cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Assist Device Inflow Cannula Contact with Ventricular Wall on Cardiac CT

Purpose Optimal function of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) requires proper positioning of the inflow cannula (IC) within the left ventricle. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is emerging as the preferred method for evaluation of the IC position. We sought to evaluate the frequency of contact between the IC and the left ventricular wall (LV) in patients with axial flow and centrifugal flow devices. Methods and Materials This single center study included all patients who received a continuous flow implantable LVAD between 5/2008 & 8/2011 and who underwent a contrast cardiac CT. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, based on whether the indication for the CT scan was a clinical event (arrhythmia, etc) or a routine study (redo sternotomy evaluation prior to transplantation). Each CT was evaluated for the presence of contact between the IC and the LV. Results The study included 28 patients:14 patients (16 scans) with HeartMate II (HMII) and 14 patients (16 scans) with HeartWare (HW). Characteristics of the cohort are shown in Table 1 . Contact between the IC and the LV was observed in all 16 scans (100%) of patients who received a HMII. In contrast, contact between the IC and the LV was observed in only 5/16 (31%) scans of patients who received a HW: 2/7 performed for a clinical indication and 3/9 performed as routine study. In both the HMII and HW groups, wall contact was observed throughout the cardiac cycle in all but one case, where it was only noted during end-systole. In all cases, contact with the LV involved the outside tip of the IC but did not appear to cause inflow obstruction. Conclusions Contact between the IC and the LV appears to be very common among patients with HM II and less common among patients with HW. In this cohort, cannula tip contact with the LV was not associated with any obstruction to inflow and is therefore unlikely to have any clinical significance. Patient Characteristics HMII HW Age (yrs) 51 ± 11 51 ± 16 Female 2/14 5/14 Time from LVAD implant to CT (days) 233 ± 204 275 ± 203 LV dimension (cm) 6.4 ± 1.3 6.3 ± 1.9
On the application of probabilistic risk assessment to reactors with inherently safe features

Abstract In this paper, it is shown that because of the public perception of the risk of nuclear power and the likelihood that in the event of a severe core damage accident in a reactor claimed to have a high degree of inherent safety, it is necessary to reconsider the basis for establishing safety objectives. It is shown that, if there were a large program of inherently safe reactors, the safety objectives would be determined more by investment risk than by the public health risk. These considerations lead to an objective on the order of 1 × 10 −7 per r.yr (reactor year) for the probabability of a severe core damage accident. It is also shown that the introduction of inherently safe features leads to a considerable change in the allocation of the safety goal between the major safety functions. For these reactors, a major portion of the allocation shifts from the decay heat removal function to the scram function, with emphasis on insuring the integrity of critical structures.
Valuation in the Lab

Experimental methods have proven useful to explore the power and limits to nonmarket valuation through stated preference methods. We now understand better how people learn about and react to the incentives, institutions, and information created by surveys. This paper briefly reviews topics in experimental valuation, including ex ante bias corrections, ex post bias calibration, and examining the circumstances that strengthen or weaken the economist’s presumption of rational valuation.
Transient severe respiratory distress mimicking pulmonary hypoplasia in preterm infants

Three preterm infants are described who had respiratory failure immediately after birth. For each, historical factors (extrauterine abdominal pregnancy; ruptured membranes with oligohydramnios for 14 weeks; congenital diaphragmatic hernia) and the initial postnatal course were suggestive of pulmonary hypoplasia. However, with vigorous resuscitation each infant showed rapid improvement in pulmonary status for several hours. Two infants survived with no apparent pulmonary sequelae; the third had almost complete resolution of pulmonary disease but died from gastrointestinal complications. Thus some infants with historical and clinical indicators of severe pulmonary hypoplasia do not have hypoplastic lungs and respond favorably to resuscitation. The causes of the respiratory distress and of its rapid resolution are not known. On the basis of this experience, even infants with historical factors suggesting pulmonary hypoplasia and with postnatal respiratory distress should receive vigorous resuscitation.
Action selection and task sequence learning for hybrid dynamical cognitive agents

As a foundation for action selection and task-sequencing intelligence, the reactive and deliberative subsystems of a hybrid agent can be unified by a single, shared representation of intention. In this paper, we summarize a framework for hybrid dynamical cognitive agents (HDCAs) that incorporates a representation of dynamical intention into both reactive and deliberative structures of a hybrid dynamical system model, and we present methods for learning in these intention-guided agents. The HDCA framework is based on ideas from spreading activation models and belief-desire-intention (BDI) models. Intentions and other cognitive elements are represented as interconnected, continuously varying quantities, employed by both reactive and deliberative processes. HDCA learning methods-such as Hebbian strengthening of links between co-active elements, and belief-intention learning of task-specific relationships-modify interconnections among cognitive elements, extending the benefits of reactive intelligence by enhancing high-level task sequencing without additional reliance on or modification of deliberation. We also present demonstrations of simulated robots that learned geographic and domain-specific task relationships in an office environment.
Types are not sets

