cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal control of heart function and myosin ATPase activity.

Abstract Peak intraventricular pressure and rate of pressure development were lower in hearts from hypophysectomized as compared to normal rats. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine (T4) increased heart size, but only T4 restored hemodynamic function to normal. Ca++-activated ATPase of myosin from hearts of hypophysectomized rats was reduced as compared to myosin from hearts of normal rats. Treatment of hormone-deficient animals with T4 restored ATPase to normal, but GH was without effect. K+ and NH4+-activated ATPase of myosin did not vary with hormonal status of the animals. These findings indicated that hormonal regulation of cardiac contractility involved changes in the catalytic activity of myosin.
Multiscale assembly for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Our understanding of cell biology and its integration with materials science has led to technological innovations in the bioengineering of tissue-mimicking grafts that can be utilized in clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Bioengineering of native-like multiscale building blocks provides refined control over the cellular microenvironment, thus enabling functional tissues. In this review, we focus on assembling building blocks from the biomolecular level to the millimeter scale. We also provide an overview of techniques for assembling molecules, cells, spheroids, and microgels and achieving bottom-up tissue engineering. Additionally, we discuss driving mechanisms for self- and guided assembly to create micro-to-macro scale tissue structures.
Excessive proliferation of peripelvic fat of the kidney

Excessive proliferation of the peripelvic fat of the kidney (EPPF) is a benign process with an innocuous effect on the patient. However, this condition may assume major clinical significance by producing pyelocalyceal deformities that may be mistaken for true renal masses. Rarely, EPPF may masquerade as a renal pelvic tumor. We present the second reported case of EPPF simulating a renal pelvic tumor and review the history as well as the characteristic radiographic and sonographic features of this condition.
Consequences of spinal cord injury during the neonatal period on micturition reflexes in the rat.

Abstract This study examined the changes in micturition reflexes following spinal cord transection in neonatal rats to determine: (1) whether injury to the immature nervous system allows greater recovery of function than injury in adult animals and (2) whether the management of the lower urinary tract during the initial period following spinal injury influences the subsequent recovery of function. In one experiment, bladder-to-bladder reflexes in decerebrate neonatal rats (Day 15-Day 26) were tested 5-11 days after T8-T10 spinalization. While there was no difference in the amplitude and duration of reflex bladder contractions or bladder capacity between these pups and their nonspinalized controls, the spinalized pups exhibited incomplete voiding and an uncoordinated urethral sphincter (bladder/ sphincter dyssynergia). It is concluded that the dyssynergia is inherent to the spinal micturition reflexes and is not due to an initial period of bladder areflexia and overdistension since in both the control and spinalized neonates micturition is initiated by a somatobladder reflex triggered when the mother licks the perineum. A second experiment tested whether neonatal spinal cord injury led to improved bladder function in adulthood. Postnatal Day 1 rat pups were spinalized at T8-T10 and returned to their mothers for the remainder of the neonatal period, and their bladder reflexes were tested 4-6 months later under urethane anesthesia. These rats showed the same lower urinary tract dysfunctions (bladder/sphincter dyssynergia, high residual volumes, decreased percentage voided volumes, and large-amplitude, long-duration bladder contractions) as adult rats that were spinalized as adults. It is concluded that spinal cord injury in neonates and adult animals leads to a similar disruption of voiding reflexes.
Mental health during pregnancy: a study comparing Asian, Caucasian and Native Hawaiian women.

Objective: This study examines perinatal mental health issues, ethnic differences, and comorbidity among pregnant women in Hawaii. Methods: Eighty-four participants were recruited from women, ages 18–35, seeking prenatal care on Oahu. They were interviewed at their initial prenatal visit about substance use, depression, and anxiety. Results: Sixty-one percent of women screened positive for at least one mental health issue. Thirteen percent of all pregnant women reported drinking during pregnancy with 5% reporting problem drinking, 15% reported smoking cigarettes on a regular basis, 5% of pregnant women had probable depression, and 13% of pregnant women had probable anxiety. Significant ethnic differences were found in cigarette smoking, with the highest rate among Native Hawaiian women (35%). Native Hawaiian women were also more likely to binge drink. Conclusion: Given the high rates of potential mental health issues in our sample, our findings highlight the importance of screening and treatment for mental health issues early in pregnancy in Hawaii.
A military challenge to managing feminine and personal hygiene.

