cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transport and budget of sterols in the western North Atlantic Ocean1,2

A general correlation exists between total free sterols, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a in the upper 300 m of the water column in the western North Atlantic Ocean. High values are found in shelf waters and in the subsurface chlorophyll u maximum in the Sargasso Sea, lower values at a Gulf Stream meander or ring fringe station. A diatom sterol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dienol, appears to be produced only within the euphotic zone. Below this, consumption or removal processes dominate and the concentration of this compound decreases with depth. On the other hand, a zooplankton sterol, cholesterol, occurs throughout the water column, exhibiting maxima at the base of the mixed layer and at depths where particles tend to accumulate because of fiavorable chemical or density gradients, Flux calculations show that at most 0.05-0.3% of the sterols produced by phytoplankton in Sargasso Sea surface waters is deposited to the ocean floor. The stcrol residence time (the avcragc lifetime of a sterol molecule before it is mctabolizcd) in the euphotic zone was calculated to bc about 1 month, whereas the deep water residence time is 20-150 years.
Special sets of lines in PG(3, 2)

Abstract Using a particular representation, we investigate the sets of lines in PG(3, 2) having the property that every point is incident with the same number n of lines of the set and we determine the orbits of these sets under PSL(4, 2). The main case (n = 3), in particular, has been studied before by Bussemaker and Seidel. While they use a combinatorial approach, ours has a more geometric flavor and may add some new details. In particular, we provide a proof that the five types of sets with n = 3 given by them exhaust all possibilities. We also consider parallelisms.
Distributed Non-Autonomous Power Control through Distributed Convex Optimization

We consider the uplink power control problem where mobile users in different cells are communicating with their base stations. We formulate the power control problem as the minimization of a sum of convex functions. Each component function depends on the channel coefficients from all the mobile users to a specific base station and is assumed to be known only to that base station (only CSIR). We then view the power control problem as a distributed optimization problem that is to be solved by the base stations and propose convergent, distributed and iterative power control algorithms. These algorithms require each base station to communicate with the base stations in its neighboring cells in each iteration and are hence non- autonomous. Since the base stations are connected through a wired backbone the communication overhead is not an issue. The convergence of the algorithms is shown theoretically and also verified through numerical simulations.
Solutions of classical gauge field theories with spin and internal symmetry

Abstract We examine finite-dimensional matrix solutions to the equations of classical gauge field theories and interpret them in terms of solitons with spin and internal symmetry. The equations are reduced to relations among scalar quantities which turn out to be the same as those obtained for spinless solitons with no internal degrees of freedom, both for spherically symmetric and cylindrically symmetric situations. General formulas are derived for the invariant magnetic field associated with the theory. In the spherical case with degrees of freedom corresponding to spin 1 2 and isospin 1 2 we find that the solitons are monopoles with magnetic charge satisfying the quantization condition eg = 1 2 . Finally, we discuss the difficulties associated with our interpretation.
High Frequency of Mutations That Expand the Host Range of an RNA Virus

The ability of a virus population to colonize a novel host is predicted to depend on the equilibrium frequency of potential colonists (i.e., genotypes capable of infecting the novel host) in the source population. In this study, we investigated the determinants of the equilibrium frequency of potential colonists in the RNA bacteriophage 6. We isolated 40 spontaneous mutants capable of infecting a novel Pseudomonas syringae host and sequenced their host attachment genes to identify the responsible mutations. We observed 16 different mutations in the host attachment gene and used a new statistical approach to estimate that 39 additional mutations were missed by our screen. Phenotypic and fitness assays confirmed that the proximate mechanism underlying host range expansion was an increase in the ability to attach to the novel host and that acquisition of this ability most often imposed a cost for growth rate on two standard hosts. Considered in a population genetic framework, our data suggest that host range mutations should exist in phage populations at an equilibrium frequency (3 x 10(-4)) that exceeds the phage mutation rate by more than two orders of magnitude. Thus, colonization of novel hosts is unlikely to be limited by an inability to produce appropriate mutations.
Optimal flow control schemes that regulate the burstiness of traffic

The problem of designing burst reducing flow controllers for traffic in an ATM network is studied. By requiring that the output flow obey certain burstiness constraints, it is shown that an optimal design exists and that it can be easily implemented in real time. Two versions of the problem are considered. The first one places constraints on the buffer size and the second one on the maximum delay that a cell can experience. Both problems are solved for arbitrary traffic processes. To treat the problems in this generality the authors introduce reflection mappings and use them, in a rather novel way, to establish optimality results. As a by-product of the analysis and methods, the optimality of the popular leaky bucket flow control scheme is also established. >
Sequencing of a Gene Encoding a Member of the Mitochondrial Carrier Family of Transport Proteins from Aspergillus nidulans

