cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Officer-Involved Shooting Data Transparency in the United States.

Although researchers and the public intuitively know that the lack of available data on the topic of officer-involved shootings (OIS) is a problem, the scope of the problem has not been identified....
Association of Delaying School Start Time With Sleep Duration, Timing, and Quality Among Adolescents.

Importance Sleep is a resource that has been associated with health and well-being; however, sleep insufficiency is common among adolescents. Objective To examine how delaying school start time is associated with objectively assessed sleep duration, timing, and quality in a cohort of adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational cohort study took advantage of district-initiated modifications in the starting times of 5 public high schools in the metropolitan area of Minneapolis and St Paul, Minnesota. A total of 455 students were followed up from grade 9 (May 3 to June 3, 2016) through grade 11 (March 15 to May 21, 2018). Data were analyzed from February 1 to July 24, 2019. Exposures All 5 participating schools started early (7:30amor 7:45am) at baseline (2016). At follow-up 1 (2017) and continuing through follow-up 2 (2018), 2 schools delayed their start times by 50 and 65 minutes, whereas 3 comparison schools started at 7:30amthroughout the observation period. Main Outcomes and Measures Wrist actigraphy was used to derive indices of sleep duration, timing, and quality. With a difference-in-difference design, linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate differences in changes in sleep time between delayed-start and comparison schools. Results A total of 455 students were included in the analysis (among those identifying sex, 225 girls [49.5%] and 219 boys [48.1%]; mean [SD] age at baseline, 15.2 [0.3] years). Relative to the change observed in the comparison schools, students who attended delayed-start schools had an additional mean 41 (95% CI, 25-57) objectively measured minutes of night sleep at follow-up 1 and 43 (95% CI, 25-61) at follow-up 2. Delayed start times were not associated with falling asleep later on school nights at follow-ups, and students attending these schools had a mean difference-in-differences change in weekend night sleep of −24 (95% CI, −51 to 2) minutes from baseline to follow-up 1 and −34 (95% CI, −65 to −3) minutes from baseline to follow-up 2, relative to comparison school participants. Differences in differences for school night sleep onset, weekend sleep onset latency, sleep midpoints, sleep efficiency, and the sleep fragmentation index between the 2 conditions were minimal. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that delaying high school start times could extend adolescent school night sleep duration and lessen their need for catch-up sleep on weekends. These findings suggest that later start times could be a durable strategy for addressing population-wide adolescent sleep deficits.
Nanospheres-paclitaxel-a novel biodegradable formulation as a potential anti-cancer agent

5735 To improve the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel and to overcome the toxicities associated with Cremophor-paclitaxel (PTX), we developed a nanospheres-paclitaxel (Nano-PTX) system using a biodegradable, polymeric tyrosine-based triblock copolymer. The nanospheres are formed by the self-assembly of a symmetrical ABA-type amphiphilic triblock copolymer. The A-blocks are poly(ethylene glycol), and the hydrophobic B-blocks are oligomers of desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine alkyl esters and non-toxic diacids. These nanospheres form stable complexes with wide variety of hydrophobic therapeutic agents, including paclitaxel, and deliver them efficiently to cells. This system is intended to improve delivery of drugs to tumors while minimizing adverse side-effects. To test the efficacy and safety of Nano-PTX, in-vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo human breast cancer xenograft mouse models were evaluated. In vitro, at concentrations of 0.5-4 mg/ml, the nanospheres showed no significant growth inhibition of KB colon carcinoma cells. Similarly, no toxicity was evident in ICR mice treated at 5, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of nanospheres on a 3 times weekly schedule. Nano-PTX exhibited anti-proliferative activity towards KB colon cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 4.2±0.1 ng/ml. The in vivo efficacy of Nano-PTX was assessed in Ncr nu/nu mice bearing subcutaneous MDA-MB-435 breast cancer xenografts. Nano-PTX was administered via tail vein injections using a dose of 15 mg/kg and a q2d x 5 administration schedule. As a control, Cremophor paclitaxel was administered to a separate group of xenograft-bearing mice using an identical dose and schedule. As assessed by body weight, there was little evidence of toxicity with either Nano-PTX or Cremophor-PTX at this dose level. As expected, treatment with Cremophor-PTX was associated with a significant decrease in tumor growth rate relative to saline-treated mice (p
Prescriptive Statements: Philosophical, Theoretical, and Methodological Considerations

In this introduction, we discuss three potential challenges that may prevent researchers from writing causal or prescriptive claims. These topics relate to the difficulty in measuring latent constructs, the complexity of theoretical frameworks, and advances in statistical modeling procedures. We then provide a brief summary of the contributions of the special issue. We are grateful for the contributions that made this special issue possible, and we conclude our introduction by expressing our thanks to the authors and reviewers who helped us prepare this special issue.
Immobilized Artificial Membrane Chromatography

