cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Overconstrained Mechanisms

This paper presents a new systematic method for dealing with overconstrained mechanisms. With this one method we are able to verify all previously known overconstrained mechanisms. In addition, this method yields the input-output equations of any single-loop overconstrained mechanism. Two numerical examples and one set of input-output curves are presented.
An assessment of structural attributes and ecosystem function in restored Virginia coalfield streams

As human populations continue to grow, expanding energy needs enhance freshwater resource conservation challenges. Mining for coal has significantly altered the landscape in the United States’ Appalachian region, with significant negative effects on downstream water quality and ecosystem function. With recent policy changes concerning the impacts of coal mining on aquatic ecosystems, many coal companies choose to restore sections of stream located on older coal mining areas as mandated compensatory mitigation for mining-related stream disturbances. We assessed such mitigation using measures of both structure and function in restored and unrestored streams affected by surface mining operations. Macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams affected by older mining and recent restoration practices were rated as “stressed” and “severely stressed,” with streams varying from fair to optimal in terms of habitat. All streams were net heterotrophic with varying levels of ammonium uptake. No site differences were found for any measured physicochemical or functional variables, while invertebrate community metric scores were higher in unrestored streams. There were also no significant relationships found between structural and functional measurements in these streams. Principal components analysis implicated the importance of measuring physicochemical, structural, and functional variables in further analyses of restoration success. This study was unable to document pre-disturbance conditions, and as a result, we were unable to find evidence that restoration is currently having a significant effect on ecosystem processes within these systems. Further research is needed to understand the changes in ecosystem structure and function that come with time.
230 patient years of experience with home long-term parenteral nutrition in childhood: natural history and life of central venous catheters.

The records of 27 pediatric patients who required parenteral nutrition (PN) for 5 to 14.5 years (mean ± SD, 8.5 ± 3.8) were analyzed to determine the frequency of complications with their central venous catheters (CVC). This represents a 230 patient-year experience. Patients with short bowel syndrome and chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome (CIPS) accounted for all but two of the patients. Unsuccessful medical management of the exit site or CVC infection was responsible for removal of 62% of the 123 CVCs. Ninety-five episodes of line infection occurred in 24 patients. Fifty (52%) were successfully treated without catheter removal. The organisms responsible for catheter removal were fungal (14), mycobacterium species (5), gram-positive cocci (22), or gramnegative bacilli (19). The CVCs were infected an average of once every 884 days. The life of the second CVC (23.5 ± 17.9 months) was significantly longer than that of the first (P < .05). Clotting of the CVC with unsuccessful lysis of the clot was responsible for removal of 24%, and breakage or unsuccessful repair was responsible for 14%. In no patient were all possible venous sites for CVC placement exhausted. Patients with CIPS had substantially fewer catheter complications (P < .05) than did those with short bowel syndrome. In conclusion, CVCs can “survive” without major complications for more than a decade. Numerous factors contribute to the increased rate of CVC survival over time, including improvement in PN self-care with greater experience, improvement in teaching, regular follow-up of patients, better management of infection, and better ability to treat CVC thrombosis or breakage.
Trace elements, crystal defects and high resolution electron microscopy

Abstract Intergrowth defects (intercalation of different structure types) are common in some rock-forming minerals and can be demonstrated to affect trace element distributions, especially when new crystallographic site types are introduced by the intercalated structure. Atoms that do not readily substitute into the host crystal may be incorporated within the intercalated structure. Trace element partitioning patterns, EPR data and mineral dislocation densities suggest that dislocations do not exercise primary control on the partitioning of compatible trace elements, but the effects of dislocations on incompatible elements may be important. Intergrowth defects in geologically important materials include disordered intergrowth structures in Sulfides and the stacking and chain-width disorder that is found in pyroxenes and amphiboles from a range of occurrences. Intergrowth defects may range from a few Angstroms wide to optically resolvable size. It is important to evaluate their effects when interpreting geological trace element data.
Quantification of postural stability in older adults using mobile technology

