cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of silicon in diatom metabolism. X. Polypeptide labelling patterns during the cell cycle, silicate starvation and recovery in Cylindrotheca fusiformis.

Abstract The soluble polypeptides from Cylindrotheca fusiformis were labelled with [35S]O42− and resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 600 polypeptides were detected upon a 26-day exposure to X-ray film. Analysis of the labelling pattern during the cell cycle show that labelling of at least 208 polypeptides changes; the majority, however, remain unchanged. Most of the changes occur in the beginning of the cell cycle and typically involve increases; those occurring in the second half of the cycle typically involve decreases. Light or its absence affects apparent protein turnover and the labelling rates of several polypeptides. Polypeptide labelling during the cell cycle was used as a reference to analyse the effect of silicate deprivation on diatom metabolism. In the absence of silicate, protein turnover increases: however, the addition of silicate counteracts but does not fully reverse this change. Silicate starvation affects the program of synthesis for several polypeptides, but in general the program of polypeptide labelling continues up to the S phase of the cell cycle. Addition of silicate to silicate-starved cells causes the appearance of four hitherto undetected polypeptides.
Abundant corneal gelsolin in Zebrafish and the 'four-eyed' fish, Anableps anableps: possible analogy with multifunctional lens crystallins.

Abstract The cornea accumulates high proportions (can be up to 50%) of taxon-specific, water-soluble, cytoplasmic proteins (often enzymes) that have been considered analogous to the multifunctional lens crystallins. We have shown that gelsolin (an actin-severing protein) is the major water-soluble corneal protein of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) and the ‘four-eyed’ fish ( Anableps anableps) . Each Anableps eye contains one lens, an aquatic ventral cornea with an epithelium comprising 5–7 cell layers, and an air-exposed flatter dorsal cornea with an epithelium comprising >20 cell layers and appreciably enriched with glycogen. Gelsolin accounts for 38 and 21% of the dorsal and ventral cornea, respectively, suggesting that the abundance of gelsolin in the cornea is not incompatible with its function in air. The thicker, glycogen-enriched, air-exposed dorsal cornea may protect against UV irradiation and desiccation. Gelsolin comprises ∼50% of the 5 cell-layer thick aquatic corneal epithelium of zebrafish. Reported zebrafish ESTs have indicated the presence of a second gelsolin gene in this species. We show by RT-PCR that the abundant corneal gelsolin (also expressed weakly in lens) (C/L-gelsolin) is also expressed in early development and differs from a ubiquitously expressed gelsolin (U-gelsolin) that is not specialized for cornea. Microinjection tests showed that overexpression of C/L-gelsolin dorsalizes the embryo and can lead to axis duplication, while interruption of C/L-gelsolin expression with a specific morpholino oligonucleotide ventralizes the embryo and interferes with brain and eye development. The evidence that C/L-gelsolin participates in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad dorsal-ventral signaling pathway is reviewed. Finally, we speculate that soluble C/L-gelsolin:actin complexes in the cornea may be analogous to soluble αA:αB-crystallin complexes in the lens. Together, our data are consistent with an analogy between the abundance of gelsolin in fish corneas and taxon-specific multifunctional crystallins in lenses.
A Note on the Female Adolescent's Psychological Reactions to Breast Development

Abstract We review the literature on adolescent breast development, including the physiological sequence of normal female adolescent breast development, and the psychological responses to such development of the adolescent, her family, and her peers. Breast development is a line of developmental growth neglected by psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other health professionals. It is critical that those dealing with adolescents both note and discuss with the female her feelings about her physical development in relationship to herself, her peers (male and female), and her family.
Optimized Monte Carlo sampling in forward–backward semiclassical dynamics

Forward–backward semiclassical dynamics (FBSD) provides a rigorous and powerful methodology for calculating time correlation functions in condensed phase systems characterized by substantial quantum mechanical effects associated with zero-point motion, quantum dispersion, or identical particle exchange symmetries. The efficiency of these simulations arises from the use of classical trajectories to capture all dynamical information. However, full quantization of the density operator makes these calculations rather expensive compared to fully classical molecular dynamics simulations. This article discusses the convergence properties of various correlation functions and introduces an optimal Monte Carlo sampling scheme that leads to a significant reduction of statistical error. A simple and efficient procedure for normalizing the FBSD results is also discussed. Illustrative examples on model systems are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 28: 818–824, 2007
Juvenile disciform macular degeneration

A retrospective study of ten Icelandic cases of juvenile disciform macular degeneration, 1981 – 1988 was undertaken in the only referral clinic of a country of 250000 people. Some of these cases were associated with punctate inner choroidopathy or recurrent multifocal choroiditis and the disciform lesions occurred primarily in young, otherwise healthy, moderately myopic women.
Dopamine-Induced Alterations in Left Ventricular Performance

