cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Sharp Depreciations in Industrial Country Exchange Rates

This paper considers the prediction of large depreciations (both nominal and real) in a panel of industrialized countries using a probit methodology. The current account balance/GDP ratio has a modest but statistically significant effect on the estimated probability of a large depreciation, and gives slight predictive power in an out-of-sample forecasting exercise. The CPI inflation rate also has a modest but statistically significant effect in predicting nominal depreciations and has slight predictive power, but this effect is not present for real exchange rates. The GDP growth rate occasionally has a significant effect. A higher current account balance (surplus) tends to reduce the probability of a sharp depreciation; a higher inflation rate tends to increase the probability of a sharp depreciation; and a higher GDP growth rate perhaps tends to reduce the probability of a sharp depreciation.
Do Dietary Levels of Pantothenic Acid Regulate Its Intestinal Uptake in Mice

While regulation of intestinal transporters is established for other nutrients, evidence concerning regulation of intestinal vitamin transport is scanty. Hence, we compared intestinal pantothenic acid (PA) uptake in mice fed diets with high, normal and deficient PA levels. PA uptake is distributed along the small intestine, Na(+)-dependent and saturable. Signs of PA deficiency were weight loss or reduced growth, then hair loss and exudation around the eyes, then diarrhea and hindleg paralysis and splenomegaly, and finally death. Treatment of mice with an antibiotic was found to be necessary to elicit severe signs of PA deficiency, probably because mice normally can obtain PA synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Dietary PA levels had no effect on intestinal PA uptake at 5 microM. A small increase in the Vmax of uptake, observed in late-stage deficiency, is probably too small to be physiologically significant. Comparison with published results for other water-soluble vitamins suggests that intestinal transporters may be regulated only for vitamins absorbed predominantly by carrier-mediated transport and subject to natural deficiency states.
'Fruits of the Poisonous Tree' in Comparative Law

This article gives a brief review of the types of exclusionary rules articulated in modern codes, constitutions, and jurisprudence, and explores how these rules are interpreted when excluding the derivative “fruits” of constitutional violations of the right to silence and human dignity during police interrogations and the right to privacy in one’s home and confidential communications. It shows, whether a country begins with a seemingly airtight categorical exclusionary rule for serious constitutional violations, or allows judges great discretion in deciding whether to use fruits of unconstitutional police behavior, the search for truth has largely triumphed over constitutional rights. As a result, we can expect that law enforcement officials will continue to intentionally short-cut statutory and constitutional procedures either due to convenience or the lack of legal alternatives, and that courts will continue to wink at such conduct in their pursuit of “truth,” i.e., criminal convictions.
Psychological Dating Violence Perpetration and Victimization: Trajectories From Middle to High School

Despite evidence documenting the negative consequences, psychological dating violence occurs frequently in adolescent dating relationships. No information exists on the trajectories that adolescents follow and their association to nonphysical peer violence. The sample comprised 624 randomly selected 6th graders. In yearly surveys from 6th through 12th grade, 550 of the 624 students reported dating at least twice during the 3 months prior to completing the survey. These students responded to questions about frequency of engagement in psychological dating violence perpetration and victimization. We used Proc TRAJ to identify developmental trajectories of behavior over time and generalized estimating equation models to examine the associations of the trajectories and peer aggression. Adolescents followed three distinct developmental trajectories related to psychological dating violence victimization and perpetration: low, increasing, and high. Based on the joint probabilities of victimization and perpetration, we identified four predominant groups: low victimization/low perpetration (LVLP; 36%), increasing victimization/increasing perpetration (40%), high victimization/high perpetration (HVHP; 15%), and increasing victimization/low perpetration (IVLP; 7%). The LVLP had significantly more boys and White students; the HVHP group had an even gender distribution and more African-American students. For all groups, peer aggression decreased from Grade 6 to 12; students in the HVHP group reported the highest peer aggression, and students in the LVLP reported the lowest peer aggression. Findings suggest a strong, reciprocal relationship in the developmental trajectories of adolescents who experience and perpetrate psychological dating violence. Those highly engaged in these behaviors were also more likely to be violent toward peers.
Bis(tributyltin) Peroxide

[63256-88-2] C24H54O2Sn2 (MW 612.07) InChI = 1S/6C4H9.O2.2Sn/c6*1-3-4-2;1-2;;/h6*1,3-4H2,2H3;;;/q;;;;;;-2;2*+1 InChIKey = GVVLVBGNBGLPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mild nonalkaline source of dinucleophilic peroxide; reacts with alkyl triflates to deliver dialkyl peroxides, often in higher yields than obtained from the reaction of alkyl mesylates with hydrogen peroxide and a base) Physical Data: unstable liquid. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2. Form Supplied in: must be freshly prepared. Preparative Method: addition of Tri-n-butyl(methoxy)stannane to an ether–methanol solution of anhydrous Hydrogen Peroxide at 0 °C followed by removal of ether and methanol in vacuo at 0 °C.1 Purification: attempted purification by rapid column chromatography on silica gel or Florisil led to decomposition. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermally unstable, but can be stored for 1 day neat at −20 °C. The reagent is presumed to be a strong oxidizing agent and, as with organic peroxides in general, there is a potential for explosion. The use of a safety shield is mandatory during preparation and use. Reaction with water releases anhydrous H2O2 that is hazardous.
The crystal structures of VNi2, VPd2 VPt2, and related AB2 phases

