cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Joint Model of Residential and Employment Location in Urban Areas

Abstract This study develops an interdependent model of residential and employment location. The model is then empirically tested using census tract data from the Boston metropolitan area. Access to workers is included in employment location equations together with standard employment location variables, and access to jobs is included in residential location equations together with standard residential location variables. It is found that the location of households is an important determinant of the location of employment, but the location of employment is not relevant in determining the location of households.
Larval development of Phyllaplysia taylori Dall, with a discussion of development in the anaspidea (opisthobranchiata: anaspidea)

Abstract The development of Phyllaplysia taylori Dall, an anaspid opisthobranch which occurs in the Zostera marina beds along the Pacific coast of North America, is described from development of the egg to post-metamorphosis and settlement. The developmental period within the capsule, approximately 30 days at 14.5 °C, ends with veliconch metamorphosis and direct settlement. The non-pelagic veliger simultaneously loses its velum and develops an active radula and meta- and pro-podium before hatching. Settlement immediately follows hatching and the veliconch takes up a crawling existence feeding on the substrate which may at first be the egg mass itself. Present also in the egg capsule during the entire developmental period is a spherical body, additional to the polar bodies, with a mean diameter of 49.2 µ Prior to loss of the velum this body is broken down by ciliary action and after development of the radula the particles are ingested as the pediveliger crawls in the capsule. After settlement, growth of th...
Predictors of activities of daily living in older adults: The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) and neuropsychological test performance

famous name and face retrieval in relation to performance on the FCSRT and to PiB retention (DVR, cerebellar reference) as a continuous variable in the precuneus, co-varying for age. Results: Retrieval of famous names (t(24)1⁄41.14, p 1⁄4 .267) and occupations (t(24)1⁄41.55, p 1⁄4 .135) was equivalent for MCI and CN subjects. Across the entire sample, retrieval of the names of famous individuals was positively related to both free recall (r1⁄4.723, p1⁄4.001) and cued recall on the FCSRT (r1⁄4.629, p1⁄4.003). Similarly, retrieval of occupations of famous individuals was positively related to free recall (r1⁄4.579, p1⁄4.007) and cued recall (r1⁄4.566, p1⁄4.009) on the FCSRT. Within the PiB-PET subgroup, increasing Abeta deposition was related to worse performance retrieving occupations (r1⁄4.555, p1⁄40.01) with a trend for retrieving famous names (r1⁄4.366, p1⁄4.074). Conclusions: Results suggest that semantic memory decline co-occurs with episodic memory decline and is furthermore associated with underlying Alzheimer’s pathology. Semantic memory decline may be a useful early marker in MCI and preclinical AD.
Effects of heat treatment on grain refinement in cast uranium–0.25 wt% vanadium alloy

Abstract The feasibility of refining the grain size of large castings of uranium–0.25 wt% vanadium alloy has been successfully demonstrated using a helium-mediated `isothermal' heat treatment in a large commercial vacuum furnace. Using this method, the grains of 10–20 kg hemispherical castings were refined from 180 μm diameter to 35 μm, a reduction similar to that achieved in both laboratory-scale isothermally transformed material and carefully controlled wrought-processed uranium. The results of compression and tension tests on the cast alloy and the wrought uranium at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1 indicate that up to a strain of 30%, the cast and heat-treated uranium–0.25% vanadium alloy exhibits a higher compressive flow stress than that of comparable wrought uranium. In tension, the cast and heat treated alloy continues to exhibit high strengths, but displays a lower ductility.
Adhesion efficiency, platelet density and size

We have previously shown that adhesion of human platelets to immobilized collagen is extremely rapid, with initial rates approaching 3% of single particles adhering per 10 ms. Here, we have investigated adhesion efficiency to collagen as a function of platelet density. Platelet subpopulations: low-density (1.040 < d < 1.065 g/ml), intermediate-density (1.065 < d < 1.070 g/ml) and high-density (1.070 < d < 1.080 g/ml) were separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. They constituted 24%, 47% and 29% of the total platelet population and had mean volumes of 6.01, 7.37 and 8.21 fl, respectively. Using a continuous-flow, micro-affinity column, we found that the most dense (large) platelets exhibited initial rate of adhesion 4 times greater than the least dense (small) platelets. They were also less sensitive to inhibition by prostacyclin (PGI2). In contrast, there was no significant difference in aggregation induced by high doses of ADP and collagen, indicating that the most dense platelets were not preferentially involved in aggregation induced by high doses of agonists. These results suggest that normal circulating platelets can be distinctly heterogeneous in their ability to adhere to collagen under arterial-flow conditions. The greater efficiency of high-density platelets may be related to increased content of the glycoprotein Ia/IIa (GPIa/IIa) complex.
Smoking Trajectories Among Monoracial and Biracial Black Adolescents and Young Adults.

