cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Markov-based Framework For Handover Process in Heteroegenous Cellular Networks

Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are a combination of small & large cells that are communicating to other networks just like a single cell of the network. This requires smooth transition of communication link when the user moves from one cell to another cell region of the HetNets. This process is called handover (HO). There are several issues in a handover process such as unnecessary HO and failure of HO which affect the performance of communication. Handover occurs when signal to noise ratio is less than a predefined threshold. In this paper, we analyze the performance of handover under different parameters, such as received signal strength (RSS), hysteresis margin (HM) and Cell Range Expansion (CRE). A Markov based framework is used to model the handover (HO) process for the user equipment (UE) by defining different positions of the UE at a possible trajectory as the Markov states. As the UE moves forward along its trajectory, the path loss of the signal changes and therefore SINR changes accordingly. This behavior is modelled in Markov chain by using transfer probabilities, where at a particular state the UE can stay in the same state, move to the next state or return to the first state. A few transitions of the Markov chain from a given initial state can specify the handover rate of the network. To analyze the effect of the above parameters on handover rate, we consider a single macro cell and femto cell with a UE following a specific trajectory towards the femto cell. Distances of UE along the trajectory from both macro and femto cell are computed that are used to find distance dependent path losses. This allows us to compute received signal strength which in turn identifies the transfer probabilities of each state. Finally the performance of handover rate is analyzed through transitions of the Markov chain. It is observed that the handover rate decreases as the values of CRE, HM and number of states increase.
Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin.

Abstract Synchronizing circadian (24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior with the environmental light-dark cycle is critical for maintaining optimal health. Dysregulation of the circadian system increases susceptibility to numerous pathological conditions including major depressive disorder. Stress is a common etiological factor in the development of depression and the circadian system is highly interconnected to stress-sensitive neurotransmitter systems such as the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. Thus, here we propose that stress-induced perturbation of the 5-HT system disrupts circadian processes and increases susceptibility to depression. In this review, we first provide an overview of the basic components of the circadian system. Next, we discuss evidence that circadian dysfunction is associated with changes in mood in humans and rodent models. Finally, we provide evidence that 5-HT is a critical factor linking dysregulation of the circadian system and mood. Determining how these two systems interact may provide novel therapeutic targets for depression.
Critical, and not functional, health literacy is associated with missed HIV clinic visits in adults and older adults living with HIV in the Deep South.

Engagement in care is a key component of the HIV treatment cascade and is influenced by biopsychosocial factors. Little is known about the association of health literacy with this impactful outcome...
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN T CELLS WHICH RESULT IN SUPPRESSION OF T CELL FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary Interactions between cell populations of T cells play an important role in determining the immune response. This chapter discusses the interactions between subpopulations of T cells tthat have immunosuppressive consequences. In particular, the chapter focuses on the interactions between spleen-seeking and lymph node-seeking thymic T cells. The experiments presented in the chapter determined what affect interactions between the cells that localize in the spleen and those which localize in the lymph nodes might have. To study this, recipient mice were lethally irradiated and inoculated with parental thymocytes and at intervals thereafter the spleen and the cells which had localized in it was removed by splenectomy. Concomitant experiments were done with Chromium 51-labeled cells to determine the effect of the splenectomy on the localization of the inoculated cells. The results of these experiments indirectly support the notion that the response of the cells in the recipient's spleen was suppressing the response of the cells in the lymph nodes.
Is nipple sparing mastectomy associated with increased complications, readmission and length of stay compared to skin sparing mastectomy?

Abstract Introduction We sought to determine rates of complications, reoperation, and length of stay (LOS) between nipple-sparing (NSM) and skin-sparing (SSM) mastectomy patients, hypothesizing that rates would be higher in the former. Methods Patients undergoing NSM or SSM at our institution between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017 were compared. Results 217 patients underwent NSM; 581 underwent SSM. NSM patients were more likely to be younger, with private insurance, lower BMI, lighter breasts, have bilateral mastectomy, with implant-based reconstruction, for BRCA, and/or lower stage disease and were less likely to have diabetes, axillary dissection, and/or neoadjuvant therapy. Controlling for these factors, NSM patients had a higher complication rate than SSM patients (OR: 1.822; 95% CI: 1.163–2.853, p = 0.009). Length of stay and reoperation rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion NSM and SSM patients have similar reoperation rates and LOS; however, complication rate is higher in NSM patients.
Seeing the invisible: From imagined to virtual urban landscapes

