cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disposition of intravenous potassium in anuric man: A kinetic analysis

Disposition of intravenous potassium in anuric man: A kinetic analysis. The disposition of a constant-rate (0.3 mEq/kg/hr) intravenous potassium load was studied in anuric, chronic hemodialysis patients. Changes in plasma potassium concentration could be adequately described by a two-compartment kinetic model under both isohydric conditions and during acute metabolic alkalosis. From 63 to 92% of the infused potassium left the extracellular fluid (ECF) in isohydric studies, and from 73 to 97% left the ECF in alkalanizing studies. Cellular uptake of the infused potassium was less when the plasma potassium concentration was higher. Plasma aldosterone levels rose but insulin levels did not increase during infusions. In a juvenile-onset diabetic subject, the impairment of cellular potassium uptake at higher plasma potassium was magnified so that infused potassium was virtually confined to the ECF compartment until exogenous insulin was given. This implies a permissive rather than a regulatory role for endogenous insulin in facilitating cellular entry of excess potassium. Disposition du potassium intraveineux chez l'homme anurique: Une analyse cinetique. La disposition d'une charge intraveineuse de potassium a debit constant (0,3 mEq/kg/hr) a ete etudiee chez des malades anuriques en hemodialyse chronique. Les modifications de la kaliemie peuvent etre decrites de facon satisfaisante par un modele cinetique a deux compartiments aussi bien dans des conditions d'isohydrie que d'alcalose metabolique aigue. De 63 a 92% du potassium perfuse quitte le liquide extracellulaire (ECF) dans les etudes en isohydrie, et de 73 a 97% dans celles en alcalose. La captation cellulaire du potassium perfuse est normale quand la concentration plasmatique est elevee. L'aldosteronemie augmente, mais non l'insulinemie, au cours des perfusions. Chez un sujet atteint de diabete d'installation juvenile, l'alteration de la captation cellulaire de potassium aux kaliemies elevees etait augmentee de telle sorte que le potassium perfuse etait pratiquement confine dans le compartiment ECF jusqu'a ce que de l'insuline exogene soit administree. Ceci implique un role plutot permissif que regulateur de l'insuline endogene dans la facilitation de l'entree cellulaire du potassium en exces.
P-glycoprotein structure and evolutionary homologies

Analysis of multidrug resistant cell lines has led to the identification of the P-glycoprotein multigene family. Two of the three classes of mammalian P-glycoproteins have the ability to confer cellular resistance to a broad range of structurally and functionally diverse cytotoxic agents. P-glycoproteins are integral membrane glycoproteins comprised of two similar halves, each consisting of six membrane spanning domains followed by a cytoplasmic domain which includes a nucleotide binding fold. The P-glycoprotein is a member of a large superfamily of transport proteins which utilize ATP to translocate a wide range of substrates across biological membranes. This superfamily includes transport complexes comprised of multicomponent systems, half P-glycoproteins and P-glycoprotein-like homologs which appear to require approximately 12 α-helical transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding folds for substrate transport. P-glycoprotein homologs have been isolated and characterized from a wide range of species. Amino acid sequences, the similarities between the halves and intron/exon boundaries have been compared to understand the evolutionary origins of the P-glycoprotein.
Extension of the tandem conjugate addition-Dieckmann condensation: the formal synthesis of tetracenomycin A2.

Tandem cuprate addition−Dieckmann condensation is featured in the construction of the polyketide metabolite tetracenomycin A2 (2). Thus, cyclization substrate 11 was treated with Gilman cuprate Me2CuLi to afford anthracene 12. The phenolic acetate protecting group of 12 ensured its chemoselective oxidation to reveal terminal quinone 13, which intercepts the previously reported synthesis of tetracenomycin A2 (2).
Rare opportunistic (non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus) yeast bloodstream infections in patients with cancer.

Summary Background Rare opportunistic (non- Candida , non- Cryptococcus ) yeast bloodstream infections (ROYBSIs) are rare, even in cancer patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all episodes of ROYBSIs occurring from 1998 to 2010 in our cancer center. Results Of 2984 blood cultures positive for Candida and non- Candida yeasts, 94 (3.1%) were positive for non- Candida yeasts, representing 41 ROYBSIs (incidence, 2.1 cases/100,000 patient-days). Catheter-associated fungemia occurred in 21 (51%) patients. Breakthrough ROYBSIs occurred in 20 (49%) patients. The yeast species distribution was Rhodotorula in 21 (51%) patients, Trichosporon in 8 (20%) patients, Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 8 (20%) patients, Geotrichum in 2 (5%) patients, Pichia anomala , and Malassezia furfur in 1 patient each. All tested Trichosporon , Geotrichum , and Pichia isolates were azole-susceptible, whereas the Rhodotorula isolates were mostly azole-resistant. We noted echinocandin nonsusceptibility (minimal inhibitory concentration ≥ 2 mg/L) in all but the S. cerevisiae isolates. Most of the isolates (28/33 [85%]) were susceptible to amphotericin B. The mortality rate in all patients at 30 days after ROYBSIs diagnosis was 34%. Multivariate survival analysis revealed increased risk of death in patients with S. cerevisiae infections (hazard ratio, 3.7), Geotrichum infections (hazard ratio, 111.3), or disseminated infections (hazard ratio, 33.4) and reduced risk in patients who had catheter removal (hazard ratio, 0.1). Conclusions ROYBSIs are uncommon in patients with cancer, and catheters are common sources of them. Half of the ROYBSIs occurred as breakthrough infections, and in vitro species-specific resistance to echinocandins and azoles was common. Disseminated infections resulted in the high mortality rate.
Adaptive realizations of the maximum likelihood processor for time delay estimation

