cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmental mastectomy plus radiation therapy for stage I cancer of the breast.

Segmental mastectomy (surgical removal of the palpable tumor mass with a shell of normal tissue) plus irradiation to the entire remaining breast and regional lymph nodes is commonly used in other countries as a treatment for Stage I cancer of the breast. It is not, however, generally practiced or accepted in the United States. Adequate postoperative irradiation consisting of 4,500–5,000 rads to regional lymph nodes and a slightly higher dose to the breast itself will eliminate more than 90% of remaining subclinical tumor, as evidenced by very low local recurrence rates. Many patients having local recurrence may then be salvaged by mastectomy or axillary node dissection. Equal five- and ten-year survival rates are obtained compared with radical mastectomy with less physical and psychological morbidity for the patient. While this treatment is not suitable for all Stage I cases, its efficacy should be more widely recognized.
Effects of a new congener of dibenamine on the actions of sympathomimetic amines.

Summary and Conclusions1. Drug 194 (N-benzyl-N-β-phenylisopropyl-β chloroethylamine hydrochloride), has been shown to be a potent antagonist of certain excitatory effects of a number of sympathomimetic agents. In the cat, 194 reduced or abolished pressor responses to aliphatic and aromatic amines and to catechol. In the presence of 194, all the compounds, except neosynephrine, privine, and paredrinol, manifested depressor activity.2. The effects of nerve stimulation on the nictitating membrane of the cat were less effectively blocked by 194 than were the effects of epinephrine. 194 also could prevent or interrupt nictitating membrane contractions induced by sympathomimetic amines other than epinephrine.
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CULTURAL VALUES IN THE UNITED STATES

IA MERICAN anthropologists have made no systematic and comprehensive study of the culture of the United States. The few attempts by followers of this discipline to generalize upon the ways of North Americans, such as those of Mead, Gorer, and the Kluckhohns have on their own admission been tentative and suggestive rather than definitive.' The same will be true of the present brief discussion. Anthropological data on our own culture have been produced mostly by "community studies," either carried out by professional cultural anthropologists themselves or under their direction or inspiration. This has represented a transference of methods and point of view from the study of the tribe by ethnologists to the local group in our own society. As Goldschmidt2 has pointed out, care must be taken not to make the unwarranted assumption that a given American community represents or exhibits the whole of American culture in microcosm. The typical "primitive" tribe or selfcontained peasant community contains the cultural universe of its members. But no community that is an integral part of American society exhibits the total culture of this nation. Numerous subcultures exist within the general pattern of the country. And in the nature of the case all of them cannot be present in any single community; for example, class subcultures, urban as over against rural subcultures, occupational and professional subcultures, and, not least, regional subcultures. It should also be added that none of the American community studies have attempted a complete exposition and analysis even of the local sys
Access Control for Authorized Video in Information-Centric Networking

Information-centric networking(ICN) can greatly improve the efficiency of video content, however,in-network caching in ICN also brings us a new access control challenge. The purpose of authorized video access control is to ensure that only authorized users can watch them, and to prevent unauthorized accesses to these authorized videos. In ICN, when authorized videos were cached in the routers, anyone can get and watch them without the authorized videos' producers' permission. The existing methods could not solve this problem well, an access control scheme was proposed that based on splitting and digital watermarking. The authorized video was splitted into two parts, public content block(PCB) and content key block(CKB), respectively. PCB which was generally relatively large, was the same for all users, and CKB which was generally relatively small, was unique for each authorized users using digital watermarking technology. Users must received both PCB and CKB to watch videos. After the analysis, the access control scheme for authorized videos has a good performance in both security and network resource optimization.
IN THE EYE OF THE STORM : VISUALIZING THE QAJAR AXIS OF KINGSHIP'

L’A. etudie les politiques de grands travaux menes par les Sefevides puis les Qadjar et la dialectique du discours politique sous-tendu par ces politiques urbaines et ses realisations architecturales.
Providing Services to Older Adults with HIV Disease

People living with HIV (PLWHIV) deal with an array of physical-health, mental-health, and social challenges that typically require support from a variety of service providers. This chapter highlights a discussion on the challenges involved in providing care to older PLWHIV, followed by a review of case management practice and its role in helping clients to identify and access community services frequently utilized by people with HIV disease. For older PLWHIV who remain in or re-enter the workforce, the case manager can provide advice regarding federal laws that protect persons from discrimination based on age or HIV status. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) covers any business employing 15 or more people and provides protection for employees against being fired or denied promotion due to disability; it also stipulates that disability cannot be legally used as a reason for refusing to hire a person. The chapter briefly discusses issues involving several selected aspects of providing healthcare services to older PLWHIV. In addition, strategies to enhance the quality of care and HIV-related services to older adults are presented.
Deposits of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami

