cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating time-lapse gravity, production, and geologic structure data in a gas reservoir study

AbstractTime-lapse gravity is most commonly used to monitor fluid movement and is especially useful when monitoring water encroachment in a gas reservoir. Although time-lapse gravity data are direc...
Evidence for Functionalized Carbon Nanothreads from π-Stacked, para-Disubstituted Benzenes

Recent studies of highly compressed organic molecules reveal the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) nanothread structures, typically formed through addition reactions of unsaturated bonds. Although ...
The Correlation of Quantitative Ultrasound Measures and Supraspinatus Tendon Quality: A Pilot Study.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of assessing tendon quality as quantified by histology through changes in quantitative ultrasound measures. Methods: Eight cadaveric shoulders (four with a small supraspinatus tendon tear) were examined using conventional B-mode ultrasound in the transverse plane by internally rotating and hyperextending the humerus. Quantitative ultrasound measures (skewness, kurtosis, variance, and echogenicity) were calculated based on the grayscale distribution of the ultrasound image taken of the supraspinatus tendon near the insertion site. The specimens were then dissected to the supraspinatus tendon where tendon biopsies were taken near the insertion site, mid-substance, and myotendinous junction. Through histology, tendon quality was evaluated based on collagen fiber organization, fatty infiltration, nuclei shape, and cellularity. Correlations between quantitative ultrasound measures and histological grades of tendon quality were determined through Pearson or Spearman's rho correlations. Results: A total of three significant correlations between quantitative ultrasound measures and histological parameters of tendon quality were found. Significant correlations between kurtosis and cellularity at the insertion site (r = 0.724) (P
Probing the Interstellar Medium Using H I Absorption and Emission toward the W3 H II Region

H I spectra toward the W3 H II complex are presented and used to probe the Galactic structure and interstellar medium conditions between us and this region. The overall shape of the spectra is consistent with the predictions of the Two-Arm Spiral Shock model wherein the gas found in the -40 to -50 km s-1 range has been accelerated by some 20 km s-1 from its rotation curve velocity. Spin temperatures of ~100 K are derived for the Local Arm gas, lower than found in a previous, similar study toward DR 7. For the interarm region, values on the order of 300 K are found, implying a negligible filling factor for the cold neutral medium (1%). Some of the absorbing gas at velocities near -40 km s-1 is confirmed to be associated with the H II regions.
Dementia Care, Fall Detection, and Ambient-Assisted Living Technologies Help Older Adults Age in Place: A Scoping Review:

Objectives:We aimed to describe recent technologic advances in the three domains of dementia care, falls, and home supports; summarize existing literature on usability; and identify knowledge gaps....
Chimeric Claudins: A New Tool to Study Tight Junction Structure and Function

The tight junction (TJ) is a structure composed of multiple proteins, both cytosolic and membranal, responsible for cell–cell adhesion in polarized endothelium and epithelium. The TJ is intimately connected to the cytoskeleton and plays a role in development and homeostasis. Among the TJ’s membrane proteins, claudins (CLDNs) are key to establishing blood–tissue barriers that protect organismal physiology. Recently, several crystal structures have been reported for detergent extracted recombinant CLDNs. These structural advances lack direct evidence to support quaternary structure of CLDNs. In this article, we have employed protein-engineering principles to create detergent-independent chimeric CLDNs, a combination of a 4-helix bundle soluble monomeric protein (PDB ID: 2jua) and the apical—50% of human CLDN1, the extracellular domain that is responsible for cell–cell adhesion. Maltose-binding protein-fused chimeric CLDNs (MBP-CCs) used in this study are soluble proteins that retain structural and functional aspects of native CLDNs. Here, we report the biophysical characterization of the structure and function of MBP-CCs. MBP-fused epithelial cadherin (MBP-eCAD) is used as a control and point of comparison of a well-characterized cell-adhesion molecule. Our synthetic strategy may benefit other families of 4-α-helix membrane proteins, including tetraspanins, connexins, pannexins, innexins, and more.
Backlash Against Feminism: Rethinking a Loaded Concept

Backlash is a reaction to real or perceived change leaving progressives worse off by catalyzing conservatives to oppose change by, changing their opinions to be more negative, holding opposing views more deeply, or propelling them to act violently. The claim that progressive social change has been counterproductive is an empirical one but too often those diagnosing backlash fail to distinguish what is truly a measurable setback from the fierce countermobilization of pre-existing opponents who are losing ground. Progressives themselves have famously warned against using courts in particular to advance the causes of civil rights, gender equality, or gay rights, yet careful examination reveals no regression. Once we complicate a simple linear understanding of progress, think about gender inequality intersectionally, and add an analysis of discursive countermobilizations to simple empirical measures of progress, the implicit baggage the concept carries outweighs its usefulness.
Age-related changes to triceps surae muscle-subtendon interaction dynamics during walking

