cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An in-premise model for Legionella exposure during showering events

Abstract An exposure model was constructed to predict the critical Legionella densities in an engineered water system that result in infection from inhalation of aerosols containing the pathogen while showering. The model predicted the Legionella densities in the shower air, water and in-premise plumbing biofilm that might result in a deposited dose of Legionella in the alveolar region of the lungs associated with infection for a routine showering event. Processes modeled included the detachment of biofilm-associated Legionella from the in-premise plumbing biofilm during a showering event, the partitioning of the pathogen from the shower water to the air, and the inhalation and deposition of particles in the lungs. The range of predicted critical Legionella densities in the air and water was compared to the available literature. The predictions were generally within the limited set of observations for air and water, with the exception of Legionella density within in-premise plumbing biofilms, for which there remains a lack of observations for comparison. Sensitivity analysis of the predicted results to possible changes in the uncertain input parameters identified the target deposited dose associated with infections, the pathogen air–water partitioning coefficient, and the quantity of detached biofilm from in-premise pluming surfaces as important parameters for additional data collection. In addition, the critical density of free-living protozoan hosts in the biofilm required to propagate the infectious Legionella was estimated. Together, this evidence can help to identify critical conditions that might lead to infection derived from pathogens within the biofilms of any plumbing system from which humans may be exposed to aerosols.
High-efficiency adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer into neonatal and adult rodent skeletal muscle.

Abstract Several methodological limitations have emerged in the use of viral gene transfer into skeletal muscle. First, because the nuclei of mature muscle fibers do not undergo division, the use of strategies involving replicative integration of exogenous DNA is greatly limited. Another important limitation concerns the maturation-dependent loss in muscle fiber infectivity with adenoviral vectors. In this study, we investigated the possibility that high-titer infections with recombinant adenovirus, expressing a foreign marker gene under the control of a strong viral promoter, can significantly improve the efficiency of gene transfer in vivo into neonatal and adult rat skeletal muscle. High-titer (2×10 10 plaque forming units) intramuscular injection of replication-defective adenovirus vector, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter, resulted in GFP expression in 99±0.34% of fibers in the adult soleus muscle and in approximately 85±1.44% of fibers in the adult tibialis anterior muscle. Interestingly, reduction in injected adenoviral dose significantly reduced the number of GFP-positive fibers in the adult tibialis anterior muscle, but not in the soleus muscle. However, in neonates, adenoviral infection resulted in GFP expression in 96–99% of the fibers in the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles regardless of administered adenoviral dose.
Quasi-monochromatic bound on ultrashort light-pulse transmission through fog.

The use of ultrashort (femtosecond duration) light pulses for line-of-sight free-space optical (FSO) communication through fog is receiving increasing attention. Assuming that the transmitter power is low enough to preclude nonlinear interactions, and that scattering-induced multipath spread is less than the reciprocal of the scattering-induced Doppler spread, it is shown that the average transmitter-to-receiver fractional energy transfer of an ultrafast FSO system cannot exceed that of a quasimonochromatic (nanosecond pulse duration) system operating at the optimum wavelength within the ultrafast system’s spectrum. Thus, an ultrashort-pulse system is not a solution for high-data-rate FSO communication through fog, because, at best, it will reproduce on average the energy-transfer performance of a wavelength-optimized quasimonochromatic system.
Influence of Extender, Extension Rate, and Glycerolating Technique on Fertility of Frozen Bull Semen

Abstract In four field trials involving 57,791 inseminations with ampuled frozen semen, there was no difference in motility or fertility when glycerol was included initially in Tris-fructose-glycerol-yolk extender or when it was added slowly after cooling to 5C. Fertility in citrate-glycerol-yolk extender also was the same when glycerol was added slowly in four steps or in one step at 5C. Thus, slow addition of glycerol is not necessary. Reduction in pH of the citrate extender from 7.0 to 6.5 did not affect fertility. The 60- to 90-day per cent nonreturns for Tris extender at pH 6.5 and 6.75 were 74.1 and 71.9 (P = 0.10). Sperm motility following freezing and thawing in Tris extender was slightly superior to that in citrate extender, but there was no difference in fertility. Fertility was 0.5 and 1.5 percentage units lower in two trials when 12×10 6 motile sperm numbers per ampule before freezing were compared with 24×10 8 motile sperm (P>0.10). After freezing and thawing, motile sperm numbers per ampule ranged from 3×10 6 to 23×10 6 . Correlations between these sperm numbers and fertility in three experiments were 0.17, 0.26, and 0.42. Thus, sperm numbers in the range studied accounted for only 3 to 18% of the variation in nonreturn rate. Increasing sperm numbers had little effect on improving fertility of low-fertility bulls.
An asymptotic Wiener-Itô representation for the low frequency ordinates of the periodogram of a long memory time series