Abstract The 1992 Nicaragua tsunami left a sand sheet that is a few millimetres to about ten centimetres in thickness, and also cobbles and boulders. Burrows beneath the deposit filled with coarse sediment record the passage of the steep front of the tsunami. Vertical grading is usually normal (fining upward) as is horizontal grading (inland fining). Detailed measurements of horizontal and vertical grading at Playa de Popoyo and nearby areas show local reversals of these grading trends. Horizontal grading of large clasts shows complex patterns, including patches and abrupt distal limits to transport. Two locations where vertical grading was measured along the same shore-perpendicular line include specific distributions that can be correlated between locations. These locations show landward fining, resulting in one case from a thinning of the coarser basal section of the deposit, and in another case from fining of the basal section. Overall, the simple, single wave of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami, as recorded on tide gauges, was recorded sedimentologically as a fairly simple, single, normally graded bed.
Epidural Analgesia for Labor: Continuous Infusion Versus Programmed Intermittent Bolus

Despite the traditional practice to maintain labor analgesia with a combination of continuous epidural infusion and patient-controlled epidural analgesia using an automated epidural pump; compelling data now shows that bolus injection through the epidural catheter may result in better distribution of anesthetic solution in the epidural space. The programmed intermittent epidural bolus technique is proposed as a better maintenance mode and may represent a more effective mode of maintaining epidural analgesia for labor, especially prolonged labor. Additional prospective and adequately powered studies are needed to confirm findings and determine the optimal combination of volume, rate, time, and drug concentration.
Single-Subject Studies in Translational Nutrition Research.

There is a great deal of interest in personalized, individualized, or precision interventions for disease and health-risk mitigation. This is as true of nutrition-based intervention and prevention strategies as it is for pharmacotherapies and pharmaceutical-oriented prevention strategies. Essentially, technological breakthroughs have enabled researchers to probe an individual's unique genetic, biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and exposure profile, allowing them to identify very specific and often nuanced factors that an individual might possess, which may make it more or less likely that he or she responds favorably to a particular intervention (e.g., nutrient supplementation) or disease prevention strategy (e.g., specific diet). However, as compelling and intuitive as personalized nutrition might be in the current era in which data-intensive biomedical characterization of individuals is possible, appropriately and objectively vetting personalized nutrition strategies is not trivial and requires no...
Blending Humanistic and Rhetorical Analysis to Locate Gendered Dimensions of Kenyan Medical Practitioner Attitudes About Cancer

Medical humanities and the rhetoric of health and medicine apply different methods to healthcare documents and discourses. This methodological reflection of a project studying cancer attitudes in K...
Magnitude of Soft-Tissue Defect as a Predictor of Free Flap Failures: Does Size Matter?

OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the magnitude of soft-tissue defect and the risk of free-flap and limb-salvage complications/failures. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Level I Trauma Center. PATIENTS One hundred twelve patients with free tissue transfers between January 2009 and June 2015. INTERVENTION A standardized approach using a consistent team of 2 orthopaedic microvascular surgeons was used for each free-flap reconstruction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Soft tissue defect size, total or partial flap failure, and unplanned reoperations. RESULTS Of 112 free-flap reconstructions, 57 complications occurred in 43-cases (38%) including 5 total flap failures (4.5%), 7 partial flap failures (6%), and 8 early (7%) and 38 delayed complications (33%). There was a significant correlation between the large defect size (≥200 cm) and partial/total flap failure (n = 80, P = 0.023). There was also a significant correlation between large soft tissue defect size and any complication that is, total or partial failure and early or delayed unplanned return to the operating room (n = 80, P = 0.002). Of the flaps used, multivariate analysis revealed that latissimus flaps had higher odds for failure. CONCLUSIONS Soft-tissue defect size ≥200 cm can be associated with a higher rate of total or partial flap failure and any complication in acute trauma setting, which may be due to a larger zone of injury, a higher level of difficulty in achieving complete debridement, and a more complex microvascular dissection. Current and future efforts will need to continue to focus on risk stratification for limb salvage efforts because an accurate assessment of risk is important to the patient, health care provider, and the health care system in general. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Experimental Myopia in Rabbits

About 1 diopter (D) myopic change was induced experimentally in rabbit eyes by raising the body temperature and increasing the intraocular pressure with a specially designed suction cup. The myopic changes only took place when the body temperature was 41 to 43° C, intraocular pressure was above 40 mm. Hg, and topical atropine was given. Eyes subjected to repeated high pressure after the initial experiment exhibited greater changes. It seemed that imbalance between the intraocular pressure and elastic properties of the eye coat produced myopia.
Very Few People Say "No Whites": Gay Men of Color and The Racial Politics of Desire.

