cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the characterization of surface states and deep traps in GaAs MESFETs

Abstract A simple model of frequency-dependent transconductance (g′m(f)) is developed for characterizing surface states and bulk traps in GaAs metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) by considering the occupancy modulation of the surface states and bulk traps. It is shown that the transconductance dispersion provides information for the determination of surface state and bulk trap energy levels. In particular, it is shown that the peak frequency in the transconductance spectrum, dg′m(f)/df vs f, is equal to the characteristic frequency of a surface state or a bulk trap that is responsible for the peak. Thus, the temperature dependence of the peak frequency facilitates the measurement of the surface state or bulk trap energy level. It is found that peaks due to surface states can be distinguished from those due to bulk traps in the gated channel region by their different dependence of peak heights on the gate-source reverse bias. A comparison of the theoretical results and the available experimental observations shows that the model can successfully explain both the surface leakage current dependence of transconductance dispersion magnitude reported by Ozeki et al. [Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., No. 63, pp. 323–328 (1982)] and the temperature dependence of transconductance dispersion observed by Blight et al. [IEEE Trans. Electron DevicesED-35, 257–267 (1988)].
The right to know about toxic exposures. Implications for physicians.

PHYSICIANS and patients concerned about the health effects of toxic exposures need to know the chemical names of ambient substances in the work place and community. In the past, many industrial che...
Enhancing micro-inverter energy capture with sub-module differential power processing

Differential power processing (DPP) is a power electronics system architecture that configures DC-DC converters in parallel with the PV string to improve its power yield. The parallel nature of the DPP architecture brings a number of benefits such as low converter power rating and low power losses, all of which make DPP especially suitable for sub-module level maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Meanwhile, micro-inverters typically perform only module level MPPT and do not address power losses due to uncompensated sub-module mis-match. In this paper, we introduce DPP converters into a micro-inverter system to improve its energy capture by recovering power losses due to sub-module mismatch. We present a small-footprint DPP converter design together with a control scheme such that the DPP converters can work with commercial micro-inverters and can be seamlessly integrated into the existing micro-inverter design. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, a hardware prototype was built and tested with an off-the-shelf commercial micro-inverter to prove the concept. The improvement in energy capture with DPP converters was experimentally verified.
Christopher Bartlett on transnationals: An interview

Abstract Since its publication in 1989 and following many reprintings in eight language editions, Christopher Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal's book, Managing Across Borders: the Transnational Solution, has made a big impact on managers' thinking on global strategy. The model and concept of the transnational organisation is now in common parlance in the corporate world. The research was widespread — 236 managers interviewed in a diverse group of companies in three distinctly different industries in Europe, the US and Japan. The results were startling and give me to clear prescriptions on how to develop companies' organisational capabilities to implement new competitive global strategies. These are quite different from the multinational, global, and traditional international companies' capabilities. They belong to a new and formidably successful genre of corporate organisation — the transnational. Although the transnational model implies a new strategic posture and a new organisational configuration, at its core is a new management mentality. This mentality is vital to achieving the multi-dimensionality and flexibility required to develop the three characteristics of successful transnational organisations — sensitivity and responsiveness to national market differences around the world, global scale efficiency, and a worldwide innovation and learning capability. In an interview at Harvard Business School with EMJ's Editor, Paul Stonham, Christopher Bartlett explains the growth of the transnational and its powerful potential for competitive supremacy in global strategy. There are many lessons for European companies — for instance, they should build on their strong administrative heritages and cultural diversity rather than denying, or undermining it in overseas operations; and they should invest aggressively in the training of their managers to be creative, entrepreneurial and visionary, rather than good command and control executives.
Quantitation of flurbiprofen in tablets using high performance liquid chromatography

AbstractA stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of flurbiprofen in tablets was developed. The method is accurate and precise with a percent relative standard deviation of 0.7 based on 8 readings. A number of inactive ingredients present in the tablets did not interfere with the assay procedure. The extraction procedure from the tablets is very simple. The recovery from the synthetic mixtures was quantitative. The drug appears to be very sensitive to strong acids and bases since a 5 minute boiling caused the degradation of drug (100 %) in both the solutions
Character scanning on the IBM 7070

One general requirement in the construction of symbol manipulators and automatic programming systems is the need to scan a line of information, usually from left to right, and to break down or subdivided this line into words, phrases or some form of subgrouping. Assuming a natural or free form was allowed in the composition of the line, it will be necessary to examine in sequence each character of the line and, depending on the syntactical rules in force, accumulate characters into a word until a separator is recognized. For example, consider breaking down AX, BX, CX on the basis of the comma.
DEPARTURE LATENCY TO INVASION OF PERSONAL SPACE: EFFECTS OF STATUS AND SEX