Cigarette-smoking trajectories were assessed among monorace Blacks, Black–American Indians, Black–Asians, Black–Hispanics, and Black–Whites. We used a subsample of nationally representative data obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The sample consisted of adolescents who were in Grades 7 to 12 in 1994, and followed across four waves of data collection into adulthood. Wave 4 data were collected in 2007-2008 when most respondents were between 24 and 32 years old. Respondents could report more than one race/ethnicity. Poisson’s regression was used to analyze the data. We found distinct smoking trajectories among monorace and biracial/ethnic Blacks, with all groups eventually equaling or surpassing trajectories of Whites. The age of cross-over varied by gender for some subgroups, with Black–American Indian males catching up earlier than Black–American Indian females. Black–White females smoked on more days than monorace Black females until age 26 and also smoked mor...
On two-dimensional programmed grammers☆

Abstract The concept of programmed grammars is generalized to two-dimensional programmed grammars. Examples for generating all possible squares and rhombuses are presented. A concise representation of a derivation chain is also presented. Problems for future research are stated. The results may have useful applications in picture description, region filling, visual languages, pattern recognition, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
The Texas German dialect archive: A multimedia resource for research, teaching, and outreach

This paper describes the organization of the Texas German Dialect Project (TGDP), which aims to document and archive the remnants of Texas German. The mission of the TGDP is (a) to document Texas German as it reflects the rich cultural and linguistic traditions of its residents; (b) to gather basic research information about linguistic diversity; (c) to provide linguistic information for public and educational interests, and (d) to use the collected materials for the improvement of educational programs. The paper gives a brief histor-ical overview of the development of the Texas German community and then describes the workflow of the TGDP. We also discuss how the Texas German Dialect Archive (TGDA) is currently used for linguistic research on new dialect formation, language contact, and language death. Since the open-ended sociolinguistic interviews contain a wealth of information on the history and cultural practices of the Texas German community, the archive is also of interest to historians and anthropologists. Finally, we show how the archive has been used for community outreach programs throughout central Texas.*
Immunosuppressive treatment of acquired aplastic anemia and immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes.

Modern therapeutic strategies for the treatment of acquired aplastic anemia are based on the current understanding of its pathophysiology as well as empiric observations. Most cases of aplastic anemia appear to be the result of immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic cells, which can be approached by stem cell transplantation in younger patients with appropriate histocompatible donors or by immunosuppression to reduce T-cell activity. Popular treatment regimens combine antithymocyte globulin with cyclosporine. Although a majority of patients respond with improved blood counts and achieve transfusion-independence, late clonal complications of myelodysplasia and cytogenetic abnormalities occur in a substantial minority of cases. Additionally, there is no clear algorithm for the treatment of refractory disease. Newer methods of treatment, including high-dose cyclophosphamide and the development of potentially tolerizing combinations of drugs, are under study. Effective therapies for aplastic anemia might also be applied to other T-cell mediated, organ-specific human diseases.
Depression and frequency of self-reinforcement

The hypothesis that a low frequency of self-reinforcement is a correlate of depression was evaluated. The study utilized a 2×2 ex post facto multivariate design. The independent variables were response-defined: depressed versus nondepressed undergraduates who indicated either high or low value of performance on the experimental task. The dependent variables were number correct on an analogies task, frequency of self-praise during the task, judgment ratings of performance accuracy, and a score on a self-reinforcement attitudes scale. Depressives self-reinforced less frequently than nondepressives. Also accuracy ratings and self-praise measures were not equivalent, contrary to assumptions by prior investigators. Depressives and nondepressives differed on the self-reinforcement attitudes scale but these scores were not significantly related to self-praise behavior on the task, failing to validate the scale. Results are discussed in terms of using frequency of self-reinforcement in conjunction with environmental variables for the prediction of depression onset.
Proactive modeling: a new model intelligence technique

This article discusses a model intelligence technique called proactive modeling. The goal of proactive modeling is to reduce the amount of manual modeling required when using a graphical DSML and to assist in step-by-step creation of a model. Proactive modeling accomplishes this goal by examining the metamodels syntax and constraints, automatically executing model modifications, and prompting the modeler for assistance when more than one valid model modification exists, but none are necessary. We have integrated proactive modeling into the generic modeling environment (GME) as a generic add-on that can operate on any domain-specific modeling language implemented in GME. Lastly, results from applying proactive modeling to several DSMLs in GME show that it can reduce modeling effort.
Alkali metal cation binding affinities of cytosine in the gas phase: revisited.