Push-off intensity is largely governed by the forces generated by the triceps surae (TS) muscles (gastrocnemius-GAS, soleus-SOL). During walking, the TS muscles undergo different fascicle kinematics and contribute differently to biomechanical subtasks. These differences may be facilitated by the Achilles tendon (AT), which is comprised of subtendons that originate from the TS muscles. We and others have revealed non-uniform displacement patterns within the AT-evidence for sliding between subtendons that may facilitate independent muscle actuation. However, in older adults, we have observed more uniform AT tissue displacements that correlate with reduced push-off intensity. Here, we employed dual-probe ultrasound imaging to investigate TS muscle length change heterogeneity (GAS-SOL) as a determinant of reduced push-off intensity in older adults. Compared to young, older adults walked with more uniform AT tissue displacements and reduced TS muscle length change heterogeneity. These muscle-level differences appeared to negatively impact push-off intensity-evidenced by between-group differences in the extent to which TS muscle length change heterogeneity correlates with mechanical output across walking tasks. Our findings suggest that the capacity for sliding between subtendons may facilitate independent TS muscle actuation in young adults but may restrict that actuation in older adults, likely contributing to reduced push-off intensity.
Local Procedural Review in the Eighth Circuit

This article addresses a little known role of the United States Courts of Appeals to review district court procedures. The discussion begins with this role assigned by the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act of 1988 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 83. The article then analyzes how the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit discharges this role.
Modeling of Slow Kinetics and Affinity Chromatography

Affinity chromatography is a powerful tool for the purification of enzymes, antibodies, antigens, and many other proteins and macromolecules that are important in scientific research and development of novel biological drugs. Affinity chromatography not only purifies a product, but also concentrates the product to a great extent [1]. Over the years, this subject has been reviewed by many people, including Chase [1] and Liapis [2]. Affinity chromatography is also called biospecific adsorption, since it utilizes the biospecific binding between solute molecules and immobilized ligands that is often compared with the fitting of a lock and its key. The monovalent binding between a ligand and a solute macromolecule is generally treated as second-order kinetics.
Standardization of pelvic lymphadenectomy performed at radical cystectomy: can we establish a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be removed?

BACKGROUND. The number of lymph nodes (LNs) removed during radical cystectomy (RC) for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder affects overall and disease-specific survival, but no consensus exists regarding the minimum number of LNs that should be removed. The goal of the current study was to determine if a threshold number of nodes exists, above which taking additional LNs has no clinical benefit. METHODS. A total of 1121 patients were identified who underwent RC for clinically localized TCC of the bladder between January 1990 and April 2004. To determine the relation of LNs removal and overall survival, a Cox proportional hazards model was used with pathologic stage, age, and comorbidity as covariates. A dose-response curve, adjusted for covariates, was modeled to assess the impact of an increasing number of LNs removed on overall survival. RESULTS. A median of 9 LNs were removed (range, 0–53 LNs). In multivariable analysis, all covariates (number of LNs removed, age, stage of disease, and comorbidity) were found to be predictive of survival. The dose-response curve for number of LNs versus survival revealed that, when adjusted for covariates, the probability of survival did not plateau but instead continued to rise as the number of LNs removed increased. CONCLUSIONS. No evidence was found that a minimum number of LNs is sufficient for optimizing bladder cancer outcomes when a limited or extended pelvic LN dissection is performed during RC. Instead, the probability of survival continues to rise as the number of LNs removed increases. This study supports a more extended LN dissection at the time of RC, and highlights the challenges of interpreting retrospective LN dissection data. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Aufbau Eines Management Support Systems (MSS) für die Optimale Erfüllung Aller Beratungsaufgaben am Beispiel der Systemberatung West der Honeywell Bull AG

In diesem Beitrag wird erlautert, wie durch ein Management Support System eine optimale Erfullung aller Aufgaben der Beratungsorganisation eines EDV-Hersellers ermoglicht werden kann. Dabei wird zunachst kurz das Aufgabengebiet beschrieben und dargestellt, welche Einflusse auf die Tatigkeiten der Beratungsmannschaft einwirken. Danach werden die Anforderungen an ein MSS fur die Systemberatung spezifiziert und es wird ausgefuhrt, wie der heutige Istzustand aussieht. Abschliesend werden dann die Erfahrungen mit dem MSS kc mentiert und weitere Entwicklungsschritte aufgezeigt.
Application of Solid-state Elements to Photoemissive Devices