A field experiment examined the effects of status and sex on the invasion of the personal space of 480 adults of various ages sitting in a suburban shopping, mall. Male or female confederates sat next to male or female subjects (at a distance of 45 cm) under one of three status conditions: low (college student), high (business person), or religious (Catholic clergy). Women, but not men, had shorter latencies of departure when their space was invaded by low-status intruders relative to high- and religious-status intruders (there being no difference between the latter two conditions).
Brief paper: Digital redesign of continuous systems by matching of states at multiple sampling periods

This paper presents a method of digital approximation of a continuous-data system by the matching of states at multiple sampling periods. Two alternate methods are presented; one method samples the states every sampling period, and alters the forward and feedback gains, so as to match the states of the two systems at the end of N sampling periods. The second method requires the sampling of the states every N sampling periods, with the change of gains at each sampling period. An illustrative example using the one-axis dynamics of the Skylab Satellite is presented.
The Way it Was

Video: Boston: The Way it Was, Volume. & 2Time: 60 minutes each volume. Writer, Director, and Producer: Lorie Conway. Executive Producer: Judith Stoia .Produced for: WGBH Educational Foundation 1995
Subduction and Oil Migration

Petroleum and natural gas pools are abundant within the thick prisms of sediment deposited along many rifted continental margins. Where crustal collisions that assemble composite continents occur, the rifted-margin sediment prisms are drawn down against and beneath the suture belts thus formed. During such partial subduction, fluid hydrocarbons may be driven updip away from the subduction zones to accumulate in reservoirs along adjacent platform margins and within growing foreland fold-thrust belts. The immense petroleum accumulations of the Persian Gulf province southwest of the Zagros suture belt may owe their origin to this process. Similar oil migration in response to partial subduction may have influenced the distribution of petroleum in foreland basins generally; if so, strategies for exploration can perhaps be improved by taking this factor into account.
Research Resource: The Endometrium Database Resource (EDR)

In order to understand the biology of the endometrium and potentially develop new diagnostic tools and treatments for endometrial diseases, the highly orchestrated gene expression/regulation that occurs within the uterus must first be understood. Even though a wealth of information on endometrial gene expression/regulation is available, this information is scattered across several different resources in formats that can be difficult for the average bench scientist to query, integrate, and utilize. The Endometrium Database Resource (EDR) was created as a single evolving resource for protein- and micro-RNA-encoding genes that have been shown by gene expression microarray, Northern blot, or other experiments in the literature to have their expression regulated in the uterus of humans, mice, rats, cows, domestic pigs, guinea pigs, and sheep. Genes are annotated in EDR with basic gene information (eg, gene symbol and chromosome), gene orthologs, and gene ontologies. Links are also provided to external resources for publication/s, nucleic and amino acid sequence, gene product function, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) phase expression graph information. The resource also allows for direct comparison of relative gene expression in different microarray experiments for genes shown in the literature to be differentially expressed in the uterus. It is available via a user-friendly, web-based interface and is available without charge or restriction to the entire scientific community. The EDR can be accessed at http://edr.research.bcm.edu.
The mechanism of ferrous iron binding by suspensions of Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus

Abstract Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus acquires ferrous iron at a reasonable rate when this bacterium — in the resting state — is incubated with ferrous iron in either a modified Hanks' solution, ot Norris medium in which the bacteria had previously grown. Ferrous iron binding was substantially lower in unused Norris medium containing human milk whey, because it contained iron binding inhibitors that were degraded during bacterial growth. The inhibitors were identified as human milk whey components and bovine casein digest. The affinity of bacteria for ferrous iron was dependent on the iron concentration of the media. In modified Hanks' solution, the affinity of cells for iron at low iron concentrations was some 250-fold greater than that at high iron concentrations. Ferrous iron binding did not take place it a carbon source was omitted from the media or if the cells had previously been heated at 80°C for 20 min. Surface binding of ferrous iron to the bacterial membrane was minimal. Trypsin and microbial proteinase treatment of bacteria did not inhibit iron uptake, making an iron-specific receptor on bifidobacterial cell membranes unlikely. Iron binding by bifidobacteria is an energy-requiring process dependent upon the operation of a heat-sensitive enzyme machinery, and it does not involve an extracellular iron carrier.
A mathematical model for cylindrical, fiber reinforced electro-pneumatic actuators

