cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypercalcemia, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Expression and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Infection

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) associated with HTLV-1 infection is characterized by the development of hypercalcemia in over two thirds of patients. Dysregulation of cellular gene transcription by viral proteins is an emerging paradigm for molecular pathogenesis of disease. A recent example is the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene, which has been implicated in the hypercalcemia of ATL, and is transactivated by the HTLV-1 tax and HTLV-11 tax proteins. PTHrP is expressed at high levels in leukemia cells derived from ATL patients, as well as in asymptomatic HTLV-1 positive carriers. This article reviews the interaction of the HTLV-1 transcriptional regulator tax with the PTHrP promoter. Tax mediates its effects on PTHrP via cellular transcription factors AP-2 and AP-1, and transactivation via an AP-2 motif represents a novel interaction of tax with a cellular transcription factor.
Untreated Blood Pressure Level Is Inversely Related to Cognitive Functioning: The Framingham Study

It was hypothesized that blood pressure would be inversely related to cognitive functioning, if unconfounded with antihypertensive medication and measured over many occasions prior to neuropsychological testing. For stroke-free Framingham Study participants aged 55-88 years (n = 1,702), blood pressure levels were averaged over five biennial examinations (1956-1964) when few hypertensives were being treated, and examined in relation to neuropsychological tests administered between 1976 and 1978. With age, education, occupation, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and gender controlled, blood pressure levels and chronicity of hypertension were inversely related to the composite score and measures of attention and memory. This was true for the full sample, for a subsample untreated during blood pressure measurement (n = 1,485), and for a subsample untreated throughout the entire study period (n = 1,038). For example, decline per 10 mmHg increment in blood pressure ranged from -0.04 to -0.07 standard score units (z) for the composite score. A negative finding previously was most likely due to blood pressure measurement concurrently with neuropsychological testing, or too few measurements. Hypertension-associated pathogenic processes may cause mild cognitive impairment, but other mechanisms need to be considered.
Dimensionality of interpersonal curiosity

Interpersonal curiosity (IPC) is the desire for new information about people. Fifty-one IPC items were administered to 321 participants (248 women, 73 men), along with other measures of curiosity and personality. Three factors were identified from which five-item subscales were developed that had good internal consistency: Curiosity about Emotions, Spying and Prying, and Snooping. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the three-factor model had acceptable fit. The IPC scales correlated positively with other curiosity measures and interest in gossip, providing evidence of convergent validity. Divergent validity was demonstrated in finding the other curiosity scales correlated more highly with each other than with IPC; parallel results were found for the gossip measures.
Test vector generation and classification using FSM traversals

Design correctness has become a bottleneck in the modern digital system design cycle. In an effort to improve current ad hoc simulation processes, This work presents a method for the automated generation of simulation vectors using symbolic FSM traversal techniques. Generated vectors are classified into three categories, forward inter-frontier, reverse inter-frontier, and intra-frontier vectors; a classification based on a vector's ability to generate forward-, reverse-, and inter-frontier transitions in an FSM's state transition graph. Additionally, a state-element transition relation (S-ETR) is introduced. This technique involves the construction of a transition relation (TR) for each state holding element and defining a smaller, incomplete, over-approximation of the TR. Combining the information present in the S-ETRs coupled with simulation is used to perform image computations.
Radiation damping in focusing-dominated systems

A quasi-classical method is developed to calculate the radiation damping of a relativistic particle in a straight, continuous focusing system. In one limiting case where the pitch angle of the particle /spl theta//sub p/ is much larger than the radiation opening angle 1//spl gamma/, the radiation power spectrum is similar to synchrotron radiation and the relative damping rate of the transverse action is proportional to the relative energy loss rate. In the other limiting case where /spl theta//sub p//spl Lt/1//spl gamma/, the radiation is dipole in nature and the relative damping rate of the transverse action is energy-independent and is much faster than the relative energy rate. Quantum excitation to the transverse action is absent in this focusing channel. These results can be extended to bent systems provided that the focusing field dominates over the bending field.
Imbuing the Study of Family Resource Management with a Global Perspective

Family resource management is a course ripe for inclusion of international approaches and perspectives for a variety of reasons. First, the topic is inherently global; second, family studies students need to be prepared to work with culturally diverse families; and finally, global citizenship is increasingly identified as an aim of liberal arts education. This paper suggests strategies and approaches for imbuing family resource management with a global perspective. It may be of interest to faculty teaching family resource management or other family studies courses who wish to integrate a global perspective into their courses. Family resource management is one of the 10 family life education content areas recognized by the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR). Competency in this area is required for certification in family life education. According to NCFR, family resource management involves "an understanding of the decisions individuals and families make about developing and allocating resources including time, money, material assets, energy, friends, neighbors, and space to meet their goals" (National Council on Family Relations, 2009). Family resource management includes the study of family goals and values, decision-making processes, and wants and needs. Courses in family resource management are commonly offered at the undergraduate level as a requirement for students in family studies or related programs. The study of family resource management warrants a global perspective because family resource management issues are inherently global and family studies students should be prepared to work with diverse families. Furthermore, imbuing the study of family resource management with a global perspective supports the general movement toward global citizenship as part of universities' liberal arts mission.
Introduction and initial exploration of an Active/Passive Exoskeleton framework for portable assistance

