cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The NAAT Is Out of the Bag

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have greatly improved our ability to detect sexually transmitted infections, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. NAATs have revolutionized sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention and control efforts by increasing the ease of screening populations and conducting surveillance [1]. Because of the exquisite sensitivity of these molecular-based assays, very minute amounts of target nucleic acid can be identified and amplified in clinical specimens. This analytic sensitivity allows use of urine specimens for diagnosis of cervical and urethral infections and allows female patients to self-collect urogenital specimens with vaginal swabs [2]. The transport requirements for specimens used in performance of NAATs are less demanding than those for specimens used in culture and allow for temporary storage of specimens at the point of collection. The use of NAATs has identified prevalent infections missed by traditional culture methods in anatomic sites like the oropharynx [3]. The use of NAATs has allowed for innovative public health
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in interferon signaling pathway genes and interferon-stimulated genes with the response to interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C

Background/Aims Interferon signaling pathway genes (IPGs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are associated with the host response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IPGs and ISGs for their associations with response to pegylated interferon α-2a (Peg-IFN-α) plus ribavirin therapy in HCV genotype-1 infected patients. Methods A two-stage study design was used. First, out of 118 SNPs selected, 91 SNPs from 5 IPGs and 12 ISGs were genotyped in a cohort of 374 treatment-nai¨ve HCV patients and assessed for association with sustained virologic response (SVR). Next, 14 potentially functional SNPs from the OASL gene were studied in this cohort. Results Three OASL SNPs (rs3213545 and rs1169279 from stage I, and rs2859398 from stage II), were significantly associated with SVR [rs3213545: p =0.03, RR=1.27 (1.03–1.58); rs1169279: p =0.02, RR=1.32 (1.05–1.65) p =0.02; rs2859398: p =0.02, RR=1.29 (1.04–1.61)] after adjusting for other covariates. Further analysis showed that these three SNPs independently associated with SVR. Additionally, a similar trend towards the associations of these three SNPs with SVR was observed in a smaller, independent HCV cohort consisting of subjects from a number of clinical practice settings. Conclusions Our study suggests that OASL variants are involved in the host response to IFN-based therapy in HCV patients.
Fgf8 is required for anterior heart field development

In the mouse embryo, the splanchnic mesodermal cells of the anterior heart field (AHF) migrate from the pharynx to contribute to the early myocardium of the outflow tract (OT) and right ventricle (RV). Recent studies have attempted to distinguish the AHF from other precardiac populations, and to determine the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate its development. Here, we have used an Fgf8lacZ allele to demonstrate that Fgf8 is expressed within the developing AHF. In addition, we use both a hypomorphic Fgf8 allele (Fgf8neo) and Cre-mediated gene ablation to show that Fgf8 is essential for the survival and proliferation of the AHF. Nkx2.5Cre is expressed in the AHF, primary heart tube and pharyngeal endoderm, while TnT-Cre is expressed only within the specified heart tube myocardium. Deletion of Fgf8 by Nkx2.5Cre results in a significant loss of the Nkx2.5Cre lineage and severe OT and RV truncations by E9.5, while the remaining heart chambers (left ventricle and atria) are grossly normal. These defects result from significant decreases in cell proliferation and aberrant cell death in both the pharyngeal endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm. By contrast, ablation of Fgf8 in the TnT-Cre domain does not result in OT or RV defects, providing strong evidence that Fgf8 expression is crucial in the pharyngeal endoderm and/or overlying splanchnic mesoderm of the AHF at a stage prior to heart tube elongation. Analysis of downstream signaling components, such as phosphorylated-Erk and Pea3, identifies the AHF splanchnic mesoderm itself as a target for Fgf8 signaling.
Moral Puzzles Concerning the Human Genome: Western Taboos, Intuitions, and Beliefs at the End of the Christian Era

In his excellent study of genetic engineering and interventions into human reproduction, Kurt Bayertz explores the European attempt to maintain a “moral culture” in the area of genetic engineering and artificial reproduction. As Bayertz indicates, this concern is particularly salient in Germany. No doubt this circumstance is significantly determined by recent German history. But, as he notes, such appeals exist in Europe outside of Germany. In providing his analysis of this very particular cultural and moral phenomenon, Bayertz indirectly offers an account of the stress lines engendered by a profound change in European culture:. its significant deChristianization.
High-throughput molecular identification of fish eggs using multiplex suspension bead arrays.

