cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular function in morbid obesity in relation to gastric bypass surgery.

Abstract Study Objective: To investigate right ventricular function (RVF) during gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese patients. To study the influence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on hemodynamics and RVF as a preoperative evaluation in morbidly obese patients. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Surgical patients at a university hospital. Patients: 14 morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Interventions: Hemodynamic changes and RVF were investigated using a thermodilution ejection fraction volumetric catheter and the REF-1 computer. Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic parameters and RVF were measured: (1) before induction of anesthesia, awake, (2) after induction of anesthesia, (3) after opening the abdomen, and (4) after closing the abdomen. Esophageal pressure was measured in the midesophagus after induction of anesthesia with a camino catheter and its device. Morbidly obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had significantly lower PaO 2 , higher PaCO 2 , and higher pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) compared with patients without sleep apnea ( p p Conclusion: The presence of chronic hypoxemia and hypercarbia in our morbidly obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome while awake, causes significant increases in PA pressure and PVR. We also demonstrated, that RVEF did not change significantly during gastric bypass procedure despite significant decreases in PA pressure, PCWP, and PVR after opening the abdomen. This decrease in PA pressure and PVR may be caused by decreases in pleural pressure reflected by a concomitant decrease in esophageal pressure.
Theory of the quantized hall effect

Abstract A review is given of the current state of the theory of the quantum Hall effect. The integer values of the Hall conductance seen in systems with moderate disorder and predicted for systems with periodic modulation are fairly well understood. Charge density wave and Fermi liquid theories of the fractional quantization observed in systems with low disorder are briefly described.
A Nose by Any Other Name (Should Smell as Sweetly)

The standard view that the control of mating behavior by pheromones is mediated by the vomeronasal organ, and not by the main olfactory epithelium, has recently been called into question. In this issue of Cell, two independent studies (Boehm et al., 2005; Yoon et al., 2005) examine the inputs from each of these olfactory pathways to a population of neurons that plays a central role in mating behavior.
The Early History of Fisheries Management in Michigan

Abstract The culture and stocking of fish in North America began in the last half of the nineteenth century. Fish culture was seen as a way to bolster the realized decline of fish populations, but also as a way to introduce new species thought to be desirable to all waters. A private brook trout hatchery was started in Clarkston, Michigan in 1867, and the state of Michigan built their first hatchery in Pokagon in 1873. The enthusiasm for stocking was eventually tempered with the realization that more knowledge was needed about the life history requirements of the fishes and the waters where they lived. Regulation of the fisheries had also begun. In 1920, Carl L. Hubbs, who became a noted ichthyologist, was hired at the University of Michigan. In 1930, he founded the Institute for Fisheries Research. The founding of the institute was a pivotal point in the development of fisheries management. In the next 15 years in Michigan, essentially all of the concepts of fisheries management were put into practice an...
Assessment of the As-Cu-Ni system: an example from archaeology

Abstract During the early phase of the Middle Horizon in the southern Andes (ca. AD 400–800), the majority of bronze objects at the site of Tiwanaku (Bolivia) were made of a ternary Cu-As-Ni alloy. This highly unusual bronze alloy was cast into the form of I-shaped cramps to clamp together rectangular stone building blocks in monumental constructions. The cramps are about 19cm long and about 7cm wide at the two extreme ends of the “I”. The center section of the “I” is about 1.4 cm wide and 1.4 cm thick. In one design a cramp made of Cu-6.0 As-5.85 Ni-.27 Sb (wt.%) was cast in place into two abutting, “T-shaped” channels cut into the top surfaces of adjacent blocks. The shrinkage on solidification provided a clamping force to press the faces of the blocks together at the joint. The microstructure of the cramp shows substantial porosity and consists of a two-phase, coarse-grained, highly cored casting. The primary phase (about 79%0 is fcc Cu-base solution with AsCuNi (21%) in the grain boundaries, indicating that it formed from the mixture of liquid and fcc on cooling. An assessment of the ternary was conducted following the CALPHAD method using Thermo-Calc software, an existing binary phase diagram, and thermochemical information to define the Cu-Ni rich portion of the ternary. An existing description of the Cu-Ni system was used and the As-Cu and As-Ni assessments were derived and employed to define the ternary compound AsCuNi. No ternary solution terms were employed. The Gibbs energy of formation of this compound is assessed as -26000-2T(K) J/gm-atom and the congruent melting point calculated as 1043°C. The full binary and ternary assessment is presented.
Toward the Energy Resolution Limit of Mercuric Iodide in Room Temperature Low Energy X-Ray Spectrometry