The development of a simple, rapid method to predict drug transport across biological barriers has been a long-standing objective in the pharmaceutical sciences. Typical barriers to drug transport include the membranes in the intestinal tract, lungs, and eye, the blood-brain barrier, and many others. In addition to these “internal” barriers, the skin is an “external” barrier that molecules must penetrate if transdermal drug delivery is to be successful. The prediction of drug transport through any of these biological-membrane barriers is typically a lengthy process that requires substantial experimental effort; however, the experiments are frequently complicated by significant variability that makes the methods unreliable or useful for only a small class of compounds. This chapter describes a new approach for predicting drug transport through human skin. The method utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns packed with a stationary phase containing immobilized membrane lipids (i. e., phosphatidylcholine).
A proposed path by which genes common to mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolve to become X inactivated

Mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolved from an autosomal pair; the X retained and the Y gradually lost most ancestral genes1,2. In females, one X chromosome is silenced by X inactivation, a process that is often assumed to have evolved on a broadly regional or chromosomal basis3. Here we propose that genes or clusters common to both the X and Y chromosomes (X–Y genes) evolved independently along a multistep path, eventually acquiring dosage compensation on the X chromosome. Three genes studied here, and other extant genes, appear to be intermediates. ZFX, RPS4 and SMC were monitored for X inactivation in diverse species by assaying CpG-island methylation, which mirrors X inactivation in many eutherians. ZF evidently escaped X inactivation in proto-eutherians, which also possessed a very similar Y-linked gene; both characteristics were retained in most extant orders, but not in myomorph rodents. For RPS4, escape from X inactivation seems unique to primates. SMC escapes inactivation in primates and myomorphs but not in several other lineages. Thus, X inactivation can evolve independently for each of these genes. We propose that it is an adaptation to the decay of a homologous, Y-linked gene.
THE FORDHAM URBAN LAW JOURNAL: TWENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS

An overview of different topics covered by the journal throughout the years. ∗Wilkinson Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law; B.S. 1953, Fordham University; J.D. 1957, Fordham University School of Law; LL.M. 1963, New York University School of Law; Public Member of Securities Industry Conference on Arbitration since its inception in 1977. Special thanks and appreciation is extended to Stephanie Fell, Jennifer Mone, Geoffrey Hader and Kathleen Smith who assisted in the compilation and preparation of this article. THE FORDHAM URBAN LAW JOURNAL: TWENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS Constantine N Katsoris*
Self-efficacy, state anxiety, and motivation during mandatory combatives training.

U.S. Army soldiers (n = 52) attending Instructor Combative Training (ICT) courses at two military installations in the US were examined before, during and at the end of the course on self-defense efficacy (SDE), teaching combatives self-efficacy (TCSE), combatives state anxiety (CSA), and motivation. In a quasi-experimental design, a cognitive-behavioral coping intervention targeting combative anxiety was implemented. Two classes (n = 32) constituted the interventions and one class as a control group (n = 20). RM ANOVAs revealed a significant increase in SDE and TCSE across the course for the experimental groups. Specifically, the intervention group soldiers scored lower in CSA during high anxiety driven events and higher in motivation than the control group soldiers along the course progression. The results provide preliminary evidence that a combatives anxiety coping strategy can influence SDE, TCSE, CSA, and motivation during mandatory psychologically demanding training.
8. Magnetic structure and magnetic imaging of RE2Fe14B (RE=Nd, Pr) permanent magnets

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the magnetic structures observed in the RE 2 Fe 14 B (RE=Nd, Pr) system using various transmission electron microscopes (TEM) magnetic imaging techniques. It presents the studies of die-upset Nd-based permanent magnets conducted mainly at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1993–1999. Investigations on Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets and single crystals as well as on Pr–Fe–B die-upset magnets are presented in the chapter. The chapter reviews the microstructure, including grain alignment and secondary phases of the materials and grain boundary structure and composition of the intergranular phase. The domain structure, such as the width of domains and domain walls, and the domain wall energy is described in the chapter. The Monte Carlo simulation of the effects of demagnetization fields is presented in the chapter. In situ experiments on the dynamic behavior of domain reorientation as a function of temperature, pinning, and grain boundary nucleation related to coercivity under various fields are described in the chapter.
Optimization of differential inclusions via finite differences

The author considers a Mayer-type optimization problem for dynamical systems governed by differential inclusions. Such models generalize both standard and nonstandard problems in optimal control for open-loop and closed-loop control systems. He provides a variational analysis of the problem under consideration based on its finite difference approximations. For describing adjoint arcs in necessary optimality conditions, the author's concepts of generalized derivatives for multifunctions and nonsmooth mappings are used. These derivative constructions are robust with respect to perturbations and enjoy a rich calculus important for applications. >
Computational Complexity of Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé Games on Finite Structures