Rather than individual preferences, examination of sexual fields demonstrates that what is considered desirable by a majority of gay men follows a predictable pattern and is embedded with larger so...
Amazon Fast Tracks Transformation

Amazon opened its web site to the public in 1995, at a time when buying a product on the Internet was far from simple. Few of the product search options, customer reviews and user interfaces that today’s ecommerce shoppers take for granted were fully developed. Each online store made its own idiosyncratic design choices about how to illustrate its products, where to locate the shopping cart icon, and how many steps were needed to complete a purchase. Often such decisions were based on the aesthetic of the site designer rather than on any data about keeping visitors engaged or the best way to manage the checkout process so that customers didn’t abandon their online shopping carts. As Jeff Bezos put it in his 1997 letter to Amazon shareholders, “This is Day 1 for the Internet, and, if we execute well, for Amazon.com” (Bezos 1997).
Impact of time on yield and properties of biocrude during downstream processing of product mixture derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalga

This paper is a study on effects of separation procedures on yield and characteristics of biocrude derived from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Tetraselmis sp. microalgae. The algae was grown and cultivated in outdoor open raceway ponds. The HTL experiments were performed using 1 l custom built high pressure–temperature reactor with inbuilt magnetic stirrer. HTL experimental studies were conducted at reaction temperature of 350 °C and 15 min holding time using alga solids loading of 16 w/v%. HTL product mixture diluted with dichloromethane (ratio 1:1) was allowed to stand for 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h, 11 h, 12 h and 15 h at room temperature. The result showed that varying stand times for product mixture separation influenced yields in biocrude, solid residue and dissolved aqueous solids. Biocrude yields were in the range of 30 wt% to 56 wt% characterised with higher heating value of ~ 35 to 37 MJ/kg and hydrogen to carbon atomic ratios of 1.56 to 1.95. Maximum yield of biocrude was obtained after 9 h stand time for product mixture and dichloromethane (PM–DCM) mixture. Although, varying PM–DCM mixture stand times showed variation in product yields, there was no clear trend in distribution of elemental contents. Majority of alkali metals distributed in aqueous phase and solid residue, which could be used as nutrients, an alternative to conventional fertiliser.
Nondestructive fuel assay of laser targets. I. X-ray method

Abstract A convenient method of nondestructively assaying the tritium content of gas-filled glass or metal laser targets is described. Calibration factors for various target tyoes have been obtained, permitting the fast and accurate determination of ng quantities of tritium using a simple assembly of gas proportional X-ray counter tubes.
Organic Matter Integration, Overprinting, and the Relative Fraction of Optically Active Organic Carbon in a Human-Impacted Watershed

Rivers continually integrate terrestrial organic matter (OM) into their waters, in a process that transfers 1.9 Pg C yr-1, as the primary linkage between oceanic and terrestrial carbon cycles. Yet rivers are not simple, conservative OM integrators. Patchy local land uses (wetlands, bogs, agriculture) release OM that can disproportionately alter river biogeochemistry and overprint upstream carbon. These releases are quantifiable at the plot scale but remain unpredictable across river reaches and watersheds, critically inhibiting our ability to scale up terrestrial-aquatic linkages to regional/global carbon cycling models. We evaluated OM overprinting distance along a human-influenced watershed to quantify river integration of terrestrial OM and to bridge the quantification gap between habitats and waterway biogeochemistry. We investigated changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition (lignin phenols, excitation-emission spectra using parallel factor analysis [PARAFAC], and the relative fraction of optically active DOM [EEMDOC]). DOC concentrations increased continually (p<0.001) downstream, from median 1.0 mg L-1 at 30 km (headwaters) to 3.3 mg L-1 at the river mouth. This rate of increase corresponded to a DOC overprinting distance—the longitudinal distance over which DOC concentrations double—of 13 km. Mainstem DOC overprinting distance ranged from 8 km (winter, rainy season) to 21 km (summer, dry / irrigation season), highlighting stronger overprinting during increased hydraulic connectivity. Stronger overprinting also correlated to higher EEMDOC (p<0.001). Overprinting distance effectively quantifies river integration of DOM along the terrestrial-aquatic interface, helping to refine bottom-up carbon cycle estimates, inform upscaling of site-specific fluxes, and track land use and climate influence on river biogeochemistry.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL CYTOLOGY

Cytologists have been too long content with the descriptive phase of their science. Cells of widely different character, and, consequently, in most diverse states or phases of physiologic activity, and prepared for study by the application of sundry methods, have served them for morphologic study and physiologic interpretation. This is responsible, in no small measure, (1) for the widely different results occasionally reported by different investigators working with supposedly identical material, and, (2) for the conflicting views now held with reference to the nature and the mechanism of the spindle, the behavior and function of the nucleoli, etc. cell structures that have been the object of study since the beginning of the science. The development of experimental cytology in recent years bids fair to lead us along lines of research affecting the intimate relation between the function and the structure of the cell organs, and through this relation to the discovery of the principles underlying cell activity. It has become quite generally recognized that the most noteworthy achievement in the progress of cell-study concerns, as one of the pioneers in experimental cytology says, ' ' die Methode der Forschung. Lange Zeit iiber eine rein deskriptive Wissenschaft, versucht die Zellenlehre in der Neuzeit den exakten Wissenschaften, Physik und Chemie, nachzueifern, die Erscheinungen nicht nur zu beschreiben, sondern ursachlich zu begreifen, einerseits auf dem Wege des Experiments, anderseits durch die Anwendung exakter Messmethoden ' ' (13, p. 2). In following this newer line of cell-study one should never lose sight of the fact that during its period of activity the cell is subjected to a continuous series of chemical and physical processes induced by internal, and modi-
Studies on etiology and molecular genetics of myopia: present and future

