cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multiscale Modeling Demonstration Based on the Pair Correlation Function

Abstract For systems with interatomic interactions that are well described by pairwise potentials, the pair correlation function provides a vehicle for passing information from the molecular-level to the macroscopic level of description. In this work, we present a complete demonstration of the use of the pair correlation function to simulate a fluid at the molecular and macroscopic levels. At the molecular-level, we describe a monatomic fluid using the Ornstein–Zernike integral equation theory closed with the Percus–Yevick approximation. At the macroscopic level, we perform a multiscale simulation with macroscopic evolution equations for the mass, momentum, temperature, and pair correlation function, using molecular-level simulation to provide the boundary conditions. We perform a self-consistency check by comparing the pair correlation function that evolved from the multiscale simulation with the one evaluated at the molecular-level; excellent agreement is achieved.
Chromatographic resolution of the type II estrogen binding site and a tyrosinase-like enzymatic activity from rat uterine nuclei

Abstract Nuclear extracts from estradiol-treated rat uteri which contain type II estrogen binding sites have recently been found to also contain a tyrosinase-like estradiol metabolizing activity. A recent study suggested that both the binding and enzymatic activities are significantly increased in the presence of micromolar concentrations of copper and ascorbate, display a number of common biochemical sensitivities, and share similar ligand/substrate binding affinities. Levels of both activities are significantly increased in uterus in response to hormone (estrogen) stimulation. These and other similarities indicate a possible relationship between the enzymatic and binding activities. A detailed chromatographic examination of these two activities in the present study revealed that while the type II sites and estradiol metabolizing activity exhibited virtually identical chromatographic properties on DEAE-high-performance liquid chromatography they are readily resolved on other chromatographic matrices, including phosphocellulose, DNA-cellulose, and S-Sepharose. These results demonstrate that type II binding sites are distinct from the tyrosinase-like enzyme activity previously describe in rat uterine nuclear extracts. (Steroids 59: 282–287, 1994)
Economy of Scale or Bureaucratic Entropy?: Implications for Metropolitan Governmental Reorganization

This article examines the relationship between number of city employees and city popu lation in order to assess arguments advanced by proponents of metropolitan governmental reform. It is found tha...
Occupational assignment, hiring discrimination, and the gender pay gap

An identified, structural demand-wage equation is estimated using endogenous indicators for working part-time and occupational assignment. The wage equation is estimated by two-stage and ordinary least squares, and the pay gap is decomposed into explained and residual parts. Measures of gender-based wage discrimination are estimated after making adjustments to account for hiring discrimination and occupational preferences. The evidence indicates that gender differences in preferences for occupation explain much of the gap, yet there is still evidence of hiring discrimination. As a percentage of male wages, the discriminatory gap adjusted for hiring discrimination lies between 10.5 and 13.5 percent when estimated by ordinary least squares, and between 2.2 and 5.4 percent when estimated by two-stage least squares.
Non-parametric regression approach for model checking on the two-phase regression problem

A non-parametric approach is derived for assessing the goodness of fit for the two-phase regression problem. It is shown that the validity of the constant error variance assumption and the constraint of the continuity of change in two-phase regression can be examined. This method is also used to test nested two-phase regression models. Three numerical examples are presented.
Metal-boride interlayers for chemical vapor deposited nanostructured NSD films on 316 and 440C stainless steel

Abstract Nanostructured diamond (NSD) films were deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on both 440C stainless steel ball bearings and 316 stainless steel discs through the use of a metal-boride interlayer. The interlayer is deposited by means of a novel method using microwave plasma CVD with a feedgas mixture composed of hydrogen (H2) and diborane (B2H6). Substrate temperature was found to have a profound effect on the boride interlayer composition and stoichiometry, forming either a predominantly CrB or Fe2B interlayer. Fe2B-based interlayers were found to be effective in blocking the mutual diffusion of carbon and iron that would otherwise produce graphitic carbon and lead to poor NSD adhesion. Fully continuous and adhered nanostructured NSD films are grown using this interlayer, particularly on 316 steel discs.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Age 60

New-onset idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not uncommon among the elderly, although more common are colonic infection, ischemia, or neoplasia, all of which may mimic IBD. Although the clinical presentation of IBD in the elderly often resembles that of younger subjects, atypical manifestations are common and may lead to difficulty in diagnosis. Much progress has been made in both medical and surgical therapy for IBD, but such therapy poses additional challenges in the elderly, who are more likely to experience adverse effects of medications or complications of surgery. The elderly generally have a favorable outcome to both medical and surgical therapy for IBD. Although concern about possible untoward effects of therapy is warranted, treatment should not be withheld because of fear of complications.
CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THORIUM AND URANIUM IN A ZONED GRANITE BATHOLITH.

