cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A measurement/model comparison of ozone photochemical loss in the Antarctic ozone hole using Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement observations and the Match technique

[1] The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM III) instrument has provided 6 years (1998 to present) of Antarctic ozone profile measurements, which detail the annual formation of the ozone hole. During the period of ozone hole formation the measurement latitude follows the edge of the polar night and presents a unique challenge for comparing with model simulations. The formation of the ozone hole has been simulated by using a photochemical box model with an ensemble of trajectories, and the results were sampled at the measurement latitude for comparison with the measured ozone. The agreement is generally good but very sensitive to the model dynamics and less sensitive to changes in the model chemistry. In order to better isolate the chemical ozone loss the Match technique was applied to 5 years of data to directly calculate ozone photochemical loss rates. The measured loss rates are specific to the high solar zenith angle conditions of the POAM-Match trajectories and are found to increase slowly from July to early August and then increase rapidly until mid-September. The Match results are sensitive to the choice of meteorological analysis used for the trajectory calculations. The ECMWF trajectories yield the smallest, and perhaps most accurate, peak loss rates that can be reproduced by a photochemical model using standard JPL 2002 kinetics, assuming reactive bromine (BrOx) of 14 pptv based solely on contributions from CH3Br and halons, and without requiring ClOx to exceed the upper limit for available inorganic chlorine of 3.7 ppbv. Larger Match ozone loss rates are found for the late August and early September period if trajectories based on UKMO and NCEP analyses are employed. Such loss rates require higher values for ClO and/or BrO than can be simulated using JPL 2002 chemical kinetics and complete activation of chlorine. In these cases, the agreement between modeled and measured loss rates is significantly improved if the model employs larger ClOOCl cross sections (e.g., Burkholder et al., 1990) and BrOx of 24 ppt which reflects significant contributions from very short-lived bromocarbons to the inorganic bromine budget.
Reductive Dechlorination of DDE to DDMU in Marine Sediment Microcosms

DDT is reductively dechlorinated to DDD and dehydrochlorinated to DDE; it has been thought that DDE is not degraded further in the environment. Laboratory experiments with DDE-containing marine sediments showed that DDE is dechlorinated to DDMU in both methanogenic and sulfidogenic microcosms and that DDD is dehydrochlorinated to DDMU three orders of magnitude more slowly. Thus, DDD does not appear to be an important precursor of the DDMU found in these sediments. These results imply that remediation decisions and risk assessments based on the recalcitrance of DDE in marine and estuarine sediments should be reevaluated.
Midazolam for sedation in the paediatric intensive care unit.

This retrospective study examines data from 55 patients sedated in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with midazolam. Midazolam sedation was initiated with a bolus of 0.25 mg.kg-1 followed by a continuous infusion of 0.4-4 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Physiological and metabolic parameters, infusion rates, duration, and sedation scores were monitored. Midazolam infusions were effective in sedating all the children studied during all or part of their PICU admission. The median duration of sedation was 74 h with a range of 4 to 1272 h. Haemodynamics were unchanged. Of the patients 46% were effectively alimented by the enteral route, and enteral alimentation was successful in all patients in whom it was attempted. Unassisted ventilation occurred in 44% of the patients during infusion. Oxygen consumption was 28% lower than in the control. Disadvantages of midazolam infusion have included inability to sedate during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and development of acute tolerance.
Religion and Substance Abuse Treatment: Individual and Program Effects

The relationship between personal religiousness and substance abuse treatment outcomes has emerged as an important issue in the public health arena. Using the "moral community" perspective, a conceptual framework developed by Stark, Kent, and Doyle (1982) to analyze the contextual effects of religion, we explore the degree to which religion influences two drug treatment outcome measures-critical retention and commitment to treatment. The data are derived from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS), a national study of 10,010 clients enrolled in 70 drug treatment programs. Three research questions were addressed: (1) What is the relationship between an individual's level of religiosity and retention in treatment and commitment to treatment? (2) How does the ecological context of treatment programs shape the individual-level relationships ? (3) To what extent are program practices and characteristics directly linked to outcome level? The findings are supportive of the literature that shows a weak to moderate relationship between religiosity and treatment outcomes. However, the findings did not show strong support for the "moral community" hypothesis. Although there was a wide variation in the size of the individual-level religiosity-treatment correlations, the variation could not be conclusively attributed to the overall religious emphasis of the programs. The findings suggest that further research is needed in order to understand fully the role of religion in substance abuse treatment.
Design for optimal quality by recycling returned products

For many manufacturers, the cost of replacing returned products may more than offset the cost of producing parts with a higher quality. This is especially true if good parts from returned products are used to remanufacture aftermarket products. Furthermore, such policy allows for satisfying a customer population with a variable expectation for acceptable quality. In this study, the total cost of supplying a given demand is derived as an analytical function of the targeted primary production rate and product quality when the demand is satisfied with a combination of primary and remanufactured products. The decision variables of this function consist of the primary production rate and the designed product and production quality. This cost is then minimised to determine the production rate and the optimum quality to target. A numerical example is provided and used to demonstrate the application of this function. This example also demonstrates the use of the proposed solution for optimising quality when there...
Evolutionary dynamics of enzymes

