cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contextual, cognitive, and adolescent factors associated with parenting in adolescence.

In this study, we examined predictors of parenting during adolescence from three domains: the contextual (i.e., stress, support, marital satisfaction), social-cognitive (i.e., beliefs about adolescence), and child (difficulty). Fifty-three mothers and 38 fathers of 13–18 year olds were interviewed and rated on three dimensions of parenting—involvement, autonomy support, and structure. Parents completed questionnaires assessing predictor variables. Results indicated that, for mothers, higher numbers of recent stressful events were associated with less provision of structure and more control. For fathers, relations between views of adolescence and parenting were in evidence; while for both mothers and fathers strong relations between adolescent difficulty and parenting emerged. Relations between perceived difficulty of adolescent and parenting were more apparent in “conducive” than “nonconducive” contexts. The differential results for mothers and fathers are interpreted in terms of mothers' greater involvement and less role latitude than fathers. Parents' resources, experience, and expectations are considered in understanding why predictors might be associated with parenting variables.
A Computerized Demonstration of the False Consensus Effect.

Students in an advanced undergraduate laboratory course on social cognition replicated an experiment on the false consensus effect (Krueger & Clement, 1994). Interacting with a computer program, students viewed 40 statements. For each statement, they indicated whether they personally endorsed it, estimated the proportion of the population that would endorse it, and rated its social desirability. Half the students received feedback on the actual consensus in the population after making each consensus estimate, and the remaining students did not. Students analyzed data using a spreadsheet program. They found the traditional false consensus effect as item endorsers gave higher consensus estimates than did nonendorsers. They also found reliable within-subjects correlations between item endorsements and estimation errors, demonstrating the truly false consensus effect. Students also learned that feedback about the actual consensus does not reduce bias.
BpaB and EbfC DNA-binding proteins regulate production of the Lyme disease spirochete's infection-associated Erp surface proteins

Vector-borne pathogens regulate their protein expression profiles, producing factors during host infection that differ from those produced during vector colonization. The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, produces Erp surface proteins throughout mammalian infection and represses their synthesis during colonization of vector ticks. Known functions of Erp proteins include binding of host laminin, plasmin(ogen), and regulators of complement activation. A DNA region immediately 5' of erp operons, the erp operator, is required for transcriptional regulation. The B. burgdorferi BpaB and EbfC proteins exhibit high in vitro affinities for erp operator DNA. In the present studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated that both proteins bind erp operator DNA in vivo. Additionally, a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods demonstrated that BpaB functions as a repressor of erp transcription, while EbfC functions as an antirepressor.
Cold acclimation induces proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum without increase in Ca2+-ATPase activity in white axial muscle of striped bass (Morone saxatilis).

The effects of acclimation of striped bass to cold (5°C) and warm (25°C) temperatures upon ultrastructural features of white axial skeletal muscle are quantified. Surface density of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) increased by almost 30%, and SR volume density increased by about 20% during cold acclimation. Proliferation of SR suggests an increase in available SR surface for re-sequestration of Ca2+ and a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ during cold acclimation. Average cross-sectional areas and cross-sectional perimeters of myofibrils situated in the center of muscle fibers decreased during cold acclimation by approximately 20% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, average major and minor axes of ellipses fit to central myofibrillar cross-sections decreased by approximately 12% and 8%, respectively, during cold acclimation. These measurements define a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter and suggest a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ to and from myofibrillar activation sites. Measurements of peripheral myofibrils that had elongated profiles in cross-sections indicate that maximum profile length of these myofibrils decreases by about 17%. Peripheral myofibrils may break up into smaller myofibrils with more rounded cross-sectional profiles during cold acclimation. SR Ca2+-ATPase of white axial muscle was also measured in unfractionated homogenates and in crude SR-enriched subcellular fractions from cold- and warm-acclimated striped bass. No difference in SR Ca2+-ATPase activity per g wet weight was observed between cold- and warm-acclimated animals. Lack of increase in SR Ca2+-ATPase per g wet weight, despite a significant proliferation of SR, probably results in a decrease in average Ca2+-ATPase pump density within the SR membrane during cold acclimation. Thus, compensation for decreased diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ during cold acclimation appears due to the combined effects of proliferation of SR surface density and a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter. J. Exp. Zool. 292:231–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CROSSING THE GREAT DIVIDES: Race, Class, and Gender in Southern Women's Organizing, 1979-1991

The mutual interaction and interdependence of race, class, and gender create profound political dilemmas for feminist activists. How can we create coherent, inclusive political movements when the very oppressions we seek to dismantle also divide us internally? This article seeks answers to this question by exploring the history of the Southeast Women's Employment Coalition (SWEC), which throughout the 1980s sought to unify working-class women in the South across the divide of race. The article concludes that gender is insufficient to effect political unity among racially diverse women, but that a “politics of solidarity,” based on an appreciation of the intersections of race, gender, and class, is possible.
Adult age differences in word fluency for common and goal-directed categories