We show that deciding the winner of the r-moves Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse game on two finite structures A and B, over any fixed signature Σ that contains at least one binary and one ternary relation, is PSPACE complete. We consider two natural modifications of the EF game, the one-sided r-moves EF game, where the spoiler can choose from the first structure A only, and therefore the duplicator wins only if B satisfies all the existential formulas of rank at most r that A satisfies; and the k-alternations r-moves EF game (for each fixed k), where the spoiler can choose from either structure, but he can switch structure at most k times, and therefore the duplicator wins iff A and B satisfy the same first order formulas of rank at most r and quantifier alternation at most k (defined in the paper). We show that deciding the winner in both the one-sided EF game and the k-alternations EF game is also PSPACE complete.
Postmitotic, postmigrational expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons

The developmental expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) was studied in a large, specific population of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the rat. These DA neurons comprise an anatomically distinctive population that has been well characterized in the adult hamster (Davis and Macrides, 1983) and rat (Halasz et al., 1981; Baker et al., 1983, 1984). We addressed a basic question in developmental neurobiology: What factors regulate the expression of neuronal transmitter phenotype during development? Olfactory bulb DA neurons are born in the ventricular and subependymal zones and migrate through all intervening layers to the most superficial layer in the bulb (Altman, 1969; Bayer, 1983). The time of TOH expression in these neurons was determined using immunohistochemistry and light microscopic image-analysis techniques. The results indicate that TOH phenotype is not expressed when the cells are born in the subependymal zone nor during their migration to the periglomerular region but only after they reached their final destination, the glomerular layer. This suggests that epigenetic factors associated with the glomeruli initiate the expression of the key transmitter synthesizing enzyme in these neurons. Primary olfactory neurons in the nasal epithelium project exclusively to glomeruli of the MOB; removal of this input in adult rats (Kawano and Margolis, 1982; Baker et al., 1983, 1984), mice (Nadi et al., 1981; Baker et al., 1983), dogs (Nadi et al., 1981), and hamsters (Kream et al., 1984) appears to down-regulate the expression of the TOH in periglomerular cells. The present results suggested that the input from the primary olfactory nerve is also necessary for the initial expression of the TOH phenotype. In support of this notion, we found that lesions of the olfactory nerve during the first postnatal week caused a significant reduction in the number of TOH-positive juxtaglomerular neurons in the following weeks. Thus, the olfactory nerve appears to be necessary for both the initiation and maintenance of TOH expression in olfactory bulb neurons. These findings suggest that specific cell-cell interactions play a key role in CNS neuronal transmitter phenotype regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Accelerated Transferrin Degradation in HFE-Deficient Mice Is Associated with Increased Transferrin Saturation

HFE, a major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein, is implicated in the iron overload disease, hereditary hemochromatosis. Whereas patients with hereditary hemochromatosis have low serum transferrin levels, little is known about transferrin turnover in HFE deficiency states. We injected mice intravenously with radioiodinated transferrin and compared plasma transferrin decay and steady-state endogenous transferrin concentration in the plasma between HFE-deficient and wild-type C57BL/6 mouse strains. HFE-deficient mice degraded transferrin faster than normal (P < 0.001) and had lower plasma transferrin concentrations (P < 0.001). Both HFE-deficient and wild-type mice were then fed diets with 3 different iron concentrations that we designated deficient (2-5 mg/kg of iron), control (0.2 g/kg), and overload (20 g/kg) for 6 wk immediately after weaning to create a range of serum iron concentrations and resultant transferrin saturations ranging from 16 to 78%. We found an inverse correlation between transferrin saturation and transferrin half-life (P < 0.0001, r = -0.839) for both HFE-deficient and wild-type mice, which suggests that HFE does not have a direct effect on transferrin catabolism; rather, HFE may influence transferrin half-life indirectly through its effect on transferrin saturation, which in turn enhances transferrin decay in HFE-deficient mice.
Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

Horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies of afferent and efferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of chondrostean fishes revealed medial, descending and ascending projections. Entering fibers of the trigeminal sensory root project medially to terminate in the medial trigeminal nucleus, located along the medial wall of the rostral medulla. Other entering sensory fibers turn caudally within the medulla, forming the trigeminal spinal tract, and terminate within the descending trigeminal nucleus. The descending trigeminal nucleus consists of dorsal (DTNd) and ventral (DTNv) components. Fibers of the trigeminal spinal tract descend through the lateral alar medulla and into the dorsolateral cervical spinal cord. Fibers exit the spinal tract throughout its length, projecting to the ventral descending trigeminal nucleus (DTNv) in the medulla and to the funicular nucleus at the obex. Retrograde transport of HRP through sensory root fibers also revealed an ascending bundle of fibers that constitutes the neurites of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, cell bodies of which are located in the rostral optic tectum. Retrograde transport of HRP through motor root fibers labeled ipsilateral cells of the trigeminal motor nucleus, located in the rostral branchiomeric motor column.
Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of clinical trials