The location and abundance of fish eggs provide information concerning the timing and location of spawning activities and can provide fishery-independent estimates of spawning biomass. However, the full value of egg and larval surveys is severely restricted because many species’ eggs and larvae are morphologically similar, making species-level identification difficult. Recent efforts have shown that nearly all species of fish may be identified by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (e.g. via ‘DNA barcoding’). By taking advantage of a DNA barcode database, we have developed oligonucleotide probes for 23 marine fish species that produce pelagic eggs commonly found in California waters. Probes were coupled to fluorescent microspheres to create a suspension bead array. Biotin-labelled primers were used to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal rRNA genes from individual fish eggs. The amplicons were then hybridized to the bead array, and after the addition of a reporter fluorophore, samples were analysed by flow cytometry with Luminex 100 instrumentation. Probes specifically targeted eggs that are abundant and ⁄or from morphologically indistinguishable species pairs. Results showed that the 33 different probes designed for this study accurately identified all samples when PCR was successful. Suspension bead arrays have a number of benefits over other methods of molecular identification; these arrays permit high multiplexing, simple addition of new probes, high throughput and lower cost than DNA sequencing. The increasing availability of DNA barcode data for numerous fish faunas worldwide suggests that bead arrays could be developed and widely used for fish egg, larval and tissue identifications.
Perspective: examining communication as macrocognition in STS.

Objective: There are significant points of alignment between a macrocognitive frame of teamwork and a communication perspective. This commentary explores these touch points in regard to use of team...
Biophysical effects of a decadal shift in summer wind direction over the Laurentian Great Lakes

[1] Analysis of summer surface wind fields over the Laurentian Great Lakes from 1980 to 1999 show a statistically significant shift in wind direction beginning around 1990. Directional changes in the average wind field over the Great Lakes basin are consistent with a southward migration of the dominant summer storm track. In Green Bay (NW Lake Michigan), we show that the new wind field has most likely resulted in a decrease in water mass exchange with Lake Michigan leading to a decrease in bottom water hypoxia, warmer bottom water temperatures and an increase in benthic microbial metabolism.
UPDATE ON ONGOING TANK CAR CRASHWORTHINESS RESEARCH: PREDICTED PERFORMANCE AND FABRICATION APPROACH

Research is currently underway to develop strategies for maintaining the structural integrity of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials during collisions. This research, sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), has focused on four design functions to accomplish this goal: blunting the impact load, absorbing the collision energy, strengthening the commodity tank, and controlling the load path into the tank. Previous papers have been presented outlining the weight and space restrictions for this new design, as well as the approach being taken in developing the design. The performance goals for the new car have also been outlined. A key goal for the new design is the ability to contain its lading at four times the impact energy of the baseline equipment. Presently, a preliminary design has been developed that will incorporate these four functions together. This new design features a conventional commodity tank with external reinforcements to strengthen the tank. The reinforced tank is situated on a structural foam cradle, within an external carbody. This carbody has been designed utilizing welded steel sandwich panels. The body is designed to take all of the inservice loads, removing the commodity tank from the load path during normal operations. Additionally, the carbody panels will serve as an energy-absorbing mechanism in the event of a collision. Preliminary steps for fabricating and assembling the new tank car design have been outlined. These steps were developed with the intention of paralleling existing tank car fabrication process as much as is practical. Using the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS/Explicit, the improved design has been analyzed for its response to an impact by a rigid punch. Simulations of two generalized impact scenarios have been made for this rigid punch impacting the improved tank car head as well as the improved tank car shell. Results of these analyses, including the force-displacement curves for both impacts, are presented within this paper. These results show that an improved-design tank car can contain the commodity for a head impact with eight times the energy of the baseline car, and four times the energy for a shell impact.
Phasic relations in 90° abduction-adduction of the arm: The ARIMA representation

Abstract Myoelectric signals (MES's) from the medial deltoid, posterior deltoid and medial trapezius were analyzed during 90° abduction-adduction cycles of arm movement. Two healthy males were utilized as subjects. The MES's records were divided into sub-sections of 50 ms of duration, and each segment was described by a suitable model. The models were based on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) processes. Several distinct phases were discerned within a given movement cycle, each phase being associated with a distinct type of ARIMA process. Phasic relations among the three muscles were then revealed. A simple test was suggested to detect the onset of muscle activity in real-time situations.
Adolescent second language literacy: Language‐culture, literature, and identity

Abstract The process of reconceptualizing identity as it relates to re‐representing oneself in a second language‐culture is considered in relation to the interface between language, culture, and cognition. Through discussing language and its use in the contexts of literary texts, it is suggested that adolescent second language speakers of English can both better come to understand the second culture as embedded in the language and to feel more comfortable with expressing their sense of self through language. Concepts deriving from the philosophy of language, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and sociocultural theory are utilized in this effort. Pedagogical recommendations are also provided.
Antimicrobial resistance acquisition after international travel in U.S. travelers.

