cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O3 and CO in New England: Temporal variations and relationships

[1] We examined seasonal and interannual variability in the mixing ratios of ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) and their relationships at a rural low-elevation site (24 m, 43.11°N, 70.95°W) and higher-elevation site (406 m, 43.75°N, 71.35°W) in New Hampshire, United States. The data were obtained over 2 years (2001–2003) by the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (AIRMAP) program at the University of New Hampshire. An analysis of the frequency distributions of O3 and CO grouped by wind speed and direction and over four time periods of the day showed that the most polluted air masses arrived from the southeasterly and westerly wind sectors during the local afternoon hours (1800–2300 UT, −5 hours for U.S. eastern standard time (EST)). In summer within this time window a well-defined positive O3-CO correlation with a slope ∼0.37 existed in these air masses. Applying this relationship together with the CO emission inventory and its temporal profile from the emission model SMOKE, we estimate that 370 Mmol d−1 of O3 are exported from the northeastern United States within this time window during summer. However, over 70% of the data were obtained under weak wind conditions (<2 m s−1) when CO and O3 exhibited a dispersed relationship. An analysis using the ratio NO/NOy and the mixing ratios of NOy revealed a dominance of photochemically aged air masses with significant NOy removal accompanying high levels of O3. This result implies that elevated O3 in southern New Hampshire can largely be attributed to long-range transport of air masses from outside the region. Furthermore, the O3-CO relationship in each season produced a smooth lower CO boundary, which appears to represent air masses with a composition reflecting the evolutionary stages of photochemical aging and progressive phases of transport.
A comparison of two sets of transcontinental magnetic data

The writer working under a grant from the Geological Society of America and using Askania Schmidt type vertical-component magnetometers established a series of magnetic observations across the Continent in the summer of 1940. These observations were part of a general program of magnetic and gravitational investigations undertaken to study the degree of geologic correlation that existed between these data and known regional geologic features. The traverse was run from Sea Bright, New Jersey, on the Atlantic Coast, to Morro Bay, California, on the Pacific Coast, and crossed such geologic features as the Appalachian Mountains, the Cincinnati Arch, the Illinois Basin, the Ozark Uplift, the Rocky Mountains, the San Joaquin Valley, and the Pacific Coast Ranges.
VEHICLE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON LARGE SOLID MOTOR DESIGN

Necessity of vehicle and motor designers of solid- propellant motors to consider upper stage, performance and thrust vector control requirements
“Every Kid Is Money” Market-Like Competition and School Leader Strategies in New Orleans

One of the primary aims of choice policies is to introduce competition between schools. When parents can choose where to send their children, there is pressure on schools to improve to attract and ...
Precise dynamic turning of a 10 cm legged robot on a low friction surface using a tail

For maximum maneuverability, terrestrial robots need to be able to turn precisely, quickly, and with a small radius. Previous efforts at turning in legged robots primarily have used leg force or velocity modulation. We developed a palm-sized legged robot, called TAYLRoACH. The tailed robot was able to make rapid, precise turns using only the actuation of a tail appendage. By rapidly rotating the tail as the robot runs forward, the robot was able to make sudden 90° turns at 360 °s-1. Unlike other robots, this is done with almost no change in its running speed. We have also modeled the dynamics of this maneuver, to examine how features, such as tail length and mass, affect the robot's turning ability. This approach has produced turns with a radius of 0.4 body lengths at 3.2 body lengths per second running speed. Using gyro feedback and bang-bang control, we achieve an accuracy of ± 5° for a 60° turn.
Coastal resort development in Malaysia: A review of policy use in the pre-construction and post-construction phase

Tourism is a major source of income in Malaysia, and coastal development for tourism is greatly encouraged. This study reviews the policies that affect the development of coastal resorts, hotels and tourism-related infrastructure in Malaysia from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction operational phase. Problems in coastal protection policies have deep roots including a lack of public support and awareness for environmental issues, inadequate governmental agency coordination and lack of funding which is necessary for successful implementation. A review of studies assessing the usefulness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in Malaysia was conducted to determine whether potential impacts were well understood prior to starting development, and highlighted the issue of poor Environmental Management Plans during the operations phase of most coastal resorts. At the current level of fiscal, governmental and public support it is difficult to enforce policies aimed at minimizing environmental impacts from coastal resort developers.
Quantitation of antigens by immunoelectrophoresis.

