cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gendered transformations: beauty, love, and sexuality in Qajar Iran.

QAJAR IRAN (1785-1925) BEGAN WMI NOTIONS OF BEAULTY THAT WERE largely gender-undifferentiated; that is, beautiful men and women were depicted with very similar facial and bodily features.' Sometimes the only way one can tell who is male or female is through style of headgear. Other times it remains very difficult to tell if we are looking at a man or a woman:2 In written sources, the same adjectives, such as moon-faced (mah talcat), rose-faced (gul rukhsar), cypress-statured (sarv qamat or sarv qad), ruby lips (laCl lab), bow-eyebrows (kaman abra), or alternatively crescenteyebrows (hilal abru), black-scented hair (mushgin mu), narrow-waist (miyiin birik or kamar bdrik), narcissus-eyed (nargis chashm), etc., are used to describe male and female beauty. Rustam al-tavirtkh, for instance, a late Fath cAli Shah text in its final revision (1831), in describing Tahmasb Mirza (Safavi)'s sexual inclination toward young men-"he preferred one Josephfaced to thousands of Zulaykhas and Laylis and Shirins"3-describes his paradisiacal gatherings (majlis-i mina misail) in terms of his taking pleasure with "young beardless men, rose-faced, silver-bodied, cypress-statured, narcissus-eyed, coquettish, with sugar lips, wine-bearers like tulips, moonfaced, Venus-shaped, with crescent eyebrows, magic eyes, black-scented hair, and crystalline chin-folds, and full of games and coquettish-
The downsizing of America: A neglected dimension of the white collar crime problem

Downsizing has emerged as one of the noteworthy economic trends of the 1990's. This paper offers a preliminary exploration of the implications of corporate downsizing (real or perceived) for white collar crime. The following are among the issues considered: Can downsizing be defined, in a meaningful sense, as a crime against stakeholders (for the benefit of shareholders)? Is downsizing an alternative to the commission of illegal acts by corporations seeking to maximize profit and minimize loss, or an adjunct to such crime? Is the prospect of downsizing likely to inspire greater or lesser willingness on the part of corporate middle managers to engage in illegal acts on behalf of the corporation? Are motivations to commit crime against corporate employers — and opportunities to do so — intensified (or diminished) as a consequence of the prospect of downsizing? Does downsizing promote higher levels of engagement in white collar crime among corporate middle managers compelled to accept white collar jobs paying far less than positions lost due to downsizing? Finally, does downsizing and its prospect contribute to a broader social and cultural environment conducive to more white collar crime?
Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroaromatics in a distillable coal-derived solvent by chromatographic and corrected fluorescence methods

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroaromatics were separated from a coal-derived distillate by dry-column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Individual components in the isolated fractions were characterized by corrected excitation fluorescence spectrometry. With the chromatographic data and the fluorescence data, compound identification was possible in some cases.
A collaborative care telemedicine intervention to overcome treatment barriers for Latina women with depression during the perinatal period.

Maternal depression is highly prevalent (10 to 20%) during the perinatal period with rates as high as 35 to 40% for Latinas. However, few Latinas are either identified or treated during the perinatal period. To address these disparities, the Perinatal Mental Health Model (PMH) was designed to ameliorate the barriers that prevent adequate diagnoses and intervention. The PMH is a culturally sensitive, short-term telemedicine, and collaborative care intervention for addressing depression among Mexican American mothers. It attends to sociocultural and socioeconomic dimensions and is delivered by trained mental health advisors within obstetric care settings. This article describes the feasibility and acceptability of utilizing the PMH. Participants (n=79) were selected from a first year ongoing randomized trial in community obstetric clinics. The intervention seems feasible and acceptable; low-income Latinas, identified as depressed during the perinatal period, reported having access to a range of appropriate community services and high satisfaction.
Is Poly(A) Tail Length Altered by Aging or Dietary Restriction

We examined age- and diet-related alterations in RNA poly(A) tail length using high-resolution gel electrophoresis followed by Northern hybridization. The results demonstrate conclusively that there is no age-related decrease in the size of the Poly(A) tail of RNA isolated from the male Fischer 344 rat. In contrast, our results suggest that there is actually a slight age-related increase in the length of the poly(A) tail isolated from the liver and hypothalamus of these rats. Dietary restriction did not affect either poly(A) tail length or its age-related increase. These data demonstrate conclusively that oligo(dT) probes can be used to standardize RNA hybridization experiments between animals of different ages and dietary groups. In addition, these data provide further evidence that the ratio between RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase II activity does not change with age.
Heat capacity studies of high Tc superconductors

Abstract This paper reviews a number of heat capacity studies of superconductors. We show that by analyzing the data over a wide range of temperature much information about the electronic, lattice and superconducting properties of a material can be derived. We first review how McMillan's strong coupling parameter λ can be determined solely from heat capacity data. We then discuss detailed studies of the A15, C15 and ternary molybdenum chalcogenides. These studies provide information about electronic screening effects on superconductive and lattice properties of the A15 and C15 materials and about the distribution of phonon modes in the molybdenum alloys.
External increasing returns and the shadow price of foreign exchange

Abstract This paper shows that under external increasing returns to scale and a strictly concave production possibilities frontier the shadow price of foreign exchange in the presence of a tariff is the same as that in an economy with purely constant returns to scale. However, with a quota or a voluntary export restraint, this shadow price is, in general, quite different from that in a purely constant returns to scale economy.
Literature as a Liberal Art: An Assessment.