Purpose To determine the efficacy of antiplatelet or anti-coagulant therapy in preventing graft occlusions after coronary artery bypass surgery. Data identification Studies published from 1966 to 1988 were identified through a computerized search using MEDLINE, by searching the bibliographies of all identified articles, and by consulting with the cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons in the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antiplatelet Therapy After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Study selection All studies selected were randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing at least one active drug with a placebo or nonplacebo control group. Data extraction Key data were extracted from each article, including the percentage of patients in each treatment group with one or more grafts occluded, the percentage of patients with completed postoperative catheterizations, timing of postoperative catheterization, and timing of start of treatment. These data were easily obtained from each article and did not require multiple observers. Results of data analysis All studies had positive treatment-effect sizes in favor of active treatment, although some studies did not achieve statistical significance. A meta-analysis combining all treatment effects clearly shows that active treatment is beneficial (overall effect size = 0.30; CI, 0.21 to 0.38). Efficacy improves with early initiation of treatment. Conclusions Early initiation of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs reduces the incidence of graft occlusions after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Creating leaders or loyalists? conflicting identities in a leadership development programme

Emerging leaders are involved in a continual learning process that includes professional and personal identities that intersect and diverge. The identities are coupled with multiple roles and expectations that are embedded within work and non-work identities. This paper examines the impact of leadership development programmes on emerging leaders including the expectations and job demands that are integral to leadership work. More specifically, the paper examines the discourse between work and non-work identities and the strategies of leaders and organizations to strengthen or modify those identities. Monthly Activity Reports prepared by leadership participants were examined and used to support the findings. Additionally, environmental factors that shape the leaders' thoughts and behaviours were examined as the leaders struggled to maintain their core beliefs and work practices in a quest to become leaders or loyalists.
Use of Postoperative Chest X-Ray After Elective Adult Tracheotomy

Surgeons have been creating tracheotomies since at least 124 AD, when first reported by Asclepiades (Price HC, Postma DS. Ear Nose Throat J 1983;62:44-59). Intraoperative and postoperative complications specifically associated with this procedure have been well established. The incidence of pneumothorax ranges from 0% to 17%, depending on the age group studied. To evaluate this complication, it is generally accepted that a postoperative chest film should routinely be obtained after a tracheotomy in adult patients. In adult nonemergent tracheotomies, the routine use of a postoperative chest film has a low yield for detecting a pneumothorax in patients without clinical findings of pneumothorax. To evaluate the use of postoperative chest x-ray in adult tracheotomy patients, a retrospective review of tracheotomies performed at the Boston Medical Center from January 1994 to June 1996 was undertaken. Data examined consisted of age, sex, surgical indication, urgency, operating service, intraoperative and postoperative complications, difficulty of procedure, anesthetic technique, findings on postoperative chest film, signs and symptoms of pneumothorax, and specific treatment of pneumothorax if present. In total, 250 patients were identified. The main indication for tracheostomy in this study was ventilator dependence, accounting for 77% of the procedures. A complication rate of 11.6% was encountered, with no deaths. Postoperative hemorrhage was the most common complication (3.6%). Pneumothorax was documented by chest x-ray in 3 (1.2%) patients, 1 of whom had bilateral pneumothoraces. The most common symptom of a pneumothorax was tachycardia, with 8.8% of the patients exhibiting at least 1 episode. Of the 3 cases of pneumothorax in this study, only 1 was clinically relevant and required treatment. Furthermore, the clinical signs and symptoms in this patient clearly supported the diagnosis of pneumothorax before a postoperative chest film was obtained. Thus postoperative chest radiographs did not change the treatment or outcome of any of the patients undergoing a tracheotomy. This suggests that postoperative chest x-ray after adult tracheotomy is not required in routine cases. Chest radiographs should be obtained after emergent procedures, after difficult procedures, or in patients exhibiting signs or symptoms of pneumothorax.
An Integrative Model of Subcortical Auditory Plasticity

In direct conflict with the concept of auditory brainstem nuclei as passive relay stations for behaviorally-relevant signals, recent studies have demonstrated plasticity of the auditory signal in the brainstem. In this paper we provide an overview of the forms of plasticity evidenced in subcortical auditory regions. We posit an integrative model of auditory plasticity, which argues for a continuous, online modulation of bottom-up signals via corticofugal pathways, based on an algorithm that anticipates and updates incoming stimulus regularities. We discuss the negative implications of plasticity in clinical dysfunction and propose novel methods of eliciting brainstem responses that could specify the biological nature of auditory processing deficits.
Measurement of blood perfusion using photoacoustic, ultrasound and strain imaging