This paper codifies and rationalizes the large diversity in reaction rates and substrate specificity of enzymes in terms of a model which postulates that the kinetic properties of present-day enzymes are the consequence of the evolutionary force of mutation and selection acting on a class of primordial enzymes with poor catalytic activity and broad substrate specificity. Enzymes are classified in terms of their thermodynamic parameters, activation enthalpy delta H* and activation entropy delta S*, in their kinetically significant transition states as follows: type 1, delta H* > 0, delta S* 0, delta S* > 0. We study the evolutionary dynamics of these three classes of enzymes subject to mutation, which acts at the level of the gene which codes for the enzyme and selection, which acts on the organism that contains the enzyme. Our model predicts the following evolutionary trends in the reaction rate and binding specificity for the three classes of molecules. In type 1 enzymes, evolution results in random, non-directional changes in the reaction rate and binding specificity. In type 2 and 3 enzymes, evolution results in a unidirectional increase in both the reaction rate and binding specificity. We exploit these results in order to codify the diversity in functional properties of present-day enzymes. Type 1 molecules will be described by intermediate reaction rates and broad substrate specificity. Type 2 enzymes will be characterized by diffusion-controlled rates and absolute substrate specificity. The type 3 catalysts can be further subdivided in terms of their activation enthalpy into two classes: type 3a (delta H* small) and type 3b (delta H* large). We show that type 3a will be represented by the same functional properties that identify type 2, namely, diffusion-controlled rates and absolute substrate specificity, whereas type 3b will be characterized by non-diffusion-controlled rates and absolute substrate specificity. We infer from this depiction of the three classes of enzymes, a general relation between the two functional properties, reaction rate and substrate specificity, namely, enzymes with diffusion-controlled rates have absolute substrate specificity. By appealing to energetic considerations, we furthermore show that enzymes with diffusion-controlled rates (types 2 and 3a) form a small subset of the class of all enzymes. This codification of present-day enzymes derived from an evolutionary model, essentially relates the structural properties of enzymes, as described by their thermodynamic parameters, to their functional properties, as represented by the reaction rate and substrate specificity.
Microwave and Infrared Spectra, Adjusted r0 Structural Parameters, Conformational Stabilities, Vibrational Assignments, and Theoretical Calculations of Cyclobutylcarboxylic Acid Chloride

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
Linear stability theory of zonal shear flows with a free surface

Abstract We investigate the linear stability of zonal shear flows with a free surface (like the flow in oceans) taking into account the buoyancy effects at the deformed free surface. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of neutral and unstable modes are established, and a semicircle theorem for unstable modes is deduced. An upper bound on the growth rate of an unstable mode is established. We have given a sufficient condition for stability that has a close resemblance with Miles' criterion for stability of a continuously stratified shear flow. The number of distinct unstable modes is shown not to exceed the number of neutral modes. The stability characteristics of smoothly-varying unbounded shear-layer flow profiles for long-wave disturbances are investigated. Finally, stability of a linear zonal flow velocity profile and a zonal Bickley jet-flow profile are investigated. Some of these results are new even in the special barotropic case (with no free-surface effect).
Protons offer reduced normal-tissue exposure for patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy for resected pancreatic head cancer

Purpose To determine the potential role for adjuvant proton-based radiotherapy (PT) for resected pancreatic head cancer. Methods and Materials Between June 2008 and November 2008, 8 consecutive patients with resected pancreatic head cancers underwent optimized intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment planning. IMRT plans used between 10 and 18 fields and delivered 45 Gy to the initial planning target volume (PTV) and a 5.4 Gy boost to a reduced PTV. PTVs were defined according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 radiotherapy guidelines. Ninety-five percent of PTVs received 100% of the target dose and 100% of the PTVs received 95% of the target dose. Normal tissue constraints were as follows: right kidney V18 Gy to t -test was performed to compare various dosimetric points between the two plans for each patient. Results All proton plans met all normal tissue constraints and were isoeffective with the corresponding IMRT plans in terms of PTV coverage. The proton plans offered significantly reduced normal-tissue exposure over the IMRT plans with respect to the following: median small bowel V20 Gy, 15.4% with protons versus 47.0% with IMRT ( p = 0.0156); median gastric V20 Gy, 2.3% with protons versus 20.0% with IMRT ( p = 0.0313); and median right kidney V18 Gy, 27.3% with protons versus 50.5% with IMRT ( p = 0.0156). Conclusions By reducing small bowel and stomach exposure, protons have the potential to reduce the acute and late toxicities of postoperative chemoradiation in this setting.
Cross-sectional imaging of pediatric biliary disorders