Abstract Isomorphous AB2 phases of the MoPta-type were found in six of the nine AB2 combinations with A = V, Nb, Ta; and B = Ni, Pd, Pt. Their structures were completely determined and are compared with other known AB2 phases ; interatomic distances are presented; and previous literature data are reviewed and corrected.
The benefits, costs, and risks of severe violence dialog: a theoretical analysis

The potential benefits, costs, and risks of severe violence dialog (SVD) are analyzed using constructivist theories. Implications for mediating SVD, selecting and preparing participants, securing informed consent, and controlling the process are discussed. This paper examines the need for more sophisticated guidelines for SVD, and for scientific research aimed at improving participant selection and preparation, a fuller understanding of SVD dynamics, and better control over the process.
Fine structure and plasticity of barosensitive neurons in the nucleus of solitary tract.

Intravenous phenylephrine (PE) activates neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) whose distribution conforms to those of central projections of the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. This was exploited to permit fine structural characterization of cells presumed to compose the first station in the processing of arterial baroreceptor input, and their responses to stimulation. Rats were perfused at varying intervals after PE injection, and sections through the baroreceptor afferent zone of the NTS prepared for preembedding immunolocalization of Fos-immunoreactivity. Labeled neurons composed a continuous strip extending from the dorsal part of the commissural NTS (NTScom) to the dorsal subnucleus at the level of the area postrema (NTSap). PE-sensitive neurons in these regions were medium-sized, round to ovoid in shape, with scant cytoplasm and an unremarkable complement of organelles. Distinctive features included extensively invaginated nuclei and well-developed Golgi apparati; Fos-ir cells in the NTSap were distinguished from those in NTScom by virtue of better-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and less convoluted nuclei. Proximal synaptic input to PE-sensitive neurons was sparse and was provided by terminals containing predominantly small, clear synaptic vesicles that formed mainly symmetric junctions with somata and primary dendrites. Prolonged stimulation was accompanied by accentuation of nuclear invaginations, marked accumulation of heterochromatin at their apices, and evidence of enhanced Golgi activity (vesicular budding). These may represent adaptations to facilitate changes in gene expression, to maintain neurotransmitter availability, or both, in the face of a persistent hypertensive challenge.
Carboxyl Protection Facile Cleavage of 2-Haloethyl Esters with Sodium Hydrogen Selenide

Abstract 2-Heterosubstituted ethoxy units have been exploited as protective groups for carboxylic acids. The handles furnished by the substituents permit design of special methods other than saponification to reclaim carboxylic acids from the esters.
Dielectronic recombination on heliumlike argon.

We have used the electron-energy dependence of yields of heliumlike and lithiumlike argon ions from the Kansas State University electron-beam ions source (EBIS) to measure the ratio of the cross section for \ensuremath{\Delta} n=1 dielectronic recombination of heliumlike argon to that for electron ionization of lithiumlike argon. By normalizing to the latter cross section we obtain absolute dielectronic recombination cross sections and find good agreement with theoretical calculations for the lower-energy resonances.
Tumor lipids: Metabolic relationships derived from structural analyses of acyl, alkyl, and alk-1-enyl moieties of neutral glycerides and phosphoglycerides☆

Abstract The composition of the hydrocarbon moieties of the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions of triglycerides and glyceryl ether diesters (GEDE) and of the 1- and 2-positions of diacyl and alkyl acyl phosphatidyl cholines (PC) and diacyl, alkyl acyl, and alk-1-enyl acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE) from Ehrlich ascites cells (EAC) were determined. The carbon number percentage distribution of triglycerides, GEDE, and the diglyceride-type acetates derived from each class of PC and PE was also determined by gas-liquid chromatography analysis of the intact lipids. The fatty acid compositions of the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions of the triglycerides are different and also differ from the composition of the corresponding positions of the GEDE, which are not the same. Both triglycerides and GEDE exhibit a 1-random-2-random-3-random type of distribution. The choline-contaning phosphatides consist of approximately 66% diacyl PC and 33% alkyl acyl PC. Ethanolamine-containing phosphatides are composed of 55% diacyl PE, 30% alkyl acyl PE, and 15% alk-1-enyl acyl PE. The carbon chain of the 1-position of each PC and PE class is predominantly saturated and the 2-position is dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids. All PC and PE classes except the alk-1-enyl acyl PE show a l-random-2-random distribution. In EAC, randomly synthesized diglycerides are apparently used randomly for triglycerides and diacyl PC biosynthesis, and the biosynthesis of GEDE and alkyl acyl PC from an alkyl acyl intermediate also occurs without selectivity. In contrast, we have shown in a companion report that selectivity of diglycerides for the biosynthesis of triglycerides, PC, and PE occurs in rat liver. The similarities in composition at both the 1- and 2-positions between triglycerides and diacyl PC and between GEDE and alkyl acyl PC suggest a loss of acyl CoA: lysophosphatide acyl trausferase enzymes which are present in normal tissue. Metabolic relationships derived from structural analyses of acyl, alkyl, and alk-1-enyl moieties of glycerides and phosphoglycerides and from established pathways for acylation reaction led to the proposal of a metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of lipids containing glyceryl ethers.
The last walk: a geography of execution in the United States, 1786–1985

