cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birthright Citizenship: The Fourteenth Amendment's Continuing Protection Against an American Caste System

Intending to reverse Dred Scott and to abolish the southern “Black Codes,” Congress ratified the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, guaranteeing automatic citizenship to most people born on U.S. soil. However, the Amendment’s framers specifically excluded particular groups, including those considered not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States. In 1898, the Supreme Court clarified the meaning of this Citizenship Clause in Wong Kim Ark, and citizenship by birth has been part of American jurisprudence ever since. Currently, many Americans oppose providing birthright citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants. This note examines the basic purpose of the Citizenship Clause and how Americans have made similar attempts in the past to exclude unwanted minority groups. Such attempts have failed over time and should be rejected now because they would recreate the hereditary caste system the Fourteenth Amendment sought to eliminate and are unnecessary considering the existing legal barriers to chain migration.
Improving performance of single-phase SOGI-FLL under DC-offset voltage condition

The second-order-generalized-integrator frequency-locked loop (SOGI-FLL) is typically employed to synchronize with the grid in the single-phase grid-connected converter. The SOGI creates two orthogonal signals from an input grid voltage, and estimates the magnitude while the frequency locked-loop identifies the grid frequency. If there is a DC component in the grid voltage due to the measurement process, it degrades the accuracy of SOGI-FLL estimates. The SOGI-FLL, therefore, cannot identify accurate information of the grid voltage. This paper introduces an improved control method for the SOGI-FLL when the grid contains a DC component. The value of the DC component voltage is estimated online and totally removed from the frequency control loop. The controller, thus, responses faster and more precisely detects both the magnitude and frequency of the input voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical analyses.
Purification and general properties of argininosuccinate lyase from jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L.)DC.

1. Argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) from jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC] seeds was purified 532-fold from an acetone-butanol-dried powder. 2. The enzyme functions reversibly and exhibits maximum stability at 16 degrees . 3. At 16 degrees it has a half-life (t((1/2))) of 263min. 4. The enzyme is both cold-labile (t((1/2)) 131min. at 0 degrees ) and heat-inactivated (t((1/2)) 74min. at 38 degrees ); inactivation appears to be irreversible. 5. Treatment of the acetone-butanol-extracted powder with sodium dodecyl sulphate increased the sensitivity of the enzyme to temperature (t((1/2)) 70min. at 0 degrees ; t((1/2)) 23min. at 38 degrees ). 6. Addition, to the purified enzyme, of a fraction containing lipid from the seed increased the half-life to about 510min. at either 0 degrees or 38 degrees . 7. Arginine or homoarginine, and to a smaller extent some other amino acids or fumarate, protected the enzyme from cold-inactivation. 8. Reactivation attempts with both the cold- and heat-inactivated enzyme failed. 9. The K(m) value for argininosuccinate at pH7.5 is 1.3x10(-4). 10. The enzyme was inactivated completely within 15min. at 16 degrees by 0.5mm-p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and subsequent exposure to 5mm-cysteine had no restorative effect.
Contribution of trees to carbon storage in soils of silvopastoral systems in Florida, USA

Silvopastoral systems that integrate trees in pasture production systems are likely to enhance soil carbon (C) storage in lower soil layers due to the presence of deep tree roots. To quantify the relative soil C contribution from trees (C3 plants) and warm season grasses (C4 plants) in silvopastoral systems, soil samples were collected and analyzed from silvopastures of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) + bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and adjacent open pasture (OP), at six depths down to 125 cm, at four sites representing two major soil orders (Spodosols and Ultisols) of Florida. The plant sources of C in whole (nonfractionated) and three soil fraction sizes (250-2000, 53-250, and < 53 μm) were traced using stable C isotope signatures. The silvopasture sites contained higher amounts of C3-derived soil organic carbon (SOC) compared with OP sites, at all soil depths. Slash pine trees (C3 plants) seemed to have contributed more C in the silt + clay-sized (< 53 μm) fractions than bahiagrass (C4 plants), particularly deeper in the soil profile. Spodosols sites contained more C in the < 53 μm fraction at and below the spodic horizon (occurring between 15 and 50 cm) in silvopasture compared with OP. The results indicate that most of SOC in deeper soil profiles and the relatively stable < 53 μm C fraction were derived from tree components (C3 plants) in all the sites, suggesting that the tree-based pasture system has greater potential to store more stable C in the soil compared with the treeless system. Nomenclature: OP = open pasture SOC = soil organic carbon SP-A = center of the alley in a silvopasture SP-T = in-between trees in a row of a silvopasture.
Modeling gate and substrate currents due to conduction- and valence-band electron and hole tunneling [CMOS technology]