Assistive devices such as exoskeletons are capable of providing rehabilitative improvement and independence for individuals suffering from musculoskeletal conditions. Typical devices use either active assistance methods such as DC motors or passive methods such as springs. Active methods require a continuous power input, while passive methods are limited by user capability. This work introduces an Active/Passive EXoskeleton (APEX) framework. This device can passively provide continuous assistance, only requiring energy to change the dynamic properties of the passive state. The first prototype (APEX-α) is introduced and tested on six healthy subjects who performed hammer curls. It was found that changes in the passive state of the APEX-α affect the number of curls performed by an individual. By changing the passive state of the exoskeleton, increases in curl count of 65 – 92% were observed. This indicates the potential for such devices to provide assistance to an individual through the use of lightweight, energy efficient active/passive actuators.
Glutamine Therapy in Colitis Models

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic chronic condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract characterized by intermittent periods of inflammation and remission. It comprises two major forms, i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with distinct clinical and histopathological features. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD is not fully understood, a complex interplay between genetic, enteric microbiota, environmental, and immunological factors has been believed to contribute to disease initiation and progression (Fig. 26.1) [43]. In genetically susceptible individuals, an exaggerated host immune response toward commensal bacteria is crucially essential to the pathogenesis of IBD [43]. This belief lays the framework for the current paradigm for IBD treatment, which is aimed to correct the disrupted intestinal immune-microbial axis or the imbalance between inflammatory insults/environmental injurious factors and the cytoprotective response. Growing evidence suggests that a variety of dietary elements may extensively influence immune-microbial axis and/or favor the host cytoprotection against inflammatory injury.
Ferulic Acid-Based Polymers with Glycol Functionality as a Versatile Platform for Topical Applications

Ferulic acid-based polymers with aliphatic linkages have been previously synthesized via solution polymerization methods, yet they feature relatively slow ferulic acid release rates (∼11 months to 100% completion). To achieve a more rapid release rate as required in skin care formulations, ferulic acid-based polymers with ethylene glycol linkers were prepared to increase hydrophilicity and, in turn, increase ferulic acid release rates. The polymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies to confirm chemical composition. The molecular weights, thermal properties (e.g., glass transition temperature), and contact angles were also obtained and the polymers compared. Polymer glass transition temperature was observed to decrease with increasing linker molecule length, whereas increasing oxygen content decreased polymer contact angle. The polymers’ chemical structures and physical properties were shown to influence ferulic acid release rates and antioxida...
Review of Stephen Broadberry, Market Services and the Productivity Race 1850-2000: British Performance in International Perspective (2006)

Review of Stephen Broadberry, Market Services and the Productivity Race 1850-2000: British Performance in International Perspective (2006)
The Role of Sampling in Farm-Management Research

HE ever-changing phenomena of how farmers make a living with the resources they have available cannot be brought into the laboratory for analysis and study as can the phenomena of many of the physical sciences; nor can such phenomena be investigated by controlled experiments as is the case with many of the natural sciences. Social science research depends upon the valid analysis of representative observations of continuing ever-changing complex processes. In farm management, one of the social sciences, representative sampling is essential to valid conclusions and generalizations.
A new method for categorizing scanpaths from eye tracking data

From the seminal work of Yarbus [1967] on the relationship of eye movements to vision, scanpath analysis has been recognized as a window into the mind. Computationally, characterizing the scanpath, the sequential and spatial dependencies between eye positions, has been demanding. We sought a method that could extract scanpath trajectory information from raw eye movement data without assumptions defining fixations and regions of interest. We adapted a set of libraries that perform multidimensional clustering on geometric features derived from large volumes of spatiotemporal data to eye movement data in an approach we call GazeAppraise. To validate the capabilities of GazeAppraise for scanpath analysis, we collected eye tracking data from 41 participants while they completed four smooth pursuit tracking tasks. Unsupervised cluster analysis on the features revealed that 162 of 164 recorded scanpaths were categorized into one of four clusters and the remaining two scanpaths were not categorized (recall/sensitivity=98.8%). All of the categorized scanpaths were grouped only with other scanpaths elicited by the same task (precision=100%). GazeAppraise offers a unique approach to the categorization of scanpaths that may be particularly useful in dynamic environments and in visual search tasks requiring systematic search strategies.
302: Term induction of labor: a possible cause for subsequent preterm birth?

