cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic Maneuvering in Direct to Consumer Drug Advertising: A Study in Argumentation Theory and New Institutional Theory

New Institutional Theory is used to explain the context for argumentation in modern practice. The illustration of Direct to Consumer Drug advertising is deployed to show how communicative argument between a doctor and patient is influenced by force exogenous to the practice of medicine. The essay shows how strategic maneuvering shifts the burden of proof within institutional relations.
Coexpression and assembly of myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain in Escherichia coli

A fragment of the Dictyostelium discoideum myosin heavy chain gene representing heavy meromyosin was coexpressed in Escherichia coli with the entire essential myosin light chain from the scallop. The expressed myosin heavy chain and essential myosin light chain copurify through ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified complex consists of about 1 mol of light chain per mol of heavy chain. This stoichiometry, which is that of native myosin, suggests that no special eukaryotic machinery is required for coassembly of these two proteins. By coexpressing different myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain combinations, it should be possible to study various isoforms of these two proteins, which are both products of multigene families in mammals. E. coli is thus an ideal system in which to study expression and multimeric assembly of individual components of the eukaryotic contractile apparatus.
Posttransplantation care: Role of the primary care physician versus transplant center

Abstract Key Points 1. Forty percent of transplant centers expect the primary care physician to be the primary physician; 40% have both a primary care physician and a hepatologist manage the patient. 2. Transplant centers expect primary care physicians to provide general preventive medicine, physical examinations, vaccinations, and, rarely, management of hypertension, renal dysfunction, and diabetes. 3. A high percentage of primary care physicians feel comfortable caring and managing the overall health care of a long-term liver transplant patient. 4. Primary care physicians feel at most ease managing preventive care, annual physical examinations, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, bone disease, and vaccinations. 5. Primary care physicians should be aware of the common medical conditions of the liver transplant patient of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and recurrent disease. 6. Common medical conditions for both the transplant centers and primary care physicians are hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, bone disease, pregnancy, vaccination, infectious prophylaxis, and headaches. ( Liver Transpl 2001;7:S2-S12. )
In-Use Contamination of Intravenous Infusion Fluid

During the 1970 to 1971 nationwide epidemic of septicemias caused by Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter agglomerans traced to intrinsic contamination of Abbott intravenous infusion products, 94 infusion systems manufactured by Baxter Laboratories were studied microbiologically and epidemiologically during hospital use. Intravenous fluid from 10 systems (11%) contained microorganisms, usually Staphylococcus or Bacillus species; one infusion was heavily contaminated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. No national epidemic organisms, E. cloacae or E. agglomerans (formerly Erwinia), were recovered, suggesting that during this period frequent contamination with these organisms was unique to Abbott's infusion products. Contamination in this study appeared to be extrinsic in origin (introduced during clinical use) and related to the duration of continuous intravenous therapy. Nine of 61 systems (15%) that had been used longer than 48 h were contaminated, whereas only 1 of 33 used less than 48 h (3%) contained microorganisms. This study and the recent national outbreak indicate that contamination of infusion fluid, both from intrinsic and extrinsic sources, must be recognized as an additional risk of intravenous therapy; however, a once-daily replacement of the delivery apparatus can significantly diminish this hazard.
A rapid method for homocystine assay in physiological fluids.

Abstract A high-voltage paper electrophoresis method is described for the assay of homocystine in physiological fluids. Urine specimens from a homocystinuric girl and from control subjects were analyzed. Variations in the dietary habits of the subjects involved may account for the extensive range of results recorded. A relatively high homocystine excretion in the family of the homocystinuric patient supports the evidence of its genetic transmission. Homocystine excretion occurs quite widely and there is not sufficient evidence to suggest that carriers can be unequivocally identified on the basis of urinary excretion of homocystine.
A reassessment of the sociability of long term skid row residents: A social network approach.

Despite more than one hundred and fifty empirical studies completed on the subject of skid row, no issue remains so completely muddled than that of the sociability of skid row men. Utilizing network analysis techniques developed in previous work with inner-city populations, the authors interviewed 48 elderly residents of the Bowery. The data dispelled the notion that skid rowers are completely isolated, incapable of intimacy and complex social formation, and unable to enlist the support of their compeers in response to deteriorating health. Nonetheless, as contrasted with other urban populations, they had markedly constricted social worlds. A reinterpretation of the literature is proffered based on these findings.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Bacteroides

Seventy Bacteroides strains isolated from clinical materials were tested in vitro against nine antibiotics by means of modified disc diffusion and agar dilution tests. Correlating the agar dilution susceptibility with the concentrations achievable in serum for each drug tested, we found that at least 90% of the strains were susceptible to clindamycin, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, and lincomycin. Only 40% were susceptible to tetracycline. Except for tetracycline and chloramphenicol, the disc diffusion technique exhibited inadequate predictive value in terms of “susceptibility” and “resistance” for the Bacteroides strains tested.
Spectroscopy of Pluto and Triton at 3-4 Microns: Possible Evidence for Wide Distribution of Nonvolatile Solids

