cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initialization of unbalanced radial distribution systems for small signal stability analysis

This paper investigates the application of sweeping method in initializing the state variables of an unbalanced radial distribution system for small signal analysis. The unbalance is caused by a single-phase PV system. The system is composed of a three-phase induction machine (IM), a single-phase PV, a load, and a power factor correction (PFC) unit. The IM is modeled in positive-, negative-, and zero- sequence dynamic phasors and then converted into in a abc dynamic phasors frame. The PV, load and PFC and radial network are all modeled in phase-based dynamic phasors. The sweeping method along with embedded Newton-Raphson iterations is implemented to find the equilibrium point for initialization. The iterative procedures are illustrated and demonstrated by case studies. A dynamic simulation case study is also presented.
A Machine Learning Experiment to Determine Part of Speech from Word-Endings

A file containing the last three characters of words from Roget's Thesaurus was created. Every entry was classified as belonging to one of the five parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. The machine learning system LERS induced rules from this file. The paper describes this experiment. Two interesting regularities of the English language were discovered. Moreover, using a set of rules induced by LERS it is feasible to recognize part of speech of a word on the basis of its last three characters with the expected error rate of 26.71 %.
Examiner judgment and actual stability of psychiatric inpatient intelligence quotients

Abstract Despite the widespread use of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) with psychiatric inpatients, little is known about the stability of the data obtained. Twenty-one psychiatric patients tested as inpatients were retested an average of 15 months later. Although 24% obtained FSIQ gains of at least 9 points (an increase of at least 14% over inpatient IQ), the stability data is essentially consistent with that reported for the WAIS-R standardization retest sample (Matarazzo & Herman, 1984). Statements pertaining to reliability gleaned from inpatient assessment reports bore little relationship to changes at retesting, and suggest that examiners may overcompensate for perceived negative influences on performance. Overreliance upon intersubtest scatter analysis may also be implicated. Certain characteristics of Digit Span performance appear be related to instability in this sample, but these potentially useful “red flags” of sub-optimal performance require cross-validation.
Electronic cigarettes: a safer alternative or potential poison?

Electronic cigarettes have been marketed as a safer alternative to cigarettes, and their use is expanding exponentially. However, there is a severe lack of scientific data about the ingredients in the liquid used in the device and the health consequences of using electronic cigarettes. As technology has outpaced regulations, the production and sale of electronic cigarettes are, as yet, unregulated and do not fall under the purview of the Food and Drug Administration. This article will review the mechanism of action and what is currently known about the safety of electronic cigarettes. The risk of poisoning for children will also be identified, as well as the implications for home healthcare clinicians. Language: en
On the radiating and nonradiating components of scalar, electromagnetic, and weak gravitational sources

We derive a new description of two complementary classes of scalar, vector, or tensor sources, namely, nonradiating (NR) sources and sources that lack a NR part, i.e., “purely radiating” sources. The class of purely radiating sources is shown to be exactly the class of solutions — within the source’s support — of the homogeneous form of the associated partial differential equation relating the sources to their fields; i.e., purely radiating sources are themselves fields. We show that this result is related to the well-known reciprocity principle and establish a new definition of a localized NR source based on that principle. A broad class of physically relevant sources, all of which possess a NR part, is identified. The role of NR sources in absorption of radiation and energy storage is addressed.
Axillary lymph node dose with modern tangential breast radiation

of subsequent major corrective surgery. The difference in the rate of MCS between the implant and non-implant groups is significant in early follow-up (within 6 months). Non-implant reconstructions have a modest rate of major corrective procedures compared to implant reconstructions, even when followed for 2 years after RT. Patients considering an implant followed by RT should be apprised of the high likelihood of requiring a major corrective procedure. Prospective studies of these risks and the cosmetic outcomes are warranted.
Inpatient pulmonary embolism after elective primary total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States.

Background: The incidence of inpatient pulmonary embolism in patients who have elective primary hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States is unknown. Prior studies have included patients with cancer, trauma, or revisions. The goal of this study was to determine the incidence and risks of inpatient pulmonary embolism after elective arthroplasty by type of procedure. Methods: We used the 1998 to 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample for this retrospective cohort study. Patients who were sixty years of age or older and underwent elective primary total hip or knee arthroplasty were included. The study variable was the type of arthroplasty: total hip, total knee, or two joints. Inpatient pulmonary embolism was the primary outcome; mortality was secondary. Logistic regression determined the adjusted odds ratios of inpatient pulmonary embolism by procedure, adjusting for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, atrial fibrillation, and surgical indication. Results: Records represented 5,044,403 hospital discharges after primary total hip or knee arthroplasty. Total knee arthroplasty comprised 66% of the admissions. Less than 5% of patients had two joint procedures. The overall incidence of pulmonary embolism was 0.358% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.338, 0.378). The incidence of pulmonary embolism differed by procedure and was highest among patients who had two-joint arthroplasty (0.777%; 95% CI, 0.677, 0.876), was lowest in recipients of total hip arthroplasty (0.201%; 95% CI, 0.179, 0.223), and was intermediate in patients who had total knee arthroplasty (0.400%; 95% CI, 0.377, 0.423). The adjusted odds ratios of pulmonary embolism in patients who had two joint procedures were 3.89 times higher than among patients who had total hip arthroplasty, controlling for other factors. Conclusions: Elective total knee arthroplasty is associated with a higher incidence and odds of inpatient pulmonary embolism than is total hip arthroplasty; multiple procedures pose the highest risk for pulmonary embolism and associated mortality. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
LAPAROSCOPIC PELVIC LYMPHADENECTOMY