Abstract Major element and radiometric analyses were performed on 79 samples from the Enchanted Rock batholith, Llano Uplift, Texas. The major element data are in agreement with earlier work that the batholith is not zoned in the classical manner, from more mafic rocks along the margins to more felsic in the core, but rather in a more complex fashion. Evidence is offered to suggest that the magma fractionated before and/or during emplacement rather than after. Anomalously high thorium and uranium values can be correlated with the presence of allanite and abundant sphene, whereas the decrease in uranium content with increasing fractionation may be a result of increasingly effective oxidative processes during magmatic crystallization. Thus the distribution of thorium and uranium within the batholith is controlled by secondary, rather than primary, processes.
Correction to “A Strategy-proofness Characterization of Majority Rule”

In a (Econ. Theory 22:557–568, 2003) paper, Campbell and Kelly correctly stated that if the number of individuals is odd and there are at least three alternatives then a social choice function with full range on the Condorcet domain must always select the majority winner if the rule is non-dictatorial and strategy-proof. This note corrects an error in the proof.
A parallel algorithm for solving the 3D inverse scattering problem

Abstract A parallel algorithm for solving the 3D inverse scattering problem is presented. The inverse problem considered is to determine a potential function from received wave data measured on a surface. The above inverse problem is transformed to a 3D nonlinear integral geometry equation. The principal term of the integral geometry operator is linear, weakly ill-posed and preserves symmetry. A parallel numerical iterative algorithm for solving the inverse scattering problem is constructed by using these important properties. The parallel iterative algorithm decomposes a large problem into several smaller problems and employs parallel processors of Cray-2 or IBM-3090. The parallel algorithm can be extended to a much broader range of 2D/3D inverse problems. Some numerical simulation results are performed. Very good numerical results indicate that the parallel algorithm in this paper is effective, fast, stable and has satisfactory accuracy.
The TRIM5α B-Box 2 Domain Promotes Cooperative Binding to the Retroviral Capsid by Mediating Higher-Order Self-Association

The retroviral restriction factor, TRIM5alpha, blocks infection of a spectrum of retroviruses soon after virus entry into the cell. TRIM5alpha consists of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. The B-box 2 domain is essential for retrovirus restriction by TRIM5alpha, but its specific function is unknown. We show here that the B-box 2 domain mediates higher-order self-association of TRIM5alpha(rh) oligomers. This self-association increases the efficiency of TRIM5alpha binding to the retroviral capsid, thus potentiating restriction of retroviral infection. The contribution of the B-box 2 domain to cooperative TRIM5alpha association with the retroviral capsid explains the conditional nature of the restriction phenotype exhibited by some B-box 2 TRIM5alpha mutants; the potentiation of capsid binding that results from B-box 2-mediated self-association is essential for restriction when B30.2(SPRY) domain-mediated interactions with the retroviral capsid are weak. Thus, B-box 2-dependent higher-order self-association and B30.2(SPRY)-dependent capsid binding represent complementary mechanisms whereby sufficiently dense arrays of capsid-bound TRIM5alpha proteins can be achieved.
Development and validation of a measurement-based source model for kilovoltage cone-beam CT Monte Carlo dosimetry simulations

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to adapt an equivalent source model originally developed for conventional CT Monte Carlo dose quantification to the radiation oncology context and validate its application for evaluating concomitant dose incurred by a kilovoltage (kV) cone-beam CT (CBCT) system integrated into a linear accelerator. Methods: In order to properly characterize beams from the integrated kV CBCT system, the authors have adapted a previously developed equivalent source model consisting of an equivalent spectrum module that takes into account intrinsic filtration and an equivalent filter module characterizing the added bowtie filtration. An equivalent spectrum was generated for an 80, 100, and 125 kVp beam with beam energy characterized by half-value layer measurements. An equivalent filter description was generated from bowtie profile measurements for both the full- and half-bowtie. Equivalent source models for each combination of equivalent spectrum and filter were incorporated into the Monte Carlo software package MCNPX. Monte Carlo simulations were then validated against in-phantom measurements for both the radiographic and CBCT mode of operation of the kV CBCT system. Radiographic and CBCT imaging dose was measured for a variety of protocols at various locations within a body (32 cm in diameter) and head (16 cm in diameter) CTDI phantom. The in-phantom radiographic and CBCT dose was simulated at all measurement locations and converted to absolute dose using normalization factors calculated from air scan measurements and corresponding simulations. The simulated results were compared with the physical measurements and their discrepancies were assessed quantitatively. Results: Strong agreement was observed between in-phantom simulations and measurements. For the radiographic protocols, simulations uniformly underestimated measurements by 0.54%–5.14% (mean difference = −3.07%, SD = 1.60%). For the CBCT protocols, simulations uniformly underestimated measurements by 1.35%–5.31% (mean difference = −3.42%, SD = 1.09%). Conclusions: This work demonstrates the feasibility of using a measurement-based kV CBCT source model to facilitate dose calculations with Monte Carlo methods for both the radiographic and CBCT mode of operation. While this initial work validates simulations against measurements for simple geometries, future work will involve utilizing the source model to investigate kV CBCT dosimetry with more complex anthropomorphic phantoms and patient specific models.
Modeling Substance Use and Related Risk Behaviors Leading to Criminal Justice Involvement Among Young Adult Women

