cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endocytosis of Murine Norovirus 1 into Murine Macrophages Is Dependent on Dynamin II and Cholesterol

Although noroviruses cause the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, little is known about their life cycle, including viral entry. Murine norovirus (MNV) is the only norovirus to date that efficiently infects cells in culture. To elucidate the productive route of infection for MNV-1 into murine macrophages, we used a neutral red (NR) infectious center assay and pharmacological inhibitors in combination with dominant-negative (DN) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) constructs to show that clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not play a role in entry. In addition, we showed that phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, flotillin-1, and GRAF1 are not required for the major route of MNV-1 uptake. However, MNV-1 genome release occurred within 1 h, and endocytosis was significantly inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drugs nystatin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the dynamin-specific inhibitor dynasore, and the dominant-negative dynamin II mutant K44A. Therefore, we conclude that the productive route of MNV-1 entry into murine macrophages is rapid and requires host cholesterol and dynamin II.
Synaptic proteins, neuropathology and cognitive status in the oldest-old

An increasing number of individuals in our population are surviving to over 90 years and a subset is at risk for developing dementia. However, senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology do not consistently differentiate individuals with and without dementia. Synaptic protein loss is a feature of aging and dementia and may dissociate 90+ individuals with and without dementia. Synaptophysin (SYN), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) were studied in the frontal cortex of an autopsy series of 32 prospectively followed individuals (92-105 years) with a range of cognitive function. SYN protein levels were decreased in individuals with dementia and increased in those with clinical signs of cognitive impairment insufficient for a diagnosis of dementia. SYN but neither PSD-95 nor GAP-43 protein levels were significantly correlated with mini-mental status examination (MMSE) scores. Frontal cortex SYN protein levels may protect neuronal function in oldest-old individuals and reflect compensatory responses that may be involved with maintaining cognition.
Directionality of change in youth anxiety treatment involving parents: an initial examination.

This randomized clinical trial compared cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with minimal parent involvement versus CBT with active parent involvement in a sample of 119 youth (7–16 years; 33.6% Caucasian; 61.3% Latino) with anxiety disorders. The dynamics of change between youth anxiety and parent variables (positive/negative behaviors toward the child, conflict in the parent-youth relationship, and parental anxiety) in both treatment conditions over pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up also were examined. Results indicated that youth anxiety was significantly reduced with both treatments and that the dynamics of change may not solely flow from parent to youth but also from youth to parent. Findings highlight the need for research on directionality and mechanisms of change in order to move from evidence-based treatments toward evidence-based explanations of treatment outcome.
Computerized system for evaluation of coronary artery disease by noninvasive techniques

The accepted method of determining the presence and extent of coronary artery disease is by coronary angiography. A method of obtaining this information noninvasively is being developed. The kinetocardiogram, ballistocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, heart sounds, and carotid pulse pressure tracings have been recorded on analog tape from 903 patients. These patients have also been studied by the angiographic invasive techniques within 24 hours of the noninvasive study. A data processing system has been developed using one of the remote satellites to the Multiple Laboratory Computer Center of the University of Alabama. A technician interacting with this system selects usable portions of the analog records and controls the A to D conversion of the data. Calibration and time normalization is performed so that several heartbeats can be averaged together for each data source. The technician again has the opportunity to view the results and accept or reject them. Accepted data is spooled to magtape and merged with clinical records.Comparisons of mean curves of patients with similar coronary artery abnormalities indicate that there are significant differences. Preliminary statistical models using multiple regression techniques separate the seriously ill patients from those with less abnormality with 77% accuracy.
TIP: a temporal extension to Informix

Commercial relational database systems today provide only limited temporal support. To address the needs of applications requiring rich temporal data and queries, we have built TIP (Temporal Information Processor), a temporal extension to the Informix database system based on its DataBlade technology. Our TIP DataBlade extends Informix with a rich set of datatypes and routines that facilitate temporal modeling and querying. TIP provides both C and Java libraries for client applications to access a TIP-enabled database, and provides end-users with a GUI interface for querying and browsing temporal data.
Experimental Trigeminal Nerve Injury

The successful reinnervation of peripheral targets after injury varies with the axonal population of the nerve that is injured and the extent of the dislocation of its central component from the peripheral endoneurial tube. Larger-diameter axons such as those supplying mechanoreceptors recover more readily than narrower axons such as those supplying taste. A complex, bi-directional interaction between lingual epithelium and sprouting nerve results in the redifferentiation of taste buds after denervation. Dentin and the dental pulp provide a strong attraction to sprouting nerves and will become reinnervated from collateral sources if recovery of the original innervation is blocked. The most effective repair technique for transected lingual nerves is one which brings the cut ends together rather than one that provides a temporary bridge.Injuries can result in cell death in the trigeminal ganglion but only if the injury is severe and recovery is prevented. Lesser damage results in chromatolysis and the incre...
A comparison of health provision and status in Ban Napho refugee camp and Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeastern Thailand.