This correspondence introduces an adaptive realization of the maximum likelihood (ML) processor for time delay estimation (TDE). Also presented is a modified ML processor, which requires less computations but still performs better than the other when implemented in an adaptive way. Widrow's least mean square (LMS) adaptive filter algorithm is used to implement the two methods. Simulation results comparing these processors with other existing adaptive TDE algorithms are also presented.
Lack of fiber type selectivity during reinnervation of neonatal rabbit soleus muscle

Fast and slow contracting fibers in neonatal mammalian skeletal muscle are each innervated in a highly specific manner by motor neurons of the corresponding type, even at an age when polyinnervation is widespread. Chemospecific recognition is a possible mechanism by which this pattern of innervation could be established. We have investigated this possibility by studying the degree of specificity during reinnervation of rabbit soleus muscle following nerve crush on Postnatal Day 1 or 4. We assayed fiber type composition by measuring the twitch rise times of motor units within 2 days of the onset of functional reinnervation (5–6 days after nerve crush). In contrast to the broad, bimodal distribution of single motor unit twitch rise times seen in normal muscles, motor units in reinnervated muscles yielded a narrower, unimodal distribution of rise times. Rise times of reinnervated units were intermediate to those of normal fast and slow units, suggesting that reinnervated units were composed of a mixture of fast and slow contracting fibers. An alternative possibility, that specific reinnervation was masked by contractile dedifferentiation of muscle fibers, was examined by maintaining a transmission blockade induced by botulinum toxin poisoning for an equivalent interval. Twitch rise times of treated motor units exhibited the distinctly bimodal distribution characteristic of normal muscles, suggesting that muscle fibers can retain contractile diversity during a transient period of denervation. We carried out computer simulations to estimate the amount of rise time diversity induced by varying degrees of specificity during reinnervation. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is little if any selective reinnervation of muscle fiber types at the ages studied.
Seeing Things Unseen: Fantasy Beliefs and False Reports.

Whereas past research has demonstrated that children's beliefs about the real world can influence their memory for events, the role of fantasy beliefs in children's recall remains largely unexplored. We examine this topic in 5- and 6-year-olds by focusing on how belief in a familiar fantasy figure, namely the Tooth Fairy, is related to children's memory for their most recent primary tooth loss. Although children who fully believed in the reality of the Tooth Fairy provided more voluminous and complex accounts than those with less strong beliefs, they also provided the most fictitious reports, frequently characterized by claims of hearing or seeing the Tooth Fairy. Belief in the Tooth Fairy did not affect the accuracy of children's reports of the mundane elements of their tooth loss, and many fantastic claims were linked to real events. Exposure to seemingly tangible evidence of the Tooth Fairy's existence was associated with the provision of fantastic claims. This research was supported by a grant from Ur...
Serum testosterone, agonistic behavior, and dominance in inbred strains of mice.

Abstract Social situations in which male mice establish dominant/subordinate relationships were utilized in an attempt to correlate circulating testosterone (T) titer with agonistic behavior. Two long-term (several months) and two short-term (3- and 5-day) situations in which dominance was verified by severity of body scarring or individual aggression scores indicated no consistent correlation of dominance with serum T levels.
Cyclosporine A regulates T cell-epithelial cell adhesion by altering LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression

Cyclosporine A regulates T cell-epithelial cell adhesion by altering LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression. In contrast to the well characterized suppressive effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on IL-2 gene transcription in T cells, other immunosuppressive effects of CsA have received less attention. We have examined the effect of CsA on the expression of the β 2 integrin, LFA-1, and its counter receptor, ICAM-1, on a renal Ag-specific murine T cell clone and Ag-expressing renal tubular epithelial cells. We have found that CsA has a concentration dependent effect on the expression of both ICAM-1 mRNA and gene product on renal tubular cells. At 0.1 μ g/ml, CsA exhibits a costimulatory effect, with TNF α , on ICAM-1 expression. CsA at 1 to 5 μ g/ml exhibits concentration dependent inhibition of ICAM-1 cell surface expression by the tubular cells. Although CsA does not inhibit ICAM-1 on T cells, it does inhibit surface expression of LFA-1. The concentration dependent effects of CsA on ICAM-1 expression correlate well with ICAM-1 dependent T cell adhesion to TNFα stimulated tubular epithelial cells. TGF- β 1 has similar effects on ICAM-1 and LFA-1 expression as high dose CsA, but the CsA effects are not mediated through induced TGF- β 1 expression. Our studies support the conclusion that CsA may bidirectionally alter ICAM-1 dependent cellular adhesive interactions. The inhibition of cytokine stimulated ICAM-1 expression at higher CsA concentrations would contribute to the overall immunosuppressive effect of the drug.
Improved specificity of ELISA for rotavirus.

