cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Comments on: Maleszewski JJ et al. IgG4-related disease of the aortic valve: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015;24(1)56-9

We thank Drs. Steiner and Laco for their interest in our report of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) of the aortic valve [1]. Indeed, involvement of the aortic valve by this rare disease is likely to be an unusual circumstance. This is evidenced by the fact that none of their 178 aortic valve cases had features of IgG4-RD despite a staining protocol that would have been certain to uncover it [2]. At the Mayo Clinic, resected stenotic aortic valves are not routinely evaluated histologically, unless there are vegetations or unusual gross features. At The Johns Hopkins Hospital, all valves are examined by histology, but these cases are typically evaluated by general surgical pathologists who may have been unlikely to further evaluate cases with dense inflammation. Thus, the true incidence of valvular IgG4-RD and the role that it plays in valve dysfunction are in need of further study.
Practical Innovation, Entrepreneurship, & Leadership for Technology, Business, & Engineering Professionals

Corporations want to enhance the creativity of their employees. We innovate to find solutions to existing problems. Employees will be motivated to pursue their ideas, especially when the potential for recognition exists. Brainstorming helps generate more ideas and group interaction facilitates creativity. Creative products are often the source of profits and help survival for an organization. This is why industry invests substantial parts of their profit in research and development for new products.
Comment: Salbutamol—A means to an endplate

The fetal acetylcholine receptor (AChR) inactivation syndrome (FARIS) was first described in the last decade, resulting from maternal AChR antibodies directed against the fetal ɣ subunit of the receptor. The phenotype is myopathic, ranging from a lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita to mild weakness. Unlike transient neonatal myasthenia gravis (MG), wherein the hypotonia and weakness usually resolve within a few months, and if anticholinesterase therapy is needed, it can usually be withdrawn after 4–6 weeks,1 FARIS is persistent and typically has poor responsiveness to agents such as pyridostigmine and immunotherapy.
Developing a Social Media and Marketing Course.

This paper describes the process used and experiences gained in developing a social media and marketing course. As the first known paper on this topic appearing in the marketing education literature, the paper provides educators with a framework for developing similar courses. The course was developed using a sound instructional design model, the Kemp Instructional Model, and was continuously improved over a four-year cycle. The course concept entailed four distinguishing characteristics: an experiential-learning approach, a nontraditional class format, a practitioner orientation that focused on the use of social media in marketing, and the integration of a Learning Community (LC) that consisted of multiple participants with different professional perspectives and areas of expertise. Based on quantitative and qualitative evaluations collected over a four-year period from all members of the LC, the course was found to be highly successful in achieving all course objectives.
Serologic characterization of the somatic antigens of forms of Trypanosoma lewisi from the bloodstream and cultures.

Please address requests for reprints to Dr. Setsuko Yasuda Eguro, P.O. Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27706. the BSF. Our early studies [19] suggested that the LCF share somatic antigens with the infective BSF, but that secretion and excretion products of LCF and BSF may differ. This investigation was designed for examination and characterization of the antigenic relationships between extracts of the dividing and nondividing BSF and the LCF.
Medulloblastoma with myogenic differentiation: a rare medulloblastoma variant in a young child.

A 3-year-old girl presented with a 3-week history of headaches, unsteady gait and episodic vomiting. On neurological examination, she had gaze-evoked nystagmus, intermittent titubation and mild ataxic gait. MRI revealed a large posterior fossa tumour with reduced diffusivity and heterogeneous nodular-appearing enhancement (figure 1). MRI of the spine and subsequent cerebrospinal fluid analysis were negative for disseminated disease. Following gross total resection, pathology demonstrated a malignant small blue cell neoplasm with anaplasia, nuclear pleomorphism and myxoid areas containing eosinophilic cells (figure 2). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for myogenin revealed nuclear positivity in the myxoid areas consistent with a diagnosis of …
Buy the Book? Evidence on the Effect of Textbook Funding on School-Level Achievement

This paper considers the effect of textbook funding on school-level test performance by using a quasi-experimental setting in the United States. I consider a lawsuit in California that provided a one-time payment of $96.90 per student for textbooks if schools fell below a threshold of academic performance. Exploiting this variation with a regression discontinuity (RD) design, I find that textbook funding has significant positive effects on school-level achievement in elementary schools and has a high benefit-per-dollar. In contrast to elementary schools, I find no effect in middle and high schools though these estimates are very imprecise.
Robust probabilistic estimation of uncertain appearance for model-based tracking