Abstract In recent years, dielectric elastomers have received increasing attention due to their unparalleled large strain actuation response (>100%). The force output, however, has remained a major limiting factor for many applications. To address this limitation, a model for a fiber reinforced dielectric elastomer actuator based on the deformation mechanism of McKibben actuators is presented. In this novel configuration, the outer cylindrical surface of a dielectric elastomer is enclosed by a network of helical fibers that are thin, flexible and inextensible. This configuration yields an axially contractile actuator, in contrast to unreinforced actuators which extend. The role of the fiber network is twofold: (i) to serve as reinforcement to improve the load-bearing capability of dielectric elastomers, and (ii) to render the actuator inextensible in the axial direction such that the only free deformation path is simultaneous radial expansion and axial contraction. In this paper, a mathematical model of the electromechanical response of fiber reinforced dielectric elastomers is derived. The model is developed within a continuum mechanics framework for large deformations. The cylindrical electro-pneumatic actuator is modeled by adapting Green and Adkins’ theory of reinforced cylinders to account for the applied electric field. Using this approach, numerical solutions are obtained assuming a Mooney–Rivlin material model. The results indicate that the relationship between the contractile force and axial shortening is bilinear within the voltage range considered. The characteristic response as a function of various system parameters such as the fiber angle, inflation pressure, and the applied voltage are reported. In this paper, the elastic portion of the modeling approach is validated using experimental data for McKibben actuators.
Epidemics-in-waiting

Could the next SARS-like virus reach epidemic proportions? Quantifying the likely threat of emerging diseases isn't easy, but evolution is a crucial factor that may tip the balance in favour of such human parasites.
Germline Stem Cell Transplantation and Transgenesis

The recently developed testis cell transplantation method provides a powerful approach to studying the biology of the male germline stem cell and its microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The technique also is being used to examine spermatogenic defects, correct male infertility, and generate transgenic animals.
Crystallization behavior of a gas atomized Al85Ni10La5 amorphous alloy

Al85Ni10La5 (at.%) alloy powders were fabricated using gas atomization. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that powders in the size range of < 500 mesh (< 25 mu m) are amorphous. The crystallization behavior and kinetics of the amorphous Al85Ni10La5 powders (< 25 mu m) were investigated during continuous heating and isothermal annealing. The amorphous Al85Ni10La5 alloy undergoes a multi-step crystallization reaction in the temperature range of 250-390 degrees C. The activation energies for the first exothermic reactions were determined as 344 kJ/mol. Instead of a primary crystallization, a eutectic reaction was found to be associated with the first reactions and the crystalline phases were identified as fcc-Al, Al11La3, Al3Ni and a metastable phase Al3La. The isothermal annealing was carried out at temperatures of 235 degrees C, 245 degrees C and 250 degrees C. Results from the isothermal annealing analyses revealed presence of quenched-in Al nuclei. The influence of isothermal annealing on the thermal stability of the Al85Ni10La5 powders (< 25 mu m) is also discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The minimally invasive Nuss technique for recurrent or failed pectus excavatum repair in 50 patients.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the minimally invasive technique for recurrent pectus excavatum. Methods Fifty patients with recurrent pectus excavatum underwent a secondary repair using the minimally invasive technique. Data were reviewed for preoperative symptomatology, surgical data, and postoperative results. Results Prior repairs included 27 open Ravitch procedures, 23 minimally invasive (Nuss) procedures, and 2 Leonard procedures. The prior Leonard patients were also prior Ravitches and are therefore counted only once in the analyses. The median age was 16.0 years (range, 3-25 years). The median computed tomography index was 5.3 (range, 2.9-20). Presenting symptoms included shortness of breath (80%), chest pain (70%), asthma or asthma symptoms (26%), and frequent upper respiratory tract infections (14%). Both computed tomography scan and physical exam confirmed cardiac compression and cardiac displacement. Cardiology evaluations confirmed cardiac compression (62%), cardiac displacement (72%), mitral valve prolapse (22%), murmurs (24%), and other cardiac abnormalities (30%). Preoperative pulmonary function tests demonstrated values below 80% normal in more than 50% of patients. Pectus repair was done using a single pectus bar (66%), 2 bars (32%), or 3 bars (2%). Stabilizers were used in 88% of the patients. Median length of surgical time did not significantly differ from that of primary surgeries. Complications were slightly higher than those in primary repairs and included pneumothorax requiring chest tube (14%), hemothorax (8%), pleural effusion requiring drainage (8%), pericarditis (4%), pneumonia (4%), and wound infection (2%). There were no deaths or cardiac perforations. Initial postoperative results were excellent in 70%, good in 28%, and fair in 2%. Late complications of bar shift requiring revision occurred in 8%. Seventeen patients have had bar removals with 9 patients being more than 1 year postremoval. For the 17 patients who are postremoval, excellent results have been maintained in 8 (47%), good in 7 (41%), fair in 1 (6%), and failed in 1 (6%). There have been no recurrences postremoval. Conclusions Although failed or recurrent pectus excavatum repairs are technically more challenging, reoperative correction by the Nuss procedure has met with excellent success.
Effect of nutritional deficiencies on synthesis of the inducible malic enzyme of Lactobacillus plantarum.

