cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Avenues in Electron Microscopy of Transmembranous Biomolecular Assemblies

A brief review of biological electron microscopy at molecular dimensions is given, with emphasis on recent advances in image processing. The advent of frozen-hydrated specimen preparation techniques has made possible the imaging of macromolecular assemblies, such as membrane transport and respiratory chain complexes, in their native state. Analytical techniques are now available which optimize the extraction of structural information from low dose images of ordered and disordered fields of biological macromolecules.
Comparison of reference current generation techniques for shunt active power filter

In this paper a comparison is made between three different control strategies for reference current generation in three-phase three-wire shunt active power filter. Two approaches are being used for this purpose; one is time domain and the other is frequency domain. The three techniques considered are Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory, Synchronous Reference Frame theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. These methods are deeply analyzed under various non-linear load conditions. The performance of these techniques is evaluated by measuring Total Harmonic Distortion of the source current before and after compensation. The results are evaluated and compared using MATLAB/Simulink.
Organic spectroscopic scintillators based on nanocomposite monoliths (Conference Presentation)

Spectroscopic detection of gamma and neutron particles has widespread applications for research, defense and medical purposes. The dominant materials for the detection have been inorganic semiconductors, scintillation crystals, and plastics that are either prohibitively expensive or cannot produce characteristic photopeak. We report the synthesis of transparent nanocomposite monoliths comprising high-z nanoparticles for gamma photoelectric generation and conjugated organic matrix for visible photon generation. The energy transfer from the nanoparticles to lower-band-gap organic dyes was studied in connection with light yield. Synthesis of transparent monoliths capable of producing 662 keV gamma photopeak and discriminating gamma/neutron pulses will be described.
The effect of donor source on outcomes after second allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsed leukemia.

7044Background: There is no standard treatment for patients with leukemia who relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant (HCT). A second HCT (HCT2) may be the only possibly curable option; howev...
Curcumin induces concentration-dependent alterations in mitochondrial function through ROS in C2C12 mouse myoblasts.

Curcumin exhibits antioxidant properties in normal cells where the uptake is low, unlike in tumor cells where uptake is high and curcumin increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death. Mitochondria are the main source and primary target of cellular ROS. We hypothesized that curcumin would regulate cellular redox status and mitochondrial function, depending on cell sensitivity and/or curcumin concentration in normal cells. We examined the differences between low and high concentrations of curcumin, with specific attention focused on ROS levels, mitochondrial function, and cell viability in mouse C2C12 myoblast under normal and simulated conditions of diabetes. Cells incubated with high concentrations of curcumin (10-50 μM) resulted in decreased cell viability and sustained robust increases in ROS levels. Mechanistic studies showed that increased ROS levels in cells incubated with 20 μM curcumin induced opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and subsequent release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases 9 and 3/7, and apoptotic cell death. Low concentrations of curcumin (1-5 μM) did not affect cell viability, but induced a mild increase in ROS levels, which peaked at 2 hr after the treatment. Incubation with 5 μM curcumin also induced ROS-dependent increases in mitochondrial mass and membrane potential. Finally, pretreatment with 5 μM curcumin prevented high glucose-induced oxidative cell injury. Our study suggests that mitochondria respond differentially depending on curcumin concentration-dependent induction of ROS. The end result is either cell protection or death. Curcumin may be an effective therapeutic target for diabetes and other mitochondrial diseases when used in low concentrations.
Studies Made by Simulating Systole at Necropsy VII. Clinical Methods for Estimating the Work of the Left Ventricle. With a Note on the Diminution of Heart Work as Age Advances

"Left ventricular" work can be estimated with great accuracy in cadaver experiments in which both pressure curves and curves of cardiac output at each instant of systole were recorded. Using these accurate estimates as a target, methods have been sought which would permit the estimation of cardiac work from measurements which could be made in the clinic and the accuracy of such methods has been assessed. A method of approximating the left ventricular work has been devised which is so simple that it could be used by any doctor practising medicine.
IL-22 Regulates Induction of Foxp3-Rich Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Tolerant Lung Allografts

Purpose Intragraft tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are generally associated with the generation of deleterious immune responses. In contrast, we have shown that Foxp3+ cells residing within bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), a pulmonary TLO, are required for maintenance of allograft tolerance. Here, we set out to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the induction of BALT in tolerant lung allografts. Methods Balb/c lungs were transplanted into B6 wild-type (WT), RORγt-Cre AHR flox (Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3)-deficient), TCRδ−/− (γδ T cell-deficient), anti-IL23 antibody-treated mice and IL-22 KO mice (n≥4/group). Recipients received anti-CD40L (day 0) and CTLA4-Ig (day 2) to induce tolerance. 7 or 30 days after transplantation grafts were evaluated by histology, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Results 30 days after transplantation into WT hosts BALT was present in all lung allografts, characterized by expression of PNAd, a marker of high endothelial venules, and lymphoid follicles rich in B cells and Foxp3+ cells (Fig. 1). Graft expression of IL-22 and IL-23 (p Conclusion IL-22 regulates the formation of BALT within tolerant lungs through a process mediated by graft-infiltrating ILC3s and γδ T cells. This is in contrast to previous findings that induction of TLOs is dependent on lymphotoxin or IL-17 signaling. Thus, our findings have important implications for strategies to induce lung transplant tolerance.
Beyond the Galileo experiment