ABSTRACT. We have modified the ELISA assay for human rotavirus antigen detection so as to eliminate false positive reactions which occur due to extraneous antibodies. This has been accomplished by the incorporation of a control serum which contains no rotavirus specific antibodies, detectable by complement fixation, into the ELISA assay. Using this method, 9.7% of specimens giving positive results by the standard ELISA method as described by other workers, can be recognized as false positives and discarded.
Transient Slow Gamma Synchrony Underlies Hippocampal Memory Replay

The replay of previously stored memories during hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) is thought to support both memory retrieval and consolidation in distributed hippocampal-neocortical circuits. Replay events consist of precisely timed sequences of spikes from CA3 and CA1 neurons that are coordinated both within and across hemispheres. The mechanism of this coordination is not understood. Here, we show that during SWRs in both awake and quiescent states there are transient increases in slow gamma (20-50 Hz) power and synchrony across dorsal CA3 and CA1 networks of both hemispheres. These gamma oscillations entrain CA3 and CA1 spiking. Moreover, during awake SWRs, higher levels of slow gamma synchrony are predictive of higher quality replay of past experiences. Our results indicate that CA3-CA1 gamma synchronization is a central component of awake memory replay and suggest that transient gamma synchronization serves as a clocking mechanism to enable coordinated memory reactivation across the hippocampal network.
Persistent trigeminal artery: Unusual associated abnormalities

Multiple cases of vascular abnormalities associated with the persistent trigeminal artery or a variant thereof are presented. A persistent otic artery variant is the only known such case in the literature
MULTIPLE ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS AND TRANSPORTATION SAFETY

This article discusses arguments and research evidence concerning multiple ergonomic approaches to problems of transportation safety. Transportation accidents ( and their consequences) are the result of multifactor processes. Therefore, the probability of an- accident ( and of an injury, given an accident) can be influenced by interventions directed at any of the factors. Furthermore, the most effective accident countermeasures are not necessarily those directed at the ‘ cause’ of accidents. As examples, multiple ergonomic countermeasures are noted for road accidents involving alcohol-intoxicated drivers and elderly drivers, as well as for minimizing injuries resulting from road accidents
Factors that influence voiding function after the tension-free vaginal tape procedure for stress urinary incontinence.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the time to the resumption of voiding after the tension-free vaginal tape procedure and to identify factors that are associated with postoperative voiding dysfunction. Study Design: The records of 153 patients who underwent the tension-free vaginal tape procedure were reviewed. Time to normal voiding was recorded as (1) before hospital discharge, (2) after hospital discharge but during the first 2 postoperative weeks, or (3) after the first 2 postoperative weeks. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous factors, and the Pearson χ 2 test was used for for categoric factors. The significance level was α =.2. Results: Eighty-four patients (55%) voided normally before hospital dismissal: 38 patients (25%) during the first 2 weeks and 31 patients (20%) after 2 weeks. Factors that show a trend of association with delayed voiding were previous incontinence surgery ( P =.08), previous prolapse surgery ( P =.06), and age ( P =.17). Conclusion: Most patients who underwent the tension-free vaginal tape procedure voided normally by 2 weeks after the procedure. Return to normal voiding took longer in older patients and those patients with a history of incontinence or prolapse operations. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1477-83.)
Parents’ Awareness of and Anticipated Responses to Their Teens’ Reports of Dating Violence

Teen dating violence (TDV) challenges families because of negative effects on youths’ well-being. This exploratory study examines parents’ awareness of TDV and their anticipated responses to adolescents’ reports. The authors used a telephonic survey of 539 Michigan adults to assess knowledge of TDV, awareness of its prevalence, and anticipated responses. More mothers than fathers viewed TDV as a major public health problem and were likely to urge their adolescents to seek formal help. Fathers were more likely to ground their children or say that things are not so bad. Findings of demographic differences influencing parental responses can inform social workers to help parents plan for responding to TDV effectively.
A new crystal form of ricin-OR.

