cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropy and Magnetoelastic Properties

In this chapter, we discuss the local origins of the two measurable macroscopic effects that occur from interactions between the ionic magnetic moments and the lattices in which they reside: magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetostriction. In the preceding chapters, the focus has been on the molecular origin of the magnetic moments in crystal lattices. For the 3d n transition group in particular, the disposition of spin alignments as determined by covalent-induced superexchange and the randomizing effect of temperature has been reviewed. The spin system is also influenced by geometrical shape of the specimen in which it resides (described in Chap. 1) and the symmetry of the lattice itself and its elastic properties, each of which contribute to the anisotropy that influences the magnetization process and other magnetic properties. In addition, large anisotropic magnetic effects can result from asymmetry of the local crystal fields and their interactions with magnetoelastic cations. In this sense, magnetoelasticity refers to the coupling between the magnetic moment of the cation and local crystal field of the anion coordination. All of these mechanisms, however, involve interaction between the spins and the elastic properties of the lattice, which can be collective, as in the case of dipole–dipole interactions in fixed array of lattice sites, or individual through orbital angular momentum coupling to the crystal field. The conventional macroscopic phenomenological model is presented later in this chapter, but it is the molecular origins of these properties where our initial attention will be focused.
Emory Healthcare’s Safe Patient Handling Program

Nursing staff are ranked sixth for highest at-risk for musculoskeletal injuries. Nurses may manually lift up to 2.7 tons in 12 h. Patients are admitted to the hospital sicker and heavier creating a physical challenge for nursing staff. Emory Healthcare launched a Safe Patient Handling Study in 2007 with an ergonomic analysis. 24% of the hospital injuries and 41% of skilled care nursing facility injuries were due to repositioning and transporting patients. The workers’ compensation costs were up to $4 million yearly. Lift equipment trials were set up. Emory’s Safe Patient Handling Program was implemented in November 2009. A dedicated safe patient handling nurse oversaw training and lift equipment installation. Challenges included maintaining lift sheets and consistent equipment utilization. With nursing education and administrative support, there was a 12.5% cumulative reduction in injuries in 2014. Emory Healthcare is dedicated to keeping nursing staff safe and injury free.
Impacts of experimentally accelerated forest succession on belowground plant and fungal communities

Abstract Understanding how soil processes, belowground plant and fungal species composition, and nutrient cycles are altered by disturbances is essential for understanding the role forests play in mitigating global climate change. Here we ask: How are root and fungal communities altered in a mid-successional forest during shifts in dominant tree species composition? This study utilizes the Forest Accelerated Succession ExperimenT (FASET) at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) as a platform for addressing this question. FASET consists of a 39-ha treatment in which all mature early successional aspen (Populus spp.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) were killed by stem-girdling in 2008. Four years after girdling, neither overall fungal diversity indices, plant diversity indices, nor root biomass differed between girdled (treated) and non-girdled (reference) stands. However, experimental advancement of succession by removal of aspen and birch resulted in 1) a shift in fungal functional groups, with significantly less ectomycorrhizal fungi, 2) a trend toward less arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and 3) a significant increase in the proportion of saprotrophs in girdled stands. In addition to shifts in functional groups between treated and untreated stands, ectomycorrhizal fungi proportions were negatively correlated with NH4+ and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in soil. This research illustrates the propensity for disturbances in forest ecosystems to shift fungal community composition, which has implications for carbon storage and nutrient cycling in soils under future climate scenarios.
One Giant Step Backward: Myths of Black Cultural Learning Styles.

In almost every objective indicator of academic achievement, African-American children have not achieved parity with whites. The evolution of the “cultural difference” hypothesis (for explaining ac...
Isolation and characterization of stable protein-DNA adducts induced in chromatin by ultraviolet light.

The induction of protein-DNA adducts mediated by ultraviolet (uv) light was analyzed in two forms of chromatin isolated from cultured Chinese hamster cells: sheared, soluble chromatin, and defined, chromatin subunits (nucleosomes). Four methods of analysis were employed to quantify and qualify this photochemical reaction of stabilizing protein to DNA: (1) a membrane filter assay which retains both protein and protein-DNA complexes; (2) CsCl equilibrium density gradients in which stable complexes of protein and DNA band at densities other than their native buoyant densities; (3) gel filtration which allows separation of protein linked to DNA from the bulk, nonlinked protein; and (4) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the chromatin proteins. The following observations have been made: (1) the rate of linkage of protein-to-DNA is linear with uv light fluence in both forms of chromatin studied; (2) in sheared, soluble chromatin, the rate of linkage of nonhistone proteins exceeds the rate of linkage of histone proteins by two-fold (mass:mass); (3) in sheared, soluble chromatin, factors which increase condensation of chromatin (divalent metal ions, ionic strength, pH) enhance the photochemical addition reaction; (4) in both forms of chromatin, it appears as if all four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) participate (to varying degrees) in the uv light-induced crosslinking reaction; and (5) uv light of 254-nm wavelength induces other photoproducts (protein-protein adducts and/or aggregates) besides protein-DNA adducts.
Fonts Designed for Macular Degeneration: Impact on Reading.

