cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Prevalence and Characteristics of Behavioral Health Education in Family Medicine Clerkships: A CERA Study.

Background and objectives Many patients with behavioral health disorders do not seek or receive adequate care for their conditions. Among those that do, most will receive care in a primary care setting. To best meet this need, clinicians will need to demonstrate proficiency of behavioral health skills and evidence-based practices. We sought to explore the degree to which these skills are being taught in family medicine clerkships. Methods The Council of Academic Family Medicine's (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance (CERA) 2016 survey of clerkship directors (CDs) was sent to 141 CDs at US and Canadian medical schools with a required family medicine run course. CDs were asked about the inclusion of behavioral health topics, tools, and techniques in the clerkship, as well as rating the importance of these items. Results Eighty-six percent of CDs completed the survey. Mood disorders (81.4%) were most frequently taught, followed by anxiety disorders (77.8%), substance use disorders (74.4%), and impulse control disorders (39.1%). Screening tools and behavioral health counseling skills were less commonly taught. Conclusions Many behavioral health topics are not taught universally to all family medicine clerkship students. Gaps exist between what is included in current curriculum and what is recommended by the National Clerkship Curriculum for family medicine. These gaps may represent challenges for improving the care for patients with behavioral health disorders.
Continuous-wave operation of nonpolar GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

This is the first demonstration of continuous-wave (CW) operation of nonpolar GaN-based VCSELs. These devices had a dual-dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) design with ion implanted apertures and III-nitride tunnel junction (TJ) intracavity contacts. Unlike c-plane devices, nonpolar GaN-based VCSELs have anisotropic gain that leads to a 100% polarization ratio and polarization-locked VCSEL arrays. Previous nonpolar devices were unable to lase under CW operation, notably due to the thermally-insulating bottom dielectric DBR. Based on thermal modeling using COMSOL, the main thermal pathway was restricted to a thin p-side metal contact that goes around the bottom DBR to the submount. Heat flow was further impaired as the Au-Au thermocompression flip-chip bond created cracks and voids in the p-side metal. The thermal performance was improved in our latest VCSELs by increasing the cavity length to 23λ and utilizing Au-In solid liquid interdiffusion bonding to create a more robust pathway for heat transport. This led to stable CW VCSEL operation for over 20 minutes. The peak output powers for a 6 μm aperture VCSEL under CW and pulsed operation were 150 μW and 700 μW, respectively. Lasing wavelengths were observed at 406 nm, 412 nm, and 419 nm. The fundamental transverse mode was observed without the presence of filamentary lasing.
Structures and Functions of the Endophallic Copulatory Tube in the Family Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera)

This paper deals with the structures and functions of the endophallic copulatory tube in Staphylinidae, which has been previously called “copulatory piece,” “endophallus,” “flagellum,” etc. in descriptive studies. First, the general morphology of the copulatory tube and the pseudocopulatory tube is discussed, together with the characterizations and terminology. Second, the distribution of the copulatory tubes in Staphylinidae is described. Third, the structures of the seven basic and some other unique forms of the copulatory tubes in Staphylinidae are described in detail, paying special attention to those of Steninae. Fourth, the functions of the copulatory tubes in Staphylinidae are described or hypothesized, paying special attention to those of Steninae. Namely, the function of the copulatory tube is simply a “spermatophore (or sperm) depositor” in some cases (e.g., some Stenus), whereas it has double function: a “spermatophore (or sperm) depositor” and an “extension tube (or sperm) guiding rod in some other cases (e.g., some Aleochara).
An agenda for urban transportation

Winston Churchill once said “We shape our buildings; and then the buildings shape us”. The same, I think, can be said of transportation. We shape our transportation facilities, but then we allow the transportation facilities to mold us, our lives and our cities. In managing the UMTA program we have been mindful of this pervasive influence of transportation. And we have tried to make our grant decisions and exercise our other authority accordingly.
Rational Approximation of Analytic Functions Having Generalized Orders of Rate of Growth

Let f be holomorphic on a domain G ⊂ C¯ and ρn be the error in best approximation of f in the supremum norm on a compact set E ⊂ G by rational functions of order n. We obtain results characterizing the degree of decrease of the best approximation ρn in terms connected with the condenser (E,F), F=C¯ \ G¯, and the rate of growth of the maximum modulus of f(z). In particular, if f has a generalized order σ(α, β, f) in the domain G, then
Animal Models in Aging Research

Understanding why different organisms show diverse rates of aging may provide useful insights into basic aging processes. Biogerontologists have converged on a few model organisms that represent only a minute fraction of the animal kingdom, but nevertheless span a considerable distance in animal evolution. Shared features of these evolutionary divergent animals have highlighted some conserved regulatory processes in animal aging. However, these traditional models are all short-lived and may have unintentionally constrained research to focus on only those areas in which their use is most appropriate. Surprisingly few studies focus on slow-aging organisms, or nontraditional model organisms that may be better suited to address successful aging and issues more relevant to long-living humans. This chapter critically assesses both traditional and nontraditional animal models used in aging research, and emphasizes the importance and judicious use of the comparative method to test the ubiquity of aging theories, mechanisms, and their potential translation for human application.
Data Flow and Functional Programming