Left ventricular responses to dopamine infusion of 1 to 5, 8, and 10 µg/kg per min for 30 minutes were studied in 14 anesthetized intact dogs. Cardiac output (dye dilution) and stroke volume increased progressively while the end diastolic volume (thermodilution) remained constant, signifying more complete ventricular ejection and resulting in a progressive decline in end systolic volume. Heart rate remained unchanged as did aortic mean pressure, but in the presence of a greatly increased systemic blood flow, the calculated peripheral vascular resistance declined progressively. A linear dose-dependent increase in both systolic ejection rate and circumferential shortening rate suggested directionally similar changes in myocardial fiber shortening. Isovolumic contraction was characterized by a marked increase in the peak velocity of left ventricular pressure rise and presumably in the velocity of force generation without change in the maximum pre-ejection force. These results indicate that dopamine increased myocardial contractility. At these infusion doses dopamine differs from norepinephrine and isoproterenol in causing little change in systemic blood pressure or heart rate in the intact dog. The steady heart rate, stable blood pressure, and constant end diastolic volume suggest that the inotropic response to dopamine administration was due to a direct myocardial action which was otherwise unmodified by the preload or afterload of ventricular contraction.
Toward the zero-emission coal-to-liquids plant

A novel near-zero-emission process for obtaining clean middle-distillate fuels, primarily from coal and with some algal input, has been developed. This process involves the solvent extraction of coal, followed by two stages of hydrotreating and hydrogenation, and finally distillation, to produce fuels of very low sulfur and low aromatics content. Prototype fuels have been shown to provide performance comparable to petroleum-derived jet and diesel fuels in gas turbine and small diesel engines, as well as in the solid oxide fuel cell. Approaches for reducing plant emissions nearly to zero would begin with obtaining the hydrogen needed for hydrotreating the primary coal liquid extract by water electrolysis with non-carbon electricity. The process heat necessary for the extraction, hydrotreating and distillation steps could be obtained from concentrated solar power or non-carbon electricity. Hydrotreating of the primary coal extract will produce hydrogen sulfide. Use of solar splitting of hydrogen sulfide would prevent any emissions of this pollutant, and at the same time provide the opportunity to recycle hydrogen back into the process and obtain an additional revenue stream from the sale of by-product sulfur. Some carbon dioxide production is likely, and would be inevitable if natural-gas-fired process heaters were used. Carbon dioxide capture in algal photobioreactors is proposed; oils recovered from the algae could be blended with the coal-derived liquids, and spent algae could be gasified to produce additional hydrogen for hydrotreating and hydrogenation.
Proprioceptive Acuity Assessment Via Joint Position Matching: From Basic Science to General Practice

Over the past several decades, studies of use-dependent plasticity have demonstrated a critical role for proprioceptive feedback in the reorganization, and subsequent recovery, of neuromotor systems. As such, an increasing emphasis has been placed on tests of proprioceptive acuity in both the clinic and the laboratory. One test that has garnered particular interest is joint position matching, whereby individuals must replicate a reference joint angle in the absence of vision (ie, using proprioceptive information). On the surface, this test might seem straightforward in nature. However, the present perspective article informs therapists and researchers alike of multiple insights gained from a recent series of position matching studies by the author and colleagues. In particular, 5 factors are outlined that can assist clinicians in developing well-informed opinions regarding the outcomes of tests of position matching abilities. This information should allow for enhanced diagnosis of proprioceptive deficits within clinical settings in the future.
Pharmacological inhibition of intracellular calcium release blocks acid-induced bone resorption

In vivo chronic metabolic acidosis induces net Ca2+ efflux from bone, and incubation of neonatal mouse calvariae in medium simulating physiological metabolic acidosis induces bone resorption. It ap...
Transfer of murine host protection by using interleukin-2-dependent T-lymphocyte lines.

Abstract We have demonstrated in this study that long-term, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent, salmonella antigen-specific T-lymphocyte lines, as well as peritoneal exudate-enriched T cells, could be developed from both the antigen-sensitized inguinal and periaortic lymph nodes. Only those lines (salmonella-specific lymph node cells or peritoneal exudate T cells) were capable of adoptively transferring significant host protection (P less than 0.01) compared with the immune reactions of lethally challenged naive controls or of mice that had ovalbumin-specific T-cell lines transferred. Of particular interest was the finding that IL-2-dependent T-cell lines derived from the lymph nodes could only confer host protection to naive mice when both the transfer and challenge dose were administered via the intravenous route. Likewise, those T-cell lines derived from the peritoneal exudate were only capable of adoptively transferring significant protection when the cells and challenge dose of salmonellae were administered intraperitoneally. These studies indicate that systemic host protection can be transferred to naive mice, but depending on the source, the IL-2-dependent T-cell lines (lymph node or peritoneally isolated) functioned differentially upon challenge. Also, the results of this study indicate that the administration of greater numbers of IL-2-specific T cells may result in decreased, rather than enhanced, host protection. This may be due to the fact that the IL-2-dependent T-cell population consisted of 20 to 25% Lyt-2,3+ cells, indicating that cells of the suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype were present. Thus, increasing the number of cells transferred may result in an abrogation of protection.
Flows emerging from a nozzle and falling under gravity