We present a method for appearance management for model-based visual tracking. The approach provides a concise mechanism for mapping image information to a model surface by taking into consideration uncertainties from the mapping process and by propagating appearance information from visible high-confidence surface regions to hidden or low-confidence regions. The method allows acquiring and utilizing appearance information online from available data, eliminating the need for offline appearance information. The problem is modeled with a continuous Markov random field (MRF) with clique potentials defined as energy functionals over color distributions with the Earth mover distance replacing traditional distance measures between random variables. A general MAP-MRF solution usable for general distributions as well as an efficient real-time capable linear close form approximation are presented.
Abstract 4639: Metformin decreases cellular ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines by inhibition of ceramide synthetic enzymes

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Metformin, an anti-diabetic biguanide, has been shown to have cytotoxic and chemopreventive properties in in vitro and epidemiological studies, respectively. Metformin's predominant cytotoxic functions may be through activation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with subsequent cell apoptosis. Ceramides, a group of waxy lipids found in the cellular membrane, are key players in many elements of cell signaling, including the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. While traditionally thought of as being pro-apoptotic, this notion has been questioned with the discovery of pro-survival ceramides, as well as the demonstration that certain species of ceramides are increased in breast cancer cells. Metformin reduces ceramides in insulin-resistant mouse myoblasts and may reduce the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of metformin and cytotoxicity was determined by MTT cell culture experiments after 72 hours of drug exposure. Metformin induces cytotoxicity in these breast cancer cells at a lowest concentration of 1.25 mM, and percentage cytotoxicity increases in a dose-dependent manner. We then determined the effect of metformin on cell ceramide synthesis by analyzing key ceramide synthetic enzymes. Using western immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, we determined that metformin induces a reduction in serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase, dihydroceramide desaturase, and neutral sphingomyelinase in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We also analyzed the distribution of ceramides in treated breast cancer cells using polyclonal antibodies against ceramides. By confocal microscopy, ceramides are globally decreased in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin. This data suggests that the pro-apoptotic effect of metformin may be partly mediated through its disruption of the balance of ceramides and/or through the reduction of pro-survival ceramides within breast cancer cells. It is also possible that the predominant ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells are pro-survival and metformin suppresses these ceramides. Further work is necessary to characterize the ceramide content of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells before and after metformin treatment. Citation Format: Daniel Wann, Victoria Palau, Janet Lightner, Marianne Brannon, William Stone, Koyamangalath Krishnan. Metformin decreases cellular ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines by inhibition of ceramide synthetic enzymes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4639
Strategies for Use of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in the Preparation and Characterization of Antibodies

Before any investigator decides to make antibodies that can be used as probes in experiments for either experimental or clinical research, it is imperative that they decide which type of antibody is best suited for their purposes and that they plan their strategy in advance. This should guarantee a cost-effective and efficient use of antibodies. In order to make this decision, a basic understanding of the structural properties of antibodies as well as of their interactions with specific antigenic determinants is necessary.
A hidden Markov model for latent temporal clustering with application to ideological alignment in the U.S. Supreme Court

An alternative approach to modeling latent time-varying sequences of clusters demonstrates certain benefits over existing methods for analyzing Supreme Court voting data. The family of Markov chains presented here satisfies important statistical properties, including exchangeability, consistency under subsampling, and reversibility with respect to a tractable class of two-parameter partition models. These properties make the model robust to missing data, choice of labels, and changes in the sample over time. When combined with an appropriate model for the response, exchangeability and consistency give rise to the stronger model properties of label equivariance and non-interference, respectively, which together make inferences readily interpretable. These and other aspects of the approach are illustrated with a detailed analysis of voting data in the Supreme Court over the period 1946–2012. The results of this analysis agree with what is known about the Court’s behavior during this period of time. In some cases, this approach detects aspects of the Court that other quantitative analyses, such as Martin–Quinn scores, do not.
H2O2-dependent decolorization of Poly R-481 by particulate fractions from Phanerochaetechrysosporium

Abstract A cell-free preparation from Phanerochaete chrysosporium culture medium decolorized the polymeric dye Poly R-481. The majority of this decolorization activity sedimented when centrifuged at 150,000 × g, indicating that it was associated with a particulate body. The activity was sensitive to heat, azide and cyanide, was stimulated by exogenously added H2O2, and was optimal around pH 4. Electron micrographs of the sedimented culture medium fraction showed the presence of numerous particulate structures. A similar dye decolorization activity from sonicated mycelium also sedimented at 150,000 × g.
Supratentorial Cerebral Malformations in Spina Bifida

