cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Sample Session with the Theorem Prover

This chapter discusses a sample session with the theorem prover. It also discusses the several aspects of the system such as getting it started, running functions in the logic, defining new functions, proving several simple theorems to program the data base, and saving the data base to a file for future use. Getting the system started is an installation-dependent operation. On some machines, one merely types “nqthm” to the operating system. On others, one might enter, for example, the locally available version of Common Lisp by typing “kcl” to the operating system and then load some files that contain the theorem prover code. The theorem prover is nothing but a collection of Lisp programs. To use the theorem prover, one must type Lisp expressions that invoke various commands. Reduction is the systematic application of the axioms and definitions to reduce a variable-free term to an equivalent explicit value using call-by-value order of evaluation. Every function symbol involved in the process must be defined, introduced by the shell principle, or axiomatized in the Ground Zero logic; applications of declared function symbols cannot be reduced.
Taxonomy of Spatial Parallelism on FPGAs for Massively Parallel Applications

OpenCL for FPGAs has emerged as an attractive solution for realizing massively parallel compute-intensive applications. It offers a customizable application-specific datapath while abstracting away hardware development complexity. Research on OpenCL for FPGAs is at early stages and many aspects such as the spatial parallelism matching with respect to OpenCL execution semantic has not been explored in detail. An in-depth understanding and formalization are required to enhance the efficiency of OpenCL written codes on FPGAs and improve the parallelism potentials to the fullest. This paper presents a comprehensive study to identify, analyze and categorize the spatial parallelism when mapping OpenCL kernels to the FPGAs. The paper studies and explores the impact of Data-Path (DP) replication and Compute Unit (CU) replication on performance and power efficiency of OpenCL execution on FPGAs. To this end, this paper proposes a generic taxonomy for classifying spatial parallelism when mapping OpenCL to FPGAs. This results in developing FPGA-aware OpenCL codes that can achieve much higher efficiency over a baseline implementation. Our experimental results on Altera Stratix-V FPGA device for eight applications of Rodinia benchmarks demonstrate that FPGA-aware OpenCL codes achieve 3.4X, 2.2X and 2.6X performance improvement on average for SCU-MDP, MCU-SDP, and MCU-MDP versions over SCU-SDP as the baseline implementation. Furthermore, we compare the performance and power efficiency against AMD FirePro W7100 GPU. Our results demonstrate that benchmarks with regular execution patterns can outperform GPUs, achieving much higher performance per watt. Furthermore, OpenCL source-code decisions that can exploit spatial parallelism will be able to hide the memory access latency and thus result in a higher speedup.
Counting the Consequences

What makes one event have more historical importance than another event? Why, for example, do historians consider Caesar's decision to cross the Rubicon more important than Caesar's decision to shave in the morning? In this example, the answer should be obvious. The contrast is between a decision of great consequence and a decision of little consequence. Perhaps we can generalize from the example to say that the ranking of events with respect to their historical importance is a function of the magnitude of their respective consequences. W. H. Dray holds that in some cases historical importance is determined by factors other than the size of consequences. For example, events may be important because of what they anticipate or what they reveal.
Economic and Cultural Issues Affecting Gender Equality: Lessons from Japan

Many African societies have strong traditional and cultural norms that suppress female equality and advancement, and condemn women to subservient roles. Japan also has strong cultural norms that subjugate women into roles such as care givers for elderly family members, and primary care takers of children and the home. For African countries with strong attachment to the traditional roles of women, there are lessons to be learnt from how Japan was able to improve its economic and social indicators while the society still holds to traditional views that are antithesis to modernity. The conclusion after examining economic and culture issues surrounding gender inequality is that in patriarchal societies paid work for women outside the informal sector is a precursor to change, but these jobs can also confine women to non-professional career paths and rising income inequality can reinforce gender norms with women staying home to look after the home and children as families are able to depend on one income as occurred in Japan.
BK polyoma virus nephropathy in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients

Background:The epidemiology of BK polyoma virus nephropathy in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients is poorly characterized. Kidney dysfunction after hematopoietic cell transplant is often attr...
Effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment on aflatoxin level, physiochemical quality, and sensory attributes of peanuts

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was investigated as an alternative to chemical and thermal treatments for reducing aflatoxin (AFT) levels on peanuts. Kernels were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus to produce AFTs. They were then treated using two APPJ treatment regimens; constant exposure (for 1 and 2 min), and pneumatically agitated exposure in a conveyored channel for up to 5 min. Quality was assessed via, peroxide value, free fatty acid content, acidity value, oxidative stability index, and through sensory panel evaluation. After 2 min of constant APPJ treatment, AFTs were reduced from 62.3 to 48.2 ppb (23% reduction), with a corresponding change in temperature (ΔT −24 to 92°C) of treated sample. After 5 min of agitated treatment, AFT concentration was reduced from 64.14 to 39.6 ppb (38% reduction) with a ΔT (24–78°C) of treated sample. APPJ compares favorably to other AFTs reduction techniques in time and product quality. Few changes were observed in all quality indices, this suggests APPJ is a viable approach for peanut aflatoxin treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This work demonstrates reduction of aflatoxin on peanuts using APPJ technology. Sensory evaluation scored plasma‐treated peanuts well, relative to untreated controls. Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment represents a promising method for reducing aflatoxin levels in peanuts.
Preventing opioid overdose with peer-administered naloxone: findings from a rural state.

