cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses, West Greenland

Lu-Hf total-rock data for the Amitsoq gneisses of West Greenland yield an age of 3.55 + or - 0.22 billion years, based on the decay constant for Lu-176 of 1.96 x 10 to the -11th/year, and an initial Hf-176/Hf-177 ratio of 0.280482 + or - 33. The result is in good agreement with Rb-Sr total-rock and U-Pb zircon ages. In spite of severe metamorphism of the area at 2.9 billion years, zircons from two of the samples have remained on the total-rock line, and define points close to the initial Hf ratio. The initial Hf-176/Hf-177 lies close to a chondritic Hf isotopic evolution curve from 4.55 billion years to present. This is consistent with the igneous precursors to the Amitsoq gneisses having been derived from the mantle at or shortly before 3.6 billion years. Anomalous relationships between Hf concentration and the Lu-176/Hf-177 ratio may suggest that trace element abundances in the Amitsoq gneisses are partly controlled by processes related to metamorphism.
A Markov logic framework for recognizing complex events from multimodal data

We present a general framework for complex event recognition that is well-suited for integrating information that varies widely in detail and granularity. Consider the scenario of an agent in an instrumented space performing a complex task while describing what he is doing in a natural manner. The system takes in a variety of information, including objects and gestures recognized by RGB-D and descriptions of events extracted from recognized and parsed speech. The system outputs a complete reconstruction of the agent's plan, explaining actions in terms of more complex activities and filling in unobserved but necessary events. We show how to use Markov Logic (a probabilistic extension of first-order logic) to create a model in which observations can be partial, noisy, and refer to future or temporally ambiguous events; complex events are composed from simpler events in a manner that exposes their structure for inference and learning; and uncertainty is handled in a sound probabilistic manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for tracking kitchen activities in the presence of noisy and incomplete observations.
Salt appetite: a neurohormonal viewpoint

Sodium is a key component of virtually every mammalian physiological function. As such, many animals have evolved specialized mechanisms for detecting and ameliorating deficits in body sodium, including the development of a robust salt appetite, where normally aversive concentrations of salt are readily consumed during periods of sodium deprivation. Here, we review research spanning more than half a century focusing on the condition and detection of sodium deprivation, the important and unique function of taste in sodium homeostasis, as well as the neurohormonal interactions leading to behaviors aimed at the reversal of sodium deficits. Based on the present literature, we propose a model for the interaction of forebrain and brainstem systems for the mediating circuitry giving rise to salt appetite and discuss the remarkable parallel between what is known about the neurohormonal interactions that regulate salt appetite and those involved in energy homeostasis.
DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA: GENETIC HOMOGENEITY FOR A GENE ON CHROMOSOME 19q13 RESTRICTED TO 1.8 Mb 28

DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA: GENETIC HOMOGENEITY FOR A GENE ON CHROMOSOME 19q13 RESTRICTED TO 1.8 Mb 28
Lactose malabsorption by premature infants: Magnitude and clinical significance

Sequential studies of breath hydrogen excretion in response to lactose feeding were carried out in 22 premature infants during the first seven weeks of life. Seventy-five percent of infants excreted H 2 in breath during the first two weeks, 100% by the end of the third week. The peak H 2 concentration and the five-hour mean breath H 2 excretions were significantly related to lactose intake per day, lactose intake per feeding and postnatal age, though only lactose intake per day remained significant when all three variables were included in multiple regression analysis. Preprandial breath H 2 concentration was inversely related to the frequency of feeding. Using the five-hour mean H 2 excretion, it was estimated that 66% or more of ingested lactose entered the colon and was fermented. Throughout the studies stool patterns and rates of weight gain of the infants were normal. Premature infants normally malabsorb substantial amounts of lactose. The elevation of breath H 2 in these infants apparently represents a successful adaptation of the colonic microflora to this physiologic malabsorption and should not be cause to modify the diet of an infant who is clinically well.
Coupling one electron photoprocesses to multielectron catalysts: Towards a photoelectrocatalytic system

We investigate a new approach to artificial photosynthetic systems that couples a one-electron organic photovoltaic material to a two-electron catalyst. This approach allows direct photo-production of fuels without requiring sacrificial reagents. The synthesis and characterization of the first such photoelectrocatalytic (PECat) system is described. A series of perylene diimides with appended polypyridyl ligands are synthesized. One compound is complexed to a ruthenium terpyridine catalyst. Illumination in dimethyl formamide solution results in the formation of the perylene diimide anion and irreversible oxidation of the solvent (or residual impurities). In the solid state, the PECat material is electroactive at both semiconductor and catalyst sites throughout the film. The films electrocatalyze the two-electron oxidation of isopropanol to acetone in the dark. A small PECat effect is observed in the solid films.
Curves in Grothendieck Categories

