cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncologic doses of zoledronic acid induce osteonecrosis of the jaw‐like lesions in rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) with periodontitis

Though osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is temporally-associated with the use of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), a cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been established. We hypothesize that ONJ is a two-stage process in which: (1) risk factors initiate pathologic processes in the oral cavity that lead to a supranormal rate of hard tissue necrosis; and (2) powerful antiresorptives reduce the rate of removal of necrotic bone sufficiently to allow its net accumulation in the jaw. To test this hypothesis, we used the rice rat model of periodontitis. At age 28 days, rats (n = 15/group) were placed on a high-sucrose and casein diet to exacerbate the development of periodontitis. Animals were injected subcutaneously (SC) biweekly with vehicle or alendronate (ALN, 15 µg/kg), or IV once monthly with vehicle, a low dose (LD) of zoledronic acid (ZOL), or a high dose (HD) of ZOL and sacrificed after 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks. Mandibles and maxillae were analyzed to determine the effects on the: (1) progression of periodontitis; (2) integrity of alveolar bone; (3) status of bone resorption and formation; (4) vascularity; and (5) osteocyte viability. We found that only HD-ZOL induced ONJ-like lesions in mandibles of rice rats after 18 and 24 weeks of treatment. These lesions were characterized by areas of exposed necrotic alveolar bone, osteolysis, a honeycomb-like appearance of the alveolar bone, presence of bacterial colonies, and periodontal tissue destruction. In addition, inhibition of bone formation, a paradoxical abolition of the antiresorptive effect of only HD-ZOL, increased osteocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and decreased blood vessel number were found after 18 and/or 24 weeks. Our study suggests that only HD-ZOL exacerbates the inflammatory response and periodontal tissue damage in rice rats, inducing bone lesions that resemble ONJ. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Kappa-squared: from nuisance to new sense

The orientation factor, which is commonly called kappa-squared, is often considered to be a nuisance because it represents a significant uncertainty in the distance obtained with the FRET technique. It is shown that this uncertainty is rather small in almost all cases of practical interest if one takes the width of a 67% confidence interval (CI) for the distance distribution as a measure of uncertainty. Kappa-squared has the potential to open up new information on orientations and rotations from time-resolved studies of donor and acceptor anisotropies. One can make sense of such data by designing matrix models for the transitions between states describing various orientations and positions of donors and acceptors in the system.
Detection of radioactive sources in urban scenes using Bayesian Aggregation of data from mobile spectrometers

Mobile radiation detector systems aim to help identify dangerous sources of radiation while minimizing frequency of false alarms caused by non-threatening nuisance sources prevalent in cluttered urban scenes. We develop methods for spatially aggregating evidence from multiple spectral observations to simultaneously detect and infer properties of threatening radiation sources.Our Bayesian Aggregation (BA) framework allows sensor fusion across multiple measurements to boost detection capability of a radioactive point source, providing several key innovations previously unexplored in the literature. Our method learns the expected Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) trend as a function of source exposure using Bayesian nonparametrics to enable robust detection. The method scales well in spatial search by leveraging conditional independence and locality in Bayesian updates. The framework also allows modeling of source parameters such as intensity or type to enable property characterization of detected sources. Approaches for incorporating modeling information into BA are compared and benchmarked with respect to other data fusion techniques. HighlightsBayesian Aggregation fuses multiple observations to detect radiation sources.Source intensity and type information can be incorporated in detection.Properties of detected sources can be inferred for appropriate response.
Role of Visual Contrast in the Alighting Behavior of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Overwintering Sites

The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation.
Improving Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Follow-up From the Emergency Department: Randomized Controlled Trial With Text Messages

Study objective Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend follow-up within 72 hours of diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease because patients with inadequate treatment are at increased risk of acute and chronic complications. Follow-up rates in adolescents after diagnosis range between 10% and 16%. The primary objective is to assess the effect of text message reminders to adolescent patients receiving a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease on obtaining follow-up care within 72 hours of emergency department (ED) discharge. Methods This was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial of adolescents receiving a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease in the ED. Patients received standard discharge instructions or standard discharge instructions plus text message reminders. Patients in the text message group received daily, tailored text messages for 4 days, with a reminder to schedule and attend primary care provider follow-up. The primary outcome was follow-up within 72 hours of ED discharge. Results Ninety-five patients (48 standard; 47 text message) were randomized. Three patients were excluded, leaving 92 patients (46 standard; 46 text message) for analysis. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. Follow-up was 15.2% in the standard group and 43.5% in the text message group. Patients receiving text message reminders were more likely to follow up compared with the standard group (relative risk 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 to 5.7). The absolute efficacy difference was 28.3% (95% CI 9.5% to 46.9%), yielding number needed to treat of 4 (95% CI 2.2 to 9.5). Conclusion Personalized text message reminders were efficacious in improving follow-up for adolescents after ED diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Can we Exploit Predictability in Bond Markets