Binding of metal cations to the nucleobases can influence base pairing, base stacking and nucleobase tautomerism. Gas-phase condensation of dc discharge generated alkali metal cations and thermally vaporized cytosine (DC/FT) has been found to produce kinetically trapped excited tautomeric conformations of the M+(cytosine) complexes, which influences the threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) behavior. In order to elucidate the effects of the size of alkali metal cation on the strength of binding to the canonical form of cytosine, the binding affinities of Na+ and K+ to cytosine are re-examined here, and studies are extended to include Rb+ and Cs+ again using TCID techniques. The M+(cytosine) complexes are generated in an electrospray ionization source, which has been shown to produce ground-state tautomeric conformations of M+(cytosine). The energy-dependent cross sections are interpreted to yield bond dissociation energies (BDEs) using an analysis that includes consideration of unimolecular decay rates, the kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and multiple M+(cytosine)–Xe collisions. Revised BDEs for the Na+(cytosine) and K+(cytosine) complexes exceed those previously measured by 31.9 and 25.5 kJ mol−1, respectively, consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Yang and Rodgers that excited tautomeric conformations are accessed when the complexes are generated by DC/FT ionization. Experimentally measured BDEs are compared to theoretical values calculated at the B3LYP and MP2(full) levels of theory using the 6-311+G(2d,2p)_HW* and def2-TZVPPD basis sets. The B3LYP/def2-TZVPPD level of theory is found to provide the best agreement with the measured BDEs, suggesting that this level of theory can be employed to provide reliable energetics for similar metal–ligand systems.
Use of Forest Edges by Free-Ranging Cats and Dogs in an Urban Forest Fragment

Abstract Free-ranging Felis catus (Domestic Cat) and Canis familiaris (Domestic Dog) can greatly impact native prey populations, but little is known about their occurrence in urban forest fragments. In this study, we used camera traps to photograph (capture) cats, dogs, and native wildlife in a 409-ha urban forest in Birmingham, AL from Jan–Apr 2007. Habitat treatments included forest interior and forest edges by industrial lands, neighborhoods with higher house values, and neighborhoods with lower house values. We employed both conservative (n = 31) and liberal (n = 64) methods of tallying the number of individual dogs, cats, and native mammals captured. Dogs and cats combined comprised 19% (conservative) and 26% (liberal) of all photographic captures. Procyon lotor (Raccoon) were the most abundant of the 7 native species at 32% (conservative) and 53% (liberal) of all captures. Dogs were more abundant in neighborhood edges, and cats were more abundant in the forest interior. Cats and dogs combined were 7...
Bivariate ideal projectors and their perturbations

In this paper we present a complete description of ideal projectors from the space of bivariate polynomials $\mathbb{F}[x,y]$ onto its subspace $\mathbb{F }_{<n}[x,y]$ of polynomials of degree less than n. Several applications are given. In particular, we study small perturbations of ideal projectors as well as the limits of Lagrange projectors. The latter results verify one particular case of a conjecture of Carl de Boor.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Niobium Carbide using a Novel Organometallic Precursor.

Chemical vapor deposition from (MeCp) 2 Nb(allyl) at atmospheric pressure yields niobium carbide films at temperatures as low as 300°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate that the bulk films contain a carbide phase and a nearly stoichiometric ratio of niobium to carbon. The morphology of the films has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
An ecosystem services perspective on brush management: research priorities for competing land-use objectives

Summary The vegetation of semi-arid and arid landscapes is often comprised of mixtures of herbaceous and woody vegetation. Since the early 1900s, shifts from herbaceous to woody plant dominance, termed woody plant encroachment and widely regarded as a state change, have occurred world-wide. This shift presents challenges to the conservation of grassland and savanna ecosystems and to animal production in commercial ranching systems and pastoral societies. Dryland management focused on cattle and sheep grazing has historically attempted to reduce the abundance of encroaching woody vegetation (hereafter, ‘brush management’) with the intent of reversing declines in forage production, stream flow or groundwater recharge. Here, we assess the known and potential consequences of brush management actions, both positive and negative, on a broader suite of ecosystem services, the scientific challenges to quantifying these services and the trade-offs among them. Our synthesis suggests that despite considerable investments accompanying the application of brush management practices, the recovery of key ecosystem services may be short-lived or absent. However, in the absence of such interventions, those and other ecosystem services may be compromised, and the persistence of grassland and savanna ecosystem types and their endemic plants and animals threatened. Addressing the challenges posed by woody plant encroachment will require integrated management systems using diverse theoretical principles to design the type, timing and spatial arrangement of initial management actions and follow-up treatments. These management activities will need to balance cultural traditions and preferences, socio-economic constraints and potentially competing land-use objectives. Synthesis. Our ability to predict ecosystem responses to management aimed at recovering ecosystem services where grasslands and savannas have been invaded by native or exotic woody plants is limited for many attributes (e.g. primary production, land surface–atmosphere interactions, biodiversity conservation) and inconsistent for others (e.g. forage production, herbaceous diversity, water quality/quantity, soil erosion, carbon sequestration). The ecological community is challenged with generating robust information about the response of ecosystem services and their interactions if we are to position land managers and policymakers to make objective, science-based decisions regarding the many trade-offs and competing objectives for the conservation and dynamic management of grasslands and savannas.
Explaining Policymakers' Use of Policy Information The Relative Importance of the Two-Community Theory Versus Decision-Maker Orientation