Ricin-OR, an antitumor toxin, has been crystallized in space group P2 with cell parameters a= 8.77 nm, b= 4.64 nm, c= 7.64 nm and β=101°. There is one molecule in the asymmetric unit and the solvent content is estimated to be 48% by volume. The crystals diffract to 0.25 nm resolution which is higher than that of the previously reported C2 crystal form which had a solvent content of 65%.
The effects of primary amine catalyzed thio-acrylate Michael reaction on the kinetics, mechanical and physical properties of thio-acrylate networks

Thio-acrylate networks were prepared using two methods. The first method involved the in-situ photopolymerization of a multifunctional thiol mixed with a multifunctional acrylate in the presence of a photoinitiator (photo-cure only), while the second method utilized an extremely efficient thio-acrylate Michael reaction followed by the photopolymerization of unreacted acrylate functional groups (amine catalysis/photo-cure). The thio-acrylate Michael reaction was catalyzed by a primary amine that promoted a rapid 1-to-1 Michael addition reaction of thiol to acrylate. Kinetic analysis via real-time infrared (RTIR) spectroscopy verified the 1-to-1 addition, the rates of the thio-acrylate Michael reaction and the total incorporation of the thiol into the networks at various concentrations when the amine catalyst was used. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) data show very narrow glass transition temperatures for the networks prepared when the amine catalysis/photo-cure sequence was used. The two step sequential process can be used to target network films that can be tailored to have high energy damping properties at a given temperature, e.g., room temperature. Finally, in all cases, whether the photo-cure only or the amine catalysis/photo-cure process was used, the glass transition temperature increased with the initial acrylate feed concentration.
Three-dimensional optical tomography imaging of finger joints based on simplified spherical harmonics approximated-radiative transport model

In this study, we present a simplified spherical approximated-radiative transport model-based reconstruction algorithm for three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of finger joints. The reconstruction algorithm is tested and validated using a series of phantom experiments and in vivo data from healthy and osteoarthritic joints. In all the phantom and in vivo experiments, the absorption and scattering images are recovered using both the transport model and diffusion approximation based reconstruction algorithms. We observe that while both the diffusion and transport based algorithms can effectively image the finger joints, the transport model based can provide quantitatively improved reconstruction quality over the diffusion approximated based.
MO-F-WAB-11: Investigation of CBCT-Based Patient Positioning Accuracy in Lung SBRT: Correlation with Breathing Irregularity

Purpose: To evaluate breathing irregularity induced error in CBCT‐based patient positioning in lung SBRT and correlate the error with a measure of breathing variability. Methods: The 4D extended cardiac‐torso (XCAT) digital phantom was used to generate 10‐phase 4DCT and CBCT images using in‐house developed simulation programs. Images were generated for various respiratory profiles (one regular sinusoidal and 10 irregular) and tumor sizes (1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm). Maximum intensity projection (MIP) and average intensity projection (AIP) images were generated from 4DCT images. Image registrations between CBCT and AIP were performed for each respiratory profile and tumor size by four clinicians (two physicians and two physicists) based on target volume matching. Error of registration was determined as the difference between manual CBCT‐to‐AIP registration and known registration between the two. Breathing irregularities of the respiratory profiles were measured and correlated to errors of registration. Results: Inter‐observer variation of registration was 0.15 mm, 0.34 mm, and 0.69 mm, in the medial‐lateral (ML), anterior‐posterior (AP), and superior‐inferior (SI) direction, respectively. For the regular profile, negligible errors of registration were found in all directions (median 0.6). Maximum error of registration in the ML, AP, and SI direction was 1.2 mm, 2.6 mm, and 8.4 mm, respectively. Mild correlations (R2 range: 0.37 to 0.47) were observed between error of registration error and breathing irregularity for all tumor sizes. Conclusion: Irregular breathing can induce error in CBCT‐based image registration in lung SBRT. This error increases as the breathing irregularity increases.
Photonic processor for in-phase and quadrature array signal processing

In-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signal processing is required when signal phase information is needed, such as to prevent effects like blind phase in pulsed moving target indicator (MTI) radar. A photonic I-Q processor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for low frequency (e.g., sub-Hz - 15 MHz), radio frequency (e.g., 107 - 133 MHz) and microwave frequency band (e.g., 800 - 1000 MHz) signal processing. Applications for our I-Q processor include signal processing for sonar, ultrasound, radar, and communication radar receivers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibition of growth of MKN45 human gastric-carcinoma xenografts in nude mice by treatment with bombesin/gastrin-releasing-peptide antagonist (RC-3095) and somatostatin analogue RC-160