A model is proposed to quantify the tunneling currents through ultra-thin gate oxides. With a proper set of effective mass and barrier height, this new model can accurately predict the gate and substrate currents and all the subcomponents in dual-gate CMOS devices. This model can also be employed to extract T/sub ox/ for thin oxide from I-V data with 0.1/spl Aring/ sensitivity, where C-V extraction can be difficult or impossible.
Can medical school-affiliated hospitals compete with private hospitals in the age of managed care? an 11-state, population-based analysis of 351,201 patients undergoing cholecystectomy

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to use an 11-state, population-based hospital discharge database to assess the charges for care of patients undergoing cholecystectomy at both medical school affiliated hospitals (MSAHs) and private hospitals (nonMSAHs). It was our hypothesis that MSAHs could indeed provide efficient, competitively priced patient care. Study Design: Data were obtained from the Healthcare Cost Utilization Project of the Agency for Health Care and Policy Research. The database tracks information on all hospitalized patients from 11 states for the years 1988–1992. Results: Represented in the study were 849 nonMSAHs (82%) and 191 MSAHs (18%). During the 5 years of the study, 351,201 patients underwent cholecystectomy. The mean charges and the lengths of stay were similar in the two diagnosis related groups (DRGs) studied (197, 198). The analysis demonstrated that during this same period, MSAHs led in both the adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and decreased use of intraoperative cholangiography. Conclusions: Others have reported that MSAHs cannot compete with nonMSAHs in providing competitively priced care. The present study shows that for cholecystectomy, charges and length of hospital stay are comparable in MSAHs and nonMSAHs. This study supports the hypothesis that the leadership provided at United States medical schools may also extend to the area of cost-efficient care and hints at further areas of improvement.
Survival of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) After Exposure to Subzero Thermal Shocks During Diapause

Adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), collected from the field in fall, were exposed to a 179-d period of controlled environmental conditions to simulate the diapause period. Following attainment of a constant temperature period (1°C), groups of beetles were subjected to cold shocks of −4, −6, −8, −10, and − 12° Clasting 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h, respectively. Water was added to create differential soil moistures before cold shock was applied. Beetle survival was determined immediately following cold shock and at the conclusion of the simulated diapause. Adramatic reduction in survival occurred following cold shocks of < −4°C, when survival was measured at the end of diapause. Mortality at −6 and −8°C was not expressed immediately after the cold shock. A small difference in soil moisture did not affect survival.
A mathematical model for competitive adsorptions

Abstract Adsorption is widely applied in separation and purification of gas mixtures and liquids. A competitive multicomponent multilayer kinetic model is derived for adsorption on solid surfaces, without an artificial distinction between chemisorption and physisorption. The adsorption isotherm was derived based on the kinetic model. Molecular sizes and difference in interactions have both been considered in the model. Different adsorbate species can appear to have different saturation coverages when adsorbed onto the same given surface. The resulted isotherm has been shown to be able to describe binary adsorption experimental data.
Impact of mismatch repair (MMR) genetic test result on perceived cancer risk and cancer screening

Background Information recall after genetic testing has been examined extensively in patients at risk for Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer. We examined perceived cancer risk, screening practices, and genetic testing-specific distress in individuals undergoing genetic testing for Lynch syndrome.
Lessons learned from gene therapy for color blindness in primates

Color blindness is the most common genetic disorder. The possibility of curing color blindness using gene therapy was explored by adding a third type of cone pigment to dichromatic retinas of squirrel monkeys. This opened a new avenue to explore the requirements for establishing the neural circuits for a new dimension of color sensation. The addition of a third opsin in adults was sufficient to produce trichromatic color vision. Thus, trichromacy can arise from a single addition of a third cone class in a primate and it does not require an early developmental process. This has implications for understanding how our brain processes conscious visual information and it illuminates the opportunities and limits of gene therapy for treating human vision disorders.
Physical and chemical injuries to eyes and eyelids

Ocular and periocular injuries are common reasons for emergency department visits. In fact, an estimated 2 million Americans suffer ocular injuries each year. Evaluation and treatment of physical and chemical injuries to the eyes and eyelids begin with a systematic examination. Visual acuity and pupillary reaction should be assessed first. Evaluation of the eye should precede examination of the periocular structures due to the potential for causing further damage to a full-thickness ocular injury with manipulation of the eyelids. Physical injuries to the eyes and periocular structures include lacerations, abrasions, foreign bodies, and open globe injuries and can range from minor irritation to visual devastation. Chemical injuries can be divided into alkali and acid injuries. Alkali burns are more common, due to the prevalent use of alkali substances in industrial and home cleaning applications, and usually result in more serious injuries. Definitive care of chemical injuries ranges from topical antibiotics to full-thickness skin grafts with the goal of preventing cicatricial scarring and exposure of the ocular surface. Familiarity with the various types of ocular and periocular injuries is important for all medical professionals and is critical to providing the most appropriate management.
On the Existence and Optimality of Competitive Equilibrium for a Slave Economy

