cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal prescribed-domain clock skew scheduling

Clock skew scheduling is an efficient technique to minimize the cycle period by properly assigning clock delays to registers in a circuit. But its effectiveness is limited by the difficulty in implementing a large number of arbitrary clock skews. Multi-domain clock skew scheduling and prescribed-domain clock skew scheduling are two alternatives to overcome this shortage by restricting the number of clock domains. While multi-domain clock skew scheduling has been proved to be NP-hard, the hardness of prescribed-domain clock skew scheduling algorithm remains evasive. In this paper, we give a positive answer to the open question by presenting the first efficient and optimal algorithm for prescribed-domain clock skew scheduling. Besides the runtime improvement over the previous method, the experimental results on ISCAS89 benchmarks show comparable quality to those generated by optimal multi-domain clock skew scheduling.
Griffiths singularities in the randomly dilute one-dimensional Ising model

Exact solutions for the thermodynamic functions of the randomly dilute $s=\frac{1}{2}$ nearest-neighbor Ising chain in a magnetic field are examined. Both site and bond impurities are treated. Behavior is nonanalytic at $T=h=0$. The divergences of the pure-chain thermodynamics are replaced at nonzero dilution by essential singularities of the Griffiths type at which all functions are finite and infinitely differentiable. The simplicity of the solution allows the origin and form of the Griffiths singularities to be traced in detail.
Umbilical hernia: What happens after age 5 years?*

U M B I L I C A L H E R N I A is a common condition, especially among black children, in whom the prevalence during the first year of life has been reported to be as high as 40 to 6 ~ . ~--~ Walker ~ has shown that the vast majority of hernias close by the end of the fifth year, and it has been assumed that if hernias do not close by that age, they are unlikely to do so without surgery. In fact, current pediatric texts recommended surgical closure if the hernia persists to the end of the third or the fourth year? -~ At present, however, information on the natural history of umbilical hernia is incomplete. Previous studies either did not take into account the effect of surgery on the prevalence of hernia,'-' were done on a predominantly white population,'; or failed to set precise criteria for diagnosis. 1 The purpose of the present study was to clarify to what extent umbilical hernias in black children close spontaneously after the fifth year of life.
Asynchronous Design—Part 2: Systems and Methodologies

This two-part article aims to provide both a short historical and technical overview of asynchronous design, as well as a snapshot of the state of the art. Part 1 covered foundations of asynchronous design, and highlighted recent applications, including commercial advances and use in emerging application areas. Part 2 focuses on methodologies for designing asynchronous systems, including basics of hazards, synthesis and optimization methods for both logic-level and high-level synthesis, and the development of specification languages and CAD tool flows. Finally, two sidebars provide a summary of asynchronous processors and architectures, as well as testing.
Concurrent operation specification language, COSL, for low-level manufacturing control

Abstract An approach to automating the development of control software for applications in discrete manufacturing is presented. The control logic is designed using a non-procedural specification language, COSL, in which a collection of concurrent operations represent the desired system functionality. Each operation is defined by enabling conditions and actions; when the enabling conditions are true the actions associated with the operation are executed. A relational database is used to support the specification language from which the control logic specification is transformed into an executable control program. The specification language and transformation algorithm are illustrated by a simple example.
Mobilization of colloidal carbon during iron reduction in basaltic soils

The transport of organic carbon (C) to deep mineral horizons in soils can lead to long-term C stabilization. In basaltic soils, C associations with short-range-ordered (SRO) minerals often lead to colloid-sized aggregates that can be dispersed and mobilized by changes in soil solution chemistry. In the montane forest region of Hawaii, basaltic soils are exposed to high rainfall and anoxic conditions that facilitate ferric (FeIII) (oxyhydr)oxide reduction. We explored the potential of iron (Fe)-reducing conditions to mobilize C by exposing the surface mineral horizons of three soils from the Island of Hawai'i (aged 0.3, 20, and 350 ky) to 21 days of anoxic incubation in 1:10 soil slurries. Mobilized C was quantified by fractionating the slurries into three particle-size classes (< 430 nm,< 60 nm,< 2.3 nm ≈ 10 kDa). In all three soils, we found Fe reduction (maximum Fe2 + (aq) concentration ≈ 17.7 ± 1.9 mmol kg− 1 soil) resulted in ~ 500% and ~ 700% increase of C in the 2.3–430 nm, and < 2.3 nm size fractions, respectively. In addition, Fe reduction increased solution ionic strength by 127 μS cm− 1 and generated hydroxyl ions sufficient to increase the slurry pH by one unit. We compared this to C mobilized from the slurries during a 2-h oxic incubation across a similar range of pH and ionic strength and found smaller amounts of dissolved (< 2.3 nm) and colloidal (2.3–430 nm) C were mobilized relative to the Fe reduction treatments (p < 0.05). In particular, C associated with the largest particles (60–430 nm) was dispersed almost exclusively during the Fe reduction experiments, suggesting that it had been bound to Fe-oxide phases. Our experiments suggest that colloidal dispersion during Fe-reducing conditions mobilizes high concentrations of C, which may explain how C migrates to deep mineral horizons in redox dynamic soils.
Oxidation of the Spin Trap 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-Oxide by Singlet Oxygen in Aqueous Solution

The spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) is frequently used to identify free radicals that are generated photochemically using dyes as photosensitizers. When oxygen is present in such systems, singlet oxygen (1O2) may be produced and can react with DMPO. We have studied the reaction of DMPO with 1O2 in aqueous solutions over a wide range of pH, using micellar Rose Bengal (pH 2−13) and anthrapyrazole (pH < 2) as photosensitizers. We found that DMPO quenches 1O2 phosphorescence (kq = 1.2 × 106 M-1 s-1), thereby initiating oxygen consumption that is slow at pH 10 but increases about 10-fold at pH < 6. This oxygen consumption is a composite process that includes efficient oxidation of both DMPO and its degradation products. The oxidation products include both products in which the DMPO pyrroline ring remains intact (DMPO/•OH and 5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-pyrroline-1-oxyl (DMPOX) radicals) and those in which it becomes opened (nitro and nitroso products). The nitroso product itself strongly quenched 1O2 ...
Level playing fields and laissez faire: Postliberal development strategy in inegalitarian agrarian economies

Focusing on the rural sector in Latin America, this paper explores the microeconomic linkages between distribution and growth which drive the possible reproduction of rural poverty over time. The result of this exploration is a neostructuralist perspective which argues that actually existing laissez faire agrarian economies do not present a level playing field, and that low wealth farms face disadvantages which tend to reproduce or even deepen sectoral inequality. The paper then tries to identify the sorts of public policy and collective action which might modify the nature of growth and distribution in post-liberalization agrarian market economy.
Simultaneous Optimization of Removal Rate and Part Accuracy in High-Speed Milling

High-speed milling provides an efficient method for accurate discrete part fabrication. However, successful implementation requires the selection of appropriate operating parameters. Balancing the multiple process requirements, including high material removal rate, maximum part accuracy, sufficient tool life, chatter avoidance, and adequate surface finish, to arrive at an optimum solution is difficult without the aid of an optimization framework. In this paper an initial effort is made to apply analytical tools to the selection of optimum cutting parameters (spindle speed and depth of cut are considered at this stage). Two objectives are addressed simultaneously, maximum removal rate and minimum surface location error. The Time Finite Element Analysis method is used in the optimization algorithm. Sensitivity of the surface location error to small changes in spindle speed near tooth passing frequencies that are integer fractions of the system’s natural frequency corresponding to the most flexible mode is calculated. Results of the optimization algorithm are verified by experiment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
PRESENT CONCEPTS OF THE PATHOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGY OF EXOPHTHALMOS

IN 1934 the Journal of the American Medical Association published an editorial (1) which reprimanded an English author who had referred to the problem of the mechanism of exophthalmos as still little understood. The article went on to say that exophthalmos was caused by sympathetic stimulation and that it was unfortunate that knowledge about it had been poorly disseminated. In spite of the feelings of the author of that editorial sixteen years ago, the etiology and pathologic physiology of exophthalmos remain an outstanding and puzzling problem in the field of thyroid disease. The purpose of this presentation is to review some of the theories of the mechanism of progressive exophthalmos and to bring together certain clinical, anatomic, and pathologic facts which should direct us toward a future understanding of this mechanism. The theories are considered in the light of their current acceptability. Physical signs pertaining to the eyes are analyzed. Anatomic relationships within the orbit are illustrated....
Volumetric interpretation of protein adsorption: Partition coefficients, interphase volumes, and free energies of adsorption to hydrophobic surfaces.

Abstract The solution-depletion method of measuring protein adsorption is implemented using SDS gel electrophoresis as a separation and quantification tool. Experimental method is demonstrated using lysozyme (15 kDa), α-amylase (51 kDa), human serum albumin (66 kDa), prothrombin (72 kDa), immunoglobulin G (160 kDa), and fibrinogen (341 kDa) adsorption from aqueous-buffer solution to hydrophobic octyl-sepharose and silanized-glass particles. Interpretive mass-balance equations are derived from a model premised on the idea that protein reversibly partitions from bulk solution into a three-dimensional (3D) interphase volume separating the physical-adsorbent surface from bulk solution. Theory both anticipated and accommodated adsorption of all proteins to the two test surfaces, suggesting that the underlying model is descriptive of the essential physical chemistry of protein adsorption. Application of mass balance equations to experimental data quantify partition coefficients P, interphase volumes VI, and the number of hypothetical layers M occupied by protein adsorbed within VI. Partition coefficients quantify protein-adsorption avidity through the equilibrium ratio of interphase and bulk-solution-phase w/v (mg/mL) concentrations WI and WB, respectively, such that P ≡ W I / W B . Proteins are found to be weak biosurfactants with 45 P 520 and commensurately low apparent free-energy-of-adsorption - 6 RT ( Δ G ads phobic 0 = - RT ln P ) - 4 RT . These measurements corroborate independent estimates obtained from interfacial energetics of adsorption (tensiometry) and are in agreement with thermochemical measurements for related proteins by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. Proteins with molecular weight MW 100 kDa occupy a single layer at surface saturation whereas the larger proteins IgG and fibrinogen required two layers.
Adventitial Gene Transfer of Recombinant Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase to Rabbit Carotid Arteries Alters Vascular Reactivity