Steady two-dimensional free-surface flows of an inviscid and incompressible fluid emerging from a nozzle and falling under gravity are calculated numerically. The nozzle is aimed at an angle β above the horizontal. It is shown that there are flows for which the fluid falls down along the underside of the nozzle and other flows which split into two sheets. The latter flows occur for each value of β when the Froude number F is greater than a critical value. Local solutions are constructed to describe the limiting behaviour of the flows as F → 0 and as F → ∞.
Adolescents' and Their Friends' Health-Risk Behavior: Factors That Alter or Add to Peer Influence

Objective: To examine models of risk for adolescent health-risk behavior, including family dysfunction, social acceptance, and depression as factors that may compound or mitigate the associations between adolescents’ and peers’ risk behavior. Methods: Participants were 527adolescents in grades 9–12. Adolescents reported on their substance use (cigarette and marijuana use, heavy episodic drinking), violent behavior (weapon carrying, physical fighting), suicidality (suicidal ideation and attempts), and the health-risk behavior of their friends. Results: Adolescents’ substance use, violence, and suicidal behavior were related to their friends’ substance use, deviance, and suicidal behaviors, respectively. Friends’ prosocial behavior was negatively associated with adolescent violence and substance use. Family dysfunction, social acceptance, and depression altered the magnitude of association between peers’ and adolescents’ risk behavior. In cumulative risk factor models, rates of adolescent health-risk behavior increased twofold with each added risk factor. Conclusions: Results supported both additive and multiplicative models of risk. Implications for intervention and primary prevention are discussed.
Role of Neutrophil Elastase in Hypersecretion During COPD Exacerbations, and Proposed Therapies

A common feature of COPD and other chronic lung diseases is hypersecretion of mucus into the airways, causing peripheral airway plugging and further airflow obstruction. The mucus is secreted by goblet cells, which are present in excessive numbers in COPD. This review describes how neutrophils in the airways of COPD patients stimulate the goblet cells to secrete their products. Recent findings on the mechanisms of neutrophil stimulation of goblet cell degranulation are discussed. These implicate the proteolytic enzyme elastase and cell surface adhesion molecules, and provide a basis for the investigation of potential novel therapies.
The Role of Noninvasive Vascular Imaging in Splanchnic and Mesenteric Pathology

Traditionally, catheter angiography (CA) has been the mainstay of diagnosis for mesenteric arterial diseases. However, CA is invasive and is associated with complications that result from the procedure itself, depending on the experience of the operators, site of vascular access, ionized radiation that could be significant when combined with interventional procedures, and administered contrast material. During the past 2 decades, technical improvements in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance hardware and methods have contributed new, noninvasive tools, specifically CT angiography (CTA) and 3-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D Gd-MRA). This article outlines the current applications, strengths, and weaknesses of CTA and 3D Gd-MRA in imaging of the mesenteric vessels.
Performance of a fast atom bombardment source on a quadrupole mass spectrometer

A saddle field fast atom bombardment gun was installed on a quadrupole mass spectrometer and its performance evaluated. Only some minor modifications to a standard gas chromatography mass spectrometry system were required to accommodate this source. Using xenon as the bombarding atom, measurements were made with respect to sensitivity, background effects, sample type, calibration of the data system and other parameters pertinent to the operation of a fast atom bombardment source on a quadrupole system. The simplicity of operation and its unique ability to produce gaseous ionic species from highly polar molecules in solution make it an ideal complement to other mass spectrometric ionizing devices.
Orthostatic Intolerance in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 1 was a 45-minute head-up tilt test, performed after exclusion of subjects with other medical conditions and subjects being treated with medications used to treat orthostatic intolerance. These exclusions were methodologically necessary to ensure that the observed rate of orthostatic intolerance was associated with CFS and not with the co-morbid medical conditions, and that medication use did not partially treat (and therefore obscure detection of) the underlying circulatory abnormalities. The exclusions came at a steep methodologic cost to the representativeness of the sample. After the exclusion of 41 subjects, and refusal to participate by 23 more, the tilt portion of the study evaluated 10 subjects, just 14% of the original group of 74. The sample was entirely too small to allow firm conclusions to be drawn about the prevalence of orthostatic intolerance overall in those with CFS, or about the relative prevalence of postural tachycardia or neurally mediated hypotension in this group. While not the main focus of the article, Table 7 summarizing the literature on orthostatic intolerance in those with CFS is incomplete. In addition to the small study by DeLorenzo and colleagues of 5 patients with postural tachycardia (reference 10 in the Table), the authors may not have known of a larger study by the same group. That study enrolled 78 subjects with CFS, 22 of whom (28%) developed hypotension during tilt, versus 0 of 38 controls. 2
Construct validity of the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development

