cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dedifferentiation Does Not Account for Hyperconnectivity after Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective: Changes in functional network connectivity following TBI have received increasing attention in recent neuroimaging literature. This study sought to understand how disrupted systems adapt to injury during resting and goal-directed brain states. Hyperconnectivity has been a common finding and dedifferentiation (or loss of segregation of networks) is one possible explanation for this finding. We hypothesize that individuals with TBI will show dedifferentiation of networks (as noted in other clinical populations; see Dennis & Cabeza, 2011) and such dedifferentiation will be associated with worse cognitive functioning. Methods: Graph theory was implemented to examine functional connectivity in 19 individuals with moderate/severe TBI and 14 healthy controls (HC). Using a functional brain atlas derived from 83 functional imaging studies (Power et al., 2011), graph theory was used to examine network dynamics and determine whether dedifferentiation accounts for changes in connectivity. Regions-of-interest were assigned to one of three groups: task-positive, default mode, or other. Relationships between these metrics were then compared with performance on neuropsychological tests. Results: Hyperconnectivity is a function of greater within-network connectivity. Network strength within networks that showed differences between TBI and HCs were correlated with performance on five neuropsychological tests typically sensitive to deficits commonly reported in TBI. Hyperconnectivity within the default mode network (DMN) during task was associated with better performance on Digit Span Backward, a measure of working memory (R2(18) = 0.28, p = 0.02). In other words, increased differentiation of networks during task was associated with better working memory. Hyperconnectivity within the task-positive network during rest was not associated with behavior. Negative correlation weights were not associated with behavior. Conclusion: The primary hypothesis that hyperconnectivity occurs through increased segregation of networks, rather than dedifferentiation, was not supported. Results suggest that the relationship between increased connectivity and cognitive functioning may be both state (rest or task) and network dependent. Enhanced connectivity within the DMN predicted better working memory performance. High cost network hubs were identical for both rest and task, and cost was negatively associated with performance on measures of psychomotor speed and set-shifting, but not associated with basic attention and working memory.
“Pharming out” support: a promising approach to integrating clinical pharmacists into established primary care medical home practices:

ObjectiveEmbedding clinical pharmacists into ambulatory care settings needs to be assessed in the context of established medical home models.MethodsA retrospective, observational study examined the...
Self-Forgiveness in Couple and Family Therapy

Self-forgiveness has significant implications for relationships and couple and family therapy. In this chapter, we provide a framework for therapists working with couples and families that are going through the challenges of a rupture due to an offense. We propose that genuine self-forgiveness is an integrative process within a person in which the self that committed the wrongdoing is acknowledged, accepted, and provided the opportunity to move forward. The theoretical concepts of attachment, differentiation of self (DoS), and intersubjectivity are outlined to address the integrative relational process of self-forgiveness and the common barriers to the process. We explore how therapists can identify these barriers and foster these capacities within their clients. Three brief cases demonstrate how the issues of self-forgiveness may present in couple and family therapy cases, and cultural and religious considerations are discussed.
Temporally oversampled CMOS X-ray photon counting sensor for low dose fluoroscopy

We present an x-ray quanta image sensor (XQIS) utilizing temporal oversampling and CMOS image sensor technology. The output of the XQIS is a binary bit frame with each bit representing the presence or absence of a detected x-ray photon. The bit frames are read out at very high rate (>1000fps) and a series or bit values are combined to form pixel values using digital frame integration. A system model analyzing the design parameter is presented and the component designs are evaluated in simulation.
Robust self-testing for linear constraint system games

We study linear constraint system (LCS) games over the ring of arithmetic modulo $d$. We give a new proof that certain LCS games (the Mermin--Peres Magic Square and Magic Pentagram over binary alphabets, together with parallel repetitions of these) have unique winning strategies, where the uniqueness is robust to small perturbations. In order to prove our result, we extend the representation-theoretic framework of Cleve, Liu, and Slofstra (Journal of Mathematical Physics 58.1 (2017): 012202.) to apply to linear constraint games over $\mathbb{Z}_d$ for $d\geq 2$. We package our main argument into machinery which applies to any nonabelian finite group with a ''solution group'' presentation. We equip the $n$-qubit Pauli group for $n\geq 2$ with such a presentation; our machinery produces the Magic Square and Pentagram games from the presentation and provides robust self-testing bounds. The question of whether there exist LCS games self-testing maximally entangled states of local dimension not a power of $2$ is left open. A previous version of this paper falsely claimed to show self-testing results for a certain generalization of the Magic Square and Pentagram mod $d\neq 2$. We show instead that such a result is impossible.
Design and implementation of multirotor aerial-underwater vehicles with experimental results

