cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed laser deposition of c-axis untilted YBCO films on c-axis tilted ISD MgO-buffered metallic substrates

Abstract Biaxially textured MgO template layer was deposited on nontextured metal substrates by inclined-substrate deposition (ISD) at a deposition rate of 24–600 nm/min. c -axis untilted YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) films were deposited on these MgO-buffered substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The crystalline structures of the YBCO films and MgO layers were examined by X-ray pole figure analysis, X-ray φ -scans, and χ -scans. A tilt angle of 33° of the MgO[0 0 1] with respect to the substrate normal and c -axis untilted YBCO films were observed, respectively. Good biaxial texture of these films with full-width-at-half-maximum values of 13.8° and 10.6° for the φ -scans of YBCO(1 0 3) and MgO(2 2 0), respectively, were obtained. Morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed a unique roof-tile feature and columnar grain growth for the ISD MgO layer. Raman spectroscopy and magneto-optical image technique were also used to evaluate the quality of the YBCO film. An angular dependence of J c on the direction of an applied magnetic field confirmed the c -axis untilted orientation of the YBCO films. T c =90 K with sharp transition and J c =3.0×10 5 A/cm 2 at 77 K in zero field were obtained on 0.4-μm-thick YBCO films.
The interplay of speech perception and phonology: experimental evidence from Turkish.

This study supports claims of a relationship between speech perception and phonology with evidence from a crosslinguistic perception experiment involving /h/ deletion in Turkish. Turkish /h/ is often deleted in fast speech, but only in a specific set of segmental contexts which defy traditional explanation. It is shown that /h/ deletes in environments where lower perceptibility is predicted. The results of the perception experiment verify these predictions and further show that language background has a significant impact on speech perception. Finally, this perceptual account of Turkish /h/ deletion points to an empirical means of testing the conflicting hypotheses that perception is active in the synchronic grammar or that its influence is limited to diachrony.
Enzyme electrode for L-amino acids and glucose.

Abstract New electrodes based on chemically bound enzymes are described for glucose and L-amino acids. The decrease in the dissolved oxygen content during the enzyme reaction is measured polarographically. The electrodes are stable for at least 4 months and give a response in less than 1 min. These electrodes are more sensitive than the hydrogen peroxide-based electrodes described previously, because the unstable peroxide can be consumed in several ways such as catalase decomposition or reaction with other products.
Synthesis and Structure of the One-Dimensional Polymer Li(NHCH2CH2NH2)

A novel polymeric ladder amide, Li(NHCH2CH2NH2), has been synthesized by the reaction of Li3N, LiNH2, or n-BuLi with ethylenediamine at room temperature. This organolithium compound consists of infinite one-dimensional ladders of double edge-sharing LiN4 tetrahedra formed from μ1-NH2 and μ3-NH bonding interactions.
Bounds on System Lifetime

Bounds are given for moments of the time to failure of systems composed of independent components. Improved bounds on the mean and on the reliability for series and parallel systems are obtained for systems composed of independent components with increasing hazard rate and increasing hazard rate average.
Biologic therapies in the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive evidence-based basic science and clinical review and a practical guide to tuberculosis monitoring.

The treatment of psoriasis has undergone a revolution with the advent of biologic therapies including infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, efalizumab, golimumab, certolizumab, alefacept, secukinumab, abatacept, and ustekinumab. These medications are designed to target specific components of the immune system and are a major technological advancement over traditional immunosuppressive medications. Herein, we present a comprehensive, unbiased comparison of these medications focusing on their differences. For example, TNF antagonists can differ in the way they are dissolved and administered, the effector molecules they can bind, serum peak and trough levels, the types of intracellular signals they can induce, the in vivo complexes that they can form, their protein structure, and their incidence and timing of rare adverse events, among other things. A critical review of the clinical studies that have tested the efficacy of these molecules is also presented including head-to-head comparison trials. The safety of biologics in terms of their long-term adverse events is discussed, as is their use in different types of psoriasis and in different patient populations. Finally, all anti-TNF agents have been associated with a variety of serious and “routine” opportunistic infections, particularly tuberculosis. For this reason, anti-tuberculosis testing both prior to the initiation of a biologic therapy and annually during treatment is pertinent. The uses and limitations of both the tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFeron®-TB Gold (QFT) are discussed, as is the care of patients who present with latent tuberculosis infection prior to the initiation of biologic therapy. Recommendations for tuberculosis monitoring are provided.
A microsecond-resolution transient technique for measuring the heat of fusion of metals: Niobium

