly diminished strength, while the Gamma '/sub f/ will contributed to fuzziness in the image. >
Transient Creep in Fe‐Doped Polycrystalline MgO

The transient creep rate in polycrystalline Fe-doped MgO (grain size 4 to 19 μm) follows the exponential time relation The initial strain rate, , depends linearly on stress, and the relaxation time, τ, is thermally activated. Two mechanisms for the transient were considered, i.e. (1) viscous grain-boundary sliding with elastic accommodation and (2) transient diffusional creep. Although the results are not conclusive, transient diffusional creep appears to be the most promising mechanism.
Adaptive algorithms for balanced multidimensional clustering

The G-K-D tree (generalized K-D tree) method aims at reducing the average number of data page accesses per query, but it ignores the cost of index search. The authors propose two adaptive algorithms that take into consideration both data page access cost and index page access cost. It attempts to find a minimum total cost. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithms are superior to the G-K-D tree method. >
Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay

Myostatin is a protein synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscle that negatively regulates muscle mass. The extent to which circulating myostatin levels change in the context of aging is controversial, largely due to methodological barriers. We developed a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure concentrations of myostatin and two of its key inhibitors, follistatin-related gene (FLRG) protein and growth and serum protein-1 (GASP-1) in 80 younger ( 65 years), and 80 sarcopenic older women and men. Older women had 34 % higher circulating concentrations of myostatin than younger women. Per unit of lean mass, both older and sarcopenic older women had >23 % higher myostatin levels than younger women. By contrast, younger men had higher myostatin concentrations than older men with and without sarcopenia. Younger men had approximately twofold higher concentrations of myostatin than younger women; however, older women and sarcopenic older women had significantly higher relative myostatin levels than the corresponding groups of men. In both sexes, sarcopenic older subjects had the highest concentrations of FLRG. Circulating concentrations of myostatin exhibited positive, but not robust, correlations with relative muscle mass in both sexes. Our data suggest that myostatin may contribute to the higher prevalence of sarcopenia in women but acts as a homeostatic regulator of muscle mass in men. Moreover, this new LC-MS/MS-based approach offers a means to determine the extent to which myostatin serves as a biomarker of muscle health in diverse conditions of muscle loss and deterioration.
Results on limitations in primary cesium standard operation

We report on the most recent design changes in our two primary cesium standards, their current operational use, results obtained, and limitations. NBS-4, the shorter device with an interaction length of L = 0.52 m, has been extensively used for many months as a clock. After improvements in the magnetic shielding and microwave feed, we have obtained σ y (1 week $\buildrel {\sim} \over &#60; 30$ Hz), which is believed to be the narrowest linewidth ever reported for a cesium device. NBS-6 has been operated to give a short-term stability σ y (1 s) = 7 × 10−13 in a 10-Hz bandwidth and has capability of easy beam reversal. The current and past rates of the International Atomic Time (TAI) in terms of our primary cesium standards are reported and compared with the results of other laboratories. With NBS-6 we have calibrated the rate of the NBS time scale of an uncertainty of 0.9 × 10−13.
Red Cell Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Hemolysis Secondary to Phototherapy

ABSTRACT. The exposure of red cells to phototherapy light in the presence of a sensitizer (bilirubin) resulted in oxidative injury to the red cell membrane as manifested by a significant increase in the concentration of the products of lipid peroxidation (TBA reactants and diene conjugation) in the membrane and hemolysis. To induce a photo-oxidized membrane injury, the sensitizer (bilirubin) has to be membrane bound. Thus, by altering the availability of free bilirubin in the red cell suspension through changes in the molar concentration ratio of bilirubin to albumin, one is able to regulate the occurrence and extent of the oxidative red cell membrane injury. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
InGaN/GaN Schottky Diodes With Enhanced Voltage Handling Capability for Varactor Applications

In this letter, we demonstrate a design of GaN-based Schottky diodes for microwave varactor applications. Using suitable InGaN surface layer structures, the Schottky diodes exhibit an enhanced high-voltage handling capability. The breakdown voltage is increased by ~40 V, and the reverse leakage current is significantly suppressed under high reverse voltages. The breakdown-voltage enhancement and leakage-current suppression are attributed to a reduction in the surface electric field and an increase in the electron tunneling distance due to polarization-induced charges at the InGaN/GaN interface.
Manipulation-Exploration Drives and the Drive Reduction Hypothesis

(1960). Manipulation-Exploration Drives and the Drive Reduction Hypothesis. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 3-27.
Dietary chloride deficiency.

