cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A group-kinetic theory with a closure by memory loss for modeling turbulence in the atmosphere and the oceans

The principle of the group-kinetic method is elucidated. This method of renormalization serves as the basis for analyzing the spectral structure of turbulence. The spectral distributions include the Kolmogoroff lawk−5/3 for isotropic turbulence, the power lawk−1 for shear turbulence, the spectrum for stratified turbulence not in the power law form, the power lawk−3 for two-dimensional geostrophic turbulence, and the power lawsk−3,k−2 andk−5 for two-dimensional Rossby wave turbulence with uniform and differential rotations. We discuss a spectrum-dependent modeling in reference to the problems of the universal functions and parameters in the similarity theories for the atmospheric surface layer and the planetary boundary layer. A renormalization-based modeling of atmospheric turbulence is proposed.
The impact of social factors on the content of care. Treatment of ischemic heart disease at a public and a voluntary hospital.

To assess the impact of social factors on the content of care, panels of patients with ischemic heart disease at a public and its affiliated voluntary hospital were followed up through their acute hospitalizations and 3 months after discharge. Data were collected from firsthand observation of rounds, chart review, and a 3-month patient follow-up survey. Among patients for whom cardiac catheterization was indicated, 100% from the voluntary hospital underwent this procedure compared with 41% from the public institution. For patients for whom exercise stress testing was indicated, 90% from the voluntary hospital compared with 50% from the public institution underwent the procedure. Factors observed to contribute to these patterns emanated from the hospital setting as well as from the patients' social environment, including difficulties in arranging transfers for procedures, obstacles to coordinating inpatient and ambulatory care, and patient problems in keeping outpatient appointments. ( Arch Intern Med . 1992;152:595-600)
Somatization as an Indicator of Trauma Adaptation in Long-Term Pediatric Cancer Survivors

The objective of this study was to assess the level of somatization symptoms in long-term pediatric cancer survivors and to measure associated functional correlates, trauma symptoms, and personality characteristics. Forty cancer survivors completed self-report questionnaires measuring somatization, trauma symptoms, personality traits and defenses, a general clinical interview, and a structured interview for PTSD. Half (51%) the eligible participants participated in the study. Their mean somatization score fell between a nonclinic patient population and a psychiatric population. Somatization scores correlated with general adjustment in the negative direction and with PTSD scores in the positive direction. The majority of participants met at least partial current PTSD symptoms. These survivorsdemonstrate high levels of restraint, repressive defensiveness, denial and impulse control, and a low level of reported distress. Somatization appears to serve as an indicator for other trauma-related disturbances. Yea...
A Metasystem of Framework Model Organisms to Study Emergence of New Host-Microbe Adaptations

An unintended consequence of global industrialization and associated societal rearrangements is new interactions of microbes and potential hosts (especially mammals and plants), providing an opportunity for the rapid emergence of host-microbe adaptation and eventual establishment of new microbe-related diseases. We describe a new model system comprising the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and several microbes, each representing different modes of interaction, to study such “maladaptations”. The model microbes include human and agricultural pathogens and microbes that are commonly considered innocuous. The system has a large knowledge base corresponding to each component organism and is amenable to high-throughput automation assisted perturbation screens for identifying components that modulate host-pathogen interactions. This would aid in the study of emergence and progression of host-microbe maladaptations in a controlled environment.
Gray-scale moment invariants for airborne mine detection, discrimination and false alarm mitigation

Shape features based on gray-scale moment invariants are presented for airborne mine detection and discrimination. Eleven shape features are obtained by translation, rotation and contrast normalization of the fourth-order gray-scale moments. Mahalanobis distance between an observed and true (average) shape feature vector is used as a shape metric. Covariance matrix corresponding to the average shape feature vector is obtained analytically using an additive and multiplicative noise model for the MWIR image. Effectiveness of gray scale moment invariant shape features for mine discrimination and false alarm mitigation is shown using MWIR imagery collected for LAMD-I program in May 2000. Successful implementation of the features in an airborne detection depends on the consistency of these shape features over time with change in factors such as solar illumination, ageing, clouds and environmental conditions. A study of the variability of gray-scale moment invariant-based shape features with time is conducted using MWIR time-sequenced imagery acquired in June-July 1998 by E-OIR.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anchoring mechanisms for LFA-3 cell adhesion glycoprotein at membrane surface

The manner in which a membrane protein is anchored to the lipid bilayer may have a profound influence on its function. Most cell surface membrane proteins are anchored by a membrane-spanning segment(s) of the polypeptide chain, but another type of anchor has been described for several proteins: a phosphatidyl inositol glycan moiety, attached to the protein C terminus. This type of linkage has been identified on membrane proteins involved in adhesion and transmembrane signalling and could be important in the execution of these functions. We report here that an immunologically important adhesion glycoprotein, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), can be anchored to the membrane by both types of mechanism. These two distinct cell-surface forms of LFA-3 are derived from different biosynthetic precursors. The existence of a phosphatidyl-inositol-linked and a transmembrane anchored form of LFA-3 has important implications for adhesion and transmembrane signalling by LFA-3.
Radial Localization of a Single Stimulus as a Function of Luminance and Duration of Exposure