A microsecond-resolution pulse-heating technique is described for the measurement of the heat of fusion of refractory metals. The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen by a high-current pulse from a capacitor discharge system and measurement of the current through the specimen, the voltage across the specimen, and the radiance temperature of the specimen as a function of time. Melting of the specimen is manifested by a plateau in the temperature versus time function. The time integral of the power absorbed by the specimen during melting yields the heat of fusion. Measurements gave a value of 31.1 kj · mol−1 for the heat of fusion of niobium, with an estimated maximum uncertainty of ±5%. Electrical resistivity of solid and liquid niobium at its melting temperature was also measured.
Dopamine re-uptake inhibitor GBR-12909 induction of aberrant behaviors in animal models of dopamine dysfunction

Abstract Many individuals with mental retardation exhibit chronic aberrant behaviors (CABs) that includes hyperactive, stereotyped, aggressive, and self-injurious behaviors. Brain imaging studies have found that several of these individuals have abnormalities in their dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems that are thought to be responsible in part, for the development of these behaviors. The present study evaluated the effects of a selective dopamine re-uptake blocker, GBR-12909 in three animal models of varying striatal dopamine concentrations. The three animal models included the neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat, a model of dopamine neuronal depletion, the prenatal methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-exposed rat, a model of hyper-dopaminergic innervation and control rats, a model of normal dopaminergic function. The animals were given five daily injections of GBR-12909 and videotaped observations were conducted immediately following the injections and 6 h later. The results of the study indicate that the MAM-treated rats exhibited more hyperactive behaviors than either the 6-OHDA or the control animals in response to the GBR-12909 injections. However, the 6-OHDA and control rats exhibited more self-injurious behaviors than the MAM rats. Interestingly, the topography of the self-injurious behavior exhibited differed from that we have previously observed in 6-OHDA lesioned rats following dopamine agonists and resembles the mouthing behaviors seen in some individuals with mental retardation, in particular those with Rett syndrome. These findings indicate the models of varying dopaminergic function interact differently with a dopamine re-uptake blocker than dopamine agonists and that the partially dopamine depleted model may model the behaviors seen in individuals with Rett syndrome.
Morphine alters the firing of cold-receptive neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the medulla in the rat.

Effects of morphine (1–3 mg/kg, i.v.) were tested on the innocuous cold-receptive input in the superficial dorsal horn of the medulla. The static activity of most cold-receptive (cold-specific) neurons (12/16) was reduced, wherease an enhancement (4/16) was observed in the remaining neurons. Naloxone (200 μg/kg, i.v.) reversed, partially or completely, the effects of morphine in 9/12 cold-receptive neurons, and enhanced the static activity of some cold-receptive neurons. Static activity, at different adapting temperaturees, during a warming (10°C → 40°C) and a cooling (40°C → 10°C) sequence at steps of 5°C was reduced by morphine. The effects of morphine were also tested on the static as well as the dynamic responses of 9 cold-receptive neurons. The effects of morphine on the dynamic responses were not dependent on the static firing frequency. Morphine produced similar effects, excitatory or inhibitory, on the static as well as the dynamic responses of7/9 neurons whether the static firing frequency was high (17–33 Hz) or low (< 12 Hz). However, morphine effects on static and dynamic responses were different in the remaining 2 neurons (high static firing frequency). We suggest that the predominantly inhibitory effect of morphine on the innocuous cold receptive input in the medullary dorsal horn may explain the inhibitory effect on the perception of cooling stimuli by systemic morphine in behavioral studies.
Induced unilateral vocal fold paralysis and recovery rapidly modulate brain areas related to phonatory behavior: a case study.

Summary Background Peripheral and behavioral effects of voice disorders are well documented in the literature; yet, there is little information regarding the central neural biomarkers and mechanisms underlying these disorders. Understanding the details of brain function changes in disordered voice production is a critical factor for developing better treatment strategies that result in more robust patient outcomes. Objective To examine a model of induced unilateral vocal fold paralysis (iUVFP) to demonstrate and characterize the form of activity changes within central mappings of the larynx to the induced paralysis. The induced paralysis model allowed the participant to serve as his or her own control when comparing baseline results of normal voice with results during the paralysis and subsequent recovery. Study Design Prospective, case-study design. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine central laryngeal representations during three time points: pre-iUVFP, during iUVFP, and postrecovery from iUVFP. iUVFP was induced using a lidocaine with epinephrine nerve block unilaterally. Percent changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity served as the dependent variable. Results Results indicated an overall reduced activity level in sensorimotor, subcortical, and cerebellar regions during paralysis. Recovery from paralysis led to augmented responses, particularly in sensory, association, and cerebellar zones. Conclusions The decrease in activity during iUVFP and the significantly increased activity during the recovery phase likely represent immediate neuroplastic events occurring within minutes of nerve blockade. Recovery-related changes in the BOLD response are hypothesized to be associated with a recalibration of the system after return of normal laryngeal function.
Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with cisplatin and irinotecan in patients with advanced solid malignancies

