cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative histochemistry of nicotinamide adenine nucleotides in retina of monkey and rabbit.

— The levels of NADP+, NADPH, NAD+ and NADH were measured in the different layers of retinas from rabbit and monkey. Samples (0.1 μg) were dissected from frozen-dried sections. The sum of oxidized and reduced forms was obtained by analysis of samples diluted several thousand fold in 0.02 n-NaOH at 0°. The reduced forms were measured by analysis of the same alkaline preparation after heating to destroy NADP+ and NAD+. All assays were made at 1:100,000 tissue dilution by enzymic cycling, which is capable of measuring 10−14 moles of nucleotides. Profiles of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide levels werecomparable in monkey and rabbit. Both total NADP and NAD were lowest in the outer segments of the retina and highest in the inner layers. NADP of the outer layers (1-2b) was oxidized to a high degree. This was particularly striking for layer 2b, which is rich in mitochondria. In the inner layers the fraction of NADPH rose to 0.7 of the total NADP. NAD on the contrary was highly oxidized in all ten layers of the retina. Three aspects of these results seem significant: (1) The profile for NADP was not related to the distribution of any of four major NADP-requiring dehydrogenases or their sum; (2) the ratio of total NADP/NADPH in the mitochondrial layer was much higher than expected from studies with isolated mitochondria; and (3) the amount of total NADP was surprisingly high in non-mitochondrial layers.
Natural history of coexistent tricuspid regurgitation in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease: Implications for future guidelines

Objective The management of coexistent tricuspid regurgitation in patients with mitral regurgitation remains controversial. We sought to define the incidence and natural history of coexistent tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing isolated mitral surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation, as well as the effect of late secondary tricuspid regurgitation on cardiovascular symptom burden and survival. Methods To minimize confounding, analysis was limited to 495 consecutive patients who underwent isolated mitral surgery for degenerative mitral valve disease between 2002 and 2011. Patients with coexistent severe tricuspid regurgitation were excluded because such patients typically undergo concomitant tricuspid intervention. Results Grade 1 to 3 coexistent tricuspid regurgitation was present in 215 patients (43%) preoperatively. Actuarial freedom from grade 3 to 4 tricuspid regurgitation 1, 5, and 9 years after surgery was 100% ± 0%, 90% ± 2%, and 64% ± 7%, respectively. Older age ( P P = .006) independently predicted postoperative progression of tricuspid regurgitation on multivariable analysis. However, when limited to patients with mild or absent tricuspid regurgitation, indexed tricuspid annular diameter was the only significant risk factor for late tricuspid regurgitation ( P = .04). New York Heart Association functional class and long-term survival did not worsen with development of late secondary tricuspid regurgitation ( P = .4 and P = .6, respectively). However, right ventricular dysfunction was significantly more common in patients with more severe late tricuspid regurgitation ( P = .007). Conclusions Despite durable correction of degenerative mitral regurgitation, less than severe tricuspid regurgitation is likely to progress after surgery if uncorrected. Given the low incremental risk of tricuspid annuloplasty, a more aggressive strategy of concomitant tricuspid repair may be warranted.
Application Of Iterative Reconstruction Techniques To Conventional Circular Tomography

Two "point-by-point" iteration procedures, namely, Iterative Least Square Technique (ILST) and Simultaneous Iterative Reconstructive Technique (SIRT) were applied to classical circular tomographic reconstruction. The technique of tomosynthetic DSA was used in forming the tomographic images. Reconstructions of a dog's renal and neck anatomy are presented.
Catheter Ablation in the Canine Coronary Sinus Using Radiofrequency Energy

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation in the coronary sinus as a potential means of eliminating conduction over left-sided accessory pathways in humans. Radiofrequency current at a frequency of 500 kHz was delivered by electrode catheter to two sites in the coronary sinus of each often dogs. Left coronary arteriography with venous phase visualization of the coronary sinus was performed before, immediately after, and 2 weeks following ablation. Unipolar electrograms from the ablating electrode were recorded before and immediately after ablation. Coronary arteriography revealed no evidence of damage to the adjacent left circumflex coronary artery or its branches as a result of ablation. Contrast visualization of the coronary sinus showed persistent contrast staining following ablation at two of the ablated sites. Angiographically apparent stenosis of the coronary sinus was seen both acutely and chronically in two cases. Unipolar electrogram recordings from the ablating electrode showed an increase in atrial repolarization voltage (atrial current of injury) of 1.53 ± 1.03 mV (P = 0.00004), and an increase in ventricular repolarization voltage of 0.73 ± 0.84 mV (P = 0.005). There was a 23% decrease in amplitude of atrial electrograms (P = 0.006) and a 7% decrease in amplitude of ventricular electrograms (P = 0.02) recorded from the ablating electrode following ablation. Lesions could be identified grossly and microscopically at 16 of the 20 ablated sites. Perforation of the coronary sinus did not occur. Microscopical observation showed normal healing with granulation tissue and fat necrosis extending outward from the coronary sinus involving the atrial epicardium in 13 lesions, the ventricular epicardium in 5 lesions, and the adventitia of the left circumflex coronary artery in 5 lesions. No medial or intimal involvement of the coronary artery was seen. The coronary sinus itself showed luminal organized thrombus in 4 lesions, with near occlusion of the lumen in 1 case. Radiofrequency ablation in the coronary sinus thus results in lesions of a size and extent that would be expected to successfully ablate some left-sided accessory pathways if delivered in humans. Monitoring of the unipolar electrogram provides insight into the extent of injury during ablation. In some cases, thrombosis of the coronary sinus occurs, the long-term effects of which are not known.
Sampling the Mental Health Law Literature: Three Recent Books