With regard to the article entitled "The Dietary Chloride Deficiency Syndrome" (Pediatrics 66:366, 1980), if the infants mentioned had been cared for by pediatricians who believe in early feeding of infants, the problem of dietary chloride deficiency would not have occurred. In addition to their formula the infants would be getting other foods and would be unlikely to develop such a deficiency. Having lived through the problems of diarrhea due to oversterilization and breaking down of sugars in the formula, seizures in infants due to pynidoxine deficiency in the formula, and now chloride deficiency, it still seems to me that when the child is finishing off about 4 oz per feeding, solid food can be introduced.
A conceptual framework for curbing the epidemic of information malice: e-hygiene model with a human-factor approach

To address tsunami-scale damage, socially and economically, caused by information malice to the global Internet community, the authors propose an e-hygiene model augmented by human-factors as an effective means to curb the epidemics. The model, constructed upon the survey on e-hygiene habits of college students, demonstrates that: Human Factor (HF) is the major vulnerability of the information security; and Awareness, Capitals and Abilities form the three dimensions of the HF that information users must act to minimise the risks of information malice. Only when anti-malicious technology is coupled with good user e-hygiene can information malice be reduced.
Multiple Human Tracking and Identification With Wireless Distributed Pyroelectric Sensor Systems

This paper presents a wireless distributed pyroelectric sensor system for tracking and identifying multiple humans based on their body heat radiation. This study aims to make pyroelectric sensors a low-cost alternative to infrared video sensors in thermal gait biometric applications. In this system, the sensor field of view (FOV) is specifically modulated with Fresnel lens arrays for functionality of tracking or identification, and the sensor deployment is chosen to facilitate the process of data-object-association. An Expectation-Maximization-Bayesian tracking scheme is proposed and implemented among slave, master, and host modules of a prototype system. Information fusion schemes are developed to improve the system identification performance for both individuals and multiple subjects. The fusion of thermal gait biometric information measured by multiple nodes is tested at four levels: sample, feature, score, and decision. Experimentally, the prototype system is able to simultaneously track two individuals in both follow-up and crossover scenarios with average tracking errors less than 0.5 m. The experimental results also demonstrate system's potential to be a reliable biometric system for the verification/identification of a small group of human subjects. The developed wireless distributed infrared sensor system can run as a standalone prisoner/patient monitoring system under any illumination conditions, as well as a complement for conventional video and audio human tracking and identification systems.
Correction of congenital ventricular septal defect in a patient with previous surgically produced pulmonary artery stenosis.

Abstract A report is given of a patient with a large ventricular septal defect, in whom the creation of an artificial pulmonary artery stenosis at the age of twenty months reversed severe heart failure and allowed her to live a reasonably normal life for the subsequent five years. At the age of eight years, cardiac failure once again presented a threat and the patient was completely cured by definitive open heart surgery. The creation of a pulmonary artery stenosis may be considered in tiny infants with this condition who are under fifteen pounds and who are in circulatory failure because of increased pulmonary blood flow associated with diminished systemic blood flow.
Integration of lipidomics and transcriptomics data towards a systems biology model of sphingolipid metabolism

Background: Sphingolipids play important roles in cell structure and function as well as in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Many of the intermediates of sphingolipid biosynthesis are highly bioactive and sometimes have antagonistic activities, for example, ceramide promotes apoptosis whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate can inhibit apoptosis and induce cell growth; therefore, quantification of the metabolites and modeling of the sphingolipid network is imperative for an understanding of sphingolipid biology. Results: In this direction, the LIPID MAPS Consortium is developing methods to quantitate the sphingolipid metabolites in mammalian cells and is investigating their application to studies of the activation of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell by a chemically defined endotoxin, Kdo2-Lipid A. Herein, we describe a model for the C16-branch of sphingolipid metabolism (i.e., for ceramides with palmitate as the N-acyl-linked fatty acid, which is selected because it is a major subspecies for all categories of complex sphingolipids in RAW264.7 cells) integrating lipidomics and transcriptomics data and using a two-step matrix-based approach to estimate the rate constants from experimental data. The rate constants obtained from the first step are further refined using generalized constrained nonlinear optimization. The resulting model fits the experimental data for all species. The robustness of the model is validated through parametric sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: A quantitative model of the sphigolipid pathway is developed by integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data with legacy knowledge. The model could be used to design experimental studies of how genetic and pharmacological perturbations alter the flux through this important lipid biosynthetic pathway.
Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market

Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Dorothy J. Solinger Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ix. 444 pp., illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Comments on the “lens model” equation and the analysis of multiple-cue judgment tasks

It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the ‘Lens Model’ approach to the analysis of subject performance in multiple-cue judgment tasks embedded in probabilistic environments. Various characteristics of the linear lens model are presented in matrix notation and are formulated without reference to standardized variables in order to facilitate analysis and subsequent generalization. Some new results on ‘matching’ behavior are presented. A brief outline of current problems and related work is presented.
Gender Differences in Information Processing Strategies: An Empirical Test of the Selectivity Model in Advertising Response

Abstract According to the “selectivity model,” females are comprehensive information processors who consider both subjective and objective product attributes, and respond to subtle cues. Conversely, males are selective information processors who tend to use heuristics processing and miss subtle cues. These predictions are tested in an experiment where males and females listened to either objective or subjective advertising claims for either a low-risk or moderate-risk product. The results generally supported the predictions of the selectivity model with the exception that males did not respond more favorably to the objective claims. Implications for advertising theory and research are discussed.
Organizational- and employee-level recruitment into a worksite-based weight loss study.