Abstract Using structural equation modeling, two models of the relationship between trauma, attachment, substance use, risk behavior, and criminal justice involvement among young adult women were tested. Overall, the model constructs explained approximately 23% and 36% of the variance in Illicit Substance Use and Risk Behavior, respectively, and 28% of the variance in Criminal Justice Involvement. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of pregnant and parenting adolescents (N = 239). This population is important because they may be at increased risk for involvement in problem behaviors across adolescence and adulthood. Findings suggest that patterns of emotional dysregulation are significant contributors to women's illicit substance use and risk behavior. Implications for intervention and prevention are addressed.
Protein and energy utilization in female BHE rats

Abstract The interacting effects of energy intake and protein intake on the food efficiencies of growing female BHE rats were studies. Rats were fed four levels of energy with concentrations of casein varying from 5.5 to 33.3%. At the end of 21 days of feeding, the rats were killed and body compositions determined. Compared to normal and streptozotocin treated Sprague Dawley rats, the coefficients for weight gain for these BHE rats were similar to the normal rats. Thus, although BHE rats may develop diabetes late in life, this trait does not affect their energy or protein use during their early growth phase.
Sexual inequality and the reproduction of consciousness: An analysis of sex-role stereotyping among children

How children develop conceptions about their future roles in the economic world is an important concern for students of stratification. Several social learning theories have been offered in an attempt to explain the development of these roles in the minds of children. Recently, social psychological theories drawn from a neo-Marxist framework have been elaborated, and the purpose of this study is to test their explanatory power. Based on a survey of schoolchildren across grade levels, the data show that there is considerable disparity in the stereotypic attitudes of children towards different occupational categories. Although sex-role typing is relatively high in the occupational orientations of young children, it diminishes in the higher grade levels. In disaggregating the data, four other factors were considered: sex, race, socioeconomic status, and mothers' work status. The study questions the social consciousness explanation of sexual inequality posited by neo-Marxist theory. Several other factors are offered to explain the findings.
A. R.2 type measure of dependence for proportional hazards models

A measure of dependence for survival data was presented by Kent and O'Quigley (1988). The purpose of this present work is to show that an alternative, although less immediate specification of the problem, leads to great simplification and generality. This alternative specification is in fact more natural in the context of the semi-parametric proportional hazards regression. One consequence of this is that the alternative specification can imme diately accommodate time dependent covariates, a natural feature of the proportional hazards model and one that the Kent and O'Quigley specification was unable to deal with. This measure is invariant to monotonically increasing transformations on the time scale, such invariance being considered fundamental in the case of the regression coefficient β. Computational aspects involve only those quantities routinely calculated in a proportional hazards analysis. In practice our impressions are that the two measures will generally be close. A disadvantage of the alternati...
Quantitative VOI-based Analysis of Template-guided Attenuation Correction in 3D Brain PET

A transmission template-guided attenuation correction method was recently proposed and validated in comparison to transmission-based attenuation correction using voxelwise SPM analysis of clinical data. In contrast to brain activation studies, brain PET research studies often involve absolute quantification. As the assessment was carried out by a SPM group analysis alone, validation as to how such quantification can be affected by the two methods needed to be performed to demonstrate how the proposed method performs individually, particularly for diagnostic applications or individual quantification. In this study, we assess the quantitative accuracy of this method using automated volume of interest (VOI)-based analysis by means of the BRASS software for automatic fitting and quantification of functional brain images. There is a very good correlation (R2 = 0.91) between the Atlas-guided and measured transmission-guided attenuation correction techniques and the regression line agreed well with the line of identity (slope = 0.96). The mean absolute relative difference between the two methods for all VOIs across the whole population is 2.3% whereas the maximum difference is less than 7%. No proof of statistically significant differences could be verified for all regions. These encouraging results provide further confidence in the adequacy of the proposed approach demonstrating its performance particularly for research studies or diagnostic applications involving quantification.
Silvicultural strategies in forest ecosystems affected by introduced pests