Previous efforts to explain policymakers' limited are of policy rescarch gerieraly have not considered the opportunities and constraints presented by specific decision-making contexts; more specifically, this earlier research does not consider the different motivations of policymakers and their relative impact on use of policy information. This analysis of policy information use by a specific set of policymakers—Indiana state legislators—considers the relative importance of legislators' job-images compared to the importance of their basic worldview and personal attitudes and attributes. This article contains five parts. First, a general causal model of legislators' use of policy information consisting of four rival hypothesis is presented. Second, the definition and measurement of "policy information use" is discussed. Next, the two-communities theory is presented and the results of previous research are briefly reviewed. Fourth, legislators' objectives, job-images, and attributes considered in the causal...
Enrollment Trends and Recruitment Strategies for Undergraduate Programs of Poultry Science

Abstract Within the past decade, undergraduate enrollment in agricultural programs has declined approximately 30% in the United States. This dramatic reduction has generated predictions that personnel shortages will occur in essential food and agricultural segments of the economy. However, undergraduate enrollment for poultry science in degree programs at all of the land-grant institutions has increased from 295 in 1983 to 334 in 1987, an increase of 13%. When one examines the overall enrollment trends at specific institutions, a highly variable picture emerges. For many institutions, their colleges of agriculture have maintained relatively stable enrollments, others have declined by approximately 40%, and still others have witnessed an explosive growth of 200% during the past 5 yr. A survey was conducted to evaluate the factors influencing the selection of a poultry science major by undergraduate students. Approximately 53% of the students surveyed were from farm, ranch, or rural backgrounds. Eighty percent of the students responding had some previous poultry experience, with 54% participating in 4H or FFA projects. The major factors influencing the selection of a poultry science major included: 1) poultry science faculty at the university: 2) influence of parents or family: 3) influence of friends; and 4) influence of high-school agricultural-technology teachers. Of the 43 respondents, surprisingly, none indicated that high-school guidance counselors had any positive influence in their selection of a major in poultry science.
On the electromagnetic fields, Poynting vector, and peak power radiated by lightning return strokes

The initial radiation fields, Poynting vector, and total electromagnetic power that a vertical return stroke radiates into the upper half space have been computed when the speed of the stroke, nu, is a significant fraction of the speed of light, c, assuming that at large distances and early times the source is an infinitesimal dipole. The initial current is also assumed to satisfy the transmission-line model with a constant nu and to be perpendicular to an infinite, perfectly conducting ground. The effect of a large nu is to increase the radiation fields by a factor of (1-beta-sq cos-sq theta) exp -1, where beta = nu/c and theta is measured from the vertical, and the Poynting vector by a factor of (1-beta-sq cos-sq theta) exp -2.
Energy transport in disordered classical spin chains

We present a numerical study of the diffusion of energy at high temperature in strongly disordered chains of interacting classical spins evolving deterministically. We find that quenched randomness strongly suppresses transport with the diffusion constant becoming reduced by several orders of magnitude upon the introduction of moderate disorder. We have also looked for but not found signs of a classical many-body localization transition at any nonzero strength of the spin-spin interactions.
Mental Efficacy and Physical Efficacy at the Team Level : Inputs and Outcomes Among Newly Formed Action Teams

The authors demarcated mental efficacy and physical efficacy at the team level, and they explored these 2 factors as outcomes of 4 potential inputs and as predictors of 3 outcomes among 110 newly formed action teams in a military setting. Both types of team efficacy benefited from greater team size and an initial experience of enactive mastery, but they were not influenced by teams' female representation or knowledge pool. In terms of predictive contributions, both mental and physical efficacy facilitated internal social cohesion, yet only mental efficacy promoted problem solving and observed teamwork effectiveness.
Survivable RFID Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Techniques

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technique has been applied in high-security and high-integrity settings such as national defense, healthcare, and citizen identification. A tiny RFID tag is attached to a mobile object, which can be scanned and recognized by a reader. RFID offers opportunities for real-time item identification and inventory tracking. For applications using resource-restricted RFID tags and mobile hand-held readers, however, various risks could threaten their abilities to provide essential services to users. High mobility of the RFID system components and the open nature make an RFID system vulnerable to various attacks. Currently, although some techniques exist that might help improve survivability; there is still no complete proposal on survivability of an RFID system despite its growing popularity and importance in many applications. In this paper, we study survivability issues related to RFID systems and survey existing techniques whose usability and adaptability toward survivability would be beneficial. Survivability is defined as the ability of a system to continuously provide essential services to support the system's mission even in the presence of malicious attacks or system failures. We discuss the issues and challenges in developing survivable RFID systems and propose research directions.
Schottky barrier height and electron affinity of titanium on AlN