This paper investigates the optimal bond portfolio choice of an investor in a model that captures both the failure of the expectation hypothesis and recent findings that variables not in the term structure of interest rates drive expected bond returns. I estimate a daily multifactor affine term structure model with a large set of unrevised macroeconomic data in which one of the state variables is unspanned by the contemporaneous yield curve. By characterizing the optimal bond portfolio choice under different information sets I quantify the importance of using information not reflected in the yield curve. I find that investors who only condition on bond prices would pay a significant amount of wealth to observe the (unobservable) risk-premium in real time. This implies that bond-risk premia cannot be filtered precisely solely from fixed-income securities. Instead, I find that investors who condition on macroeconomic variables perform much better and that payrolls, industrial production and gross domestic product are the most relevant to portfolio decision. These results show that expanding the information set to include macroeconomic information that is not already incorporated in prices can substantially increase the ex-ante utility (and ex-post performance) of bond portfolio investors. I document the importance of hedging demands at intermediate levels of risk-aversion and discuss some shortcomings of the affine framework when applied to bond portfolio decisions.
State Legislative Earmarks Counterparts of Congressional Earmarks

Using data of “member items” in New York State during 2007–2010, we investigate how political factors such as majority party affiliation, tenure of service, and legislative leadership affect the distribution of state earmarked funds. The statistical results suggest that majority party affiliation and tenure of service have significant effects on the total earmarked funding state legislators may receive each year. Senate leaders or members of the Assembly Ways and Means Committee can also secure additional earmarks to fund their community projects. This research fills the gap in literature on subnational earmarking.
The influence of flow non-uniformities in air-breathing hypersonic propulsion systems

The generation of inlet non-uniformities and their influence on the EowEeld of a supersonic combustion ramjet, or scramjet, is examined. In particular, the problem of inlet Mach number and mass Eux stratification through the formation of a thick forebody boundary layer is considered, along with the effect that the boundary layer Eow will have on the inviscid core region inside the scramjet. Estimates are made of the expected thickness of the hypersonic boundary layer at various Eight conditions that are applicable to a trans-atmospheric vehicle trajectory, and these are related to the position of the vehicle bow shock. It is found that an engine designed for uniform Bow cannot tolerate large inlet gradients in Mach number and mass Eux. It is suggested that, in order to reduce the thickness of the forebody boundary layer, an aerospace plane may operate more effectively at lower altitudes than those which optimize lift-tc-drag. Such a vehicle would also be restricted to a narrow range of angles of attack because of the sensitivity of the hypersonic boundary layer thickness to deflection angle.
Abstract CN10-02: Notch signaling in the progression of pancreatic cancer

Notch signaling plays a crucial role during pancreatic development by maintaining pancreatic progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state. Notch signaling is activated in premalignant PanIN lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia), and pancreatic cancer cell lines exhibit heightened sensitivity to Notch pathway inhibition. To determine whether the evolution from PanIN to adenocarcinoma requires Notch signaling, we performed a preventive trial in mice by inhibiting gamma secretase, an essential mediator of Notch signaling. Gamma secretase inhibition prevented the development of adenocarcinoma when animals bearing premalignant PanIN lesions were treated for several weeks. The drug was well tolerated. These results suggest that progression from premalignant PanIN lesions to pancreatic adenocarcinoma requires active Notch signaling. The Notch pathway may provide an attractive target for prevention or therapy in this treatment‐refractory malignancy. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):CN10-02.
Cutting tool strategies for multifunctional part configurations: Part II—Discussion of experimental and analytical results

The analytical models, developed in Part I [Int J Adv Manuf Technol (1992)7: 59–69] for the optimisation of multistep cutting tools, are evaluated using experimental data. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches utilising the mathematical models from Part I for multifunctional tools, including both multi-step and combination tools, are demonstrated through simulations. The solution schemes and heuristic algorithms used for optimising the aforementioned cutting tool designs are described and explained through simulation examples which involve several tool configuration situations often applicable in a production environment. When the aforementioned cutting tools are utilised in mass production applications, the advantages of lower production cycle time and cost, become obvious through the tutorial of the examples. These simulations clearly demonstrate the benefits obtained when the mathematical models and analytical schemes, developed in Parts I and II, are incorporated in the manufacturing process and system design optimisation analytical tools or expert systems for justifying the use of multi-functional cutting tools.
Alai’s The Mountain Stairway: A Grassroots Conception of Tibet