Author(s): Bergstrom, Ted | Abstract: A famous paper by Conrad and Meyer calculates that on the eve of the American Civil War, slave prices were about equal to the present values of the slaves' labor services. They argue that this is evidence for the proposition that ordinary economic forces, without political intervention were not likely to put an end to slavery.I wrote this paper when pretty much the only economics that I knew was 1) how to prove the existence of competitive general equilibrium. 2) how to calculate present values. So the paper does two things. It shows how to apply Arrow-Debreu type existence theory to an economy with slavery. (this involved some technical wrinkles that were not in the existing existence literature.) More importantly, it argues that the calculations of Conrad and Meyer showed only that capital markets for slaves were working pretty well, but were not direcly relevant to the question of whether slavery as an institution was economically viable. To answer the latter question, we need to calculate two things. 1) Does an infant slave have positive present value? [If not, reproduction would be discouraged.] 2) Would a freed adult slave, perhaps because of the better incentives and opportunities for free people, be able to earn more than enough on the labor market to repay his or her market price to a slaveowner. I investigate the latter two questions empirically. The answer to the first question is "Yes". Spotty evidence suggests that the answer to the second question was also often "Yes."
Foreign Languages Across the Curriculum: The Applied Foreign Language Component

Foreign languages have long been isolated from the heart of the curriculum. A Foreign Languages Across the Curriculum program based on the concept of an Applied Foreign Language Component (AFLC) can help overcome this isolation. The AFLC is an optional track within a discipline course; students with advanced intermediate proficiency or above in a particular foreign language replace English-language course readings with foreign language texts and typically participate in a special weekly discussion session conducted in the target language. The AFLC and other approaches to integrating discipline content with advanced foreign language work are explored. Practical guidelines for implementing such programs, including forming faculty alliances, modifying courses, recruiting students, and expanding library holdings, are presented. This article describes projects established at St. Olaf College with the support of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptidase activities in the female rat: Characterization by an assay based on high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract So far, the presence of two peptidase activities which degrade luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) have been found in hypothalamic tissue: an endopeptidase and a postproline cleaving enzyme (PPCE). Although it is possible that degradation of LHRH plays a physiological role in the control of gonadotropin secretion, evidence in favor of this hypothesis remains controversial, since only indirect measurements of peptidase activity have been reported. The present paper describes an assay that directly estimates LHRH degradation. This includes fractionation of the degradation products of LHRH by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the use of digital integration to measure the disappearance of the LHRH molecule and account for the products deriving from its cleavage. The assay allows for measurement of total LHRH peptidase activity in discrete hypothalamic regions, such as median eminence (ME) and ventromedial preoptic area (POA), of individual animals. These peptidase activities are linear with respect to tissue concentration and time of incubation for up to 40 min for POA and anterior pituitary (AP) and for 2–2.5 h for ME. The major degradation product after HPLC separation and amino acid analysis is the LHRH 1–5 fragment whose appearance in the incubation medium is highly correlated with the disappearance of the LHRH molecule. With the use of this assay, various inhibitors of this activity were examined; the sulfhydryl reagents PCMS and ZnCl 2 , the peptide antibiotic bacitracin, and the metalloendopeptidase inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline were the most effective.
Did Lloyd George Starve the British Army of Men Prior to the German Offensive of 21 March 1918

On 2I March I9I8 the Germans launched the first of what they hoped would be war-winning offensives. At the end of the day the defences of the British Fifth Army had been breached and the British had lost almost as much ground as they and the French had gained during the 140 days of bitter fighting during the Somme battle. Both Sir Douglas Haig, the commander-in-chief of the British forces, and the prime minister David Lloyd George were stunned. The massive and prolonged British attacks from mid-igi6 onwards had failed to achieve what the Germans had accomplished in a single day. Then and later reasons were sought for this military disaster. A thread running through many of the explanations is that Lloyd George denied Haig the men necessary to defend his front.' According to the British official history, Haig even believed that he and his troops 'were at the mercy of an "Organizer of Defeat" '.2 When King George V visited Haig in late March he was told that 'British Infantry in France at the beginning of the Battle were i oo,ooo less than a year ago!'. With this diminished force, Haig went on to complain, he had to defend a longer front because of an Anglo-French agreement designed to relieve the war-weary French army by extending the British front.3 Haig's charge that he had been let down by his government soon had an echo in the British press. On 8 April Charles a Court Repington, Britain's most influential (and controversial) military journalist, who had recently moved his pen from The Times to the Morning Post, asked his readers: 'Why have the reiterated demands of the Army for men remained unanswered? Who but Mr. Lloyd George is responsible
Rapid auditory evoked vascular response in man

Plethysmographic signals were recorded in four body regions (fingertip, forearm, cerebral cortex, and ophthalmic artery) of normal, healthy subjects during the presentation of brief auditory tones. Tones were presented during either systolic or diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. Using data processing techniques similar to those employed in cortical evoked potential studies, averaged waveforms were derived which revealed the presence of a polyphasic volumetric response beginning as early as 150 ms (after onset of tones) in some subjects. Grand average waveforms suggested a similar morphology in all four body regions. The rapid onset argued for neural mediation of this response which may represent a sudden, transient flexure of vascular smooth muscle. The presence of this evoked vascular response in the brain suggests a previously unreported responsiveness of the cerebral vasculature in man to simple auditory stimulation.
Detection of circulating candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis.