Urology became involved with laparoscopic surgery relatively late compared with other surgical specialties. Although there have been isolated reports in the urologic literature of laparoscopic procedures, it was not until the initial report by Schueller et al 10 describing their experience with laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection that laparoscopy became popular in the urologic field. Since that time urologists have expanded the applications of laparoscopy to include nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, and other urologic procedures; however, pelvic lymphadenectomy has remained the number one laparoscopic procedure performed today. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is performed laparoscopically primarily for carcinoma of the prostate, but it is also useful for patients with cancer of the bladder or penis. This article describes the procedure for application in these patients. The technique described is for dissection of obturator fossa lymph nodes. This is similar to the modified open pelvic lymphadenectomy procedure. 1,4 This dissection is performed transperitoneally, although Das and Tashima 3 have described an extraperitoneal approach.
Field Validation of a TBC Life-Prediction Model for Land-Based Gas Turbines

The coating life-prediction model, COATLIFE, was previously developed for estimating the lifetimes of first-stage blades and vanes in land-based power-generation gas turbines on the basis of degradation mechanisms observed in laboratory and field data. For first-stage blades with thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), degradation mechanisms treated in COATLIFE include thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF), Al depletion due to bond coat oxidation, sintering of voids and microcracks in TBC, and curvature effects. Material constants in COATLIFE were evaluated using laboratory data and subsequently utilized with the model to predict the remaining life of first-stage blades in the field. In the present study, the predictive capabilities of COATLIFE were evaluated against field data obtained from first-stage blades with TBC extracted from land-based power generation gas turbines. The ex-service blades were sectioned to characterize the conditions of the TBC and bond coat after various times of service. For coating characterization, the Al content and volume fraction of the β phase in the bond coat, as well as the extent of oxidation and microcracking in the TBCs and along the TBC/bond coat interface at various locations of the blade were determined. These results were compared against model predictions generated by COATLIFE. Good agreement between the field data and model predictions validates the predictive capabilities of COATLIFE for estimating the oxidation lives for first-stage blades with TBCs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Improving Land Data Assimilation Performance with a Water Budget Constraint

AbstractA weak constraint is introduced in ensemble Kalman filters to reduce the water budget imbalance that occurs in land data assimilation. Two versions of the weakly constrained filter, called the weakly constrained ensemble Kalman filter (WCEnKF) and the weakly constrained ensemble transform Kalman filter (WCETKF), are proposed. The strength of the weak constraint is adaptive in the sense that it depends on the statistical characteristics of the forecast ensemble. The resulting filters are applied to assimilate synthetic observations generated by the Noah land surface model over the Red Arkansas River basin. The data assimilation experiments demonstrate that, for all tested scenarios, the constrained filters produce analyses with nearly the same accuracy as unconstrained filters, but with much smaller water balance residuals than unconstrained filters.
Individual variation in foraging behavior reveals a trade-off between flexibility and performance of a top predator

There is increasing evidence that behavioral flexibility is associated with the ability to adaptively respond to environmental change. Flexibility can be advantageous in some contexts such as exploiting novel resources, but it may come at a cost of accuracy or performance in ecologically relevant tasks, such as foraging. Such trade-offs may, in part, explain why individuals within a species are not equally flexible. Here, we conducted a reversal learning task and predation experiment on a top fish predator, the Northern pike (Esox lucius), to examine individual variation in flexibility and test the hypothesis that an individual's behavioral flexibility is negatively related with its foraging performance. Pikes were trained to receive a food reward from either a red or blue cup and then the color of the rewarded cup was reversed. We found that pike improved over time in how quickly they oriented to the rewarded cup, but there was a bias toward the color red. Moreover, there was substantial variation among individuals in their ability to overcome this red bias and switch from an unrewarded red cup to the rewarded blue cup, which we interpret as consistent variation among individuals in behavioral flexibility. Furthermore, individual differences in behavioral flexibility were negatively associated with foraging performance on ecologically relevant stickleback prey. Our data indicate that individuals cannot be both behaviorally flexible and efficient predators, suggesting a trade-off between these two traits.
UNDERSTANDING INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF KERNEL IMAGES AND RHETORICAL VISIONS