In response to the opioid epidemic, naloxone distribution programs aim to prevent overdose death by making naloxone available and training people to use it. Peers of individuals at risk of opioid overdose are well-positioned to administer naloxone and prevent overdose death. We conducted key informant interviews with 18 individuals with past or current opioid and heroin drug use who had administered naloxone to a peer during an overdose emergency. Interviews explored individuals’ experiences with administration and their recommendations for program and policy improvement. Data were systematically coded and analyzed for themes. Participants sought naloxone rescue kits because they perceived high risk of overdose. They described high satisfaction with training and felt prepared to administer naloxone during overdose incidents. Overwhelmingly, participants perceived naloxone to be effective and emphasized the need to make it widely available. Findings suggest that engagement in overdose prevention strategies other than naloxone differs by gender, with females more likely than males to use multiple different strategies. Participants described that overdose experiences do not have a lasting impact on drug use behaviors. Findings support the feasibility of naloxone distribution to peer opioid and heroin users and provide recommendations for policy improvement, including effective and well-advertised Good Samaritan laws and links to treatment for opioid use disorder.
The Fit Between Spatial Configuration and Idealized Flows: Mapping Flows in Surgical Facilities as Part of Case Study Visits:

Purpose:This study proposes a flow mapping approach for surgical facilities that can be implemented by design teams as a component of case study tours.Background:The provision of healthcare service...
A preliminary comparison of the mariculture potential of Porphyra purpurea and Porphyra umbilicalis

Due to their rapid growth and nutrient assimilation,Porphyra spp. are good candidates for bioremediation and polyculture. The production potential of two strains of P. purpurea and P. umbilicalis from north-east USA was evaluated by measuring rates of photosynthesis (as O2evolution) of material grown at 20 °C. Photosynthetic rates of P. umbilicalis were 80%higher than P. purpurea over the temperature range 5–20 °C, at both sub-saturating andsaturating irradiances (37 and 289 μmol photonm-2 s-1). Porphyra umbilicalis was more efficient at low irradiances (higher α) and had a higher Pmax (23.0 vs 15.6 μmolO2 g-1 DW min-1) than P.purpurea, suggesting that P. umbilicalis is a better choice for mass culture, where self-shading maybe severe.
Aggressive reduplication and dissimilation in Sundanese

Most cases of long-distance consonant dissimilation can be characterized as local (occurring across a vowel) or unbounded (occurring at all distances). The only known exception is rhotic dissimilation in Sundanese (Cohn 1992; Bennett 2015a,b), which applies in certain non-local contexts only. Following a suggestion by Zuraw (2002:433), I show that the pattern can be analyzed in a co-occurrence-based framework (Suzuki 1998) by invoking two unbounded co-occurrence constraints, *[r]…[r] and *[l]…[l], whose effects in local contexts are obscured by a drive for identity between adjacent syllables. Statistical trends in the lexicon are consistent with this analysis. I compare the predictions of this analysis to those of Bennett’s (2015a,b) and suggest that the present proposal is preferable.
Awareness With Paralysis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Emergency Department and ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective Awareness with paralysis is a devastating complication for mechanically ventilated patients and can carry long-term psychologic sequelae. Hundreds of thousands of patients require mechanical ventilation in the emergency department and ICU annually, yet awareness has only been rigorously examined in the operating room (incidence ~0.1%). This report collates the global literature regarding the incidence of awareness with paralysis outside of the operating room. Data sources We searched OvidMedline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, conference proceedings, and reference lists. Study selection Randomized or nonrandomized studies (except single case studies) reporting on awareness with paralysis in the emergency department or ICU were eligible. Data extraction Two independent reviewers screened abstracts for eligibility. Data synthesis The search identified 4,454 potentially eligible studies. Seven studies (n = 941 patients) were included for analysis. A random effects meta-analysis of proportions along with multiple subgroup analyses was performed. Significant between-study heterogeneity in reporting of awareness with paralysis was noted, and the quality of the evidence was low. Analyses stratified by: 1) good-quality studies and 2) use of the modified Brice questionnaire to detect awareness revealed estimates of 3.4% (95% CI, 0-10.2%) and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.0-3.0%), respectively. Conclusions The incidence of awareness with paralysis in mechanically ventilated patients in the emergency department and ICU, as evaluated in a small number of qualifying studies from this comprehensive systematic review, appears much higher than that reported from the operating room. Given the clinical and statistical heterogeneity, caution is warranted in the interpretation of these findings. Further high-quality studies are needed to both define the true incidence and to target the prevention of awareness with paralysis in this vulnerable patient cohort.
Depolarization Field Induced Instability of Polarization States in HfO 2 Based Ferroelectric FET

