cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of complementary GaAs technology for high-speed VLSI circuits

A self-aligned complementary GaAs (CGaAs) technology (developed at Motorola) for low-power, portable, digital and mixed-mode circuits is being extended to address high-speed VLSI circuit applications. The process supports full complementary, unipolar (pseudo-DCFL), source-coupled, and dynamic (domino) logic families. Though this technology is not yet mature, it is years ahead of CMOS in terms of fast gate delays at low power supply voltages. Complementary circuits operating at 0.9 V have demonstrated power-delay products of 0.01 /spl mu/W/MHz/gate. Propagation delays of unipolar circuits are as low as 25 ps. Logic families can be mixed on a chip to trade power for delay. CGaAs is being evaluated for VLSI applications through the design of a PowerPC-architecture microprocessor.
Social Structure, Robustness, and Policing Cost in a Cognitively Sophisticated Species

Abstract: Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third‐party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third‐party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non–kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low‐cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low‐power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effect...
The Emergence, Maintenance, and Dissolution of Structural Hole Brokerage Within Consortia

This essay focuses on the emergence, maintenance, and dissolution of structural hole brokerage within consortia. The difficulties in forming consortia are well known. Many are associated with the natural structural hole that exists between the parties. Approaches to this problem have been hampered historically by theoretic traditions that have focused on either classic system benefits or more contemporary market consideration of individual interests. Here the author develops propositions concerning the emergence, maintenance, and dissolution of these relationships, focusing on four central factors drawn from different theoretic traditions: homophily, trust, the balance between threats and shared interests, and the balance between differentiation and integration. The author then discusses the implications of this integrated theoretical framework for researcher-practitioner relationships as an exemplar and for trends in network analysis research.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. 2617—The effect of stereochemistry on the course of the characteristic ring D fragmentation of steroid hydrocarbons

The ring D cleavage of the sterol skeleton with loss of carbon atoms 15, 16 and 17 together with the side-chain is one of the most characteristic and structurally useful mass spectral features of steroids. It has been tacitly assumed that the hydrogen rearrangements accompanying this process are not sensitive to stereochemical changes. Using deuterium labeling it has now been demonstrated that the stereochemistry at various positions of the nucleus, notably 8, 9 and 14, strongly affects this process. Possible rationalizations for this unexpected observation are presented.
Optimum Signals and the Uncertainty Principle

Abstract : The problem of finding an optimal signal g(t) which satisfies certain constraints in both the time and frequency domains is examined. Relying on the theory of entire functions, a general representation of g(t) in terms of prolate spheroidal wave functions is obtained which reduces the problem to the solution of a nonlinear integral equation. Particular examples illustrating the solution procedure are discussed. (Author)
DO THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS REST ON A MISTAKE

I think standard theories of consciousness rest on a mistake. They assume reductionism: states involving phenomenal consciousness are physicalfunctional states. But I think consciousness resists reductive explanation. This is primitivism. The name is imperfect. It suggests a spooky dualism. It also suggests a no-theory theory. But primitivism is compatible with physicalist supervenience and naturalism about the mind. It is also compatible with interesting non-reductive theories of consciousness. I will sketch such a theory here. Primitivism is not preposterous. Reductionism is not science but speculative metaphysics. The standard (simplicity and causal) arguments for it are weak. Even among naturalistically inclined philosophers, primitivism is taken very seriously for reference, the intentionality of thought, goodness, color, and knowledge. Why not for consciousness? To explain why I favor primitivism, I must distinguish between two questions:
Searching, selecting, and synthesizing source code

As a programmer writes new software, he or she may instinctively sense that certain functionality is generally or widely-enough applicable to have been implemented before. Unfortunately, programmers face major challenges when attempting to reuse this functionality: First, developers must search for source code relevant to the high-level task at hand. Second, they must select specific components from the relevant code to reuse. Third, they synthesize these components into their own software projects. Techniques exist to address specific instances of these three challenges, but these techniques do not support programmers throughout the reuse process. The goal of this research is to create a unified approach to searching, selecting, and synthesizing source code. We believe that this approach will provide programmers with crucial insight on how high-level functionality present in existing software can be reused.
Effects of structural iron reduction on the hydraulic conductivity of Na-smectite