Traditional biomechanical systems used to capture kinematic data have shown that declines in postural stability are frequently present in older adults and neurological populations. Recent advances in processor speed and measuring capabilities of on-board electronics within mobile devices present an opportunity to gather kinematic data and apply biomechanical analyses to potentially quantify postural stability. The aim of this project was to determine if the kinematic data gathered using a mobile device were of sufficient quantity and quality to characterize postural stability in older adults. Twelve healthy older adults completed six different balance conditions under altered surface, stance and vision. Simultaneous kinematic measurements were gathered from a three-dimensional motion analysis system and iPad during balance conditions. Correlation between the two systems was significant across balance conditions and outcome measures: peak-to-peak (r = 0.70–0.99), normalized path length (r = 0.64–0.98), root mean square (r = 0.73–0.99) of linear acceleration, 95 % volume (r = 0.96–0.99) of linear and angular acceleration and total power across different frequencies (r = 0.79–0.92). The mean absolute percentage error metric, used to evaluate time-series measurements point-by-point, indicated that when measuring linear and angular acceleration, the iPad tracked the motion analysis system with average error between 6 and 10 % of motion analysis measurements across all balance conditions. Collectively, similar accuracy with the iPad compared to motion capture suggests the sensors provide sufficient accuracy and quality for the quantification of postural stability in older adults. The objectivity, portability, and ease of use of this device make it ideal for use in clinical environments, which often lack biomechanical systems.
Multicriteria Parametrical Identification of the Parafoil- Load Delivery System

*† This paper addresses the problem of multicriteria (versus single-criterion) parametrical identification of the autonomously controlled cargo parafoil. Based on the structural identification as an initial step toward creation of an adequate model of the parafoil, a high-fidelity model including several dozens of optimization parameters has been developed. The present paper proposes the correct statement of the multicriteria parametrical identification problem including the necessity to investigate the feasible set of variable parameters. The paper advocates the use of the Parameter Space Investigation method and Multicriteria Optimization / Vector Identification software package to solve the problem.
An Overview of Mood Disorders in the DSM-5

The process of revising the DSM, which is based on new findings in the literature and experience with the current classification, is initiated every 12–18 years. The process for the revision of DSM-IV to the DSM-5 began in 2006—after a series of meeting proceedings and monographs were published during the previous 3 years—with the appointment of diagnostic group chairs by Director Dr. David Kupfer and Vice Director Dr. Darrel Regier. Members were recruited for workgroups to review the existing DSM-IV, to decide what worked well and which areas needed change, to review the available literature and data, and to propose changes based on an appropriate level of evidence in the literature proportional to the significance of the change. At the halfway point in this process, the Mood Disorders Workgroup has made tentative recommendations to be tested in field trials. These recommendations and some of the basis for them are discussed in this review. Final decisions await the data from field trials, possible revisions by the workgroups, and action by the task force. This article describes some of the recommendations made by the Mood Disorders Workgroup at this point in the process.
Multilayered MOEMS Tunable Spectrometer for Fluorescence Lifetime Detection

Spectral and time-domain fluorescence from biological samples are powerful diagnostic tools. For applications requiring a compact integrated spectrometer, the microoptoelectromechanical system (MOEMS) is an enabling technology. To improve upon previous microspectrometers, a multilayered, folded design is taken here to improve theoretical resolution and throughput. This sub-cm3 prototype, based on MOEMS piezoelectric diffractive micrograting, demonstrates over 100-nm tuning in the visible range. Moreover, it integrates a microlens with f = 2.2 mm within a microoptics package that is fabricated at wafer-level. The microspectrometer capably records both spectral and lifetime information for fluorescence standards fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, 2.5 ns) and Rhodamine B (2.9 ns), and also Collagen Type II (2.4 ns).
Fecundity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata at 45° N in Maine, U.S.A.

The northern portion of the geographic range of the American eel Anguilla rostrata may contribute a great proportion of the reproductive potential to this panmictic species because of apparent increases in average female size and female percentage with latitude. The regressions of fecundity on body length and on body weight of 63 female eels captured at about 45° N latitude on their spawning migration to the sea were log F= 1·2601 + 2·9642 log L and log F= 4·1646+0·9153 log W, where F is fecundity, L is total length (cm), and W is total weight (g). Length and weight each explained about 90% of the variation in fecundity. Estimates of fecundity from counts of aliquots of eggs ranged from 1·84 million to 19·92 million eggs for eels ranging in length from 45 to 113 cm, nearly the range of sizes of migrating females reported in the literature. Fecundities of the American eel were greater than reported in one study at about 37° N and greater than reported for the European eel, A. anguilla, shortfin eel, A. australis, and longfin eel, A. dieffenbachii. If a geographic cline in fecundity does exist in American eels, it is established anew each generation because the species forms a single panmictic population.
What DHCPv6 says about you

As protection against the current privacy weaknesses of StateLess Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) in the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), network administrators may choose to deploy the new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). Similar to the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), DHCPv6 uses a clientserver model to manage addresses for networks, providing stateful address assignment. While DHCPv6 can be configured to assign randomly distributed addresses to clients, the DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) was designed to remain static to clients as they move between different subnets and networks. Since the DUID is globally unique, attackers can geotemporally track clients by sniffing DHCPv6 messages on the local network or by using protocol-valid messages that request systems' DUIDs. Additionally, attackers can remotely monitor users and networks using DHCPv6 relays to issue and forward DHCPv6 messages and track clients. The privacy implications of DHCPv6 must be addressed before large-scale IPv6 deployment.
If It Is Meant to Be, Let It Be: Risk communication among Bosnian Refugees Resettled in the U.S.