Doped HfO 2 based ferroelectric FET (FeFET) exhibits a greatly improved retention performance compared with its perovskite counterpart due to its large coercive field, which prevents domain flip during retention. In this work, however, through extensive temperature dependent experimental characterization and modeling, we are demonstrating that: 1) with FeFET geometry scaling, the polarization states are no longer stable, but exhibit multi-step degradation and cause reduced sense margin in distinguishable adjacent levels or even eventual memory window collapse; 2) the instability is caused by the temperature activated accumulation of switching probability under depolarization field stress, which could cause domain switching within the retention time at operating temperatures.
Defect Configurations and Ionization Energies of Carbon Vacancies, Hydrogen, Boron and Their Complexes in Diamond

We present first principles density functional theory calculations of boron, hydrogen, interstitial carbon atoms and their complexes in diamond. Such complexes are expected to form in boron-implanted diamond samples, where the hydrogen is present as a remnant of the diamond growth process. The ground state configurations of these defects are evaluated and the corresponding ionization energies are estimated using the marker method. We present comparisons with literature wherever available. Earlier work in this area has primarily explored the ground state configurations and defect energies by considering the system as a spin-degenerate state. Here, both the spin-degenerate as well as the spin-polarized calculations are performed to identify the minimum energy configuration and explore local magnetic moments on atomic sites. A few saddle point structures are also discovered in the relaxation process at intermediate energies and correspond to previously unreported defect configurations. In the future, these ground state configurations of the defect complexes can provide the relevant energies for investigating the diffusion of defects in diamond.
Centralizers of area preserving diffeomorphisms on S^2

It has been conjectured that a generic diffeomorphism on a compact manifold will have trivial centralizer. We give some partial results towards proving this conjecture within the class of area preserving diffeomorphisms of the sphere.
THE CALIBRATION OF INTERFEROMETRICALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES OF BINARY STARS

With the advent of speckle interferometry, high angular resolution has begun to play a routine role in the study of binary stars. Speckle and other interferometric techniques not only bring enhanced resolution to this classic and fundamental field but provide an equally important gain in observational accuracy. These methods also offer the potential for performing accurate differential photometry for binary stars of very small angular separation. This paper reviews the achievements of modern interferometric techniques in measuring stellar masses and luminosities and discusses the special calibration problems encountered in binary star inter ferometry. The future possibilities for very high angular resolution studies of close binaries are also described.
Energy input and resultant surface temperatures for individual urban interfaces, selected latitudes and seasons

Four basic urban structural neighborhoods were exposed to typical summer/winter weather scenarios spanning latitudes 10°N, 34°N, and 50°N. These scenarios included different human comfort levels for interior building temperatures. A numerical urban model (URBAN 3) was used to describe and analyze the systems' energy budgets and the resultant surface temperatures of streets, walls, and roof tops. The examined surface temperature histories are believed to be representative of the more complex urban environments observed in real cities.
Using Real‐Time Decision Tools to Improve Distributed Decision‐Making Capabilities in High‐Magnitude Crisis Situations*

Multi-organizational collaborative decision making in high-magnitude crisis situations requires real-time information sharing and dynamic modeling for effective response. Information technology (IT) based decision support tools can play a key role in facilitating such effective response. We explore one promising class of decision support tools based on machine learning, known as support vector machines (SVM), which have the capability to dynamically model and analyze decision processes. To examine this capability, we use a case study with a design science approach to evaluate improved decision-making effectiveness of an SVM algorithm in an agent-based simulation experimental environment. Testing and evaluation of real-time decision support tools in simulated environments provides an opportunity to assess their value under various dynamic conditions. Decision making in high-magnitude crisis situations involves multiple different patterns of behavior, requiring the development, application, and evaluation of different models. Therefore, we employ a multistage linear support vector machine (MLSVM) algorithm that permits partitioning decision maker response into behavioral subsets, which can then individually model and examine their diverse patterns of response behavior. The results of our case study indicate that our MLSVM is clearly superior to both single stage SVMs and traditional approaches such as linear and quadratic discriminant analysis for understanding and predicting behavior. We conclude that machine learning algorithms show promise for quickly assessing response strategy behavior and for providing the capability to share information with decision makers in multi-organizational collaborative environments, thus supporting more effective decision making in such contexts.
Does policy name matter? The effect of framing on the evaluations of African American applicants