Evidence for the construct validity of the Sen tence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT), some of it previously unpublished, is reviewed. The substantive component is substantiated both by in tuitive plausibility and by the fact that rating skill can be communicated through written instructions. Internal consistency is shown by alpha coefficients of about .85. Evidence for sequentiality is provided by studies showing cross-sectional gains with age during adolescence, similar profiles of item scores for adjacent total protocol ratings, substantial cor relations over long time spans, gains proportional to retest intervals during adolescence, gains follow ing theory-relevant interventions of several months' length, and better comprehension of lower than of higher stages. The SCT has substantial correlation with tests of related conceptions, such as Kohl berg's test of moral maturity, and with measures of ego level applied to other behavior samples. Cor relations with isolated traits characteristic of sp...
Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm

Dreaming-a particular form of consciousness that occurs during sleep-undergoes major changes in the course of the night. We aimed to outline state-dependent features of consciousness using a paradigm with multiple serial awakenings/questionings that allowed for within as well as between subject comparisons. Seven healthy participants who spent 44 experimental study nights in the laboratory were awakened by a computerized sound at 15-30 min intervals, regardless of sleep stage, and questioned for the presence or absence of sleep consciousness. Recall without content ("I was experiencing something but do not remember what") was considered separately. Subjects had to indicate the content of the most recent conscious experience prior to the alarm sound and to estimate its duration and richness. We also assessed the degree of thinking and perceiving, self- and environment-relatedness and reflective consciousness of the experiences. Of the 778 questionings, 5% were performed during wakefulness, 2% in stage N1, 42% in N2, 33% in N3, and 17% in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Recall with content was reported in 34% of non-REM and in 77% of REM sleep awakenings. Sleep fragmentation inherent to the study design appeared to only minimally affect the recall of conscious experiences. Each stage displayed a unique combination of characteristic features of sleep consciousness. In conclusion, our serial awakening paradigm allowed us to collect a large and representative sample of conscious experiences across states of being. It represents a time-efficient method for the study of sleep consciousness that may prove particularly advantageous when combined with techniques such as functional MRI and high-density EEG.
The RISE algorithm for recursive eigenspace decomposition

A recursive method for generating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Hermitian matrices is presented. This algorithm is closely related to recursive/iterative Toeplitz eigenspace decomposition (RITE) and thus may appropriately be named recursive/iterative self-adjoint eigenspace decomposition (RISE), since it is formulated for the more general Hermitian matrix. RISE may be performed at a cost of O(n/sup 3/) multiplies per matrix order, while RITE requires O(4n/sup 3/). It is demonstrated that RISE (as is also true with RITE) is numerically stable, and thus does not appreciably accumulate errors as the recursion progresses. Additionally, a variation of RITE is presented which allows the computation of the eigenvalues of successively smaller Hermitian Toeplitz matrices. The initial presentation of RITE only provided for the determination of the eigenvalues of successively larger matrices. >
An improved election algorithm in chordal ring networks

Distributed election arises in all situations where a single processor is needed to control a certain function. In this paper, we address this problem in networks with a “sense of direction”which is the capability to distinguish between its adjacent communication links. We present an efficient election algorithm which works on all chordal ring networks. We show that the algorithm has an O(n) message complexity both on a regular chordal ring with only O(n log log n) links and on an irregular chordal ring with only O(n) links. This is an improvement over the algorithms presented in [1,9] where O(n 2) and O(n log n) links are needed respectively to achieve O(n) message complexity in distributed election with a sense of direction. Since at least O(n) messages and 0(n) links are needed to perform an election in a network with n processors, our algorithm is optimal when irregular chordal ring networks are considered.
An Efficient Synthesis of 9-Methyl-5(10)-Octalin-1, 6-Dione

Abstract 9-Methyl-5(10)-octalin-1,6-dione (5)1 has been extensively employed as a starting material for terpenoid and steroid synthesis.2 Its preparation involves high pressure reduction of resorcinol (1) in alkaline solution followed by methylation to give 2-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione.3 Annelation with methyl vinyl ketone completes the preparation.4 Following published procedures3,4 a competent experimentalist can prepare dione 5 in 35–40% overall yield. In view of the widespread and continued use of this valuable synthetic intermediate we would like to report a modified synthetic scheme whereby dione 5 can be obtained by a two step sequence in greater than 60% overall yield.
Are Chinese Banks Positioned to Compete in the Post-WTO Environment?