Development of mercuric iodide nuclear detectors fabricated from vapor grown single crystals continues with emphasis in our work on their capabilities as room temperature operable low-energy X-ray spectrometers. The influence of trapping in the detector crystal, electronic noise and statistical fluctuations on energy resolution of the detectors are discussed. A room temperature energy resolution value of 490 eV (FWHM) has been measured for Fe-55 (with a corresponding 420 eV value of electronic noise) using a 2mm2 HgI2 detector. The K? and Ks lines of Fe-55 at 5.9 keV and 6.5 keV have been separated, to our knowledge, for the first time at room temperature. A new Fano-factor value of 0.46 has been established for mercuric iodide. In the room temperature HgI2 detector - FET preamplifier combination the latter is the largest contributor to the width of the spectral line in the low energy region. Our efforts are therefore directed toward reducing room temperature preamplifier noise. A room temperature preamplifier noise level of 360 eV (HgI2) has been attained. We are currently investigating use of low noise, low capacitance FET devices in a more optimized preamplifier configuration which should further reduce the noise value (H.E. Kern, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-17). Also under investigation is the effect of Peltier cooling of the input stage of the FET preamplifier.
Europe, the Middle East and the Shift in Power: Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson

Suppose there are two lines on a graph, close together and moving in thesame general direction and that at one point one of them begins to divergefrom the other. After some time the gap between them will have widenedvery considerably. This simple image would command general agreementas an illustration of the different paths taken by Western and MiddleEastern or Islamic civilizations in the course of the last thousand years.
Stimulus properties and antinociceptive effects of selective bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists in rats

Research has documented the differential role of bradykinin (BK) B1 and B2 receptors in the mediation of inflammatory nociception and this research suggests that selective B1 antagonists may have therapeutic potential against chronic inflammatory pain. The present study sought to further define the stimulus properties (reinforcing and aversive effects) of the selective B1 antagonist des-Arg9,(Leu8)-BK (0.0, 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg) and the selective B2 antagonist HOE 140 (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μmol/kg) in the Freund's adjuvant (100 μl, i.p.) model of chronic inflammatory nociception using the place preference paradigm. In addition, this research examined the differential antinociceptive effects of these antagonists on the formalin test (2.5%). Des-Arg9,(Leu8)-BK exhibited antinociceptive effects against both the first and second phases of the formalin response; HOE 140 tended to increase nociceptive responding on both phases of the formalin response. In the place preference paradigm, des-Arg9,(Leu8)-BK, but not HOE 140, exhibited negatively reinforcing effects (i.e. analgesia) in adjuvant-inflamed animals and aversive effects in non-inflamed control animals. Neither compound exhibited positively reinforcing effects (i.e. abuse potential). These results further define the stimulus properties of these selective BK antagonists and provide additional evidence to support the notion that B1 antagonists may possess therapeutic potential for conditions of chronic inflammatory pain.
Entropy considerations in the frequency domain

Two-dimensional functions are investigated with respect to their information content. Entropy relations of two functions, related by a finite Fourier transformation, are shown to be identical. The proof demonstrates the invariant nature of a Fourier scene and a space scene as sources of a communication system.
Genetically induced estrogen receptor α mRNA (Esr1) overexpression does not adversely affect fertility or penile development in male mice.

ABSTRACT: Previously, we reported that estrogen receptor α mRNA (Esr1) or protein (ESR1) overexpression resulting from neonatal exposure to estrogens in rats was associated with infertility and maldeveloped penis characterized by reduced length and weight and abnormal accumulation of fat cells. The objective of this study was to determine if mutant male mice overexpressing Esr1 are naturally infertile or have reduced fertility and/or develop abnormal penis. The fertility parameters, including fertility and fecundity indices, numbers of days from the day of cohabitation to the day of delivery, and numbers of pups per female, were not altered from controls as a result of Esr1 overexpression. Likewise, penile morphology, including the length, weight, and diameter and os penis development, was not altered from controls. Conversely, weights of the seminal vesicles and bulbospongiosus and levator ani (BS/LA) muscles were significantly (P < .05) lower as compared with controls; however, the weight of the testis, the morphology of the testis and epididymis, and the plasma and testicular testosterone concentration were not different from controls. Hence, genetically induced Esr1 overexpression alone, without an exogenous estrogen exposure during the neonatal period, is unable to adversely affect the development of the penis as well as other male reproductive organs, except for limited, but significant, reductions in weights of the seminal vesicles and BS/LA muscles.
An Investigation of the Effect of Machine Loop Stiffness on Grinding of Ceramics

Abstract This experimental study deals with the effect of machine structural loop stiffness on grinding of ceramics. The objective of the study is to investigate how the loop stiffness affects grinding forces, wheel actual depth of cut (ADOC) and workpiece strength. A compliant workholder is specifically designed and attached to a precision grinder to simulate grinding machines of various compliances so that the effect of machine loop stiffness can be isolated under otherwise identical conditions. Silicon nitride is used as workpiece material and ground with diamond wheels of two bond types and three grit sizes at machine loop stiffness of four different levels. The ground workpieces are assessed in terms of residual workpiece strength, grinding damage, grinding forces, and ADOC. Theoretical analyses are given to indicate that machine loop stiffness can affect on normal grinding forces and workpiece strength. A discussion is provided to reveal how residual workpiece strength is affected by residual stress and grinding-induced damage.
Synchronized retinal afterdischarge and neural dark adaptation in the monkey (Cebus albifrons)