The reduction of synthesis of the inducible malic enzyme by cell suspensions of biotin-deficient Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 is also shared by cells deficient in nicotinic acid, thiamine, and pyridoxine. Addition of the deficient vitamin at the start of enzyme synthesis increases the amount of enzyme formed.
Moral Responsibility of Public Officials: The Problem of Many Hands

That many different officials contribute in many different ways to decisions and policies in the modern state makes it difficult to ascribe moral responsibility to any official. The usual responses to this problem—based on concepts of hierarchical and collective responsibility—distort the notion of responsibility. The idea of personal responsibility—based on causal and volitional criteria—constitutes a better approach to the problem of ascribing responsibility to public officials. Corresponding to each of these criteria are types of excuses that officials use in defending the decisions they make. An analysis of the conditions under which the excuses eliminate or mitigate responsibility provides a foundation for accountability in a democracy.
Origin of magnetite and pyrrhotite in carbonaceous chondrites

It is proposed that a substantial fraction of the magnetite, at least, resulted from the oxidation of troilite. Pyrrhotite is expected as a direct consequence of magnetite formation through this reaction. During thermomagnetic experiments on troilite, magnetite formation was observed at temperatures as low as 373 K, provided that the oxygen fugacity was held in the magnetite stability field, and that the troilite was sufficiently finely divided.
Argon Laser Vascular Welding: The Thermal Component

Various mechanisms have been proposed for laser induced vascular welding. The conflict is partly due to the different laser parameters being used, different techniques, and the possible dual thermal and photochemical effects of lasers on tissues. This study examines the thermal aspects of welding medium diameter (4-8 mm) blood vessels. Six canine arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas were created by argon laser vessel fusion. Thermal images were concurrently recorded with a AGA thermal camera and computer analyzed. The welding was done at an energy fluence of 1100 J/cm2, using continuous saline irrigation for cooling. The thermal profiles revealed a maximum temperature of 48° C. In previous experiments, welding of microvessels has been achieved with CO2 , Na:YAG and argon lasers. In our experience, welding of medium diameter arteriotomies and A-V fistulas was possible only with argon lasers. The thermal component induced by different laser wavelengths may be partly accountable for these observed differences in welding properties. Further studies are required to delineate the role of photochemical and thermal reactions in vascular tissue fusion by lasers.
THE DIRAC PROPAGATOR FROM PSEUDOCLASSICAL MECHANICS

Abstract It is demonstrated that the unitary propagator is obtained from the pseudoclassical system proposed as a first-quantized version of the Dirac particle by Berezin and Marinov. The action for the system is written in a form which has manifest global supersymmetry on the worldline.
Using evaluation to understand the learning architecture of an organization

Abstract This article presents an emerging theoretical perspective for understanding organizational learning and what it takes to build learning organizations. The concept of learning architecture is introduced as a critical element in understanding organizational learning. The learning architecture consists of the organization's framing mechanisms, memory, knowledge, and learning processes which connect these three structures. The article provides insight into the role of evaluation as an important link to (a) understanding the learning architecture of organizations, and (b) helping organizations to transform the learning organization ideal into reality. It concludes with a framework to guide evaluators in uncovering an organization's existing learning architecture and designing a new learning architecture essential to building a learning organization.
A new method for the determination of the precipitate-matrix interfacial energy

The experiment described in this paper yields a reasonable value of ..gamma cap alpha../delta' which is also in agreement with values calculated from coarsening data when corrections are made for volume fraction effects. This experimental procedure should be applicable to any system where nucleation is coherent, transformation strains are small and a particle size distribution can be established near grain boundaries while the solute concentration remains constant. It might be possible to extend this to more general situations. For example, when interfacial energies are highly anisotropic, it might be possible to get an approximation of ..gamma.. for the high energy interface by assuming it determines the thermodynamic stability at temperature. Finally, due to the need to image rather small particle sizes accurately in the TEM, the technique would be restricted to precipitates that are ordered, exhibit discrete diffraction spots or are of much larger atomic number than the matrix. Alternatively, lattice imaging techniques could be used rather than conventional CDF images if smaller precipitates have to be detected.
Evaluation of Fluorescamine as a Phosphogenic Derivatizing Reagent of Primary Amines