In 1957, Cameron [1] first noted the association of spina bifida with several supratentorial abnormalities such as polymicrogyria, cortical heterotopia, corpus callosum dysgenesis, thickening of the massa intermedia, hypoplasia of the falx and aqueductal stenosis and forking. All of Cameron’s patients also suffered from the Chiari II malformation [2].
From market to hierarchy: An empirical assessment of a supply chain governance typology

Abstract This study performs an empirical assessment of the highly influential supply chain governance typology put forth in Gereffi et al. (2005). In spite of the influence this Global Value Chain (or GVC) Typology has had, there have been few (if any) attempts to empirically assess its alignment with real-world supply chain structures and to establish a baseline for its predictive utility. The GVC Typology is assessed for face and nomological validity through testing of its key dimensions in relation to purchasing-logistics integration and supplier performance measures, using an information-processing theory framework. The GVC Typology appears to have considerable face validity as actual supply chain governance structures aligned well with those it proposes. It also has reasonable predictive power with regards to governance dimensions and integration, and in some connections between governance types, integration, and supplier performance. This study provides researchers with the tools to move this typology beyond the “conceptual” stage in their work, allowing for holistic and higher-level assessments of supply chain governance structures and changes. It may also help researchers and managers to consider when and to what extent purchasing-logistics integration should be fostered.
Initial maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels in pregnancies achieved after assisted reproductive technology are higher after preimplantation genetic screening and after frozen embryo transfer: a retrospective cohort

Few published articles have compared initial hCG values across all different types of ART cycles, including cycles with fresh or frozen embryo transfer. No articles have compared initial hCG values in cycles utilizing preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). The purpose of this study is to compare initial hCG values after fresh embryo transfer, frozen embryo transfer, and after PGS. This was a single-center retrospective cohort study at an academically affiliated private IVF center. All fresh and frozen embryo transfers between January 2013 and December 31, 2015 were included. We compared mean initial serum hCG values 14 days after oocyte retrieval for fresh cycles and 9 days after frozen embryo transfer. We examined cycles of single embryo transfer (SET) and double embryo transfer (DET). Two hundred elven IVF (fresh embryo transfer), 128 FET (frozen embryo transfer cycles, no PGS), and 111 PGS cycles (ovarian stimulation with embryo cryopreservation, PGS, and frozen transfer in a subsequent estrogen-primed cycle) with initial positive hCG values were analyzed. In patients achieving a positive hCG after SET, initial hCG values were higher after PGS compared to FET (182.4 versus 124.0 mIU/mL, p = 0.02) and IVF (182.4 versus 87.1 mIU/mL, p < 0.001) as well as FET compared to IVF (124.0 versus 87.1 mIU/mL, p < 0.01). After DET, initial hCG values were higher after PGS (222.8 mIU/mL) compared to FET (182.1 mIU/mL, p = 0.02) and IVF (131.1 mIU/mL, p = 0.001). Our study suggests that initial serum hCG values are higher after using PGS and higher after the transfer of a frozen embryo compared to a fresh embryo. This suggests that initial hCG values relate to the chromosomal status of embryos. Initial hCG values may help determine intervention and monitoring later in pregnancy.
Identification of adults with congenital heart disease of moderate or great complexity from administrative data.

Introduction There is relatively sparse literature on the use of administrative datasets for research in patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). The goal of this analysis is to examine the accuracy of administrative data for identifying patients with ACHD who died. Methods A list of the International Classification of Diseases codes representing ACHD of moderate- or great-complexity was created. A search for these codes in the electronic health record of adults who received care in 2010-2016 was performed, and used state death records to identify patients who died during this period. Manual record review was completed to evaluate performance of this search strategy. Identified patients were also compared with a list of patients with moderate- or great-complexity ACHD known to have died. Results About 134 patients were identified, of which 72 had moderate- or great-complexity ACHD confirmed by manual review, yielding a positive predictive value of 0.54 (95% CI 0.45, 0.62). Twenty six patients had a mild ACHD diagnosis. Thirty six patients had no identified ACHD on record review. Misidentifications were attributed to coding error for 19 patients (53%), and to acquired ventricular septal defects for 11 patients (31%). Diagnostic codes incorrect more than 50% of the time were those for congenitally corrected transposition, endocardial cushion defect, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Only 1 of 21 patients known to have died was not identified by the search, yielding a sensitivity of 0.95 (0.76, 0.99). Conclusion Use of administrative data to identify patients with ACHD of moderate or great complexity who have died had good sensitivity but suboptimal positive predictive value. Strategies to improve accuracy are needed. Administrative data is not ideal for identification of patients in this group, and manual record review is necessary to confirm these diagnoses.
When Did Tax Avoidance Become Respectable