Design and implementation of a fully-working multirotor Unmanned Aerial-Underwater Vehicle (UAUV) was successfully accomplished in the present work. The proposed prototype consists of a multirotor vehicle in an octo-quadcopter configuration, which is well suited for good transition between mediums. The mathematical model is provided by means of the Newton-Euler formalism, highlighting the impact of the drastic change in density on the vehicle dynamics. A hierarchical controller is employed for attitude tracking, utilizing a proportional control law in cascade with a body angular rate Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Altitude stabilization is achieved by a PID controller with compensation of the restoring forces, while a gain scheduling strategy handles the change of medium. Furthermore, the proposed platform was extensively tested in simulations and real-time experiments under real conditions, with promising results in both mediums, and seamless transition between them.
Pathways linking racial/ethnic discrimination and sleep among U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinxs

This study examined the association between racial/ethnic discrimination and sleep through psychological distress and body mass index (BMI), and determined whether the aforementioned associations vary between U.S. and foreign-born Latinxs. Participants were 1332 Latinx adults enrolled in the Texas City Stress and Health Study. Multistage sampling methods were used to select participants. A model linking racial/ethnic discrimination with sleep disturbances through direct and indirect (i.e., psychological distress and BMI) paths demonstrated good fit. Greater racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with greater psychological distress and higher BMI. Psychological distress and BMI were also significant predictors of sleep disturbances. The indirect path from racial/ethnic discrimination to sleep disturbances via psychological distress was significant. A model with parameters constrained to be equal between U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinxs suggested associations were comparable between these groups. Our study demonstrated the relevance of racial/ethnic discrimination to sleep disturbances, particularly its association via psychological distress among Latinxs.
Expanding Quantification of Arsenic in Water to 0 μg L−1 with a Field Test Kit: Substituting 0.4% M/V Silver Nitrate as the Colorimetric Reagent; Employing Digital Image Analysis

This study confronts the questionable reliability and accuracy of field test kits distributed globally to determine arsenic in drinking water. Because kits are the primary method of arsenic analysis in the areas most affected, an alternate, nontoxic formulation is needed to provide accurate results. Hypothesizing that introducing silver nitrate as the reagent in test kits could successfully substitute for restricted mercuric bromide, the study found that the reformulated kits provided reliable, precise, and accurate results over a broader range of contamination. Digital image analysis was used to examine the blue color value produced when arsine reacts with silver nitrate impregnated test strips. An optimal concentration of AgNO3 exhibiting the greatest linearity was determined by graphical comparison and the color intensity of the strips observed to be inversely proportional to the concentration of As (III). Adapted field test kits were then constructed to examine water samples ranging in arsenic contamination from 0 to 50 μg L−1. A series of reactions was completed to demonstrate reproducibility and test for the accuracy of the procedure. Statistical examination of colorimetrically quantified results confirmed the hypothesis that silver nitrate can reliably and precisely expand the kit’s range of detection while maintaining its low cost, quick assessment, and uncomplicated technique. This new method, using 0.4% m/v AgNO3 as a reagent for the Gutzeit reaction, was able to distinguish between concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 50 μg L−1 at the 95% confidence level.
Wild bee species abundance and richness across an urban–rural gradient

Long-term and widespread monitoring programs are essential to understanding the role of human-dominated landscapes in supporting wild bee populations. Urbanization results in increased impervious surfaces throughout the landscape, fragmentation of green space, and a loss of naturally occurring floral vegetation. All of these changes have a negative impact on pollinator diversity. The objective of this study was to assess the abundance and richness of wild bee species throughout a small city in northwest Pennsylvania and identify how management of land throughout the city may influence bee communities. Seventeen sites across a land use gradient, moving from areas with large open spaces and mainly permeable surfaces, to sites in the city center consisting of mainly impermeable surfaces, were sampled over a 2-year period. During this time, 106 known species were identified with four state records and 1 undescribed species. Bee species richness was greatest at sites with the largest amount of permeable surface and naturally-occurring, native vegetation. Richness decreased on the college campus and city center where landscapes were highly managed and impermeable surfaces were most abundant. While floral richness was not related to bee abundance and richness, the number of open blooms near traps did have a positive impact on bee species richness. Overall, this survey revealed considerable richness never before recorded for northwest Pennsylvania, suggesting the importance of conservation management in homeowner and community yard space.
El químico intuitivo

El reconocimiento de que los alumnos construyen ideas sobre el funcionamiento de la Naturaleza mucho antes de llegar a una clase de ciencias ha dado lugar a una fructifera linea de investigacion en la ensenanza de las ciencias (Wandersee, Mintzes y Novak, 1994). En los ultimos veinticinco anos se han publicado cientos de articulos sobre las ideas previas de los alumnos en diversas disciplinas cientificas, principalmente fisica, quimica y biologia (Duit, 2004; Flores, 2004).
Structure and diversity of a riparian forest at Kaieteur National Park, Guyana

