cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatic coherence and inelastic scattering in electron holography

Abstract The expectation that the coherent interference effects in off-axis electron holography may have the effect of removing contributions to the image from inelastically scattered electrons is valid only to the extent that the incident wave may be assumed to be monochromatic. A consideration of the coherence function in space and time and a simple treatment for time-dependent wave functions and object transmission functions both suggest that coherent diffraction effects and contributions to the holographically reconstructured image occur for inelastic scattering with energy losses comparable with the energy spread of the incident beams.
Subjective and Biomechanical Evaluation of Lifting Tasks

Careful selection and training of workers, and good job design have not substantially reduced the incidence of low back injuries. Therefore, reduction in number and severity of such injuries has become a priority concern of many researchers. The specific question addressed by this research was “Are there any discrepancies between the rankings for the lifting tasks based on the subjective estimates of stress at the lower back and the rankings based on compressive force at L5/S1 predicted by the biomechanical model?” The results showed that some of the tasks evaluated to be less severe biomechanically were evaluated to be severe based on the subjective estimation of stress at the lower back.
A New Analytical Treatment of Airflow to Inlet Wells in Soil Vapor Extraction Systems

This paper provides a new analytical model of airflow to inlet wells in soil vapor extraction systems. It is based on a recent analytical solution of airflow to a single vapor extraction well by Bahr and Joss (1995), which updated the previous model of Baehr and Hult (1991). Baehr and Joss (1995) treated the air leakage through the surface as an air flux boundary condition, whereas Baehr and Hult (1991) approximated the leakage as a distributed source imposed in the governing airflow equation. The new analytical model shows significant improvement on air-flow assessment over the previous model by Ge and Liao (1996), which could underestimate the efficiency of airflow to inlet wells by as much as 27% in a typical vapor extraction system.
TH-C-BRB-04: Dose-Painting VMAT and Patient Dose QA: Showcase of Whole Brain Radiotherapy with Hippocampal-Sparing and Simultaneous Boost to Brain Metastases

Purpose:Radiotherapy techniques for sparing the hippocampus during cranial irradiation are emerging. This work is to study dose‐painting with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in the setting of oligo brain metastases and the clinically relevant dose QA. Methods: A patient having 3 brain metastases was re‐planned using 2‐arc 6 MV photons with in‐house VMAT treatment planning system (TPS). The clinical goal is to dose paint the whole brain and brain metastases to 32 Gy and 63 Gy in 15 fractions, respectively while keeping the mean dose to the hippocampus less than 6 Gy. The VMAT dose QA was carried out using ArcCHECK (AC) and 3DVH (Sun Nuclear Corp) on a Varian Trilogy LINAC. The AC Planned‐Dose‐Perturbation (ACPDP) algorithm was employed to estimate the actual patient dose distribution, at the same grid resolution as that from the TPS calculation. The patient's DICOM RT dose/plan/structures/CT images were loaded into the software. The measured doses and TPS calculated doses for relevant structures were compared. Their differences represented systematic errors induced from the combination of TPS dose calculation algorithm and beam‐delivery. Results: Clinical planning criteria were all satisfied. A 99.5% 3D matching rate for 2%/2mm DD/DTA was observed between the ACPDP reconstruction and TPS‐calculated dose. Despite the excellent agreement, the relative dose differences for patient's critical structures between measurements and TPS are: 0.8%, mean brain lesions; 0.7%, mean whole brain; 9% (<3% of prescription), mean L_hippocampus; 9% (<3% of prescription), mean R hippocampus; 0.1%, max cord; 1.8%, max chiasm; 3.7%, max brainstem; 0.5%, max L_OpticN; 1.9%, max R OpticN, 0.2%. Conclusions: For the application of dose painting VMAT planning for patients with oligo brain metastases, the patient relevant dose QA result has demonstrated the capability and the accuracy of our VMAT technique, allowing for 3‐level dose‐painting to spare critical structures with acceptable target coverage and homogeneity.
Scanning electron microscopy of “fibrillated” and “malacic” human articular cartilage: technical considerations