Mitochondrial carrier proteins comprise a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved proteins that regulate the specific transport of essential metabolites across the mitochondrial membranes. In this report we describe the cloning and sequencing of a gene from Aspergillus nidulans, amc-1, that encodes the first reported example of a mitochondrial carrier protein in Aspergillus species. The amc-1 gene is located on chromosome 7, and is transcribed as a 1.6 kb unspliced polyadenylated RNA. The predicted translation product of the amc-1. cDNA displays three tandemly repeated domains which possess protein signature motifs that are characteristic of mitochondrial carrier proteins that localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane. amc-1 shares the greatest similarity with a Neurospora mitochondrial carrier protein that is implicated in basic amino acid transport, suggesting that the amc-1 protein may provide a related function.
Ethnic minority businesses and targeted assistance programs in the US and the UK

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the current status and the development of ethnic minority businesses in the USA and in the UK. Comparing the two countries’ past, current, and likely future situations and recognizing that each situation offers some lessons to the other, implications for minority business owners and for those who assist or study such businesses in each country are presented. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents descriptive research and analysis, developed from a thorough study of governmental and non-governmental minority business assistance programs, and of corporate procurement programs, utilizing both primary and secondary sources; governmental, non-governmental organization and corporate publications; and the existing academic and practitioner literature. Findings – Practitioners, consultants, and researchers in both the USA and the UK face considerable regulatory, demographic and other challenges and opportunities over the coming years with regard to the...
Use of the Consistency Check in the Vector Verification Method.

The consistency check is a type of frequency check in which full use is made of the space group symmetry. It is designed for application to a symmetry map, to a tentative atom map, to the results of superposition s, or to any pseudoelectron-density map. Like the frequency check, its purpose is to aid in the analysis of one of the above maps by assigning a relative weight (relative weight equals the number of other peaks that the given peak is consistent with) to the peaks in these maps. To determine the relative weight, each peak in the map is compared with each of the others to see if it is consistent. Two peaks are considered consistent with each other, if and only if, the set of unique vectors between the two is present in the Patterson map. The method is equivalent to doing a full set of symmetry superpositions at each peak in a symmetry map or a tentative atom map; counting the number of points in the resulting map; and outputting this number at the initial peak position. No assumptions other than that for space group symmetry are required to apply the consistency check to a symmetry map. The resulting map, which has been calculated in a routine fashion directly from the Patterson map, may then be conveniently used as the starting point for the structure analysis of an unknown compound.
TREATMENT OF VOCAL TICS IN CHILDREN WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME: INVESTIGATING THE EFFICACY OF HABIT REVERSAL

Habit reversal was used to treat vocal tics in 5 children with Tourette syndrome. Vocal tics were reduced in 4 of the 5 children, the untreated motor tics did not increase, and treatment was acceptable to the children's parents.
Spinal Delivery of AAV Vector Restores Enzyme Activity and Increases Ventilation in Pompe Mice

Pompe disease is a form of muscular dystrophy due to lysosomal storage of glycogen caused by deficiency of acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Respiratory failure in Pompe disease has been attributed to respiratory muscle dysfunction. However, evaluation of spinal tissue from Pompe patients and animal models indicates glycogen accumulation and lower motoneuron pathology. We hypothesized that restoring GAA enzyme activity in the region of the phrenic motor nucleus could lead to improved breathing in a murine Pompe model (the Gaa−/− mouse). Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5), encoding either GAA or green fluorescent protein (GFP), was delivered at the C3–C4 spinal level of adult Gaa−/− mice and the spinal cords were harvested 4 weeks later. AAV5-GAA injection restored spinal GAA enzyme activity and GAA immunostaining was evident throughout the cervical ventral horn. The periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method was used to examine neuronal glycogen accumulation, and spinal PAS staining was attenuated after AAV5-GAA injection. Lastly, plethysmography revealed that minute ventilation was greater in unanesthetized AAV5-GAA versus AAV5-GFP treated Gaa−/− mice at 1–4 months postinjection. These results support the hypothesis that spinal cord pathology substantially contributes to ventilatory dysfunction in Gaa−/− mice and therefore requires further detailed evaluation in patients with Pompe disease.
Do Economic Variables Follow Scale or Location-Scale Distributions?