Kaieteur National Park, encompassing middle portions of the Potaro River, Guyana, contains a mosaic of habitats from exposed sandstone to riparian forests (100 - 450 m) with soils of the riparian forests of course white sand with very little peat. As part of an ecological study, two one-hectare plots were established in the Wallaba (Eperua)- mixed forest of the Potaro Plateau to document the species diversity and tree composition within the park. Approximately 133 species in 33 families comprised 1585 trees with a DBH > 10 cm. Chamaecrista adiantifolia var. pteridophylla and Eperua falcata (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) accounted for 26.1% of all trees inventoried in the plots. Of the three subfamilies of Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae had over 300 stems/ha at Kaieteur. We used two 1 ha plots at each site to compare the forest at Kaieteur with the lowland forest of Kwakwani (Guyana) and Barro Colorado Island (Panama). Of these three, Kaieteur had the highest number of stems (69.6%) < 20 cm DBH and highest total basal area (66 m2 / ha). Statistical analysis of the two plots at Kaieteur clearly indicates a high degree of floristic differences between the Kaieteur sites in this Wallaba (Eperua)-mixed forest. Although dominated by E. falcata and C. adiantifolia var. pteridophylla, the plots at Kaieteur indicate there are differences in the forest community over a very short distance. This may be attributable to subtle changes in microhabitats and/or species dynamics of the subdominant tree taxa of the Potaro Plateau.
Nickel (-Copper) Sulfide Deposits

Nickel is one of the most important ferro-alloy metals and its major use today, accounting for about half of the world’s total production, is for making nickel steels and nickel cast irons. It is also used for many other alloys, especially with copper (Monel metal) and chromium (stainless steel). Nickel imparts to its alloys toughness, strength, and anti-corrosion qualities; nickel steels and alloys are preferred for moving and wearing parts of many types of machinery. Other important uses of nickel include electroplating and coinage.
Tissue Adhesives: Science, Products, and Clinical Use

The field of tissue adhesives is a new and rapidly developing area of surgical technology. Since the approval of the first such agent, fibrin sealant in the Unites States in 1998, five distinct families of agents have emerged with a wide variety of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved indications. These indications include hemostasis, colon sealing, skin closure, lung sealing, vascular sealing and dural sealing. These materials are not only useful in many different surgical specialties including cardiac, thoracic, vascular, general, plastic, transplant, trauma and neurologic surgery, but can also be used in a variety of experimental applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. The object of this chapter is to review the five new families of tissue adhesives and hemostats with particular emphasis on the relevant chemistry, available products and clinical uses, as well as future experimental and clinical applications. The chemical reactions basic to these materials, commercially available products, clinical algorithms for use and potential future developments will be described.
Pathology of Lung Cancer

In contrast to most other organs, the lungs are prone to a very wide range of epithelial tumors, varying in their location and histology. These tumors show varying degrees of relationship to smoke exposure, with the central carcinomas showing the greatest relationship. The molecular lesions from in these tumors share certain common elements and exhibit characteristic changes. Their precursor lesions also differ, with some being well defined and others being poorly understood because of the difficulty of identifying them prior to surgical resection of an existing tumor. Thus, their natural history is also poorly understood. The advent of newer diagnostic procedures such as fluorescence bronchoscopy and high-resolution CT scanning will aid in their diagnosis and permit us to study their natural history.
Concept Term Repurposing: Framing Shifts in Domains and Terminology