The long-term impermeability of clay barriers in waste disposal facilities and hydraulic struc- tures is of critical importance to environmental, agricultural, and industrial concerns. Changes in the oxidation state of Fe in the constituent clays of compacted clay barriers may degrade the hydraulic conductivity of these structures because other properties related to hydraulic conductivity, such as swelling, gel microstructure, and particle size, are greatly altered by the oxidation state. Two Na-saturated smectites (SWa-1 and API 25) were reduced by sodium dithionite (Na2S204), both in suspension and in situ after consolidation, to examine the effects of structural Fe reduction on hydraulic conductivity. Results indicated that the hydraulic conductivity depended on both the oxidation state and the consolidation history of the clay. The hydraulic conductivity of clay reduced in suspension before consolidation was lower than that of oxidized clay. Initially reduced smectite, thus, may be compactable to a less-permeable material with higher bulk density. But reduction of smectite in situ after consolidation increased the hydraulic conductivity and its variability. The oxidized state of clay liners should, therefore, be preserved.
A Randomized Trial of MBSR Versus Aerobic Exercise for Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent (Kessler et al., 2005), chronic (Cairney et al., 2007), and undertreated (Wang et al., 2005) psychiatric condition. SAD is associated with self-criticism, low self-esteem (Cox, Fleet, & Stein, 2004), and an exaggerated focus on perceived deficient characteristics of the self (Goldin, Ramel, & Gross, 2009; Moscovitch, 2009). There are several empirically tested interventions for SAD, including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). These interventions are associated with decreased social anxiety symptoms and improved quality of life and well-being (see review by Pontoski, Heimberg, Turk, & Coles, 2010). Unfortunately, there are many individuals with SAD who are unwilling to undertake these treatments or who fail to adequately respond to them. This has prompted a search for non-traditional interventions, including Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1990).
Gravitational vacuum polarization. II. Energy conditions in the Boulware vacuum.

Building on techniques developed in the preceding paper, I investigate the various pointwise and averaged energy conditions for the quantum stress-energy tensor corresponding to a conformally coupled massless scalar field in the Boulware vacuum. I work in the test-field limit, restrict attention to the Schwarzschild geometry, and invoke a mixture of analytical and numerical techniques. In contradistinction to the case of the Hartle-Hawking vacuum, wherein violations of the energy conditions were confined to the region between the event horizon and the unstable photon orbit, I show that in the Boulware vacuum (1) all standard (pointwise and averaged) energy conditions are violated throughout the exterior region, all the way from spatial infinity down to the event horizon, and (2) outside the event horizon the standard pointwise energy conditions are violated in a maximal manner: They are violated at all points and for all null or timelike vectors. (The region inside the event horizon is considerably messier and of dubious physical relevance. Nevertheless, the standard pointwise energy conditions seem to be violated even inside the event horizon.) I argue that this is highly suggestive evidence, pointing to the fact that general self-consistent solutions of semiclassical quantum gravity might {ital not} satisfy themore » energy conditions and may in fact for certain quantum fields and certain quantum states violate {ital all} the energy conditions. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Nanomeasurements of individual carbon nanotubes by in situ TEM

Property characterization of nanomaterials is challenged by the small size of the structure because of the difficulties in manipulation. Here we demonstrate a novel approach that allows a direct measurement of the mechanical and electrical properties of individual nanotube-like structures by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The technique is powerful in a way that it can be directly correlated to the atomic-scale microstructure of the carbon nanotube with its physical properties, thus providing a complete characterization of the nanotube. Applications of the technique will be demonstrated in measurements of the mechanical properties, the electron field emission, and the ballistic quantum conductance of individual carbon nanotubes. A nanobalance technique is demonstrated that can be applied to measure the mass of a single tiny particle as light as 22 fg (1 f = 10 -15 ).
COMPLICATIONS OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE

Although neurologists often evaluate the surgical complications of other physicians, they are responsible for complications of the lumbar puncture, the quintessential neurologic procedure. Headache is the most common complication, usually lasting 1 week or less, occurring in up to 40 % of patients after lumbar puncture. Other complications, including headaches lasting from 8 days to 1 year, cranial neuropathies, prolonged backache, nerve root injury, and meningitis, are rare, following perhaps 0.3 % of lumbar punctures.136 The prospect of a lumbar puncture, however, seems to cause an inordinate amount of fear and anxiety in patients. This article reviews historical aspects and the following complications of lumbar puncture: cerebral and spinal herniation, post–dural puncture headache, cranial neuropathies, nerve root irritation, low back pain, stylet-associated problems, infectious complications, and bleeding complications (Table 1).
Simulation‐based irrigation scheduling as a water management tool in developing countries

An Irrigation District Decision Support System (IRDDESS) is described and applied to a large irrigation scheme in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia. Crop yields are simulated over a 12-year period in order to determine which of 12 separate irrigation schedules in use meet certain specified objectives. IRDDESS is a crop growth and irrigation district simulation model capable of predicting biomass development and yields for fields varying in soil type and irrigation management scenarios. IRDDESS also tracks water demand in the distribution system. Results show which of the 12 schedules will meet specific objectives of maximizing yields or minimizing water use and illustrate the potential of such decision support system in evaluation and management of large irrigation schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time-resolved measurements of stimulated-Brillouin-scattering phase jumps.