In many clinical and research applications including cancer diagnosis, tumor response to therapy, reconstructive surgery, monitoring of transplanted tissues and organs, and quantitative evaluation of angiogenesis, sequential and quantitative assessment of microcirculation in tissue is required. In this paper we present an imaging technique capable of spatial and temporal measurements of blood perfusion through microcirculation. To demonstrate the developed imaging technique, studies were conducted using phantoms with modeled small blood vessels of various diameters positioned at different depths. A change in the magnitude of the photoacoustic signal was observed during vessel constriction and subsequent displacement of optically absorbing liquid present in the vessels. The results of the study suggest that photoacoustic, ultrasound and strain imaging could be used to sequentially monitor and qualitatively assess blood perfusion through microcirculation.
Attention in discrimination learning of young children.

Abstract This study investigated the separate effects of attention to the relevant dimension and instrumental responses to dimensional values on the learning rates of discrimination shifts by four-year-old children. The separate effects were assessed by comparing pairs of shifts: intradimensional and extradimensional; reversal and intradimensional, respectively. Two experiments which varied the nature of the stimuli were performed: in the first, patterns served as stimuli and the reversal was slower than either of the other shifts which were learned about equally fast. In the second, objects served as stimuli and the intradimensional shift was faster than either of the others which were learned at about the same rate. These findings indicate that transfer of an observing or attentional response to the relevant dimension occurred for objects but not for patterns. Although such attention transferred, it was not sufficient to overcome the effects of original instrumental learning on the reversal problem. The findings were discussed with reference to two-stage theories of discrimination learning which treat attention and prior instrumental learning as separate factors and mediational theory which tends to identify responding to the relevant dimension as mediation.
High level expression of the large subunit of mouse ribonucleotide reductase in a baculovirus system

The large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from mouse has been overexpressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with recombinant baculovirus. The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography to apparent homogeneity as determined by SDS-PAGE. The homogeneous protein is recognized in Western blot analysis by a monoclonal antibody raised to the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from calf thymus, has the correct N-terminal sequence, and, in the presence of the small subunit of mouse ribonucleotide reductase and nucleoside triphosphate effectors, catalyzes the reduction of both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphates.
The analysis of diagnostic markers of genetic disorders in human blood and urine using tandem mass spectrometry with liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract A method has been developed for the rapid diagnosis of metabolic diseases based on the analysis of characteristic metabolites in body fluids by fast atom bombardment or liquid secondary ion tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-MS—MS or LSIMS—MS). Acylcarnitine profiles were obtained from 100 μl urine. 200 μl plasma or 25 μl whole blood spotted onto filter paper by simple solvent extraction, esterification and analysis using a precursor ion scan function on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Specificity and sensitivity were improved by adding a small percentage of sodium octyl sulfate to the liquid matrix, which forms ion pairs with acylcarnitine esters. Acylglycines in urine were specifically detected as a group using a different precursor ion scan function. By forming methyl esters, metabolic profiles of both acylcarnitines and acylglycines were achieved in the same sample loading by application of alternating scan functions. Quantitative analysis of selected metabolites was achieved by use of stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Amino acid profiles were obtained from 100 μl plasma and 25 μl whole blood spots using butyl esters and a neutral loss scan function. The quantitative analysis of phenylalanine and tyrosine was achieved in these samples using stable isotope dilution. This capability will facilitate the diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other amino acidemias. These new methods have the requirements of speed, accuracy and capability for automation necessary for large-scale neonatal screening of inborn errors of matabolism.
Electromechanical Modeling of the Low Frequency MEMS Energy Harvester

An analytical electromechanical model is proposed to predict the deflection, voltage and the power output a proposed low frequency micro harvesting structure. The high natural frequencies of the existing designs of MEMS vibrational energy harvesters are serious drawbacks. A zigzag design is proposed to overcome this limitation. The mode shapes of the free vibration problem are first calculated together with the natural frequencies of the structure. The piezoelectric direct and reverse effect equations together with the electrical equations are used to relate the voltage output of the structure to the base vibrations magnitude and frequency. The closed form solution of the continuous electromechanical vibrations precisely gives the power output as a function of base acceleration spectrum. The usefulness of the design is proved by the significant increase of the power output from the same base accelerations, providing a method of designing a MEMS harvester with low natural frequency.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Experimental spongy degeneration in calves.