Abstract Increases in violent crime have renewed interest in the broader application of capital punishment, a controversial issue owing in part to its uneven application, historically, in both time and space, and in terms of offender and offense characteristics. In the course of American history, nearly 15000 people have been executed under civil authority. Public attitudes toward execution have evolved over time, and capital punishment has tended to diminish in scope in concert with trends in developed countries toward its application in response to only the most serious crimes. Five issues are examined here: the attributes of persons executed and the historical geography of capital punishment, by eras; the relationship between race and execution: recent trends in the geography of capital punishment; the relationship between rates of homicide and rates of execution: and inter-state variation in the application of capital punishment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance study of guanosine-cytidine pairing in mixed solvents

Abstract When guanosine (G) and cytidine (C) are present in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and in the mixed solvents DMSO-CCl 4 and DMSO-acetonitrile, a hydrogenbonded complex results. The equilibrium constant for complex formation at 32° is 4.0 ±0.4 in DMSO, and increases with decreasing concentration of DMSO in the mixed solvents. Acetonitrile is less “inert” than CCl 4 and the values of K in DMSO-CH 3 CN mixtures are lower than the values in DMSO-CCl 4 mixtures, of corresponding DMSO concentration. For the DMSO-CCl 4 mixed solvent system, a plot of K vs the solvent composition, S, where S is defined as S = (moles of DMSO)/(moles of DMSO+moles of CCl 4 ) is almost linear. An extrapolation to zero S gives K = 38, and this may be taken to be a minimal value for the equilibrium constant of reaction [1], unperturbed from the medium effect of DMSO.
Tonic inhibition in dentate gyrus impairs long- term potentiation and memory in an Alzhiemer's disease model

Amyloid plaques and tau tangles are common pathological hallmarks for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, reducing Aβ production failed to relieve the symptoms of AD patients. Here we report a high GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) content in reactive astrocytes in the dentate gyrus (DG) of a mouse model for AD (5xFAD) that results in increased tonic inhibition and memory deficit. We also confirm in human AD patient brains that dentate astrocytes have a high GABA content, suggesting that high astrocytic GABA level may be a novel biomarker and a potential diagnostic tool for AD. The excessive GABA in 5xFAD astrocytes is released through an astrocyte-specific GABA transporter GAT3/4, and significantly enhances tonic GABA inhibition in dentate granule cells. Importantly, reducing tonic inhibition in 5xFAD mice rescues the impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory deficit. Thus, reducing tonic GABA inhibition in the DG may lead to a novel therapy for AD.
Cutaneous Anergy in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cutaneous anergy in pregnant and nonpregnant women who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The medical records of 159 women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus were reviewed. Demographic characteristics and tuberculin skin test results were abstracted from the chart. Tuberculin skin testing was performed by the Mantoux method (5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative injected intradermally). Anergy testing was performed using any two of the three following antigens; tetanus toxoid, mumps, or Candida skin test antigen. A positive tuberculin test was defined as induration of 5 mm or more, and a positive test for the other antigens was defined as any amount of induration over the skin test area. Anergy was defined as any amount of induration to the other antigens. A CD4+T lymphocyte count was obtained at the time of skin testing. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann Whitney-U test. Categorical data were analyzed with the chi-square or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. A two-tailed P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There were 102 nonpregnant and 57 pregnant women who returned to have their skin test results read. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of positive, negative or anergic skin test results between groups. The CD4+T lymphocyte count (mean +/- standard deviation) in patients with anergic results was similar between pregnant (375 +/- 256/mm3) and nonpregnant (358 +/- 305/mm3) women (P = 0.64). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cutaneous anergy is similar among pregnant and nonpregnant women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus.
Coupling techniques in boundary-combined methods

Abstract Three coupling strategies in matching the Ritz-Galerkin method and the finite element method are introduced for general elliptic equations and useful numerical techniques are provided. Numerical experiments have been carried out for solving the typical, singular Motz problem, which shows that optimal convergence rates of numerical solutions can be achieved by using the combined methods and coupling techniques provided in this paper.
Non-reduced optimal observers for time-varying linear systems