The liver is the largest organ in the abdomen taking up a relatively greater area in infants and young children. It is a unique organ with a dual blood supply and amazing regenerative capacity. The liver has a number of important functions with regard metabolism, detoxification, and immune function. The internal anatomy of this organ is orderly and highly structured around the basic functional unit—the hepatic lobule and portal triad. Numerous pathologic conditions can involve the liver. In this article, we will focus on etiologic, clinical, and cross-sectional imaging features of several childhood congenital and acquired disorders of one component of the portal triad—the biliary system.
Influence of thorium on the surface structure and CO hydrogenation activity of silica-supported nickel catalysts

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA or XPS), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), H 2 chemisorption, and gravimetric analysis have been used to characterize a series of Ni/Th/SiO 2 catalysts. The information obtained from surface and bulk techniques has been compared with CO hydrogenation activity and selectivity of the supported nickel catalysts. Comparison of measured ESCA Th/Si intensity ratios with values predicted by a theoretical model shows that the particle size of the Th phase increases from 1.4 to 4.2 nm as the Th/Si atomic ratio increases from 0.0036 to 0.023. ESCA and XRD results also indicate that nickel is present as poorly dispersed NiO on the calcined unpromoted catalyst. Reducibility of the Ni phase in all catalysts exceeds 97%. ESCA data show that Th addition has little effect on Ni metal dispersion up to a Th/Si atomic ratio of 0.015. For higher Th loadings, the Ni dispersion increases from approximately 6 to 9% with increasing Th loading. H 2 chemisorption data suggest that Ni dispersion increases from 4.8 to 9.8% with increasing Th content. The turnover frequency (TOF) for CO hydrogenation calculated using ESCA estimates of Ni dispersion increases by a factor of 9 as the Th/Si atomic ratio increases from 0 to 0.015. For higher Th loadings the TOF decreases, but it remains seven times the value observed for the unpromoted catalyst. These results have been explained in terms of the Th surface coverage indicated by ISS. Th addition also increases olefin selectivity and the yield for higher hydrocarbons.
Radiative and radiationless triplet exciton decay in benzophenone

Abstract The EPR of triplet excitons and of shallow triplet traps in crystalline benzophenone is observed by an optical detection technique. The predominantly radiationless mode of de-excitation of the traps is demonstrated and shown to account for most of the quenching of electronic excitation energy in this system.
New cubic phases formed by alloying Al3Ti with Mn and Cr

It has been found that Mn or Cr can substitute for Al in Al 3 Ti and change the crystal structure from tetragonal DO 22 to cubic L1 2 . The new phases have been produced with negligible porosity and second phases, and have compositions near Al 67 Mn 8 Ti 25 and Al 67 Cr 8 Ti 25 . As with other cubic forms of Al 3 Ti, the ternary addition can range from bout 5 to 15 at. pct. while still maintaining the cubic phase. These new cubic phases have significantly reduced hardnesses and greatly improved crack resistance compared to binary Al 3 Ti, as well as other cubic forms based on alloying with Fe, Ni, or Cu. In addition to appreciable ductility in compression, the new phases show some tensile ductility
Low-dimensional resonant tunnelling and Coulomb blockade: a comparison of fabricated versus impurity confinement

Nanometre-scale fabrication techniques, combined with epitaxial resonant tunnelling structures, now routinely allow the study of quasi-0D confined electron systems. In addition to energy level separations that are tunable by the confining potentials, these systems can also exhibit Coulomb blockade. Surprisingly similar effects are also observed for conventional, unconfined resonant tunnelling devices. We have recently discovered that the turn-on characteristics of nearly all resonant tunnelling devices exhibit sharp peaks in conductance, attributable to tunnelling through single quantum well donor states. These unintentional donor states are distributed in energy, depending on position in the quantum well. We have performed electronic spectroscopy of these states, and consistently find binding energies approximately 10 meV greater than expected for a single quantum well donor due to quantum well fluctuations. We present detailed measurements of single-electron tunnelling through a single donor bound state utilizing simple non-confined heterostructures.
Condensation Formation by Impulsive Heating in Prominences

Our thermal nonequilibrium model for prominence formation provides an explanation for the well-observed presence of predominantly dynamic, cool, dense material suspended in the corona above filament channels. According to this model, condensations form readily along long, low-lying magnetic field lines when heating is localized near the chromosphere. Often this process yields a dynamic cycle in which condensations repeatedly form, stream along the field, and ultimately disappear by falling onto the nearest footpoint. Our previous studies employed only steady heating, as is consistent with some coronal observations, but many coronal heating models predict transient episodes of localized energy release (e.g., nanoflares). Here we present the results of a numerical investigation of impulsive heating in a model prominence flux tube and compare the outcome with previous steady-heating simulations. We find that condensations form readily when the average interval between heating events is less than the coronal radiative cooling time (~2000 s). As the average interval between pulses decreases, the plasma evolution more closely resembles the steady-heating case. The heating scale and presence or absence of background heating also determine whether or not condensations form and how they evolve. Our results place important constraints on coronal heating in filament channels and strengthen the case for thermal nonequilibrium as the process responsible for the plasma structure in prominences.
Consequences of the constant Jacobian determinant of the Hénon map.