No matter how many tax scandals are revealed in the media – and there have been many in the past year, involving a diverse set of taxpayers ranging from Donald Trump to Apple – what is most remarkable is that, by and large, the public has considered them relatively non-scandalous. This was not always the case. During the 1930s, even the most innocuous tax avoidance maneuvers, such as buying tax-exempt bonds, were attacked as morally suspect. When did that change and why? This Article offers a novel attempt to gauge the respectability of tax avoidance – using a unique, hand-collected dataset of newspaper advertisements for tax planning services in prominent national papers between 1930 and 1970 – and concludes that a shift occurred after World War II. The Article then explains the reason for this shift, suggesting that a combination of extremely high rates, a broadened base of taxpayers subject to that rate, and a deterioration of the wartime consensus for the rate structure laid the foundation for the respectability of tax avoidance in the 1950s and 1960s. In effect, just as the high wartime rates for the wealthy had been justified as a means of compensating for the sacrifice of the poor during the war, the pursuit, and tacit approval, of tax avoidance after the war was a means of compensating for the high rates at a time when the sacrifice rationale for them had ceased to be compelling. This history parallels the modern experience with corporate tax shelters and has lessons for those seeking to reform the current tax system.
Global well-posedness of infectious disease models without life-time immunity: the cases of cholera and avian influenza

We study the systems of partial differential equations with diffusion that model the dynamics of infectious diseases without life-time immunity, in particular the cases of cholera from Wang & Wang (2015, J. Biol. Dyn., 9, 233-261) and avian influenza from Vaidya et al. (2012, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 17, 2829-2848). In both works, similarly to all others in the literature on various models of infectious diseases and more, it had to be assumed for a technical reason that the diffusivity coefficients of the susceptible, infected and recovered individuals, humans or birds, had to be identical in order to prove the existence of their unique solutions for all time. Considering that such uniform diffusivity strengths among the susceptible, infected and recovered hosts may not always be plausible in real world, we investigate the global well-posedness issue when such conditions are relaxed. In particular for the cholera model from Wang & Wang (2015, J. Biol. Dyn., 9, 233-261), we prove the global well-posedness with no condition on the diffusivity coefficients at all. For the avian influenza model from Vaidya et al. (2012, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 17, 2829-2848), we prove the global well-posedness with no condition on the diffusivity coefficients if the spatial dimension is one, and under a partial condition that the diffusivity coefficients of the susceptible and the infected hosts are same otherwise.
Did you remember to brush?: a noninvasive wearable approach to recognizing brushing teeth for elderly care

Failing to brush one's teeth regularly can have surprisingly serious health consequences, from periodontal disease to coronary heart disease to pancreatic cancer. This problem is especially worrying when caring for the elderly and/or individuals with dementia, as they often forget or are unable to perform standard health activities such as brushing their teeth, washing their hands, and taking medication. To ensure that such individuals are correctly looked after they are placed under the supervision of caretakers or family members, simultaneously limiting their independence and placing an immense burden on their family members and caretakers. To address this problem we developed a non-invasive wearable system based on a wrist-mounted accelerometer to accurately identify when a person brushed their teeth. We tested the efficacy of our system with a month-long in-the-wild study and achieved an accuracy of 94% and an F-measure of 0.82.
Improvement of Neuropathy Symptoms With Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Patient With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.

This is a case report describing a 53-year-old woman with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and a 6-year history of numbness in bilateral upper extremities, feet, and in the tru...
Employees as Conduits for Effective Stakeholder Engagement: An Example from B Corporations

Is there a link between how a firm manages its internal and external stakeholders? More specifically, are firms that give employees stock ownership and more say in running the enterprise more likely to engage with external stakeholders? This study seeks to answer these questions by elaborating on mechanisms that link employees to external stakeholders, such as the community, suppliers, and the environment. It tests these relationships using a sample of 347 private, mostly small-to-medium size firms, which completed a stakeholder impact assessment organized by the non-profit B Lab. The results support the hypotheses that both employee ownership and employee involvement are positively associated with external stakeholder engagement. Further, we found that certification plays a role, as employee ownership contributes to external stakeholder engagement only in certified B Corporations, and not in firms that merely completed the B Lab Impact assessment. Our findings have import for stakeholder engagement frameworks, as we show that there is interplay between internal employee stakeholders and external stakeholders that may be important to overall firm–stakeholder management.
An unusual exonuclease activity associated with Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase.