Health care provision and health status in Ban Napho Refugee Camp is compared with that of the surrounding Nakhon Phanom Province for the year 1988. Records for the period 1984-88 were also examined to compare trends in health status. Personal experience of health services in the Camp and visits made to local schools and health facilities were also used in the comparison. Although direct comparison was difficult (because of the mobile nature of the camp population and problems to do with the interpretation of statistics), it was found that health care for refugees was more comprehensive, at a primary level, than for the Thai population of the surrounding Province. Access to primary health care facilities in the Camp was, moreover, easier and free of charge. This may explain the higher use of health facilities in the Camp but, despite this, health and nutritional status appeared to be worse in the Camp than in the Province. Possible reasons for the difference in reported health status and the use of facilities are discussed.
The material turn in the study of journalism: Some hopeful and cautionary remarks from an early explorer

This brief article presents some remarks about the material turn in journalism studies. It argues that this turn might push these studies in a more cosmopolitan theoretical direction by inviting an...
A new conformal invariant and its applications to the Willmore conjecture and the first eigenvalue of compact surfaces

Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold with a fixed conformal structure. Then we introduce the concept of conformal volume of M in the following manner. For each branched conformal immersion q9 of M into the unit sphere S n, we consider the set of all branched conformal immersions obtained by composi t ion of qo with the conformal automorphisms of S". We let Vc(n, qg) be the max imum volume of these branched immersions. The conformal volume of M is defined to be the infimum of V.(n, q0) where qo ranges over all branched conformal immersions of M into the unit sphere S". In this paper, we study the case when M is a compact surface and we call the conformal volume of M to be the conformal area of M. We demonst ra te that this conformal invariant is non-trivial. In fact, we prove that if there exists a minimal immersion of M into S" where coordinate functions are first eigenfunctions, then the conformal area of M is given by the area of M with respect to the induced metric. This enables us to compute the conformal area for several surfaces. For example, the conformal area of R P z is 6n and the conformal area of the square torus is 27c 2. We believe that the computa t ion of the conformal area for general surfaces will be very impor tant in studying the geometry of compact surfaces. We demonstrate this claim by applying the concept of conformal area to two different branches of surface theory. The first application is to study the total curvature of a compact surface in R". This problem has a long history. Fenchel and Fary [9] proved that for a closed curve o in R", Slk[>27c where k is its curvature. Then Milnor [12]
Corona: System Implications of Emerging Nanophotonic Technology

We expect that many-core microprocessors will push performance per chip from the 10 gigaflop to the 10 teraflop range in the coming decade. To support this increased performance, memory and inter-core bandwidths will also have to scale by orders of magnitude. Pin limitations, the energy cost of electrical signaling, and the non-scalability of chip-length global wires are significant bandwidth impediments. Recent developments in silicon nanophotonic technology have the potential to meet these off- and on-stack bandwidth requirements at acceptable power levels. Corona is a 3D many-core architecture that uses nanophotonic communication for both inter-core communication and off-stack communication to memory or I/O devices. Its peak floating-point performance is 10 teraflops. Dense wavelength division multiplexed optically connected memory modules provide 10 terabyte per second memory bandwidth. A photonic crossbar fully interconnects its 256 low-power multithreaded cores at 20 terabyte per second bandwidth. We have simulated a 1024 thread Corona system running synthetic benchmarks and scaled versions of the SPLASH-2 benchmark suite. We believe that in comparison with an electrically-connected many-core alternative that uses the same on-stack interconnect power, Corona can provide 2 to 6 times more performance on many memory intensive workloads, while simultaneously reducing power.
Sampling distributions, biases, variances, and confidence intervals for genetic correlations.