Noncommutative projective geometry studies noncommutative graded rings by replacing the variety by a suitable Grothendieck category. One way of studying the resulting category is to examine the full subcategories which behave like curves on a commutative variety. Smith and Zhang initiated such a study by considering the subcategory generated by a particular type of module they called a ‘pure curve module in good position’. This paper generalizes their construction by allowing more general modules. The resulting category is shown to be categorically equivalent to a quotient of the category of graded modules over a graded ring. In the course of defining the category equivalence, several dimensions, including projective, injective and Krull dimensions, are calculated. In particular, this extension allows examination of the category created from a line module over more general AS-regular rings than those considered by Smith and Zhang. For instance, suppose that C is a generic line module over R d , Stafford's Sklyanin-like algebra. Let C denote the category C generates. Then C is equivalent to the category of graded k[x, y]/(x2 − y2) modules under the Z × Z/2Z-grading where deg (x) = (−1, 0) and deg (y) = (−1,1).
A new method for the identification of systems

Abstract In this article we present a new method for the identification of systems. This method avoids two major difficulties of a previous method based on quasilinearization, that of a sufficiently close initial guess and that of the computational solution of complex functional equations. The major premise is that the time or space history of the system is sufficiently smooth. Extensions and generalizations are noted.
Lithium Dosing Equations Are They Accurate

Background: Several equations are used to predict lithium doses necessary to attain therapeutic serum concentrations. A number of studies have evaluated these equations; however, few equations were compared simultaneously. Objective: To assess the accuracy and precision of published dosing equations in predicting daily lithium doses and to evaluate if pertinent laboratory tests were performed prior to initiation. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who received lithium at the Medical University of South Carolina Institute of Psychiatry between July 2010 and July 2012. Using dosing equations, expected lithium doses were calculated based on corresponding serum concentrations identified in patient charts. Expected doses were then compared with actual lithium doses. The primary end point was to assess the accuracy and precision of dosing equations using mean differences in daily lithium doses and standard deviations. Secondary end points included presence of pertinent laboratory tests ...
Semaphorin 7a Promotes Spreading and Dendricity in Human Melanocytes through β1-Integrins

Described as secreted and membrane-bound proteins important for neural pathfinding, the class of proteins called Semaphorins are expressed in multiple tissue types and are involved in diverse biologic processes. In this study, we describe the function of Semaphorin 7a, a membrane-bound Semaphorin known to stimulate neurite outgrowth, on human melanocytes. We show that Semaphorin 7a is expressed by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo and that melanocytes express Plexin C1, a receptor for Semaphorin 7a. Upregulation of Semaphorin 7a was observed in fibroblasts treated with UV irradiation, a potent stimulus for melanocyte dendricity. Because of the importance of melanocyte dendrites in cutaneous photoprotection, we performed functional studies examining the effect of Semaphorin 7a in melanocyte dendrite formation. We also examined the contribution of β1-integrin and Plexin C1 receptor signaling in mediating effects of Semaphorin 7a in melanocytes. We show that Semaphorin 7a induces significant melanocyte spreading and dendricity in human melanocytes. Furthermore, we show that β1-integrins and Plexin C1 receptors are ligands for Semaphorin 7a, and that signaling by these receptors has opposing effects on Semaphorin 7a-induced dendrite formation.
Pertussis toxin blocks the outward currents evoked by opiate and α2-agonists in locus coeruleus neurons *

Pertussis toxin, a substance known to inactivate the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory unit of adenylate cyclase, was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats; intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices 1–3 days later. Morphine (an opiate agonist) and clonidine (an α2-agonist) produced the expected outward currents (and associated hyperpolarization and inhibition of firing) in controls whereas the effects of both agonists were blocked in animals pretreated with pertussis toxin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that opiate and α2-agonists may depress the firing of locus coeruleus neurons by inhibiting adenylate cyclase via a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
The political economy of pension reform in Russia: Why partial privatization?