On its way to Jupiter in 1990, the Galileo spacecraft searched for signs of life on Earth, providing a set of control experiments that continue to inform our quest to detect extraterrestrial life.
Administering Money: Coinage, Debt Crises, and the Future of Fiscal Policy

The power to coin money is a fundamental constitutional power and central element of fiscal policymaking, along with spending, taxing, and borrowing. However, it remains neglected in constitutional and administrative law, despite the fact that money creation has been central to the United States’ fiscal capacities and constraints since at least 1973, when it abandoned convertibility of the dollar into gold. This neglect is particularly prevalent in the context of debt ceiling crises, which emerge when Congress fails to grant the executive sufficient borrowing authority to finance spending in excess of taxes. In such instances, prominent legal and economic scholars have argued that the President should choose the “least unconstitutional option” of breaching the debt ceiling, rather than impeding on Congress’s even more fundamental powers to tax and spend. However, this view fails to consider a fourth, arguably more constitutional option: minting a high value coin under an obscure provision of the Coinage Act, and using the proceeds to circumvent the debt ceiling entirely. Reintroducing coinage into our fiscal discourse raises novel and interesting questions about the broader nature of, and relationship between “money” and “debt.” It also underscores how legal debates over fiscal policy implicate broader social myths about money. As we enter the era of digital currency, creative legal solutions like high value coinage have the potential to serve as imaginative catalysts that enable us to collectively develop new monetary myths that better fit our modern context and needs.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma involving Meckel's cave masquerading as biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis: a case report.

Given the absence of consensus diagnostic criteria for giant cell arteritis, clinicians may encounter difficulty with identification of new-onset headache in patients older than age 50 years presenting with visual changes and elevated inflammatory markers, particularly if temporal artery biopsies are performed and negative. We present a case of a 57-year-old white man with headache, diplopia, and jaw paresthesia initially diagnosed and managed as steroid-refractory biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis. Further investigation disclosed evidence of soft tissue infiltration into Meckel’s (trigeminal) cave bilaterally. Positron emission tomography suggested the presence of a lymphoproliferative disorder. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Metastatic involvement in Meckel’s cave in diffuse large B cell lymphoma is extremely rare and presents a diagnostic challenge. Patients with suspicion of giant cell arteritis should undergo advanced imaging, particularly those with negative biopsy, atypical features, or lack of response to standard therapy, in order to assess for the presence of large-vessel vasculitis or other mimicking pathologies.
White anxiety in (post)apartheid South Africa

Robin DiAngelo’s influential concept of white fragility, while certainly suggestive and critically useful, does not go far enough in accounting for three central aspects of white anxiety as it occurs in the (post-)apartheid South African context. Utilizing Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to sketch a rudimentary paradigm of anxiety, and focusing on textual examples drawn from (post-)apartheid popular culture – including the work of Rian Malan and Neil Blomkamp’s 2009 film District 9 – this paper opens up a series of distinct perspectives on (post-)apartheid whiteness. Departing from the construct of white fragility – which is less destabilizing, less dynamic, and less attentive to the dimension of fantasy than is the notion of white anxiety – it offers instead a Lacanian psychoanalytic conceptualization of white anxiety. One implication of such a reading is that, beneath the racist defensiveness of post-apartheid whiteness, an ambiguous mode of unconscious identification racial otherness might indeed be at play.
Observed restrictive feeding practices among low-income mothers of pre-adolescents.

Objectives To describe verbal and non-verbal restrictive feeding practices used by low-income mothers with their pre-adolescent children during a laboratory-based protocol, and examine associations between mother/child anthropometrics, child appetitive traits and mothers' restrictive practices. Methods Mothers and children (dyad n = 108, mean child age = 11.0 years [SD = 1.2]) were provided a standardized meal and then buffet of desserts. Sessions were video-recorded, and trained coders reliably identified positive and negative restrictive statements, non-verbal restrictive behaviours and redirection to healthier foods. Mother/child anthropometrics were measured by trained study staff and child appetitive traits reported by mothers using subscales of the Children's Eating Behaviours Questionnaire. Negative binomial regression was used to examine associations between mother/child characteristics and restrictive practices. Results Nearly all mothers (89.8%) engaged in restrictive feeding during the dessert buffet. Positive restrictive statements were the most common form of restriction (mean statements/10 minutes = 3.2 [SD = 3.1]). No associations were observed between children's body mass index (BMI) or appetitive traits and mothers' restrictive feeding practices. Associations of small effect size were observed between mothers' BMI, use of positive restrictive statements (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.98 [0.96-0.996]) and non-verbal restrictive behaviours (IRR = 0.96 [0.93-0.99]). Conclusions Laboratory-based feeding protocols can objectively assess nuances in restrictive feeding practices. Further research is needed to understand how specific approaches to restriction affect children's eating behaviours and weight.
Joint Recommendations and Resources for Clinical Ultrasound Education Amidst the COVID-19 Era