Economics researchers often assume that random variables are drawn from distributions that are members of scale or location-scale families of distributions. This article generalizes earlier results in the literature on the bias in least squares estimates of multiplicative error models, and uses those results to construct a test of the scale and location-scale hypotheses. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the test is powerful in large samples. The empirical relevance of these findings is illustrated with estimates of a supply function for U.S. wheat production. Implications for applied economics research are discussed.
Effect of Antibiotics on Intestinal Microflora and Flavor of Broiler Meat

Abstract Variations in broiler meat broth flavor, intestinal microflora, and bacterial metabolites resulting from the administration of dietary antibiotics were investigated. Hubbard × Hubbard cross chicks were divided into four groups and presented one of the following acidified aqueous solutions for 7 weeks: 1) combination of 1.0 mg/ml streptomycin and bacitracin and .1 mg/ml mycostatin; 2) 1.0 mg/ml penicillin G; 3) .0011 mg/ml flavomycin; 4) acidified water. Treatments were evaluated by sensory panels, gas chromatographic analyses of flavor volatiles and organic acids, and intestinal bacterial cultures. Significant differences in flavor scores, organic acids, flavor profiles, and bacterial populations were noted between the experimental treatments and broilers receiving acidified water without antibiotics. Birds that received the penicillin and combination antibiotics exhibited several germ-free-like characteristics including distended ceca, fluid cecal contents, and thinner intestinal walls. Results of this study demonstrated that dietary antibiotics significantly modified the intestinal microflora and metabolites which resulted in a significant change in broiler meat broth flavor.
Oral Anticoagulation Thresholds

Background Monitoring patients on oral anticoagulation is essential to prevent hemorrhage and recurrent thrombosis. We studied tissue factor–induced whole-blood coagulation in patients on warfarin therapy with similar international normalized ratios (INRs). Methods and Results Contact pathway–suppressed whole-blood coagulation initiated with tissue factor was studied in 8 male subjects (group W) and in 1 individual multiple times (subject A). Coagulation profiles for group W showed that subjects with similar INRs had widely varying clot times (6.2 to 23 minutes) and thrombin–antithrombin III (TAT) profiles with rates of 25 to 40 nmol · L−1 · min−1 and maximum levels varying from 192 to 349 nmol/L. The normal control group exhibited clot times of 5.7±0.3 minutes and TAT rates of 57±13 nmol · L−1 · min−1, reaching maximum levels of 742±91 nmol/L. Subject A, who was stably anticoagulated at an INR of 2.1±0.4 for 6 months, had widely ranging profiles with clot times of 9.0 to 22.7 minutes, TAT maximums varyin...
Fundamental analysis of harmonic reflection in microwave frequency triplers

Harmonic reflection is a vital technique for microwave frequency multiplier design, including the design of frequency triplers. In this article, principles of frequency tripler design with reflector networks are analyzed via harmonic-balance simulation of an idealized MESFET/HEMT transistor model. The use of an idealized model allows fundamental mechanisms of 3f0 output power and conversion-gain improvement via reflector networks to be characterized. Several reflector configurations are analyzed including: a 3f0 input reflector; a f0 output reflector; and a combination of both reflectors. The effects of reflector offset length on tripler performance are analyzed in terms of conversion gain, output power, reflected power, and time-domain waveforms. As a result of this work, a greater understanding of harmonic-reflector networks and their importance to tripler design is achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006.
Police officers’ opinions of the use of unnecessary force by other officers

This study examined the assumptions that the use of unnecessary force is acceptable to police officers and they are unlikely to report its use to a supervisor. Suspect characteristics, situational aspects, and examples of force were integrated into vignettes. Officers from three small departments responded to two vignettes. Officers accept unnecessary force if a suspect flees, but not the use of physical force. Police officers are doubtful that any other officer will report the use of force to a supervisor when a suspect appears to be involved in criminal behavior. Research limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Assessing Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Interventions with the College-Age Population: A Longitudinal Review

High-risk alcohol consumption among college students, and the negative behaviors and consequences that often result, continues to plaque colleges and universities across the country. Likewise, university personnel struggle finding the most effective means of curbing this dangerous behavior. High-risk alcohol prevention, intervention, and recovery initiatives vary from institution to institution due to a variety of factors including limited personnel and financial resources. This article examined data from one university's programmatic efforts and revealed that the intervention strategies mirror many of the national collegiate initiatives embracing intervention and recovery and is a solid model for colleges and universities to emulate when addressing student substance use. Grounded in a harm-reduction approach, implications and recommendations for establishing a sustained campus-wide commitment to high-risk alcohol reduction are offered.
Evidence of Lake Whitefish Spawning in the Detroit River: Implications for Habitat and Population Recovery