Background Based on national estimates, the majority of working adults are overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity are associated with diminished health, productivity, and increased medical costs for employers. Worksite-based weight loss interventions are desirable from both employee and employer perspectives.Purpose To investigate organizational- and employee-level participation in a group-randomized controlled worksite-based weight loss trial.Methods Using a set of inclusion criteria and pre-established procedures, we recruited worksites (and overweight/obese employees from enrolled worksites) from the North Carolina Community College System to participate in a weight loss study. Recruitment results at the worksite (organization) and employee levels are described, along with an assessment of representativeness.Results Eighty-one percent (48/59) of community colleges indicated initial interest in participating in the weight loss study, and of those, 17 colleges were enrolled. Few characteristics dist...
EFFECTS OF SAMPLING DESIGN ON AGE RATIOS OF MIGRANTS CAPTURED AT STOPOVER SITES

Abstract Age classes of migrant songbirds often differ in migration timing. This difference creates the potential for age-ratios recorded at stopover sites to vary with the amount and distribution of sampling effort used. To test for these biases, we sub-sampled migrant capture data from the Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. We created data sets that reflected the age ratios of migrants that would have been captured with stratified and concentrated designs at four levels of mist-netting effort. Analysis of these data indicate that age-ratios of Neotropical migrants varied significantly with sampling design, but not with sampling effort. More after-hatch-year Neotropical migrants were captured with stratified than with concentrated sampling designs. Age-ratio of temperate migrants did not vary with either amount of sampling effort or sampling design. Sampling design is an important consideration in the interpretation of age ratios among stopover sites, and standardization of sampling among sites coul...
The Human Organization of Time: Temporal Realities and Experiences

The article reviews the book “The Human Organization of Time: Temporal Realities and Experiences,” by Allen C. Bluedorn.
Mayo Clinic/Renal Pathology Society Consensus Report on Pathologic Classification, Diagnosis, and Reporting of GN

Renal pathologists and nephrologists met on February 20, 2015 to establish an etiology/pathogenesis-based system for classification and diagnosis of GN, with a major aim of standardizing the kidney biopsy report of GN. On the basis of etiology/pathogenesis, GN is classified into the following five pathogenic types, each with specific disease entities: immune-complex GN, pauci-immune GN, antiglomerular basement membrane GN, monoclonal Ig GN, and C3 glomerulopathy. The pathogenesis-based classification forms the basis of the kidney biopsy report. To standardize the report, the diagnosis consists of a primary diagnosis and a secondary diagnosis. The primary diagnosis should include the disease entity/pathogenic type (if disease entity is not known) followed in order by pattern of injury (mixed patterns may be present); score/grade/class for disease entities, such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and ANCA GN; and additional features as detailed herein. A pattern diagnosis as the sole primary diagnosis is not recommended. Secondary diagnoses should be reported separately and include coexisting lesions that do not form the primary diagnosis. Guidelines for the report format, light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and ancillary studies are also provided. In summary, this consensus report emphasizes a pathogenesis-based classification of GN and provides guidelines for the standardized reporting of GN.
Breaking bad blood: β2-microglobulin as a pro-aging factor in blood.

Aging is a major risk factor for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. A new study identified β2-microglobulin as a blood-borne factor that detrimentally influences the brain during the aging process.
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Gammaherpesvirus from a Microbat Cell Line.