Abstract We consider a general long memory time series, assumed stationary and linear, but not necessarily Gaussian or generated by a finite-parameter model. For such a process, we derive the asymptotic joint distribution of the normalized periodogram at a fixed, finite collection of Fourier frequencies. The limiting distribution is represented in terms of Wiener-Ito integrals, and, for a single periodogram ordinate, it is an unequally weighted linear combination of independent χ 2 1 random variables. This result was previously known only in the Gaussian case. Our theorem may be useful for generalizing, beyond the Gaussian case, the applicability of a semiparametric method of estimating the long memory parameter based on log-periodogram regression.
Phase II Trial of Exemestane in Combination With Fulvestrant in Postmenopausal Women With Advanced, Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer

Introduction Exemestane, the irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor, and fulvestrant, the pure estrogen antagonist, are active as single drugs in postmenopausal women with advanced hormone-responsive breast cancer. We designed a phase II study with the purpose of determining whether combining these 2 drugs with different and potentially complementary mechanisms of action will improve the clinical benefit.
A review of III-nitride research at the Center for Quantum Devices

Abstract In this paper, we review the history of the Center for Quantum Devices’ (CQD) III-nitride research covering the past 15 years. We review early work developing III-nitride material growth. We then present a review of laser and light-emitting diode (LED) results covering everything from blue lasers to deep UV LEDs emitting at 250 nm. This is followed by a discussion of our UV photodetector research from early photoconductors all the way to current state of the art Geiger-mode UV single photon detectors.
Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for the Methane−Propane−Carbon Dioxide Systems at 230 K and 270 K

Vapor−liquid equilibria were measured for the binary systems methane−carbon dioxide, methane−propane, and carbon dioxide−propane at 230 K and 270 K. The ternary system methane−carbon dioxide−propan...
The Idea of Social Science and Its Enemies: A Rejoinder

The dialectic does indeed work in strange and wondrous ways. Not so long ago it was thinkers on the political left who were among the more vocal and energetic proponents of the scientific study of society and culture, and thus were among the staunchest defenders of the ideal of objective knowledge. After all, the notion of "false consciousness" implies the possibility of an "unfalse consciousness"; just as it implies that we can, at least in principle, tell the difference between the two. It used to be the "conservatives" who expressed skepticism about objectivity, value-free inquiry and who repeatedly cautioned us against abandoning the traditionally accumulated wisdom of the past. Currently, many of the "radicals" are using the language and the arguments that belonged formerly to these conservatives; and so it turns out that those who defend the idea of an objective social science have become the establishmentarians-an interesting and curious turnabout, one that some sociologist of knowledge might well ponder. In addition to its animus toward a scientifically conceived anthropology, what impressed me about many of the pieces in Reinventing Anthropology-to be sure, not all the essays, but enough of them so that it gave the book a dominant tone-was the deep distrust of institutions (as though the mere fact of institutionalizing behavior somehow suppressed the spontaneity of the real self and was therefore something to be deplored) and, going along with this, a retreat (although I am certain the reinventors would consider it an advance) into the subjective, the personal and the relativistic. I suggested that the ideational source for much of this current radical ethos, whether writers are explicitly aware of their intellectual debt or not, lay in the writings of the "young" Marx (Marx the Hegelian philosopher of the "essence of man" rather than the more scientific "mature" Marx), particularly as these writings have been interpreted and elaborated upon by various modern-day European existentialists, phenomenologists, Frankfort School "critical theorists" and East European "Marxist humanists." A prominent feature in the recent revival of interest in Marxism is, it seems, a certain "greening" of Marx. (Since one might draw a different impression from Diamond, Scholte, and Wolf's extended remarks, my discussion of Marx comprised one paragraph in a twelve-page essay.) Now these are hardly observations concocted out of thin air. Many scholars, and especially Marxist writers, have pointed out the different emphases in Marx and Marxism, differences which have yielded varied, even incompatible, "Marxist traditions." Thus, Leszek Kolakowski, the exiled Polish Marxist and one of the leading contemporary spokesmen for "Marxist humanism," writes (1972:12):
Embedded Hardware and Software Co-Design in SOPC-Based Hydropower On-Line Monitoring System

SoPC technology provides a more convenient, flexible and reliable hardware and software co-design for embedded system design. In this paper we use this method in respect of software and hardware to design a new high performance hydropower on-line monitoring system. The device has been successfully integrated in the hydropower on-line monitoring system. The practical application confirms it has high performance, good stability, scalability, and the design method for power occasions other similar applications are also of great referential significance.
The Impact of Economic Performance on Electoral Support in Sweden, 1967–1978*