In the conventional (or imperative) programming languages the order of execution is determined by the program text and is referred to as the control flow of the program. In addition, it is possible to use the same variable name in different parts of a program and as a consequence of this the variable can be changed several times. In a sense, it is very difficult to detect any dependency that was involved between computations. This problem can be more complex if there is any transfer of flow control such as the goto statement in the computations.
Introduction of Microwave Ablation Into a Renal Ablation Practice: Valuable Lessons Learned.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early outcomes of percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for clinical stage T1 (cT1) renal masses when performed within a high-volume ablatio...
Comparison of antireflux surgery among ethnicity.

UNLABELLED African Americans appear less likely than caucasians to undergo surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When they do, they appear to have higher conversion and complication rates. Nevertheless, satisfaction with surgery is similar to caucasians. BACKGROUND There is little information comparing the prevalence and treatment of GERD in various ethnic populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the variations in outcomes between caucasians and African Americans undergoing antireflux surgery. METHODS The records of all patients who underwent antireflux surgery for GERD or paraesophageal hernia by a single surgeon from January 1997 through December 2001 were reviewed for preoperative and postoperative symptoms, complications, and postoperative satisfaction with surgery. RESULTS Of the 204 procedures performed, 198 patients were either African American (24) or caucasian (174). Of the 18 African Americans undergoing laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS), five were converted to open and four had grade-1 or -2 complications. Of the 160 caucasians undergoing LARS, 27 were converted, and 17 had grade-1, -2, or -3 complications. African-American females had a heavier weight (222 lbs. versus 175 lbs., p<0.05) and conversion rate (55% versus 18%, p<0.05), compared to caucasian females. Satisfaction rates for African Americans were 88%, compared to 82% for caucasians. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated significant differences between conversion rates in African Americans and caucasians with respects to frequency of surgery for GERD and conversion rates for LARS. Nevertheless, African Americans appear more satisfied with their surgical outcome. Further research is needed to determine whether African Americans truly have a lower incidence of GERD or if bias exists in referral patterns or cultural attitudes.
Early Deprivation and Children’s Emotional Development: A Developmental Perspective

Early adverse rearing environments, in which children experience varying degrees of neglect, deprive the developing brain from experience-expectant caregiving mechanisms that facilitate the development of neural and physiological systems underlying emotional functioning. Caregiver neglect also denies children important social interactions needed to acquire behavioral skills that support emotional competence. Although further work in this area is still needed, our knowledge regarding the association between early deprivation and children’s emotional development has grown considerably in the last decade. In this chapter, we first discuss animal models that support developmental theories underscoring the importance of the caregiver–infant relationship for emotional development. We then acknowledge how varying degrees of neglect may be differentially associated with subsequent emotional outcomes. Finally, we review empirical work in this area from a developmental perspective by addressing how early neglect may impact the development of biological and behavioral mechanisms that underlie emotional functioning across multiple developmental periods.
Urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol elimination in adolescent and young adult cannabis users during one month of sustained and biochemically-verified abstinence.

Background:Despite adolescents and young adults being the most frequent users of cannabis, all information on cannabis drug testing interpretation is based on data from adults.Aims:This study aimed...
Evoked frontal and parietal field potential signatures of target detection and response inhibition in rats performing an equiprobable auditory go/no-go task

To characterize the rat as a potential model of frontal-parietal auditory processing during sustained attention, target detection, and response inhibition, we recorded field potentials (FPs) at multiple sites in medial-dorsal frontal and posterior parietal cortex simultaneously while rats performed an equiprobable auditory go/no-go discrimination task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated by averaging tone-triggered FPs across hit, miss, false alarm (FA), and correct rejection (CR) trials separately for each recording session, and five peak amplitudes (termed N1, P2, N2, P3E, and P3L) were extracted from the individual-session ERPs. Comparing peak amplitudes across different trials types indicated a statistically significant amplification of the P2 peak on hit trials that accompanies detection of the target tone prior to the behavioral go response. This result appears analogous to human ERP phenomena during auditory target discrimination. Conversely, the rat P3 responses were not associated with target detection as in the human ERP literature. Likewise, we did not observe the "no-go N2" or "no-go P3" responses reported in the human literature in association with response inhibition, which might reflect differences in task context or a difference in auditory processing between rats and humans. We also present analyses of stimulus-induced spectral power and interarea coherence to characterize oscillatory synchronization which may contribute to ERPs, and discuss possible error-related processing at the N2, P3E, and P3L peaks.
The Value of Big Data in a Pandemic