Achievements in the field of etiology and molecular genetics of myopia have been summarized on the book "The Myopias" recently published by the People's Hygiene Publications (Chapters 6 and 7). This paper reviews the literatures on the etiology and molecular genetics of myopia that published (late 2007 to January 15, 2010) after the completion of this book and discusses the prospective of studies in this field. Key words: Myopia; High myopia; Gene mapping; Candidate gene; Linkage analysis; Genomic-wide association study
Optimizing Loss Functions Through Multivariate Taylor Polynomial Parameterization

Metalearning of deep neural network (DNN) architectures and hyperparameters has become an increasingly important area of research. Loss functions are a type of metaknowledge that is crucial to effective training of DNNs, however, their potential role in metalearning has not yet been fully explored. Whereas early work focused on genetic programming (GP) on tree representations, this paper proposes continuous CMA-ES optimization of multivariate Taylor polynomial parameterizations. This approach, TaylorGLO, makes it possible to represent and search useful loss functions more effectively. In MNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN benchmark tasks, TaylorGLO finds new loss functions that outperform functions previously discovered through GP, as well as the standard cross-entropy loss, in fewer generations. These functions serve to regularize the learning task by discouraging overfitting to the labels, which is particularly useful in tasks where limited training data is available. The results thus demonstrate that loss function optimization is a productive new avenue for metalearning.
Can One Hear the Shape of a Molecule (from its Coulomb Matrix Eigenvalues)

Coulomb matrix eigenvalues (CMEs) are global 3D representations of molecular structure, which have been previously used to predict atomization energies, prioritize geometry searches, and interpret ...
Visualization and Sequencing of Accessible Chromatin Reveals Cell Cycle and Post-HDAC inhibitor Treatment Dynamics

Chromatin accessibility is a predictor of gene expression, cell division, and cell type specificity. NicE-viewSeq (Nicking Enzyme-assisted viewing and Sequencing) allows accessible chromatin visualization and sequencing with overall lower mitochondrial DNA and duplicated sequences interference relative to ATAC-see. Using NicE-viewSeq, we interrogated the accessibility of chromatin in a cell cycle (G1, S, and G2/M)-specific manner using mammalian cells. Despite DNA replication and subsequent condensation of chromatin to chromosomes, chromatin accessibility remained generally preserved with minimal subtle alterations. Genome-wide alteration of chromatin accessibility within TSS and enhancer elements gradually decreased as cells progressed from G1 to G2M, with distinct differential accessibility near consensus transcription factors sites. Inhibition of histone deacetylases promoted accessible chromatin within gene bodies, correlating with apoptotic gene expression. In addition, reduced chromatin accessibility for the MYC oncogene pathway correlated with downregulation of pertinent genes. Surprisingly, repetitive RNA loci expression remained unaltered following histone acetylation-mediated increased accessibility. Therefore, we suggest that subtle changes in chromatin accessibility are a prerequisite during the cell cycle and histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated therapeutics.
Lateral, Vertical, and Temporal Variability of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry at Hog Reef, Bermuda

Spatial and temporal carbonate chemistry variability on coral reefs is influenced by a combination of seawater hydrodynamics, geomorphology, and biogeochemical processes, though their relative influence varies by site. It is often assumed that the water column above most reefs is well-mixed with small to no gradients outside of the benthic boundary layer. However, few studies to date have explored the processes and properties controlling these multi-dimensional gradients. Here, we investigated the lateral, vertical, and temporal variability of seawater carbonate chemistry on a Bermudan rim reef using a combination of spatial seawater chemistry surveys and autonomous in situ sensors. Instruments were deployed at Hog Reef measuring current flow, seawater temperature, salinity, pHT, pCO2, dissolved oxygen (DO), and total alkalinity (TA) on the benthos, and temperature, salinity, DO, and pCO2 at the surface. Water samples from spatial surveys were collected from surface and bottom depths at 13 stations covering ~3 km2 across four days. High frequency temporal variability in carbonate chemistry was driven by a combination of diel light and mixed semi-diurnal tidal cycles on the reef. Daytime gradients in DO between the surface and the benthos suggested significant water column production contributing to distinct diel trends in pHT, pCO2, and DO, but not TA. We hypothesize these differences reflect the differential effect of biogeochemical processes important in both the water column and benthos (organic carbon production/respiration) versus processes mainly occurring on the benthos (calcium carbonate production/dissolution). Locally at Hog Reef, the relative magnitude of the diel variability of organic carbon production/respiration was 1.4 to 4.6 times larger than that of calcium carbonate production/dissolution, though estimates of net organic carbon production and calcification based on inshore-offshore chemical gradients revealed net heterotrophy (-118 ± 51 mmol m-2 day-1) and net calcification (150 ± 37 mmol CaCO3 m-2 day-1). These results reflect the important roles of time and space in assessing reef biogeochemical processes. The spatial variability in carbonate chemistry parameters was larger laterally than vertically and was generally observed in conjunction with depth gradients, but varied between sampling events, depending on time of day and modifications due to current flow.
Hyperoxia causes senescence and increases glycolysis in cultured lung epithelial cells

Supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation commonly used in premature infants may lead to chronic lung disease of prematurity, which is characterized by arrested alveolar development and dysmorphic vascular development. Hyperoxia is also known to dysregulate p53, senescence, and metabolism. However, whether these changes in p53, senescence, and metabolism are intertwined in response to hyperoxia is still unknown. Given that the lung epithelium is the first cell to encounter ambient oxygen during a hyperoxic exposure, we used mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12), surfactant protein expressing type II cells, to explore whether hyperoxic exposure alters senescence and glycolysis. We measured glycolytic rate using a Seahorse Bioanalyzer assay and senescence using a senescence-associated β galactosidase activity assay with X-gal and C12 FDG as substrates. We found that hyperoxic exposure caused senescence and increased glycolysis as well as reduced proliferation. This was associated with increased double stranded DNA damage, p53 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Furthermore, hyperoxia-induced senescence was p53-dependent, but not pRB-dependent, as shown in p53KO and pRBKO cell lines. Despite the inhibitory effects of p53 on glycolysis, we observed that glycolysis was upregulated in hyperoxia-exposed MLE-12 cells. This was attributable to a subpopulation of highly glycolytic senescent cells detected by C12 FDG sorting. Nevertheless, inhibition of glycolysis did not prevent hyperoxia-induced senescence. Therapeutic strategies modulating p53 and glycolysis may be useful to mitigate the detrimental consequences of hyperoxia in the neonatal lung.
Octogenarians Are Independently Associated With Extended LOS and Non-Routine Discharge After Elective ACDF for CSM.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the impact age has on LOS and discharge disposition following elective ACDF for cervical spondylotic myelopa...
Markov Chains and Their Convergence

When running a MCMC sampler, one is often fascinated by the fact that the sampler can produce desirable random samples from a target distribution by making a series of local changes to an arbitrary initial state. It is therefore a natural question to ask: What makes this operation work? Why can we obtain “typical samples” from a target distribution by conducting a series of local moves? A basic tool for studying theoretical properties of these Monte Carlo algorithms is the Markov chain theory.
Rice Improvement And Culture In The United States

Publisher Summary This chapter describes rice improvement and culture in the United States of America. Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. Rice has been grown as a commercial crop in the United States since the latter part of the 17th century. The chapter deals with soil and climatic requirements, cropping systems, land preparation, irrigation and drainage, seeding rice, crop fertilization, harvesting, drying, storing, and milling. Diseases, weeds, insects, and other pests are also described in the chapter. The chapter also deals with origin, Botany, and genetics of Rice.
Coincidence problem and combination resonance

The similarity between coincidence problem in jet engines and combination resonance in the classical theory of parametric excitation is pointed out. The results corresponding to the deterministic excitation are generalized to include the stationary narrow-band Gaussian random excitation, and in this manner the similarity between the combination resonance caused by harmonic excitations and that induced by narrow-band random excitations, is illustrated. Finally, simple stability criteria are given in power series of a small parameter e, and the first-order terms are explicitly calculated.
Levels of small molecules and enzymes in the mother cell compartment and the forespore of sporulating Bacillus megaterium.

We have determined the amounts of a number of small molecules and enzymes in the mother cell compartment and the developing forespore during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. Significant amounts of adenosine 5′-triphosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were present in the forespore compartment before accumulation of dipicolinic acid (DPA), but these compounds disappeared as DPA was accumulated. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) accumulated only within the developing forespore, beginning 1 to 2 h before DPA accumulation. Throughout its development the forespore contained constant levels of enzymes of both 3-PGA synthesis (phosphoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and 3-PGA utilization (phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase) at levels similar to those in the mother cell and the dormant spore. Despite the presence of enzymes for 3-PGA utilization, this compound was stable within isolated forespores. Two acid-soluble proteins (A and B proteins) also accumulated only in the forespore, beginning 1 to 2 h before DPA accumulation. At this time the specific protease involved in degradation of the A and B proteins during germination also appeared, but only in the forespore compartment. Nevertheless, the A and B proteins were stable within isolated forespores. Arginine and glutamic acid accumulated within the forespore in parallel with DPA accumulation. The forespore also contained the enzyme arginase at a level similar to that in the mother cell and a level of glutamic acid decarboxylase 2- to 25-fold higher than that in the mother cell, depending on when in sporulation the forespores were isolated. The specific activities of several other enzymes (protease active on hemoglobin, ornithine transcarbamylase, malate dehydrogenase, aconitase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase) in forespores were about 10% or less of the values in the mother cell. Aminopeptidase was present at similar levels in both compartments; threonine deaminase was not found in either compartment.
Multi-objective autonomous vehicle navigation in the presence of cooperative and adversarial moving contacts