Abstract An immunoelectrophoretic method has been described for the quantitation of 4 or 5 proteins simultaneously. The method is useful for monitoring complex antigen mixtures provided proper antigen standards are employed and the antiserum is of adequate titer. Monospecific antiserum is not required for the quantitative assay. We have compared the total IgM present in purified IgM sample using the quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and optical density measurements. The value obtained was 6·84 ± 0·08 which compared well with the optical density measurement value 6·9 mg/ml. In these studies 200 μl of antiserum has been employed but adaptation to microamounts can be made. The method can also be used for the quantitation of electrophoretically separable cross reacting antigens.
Potential Vorticity Distribution in the North Pacific

Abstract Vertical sections and maps of potential vorticity ρ−1f∂ρ/∂z for the North Pacific are presented. On shallow isopycnals, high potential vorticity is found in the tropics, subpolar gyre, and along the eastern boundary of the subtropical gyre, all associated with Ekman upwelling. Low potential vorticity is found in the western subtropical gyre (subtropical mode water), in a separate patch near the sea surface in the eastern subtropical gyre and extending around the gyre, and near sea-surface outcrops in the subpolar gyre; the last is analogous to the subpolar mode water of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Meridional gradients of potential vorticity are high between the subtropical and subpolar gyres at densities which outcrop only in the subpolar gyre; lateral gradients of potential vorticity are low in large regions of the subtropical gyre on these isopycnals. On slightly denser isopycnals which do not outcrop in the North Pacific, there are large regions of low potential vorticity gradients ...
Plume characteristics of MPD thrusters: A preliminary examination

A diagnostics facility for MPD thruster plume measurements was built and is currently undergoing testing. The facility includes electrostatic probes for electron temperature and density measurements, Hall probes for magnetic field and current distribution mapping, and an imaging system to establish the global distribution of plasma species. Preliminary results for MPD thrusters operated at power levels between 30 and 60 kW with solenoidal applied magnetic fields show that the electron density decreases exponentially from 1x10(2) to 2x10(18)/cu m over the first 30 cm of the expansion, while the electron temperature distribution is relatively uniform, decreasing from approximately 2.5 eV to 1.5 eV over the same distance. The radiant intensity of the ArII 4879 A line emission also decays exponentially. Current distribution measurements indicate that a significant fraction of the discharge current is blown into the plume region, and that its distribution depends on the magnitudes of both the discharge current and the applied magnetic field.
Increasing the pool of academically oriented African-American medical and surgical oncologists.

BACKGROUND In the United States, breast cancer mortality rates are significantly higher among African-American women than among women of other ethnic backgrounds. Research efforts to evaluate the socioeconomic, environmental, biologic, and genetic mechanisms explaining this disparity are needed. METHODS Data regarding patterns in the ethnic distribution of physicians and oncologists were accumulated from a review of the literature and by contacting cancer-oriented professional societies. This information was evaluated by participants in a national meeting, “Summit Meeting Evaluating Research on Breast Cancer in African American Women.” Results of the data collection and the conference discussion are summarized. RESULTS Ethnic minority specialists are underrepresented in academic medicine in general, and in the field of oncology in particular. This fact is unfortunate because ethnic minority students are more likely to express a commitment to providing care to medically underserved communities and, thus, they need to be better represented in these professions. Correcting these patterns of underrepresentation may favorably influence the design and implementation of culturally and ethnically sensitive research. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to improve the ethnic diversity of oncology specialists should begin at the level of recruiting an ethnically diverse premed and medical student population. These recruitment efforts should place an emphasis on the value of mentoring. Cancer 2003;97(1 Suppl):329–34. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11027
Approach to risk stratification in testicular germ cell tumors: a primer for radiologists

Oncologists increasingly exploit differences in testicular germ cell tumors to deliver more personalized treatment. Imaging is essential in this process, aiding in the selection of risk-stratified management strategies. Consideration of relevant prognostic factors strengthens image interpretation, allowing for a more nuanced radiographic evaluation. This paper uses a clinically focused, stage-by-stage approach to delineate the risk factors for relapse and metastasis that radiologists should consider during staging, response assessment, and surveillance.
Strut or guide vane secondary flows and their effect on turbomachinery noise

Results of an investigation in which the turbomachinery rotor sound spectra were correlated with aerodynamic measurements of upstream strut secondary flow are reported. The aerodynamic measurements, carried out in an aeroacoustic turbomachinery facility, included mean-velocity and turbulence-intensity profiles across the wake and the secondary flow regions at the strut exit or rotor inlet. The measurements were carried out at incidence angles of 0, 4, 12, and -12 deg to the strut. The far-field acoustic measurements were carried out for all these operating conditions. The strut span was kept small to eliminate the wake interaction effects. The acoustic results correlated with the aerodynamic measurements indicate that secondary flow could be a significant noise source in cases where secondary flow/vortex strength is large.
The cautionary tale of side effects of chronic Notch1 inhibition