It seems that the current literature regarding Tibet is quite impoverished as a true cultural indicator of the region and its people. The West writes of Tibet as an exotic solution to its own malaise, or as the last refuge of Hermetic wisdom. The Han Chinese have used Tibet as a muse and as an antidote to materialism. The current literary criticism brushes over cultural and stylistic concerns to cut right to politics. In every case, Tibet as a cultural concept is simply used to complement something external to it, to stand in contrast to something else. The Tibetan writer Alai specifically rejects these negative and meaningless definitions of Tibet.
Glycopolypeptides via living polymerization of glycosylated-L-lysine N-carboxyanhydrides.

The preparation of new glycosylated-l-lysine-N-carboxyanhydride (glyco-K NCA) monomers is described. These monomers employ C-linked sugars and amide linkages to lysine for improved stability without sacrificing biochemical properties. Three glyco-K NCAs were synthesized, purified, and found to undergo living polymerization using transition metal initiation. These are the first living polymerizations of glycosylated NCAs and were used to prepare well-defined, high molecular weight glycopolypeptides and block and statistical glycocopolypeptides. This methodology solves many long-standing problems in the direct synthesis of glycopolypeptides from N-carboxyanhydrides relating to monomer synthesis, purification, and polymerization and gives polypeptides with 100% glycosylation. These long chain glycopolypeptides have potential to be good mimics of natural high molecular weight glycoproteins.
Core Competencies and Strategies for Effective Leadership

Book Review of: ΓC£The Teacher LeaderΓC¥ by Daniel R. Tomal, Craig A. Schilling, and Robert K. Wilhite
Evaluation on the effect of pulmonary tuberculosis control in hainan province from 2001 to 2005

[Objective] To analyze the achievements in the last five years in implementation of Ten-year program for control of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hainan Province (2001-2010). [Methods] The results of pulmonary tuberculosis control in th first five years after implemeation of ten-year program for pulmonary tuberculosis control in Hainan Province including the aspects of governmental promise, case detection, monitoring and interviewing, chemotherapy, etc., were comprehensively analyzed and evaluated based on the self examination and sampling. [Results] The coverage of DOTS strategy in 2001 with county as the basic unit reached 100%. In the period of 2001-2005 a total of RMB 6.303 million yuan were invested at the provincial level with a total fultilment of 100%, RMB 2.2149 million yuan were invested at the city (county) level with a fulfilment of 60.9%. But the per capita investment at the city(county) level was only RMB 0.06 yuan. 109 477 suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases were detected in the five years and 20 656 infectious tuberculosis cases were detected to have accomplished 55.8% of the task as set in the ten-year tuberculosis control program. The total cure rate for smear positive cases and new smear positive cases registered in 2001-2004 reached 93.4% and 94.3%. [Conclusion] The increase of investment significant achievements has been gained in the first five years in implementation of ten-year tuberculosis control program in Hainan Province with high case detection rate and cure rate.
A spin label study of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases B and C.

The topography of the active sites of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) B and C has been studied by means of a series of spin-labeled sulfonamide inhibitors. Electron spin resonance measurements indicated that the nitroxide group of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-[(p-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamoyl]-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl was highly immobilized when this inhibitor bound to the active site of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C. As the chain length between the aromatic and the pyrrolidine rings was increased, the mobility of the nitroxide group of the enzyme-bound inhibitor progressively increased until, with 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-[[[(p-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamoyl]methyl]carbamoyl]-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl, there was only minimal interaction between the free radical and the active site. These results suggest that the active site of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C is a cleft approximately 140 nm deep. Similar experiments indicated that the active site of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B had the same general shape as the C isozyme. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B, after reaction with a nitroxide analogue of bromacetamide, showed spectral evidence for the presence of fairly mobile and highly immobilized covalently bound spin labels. When spin labeling was carried out in the presence of the inhibitor acetazolamide, the highly immobilized component of the spectrum was abolished, which suggested that it arose from a nitroxide group attached to the active site of the enzyme. When a nitroxide analogue of N-ethylmaleimide reacted with human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C, the spin label exhibited a high degree of mobility. Since prior treatment of the enzyme with p-chloromercuribenzoate abolished all labeling by this reagent, it appeared that the spin label had reacted with a sulfhydryl group on the surface of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.
Left Ventricular End-Systolic Eccentricity Index for Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify a quantitative echocardiographic marker of septal curvature that can be used to accurately identify PH in NICU infants with concern for PH.METHODS: Echocardiograms of infants who were prematurely born and infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn were performed using a defined protocol for evaluation of PH. Qualitative assessment by a single pediatric cardiologist was used as a reference standard. Qualitative and quantitative parameters of right ventricular (RV) size, pressure, and function were documented. Left ventricular end-systolic eccentricity index (EI) was defined as the ratio of the anterior-inferior and septal-posterolateral cavity dimensions at the mid-ventricular level.RESULTS: A total of 216 infants at risk for PH were included in this study. One hundred forty-three (66%) had an interpretable tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity. While systolic septal flattening was recognized at EIs ≥ 1.15, more than half-systemic RV pressure became apparent at EIs ≥ 1.3. Unlike qualitative assessment of septal flattening, there was high inter-observer agreement for EIs. Quantitative parameters of RV systolic function were impaired only at EIs ≥ 1.3.CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that EIs should be incorporated into routine protocols when there is a concern for PH in neonates. This may lead to a more reliable assessment of PH and may reduce inter-observer variability. Correlation of EIs with invasive hemodynamic data is needed to validate our results. (Less)
The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century