Abstract Urban ecosystems consist of infrastructure features working together to provide services for inhabitants. Infrastructure functions akin to an ecosystem, having dynamic relationships and interdependencies. However, with age, urban infrastructure can deteriorate and stop functioning. Additional pressures on infrastructure include urbanizing populations and a changing climate that exposes vulnerabilities. To manage the urban infrastructure ecosystem in a modernizing world, urban planners need to integrate a coordinated management plan for these co-located and dependent infrastructure features. To implement such a management practice, an improved method for communicating how these infrastructure features interact is needed. This study aims to define urban infrastructure as a system, identify the systematic barriers preventing implementation of a more coordinated management model, and develop a virtual reality tool to provide visualization of the spatial system dynamics of urban infrastructure. Data was collected from a stakeholder workshop that highlighted a lack of appreciation for the system dynamics of urban infrastructure. An urban ecology VR model was created to highlight the interconnectedness of infrastructure features. VR proved to be useful for communicating spatial information to urban stakeholders about the complexities of infrastructure ecology and the interactions between infrastructure features.
Genome analysis of Yersinia pestis from Junggar Basin

Objective To compare different fragment profiles of Yersinia pestis isolated from Rhombomys opimus plague natural focus in the Junggar Basin for determining their genomovars newly found in China.Methods Chromosomal DNA of Yersinia pestis Was extracted with routine method.DFR analysis was performed as reported previously.Results The different fragment profiles of Yersinia pestis from Rhombomys opimus plague natural focus is absence of DFR01,04,06,07,10,13 and DFR 15-18.It is a novel genomovar of Yersinia pestis in China,which is different from Yersinia pestis from the other plague natural foci.Conclusion The genomovar of Yersinia pestis from Rhombomys opimus plague natural focus in the Junggar Basin is a novel one in China. Key words: Yersinia pestis; Different fragment region; Junggar Basin
There is no rationality that is not first ecological

John Dryzek’s concept of ecological rationality provides a framework for justifying policy decisions on ecological grounds. According to Dryzek, ecological rationality deserves precedence over the other rationalities, such as social, economic, and political, because without a stable biosphere the other realms of human endeavor cannot continue to exist. The present article aims to support and extend Dryzek’s concept by asserting that other rationalities cannot have their own internal logic or achieve their own objectives if they are not also ecologically rational. Ecological rationality is a precondition if other forms of reasoning are to be considered valid. This generates new implications for Dryzek’s original concept. In an era of climate change and ecological instability, this extension provides a more powerful framework for justifying public sphere and policy decision-making that prioritizes environmental principles. Contemporary examples and limitations are discussed.
Material hardship, prefrontal cortex–amygdala structure, and internalizing symptoms in children

Material hardship, or difficulty affording basic resources such as food, housing, utilities, and health care, increases children's risk for internalizing problems. The uncinate fasciculus (UNC) and two of the gray matter regions it connects-the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala-may play important roles in the neural mechanisms underlying these associations. We investigated associations among material hardship, UNC microstructure, OFC and amygdala structure, and internalizing symptoms in children. Participants were 5-9-year-old children (N = 94, 61% female) from socioeconomically diverse families. Parents completed questionnaires assessing material hardship and children's internalizing symptoms. High-resolution, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (n = 51), and diffusion tensor imaging (n = 58) data were acquired. UNC fractional anisotropy (FA), medial OFC surface area, and amygdala gray matter volume were extracted. Greater material hardship was significantly associated with lower UNC FA, smaller amygdala volume, and higher internalizing symptoms in children, after controlling for age, sex, and family income-to-needs ratio. Lower UNC FA significantly mediated the association between material hardship and internalizing symptoms in girls but not boys. These findings are consistent with the notion that material hardship may lead to altered white matter microstructure and gray matter structure in neural networks critical to emotion processing and regulation.
Patient education in Mohs surgery: a review and critical evaluation of techniques.

Traditional in-person discussion alone is often used for preoperative education in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). The appropriate use of more modern education techniques is not well defined in the MMS literature. The authors aim to evaluate patient education techniques for MMS, address education in special populations, and highlight opportunities for improvement. We performed a PubMed literature search with keywords “Mohs” and “education”, “teaching”, “understanding”, “explanation”, “preoperative”, or “consent” with no restriction on publication time frame due to literature scarcity. Teledermatology consultation, MMS videos, 3D models, pamphlets/online materials, and shared medical appointments appear to be effective techniques (GRADE B). Analogies are also anecdotally helpful when integrated into traditional verbal education (GRADE C). The role of preoperative educational phone calls is more controversial (GRADE C). Regardless of the education technique utilized, no singular technique entirely replaces the traditional in-person discussion. Having access to multiple modalities can be beneficial for patients, allowing them options to choose their preferred method(s) of education. MMS is a difficult topic to conceptualize, and further research into educational techniques is needed to provide clear guidelines for Mohs surgeons.
A Comparative Study on the Non Linear Relation Between Farmer’s Suicide and the India’s WHI