With the full liberalization of Chinese markets in 2007 due to China's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), Chinese banks are receiving more attention than ever on their readiness to compete with established foreign banks. We provide an explorative study to compare Chinese banks with U. S. banks in terms of bank size, growth rate, liquidity risk, profitability, efficiency, and capital adequacy. We believe that the Chinese banking reforms started in 1998 have achieved moderate success in preparing the Chinese banks to enter the international arena.
Risk Taking as a Function of an Individual's Impression of the Power Situation:

Summary.-An experiment was performed to test the validity of a game board designed to measuze risk-taking behavior. 18 college students were placed in weak, moderate and strong power condiaons with the hypothesis that the number of risks taken wculd be inversely related to the degree of power. The results supported the hypothesis, suggesting that the use of this game board is worthwhile in the study of risk-taking behavior. No sex differences were found. The gambling behavior of Ss in a three-person game has been studied in the past (Vinacke & Arkaff, 1957; Cole & Phillips, 1967; Kelley & Arrowood, 1960). Most of the research has been concerned with coalition formation; not specifically the behavior of individuals. The design for these studies has been such that S is only exposed to one . situation where he must make a decision, and that decision is whether or not he will form a coalition with another player. In a study by Vinacke and Arkoff ( 1957), and later in studies done by Vinacke, Crowell, D~en, and Young ( 1966) and Vinacke, Lichtman, and Cherulnik ( 1967), Ss were placed in various power conditions such that their markers moved 2, 3, or 4 times the roll of a die on a board with squares set along the perimeter. The dependent variable in these studies was the number of coalitions formed during the course of the experimental trial. Cole and Phillips (1967) gave Ss more flexibility in their choice behavior by eliminating a ~oard and allowing the players to remove chips from one of the opponents. Each S was placed in a power condition where he could remove either 4, 3, or 2 chips at a time. Kelley and Arrowood (1960) used the power arrangement of Vinacke, but they suggested that S be kept in the same condition throughout the study to allow S to learn the workings of that condition and develop a strategy for it. More information concerning choice behavior could be found if a study were performed on a board where the player would be allowed to take risks of varying degrees by choosing paths across the center of the board. The present study examined whether the board would provide a means of measuring risktaking behavior by showing that the strong power conditions will be less indined to make gambling decisions than will the weaker conditions. Another finding in the Vinacke, et al. studies was that females tended to take fewer risks than did mzles. This was described as the forming of more coali'This research was done as an undergraduate experimental psychology project. The author wishes to express his avoreciation to C. P. Bankarr. P. F. Svelt. and I. W. Lawrie for their critical bnd helpfuiAreview of the manuscript, and to ~ihda'~owl& for her help in locating Ss.
A high aperture efficiency, wide-angle scanning offset reflector antenna

A unique single offset reflector antenna has been designed which provides as much as +or-30 degrees of scanning in azimuth while maintaining a much higher aperture efficiency than a torus antenna. Like a torus antenna, different portions of the reflector are illuminated for each scanned beam. The reflector profile curve in the plane of scan is found by least squares to minimize the error for the beams with the greatest scan angle, and then polynomial terms of up to sixth order which minimize nonplanar phase errors are added to produce a three-dimensional reflector surface. Numerical simulation indicates very good results for all 0.5 degrees beams in the +or-30 degrees azimuth field of view, with peak gain no more than 0.3 dB below ideal and highest side-lobe levels no worse than 13.3 dB below the peak gain. Additionally, comparable performance can be extended to the elevation plane out to 15 degrees /-30 degrees , although full azimuth performance becomes compromised at extreme elevation scan angles. By using an offset design, there is no blockage of the outgoing beam by the feed array assembly for azimuth scanning. With better feed performance than comparably sized paraboloids, and being more compact than similar torus reflectors, this novel antenna should find numerous uses in spacecraft and terrestrial applications. >
Quality of internet health information on thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: The Internet has become a heavily used source of health information. No data currently exists on the quality and characteristics of Internet information regarding carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis. METHODS: The search terms “cmc arthritis,” “basal joint arthritis,” and “thumb arthritis” were searched using Google and Bing. Search results were evaluated independently by four reviewers. Classification and con tent specific review was performed utilizing a weighted 100-point information quality scale. RESULTS: Of the 60 websites reviewed, 27 were unique pages with 6 categorized as academic and 21 as nonacademic. Average score on content specific review of academic websites was 56.8 and for non-academic was 42.7 (p=0.054). Average Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for academic websites was 12.4, and for non-academic was 9.9 (p=0.015). CONCLUSION: Internet health information regarding thumb CMC arthritis is primarily non-academic in nature, of generally poor quality, and at a reading level far above the U.S. average reading level of 6 th grade. Higher-quality websites with more complete content and appropriate readability are needed.
Developmental changes in glycoconjugate secretion by ferret tracheas