Abstract Background. Invasive candidiasis is a major nosocomial infection that is difficult to diagnose. Few biochemically defined markers of invasive candidiasis are known. Initial findings suggested that the presence of candida enolase in the blood may be a novel marker for invasive candidiasis. Methods. We tested 170 patients at high risk for invasive candidiasis for candida enolase antigenemia. All the patients had cancer and neutropenia. We detected antigen using a double-sandwich liposomal immunoassay for candida enolase in serially collected serum samples. Invasive candidiasis was proved by finding candida species in deep nonmucosal tissue, blood cultures, or both. Antigen testing was performed with the investigator blinded to tissue or culture diagnosis. Results. Among 24 patients with proved invasive candidiasis, 149 serum samples were tested for enolase antigenemia; 80 were positive and 69 negative (sensitivity per sample, 54 percent). Multiple sampling improved the detection of antigenemia, whi...
Overcoming limitations of natural anticancer drugs by combining with artificial agents

During a billion years of evolution, living creatures have perfected cytotoxic agents to kill other organisms without killing themselves, thus providing us with antibiotics to kill bacteria without killing eukaryotic (e.g. human) cells. Some natural agents inhibit specifically most vital cellular structures and functions in cancer cells. However, nature was not creating antibiotics for cancer, and natural agents kill cancer cells precisely because they share targets with normal cells. To discriminate between particular cancer cells and normal cells, we can design or select artificial agents that are not necessarily lethal but are aimed either at cancer-specific targets or at dispensable and even unavailable (in cancer cells) targets. Using rational drug combinations, such selective agents can assist natural agents to eradicate cancer cells selectively.
Magnetic studies of vanadyl(IV) tartrate dimers

Abstract Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility data have been collected for solid sodium salts of the binuclearvanadyl(IV) complexes [(VO) 2 ( d -tart) 2 ] 4− , [(VO) 2 ( dl -tart) 2 ] 4− , [(VO) 2 ( dl -mmt) 2 ] 4− ,and [(VO) 2 ( dl -dmt) 2 ] 4− . (“tart” = tartrate(4−), “mmt” = monomethyl-tartrate(4−), “dmt” = dimethyltartrate(4−).) Ferromagnetic intradimer- and antiferromagnetic interdimer exchange is found; however, both interactions are small and similar in magnitude and reliable exchange constants cannot be extracted. The intradimer interaction probably occurs by a superexchange mechanism.
Outcome measurement in homeless systems of care

Abstract Public and private interest groups are pressured to demonstrate that investments of resources, time, and effort have resulted in improvements in the lives of those experiencing homelessness and/or reductions in the scope of homelessness. Measuring desired outcomes can provide information to support accountability efforts. This article reviews the literature on outcome measurement in homeless systems of care, grounded in a conceptual model consisting of three elements: continuums of care, service programs, and clients. This review did not reveal the existence of any single comprehensive outcome measurement instrument that could be used for the homeless system of care. System-level outcomes include cost savings, reduction of access barriers, and organizational linkages. Service program-level outcome measurement is typically based on the aggregation of client-level outcomes. At the client-level of measurement, several instruments were identified in the literature that have potential for providing the basis of outcome measurement.
WORKER TELECOMMUNICATION AND MOBILITY IN TRANSITION: CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANNING

Although planners have been interested in work-related telecommunication and mobility arrangements chiefly as means of transportation demand management, even telecommuting, the most promising in this regard, seems to have limited longrun potential to reduce congestion. However, such work arrangements do affect workers’ travel needs and thus themix of travelers, destinations, and trip purposes, as well as equitable access to housing, jobs, and amenities. They are also likely to further disperse residences in the long run, with consequences for both land use and transportation, except where counterbalanced by workers’ rising time values and/or increased uncertainty about future travel destinations or times. Thus, the authors recommend that academic researchers and metropolitan planning organizations cooperate to identify effects of telecommunication-and mobility-enabled work arrangements on travel and location behavior in the long run and at the detailed scale necessary for truly forward-looking planning.
On thermal stresses and deflections in thin rings

Abstract The thermoelastic analysis of thin rings by means of energy methods is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the assessment of the accuracy of the calculations, the identification of the classes of problems for which extensional deformations must be included, the differences between rings composed of straight segments and those composed of curved members, and the differences between thermal and isothermal analyses.
Longevity of true seed from tuber-bearing and closely related non-tuber-bearingSolanum species