Purpose People with macular degeneration (MD) experience difficulties in reading due to central-field loss. Two new fonts, Eido and Maxular Rx, have been designed specifically for individuals with MD. We have compared reading performance of these new fonts with three mainstream fonts (Times-Roman, Courier, and Helvetica). Methods Subjects with MD (n = 19) and normally sighted subjects (n = 40) were tested with digital versions of the MNREAD test using the five fonts. Maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS), and reading acuity (RA) were estimated to characterize reading performance. Physical properties of the fonts were quantified by interletter spacing and perimetric complexity. Results Reading with MD showed font differences in MRS, CPS, and RA. Compared with Helvetica and Times, Maxular Rx permitted both smaller CPS and RA, and Eido permitted smaller RA. However, the two new fonts presented no advantage over Courier. Spacing, but not Complexity, was a significant predictor of reading performance for subjects with MD. Conclusions The two fonts, designed specifically for MD, permit smaller print to be read, but provide no advantage over Courier.
LUNA: A randomized phase II trial of liver resection plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone in patients with unresectable lung and resectable liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma.

TPS3625Background: Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with 5-year overall survival (OS) of 58% and accepted as standard of care. However, the role of liver resection wit...
PTSD's blame criterion and mental health outcomes in a community mental health treatment-seeking sample.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition that can manifest as a combination of debilitating symptoms, one of which is a distorted sense of responsibility for the traumatic event. The inclusion of DSM-5's PTSD D3 criterion (blaming self or others for the stressful experience) has received little research attention in regard to its relation to post-trauma mental health outcomes. To address this gap in literature, we examined the relevance of the clinical endorsement of the D3 criterion to PTSD symptomology and other posttrauma mental health outcomes. METHOD Participants were 123 trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking individuals (Mage = 35.70, 68.3% female) who completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing PTSD symptomology, depression severity, distress intolerance, rumination, and anger reactions. RESULTS Independent t tests comparing those that clinically endorsed the D3 criterion (vs. those that did not) revealed that the clinical endorsement of blame was significantly associated with PTSD severity, depression, distress intolerance, and rumination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the significance of PTSD's D3 criterion, and further emphasize the importance of addressing blame in posttrauma mental health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Immigrant Identities and the Shaping of a Racialized American Self

Immigration scholars largely focus on adaptation processes of immigrant groups, while race scholars focus on structural barriers nonwhite immigrants face. By comparing nonwhite immigrants with nati...
Variation in Technical Quality of Breast MRI.

Purpose Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quality may vary across the United States. Our aim was to investigate the quality of outside breast MRIs presenting for second opinion at a tertiary cancer center following implementation of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast MRI Accreditation Program. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the technical quality of the MRI studies of 100 consecutive cases submitted for second opinion in 2013. The image quality was blindly reviewed per ACR Breast MRI Accreditation Program by three fellowship-trained breast radiologists and one breast imaging fellow. Results In total, 88 of the 100 cases were referred from facilities in the United States. Sixty (68%) of the 88 cases had at least one technical deficiency. In 10 cases (11%), more than five different technical deficiencies occurred. The most frequently encountered deficiencies were related to artifacts (74%), with shimming (N = 17) and motion (N = 16) being the most common. In total, 38% of cases (N = 33) had a deficient T2-weighted sequence, mostly due to low signal to noise ratio (N = 25). A total of 27% cases (N = 24) had deficiencies in the delayed phase postcontrast T1-weighted sequence, mainly due to low signal to noise ratio (N = 21) and 23% had deficiencies in the early phase postcontrast T1-weighted sequence, predominantly due to low signal to noise ratio as well. (N = 19). Conclusion Our study demonstrates variability of breast MRI quality across the United States. Radiologists should become familiar with the requirements of the ACR breast MRI accreditation program and strive to meet the expected standards in order to enhance patient quality and safety.
Ligand-Enhanced Energy Transport in Nanocrystal Solids Viewed with Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy.