Abstract The relationship between the duration of synchronized after-discharge (30/sec), recorded from the optic chiasm of monkeys following cessation of illumination, and the intensity and duration of an immediately preceding test light; intensity and duration of prior conditioning illumination; duration of dark adaptation between conditioning and test lights; wavelength of test light; and intensity of background illumination following test light were studied. Observations were made under similar conditions of barbiturate anesthesia on animals with chronically implanted electrodes. Unanesthetized animals, however, demonstrated the synchronized afterdischarge, but at a higher characteristic frequency (50–60/sec). Antidromic stimulation of fibers in the optic tract failed to initiate or block the ganglion cell “oscillation”. The monotonic logarithmic relationships holding between the intensity or duration of the test light, and the duration of the after-discharge suggest the existence of a physiological “capacitance” in the retina. The association of this response with the photopic system, its hypothetical role in the mechanism of neural dark adaptation, and its relation to the genesis of light-sensitive seizures are discussed.
Dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethane block polymers

The dynamic mechanical properties of polyester and polyether urethane block polymers have been investigated at four frequencies (3.5, 11, 35 and 110 Hz) in the temperature range of — 150 to 200°C. The existence of a two phase structure was demonstrated in these systems by the observation of two major transition regions corresponding to (1) the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ester or ether soft segments, and to (2) the softening temperature of the aromatic-urethane hard segments. Several secondary relaxations were observed in addition to the two major relaxations. It was possible to assign molecular mechanisms to each of these relaxations. All relaxation phenomena were greatly influenced by the molecular weight of the prepolymer, weight percent of hard segments, and thermal history. An increase in the molecular weight of the prepolymer above 1,000 at constant hard segment content resulted in a semi-crystalline material, which possessed a lower Tg for the macroglycol segments. Annealing to enhance crystallinity increased the Tg of the soft segments, consistent with the usual observation in semicrystalline homopolymers. These findings suggest that the relaxation mechanisms of polyurethane block polymers are not only influenced by the degree of crystallinity, but also by the nature of the domain structure.
Does olanzapine have antidepressant properties? A retrospective preliminary study

Objective: Mood-stabilizing agents are ideally conceptualized as possessing antimanic and antidepressant properties. While research on olanzapine's antimanic effects is growing, data on its possible antidepressant properties are limited. We sought to determine if olanzapine is effective in the add-on treatment of major affective disorders, particularly depressive symptoms, in a naturalistic setting. Methods: All charts of patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder or unipolar major depressive disorder treated with olanzapine in a private psychiatric practice were reviewed and clinical response was assessed retrospectively using the Clinical Global Impression Scale for Improvement (CGI-I). Results: Olanzapine was moderately effective in 6/10 (60%) patients. Side-effects were present in 8/10 (80%), most commonly weight gain. Conclusions: Olanzapine appears to be moderately effective in open add-on treatment in patients with mainly depressive symptoms. Accumulating evidence suggests that olanzapine, and atypical antipsychotics in general, possess mild to moderate adjunctive antidepressant properties.
Adoptive Transfer of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Primed αβ T Cells Bearing CD8 Antigen Protects Chicks from Acute Infection

Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and associated illness may be dramatically modified by passive transfer of immune T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes collected 10 days postinfection were transferred to naive chicks before challenge with virus. As determined by respiratory illness and viral load, transfer of syngeneic immune T lymphocytes protected chicks from challenge infection, whereas no protection was observed in the chicks receiving the MHC compatible lymphocytes from uninfected chicks. Protection following administration of T lymphocytes could be observed in chicks with three distinct MHC haplotypes: B 8 / B 8 , B 12 / B 12 , and B 19 / B 19 . Nearly complete elimination of viral infection and illness was observed in chicks receiving cells enriched in αβ lymphocytes. In contrast, removal of γδ T lymphocytes had only a small effect on their potential to protect chicks. The adoptive transfer of enriched CD8 + or CD4 + T lymphocytes indicated that protection was also a function primarily of CD8-bearing cells. These results indicated that αβ T lymphocytes bearing CD8 + antigens are critical in protecting chicks from IBV infection.
On the sipa contribution to radiation creep

Abstract The original suggestion of Heald and Speight that preferential attraction of interstitials to dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to an applied tensile stress could give rise to an irradiation creep component has been analyzed and discussed by other authors. However, no internally consistent theoretical analysis has been presented, so the magnitude of the effect expected is not well established. We present the results of such an analysis, compare and contrast it with previous treatments and assess the conditions under which it may contribute significantly to observed creep strains.
CD107a as a functional marker for the identification of natural killer cell activity