Publisher Summary Since the advent of semiconductor particle detectors, it has been evident that a reverse biased diode could be effectively employed as an electron multiplier. Hence, the incorporation of solid-state elements into photoemissive devices seems quite a natural proposition. It can be stated that the main problem encountered in introducing solid-state elements into phototubes is protection of sensitive regions from cesium and other active metals. These results indicate that the planar technique is quite effective in providing the required protection. A number of limitations, such as the influence of resistivity and doping profile upon breakdown, must be observed in practical devices, yet there are four generally desirable properties of the semiconductor: low resistivity; long minority carrier lifetime, τn; low surface leakage; n-type bulk. For this reason, the investigation of other techniques is being continued, including thermal and electrolytic growth of protective oxides and deposition of other protective layers. It is probable that this will allow a number of physical configurations, permitting new device concepts, particularly through the inclusion of micro-circuit technology.
Rutile saturation in magmas: implications for TiNbTa depletion in island-arc basalts

Abstract The TiO 2 contents of rutile-saturated melts ranging from basalt to rhyodacite have been investigated at P = 8–30 kbar and T = 1000–1300°C under hydrous, CO 2 -saturated, and volatile-absent conditions. Dissolved TiO 2 is positively correlated with T and not strongly dependent on P total . For fixed P and T , TiO 2 content decreases markedly as the melts become more felsic. The distribution of TiO 2 between rutile and liquid, expressed as a wt.% concentration ratio, D (rut/liq), is given by: In D = −3.16 + (9373T) + 0.026P − 0.152FM where T is in Kelvins, P in kbar and FM is a melt composition parameter, FM = [Na+K+ 2(Ca+Fe+Mg)]/Al· 1/Si in which the chemical symbols represent cation fractions. The first term expresses the competition of aluminate and titanate anions for charge-compensating cations, and the second term expresses the inverse dependence of dissolved TiO 2 on SiO 2 content. There is no apparent dependence of rutile solubility on water content. For ranges of probable solidus conditions, rutile saturation in basaltic, andesitic, and dacitic liquids requires 7–9, 5–7, and 1–3 wt.% TiO 2 , respectively. These concentrations are well in excess of those found in the respective rock types, so depletion in Nb, Ta, and Ti and reduced Nb/U and Nb/Th ratios in volcanic rocks erupted at convergent plate margins cannot be attributed to residual rutile in their source regions. Thus, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion must be an inherent property of the source region. We suggest that the island-arc source region has been depleted in Nb and Ta by a previous episode of melt extraction (MORB), zoning refining, or equilibration with a percolating melt or fluid. Such a process markedly depletes the LILE and HFSE element concentrations in the residuum, but ratios such as Nb/U, Nb/Th and U/Th remain relatively constant due to similar solid-melt partition coefficients. The depletion of Nb relative to Th in the source regions of island-arc magmas occurs during hybridization of the source by rutile-saturated (Nb/Ta-depleted) melts or aqueous fluids. If the hybridizing agent is a melt, a relatively felsic composition, produced under low T (900°) hydrous conditions, is required.
The Paths of Quintessence

The structure of the dark energy equation of state phase plane holds important information on the nature of the physics. We explain the bounds of the freezing and thawing models of scalar field dark energy in terms of the tension between the steepness of the potential vs. the Hubble drag. Additionally, we extend the phase plane structure to modified gravity theories, examine trajectories of models with certain properties, and categorize regions in terms of scalar field hierarchical parameters, showing that dark energy is generically not a slow roll phenomenon.
Partitioning of spherical particles into fibrous matrices: 2. Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract Partition coefficients are computed for hard spherical solutes in equilibrium with a three-dimensional network of random fibers using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. Spherical boundary conditions are employed, instead of the traditional toroidal conditions, to eliminate inhomogeneities within the fibrous matrix. The partition coefficients obtained by Monte Carlo simulation compare favorably at low matrix densities with those estimated in the first paper of this series using density-functional theory coupled with a superposition approximation. A rational approximant is constructed which describes the simulation results for all densities and solute concentrations.
Effects of silica redistribution on performance of high-level nuclear waste repositories in saturated geologic formations

Evaluation of the thermohydrological conditions near high-level waste packages is needed for the design of the waste canister and for overall repository design and performance assessment. Most available studies in this area have assumed that the hydrologic properties of the host rock do not change in response to the thermal, mechanical or chemical effects caused by waste emplacement. However, the ramifications of this simplifying assumption have not been substantiated. We have studied dissolution and precipitation of silica in thermally driven flow systems, including changes in formation porosity and permeability. Using numerical simulation, we compare predictions of thermohydrological conditions with and without inclusion of silica redistribution effects. Two cases were studied, namely, a canister-scale problem, a repository-wide thermal convection problem, and different pore models were employed for the permeable medium (fractures with uniform or non-uniform cross sections). We find that silica redistribution generally has insignificant effects on host rock and canister temperatures, pore pressures, or flow velocites.
Regulation of the concentration of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat superior cervical ganglion by three neuropeptides of the secretin family