Specimens of articular cartilage from human knees with gross evidence of malacia (dull appearance and/or softness) or fibrillation (exposed fibrous strands and/or staining with India ink) were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared to cartilage from apparently intact regions. Vertical cryofractures were made through the center of each specimen, so the matrix collagen structure and its relationship to surface features could be examined. Soft, dull, malacic cartilage was characterized by the presence of numerous clefts among the collagen fibers within the most superficial region of the cartilage. In one form of this condition, these clefts did not extend through the articular surface. In a second form, usually observed where the tangential zone was normally thin or absent, the free ends of radial collagen fibers were exposed, but the deeper layers were intact. Two forms of fibrillation were also identified. The first is created by separation of the superficial lamellae which curl up from the tangential layer and form frondlike projections above the normal plane of the joint surface. In the second, deep radial fibers are exposed by vertical fissures. This second form is associated with advanced damage to the joint. The early stages of cartilage failure are characterized by debonding among the major collagen fiber tracts. This process may initiate in the deep tangential zone where the radial fibers cross into the surface. The patterns of the degenerative changes are dictated by the original architecture of the collagen matrix. The microscopic findings do not correlate adequately with conventional gross grading. SEM provides useful information about injured articular cartilage.
1040 THE EFFECT OF MOTHERS' DRUG ADDICTION ON THEIR OFFSPRING

From Jan.1975 to June, 1977, 113 infants of drug-addicted mothers (IDAM) were studied and compared to 5903 infants of non-addicts at Downstate Medical Center. There were no differences in the ethnic background,maternal age and parental education between the study and control groups. Of 113 pregnant addicts, 69 were taking multiple drugs. The incidences of maternal urinary tract infection,positive STS and fetal distress were significantly (p<0.005) higher compared with the control group. Mean birth weight and gestational age in the study group were 2807 g and 38.5 wk respectively. The high incidence of low birth weight (27%) was mainly due to prematurity (21%). Mean birth weight (2435 g) of 8 infants of pure heroin addicts was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that (2790 g) of 27 infants of pure methadone addicts. Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births in IDAM was 33 and in the control group was 15. Withdrawal symptoms were noted in 96% of IDAM. Of 113 IDAM in the study group, 43 infants were followed for 9-30 months. Neurological evaluation at follow-up in these 43 infants was within normal limits. Weight increment and head growth were normal. Of these 43 infants 26% had lengths below the 3rd percentile. Seven of them had normal growth rates while 4 had retarded growth rates. Our study indicates that mothers'drug addiction appeares to affect their offspring during the neonatal period and linear growth in early childhood.
Note: Seppuku in the Stockroom

The problems of US industry are not those of inventory levels but those of “a failure of managerial competence in production” to use the words of E. S. Buffa. It is the superior production systems that allow inventory reductions, and not the other way around.
The viscoelastic behavior of melts of virgin and recycled polycarbonate reinforced with short glass fibers

Abstract Three series of shear oscillatory tests are performed on polycarbonate melts reinforced with short glass fibers at the temperatures T1=250 and T2=290 °C. The content of glass fibers ranges from 0 to 20 wt.%. In the first series, virgin polycarbonate is used, in the other series, dynamic tests are performed on recycled polymer, whereas in the third series, a mixture of virgin with recycled polycarbonates is employed. Constitutive equations are derived for the viscoelastic behavior of a polymer melt at isothermal deformations with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent transient network of strands that rearrange at random times as they are agitated by thermal fluctuations. The time-dependent response of a network is determined by four adjustable parameters that are found by fitting the experimental data. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between the observations and the results of numerical simulation. The study focuses on the effects of temperature and filler content on the material constants in the stress–strain relations.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN ACROSS-THE-BOARD SALARY INCREASE

The implications of an across-the-board salary increase for selected outcomes are assessed. While such an approach to employee compensation is easily administered, the results of this analysis suggest that such an approach has some long-run costs. Those perceiving themselves as high performers and as putting forth greater effort felt undercompensated. Those with feelings of being undercompensated, relative to those feeling equitably compensated, anticipated a reduction in their job performance during the coming year, and perceived a deterioration in the association between performance and compensation. Differences in intentions to search for alternative employment are statistically significant.
Optimization of selectivity using sequentially coupled capillary columns

This investigation lays groundwork for the development of an optimization system for sequentially coupled capillary column systems. Three methods for calculating effective capacity factors were obtained from the literature and were tested to determine suitability for optimization use, using four test analytes and two dissimilar columns. This work concentrates on the development of a method for the estimation of optimum column temperatures in sequentially coupled systems.
Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer continues to be the most common lethal malignancy diagnosed in American men and the second leading cause of male cancer mortality. The American Cancer Society estimates that during 2005, ∼232,090 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States and 30,350 men
Suicidality and bereavement: complicated grief as psychiatric disorder presenting greatest risk for suicidality.