Background Adventitial gene transfer may serve as a tool to study vascular biology and may have therapeutic potential. We investigated the hypothesis that adenovirus-mediated transfer of the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the adventitia would alter vascular reactivity. Methods and Results Rabbit carotid arteries were surgically isolated and adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS (AdeNOS) or β-galactosidase instilled into the periarterial sheath at a concentration of 1×1010 pfu/mL. Arteries were harvested 4 days later for immunostaining, NOS enzymatic assay, measurement of cGMP, and vasomotor studies. Transgene expression in the adventitia was confirmed by histochemistry for β-galactosidase and immunostaining for eNOS with a monoclonal antibody. Calcium-dependent NOS enzymatic activity and cGMP levels were significantly greater in the AdeNOS-transduced arteries. Maximal contractions to phenylephrine (10−5 mol/L) were diminished in the AdeNOS-transduced arteries (4.6±0.2 versus 5.6±0.2 g; P<...
Glomerular filtration rate and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in vascular patients

Glomerular Filtration Rate and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide as Predictors of Cardiovascular Mortality in Vascular PatientsRamin Shadman, Matthew A. Allison, Michael H. CriquiIn an unres...
Writing like a flock

Theories and practices of self-organization have spread broadly in recent decades, through academia to business management to software development to disaster relief planning to progressive political activism, and so on. The question this paper addresses is whether self-organization can also become a viable mode of cultural analysis. Using the experience of January 2007, when a varied group of scholars convened in Las Vegas to ‘swarm’ the Consumer Electronics Show, I examine in detail this question of swarm-as-method. The ‘swarm scholarship’ we road-tested at the convention is suggestive on a number of levels, but foremost for the way it challenges fundamental norms and expectations surrounding authorship. A mode of scholarship such as our swarm stands little chance in the University, I argue, because it requires a different environment of rewards and incentives than currently dominant in the research culture of academia.
Influence of pH on the human prion protein: insights into the early steps of misfolding.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are caused by misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein PrP. Conversion from the normal cellular form (PrPC) or recombinant PrP (recPrP) to a misfolded form is pH-sensitive, in that misfolding and aggregation occur more readily at lower pH. To gain more insight into the influence of pH on the dynamics of PrP and its potential to misfold, we performed extensive molecular-dynamics simulations of the recombinant PrP protein (residues 90–230) in water at three different pH regimes: neutral (or cytoplasmic) pH (∼7.4), middle (or endosomal) pH (∼5), and low pH (<4). We present five different simulations of 50 ns each for each pH regime, amounting to a total of 750 ns of simulation time. A detailed analysis and comparison with experiment validate the simulations and lead to new insights into the mechanism of pH-induced misfolding. The mobility of the globular domain increases with decreasing pH, through displacement of the first helix and instability of the hydrophobic core. At middle pH, conversion to a misfolded (PrPSc-like) conformation is observed. The observed changes in conformation and stability are consistent with experimental data and thus provide a molecular basis for the initial steps in the misfolding process.
The use of an implantable force transducer to measure patellar tendon forces in goats

Patellar tendon (PT) force was measured during activity with an implantable force transducer (IFT) in adult goats. PT force, vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and the animal's speed were recorded for standing, walking and trotting. Following data collection, animals were euthanized and the IFT calibrated in vitro. Standing PT force averaged 207 N. Maximum PT force was approximately 800 N for walking and 1000 N for trotting and occurred at mid-stance. PT force dropped from 200 N at toe-off to 0 N by mid-swing. For each activity, the PT force increased with increases in VGRF. Maximum in vivo PT stress occurred during trotting and measured 29 MPa. This study demonstrates the IFT's usefulness in measuring tendon force directly.
Solar steam generation by heat localization