Genetic correlations (ρ g ) are frequently estimated from natural and experimental populations, yet many of the statistical properties of estimators of ρ g are not known, and accurate methods have not been described for estimating the precision of estimates of ρ g . Our objective was to assess the statistical properties of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), restricted maximum likelihood (REML), and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of ρ g by simulating bivariate normal samples for the one-way balanced linear model. We estimated probabilities of non-positive definite MANOVA estimates of genetic variance-covariance matrices and biases and variances of MANOVA, REML, and ML estimators of ρ g , and assessed the accuracy of parametric, jackknife, and bootstrap variance and confidence interval estimators for ρ g . MANOVA estimates of ρ g were normally distributed. REML and ML estimates were normally distributed for ρ g = 0.1, but skewed for ρ g = 0.5 and 0.9. All of the estimators were biased. The MANOVA estimator was less biased than REML and ML estimators when heritability (H), the number of genotypes (n), and the number of replications (r) were low. The biases were otherwise nearly equal for different estimators and could not be reduced by jackknifing or bootstrapping. The variance of the MANOVA estimator was greater than the variance of the REML or ML estimator for most H, n, and r. Bootstrapping produced estimates of the variance of ρ g close to the known variance, especially for REML and ML. The observed coverages of the REML and ML bootstrap interval estimators were consistently close to stated coverages, whereas the observed coverage of the MANOVA bootstrap interval estimator was unsatisfactory for some H, ρ g , n, and r. The other interval estimators produced unsatisfactory coverages. REML and ML bootstrap interval estimates were narrower than MANOVA bootstrap interval estimates for most H, ρ g , n, and r.
A Novel Clinical Protocol for Placement and Management of Indwelling Urinary Catheters in Older Adults in the Emergency Department.

Objectives Indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) are placed frequently in older adults (age ≥ 65 years) in the emergency department (ED) and carry significant risks. The authors developed, implemented, and assessed a novel clinical protocol to assist ED providers with appropriate indications for placement, reassessment, and removal of IUCs in elders in the ED. Methods A comprehensive, evidence-based clinical protocol was built from an extensive literature review and ED provider focus groups. It was implemented at a university-based medical center with a 20-minute scripted slide presentation. Written surveys were administered before, after, and at 6 months to assess providers' baseline practice and the protocol's effects. Surveys included asking providers for IUC management decisions in 25 unique clinical scenarios. Rates of IUC placement and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) were compared in ED older adult patients admitted to the hospital in the 6 months before and after protocol implementation. Results A total of 111 ED providers participated in the all three surveys. Immediately after protocol introduction, providers anticipated that this intervention would reduce rates of IUC use and increase patient safety. At 6-month follow-up, 81% felt the protocol had changed their practice, and 39% reported frequently referencing the protocol. In the clinical vignettes, ED providers correctly identified the appropriate approach for IUC placement in 63% of cases at baseline with an increase of 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19% to 25%) postintervention and an increase of 8% (95% CI = 6% to 12%) between baseline and 6 months. An absolute reduction in the use of IUCs of 3.5% (p < 0.001) for older adults admitted to the hospital was observed after implementation of the protocol. There were three CAUTIs attributable to the ED in the 6 months prior to implementation and none in the 6 months after. Conclusions This comprehensive, evidence-based clinical protocol was well received by participants and was associated with a sustained change in self-reported practice, as supported by a reduction in IUC placement in admitted older adults and a reduction in CAUTIs attributable to the ED for this vulnerable population over the 6-month study period.
A Creatine-Driven Substrate Cycle Enhances Energy Expenditure and Thermogenesis in Beige Fat

Thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissues dissipate chemical energy as heat, and their thermogenic activities can combat obesity and diabetes. Herein the functional adaptations to cold of brown and beige adipose depots are examined using quantitative mitochondrial proteomics. We identify arginine/creatine metabolism as a beige adipose signature and demonstrate that creatine enhances respiration in beige-fat mitochondria when ADP is limiting. In murine beige fat, cold exposure stimulates mitochondrial creatine kinase activity and induces coordinated expression of genes associated with creatine metabolism. Pharmacological reduction of creatine levels decreases whole-body energy expenditure after administration of a β3-agonist and reduces beige and brown adipose metabolic rate. Genes of creatine metabolism are compensatorily induced when UCP1-dependent thermogenesis is ablated, and creatine reduction in Ucp1-deficient mice reduces core body temperature. These findings link a futile cycle of creatine metabolism to adipose tissue energy expenditure and thermal homeostasis. PAPERCLIP.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of demographic parameters using the frequency spectrum of unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

A maximum-likelihood method for demographic inference is applied to data sets consisting of the frequency spectrum of unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We use simulation analyses to explore the effect of sample size and number of polymorphic sites on both the power to reject the null hypothesis of constant population size and the properties of two- and three-dimensional maximum-likelihood estimators (MLEs). Large amounts of data are required to produce accurate demographic inferences, particularly for scenarios of recent growth. Properties of the MLEs are highly dependent upon the demographic scenario, as estimates improve with a more ancient time of growth onset and smaller degree of growth. Severe episodes of growth lead to an upward bias in the estimates of the current population size, and that bias increases with the magnitude of growth. One data set of African origin supports a model of mild, ancient growth, and another is compatible with both constant population size and a variety of growth scenarios, rejecting greater than fivefold growth beginning >36,000 years ago. Analysis of a data set of European origin indicates a bottlenecked population history, with an 85% population reduction occurring ∼30,000 years ago.
Irish-American Terrorism and Anglo-American Relations, 1881-1885