Accuracy of localization of the radial position of a single stimulus was determined for various luminance-exposure duration combinations. Localization accuracy, provided the stimulus is seen, is independent of luminance and duration, but varies with the radial position of the stimulus. The results are discussed in terms of events critical to localization accuracy and it is concluded that the magnitude of photochemical events in the end organs does not limit localization accuracy for supraliminal stimuli.
Toxicity and Residues of Encapsulated Rabon to Salmon Sex-Link Hens

Encapsulated Rabon® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5 trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was fed to Salmon sex-link hens continuously in massive dosages (800 ppm) mixed with mash for a treatment period of 90 days. The effects on body and organ weights as well as on egg production, and feed and water consumption were recorded. The general appearance and behavior of the birds were also observed. Blood counts and a general gross autopsy were carried out on both control and treated birds after slaughter. The shell thickness and interior quality of the eggs were also evaluated. No inhibition of physiological activity or decrease in reproductive performance was noted. Analysis of body tissues and egg yolks yielded minute quantities of residues in some samples.
Le diamètre de la greffe et l’âge opératoire influencent ils les résultats laximétriques d’une reconstruction du LCA ? Étude de 88 reconstructions du LCA aux ischio-jambiers

Introduction Les greffes aux tendons ischio-jambiers sont de pratique courante dans les reconstructions du LCA. Le diametre de la greffe et l’âge operatoire influencent-ils les resultats laximetriques ? Methode Il s’agit d’une etude retrospective, monocentrique, mono operateur, de 88 patients ayant beneficie d’une reconstruction du LCA. Nous avons inclus toutes les ruptures completes unilaterales, operees entre janvier 2010 et janvier 2011. Les patients ont ete repartis dans 3 groupes selon le diametre (O) du milieu de la greffe – groupe 1 (32 patients) – 8 mm &#8804+ O &#8804+ 9 mm + groupe 2 (28 patients) – O &#8804+ 10 mm + groupe 3 (28 patients) – O > 10 mm. Tous les patients ont ete operes avec la meme technique de greffe courte en 4 brins, utilisant le semi-tendinosus A le gracilis. Nous avons compare les 3 groupes sur la laxite differentielle (mm) a 134 N (&#8710 + 134 = cote sain versus cote opere) mesuree au GNRBy, et nous avons etudie l’influence de l’âge, du sexe et de l’indice de masse corporel (IMC) sur le &#8710 + 134. Un &#8710 + 134 > 3 mm etait considere comme anormal. Nous avons utilise des tests Anova et des correlations de Pearson pour l’analyse statistique. Le Comite d’Ethique Regional avait rendu un accord favorable. Resultats Le suivi moyen etait de 26 mois. L’âge operatoire moyen etait de 29,4 ans. Les 3 groupes etaient comparables en preoperatoire. Le &#8710 + 134 postoperatoire etait respectivement pour les groupes 1, 2 et 3, de 1,50 A 1,3 mm, 1,59 A 1,5 mm et 2 A 1,7 mm. Dans le groupe 1, 3 patients avaient un &#8710 + 134 > 3 mm, 4 patients dans le groupe 2 et 9 patients dans le groupe 3. Il n’y avait pas de difference statistiquement significative entre les 3 groupes ( p = 0,381). L’âge 3 mm ( p = 0,043) quelque soit le diametre de la greffe. Il n’y avait pas d’influence du sexe ou de l’IMC sur le &#8710 + 134. Conclusion Le semitendinosus A le gracilis en 4 brins sont suffisants, a partir de 8 mm pour une reconstruction stable du LCA. Un diametre eleve de la greffe n’a pas d’influence favorable sur les resultats laximetriques. Un diametre de greffe excessif expose le patient a des difficultes de reeducation, sans amelioration de la stabilite. L’âge
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Where Do We Stand?