The world is discovering new ideas, inventions and innovations each second. The technologies have gone up to the level of space and deep water travelling touched the end of remote sensing and what not? But on the contrary, it has at least one billion people without enough to eat each day. These contradictions would not come as a shock to the greatest of humanity, including Aristotle and the Buddha. Material life must be harnessed to meet these human needs, most importantly to promote the end of suffering, social justice, and attainment of happiness. The challenge is real for all the part of the world. The socioeconomic inequalities have widened considerably, the trust of government and society has come down. The relatives of poverty, anxiety, environmental degradation and unhappiness in the midst of great plenty should not be regarded as mere curiosities. The objective of this paper is to manifest the inter-relationship between the World Happiness Index and Farmer suicides. The secondary data have been collected from journals, magazines and the internet. Indian farmers challenged by the serious issues like bankruptcy, drought and other farming works and family problems etc. This paper has made an attempt to examine the non-linear relation between India’s ranks on the World Happiness Index with Farmers’ suicide.
Soccer, the Saarland, and statehood: win, loss, and cultural reunification in post-war Europe

Football proved to be one of the few areas that fueled West Germany’s ambition to reintegrate Saarland into the fractured post-war republic. Denied participation with the German football federation...
Tailoring Content for Authenticity and Adoption: Community-Based Participatory Research and the Co-creation of Story-Based Health Communication for Underserved Communities

This perspective presents concrete examples of how community-based participatory research can be used effectively to decolonize health communication through the co-creation of health communication content specifically tailored to minoritized and underserved communities. The authors describe how community members and researchers partnered to conduct community listening, observation and co-create stories to be used in fotonovelas (graphic stories), radio stories, serious games and community theater. Community members are experts on their experiences and can best translate those experiences into stories that ring true for target audiences from similar backgrounds. Truly participatory research grounded in community values can be slow and take unexpected turns, but it is critical to create health communication content that resonates with audiences and contributes to influencing attitudes and behaviors. When Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is used in true collaboration with the community, marginalized communities, which were historically exploited by community researchers, can become the architects of their own health outcomes.
"I Don't Do Much Without Researching Things Myself": A Mixed Methods Study Exploring the Role of Parent Health Literacy in Autism Services Use for Young Children.

Little is known about how parent health literacy contributes to health-related outcomes for children with autism. This mixed-methods study included 82 U.S. parents of a child with autism 2–5 years-old and sought to describe (1) health literacy dimensions, (2) how health literacy influences services use, and (3) health literacy improvement strategies. Results showed: autism information was accessed from multiple sources; understanding autism information involved “doing your own research”; autism information empowered decision-making; health literacy facilitated behavioral services use; health literacy influenced medication use; family and system characteristics also affected services use; autism education remains needed; services information is needed across the diagnostic odyssey; and greater scientific information accessibility would increase uptake. Findings demonstrate how parent health literacy affects services use.
Product quality regulation in open economies: Implications for trade

Abstract The presence of quality and safety regulations provides an explanation for comparative advantage and the basis for trade in regulated open economies. This paper investigates these trade issues in a factors-specific model of quality regulation.
An Advanced Forestry Continuing Education Program for Area County Extension Agents

In 1999, the University of Georgia Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources developed Forestry: Area Specialty Advanced Training (FASAT) to strengthen Cooperative Extension Service county program delivery system areas of sustainable forest productivity and profitability in annual week-long training programs. FASAT covers all 159 counties and all 55 clusters with 67 agents working in areas of forest productivity as well as urban/rural interface forestry. After initial training, university faculty and FASAT agents teamed in 1999 to prepare a series of seven multicounty (37 counties covered) forestry meetings involving over seven hundred non-industrial private forest landowners and overone million acres of forest land. Those meetings offered NIPF landowners information that could allow them to increase net returns to their tree crops by a conservative estimate of $10 per acre per year, an estimated total of $10 million per year in Georgia.
NCSU: Modeling Temporal Relations with Markov Logic and Lexical Ontology

As a participant in TempEval-2, we address the temporal relations task consisting of four related subtasks. We take a supervised machine-learning technique using Markov Logic in combination with rich lexical relations beyond basic and syntactic features. One of our two submitted systems achieved the highest score for the Task F (66% precision), untied, and the second highest score (63% precision) for the Task C, which tied with three other systems.
Infrastructure for laboratory distribution