This article investigates the impact of macroeconomic conditions on aggregate political support for governing parties in Sweden over the period 1967–1978. After reviewing survey evidence on the relative salience of economic and fiscal issues to the Swedish electorate, a novel, dynamic model of political support is presented. The model incorporates the ideas that voters evaluate economic performance relatively rather than absolutely, and that governments' mass political support is based on their cumulative performance records. The empirical results supply estimates of the impact of unemployment, inflation, the real income growth rate and the income effects of direct tax and transfer policies on political support. The evidence suggests that the responses of political support to reasonable movements in macroeconomic conditions are large enough to give economic management a pivotal role in electoral shifts.
HoxA10 Protein Regulates Transcription of Gene Encoding Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) in Myeloid Cells

HoxA10 is a member of a highly conserved family of homeodomain transcription factors that are involved in definitive hematopoiesis and implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). During normal hematopoiesis, HoxA10 facilitates myeloid progenitor expansion and impedes myeloid differentiation. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that control these events, we have been identifying and characterizing HoxA10 target genes. In this study, we identified the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2 or basic fibroblast growth factor) as a target gene that is relevant to the biological effects of HoxA10. We identified two cis elements in the proximal FGF2 promoter that are activated by HoxA10 in myeloid progenitor cells and differentiating phagocytes. We determined that Fgf2 expression and secretion are regulated in a HoxA10-dependent manner in these cells. We found that increased Fgf2 production by HoxA10-overexpressing myeloid progenitor cells induced a phosphoinositol 3-kinase-dependent increase in β-catenin protein. This resulted in autocrine stimulation of proliferation in HoxA10-overexpressing cells and hypersensitivity to other cytokines that share this pathway. Therefore, these studies identified expression of Fgf2 as a mechanism by which HoxA10 controls the size of the myeloid progenitor population. These studies also suggested that aberrant production of Fgf2 may contribute to leukemogenesis in the subset of AML with dysregulated Hox expression. Therapeutic targeting of Fgf2-stimulated signaling pathways might be a rational approach to this poor prognosis subset of AML.
Application of Crossover Theory to the SAFT-VR Equation of State: SAFT-VRX for Pure Fluids

The molecular-based SAFT equation of state has proven to be very versatile in the prediction of fluid phase equilibria. However, in common with all analytic equations of state, SAFT exhibits classical behavior in the critical region rather than the nonanalytical, singular behavior seen in real fluids. As a result, accurate agreement over the whole phase diagram cannot be obtained and must be localized to either the critical or subcritical regions. To overcome this problem, we have combined the SAFT-VR equation of state with a crossover technique developed by Kiselev (Kiselev, S. B. Fluid Phase Equilib. 1998, 147, 7) to obtain the SAFT-VRX equation. We have applied SAFT-VRX to both associating and nonassociating pure fluids. Results are presented for n-alkanes, water, and carbon dioxide. Furthermore, by fitting to the phase diagram and PVT behavior for a small number of n-alkanes, we have developed simple expressions for the potential model parameters for the n-alkane homologous series. These prescriptions enable the accurate prediction of the thermodynamic properties, including the phase diagram, of n-alkanes without additional fitting to experimental data. Additionally, by combining density functional theory with SAFT-VRX we predict the surface tension of both low and high molecular weight n-alkanes.
Aeroelastic Optimization of Adaptive Bumps for Yaw Control

This paper captures the aeroelastic behavior of adaptable bumps on morphing wings using trained neural networks. Parameters of the bump such as the height, size, location, and shape play a major aerodynamic and structural role. Though other issues such as wave drag minimization, boundary layer control are discussed, the primary problem addressed here is the generation of the lateral directional moment. The shape of the bump is optimized so that it produces maximum yaw moment with a minimum actuation energy spent in creating the adaptive bump. The analysis of fluid separation on the airfoil surface due to various types of bumps and its effects on the aerodynamic forces is performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT TM . This analysis is performed at a low speed of Mach 0.3 and at a transonic speed of Mach 0.7. Structural analysis is performed using the finite element software ANSYS TM using a nonlinear beam model of the bump. In order to perform an aeroelastic analysis, the softwares FLUENT and ANSYS have to be interconnected so that the changing aerodynamic pressure with bump deformation is reflected in the structural analysis. Direct coupling of two such numerical codes, one based on CFD and the other based on finite element modeling (FEM), is computationally expensive. Hence, artificial neural networks are trained from these aerodynamic and structural analysis. Two neural networks are trained, one for the aerodynamic pressure and the other for the structural loads and strain energy. These two neural networks serve as an efficient decoupler, that facilitates an aeroelastic optimization procedure to evaluate the best bump shape for maximum drag for providing micro-yaw control while using the minimum actuation energy and minimizing the loss in the lift.
Mössbauer effect and XRD studies of iron-zinc binary alloys