During the 1880s Irish terrorism posed significant difficulties for American international relations. State Department officials at home and abroad monitored and assessed the activities and ideologies of many radical groups throughout Europe, but few were more burdensome and frustrating than Irish-American dynamiters. Recurrent threats to life and property in the United Kingdom and allegations of ties to American institutions and citizens eventually prompted American diplomats to articulate an aversion to terrorism. State Department officials also faulted the British colonial system for creating an environment that nurtured violent resistance and for using counter-terrorist measures believed to be repressive and largely ineffective. The diplomatic complications created by Irish nationalists eventually gave way to a mutual Anglo-American ideological repulsion to terrorism.
Promoting Liberal Learning In A Capstone Accounting Course

This paper describes our efforts to integrate liberal learning principles in a capstone course within the overwhelmingly career-focused discipline of accountancy. Our approach was based on the belief that business and liberal learning courses are complementary, rather than competitive, elements of a well-rounded education. The ability to deal with ambiguity, for example, or to integrate seemingly unrelated ideas and perspectives helps young people succeed in their chosen fields. We discuss the rationale for creating an accounting capstone course with an emphasis on incorporating a liberal learning philosophy, its implementation, our experience in the classroom, and suggestions for improvement. Overall, the course was a success; however, some modifications could be made that would make the experience a more positive one for both faculty and students.
Mimicking Ribosomal Unfolding of RNA Pseudoknot in a Protein Channel

Pseudoknots are a fundamental RNA tertiary structure with important roles in regulation of mRNA translation. Molecular force spectroscopic approaches such as optical tweezers can track the pseudoknot's unfolding intermediate states by pulling the RNA chain from both ends, but the kinetic unfolding pathway induced by this method may be different from that in vivo, which occurs during translation and proceeds from the 5' to 3' end. Here we developed a ribosome-mimicking, nanopore pulling assay for dissecting the vectorial unfolding mechanism of pseudoknots. The pseudoknot unfolding pathway in the nanopore, either from the 5' to 3' end or in the reverse direction, can be controlled by a DNA leader that is attached to the pseudoknot at the 5' or 3' ends. The different nanopore conductance between DNA and RNA translocation serves as a marker for the position and structure of the unfolding RNA in the pore. With this design, we provided evidence that the pseudoknot unfolding is a two-step, multistate, metal ion-regulated process depending on the pulling direction. Most notably, unfolding in both directions is rate-limited by the unzipping of the first helix domain (first step), which is Helix-1 in the 5' → 3' direction and Helix-2 in the 3' → 5' direction, suggesting that the initial unfolding step in either pulling direction needs to overcome an energy barrier contributed by the noncanonical triplex base-pairs and coaxial stacking interactions for the tertiary structure stabilization. These findings provide new insights into RNA vectorial unfolding mechanisms, which play an important role in biological functions including frameshifting.
Imaging of Football (Soccer) Injuries

Soccer is the world’s most popular sport, engaging hundreds of millions of participants each year. As a physically demanding contact sport, injuries occur rather frequently. Injuries range from the common and relatively benign low-grade muscle strains to potentially career-ending ligamentous injuries. At times, the nature of the injury or degree of debility requires further assessment with diagnostic imaging. Through a structured approach focused on injury epidemiology, relevant anatomy, mechanism, and appearance on medical imaging, the radiologist can gain familiarity with the common and important injuries experienced by soccer players and in turn assist the player and referring clinician toward the goal of appropriate treatment and timely return to play.
What is Holographic Television, and will it Ever Be in My Living Room?

For a 3-D television viewing experience to be maximally realistic, it needs to be autostereoscopic (requiring no glasses), and present not just two-view stereopsis but continuous parallax and other perceptual cues to depth such as visual accommodation (focusing). The display technology most likely to able to offer these features to consumers is holographic television. In this presentation I describe the principles behind diffractive 3-D displays, review the history of holo-video, examine relevant developments in standards and technology (in particular the application of off-the-shelf graphics processors for holographic displays), and connect these with work at the MIT Media Laboratory in developing a holo-video display suitable for consumer use.
Normative Shifts Within International Relations

Previous redress and reparation movements established a normative foundation upon which subsequent movements would be built. This foundation would be utilized as a reference point for the types and forms of redress and reparation that victims could potentially achieve. Of the three inter-related norms discussed in previous chapters—prohibition of atrocities, individual accountability, and redress and reparation—each evolved during the Cold War; yet, the norms were also constrained by bipolar politics. Chapter 5 will provide context on how redress and reparation transitioned from a West German response to the Holocaust to an international phenomena. In addition, changing norms regarding race and gender is also explored.
Students’ Perception of Self-Efficacy Following Medicinal Chemistry Skills Laboratory Exercises