Aberrant Notch1 signaling is implicated in several types of cancer. Therefore, Notch signaling pathways are important anticancer targets. Pan-Notch receptor inhibition is associated with numerous complications; thus, selective Notch receptor inhibition has been pursued. Studies have shown minimal side effects with short-term blockade of either Notch1 or its ligand Delta-like 4, but long-term side effects were not investigated. In this issue of the JCI, Liu et al. use mouse models to demonstrate the consequence of long-term Notch1 inhibition. They present evidence that chronic Notch1 inhibition leads to vascular tumors in the liver and decreased survival, which suggests that Notch1 therapies should be reevaluated.
An intermediate design language and its analysis

A simple relational language is presented that has two desirable properties. First, it is sufficiently expressive to encode, fairly naturally, a variety of software design problems. Second, it is amenable to fully automatic analysis. This paper explains the language and its semantics, and describes a new analysis scheme (based on a stochastic boolean solver) that dramatically outperforms existing schemes.
The occurrence of male-to-female intimate partner violence on days of men's drinking: the moderating effects of antisocial personality disorder

In this study, the moderating effects of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) on the day-to-day relationship between male partner alcohol consumption and male-to-female intimate partner violence (IPV) for men entering a domestic violence treatment program (n=170) or an alcoholism treatment program (n=169) were examined. For both samples, alcohol consumption was associated with an increased likelihood of nonsevere IPV among men without a diagnosis of ASPD but not among men with ASPD (who tended to engage in nonsevere IPV whether they did or did not drink). Drinking was more strongly associated with a likelihood of severe IPV among men with ASPD compared with those without ASPD who also drank. These results provide partial support for a multiple threshold model of intoxication and aggression.
Three-dimensional LADAR range estimation using expectation maximization

Laser detection and ranging (LADAR) systems can be used to provide 2-D and 3-D images of scenes. Generally, 2-D images possess superior spatial resolution but without range data due to the density of their focal plane arrays. A 3-D LADAR system can produce range-to-target data at each pixel but lacks the 2-D system's superior spatial resolution. We develop an algorithm using an expectation maximization approach to estimate both 3-D LADAR range and the bias associated with a 3-D LADAR system. The algorithm we develop demonstrates both spatial and range resolution improvement over standard interpolation techniques using both real and simulated 3-D and 2-D LADAR data.
From one graph to many: ensemble transduction for content-based database retrieval

Similarity learning plays a fundamental role in the problem of database retrieval and nearest classification problem. Traditional pairwise similarity measure ignores the contextual information, and the Graph Transduction (GT) has been proposed as a contextual similarity learning algorithm to utilize the contextual information, which is embedded in a nearest neighbor graph. On main shortage of this method is that it is difficult to choose the optimal graph since different graphs may focus on different aspects of the objects. Co-Transduction (CT) is lately proposed by fusing two different graphs. In this paper, we generalize this problem by using the ensemble of many candidate graphs with different models and parameters for transduction, by assuming that the optimal graph could be obtained by the weighted linear ensemble of these candidate graphs. The similarities and graph weights are modeled within one unified objective function, and optimized alternately in an iterative algorithm. The new proposed algorithm, named as Ensemble Transduction (ET), is tested on two challenging tasks and the experimental results show that it can outperform both the GT and CT.
Dicoumarol-Sensitive NADPH: Phenanthrenequinone Oxidoreductase in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Phenanthrenequinone (PQ), which occurs widely as a pollutant and as a major metabolite of phenanthrene in a number of species, has been demonstrated to undergo futile redox cycling leading to oxidative stress. In the presence of cytosolic fractions of selected channel catfish tissues, PQ undergoes enzymatic reduction which is mediated by either NADH or NADPH and is composed of dicoumarol-sensitive and -insensitive components. Most notably, gastric cytosol catalyzed a disproportionately high level of NADPH-dependent, dicoumarol-sensitive PQ reduction as compared to gill, liver, and kidney cytosols. In the presence of stomach cytosol and NADPH, PQ facilitated production of superoxide anion at rates several fold higher than those mediated by menadione. The dicoumarol-sensitive PQ-reducing agent, which we have termed NADPH: phenanthrenequinone oxidoreductase (PQR), was purified by affinity chromatography and was demonstrated to be separable from DT diaphorase activity in gastric cytosol. Under aerobic conditions, purified PQR facilitates redox cycling of PQ as indicated by continued NADPH oxidation and hydrogen peroxide production. Under anaerobic conditions, NADPH oxidation is limited to a quantity indicative of PQ reduction to the hydroquinone. Substrate specificities, pH profiles, and kinetic characteristics combine to indicate that PQR represents a novel quinone reductase in this species.
Congenital gastric diverticulum as a cause of massive hemorrhage.

A case of massive hemorrhage secondary to a bleeding gastric diverticulum is described. The bleeding site was identified angiographically. Congenital gastric diverticula are a rare cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. However, this diagnosis should be considered when gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in any patient known to have a gastric diverticulum. In view of the widespread availability of gastroscopy and angiography, an attempt should be made to confirm the diagnosis preoperatively in most cases. Once a gastric diverticulum has bled, it should probably be removed since bleeding may be recurrent.
Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: A randomized clinical trial.