Word fluency is a means of investigating categorization skills and identifying strategies for search and retrieval from the lexicon. A gradual decline across the lifespan has been noted in the number of words produced by normal adults with object categories. However, it is unclear whether strategy usage also changes and if category type influences performance as one ages. The purpose of this investigation was to examine age differences in word fluency for three groups, each consisting of 20 normal adults: young (20 – 40), middle-aged (45 – 65), and elderly (70 – 90). Word fluency was examined for four common and four goal-directed categories. Quantitative analyses, total words and response accuracy, and qualitative analyses, involving response typicality and strategy usage, were undertaken. The elderly adults performed similarly to the young and middle-aged adults for the goal-directed categories. However, for the common categories, the older adults produced significantly fewer accurate responses and used...
Treponemal infection in a Pleistocene bear

The age and origins of the organisms that cause syphilis (treponemes) have long been matters for controversy1–3. The widely-held belief that Columbus's ship brought the disease from the New World to Europe rests on identification of the classic lesions in Inca, Aztec and Mississippian bones that date from 1,000 to 3,000 years before present3. But these were not confirmed by immunological techniques. We have observed lesions characteristic of treponemal infection4 in a Pleistocene bear from Indiana (dated 11,500 years BP) which give a positive result when tested with the antisera used by the US Center for Disease Control for verification of syphilis infection. This is the earliest detection of treponemal disease using contemporary techniques.
Assessment of early acute lung injury in rodents exposed to phosgene

Phosgene is a highly reactive oxidant gas used in the chemical industry. Phosgene can cause life-threatening pulmonary edema by reacting with peripheral lung compartment tissue components. Clinical evidence of edema is not usually apparent until well after the initial exposure. This study was designed to investigate early signs of acute lung injury in rodents within 45–60 min after the start of exposure. Male mice, rats, or guinea pigs were exposed to 87 mg/m3 (22 ppm) phosgene or filtered room air for 20 min followed by room air washout for 5 min. This concentration-time exposure causes a doubling of lung wet weight within 5 h. After exposure, animals were immediately anesthetized i.p., with pentobarbital. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and fluid analyzed for total glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein concentration. Lungs were perfused with saline to remove blood, freeze-snapped in liquid N2, analyzed for tissue GSH, and TBARS. Lung edema was assessed gravimetrically by measuring tissue wet/dry (W/D) weight ratios and tissue wet weights (TWW). W/D and TWW were significantly higher in mice for phosgene vs air (P=0.001, P<0.0001, respectively), but not in rats or guinea pigs. Tissue TBARS was significantly higher in phosgene-exposed guinea pigs, P=0.027; however, BAL TBARS was higher in both rats and guinea pigs, P=0.013 and P=0.006, respectively. Tissue GSH was significantly lower in phosgene-exposed rats and guinea pigs but not mice, whereas BAL GSH was higher in rats, P<0.0001. There were significantly higher BAL protein levels in all phosgene-exposed species: mice, P<0.0001; rats, P<0.0001; and guinea pigs, P=0.002. Although there appears to be a species-specific biochemical effect of phosgene exposure for some biochemical indices, measurement of BAL protein in all three species is a better indicator of ensuing edema formation.
1H NMR and13C NMR spectra of disulfides, thiosulfinates and thiosulfonates

The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of neopentyl and benzyl substituted disulfides, thiosulfinates, thiosulfonates, thiols, sulfides, sulfinic acids and sulfonic acids are reported. The deshielding electron withdrawing effects of −SO, −SO2, −SO2−, −SO2H, −SO3−, −SO3H and SO3CH3 on α-methylene and benzylic protons are observed. The 1H NMR spectra show, except for two dialkylthiosulfinates, that the α'-protons of thiosulfinates absorb farther downfield than those of the thiosulfonates. Although the 13C NMR spectra show that αSO effects are deshielding and are smaller than the αSO2 effects, the α'SO values are more shielding than the α'SO2 values for some compounds. The effects on 13C NMR spectra which result from substituting a phenyl group for a neopentyl or benzyl group are discussed. The α-methylene carbon shifts for neopentanesulfinic acid and α-toluenesulfinic acid are further downfield than those for the corresponding sulfonic acids.
Experiments on the microbiology of cellulose decomposition in a municipal sewage plant.