cause for subsequent preterm birth? Lisa D. Levine, Adi Hirshberg, Stacey Hoffman, Michal A. Elovitz, Sindhu K. Srinivas University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania, Clinical Effectiveness and Quality Improvement, Philadelphia, PA OBJECTIVE: It is estimated that 20% of women undergo induction of labor (IOL), and this continues to rise. Simultaneously, the preterm birth (PTB) rate remains largely unchanged. Previously published work from our institution demonstrates the rate of spontaneous PTB (SPTB) in women with a prior term delivery is 5.7%, which is lower than the national average (Edlow et al. AJOG 2007). The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the rate of SPTB in a subsequent pregnancy among women who previously underwent a term IOL and 2) evaluate the association between different methods of term IOL on subsequent SPTB risk. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of women with 2 deliveries (a term IOL and a subsequent delivery) between 2005 & 2010 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was performed. Maternal medical, obstetrical, and delivery information for both pregnancies were obtained through chart abstraction. The rate of SPTB among pregnancies following term IOL was calculated. Associations between methods of IOL and SPTB rate were calculated using 2analyses or fishers exact tests. RESULTS: The study included 413 women. For method of IOL, 94 (23%) had a cervical foley, 172 (42%) had only prostaglandin, and 147 (36%) had only pitocin. The overall SPTB rate among subsequent pregnancies after term IOL was 7.5%. The rate of SPTB when cervical foley was used vs. medical IOL agents was 9.6% vs. 6.9% (RR 1.39[0.66-2.91], p 0.39). When analyses were restricted to women whose first pregnancy was a term IOL (N 278), the SPTB rate in subsequent pregnancies was 6.5%. Among these women, the SPTB rates were 8.9% vs. 5.5% (RR 1.60[0.64-3.99], p 0.31) for those who had a cervical foley vs. medical IOL agents respectively. CONCLUSION: The observed SPTB rate of 7.5% in women who had a term IOL is higher than the previously published 5.7%. Interestingly, the risk is differentially increased when comparing mechanical vs. medical IOL agents. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of IOL and methods of IOL on subsequent PTB risk in order to ensure the increasing IOL rate is not causing unnecessary harm.
Dipole Cauchy moments of the atoms H through Ar

Dipole Cauchy moments of the atoms through Ar are calculated using the hydrodynamic formulation of time-dependent Kohn-Sham theory. The exchange-correlation energy density functional is approximated by the gradient expansion for atoms. Using variational trial functions that contain both linear and nonlinear variational parameters, we are able to reproduce (to three or four significant figures) the static dipole polarizabilities obtained by explicitly solving the relevant differential equations. The resulting dipole Cauchy moments provide a convenient starting point for calculating other properties which result from the linear interaction of atoms with a time varying electric field.
Characterization of Rat Meibomian Gland Ion and Fluid Transport.

Purpose We establish novel primary rat meibomian gland (MG) cell culture systems and explore the ion transport activities of the rat MG. Methods Freshly excised rat MG tissues were characterized as follows: (1) mRNA expression of selected epithelial ion channels/transporters were measured by RT-PCR, (2) localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mRNAs was performed by in situ hybridization, and (3) protein expression and localization of βENaC, the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter (NKCC), and the Na+/K+ ATPase were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Primary isolated rat MG cells were cocultured with 3T3 feeder cells and a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632) for expansion. Passaged rat MG cells were cultured as planar sheets under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions for gene expression and electrophysiologic studies. Passaged rat MG cells also were cultured in matrigel matrices to form spheroids, which were examined ultrastructurally by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and functionally using swelling assays. Results Expression of multiple ion channel/transporter genes was detected in rat MG tissues. β-ENaC mRNA and protein were localized more to MG peripheral acinar cells than central acinar cells or ductular epithelial cells. Electrophysiologic studies of rat MG cell planar cultures demonstrated functional sodium, chloride, and potassium channels, and cotransporters activities. Transmission electron microscopic analyses of rat MG spheroids revealed highly differentiated MG cells with abundant lysosomal lamellar bodies. Rat MG spheroids culture-based measurements demonstrated active volume regulation by ion channels. Conclusions This study demonstrates the presence and function of ion channels and volume transport by rat MG. Two novel primary MG cell culture models that may be useful for MG research were established.
1000-grain Weight and Its Relationship with Important Characters of Rice Varieties in Southern China