The title is not a statement of fact, of course, but an opinion about how language designers should think about types. There has been a natural tendency to look to mathematics for a consistent, precise notion of what types are. The point of view there is extensional: a type is a subset of the universe of values. While this approach may have served its purpose quite adequately in mathematics, defining programming language types in this way ignores some vital ideas. Some interesting developments following the extensional approach are the ALGOL-68 type system [vW], Scott's theory [S], and Reynolds' system [R]. While each of these lend valuable insight to programming languages, I feel they miss an important aspect of types.Rather than worry about what types are I shall focus on the role of type checking. Type checking seems to serve two distinct purposes: authentication and secrecy. Both are useful when a programmer undertakes to implement a class of abstract objects to be used by many other programmers. He usually proceeds by choosing a representation for the objects in terms of other objects and then writes the required operations to manipulate them.
A 4.0 GHz 291Mb voltage-scalable SRAM design in 32nm high-κ metal-gate CMOS with integrated power management

CMOS technology has followed Moore's law into the nanoscale regime where SRAM scaling is facing increasing challenges in gaining performance at reduced leakage power for future product applications. Despite the advances in process technologies and the resultant ability to produce ever-smaller feature sizes, the increasing variations of scaled devices in SRAM are playing an increasingly important role in determining the scaling of SRAM operating voltage (V CC ), frequency and leakage power. We develop a high-performance voltage-scalable SRAM design in 32nm logic CMOS featuring 2nd-generation high-κ metal-gate transistors and 4th-generation strained silicon [1]. With the continued transistor performance enhancement and extensive process-circuit co-optimization, the 32nm SRAM design is able to achieve 2× improvement in density and 15% faster access speed when compared to the 45nm design [2] at the same voltage. The design supports a broad range of operating voltages to enable dynamic voltage scaling in today's high-performance and low-power applications. The design also features an integrated power management scheme with close-loop array leakage control, floating bitline and wordline driver sleep, resulting in 58% reduction of SRAM leakage consumption.
Dental wear in the Libben population: Its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death

Modal patterns of occlusal attrition are presented for the Libben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and mandibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions was .96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167-178) for Australian aborigines. There were no significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal populations if seriation procedures are employed.
Deletion of the Δ12-Oleic Acid Desaturase Gene of a Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus Field Isolate Affects Conidiation and Sclerotial Development

P.-K. CHANG, R.A. WILSON, N.P. KELLER AND T.E. CLEVELAND. 2004. Aims: To investigate how linoleic acid affects conidial production and sclerotial development in a strictly mitotic Aspergillus parasiticus field isolate as related to improving biocompetitivity of atoxigenic Aspergillus species. Methods and Results: We disrupted A. parasiticus D12-oleic acid desaturase gene (odeA) responsible for the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. We examined conidiation and sclerotial development of SRRC 2043 and three isogenic mutant strains deleted for the odeA gene (DodeA), either with or without supplementing linoleic acid, on one complex potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and on two defined media: nitrate-containing Czapek agar (CZ) and Cove’s ammonium medium (CVN). The DodeA mutants produced less conidia than the parental strain on all media. Linoleic acid supplementation (as sodium linoleate at 0AE3 and 1AE 2m g ml )1 ) restored the DodeA conidial production comparable to or exceeding the unsupplemented parental level, and the effect was medium dependent, with the highest increase on CVN and the least on PDA. SRRC 2043 and the DodeA mutants were unable to produce sclerotia on CVN. On unsupplemented PDA and CZ, DodeA sclerotial mass was comparable to that of SRRC 2043, but sclerotial number increased significantly to two- to threefold. Supplementing linoleic acid to media, in general, tended to decrease wild type and DodeA sclerotial mass and sclerotial number. Conclusions: Linoleic acid stimulates conidial production but has an inhibitory effect on sclerotial development. The relationship between the two processes in A. parasiticus is complex and affected by multiple factors, such as fatty acid composition and nitrogen source. Significance and Impact of Study: Conditions that promote sclerotial development differ from those required to promote maximum conidial production. Manipulation of content and availability of linoleic acid at different fungal growth phases might optimize conidial and sclerotial production hence increasing the efficacy of biocompetitive Aspergillus species.
Computed tomography in patients with cerebrovascular disease: impact of a new technology on patient care.