Abstract We begin with a brief history of social security policy in Russia both before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. We describe the current pension scheme and present an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the model, with particular attention to the way in which it may disadvantage women and low-wage and informal sector workers. The reasons why Russia is in the process of implementing a social security scheme based largely on a model proposed by the World Bank is also explored. We argue that the decision reflects the effects of both internal and external economic pressures as well as cultural diffusion via the network of neo-liberal economists and pension experts associated with international financial institutions, most notably the World Bank. We conclude with a discussion of how we would restructure the Russian scheme making greater use of the notional defined contribution (NDC) model.
Generalized proof of Shockley's positive conductance theorem

Shockley's theorem states that a semiconductor with a negative differential mobility and a well-behaved cathode contact, has a positive differential conductance. The proof of this theorem is generalized to arbitrary impurity distributions and geometries.
Pruned-trellis search technique for high-rate convolutional codes

A new method to search for high-rate convolutional codes is achieved by means of a pruned trellis. This makes possible a reduced search procedure that can not be accomplished by standard methods. This new search technique makes use of the concept of the expanded column distance function of a convolutional code. By use of this search procedure, codes are found with an optimum distance profile followed by a maximisation of d/sub free/. A number of systematic convolutional codes of high rates 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7 and 3/5 are found and listed in this paper. >
Novel protein-protein contacts facilitate mRNA 3'-processing signal recognition by Rna15 and Hrp1.

Precise 3′-end processing of mRNA is essential for correct gene expression, yet in yeast, 3′-processing signals consist of multiple ambiguous sequence elements. Two neighboring elements upstream of the cleavage site are particularly important for the accuracy (positioning element) and efficiency (efficiency element) of 3′-processing and are recognized by the RNA-binding proteins Rna15 and Hrp1, respectively. In vivo, these interactions are strengthened by the scaffolding protein Rna14 that stabilizes their association. The NMR structure of the 34 -kDa ternary complex of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains of Hrp1 and Rna15 bound to this pair of RNA elements was determined by residual dipolar coupling and paramagnetic relaxation experiments. It reveals how each of the proteins binds to RNA and introduces a novel class of protein–protein contact in regions of previously unknown function. These interdomain contacts had previously been overlooked in other multi-RRM structures, although a careful analysis suggests that they may be frequently present. Mutations in the regions of these contacts disrupt 3′-end processing, suggesting that they may structurally organize the ribonucleoprotein complexes responsible for RNA processing.
Some effects of perceived risk on consumer information processing

This experiment investigated, within the context of an information processing theory of consumer behavior, the effects of level of perceived risk on the amount of information acquired and the total time taken processing that information before making a brand choice, and selection of brands made by well-known manufacturers as a risk reduction strategy. A unique aspect of the experiment was the treatment of perceived risk as a stimulus variable rather than its customary treatment as an organism variable.
Aging- and injury-related differential apoptotic response in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats following brain trauma

The elderly are among the most vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI) with poor functional outcomes and impaired cognitive recovery. Of the pathological changes that occur following TBI, apoptosis is an important contributor to the secondary insults and subsequent morbidity associated with TBI. The current study investigated age-related differences in the apoptotic response to injury, which may represent a mechanistic underpinning of the heightened vulnerability of the aged brain to TBI. This study compared the degree of TBI-induced apoptotic response and changes of several apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of juvenile and aged animals following injury. Juvenile (p28) and aged rats (24 months) were subjected to a moderate fluid percussive injury or sham injury and sacrificed at 2 days post-injury. One group of rats in both ages was sacrificed and brain sections were processed for TUNEL and immunofluorescent labeling to assess the level of apoptosis and to identify cell types which undergo apoptosis. Another group of animals was subjected to proteomic analysis, whereby proteins from the ipsilateral DG were extracted and subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. Histological studies revealed age- and injury-related differences in the number of TUNEL-labeled cells in the DG. In sham animals, juveniles displayed a higher number of TUNEL+ apoptotic cells located primarily in the subgranular zone of the DG as compared to the aged brain. These apoptotic cells expressed the early neuronal marker PSA-NCAM, suggestive of newly generated immature neurons. In contrast, aged rats had a significantly higher number of TUNEL+ cells following TBI than injured juveniles, which were NeuN-positive mature neurons located predominantly in the granule cell layer. Fluorescent triple labeling revealed that microglial cells were closely associated to the apoptotic cells. In concert with these cellular changes, proteomic s
CALORIMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF GUANIDINIUM-CARBOXYLATE INTERACTIONS