Analyses of sewage solids show cellulose to be one of the chief components. Culture counts of cellulolytic bacteria in a primary anaerobic sewage digestor show them to be present in numbers as high as 1 million per ml. The tendency of cellulolytic bacteria to cling to cellulose fibers makes it highly probable that the number of cellulolytic cells is much larger.
The ultracentrifugal separation of L-myosin and actin in an actomyosin sol under the influence of ATP☆

Abstract l -Myosin and actin have been separated from an actomyosin sol which had interacted with ATP. When an actomyosin sol was treated with ATP and centrifuged at 100, 00 g , the upper 40% of the supernatant contained about 20 to 30% of the total protein. The same actomyosin centrifuged in absence of ATP contained only 2 to 3% of the total protein in the corresponding portion of the supernatant. This protein in the supernatant was identified as l -myosin by the following characteristics: 1. 1. sedimentation constant after the dephosphorylation of ATP; 2. 2. the inhibiting action of Mg ++ on the ATPase activity, reversed by the addition of actin; 3. 3. the disappearance of opalescence at an ionic strength below 0.1 on the addition of ATP and the immediate precipitation after the addition of actin; 4. 4. an ATP sensitivity of zero, changing to one of 100 after the addition of an appropriate amount of actin. The pellet produced on centrifugation yielded actin on extraction with water containing ATP. From these experiments it is concluded that ATP effects the dissociation of an actomyosin sol.
Experimental myocardial cryoinjury: local electromechanical changes, arrhythmogenicity, and methods for determining depth of injury.

To characterize the electromechanical effects of acute and 2-week-old cryoinjury, programmed stimuiation and epicardial M-mode echo mapping (7.5 mHz) were performed prior to, at 15 minutes and 35 ± 2 days after cryoinjury in 10 dogs. Epicardial and intramural bipolar and unipoiar electrograms were recorded in five of the dogs. Cryoinjury was produced with a 5 mm in diameter flat cryoprobe at -60°C applied to the left ventricular epicardium for 10 minutes at each of six contiguous sites. Cryoinjury, acutely and at 2 weeks, was characterized by a loss of normal intramural systolic thickening and a decrease in echo density. The maximum depth of cryoinjury determined by echo ranged from .55 to .85 cm acutely, and .50 to .80 cm chronically and it correlated acutely and chronically (r = .80; r = .85) with pathologically documented depth of cryoinjury at 2 weeks. Acutely, the presence of either an abnormal intramural unipolar or bipolar electrogram also defined the depth of cryoinjury within .16 cm. In contrast, epicardiai electrograms were not useful for judging depth of cryoinjury. A QS complex on the epicardial unipolar electrogram was recorded over the cryoinjury acutely and at 2 weeks in four of five dogs despite preserved subendocardial systolic wall thickening and normal histology extending 40 to 65% of the wall thickness. Epicardiai bipolar eiectrograms uniformly showed a marked decrease in amplitude and siope of the intrinsic deflection, a small hut insignificant increase in width and no multicomponent activity. Ventricular fibrillation was reproducibly initiated with three ventricular extrastimuli in five of 10 dogs at 2 weeks. No ventricular tachycardia was initiated. Thus, cryoinjury produces characteristic echogram and electrogram changes that are immediate and persistent. The distinct echo signature as well as the presence of abnormal intramural electrograms can be used to judge the depth of cryoinjury. Cryoinjury does not potentiate the inducibility of ventricular tachycardia. The significance of the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation cannot be determined. Our cryoinjury model can be used to characterize electrograms which represent recordings of myocardial depolarization through an interface of cellular necrosis and early fibrosis.
Lime treatment of laterite soils and gravels — revisited

Abstract Considerable research has been carried out to demonstrate the reactions, properties, design and construction of lime-treated ‘temperature’ soils. Unfortunately, instances with tropical soils, especially laterites, are very scanty in the literature. The paper reviews lime treatment of lateritic soils and gravels in the existing literature.
SU-FF-T-447: Verification of Bremsstrahlung Splitting in Geant4 for Radiotherapy Quality Beams

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of applying the uniform bremsstrahlung splitting with charged secondary Russian Roulette variance reduction technique, on a Geant4 based thick target bremsstrahlung benchmark Monte Carlo simulation.Method and Materials: Thick target bremsstrahlung benchmark simulation runs were carried out using the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit (version 8.2). The primary electrons were generated at energies between 10–30MeV, with target materials of lead,aluminium and beryllium. To speed up the simulation, uniform bremsstrahlung with charged secondary Russian Roulette was applied. Various studies were carried out in order to get an idea of the Monte Carlo efficiency improvement with various bremsstrahlung splitting and Russian Roulette configurations. Verification studies were also carried out to check for unexpected bias introduced in various spectra. Results: Initial results indicate the photon fluence and energy distribution from thick targets of various materials are properly calculated when using a bremsstrahlung splitting factor of 100. The simulation is sped up by a factor of around 10. Conclusion: Reasonable speedup can be achieved through the use of uniform bremsstrahlung splitting with charged secondary Russian Roulette in Geant4. Further work is underway to evaluate the speedup compared with other codes, as well as continued verification studies. The results of this work will be reported at the meeting.
Targets of aggressive facial displays by golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) at the Sacramento Zoo