Based on the analysis of 1 000-grain weight of 946 rice varieties tested in the national regional trials of southern China from 2001 to 2005,it was found that the percentages of the varieties with LMG(large middle grains,27.3～30.8 g),MG(middle grains,23.7～27.2 g) and SMG(small middle grains,20.1～23.6 g) of the early indica of south China were all about 30%.The major types of varieties in late indica of south China were SMG and MG type.In the varieties of the Yangtze River Valley of China,most varieties of early indica and middle indica belonged to MG and LMG types,respectively,the major types of varieties in late indica and late japonica were LMG and MG types.The results of correlation analysis showed that there was not a linear correlation between 1 000-grain weight and grain yield in early indica and late indica of south China,but there existed a very significant positive correlation between 1 000-grain weight and grain yield in all types of rice varieties in Yangtze River Valley of China.1 000grain weight was not correlated to blast resistance in all types of the tested rice varieties.It was also found that there was not a correlation of 1 000-grain weight to chalky rice percentage and chalkiness in the middle indica and late japonica of Yangtze River Valley,but there was a very significant positive correlation of 1 000-grain weight to chalky rice percentage and chalkiness in the other types of varieties including the early indica,late indica of both Yangtze River Valley and South China.The proper 1 000-grain weight was given for different types of rice varieties in high-yielding and good quality breeding.
Danazol Binding to Rat Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Progesterone, and Estrogen Receptors: Correlation With Biologic Activity *

Danazol was found to possess androgenic and glucocorticoid activity in rat bioassays. In contrast, danazol displayed no significant estrogenic activity. In support of these findings, danazol bound to the 8S androgen receptor of rat prostate cytosol and to the glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver cytosol, but danazol did not bind well to the estrogen receptor of the rat uterus. Finally, danazol bound to the progesterone receptor of the rat uterus, but controversy continues as to whether danazol possesses progestational, antiprogestational, or no progestational effects.
Predicting early psychiatric readmission with natural language processing of narrative discharge summaries

The ability to predict psychiatric readmission would facilitate the development of interventions to reduce this risk, a major driver of psychiatric health-care costs. The symptoms or characteristics of illness course necessary to develop reliable predictors are not available in coded billing data, but may be present in narrative electronic health record (EHR) discharge summaries. We identified a cohort of individuals admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit between 1994 and 2012 with a principal diagnosis of major depressive disorder, and extracted inpatient psychiatric discharge narrative notes. Using these data, we trained a 75-topic Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, a form of natural language processing, which identifies groups of words associated with topics discussed in a document collection. The cohort was randomly split to derive a training (70%) and testing (30%) data set, and we trained separate support vector machine models for baseline clinical features alone, baseline features plus common individual words and the above plus topics identified from the 75-topic LDA model. Of 4687 patients with inpatient discharge summaries, 470 were readmitted within 30 days. The 75-topic LDA model included topics linked to psychiatric symptoms (suicide, severe depression, anxiety, trauma, eating/weight and panic) and major depressive disorder comorbidities (infection, postpartum, brain tumor, diarrhea and pulmonary disease). By including LDA topics, prediction of readmission, as measured by area under receiver-operating characteristic curves in the testing data set, was improved from baseline (area under the curve 0.618) to baseline+1000 words (0.682) to baseline+75 topics (0.784). Inclusion of topics derived from narrative notes allows more accurate discrimination of individuals at high risk for psychiatric readmission in this cohort. Topic modeling and related approaches offer the potential to improve prediction using EHRs, if generalizability can be established in other clinical cohorts.
Al x in 1-x as y sb 1-y separate absorption, charge, and multiplication avalanche photodiodes

Recently, the rapid growth of optical-fiber communications systems that utilize baud rates up to 25 Gbit/s as represented by 100-Gbit/s Ethernet (100 GbE) has led to a resurgence of research on avalanche photodiodes (APDs) [1]. Two figures of merit for APD optical receivers are the excess noise factor and the gain-bandwidth product. Both are linked to the κ factor, which is the ratio of the electron, α, and hole, β, ionization coefficients. The mean-squared shot-noise current can be expressed as ≪ AsySb1-y, grown on GaSb [6]. The excess noise factor of the Al0.7In0.3As0.3Sb0.7 multiplication region is characterized by a k value of ˜0.01, which is comparable to that of Si. Further, the lattice-matched Al0.4 In0.6As0.6Sb0.4 absorbing region extends the operating wavelength to the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectrum. Gain values as high as 95 have been achieved. These APDs combine the excellent gain/noise characteristics of Si with the low dark current and high speed of the III-V compound APDs, while operating at the key telecommunications wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 μm.
Dynamic X-ray diffraction imaging of the ferroelectric response in bismuth ferrite