The medical care of 157 patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease was analyzed to assess the impact of the new technology, computed tomography (CT) of the brain, on the care of these patients. A cohort of patients admitted before installation of CT was compared to two cohorts admitted after installation of CT. Length of hospital stay, speed of diagnostic workup, treatment, and discharge plans were not significantly different. Discharge diagnoses were more specific after installation of CT. Lumbar punctures and radionuclide brain scans were used less frequently, but utilization of other diagnostic studies was unchanged. Aggregate charges for diagnostic procedures actually increased in both after-CT groups. In this study, addition of CT to the neurodiagnostic armamentarium resulted in little demonstrable improvement in the care of these patients with cerebrovascular disease but did increase the cost of evaluation. This is unlike the situation for patients with brain tumors, where CT was shown to impro...
Dynamics and control for redundant robots

A unified formulation of kinematic equation and its general solution for both conventional and redundant robots is presented. It provides the dynamics and control analysis of redundant robots. Through this formulation, the dynamic modeling problem in robotic system with redundancy as well as the control strategies by utilizing several advanced control schemes are developed. The theoretical results show that a redundant robot has many advantages, but it may be more difficult to deal with than a nonredundant conventional counterpart. Explicit formulas in dynamics and control for redundant robots are outlined. >
Murine gastrulation requires HNF-4 regulated gene expression in the visceral endoderm: tetraploid rescue of Hnf-4(−/−) embryos

Immediately prior to gastrulation the murine embryo consists of an outer layer of visceral endoderm (VE) and an inner layer of ectoderm. Differentiation and migration of the ectoderm then occurs to produce the three germ layers (ectoderm, embryonic endoderm and mesoderm) from which the fetus is derived. An indication that the VE might have a critical role in this process emerged from studies of Hnf-4(-/-) mouse embryos which fail to undergo normal gastrulation. Since expression of the transcription factor HNF-4 is restricted to the VE during this phase of development, we proposed that HNF-4-regulated gene expression in the VE creates an environment capable of supporting gastrulation. To address this directly we have exploited the versatility of embryonic stem (ES) cells which are amenable to genetic manipulation and can be induced to form VE in vitro. Moreover, embryos derived solely from ES cells can be generated by aggregation with tetraploid morulae. Using Hnf-4(-/-) ES cells we demonstrate that HNF-4 is a key regulator of tissue-specific gene expression in the VE, required for normal expression of secreted factors including alphafetoprotein, apolipoproteins, transthyretin, retinol binding protein, and transferrin. Furthermore, specific complementation of Hnf-4(-/-) embryos with tetraploid-derived Hnf-4(+/+) VE rescues their early developmental arrest, showing conclusively that a functional VE is mandatory for gastrulation.
Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel

In a world where encounters with dishonesty are frequent, it is important to know if exposure to other people's unethical behavior can increase or decrease an individual's dishonesty. In Experiment 1, our confederate cheated ostentatiously by finishing a task impossibly quickly and leaving the room with the maximum reward. In line with social-norms theory, participants' level of unethical behavior increased when the confederate was an in-group member, but decreased when the confederate was an out-group member. In Experiment 2, our confederate instead asked a question about cheating, which merely strengthened the saliency of this possibility. This manipulation decreased the level of unethical behavior among the other group members. These results suggest that individuals' unethicality does not depend on the simple calculations of cost-benefit analysis, but rather depends on the social norms implied by the dishonesty of others and also on the saliency of dishonesty.
Osteogenic Potential of Mandibular vs. Long-bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Although fundamentally similar to other bones, the jaws demonstrate discrete responses to developmental, mechanical, and homeostatic regulatory signals. Here, we hypothesized that rat mandible vs. long-bone marrow-derived cells possess different osteogenic potential. We established a protocol for rat mandible and long-bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) isolation and culture. Mandible BMSC cultures formed more colonies, suggesting an increased CFU-F population. Both mandible and long-bone BMSCs differentiated into osteoblasts. However, mandible BMSCs demonstrated augmented alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and osteoblast gene expression. Importantly, upon implantation into nude mice, mandible BMSCs formed 70% larger bone nodules containing three-fold more mineralized bone compared with long-bone BMSCs. Analysis of these data demonstrates an increased osteogenic potential and augmented capacity of mandible BMSCs to induce bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Our findings support differences in the mechanisms underlying mandible homeostasis and the pathophysiology of diseases unique to the jaws.
MOSFET gate leakage modeling and selection guide for alternative gate dielectrics based on leakage considerations

In this paper, we explore the scaling limits of alternative gate dielectrics based on their direct-tunneling characteristics and gate-leakage requirements for future CMOS technology generations. Important material parameters such as the tunneling effective mass are extracted from the direct-tunneling characteristics of several promising high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics for the first time. We also introduce a figure-of-merit for comparing the relative advantages of various gate dielectrics based on the gate-leakage current. Using an accurate direct-tunneling gate-current model and specifications from the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), we provide guidelines for the selection of gate dielectrics to satisfy the projected off-state leakage current requirements of future high-performance and low-power technologies.
Left ventricular hypertrophy as a surrogate end-point in hypertension.