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms has evolved dramatically within the past few years. In light of the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with open surgical repair, endoluminal grafting offers therapeutic options to patients who are not surgical candidates because of comorbidities. With the development of bifurcated devices, more complex aneurysms may be treated by endovascular grafting. Although successful placement of endovascular grafts requires a pronounced learning curve, including appropriate patient selection, midterm results seem consistent with those of traditional open repair of aneurysms. This review describes the current indications, minimal requirements, different devices and associated techniques, and potential complications of endoluminal repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Future aspects of endoluminal grafting are also discussed.
Solvent exfoliation of electronic-grade, two-dimensional black phosphorus

Solution dispersions of two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP)—often referred to as phosphorene—are achieved by solvent exfoliation. These pristine, electronic-grade BP dispersions are produced with anhydrous organic solvents in a sealed-tip ultrasonication system, which circumvents BP degradation that would otherwise occur via solvated O2 or H2O. Among conventional solvents, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is found to provide stable, highly concentrated (∼0.4 mg/mL) BP dispersions. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that the structure and chemistry of solvent-exfoliated BP nanosheets are comparable to mechanically exfoliated BP flakes. Additionally, residual NMP from the liquid-phase processing suppresses the rate of BP oxidation in ambient conditions. Solvent-exfoliated BP nanosheet field-effect transistors exhibit ambipolar behavior with current on/off ratios and mobilities up to ∼104 and ∼...
Isolation, Purification, and Molecular Weight Determination of Serum Immunoglobulin from Gulf Menhaden: Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Assess Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations from Atlantic Menhaden

Abstract An immunoglobulin M (IgM)-like immunoglobulin was isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation from pooled serum collected from healthy gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus. The immunoglobulin (Ig) was purified by Sephacryl-400 gel filtration chromatography. The molecular weight of unreduced, purified Ig was determined to be 850 kilodaltons (kD) by high-performance liquid chromatography. A goat antiserum against the purified Ig was produced and determined to react with the serum Ig of both gulf and Atlantic menhaden B. tyrannus by double gel diffusion. When reacted with sera from taxonomically unrelated species of fish, sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus, striped mullet Mugil cephalus, gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta, and hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis), no precipitation bands developed. Furthermore, the specificity of the goat antiserum was shown by Western blot analysis to be for the 77,000-molecular-weight heavy chain of reduced and alkylate...
Cladistic resolution and ecology of the Madagascar genus Manohyphella Allen (Ephemeroptera : Teloganodidae)

La decouverte de larves mâles provenant de Madagascar [seule une larve femelle etait connue jusqu'ici] confirme leur appartenance a la famille des Teloganodidae et au genre Manohyphella Allen, en raison de leurs yeux composes dioptiques. La caracterisation au niveau generique et des comparaisons intergeneriques sont donnees pour la premiere fois. En outre, deux especes nouvelles sont decrites a partir de ces larves : Manohyphella sphyxia, n. sp. et M. animosa, n. sp. Une analyse cladistique montre que Manohyphella represente une branche basale d'un clade qui inclue tous les Teloganodidae excepte Ephemerellina Lestage, et que ce genre est le plus proche hierarchiquement du genre Sud-africain Nadinetella McCafferty & Wang. Les relations biogeographiques historiques en ce qui concerne le Gondwana et la voie trans-Ocean Indien sont discutees. Les larves etaient abondantes sur les pierres en courant dans un cours d'eau en foret protege dans le Parc National Ranomafana, partie orientale de Madagascar, mais se trouvaient a des densites significativement plus faibles dans cinq autres cours d'eau de la region, dont trois dans la zone agricole peripherique du parc. Les conditions relativement peu perturbees du cours d'eau ou elles ont ete trouvees en abondance peuvent en partie expliquer une telle repartition; cependant, les caracteristiques de pente de ce cours d'eau entrecoupe de chutes d'eau, sont aussi typiques d'habitats connus pour d'autres Teloganodidae. Le regime alimentaire de Manohyphella consiste essentiellement en fins debris particulaires. Une comparaison est faite avec les donnees trophiques sur d'autres ephemerelloides, et la morphologie des maxilles apparait bien adaptee pour brosser et râcler.
Comparison of the pharmacologic properties of oxytocin and its highly potent analogue, desamino-oxytocin.

The pharmacologic properties of desamino-oxytocin, which differs from oxytocin only at the 1 position, where the free amino group in the half-cystine residue is replaced by hydrogen, are compared with those of oxytocin. It has been found that the free amino group is not required for manifestation of the biologic activities of oxytocin which are studied herein. Replacement of the amino group in the oxytocin molecule by hydrogen results in an enhancement of its avian depressor, rat oxytocic, and rat antidiuretic activities and a decrease in its rat pressor activity. Milk-ejecting activity in lactating rabbits is not appreciably affected. The patterns of response to equivalent units of oxytocin and desamino-oxytocin are practically identical. Increased antidiuretic and decreased pressor activities also occur upon replacement of the amino group in the 1 position of lysine-vasopressin with hydrogen to give l-desamino-8- lysine-vasopressin.
Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids.

