cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medicine in Dallas 100 years ago

Marvin J. Stone, MD: Good morning. Last month Dr. John Fordtran delivered the Alpha Omega Alpha lecture at Southwestern Medical School. For those of you who may not know, AOA is the national honor medical society to which top medical students are elected in recognition of superior scholarship. Many members of our own medical staff are members of AOA. In addition, some of the newly elected medical students will be joining our housestaff in July. For a long time I've thought it interesting to observe the subjects selected by esteemed colleagues when they have the widest possible latitude, that is, the topic of their choice. John chose to speak about medicine in Dallas 100 years ago at the AOA banquet. We are fortunate that he has agreed to give this talk again at Baylor this morning. Now, do not think that the subject he selected was accidental. It was arrived at after much contemplation. Most of us know John as the chief of medicine at Baylor for 17 years and current president of the Baylor Research Institute. I shan't dwell on some of his other activities, such as being acknowledged as one of the leading investigators and educators in gastroenterology, or being one of the 2 founding editors of the best textbook on gastroenterology, or being awarded virtually every prize given in the field as well as several honorary degrees. During the past year, he was elected to fellowship in the Royal College of Physicians of London. Despite these considerable accomplishments and worldwide recognition, I submit that John Fordtran's principal interest is medical history. Why? Not just because of the topic chosen for his AOA lecture, which you will hear this morning. There is in fact precedent for my claim. Twenty-one years ago, almost to the day, John delivered the presidential address at the annual meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, another occasion when he could have spoken on any topic he wished. He chose to speak on the life and career of Samuel James Meltzer, founder and first president of that august organization, which was established in 1907. Ladies and gentlemen, the evidence is overwhelming. It is a pleasure to introduce John Fordtran, sometime gastroenterologist, but really eminent medical historian! John S. Fordtran, MD: Thank you, Marvin, for that wonderful introduction and for your own interest in medical history and for the effort you have made to teach the history of medicine to our students, residents, and staff. Today, I will try to describe what medicine was like in Dallas 100 years ago. Actually, the time frame to be discussed is from 1890 through 1920, and I will also say a few words about the removal of Baylor College of Medicine from Dallas to Houston in 1943.
Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for management

Abstract Background: Invasive aspergillosis is a serious opportunistic infection in lung transplant recipients. It has not been fully discerned whether there are differences in the characteristics, risk factors and outcome of Aspergillus infection in single as compared with bilateral lung transplant recipients. Methods: English-language articles identified by a Medline search through December 2000 and bibliographies were used as data sources to identify cases of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients. The studies selected had to have provided a definition of invasive aspergillosis to distinguish colonization from infection. Results: The median incidence of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients was 6.2%. In total, 58% (45 of 78) of the Aspergillus infections were tracheobronchitis or bronchial anastomotic infections, 32% (25 of 78) were invasive pulmonary, and 22% (25 of 78) were disseminated infections. Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections were significantly older ( p = 0.006), more likely to have had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an underlying illness ( p = 0.05), more likely to have developed Aspergillus infections later after transplantation ( p = 0.019), and tended to have a higher incidence of invasive aspergillosis ( p = 0.11) than all other lung transplant recipients. Overall mortality in lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections was 52%. Single lung transplant recipients ( p = 0.03), and patients with late-onset infections (occurring at least 3 months after transplantation ([ p = 0.045]) infections had significantly higher mortality. Conclusions: Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections had an overall greater morbidity and poorer outcome than other types of lung transplant recipients. Recognition of the unique characteristics of Aspergillus infections in single lung (vs bilateral or heart–lung) transplant recipients has implications relevant for the management of lung transplant recipients with aspergillosis.
Childhood risk factors predict adult risk associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease ☆: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Cardiovascular risk factors begin in childhood and are predictive of cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Observations in the Bogalusa Heart Study have shown an important correlation of clinical risk factors in early life with anatomic changes in the aorta and coronary vessels with atherosclerosis and cardiac and renal changes related to hypertension. These observations have been extended by echo Doppler studies of carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT). A close association of risk factors in young adults, 20-38 years of age, occurs with IMT, and a marked increase is noted as numbers of risk factors increase. More extensive changes seem to occur in the bulb or bifurcation area. This area may be an earlier marker of disease. Observations of risk factors in young individuals and noninvasive studies of structural changes of the cardiovascular system have strong implications for prevention by cardiologists.
A "bone" fide predictor of metastasis? Predicting breast cancer metastasis to bone.