Approximately 100 or 1000 A of AlN was deposited on the (0001)Si-face of on-axis n-type 6H–SiC. The surfaces were examined by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) utilizing the He I α (21.2 eV) and the He II α (40.8 eV) excitation. Experimental difficulties are discussed. Titanium was deposited on the clean surface of in situ grown AlN. The titanium–AlN interface was also characterized with UPS. Two approaches are presented to identify the valence band maximum (VBM) and the electron affinity χ of the clean surface of AlN was found to be either 0 to 1 eV depending upon the position of the valence band edge. The same assumptions were applied to the analysis of the Ti/AlN interface and, for the case of χ=0 eV, the position of the valence band maximum is 3.4 eV below the position of the Fermi level. For the case of χ=1 eV, the position of the valence band maximum is 4.4 eV below the position of the Fermi level. Therefore, the p-type Schottky barrier height of titanium on AlN is measured to be 3.4±0.2 or 4.4±0.2 eV for χ=0 eV and χ=1 eV, respectively. Independent of the selection of the valence band maximum, the observed Schottky barrier differed from that predicted by the Schottky–Mott model by 1.5±0.2 eV.
Prenatal cocaine exposure: an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 7 years.

Aim – This study examines the relationship between prenatal cocaine exposure and parent-reported child behavior problems at age 7 years. Methods – Data are from 407 African-American children (210 cocaine-exposed, 197 non-cocaine-exposed) enrolled prospectively at birth in a longitudinal study on the neurodevelopmental consequences of in utero exposure to cocaine. Prenatal cocaine exposure was assessed at delivery through maternal self-report and bioassays (maternal and infant urine and infant meconium). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a measure of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, was completed by the child's current primary caregiver during an assessment visit scheduled when the child was seven years old. Results – Structural equation and GLM/GEE models disclosed no association linking prenatal cocaine exposure status or level of cocaine exposure to child behavior (CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing scores or the eight CBCL sub-scale scores). Conclusions – This evidence, based on standardized ratings by the current primary caregiver, fails to support hypothesized cocaine-associated behavioral problems in school-aged children with in utero cocaine exposure. A next step in this line of research is to secure standardized ratings from other informants (e.g., teachers, youth self-report).Declaration of Interest: This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 06556). Support was also provided by a NIDA career development award (K01 DA 16720), a NIDA research training award (T32 DA 07292), the General Clinical Research Center (MOI RR 16587), and the Health Foundation of South Florida.
Optimizing UAS Multispectral Data Collection and Post Processing Techniques

This paper describes the enhancements made to a system capable of capturing multispectral and position data that is processed into information useful to agriculturalists. The system consists of a digital imaging payload integrated into a small Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). A commercially available multispectral camera and GPS unit are packaged along with supporting components to create a light-weight and inexpensive payload. A small UAS is used to fly the payload over a field; the generated data can then be processed and delivered to today's precision agriculture community. Site specific crop management is achievable if the captured multispectral images can be successfully mosaiced and geo- referenced. Image overlap, capture rate, and clarity determine whether or not collected images can be used to create an accurate representation of vegetation health. GPS stamps, indicating where particular images were captured, can be used to enhance the spatial accuracy of the rendered mosaic. The final product takes the form of a digital map depicting relative crop health within a field.
Labelled encounters and experiences: ways of seeing, thinking about and responding to uniqueness

The main ideas explored here include conceptualizing the patient, the idea of the unique patient and the use of theory, individual uniqueness and stereotype, and uniqueness embedded within routine. These ideas give direction to this paper and serve to raise ethical and epistemological questions about clinical nursing and nursing education.
Evolution of shear stress, protein expression, and vessel area in an animal model of arterial dilatation in hemodialysis grafts.

Purpose To evaluate the wall shear stress, protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–2 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)–1 and TIMP-2, and vessel area over time in a porcine model for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hemodialysis grafts. Materials and Methods In 21 pigs, subtotal renal infarction was created, and 28 days later, a PTFE graft was placed to connect the carotid artery to the ipsilateral jugular vein. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure blood flow and vessel area at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after graft placement. Wall shear stress was estimated from the law of Poiseuille. Animals were killed at day 3 ( n = 7), day 7 ( n = 7), and day 14 ( n = 7) and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were determined at the grafted and control arteries. Results The mean wall shear stress of the grafted artery was higher than in the control artery at all time points ( P P Conclusions The wall shear stress of the grafted artery peaks by day 3, with increased MMP-2 activity by days 7–14, followed by increase pro-MMP-9 and active MMP-9 by day 14. In addition, the vessel area nearly doubled.
The Last Hero-Inventor: A Theory of Innovation?