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation as an intervention for substance misuse. Patients with substance use disorders entering long-term residential care (N = 160) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (a) standard treatment plus computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation (CACR), which was designed to improve cognitive performance in areas such as problem solving, attention, memory, and information processing speed; and (b) an equally intensive attention control condition consisting of standard treatment plus a computer-assisted typing tutorial (CATT). Participants were assessed at baseline, during treatment, at treatment completion, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses showed that, compared with those randomized to CATT, patients who received CACR were significantly more engaged in treatment (e.g., higher ratings of positive participation by treatment staff, higher ratings of therapeutic alliance), more committed to treatment (e.g., longer stays in residence) and reported better long-term outcomes (e.g., higher percentage of days abstinent after treatment). Mediational analyses revealed the positive comparative effect of CACR on abstinence during the year after treatment was mediated by treatment engagement and length of stay in residence.
Fine structural studies of induced tumors arising within the prostatic complex of Lobund‐Wistar rats

BACKGROUND. Morris Pollard, Phyllis Luckert, and colleagues have reported the occurrence of spontaneously arising tumors of the prostatic complex in aged Lobund-Wistar (L-W) rats, and have also shown that the genesis of such tumors may be accelerated by means of intravenous administration of methylnitrosourea, followed by androgen supplementation. METHODS. Light and electron microscopic investigations of the tumors arising under this regime were conducted, with the objective of documenting morphological changes attending the transformation process; 10 tumor samples were used for the electron microscopic studies. RESULTS. All tumors studied were adenocarcinomas arising within the prostatic complex of induced animals. These tumors varied in size, degree of differentiation, and invasiveness. Foci of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia were noted in light microscopic studies as well. Consistent fine structural features exhibited by cells of the induced adenocarcinomas included a large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio; large irregular nuclei with heavily marginated chromatin; conspicuous nucleoli; abundant ribosomes and polysomes and a paucity of rough endoplas-mic reticulum; and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles and lipid inclusions. Numerous, short microvilli extended from the cell surface into a copious surrounding extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS. Thus, these tumors shared many of the fine structural features characteristic of the Dunning (rat) and human prostatic adenocarcinomas.
Growth of Nanoscale Magnetic Films Using a Supercritical CO2/Ferric Acetylacetonate Batch Process Near Room Temperature

Magnetic nanoscale films have been produced using a batch process based on the decompression of a supercritical CO 2 /Ferric acetylacetonate (Fe(acac) 3 ) solution near room temperature. Fe(acac) 3 was solubilized in supercritical CO 2 at 140 bar, and the saturated supercritical solution was decompressed at rates of 1.5 and 45 bar/sec, forming cluster films on both silicon and gold substrates. The resulting nanoscale films have particles in the range of 16 to 350 nm and values of magnetic coercivity in the range 50-115 Oe. These batch films are compared with films grown previously by a continuous free-jet process, using the same supercritical solutions but with decompression times on the order of microseconds. The experiments suggest that the initial restructuring and decomposition of Fe(acac) 3 into a magnetically ordered material takes place in the supercritical fluid phase, without influence of the film substrate, well below the known thermal decomposition temperature of 180 °C. This new batch process is straightforward, does not require high-temperature decomposition of a precursor, utilizes nontoxic and inexpensive starting materials, and the CO 2 solvent is readily removed by decompression of the supercritical mixture.
Neurons immunoreactive to choline acetyltransferase in the turtle retina

Light microscopic immunocytochemistry using anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was performed to stain putative cholinergic amacrine cells in turtle retina. ChAT-immunoreactive somata lie in the inner nuclear (INL) and ganglion cell (GCL) layers. Three types of amacrine cells were found according to the location of their somata and their dendritic stratification pattern in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Type I amacrines lie in the row of cells closest to the INL/IPL limits and they branch along the s1/s2 border of the IPL. Type II amacrines are displaced to the GCL and they ramify along the s3/s4 border of the IPL. Type III amacrines lie in the middle of the INL, 2–3 rows away from the IPL limits and their dendrites appear to be bi- or tri-stratified in s1 and s3-s4 of the IPL. The turtle ChAT-IR amacrines are thus similar to the types described in chicken retina. A regular, non-random mosaic formed by stained type II amacrine cells was observed in the GCL. Their density in mid-central retina was 750 cells/mm 2 , tapering off to 393 cells/mm 2 in peripheral retina. Our study indicates that a pair of cholinergic amacrine cell types in turtle retina is arranged in mirror-image symmetry contributing to sublamina “a” and sublamina “b” of the IPL, like in other vertebrate retinas.
Molecular dynamics simulation of gold cluster collisions