Prior studies have shown an increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli colonization from two percent in U.S.-based to 11 % in deployed, healthy military personnel. It is unclear if colonization with MDR organisms occurs through deployment exposures or risks related to routine overseas travel. This study prospectively evaluates rates and risk factors associated with MDR gram-negative bacterial and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) colonization after international travel. Participants traveled internationally for five or more days. Pre- and post-travel, colonizing bacteria from oropharyngeal, nares, groin, and peri-rectal (PR) areas were collected using BD CultureSwab™ MaxV(+). Identification and susceptibilities were done utilizing the BD Phoenix™ Automated Microbiology System. Non-MDR pre- and post-travel MDR bacteria within a subject were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A questionnaire solicited demographics and potential risk factors for MDR acquisition. Of 58 participants, 41 % were male and median age was 64 years. Pre- and post-travel swabs were obtained a median of ten and seven days before and after travel, respectively. Itineraries included 18 participants traveling to the Caribbean and Central America, 17 to Asia, 16 to Africa, 5 to Europe, 4 to South and North America. Seventeen of 22 travelers used atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis. The only MDR organism isolated was extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in five (9 %) participants post-travel (all PR and unrelated by PFGE). There were no statistically significant associations between exposure risks and new ESBL-producing E.coli colonization. Of 36 participants colonized with E. coli pre- and post-travel, new resistance was detected: TMP/SMX in 42 % of isolates (p < 0.01), tetracycline in 44 % (p < 0.01), and ampicillin-sulbactam in 33 % (p = 0.09). No participants were colonized with MRSA pre- or post-travel. Consistent with prior studies, new antimicrobial resistance was noted in colonizing E. coli after international travel. Nine percent of participants acquired new strains of ESBL-producing E.coli without identified risks.
Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics

The evolutionary paradigm for global politics here presented consists of four key propositions: (1) The global political system is a population of policies or strategies; (2) global politics constitutes a complex system that evolves in specifiable conditions; (3) accounting for global political evolution is a four-phased learning process whose key operators are variation (innovation), cooperation, selection, and reinforcement; and (4) global politics coevolves with global economics, community, and opinion et cetera. The evolutionary paradigm sheds light on two processes in particular: the formation of institutions at the global level, and the rise and decline of world powers (the long cycle). Two propositions are central to this article: 1. The institutions of world politics evolve, that is, they undergo change subject to identifiable evolutionary processes; and 2. The rise and decline of world powers (the long cycle) is a mechanism of global political evolution. By institutions of world politics we mean constitutive and widely accepted arrangements in respect to war and peace, nation-states, alliances, and international organization, and to global leadership and international law. If we consider these arrangements in a sufficiently long perspective, say, over the span of the past millennium, we cannot but help noticing significant changes that have occurred in relation to these, that continue to affect them, and that therefore need to be understood and explained. We need a structural-historical theory of world politics. The rise and decline of world powers, which has been the lead story over the past few centuries of world politics, also needs to be understood in a wider framework. It is not the case of some eternal struggle for power but rather that of a mechanism that in the recent past has mediated major changes in world political and social organization. We need to see the long cycle not in isolation but as a feature of world institutional growth. That is why, to better understand world politics in its time dimension in particular, we require an evolutionary framework. What might be the salient features of such a paradigm?
Same Book, Different Experience: A Comparison of Shared Reading in Preschool Classrooms

Shared reading is a common practice in preschool classrooms and is purported to develop oral language, print concepts, and listening comprehension. This study compares the practices of four preschool teachers while reading aloud a common text. Findings suggest that the shared reading experience differs significantly from classroom to classroom in key dimensions. Implications suggest that more effective means of professional development are needed to maximize learning during shared reading events.
Application value of procalcitonin and adenosine deaminase detection in children with meningitis

Objective To investigate the application value of serum procalcitonin(PCT)and cerebrospinal fluid a denosine deaminase(CSF-ADA)detection in the diagnosis of meningitis in children.Methods Solid-phase immune chromatography and enzymatic rate assay were used to determine the level of serum PCT and the activity of CSFADA in children with purulent meningitis(PM group,33 cases),tubercular meningitis(TM group,24 cases),viral meningitis(VM group,38 cases),and control group(children with epilepsy during the same hospitalization period) respectively.Results Serum PCT of PM group were all positive,and the positive rate(100.00%)was significantly higher than those in the other groups(P0.001);The positive rate of serum PCT in VM group was only 2.63%(1/38);Serum PCT were all negative in TM and control group.The levels of CSF-ADA in PM and TM group were significantly higher than those in VM and control group(P0.001);The difference of CSF-ADA level between TM and PM group was significant(P%0.001),and the positive rate of CSF-ADA in TM group was 83.33%(20/24),the CSF-ADA levels in PM group were all in normal range.Conclusion The simultaneous detection of serum PCT and CSF-ADA can be helpful for the clinical diagnosis of meningitis in children.
Are Individuals with High Levels of Public Service Motivation Satisfied in MPA Degree Programs