China's extraordinary rise as an economic powerhouse in the past two decades poses a challenge to many long-held assumptions about the relationship between political institutions and economic development. Economic prosperity also was vitally important to the longevity of the Chinese Empire throughout the preindustrial era. Before the eighteenth century, China's economy shared some of the features, such as highly productive agriculture and sophisticated markets, found in the most advanced regions of Europe. But in many respects, from the central importance of irrigated rice farming to family structure, property rights, the status of merchants, the monetary system, and the imperial state's fiscal and economic policies, China's preindustrial economy diverged from the Western path of development. In this comprehensive but accessible study, Richard von Glahn examines the institutional foundations, continuities and discontinuities in China's economic development over three millennia, from the Bronze Age to the early twentieth century.
From Neva Boyd to Viola Spolin: How Social Group Work in 1920s’ Settlement Houses Defined Collective Creation in 1960s’ Theatres

This chapter traces the influence of Neva Boyd (developer of Play Theory and Game Theory in group social work) on Boyd’s student at Chicago’s Hull-House in the 1920s, Viola Spolin (the force behind the popularization of improvisation in US theatre). It further considers how Spolin’s reworking of Boyd’s ideas shaped the practices of 1960s’ companies, such as the Open Theater and the Living Theatre, which used improvisation as their primary means of collective creation. Focusing on Spolin’s translation of Boyd’s concepts of “play” and “games” reveals that the roots of contemporary devised theatre can be found in Boyd’s group social work with immigrant communities. In particular, this lineage challenges the tendency among theatre historians to equate collective creation with “leaderlessness.”
Association of IgG4-Related Disease With History of Malignancy.

Objective IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory disease of unclear etiology. Some studies suggest that IgG4-RD predisposes patients to malignancy or is a forme fruste of cancer, but we have frequently observed IgG4-RD patients who have a history of malignancy preceding the clinical onset of IgG4-RD. This study was undertaken to characterize IgG4-RD in the setting of previous malignancy diagnosis. Methods We identified IgG4-RD patients with a history of invasive malignancy from a well-defined cohort of 125 patients and compared their malignancy history to those of 2 reference groups. First, we calculated a standardized prevalence ratio against general US population estimates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Second, we identified up to 5 age- and sex-matched controls for each case and calculated the odds of malignancy among those with IgG4-RD compared to controls, using conditional logistic regression. Results The mean ± SD age at IgG4-RD onset was 50.3 ± 14.9 years, and 61% of the patients were male. Twenty (16%) had been diagnosed as having malignancies (total 21 malignancies) before the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. The observed prevalence of malignancy in this cohort was 2.5 times higher (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1–3.6) than expected compared to the SEER database. Compared to matched controls, the frequency of history of malignancy was >3-fold higher in IgG4-RD patients (95% CI 1.6–6.2). Conclusion Our findings suggest that, in a subset of patients with IgG4-RD, malignancy may be associated with subsequent IgG4-RD development. Potential explanations include shared risk factors for both IgG4-RD and cancer, the triggering by cancer of autoantigen expression leading to IgG4-RD, and an increased risk of IgG4-RD resulting from cancer treatment.
Establishing the IT Disaster Recovery Planning Construct