Preganglionic nerve stimulation leads to an acute elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the rat superior cervical ganglion. This effect is mediated in part by acetylcholine, acting via nicotinic receptors, and in part by a noncholinergic neurotransmitter. As a first step in an attempt to identify this noncholinergic transmitter, we have examined a number of biogenic amines, purine nucleotides, neuropeptides, and other compounds for their ability to increase TH activity. Secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and PHI (a 27- amino acid peptide with an NH2-terminal histidine and a COOH-terminal isoleucine amide), all members of the secretin family of peptides, increased TH activity acutely. Human pancreatic growth hormone- releasing factor, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide (three other members of this peptide family) and all other transmitter candidates tested had no effect on this enzyme activity. We have examined the possibility that this peptidergic regulation of TH activity is mediated via changes in adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels. When the six members of the secretin family were tested for their ability to increase cAMP levels in the ganglion, secretin, VIP, and PHI significantly increased this cyclic nucleotide, whereas growth hormone- releasing factor, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide produced no significant effects. The rank orders of potency and of efficacy of secretin, VIP, and PHI in altering TH activity and cAMP levels were identical. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between the cAMP level and the TH activity in individual ganglia exposed to these peptides. Finally, 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate and forskolin also increased TH activity.
Concomitant but Not Causal Association Between Surface Charge and Inhibition of Phagocytosis by Cryptococcal Polysaccharide

The mechanism by which capsular polysaccharides inhibit phagocytosis is not clearly understood. We investigated the association between a negative surface charge and inhibition of phagocytosis by the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. A two-polymer aqueous-phase system containing phosphate ions was used to assess surface charge. Opsonins such as normal bovine serum and normal human immunoglobulin G reduced the surface charge on non-encapsulated cryptococci and simultaneously enhanced phagocytosis. These same opsonins had no effect on phagocytosis or surface charge of encapsulated cryptococci. F (ab′)2 fragments of normal human immunoglobulin G neither enhanced phagocytosis nor altered the surface charge of non-encapsulated cryptococci. Addition of purified cryptococcal polysaccharide to non-encapsulated cells inhibited phagocytosis of the yeast and induced a strong negative charge at the yeast surface. Chemical modification to reduce the surface charge of either purified cryptococcal polysaccharide or intact encapsulated cryptococci produced a small loss of phagocytosis-inhibiting activity; however, all treated polysaccharide preparations retained a significant ability to inhibit phagocytosis of the yeast. These results indicated that the association between surface charge and inhibition of phagocytosis was largely circumstantial, and presence of a negative surface charge could not account for the powerful antiphagocytic action of cryptococcal polysaccharide.
Frege's Redundancy Thesis

The redundancy theory of truth is normally considered to be a form of the deflationist theory of truth. Frege is sometimes counted as an advocate of the deflationist theory, because he emphasizes the redundancy of the truth predicate. In this paper, following Thomas Ricketts's interpretation, I will argue that this is a misunderstanding of Frege's view. Even if Frege is a deflationist, it cannot be because he accepts the redundancy thesis. Indeed, truth plays an indispensable role in Frege's picture of judgement and assertion. In light of his notion of judgement and assertion, what the redundancy of the truth predicate means to Frege will be clarified.
Circumstance adverbials in registers of Indian English

: This is a corpus-based investigation of also and too in 11 registers of Indian English. The corpus used for this study is a combination of a Corpus of Contemporary Indian English (CCIE), and certain sections of ICE-India. The study: (1) determines the proportions of also and too with respect to each other in the Indian corpus; (2) compares the proportions of the adverbials in registers of Indian English versus registers of British and American English; (3) compares the position preferences (medial, initial, final) of the adverbials in registers of Indian English versus registers of British and American English; and (4) determines the position of also and its relationship to the element in semantic focus in the clause in different registers of Indian English. The study shows that there are: (1) significant differences between Indian English and British and American English in the patterns of occurrence of the circumstance adverbials studied; and (2) there are substantial differences in patterns of occurrence of the circumstance adverbials among the registers of Indian English. This study makes a contribution to the study of Indian English as it shows: (1) that Indian English is different from British and American English with respect to a core grammatical characteristic; and (2) that registers of Indian English are substantially different from each other.
A Supply Network's Optimal Information System and Material Flows

The management of a supply network is repeatedly forced to react to changes that have occurred, and to pro-act to changes that may occur. Management would certainly find it useful to have available a model which could identify the optimal re-action, or pro-action, from among all those which are possible. This paper will: 1 describe how such a model can be constructed in practice, and 2 how the model can be solved for the optimal management pro-actions, and reactions. The model describes all supply network interactions at any moment in time, and it describes all time dependent supply network interactions dynamically. The model serves as management's optimal real-time decision support/information system. It will dynamically calculate the optimal operations policy for the entire supply network. The model is also capable of identifying: the optimal design of a supply network, the optimal capacities of a network, and the optimal network facility locations. It also solves some well known problems such as what is the optimal pure "demand-pull" policy in a network?
Product feature categorization with multilevel latent semantic association