Naturally occurring opiates (endorphins) diminish testosterone levels by inhibiting both hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone production and testicular testosterone synthesis. Heroin addicts treated with a single daily dose of methadone and nonaddicts receiving continuous intrathecal opioids quickly develop low luteinizing hormone and total testosterone levels. A similar pattern was sought in men consuming commonly prescribed oral opioids. Free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E(2)), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in 54 community-dwelling outpatient men consuming oral sustained-action dosage forms of opioids several times daily for control of nonmalignant pain. Hormone levels were related to the opioid consumed, dosage and dosage form, nonopioid medication use, and several personal characteristics and were compared with the hormone analyses of 27 similar men consuming no opioids. Hormone levels averaged much lower in opioid users than in control subjects in a dose-related pattern (P < .0001 for all comparisons). FT, TT, and E(2) levels were subnormal in 56%, 74%, and 74%, respectively, of opioid consumers. Forty-eight men (89%) exhibited subnormal levels of either FT or E(2). Either TT or E(2) level was subnormal in all 28 men consuming the equivalent of 100 mg of methadone daily and in 19 of 26 (73%) consuming smaller opioid doses. Eighty-seven percent (39 of 45) of opioid-ingesting men who reported normal erectile function before opioid use reported severe erectile dysfunction or diminished libido after beginning their opioid therapy. Commonly prescribed opioids in sustained-action dosage forms usually produce subnormal sex hormone levels, which may contribute to a diminished quality of life for many patients with painful chronic illness.
Colligative Properties of Simple Solutions

Vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression are all related quantitatively to the decrease in µ1soln upon the addition of solute in forming a solution. In any equilibrium system, regardless of whether it is in a gravitational field or whether it contains walls, semipermeable membranes, phase transitions, or solutes, all equilibria are maintained locally, in the small region of the equilibrium, by the equality of µ1soln. If there are several subsystems in a gravitational field, at any fixed height, µi will have the same value in each subsystem into which substance i can get, and µi + Migh is constant throughout the entire system. In a solution, there is no mechanism by which solvent and solute molecules could sustain different pressures. Both the solvent and solute are always under identical pressures in a region of solution, namely, the pressure of the solution in that region. Since nature does not know which component we call the solvent and which the solute, equations should be symmetric in the two (acknowledging that the nonvolatile component, if any, is commonly chosen to be solute). Simple molecular pictures illustrate what is happening to cause pressure (positive or negative) in liquids, vapor pressure of liquids, and the various colligative properties of solutions. The only effect of solute involved in these properties is that it dilutes the solvent, with the resulting increase in S and decrease in µ1soln. Water can be driven passively up a tree to enormous heights by the difference between its chemical potential in the roots and the ambient air. There is nothing mysterious about the molecular bases for any of these phenomena. Biologists can use the well-understood pictures of these phenomena with confidence to study what is happening in the complicated living systems they consider.
Association between asthma and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children: Potential risk factors

Background: Childhood asthma is common in children. It might be associated with behavioral abnormalities of inattention, irritability, or hyperactivity. These abnormalities form the major components of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Allergic diseases and ADHD are common pediatric conditions associated with learning difficulties and sleep disturbances. There are conflicting research data regarding the association between ADHD and atopic disorders. Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the potential risk factors, especially investigate vitamin D deficiency a strong contributing factor in asthmatic children with ADHD. Design: This was a case-control study. Settings: Hamad General Hospital, Rumeilah Hospital, School Health and Primary Health Care Clinics, Qatar. Subjects and Methods: A total of 520 asthmatic children with ADHD and 520 controls aged 5-16 years old controls were enrolled in this study and matched with age and ethnicity. The study was conducted between June 2011 and September 2013. Data based questionnaire, clinical manifestations, family history, body mass index (BMI), and clinical biochemistry variables including serum 25(OH) vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium was obtained. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: Severe vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher among asthmatic children with ADHD compared with the healthy controls (18.1% vs. 10.4%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of overweight (24.1% vs. 18.1%) and obesity (8.2% vs. 5.4%) was significantly higher among asthmatic children with ADHD than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Mean values of vitamin D (17.25 ± 10.53 vs. 23.91 ± 9.82; P < 0.001), serum iron (81.46 ± 13.61 vs. 87.23 ± 12.46; P < 0.001), hemoglobin (11.68 ± 2.11 vs. 12.87 ± 2.15; P < 0.001), magnesium (0.77 ± 0.12 vs. 0.83 ± 0.13; P = 0.013), potassium (4.22 ± 0.53 vs. 4.58 ± 0.55; P < 0.001), phosphorous (1.53 ± 0.12 vs. 1.66 ± 0.14; P < 0.001) were significantly lower among asthmatic children with ADHD than in controls. There was a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and with age (r = −0.224, P = 0.001); calcium (r = 0.256, P = 0.001); phosphorous (r = 0.316, P = 0.001); magnesium (r = 0.288, P = 0.001); and BMI (r = 0.452, P = 0.001) in asthmatic with ADHD children. Vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio [OR] =3.27; P < 0.001), serum iron deficiency (OR = 2.81; P = 0.008), physical inactivity (OR = 2.67; P = 0.005), ferritin (OR = 2.53; P < 0.001) and serum calcium level (OR = 2.04; P < 0.001) were significant leading predictors in asthmatic children with ADHD. Conclusion: The present study revealed that vitamin D was a significant contributing factor in asthmatic children with ADHD followed by serum iron deficiency and physical inactivity compared with healthy controls.
Graduating Pharmacy Students’ Perspectives on E-Professionalism and Social Media