REQUIRED) The concept of IT disaster recovery planning is receiving an increasing amount of attention from IT practitioners and business managers due to its importance in averting disasters and ensuring the continuity of organizations. Surprisingly, little research has been aimed at providing a comprehensive definition of this topic. Thus, this manuscript describes the process by which conceptual definition of IT disaster recovery planning is developed and an exhaustive listing of the construct’s dimensions is derived via content analysis. In this meta-study, 72 articles were found to yield 572 individual planning recommentations related to IT disaster recovery planning. The data were analyzed using a clustering technique and formed into 7 dimensions and 16 sub-dimensions. The results can be used to guide organizations’ IT disaster recovery planning processes.
Self-Control and Grit Related but Separable Determinants of Success

Other than talent and opportunity, what makes some people more successful than others? One important determinant of success is self-control—the capacity to regulate attention, emotion, and behavior in the presence of temptation. A second important determinant of success is grit—the tenacious pursuit of a dominant superordinate goal despite setbacks. Self-control and grit are strongly correlated, but not perfectly so. This means that some people with high levels of self-control capably handle temptations but do not consistently pursue a dominant goal. Likewise, some exceptional achievers are prodigiously gritty but succumb to temptations in domains other than their chosen life passion. Understanding how goals are hierarchically organized clarifies how self-control and grit are related but distinct: Self-control entails aligning actions with any valued goal despite momentarily more-alluring alternatives; grit, in contrast, entails having and working assiduously toward a single challenging superordinate goal through thick and thin, on a timescale of years or even decades. Although both self-control and grit entail aligning actions with intentions, they operate in different ways and over different timescales. This hierarchical goal framework suggests novel directions for basic and applied research on success.
A Practical Method for Data Handling in Multi-Method Usability Research Studies.

BACKGROUND Analyses of large, complex data sets are common in health informatics and usability research. Researchers need feasible ways of streamlining data handling and analyses. We offer a useful approach across qualitative and digitalized data. METHODS Illustrated by a usability evaluation study on a mHealth system, we present methods for managing a large set of usability data using qualitative data analysis software (QDAS). Three different data collection methods were used (usability testing, in-depth interviews, and open-ended questionnaire responses). RESULTS The process began at initial transcription and all data were imported into the system. Content analysis was used throughout - from problem identification to assigning problem classifications and severity ratings to linkages with system views. CONCLUSION This approach was practical and useful as it allowed the capture and synthesis of a large number of multifaceted usability problems. We recommend this approach to other researchers performing usability evaluations on large data sets.
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome after kratom ingestion

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has been associated with hypertension, preeclampsia, cancer chemotherapy, and drugs of abuse, such as amphetamine and methamphetamine. We report a young man who suddenly developed severe headache, disorientation, and aphasia following ingestion of kratom and Adderall. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of his head revealed foci of vasogenic edema in the posterior occipital lobes, frontal lobes, and brainstem. In addition, he had a small area of hemorrhage in the left posterior occipital lobe. Lumbar puncture revealed an increased number of red blood cells but no other abnormalities. His initial blood pressure was elevated but returned to normal during hospitalization. This case suggests that kratom can cause posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and needs to be considered when patients present to emergency centers with headaches, confusion, and visual disturbances.
LEC1 sequentially regulates the transcription of genes involved in diverse developmental processes during seed development

LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), an atypical subunit of the nuclear transcription factor Y (NF-Y) CCAAT-binding transcription factor, is a central regulator that controls many aspects of seed development including the maturation phase during which seeds accumulate storage macromolecules and embryos acquire the ability to withstand desiccation. To define the gene networks and developmental processes controlled by LEC1, genes regulated directly by and downstream of LEC1 were identified. We compared the mRNA profiles of wild-type and lec1-null mutant seeds at several stages of development to define genes that are down-regulated or up-regulated by the lec1 mutation. We used ChIP and differential gene-expression analyses in Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing LEC1 and in developing Arabidopsis and soybean seeds to identify globally the target genes that are transcriptionally regulated by LEC1 in planta. Collectively, our results show that LEC1 controls distinct gene sets at different developmental stages, including those that mediate the temporal transition between photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis early in seed development and seed maturation late in development. Analyses of enriched DNA sequence motifs that may act as cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of LEC1 target genes suggest that LEC1 may interact with other transcription factors to regulate distinct gene sets at different stages of seed development. Moreover, our results demonstrate strong conservation in the developmental processes and gene networks regulated by LEC1 in two dicotyledonous plants that diverged ∼92 Mya.
Localized CD47 blockade enhances immunotherapy for murine melanoma