Introduced forest pests add complexity to forest ecosystem management and can result in great economic losses. Introduction, establishment, and spread of exotic forest pests have been increasing at an alarming rate during the past 200 years. Because these pests have not coevolved with their hosts, they have great potential to cause widespread dieback and mortality. Silviculture is an important part of an integrated pest management program and can be a valuable tool in the prevention, mitigation, and restoration of forest ecosystems threatened by introduced pests. The current role of silviculture in managing introduced forest pests is evolving from one primarily focused upon genetics and tree breeding to a broader scope involving varying scales and strategies and a broad understanding of both host and pest ecology. Invasions typically occur as a progression through three phases: arrival, establishment, and spread. The appropriate silviculture option varies with the phase and the management objective. Eradication of an introduced pest is virtually impossible after the establishment phase. Silviculture during early phases may focus on more intensive or localized operations that attempt to eradicate or substantially limit the range of the pest. During the spread phase, silviculture is focused on preventing further spread by altering stand structures and tree species composition and improving tree vigor. In any phase, the silvicultural operations may be similar, but their timing and juxtaposition on the landscape may differ because of current status of the invasion. These strategies may include the maintenance and restoration of stand structures, enhancement of tree vigor, regeneration of healthy and resistant species, and timber extraction. These silvicultural treatments are similar in both their objective and the operations they require to address native pest problems. For either introduced or native pests, there is a need for development of new, creative silvicultural strategies that develop individualized stand prescriptions within the context of broad-scale management within an integrated pest management program.
Financing State and Local Governments

State and local governments are at a financial crossroads. As the federal government attempts to reduce its deficits, state governments will have to provide a greater share of support for mandatory social programs. Local governments face demands for new initiatives in education and for civic improvements. Both have obligations to employee pension plans that are large and still relatively untested. Running counter to these claims on state and local budgets is a voter effort to limit the amounts that governments may tax or spend.This fourth edition of James A. Maxwell's classic and widely acclaimed book will help both layman and lawmaker understand the choices open to their governments. It provides a lucid, nontechnical analysis of state and local finance. It gives concise descriptions of the taxes, grants, debt issues, and user charges that finance state and local government and discusses their relative virtues and drawbacks. It traces the history of state and local finance and presents statistical data on expenditures, federal aid, revenue from taxes and user charges, debt, and pension funds. The new edition, in recognition of changes since the mid-1970s, also includes a separate chapter on financing education and broadened analyses of federal grant programs, employee retirement systems, and nonguaranteed municipal debt.
Fission yeast profilin is tailored to facilitate actin assembly by the cytokinesis formin Cdc12

The evolutionarily conserved small actin-monomer binding protein profilin is believed to be a housekeeping factor that maintains a general pool of unassembled actin. However, despite similar primary sequences, structural folds, and affinities for G-actin and poly-l-proline, budding yeast profilin ScPFY fails to complement fission yeast profilin SpPRF temperature-sensitive mutant cdc3-124 cells. To identify profilin's essential properties, we built a combinatorial library of ScPFY variants containing either WT or SpPRF residues at multiple positions and carried out a genetic selection to isolate variants that support life in fission yeast. We subsequently engineered ScPFY(9-Mut), a variant containing nine substitutions in the actin-binding region, which complements cdc3-124 cells. ScPFY(9-Mut), but not WT ScPFY, suppresses severe cytokinesis defects in cdc3-124 cells. Furthermore, the major activity rescued by ScPFY(9-Mut) is the ability to enhance cytokinesis formin Cdc12-mediated actin assembly in vitro, which allows cells to assemble functional contractile rings. Therefore an essential role of profilin is to specifically facilitate formin-mediated actin assembly for cytokinesis in fission yeast.
Pedologic and geomorphic impacts of a tornado blowdown event in a mixed pine-hardwood forest

Abstract Biomechanical effects of trees on soils and surface processes may be extensive in forest environments. Two blowdown sites caused by a November 2005 tornado in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas allowed a case study examination of bioturbation associated with a specific forest blowdown event, as well as detailed examination of relationships between tree root systems, soils, and underlying bedrock. The sites occur within mixed shortleaf pine and hardwood forests. More than 95% of trees in the severe blowdown areas were either uprooted or suffered trunk break, with uprooting more common than breakage. Within the most heavily damaged areas all uprooted trees were pines, while all trees left standing were hardwoods. Root wads of uprooted trees had a mean surface area of about 3 m 2 and volume of about 2 m 3 , though individual sizes were quite variable. Nearly 4% of the ground surface area was affected by uprootings, with a soil volume equivalent to a disturbance of the entire surface area to a depth of 2.4 cm. Tree size (as measured by diameter at breast height) was significantly related to the area and volume of root wads ( R 2 = 0.55, 0.71, respectively), with volume of uprooted soil varying as diameter to the ~ 3 power, suggesting that the timing of blowdown events relative to tree age or growth stage significantly influences the area of disturbance and the mass and volume of material involved. In 93% of cases the roots of the uprooted trees contacted or penetrated the underlying bedrock, and in all those cases bedrock was quarried by uprooting. Only 11% of the tree throws showed evidence of general lateral root turning at the soil–bedrock interface; in most cases roots penetrated bedrock along joints. The propensity for tree roots to penetrate bedrock joints, facilitate weathering, and excavate bedrock during uprooting supports the idea that tree roots play a predominant role in locally deepening soils.
Variance of the number of false discoveries