We show that for a subfamily of H\'enon maps, all having the same Jacobian determinant J, the largest Lyapunov exponent has a minimum negative value ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{L},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$=lnJ/2, which occurs when a periodic orbit of any period N is the attractor, and the linear eigenvalues at any period N stable fixed point are complex. We discuss the sizes of the parameter regions in which this effect occurs.
Biaxial creep testing of textured Ti-3AI-2.5V tubing

Creep anisotropy of annealed Ti-3A1-2.5V tubing has been studied under biaxial stress conditions at 673 K using internal pressurization combined with axial loading. Biaxial strains were measuredin situ during creep using laser and linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) extensometers. Creep data were obtained for different stress ratios (α = σθ/gsz@#@), and the steady-state creep rates were found to obey power law with a stress exponent of 4.5 ±0.2 essentially independent of the stress state. Trie experimentally determined creep locus constructed at a constant value of the dissipative work function(W) deviated significantly from isotropy, indicating anisotropy of the material caused by crystallographic texture. The anisotropy parameters(R andP) in the modified Hill’s equation were obtained from the locus fitted to the experimental data to be 5.9 and 1.0, respectively. The crystallographic texture of the material was characterized through inverse and direct pole figures using X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF) was derived from the pole figure data and represented graphically in the form of Euler plots. This CODF, along with the lower-bound plasticity model, was employed for model predictions of the anisotropy parameters and the creep loci assuming the dominance of basal, prismatic, and pyramidal slip systems. The texture-based predictions differ from the experimental results, and probable reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
The effects of MHC chromosome dosage on bursal B-cell subpopulations in embryonic and neonatal chickens

The effect of MHC dosage on the population structure of developing bursal lymphocytes was studied in the Trisomic strain of chickens. These chickens contain either 2 (disomic), 3 (trisomic), or 4 (tetrasomic) copies of the MHC-encoding chromosome. To assess the developmental profile of bursal cell populations, bursal cells were characterized in the older embryo (18 days of incubation) and at two neonatal ages (1 day and 1 week post hatch) by a number of cellular parameters. Both transient and persistent alterations in cellular composition were revealed in the bursal subpopulations of trisomics and tetrasomics (aneuploids). Aneuploid bursal cells showed increased cell surface expression of MHC class II Ia antigen, at each age, compared to normal disomic cells. Aneuploid cell populations showed an increased incidence of small cells, at each age, a decreased incidence of Ia+ and IgM+ cells during late embryogenesis, and an increased incidence of IgG+ cells in the late embryo and 1-day-old chick. Significantly fewer proliferating cells were observed in the aneuploids, as compared to disomics, in the late embryo and 1-week-old chick. Three subpopulations were observed to be persistently altered in the MHC-aneuploids: an increased pool of Ia , small, IgM+ cells; a decreased pool of Ia+, large, IgM+ cells; and a decreased pool of Ia+, large, IgM- cells. Thus, increasing MHC-chromosome dosage is accompanied by specific alterations in B-cell differentiation. The elevated surface Ia antigen expression found on developing aneuploid B cells may play a role in these alterations.
Examining the impact of educational technology courses on pre-service teachers’ development of technological pedagogical content knowledge

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the impact of educational technology courses on pre-service teachers’ development of knowledge of technology integration in a teacher preparation program in the USA. The present study was conducted with eight pre-service teachers enrolled in the elementary teacher education program at a large university in the mid-western USA. Data sources included interviews, documents, and observations. The findings identified knowledge of technology integration the pre-service teachers developed and identified knowledge of technology integration needed in the technology integration courses. The present study provided a number of suggestions on different activities that could be built into educational technology courses to better prepare pre-service teachers to teach with technology.
Outcomes of isolated type II SLAP lesions treated with arthroscopic fixation using a bioabsorbable tack.

Purpose: The objective was to clinically evaluate the treatment of type II Slap lesions repaired surgically using a bioabsorbable device. Type of Study: Retrospective clinical follow-up study. Methods: Forty-one patients with isolated type II SLAP lesions who were treated with arthroscopic fixation were identified. Patients were excluded for rotator cuff tears, instability, or subacromial decompression. Patients completed the L'Insalata and the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaires, and underwent a thorough shoulder examination at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Results: At a mean of 3.7 years follow-up, 33 of 41 patients returned for physical examination and 6 others returned the L'Insalata questionnaire. The mean L'Insalata and ASES scores were 86.7 and 86.8, respectively; 27 patients reported their satisfaction as good to excellent but only 14 of the 29 athletes returned to their preinjury level of athletics. The average ASES scores were statistically different in patients who had their rotator cuff pierced versus those who did not ( P Conclusions: Despite high outcome scores, overall patient satisfaction was only 71%. In addition, up to 41% continued to experience some degree of night pain. Patients treated with a rotator cuff piercing had a significantly poorer outcome. Moreover, the patients who were athletes performed poorer on their outcomes evaluation than did their nonathletic counterparts. Whereas the outcome scores overall were high, this problem is still difficult to treat successfully. This may be because of the high demands of athletes. The data also suggest that placing portals through the rotator cuff may be associated with poorer surgical outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level III.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MENHADEN FISH OIL ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE EGG