Objectives: To examine the adequacy of available evidence that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its regression influence the rate of cardiovascular events in hypertensionDesigu and Methods: Statistical, epidemiologic and treatment trial literature concerning ECG and echocardiographic LVH was reviewed to address the above question.Results: Results of 7 electrocardiographic and 10 echocardiographic studies (total n about 20,000 subjects) show consistently higher risks of morbid events in individuals with than without LVH (odds ratios 1.4 to 5.4). Available data (5 studies, 1,544 subjects) suggest that morbid events occur in higher proportions of individuals in whom LVH progresses (13 to 59%) than regresses (7 to 12%).Conclusions: Strict criteria to establish LVH as a fully adequate surrogate end-point for morbid events in hypertension are being increasingly satisfied by mounting evidence, but the independence of the relation of LVH change to prognosis from blood pressure or other factors has not yet b...
Effector memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge

The rapid onset of massive, systemic viral replication during primary HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and the immune evasion capabilities of these viruses pose fundamental problems for vaccines that depend upon initial viral replication to stimulate effector T cell expansion and differentiation. We hypothesized that vaccines designed to maintain differentiated effector memory T cell (TEM cell) responses at viral entry sites might improve efficacy by impairing viral replication at its earliest stage, and we have therefore developed SIV protein-encoding vectors based on rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), the prototypical inducer of life-long TEM cell responses. RhCMV vectors expressing SIV Gag, Rev-Tat-Nef and Env persistently infected rhesus macaques, regardless of preexisting RhCMV immunity, and primed and maintained robust, SIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cell responses (characterized by coordinate tumor necrosis factor, interferon-gamma and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression, cytotoxic degranulation and accumulation at extralymphoid sites) in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. Compared to control rhesus macaques, these vaccinated rhesus macaques showed increased resistance to acquisition of progressive SIVmac239 infection upon repeated limiting-dose intrarectal challenge, including four macaques who controlled rectal mucosal infection without progressive systemic dissemination. These data suggest a new paradigm for AIDS vaccine development--vaccines capable of generating and maintaining HIV-specific TEM cells might decrease the incidence of HIV acquisition after sexual exposure.
Two-piece, piezoelectrically tuned, single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser

A two-piece, single-mode, piezoelectrically tuned Nd:YAG ring laser has been demonstrated at 1338 nm. The laser was derived from a previously demonstrated monolithic unidirectional ring laser that has been cut in two to allow the cavity to be tuned by varying the gap between the two pieces. More than 1 mW of output power was produced when the laser was pumped by a 30-mW, 809-nm GaAlAs semiconductor laser. Continuous tuning over the 13.5-GHz longitudinal mode spacing with millisecond sweep times was demonstrated.
On fault tolerant training of feedforward neural networks

Abstract This paper presents an extensive study of fault tolerant training of feedforward artificial neural networks. We present several versions of a very robust training algorithm and report the results of their simulations. Our algorithm is shown to outperform all existing training algorithms in its ability to tolerate different fault types and larger number of hidden unit failures. We show that the generalization ability of the proposed algorithm is substantially better than that of the standard backpropagation algorithm and is comparable with that of other existing fault tolerant algorithms. The algorithm is based on the backpropagation algorithm with built-in measures for extensive fault tolerant training. A novel concept presented in this paper is that of training the network for fault types beyond the limits of the activation function. We demonstrate that training for such unrealistic fault types enables the network to be more tolerant to realistic fault types within the limits of the activation function. Further, tradeoffs between training time, enhanced fault tolerance, and generalization properties are studied. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
The Impact of a Discipline-Based Introduction to Engineering Course on Improving Retention