Summary. In high throughput genomic work, a very large number d of hypotheses are tested based on n≪d data samples. The large number of tests necessitates an adjustment for false discoveries in which a true null hypothesis was rejected. The expected number of false discoveries is easy to obtain. Dependences between the hypothesis tests greatly affect the variance of the number of false discoveries. Assuming that the tests are independent gives an inadequate variance formula. The paper presents a variance formula that takes account of the correlations between test statistics. That formula involves O(d2) correlations, and so a naive implementation has cost O(nd2). A method based on sampling pairs of tests allows the variance to be approximated at a cost that is independent of d.
Landlords, fear, and children's respiratory health: an untold story of environmental injustice in the central city

Recent research has explored the role of environmental inequalities in explaining health disparities, especially in urban environments. This paper investigates the role of the landlord in shaping indoor environmental injustices. Specifically, we rely on interview data from low-income parents in South Phoenix, AZ, with elementary-aged children with asthma. We found families living in poor quality rental housing that impacted children's breathing. Landlords were directly involved in keeping the homes in poor condition, even when asked by the tenant to fix the property, and immigrants were especially at risk. In general, relationships between landlords and tenants were unequal and coloured by the tenant's poverty and fears of eviction. Among the immigrant tenants, many had accompanying fears of authorities and deportation. The cycle of fear, poverty, and a lack of power compounded as tenants were hesitant to report problems, which reinforced the power of the landlord over the tenant and did nothing to improv...
Effects of benzodiazepine administration on A1 adenosine receptor binding in-vivo and ex-vivo.

The adenosine receptor has been implicated in the central mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. The specific binding of an A1-selective adenosine antagonist radioligand, [3H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, was measured in-vivo in mice treated with alprazolam (2 mg kg-1, i.p.), lorazepam (2 mg kg-1, i.p.) and vehicle. Binding studies were performed in-vivo and ex-vivo in mice receiving continuous infusion of alprazolam (2 mg kg-1 day-1), lorazepam (2 mg kg-1 day-1) and vehicle by mini-osmotic pumps for 6 days. Continuous infusion of alprazolam and lorazepam significantly decreased specific binding by 34 and 53%, respectively, compared with vehicle treatment (P less than 0.01). Single doses of alprazolam and lorazepam induced a similar trend in specific binding in-vivo (P = 0.07). There were no alterations in A1-receptor density (Bmax) or affinity (Kd) in cortex, hippocampus or brainstem in ex-vivo studies. Benzodiazepine treatment may diminish A1- receptor binding in-vivo by inhibiting adenosine uptake or by direct occupancy of the A1 adenosine receptor recognition site.
Maximum principles for the polyharmonic equation on Lipschitz domains

The Agmon-Miranda maximum principle for the polyharmonic equations of all orders is shown to hold in Lipschitz domains in ℝ3. In ℝn,n≥4, the Agmon-Miranda maximum principle andLp-Dirichlet estimates for certainp>2 are shown to fail in Lipschitz domains for these equations. In particular if 4≤n≤2m+1 theLp Dirichlet problem for Δ m fails to be solvable forp>2(n−1)/(n−3).
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for tryptase based on the hydrolysis of dansyl-vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, semiautomated method to measure the activity of mast cell-derived tryptase has been developed. The assay is based on the tryptase-mediated hydrolysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide that was modified to include an N-terminal dansyl reporter group. Tryptase cleaves vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) producing two major and two minor products. Full-length VIP was separated from the proteolysis products by reverse-phase (C18) chromatography. The amount of each product as well as the amount of full-length substrate remaining was determined using an in-line fluorescence detector. As little as 0.5 pmol of peptide could be detected. Predominant cleavages were after Arg-14 and Lys-20 with minor cleavages after Lys-15 and Lys-21. The hydrolysis of VIP at Arg-14 was slightly affected by the presence of the dansyl group at the N-terminus. While the K m value was unaffected, the k cat value decreased, yielding a k cat / K m ratio that was eightfold lower. The addition of calcium chloride to the reaction mixture resulted in a slight decrease in the k cat / K m ratio. Cleavage of dansyl-VIP by tryptase was completely inhibited by DesPro2-Arg15-Aprotinin.
Role of acidity on the hydrolysis of dimethyl ether (DME) to methanol