Although big data technologies such as digital contact tracing and health certification apps have been widely used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, little empirical evidence regarding their effectiveness is available. This paper studies the economic and public health effects of the ``Health Code'' app in China. By exploiting the staggered implementation of this technology across 322 Chinese cities, I find that this big data technology significantly reduced virus transmission and facilitated economic recovery during the pandemic. A macroeconomic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model calibrated to the micro-level estimates shows that the technology reduced the economic loss by 0.5% of GDP and saved more than 200,000 lives by alleviating informational frictions during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Use of High Flow Nasal Therapy to Treat Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in COVID-19

Abstract Invasive mechanical has been associated with high mortality in COVID-19. Alternative therapy of High flow nasal therapy (HFNT) has been greatly debated around the world for use in COVID-19 pandemic due to concern for increased healthcare worker transmission. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted to Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from March 10, 2020, to April 24, 2020 with moderate to severe respiratory failure treated with High Flow nasal therapy (HFNT). Primary outcome was prevention of intubation. Results Of the 445 patients with COVID-19, 104 met our inclusion criteria. The average age was 60.66 (±13.50) years, 49 (47.12 %) were female, 53 (50.96%) were African American, 23 (22.12%) Hispanic. Forty-three patients (43.43%) were smokers. SF and chest Xray scores had a statistically significant improvement from day 1 to day 7. 67 of 104 (64.42%) were able to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in our cohort. Incidence of hospital/ventilator associated pneumonia was 2.9%. Overall, mortality was 14.44% (n=15) in our cohort with 13 (34.4%) in the progressed to intubation group and 2 (2.9%) in the non-intubation group. Mortality and incidence of VAP/HAP was statistically higher in the progressed to intubation group. Conclusion HFNT use is associated with a reduction in the rate of Invasive mechanical ventilation and overall mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection. Key Points Key Question What is the utility of High Flow Nasal Therapy (HFNT) in COVID-19 related Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure? Bottom Line In this retrospective analysis of moderate to severe hypoxic respiratory failure for COVID 19 patients, 67 patients (65.4%) were able to avoid intubation despite severely low SF ratio (Mean 121.9). Why Read on HFNT has a significant role in COVID-19 for reducing rate of intubations and associated mortality
Crime trend perceptions, negative emotions, and public punitiveness: a survey experiment of information treatment

Public punitiveness is closely related to the expansion of the US penal system. Prior studies have examined inaccurate crime trend perceptions and negative emotions as key predictors of punitive attitudes. However, the interconnections between crime trend perceptions, negative emotions, and punitive attitudes have not been explored. It is yet unknown if exposure to accurate crime trend information reduces negative emotions and public punitiveness. I analyzed data from a survey-based experiment with a nationwide sample (N = 441) using conditional process analysis. Perceptions of rising crime trends were related to punitiveness both directly and indirectly through anger about crime. Exposure to accurate crime information did not alleviate anger about or fear of crime, but, surprisingly, increased support for punitive criminal justice policies. The study highlights the importance of understanding the expressive and emotional elements of punishment and the possible positive effect of providing people with accurate crime information on punitiveness.
Abstract 214: TLR3 Mediates Neonatal Heart Repair and Regeneration Through Glycolysis-dependent YAP/TAZ Mediated miR-152 Expression

The neonatal heart possesses the capability of regenerating and repairing damaged myocardium which is lost when cardiac metabolism switches from predominate glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation ...
Information, Oversight, and Compliance: A Field Experiment on Horizontal Accountability in Brazil

Does the provision of information about local bureaucracies to the politicians who oversee them decrease irregularities and improve bureaucratic effectiveness? Information interventions are appealing because of their solid microeconomic foundations and their relatively low costs. However, recent experimental studies of information campaigns aimed at fostering vertical accountability (between voters and politicians) have found mixed results. Providing information to politicians directly could be more powerful, given politicians’ direct responsibility for allocating and managing resources. Information may be particularly effective when provided by auditing institutions, given politicians’ susceptibility to sanctions by these horizontal accountability actors. I partnered with the audit court of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte to experimentally study the effects of informing local politicians (both in government and in the opposition) about irregularities and performance in the bureaucracies they oversee. Outcomes are measured using administrative payroll data, a face-to-face survey of bureaucrats, and an online survey of politicians. Preliminary results suggest the treatment reduced the share of workers hired under temporary contracts, increased knowledge about rules among politicians, and changed politicians’ sense of accountability pressure from the state audit court.
Amelogenesis: Transformation of a protein-mineral matrix into tooth enamel.