ABSTRACT While employing deep sequencing and de novo assembly to characterize the mRNA transcript profile of a cell line derived from the microbat Myotis velifer incautus , we serendipitously identified mRNAs encoding proteins with a high level of identity to herpesviruses. A majority were closely related to proteins of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), a horse gammaherpesvirus. We demonstrated by electron microscopy the presence of herpesvirus-like particles in the microbat cells. Passage of supernatants from microbat cells to Vero cells resulted in syncytium formation, and expression of viral genes and amplification of viral DNA were demonstrated by quantitative PCR. Susceptibility of human cell lines to productive infection was also demonstrated. Next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly of the viral genome from supernatants from Vero cells yielded a single contig of approximately 130 kb with at least 77 open reading frames (ORFs), predicted microRNAs (miRNAs), and a gammaherpesvirus genomic organization. Phylogenic analysis of the envelope glycoprotein (gB) and DNA polymerase (POLD1) revealed similarity to multiple gammaherpesviruses, including those from as-yet-uncultured viruses of the Rhadinovirus genus that were obtained by deep sequencing of bat tissues. Moreover, the assembled genome revealed ORFs that share little or no homology to known ORFs in EHV-2 but are similar to accessory proteins of other gammaherpesviruses. Some also have striking homology to predicted Myotis bat proteins. Cumulatively, this study provides the first isolation and characterization of a replication-competent bat gammaherpesvirus. IMPORTANCE Bats are of significant interest as reservoirs for zoonotic viral pathogens; however, tools to dissect bat-virus interactions are limited in availability. This study serendipitously identified, in an established bat cell line, a fully replication-competent gammaherpesvirus; determined the complete genome sequence of the virus; and generated a viral transcript map. This virus can replicate in select human and nonhuman primate cell lines. However, analyses of viral sequences support a bat origin for this virus; we therefore refer to the virus as bat gammaherpesvirus 8 (BGHV8). The viral genome contains unique open reading frames that likely encode modulators of bat innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways and expresses viral miRNAs. The virus and its gene products should provide a unique tool to dissect both bat and gammaherpesvirus biology.
Matrix Attachment Regions and Transgene Expression

Many of the questions we have about how biological systems work are ultimately questions about the regulation of gene expression. For this reason, the control of transcription is fundamental and has received well-deserved attention. From a simplistic point of view, transcription can be though of as being regulated at two levels. The first level (coarse control) involves access of RNA polymerase and transacting factors to the specific DNA sequences with which they interact. Access is a function of chromatin structure. In chromatin fibers of both condensed metaphase chromosomes and interphase chromatin, DNA is highly compacted and essentially inaccessible to RNA polymerase and trans-acting factors. In order to make the DNA accessible, chromatin fibers must in some way take on a more open, less compact structure. Once an open (transcriptionally poised) chromatin structure is obtained, further regulation of transcription involving availability and interactions of transacting factors (fine control), come into play. For reviews see Paranjape et al. (1994) and Reeves (1984).
Mean Aversion in Fixed Income Returns: Evidence and Implications for Long Horizon Investors

This study documents strong mean aversion in U.S. fixed income returns (but not stock returns) at 5-20 year horizons. These results are only slightly weaker for nominal returns than for real returns and prevail regardless of the period examined (1926-2011, 1951-2011, 1857-1925 or 1857-2011). I show that the presence of mean aversion, along with a historically sizable equity premium, dramatically increases the risk of holding fixed income securities for long horizon investors, to the point where they are often actually riskier than stocks in a downside-risk framework for investment horizons as short as ten years. These results are fairly robust to the use of nominal vs. real returns, different sample periods from which simulated returns are drawn and even to sizable reductions in the historical equity premium.
Alcohol determination in the clinical laboratory.

Abstract Four methods for blood-alcohol analysis--gas chromatography, enzymatic oxidation with alcohol dehydrogenase, chemical oxidation with acid dichromate, and osmometry--are briefly reviewed from the point of view of the clinical laboratory. Advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed, and their key features are tabulated. The correlation of the results of blood-alcohol analyses with stages of alcoholic influence and their corresponding signs and symptoms is presented in tabular form.
Effect of a Liver Extract on Hepatic Injury Produced by Carbon Tetrachloride.

SummaryThe claim that a protein-free, water-soluble extract of the liver of cattle exerts a lipotropic and protective effect on the liver of rats has been reinvestigated. The degree of fatty change following injection of CC14 was assessed by quantitative estimations and by histological grading, and these criteria were compared with each other. Although an approximate parallelism was obtained, there was some degree of overlap, which led to the suggestion that both methods should be used in conjunction with each other. No effect of the liver extract in question could be demonstrated. The discrepancy between these findings and those of other workers suggests a need for further investigations.
Adsorption and reaction properties of SnBEA, ZrBEA and H-BEA for the formation of p-xylene from DMF and ethylene

The adsorption and reaction properties of H-BEA, SnBEA, ZrBEA and siliceous BEA were examined to understand the reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) with ethylene to form p-xylene. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of diethyl ether, DMF, 2,5-hexanedione and p-xylene on each of the zeolites demonstrated that the Bronsted sites in H-BEA are more reactive than the Lewis sites in SnBEA and ZrBEA and tend to promote the oligomerization of DMF and 2,5-hexanedione, even at 295 K; however, the adsorbed 2,5-hexanedione is converted to DMF at both Lewis- and Bronsted-acid sites. H-BEA, SnBEA and ZrBEA all catalyzed the reaction to p-xylene with high selectivity in a continuous-flow reactor, with all three catalysts showing rates that were first order in both DMF and ethylene. H-BEA was found to deactivate rapidly due to coking, while ZrBEA and SnBEA were both stable. The implications of these results for practical applications are discussed.