In our last iconoclastic example of the genius-inventor we construct a social network for Willis Carrier and the beginnings of air conditioning technology. In a summary of exponential knowledge growth in other technologies, we draw the conclusion that human patterns of innovation have been similar across two centuries but that the time scale for explosive growth has been decreasing dramatically. We also review the elements for constructing social networks in the history of technology and speculate on models for innovation.
Modulation of Ca2+-gated cardiac muscle Ca2+-release channel (ryanodine receptor) by mono- and divalent ions

The effects of mono- and divalent ions on Ca2+-gated cardiac muscle Ca2+-release channel (ryanodine receptor) activity were examined in [3H]ryanodine-binding measurements. Ca2+ bound with the highe...
A Global Potlatch: Identifying the Indigenous Influence on Western Thought

This article identifies a seminal instance of Indigenous influence on Western thought. It does so by revealing a form of idea power exercised by Indigenous Americans: the power to transmit messages through the medium of people who came to meet and learn from them. In 1894, the Kwakwaka'wakw people of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, invited the anthropologist Franz Boas to take part in their system of Indigenous governance, the potlatch. At a series of dances and feasts, Kwakwaka'wakw leaders performed the notion of transformation, offering a dynamic vision of humanity as a single, varied, and constantly changing global community. Guided by an Indigenous intellectual, George Hunt, the Kwakwaka'wakw civilized Boas into a new way of seeing. They turned him from a static concept of culture, focused on the differences between groups of people, toward a dynamic concept of culture, focused on the universality of global experience—an experience of diversity. To identify such episodes of Indigenous influence, ...
Continuous Monitoring of Seismic Energy Release Associated with the 1994 Northridge Earthquake and the 1992 Landers Earthquake

We have developed a method to detect long-period precursors for large earthquakes observed in southern California, if they occur. The method allows us to continuously monitor seismic energy radiation over a wide frequency band to investigate slow deformation in the crust (e.g., slow earthquakes), especially before large earthquakes. We used the long-period records (1 sample/sec) from TERRAscope, a broadband seismic network in southern California. The method consists of dividing the record into a series of overlapping 30-min-long windows, computing the spectra over a frequency band of 0.00055 to 0.1 Hz, and plotting them in the form of a time-frequency diagram called spectrogram. This procedure is repeated daily over a day-long record. We have analyzed the 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake (M_w = 6.7), and the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake (M_w = 7.3). No slow precursor with spectral amplitude measured over a duration of 30 min larger than that of a magnitude 3.7 was detected prior to either event. In other words, there was no precursor whose moment was larger than ∼0.003% of the mainshock.
Banning Laptops in the Classroom: Is it Worth the Hassles?

Over the last several years law school classrooms have seen an explosion of student laptop use. Law professors have allowed this by default, generally under the pretense that laptops make note-taking easier. However, many professors complain that students use their laptops to play games, watch movies, or if they have an Internet connection, to do web surfing and e-mailing during class. This paper presents my experience in banning laptops from my classroom in the Fall of 2006, the first time it was done at my institution. The article covers the reasons for and against allowing laptops in the classroom, my reasoning and procedure for banning them, perceived differences in the classroom experience and relevant student comments from my course evaluations, which were overwhelmingly positive to the laptop ban. Also covered are the cognitive psychological reasons in support of banning laptops. Studies show that lower grades were correlated with increased student web browsing during class (Grace-Martin & Gay, 2001; Hembrooke & Gay, 2003), and the amount of time which students used their laptops for tasks other than taking lecture notes (Fried, 2007). MRI studies of the brain indicate that the brain stores information differently when distracted, which occurs when students attempt to multi-task in class (Foerde, Knowlton, & Poldrack, 2006). The science of note-taking is also covered, which indicates verbatim typing may interfere with learning (e.g., Kiewra, 1991). The paper concludes by urging law school professors to review why laptops are allowed in their classrooms and, unless they feel that laptops increase student learning, to ban or heavily restrict their classroom use.
Breast cancer cells resistant to anti-hormone treatments retain sensitivity to Aminoflavone (NSC 686288)