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with an embedded atom method (EAM) potential is used to study gas-phase collisions of two 55-atom gold clusters. The probability of formation of a long-lived collision complex and the structure of this complex, after it is quenched to OK, are determined for head-on collisions in which each collision partner is chosen randomly from an equilibrium thermal bath. Two sets of collisions are studied. In the first the clusters are initially at OK, and in the second they are initially at 300K. All collisions result in cluster aggregation with significant inelastic deformation of the original clusters. The major conversion of potential energy into internal kinetic energy in the collision occurs on the time scale of a single vibrational oscillation. When the clusters are initially at OK, the collision complex is a solid cluster. When the clusters are initially at 300K, the collision complex is a liquid cluster.
A fluorescence-based sensing system for the environmental monitoring of nickel using the nickel binding protein from Escherichia coli

A sensing system for nickel based on the nickel binding protein (NBP) from Escherichia coli is shown to be feasible. The versatility of NBP was demonstrated by its use in three different assay formats. When the NBP binds nickel, it undergoes a conformational change that can be used as the basis for an optical sensing system for nickel. The NBP gene was overexpressed in E. coli and the protein purified in a single step using perfusion anion-exchange chromatography. A unique cysteine residue at position 15 in the NBP was labeled with the fluorophore, N-[2-(1-maleimidyl)ethyl]-7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxamide (MDCC). In a spectrofluorimetric assay, there was a maximum of 65% quenching of the fluorescence signal produced by NBP–MDCC in the presence of nickel. A response curve for nickel using NBP–MDCC revealed a detection limit of 8×10–8 mol L–1. NBP–MDCC was also used to develop assays in microtiter plate and fiber optic bundle formats. Detection limits for nickel using these formats were also in the submicromolar range. Selectivity studies conducted with other divalent metals, including copper, cobalt, iron, cadmium, and manganese, showed that fluorescence quenching for cobalt was similar in magnitude but with a detection limit more than 10-fold higher than for nickel. The quenching responses were lower for the other metals, with detection limits at least 10 to 100 times higher than for nickel. These results suggest that fluorescently labeled NBP is potentially useful in the development of a sensing system for nickel.
Psychotherapy research:"horse race"versus process.

In the new world of hard-nosed, evidence-based medicine, evidence is emerging that specific psychotherapy techniques have efficacy for specific psychiatric disorders. However, evidence from studies comparing the efficacy of various specific psychotherapies indicates that they are equally effective overall. In addition, clinical experience demonstrates overwhelmingly that, in the real world, our present diagnostic categories overlap greatly, and individual drugs may be efficacious for multiple disorders, so that disorder-based specificity is something of a mirage. For example, depression, anxiety, maladaptive personality traits, and a substance use disorder commonly co-exist in the same patient, requiring that the selection of psychotherapeutic modalities as well as medications be tailored to the unique needs of the individual. In this guest column, Bernard Beitman brings a fresh perspective to thinking about evidence-based psychotherapy—a perspective consistent with the clinical experience of psychotherapists. He focuses on the essential processes characteristic of all of the widely practiced psychotherapies, their neurobiological substrates, and their relation to efficacy.
The Crisis Detector

The prototype of a charged particle identifier with 1m x 1m acceptance, has been tested at Fermilab using a pion-proton beam at 40 and 100 GeV/c. Its operation is based on the principle of ionization sampling, and the test results indicate that the prototype achieved the 14% FWHM resolution predicted for the distribution of average ionization for 64 samples taken in an 80% Ar -20% CO2 gas mixture. Dependence of the performance on various parameters is discussed.
Spacecraft techniques for lunar research.

The most significant findings about the Moon obtained by spacecraft so far, have resulted from measurements of gravity, electromagnetic properties, seismicity, mechanical properties, geologic features, composition, ages, and the lunar environment. A number of major lunar questions remain to be answered. Other properties, measurable with spacecraft, which may provide data critical to answering these questions include geometrical shape, motions, and heat flow. In this paper specific measurements that should provide critical data for each of these questions are identified, with some candidate techniques. Among the suggested techniques that have not yet been used are very long baseline interferometry (Earth-Moon baseline), gravity gradiometry, elemental analysis by neutron interactions, and remotely-controlled on-moon microscopy.
Surface mount assembly of BGA and μBGA

A ball grid array (BGA) is a surface‐mount device and is processed in a standard surface‐mount (SM) assembly line. However, there are some special features which make it different from other assemblies. The peculiarities of PCB layout, screen printing, placement, soldering, and inspection in BGA processing are presented. The failures of BGA assembly during ramp up and series production start‐up are analysed in detail. An assembly quality better than 1dpm was achieved. The scale of repair is determined by the electrical quality of the devices. If small packages with higher pincount and better electrical performance are required, the µBGA is a sound choice. Compared with other high pincount packages with a small formfactor as TAB, flip‐chip and chip on board, the µBGA may be processed in a standard SM assembly line. The results of µBGA‐assembly feasibility studies are discussed.
Microencapsulation properties of gum arabic and several food proteins: liquid orange oil emulsion particles