Experimental reproduction and ultrastructural findings of spongy degeneration of the central nervous system of hyperammonemic calves are described. Hyperammonemia was produced by intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate. Histologic findings were stereotyped in all calves and characterized by widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealed widespread intramyelinic vacuoles, some expansion of extracellular spaces and swollen mitochondria. There were minimal changes in neurons, axons and glia, and little evidence of myelin breakdown. Hyperammonemia may be one of the pathogeneses involved in the CNS spongy degeneration in man and domestic animals affected with hepatocerebral diseases and some hereditary disorders.
Identification of legacy radios in a cognitive radio network using a radio frequency fingerprinting based method

Cognitive radio (CR) networks provide an open architecture for effectively utilizing communication resources through flexible opportunistic spectrum access methods. To successfully realize its benefits and minimize the misuses of a CR network, distinguishing radio/user classes (legacy radios/users versus secondary radios/users) and individual radio/user terminals (within one class/type) is a critical and challenging task in CR network operation. In this paper, we propose a radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) based approach combined with machine learning algorithms to differentiate radio/user classes and terminals. In our experiments, the proposed method is implemented for distinguishing radio class (MOTOROLA walkie talkies (as legacy radios) versus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) (as secondary radios)) and distinguishing individual radio terminals within one radio class. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is very effective in differentiating radio types and radio terminals.
Forecasting length of stay in child residential treatment.

A sample of 126 consecutively admitted residential treatment children (mean age = 9.86, SD=1.84; 70.6% male; 42.1% African American; 50% Caucasian) were studied over a five-year period to identify predictors of length-of-stay. Cox regression was the primary statistical method used to analyze psychiatric and behavioral rating data for children assessed by teachers and treatment staff using the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD). Parental alcohol abuse, and children’s age, medication status, race, initial DSMD total and critical pathology scores, were predictive of length-of-stay. Residential length-of-stay was strongly linked to initial levels of psychiatric symptomatology. Models that can help forecast length of stay are vital tools in helping to improve both clinical and utilization management strategies.
Nutritional Strategies for the Preservation of Fat Free Mass at High Altitude

Exposure to extreme altitude presents many physiological challenges. In addition to impaired physical and cognitive function, energy imbalance invariably occurs resulting in weight loss and body composition changes. Weight loss, and in particular, loss of fat free mass, combined with the inherent risks associated with extreme environments presents potential performance, safety, and health risks for those working, recreating, or conducting military operations at extreme altitude. In this review, contributors to muscle wasting at altitude are highlighted with special emphasis on protein turnover. The article will conclude with nutritional strategies that may potentially attenuate loss of fat free mass during high altitude exposure.
Scale Effects in Media With Periodic and Nearly Periodic Microstructures, Part I: Macroscopic Properties

Traditional averaging and homogenization techniques, developed to predict the macroscopic properties of heterogeneous media, typically ignore microstructure related scale effects-that is, the influence of the size of the representative volume, relative to the size of the unit cell. This issue is presently investigated by exploring the behavior of nonlinearly elastic, planar, lattice model, which is subjected to general macroscopic deformations. For these materials, scale effects may be due to nonuniformities in the macroscopic strain field throughout the specimen, or alternatively, to the presence of microstructural imperfections that may be either geometric or constitutive in nature. For the case of macroscopic strain nonuniformities, it is shown that the microstructure related scale effects can be accounted for by the presence of higher order gradient terms in the macroscopic strain energy density of the model. For the case of microstructural imperfections, the difference between the respective macroscopic properties of the perfect and imperfect models are shown to depend on the relative size of the specimen, and on the imperfection amplitude and wavelength, while being nearly insensitive to the imposed macroscopic strain. For all of the cases considered, several analytical approximations are proposed to predict the influence of scale on the macroscopic properties, and the accuracy of each method is examined.
Optical characterization of InGaAs/InP quantum wires and dots

High resolution electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching in methane-hydrogen (CH4/H2) plasmas have been used to fabricate InGaAs/InP open quantum well wires (QWW) with widths ranging from 200 to 40 nm and quantum dots (QD) with diameters ranging from 600 to 100 nm. Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra were investigated in these nanostructures as a function of excitation intensity, wire width, and dot diameter. The peak emission of the dry-etched 40 nm wires is shifted to higher energies by about 2 meV as compared to 100 nm wires. This “open wire”result is consistent with results reported for buried InGaAs/InP wires of the same width. The blue-shift of the PL peak reaches 10 meV in QDs as their diameters decrease to 100 nm. The magnitude of the observed blue shift in the QDs is larger than the blue-shift predicted on the basis of quantum confinement for the same size dots.
The simulation Curmudgeon

Computer simulation is a true success story of modern analysis, so it is hard to be anything but positive about it. But the Simulation Curmudgeon∗ thinks maybe we should question some of the standard practices of simulation. In particular, he complains “Why do we teach people to build simulation models as if they will never change? Why do we treat simulation like poor man's queueing theory? Why do we fit input distributions like it's 1922? And why, in 2013, can't we talk to our simulations?” In this presentation the Simulation Curmudgeon will expound (in a lighthearted way) on these complaints, plead guilty to most of them, and offer some thoughts about what we might be doing instead.
Method of oriented circular dichroism