Affirmative action continues to be one of the most contentious policies in the U.S. The current study examined the effect of hiring policy framing on the evaluation of African American applicants. Participants (N = 204) reviewed the resume of an African American man either hired under an affirmative-action or a diversity-initiative frame. Results indicated that the applicant was evaluated as more competent under the diversity-initiative frame than the affirmative-action frame. This was especially true for White and conservative raters. The findings suggest that shifting to an emphasis on diversity instead of affirmative action may decrease negative attitudes toward affirmative-action beneficiaries.
Development and property evaluation of nuclear grade wrought FeCrAl fuel cladding for light water reactors

Abstract Development of nuclear grade, iron-based wrought FeCrAl alloys has been initiated for light water reactor (LWR) fuel cladding to serve as a substitute for zirconium-based alloys with enhanced accident tolerance. Ferritic alloys with sufficient chromium and aluminum additions can exhibit significantly improved oxidation kinetics in high-temperature steam environments when compared to zirconium-based alloys. In the first phase, a set of model FeCrAl alloys containing 10–20Cr, 3–5Al, and 0–0.12Y in weight percent, were prepared by conventional arc-melting and hot-working processes to explore the effect of composition on the properties of FeCrAlY alloys. It was found that the tensile properties were insensitive to the alloy compositions studied; however, the steam oxidation resistance strongly depended on both the chromium and the aluminum contents. The second phase development focused on strengthening Fe–13Cr–5Al with minor alloying additions of molybdenum, niobium, and silicon. Combined with an optimized thermo-mechanical treatment, a thermally stable microstructure was produced with improved tensile properties at temperatures up to 741 °C.
Cascaded second-order effects in NPP

Summary form only given. We present experimental results showing strong cascaded second-order contributions to the nonlinear propagation in NPP. A strong temporal self-phase-modulation felt near the noncritical phase-matching wavelength at 1165 nm for femtosecond pulses is shown. Nonlinear switching experiments at 1064 nm also have been performed.
Convection: Periodic due to r-Modes

Convection in a rotating fluid can acquire a periodic component where the convective timescale becomes comparable to or longer than the rotation period. Then, each local convective event becomes a source of Rossby-like oscillations. They carry off information that, in a spherical shell, can sum much later to stimulate an echo of the initial convective event. The two series of echos most likely to be detectable occur at intervals of six and 30 rotation periods and apply to events of large horizontal size. The waves can also impose other periodicities on the convection, and about a dozen in the range 75-800 days are clearly identified by comparing known regularities in solar activity with theoretical beat frequencies of global oscillations (r-modes).
Aligning language to ideology: a socio-semantic analysis of communist and democratic mass media language in Bulgaria

This paper compares and analyzes mass media language in Bulgaria before and after the breakdown of the communist regime with the goal to reveal the effect of political setting, communist vs. democratic, on the form of public discourse in the media. The comparison reveals statistically significant differences in the types of grammatical constructions used in the communist and democratic media (active vs. passive), as well as differences in grammatical properties of nouns (animacy, concreteness, and properness) and verbs (tense and evidentiality). I propose that the observed differences are best explained within a sociocognitive model of context proposed by van Dijk (2008). From this perspective, linguistic characteristics of the democratic and communist discourse examined in the paper reflect speakers’ shared beliefs about the system of social meanings and fundamental principles of their respective societies, such as humanism vs. institutionalism, individualism vs. collectivism, and the differences in the perception of time.
Inhibition of mouse blastocyst attachment and outgrowth by protease inhibitors

Effects of protease inhibitors on development of mouse blastocysts and fibrinolytic activity of trophoblast were examined by growing embryos on monolayers of decidual cells in the presence of inhibitors. Nitrophenol-p-guanidino benzoate (NPGB) was the most effective inhibitor; 10(-4) M NPGB inhibited attachment and trophoblast outgrowth by 24% and 66%, respectively, and inhibited the fibrinolytic activity of trophoblast by 86%. The effects of NPGB were reversible, as demonstrated by the embryos' ability to attach and resume normal development when transferred to NPGB-free medium. Soybean trypsin inhibitor and epsilon-aminocaproic acid were less effective than NPGB in inhibiting blastocyst development. When 10(-4) M NPGB and 350 microgram/ml of soybean trypsin inhibitor were added together, blastocyst development and fibrinolytic activity were inhibited more severely than when either inhibitor was added alone. We suggest that at least two types of proteolytic activities in mouse blastocysts are involved in implantation, attachment requiring trypsin-like activity, and trophoblast outgrowth requiring both plasminogen activator and trypsin-like activity.
Role of sublingual asenapine in treatment of schizophrenia