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis, with bone metastasis occurring in the majority of women with stage IV disease. These patients may experience marked morbidity with pain, decreased mobility, neurologic compromise, and/or pathologic fractures. Although the primary treatment for metastasis is systemic therapy directed at the underlying neoplasm, recent advances in therapy have led to the development of agents tailored to the treatment of bone metastasis including radiopharmaceuticals (eg, strontium-89 chloride) and bisphosphonates (eg, zoledronate or pamidronate). These agents localize predominantly to skeletal areas of high bone turnover like metastatic sites, thereby limiting systemic exposure, but their use is not without toxicity. The administration of bone-targeted radiopharmaceuticals has been associated with painful flare responses and myelosuppres
Data Pouring and Buffering on the Road: A New Data Dissemination Paradigm for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have recently received considerable attention. To support VANET-based applications, it is important to disseminate data from an information source (data center) to many vehicles on the road. Although disseminating data from a server to a large number of clients has been studied in the database community and the network community, many unique characteristics of the VANET bring out new research challenges. In this paper, we propose a data pouring (DP) and buffering paradigm to address the data dissemination problem in a VANET. In DP, data are periodically broadcast to vehicles on the road. In DP with intersection buffering (DP-IB), data poured from the source are buffered and rebroadcast at the intersections. We provide analytical models to explore the dissemination capacity (DC) of the proposed schemes. The analytical models also provide guidelines on choosing the system parameters to maximize the DC under different delivery ratio requirements. Simulation results show that the proposed DP-IB scheme can significantly improve the data delivery ratio and reduce network traffic.
Commentary: The longitudinal perspective and cohort analysis

Cohorts are closed populations defined and bounded by their timepoints of entry, often but not necessarily at birth. In this issue, a classic article by Kermack, McKendrick and McKinley reprinted from the Lancet of 1934 illustrates an early use of cohort analysis. Such analyses follow successive generations of entrants through the life course. The object is to link the pattern of specified outcomes to the particular previous experience defined by membership of a generation. The outcome of interest to Kermack et al. was overall mortality at successive ages; their significant discovery was to demonstrate the potentially large and continuing contribution of experience in the earliest years to rates of death throughout the lifetime of each generation. This newly-invented approach cast bright light on the longitudinal perspective of health and disease through the life course. It was a latecomer in the history of relevant methods. Halley’s life table of 1693 is credited as the first valid numerical approach. A major figure in astronomy and mathematics, he used it to challenge the claim of astrologers that certain years in a man’s life were predictably hazardous. 1 William Farr, a founder of quantitative epidemiology, made good use of the life table method 2 and other approaches to longitudinal analysis. During 40 years from 1839 as Compiler of Medical Statistics for England and Wales, Farr invented the cohort life table, a method widely used in our times to follow the institutional careers of mental patients. He also devised a cohort study i.e. longitudinal follow-up of outcomes in a closed population defined by a specific point of entry or exposure (not that he named them as such). In the latter instance, he constructed a retrospective analysis of records of admissions and deaths in a mental institution. With that, he demonstrated positive benefit from John Connolly’s ‘moral treatment’, a therapeutic revolution of its time in psychiatry. In the institution Connolly directed, mortality was decidedly less than in others. The advent of cohort analysis, however, had to wait until the later 1920s in the actuarial world (for two papers presented to the Faculty of Actuaries by Derrick and by Davidson and Reid 3 ), and until 1930 in epidemiology (if one can be allowed to skip a scarcely instructive 1927 paper by Korteweg). In the latter year, Andvord published a paper in which he examined the outcome of tuberculosis in successive generations. 4 The next significant
The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shiʿi Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980

On 8 April 1980, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed. His execution arousedno criticism from the West against the Iraqi regime, however, because Sadr had openly supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's regime in Iran and because the West was distracted by the turbulence in Iran that followed the revolution. Governments both in the West and in the region were concerned that the Iranian revolution would be “exported,” and they set about eliminating that threat. When Ayatollah Khomeini called upon Muslims in Iraq to follow the example of the Iranian people and rise up against the corrupt secular Baʿthist socialist regime, they interpreted it as the first step in the spread of Islamic radicalism that would eventually lead to the destablization of the whole region.
FDG-PET and molecular brain imaging in the movement disorders clinic

In this issue of Neurology ®, Hellwig et al.1 present the results of a large single-center blinded prospective cohort study of consecutively recruited patients (original cohort n = 107) with Lewy body disease (Parkinson disease [PD] or related dementias) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS), including patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), who underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and postsynaptic D2 receptor [123I]iodobenzamide (IBZM)-SPECT imaging at baseline to distinguish APS from Lewy body parkinsonism. Longitudinal clinical assessment performed after a median follow-up of 1 year was used as the gold standard diagnosis. …
Improving energy efficiency by making DRAM less randomly accessed