Objective. To determine the use patterns of social media among graduating pharmacy students, characterize students’ views and opinions of professionalism on popular social media sites, and compare responses about social media behavior among students seeking different types of employment. Methods. All graduating pharmacy students (n=516) at Purdue University, The University of Findlay, Butler University, and Midwestern University were invited to complete a survey instrument during the fall semester of 2011. Results. Of 212 (41%) students who responded to the survey, 93% (194/209) had a social media profile. Seventy-four percent (120/162) of participants felt they should edit their social media profiles prior to applying for a job. Conclusions. Many graduating pharmacy students use social media; however, there appears to be a growing awareness of the importance of presenting a more professional image online as they near graduation and begin seeking employment as pharmacists.
Nitration of a peptide phytotoxin by bacterial nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent intercellular signal in mammals that mediates key aspects of blood pressure, hormone release, nerve transmission and the immune response of higher organisms. Proteins homologous to full-length mammalian nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are found in lower multicellular organisms. Recently, genome sequencing has shown that some bacteria contain genes coding for truncated NOS proteins; this is consistent with reports of NOS-like activities in bacterial extracts. Biological functions for bacterial NOSs are unknown, but have been presumed to be analogous to their role in mammals. Here we describe a gene in the plant pathogen Streptomyces turgidiscabies that encodes a NOS homologue, and we reveal its role in nitrating a dipeptide phytotoxin required for plant pathogenicity. High similarity between bacterial NOSs indicates a general function in biosynthetic nitration; thus, bacterial NOSs constitute a new class of enzymes. Here we show that the primary function of Streptomyces NOS is radically different from that of mammalian NOS. Surprisingly, mammalian NO signalling and bacterial biosynthetic nitration share an evolutionary origin.
Medicare and Health Care Reform

Although Medicare constitutes one of the most popular programs of the federal government, even its most ardent supporters would likely agree that improvements could be made and likely should be part of any package of comprehensive health care reform. While some changes could be made as stand-alone reforms. it would be better to integrate changes for the under 65-population with those for the Medicare program. For example, cost-containment strategies would work best if they applied to the population as a whole rather than creating differences that lead to cost-shifting and possible discrimination across groups. The generosity of services covered also ought to be balanced between Medicare and whatever happens elsewhere. This would allow Medicare's cost-sharing structure to be less severe in terms of hospital and skilled nursing care, for example. Finally, while it is tempting to use reductions in spending on Medicare as a means for helping to finance other expansions, the impact of such changes needs to be ...
Human Computer Interaction Modes for Construction Education Applications: Experimenting with Small Format Interactive Displays

The increasing use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a tool for communicating design intent in the architecture engineering and construction (AEC) industry has increased the demand for BIM related instruction in Construction programs. For this reason, the importance of including BIM tools in courses is greater now than ever. However, due to limited course time and the great amount of applications and hardware available, it is important to select those tools that have the potential to provide a better user experience, which may lead to enhanced student learning. This article discusses the results of research undertaken to evaluate various hardware options and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) modes that may be beneficial for teaching with BIM related applications in construction education environments. Interactive display technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the educational experience of students, and will provide faculty a tool that can facilitate teaching construction concepts in a m...
The Road to the Cure of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Personal Perspective

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the first syngeneic systemic malignancy to be cured by chemotherapy (1962). The personal description of the key players and the major innovations are presented by one of those participating in this achievement. The principles developed over the subsequent 30 years have found wide application to the therapy of other systemic malignancies.
A new synthesis of 4'-resveratrol esters and evaluation of the potential for anti-depressant activity.

Abstract The 4′-ester analog of the disease preventative resveratrol 1 (RV), 4′-acetyl-RV 2 along with 4′-pivaloate 13 and benzoate 14 RV were synthesized. The previously developed palladium catalyzed decarbonylative Heck coupling was used to assemble the stilbene core together with 3,5-dibenzyl protected phenol intermediates that allowed for efficient coupling and deprotection using boron trifluoride etherate. Studies with Long-Evans rats were performed to establish safety, toxicity, and behavioral parameters. In addition, the Porsalt forced-swim test was used to demonstrate anti-depressant activity.
Energy-Aware Adaptive Checkpointing in Embedded Real-Time Systems

We present an integrated approach that provides fault tolerance and dynamic power management for a real-time task executing in an embedded system. Fault tolerance is achieved through an adaptive checkpointing scheme that dynamically adjusts the checkpointing interval during task execution. Adaptive checkpointing is then combined with a dynamic voltage scaling scheme to achieve power reduction. The resulting energy-aware adaptive checkpointing scheme uses a dynamic voltage scaling criterion that is based not only on the slack in task execution but also on the occurrences of faults during task execution. Simulation results show that compared to previous methods, the proposed approach significantly reduces power consumption and increases the likelihood of timely task completion in the presence of faults.
Use of the 'reamer irrigator aspirator' system for non-infected tibial non-union after failed iliac crest grafting.