PURPOSE To examine the personal remembrances of a group of military women concerning their experiences with hygiene issues during service in a hostile environment. DATA SOURCES Verbatim transcripts of focused interviews from 33 women who had been deployed to combat or the field were subjected to content analysis. Questions related to the womens' experiences in cleansing the body, collecting menses waste, and protecting against genitourinary infection in a hostile environment. CONCLUSIONS Management of personal hygiene needs was often difficult and consumed a great deal of time. Hygiene issues affected women's attitudes, practice, work, morale and coping. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE By understanding the hygiene needs and practices of military woman changes can be made that have the potential to affect health promotion and disease prevention strategies for all women.
Interdisciplinary influences in the study of intercultural relations: a citation analysis of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Abstract This article identifies the influential disciplines, scholars and books in the interdisciplinary study of intercultural relations. Influence is measured in terms of the number of citations that a scholar, book, etc. received in the International Journal of Intercultural Relations from 1983 to 1996. According to the citation analysis conducted, psychology is the most influential discipline, followed by communication, sociology and last anthropology. The most influential authors (in order of rank) are (1) W. Gudykunst (2) H. Triandis (3) R. Brislin (4) B. Ruben and (5) E. T. Hall. The Handbook of Intercultural Training, Intercultural Communication: A Reader (all editions), Culture’s Consequence and Cross-Cultural Encounters are among the most influential books. The results of the present study are compared to the results of a past survey-based study of influences in the area of intercultural relations.
Resolutions via homological perturbation

Perturbation theory is a useful way to obtain relatively small differential complexes representing a given chain homotopy type. An important part of the theory is ''the basic perturbation lemma'' which allows the transfer of structure between differential graded modules M and N of the same homotopy type when the differential in one has been changed. Under certain circumstances, the theory can be applied to obtain resolutions over algebras which are ''perturbations'' of algebras over which resolutions are known. For example, if D is any finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent group then the integral group ring A=Z(D) may be considered as a perturbation of the ring of Laurent polynomials. The theory may then be applied to a well-known resolution over the Laurent polynomials to obtain a resolution over the group ring. More general classes of algebras are discussed in ''Homological Perturbation theory, Hochschild homology and formal groups'' by the author (to appear). There is a trade-off between the size of the resolutions which arise from the perturbation method and the complexity of the new differential. In order to keep the modules relatively small, there is a considerable increase in the algebraic complexity of the resulting differentials. In order to study such complexes systematically, examples are needed, To facilitate such study, the Scratchpad system was used to set up and perform the necessary calculations. Because of the way Scratchpad is organized, this could be done in a way that minimizes programming effort and provides the natural mathematical environment for such calculations. In this paper, we discuss some of the general theory behind homological perturbation theory, give an idea of what is needed to make calculations within that theory in Scratchpad, and calculate a resolution of the integers over the integral group ring of the 4 x 4 upper triangular matrices with ones along the diagonal.
On hausdorff and topological dimensions of the kolmogorov complexity of the real line

We investigate the Kolmogorov complexity of real numbers. Let K be the Kolmogorov complexity function; we determine the Hausdorff dimension and the topological dimension of the graph of K. Since these dimensions are different, the graph of the Kolmogorov complexity function of the real line forms a fractal in the sense of Mandelbrot. We also solve an open problem of Razborov using our exact bound on the topological dimension.
Thermal Convection in a Rectangular Cavity Filled With a Heat-Generating, Darcy Porous Medium

Two-dimensional, steady natural convection in a rectangular cavity filled with a heat-generating, saturated porous medium has been studied numerically for the case when the vertical walls of the cavity are isothermal and the horizontal walls are either adiabatic or cold. Results are presented in terms of the streamlines and isotherms, the maximum temperature in the cavity, and the local and overall Nusselt numbers. The buoyant flow together with the uniform heat generation produces a highly stratified medium at high Rayleigh numbers. Although the maximum temperature in the cavity {theta}{sub max} invariably increases with Rayleigh number Ra and aspect ratio A, the rate of increase diminishes with this enhancement in Ra and A. However, the change in the horizontal wall boundary walls is a strong function of the Rayleigh number, the aspect ratio, and the wall boundary conditions. The variation in overall Nusselt number qualitatively similar to that observed in the case of a differentially heated cavity, and the present heat transfer rates are close to that for the cavity heated by applying a uniform heat flux. Several correlations are presented for maximum temperature and overall Nusselt number.
Networked smart material actuators with rectenna array

The concept of microwave-driven smart material actuators is envisioned as the best option to alleviate the complexity associated with hard-wired control circuitry. Networked rectenna patch array receives and converts microwave power into a DC power for an array of smart actuators. To use microwave power effectively, the concept of a power allocation and distribution (PAD) circuit is adopted for networking a rectenna/actuator patch array. The PAD circuit is embedded into a single embodiment of rectenna and actuator array. The thin-film microcircuit embodiment of PAD circuit adds insignificant amount of rigidity to membrane flexibility. Preliminary design and fabrication of PAD circuitry that consists of a few nodal elements were made for laboratory testing. The networked actuators were tested to correlate the network coupling effect, power allocation and distribution, and response time. The features of preliminary design are 16- channel computer control of actuators by a PCI board and the compensator for a power failure or leakage of one or more rectennas.
Quality of work life among public administration professors