We report time-resolved measurements of the phase of the Stokes beam produced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in gases. We observed phase jumps, slow phase drifts, and sudden frequency shifts during the temporal evolution of individual Stokes pulses. Phase jumps, and the intensity variations that accompany them, are macroscopic manifestations of the noise that initiates and sustains stimulated scattering.
Addiction, Choice and Criminal Law

This chapter is a contribution to a volume, Addiction and Choice, edited by Nick Heather and Gabriel Segal that is forthcoming from Oxford University Press. Some claim that addiction is a chronic and relapsing brain disease; others claim that it is a product of choice; yet others think that addictions have both disease and choice aspects. Which of these views holds sway in a particular domain enormously influences how that domain treats addictions. With limited exceptions, Anglo-American criminal law has implicitly adopted the choice model and a corresponding approach to responsibility. Addiction is irrelevant to the criteria for the prima facie case of crime, it is not an excusing or mitigating condition per se, and it does not contribute relevant evidence to existing excusing conditions, such as legal insanity. This chapter evaluates the criminal law’s model of responsibility using scientific and clinical evidence and dominant criminal law theories. It concludes that although the law’s approach is generally justifiable, current doctrine and practice are probably too unforgiving and harsh. Recommendations for reform conclude the chapter.
Cosmology: Photons from dwarf galaxy zap hydrogen.

The detection of photons sufficiently energetic to ionize neutral hydrogen, coming from a compact, star-forming galaxy, offers clues to how the first generation of galaxies may have reionized hydrogen gas in the early Universe. See Letter p.178 The early Universe went through a period known as the cosmic 'Dark Ages', when matter was largely transparent to radiation and transformed to neutral gas. Later, some 800 million years after the Big Bang, it was ionized again. Which sources were responsible for this re-ionization? Low-mass, star-forming galaxies are prime candidates, but are hard to observe. Here Yuri Izotov et al. present far-ultraviolet observations of a nearby low-mass star-forming galaxy that can be considered a proxy for the reionizing galaxy population. The galaxy, J0925+1403, is leaking ionizing radiation with an escape fraction of ∼8 per cent. The total number of photons emitted during the starburst phase is sufficient to ionize intergalactic medium material that is about 40 times as massive as the stellar mass of the galaxy.
The Performance of ANSI/ASQC Z1.9–1980 under the Switching Rules

ANSI/ASQC Z1.9–1980, the civilian version of MIL-STD-414, is intended to be used with switching rules in moving among tightened, normal, and reduced inspection to achieve overall scheme performance...
Hybridizing cross-polarization with NOE or refocused-INEPT enhances the sensitivity of MAS NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Heteronuclear cross polarization (CP) has been commonly used to enhance the sensitivity of dilute low-γ nuclei in almost all solid-state NMR experiments. However, CP relies on heteronuclear dipolar couplings, and therefore the magnetization transfer efficiency becomes inefficient when the dipolar couplings are weak, as is often the case for mobile components in solids. Here, we demonstrate methods that combine CP with heteronuclear Overhauser effect (referred to as CP-NOE) or with refocused-INEPT (referred to as CP-RINEPT) to overcome the efficiency limitation of CP and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for mobile components. Our experimental results reveal that, compared to the conventional CP, significant S/N ratio enhancement can be achieved for resonances originating from mobile components, whereas the resonance signals associated with rigid groups are not significantly affected due to their long spin–lattice relaxation times. In fact, the S/N enhancement factor is also dependent on the temperature, CP contact time as well as on the system under investigation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that CP-RINEPT experiment can be successfully employed to independently detect mobile and rigid signals in a single experiment without affecting the data collection time. However, the resolution of CP spectrum obtained from the CP-RINEPT experiment could be slightly compromised by the mandatory use of continuous wave (CW) decoupling during the acquisition of signals from rigid components. In addition, CP-RINEPT experiment can be used for spectral editing utilizing the difference in dynamics of different regions of a molecule and/or different components present in the sample, and could also be useful for the assignment of resonances from mobile components in poorly resolved spectra. Therefore, we believe that the proposed approaches are beneficial for the structural characterization of multiphase and heterogeneous systems, and could be used as a building block in multidimensional solid-state NMR experiments.
A double-take on reality television: Laverne Cox’s political and pedagogical gestural humor