Information on the longevity of true seed from the tuber-bearing and closely related non-tuber-bearing Solanums was compiled from data obtained by the U.S. Inter-Regional Potato Introduction Project (IR-1), Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. Seed was stored at 1–3°C after drying to about5% moisture content. Several species exhibited high percentages of germination after 20 to 28 years of storage. Many other species also demonstrated no major decrease in germination during storage periods of 8 to 20 years. For some species germination data were erratic and no conclusions could be made as to the length of time their seeds could be stored and still remain viable
Radio-LC-MS for the Characterization of 99mTc-Labeled Bioconjugates

This report describes the first example of using radio-LC-MS for determining the composition of (99m)Tc radiopharmaceuticals at the tracer level. The in-line radiometric detector is a useful addition to a standard LC-MS and provides direct correlation between the MS data and the radioactive species in a radiopharmaceutical kit. Complexes [(99m)Tc(HYNICtide)(tricine)(L)] (RP444, L = TPPTS; RP445, L = TPPDS; and RP446, L = TPPMS) were prepared using a decayed generator eluant. All the ternary ligand (99m)Tc complexes show the expected monoprotonated molecular ions, (M + 1)(+), and diprotonated molecular ions, (M + 2)(2+). The LC-MS spectral data support the proposed structure and are consistent with those obtained for their corresponding (99)Tc analogues. Ternary ligand complexes [(99m)Tc(HYNICtide)(tricine)(L)] (L = ISONIC-HE and ISONIC-Sorb) are neutral, and the molecular weights are also lower than that of RP444. Using a fresh generator eluant (24 h prior elution), only 1-2 mCi of (99m)Tc [(7 x 10(-)(12))-(1.5 x 10(-)(11)) mol of technetium complex] are required to obtain a reasonably clean mass spectrum. Radio-LC-MS is a quick and accurate analytical tool for characterization of (99m)Tc radiopharmaceuticals at the tracer level.
Atomic Force Microscopy Structural Characterization of Polyaniline Thin Film Sensors

Using Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (TMAFM), the surface structure was determined for polymer sensors which incorporated polyaniline (PAn) films that were deposited electrochemically across narrow insulating gaps between interdigitated gold electrodes. The sensitivity and response time for such sensors, which can be used for the detection of low levels of gases and low concentrations of impurities in liquid media critically depend on the quality and structure of the polymer film in the gap region between the gold electrodes. TMAFM images of the PAn films ranging in thickness between ≈ 1.5μm and =5μm reveal that films approaching 5μm (typically used in such sensors) develop deep cracks at the edges and along the length of the Au electrodes. The cracks, which appear to be a consequence of stress build-up in thick films, can lead to reliability problems and inferior sensor performance. Simple modeling analysis of cracked films indicates that they can lower sensitivity and increase response time. TMAFM images of sensors with thinner ≈2.5μm PAn films show no cracks as well as continuous PAn bridges across the gap between Au electrodes. Analyses of TMAFM images are presented and compared for thin and thick film PAn sensors.
Selecting antithrombotic therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation.

When considering anticoagulant therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation, one must balance the reduction in risk of thromboembolism that this therapy offers against the risk of bleeding that it poses. The American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and Heart Rhythm Society updated their atrial fibrillation guidelines in 2014. This review outlines a rationale for clinical decision-making based on the new guidelines and summarizes the currently approved drugs. In deciding whether to start anticoagulation, weigh the risks of both stroke and bleeding.
Sex Differences in Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent Functional MRI With Primary Visual Stimulation

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the effect of sex on data derived from activation studies using blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHOD: Gradient echo-echo planar imaging was used to measure BOLD signal response in the primary visual cortex in response to binocular photic stimulation in 16 healthy, young subjects (eight women and eight men). RESULTS: BOLD signal response was 38% lower in women than in men, and much of the difference was lateralized to the right hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: Lower BOLD signal response in women may reflect a sex difference in the brain's response to a primary visual stimulation or in the physiology underlying BOLD functional MRI signal changes.
Combined Microtia and Aural Atresia: Issues in Cochlear Implantation†

Objectives: This article presents the first report of cochlear implantation in a patient with congenital aural atresia, microtia, dysplastic cochlea and internal auditory canals, and bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss (HL). This rare combination requires special management considerations. Preoperative issues include thorough evaluation of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to determine favorable anatomy, cochlear implantation candidacy, and surgical planning. Intraoperative concerns include incision placement, surgical approach to the middle ear, and abnormal facial nerve anatomy. Postoperative use of a special headset combining a microphone and transmitter coil is required. Study Design: Case report and literature review. Methods: The patient's chart was reviewed for diagnostic studies, operative strategy, and postoperative auditory stimulation and testing. A literature review was performed. Results: A 2-year-old male presented with bilateral aural atresia, microtia, and profound sensorineural HL. Imaging studies revealed multiple abnormalities of the cochlea, vestibule, and internal auditory canal, all of which were more favorable on the right side. An incision was designed to accommodate future microtia repair. The cochlear implant was placed without difficulty by way of a facial recess approach to the middle ear. Postoperative results include the detection of Ling sounds and voices in the environment as well as the ability to locate sounds. Conclusions: This is the first report of cochlear implantation in a patient with bilateral aural atresia, microtia, and profound sensorineural HL in conjunction with multiple inner ear abnormalities. Close collaboration among the otologist, neuroradiologist, and plastic surgeon is essential to coordinate surgical management and optimize cosmetic and functional outcomes in this unique population.
Multi-antenna testbeds for research and education in wireless communications