This research report discusses the quality of work life of professors in public administration from a job satisfaction perspective. Nine independent variables are subjected to a bivariate and/or multivariate analysisin assessing their impact on professorial role satisfaction. A major finding is the salience of partici-pation in policy formation in explaining the degree of job satisfaction of public administration professors. The implications of the findings to administrative theory and behavior are discussed.
Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and community structure over the continental margin of the northeast Gulf of Mexico based on pigment analysis

Abstract Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment distributions are used to describe spatial and temporal variations in phytoplankton biomass in the water column of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) between the Mississippi River Delta in Louisiana and Tampa Bay in Florida from November 1997 through August 2000 and to infer seasonal changes in phytoplankton taxonomic composition. Chlorophyll a concentration in the water averaged 0.4 μg/l but ranged as high as 12 μg/l on nine cruises in this region during the 3 year period. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll a appeared to be controlled by riverine and estuarine input of nutrient-enriched freshwater. The Mississippi and Apalachicola River systems were the two main controlling features for the spatial distribution of chlorophyll in the NEGOM area. On average, the near-surface as well as subsurface waters near the Mississippi River–Mobile Bay outflow regions had the highest chlorophyll a concentrations of the study area during the 3 years. Subsurface waters near the Apalachicola River outflow region also had consistently high chlorophyll a concentrations during the nine cruises, even though the near-surface waters in this region did not. Algorithmic analyses of pigment composition indicated that prymnesiophytes, prokaryotes, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and pelagophytes were the major phytoplankton taxa on the NEGOM continental margin. On average, prymnesiophytes accounted for 25–40% of total chlorophyll in the water column over this continental margin during the 3 year period. Prokaryotes averaged 14–38% of chlorophyll a in the water column. Diatoms, which contributed 6–13% of chlorophyll a, were primarily found in inner shelf coastal waters. In contrast, prymnesiophytes and pelagophytes reached highest abundances in outer shelf and slope waters. Phytoplankton communities also differed vertically. Pelagophytes occurred in higher abundance in subsurface water, while dinoflagellates reached greater concentrations in near-surface waters.
Uncertainty calculation for the ratio of dependent measurements

A measurand θ of interest is the ratio of two other quantities, µp and µq. A measurement experiment is conducted and results P and Q are obtained as estimates of µp and µq. The ratio Y = P/ Qis generally reported as the result for the measurand θ . In this paper we consider the problem of computing an uncertainty interval for θ having a prescribed confidence level of 1 − α. Although an exact procedure, based on an approach due to Fieller, is available for this problem, it is well known that this procedure can lead to unbounded confidence regions in certain situations. As a result, practitioners often use various non-exact methods. One such non-exact method is based on the propagation-of-errors approach described in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement to calculate a standard uncertainty uy for Y . A confidence interval for θ with a presumed confidence level of 95% is obtained as [Y − 2uy ,Y +2 uy]. In this paper we develop a highly accurate approximation for the coverage probability associated with the interval [Y − kuy ,Y + kuy]. In particular, we demonstrate that, using n − 1 degrees of freedom for uy, and the corresponding Student’s t coverage factor k = t1−α/ 2: n−1 rather than k = 2, leads to uncertainty intervals [Y − t1−α/ 2: n−1uy ,Y + t1−α/ 2: n−1uy], that are nearly identical to Fieller’s exact intervals whenever the measurement relative uncertainties are small, as is the case in most metrological applications. In addition, they are easy to compute and may be recommended for routine use in metrological applications. Improved coverage factors k can be derived based on the results of this paper for those exceptional situations where the t-interval may not have coverage probability sufficiently close to the desired value.
Sleep attacks mimicking epileptic seizures and pseudoseizures

Common treatable sleep disorders resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness may resemble or contribute to spells of altered responsiveness. These spells may mimic epileptic seizures or other paroxysmal disorders. Three patients presented with paroxysmal spells of altered responsiveness that were attributed initially to epileptic seizures or pseudoseizures. One patient had a history of childhood epilepsy and was referred for the concern of recurrent seizures. In another patient, antiepileptic drugs (AEDS) were prescribed for suspected epileptic seizures without an improvement in spells. After their physicians obtained a history of excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and/or restless leg symptoms, patients were evaluated with polysomnography, multiple sleep latency tests, electroencephalograms (EEG), and video-EEG monitoring. Sleep studies were diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, and probable narcolepsy. In all patients, spells of altered responsiveness and excessive daytime sleepiness improved or resolved with treatment of the sleep disorder or discontinuation of AEDS. Patients presenting with paroxysmal spells of altered responsiveness and excessive daytime sleepiness should be evaluated for sleep disorders. Identification and treatment of an underlying sleep disorder may contribute to resolution of their spells.
Optical and microwave communications system conceptual design for a realistic interstellar probe