Abstract Isothermal titration calorimetry was utilized to study the association between a series of guanidinium derivatives and tetrabutylammonium acetate. This technique provides a measure of association strength, stoichiometry of binding, as well as thermodynamic parameters of association from a single experiment. Guanidinium derivatives which can form bidentate linear hydrogen bonds with acetate show significant, exothermic binding in DMSO (Ka = 5600 M −1 ; Δ H = −3.6 kcal/mol), while derivatives which lack this bidentate linear hydrogen bonding interaction result in complexes where association is weaker (Ka ≈ 100 M −1 ) and enthalpically neutral or endothermic. Additionally calorimetry permits the complete assessment of the multiple binding equilibria when derivatives complex two equivalents of guest.
Cyclosporin and methotrexate therapy induces remission in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Cyclosporin and methotrexate administration induces remission of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Administration of high-dose cyclosporin (cyclo) has been demonstrated to induce remission of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Its usefulness was limited by its toxicity. Since methotrexate (mtx) and cyclo synergistically inhibit autoimmune processes, we postulated that low doses of cyclo and mtx could safely induce remission of T1D. In a pilot study, insulin dose requirements and glycemic control were compared in 10 new onset T1D control children with seven children who were administered cyclo at 7.5 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks and then 4 mg/kg/day in addition to mtx 5 mg/kg/wk for 1 year. After 6 weeks, cyclo doses were adjusted to maintain blood cyclo levels 110-220 ng/ml. All children were treated with two daily injections of insulin. Clinical and biochemical toxicity of drug therapy was assessed. There were only very minor adverse effects and no drug induced biochemical test abnormalities. Mean HbA1c levels were similar in the experimental and control groups at baseline and at 3, 6, and 9 months but was lower in the cyclo + mtx group at 12 months. Daily insulin requirements of the groups were similar at baseline but lower in the cyclo + mtx group at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Although no control subjects became non-insulin requiring, four of seven cyclo + mtx-treated subjects were entirely off insulin therapy for 2.5, 4.5, 8, and 12 months. Low-dose cyclo and mtx treatment of subjects with new onset T1D can safely induce remission of disease and decrease the amount of required insulin.
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph Observations of NGC 2024: An Indirect View into the Heart of the Flame

As part of a program to study translucent interstellar clouds, NGC 2024 IRS 1 was observed by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope. IRS 1 is a heavily reddened B0.5 V star (E(B – V) = 1.69, RV = 4.5, and AV = 7.61) lying outside the core of the NGC 2024 cluster and not considered to be the ionizing source of the nebula. At wavelengths below about 1300 A, the observed spectrum deviates from that expected of a reddened B star, showing an increase in flux to shorter wavelengths and the presence of P-Cygni profiles in both the C III] λ1176 and N V λ1240 lines. Because of the presence of these lines, the absence of any P-Cygni signature in the Si IV λ1394/1403 lines, and the measurement of extended emission on the detector focal plane, we believe this portion of the spectrum to be scattered light from an O6 to B0 supergiant. The COS entrance aperture is 2.5 arcsec in diameter and can let in substantial scattered light from the nebula. NGC 2024 IRS 2b is an O8 star and believed to be the ionizing source of the nebula. It is currently identified as a main-sequence star, but should it be a supergiant the presence of such an evolved star implies an age for the cluster of the order of 3 Myr, in conflict with age determinations based on infrared spectroscopy, and may have implications for the energetics and density structure of the nebula.
Comprehensive gene expression profiling and functional analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs, and identification of ADAM-10 gene expression, in a corneal model of epithelial resurfacing

This study provides a comprehensive expression analysis for the entire matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family during the process of epithelial resurfacing following corneal abrasion injury in the mouse. The mRNA levels for all known MMP genes expressed in mouse, the related enzyme ADAM-10, and the known tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were determined semi-quantitatively by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the uninjured epithelium, and in the epithelial tissue resurfacing the abraded area or residing in its periphery at two time points: during the epithelial migration phase and immediately following wound closure. The mRNA levels for MMP-1a, -1b, -9, -10, -12, and -13 as well as TIMP-1 were significantly up-regulated in the migrating corneal epithelium. After wound resurfacing, the mRNA levels for all of these MMPs were down-regulated, although MMP-1a, -1b, and -13 remained significantly elevated in comparison to the uninjured epithelium. The only gene found to be down-regulated was TIMP-3, which occurred throughout the wound-healing process. During resurfacing, MMP-9 was localized to the front of the migrating epithelium, MMP-10 and -13 were localized throughout the migrating epithelium, and MMP-13 could also be found in the periphery. Following epithelial closure, immunoreactive MMPs-9 and -10 became undetectable, but MMP-13 continued to be found throughout the epithelium. Functional analysis of MMP-10 revealed no effects on epithelial migration or cell proliferation. In conclusion, distinct MMP temporal–spatial profiles define the uninjured corneal epithelium and the corneal epithelium at different stages of regeneration. An extensive review of the literature is also provided in the discussion. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1461–1470, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How well do we know recent climate trends at the tropical tropopause

[1] The tropical tropopause is a transition layer between the troposphere and stratosphere that influences global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Several studies have reported multidecadal tropical tropopause cooling and have suggested a correlation between observed tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor. Our more rigorous examination of the observations shows tropopause trends have greater uncertainty than previously suggested and the cooling may not be statistically significant. We used two approaches to remove time-varying bias effects from cold-point tropopause trends estimated from radiosonde observations. Our results are consistent with expectations from a conceptual model of tropopause changes and could resolve discrepancies between complex climate models and observations.
Biomarkers: symptoms, survivorship, and quality of life

Objectives To review the evidence on a number of biomarkers that show potential clinical utility in the prediction of and treatment responsiveness for the four most common symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment (ie, pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression). Data Sources Review and synthesis of review articles and data-based publications. Conclusion A growing body of evidence suggests that sensitive and specific biomarkers will be available to assist clinicians with the assessment and management of symptoms. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses will play a critical role in educating patients about their risk for specific symptoms based on an evaluation of specific biomarkers. Nurses will be involved in using biomarker data to titrate medications based on patient's responses to symptom management interventions.
Preparation of three vertebrate collagenases in pure form.