Abstract A method is presented for constructing a nonreduced observer for a finite dimensional linear system. The systems considered are nth order, time-invariant or time-varying forced linear systems which are assumed to be bounded and uniformly completely state reconstructible. The observer dynamics are derived from an optimal estimation formulation which is related to the concept of observability. The cost functional used in this formulation includes a parameter which determines the relative weighting of the system output and the estimate of the initial system state. The result is a practical method of estimating the state of a linear system from noiseless measurements of the input and output. The results are also of theoretical significance in that a direct connection between reconstructibility and the existence of observers is established.
The representation of sentences in memory

Associative theory characterizes the memorial representation of a sentence as a collection of independently linked concepts. In contrast, Gestalt theory says that the representation underlying each proposition expressed in a sentence is an integral unit. An analysis shows that the results of previous research either have been equivocal or have supported the Gestalt position. Three new studies are reported that show that, when scored for gist, the propositions underlying simple three-word sentences are recalled completely or not at all. A final experiment indicates that one-proposition sentences containing four content words are more likely to be recalled as a whole than three-proposition sentences of the same length, and that fragmentary recall of the three-proposition sentences usually preserves the unity of constituent propositions. These results strongly support the Gestalt position over any associative model that has been proposed.
A Circadian Rhythm Orchestrated by Histone Deacetylase 3 Controls Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

Disruption of the circadian clock exacerbates metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. We show that histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) recruitment to the genome displays a circadian rhythm in mouse liver. Histone acetylation is inversely related to HDAC3 binding, and this rhythm is lost when HDAC3 is absent. Although amounts of HDAC3 are constant, its genomic recruitment in liver corresponds to the expression pattern of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-erbα. Rev-erbα colocalizes with HDAC3 near genes regulating lipid metabolism, and deletion of HDAC3 or Rev-erbα in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis. Thus, genomic recruitment of HDAC3 by Rev-erbα directs a circadian rhythm of histone acetylation and gene expression required for normal hepatic lipid homeostasis.
A thermodynamic approach using group contribution methods to model the partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds on atmospheric particulate matter

Atmospheric particulate matter is a complex mixture consisting of organic and inorganic chemicals. Their sources include various combustion processes, aerosolized dusts and soils, and chemical reactions which produce secondary aerosols. The partitioning of semivolatile toxic organic compounds (SOCs) between particulate matter and the gas phase is strongly influenced by temperature, water concentration, chemical composition of the particulate matter, and the organic fraction of the particulate matter. Many investigations have recently suggested that a considerable portion of the gas−particle (G/P) partitioning in the ambient atmosphere takes place between the liquid phase of organic aerosols and the surrounding gas phase. It has been shown that the equilibrium G/P partitioning constant, Kp, of an SOC partitioning to a given particle's liquid medium is inversely related to both the activity coefficient iγom and its saturated subcooled liquid vapor pressure, . Hence, in principal, the Kp of any SOC can be es...
Study demonstrating improved oral health through education.

A series of education lectures given by a dentist to high school students resulted in highly significant improvements in their oral health in spite of opposing environmental factors that usually cause poorer hygiene habits for the busy teen-age student.
The Effect of Nano-Tailored Surfaces on Steam Condensation

Hydrophobic coatings have been created through self-assembled mono layers (SAMs) on copper alloy (99.9% Cu, 0.1% P) surfaces to enhance steam condensation through dropwise condensation. The use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) facilitates the deposition of desirable films that are only as thick as the composite molecules are long. A polished copper alloy surface is oxidized to copper oxide on treatment with the hydrogen peroxide solution and the oxidized copper surface is reduced by the n-octadecyl mercaptan solution to form the ultra thin organic film. Stearic acid solution was also used to form an ultra thin organic film on the surface. In general, a SAM system with a long-chain, hydrophobic group is nano-resistant, meaning that such a system forms a protective hydrophobic layer with negligible heat transfer resistance but a much stronger bond. When compared to complete filmwise condensation, the SAM coating increased the condensation heat transfer rate by a factor of 3 for copper alloy surfaces, under vacuum condition (33.86 kPa). Contact angle measurements are used to pre-determine the condensation mode for the SAM coated surfaces. Lifetime of maintaining dropwise condensation is greatly dependent on the processing conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Quantitative Protein Profiling in Heart Mitochondria from Diabetic Rats

Quantitative protein profiling based on in vitro stable isotope labeling, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry is an accurate and reliable approach to measure simultaneously the relative abundance of many individual proteins within two different samples. In the present study, it was used to define a set of alterations caused by diabetes in heart mitochondria from streptozotocin-treated rats. We demonstrated that the expression of proteins from the myocardial tricarboxylic acid cycle was not altered in diabetes. However, up-regulation of the fatty acid β-oxidation favored fatty acids over glucose as a source of acetyl CoA for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Protein levels for several proteins involved in electron transport were modestly decreased. Whether this may depress overall ATP production remains to be established, since the protein level of ATP synthase seems to be unchanged. Other changes include down-regulation of protein levels for creatine kinase, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC-1), HSP60, and Grp75. The mitochondria-associated level of albumin was decreased, while the level of catalase was substantially increased. All of the changes were evident as early as 1 week after streptozotocin administration. Taken together, these data point to a rapid and highly coordinated regulation of mitochondrial protein expression that occurs during the heart adaptation to diabetes.
The evaluation of therapeutic responses in experimental keratomycosis