This article is a commentary upon the state of the liberal arts within the academic curriculum and upon that curriculum within the society. Using the oral study of literature as context, it suggests a role for the teacher, a professional who may function as a guide through fluctuating ethical climates.
Diffusivity of cobalt and nickel compounds as a function of concentration and temperature

Diffusivity of cobalt and nickel compounds has been measured using a diaphragm cell technique. Diffusivity of these metal compounds including chloride, nitrate, and sulfate was measured over the concentration range of 0.005 to 0.5 M. A correlation equation for diffusivity of cobalt and nickel compounds has been established:D = 2.0 × 10−5(z ·r)−0.2 C −n, whereD: diffusivity, cm2/s; z: valence of anion;r: radius of hydrated metal compound; C: molar concentration of electrolytes; andn: 0.0497 for cobalt and 0.025 for nickel. The effect of temperature on the diffusivity of cobalt and nickel compounds was also studied. Arrhenius activation energy values of diffusion for cobalt and nickel compounds were found to be 14.7 to 18.0 kJ/mol.
CCR7/CCL21 Migration on Fibronectin Is Mediated by Phospholipase Cγ1 and ERK1/2 in Primary T Lymphocytes

CCR7 binds to its cognate ligand, CCL21, to mediate the migration of circulating naive T lymphocytes to the lymph nodes. T lymphocytes can bind to fibronectin, a constituent of lymph nodes, via their β1 integrins, which is a primary mechanism of T lymphocyte migration; however, the signaling pathways involved are unclear. We report that rapid (within 2 min) and transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is required for T cell migration on fibronectin in response to CCL21. Conversely, prevention of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by inhibition of its kinase, MAPK/MEK, prevented T lymphocyte migration. Previous studies have suggested that phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) can mediate phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which is required for β1 integrin activation. Paradoxically, we found that inhibition of PLCγ1 phosphorylation by the general PLC inhibitor U73122 was associated with a delayed and reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and reduced migration of T lymphocytes on fibronectin. To further characterize the relationship between ERK1/2 and PLCγ1, we reduced PLCγ1 levels by 85% using shRNA and observed a reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and a significant loss of CCR7-mediated migration of T lymphocytes on fibronectin. In addition, we found that inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by U0126 resulted in a decreased phosphorylation of PLCγ1, suggesting a feedback loop between ERK1/2 and PLCγ1. Overall, these results suggest that the CCR7 signaling pathway leading to T lymphocyte migration on fibronectin is a β1 integrin-dependent pathway involving transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which is modulated by PLCγ1.
The influence of α-aryl ethers on the asymmetric reduction of carbonyls

Abstract The asymmetric reduction of α-aryl ethers 1 was found to be strongly influenced by the presence of ortho substituents on the aryl ring. Groups (methoxy or hydroxy) that chelate metal cations tend to stabilize a “locked” bicyclic 4 which, intermediate when reduced, yielded preferentially the erytho isomer.
Note on oscillations of turbidity in a precipitation reaction system of thyroxine.

A model for a precipitation reaction system is presented in which all steps are reversible monomolecular or bimolecular reactions. Under certain conditions, quasi-stable oscillations in turbidity can occur, as has been observed in the precipitation of thyroxine.
An Investigation into the Thermal Effects on a Hydrodynamic Bearing's Clearance

The scope of this article is to examine the effects of thermal expansion (up to seizure) on the clearance of a hydrodynamic bearing under prescribed operating conditions. This parametric study uses angular speed, eccentricity, and the journal/bushing material pairings as varying parameters. The study focuses on how the size of the clearance varies with temperature and pressure (elastic deformation) and whether it is possible for a complete thermal lockup (seizure) to occur when certain material pairings are used. The effects of the thermal expansion on the load-carrying capacity, torque, and total deformation of the clearance are presented. Thermal versus mechanical effects domination are also analyzed in order to establish the conditions under which one, or the other become dominant. The present model uses the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and a fully termed energy equation for the fluid coupled in a two-way feedback mode with the 3D energy and the elasticity equations for the bushing and jou...
Kepler mission exoplanet transit data analysis using fractal imaging