The rivers of ink, mountains of printer's lead, and forests of paper that Morris and Hawkins complained of being used up in the debate on insanity and related "medical" concepts in the criminal law (while the streams were emptied, the lead mined, and the trees cut down for the very book in which they so complained)' continue to be expended unremittingly in pursuit of the same issues. Each year, half a dozen or more books and an even greater number of articles on the general subject make their appearance. This review is of three such books that have come out in the last year or two.2 Even though these three studies can be assumed to be among the better ones published on the topic-the authors are all well known in the field-the verdict on whether the use of resources is justified is only mixed. The first book (by Thornberry and Jacoby)-a thorough and conscientiously done empirical study of a group of mental patients released by court order from a "secure" institution-is clearly a contribution that deserves our attention. It is also an easy read, being well written and admirably neutral in tone, despite its advocacy of a number of fairly farreaching reforms. The second book (by Bromberg), while not without interest and merit, is not a fully satisfying intellectual effort. It is also somewhat too casually written and edited. These shortcomings, however, must have lost some of their glare in the light of the study's focus on the sensational, giving the book a kind of soft-core voyeuristic appeal that, one suspects, did not harm its perceived marketability. The third book
Large-Scale Laminated Dies for Sheet Metal Forming

As part of a 5-year NSF-sponsored project, a design and fabrication system is being developed for Profiled Edge Laminated (PEL) tooling. The PEL tooling method is a thick-layer Rapid Tooling (RT) approach that offers distinct advantages over both conventional CNC machining of billets and other RT processes. Furthermore, the method is ideally suited for developing large-scale sheet metal forming tools. To date, the following design, fabrication and analysis tools have been completed: details of the ‘front-end’ design and analysis process; valid structural and thermal FEL modeling methods for PEL tooling; and development of the ‘back-end’ PEL tool fabrication process consisting of a CAM software system to allow AWJ cutting of individual PELs based on a CAD model. The front end process has been demonstrated with matched die forming of a 2-dimensional steel part. The back-end process has also been demonstrated using a 3-dimensional hydroformed aluminum part. Future work will include incorporation of variable thickness and orientation algorithms that account for stock lamination thicknesses and part dimensional tolerances, more advanced structural and thermal models, the means to predict the cost and time required for fabrication of PEL tools, an investigation of different lamination bonding methods, and additional industrial case studies.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Vanadium Nitride Catalysts: Synthesis and Evaluation forn-Butane Dehydrogenation☆

Abstract A series of mesoporous vanadium nitrides with surface areas up to 60 m2/g was prepared via the temperature-programmed reaction of V2O5with NH3, and evaluated for the dehydrogenation ofn-butane. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the solid-state reaction proceeded by the sequential reduction of V2O5(V2O5→V4O9→VO2→V2O3→VO0.9) and concluded with the topotactic substitution of nitrogen for oxygen in VO0.9. An experimental design was performed to determine effects of the heating rates and space velocities on the VN microstructures. The heating rates had minor effects on the surface areas and pore size distributions; however, increasing the space velocity significantly increased the surface area and decreased the average pore size. We believe the effect of the space velocity was due to inhibition of the gas–solid reactions by H2O and/or N2. Temperature-programmed reduction and pretreatment studies indicated that the passivated VN could be activated by reduction in H2at 500°C for 3 h. Lower reduction temperatures or times resulted in suppressed surface areas and O2chemisorptive uptakes. Oxygen chemisorption on the fully reduced vanadium nitrides scaled linearly with the surface area. The corresponding O/Vsurfaceratio was 0.56 suggesting that each oxygen atom chemisorbed to approximately two surface vanadium atoms. The vanadium nitrides were highly active butane dehydrogenation catalysts with selectivities in excess of 98%. Volumetric reaction rates for the highest surface area VN were superior to those for a Pt–Sn/Al2O3catalyst. The average turnover frequency for the VN catalysts was 4.3×10−4s−1at 450°C assuming that oxygen chemisorbed atomically onto the active sites. The corresponding turnover frequency for the Pt–Sn/Al2O3catalyst was 6.3×10−2s−1suggesting that while selectivities for the VN and Pt–based catalysts were similar, VN had a lower intrinsic activity.
Experimental measurements for gaseous transport within an aircraft cabin