Abstract This research examined the relationship between number of human visitors and mangabey ( Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster ) aggressive behaviors as measured by facial displays indicating threat. When one group of mangabeys was moved from a location having many human visitors to one having few, the frequency of mangabey facial threats toward people decreased significantly, threats within the mangabey group decreased, but threats toward primates in neighboring cages increased. Significant changes in the opposite direction for all three of these targets were observed when a second group was moved from the location of low visitorship to one having many visitors. The movement of a single aggressive female from one group to another decreased within-group aggressive behavior in the group from which she was taken and increased such behavior in her new group. However, threatening displays toward people changed in an opposite direction following the movement of this one animal. With more visitors, there is more attention paid to the visitors and to primates within the cage but less to neighboring captive primates. Introduction of a new animal can increase within-group threats while decreasing visitor-directed threats even when the move is to an enclosure having many visitors. Visitors to the zoo do command the aggressive attention of zoo primates and neighboring animals do matter.
Effect of salt nutrients on mannitol production by Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693.

The effects of four salt nutrients (ammonium citrate, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and manganese sulfate) on the production of mannitol by Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693 in a simplified medium containing 300 g fructose, 5 g soy peptone, and 50 g corn steep liquor per liter in pH-controlled fermentation at 5.0 at 37°C were evaluated using a fractional factorial design. Only manganese sulfate was found to be essential for mannitol production. Added manganese sulfate concentration of 0.033 g/l was found to support maximum production. The bacterium produced 200.6±0.2 g mannitol, 61.9±0.1 g lactic acid, and 40.4±0.3 g acetic acid from 300 g fructose per liter in 67 h.
How and Why Educators Use Twitter: A Survey of the Field

AbstractWhile the microblogging service Twitter is increasingly popular among educators and offers numerous affordances for learning, its relationship with formal education systems remains complicated by generally ambivalent educator attitudes and institutional policies. To better understand the role Twitter plays in education, we conducted a survey of 755 K–16 educators that yielded quantitative and qualitative data concerning how and why the medium is used. Respondents reported intense and multifaceted utilization of the service, with professional development (PD) uses more common than interactions with students or families. Educators valued Twitter's personalized, immediate nature, and the positive and collaborative community it facilitated. Many cited Twitter's role in combating various types of isolation and described it as superior to traditional professional development. We finish by discussing implications for educators, researchers, and educational institutions.
The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on endodontic treatment outcome

The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare periradicular healing between HIV positive and negative patients 1 yr after endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. The preoperative radiographs of 33 patients diagnosed with HIV and 33 medically healthy patients were scored by three endodontists using the Periapical Index (PAI) Scoring Method. Follow-up radiographs were taken 12 months after endodontic treatment and also scored with the PAI. The degree of healing, as determined by the mean PAI change, was compared between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the two with respect to the degree of periradicular healing. In addition, the three evaluators were found to have very high inter-examiner agreement. The results indicate that clinicians do not have to alter their expectations for healing and resolution of periradicular lesions based solely on the HIV status of their patients.
Recurrent vaginal shedding of herpes simplex type 2 virus in the mouse and effects of antiviral therapy.

Abstract A mouse model of recurrent herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) would improve our understanding of the immunobiology of recurrent disease and provide a useful model for evaluating antiviral treatments. We developed a model to evaluate recurrent vaginal HSV-2 shedding using high-dose acyclovir (ACV) therapy beginning at 3 days post infection (dpi). Treatment with 150 mg/kg of ACV for 10 days increased survival to 80% following vaginal challenge with HSV-2 strain 186 and to 100% after challenge with strain MS. We then evaluated recurrent vaginal HSV-2 shedding in surviving mice. Although infectious virus was not detected in vaginal samples after 21 dpi, viral DNA was detectable by PCR in 80% of mice (47/59) on at least 1 day, while no animal was positive for virus on every day. ACV therapy administered from day 21 to 31 significantly reduced recurrent virus shedding during this period from 7.3% (8/109 swabs) to 0.8% (1/126 swabs) (p = 0.013). Lastly, ACV-rescued HSV-2-infected mice treated with cyclophosphamide at 35 and 38 dpi rapidly succumbed, indicating that this model can be used to study immune control of the persistent infection. Thus, this model provides an inexpensive model for evaluating therapeutic strategies and immune control of persistent HSV.
New hormonal therapies and regimens in the postmenopause: routes of administration and timing of initiation.