Abstract The activity of dimethyl ether (DME) hydrolysis was investigated over a series of solid acid and non-acid catalysts, zeolite Y [Si/Al = 2.5 and 15: denoted Y(Si/Al)], zeolite ZSM-5 [Si/Al = 15, 25, 40, and 140: denoted Z(Si/Al)], silica, zirconia, γ-alumina, and BASF K3-110 (commercial Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst). Dimethyl ether hydrolysis was carried out in an isothermal packed-bed reactor at ambient pressure. Acid catalyzed dimethyl ether hydrolysis is equilibrium limited. All solid acid catalysts, with the exception of ZrO 2 , attained equilibrium-limited conversions in the temperature range of interest (125–400 °C). Z(15), Z(25), and Z(40) reached equilibrium conversions at 200 °C, while Z(140), Y(15), and Y(2.5) reached equilibrium at 275 °C. γ-Alumina, the most active non-zeolite solid acid, attained equilibrium at 350 °C. Silica and BASF K3-110 were both ineffective in converting dimethyl ether to methanol. The observed activity trend for DME hydrolysis to methanol as a function of Si–Al ratio and catalyst type was: Z ( 15 ) Z ( 25 ) Z ( 40 ) > Z ( 140 ) Y ( 15 ) > Y ( 2.5 ) ≫ γ -A l 2 O 3 > Zr O 2 .
Conceptual model for dietary change to lower serum cholesterol

Abstract A naturalistic, qualitative research design was used to explore hypercholesterolemic adults' experiences with cholesterol-lowering dietary change, with the goal of generating theory-building constructs about dietary change. Each of fifteen hypercholesterolemic clients of an outpatient nutrition counseling program participated in three semi-structured interviews about their food-related ideas and practices over a four-month period. Five components of cholesterol-lowering dietary change emerged from the data: knowing and finding out, making and using a game plan, eating foods, managing food settings, and checking up. These components represented the cognitive and behavioral aspects of participants' dietary change experiences. Each component was characterized by dimensions that highlighted the variation among the participants. The components were arranged in a model that emphasized their mutually shaping relationships. The model provides a framework for understanding and organizing the processes involved in cholesterol-lowering dietary change, and offers direction to both practitioners and researchers interested in improving interventions to promote dietary change.
Flame inhibition by methyl bromide

Abstract Burdon et al. proposed that at the flammability limit of methyl bromide-hydrogen-air mixtures, the generation of free radicals by (1), H+O 2 →OH+O, was cancelled by an equal occurrence of (2), H+CH 3 Br→CH 3 +HBr; and an approximate value of K 2 can be deduced on this interpretation. By probing flames burning on a cooled porous plate at low pressure, an independent estimate of k2 has been obtained, K 2 =1·4X10 13 cm 3 mole −1 sec −1 at 1900°K, which agrees within a factor of two with the k 2 from flammability limits. It is concluded that the interpretation of the latter was approximately valid, though doubtless not exact. Methyl bromide is not an effective inhibitor in nitrous oxide flames where [H] is only about the equilibrium concentration, but is in oxygen flames where radical concentrations are greater than equilibrium.The excess [H] is reduced in the presence of the inhibitor and a higher reaction temperature is necessary to maintain the same burning velocity. The methyl radical must be responsible for a large part of the effect, but hydrogen bromide also plays a role. In the course of the work, the rate constant was estimated for the reaction CH 3 + NO → CH 3 NO .The value is consistent with lower temperature results but does not prove whether the reaction is really bimolecular or termolecular in flames.
Segmental autotransplantation of the distal pancreas to the thigh : CT and ultrasound features

In select patients with pancreatitis, pancreatectomy may be the only alternative for treatment of abdominal pain. Segmental autotransplantation of the distal pancreas to the thigh has been shown to be successful in preventing or reducing the severity of diabetes following pancreatectomy. We present the postoperative anatomy and potential complications identified on cross-sectional imaging.
ER-phagy mediates selective degradation of endoplasmic reticulum independently of the core autophagy machinery

Selective autophagy of damaged or redundant organelles is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. We found previously that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes massive ER expansion and triggers the formation of large ER whorls. Here, we show that stress-induced ER whorls are selectively taken up into the vacuole, the yeast lysosome, by a process termed ER-phagy. Import into the vacuole does not involve autophagosomes but occurs through invagination of the vacuolar membrane, indicating that ER-phagy is topologically equivalent to microautophagy. Even so, ER-phagy requires neither the core autophagy machinery nor several other proteins specifically implicated in microautophagy. Thus, autophagy of ER whorls represents a distinct type of organelle-selective autophagy. Finally, we provide evidence that ER-phagy degrades excess ER membrane, suggesting that it contributes to cell homeostasis by controlling organelle size.
CALCULATION OF THE LONG-LIVED INDUCED ACTIVITY IN THE SOIL AROUND HIGH- ENERGY ACCELERATOR TARGET AREAS.