PR-4 Aminoflavone (AF; NSC 686288) is a novel anticancer agent which has entered phase I clinical trials. AF has shown exquisite in vitro sensitivity toward estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell lines and in vivo activity in MCF-7 xenografts. In contrast, ER- breast cancer cell lines were resistant to AF. AF is a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Crosstalk between AhR and ER signaling pathways has been established. It was shown that ligand-bound AhR can mimic estrogens and redirect ER from ER target genes to AhR target genes, such as CYP1A1. Given these facts, patients that might benefit most from AF treatment in the clinic could be those with ER+, endocrine therapy resistant breast cancers. To test whether breast cancers resistant to anti-hormone treatments retain sensitivity to AF, we evaluated AF response in a panel of molecularly well defined breast cancer cell lines. The latter included: MCF-7 (ER+) and its resistant subclones MCF-7/Her2-18 (ER+), MCF-7TAM1 (ER+), LTLC (ER+high) and LTLT (ERvery low); T47D (ER+), MDA-MB-231 (ER-); Hs5718ti8 (ER-); and MCF10A (ER-). Antiproliferative effects were measured by MTT assay, and concentrations that inhibit cell growth to 50% (IC50) of the control were established for each cell line. The response to AF was compared to ER and AhR expression by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. AF potently inhibited the growth of all ER+ breast cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations irrespective of hormone resistance (mean IC50s: MCF-7 = 16nM; MCF-7/Her2-18 = 20nM; MCF-7TAM1 = 25nM; T47D = 14nM; LTLC = 100nM), whereas the ER- breast cancer cell lines (mean IC50s: MDA-MB-231 = 25μM; Hs5718ti8 = 18μM; LTLT >50μM) and the ER- breast epithelial line MCF10A (IC50 = 3μM) were 2 to 3 log-fold less sensitive. Interestingly, AhR was predominantly localized in the nuclei of all ER- cell lines, but was expressed in the cytoplasm of ER+ cells. MCF-7/Her2-18 and MCF-7TAM1, which are both tamoxifen resistant subclones of MCF-7 (IC50s 4-OH-tamoxifen 3 and 10μM), and LTLC, a letrozole resistant clone (IC50 >1μM), retained a sensitivity to AF that was similar to parental MCF-7 cells. In order to examine the role of ER in AF sensitivity, we combined AF with a fixed concentration (100 nM) of the "pure" antiestrogen Faslodex in MCF-7 cells. The IC50 for AF plus Faslodex was found to be 0.5 nM, suggesting a synergism between the two drugs. To further prove that ER-AhR crosstalk is correlated with AF sensitivity, MDA-MB-231 cells (ER-) were stably transfected with human estrogen receptor-α, rendering them ER+. We found that the ER+ MDA-MB-231 cells had cytoplasmic AhR and were 5-times more sensitive to AF (IC50 = 5µM) compared to parental and vector transfected cells. Together these data indicate that the cytoplasmic AF-AhR complex can activate unliganded ER to enhance AhR target gene expression and as a result AF cytotoxicity. Phase II clinical trials of AF should include hormone resistant, metastatic breast cancers.
Development of high-resolution (250 m) historical daily gridded air temperature data using reanalysis and distributed sensor networks for the US Northern Rocky Mountains

Gridded temperature data sets are typically produced at spatial resolutions that cannot fully resolve fine-scale variation in surface air temperature in regions of complex topography. These data limitations have become increasingly important as scientists and managers attempt to understand and plan for potential climate change impacts. Here, we describe the development of a high-resolution (250 m) daily historical (1979-2012) temperature data set for the US Northern Rocky Mountains using observations from both long-term weather stations and a dense network of low-cost temperature sensors. Empirically based models for daily minimum and maximum temperature incorporate lapse rates from regional reanalysis data, modelled daily solar insolation and soil moisture, along with time invariant canopy cover and topographic factors. Daily model predictions demonstrate excellent agreement with independent observations, with mean absolute errors of <1.4 °C for both minimum and maximum temperature. Topographically resolved temperature data may prove useful in a range of applications related to hydrology, fire regimes and fire behaviour, and habitat suitability modelling. The form of the models may provide a means for downscaling future temperature scenarios that account for potential fine-scale topographically mediated changes in near-surface temperature.
Con La Ayuda De Dios, Los Latinos Participan: Religiosity and Civic Engagement in Latino Populations

Literature has shown that religiosity positively correlates to increased levels of civic engagement, including political participation. It also shows that religiosity is one of the greatest predictors of position on key political issues, including though not limited to family values issues such as abortion and gay marriage. In another vein, studies such as those done by Verba, Scholozman and Brady (1995) suggest that attending religious institutions, particularly protestant churches, leads to the development of civic skills, and thereby, increased engagement. However, they hypothesize that Catholic churches are perhaps less effective in this education, resulting in lower levels of political participation for Latino populations (which tended to be predominantly Catholic.) In this paper, we will test the intersection of these seemingly separate, though related ideas. We hypothesize that among the first, second, and third generations of Latino immigrants, higher levels of religiosity are positively correlated to high levels of attachment to their country of origin. Congruently, these two conditions are also positively correlated to high levels of civic engagement (beyond basic political participation.) In order to test our hypothesis we created a comprehensive index on civic engagement (including political participation) and proxy indices for religiosity and attachment to the country of origin. Survey data comes from the 2006 Latino National Survey.
The use of a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus (R7020) with ionizing radiation for experimental hepatoma

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) recombinant virus R7020 is an attenuated virus designed as a candidate for immunization against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. It was extensively tested in an experimental animal system and in a healthy human adult population without significant untoward effects. We report on the use of R7020 with ionizing radiation as an oncolytic agent for hepatomas. Two hepatoma cell lines were studied, Hep3B and Huh7. R7020 replicated to higher titers in Hep3B cells than in Huh7 cells. Tissue culture studies correlated with hepatoma xenograft responses to R7020. R7020 was more effective in mediating Hep3B tumor xenograft regression compared with Huh7. Ionizing radiation combined with R7020 also showed differential results in antitumor efficacy between the two cell lines in tumor xenografts. Ionizing radiation enhanced the replication of R7020 in Hep3B xenografts. Moreover, the combination of ionizing radiation and virus caused a greater regression of xenograft volume than either R7020 or radiation alone. Ionizing radiation had no effect on the replication of R7020 virus in Huh7 xenografts. These results indicate that a regimen involving infection with an appropriate herpesvirus such as R7020 in combination with ionizing radiation can be highly effective in eradicating certain tumor xenografts.
Mathematical Intuition Vs. Mathematical Monsters