Two different measures of response to therapy were evaluated in a model of keratitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in Dutch-belted rabbits. Combined pre and post-inoculation treatment with oral fluconazole 37.5mg/kg bid or itraconazole 40 mg/kg bid was compared to post-inoculation treatment only and untreated controls using a standardized clinical disease severity score and quantitative isolate recovery techniques. For both drugs, there was no difference in isolate recovery rates among all three groups. However, a significant improvement in clinical disease was noted in the pre and post-inoculation treatment group compared to controls (p<. 01) and to the post-inoculation group (p<. 05) for fluconazole. A similiar trend, though not statistically significant, was apparent with itraconazole treatment. This disparity highlights the difficulties associated with measuring responses to therapy in keratomycosis and emphasizes the need for more sensitive and specific measures.
Gating Charge Immobilization in Kv4.2 Channels: The Basis of Closed-State Inactivation

Kv4 channels mediate the somatodendritic A-type K+ current (I(SA)) in neurons. The availability of functional Kv4 channels is dynamically regulated by the membrane potential such that subthreshold depolarizations render Kv4 channels unavailable. The underlying process involves inactivation from closed states along the main activation pathway. Although classical inactivation mechanisms such as N- and P/C-type inactivation have been excluded, a clear understanding of closed-state inactivation in Kv4 channels has remained elusive. This is in part due to the lack of crucial information about the interactions between gating charge (Q) movement, activation, and inactivation. To overcome this limitation, we engineered a charybdotoxin (CTX)-sensitive Kv4.2 channel, which enabled us to obtain the first measurements of Kv4.2 gating currents after blocking K+ conduction with CTX (Dougherty and Covarrubias. 2006J. Gen. Physiol. 128:745-753). Here, we exploited this approach further to investigate the mechanism that links closed-state inactivation to slow Q-immobilization in Kv4 channels. The main observations revealed profound Q-immobilization at steady-state over a range of hyperpolarized voltages (-110 to -75 mV). Depolarization in this range moves <5% of the observable Q associated with activation and is insufficient to open the channels significantly. The kinetics and voltage dependence of Q-immobilization and ionic current inactivation between -153 and -47 mV are similar and independent of the channel's proximal N-terminal region (residues 2-40). A coupled state diagram of closed-state inactivation with a quasi-absorbing inactivated state explained the results from ionic and gating current experiments globally. We conclude that Q-immobilization and closed-state inactivation at hyperpolarized voltages are two manifestations of the same process in Kv4.2 channels, and propose that inactivation in the absence of N- and P/C-type mechanisms involves desensitization to voltage resulting from a slow conformational change of the voltage sensors, which renders the channel's main activation gate reluctant to open.
WRITING ASSESSMENT AND COGNITION

This paper presents a socio-cognitive framework for connecting writing pedagogy and writing assessment with modern social and cognitive theories of writing. It focuses on providing a general framework that highlights the connections between writing competency and other literacy skills; identifies key connections between literacy instruction, writing assessment, and activity and genre theories; and presents a specific proposal about how writing assessment can be organized to promote best practices in writing instruction.
Isolation and characterization of a mouse homolog of the X-linked ocular albinism (OA1) gene.

Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is an X-linked human genetic disorder that affects retinal pigment cells and, to a lesser degree, neural crest-derived melanocytes. The OA1 gene is located close to the pseudoautosomal region and predicts a novel protein whose function is unknown. However, histologic studies of affected patients have suggested a potential role in melanosome biogenesis. Here we report the isolation and characterization of the mouse homolog of the human OA1 gene, termed Moa1. Two Moa1 isoforms were isolated from a melanoma cDNA library and predicted to encode proteins of 405 and 249 amino acids with six and two transmembrane-spanning regions, respectively. Interspecific backcross mapping yielded a map order and distances (cM) of cen-Moa1-3.1 +/- 1.8-Piga-2.1 +/- 1.5-Amel, indicating that Moa1 is located much farther away from the pseudoautosomal region than its human homolog. In adult tissues, both Moa1 isoforms were detected in the eye by Northern hybridization. In neonatal tissues, Moa1 RNA was detected in both skin and eyes by Northern hybridization and was not affected by the absence of pigment in mice carrying the albino mutation, or by the type of pigment synthesized, i.e., eumelanin vs pheomelanin, in mice carrying the black-and-tan mutation. Expression of Moa1 RNA was not detected in embryonic tissues by Northern analysis or by in situ hybridization despite the active synthesis of ocular pigment by E16.5. These results provide insight into the structure and possible function of the OA1 protein and suggest a more complex relationship between the human and mouse X chromosomes than was previously thought to exist.
Some dual homological results for modules over commutative rings