We present new albedo spectra of Triton and Pluto-Charon, covering the 2.8–4.1 μm wavelength range at a spectral resolution of ~60. The new data reveal three strong CH4 ice absorption bands, as well as additional absorption around 2.9 and 4.1 μm in the spectra of both bodies, which we tentatively attribute to widely distributed H2O ice, along with CO2 and/or SO2 ices. Since these species are nonvolatile at typical Triton and Pluto surface temperatures, widespread distribution of any of them in volatile-rich regions challenges current understanding of the surfaces of Pluto and Triton, in which more volatile, mobile ices are thought to be segregated from less volatile species. Our data suggest that small, nonvolatile ice particles on Triton and Pluto may be undergoing redistribution by aeolian transport in seasonal sublimation winds.
1036. Overcoming Suppression of Oligonucleotide-Directed Targeted Gene Repair in Mammalian Cells

Modified single-stranded oligonucleotides (MSSOs) activate a DNA damage response pathway within a cell, which will induce a host of cellular changes including a transient stalling of the cell cycle. Proteins that have known functional roles as anti-recombinases and tumor suppressors have been shown to be involved in suppressing the targeted nucleotide exchange (TNE) reaction. P53 and the mismatch repair protein, Msh2, have previously been shown to act as suppressors of the TNE reaction. Since p53 plays a role in the regulation of gene repair, it is essential that we determine the pathway in this mechanism as p53 may act as an antagonist of efficient and stable gene repair. To examine the effects of p53 and its related mutants on the gene repair reaction, we transiently overexpressed wild-type p53 or a DNA-binding domain mutant form [p53 (175H), p53 (273P)] in HCT116 (p53 wild-type) cells and assessed gene repair activity. Additionally, we show that RNAi specifically designed to target MSH2 RNA can be used in conjunction with an MSSO to increase the level of gene repair in MEF cells that have functional Msh2. These proteins may be acting through their role as anti-recombinases or by directly blocking the proliferation of cells that receive oligonucleotide.
Kinetic characteristics of native γ-glutamylcysteine ligase in the aging housefly, Musca domestica L.

The catalytic activity of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (γ-GCL; EC 6.3.2.2) was compared between relatively young (4-day-old) and old (19-day-old) houseflies (Musca domestica) in order to understand the mechanism of putative deterioration of glutathione homeostasis during the aging process. Hanes–Woolf analyses ([S]/v vs [S]) indicated that γ-GCL had significantly higher affinities for its substrates in the young than in the old flies. The Km values in the young and old flies were, respectively, for glutamate 0.6 and 5.5 mM; for cysteine 0.3 and 4.6 mM; and for ATP 1.2 and 2.9 mM. Furthermore, young but not old flies exhibited substrate-dependent inhibition of γ-GCL activity at >5 mM cysteine indicating a loss of metabolic regulation during aging. The age-associated differences in the affinity of native γ-GCL towards its substrates suggest that de novo synthesis of glutathione would be relatively less efficient in the old houseflies.
A spring loaded carrier for transection of fornix and other large fiber bundles.

Abstract An inexpensive spring loaded carrier is described which, in combination with the knife cut technique designed by Sclafani and Grossman [6], enables the user to transect large fiber bundles in the rat brain. In the present study, the fornix system was transected between the septum and hippocampus.
Bare preference and interpersonal utility comparisons

From time to time it has been proposed to use just noticeable preference intervals as standard intervals upon which to base interpersonal utility comparisons. Such proposals have met with a number of difficulties due especially to the discovery that such intervals are difficult to take as representing equal differences in utility even for one individual.
Who Advised Beowulf to Challenge Grendel

After his successful adventure in Denmark, Beowulf returns to his homeland, and his uncle, the Geatish King Hygelac, greets the young hero and his comrades: Hu lomp eow on lade, leofa Biowulf, þa ð...
Distribution and conservation status of coastal sage scrub in southwestern California

. A landscape-based characterization of vegetation has been developed for southwestern California using satellite imagery, air photos, existing vegetation maps, and field data. Distribution maps of nine dominant coastal scrub species and 13 species assemblages that were identified by divisive information analysis have been analyzed to quantify spatial patterns of species co-occurrence. Three general distribution patterns are identified that suggest the Diegan, Ventaran and Riversidian Associations identified by other workers. Vegetation data have also been related to land ownership and management to assess the conservation status of upland plant communities. A large proportion of the mapped distribution of species and vegetation types is on private land, and several taxa show less than 4 % of mapped distribution in nature reserves. The analysis highlights the need to extend current conservation planning efforts into the northern part of the region to encompass areas where Salvia leucophylla is a frequent community dominant.
Influence of the seagrass, Zostera marina L., on current flow☆