CD47 is an antiphagocytic ligand broadly expressed on normal and malignant tissues that delivers an inhibitory signal through the receptor signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα). Inhibitors of the CD47–SIRPα interaction improve antitumor antibody responses by enhancing antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) in xenograft models. Endogenous expression of CD47 on a variety of cell types, including erythrocytes, creates a formidable antigen sink that may limit the efficacy of CD47-targeting therapies. We generated a nanobody, A4, that blocks the CD47–SIRPα interaction. A4 synergizes with anti–PD-L1, but not anti-CTLA4, therapy in the syngeneic B16F10 melanoma model. Neither increased dosing nor half-life extension by fusion of A4 to IgG2a Fc (A4Fc) overcame the issue of an antigen sink or, in the case of A4Fc, systemic toxicity. Generation of a B16F10 cell line that secretes the A4 nanobody showed that an enhanced response to several immune therapies requires near-complete blockade of CD47 in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, strategies to localize CD47 blockade to tumors may be particularly valuable for immune therapy.
Rennet-Induced Coagulation of Milk

Abstract All aspects of rennet coagulation are included in this review, from the properties of the caseins relevant to micellar assembly and stability, through the coagulating enzymes and their activity, the methodology for monitoring aggregation and gelation, the various theoretical and empirical models adopted in the analysis of such results, including their successes and failures, as well as the effects of various processing pretreatments of the milk. Emphasis is placed on rheology as a means of studying and quantifying the curd formation process, including the monitoring of syneresis in longer-duration experiments. In the review of rennet-induced micellar aggregation, the influence of electrostatic interactions is highlighted as this has been exploited in explaining the anomalous temperature of rennet coagulation and the role of added ionic calcium in cheesemaking.
The Effectiveness of Guilt and Shame Ad Appeals in Social Marketing: The Role of Regulatory Focus

This work examines the interplay of emotional appeal (guilt versus shame) and regulatory focus of the message (promotion versus prevention) on consumer response to a social marketing campaign. Spec...
'Impeaching' Cooperating Witnesses

This article, discussing trial tactics, considers the scenario in which the government seeks to elicit testimony from a witness, involved in the criminal activity, that has entered into a plea agreement; the defendant offers to stipulate that the defense will make no effort to impeach the witness through the use of the plea agreement and moves to exclude it from evidence; yet the prosecutor insists upon using the agreement. The article discusses United States v. Richardson, 421 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2005), and United States v. McNeill, 728 F.2d 5 (1st Cir. 1984), and concludes that there is no sensible distinction to be drawn between them.
Ultrasonic Social Communication in Bats: Signal Complexity and Its Neural Management

Abstract Audiovocal communication is critical for the survival of bats and they rely heavily on communication sounds that extend well into the ultrasonic range for their everyday social interactions. Insectivorous bats use a rich variety of vocalizations for their social interactions in the dark. Bats’ social vocalizations or “calls” extend into the ultrasonic frequency range and are structurally complex, consisting of one or more simple components or combination of components that follow rules of syntax. Frequency-modulated sweeps within a single vocal component represent basic acoustic elements whose parameters vary with each call type. A wide range of frequency-modulated sweep rates is present across different call types. To perceive and discriminate among a large diversity of calls, bat brains must compute multiple spectral and temporal parameters. To accomplish this, frequency filters present within the cochlea continuously resolve frequency combinations and modulation within calls and combination-sensitive neurons, present within the midbrain and cortex, combine spectrotemporal parameters to construct a unique identifier for each call. Furthermore, call processing within the auditory cortex is lateralized; those on the left side show a greater sensitivity and respond more robustly to calls whereas those on the right side respond more robustly to echolocation sounds and may be better adapted to detect differences in pitch. In this way, the auditory system of bats manages to extract many acoustic features within their complex and rich call repertoire, enabling the coordination of social interactions even in complete darkness.
Structural Perspective on Aggregation of Alkali Metal Ions with Charged Planar and Curved Carbon π-Surfaces

Abstract This work overviews the coordination properties and aggregation patterns of charged π-carbon surfaces with the Group 1 metal ions. A detailed account of works on single- and multielectron reduction of planar and curved polyarenes is given based on structural considerations. First, a wealth of structurally characterized examples of alkali metal complexes with planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons having fused six-membered rings only and a mix of six- and five-membered ring systems is presented. This follows by the discussion of coordination preferences of negatively charged geodesic polyarenes that include fullerene fragments (also referred to as buckybowls or π-bowls) and fullerenes. Only recently, the first anionic products of buckybowls with alkali metal counterions have been isolated in the solid state and crystallographically characterized. This allowed to reveal the coordination preferences of mono-, di-, and tetrareduced bowl-shaped anions and to evaluate geometric perturbations of their core upon multielectron acquisition. Only a few structurally confirmed examples of fullerene anions isolated from solutions with alkali metal counterions have been so far reported. Their charges range from 1 − to 3 − only with the highly charged anions of C60 still awaiting their isolation and structural characterization. These recent findings and their implications for our understanding of alkali metal intercalation relevant to the design and advancement of novel carbon-based electrode materials are highlighted.
Dynamic fracture modeling with a meshfree peridynamic code