The purpose of this paper is to explore and understand how a Bosnian refugee community perceives and responds to the potential risk of a natural disaster in order to identify tailored approaches to improve risk communication. This is a qualitative study. Participants resettled in St Louis, Missouri were identified through criterion and snowball sampling. Thirty-three face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analyzed using both content and thematic analysis . Findings indicate that due to their war experiences, cultural and religious understanding of natural disaster, and social influence on their risk interpretation, participants tended to underestimate the potential threat of natural disaster. Media was the main communication methods in times of potential natural disaster. Lack of organizational support during risk communication was a major concern. Ethnic radio stations and word of mouth were rated as the most popular communication channels for disseminating messages in preparation of a natural disaster. Using a community-based participatory approach to identify community needs and involve Bosnian community partners in risk communication planning, implementation, and evaluation, is vital for a Bosnian community.
Economic Policy Reform & Poverty Alleviation: A Critique of Nigeria's Strategic Plan for Poverty Reduction

Given the natural and human resources of Nigeria, it is believed that Nigeria has the potential to become the richest nation in Africa. Presently, however, it is estimated that about 70% of the Nigerian population lives in poverty. President Obasanjo, in his second term as the elected President of Nigeria, launched the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (‘NEEDS’). NEEDS is the Nigerian economic recovery plan for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. This study is a careful analysis of ‘NEEDS’ and its implementation in order to discover the extent to which the stated goal of poverty reduction has been achieved in the country. Unfortunately, this study has discovered that because of the apparent disconnect between the government and the poor, and the dichotomy between the rich and the poor, NEEDS appears to be a colossal failure in terms of poverty reduction.
Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting rat pituitary tumor cells

Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in some malignant cells, and we show here that these inhibitors induce apoptosis in rat pituitary MMQ and GH3 tumor cells but not in normal pituitary cells. Three proteasome inhibitors, PSI, MG-132, and lactacystin, but not the calpain inhibitor, ALLM, dose- and time-dependently caused apoptosis in these cells, and 10 microM PSI caused apoptosis in 70% of MMQ cells and in 25% of GH3 cells within 24 h. A lower PSI dose (10 nM) inhibited GH3 cell growth without causing significant apoptosis or affecting prolactin secretion. Primary rat pituitary cells were resistant to both PSI and MG-132 and did not undergo apoptosis. In MMQ cells, DNA synthesis was slowed (approximately 30%) after 6 h of 10 microM PSI treatment and a partial cell cycle block at G2/M was evident after 8 h. Colorimetric caspase substrate assay and Western blotting of caspase substrates showed that caspases 2 and 3 are activated by PSI while caspases 6 and 8 remained inactive. A broad-range caspase inhibitor, caspase inhibitor III, prevented apoptosis induced by PSI. The results show that proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in rat pituitary tumor cells by specific caspase activation. This novel group of drugs may potentially be used in treatment of aggressive pituitary tumors, especially as their action appears relative for tumor cells.
Decisions in thesaurus construction and use

A thesaurus and an ontology provide a set of structured terms, phrases, and metadata, often in a hierarchical arrangement, that may be used to index, search, and mine documents. We describe the decisions that should be made when including a term, deciding whether a term should be subdivided into its subclasses, or determining which of more than one set of possible subclasses should be used. Based on retrospective measurements or estimates of future performance when using thesaurus terms in document ordering, decisions are made so as to maximize performance. These decisions may be used in the automatic construction of a thesaurus. The evaluation of an existing thesaurus is described, consistent with the decision criteria developed here. These kinds of user-focused decision-theoretic techniques may be applied to other hierarchical applications, such as faceted classification systems used in information architecture or the use of hierarchical terms in ''breadcrumb navigation''.
Assessment and Monitoring of Recreation Impacts and Resource Conditions on Mountain Summits: Examples From the Northern Forest, USA

Abstract Mountain summits present a unique challenge to manage sustainably: they are ecologically important and, in many circumstances, under high demand for recreation and tourism activities. This article presents recent advances in the assessment of resource conditions and visitor disturbance in mountain summit environments, by drawing on examples from a multiyear, interdisciplinary study of summits in the northeastern United States. Primary impact issues as a consequence of visitor use, such as informal trail formation, vegetation disturbance, and soil loss, were addressed via the adaption of protocols from recreation ecology studies to summit environments. In addition, new methodologies were developed that provide measurement sensitivity to change previously unavailable through standard recreation monitoring protocols. Although currently limited in application to the northeastern US summit environments, the methods presented show promise for widespread application wherever summits are in demand for vi...
The evolution of jealousy.