This study endeavors to deepen our understanding of intercultural conflict by the detailed development of a particular case. The case chosen is the controversy over spearfishing between the largely white protest community in northern Wisconsin and the Native American (Anishinabe) community in the same region. This study identifies and examines a kernel image which serves simultaneously as common and uncommon ground across the two communities, thus helping to escalate and prolong the conflict. This process is further explored through the identification and articulation of the rhetorical visions which embody the common sense of a community and are expressed through the collective discourse of that community. Finally, implications for intercultural conflict in general are discussed.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Aspirin and Its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine

A simple quantitative method for the rapid determination of aspirin and its metabolites, salicylic acid, salicyluric acid, and gentisic acid, in plasma and urine using o-toluic and o-anisic acids, respectively, as internal standards was developed. Plasma proteins were precipitated by the addition of acetonitrile and, after centrifugation, the supernatant fluid was injected directly onto a reverse-phase column. The mobile phase consisted of an isocratic mixture of water, methanol, and glacial acetic acid (64:25:1, v/v/v) and the separated components were detected at 238 nm using a UV detector. Concentrations greater than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml could be quantitated for aspirin or its metabolites in plasma. The peak heights and peak height ratios to the internal standard, o-toluic acid, were linear for the concentration range of 0.5-200 micrograms/ml. The aspirin metabolites in urine were isolated by extracting the acidified urine with either and then reextracting the material into an aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.0. Twenty microliters of the buffer extract was directly injected onto the column. The separated components were detected and quantitated at 305 nm. Concentrations greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml of salicyluric acid, salicylic acid, and gentisic acid could be determined accurately. The peak heights and peak height ratios to the internal standard, o-anisic acid, were found to be linear for the concentration range of 5-200 micrograms/ml in urine.
Prelinguistic predictors of language outcome at 3 years of age.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of a collection of prelinguistic skills measured longitudinally in the 2nd year of life to language outcome in the 3rd year in children with typical language development. Method A collection of prelinguistic skills was assessed in 160 children early (M = 14.31 months; SD = 1.36) and late (M = 19.76 months; SD = 1.16) in their 2nd year by using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile Behavior Sample (A. Wetherby & B. Prizant, 2002). The relation between the prelinguistic skills and the receptive and expressive language near the 3rd birthday was examined. Results Significant correlations were observed between many prelinguistic skills and language outcome. Regression analyses indicated that comprehension both early and late contributed unique variance to receptive and expressive language outcome. In addition, early in the 2nd year, inventory of conventional gestures contributed uniquely to receptive languag...
Faith-Related Agencies and Their Implications for Aging Services

SUMMARY The historical development of the faith-related organization is examined in light of the terminology used to describe these nonprofit groups, beginning with sectarian, moving to religious affiliate, and more recently using the term faith-related as a subcategory of being faith-based. Historical and contemporary research on faith-related organizations is reviewed, including a distinction between these studies and the increasing amount of research on religious congregations. Research findings are examined in the context of a complex political environment beginning with the Reagan/Bush Administrations, continuing into the Charitable Choice provisions introduced under the Clinton Administration, and moving to the Bush Administration's faith-based and community initiative. Implications of this initiative for the delivery of elder services are explored, particularly in light of the long-standing relationship the aging network has had with local faith groups.
Adaptive public watermarking of DCT-based compressed images

We propose an adaptive scheme to embed watermark information in DCT blocks of compressed image data. our scheme is designed to avoid artifacts and prevent an increase in the bit rate of the compressed watermarked image. This is essentially done by judicious selection of appropriate blocks for watermark insertion. We also introduce a block-dependent seed generation algorithm to determine the specific coefficients to modify in a particular block. Our proposed technique is simple to implement in software, and hence suitable for real-time software-only insertion of invisible watermarks in JPEG compressed images, and MPEG or MJPEG video streams. We also demonstrate experimentally that our proposed watermarking scheme actually results in bit rate reduction of JPEG compressed images. The proposed technique can also complement existing DCT-based watermarking schemes for copy protection and detection applications.
Inelastic Buckling of Tubes Under Cyclic Bending

Etude experimentale de la stabilite de la reponse des tubes en acier et en aluminium soumis a une flexion cyclique dans le domaine plastique. Analyse de localisation des tubes. Influence des parametres geometriques et dus au materiau sur le phenomene
(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate: distribution and dissipation in the air within a corn crop after emission from a controlled-release formulation.