Purpose: This phase I trial assessed the safety and the maximum tolerated dose of capecitabine given for 10 days prior to a combination of cisplatin and irinotecan in patients with advanced solid malignancies. It also evaluated the changes in cisplatin DNA adducts induced by capecitabine. Patients and Methods: Patients with refractory solid tumors who had not failed 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) analogs or topoisomerase I inhibitors were eligible. All cohorts of patients first received a 28-day cycle of cisplatin and irinotecan. Both drugs were given at a dose of 50 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1, followed by irinotecan on days 8 and 15 at the same dose. The first cycle served as an internal control. Starting from the second cycle, patients received increasing doses per cohort of capecitabine from day 1 to 10 of each cycle, followed by cisplatin on day 11 and irinotecan on days 11, 18 and 25, both at same doses as the first cycle. Cycles were repeated every 38 days. The starting dose of capecitabine was 500 mg/m2/day which was escalated by 250 mg/m2/day in the subsequent cohort of patients to reach the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Later, additional patients were treated at the MTD of capecitabine to further evaluate the safety, pharmacodynamics, and tumor response. Patients blood was tested for cisplatin-DNA adducts to determine the impact of capecitabine on cisplatin-based therapy. Results: Fifteen patients received at least 2 cycles of treatment. At 1,250 mg/m2, two DLT of prolonged neutropenia of grade ≥3 were observed. The MTD for capecitabine was thus determined to be 1000 mg/m2/day. Fatigue and diarrhea of grade 1 or 2 were the most frequent toxicities at this dose level. No significant hematologic toxicity was observed at the MTD. Two complete and three partial remissions were observed. Four of the responders had received a platinum agent and/or 5-FU in the past. Conclusions: A sequential treatment with capecitabine followed by cisplatin and irinotecan is well tolerated and demonstrates clinical activity in patients with advanced solid malignancies. The influence of capecitabine, if any, on the efficacy of the cisplatin-irinotecan combination is not related to a variation in cisplatin-DNA adducts.
On 1:2 Internal Resonances in In-Plane Vibrations of Electrostrictive Plates

Electrostrictive polymers are popular materials being employed in fabrication of high-strain actuators for use in new generation micro- and nano-scale devices along with applications such as artificial muscles. In this work, possibility of 1:2 internal resonances in in-plane vibrations of appropriately designed electrostrictive plates is investigated. The polymer is assumed to have mechanical response similar to that of a Mooney Rivlin material and the induced strain having a quadratic dependence on the applied external electric field. A Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation is used to develop mode shapes of a structure whose lowest two natural frequencies have been brought close to the ratio of 1:2. Using the mode shapes thus obtained, a more complete Lagrangian formulation is used to develop a nonlinear two-mode model of the electrostrictive plate structure. Application of a harmonic electric field results in in-plane parametric oscillations of the structure. The nonlinear response of the structure is developed using averaging on the two-mode model. The structure exhibits 1:2 internal resonance due to the large amplitude vibrations through the route of parametric excitation. The effects of material constitutive parameters on the nonlinear response are investigated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Schellenberg on propositional faith

This paper assesses J. L. Schellenberg’s account of propositional faith and, in light of that assessment, sketches an alternative that avoids certain objections and coheres better with Schellenberg’s aims. My topic is J. L. Schellenberg on propositional faith. 1 In what follows, I will state his account and, in that sacred tradition among friends, develop three complaints about it. Finally, I’ll sketch an alternative that avoids those complaints and coheres better with its primary aims. Before I get down to work, three preliminaries are in order. First, propositional faith is a propositional attitude expressed by typical uses of ‘faith that p’, where p takes declarative sentences as instances, e.g. ‘She has faith that they’ll work out their difficulties’. Whenever I speak of ‘the object of faith’ I will mean either the proposition or the state of affairs reported by it. Second, we sometimes say things of the form ‘S has faith in x’, where x takes a name of a person or some other entity as instances, as in ‘She has faith in her husband’. Faith in something is relative to a specific domain. My wife has faith in me, as a friend and lover, not as a literary critic. I suspect that faith-that is not faith-in. For one to have faith in something is for one to entrust one’s welfare to it in some way; however, one can have faith that something is thus-and-so without entrusting one’s welfare to it or to its being thus-and-so. For example, I might have faith that Emily will survive breast cancer but I do not thereby entrust my welfare to her or to her survival. Third, in what follows, I am only concerned with faith-that, not faith-in. Unless I state otherwise, whenever I use ‘faith’, I mean propositional faith. Schellenberg’s account of propositional faith So what are Schellenberg’s aims in giving an account of propositional faith? Chief among other things, (i) to show how faith does not require belief in its
Jointed blocks of peridotite xenoliths in basalts and mantle dynamics