Asenapine tablets are a new option for the treatment of schizophrenia. Sublingual administration is essential because bioavailability if ingested is less than 2%. Efficacy is supported by acute and long-term randomized controlled studies conducted by the manufacturer, with asenapine 5 mg twice daily evidencing superiority over placebo in six-week studies of acute schizophrenia, and flexibly-dosed asenapine (modal dose 10 mg twice daily) superior to placebo in a 26-week maintenance of response study. Tolerability advantages over some second-generation antipsychotics, such as olanzapine, include a relatively favorable weight and metabolic profile, as demonstrated in a 52-week randomized, head-to-head, double-blind clinical trial. Although dose-related extrapyramidal symptoms and akathisia can be present, the frequency of these effects is lower than that for haloperidol and risperidone. Somnolence may also occur, and appears to be somewhat dose-dependent when examining rates of this among patients receiving asenapine for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Prolactin elevation can occur, but at a rate lower than that observed for haloperidol or risperidone. Unique to asenapine is the possibility of oral hypoesthesia, occurring in about 5% of participants in the clinical trials. Obstacles to the use of asenapine are the recommendations for twice-daily dosing and the need to avoid food or liquids for 10 minutes after administration, although the bioavailability is only minimally reduced if food or liquids are avoided for only two minutes.
A Micromachined Low-Phase Noise K-Band Planar Oscillator

A low-phase noise 28.65 GHz oscillator has been demonstrated using a planar resonator. The resonator is micromachined close to the transistor and has an unloaded Q of 460. The oscillator uses a commercially available HEMT (Fujitsu FHR20X) for the active device, and results in an output power of 0.6 dBm with a 5.7% DC-RF efficiency. The measured phase noise is ?92 dBc/Hz at a 100 kHz offset frequency and ?122 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The micromachined oscillator required no manual tuning and has performance that is competitive with other hybrid, non-planar technologies such as dielectric resonator oscillators.
Effects of insulin on urinary calcium excretion by diabetic rats in the absence of blood glucose control.

Male rats weighing approximately 250 g were given streptozotocin (STZ), 60 mg/kg, i.p., on two successive days. Six h after the last STZ injection, some STZ-diabetic rats began receiving daily injections of insulin (NPH, 1.5 U, s.c.). At various times after the above treatments the following studies were performed: control rats, STZ-diabetic rats and NPH-treated STZ-diabetic rats were injected s.c. with calcium-45 and housed individually in metabolic cages. Urine from each rat was collected at 24 h intervals for two weeks. Volumes, osmolalities, glucose concentrations, total calcium and radioactivity due to calcium-45 were measured. The results of the studies showed that: STZ-diabetes caused rapid urinary excretion of the injected45Ca and increased renal excretion of40Ca; the increased urinary excretion of calcium was not due to an osmotic effect or to a direct nephrotoxic action of STZ; and insulin therapy instituted early, but insufficient to control blood glucose, significantly reduced the diabetes-induced calcium loss.
Examination of CCN impacts on hail in a simulated supercell storm with triple-moment hail bulk microphysics

Abstract Aerosols that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play a crucial role in the formation of cloud particles and recent research suggests that CCN can influence ice processes within deep convection as well. In this study, a triple-moment bulk hail microphysics scheme is used to investigate the impact of changing CCN concentrations on hail for a well-observed supercell storm that occurred over northwest Kansas on 29 June 2000 during the Severe Thunderstorm and Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS). For the simulated supercells in the particular environment examined, an increase in potential CCN concentrations from 100 to 3000 cm − 3 leads to increasing numbers and decreasing sizes of cloud droplets, as expected, yet the overall storm dynamics and evolution are largely unaffected. Increases in potential CCN concentrations lead to non-monotonic responses in the bulk characteristics of nearly all hydrometeor fields, surface precipitation, and cold-pool strength. However, higher concentrations of CCN also result in larger hail sizes and greater amounts of large diameter (≥ 2 cm) hail. The results suggest that a combination of increased sizes and localized reductions in numbers of hail embryos near favorable growth regions with increasing potential CCN concentrations tend to promote conditions that lead to increased hail sizes and amounts of large hail.
Heavy-ion irradiation defect accumulation in ZrN characterized by TEM, GIXRD, nanoindentation, and helium desorption

Abstract A study on zirconium nitride was performed to assess the effect of radiation damage by heavy ions at cryogenic and elevated temperatures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, and helium desorption studies were used to assess the damage and its effects. Xenon and krypton were used as heavy ions at 300 keV to displacement damage as high as 200 dpa. Implants were cryogenic, 350 °C, 580 °C, and 800 °C. Amorphization was not observed at low temperatures nor was bubble formation observed at elevated temperatures, however, defect migration was observed at elevated temperatures. Nanoindenter results showed the onset of defect saturation. Helium release studies were performed to show the effect of increasing damage by Xe to 40 dpa.
Attenuation of waiting time mortaility with heterotropic heart transplantation