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a central role in the innate immune response to tumors and infections. An important limitation in the field of NK research is attributable to the deficit of assays available for the detection of the functional activity of NK cells. Recently, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1 or CD107a) has been described as a marker of CD8+ T-cell degranulation following stimulation. Here we describe CD107a as a marker of NK cell functional activity using multi-parameter flow cytometry. CD107a is significantly upregulated on the surface of NK cells following stimulation with MHC devoid targets. Additionally, CD107a expression correlates with both cytokine secretion and NK cell-mediated lysis of target cells. However, as well as being coordinately expressed on nearly all cytokine secreting cells, CD107a was also expressed on a large subset of NK cells that did not secrete cytokine following stimulation. These data suggest that employing CD107a as a marker of NK cell functional activity may allow for the identification of a large fraction of activated NK cells that may degranulate in the absence of cytokine secretion. Cumulatively, the data presented here demonstrate that CD107a is a sensitive marker of NK cell activity.
Determination of x-ray phosphor scintillation spectra

A fast, unique method for determining phosphor scintillation spectra by means of an electronic apparatus is described. A major advantage is that all of the controls are digital. This includes coincidence timing to determine whether an x-ray absorption event has occurred as well as control of the time window during which the number of light photons emitted in response to an x-ray absorption event is counted, and storage of the photon count itself. The apparatus and its logic are described in detail. The scintillation spectra and the resulting calculated Swank coefficient values of several phosphors obtained with this apparatus are presented as examples.
Mammalian mRNAs encoding protein closely related to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme encoded by yeast DNA repair gene RAD6.

A clone of about 1 kb has been isolated from a human brain cDNA library. The clone possesses a 151 amino acid open reading frame that exhibits 72% amino acid identity with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme encoded by the RAD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . A 90% amino acid identity was observed in a central sequence surrounding a cysteine, which most likely contributes the sulfhydryl group involved in tee formation of the ubiquitin-E2 thiolester linkage. Northern hybridization analyses have identified a poly(A)-containing mRNA of about 1 kb encoding the E2-like sequence in human CEM lymphoblastoid and HeLa cells, Novikoff rat hepatoma cells and S49 mouse leukemia cells. Southern hybridization analyses indicate the presence of a single gene encoding this sequence in both human cell lines, but of two or more related genes in the rodent cell lines.
The feasibility of rice bags as a low-cost and locally available alternative to greenhouse glazing

Greenhouses can help farmers increase their yields and improve their livelihoods while reducing spoilage and furthering food security. As farms are getting smaller and access to water is getting more difficult, greenhouses are gradually gaining popularity in the agrarian economies of sub-Saharan Africa. Most greenhouses sold in the market are designed for commercial farmers and are beyond the reach of smallholders. The Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship (HESE) program at Penn State has developed and commercialized affordable greenhouses that utilize locally-sourced materials. The only exception is the glazing - the plastic covering on the greenhouse structure - which is imported from abroad. The cost of this glazing is too high, and is subject to foreign exchange fluctuations and supply chain anomalies. In an effort to further decrease the cost of the greenhouse, and thereby increase its accessibility in the market, this article investigates the feasibility of locally-available, inexpensive materials that can be used as substitutes for typical glazing materials. The primary emphasis of this paper is on rice bags, which are an abundant, inexpensive material found commonly in developing countries. Three properties of rice bag glazing were tested: light transmission, UV resistance, and water conservation. Results indicated that while rice bags are not an ideal substitute for standard glazing, they may be appropriate as low-cost shade nets. It was also found that common bubble wrap, coated with a UV-absorbent coating, may adequately replace typical glazing.
A Pseudo Spectral Chebyshev Scheme for Forward Acoustic Modeling

A pseudo spectral scheme using Chebyshev polynomials is presented to model wave propagation in inhomogeneous acoustic media. The computational domain is a square with Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. An explicit modified Euler time marching scheme is used; thus the time steps are severely restricted by the clustering of the Chebyshev abscissa near the end points. Specifically, a numerical experiment is presented to estimate the order of accuracy of reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface. It was found to be proportional to the square of the grid spacing. Unter Verwendung von Tschebyscheff-Polynomen wird eine Pseudospektralmethode vorgestellt, um die Wellenfortpflanzung in inhomogenen akustischen Medien zu modellieren. Der Rechenbereich ist ein Quadrat mit Neumannschen und Dirichletschen Randbedingungen. Es wird ein modifiziertes explizites Eulersches Zeitschrittverfahren verwendet; somit werden die Zeitschritte durch die Clusterbildung der Tschebyscheff-Abszisse stark eingeschrankt. Insbesondere wird ein numerisches Experiment zur Abschatzung der Genauigkeitsordnung von Reflexions- und Ubertragungskoeffizienten an einer Trennwand angegeben. Sie erweisen sich als proportional zum Quadrat der Gittereinteilungskonstanten.
Structural elucidation of a water-insoluble glucan produced by a cariogenic oral Streptococcus