Abstract Given the vast route structures for aircraft operations and the diversity of people who fly on aircraft, the contamination of aircraft by dangerous pathogens is a concern. The research reported in this paper was part of a larger project to investigate the use of gaseous decontamination agents that may potentially be used to address such pathogens. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to evaluate the distribution of such agents in an aircraft cabin under a variety of conditions. Such models required experimental data for validation and tuning. An 11-row wide-body aircraft cabin mockup with air distribution components from an actual aircraft was used to collect such data. Carbon dioxide was used as a tracer gas to simulate a gaseous decontamination agent. Detailed data for gaseous transport in the cabin were collected both with and without the use of supplementary fans. Geometric, thermal, and airflow boundary conditions were also measured or documented. Even though the cabin and boundary conditions are symmetrical, the gaseous transport in the cabin was shown to be non-symmetrical due to a horizontal circulation of air that naturally forms in the cabin. This horizontal circulation has a substantial impact on longitudinal gaseous transport. It also results in substantial left-to-right differences between normal-mode operation Environmental Control System (ECS) flows and the supplementary fans. The data collected captures the impact of this asymmetry both for normal-mode operation and supplementary fan operation and provide sets of data that should provide adequate challenges to CFD models needed for validation.
EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS AND BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE DISTRIBUTION IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN GEORGIA

Serum samples collected from 1,396 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in five areas of Georgia (USA) from 1989 to 1991 were tested for precipitating and serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies to the enzootic North American epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes. Precipitating antibodies to the EHDV or BTV serogroups, as detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests, were present in 35%, 29%, and 39% of deer sampled in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in precipitating antibody prevalence were detected between physiographic regions during all years. Antibody prevalence consistently was highest in deer sampled from the Coastal Plain (77%), followed by the Piedmont (33%), Ridge and Valley (29%), Barrier Island (5%), and Blue Ridge (2%) regions. All AGID-positive samples were tested by SN tests for antibodies against all North American EHDV and BTV serotypes (EHDV serotypes 1 and 2, BTV serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17). Crit...
Well-defined acetylene-functionalized oxanorbornene polymers and block copolymers

Well-defined and high molecular weight acetylene-functionalized poly(oxanorbornenes) were synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cobalt-functionalized exo-oxanorbornene monomer 2a. Dicobalt hexacarbonyl, Co2(CO)6, was used as a protecting group for the acetylene moiety. This protecting group was found to be compatible with third-generation Grubbs’ catalyst, offering well-defined homopolymers and block copolymers in high yields (up to 97%). Equally important, it was removed (>99%) by treating the polymers with ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN), under mild conditions, with no observable unwanted side reactions. This approach yields high fidelity polymers containing the acetylene functionality which is incompatible with Ru-based catalysis. The explosion of click chemistry makes these polymers attractive starting macromolecules for postpolymerization chemistry.
The linkages among hillslope-vegetation changes, elevation, and the timing of late-Quaternary fluvial-system aggradation in the Mojave Desert revisited

Abstract. Valley-floor-channel and alluvial-fan deposits and terraces in the southwestern US record multiple episodes of late-Quaternary fluvial-system aggradation and incision. Perhaps the most well-constrained of these episodes took place from the latest Pleistocene to the present in the Mojave Desert. One hypothesis for this episode – i.e., the paleovegetation-change hypothesis (PVCH) – posits that a reduction in hillslope vegetation cover associated with the transition from Pleistocene woodlands to Holocene desert scrub generated a pulse of sediment that triggered a primary phase of aggradation downstream, followed by channel incision, terrace abandonment, and initiation of a secondary phase of aggradation further downstream. A second hypothesis – i.e., the extreme-storm hypothesis – attributes episodes of aggradation and incision to changes in the frequency and/or intensity of extreme storms. In the past decade a growing number of studies has advocated the extreme-storm hypothesis and challenged the PVCH on the basis of inconsistencies in both timing and process. Here I show that in eight out of nine sites where the timing of fluvial-system aggradation in the Mojave Desert is reasonably well constrained, measured ages of primary aggradation are consistent with the predictions of the PVCH if the time-transgressive nature of paleovegetation changes with elevation is fully taken into account. I also present an alternative process model for PVCH that is more consistent with available data and produces sediment pulses primarily via an increase in drainage density (i.e., a transformation of hillslopes into low-order channels) rather than solely via an increase in sediment yield from hillslopes. This paper further documents the likely important role of changes in upland vegetation cover and drainage density in driving fluvial-system response during semiarid-to-arid climatic changes.
Upper bound estimate for the Higgs mass from the lattice regularized Weinberg-Salam model