Abstract A salt-water flume was used to describe the mechanics of current flow around an articial Zostera marina meadow. Shear velocity and roughness height were positively correlated with seagrass surface area, and were positively/negatively correlated with current velocity. Current velocity intrusion into the meadow before diminution and maximum reduction (both at the 2 cm height line) proceed by factors of 1·25 and 2·07 cm into the meadow per cm s −1 of current velocity, respectively. Froude number was correlated with mean bending angle of the canopy as a whole. Maximum bending had occurred with Froude = 1, but most bending had taken place by Froude = 0·4, a velocity of 40–50 cm s −1 in this experiment. The meadow edge is the most dynamic zone of a seagrass meadow in regard to current flow. Bending of the shoot canopy is a mechanism for re-direction of current flow and in-canopy reduction of current velocity. Meadow dimensions may be regulated by scouring processes in different hydraulic regimes. Shoot bending and subsequent in-meadow current velocity reduction are mechanisms that affect self-shading and photosynthetic capabilities as well as providing habitat stability.
After the Fairness Doctrine: Controversial Broadcast Programming and the Public Interest

L'article tente d'etablir les consequences qu'a entraine la suspension de la «Fairness Doctrine» par la Commission Federale des Communications, sur les programmes radiodiffuses et sur l'interet que le public porte a la reglementation de la radiodiffusion
Acoustical cavity excitation.

A tutorial exposition is given of cavity excitations and it is shown that relatively simple analytical solutions for the excitation of acoustic fields in cavities with lossy walls can be obtained for a broad class of such cavities. The standard analytic procedure whereby one expresses the acoustic field as a sum over the eigenmodes of the cavity is reviewed and its limitations are pointed out. An alternate procedure is to seek to make use of Green’s functions depending on a single coordinate and to not express such Green’s functions as sums over eigenfunctions. Instead, one expresses the Green’s function as a closed form function that has a discontinuous slope at the value of the coordinate corresponding to the source location. Although the class of cavities for which this approach is possible is limited, it is sufficiently broad to be of intrinsic interest and the results may be helpful to those seeking benchmark solutions and analytic insight. Displayed examples are for cavities whose shapes are spheres and cylinders, with interior monopole, dipole, line, and distributed sources. The formulation yields simple expressions for the total power absorbed by the cavity walls.
Linear programming with stochastic elements: An on-line approach

Abstract In this paper, we study linear programming problems with both the cost and right-hand-side vectors being stochastic. Kalman filtering techniques are integrated into the infeasible-interior-point method to develop an on-line algorithm. We first build a “noisy dynamic model” based on the Newton equation developed in the infeasible-interior-point method. Then, we use Kalman filtering techniques to filter out the noise for a stable direction of movement. Under appropriate assumptions, we show a new result of the limiting property of Kalman filtering in this model and prove that the proposed on-line approach is globally convergent to a “true value solution” in the mode of quadratic mean.
Successful doxorubicin therapy of primary macroglobulinemia resistant to alkylating agents

Two patients with macroglobulinemia refractory to alkylating agent therapy did have an objective response to therapy with doxorubicin. For patients refractory to alkylating agents, doxorubicin is an alternative to other alkylating agents or procarbazine.
Environmental control of strontium and magnesium in Mytilus

Portions of the calcite and aragonite shell layers of west coast specimens of the pelecypod Mytilus were analyzed for strontium and magnesium by emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and flame photometry. Most specimens came from localities where detailed temperature and salinity records are available. The strontium concentration in the calcitic outer prismatic layer correlates positively with growth temperature. In a given shell the strontium concentration of this layer varies seasonally through successive growth increments. Shell size has a small effect on the strontium concentration of the outer prismatic layer; larger shells have a slightly lower strontium concentration at a given temperature. Salinity variation does not appear to affect the strontium concentration of the outer prismatic layer. The strontium concentration in the aragonitic nacreous layer is negatively correlated with temperature. The magnesium concentration in the outer prismatic layer increases markedly with decreasing salinity and shows a weak positive correlation with temperature. The temperature-magnesium relationship varies between the two species examined in this study. Shell size also has an effect on the magnesium concentration in this layer; intermediate sized (50 mm long) shells have the highest concentration. The magnesium concentration of the nacreous layer is too low to be effectively measured with the techniques used in this study.
Interaction parameters and a quenched-disorder phase diagram for (GaAs)1-xGe2x alloys.

We obtain the interaction parameters for the spin-1 Ising representation of (GaAs${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2\mathit{x}}$ metastable alloys, based on the total energies of a set of ordered structures calculated by the first-principles self-consistent pseudopotential method. We then use these parameters to reexamine the thermodynamic consequences of a recently proposed quenched-disorder model for the observed zinc-blende-to-diamond phase transition in (GaAs${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2\mathit{x}}$. In this model, Ge atoms are distributed at random at all lattice sites. We present a complete phase diagram of the quenched-disorder model in the pair approximation of the cluster-variation method. In view of our set of first-principles interaction parameters, we conclude that, like previously proposed bulk thermodynamic models, the quenched-disorder model does not lead to a phase transition that agrees with the experimental result.
Studies on peptic inhibition.