The influence of complicated grief (CG) on suicidality among bereaved adults was examined. The Yale Evaluation of Suicidality scale and the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised were administered to 309 bereaved adults in face-to-face interviews conducted at baseline (6.2 months post-loss) and at follow-up (10.8 months post-loss). Cross-sectionally, CG was associated with a 6.58 (95% CI: 1.74–18.0) times greater likelihood of “high suicidality” at baseline, and an 11.30 (95% CI: 3.33–38.10) times greater risk of high suicidality at follow-up, after controlling for gender, race, major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social support. Longitudinally, CG at baseline was associated with an 8.21 (95% CI: 2.49–27.0) times greater likelihood of high suicidality at follow-up, controlling for the above confounders. The study results indicate that CG substantially heightened the risk of suicidality after controlling for important confounders such as MDD and PTSD, suggesting that CG poses an independent psychiatric risk for suicidal thoughts and actions.
Drug and Psychosocial Treatment Interactions in Schizophrenia

In a stress-diathesis approach to schizophrenia, stressful environmental events combine with pre-existing biological and psychosocial vulnerability to produce intermediate states of sensory overload, hyperarousal, and impaired processing of social stimuli. If untreated, these intermediate states often lead to the development of psychotic symptoms or relapse. In this approach assumes an interaction between biological and environmental etiologies and between biological and psychosocial forms of treatment. Evidence from studies which have examined the effects of both treatment strategies in tandem indicates that comprehensive treatment programs for schizophrenic patients should combine drug and psychosocial treatments. For outpatients, behaviorally oriented social skills training and family interventions are especially effective when added to neuroleptic drug therapy. A comprehensive approach to the clinical management of schizophrenia can be described in terms of a clinical decision tree, in which patient c...
Effect of Combined Addition of Cu and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Al-7Si-0.3Mg Alloy

In this study, an ultrasonic cavitation based dispersion technique was used to fabricate Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloyed with Cu and reinforced with 1 wt pct Al2O3 nanoparticles, in order to investigate their influence on the mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy. The combined addition of 0.5 pct Cu with 1 pct Al2O3 nanoparticles increased the yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility of the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy, mostly due to grain refinement and modification of the eutectic Si and θ-CuAl2 phases. Moreover, Al-7Si-0.3Mg-0.5Cu-1 pct Al2O3 nanocomposites after T6 heat treatment showed a significant enhancement of ductility (increased by 512 pct) and tensile strength (by 22 pct). The significant enhancement of properties is attributed to the suppression of pore formation and modification of eutectic Si phases due to the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles. However, the yield strength of the T6 heat-treated nanocomposites was limited in enhancement due to a reaction between Mg and Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Exploring antigen valency and size effects on capture by immuno-surfaces through analysis and experimentation

Experimental exploration and model development is being pursued for analytical determination of the best configuration and composition of immuno-surfaces for capturing target antigen. The effects of antigen valency, size, and concentration on antigen capture is explored through modeling and analysis of experimental data obtained on a BIACORE 3000. The model of the antigen-immuno-surface interaction is based upon a two-compartment model that describes the mass transport-influenced binding of free analytes to the sensor surface. The lumped model considers the multivalent antigen as a whole with a single pair of association and dissociation rates that vary functionally with antigen valency to incorporate cooperative and steric hindrance effects. The lumped model is revised to incorporate antigen size effects; upon antigen binding, an exclusion area is created within the projection of the antigen on the surface. This effect becomes significant for bacteria target antigens on the scale of 0.1 to 10 microns in diameter, and is reflected in our model as a decrease in the effective surface density of free antibodies.
Lycopene: Chemistry, Biology, and Implications for Human Health and Disease

A diet rich in carotenoid-containing foods is associated with a number of health benefits. Lycopene provides the familiar red color to tomato products and is one of the major carotenoids in the diet of North Americans and Europeans. Interest in lycopene is growing rapidly following the recent publication of epidemiologic studies implicating lycopene in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancers of the prostate or gastrointestinal tract. Lycopene has unique structural and chemical features that may contribute to specific biological properties. Data concerning lycopene bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolism, excretion, and biological actions in experimental animals and humans are beginning to accumulate although much additional research is necessary. This review will summarize our knowledge in these areas as well as the associations between lycopene consumption and human health.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibits Type I Collagen Synthesis through Repressive CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins

Extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and remodeling are critical processes for proper morphogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) inhibits ECM accumulation by stimulating the expression of matrix proteolytic enzymes and by downregulating the deposition of structural macromolecules such as type I collagen. Stimulation of ECM degradation has been linked to prolonged activation of jun gene expression by the cytokine. Here we demonstrate that TNF-a inhibits transcription of the gene coding for the a2 chain of type I collagen [a2(I) collagen] in cultured fibroblasts by stimulating the synthesis and binding of repressive CCAAT/enhancer proteins (C/EBPs) to a previously identified TNF-a-responsive element. This conclusion was based on the concomitant identification of C/EBPb and C/EBPd as TNF-a-induced factors by biochemical purification and expression library screening. It was further supported by the ability of the C/EBP-specific dominant-negative (DN) protein to block TNF-a inhibition of a2(I) collagen but not TNF-a stimulation of the MMP-13 protease. The DN protein also blocked TNF-a downregulation of the gene coding for the a1 chain of type I collagen. The study therefore implicates repressive C/EBPs in the TNF-a-induced signaling pathway that controls ECM formation and remodeling. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) is a 17-kDa cytokine released by activated macrophages that locally elicits a wide spectrum of metabolic responses and cellular activities (20). The pleiotropic properties of TNF-a are signaled through alternative routes that culminate in diversified responses, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, or death (20). These ill-defined intracellular pathways in part influence gene expression by modulating the activity and synthesis of several transcription factors. Relevant examples include the activation of AP1 and NF-kB in the regulation of cell death and cell survival, the induction of IRF1 in the stimulation of the alpha and beta interferon genes, and the undefined pathway that inhibits C/EBP expression in an experimental model of inflammationinduced atrophy of adipose tissue (3, 6, 17). Aside from cachexia, TNF-a is believed to be a key player in inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis (20). Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is the hallmark of these conditions and an important component in morphogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue remodeling, as well as in wound healing and tissue repair. TNF-a stimulates ECM degradation by inducing the production of stromal collagenases. The stimulation is the result of TNF-a prolonged activation of jun gene expression with the consequent binding of the AP1 complex to the responsive elements in the collagenase promoters (4). TNF-a reduces ECM deposition by inhibiting the synthesis of structural components. They include elastin, osteocalcin, and type I collagen, the major structural
Regulation of histone modification and cryptic transcription by the Bur1 and Paf1 complexes

The Bur1–Bur2 and Paf1 complexes function during transcription elongation and affect histone modifications. Here we describe new roles for Bur1–Bur2 and the Paf1 complex. We find that histone H3 K36 tri-methylation requires specific components of the Paf1 complex and that K36 tri-methylation is more strongly affected at the 5′ ends of genes in paf1Δ and bur2Δ strains in parallel with increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Interestingly, the 5′ increase in histone acetylation is independent of K36 methylation, and therefore is mechanistically distinct from the methylation-driven deacetylation that occurs at the 3′ ends of genes. Finally, Bur1–Bur2 and the Paf1 complex have a second methylation-independent function, since bur2Δ set2Δ and paf1Δ set2Δ double mutants display enhanced histone acetylation at the 3′ ends of genes and increased cryptic transcription initiation. These findings identify new functions for the Paf1 and Bur1–Bur2 complexes, provide evidence that histone modifications at the 5′ and 3′ ends of coding regions are regulated by distinct mechanisms, and reveal that the Bur1–Bur2 and Paf1 complexes repress cryptic transcription through a Set2-independent pathway.
Development and validation of a social cognitive theory-based survey for elementary nutrition education program

The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a widely used model for developing elementary nutrition education programs; however, few instruments are available to assess the impact of such programs on the main constructs of the SCT. The purposes of this study were: 1) to develop and validate a SCT-based survey instrument that focuses on knowledge, behavior, and self-efficacy for fifth grade students; 2) to assess the relationships between knowledge, behavior, and self-efficacy; and 3) to assess knowledge, behavior, and self-efficacy for healthy eating among the fifth grade students. A 40-item instrument was developed and validated using content validity and tested among 98 fifth grade students for internal consistency reliability. Relationships between knowledge, behavior, and self-efficacy were assessed using Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Differences in behavior and knowledge scores between children with high and low self-efficacy were examined using t-test. Cronbach’s alphas for self-efficacy (0.70) and behavior (0.71) subscales of the survey were acceptable, although lower for knowledge (0.56). Summary scores for self-efficacy and behaviors were positively correlated (r = 0.40, P = 0.0001); however, summary knowledge scores were not associated with self-efficacy (r = 0.02, P = 0.88) or behavior scores (r = 0.14, P = 0.23). Participants with high self-efficacy also had significantly higher scores on consuming fruits (P = 0.0009) and dairy products (P = 0.009), eating breakfast (P = 0.008), helping plan family meals (P = 0.0006) and total behaviors for healthy-eating (P = 0.001) compared to those with low self-efficacy. In addition, approximately two thirds of the fifth grade students reported that they did not eat any fruits or vegetables or ate them only once on a typical day. The developed instrument is a reliable and useful tool to assess SCT-based elementary nutrition education programs, particularly for self-efficacy and behavior. Our results also indicated that strategic interventions are necessary to improve dietary behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable consumptions among elementary school students.
Analysis of adjusted probabilistic packet marking

