cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on Turbulent Particle-Laden Flows

Turbulent gas flows containing dilute loadings of solid particles were investigated. These flows occur in many energy and environmental applications including coal combustion, sorbent injection, and material and contaminant transport. A method is presented for simultaneous determination of planar gas and particle velocity fields. The method is applied in streamwise-spanwise planes of a fully developed turbulent channel flow with Reynolds number of 9000 to determine single-point particle and fluid veloc¬ity statistics. Such statistics are employed to test numerical models for particle-laden flows. Additional experiments on flow control are presented in which a piezoelectric actuator is applied to generate normal wall motion at the exit of a turbulent channel. Single-point velocity measurements document the time-averaged flow behavior for several control conditions and demonstrate possibilities for particle control that is either coupled or decoupled with the turbulence. The control method can be applied to alter particle distribution and velocity near and downstream of solid surfaces.
Remediation of a Biological Weapons Attack

This chapter provides an overview of the scientific, policy, and operational issues involved in environmental remediation of a biological weapons attack, with a significant focus on US programs and policies. The chapter introduces the topic of biological remediation by defining the process and exploring biological agents of concern and their persistence in the environment. Past biological remediation examples are briefly discussed, followed by a review of past and current remediation policies and practices, as well as knowledge gaps and future research direction.
On the edge of the world: examining pro-environmental outcomes of last chance tourism in Kaktovik, Alaska

Travel to impact-sensitive destinations has been on the rise in recent years. Coined “last chance tourism” (LCT), visitors are increasingly coming to these destinations to see them before they are ...
PREVENTION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE COMPLICATIONS AND RECURRENCE

Abstract This article describes the need for objective treatment and management goals of inflammatory bowel disease to monitor disease course and progression. We discuss the “treat to target” or “tight control” approach as an evolving treatment strategy in order to prevent future complications. Biochemical, endoscopic, and histologic outcomes are highlighted in this work.
Comparison of Branded Enoxaparin (Lovenox) and a Biosimilar Version of Enoxaparin (Fibrinox)

Abstract Abstract 4385 Several biosimilar versions of branded enoxaparin (Lovenox, Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France) have recently become available throughout the world. These biosimilar enoxaparin preparations are distributed by multiple suppliers in Asia and in North and South America. Enoxaparin represents a complex mixture of oligosaccharides obtained by alkaline depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. It is the most widely used low molecular weight heparin which has been validated for clinical use in multiple indications. While the molecular profile and anti-Xa potencies of some of the biosimilar versions of enoxaparin are comparable, product based differences have been reported amongst some of the biosimilar versions of enoxaparin. The purpose of this study was to compare the biochemical and pharmacologic profile of one biosimilar version of enoxaparin, namely Fibrinox (Sandoz SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) with the branded product Lovenox. The products were compared in equigravimetric amounts, assuming equivalent potency (100 AXa U/mg). Both products exhibited comparable molecular weight profiles in terms of average molecular weight and oligosachharide distribution. Analysis of the antithrombin binding hexasaccharide fractions of Fibrinox and Lovenox indicated the presence of eight distinct hexasaccharides. The relative proportions these hexasaccharides differed between Fibrinox and Lovenox. The anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities were comparable. In the whole blood clot-based assays such as TEG and ACT, both agents produced similar anticoagulant effects. In the plasma based assays such as the APTT, Heptest and thrombin time, both products showed comparable anticoagulant effects in the normal human pooled plasma samples. However, in plasma samples collected from patients with liver disease who were apparently anticoagulant free, the two products showed differences in their anticoagulant effects in the APTT assay (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Ozaki Procedure With CardioCel Patch for Children and Young Adults With Aortic Valve Disease: Preliminary Experience - a Word of Caution.

Background:The Ozaki procedure is a surgical technique for patients with significant aortic stenosis or regurgitation or both where valve repair cannot be performed. Individual cusps are cut from g...
A systematic review of penetrating extracranial vertebral artery injuries