An Introduction to Engineering course at the University of Florida was converted from a lecture-based offering to a laboratory format in a project sponsored by the Southeastern University and College Coalition for Engineering Education (SUCCEED) (NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EID-9109853). The revised course rotates student groups through laboratories in each of the undergraduate engineering disciplines. Majors and non-majors receive a grade for this one credit course which meets three hours per week. The laboratories employ active learning and a smaller class size to achieve two objectives: 1) to better inform students about the nature of engineering and its specific disciplines and 2) to improve the retention of these students in engineering. The achievement of the first objective has been shown in our earlier work. 1, 2 This paper focuses on the achievement of the latter objective, which is shown by a longitudinal study to be dramatically improved. The magnitude (a 17% improvement in retention for the general population and greater for women and minorities) is surprising for a single course, but reasons are suggested which might explain such a large effect.
The xnp1 P2-like Tail Synthesis Gene Cluster Encodes Xenorhabdicin and is Required for Interspecies Competition

ABSTRACT Xenorhabdus nematophila, the mutualistic bacterium of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, produces the R-type bacteriocin called xenorhabdicin, which is thought to confer a competitive advantage for growth in the insect host. We have identified a P2-like tail synthesis gene cluster (xnp1) that is required for xenorhabdicin production. The xnp1 genes were expressed constitutively during growth and were induced by mitomycin C. Deletion of either the sheath (xnpS1) or fiber (xnpH1) genes eliminated xenorhabdicin production. Production of R-type bacteriocins in a host organism had not been shown previously. We show that xenorhabdicin is produced in the hemocoel of insects infected with the wild type but not with the ΔxnpS1 deletion strain. Xenorhabdicin prepared from the wild-type strain killed the potential competitor Photorhabdus luminescens TT01. P. luminescens was eliminated during coculture with wild-type X. nematophila but not with the ΔxnpS1 strain. Furthermore, P. luminescens inhibited reproduction of S. carpocapsae in insect larvae, while coinjection with wild-type X. nematophila, but not the ΔxnpS1, strain restored normal reproduction, demonstrating that xenorhabdicin was required for killing P. luminescens and protecting the nematode partner. Xenorhabdicin killed X. nematophila from Steinernema anatoliense, demonstrating for the first time that it possesses intraspecies activity. In addition, activity was variable against diverse strains of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus and was not correlated with phylogenetic distance. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of xenorhabdicin in the life cycle of the mutualistic bacterium X. nematophila.
Inkjet Assisted Spray Cooling of Electronics

Increases in microprocessor power dissipation and the resulting effect on the cost and complexity of thermal management solutions has been well documented in recent years. Accompanying this increase in overall power dissipation has been a reduction in feature size due to process improvements resulting in a steady decrease in the size of the processing core where most of the power on a die is generated. This trend is expected to continue into the near future and will likely lead to a power dense core covering a fraction of the total die surface area surrounded by areas of reduced power density cache. Evaporative spray cooling has been long identified as a technology that can be used to manage very high power densities (> 100 W/cm 2 ). Limitations in the controllability of individual spray droplets, however, have generally prevented its use in applications that contain marked variation in spatial power density. Since only a relatively uniform spray pattern is possible with existing spray delivery technologies, sections of lower power density become susceptible to pool boiling and thereby place limitations on bulk flow rates, which accordingly limit thermal performance. Conversely, variations in heat transfer coefficients caused by uncontrolled pool boiling across devices can create thermal stresses. In this paper we demonstrate how thermal inkjet technology can be effectively utilized to spray cool a heat source with non-uniform power density. Experimental data is presented for a water-cooled heat source and critical heat fluxes of up to 270 W/cm 2 are reported. Additionally, correlations are developed for the unique spray pattern afforded by the technology.
A Qualitative Approach to Studying Health Optimism, Realism, and Pessimism

To determine why older people are optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic on self-rated health relative to standard medical health measures, 48 persons older than age 65 were interviewed in an in-depth, semistructured format. Comparisons were made between optimists and poor-health realists, both of whom have serious health problems, to discover the ways in which these groups develop their disparate self-ratings of health. When asked about the meanings they attach to health, respondents variously referred to topics including family history, social comparisons, subjective age, and life expectancy to form their ratings. These results begin to clarify the ways in which different people view similar states of health, building on recent research showing that health pessimists are at an elevated risk of mortality, while health optimists reduce their mortality risk.
Estimating Site Occupancy and Detection Probabilities for Cooper's and Sharp-Shinned Hawks in the Southern Sierra Nevada