As language is our primary means of communication, the words we choose to use are critical to conveying meaning. Dahlberg (2006) explains how knowledge can be shared by means of language through space and time. Time, space, and educational background can all play parts in a loss of intended meaning. Shared conceptualizations between domains may be represented by different terminology, but when the concepts align and are used to communicate across multiple disciplines, they are referred to as boundary objects (Bowker and Star 1999). Disciplines evolve, and new disciplines are formed as science and our understanding of the universe change and new knowledge is produced (Zhang and Jacob 2013). Understanding how disciplines form and select terminology to reflect shared epistemological stances and nuanced understandings of new concepts requires domain knowledge. The way in which we communicate our understanding of knowledge we have created is in both language and symbology, but information systems do not allow for the mutability and evolution of language without human intervention (Tennis 2002). Repurposing concept terms from other disciplines may aid in understanding of the implications of newly described concepts in new fields, but may also cause concept ambiguity for both humans and information systems. In this paper, I explore the relationship between disciplinary formation, human understanding, and terminology. Pieces cited in this paper are classic to the foundations of knowledge organization (KO). Contributing a theoretical framework for understanding how these three pieces of the communication puzzle are formed will create a basis on which to study the phenomenon of the creation and reuse of concept terms.
Using simple clinical measures to predict insulin resistance or hyperglycemia in girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) includes insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in youth, and a greatly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Identifying IR is challenging and documenting IGT requires an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Objective Identify easily applied surrogate measures for IR and IGT in girls with PCOS. Methods We studied 28 girls with PCOS (body mass index [BMI] percentile 98 (83.99); 15.5 (14.5,16.6) years of age) and 20 with normal menses [BMI percentile (97 (88.99); 15.5 (13.3,16.1) years]. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (insulin dose of 80 μU/ml/min) to determine glucose infusion rate (GIR) and a 75 g OGTT were performed. Surrogates for IR including fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR), Matsuda index, and estimate of insulin sensitivity (e-IS) were compared to IGT status and GIR. Spearman correlations were performed between surrogates and GIR or IGT, and receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis to predict GIR below the median or IGT status. Results GIR was lower in PCOS (12.9 ± 4.6 vs 17.1 ± 5.1 mg/kg fat-free mass·min; P = 0.01). Within PCOS, HOMA-IR (r = -0.78, P 22 IU/mL had the best sensitivity (88%), specificity (78%), and ROC (0.760) for IGT status. Conclusions Girls with PCOS have significant IR, and IGT is common. Both e-IS and fasting insulin are obtainable without an OGTT or clamp and could be used clinically to guide treatment in PCOS.
Technological Inter-Animation, Writ Large: Conclusion

The book’s conclusion addresses the theme of technological determinism, one often raised apropos projects that foreground technology. Situating Renaissance Responses more concretely, if somewhat unapologetically, into that critical conversation, Nayar theoretically endorses and justifies its “soft determinism.” Nayar also looks beyond the Renaissance to assert something more wide-ranging regarding human-technology inter-animation, before returning to how the Renaissance seized upon technology’s potentials for nurturing new ways of conceiving and performing human identity and thereby for transforming who we are, how we think, and where we imagine our “selves” to be lodged.
An agent-based vertical evacuation model for a near-field tsunami: Choice behavior, logical shelter locations, and life safety

Abstract In the event of near-field tsunamis, vertical evacuation can be an alternative protective action to horizontal evacuation. The objective of this paper is to present an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework to evaluate vertical evacuation behavior and shelter locations for a near-field tsunami hazard from a Magnitude 9.0 Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake. The expected mortality rate depending on the location of the vertical evacuation shelter (VES) has been chosen as the primary criterion to assess the effectiveness of the vertical evacuation. In addition, maximum tsunami wave height and the vertical evacuation behavior changes with changes in the placement of the VES have been assessed from a constraint point of view. The results revealed that (1) the choice of VES locations will directly impact the proportion of the people who evacuate vertically; (2) The percentage of people who evacuate vertically exponentially drops as the shelter gets farther from the population centroid; (3) the location of shelter significantly impacts the total mortality rates; (4) improvements in evacuees’ mobility, such as faster walking speed or shorter milling time, will significantly reduce mortality rate and expand the area of choices for VES locations; and (5) when more people choose to evacuate vertically, the total mortality rate reduces notably. However, wrong placement of VES, and at the same time promoting vertical evacuation behavior can result in catastrophic mortality rates. In addition, a study on the impact of the distance of the VES to the ocean, to the population centroid, and to the horizontal shelters outside of the inundation zone, on the total mortality rate and the evacuation efficiency has been performed. This work reveals the non-linear correlation between the aforementioned characteristics of the VES on the expected mortality rate. The results of this research provide an evidence-driven vertical evacuation modeling framework to guide decision makers at city, state, and federal level to understand the dynamics of vertical evacuation behavior and choice of vertical evacuation shelter locations for a community.
What Criteria Should Be Used for Redistricting Reform

Abstract Congressional redistricting plans for Pennsylvania, with an emphasis on the newly enacted 2018 plan, have been evaluated for fairness and responsiveness to voters. This and other submitted...
Dynamical investigation of a thickening ice-shell: Implications for the icy moon Europa

Abstract Current astrobiological exploration of the outer solar system is largely driven by understanding planetary ice-ocean systems such as those of Europa and Enceladus. The ice-shell thickness that affects the dynamics of the ice-ocean system is determined by the balance between heat loss via convection and conduction, and the heat production via tidal dissipation and radiogenic decay. In this study, we investigate how ice-shells of such ocean moons grow, and how convection inside them evolves as the system cools. We perform geodynamical calculations to investigate the ice-shell thickness and growth rate as the system cools from a warm initial condition. We study both diffuse and localized end member modes of tidal dissipation within the ice-shell. We find that as the ice-shell cools and thickens, there is a reconfiguration of the convection patterns, increasing the size of convection cells that leads to a relatively significant increase in the ice-shell growth rate.
Comparison of attractants, insecticides, and mass trapping for managing Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in blueberries