ABSTRACT Historic reports imply that the lower Detroit River was once a prolific spawning area for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) prior to the construction of the Livingstone shipping channel in 1911. Large numbers of lake whitefish migrated into the river in fall where they spawned on expansive limestone bedrock and gravel bars. Lake whitefish were harvested in the river during this time by commercial fisheries and for fish culture operations. The last reported landing of lake whitefish from the Detroit River was in 1925. Loss of suitable spawning habitat during the construction of the shipping channels as well as the effects of over-fishing, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation, loss of riparian wetlands, and other perturbations to riverine habitat are associated with the disappearance of lake whitefish spawning runs. Because lake whitefish are recovering in Lake Erie with substantial spawning occurring in the western basin, we suspected they may once again be using the Detroit River to s...
Surface Access to Severed Federal Minerals

The legacy of manifest destiny is still present in the land ownership patterns of the American West. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers 58 million acres of federally owned minerals that underlie non-federally owned surface parcels, many of which were granted pursuant to the Stock-Raising Homestead Act (SRHA). In struggling to balance the competing needs of the mineral and surface owners, in the absence of an express agreement between the surface and mineral owner, courts have generally permitted the mineral owner to use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to development of the minerals. This implied easement, however, has been strictly limited to the surface directly overlying the severed minerals; use of the surface for the sole benefit and purpose of developing adjoining parcels, without advantage to the subjacent minerals, has been prohibited. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit recently revisited this issue in the context of a federal exploratory unit in Entek GRB, LLC v. Stull Ranches, LLC. Relying on Congress’s reservations in the SRHA, the court held that unitization of federal minerals pursuant to the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (MLA) dissolved individual property boundaries within the unit for purposes of determining rights of surface use by the mineral lessee. The Entek decision permits more expansive surface use within federal units and has broad-ranging implications for the future of mineral development in the West. This chapter examines the implications of the Entek decision on split-estate surface use in federal exploratory units. First it provides general background, including a brief overview of federal unitization, the SHRA, the MLA, and the Entek decision. The chapter will then look at how Entek may impact specific surface uses, including wastewater disposal, production and gathering facilities, location of man camps, and use of the surface owner’s fresh and salt water for production purposes, and the compensation paid to the surface owner for these uses. It also describes how contraction of the unit may limit the impact of Entek and how the Entek decision may result in changes to the application of the reasonable use and accommodation doctrines within federal exploratory units.
The Trap of Triage Lessons from the “Team Four Plan”

In 1975, consultants from Team Four Inc. advised St. Louis planners to pursue a strategy of neighborhood triage: “conservation” for areas in good health, “redevelopment” for areas just starting to ...
A Multivariate Analysis of Retail Prescription Prices

Discrimination against blacks may be part of our American marketing system. Little is known about racial discrimination at the retail level because of many confounding factors which affect blacks' expenditure patterns. This study successfully isolated the race factor as a possible cause of price discrimination in a prescription drug purchase. Much confusion exists as to whether the poor pay more, and who is more likely to be poor. For example, only 8% of white families headed by a person under 65 are classified as poor by the Social Security Administration, but approximately 30% of black families headed by a person under 65 are classified as poor [4]. Black families are about four times more likely to be poor than white families. Perhaps the question of the poor paying more should be restated, "Do the black poor pay more?" A Philadelphia study concluded that the poor do not pay more because they travel outside of their immediate community to purchase food items [2]. The results are misleading because the study measured shopping opinions of respondents whose family incomes averaged between $4,000 and $5,000 per year, which is greater than present poverty levels. Other sources have reported conflicting results. The Wall Street Journal reported that the poor pay more for food and presciption drugs regardless of the type of store patronized [7]. There is confusion about the difference between racial and economic class discrimination because many studies are institutionally, rather than consumer, oriented. For example, in a study of 240 Philadelphia food stores it was found that inner city independent food stores charged less for a food basket than small independent retailers located in higher-income areas [1]. No pattern of price differences was discovered between inner city and suburban supermarkets. However, there were only three supermarkets in the inner city and 84 in the suburbs. The small independent food store universally charged more for a food basket than the supermarket. The study made inferences about institutional price discrimination rather than about discrimination by race and economic class.
Scattering of High-Incident-Energy Kr and Xe from Ice: Evidence that a Major Channel Involves Penetration into the Bulk

The scattering of high kinetic energy (1–6.5 eV) xenon and krypton atoms from ice was experimentally measured and theoretically modeled. The ice efficiently accommodates translational energy, but the extent to which the energy is quenched suggests the mechanism for the highest energies and near-normal incidence angles involves more than interaction with just the molecules at the ice surface. Simulations show that for these conditions the xenon penetrates into the selvedge. This penetration into the solid manifests experimentally in that the postcollision translational energy is essentially independent of the incident translational energy. This observation is in stark contrast with what is usually the situation for scattering from a surface. Finally, postexposure desorption measurements showed that some of the incident gas atoms were trapped in the bulk of the ice at temperatures well above where the absorption is thermodynamically stable. The above evidence leads to the conclusion that under conditions of...
Direct Empirical Estimation of Arrival-Time Picking Error from Waveform Cross-Correlations