X-ray diffraction imaging is rapidly emerging as a powerful technique by which one can capture the local structure of crystalline materials at the nano- and meso-scale. Here, we present investigations of the dynamic structure of epitaxial monodomain BiFeO3 thin-films using a novel full-field Bragg diffraction imaging modality. By taking advantage of the depth penetration of hard X-rays and their exquisite sensitivity to the atomic structure, we imaged in situ and in operando, the electric field-driven structural responses of buried BiFeO3 epitaxial thin-films in micro-capacitor devices, with sub-100 nm lateral resolution. These imaging investigations were carried out at acquisition frame rates that reached up to 20 Hz and data transfer rates of 40 MB/s, while accessing diffraction contrast that is sensitive to the entire three-dimensional unit cell configuration. We mined these large datasets for material responses by employing matrix decomposition techniques, such as independent component analysis. We found that this statistical approach allows the extraction of the salient physical properties of the ferroelectric response of the material, such as coercive fields and transient spatiotemporal modulations in their piezoelectric response, and also facilitates their decoupling from extrinsic sources that are instrument specific.
Analyzing the frequency band gap in functionally graded materials with harmonically varying material properties

The design and modeling of a bar made of functionally graded materials are studied in this paper. The material properties of the bar are harmonically varied along the bar. The bar is mathematically modeled and its governing equation is derived. The mode shapes and the natural frequencies of the system are calculated analytically using the boundary conditions at the two ends of the bar. The wave propagation in the bar is studied and the frequency band gap of the system is found. It is shown that by varying the material properties of the bar, we can design a system with a desired frequency band gap.
Prenatal Sound Stimulation on Postnatal Rat Offspring Open Field Behaviors

The impact of an intrinsically neutral stimulus (standard door buzzer), presented in a novel setting during the second semester of pregnancy, was capable of altering rat offspring behavior in the open field on Day 25, postpartum. Twenty-four female albino rats of approximately 120 days of age were used. This sound-stressed group was compared to two control groups; a conditioned-fear group and a non-stressed group. The direction of the behavioral differences was increased emotionality between the sound-fear group and the control group (p<.01). These findings suggested that the stressor may have acted directly on the fetus rather than indirectly via the placental barrier.
Play It Again, SAM: Macrophages Control Peripheral Fat Metabolism

Macrophages and other immune cells are increasingly recognized to have unique and nontraditional functions in various tissues of the body. In a recent issue of Nature Medicine, Pirzgalska et al. [1] characterized a unique set of tissue-specialized macrophages that modulate the connection between the nervous system and subcutaneous fat.
Retropubic Bladder Neck Suspensions

Retropubic urethropexy procedures generally include the Burch colposuspension, the Marshall Marchetti Krantz (MMK), and the paravaginal defect repair. The latter two are really only of historical significance. It is important to understand potential complications of these procedures, principles to prevention, and their management strategies. Complications of the Burch urethropexy quoted in the literature include urinary tract infection, de novo detrusor overactivity, wound infection, voiding disorders, urinary tract injury, deep vein thrombosis, hemorrhage, fistula, wound complications, and suture erosion. Many intraoperative complications can be prevented with good surgical technique and adequate exposure. Postoperative complications require careful evaluation and management.
A Multispectral Pattern Recognition System for the Noninvasive Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Utilizing MRI

This paper describes an image processing, pattern recognition and computer graphics system for the noninvasive identification and evaluation of atherosclerosis using multidimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Particular emphasis has been placed on the problem of developing a pattern recognition system for noninvasively identifying the different plaque classes involved in atherosclerosis using minimal a priori information. This pattern recognition technique involves an extension of the ISODATA clustering algorithm to include an information theoretic criterion (Consistent Akaike Information Criterion) to provide a measure of the fit of the cluster composition at a particular iteration to the actual data. A rapid 3-D display system is also described for the simultaneous display of multiple data classes resulting from the tissue identification process. This work demonstrates the feasibility of developing a “high information content” display which will aid in the diagnosis and analysis of the atherosclerotic disease process. Such capability will permit detailed and quantitative studies to assess the effectiveness of therapies, such as drug, exercise and dietary regimens.
Subsampling trees for biomass, volume or mineral content

A procedure is described using randomized branch sampling and importance sampling - a Monte Carlo integration technique. Both techniques involve sampling with selection probabilities proportional to estimated size and produce unbiased estimates of tree components and their variances. A path is selected from the butt of a tree to one of its terminal shoots. The weight (or volume etc.) of each internodal segment in the path is multiplied by the reciprocal of its probability of occurring in the sample. The sum of these inflated weights is the estimate of tree biomass. Total fresh weight (foliage plus wood) was estimated using this method for 8 trees (Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum, Betula lenta and Carya ovata) removed from a mixed oak stand in Connecticut. The overall % error was 4.9% with a range of 5.6-14.4% for each species considered separately. 6 references.
Virtual reality as a theme-based game tool for homeland security applications