Conclusions1. Aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, magnesium trisilicate, and mucin inhibited peptic activity by altering the pH, the percent of inhibition being directly related to change in pH. 2. Of these 4, magnesium trisilicate was the most effective inhibiting agent, exerting the greatest effect on the pH. 3. Of the substances used, sodium lauryl sulfate alone completely inhibited peptic activity without any alteration in pH.
Therapeutic Levels of Intravenous Procainamide in Neonates: A Retrospective Assessment

Study Objectives. To evaluate dosing and pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous continuous-infusion procainamide in neonates, and to identify dosage regimens and factors leading to therapeutic procainamide levels and minimal adverse events. Design. Retrospective, observational study. Setting. Pediatric hospital. Patients. Twenty-one patients (seven preterm, 14 full term) younger than 30 days who received continuous-infusion procainamide therapy for more than 15 hours or had two consecutive therapeutic procainamide levels obtained while receiving therapy between June 1, 2002, and December 31, 2005. Measurements and Main Results. Data on demographics, dosing, drug levels, and adverse effects were collected. Doses that achieved therapeutic levels were documented, and procainamide clearance was calculated and evaluated with regard to renal function and gestational age in patients who were at steady state. Mean clearance and mean N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA):procainamide ratios were compared between preterm and term neonates. No patients experienced hemodynamic instability or other adverse effects due to procainamide. Procainamide was given as a mean ± SD 9.6 ± 1.5-mg/kg bolus in 20 of 21 patients before continuous infusion. The mean ± SD dose at which two therapeutic levels were achieved was 37.56 ± 13.52 μg/kg/minute. Procainamide clearance was 6.36 ± 8.85 ml/kg/minute and correlated with creatinine clearance (r=0.78, p 1). Preterm infants had lower mean clearance rates (p<0.001) but higher NAPA:procainamide ratios (p<0.01) than those of term infants. Five patients experienced seven supratherapeutic levels while receiving therapy; four of these patients were preterm, and all had creatinine clearances less than 30 ml/minute/1.73 m2. Three patients had four pairs of levels obtained after discontinuation of procainamide, and elimination rate constant and half-life were calculated. Conclusion. Procainamide can be safely used in neonates, with no short-term adverse effects. The dosage regimen for intravenous procainamide required to achieve therapeutic levels in neonates is similar to that of older infants and children. Doses may need to be reduced in premature infants and in those with renal dysfunction.
Gender and Race Heterogeneity: The Impact of Students with Limited English on Native Students' Performance

Recent evidence suggests that exposure to a larger share of Limited English (LE) students is associated with a slight decline in performance for students at the top of the achievement distribution. In this paper we explore whether LE peer effects differ by gender and race. Utilizing school-by-year fixed effect methods that allow us to address possible endogeneity with respect to the schools students attend, we find evidence of heterogeneous peer effects of LE students on natives. Specifically, we find no LE student peer effects on females' achievement in math and reading but significant negative effects on males and black students.
Optical and infrared observations of diffuse clouds

In the past several years, great progress has been made on the spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds. In this talk, I will review recent developments involving H $_3^+$ , C $_3$ , and the Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs). The simplest polyatomic molecular ion, H $_3^+$ , has long been recognized as the cornerstone of ion-neutral chemistry in dense molecular clouds (Herbst & Klemperer 1973; Watson 1973). However, in diffuse clouds (where electrons are abundantly produced from photoionization of atomic carbon) the H $_3^+$ number density was expected to be considerably lower than in dense clouds, owing to the efficiency of electron recombination. It was, therefore, a surprise when a large column density of H $_3^+$ was detected (McCall et al. 1998) in the diffuse line of sight towards Cygnus OB2 12, and subsequently in a sample of heavily reddened diffuse sightlines (McCall et al. 2002). Recently, we have detected H $_3^+$ even in the classical diffuse cloud sightline towards $\zeta$ Persei; together with a new measurement of the electron recombination rate coefficient, this result suggests that the cosmic-ray ionization rate is much higher in diffuse clouds than in dense clouds (McCall et al. 2003a)! In 2001, interstellar C $_3$ was first detected by J. P. Maier and colleagues (maier et al. 2001) in three diffuse cloud sightlines. This was quickly followed up by another detection (Roueff et al. 2002) and a survey conducted at low-resolution (Oka et al. 2003). This was followed by a high-resolution survey (Adamkovics, Blake, & McCall 2003) that yielded rotationally resolved spectra of C $_3$ in 10 sightlines. Much like C $_2$ , C $_3$ has no permanent dipole moment, and therefore its rotational distribution serves as a sensitive diagnostic of both temperature and density. The existence of larger polyatomic molecules in diffuse clouds is clear from the presence of the DIBs, which have remained an enigma since their discovery some eight decades ago. A recent survey of the DIBs at the Apache Point Observatory has resulted in a uniform sample of DIB spectra with much higher signal-to-noise ratios than previously available. Some early results from the analysis of the survey data include the identification of a set of DIBs that are related to C $_2$ (Thorburn et al. 2003) as well as some well-correlated pairs of DIBs. I will discuss our recent results.
A Meta‐Analytic Study: The Relationship Between Acculturation and Depression Among Asian Americans