Concentrations in air of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate (Z-9-tdf), a mating disruptant ofHeliothis moths, were measured intermittently over a 22-day period in a corn field. The chemical was emitted from laminated plastic (Hercon®) dispensers arranged in a square grid with 10-m spacing. Measurements were made at three heights near the center of the treated plot and 1 m downwind from disruptant dispensers. Concurrent measurements were made of wind speed, air temperature, and temperature gradient.Z-9-tdf concentrations ranged from below detectable levels to 195 ng/m3 and were generally highest in the horizontal plane of the dispenser. As wind speed decreased near sunset, concentrations increased sharply, then decreased again near midnight. SinceHeliothis moths mate in the evening and early night, the concentration pattern was favorable for mating disruption. Strong temperature inversions within the crop canopy, which occurred daily before sunset, did not apparently affectZ-9-tdf concentrations. Concentrations decreased steadily on successive sampling days after application, and, by day 27, ranged from 0 to 30% of those on day 6. The data suggest that the corn plants and the soil may act as sinks for the chemical vapor at night.
A SURVEY OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES FOR THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR A BAROTROPIC FLUID

Abstract Ten different finite-difference schemes for the numerical integration of the primitive equations for the free-surface model are tested for stability and accuracy. The integrations show that the quadratic conservative and the total energy conservative schemes are more stable than the usual second-order conservative scheme. But the most stable schemes are those in which the finite-difference approximations to the advection terms are calculated over nine grid points in space and therefore contain a form of smoothing, and the generalized Arakawa scheme, which for nondivergent flow conserve mean vorticity, mean kinetic energy, and mean square vorticity. If the integrations are performed for more than 3 days, it is shown that more than 15 grid points per wavelength are probably needed to describe with accuracy the movement and development of the shortest wave that initially is carrying a significant part of the energy. This is true even if a fourth-order scheme in space is used. Long-term integrations ...
Girl power and word‐of‐mouth behavior in the flourishing sports market

Purpose – To investigate the influence of word‐of‐mouth (WOM) behavior among the growing teenage female market segment in the flourishing sports market.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 118 teenaged girls, aged 13‐18, participated in the study. The theory of consumer socialization and interpersonal influence was used as the conceptual foundation to generate hypotheses concerning female teens' susceptibility to interpersonal influence, self‐esteem, and WOM behavior. Female teens' ethnicity and media habits were also investigated.Findings – All hypotheses were either supported or partially supported, suggesting that female teens' susceptibility to interpersonal influence and self‐esteem are related to athlete WOM behavior. Additionally, African‐American teenaged girls had significantly higher media habits than Caucasian teenaged girls.Research limitations/implications – The research is based on a small sample of teenaged girls from one region of the USA. However, the sample is from a diverse socioec...
Suffering in Silence: A Qualitative Meta-Data-Analysis of Postpartum Depression

In this article, we apply a relational lens to a grounded theory meta-data-analysis of qualitative studies on postpartum depression (PPD) conducted between 1999 and 2005. Women in all studies report feeling that they have failed to live up to cultural standards for a "good mother." Central to this experience is a sense that these negative feelings could not be spoken. The analysis shows how constructions of motherhood and the reactions of others combine with feelings of incompetence to precipitate isolation from others. Women survive depression through support that validates their experience and promotes eventual reconnection with others. Conclusions emphasize the need for persons trained to facilitate relational connection to develop interventions that address the interpersonal contexts of PPD.
Middle Pennsylvanian recurrent uplift of the, Ouachita fold belt and basin subsidence in, the Arkoma basin, Oklahoma

Recurrent uplift of the Ouachita fold belt in Oklahoma coincided with the disruption of the Arkoma basin following the deposition of the Boggy Formation (early Desmoinesian time). The Boggy, composed of sandstone-shale sequences that record southerly progradation of coal-bearing, fluvially dominated deltaic complexes into the Arkoma basin, was folded at the time of uplift of the Ouachita fold belt. The uplift ended the progressive subsidence of the Arkoma basin and shifted the depocenter to the northwest. Subsequently, the Thurman Formation (middle Desmoinesian), which had a source in the southeast, was deposited in the smaller resurgent foreland basin over the folded and eroded surface of the Boggy. Chert-pebble conglomerates in the Thurman were derived from the erosion of newly elevated Ordovician and Devonian cherts in the core of the Ouachita foldbelt. Sandstone-shale packages are found in both formations. The origin of the coal-bearing cycles in the Boggy are enigmatic, but they probably were controlled by a combination of factors such as glacio-eustatic changes in sea level and delta-lobe abandonment. In contrast, cycles in the Thurman probably were strongly influenced by episodic thrust faulting and uplift in the Ouachitas.
Investigations into the turbulent bubbly wake of a ventilated hydrofoil: Moving toward improved turbine aeration techniques