Error in picking arrival times of seismic phases by human analysts has concerned the seismological community since the inception of earthquake location via the Geiger (least-squares) method. Arrival-time picking error and the inaccuracy of the location model both contribute to errors in hypocentral estimates, but in such a way that they are usually not separable. Model error can be attenuated greatly by joint tomography inversions for 3D velocity and revised hypocenters. This article attempts to define picking error in a more rigorous way than the subjective judgments of human analysts concerning their accuracy and the estimates made from tomography. A precise way to estimate interevent arrival times at stations is possible through cross-correlation of waveforms. This method obtains an accurate interevent time against which interevent time from human picking can be compared, and a statistical treatment of picking error emerges from a large set of cross-correlations. Estimates of picking error can be compared with final data error estimates from joint tomography inversions and to analysts’ own estimates of picking error. This article uses data from the Southern Great Basin Digital Seismic Network (SGBDSN) for the years 2000–2007. From waveform cross-correlations with this data, the standard deviation of picking error for good quality signals is 0.020 sec for P and 0.028 sec for S . The analysts’ own estimates of picking error considerably exceed the values determined from cross-correlation of very good waveforms, by roughly a factor of 2 to 3 routinely. Joint structure/hypocenters tomography on a local scale (model extent <100 km), as gleaned from the literature, reduces the standard deviation of travel-time errors to roughly 0.08 sec. The standard deviation of residuals for a tomography study using the SGBDSN data was 0.06 sec, larger by a factor of roughly three than the picking error estimate from cross-correlation of waveforms.
NEW SURFACE ANTIGEN IN CELLS TRANSFORMED BY SIMIAN PAPOVAVIRUS SV40.

SummaryHamster cells transformed by papovavirus SV40 in vitro and in vivo possess new surface antigens that can be detected by the indirect immunofluorescent technic. Antibody against the surface antigens of the SV40-transformed cells fail to react with normal cells from various species including the hamster, with the “spontaneously” oncogenic hamster BHK21 cells, or with hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12. Inoculation of hamsters with cells not transformed by SV40 did not elicit synthesis of an antibody capable of reacting with the surface antigens of the cells transformed by the papovavirus.
Serial transmission of the milk agent of mouse mammary carcinoma.

SummaryIn serial passage of the milk agent, or virus, through highly susceptible ZBC hybrid mice by the intraperitoneal injection of mammary gland filtrates, the number of tumors declined in the first and second passages, and no tumors developed in the third and fourth passages.
Parasitization of the Potato Tuberworm in Southern California

Parasitization of potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), larvae on spring and fall plantings of potato was studied in southern California in 1963, 1964, and again in 1968 and 1969. Foliage mined by larvae was collected at weekly or twice-weekly intervals and held for emergence of adult moths and/or parasites. Thirteen species of parasites were reared, including 7 braconids, 5 ichneumonids, and 1 eulophid. Twelve were indigenous. The remaining species, Orgilus lepidus Muesebeck, was one of 6 parasites imported from Argentina in 1963 and 1964. Agathis gibbosa (Say), Apanteles scutellaris Muesebeck, and Chelonus phthorimaea Gahan, were the most common parasites recovered, and in that order. Of 488 and 1,153 host larvae collected in 1968 and 1969, respectively, 57.8 and 53.9% were parasitized. In 1969, 29.4% of the larvae collected from the spring planting were parasitized and 77.4% of those from the fall planting.
Parque Madureira: Exceptional or Merely Good in Comparison?

Nearly all the major urban planning initiatives associated with the ongoing transformation of Rio de Janeiro, such as the renovation of the port district, the creation of the Olympic village, and the opening of cross-municipal bus-rapid-transit lines, have been greeted by protests and criticism from architects and urban planners. One project, the Parque Madureira, a new green corridor in the city’s North Zone, has received great acclaim by Brazilian and international urbanists. Local residents seem to like it, too. Representatives of social movements, in contrast, point out that the Parque Madureira involved the same kind of favela removal criticized elsewhere. Is the Parque Madureira truly exceptional or does it merely look good in comparison to shortcomings elsewhere? What are its implications in the larger transformation of the city? This paper seeks to answer those questions by comparing the Parque Madureira both to other current urban interventions and to older parks, such as the Quinta da Boa Vista and the Aterro do Flamengo.
Longitudinal analysis of ecosystem services' socioeconomic benefits: Wastewater treatment projects in a desert city