AbstractAlthough Laverne Cox has become best known as a serious actress, advocate, and activist, her career was propelled forward by an appearance on reality television. While her participation in the reality television show I Want to Work for Diddy is usually only addressed within the context of representational politics, this article contends that her performance on the show demands additional attention, specifically her use of politically charged gestural humor. Through close-analysis of Cox’s double-take, I argue that Cox uses gestural humor to resist reality television’s demand for emotional authenticity and stereotyped performances, particularly the stereotype of the angry black woman. Moreover, I demonstrate that Cox uses the double-take to position herself as an audience surrogate, using humor pedagogically to teach the audience how to respond to transphobia critically.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5,8-quinoxaline ethynylene)s

A majority of conjugated organic polymers are electron-rich materials, with far fewer electron-poor (i.e., electron accepting) analogues. Here we report the synthesis and preliminary characterizati...
Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Student Achievement in Introductory Psychology

(1960). Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Student Achievement in Introductory Psychology. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 263-267.
Exposing Uncertainty in Bid Preparation of Steel Construction Cost Estimating: II. Comparative Analysis and Quantitative C-I-V-I-L Classification

AbstractBid prices vary greatly based on assumptions about uncertain conditions. In steel construction bidding, the contingency amount is typically used as a bid line item to factor in the unexpected—including impact of uncertainty—to the lump-sum bid price. Therefore, the goal of this research is to explore the impacts of uncertainties that contribute to contingency amounts. The costs of uncertainties in bid documents of several real-world school projects have been calculated. Contributions to the body of knowledge are (1) providing illustrative examples of real-world uncertainties from the data set; (2) statistically analyzing the relative occurrence and cost significance to increase estimators’ awareness when they evaluate uncertainties; and (3) comparing the cost significance from the data with officially recommended contingency percentages. This research enables steel estimators to make quantitative-based decisions on contingencies in their estimates should various major types of uncertainties arise ...
D-Link DNS-323 Network Storage Applications in Small Units of Traffic Interchange

Briefly describes the D-Link DNS-323 network storage applications in small units of traffic Interchange,DNS-323 from the price on the 10 or so for users of small units,installation process,set to maintain a simple,although there are some minor deficiencies,but for small units is DNS-323 network storage to meet the needs of their upload and download.
Daydreams and the True Self Daydreaming Styles Are Related to Authenticity

The feeling of knowing and expressing one’s true self (i.e., authenticity) is a critical component of well-being. This research examined how patterns of inner mental experience, or daydreaming styl...
Cytokinetic and biochemical effects of sangivamycin in human colon carcinoma cells in culture.

The cytotoxic and biochemical activity of the pyrrolopyrimidine antibiotic, sangivamycin, was examined in a human colon carcinoma in tissue culture. Logarithmically growing cells were more sensitive than early plateau-phase cells to the lethal effects of the drug as determined by colony formation in soft agar. Cell lethality in both log- and plateau-phase cells became more pronounced when drug exposure time was increased from 2 hr to 24-48 hr. Reduced cell viability correlated with the inhibition of total RNA synthesis after 2 hr of drug exposure, and with reduced DNA synthesis and incorporation of drug into DNA and RNA after 24-48 hr of drug exposure. Fractionation of total RNA into non-poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-containing RNA indicated that inhibition of the synthesis of both RNA species occurred after 24 hr of exposure of log-phase cells to sangivamycin. Neither RNA fraction was affected in plateau-phase cells after 48 hr of drug exposure. In contrast, a close correlation was found between the incorporation of [ 3 H]sangivamycin into poly(A)RNA and cell lethality after 24-48 hr of exposure of both log- and plateau-phase cells to sangivamycin. These results show that a human colon carcinoma is responsive to sangivamycin following prolonged drug-exposure intervals and that the associated cytotoxicity correlates closely with the incorporation of drug into mRNA, as well as inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Human Coprolites from Antelope House: Preliminary Analysis

ABSTRACTPreliminary analysis of the human coprolites from Antelope House indicates that corn and squash were the primary domestic foods. These resources were greatly supplemented by a wide variety of wild plant foods, apparently indicative of adaptation to a broad spectrum pattern of resource utilization. Meat consumption is inferred from the presence of bone, hair, and feathers in the coprolites. Parasite analysis has demonstrated the presence of the ubiquitous, but exclusively human, pinworn (Enterobius vermicularis). In addition, free-living rhabditoid nematodes and mites have been identified in the samples.
Abstract SY16-03: Targeting Bcl-2 as a therapeutic strategy and predictive biomarker in CLL