Autologous bone graft represents the gold standard treatment modality for managing atrophic nonunions associated with bone loss by virtue of its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. Traditionally, the commonest harvesting site for autologous bone graft has been the iliac crest. However, there have been concerns about iliac crest bone grafts because of limited volume and considerable donor site morbidity. Alternative autologous bone graft can be harvested from the femoral bone cavity, using a newly developed technique that combines intramedullary reaming and aspiration of the reamed content. Use of the ‘reamer irrigator aspirator’ (RIA) technique results in a voluminous amount of bone graft, which seems to be superior in growth potential to iliac crest bone graft and may therefore exceed the abilities of pelvic crest bone graft. We report a case of open tibial shaft fracture (Gustilo IIIb) with significant bone loss. After failed iliac crest bone grafting, bone graft from the femoral
An Error Back-Propagation Artificial Neural Networks Application in Automatic Car License Plate Recognition

License plate recognition involves three basics steps: 1) image preprocessing including thresholding, binarization, skew detection, noise filtering, and frame boundary detection, 2) character and number segmentations from the heading of the state area and the body of a license plate, 3) training and recognition on an Error Backpropagation Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). This report emphasizes on the implementation of modeling the recognition process. In particular, it deploys classical approaches and techniques for recognizing license plate numbers. The problems of recognizing characters and numbers from a license plate are described in details by examples. Also, the character segmentation algorithm is developed. This algorithm is then incorporated into the license plate recognition system.
Application of ground-penetrating radar to investigation of near-surface fault properties in the San Francisco Bay region

Abstract In many geologic environments, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) provides high-resolution images of near-surface Earth structure. GPR data collection is nondestructive and very economical. The scale of features detected by GPR lies between those imaged by high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and those exposed in trenches and is therefore potentially complementary to traditional techniques for fault location and mapping. Sixty-two GPR profiles were collected at 12 sites in the San Francisco Bay region. Results show that GPR data correlate with large-scale features in existing trench observations, can be used to locate faults where they are buried or where their positions are not well known, and can identify previously unknown fault segments. The best data acquired were on a profile across the San Andreas fault, traversing Pleistocene terrace deposits south of Olema in Marin County; this profile shows a complicated multi-branched fault system from the ground surface down to about 40 m, the maximum depth for which data were recorded.
Review of Doctoral Research in Second-Language Teaching and Learning in the United States (2006-2007)

This review highlights recent doctoral research in the United States completed between the spring of 2006 and the fall of 2007 in the areas of language teaching and language learning. Topics of particular interest included language policy, second/foreign language pragmatics, computer-mediated communication, non-native-speaking teachers, academic genre teaching and usage, applied learner corpus analysis, new approaches to corrective feedback, on-line corpora and reference tools, language ideologies, conversation analysis, task complexity, affordances and opportunities in language learning, phonological acquisition, U.S. resident L2 adolescents (sometimes referred to as Generation 1.5 students), language socialization, input processing and parsing, and reconceptualizations of private speech.
Parole Board Members’ Views of Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification

Little is known about how criminal justice officials perceive fairness, efficacy or scope of sex offender registration and community notification procedures, despite their importance in implementing such policies. There is also scant literature regarding parole board members and their attitudes or approaches to their work. This study addresses both issues by examining the attitudes and beliefs regarding sex offender registration and community notification among members of state parole boards. Using a survey methodology, including the Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale (Church, Wakeman, Miller, Clements, & Sun, 2008), parole board members are shown to hold moderate views of the importance of such practices and to frequently question the efficacy and scope of registration and community notification. Additionally, the CATSO is shown to not be of assistance for understanding the views of parole board members.
Low-Energy Electron Reflectivity of Graphene on Copper and other Substrates.