Abstract This paper addresses the socioeconomic dimensions and public perceptions of ecosystem services offered by “green” wastewater infrastructure in a desert city over 20 years, taking an in-depth look at the valuation of these services. While there was significant controversy and public conflict over the location of the original wastewater treatment facility and an initial decrease in property values, the average assessed property values in the study area increased relatively quickly. Within five years, they met and exceeded the average property values in the Metropolitan Phoenix Area. Our longitudinal study found that anticipated nuisance effects did not materialize with the operation of the facility and that residents were satisfied or very satisfied with the area's quality of life as well as its environmental quality. The results also show that the co-benefits of artificial wastewater wetlands and green recreational space associated with the use of effluent and groundwater recharge enhanced developments around these facilities, making these places socially acceptable. Finally, we determined that proximity to views of water and parks, especially in desert cities, adds substantial value. Home prices showed remarkable resiliency in neighborhoods around constructed water projects that filter effluent, provide enhanced place-making aesthetics and recharge the groundwater aquifer, the most critical ecosystem service.
A Systematic Approach to Fault Attack Resistant Design

Fault injection is a powerful hacking tool, affecting all forms of cryptography. In this chapter, we describe common fault injection mechanisms, and common fault analysis techniques. From these observations, we derive a set of guidelines and techniques for fault attack resistant design. The main objective of this contribution is to describe fault attack resistant design and differentiate it from fault tolerant design, a set of techniques based on redundancy. The key differentiator between the two types of design can be made by considering the cause of the fault. Fault tolerant design deals with random, arbitrary events and generic failures of a design. In contrast, fault attack resistant design deals with an intelligent adversary who has a focused objective to break the security of a design. The fault tolerant methods basically require the system to be able to continue performing its functions correctly in presence of faults. On the other hand, a fault attack resistant design requires the system to continue performing its intended operation without leaking secret data-dependent information in presence of faults. While fault tolerant design techniques can be used to create a fault attack resistant design, in this chapter, will show that by analyzing the fault attack requirements, the nature of the threat enables significant optimizations, which improve cost and performance of the protected designs. We review several fault-resistant design techniques that are generic and broadly applicable to secure intellectual property (IP) modules.
Designing for learning experiences: the case of early-career knowledge workers

In this experience report, we argue that the design of learning networks can be understood as a communication design problem, and user-experience design strategies thus can be leveraged to improve the situations of early-career employees in knowledge work contexts. The report positions this issue in the context of previous research on the transition to workplace learning, and then illustrates the issue in the context of an existing organization, SMN (pseudonym). Next, the report explains three prevailing methods for analyzing learning networks as a way for communication designers to consider what additional research sensibilities and techniques might be needed to continue addressing the exigencies of networked learning we have described. Finally, the report offers a four-part framework to inform future research, design, and theory-building for the design of new employee experiences.
Maternal, perinatal, and postneonatal outcomes in women with chronic heart disease in Washington State.

OBJECTIVE To explore the association between the presence of maternal heart disease and maternal, perinatal, and infant outcomes. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using Washington State birth certificates linked with hospital discharge records of mothers noted to have maternal congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or pulmonary hypertension. Women who gave birth between 1987 and 2009 (n=2,171) were compared with a sample of mothers without these conditions (n=21,710). We described characteristics of pregnant women with heart disease over time. Logistic regression estimated the association between chronic maternal heart disease and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates as well as perinatal, postneonatal, and maternal death. RESULTS The proportion of births to women with reported heart disease increased 224% between the 1987 and 1994 and 2002 and 2009 calendar periods. Chronic maternal heart disease was associated with increased risk of SGA (62 additional SGA newborns per 1,000 births, 95% confidence interval [CI] 46-78; P<.001), perinatal death (14 additional deaths per 1,000 births, 95% CI 8-20; P<.001), postneonatal death (5 additional deaths per 1,000 births, 95% CI 2-9; P<.001), and maternal death (5 additional deaths per 1,000 births, 95% CI 2-9; P<.001). CONCLUSION The presence of chronic maternal heart disease is associated with elevated risk for poor maternal, perinatal, and postneonatal outcomes.
Silyl Ether as a Robust and Thermally Stable Dynamic Covalent Motif for Malleable Polymer Design

Here we introduce silyl ether linkage as a novel dynamic covalent motif for dynamic material design. Through introduction of a neighboring amino moiety, we show that the silyl ether exchange rate can be accelerated by almost three orders of magnitude. By incorporating such silyl ether linkages into covalently cross-linked polymer networks, we demonstrate dynamic covalent network polymers displaying both malleability and reprocessability. The malleability of the networks is studied by monitoring stress relaxation at varying temperature, and their topology freezing temperatures are determined. The tunable dynamic properties coupled with the high thermal stability and reprocessability of silyl ether-based networks open doors to many potential applications for this family of materials.
Gender Differences in Desistance From Crime: How Do Social Bonds Operate Among Formerly Incarcerated Emerging Adults?