The influence of menhaden fish oil and other oils on the fatty acid composition of the egg was studied. Diets containing 1.5% menhaden oil, 1.5% corn oil and no oil added were fed to 50 hens. The menhaden oil diet increased the composition of C 14:0 ' C 16:1 ' C 18:1 ' C 18:3a3 ' C 20:5a3 and C 22:6a3 was found in eggs but decreased C 18:3a6 and C 20:4a6 compared with the corn oil diet. The concentration of C 10:5a3 was greater than C 22:6a3 in menhaden oil, but more C 22:6a3 was found in eggs than C 22:6a3 . A significant increase in total w-3 PUF As (polyansaturated fatty acids) occured in the eggs after feeding the menhaden oil diet for 5 days and the concentration continued to increase through day 15. Dietary fats tend to produce a fatty acid patern in eggs similar to that of the diet and varies with the oil source concentration. Most fatty acid profiles in egg yoilds were altered within 15 days after hens began to consume test diets
Dividend policy theories and their empirical tests

Abstract The subject of corporate dividend policy has captivated economists for a long time, resulting in intensive theoretical modeling and empirical examinations. A number of conflicting theoretical models lacking strong empirical support define current attempts to explain the puzzling reality of corporate dividend behavior. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the method of analysis employed, sample period, and/or data frequency are responsible for this inconsistent support. The results presented here are consistent with the contention that no dividend model, either separately or jointly with other models, is supported invariably.
Solar cycles and malignant melanoma

There has been a sixfold increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma in the State of Connecticut during the past forty years. Superimposed on a steady incidence rise are cycles of markedly increased incidence rates which follow periods of maximum sunspot activity. We propose that the effect of sunspot cycles on human melanoma occurrence is mediated by modulation of stratospheric ozone and thus indirectly affects UV flux at the earth's surface. This hypothesis would predict a time lag in melanoma incidence cycles, relative to sunspot activity, with increasing distance from polar caps. This appears to be the case. The increase in melanoma incidence related to a given reduction in ozone depletion in this hypothesis, is in great excess of existing models relating anthropogenic ozone depletion and skin cancer.
District leadership that works: Striking the right balance

by Robert J. Marzano and Timothy Waters, Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press, 2009, 164 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN 978‐1‐935249‐19‐1 For countless schools and districts across the United States...
Plasmalemmal appositions between cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in rat caudate-putamen nuclei.

Abstract We have observed that in rat caudate-putamen nuclei, neurons immunolabeled for choline acetyltransferase were sometimes in direct apposition to unlabeled perikarya and dendrites [Pickel V. M. and Chan J. (1990) J. Neurosci. Res. 25 , 263–280]. Similar juxtapositions between plasmalemmas of nerve cells each receiving input from one common terminal have been associated with activation of certain central neurons [Theodosis D. T. and Poulain D. A. (1989) Brain Res. 484 , 361–366]. Thus, we sought to determine the relative abundance and ultrastructure of the appositions and the frequencies of shared synapses between choline acetyltransferase-labeled and unlabeled neurons in the rat striatum. A monoclonal antibody raised against choline acetyltransferase was localized in semi-adjacent ultrathin sections through 24 neurons in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen nuclei. Five of these choline acetyltransferase-labeled perikarya showed direct somatic appositions with unlabeled neurons. The remaining 19 of the choline acetyltransferase-labeled perikarya did not show somatic appositions with unlabeled perikarya; however, when traced through multiple (20–100) semi-adjacent sections their dendrites always showed extensive plasmalemmal juxtapositions with one or more unlabeled perikarya. The apposed perikarya had round nuclei and other characteristics of medium, spiny neurons. The majority of the apposed cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons were postsynaptic to at least one common unlabeled terminal. These terminals usually formed symmetric junctions. At sites of appositions, the plasmalemmas of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive soma or dendrites and unlabeled neurons were closely spaced without intervening astrocytic processes. The appositions lacked the ultrastructural features typical of gap-junctions, but did occasionally show parallel arrays of thin (1–2 nm) electron-dense bands. In both labeled and unlabeled perikarya, the nuclei were separated from the appositional zones by narrow (0.7–3.3 μm) rims of cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic rim contained subsurface cisternae and other less specialized smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicular structures. The findings suggest that in the caudate-putamen nuclei (1) the tonically active cholinergic neurons [Wilson C. J. et al. (1990) J. Neurosci . 10 , 508–519] may modulate or be modulated by non-cholinergic spiny neurons through non-synaptic somatic or dendritic appositions, and (2) that both neurons may be simultaneously inhibited by shared afferent input. Activation of this system could facilitate coordinated movements through synchronization of cholinergic interneurons and spiny projection neurons containing GABA or other transmitters.
Physical map of the genome of sonchus yellow net virus, a plant rhabdovirus with six genes and conserved gene junction sequences