Many scholars have suggested that public service motivation (PSM) is a defining characteristic of public and non-profit employees. However, interest and motivation alone are not the sole determinat...
An early design and its construction

The first structures placed on the Moon for human habitation were prefabricated cylindrical modules. These were placed on the lunar surface and shielded using regolith. That is how we lived on the Moon for decades. Even though quarters were cramped, the first inhabitants could hardly believe their senses that they were on the Moon for an extended stay. Nothing else mattered. In 2029, five years after the 2024 manned return to the Moon, a facility that looked like an igloo was erected that became a habitat for permanent settlement. It was somewhat larger than the cylinders. But the real improvements were the friendlier interiors. With time the initial igloo was expanded and within twenty years we had a small city on the Moon. At the same time, other settlements were planted.
Global analyses of post-transcriptional gene regulatory networks in tissue development

G expression is highly regulated to ensure that each cell contains the correct complement of proteins necessary for proper cellular functions. During cell development, extensive ‘switch-like’ changes in gene expression occur through posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA. This includes changes in alternative mRNA splicing and polyadenylation, as well as regulation of mRNA stability and translation. Mutations which perturb cell-specific mRNA regulatory programs are associated with growing lists of human diseases, thus a greater understanding of how post-transcriptional mRNA regulatory networks are controlled in different cell types and stages of development is needed. The presentation will discuss the roles of RNA binding proteins in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian tissue development. In addition, the talk will describe how new biochemicalenrichment strategies combined with deep sequencing are providing new transcriptome-wide insights into mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation in mammalian tissue development. Donny D. Licatalosi, J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2013, 4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2153-0602.S1.004
Lipid Coated Microbubbles and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhance Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Printed Scaffolds.

Lipid-coated microbubbles are used to enhance ultrasound imaging and drug delivery. Here we apply these microbubbles along with low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for the first time to enhance proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a 3D printed poly-(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel scaffold. The hMSC proliferation increased up to 40% after 5 days of culture in the presence of 0.5% (v/v) microbubbles and LIPUS in contrast to 18% with LIPUS alone. We systematically varied the acoustic excitation parameters—excitation intensity, frequency and duty cycle—to find 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz and 20% duty cycle to be optimal for hMSC proliferation. A 3-week chondrogenic differentiation results demonstrated that combining LIPUS with microbubbles enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by 17% (5% with LIPUS alone), and type II collagen production by 78% (44% by LIPUS alone). Therefore, integrating LIPUS and microbubbles appears to be a promising strategy for enhanced hMSC growth and chondrogenic differentiation, which are critical components for cartilage regeneration. The results offer possibilities of novel applications of microbubbles, already clinically approved for contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging, in tissue engineering.
Enhancing “Conceptual Teaching/Learning” in a Concept-Based Curriculum

Abstract Conceptual teaching is essential to conceptual learning. To safeguard the authenticity and enhance a multischool concept-based curriculum, a concept analysis diagram was created for each curriculum concept. This tool provides a succinct "conceptual approach" to understanding the correlation and interrelatedness among concepts and between patients. It fosters "conceptual thinking" rather than rote memory or use of the medical model. The concept analysis diagram transposes theory to practice and concepts to patient care.
Urinary incontinence: medical and psychosocial aspects.

The view that urinary incontinence is an unfortunate but inevitable concomitant of aging is being dispelled by the growing research effort directed to this condition. Many causes are readily identifiable and reversible. Along with more sophisticated techniques for diagnosing and treating involuntary urine loss comes increasing interest in the epidemiology of the condition and its potential impact on quality of life. The topic of urinary incontinence has become truly multidisciplinary—as evidenced in this review by the addition of psychosocial factors to the medical aspects emphasized in the previous Annual Review chapter (Krane & Siroky, 1981).
Overall Stresses and Strains in Solids with Microstructure

Within the context of the usual small deformation theory, the notions of overall stresses and strains associated with representative samples of solids with microstructure, e.g. polycrystalline aggregates and composites, are reviewed. The overall response of a finite solid with microstructure; and that of an infinitely extended solid with periodic microstructure, is examined considering both linearly elastic and nonlinearly creeping microconstituents. Then, estimates are given for the overall properties of solids containing randomly distributed microdefects; and, finally, the elastoplastic response of polycrystalline solids is discussed.
Automated Classification to Improve the Efficiency of Weeding Library Collections