Abstract During enamel formation, the organic enamel protein matrix interacts with calcium phosphate minerals to form elongated, parallel, and bundled enamel apatite crystals of extraordinary hardness and biomechanical resilience. The enamel protein matrix consists of unique enamel proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin, which are secreted by highly specialized cells called ameloblasts. The ameloblasts also facilitate calcium and phosphate ion transport toward the enamel layer. Within ameloblasts, enamel proteins are transported as a polygonal matrix with 5 nm subunits in secretory vesicles. Upon expulsion from the ameloblasts, the enamel protein matrix is re-organized into 20 nm subunit compartments. Enamel matrix subunit compartment assembly and expansion coincide with C-terminal cleavage by the MMP20 enamel protease and N-terminal amelogenin self-assembly. Upon enamel crystal precipitation, the enamel protein phase is reconfigured to surround the elongating enamel crystals and facilitate their elongation in C-axis direction. At this stage of development, and upon further amelogenin cleavage, central and polyproline-rich fragments of the amelogenin molecule associate with the growing mineral crystals through a process termed “shedding”, while hexagonal apatite crystals fuse in longitudinal direction. Enamel protein sheath-coated enamel “dahlite” crystals continue to elongate until a dense bundle of parallel apatite crystals is formed, while the enamel matrix is continuously degraded by proteolytic enzymes. Together, these insights portrait enamel mineral nucleation and growth as a complex and dynamic set of interactions between enamel proteins and mineral ions that facilitate regularly seeded apatite growth and parallel enamel crystal elongation.
Cysteine sulfur chemistry in transcriptional regulators at the host-bacterial pathogen interface.

Hosts employ myriad weapons to combat invading microorganisms as an integral feature of the host–bacterial pathogen interface. This interface is dominated by highly reactive small molecules that collectively induce oxidative stress. Successful pathogens employ transcriptional regulatory proteins that sense these small molecules directly or indirectly via a change in the ratio of reduced to oxidized low-molecular weight (LMW) thiols that collectively comprise the redox buffer in the cytoplasm. These transcriptional regulators employ either a prosthetic group or reactive cysteine residue(s) to effect changes in the transcription of genes that encode detoxification and repair systems that is driven by regulator conformational switching between high-affinity and low-affinity DNA-binding states. Cysteine harbors a highly polarizable sulfur atom that readily undergoes changes in oxidation state in response to oxidative stress to produce a range of regulatory post-translational modifications (PTMs), including su...
Integrating across the Psychology Curriculum: A Content Review Approach:

Teaching integration at the undergraduate level requires thoughtful coordination among psychology faculty. This article describes a content review process by which complimentary strengths and perspectives can be discovered and used to design a coordinated integration curriculum. The George Fox College undergraduate psychology department's integration content review is offered as an example. A content review requires a framework for both exploration of integration activity and desired outcomes. We propose four levels of integration activity in the classroom: (a) modeling of personal faith, (b) integrative discussions, (c) integration readings, and (d) course level integration. These levels are progressive, complimentary, and dependent, to some extent, on the course content. In addition, careful articulation of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes the department wishes a student to have at graduation is important for the design of an integration curriculum and for assessing outcomes. The content review is a...
Abortifacient and teratogenic effects of triacetyl-6-azauridine in the monkey.

Abstract Triacetyl-6-azauridine, developed as an antineoplastic agent, has been shown to be highly embryotoxic in rodents. To test the abortifacient effect in an infrahuman primate where the entire pregnancy could be followed, the drug was given to macaque monkeys as soon as pregnancy was diagnosed (day 21 to 28 after insemination). In 14 pregnancies the treatment at different dosages induced 13 delayed abortions between the thirty-sixth and one hundred and thirty-first day. No correlation could be made between dosage, weight of animal, and time of abortion. One pregnancy carried to term when fetal dystocia required a hysterotomy, and a teratogenic male infant was delivered. A new approach was necessary to avoid teratogenesis and the delayed abortions. The drug was then given after insemination at the end of 50 menstrual cycles on days 27 to 30. This was thought to make possible the evaluation of its capacity to prevent pregnancy. Three pregnancies were identified and ended early in abortions on days 23, 24, and 30. Since one out of 5 matings in this colony usually results in pregnancy it is possible that other implantations were interrupted without overt evidence.
Risk factors for chronic graft-versus-host disease after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an important complication of bone marrow transplantation. We analyzed risk factors for chronic GVHD in 2,534 recipients of HLA-identical sibling transplants surviving at least 90 days after transplantation. The actuarial probability of developing chronic GVHD within three years posttransplant was 46% +/- 3% (95% confidence interval). The most important risk factor for chronic GVHD was acute GVHD. The 3-year probabilities of chronic GVHD were 28% +/- 3%, 49% +/- 5%, 59% +/- 6%, 80% +/- 9%, and 85% +/- 15% for persons with grades 0, I, II, III, and IV acute GVHD, respectively (P less than .0001). Among patients with no or grade I acute GVHD, recipient age greater than 20 years, use of non-T-cell depleted bone marrow, and alloimmune female donors for male recipients predicted a higher risk of chronic GVHD. When all three adverse risk factors were present, the probability of chronic GVHD was 62% among persons with no prior acute GVHD and 85% among those with grade I acute GVHD. Among patients with grade II through IV acute GVHD, no other risk factor predicted chronic GVHD. These data identify individuals who might benefit from treatment strategies aimed at changing the incidence of chronic GVHD.
Tn4399, a conjugal mobilizing transposon of Bacteroides fragilis.