Objective. To analyze student perceptions of self-efficacy in meeting medicinal chemistry course related educational outcomes and skills following a medicinal chemistry skills laboratory. Methods. Four activities were implemented in a pharmacy skills laboratory (PSL) for second-year pharmacy students. Students (n=121) worked individually on exercises for three of the four activities. Pre/post-laboratory surveys on self-efficacy were administered. The McNemar test was performed to evaluate students' self-efficacy above 70% related to course outcomes before and after the exercises in each activity. An independent t test was conducted to compare the mean of students' responses on meeting course outcomes based on the 70% anchor for the perspective confidence on meeting course outcomes. Results. The post-PSL scores on all self-efficacy questions improved. The majority of students reported skill development in all exercises. Students and clinical faculty qualitative responses indicated they felt exercises were effective. Conclusion. A PSL can serve as a valuable opportunity to address course related educational outcomes and specific skill development and can help students assess their self-efficacy in meeting them.
Multiculturalism’s Conflict: A Nation’s Quest for Accommodation and Excellence in Education

After the conservative backlash in the 1980s against multicultural curricula, as exemplified by the public reaction to English 306 at the University of Texas at Austin, there emerged counterresponses with the election of President Bill Clinton. He showed a commitment to increasing educational opportunities for minorities under the premise that greater educational opportunities enabled minority populations to contribute positively to the national economy. Thus, the rhetoric of race and culture gave way to the rhetoric of economics under Clinton’s administration.
Are Temporal Differences in GDNF and NOS Isoform Induction Contributors to Neurodegeneration? A Fluorescence Microscopy-Based Study.

Background Specific factors in Parkinson's disease have become targets as to their protective and degenerative effects. We have demonstrated that cytokines and PD-CSF detrimentally affect microglia and astrocyte growth. While glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been recognized as a possible neuron-rescue agent, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in neurodegenerative processes. Objective To demonstrate that glial cell activation, cytokine production, and NOS induction, play an intimate role in the loss of dopaminergic signaling, via mechanisms that are a result of inflammation and inflammatory stimuli. Methods Study animals were sacrificed following endotoxin treatment and tissue sections were harvested and probed for GDNF and NOS isomers by fluorescence deconvolution microscopy. Fluorescence was mapped and quantified for each probe. Results An immune cell influx into 'vulnerable' areas of the brain was seen, and three NOS isomers, inducible (iNOS), neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS), were synthesized in the brains, a finding which suggests that each isomer has a role in neurodegeneration. eNOS was found associated with blood vessels, while iNOS was associated with glial and matrix cells and nNOS was located with both glia and neurons. Following endotoxin treatment, serum levels of nitric oxide were higher at 6-8 hours, while tissue levels of NOS were elevated for much longer. Thus, induction of NOS occurred earlier than the induction of GDNF. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the protective abilities of GDNF to combat neural destruction are not available rapidly enough, and do not remain at sufficiently high levels long enough to assert its protective effects. (250).
Definiendo la desigualdad

espanol?Existe una relacion entre desigualdad y acceso al suelo? Aunque tendemos a pensar que la desigualdad depende de disparidades en los ingresos, este texto -parte de un extenso proyecto de investigacion realizado por el Buell Center de Columbia University- muestra que la vivienda es uno de sus mas poderosos motores. Por lo tanto ciertas practicas arquitectonicas podrian ser entendidas como «el arte de la desigualdad». EnglishIs there a link between inequality and access to land? Although we tend to think that inequality depends on income disparities, this text -part of a long-term research project conducted by the Buell Center at Columbia University- shows us that housing is one of its most powerful engines. Certain practices of architecture, therefore -at least according to the essay’s authors- might be better understood as "the art of inequality.".
Changes in paced signals may predict in-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND An increasing number of patients with chronic illnesses have implanted cardiac rhythm devices such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). This study was conducted to identify potentially useful predictors of in-hospital cardiac arrest (I-HCA) within paced electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from cardiovascular patients with implanted medical devices. METHODS In this retrospective study of 17 subjects, full-disclosure ECG traces prior to the time of documented I-HCA were analyzed to determine R-R intervals and QRS durations (QRSd). RESULTS Ventricular paced QRSd prolongation was observed prior to I-HCA in 10/16 (63%) subjects. QRSd was significantly greater immediately preceding cardiac arrest than during each of the 8 hours prior to cardiac arrest (P < 0.05). Heart rate changes (measured using standard deviation) within 15 minutes of cardiac arrest were significantly greater in subjects with pulseless electrical activity (PEA)/asystolic arrest compared to those with cardiac arrests due to ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) (10.13 vs 3.31; P = 0.024). Significant differences over the 8 hours preceding cardiac arrest in heart rate (74 vs 86 beats/min; P = 0.002) and QRS duration (172 ms vs 137 ms; P < 0.001) were observed between subjects with initial rhythms of VT/VF and those with initial rhythms of PEA/asystole. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of diagnostic ECG features can be extracted from the telemetry data of patients with implanted medical devices prior to adverse events including I-HCA. The detection of these significant changes might have an immediate prognostic impact on the timely treatment of some patients at risk of adverse events.
History of the Search for a Theory of Melting