Abstract There are indications that, as a consequence of the trivality of the scalar φ 4 theory, the Weinberg-Salam model is massive free field theory. However, considering theWS model as an effective field theory, an upper bound for the Higgs mass can exist. We have studied this phenomenon by simulating the SU(2) gauge Higgs model on a lattice. The results indicate that R max = m H / m W | max = 9.3 ± 1. However, serious finite size effects make it unfeasible to explore the region m H ⩽ Λ cutoff with Monte Carlo simulation.
Sexual Differentiation in Volvox aureus

SYNOPSIS. The complete life history of a homothallic, dioecious strain of Volvox aureus was studied in axenic culture. Asexual reproduction occurs by repeated division of specialized reproductive cells (gonidia), inversion of the resultant mass of cells to form daughter colonies, and subsequent morphologic differentiation of new gonidia in these daughters. Male colonies lack gonidia; however, the posterior 2/3 of the cells in a colony function as male initials each of which enlarges, divides, and undergoes rudimentary inversion to form a packet of 32 biflagellate sperm. Evidence was presented for the homology of eggs and undivided gonidia. The penetration of young vegetative colonies by sperm and the subsequent formation of apparent zygotes in these colonies was described and figured. Zygote germination, including division and inversion of the germling, was described; the cytological nature of the zygote divisions was not determined. A substance, MIS, in filtrates of sexual cultures induced differentiation of male colonies; a bioassay for it was perfected. Bioassay colonies show a differential susceptibility to male induction by MIS which is a function of the particular stage of development; colonies 48 hr after release from parentals are optimally susceptible. MIS was reasonably stable to heat, non-dialyzable, and Sephadex gel filtration indicated a molecular weight > 200,000. MIS activity is destroyed by trypsin and pronase but is unaffected by chymotrypsin. MIS was successfully concentrated ∼37-fold by the Carbowax method. The patterns of differentiation in other species of Volvox are described and possibilities discussed for studies of cellular differentiation in the genus as a whole.
KM Issues with Retiring and Transient Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Airmen and Their Impact on Air Force EOD Response Capabilities

Recent rapid decreases in Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel manning has raised questions of how to stabilize this essential emergency response capability. The amount of knowledge lost every year is shown in increasing retirements, voluntary separations, and battlefield losses. This has driven a corresponding fading of conventional ordnance handling skills due to personnel being primarily exposed to Improvised Explosive Devices seen over the past ten years in Iraq and Afghanistan. This research proposes capturing the knowledge of individuals before they leave the Air Force through introducing federal government civilians into explosive ordnance disposal units to foster knowledge continuity. Further, adopting a personalization strategy, with the supporting use of codification would provide a clear direction for KM in the future. Finally, the continued funding and support of the EOD community of practice would allow for the quick and easy spread of knowledge for an organization that operates worldwide.
1-(5-Carboxy-pent-yl)-2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indol-1-ium bromide monohydrate.

In the title compound, C17H24NO2+·Br−·H2O, the pentyl group chain in the cation extends nearly perpendicular [N—C—C—C = −64.4 (3)°] to the mean plane of the indole ring with the carboxyl end group twisted such that the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the indole and carb­oxy groups measures 43.2 (4)°. Both ions in the salt form inter­molecular hydrogen bonds (O—H⋯Br and O—H⋯O) with the water mol­ecule. As a result of the Br⋯H—O—H⋯Br inter­actions, a zigzag chain is formed in the c-axis direction. The crystal packing is influenced by the collective action of the O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Br inter­molecular inter­actions as well as π–π stacking inter­molecular inter­actions between adjacent benzyl rings of the indole group [centroid–centroid distance = 3.721 (13) A] and inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions between a methyl hydrogen and the benzyl ring of the indole group. The O—H⋯Br inter­actions form a distorted tetra­hedral array about the central Br atom. A MOPAC AM1 calculation provides support to these observations.
UV-C inactivation of Escherichia coli and dose uniformity on apricot fruit in a commercial setting

Abstract A UV-C treatment system (two treatment chambers connected by an inclined belt to rotate apricots between chambers) was tested in a commercial setting. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, used as a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7 to determine the system's antimicrobial efficacy, was inoculated onto fruit surfaces at a population of 6.8 log CFU/fruit. UV-C dosage was evaluated by attaching film dosimeters to six fixed locations on each apricot. Results suggested that reduction of inoculated E. coli ATCC 25922 populations on the apricot fruit by UV-C treatment was small (only 0.5–0.7 logs). There were large variations in UV-C doses among varying apricot surface locations. Approximately 1/3 of apricots had individual surfaces receiving less than 0.2 kJ m −2 UV-C exposure, even though fruit received, on average, more than 1 kJ m −2 . Low reductions of E. coli may be attributed, in part, to non-uniform UV-C exposure. This study demonstrates the need to use a fruit rotation device more capable of delivering uniform UV-C dosage to the surface of apricots for inactivating bacteria in a commercial setting.
Dosimetry and cardiopulmonary function in rats chronically exposed to cigarette smoke.