The Kepler mission is designed to survey a fist-sized patch of the sky within the Milky Way galaxy for the discovery of exoplanets, with emphasis on near Earth-size exoplanets in or near the habitable zone. The Kepler space telescope would detect the brightness fluctuation of a host star and extract periodic dimming in the lightcurve caused by exoplanets that cross in front of their host star. The photometric data of a host star could be interpreted as an image where fractal imaging would be applicable. Fractal analysis could elucidate the incomplete data limitation posed by the data integration window. The fractal dimension difference between the lower and upper halves of the image could be used to identify anomalies associated with transits and stellar activity as the buried signals are expected to be in the lower half of such an image. Using an image fractal dimension resolution of 0.04 and defining the whole image fractal dimension as the Chi-square expected value of the fractal dimension, a p-value can be computed and used to establish a numerical threshold for decision making that may be useful in further studies of lightcurves of stars with candidate exoplanets. Similar fractal dimension difference approaches would be applicable to the study of photometric time series data via the Higuchi method. The correlated randomness of the brightness data series could be used to support inferences based on image fractal dimension differences. Fractal compression techniques could be used to transform a lightcurve image, resulting in a new image with a new fractal dimension value, but this method has been found to be ineffective for images with high information capacity. The three studied criteria could be used together to further constrain the Kepler list of candidate lightcurves of stars with possible exoplanets that may be planned for ground-based telescope confirmation.
STUDIES ON THE PRODUCTION OF NUCLEOSIDES BY MICROORGANISMS

The conversion of several unusual purine bases into their corresponding ribonucleosides by an inosine-producing mutant of Bacillus subtilis was studied. 2-Chlorohypoxanthine was well ribosidated to 2-chloroinosine as easily as that of hypoxanthine to inosine. Several other unusual purine bases, such as 2-methylhypoxanthine, N2N2-dimethylguanine, 6-methoxypurine, 6-methylthiopurine, and N6-acetyladenine, were also converted into their corresponding ribonucleosides to the same extent as 2-chlorohypoxanthine. On the other hand, 2, 6-dichloropurine, isoguanine, 8-azaguanine, 8-azahypoxanthine, 6-chloropurine, and 6-mercaptopurine were scarcely ribosidated. On inosine de novo formation, the unusual bases which are well ribosidated were generally not inhibitory or only slightly inhibitory, while the bases that are scarcely ribosidated were found to be strongly, moderately, and slightly inhibitory or slightly stimulative.
Optical photometry of SS 433 - 200 nights of data 1979-1980

Results from over 200 nights of optical photoelectric photometry of SS 433 during the period July 1979-October 1980 are presented. The data, taken in unfiltered light, the V band, an interference filter band centered on stationary H-alpha and a far-red band, provide evidence for an underlying 164-day light variation of peak-to-peak amplitudes 0.50 magnitude in V and 0.7 magnitude at 6567 A, and a binary-like variation with period 13.074 days and peak-to-peak amplitudes 0.50 and 0.60 magnitudes, respectively. The 13-day light curves are found to change slightly as a function of phase in the 164-day cycle, while seemingly erratic light fluctuations of up to 1 magnitude in 1 day and about 2 magnitudes in 3-4 days are imposed on both cyclic variations. It is noted that a conventional close-binary model is incapable of accounting for all the observed features, and alternatives involving some sort of luminous, rapidly changing extended low-mass envelope or screen in the binary system must be sought.
Quantitation of heme oxygenase 1: heme titration increases yield of purified protein.

Free heme binds to heme oxygenase as a prosthetic group and substrate in the conversion of heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. Current methods for quantifying heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) involve reconstitution of the enzyme with heme, followed by a hydroxyapatite column to remove the excess heme. As a result of the hydroxyapatite chromatography, there are significant losses of purified protein. We have developed a method which allows accurate quantitation of HO-1 using a heme titration and elimination of the final hydroxyapatite column, increasing the amount of purified protein.
Retrospective analysis of sequential changes in serum intact parathyroid hormone levels during conventional parathyroid exploration.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to assess sequential changes in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels during conventional parathyroidectomy. Methods: Sera were collected before and 10 minutes after resection of each parathyroid tumor from 112 consecutive patients and assayed postoperatively within 48 hours for PTH. Results: PTH reductions corroborated cures for 94 of 112 cases (84%), including 70 of 71 patients with solitary adenomas (SAs). However, there were 15 false positives (13%), in which PTH decreased more than 50% within 10 minutes of resection of 1 parathyroid tumor while additional parathyroid tumors remained in situ (1 of 71 SAs, 4 of 6 double adenomas, 7 of 15 primary hyperplasias, and 3 of 17 tertiary hyperplasias). There were 3 false negatives (3%), with PTH unchanged, even though postoperative PTH and calcium values confirmed cure (1 SA, 1 primary hyperplasia, and 1 tertiary hyperplasia). There were only 2 of 112 failed explorations (1.8%), which would not have been avoided by PTH monitoring because both subsequently were found to have mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. Conclusions: We conclude that intraoperative PTH changes corroborated outcome in SA but may underestimate the extent of resection required in parathyroid hyperplasia. (Surgery 1999;126:1139-44.)
Formation and pathways of North Atlantic Deep Water in a coupled ice–ocean model of the Arctic–North Atlantic Oceans