Abstract Nucleon-meson cascade calculations have been carried out and estimates of the induced activity in the soil surrounding high-energy accelerator target areas have been obtained. Results on the contribution to the induced activity from various residual nuclei are presented for a specific irradiation time and as a function of time after beam shutdown for a 3-GeV proton accelerator.
A specification language for direct-manipulation user interfaces

A direct-manipulation user interface presents a set of visual representations on a display and a repertoire of manipulations that can be performed on any of them. Such representations might include screen buttons, scroll bars, spreadsheet cells, or flowchart boxes. Interaction techniques of this kind were first seen in interactive graphics systems; they are now proving effective in user interfaces for applications that are not inherently graphical. Although they are often easy to learn and use, these interfaces are also typically difficult to specify and program clearly.Examination of direct-manipulation interfaces reveals that they have a coroutine-like structure and, despite their surface appearance, a peculiar, highly moded dialogue. This paper introduces a specification technique for direct-manipulation interfaces based on these observations. In it, each locus of dialogue is described as a separate object with a single-thread state diagram, which can be suspended and resumed, but retains state. The objects are then combined to define the overall user interface as a set of coroutines, rather than inappropriately as a single highly regular state transition diagram. An inheritance mechanism for the interaction objects is provided to avoid repetitiveness in the specifications. A prototype implementation of a user-interface management system based on this approach is described, and example specifications are given.
Force-Response Considerations in Ciliary Mechanosensation

Considerable experimental evidence indicates that the primary, nonmotile cilium is a mechanosensory organelle in several epithelial cell types. As the relationship between cellular responses and nature and magnitude of applied forces is not well understood, we have investigated the effects of exposure of monolayers of renal collecting duct chief cells to orbital shaking and quantified the forces incident on cilia. An exposure of 24 h of these cells to orbital shaking resulted in a decrease of amiloride-sensitive sodium current by ∼60% and ciliary length by ∼30%. The sensitivity of the sodium current to shaking was dependent on intact cilia. The drag force on cilia due to induced fluid flow during orbital shaking was estimated at maximally 5.2 × 10−3 pN at 2 Hz, ∼4 times that of thermal noise. The major structural feature of cilia contributing to their sensitivity appears to be ciliary length. As more than half of the total drag force is exerted on the ciliary cap, one function of the slender stalk may be to expose the cap to greater drag force. Regardless, the findings indicate that the cilium is a mechanosensory organelle with a sensitivity much lower than previously recognized.
Atomic geometry of GaSb(110): Determination via elastic low-energy electron diffraction intensity analysis

Elastic low-energy electron diffraction (ELEED) intensities from GaSb(110) of normally incident electrons with energies $30\ensuremath{\le}E\ensuremath{\le}210$ eV were measured at $T=125$ K. Intensity versus incident-energy profiles were recorded for 14 diffracted beams. The surfaces were prepared by a chemical-polish---ion-bombard---anneal cycle. The stoichiometry of the surfaces and reproducibility of the data from one sample to another were verified explicitly. Comparison of these measured intensities with dynamical ELEED intensity calculations indicates that the dimensions of the surface unit cell are identical to those of truncated bulk GaSb, but that the atomic geometry within that cell is reconstructed. The best-fit structure consists of a bond-length---conserving rotation by ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}={(30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ of species in the uppermost atomic layer with the Sb relaxing outward and the Ga inward. No displacements of the second-layer species are indicated by the analysis. The structure resembles those of ZnTe(110) and GaP(110), but is quite distinct from those of GaAs(110), InSb(110), and CdTe(110). This result reveals that ionicity alone is an inadequate index of the surface atomic geometries of compound semiconductors, independent of the definition chosen for the ionicity.
Evaluating regression test suites based on their fault exposure capability

SUMMARY The test process for evolving software systems takes on a different measurement aspect than that of new systems. Existing systems are generally being modified on a continuing basis as a normal part of the software maintenance activity. This process of product modifications is fault prone because faults are introduced in the code as it is being modified. From a statistical perspective, regression testing should be focused on those areas that are most likely to contain the introduced faults. Based on that premise, we have developed an evolutionary fault index that works as a fault surrogate varying in the same manner as faults. However, the knowledge as to the location of probable faults is not enough to assess the capabilities of a regression test suite. It is necessary to understand what the software is doing under each test. For that purpose, test execution profiles are gathered. Test execution profiles and the evolutionary fault indexes are combined in one methodology to provide an assessment of the overall regression testing activity and the suitability of each individual test. The methodology is illustrated with data from a 300 KLOC embedded system and its corresponding regression test suite. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference frames during the acquisition and development of spatial memories

Four experiments investigated the role of reference frames during the acquisition and development of spatial knowledge, when learning occurs incrementally across views. In two experiments, participants learned overlapping spatial layouts. Layout 1 was first studied in isolation, and Layout 2 was later studied in the presence of Layout 1. The Layout 1 learning view was manipulated, whereas the Layout 2 view was held constant. Manipulation of the Layout 1 view influenced the reference frame used to organize Layout 2, indicating that reference frames established during early environmental exposure provided a framework for organizing locations learned later. Further experiments demonstrated that reference frames established after learning served to reorganize an existing spatial memory. These results indicate that existing reference frames can structure the acquisition of new spatial memories and that new reference frames can reorganize existing spatial memories.
Murray's Law in Elastin Haploinsufficient (Eln+/−) and Wild-Type (WT) Mice