Currently, steam generation using solar energy is based on heating bulk liquid to high temperatures. This approach requires either costly high optical concentrations leading to heat loss by the hot bulk liquid and heated surfaces or vacuum. New solar receiver concepts such as porous volumetric receivers or nanofluids have been proposed to decrease these losses. Here we report development of an approach and corresponding material structure for solar steam generation while maintaining low optical concentration and keeping the bulk liquid at low temperature with no vacuum. We achieve solar thermal efficiency up to 85% at only 10 kW m(-2). This high performance results from four structure characteristics: absorbing in the solar spectrum, thermally insulating, hydrophilic and interconnected pores. The structure concentrates thermal energy and fluid flow where needed for phase change and minimizes dissipated energy. This new structure provides a novel approach to harvesting solar energy for a broad range of phase-change applications.
OMEGa: an optimistic most energy gain method for minimum energy multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks where every device runs on its own battery, the energy consumption is critical to lengthen the network lifetime. The communication among devices in the network can be categorized as unicasting and multicasting (including broadcasting). For the case of unicasting, computing the energy optimal path between the two communicating nodes is polynomially solvable by computing the shortest path. But for the case of multicasting, shortest path or minimum spanning tree does not guarantee an energy optimal communication. In this paper, we present our novel approach, Optimistic Most Energy Gain (OMEGa) method, for the minimum energy multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks. OMEGa aims at maximum utilization of Wireless Multicast Advantage (WMA), which essentially means covering more nodes by using larger energy. Both theoretical and experimental analysis shows OMEGa method performs very well.
Jihadi Operational Art: The Coming Wave of Jihadi Strategic Studies

Western scholars of jihadi strategic studies traditionally concentrate either on ideological-strategic or on tactical questions. This intellectual disposition overlooks operational art—an important layer of knowledge between strategy and tactics. Despite the absence of the term from classical jihadi literature, the discourse in the Salafi jihadi strategic studies community is replete with discussions related to it. Neither “small strategy” nor “grand tactics,” operational art is a separate domain of knowledge. It serves as a framework for formulating principles of war, concrete fighting doctrines and integrates ends, methods, and means across all spheres of war-fighting. This article contributes to the Western scholarly understanding of Salafi strategic behavior by outlining a research program that will follow this overlooked development in jihadi military thought.
A comprehensive cytogenetics tutorial program, encompassing changeable G-band resolutions

Chromosome analysis is a basic science with medical implication. Karyotyping is a procedure to study an individual's chromosome make-up. It is time consuming to train students and clinical technologists to recognize patterns of G-banded chromosomes because of the dynamic nature of G-band resolutions in different metaphase spreads. High resolution G-bands are desirable because they provide detailed information for structural analysis. However, it is challenging to identify chromosomes at higher resolution levels even for many cytogenetics technologists. In response to the need for training students to identify human chromosomes at variable G-band resolutions, we present in this paper an advanced version of virtual reality (VR)-based interactive karyotyping program capable of manipulating G-band resolutions for human cytogenetics education. The program can generate different metaphase spreads ranging from short and well separate chromosomes at low G-band resolutions to long, curved, and overlapped chromosomes at high G-band resolutions. Other features include a scoring system, helping strategies, and the progress reports. The traditional ''cut and paste'' karyotyping method for chromosome separation is incorporated in the software. This method is compared with the ''simple clicking'' method which is based on an edge detection technique for outlining each chromosome. The comprehensive program is suitable for in-depth training of advanced students.
ULTRA LOW CYCLE FATIGUE OF AXISYMMETRIC FREESTANDING NANOSCALE GOLD FILMS

We present ultra low-cycle fatigue experiments of axisymmetric nano-crystalline gold films of nano-thickness deformed by a spherical indenter using a recently developed freestanding membrane test. Freestanding membranes of gold were centrally deflected using a spherical indenter attached to a MEMS load cell. Fabrication of the films for these experiments yielded films 100 nm thick and 500 µm in diameter. We observed that the plastically deformed thin films recover completely in time at room temperature. One particular film was loaded 4 consecutive times, with the fourth loading leading to its fracture after full recovery from the three prior loadings. Observation of this phenomenon directed us to term this behavior “Ultra Low cycle fatigue”.
Glucose Regulation of Insulin Gene Transcription and Pre-mRNA Processing in Human Islets

Glucose is the primary regulator of insulin granule release from pancreatic islets. In rodent islets, the role of glucose in the acute regulation of insulin gene transcription has remained unclear, primarily because the abundance and long half-life of insulin mRNA confounds analysis of transcription by traditional methods that measure steady-state mRNA levels. To investigate the nature of glucose-regulated insulin gene transcription in human islets, we first quantitated the abundance and half-lives of insulin mRNA and pre-mRNAs after addition of actinomycin D (to stop transcription). Our results indicated that intron 1-and intron 2-containing pre-mRNAs were approximately 150- and 2,000-fold less abundant, respectively, than mature mRNA. 5' intron 2-containing pre-mRNAs displayed half-lives of only approximately 60 min, whereas all other transcripts displayed more extended lifetimes. In response to elevated glucose, pre-mRNA species increased within 60 min, whereas increases in mature mRNA did not occur until 48 h, suggesting that measurement of mature mRNA species does not accurately reflect the acute transcriptional response of the insulin gene to glucose. The acute increase in pre-mRNA species was preceded by a sixfold increase in histone H4 acetylation and a twofold increase in RNA polymerase II recruitment at the insulin promoter. Taken together, our data suggest that pre-mRNA species may be a more reliable reflection of acute changes to human insulin gene transcriptional rates and that glucose acutely enhances insulin transcription by a mechanism that enhances chromatin accessibility and leads to recruitment of basal transcriptional machinery.
Pedestrian Behavior Pedestrian Behavior and Perception in Urban Walking Environments