Acculturation is an important and popular cultural research variable among specific ethnic populations that is used to explain the process of assimilating into the host culture. Acculturation has often been used to account for psychosocial changes and health outcomes and has been used to explain health disparities among ethnic groups. Using Asian Americans as an illustrative ethnic group, the authors see that researchers have highlighted the influence of acculturation on health outcomes. Some researchers suggest that this relationship is positive, whereas others postulate that the opposite is true. Because of the highly complex and divergent findings in the literature, this meta-analysis addresses the question of how acculturation (as measured by acculturation scales) is related to depression (a specific mental health outcome) among the Asian American population living in North America. Analyses were based on 38 studies. The meta-analyses reveal that when acculturation is measured as assimilation to the American culture, there is a small but statistically significant negative relationship between acculturation and depression scores. When acculturation is measured as orientation to the Asian culture, the relationship between acculturation and depression scores is also negative, but not statistically significant.
Microtubules and Microscopes: How the Development of Light Microscopic Imaging Technologies Has Contributed to Discoveries about Microtubule Dynamics in Living Cells

Microtubules are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton that participate in many important cellular processes, including mitosis, cell motility, morphogenesis, and organelle transport (reviewed in Desai and Mitchison, 1997 ). Microtubules are made up of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that assemble into ∼25 nm cylindrical polymers. Immunofluorescent localization of tubulin has shown that microtubules in interphase tissue cells are for the most part arranged in a radial array with the “minus” end oriented toward a central microtubule organizing center, the centrosome, and the “plus” end radiating toward the cell periphery. Biochemical studies in the 1970s and early 1980s on the assembly–disassembly dynamics of tubulin culminated in the demonstration that microtubules exhibit an unusual form of assembly behavior known as dynamic instability, defined as the coexistence of microtubules in growing and shrinking populations that interconvert infrequently and stochastically (reviewed in Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1997a ). However, corroboration of these studies with real-time microscopic data was difficult, because 25-nm microtubules are ∼10 times below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This Video Essay provides a review of the ingenious methods that have been developed and applied over the past 10–15 years to the study of microtubule dynamic behavior in living cells. I have not included the many unique microscopic approaches that have been used for the study of microtubule behavior in vitro (for review, see Scholey 1993 ). Furthermore, this review intends by no means to be exhaustive but summarizes a few highlights in the field of which primary data was generously made available to me from the original authors for digitization and conversion into QuickTime movies. Finally, important advances such as the expression of green fluorescent protein–coupled proteins to follow microtubule dynamics in the ∼6-μm-diameter budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell (Shaw et al., 1998 ) and the use of polarized light microscopy for monitoring microtubule dynamics during mitosis (Inoue and Oldenbourg, 1998 ) have been omitted from this review, because these topics have been dealt with in detail in recent Video Essays in this series.
Impact of lens aberrations on optical lithography

All optical projection systems for microlithography depart from perfection because of various lens aberrations, especially when large image field size is combined with high numerical aperture (NA). Such aberrations have a variety of effects on lithographic imaging: shifts in the image position, image asymmetry, reduction of the process window, and the appearance of undesirable imaging artifacts. These undesirable effects are sometimes exacerbated through use of resolution enhancement techniques such as phase-shift masks or nonstandard illumination. This paper examines the impact of different types of aberrations on lithographic imagery through simulation. New techniques for measuring aberrations by examining lithographically printed resist patterns are considered.
A Simple and Accurate Indirect Calorimetry System for Assessment of Resting Energy Expenditure

An indirect calorimetry system was assembled from three readily available major components: a digital pneumotachograph, an oxygen analyzer, and a carbon dioxide analyzer. A one-way valve, face mask, and meteorological balloon completed the system. Accuracy was assessed by comparison to direct calorimetry in hospitalized patients undergoing enteral hyperalimentation. Each subject was on continuous infusion of formula during a 7-day metabolic balance. Direct and indirect calorimetry was performed over the last 4 days of the balance. The overall agreement between the two methods was within 1%. A simple and inexpensive calorimetry system can therefore be assembled to provide an accurate measure of resting energy expenditure. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 8:45-48, 1984)
Shock tube ignition delay time measurements in propane/O2/argon mixtures at near-constant-volume conditions