Abstract Previous studies have shown that weeding a library collection benefits patrons and increases circulation rates. However, the time required to review the collection and make weeding decisions presents a formidable obstacle. This study empirically evaluated methods for automatically classifying weeding candidates. A data set containing 80,346 items from a large-scale weeding project running from 2011 to 2014 at Wesleyan University was used to train six machine learning classifiers to predict a weeding decision of either ‘Keep’ or ‘Weed’ for each candidate. The study found statistically significant agreement ( p = 0.001) between classifier predictions and librarian judgments for all classifier types. The naive Bayes and linear support vector machine classifiers had the highest recall (fraction of items weeded by librarians that were identified by the algorithm), while the k-nearest-neighbor classifier had the highest precision (fraction of recommended candidates that librarians had chosen to weed). The variables found to be most relevant were: librarian and faculty votes for retention, item age, and the presence of copies in other libraries.
A regulated multiscale closed‐loop cardiovascular model, with applications to hemorrhage and hypertension

A computational tool is developed for simulating the dynamic response of the human cardiovascular system to various stressors and injuries. The tool couples 0-dimensional models of the heart, pulmonary vasculature, and peripheral vasculature to 1-dimensional models of the major systemic arteries. To simulate autonomic response, this multiscale circulatory model is integrated with a feedback model of the baroreflex, allowing control of heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral impedance. The performance of the tool is demonstrated in 2 scenarios: neurogenic hypertension by sustained stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and an acute 10% hemorrhage from the left femoral artery.
A handheld electrochemical sensing platform for point-of-care diagnostic applications

This paper presents an electrochemical sensing platform for point-of-care diagnostic applications. The platform uses the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique for affinity sensing applications. The platform includes sensor front end, stimulus generation, analog sensor data acquisition and conditioning, digital-to-analog conversion, back-end digital signal processing, wireless interface and a user app. The platform is powered by a USB based rechargeable battery at 3.3V. Signal generation, digital data acquisition/processing are managed by an on-board microcontroller. Automatic gain control and noise reduction filter are implemented to meet the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements of the applications. The gain for the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) can be varied from 50 ohms to 100 kOhms. The frequency range for the EIS is from 0.16 Hz to 15 kHz with 96 data points. An average error of 2.6% was achieved. The circuit occupies a board area of 28.16cm2 at the cost of less than $50. Whole system was validated with redox couple to measure its EIS response.
Effects of anesthetic interventions on breast cancer behavior, cancer-related patient outcomes, and postoperative recovery

This narrative review will summarize our current understanding of the effects of perioperative interventions on patients undergoing surgical removal of breast malignancies. It will focus on how different anesthetic agents and perioperative interventions might affect both breast cancer behavior and/or tumor recurrence as well as postoperative recovery. The main objective of this study will be to describe the evidence and critically analyze preclinical and clinical studies on the use of intravenous versus inhaled anesthetic agents, opioids, regional anesthetics, and anesthetic adjuncts in patients undergoing breast cancer resection. We will look both at the evidence regarding cancer-related outcomes and postoperative recovery. A search of PubMed, from inception to May 2017 was performed using Mesh terms Breast Neoplasms [Mesh] OR cancer AND breast AND Anesthesia [Mesh]; "Anesthetics"[Mesh] AND "Breast Neoplasms/surgery"[Mesh]. Although no optimal anesthetic combination has been identified for patients undergoing breast cancer resection, it should be noted that based on the available evidence, an ideal anesthetic in this patient population would involve a combination of TIVA (propofol), regional anesthesia (paravertebral block)), non opioid sedatives (clonidine or dexmedetomidine), and COX-2 inhibition (ketorolac). Based on the current evidence, this combination of anesthetic and analgesic agents has the best chance of improving cancer-related outcomes and postoperative recovery.
Investigation of the compressive line sensing imaging system in a controlled hybrid scattering environment

In recent years, the Compressive Line Sensing (CLS) active imaging scheme has been proposed for underwater imaging applications. This concept has been demonstrated to be effective in the scattering mediums, and in the turbulence environment through simulations and test tank experiments. Nevertheless, in many atmospheric and underwater surveillance applications, the degradation of the visual environment may come from both particle scattering (turbidity) and turbulence. In this work, we studied the CLS imaging system in a hybrid environment consists of particle and turbulence induced scattering. A CLS prototype was used to conduct a series of experiments at the Naval Research Lab Simulated Turbulence and Turbidity Environment (STTE). The imaging path was subjected to various turbulence intensities and water turbidities. The adaptation of the CLS sensing model to the hybrid scattering environment was discussed. The experimental results with different turbidities and turbulence intensities were presented.
Beyond Behavior: Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Sociodemographics and School Characteristics on Students' Risk of Suspension

Minority disproportionality in school discipline outcomes continues to trouble practitioners and scholars. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics...
Unexpected shift in circadian and septadian variation of sudden cardiac arrest: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study