Abstract In mid-March 2020, many North American emergency medicine (EM) physician educators found their campuses closed, educational programs canceled, and research projects furloughed as operations were directed to the clinical arena due to the novel coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Widespread need for personal protective equipment (PPE) and viral testing led to concerns over supply and rationing
Practicing Citizenship: Women’s Rhetoric at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair

In Practicing Citizenship: Women's Rhetoric at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, Kristy Maddux embraces the complexity and contradictions of the epoch-making event of the World's Columbian Exposition ...
Factors Associated With Energy Expenditure and Energy Balance in Acute Sport-Related Concussion

CONTEXT Sport-related concussion (SRC) is characterized by a pathologic neurometabolic cascade that results in an increased intracranial energy demand and a decreased energy supply. Little is known about the whole-body energy-related effects of SRC. OBJECTIVE To examine factors associated with whole-body resting metabolic rate (RMR), total energy expenditure (TEE), energy consumption (EC), and energy balance (EBal) in student-athletes acutely after SRC and healthy matched control individuals. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Student-athletes diagnosed with SRC (n = 28, 50% female, age = 18.4 ± 1.8 years, body mass index [BMI] = 24.1 ± 4.1 kg/m2) assessed ≤72 hours postinjury and a matched control group (n = 28, 50% female, age = 19.4 ± 2.9 years, BMI = 24.7 ± 4.78 kg/m2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Resting metabolic rate was measured via indirect calorimetry. Participants reported their physical activity and dietary intake for 3 days, which we used to estimate TEE and EC, respectively, and to calculate EBal (EC:TEE ratio). Resting metabolic rate, TEE, and EC were normalized to body mass. Group and group-by-sex comparisons were conducted for RMR·kg-1, TEE·kg-1, EC·kg-1, and EBal using independent t tests with the a priori α = .05. Associations of age, sex, concussion history, BMI, and symptom burden with RMR·kg-1 and EBal were explored with linear regression models. RESULTS Total energy expenditure·kg-1 was lower (P < .01; mean difference ± SD = -5.31 ± 1.41 kcal·kg-1) and EBal was higher (P < .01; 0.28 ± 0.10) in SRC participants than in control participants. Both sexes with SRC had lower TEE·kg-1 than did the control participants (P values ≤ .04); females with SRC had higher EBal than controls (P = .01), but male groups did not differ. Higher RMR·kg-1 was associated with history of concussion (adjusted R2 = .10, β = 0.65). Younger age (β = -0.35), fewer concussions (β = -0.35), lower BMI (β = -0.32), greater symptom duration (β = 1.50), and lower symptom severity (β = -1.59) were associated with higher EBal (adjusted R2 = .54). CONCLUSIONS Total energy expenditure·kg-1 and EBal appeared to be affected by acute SRC, despite no differences in RMR·kg-1. Sex, concussion history, BMI, and symptom burden were associated with acute energy-related outcomes.
Epileptic Spasms in a Large Hypothalamic Hamartoma Cohort.

Introduction:Hypothalamic hamartoma is rarely associated with epileptic spasms. We describe epileptic spasms in a large cohort of hypothalamic hamartoma patients.Methods:We performed a retrospectiv...
Interleaving by parts for persistence in a poset

Metrics in computational topology are often either (i) themselves in the form of the interleaving distance $d_{\mathrm{I}}(\mathbf{F},\mathbf{G})$ between certain order-preserving maps $\mathbf{F},\mathbf{G}:(\mathcal{P},\leq)\rightarrow (\mathcal{Q},\leq)$ between posets or (ii) admit $d_{\mathrm{I}}(\mathbf{F},\mathbf{G})$ as a tractable lower bound, where the domain poset $(\mathcal{P},\leq)$ is equipped with a flow. In this paper, assuming that $\mathcal{Q}$ admits a join-dense subset $B$, we propose certain join representations $\mathbf{F}=\bigvee_{b\in B} \mathbf{F}_b$ and $\mathbf{G}=\bigvee_{b\in B} \mathbf{G}_b$ which satisfy $d_{\mathrm{I}}(\mathbf{F},\mathbf{G})=\bigvee_{b\in B} d_{\mathrm{I}}(\mathbf{F}_b,\mathbf{G}_b)$ where each $d_{\mathrm{I}}(\mathbf{F}_b,\mathbf{G}_b)$ is relatively easy to compute. We leverage this result in order to (i) elucidate the structure and computational complexity of the interleaving distance for poset-indexed clusterings (i.e. poset-indexed subpartition-valued functors), (ii) to clarify the relationship between the erosion distance by Patel and the graded rank function by Betthauser, Bubenik, and Edwards, and (iii) to reformulate and generalize the tripod distance by the second author.
Spillover Effects of Brand Safety Violations in Social Media