Surface epithelium and submucosal glands of the ferret trachea undergo extensive postnatal development. This study examined developmental changes in rates of release and types of high molecular weight glycoconjugates secreted by explanted ferret tracheas. Digestion with bovine testicular hyaluronidase separated the high molecular weight glycoconjugates into two types, hyaluronidase-resistant mucins and hyaluronidase-susceptible glycosaminoglycans. Release rates were measured under unstimulated conditions and in the presence of known secretagogues. The unstimulated rate of release of total 3H-glycoconjugates was 4-fold higher at birth than after complete maturation. The mucin content varied from 39 to 74% of total 3H-glycoconjugates; however, no age-related pattern was observed for mucin/glycosaminoglycan ratios. The rate of release of 3H-mucins was 6-fold higher at birth than in the adult but rapidly dropped to adult levels by 28 days of age. The secretory cells in the tracheal epithelium of newborn ferrets had more abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum than did mature goblet cells, suggesting increased synthesis of secretory product. Response to methacholine and trypsin, both known stimulators of mucin release, was not observed until 28 and 54 days of age, respectively. Incorporation of 35S-sulfate into mucins relative to that for 3H-glucosamine increased with age, consistent with increasingly acidic histochemical staining properties of secretory cells. These developmental differences in rates of release, modulation of release, and relative sulfation of mucins may represent changes in secretory and synthetic mechanisms of the secretory cells.
Failure of the liver of the monkey to inactivate estrogens in vivo.

SummaryIntrasplenic implantation of pellets of estrone and estradiol in 4 ovari-ectomized monkeys was followed by reddening of the sex skin and alteration of the vaginal smear as promptly and with the same intensity as in a control animal given estradiol benzoate intramuscularly. Endometrial changes in the animals were alike, and removal of the intrasplenic pellet was followed by typical estrogen-deprivation menstruation. Liver function tests revealed no hepatic damage and administration of B vitamins did not reduce the activity of the intrasplenic estrogens.
Ubiquitous accumulation of 3′ mRNA decay fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNAs with chromosomally integrated MS2 arrays

The binding of MS2-GFP protein to arrays of MS2 sites in yeast mRNAs has been used extensively to visualize mRNA localization. We previously reported that arrays of MS2 sites bound by MS2 protein could inhibit Xrn1p and lead to the accumulation of 3' mRNA decay fragments. We suggest that these decay fragments have the potential to complicate mRNA localization studies, as stated in an earlier study.
Surfaces and interfaces governing the OMVPE growth of APD-free GaP on AsH3-cleaned vicinal Si(100)

Abstract Direct growth of GaP on Si enables the integration of III–V and Si optoelectronic devices for a wide variety of applications, and has therefore been the subject of much research for many decades. Most of this effort has been directed toward overcoming the two main technical challenges: 1) removing atmospheric oxygen and carbon contamination and 2) establishing the conditions needed for “APD-free” III–V epitaxy ( i.e ., without antiphase domains). We have developed an OMVPE process for APD-free GaP growth on Si which overcomes both challenges by using AsH 3 to clean and prepare the Si surface in situ at a relatively low temperature. This process is based upon a very brief “AsH 3 -cleaning” step which simultaneously removes atmospheric contamination (thereby eliminating the need for Si regrowth) and creates a single-domain As-terminated Si surface. Here we discuss the key process steps using results from a suite of analysis tools.
Natural host defense mechanisms.

An intruding foreign substance activates many intricate and frequently interdependent host defense mechanisms to restore host-bacteria equilibrium. These mechanisms may be nonspecific (the skin, mucous membranes, and some cellular responses, for example) or specific (humoral and cell-mediated responses). However, severe injury can adversely affect the function of both nonspecific and specific defenses, allowing low levels of virulent organisms to become a lethal threat to the injured patient.
Social Mobility among Second-Generation Latinos:

New data shows that Latinos weathered the recession well and are poised to seize opportunities for further social mobility.
A novel microflow LCMS method for the quantitation of endocannabinoids in serum

Endocannabinoids (ECs) represent a class of endogenous, small molecules that bind and activate the G-protein coupled EC receptors. They are involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes and are associated with many disease states. Endocannabinoids are often present in complex matrices and at low concentrations, complicating their measurement. Here we describe a highly sensitive method for the quantitation of the following ECs in serum: N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), N-oleoylethanolamine, N-palmitoylethanolamine, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and its inactive isomer 1-arachidonoylglycerol. On-line sample trapping coupled with separation via microflow liquid chromatography and detection by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry results in the necessary sensitivity for accurate quantitation of ECs in less than 50μL of serum, without the need for off-line solid phase extraction. Limits of quantitation between 1.2 and 13.4pg/mL were achieved, representing a significant increase in sensitivity compared to previous methods using analytical flow rates. An additional benefit of microflow chromatography is the reduction of solvent consumption by more than two orders of magnitude. The experimental utility of the assay is demonstrated through the analysis of serum from hibernating bears to assess seasonal changes in circulating EC concentrations.
A Return to Key Surgical Technique: Neurovascular Bundle Sparing with Antegrade Technique