Though laboratories are an important element in student education, the development of effective labs is impeded by several factors: (i) the present academic reward system does not encourage or promote laboratory development time; (ii) there is no mechanism in place to distribute labs; and (iii) there is no mechanism in place to review or recognize appropriate lab assignments. We propose a laboratory distribution system that allows labs to be developed by faculty members at different universities, reviewed by an external review board, and then cataloged and stored for use by faculty at other universities. This system benefits the author of the labs (recognition, feedback), the other faculty that use the lab assignments (decreased preparation time), and the review body (fosters cooperative environment among universities, ensures laboratory "quality control").
Emergency operations procedures development and training

The approach toward emergency operations for the TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) is discussed. The general outline for the emergency procedures is given. Factors relating to emergency information, emergency communications, and emergency drills are outlined. >
DNA copy number changes in breast cancer samples using array-CGH profiling.

Discovering DNA copy number alterations is a major goal in studying susceptibility and the cause of diseases such as cancer. Agilent Technologies' whole genome comparative genomic hybridization array (aCGH) together with highly optimized reagents and protocols are used to generate genome-wide profiles of cancers to help in the identification of causative, diagnostic and prognostic changes. The comparison of the aCGH profile from the breast cancer tumor primary cell line with the aCGH profile of EBV-transformed peripheral blood from the same breast cancer patient showed several regions of DNA loss and gain. These regions were confirmed to correlate with the disease on a panel of flash-frozen breast cancer tumor samples. Using Agilent Technologies' CGHAnalytics software, candidate genes and ESTs have been identified for these regions of interest. Further studies on large breast cancer patient cohorts are required to see whether these candidate genes and ESTs are causative and would have profound prognostic implications.
Nanosecond time resolved electron diffraction studies of the α→β in pure Ti thin films using the dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM)

The transient events of the α–β martensitic transformation in nanocrystalline Ti films were explored via single-shot electron diffraction patterns with 1.5 ns temporal resolution. The diffraction patterns were acquired with a newly constructed dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM), which combines nanosecond pulsed laser systems and pump-probe techniques with a conventional TEM. With the DTEM, the transient events of fundamental material processes can be captured in the form of electron diffraction patterns or images with nanosecond temporal resolution. The transient phenomena of the martensitic transformations in nanocrystalline Ti is ideally suited for study in the DTEM, with their rapid nucleation, characteristic interface velocities ∼1 km/s, and significant irreversible microstructural changes. Free-standing 40-nm-thick Ti films were laser-heated at a rate of ∼1010 K/s to a temperature above the 1155 K transition point, then probed at various time intervals with a 1.5-ns-long, intense electron pulse. Diffraction patterns show an almost complete transition to the β phase within 500 ns. Post-mortem analysis (after the sample is allowed to cool) shows a reversion to the α phase coupled with substantial grain growth, lath formation, and texture modification. The cooled material also shows a complete lack of apparent dislocations, suggesting the possible importance of a “massive” short-range diffusion transformation mechanism.
Probing instabilities in arc plasma devices using binary gas mixtures

This paper presents an experimental approach to identify the sources of instabilities in arc plasma devices. The phenomena of demixing in arcs have been utilized to explore the characteristics of different instabilities. Problems in explaining the observed behavior with our current understanding of the phenomena are discussed. Hydrogen is used as a secondary gas with argon as the primary plasma gas for this study. Results indicate that the observed behavior such as steady, takeover, and restrike modes of instabilities in arcs may essentially originate from the thin boundary layer over the anode wall primarily at the location of the anodic arc root. The bulk core flow apparently does not play any significant role in such instabilities. Arc currents rather than flow rates control the behavior of the instabilities in frequency space. Bifurcation of the system behavior and evidence for the existence of quadratic zones in flow space of binary gas mixtures separating steady and unsteady behavior are discussed.
Dentist and psychologist: practical considerations for a team approach to the intensely anxious dental patient

A dentist and psychologist used a team approach to the treatment of an extremely anxious teenage patient. The psychologist combined her treatment program with the procedures planned by the dentist. With use of the dental and psychological team approach to an anxious patient, dental treatment can be done concurrently with psychological treatment and the patient’s anxiety can be decreased in less time to a level at which regular dental care can be accomplished. Despite the many improvements in delivering dental care, the dental experience continues to be an anxiety-provoking experience for the majority of dental patients. Although a certain degree of anxiety by patients toward dental treatment may be appropriate, extreme anxiety makes the delivery of dental service extremely difficult and may cause patients to avoid regular dental care. Certain patients who display excessive anxiety about dentistry can be helped through psychological therapy. It is the dentist’s responsibility to identify these patients, and the responsibility of the dentist and psychologist to work as a team in decreasing the patient’s anxiety toward dentistry. A report of the successful treatment of a patient, using the team approach of a dentist and psychologist, is given.
Introducing Giovanni Gentile, the ‘Philosopher of Fascism’