Abstract As the number of heart transplants and the number of transplant programs has increased, so has the waiting time for a suitable organ. To more accurately assess the magnitude of this increase and the influence of recipient size, we reviewed waiting times for large (body surface area ≥ 1.95 m 2 ) and small (body surface area 2 ) patients with respect to era of transplantation. Patients who underwent transplantation early (1984 to December 31, 1986) waited 35 ± 47 days (mean ± standard deviation), whereas patients who underwent transplantation in the late era (1987 to September 30, 1989) waited 83 ± 102 days ( p = 0.001). Large patients waited longer (130 ± 142 days) in the late era than did small patients (60 ± 67 days; p = 0.008). During the heterotopic era (October 1, 1989 to June 30, 1990), waiting times for large patients who received a heterotopic transplant (67 ± 46 days) were significantly shorter than those for patients who received an orthotopic transplant (166 ± 157 days; p = 0.05). Waiting times for small patients remained unchanged. In addition, waiting time mortality decreased from 24% to 9% ( p
Optical absorption of un-implanted and implanted HgTgCd

Optical absorption coefficients of un-implanted and implanted HgCdTe have been measured in a range of temperatures and compositions. The index of refraction for photon energies larger than bandgap was obtained. With the measured index of refraction, large values of the optical absorption coefficient were extracted from measured transmission spectra. The obtained optical absorption coefficient agrees very well with the Kane’s model. The measured optical absorption coefficient at the bandgap linearly depends on temperature. Cutoff photon energy for highly n-type doped HgCdTe resulted from ion implantation of boron at 150 keV energy and with 1 × 1015 cm−2 dose is larger than that for the un-implanted HgCdTe. The magnitude of the shift is consistent with the prediction of the theory of Moss-Burstein shift, using measured doping profile.
An incongruent reality: The N400 in relation to psychosis and recovery

Background Cognitive impairments and delusions are hallmarks of schizophrenia, and are thought to be due in part to abnormalities in semantic priming. The N400, a neural measure of semantic processing, is found to be reduced in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear if individuals with other psychoses (e.g., mood disorders or substance abuse with psychotic features) also show this impairment, and whether N400 reduction relates to real-world functioning and recovery.
Gene expression signatures in the newt irises during lens regeneration

Lens regeneration in adult newts is possible by transdifferentiation of the pigment epithelial cells (PECs) of the dorsal iris. The same cells in the ventral iris are not capable of such a process. To understand this difference in regenerative competency, we examined gene expression of 373 genes in the intact dorsal and ventral irises as well as in irises during the process of lens regeneration. We found similar signatures of gene expression in dorsal and ventral with several cases of even higher levels in the ventral iris. Such transcriptional activity in the regeneration-incompetent ventral iris was unexpected and calls for a revision of our views about mechanisms of lens regeneration induction.
Activity of carbon in liquid iron alloys at 1550°C

The effect of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium on the activity of carbon in liquid iron alloys at 1550°C was investigated by equilibrating Fe-C binary alloys with Fe-C-i ternary alloys in an isothermal closed chamber through transport in the gas phase. From the equilibrium distribution of carbon among the charges, free energy interaction coefficients have been deduced. The first order coefficients ∈i C fori = Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, and V were found to be equal to -5.4, 1.8, -4.0, 2.4, and -6.2, respectively. Extrapolation of the data through the “Central Atoms” statistical model shows good agreement with data reported in the literature on the effect of the solutesi on the solubility of graphite.
Comparison of secreted and extracted forms of rat pituitary prolactin.

Abstract Prolactin secreted by rat anterior pituitary explants into organ culture medium was purified by salt fractionation and gel filtration. A yield of 22 mg/g was obtained, which clearly represented de novo synthesis and secretion of the hormone. Comparative characterization studies were performed on the secreted prolactin and pituitary extracted rat prolactin obtained from the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases. The biological and immunological activity estimates of both forms were comparable, although the specific activities of the secreted prolactin were somewhat lower than those of the pituitary prolactin. The secreted and extracted forms of prolactin appeared to be identical in primary structure as evidenced by similar amino acid compositions and identical NH2-terminal sequences. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that there may be differences in tertiary structure, since the positive tryptophan band at 292 nm, which was observed with extracted hormone, was absent in the secreted prolactin.
Infrared photometry of the dust in comets.