Abstract A trace of an unusual exonucleolytic activity is present in highly purified preparations of Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. With poly dAT, about 500 times as much polymerase as nuclease activity is obtained. Nuclease activity is higher in Mn++ than in Mg++, but in the presence of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, rates are stimulated in Mg++ but suppressed in Mn++. The products of degradation of several DNA-like polymers are largely (90%) mono- and dinucleotides with traces of oligonucleotides. With poly dAT, mainly dinucleotides are produced, but with poly dAdT and dGdC, the ratio of mono- to dinucleotides is different from that of poly dAT and different on each of the two strands.
Preliminary Metric Investigations into the Nature of the “Postmodern Consumer”

The purpose of this research is to design and to test an instrument to measure postmodern consumer orientations. The construct is articulated and operationalized using three dimensions that particularly relate to consumer orientations regarding identity, reality, and subject-hood. Each dimension is measured using four items that were developed based on literature review and prior qualitative research. This paper reports successful results from the confirmatory factor analysis verifying empirical viability of the measures. Results from further analyses of hypotheses relating to consumer characteristics, such as materialism, Machiavellianism, and locus of control impressions, are also reported to provide greater insight into the nature of the “postmodern consumer”.
Anthropology and Justice

Justice is so familiar a feature of daily life that we seldom pause to examine it. Anthropologists have only rarely been interested in cross-cultural conceptions of justice (Cohn, 1959; Gluckman, 1965a, 1965b; Lowie, 1925; Nader, 1975; Nader & Todd, 1978; Nduka, 1977; Pospisil, 1971; Williams, 1941) and almost never concerned with comparative conceptions of injustice.1 The truth is, however, that anthropologists have provided the data for a comparative understanding of justice without often using the concept itself.
Electron transport properties in RuO2 rutile.

First-principles electronic-structure calculations were used to determine the electron-transport properties of ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}$ in the rutile structure. Our calculations were performed within the local-density approximation employing soft-core ab initio pseudopotentials and a plane-wave basis. The two independent components of the tetragonal plasma-frequency tensor, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathit{p},}$xx, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathit{p},}$zz, were found to be identical within the calculational errors. The calculated isotropy of the plasma-frequency tensor agrees with optical and transport measurements. Our theoretical value for the plasma frequency of 3.3 eV is within 5--10 % of the experimental value as determined from optical and resistivity measurements. We find that the experimental resistivity can be fit accurately to the standard Bloch-Gr\"uneisen model with additional terms representing optical-mode coupling and electron-electron interactions. Previously used models did not conform to the correct Fermi-surface topology. Our ab initio results demonstrate that the transport properties of ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}$ exhibit ``normal'' behavior as described by the Boltzmann equation.
A Scube2-Shh feedback loop links morphogen release to morphogen signaling to enable scale invariant patterning of the ventral neural tube

Abstract To enable robust patterning, morphogen systems should be resistant to variations in gene expression and tissue size. Here we explore how a Shh morphogen gradient in the ventral neural tube enables proportional patterning in embryos of varying sizes. Using a surgical technique to reduce the size of zebrafish embryos and quantitative confocal microscopy, we find that patterning of neural progenitors remains proportional after size reduction. Intriguingly, a protein necessary for Shh release, Scube2, is expressed far from the source of sonic hedgehog production. scube2 expression levels control Shh signaling extent during ventral neural patterning and conversely Shh signaling represses the expression of scube2, thereby restricting its own signaling. scube2 is disproportionately downregulated in size-reduced embryos, providing a potential mechanism for size-dependent regulation of Shh. This regulatory feedback is necessary for pattern scaling, as demonstrated by a loss of scaling in scube2 overexpressing embryos. In a manner akin to the expander-repressor model of morphogen scaling, we conclude that feedback between Shh signaling and scube2 expression enables proportional patterning in the ventral neural tube by encoding a tissue size dependent morphogen signaling gradient. Summary Statement The Shh morphogen gradient can scale to different size tissues by feedback between Scube2 mediated release of Shh and Shh based inhibition of Scube2 expression Author Contributions Z.M.C. conducted experiments and data analysis. Z.M.C and S.G.M. conceived the study, designed the experiments, and wrote the paper. K.I and Z.M.C. developed the size reduction technique. T.Y.C.T helped develop the image analysis technique and generated the tg(shha:memCherry) reporter line. S.G.M. supervised the overall study.
A structural strain parameter for a unified treatment of fatigue behaviors of welded components