Existing techniques manage power for the main memory by passively monitoring the memory traffic, and based on which, predict when to power down and into which low-power state to transition. However, passively monitoring the memory traffic can be far from being effective as idle periods between consecutive memory accesses are often too short for existing power-management techniques to take full advantage of the deeper power-saving state implemented in modem DRAM architectures. In this paper, the authors proposed a new technique that will actively reshape the memory traffic to coalesce short idle periods - which were previously unusable for power management - into longer ones, thus enabling existing techniques to effectively exploit idleness in the memory.
Economic Governance, Ideas and EMU: What Currency Does Policy Consensus Have Today?*

The creation of EMU has been one of the most striking examples of economic integration in history. Such deep economic co-operation between states has often proved elusive. This article revisits The Currency of Ideas and assesses what role ideational consensus may play now that the euro is a reality.
OH and CH2O Measurement and Simulation Through Local Extinction of Nonpremixed Flames

A local extinction point in a nonpremixed flame sheet was stabilized using a co-annular counterflow flame geometry that has been previously described. Measurements of hydroxyl planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and formaldehyde PLIF were made at the local extinction point. These measurements were used to estimate the OH+CH2O forward reaction rate and to assess a method of approximating scalar dissipation rate based on CH2O PLIF width in the presence of local extinction. In addition, two-dimensional numerical simulations of the flame and extinction point were completed using a comprehensive chemical kinetic model. Since the local temperature at the extinction point decreases strongly, the measured PLIF profiles include significant dependence on Boltzmann fraction, particularly for CH2O. The simulated species concentrations were modified to include the temperature-dependent variations that could not be removed from the measurements and to assess the impact of these corrections on interpretation of the measured data. The unknown effects of CH2O fluorescence quenching in the measurements are also assessed by comparing a range of quenching models in the simulations at the extinction point. The simulated and measured profile shapes are in good agreement, but the simulations show a stronger quantitative increase in the OH+CH2O reaction prior to extinction and a thinner reaction rate at the centerline than observed in the measurements.
Dynamics connect substrate recognition to catalysis in protein kinase A

Atomic resolution studies of protein kinases have traditionally been carried out in the inhibitory state, limiting our current knowledge on the mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis. Using NMR, X-ray crystallography and thermodynamic measurements, we analyzed the substrate recognition process of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), finding that entropy and protein dynamics play a prominent role. The nucleotide acts as a dynamic and allosteric activator by coupling the two lobes of apo PKA, enhancing the enzyme dynamics synchronously and priming it for catalysis. The formation of the ternary complex is entropically driven, and NMR spin relaxation data reveal that both substrate and PKA are dynamic in the closed state. Our results show that the enzyme toggles between open and closed states, which indicates that a conformational selection rather than an induced-fit mechanism governs substrate recognition.
An Analytical Model for Inductively Coupled Implantable Biomedical Devices With Ferrite Rods

Using approximations applicable to near field coupled implants simplified expressions for the complex mutual inductance of coaxial aligned coils with and without a cylindrical ferrite rod are derived. Experimental results for ferrite rods of various sizes and permeabilities are presented to verify the accuracy of this expression. An equivalent circuit model for the inductive link between an implant and power coil is then presented and used to investigate how ferrite size, permeability and loss affect the power available to the implant device. Enhancements in coupling provided by high frequency, low permeability nickel zinc rods are compared with low frequency high permeability manganese zinc rods.
Workshop Approach for Developing Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Actions for natural Resource management Agencies in the United States.

Concrete ways to adapt to climate change are needed to help land-management agencies take steps to incorporate climate change into management and take advantage of opportunities to balance the negative effects of climate change. Because the development of adaptation tools and strategies is at an early stage, it is important that ideas and strategies are disseminated quickly to advance thinking and practice. Here, we offer an example of a successful workshop, focused on National Forests in the United States, which allowed quick dissemination of ideas and strategies for climate change adaptation in resource management through an interaction between scientists and managers. We share both the process used in the workshop and the outcome of facilitated dialogue at the workshop. By presenting concrete adaptation methods and showing the value of a focused scientist–manager dialogue, we hope to motivate the US Forest Service and other natural resource agencies to emulate our approach and begin the process of adapting to climate change.
Teacher Education Reform in Urban Educator Preparation Programs