An understanding of the microscopic melting of crystals has eluded researchers for more than a Century. The struggle has stimulated the development of quantum mechanics, concepts of long range order, the role of dimensionality in condensed matter, and more sensitive experimental techniques to test the theories. After years of probing the mechanism within the bulk material, we have discovered that the answer has been lying on the surface.
Atherosclerosis alters the response to activated platelets and leukocytes.

This chapter addresses vasomotor consequences of atherosclerosis. The major goal of the studies is to understand the pathophysiology of spasm in atherosclerotic arteries.
Using Cosmogenic Nuclide Measurements In Sediments To Understand Background Rates Of Erosion And Sediment Transport

Understanding the tempo of sediment generation and transport is fundamental to understanding Earth as a system. For land managers, knowing rates of landscape change is important as they consider human impact on landscapes in a long-term context. Numerous means have been employed to estimate basin-scale erosion rates (Saunders and Young, 1983); many of these methods, such as calculations based on river sediment and solute transport rates, are influenced by human impacts or are useful only over short (10 to 100 y) time scales (Trimble, 1977). Other techniques involve reconstruction of initial topography or definition of sediment volumes and source areas; however, these techniques are feasible only in particular environments and geologic settings, many of which are uncommon (Bishop, 1985). Sediment transport rates can also be estimated using tracers (e.g., Lekach and Schick, 1995) and sediment traps. The traditional means by which basin-scale erosion and sediment transport rates are estimated remain uncertain and thus are not widely applied.
Mechanisms of Photosensitization to Drugs in Humans

Drug-induced photosensitivity refers to adverse cutaneous reactions that result from either combined or successive exposure to certain chemicals and light. Although the word “drug” is properly used in reference to chemicals administered for therapeutic purposes, with regard to “drug-induced photosensitivity,” this term has been expanded to include chemicals used for various other purposes, such as sweeteners (1), topical antibacterial agents (2), perfumes (3), and industrial (4), and agricultural (5) products.
Geologic Processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge and their Relation to Sulfide Deposition

Enough detailed data has been obtained along the axis of the Mid-Ocean Ridge to construct a kinematic model which attempts to describe observed variations in time, space, and spreading rate of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes and their relationship to the deposition of massive sulfide deposits. Each accretionary segment or accretionary cell bounded by two transform faults is underlain by a unique magma reservoir. Because of cooling at the tranform fault edges, the magma reservoir pinches out and is most developed at a location away from the transform faults. Where the reservoir reaches its fullest development, there is a higher heat flux into the overlying crustal lid. The shallow region where the magma reservoir is most developed and where the crustal lid is thinnest should correspond to the most vigorous hydrothermal activity because of the higher energy content in the system at shallow depths. Because the crustal lid, at the high, is at its minimum thickness, rifting of the lid should result in lava flows having the most direct and shortest path from the magma reservoir to the young seafloor along the rifting axis. At least in the case of moderate to fast spreading segments, the flows nearest the topographic high should be copious surface-fed fluid lavas with the ratio of fluid to pillow flows decreasing down the topographic gradient above a domain of lid thickening. The farther from the topographic high, the more distal and channelized the flows would be resulting in more tube-fed pillow flows. We propose that areas of shallow sea floor at the axis of the Mid-Ocean Ridge are used as a prospecting tool in the search for active sulfide deposition along any given accretion segment. The model draws upon submersible and towed camera mapping programs in the FAMOUS area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the spreading rate is approximately 2 cm/yr. In addition, recent efforts along various segments of the East Pacific Rise and Galapagos Rift have the most profound impact on the model as they involve spreading rates ranging from 6.0 to 10.2 cm/yr where hydrothermal circulation and associated massive sulfide deposition is well developed.
Association between patient perception of oncology clinical trial participation and survival: N0392 (Alliance).