We present a new method for determining the orientation of alpha-helical sections of proteins or peptides in membrane. To apply this method, membranes containing proteins must be prepared in a multilayer array. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the multilayer sample are then measured at the normal as well as oblique incident angles with respect to the bilayer planes; we call such spectra oriented circular dichroism (OCD). The procedure of OCD measurement, particularly the ways to avoid the spectral artifacts due to the effects of dielectric interfaces, linear dichroism and birefringence, and the method of data analysis are described in detail. To illustrate the method, we analyze the OCD of alamethicin in diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine multilayers. We conclude unambiguously that the helical section of alamethicin is parallel to the membrane normal when the sample is in the full-hydration state, but the helical section rotates to the plane of membrane when the sample is in a low-hydration state. We also obtained the parallel and perpendicular CD spectra of alpha-helix, and found them to be in agreement with previous theoretical calculations based on the exciton theory. These spectra are useful for analyzing protein orientations in future experiments.
Probing plasmons in graphene by resonance energy transfer

We theoretically propose an experimental method to probe electronic excitations in graphene---a monoatomic layer of carbon---by monitoring the fluorescence quenching of a semiconductor quantum dot (or a dye molecule) due to the resonance energy transfer to the graphene sheet. We show how the dispersion relation of plasmons in graphene can be accurately extracted by varying the back-gate voltage and the distance between the quantum dot and graphene.
Electric field-directed assembly of gold and platinum nanowires from an electrolysis process

Gold and platinum nanowires have been grown on a silicon dioxide surface between two microfabricated electrodes from an electrolysis process under an AC signal with a DC offset. In the process, the anode electrode acted as a sacrificing layer and oxidized to metal ions. The metal ions were reduced to particles and aligned along the electric field forming nanowires connected with the cathode. Greater than 10 V and 12 V DC offset were required for growing gold and platinum nanowires, respectively. Other factors affecting the growth of the nanowires include frequency of applied bias and gap between the electrodes.
Sparse-sampling parallel Raman/SERS microspectroscopy by active illumination for high-throughput molecular analysis of micro and nanoparticles

We present the applications of parallel Raman/SERS microspectroscopy by active illumination for simultaneously obtaining the full Raman/SERS spectra from multiple points within a field of view ~100 x 100 μm2 and ~micron spatial resolution. Two schemes have been employed in these studies: line-scan and programmable active illumination. We demonstrate the rapid classification of microparticles with similar shape, size and refractive index based on their chemical composition. We also demonstrate the rapid microanalysis of self-assembled monolayers on various types of gold nanostructures via SERS.
Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in high-risk bariatric surgery.

Bariatric patients are at significant risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and a subset may benefit from retrievable inferior vena cava filters (rIVCFs). Optimal VTE prophylaxis and a consensus on factors which make bariatric patients high risk have not been established. This study describes our experience with the use of rIVCFs in combination with chemoprophylaxis for high-risk bariatric surgery patients. A retrospective review was performed of high-risk patients bariatric surgery patients. Patients with a hypercoaguable condition, prior history of VTE, body mass index (BMI) > 55 kg/m2, and severe immobility were considered high risk. Patients underwent rIVCF placement and standard chemoprophylaxis. A venogram was performed at retrieval. Forty-four patients, age of 48 ± 12 years and BMI of 58.4 ± 9.4 kg/m2 underwent gastric bypass with rIVCF placement. Follow-up was 204 days. One patient had a preoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT). All patients received chemoprophylaxis and rIVCF placement. Indications for rIVCF were BMI (68%), prior VTE (30%), and immobility (2%). The operation was performed laparoscopically in all patients, and the mean operative time was 106.1 ± 21.6 min and length of stay was 3.1 ± 1.2 days. Postoperative venous duplex revealed two DVTs (5%). Retrieval was successful in 28 patients. No significant thrombus was found on venogram. Two minor complications of filter placement occurred. One mortality occurred due to MI, and no pulmonary emboli were clinically evident. rIVCFs in our cohort of high-risk bariatric surgery patients was associated with an acceptably low incidence of DVT (5%) and no clinically evident PE. Despite safe removal after long dwell times, previous data suggest that rIVCFs are associated with a higher incidence of VTE. Thus, filters, if placed, should be removed once the risk of VTE has passed. Larger multicenter studies are needed to truly identify long-term safety and efficacy of rIVCFs.
Compact couplers between dielectric and plasmonic slot waveguides