The majority of teachers in the United States are of a different race, ethnicity, class, gender, and linguistic dominance from that of their students. Teachers are specifically challenged by a variety of racial and ethnic issues as they enter their classrooms. This paper discusses the importance of educator preparation programs devoting attention to reforming preparation programs to include high-need clinical experiences for practicing teacher candidates. To better meet the needs of the nation’s future students, especially those in high-need schools, public policymakers and the education community must take collective ownership for recruiting, preparing, and supporting a critical mass of new professional practitioners.
The Cognitive and Academic Impact Of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects over 30,000 students in the United States. Central nervous system complications are widespread among students with SCD and include stroke, silent cerebral infarction, and cognitive impairment. The effects of these complications may lead to academic failure, limited career options, and for some, total disability. Despite studies describing the significant academic and cognitive impact of sickle cell disease, reports describing interventions are limited. There is a lack of awareness among educators of the academic risks associated with sickle cell disease and a lack of appropriate resource allocation. The school nurse, as community health advocate, will be called upon to bridge the gap among healthcare providers, parents, students, and educators. This article provides a review of both recent and landmark studies describing the cognitive and academic impact of sickle cell disease and discusses the role of the school nurse as an advocate, liaison, and educator.
Using the ACR Accreditation Process As a Quality Improvement Tool

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM The ACR accreditation process is a voluntary review that allows for an impartial peer evaluation of radiation oncology departments. Accreditation is a mechanism for departments to demonstrate to patients, providers, and payers adherence to recognized standards of care and quality performance. Among the goals of the process listed by the ACR are recognizing quality radiation oncology practices, as well as recommending potential practice improvements based on nationally recognized standards. As part of the accreditation process, an onsite survey of departmental facilities, staff, and procedures is carried out by board-certified radiation oncologists and medical physicists. During the onsite survey, the external reviewers interview key personnel, assess documentation of departmental policies and procedures, audit the department’s existing quality assurance and improvement program, and review patient records to assess adherence to nationally recognized clinical standards. Although quality of care is a challenging metric to assess in radiation oncology, accreditation programs focus on components of a department’s structure, process, and outcomes. Most quantifiable outcomes fall into the structure and process categories of quality assessment. Our department sought to quantify the quality improvement
Encapsulation, Color Stability, and Distribution of Anthocyanins from Purple Corn (Zea mays L.), Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.), and Red Radish (Raphanus sativus) in a Cold-Setting Pectin-Alginate Gel.

Anthocyanins are a broad class of water soluble pigments found in a wide array of plants. They are responsible for a variety of the attractive colors found in fruits including red, purple, orange, and blue. There use as a natural alternative to synthetic colorants has been investigated extensively in the past several years as consumers have been asking for greater choice in the marketplace. Their limited stability in food applications several limits their widespread adoption. Meanwhile, other research has been focused on the potential health promoting benefits of eating a diet high in anthocyanins. The objective of this work was to encapsulate an anthocyanin rich extract in a novel system that uses pectin and alginate as the encapsulating material in hopes to increase stability. It was then necessary to investigate not only the color stability of the particles, but also the anthocyanin stability and profile as well. A variety of anthocyanin sources was chosen to represent a cross section of the structural differences that exist: blueberry (5 of the 6 common anthocyanidins all with a single, varying sugar moiety), purple corn (3 monoglycosylated anthocyanins and their malonated counterparts), and red radish (pelargonidin derivatives with 3 glycosylations and aromatic acids). All three anthocyanins sources were successfully encapsulated using the technique described later. The stability of the particles was monitored by increasing color of the solutions the particles were stored in, the color of the particles themselves, and the total monomeric anthocyanin content of both.The purple corn particles performed the best in regards to color leaching into the solution. The solution color indices for the experimental and control were more different than for the other anthocyanin sources tested. This performance carried over when measuring the color of the gels directly. The purple corn loaded gels were statistically darker and had greater color intensity than the empty control gels. The red radish loaded gels performed the worst for every measurement that was taken. The interesting difference was noted in the amount of anthocyanin recovered from each gel. The amount of anthocyanin leached into the solutions was not different among the sources. Another interesting note was that the anthocyanin profile of the various extracts did not change significantly during the storage study, meaning that preferential leaching or retention in the gel was not noted. The pectin-alginate system was able to encapsulate various anthocyanin rich extracts, with the purple corn performing the best of those tested, with the blueberry performing similarly. Since these anthocyanins are relatively small compared to others, it is theorized that molecule size is not the main factor contributing to pigment retention. It is possible that other anthocyanin sources will work just as well.
Complex regional pain syndrome of the pediatric lower extremity: a retrospective review.