Abstract The structure of a water-insoluble polysaccharide produced by the d -glucosyl-transferase of Streptococcus mutans 6715 has been elucidated through periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, dextranase digestion, concanavalin A binding studies, and methylation combined with g.l.c.-m.s. analysis. These studies show that the d -glucan is comprised of 67% α-(1→3) linkages in a contiguous backbone with the remaining 33% as α-(1→6) linkages, possibly as linear residues extending from α-(1→6) branch points. Of the residues, 14% are branch points and the ratio of linear α-(1→3) residues in the backbone to α-(1→6) residues in the side chain was found to be 5:2. Dextranase digestion and Smith degradation both gave rise to a high-molecular-weight fraction that is only α-(1→3) linked.
Non-destructive high-resolution characterization of buried interfaces for advanced interconnect and packaging architectures: Experiments and modeling

Characterization of buried interfaces in advanced interconnect and packaging structures is a critical challenge as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices are scaled and as novel packaging and interconnect concepts and materials such as three-dimensional (3-D) circuits, and ultra-low dielectric constant insulators are developed. Critical information that needs to be obtained from such inspection includes detection of unbonded bumps in flip-chip packages; missing interconnections in bonded wafers and presence of delaminations in interconnect layers. In this paper, we discuss in detail our experimental and theoretical investigation of different non-destructive characterization techniques namely acoustic imaging, infra-red imaging and transient thermal microscopy to analyze and quantify the quality of buried interfaces. The imaging resolution is shown to critically depend on the material thickness through which the incident probe beam has to propagate to form the images. Defects in buried interfaces such as voids in bonded wafers appear as regions of bright contrast in acoustic imaging due to large acoustic impedance mismatch at the voids. In the case of transient thermal microscopy, unbonded areas will lead to non-uniform temperature distribution at the surface of the substrate when the sample is rapidly heated with a flash lamp. The localized temperature rise at the defect and its temporal evolution can be related in turn to the defect size. We discuss capabilities and limitations of the different techniques for inspection of buried interfaces with an emphasis on characterizing bonded interfaces for 3-D integrated circuits. It is shown that acoustic imaging with single spherical lens is better suited to study bond quality compared to thermal microscopy due to its better detection capabilities. Infra-red imaging was found to be unsuitable for investigation of bonded interfaces in wafers containing multiple layers of metallization. llization.
Effects of testosterone propionate implants in the brain on the sexual behavior and peripheral tissue of the male rat.

Abstract The effects of testosterone propionate (TP) implanted in medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (MPO-AH) area, caudate-putamen, substantia nigra, and reticular formation on the sexual behavior were studied in castrated male rats. Either TP or cholesterol (C) was fused to the inside of 20-gauge cannula and bilaterally implanted in the brain of male rats not exhibiting ejaculatory patterns for 3 successive weeks after castration. Ejaculatory patterns were restored by TP implanted in all of the neural areas studied. No ejaculations were recorded in C-implanted animals. While the MPO-AH implanted animals tended to show ejaculatory patterns more frequently and in more tests than those having implants in other areas, the differences among groups were not statistically significant. Seminal vesicle weights and histological appearance of the seminal vesicles of TP-implanted animals were not reliably different from those implanted with C. Glans penis epithelium, however, was significantly more stimulated in the TP- than in C-implanted animals. Thus, evidence was obtained that androgen from the implants entered the general circulation and reached somatic organs and probably other neural areas. Using the hormone implantation technique, therefore, no reliable evidence was obtained to conclude that the MPO-AH is a special site for selectively utilizing androgen for controlling male sexual behavior.
Ultrasound propagation and the volume expansion minimum in potassium-ammonia solutions

The volume expansion minimum reported by Evers and co-workers was not seen when the measurements were repeated by Gunn and Green. In an attempt to detect this minimum, careful measurements of the velocity of ultrasound waves in potassium-ammonia solutions have been performed. These measurements were made as a function of both temperature and metal concentration in the region of the reported minimum using a pulse superposition technique accurate to within one part in 104. The velocity is a linear function of the temperature and can be expressed by the equation:. A minimum in C1 at the same concentration as the volume expansion minimum was seen; however, the relative errors present in C1 are such as to make confirmation of the volume expansion minimum doubtful. Das von Evers gefundene Minimum des Molvolumens von in Ammoniak gelosten Alkalimetallen bei niederen Konzentrationen konnte von Gunn und Green nicht bestatigt werden. Durch Untersuchung der Geschwindigkeit von Ultraschall in Kalium-Ammoniaklosungen wollten wir erneut zur Klarung der Frage uber die Konzentrationsabhangigkeit des Molvolumens beitragen. Die Messungen wurden in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur und der Metall-Konzentration mit einer Impulsuberlagerungstechnik bei einer Genauigkeit von 104: 1 durchgefuhrt. Die Schallgeschwindigkeit steigt linear mit der Temperatur an: . Der konzentrationsabhangige Faktor C1 durchlauft ein schwaches Minimum in dem Konzentrationsbereich, in dem auch das Molvolumen des gelosten Metalls minimal ist. Der relative Fehler von C1 last jedoch eine Bestatigung des Volumenminimums nicht zu.
A novel concept for the design of immersed interface methods