The concept of a realistic interstellar explorer has been addressed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory with support from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts. This paper discusses the requirements, conceptual design and technology issues associated with the optical and RF communications systems envisioned for this mission, in which the spacecraft has a projected range of 1000 AU. Well before a range of 100 AU interactive control of the spacecraft becomes nearly impossible, necessitating a highly autonomous craft and one-way communications to Earth. An approach is taken in which the role of the optical downlink is emphasized for data transfer and that of the microwave uplink emphasized for commands. The communication system is strongly influenced by the large distances involved, the high velocities as well as the requirements for low-mass, low prime power, reliability, and spacecraft autonomy. An optical terminal concept is described that has low mass and prime power in a highly integrated and novel architecture, but new technologies are needed to meet the range, mass, and power requirements. These include high-power, 'wall-plug' efficient diode-pumped fiber lasers; compact, lightweight, and low-power micro-electromechanical (MEM) beam steering elements; and lightweight diffractive quasi-membrane optics. In addition, a very accurate star tracking mechanism must be fully integrated with the laser downlink to achieve unprecedented pointing accuracy. The essential optical, structural, mechanical, and electronic subsystems are described that meet the mission requirements, and the key features of advanced technologies that need to be developed are discussed. The conclusion from this preliminary effort is that an optical communications downlink out to 1000 astronomical units is within the realm of technical feasibility in the next 5-10 years if the identified technical risks for the new technologies can be retired.
Reactions of Diorganomagnesium Compounds and Cryptands or 1,4,8,11-Tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane: Formation of RMg-(macrocycle)^+ Cations and Organomagnesate Anions

Many reactions of diorganomagnesium compounds (R2Mg) and a cryptand or 14N4 (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) in benzene form solutions of RMg(macrocycle)+ and organomagnesate ions. With 14N4 or 2,1,1-cryptand and 2 equiv of R2Mg, conversion to RMg(macrocycle)+ and R3Mg- is complete. Conversion to RMg(macrocycle)+ tends to be less complete with 2,2,1-cryptand and with some R2Mg compounds does not occur at all with 2,2,2-cryptand. Conversion to RMg(macrocycle)+ tends to be greater when R is p-tolyl rather than alkyl and the solvent is benzene rather than THF. A crystal structure of PhMg(14N4)+Ph3Mg(THF)- is reported.
On-Board Near-Optimal Climb-Dash Energy Management

The subject of this paper is the study of optimal and near-optimal trajectories of high-performance fighter aircraft in synuetric flight. On-board, realtime, near-optimal guidance is considered for the climb-dash mission, using some of the boundary-layer structure and hierarchical ideas from singular perturbations. In the case of symnetric flight this resembles neighboring-optimal guidance using energy-togo as the running variable. However, extension to 3-D flight is proposed, using families of nominal paths with heading-to-go as the additlonal running variable. Some computational results are presented for the synmetric case.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOLOGY OF THE HYPOPHYSIS V. ABSCESS OF THE HYPOPHYSIS

Abscesses found in hypophyses removed at necropsy are usually only incidents in the course of a fatal acute infection occurring in some adjacent or distant part of the body. Such lesions thus discovered do not, per se, possess much practical clinical significance. Any clinical manifestations attributable to the suppurative process in the hypophysis either would not have time to display themselves, or they would be overshadowed and obscured by the more marked symptoms of the disease which was the immediate cause of death. However, from a study of such cases something may be learned of the etiology, pathogenesis and most common location of this lesion. Inasmuch as not all acute infections, such as are often found on postmortem examination to be complicated by abscess of the hypophysis, are fatal, a study of the conditions giving rise to this pathologic change may aid in the interpretation and explanation of some obscure cases of hypopituitarism. For this reason it has been thought that the following review ...
Normative studies of six characteristics of our knowledge of common activities

Six dimensions that are relevant to our knowledge of common activities are introduced and quantified. Twelve component actions in each of 30 activities were chosen. Two of the dimensions examined were the familiarity and frequency of performance of the activities themselves. The other four dimensions—sequence, centrality, distinctiveness, and standardness—are characteristics of the actions within the activities. There was high agreement among subjects on the norms for each dimension. Correlational analyses demonstrate the possibility of choosing actions in such a way as to compare different levels of the dimensions as factors in controlled experiments. The importance of considering these dimensions in interpretations of script or schema experiments is stressed.
Anthropology and Pedagogy: An Interview with Bill Maurer