Prostate cancer surgical technique is a commonly published topic, although comparative data and linkage to outcomes remains limited. In a previous chapter, we considered the retrograde nerve bundle release. In this chapter, we review another way to approach the nerve bundle with consideration of the same objectives—anatomic understanding, grading nerve sparing, and minimizing tissue trauma.
Hybridizing Bayesian and variational data assimilation for high-resolution hydrologic forecasting

Abstract. The success of real-time estimation and forecasting applications based on geophysical models has been possible thanks to the two main existing frameworks for the determination of the models' initial conditions: Bayesian data assimilation and variational data assimilation. However, while there have been efforts to unify these two paradigms, existing attempts struggle to fully leverage the advantages of both in order to face the challenges posed by modern high-resolution models – mainly related to model indeterminacy and steep computational requirements. In this article we introduce a hybrid algorithm called OPTIMISTS (Optimized PareTo Inverse Modeling through Integrated STochastic Search) which is targeted at non-linear high-resolution problems and that brings together ideas from particle filters (PFs), four-dimensional variational methods (4D-Var), evolutionary Pareto optimization, and kernel density estimation in a unique way. Streamflow forecasting experiments were conducted to test which specific configurations of OPTIMISTS led to higher predictive accuracy. The experiments were conducted on two watersheds: the Blue River (low resolution) using the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model and the Indiantown Run (high resolution) using the DHSVM (Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model). By selecting kernel-based non-parametric sampling, non-sequential evaluation of candidate particles, and through the multi-objective minimization of departures from the streamflow observations and from the background states, OPTIMISTS was shown to efficiently produce probabilistic forecasts with comparable accuracy to that obtained from using a particle filter. Moreover, the experiments demonstrated that OPTIMISTS scales well in high-resolution cases without imposing a significant computational overhead. With the combined advantages of allowing for fast, non-Gaussian, non-linear, high-resolution prediction, the algorithm shows the potential to increase the efficiency of operational prediction systems.
Aggression and dominance: an interdisciplinary overview

Aggression is ubiquitous among animals, and contest outcomes in many gregarious species yield societies structured by dominance hierarchies. Recent results from a variety of disciplines have laid the groundwork for an integrative view of aggression and dominance, ranging from their physiological underpinnings to their evolutionary histories. Here we use Tinbergen's four levels of behavioral analysis to summarize our current understanding of aggressive behavior and dominance relationships. First, we discuss the role of epigenetic effects in the ontogenetic emergence of aggressive and rank-related phenotypes, and summarize how these phenotypes are mediated by endocrine and nervous system activity. We briefly review recent work on the functions of aggression and dominance hierarchies in animal societies, and then consider their phylogenetic history. Finally, we review methodological encumbrances to the study of dominance, and consider the unique evolution of aggression and dominance relationships in humans.
HuSIS: A Dedicated Space for Studying Human Interactions

To support the study of effective human-surrogate interaction techniques and modalities, the Office of Naval Research awarded an equipment grant to support the development of a Human-Surrogate Interaction Space (HuSIS) at the University of Central Florida in the Institute for Simulation a Training. The HuSIS consists of a dedicated physical space, structures, and components designed specifically for carrying out controlled studies related to human-surrogate interactions. This article describes the motivation, design, and realization of the HuSIS and the benefits of the common data-collection and analysis framework developed for HuSIS research.
Impact of light exposure on thyroid-stimulating hormone results using the Siemens Advia Centaur TSH-3Ultra assay.

BackgroundThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is used as the first-line test of thyroid function. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics recommend that Siemens Centaur reagents must be protected from light i...
Simulations and Experiments Provide a Convergent View of Protein Unfolded States under Folding Conditions

An accurate description of unfolded states under folding conditions is important for quantitative studies of protein stability, protein folding kinetics, and an understanding of how features of the unfolded state may have contributed to the convergent evolution toward foldable sequences. Here, we present results from multi-pronged biophysical investigations that uncover a comprehensive description of conformational ensembles accessed by unfolded states of proteins under folding conditions. We combined results from experiments based on time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer, using multiple non-perturbing, amino-acid-sized dye pairs, and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering, with novel molecular simulations and polymer physics theories. Previous work showed that aqueous milieus are poor solvents for polypeptide backbones. This should drive chain collapse and globule formation. Our current results, obtained for the N-terminal domain of the ribosomal protein L9, show that under folding conditions, native and non-native intra-chain interactions lead to transient globule formation, while large conformational fluctuations brought about by favorable sidechain-solvent interactions lead to an unfolded ensemble that behaves statistically like a flexible polymer would in a theta-solvent. Therefore, the unfolded state under folding conditions may be described as an ensemble with fluctuating elements of native and non-native non-random elements of structure that are averaged over to yield random coil-like statistics of chains in theta solvents. This behavior derives from the sequence-encoded interplay between backbone- and sidechain-mediated intra-chain and chain-solvent interactions. Our results have broad implications for interactions of unfolded proteins in crowded milieus, for folding-unfolding transitions, and for tilting the balance toward heterogeneous ensembles as is the case with intrinsically disordered proteins.
The Daughter Cyst.