Abstract Fluorescamine has been shown to be a promising derivatizing reagent for the room temperature phosphorescence analysis of primary amino acids. The fluorescamine concentration used for derivatization in solution was 600 μg/ml and for direct derivatization, 1160 μg/ml. For derivatized primary amino acids the limits of detection were found to be between 0.8 ng and 2.9 ng with linear dynamic ranges between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude.
Molecular simulation of glassy polystyrene : Size effects on gas solubilities

Polystyrene structures, consisting of a single chain of 40, 62, 171, or 364 monomers folded into periodic cells, were generated by a new Gaussian lattice method. The different structures were simulated to study system size effects on the calculated excess chemical potentials of five gases (Ar, O2, N2, CH4, and CO2) in amorphous polystyrene glass. Excess chemical potentials were calculated using the test-particle insertion method and a modified excluded-volume map sampling algorithm. For the largest structure, we observe that the excess chemical potential decreases linearly with the depth of the Lennard-Jones well of the penetrant, in agreement with experiment. However, we find that the smaller structures are, on average, unable to form cavities of sufficient size to accommodate CH4 and CO2 (the larger penetrants). We also show that the instantaneous excess chemical potential distribution provides a sensitive probe of system size effects on polymer architecture.
Diironcarbonyl-coumarin complex: preparation, intramolecular electron transfer, and electro-generation of hydrogen

A new organometallic complex coupling photoactive coumarin to a diironhexacarbonyl unit has been successfully prepared and its composition and electronic structure confirmed by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. Emission spectral analysis of the complex reveals photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from coumarin to the iron-carbonyl moiety. The compound is electrochemically reduced at −1.24 V vs. Fc/Fc+. This reduction is irreversible, attesting to the instability of the complex. Electrochemical evolution of hydrogen in the presence of the complex has been studied and results are discussed. Open image in new window
Enhanced adrenergic excitation of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons in genetically obese rats

Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) project to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), where serotonin (5-HT) release modulates feeding. 5-HT release in the VMH is altered in genetically obese vs. lean Zucker rats. Serotonergic DRN neurons are subject to adrenergic and serotonergic neuromodulation. To determine if the difference in 5-HT release between lean and obese rats might be due to differences in these neuromodulatory pathways, we examined the effects of phenylephrine (PE) and 5-HT on serotonergic DRN neurons using current-clamp recording. Cells from lean and obese animals responded similarly to 5-HT, but cells from obese rats exhibited both a larger depolarization and increased firing rate in response to PE than did cells from lean rats. This indicates that DRN neurons of obese rats have an enhanced adrenergic drive.
Excited-state absorption in excimer-pumped CaWO4 crystals

Abstract We report excited state absorption (ESA) in a CaWO 4 under excimer laser excitation (308 nm). The ESA spectrum proves to be very broad and intense. We calculate the stimulated emission cross-section and show that it is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the broad-band ESA cross-section. This precludes laser action in an undoped CaWO 4 crystal. The ESA spectra can be assigned to the transitions between terms of (t 5 1 , 2e) and (t 5 1 , 4t 2 ) configurations of the WO 2- 4 complex. Using experimental parameters deduced from the emission and ESA spectra, we construct a configuration coordinate diagram including a higher excited state. The diagram predicts that the initial and terminal states of the ESA transition are characterized by different equilibrium positions and, consequently, different charge distribution. It is suggested that this effect can be explained by contribution of p orbitals of the ligand ions to the 4t 2 state. The overall ESA is of a complex nature, being a combination of conventional ESA, decaying like luminescence and another, long lasting component possibly connected with phosphorescent traps. This behavior is reproduced by a simple kinetic model.
Nicotine produces selective degeneration in the medial habenula and fasciculus retroflexus

Nicotine's neurotoxic properties in rats were investigated by administering (-)-nicotine tartrate for 5 days either continuously in doses of 5.01, 5.72, 6.44, 7.13, 20.41 and 43.1 mg/kg/day via osmotic minipump or intermittently at 11.32 mg/kg/day via one daily subcutaneous injection. As assessed by silver staining, neurotoxicity was seen almost exclusively in the axons of the medial habenula and its output tract, the fasciculus retroflexus, in all treatment groups except the lowest dose. Within the habenula, the damage was noted in the ventral-medial-most portion of the nucleus which is thought to be dense with the alpha 4 beta 2 and/or alpha 3 beta 4 receptor subtypes. Past research has shown the medial habenula to be highly sensitive to the effects of nicotine, and these findings, in conjunction with related research using dopaminergic stimulants, indicate that the habenula may be a weak link in the neurotoxicity seen following stimulant drugs of abuse.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) of the conus medullaris with brain and brain stem metastases