In considering the formation of fracture in the upper mantle of the Earth, several authors1,2 have pointed out that the major problem in the formation of cracks is the fact that tensile stresses in the upper mantle region, particularly in the lithospheric plate, are too small compared with the hydrostatic overburden pressure. From theoretical considerations, Anderson2 demonstrated that cracks can nucleate in the lithospheric plates by the accumulation of low density fluid at the base of the plate in the presence of tensile stresses parallel to the plate surface. However, there has been no direct geological observation that supports this conclusion. This letter reports geological observations of planar features in ultramafic inclusions which may have important implications on the existence of fracture in an ambient upper mantle condition.
Low-energy consequences of high-energy quantum chaos

It is shown that special and general relativity can be derived as low-energy approximations from the nonrelativistic quantum chaos of a vortex sponge. If the average distance of separation between the filaments of the vortex sponge is chosen to be ∼10−30cm, a value suggested by the grand unified scale of elementary particle theories, the vortex core radius becomes about equal to the Planck length. The model permits a simple explanation of the phenomenon of charge, and in conjunction with a hypothesis by A. D. Sakharov, can explain Dirac spinors.
Error-Tolerant Technique For Catching a Spacecraft With a Spinning Tether:

This paper presents a novel configuration of a space system which addresses the issue of rendezvous and capture of a spacecraft in a lower (or higher) energy orbit for later injection into a higher (or lower) energy orbit. We first demonstrate that a slender long tether loop in space can maintain its shape while spinning and that the width of its opening depends on the boundary conditions of the loop arms near the center of rotation. Subsequently, we show how the tether loop could be utilized to allow a rendezvous and capture of a spacecraft approaching the loop from a lower (or higher) energy orbit while the natural target area of the loop enables an extended time opportunity for spacecraft capture which is tolerant of errors. We also discuss at the conceptual level a possible device/technique for making a soft contact between the loop and the incoming spacecraft. These results are directly applicable to spinning tether systems for space transportation from low Earth orbit to geotransfer orbit and to esc...
Living Contradictions and Working for Change: Toward a Theory of Social Class–Sensitive Pedagogy

This essay describes a vision of social class–sensitive pedagogy aimed at disrupting endemic classism in schools. We argue persistent upward mobility discourses construct classist hierarchies in schools and classroom practice and are founded on misunderstandings of work, lived experiences of social class, and the broader social and economic context of the United States and the world. Educators may unwittingly alienate the very students they hope to inspire, cause for serious inquiry into what a social class–sensitive pedagogy might entail. The manuscript highlights five interrelated principles that provide insights to what research tells us and how it can be used in K–12 and teacher education.
Automobile Driving as Seen by the Actor, the Active Observer, and the Passive Observer1

This research utilizes the actor-observers paradigm (Jones and Nisbett, 1971) to study driving interactions from the actor, active observer, and passive observer perspectives. Videos of interactions in three driving situations were used to elicit personal and situational causal attributions from subjects. For each interaction, three videos were made, corresponding with each of the three perspectives. Results for two of the interactions were in accordance with the Jones and Nisbett hypothesis, while those of the third were not. Of note was that passive observers gave consistently lower attributional ratings, both personal and situational, compared to actors and active observers. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to driving behavior and education.
Dap1p, a heme-binding protein that regulates the cytochrome P450 protein Erg11p/Cyp51p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Alkylating agents chemically modify DNA and cause mutations that lead to cancer. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resistance to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is mediated in part by Dap1p (damage resistance protein 1). Dap1p is related to cytochrome b5, which activates cytochrome P450 proteins, elevating the metabolism of lipids and xenobiotic compounds. We have found that Dap1p, like cytochrome b5, binds to heme and that Dap1p targets the cytochrome P450 protein Erg11p/Cyp51p. Genetic analysis indicates that Erg11p acts downstream of Dap1p. Furthermore, Dap1p regulates the stability of Erg11p, and Erg11p is stabilized in dap1Δ cells by the addition of heme. Thus, Dap1p utilizes heme to stabilize Erg11p, which in turn regulates ergosterol synthesis and MMS resistance. Dap1p homologues have been identified in numerous eukaryotes, including mammals, suggesting that the Dap1p-cytochrome P450 protein pathway is broadly conserved in eukaryotic species.
Gravel Roads Surface Performance Modeling

Twenty gravel road study sections at 10 sites in north-central Wyoming were monitored from September 2005 through June 2006. Windshield or mobile, visual survey ratings of the sections and field measurements were taken weekly. Surfacing gravel samples were collected, and their gradations were determined. Traffic speeds and volumes by class were collected with a two-tube system. (A two-tube system counts traffic by receiving signals from two tubes placed 8 ft apart across the road. By a comparison of the times at which signals are received from each tube, the speed of the traffic can be determined, as can the number and spacing of axles.) Statistical analyses generated regression models that allowed the prediction of the service life of an unmaintained gravel road. Traffic speeds, traffic volumes, and surfacing gravel properties were shown to have the greatest influence on gravel roads' deterioration rates. For these typical Wyoming county roads with good geometry, good drainage, and adequate gravel thickn...
CO2 Splenoportography: Preliminary Results