Human behavior can sometimes be predictable and this provides a context for different behaviors that would work in crowd simulations. Gaming industry has been extensively incorporating these behaviors. Various human behavioral aspects can be observed in places like subway stations, sporting events, or other types of gatherings. In this paper, we propose a theme-based game approach to study the human behaviors in different emergency situations which can be used to collect data needed for simulating crowd behaviors, control the generated traffic conditions, and pedestrian movements. This paper describes the two developed theme-based game applications in virtual reality for emergency behavior analysis. The applications are virtual city and virtual airport environments. We propose virtual reality as a tool for conducting controlled experiments of human behaviors in response to emergencies. The results of these experiments can be used to test decision making strategies for homeland security applications.
Sudden cardiac death and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Sudden cardiac death is a major public health problem, affecting 500,000 patients in the United States annually. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) can terminate malignant ventricular arrhythmias and has been shown to improve survival in high-risk populations. Although sudden cardiac death is a heterogeneous condition, left ventricular ejection fraction of 35 percent or less remains the single best factor to stratify patients for prophylactic ICD implantation, and randomized trials have shown mortality benefit in this population. Therefore, in patients with heart disease, assessment of ejection fraction remains the most important step to identify patients at risk of sudden cardiac death who would benefit from ICD implantation. Physician understanding of each patient's ICD type, indication, etiology of heart disease, and cardiovascular status is essential for optimal care. If the ICD was placed for secondary prevention, the circumstances relating to the index event should be explored. Evaluation of defibrillator shocks merits careful assessment of the patient's cardiovascular status. Consultation with a subspecialist and interrogation of the ICD can determine if shocks were appropriate or inappropriate and can facilitate management.
Circulation to the Skin

In this and the subsequent three chapters are discussed the anatomy and physiology of the circulation in the different types of tissues comprising the limbs. Only those points are emphasized which have direct clinical application or are essential for the better understanding of altered structural or functional mechanisms responsible for pathologic changes in the vascular tree. The present chapter is devoted to the circulation to the skin.
Tubulopapillary hidradenoma-like tumor of the mandible: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features

Tubulopapillary hidradenoma is a benign sweat gland tumor that appears as a well-defined, superficially located dermal nodule. It combines ductal as well as apocrine and eccrine glandular differentiation. Microscopically, the tumor is composed of tubular structures that characteristically show intraluminal non-villous papillary projections and a peripheral myoepithelial cell layer. A tumor that is histologically and immunohistochemically identical to tubulopapillary hidradenoma occurred in the mandible of a 73-year-old man and resulted in considerable diagnostic difficulty. The neoplasm developed in a mandibular cyst and recurred 5 years after initial enucleation. This is the first report of a central (intraosseous) sweat gland adenoma of the mandible. The differential diagnosis and possible histogenesis are discussed.
Impact of the hydrodyne process on tenderness, microbial load, and sensory characteristics of pork longissimus muscle.

Paired, boneless pork loin muscles were obtained from 76 market hogs to evaluate tenderness, meat quality characteristics, sensory attributes, and microbial characterization of pork muscle exposed to the Hydrodyne Process (H) compared with untreated control ( C ) loin. A subset of 16 paired loins was randomly selected for use in sensory evaluation and microbial characterization. Loins were vacuum packaged and immersed in a heat shrink tank prior to the H treatment. The Hydrodyne treatment exposed the loin to the pressure equivalent of a 150-g explosive, generating a pressure distribution of approximately 703 kg/cm 2 at the surface of the samples. Meat quality assessments taken following treatment included subjective color, firmness/wetness, marbling scores (1 to 5 scale), Minolta reflectance and color readings, drip loss, and lipid content. The P-value for statistical significance for main effects and interactions was set at <.05 in all analyses. Administration of H resulted in a 17% improvement in Warner-Bratzler shear force (2.69 vs 3.24 kg), with the shear force similar at two end-point cooking times (11 and 16 min) corresponding to approximately 75 and 83°C, respectively. No differences between H and C were observed for color score, firmness score, Minolta L * , Minolta Y, or drip loss on uncooked samples. The H loins had lower marbling scores ( P < .05) and intramuscular lipid (P <.05) content than the paired C loin. Sensory evaluation on the randomly selected (n = 16) paired loins samples showed no improvement in Warner-Bratzler shear force. Sensory panelists were also unable to detect a difference between H and C loins for both initial and sustained tenderness scores. No differences between H and C loins were found for pork flavor, off-flavor, cohesiveness, or number of chews before swallowing, but H loins had a significantly lower juiciness score and more cooking loss than C loins. Microbial analysis results showed no differences in coliform bacteria counts, aerobic plate counts, and no detectable levels of Escherichia coli bacteria in any loins. The findings support the ability of the Hydrodyne procedure to improve tenderness without impacting other muscle quality attributes of pork.
Pilot evaluation of a targeted intervention for peer-victimized youth.