Abstract Conjugal transposons play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants in the streptococci and have been postulated to exist in Bacteroides fragilis. To investigate the presence of conjugal transposons in B. fragilis, we employed a Tra- derivative of the transfer factor pBFTM10 contained in the chimeric plasmid pGAT400 delta BglII. We attempted to restore transferability to this plasmid from a series of transconjugants generated by crossing B. fragilis TMP230 containing the TET transfer factor with B. fragilis TM4000, a standard recipient. Transconjugant TM4.2321 transferred pGAT400 delta BglII to Escherichia coli HB101 at almost the same frequency as did the Tra+ parental plasmid, pGAT400. Analysis of the transferred plasmids revealed the presence of 9.6 kilobases of additional DNA in every case but at different positions in independent isolates. The presence of this DNA, designated Tn4399, allowed the pGAT400 delta BglII derivatives to retransfer from the TM4000 background to B. fragilis or E. coli recipients. DNA hybridization studies demonstrated the presence of one copy of Tn4399 in TMP230 and three copies at new sites in TM4.2321. Tn4399 is a new B. fragilis transposon with unique transfer properties that may play a role in the dissemination of drug resistance genes. It differs from previously described conjugal transposons by its ability to mobilize nonconjugal plasmids in cis.
The stylar 120 kDa glycoprotein is required for S-specific pollen rejection in Nicotiana.

Summary S-RNase participates in at least three mechanisms of pollen rejection. It functions in S-specific pollen rejection (self-incompatibility) and in at least two distinct interspecific mechanisms of pollen rejection in Nicotiana. S-specific pollen rejection and rejection of pollen from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia also require additional stylar proteins. Transmitting-tract-specific (TTS) protein, 120 kDa glycoprotein (120K) and pistil extensin-like protein III (PELP III) are stylar glycoproteins that bind S-RNase in vitro and are also known to interact with pollen. Here we tested whether these glycoproteins have a direct role in pollen rejection. 120K shows the most polymorphism in size between Nicotiana species. Larger 120K-like proteins are often correlated with S-specific pollen rejection. Sequencing results suggest that the polymorphism primarily reflects differences in glycosylation, although indels also occur in the predicted polypeptides. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we suppressed expression of 120K to determine if it is required for S-specific pollen rejection. Transgenic SC N. plumbaginifolia × SI Nicotiana alata (S105S105 or SC10SC10) hybrids with no detectable 120K were unable to perform S-specific pollen rejection. Thus, 120K has a direct role in S-specific pollen rejection. However, suppression of 120K had no effect on rejection of N. plumbaginifolia pollen. In contrast, suppression of HT-B, a factor previously implicated in S-specific pollen rejection, disrupts rejection of N. plumbaginifolia pollen. Thus, S-specific pollen rejection and rejection of N. plumbaginifolia pollen are mechanistically distinct, because they require different non-S-RNase factors.
Modeling framework for sediment deposition, storage, and evacuation in the floodplain of a meandering river: Theory

[1] A theory for the movement of suspendible sediment through the floodplain of a simple actively migrating river is developed. The floodplain is represented as a series of sediment storage reservoirs, each incorporating multiple bends of a river. Independent models for floodplain sediment deposition and for subsequent removal of sediment by lateral channel migration allow the volume of sediment stored in the floodplain (and the associated average floodplain elevation) to change over time and down the valley. At a given quasi-steady discharge, deposition depends on a simple one-dimensional partition between channel and floodplain discharge and on suspended sediment concentration (one size class) which varies along the reach depending on lateral supply and floodplain history. Sediment supply is specified at the upstream end of the reach using a suspended sediment rating curve. Long-term average overbank deposition rates are approximated by weighting multiple steady state solutions using a flow duration curve. The channel bed elevation of the system is assumed to be fixed, and tributaries are handled using simple lateral source terms. The interaction between the submodels is such that under constant boundary conditions, the channel evolves toward a state of geomorphic equilibrium where the volume of sediment added to the floodplain by overbank deposition just balances the volume removed by channel migration. The model is easily adapted to track conservative suspended sediment tracer material concentration as such material moves through the channel/floodplain system.
Characterization of surface micromachined hollow metallic microneedles

In this paper, metallic microneedles have been characterized for their mechanical and fluid flow properties. The characteristics of various microneedle design features including micromechanical barbs, varying shaft lengths and varying tip taper angles / geometries were studied. The penetration force was found to range from 7.84 gF for a microneedle of shaft length 500 /spl mu/m, to 9.35 gF for a length of 1500 /spl mu/m, both with a tip taper angle of 30/spl deg/. The microneedles with a 15/spl deg/ and 20/spl deg/ linear tip taper penetrated 5% and 25% of the time, respectively. The buckling force was found to be 98.38 gF for a 500 /spl mu/m long microneedle shaft, 72 gF for a needle of shaft length 1000 /spl mu/m, and 51.5 gF for a 1500 /spl mu/m long shaft. The microneedle fluid flow characteristics were also studied. For water, an average pressure of 30.0 KPa was required for a flow rate of 1000 /spl mu/L/hr and 106.0 KPa for a flow rate of 4000 /spl mu/L/hr.
Clinical management of septic abortion complicated by hypotension.