Abstract Human skin, rheumatoid synovial and tadpole collagenases have been obtained in pure form using affinity chromatography with collagen coupled to Sepharose. This simple and reproducible method should have broad applicability in the purification of other animal and human collagenases in sufficient quantities to study in detail their physical and enzymologic properties.
Current state of OLED technology relative to military avionics requirements

The paper will review optical and environmental performance thresholds required for OLED technology to be used on various military platforms. Life study results will be summarized to highlight trends while identifying remaining performance gaps to make this technology viable for future military avionics platforms.
Purification and characterisation of a secreted aminopeptidase from adult Ascaris suum

Abstract A metalloaminopeptidase was identified in culture fluids collected during in vitro cultivation of adult Ascaris suum . The enzyme was purified by anion-exchange and size-exclusion HPLC. The M r of the enzyme was estimated at 293 kDa and consisted of subunits with M r s of 153 and 142 kDa. The isoelectric point of the aminopeptidase was 4.7. The aminopeptidase displayed a substrate preference for terminal arginyl residues. Aminopeptidase activity was also present in muscle, female reproductive tissue, pharynx, pseudocoelomic fluid and intestine. Among the various tissues, aminopeptidase activity was highest in the intestines; the highest activity was found in culture fluids (three-fold higher than intestinal tissue). The aminopeptidase released by adult A . suum was enzymatically and biochemically identical to an aminopeptidase released during in vitro development of A . suum third- to fourth-stage larvae.
Genetic Methods for Assessing Antimicrobial Resistance

Over the past 2 decades, antimicrobics have become increasingly available for a broad range of pathogens. Due to the widespread use of these drugs, new forms of antimicrobial resistance have emerged. Detection of this resistance by conventional methods may not always be easy or possible. The genetics of antimicrobial resistance has been elucidated completely or in part for many organism-antimicrobial agent combinations. As a result, genetic methods for assessing antimicrobial resistance have been developed, and many of these are being used or soon will become part of the standard testing menus in clinical microbiology laboratories. The intent of this review is to describe the principles and applications of the more frequently reported genetic methods for evaluating antimicrobial resistance.
Chronicle: capture and analysis of NFS workloads at line rate

Insights from workloads have been instrumental in hardware and software design, problem diagnosis, and performance optimization. The recent emergence of software-defined data centers and application-centric computing has further increased the interest in studying workloads. Despite the ever-increasing interest, the lack of general frameworks for trace capture and workload analysis at line rate has impeded characterizing many storage workloads and systems. This is in part due to complexities associated with engineering a solution that is tailored enough to use computational resources efficiently yet is general enough to handle different types of analyses or workloads.This paper presents Chronicle, a high-throughput framework for capturing and analyzing Network File System (NFS) workloads at line rate. More specifically, we designed Chronicle to characterize NFS network traffic at rates above 10Gb/s for days to weeks. By leveraging the actor programming model and a pluggable, pipelined architecture, Chronicle facilitates a highly portable and scalable framework that imposes little burden on application programmers. In this paper, we demonstrate that Chronicle can reconstruct, process, and record storage-level semantics at the rate of 14Gb/s using general-purpose CPUs, disks, and NICs.
Simulated annealing image reconstruction method for a pinhole aperture single photon emission computed tomograph (SPECT)

A series of computer experiments was performed to determine the relative performance of simulated annealing, quenched annealing, and a least-squares iterative technique for image reconstruction for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The simulated SPECT geometry was of the pinhole aperture type, with 32 pinholes and 128 or 512 detectors. To test the robustness of the reconstruction techniques upon arbitrary geometries, a 360-detector geometry with a random pixel-detector-factor matrix was tested. Eight computer-simulated, 10-cm-diameter planar phantoms were used with 1961 2-mm/sup 2/ reconstruction bins and a range of 3000 to 50,000,000 detected photon counts. Reconstruction quality was measured by a normalized, squared error picture distance measure. Over a wide range of noise, the simulated annealing method had slightly better reconstruction quality than the iterative method, although requiring greater reconstruction time. Quenched annealing was faster than simulated annealing, with comparable reconstruction quality. Methods of efficiently controlling the simulated annealing algorithm are presented. >
An on-chip transfer function characterization system for analog built-in testing