Given a module E and a map M → N of modules, all over a commutative ring R, it is shown that if fHom(N,E) → Hom(M,E) is injective then so is fHom(⋀n N,E) → Hom(⋀n M,E). This is used to establish a criterion for the vanishing of Hom(M,E) when M is finitely generated. This, in turn, becomes the case n = 0 of the more general result fExti (M,E) = 0, i_n ⇔ fExti(R/Ann M,E) = 0, i_n. The results obtained each have a 'dual' with Hom replaced by ⊗. A dual in this sense is also established for the Buchsbaum-Eisenbud criterion for the exactness of a complex. Rings are not required to be Noetherian.
Squamous cell carcinoma in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis

We describe the clinical and pathologic observations of a 59-year-old woman with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) who developed squamous cell carcinoma on her leg. The tumor was surrounded by lesions of DSAP and appeared to develop from dysplastic epidermal cells located under cornoid lamellae.
Suppression of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri using autumn-sown glucosinolate-producing cover crops in organically grown bell pepper

Summary Experiments were conducted to compare growth characteristics, biomass production and glucosinolate content of seven autumn-planted glucosinolate-producing cover crops that were terminated the following spring. The control of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri following cover crop incorporation into soil was characterised and fruit yields of bell pepper transplanted into cover crop-amended soil were determined. Differences in glucosinolate concentration and composition were noted between cover crop roots and shoots and among cover crops. Total biomass production by cover crops ranged from 103 g m−2 for garden cress to 894 g m−2 for Indian mustard (F-E75), but cover crop biomass was not correlated with D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri control. D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri control in bell pepper varied by cover crop. D. sanguinalis control by cover crops ranged from 38% to 79%, and A. palmeri control was 23% to 48% at 4 weeks after transplanting (WATP) bell pepper in 2004. D. sanguinalis control was positively correlated with total glucosinolate production, but A. palmeri control was not. D. sanguinalis control in 2005 ranged from 0% to 38% at 2 WATP. In the absence of weeds, cover crops did not negatively affect fruit yields which were often higher than in the absence of a cover crop. Glucosinolate-producing cover crops are not a stand-alone weed management strategy, but some will provide early season control of D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri without having a negative effect on transplanted bell pepper.
Giant monolayer magnetization of Fe on MgO: A nearly ideal two-dimensional magnetic system

Studies of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of a model 3{ital d} ferromagnetic metal-ceramic interface system Fe/MgO(001) by the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave total-energy method are reported. Surprisingly, the electronic and magnetic properties of a monolayer of Fe on MgO(001) substrate (magnetic moment {ital M}=3.07{mu}{sub {ital B}}) are remarkably close to that of a free-standing Fe monolayer (with a giant moment {ital M}=3.10{mu}{sub {ital B}}), as a result of the lack of electronic interaction between Fe and MgO. (The charge transfer at the Fe/MgO interface is less than 0.05 {ital e}/atom and so any direct chemical interaction between Fe and MgO is unlikely.) Thus, this system might be an ideal two-dimensional system for studying other phenomena such as magnetic anisotropy, phase transitions, and critical behavior. For two layers of Fe on MgO, i.e., 2Fe/MgO(001), the top layer Fe({ital M}=2.96{mu}{sub {ital B}}) shows features close to that of a free bcc Fe(001) surface ({ital M}=2.96{mu}{sub {ital B}}). Significantly, the magnetic moment of the Fe layer that interfaces the MgO substrate ({ital M}=2.85{mu}{sub {ital B}}) is also largely enhanced from the subsurface moment (2.35{mu}{sub {ital B}}) in bcc Fe(001), again indicating an extremely weak effect from the MgO substrate.
An African-centred approach to land education

Approaches to environmental education which are engaging with place and critical pedagogy have not yet broadly engaged with the African world and insights from Africana Studies and Geography. An African-centred approach facilitates people’s reconnection to places and ecosystems in ways that do not reduce places to objects of conquest and things to be exploited for profitability and individual gain. Such an approach offers effective critiques of settler coloniser perspectives on the environment and deeper understandings of the relationship between worldview and ecologically sensitised education. Through examples from Africana Studies and Geography, this article provides an introduction to how an African-centred approach can contribute to the development of a Land Education perspective and improve college-level environmental education.
Lymphocyte plasma membranes. VI. Plasma membrane glycoproteins of thymic and splenic lymphocytes from inbred rats