Mossbauer spectroscopy and XRD were employed to characterize the microstructural properties of iron-zinc binary alloys between 0–31 at.% Fe. Samples were prepared with accuracies of ±0.5 at.% Fe, and the Mossbauer and lattice parameters were monitored as a function of iron concentration across each phase. Two iron sites were observed in the Γ phase (18–31 at.% Fe), whose occupancies and isomer shifts varied continuously with iron content. However, the quadrupole splitting of each site remained constant. Within the Γ1 phase (19–24 at.% Fe), three iron sites were observed whose isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings remained constant, while their occupancies varied with iron concentration. For the first time, a third iron site was observed in the δ phase (8–13 at.% Fe), whose occupancy increases with iron content. Also, the site occupancies of the two other δ sites appear to remain constant, while other Mossbauer parameters vary continuously with iron content. Analysis of the ζ phase (6–7 at.% Fe) showed the presence of one iron site, whose parameters were not observed to change due to the small variance in iron concentration. XRD studies indicate the lattice parameters across the Γ and δ phases vary continuously with iron concentration. Moreover, a better understanding of these phases, as formed in galvanneal steel coatings, was obtained.
Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Pine Needles Collected from Residential and Industrial Areas in Western Kentucky

ABSTRACT One-year-old pine needles collected from residential and industrial locations in Kentucky were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls. For comparison, pine needle samples from the highly contaminated Linden Chemicals and Plastics (LCP) Superfund site in Brunswick, Georgia, also were analyzed. PCB concentrations in residential Kentucky ranged from 1.91 ng/g dry wt. to 12 ng/g dry wt. These sites were comparatively less polluted than those from the Superfund site, that had concentrations ranging from 15 ng/g dry wt. to 34 ng/g dry wt. Finger printing of PCB contamination sources was possible using pine needle PCB profiles. PCB-28 and PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-153 and PCB-138 in pine needles indicated uptake of Aroclors −1016 and −1242, −1254, −1260 in Kentucky sites. Pine needles from the Superfund site and its vicinity contained higher chlorinated PCBs especially, PCB-196, PCB-199, and PCB-206 characteristic of Aroclor 1268. When the toxic equivalencies (TEQs) of PCBs were compared, Kentucky pine needl...
Expression Profiling Identifies 147 Genes Contributing to a Unique Primate Neointimal Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype

Objective— This study represents the first in an effort to systematically characterize different intimas by using expression array analysis. Methods and Results— We compared smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the neointima formed 4 weeks after aortic grafting with those from normal aorta and vena cava from cynomolgus monkeys. Hybridization to cDNA arrays identified subsets of 147 and 45 genes differentially expressed in the neointima versus the aorta and vena cava, respectively. The expression pattern differentiating neointima from aortic SMCs was characterized largely by suppression. Only 13 genes were induced in the neointima: 7 encoded matrix proteins (6 collagens and 1 versican) and 2 encoded inducers of matrix synthesis (osteoblast-specific factor-2/Cbfa1 and connective tissue growth factor). The genes suppressed most in the neointima included the regulator of G-protein signaling-5, SPARClike-1/hevin, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-B. A smaller gene set differentiated the neointima from the vena cava. M...
Modern pollen deposition in cave sites: experimental results from New York State

SUMMARY Results from two years of pollen trapping experiments in New York State show that pollen spectra inside the three caves studied are highly similar to the pollen rain outside the caves. Statistical comparisons of modern pollen spectra derived from Tauber traps, speleothems, moss polsters, and nearby pond sediments suggest that pollen deposition inside caves can provide a reliable index of the regional and local vegetation, directly comparable to the more conventional spectra derived from lake sediments and moss polsters. Because of the relatively low pollen influx inside caves, however, stochastic and episodic forms of particle transport may influence pollen deposition inside caves in proportions that are unique to each site. With careful attention to site parameters such as entrance size, pollen preservation, and modes of sedimentation, investigators could make greater use of caves in palynological studies.
Black Threat and Incarceration in Postbellum Georgia