Planning pedestrian environments requires assumptions about how pedestrians will respond to characteristics of the environment as they formulate and enact their walking itineraries. As a consequence, most research interest in public environments focuses on behavior in relation to those characteristics. For example, there is a substantial body of descriptive and typological studies of pedestrian environments. Metric, geometric, and topological models have proved useful in characterizing density and direction of movement. The need to understand the mechanism of choice has prompted microscale and laboratory-based research on exploratory spatial behavior within walking districts. Studies of behavior in relation to comfort, the way in which images of places impinge on choices, and how dynamic and serial experience of the city affects individual itineraries have all developed as specialized fields of understanding. In general, studies of pedestrian environment dynamics have both diversified and multiplied as it...
Magnetic fabric and flow direction in basaltic Pahoehoe lava of Xitle volcano, Mexico

Abstract We sampled five basaltic lava flow-units from Xitle volcano, Mexico City, to study the variation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility within their cooling boundaries. We find that the mean maximum susceptibility parallels the geologically-inferred flow direction in the units that were emplaced on a steeper slope, whereas for those on a negligible slope the mean intermediate susceptibility points in the flow direction. We propose, however, that the maximum susceptibility always points in the direction of local movement, and that a change in slope produces a deviation of the local motion from that of the unit as a whole. The axis of susceptibility closest to the geologically-inferred flow direction usually plunges upflow in the basal part of the flow unit, comprising an imbrication which clearly marks the flow azimuth of the lava. Thus, the scenario of emplacement may influence the results in a predictable way. We suggest that the degree of anisotropy could bear a direct relationship to either the viscosity of the lava, the morphology of the flows or both, based on a comparison with lavas from Azufre (Argentina) and Ko'olau (O'ahu) volcanoes. Also, we suggest that the shape of the susceptibility ellipsoid may be related to the degree of internal deformation of the lava flows. We also compare the two methods currently available to calculate regions of confidence around the mean principal susceptibilities.
A New Species of Caryospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Flathead Snake, Tantilla gracilis (Ophidia: Colubridae), In Southeastern Oklahoma

Abstract: A single flathead snake, Tantilla gracilis, collected in early October 2010 from Choctaw County, Oklahoma, was found to harbor an undescribed species of Caryospora. Oocysts of Caryospora choctawensis n. sp. were spherical to subspherical, 15.8 × 15.0 (14–18 × 14–16) µm, with a thick, bilayered wall and a shape index (length∶width) of 1.1. A micropyle and an oocyst residuum were absent, but prominent Stieda and bubble-like sub-Stieda bodies were present as well as a bilobed polar granule near the oocyst wall. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 10.8 × 9.0 (10–12 × 8–9) µm, with a shape index of 1.2. The sporocyst residuum was spherical and composed of a cluster of granules often membrane-bound. This is the second time a caryosporan species has been reported from T. gracilis but the first coccidian ever described from a reptilian host in Oklahoma. Additional T. gracilis from Arkansas (n = 6), Oklahoma (n = 1), and Texas (n = 7) were examined, and a single specimen from Newton County, Arkansas harbored ...
Cyclone: a broadcast-free dynamic instruction scheduler with selective replay

To achieve high instruction throughput, instruction schedulers must be capable of producing high-quality schedules that maximize functional unit utilization while at the same time enabling fast instruction issue logic. Many solutions exist to the scheduling problem, ranging from compile-time to run-time approaches. Compile-time solutions feature fast and simple hardware, but at the expense of conservative schedules. Dynamic schedulers produce high-quality schedules that incorporate run-time information and dependence speculation, but implementing these schedulers requires complex circuits that can slow processor clock speeds.In this paper, we present the Cyclone scheduler, a novel design that captures the benefits of both compileand run-time scheduling. Our approach utilizes a list-based single-pass instruction scheduling algorithm, implemented by hardware at run-time in the front end of the processor pipeline. Once scheduled, instructions are injected into a timed queue that orchestrates their entry into execution. To accommodate branch and load/store dependence speculation, the Cyclone scheduler supports a simple selective replay mechanism. We implement this technique by overloading instruction register forwarding to also detect instructions dependent on incorrectly scheduled operations. Detailed simulation analyses suggest that with sufficient queue width, the Cyclone scheduler can rival the instruction throughput of similarly wide monolithic dynamic schedulers. Furthermore, the circuit complexity of the Cyclone scheduler is much more favorable than a broadcast-based scheduler, as our approach requires no global control signals.
A Preliminary Full‐Wave Ambient‐Noise Tomography Model Spanning from the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Spreading Centers to the Cascadia Volcanic Arc