Abstract Plasma membranes of splenic and thymic lymphocytes from ACI rats were analyzed for their protein and glycoprotein components by surface radioiodination with 125I and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The glycoproteins were extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate, characterized and assayed with antisera to thymic antigen. Plasma membranes of both cell types showed more than 25 proteins of which 10–15 were glycoproteins. Both cells showed five major glycoproteins but their apparent molecular weights or intensities differed. Surface radioiodination showed a 120 000 daltons component, common to both cell types, and a 27 000 daltons thymus-specific component as the most exposed surface glycoproteins. Lithium diiodosalicylate extracts of the plasma membranes contained almost all of the glycoprotein components and comprised 5–6% of the total membrane protein and 40–50% of the total membrane carbohydrate, with sialic acid content in thymus twice that of the spleen cells. About 1% of the total plasma membrane protein and 7% of the total isolated glycoproteins from thymocytes were reactive with rabbit anti-rat thymocyte antiserum and the immune precipitates showed two components with apparent molecular weights of 72 000 and 27 000.
On constitutive equations for electrorheological materials

Constitutive equations for electrorheological (ER) fluids have been based on experimental results for steady shearing flows and constant electric fields. The fluids have been modeled as being rigid until a yield stress is reached. Additional stress is then proportional to the shear rate. Recent experimental results indicate that ER materials have a regime of solid-like response when deformed from a rest state. They behave in a viscoelastic-like manner under sinusoidal shearing and exhibit time-dependent response under sudden changes in shear rate or electric field. In this work, a constitutive theory for ER materials is presented which accounts for these recent experimental observations. The stress is given by a functional of the deformation gradient history and the electric field vector. Using the methods of continuum mechanics, a general three-dimensional constitutive equation is obtained. A sample constitutive equation is introduced which is then used to determine the response of an ER material for different shear histories. The calculated shear response is shown to be qualitatively similar to that observed experimentally.
Renal Disease in Hypertensive Adults: Effect of Race and Type II Diabetes Mellitus

To test the hypothesis that race is a predictor of hypertensive renal disease, we examined a general medicine clinic population of 6,880 hypertensive patients who were treated for at least 1 year (mean, 5.2 years). Their mean age was 55.8 years; 70% were women, 72% were black, and 41 % were diabetic (95% type II). Many were already under treatment at the time of enrollment. Their mean blood pressure at entry was 150/92 mmHg; during treatment it was 142/86 mmHg. Decreased renal function, defined as a serum creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL, developed in 18.1 %. A multivariable logistic regression analysis identified diabetes, glucose control, systolic blood pressure levels, heart failure, and male gender as indicators of decreased renal function. These data suggested that glucose and blood pressure control may decrease the frequency of impaired renal function. However, when these variables were controlled, blacks still had almost twice the risk for renal dysfunction (91 % greater risk) than whites ( P
Individual and colony-specific wintering areas of Pacific northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis)

Seabird mortality associated with longline fishing in the eastern Bering Sea occurs mainly from September to May, with northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) comprising the majority (60%) of the byc...
Cardiac resynchronization therapy for exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in the setting of left bundle branch block: A case report and review of the literature

Exercise-induced dyspnea is one of the most common symptoms that cause a patient to see a physician and a broad differential diagnosis is required. In this case report, we describe a patient with this complaint who had a left bundle branch block and preserved left ventricular function at rest. On stress echocardiography, she had significant exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction and associated mitral regurgitation but a coronary angiogram demonstrated normal coronary arteries. Both of the echocardiographic findings, as well as her symptoms, improved with the placement of a bi-ventricular pacemaker. A brief review of the literature on cardiac resynchronization therapy for indications beyond the current guidelines is also provided.
SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS OF NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG DRUGS WITH OTHER DRUGS INDUCE GREATER APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN LEUKEMIC T-CELLS

Abstract Combinations of nucleoside analog drugs such as 6-MP. ara-C. or F-araA are synergistic against human leukemic T-cells and induce apoptotic cell death. Addition of Taxotere or PEG-ASNase to the synergistic combination of nucleoside analog drugs augments the synergism several fold by enhancing cellular apoptosis.
Computational modeling of flame structure

Abstract In this paper we discuss the need to model the detailed structure of a flame. That is, we argue the value of tracing the elementary reaction steps that are responsible for the creation of pollutant species and the release of heat. Accomplishing this task requires the computational solution of equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species. In the course of our development we compare the computational approach with that of large activation energy asymptotic analysis. In the second half of the paper we concentrate on the computational consequences of flame modeling. Typically the governing equations are large and stiff systems of partial differential equations. Computational solution requires strongly stable implicit numerical algorithms, and we discuss these methods. We also discuss the adaptive meshing strategies that are required to resolve accurately the structure of thin flames in relatively large domains.
A Precision Deployable Aperture System Facility