In recent years, the number of freely available online reviews is increasing at a high speed. Aspect-based opinion mining technique has been employed to find out reviewers' opinions toward different product aspects. Such finer-grained opinion mining is valuable for the potential customers to make their purchase decisions. Product-feature extraction and categorization is very important for better mining aspect-oriented opinions. Since people usually use different words to describe the same aspect in the reviews, product-feature extraction and categorization becomes more challenging. Manually product-feature extraction and categorization is tedious and time consuming, and practically infeasible for the massive amount of products. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised product-feature categorization method with multilevel latent semantic association. After extracting product-features from the semi-structured reviews, we construct the first latent semantic association (LaSA) model to group words into a set of concepts according to their virtual context documents. It generates the latent semantic structure for each product-feature. The second LaSA model is constructed to categorize the product-features according to their latent semantic structures and context snippets in the reviews. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves better performance compared with the existing approaches. Moreover, the proposed method is language- and domain-independent.
In vitro radiation sensitivity of the LNCaP prostatic tumor cell line.

Because there is extremely limited information on the intrinsic radiosensitivity of human prostatic cancer cells, we have investigated the in vitro radiation response of exponentially growing LNCaP cells. Due to the very poor colony-forming potential of the LNCaP cells, radiation survival was investigated using the dose-dependent (0-6 Gy) changes seen after X-irradiation in the shapes of regrowth curves. Survival was described using both the single-hit, multitarget (SHMT) equation and the linear-quadratic (LQ) equation. The values and 95% confidence limits of the extrapolation number (n), quasi-threshold dose (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) in SHMT terminology were respectively: 0.9 (0.7-1.0), 0.0 Gy, and 1.39 (0.11) Gy. The LQ alpha and beta parameters were respectively 6.80 (1.13) and -0.53 (2.89). The X-ray dose response of the LNCaP line is, therefore, purely exponential. The mean survival at the clinically relevant dose of 2 Gy (S2) was 51.2% for the LNCaP line. Comparison of the S2 value for the LNCaP line with previous investigations with other human prostatic cancer cell lines (DU145 and PC-3) indicates a mean S2 value of 47.6%, which suggests that human prostate cancer cells might lie toward the resistant side of the spectrum for various classes of human neoplasms. © 1994 Wiey-Liss, Inc.
A Review of the Long-Term Health Outcomes Associated With War-Related Amputation

ABSTRACTThe rate of war-related amputations in current U.S. military personnel is now twice that experienced by military personnel in previous wars. We reviewed the literature for health outcomes following war-related amputations and 17 studies were retrieved with evidence that (a) amputees are at a significant risk for developing cardiovascular disease; (b) insulin may play an important role in regulating blood pressure in maturity-onset obesity; (c) lower-extremity amputees are at risk for joint pain and osteoarthritis; (d) transfemoral amputees report a higher incidence of low back pain than transtibial amputees; and (e) 50 to 80% report phantom limb pain, with many amputees stating they were either told that their pain was imagined or their mental state was questioned. The consistency of the observations on health outcomes in these studies warrants careful examination for their implication in the contemporary treatment of war-related amputation.
Abortive infection by phage T4 under conditions of defective host membrane lipid biosynthesis

Abstract As earlier reported a temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K12 has been isolated which is specifically defective in membrane lipid biosynthesis at 42°. Infection of this mutant with phage T4B at 35° is normal. In contrast, the infection of mutant cultures at 42° is completely abortive. Experiments in which infection was initiated at 35° followed by a shift to 42° at various times during the latent period indicate that sensitivity to temperature shift persists throughout the latent period. It was shown that temperature shift results in a sudden cessation of phage and lysozyme biosynthesis, which is soon followed by a premature lysis of the infected cell. This lysis begins a few minutes after the shift in temperature if the shift is made during the first 70% of the latent period. Experiments using a phage mutant defective in lysozyme biosynthesis indicate that lysozyme is required for the premature lysis caused by temperature shifts late in the latent period. These experiments indicate that the phospholipid biosynthesis which occurs after infection is required for the integrity of the infected cell and hence for successful infection.
The Goals and Merits of a Business Ethics Competency Exam