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 is a disorder of the extremities characterized by pain, edema, limited range of motion, integument changes, and vasomotor instability often after an inciting event. In the pediatric population, CRPS may be misdiagnosed, or missed entirely, as CRPS literature for this patient population is lacking. Methods: Twenty-seven pediatric patient medical records with the diagnosis of CRPS type 1 from the institutional and private practices of the principal investigator (E.J.H.) were reviewed for demographics, inciting event, lower-extremity clinical examination, ancillary testing, previous treatments, time to diagnosis, treatment after diagnosis, and time to resolution of symptoms. Results: Females composed 85.2% of the patient population (n = 23) (mean age of females, 11.11 years). An inciting event preceded pain in 74.1% of patients (n = 20). On physical examination, more than 50% of patients were identified as having changes in skin color and temperature, ...
Abstract 44: Alterations in serum immunoglobulin levels in workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene.

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a common occupational solvent and groundwater contaminant, has been associated with a variety of immunotoxic effects and may be associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Altered serum immunoglobulin levels have been reported in NHL patients and in animals exposed to TCE. Recently, we reported that occupational exposure to TCE is associated with immunosuppressive effects and immune dysfunction, including suppression of B cell counts and activation, even at relatively low levels. We hypothesized that TCE exposure would also affect immunoglobulin levels in humans. We measured serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgE, by ELISA, in TCE-exposed workers (n=80) and unexposed controls (n=45), matched by age and gender, in a cross-sectional, molecular epidemiology study of occupational exposure to TCE in Guangdong, China. Personal exposure measurements were taken using 3 M organic vapor monitoring badges over a three-week period before blood collection. Workers exposed to TCE had about a 17.5% decline in serum levels of IgG compared to unexposed controls (p for exposed vs. unexposed = 0.0002). Similarly, serum levels of IgM were reduced by about 38% in workers exposed to TCE (p for exposed vs. unexposed < 0.0001). Serum levels of both IgG and IgM were significantly decreased in workers exposed to < 12 ppm of TCE, the median exposure level. Adjustment for B cell counts and other potential confounders had minimal impact on our findings. IgE levels were not significantly different between exposed and control subjects. These results are consistent with in vivo observations and provide further evidence that TCE is immunotoxic at relatively low exposure levels, and provide additional biologic plausibility to the reported association of TCE with NHL. Citation Format: Luoping Zhang, Bryan Bassig, Joseph L. Mora, Roel Vermeulen, Yichen Ge, John D. Curry, Wei Hu, Min Shen, Chuangyi Qiu, Zhiying Ji, Boris Reiss, Cliona McHale, Songwang Liu, Weihong Guo, Mark Purdue, Fei Yue, Laiyu Li, Martyn T. Smith, Hanlin Huang, Xiaojiang Tang, Nathaniel Rothman, Qing Lan. Alterations in serum immunoglobulin levels in workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr 44.
Reaction of Transplantable and Spontaneous Tumors to Blood-carried. Bacterial Toxins in Animals Unsusceptible to the Shwartzman Phenomenon

SummaryWhereas rapidly growing transplantable malignant tumors in rats and mice are very susceptible to blood-carried B. coli toxin, slow-growing malignant spontaneous or transplantable tumors, malignant tumors rapidly growing in heterologous hosts, embryomas, and granulomas are practically non-susceptible.
The Antiquity of the Labiatæ or Mint Family

IN Knowlton's recent catalogue of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America, there is not a single species of Labiatae. Schenk, in Zittel, refers only to interglacial Lycopus europaeus and Stachys palustris. More recently Reid has recorded preglacial Labiatae, such as Lycopus, Stachys (two species), and Mentha from England. The fruits and calyces are distinctive, and should be easily recognisable; but owing to the specialised character of the family, and the prevalent opinion concerning the late evolution of herbaceous plants, it has seemed unreasonable to expect very ancient fossils of this type.
Vision and Visual Discrimination Suffer in Parkinson’s Disease: Evoked Potential Evidence

Patients affected by Parkinson’s Disease (PD) not infrequently complain of some visual difficulty yet their visual acuity is intact. Although on careful questioning “double vision” may clarify itself as perceiving uncertain borders of images, more complex complaints cannot be easily classified as “visual” or as “cognitive” defects. In fact, both have been demonstrated in PD. While spatial frequency dependent visual defects probably result from retinal dopaminergic (DA) deficiency, the anatomy and neuropharmacology of cognitive changes in PD is uncertain.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Kidney with Perirenal Hematoma