Since the publication of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study followed by the results of the Million Women Study (MWS), the role of hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women has been further challenged. The risks attributed to hormone therapy have been overestimated and the data has been wrongly extrapolated to the whole class of therapies.The trends in postmenopausal hormonal therapy seem now to favor the non-oral delivery routes for both the estrogen and the progestin for women with an intact uteru,s based on the assumption that a lesser stimulation of the liver proteins and a neutral metabolic profile would be more favorable in terms of cardiovascular and venous risk.The combination of non-oral administration of estradiol and local delivery of progesterone or a progestin such as levonorgestrel by means of gels, sprays, vaginal rings or intrauterine systems would represent new methods of replacement therapy for the menopausal woman, improving compliance and minimizing the risks of hormone replacemen...
Photon antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics from quantum jumps in one and two atoms

Antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics of the 11-\ensuremath{\mu}m photon emission from the ${5d}^{10}{6p}^{2}{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ to ${5d}^{6}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transition in one and two trapped ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ ions have been inferred from the quantum jumps of the laser-induced fluorescence of the first resonance transition at 194 nm. Each downward step in fluorescence was assumed to mark the emission of an 11-\ensuremath{\mu}m photon. Signals from two ions were consistent with the assumption that quantum jumps in the two ions occurred independently. Mandel's $Q$ parameter was determined to be approximately -0.25 for one and two ions.
Respectful maternity care – How the UK is learning from the developing world

We've long prided ourselves on our midwifery care in the UK. And rightly so. To have free access to the services of well trained professional midwives throughout pregnancy, birth and afterwards, is a dream still out of reach for millions of women in many less fortunate countries. Not to mention our excellent safety record; not to mention our hugely popular television documentaries and dramas! Why then are British midwives increasingly turning to the methodology of ‘Respectful Maternity Care’, with its Charter of Rights, as pioneered across Africa and Asia by the global network of maternal health advocates in the White Ribbon Alliance (WRA)? Since 2011, an international ‘community of concern’, convened by WRA, has been shining a light on the hitherto taboo subject of health workers' disrespect and abuse of women and girls. This is one strand in the range of efforts needed to tackle the scandal of deaths in childbirth, 99% of which happen in the developing world. Childbirth is still the biggest killer of young women globally, despite the fact that we know how to prevent this – as we largely have in the UK and other relatively wealthy countries. A clutch of low income countries have also made dramatic progress, showing that it can be done where there is the political will. Indeed the good news is that the numbers of women dying in childbirth have come down by half in the past decade. However this is not good enough and we are going to fall shamefully short of the Millennium Development Goal of a reduction of 75% by 2015. For some years now, the chronic shortage of trained health workers and how to address the human resource crisis in developing countries has been a priority. It is now widely accepted that we need many more professional midwives and others with midwifery skills, near where women live, if we are to prevent the deaths of mothers and newborns. Yet it has more recently become clear that putting health facilities and staff in place is not enough. Extensive research has not yet been done, but it is well known that women will stay at home to give birth – with only relatives and neighbours to help, so risking their lives should things go wrong – rather than go to a health centre where they have heard they may be slapped or shouted at. Midwives like Frances Ganges, Chief Executive of the International Confederation of Midwives, talks of Africa's ‘ghost hospitals’ which may have all the latest drugs and equipment, but women will not go into them. When I asked her for a specific location for a ghost hospital, she said ‘this is so common that it could be almost any country’.
Four programs of research in scientific communication

Selected studies of scientific communication, philosophy and sociology of science, sociology of knowledge, and information science are reviewed according to the assumptions they make about scientific information. Based on these assumptions and their historical order of development, the studies are organized into four distinct “programs” of research: artifact studies, user studies, network studies, and laboratory studies. The four programs represent a continuum of definitions of information, from the information-as-commodity definition that is embodied in the artifact studies, to the contextual, meaning-based definition that is characteristic of the laboratory studies. They also provide a rich framework for a renewal of research interest in this area among communication scholars and others interested in the social impacts of information.
Morphine's proconvulsant action: Importance of endogenous norepinephrine

Abstract The ability of morphine sulfate to lower the chemoconvulsant threshold was examined in mice pretreated with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (α-MT) methyl ester, FLA-63, phentolamine mesylate, L(-)-sotolol HCl, and pimozide. FLA-63, α-MT, and phentolamine pretreatment abolished the proconvulsant action of morphine, while L(-)-sotolol and pimozide pretreatment had no such effect. This suggests that endogenous norepinephrine (NE), but not endogenous dopamine (DA), is required for the expression of increased central excitability associated with the acute administration of morphine. Further, activation of central alpha-adrenergic receptors appears to be a requirement for morphine's proconvulsant action in the mouse.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of commercial titanium foils processed via the melt overflow process

Microstructures, crystallographic textures, and mechanical properties have been investigated in commercial titanium alloy strips and foils processed via the melt overflow rapid solidification technology (MORST) technique. The direct cast (DC) foils were fully dense and exhibited equiaxed transformed grain structures and weak {1120}//normal direction solidification textures. After cold rolling, split {0002} textures were observed in both DC and ingot metallurgy (IM) processed foils with the basal poles concentrated approximately 30° from the normal direction towards the transverse direction. Crystallite orientation distribution function analysis indicated the presence of an orientation tube in the cast specimens near (101 10)[1210] and (1018)[0110]. It is suggested that these textures are a result of the lattice rotations and nonuniform cooling that occur during the casting process. After rolling and annealing, main texture orientations were observed. The mechanical properties of the DC foils were comparable to IM foils. The results suggest that high quality titanium foils can be processed via MORST without the need for costly and wasteful hot rolling and annealing steps resulting in reduced processing costs.
Local production of IgE in the respiratory mucosa and the concept of entopy: does allergy exist in nonallergic rhinitis?