Abstract Groups of 80 female F-344 rats were exposed, in Maddox-ORNL smoking machines, to smoke from three types of research cigarettes: high tar, low nicotine (HT-LN, code 13 as provided by the National Cancer Institute); low tar, high nicotine (LT-HN, code 27); and high tar, high nicotine (HT-HN, code 32). Rats were exposed to approximately 10 puffs of cigarette smoke during each of eight daily exposure sessions, 7 days/week for 24 months. Additional groups were sham-exposed on the same schedule, or served as untreated “shelf” controls. Heart rate and breathing pattern (tidal volume, respiration rate, and minute volume) were measured both during exposure and while the animals were not exposed to smoke. During exposure, smoke-exposed rats inhaled 75% less air and had 40% lower heart rates than sham-exposed rats. Results were similar for all smoke-exposed groups, and differences between sham- and smoke-exposed groups persisted throughout the 24-month exposure. When not being exposed, heart rate and breathing pattern were also different between smoke- and sham-exposed groups; tidal volumes were higher and respiration and heart rates were lower in smoke-exposed than in sham-exposed animals. In general, these differences between smoke- and sham-exposed groups developed during the first 12 months of exposure and diminished thereafter. Of the smoke-exposed groups, rats exposed to LT-HN cigarettes showed the greatest changes, and rats exposed to HT-LN cigarettes showed the least changes, in heart rate and breathing patterns. Arterial blood pressure was consistently higher in smoke-exposed than in sham-exposed animals following 18 and 24 months of exposure. This study showed that cardiopulmonary function in rats was significantly affected by chronic cigarette-smoke exposure.
Spatial resolution in thin film deposition on silicon surfaces by combining silylation and UV/ozonolysis

A simple procedure has been developed for the processing of silicon wafers in order to facilitate the spatially resolved growth of thin solid films on their surfaces. Specifically, a combination of silylation and UV/ozonolysis was tested as a way to control the concentration of the surface hydroxo groups required for subsequent atomic layer deposition (ALD) of metals or oxides. Water contact angle measurements were used to evaluate the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the surface, a proxy for OH surface coverage, and to optimize the UV/ozonolysis treatment. Silylation with hexamethyldisilazane, trichloro(octadecyl)silane, or trimethylchlorosilane was found to be an efficient way to block the hydroxo sites and to passivate the underlying surface, and UV/O3 treatments were shown to effectively remove the silylation layer and to regain the surface reactivity. Both O3 and 185 nm UV radiation were determined necessary for the removal of the silylation layer, and additional 254 nm radiation was found to enhance the process. Attenuated total reflection-infrared absorption spectroscopy was employed to assess the success of the silylation and UV/O3 removal steps, and atomic force microscopy data provided evidence for the retention of the original smoothness of the surface. Selective growth of HfO2 films via TDMAHf + H2O ALD was seen only on the UV/O3 treated surfaces; total inhibition of the deposition was observed on the untreated silylated surfaces (as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry). Residual film growth was still detected on the latter if the ALD was carried out at high temperatures (250 °C), because the silylation layer deteriorates under such harsh conditions and forms surface defects that act as nucleation sites for the growth of oxide grains (as identified by electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). We believe that the silylation-UV/O3 procedure advanced here could be easily implemented for the patterning of surfaces in many microelectronic applications.
Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion in the isolated rat heart using spin inversion of arterial water.

Measurement of regional myocardial perfusion is important for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. Currently used methods for the measurement of myocardial tissue perfusion are either invasive or not quantitative. Here, we demonstrate a technique for the measurement of myocardial perfusion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with spin tagging of arterial water. In addition, it is shown that changes in perfusion can be quantitated by measuring changes in tissue T1. Perfusion images are obtained in Lan-gondorff-perfused, isolated rat hearts for perfusion rates ranging from 5 to 22 ml/g/min. The MRI-determined perfusion rates are in excellent agreement with perfusion rates determined from measurement of bulk perfusate flow (r = 0.98). The predicted linear dependence of the measured T1 (T1app) on per-fusion is also demonstrated. The ability of perfusion imaging to measure regional variations in flow is demonstrated with hearts in which perfusion defects were created by ligation of a (coronary artery. These results indicate that MRI of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water gives quantitative maps of cardiac perfusion.
“Each of Us Tell It As We See It”: Memory and Storytelling in Roberta Fernández's Intaglio

ABSTRACT Two of the most prevalent themes in Roberta Fernandez's Intaglio: A Novel in Six Stories are the communal, mutable nature of memory and the relationship between memory and storytelling. Throughout the novel, Fernandez depicts memory as a malleable construct that is formed within community, specifically the community of the narrator Nenita's family. Such memory both proceeds from and contributes to the family collection of cuentos, or stories, that are passed along from generation to generation. By their very nature, these cuentos are as much expressions of dreams and imaginings as they are historically accurate accounts of events. Fernandez begins to develop this theme with the account of the family's mythologizing of Andrea's career on the stage and continues in her description of Nenita's childlike fascination with Amanda and “the enchantment which her hands gave to everything she touched” (Intaglio 58). The relationship between memory, myth, and storytelling is further expounded upon in the ch...
Endovascular treatment of very small ruptured intracranial aneurysms: complications, occlusion rates and prediction of outcome