Long-term monitoring programs that can detect a population change over time can be useful for managers interested in assessing population trends in response to forest management activities for a particular species. Such long-term monitoring programs have been designed for the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), but not for the more elusive Sharp-shinned (A. striatus) and Cooper's hawks (A. cooperii). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine if it was possible to survey for these two Accipiters at the same time successfully using a new survey technique, and (2) estimate occupancy rate and detection probabilities for both species. We used broadcast surveys (BSM) to determine presence/absence for nesting Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks at Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest located in the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. We surveyed 34 sampling units that were defined as the average home-range size (1000 m2) of the smallest target species, the Sharp-shinned Hawk. The sampling units were surveyed twice in 2003 and 3–4 times in 2004 during the breeding season. We used program PRESENCE to estimate detection probabilities and model occupancy rates for Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks. Our results indicated that the BSM using both Accipiter vocalizations in sequence was valuable for surveying both Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks. Proportions of the study area occupied for Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks were 0.25 (SE = 0.079), and 0.40 (SE = 0.098), respectively. The probabilities of detecting Cooper's and Sharp-shinned hawks at any given site were 0.56 (SE = 0.098) and 0.47 (SE = 0.086), respectively. There were no published occupancy estimates or detection probabilities in the literature to directly compare to our study. Because these species are elusive and difficult to survey, it is imperative future studies that address occupancy estimation for Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawk incorporate detection probabilities into their model. Incorporating other variables into an occupancy model, such as habitat type, timber harvest, forest health, and/or climatic variables will also improve occupancy estimates.
Multitrophic Effects of Invasions in Marine and Estuarine Systems

Invasions in marine and estuarine systems are no longer news to the coastal ecologists who have been documenting the numerous introduced species appearing in coastal systems over the last several decades. We are now faced with a dramatically altered benthic landscape that includes a diversity of both native and non-native species. As ecologists, we seek to understand not only how these altered systems function, but predict future changes despite the fact that the species assemblage is continually shifting. In a background of seemingly constant change, one of the top priorities for ecologists is to understand why some introductions result in large changes to native communities, changes that alter ecosystem function or services and that have large impacts on the natural and/or human sphere (Parker et al. 1999; Ruiz et al. 1999; Grosholz et al. 2000). We wish to understand what the consequences of invasions are and how we can learn from these to predict future impacts. Why is it that some invasions, perhaps not many, cause dramatic changes, whereas others appear to result in comparatively little change? This chapter focuses on invasions that have resulted in measurable changes at multiple trophic levels in marine and estuarine systems. We begin by examining multiple trophic level changes in response to invasion in several ways. First, we discuss the evidence for multitrophic level changes resulting from species introductions. Second, we provide some illustrative examples of multispecies impacts on non-native species from our own work in Pacific estuaries. This focuses particular attention on an ecosystem engineer (see also Chap. 16, Crooks), including effects on ecosystem processes as well as food webs, and also major predator. Third, we compare changes from an introduction to those resulting from natural disturbances. Using concepts from disturbance theory, we suggest a framework to better describe the circumstances under which we might expect invasions to result in changes across multiple trophic levels. Ultimately, we conclude this investigation by identifying common features of invasions that have produced changes across multiple trophic levels. We do this in
Approximately optimal risk-averse routing policies via adaptive discretization

Mitigating risk in decision-making has been a longstanding problem. Due to the mathematical challenge of its nonlinear nature, especially in adaptive decisionmaking problems, finding optimal policies is typically intractable. With a focus on efficient algorithms, we ask how well we can approximate the optimal policies for the difficult case of general utility models of risk. Little is known about efficient algorithms beyond the very special cases of linear (risk-neutral) and exponential utilities since general utilities are not separable and preclude the use of traditional dynamic programming techniques. In this paper, we consider general utility functions and investigate efficient computation of approximately optimal routing policies, where the goal is to maximize the expected utility of arriving at a destination around a given deadline. We present an adaptive discretization variant of successive approximation which gives an e-optimal policy in polynomial time. The main insight is to perform discretization at the utility level space, which results in a nonuniform discretization of the domain, and applies for any monotone utility function.
Fluorescence enhancement of di-p-tolyl viologen by complexation in cucurbit[7]uril.

A viologen derivative, 1,1′-di-p-tolyl-(4,4′-bipyridine)-1,1′-diium dichloride (DTV2+), was studied in solution and encapsulated in cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), a macrocyclic host. Upon encapsulation, DTV2+ exhibited dramatically enhanced fluorescence. Aqueous solutions of DTV2+ were weakly fluorescent (Φ = 0.01, τ < 20 ps), whereas the emission of the DTV2+@2CB7 complex was enhanced by 1 order of magnitude (Φ = 0.12, τ = 0.7 ns) and blue-shifted by 35 nm. Similar properties were observed in the presence of NaCl. DTV2+ in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix was fluorescent with a spectrum similar to that observed for the complex in solution. 1H NMR and UV–vis titrations indicated that the DTV2+@2CB7 complex is formed in aqueous solutions with complexation constants K1 = (1.2 ± 0.3) × 104 M–1 and K2= (1.0 ± 0.4) × 104 M–1 in water. Density functional theory and configuration interaction singles calculations suggested that the hindrance of the rotational relaxation of the S1 state of DTV2+ caused by encapsulation ...
Canonical variate analysis of selected benthic foraminifera; a preliminary study of a potential paleobathymetric tool