The objective of this paper is to present a novel, robust, high-order accurate Immersed Interface Method (IIM) for advection-diffusion type equations. In contrast to other immersed methods that were designed for consistency and accuracy with a posteriori check of the numerical stability, we combine local Taylor-series expansion at irregular grid points with a local stability constraint as part of the design process. Stability investigations of the IIM are employed to demonstrate that the local stability constraint is sufficient for obtaining a globally stable method, as long as the Neumann number is less than its limiting value. One of the key aspects of this IIM is that the irregular finite-difference stencils can be isolated from the rest of the computational domain. To validate our novel immersed interface approach, two-dimensional and three-dimensional test cases for model equations are presented. In addition, this method is applied to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to conduct stability investigations of a boundary layer flow over a rough surface, and for investigations of pulsatile stenotic flows. Stability investigations of wall bounded flows are challenging for immersed methods, because the near wall accuracy is important for correctly capturing the characteristics of the hydrodynamic instability mechanisms, in particular regarding the wave relation between the wave velocity components close to the wall.
Density-gradient expansion of the kinetic-energy functional for molecules

The gradient expansion of the molecular kinetic-energy functional is assessed through numerical results for fourteen diatomic and polyatomic molecules. The correlation of the dissociation energies (${D}_{e}$) of molecules with the Weizsacker contribution to the kinetic energy (${T}_{W}$) is established through a plot of ${D}_{e}$/${N}^{2}$ against ${T}_{W}$ where N is the number of electrons. The conclusions support and extend the observations of Allan, et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 83, 4562 (1985)].
Production of both interleukin‐lα and ß by newborn mouse calvarial cultures

The conditioned medium (CM) from 4-6 day newborn mouse calvarial cultures was found to contain thymocyte comitogen proliferation activity. This activity was blocked by an antiserum to murine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) but not by an antiserum to murine interleukin-1 beta. The release of thymocyte comitogen proliferation activity from the cultures did not appear dependent on endotoxin and was not associated with detectable interleukin-2 activity in the CM. Activity in the CM eluted from a gel filtration column with a peak Mr of 16-18 kD (the Mr of mature murine IL-1 alpha and beta is 17 kD). Western immunoblots of 100-fold concentrated CM demonstrated only a single 33 kD band with an antiserum to murine IL-1 beta and no bands with an antiserum to murine IL-1 alpha. However, this assay was relatively insensitive (limit of detection 1-10 ng compared with 1-10 pg for the thymocyte comitogen proliferation assay). Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled CM with three different anti-IL-1 alpha antisera, a more sensitive assay, demonstrated 15-17 kD bands in all cases. These results demonstrate that 4-6 day newborn mouse calvarial cultures spontaneously release 17 kD IL-1 alpha and 33 kD IL-1 beta into their conditioned medium. It appears that although 17 kD IL-1 alpha is the major bioactive form in the CM, 33 kD IL-1 beta is present in greater amounts. These results also suggest that local production of IL-1 can regulate bone cell function and may play a role in bone growth and remodeling.
Evaluation of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects with Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Current Status and Literature Review

Within this report we present a state of the art assessment of the status of 3D echocardiographic imaging (3D echo) of atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). After a brief literature review of past studies, we delve into more recent developments in greater detail. For ASD we focus on new developments and reports regarding real-time transesophageal echocardiography. For VSD there have been no recent reports in the last 2 years dealing with new advances in 3D echo of VSD by either transthoracic or transesophageal approaches. Therefore, we present our experience in 3D echo of VSD by both methods. The literature is far from replete on this subject; therefore, a significant portion of this report is based on the authors’ personal experience using 3D echo in over 200 cases with ASD, VSD, or both lesions in children and adults. A collection of representative reference 3D echoes of ASD and VSD are presented to serve as a review of the anatomic variations which the echocardiographer and sonographer are likely to encounter.
Escaping Anoikis through ROS: ANGPTL4 Controls Integrin Signaling through Nox1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate various cell fate decisions in normal and transformed cells. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zhu et al. demonstrate the ability of ANGPTL4 to engage integrin-dependent survival signals by activation of the NADPH oxidase Nox1, thus mimicking anchorage conditions and bypassing anoikis by controlling ROS.
Comparison of spin valve effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayer films

Abstract A series of Co/Cu multilayer films was prepared using dc magnetron sputtering. Magnetoresistance measurements indicated the presence of the spin valve or giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, and magnetometer studies showed the presence of the antiferromagnetic coupling between the cobalt layers in the samples. The anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) was measured at different applied magnetic fields. The field dependence of the AMR was consistent with the model of alternating layers being antiferromagnetically coupled. The data are compared to the predictions of the two current model of the GMR.
Addressing Procedures as a Mail Survey Response Inducement Technique