This research examines how a brand’s ad adjacency to offensive content influences consumers’ perceptions, emotions, and behavioral intentions toward the brand. Varying the type of offensive content...
Magnetic Bead Characterization, Implementation and Control for the Extraction of Nucleic Acids from Patient Biofluid Samples in Point of Need Microfluidic Devices

The application of microfluidics in Point of Care (PoC) testing was a breakthrough in PoC diagnostics, yet high precision testing remains a challenge. In order to extract and isolate pure RNA or DNA from biofluids containing a virus or virion, small spherical magnetic particles called magnetic beads are commonly used in laboratories. Magnetic beads have many applications ranging from purification of nucleic acids, magnetic cell separation, targeted drug delivery to brain or malignant tumors, magnetic chaining etc. Unfortunately, integrating magnetic beads into PoC devices is challenging. This paper delves into a comparative study of the behaviour and parameters of five different sizes of carboxyl coated paramagnetic beads along with silica coated dynabeads. Their behavior is characterized in a microcapillary channel for a SARS-CoV-2 virus PoC testing kit to enrich the sample, concentrating the nucleic acid. This step would increase the sensitivity and specificity for any nucleic acid-based PoC testing device.
Exercise 21: Induction of IL-2 Secretion from Mouse Lymphoma Cells (EL4.IL-2)

Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that possess regulatory functions for the immune system. They are antigenically nonspecific and are produced by a variety of cell types. T cells produce a number of cytokines that act synergistically or antagonistically to effect specific cell function. Cell lines have been described that produce specific cytokines or possess receptors to interact with specific cytokines. T helper cells are subdivided into THI or TH2 cells. Each subtype can be distinguished by the profile of cytokines produced. For example, TH1 cells produce IL-2, and IFNγ gamma, while TH2 cells produce IL-4, and IL-5. The particular profile will determine if the immune response generated will be humoral or cellular. In this exercise we will examine the mouse lymphoma cell line EL4.IL-2 (ATCC), an IL-2 secreting cell line. The objective of the exercise is to culture EL4.IL-2 cells and screen the cultures for IL-2 using ELISA with anti-IL-2 antibodies.
3D-printed phantoms to quantify accuracy and variability of goniometric and volumetric assessment of Peyronie's disease deformities.

Characterization of Peyronie’s disease (PD) involves manual goniometry and penile length measurement. These techniques neglect volume loss or hourglass deformities. Inter-provider variability complicates accuracy. Using 3D-printed models, we aimed to evaluate measurement accuracy and variability and establish computational assessment workflows. Five digital phantoms were created: 13.0 cm cylinder, 13.0 cm hourglass cylinder, 15.0 cm cylinder with 40° angulation, 12.0 cm straight penis, and 12.9 cm PD penis with 68° angulation and hourglass. Lengths, volumes, and angles were determined computationally. Each phantom was 3D-printed. Ten urology providers determined lengths, angles, and volumes with measuring tape, goniometer, and volume calculator. Provider versus computational measurements were compared to determine accuracy using t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. No significant differences were observed between manual assessment of length of penile models and designed length in penile models. Average curvature angles from providers for bent cylinder and PD phantoms were 38.3° ± 3.9° (p = 0.25) and 57.5° ± 7.2° (p = 0.006), respectively. When assessing for volume, hourglass cylinder and bent cylinder showed significant differences between designed volume and provider averages. All assessments of length, angle, and volume showed significant provider variability. Our results suggest manual measurements suffer from inaccuracy and variability. Computational workflows are useful for improved accuracy and volume assessment.
Symmetric Inverse Semigroups

Decomposing charts Basic observations Commuting charts Centralizers of permutations Centralizers of charts Alternating semigroups $S_n$-normal semigroups Normal semigroups and congruences Presentations of symmetric inverse semigroups Presentations of alternating semigroups Decomposing partial transformations Commuting partial transformations Centralizers, conjugacy, reconstruction Appendix Bibliography Index.
Data Envelopment Analysis: Twenty Years Out

This paper briefly traces the evolution of DEA from the initial publication by Chames, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) to the current state-of-the-art (SOA). The state of development of DEA is characterized at four points in time to provide a perspective in both directions—past and future. An evolution map is provided which illustrates DEA growth during the twenty year period, the timing of the major events, and the interconnections and influences between topics. An extensive DEA bibliography is provided.
Evaluation of tribromoethanol, tribromoethanol-buprenorphine and ketamine-xylazine combinations for anaesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing ovariectomy