Publisher Summary The peridynamic model is an alternate theory of continuum mechanics that is specifically oriented toward modeling problems, in which cracks or other discontinuities emerge spontaneously as a body deforms under load. In this study, a code that implements this theory is applied to the Kalthoff-Winkler dynamic single-fracture experiment in a tough steel specimen. Many problems of fundamental importance in mechanics involve the spontaneous emergence of discontinuities, such as cracks, in the interior of a body. The classical theory of continuum mechanics is in some ways suited to modeling this type of problem because the theory uses partial differential equations as a mathematical description. Although much work has been devoted to special techniques aimed at working around this problem—particularly in the theory of fracture mechanics—these techniques are not fully satisfactory either in principle or in practice as general descriptions of fracture. This difficulty is inherited by numerical methods that implement the classical theory, including almost all finite-element and finite-difference codes in common usage.
Recent developments in high mass and tandem mass spectrometry

Over the past few years developments in the field of mass spectrometry occurred which opened it to areas of research previously completely inaccessible. First was the discovery by Barber et al. (1981) of a novel ionization technique, fast atom bombardment (FAB), which suddenly made it possible to ionize large, polar and thermally labile molecules. Prior to that time, such compounds had to be degraded into smaller molecules and/or chemically transformed to compounds that could be volatilized into the mass spectrometer. By using FAB it now became possible to ionize, generally in the form of protonated molecular ions, (M + H)+, compounds of molecular weight of a few thousand daltons which, however, exceeded the mass range of the then commercially available mass spectrometers.
Virtual Network Embedding in Hybrid Data Center Networks with Over-Subscription

In this paper, we study virtual network embedding problem in hybrid data center networks (HDCN), where each top-on-rack switch is equipped with a directional antenna. Those antennas can dynamically construct a wireless network in the on-demand way, regarding to the current traffic flow. Hence, HDCN has a great potential to alleviate the over- subscription problem suffered by traditional data centers. However, how to embed virtual networks in HDCN while fully utilizing the benefits introduced by the wireless links remains as an open topic. To this end, we jointly consider virtual network embedding and the antenna scheduling. In particular, in our model, to some extend, over-subscription in links is acceptable. We first abstract the studied problem into an integer programming problem. Then we provide a heuristic algorithm to find sub- optimal solutions to the problem. Extensive simulation based evaluation has shown the great efficiency of the proposed algorithm, which makes it a promising solution for VNE in HDCN.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED STRESS, SLEEP PATTERNS AND COGNITION AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA

Previous research reported a bidirectional relationship between sleep and cognition in older adults. Changes in stress levels may account for changes in cognition associated with sleep problems, yet this issue has not been extensively studied. Using the WHO SAGE data that includes adults age 50+ from China and India (N=16,406), we examined whether perceived stress moderates the relationship between self-reported sleep patterns (i.e. duration and quality) and cognition. Perceived stress was negatively associated with cognition, while sleep duration was positive correlated with cognition. Controlling for key sociodemographic and subject characteristics, we found that perceived stress moderates the relationship between sleep duration and cognition. For example, cognition of individuals with elevated perceived stress and longer sleep duration was better compared to those with elevated stress but shorter sleep duration. Future studies should explore the longitudinal association between stress, sleep and cognition with the goal to mitigate cognitive decline in this population.
Come on feel the noise: the relationship between stakeholder engagement and viral messaging through an association’s Twitter use

How do nonprofits use Twitter to build relationships with online stakeholders, while cultivating new audiences through viral messaging? This paper examines the relationship between online stakeholder engagement and the role networks play in promoting an organization’s messages beyond its own follower base. Tweets from 3 years of a membership association’s advocacy campaign were analyzed to uncover what relationship, in any, exists between the online communication function employed and the amount of attention a tweet receives. Further analysis examines the marketing potential of other users’ tweets about the association. This research suggests that an agency’s own messaging in a campaign is the primary recipient of online attention, and the content most likely to be rebroadcast to new audiences. As such, organizations looking to curate viral content must focus on messaging compelling enough to share with stakeholders’ online networks. Additionally, tweets intended to create dialogue with online stakeholders are typically given more active forms of attention including @mentions and retweets with comment. In contrast, information-sharing tweets typically generated more passive forms of attention, like retweets and favorites.
Multidisciplinary Approach to Acute Care Surgical Emergencies in Pregnancy