This essay aims to introduce Giovanni Gentile to scholars of Gramsci studies broadly and Gramsci‐education studies more specifically. The largest part of the essay explores Gentile's academic life, his philosophical agenda, and his political career. Having established a basis for understanding the educational reform Gentile enacted as Mussolini's first Minister of Public Instruction, the essay then surveys the substantial contemporaneous and contemporary English‐language material about it. The essay engages this literature only lightly and briefly in conclusion, for the primary purpose of illustrating the danger of eschewing it.
Modeling quantum structures with the boundary element method

Abstract A detailed analysis of the boundary element formulation of the electronic states of quantum structures is presented. Techniques for minimizing computation time by reducing the number of boundary integrals, utilizing the repetitive nature of embedded multiple quantum structures, and eliminating boundary elements for modeling the effects of quantum wells that contain quantum structures are discussed. Boundary element solutions for isolated and coupled quantum wires and pyramidal quantum dots are presented. The results for the coupling of such quantum structures clearly show the splitting of ground and excited states into “bonding” and “antibonding” states for both wires and dots. The numerical algorithm is shown to accurately capture these symmetry properties of a system of quantum structures if the boundary element and quadrature points are properly organized. For an asymmetric system of coupled dots, depending on the energy level, the center of charge is shown to be either above or below that for a pair of uncoupled dots with the same dot separation and orientation. Results are also presented showing the increase in energy levels resulting from the additional confinement arising from placing quantum dots into a quantum well.
Brooding Temperatures for Coturnix

Abstract The coturnix has been used as a pilot animal for poultry, because of its economies in size and time (Wilson et al., 1961). Most researchers brooding coturnix use 35°C. as a starting temperature, reducing this approximately 3°C. per week for 5 weeks. This is similar to brooding temperatures for chickens (Barrott and Pringle, 1947, 1948, 1950). This report evaluates regimens involving four brooding temperatures and three humidity levels used in brooding coturnix for the first four weeks, in bioclimate chambers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Japanese quail from U.C. random bred line 907 were raised in bioclimate chambers, Wilson et al., (1969) described these. In these tests 180 quail were started in trials, one, three, and four. They were evenly divided between two bioclimate chambers and placed in 3 tier battery cages (60.9 cm × 91.4 cm. × 27.9 cm./tier). In the second trial, 90 quail were placed in one bioclimate chamber…
Theory and practice of emerging market firm internationalisation: perspectives from Chinese non-state-owned entrepreneurship ventures

This paper draws from the disciplines of international business, strategic management, network-based organisational learning, and international entrepreneurship to analyse the internationalisation of entrepreneurship ventures in emerging markets, specifically focusing on whether this process differs from the experience of Anglo-American firms. Emphasis is placed on how emerging market entrepreneurship ventures internationalise in terms of actors involved, methods used, and motivating influences, as well as geographic and temporal factors. Examining cases in China through interviews and nationwide survey data, the paper identifies unique characteristics of emerging market firm internationalisation. Present findings suggest important challenges and opportunities as more entrepreneurial ventures from emerging markets enter the global marketplace.
Incidental masticator space lesion in a teenager.

A teenage girl presentedwith new onset of bilateral upper extremity numbness and paresthesias. The rest of the clinical history and neurological examination was unremarkable. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the brain and cervical spine obtained to evaluate for demyelinating disease demonstrated a normal brain and cervical cord, but an incidental T2 hyperintense lesion within the rightpterygoidmuscleswasnoted.Onfurther consultation with the otolaryngology department, the patient stated that she had not experiencedanysensationofamass, and results froma focusedotolaryngologicexamination were also normal. A dedicated fifth cranial nerveMRI examination performed to better characterize the lesion revealed a well-defined, lobulated T2 hyperintense lesion within the right pterygoid muscles without mass effect, adjacent edema, or other invasive features (Figure, A). Therewas a small focus of signal void on the T2-weighted images, suspicious for tiny calcification. On gadolinium administration, there was sequential increasedenhancementon thepostcontrastT1-weightedaxial images (Figure, B and C). Further imaging workup with single-proton emission computed tomography-CT (SPECT-CT) using technetium Tc 99m–labeled red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrated increased tracer pooling within the lesion (Figure, D). Quiz at jamaotolaryngology.com A B C D
Dynamic structure in supported Pt nanoclusters: Real-time density functional theory and x-ray spectroscopy simulations

The nature of local atomic and electronic structure at the nanoscale is of both fundamental and technological importance. For example, supported metal nanoclusters exhibit a number of unusual phenomena including large structural disorder and bond-length contraction with increasing temperature. We investigate this behavior for a prototypical ten atom Pt cluster supported on $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ alumina using temperature-dependent, real-time simulations based on density functional theory/molecular-dynamics and x-ray spectroscopy theory. The simulations reveal a complex dynamical structure on multiple-time scales including librational motion of the center of mass and fluctuating bonding characteristics, which explain many of the unusual properties.
Assessing the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test.