Effect of premedication with buprenorphine (BP) on efficacy and safety of tribromoethanol (TBE) - induced anaesthesia was evaluated and compared with anaesthesia induced by ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) combination in rats undergoing ovariectomy. Fifteen Sprague -Dawley rats (mean weight 246.5 ± 13.1g) were randomly divided into three groups. Group (TBE) received tribromoethanol solution (250mg/kg). Group (TBE+BP) was premedicated with BP (0.02mg/kg) and 30 minutes later with TBE (250mg/kg). Group KX was anaesthetized with mixture of K (43.5mg/kg) and X (6.5mg/kg). All injections were administered intraperitoneally. Anaesthetic parameters determined were onset of anaesthesia (OAN), duration of antinociception (DAN), duration of sleep (DSP) and recovery time (RCT). Rectal temperatures (RT) and respiratory rates (RR) were recorded immediately after loss of righting reflex and at ten minute interval up to 90 minute. In addition, rats were monitored for adverse signs up to one week after ovariectomy. Anaesthetic indices were compared using Student’s t-test, while RR and RT were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two rats in TBE group and one rat in TBE+BP group died three days after ovariectomy. Duration of antinociception (DAN) was significantly (P= 0.0015) longer in TBE than in KX anaesthetized rats but not significantly (P= 0.054) different between TBE and TBE-BP anaesthetized rats. Also, DSP was significantly (P=0.001) longer in KX anaesthetized rats than TBE- anaesthetized rats. Similarly, the DSP was significantly (P= 0.013) shorter in TBE group than TBE+ BP anaesthetized rats. Both RR and RT decreased significantly (P< 0.0001) with time following anaesthesia in all groups. It was concluded that KX mixture provided better anaesthesia than TBE and TBE+BP, and addition of BP to TBE did not have any beneficial effect. Keywords: Tribromoethanol, Buprenorphine, Ketamine, Xylazine, Anaesthesia, Rats, Ovariectomy
Electronic Health Records

The Electronic Health Record (EHR) represents the evolution and convergence of medicine and technology. Its advent has significantly changed the landscape in which medical policy and process shall be created. From its origins as simple billing and accounting systems, to the full-fledged interactive records of today, the wills of the medical community, public health, and government have been at odds to ensure their concerns and requirements are adequately represented in implementations around the world. Governments around the world have passed legislation to foster the adoption of unified health records capable of recording and reporting health data in a standardized, structured format, with surprising and varying results.
Exploring protein functional relationships using genomic information and data mining techniques

An approach that uses both supervised and unsupervised learning methods for exploring protein functional relationships is reported; we refer to this as Maximum Contrast (MC) tree. The tree is constructed by performing a hierarchical decomposition of the feature space; this step is performed regardless of complex nature of protein functions, i.e. it performs this decomposition even without knowledge of the protein functional class labels. In order to test our algorithm, we have constructed a library of Protein Phylogenetic Profiles for the proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae with 60 species. Results showed our algorithm compares favorably to other classification algorithms such as the decision tree algorithms C4.5, C5, and to support vector machines.
Alternative NF‐κB Regulates RANKL‐Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Independent Mechanisms

Mitochondrial biogenesis, the generation of new mitochondrial DNA and proteins, has been linked to osteoclast (OC) differentiation and function. In this study we used mice with mutations in key alternative NF-κB pathway proteins, RelB and NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), to dissect the complex relationship between mitochondrial biogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In OC precursors lacking either NIK or RelB, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) was unable to increase mitochondrial DNA or oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) protein expression, which was associated with lower oxygen consumption rates. Transgenic OC precursors expressing constitutively active NIK showed normal RANKL-induced mitochondrial biogenesis (OxPhos expression and mitochondria copy number) compared to controls, but larger mitochondrial dimensions and increased oxygen consumption rates, suggesting increased mitochondrial function. To deduce the mechanism for mitochondrial biogenesis defects in NIK-deficient and RelB-deficient precursors, we examined expression of genes known to control this process. PGC-1β (Ppargc1b) expression, but not PGC-1α, PPRC1, or ERRα, was significantly reduced in RelB(-/-) and NIK(-/-) OCs. Because PGC-1β has been reported to positively regulate both mitochondrial biogenesis and differentiation in OCs, we retrovirally overexpressed PGC-1β in RelB(-/-) cells, but surprisingly found that it did not affect differentiation, nor did it restore RANKL-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. To determine whether the blockade in osteoclastogenesis in RelB-deficient cells precludes mitochondrial biogenesis, we rescued RelB(-/-) differentiation via overexpression of NFATc1. Mitochondrial parameters in neither WT nor RelB-deficient cultures were affected by NFATc1 overexpression, and bone resorption in RelB(-/-) was not restored. Furthermore, NFATc1 co-overexpression with PGC-1β, although allowing OC differentiation, did not rescue mitochondrial biogenesis or bone resorption in RelB(-/-) OCs, by CTX-I levels. Thus, our results indicate that the alternative NF-κB pathway plays dual, but distinct, roles in controlling the independent processes of OC differentiation and OC mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, the inability of PGC-1β to drive mitochondrial biogenesis in OCs without RelB indicates a cell-type specificity in mitochondria regulation.
Cluster-based correlation of severe braking events with time and location