The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a serious economic threat to the small fruit industry. Although there has been progress on identifying new insecticides for use against D. suzukii in berry crops, growers often reach the seasonal maximum use allowed for key insecticides, and there are issues with long pre-harvest intervals. The use of border sprays and mass trapping targets D. suzukii immigration into the field, reducing damage to fruits, and the amount of pesticides used. The purpose of this study was to investigate novel alternatives to conventional insecticide techniques for management of D. suzukii in blueberries. In laboratory bioassays, captures of adult D. suzukii were similar for yeast + sugar bait, wine + apple cider vinegar bait, and the commercially available RIGA® bait. In the field, more adult D. suzukii were collected in yeast bait traps placed in the control and alternative row spray treatments over the sampling period, compared with mass trapping and border spray treatments. In addition, more D. suzukii were reared from blueberries collected in the control treatment compared with berries collected in the border spray treatment. Our study provided evidence that border sprays and mass trapping could be an effective and sustainable alternative to conventional spraying techniques for controlling D. suzukii in blueberries. Also, we recommend spacing traps approximately 2 m apart to effectively manage D. suzukii immigration into blueberry fields.
Communicating with patients about diagnostic errors in breast cancer care: Providers' attitudes, experiences, and advice.

Abstract Objective To gain understanding of breast cancer care providers’ attitudes regarding communicating with patients about diagnostic errors, to inform interventions to improve patient- provider discussions. Methods Focus groups were held in three U.S. states involving 41 breast cancer care providers from a variety of specialties. Discussions focused on providers’ experiences with potential errors in breast cancer diagnosis, communication with patients following three hypothetical diagnostic vignettes, and suggestions for how and why diagnostic errors in breast cancer care should be communicated. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Results Providers were more willing to inform breast cancer patients of a diagnostic error when they felt it would be helpful, when they felt responsible for the error, when they were less concerned about litigation, and when the patient asked directly. Conclusions Breast cancer care providers experience several challenges when considering whether to inform a patient about diagnostic errors. A better understanding of patients’ preferences for open communication, combined with customized tools and training, could increase clinicians’ comfort with these difficult discussions. Practice implications Providers gave suggestions to facilitate discussions about diagnostic errors when these events occur, including themes of education, honesty, and optimism.
Prescription Opioids induce Gut Dysbiosis and Exacerbate Colitis in a Murine Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background and aims Opioids are the most prescribed analgesics for pain in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD]; however, the consequences of opioid use on IBD severity are not well defined. This is the first study investigating consequences of hydromorphone in both dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-induced colitis and spontaneous colitis (IL-10 knockout [IL-10-/-]) mouse models of IBD. Methods To determine the consequences of opioids on IBD pathogenesis, wild-type [WT] mice were treated with clinically relevant doses of hydromorphone and colitis was induced via 3% DSS in drinking water for 5 days. In parallel we also determined the consequences of opioids in a spontaneous colitis model. Results Hydromorphone and DSS independently induced barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, disruption of tight junction organisation and increased intestinal and systemic inflammation, which were exacerbated in mice receiving hydromorphone in combination with DSS. Hydromorphone + DSS-treated mice exhibited significant microbial dysbiosis. Predictive metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota revealed high abundance in the bacterial communities associated with virulence, antibiotic resistance, toxin production, and inflammatory properties. Hydromorphone modulates tight junction organisation in a myosin light chain kinase [MLCK]-dependent manner. Treatment with MLCK inhibitor ML-7 ameliorates the detrimental effects of hydromorphone on DSS-induced colitis and thus decreases severity of IBD. Similarly, we demonstrated that hydromorphone treatment in IL-10-/- mice resulted in accelerated clinical manifestations of colitis compared with control mice. Conclusions Opioids used for pain management in IBD accelerate IBD progression by dysregulation of the gut microbiota, leading to expansion of pathogenic bacteria, translocation of bacteria, immune deregulation and sustained inflammation.
Photopolymerization of Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil: A Photocalorimetry-Based Kinetic Study

Photocure kinetics of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was studied via photocalorimetry without adding any diluent/comonomer, in the presence of two different photoinitiators, namely, 2,2-di...
The Contribution of Pre-impact Spine Posture on Human Body Model Response in Whole-Body Side Impact