We examine CdSe NCs functionalized with the exciton-delocalizing ligand phenyldithiocarbamate (PDTC) using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). PDTC forms hybrid molecular orbitals with CdSe’s valence band that relax hole spatial confinement and create potential for enhanced exciton migration in NC solids. We find PDTC broadens the intrinsic line width of individual NCs in solution by ∼30 meV, which we ascribe to modulation of NC band edge states by ligand motion. In PDTC-exchanged solids, photoexcited excitons are mobile and rapidly move to low-energy NC sites over ∼30 ps. We also find placing excitons into high-energy states can accelerate their rate of migration by over an order of magnitude, which we attribute to enhanced spatial delocalization of these states that improves inter-NC wave function overlap. Our work demonstrates that NC surface ligands can actively facilitate inter-NC energy transfer and highlights principles to consider when designing ligands for this application.
Profiles and trajectories of impaired social cognition in people with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Introduction People with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have a distinctive behavioral phenotype that includes intellectual disability, compulsivity, inattention, inflexibility and insistence on sameness. Inflexibility and inattention are at odds with the cognitive flexibility and attention to social cues needed to accurately perceive the social world, and implicate problems in social cognition. This study assessed two social cognition domains in people with PWS; emotion recognition and social perception. We identified changes in social cognition over an approximate two-year time period (M = 2.23 years), relative strengths and weakness in social cognition, and correlates and predictors of social cognition. Methods Emotion recognition and social perception were examined at two time points in 94 individuals with PWS aged 5 to 62 years (M = 13.81, SD = 10.69). Tasks administered included: standardized IQ testing; parent-completed measures of inattention and inflexibility; standard emotion recognition photos (fear, sadness, anger, happy); and videotaped social perception vignettes depicting negative events with either sincere/benign or insincere/hostile interactions between peers. Results An atypical trajectory of negative emotion recognition emerged, marked by similar levels of poor performances across age, and confusion between sad and anger that is typically resolved in early childhood. Recognition of sad and fear were positively correlated with IQ. Participants made gains over time detecting social cues, but not in forming correct conclusions about the intentions of others. Accurately judging sincere intentions remained a significant weakness over time. Relative to sincere intentions, participant's performed significantly better in detecting negative social cues, and correctly judging trickery, deceit and lying. Age, IQ, inattention, and recognition of happy and sad accounted for 29% of variance in social perception. Conclusion Many people with PWS have deficits in recognizing sad, anger and fear, and accurately perceiving the sincere intentions of other people. The impact of these deficits on social behavior and relationships need to be better understood.
SHOSHIN BERIBERI PRESENTING AS NEW ONSET SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE AND REFRACTORY HYPOTENSION

Patients with severe thiamine deficiency leading to wet beriberi typically present with high output heart failure and predominately right sided symptoms, but a rare and acute form of beriberi known as Shoshin Beriberi can lead to acute cardiovascular collapse. A 52-year-old woman with a history of
Cardiac troponin and tropomyosin bind to F-actin cooperatively, as revealed by fluorescence microscopy.

In cardiac muscle, binding of troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tpm) to filamentous (F)-actin forms thin filaments capable of Ca2+ -dependent regulation of contraction. Tpm binds to F-actin in a head-to-tail fashion, while Tn stabilizes these linkages. Valuable structural and functional information has come from biochemical, X-ray, and electron microscopy data. However, the use of fluorescence microscopy to study thin filament assembly remains relatively underdeveloped. Here, triple fluorescent labeling of Tn, Tpm, and F-actin allowed us to track thin filament assembly by fluorescence microscopy. It is shown here that Tn and Tpm molecules self-organize on actin filaments and give rise to decorated and undecorated regions. Binding curves based on colocalization of Tn and Tpm on F-actin exhibit cooperative binding with a dissociation constant Kd of ~ 0.5 µm that is independent of the Ca2+ concentration. Binding isotherms based on the intensity profile of fluorescently labeled Tn and Tpm on F-actin show that binding of Tn is less cooperative relative to Tpm. Computational modeling of Tn-Tpm binding to F-actin suggests two equilibrium steps involving the binding of an initial Tn-Tpm unit (nucleation) and subsequent recruitment of adjacent Tn-Tpm units (elongation) that stabilize the assembly. The results presented here highlight the utility of employing fluorescence microscopy to study supramolecular protein assemblies.
A Test of Generalizability of the Social Development Model Across Gender and Income Groups with Longitudinal Data from the Elementary School Developmental Period

The social development model (SDM) is a theory of behavior that has proven useful in explaining the etiology of delinquency, violence, and substance use among adolescents as well as early antisocial behavior among pre-adolescents. A further test of the model is its generalizability across population groups. A section of the SDM representing prosocial influences in the etiology of problem behavior was compared for boys and girls and for children from low- and non low-income families using three waves of child, parent and teacher survey data on a sample of 851 elementary school students. Multiple group structural equation modeling was used to assess differences across groups in both measurement of model constructs and hypothesized structural paths between constructs. The results indicate overall similarity in the reliability of measurement models and validity of structural models.
The Impact of Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) on Coronal Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS): A New Classification and Trends in the Postoperative Period.