We theoretically investigate the properties of compact couplers between high-index contrast dielectric slab waveguides and two-dimensional metal-dielectric-metal subwavelength plasmonic waveguides. We show that a coupler created by simply placing a dielectric waveguide terminated flat at the exit end of a plasmonic waveguide can be designed to have a transmission efficiency of ~70% at the optical communication wavelength. We also show that the transmission efficiency of the couplers can be further increased by using optimized multisection tapers. In both cases the transmission response is broadband. In addition, we investigate the properties of a Fabry-Perot structure in which light is coupled in and out of a plasmonic waveguide sandwiched between dielectric waveguides. Finally, we discuss potential fabrication processes for structures that demonstrate the predicted effects.
Position-Dependent Characterization of Passive Wrist Stiffness

Because the dynamics of wrist rotations are dominated by stiffness, understanding wrist rotations requires a thorough characterization of wrist stiffness in multiple degrees of freedom. The only prior measurement of multivariable wrist stiffness was confined to approximately one-seventh of the wrist range of motion (ROM). Here, we present a precise nonlinear characterization of passive wrist joint stiffness over a range three times greater, which covers approximately 70% of the functional ROM of the wrist. We measured the torque-displacement vector field in 24 directions and fit the data using thin-plate spline smoothing optimized with generalized cross validation. To assess anisotropy and nonlinearity, we subsequently derived several different approximations of the stiffness due to this multivariable vector field. The directional variation of stiffness was more pronounced than reported previously. A linear approximation (obtained by multiple linear regression over the entire field) was significantly more anisotropic (eigenvalue ratio of 2.69 ± 0.52 versus 1.58 ± 0.39; p <; 0.001) though less misaligned with the anatomical wrist axes (12.1 ± 4.6° versus 21.2 ± 9.2°; p <; 0.001). We also found that stiffness over this range exhibited considerable nonlinearity-the error associated with a linear approximation was 20-30%. The nonlinear characterization over this greater range confirmed significantly greater stiffness in radial deviation compared to ulnar deviation. This study provides a characterization of passive wrist stiffness better suited to investigations of natural wrist rotations, which cover much of the wrist's ROM. It also provides a baseline for the study of neurological and/or orthopedic disorders that result in abnormal wrist stiffness.
All for One or One for All: An Analysis of the Concepts of Patriotism and Others in Multicultural Korea through Elementary Moral Education Textbooks.

Korea faces a unique and complicated situation in becoming multicultural. Modern Korean education has changed several times in response to the contextual shifts which have occurred in the country’s demographic composition. Given the complex social circumstances which exist in Korean society, this paper explores how the social ideologies of patriotism and multiculturalism are presented in Korean elementary moral education textbooks which are currently used. In order to do so, we particularly examine which groups are considered as “others” in Korean multicultural society. With this approach, we aim to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how moral education textbooks reflect current conditions present in Korea.
Uptake of tritiated 1,2-dibromoethane by Tradescantia floral tissues: Relation to induced mutation frequency in stamen hair cells

Abstract Inflorescences of two clones of Tradescantia (02 and 4430) have been exposed to the gaseous form of tritium-labeled 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). A comparison of chemical exposure concentration and tissue dose for various exposure periods indicates that DBE readily and rapidly penetrates through the outer sepal and petal tissues to the critical stamen hair cells—the targets for mutation induction. Bud and open flower tissues of both clones contain generally similar amounts of [ 3 H]-DBE after similar exposures; thus, a differential penetration or uptake of the mutagen into the tissues of these clones cannot account for the 7–9-fold difference between clones in pink mutation frequency elicited by DBE exposure. Autoradiographs of stamen hair cells show clearly that the DBE is not localized, but distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus. Comparison of [ 3 H]-DBE-induced pink mutation-response curves to those derived previously with unlabeled DBE reveals that the rad dose from tritium could not account entirely for the elevated mutation response following exposure to the [ 3 H]-DBE. Plots of the total exposure to [ 3 H]-DBE vs both tissue molar concentrations of [ 3 H]-DBE and pink mutation incidence following exposure to DBE makes possible the construction of true target-tissue dose-response curves.
Contributions of natural emissions to ozone and PM2.5 as simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model.

The relative roles of natural and anthropogenic sources in determining ozone and fine particle concentrations over the continental United States (U.S.) are investigated using an expanded emissions inventory of natural sources and an updated version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Various 12-month CMAQ simulations for the year 2002 using different sets of input emissions data are combined to delineate the contributions of background pollutants (i.e., model boundary conditions), natural emissions, anthropogenic emissions, as well as the specific impacts of lightning and wildfires. Results are compared with observations and previous air quality model simulations. Wildfires and lightning are both identified as contributing significantly to ozone levels with lightning NOx adding as much as 25–30 ppbV (or up to about 50%) to surface 8-h average natural O3 mixing ratios in the southeastern U.S. Simulated wildfire emissions added more than 50 ppbV (in some cases >90%) to 8-h natural O3 at se...
Social class and crime: a biosocial approach

Sociological thinking has dominated criminological scholarship since the two disciplines parted ways more than half a century ago. Though sociology and criminology have formed distinct disciplines,...