Geometrical and physical intuition, both untutored andcultivated, is ubiquitous in the research, teaching,and development of mathematics. A number ofmathematical ``monsters'', or pathological objects, havebeen produced which – according to somemathematicians – seriously challenge the reliability ofintuition. We examine several famous geometrical,topological and set-theoretical examples of suchmonsters in order to see to what extent, if at all,intuition is undermined in its everyday roles.
Survey on drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis and analysis of risk factors to drug resistance of retreatment cases in Guangxi

Objective To explore the status of drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis and analyze the risk factors contributing to drug resistance of retreatment patients in Guangxi.Methods A prospective survey was conducted by consecutively recruiting patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)in 30TB control institutes from 2010to 2011in Guangxi.Forty-one new cases and 22retreatment cases were assigned to be recruited in each institute.Information on patient's socioeconomic status and previous clinical history was collected by questionnaire.Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC)was based on para-nitrobenzoic acid culture test.Drug susceptibility tests(DST)were performed for isoniazid,rifampicin,ethambutol,streptomycin,kanamycin and ofloxacin.Univariate analysis was applied to each variable of patients' socioeconomic and clinic information to assess the risk factors associated with drug resistance.Results One thousand five hundred and forty-five isolates collected in the survey were identified as MTBC.Among them,17.22%(266/1545)cases were resistant to at least one antiTB drugs,drug resistant rates of new smear positive cases and retreatment cases were 11.97%(142/1186)and 34.54%(124/359)respectively.The drug resistant rate of retreatment cases was higher than new cases(χ2= 98.473,P=0.000).6.28%(97/1545)cases were multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB),2.45%(29/1186) for new cases and 68(18.94%,68/359)for cases treated previously.MDR-TB rate was much higher in previous treated cases than new cases(χ2=127.450,P=0.000).0.19%(3/1545)of cases was found to be extremely drugresistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB),all of whom were retreatment cases(0.84%,3/359).Univariate analysis of drug resistance of retreatment cases indicated that female(OR=2.009,95%CI:1.145-3.523,χ2=6.062,P= 0.014),Zhuang nationality(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.024-2.529,χ2=4.289,P=0.038),selecting general hospital for first health care seeking(OR=1.967,95%CI:1.210-3.198,χ2=7.565,P=0.006),more than once prior anti-TB treatment(OR=4.128,95%CI:2.506-6.801,χ2=33.160,P=0.000),nonstandard treatment regimen(OR=3.419,95%CI:1.952-5.988,χ2=19.775,P=0.000),and low family income(OR=4.777,95%CI:1.117-20.435,χ2=5.336,P=0.021)were found to contribute to higher trend of MDR-TB.Conclusion Prevalence of drug resistant TB in Guangxi is lower than the national level.Results indicates that female,Zhuang nationality,low family income,seeking health care in non-designated institute and repeated treatment may be the risk factors of drug resistance.
Hurricane GPROF: An Optimized Ocean Microwave Rainfall Retrieval for Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThe Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) is an operational passive microwave retrieval that uses a Bayesian scheme to estimate rainfall. GPROF 2014 retrieves rainfall and hydrometeor vertical profile information based upon a database of profiles constructed to be simultaneously consistent with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) observations. A small number of tropical cyclones are in the current database constructed from one year of TRMM data, resulting in the retrieval performing relatively poorly for these systems, particularly for the highest rain rates. To address this deficiency, a new database focusing specifically on hurricanes but consisting of 9 years of TRMM data is created. The new database and retrieval procedure for TMI and GMI is called Hurricane GPROF. An initial assessment of seven tropical cyclones shows that Hurricane GPROF provides a better estimate of hurricane rain rates than GPROF 2014. Hurricane GPROF rain-rate ...
Tourism disaster resilience scorecard for destinations (TDRSD): the case of Manta, Ecuador

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop nine criteria for tourism disaster resilience scorecard for destinations (TDRSD) by using the “disaster resilience scorecard for cities, based on UNISDR’s ten essentials”. As a surrogate for the city, the Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB) is used at the destination level to manage and oversee disasters within the perspective of a visitor. The initial section of the paper revises the scorecard to adapt to the destination, while the second part of the paper applies the scorecard to a specific city destination. The TDRSD scorecard for CVBs was used to evaluate the destination of Manta, Ecuador. Design/methodology/approach – The approach included four stages. The first stage was to use a Delphi technique to evaluate and adapt the UNIDSRR scorecard to a destination (tourism) context. The second stage included conducting interviews with members of the Manta CVB and Mesa 5 (Emergency Management Department of Manta). Consequently, each answer was paired with su...