The relative size of the black population has been linked with the exercise of social control in both contemporary and historical contexts. In this article I use data from late nineteenth-century Georgia to examine several neglected issues: the multiple sources and targets of black threat, temporal changes in the relative size of the black population, and the rate at which black and white males were incarcerated. Time series analysis reveals that declines in the relative size of the black male and urban black population significantly affected the rate at which black males were incarcerated, particularly before disenfranchisement in 1909. In contrast, changes in the black population had no effect on the incarceration of whites. These findings suggest that declines in the relative size of certain segments of the black population threatened the labor supply and intensified social control efforts. I conclude by considering the empirical implications of these findings. Contemporary theorists have long contended that the relative size of the minority population has significant implications for the exercise of social control (Blalock 1967; Blauner 1972; Turk 1969). As minorities comprise a larger proportion of the population, social control efforts intensify, presumably because minorities threaten the existing distribution of economic rewards and political power. To the extent that minority group members are linked with greater criminality, as is the case of black Americans, they presumably threaten public safety, increasing fear of crime and efforts to control it (Liska, Chamlin & Reed 1985; Liska, Lawrence & Benson 1981; Lizotte & Bordua 1980; Moeller 1989). This article focuses on the black population of the postbellum South and changes in its relative size between 1868 and 1936. As a "problem population," blacks were not simply a threat to white hegemony. For certain segments of the white population, black labor was an indispensable resource (Adamson 1983, *This is a revision of a paper presented at the annual ineetings of the Amnerican Society of Criminologiy, Novemnber 8-11, 1989, Reno, Nevada. Direct correspondence to the author at the Departmnent of Sociologiy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. ? The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, December 1990, 69(2):373-393 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.49 on Mon, 29 Aug 2016 04:24:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 374 / Social Forces 69:2, December 199
The Business of Invention in the Paris Industrial Exposition of 1806

In the late eighteenth century, the competitive position of French industry was seriously undermined by the sudden influx of inexpensive English goods—the products of the First Industrial Revolution. Responding to this challenge, French government officials established trade fairs—such as the Paris Industrial Exposition of 1806—to promote the introduction of commercially viable technologies. In this article, Professor Hafter takes a close look at this 1806 exposition. She discovers that, in addition to praising English-style machinery, the exposition's judges also praised traditional French production methods—a choice, she suggests, that reflected the uneven pattern of French industrialization.
Biomedical Animations and Video Clips as Educational Tools

Biomedical animations or video clips of biological processes can enhance student learning by maintaining attention and promoting active cognitive processing. Tools for incorporating them into PowerPoint presentations are described, with examples from classes on sensory processes within neurobiology and on the cardiac cycle and hormone binding within physiology and pharmacology. Brief descriptions of useful Web sites and video file formats are also presented.
Do Recent Operational Studies Indicate That a Single State Model Is No Longer Applicable to G Protein–coupled Receptors?

Recent evidence suggests that unliganded G protein-coupled receptors exist in at least two states, an inactive conformation and an active conformation possessing affinity for the G protein even in the absence of agonist. The data accumulated so far for wild-type receptors imply that this is true for receptors for several hormones and receptor subtypes, and theoretically for all G protein-coupled receptors. The data now consist of studies implicating not only spontaneous receptor-G protein coupling, but also effector mechanisms and, in the case of transgenic mice over-expressing the human beta 2-adrenoceptor, physiologic responses at the level of the isolated tissue and in vivo. Furthermore, there appear to be ligands (inverse agonists) that can decrease the level of the constitutively active conformation of the receptor, and neutral antagonists can not only block classical agonist responses, but also inhibit the response of inverse agonists.
Current status of silicon solar cell technology

In quest of higher efficiency, major progress has occurred in solar cell technology during the last five years. In this period cell efficiency has climbed about 50 percent. Technical approaches leading to increased output include back surface fields (n+-p-p+structures), shallow junctions, improved antireflection coatings, surface texturizing, and fine grid patterns on the cell surface. The status of current solar cell technology and its incorporation into cell production is discussed. Research and develomnent leading to improved performance and reduced cost are also described.
NEW YEAR'S RESOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL CHARACTER

Few studies of national character have employed a scientifically drawn sample of an entire nation, although the value of such a sample is generally recognized ( 5 , pp. 62-63 ) . Nations are not homogeneous, and unrepresentative sampling can prove highly misleading. Unfortunately, students of national character rarely have at their disposal a national polling organization; while the commercial pollsters, who control such resources, usually ask questions, such as the choice of candidates in elections, which are too specifically tied to immediate events to throw much light on problems of national character. On rare occasions, however, a reputable national polling organization employs a question that, perhaps inadvertently, probes a rich vein at the level of values and personality. Such a question was employed in 1955 in England by the British Institute of Public Opinion ( 1 ) . Moreover, happily, the identical question had been asked two years earlier in the United States by the American Institute of Public Opinion ( 8) , thus making possible a cross-national comparison. +The samplings are sufficiently close together in time so that the possibility of differences being attributable to historical change can hardly be entertained. The question asked in each country, close to the end of the calendar year, was simply whether the respondent planned to make any New Year's resolutions and, if so, what they were. The replies are of value because such resolutions express a determination to remedy in one's future behavior some perceived inadequacy in one's past behavior. An attempt is being made to reconcile imperfections in one's behavior in the face of day-to-day exigencies with personally or culturally salient values. Thus, not only are values revealed but also possible loci of conflict between incompatible values or between private and official values. The replies reveal, first, that 20% of Americans and 24% of the British planned to make New Year's resolutions. Although this difference is statistically significant by virtue of the large size of the samples, it is not sufficiently large to encourage a firm assertion that more British than Americans make resolutions.
A multiresolutional controller for sensitivity minimization of flexible structures