Background Earlier studies have reported both early morning and Monday peaks in occurrence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the community and appropriate defibrillator shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD). However, a more recent analysis of ICD shocks reported absence of these peaks. Objective The purpose of this study was to perform a contemporary evaluation of the circadian and septadian variation of SCA in the general population. Methods The analysis was performed from an ongoing, population-based study of SCA in a Northwestern US community of approximately 1 million residents. To maximize accuracy, we focused on consecutive patients who presented with witnessed SCA and were attended by emergency medical services (EMS). The specific time of each SCA event was determined based on the time of the 911 call to EMS. Results During 2002–2014, we identified 1535 patients age ≥18 years who suffered witnessed SCA, with time of first EMS contact recorded. There was no morning (6 AM to 12 PM) peak, and we observed a nadir in SCA events during 12 AM to 6 AM, with only 13.9% of events occurring during this 6-hour block (P Conclusion in this contemporary community-based study, we failed to observe the expected morning peak or the Monday peak in SCA, duplicating recent findings in primary prevention defibrillator patients. The significant public health implications of these findings merit further investigation.
Income Tax Treaty Aspects of Nonincome Taxes: The Importance of Residence

This article considers the residence-related income tax treaty aspects of nonincome taxes such as the retail sales tax, the value added tax, the flat tax, the X tax, the destination-based cash flow tax, and certain turnover taxes, and discusses the related treaty aspects of the concepts of tax, tax on income, comprehensive taxation, and nondiscrimination. The focus here is on the underappreciated conceptual and technical importance of tax residence in thinking about and applying tax treaties in the context of nonincome taxes. The article makes two main residence-related points. First, that the question of residence is a critical treaty gateway issue—that is, if the United States were to replace the existing income tax with a noncovered, nonincome tax, the affected U.S. taxpayers would cease to be U.S. residents for treaty purposes and as such would no longer be entitled to claim benefits under existing income tax treaties. This residence problem could become even more consequential if the nonincome tax in question was a tax covered by the treaty. Second, the article emphasizes the residence-relevance criterion for evaluating the identity or substantial similarity of new taxes to existing taxes for determining whether a new tax was covered by a treaty.
C-reactive protein and its association with depression in patients receiving treatment for metastatic lung cancer

BACKGROUND Depression is highly prevalent in lung cancer. Although there is a known association between inflammation and depression, this relationship has not been examined in patients with lung cancer who undergo treatment with immune and other targeted drug therapies. Peripheral blood C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, may help identify metastatic lung cancer patients with inflammation-associated depression. METHOD Patients with metastatic lung cancer undergoing treatment were evaluated for depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Inflammation (CRP and CRP cutoffs ≥1 and ≥3 mg/mL) and demographic and treatment variables were analyzed for association with depression. RESULTS One hundred nine consecutive participants exhibited an average plasma CRP concentration of 1.79 mg/mL (median, 0.75 mg/mL [standard deviation, 2.5 mg/mL), and 20.7% had a CRP concentration of ≥3.0 mg/mL; 23.9% met depression screening criteria (HADS ≥8). A log transformation of CRP was significantly correlated with depression severity (r = 0.47, P < .001). CRP was the only covariate to predict depression severity (P = .008) in a multivariate model including lung cancer disease subtype and type of systemic treatment. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that CRP had moderate predictive accuracy in identifying elevated depression (area under the curve = 0.74). A cutoff of CRP ≥3.0 generated high specificity (88%) but identified only 50% of those with elevated depression. CONCLUSION Elevated CRP is associated with depression in patients with metastatic lung cancer. Thus, CRP may identify a subset of lung cancer patients with inflammation-induced depression and may be useful in predicting response to treatments that target inflammation or its downstream mediators on the brain.
Neonatal activity and state control differences among three squirrel monkey subspecies (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. boliviensis boliviensis, and S. boliviensis peruviensis).

Squirrel monkeys are a long-standing biomedical model, with multiple species and subspecies housed in research facilities. Few studies have examined the developmental differences between these subspecies, which may affect research outcomes. The primate neonatal neurobehavioral assessment was completed at 2 weeks of age with 279 dam-reared squirrel monkeys (188 Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, 45 S. b. peruviensis, and 46 Saimiri. sciureus sciureus). Activity, orientation to stimuli, state control, and motor maturity scores, as well as startle responses and number of vocalizations were compared across subspecies and sex using factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVAs) controlling for birthweight. There were no differences in orientation or motor maturity scores (p > .05) among the three subspecies or between sexes; however, there were significant subspecies differences in motor activity and state control scores. Of the three subspecies, S. s. sciureus has the lowest state control and activity scores (p < .05). They also had the most exaggerated startle response/aversion to a sudden loud noise, vocalized significantly less, and were less likely to resist restraint during the assessment (p < .05). The three subspecies of squirrel monkeys did not differ in motor development and attention to external stimuli but were significantly different in state control and activity levels. Overall S. s. sciureus were less active, agitated, irritable, and easier to console compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis. This supports field research on socioecology which documented different social structure and behavior in wild populations of S. s. sciureus compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis.
Resolving Barriers to an Applied Science of the Human Condition: Rule Governance and the Verbal Behavior of Applied Scientists