A compact system for the on-chip transfer function characterization of an analog circuit is presented. It consists of a phase and amplitude detector and a signal generator. A general methodology for the use of this structure in the functional verification of a circuit under test (CUT) is provided. An integrated implementation of the proposed system in CMOS 0.35 /spl mu/m technology is described along with circuit-level design considerations. Experimental results of the application of this system in the characterization of a commercial programmable gain amplifier for frequencies up to 160 MHz are also presented.
Palladium-Catalyzed Triazolopyridine Synthesis: Synthesis of 7-Chloro-3-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-a]Pyridine

2-Chlorobenzaldehyde Hydrazine hydrate Ethanol (E)-(2-Chlorobenzylidene)hydrazine (E)-4-Chloro-2-(2-(2-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridine Potassium carbonate Toluene [1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine Chloramine-T trihydrate 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Keywords: Palladium; Catalyst; Triazolopyridines; 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine; Heterocycles; Metal-mediated coupling reactions
Cooling rates and crystallization dynamics of shallow level pegmatite-aplite dikes, San Diego County, California

Pegmatites of the Pala and Mesa Grande Pegmatite Districts, San Diego County, California are typically thin, sheet-like composite pegmatite-aplite dikes. Aplitic portions of many dikes display pronounced mineralogical layering referred to as “line rock,” characterized by fine-grained, garnet-rich bands alternating with albite- and quartz-rich bands. Thermal modeling was performed for four dikes in San Diego County including the 1 m thick Himalaya dike, the 2 m thick Mission dike, the 8 m thick George Ashley dike, and the 25 m thick Stewart dike. Calculations were based on conductive cooling equations accounting for latent heat of crystallization, a melt emplacement temperature of 650 °C into 150 °C fractured, gabbroic country rock at a depth of 5 km, and an estimated 3 wt% initial H 2O content in the melt. Cooling to <550 °C at the center of each dike occurred in ~9 years for the Stewart dike, ~340 days for the George Ashley dike, ~22 days for the Mission dike, and ~5 days for the Himalaya dike. Based on these calculations, growth rates for large pegmatitic minerals such as the 10 cm long Himalaya hanging wall tourmaline crystals may have been on the order of 10 ‐5 cm/s. Crystal size distribution (CSD) studies of garnet from layered aplites suggest growth rates of about 10 ‐6 cm/s. These results indicate that the dikes cooled and crystallized rapidly, with variable nucleation rates but high overall crystal-growth rates. Initial high nucleation rates coincident with emplacement and strong undercooling can account for the millimeter-size aplite grains. Lower nucleation rates coupled with high growth rates can explain the decimeter-size minerals in the hanging walls, cores, and miarolitic cavities of the pegmatites. The presence of tourmaline and/or lepidolite throughout these dikes suggests that although the melts were initially H 2O-undersaturated, high melt concentrations of incompatible (or fluxing) components such as B, F, and Li (±H 2O), aided in the development of large pegmatitic crystals that grew rapidly in the short times suggested by the conductive cooling models.
Competing for Consumer Identity: Limits to Self-Expression and the Perils of Lifestyle Branding

Abstract The idea that consumers use brands to express their identities has led many companies to reposition their products from focusing on functional attributes to focusing on how they fit into a consumer's lifestyle. This repositioning is welcomed by managers who believe that by positioning their brands as means for self-expression, they are less likely to go head-to-head with their direct competitors. However, the authors argue that by doing so, these companies expose themselves to much broader, cross-category competition for a share of a consumer's identity. Thus, they propose that consumers' need for self-expression through brands is finite and can be satiated when consumers are exposed to self-expressive brands. Moreover, they argue that consumers' need for self-expression can be satiated not only by a brand's direct competitors but also by brands from unrelated product categories, nonbrand means of self-expression, and self-expressive behavioral acts. The authors examine these propositions in a se...
Antioxidant vitamins and Alzheimer’s disease: a review of the epidemiological literature

Identifying ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease is becoming increasingly critical in our aging population. Antioxidant vitamins hold promise for lowering the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline in older persons. In animal models and cell lines, these vitamins, such as vitamins E and C, prevent neuronal damage caused by free radicals, delaying brain aging and, perhaps, memory loss. However, epidemiological data on antioxidant vitamins and cognition are conflicting and are not conclusive. This report reviews current research, in particular, the large, prospective, observational studies and randomized, controlled trials to assess the evidence regarding the relation of antioxidant vitamins to dementia or cognitive decline.
Spring bloom development, genetic variation, and population succession in the planktonic diatom Ditylum brightwellii