We investigate the formation process and pathways of deep water masses in a coupled ice–ocean model of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. The intent is to determine the relative roles of these water masses from the different source regions (Arctic Ocean, Nordic Seas, and Subpolar Atlantic) in the meridional overturning circulation. The model exhibits significant decadal variability in the deep western boundary current and the overturning circulation. We use detailed diagnostics to understand the process of water mass formation in the model and the resulting effects on the North Atlantic overturning circulation. Particular emphasis is given to the multiple sources of North Atlantic Deep Water, the dominant deep water masses of the world ocean. The correct balance of Labrador Sea, Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea sources is difficult to achieve in climate models, owing to small-scale sinking and convection processes. The global overturning circulation is described as a function of potential temperature and salinity, which more clearly signifies dynamical processes and clarifies resolution problems inherent to the high latitude oceans. We find that fluxes of deep water masses through various passages in the model are higher than observed estimates. Despite the excessive volume flux, the Nordic Seas overflow waters are diluted by strong mixing and enter the Labrador Sea at a lighter density. Through strong subpolar convection, these waters along with other North Atlantic water masses are converted into the densest waters [similar density to Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)] in the North Atlantic. We describe the diminished role of salinity in the Labrador Sea, where a shortage of buoyant surface water (or excess of high salinity water) leads to overly strong convection. The result is that the Atlantic overturning circulation in the model is very sensitive to the surface heat flux in the Labrador Sea and hence is correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. As strong subpolar convection is found in other models, we discuss broader implications.
Mitochondrial small RNAs that are up-regulated in hippocampus during olfactory discrimination training in mice.

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Mitochondrion. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Mitochondrion, Volume 11, Issue 6, November 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.08.014
The application of the analytic embedded atom method to bcc metals and alloys

Johnson and Oh have recently developed Embedded Atom Method potentials for bcc metals (Na, Li, K, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe). The predictive power of these potentials was first tested by calculating vacancy formation and migration energies. Due to the results of these calculations, some of the functions were slightly modified to improve their fit to vacancy properties. The modified potentials were then used to calculate phonon dispersion curves, surface relaxations, surface energies, and thermal expansion. In addition, Johnson’s alloy model, which works well for fcc metals, was applied to the bcc metals to predict dilute heats of solution.
Microfinance, Digital Media and Social Change: A Visual Analysis of kiva.org

Using theoretical frameworks from Appadurai, (1990); Nakamura, (2008) and Gajjala and Birzescu, (2010), this study employs visual analysis to examined the communication processes employed in acquiring loans for people in developing countries. 26 images and 26 narratives on kiva.org were critically examined. The results for this study suggested that though online microfinance through web 2.0 communication technologies has added a new dimension to global lending, by providing people who otherwise would not have access to loan products, many of the so called poorest of the poor do not have direct access to global communication tools that are used to represent them on sites such as kiva. The study suggests the representation of borrowers from developing countries is riddled with issues.
Thoracoscopy in the management of pediatric empyema

The surgical management of empyema consists of (1) aggressive therapy with thoracotomy and decortication or (2) conservative treatment with chest tube drainage and intravenous antibiotics. Recently, Kern and Rodgers introduced thoracoscopic debridement as an adjunct to the management of children with empyema, with promising results. Hence, the authors report their experience with thoracoscopy in the management of pediatric patients with empyema. In the last years, 10 children have undergone thoracoscopic debridement (TD) for empyema. The average age was 6.9 years (range, 2 to 16). Children underwent TD an average of 14 days (range, 8 to 16) after initial presentation and 4 days (range, 2 to 6) after admission to the authors' hospital. Indications for TD were persistent requirement of supplemental oxygen and failure of conservative medical management that consisted of antibiotics and tube thoracostomy. Three children had positive pleural fluid cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae. In all cases, preoperative ultrasound or chest computed tomography examination showed dense pleural fluid with septation. During surgery, TD allowed for lung expansion and precise chest tube placement in all patients except one who required conversion to minithoracotomy and decortication for persistent encasement with a thick pleural peel. There were no postoperative complications related to the procedure. After TD, all children had prompt clinical improvement. The patients were weaned from supplemental oxygen by postoperative day 2, and following early chest tube removal, nine children were discharged home by postoperative day 7 (range, 3 to 10). One child required further hospitalization for underlying renal failure. In the authors' hands, TD was effective in producing prompt clinical improvement in children with empyema. Therefore it should be considered an alternative to prolonged tube thoracostomy or thoracotomy in children with recalcitrant empyema.
Performance characterization and cache-aware core scheduling in a virtualized multi-core server under 10GbE

Virtual Machine (VM) technology is experiencing a resurgent interest as the ubiquitous multi-core processors have become the de facto configuration on modern web servers. Multicore servers potentially provide sufficient physical resources to realize VM's benefits including performance isolation, manageability and scalability. However, the network performance of virtualized multi-core servers falls short of expectation. It is therefore important to understand the overhead implications. In this paper, we evaluate the network performance of a virtualized multi-core server using a TCP streaming microbenchmark (Iperf) and SPECweb2005. We first motivate our research by presenting the performance gap between native and virtualized environment. We then break down the overhead from an architectural viewpoint and show that the cache topology greatly influences the performance. We also profile the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) at a function level to illustrate that functions in the current version of the Xen scheduler are the major contributors to the poor utilization of cache topology. Consequently, we implement a static onloading scheme to separate interrupt handling from application processes and execute them on cores with cache affinity. Based on the observed benefits, we modify the Xen scheduler to migrate virtual CPUs dynamically to exploit the cache topology. Our results show that the VM performance improves by an average of 12% for Iperf and 15% for SPECweb2005.
Word recall in deaf students: the effects of different coding strategies.