Life course theory suggests that the social bond of marriage can serve as a pivotal turning point toward the termination of criminal activity, particularly for men. Yet limited research has investi...
Peer Mentor Program for the General Chemistry Laboratory Designed To Improve Undergraduate STEM Retention

We describe the design and implementation of an undergraduate peer mentor program that can overlay an existing general chemistry laboratory and is designed to improve STEM student retention. For the first four freshman cohorts going through the program, year-to-year retention improved by a four year average of 20% for students in peer mentored laboratories versus those not in peer mentored laboratories. A majority of students in peer mentored laboratories recommend continuation of the program, 85.4% of 765 students in the first three cohorts. Our program is uncomplicated and requires only modest financial resources to affect significant increases in STEM retention.
Electronic cigarettes: One size does not fit all

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been growing rapidly in popularity among youth and adults in the United States over the last decade. This increasing prevalence is driven partially by the ability to customize devices, flavors, and nicotine content and the general notion that ECs are harmless, particularly in comparison with conventional cigarettes. In vitro and in vivo murine models have demonstrated a number of harmful biological effects of e-liquids and their aerosols. However, limited clinical data exist on whether these effects translate into detrimental long-term outcomes in human subjects. The short-term harmful respiratory effects of EC use demonstrated in nonsmokers argue against their use. However, slightly more favorable data exist for the respiratory benefits of substituting conventional cigarettes with ECs and the short-term efficacy of ECs as smoking cessation tools. Nonetheless, available research is severely limited in regard to long-term outcomes and by study designs fraught with bias, pointing to the need for additional research efforts with well-designed longitudinal studies to guide US Food and Drug Administration regulatory efforts. The hurdle presented by diverse device designs and e-liquid permutations, which contribute to the inconsistency of available data, also highlights the need for legislative standardization of ECs.
To Question or Accept? How Status Differences Influence Responses to New Epistemic Technologies in Knowledge Work

In this article I present a theoretical model of how relationships among members of groups of knowledge workers shape the way new epistemic technologies, which are tools that play a central role in...
A Brain-Focused Neoclassical Microeconomics

“Brain-focused neoclassical economics” uses neoclassical analytical methods to predict a range of human decision and behavioral flaws documented by behavioral economists and psychologists. It helps explain (and predicts), through deductive methodological means, many presumed “irrationalities,” such as inconsistencies in choices. It also explains laboratory subjects’ failures to appropriately discount future costs and benefits, to ignore sunk costs, and to consider opportunity costs. It also provides an analytical foundation for Adam Smith’s presumption that people have a propensity to specialize and trade: specialization and trade free up the brain’s limited resources for other uses, increasing the potential rationality of decision-making. Overall, under a brain-focused methodology, many presumed “irrationalities” are not the welfare destroying decision errors in need of corrections that they have been made out to be. Rather, they can be reconstrued as welfare enhancing. Moreover, movements toward, say, freer trade can have efficiency and welfare benefits beyond those neoclassical economists have always considered: specialization and freer trade can improve the allocation of external resources, as conventionally argued, but they can also improve the allocation of internal neuronal resources, leading to more rational decisions in the allocation of external resources. Under strict neoclassical economics, instruction founded on perfect rationality is an economic waste. Under a brain-focused foundation for economics, the discipline has the potential for improving decision-making and, as a consequence, economic welfare, in much the same way that property rights, prices, and markets can.
Development of an instructional practices scale for business school curricula

As reflective educators, we seek to use instructional practices offering the greatest benefit to our students. Such benefits are easily seen and understood by the professor, but less often are clearly recognized by the students. To fully evaluate the impact of various activities on students, it is essential to explore the pedagogical practices they engage in, both within, and outside of the classroom. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the variety of instructional activities used int eh business curricula. The instrument that will be described in this session contains thirteen scales drawn from a total of 58 developed items. The survey gathered responses from 189 business students from four US-based universities: two state-supported (public) and two private. Based on Varimax factor analysis rotation, the scales were left intact. All 58 items aligned on the thirteen scales as predicted. Using Cronbach's Alpha, the reliability of the thirteen scales was supported: all Alpha’s measured above .83. The focus of this study is to validate the instructional groupings. The instrument will also serve to measure the delivery of classroom and institutional-guided learning practices for sound instructional practice.
Soviet Psycholinguistics: Implications for Teaching of Writing