Abstract We provide evidence that a plant rhabdovirus, sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV), is similar to most animal rhabdoviruses in the order of structural genes and in the nucleotide sequences at the gene junctions but that it differs in the presence and location of a putative nonstructural gene. From the patterns of hybridization of a library of recombinant DNA clones, we have shown that the SYNV genome is transcribed into a short 3'-terminal "leader RNA" and six mRNAs. The proteins encoded by the SYNV mRNAs, in order of the appearance of their genes in the SYNV genome, are designated 3'-N-M2-sc4-M1-G-L-5' (N, nucleoprotein; M, matrix protein; sc, protein encoded by SYNV complementary RNA; G, glycoprotein; L, large protein). The intergenic and flanking gene sequences are conserved and consist of a central core of 14 nucleotides (3'-UUCUUUUUGGUUGU/A-5') whose sequence is similar to the sequence at the gene junctions of vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses. The SYNV core consists of an 8-nucleotide (3'-UUCUUUUU-5') transcription termination signal at the 5' terminus of each gene, a dinucleotide (GG) spacer whose complement does not appear in mRNA, and a tetranucleotide (3'-UUGU/A-5') that is complementary to the first four nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the SYNV mRNAs. These results, when compared with structural information available on animal rhabdoviruses, suggest that organization of structural genes and maintenance of signals thought to play important roles in regulation of transcription have been conserved during evolution in plant, insect, and vertebrate hosts. However, differences in number and location of putative nonstructural genes reveal some flexibility in genome organization that may be important in deducing taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among viruses causing diseases in phylogenetically diverse hosts.
Inhibition of Gene Expression by Triple Helix Formation in Hepatoma Cells

The aim of this study was to selectively inhibit human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene expression by triple helix assembly. Eight 21-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides were designed to bind to two purine-rich sequences in the 5'-flanking region of the human ALDH2 gene. Gel mobility shift assays showed that triplex formation is sequence-specific for the target duplex and the third strand oligonucleotide. In the presence of Mg2+, but absence of K+, triplex-forming oligonucleotides bind to their target sites with apparent dissociation constants (Kd) in the 10(-7) to 10(-9) M range. Potassium cation virtually suppressed the triplex formation of G-C-rich duplex DNA with natural oligonucleotides, but did not prevent triplex formation with phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides. Phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides were delivered into human hepatoma Hep G2 cells by cationic liposomes. The reduction in ALDH2 mRNA levels in the cells was determined by the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. One of the phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides designed to forma an antiparallel triplex with a target in the 5'-flanking region of human ALDH2 gene (-105 to -125 from the translation initiation codon ATG) reduced by 80-90% the ALDH2 mRNA levels without affecting albumin mRNA levels. Data suggest that triple-helix formation may provide a means to selectively inhibit hepatic ALDH2 gene expression for therapeutic use.
Complications of flaps and grafts in the oral cavity and pharynx

A study has been presented which was designed to determine the complications of flaps and grafts in oral cavity and pharyngeal reconstruction. The complications are related to three basic areas: 1. pre and postoperative metabolic and nutritional considerations, 2. flap or graft choice and design at the site of reconstruction, and 3. basic surgical technique in exposure, resection and flap handling. Ways to avoid these complications have been discussed.
Reliability and validity of the Time-Sensitive ADHD Symptom Scale in adults

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Time-Sensitive ADHD Symptom Scale (TASS) to evaluate change of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms over the course of a day in adults. Methods Eighty adults with ADHD participated in 1 or 2 visits, 1 to 9 weeks apart. At each visit, participants completed the TASS followed by raters administering the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Additional TASS and ADHD-RS ratings were completed 2 to 6 hours after each visit via telephone. Internal consistency of TASS items was assessed by Cronbach's α . Convergent validity of TASS and ADHD-RS total mean item scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. κ correlations were calculated to assess item-by-item reliability between TASS and ADHD-RS items. Results Internal consistency of TASS items was high, with an overall Cronbach's α coefficient of .93. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the TASS and ADHD-RS was significant for all visits ( r = 0.70, P κ coefficients for almost all items ( P Discussion The TASS showed high internal consistency and concurrent validity with the clinician-administered ADHD-RS and is a valid and reliable scale for measuring change in ADHD symptoms over the course of a day in adults.
Persistent cAMP signaling by thyrotropin (TSH) receptors is not dependent on internalization