PEDAGOGY Jennifer Heung University of California at Irvine Susan Coutin California State University, Los Angeles Anthropology and Pedagogy: An Interview with Bill Maurer SC: Well, maybe you could start by describing what classes you teach. BM: I teach an introduction to anthropology class which has between 400 and 500 students in it. It's a large lecture class with required discussion sections that are led by TAs, like Jennifer. What I try to do in that class is to get the students as involved as I possibly can. You know, have activities even during the lecture just so they stay focused, pay attention, and keep coming. My biggest fear always is that as the quarter goes on fewer and fewer people will show up. SC: Are they mostly anthropology majors or is that a general education course? BM: It's basically a general education course. It counts as a distribution requirement for the undergraduates. So almost everybody in there is taking it to fulfill one of the distribution requirements. SC: And when you say, you want to keep them coming. For you personally what is the important point of this course? Are you trying to recruit people into the major? Are you trying to [just] expose them to anthropology? BM: It's all of that. I'm trying to recruit but it's not a major that a lot of people are going to be drawn towards simply because they don't know how it's going to make them money later in life. I figure if I can get eight to ten people interested then I've succeeded. If they go on to another class in anthropology even, that's great. You know, as far as general education goes, it's probably one of the only classes they're going to get where they're really encouraged to do some critical thinking about the kind of world we live in today. And that might sound really harsh to say about other classes, but a lot of other classes are simply read the text books, learn the terminology, get a general sense of a particular field of study, and the boundaries of the field are always really tightly drawn. Like this is political science and this is what we're learning now. And I don't approach the anthropology class that way. I could care less if they come out with the definition of anthropology; what I'm really interested in is that they come out with some tools that they can use. I really like it when I have the students tell me things like, You've ruined everything for me. I can never watch another movie the same way again, you've totally ruined it. Or, I used to love that movie and now I see all these things in it and it drives me crazy. That's what I'm aiming for. Another thing, and this is also sort of terrible to say, but in the U.S. and in the social sciences and in other disciplines as well, the sort of common sense knowledge that's out there in the world about how human beings behave is totally biologically reduc-
Molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic carbon in marine sediment pore waters

Abstract The molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters from estuarine and continental margin sediments was examined using ultrafiltration techniques. The majority of this pore water DOC (∼60–90%) had a molecular weight less than 3 kDa. This percentage appeared to vary systematically among the different sediments studied and showed very slight changes with depth (upper ∼30 cm). The absolute concentration of this low molecular weight DOC (LMW-DOC) increased, along with total DOC, with depth in the sediments. LMW-DOC therefore represents the vast majority of the DOC that accumulated with depth in these sediment pore waters. These results have been examined in the context of a model which assumes that remineralization processes exert the primary influence on the molecular weight distribution of DOC in the upper portions of the sediments. This model, in conjunction, with other recent studies of DOC in sediment pore waters and in the water column, suggests that there was preferential accumulation of refractory LMW-DOC in sediment pore waters. Abiotic condensation reactions (i.e., geopolymerization) appear to have secondary effects on the observed molecular weight distributions of pore water DOC, at least in the upper portions of the sediments examined here. Using this model to explain differences in the molecular weight distributions in these sediments suggests that organic matter remineralization in continental margin sediments may be controlled more by hydrolytic processes than it is in estuarine sediments, where fermentative or perhaps respiratory processes may exert a greater overall control on carbon remineralization. These observations provide further evidence that the extracellular hydrolysis of macromolecular (i.e., high molecular weight) organic matter may not always be the rate limiting step in organic matter degradation.
Evaluating automated manufacturing technologies: Part I — Concepts and literature review

Abstract Automated manufacturing technologies offer improved productivity and flexibility. Adoption of such technologies requires an evaluation and justification process. A survey of existing literature on the evaluation of automated systems indicates that several techniques have been used in the justification process. In this paper we review some of these techniques, and develop a classification scheme for the justification techniques based on the knowledge of the decision environment.
Accurate radiation boundary conditions for the two-dimensional wave equation on unbounded domains

A recursive sequence of radiation boundary conditions first given by Hagstrom and Hariharan [Appl. Numer. Math. 27 (1998) 403] for the time-dependent wave equation in a two-dimensional exterior region are re-derived based on direct application of the hierarchy of local boundary operators of Bayliss and Turkel [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 33 (1980) 707] and a recursion relation for the expansion coefficients appearing in an asymptotic wave expansion. By introducing a decomposition into tangential Fourier modes on a circle we reformulate the sequence of local boundary conditions in integro-differential form involving systems of first-order temporal equations for auxiliary functions associated with each mode and the Fourier transform of the solution evaluated on the boundary. The auxiliary functions are recognized as residuals of the local boundary operators acting on the asymptotic wave expansion. Direct finite element implementations for the original local sequence of boundary conditions are compared to implementations of the Fourier transformed auxiliary functions. We show that both implementations easily fit into a standard finite element discretization provided that independent time integration algorithms are used for the interior and boundary equations with coupling through the boundary force vectors at each time step. For both of our direct and modal finite element implementations, the amount of work and storage is less than that required for the finite element calculation in the interior region within the boundary. One advantage of the tangential modal implementation is that far-field solutions may be computed separately for each Fourier mode without saving lengthy time-history data at interior points. Numerical studies confirm the progressive improvement in accuracy with increasing number of auxiliary functions included.
Part VI: How Should Reputations be Managed in Good Times and Bad Times?: Corporate environmental reputation: comparing two industries