This study investigated the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test with 225 undergraduates who completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale, actual-self and ideal-self semantic differential scales (e.g., Actual-self and Ideal-self), and either the Apperceptive Personality Test or a modified version. A projected-self score was calculated using the semantic differential ratings of the hero(ine) character on the test, e.g., Projected-self. A strong negative correlation indicated that, as the difference between the Ideal-self and Actual-self decreased, the difference between the Actual-self and Projected-self increased. Discriminant analyses indicated that highly guarded participants, e.g., high Social Desirability scores, showed more congruency between Ideal-self and Actual-self and less congruency between Actual-self ratings and Projected-self on the APT than did less guarded participants. When the difference scores incorporated only those semantic diffe...
The role of deliberate hypotension.

Treatment of haemorrhagic shock consists of finding the source of bleeding and correcting it, and restoring normal intravascular fluid volume (American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, 1997). There is general consensus that fluid administration is ultimately required for successful resuscitation. In the long run, restoration of fluid volume is required to support systemic perfusion and restore aerobic metabolism. Failure to do so is associated with poor clinical outcomes (Abramson et al, 1993). For this reason, the advanced trauma life support curriculum recommends administration of up to 2litres of intravenous fluids early in resuscitation, followed by continued blood and fluid therapy to support a normal systolic blood pressure.
Community‐Based Health and Schools of Nursing: Supporting Health Promotion and Research

Objective This article examines the role of community-based schools of nursing in the promotion of public health and research in poverty-stricken areas. Design and Sample This was a three-phase study (questionnaire and key-informants' interviews) that surveyed representatives of prelicensure associate and baccalaureate nursing schools (n=17), nursing-school key informants (n=6) and community leaders (n=10). Measures A 13-question web-based survey and semi-structured interview of key informants elicited data on demographics, nursing program design, exposure of faculty and students to various research and health promotion methods, and beliefs about student involvement. Results Nursing schools participated minimally in community-based health promotion (CBHP) and community-based participatory research saw reduced need for student involvement in such activities, cited multiple barriers to active community collaboration, and reported restricted community partnerships. CBHP was recognized to be a valuable element of health care and student education, but is obstructed by many barriers. Conclusions This study suggests that nursing schools are not taking full advantage of relationships with community leaders. Recommendations for action are given.
Monaural Envelope Correlation Perception in Listeners With Normal Hearing and Cochlear Impairment

Monaural envelope correlation perception was investigated in listeners with normal hearing and in listeners with cochlear hearing loss. Using a three-interval forced-choice procedure, the task of the subject was to identify the one interval out of three where the noise bands had correlated envelopes. Performance was determined as a function of the spectral separation between noise bands (delta f of 250, 500, or 1000 Hz) and the number of noise bands present (two, three, or five). Although individual differences existed, the results generally indicated better performance for the listeners with normal hearing when the delta f between bands was relatively small; however, there was no significant effect of hearing loss when the frequency separation between bands was greater than 250 Hz. The listeners with normal hearing generally showed decreased performance with increasing delta f, whereas the performance of many of the listeners with hearing impairment usually did not change appreciably with variation in delta f. Both groups of listeners showed improved performance with increasing number of noise bands present for the 500-Hz delta f. Only the listeners with hearing impairment showed significantly improved performance with increasing band number for the 250-Hz delta f; neither group showed improved performance with increasing band number for the 1000-Hz delta f. With five bands present, the performance of the listeners with hearing impairment did not differ significantly from that of the listeners with normal hearing, even for the 250-Hz delta f.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Principles of Refrigerant Circuiting in Single Row Microchannel Evaporators