Objective To review research regarding locally produced IgE and its impact on patients with chronic rhinitis. Data Sources PubMed search with the following keywords: entopy , local IgE , nonallergic rhinitis , idiopathic rhinitis , vasomotor rhinitis , and allergic rhinitis . Study Selection Articles were selected based on their relevance to entopy and locally produced IgE and its clinical effect and relationship to idiopathic rhinitis (IR). Results Local IgE has been found in a variety of tissues, including nasal and bronchial mucosa. IgE is produced in these local tissues and not simply the product of migration to the tissue from regional lymphoid tissue or blood. Local IgE has been identified in most of both atopic and nonatopic asthmatic patients and allergic rhinitis patients. Up to 40% of patients with IR and a positive nasal provocation test result have evidence of locally produced IgE, which has been coined entopy . Although patients with allergic rhinitis and IR show similar inflammatory patterns with increased activated mast cells, eosinophils, and T-cell subsets in some studies, other studies on IR patients are conflicting with regard to both inflammation and allergen-specific nasal provocation test results. Conclusion The concept of local allergy in IR patients is both intriguing and controversial. Studies have reported conflicting results, and currently there is no single best test to evaluate for entopy. It is known that there are a large number of IR patients for whom current treatment regimens are suboptimal. Therefore, further research elucidating the mechanisms of IR and the concept of localized IgE are needed to optimally diagnose this condition and treat this group of patients.
Deposit insurance and banking system risk: Some empirical evidence

Abstract This paper examines the effect of federal deposit insurance on the riskiness of the commercial banking system. It is generally acknowledged that a system affixed rate deposit insurance creates incentives for banks to increase their risk-taking activities. Yet very little empirical evidence exists confirming or refuting this supposition. The coefficient of variation of bank profits and the standard deviation of profits are used as measures of bank risk. How these measures of bank risk are affected by deposit insurance coverage, and other variables thought to affect bank risk, is examined. Deposit insurance is found to have a statistically significant positive effect on bank risk. This result provides empirical support for the FDIC Improvement Act requirement of risk related deposit insurance premiums starting January 1994.
Energy savings assessment for digital-to-analog converter boxes

The Digital Television (DTV) Converter Box Coupon Program was administered by the U.S. government to subsidize purchases of digital-to-analog converter boxes, with up to two $40 coupons for each eligible household. In order to qualify as Coupon Eligible Converter Boxes (CECBs), these devices had to meet a number of minimum performance specifications, including energy efficiency standards. The Energy Star Program also established voluntary energy efficiency specifications that are more stringent than the CECB requirements. In this study, we measured the power and energy consumptions for a sample of 12 CECBs (including 6 Energy Star labeled models) in-use in homes and estimated aggregate energy savings produced by the energy efficiency policies. Based on the 35 million coupons redeemed through the end of the program, our analysis indicates that between 2500 and 3700 GWh per year are saved as a result of the energy efficiency policies implemented on digital-to-analog converter boxes. The energy savings generated are equivalent to the annual electricity use of 280,000 average US homes.
MICRODEFORMATIONS IN SANDS BY DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Laboratory experiments are typically performed on particulate media to study stress-deformation behavior and to verify or calibrate computer models from controlled or measured boundary stresses and displacements. However, such data do not permit the formation of shear bands, displacement fields within flowing granular media, and other smallscale localized deformation phenomena to be identified. Described are two semiautomated computer vision techniques for accurately determining the two-dimensional displacement field in granular soils from video images obtained through a transparent planar viewing window. The techniques described are applicable for studying the behavior of particulate media under plane strain and certain axisymmetric test conditions. Digital image processing and analysis routines are used in two different computer programs, Tracker and Tracer, Tracker uses a graphical user interface that allows individual particles to be selected and tracked through a sequence of digital video images. A c...
Growth conditions control the size and order of actin bundles in vitro.