Abstract Fifty cases of septic abortion complicated by hypotension are reported with a mortality of 22 per cent. Patients were treated by a variety of methods of medical management, and 44 were subjected to surgery. The frequency of hysterectomy was 38 per cent and the indications for this operation are discussed. A plea is made for early recognition of septic hypotension and vigorous, early surgical approach in treatment.
Backprojection SAR interferometry

Synthetic aperture radar SAR interferometry uses the phase difference between two SAR antennas to obtain an elevation estimate of the imaged terrain. Using an initial digital elevation model DEM, the time-domain backprojection algorithm implicitly removes the terrain height phase from images during image formation. The use of a DEM during image formation adds additional information to the process of interferometry, resulting in different sensitivities to conventional interferometry. This article presents a novel method of SAR interferometry using backprojected imagery. It is shown that the sensitivity and performance of backprojection interferometry is significantly different to that of conventional methods. Specifically, it is shown that backprojection interferometry is much less sensitive to errors in measurement of the interferometric baseline length and angle. This comes at the expense of higher sensitivity to phase errors. We conclude that backprojection interferometry is best suited for airborne operation.
Reconstitution of concerted DNA integration with purified components.

Publisher Summary The totally reconstituted systems are now available that mimic concerted retroviral DNA integration in vivo . As a result, it should see significant advances in the knowledge of the mechanism of integration and the role that viral IN and cell proteins play in the reaction. Moreover, these systems provide the means to test the effectiveness of inhibitors directed at HIV-1 IN, which could add a new dimension to multidrug strategies now being used to treat AIDS. In order to understand more fully the mechanism of integration and the role of viral and cell proteins-in the process, it is important to develop and characterize in vitro reconstituted model systems that mimic as closely as possible integration in vivo . Such systems will also be invaluable as screening tools to search for new inhibitors directed at the human immunodeficiency virus type integrase and the development of unique multidrug strategies for controlling acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Enhancement of antitumor effects by the combination chemoradiotherapy with S-1, oxaliplatin on a 5-FU resistant human colon cancer xenografts

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4407 Purpose: S-1 is a novel 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) derivative chemotherapeutic agent composed of tegafur (a prodrug of 5-FU), 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine that inhibits degradation of 5-FU, and oxonate that regulates the phosphorylation of 5-FU in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce the adverse effects. oxaliplatin (trans-l-diaminocyclohexane- oxalatoplatimum; L-OHP), a third-generation platinum compound, has shown promising antitumor activity in the many types of cancer. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether Combined S-1 and oxaliplatin and radiation are effective in the treatment of 5-FU resistant tumors. Materials and Methods: The study was performed using a human colon cancer cell line, designated DLD-1/FU, which is resistant to 5-FU. The cells were implanted into the leg of nude mice. When tumor volume reached 80–100 mm3, treatments were begun: treated with a vehicle (control), treated with a single dose of 5 Gy local tumor irradiation, 8 mg/kg of S-1 or 5 mg/kg oxaliplatin, and combination treatments. Tumor growth was measured every 2 to 3 days, and the effects of the treatments were expressed by tumor growth delay. Results: The results showed that the combined treatment with S-1 and oxaliplatin plus tumor irradiation 5Gy was effective in delaying tumor growth compared to the drug only, or drug plus irradiation. A weight decrease of the mouse was seen in the oxaliplatin and S-1 therapy groups (include combination therapy) . It seems that this weight decrease is closely related to the toxicity of S-1 and the toxicity of oxaliplatin. Western analysis showed that PCNA was decreased when combined with S-1, Pxaliplatin and radiaiton. Conclusion: In this experiment we found that S-1 and oxaliplatin chemoradiotherapy was very effective to human colorectal cancer which S-1, oxaliplatin and radiation doesn‘t work. This finding suggests that the colorectal cancer patient, whose treatment (S-1 chemothe rapy, radiation therapy) was not effective, can be treated by the S-1, oxaliplatin chemo raditoherapy.But there are some toxicity using S-1, oxaliplatin so we should investigate the mechanisms of this toxicity and find how to reduce these. Current experiments explore cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between S-1, oxaliplatin and Radiation.
No Presentism in Quantum Gravity