Introduction One of the primary goals of scoliosis surgery is to balance the head over the pelvis (or avoid creating imbalance). Historically, a normal coronal balance was defined as the C7 plumb line (C7PL) within 2 cm of the central sacral vertical line (CSVL); however, there is limited published information regarding the speed/magnitude and success/failure of balancing, rebalancing, or unbalancing in the postoperative period. The purpose of this study is to classify and quantify coronal plane balance postoperatively in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis when using pedicle screw instrumentation. Methods Evaluated patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who had a posterior spinal fusion withstanding 2-view, posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the entire spine performed at first erect visit, 6, 12, and 24 months. To measure coronal balance, a C7PL was measured and compared with the CSVL. A negative value denotes the leftward deviation of the C7PL and a positive value a rightward deviation. The authors then created a novel coronal balance classification system. Results A total of 954 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a strong trend toward improving coronal balance, especially between first erect and 6 months; the proportion of out of balance patients declined throughout the 2-year period: preoperative 372 of 954 (39%), first erect 297 of 954 (31.1%), 6 months 167 of 954 (17.5%), 1 year 136 of 954 (14.3%), and 2 years 115 of 954 (12.0%). Analyzing the patients most out of balance immediately after posterior spinal fusion, 35 of 50 (70%) in group 3 regained balance by 2 years. Out of the remaining 15 patients, 12 corrected to group 1 (24%), 2 patients to group 2 (4%), and 1 patient remained in group 3 (2%). Conclusions This large, longitudinal postoperative study of coronal balance documents a strong trend toward postoperative rebalancing, with the largest gains between first erect image and 6 months. The 31% of patients out of balance at first erect declined to only 12.1% at 2 years.
Personal exposure to PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals associated with cardiopulmonary function in general population

To better understand the cardiopulmonary alterations associated with personal exposed PM2.5-bound heavy meals, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 2018 on 54 general residents. For each subject, PM2.5 exposure filter was collected by a low-volume sampler for 24 h; blood and urine samples were collected subsequently. Heavy metals in PM2.5, blood, and urine samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. PM2.5-bound Mn, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Ni levels were 20.5, 9.27, 9.59, 28.3, and 16.9 ng/m3, respectively. The distribution of these metals followed the order: Pb (33.47%) > Mn (24.24%) > Ni (19.99%) > Sb (11.34%) > Cd (10.96%). The distribution of heavy meals in PM2.5, blood, and urine differed from each other. PM2.5-bound Cd, Pb levels were positively correlated with blood Cd, Pb levels (r = 0.323, r = 0.334, p < 0.05), respectively. PM2.5-bound Cd level was significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group (28.8 vs. 7.27 ng/m3, p < 0.01), same as Sb level (12.0 vs. 9.34 ng/m3, p < 0.01). Cd and Pb exposure might interact with cardiovascular function through autonomic regulation. No significant correlation was observed between metal exposure and pulmonary function. In conclusion, our data suggested that personal exposure to specific PM2.5-bound heavy metals might interact with profound cardiovascular alterations.
The Victorian Cult of Shakespeare: Bardology in the Nineteenth Century

In the Victorian era, William Shakespeare's work was often celebrated as a sacred text: a sort of secular English Bible. Even today, Shakespeare remains a uniquely important literary figure. Yet Victorian criticism took on religious dimensions that now seem outlandish in retrospect. Ministers wrote sermons based upon Shakespearean texts and delivered them from pulpits in Christian churches. Some scholars crafted devotional volumes to compare his texts directly with the Bible's. Still others created Shakespearean societies in the faith that his inspiration was not like that of other playwrights. Charles LaPorte uses such examples from the Victorian cult of Shakespeare to illustrate the complex relationship between religion, literature and secularization. His work helps to illuminate a curious but crucial chapter in the history of modern literary studies in the West, as well as its connections with Biblical scholarship and textual criticism.
Asperity-based modification on theory of contact mechanics and rubber friction for self-affine fractal surfaces

Modeling the real contact area plays a key role in every tribological process, such as friction, adhesion, and wear. Contact between two solids does not necessarily occur everywhere within the apparent contact area. Considering the multiscale nature of roughness, Persson proposed a theory of contact mechanics for a soft and smooth solid in contact with a rigid rough surface. In this theory, he assumed that the vertical displacement on the soft surface could be approximated by the height profile of the substrate surface. Although this assumption gives an accurate pressure distribution at the interface for complete contact, when no gap exists between two surfaces, it results in an overestimation of elastic energy stored in the material for partial contact, which typically occurs in many practical applications. This issue was later addressed by Persson by including a correction factor obtained from the comparison of the theoretical results with molecular dynamics simulation. This paper proposes a different approach to correct the overestimation of vertical displacement in Persson’s contact theory for rough surfaces with self-affine fractal properties. The results are compared with the correction factor proposed by Persson. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it uses physical parameters such as the surface roughness characteristics, material properties, sliding velocity, and normal load to correct the model. This method is also implemented in the theory of rubber friction. The results of the corrected friction model are compared with experiments. The results confirm that the modified model predicts the friction coefficient as a function of sliding velocity more accurately than the original model.
The Effects and Counter-Effects of Unemployment and Stringency Responses to COVID-19: An International Analysis Using Simultaneous Equations Models