Abstract We present a 20-year-old patient with low back pain and lower extremity weakness, who was diagnosed with lumbar spinal cord glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in further workup. The tumor gradually extended upward, and within 11 months after the first presentation, he developed multiple brain metastases.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ITEM OPTION REARRANGEMENT ON THE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION OF THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The study was conducted to provide information for the TOEFL program about the effects of option rearrangement as a means of increasing test security during administrations of the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL. Two forms, consisting of items whose options were systematically scrambled, were spiraled together with the base versions during the pretesting phase of test development. The results indicated that scrambling an item's options does produce differences in both the estimated item response functions and equating functions. Therefore, it was recommended that this procedure not be adopted for the operational program.
Cation sites in mixed-alkali oxide glasses: correlations of NMR chemical shift data with site size and bond distance

Abstract High-resolution NMR data for lithium and sodium in silicate, aluminosilicate, germanate, borate, and tellurite glasses and glass melts all show systematic effects of composition on isotropic chemical shift. The most reliable interpretation of these data is through well-established correlations of increased (higher frequency) chemical shift with smaller cation site size. Recent studies of Li and Na in mixed (Li, Na, K, Rb) alkali glasses and liquids, where systematic compositional effects were also reported, therefore suggest that as a smaller cation is substituted for a larger (e.g. Li for Na), the mean size of the sites for the larger cation actually increases. The opposite effect is clearly observed for substitution of a larger cation for a smaller one. This is an example of other systematic effects of cation field strength and is likely to be due to `competition' among cations for negatively charged oxygen sites. The role of these structural changes in cationic conduction is discussed.
Neutron irradiation damage in SiGe alloys

Abstract Zone-leveled and hot-pressed n-and p-type Si80Ge20 alloys were irradiated with neutrons to a fluence of 4 × 1018n/cm2 and to a fluence of 5.4 × 1019n/cm2 at a temperature of approximately 200–300°C. The main purpose of this work was to determine the effect of neutron irradiation on the thermoelectric properties of these alloys. The carrier concentration and mobility (and hence the resistivity) were measured at room temperature while the thermal diffusivity was measured at 177–192°C both before and after the irradiation and after each subsequent 2 hour heat-treatment at 350°C, 600°C and 1000°C. The irradiation increased the resistivity significantly but the thermal conductivity decreased only by about 10–15%. This would tend to indicate that radiation produced only small defects (single pairs and small vacancy chains). The samples all returned to almost exactly their pre-irradiation state after the 1000°C anneal.
Rational action and uncontrolled violence: Explaining Hindu communalism

The assertion of Hindu identity in contemporary India takes two characteristic forms: organized movements notable for their effective action; and uncontrolled mob violence. Understanding this apparent paradox entails both general religio-historical explanation and culturally specific interpretation. From a general perspective, organized movements and mob violence each offers a means of identifying with the same religious object—in this case, the Hindu nation, newly valorized in urban India. But the specific relationship between the two can be interpreted through themes of control and violence in Shaivite myth.
Effect of Body Size on Intraguild Predation between Tadpoles of Bamboo-Breeding Poison Frogs and Predaceous Mosquito Larvae

ABSTRACT Our study focused on intraguild predation (IGP) between poison frog tadpoles and predaceous mosquito larvae that use water-filled bamboo internodes as primary microhabitat. We conducted an experiment using artificial pools in southeastern Peru to test the importance of body size of interacting individuals for individual survival. We found that body size strongly affected the outcome of the trophic interaction. We documented a case of symmetric IGP in which members of two phytotelm-breeding species acted as predator or prey depending on their individual and relative body sizes. We found that tadpole relocation by the parent frog may change the relative size of interacting individuals and that priority effects alone cannot be used to predict all outcomes of this interaction.
Evolution of stress within a spherical insertion electrode particle under potentiostatic and galvanostatic operation

Abstract Lithium ion battery electrode materials generally experience significant volume changes during charging and discharging caused by concentration changes within the host particles. Electrode failure, in the form of fracture or decrepitation, may occur as a result of a highly localized stress, strain energy, and stress cycles over time. In this paper, we develop analytic expressions for the evolution of stress and strain energy within a spherically shaped electrode element under either galvanostatic (constant current) or potentiostatic (constant potential) operation when irreversible phenomena are dominated by solute diffusion resistance within host particles. We show that stresses and strain energy can evolve quite differently under potentiostatic vs. galvanostatic control. The findings of this work suggest the possibility of developing new battery charging strategies that minimize stress and strain energy and thus prolong battery life.
Investigating cross-contamination of aquifers