OBJECTIVE. Previously, splenoportography with 18-gauge needles provided excellent portal imaging. However, because of concern about bleeding, this technique was replaced with arterial portography and noninvasive techniques, which are not always accurate. We present a modification of splenoportography using CO2 and an ultrafine needle in eight patients whose previous imaging studies were inconclusive.CONCLUSION. CO2 splenoportography is safe and expedient and provides adequate visualization of the portal system for surgical planning in selected patients.
A modified PDAF based on a Bayesian detector

Practical detection systems generally are operated using a fixed threshold, optimized to the Neyman-Pearson criterion. An alternative is Bayes detection, in which the threshold varies according to the ratio of prior probabilities. This prior information is available in a tracking situation, but appears little used. The effect here is of a depressed detection threshold near the predicted measurement. We explain the appropriate modification to the commonly used probabilistic data association and tracking filter (PDAF). The implementation is simple, and the performance is remarkably good, and a considerable advantage with respect to the fixed-threshold PDAF is observed.
Deregulation and the relationship between bank CEO compensation and risk-taking

The deregulation of the banking industry during the 1990s provides a natural (public policy) experiment for investigating how firms adjust their executive compensation contracts as the environment in which they operate becomes relatively more competitive. Using the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994 as a focal point, we investigate how banks changed the equity-based component of bank CEO compensation contracts. We also examine the relationships between equity-based compensation and risk, capital structure, and investment opportunity set. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that after deregulation, the equity-based component of bank CEO compensation increases significantly on average for the industry. Additionally, we find that more risky banks have significantly higher levels of equity-based compensation, as do banks with more investment opportunities. But, more levered banks do not have higher levels of equity-based CEO compensation. Finally, we observe that most of these relationships become more powerful in our post-deregulation period.
Shock compression of polyurethane foams

Several shock studies have been made on polyurethane materials, both fully dense and distended in the form of foams. However, there is a lack of shock data between the densities of 0.321 and 1.264g/cm3 (fully dense). We present here data obtained from two different types of shock experiments at densities of 0.35, 0.5, 0.68, 0.78, and 0.9g/cm3 in order to fill in the density deficiencies and make it easier to develop an unreacted equation of state (EOS) for polyurethane as a function of density. A thermodynamically consistent EOS was developed, based on the Helmholtz free energy, and was used to predict the shock properties of polyurethane materials at densities from 1.264 to 0.348g/cm3 . These estimates are compared to the available data. The data match quite close to the predictions and provide a basis for calculating polyurethane foam shock processes. Chemical reaction has been observed at relatively high pressure (21.7 GPa) in fully dense polyurethane in an earlier study, and the equation of state presented here is representative of the unreacted polyurethane foam. Lowering the density is expected to drop the shock pressure for chemical reaction, yet there is not enough data to address the low density shock reaction thresholds in this study.
Outbreak of Neurologic Enterovirus Type 71 Disease: A Diagnostic Challenge

BACKGROUND Similar to poliovirus, enterovirus type 71 (EV71) causes severe disease, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Large epidemics of EV71 infection have been reported worldwide. METHODS After recognition of a cluster of cases of EV71 disease, we reviewed records of patients with EV71 disease who required hospitalization at The Children's Hospital in Denver, Colorado, from 2003 through 2005. The presence of enterovirus was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or viral culture of specimens from multiple sources, and the virus was typed as EV71 using genetic sequencing. RESULTS Eight cases of EV71 disease were identified in both 2003 and 2005. Fifty-six percent of patients with EV71 disease were < or = 6 months of age (range, 4 weeks to 9 years). All 16 patients had EV71 central nervous system infection. Enterovirus PCR (EV-PCR) of cerebrospinal fluid specimens yielded positive results for only 5 (31.2%) of the 16 patients; all of these patients were < 4 months of age and had less severe disease. However, EV-PCR of upper respiratory tract specimens yielded positive results for 8 (100%) of 8 patients, and EV-PCR of lower gastrointestinal tract specimens yielded positive results for 7 (87.5%) of 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS An outbreak of neurologic EV71 disease occurred in Denver, Colorado, during 2003 and 2005. Likely, EV71 disease remains unrecognized in other parts of the United States, because EV-PCR of cerebrospinal fluid frequently yields negative results. EV-PCR of specimens from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts had higher diagnostic yields than did EV-PCR of cerebrospinal fluid. EV71 infection should be considered in young children presenting with aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, or acute cardiopulmonary collapse. EV71 infection may be an underrecognized emerging disease in the United States.
Alleviating search uncertainty through concept associations: automatic indexing, co-occurrence analysis, and parallel computing