Abstract The use of aerating hydroturbines to mitigate the problem of low dissolved oxygen in the discharge of hydroelectric power plants has recently attracted a lot of attention. The design of a ventilated hydroturbine requires a precise understanding of the dependence of the operating conditions (viz. liquid velocity, air ventilation rate, hydrofoil configuration, etc.) on the bubble size distribution generated in the bubbly wake and the consequent rise in dissolved oxygen in the downstream water. In the current research, experiments are conducted in the wake of a ventilated NACA0015 hydrofoil by systematic variation of hydrodynamic conditions allowing for quantitative analysis of aeration statistics and capabilities for turbine blade hydrofoil designs. The data concerning bubble velocity distributions, bubble locations and size distribution, void fraction, etc. are reported for a chosen reference case. In addition, trends in the variation of bubbly wake are explored particularly in the light of wake physics. It is found out that an increase in Reynolds number ( Re ) led to greater breakup, while an increase in normalized air ventilation rate ( C Q ) favored greater coalescence events in the wake. Further, the PDF ( d ) of the normalized bubble size d = d / d 32 , where d 32 represents Sauter mean size distribution, is found to have a universally similar shape independent of either Re , C Q or hydrofoil angle of attack. Finally, a numerical formulation is proposed for the bubble sizes in the hydrofoil wake. This rich dataset will also contribute to the development of a numerical turbulence model, to investigate turbulence effects on bubble size distribution and predict the rate of air entrainment and the oxygen transfer occurring in the wake at different hydrodynamic conditions.
Effect of Ar gas pressure on growth, structure, and mechanical properties of sputtered Ti, Al, TiAl, and Ti3Al films

Abstract Single layers of Ti, Al, TiAl and Ti 3 Al were sputter deposited on to 2″ oxidized Si 〈111〉 wafers and 7059 Corning Glass to study the effect of film thickness, temperature, and sputtering gas pressure on the mechanical and physical properties. In the present investigation, sputtering gas pressure was varied from 2 mT to 10 mT. The film thickness was varied from 1000 A to 2 μm. The as-deposited Ti, Al and Ti 3 Al films are well crystallized over the entire thickness range. Ti and Ti 3 Al films show preferred orientation in the 〈0002〉 direction. On the other hand, Al films are random polycrystalline. TiAl films are nearly amorphous for all the thicknesses under consideration. TiAl films show formation of Ti (Al) solid solution phase with increasing Ar pressure. All the materials under consideration, show average film stress to be independent of thickness for thicker films. The nature of the stress (compressive or tensile) depends upon working gas pressure, sputtering power and the target material used. A definite trend is observed in the film stress as a function of Ar gas pressure. Both power and gas pressure influence the energetic bombardment of ions/atoms which in turn influence the average film stress. The nature of the intrinsic stress is explained by the atomic peening model. The Young's modulus of thin films is calculated by using the slope of the stress-temperature plots. The E values seem to change with deposition conditions, however, there is no obvious trend between the sputtering gas pressure and the Young's modulus of these thin films.
Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations – By Craig Nelson

Thomas Paine is periodically rediscovered as the “forgotten Founder.” Arriving in America with a letter of introduction from Benjamin Franklin, Paine fought at George Washington's side and wrote pa...
On a geometry of the flat violin boundary

Abstract An analytic expression for the shape of the flat boundary of the violin is suggested. The polar equation in the form ( r / a ) n = 1 − 2 Σ m = 1 N − 1 c m sin 2 ( mθ /2) has been assumed for the upper and lower bouts, whereas the C-bout has been represented by a rotated and translated ellipse. The parameters and the coefficients, computed numerically to fit a 1720 Stradivarius, are tabulated in the text.
Historical evolution of circuit models for the electrode-electrolyte interface

Electrodes are widely used to measure bioelectric events and to stimulate excitable tissues. In one form or another, electrodes have been around for nearly two centuries; yet our ability to predict their properties is extremely limited, despite considerable research, especially during the last century. This paper chronicles the accumulation of knowledge about the electrode-electrolyte interface as a circuit element. Our understanding of this interface starts with the Helmholtz double layer of charge and progresses through the Warburg and Fricke low-current-density models, which demonstrated that the resistive and capacitive components are polarization elements, the values of which depend on frequency. The discovery by Schwan, showing that the components of the Warburg-Fricke model are current-density dependent, is recounted, along with the discovery of the rectifying properties of the electrode-electrolyte interface and how it was put to practical use. The very high current-density operation of the interface is discussed in terms of gas evolution, arching, and shock-wave production. Finally the evolution of recording electrodes is traced. Because electrodes can be operated over a very wide range of current density, it is unlikely that a single model can be created for the electrode-electrolyte interface, although over a restricted current-density range such a model may be possible.
Theoretical study of HOCl-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of β-cyclopentanedione in an explicit water environment.