e18122Background: We previously reported that patient subjective perception of their oncology clinical trial experience was influenced by factors beyond their treatment outcome (Chauhan, ASCO, 2012...
Flipgrid: Expanding Classroom Spaces w/Student Video Reflections

NOTE: This teaching activity showcase is one of two during the 1:00pm-2:30pm session. AÂ It will be presented within that session from 1:00pm to 1:40pm.BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:Flipgrid is an online social media platform that is ideal for sharing brief video statements with peers. This session explores how to leverage the Flipgrid platform to promote studentsA¢â¬â¢ understandings of diverse academic content through a brief showcase of student examples.AÂ Participants will be guided to consider how they might use the Flipgrid platform as a tool for enhancing social exchanges and enriching studentsA¢â¬â¢ understandings of essential course content. Participants will be able to describe how to create their own Flipgrid platform and create Flipgrid posts.AÂ _______________________________________________________________FULL ABSTRACT:Flipgrid is an online social media platform that is ideal for sharing brief video statements with peers. Recognized as one of the top A¢â¬Atech toolsA¢â¬Â in 2018, the Flipgrid platform allows educators to create class forums accessible by students through password-protected, sharable links. This session will provide an overview of how I am currently using the platform as a forum for enhancing studentsA¢â¬â¢ knowledge of essential social studies themes. As part of my course, students completed five A¢â¬AFlipgrid Challenges.A¢â¬Â Each challenge prompts students to reflect on their community and then find an example of the focus social studies theme. For example, the first challenge required participants to go to a favorite spot in their community and describe the location using essential vocabulary, such as relative location, absolute location, human-made features, physical features, and natural features. Another challenge prompted students to use their understandings of economics concepts to highlight the production of either a good or a service. By encouraging the students to use essential social studies themes to video snapshots of places within their own communities, essential aspects of geography, economics, and history hold more meaning for all participants. As part of this demonstration, I will provide an overview of the Flipgrid platform. I will also share (with student consent) a few of the challenges that my students completed as part of their coursework. I will discuss how this experience enriched the content explored within our face-to-face class sessions. Finally, I will share alternative ways educators may use Flipgrid to enhance and extend studentsA¢â¬â¢ content-specific understandings.
A Microscopic Experimental Method Transversely Loading on Single High-Performance Fibers

We developed a microscopic experimental method that transversely loads and images single high-performance fibers. The experimental set-up was inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Force and displacement histories were recorded by the loading device. The SEM enabled in-situ observation of the fiber’s initial contact with the transverse indenter and subsequent deformation, crack initiation and propagation until the final failure. Within the loading device, fiber gauge length, indenter tip radius and loading direction can be varied as desired. To demonstrate the new experimental capability, initial results for a razor blade transversely cutting a Dyneema® SK76 fiber are presented in this paper. To avoid the effect from the conductive coating on the mechanical behavior of the fiber, a low vacuum detector was adopted to capture the deformation and failure of an uncoated fiber. These experiments revealed the damage and failure processes of single fibers with high-resolution micrographs.
Medical Professionalism In An Organizational Age: Challenges And Opportunities

The structure of medical practice is undergoing an extraordinary transformation. The percentage of physicians salaried and employed by hospitals and health care groups has increased dramatically. Growing numbers of patients are using health information technologies that facilitate transparency and enable patients to use the internet and health tracking devices to better manage their health care. This article aims to start a dialogue on how these changes may affect the key responsibilities of medical professionalism: putting patient interests first, maintaining and enhancing physicians' medical competence, and sustaining trust in the doctor-patient relationship. We identify several potentially effective strategies. They include policies to promote an institutional culture committed to professionalism and to enlarge physicians' role in institutional leadership. We also address how the principles of professionalism might guide physician compensation formulas, policies governing transparency, and best practices for strengthening the relationships between physicians and newly empowered patients.
Embracing the dropouts in single-cell RNA-seq analysis.