Using either the principle of minimum energy or constant shear stress, a relation can be derived that predicts the diameters of branching vessels at a bifurcation. This relation, known as Murray′s Law, has been shown to predict vessel diameters in a variety of cardiovascular systems from adult humans to developing chicks. The goal of this study is to investigate Murray′s Law in vessels from mice that are haploinsufficient for the elastin protein (Eln+/−). Elastin is one of the major proteins in the blood vessel wall and is organized in concentric rings, known as lamellae, with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) around the vessel lumen. Eln+/− mice have an increased number of lamellae, as well as smaller, thinner vessels. It is possible that due to decreased amounts of elastin available for vessel wall remodeling during development and in adulthood, Eln+/− vessels would not follow Murray′s Law. We examined vessel bifurcations in six different physiologic regions, including the brain, heart, epidermis, ceocum (or cecum), testes, and intestines, in Eln+/− mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. All vessels were between 40 and 300 μm in diameter. We found that the diameters of both Eln+/− and WT vessels have an average of 13% error from the diameters predicted by Murray′s Law, with no significant differences between genotypes or physiologic regions. The data suggest that vessels are optimized to follow Murray′s Law, despite limitations on the proteins available for growth and remodeling of the vessel wall.
Measurement of the infrared spectral reflection of some common minerals and rocks using multiple-scan interferometry.

Infrared reflection spectra (2500–250 cm−1) of some minerals and rocks were recorded with a multiple-scan interference spectrometer. Samples were small, irregular, and unpolished. Spectra were obtained with some samples approximately 1 mm in diameter. Emission of samples was obviated by using the interferometer as chopper.
When Oprah Intervenes: Political Correlates of Daytime Talk Show Viewing

This study examined the influence of daytime talk shows on opinion formation. Using agenda-setting and cultivation perspectives, it was hypothesized that both exposure to daytime talk shows and the apparent reality of these shows would be positively related to support for government involvement in social issues. In addition to exposure and apparent reality being positively related to levels of support, it was also found that both talk show exposure and respondent's reported perception of the apparent reality of television played a moderating role in the relationship between political ideology and support for government involvement in family issues. This study demonstrated that daytime talk shows can play a significant role in public opinion formation.
Perceptual Strategies Employed by Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Children in the Comprehension of Sentences Containing Relative Clauses

Comprehension of spoken sentences containing embedded-relative clauses and consisting of N1V1N2V2N3 combinations was assessed by means of a point-to-the-picture task administered to young normal-he...
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions during cell culture of primary thyroid tumors?

Fibroblast contamination of epithelial tumor cell cultures is of great concern when examining tumor cells in vitro for specific biochemical and cytogenetic changes. The observations of normal karyotypes in thyroid tumor cell cultures have raised the concern of whether residual tissue fibroblasts might obscure the cytogenetic analysis of transformed epithelial cells. We have characterized early passaged thyroid tumor cells to examine the proportions of epithelial and fibroblastic cell types. Cells were analyzed by immunocytology using antibodies recognizing the thyroid prohormone thyroglobulin, epithelial cytokeratins, and vimentin, a mesenchyme marker. Tumors consisted of one follicular adenoma and five papillary carcinomas. When examined by day 15 in culture, all cells contained filaments composed of vimentin, which most likely represents an adaptation to culture conditions. Double immunofluorescence staining for thyroglobulin and cytokeratin revealed the presence of not only epithelial but also spindle-like fibroblastoid cells possessing thyroid epithelial cell markers. The results suggest that in thyroid tumor cultures there is a unique cell type intermediate between epithelial and mesenchyme phenotypes that must be considered when performing cytogenetic analysis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cooperation between the PDGF receptors in cardiac neural crest cell migration

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are essential components of the sympathetic nervous system, skin, craniofacial skeleton, and aortic arch. It has been known for many years that perturbation of migration, proliferation, and/or differentiation of these cells leads to birth defects such as cleft palate and persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA). Previously, we had shown that disruption of the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) α in NCCs resulted in defects in craniofacial and aortic arch development, the latter with variable penetrance. Because we observed ventricular septal defects in embryos that are null for the PDGFRβ, we hypothesized that both PDGF receptors are involved in NCC formation. Here, we show that both receptors are expressed in cardiac NCCs and that the combined loss of the PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in NCCs resulted in NCC-related heart abnormalities, including PTA and a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Using NCC lineage tracing, we observed that loss of PDGF receptor signaling resulted in reduced NCCs in the conotruncus region, leading to defects in aortic arch septation. These results indicate that while PDGFRα plays a predominant role in NCC development, the PDGFRβ is expressed by and functions in cardiac NCCs. Combined PDGF receptor signaling is required for sufficient recruitment of cardiac NCCs into the conotruncal region and for formation of the aortico-pulmonary and ventricular septum.