Wireless communication systems present unique challenges and trade-offs at various levels of the system design process. Since a variety of performance measures are important in wireless communications, a family of testbeds becomes essential to validate the gains reported by the theory. Wireless testbeds also play a very important role in academia for training students and enabling research. In this article we discuss a classification scheme for wireless testbeds and present an example of the testbeds developed at UCLA for each of these cases. We present the unique capabilities of these testbeds, provide the results of the experiments, and discuss the role they play in an educational environment.
Warfarin resistance and vitamin K.

Excerpt To the editor: Recently, cases of warfarin resistance due to unrecognized vitamin K supplementation in liquid nutrition products have been described (1, 2). These reports came coincidentall...
"Just Like Prophet Mohammad Preached": Labor, Piety, and Charity in Contemporary Turkey

ABSTRACTBased on research conducted in Konya, Istanbul, Afyon, Izmir, Manisa, and Denizli, Turkey, in 2004–9, this contribution documents how gendered individual religious practices are conjoined to transnational business competition, changing labor conditions, and broader projects of economic transformation. The study focuses on the carpet-weaving and textile industries and civil society organizations in Turkey, investigating the ways in which charitable giving, pious practice, and local labor conditions create uniquely complex ways in which socioeconomic policies, processes, and commitments affect gendered lives. What is witnessed in weaving neighborhoods, civil society organizations, and the transnational linkages of production–consumption is neither a wholesale translation of Weberian capitalism nor a strict implementation of Islamic texts and practices. It is a unique Turkish assemblage of faith, religious practice, charitable giving, and flexibility of labor. This contribution calls for feminist res...
Numerical Simulation of Alteration of Sodium Bentonite by Diffusion of Ionic Groundwater Components

Experiments measuring the movement of trace amounts of radionuclides through compacted bentonite have typically used unaltered bentonite. Models based on experiments such as these may not lead to accurate predictions of the migration through altered or partially altered bentonite of radionuclides that undergo ion exchange. To address this problem, we have modified an existing transport code to include ion exchange and aqueous complexation reactions. The code is thus able to simulate the diffusion of major ionic groundwater components through bentonite and reactions between the bentonite and groundwater. Numerical simulations have been made to investigate the conversion of sodium bentonite to calcium bentonite for a reference groundwater characteristic of deep granitic formations. 20 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Radio Emission from Algol. I. Coronal Geometry and Emission Mechanisms Determined from VLBA and Green Bank Interferometer Observations

We report dual circular polarization VLBA observations of Algol made at orbital phases 0.22-0.30 using a differential phase referencing technique. The flux density of Algol varied from 10 to 20 mJy during the observations. The radio maps show a double-lobed source separated by 1.6 mas (1.4 times the K star diameter). Although the total emission is only weakly circularly polarized, the individual lobes are strongly circularly polarized and of opposite helicity. Snapshot VLBI maps made at 3 hour intervals show variations in the flux density of both components, but no significant motions of the centroids. We also analyze Green Bank Interferometer (GBI) synoptic observations of right- and left-circularly polarized (RCP and LCP) flux densities of Algol at 2.3 and 8.3 GHz several times a day from early 1995 to mid-1997. The resulting data set, which consists of more than 2500 observations over 2 years, is by far the most comprehensive available for any stellar system. In addition, we analyzed GBI observations of the very similar (but noneclipsing) binary system HR 1099 over the same time period in order to compare the two systems. We summarize the GBI observations using several statistical descriptions. We find no phase dependence of either the radio luminosity or circular polarization for either system. The luminosity histograms for the two systems are remarkably similar. The distribution functions are not well represented by exponentials as previously suggested, but can be represented by power laws truncated at low luminosity. The cutoff occurs at 20-30 mJy and may represent emission from a slowly varying basal level that is always detected. We confirm several previous results, including the strong dependence of spectral index on luminosity, the decrease of fractional circular polarization with luminosity, and the dependence of fractional circular polarization on orbital inclination angle. We suggest that the radio emission at 8.3 GHz is x-mode gyrosynchrotron emission from optically thin emission regions containing mildly relativistic electrons in a dipolar magnetic field. There is no evidence for highly circularly polarized coherent flares at 8.3 GHz, although it is possible that such flares occasionally occur at 2.25 GHz. The lack of orbital phase dependence in the GBI light curves, combined with the significant inclination of the VLBA structure with respect to the orbital plane, is inconsistent with previous models in which the radio lobes are located in the equatorial plane. The individual lobes seen in the VLBI maps may be associated with the polar regions, with the strong circular polarization resulting from the opposed mean magnetic field vector component along the observer's line of sight in opposite hemispheres. Astrometric results from the VLBA observations are discussed in a companion paper.
Limitations of ultrasonography in the evaluation of urolithiasis: a correlation with computed tomography.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Cumulative radiation exposure from imaging studies is hazardous. In chronic diseases such as urolithiasis, efforts are made to limit radiation exposure, particularly for routine surveillance. We sought to determine the correlation of ultrasonography (US) compared with noncontrast CT (NCCT) in detecting and determining size of stones. Patients and Methods: Findings were evaluated in patients who underwent both imaging modalities within a 90-day period between July 2008 and June 2010. Urinary calculi were noted on NCCT in 72 patients. The sensitivity of US to determine the number, size, and location of the stones as described on official radiology reports were compared in reference to NCCT. Results: There were 203 urinary calculi in 90 urinary tracts identified on NCCT imaging. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of detecting specific stones on US were 40%, 84%, and 53%. Correlation between US and NCCT findings decreased with smaller stone size and ureteral location a...
Abnormal regulation of in vitro IgE synthesis by T cells obtained from patients with atopic dermatitis.