The control of flexible space structures presents many unique and challenging problems. For typical robust linear controllers the order of the controller tends to be the same as the order of the model used for the flexible structure. In addition, there tends to be no direct relationship between "optimal" linear controllers which were designed based on flexible structure models of different orders. This paper addresses, using wavelet theory, the multiresolutional control design for flexible structures. The main idea is to use a wavelet basis to model the plant and then determine the "optimal" controller using this same wavelet basis in an effort to obtain a nesting property between controllers of different order. The nesting property which wavelets possess is one of their primary strengths. The control problem addressed is that of minimizing the effect of disturbances on a SISO closed loop system, i.e., minimizing the sensitivity function, in terms of the H/sup 2/ norm.
Antibiotics for the treatment of dysentery in children

Background Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam are the antibiotics currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of dysentery in children; yet there have been no reviews of the clinical effectiveness of these antibiotics in recent years. Methods We reviewed all literature reporting the effect of ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam for the treatment of dysentery in children in the developing countries. We used a standardized
Speciation by monobrachial centric fusions: A test of the model using nuclear DNA sequences from the bat genus Rhogeessa

Members of Rhogeessa are hypothesized to have undergone speciation via chromosomal rearrangements in a model termed speciation by monobrachial centric fusions. Recently, mitochondrial cytochrome-b sequence data tentatively supported this hypothesis but could not explicitly test the model's expectations regarding interbreeding among karyotypic forms. These data showed potential evidence for hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting between the karyotypically distinct R. tumida and R. aeneus and identified multiple lineages of karyotypically identical R. tumida. Here, we present a more comprehensive test of speciation by monobrachial centric fusions in Rhogeessa. Our analysis is based on sequence data from two nuclear loci: paternally inherited ZFY and autosomal MPI genes. These data provide results consistent either with incomplete lineage sorting or ancient hybridization to explain alleles shared at low frequency between R. aeneus and R. tumida. Recent and ongoing hybridization between any species can be ruled out. These data confirm the presence of multiple lineages of the 2n=34 karyotypic form ("R. tumida") that are not each other's closest relatives. These results are generally consistent with speciation by monobrachial centric fusions, although additional modes of speciation have also occurred in Rhogeessa. Phylogeographic analyses indicate habitat differences may be responsible for isolation and divergence between different lineages currently referred to as R. tumida.
Developmental Trajectories of Delinquent Behavior One Pattern or Several

A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) of self-reported involvement in delinquency was performed on a sample of 1,414 boys and girls from the 1997 version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Yout...
Flight Control Strategies for Performance Computers

During the last several years, performance computers have established their claim as cost-effective avionics devices by demonstrating significant fuel savings. Many of these devices command different flight control strategies, yet all claim to yield (near) optimal performance. This paper addresses an in-depth study performed to determine the effectiveness of different flight control strategies on performance. Specifically, the issues of constant IAS/Mach climbs and descents versus more general speed schedules and constant maximum climb thrust versus modulated thrust schedules are addressed. Finally, the benefits of utilization of navigation data for descent guidance is presented. While a high bypass ratio business jet was used as the design example, analogous performance has been found for low bypass jet transport aircraft.
Diverse Cross-Reactive Potential and Vβ Gene Usage of an Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Population in Monkeys Immunized with Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Immunogens

An ideal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine would elicit potent cellular and humoral immune responses that recognize diverse strains of the virus. In the present study, combined methodologies (flow cytometry, Vbeta repertoire analysis, and complementarity-determining region 3 sequencing) were used to determine the clonality of CD8(+) T lymphocytes taking part in the recognition of variant epitope peptides elicited in Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus monkeys immunized with vaccines encoding diverse HIV-1 envelopes (Envs). Monkeys immunized with clade B Envs generated CD8(+) T lymphocytes that cross-recognized both clade B- and clade C-p41A epitope peptides using a large degree of diversity in Vbeta gene usage. However, with two monkeys immunized with clade C Env, one monkey exhibited p41A-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) with the capacity for cross-recognition of variant epitopes, while the other monkey did not. These studies demonstrate that the cross-reactive potential of variant p41A epitope peptide-specific CTL populations can differ between monkeys that share the same restricting major histocompatibility complex class I molecule and receive the same vaccine immunogens.
Building relativistic mean field models for finite nuclei and neutron stars