My university recently established a business ethics competency exam for graduate business students. The exam is designed to test whether students can demonstrate several abilities that are indicative of competency in business ethics. They are the abilities to “speak the language” of business ethics, identify business ethics issues, apply theories and concepts to issues, identify connections among theories and concepts as they relate to different issues, and construct and critically evaluate arguments for various positions on business ethics issues. Through this paper, I hope to begin a discussion among business ethicists about both the merits of a competency exam and what the format of such an exam should be. I attempt to do this by explaining the reasons why my institution adopted a competency exam, the goals and purposes of the exam, the format of the exam, and why I believe the exam has merit.
Average molecular orientations in the adsorbed water layers on silicon oxide in ambient conditions

The average molecular orientation in the adsorbed water layers formed on amorphous SiO2 in ambient conditions was determined as a function of relative humidity using polarization attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The silicon oxide surface was prepared by chemically cleaning in aqueous solution, washing with water, and drying with argon. After drying, this produced a SiO2 surface with hydroxyl groups, giving rise to a water contact angle <5°. Primarily two types of vibrational peaks that correspond to liquid water and solid-like water were observed in the adsorbed water layers formed on this surface at room temperature. The average orientation of the water molecules was determined from the dichroic ratio of s- to p-polarization absorbances. At low relative humidities, the highly hydrogen bonded solid-like structure exhibits a dichroic ratio as low as ∼0.4, while the liquid water structure exhibits a dichroic ratio close to ∼1.0. As the relative humidity increases, the dichroic ratio of both water structures approaches a dichroic ratio of 0.7∼0.8, which is consistent with the random orientation of molecules of bulk water and ice.
Constitutional neutrality among economic policies

James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent offers a contractarian case for substantial limits on government powers. How could such limits be justified if public political deliberation allowed majorities to select the best policies? My goal in this paper is to show that there is no fundamental inconsistency between the ideal of deliberative democracy and the normative assumptions of The Calculus of Consent. In doing so, I will also show how the line of argument deployed in The Calculus of Consent both inspired my own work on deliberative democracy and is reinforced by it. The remedy for our political maladies is not so much better politicians but rather better constitutions—that is a major moral of The Calculus of Consent. Politicians predictably will fail to implement mutually advantageous policies unless the structure of incentives under which politicians behave—the constitution—undergoes significant changes. Indeed, Buchanan and Tullock’s book naturally can be taken to suggest that no widespread ideal of justice can be implemented under current institutional constraints. If, for instance, decisions on redistributive taxation and regulation of economic activities are made by majority vote, then we should expect legislation to be sensitive to competitive advantages in rent seeking, which depend on organizational costs, membership (concentrated interests tend to prevail over the dispersed interests of taxpayers and consumers), and money—that is, factors that do not seem to track any attractive ideal of justice.1 A constitutional change is needed to alter the perverse incentive structure that induces politicians and other politically relevant actors to fall short of those ideals. Other thinkers offer a very different treatment for curing our political maladies. They argue that we could have better policies if citizens participated more in politics, especially
State- and bond-selected unimolecular reactions

Unimolecular reactions are crucial chemical events that have been the focus of increasingly sophisticated investigation in the past decade. Unraveling their details is one fundamental goal of experimental and theoretical studies of chemical dynamics. New techniques are revealing the possibilities, and challenges, of eigenstate- and bondspecific unimolecular reactions. These experiments clearly demonstrate the intimate connection between intramolecular processes and unimolecular reaction dynamics and suggest means of exploiting molecular properties to study and control reactions at the level of individual quantum states.
Interactive Web-Based Pointillist Visualization of Hydrogenic Orbitals Using Jmol.

A Monte Carlo method is used to generate interactive pointillist displays of electron density in hydrogenic orbitals. The Web applet incorporating Jmol viewer allows for clear and accurate presentation of three-dimensional shapes and sizes of orbitals up to n = 5, where n is the principle quantum number. The obtained radial probability distributions can be compared with theoretical curves on two-dimensional plots. The applet also produces orbital cross sections and contour plots and their three-dimensional isometric projections, illustrating the standing-wave nature of the orbitals. The classical boundary surfaces with various predetermine cutoffs may also be displayed for size comparisons. Nodal surfaces are available for all displays.
A histological study of the effect of saline and povidone-iodine infusions on the equine endometrium

Abstract A study was conducted to assess the reaction of the endometrium of the mare to both saline and povidone-iodine infusions. In the control group (Group 1), uterine biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days from the beginning of the experimental period. The treatment groups had intrauterine infusions of saline (Group 2) or 1% povidone iodine in saline (Group 3) on Days 0 and 2, and had endometrial biopsies taken on the same days as the control group. The concentration of inflammatory cells in the endometria of the Group-2 mares paralleled that of the Group-1 mares but was at a slightly higher level. Group-3 mares demonstrated significant increases in the numbers of inflammatory cells. An acute reaction was observed in Group-3 mares until Days 7 to 10. Thereafter, the inflammatory reaction changed in nature from an acute to a more chronic reaction. By Days 15 to 30, Group 3 still demonstrated increased signs of inflammation, including infiltration with eosinophils. The results of this study indicate that intrauterine infusion of 1% povidone-iodine solution in mares can cause chronic inflammatory changes in the endometrium.
Seven Years of the Journal: A Review.