The selective BCL-2 antagonist venetoclax has recently demonstrated striking efficacy in patients with CLL, even those with high risk, refractory disease. This presentation will review the preclinical data that supported exploring BCL-2 inhibition in CLL and the clinical trial results of venetoclax monotherapy in this disease. Tumor lysis syndrome and how this risk can be mitigated will also be discussed. Mitochondrial priming reflects the proximity of a cell to the threshold of apoptosis and can be measured using a functional technique known as BH3 profiling. Data will also be presented which suggest that BH3 profiling may serve as a predictive biomarker of response to venetoclax in CLL, and that the change in priming in response to ex vivo drug treatments may help identify optimal combination partners for venetoclax to inform the design of clinical trials for CLL patients. Citation Format: Matthew S. Davids. Targeting Bcl-2 as a therapeutic strategy and predictive biomarker in CLL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr SY16-03.
Privacy and Territoriality Issues in an Online Social Learning Portal

Following the popularity of Wikipedia, community authoring systems are increasingly in use as content sharing outlets. As such, a Web-based portal for sharing of user-generated content e.g., course notes, quiz answers, etc. shows prospect to be a great tool for social E-Learning. Among others, students are expected to be active contributors in such systems in order to offer and receive peer-help. However, privacy and territoriality concerns can be potential barriers to wide adoption of such technology. Understanding the preference for sharing learning content is the first step to address privacy and territoriality concerns of content providers. The authors conduct a survey among students in four university courses in order to learn their preference for sharing notes and quiz answers with three target groups: instructor, peer, and stranger i.e., someone outside their class. The authors also examine the preference for acceptable method of sharing by inquiring about three methods: "anonymous sharing," "pseudonymous sharing," and "sharing with name". They further investigate the importance of "content type," "sharing method," and "accessor type" on the preference for sharing. The survey also reveals respondents' self-reported reasons for controlling access to their generated learning content. The survey data indicate that even though the respondents have various levels of concerns, almost all of them are willing to share. The authors observe relationships between content type and respondents' preference over each of these parameters: accessor type, commentator type, and sharing method.
Kinship Tropes as Critique of Patronage in Postwar Sierra Leone

Murphy examines a key discursive strategy in postwar struggles of national reconstruction in Sierra Leone: namely, redefining and reframing the meaning of kinship tropes and norms of patronage politics. The kinship model of authority—for example, trope of leader as “father”—provides rhetorical means for criticizing “big man” patronage for not conforming to kinship norms of reciprocity and compassionate solicitude for the most vulnerable and needy. Patrons are accused, especially by socially vulnerable youth and women, of imposing harsh patriarchal power and filial servitude, which profits from clientelist dependency in a postwar political economy of widespread social and economic deprivation. This argument leads to broader theoretical questions concerning the structural tension in all crisis-ridden societies between clientelism and citizenship in nation-building.
Using SpaceWire time codes for spacecraft time synchronization: SpaceWire missions and applications, short paper

This paper describes how SpaceWire Time Codes can be used for synchronizing time within various subsystems of a spacecraft as well as, maintaining a common time reference needed for coordinating operations within a spacecraft. The algorithms to account for inaccuracies in the time distribution method were based on the NASA-4009 Space Telecommunication Radio System (STRS) standard [1], which defined an interface for synchronizing clocks running at different tick rates and tick resolutions.
Delayed Hepatitis B Active Viral Replications without Active Viral Biochemical Hepatitis Two Months after Cessation of Pre-Emptive Adefovir Therapy in a Patient with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Treated with Rituximab and Fludarabine Chemotherapy.

Introduction: Reactivation of HBV is a well-known complication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy for malignancy. The incidence of hepatitis directly resulting from reactivation of HBV has been reported as 49% in HBs antigen-positive-patients with lymphoma. Preemptive use of lamivudine has successfully reduced the fatal complication of HBV reactivation after chemotherapy. The Optimal duration of Lamivudine adminstration has not yet been defined, although additional 1–2 months of therapy after chemotherapy cessation is recommended according to some studies. The efficacy and duration of therapy with Adefovir has not been established in the same circumstances. Method: A 32-year-old Fillipino female, who presented in September 2004 with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. She was found to have Hepatitis B surface antigen positive. Other Hepatitis B related laboratory testing revealed negative hepatitis B Delta antibody, negative hepatitis BE antigen negative hepatitis B core antibody IgM and positive hepatitis BE antibody. Hepatitis B DNA less than 500 copies/ML. Patient was started on pre-emptive Adefovir during her treatment with 4 cycles of Fludrabine followed by four weekly treatment with rituximab. She achieved partial response and Adefovir was discontinued two months after completion of chemotherapy and Rituximab. Prior to proceeding with high dose chemotherapy with stem cell support four months after discontinuation of Adefovir, repeat hepatitis B DNA revealed more than 10 millon copies with normal biochemical profile. Conclusion: Use of adefovir for during and for 2 months after Rituximab containing chemotherapy was not successful in preventing reactivation of hepatitis B virus, and extreme caution should be practiced when treating a patient with a positive HBs antigen with Rituximab containing chemotherapy. Also the optimal duration for continuing HBV prophylaxis is not known, but clearly 2 months is a suboptimal duration. It is unknown if adefovir is as effective as lamivudine in preventing reactivation of HBV with Rituximab. The lag of HBV related hepatitis despite active viral replication cholud be related to prior immune-suppression by Rituximab and Fludarabine.
Neonatal resuscitation: advances in training and practice