In this article, we report research on an algorithmic approach to alleviating search uncertainty in a large information space. Grounded on object filtering, automatic indexing, and co-occurrence analysis, we performed a large-scale experiment using a parallel supercomputer (SGI Power Challenge) to analyze 400,000+ abstracts in an INSPEC computer engineering collection. Two system-generated thesauri, one based on a combined object filtering and automatic indexing method, and the other based on automatic indexing only, were compared with the human-generated INSPEC subject thesaurus. Our user evaluation revealed that the system-generated thesauri were better than the INSPEC thesaurus in concept recall, but in concept precision the 3 thesauri were comparable. Our analysis also revealed that the terms suggested by the 3 thesauri were complementary and could be used to significantly increase variety in search terms and thereby reduce search uncertainty
Racism? Administrative and Community Perspectives in Data-Driven Decision Making: Systemic Perspectives Versus Technical-Rational Perspectives

This case study describes tensions that became apparent between community members and school administrators after a proposal to close a historically African American public high school in a large u...
Knowledge-based framework for hypothesis formation in biochemical networks

Motivation: The current knowledge about biochemical networks is largely incomplete. Thus biologists constantly need to revise or extend existing knowledge. The revision and/or extension are first formulated as theoretical hypotheses, then verified experimentally. Recently, biological data have been produced in great volumes and in diverse formats. It is a major challenge for biologists to process these data to reason about hypotheses. Many computer-aided systems have been developed to assist biologists in undertaking this challenge. The majority of the systems help in finding 'pattern' in data and leave the reasoning to biologists. A few systems have tried to automate the reasoning process of hypothesis formation. These systems generate hypotheses from a knowledge base and given observations. A main drawback of these knowledge-based systems is the knowledge representation formalisms they use. These formalisms are mostly monotonic and are now known to be not quite suitable for knowledge representation, especially in dealing with the inherently incomplete knowledge about biochemical networks. Results: We present a knowledge-based framework for hypothesis formation for biochemical networks. The framework has been implemented by extending BioSigNet-RR---a knowledge based system that supports elaboration-tolerant representation and non-monotonic reasoning. Features of the extended system are illustrated by a case study of the p53 signal network. Availability: http://www.biosignet.org Contact: namtran@asu.edu
Community Crisis Response Teams: Leveraging Local Resources through ICT E-Readiness

Dynamic community crisis response teams form quickly at the onset of a crisis providing assistance until external specialty resources arrive. FEMA recommends individual preparedness for up to 72 hours. Sustaining a community for at least 72 hours often falls to those who live or work in the community. Local community responders (i.e. small grassroots volunteers) who operate in the field during a crisis need mobile information technologies and practice for effective communication and coordination. Small grassroots volunteers, who may be among community responders, often have limited training and practice with two-way device quick response tactics. Our analysis of the local community literature suggests focusing on ICT training in conjunction with plain-language communication directed towards interoperability as a means to increase individual ICT e-readiness. We propose the use of team-based learning instructional strategy which has been empirically tested in the classroom
Delayed Inflammatory and Cell Death Responses Are Associated with Reduced Pathogenicity in Lujo Virus-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques

To identify host factors associated with arenavirus virulence, we used a cynomolgus macaque model to evaluate the pathogenesis of Lujo virus (LUJV), a recently emerged arenavirus that caused an outbreak of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in southern Africa. In contrast to human cases, LUJV caused mild, nonlethal illness in macaques. We then compared this to contrasting clinical outcomes during arenavirus infection, specifically to samples obtained from macaques infected with three highly pathogenic lines of Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF). We assessed gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and determined genes that significantly changed expression relative to that in uninfected animals over the course of infection. We detected a 72-h delay in the induction of host responses to infection during LUJV infection compared to that of the animals infected with LASV. This included genes associated with inflammatory and antiviral responses and was particularly apparent among groups of genes promoting cell death. We also observed early differential expression of a subset of genes specific to LUJV infection that accounts for the delayed inflammatory response. Cell type enrichment analysis suggested that host response induction delay and an LUJV-specific profile are due to a different proportion of natural killer cells responding in LUJV infection than that in the LASV-infected animals. Together, these data indicate that delayed proinflammatory and proapoptotic host responses to arenavirus infection could ameliorate disease severity. This conclusion provides insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of arenaviral hemorrhagic fever and suggests potential strategies for therapeutic development. IMPORTANCE Old World arenaviruses are significant human pathogens that often are associated with high mortality. However, mechanisms underlying disease severity and virulence in arenavirus hemorrhagic fever are largely unknown, particularly regarding host responses that contribute to pathogenicity. This study describes a comparison between Lujo and Lassa virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Lujo virus-infected macaques developed only mild illness, while Lassa virus-infected macaques developed severe illness consistent with Lassa fever. We determined that mild disease is associated with a delay in host expression of genes linked to virulence, such as those causing inflammation and cell death, and with distinct cell types that may mediate this delay. This is the first study to associate the timing and directionality of gene expression with arenaviral pathogenicity and disease outcome and evokes new potential approaches for developing effective therapeutics for treating these deadly emerging pathogens.
A Language Without Borders: English Slang and Bulgarian Learners of English