By applying the data from 59 countries to simultaneous equations models with 3SLS and GMM estimations, we analyse the effects and counter-effects of stringency of movement restrictions on unemploym...
Senescence-associated hyper-activation to inflammatory stimuli in vitro

Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to adverse inflammatory conditions such as sepsis and cytokine storm. We hypothesized that senescent cells (SnCs) play a central role in this age-associated pathology in part due to their expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which may prime SnCs to inflammatory stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the levels of gene transcription and protein production in various SnCs in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL1β), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulation. We found that SnCs not only expressed higher basal levels of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as a manifestation of the SASP, but more importantly exhibited hyper-activation of the induction of a variety of inflammatory mediators in response to LPS, IL1β and TNFα stimulation as compared with non-SnCs. This senescence-associated hyper-activation is likely mediated in part via the p38MAPK (p38) and NFκB pathways because LPS stimulation elicited significantly higher levels of p38 phosphorylation and NFκB p65 nuclear translation in SnCs when compared to their non-senescent counterparts and inhibition of these pathways with losmapimod (a p38 specific inhibitor) and BMS-345541 (a selective NFκB inhibitor) attenuated LPS-induced expression of IL6, TNFα, CCL5, and IL1β mRNA in SnCs. These findings suggest that SnCs may play an important role in the age-related increases in the susceptibility to developing an exacerbated inflammatory response and highlight the potential to use senotherapeutics to ameliorate the severity of various devastating inflammatory conditions in the elderly.
The unrecognized potential of pet cats for studying aging and age-related diseases

Old cats develop chronic diseases similar to diseases in older people. One-fourth of American households own cats, and almost half are more than 7 years old. Cats share the same environment and are exposed to many of the same chemical stresses. In addition, genomic diversity and population stratification are similar to that occurring in people. With these comparative features, the aging cat represents a geroscience model to investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for aging. However, cats are generally not recognized as a translational model for aging research mainly because of the lack of knowledge and appreciation within the scientific community. In addition, cat owners are not aware of any research programs designed to enhance healthy aging in their pets because none exist. Much work is needed to inform and educate the scientific community as well as cat owners about the power of aging cats as a transformative model to investigate aging and age-related diseases that will benefit both human and feline health. Key words: Aging cats, Age-related diseases, Healthy aging, Geroscience
Indivisible Territory and the Politics of Legitimacy: Jerusalem and Northern Ireland

1. Introduction 2. Constructing indivisibility: a legitimation theory of indivisible territory Part I. Constructing an Indivisible Ireland: 3. Home rule: a divisible Ireland 4. Ulster will fight: the orange card and an indivisible Ireland Part II. Jerusalem, the Eternal, Indivisible City: 5. Dividing the holy city 6. Jerusalem, indivisible 7. How Northern Ireland became divisible (and why Jerusalem has not) Conclusion.
Mechanical verification of timed automata: a case study

The paper reports the results of a case study on the feasibility of developing and applying mechanical methods, based on the proof system PVS, to prove propositions about real time systems specified in the Lynch-Vaandrager timed automata model. In using automated provers to prove propositions about systems described by a specific mathematical model, both the proofs and the proof process can be simplified by exploiting the spectral properties of the mathematical model. The paper presents the PVS specification of three theories that underlie the timed automata model, a template for specifying timed automata models in PVS and an example of its instantiation, and both hand proofs and the corresponding PVS proofs of two propositions. It concludes with a discussion of our experience in applying PVS to specify and reason about real time systems modeled as timed automata.
Factors that Perpetuate Test-Driven, Factory-Style Schooling: Implications for Policy and Practice

This article analyzes the factors that perpetuate test-driven, factory-style schooling, despite evidence contraindicating that approach. Both anecdotal and empirical evidence are presented to illustrate the failures of test-based accountability in the U.S., including the failures of specific policies to improve student outcomes, as well as evidence of collateral damage resulting from these policies. Factors that perpetuate test-driven, factory-style schooling include personal and institutional inertia, ignorance of the historical roots of factory schooling, ignorance of alternative educational paradigms, and The Overton Window â€”a narrow range of acceptable discourse that precludes discussing more productive alternatives. Other factors perpetuating factory-style schooling include misleading language and media coverage, bureaucratic tendencies, the profit motive, self-fulfilling prophecies regarding student motivation, traditional academic objectives and linear curricular Â sequences, and flawed and misleading research. Current accountability-based policies and practices are discussed as a strategic political initiative that benefits wealthy and powerful members of society in multiple ways. Based on extensive experience working in and teaching about progressive education, the author presents eight suggestions for helping others transcend the factory model of schooling.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Intake-Outlet Towers