Precision deployment is an enabling technology for future NASA large aperture missions. Possible concept missions include optical, infrared, sub-millimeter, or microwave apertures too large to fit unfolded in a launch shroud. Dimensional stability is the overriding structural design driver for these large deployable apertures. The stability is driven by constraints derived from the system's mass and structural stability and to thermal and dynamical loads. As the aperture size increases, and the systems mass density is correspondingly decreased, the ability to test the performance of these apertures in a 1-g environment requires both a unique facility and special testing methodologies. This talk will describe a facility under development that includes an enclosure with extreme environmental control, a metrology systems for measuring deployment precision and aspects of an integrated modeling system that will be validated in the facility. Though built to the demanding specifications of deployed optical systems, this talk will focus on components of the facility specific to space-based microwave and millimeter wave antenna systems. The first component of the facility is an enclosure with 10 m times 5 m times 3 m (L times W times H) usable volume that is controlled under ambient temperature to thermal stability of <0.01 Cdeg/Hr, acoustic control of <35 dBA and seismic control of <10 mugs. The enclosure includes a gravity offload system and allows development of single and multi-petal test articles. Instrumentation in the facility includes three-dimensional videogrammetry system capable of absolute measurement accuracy less than 1 millimeter, and a laser vibrometer system for modal testing. The second component of the facility is the development of an optical metrology system for aligning and monitoring large, deployable structures and telescopes to a fraction of a wavelength. A six beam 'optical hexapod' metrology gauge is being built that will measure to 1 micron absolute accuracy with 1 nanometer relative accuracy over a 10 m range. The final component of the facility is comprised of system architecture and modeling components using integrated modeling tools for predictive simulations of aperture systems under orbital loads. These models are being compared to controlled experiments completed in the facility.
Degraded Time-Frequency Acuity to Time-Reversed Notes

Time-reversal symmetry breaking is a key feature of many classes of natural sounds, originating in the physics of sound production. While attention has been paid to the response of the auditory system to “natural stimuli,” very few psychophysical tests have been performed. We conduct psychophysical measurements of time-frequency acuity for stylized representations of “natural”-like notes (sharp attack, long decay) and the time-reversed versions of these notes (long attack, sharp decay). Our results demonstrate significantly greater precision, arising from enhanced temporal acuity, for such sounds over their time-reversed versions, without a corresponding decrease in frequency acuity. These data inveigh against models of auditory processing that include tradeoffs between temporal and frequency acuity, at least in the range of notes tested and suggest the existence of statistical priors for notes with a sharp-attack and a long-decay. We are additionally able to calculate a minimal theoretical bound on the sophistication of the nonlinearities in auditory processing. We find that among the best studied classes of nonlinear time-frequency representations, only matching pursuit, spectral derivatives, and reassigned spectrograms are able to satisfy this criterion.
Field Independence and Art Achievement in Meditating and Nonmeditating College Students

Research has confirmed that cognitive style is associated with the art skills of children and adolescents; such an association has not been reported for practicing artists. In this study for a volunteer group of 47 B.A. and B.F.A. art students from two universities, scores on field independence were positively correlated .24 with grade point average and .29 with self-perceived artistic ability. The findings also suggest the practice of meditation may enhance field independence in college art students.
Amphetamine reverses learning deficits in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐treated rat pups

At 5 days of age, rat pups were treated with a combination of desmethylimipramine (DMI) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to selectively deplete brain dopamine (DA) or with vehicle (saline) control solutions. Two days later, all animals received conditioning to a novel odor by pairing the odor with intraoral milk. When the odor was anise, treated pups spent less time near the conditioned stimulus than did controls, but there were no 6-OHDA effects when the stimulus was a lemon odor (Experiment I). The difference in performance between the treated and control animals was not attributable to alterations in activating effects of the reinforcer (Experiment I), changes in olfactory sensitivity or olfactory preference (Experiment II), or sensitization to the stimulus (Experiment III). In Experiment IV, animals received d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg) prior to conditioning, testing, or both conditioning and testing. Amphetamine treatment before conditioning produced an improvement in performance in animals previously treated with 6-OHDA/DMI, but it impaired performance in controls, regardless of the time of injection. The results indicate a role of brain DA in learning in young rats.
Parallel algorithm for numerical self-consistent field theory simulations of block copolymer structure

An efficient algorithm is presented for numerically evaluating a self-consistent field theoretic (SCFT) model of block copolymer structure. This algorithm is implemented on a distributed memory parallel cluster in order to solve the SCFT equations on large computational grids. Simulation results are presented for a two-component molten mixture of a symmetric ABA triblock copolymer with an A homopolymer. These results illustrate a case in which simulating a large system is required to resolve features with a wide range of length scales.
Interaction of intense laser pulses with atomic clusters.

We examine the interaction of intense, femtosecond laser radiation with the large (50{endash}200 A) clusters produced in pulsed gas jets. Both experiment and simulation show that the plasmas produced during these interactions exhibit electron temperatures far in excess of that predicted by above-threshold ionization theory for a low-density gas. Efficient heating of the clusters by the laser is followed by rapid expansion of the clusters and long-lived x-ray emission from hot, decaying, underdense plasma. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}