Abstract This paper further investigates into the effectiveness of the structural strain method recently proposed by Dong et al. (2014) to model low-cycle fatigue behavior of welded structures. More precisely, an equivalent structural strain range parameter is introduced and implemented here in order to evaluate fatigue behaviors of welded components spanning both low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue regimes. A large number of well-documented fatigue data of weldments with various joint types, loading modes and base materials have been investigated in detail by using the structural strain approach. These components include gusset-to-plate, plate-to-plate and pipe-to-pipe joint. The fatigue loading varys from load-controlled to displacement-controlled conditions, and the base metals ranges from structural steel of different grades and aluminum alloys as well as titanium alloys. The obtained results show that the equivalent structural strain range parameter enables a unified presentation of the fatigue behaviors of all the test data investigated in this paper.
Un mosaico de sombras

Fragmentos. Daniel Winograd. Poesia, ano 1, num. 3, Editorial El Propio Bolsillo, Medellin, diciembre de 1990.
Antipsychotic safety and efficacy concerns

Treatment for schizophrenia has evolved considerably since antipsychotic agents were introduced in the 1950s, with atypical antipsychotics supplanting the use of first-generation antipsychotics over the past decade. Despite the widespread belief that the atypical antipsychotics are superior to the conventional antipsychotics, clinicians lack compelling evidence about whether these new drugs really are safer or more effective than the older alternatives, or whether some atypical antipsychotics may be more effective than others. Both the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and the Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS 1) sought to determine if atypical antipsychotics were truly safer and more effective than typical antipsychotics, but the evidence provided did not support the superiority of the atypical antipsychotics as expected. However, differences between atypical antipsychotics and typical agents may accrue over time, and the 2 trials may not have had a sufficient duration to determine this benefit. Long-term studies greater than 1 year may provide data to support the belief that atypical antipsychotics are more effective treatments for long-term safety and prevention of relapse in schizophrenia than older agents. While atypicals do have lower incidences of extrapyramidal symptoms and movement disorders than conventional antipsychotics, concerns about these adverse effects have been replaced by concerns about metabolic side effects. Given the widespread use of atypical antipsychotics, the psychiatric community has come to recognize that monitoring of metabolic side effects is the new standard of care for treating severely mentally ill patients.
Correction to: The weakness of weak ties for novel information diffusion

Following publication of the original article (Larson Applied Network Science 2017), the author reported to publish a brief corrigendum in the original article;
MiDas: Containerizing Data-Intensive Applications with I/O Specialization

Scientific applications often depend on data produced from computational models. Model-generated data can be prohibitively large. Current mechanisms for sharing and distributing reproducible applications, such as containers, assume all model data is saved and included with a program to support its successful re-execution. However, including model data increases the sizes of containers. This increases the cost and time required for deployment and further reuse. We present a framework named MiDas ("Minimizing Datasets") for specializing I/O libraries which, given an application, automates the process of identifying and including only a subset of the data accessed by the program. To do this, MiDas combines static and dynamic analysis techniques to map high level user inputs to low level file offsets. We show several orders of magnitude reduction in data size via specialization of I/O libraries associated with model-based data-intensive applications, such as those operating on meteorological and geophysical data.
Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It)

The present research examined the relationship between political ideology and perceptions of the threat of COVID-19. Due to Republican leadership’s initial downplaying of COVID-19 and the resulting...
52. RESIDENTS IN THE ROOM WHERE IT HAPPENS: ALIGNING PEDIATRIC EDUCATION WITH HOSPITAL OPERATIONS