The problem of designing reinforced concrete intake-outlet towers, partially submerged in water, to withstand earthquake ground motion is examined in general terms. It is shown that water, surrounding as well as inside, significantly affects the response to ground motion and these hydrodynamic effects should be considered in the design of towers. A rational method for elastic design including the hydrodynamic effects is proposed. It is recommended that towers be designed to elastically resist ground motions which they may experience several times during their useful life. The ductility requirements that would be imposed on code-designed towers by the intense ground motions expected near the causative fault during high magnitude earthquakes are evaluated; they appear to be rather large. It is recommended that forces for elastic design be increased so that the lateral displacement ductility requirements imposed by the most intense ground motion that can occur at the site would be no larger than a ductility factor of two.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of opioid action.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cellular and molecular mechanisms of opioid action. Some new data on the molecular mechanisms of opioid action in the brainstem periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is highlighted. The PAG is an organized processing center for the integration of noxious, threatening and stressful stimuli, and the production of defense responses. The PAG is subdivided into functional columns that run in a rostrocaudal orientation. These columns comprise two distinct systems that modulate the flow of nociceptive information. The most widely recognized model of descending antinociception is the disinhibition model of fields. This model is based on observations that opioid suppression of tonic inhibitory inputs from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons is a major mechanism of opioid-induced excitation in many areas of the central nervous system. Opioid inhibition of adenylyl cyclase has been studied in detail in neurons and cell lines. One recent study has determined that chronic inflammation activates neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) in such a way that potentiates the effects of opioids on the descending antinociceptive pathway.
Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages.

Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages. Leanne Hinton Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1994. 270 pp.
Place-of-residence errors on death certificates for two contiguous U. S. counties

Based on death certificate data, the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics calculates age adjusted all-cause mortality rates for each Texas county yearly. In 1998 the calculated rates for two adjacent Texas counties was disparate. These counties contain one city (Amarillo) and are identical in size. This study examined the accuracy of recorded county of residence for deaths in the two counties in 1998. In our jurisdiction, the county of residence is assigned by funeral homes. A random sample of 20% of death certificates was selected. The accuracy of the county of residence was verified by using a large area map, Tax Appraisal District records, and U.S. Census Bureau databases. Inaccuracies in recording the county or zip code of residence was recorded. Eighteen of 354 (5.4%) death certificates recorded the incorrect county and 21 of 354 (5.9%) of death certificates recorded the zip code improperly. There was a 14.4% county recording error rate for one county compared to a 0.82% for the other county. The zip code error rate was similar for the two counties (5.9% vs. 5.8%). Of the county errors, 83% occurred for addresses within a zip code that contained addresses in both counties. This study demonstrated a large error rate (14%) in recording county of residence for deaths in one county. A similar rate was not seen in an adjacent county. This led to significant miscalculation of mortality rates for two counties. We believe that errors may have arisen in part from use of internet programs by funeral homes to assign the county of residence. With some of these programs, the county is determined by zip code, and when a zip code straddles two counties, the program automatically assigns the county whose name appears first in the alphabet. This type of error could be avoided if funeral homes determined the county of residence from Tax Appraisal District or Census Bureau records, both of which are available on the internet. This type of error could also be avoided if vital statistics offices verified the county and zip code of residence using official sources.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging

Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer nanoparticles with high photostability and strong photoacoustic brightness are designed and synthesized, which results in 5.3-fold photoacoustic signal enhancement in tumor xenografts after systemic administration.
RF CMOS Cells for Wireless Applications

There is increasing interest in the use of CMOS circuits for high frequency highly integrated wireless telecommunications systems. This paper presents the results of on-going work into the development of a cell library that includes many of the circuit elements required for the high frequency sub-systems of communications integrated circuits. The cell library studied included an RF control element, single ended Class A amplifier, RF isolator, and Gilbert cell mixer circuit topologies. Circuit design criteria and measurement results are presented. All cells were fabricated using standard 2.0, 1.2, and 0.8 μm CMOS integrated circuit fabrication processes with no post-processing performed. The results indicate that 2.0 μm CMOS can be used successfully up to approximately 250 MHz with 0.8 μm cells useful up to approximately 1000 MHz.
Reinterpretation of the bond-valence model with bond-order formalism: An improved bond-valence-based interatomic potential for PbTiO 3