In this paper, a systematic strategy is proposed to identify severe braking events occurrence correlation with time and location. The proposed approach, which is constructed based on batch clustering and real-time clustering techniques, incorporates historical and real-time data to predict the time and location of severe braking events. Batch clustering is implemented with the combination of subtractive clustering and fuzzy c-means clustering to generate clusters representing the initial correlation patterns. Real-time clustering is then developed to create and update real-time correlation patterns on the foundation of the batch clustering using evolving Gustafson Kessel Like (eGKL) algorithm. Real-time driving data of operating vehicles each equipped with a data acquisition and wireless communication platform are used to validate the proposed strategy. Drivers can be notified of the potential severe braking locations through maps, and recognize the events occurrence at different times and locations through the variation of the identified correlation patterns.
Evidence of Motives and Market Reactions to Sale and Leasebacks

In this paper I find systematic differences between firms using sale-and-leaseback transactions in comparison to industry averages. I find evidence supporting the primary theoretical reason for leasing, namely taxes and mixed support for asymmetric information costs and bankruptcy costs relating to leasing. Contrary to theory, I find that these firms are typically large and solvent with high growth potential but have low interest coverage and high leverage suggesting that the need for cash in tandem with capital constraints are driving these transactions. Controlling for credit constraints, I find abnormal market returns are positively correlated with P/E and negatively correlated with debt structure suggesting that the market perceives sale-and-leaseback funds likely to be used for growth as value enhancing while firms likely to use funds to meet debt obligation experience lower event returns.
Torrey Pines Experiment

Wind generated surface gravity waves are the dominant driving force for surf zone dynamics on open coasts. A major thrust of the NSTS study was an investigation of the relationship between the incident waves and the processes that they drive (e. g., surf zone currents and sediment motion). A useful description of a linear wave field is obtained by the measurement of the frequency-directional spectrum. Particular attention is paid to certain moments of this spectrum. For example, S xy , the onshore flux of longshore directed wave momentum, is an important wave parameter involved with longshore currents and resulting sediment transport. These wave field statistics were sampled with a linear array of pressure sensors in a mean depth of 9.6 m and by a pressure sensor and orthogonal-axis current meter in 5.7 m depth.
The Transition from Infancy to Language: Meaning and Expression

Meanings are in persons' minds, not in words, and when we say that a word has or possesses such and such meanings, we are really saying that it has evoked, or caused, those meanings. Until it gets into a mind, a word is only puffs of air or streaks of ink. (Edward Lee Thorndike) This book has been about how words get into minds. Acquiring the power of expression comes with learning the public, conventional meanings of a language for expressing and articulating the private, personal meanings in a mind. One-year-olds have been hearing words for some time, but words come to have meaning only when infants can appreciate the connections between what they hear (or the gestures they see) and what they are thinking and feeling. And because words express what a child's beliefs, desires, and feelings are about, they are only part of what happens in early language development. We tapped into some of what happens with early word learning when we looked at how the children played with objects and expressed emotion as they and their mothers spent an hour together each month in our playroom. Let's go back to the simple example from an earlier chapter: A child picks up a small block, says “more,” puts it on top of another block, smiles, and looks at her mother. Her mother smiles back.
A 1.5V class A 5/sup th/ order log domain filter in SiGe technology

This paper presents a class A 5/sup th/ order Butterworth log domain filter fabricated in IBM's 6HP SiGe technology. The filter is synthesized from an RLC ladder prototype and has a maximum cutoff frequency of 2 MHz. At operating supply voltages down to 1.5V, the filter consumes 330 /spl mu/W of power, has an output noise of 70 nA rms, an IIP3 of 95 /spl mu/A rms, and it is tunable over two decades of frequency.
Adjuvant steroid therapy in community‐acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. Although steroids appear to be beneficial in animal models of CAP, clinical trial data in humans are either equivocal or conflicting. PURPOSE Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the impact of steroid therapy on clinical outcomes among adults admitted with CAP. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through a systematic search of published literature up to July 2011. DATA EXTRACTION We estimated relative risks (RR) and weighted mean differences, pooled from each study using a random effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight RCTs, comprising 1119 patients, met our selection criteria. Overall quality of the studies was moderate. Adjunctive steroid therapy had no effect on hospital mortality or length of stay in the intensive care unit, but reduced the overall length of hospital stay (RR: −1.21 days [95% confidence interval (CI): −2.12 to −0.29]). Less robust data also demonstrated reduced incidence of delayed shock (RR: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.03 to 0.41]) and reduced persistence of chest x-ray abnormalities (RR: 0.13 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27]). A priori subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS Moderate-quality evidence suggests that adjunctive steroid therapy for adults hospitalized with CAP reduced the length of hospital stay but did not alter mortality. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:68–75. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Solid-state carrier-envelope phase stabilization via quantum interference control of injected photocurrents.