Abstract Shock tube measurements of ignition delay times with high activation energies are strongly sensitive to variations in reflected shock temperatures. At longer shock tube test times, as are needed at low reaction temperatures, small gradual increases in pressure (and simultaneous increases in temperature) that result from incident shock wave attenuation and boundary layer growth can significantly shorten measured ignition delay times. To obviate this pressure increase, we made use of a recently developed driver-insert method of Hong et al. [8] that allows generation of near-constant-volume test conditions for reflected shock measurements. Using this method, we have measured propane ignition delay times in a lean mixture (0.8% C 3 H 8 /8% O 2 /Ar) over temperatures between 980 and 1400 K and nominal pressures of 6, 24 and 60 atm, under both conventional shock tube operation (with post-shock fractional pressure variation d P 5 /d t ∼ 1–7%/ms) and near-constant-volume operation (with d P 5 /d t ∼ 0%/ms). The near-constant-volume ignition delay times provide a database for low-temperature propane model development that is independent of non-ideal fluid flow and heat transfer effects. Comparisons of these near-constant-volume measurements with predictions using the JetSurF v1.0 mechanism of Sirjean et al. [10] and the Curran et al. mechanism of NUI Galway [5] were performed. Ignition delay times measured with d P 5 /d t ∼ 1–7%/ms were found to be significantly shorter (about 1/3 of the near-constant-volume values) at the lowest temperatures and highest pressures studied. However, these ignition times are successfully simulated using the JetSurF v1.0 mechanism when an appropriate gasdynamic model that accounts for changes in pressure and temperature is used.
Formation of unintentional dots in small Si nanostructures

Abstract We studied charge transport through lithographycally defined Si quantum dots. At low temperatures multi-dot transport is observed. In particular, we analyzed transport through double-dot devices. The data provide compelling evidence that the extra dots are formed within the gate oxide.
Does the Wording of Syllabi Affect Student Course Assessment in Introductory Political Science Classes

In this article, we examine the impact of syllabi wording on how students assess a hypothetical instructor for an introductory political science course at a medium-sized state institution. Student participants were recruited from political science classes at this institution and randomly assigned to two groups. The groups were asked to review a sample syllabus from an introductory political science class and answer a number of questions regarding the instructor, as well as a few demographic questions. The syllabi were identical except for the wording of the requirements. For one group, the requirements were expressed in “rewarding” terms; for the other, the requirements were expressed in “punishing” terms.
Surgical resident learning styles: faculty and resident accuracy at identification of preferences and impact on ABSITE scores.

Abstract Introduction As a consequence of surgical resident duty hour restrictions, there is a need for faculty to utilize novel teaching methods to convey information in a more efficient manner. The current paradigm of surgical training, which has not changed significantly since the time of Halsted, assumes that all residents assimilate information in a similar fashion. However, recent data has shown that learners have preferences for the ways in which they receive and process information. The VARK model categorizes learners as visual (V), aural (A), read/write (R), and kinesthetic (K). The VARK learning style preferences of surgical residents have not been previously evaluated. In this study, the preferred learning styles of general surgery residents were determined, along with faculty and resident perception of resident learning styles. In addition, we hypothesized that American Board of Surgery In-Training Exam (ABSITE) scores are associated with preference for a read/write (R) learning style. Methods The Fleming VARK learning styles inventory was administered to all general surgery residents at a university hospital–based program. Responses on the inventory were scored to determine the preferred learning style for each resident. Faculty members were surveyed to determine their accuracy in identifying the preferred learning style of each resident. All residents were also surveyed to determine their accuracy in identifying their peers' VARK preferences. Resident ABSITE scores were examined for association with preferred learning styles. Results Twenty-nine residents completed the inventory. Most (18 of 29, 62%) had a multimodal preference, although more than a third (11 of 29, 38%) demonstrated a single-modality preference. Seventy-six percent of all residents (22 of 29) had some degree of kinesthetic (K) learning, while under 50% (14 of 29) were aural (A) learners. Although not significant, dominant (R) learners had the highest mean ABSITE scores. Faculty identified residents' learning styles accurately 41% of the time; more experienced faculty were better than less experienced ones (R2 = 0.703, P = 0.018). Residents had similar accuracy to faculty in identifying their peers' learning styles. Chief residents were more accurate than junior residents (44% versus 28%, P = 0.009). Conclusions Most general surgery residents have a multimodal learning preference. Faculty members are relatively inaccurate at identifying residents' preferred learning styles; however, there is a strong correlation between years of faculty experience and accuracy. Chief residents are more accurate than junior residents at learning style identification. Higher mean ABSITE scores may be a reflection of a dominant read/write learning style.
EC 1992: Perceptions and strategic planning of small- and mediumsized exporting manufacturers

Empirically based research on the perceptions of U.S. small manufacturers about the impact of EC-92 is lacking because most research has dealt with the potential benefits and problems of EC-92. This study examines the perceptions and strategic planning of 194 Wisconsin small- and mediumsized manufacturers who are currently exporting to Europe. In addition, the paper reports on an empirical analysis designed to relate a set of firm demographic and management attitudinal characteristics to the impact of EC-92. Research findings indicate that many smaller firms are not aware of the significance of the pending European Community market integration and are not yet prepared for post-1992 era. Moreover, the stepwise discriminant analysis indicates that the executives’ expectations about the impact of EC-92 are associated with a set of variables related to firm characteristics and managerial attitudes.
The question of Eaton: terrestrial versus meteoritic copper