Each year in the US, some four hundred thousand newborns need help breathing when they are born. Due to the frequent need for resuscitation at birth, it is vital to have evidence-based care guidelines and to provide effective neonatal resuscitation training. Every five years, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) reviews the science of neonatal resuscitation. In the US, the American Heart Association (AHA) develops treatment guidelines based on the ILCOR science review, and the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) translates the AHA guidelines into an educational curriculum. In this report, we review recent advances in neonatal resuscitation training and practice. We begin with a review of the new 7th edition NRP training curriculum. Then, we examine key changes to the 2015 AHA neonatal resuscitation guidelines. The four components of the NRP curriculum reviewed here include eSim®, Performance Skills Stations, Integrated Skills Station, and Simulation and Debriefing. The key changes to the AHA neonatal resuscitation guidelines reviewed include initial steps of newborn care, positive-pressure ventilation, endotracheal intubation and use of laryngeal mask, chest compressions, medications, resuscitation of preterm newborns, and ethics and end-of-life care. We hope this report provides a succinct review of recent advances in neonatal resuscitation.
Jay Wickersham, ATR response to Peggy Deamer, 11 November 2016

Dear Editors:I appreciate Peggy Deamer’s close reading of my article on the impact of anti-monopoly laws upon architectural ethics and practice. I’d like to clarify certain points that I made, and ...
Macronutrient intake in preschoolers with cystic fibrosis and the relationship between macronutrients and growth

Background Adequate nutrition is essential for growth in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The new CF Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines bring attention to monitoring macronutrient intake as well as total energy.
Modular group representations associated to SO(p)2-TQFTS

In this paper, we prove that for any odd prime p greater than 3, the modular group representation associated to the SO(p)2-topological quantum field theory can be defined over the ring of integers ...
Using LSTM recurrent neural networks to predict excess vibration events in aircraft engines

This paper examines building viable Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) using Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neurons to predict aircraft engine vibrations. The model is trained on a large database of flight data records obtained from an airline containing flights that suffered from excessive vibration. RNNs can provide a more generalizable and robust method for prediction over analytical calculations of engine vibration, as analytical calculations must be solved iteratively based on specific empirical engine parameters, and this database contains multiple types of engines. Further, LSTM RNNs provide a “memory” of the contribution of previous time series data which can further improve predictions of future vibration values. LSTM RNNs were used over traditional RNNs, as those suffer from vanishing/exploding gradients when trained with back propagation. The study managed to predict vibration values for 5, 10 and 20 seconds in the future, with 3.3%, 5.51% and 10.19% mean absolute error, respectively. These neural networks provide a promising means for the future development of warning systems so that suitable actions can be taken before the occurrence of excess vibration to avoid unfavorable situations during flight.
Applying machine learning techniques to recognize arc in vehicle 48 electrical systems

Implementing higher voltages in vehicles like 48V mild hybrid or full-hybrid enables CO 2 reduction and weight savings. However, the increase in the voltage demands an accurate and robust protection system again potential fault conditions. Series arc is one of the fault conditions which needs to be detected and addressed before the benefits of using higher voltages in vehicle can be fully realized. In this paper, an efficient arc detection algorithm is presented based on advanced machine learning algorithms to recognize series arcs in the electrical systems of 48V vehicles. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm recognizes the arcs in the signal with accuracy of more than 99% detection. The algorithm only uses measured current and therefore, no additional wiring will be added to the system.
On-line diagnosis of inter-turn short circuit fault for DC brushed motor.