This study examined whether instructions to use specific word coding strategies affected deaf students' immediate and delayed final free recall of English word lists. Both the word-coding strategy and the visual imagery value of the words were important factors in word recall. 44 deaf students participated. Those who received instructions to produce the sign language equivalent of each stimulus word tended to recall more words over-all than those students instructed to fingerspell each word or those instructed to form a sign language sentence that included the stimulus word. Stimulus words rated high in imagery value were recalled more frequently than words with low-imagery values across coding strategies and in both immediate and delayed memory. In addition, analyses of serial position indicated pronounced primacy and recency effects in immediate recall of words and a primacy effect in delayed final recall. These findings are discussed in relation to current conceptualizations of memory and language proc...
Modeling parts and discrete assembly operations, using an object-oriented data model

An application of the object-oriented semantic association model (OSAM) concepts to the modeling of parts and their relationships, including assembly operations, is presented. It is shown that the semantic primitives (facilities) of OSAM make it possible to model the necessary structural relationships and constraints adequately. The proposed scheme can be used for simulation and task planning in the workcell environment. >
A novel framework for imaging using compressed sensing

Recently, there has been growing interest in using compressed sensing to perform imaging. Most of these algorithms capture the image of a scene by taking projections of the imaged scene with a large set of different random patterns. Unfortunately, these methods require thousands of serial measurements in order to reconstruct a high quality image, which makes them impractical for most real-world imaging applications. In this work, we explore the idea of performing sparse image capture from a single image taken in one moment of time. Our framework measures a subset of the pixels in the photograph and uses compressed sensing algorithms to reconstruct the entire image from this data. The benefit of our approach is that we can get a high-quality image while reducing the bandwidth of the imaging device because we only read a fraction of the pixels, not the entire array. Our approach can also be used to accurately fill in the missing pixel information for sensor arrays with defective pixels. We demonstrate better reconstructions of test images using our approach than with traditional reconstruction methods.
Vitamin D activation of functionally distinct regulatory miRNAs in primary human osteoblasts

When bound to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) is a potent regulator of osteoblast transcription. Less clear is the impact of 1,25D on posttranscriptional events in osteoblasts, such as the generation and action of microRNAs (miRNAs). Microarray analysis using replicate (n = 3) primary cultures of human osteoblasts (HOBs) identified human miRNAs that were differentially regulated by >1.5-fold following treatment with 1,25D (10 nM, 6 hours), which included miRNAs 637 and 1228. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses showed that the host gene for miR-1228, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), was coinduced with miR-1228 in a dose-dependent fashion following treatment with 1,25D (0.1–10 nM, 6 hours). By contrast, the endogenous host gene for miR-637, death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3), was transcriptionally repressed by following treatment with 1,25D. Analysis of two potential targets for miR-637 and miR-1228 in HOB, type IV collagen (COL4A1) and bone morphogenic protein 2 kinase (BMP2K), respectively, showed that 1,25D-mediates suppression of these targets via distinct mechanisms. In the case of miR-637, suppression of COL4A1 appears to occur via decreased levels of COL4A1 mRNA. By contrast, suppression of BMP2K by miR-1228 appears to occur by inhibition of protein translation. In mature HOBs, small interfering RNA (siRNA) inactivation of miR-1228 alone was sufficient to abrogate 1,25D-mediated downregulation of BMP2K protein expression. This was associated with suppression of prodifferentiation responses to 1,25D in HOB, as represented by parallel decrease in osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase expression. These data show for the first time that the effects of 1,25D on human bone cells are not restricted to classical VDR-mediated transcriptional responses but also involve miRNA-directed posttranscriptional mechanisms.
A comprehensive survey of soil acidobacterial diversity using pyrosequencing and clone library analyses