This article reviews the contents of volumes 41 to 47 (1962 through 1969) of the Personnel and Guidance Journal, focusing on its composition, its authors, and several aspects of its articles such as methodology, setting, and contents. Relative emphases and trends are also identified and discussed.
Sensitive measures of nutritional status in children in hospital and in the field

Protein-energy malnutrition and obesity are the most common nutritional disorders that complicate the clinical course of children with neoplastic diseases. Sensitive measures of nutritional status should be used to detect these problems in children with cancer. Height and weight measurements are the mainstay of the nutritional assessment of the child. These measurements can be converted to growth velocities or to height-for-age and weight-for-height Z-scores or percent of expected values to provide a measure of the degree of under- or over-nutrition in the child. Skinfold thickness and circumference measurements of the arms, legs and/or trunk may be useful to characterize the changes in peripheral fat depots and muscle mass, respectively. However, the assessments of body composition using these measurements are subject to methodological error because selected skinfold sites are excluded. Whole-body potassium, measured by 40K counting, and total body water, measured by deuterium or 18O dilution, serve as "gold standards" to determine the lean body mass and body fat status of the child, but these techniques may not be practical in all settings. The assessment of the nutritional status of the child serves as a guide to early nutritional intervention. Indicators for early nutritional intervention include: (1) height-for-age and weight-for-height or -age Z-scores more than 2 SD below the mean for age, (2) height-for-age measurements less than 95% of expected, (3) weight-for-height measurements less than 90% or greater than 120% of expected and (4) height velocities less than 5 cm/year after 2 years of age. Early nutritional intervention is essential to restore normal body composition, reverse linear growth arrest, promote tolerance to chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens and improve the quality of life in children with cancer.
Within-Subjects Procedural Variations in Two-Choice Probability Learning

Rats were given extended training (more than 1000 trials) in a two-choice probabilistic food reinforcement situation with three different procedures: (a) noncorrection, (b) correction, (c) a forced-choice procedure that ensured rewarded experience with the less frequently rewarded alternative. The noncorrection and forced-choice procedures resulted in near maximizing (the more frequently rewarded alternative chosen on most of the trials), while the correction procedure resulted in near matching (response probabilities approximate reinforcement probabilities). There were large individual differences in response to the variations in procedures. A second experiment with water reinforcement and correction procedures showed similar results.
Optimally weighted wavelet transform based on supervised training for detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms

We are developing a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms. The use of an empirically chosen wavelet and scale combination for detection of microcalcifications as an initial step of the CAD scheme has been reported by us previously. In this study, we developed a technique for optimizing the weights at individual scales in the wavelet transform to improve the performance of our CAD scheme based on the supervised learning method. In the learning process, an error function was formulated to represent the difference between a desired output and the reconstructed image obtained from weighted wavelet coefficients for a given mammogram. The error function was then minimized by modifying the weights for wavelet coefficients by means of a conjugate gradient algorithm. The Least Asymmetric Daubechies' wavelets were optimized with 297 regions of interest (ROIs) as a training set by a jackknife method. The performance of the optimally weighted wavelets was evaluated by means of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis by use of the above set of ROIs. The analysis yielded an average area under the ROC curve of 0.92, which outperforms the difference-image technique used in our existing CAD scheme, as well as the partial reconstruction method used in our previous study.
Introduction of sodium pentosan polysulfate and avoidance of urethral catheterisation: improved outcomes in children with haemorrhagic cystitis post stem cell transplant/chemotherapy

Abstract Purpose Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation in children. We aimed to test the hypothesis that early recognition, sodium pentosan polysulfate (SPP), and avoidance of urethral catheterisation improve outcomes in children with HC. Methods A retrospective case note review was performed of all patients treated for HC in our hospital from 2002 to 2010. A protocol for the management of HC was introduced in 2007 advocating early detection, use of SPP, and avoidance of urethral catheterisation. Data collected on each patient included primary condition, medications at onset, blood transfusions, duration of symptoms, catheter usage, and outcome. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher's Exact test as appropriate, P Results Five patients were treated using protocol with 5 historical controls. There was no significant difference between the ages of the group, diagnosis, and treatment at onset of HC. In the historical group, 4 of 5 died with HC, but all recovered in the protocol group ( P P Conclusion Early identification, avoidance of urethral catheterisation, and use of SPP significantly reduces blood transfusion requirements and mortality from HC.
Circulating Small Lymphocytes: Immunologically Competent Cells with Limited Reactivities