Abstract Background Penetrating vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are rare. Because of their rarity, complex anatomy, and difficult surgical exposures, few surgeons and trauma centers have developed significant experience with their management. The objectives of this study were to review their incidence, clinical presentation, radiologic identification, management, complications, and outcomes and to provide a review of anatomic exposures and surgical techniques for their management. Methods A literature search on MEDLINE Complete-PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, and Embase for the period of 1893 to 2018 was conducted. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used. Our literature search yielded a total of 181 potentially eligible articles with 71 confirmed articles, consisting of 21 penetrating neck injury series, 13 VAI-specific series, and 37 case reports. Operative procedures and outcomes were recorded along with methods of angiographic imaging and operative management. All articles were reviewed by at least two independent authors, and data were analyzed collectively. Results There were a total of 462 patients with penetrating VAIs. The incidence of VAI in the civilian population was 3.1% vs 0.3% in the military population. More complete data were available from 13 collected VAI-specific series and 37 case reports for a total of 362 patients. Mechanism of injury data were available for 341 patients (94.2%). There were gunshot wounds (178 patients [49.2%]), stab wounds (131 [73.6%]), and miscellaneous mechanisms of injury (32 [8.8%]). Anatomic site of injury data were available for 177 (49%) patients: 92 (25.4%) left, 84 (23.2%) right, and 1 (0.3%) bilateral. Anatomic segment of injury data were available for 204 patients (56.4%): 28 (7.7%) V1, 125 (34.5%) V2, and 51 (14.1%) V3. Treatment data were available for 212 patients. Computed tomography angiography was the most common imaging modality (163 patients [77%]). Injuries were addressed by operative management (94 [44.3%]), angiography and angioembolization (72 [34%]), combined approaches (11 [5.2%]), and observation (58 [27.4%]). Stenting and repair were less frequently employed (10 [4.7%]). The incidence of aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms was 18.5% (67); the incidence of arteriovenous fistula was 16.9% (61). The calculated mortality in VAI-specific series was 15.1%; in the individual case report group, it was 10.5%. Conclusions The majority of VAIs present without neurologic symptoms, although some may present with exsanguinating hemorrhage. Computed tomography angiography should be considered first line to establish diagnosis. Gunshot wounds account for most injuries. The most frequently injured segment is V2. Surgical ligation is the most common intervention, followed by angioembolization, both of which constitute important management approaches.
L'électronique grand public et l'industrie de l'information : Concurrence et stratégies émergentes

Si les evolutions qui frappent le secteur des telecommunications et les industries de l’information font l’objet de l’attention des medias, l’industrie des biens electroniques de grande consommation, dominee essentiellement par les entreprises asiatiques entre dans l’âge de l’information et connait une veritable renaissances. Cet article tente d’explorer cette nouvelle industrie electronique grand public, les limites du sur-mesure pour les services de Television par câble, la disparition des frontieres de marche, la recherche d’un appareil informationnel universel et le “biais pour le bien” modele une evolution emergente.
Single-Cell RNA-seq Reveals Obesity-Induced Alterations in the Brca1-Mutated Mammary Gland Microenvironment.

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that obesity increases the development and progression of breast cancer. The impact of obesity on the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumorigenesis, yet the precise mechanisms underlying obesity-mediated effects on cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment have been difficult to define. In this study, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies to investigate the impact of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on transcriptomic landscapes of stromal and immune cells in mammary glands of Brca1−/−; p53+/− mice, an animal breast cancer model. Hierarchical clustering and gene pathway enrichment analyses of scRNA-seq data showed that five different subtypes of stromal fibroblasts existed in mouse Brca1-mutated mammary glands. HFD-induced obesity led to upregulated expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes (Col3a1, Col6a3, Eln, and Sparc) and downregulated expression of immunoregulatory genes (Iigp1 and Cxcl10) in these stromal subtype cells. These findings, taken together, suggest that obesity alters the ECM composition and immune ecosystem through modulating the functionality of mammary stromal fibroblasts. Moreover, scRNA-seq analysis of mammary immune cells indicated that HFD-induced obesity promoted the generation and/or recruiting of pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages in mammary glands. Our studies provide new insight into a mechanistic paradigm wherein obesity modulates the functions of stromal and immune cells to create the tumorigenic microenvironment for promoting breast tumorigenesis.
Surveys in northern Utah for egg parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) detect Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).