Two decades ago, mainstream psychologists explained jealousy as a pathology, social construction, or by-product of capitalist society, manifested identically in men and women [1]. Evolutionary psychologists, in contrast, hypothesized that jealousy is an evolved adaptation, activated by threats to a valuable relationship, functioning to protect it from partial or total loss [2–4]. Because the reproductive consequences of infidelity and partner loss are parallel for men and women in some respects, and asymmetric in others, the sexes were predicted to have similar psychologies in some respects, and different psychologies where their adaptive problems recurrently diverged.
SDF1/CXCL12 is involved in recruitment of stem-like progenitor cells to orthotopic murine malignant mesothelioma spheroids

Background/Aim: Tumor progression is influenced by the microenvironment. We found stem cells are recruited to malignant mesothelioma spheroids. We aimed to determine if stem cell recruitment depends on the chemokine SDF1, and if inhibition of the cognate receptor CXCR4 affects tumor growth. Materials and Methods: The kinetics of stem cell recruitment was determined using immunofluorescence staining, BrdU incorporation and eGFP transgenic mice. Chemokines were identified using PCR array. Inhibitors of CXCR4 were used to determine the effect on cell migration and tumor progression. Results: The increasing number of stem cells found in tumor spheroids over time is attributed to cell recruitment. Stem cell migration in vitro was enhanced by exogenous SDF1 and abrogated by CXCR4 inhibition and. CXCR4 inhibition reduced tumor burden in vivo. Conclusion: SDF1 is a candidate chemokine for recruitment of stem cells to malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and a potential target for therapy. Malignant mesothelioma animal tumor model tumor spheroids mesenchymal stem cell chemokine
Inactivating influenza viruses on surfaces using hydrogen peroxide or triethylene glycol at low vapor concentrations.

Background Surfaces in congregate settings, such as vehicles used for mass transportation, can become contaminated with infectious microorganisms and facilitate disease transmission. We disinfected surfaces contaminated with H1N1 influenza viruses using hydrogen peroxide (HP) vapor at concentrations below 100 ppm and triethylene glycol (TEG)-saturated air containing 2 ppm of TEG at 25°C. Methods Influenza viruses in aqueous suspensions were deposited on stainless-steel coupons, allowed to dry at ambient conditions, and then exposed for up to 15 minutes to 10 to 90 ppm of HP vapor or TEG-saturated air. Virus assays were done on the solution used to wash the viruses from these coupons and from coupons treated similarly but without exposure to HP or TEG vapor. Results After 2.5 minutes, exposure to 10-ppm HP vapor resulted in 99% inactivation. For air saturated with TEG at 25 to 29°C, the disinfection rate was about 1.3 log10 reductions per hour, about 16 times faster than the measured natural inactivation rate under ambient conditions. Conclusions Vapor concentrations of 10 ppm HP or 2 ppm TEG can provide effective surface disinfection. At these low concentrations, the potential for damage to even the avionics of an airplane would be expected to be minimal. At a TEG vapor concentration of 2 ppm, there are essentially no health risks to people.
Attack Advertising, the White Decision, and Voter Participation in State Supreme Court Elections:

This project evaluates whether televised attack advertising and less restrictive campaign speech codes brought about by Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002) have had adverse effects on cit...
Single-input two-way SIMO channel: diversity-multiplexing tradeoff with two-way training

In this work, we propose and analyze a two-way training system that exploits the fact that most wireless nodes are capable of both transmitting and receiving signals. That is, the underlying channel is by design a two-way channel, even if only one of the nodes has data to communicate. For half-duplex nodes with one antenna at the source node and M antennas at the destination node, we show that a novel training system can double the maximum diversity order of the system. The key departure from existing work is that (a) all resources used to obtain channel information at the source and destination are accounted for, and (b) channel estimates at the source and destination are mismatched and noisy. We further derive the full diversity-multiplexing tradeoff which demonstrates a diversity order gain at almost all multiplexing gains due to information at the source, even when that information is based on noisy estimates and subjected to full resource accounting.
Constructive interaction and the iterative process of understanding

When people try to understand complex physical devices (e.g., a sewing machine), they proceed in an iterative fashion. They seem to reach several points at which they claim to “understand” the device. Each point of understanding is incomplete and requires a new level of understanding. As a result, they cycle between understanding and non-understanding as they traverse different levels. The present study provides a framework to capture the iterative nature of understanding. These points are discussed and illustrated through observations of three pairs of people constructively interacting to understand how a sewing machine works. In addition to the iterative search for understanding, the conceptual point in space from which the speaker appeared to be viewing the machine was important. This conceptual point of view (C-POV) was reflected in their use of language. The C-POV appeared to be stable during points of understanding and to shift frequently at points of non-understanding.
Not-So-Trivial Pursuit: Mechanical Ventilation Risk Reduction