Background Academic pediatric centers balance many goals, including excellent patient care, effective hospital operations, and providing optimal training environments. However, hospital administration and graduate medical education (GME) priorities are not always aligned. With administration often focused on metrics like throughput and expansion, special attention must be given to the unique aims of GME in order to prioritize and facilitate an ideal training program. Objective: To align key stakeholders and identify innovative solutions to optimize pediatric resident education, patient care, and hospital operations. Methods At Lurie Children's Hospital, with administrative support, we convened stakeholders representing pediatric residents and faculty as well as hospital operations leaders. Partnering stakeholders with quality improvement specialists we identified key drivers of our educational goals through current state analyses. These analyses informed potential interventions, identified through collection of multimodal survey data, to achieve an optimal future state design. Results Rapid improvement events connected residents, faculty, nurses, and hospital staff in robust facilitated discussions. Four major topics emerged, comprising key drivers of resident experiences, patient care delivery, and the interface with hospital processes. These topics were (1) service team distribution, (2) logistical barriers, (3) GME structures, and (4) communication/electronic health record (EHR) issues. Future design sessions produced novel solutions including new workflows, EHR support, and the convening of task forces to focus on unique care settings. Conclusion Through quality-focused evaluation of hospital and residency goals, we engaged key stakeholders in identifying proactive solutions to align residency training with hospital operations. Ongoing metrics from these initiatives will be analyzed for impact. The project was well-received by trainees, faculty, and staff and will continue to inform short- and long-term initiatives.
Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants mediate how individuals respond to medication, and response differences among racial/ethnic groups have been attributed to patterns of PGx diversity. We hypothesized that genetic ancestry (GA) would provide higher resolution for stratifying PGx risk, since it serves as a more reliable surrogate for genetic diversity than self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE), which includes a substantial social component. We analyzed a cohort of 8628 individuals from the United States (US), for whom we had both SIRE information and whole genome genotypes, with a focus on the three largest SIRE groups in the US: White, Black (African-American), and Hispanic (Latino). Our approach to the question of PGx risk stratification entailed the integration of two distinct methodologies: population genetics and evidence-based medicine. This integrated approach allowed us to consider the clinical implications for the observed patterns of PGx variation found within and between population groups. Whole genome genotypes were used to characterize individuals’ continental ancestry fractions—European, African, and Native American—and individuals were grouped according to their GA profiles. SIRE and GA groups were found to be highly concordant. Continental ancestry predicts individuals’ SIRE with > 96% accuracy, and accordingly, GA provides only a marginal increase in resolution for PGx risk stratification. In light of the concordance between SIRE and GA, taken together with the fact that information on SIRE is readily available to clinicians, we evaluated PGx variation between SIRE groups to explore the potential clinical utility of race and ethnicity. PGx variants are highly diverged compared to the genomic background; 82 variants show significant frequency differences among SIRE groups, and genome-wide patterns of PGx variation are almost entirely concordant with SIRE. The vast majority of PGx variation is found within rather than between groups, a well-established fact for almost all genetic variants, which is often taken to argue against the clinical utility of population stratification. Nevertheless, analysis of highly differentiated PGx variants illustrates how SIRE partitions PGx variation based on groups’ characteristic ancestry patterns. These cases underscore the extent to which SIRE carries clinically valuable information for stratifying PGx risk among populations, albeit with less utility for predicting individual-level PGx alleles (genotypes), supporting the concept of population pharmacogenomics. Perhaps most interestingly, we show that individuals who identify as Black or Hispanic stand to gain far more from the consideration of race/ethnicity in treatment decisions than individuals from the majority White population.
Contrast sensitivity deficits in schizophrenia: A psychophysical investigation.

Individuals with schizophrenia have problems with visual contrast processing. The current study investigated contrast sensitivity (CS) in schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms affected by this disorder and to identify critical testing conditions that distinguish individuals with the disorder from healthy individuals. Principal component analysis was applied to the data (N = 143) to separate responses from distinct visual pathways. Participants were 68 patients and 75 age-similar controls. CS was obtained using a forced-choice psychophysical paradigm with grating patterns of low to high spatial frequency presented at short and long durations. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine differences in log CS with respect to group, duration, and stimulus condition. Lower CSs were found in patients compared to controls over all stimulus conditions with the magnitude of deficits dependent on both spatial frequency and stimulus duration. Log CSs to low and high spatial frequencies loaded onto separate principal components, supporting the existence of two psychophysical mechanisms, transient and sustained. Critical conditions were identified to tap each mechanism. Visual acuity was correlated moderately with log CS to high, but not low, spatial frequencies, and deficits found for acuity and CS to moderate/high spatial frequencies (4-21 cycles/degree) appear to reflect dysfunction in the sustained mechanism. CS deficits found at the lowest spatial frequency tested (0.5 cycles/degree) appear to reflect dysfunction in the transient mechanism. Both types of CS deficits may have diagnostic value and implications for social and neurocognitive deficits in this disorder.
Health outcomes and healthcare utilization of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders living with HIV in Hawai'i: A mixed-methods study.

Objectives Past research shows mixed outcomes in terms of HIV-related disparities among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHOPI). This study investigates HIV-related disparities among NHOPI living with HIV in Hawai'i. Design An explanatory sequential design was utilized. The quantitative portion analyzed survey data from a statewide Ryan White Needs Assessment (N = 398) to examine the differences in viral suppression and satisfaction with care between NHOPI and other ethnic groups. Utilizing the behavioral model for vulnerable populations (BMVP), semi-structured interviews (N = 16) were conducted next to explain what factors play a role in satisfaction with care and viral suppression when it comes to NHOPI living with HIV in Hawai'i. Results Among the 398 participants 13% were NHOPI. NHOPI were more likely to have a viral load of ≥10,000 copies/mL compared to those who didn't identify as NHOPI. However, there were no significant differences for other viral load levels (20-199 or 200-9999), and only 20 participants (5.2%) had a viral load of 10,000 copies/mL or more. No significant ethnic differences were found in satisfaction with medical care. In the qualitative phase, factors from all domains of the BMVP were represented within the four themes identified: (1) Care coordination is essential- with AIDs service organizations taking the lead; (2) HIV care, as well as overall health, is defined by the effectiveness of medication; (3) Initial diagnosis is a critical moment for intervention; and (4) Aspects of culture are intangible. Conclusion Among NHOPI in Hawai'i who are engaged in case management, there appears to be no substantial disparities in either viral load or satisfaction with care compared to other ethnic groups. Despite this, qualitative findings provide insights on how ethnicity and culture may still be playing a role. Addressing all domains of the BMVP is crucial to addressing this.
Norms in a Wired World