Rules / verbal behavior governing applied behavior scientists since Skinner have achieved great success resolving challenges experienced by individuals with severe developmental and intellectual disabilities. We extend prior work by Dixon, Belisle, Rehfeldt, and Root (2018, "Why We Are Still Not Acting to Save the World: The Upward Challenge of a Post-Skinnerian Behavior Science," Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 241-267) by suggesting that many of these rules, applied inflexibly, are unlikely to resolve significant problems experienced by humans without these same intellectual challenges (i.e., most humans). Particularly, methodological models of human behavior that ignore both private events and advances in relational frame theory and that favor a bottom-up inductive theorizing have not, and we argue cannot, address uniquely human challenges. Instead, we propose alternative rules developed in part within contextual behavior science that are more consistent with Skinner's radical behaviorism than are current approaches and that may expand the scope of applied behavior science. Only by adapting our own public and private verbal behavior as applied scientists can we move toward solving the wide range of challenges within the human condition.
Nematicide influence on cotton yield and plant-parasitic nematodes in conventional and sod-based crop rotation.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform, RN), Helicotylenchus dihystera (spiral), and Mesocriconema ornatum (ring)) and yield were investigated in cotton phases of conventional (peanut-cotton-cotton) and sod-based (bahiagrass-bahiagrass-peanut-cotton) rotations with or without irrigation and fluopyram nematicide at a long-term research site, established in 2000, in Quincy, Florida, USA. Objectives were to determine impacts of nematicide application on cotton yield and evaluate effects of nematicide on plant-parasitic nematodes in these rotations in 2017 and 2018. Reniform nematode population densities were greater in conventional cotton than sod-based cotton. Ring and spiral nematode population densities were greater in sod-based cotton than conventional cotton. Plots receiving nematicide had increased RN population densities in preplant 2018 soil samples and spiral nematode population densities in preplant 2017, harvest 2017, preplant 2018, and harvest 2018 soil samples compared to untreated plots. Cotton seed yield in conventional rotation was increased by 18% following nematicide application in 2017 but decreased by 10% in sod-based rotation in 2018, relative to the untreated control. Sod-based rotation had greater cotton yield than conventional rotation in 2017 and 2018. Nematicide application did not improve cotton yield in sod-based rotation and was inconsistent in conventional rotation. Plant-parasitic nematodes (Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform, RN), Helicotylenchus dihystera (spiral), and Mesocriconema ornatum (ring)) and yield were investigated in cotton phases of conventional (peanut–cotton–cotton) and sod-based (bahiagrass–bahiagrass–peanut–cotton) rotations with or without irrigation and fluopyram nematicide at a long-term research site, established in 2000, in Quincy, Florida, USA. Objectives were to determine impacts of nematicide application on cotton yield and evaluate effects of nematicide on plant-parasitic nematodes in these rotations in 2017 and 2018. Reniform nematode population densities were greater in conventional cotton than sod-based cotton. Ring and spiral nematode population densities were greater in sod-based cotton than conventional cotton. Plots receiving nematicide had increased RN population densities in preplant 2018 soil samples and spiral nematode population densities in preplant 2017, harvest 2017, preplant 2018, and harvest 2018 soil samples compared to untreated plots. Cotton seed yield in conventional rotation was increased by 18% following nematicide application in 2017 but decreased by 10% in sod-based rotation in 2018, relative to the untreated control. Sod-based rotation had greater cotton yield than conventional rotation in 2017 and 2018. Nematicide application did not improve cotton yield in sod-based rotation and was inconsistent in conventional rotation.
Varieties of Uberization: How technology and institutions change the organization(s) of late capitalism:

Organization theory faces challenges on all sides, yet it is uniquely suited to help understand and guide our current economic transition. In order to make good on this promise, however, organizati...
Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability and Associated Injuries: A Literature Review.

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) allows supination and pronation of the distal forearm and wrist, an integral motion in everyday human activity. DRUJ injury and chronic instability can be a significant source of morbidity in patients’ lives. Although often linked with distal radius fractures, DRUJ injury may occur in a variety of other upper extremity injuries, as well as an isolated pathology. Diagnosis of this injury requires the clinician to have a high index of suspicion and low threshold for clinical testing and further imaging of the DRUJ. The purpose of this article is to provide a review on DRUJ anatomy and biomechanics, to discuss common diagnostic and treatment modalities, and to identify common injuries associated with DRUJ instability.
Comparison of Adult Exercisers and Nonexercisers on Fluid Intelligence and Selected Physiological Variables.