The objective of the study was to analyze independently the contribution of pre-impact spine posture on impact response by subjecting a finite element human body model (HBM) to whole-body, lateral impacts. Seven postured models were created from the original HBM: one matching the standard driving posture and six matching pre-impact posture measured for each of six subjects tested in previously published experiments. The same measurements as those obtained during the experiments were calculated from the simulations, and biofidelity metrics based on signals correlation were established to compare the response of HBM to that of the cadavers. HBM responses showed good correlation with the subject response for the reaction forces, the rib strain (correlation score=0.8) and the overall kinematics. The pre-impact posture was found to greatly alter the reaction forces, deflections and the strain time histories mainly in terms of time delay. By modifying only the posture of HBM, the variability in the impact response was found to be equivalent to that observed in the experiments performed with cadavers with different anthropometries. The patterns observed in the responses of the postured HBM indicate that the inclination of the spine in the frontal plane plays a major role. The postured HBM sustained from 2 to 5 bone fractures, including the scapula in some cases, confirming that the pre-impact posture influences the injury outcome predicted by the simulation.
The experience and management of fatigue: A study of mine haulage operators

Fatigue in mining operations is a serious issue and a significant contributor to incidents and accidents. While mine operators are using or introducing new technology to monitor operator fatigue, there is little work that focuses on the subjective experience of fatigue and the use of fatigue monitoring technology. To investigate this issue, eight focus groups with a total of 44 operators of heavy haulage equipment working for two mining companies in the Mountain West of the USA participated in 1-h focus groups. The topic of the focus groups was the experience of operator fatigue and issues surrounding fatigue at the workplace. The results of the content analyses suggest that operators are well aware of the signs of fatigue, and that they understand the severity of these signs as well. In addition, they are aware of the effect of fatigue on driving performance and are using a wide range of methods to manage fatigue. Finally, based on participants’ assessment, current fatigue monitoring systems lack face validity and reliability and are perceived as not being effective. The results of this study emphasize the importance of a socio-technical systems perspective in the context of miner health and safety management. Only such a comprehensive perspective can result in improvements that are sustainable.
Neurosymbolic AI for Situated Language Understanding.

In recent years, data-intensive AI, particularly the domain of natural language processing and understanding, has seen significant progress driven by the advent of large datasets and deep neural networks that have sidelined more classic AI approaches to the field. These systems can apparently demonstrate sophisticated linguistic understanding or generation capabilities, but often fail to transfer their skills to situations they have not encountered before. We argue that computational situated grounding provides a solution to some of these learning challenges by creating situational representations that both serve as a formal model of the salient phenomena, and contain rich amounts of exploitable, task-appropriate data for training new, flexible computational models. Our model reincorporates some ideas of classic AI into a framework of neurosymbolic intelligence, using multimodal contextual modeling of interactive situations, events, and object properties. We discuss how situated grounding provides diverse data and multiple levels of modeling for a variety of AI learning challenges, including learning how to interact with object affordances, learning semantics for novel structures and configurations, and transferring such learned knowledge to new objects and situations.
POINT PROCESS ALGORITHM: A NEW BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR PLANET SIGNAL EXTRACTION WITH THE TERRESTRIAL PLANET FINDER-INTERFEROMETER

The capability of the Terrestrial Planet Finder-Interferometer (TPF-I) for planetary signal extraction, including both detection and spectral characterization, can be optimized by taking proper account of instrumental characteristics and astrophysical prior information. We have developed the point process algorithm (PPA), a Bayesian technique for extracting planetary signals using the sine-chopped outputs of a dual nulling interferometer. It is so called because it represents the system being observed as a set of points in a suitably defined state space, thus providing a natural way of incorporating our prior knowledge of the compact nature of the targets of interest. It can also incorporate the spatial covariance of the exozodiacal light as prior information, which could help mitigate against false detections. Data at multiple wavelengths are used simultaneously, taking into account possible spectral variations of the planetary signals. Input parameters include the rms measurement noise and the a priori probability of the presence of a planet. The output can be represented as an image of the intensity distribution on the sky, optimized for the detection of point sources. Previous approaches by others to the problem of planet detection for TPF-I have relied on the potentially nonrobust identification of peaks in a "dirty" image, usually a correlation map. Tests with synthetic data suggest that the PPA provides greater sensitivity to faint sources than does the standard approach (correlation map + CLEAN) and will be a useful tool for optimizing the design of TPF-I.
Probing Acid–Base Properties of Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles with Dominant {001} and {101} Facets Using Methanol Chemisorption and Surface Reactions

In the present study, we investigate the surface acid–base properties of anatase TiO2 nanomaterials with dominant {101} and {001} facets via methanol titrations. Two anatase nanoparticles, TiO2(101...
THE THERMODYNAMICS OF Pd–Ag–H TERNARY SOLID SOLUTIONS

The solubility of hydrogen in Pd-Ag-H ternary solutions in equilibrium with H2 gas at atmospheric pressure has been measured in the temperature range 625-1111 K and in Pd-Ag “binary solvents” containing up to 93 at.% of Ag. Concomitant elastic measurements have provided data which enable the partial thermodynamic functions of the H-atoms deduced from the solubility measurements to be converted so as to refer to a hypothetical Pd*-Ag lattice of constant specific volume. The resulting “volume corrected” functions have been discussed in terms of the cell model for ternary solutions and have been shown to vary with temperature and Ag-concentration in a manner in accord with this model.
Essential components of the xanthophyll cycle differ in high and low toxin Karenia brevis.