Acidobacteria are ubiquitous and abundant members of soil bacterial communities. However, an ecological understanding of this important phylum has remained elusive because its members have been difficult to culture and few molecular investigations have focused exclusively on this group. We generated an unprecedented number of acidobacterial DNA sequence data using pyrosequencing and clone libraries (39 707 and 1787 sequences, respectively) to characterize the relative abundance, diversity and composition of acidobacterial communities across a range of soil types. To gain insight into the ecological characteristics of acidobacterial taxa, we investigated the largescale biogeographic patterns exhibited by acidobacterial communities, and related soil and site characteristics to acidobacterial community assemblage patterns. The 87 soils analyzed by pyrosequencing contained more than 8600 unique acidobacterial phylotypes (at the 97% sequence similarity level). One phylotype belonging to Acidobacteria subgroup 1, but not closely related to any cultured representatives, was particularly abundant, accounting for 7.4% of bacterial sequences and 17.6% of acidobacterial sequences, on average, across the soils. The abundance of Acidobacteria relative to other bacterial taxa was highly variable across the soils examined, but correlated strongly with soil pH (R ¼� 0.80, Po0.001). Soil pH was also the best predictor of acidobacterial community composition, regardless of how the communities were characterized, and the relative abundances of the dominant Acidobacteria subgroups were readily predictable. Acidobacterial communities were more phylogenetically clustered as soil pH departed from neutrality, suggesting that pH is an effective habitat filter, restricting community membership to progressively more narrowly defined lineages as pH deviates from neutrality.
Diagenetic overprinting of the sphaerosiderite palaeoclimate proxy: are records of pedogenic groundwater δ 18 O values preserved?

Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines (MSLs), defined by invariant d 18 O and variable d 13 C values, are obtained from ancient wetland palaeosol sphaerosiderites (millimetre-scale FeCO3 nodules), and are a stable isotope proxy record of terrestrial meteoric isotopic compositions. The palaeoclimatic utility of sphaerosiderite has been well tested; however, diagenetically altered horizons that do not yield simple MSLs have been encountered. Well-preserved sphaerosiderites typically exhibit smooth exteriors, spherulitic crystalline microstructures and relatively pure (> 95 mol% FeCO3) compositions. Diagenetically altered sphaerosiderites typically exhibit corroded margins, replacement textures and increased crystal lattice substitution of Ca 2+ ,M g 2+ and Mn 2+ for Fe 2+ . Examples of diagenetically altered Cretaceous sphaerosideritebearing palaeosols from the Dakota Formation (Kansas), the Swan River Formation (Saskatchewan) and the Success S2 Formation (Saskatchewan) were examined in this study to determine the extent to which original, early diagenetic d 18 O and d 13 C values are preserved. All three units contain poikilotopic calcite cements with significantly different d 18 O and d 13 C values from the co-occurring sphaerosiderites. The complete isolation of all carbonate phases is necessary to ensure that inadvertent physical mixing does not affect the isotopic analyses. The Dakota and Swan River samples ultimately yield distinct MSLs for the sphaerosiderites, and MCLs (meteoric calcite lines) for the calcite cements. The Success S2 sample yields a covariant d 18 O vs. d 13 C trend resulting from precipitation in pore fluids that were mixtures between meteoric and modified marine phreatic waters. The calcite cements in the Success S2 Formation yield meteoric d 18 O and d 13 C values. A stable isotope mass balance model was used to produce hyperbolic fluid mixing trends between meteoric and modified marine end-member compositions. Modelled hyperbolic fluid mixing curves for the Success S2 Formation suggest precipitation from fluids that were < 25% sea water.
Biomass and carbon accumulation in a fire chronosequence of a seasonally dry tropical forest

Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are a widely distributed vegetation type in the tropics, characterized by seasonal rainfall with several months of drought when they are subject to fire. This study is one of the first attempts to quantify above- and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB) and above- and belowground carbon (AGC and BGC) pools to calculate their recovery after fire, using a chronosequence approach (six forests that ranged form 1 to 29 years after fire and mature forest). We quantified AGB and AGC pools of trees, lianas, palms, and seedlings, and BGB and BGC pools (Oi, Oe, Oa soil horizons, and fine roots). Total AGC ranged from 0.05 to nearly 72MgCha � 1 , BGC from 21.6 to nearly 85MgCha � 1 , and total ecosystem carbon from 21.7 to 153.5MgCha � 1 ; all these pools increased with forest age. Nearly 50% of the total ecosystem carbon was stored in the Oa horizon of mature forests, and up to 90% was stored in the Oa-horizon of early successional SDTF stands. The soils were shallow with a depth of o20cm at the study site. To recover values similar to mature forests, BGC and BGB required o19 years with accumulation rates greater than 20MgCha � 1 yr � 1 , while AGB required 80 years with accumulation rates nearly 2.5MgCha � 1 yr � 1 . Total ecosystem biomass and carbon required 70 and 50 years, respectively, to recover values similar to mature forests. When belowground pools are not included in the calculation of total ecosystem biomass or carbon recovery, we estimated an overestimation of 10 and 30 years, respectively.
Territorial Authority and Personal Jurisdiction

This article seeks to demonstrate that the premise of the holding of the Supreme Court in World-Wide Volkswagen v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980) – that the authority of the states of the United States is territorially limited – is correct, but that the scope of the limitations announced by the Court does not follow from that premise.
Clinical, Functional, and Economic Ramifications of Early Nonresponse to Antipsychotics in the Naturalistic Treatment of Schizophrenia