Author(s): Kyle, Adrianna; Cooper, Maxwell; Destree, Katrina; Oliveira, Lauren; Lawrence, Matthew | Abstract: The daughter cyst is a benign simple cyst within a cyst that is radiographically difficult to distinguish from ectopic pregnancy and must be differentiated in any woman with the potential to become pregnant. The following case report details how the clinicians discovered, diagnosed, and managed this finding. This structure is of particular clinical importance in the field of emergency medicine, as it can be easily misdiagnosed as a potential surgical emergency.
Comparison of ABC/2 with a Simplified ABC/2 Formula in Calculating Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume (P06.252)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the simplified ABC/2 formula (sABC/2) with the original ABC/2 formula (ABC/2) in the measurement of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume . BACKGROUND: ABC/2 has been correlated with clinical outcomes. In ABC/2, C is the number of approximate cuts the ICH is seen (weighted by area as 75%). In clinical and research use, the original ABC/2 has been simplified (sABC/2) where C is the total number of cuts the ICH is seen. In the simplied form, each cut is weighted the same. ABC/2 has been validated as a reliable bedside method of measuring ICH volume, but sABC/2 has not been studied. DESIGN/METHODS: With IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed consecutive spontaneous acute ICH patients admitted to our institution from November 1, 2009 to April 30, 2010. We excluded pure intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic ICH, or multifocal ICH. CT brain was reviewed by an attending vascular neurologist or neurointensivist. Data was collected on CT measurements of ICH and ICH volume was calculated using both methods. RESULTS: Among 81 patients with ICH, the location was deep in 40 (49.4%), lobar in 29 (35.8%), and infratentorial in 12 (14.8%). Thirty eight patients (46.9%) had IVH. The mean volume of ICH with ABC2 was 12.5 cc (range 0.377 to 71.54) and with sABC/2 was 27.8 cc (range 0.26 to 154.2). The mean difference in volumes between ABC/2 and sABC/2 was 15.3 cc (SD + 23.6). The differences between the volume by sABC/2 and ABC/2 increased with larger ICH volumes, with the equation of the regression line as follows: sABC/2 = -0.25 + 2.3 ABC/2 (p CONCLUSIONS: sABC/2 does not accurately measure volume of ICH when compared to ABC2, and the differences between the methods increases with larger ICH volumes. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of sABC/2. Disclosure: Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Song has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for serving as Advocacy Editor for AAN.com. Dr. Cutting has received personal compensation for activities with F1000. Dr. Busl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Conners has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garg has received research support from the AHA.
School-Based Activities, Misbehavior, Discipline, and Racial and Ethnic Disparities:

School-based discipline can negatively shape the educational outcomes of students, particularly for racial and ethnic minorities. Because racial and ethnic minority youth are at risk for educational failure and marginalized within schools, academic and sport extracurricular activities are often presented as a means to ameliorate educational risk factors. Little is known, however, about the relationship between involvement in these activities and school-based discipline, particularly for racial and ethnic minority youth. This study uses data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 and incorporates multilevel modeling techniques to examine whether the relationship between academic and sport extracurricular activities, misbehavior, and school-based discipline varies by race and ethnicity. This study suggests that while academic and sport extracurricular activities reduce the likelihood of school-based discipline for White students, the relationships for racial and ethnic minority are complex. The impli...
A co-clinical phase II trial of carboplatin and docetaxel as neoadjuvant treatment for triple negative breast cancer with genomic discovery analysis.

TPS1099Background: Patients with TNBC who do not achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR) or near pCR have high rates of relapse, due to chemotherapy resistance, within the first few years afte...
Aircraft Defense Differential Game with Non-Zero Capture Radius

Abstract An aircraft defense differential game is analyzed where a Target aircraft and a Defender missile team up to defeat an Attacker missile. The Attacker pursues the (slower) Target which evades the Attacker with the help of the Defender, which is endowed with a non-zero capture radius. The Target and the Defender cooperate in a way that the Defender intercepts the Attacker before the latter reaches the Target. The payoff functional is the distance between the Target and the Attacker at the interception time which the Attacker strives to minimize and the Target/Defender team strives to maximize. The work in this paper generalizes existing results to consider a non-zero capture radius as opposed to the limiting case of point capture.