Spontaneous rupture of the kidney involves either the collecting system or parenchyma, the latter being associated with a subcapsular or perirenal hematoma. A review was made of 78 cases of spontaneous parenchymal rupture with perirenal hematoma, including 4 of our own. One of these cases is the first description of spontaneous rupture of the kidney secondary to renal vein thrombosis. The patients are usually in the fourth decade of life and present with an acute onset of flank pain, a tender mass and commonly symptoms and signs of shock. Hematuria is often present and generally urography reveals a mass, distorted collecting system and/or non-visualization of the kidney. Tumors are the most common cause followed by vascular diseases, infection, nephritis and blood dyscrasias. Nephrectomy when possible should be performed expeditiously since conservative therapy is uniformly unsuccessful.
The Artist as Demagogue

The differences between Midnight’s Children and Shame are based on a continuity and a contradiction: namely, that in Midnight’s Children the masses speak in a written form through an epic scribe, the prototype of Valmiki; whereas in Shame it is the Pakistani elite who speak in an oral form through a matriarchal storyteller. The popular and the literary are intentionally crossed.
Automatic Addition of Conflicting Properties

The problem of model/program repair focuses on revising an existing model/program to satisfy new properties. These properties can be safety, liveness, availability, or fault-tolerance requirements. Existing solutions focus on adding compatible properties, i.e., properties that can be satisfied while preserving the existing properties. In other words, they try to generate programs that satisfy the existing properties as well as the new desired properties. It follows that if one were to add a conflicting property, i.e., a property that cannot be satisfied while preserving existing properties, then the previous solutions declare failure to obtain the desired program. However, adding conflicting properties arises when one replaces an existing requirement with another– e.g., replacing fairness requirement with priority to some process. In this paper, we focus on the problem of adding conflicting properties. We present an algorithm for explicit addition of properties that adds new desired properties while preserving only an explicitly specified subset of existing properties. In turn, we use it to develop an algorithm for adding conflicting properties. We illustrate our algorithms with an example of job scheduling.
Extended Hill’s lemma for non-Cauchy continua based on the simplified strain gradient elasticity theory

Hill’s lemma for the Cauchy continuum has been playing an important role in micromechanics. An extended version of Hill’s lemma for non-Cauchy continua is formulated using the simplified strain gradient elasticity theory (SSGET), which contains only one material length scale parameter and can account for the microstructure-dependent strain gradient effect. As a corollary of the extended Hill’s lemma, the Hill–Mandel macro-homogeneity condition for non-Cauchy continua is obtained along with the general forms of kinematically and statically admissible boundary conditions that are required for constructing an energetically equivalent homogeneous comparison material. Based on these general forms, four sets of uniform boundary conditions are identified, which are implementable in material tests and can be directly used in homogenization analyses of heterogeneous materials. It is shown that when the strain gradient effect is suppressed, the extended Hill’s lemma recovers the classical Hill’s lemma for the Cauchy continuum and the extended Hill–Mandel condition reduces to its classical counterpart.
The trials of Galileo

There are so many books about Galileo, author Dan Hofstadter remarks, so why another? Given that 2009 marks the 400th anniversary of the first astronomical use of the telescope, where Galileo's role was paramount, the answer may seem obvious. But that is not where the strength of Hofstadter's book lies. In The Earth Moves: Galileo and the Roman Inquisition, he instead advances the clock to 1633, towards the end of the Italian scientist's career and the year of the infamous trial that resulted after Galileo's Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems was published in 1632.
States of water in proton exchange membranes: Part A - Influence of chemical structure and composition

Abstract Disulfonated poly(arylene ether) and polyimide copolymers can phase separate to form nanoscale hydrophilic and hydrophobic domain morphology. Water in these domains has been assigned to three different states, tightly bound, loosely bound and free water. The states of water were characterized using DSC, NMR relaxation and TGA. The chemical structures of the proton exchange membranes were varied in chemical composition, microstructure (random and block) and also regarding functional sulfonic acid groups fixed to the polymer backbones. A strong dependence of the types of water on the ion content and morphology was observed. For the random copolymers, the formation of free water in the system occurs after reaching a certain ion content. For the multi-blocks, in addition to the ion content, free water also develops with increasing block lengths. The formation of continuous morphology in the copolymers was correlated to the onset of free water. Influences of the states of water on PEM transport properties will be reported separately.
National Trends and Characteristics of Success in the Urology Match Process

AbstractIntroduction: We examined temporal trends in urology residency applicant statistics and characteristics through time.Methods: Match statistics during 2006 to 2016 were obtained from the Ame...
A heuristic approach for solving a rich min-max vehicle routing problem with mixed fleet and mixed demand