Nude mice bearing xenografts of the gastrin-responsive human gastric carcinoma MKN45 cell line were treated for 4 to 5 weeks with bombesin/gastrin-releasing-peptide(GRP) antagonist (RC-3095), somatostatin analogues RC-160 and SMS 201-995, or the combination of RC-3095 and RC-160. Tumor volumes and weights were reduced significantly to a similar extent by RC-160 and SMS 201-995, administered by daily s.c. injections at a dose of 100 micrograms/day. Bombesin/GRP antagonist RC-3095, given s.c. at a dose of 20 micrograms/day, had the greatest inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The combination of RC-3095 with RC-160 did not further potentiate the suppression of tumor growth. Histologically, the number of mitotic cels decreased significantly in the groups treated with RC-160 or the combination of RC-3095 with RC-160. Serum gastrin levels were significantly diminished in all treated groups. Therapy with RC-160 or the combination also significantly decreased levels of serum growth hormone. Receptor assays on tumor membranes showed that bombesin was bound to 2 classes of receptor sites, one with high affinity and low capacity, the other with low affinity and high capacity. Binding sites for epidermal growth factor (EGF) were down-regulated in tumor cells after treatment with RC-3095, RC-160 or the combination of RC-3095 with RC-160. In studies in vitro, both RC-160 and RC-3095 significantly inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells in culture as measured by cell number. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the growth of human gastric cancer in nude mice can be inhibited not only by somatostatin analogues, but also by administration of modern bombesin/GRP antagonists, such as RC-3095.
Demography of a native strain of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, from Hawaii

Preadult development and survival rates for a wild strain of melon fly in Hawaii were examined when reared on six common hosts at 25 °C. These data were combined with information gathered on adult survival, fecundity and fertility in order to construct life tables. The duration of the egg stage was slightly over 1 day for this species. Depending on host, larval-to-adult development and survival rates were 17–20 days and 35–85%, respectively. Gross fecundity (total eggs) was 1293 eggs/♀ while net fertility (total fertile eggs weighted by hatch and adult survival) was 518 fertile eggs/♀. The finite rate of increase (λ) for the species was conditional on the host on which it was reared and ranged from 1.08 to 1.12. The percent of adults in the stable age distribution averaged around 14% over all hosts. RESUME Demographie d'une souche de Dacus cucurbitae Coquillet, originaire d'Hawai Le developpement preimaginai et les taux de survie d'une souche sauvage de D. cucurbitae de Hawai sur six hotes courants ont ete examines a 25 °C. Ces resultats ont ete combines aux informations recoltees sur la survie des adultes, la fecondite et la fertilite pour realiser des tables de vie. La duree du stade oeuf est legerement superieure a un jour pour cette espece. La duree de developpement de l'eclosion de l'oeuf a l'imago et les taux de survie ont ete respectivement de 17 a 20 jours et de 35 a 85% suivant les hotes. La fecondite brute (ponte totale) a ete de 1293 oeufs par femelle, tandis qui ‘la fertilite’ (nombre total d'oeufs fertiles pondere par les taux d'eclosion et de survie des adultes) etait de 518 oeufs fertiles par femelle. Le taux d'accroissement (λ) variait de 1,08 a 1,12 suivant l'hote sur lequel D. cucurbitae a ete eleve. La proportion d'adultes dans une distribution en âge stable etait d'environ 14% sur tous les hotes.
Modeling the performance of hypercubes: A case study using the particle-in-cell application

Abstract We have mapped onto the iPSC hypercube a particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm that executes a plasma simulation. PIC simulates the movement of charged particles under the influence of an electrostatic field. This application provides a simple example of the problems associated with load balancing on distributed memory architectures. We present several alternative solutions to mappings of the algorithm onto the hypercube. One solution's performance is modeled and benchmarked with data from an implementation on the iPSC. The model is used to predict performance for larger size problems and a state-of-the-art hypercube architecture. We also introduce the use of provably optimal global communication algorithms that are needed for the PIC implementation on the hypercube.
Sexually transmitted infections, sexual risk behavior, and intimate partner violence among African American adolescent females with a male sex partner recently released from incarceration.

Abstract Purpose Social networks directly and indirectly influence sexually transmitted infections (STIs) risk. The objective was to explore associations between sex with a male recently released from incarceration and sexual risk and intimate partner violence (IPV) among African American adolescent females. Methods Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and sexual behavior data were collected at baseline, 6, and 12 months from African American females, aged 15–21 years, participating in an HIV/STI prevention trial. Among 653 participants with ≥1 follow-up assessments, generalized estimating equations tested associations during follow-up between having a recently released partner and STI acquisition, sexual risk behaviors, and IPV, adjusting for age, treatment assignment, and corresponding baseline measure. Results Eighty-three (13.6%) participants had a recently released partner at 6 months and 56 (9.3%) at 12 months. Participants with a recently released partner were more likely to have the following: vaginal (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.48), anal (AOR: 2.43), and oral (AOR: 1.51) sex, a casual partner (AOR: 1.66), sex while high/drunk (AOR: 1.57) or with a high/drunk partner (AOR: 2.27); use condoms inconsistently (AOR: .58); acquire Chlamydia (AOR: 1.80), and experience emotional (AOR: 4.09), physical (AOR: 2.59), or sexual abuse (AOR: 4.10) by a boyfriend. They had a greater number of sex partners, lower partner communication and refusal self-efficacy, were high/drunk during sex more frequently, and used condoms during oral sex less frequently. Conclusions A recently released sex partner is associated with sexual risk and IPV among African American adolescent females. Prevention programs should inform adolescents about potential risks associated with recently released partners as well as provide adolescents with skills to establish and maintain healthy sexual relationships.
Does who you know in the positional hierarchy protect or hurt? Social capital, comparative reference group, and depression in two societies.