One primary reason that makes single-cell RNA-seq analysis challenging is dropouts, where the data only captures a small fraction of the transcriptome of each cell. Almost all computational algorithms developed for single-cell RNA-seq adopted gene selection, dimension reduction or imputation to address the dropouts. Here, an opposite view is explored. Instead of treating dropouts as a problem to be fixed, we embrace it as a useful signal. We represent the dropout pattern by binarizing single-cell RNA-seq count data, and present a co-occurrence clustering algorithm to cluster cells based on the dropout pattern. We demonstrate in multiple published datasets that the binary dropout pattern is as informative as the quantitative expression of highly variable genes for the purpose of identifying cell types. We expect that recognizing the utility of dropouts provides an alternative direction for developing computational algorithms for single-cell RNA-seq analysis. The analysis of RNA-seq data is complicated by dropouts, and these are usually treated as a problem to be addressed. Here, Peng Qiu uses dropouts as a source of information and presents a co-occurrence clustering algorithm to cluster cells based on the dropout pattern; this could be a complementary approach to existing methods.
Current marijuana use among women of reproductive age.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of current (past 30 days) marijuana use and its associations with demographic, other substance use, chronic disease, physical health and mental health measures among women of reproductive age (18–44 years) in 12 US states. Methods This analysis used 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 16,556 women of reproductive age in 12 US states. Women self-reported current marijuana use and covariates. Weighted χ2 statistics and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated accounting for the complex survey design. Results Among women of reproductive age, 9.9 % reported current marijuana use. Current cigarette use (aPR: 2.0, 95 % CI: 1.6, 2.6), current e-cigarette use (aPR: 1.9, 95 % CI: 1.4, 2.6), binge drinking (aPR: 2.6, 95 % CI: 1.9, 3.6), ever having received a depression diagnosis (aPR: 1.6, 95 % CI: 1.2, 2.1), and ≥14 days of poor mental health in the past 30 days (aPR: 1.8, 95 % CI: 1.3, 2.4) were all associated with higher adjusted prevalence of current marijuana use. Reporting ≥14 days of poor physical health within the last 30 was associated with a 40 % lower adjusted prevalence of current marijuana use (aPR: 0.6, 95 % CI: 0.4, 0.8). Conclusion Current marijuana use among women of reproductive age was associated with other substance use, poor mental health, and depression. As state laws concerning marijuana use continue to change, it is important to monitor usage patterns and to assess associated health risks in this population.
The Global War on Terrorism: An Early Look at Implications for the U.S. Army

Abstract : Within days of the attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center, the President made the War on Terrorism the nation's top priority. It was immediately clear that this shift in priorities would have sweeping implications for the United States Army. A group of RAND Arroyo Center researchers engaged in a series of structured intellectual explorations to determine what the implications of this new global War on Terrorism would be for the Army. Researchers addressed two primary questions: What demands would the war on terrorism place on the Army, and what responses might it consider? This paper summarizes the conclusions of the RAND researchers, who found five main demands that the Army must be able to meet: (1) increased deployments; (2) a broader range of force capabilities -- special operations to conventional forces; (3) greater use of the transformation process to meet the requirements for more capable yet mobile light forces that can be easily tailored as well as special operations forces; (4) personnel with scarce specialty skills that are in high demand to meet competing demands from the War on Terrorism and homeland security; and (5) a more flexible overseas basing structure. Much of this analysis was done shortly after operations in Afghanistan commenced in 2001. However, in the intervening period some aspects of the work were further developed analytically. Also, where appropriate, reference to official U.S. policy documents bearing on the War on Terrorism are now included. These documents did not exist when this work was originally completed. Finally, in the context of the War on Terrorism, the war with Iraq and subsequent occupation of the country are addressed where appropriate. (20 refs.)
Analysing PIAAC Data with the International Data Explorer (IDE)

This chapter introduces readers to the PIAAC International Data Explorer (IDE), an online tool for conducting analyses with the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) data using a simple point-and-click interface without any special software or advanced statistical knowledge. It describes the data available in the IDE and provides an overview of how the data in the IDE is organised. It also covers the analysis types and statistical estimates available in the IDE, as well as its display and reporting options. These statistic and analysis options include averages, percentages (including proficiency level distributions), standard deviations, and percentiles, as well as significance testing, gap analysis, and regression analysis. The chapter also provides example research scenarios that illustrate how to answer questions using the IDE and how to interpret results from the IDE.
Advances in bladder cancer biology and therapy

The field of research in bladder cancer has seen significant advances in recent years. Next-generation sequencing has identified the genes most mutated in bladder cancer. This wealth of information allowed the definition of driver mutations, and identification of actionable therapeutic targets, as well as a clearer picture of patient prognosis and therapeutic direction. In a similar vein, our understanding of the cellular aspects of bladder cancer has grown. The identification of the cellular geography and the populations of different cell types and quantifications of normal and abnormal cell types in tumours provide a better prediction of therapeutic response. Non-invasive methods of diagnosis, including liquid biopsies, have seen major advances as well. These methods will likely find considerable utility in assessing minimal residual disease following treatment and for early-stage diagnosis. A significant therapeutic impact on patients with bladder cancer is found in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. These therapeutics have been shown to cure some patients with bladder cancer and significantly decrease adverse events. These developments provide patients with better monitoring opportunities, unique therapeutic options and greater hope for prolonged survival. This Review examines recent developments in the molecular and translational aspects of bladder cancer biology and discusses their current or potential future clinical applications in the management of bladder cancer.