OBJECTIVE Due to the limited effectiveness of extant prevention and intervention strategies, the current study is an initial evaluation of a cognitive behavioral group intervention, originally designed to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety, for youth who experienced peer victimization. METHODS Twelve third- through fifth-grade youth participated in the intervention, and their data were compared with 12 youth who were a part of a naturalistic control group. Additionally, school-wide data are reported to provide overall school trends. RESULTS Whereas the intervention group participants exhibited decreases in relational victimization, depressive symptoms, and passive coping, the control group participants exhibited nonsignificant increases in relational victimization, depressive symptoms, and passive coping. School-wide data also indicated overall increases in relational victimization and depressive symptoms, but no changes in passive coping. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that cognitive behavioral group interventions may provide a promising avenue for addressing the mental health needs of victimized elementary school-age youth.
Real Denial Rates: A New Tool to Look at Who Is Receiving Mortgage Credit

ABSTRACTThe observed mortgage denial rate (ODR), calculated from Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, is often used to measure mortgage credit availability, but it does not account for shifts ...
The Distinction Between Noncausal and Nonlocal Behavior in a Time-Fractional Wave Equation

There is some confusion in the ultrasound literature with regards to the distinction between noncausal and nonlocal behavior in fractional wave equations that describe power law attenuation. In a causal system, the effect follows the cause, and in a noncausal system, some portion of the response occurs prior to the application of the input. In contrast, local operators only relate values at a single point, and nonlocal operators require information from distant sources in time and/or space. Causality strictly describes the time response, whereas the absence or presence of locality applies to both the temporal and the spatial response of a system. Thus, causality and locality are two completely different concepts, which we will reinforce through the presentation of several different examples. The distinction between causality and locality is demonstrated through analysis of the power law wave equation, which exhibits four different combinations of causality and locality, namely causal/local, noncausal/nonlocal, causal/nonlocal, and noncausal/local for different values of the power law exponent y. The power law wave equation is causal for power law exponents $0\leq y < 1$, and the power law wave equation is noncausal for $1< y\leq\ 2$. Also, the power law wave equation is local for $y$ = 0 and $y$ = 2, while the power law wave equation is nonlocal for 0 < $y$ < 1 and 1 < $y$ < 2. Causal and noncausal responses are described through calculation of the time-domain Green's function with the Stable Toolbox, whereas local and nonlocal behavior is demonstrated for the integer and fractional derivatives. When $y$ = 0, the power law wave equation simultaneously describes local and causal behavior, and when $y$ = 2, the power law wave equation is noncausal and local. When 0 < $y$ < 1, the power law wave equation is causal and nonlocal, and when 1 < $Y$ < 2, the power law wave equation is noncausal and nonlocal. Numerical results show an example of a causal response for a nonlocal system with power law exponent $y$ = 1/2, a noncausal response for a nonlocal system with power law exponent $y$ = 3/2, and a noncausal response for a local system with power law exponent $y$ = 2. From these results, the causal and noncausal responses are easily identified, and then additional mathematical analysis of the operators is required to distinguish between local and nonlocal behavior.
Hairy cell leukemia coexistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

![Figure][1] A 72-year-old man presents with leukocytosis (30 × 109/L-40 × 109/L) with lymphocytosis (80%), monocytopenia, and anemia for 10 years. Peripheral smear revealed cells with cytoplasmic projections and atypical lymphocytes (panel A [Giemsa stain; original magnification ×1000]).
Activated cofilin exacerbates tau pathology by impairing tau-mediated microtubule dynamics

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. While the accumulation of Aβ is pivotal to the etiology of AD, both the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and the F-actin severing protein cofilin are necessary for the deleterious effects of Aβ. However, the molecular link between tau and cofilin remains unclear. In this study, we found that cofilin competes with tau for direct microtubule binding in vitro, in cells, and in vivo, which inhibits tau-induced microtubule assembly. Genetic reduction of cofilin mitigates tauopathy and synaptic defects in Tau-P301S mice and movement deficits in tau transgenic C. elegans. The pathogenic effects of cofilin are selectively mediated by activated cofilin, as active but not inactive cofilin selectively interacts with tubulin, destabilizes microtubules, and promotes tauopathy. These results therefore indicate that activated cofilin plays an essential intermediary role in neurotoxic signaling that promotes tauopathy.
Dentist and hygienist smoking cessation counseling and awareness of Medicaid benefits.