This study investigated the acquisition of English slang in a foreign language context. The participants were 101 Bulgarian learners of English, 58 high school students, and 43 university students. The instrument included knowledge tests of English slang terms and questions about attitudes, sources, reasons, and methods employed in learning English as a foreign language slang. The data were analyzed through multivariate analyses of variance, discriminant function analysis, and qualitative analyses. The younger group was significantly associated with the knowledge of vulgar/offensive slang, λ =.374, Χ 2 (12) = 91.47, p <.001. The same group showed a significantly higher appreciation of slang as a way of group belonging and projecting an image of looking cool. Overall, there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the age groups on all variables of interest, which are interpreted in view of sociopsychological factors.
Intervening with Colleagues.

Confronting a colleague who is suspected of unethical conduct is never easy or pleasant. Observing appropriate procedures may help facilitate a successful outcome.
Male Sterility and Meiotic Drive Associated With Sex Chromosome Rearrangements in Drosophila: Role of X-Y Pairing

In Drosophila melanogaster, deletions of the pericentromeric X heterochromatin cause X-Y nondisjunction, reduced male fertility and distorted sperm recovery ratios (meiotic drive) in combination with a normal Y chromosome and interact with Y-autosome translocations (T(Y;A)) to cause complete male sterility. The pericentromeric heterochromatin has been shown to contain the male-specific X-Y meiotic pairing sites, which consist mostly of a 240-bp repeated sequence in the intergenic spacers (IGS) of the rDNA repeats. The experiments in this paper address the relationship between X-Y pairing failure and the meiotic drive and sterility effects of Xh deletions. X-linked insertions either of complete rDNA repeats or of rDNA fragments that contain the IGS were found to suppress X-Y nondisjunction and meiotic drive in Xh-/Y males, and to restore fertility to Xh-/T(Y;A) males for eight of nine tested Y-autosome translocations. rDNA fragments devoid of IGS repeats proved incapable of suppressing either meiotic drive or chromosomal sterility. These results indicate that the various spermatogenic disruptions associated with X heterochromatic deletions are all consequences of X-Y pairing failure. We interpret these findings in terms of a novel model in which misalignment of chromosomes triggers a checkpoint that acts by disabling the spermatids that derive from affected spermatocytes.
Individual differences in delay discounting under acute stress: the role of trait perceived stress.

Delay discounting refers to the reduction of the value of a future reward as the delay to that reward increases. The rate at which individuals discount future rewards varies as a function of both individual and contextual differences, and high delay discounting rates have been linked with problematic behaviors, including drug abuse and gambling. The current study investigated the effects of acute anticipatory stress on delay discounting, while considering two important factors: individual perceptions of stress and whether the stressful situation is future-focused or present-focused. Half of the participants experienced acute stress by anticipating giving a videotaped speech. This stress was either future-oriented (speech about future job) or present-oriented (speech about physical appearance). They then performed a delay discounting task, in which they chose between smaller, immediate rewards, and larger, delayed rewards.Their scores on the Perceived Stress Scale were also collected. The way in which one appraises stressful situations interacts with acute stress to influence choices; under stressful conditions, delay discounting rate was highest in individuals with low trait perceived stress and lowest for individuals with high trait perceived stress. This result might be related to individual variation in reward responsiveness under stress. Furthermore, the time orientation of the task interacted with its stressfulness to affect the individual’s propensity to choose immediate rewards. These findings add to our understanding of the intermediary factors between stress and decision-making.
Heterotopic ossification after the use of commercially available recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins in four patients

Heterotopic ossification occurring after the use of commercially available bone morphogenetic proteins has not been widely reported. We describe four cases of heterotopic ossification in patients treated with either recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 or recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 7. We found that while some patients were asymptomatic, heterotopic ossification which had occurred around a joint often required operative excision with good results.
The 24-h carbohydrate oxidation rate in a human respiratory chamber predicts ad libitum food intake