Online Material: Figures of V S structure and correlation with gravity lows and estimated slip patches, and resolution test. The Cascadia Initiative (CI) Amphibious Array provides us an unprecedented opportunity to investigate seismologically the formation, alteration, and subduction of the downgoing Juan de Fuca and Gorda plates, as well as the fore‐arc and volcanic arc (Fig. 1). Formed at the spreading center, the oceanic crust undergoes normal faulting near the ridge axis. As the plate cools and moves away from the spreading center, the thermal stress and forces at the plate boundaries and the base of the plate may cause faulting and deformation in the plate interior. Near the subduction trench, the plate bends, forming cracks in the upper plate (e.g., Ranero et al. , 2003). The faults and cracks provide pathways for fluid to penetrate deep into the crust and possibly mantle lithosphere (e.g., Nedimovic et al. , 2009), causing chemical reactions that alter the composition of the plate, including serpentinization of the mantle lithosphere (Melson and Thompson, 1971). As the plate subducts, fluid within the plate and in the entrained sediment is released progressively with increasing pressure and temperature, affecting the rheology and fault behavior at and near the plate interface and resulting in partial melting in the mantle wedge and volcanism along the arc (Ranero et al. , 2003). To understand subduction zones, we must have a clear and complete picture of the fore‐arc structure and the incoming plate at the trench, which in turn requires a good understanding of the interior of the plate. Figure 1. (a) Distribution of seismic stations used in this study (white dots), including the first three‐year Cascadia Initiative (CI) Amphibious Array and inland broadband stations. The depth contours of the Juan de Fuca plate, interfacing at 20 km intervals from 20 to 100 km depth, are from the model …
A retargetable framework for interactive diagram recognition

The design of new diagram recognition systems remains a challenging problem. Ideally, recognition systems should accept real-world input, perform robustly, fail gracefully, and be implemented in a timely manner. In reality, the intricacy involved in implementing recognition systems for diagram notations makes this a challenging open problem. One solution to these challenges is the design of middleware to speed the development of robust applications. Middleware takes the form of a framework or toolkit for the creation of applications. This paper describes a retargetable framework which can be used to speed the development of robust interactive sketch recognition systems. The system includes a drawing surface to capture interactively created drawings, a set of generic segmentation routines, a character recognizer, and a common interface for integrating domain-specific components. The framework has been used to construct systems for the recognition of UML, math, and molecular diagrams. Work is on-going on the design of additional generic recognizers of logical structure and spatial layout of diagrams.
Convex bodies and norms associated to convex measures

Isotropy-like properties are considered for finite measures with heavy tails. As a basic tool, we extend K. Ball’s relationship between convex bodies and finite logarithmically concave measures to a larger class of distributions, satisfying convexity conditions of the Brunn–Minkowski type.
Expression of C4‐like photosynthesis in several species of Flaveria

Etude de la photosynthese chez cinq des sept especes de Flaveria presumees de type C 4 afin de determiner si ce sont des especes de type C 4 ou de type C 4 -like
Application of high field spectroscopic imaging in the evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy

Previous spectroscopic imaging studies of temporal lobe epilepsy have used comparisons of metabolite content or ratios to lateralize the seizure focus. Although highly successful, these studies have shown significant variations within each of the groups of healthy subjects and patients. This variation may arise from the natural differences seen in metabolite concentration in gray and white matter, the complex anatomy seen about the hippocampus, and the large voxels typically employed at 1.5 T. Using a 4.1 T whole body system, we have acquired spectroscopic images with 0.5 cc nominal voxels (1 cc after filtering) to evaluate the regional variation in metabolite content of the hippocampus, temporal gray and white matter, midbrain, and cerebellar vermis. Using a threshold value of 0.90 for CR/NAA, a value 90% of all normal hippocampal voxels lay below, we have correctly identified the presence of epileptogenic tissue in patients with unilateral as well as bilateral seizures. By using comparisons to healthy values of the CR/NAA ratio, this method enables the visualization of bilateral disease and provides information on the extent of gray matter involvement.
RBF Neural Network and Its Application in IMC

The IMC controller based on RBF adaptive neural network is designed by the capacity of nonlinear approach of RBF neural network. The problem of nonlinear and uncertainty bound is solute. The weigh coefficient that is difference between expectation output of internal model and output of the object is designed. The recurrence learn algorithm is used to carry out RBF neural network cluster center by SOFM neural network, and recurrence least square is used to fix on weigh of RBF neural network The simulation results show that new method leads to improve dynamic performance and robustness.
Rearrangements of some furan and banzofuran 1.5,-dienols

Abstract Isomers of 1-(2-furyl)-methyl-3-buten-ols and their benzofuran analogs were studied for their oxy-Cope and anionic oxy-Cope reactivity.
Stability analysis of an energy managed smart distribution system

The Future Renewable Electric Energy Distribution Management (FREEDM) center focuses on a smart distribution energy management system. In this paper, a proposed energy management system is modeled and analyzed. Discrete modeling in the z-domain is used in view of the communication and computation that is envisioned. A basic pricing signal, denominated the distribution locational marginal price, is used as the basic control signal. The study includes stability analysis, typical system response, and communication bandwidth requirements.
Skin rejuvenation regimens: a profilometry and histopathologic study.