As many as half of critically ill patients require mechanical ventilation. In this article, a program of research focused on reduction of risk associated with mechanical ventilation is reviewed. Airway management practices can have profound effects on outcomes in these patients. How patients are suctioned, types of processes used, effects of suctioning in patients with lung injury, and open versus closed suctioning systems all have been examined to determine best practices. Pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation (ventilator-associated pneumonia), and use of higher backrest elevations reduces risk of pneumonia, although compliance with such recommendations varies. The studies reviewed here describe backrest elevation practices, factors that affect backrest elevation, and the effect of backrest elevation on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Oral care strategies also have been investigated to determine their effect on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Oral care practices are reported to hold a low care priority, vary widely across care providers, and differ in intubated versus nonintubated patients. However, in several studies, oral applications of chlorhexidine have reduced the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Although ventilator patients require sedation, sedation is associated with significant risks. The overall goals of sedation are to provide physiological stability, to maintain ventilator synchrony, and to ensure patients' comfort–although methods to evaluate achievement of these goals are limited. Reducing risks associated with mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients is a complex and interdisciplinary process. Our understanding of the risks associated with mechanical ventilation is constantly changing, but care of these patients must be based on the best evidence.
Discrete developmental stages during teliospore formation in the corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis

Ustilago maydis is a dimorphic fungus with a yeast-like non-pathogenic form and a filamentous (hyphal) pathogenic form that induces tumor formation in maize. Within mature tumors, hyphae give rise to teliospores, which are round, diploid cells surrounded by a specialized cell wall. Here we describe the time course of fungal development in the plant with a focus on the morphological changes in the hyphae and the pathway of teliospore formation. We confirm and extend earlier observations that U. maydis hyphae branch extensively on the leaf surface and intracellularly before induction of tumors. We observe that at later stages the filaments undergo a series of discrete morphogenetic changes leading to teliospore formation. In particular, we show that the hyphae become embedded in a mucilaginous matrix within the tumor cells and the hyphal tips become modified. The hyphae then undergo fragmentation to release individual cells that exhibit a variety of shapes on their way to becoming rounded. Finally, a specialized cell wall is deposited. Support for the existence of such a pathway comes from analysis of a mutant defective in the fuz1 gene: inactivation of fuz1 blocks production of the mucilaginous matrix and fragmentation of the hyphae, leading to a defect in teliospore formation. The different morphological changes that occur while in the plant but not in culture suggest that plant inputs play a key role in fungal development.
Pointing Forward: Typing for Academic Access

Abstract For students who do not demonstrate reliable verbal speech, utilization of augmentative and alternative communication, both low-tech and high-tech, can be an effective way of engaging mean...
DEVELOPING REALISTIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS FOR USE IN UNDERGRADUATE CLASSES

This note describes an approach for teaching undergraduate students basic properties of cost and production functions with the aid of computer-generated illustrations. Parameters of a third degree polynomial are derived by making use of both the theoretical restrictions and the specific agricultural production process. The function is then used as the basis for the development of a simple computer graphics program which generates illustrations of the corresponding MPP, AC, and MC functions. Such illustrations can be used to make technically accurate visual aids.
Prophylactic octreotide in pancreatoduodenectomy: response to Yang et al.

We appreciate the comments of Yang and colleagues on our recent work entitled ‘Prophylactic octreotide for pancreatoduodenectomy: more harm than good?’1 We agree with several of their points, particularly that the current evidence in the translational literature directly linking octreotide to the formation of fistulas is far from definitive; however, defining the mechanism of fistula development in the setting of prophylactic octreotide was beyond the scope of our paper. Despite this, we cited over 15 studies that may explain our clinical findings. Secondly, although our findings contrast with those of several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), each of those studies predated the advent of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula,2 which established definitions for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) through international consensus. In fact, although the differences were non-significant, the only RCTs to be conducted since those definitions were published have reported higher rates of fistula formation with octreotide.3,4 The overall fistula rates in our study (octreotide group: 28.1% control group: 21.5%) compare favourably with those in the most recent RCT (octreotide group: 25% control group: 18%).4 Contrasting findings were recently reported with the new somatostatin analogue, pasireotide, but the efficacy of this drug has not been tested in a multicentre fashion.5 Lastly, a forthcoming study by our group of outcomes in over 4300 pancreatoduodenectomies performed by 55 surgeons at 15 institutions found octreotide to be associated with a greater incidence of CR-POPF [odds ratio (OR) 3.3; P < 0.0001] similar to the figures reported in our recent paper (OR 2.6; P < 0.001).1 The later study controlled for elements of endogenous and operative risk, as well as for mitigation strategies (octreotide, drains, stents, etc.), institutional volume and surgeon experience. An important takeaway from that analysis, and our paper on octreotide,1 is that fistula risk is multifactorial; octreotide was associated with elevated CR-POPF rates, but other factors also rose to statistical significance. We believe it is imperative to control for all components of CR-POPF risk when evaluating the efficacy of fistula mitigation strategies.
Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Dimethoate