Microchannel evaporators are being increasingly considered for application in residential and commercial cooling and heat pump applications. This work analyzes the principles of refrigerant circuiting design in refrigerant-to-air heat exchangers using an element-by-element model developed for a microchannel evaporator. Geometric parameters such as microchannel tube depth, tube height, and port size, louvered fin density, louver angle, louver height, louver pitch, and fin height, as well as the air side face velocity, the refrigerant pressure-drop and heat transfer as a function of refrigerant mass flux are considered in the analysis. The model was first validated using data available in the open literature, thus providing a high level of confidence in the predictive ability of the model. Starting with a given microchannel tube and louvered fin geometry and a fixed number of tubes (and fins), the thermal performance of the heat exchanger was simulated over a wide range of two pass circuit configurations and tube lengths. It was found that the heat transfer versus pressure-drop trade-off provides an optimum relationship between the fraction of tubes in the first pass and the heat exchanger length. The sensitivity of the evaporator cooling capacity to the percentage of tubes in the first pass was also explored.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Analysts' use of managerial bonus incentives in forecasting earnings

Abstract This study presents evidence on whether analysts' earnings forecasts anticipate management's discretionary accruals choices. If analysts anticipate discretionary accruals, earnings forecast errors are composed of at least two parts: cash-flow and discretionary-accruals forecast errors. Management's bonus-maximizing incentives allow for identification of circumstances in which discretionary-accruals forecast errors are expected to offset cash-flow forecast errors and circumstances in which they are expected to exacerbate cash-flow errors. Controlling for the unexpected cash-flow variability, the empirical results are consistent with these predictions.
Biological properties of “naked” metal nanoparticles

Over the past few decades, inorganic nanoparticles, which exhibit significantly distinct physical, chemical and biological properties from their bulk counterpart's, have elicited much interest. Discoveries in the past decade have demonstrated that the electromagnetic, optical and catalytic properties of noble-metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver and platinum, are strongly influenced by shape and size. This has motivated an upsurge in research on the synthesis routes that allow better control of shape and size for various nano-biotechnological applications. Biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles have been dominated by the use of nanobioconjugates that started in 1971 after the discovery of immunogold labeling by Faulk and Taylor. Currently metal-based nanoconjugates are used in various biomedical applications such as probes for electron microscopy to visualize cellular components, drug delivery (vehicle for delivering drugs, proteins, peptides, plasmids, DNAs, etc), detection, diagnosis and therapy (targeted and non-targeted). However biological properties of bare-metal (naked) nanoparticles have remained largely unexplored. Therefore, in this review we discuss the novel biological properties and applications of three most widely used metal nanoparticles, namely, the nanoparticles of gold, silver and platinum. We describe the novel properties and use of these nanoparticles in angiogenesis and cancer related disorders.
The Flow of Information in a Global Economy: The Role of the American Urban System in 1990

Abstract Information circulation and availability have always been fundamental to the development of cities even when their employment base depended on manufacturing. With the rise of the informational city, and the global economy, the creation and exchange of highly specialized information has become vital for a metropolitan center's success. This paper, accordingly, examines the contemporary production and exchange of higher-order information that occurs among and between American cities and reveals how ongoing globalization has affected the position of these cities in the system of information exchange. The paper introduces a conceptual framework combining processes of uncertainty, deregulation, globalization, demassification, and vertical disintegration and deploys that framework in an empirical analysis. An analysis of 1990 flow data provided by Federal Express Corporation measures flows among 47 major U.S. centers and selected foreign places and reveals a three-tiered hierarchical system, with New Y...
Appendicitis in the elderly: a change in the laparoscopic era

Appendicitis in elderly patients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early and correct diagnosis together with minimally invasive surgery can lead to more favorable outcomes than occurred in the prelaparoscopic era. A retrospective review of 116 elderly patients (age > 60) from 1999 to 2004 is compared with the authors’ previously published studies from 1978 to 1988 (n = 96) and from 1988 to 1998 (n = 113), respectively. In our current series (1999–2004), more cases were managed laparoscopically (n = 68) than with open surgery (n = 48). Perforated appendicitis cases resulted in significantly longer hospital stays, more complications, and longer operating time than nonperforated cases. The laparoscopic cases had significantly shorter lengths of hospital stay and fewer complications than open cases, and comparable operating times. As compared with our previous studies from 1978 to 1988) and from 1988 to 1998, the current series (1999–2004) consists of patients presenting with fewer classical symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) scanning was more accurate in the current study and more routinely used. The patients in the current series had more correct preoperative diagnoses. Perforated appendicitis was encountered less frequently and associated with fewer complications. The 4% mortality rate in the previous two series decreased to less than 1% in this series. Minimally invasive surgery combined with increased use and accuracy of preoperative CT scans has changed the clinical management of acute appendicitis in elderly patients, leading to decreased lengths of stay, decreased mortality, and more favorable outcomes.
Power transistor switching with a controlled regenerative current mode transformer

A controlled regenerative current mode transformer provides nearly ideal characteristics as the control and driving means for power switching transistors. Guaranteed transistor gain, elimination of crossover current, and positive on/off control with a minimun of control power are some of the advantages when used as the interstage transformer. Design criteria are discussed utilizing DC to DC converter/regulator circuits to illustrate and analyze the transformer's performance characteristics.
Differential rates of synthesis of glycerokinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in Neurospora crassa during induction.