Evidence was presented that thyrotropin [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]-stimulated persistent cAMP signaling is dependent on receptor (with G-protein α subunits and adenylyl cyclase) internalization. Because it is not clear whether G proteins and adenylyl cyclase internalize with receptors, we tested whether persistent cAMP signaling by TSH receptor (TSHR) is dependent on internalization. We measured persistent TSHR signaling as an accumulation of cAMP in HEK-EM293 cells permanently expressing human TSHRs incubated with isobutylmethylxanthine for 30 min after washing the cells to remove unbound TSH, and TSHR internalization by fluorescence microscopy using Alexa-tagged TSH and binding assays using 125I-TSH. TSHRs, but not the closely related lutropin or follitropin receptors, exhibit persistent cAMP signaling. TSHRs were not internalized by 30 min incubation with unlabeled TSH; however, expression of β-arrestin-2 promoted TSHR internalization that was inhibited by dynasore, a dynamin inhibitor. Expression of β-arrestin-2 had no effect on TSHR cAMP signaling, dynasore inhibited TSHR cAMP signaling in the absence or presence of TSHR internalization, and expression of a dominant-negative mutant dynamin, which inhibited internalization, had no effect on persistent cAMP signaling. Persistent cAMP signaling was specifically inhibited by a small molecule TSHR antagonist. We conclude that TSHRs do not have to be internalized to exhibit persistent cAMP signaling.—Neumann, S., Geras-Raaka, E., Marcus-Samuels, B., Gershengorn, M. C. Persistent cAMP signaling by thyrotropin (TSH) receptors is not dependent on internalization.
Frontiers of oncology: biobanking resources for the 21st century.

The progress of translational research and enhancing the prospects for personalized medicine require coordinated efforts across a wide range of disciplines as well as public-private partnerships of many kinds. Advances in genomics and proteomics technologies are providing more accurate data on more targets and more types of targets than ever before. These include whole genome sequence information; identification and quantification of thousands of specific protein targets, including details of a myriad of protein modifications; epigenetic modifications; and new frontiers that include micro RNAs and protein and nucleic acid interactome complexities. Our technological advances will continue unabated, as it is unlikely that we have plumbed the depths of biological complexity governing development and disease.
Empirical Eigenvectors of Sea-Level Pressure, Surface Temperature and Precipitation Complexes over North America

Abstract The combined representation of fields of three climatic variables with empirical orthogonal functions, herein referred to as eigenvectors, is discussed. The eigenvectors are derived from measurements of monthly mean sea-level pressure, surface temperature and precipitation at 23 points in North America for 25 Januarys. Selected eigenvectors of the individual climatic variables are presented; however, the major part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of eigenvectors consisting of combinations of three climatic variables. Empirical eigenvectors derived from fields of two or more meteorological variables have been used in statistical prediction models, but none of the studies to date displayed examples of these eigenvectors or discussed the internal consistency of the combined representations. In this paper it is shown that the structure of the covariances between the three climatic variables,as portrayed by the combined representations, is consistent with synoptic experience. This result i...
Attached Inflatable Decelerator (AID) Performance Evaluation and Mission-Application Study

Attached Inflatable Decelerator for planetary atmospheric entry, discussing mission applications and wind tunnel models performance
Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection with a Silver Oxide-Coated Urinary Catheter: Clinical and Microbiologic Correlates

In a prospective clinical trial involving 482 acutely hospitalized patients, the overall incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI; 10%) was similar in recipients of a silver oxide-coated urinary catheter (silver catheter) or a control silicone catheter. However, female sex and absence of antimicrobial use were independently associated with an increased risk of UTI. After stratification for these variables, the silver catheter reduced the incidence of UTI among women not receiving antimicrobial agents (19% for control catheter vs. 0 for silver catheter, P = .04; confidence interval for the difference in incidence, 0.4%-38%) but not in the other subgroups. Gram-positive UTI was associated with absence of antimicrobial use, the control catheter, and catheter care violations. Gram-negative and candidal UTIs were more common after 7 days of catheterization, and candidal UTI was associated with being female and antimicrobial use. These findings demonstrate that several clinical variables influenced the incidence and microbiology of catheter-associated UTI and that the silver catheter appeared to prevent UTI among women not receiving antimicrobials.
A 0.24 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology featuring 6.5V CMOS, f T /f MAX of 15/14 GHz VPNP, and f T /f MAX of 60/125 GHz HBT

For the first time, we report a 0.24 mum SiGe BiCMOS technology that offers full suite of active device including three distinct NPNs, a vertical PNP, CMOS supporting three different operating-voltages, and wide range of passive devices. In particular, this technology provides 6.5 V CMOS capability and VPNP with fT/fMAX of 15/14 GHz and BVCEO of 6.5 V which can be used to complement high breakdown NPN with fT of 30 GHz and BVceo of 6.0 V.
Magnitude and Causes of Smolt Mortality in Rotary Screw Traps: An Atlantic Salmon Case Study