Background: The 24-h respiratory quotient (24-h RQ) and 24-h carbohydrate balance (24-h CHO-Bal) are predictors of weight change. Whether these relations are mediated by the effects of substrate oxidation and balance on food intake is not known. Objective: We tested whether substrate oxidation and balance predict future ad libitum food intake. Design: Substrate oxidation and balance were measured in a respiratory chamber in 112 normoglycemic subjects (83 Pima Indians and 29 whites; 67 men and 45 women) in energy balance for 3 d before tests were performed. The subjects then self-selected their food ad libitum for the following 3 d. Results: The 24-h RQ, 24-h carbohydrate oxidation (24-h CHO-Ox), and 24-h CHO-Bal in the respiratory chamber predicted subsequent ad libitum food intake over 3 d (as a percentage of weight maintenance energy needs; %EN-WM). The 24-h CHO-Ox explained 15% of the variance in %EN-WM. The weight change over the 3-d ad libitum period was associated positively with 24-h CHO-Ox and negatively with 24-h CHO-Bal in the chamber; these associations were no longer significant after adjustment for %EN-WM. Conclusion: Carbohydrate oxidation and balance predict subsequent ad libitum food intake and can influence short-term weight changes, which indicates that carbohydrate balance is a contributing metabolic factor affecting food intake.
The impact of intrinsic device fluctuations on CMOS SRAM cell stability

Reductions in CMOS SRAM cell static noise margin (SNM) due to intrinsic threshold voltage fluctuations in uniformly doped minimum-geometry cell MOSFETs are investigated for the first time using compact physical and stochastic models. Six sigma deviations in SNM due to intrinsic fluctuations alone are projected to exceed the nominal SMM for sub-100-nm CMOS technology generations. These large deviations pose severe barriers to scaling of supply voltage, channel length, and transistor count for conventional 6T SRAM-dominated CMOS ASICs and microprocessors.
Stratospheric Ozone and Its Effects on the Biosphere

Exposure of biota to UV radiation is now recognized as largely detrimental even at levels typical of the natural atmosphere. The main factors controlling atmospheric UV radiation (solar zenith angle, ozone column amount, clouds and aerosols, surface reflections) are fairly well understood in principle, but usually at least some of these are not known for an arbitrary location and time of interest. Reductions in stratospheric ozone have so far caused increases in biologically effective UV radiation of some 5–15% at middle latitudes, with larger percent increases in polar regions, but no significant increases in the tropics. Such increases, while difficult to detect directly, are estimated to have substantial public health impacts, e.g., on skin cancer incidence. International agreements to phase out the production and release of ozone-destroying chemicals are intended to prevent further depletion of stratospheric ozone, and lead to full recovery by the middle of the next century. The success of such agreements is contingent on strict global compliance, and assumes that our current understanding of ozone chemistry, which in many details is still evolving, is at least sufficient today to allow prediction of future atmospheric responses to anthropogenic emissions.
British M.P.S and their Local Parties: The Suez Cases *

Most students of British parties have accepted the view that the mass organizations are decidedly subordinate to parliamentary leadership. Mainly this has meant rejection of the idea that policy is imposed by a party conference, or its delegated executive, in the Labour party as in the Conservative party. But it may also lead one to ignore or depreciate the role of the constituency units which compose the national organizations. That it is a mistake to do so is now suggested by the activities of local party associations during the Suez crisis of 1956–57. Research material derived from this experience provides the bases for altering the common model of the constituency party as a unit in the mass service organizations sustaining the parliamentary leadership. True enough, the association of dues-paying partisans is primarily service rather than policymaking. However, the Suez experience indicates that this service includes a partly selfgenerating function in relation to the maintenance of parliamentary party cohesion, going beyond the well-known earlier instances of local Labour units simply following national orders to drop candidates who were suspected Communists.
Assessment Training Effects on Student Assessment Skills and Task Performance in a Technology-Facilitated Peer Assessment.

This study examines the impact of an assessment training module on student assessment skills and task performance in a technology-facilitated peer assessment. Seventy-eight undergraduate students participated in the study. The participants completed an assessment training exercise, prior to engaging in peer-assessment activities. During the training, students reviewed learning concepts, discussed marking criteria, graded example projects and compared their evaluations with the instructor’s evaluation. Data were collected in the form of initial and final versions of students’ projects, students’ scoring of example projects before and after the assessment training, and written feedback that students provided on peer projects. Results of data analysis indicate that the assessment training led to a significant decrease in the discrepancy between student ratings and instructor rating of example projects. In addition, the degree of student vs. instructor discrepancy was highly predictive of the quality of feedb...
A joint auction of energy and transmission rights based on AC sensitivity

Optimal power flow program is suitable for the sensitivity calculation of active power of transmission lines and active power loss of network. Because the AC sensitivity based transmission rights calculation matches the actual power flow better,it is applied to the market trade. The simplified market structure can reduce market trade cost and improve the efficiency of market transactions. As energy trade and transmission right trade have same market transaction form,a model based on AC sensitivity is proposed for the joint auction of energy,point-to-point transmission rights and flow-based transmission rights,which is a linear programming problem in mathematics and can be solved by mature linear programming approaches. An integrated optimization of energy and transmission rights transactions is achieved,which provides more choices for market participants in one auction market. IEEE 9-bus system is employed to demonstrate its efficiency.