Objective To assess predictors of outcome following endovascular treatment of small ruptured intracranial aneurysms (SRA). Methods Between 2004 and 2011, 91 patients with SRA (≤3 mm) were treated at our institution. Multivariate analysis was carried out to assess predictors of endovascular-related complications, aneurysm obliteration (>95%), recanalization and favorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 3–5). Results Endovascular treatment was aborted in nine of 91 patients (9.9%). Procedure-related complications occurred in eight of 82 patients (9.8%) of which five were transient and three were permanent. Three patients (3.7%) undergoing endovascular treatment experienced an intraprocedural aneurysm rupture. Three of nine patients (33.3%) treated with stent- or balloon-assisted coiling experienced periprocedural complications compared with five of 73 patients (6.8%) receiving only coils or Onyx (p=0.039). There were no procedural deaths or rehemorrhages. Rates of recanalization and retreatment were 18.2% and 12.7%, respectively. No factors predicted initial occlusion or recanalization. In multivariate analysis, pretreatment factors predictive of a favorable outcome included younger age (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99, p=0.017), larger aneurysm size (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.02 to 11.11, p=0.045), Hunt and Hess grade (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75, p=0.005) and location (OR 5.12; 95% CI 1.29 to 20.25, p=0.02). When assessing treatment and post-treatment variables, vasospasm was the only additional covariate predictive of a poor outcome (OR 5.90; 95% CI 1.34 to 25.93,p=0.019). Conclusions Most patients with SRA can be treated with endovascular therapy and have limited complications. Overall predictors of outcome for patients undergoing endovascular treatment of SRA include age, aneurysm size, Hunt and Hess grade, location and post-treatment vasospasm.
Sovereign rights and responsibilities : applying public trust principles to the management of EEZ space and resources

Abstract Since the United States proclaimed its 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone in 1983, US agencies have given little attention to the need to develop effective management principles and strategies for the resources of this vast ocean area. Instead, they have relied upon existing programs and authorities to oversee the development of ocean energy and fisheries. This approach has been criticized by marine policy analysts because it perpetuates the existing, fragmented single-sector ocean regime characterized by inconsistent policies and endemic use conflicts. This paper proposes the adoption of certain principles deriving from the common law public trust doctrine in the management of EEZ resources and space. Historically, the public trust doctrine protected the public's rights and interests in nearshore resources and uses (commerce, navigation, and fishing). These traditional public rights were held by the crown or the government in trust for the people and could not be readily destroyed even though shorelands and coastal waters subject to the public trust might be conveyed into private ownership. In modern times the doctrine has been expanded in the United States to protect public rights in other uses and activities (e.g. conservation, scenic and ecological values, and preservation of open space and habitat) and extended geographically to apply to inland rivers, streams, and lakes. The public trust doctrine already applies in many states to the space, resources, and uses of the territorial sea. Because of the overlap of EEZ and territorial sea resources and uses, this paper considers the advantages of applying public trust principles and concepts to managing the EEZ. These principles include the need to preserve trust lands, waters, and resources for public use and benefit. The doctrine also provides a basis for distinguishing between, and ranking, public uses of trust resources, and imposes both substantive and procedural standards against which the conduct of the govermental trustees of trust, resources may be measured. The authors contrast the public trust doctrine with the ‘public trust’ deriving from the property clause of the US Constitution, and conclude that the broad discretion afforded federal officals under the latter is inconsistent with effective environmental management. Finally, the authors recommend a set of ‘presumptions’ derived from public trust principles that federal courts might follow to resolve serious EEZ space and resource-use conflicts.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of D- and L-thietanose nucleosides.

Various d- and l-thietanose nucleosides were synthesized from d- and l-xylose. The four-membered thietane ring was efficiently synthesized by the cyclization of 1-thioacetyl-3-mesylate (4/38) under basic conditions. Condensation with various heterocyclic bases was conducted via Pummerer-type rearrangement to afford various nucleoside derivatives. Among the synthesized nucleosides, d-uridine (23), d-cytidine (24), d-5-fluorocytidine (25), and l-cytidine (52) analogues showed moderate anti-HIV activity, with EC50 = 6.9, 1.3, 5.8, and 14.1 μM, respectively. However, these four nucleoside analogues are cytotoxic in peripheral blood mononuclear and CEM cells. The other nucleosides are neither active nor cytotoxic. Interestingly, the oxetanocin A analogue 33 was not active. Comparison of the minimized reverse transcriptases (RTs) complexed with the corresponding triphosphates of the cytidine analogue 24 and the adenosine analogue 33 by molecular modeling studies showed that there is no difference in the binding...
Genetic loci for ventricular dilatation in the LEW/Jms rat with fetal-onset hydrocephalus are influenced by gender and genetic background