Abstract Rotary screw traps (RSTs) are commonly used for collecting and holding fish swimming downstream. We used these traps to collect Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts from multiple rivers draining to the Gulf of Maine from 1996 to 2008. Limited prior evaluations suggest that RSTs cause only minimal mortality, but detailed evaluation of the potential for negative impacts specific to Atlantic salmon and other smolts has not occurred. There are concerns that RSTs contribute to smolt mortality via physical injury during collection or via exposure to stressful holding conditions within RST live-cars. We evaluated the magnitude and causes of mortality associated with our use of RSTs and recorded the water temperatures and velocities present within the live-cars at the times smolts were moving downstream. Of the 24,675 Atlantic salmon smolts collected, 48 (0.2%) were classified as trap-caused mortalities. The most frequent causes of death were physical injuries associated with the clogging of traps with deb...
Comparison of backgrounds in detectors for LHC, NLC and μ + μ - colliders

Background levels in detectors at future high-luminosity colliders of three different types — pp , e + e − and μ + μ − — are analyzed. Two sources — debris from the collision points and those from an accelerator tunnel — are studied. It is shown that hadron, electron and muon colliders are similar and very different at the same time with respect to background origin, integrated radiation levels and instantaneous rates of particles in the detectors.
The reality of holographic optical head

The performance of an Optical head can be improved by using HOE's (Holographic Optical Element). The HOE is compact, light and can perform multiple functions. We have demonstrated the feasibility of a holographic optical head (HOH) design which employs two spherical lenses and two HOE's. The two HOE's correct the spherical aberrations of the lenses, change the elliptical to circular beam. The tolerance of wavelength variation is ±5nm. The observed reconstruction spot size from an experimental setup was 1.6 μm as compared with the designed theoretical value of 1.0 μm . We believe the discrepancy is largely due to the misalignment of the components and inaccuracy of the HOE's. The HOE's used in the experimental HOH were actually made optically using an intermediate CGH. We have also done computer simulations for the HOH using aspherical lenses. The wavelength variation tolerance can be extended to ±15nm. In the aspherical HOH design, the correction of the residual spherical and chromatic aberration of the aspherical lenses were also included. Though possible, we did not include astigmatism correction of the laser source because the current computer program cannot handle the calculation. We believe the inclusion of astigmatism will not affect the performance. In view of the good performance, design and fabrication tools now becoming available and the potential of great cost advantages, the holographic optical head can become a reality in the near future.
Effects of titanate coupling agents on the rheological and mechanical properties of filled polyolefins

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of titanate coupling agents on the rheological properties of p articulate-filled polyolefin melts. Inorganic fillers used were CaCO3, talc, and fiberglass, and polyolefins used were high-density polyethylene (HOPE) and polypropylene (PP). It was found that the addition of the coupling agent TTS to the PP-CaCO3 and PP-fiberglass systems reduced the melt viscosity considerably, whereas the addition of the coupling agent ETDS-201 to the PP-talc and HDPE-talc systems affected the melt viscosity very little. Also carried out was an injection molding study to investigate the effects of different inorganic fillers and the titanate coupling agents used on the mechanical properties of the injection molded specimens. It was found that addition of titanate coupling agents generally resulted in reduced modulus and tensile strength, and increased elongation and impact strength of the filled systems. The PP-CaCO3-TTS and HDPE-talc-ETDS 201 systems were found to have impact strength improved by approximately 100 percent with the addition of a titanate coupling agent. The PP-CaCO3-TTS samples have ultimate tensile elongation approaching that of virgin PP.
THE PUNISHMENT OF PERSISTENT VOMITING: A CASE STUDY1

In an attempt to control severe vomiting in a mentally retarded patient, shock was delivered after each stomach tension, a pre-vomiting response that consisted of an overt abdominal movement. Contingent shock resulted in an initial transitory increase followed by a decrease in rate of stomach tensions. There was a decrease in emitted vomitus, which resulted in a weight gain of the patient.
SMN Is Required for Sensory-Motor Circuit Function in Drosophila

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a lethal human disease characterized by motor neuron dysfunction and muscle deterioration due to depletion of the ubiquitous survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Drosophila SMN mutants have reduced muscle size and defective locomotion, motor rhythm, and motor neuron neurotransmission. Unexpectedly, restoration of SMN in either muscles or motor neurons did not alter these phenotypes. Instead, SMN must be expressed in proprioceptive neurons and interneurons in the motor circuit to nonautonomously correct defects in motor neurons and muscles. SMN depletion disrupts the motor system subsequent to circuit development and can be mimicked by the inhibition of motor network function. Furthermore, increasing motor circuit excitability by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of K(+) channels can correct SMN-dependent phenotypes. These results establish sensory-motor circuit dysfunction as the origin of motor system deficits in this SMA model and suggest that enhancement of motor neural network activity could ameliorate the disease.