Published data on the distribution of Recent benthic foraminifera in the northern Gulf of Mexico indicate that many species have wide-ranging depth distributions and occur throughout the area. In general, the potential ecologic information from such ubiquitous (or nearly so) species has been ignored because visual differences in shell morphology within species are not easily detectable. Because canonical variate analysis has the statistical power to detect such subtle differences, it is used in this study to analyze measured morphologicfeatures of several ubiquitous species: Bolivina albatrossi, B. lowmani, B. subspinescens, and Cassidulina subglobosa. These species were obtained from previous collections from the western Gulf of Mexico in depths rangingfrom less than 100 meters (inner neritic) to more than 2000 meters (abyssal). The statistical analyses were able to discriminate between populations of these ubiquitous species from these different depths; that is, specimens collected from the neritic zone have statistically significant morphometric differences from all bathyal and abyssal samples, and specimens collected from upper, middle and lower bathyal zones have statistically significant morphometric differences from each other as well as from abyssal zone samples. This approach has the potential of expanding our capability to estimate paleobathymetry and enhancing the precision of such estimates.
Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic Separations with a Microfabricated Thermal Modulator

Rapid, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GC × GC) separations by use of a microfabricated midpoint thermal modulator (μTM) are demonstrated, and the effects of various μTM design and operating parameters on performance are characterized. The two-stage μTM chip consists of two interconnected spiral etched-Si microchannels (4.2 and 2.8 cm long) with a cross section of 250 × 140 μm2, an anodically bonded Pyrex cap, and a cross-linked wall coating of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Integrated heaters provide rapid, sequential heating of each μTM stage, while a proximate, underlying thermoelectric cooler provides continual cooling. The first-dimension column used for GC × GC separations was a 6 m long, 250 μm i.d. capillary with a PDMS stationary phase, and the second-dimension column was a 0.5 m long, 100 μm i.d. capillary with a poly(ethylene glycol) phase. Using sets of five to seven volatile test compounds (boiling point ≤174 °C), the effects of the minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) modulat...
Challenges for Nanoparticle Characterization

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical industry have used standards to assess material biocompatibility, immunotoxicity, purity, and sterility (as well as many other properties) for several decades. Nanoparticle developers and manufacturers leverage well-established methods as much as possible. However, the unique properties of nanomaterials often interfere with standardized protocols, giving false-positive or false-negative results. This chapter provides details of some of the problems which can arise during the characterization of nanoparticle samples. Additionally, we discuss ways to identify, avoid, and resolve such interference, with emphasis on the use of inhibition and enhancement controls.
Exceptionally Long-Lived Charge Separated State in Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework: Implication for Photocatalytic Applications

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have emerged as a novel class of porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for catalysis application because of their exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Inspired by the broad absorption of ZIF-67 in UV–vis-near IR region, we explored its excited state and charge separation dynamics, properties essential for photocatalytic applications, using optical (OTA) and X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy. OTA results show that an exceptionally long-lived excited state is formed after photoexcitation. This long-lived excited state was confirmed to be the charge-separated (CS) state with ligand-to-metal charge-transfer character using XTA. The surprisingly long-lived CS state, together with its intrinsic hybrid nature, all point to its potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis and energy conversion.
Competition Between Normal and Transverse Heat Flow in Time-Resolved Infrared Radiometry (TRIR)

The time-resolved infrared radiometry (TRIR) technique involves monitoring the surface temperature of a specimen during the application of a step-function heating pulse. In the present work we address the competition between normal and transverse heat flow through structured media in determining the TRIR temperature-time1/2 profile. Understanding this competition is critical if TRIR data are to be interpreted correctly to provide quantitative information about specimen properties.
Changes in healthcare access and utilization among participants in a public housing relocation program in Atlanta, Georgia

Using survey data from participants in a public housing relocation program in Atlanta, Georgia, we examine post-relocation changes in healthcare access (having a usual source of care, having an unmet need) and utilization (receiving a medical exam). Although participants moved to safer, less impoverished neighborhoods, some participants experienced improvements in access and utilization whereas others experienced declines. The supply of healthcare providers in the new neighborhood and having health insurance were associated with improvements in access for this population. Future relocation efforts may seek to assist individuals with choosing a new neighborhood that has accessible healthcare resources for low-income populations.
Dimerization Products of Chloroprene are Background Contaminants Emitted from ALTEF (Polyvinylidene Difluoride) Gas Sampling Bags