Reputations rise and fall. In this Part of the Corporate Reputation Review attention focusses on companies whose star is waning. The presentations made at the Stern School of Business conference and now published below comprise a distillation of the insights gained by a senior crisis-management practitioner, as well as three case studies and three more empirically-oriented crisis communication studies. Included in panelists' presenta- tions are theoretical frameworks which seek to explain the behavior of managers and opponents during crisis situations.
Identification of a functional core in the RNA component of RNase MRP of budding yeasts

RNase MRP is an endonuclease participating in ribosomal RNA processing. It consists of one RNA and at least nine protein subunits. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we analyzed the functional role of five of the hairpins in the secondary structure of the RNA subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNase MRP. Deletion of an entire hairpin was either lethal or resulted in very poor growth. However, peripheral portions constituting up to 70% of a hairpin could be deleted without effects on cell growth rate or processing of rRNA. To determine whether these hairpins perform redundant functions, we analyzed mutants combining four or five benign hairpin deletions. Simultaneous removal of four of these hairpin segments had no detectable effect. Removing five created a temperature- and cold-sensitive enzyme, but these deficiencies could be partially overcome by a mutation in one of the RNase MRP protein subunits, or by increasing the copy number of several of the protein subunit genes. These observations suggest that the peripheral elements of the RNA hairpins contain no structures or sequences required for substrate recognition, catalysis or binding of protein subunits. Thus, the functionally essential elements of the RNase MRP RNA appear to be concentrated in the core of the subunit.
A 10.5-in.-diagonal SXGA active-matrix display

A 157-dot-per-inch, 262K-color, 10.5-in.- diagonal, 1280 × 1024 (SXGA) display has been fabricated using a six-mask process with Cu or Al-alloy thin-film gates. The combination of high resolution and gray-scale accuracy has been shown to render color images and text with paperlike legibility. The low-resistivity gate metallization and trilayer-type TFTs with a channel length of 6-8 µm were fabricated with a six-mask process which is extendible to larger, higher-resolution displays. A combination of double-sided driving and active line repair was used so that open gate lines or data lines did not result in visible line defects. A flexible drive-electronics system was developed to address the display and characterize its performance under different drive conditions.
Distribution-free tests for umbrella alternatives

In this paper we propose distribution-free teots ebi ujabreiia aAiuatives based on the decomposition of umbrella alternatives into a union of simple order alternatives, The proposed tests are shown to have more balanced power performances, Tables of critical points for the proposed tests are provided.
Deconstructing stem cell self-renewal: genetic insights into cell-cycle regulation

The regulation of stem cell self-renewal must balance the regenerative needs of tissues that persist throughout life with the potential for cell overgrowth, transformation and cancer. Here, we attempt to deconstruct the relationship that exists between cell-cycle progression and the self-renewal versus commitment cell-fate decision in embryonic and adult stem cells. Recent genetic studies in mice have provided insights into the regulation of the cell cycle in stem cells, including its potential modulation by the stem cell niche. Although the dynamics of the embryonic and adult stem cell cycles are profoundly dissimilar, we suggest that shared principles underlie the governance of this important decision point in diverse stem cell types.
Evaluation of vertebral artery injury from ballistic trauma to the neck

This study was conducted to assess the likelihood of vertebral artery injury after gunshot wounds to the neck in patients without and with fracture of the cervical spine. All patients presenting to the emergency department with cervical gunshot wounds were evaluated with cervical spine radiographs; if a fracture was suspected, a computed tomographic scan was obtained. All patients with cervical gunshot wounds underwent selective angiography of the cervical vessels. The images were retrospectively reviewed by three American Board of Radiology boardcertified radiologists, assessing for the presence of fracture and vascular injury.
Cooperative binding of the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) to DNA

The leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) of Escherichia coli activates expression of a number of operons and represses expression of others. For some members of the Lrp regulon, exogenous leucine mitigates the effect of Lrp, for some it potentiates the effect of Lrp, and for others it has no effect on Lrp action. For the ilvIH operon that we study, Lrp activates expression in vivo and mediates the repression of the operon by exogenous leucine. We studied Lrp-1, a leucine-insensitive variant, to investigate mechanisms by which leucine alters Lrp action as an activator of ilvIH expression. The Asp114Glu change did not have much effect on the amount of total Lrp-1 in cells but decreased the amount of free Lrp-1 two- to threefold. Lrp monomers associate to form octamers and hexadecamers (hexadecamer form predominates at micromolar concentrations; Kd=5.27x10(-8) M), and leucine promotes the dissociation of Lrp hexadecamer to a leucine-bound octamer. By contrast, Lrp-1 exists primarily as an octamer in solution (equilibrium dissociation constant 6.5x10(-5) M) and leucine had little effect on the equilibrium. Thus, the hexadecameric form that Lrp assumes in the absence of DNA is not required for activation of the ilvIH operon. Both leucine and the lrp-1 mutation reduced the apparent affinity of Lrp binding to ilvIH DNA (contains two groups of binding sites separated by 136 bp) but they have different effects on intrinsic binding affinity and binding cooperativity. Whereas leucine reduced intrinsic binding affinities and interactions of Lrps bound at upstream and downstream regions of ilvIH DNA, it increased cooperative dimer-dimer interactions of Lrps bound to two adjacent sites. By contrast, the lrp-1 mutation did not have much effect on intrinsic binding affinities but it decreased cooperative adjacent dimer-dimer interactions and enhanced interactions of Lrps bound at upstream and downstream regions of ilvIH DNA. Our analysis is consistent with the idea that leucine enhances dimer-dimer interactions that contribute to octamer formation, concomitantly reducing dimer-dimer interactions that contribute to the longer range interactions of Lrps that are required for activation of the ilvIH promoter.
Fixed jumps of additive processes

Abstract A process in a Euclidean space is called an additive process if it has independent increments. We recall the classical Levy–Ito representation for additive processes without fixed jumps, and describe how fixed jumps were handled in the classical literature. Our main result is an extended Levy–Ito formula in which the fixed jumps are expressed in a canonical and convenient form.
Comparison of the immune response to variant influenza type B hemagglutinins expressed in vaccinia virus.

Abstract To compare the immune response induced by influenza hemagglutinin (HA) variants differing by a single amino acid, the genes for each HA variant were cloned and expressed in vaccinia virus. These variant HA genes have been previously described as being present exclusively in either egg-derived or MDCK cell-derived subpopulations of influenza B/England/222/82 virus. By using this approach we were able to vaccinate animals with homogeneous preparations of these viral antigens and thus circumvent the problem of heterogeneity within RNA virus stocks. Immunization and challenge experiments in mice indicated that even though vaccination with the recombinant vaccinia viruses induced different levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, mice vaccinated with either recombinant vaccinia virus were protected from infection with either subpopulation of influenza virus. Results with this model system support the view that influenza vaccines prepared with egg-derived virus should be protective against micro-variants of virus that grow preferentially in MDCK and possibly other mammalian cells.
Dissolution and water-mass patterns in the Southeast Indian Ocean, Part II: The Pleistocene record from Brunhes to Matuyama age sediments

Calcium carbonate dissolution patterns were determined for portions of the past 2.5 m.y. in 9 Eltanin piston cores distributed along the Southeast Indian Ridge in the Southeast Indian Ocean. Oxygen isotope and foraminiferal faunal records were used to determine the relationship between paleoclimate water-mass changes and the dissolution intervals. CaCO 3 dissolution was generally more intense during glacial periods, but dissolution pulses of short duration also occur during several interglacial periods, particularly on the shallower portions of the Southeast Indian Ridge. The glacially related increases in dissolution are in-phase with northern migrations of the Polar Front. During the past 250,000 yr, the Polar Front has migrated to 45°S latitude in the region south of Australia and as far north as 40°S in the mid-southern Indian Ocean during the same time period. From the mid-Brunhes chron to the present, an over-all increase in CaCO 3 content indicates a gradual deepening of the carbonate lysocline. Unlike the Brunhes chron, the carbonate fluctuations in the Matuyama age cores are due mainly to productivity variations as a function of water-mass migrations, and are of lower magnitude than are the Brunhes fluctuations. The magnitude of the oxygen isotopic fluctuations in the Matuyama chron is also smaller than it was during the Brunhes chron, suggesting less climatic variability.
On Putting Culture Back into Agriculture: A Reply to Young

In a recent article in this journal, Young (1982:208-215) discusses small-scale farmers in the United States under the title, "Productive Efficiency and the Adaptations of Small-Scale Farmers." Based on a sample drawn from five western states, Young shows that small-scale farming is generally done at a loss. Farmers who rely exclusively on their small farms are economically doomed, while those who have substantial earnings from off-farm sources are able to sustain their farm losses. It is this latter type of small-scale farmer who, " … though perhaps not paying their own way, can be considered successful adaptations to limited opportunities in farming" (1982:212). "In sum," Young concludes, "small-scale farmers tend to farm in such a way as to bring personal satisfaction but not to create an excessive financial burden" (1982:211).
Busy year for expendable launch vehicles

There will be 18 space missions using expendable vehicles through the end of September 1981, according to Joseph B. Mahon, director of the Expendable Launch Vehicles Program for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The busy schedule involves launching a variety of scientific, weather, communications, and Department of Defense satellites from launch sites located at the Eastern Space and Missile Center, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California; and the Italian-operated San Marco launch platform in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya. Seven of the 18 missions will be flown on Delta launch vehicles, seven on the Atlas Centaur, three will use the solid fuel Scout, and one, the Atlas-F.
Recent patents in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of JAK3.