An experiment was conducted to determine whether the level of personalization expressed in the type of addressing procedures on an outside envelope affected the response rates in two diverse settings. The study utilized a 2×3 factorial design with two types of survey settings (Training and Development Directors and Trucking CEO's) and three levels of envelope addressing (typed, lables, hand-written). Comparison of response rates revealed significant main effects.
Improving Shared Cognition in Forward Surgical Teams: From Theory to Learning Strategies

Forward surgical teams must perform an extremely complex task (i.e., manage critically injured soldiers) under extreme time pressure, noise, and other stressors while managing some of the most high stakes for decision and action outcomes imaginable—human life. This paper explores the role of shared cognition in the performance of forward surgical teams and draws connections to specific learning strategies that can be used to foster shared cognition and ultimately safety and effectiveness. Additionally, principles for each of the learning strategies are provided.
A general equilibrium approach to wage bargaining and employment

Abstract This paper attempts to capture the effects of cyclical fluctuations in business activity on factor prices and employment levels in a two-sector model with wage bargaining.
Behavioral Indicators and Behaviors Related to Sexting Among Undergraduate Students

BackgroundEmpirical studies on sexting are limited, and many sexting studies only assessed sexting behaviors. Few studies have assessed attitudes, subjective norms, or behavioral intentions related to sexting.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intentions, and behaviors related to sexting (i.e., sending, posting, or sharing/forwarding sexually suggestive messages, nude/seminude pictures/videos, or both) among selected undergraduate students and to determine whether statistically significant differences in variables mentioned above existed based on selected demographic variables (i.e., gender, current relationship status, lifetime sexual partners, and current sexual partners).MethodsNearly 700 surveys (n = 697) were completed by selected undergraduate students. Independent sample t tests were used determine differences in attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intentions, and behaviors related to sexting based on gender. One-way analyses of variance were ...
Boundary Friction of Aromatic Silane Self-Assembled Monolayers Measured with the Surface Forces Apparatus and Friction Force Microscopy

The boundary friction of two different aromatic silane monolayers was measured in a single-asperity contact with the surface forces apparatus (SFA) and friction force microscopy (FFM). The measurements were done in ethanol to significantly reduce the adhesion, which allowed a direct, quantitative comparison of load-dependent friction at the molecular level between surfaces of very different radii. A linear dependence of the friction force on load was obtained, and good agreement was found between friction coefficients measured with the two techniques despite the large differences in contact areas, applied loads, and pressures. The friction forces were lower in systems where both contacting surfaces were covered with a monolayer, and chemically bound monolayers were found to better protect the substrates from wear than physisorbed ones.
LOOKING FOR “MR. RIGHT”: THE VIABILITY OF MARRIAGE INITIATIVES FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN RURAL SETTINGS

Newly-funded initiatives aim to promote marriage among low-income African American women to reduce poverty and welfare dependency. Research indicates that these women have a strong desire to marry, but lack economically secure marriage partners. This research predominantly focuses on urban populations, and little is known about marriage as a strategy to end poverty and welfare dependency among the rural poor. Two case study counties in rural Mississippi were selected to examine if marriage promotion initiatives are a viable strategy for poor rural African American single mothers. Data were collected through semistructured interviews using a life history calendar procedure. The results show that, like their urban counterparts, poor rural single mothers are rarely able to find their “Mr. Right” because of their personal and contextual characteristics.
Global histone modification patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence

Aberrations in post-translational modifications of histones have been shown to occur in cancer cells but only at individual promoters; they have not been related to clinical outcome. Other than being targeted to promoters, modifications of histones, such as acetylation and methylation of lysine and arginine residues, also occur over large regions of chromatin including coding regions and non-promoter sequences, which are referred to as global histone modifications. Here we show that changes in global levels of individual histone modifications are also associated with cancer and that these changes are predictive of clinical outcome. Through immunohistochemical staining of primary prostatectomy tissue samples, we determined the percentage of cells that stained for the histone acetylation and dimethylation of five residues in histones H3 and H4. Grouping of samples with similar patterns of modifications identified two disease subtypes with distinct risks of tumour recurrence in patients with low-grade prostate cancer. These histone modification patterns were predictors of outcome independently of tumour stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels, and capsule invasion. Thus, widespread changes in specific histone modifications indicate previously undescribed molecular heterogeneity in prostate cancer and might underlie the broad range of clinical behaviour in cancer patients.
TU‐A‐213CD‐11: A Synchronized Moving Grid (SMOG) to Detect and Correct Imaging Lag in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Simulation Study