ObjectiveTo quantitatively examine the effects of skin rejuvenation regimens in treating photodamaged skin. MethodsFourteen patients with photodamaged skin were considered for analysis. Skin rejuve...
Elevated Intra-Abdominal Pressure in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Potential Contributor to Worsening Renal Function?

Objectives This study sought to determine whether changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) with aggressive diuretic or vasodilator therapy are associated with improvement in renal function in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Background Elevated IAP (≥8 mm Hg) is associated with intra-abdominal organ dysfunction. There is potential for ascites and visceral edema causing elevated IAP in patients with ADHF. Methods Forty consecutive patients admitted to a specialized heart failure intensive care unit for management of ADHF with intensive medical therapy were studied. The IAP was measured using a simple transvesical technique at time of admission and before removal of the pulmonary artery catheter. Results In our study cohort (mean age 59 ± 13 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 19 ± 9%, baseline serum creatinine 2.0 ± 0.9 mg/dl), the mean baseline IAP was 8 ± 4 mm Hg, with 24 (60%) patients having elevated IAP. Elevated IAP was associated with worse renal function (p = 0.009). Intensive medical therapy resulted in improvement in both hemodynamic measurements and IAP. A strong correlation (r = 0.77, p Conclusions Elevated IAP is prevalent in patients with ADHF and is associated with impaired renal function. In the setting of intensive medical therapy for ADHF, changes in IAP were better correlated with changes in renal function than any hemodynamic variable.
Advancing the Boundaries of Urban Environmental Education through the Food Justice Movement

As cities and urban areas increasingly become the locus for contemporary society, there is a growing necessity for environmental education to adapt to meet the challenges and needs of an urbanized world. A key part of this adaptation means acknowledging the nuanced legacy of environmental and social injustices involved in the growth and development of urban spaces. While there have been advances toward these ends, I argue mainstream environmental education is lacking critical engagement with urban areas. The growing food justice movement has salient theoretical and practical spheres that have the potential to contribute to these urban margins in environmental education. This article explores these spheres and applies them to environmental education in an effort to push the boundaries of the field towards concepts and pedagogies that occupy complex socio-ecological relationships and issues of justice in ways mainstream environmental education has struggled to access, particularly in the urban context. First, I discuss philosophical and structural reasons for why mainstream environmental education theory and practice have overlooked urban contexts and experiences. I then explore the development of the food justice movement, bringing to bear key characteristics that can contribute to environmental education. Finally, I discuss how food justice can help environmental education challenge and reposition itself to better meet the needs of an urban society.
Documenting Collective Development in Online Settings

In this paper the authors explored the question of collective understanding in online mathematics education settings and presented a brief overview of traditional methods for documenting norms and collective mathematical practices. A method for documenting collective development was proposed that builds on existing methods and frameworks yet is sensitive to the particularities of interaction in an online setting. This study used data from recent projects to further describe and highlight the steps of the proposed method for analyzing collective development in an online setting and to ground discussions of research and practice.
The Discursive Emergence of Gendered Physiological Discrimination in Sex Verification Testing

Athletic female bodies challenge ideals of femininity, a tendency exacerbated by factors relating to gender expression, race, and nationality. In this article, the authors trace the discourse of sex verification testing in elite athletics. The study finds that most of the athletes historically suspected of not being “truly” female over the course of the tests somehow differed from White, Western assumptions about femininity. By highlighting discontinuities in the testing over the years, the authors illuminate the constructed and raced nature of sex verification tests and mark the emergence of a specific type of bodily discipline. Offering the concept of “gendered physiological discrimination” to explain how the testing enables discrimination based on internal bodily processes, the authors explore why physiological markers such as hormones and chromosomes need not be considered markers of biological sex. Although physiological discrimination intersects with sexism, patriarchy, racism, and imperialism, it i...
Insecticidal Control of the Greenhouse Whitefly on Greenhouse Ornamental and Vegetable Plants