We present a modified bond-valence model of PbTiO${}_{3}$ based on the principles of bond-valence and bond-valence vector conservation. The relationship between the bond-valence model and the bond-order potential is derived analytically in the framework of a tight-binding model. An energy term, bond-valence vector energy, is introduced into the atomistic model and the potential parameters are reoptimized. This model potential can be applied both to canonical-ensemble (NVT) and isobaric-isothermal ensemble (NPT) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This model reproduces the experimental phase transition in NVT MD simulations and also exhibits the experimental sequence of temperature-driven and pressure-driven phase transitions in NPT simulations. We expect that this improved bond-valence model can be applied to a broad range of inorganic materials.
A HyperCard stack for the creation of graphically organized glossaries

Many students find it difficult to transform expository text and lectures into well-organized mental constructs. Studies show that learning of this type can be enhanced by the use of graphic organizers that depict relationships among concepts by diagramming them as a tree structure. In order to incorporate all concepts taught in a course into a single graphic organizer, a HyperCard authoring shell was developed to expedite drawing tree diagrams and linking each concept in the diagram to a definition. The authoring features of the stack and its application to an abnormal psychology course are discussed in this article.
Some potential contributions of reinforcement and consumer-demand theory to reducing cocaine use

Cocaine abuse remains a daunting United States public health problem. Recreational cocaine use is decreasing, but regular use indicative of dependence is stable or increasing. Treatment interventions are often characterized by high rates of early attrition and continued drug use and involve only a small proportion of cocaine users. Hence, more effective and expanded strategies for motivating individuals to forgo or reduce cocaine use are needed. This commentary has a two-part purpose: (a) to underscore the fundamental role of reinforcement in the genesis and maintenance of cocaine use and (b) to illustrate how that knowledge in combination with consumer-demand theory might be translated into effective strategies for reducing cocaine use.
Effects of chain conformation on miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties of solution blended substituted polyphenylene and polyphenylsulfone

The effects of polymer conformation and degree of substitution on miscibility, morphology and mechanical properties of solution blended systems containing polyphenylsulfone and copolymers of phenylketone substituted p-phenylene with m-phenylene were studied. Static and dynamic light scattering studies were performed to obtain the z-average root mean square radius of gyration, second virial coefficient, weight average molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius. Solution blends of polyphenylsulfone with phenylene copolymers yielded free standing films. Blend miscibility was assessed by glass transition behavior, morphology was analyzed using atomic force microscopy and mechanical properties were measured using nanoindentation. Copolymer composition determined miscibility. Miscible blends exhibited homogeneous morphologies while immiscible blends displayed unique, heterogeneous morphologies. Polymer conformation in solution, rather than enthalpic contributions, was the primary determinant of miscibility. Successful reinforcement was achieved in blended systems.
Use of aliette, a basipetally translocated antimicrobial compound, to enhance rhizophere colonization and nodulation by root-nodule bacteria

A method was developed to improve the colonizing ability of inoculated strains of root-nodule bacteria using aliette (aluminum tris-O-ethyl phosphonate), a basipetally translocated fungicide. Aliette applied to seeds of alfalfa inoculated with an aliette-resistant strain of Rhizobium meliloti increased the numbers of R. meliloti in the rhizosphere after 3 but not 37 days, increased the number of nodules, and with some seed treatments, increased the growth of alfalfa. The enhanced colonization by R. meliloti as a result of seed treatment with aliette lasted for at least 31 days for alfalfa, although plant weights did not increase, Colonization by R. meliloti was further enhanced if seeds and foliage were treated with the fungicide. Coating seeds or sparaying the foliage with aliette also increased the number and weight of nodules and nitrogenase activity in soybeans inoculated with an aliette-resistant strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The stimulation of B. japonicum in the rhizosphere and of nodulation was evident with successive plantings of soybeans if the seeds for each planting were treated with the chemical, but aliette did not increase the yield of inoculated soybeans in the subsequent plantings. With only the seeds of the first planting of inoculated soybeans treated with aliette, the numbers of B. japonicum in the rhizosphere of subsequent plantings were only occasionally greater and the numbers of nodules on the later plantings were not increased. We suggest that root colonization, nodulation, and N2 fixation by Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium may be enhanced by the use of basipetally translocated antimicrobial compounds together with root-nodule bacteria that are resistant to those compounds.
Simple Instructions Which Enhance the Error Control Capabilities of a Programmed Communications Processor

In the course of the design of a small-scale digital computer for use as a communications buffer and processor it was found possible to greatly increase the capability of the computer in the encoding and decoding of a number of error control codes without significantly increasing the complexity of the hardware by the addition of three commands to the instruction repertoire of the computer. These commands are Galois Field Multiply, Galois Field Divide, and Compute Word Parity.
Self-similarity in the post-focussing regime in porous medium flows