We demonstrate carrier-envelope phase stabilization of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser by use of quantum interference control of injected photocurrents in a semiconductor. No harmonic generation is required for this stabilization technique. Instead, interference between coexisting single- and two-photon absorption pathways in the semiconductor provides a phase comparison between different spectral components. The phase comparison, and the detection of the photocurrent that it produces, both occur within a single low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide sample. The carrier-envelope offset beat note fidelity is 30?dB in a 10-kHz resolution bandwidth. The out-of-loop phase-noise level is essentially identical to the best previous measurements with the standard self-referencing technique.
Finite element formulation for modeling sliding cable elements

Abstract “Sliding cable elements” are developed to solve the general problem of constraining a string of cable elements to continuously pass through a prescribed moving node. These elements can be used for a wide variety of applications and in the current work are used to model various features in parachute systems. The principle of virtual work and total Lagrange formulation are used to derive the element internal force vector, tangent stiffness matrix, and time-dependent mass matrix and body forces. The element equations are implemented in a geometrically nonlinear, transient implicit finite element program. A searching algorithm is developed to track the relative movement of the elements, which is performed each iteration prior to formulation of the element equations. Two problems with analytical solutions are performed to validate the mechanical behavior of the new element and the searching algorithm. Several examples are presented where the sliding cable elements are used in parachute systems.
Role of the tuberculum olfactorium in streotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine in the rat.

Bilateral ablation of the tuberculum olfactorium markedly reduced stereotyped behaviour following apomorphine treatment in the rat. Bilateral dissection of the olfactory bulb or large bilateral lesions in the nucleus caudatus putamen did not significantly affect the stereotyped behaviour. It is concluded that an intact tuberculum olfactorium is essential for the induction of stereotyped behaviour by apomorphine.
Simultaneous resource possession in queueing models of computers

Neglect of simultaneous resource possession is a significant problem with queueing network models of computers. This is illustrated by examples of memory contention and channel contention with position sensing I/O devices. A class of extended queueing networks is defined to allow representation of simulataneous resource possession. Extended queueing network models of memory contention and channel contention are given. Solution techniques and numerical results for these models are discussed.
Isolated lack of thyrotropin in man.

A patient with an isolated lack of thyrotropin, confirmed by measurement of plasma thyrotropin, is presented. Gonadotropin, corticotropin and growth hormone were present although the growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was blunted. This patient appears to be the first in whom plasma growth hormone was demonstrated in the absence of plasma thyrotropin. The diagnosis of deficiency of thyrotropin in general as well as in the particular case of an isolated deficiency is discussed. Measurement of plasma thyrotropin may be necessary although it was not required to establish the diagnosis in our patient. Although probably not common, the isolated deficiency might be suspected in any patient with hypothyroidism.
Attachment style and weight concerns in preadolescent and adolescent girls

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the association between attachment style and weight concerns, a major risk factor for eating disorders, in preadolescent and adolescent girls. Method: Three hundred and five female elementary and middle school students completed measures of attachment style and weight concerns. Results: Insecurely attached subjects reported higher weight concerns than did securely attached subjects. A greater proportion of insecurely attached subjects obtained “at risk” weight concerns scores than securely attached subjects. Discussion: The findings suggest that attachment style may play an important role in the development of weight concerns, which, in turn, have been shown to be associated with the onset of eating disorders. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 23: 39–44, 1998.
From Fears of Entropy to Comfort in Chaos: Arcadia, The Waste Land, Numb3rs, and Man's Relationship With Science

Through the use of some purposeful anachronisms, Tom Stoppard uses his 1993 play Arcadia to explore the effects on man's psyche of the transition from Newton's Laws to the laws of thermodynamics and from thermodynamics to chaos theory. However, remarkably similar reactions to these changes are also reflected in works from the actual time periods following these shifts in scientific understanding. Modernist literature is believed by many to reflect a sense of depression about the implications of the second law of thermodynamics, which is exemplified in T. S. Eliot's 1922 poem The Waste Land. Likewise, the comfort provided by the revisions to thermodynamics made by chaos theory are reflected frequently in contemporary popular culture, such as in the current television series Numb3rs. Through the invocation of science, all three works suggest that man is uncomfortable with too much predictability and that comfort can instead be found in chaos and unpredictability.
Biological monitoring in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves with special reference to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract A procedural sequence of prediction-monitoring-assessment has been proposed to organise biological monitoring work in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. The procedure optimally uses existing data and models, makes monitoring purposeful, and leads to improved predictions of human impacts on the environment. Examples of the procedure were given for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which has recently been designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve.
The etiology of acute hepatitis superimposed upon previously unrecognized asymptomatic HBsAg carriers