Abstract We propose a new heuristic approach for a new variant of vehicle routing problem with a min-max objective function and mixed types of service demands satisfied by a mixed fleet. It is assumed that vehicles with unlimited service capacity, which have different service and transfer speeds, operate on demand points grouped in regions with boundaries that cannot be passed. The proposed solution method is based on swarm intelligence. A numerical study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Comment of the Global Antitrust Institute, Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University, on the Japan Patent Office's Tentative Guidelines on Licensing Negotiations Involving SEPs

This comment is submitted in response to the Japan Patent Office's request for comments on its Guidelines for Licensing Negotiations Involving Standard Essential Patents. The Global Antitrust Institute's Competition Advocacy Program provides a wide-range of recommendations to facilitate adoption of economically sound competition policy, including how to analyze conduct involving standard essential patents.
Myoblast fusion confusion: the resolution begins.

The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes. How myoblast fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific manner has remained a mystery for decades. Through the discovery of two muscle-specific fusion proteins, Myomaker and Myomerger–Minion, we are now primed to make significant advances in our knowledge of myoblast fusion. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the biology of Myomaker and Minion–Myomerger, places these findings in the context of known pathways in mammalian myoblast fusion, and highlights areas that require further investigation. As our understanding of myoblast fusion matures so does our potential ability to manipulate cell fusion for therapeutic purposes.
A hybrid finite volume-finite element model for the numerical analysis of furrow irrigation and fertigation

Abstract This study presents a hybrid Finite Volume – Finite Element (FV-FE) model that describes the coupled surface-subsurface flow processes occurring during furrow irrigation and fertigation. The numerical approach combines a one-dimensional description of water flow and solute transport in an open channel with a two-dimensional description of water flow and solute transport in a subsurface soil domain, thus reducing the dimensionality of the problem and the computational cost. The modeling framework includes the widely used hydrological model, HYDRUS, which can simulate the movement of water and solutes, as well as root water and nutrient uptake in variably-saturated soils. The robustness of the proposed model was examined and confirmed by mesh and time step sensitivity analyses. The model was theoretically validated by comparison with simulations conducted with the well-established model WinSRFR and experimentally validated by comparison with field-measured data from a furrow fertigation experiment conducted in the US.
Enhancing digital libraries and portals with canonical structures for complex objects

Individual digital library resources are of interest in their own right, but, in some domains, resources can be part of (perhaps multiple) complex objects. We focus on domains with complex objects where a digital library user can benefit from seeing and browsing a resource in the context of its structure(s). We introduce canonical structures that can represent local digital library structures; the canonical structures allow us to provide sophisticated browsing/navigation aids in a generic way. We evaluate a means to transfer the structure of our resources to a digital library portal. We implement and evaluate approaches based on OAI-PMH and OAI-ORE using Dublin Core--with and without a custom namespace. We also transfer the canonical structure to a portal where our navigation widget is implemented.
Correspondence analysis, association analysis, and generalized nonindependence analysis of contingency tables: Saturated and unsaturated models, and appropriate graphical displays

Abstract For the analysis of nonindependence between the row classification and column classification in an I x J contingency table, a general method is introduced (viz., generalized nonindependence analysis) that includes as special cases the usual correspondence analysis method and the two forms of association analysis (viz., unweighted and weighted association analysis). For each of these methods of analysis, both the saturated model and related unsaturated models are considered, and so are the related graphical displays. With respect to the graphical displays, we show, for example, that the usual correspondence analysis graphical display can be misleading, and that it should be replaced by a different graphical display. The advantages of using the graphical displays presented here rather than the usual correspondence analysis graphical display are discussed. AMS 1980 classification numbers: 62H17; 62H20; 62J10
Micro-Energy Rates for Damage Tolerance and Durability of Composite Structures

In this paper, the adhesive bond strength of lap-jointed graphite/aluminum composites is examined by computational simulation. Computed micro-stress level energy release rates are used to identify the damage mechanisms associated with the corresponding acoustic emission (AE) signals. Computed damage regions are similarly correlated with ultrasonically scanned damage regions. Results show that computational simulation can be used with suitable NDE methods for credible in-service monitoring of composites.
§8.84 “Testimonial” Hearsay —Reach and Limits of the Crawford Doctrine

This article addresses the definition and scope of “testimonial” hearsay under the Crawford doctrine. It discusses the four factors that are most likely to qualify an out-of-court statement as testimonial hearsay under the Sixth Amendment. In addition to discussing the facts and holding of Crawford, it discusses the subsequent cases interpreting that opinion.
Potential of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging in discriminating corn kernels infected with aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