In a comparison of test materials for control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), resmethrin was the most effective spray and controlled all stages but the eggs. Resmethrin mists and aerosols gave good control of whitefly adults and young nymphs in the winter, but were less effective in the warmer months. Azinphosmethyl, Dasanit® ( O,O -diethyl O -[ p -(methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), and parathion also gave good control of nymphs in spray tests. Phytotoxicity of the resmethrin formulations appeared minimal except with poinsettia. When resmethrin mist was applied once a week (1 or 0.5 g AI/1000 ft3) it gave excellent control of whitefly during the cool winter, but effectiveness decreased as temperatures increased. By mid-June, applications of the higher dose gave only fair control. Generally, the mists controlled the adults, crawlers, and young nymphs, but were ineffective vs. eggs, older nymphs, and pupae. However, resmethrin 2 EC applied as a spray once a week for 4 weeks virtually eradicated infestations.
Speyeria callippe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Application of Information-Theoretical and Graph-Clustering Techniques to Analyses of Geographic Variation and Evaluation of Classifications

Graph-clustering and information-theoretic character analyses were used to recognize patterns of geographic variation in nine multistate, qualitative wing characters of the butterfly, Speyeria callippe (Boisduval). Although both techniques have been used previously to evaluate relationships of species, this study demonstrates that they are appropriate for analyzing relationships at the population level. Information theory determined which characters were diagnostic, which were of marginal taxonomic value, and the taxonomically significant information content of each character. Graph clustering grouped populations based on their overall similarity. Samples from 59 populations scattered throughout the geographic range of this butterfly, the Rocky Mountains to the west coast, served as OTUs. An information-theoretic optimality criterion was employed to test previous subspecies designations against clusters derived from these numerical analyses. Eight of the nine characters are shown to vary discordantly, and the 16 previously recognized subspecies can be aggregated into three subspecies, whose morphological variation correlates with geographic distribution.
Formation of Pressor Amines in the Kidney

SummaryThe decarboxylating enzymes contained in the kidney are specific for certain amino acids and vary with the species.We express our sincere appreciation to the Department of Urology of the Presbyterian Hospital, for help in providing us with the human material.
Carbonate rocks and American Civil War infantry tactics

The most studied battleground from the American Civil War, from a geological perspective, is the rolling terrain surrounding Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Here, the mixture of harder diabase and softer sedimentary rocks produced famous geomorphic features such as Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top that provided strong defensive positions for the Union Army. Another even more common type of rock—carbonates—provided similarly formidable defensive positions at numerous other battlefields in both the eastern and western theaters of conflict. Limestones and dolostones shaped the terrain of multiple important battle sites, including Antietam, Stones River, Chickamauga, Franklin, Nashville, and Monocacy, and these rock types proved consequential with respect to the tactics employed by both Union and Confederate commanders. On many battlefields, outcropping limestone proved beneficial for attacking troops; differential weathering within carbonate formations produced rolling terrain that limited the range and effectiveness of both artillery and small arms (e.g., “Sunken Road” at Antietam). Thin regoliths above limestone also prevented tillage, and the resulting forests provided concealment and cover for advancing troops (e.g., Stones River). From a defensive perspective, on a larger geographic scale, carbonates provided natural high ground from chert-enriched limestones and dolostones (e.g., Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga, Franklin, and Nashville). On a smaller scale, erosion of these same rocks produced karrens that provided natural rock-lined trenches for defending troops (e.g., “Slaughter Pen” at Stones River). Analysis of casualty figures (killed and wounded only) indicates similar losses (∼15% of troops engaged) whether soldiers were attacking across carbonate rock, non-carbonate rock, or unconsolidated sediments. Soldiers defending ground underlain by limestones and dolostones had a slightly higher casualty rate (14%) than those defending terrain above non-carbonate rocks or unconsolidated sediments (12%). This suggests, in a limited manner, that the local smaller-scale defensive advantages provided by limestone, such as karrens, were not as important as the regional-scale advantages for attacking troops, including rolling terrain or forest cover.
The Focus of P.E.on Students'Physique

To build the body is the primary goal of school physical education. Constitution being an important part of physique deserves our notice. It can be reinforced through the following ways:to correct cognition; to adopt various efficient exercises; to enhance students'initiative.
Gypsum Crystallization during Phosphoric Acid Production: Modeling and Experiments Using the Mixed-Solvent-Electrolyte Thermodynamic Model

The size distributions of calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals formed during the industrial phosphoric acid production process are critical to the acid filtration efficiency. In this work, a thermodynamically consistent definition of supersaturation is derived and modeled using the mixed-solvent-electrolyte framework in OLI software for gypsum in an acid mixture. Continuous reactive crystallization experiments are carried out to estimate the gypsum growth and nucleation kinetics at different temperatures. A population balance model is implemented using the method of characteristics and integrated with the thermodynamic model platform to accurately simulate the dynamic propagation of the solution concentration and particle size distribution. The experimentally fitted kinetic parameters are verified through a comparison with the predicted crystal size distribution (CSD) and supersaturation. The comparison shows a good agreement between the predicted and measured CSD and supersaturation at a temperature range ...