Infrared observations of six comets ranging in heliocentric distance from 1 to 5 AU are reported. Data consist of wide and intermediate bandpass filter photometry, 1-20 microns, for periodic comets Stephan-Oterma, Swift-Gehrels, Kearns-Kwee, Gunn, and Grigg-Skjellerup and for parabolic Comet Elias (1981 XV). All of the comets show infrared temperatures hotter than a theoretical black body, indicating small absorbing grains. No emission feature at 10 microns was observed within the accuracy of the filter photometry. The photometric system is discussed in detail, and temperature-dependent corrections to monochromatic magnitudes are presented.
The “King's Advent” and the Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina

The Rituale Romanum includes a collection of prayers known as the Ordo commendationis animae.1 This is the Office of the Dying. Framed by the Litany of the Saints, with which the Order opens, and by a number of litany-like supplications, which form the transition to the Lessons and Psalms, there is a group of three famous orisons. Of these, the first and second are old; they can be traced back to the Sacramentaries of the eighth century. The third is of a more recent date. As Saint Peter Damian is said to have inspired its setting, the prayer cannot antedate the eleventh century.2 Although composed at different periods, the first prayer and the third are nevertheless in a close inner relationship. Both refer to the journey of the soul, the one to the departure, Profectio, from this world, the other to the arrival, Adventus, in heaven. The wishes for the arrival are clothed in the following words:
Study of Explosion Protection in a Small Compartment

A series of full-scale explosion suppression experiments were conducted in a compartment. The suppression performance of three extinguishing systems with two suppressants for the deflagration-type explosion was studied. The impact of agent discharge direction, the presence of an obstacle and the use of additives on suppression performance were investigated with extensive data collection and analysis. The negative aspects and toxicity issues associated with the protection systems are also addressed in the paper. The three extinguishing systems evaluated in this project were a high pressure HFC-227ea (FM-200) extinguisher, a hybrid gas generator with FM-200, and a hybrid gas generator with water, with full-system hardware including optical flame sensors and electronic controllers. The experimental results showed that the explosion in a compartment originating from a fuel spray was a serious threat to any occupant in the compartment and could cause major damage to equipment, but, the explosion generated in the experiments was controlled or extinguished by appropriate extinguishing systems.
Neutron star models based on an improved equation of state

Using an equation of state for cold degenerate matter which takes nuclear forces and nuclear clustering into account, neutron star models are constructed. Stable models were obtained in the mass range above 0.065M⊙ and density range 1014.08 to 1015.4 gm/cm3. All of these models were found to be bound. The outer crystalline layer of the star was found to have a thickness of 200 m or more depending on the mass of the model.
Systemic mycosis due to trichosporon cutaneum a report of two additional cases

Two additional cases of systemic mycosis due to Trichosporon cutaneum are reported and are compared with the previously published case of Rivera and Cangir. Both patients (a four-year-old male and a 57-year-old female) had acute leukemia for which they were receiving chemotherapy, and both presented with fever that was unresponsive to conventional antibiotics. Both had positive blood cultures for Trichosporon cutaneum. The disease was further documented in the four-year-old male by renal biopsy and by bone marrow culture; he was treated with apparent success with amphotericin B. However, the 57-year-old female died shortly after the begining of similar treatment, and autopsy demonstrated involvement of the left kidney, spleen, bone marrow, and liver. The organism in both these cases, as well as the case of Rivera and Cangir, exhibited both hyphal and yeastlike forms in tissue sections. We believe that the therapeutic success in the case of the four-year-old male was primarily related to his remission from leukemia.
Electron optical synthesis and optimization

A novel approach to electron/ion optical synthesis and optimization is presented. Low-aberration field distributions are sought by dynamic programming or optimal control procedures in the form of continuous curves constructed of cubic splines. A very simple algorithm is proposed for the reconstruction of the electrodes or pole-pieces. High-quality electrostatic lens designs are shown as practical examples.
Direct Strain Imaging for Full Field Measurements

Full field strain measurement techniques are based on computing the spatial derivatives of the approximation or interpolation of the underlying displacement fields extracted from digital imaging methods. These methods implicitly assume that the medium satisfies the compatibility conditions, which for any practical reason is only true in the case of a continuum body that remains continuum throughout the history of its mechanical loading. In the present work we introduce a method that can be used to calculate the strain components directly from typical digital imaging data, without the need of the continuum hypothesis and the need for displacement field differentiation. Thus it allows the imaging and measurement of strain fields from surfaces with discontinuities (i.e. small cracks). Numerical comparisons are performed based on synthetic data produced from an analytical solution for an open hole domain in tension. Mean absolute error distributions are calculated for the cases of both the traditional mesh free random grid method and the direct strain method introduced in the paper are given. It is established that the more refined representation of strain provided by this approach is more accurate everywhere in the domain, but most importantly, near the boundaries of the representation domain, where the error is higher for traditional methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Distribution on Cattle as Influenced by Host Color and Time Of Day

Horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), counts were made on a group of cattle in the sandhills of Nebraska over a 2-year period. Counts on both sides of cattle were made three times a day, twice weekly on 10 black/white-face cattle and 10 red/white-face cattle. Analysis indicated that a significantly higher number of flies was observed on black/white-face cattle than on red/white-face cattle. Also, a circadian pattern of horn fly distribution was observed. In the morning, the majority of flies were found on shoulders, sides, and belly midline, and in the afternoon flies were concentrated on belly midline and sides. Flies returned to shoulder areas again at dusk.
Integrated Computer-Aided Approach for Supporting Development of Biomedical Devices