We determined spatial and temporal variation in abundance, distribution, and genetic composition of the planktonic marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii in 21 water samples collected between February and June from five locations in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. Four blooms with cell abundances of > 1,000 cells L- 1 were detected during the sampling period. The blooms were comprised of two genetically distinct populations identified by analyzing up to three microsatellite loci from 707 individual cells. One population was detected at all locations from February to April and comprised three blooms. In May and June, it was gone, replaced by a second, genetically distinct population that comprised a different bloom. Both populations had high levels of diversity: on average, 94% of cells in each sample were genetically distinct. The two populations contained cells with identical 18S and 5.8S rDNA sequences and 1.1% sequence divergence at the internal transcribed spacer regions, which suggests that both populations were members of the same species. The populations detected in early and late spring were composed of cells with average valve diameters of 22 and 69 ,um, respectively. The population sampled in late spring, comprised of large-diameter cells, had a distinct genetic composition, indicating that it did not arise from a sexual reproduction event in the population sampled in early spring. Both populations were associated with significantly different exposures to solar irradiance and silicic acid concentrations, suggesting that environmental selection may regulate bloom dynamics of distinct populations.
Parallel genehunter: implementation of a linkage analysis package for distributed-memory architectures

We present a parallel algorithm for performing multipoint linkage analysis of genetic marker data on large family pedigrees. The algorithm effectively distributes both the computation and memory requirements of the analysis. We discuss an implementation of the algorithm in the Genehunter linkage analysis package (version 2.1), enabling Genehunter to be run on distributed memory platforms for the first time. Our preliminary benchmarks indicate reasonable scalability of the algorithm for even small fixed-size problems, with parallel efficiencies of 75% or more on up to a few dozen processors.
Salt marsh tidal exchange increases residence time of silica in estuaries.

We present flux measurements of dissolved silicon (DSi), biogenic Si (BSi), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) on a temperate salt marsh in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, over neap, mid, and spring tide cycles during the spring and the summer seasons to determine the stoichiometry of marsh tidal export and the potential effect on Si availability in the receiving estuary. During the spring, when incoming waters were depleted in DSi (average 1.7 mmol L21), the marsh was a net sink of BSi (132 mol h21) and a source of DSi (31 mol h21) to the estuary. During this period, the DIN:DSi ratio of ebbing water was more than five times lower than that of flood water. Together, these data indicate that marsh nutrient fluxes ‘‘outwell’’ nutrients in ratios that support spring diatom growth in Narragansett Bay. However, during the entire sampling period the marsh served as a net sink for both DSi and BSi, importing, on average, 14 mol DSi h21 and 86 mol BSi h21 .W e hypothesize that the net import and retention of Si by salt marshes provides a previously overlooked ecosystem service of increasing the residence time of Si in estuarine systems. In the absence of salt marshes, we calculate that 5.1 3 104 kmol of Si would be exported from the estuary during the growing season, decreasing the availability of Si in the system and having direct repercussions for phytoplankton species composition in nearby estuarine waters.
Parallel browsing behavior on the web

Parallel browsing describes a behavior where users visit Web pages in multiple concurrent threads. Web browsers explicitly support this by providing tabs. Although parallel browsing is more prevalent than linear browsing online, little is known about how users perform this activity. We study the use of parallel browsing through a log-based study of millions of Web users and present findings on their behavior. We identify a power law distribution in browser metrics comprising "outclicks" and tab switches, which signify the degree of parallel browsing. We find that users switch tabs at least 57.4% of the time, but user activity, measured in pageviews, is split among tabs rather than increasing overall activity. Finally, analysis of a subset of the logs focused on Web search shows that while the majority of users do not branch from search engine result pages, the degree of branching is higher for non-navigational queries. Our findings have design implications for Web sites and browsers, search interfaces, and log analysis.
Orlistat in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) is increasing throughout the world and poses a major public health concern. The majority of patients with DM-2 are overweight or obese and weight loss is generally recommended, both as a first-line therapy and as an adjunct to pharmacological therapies. However, it is generally acknowledged that weight loss, a difficult goal for many overweight and obese individuals, is especially difficult for those with DM-2 and there is interest in whether pharmacological adjuncts may be useful for this purpose. Orlistat is an intestinal lipase inhibitor previously approved for the treatment of obesity. During the past several years, clinical trials have been completed concerning the use of orlistat in the treatment of overweight or obese patients with DM-2. The purpose of this review is to examine the results of these clinical trials. Data on > 2500 orlistat-treated patients with DM-2 are reviewed and summarised. Orlistat therapy led to greater weight loss and improved...
Collaborative machine learning