Probabilistic packet marking (PPM) has been proposed for the identification of the source of a denial of service (DoS) attack (Savage, S. et al., Proc. ACM SIGCOM, p.295-305, 2000). PPM is based on marking packets with a fixed probability by all routers. However, using a fixed marking probability allows a large number of packets to reach the victim unmarked, which can be spoofed to impede traceback. Also, using a fixed marking probability, the victim receives fewer marked packets from routers further away from the victim, which increases the computational time needed for traceback. Hence, we study the adjusted probabilistic packet marking (APPM) scheme (Teo Peng et al., Proc. Networking, 2002), where variable marking probability is used so that the victim receives packets from all routers with equal probability. However, using the analysis similar to that of Kihomg Park and Heejo Lee (see Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2001) we show that APPM is also subject to spoofing of the marking field for smaller path lengths. A modified version of APPM is proposed that reduces unmarked packets reaching the victim and the computational time needed for traceback.
A New Scratch Resistance Measure for Structural Ceramics

Scratch resistance of several structural ceramics was investigated using a conical diamond tool in an instrumented rotating scratch facility. The normal (thrust) and the tangential (cutting) forces induced during the scratch process were recorded using high-speed force transducers. The volume of material removed and the complete scratch groove characteristics were analyzed using laser profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the volume of material removed in a given scratch groove, material properties, and the measured forces, a “scratch resistance measure” that reflects the susceptibility of a ceramic to scratching-induced damage was developed. This measure is expected to assist in the ranking of ceramics for their resistance to scratching.
MOTIVATIONAL BELIEFS AND LEARNING STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Students enter college chemistry courses with different sources of motivation, appropriate or inappropriate assumptions about their probability of success and how to study. This study is theoretically aligned with self-regulated learning research. Clearly, academic performance is closely related to student motivational beliefs and learning strategies. This study investigated the motivational beliefs and learning strategies of 2 years of college students in the second semester of organic chemistry. Responses to the Motivational Beliefs and Learning Strategies Questionnaire indicated that student self-efficacy was highly correlated with academic performance (semester grades). Gender differences were quite pronounced. Male academic performance was associated with intrinsic motivation as well as the importance placed on the learning task. Test anxiety was negatively associated with male grades. Extrinsic motivation was negatively correlated with female grades. Responses to students’ sense of control over learning, the value of the learning task, and self-efficacy were significantly higher for males compared to females. Faculty who attend to these different patterns may influence beliefs as well as learning strategies. Correcting erroneous assumptions about how to learn chemistry may help students shift both their attitudes and their learning practices. The notable gender difference suggests that female chemistry students may especially profit from focused faculty intervention.
Allocation of Shared Costs: A Set of Axioms Yielding A Unique Procedure

Often when several goods or services are produced by a common process or organization some estimate of the per-unit costs of these goods is required. In this note we consider cost allocation procedures and show that there is exactly one such procedure which possesses four desirable properties. Both the methods and the result were inspired by the recent work of Aumann and Shapley on nonatomic games.
Gender and the Future of Genocide Studies and Prevention

This article addresses the implications of recent gender research for the definition of the crime of genocide and our understanding of it as an historical process. It proposes that gendered violence is a central defining component of the crime. Going beyond a discussion of rape and sexual violence, it argues that a gendered understanding of atrocity in general offers important tools for an early warning system that should be incorporated into the research methodology and reporting strategies of the United Nations, the International Criminal Court (ICC), human rights organizations, and government agencies and intelligence services. Briefly examining the cases of Darfur and Srebrenica, the article demonstrates how gender-neutral conceptualizations of the crime fail to recognize and adequately account for the specific sorts of violence that are often the most immediately indicative of the crime of genocide, and how this failure can inadvertently contribute to or perpetuate strategies of genocide denial.
Elastomer—Gasoline Blends Interactions II. Effects of Ethanol/Gasoline and Methyl-t-Butyl Ether/Gasoline Mixtures on Elastomers

Abstract The effects of ethanol/gasoline and MTBE/gasoline mixtures on swell and tensile properties of selected automotive elastomers were determined and compared to those of methanol/gasoline mixtures. Two gasolines with aromatic content of 30% and 50% were used in this investigation. Equilibrium swell and tensile measurements were conducted using ASTM standard procedures. Results show that in the case of ethanol/gasoline combinations, the elastomers were more severely affected by the mixtures than by the pure components. The ethanol/gasoline mixtures are less severe than the methanol/gasoline mixtures in their effects on most fuel resistant elastomers. In the case of MTBE, effects of mixtures with gasoline were an average of the effects of the pure components. The presence of a higher aromatic content in the gasoline resulted in increased swell and, hence, increased deterioration of tensile properties of elastomers exposed to the gasoline and its mixtures. Addition of benzene to increase the aromatic co...
Feeding and Egg Distribution Studies of Heringia calcarata (Diptera: Syrphidae), a Specialized Predator of Woolly Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Eriosomatidae) in Virginia Apple Orchards