Purpose:Imaging lag and scatter are 2 major problems in CBCT. Previously we demonstrated that our proposed synchronized‐moving‐grid (SMOG) system mitigates the scatter problem. The SMOG‐system is placed between the radiation source and patient. Multiple projections with alternating image and ‘shadow’ bands are taken at different grid positions at each gantry angle, and are merged together to form a full projection. Scatter can be physically reduced by the grid, and further correction is facilitated by scatter measurements in the shadow bands. We hypothesize that the imaging lag may also be detected in the shadow bands and thus be corrected. Methods: Three imaging lag models, which provide a good fit for the first 10 frames of measured lag, but have differences for larger frame numbers, were used for the simulation. The lag effect was considered as the lag sum of the 100 previous frames. With the SMOG‐system, a pixel in a projection is alternately in the shadow or image band for different exposures. The intensities of the pixel for different exposures were obtained from 680 CBCT projections of a rando phantom without or with a static grid. The lag effect was calculated for arbitrary pixels without the SMOG‐system, and for paired pixels in the neighboring image and shadow bands with the SMOG‐ system for 2 and 3 exposures. The residual lag of the SMOG‐system was calculated as the lag difference of the paired pixels. Results: The maximum lag was 17%, 23% and 38%, respectively, for the 3 models without SMOG. The maximum residual lag was 4.1%, 4.1% and 3.9% with the SMOG‐ system for 2‐exposures, and was 0.7%, 0.8% and 0.8% for 3‐exposures for the 3 models.Conclusions: Using a model to correct for the lag effect is not reliable. However, the SMOG‐system is able to correct for the lag effect effectively.
Dopaminergic toxicity of rotenone and the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion after their stereotaxic administration to rats: Implication for the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity

The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+) is the four electron oxidation product of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 -tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPP+ can be formed by the oxidation of MPTP by monoamine oxidase B to the intermediate dihydropyridinium species, MPDP+, which is spontaneously transformed to MPP+. In the present study, MPP+, like the mitochondrial toxin rotenone, inhibited pyruvate-malate respiration in isolated mitochondrial preparations. Moreover, the stereotaxic administration of both MPP+ and rotenone caused damage to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. These data clearly demonstrate that a mitochondrial toxin, administered stereotaxically, is extremely neurotoxic. The data lend support to the concept that MPTP-induced neurotoxicity may be due to the detrimental actions of enzymatically formed MPP+ on mitochondrial function.
Dietary control of late trypsin gene transcription in Aedes aegypti.

In Aedes aegypti the levels of midgut trypsin activity after feeding are directly proportional to the protein concentration in the meal. The mechanisms of this up-regulatory event were investigated by analyzing the expression of the late trypsin gene under different dietary conditions. Transcription of the gene was dependent on both the quality and quantity of protein in the meal. As measured by Northern blot analysis, the levels of late trypsin gene expression increased up to 100-fold 24 h after feeding on ~-globulin, hemoglobin or albumin (100 mg/ml). In contrast, gelatin, histone, amino acids, saline or agarose were very poor inducers of transcription. The rates of late trypsin transcription induced during the first 24 h were directly proportional to the concentration of protein in the meal. These data further support the suggestion that the primary mechanism that regulates the synthesis of trypsin in the mosquito midgut is transcriptional regulation of the gene. This regulatory mechanism enables the midgut to maintain the appropriate balance between protease synthesis and the protein content of the meal.
Behavioral Consequences of Corporate Incentives and Long-Term Bonuses: An Experimental Study

This paper examines whether long-term managerial bonus schemes change the allocative behavior of subjects in a laboratory setting. Using four different compensation schemes, we show that a necessary condition for reconciling divergent time preferences between principals and agents is a compensation scheme that induces behavior consistent with lower discount rates. Within subject results show that subjects recognize changes across compensation schemes and change their behavior as predicted by formal theory. Results also suggest that subjects become more myopic in their investment decisions if compensation contracts are incorrectly structured.
Nutritively Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Experiments

Nutritively sweetened beverages (NSBs) may play a role in the obesity epidemic. We abstracted data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and evidence-based reviews through January 2009 concerning effects of consumption of NSBs on changes in body weight and adiposity. Studies included were those (i) conducted in humans; (ii) lasting at least 3 weeks; (iii) incorporating random assignment of subjects to conditions that differed only in the consumption of NSBs and (iv) including an adiposity indicator as an outcome. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of six studies that added NSBs to persons' diets showed dose-dependent increases in weight. Contrarily, meta-analysis of studies that attempted to reduce NSB consumption consistently showed no effect on body mass index (BMI) when all subjects were considered. Meta-analysis of studies providing access to results separately for subjects overweight at baseline showed a significant effect of a roughly 0.35 standard deviations lesser BMI change (i.e. more weight loss or less weight gain) relative to controls. The current evidence does not demonstrate conclusively that NSB consumption has uniquely contributed to obesity or that reducing NSB consumption will reduce BMI levels in general. We recommend an adequately powered RCT with overweight persons, for whom there is suggestive evidence of an effect.