Importance of the field: Protein kinase enzymes have become increasingly important as the target of many disease modification drug discovery programs. Disruption of JAK3 function results in quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in both B- and T-cell compartments of the immune system of JAK3 deficient mice and development of severe combined immunodeficiency in humans with the JAK3 genetic aberration. JAK3 plays a specific role in immune function and lymphoid development and it only resides in the hematopoietic system, thus the rationale for selective targeting. Inhibitors of JAK3 have shown utility in many different autoimmune disorders, including allograft rejection during transplantation, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic and asthmatic diseases. These inhibitors are making their way into clinical trials with profound effects, thus, validating the target and strategy.Areas covered in this review: A review that covers around 90 patents and patent applicati...
Validation of a rheumatoid arthritis health-related quality of life instrument, the CSHQ-RA.

Objective To test the validity and reliability of a newly developed disease-specific multidimensional quality of life instrument: the Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument (CSHQ-RA). Methods A total of 350 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were asked to complete the CSHQ-RA at 2 time points (4 weeks apart). Patients also completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) Disability Index (DI) at the second time point. Construct validity was tested, using Pearson's correlations, by comparing subscale scores on the CSHQ-RA to those obtained from the mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36. HAQ DI scores were used to assess the discriminant validity of the CSHQ-RA. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess test–retest reliability. Results Response rates for the first and second survey were 83% (291) and 93% (276), respectively; 84% of respondents were women, and mean age was 57 years. Mean scores ± SDs on instruments were: HAQ 0.73 ± 0.69; MCS 49 ± 12; and PCS 33 ± 11. Pearson's correlations between the CSHQ-RA subscale scores and the SF-36 scores ranged from 0.55 to 0.76 (P < 0.001). Analysis of variance indicate that scores on the CSHQ-RA discriminated between levels of physical disability as measured by the HAQ (P < 0.001). Test–retest reliability was demonstrated in the instrument's subscale scores (ICC 0.70–0.90). Conclusion These results support the construct validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the CSHQ-RA as a measure that captures the impact of RA on patients' health-related quality of life.
Elevated skin tissue cholesterol levels and myocardial infarction

Background: Skin cholesterol has been associated with coronary artery disease, extent of angiographic disease and inflammatory markers such as hs-CRP. Based on these findings we sought to determine whether skin cholesterol was associated with myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Patients (N = 649) underwent diagnostic catheterization and concurrent skin cholesterol measurement. History of MI was determined at the time of hospitalization. Results: Patients with a history of MI (n = 225, 35%) had significantly higher skin cholesterol than those without MI (127 ± 29 versus 120 ± 20, p = 0.002). The odds ratio for high skin cholesterol (for MI) was 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1, 2.6; p = 0.01) after adjustment for traditional risk and extent of angiographic disease. Conclusion: Skin cholesterol may indicate increased risk of coronary-related events rather than simply the presence of angiographic narrowing. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Three-dimensional hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms: influence of size and morphology.

Purpose To use four-dimensional (4D)-flow MRI for the comprehensive in vivo analysis of hemodynamics and its relationship to size and morphology of different intracranial aneurysms (IA). We hypothesize that different IA groups, defined by size and morphology, exhibit different velocity fields, wall shear stress, and vorticity. Materials and Methods The 4D-flow MRI (spatial resolution = 0.99–1.8 × 0.78–1.46 × 1.2–1.4 mm3, temporal resolution = 44–48 ms) was performed in 19 IAs (18 patients, age = 55.4 ± 13.8 years) with saccular (n = 16) and fusiform (n = 3) morphology and different sizes ranging from small (n = 8; largest dimension = 6.2 ± 0.4 mm) to large and giant (n = 11; 25 ± 7 mm). Analysis included quantification of volumetric spatial–temporal velocity distribution, vorticity, and wall shear stress (WSS) along the aneurysm's 3D surface. Results The 4D-flow MRI revealed distinct hemodynamic patterns for large/giant saccular aneurysms (Group 1), small saccular aneurysms (Group 2), and large/giant fusiform aneurysms (Group 3). Saccular IA (Groups 1, 2) demonstrated significantly higher peak velocities (P < 0.002) and WSS (P < 0.001) compared with fusiform aneurysms. Although intra-aneurysmal 3D velocity distributions were similar for Group 1 and 2, vorticity and WSS was significantly (P < 0.001) different (increased in Group 1 by 54%) indicating a relationship between IA size and hemodynamics. Group 3 showed reduced velocities (P < 0.001) and WSS (P < 0.001). Conclusion The 4D-flow MRI demonstrated the influence of lesion size and morphology on aneurysm hemodynamics suggesting the potential of 4D-flow MRI to assist in the classification of individual aneurysms. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:120–131. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.