Predation by the aphidophagous syrphid fly Heringia calcarata (Loew) on woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), was studied in the laboratory and in Virginia apple orchards. Feeding studies compared the prey suitability of three temporally sympatric aphid pests of apple: spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch; rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini); and woolly apple aphid. Significantly more H. calcarata larvae survived and completed development on a pure diet of woolly apple aphid than on rosy apple aphid, and none survived on spirea aphid. Final larval weights were significantly greater, and the larval developmental period was significantly shorter on woolly apple aphid than on rosy apple aphid, but neither the duration of pupal development nor adult weight differed between diets. H. calcarata larvae consumed an average of 105 woolly apple aphids during their development. Naive, neonate larvae given access to all possible pair combinations of woolly apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, and spirea aphid consumed significantly more woolly apple aphids in all pairings that included woolly apple aphid. When given a choice of rosy apple aphid and spirea aphid, significantly more rosy apple aphids were consumed. Weekly counts of syrphid eggs found in woolly apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, and spirea aphid colonies collected from apple trees showed that two generalist hover fly predators, Eupeodes americanus (Wiedemann) and Syrphus rectus Osten Sacken, were present in colonies of all three aphid species and that E. americanus was the most abundant syrphid predator in A. spiraecola and D. plantaginea colonies. H. calcarata eggs were found only in woolly apple aphid colonies and were more abundant there than E. americanus and S. rectus. These data suggest that H. calcarata is a specialized predator of woolly apple aphid in the apple ecosystem in Virginia.
Evolution and consumer behavior

An evolutionary theoretical approach considers the adaptive function of behavior. This article discusses what it means to use an evolutionary approach to generate predictions, and discusses two specific evolutionarily informed theories that have uncovered novel insights into consumer behavior. First, the fundamental motives framework highlights the social challenges faced by our ancestors (e.g., finding mates, avoiding disease) that continue to influence modern consumers in specific and often contradictory ways. Second, the ovulatory shift hypothesis highlights that women experience an increase in mating motivation near ovulation (e.g., increased desire to attract men and outcompete rival women) that has important implications for consumers. An evolution-informed approach can generate new insights about consumer behavior.
Percutaneous Closure of Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm

Ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a contained rupture of the ventricular wall that may occur after myocardial infarction, trauma, infection, transcatheter valve replacement, or cardiac surgery [(1–4)][1]. It usually occurs in the left ventricle, with very few reports of right ventricular (RV)
ANGULAR CORRELATION MEASUREMENTS ON THE $sup 25$Mg(d,/pi gamma/)$sup 26$Mg REACTION

Angular correlations have been measured for the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}(d, p\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ reaction at deuteron bombarding energies of 3.00 and 5.22 MeV. Correlations were measured at six proton angles for each energy for the following reactions: ($d, {p}_{1}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1.81}$), ($d, {p}_{2}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1.13}$), ($d, {p}_{2}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1.81}$). These data are compared with calculations performed using the distorted-wave Born approximation. The present experiment is consistent with previous results on the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}(d, p){\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ reaction, where it was noted that a mixture of $l$ values was necessary in order to fit the data.
Point vortex equilibria related to Bessel polynomials

The method of polynomials is used to construct two families of stationary point vortex configurations. The vortices are placed at the reciprocals of the zeroes of Bessel polynomials. Configurations that translate uniformly, and configurations that are completely stationary, are obtained in this way.
Management of Acute Arterial Injuries

The most critical factor influencing the survival of an extremity with arterial injury is the time interval between injury and arterial repair.The majority of arterial injuries from civilian trauma can be repaired by direct anastomosis. When a vascular replacement is needed, a plastic prosthesis or an autogenous vein graft is preferable to an arterial homograft.An injured artery should be ligated only when the additional time required for arterial repair would jeopardize the life of the patient.
Moving from affirmation to liberation in psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients.

While affirmative approaches with transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) clients are gaining momentum within psychological practice (American Counseling Association, 2010; American Psychological Association, 2015), there is a simultaneous and pressing need to move beyond TGNC-affirmative to TGNC-liberatory approaches to more fully address how societal gender binaries influence both psychologist and client. Psychologists may use the lens of liberation psychology (Martin-Baro, 1996) to transform the ways they work with TGNC clients. Using this perspective, psychologists can reflect on their own gender journey and experiences, identify how cisgender privilege influences counseling and psychological practice, and advocate for TGNC people to be better served in the settings in which they work. Psychologists are then able to engage in social change on behalf of, and in collaboration with, TGNC people in ways that simultaneously liberate psychologists from their own gender oppression experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record
Palliative Care and Pancreatic Disease