In the last decade the work of Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky has finally begun to receive the attention in the United States that is so rich deserves. The genius of Vygotsky shines through his work despite the years of suppression in the Soviet Union, despite the frequent behavioristic misinterpretations placed on his work in this country, and despite the mistaken identification of his approach and concerns with those of Jean Piaget. Vygotsky’s Thought and Language and Mind in Society have been widely read, and his insights into inner speech, the zone of proximal development, the dialectics of thought and language, and the development of word meanings and scientific concepts have proven significant, especially for those of us who are concerned with the learning and development of reading and writing abilities. Yet increasing acceptance has its own dangers.
Vanadate Stimulation of Pyridine Nucleotide Oxidation in Mammalian Liver Microsomal Membranes

Vanadate has been shown in numerous experiments to markedly stimulate the oxidation of NAD(P)H in biological membranes. However, explanations of the nature of this stimulation often have been contradictory. Vanadate-catalyzed oxidations have been postulated to be a result of a specific membrane-associated NADH oxidase.1 Liochev and Fridovich2 have reported that this phenomenon reflects a vanadate stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidation by superoxide rather than by vanadate-stimulated NAD(P)H oxidases or dehydrogenases. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the nature of the vanadate stimulation of pyridine nucleotide oxidation in membranes from rat liver and to determine if vanadate is capable of stimulating NADPH oxidation in systems containing purified NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase.
Order-enriched sketches for typed lambda calculi.

Order-enriched sketches are constructed for which the initial algebras are respectively, the simple typed λ-calculus, the PCF version of the λ-calculus, and the polymorphic typed λ-calculus.
Traditional versus Alternative Pathways to Certification: Assessing Differences in Music Teacher Self-Efficacy.

Teacher-credentialing policy debates often center on questions of whether traditional or alternative pathways to teacher certification better position future teachers for success. Given the growing...
From Battery Enabled to Natural Harvesting: Enzymatic BioFuel Cell Assisted Integrated Analog Front-End in 130nm CMOS for Long-Term Monitoring

Biofuel cell as a natural energy source is a promising biocompatible technology which harvests the blood glucose into usable energy and replaces the toxic lithium-based battery solutions. However, the promise of this perennial non-toxic power is tempered by its unstable operation and low-voltage outputs leading to very limited operational lifetimes. This paper demonstrates a glucose-powered analog front-end with superior noise performance, which is enabled by standalone enzymatic biofuel cells operating for more than 30 min on active power without replenishment. Two biofuel cells are stacked to realize 0.5V output using commercially available glucose oxidase and the enzyme stability is improved via multipoint crosslinks by glutaraldehyde. To mitigate the effects of noisy and temperature-sensitive pseudo-resistors, a switched-resistor biasing scheme is applied to the input amplifier with the measured input-referred noise of $0.31~\mu V_{\mathrm{ RMS}}$ only. The proposed hybrid power scheme uses $1.6~\mu \text{W}$ from the battery with $1.9~\mu \text{W}$ provided by the biofuel cells. The entire analog front-end including a cascaded dual-supply amplifier with switched-capacitor SAR ADC and single-opamp relaxation oscillator occupies 1.12 mm2. Measured results show on-chip gain and noise variations across temperature of only 1.1 dB and 19.2 nV/ $\sqrt {\mathrm {Hz}}$ , respectively, with noise (power) efficient factor of 1.46 (1.63).
Linear Theory of Piezoelectricity

In this chapter we specialize on the nonlinear equations in Chap. 1 for large deformations and strong fields to the case of infinitesimal deformations and weak fields, which results in the linear theory of piezoelectricity. A few theoretical aspects of the linear theory are also discussed.
Forcing of the Upper-Tropospheric Monsoon Anticyclones

AbstractDuring the boreal warm season (May–September), the circulation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is dominated by two large anticyclones: the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) an...
Catalytic reactions of gamma-valerolactone: A platform to fuels and value-added chemicals

Abstract Gamma-valerolactone (GVL), which is accessible from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, has been identified as one of the most promising platforms for the sustainable production of fuels and value-added chemicals. This review aims at recent advances in the catalytic production of GVL from biomass and further upgrading of GVL to fuels as well as value-added chemicals. The first part briefly reviews recent advances for the production of GVL from biomass. The second and third sections critically review and identify current technologies for the efficient production of GVL. The mechanism, different types of advanced homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts employed have been compared and broadly categorized. Challenges and areas that need improvement are also highlighted in the corresponding area. The fourth section concentrates on potential applications and the upgrading of GVL to fuel additives, diesel fuels and value-added chemicals. The final section offers a summary and future perspective in the field.
Spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity in the effects of immigration on home values and native flight in Louisville, Kentucky

This article examines how changes in foreign-born populations are associated with home values and native flight in Louisville, the largest city in Kentucky. In particular, we use spatial autoregres...