In the focussing problem for the porous medium equation, one considers an initial distribution of material outside some compact set K . As time progresses material flows into K , and at some finite time T first covers all of K . For radially symmetric flows, with K a ball centred at the origin, it is known that the intermediate asymptotics of this focussing process is described by a family of self-similar solutions to the porous medium equation. Here we study the postfocussing regime and show that its onset is also described by self-similar solutions, even for nonsymmetric flows.
Program optimization: enforcement of local access and array access via pointers

Matrix multiplication in linear algebra provides a useful problem through which one can investigate optimizations based on local access to memory rather than scattered access, and on the use of pointers in places of array subscripting. Benchmarking results favor a pointer-based implementation with a reordering of the three loops in the definition.
Comparison of three wideband antennas for ground-penetrating radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been applied for several years to the problem of detecting both anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines. Most of the evaluation effort has focused on obtaining the end-to-end performance metrics (e.g. Pd and pfa ) of complete detection systems. This is the fourth in a series of papers in which we focus on the specific performance of one critical component of GPR systems: the antenna subsystem. In this paper, we examine several free-space characteristics of 3 prototype wideband antennas, here denoted by the terms: Resistive Vee , Antipodal Vivaldi, and Planning Systems Inc's (PSI) Archimedean Spiral antennas. Specifically, we (1) determine gain and phase properties of these antennas, (2) measure the internal reflections, (3) determine the direct coupling between antennas used in bistatic pairs, (4) measure antenna reflectivity, and (5) measure the spatial response footprints.
Attenuation of Thermal Radiation by Pulverized Coal and Char

The absorption and scattering of thermal radiation within a dilute cloud of pulverized coal and char is investigated. Results are presented of monochromatic absorptivity measurements on particles 50-150 MUm in diameter under conditions representative of the early pyrolysis zone of a combustion chamber. No dependence of absorptivity on coal composition could be discerned for the 3 lignite and bituminous coals selected. A slight increase in monochromatic absorptivity with temperature and extent of char was observed. For the spectral region investigated, 1.2-5.3 MUm, an empirical equation was derived to represent the data obtained within 5%. A single total hemispherical absorptivity of 0.89 is recommended for heat-transfer calculations in pulverized coal and char clouds if the particles can be assumed to act as Mie scatters, and if the volume fraction of ash and soot particles is small.
In vitro stimulation of cyclic-AMP production in Rana catesbeiana ovaries by homologous gonadotropins.

Abstract In vitro effects of purified Rana LH and FSH on cyclic AMP accumulation were examined in ovaries of immature and mature bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana , at different states of the sexual cycle. Rana FSH was active with clear dose dependency only in immature ovaries but was less potent than Rana LH. Mature females did not respond to Rana FSH. Rana LH always increased the cAMP accumulation in mature females but the response was lowest with prespawning and postspawning females.
Reactive Ballistic Deposition of Porous TiO2 Films: Growth and Characterization

Nanoporous, high-surface area films of TiO2 are synthesized by reactive ballistic deposition of titanium metal in an oxygen ambient. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is used to investigate the stoichiometric dependence of the films on growth conditions (surface temperature and partial pressure of oxygen). Scanning and transmission electron microscopies show that the films consist of arrays of separated filaments. The surface area and the distribution of binding site energies of the films are measured as functions of growth temperature, deposition angle, and annealing conditions using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of N2. TiO2 films deposited at 50 K at 70° from substrate normal display the greatest specific surface area of ∼100 m2/g. In addition, the films retain greater than 70% of their original surface area after annealing to 600 K. The combination of high surface area and thermal stability suggests that these films could serve as supports for applications in heterogeneous catalysis.
Government Imports and Import Taxes in Monetary Analysis of Income and Imports

T HIS NOTE treats government imports and import taxes as additional autonomous variables in the "Polak" model of monetary analysis of income and imports,l and then applies the model to explain the imports of a selected country, Ceylon. It also evaluates the direct and induced impact of a government's financial operations on imports, and uses the example to illustrate the use of the Polak model as a predictive tool for framing contracyclical fiscal and monetary policy in countries dependent upon primary products.
I liked the postcard you sent Abe and I: Context-sensitive coding of syntax and other procedural knowledge

A theory of the coding of syntactic knowledge is described and illustrated by means of its predictions regarding certain pronomial case errors in children. The theory assumes two levels of syntactic coding: (1) word classes (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions) and (2) concept functions in a proposition (relation, agent, object, recipient, location, etc.). Both word-class nodes and concept-function nodes are context-sensitive (overlapping triple) codes, which is the key to their encoding of serial order in both recognition and production.