This essay offers a reaction to the recent resurgence of presentism in the philosophy of time. What is of particular interest in this renaissance is that a number of recent arguments supporting presentism are crafted in an untypically naturalistic vein, breathing new life into a metaphysics of time with a bad track record of co-habitation with modern physics. Against this trend, the present essay argues that the pressure on presentism exerted by special relativity and its core lesson of Lorentz symmetry cannot easily be shirked. A categorization of presentist responses to this pressure is offered. As a case in point, I analyze a recent argument by Monton (Presentism and quantum gravity, 263–280, 2006) presenting a case for the compatibility of presentism with quantum gravity. Monton claims that this compatibility arises because there are quantum theories of gravity that use fixed foliations of spacetime and that such fixed foliations provide a natural home for a metaphysically robust notion of the present. A careful analysis leaves Monton’s argument wanting. In sum, the prospects of presentism to be alleviated from the stress applied by fundamental physics are faint.
Species-specific changes in regulatory elements of mouse haptoglobin genes

Although expression of the haptoglobin (HP) as an acute phase reactant is evolutionarily conserved among mammals, there are differences among species with regard to the hormones required for stimulation. Using primary hepatocyte cultures, we show that in Mus caroli, as in rat, IL-1 and IL-6 are stimulatory, whereas in M. domesticus, as in humans, IL-1 response is diminished. In vivo, an acute inflammatory process increases hepatic HP expression in both mouse species up to 30-fold but minimally affects the low level HP expression in the lung. To define the species-specific differences in regulation, we isolated the hormone-responsive elements of the HP gene from the Mus species, M. domesticus, M. caroli, and M. saxicola. Functional studies in transfected hepatoma cells revealed an exceptionally strong dexamethasone response for all three murine HP gene elements. The IL-6 response was less prominent than in rat or human. A modest response to IL-1 was observed in M. caroli and M. saxicola. A mouse-specific insertion of a polypurine sequence led to a binding site for the PEA3 transcription factor in the HP gene promoter of M. domesticus and M. saxicola, but not M. caroli. The specific regulatory effects of glucocorticoid receptor, C/EBP beta, and Ets proteins were documented by co-transfection.
Hierarchical Expectation and Musical Style

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the hierarchical expectation and musical style of extraopus style. Musicians tend to think of style in terms of chronological period, provenance, nationality, genre, composer, and work. All music listening depends on remembering both intraopus and extraopus style. Knowledge of style enables listeners to recognize similarity between percept and memory and thus to map learned, top-down expectations. In the structural sense, style enters into the top-down processing of incoming signals as a level complex. With reference to melodic expectation, the memory of a specific implication connects to a learned style-structural realization situated within a specific durational, metric, and harmonic context. In addition, listeners invoke style structures that are implicatively relevant to the perceptual and cognitive analysis of input. As regards the listener's attention to learned expectations, repetition of intraopus stylistic structures normally takes priority over extraopus stylistic replication. As regards the listener's attention to learned expectations, repetition of intraopus stylistic structures normally takes priority over extraopus stylistic replication. Thus, the chapter concentrates on the structural and hierarchical aspects of extraopus style.
Sexual Sterilization of the Daggerblade Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes pugio (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) by the Bopyrid Isopod Probopyrus pandalicola (Isopoda: Bopyridae)

Abstract: Probopyrus pandalicola is a bopyrid isopod that infects several palaemonid shrimp species, including the daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. The parasite can have several negative effects on its host, including loss of hemolymph, reduced reproductive potential, and decreased molting frequency and growth. To date, there are conflicting reports on whether Probopyrus pandalicola affects the reproductive capability of both male and female daggerblade grass shrimp. The purpose of this study was to determine whether infection by Probopyrus pandalicola resulted in the sexual sterilization of Palaemonetes pugio, and if the reproductive capability of male and/or female shrimp was restored after the bopyrid was removed. We found that parasitized and deparasitized males were able to fertilize the eggs of unparasitized females successfully, as 18.9 ± 7.1% and 42.7 ± 5.2% of the females paired with them became ovigerous in 4 wk, respectively. Neither parasitized nor deparasitized females became ovi...
Is herpes simplex virus associated with peptic ulcer disease

To test the hypothesis that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may be associated with peptic ulcer disease, we examined ulcerative lesions of the distal stomach and proximal duodenum for the presence of nucleic acids and antibodies specific for HSV-1. Utilizing in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction with sequencing, gastric or duodenal tissues from 4 of 22 patients (18%) with documented peptic ulcer disease demonstrated the presence of both specific HSV-1 nucleic acid sequences and proteins. HSV-1 was found restricted in clusters of cells near the margin of the ulcer but was absent at sites distal to the lesion. Several of such HSV-1-infected cells also contained cholecystokinin. These cholecystokinin-containing cells are of neuroendocrine origin and receive contact from the vagal nerve. Campylobacter pylori bacteria were not found in three of the four peptic ulcer tissues that harbored HSV-1. Further, none of the stomach or duodenal tissue samples from 33 patients undergoing clinical evaluation, but having no evidence of peptic ulcer disease, had HSV-1 materials. Thus, our data suggest that a subset of peptic ulcer disease may be associated with HSV-1 and raise the possibility that some peptic ulcers may be caused by this virus.
Institutional Process, Agenda Setting, and the Development of Election Law on the Supreme Court