Effective control of autonomous marine vehicles is a difficult problem that continues to increase in complexity as our aspirations and expectations become more ambitious. We discuss here two factors that lead this trend: the need to operate in environments with other moving vehicles, and the expectation that control reflect some sense of optimality where there is the opportunity and payoff for doing so. We present here a method for representing and solving multi-objective optimization problems suitable for controlling vehicles in such situations. This method is called Interval Programming (IvP).
Effects of anions on the substrate affinities of the pyridoxal and pyridoxamine forms of mitochondrial and supernatant aspartate transaminases.

Abstract The effects of anions on substrate binding to the mitochondrial and supernatant isozymes of aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) have been studied by direct spectrophotometric titrations of the active site-bound pyridoxal phosphate. The binding affinity of both isozymes for amino and dicarboxylic acids is dependent on the type and concentration of buffer anions. At high physiological pH, the substrate dissociation constants are proportional to the anion concentration. At low pH, substrate binding to the enzyme involves the displacement of more than one anion. The anions act as competitive inhibitors of the substrates and are thought to occupy the positively charged sites at the isozymes' active center where the substrate(s) carboxyl group(s) bind. Of all the anions studied, the order of inhibition was benzoate g chloride g acetate g phosphate g cacodylate. The comparison of the dissociation constants of the enzyme-substrate complexes for the mitochondrial and supernatant isozymes confirms that, although there is competition between the anions and the substrates or dicarboxylic acid inhibitors for the active center of the enzyme, the anion independent dissociation constants for substrates and inhibitors are intrinsically different in each isozyme. The various buffer anions also affect the pK of the active site-bound pyridoxal phosphate chromophore in different ways. Instead of the pK values of 6.3 previously reported for the mitochondrial and supernatant chromophore in chloride or phosphate buffers (high affinity anions), a pK of 5.4 can be measured for both transaminases with cacodylate buffers (low affinity anions). Thus, the binding of anions results in a pK shift of the chromophore to higher pH. This shift seems to be more pronounced the higher the affinity of the enzyme for the anion. Anions also act as competitive inhibitors for the second half of the transamination, the conversion of the pyridoxamine enzyme to the pyridoxal enzyme. The anion-binding affinities of the pyridoxamine enzyme are higher than those for the pyridoxal enzyme in both supernatant and mitochondrial transminases. Thus, a given anion concentration will affect unequally the apparent affinity of the pyridoxal form for amino acid and of the pyridoxamine form for keto acid. Since in general, the mitochondrial enzyme shows a higher anion affinity than the supernatant isozyme, whether in the pyridoxal or pyridoxamine form, the anion competition with substrates at any given concentration will be greater for the mitochondrial isozyme. The mechanistic schemes of either isozyme of aspartate transaminase must, therefore, include anion effects. Besides the obligatory enzyme substrate intermediates, there must be complexes such as pyridoxal enzyme-anion and pyridoxamine enzyme-anions in equilibrium mixtures of aspartate transaminase, substrate(s), and buffers.
Bioethics programs evolve as they grow.

With bioethics squarely in the news comes new scrutiny on exactly what it takes to train a bioethicist.
Limit cycles and asymptotic stability of delta-operator formulated discrete-time systems implemented in fixed-point arithmetic

This paper analyzes the problem of global asymptotic stability of delta-operator formulated discrete-time systems implemented in fixed-point arithmetic. It is shown that the free response of such a system tends to produce period one limit cycles if conventional quantization arithmetic schemes are used. Explicit necessary conditions for global asymptotic stability are derived, and these demonstrate that, in almost all cases, fixed-point arithmetic does not allow for global asymptotic stability in delta-operator formulated discrete-time systems that use a short sampling time. >
An SPN planning methodology with neural networks

This paper presents a planning methodology based on stochastic Petri nets and neural nets. The SPN plan method generates a global plan based on the states of the elements of the universe of discourse. The plan includes all the possible conflict-free planning paths to achieve the goals. Moreover, it presents all the interesting features of the SPN model, such as synchronization, parallelism, concurrency and timing of events. An associated neural network is used for searching the SPN network for the appropriate selection of plans. The coordination of two robot hands is used as an illustrative example for the proposed method. >
A Retrospective Review of CyberKnife Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Adrenal Tumors (Primary and Metastatic): Winthrop University Hospital Experience