Abstract Does the socioeconomic status (SES) that one's (ego's) network members (alters) occupy indicate social resources or social comparison standards in the dynamics of health across culture? Using nationally representative data simultaneously collected from the United States and urban China, this study examines two competing theories—social capital and comparative reference group—in the two societies and compares their different application across the two societies using two cultural explanations, relational dependence and self-evaluation motive. Social capital theory expects absolute accessed SES and the size of higher accessed socioeconomic positions to protect health, and the size of lower accessed socioeconomic positions to harm health. But comparative reference group theory predicts the opposite. Additionally, the relational dependence explanation anticipates social capital theory to be more applicable to urban China and comparative reference group theory to be more applicable to the United States. The self-evaluation motive explanation expects the same pattern across the two societies in the examination of the size of lower accessed socioeconomic positions but the opposite pattern in the analysis of absolute accessed SES and the size of higher accessed socioeconomic positions. This study focuses on depressive symptoms and measures accessed occupational status. Results are consistent with the self-evaluation motive explanation. They support both social capital theory and comparative reference group theory in the United States but only the latter theory in urban China.
Note on Ultrasonic Absorption of Glass at Elevated Temperatures

The ultrasonic transmission properties of soda-lime glass at elevated temperatures were measured in the frequency range 0.25 to 1.0 me. Single-crystal sapphire rods were used as transmission lines between the sample and barium titanate transducers. A small but uniform increase in absorption of energy was noted up to 800°F. From 800° to 1500°F. there was a great increase in absorption of energy. At 1500° the energy passing through 1 cm. of soda-lime glass was 1/500 of the incident energy.
Morphological and genetic investigations of two western Gulf of Mexico menhadens (Brevoortia spp.)

Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus, the main target of a commercial fishing industry in the Gulf of Mexico, and finescale menhaden Brevoortia gunteri, a non-targeted congeneric, have historically been difficult to differentiate. In this study, meristic counts resulted in two of three characteristics that clearly distinguished species, and genetic differences included 1) near fixation for different alleles between species at two of five loci and 2) significantly large divergence (FST) values between species at four loci. Implications for the correct identification of these species and their putative hybrids are discussed.
DOES DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY WORK

▪ Abstract The growing literature on deliberative democratic practice finds that deliberation is a difficult and relatively rare form of communication. Each moment of a deliberative encounter raises significant obstacles in the path to stimulating greater intentional reflection on public issues. I explore these obstacles in the context of other empirical work in political and social psychology, small group communication, and public opinion. Taken together, these literatures explain why deliberation is difficult to achieve and sustain over time. They also suggest several rules that might assist practitioners in making deliberative democracy work better. Many of the obstacles to deliberative democracy raise questions about key theoretical constructs closely associated with deliberative democratic theory, including equality, legitimacy, autonomy, and reason. I conclude by suggesting that deliberative practitioners, empirical scholars, and theorists might gain from greater interaction.
Vector Processing Support for FPGA-Oriented High Performance Applications

In this paper, we propose and implement a vector processing system that includes two identical vector microprocessors embedded in two FPGA chips. Each vector microprocessor supports floating-point calculations and efficient sparse matrix operations. Dense matrix-matrix multiplication and sparse matrix-vector multiplication with benchmark matrices from various application domains were run on the system to evaluate its performance. The resulting calculation times are compared with those of a commercial PC to show the effectiveness of our approach.
User interface design assistance for large-scale software development

The User Interface Design Assistant (UIDA) addresses the specific design problems of style and integration consistency throughout the user interface development process and aids in the automated feedback and evaluation of a system's graphical user interface according to knowledge-based rules and project-specific design examples. The UIDA system is able to quickly identify inconsistent style guide interpretations and UI design decisions resulting from distributed development of multiple UI sub-systems. This case arises when each sub-system conforms to the general style guide rules, but when integrated together, may appear inconsistent. >
Adaptive along-track multi-channel SAR interferometry for moving target detection and tracking

Along-track interferometry (ATI) is a SAR technique that can be used to detect moving targets and estimate radial velocities. This paper examines the possibility of generating the MTI statistic by utilizing a multi-channel ATI processing method. This method is based on a 2D adaptive filtering algorithm, called signal subspace processing, which was developed to blindly calibrate two channels of an along-track monopulse SAR system. The merits of this method are studied using both simulated data and real data from multi-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) system.
Multiple Constraints in Theories of Metaphor