Abstract The Eaton ‘meteorite’ contains roughly 66 per cent Cu, 33 per cent Zn and 90 per cent Cu, Both meteoritic and terrestrial native copper are striking for their relatively high purity. Meteoritic Cu appears to be distinguishable from terrestrial material by its higher Ni contents.
The vestibulo-ocular reflex of the squirrel monkey during eccentric rotation and roll tilt

The vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR) are determined not only by angular acceleration, but also by the presence of gravity and linear acceleration. This phenomenon was studied by measuring three-dimensional nystagmic eye movements, with implanted search coils, in six male squirrel monkeys during eccentric rotation. Monkeys were rotated in the dark at a constant velocity of 200 degrees/s (centrally or 79 cm off axis) with the axis of rotation always aligned with gravity and the spinal axis of the upright monkeys. The monkey's orientation (facing-motion or back-to-motion) had a dramatic influence on the VOR. These experiments show that: (a) the axis of eye rotation always shifted toward alignment with gravito-inertial force; (b) the peak value of horizontal slow phase eye velocity was greater with the monkey facing-motion than with back-to-motion; and (c) the time constant of horizontal eye movement decay was smaller with the monkey facing-motion than with back-to-motion. All of these findings were statistically significant and consistent across monkeys. In another set of tests, the same monkeys were rapidly tilted about their naso-occipital (roll) axis. Tilted orientations of 45 degrees and 90 degrees were maintained for 1 min. Other than a compensatory angular VOR during the angular rotation, no consistent eye velocity response was observed during or following the tilt for any of the six monkeys. The absence of any eye movement response following tilt weighs against the possibility that translational linear VOR responses are due to simple high-pass filtering of the otolith signals. The VOR response during eccentric rotation was divided into the more familiar angular VOR and linear VOR components. The angular component is known to depend upon semicircular canal dynamics and central influences. The linear component of the response decays rapidly with a mean duration of only 6.6 s, while the axis of eye rotation rapidly aligns (< 10 s) with gravito-inertial force. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the measurement of gravito-inertial force by the otolith organs is resolved into central estimates of linear acceleration and gravity, such that the central estimate of gravitational force minus the central estimate of linear acceleration approximately equals the otolith measurement of gravito-inertial force.
New methods for estimating local electrical activation rate during atrial fibrillation.

Background Dominant frequency (DF) analysis is sometimes limited in its characterization of atrial fibrillation (AF), thus better methodology is needed. Objective To develop methods for analyzing the AF signal without transformation to frequency space, and to compare the methods to DF analysis using both real and simulated data. Method Electrograms were obtained in 11 patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Atrial rate (AR) was estimated retrospectively from 8.4-s intervals acquired at 8 sites, using DF and 2 new methods: (1) Signals were converted into merged deflections (time complexes [TC]). Mean peak-to-peak cycle length was used to estimate AR. (2) The ensemble average (EA) was calculated with window size (w) ranging from 50 to 500 ms (frequency f=2 to 20 Hz). The dominant peak in the root-mean-square power spectrum of EA versus w was used to estimate AR. Methods were compared using patient data, and in simulations using a Hanning pulse (2-mV peak, 50-ms duration, 120-ms period) with additive random noise, amplitude changes, and phase shift. Data from 10 atrial flutter patients were used to validate rate estimation under static conditions. Results From pooled AF data (N = 88 sites), mean atrial rate was 5.71 Hz (EA), 5.96 Hz (TC), and 5.72 Hz (DF). The mean absolute rate difference was 0.65 Hz (EA-TC), 0.58 Hz (EA-DF), and 0.50 Hz (TC-DF). In simulations, DF, TC, and EA, respectively, correctly predicted rate with additive random noise up to 0.13 mV, 1.4 mV, and 15.2 mV, random phase shift up to 46.3 ms, 28.8 ms, and 51.3 ms, and random amplitude variation ranging from 0 to 4 mV, 1.3 to 2.7 mV, and 0 to 4 mV. All methods accurately estimated rate during atrial flutter. Conclusions Accurate rate estimation depends on signal periodicity and is influenced by random noise. The EA provides an accurate rate estimate of the periodic component of AF even at high noise levels.
Optimizing Beef Chuck Flavor and Texture Through Cookery Methods

ABSTRACT: Eight cooked chuck muscles were subjected to Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force analysis in phase I of the study to choose the cooking methods and temperature combinations suitable for descriptive sensory analysis in phase II. WBS force analysis was unable to discriminate (P > 0.05) cooking and temperature combinations among various muscles. Nine chuck muscles were then subjected to cooking by grilling, roasting, and braising to an internal temperature of 63°C and 77°C. A panel of 10 trained judges performed the descriptive analysis of the cooked chuck muscle steaks. Grilling, under medium rare conditions, was most suitable for the chuck muscles because it yielded more juiciness and roasted flavor than any other cooking method/temperature combinations.
Phosphate-limited growth and uptake kinetics of the marine prasinophyte Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher

Abstract The marine prasinophyte Tetraselmis suecica was grown in a chemostat culture system over a series of phosphate-limited growth rates ranging from 0.164 to 0.755 d − 1 . The relationship between phosphate concentration and growth rate was well described by the Monod equation with a half-saturation constant of 3.45 nM. The kinetics of short-term uptake of phosphate spikes were well described by the Michaelis–Menten equation, maximum uptake rates being 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than associated growth rates. The relationship between cellular carbon-to-phosphorus ratios and growth rates was consistent with the Droop formulation of nutrient-limited growth, and chlorophyll a /carbon ratios were linearly related to growth rate. The protein content of the cells inferred from calculated nitrogen-to-carbon ratios ranged from a minimum of ~ 7% at zero growth rate to a maximum of ~ 59% at a relative growth rate of 1.0. Control of the relative growth rate of T. suecica via selection of the phosphate concentration in the growth medium and dilution rate of the culture appears to be an effective and practical way to manipulate the biochemical composition of this species in order to maximize its nutritional value to invertebrate consumers in aquaculture systems.
Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. II. Dioplotherium manigaulti Cope, 1883

ABSTRACT The holotype of Dioplotherium manigaulti Cope, 1883 was originally discovered in the phosphate beds that were formerly mined near Charleston, South Carolina. These deposits range from Eocene or Oligocene to Pliocene in age. D. manigaulti is now known by a skull (described here) from the early Miocene Hawthorne Group of northern Florida, which suggests that the holotype and other fragmentary remains from South Carolina and Florida are also probably early Miocene in age. The Old World early Miocene genus Rytiodus, “Halitherium” olseni from the early Miocene of Florida, and Dioplotherium all belong in the dugongid subfamily Rytiodontinae. This reveals for the first time that rytiodontines probably had their origin and greatest diversity in the New World. The more derived rytiodontines have enlarged, bladelike, self-sharpening tusks that may have been used to dig up seagrass rhizomes. The living Dugong may have evolved its large tusks for a similar reason, but now appears to use them chiefly in socia...
Computer-controlled structures

Abstract The possibility of applying computer-controlled devices on structures to reduce their dynamic response is examined. The structures under consideration include buildings and bridges under earthquake or wind excitations. Various active control devices and computer-controlled implementation schemes are described. The schemes require feedback measurements of the response and/or measurements of the excitation. The effectiveness of computer-controlled devices for vibration reduction is demonstrated in the form of increased active damping. Four types of computer algorithms are outlined and numerical examples are given. Comparisons between analytical results and experimental data show good agreement.
Transition to unstable ion flow in parallel electric fields

The stability of ionospheric O(+)-H(+) outflows accelerated by a nonambipolar parallel electric field is considered under conditions where the ion motion initially develops adiabatically and the ambient plasma is vertically stratified with an effective temperature that increases with altitude. Such conditions are expected near the bottom of the auroral acceleration region where ion and electron streaming instabilities first develop. It is shown for a particular equilibrium profile that the differentially accelerated ion flows become unstable within about 100 km from their entry point in the acceleration region. At O(+)/H(+) density ratios less than about 9, the instability is dominated by a violent H(+)-O(+) two-stream interaction which couples the O(+) and H(+) acoustic modes, and which mediates a transition to nonadiabatic acceleration. At higher altitudes and/or larger O(+)/H(+) density ratios, a much weaker resonant instability exists, which is driven by the relative drift between electrons and O(+) or H(+) ions. The results suggest that the H(+)-O(+) two-stream instability may be a viable mechanism for heating upflowing auroral ions.
Quantifying the Effort Individuals With Aphasia Invest in Working Memory Tasks Through Heart Rate Variability

Purpose The objective of this study was to quantify cognitive effort that individuals with aphasia and neurologically intact participants dedicate to verbal compared with spatial working memory tas...
3-D seismic interpreters survey

The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources is surveying seismic interpreters in an attempt to establish benchmarks which the exploration industry can use to more efficiently exploit 3-D technology. Interested interpreters are asked to provide short answers to the questions listed below.
Bayesian variable selection for longitudinal substance abuse treatment data subject to informative censoring

Summary. Measuring the process of care in substance abuse treatment requires analysing repeated client assessments at critical time points during treatment tenure. Assessments are frequently censored because of early departure from treatment. Most analyses accounting for informative censoring define the censoring time to be that of the last observed assessment. However, if missing assessments for those who remain in treatment are attributable to logistical reasons rather than to the underlying treatment process being measured, then the length of stay in treatment might better characterize censoring than would time of measurement. Bayesian variable selection is incorporated in the conditional linear model to assess whether time of measurement or length of stay better characterizes informative censoring. Marginal posterior distributions of the trajectory of treatment process scores are obtained that incorporate model uncertainty. The methodology is motivated by data from an on-going study of the quality of care in in-patient substance abuse treatment.