The mechanism of acid-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of β-cyclopentanedione (CPD) in solution is studied computationally. Reaction profiles are first calculated for a limited solvation environment using ab initio and density functional methods. Barrier heights for systems including up to one hydration shell of explicit water molecules depend strongly on the number of waters involved in proton transfer, and to a lesser but significant extent on the number of waters forming hydrogen bonds with waters in the proton transfer chain (each such water reduces the barrier by 4.4 kcal/mol on average). Barriers of 8-13 kcal/mol were obtained when a full or nearly full hydration shell was present, consistent with calculations for non-acid-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of related molecules. The presence of HOCl reduced the barrier by 4.5 kcal/mol viz-a-viz the gas phase, consistent with the well-known principle that keto-enol tautomerization can be acid or base catalyzed. Reaction was also modeled beginning with snapshots of reactant conformations taken from a 300 K molecular dynamics simulation of CPD, HOCl and 324 explicit waters. Reaction profiles were calculated at a QM/MM level with waters in the first hydration shell either fixed or energy minimized at each step along the reaction coordinate. A substantial variation in barrier height was observed in both cases, depending primarily on electrostatic interactions (hydrogen bonding) with first-hydration-shell waters and to a lesser extent on electrostatic interactions with more distant waters and geometric distortion effects. For the lowest barriers, the extent of barrier reduction by waters involved in proton transfer is consistent with the limited-solvation results, but further barrier reduction due to hydrogen-bonding to waters involved in proton transfer is not observed. It is postulated that this is because highly flexible structures such as extensive hydrogen bonding networks optimal for reaction are entropically disfavored and so may not contribute significantly to the observed reaction rate.
Role of female-produced sex pheromone in behavioral reproductive isolation betweenTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) andPseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, plusiinae).

In laboratory flight tunnel bioassays, response rates of male cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), to female soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were similar to response rates of maleT. ni to conspecific females for plume tracking and source contact. Male soybean loopers, however, exhibited a greatly reduced response to female cabbage loopers compared to conspecific females. Similar differences were observed in male responses to extracts of female abdominal tips. Studies of flight tunnel responses of male soybean loopers to the different chemicals known to be components of the female cabbage looper sex pheromone indicated that the reduction in response was due to inhibitory effects of (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, when added singly to (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (major component of both species) at release rates and at ratios close to those observed in female cabbage loopers.
THE GENETICS OF HOST SELECTION AND ITS BEARING ON SYMPATRIC SPECIATION IN PROCECIDOCHARES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

The genetics of host selection, in terms of oviposition behavior, was investigated in two species of monophagous gall-forming flies. The existence of a single major allele difference in the genetic basis of host selection was established by a series of hybrid crosses between these flies. The complimentary role of conditioning was also investigated. The apparently simple genetic change required to produce a change in host selection suggests a mechanism of sympatric speciation applicable to these insects. Zusammenfassung DIE GENETIK DER WIRTSWAHL UND IHRE BEDEUTUNG FUR SYMPATRISCHE SPEZIATION BEI PROCECIDOCHARES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) Das Problem der sympatrischen Artbildung bei phytophagen Insekten konzentriert sich auf den Mechanismus, durch welchen solche Tiere im Verlauf ihrer Evolution von einem Wirt zu einem anderen uberzugehen vermogen. Gewohnung (conditioning) ist eine der Methoden, mittels welcher solche Verschiebungen auftreten konnen, doch wird sie im allgemeinen nicht fur genugend wirksam angesehen, um die zur Artbildung notige Isolation zu erzeugen. Genmutationen, die solche Ubergange zu anderen Wirten bewirken konnten, sind bisher nur wenig verstanden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung benutzt die Kreuzung eines Paares sympatrischer Geschwisterarten, um die naturliche genetische Variabilitat im Wirtswahlverhalten der beiden Arten aufzudecken. Ein einzelner Genort, der in der einen Art ein Allel und in der zweiten Art ein anderes tragt, wird postuliert. Diese Allele befahigen die Insektenarten, welche sie besitzen, ihre Wirte zum Zwecke der Eiablage zu finden. Auserdem scheinen diese Allele die Insekten in die Lage zu versetzen, sich an den Wirt anzupassen, auf welchem sie sich entwickelten. Mit anderen Worten, P. australis tragt das Allel p1, das sie befahigt, irgendeinen Reiz, vielleicht eine bestimmte chemische Verbindung, an ihrer Wirtspflanze, Heterotheca, wahrzunehmen. Spezies A tragt ein zweites Allel, p2, welches sie befahigt, einen andersartigen Reiz, vielleicht eine zweite Verbindung, an ihrer Wirtspflanze, Machaeranthera, wahrzunehmen. Die heterozygoten Hybriden p1p2 konnen dann beide Wirtspflanzen erkennen. Zusatzlich konnen sie aber auf den Wirt eingestellt (conditioned) werden, an dem sie aufwuchsen. Eine Bestatigung dafur scheint zu sein, das beispielsweise p2p2-Fliegen, die an Heterotheca aufwuchsen, diese Pflanzen nicht als Wirt erkennen, daher nicht an sie angepast werden konnen und daher ihre Eier vorzugsweise an Machaeranthera ablegen. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird ein Modell fur die sympatrische Entstehung dieses Artenpaares abgeleitet.
Adolescent motherhood: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies

Purpose: To synthesize qualitative studies on the phenomenon of adolescent motherhood. Methods: Databases were searched for qualitative studies regarding the experience of adolescent motherhood (years 1990-2001). Noblit and Hare’s (1988) meta-ethnographic comparative method was used for synthesizing the research. A total of 251 citations were found with a subgroup of 50 studies on “adolescent motherhood” and “qualitative studies.” Twenty-five studies conducted in the United States Canada China England and Australia met the sample inclusion criteria. The combined sample of participants across studies was 257 adolescent mothers. Results: Certain characteristics are common to the studies of adolescent motherhood. Five overarching metaphors were found: (1) the reality of motherhood brings hardship; (2) living in the two worlds of adolescence and motherhood; (3) motherhood as positively transforming; (4) baby as stabilizing influence; and (5) supportive context as turning point for the future. Clinical Implications: Nurses working in hospital home care communityand school settings can use the results of this metasynthesis to obtain a clearer picture of how adolescents feel during pregnancy and the types of nursing interventions that can be developed to help them. (authors)
Geriatric rehabilitation: state of the art.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a clinically useful conceptual framework for the evaluation and treatment of disability in older persons, to review the rehabilitation of common conditions affecting function in older persons, and to discuss the effects of the ongoing changes in the healthcare system on geriatric rehabilitation. METHODS: MedLine search and review of relevant texts for information on (1) geriatric disability and its treatment, (2) recent high quality research, guidelines, and review articles relevant to the rehabilitation of conditions commonly causing geriatric disability, (3) effects of recent changes in the healthcare system on geriatric rehabilitation. RESULTS: Several pertinent models for geriatric disability were identified. These are explicated, along with information on the epidemiology of geriatric disability and its causes and relevant clinical applications. Rehabilitation is reviewed for musculoskeletal disorders, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, amputation, cardiopulmonary disorders, hip fracture, and deconditioning. Changes in the healthcare system appear to be affecting geriatric rehabilitation, especially the advent of managed care; relevant articles and opinions are reviewed, along with strategies to accommodate these changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our understanding of the causes of disability in the older population has improved significantly over the last decade. There has also been noteworthy progress in our knowledge about the effects of selected rehabilitation interventions, especially exercise-related interventions. However, the cost-effectiveness of many rehabilitative interventions remains unclear, particularly for differing patient groups across the continuum of care. More research will be needed to evaluate the effects of managed care on rehabilitation outcomes in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:1371–1381, 1997.
Individual Differences in the Integration of Information from Context and Word Parts in Interpreting Unknown Kanji Words.

This study examines individual differences in the ability to integrate information from word parts and context in interpreting novel kanji compounds (i.e., words consisting of two or more Chinese characters). To account for different approaches that students take to infer the meanings of unfamiliar words, the study also investigates the relationship between students' beliefs about the effectiveness of using kanji and/or contextual clues and their abilities to use the clue(s). A total of 74 English-speaking college students learning Japanese inferred the meanings of unknown compounds consisting of familiar characters under three conditions (words in isolation, contextual clues only, and both). The effects of the two sources appeared additive when examined across all participants. Further analysis, however, indicated that nearly half the students did not combine the two sources and overrelied on either kanji or contextual clues. The inability to integrate information and overreliance on kanji clues modestly but statistically significantly correlated with belief in the efficacy of an integration strategy. The combined effect of multiple sources of information, therefore, must be interpreted in terms of individual differences.
The diminishing age gap between polar cruisers and their ships: A new reason to codify the IMO Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters and make them mandatory?