The LEW/Jms rat strain has inherited hydrocephalus, with more males affected than females and an overall expression rate of 28%. This study aimed to determine chromosomal positions for genetic loci causing the hydrocephalus. An F1 backcross was made to the parental LEW/Jms strain from a cross with non-hydrocephalic Fischer 344 rats. BC1 rats were generated for two specific crosses: the first with a male LEW/Jms rat as parent and grandparent, [(F × L) × L], designated B group, and the second with a female LEW/Jms rat as the parent and grandparent [L × (L × F)], designated C group. All hydrocephalic and a similar number of non-hydrocephalic rats from these two groups were genotyped with microsatellite markers and the data was analyzed separately for each sex by MAPMAKER. The frequency of hydrocephalus was not significantly different between the two groups (18.2 and 19.9 %), but there was a significant excess of males in the B group. The mean severity of hydrocephalus, measured as the ventricle-to-brain width ratio, was ranked as B group < C group < LEW/Jms. For the both rat groups, there were several chromosomes that showed possible regions with association between phenotype and genotype significant at the 5% or 1.0% level, but none of these had significant LOD scores. For the C group with a female LEW/Jms parent, there was a fully significant locus on Chr2 with a LOD score of 3.81 that was associated almost exclusively with male rats. Both groups showed possible linkage on Chr17 and the data combined produced a LOD score of 2.71, between suggestive and full significance. This locus was largely associated with male rats with a LEW/Jms male parent. Phenotypic expression of hydrocephalus in Lew/Jms, although not X-linked, has a strong male bias. One, and possibly two chromosomal regions are associated with the hydrocephalus.
Internal Movement of Estuarine Digenetic Trematodes Through Their Intermediate Snail Host Cerithidea californica

The ability of free-swimming larval parasites to control emergence from their hosts can be critical in increasing the chances of successful infection transmission. For a group of estuarine trematodes, emergence of cercariae from their snail hosts is known to match favorable temperature, tidal activity, and light intensity. How the larvae time this behavior is not well understood, but the pathway that the larvae take through their host may play a role. Through video and histological analysis, we were able to identify the snail's anus as the emergence point and the peri-intestinal sinus dorsal to the intestines as the route by which they reach that point. By moving through this open sinus, the larvae have an energetically efficient pathway to reach their emergence point while minimizing damage to the host. Most importantly, it allows control over emergence to be maintained by the parasite, not the host, thus increasing the chances of the larva successfully reaching its intended destination.
NON-EVOLUTIONARY DEGENERATION IN ARTHUR MACHEN'S SUPERNATURAL TALES

Welsh author Arthur Machen (1863–1947) wrote his most popular supernatural tales between 1890 and 1900, a period in which European culture felt itself to be on the decline and in which “decadent” art and literature rose up both as a reflection of and a contribution to this perceived cultural deterioration. While Machen's works have received little critical attention, a recent revival of interest in fin-de-siecle decadence has brought his supernatural tales into the literary limelight. Noteworthy examples of this interest include Julian North's treatment of The Great God Pan in Michael St. John's Romancing Decay: Ideas of Decadence in European Culture and Christine Ferguson's analysis of the same work in her PMLA article “Decadence as Scientific Fulfillment.” Indeed, Machen's supernatural tales could enhance and complicate any exposition of decadent literature and culture; they offer a unique vision of descent into the primordial that differs from the moral and psychological treatment of decadence in other popular works of the time, such as Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray and Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Like Stevenson and Wilde, Machen employs themes of transgression and metamorphosis to illustrate his characters’ deviations from human nature. However, the forces at work in Machen's tales do not arise from the recesses of the human mind in its modern conception, nor do his protagonists sin primarily against society and the arbitrary nature of its morals and values. Instead, Machen locates mythic forces at work within his contemporary society to highlight a much older form of transgression and to challenge notions of degeneration that held currency at the end of the nineteenth century.
Ability of Streptococcus mutans and a Glucosyltransferase-Defective Mutant to Colonize Rodents and Attach to Hydroxyapatite Surfaces

A mutant of Streptococcus mutans forming little or no cell-associated glucosyltransferase attached to the teeth of rats and to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite comparably to its parent.
Toward sensorless manipulation using airflow

Distributed manipulation systems induce motions on objects through the application of forces at many points of contact. Current forms of distributed manipulation include multiple mobile robots, vibrating plates, actively controlled arrays of air jets, and planar micro and macro-mechanical arrays of actuators. The authors have presented a new form of distributed manipulation using passive air flow fields, which has been experimentally demonstrated along with a computational method to locate equilibria. This paper presents a numerical approach to check the uniqueness of the pivot point of lifted logarithmic potentials. For objects with a unique pivot point, a squeeze-like sequential manipulation using air flow which brings the object to a unique final pose is presented and verified with experiments.
Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Overprescribing Goal Setting