In information retrieval, feedback provided by individual users is often very sparse. Consequently, machine learning algorithms for automatically retrieving documents or recommending items may not achieve satisfactory levels of accuracy. However, if one views users as members of a larger user community, then it should be possible to leverage similarities between different users to overcome the sparseness problem. The paper proposes a collaborative machine learning framework to exploit inter-user similarities. More specifically, we present a kernel-based learning architecture that generalizes the well-known Support Vector Machine learning approach by enriching content descriptors with inter-user correlations.
Minimizing user queries in interactive assembly planning

Computer-aided assembly planners must interact effectively with manufacturing engineers. Previous interactive planners either ask the manufacturing engineer a large number of questions, or require very complicated answers to a few questions. Either of these approaches makes planning difficult. A dual approach to this problem is described. Most assembly operations are checked from the CAD models of the assembly's parts using simple techniques. An intermediate level of question, i.e., questions that are simple enough to be easily and accurately answered, but whose answers provide a great deal of information to the planner. This dual approach is effective in experiments on real assemblies, reducing the number of user queries by several orders of magnitude without sacrificing accuracy. >
Explaining Delinquent Involvement: a Consideration of Suppressor Effects

Delinquency research is characterized by empirical models which generally afford low degrees of explanatory power. While the small R2s which characterize the discipline may be attributed, in part, to methodological and theoretical problems, part of the explanation for the insufficiency of our models may lie in a failure to consider the statistical issue of suppression. Utilizing data from the first two waves of the Youth in Transition study, an empirical example is offered in an attempt to demonstrate the importance of considering suppressor effects in delinquency research.Beginning with a bivariate correlation between social class and delinquency that is effectively zero, multivariate analyses are conducted in order to determine whether attachment to school serves as a suppressor in this relationship. The results of the analyses reveal that social class is, in fact, related to delinquent involvement but that the relationship is apparent only when controlling for the attachment variables. Ramifications of...
Solution-Based Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Cathodes for Lithium Batteries

With an objective to overcome the cyclability problems of manganese oxides, solution-based procedures are pursued to synthesize metastable manganese oxides. Reduction of permanganate with lithium iodide in an acetonitrile medium followed by heating at 250 °C in vacuum gives an amorphous lithium sodium manganese oxyiodide that is intimately mixed with crystalline NaIO3. On the other hand, oxidation of manganese acetate with lithium or hydrogen peroxide in presence of lithium hydroxide followed by firing at T 275 mAh/g at 4.3-1.5 V. The presence of NaIO3 and a unique microstructure are found to play a critical role in the electrochemical properties. Although Li4Mn5O12 could be achieved without much oxygen vacancies, Li2Mn4O9-δ has significant amount of oxygen vacancies with δ > 0.35. Both Li4Mn5O12 and Li2Mn4O9-δ exhibit capacities around 150 mAh/g with good cyclability in the 3 V region.
Co-morbidity of TDP-43 proteinopathy in Lewy body related diseases.

Here, we investigated if TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), the disease protein in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and ubiquitin inclusions with or without motor neuron disease as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also formed inclusions in Lewy body (LB) disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD) without or with dementia (PDD), and dementia with LBs (DLB) alone or in association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Immunohistochemical analyses of TDP-43 in clinically well characterized and pathologically confirmed cases of DLB + AD, PD and PDD demonstrated TDP-43 pathology in the following percentage of cases: DLB + AD = 25/80 (31.3%); PD = 5/69 (7.2%); PDD = 4/21 (19%), while DLB and normal controls exhibited no (0/10, 0%) and one cases (1/33, 3%) presenting TDP-43 pathology, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence of TDP-43 lesions were noted between disease versus normal brains (P < 0.001) as well as demented versus non-demented brains (P < 0.001). Statistical analyses revealed a positive relationship between TDP-43 lesions and several clinical and pathological parameters in these disorders suggesting the TDP-43 pathology may have co-morbid effects in LB diseases. This study expands the concept of TDP-43 proteinopathies by implicating TDP-43 lesions in mechanisms of neurodegeneration in LB disorders.
Responding to Bioterrorist Smallpox in San Antonio

We used discrete-event simulation to help the San Antonio public health and acute medical care communities to plan their response to a bioterrorist attack. The analysis, based on a scenario positing an attack with aerosolized smallpox, indicated the resources and strategies needed for an effective response. We found that a mixture of public-health measures designed to stop the spread of the disease would form a more robust and effective response than any single measure. However, unless the attack is very small, the public-health system is unlikely to be able to prevent a surge in demand for acute care that will require community-wide coordination of resources, a definitive patient-triage policy, and temporary treatment practices. The San Antonio communities are integrating our recommendations into their plans.