Abstract Ice, harsh weather, severe cold, and remoteness increase the risks of navigating the Arctic. Robust ships and shipboard systems to support routine operations and effectively respond to accidents and emergency situations are necessary. In spite of these challenges, the cruise ship industry is reportedly preparing to expand its passenger capacity, destinations, and operating season in the Arctic. An examination of the Arctic cruise ship fleet shows that the most capable ships are approaching the end of their service lives and may be replaced during the next decade. A window of opportunity is open for the international community to act on concerns about the safety of cruise ships in Polar Regions by codifying and making mandatory the International Maritime Organization's Guidelines for ships operating in Polar waters. A mandatory code would provide regulatory guidance to ship-builders at a critical point in the process of procuring new Arctic cruise ships and ensure that suitably constructed and outfitted ships would serve Arctic cruisers.
Low power interconnect design for fpgas with bidirectional wiring using nanocrystal floating gate devices (abstract only)

New architectures for the switch box and connection block are proposed for use in an energy efficient field programmable gate array (FPGA) with bidirectional wiring. Power-hungry SRAMs are replaced by non-volatile nanocrystal floating gate (NCFG) devices that retain their state while the system power is off and do not need to be configured at boot up. The NCFG-based FPGA is benchmarked against both a traditional bidirectional and a modern unidirectional SRAM-based FPGA using a 32-tap FIR Filter designed in HSPICE based on predictive BSIM4.0 CMOS with 45nm gate length technology and a previously developed physical model of the NCFG device. Compared to the traditional bidirectional and the modern unidirectional SRAM-based interconnect the total gate area is reduced by 87% and 63%, respectively. Simulations demonstrate a reduction of 58% in static and 34% in dynamic power consumption compared to the traditional bidirectional SRAM-based FPGA while the signal propagation delay through a switch box is decreased by 28%. When compared to the modern unidirectional SRAM-based FPGA the proposed design has roughly comparable power consumption but the circuit complexity is greatly reduced as a result of doubling the available routing channels. Alternatively the number of the routing channels may be reduced to save area and power whereas the complexity remains similar. The potential benefits from choosing the proposed design can be summarized as small area, low power consumption, high speed and high functionality, which typically trade off and cannot be achieved by the SRAM-based counterparts simultaneously. Compared to previous designs that use continuous floating gate devices in FPGAs, the approach described in this work requires less overhead, lower voltages, and offers improved reliability.
Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidosis

In the quest for safer and more effective antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMB) has been placed in a variety of lipid preparations. In this study, we examined the efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) on experimental cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidosis. This formulation is relatively safe compared to the parent compound, and therefore doses ten times greater than the commercial amphotericin B deoxycholate can be given to rabbits. Although at equal doses the ABLC preparation is less potent than AMB, a higher dose of ABLC was rapidly fungicidal in the contexts of both a central nervous system infection with Cryptococcus neoformans during immune suppression, and a heart and kidney infection with Candida albicans. Rapid sterilization of tissue should be a goal of antifungal drug therapy, particularly in the immune compromised host. From these studies, this AMB lipid formulation has the ability to produce rapid fungicidal activity in vivo, but it requires higher doses than AMB deoxycholate. Clinical trials in humans must examine carefully the therapeutic-toxic ratio in dose-escalation protocols to determine the optimal dosage strategy for this agent.
Reducing Crash Fatalities on Rural Roadways: Estimating Impacts of Legislation-Based Safety Improvement Measures

Many factors that contribute to fatal crashes are related to human behavior. One way to adjust these behaviors is to enact and enforce legislation-based safety improvement measures (LSIMs). The objective of the project documented in this paper was to investigate the feasibility and application of a research-based rural safety policy improvement index (RSPII) framework that could be used to quantify the state-by-state impacts of LSIMs on crash fatalities on rural roadways. During this project, NCHRP Report 622 was published. It categorized 23 behavioral highway safety countermeasures as proven with high-quality research. A review of the research and NCHRP Report 622 showed that a RSPII was feasible. A six-step RSPII framework was developed, and six LSIMs were selected for further consideration: primary enforcement of seat belt use, universal motorcycle helmet use, regular application of sobriety checkpoints, graduated driver licensing program upgrades, mandatory ignition interlock installation, and automated speed enforcement. A state-by-state estimate (based on current research) of how enactment and proper implementation and enforcement of these LSIMs could reduce crash fatalities on rural roadways was completed. The national fatality reductions estimated for each LSIM ranged from 120 to 699. This paper describes the RSPII feasibility investigation, summarizes the six-step RSPII framework, presents the national results from the framework application, discusses the challenges related to the framework application, and gives recommendations for using and improving the RSPII framework.
Superantigens: Structure and Relevance to Human Disease∗:

AbstractSuperantigens are a class of immunostimulatory molecules produced by bacterla and viruses. Their potent immune effects are due to their unique ability to bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) outside the antigen-binding cleft and to stimulate T cells in a T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner. Structural studies have revealed the binding sites involved in the MHC/superantigen/TCR complex. The bacterial superantigens are responsible for a number of syndromes, including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, but their effects may be not only acute but also chronic and complex. Recent evidence suggests that superantigens may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders. To illustrate the detrimental effects of superantigens on disease outcome, evidence demonstrating the modulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model for multiple sclerosis, by superantigen, as well as the potential role of superantigens in HIV pathogenesis of AI...