The reflectivity of low-energy electrons from graphene on copper substrates is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Well-known oscillations in the reflectivity of electrons with energies 0--8 eV above the vacuum level are observed in the experiment. These oscillations are reproduced in theory, based on a first-principles density functional description of interlayer states forming for various thicknesses of multilayer graphene. It is demonstrated that $n$ layers of graphene produce a regular series of $n\ensuremath{-}1$ minima in the reflectance spectra, together with a possible additional minimum associated with an interlayer state forming between the graphene and the substrate. Both (111) and (001) orientations of the copper substrates are studied. Similarities in their reflectivity spectra arise from the interlayer states, whereas differences are found because of the different Cu band structures along those orientations. Results for graphene on other substrates, including Pt(111) and Ir(111), are also discussed.
Scaling behavior and local structure of ion aggregates in single-ion conductors

Single-ion conductors are attractive electrolyte materials because of their inherent safety and ease of processing. Most ions in a sodium-neutralized PEO sulfonated-isophthalate ionomer electrolyte exist as one dimensional chains, restricted in dimensionality by the steric hindrance of the attached polymer. Because the ions are slow to reconfigure, atomistic MD simulations of this material are unable to adequately sample equilibrium ion structures. We apply a novel coarse-graining scheme using a generalized-YBG procedure in which the polymer backbone is completely removed and implicitly represented by the effective potentials of the remaining ions. The ion-only coarse-grained simulation allows for substantial sampling of equilibrium aggregate configurations. We extend the wormlike micelle theory to model ion chain equilibrium. Our aggregates are random walks which become more positively charged with increasing size. Defects occur on the string-like structure in the form of “dust” and “knots,” which form due to cation coordination with open sites along the string. The presence of these defects suggest that cation hopping along open third-coordination sites could be an important mechanism of charge transport using ion aggregates.
Bandwidth efficient tamper detection for distributed Java systems

The benefits of distributed computation present complex security considerations beyond those associated with the traditional computing paradigm. This paper describes a bandwidth efficient approach to authenticate distributed Java code. Our system utilizes steganographic techniques to embed a cryptographic checksum as a tamper detection mark into Java class files. The properties of this mark make our system desirable in applications where low bandwidth utilization is a requirement (e.g., wireless networks and low power devices). We implemented our system in Java and evaluated its performance through an empirical study. The analysis indicates that our system detects any degree of alteration to a marked Java class file and can do so within a reasonable amount of time.
Isozyme Analysis of Tree Fruits

The advent of isozyme genetics has revolutionized the study of tree fruit crops. Each crop has had its own set of problems, sometimes unique, that remained intractable until this versatile tool became available and was applied. This chapter summarizes the work done on those fruit crops whose isozymes have been studied sufficiently to constitute a major advance. It is interesting and instructive that this breakthrough resulted in many cases from the collaboration of researchers trained in horticulture with those trained in more basic plant genetics.
Models of Index Searching and Retrieval Effectiveness of Keyword-In-Context Indexes.

The retrieval effectiveness of Keyword-In-Context indexing is sought using a simple search simulation which constrains the “user” to approach a KWIC index with subject keywords and references dictated by a conventional index. This study shows that a KWIC index will allow retrieval of at least 50% of the articles found in a conventional index, if the former is approached with the same subject concepts as are 100% successful in the latter. A comparison of several KWIC index studies, using various methodologies, tends to show retrievability ratios of 35%-70%.
The genetic code constrains yet facilitates Darwinian evolution

An important goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the constraints that shape the dynamics and outcomes of evolution. Here, we address the extent to which the structure of the standard genetic code constrains evolution by analyzing adaptive mutations of the antibiotic resistance gene TEM-1 β-lactamase and the fitness distribution of codon substitutions in two influenza hemagglutinin inhibitor genes. We find that the architecture of the genetic code significantly constrains the adaptive exploration of sequence space. However, the constraints endow the code with two advantages: the ability to restrict access to amino acid mutations with a strong negative effect and, most remarkably, the ability to enrich for adaptive mutations. Our findings support the hypothesis that the standard genetic code was shaped by selective pressure to minimize the deleterious effects of mutation yet facilitate the evolution of proteins through imposing an adaptive mutation bias.
Costimulatory effects of TLR1-TLR2 stimulation on CD8+ T cells is dependent on 4-1BB signaling (TUM7P.941)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a significant role in amplifying immune responses against tumors. Our studies demonstrate that activated CD8+ T cells express TLRs and upon stimulation with TLR1-TLR2 agonists, exhibit enhanced T cell survival and proliferation. To define how TLR signaling promotes these processes, we compared gene expression analysis between TLR1-TLR2-stimulated and unstimulated CD8+ and MyD88-/- CD8+ T cells and identified significant increases in the expression levels of five TNF family members. We sought to test the hypothesis that the costimulatory effects of TLR1-TLR2 stimulation on CD8+ T cells were dependent on the function of one of these costimulatory molecules. Blocking CD137 (4-1BB) using blocking antibodies, but not the other TNF family members, dramatically reduced the costimulatory effects of TLR-mediated T cell proliferation. Likewise, 4-1BB -deficient CD8+ T cells did not respond to TLR stimulation. While TLR signals are capable of upregulating antiapoptotic proteins such as BCL2 and BCL-xL, mechanistically, we postulate that 4-1BB activation stabilizes these proteins, hence promoting survival. Adoptive transfer of pmel T cells along with the 4-1BB agonistic antibody, 3H3 and the TLR ligand, Pam3CSK4 was able to reduce tumor growth in a B16 melanoma model. These studies indicate that the costimulatory effects of TLR1-TLR2 signaling in CD8+ T cells mediated by 4-1BB signals are vital for mounting an effective antitumor response.
Artemisinin Combination Therapies and Malaria Parasite Drug Resistance: The Game Is Afoot