The insecticide dimethoate, an organophosphate, was first introduced in 1962 for broad spectrum control of a wide range of insects including mites, flies, aphids, and plant hoppers. It inhibits AChE activity, resulting in nerve damage, which may lead to death. It is considered highly toxic to insects although dimethoate resistance has been observed. Dimethoate has both a low vapor pressure (0.247 mPa) and Henry's law constant (l.42x10(-6) Pa m3/mol), thus volatilization is not a major route of dissipation from either water or moist soils. Photolysis is considered a minor dissipation pathway. However, studies have shown that in the presence of a catalyst, the rate of photolysis does increase. The insecticide has high water solubility (39,800 mg/L) and under alkaline conditions, hydrolysis predominates representing a major degradation pathway. It has a low soil sorption capacity (Koc=20) which varies by soil type and organic matter content. Dimethoate is degraded by microbes under anaerobic conditions and bacterial species have been identified that are capable of using dimethoate as a carbon source. Although many intermediate by-products have been identified by abiotic and biotic processes, the major degradation product is omethoate. Dimethoate has been found to adversely impact many organisms. In plants, photosynthesis and growth are highly impacted, whereas birds exhibit inhibition in brain enzyme activity, thus sublethal effects are apparent. Furthermore, aquatic organisms are expected to be highly impacted via direct exposure, often displaying changes in swimming behavior. Toxicity results include inhibition in growth and more importantly, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity.
Context Versus Processes

An examination of the difficulties in identifying the conditions for asserting that something is a context reveals the problem of not having a principle of selection for contexts. In this chapter it is proposed that rather than talk about engineering in context, we look to a broader understanding of what is involved in an engineering project, replacing “context” with “process” or perhaps “environment”.
Prosecution by Regulation: The Changing Nature of Antitrust Enforcement

I argue that antitrust enforcement has evolved from a court centered form of law enforcement to an agency centered form of regulation. I then use legal process and public choice theory to both explain this transformation and assess the changes occuring within the Antitrust Division and the FTC and the continuing questions of dual enforcement now that both agencies act primarily as regulatory bodies. I conclude with the organizational and enforcement changes necessary to make antitrust eforcement effective in the modern regulatory era
Considerations for Developing Applied Health Policy Models: The Example of HIV Treatment Expansion in Resource-Limited Settings

This chapter describes steps for developing health policy models. The discussion begins with considerations for identifying a research question and developing a model conceptual framework. It next provides guidance on how to build and implement the model, as well as how to populate or parameterize a model. We end by examining the techniques for verifying model performance. Special emphasis is placed on developing applied health policy models, particularly those used to inform policy decisions in resource-limited settings.
Roughness-Induced Transition in High Speed Flows

Roughness elements in a laminar boundary layer can cause the flow to transition. The effects of discrete and distributed roughness are explored using direct numerical simulation on unstructured grids. Velocity profiles for Mach 8.12 flow past a cylindrical roughness element are compared to experiment. Flow features produced by an isolated hemispherical bump are studied for three Mach numbers [3.37, 5.26, 8.23] whose simulation parameters are chosen to match the experiments performed by Danehyet al. at NASA Langley. The vortices formed upstream of the roughness due to boundary layer separation wrap around the hemisphere generating coherent streamwise vortices. A significant increase in wall skin friction coefficient along with the presence of unsteady structures far downstream of the bump for the lower Mach number cases indicated the transitional/turbulent nature of the flow while M∞=8.23 remained laminar. These observations are consistent with those in experiment. The effect of a sinusoidally varying distributed roughness was also investigated at M∞=2.9. The flow transitioned to a fully developed turbulent boundary layer that shows good quantitative agreement with experimental data. The cumulative effect of multiple roughness elements is to decelerate the near wall fluid, and setup inflexional velocity profiles. For both types of roughness it was seen that: (1) coherent streamwise vortices were produced which broke down far downstream, (2) prominent hairpin shaped structures were observed as the flow transitioned and (3) wall normal and spanwise inflexion points in streamwise velocity are observed.
Geographic patterns of genetic variation and population structure in Pinus aristata, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine

Pinus aristata Engelm., Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine, has a narrow core geographic and elevational distribution, occurs in disjunct populations, and is threatened by rapid climate change, white pine blister rust, and bark beetles. Knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure will help guide gene conservation strategies for this species. Sixteen sites across four mountain ranges in the core distribution of P. aristata were sampled and genetic diversity was assessed with 21 isozyme loci. Low species and population level genetic diversity (He = 0.070 and 0.062, respectively) occurred with moderate among-population differentiation (FST = 0.131). Genetic diversity correlated with longitude, latitude, and elevation and a strong mountain island effect may contribute to substructuring and isolation. Using multiple complementary analyses, sampled trees were assigned to three genetic lineages that varied in diversity and admixture and were associated with different climatic factors. The distribution o...
Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Adult Neurogenesis; Exploring Shared Mechanisms

New neurons incorporate into the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus throughout life. Neurogenesis is modulated by behavior and plays a major role in hippocampal plasticity. Along with older mature neurons, new neurons structure the dentate gyrus, and determine its function. Recent data suggest that the level of hippocampal neurogenesis is substantial in the human brain, suggesting that neurogenesis may have important implications for human cognition. In support of that, impaired neurogenesis compromises hippocampal function and plays a role in cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. We review current work suggesting that neuronal differentiation is defective in Alzheimer's disease, leading to dysfunction of the dentate gyrus. Additionally, alterations in critical signals regulating neurogenesis, such as presenilin-1, Notch 1, soluble amyloid precursor protein, CREB, and β-catenin underlie dysfunctional neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, we discuss the detectability of neurogenesis in the live mouse and human brain, as well as the therapeutic implications of enhancing neurogenesis for the treatment of cognitive deficits and Alzheimer's disease.
Determination of hydroxyproline in dairy products using amino acid analyzer

Objective:To develop a method for the determination of hydroxyproline in dairy products using amino acid analyzer.Methods:The procedure involved the hydrolysis of sample with 6mol/L HCl.Then hydroxyproline was detected by amino acid analyzer.Results:Recoveries were between 96.8% and 107% and RSD ranged from 0.40% to 4.9%.Conclusion:The method is accurate,precise and convenient.
Construction as a Study Subject

The following comments are directed at the specific task of teaching about building construction. The orientation here is that of viewing construction as part of the general design problem. Development of construction through choices of materials and systems and working out of construction details is part of the sequence of tasks for building design.
Perceptual Assessment of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction by Otolaryngology Residents

ObjectiveTo assess the ability of otolaryngology residents to rate the hypernasal resonance of patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction. We hypothesize that experience (postgraduate year [PGY] level) and training will result in improved ratings of speech samples.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingOtolaryngology training programs at 2 academic medical centers.Subjects and MethodsThirty otolaryngology residents (PGY 1-5) were enrolled in the study. All residents rated 30 speech samples at 2 separate times. Half the residents completed a training module between the rating exercises, with the other half serving as a control group. Percentage agreement with the expert rating of each speech sample and intrarater reliability were calculated for each resident. Analysis of covariance was used to model accuracy at session 2.ResultsThe median percentage agreement at session 1 was 53.3% for all residents. At the second session, the median scores were 53.3% for the control group and 60% for the training group...
Remediating Diagnosis: A Familiar Narrative Form or Emerging Digital Genre?

Scholars in the humanities, social sciences, and medicine are paying increasing attention to the genre of illness narratives. Little of this scholarship, however, focuses on online settings. To better understand these online stories and their structures, the author undertakes the analysis of a collection of patient diagnosis vlogs to argue that the characteristics of YouTube and the Internet more generally enable fluctuations or oscillations in these illness vlogs. These fluctuations foster genre emergence online and reflect the experiences of people living with these illnesses in a way discursive genres cannot. Paying attention to these fluctuations can add to our knowledge of the role of medium in genre emergence online and give us a potential mechanism to help explain the emergence, proliferation, and variability of online genres.
Effects of land-use land-cover data resolution and classification methods on SWAT model flow predictive reliability

The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive reliability of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model based on LULC data spatial resolution and image classification methods. The predictive reliability of the model is primarily evaluated with two descriptive statistics; the p-factor and the r-factor. The p-factor quantifies the percentage of the observed data that a calibrated model captures whereas the r-factor quantifies the level of uncertainty associated with the calibrated model. The hypothesis is that a combination of GIS-based hydrologic modelling and the promise of high-resolution LULC data obtained through object-oriented image analysis (OOIA) significantly improves SWAT flow predictive reliability. Two SWAT models were setup and calibrated at a gauging station located within the study area. After both manual and auto-calibration, results showed that the low-resolution model had a slightly better predictive reliability. The impact of the classification methods is however unclear.
Learning to Compress Unstructured Mesh Data from Simulations