The encapsulation properties of several commercial food proteins and gum arabic (GA) were evaluated by conventional analytical procedures and dynamic headspace analysis (DHA). The microstructural properties of spray-dried microencapsulated orange oil emulsion particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Soy protein isolate (SPI) was most effective and whey protein isolate (WPI) least effective for retaining orange oil during spray-drying of the liquid orange oil emulsions. Spray-dried SC-microencapsulated particles exhibited the largest sizes, and the sizes of the other microencapsulated orange oil particles were in decreasing order of WPI > SPI > GA. SEM and CSLM results revealed that spray-dried GA-microencapsulated orange oil particles had undergone more shrinkage during drying than the protein-microencapsulated products. A modified DHA technique was developed to determine the rate of release of volatiles from the spray-dried, microenc...
Diffuse lamellar keratitis associated with epithelial defects after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Abstract Purpose To describe the association between the presence of epithelial defects and the development of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK), “Sands of the Sahara” syndrome, following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods In this retrospective study, the postoperative clinical course and surgical outcomes in 735 eyes of 358 consecutive patients who had myopic LASIK between December 1998 and August 1999 were reviewed. Of the 735 procedures, 680 were primary LASIK procedures and 55 were retreatments performed by lifting the existing flaps. The incidence and severity of DLK and the relationship of DLK to epithelial defects were tabulated. Results Diffuse lamellar keratitis developed in 9 of the 16 eyes that had postoperative epithelial defects. Seventeen eyes without epithelial defects also developed DLK. The presence of an epithelial defect increased an individual’s risk of developing DLK 24 times (95% confidence interval, 13 to 45). In 8 eyes, the inflammation resolved following treatment with intense topical corticosteroids. One eye had irrigation under the flap because of dense central inflammation; the final outcome was mild inferior corneal steepening. All eyes recovered preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuities. Conclusion Patients who have epithelial defects of any size following LASIK are at significantly increased risk of developing DLK.
Socioeconomic status and end-stage renal disease in the United States.

Socioeconomic status and end-stage renal disease in the United States. The incidence of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) varies markedly according to age, race, sex, and geographic characteristics of the population. We asked whether some of the variability in the incidence of treated ESRD (t-ESRD) was associated with differences in socioeconomic status and whether socioeconomic status could explain some of the effects of race on t-ESRD incidence. Demographic characteristics of incident cases of t-ESRD from the years 1983 to 1988 were obtained from the U.S. Renal Data System, which registers most treated cases of ESRD. The average race specific, per capita income of the county of residence, as determined from the Bureau of Health Professions Area Resource File, was used as a surrogate measure of socioeconomic status. The incidence of t-ESRD for individuals $25,000. For Blacks, the relative risk was 1.10 for income of $0 to 10,000, 1.20 for $10,000 to 15,000, 1.00 for $15,000 to 20,000 (reference), 0.81 for $20,000 to 25,000, and 0.69 for income > $25,000. At the lowest income level, the incidence of t-ESRD was lower than would be projected by a linear model for Blacks. The high absolute incidence of t-ESRD among Blacks was only partially explained by lower socioeconomic status. The incidence of t-ESRD varies by approximately 40 to 50% over the range of average per capita income levels but average county income does not fully explain the effects of race, sex, or age.
The QKd interval in panic disorder: An assessment of end-organ thyroid hormone responsivity

Abstract The QK d interval was utilized as a presumptive index of end-organ thyroid hormone effect to test the hypothesis that patients with panic disorder might have abnormal tissue-level responsivity to normal levels of peripherally circulating thyroid hormones. No significant differences in QK d intervals were found between 15 patients with panic disorder (230 ± 50 msec) and 20 normal controls (224 ± 29 msec) while drug-free. These findings suggest that patients with panic disorder have normal tissue-level responsivity to thyroid hormone.
Synthesis of tacaribe viral proteins.

Abstract The synthesis of Tacaribe virus-specific proteins in infected BHK-21 cells has been analyzed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The two major structural polypeptides of the virion were observed above the host cell background by pulse labeling with amino acid or sugar precursors. In addition to the virion glycoprotein (G), another major virus-specific glycoprotein (MW = 70,000) was detected in infected cells. The nucleoprotein (N) was first detected in infected cells around 24–34 hr postinfection (pi). It appeared to be synthesized as a primary gene product, since no larger precursor was detected by short pulse labeling. The rate of synthesis of N increased until 48 hr pi followed by a slight decrease by 72 hr pi. The structural and nonstructural glycoproteins were detected around 48 hr pi and their rate of synthesis increased up to 60 hr pi. The nucleocapsid protein, the minor nonglycosylated virion protein (P), as well as the structural and nonstructural glycoprotein could be specifically precipitated from infected cells using serum from rabbits hyperimmunized with Tacaribe virions. These results as well as pulse-chase experiments experiments suggest that the nonstructural glycoprotein may be a precursor of the virion glycoprotein.
Environmental decision-making under uncertainty using intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IF-AHP)