Abstract Extensive research effort has been made in fault diagnosis of motors and related components such as winding and ball bearing. In this paper, a new concept of inter-turn short circuit fault for DC brushed motors is proposed to include the short circuit ratio and short circuit resistance. A first-principle model is derived for motors with inter-turn short circuit fault. A statistical model based on Hidden Markov Model is developed for fault diagnosis purpose. This new method not only allows detection of motor winding short circuit fault, it can also provide estimation of the fault severity, as indicated by estimation of the short circuit ratio and the short circuit resistance. The estimated fault severity can be used for making appropriate decisions in response to the fault condition. The feasibility of the proposed methodology is studied for inter-turn short circuit of DC brushed motors using simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment. In addition, it is shown that the proposed methodology is reliable with the presence of small random noise in the system parameters and measurement.
Immune-cognitive system connectivity reduces bumblebee foraging success in complex multisensory floral environments

Bumblebees are declining at alarming rate worldwide, posing a significant threat to the function and diversity of temperate ecosystems. These declines have been attributed, in part, to the direct effect of specific pathogens on bumblebee survival. However, pathogens may also have a negative impact on host populations indirectly through immune-induced cognitive deficits in infected individuals. To gain greater insight into mechanisms and potential conservation implications of such ‘immune-brain crosstalk’ in bumblebees, we non-pathogenetically activated humoral and cellular immune pathways in individuals and then tested for long-term reductions in cognitive performance and foraging proficiency. We show that chronic activation of humoral, but not a cellular, immune pathways and effectors in foragers significantly reduces their ability to flexibly and efficiently harvest resources in multi-sensory floral environments for at least 7 days post-treatment. Humoral defense responses thus have the potential to confer significant foraging costs to bumblebee foragers over timeframes that would negatively impact colony growth and reproductive output under natural conditions. Our findings indicate that fitness effects of immune-brain crosstalk should be considered before attributing wild bumblebee decline to a particular pathogen species.
The effects of a growth mindset on self-efficacy and motivation

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a growth mindset intervention would improve adolescent special education students’ self-efficacy and motivation. The sample included sixth, seve...
Sex Hormone-Dependent Differentiation of the Hypothalamus and Sexuality

In 1938 Vera Dantchakoff reported that when prenatally androgen-treated adult female guinea-pigs were given more androgen, they exhibited surprisingly strong male sexual behaviour. In 1959 this important observation was confirmed in quantitative studies by Phoenix et al., who distinguished between a sex hormone-dependent organization and activation period of the brain.
PARAMETERIZATIONS OF THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS

The horizontal grid mesh in atmospheric forecast models is almost always larger than several kilometers, and hence all turbulent eddies within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) are subgrid-scale motions. Therefore the net effect of PBL turbulence has to be parameterized as an ensemble mean through an ensemble-mean turbulence model. There exist many PBL parameterization schemes. Based on a survey Wyngaard and Moeng performed in 1990 (Taylor and Wyngaard [24]), we found these PBL schemes can be categorized into six generic types: 1. Stablility Bounds model 2. Bulk model 3. Transilient turbulence model 4. Richardson-number dependent K model 5. K-profile model 6. Higher-order closure approach
Effects of hunger on foraging behavior of age-0 smallmouth bass in a heterogeneous environment

We examined how hunger affected habitat use by juvenile smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, as they moved among a variety of habitat patches. Hungry and satiated fish were placed in an artificial stream that contained three types of habitat patches: pools with uniform depth and low water velocities, mazes with uniform depth and moderate water velocities, and riffle-pool complexes with varying depth and the highest water velocities. Food was only available in the riffle-pool complexes. Hungry fish spent more time in the riffle-pool complex than satiated fish did. However, hungry and satiated fish did not differ in the time it took to exit the pool they were initially placed in, the number of patches entered, or the number of times they moved among patches. Both hungry and satiated fish frequently entered other patches after foraging successfully in the riffle-pool complexes. There was wide variation in foraging behavior among individuals in both treatment groups, and we consistently observed individuals that did not alter their foraging behavior in response to the difference in food availability among patches.
Agents Acting on Fungal Cell Membranes

Amphotericin B, nystatin, and ciclopirox olamine act on the fungal cell wall. Amphotericin B and nystatin are both polyene antifungals that attach to ergosterol in the fungal cell wall causing leakage of cellular contents and cell death. Amphotericin is available for injection to treat progressive and potentially life-threatening fungal infections. Nystatin is used orally and topically for superficial fungal infections, oral candidiasis, and vaginal candidiasis. Ciclopirox olamine may act by chelation of polyvalent cations (Fe +++ or Al +++) resulting in the inhibition of the metal-dependent enzymes responsible for the degradation of peroxides within the fungal cell. Ciclopirox has also caused intracellular depletion of essential substrates, potassium ions, and other intracellular material. It may also block the uptake of these intracellular materials from the medium. It is used topically for the treatment of tinea infections, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, and onychomycosis.
Predictive models for charitable giving using machine learning techniques