Steve M. Taylor and Jonathan J. Juliano Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Extended photon correlation in a negative-temperature medium

We show how two-photon correlation of a two-level amplifier in the small signal regime depends on the atomic populations and the propagation length. We predict that inverted population associated with negative temperature gives a very long correlation time even in the presence of decoherence, a useful asset for quantum communication. The correlation vanishes for very dilute atomic gas. Analytical solutions for the field operators obtained by Fourier transform and Laplace transform (with initial condition) of the time variable appear very different but yield identical numerical results except for certain parameters. The physical explanation behind the deviation is given. The presence of thermal photons is found to reduce the correlation time.
The impact of herbivore–plant coevolution on plant community structure

Coevolutionary theory proposes that the diversity of chemical structures found in plants is, in large part, the result of selection by herbivores. Because herbivores often feed on chemically similar plants, they should impose selective pressures on plants to diverge chemically or bias community assembly toward chemical divergence. Using a coevolved interaction between a group of chrysomelid beetles and their host plants, I tested whether coexisting plants of the Mexican tropical dry forest tend to be chemically more dissimilar than random. Results show that some of the communities are chemically overdispersed and that overdispersion is related to the tightness of the interaction between plants and herbivores and the spatial scale at which communities are measured. As coevolutionary specialization increases and spatial scale decreases, communities tend to be more chemically dissimilar. At fairly local scales and where herbivores have tight, one-to-one interactions with plants, communities have a strong pattern of chemical disparity.
Data Assimilation Using Incremental Analysis Updates

Abstract The IAU (incremental analysis updating) process incorporates analysis increments into a model integration in a gradual manner. It does this by using analysis increments as constant forcings in a model's prognostic equations over a 6-h period centered on an analysis time. A linear analysis of the IAU procedure shows it to have the attractive properties of a low-pass time filter. The IAU process affects the response of the model to the analysis increments, and it leaves the model state unaffected where there were no data to assimilate. This result is contrasted with a simple dynamical relaxation (or “nudging”) scheme, which is shown, in this linear analysis, to have less desirable response characteristics, both from the analysis increments and from the background state of the model. The behavior of IAU in the context of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Data Assimilation System is examined using a combination of large-scale diagnostics from month-long assimilations and detailed diagnostics ...
Assessing The Impact Of Wellness Programs Across Multiple Worksites: An Alternative To Return On Investment

The current case study looks at an innovative approach to assessing the impact of a large-scale workplace wellness program across seven different employer locations. Unlike many reports on the effectiveness of workplace wellness programs, this study does not use return on investment (ROI), which is limited in its ability to provide good estimates of insurance cost savings. The case study looks at a multi- year workplace wellness programs’ impact on clinical measures from baseline through year two data collection. As a unique approach, meta-analytic results provide estimates that are both valid and reliable. Additionally, these measures are standardized, making them assessable for comparisons across different program implementations.
Pegylation of High-Density Lipoprotein Decreases Plasma Clearance and Enhances Antiatherogenic Activity

Rationale: Infusions of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), mimetic peptides, or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) remain a promising approach for the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary disease. However, rapid clearance leads to a requirement for repeated administration of large amounts of material and limits effective plasma concentrations. Objective: Because pegylation of purified proteins is commonly used as a method to increase their half-life in the circulation, we determined whether pegylation of apoAI or HDL would increase its plasma half-life and in turn its antiatherogenic potential. Methods and Results: Initial pegylation attempts using lipid-poor apoAI showed a marked tendency to form multi-pegylated (PEG) species with reduced ability to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells. However, pegylation of human holo-HDL or reconstituted phospholipid/apoAI particles (rHDL) led to selective N-terminal monopegylation of apoAI with full preservation of cholesterol efflux activity. The plasma clearance of PEG-rHDL was estimated after injection into hypercholesterolemic Apoe –/– mice; the half-life of pegylated PEG-apoAI after injection of PEG-rHDL was increased ≈7-fold compared with apoAI in nonpegylated rHDL. In comparison with nonpegylated rHDL, infusion of PEG-rHDL (40 mg/kg) into hypercholesterolemic Apoe –/– mice led to more pronounced suppression of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cell proliferation and monocytosis, as well as reduced atherosclerosis and a stable plaque phenotype. Conclusions: We describe a novel method for effective monopegylation of apoAI in HDL particles, in which lipid binding seems to protect against pegylation of key functional residues. Pegylation of apoAI in rHDL markedly increases its plasma half-life and enhances antiatherogenic properties in vivo.