Both medicine and engineering disciplines use problem-solving techniques to address different needs. The solutions often require an understanding of complex system behavior, identification of important system factors, and prediction of the outcome prior to application. This paper presents an introduction to integrated computer-aided approach to support developments in the field of biomedical devices, particularly for those used with orthopaedic surgery applications. The modern design process is first introduced as a road map to establish design that is robust, cost and time effective in order to satisfy the needs of the medical community. The coverage includes methods such as: function abstraction and decomposition, quality function deployment (QFD), case-based design (CBD) methodology, and risk management in design of orthopedic implants.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Smart blending technology enabled by chaotic advection

Polymer blending has been typically regarded as a mixing process rather than a structuring process so polymer blends and composites are not necessarily optimized with regard to structure, properties, and composition. In this article, a new smart blending technology is described whereby melt components and solid additives are more controllably organized into micrometer-scale and sub-micrometer-scale shapes and arrangements to improve properties or impart functionality to extruded plastics. Chaotic advection is an enabling recent subfield of fluid mechanics for smart blending. It provides a method to controllably stretch and fold melt domains and evolve a multilayered structure leading to derivative morphologies, or indirectly manipulate solid additives. Recent advances in fluid mechanics have thereby been implemented to reconsider how blending is done. A variety of structured plastic materials are producible with a single smart blending device with no device alterations. Several examples and their improved physical properties are shown or discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:152–169, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20073
The Effects of Chronic Ethanol Administration on Amygdala Neuronal Firing and Ethanol Withdrawal Seizures

Physical dependence on ethanol results in an ethanol withdrawal (ETX) syndrome including susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGS) in rodents after abrupt cessation of ethanol. Chronic ethanol administration and ETX induce functional changes of neurons in several brain regions, including the amygdala. Amygdala neurons are requisite elements of the neuronal network subserving AGS propagation during ETX induced by a subacute "binge" ethanol administration protocol. However, the effects of chronic ethanol administration on amygdala neuronal firing and ETX seizure behaviors are unknown. In the present study ethanol (5g/kg) was administered intragastrically in Sprague-Dawley rats once daily for 28days [chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) protocol]. One week later the rats began receiving ethanol intragastrically three times daily for 4days (binge protocol). Microwire electrodes were implanted prior to CIE or on the day after CIE ended to record extracellular action potentials in lateral amygdala (LAMG) neurons. The first dose of ethanol administered in the binge protocol following CIE treatment did not alter LAMG neuronal firing, which contrasts with firing suppression seen previously in the binge protocol alone. These data indicate that CIE induces neuroadaptive changes in the ETX network which reduce LAMG response to ethanol. LAMG neuronal responses to acoustic stimuli prior to AGS were significantly decreased during ETX as compared to those before ethanol treatment. LAMG neurons fired tonically throughout the tonic convulsions during AGS. CIE plus binge treatment resulted in a significantly greater mean seizure duration and a significantly elevated incidence of death than was seen previously with the binge protocol alone, indicating an elevated seizure severity following chronic ethanol administration.
Host phases and origin of noble gases in meteorites

A large fraction of the noble gases in carbonaceous chondrites are concentrated in a small amount of meteoritic matter (≲ 2%). It consists of carbon (in different forms) and chromite which are the major host phases for three different varieties of noble gas components. The planetary component constituting the bulk amount of noble gases is taken to be of solar-system origin. The Ne-E, s-Kr and s-Xe components which occur in extremely small amounts are apparently presolar. They appear to be products of nucleosynthesis from other stars, trapped in interstellar grains which were never vaporized and homogenized since their import into the solar system. The CCFX component forming an appreciable fraction of the noble gases is of uncertain origin.
Effect of temperature on the vorticity field of an evolving water droplet

Vorticity in liquid droplets and the impact of temperature on the evolution of dripping droplets have received little attention in the published literature. Here, an investigation is conducted to determine the vorticity field within a droplet as it evolves from the onset to the breakup point and to show the impact of temperature on the vorticity field. The work is performed both experimentally and computationally. It was observed that the water leaving the nozzle grows into a cylindrical shape, forms a throat, contracts near the throat, and finally breaks up and forms an independent nearly spherical droplet. Presence of a flow recirculation within the droplet was noticed. Vorticity iso-surfaces were circumferentially asymmetric, and indicated a three-dimensional droplet behavior with rotational (non-zero vorticity) effects. Temperature enhanced the vorticity-related asymmetry and affected the pressure and velocity within the droplet.
Lesser known miracles of Burgers equation

Abstract This article is a short introduction to the surprising appearance of Burgers equation in some basic probabilistic models.