To study the etiology of acute hepatitis superimposed upon previously unrecognized asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, paired sera were collected in acute and convalescence phases for measurement of HBeAg, anti-HBe, hepatitis B virus DNA and anti-delta from 76 adult patients with acute hepatitis who were HBsAg positive but IgM anti-HBc negative or positive only at low titer. None of them were IgM anti-hepatitis A virus positive on admission. Of the 34 patients who were HBeAg positive initially, two (5.9%) were diagnosed as having delta superinfection, and another two (5.9%) were suspected to have non-A, non-B virus superinfection because of a transient decrease of serum hepatitis B virus DNA. The remaining 30 (88.2%) cases were hepatitis B virus DNA negative with or without anti-HBe seroconversion on follow-up. The episodes of acute hepatitis in these cases may represent “immune clearance of HBeAg” or “immune clearance of hepatitis B virus with delayed anti-HBe seroconversion,” respectively, in the natural course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Of the patients who were anti-HBe positive initially, 23 (54.8%) were diagnosed as having delta superinfection, including eight with de novo seroconversion of anti-delta and 15 with a rising titer of anti-delta; 10 (23.8%) were positive for hepatitis B virus DNA and were considered as reactivation of hepatitis B virus, and the other nine (21.4%) were suspected as having non-A, non-B virus superinfection. We conclude that the vast majority of episodes of acute hepatitis in HBeAg carriers may represent immune clearance of hepatitis B virus in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and, by contrast, in anti-HBe carriers they are usually the result of superinfection with other non-B viruses, the majority of which are due to delta superinfection.
The structures and energetics of fully nonlinear symmetric baroclinic waves

Rotating baroclinic flow for Richardson number lower than about 1 is studied by means of a finite difference Navier-Stokes model assuming no variations except in the vertical plane that completely contains the density gradient vector. The horizontally infinite channel to which attention is given further assumes periodic boundary conditions at the vertical computational boundaries and no-slip conducting horizontal boundaries. Two configurations are considered. Symmetric baroclinic waves developed in the flows in a manner consistent with linear theory, and it is noted that the structures and energetics of the fully developed waves were dependent on the Prandtl number Pr. For Pr greater than 1, the conversion from potential energy to wave kinetic energy was direct, via temperature and vertical motion correlation, while for Pr of less than 1, conversion proceeded from potential energy to average kinetic energy by means of an induced meridional flow, and then to wave kinetic energy.
A universal topology for sequence spaces

In this paper we introduce a locally convex topology which is defined on every space S of sequences, namely, the inductive topology determined by all locally convex FK-spaces which are contained in S. It is shown that every matrix mapping between such spaces is continuous. The main result is Theorem 3.2 which relates the extent of the multiplier algebra M(S) of a sequence space S with some of its topological properties in this topology. Many attempts have been made to find a "natural" topology for an arbitrary space of sequences. The first was that of K6the and Toeplitz [8] in 1934 which introduced the notion of duality. This concept was generalized or refined in the following works among others: [2-4, 6, 9, 12]. An entirely different idea for topologizing sequence spaces is that of FK-space introduced by Zeller (see [-17]). Zeller also classified FK-spaces according to their sectional convergence properties [t7, 18]. FK-spaces have proven useful in function theory and summability, but many spaces, in particular dual spaces of non-Banach FK-spaces have no FK-topology. Two other ideas for topologizing sequence spaces were offered in [12]. One was a broad generalization of the K6the-Toeplitz theory and the other employed the natural duality between an arbitrary sequence space and the space ~o of finitely non-zero sequences. In Section 2 we shall define the IK-topology, a direct generalization of FK-topology which applies to all sequence spaces. We then prove that matrix mappings between spaces having such topologies are continuous. This extends a desirable property of FK-spaces.
Angular Yield of Both Proton Groups from Li 6 ( d , p ) Li 7

The simultaneous measurement of the intensities of two energy groups of product particles is accomplished by sorting out their proportional-counter pulses in an electronic ten-channel discriminator. The angular yields of protons leading to the ground state and to the 480-kev state of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ in the reaction ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,p){\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ have been measured at deuteron energies between 400 and 800 kev. At the higher bombarding energies the angular yields of the two groups are complex and somewhat similar, both containing terms at least as high as ${cos}^{4}\ensuremath{\theta}$. As the deuteron energy is reduced, the short-range group retains this complexity while the long-range group becomes more nearly spherically symmetric.