The bonding rules for actin filament bundles do not lead to a particular packing symmetry, but allow for either regular or disordered filament packing. Indeed, both hexagonal and disordered types of packing are observed in vivo. To investigate factors which control bundle order, as well as size, we examined the effect of protein concentration on the growth of actin-fascin bundles in vitro. We found that bundles require 4–8 d to achieve both maximum size and order. The largest and best ordered bundles were grown at low fascin and high actin concentrations (an initial fascin/actin ratio of 1:200). In contrast, a much larger number of poorly ordered bundles were formed at ratios of 1:25 and 1:50, and most surprisingly, no bundles were formed at 1:300 or 1:400. Based on these observations we propose a two-stage mechanism for bundle growth. The first stage is dominated by nucleation, which requires relatively high concentrations of fascin and which is therefore accompanied by rapid growth. Below some concentration threshold, nucleation ceases and bundles enter the second stage of slow growth, which continues until the supply of fascin is exhausted. By analogy with crystallization, we hypothesize that slower growth produces better order. We are able to use this mechanism to explain our observations as well as previous observations of bundle growth both in vitro and in vivo.
GENOA—a customizable, front-end-retargetable source code analysis framework

Code analysis tools provide support for such software engineering tasks as program understanding, software metrics, testing, and reengineering. In this article we describe GENOA, the framework underlying application generators such as Aria and GEN++ which have been used to generate a wide range of practical code analysis tools. This experience illustrates front-end retargetability of GENOA; we describe the features of the GENOA framework that allow it to be used with different front ends. While permitting arbitrary parse tree computations, the GENOA specification language has special, compact iteration operators that are tuned for expressing simple, polynomial-time analysis programs; in fact, there is a useful sublanguage of the GENOA language that can express precisely all (and only) polynomial-time (PTIME) analysis programs on parse trees. Thus, we argue that the GENOA language is a simple and convenient vehicle for implementing a range of analysis tools. We also argue that the “front-and reuse” approach of GENOA offers an important advantage for tools aimed at large software projects: the reuse of complex, expensive build procedures to run generated tools over large source bases. In this article, we describe the GENOA framework and our experiences with it.
Calphotin: a Drosophila photoreceptor cell calcium-binding protein.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody 23E9 identifies a calcium-binding protein, calphotin, in photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila melanogaster compound eyes and ocelli. The antigen is restricted to a defined cytoplasmic region; it is not present in the rhabdomeres, nuclei, mitochondria, or rough endoplasmic reticulum. A corresponding cDNA recognizes a 3-kb mRNA with retinal specificity similar to the antigen and maps to band 86E/F-87A/B on chromosome 3. An open reading frame of 2595 bp encodes an estimated 85-kDa protein of unusual amino acid composition, with > 50% proline, alanine, and valine and very few basic residues. The C-terminal segment contains a leucine zipper motif uninterrupted by prolines. We found no significant similarities with the GenBank or National Biomedical Resource Foundation data bases. The location of the protein within a distinct cytoplasmic region suggests that it might function as a calcium-sequestering "sponge" to regulate the amount of free cytoplasmic calcium.
Design and construction of a coherent light pupil imaging Stokes polarimeter for 1315 nm

An imaging polarimeter has been designed and constructed at the Air Force Phillips Laboratories to measure the polarization properties of laser speckle patterns. An imaging polarimeter spatially measures the polarization state of light coming from an object, thereby producing a `polarization image'. The system describes was designed to image the pupil of an optical system containing speckle patterns created by illumination of diffuse objects with light from a pulsed 1315 nm laser. Difficulties encountered due to demanding specifications required for polarimeter components and for coherent imaging systems in general are described and their solutions are discussed. Diagnostic techniques developed to measure path length differences and to identify the source of interference fringes are described. System calibration and characterization tests are described and results are presented.
Relative Performances of Four Preservatives on Fish and Crayfish

Abstract We evaluated the effects of four common preservatives on central stonerollers Campostoma anomalum and virile crayfish Orconectes virilis to aid in the selection of a method for preserving fish diet samples in the field. Thirty specimens of each species were allocated to each of eight treatments: 10% formalin; 25, 50, 75, and 100% isopropanol; 75 and 100% ethanol; and freezing at –15°C. After 180 d, specimens were evaluated for color change, physical tone, and quality of tissue preservation. After 90 d and 180 d, changes in central stoneroller total length and wet weight and in crayfish carapace length, chela width, and wet weight were evaluated. Freezing preserved fish and crayfish with the least effect on coloration and physical tone. All treatments except 25% and 50% isopropanol prevented tissue decay. All treatments caused decreases (<3% after 180 d) in fish total length. Formalin increased fish weight (12%; 180 d), but all other treatments caused decreases (10–37%; 180 d); freezing had the le...
Modulated precursor flow epitaxial growth of ternary AlGaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We report the growth of ternary AlGaN layers on AlN/sapphire substrates by modulated precursor flow epitaxial growth (MPEG) using metalorganic and hydride precursors. The ratio of group III input mole fraction was adjusted to control the group III composition of AlGaN layers. Atomically flat surface was observed at MPEG Al 0.98 Ga 0.02 N. In order to increase Ga mole fraction in AlGaN layers, the molar flow rate of gallium precursor increases up to 700%. The surface morphology of MPEG AlGaN layer became rough with large root-mean square (RMS) roughness values, while the Al composition in MPEG AlGaN just slightly decreased and still showed higher than 90%. It is suggested that gallium incorporation is limited by very low sticking coefficient of gallium atoms in MPEG growth condition used in this study and excess gallium input degrades the quality of AlGaN material.
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) and gonococcal arthritis (GCA): II. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention.