Highly purified small lymphocytes from peripheral blood are capable of producing acute transplantation disease. However, such lymphocytes do not transfer from sensitized to normal mice the capacity to produce antibody to bovine serum albumin under conditions where mixed populations of lymphoid cells from the sensitized donors are effective.
Statistical approaches for predicting weathering degradation and service life

Abstract Predicting the service lifetime of any material is very important. One of the major difficulties is relating individual, nanoscale, degradation events to the eventual deterioration in macroscopic properties. Monte Carlo simulations and the Central Limit theorem provide approaches to the kinetics of how general coating topology, or bulk morphology, changes during long term weathering. Results on structural changes, from these approaches, may then be translated, via well-known models, into the degradation of macroscopic, “use” properties. Thus service lifetime may be related to composition and degradation mechanisms. Results on pigmented, acrylic coatings demonstrate the applicability and utility of this statistical approach. Changes in gloss and contact angle were related, via these models and provide insights into the processes of degradation in pigmented coatings. Values of parameters for the models that relate surface roughening with exposure are consistent with results from atomic force microscopy. The models provide justification for using simple expressions for trends in non-destructive monitoring, e.g. gloss, or contact angle or for comparing different systems and estimating long-term changes in properties.
Invasion Patterns along Elevation and Urbanization Gradients in Hawaiian Streams

Abstract Hawaii's extreme isolation has resulted in a native stream fauna characterized by high endemism and unusual life history characteristics. With the rapid increase in the human population, the viability of Hawaiian stream ecosystems is threatened by development and the associated habitat alteration. Thirty-eight sites on three islands (Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii) were sampled to determine how habitat alteration resulting from urbanization and development was associated with the establishment of introduced species. Undeveloped sites had higher streamflow velocities, more riffles, lower embeddedness, deeper water, larger substrate, and lower water temperature than developed sites. Developed sites additionally had more pools and greater sparseness of riparian canopy cover. Overall, 23 fish species from 11 families and 5 crustacean species from 3 families were collected. Of these, 16 fish species and 3 crustacean species were introduced. Developed sites had on average almost twice as many species as undev...
The degradation of distance discrimination in big brown bats ( Eptesicus fuscus ) caused by different interference signals

The ability of two big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) to discriminate the distance to an electronically synthesized “phantom” target by echolocation was tested in the presence of interfering signals presented slightly before the target echo. Interfering signals were chosen to have differing degrees of similarity to the typical echolocation emission used by the bat in this task (which was the signal used to create the phantom target), and we predicted that the degree of disruption of ranging would be proportional to the similarity of the interference to the target echo. This prediction was not confirmed; rather, all interference signals not identical to the target echo increased the threshold to about twice that found with no interference. When the interference was identical to the target echo, the threshold increased to about 4 times that with no interference. When each bat was presented with phantom target “echoes” appropriate for the other bat, its range discrimination threshold increased about ten fold, and in this case the degree of interference of different signals was related to their similarity to the target echo, not to their similarity to the bat's “normal” signal. We suggest that Eptesicus may suppress interference by a more sophisticated strategy than simple linear matched filtering.
Lineage-Specific Gene Duplication and Loss in Human and Great Ape Evolution

Given that gene duplication is a major driving force of evolutionary change and the key mechanism underlying the emergence of new genes and biological processes, this study sought to use a novel genome-wide approach to identify genes that have undergone lineage-specific duplications or contractions among several hominoid lineages. Interspecies cDNA array-based comparative genomic hybridization was used to individually compare copy number variation for 39,711 cDNAs, representing 29,619 human genes, across five hominoid species, including human. We identified 1,005 genes, either as isolated genes or in clusters positionally biased toward rearrangement-prone genomic regions, that produced relative hybridization signals unique to one or more of the hominoid lineages. Measured as a function of the evolutionary age of each lineage, genes showing copy number expansions were most pronounced in human (134) and include a number of genes thought to be involved in the structure and function of the brain. This work represents, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide gene-based survey of gene duplication across hominoid species. The genes identified here likely represent a significant majority of the major gene copy number changes that have occurred over the past 15 million years of human and great ape evolution and are likely to underlie some of the key phenotypic characteristics that distinguish these species.
Intraocular lacrimal gland tissue with other ocular abnormalities occurring in a white-tailed deer

Abstract A blind white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), approximately 7 months of age, was found to have multiple congenital ocular abnormalities. Histopathologic examination of the eyes revealed bilateral microphthalmia, intraocular lacrimal gland tissue, intraocular cartilage, retinal dysplasia and epithelialization of the anterior chamber. This appears to be the first reported instance of intraocular lacrimal gland tissue in a species other than man and the first description of intraocular cartilage or retinal dysplasia occurring in a deer. Necropsy examination did not reveal other systemic abnormalities.