Social order is regulated from above by the law but its foundation is built on norms and customs, informal social practices that enable people to make meaningful and productive uses of their time and resources. Despite the importance of these practices in keeping the social fabric together, very little of the jurisprudential literature has focused on a discussion of these norms and customs. In Social Norms in a Wired World Steven Hetcher argues that the traditional conception of norms as rule-like linguistic entities is erroneous. Instead, norms must be understood as patterns of rationally governed behaviour maintained in groups by acts of conformity. Using informal game theory in the analysis of norms and customs, Hetcher applies his theory of norms to tort law and Internet privacy laws. This book will appeal to students and professionals in law, philosophy, and political and social theory.
Aziridines from β-Iodocarbamates: 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene(1,2)imine

Aziridines from β-iodocarbamates: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(1,2)imine product: 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene(1,2)imine Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; cyclization, condensation; hydrolysis, miscellaneous
MVPA Permutation Schemes: Permutation Testing for the Group Level

Permutation tests are widely used for significance testing in fMRI MVPA (multivariate pattern analysis) studies, but the precise way in which the tests are carried out varies, and test design is non-trivial because of complex, auto correlated, and stratified dataset structures. Previously, we described permutation tests for single-subject datasets, recommending adoption of "dataset-wise" schemes, in which examples are relabeled prior to cross-validation. Here, we extend that work by describing permutation schemes for group analyses: datasets with more than one participant. Group-level MVPA is most often performed with either cross-validation on the subjects or within-subjects cross-validation, each of which requires a different strategy for permutation testing, as illustrated here.
A Review of “Dude You're a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School”

C. J. Pascoe's “Dude, You're a Fag” presents the results of a year-long ethnographic study exploring how students construct, regulate, and perform masculinity in one California public high school. ...
Regional variation in the colonization of experimental substrates by sessile marine invertebrates: Local vs. regional control of diversity

Abstract The degree to which local factors interact with a broader regional pool of species to control species diversity on various spatial scales continues to be debated. For marine systems, recruitment has been identified as a critical element uniting local communities within regions. Most studies have addressed this question over large biogeographic scales encompassing multiple regions. Regional species pools are usually defined as fixed and the degree to which this pool is found on a local scale is often used as a measure of regional influence. Usually the degree to which local communities vary temporally and how this relates to the regional pool is not examined. Given that recruitment links local sites within regions and is a temporally dynamic process, it is important to include temporal variation in the regional vs. local control debate; especially given that regional pools themselves are changing much more rapidly with the invasion of new species. Here the results of a study of the colonization of experimental panels at 28 sites within a region encompassing 200 km of the California coast are used to address this question. This study examined experimentally the temporal and spatial variation in species and contrasted intraregional and local factors. At 22 of these sites, all within 15 km of each other, identical colonization experiments were followed for as long as 3 years. Results of these experiments demonstrated that there was some regional control through the seasonal variation in recruitment, but that strong local effects greatly altered the regional input. Substrates of the same size at the same station usually accumulated the same number of species, but among stations mean diversity ranged from 10 to 50 species per substrate. Differences between sites were a function of more localized recruitment than expected and normal post-recruitment processes of competitive dominance, disturbance, and predation that affected the rates at which species were lost. The colonization of most substrates resulted in their attaining an asymptotic or equilibrium diversity maintained by a balance between species immigration and local extinction. Nevertheless, on most substrates diversity fluctuated much more than predicted by an equilibrium model. The similarity in species richness on substrates at the same site regardless of initial exposure time, the large differences among substrates from different sites, the similar pattern of differences among the sites for panels of different sizes, and the resilience of communities to disturbance and their return to the diversity characteristic of a site all argue for strong local factors controlling the diversity within the region.
Team Theory and Distributed Processing: Surprise Attack

It is argued that team theory is the appropriate analytic tool for studying distributed processing. It is shown that the so-called “surprise attack paradox” disappears when approached from a team-theory viewpoint.