The authors build a new relativistic energy density functional that reproduces nuclear properties over a wide range of densities, such as ground-state properties of finite nuclei, giant monopole energies, and the maximum neutron-star mass. The optimization procedure uses data from both nuclear experiments and astrophysical observations, and is supplemented by a covariance analysis that includes uncertainty estimates and correlation coefficients.
Influence of provider and practice characteristics on melanoma care

Abstract Background Melanoma care is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary, requiring coordination of many types of providers. The purpose of this study is to describe the structure of melanoma care in North Carolina by examining services provided by different providers and the overall coordination of care. Methods Self-administered surveys were developed to collect demographic and practice information, assess patient volume and services provided, and explore referral patterns. Surveys were administered to all dermatologists and a subset of surgeons practicing in North Carolina. Results The response rate was 60% (263/438). Melanoma patient volume, referral patterns, use of nodal staging, and access to clinical trials were each related to provider characteristics, specialty, affiliations with cancer care organizations, and practice setting. Conclusions Many types of providers contribute significantly to the care of melanoma patients. Coordination between providers is variable. This study provides indirect evidence that multidisciplinary melanoma programs increase patient access to comprehensive melanoma care.
Epidermolysis Bullosa—Review and Report of Case

The different aspects of epidermolysis bullosa, specifically the junctional form, are discussed concurrently with dental treatment.
Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Practice

An increasingly prevalent family constellation is a home headed by a grandparent who is raising grandchildren. We explore the state of our knowledge about such grandparents with particular attention to its implications for service providers and researchers. In our review we address several key areas: (a) the costs and benefits of raising a grandchild; (b) the heterogeneity of custodial grandparent caregivers; (c) the critical need for social support among custodial grandparents; (d) parenting practices and attitudes among grandparents raising grandchildren; and (e) helping efforts at multiple levels with custodial grandparents. We also discuss directions for research and practice concerning custodial grandparents.
The Smoking Hazards Scale

The Smoking Hazards Scale (SHS) is a 12-item questionnaire with four scales designed to assess respondent perceptions of obvious health risks due to smoking, subtle health risks due to smoking, health risks not associated with smoking, and risks for stressful life events. The SHS focuses on risk perceptions for objective consequences and can be used to test causal pathways in behavioral treatment programs for smoking cessation. Reliability and validity information are presented from a sample of 215 smokers in the precontemplative and contemplative stages of change. While these smokers see themselves at an increased risk for the obvious health risks due to smoking, they are unaware of the subtle risks of smoking.
Determination and Prediction of Fumonisin Contamination in Maize by Surface–Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

The potential and limitation of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was investigated to develop an accelerated spectroscopic method as an alternative analytical technique to commonly used wet chemical methods for fumonisin analysis in maize. SERS spectral difference among groups of ground maize samples with different concentrations of fumonisins more clearly reflected the level of fumonisin contamination and its effect on physicochemical properties of ground maize samples than conventional Raman spectral difference. In general, chemometric classification models exhibited moderately acceptable correct classification rates (68.0–100.0 % for training dataset and 58.8–85.3 % for validation dataset) and no or little false–negative error. The k-nearest neighbor models applied to validation dataset slightly outperformed over other classification models, showing correct classification rates of 70.6–79.4 %. Chemometric quantification models using validation dataset also yielded a good predictive power and ability, showing satisfactory regression quality (slope = 0.902–1.096), high coefficient of determination (r 2 = 0.825–0.940), and low root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP = 11.162–19.954 mg/kg), with no statistical significant difference with the reference value. The multiple linear regression models showed better quality of linear regression (slope = 0.902–1.076), stronger correlation coefficient (r = 0.948–0.969), and higher predictive accuracy (r 2 = 0.900–0.940) than other quantification models. The proposed SERS method would be a suitable and convenient analytical tool with a great potential for improvement in qualitative and quantitative characterization of fumonisins in maize, serving as a valuable screening tool for maize samples contaminated with fumonisins at a point of sampling.
Asymmetric cell convergence-driven zebrafish fin bud initiation and pre-pattern requires Tbx5a control of a mesenchymal Fgf signal

Tbx5 plays a pivotal role in vertebrate forelimb initiation, and loss-of-function experiments result in deformed or absent forelimbs in all taxa studied to date. Combining single-cell fate mapping and three-dimensional cell tracking in the zebrafish, we describe a Tbx5a-dependent cell convergence pattern that is both asymmetric and topological within the fin-field lateral plate mesoderm during early fin bud initiation. We further demonstrate that a mesodermal Fgf24 convergence cue controlled by Tbx5a underlies this asymmetric convergent motility. Partial reduction in Tbx5a or Fgf24 levels disrupts the normal fin-field cell motility gradient and results in anteriorly biased perturbations of fin-field cell convergence and truncations in the pectoral fin skeleton, resembling aspects of the forelimb skeletal defects that define individuals with Holt-Oram syndrome. This study provides a quantitative reference model for fin-field cell motility during vertebrate fin bud initiation and suggests that a pre-pattern of anteroposterior fate specification is already present in the fin-field before or during migration because perturbations to these early cell movements result in the alteration of specific fates.
The Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians

THE sixty-fifth annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians was held at the Shoreham and Sheraton-Park hotels in Washington, D.C., April 5, 6, 7, and 8, 1972. Two hundred and thirty-two individuals participated in forty-three forrhal sessions, seven workshop discussions, and six luncheon meetings. Scholars from fields other than history spoke at sixteen of the forty-three sessions, and more than a dozen scholars from universities in England, Australia, Italy, and Canada took part in the program. The 1972 program committee was appointed originally by the late Richard Hofstadter, vice president of the Organization of American Historians in 1970-1971 and worked closely with his successor, Edmund S. Morgan. The committee wishes to express its appreciation to Morgan, especially for his assistance in its work following Hofstadter's death. The committee undertook to organize sessions that reflected not a general theme but instead a cross section of the most significant work currently underway among American historians. The committee members solicited contributions to research, interpretation, or methodology in their special fields of interest, although several areas of concern emerged as pivotal in the completed program: interdisciplinary studies, historiography, social and cultural history, women's history, and black history. The committee strove to involve in the program individuals representing all sections, types of institutions, ideologies, and group affiliations. The summary of panels and programs has been organized by the following categories:1 historiography, social and cultural history, matters of cur-
Spina Bifida Occulta in Perthes' Disease

Radiographically, we have frequently noted spiny bifida occulta of posterior lumbar and/or sacral spine in anteroposterior views of the pelvis in Perthes' patients. We reviewed the relation between Spina bifida occulta and Perthes' disease. A high incidence of 80% of spina bifida occulta was shown in 230 Perthes' patients whose age at diagnosis ranged from 2-16 years and averaged 7.4 years. Fusion of the posterior elements progressed with growth; whereas at follow-up 94% of 125 patients before 14 years were unfused and 48% of 58 patients aged over 15 years were fused. Growth retardation due to delayed general skeletal maturity in Parthes' patients exists in the posterior lumbosacral area.
A longitudinal investigation of conflict and delay inhibitory control in toddlers and preschoolers

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: A total of 81 children participated in a longitudinal investigation of inhibitory control (IC) from 2 to 4 years of age. Child IC was measured via maternal report and laboratory measures under conditions of conflict and delay. Performance on delay IC tasks at 3 years was related to performance on these same tasks at 2 and 4 years, but performance on conflict IC tasks was not related over time. Delay IC task performance was concurrently related to conflict IC task performance in 3- and 4-year-olds but was not related in 2-year-olds. Measures of IC varied in their associations with measures of verbal ability and maternal-report IC. Such findings highlight important similarities and distinctions between conflict and delay IC abilities in their relation to one another and to temperament and language over time. Practice or Policy: Studies of IC and related concepts reveal that children who are regulated enjoy school more and have higher school competence, particularly in mathematics ...
Building community: Exploring civic identity in Hispanic New Mexico

Archaeologists working in culture contact zones have devoted much of their attention to the ethnic component of cross-cultural relations, expecting that such interactions will lead to an exaggeration of ethnic differences and some of these differences will be detectable in the archaeological record. While this can be the case, ethnicity is never the only axis of social identification, and sometimes – especially in colonial or national frontiers – civic identity supersedes it as the more significant organizing principle of a population. This study of vecino identity, a civic identity that united a multi-ethnic population of New Mexican villagers during the late Spanish colonial period, serves as a reminder that diverse populations often came together as communities, and that membership within these communities could be equally or more important than affiliation with an ethnic group.
Survey on Salmonella Infection in Workers of Catering TradeAnd Diarrhea Cases in Huizhou

Objective To understand the carrying situation and characteristics of Salmonella in workers of catering trade and diarrhea cases in Huizhou, and detect carriers and provide treatment and management in time,and provide guidance for salmonellosis prevention and control.Method Anus swabs were collected and Salmonella were isolated by conventional methods,and serum agglutination test was used for identification and classification.Result The infection rate of Salmonella workers of catering trade and diarrhea cases in Huizhou was 2.47‰,being 0.22%in workers of catering trade and 4.42%in diarrhea cases.The serotypes of Salmonella infected in workers of catering trade and diarrhea cases in Huizhou were relatively single,mainly based on Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis.The carrier rate was relatively high in summer.Conclusion Salmonellosis has been increasing to be a threat to human health,therefore,surveillance and prevention efforts to salmonella disease can not be ignored.