Shallow aquifers can cross-contaminate deeper aquifers through penetration of an intervening aquitard, via sandy intervals in the aquitard, along well casings, across long well screens, or around aquitard pinchouts. Distinguishing among these potential pathways requires the use of evaluation tools that may support or eliminate certain pathways. These tools include groundwater gradient and aquitard penetration calculations, aquifer pumping test interpretation techniques, chemical concentration plots and statistical methods, hydraulic conductivity-based travel time calculations, pumping-concentration tests, methods for evaluating leaky wells, and methods for evaluating aquitard continuity. Based on analysis of several of these techniques at three sites experiencing aquifer cross-contamination, the authors conclude that calculation of flow rates for various pathways is the single most useful method to confirm or refute specific pathways. Evaluation of leaky wells and aquitard continuity generally must be coupled with other tools to adequately test specific pathways. While fingerprinting, statistical analysis or ratio analysis of contaminants from various sources and receptors was not completed for any of the evaluated sites, the authors believe that these techniques have strong potential for confirming or eliminating pathways. Future research in this area is suggested. Furthermore, the interpretation of pumping-concentration tests is not well developed and needs further assessment.
Practical properties of chemical vapour deposition diamond tools

Abstract Cutting tools using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond as the cutting surface and tape-automated-bonding (TAB) tools using CVD diamond as the bonding surface have been produced and their practical properties evaluated. CVD diamond end mills showed about 10 times longer tool life than cemented carbide end mills. CVD diamond inserts exhibited a cutting performance and tool life very similar to those of polycrystalline diamond insets. CVD diamond TAB tools could be considered to be the most useful and cost-effective TAB tools among today's commercialized TAB tools.
Chocolate Flavoring Materials and Their Use in Ice Cream. I. Flavor Evaluations of Chocolate Products

Summary Twenty-one chocolate products, varying in anticipated flavor quality, were obtained from seven different chocolate manufacturers and subjected to flavor evaluation as chocolate products and as flavoring in ice cream. Flavor evaluations of the chocolate materials by panels of the chocolate manufacturers reveal wide differences in preferences among the different panels. However, those products for which a preponderance of the chocolate manufacturers were in agreement as to flavor quality produced ice creams which were, in large measure, judged by a Dairy Technologist Panel to be of equivalent quality. Ten of the chocolate products varying widely in flavor quality, price, and other characteristics were evaluated as flavoring materials in ice cream by three different panels representing, respectively, Dairy Technologists, Non-dairy Food Technologists, and the Commercial Ice Cream Industry. In general, there was good agreement between the flavor rankings given the products by these three dissimilar groups, although certain exceptions occurred. These results indicate that similar flavor preferences prevail for these different groups. Statistical analysis was utilized to establish (a) the consistency of the panel members in evaluating flavor and in distinguishing between the characteristics related to product selection, (b) the true differences between the chocolate products as revealed by the three panels, and (c) the relationship between flavor quality, total flavor intensity, true flavor intensity, harshness, aromatic character, and color. The panel members varied in consistency and the panels varied in their ability to differentiate between ice creams on the basis of the different characteristics under study. About 56% of the variability observed between flavor quality was found, statistically, to be due to the other characteristics. However, good flavor quality was associated with high scores on true flavor intensity and medium scores on total flavor intensity and harshness. Results indicate the desirability of applying statistical analysis to insure the reliability and consistency of persons who are to evaluate flavor. Results reveal lack of a consistent relationship between flavor quality of chocolate products available for ice cream and such other factors as price and cocoa fat content; therefore, the ice cream manufacturers may best determine the chocolate product(s) to use by a well-designed and carefully controlled flavor-evaluation program.
The influence of gender and emotional versus instrumental support on cardiovascular reactivity in African-American adolescents

Research suggests that females seek out, prefer, and are more receptive to emotional support (encouragement), and that males seek out, prefer, and are more receptive to instrumental support (problem-solving). Thus, we hypothesized that boys would show lower blood pressure (BP) reactivity in response to instrumental than emotional or no support, and that girls would show lower BP reactivity in response to emotional than instrumental or no support. Forty-eight healthy African-American adolescents (50% males) participated in a role play conflict task and were randomized to receive either emotional, instrumental, or no support (presence only) from a confederate. Boys showed lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity in the instrumental than in the emotional or no support conditions and lower recovery SBP as compared to boys in the emotional or no support conditions. A similar pattern of results was demonstrated for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity. Girls, however, did not demonstrate lower BP reactivity in response to emotional as compared to instrumental support. These findings suggest that instrumental and emotional support differentially influence cardiovascular (CV) reactivity in African-American boys versus girls.
Bimeasures and sampling theorems for weakly harmonizable processes