Private giving represents more than three fourths of all U.S. charitable donations, about 2% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Private giving is a significant factor in funding the nonprofit sector of the U.S. economy, which accounts for more than 10% of total GDP. Despite the abundance of data available through tax forms and other sources, it is unclear which factors influence private donation, and a reliable predictive mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to develop predictive models to accurately estimate future charitable giving based on a set of potentially influential factors. We have selected several factors, including unemployment rate, household income, poverty level, population, sex, age, ethnicity, education level, and number of vehicles per household. This study sheds light on the relationship between donation and these variables. We use Stepwise Regression to identify the most influential variables among the available variables, based on which predictive models are developed. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and machine learning techniques, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) are used to develop the predictive models. The results suggest that population, education level, and the amount of charitable giving in the previous year are the most significant, independent variables. We propose three predictive models (MLR, ANN, and SVR) and validate them using 10-fold cross-validation method, then evaluate the performance using 9 different measuring criteria. All three models are capable of predicting the amount of future donations in a given region with good accuracy. Based on the evaluation criteria, using a test data set, ANN outperforms SVR and MLR in predicting the amount of charitable giving in the following year.
Diet-related inflammation and risk of prostate cancer in the California Men's Health Study.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between proinflammatory diet and prostate cancer risk. Methods Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) scores were computed among 40,161 participants in the California Men's Health Study. Over 9.7 ± 3.8 years of follow-up, 2707 incident prostate cancer cases were diagnosed and categorized as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk, based on disease grade and stage. Accelerated failure-time models assessed time to diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Nonlinear effects of E-DII were modeled as third-order polynomials. Results Time to prostate cancer diagnosis did not differ by E-DII quartile. The HR for high-risk prostate cancer increased in the third E-DII quartile (HRQ3 vs. Q1 = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.76), but not in the fourth (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.74–1.32, Ptrend = .74), suggesting a nonlinear dose–response. HR curves for prostate cancer increased exponentially above an E-DII threshold of ≈+3.0. HR curves for high-risk prostate cancer had a much steeper incline above an E-DII threshold of ≈+2.5. Curves were higher among Blacks and Whites relative to other races and among overweight or obese men. No relationship was observed between E-DII scores and intermediate- or low-risk disease. Conclusions Relationships between proinflammatory diet and prostate cancer risk may be nonlinear, with an increased risk above an E-DII threshold of ≈+2.5.
Co-located Retail Clinics and Pharmacies: An Opportunity to Provide More Primary Care.

This paper proposes that co-located retail clinics (RCs) and community pharmacies can increase opportunities to provide more accessible, affordable, and patient-friendly primary care services in the United States. RCs are small businesses of about 150–250 square feet with a clientele of about 10–30 patients each day and most frequently staffed by nurse practitioners (NPs). Community pharmacies in the U.S. at ~67,000 far outnumber RCs at ~2800, thereby opening substantial opportunity for growth. Community pharmacies and pharmacists have been working to increase on-site clinical services, but progress has been slowed by the relative isolation from other practitioners. An ideal merged facility based on an integrated platform is proposed. NPs and pharmacists could share functions that fulfill documented consumer preferences and still maintain separate practice domains. Potential benefits include a broader inventory of clinical services including laboratory tests, immunizations, patient education, and physical assessment, as well as better patient access, interprofessional training opportunities, and economies related to the use of resources, day-to-day operations, and performance metrics. Challenges include the availability of sufficient, appropriately trained staff; limitations imposed by scope of practice and other laws; forging of collaborative relationships between NPs and pharmacists; and evidence that the merged operations provide economic benefits beyond those of separate enterprises.
Methods for Accommodating Nonproportional Hazards in Clinical Trials: Ready for the Primary Analysis?

Evaluation of new anticancer therapies in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is typically based on comparing a new treatment with a standard one, using a time-to-event end point such as overall survival or progression-free survival (PFS). Although the statistical framework underlying the design of these RCTs is centered on formal testing of a treatment effect, methods for estimation (quantification) of the treatment benefit are also specified. Currently, log-rank statistical tests and/or proportional hazards models are commonly used for the trial design and primary analysis. These methods are optimized for treatment effects that do not change substantially over time (the proportional hazard assumption). Introduction of immunotherapeutic agents with potentially delayed treatment effects has renewed interest in statistical methods that can better accommodate general departures from proportional hazards and, particularly, a delayed treatment effect. This has led to considerable attention in, and some controversy about, appropriate statistical methodology for comparing survival curves, as demonstrated by the comments and replies on trial reports1-24 and at a Duke–US Food and Drug Administration workshop25 that offered alternatives to the standard log-rank/hazard-ratio methodology. While these new methods could be useful, as outlined in comprehensive reviews,26-30 we offer a caution about some of these methods’ limitations in translating statistical evidence into clinical evidence, both for formal treatment-effect hypothesis testing and for estimation (when used for the primary analysis).