This is the second part of an integrated review of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) and gonococcal arthritis (GCA). It covers clinical manifestations, spectrum of GCA, diagnosis and treatment. These disorders are important since DGI may be the most frequent form of acute arthritis in sexually active younger females, and other selected groups. Although the spectrum of disease is varied, it may be classified into stages and clinical subgroups. N. gonorrhoeae strains causing DGI in the U.S. have been highly sensitive to penicillin. Such findings require revision in beliefs that high-dose intravenous penicillin is needed for effective initial therapy of GCA. Recommended treatment protocols for localized gonorrhea and DGI are reviewed as well as the occurrence and implications for treatment of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) infection in the U.S.
Cardiac mucosa in the remnant esophagus after esophagectomy is an acquired epithelium with Barrett's-like features

Abstract Background The cervical esophagus is normally lined by squamous epithelium and is usually not exposed to gastroesophageal reflux. The aims of this study were, first, to investigate whether cardiac mucosa can be acquired in the remnant cervical esophagus after esophagectomy and cervical esophagogastrostomy and, second, to characterize this mucosa if present. Methods The medical records of 100 patients who had undergone esophagectomy with gastric pull-up reconstruction were studied retrospectively to identify those who had biopsies from the cervical esophagus proximal to the gastroesophageal anastomosis during postoperative follow-up. The histopathology and immunohistochemical stains were reviewed to assess similarity to Barrett's mucosa (cytokeratins [CK] 7 and 20 and DAS-1), cellular proliferation (topoisomerase 2α), and the potential for dysplasia (cyclo-oxygenase 2 [COX-2] and ornithine decarboxylase [ODC]). Results Supra-anastomotic biopsies were performed in 20 patients. Cardiac mucosa was present in 10 of 20 (50%) patients in whom biopsies were performed. Four patients had areas of intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma developed in 1 patient. The CK7/20 and DAS-1 staining of the columnar mucosa showed a pattern similar to Barrett's mucosa. Topoisomerase 2α protein expression was present in 50% of patients with cardiac mucosa. DAS-1 protein was expressed in cervical columnar mucosa but not in normal squamous esophagus mucosa. The cardiac mucosa stained weakly for COX-2 and ODC. Conclusions Cardiac mucosa can be acquired. Its expression profile is similar to cardiac mucosa and intestinal metaplasia found in Barrett's esophagus, and different from normal esophageal or gastric mucosa. The development of cardiac mucosa is likely to be related to reflux of acid into the remnant cervical esophagus as the first step in the development of Barrett's esophagus. These findings are applicable to the development of similar changes at the gastroesophageal junction.
Low-income, African American Adolescent Mothers and Their Toddlers Exhibit Similar Dietary Variety Patterns

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between maternal and toddler dietary variety. Design Longitudinal; maternal and toddler dietary data were collected at 13 months; anthropometry was collected at 13 and 24 months. Setting Data were collected in homes. Participants 109 primiparous, low-income, African American adolescent mothers and toddlers. Main Outcome Measures Maternal and toddler dietary variety and toddler obesity at 24 months. Analysis Correlations were computed to estimate associations between maternal and toddler dietary variety at 13 months; multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between maternal and toddler diet and toddler growth. Results Maternal and toddler fruit, vegetable, snack, meat, dairy, and soda variety were significantly correlated. There was no association between maternal and toddler dietary variety and obesity at 24 months. Adolescent mothers who purchased groceries consumed more fruits and vegetables and provided more variety for their toddlers than those who relied on others to purchase groceries. Conclusions and Implications Adolescent mothers and toddlers exhibited similar dietary patterns; consuming more sweets and less fruits and vegetables than recommended. Toddlerhood is an optimal time to address healthful dietary patterns and to help adolescent mothers influence grocery purchasing decisions. Goals are to establish healthful dietary patterns and reduce pediatric obesity.
Nonlinear dynamics of a flexible beam in a central gravitational field—I. Equations of motion

Abstract The complete nonlinear differential equations governing the nonlinear motions of a beam able to undergo bending and pitching in space, are formulated in this paper. The formulation is based on a variational principle and accounts for all the nonlinearities due to deformation and gravity gradient effects. The nonlinearities due to deformation arise due to geometric effects, which consist of nonlinear curvature and nonlinear inertia terms. Expanded equations governing the nonlinear perturbed motion about an equilibrium are also developed for the case when the beam is in circular orbit. Such equations are suited for a perturbation analysis of the motion, and nonlinearities up to cubic order in a bookkeeping parameter are retained in them. Nonlinear motions involving interactions between bending and pitching of the beam are investigated in Part II of this work using the equations developed here.