Common surgical diseases like appendicitis and cholecystitis still happen in the pregnant patient. Additionally, uncommon lesions like hepatic tumors or splenic aneurysms are more likely to rupture in pregnant patients. The on-call surgeon must be familiar with the physiology of pregnancy and must treat the mother in order to successfully treat the fetus. This chapter will discuss the work-up and management of common and uncommon non-obstetric surgical emergencies in pregnant patients.
Inducing Sterility in Carolina Laurel Cherry Using Gamma Irradiation

Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana) is native to the U.S. southeastern coastal plain from North Carolina westward to eastern Texas. The species has been planted extensively in the southeast as an ornamental tree or hedge. Unfortunately, carolina laurel cherry naturalizes readily and is now found in a variety of habitats, both natural and disturbed. Flowering occurs in the late winter/early spring before new leaves emerge and fruit ripens in the fall/winter. Fruit is eaten by migratory birds and seed is dispersed. Seedlings readily germinate in the understory of forests and landscapes in the spring. As there are a limited number of cultivars available, selections with improved form and sterility are needed for the landscape trade. In 2008, seed was collected and treated with Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation at rates ranging from 0 to 150 Gy. The lethal dose killing 50% of the seedlings (LD₅₀) was between 50 and 100 Gy. Three sterile plants were selected in 2012 from the M1 (first generation of mutagen-treated seedlings) population totaling 62 seedlings. M2 (second-generation seedlings from M1 parents) seed was collected Fall 2012, and 1509 seedlings were grown to flowering size in containers. In 2014–15, 120 seedlings that showed no fruit production were planted in the field in Watkinsville, GA, for further evaluation. Ratings on field-grown plants in Dec. 2017 and 2018 showed that 73% and 78% of the plants, respectively, produced no fruit, whereas the remaining plants had minimal to heavy fruit set. Because carolina laurel cherry is andromonoecious, production of male and bisexual flowers was evaluated on 17 selections in 2018. Of 500 flowers evaluated per selection, the number of male flowers per plant ranged from 22 to 415 (4.4% to 83%). The number of racemes with all-male flowers on each selection ranged from 1 to 32. There were no significant correlations between the number of male flowers or number of all-male flowered racemes per plant and production of fruit. Approximately 5% of M2 seedlings remain seedless after 6 years of growth.
Late Maya factionalism and alliances: The case of contact-period central Petén, Guatemala

Abstract An understanding of events and processes during the Late Postclassic and Contact periods (c. CE 1200–1700) in the Maya lowlands of central Peten, Guatemala, was slow to develop through archaeology alone. Ethnohistorical evidence was critical in illuminating the presence of two competing ethnopolities in the region, Itza and Kowoj, especially with respect to marked spatiotemporal differences in material culture. Documentary sources also revealed the existence of factions within these polities, particularly concerning capitulation to the Spaniards. Isolating material signatures of these groupings was difficult archaeologically, given five centuries of hostilities, resettlement, and material culture change. Reconsideration of the archaeology at Cante Island, in Kowoj territory, supports the attested alliance between a Kowoj faction and an Itza faction, as evidenced by architecture, pottery decorative styles and composition, and sources of obsidian. Activities and decisions of the factions and their leaders can be compared to those of modern factions studied by social scientists.
An anthrone-based Kv7.2/7.3 channel blocker with improved properties for the investigation of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract A set of novel Kv7.2/7.3 (KCNQ2/3) channel blockers was synthesized to address several liabilities of the known compounds XE991 (metabolic instability and CYP inhibition) and the clinical compound DMP 543 (acid instability, insolubility, and lipophilicity). Using the anthrone scaffold of the prior channel blockers, alternative heteroarylmethyl substituents were installed via enolate alkylation reactions. Incorporation of a pyridazine and a fluorinated pyridine gave an analog (compound 18, JDP-107) with a promising combination of potency (IC50 = 0.16 μM in a Kv7.2 thallium flux assay), efficacy in a Kv7.2/7.3 patch clamp assay, and drug-like properties.
“Beneath a Rich Blaze of Golden Sunlight”: The Travels of Archduke Maximilian through Brazil, 1860

In early 1860, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria arrived in Bahia on a short, but ultimately illuminating, visit to his cousin, Brazilian Emperor Pedro II. Published posthumously in English ...