Objectives Integrating smoking cessation interventions into dental care is an efficient way to intervene with smokers. This study of dentists and dental hygienists who provide dental care to Medicaid-insured patients explores awareness of Medicaid smoking cessation benefits, awareness of Quitline resources, beliefs about perceived role in providing tobacco interventions, and behaviors around clinical intervention. Methods In 2015, we conducted a survey of dentists and hygienists who serve Medicaid patients in New York State. Results A total of 182 dentists and 92 hygienists completed the survey. Ninety percent reported that helping patients quit smoking is part of their role, while 51.0 percent reported feeling confident in their ability to counsel a patient about quitting. Most respondents (73.4 percent) asked patients about tobacco use, 83.7 percent advised smokers to quit, and 49.1 percent assisted with quit attempts. We found that 26.7 percent were aware that dentist smoking cessation counseling is covered by Medicaid, and 15.5 percent were aware that hygienist smoking cessation counseling is covered. A total of 38.9 percent were aware of any Medicaid coverage for smoking cessation. Awareness of the Medicaid smoking cessation benefit was associated with intervention behaviors of asking and assisting. Conclusions Most dental care providers see smoking cessation as part of their role, but few are aware of the Medicaid benefits available to help patients. Expanding coverage of and promoting Medicaid benefits for smoking cessation have the potential to increase the reach and quality of smoking cessation interventions for Medicaid-insured smokers, a population disproportionately affected by tobacco use.
Symbiotic magnetic motility.

Microscopy and genomic analyses reveal an intriguing symbiosis between eukaryotic protists and Deltaproteobacteria in anoxic marine sediments that involves division of labour and interspecies hydrogen transfer, and enables collective magnetotactic motility by the consortium.
Structural Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs

During the past thirty years, many analogs of naturally occurring purines and pyrimidines have been synthesized and tested for various biological effects [1–6]. A number of these compounds are effective metabolic inhibitors which are useful chemotherapeutically, and others have been valuable as mutagenic agents. In an effort to characterize the specific structural and biological properties of purine and pyrimidine analogs, many laboratories have been engaged in crystallographic investigations of these compounds. These studies have been directed specifically toward evaluating the effects exerted by various substituents on bond lengths and angles, preferred tautomer forms, conformations, hydrogen-bonding properties, and base-stacking interactions. In this paper we shall discuss some of these structural results. Rather than attempt a comprehensive review of purine and pyrimidine analogs, we shall examine four specific types of analogs that have been of special interest in our laboratory (Figure 1). The first type (Figure 1a) includes 5-halogenated uracil derivatives, in which a hydrogen atom of uracil or the methyl group of thymine is replaced by a halogen atom. The second type includes those analogs in which an oxygen atom of a natural base has been replaced by a sulfur atom (Figure 1b). The third type (Figure 1c), is composed of N6-monosubstituted adenine derivatives, and related 6-thiopurine derivatives. The fourth type includes purine nucleosides that possess bulky substituents at the 8-position (Figure 1d). Though these types of compounds represent only a fraction of the analogs that have been investigated, they encompass some striking examples of the mechanisms by which alterations of natural bases can cause subtle structural effects, that, in turn, may affect biological properties.
Association between peri-conceptional bisphenol A exposure in women and men and time to pregnancy-The HOPE study.

BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemical with nearly ubiquitous, involuntary exposure. Previous studies have shown that BPA causes reproductive dysfunction in animal models, but there are limited data regarding the effects of BPA exposure on time to pregnancy (TTP) in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether peri-conceptional BPA exposure of women and men is associated with couples' TTP. METHODS A total of 164 heterosexual couples (164 women; 163 men) who have available BPA information as well as time to pregnancy from the Home Observation of Peri-conceptional Exposures (HOPE) Study were included and were followed up to 12 months. Women collected first-morning urine samples starting at the beginning of the fertile window and continued until the onset of menses or 18 days after the estimated day of ovulation (EDO+18 days). The time to pregnancy (TTP) after the enrolment was self-reported and used for the analysis. Discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models were performed to generate fecundability odds ratio (FOR) between BPA and TTP after adjusting for education and age, accounting for right censoring and prior number of cycles trying to conceive. RESULTS Among 164 couples, 125 couples became pregnant during the study. There was no association between TTP and peri-conceptional BPA exposure for both men (FOR 1.02, 95% CI 0.72, 1.47) and women (FOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.75, 1.53) after adjusting for education and age. CONCLUSIONS No association was found between peri-conceptional BPA exposure and fecundability in this preconception cohort of relatively young, healthy pregnancy planners.
Practical issues in managing technical professionals

This paper explores the managerial issues involved in technical staffing and rewarding engineers and scientists in technology–based organisations. An effective human resource utilisation system is viewed to consist of four interrelated companies: a human resource planning system, a reward system, an appraisal system, and a career management system. The paper argues that technical organisations must hire and retain a staff mix with the appropriate talents and skills necessary for assuming the critical work roles for effective technological innovation. Reward systems for technical professionals are also discussed. Some managerial pitfalls in this area are examined, some lessons are identified. and finally, action strategies for motivating technical professionals are drawn.