Critics of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) argue that metaphors are produced and understood as novel meaning creations, and often note that other factors may account for some of the ways people use and understand metaphors apart from entrenched metaphorical concepts, or conceptual metaphors. This article situates CMT within the multidisciplinary study of discourse processes, noting the long tradition in psychology of exploring how people's background knowledge and experience constrain discourse understanding and how psychologists have long sought links between patterns of talk and schemas in mind. This work suggests that alternative proposals on why people speak metaphorically and behave as they do in psycholinguistic experiments are, perhaps, complementary to CMT, but do not replace the theory in any significant way. Multiple, interacting constraints shape people's ongoing metaphoric thought and language, with conceptual metaphors remaining a major force in any comprehensive theory of metaphor.
Search for genetic factors predisposing to atherogenic dyslipidemia

Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a common feature in persons with premature coronary heart disease. While several linkage studies have been carried out to dissect the genetic etiology of lipid levels, few have investigated the AD lipid triad comprising elevated serum triglyceride, small low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Here we report the results of a whole-genome screen for AD using the Framingham Heart Study population. Our analyses provide some evidence for linkage to AD on chromosomes 1q31, 3q29, 10q26, 14p12, 14q13, 16q24, 18p11, and 19q13. AD susceptibility is modulated by multiple genes in different chromosomes. Our study confirms results from other populations and suggests new areas of potential importance.
Representations of PolycrystallineMicrostructure by n-Point Correlation Tensors

An important class of representations of polycrystalline microstructure consists of the n-point correlation tensors. In this paper the representation theory of groups is applied to a consideration of symmetries in the n-point correlation tensors. Three sources of symmetry are included in the development: indicial symmetry in the coefficients of tensors, symmetry associated with the crystal lattice, and statistical symmetries in the microstructure induced by processing. The central problem discussed here is the residence space, or the space of minimum dimension occupied by correlation tensors possessing such symmetries. In addition to the general case of correlation tensors possessing such symmetries, a model microstructure is also considered which embodies an assumption of no spatial coherence of lattice orientation between neighboring grains or crystallites. It is shown that the model microstructure generally results in residence spaces of lower dimension.
Heat treatment and storage effects on texture characteristics of milk and yogurt systems fortified with oilseed proteins.

COW'S milk systems fortified to 15.0% and 18.0% total solids with nonfat dry milk (NDM), peanut flour (PF) or soy protein isolate (SPI) were heated at 70, 80, 85, and 90°C for 30 min. Protein content ranged from 6.4% for NDM milk to 10.0% for SPI milks at 18.0% total solids. All milks exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior at 4°C. Consistency index (K), or apparent viscosity (Q) at shear rate of unity, of PF and SPI milks was generally higher than that of similarly processed NDM milk. Increased total solids and increased heat treatment more dramatically increased the K value for oilseed milks than for NDM milk. Storage (10 days at 4°C) increased K value of SPI milk heated at 80°C or above. Stirred viscosity of yogurt prepared from PF milk heated at 85°C was lower than that of similarly processed NDM and SPI yogurt. Increased total solids increased all yogurt texture data for NDM yogurt, penetration work data for PF yogurt and stirred viscosity data for SPI yogurt. Texture data were maximal with heating at 80–85°C for NDM yogurt and with heating at 90°C for SPI and PF yogurt. Yogurt texture data increased with storage in NDM systems heated at 85°C or above and in SPI systems heated at 90°C.
Microphase separation of block copolymer solutions in a flow field

Films of polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene (PS/PB/PS) triblock copolymer and polystyrene-poly(ethylene/propylene) (PS/PEP) diblock copolymer were cast from toluene solutions subjected to hydrodynamic flow at room temperature using a device based on a novel casting method we term ‘roll-casting.’ Polymer solutions were rolled between two corotating eccentric cylinders while at the same time the solvent was removed at a controlled rate. As the solvent evaporated, the block copolymers microphase separated into globally oriented structures. A discussion of the flow field that develops during roll-casting is presented and specific attention is given to the importance of the shear and elongation rates present. For the triblock and diblock, respectively, the processed structures consisted of polystyrene cylinders assembled on a hexagonal lattice in a polybutadiene matrix, and unidirectional lamellae of alternating polystyrene and polyethylene/propylene. Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the near single-crystal structure both types of films. SAXS also showed the styrene cylinders and the alternating lamellae to be packed closer together in roll-cast films than in simple quiescently cast films. A molecular orientation mechanism is proposed to describe both these results as well as the changes in packing and in macroscopic sample dimensions measured after complete solvent evaporation and after sample annealing. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolic Syndrome and Health-Related Quality of Life among U.S. Adults