Objective: Early nonresponse to antipsychotics appears to predict subsequent nonresponse to treatment when assessed in randomized controlled trials of predominately acute inpatients treated for schizophrenia. This study assessed the predictive accuracy of early nonresponse to treatment and its clinical, functional, and economic ramifications in the naturalistic treatment of predominately chronic outpatients treated for schizophrenia. Methods: This post hoc analysis used data from a 1-year, randomized, open-label study of olanzapine, risperidone, and typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. If clinically warranted, patients could switch antipsychotics following 8 weeks of treatment. Patients completing 8 weeks of treatment (n = 443 of 664 enrollees) were included. Patients with early response (≥20% improvement from baseline on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at 2 weeks) were compared with early nonresponders on symptom remission, functionality, perceptions of medication influence, and total health care costs at 8 weeks. Results: Early response/nonresponse at 2 weeks predicted subsequent response/nonresponse at 8 weeks with a high level of accuracy (72%) and specificity (89%). After 8 weeks, early nonresponders were less likely to achieve symptom remission (P < .001), improved less on functional domains (P < .05), perceived medication as less beneficial (P = .004), and incurred total heath care costs over twice that of early responders ($4349 vs $2102, P = .010). Conclusions: In the usual care of schizophrenia patients, early nonresponse appears to reliably predict subsequent nonresponse to continued treatment with the same medication to be associated with poorer outcomes and higher health care costs. Identifying early nonresponders may minimize prolonging exposure to suboptimal or ineffective treatment strategies.
In vivo CHI3L1 (YKL-40) expression in astrocytes in acute and chronic neurological diseases

CHI3L1 (YKL-40) is up-regulated in a variety of inflammatory conditions and cancers. We have previously reported elevated CHI3L1 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human and non-human primates with lentiviral encephalitis and using immunohistochemistry showed that CHI3L1 was associated with astrocytes. In the current study CHI3L1 transcription and expression were evaluated in a variety of acute and chronic human neurological diseases. ELISA revealed significant elevation of CHI3L1 in the CSF of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients as well as mild elevation with aging. In situ hybridization (ISH) showed CHI3L1 transcription mostly associated with reactive astrocytes, that was more pronounced in inflammatory conditions like lentiviral encephalitis and MS. Comparison of CHI3L1 expression in different stages of brain infarction showed that YKL40 was abundantly expressed in astrocytes during acute phases and diminished to low levels in chronic infarcts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CHI3L1 is induced in astrocytes in a variety of neurological diseases but that it is most abundantly associated with astrocytes in regions of inflammatory cells.
Encountering Spaces of Resistance When Implementing Research-Based Strategies for English Language Learners (ELLs)

This article discusses research findings from follow-up studies on the effects of purposeful programming designed to prepare educators who participated in either of two professional development fed...
Beyond the Pure and the Authentic: Indigenous modernity in Andean Bolivia:

This article deals with various aspects of the indigenous encounter with modernity in Andean Bolivia. It explores the various forms in which indigenous practices and worldviews articulate with the modern leading to the formation of a distinct indigenous modernity. It also ethnographically documents how the centuries old racial doxa that constructs the indigenous in terms of purity and distance from the modern is being challenged by urban Aymaras who affirm their Aymara identity without embodying or enacting purity. This also explains why modernist and developmentalist assumptions are part of their discourse of liberation and empowerment. The article is a product of 22 months of ethnographic research in the city of El Alto between 2010 and 2014 that included participant observation in multiple neighborhoods of El Alto, 85 semi-structured interviews and five focus groups.
Fitting a Sobolev function to data I

In this paper and two companion papers, we produce efficient algorithms to solve the following interpolation problem. Let m≥1 and p>n≥1. Given a finite set E ⊂Rn and a function f: E →R, compute an extension F of f belonging to the Sobolev space Wm,p(Rn) with norm having the smallest possible order of magnitude; secondly, compute the order of magnitude of the norm of F. The combined running time of our algorithms is at most CN log N, where N denotes the cardinality of E, and C depends only on m, n, and p.
Analysis of Oxide Surfaces by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

We have investigated the surface structure of oxides with low atomic number metallic components (Cu and Al) using two different high resolution electron microscopy techniques. First, using flat-on microscopy normal to the surface, we have studied the epitaxy of vapor deposited Cu on single crystal (110) and (111) surfaces of Au and the subsequent oxidation of the Cu under ambient conditions. Three structural variants of (110) oriented Cu2O were found relative to the underlying (111) Au film and the oxide surface has a shifted, ½[110], (1 x 1) surface reconstruction. A (211) Cu2O structure was found for the (110) Au film orientation. This case has two structural variants at 90° to each other where one of these variants exhibits surface roughness of ~5A. The second structure has atomic step heights of ~.6A and a rectangular surface supercell structure of ~3.0A x 7.39A due to (211) bulk lattice layers. The second part of this study involves imaging the edges of small grain, plate like (<500A) α-Al2O3 particles. Here a different phase exists at the edges for the first two or three monolayers corresponding to Bayerite, Al(OH)3. This is in agreement with dehydroxylation studies related to catalytic activity of aluminas.
Dynamic Data-Driven Modeling of Pharmaceutical Processes