The adrenal gland is a common site of cancer metastasis. Surgery remains a mainstay of treatment for solitary adrenal metastasis. For patients who cannot undergo surgery, radiation is an alternative option. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an ablative treatment option allowing larger doses to be delivered over a shorter period of time. In this study, we report on our experience with the use of SBRT to treat adrenal metastases using CyberKnife technology. We retrospectively reviewed the Winthrop University radiation oncology data base to identify 14 patients for whom SBRT was administered to treat malignant adrenal disease. Of the factors examined, the biological equivalent dose (BED) of radiation delivered was found to be the most important predictor of local adrenal tumor control. We conclude that CyberKnife-based SBRT is a safe, non-invasive modality that has broadened the therapeutic options for the treatment of isolated adrenal metastases.
Material Culture Studies

An interdisciplinary endeavor addressing empirical and theoretical questions, material culture studies examine the dynamic role that things play within social organization and in subjective experience. It is partly through our interactions with material culture (at times referred to as “goods,” “commodities,” “objects,” “artifacts,” or even “stuff”) that we both interpret and insert ourselves into the world, and thus it represents an extremely important, but oddly underexamined area of research, perhaps because, as many scholars have pointed out, the ubiquity of material culture makes it easy to overlook. Since most commodities present some aspect of materiality, the field of material culture studies is of considerable significance to consumption studies (and indeed the histories of these two fields of research are entwined). Advances in material culture studies will continue to inform research on consumption by refiguring our understandings of subject–object relations, practices of acquisition and divestment, and processes of interpretation, resistance, and alienation. Keywords: commodity; materialism; symbolism
Deironization of Ni–Cu Concentrated Matte with SiO2–Na2SO4 Flux

Description mathematique de la variation des concentrations des constituants de la matte au cours du convertissage, dans le cas d'un convertisseur de nickel de 50 tonnes. Deduction de 2 parametres du processus a partir de la teneur en fer de la matte. Essais de desionisation de la matte, a l'echelle laboratoire et industrielle, aboutissant a un produit final contenant moins de 1% de fer et plus de 20% de soufre
Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Survival of Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Two subterranean termite species were subjected to combinations of six temperatures (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, or 35°C) and five relative humidities (RH) (55, 65, 75, 85, or 99%) to determine optimum conditions for survival. When small groups of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki or the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were exposed to all 30 combinations of temperature and RH, survival times were significantly influenced by temperature, RH, and their interaction. For both species, survival times were longest at low temperatures and high RH. Maximum survival of small groups of C. formosanus and R. flavipes workers and soldiers occurred at the combination of 10°C and 99% RH C (LT50= 28.2 d, LT50 = 18.1 d, respectively). Survival of paired C. formosanus dealates was evaluated at combinations of 20°, 25°, or 30°C and 55, 65, 75, 85, or 99% RH. Survival was strongly influenced by temperature and humidity. Longest survival times until 50% mortality occurred at 99% RH and 20° or 25°C (LT50= 2.5 d, LT50 = 3.0 d, respectively). At all temperatures, mortality occurred too quickly for LT50 values to be determined when RH was 55% or 65%.
Anion—cation separations on a mixed-bed ion-exchange column with indirect photometric detection

Abstract Inorganic cations and anions are separated simultaneously on a mixed bed of anion and cation exchangers. Columns studied are mixtures of polymer based and silica based anion and cation exchangers and stationary phases that contain both chemically bonded anion and cation ionogenic groups. The major parameters that influence retention and resolution are the mobile phase counterions, their concentration, and the ion-exchange capacities. Because electrolyte solutions are required for elution, detection by conductivity is limited. Using a electrolyte that is composed of a chromophoric cation and anion not only satisfies elution requirements but also permits analyte cations and anions to be detected by an indirect photometric detection strategy.
Shooting rampages, mental health, and the sensationalization of violence

Gun violence and, most recently, senseless shooting rampages continue to be sensitive and emotional points of debate in the American media and the political establishment. The United Nations is already set to commence discussing and approving its Small Arms Treaty in March 2013. And following the Newtown, Connecticut tragedy in the United States this past December, American legislators are working frantically to pass more stringent gun control laws in the U.S. Congress. The American media and proponents of gun control assert that the problem lies in the “easy availability of guns” and “too many guns” in the hand of the public. Second Amendment and gun rights advocates, on the other hand, believe the problem lies elsewhere, including a permissive criminal justice system that panders to criminals; the failure of public education; the fostering of a culture of dependence, violence, and alienation engendered by the welfare state; and the increased secularization of society with children and adolescents growing up devoid of moral guidance. I cannot disagree with the latter view, but I believe there are additional, contributing, and more proximate causes — e.g., failures of the mental health system and the role of the media and popular culture in the sensationalization of violence — that also need to be specifically pointed out and discussed in the medical literature, as I have set out to do in this review article.
Solubility enhancement of some developmental anti-cancer nucleoside analogs by complexation with nicotinamide