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a utility theory based decision-making technique, which works on a premise that the decision-making of complex problems can be handled by structuring them into simple and comprehensible hierarchical structures. However, AHP involves human subjective evaluation, which introduces vagueness that necessitates the use of decision-making under uncertainty. The vagueness is commonly handled through fuzzy sets theory, by assigning degree of membership. But, the environmental decision-making problem becomes more involved if there is an uncertainty in assigning the membership function (or degree of belief) to fuzzy pairwise comparisons, which is referred to as ambiguity (non-specificity). In this paper, the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy set is applied to AHP, called IF-AHP to handle both vagueness and ambiguity related uncertainties in the environmental decision-making process. The proposed IF-AHP methodology is demonstrated with an illustrative example to select best drilling fluid (mud) for drilling operations under multiple environmental criteria.
Evidence of structural complexity of the lower crust and upper mantle from seismic reflection profiling

Abstract Recent field work by the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (CCORP) in the Rio Grande Rift near Socorro, N.M. and in the Wind River Uplift area of SW Wyoming suggests that the lower crust and upper mantle in these regions show considerable complexity. Preliminary analysis of 52.5 km of 24-fold CDP reflection profiling results across part of the Green River Basin and onto the Wind River Uplift indicates a fairly continuous reflector, possibly the Moho, exhibiting apparent offsets and topography. Several relatively strong, though generally discontinuous, sub-Moho reflections are apparent under both the Green River Basin and the Wind River Uplift, at two-way travel times of at least 15 seconds (approx. 45 km—total recording time was 30 seconds). Initial results from the Rio Grande Rift area (127 km of 24-fold results, 25 seconds recording time) provide further evidence for Sanford's mid-crustal magma body as well as for discontinuous deeper reflectors, and suggest striking high-angle megastructure in the western part of the Rift north of Socorro. These results provide high resolution evidence of lithospheric structural contrasts between a tectonically active and a tectonically (relatively) stable part of the North American continent.
Discrete element simulation and the contact problem

This paper addresses the problem of contact detection in discrete element multibody dynamic simulations. We present an overview of the problem and a detail description of a new object representation scheme called the discrete function representation (DFR). This representation is designed to reduce the computational cost of both contact detection and the more difficult problem of contact resolution. The scheme has a maximum theoretical complexity of orderO(N) for contact resolution between bodies defined byN boundary points. In practice, the discrete element method constrains overlap between objects and the actual complexity is approximately $$O(\sqrt {(N)} $$ giving a speedup of nearly 2 orders of magnitude over traditional algorithms for systems with more than 1000 objects. The technique is robust and is able to handle convex and concave object geometries, including objects containing holes. Examples of relatively large discrete element simulations in three dimensions are presented.
Discourse and intercourse in The Kreutzer Sonata: A Schelerian perspective

This article discusses Tolstoy’s The Kreutzer Sonata as a case study of faulty emotional connections. Analysis centers on the story’s unsympathetic hero, the ideologically motivated wife-murderer P...
Migration and public policies: a further empirical analysis

This study of internal migration at the state level empirically investigates the Tiebout hypothesis (as extended by Tullock) of “voting with one’s feet.” In addition to its adoption of more current data (net migration from July, 2000 through July, 2008) than other related studies to date, the model differs from most previous comparable studies by including a separate cost of living variable and a measure of per capita state income tax burdens. We also test the hypothesis using two alternative specifications: one linear and the other semi-log. Finally, the analysis also provides both OLS and 2SLS estimates. The advantage of this multi-faceted approach is that it permits an assessment of how sensitive the results are to specification changes and to different estimation procedures. After controlling for economic factors and a quality of life/climate variable, migrants (consumer-voters) appear to prefer lower state income tax burdens, lower state plus local property tax burdens, and higher per pupil outlays on primary and secondary public education.
Is Alcoholism More Often the Cause or the Result of Depression

The high rate of comorbidity between major depressive disorder and alcohol abuse is noted and the possible causes of the association are examined. Three reasons for the high degree of comorbidity are discarded--underlying dependent personality disorder and/or childhood deprivation, a common hereditary defect, and self-medication with alcohol for primary depression. Alternative explanations are favored, namely, the chance simultaneous occurrence and subsequent oversampling of two common disorders, and the fact that alcohol abuse is often the "horse" to the "cart" of major depressive disorder. The treatment implications of such a view are discussed.
Three dimensional threaded fastener meshing algorithm