In many pharmaceutical process operations, first-principle models describing the behavior of the processed powders are difficult to derive or computationally very expensive and thus can be considered as “black-box” processes. Kriging is an efficient data-driven methodology that has been shown previously to predict steady-state operation of black-box processes while providing error estimates for each prediction. In this work, the ability of Kriging to capture the dynamic behavior of processes is evaluated and compared to the performance of dynamic Neural Network (NN) models. Design of Experiment (DoE) concepts are employed to collect the necessary dynamic input–output information that forms the initial multivariate database of the model. The most important feature of the proposed dynamic Kriging methodology is the ability to improve its predictive efficiency as the database is augmented by additional useful information while the process operates. An error tolerance is used in the adaptive procedure, so tha...
Quantitative and Bioluminescent Assay to Measure Efficacy of Conventional and DNA Vaccinations Against Helicobacter pylori

Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori using DNA sequences encoding Urease A and B subunits was compared to immunization with urease antigen and MTP-PE in a liposome formulation. To determine the effectiveness of a vaccine against H. pylori in a mouse model it is essential to quantify the number of H. pylori remaining in the stomachs following challenge with an inoculum of live bacteria. Culture assays and enzymatic assays produce inconsistent results often unsuitable to conclude if vaccine candidates are protective. To overcome this problem, we developed two assays: 1) a competitive quantitative PCR using a colorimetric readout and 2) a non-competitive direct quantitative PCR using a highly sensitive bioluminescent readout. The competitive PCR requires coamplification of a segment of the urease C sequence and an internal control standard in a competitive manner using a single set of primers. PCR products were quantified colorimetrically by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with known quantities of the internal control standard added to the PCR reaction. The highly sensitive, bioluminescent assay measures the amplified DNA directly using a flash-type luminescent tag and a specific probe. The Sydney strain of H. pylori was used for the mouse infection model. Quantification of H. pylori by either the bioluminescent assay or the competitive PCR was reliable, specific and sensitive compared to quantitative growth assays which often gave false results. The bioluminescent assay was much more sensitive and less labor/time intensive than the competitive PCR. The bioluminescent assay was able to quantitate as few as 100 bacteria, while the competitive assay could not detect less than 103 bacteria per mouse stomach. Quantification of H. pylori by bioluminescent assay was superior to the competitive assay and may be used for research applications, such as the development of vaccines, pathogenesis of gastric disease and monitoring of antibiotic treatment.
191 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CENTRAL PATTERN OF PROJECTIONS FROM THE INFRAORBITAL NERVE TO THE SPINAL TRIGEMINAL PARS CAUDALIS IN HAIRLESS AND SWISS-WEBSTER MICE

Background A naturally occurring mutant mouse strain, hairless (Hr), develops seemingly normal hair follicles during their first 10 postnatal days, but by the end of the third week the animals lose all their fur in a rostral-caudal wave of molting. The epidermis and whiskers in the mystacial pad are subsequently hyperinnervated. In light of the extensive remodeling in the periphery, we asked whether there are also changes in central projections of these peripheral nerves to the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis of the brainstem, in concordance with rearrangements in the periphery. Methods Sections from the brainstem trigeminal nucleus caudalis from adult (≥60 days old) mice of Swiss-Webster (SW) (N=6) and Hr (N=6) strains were examined using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CGRP, substance P, and galanin, the predominate sensory neuropeptides in A-delta and C-fibers axons, and lectin-histochemistry using fluorescent conjugated Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA) which labels a separate, non-peptidergic population of neuron and their thin-fiber projections. Areas of central termination identified by immuno-/lectin fluorescence were measured. Results Data were analyzed using a two-sample equal variance t-test and considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. For CGRP, labeled projections in Hr covered 100150 ± 24047 μm2 compared to 72660 ± 16017 μm2 in SW (p≤0.001), and for GSA, Hr projections covered 46381 ± 5763 μm2 compared to 40286 ± 6914 μm2 in SW (p=0.035). Galanin labeling in Hr extended over 103235 ± 15272 μm2 and over 113528 ± 10213 μm2 in SW (p=0.147), and substance P projections in Hr covered 108200± 17916 μm2 and over 100228 ± 17563 μm2 in SW (p=0.279). Only for CGRP and GSA were the differences between labeling patterns in the brainstem between Hr and SW statistically significant. Conclusion In the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis of the brainstem, CGRP and GSA projections covered a significantly larger area in Hr mice compared with SW mice. Galanin and substance P projections were not significantly altered in Hr compared with SW. Substantial plastic and biochemical alterations in Hr CGRP-, and GSA-positive central projections from the infraorbital nerve may suggest modifications in processing of some cutaneous inputs in response to massive peripheral reorganization.