Abstract A test of specific mental abilities reflective of cognitive deterioration associated with aging was administered to 71 adult male subjects. Mental test results of 26 older adult men who had been participating in a regular exercise program of the running type for more than three years were compared to the mental test results of 22 men who had engaged in little or no physical activity for at least three years prior to their testing. It was also determined whether or not any of eight cardiovascular fitness measures were related to mental ability performances among the exercisers and non-exercisers (N = 48) as well as an additional 23 men whose exercise status was uncertain. It was found that regular exercisers scored higher as a group on the mental decrement test than did the nonexercise group. In general, better fitness measures were found to accompany higher fluid intelligence scores. In particular, measures related to elevated blood pressure were usually associated with poorer fluid intelligence ...
Teaching template classes with all the advantages

Template classes in C++ raise issues for instructors, as there are several ways to represent and instantiate them and compilation and linking issues. Some integrated development environments mandate a certain methodology, but none is universally recognized and employed. For non-integrated compilers, there have been several methods suggested in literature. This paper will suggest a method for representing and instantiating template classes under the gnu g++ compiler that eliminates the disadvantages of the others and promotes the most efficient compilation and linking.
Review of James Q. Whitnman, the Verdict of Battle: The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (2012)

This is a brief review of The Verdict of Battle: The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (2012), by James Q. Whitman, a remarkably erudite and original contribution to scholarship on military history and the law of war. It sketches the work’s compelling historical arguments and then critiques its (comparatively modest) polemical dimensions and normative conclusions.
Multimedia support for wireless W-CDMA with dynamic spreading

The emerging multimedia communication needs more support in operating systems in order to be successful over a wireless environment. The system needs to support a seamless integration (i.e., transparent application switching) of voice, audio and conventional data (e.g., e-mails, and ftp). It should also support multiple users with a guaranteed quality. In this paper, we investigate effective protocol design with dynamic spreading factors such that various QoS based on different traffic types can be provided. Increasing spreading factors can benefit the system because it will increase the desired signal strength linearly. The measured bit error rate can be reduced 75 times with a long spreading factor. By taking advantage of this benefit, we propose some middle-ware solutions to monitor the network load and switch the spreading factors dynamically based on the current load with multimedia traffic. These middle-ware solutions are implemented in mobile and base stations and experiments are performed to measure the actual system performance. The preliminary results indicate that our proposed system can always maintain a desired quality for all the voice connections. We further extend our protocol to guarantee a balanced support among different traffic types. While the voice communication is still guaranteed to be non-interrupted, the data traffic is proved to be served with reasonable response time by our proposed system.
Serum enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection correlates with disease in HIV-infected individuals

The sera from 16 individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at different clinical stages were evaluated for antibody-dependent neutralization and/or enhancement of infectivity by HIV. The HIV isolate from each individual (homotypic) and established laboratory strains showing broad cellular host range and cytopathicity were used. All sera could neutralize one of the laboratory-passaged isolates, whereas only two could neutralize the corresponding homotypic strain. Seven homotypic isolates were enhanced by serum from the respective individual. This activity was primarily observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Moreover, the tropism for macrophages of four of these seven viral isolates was found to be enhanced by the homotypic sera. Finally, sequential pairs of HIV and sera obtained from five HIV-infected individuals with different clinical progression were studied over time. The enhancing activity of three of the five sera appeared to increase over time, indicating changes in both the host virus population and the type of antibodies produced. These results suggest that enhancing antibodies contribute to the spread and pathogenesis of HIV in vivo. They emphasize the necessity of studying further the association of enhancing antibodies and disease progression in infected individuals.
Caught in the Clause: An Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage Through the Lens of the Establishment Clause

This article addresses the conflict between marriage as a religious concept and marriage as a legal concept. It analyzes the "establishment" of religion when government defines marriage.
Evaluation of Time-Intensity Sensory Responses using a Personal Computer

A method is presented which utilizes a personal computer to measure time-intensity (T-I) sensory responses. The judge uses a game paddle which moves an “X” along a fixed scale appearing on the monitor screen to indicate the attribute intensity at each instant in time. A clicker device on the game paddle can be used to record the occurrence of events such as initial mouth entry and time of swallowing. Data acquisition is continuous with the data stored on discs. This technique has advantages over strip chart recorder methods. Disc storage allows rapid and efficient data analysis. Judges can perform the evaluations virtually unsupervised with only minimal training.