Understanding the stresses in the root of a thread of a bolt has never been easy. Ideally one would like to put a strain gage right at the root and measure them directly, but the placement of the gage and its wires are impossible without changing the insitu environment. Engineers then turned to analytical models, but soon discovered that two dimensional models where not giving the correct results because the geometry is not axis symmetric and three dimensional models where too difficult to mesh with today's CAD tools. A team consisting of Ford engineers and computer programers developed a program that will automatically generate a full three dimensional model of a thread fastener and mating threaded block by using a combination of cylindrical meshing techniques and a method of revolving “profiles” in a helical coordinate system. The bolt meshing program is able to input parameters about the thread fastener and block: diameter, pitch, length, etc., and output a complete three dimensional model in the form of an ABAQUS or NASTRAN finite element input deck. This model can then run through the ABAQUS finite element program and the resulting stress field computed. This paper will focus on the algorithm used to generate the mesh.
Comprehensive view of a live network coding P2P system

In this paper we present the first implementation of a P2P content distribution system that uses Network Coding. Using results from live trials with several hundred nodes, we provide a detailed performance analysis of such P2P system. In contrast to prior work, which mainly relies on monitoring P2P systems at particular locations, we are able to provide performance results from a variety of novel angles by monitoring all components in the P2P distribution.In particular, we show that Network Coding is practical in a P2P setting since it incurs little overhead, both in terms of CPU processing and IO activity, and it results in smooth, fast downloads, and efficient server utilization. We also study the importance of topology construction algorithms in real scenarios and study the effect of peers behind NATs and firewalls, showing that the system is surprisingly robust to large number of unreachable peers. Finally, we present performance results related to verifying network encoded blocks on-the-fly using special security primitives called Secure-Random-Checksums.
Global exponential stabilizability for distributed manipulation systems

Considers the global exponential stability of planar distributed manipulation control schemes. The programmable vector field approach is a commonly proposed method for distributed manipulation control. The authors (2001) showed that when one takes into account the discreteness of actuator arrays and the mechanics of actuator/object contact, the controls designed by the programmable vector field approach can be unstable at the desired equilibrium configuration. We show here how a discontinuous feedback law that locally stabilizes the manipulated object at the equilibrium can be combined with the programmable vector field approach to control the object's motions. We prove that the combined system is globally exponentially stabilizable even in the presence of changes in contact state. Simulations illustrate the results.
Multicultural Aspects of Parent Involvement in Transition Planning

This study surveyed 308 African-American, Hispanic-American, Native-American and European-American parents to assess their level of participation in various transition planning activities and how important each activity was to them. In addition, 52 school professionals completed a parallel survey of their perceptions toward parent participation. Analyses indicate that culturally and linguistically diverse parents are active in the transition process and, in some instances, their level of reported participation surpassed that of European-American parents. In contrast, professionals described culturally and linguistically diverse parents as less involved than European-American parents in the majority of transition activities. The results are discussed in terms of how the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse parents can be better supported and the importance of transition planning extending beyond school to include other life domains.
Narrowing sex differences in lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses following mid-life: the very large database of lipids (VLDL-10B).

Background Women have less risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared with men up until midlife (ages 50 to 60), after which the gap begins to narrow post menopause. We hypothesized that the average lipid profile of women undergoes unfavorable changes compared with men after midlife. Methods and Results We examined lipids by sex and age in the Very Large Database of Lipids 10B ( VLDL 10B ) study. The analysis included 1 350 908 unique consecutive patients clinically referred for lipoprotein testing by density gradient ultracentrifugation from 2009 to 2011. Ratio variables were created for density subclasses of LDL-C, HDL-C, and VLDL-C (LLDR, LHDR, LVDR, respectively). Men showed higher median LDL-C values than women for ages 20 to 59, with the greatest difference in their 30s: 146 mg/dL in men versus 130 mg/dL in women. In contrast, women consistently had higher values after midlife (age 60), for example ages 70 to 79: 129 mg/dL in women versus 112 mg/dL in men. After age 50, women had higher LDL-C each decade, for example 14% higher from their 30s to 50s, while HDL-C concentrations did not differ. Women had more buoyant LDL-C and HDL-C (lower LLDR and LHDR) than men at all ages but the gap closed in higher age groups. In contrast, women had a generally denser VLDL-C (higher LVDR) leading into midlife, with the gap progressively closing in higher age groups, approximating that of men in their 60s and 70s. Conclusion The narrowing sex differential in cardiovascular disease risk after midlife is mirrored by a higher total atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol burden in women and a closer approximation of the less favorable density phenotype characteristic of men.
Design of a high speed nanophotonic architecture for cache coherent multicores

We propose a high speed nanophotonic network for future cache coherent multicores called CC-NPA. Our results indicate that CC-NPA increases performance by 25% when compared to an electrical bus networks.