The care of patients with advanced, incurable pancreatic cancer should begin with a skillful delivery of prognosis, exploration of the patient’s values and goals, and a recommendation for goal-directed therapy. Patients’ hope is preserved best by providing an individualized prognosis, offering up-to-date therapy, demonstrating mastery of the patient’s medical condition, and emphasizing good symptom control. Moderate to severe cancer pain should be treated initially with strong opioids rather than weak opioids, and opioid rotation to another agent is recommended when patients experience adverse effects with the first agent. Celiac plexus neurolysis should be considered for patients with predominantly visceral epigastric and upper abdominal pain, as it durably reduces pain scores, opioid requirements, and opioid adverse side effects. Anorexia-cachexia syndrome in advanced cancer is predictive of poorer prognosis. Corticosteroids and progesterone analogs have been proven to increase weight and improve anorexia, but do not increase lean body mass. Mood disorders are common in advanced pancreatic cancer and can masquerade as, or intensify the experience of, other cancer-related symptoms such as pain, dyspnea, nausea, and anorexia. In advanced cancer, somatic symptoms such as fatigue and insomnia are poor predictors of depression, so changes in affect should be assessed instead. When anorexia appears related to untreated depression, mirtazapine may improve appetite, nausea, and weight.
Machine Learning Techniques for Analyzing Training Behavior in Serious Gaming

Training time is a costly, scarce resource across domains such as commercial aviation, healthcare, and military operations. In the context of military applications, serious gaming—the training of warfighters through immersive, real-time environments rather than traditional classroom lectures—offers benefits to improve training not only in its hands-on development and application of knowledge, but also in data analytics via machine learning. In this paper, we explore an array of machine learning techniques that allow teachers to visualize the degree to which training objectives are reflected in actual play. First, we investigate the concept of discovery: learning how warfighters utilize their training tools and develop military strategies within their training environment. Second, we develop machine learning techniques that could assist teachers by automatically predicting player performance, identifying player disengagement, and recommending personalized lesson plans. These methods could potentially provide teachers with insight to assist them in developing better lesson plans and tailored instruction for each individual student.
Family Ruptures, Stress, and the Mental Health of the Next Generation: Comment

Abstract The empirical methodology used by Persson and Rossin-Slater (2018) to estimate the causal effect of in utero exposure to stress contains a potentially significant flaw. They define the control group in a way that may bias their causal estimates and can lead to the finding of a significant relationship when there is none. In this note, I describe the source of the bias and suggest an alternative specification of the control group. (JEL I12, J12, J13)
Magnesium alloys for lightweight powertrains and automotive structures

Abstract: This chapter introduces magnesium, the lightest of the structural automotive metals. it provides an overview of alloy nomenclature and properties, and the major casting, sheet forming, and extrusion processes. Descriptions of automotive magnesium applications produced by each process are provided and there is a summary that describes the challenges in alloy and process development that need to be overcome if the magnesium content in automotive sub-system applications is to be increased.
APIs and Your Privacy

Application programming interfaces, or APIs, have been the topic of much recent discussion. Newsworthy events, including those involving Facebook’s API and Cambridge Analytica obtaining information about millions of Facebook users, have highlighted the technical capabilities of APIs for prominent websites and mobile applications. At the same time, media coverage of ways that APIs have been misused has sparked concern for potential privacy invasions and other issues of public policy. This paper seeks to educate consumers on how APIs work and how they are used within popular websites and mobile apps to gather, share, and utilize data. APIs are used in mobile games, search engines, social media platforms, news and shopping websites, video and music streaming services, dating apps, and mobile payment systems. If a third-party company, like an app developer or advertiser, would like to gain access to your information through a website you visit or a mobile app or online service you use, what data might they obtain about you through APIs and how? This report analyzes 11 prominent online services to observe general trends and provide you an overview of the role APIs play in collecting and distributing information about consumers. For example, how might your data be gathered and shared when using your Facebook account login to sign up for Venmo or to access the Tinder dating app? How might advertisers use Pandora’s API when you are streaming music? After explaining what APIs are and how they work, this report categorizes and characterizes different kinds of APIs that companies offer to web and app developers. Services may offer content-focused APIs, feature APIs, unofficial APIs, and analytics APIs that developers of other apps and websites may access and use in different ways. Likewise, advertisers can use APIs to target a desired subset of a service’s users and possibly extract user data. This report explains how websites and apps can create user profiles based on your online behavior and generate revenue from advertiser-access to their APIs. The report concludes with observations on how various companies and platforms connecting through APIs may be able to learn information about you and aggregate it with your personal data from other sources when you are browsing the internet or using different apps on your smartphone or tablet. While the paper does not make policy recommendations, it demonstrates the importance of approaching consumer privacy from a broad perspective that includes first parties and third parties, and that considers the integral role of APIs in today’s online ecosystem.
Reducing Communication in Algebraic Multigrid with Multi-step Node Aware Communication