If {x(t),t∈R} a weakly harmonizable process,conditions on the process are found in order that for a suitable α>O and coefficient an(t),the series converging in L2(P)-mean.Consequently the process can be determined by sampling at fixed intervals nh . A corresponding result is also obtained for a more general crameer class.To carry out this analysis,it is necessary to use the properties of bimeasures. Some aspects of the bimeasure theory and its distinction from the Lebesgue theory are included. This is used essentially for the analysis of harmonizable processes, and has independent interest
A quantitative treatment of reversible monomer-polymer exchange reactions with microtubules and other biopolymers

Abstract We present a quantitative solution to the problem of equilibrium exchange of radioactive monomers into biological polymers. This solution avoids approximations used in earlier attempts to handle the problem. The analysis therefore provides a better theoretical basis for evaluating data for head-to-tail polymerization in biopolymers such as F-actin and microtubules. A discussion of the model's implications concerning head-to-tail polymerization and an extension of the analysis to drug action on biopolymer assembly is included.
Management of the wounded heart.

Abstract Forty-five patients underwent operation for wounds which had penetrated the pericardium. The preoperative diagnosis was cardiac tamponade in 36 patients and hemorrhagic shock in 9. Cardiac tamponade was often difficult to diagnose—the paradoxical pulse was not clinically useful, and central venous pressure frequently was falsely elevated. Pericardiocentesis was performed in 18 patients with 7 false-negative and 3 false-positive results. A preliminary subxiphoid pericardial window was done in 21 patients. Technical adjuncts included inflow occlusion, electrical fibrillation, partially occluding clamps, and stabilizing traction sutures. Cardiopulmonary bypass was not used. The current incision of preference is a median sternotomy to allow a preliminary subxiphoid pericardial window to be performed in patients with tamponade and a thoracotomy if there is massive bleeding into the pleura.
Destruction thresholds of echogenic liposomes with clinical diagnostic ultrasound.

Abstract Echogenic liposomes (ELIP) are submicron-sized phospholipid vesicles that contain both gas and fluid. With antibody conjugation and drug incorporation, these liposomes can be used as novel targeted diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound contrast agents. The utility of liposomes for contrast depends upon their stability in an acoustic field, whereas the use of liposomes for drug delivery requires the liberation of encapsulated gas and drug payload at the desired treatment site. The objective of this study was twofold: (1) to characterize the stability of liposome echogenicity after reconstitution and (2) to quantitate the acoustic destruction thresholds of liposomes as a function of peak rarefactional pressure (P r ), pulse duration (PD) and pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The liposomes were insonified in an anechoic sample chamber using a Philips HDI 5000 diagnostic ultrasound scanner with a L12-5 linear array. Liposome stability was evaluated with 6.9-MHz fundamental and 4.5-MHz harmonic B-mode pulses at various P r at a fixed PRF. Liposome destruction thresholds were determined using 6.0-MHz Doppler pulses, by varying the PD with a fixed PRF of 1.25 kHz and by varying the PRF with a fixed PD of 3.33 μs. Videos or freeze-captured images were acquired during each insonation experiment and analyzed for echogenicity in a fixed region of interest as a function of time. An initial increase in echogenicity was observed for fundamental and harmonic B-mode imaging pulses. The threshold for acoustically driven diffusion of gas out of the liposomes using 6.0-MHz Doppler pulses was weakly dependent upon PRF and PD. The rapid fragmentation thresholds, however, were highly dependent upon PRF and PD. The quantification of acoustic destruction thresholds of ELIP is an important first step in their development as diagnostic and drug delivery agents. (E-mail: smitdn@email.uc.edu )
Public affairs, issues management and political strategy: methodological approaches that count

This essay reviews the primary methods that have been used to study corporate public affairs, issues management, and corporate political activity (PA/IM/CPA). We identify three tractable areas of research in these areas: (1) the determinants of PAM/IM/CPA; (2) the effects of PAM/IM/CPA on public policy outcomes; and (3) the effects of public policy outcomes on overall firm financial performance. Despite the considerable difficulties in gathering data to test these phenomena, we posit that scholars have made progress in understanding some aspects of these relationships. Still, we conclude that the greatest weakness for the advancement of methodological progress is the lack of a theoretical model describing the PAM/IM/CPA process, which ultimately hinders the ability of empiricists to seek the ‘proper’ data to test such relationships. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Prospects and challenges for intestinal microbiome therapy in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders

Fecal microbiome (microbiota) transplantation is an emerging treatment not only for refractory/recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, but also for metabolic syndrome, and even possibly for neurological disorders. This non-conventional therapy has been perhaps more appropriately designated as fecal bacteriotherapy (FB) as well. The employment of FB is spreading into pediatric gastroenterology. This focused review highlights the pediatric applications of FB and discusses hypotheses for its mechanism of action. We propose that intestinal microbiome therapy may be a more appropriate term for FB, which integrates its potential future applications.