Abstract The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, blooms annually in the Gulf of Mexico, producing a suite of neurotoxins known as the brevetoxins. The cellular toxin content of K. brevis, however, is highly variable between or even within strains. Herein, we investigate physiological differences between high (KbHT) and low (KbLT) toxin producing cultures both derived from the Wilson strain, related to energy-dependent quenching (qE) by photosystem II, and reduced thiol content of the proteome. We demonstrate that gene and protein expression of the xanthophyll cycle enzyme diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase (Dde) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase are not significantly different in the two cultures. Using redox proteomics, we report a significantly higher reduced cysteine content in the low toxin proteome, including plastid localized thioredoxin reductase (Trx) which can result in inactivation of Dde and activation of MGDG synthase. We also report significant differences in the lipidomes of KbHT and KbLT with respect to MGDG, which facilitates the xanthophyll cycle.
Digital Human-in-the-Loop Methodology for Early Design Computational Human Factors

Numerous computational strategies were introduced in the past decades to integrate human aspects into the design process; perhaps, none provided a broader product design capacity equal to Digital Human Modeling (DHM) research. The popularity of DHM usage in product development is increasing, and many companies take advantage of DHM in their virtual prototyping studies. However, DHM is usually interpreted as a post-conceptualization check gate methodology and is often applied to correct ergonomics assumptions. Although this approach provides some insight into product performance, designers often miss more widespread opportunities in terms of utilizing DHM as an early design stage design tool. This research presents our ongoing efforts in developing DHM-based early design computational Human Factors Engineering (HFE) support tools. We engage this reflection by summarizing two early design frameworks emerging from our recent work: (1) Prototyping Toolbox and (2) Human Error and Functional Failure Reasoning (HEFFR). These frameworks are originated from the Digital Human-in-the-loop (DHIL) methodology. DHIL proposes a simulation-based computational design methodology that builds a bridge between existing Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) software packages and computational HFE tools to address safety, comfort, and performance-related issues early in design. Our primary focus in this paper is to demonstrate the frameworks emerging from our recent D-HIL research to promote better early design decision-making for human-centered product design.
Evaluating herd reproductive status using the dairyCHAMP program

We must use reproductive records to select the cows which should be examined by veterinarians. They may be at risk or fail to meet targets. The DairyCHAMP program allows this to be done for predetermined categories of cows, but we set the intervals used in their selection. Thus, expert palpators may select for pregnancy diagnosis at 30 days and occasional palpators may set the selection for 49 days. We need to monitor herd performance by comparing reproductive indices to herd targets to identify opportunities to improve herd production efficiency. Many indices of reproductive performance have been described, so it may be difficult and confusing to decide which indices to use and how to use them. The DairyCHAMP program provides calculated indices which are derived in an epidemiologically correct and consistent manner to allow herd performance to be reliably monitored and evaluated. This paper highlights some features of the DairyCHAMP program in the evaluation of reproductive performance in dairy herds. It considers reproductive indices and their use to monitor herd reproductive performance to keep herds profitable.
Utilizing Single Cell RNA-Sequencing to Implicate Cell Types and Therapeutic Targets for SSNHL in the Adult Cochlea.