Abstract The regulatory influence of atopic eczema and non-atopic T cells on spontaneous IgE synthesis by eczema B cells was examined. Eczema B cells were cocultured with either autologous or allogeneic T cells in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum at 0.75 × 106 cells/ml ( B T = 0.5 ) and supernatant IgE was measured by a modified PRIST assay. Net IgE synthesis was obtained by subtracting preformed IgE (+ cycloheximide at Day 0) from total IgE in 7-day supernatants. T cells were either untreated, heat-killed, exposed to 2000 rad, or depleted of helper/suppressor T cells by “panning” with monoclonal antibodies (Leu 3a and Leu 2a). Atopic eczema B cells spontaneously synthesized IgE when cultured alone. No significant suppression of net IgE synthesis occurred when atopic eczema T cells were cocultured with autologous B cells. In allogeneic recombinations, non-atopic T cells significantly suppressed net IgE synthesis by atopic eczema B cells (mean suppression = 59%; P
Overview of modeling and simulation

Modeling and simulation are powerful problem solving techniques because they allow experimentation that would otherwise be cumbersome or impossible. However, care must be taken in executing the techniques to ensure credibility of results. This paper identifies critical elements of seven major steps in the modeling and simulation process that, when applied carefully, greatly enhance the likelihood of success.
Formation of mutagens from the aqueous reactions of ozone and anilines

Abstract Azobenzenes, azoxybenzenes and benzidines were the products of interest obtained from the aqueous reactions of anilines with ozone. The reaction mechanisms for their formation are discussed. Conditions favoring ozone decomposition and the presence of carbonate species increased the yield of these polyaromatic nitrogen compounds. Fulvic acid inhibited the formation of azobenzene without decreasing the amount of aniline degraded. The effects of pH and inorganic buffers on the formation of N-substituted polyaromatic compounds from aniline can be explained by the decomposition of ozone by OH − and OOH − , scavenging of the hydroxyl radical and suppression of ozone decomposition by carbonate species, and selective oxidation of aniline by carbonate radicals.
Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of silica nanoparticle dissolution

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and microcalorimetry were used to study the dissolution of silica nanoparticles that serve as precursors in the synthesis of the pure-silica zeolite, silicalite-1. Temporal changes in nanoparticle size were monitored by SAXS to obtain radial dissolution rates on the order of 1 × 10-2 nm/min, 10 times greater than those of silicalite-1. Nanoparticle dissolution rates are independent of solution alkalinity (above pH 11) and particle surface area, although contributions from the latter account for more than 60% of the nanoparticle enthalpy of dissolution (13.5 ± 0.1 kJ/mol SiO2 relative to silicalite-1). We show that dissolution enthalpies and rates correlate to the molecular structure of silicates. Comparisons among amorphous silica, silicalite-1, and silica nanoparticles suggest that the latter are amorphous and therefore not simply small fragments of a crystalline zeolite. Nevertheless, they do possess a degree of ordering greater than that in dense amorphous silica. Di...
E (1440): GLUEBALL OR QUARKONIUM?