Abstract The use of the non-toxic vitamin, nicotinamide, as a solubilizing agent for the poorly water-soluble anti-cancer agents, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (NSC 263164), 3-deazauridine (NSC 126849) and thioquanine (NSC 752), is presented. NSC 263164 is shown to form 1:1 and 1:2 drug-nicotinamide complexes while NSC 126849 and NSC 752 probably form 1:1 complexes only. Nicotinamide complexation appears to be a useful approach to overcoming the most commonly encountered formulation problem in cancer chemotherapy, i.e. the lack of adequate solubility in physiologically acceptable Systems.
Genetic relatedness and space use in a behaviorally flexible species of marmot, the woodchuck ( Marmota monax )

Solitary species show several patterns of space use and relatedness. Individuals may associate randomly or may live near female or male kin, often as a result of natal philopatry or dispersal patterns. Although usually described as solitary or asocial, woodchucks (Marmota monax) are behaviorally flexible marmots that exhibit greater sociality in some populations than others. I examined relationships between kinship, geographic distance, and home range overlap, as well as dispersal and philopatry, to determine the extent to which kin associated spatially. I used a combination of microsatellite DNA analysis, long-term behavioral observations, and radiotelemetry to test predictions that females, but not males, would associate with kin. Indeed, woodchucks lived closer and shared a greater proportion of their home range with more closely related animals. Overlap of females' and males' home ranges was positively correlated with kinship, and male–female dyads shared more area with closer kin. Most juveniles delayed dispersal beyond their first summer. Females often remained philopatric and settled near their natal range. Although males often dispersed as yearlings, some males also established territories within or immediately adjacent to their natal home ranges. A combination of factors can explain these spatial patterns, including high population density associated with the study site's location within a suburban environment, high dispersal costs, and abundant food. Thus, despite their asocial and solitary reputation, woodchucks displayed spatial patterns seen in other, more social species of ground-dwelling sciurids.
Shape-dependent thermodynamics and nonlocal hydrodynamics in a non-Gibbsian steady state of a drift-diffusion system

Shape-dependent thermodynamics and nonlocal hydrodynamics are argued to occur in dissipative steady states of driven diffusive systems. These predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations. Unlike power-law correlations, these phenomena cannot be explained by a hypothesis of ``criticality.'' Instead, they require the effective Hamiltonian of the system to contain very long-range potentials, making the invariant probability measures formally ``non-Gibbsian.''
Cardiocirculatory effects of afterload reduction with oral trimazosin in severe chronic congestive heart failure

Because improved long-term oral vasodilator therapy for chronic congestive heart failure is needed, the cardiocirculatory effects of the new antihypertensive quinazoline derivative, trimazosin, were evaluated with use of concomitant cardiac catheterization and forearm plethysmography in nine patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure due to coronary disease. After ingestion of 100 to 300 mg (average 172 mg) of trimazosin, the greatly elevated left ventricular filling pressure decreased from 30 to 23 mm Hg and the lowered cardiac index rose from 2.02 to 2.59 liters/min per m2. Considerable improvement in cardiac function occurred within 1 hour after ingestion of trimazosin; peak efficacy was achieved after 2 hours and persisted in the 3rd hour. Heart rate was unchanged and systemic blood pressure was mildly reduced. Because pump performance was enhanced while indexes of myocardial oxygen consumption declined, ventricular efficiency increased. Vascular relaxation was produced in both the systemic resistance and capacitance beds, with venodilation slightly more prominent. This clinical investigation of the acute hemodynamic effects of trimazosin objectively demonstrates that the drug provides considerable hemodynamic benefit in cardiac dysfunction and is therefore a potentially salutary agent for treatment of patients with chronic severe congestive heart failure.
Cobalt-stimulated protein phosphokinase activity of the pore complex-lamina fraction from rat liver nuclear envelope.

Abstract The pore complex-lamina fraction obtained from nuclear envelope contains a protein phosphokinase activity capable of phosphorylating endogenous and exogenous protein substrates. Its specific activity in the presence of MgCl 2 is approximately twice that of intact nuclear envelope. However, when MgCl 2 is replaced by CoCl 2 in the reaction mixture, a 7 to 12-fold increase in incorporation of 32 P from γ- 32 P-ATP into protein substrate occurs. This appears not to be due to an effect of the divalent cation on the substrate, or to inhibition of a phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. Substitution of CuCl 2 , MnCl 2 , CaCl 2 , and ZnCl 2 for MgCl 2 results in a 20 to 30% decrease in incorporation of 32 P. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP at 1 μM were without apparent effect. Approximately 40% of the total protein phosphokinase activity of the nuclear envelope is associated with the pore complex-lamina fraction.