Objective To identify genes implicated in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and localize their expression in the cochlea to further explore potential pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Study design Systematic literature review and bioinformatics analysis. Data sources The following sources were searched from inception through July 2, 2020: PubMed-NCBI, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, OpenGrey, GreyNet, GreyLiterature Report, and European Union Clinical Trials Registry. PubMed-NCBI and MEDLINE were additionally searched for human temporal bone histopathologic studies related to SSNHL. Methods Literature review of candidate SSNHL genes was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Existing temporal bone studies from SSNHL patients were analyzed to identify the most commonly affected inner ear structures. Previously published single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq datasets of the adult mouse stria vascularis, as well as postnatal day 7 and 15 mouse cochlear hair cells and supporting cells, were utilized for localization of the SSNHL-related genes curated through literature review. Conclusions We report 92 unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 76 different genes that have been investigated in relation to SSNHL in the literature. We demonstrate that a subset of these genes are expressed by cell types in the adult mouse stria vascularis and organ of Corti, consistent with findings from temporal bone studies in human subjects with SSNHL. We highlight several potential genetic targets relevant to current and possible future SSNHL treatments.
A conceptual model of vulnerability to care delay among women at risk for endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective Care delay may allow for cancer progression prior to treatment initiation. However, in endometrial cancer, quantitative data to support this hypothesis is mixed. Factors that cuase delay prior to clinical presentation are present among Black women, however the whether and how they present among White women, and thus how they may drive racial disparity is unknown. Methods In this qualitative study, from June 2019 to March 2020, we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews among 17 White women with EC (34–73 years), living in the Northwest (11), West (2), Midwest (1), Southwest (1), and Northeast (2) U.S. regions, including six with high-risk and/or advanced stage endometrial cancer. An exploratory and descriptive content analysis was performed using iterative rounds of inductive coding, case summaries, and additional interviews to confirm emergent themes, followed by synthetic analysis of themes from a prior qualitative study conducted among Black women, which we analyzed for overlap and distinctions. Results There were critical points of overlap and distinction between Black and White women in four delay factors identified: menopause and endometrial cancer knowledge, prior negative healthcare experiences, prior/concurrent reproductive conditions, and healthcare provider response. Conceptualizing the care journey as a circular path demonstrates the potential for accumulation of delay that is dependent on underlying risk. Conclusion We have identified four areas of vulnerability that are often unrecognized and difficult to assess in quantitative investigations of overall quality and co-occurring disparities in endometrial cancer care. With the addition of epidemiologic risk, we present a unified model of vulnerability to care delay in endometrial cancer that can be applied to future quantitative studies and ongoing clinical care.
Practice Variations in Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomies and Associated Outcomes.

Objective The authors’ aim was to assess practice variations in anesthesia for carotid endarterectomies (CEA) and report outcomes. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting A multi-institutional setting. Participants Patients who underwent CEA. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Using the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry of the Anesthesia Quality Institute, CEAs performed from 2010 to 2014 were identified, and a logistic regression model was fitted to determine if various patient, intraoperative, and provider characteristics were associated with usage of regional anesthesia (RA) versus general anesthesia (GA) (primary outcome) as the primary anesthetic in CEAs. The majority of CEAs were performed under GA (31,003 GA v 1,968 RA). American Society of Anesthesiologists class III-V patients were more likely to receive RA than class I-II (odds ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.39-1.91). Also, board certification status was associated with utilization of RA (odds ratio 2.95, 95% confidence interval 2.59-3.36). Among various facility types, community hospitals had the highest rates of RA use for CEAs. Secondary outcomes studied included extended recovery room stay, unexpected intensive care admissions, inadequate pain control, and postoperative nausea/vomiting. The usage of RA over GA was associated only with decreased postoperative nausea/vomiting. Conclusions This study was the first to use the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry to evaluate practice trends in the utilization of RA versus GA in CEAs. Patient comorbidities, as well as type of anesthesia provider, were associated with the usage of RA.
Radial Expansion of a Low Energy Positron Beam Passing Through a Cold Electron Plasma within a Uniform Magnetic Field

Abstract The radial expansion of a low energy positron beam passing through a cold electron plasma within a uniform magnetic ﬁeld is studied using a classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that under certain conditions there is a range of impact parameters where electrons and positrons may form weakly bound states and drift perpendicular to the magnetic ﬁeld before dissociating. The purpose of the simulation is to evaluate the diffusion coefficient due to the formation and dissociation of those states. In addition, the effects on the diffusion coefficient of varying the kinetic energy and the magnetic ﬁeld are evaluated.
Approximating L 1 -distances between mixture distributions using random projections

We consider the problem of computing L1-distances between every pair of probability densities from a given family, a problem motivated by density estimation [15]. We point out that the technique of Cauchy random projections [10] in this context turns into stochastic integrals with respect to Cauchy motion. For piecewise-linear densities these integrals can be sampled from if one can sample from the stochastic integral of the function x → (1, x). We give an explicit density function for this stochastic integral and present an efficient (exact) sampling algorithm. As a consequence we obtain an efficient algorithm to approximate the L1-distances with a small relative error. For piecewise-polynomial densities we show how to approximately sample from the distributions resulting from the stochastic integrals. This also results in an efficient algorithm to approximate the L1-distances, although our inability to get exact samples worsens the dependence on the parameters.
Changing deformation fields surrounding a growing ductile crack

ABSTRACT A SEN specimen made of AL 2024-0 is loaded to failure quasi-statically. A laser-optical method is used to map the deformation field surrounding the crack tip at different stages of loading. At the early stage of loading there exists a HRR field surrounding the crack tip. However, just before the arrest of crack growing the crack tip deformation is not characterizable by any of the known theoretical methods. When crack growth ensures, there seems to be significient experimental evidence to suggest the existence of a logarithmic singularity as proposed by Gao and Hwang (1983).