The burgeoning commentary on the two important election law cases, Randall v. Sorrell and LULAC v. Perry, decided by the Roberts Court at the end of the 2005 Term, has paid relatively little attention to the procedural posture of the cases and the institutional processes by which they were reviewed by the Court. This article explores such elements by focusing on the role of the unique procedural aspects of some election law cases, such as the use of three-judge district courts with direct appeals to the Supreme Court. These factors shed light on the Court's decision to decide the cases in the first instance, as well as on the eventual content of the decisions. The article considers several examples of these institutional processes, including the impact of the direct review provisions established by Congress in some election law cases, the use of three-judge district courts, and the effect of these institutional factors on agenda setting in the Supreme Court and the impact on decision making in the lower courts. The article concludes by situating these institutional processes in the ongoing debate over the propriety and level of the legalization of the law of democracy.
Effects of selenomethionine on acute toxicities from concurrent chemoradiation for inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer.

Effects of selenomethionine on acute toxicities from concurrent chemoradiation for inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer
Code optimization across procedures

Procedure calls can be a major obstacle to the analysis of computer programs, preventing significant improvements in program speed. A broad range of techniques, each of which is in some sense interprocedural by nature, is considered to overcome this obstacle. Some techniques rely on interprocedural dataflow in their analysis. Others require interprocedural information in the form of detailed profile data or information concerning the scope of a given procedure in relation to other procedures. These include procedure integration, interprocedural register allocation, pointer and alias tracking, and dependency analysis. >
The potential of potential fields for detecting buried impact structures Earth and Mars

Since the 1795 publication of James Hutton's Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations , uniformitarianism, sometimes simply stated as “the present is the key to the past” has been a fundamental tenet of geology. Uniformitarianism's slow geologic processes, combined with the enormous age of the Earth, have been a cornerstone of geologic thinking for the past 200 years. On the other hand, catastrophists, such as the influential French naturalist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), sought to explain all geologic features in a few thousand years, based partly on a literal interpretation of certain Biblical events. For example, catastrophists claimed that the enormously thick layers of sediments which Hutton said required millions of years to accumulate were laid down in the great Noachian deluge—i.e., Noah's flood. Since then, geologists have modified the original concept of uniformitarianism by recognizing that geologic processes take place at different rates and, generally, the greater the rate, the rarer the event—for example, the concept of the “hundred-year flood” or the Gutenberg-Richter relationship (the log of the number of earthquakes greater than a certain magnitude decreases linearly with magnitude). However, geologists have long been reluctant to call on extraterrestrial processes to explain terrestrial features; it smacked of the much-maligned deus ex machina. The pioneering work of Eugene Shoemaker (1928-1997), more than any other single person, changed this thinking. Shoemaker studied Arizona's Meteor (or Barringer) Crater, and proved that it was an impact crater, not a volcanic caldera as previously assumed (Figure 1). Until the 1960s, even the craters on the Moon were thought to be due to volcanism and not impact! Figure 1. Meteor, or Barringer, Crater is about 1.2 km in diameter and estimated to be about 50 000 years old. (Photo courtesy of Alan Herring.) Since then, geoscientists have been looking for, and have found, other terrestrial …
Synthesis and polymerization of optically active L-[α-(N-p-acryloxybenzoyl)alanine ethyl esters]

New optically active monomers L-[α-(N-p-acryloxybenzoyl)alanine ethyl esters] (I) and their polymers were synthesized. The title monomers (I) were prepared by the reaction of 1-p-acryloxybenzoyloxy-4-chlorobenzotriazoles (II) with L-alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride, by aminolysis of the active monoester. The new typical active ester (II) was synthesized by the N-hydroxy compound active-ester methods in excellent yield. Before the synthesis of the optically active monomers was carried out, a model study of the aminolysis of the two active esters was performed.
The specific resistance of blood at body temperature

The specific resistance of human, canine, bovine, and equine blood with a haematocrit range extending from 0 to 70% and at 37°C was measured at 25 kHz. The data obtained were subjected to various curve-fitting procedures; in all cases, the resistivity was found to increase with increasing haematocrit.
Organic chelators: Factors affecting primary production in the cromwell current upwelling☆

Abstract Water upwelling out of the subsurface Cromwell Current at the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean was found to be high in inorganic nutrients, relatively low in dissolved organic carbon, and supported less phytoplankton growth than water to the north or south. One degree north and south of the equator the dissolved organic carbon concentrations were higher and phytoplankton growth was increased. Enrichment experiments showed that only the addition of a strong chelator or an undefined Zooplankton extract could improve phytoplankton growth in the nutrient-rich, newly upwelled water. We suggest that natural organic chelators, released by organisms as the water ages at the surface, may be partly responsible for the increased phytoplankton growth north and south of the equator.