The amount of data output from a computer simulation has grown to terabytes and petabytes as increasingly-complex simulations are being run on massively-parallel systems. As we approach exa-flop computing in the next decade, it is expected that the I/O subsystem will not be able to write out these large volumes of data. In this paper, we explore the use of machine learning to compress the data before it is written out. Despite the computational constraints that limit us to using very simple learning algorithms, our results show that machine learning is a viable option for compressing unstructured data. Further, by using a better sampling algorithm to generate the training set, we can obtain more accurate results compared to random sampling, at no extra cost.
Operational Control of an Anaerobic GAC Reactor Treating Hazardous Wastes

An expanded-bed GAC anaerobic reactor was employed to investigate the effect of empty bed detention time, sludge age, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading on process performance during the treatment of a coal conversion wastewater. The toxicity of the wastewater to the anaerobic culture was overcome by periodic partial replacement of the reactor medium with fresh GAC. The first phase of this study determined the minimum GAC replacement rate required to successfully treat the wastewater at a COD loading of 11 g-COD/kg-GAC-day. The second phase investigated the dependance of the system performance on hydraulic retention time and the volumetric COD loading rate. Very high organic removal efficiencies, as well as approximately fifty percent conversion of the influent COD to methane gas were achieved even at empty-bed hydraulic retention times as low as 7 hours.
The Global Monetary System: Its Weaknesses and the Role of the IMF, the EU and NAFTA

This paper argues that the global monetary system has exhibited significant instability since the collapse of the Bretton Woods regime in 1971. The recent challenge for economists and policy makers is the creation of a global monetary system that offers greater exchange rate stability without sacrificing international capital mobility. This paper proposes a solution that consists of three components. First, strengthening the international financial architecture to bring stability, primarily to emerging nations. Second, eventually creating a monetary union in NAFTA and extending it to other countries of the American hemisphere to bring stability to this region a la the EMU. Third, coordinating economic policies among the U.S., EU and Japan to stabilize these three key global currencies.
A Multi-Objective Programming Approach for Resource Allocation in Data Centers.

We model the process of a data center as a multiobjective problem of mapping independent tasks onto a set of data center machines that simultaneously minimizes the energy consumption and response time (makespan) subject to the constraints of deadlines and architectural requirements. A simple technique based on multi-objective goal programming is proposed that guarantees Pareto optimal solution with excellence in convergence process. The proposed technique also is compared with other traditional approach. The simulation results show that the proposed technique achieves superior performance compared to the min-min heuristics, and competitive performance relative to the optimal solution implemented in LINDO for small-scale problems.
Incorporation of Carotenoids into Reaction Center and Light-Harvesting Pigment-protein Complexes

A wide variety of natural and synthetic carotenoids including locked-cis-geometric isomers and specific isotopically labeled molecules can be readily incorporated into reaction center and light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes isolated from Carotenoidless mutants of photosynthetic bacteria. Experiments on these samples provide the means to study systematically the effect of varying the structure, extent of π-electron conjugation, energy levels, spectral overlap, and dynamics on the spectroscopic properties and the light-harvesting and photoprotection roles of carotenoids in photosynthesis. In this chapter, steady state and transient optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies are described that examine the photochemical behavior of the pigment-protein complexes containing the incorporated carotenoids. The biochemical procedures for incorporating exogenous carotenoids into the reaction centers and the B850 antenna complex from Rhotobacter sphaeroides R26.1 are given in detail.
The Tangent Space and Smoothness

In this chapter we introduce the tangent space at a point and review several criteria for smoothness for arbitrary varieties. It is well known that the tangent space at a point of an irreducible variety always has dimension at least as large as the dimension of the variety. Furthermore, a variety is smooth at a point if the dimensions are equal. If one knows equations defining the variety, then the Jacobian criterion can be used to determine the dimension of the tangent space at a point. In this chapter we also recall the notion of multiplicity at a given point on an algebraic variety and relate this to another criterion for smoothness. There are still many other ways for determining smoothness in Schubert varieties which will be discussed in the remaining chapters of this book. A summary of all criteria for smoothness and rational smoothness appears on Page 208.
Pompe Disease: From Basic Science to Therapy

Pompe disease is a rare and deadly muscle disorder. As a clinical entity, the disease has been known for over 75 years. While an optimist might be excited about the advances made during this time, a pessimist would note that we have yet to find a cure. However, both sides would agree that many findings in basic science—such as the Nobel prize-winning discoveries of glycogen metabolism, the lysosome, and autophagy—have become the foundation of our understanding of Pompe disease. The disease is a glycogen storage disorder, a lysosomal disorder, and an autophagic myopathy. In this review, we will discuss how these past discoveries have guided Pompe research and impacted recent therapeutic developments.