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is often viewed as a scalable $\mathcal{O}(n)$ solver for sparse linear systems. Yet, parallel AMG lacks scalability due to increasingly large costs associated with communication, both in the initial construction of a multigrid hierarchy as well as the iterative solve phase. This work introduces a parallel implementation of AMG to reduce the cost of communication, yielding an increase in scalability. Standard inter-process communication consists of sending data regardless of the send and receive process locations. Performance tests show notable differences in the cost of intra- and inter-node communication, motivating a restructuring of communication. In this case, the communication schedule takes advantage of the less costly intra-node communication, reducing both the number and size of inter-node messages. Node-centric communication extends to the range of components in both the setup and solve phase of AMG, yielding an increase in the weak and strong scalability of the entire method.
Factors Associated With Opioid Use in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pancreatitis.

Importance Limited guidance exists regarding the optimal approach to management of pain in acute pancreatitis (AP). Objectives To investigate sources of variability in opioid use for treatment of acute pain in patients hospitalized for AP and to explore a potential association of opioid prescribing patterns with length of stay. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included 4307 patients 18 years and older hospitalized for AP in a community-based integrated health care system, from January 1, 2008, to June 30, 2015. Analysis began in November 2017. Exposures Opioid use was quantified by morphine equivalent dose (MED). Main Outcomes and Measures Three analyses were performed: (1) factors associated with increased opioid administration during the initial 12 hours of hospitalization (baseline), (2) association of baseline opioid use with length of stay, and (3) frequency of opioid use 90 days after hospital discharge (persistent use). Results The cohort included 4307 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 57.4 [44.0-70.2] years; 2241 women [52.0%]) with AP. At baseline, 3443 patients (79.9%) received opioids, and 388 patients (9.6%) had persistent opioid use after discharge. After adjusting for pain and other clinical factors, women received less MED than men (adjusted event ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79-0.86;P Conclusions and Relevance In addition to pain and disease severity, opioid use varied by etiology of AP, sex, race/ethnicity, and institution of treatment. Increased opioid use at baseline was associated with longer hospitalization. These findings suggest opportunities for improved approaches to pain control for patients with AP.
Health insurance status affects hypertension control in a hospital based internal medicine clinic.

Hypertension is a worldwide disorder that contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in both developed and developing communities. A retrospective cohort study of hypertensive patients attending the Internal Medicine continuity clinic at Nashville General Hospital (NGH) between January and December 2007 was conducted. Given the easy access to health care at NGH and affordable Blood pressure (BP) medications, we explored the ability to achieve optimal BP control <140/90 ​mmHg and evaluated which factors are associated. Of the 199 subjects, 59% achieved BP goal <140/90 ​mmHg. The mean BP was 139/80 ​mmHg. Health insurance status was associated with SBP and DBP (All P ​< ​0.046). Patients with health insurance had a 2.2 fold increased odds of achieving BP control compared to patients without health insurance (P ​= ​0.025). Furthermore, the number of BP medications used was significantly associated with SBP and DBP (All P ​< ​0.003). Patients taking more than three BP medications had a 58% reduced odds of achieving optimal BP control compared to patients taking one medication (P ​= ​0.039). Ethnicity was not associated with achieving BP control. Our study revealed the number of BP medications used and health insurance status, are factors associated with achieving BP control.
Task-Driven Data Verification via Gradient Descent.

We introduce a novel algorithm for the detection of possible sample corruption such as mislabeled samples in a training dataset given a small clean validation set. We use a set of inclusion variables which determine whether or not any element of the noisy training set should be included in the training of a network. We compute these inclusion variables by optimizing the performance of the network on the clean validation set via "gradient descent on gradient descent" based learning. The inclusion variables as well as the network trained in such a way form the basis of our methods, which we call Corruption Detection via Gradient Descent (CDGD). This algorithm can be applied to any supervised machine learning task and is not limited to classification problems. We provide a quantitative comparison of these methods on synthetic and real world datasets.
Assessing and Managing the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of cardiovascular risk factors that are associated with insulin resistance and are driven by underlying factors, including visceral obesity, systemic inflammation, and cellular dysfunction. These risks increasingly begin in childhood and adolescence and are associated with a high likelihood of future chronic disease in adulthood. Efforts should be made at both recognition of this metabolic risk, screening for potential associated Type 2 diabetes, and targeting affected individuals for appropriate treatment with an emphasis on lifestyle modification. Effective interventions have been linked to reductions in MetS—and in adults, reductions in the severity of MetS have been linked to reduced diabetes and cardiovascular disease.