The potential of near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging over the 900-2500 nm spectral range was examined for discrimination of artificially-inoculated corn kernels with aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus in this study. The two A. flavus strains, aflatoxigenic AF13 and non-aflatoxigenic AF36 were used for inoculation on corn kernels. Four treatments were included, with each treatment consisting of 100 kernels. Each treatment of 100 kernels were artificially inoculated with AF13 or AF36 strain and incubated at 30 °C for 3 and 8 days, separately. The mean spectra were extracted from the collected NIR hyperspectral images for individual corn kernels, and then based on the mean spectra, the principal component analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) method was employed to establish the classification models. The pairwise classification models were established by the PCA-LDA method to discriminate the AF36-inoculated and the AF13-inoculated kernels at different incubation days. All the overall accuracies obtained by the pairwise models were ≥98.0%. A common model that takes the AF13-inoculated kernels at different incubation days as one class and the AF36-inoculated kernels at different incubation days as the second class, achieved an overall accuracy of 99.0% for the prediction samples. This indicates a great potential of using NIR hyperspectral imaging to classify corn kernels infected by aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus regardless of infection time.
Lattice theory for binding of linear polymers to a solid substrate from polymer melts: I. Influence of chain connectivity on molecular binding and adsorption

Most theories of the binding of molecules to surfaces or for the association between molecules treat the binding species as structureless entities and neglect their rigidity and the changes in their stiffness induced by the binding process. The binding species are also taken to be “ideal,” meaning that the existence of van der Waals interactions and changes in these interactions upon molecular binding are also neglected. An understanding of the thermodynamics of these multifunctional molecular binding processes has recently come into focus in the context of the molecular binding of complex molecules, such as dendrimers and DNA grafted nanoparticles, to surfaces where the degree of binding cooperativity and selectivity, as well as the location of the binding transition, are found to be sensitive to the number of binding units constrained to a larger scale polymeric scaffold. We address the fundamental problem of molecular binding by extending classical Langmuir theory to describe the particular example of the reversible binding of semiflexible polymer chains to a solid substrate under melt conditions. The polymer chains are assumed to have a variable number N of binding units (segments) and to exhibit variable bending energies and van der Waals interactions in the bulk and on the surface, in addition to strong directional interactions with the surface. The resulting generalized Langmuir theory is applied to the examination of the influence of the chain connectivity of ideal polymers on the surface coverage Θ, transition binding temperature T1/2 at which Θ = 1/2, and on the derivative |dΘ/dT|T=T1/2 and the constant volume specific heat of binding, Cvbind, measures of the cooperativity and “sharpness” of the binding transition, respectively. Paper II is devoted to the impact of the van der Waals attractive interactions and chain stiffness on the reversible binding of nonideal polymer chains to a solid surface, including the enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon observed experimentally in many molecular and particle binding processes.
The Use of Older Versus Newer Data in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database Influences the Results of Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes Studies.

Introduction National databases, such as the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, are frequently used for total hip arthroplasty (THA) studies. NSQIP variables and the population included in the database have evolved over time. These changes may influence the results of studies using different periods of data. Methods THA patients were aggregated from the 2005 to 2010 and 2011 to 2015 NSQIP data sets to define two era groups. Demographic data and 30-day perioperative outcomes were compared between the groups. As an example analysis, multivariate Poisson regression was used to determine the correlation between age and perioperative outcomes for each group. Results Of 102,411 THA patients identified, 8098 cases were from 2005 to 2010 and 94,313 were from 2011 to 2015. A number of preoperative characteristics and perioperative outcomes were significantly different between the era groups. Multivariate analysis of the 2005 to 2010 group showed that increasing age was significantly associated with urinary tract infection and length of stay (LOS), and multivariate analysis of the 2011 to 2015 group showed that age was significantly associated with urinary tract infection, LOS, 30-day mortality, unplanned reintubation, extended LOS, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis/thrombophlebitis, blood transfusion, and return to the operating room. Conclusion Significantly more THA patients were enrolled in the NSQIP in the years between 2005 and 2015. Populations in 2005 to 2010 versus 2011 to 2015 were associated with differences in preoperative characteristics and perioperative outcomes. In an example analysis, it was shown that these differences together lead to different study results and conclusions. This needs to be considered when interpreting and conducting studies using earlier NSQIP data.
Guns, Butter, and Growth: The Consequences of Military Spending Reconsidered:

How does increasing military spending affect social spending and economic growth? We argue leaders vary in their preferences over how to pay for military spending and failing to account for interde...