Abstract The most likely assignment of the E(1440) is that of an ordinary ss, L = 1, J PC = 1 ++ meson, rather than a flavor singlet meson or a J PC = 0 −+ or 1 ++ glueball.
Guanine nucleotide stimulation of norepinephrine secretion from permeabilized PC12 cells: effects of Mg2+, other nucleotide triphosphates and N-ethylmaleimide

Abstract The addition of either Ca 2+ or guanosine 5′- O -3-(thiotriphosphate), GTPγS, to digitonin-permeabilized rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells stimulates norepinephrine release. Unlike Ca 2+ -stimulated release, there is a delay between the time of addition of GTPγS to digitonin-permeabilized PC12 cells and stimulation of norepinephrine release. Preincubation of the permeabilized cells in the absence of Mg 2+ eliminates this lag and increases the initial rate of GTPγS-stimulated norepinephrine secretion. This suggests that the rate of GDP dissociation from the GTP-binding protein responsible for this stimulation is faster in the absence of Mg 2+ than in its presence. While an equimolar concentration of GTP gives 50% inhibition of GTPγS-stimulated release, 100-fold excesses of ITP, ATP, UTP and CTP gave no inhibition of GTPγS-stimulated release. Both the inability of ITP to inhibit GTPγS-stimulated secretion and the increase in GTPγS-stimulated secretion caused by preincubation in the absence of Mg 2+ indicate that some of the properties of the GTP-binding protein responsible for this stimulation are more like those of the low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins rap 1 and ras than those of a heterotrimeric G-protein. Low concentration of N -ethylmaleimide gave more inhibition of GTPγS-stimulated release than Ca 2+ -stimulated release which suggest that the mechanisms by which Ca 2+ and GTPγS stimulate norepinephrine release are at least in part distinct.
The (1–14) Fragment of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Activates Intact and Amino-Terminally Truncated PTH-1 Receptors

Recent mutagenesis and cross-linking studies suggest that residues in the carboxyl-terminal portion of PTH(1-34) interact with the amino-terminal extracellular domain of the receptor and thereby contribute strongly to binding energy; and that residues in the amino-terminal portion of the ligand interact with the receptor region containing the transmembrane helices and extracellular loops and thereby induce second messenger signaling. We investigated the latter component of this hypothesis using the short amino-terminal fragment PTH(1-14) and a truncated rat PTH-1 receptor (r delta Nt) that lacks most of the amino-terminal extracellular domain. The binding of PTH(1-14) to LLC-PK1 or COS-7 cells transfected with the intact PTH-1 receptor was too weak to detect; however, PTH(1-14) dose-dependently stimulated cAMP formation in these cells over the dose range of 1-100 microM. PTH(1-14) also stimulated cAMP formation in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with r delta Nt, and its potency with this receptor was nearly equal to that seen with the intact receptor. In contrast, PTH(1-34) was approximately 100-fold weaker in potency with r delta Nt than it was with the intact receptor. Alanine scanning of PTH(1-14) revealed that for both the intact and truncated receptors, the 1-9 segment of PTH forms a critical receptor activation domain. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the amino-terminal portion of PTH(1-34) interacts with the juxtamembrane regions of the PTH-1 receptor and that these interactions are sufficient for initiating signal transduction.
Haploinsufficiency of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 gene increases mammary tumor latency and metastasis

Human diseases such as Nijmegen breakage syndrome due to mutations in the NBS1 gene result in defects in resection of double strand breaks. NBS1 functions as part of the MRN complex which functions in homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. NBS is a rare human autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations. At the cellular level, NBS is characterized by radiosensitivity, chromosomal breakage and defective cell cycle checkpoints. NBS1 null mutations result in early embryonic lethality in mice, but NBS1 hypomorphic mutants are viable. Cells from these mice are defective in S phase and G2/M checkpoints. In humans, NBS1 polymorphisms have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. MRN expression was reduced in the majority of breast tumors, and low expression of MRN correlated with increased histologic grade and estrogen receptor negativity. While these studies have shown NBS1 to be important in clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer, mammary tumors are rare in the NBS1 haploinsufficient mouse. To better understand the role of NBS1 in mammary tumorigenesis, we examined the NBS1+/-;MMTV-neu mouse model. Mammary tumor latency was markedly increased in NBS1+/-;neu mice compared to NBS1+/+;neu control animals. This effect was due to increased apoptosis in early NBS1+/-;neu mammary tumors. However, NBS1+/-;neu mammary tumors were highly metastatic and demonstrated clear differences in gene expression profiles compared to control tumors. We concluded that NBS1 haploinsufficiency results in increased mammary tumor latency and metastasis.
Automated Validation of Results and Removal of Fragment Ion Interferences in Targeted Analysis of Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry (MS) using SWATHProphet

Proteomics by mass spectrometry technology is widely used for identifying and quantifying peptides and proteins. The breadth and sensitivity of peptide detection have been advanced by the advent of data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Analysis of such data, however, is challenging due to the complexity of fragment ion spectra that have contributions from multiple co-eluting precursor ions. We present SWATHProphet software that identifies and quantifies peptide fragment ion traces in data-independent acquisition data, provides accurate probabilities to ensure results are correct, and automatically detects and removes contributions to quantitation originating from interfering precursor ions. Integration in the widely used open source Trans-Proteomic Pipeline facilitates subsequent analyses such as combining results of multiple data sets together for improved discrimination using iProphet and inferring sample proteins using ProteinProphet. This novel development should greatly help make data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry accessible to large numbers of users.