Gas sampling bags have been used for collecting air samples. Tedlar bags are most commonly used, but bleed background chemicals such as N,N-dimethylacetamide and phenol. It is often necessary to remove the contaminant by flushing the bags with pure nitrogen or air. In this study, we identified four chloroprene dimerization products as background contaminants emitted from ALTEF bags that are made of a proprietary polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). No monomer chloroprene was detected in the bags analyzed. All of the dimers gradually increased once bags were filled with nitrogen due to diffusion from the bag surface. Flushing the bags with nitrogen reduced their concentrations, but was not effective for removing the contaminants. When the bags that had been flushed with nitrogen 5 times were left for 24 h, they increased again, indicating that the dimers were constantly emitted from the ALTEF bag surface. To our knowledge, these compounds have never been demonstrated in ALTEF or other PVDF bags. Our finding indicates that ALTEF might be incorporated with Neoprene (chloroprene-based polymer) during its manufacturing process.
Practices of research data curation in institutional repositories: A qualitative view from repository staff

The importance of managing research data has been emphasized by the government, funding agencies, and scholarly communities. Increased access to research data increases the impact and efficiency of scientific activities and funding. Thus, many research institutions have established or plan to establish research data curation services as part of their Institutional Repositories (IRs). However, in order to design effective research data curation services in IRs, and to build active research data providers and user communities around those IRs, it is essential to study current data curation practices and provide rich descriptions of the sociotechnical factors and relationships shaping those practices. Based on 13 interviews with 15 IR staff members from 13 large research universities in the United States, this paper provides a rich, qualitative description of research data curation and use practices in IRs. In particular, the paper identifies data curation and use activities in IRs, as well as their structures, roles played, skills needed, contradictions and problems present, solutions sought, and workarounds applied. The paper can inform the development of best practice guides, infrastructure and service templates, as well as education in research data curation in Library and Information Science (LIS) schools.
Before and Beyond Psychoanalysis: Anna Freud As Educator

Anna Freud is known as the co-founder of child psychoanalysis and the heir of the psychoanalytic movement after her father’s death in 1939. Her life has been captured in numerous biographies and her seminal work in psychoanalysis has been extensively reported. However, Anna Freud was first and foremost an educator before she became a child analyst. Her work as a teacher and her contributions to education are much less known. This article discusses Anna Freud’s experiences in early childhood education, elementary education, and teacher education, paying particular attention to her contributions in each of these three disciplines.
Digital Games, African Development, and Gender Equality: a Comparative Analysis of Family Values and Moraba

Digital Development Games (DDGs) have been designed to tackle a variety of international development issues, including gender inequality. This study uses critical textual analysis and a political economic approach to highlight how the development goals embedded in two games, Family Values and Moraba, both aimed at gender equality in Africa, were shaped by the large donor organizations that funded them. Understanding the relationship between game developers and funders is necessary in order to understand how and why DDGs work to reinforce established, and often problematic, development narratives. As smaller nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and independent game developers look to large development institutions to support the production of DDGs, research on the ways in which the ideologies of funding organizations get mapped onto games becomes increasingly important. Further, the findings of this study provide a contemporary example of the ways in which development networks are able to incorporate new technologies and discourses into their work without fundamentally changing their worldviews or their approach to creating change.
Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Hg-Based Microstructures

This review paper reports on growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and characterization of Hg1-xNxTe-CdTe (N = Cd, Mn or Zn) superlattices and Hg1-xCdxTe-HgTe heterojunctions with a special attention to the interdiffusion, the valence band offset between HgTe and CdTe and the Type III to Type I transition in these superlattices.
Predicting child safety: the effect of custodial grandparents’ depressive symptoms, home safety, knowledge, and gender

ABSTRACTThere are over 2.5 million custodial grandparents raising 4.8 million grandchildren in the U.S. These grandparents face many major struggles, including increasing financial costs, physical disabilities, and deteriorating home environments. Our study investigates grandchild well-being, particularly the safety of custodial grandparents’ homes and its relation to injury prevention. This is crucial, as unintentional injury is the leading cause of death for children. Our model predicted child safety based on grandparent gender, depressive symptoms, and safety knowledge. Our model fit well and explained 23% of the variance in child injuries. Several gender differences were also present, for both grandparent and grandchild gender.