Purpose Little is known about the association between health-related quality of life and the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to compare health-related quality of life in adults with and without the metabolic syndrome. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1859 men and women aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HRQOL-4 tool. Results A larger percentage of participants with the metabolic syndrome had fair or poor health (difference = 11.3%, p = 0.002), ≥14 physically unhealthy days (difference = 5.0%) (p = 0.129), ≥14 mentally unhealthy days (difference = 7.4%) (p = 0.010), and ≥14 activity-limitation days (difference = 5.8%) (p = 0.024) during the past 30 days than participants without the metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, educational status, and smoking status, participants with the metabolic syndrome were more likely to have fair or poor health (odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–3.13), ≥14 mentally unhealthy days (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.28–3.02), and ≥14 activity limitation days (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.46–7.02) than those without the metabolic syndrome. Conclusions U.S. adults with the metabolic syndrome experience worse health-related quality of life than adults without this syndrome.
Combined Statistical Analysis Method Assessing Fast Versus Slow Movement Training in a Patient With Cerebellar Stroke: A Single-Case Study

Background Gold standards of data analysis for single-case research do not currently exist. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combined statistical analysis method is more effective in assessing movement training effects in a patient with cerebellar stroke. Design A crossover single-case research design was conducted. Methods The patient was a 69-year-old man with a chronic cerebellar infarct who received two 5-week phases of finger tracking training at different movement rates. Changes were measured with the Box and Block Test, the Jebsen-Taylor test, the finger extension force test, and the corticospinal excitability test. Both visual analysis and statistical tests (including split-middle line method, t test, confidence interval, and effect size) were used to assess potential intervention effects. Results The results of the t tests were highly consistent with the confidence interval tests, but less consistent with the split-middle line method. Most results produced medium to large effect sizes. Limitations The possibility of an incomplete washout effect was a confounding factor in the current analyses. Conclusions The combined statistical analysis method may assist researchers in assessing intervention effects in single-case stroke rehabilitation studies.
TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY FOR CORRELATED SAMPLES

Abstract This paper presents techniques for testing various hypotheses related to the notion of temporal homogeneity of a population each of whose members can belong to any one of S states at any time. These hypotheses include Cochran's interchangeability hypothesis, the hypothesis of strict exchange, the usual homogeneity hypothesis for multinomial distributions in the presence of correlated samples, and the hypothesis that a first order Markov chain is in a steady state.
A RAPID METHOD FOR DETECTING BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER

A rapid determination of the total bacterial count in drinking water is important to the operators of treatment plants and distribution systems. It will allow corrective measures in real-time, such as increasing the disinfectant dose or removing water that has high bacterial numbers. The present heterotrophic plate count (HPC) analysis takes seven days and is not useful for operational intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine if a rapid adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay would estimate the total number of bacteria in minutes. For quality control purposes and also to test the accuracy of both the ATP and HPC test, direct enumeration of the bacteria in a water sample was done using two epifluorescence methods. One was acridine orange direct count (AODC) method, which allows enumeration of both viable and nonviable bacteria. The other was direct viable count (DVC) method, which enumerates viable bacteria. Water samples originated from local, national, and international locations. The sample selection criteria were based on proximity to the laboratory, cooperating water utilities, and the travel of the authors. The results of the study show that the rapid ATP assay is highly correlated with the conventional plate count method and the DVC method, and estimates the bacterial quality of drinking water in minutes.
Error analysis of multiple-output combinational circuits in a noisy environment

The output behaviour of multiple-output combinational circuits in response to stochastic inputs is examined with the help of Walsh functions. The joint error probabilities at the output can be determined from the input statistics by jointly considering two inputs: a noise-free signal and the same signal corrupted by independent additive noise. For the case of signal and noise components which are independent and each identically distributed, the joint error probabilities are polynomials in the expected values of signal and noise. Interesting and relevant special situations are examined, and an example is given.
Multiprocessors and runtime compilation

Runtime preprocessing plays a major role in many efficient algorithms in computer science, as well as playing an important role in exploiting multiprocessor architectures. Examples are given that elucidate the importance of runtime preprocessing and show how these optimizations can be integrated into compilers. To support the arguments, transformations implemented in prototype multiprocessor compilers are described and benchmarks from the iPSC2/860, the CM-2, and the Encore Multimax/320 are presented.
Quality of Life Associated with Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Literature

The development of new therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has increasingly focused on improving patient quality of life, mainly because of limited survival gains and continuing high morbidity burden from disease progression or the adverse effects of treatments. However, there is no generally accepted quality of life instrument for use with this patient group. This paper objectively reviews the existing literature and assesses the impact of CRPC treatments on patients’ quality of life. The review also provides a narrative description of the evolving role of quality of life measures in clinical trials, and critiques the most widely used instruments.
Electronic product design and manufacture in a concurrent engineering environment

The authors describe a concurrent engineering approach to meet the highly competitive needs of today's consumer electronics industry by providing the capability of predicting, analyzing and making decisions on design, test, manufacturing, marketing and cost-related issues during the early phases of the product life cycle. The methodology of developing a high quality product by coordinating team efforts within a specific discipline and also among multiple disciplines such as electrical, mechanical, marketing, materials and manufacturing is presented. The design of a multi-function electronic display board is discussed. The general development process from concept to manufacture is outlined covering issues related to multiple disciplines and specifically focusing on the manufacturing issues. >