Executive Overview Goal setting is one of the most replicated and influential paradigms in the management literature. Hundreds of studies conducted in numerous countries and contexts have consistently demonstrated that setting specific, challenging goals can powerfully drive behavior and boost performance. Advocates of goal setting have had a substantial impact on research, management education, and management practice. In this article, we argue that the beneficial effects of goal setting have been overstated and that systematic harm caused by goal setting has been largely ignored. We identify specific side effects associated with goal setting, including a narrow focus that neglects nongoal areas, distorted risk preferences, a rise in unethical behavior, inhibited learning, corrosion of organizational culture, and reduced intrinsic motivation. Rather than dispensing goal setting as a benign, over-the-counter treatment for motivation, managers and scholars need to conceptualize goal setting as a prescripti...
Carbon nanofibers and their applications for energy storage

Carbon nanofibers can be produced in relatively large scale from the catalytic decomposition of certain hydrocarbons on small metal particles. These materials possess some rather unique properties that may find use in a number of electrochemical energy storage systems including primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors. The structure and properties of the nanofibers can be controlled at the nanometer-level by manipulating the process variables. Although the use of carbon nanofibers in electrochemical capacitors is emphasized, the potential use of these materials in other energy storage systems is addressed.
Probing the water content in polymer electrolyte fuel cells using neutron radiography

This work presents an in situ study on the water-content measurement in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) using neutron imaging. The effects of several important operating and design parameters on water content are examined, including the relative humidity (RH), the polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) loadings in gas diffusion media including the microporous layer (MPL), current density, and flow field configurations including single-/quad-serpentine channels and co-/counter-flow configurations. Efforts are also made to distinguish water contents between the channel and land projected areas, and obtain the water profile along the gas flow path. We find that the highest water content occurs at a low current density for fixed operational stoichiometry, and liquid water emerges downstream at low humidity and increases rapidly after on-set.
Progress Toward a Human CD4/CCR5 Transgenic Rat Model for De Novo Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The development of a permissive small animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV)-1 pathogenesis and the testing of antiviral strategies has been hampered by the inability of HIV-1 to infect primary rodent cells productively. In this study, we explored transgenic rats expressing the HIV-1 receptor complex as a susceptible host. Rats transgenic for human CD4 (hCD4) and the human chemokine receptor CCR5 (hCCR5) were generated that express the transgenes in CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia. In ex vivo cultures, CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats were highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1 R5 viruses leading to expression of abundant levels of early HIV-1 gene products comparable to those found in human reference cultures. Primary rat macrophages and microglia, but not lymphocytes, from double-transgenic rats could be productively infected by various recombinant and primary R5 strains of HIV-1. Moreover, after systemic challenge with HIV-1, lymphatic organs from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats contained episomal 2–long terminal repeat (LTR) circles, integrated provirus, and early viral gene products, demonstrating susceptibility to HIV-1 in vivo. Transgenic rats also displayed a low-level plasma viremia early in infection. Thus, transgenic rats expressing the appropriate human receptor complex are promising candidates for a small animal model of HIV-1 infection.
Equivalent Alternate Solutions for the Tour Scheduling Problem

Achieving minimum staffing costs, maximum employee satisfaction with their assigned schedules, and acceptable levels of service are important but potentially conflicting objectives when scheduling service employees. Existing employee scheduling models, such as tour scheduling or general employee scheduling, address at most two of these criteria. This paper describes a heuristic to improve tour scheduling solutions provided by other procedures, and generate a set of equivalent cost feasible alternatives. These alternatives allow managers to identify solutions with attractive secondary characteristics, such as overall employee satisfaction with their assigned tours or consistent employee workloads and customer response times. Tests with both full-time and mixed work force problems reveal the method improves most nonoptimal initial heuristic solutions. Many of the alternatives generated had more even distributions of surplus staff than the initial solutions, yielding more consistent customer response times and employee workloads. The likelihood of satisfying employee scheduling preferences may also be increased since each alternative provides a different deployment of employees among the available schedules.
Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii DC) Response to Forest Wildfires on the Bitterroot National Forest, Montana

The 2000 Bitterroot wildfires in Montana burned 124,250 ha of forest and rangelands on the Bitterroot National Forest. Because spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii DC) is common on the Bitterroot National Forest, there is a high potential of expanded knapweed populations following the wildfires. A stratified random sample was used to study forest vegetation development following the wildfires. A total of 283 plots in 71 stands were measured three times during the 5-year period after burning. Knapweed occurred on 19.4% of plots at 1 or 2 years postfire, 26.1% at 3 years, and 37.1% at 5 years. Occurrence at 5 years was higher on Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco] habitat types (56.0%) than on subalpine fir [Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.] habitat types (9.6%). Initially after the fire, occurrence and cover of knapweed were inversely correlated with forest floor burn severity; however, the rate of increase over time was higher at higher burn severities. Knapweed cover decli...