Abstract The synthesis of the enzymes of the glycerophosphate pathway in Neurospora has been examined during exponential growth of cells on acetate as the sole carbon source. After the addition of glycerol to the media, increases in the levels of both glycerokinase and a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are observed within 1 h and fully induced levels are reached within one and a half mass doublings for glycerokinase and two and a half mass doublings for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The increase in glycerokinase activity represents de novo synthesis of enzyme as evidenced by the absence of immunologically related protein in uninduced cell extracts. The synthesis of both glycerokinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can be totally inhibited by treatment of cells with 20 μg/ml cycloheximide. During incubation with 4 mg/ml chloramphenicol, there is normal synthesis of glycerokinase but a 30–50% inhibition of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis. However, under these conditions, in the cytosol fraction there is a significant increase in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase specific activity, suggesting that precursors are synthesized and accumulated in the cytosol prior to incorporation into mitochondria. Upon removal of chloramphenicol, the rate of appearance of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase into the mitochondria is up to four times greater than observed in untreated controls. It is concluded that both glycerokinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, but that final assembly of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase into mitochondria is dependent on concomitant synthesis of mitochondrial inner membrane.
GEANT4 simulations of the DANCE array

Abstract The detector for advanced neutron capture experiments (DANCE) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is used for neutron capture cross sections measurements. Its high granularity of 160 BaF 2 detectors in a 4 π geometry allows for highly efficient detection of prompt γ-rays following a neutron capture. The performance of the detector was simulated using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code. The model includes all 160 BaF 2 crystals with realistic dimensions and geometry. The 6 LiH shell, beam pipe, crystal wrapping material, aluminum holders, photomultiplier material and materials of the calibration sources were included in the simulation. Simulated γ-ray energy and total γ-ray energy spectra gated on cluster and crystal multiplicities were compared to measured data using 88 Y, 60 Co, 22 Na calibration sources. Good agreement was achieved. A total efficiency and peak-to-total ratio as a function of γ-ray energy was established for mono-energetic γ-rays.
Autoimmune pancreatitis mimicking pancreatic cancer

Background/purpose Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of chronic pancreatitis that can often be difficult to distinguish from pancreatic cancer. We describe the clinical and radiographic features of 23 patients with AIP whose presentations mimicked pancreatic cancer.
Treatment “Dosage” Effects in Drug Court Programs

Abstract This study assessed whether greater duration of involvement in a drug court program affected criminal justice outcomes. The major research hypothesis was that the length of participation in drug courts would be directly related to outcomes obtained during follow-up. Participants consisted of 226 individuals who entered two Florida drug court programs in Escambia and Okaloosa counties between June 1993 and June 1996. This sampling strategy was developed to insure that at least a one-year follow-up period was provided for each participant after discharge from the drug court program. Results indicate that the duration of time spent in a drug court program is significantly related to criminal justice outcomes, with greater time in the program associated with lower rates of follow-up arrest, and clearly support the importance of lengthy involvement in drug court programs and of expanded efforts to retain participants in these programs.
Calculation of coulomb energies for uniform charge distributions of arbitrary shape

Abstract Three distinct surface-integral formulas are derived for calculating the Coulomb energies of uniform charge distributions of arbitrary shape. Of particular interest is an equation obtained by applying Gauss'divergence theorem twice. It is shown that this equation can be simply transformed to another expression which has been widely used for calculating Coulomb energies, with this derivation implying a third formula. The three formulas are also expressed in cylindrical coordinates for charge distributions possessing axial symmetry. For such shapes, numerical studies are presented showing the computational times and errors involved in calculating the Coulomb energies and generalized forces using Gaussian-Legendre quadrature formulas. We show that the double-divergence-derived formula is faster and more accurate than the other two surface-integral formulas and other formulas used in the literature.
6-Methoxyflavonols from disjunct populations of Brickellia cylindracea (compositae)

Abstract Eight identical 6-methylated flavonols including aglycones and glycosides were isolated from two geographically disjunction population of Brickellia cylindracea from Mount Livermore and Austin, Texas, suggesting that they are best treated as a single taxon. Among the flavonol aglycones identified were patuletin, centaureidin, quercetagetin 3,6,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether and artemetin. The flavonol glycosides were patuletin and its 3-galactoside, 3-galactogalactoside, 3-rhamnogalactoside and a 3-rhamnogalactoside derivative.