The highly polyphagous and invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has become a significant insect pest in North America since its detection in 1996. It was first documented in northern Utah in 2012 and reports of urban nuisance problems and plant damage have since increased. Biological control is the preferred solution to managing H. halys in North America and other invaded regions due to its alignment with integrated pest management and sustainable practices. Native and non-native biological control agents, namely parasitoid wasps, have been assessed for efficacy. Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an effective egg parasitoid of H. halys in its native range of southeast Asia and has recently been documented parasitising H. halys eggs in North America and Europe. Field surveys for native and exotic egg parasitoids using wild (in situ) and lab-reared H. halys egg masses were conducted in suburban and agricultural sites in northern Utah from June to September 2017-2019. Seven native wasp species in the families Eupelmidae and Scelionidae were discovered guarding H. halys eggs and adult wasps from five of these species completed emergence. Native species had low mean rates of adult emergence from wild (0.5-3.7%) and lab-reared (0-0.4%) egg masses. In 2019, an adventive population of T. japonicus was discovered for the first time in Utah, emerging from 21 of the 106 wild H. halys egg masses found that year, and none from lab-reared eggs. All T. japonicus emerged from egg masses collected on Catalpa speciosa (Warder). Our results support other studies that have observed biological control of H. halys from T. japonicus and improved parasitoid wasp detection with wild as compared to lab-reared H. halys egg masses.
76. PICU FELLOW ENTRUSTMENT: HOW DO FACULTY MAKE SUPERVISION DECISIONS?

Introduction Academic faculty make supervision decisions which balance the goals of trainee competency with patient safety. Previous work shows significant variability and potential bias in these entrustment decisions. Given the high stakes, understanding how these decisions are made is vital. Qualitative studies established traits that influence entrustment decisions, but the relative contribution of each has not been described. We aim to characterize the influence of these traits on entrustment decisions for Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) fellows. Methods We surveyed faculty who supervise PCCM trainees at three PCCM departments. Based on 8 vignettes, faculty chose the level of supervision for a fellow performing an endotracheal intubation- direct or indirect supervision with the attending, direct or indirect supervision of a fellow supervising a junior trainee, or unsupervised. Each vignette varied by 3 traits: 1) patient condition 2) trainee-supervisor relationship and 3) trainee experience. There was a 72% response rate (n=51/70). We created a logistic regression model using the 3 traits and faculty attributes (gender, primary unit, education role) as predictors of direct supervision. We also compared faculty attributes for those selecting direct supervision for e4 cases and Results The majority of vignettes (78%, 311/396) were rated direct supervision. Of vignettes with a 3rd year fellow, 59% (118/199) were rated direct supervision compared with 97% (193/197) for a 1st year. Trainee-supervisor relationship, patient status and primary unit were significant predictors of direct supervision in the regression model. Compared with cardiac ICU faculty, the odds ratio for pediatric ICU faculty to entrust fellows was 2.27 (95% CI 1.07-4.81) and 4.68 (95% CI 1.54-14.19) for mixed cardiac/pediatric ICU faculty. Odds ratios were 2.14 (95% CI 1.47-3.12) for 1 week on service with the fellow (ref: never worked together) and 0.09 (95% CI 0.04-0.17) for a rapidly deteriorating patient (ref: stable patient). Faculty selecting direct supervision for e or Conclusion PCCM entrustment decisions are influenced by the patient's condition, supervisor's relationship with the trainee and supervisor's primary unit.
Urban Flight Seeded the COVID-19 Pandemic Across the United States

We document large-scale urban flight in the United States in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Populations that flee are disproportionately younger, whiter, and wealthier. Regions that saw migrant influx experience greater subsequent COVID-19 case growth, suggesting that urban flight was a vector of disease spread. Urban residents fled to socially connected areas, consistent with the notion that individuals were sheltering with friends and family or in second homes. The association of migration and subsequent case growth persists when instrumenting for migration with social networks, pointing to a causal association.
Handbook of Mixture Analysis.

Handbook of Mixture Analysis is an elegant book on mixture models. It covers not only statistical foundations but also extensions and applications of mixture models. The book consists of 19 chapter...
A droplet microfluidic platform for high-throughput photochemical reaction discovery

The implementation of continuous flow technology is critical towards enhancing the application of photochemical reactions for industrial process development. However, there are significant time and resource constraints associated with translating discovery scale vial-based batch reactions to continuous flow scale-up conditions. Herein we report the development of a droplet microfluidic platform, which enables high-throughput reaction discovery in flow to generate pharmaceutically relevant compound libraries. This platform allows for enhanced material efficiency, as reactions can be performed on picomole scale. Furthermore, high-throughput data collection via on-line ESI mass spectrometry facilitates the rapid analysis of individual, nanoliter-sized reaction droplets at acquisition rates of 0.3 samples/s. We envision this high-throughput screening platform to expand upon the robust capabilities and impact of photochemical reactions in drug discovery and development.
Analysis of Mindfulness and Flow

Although extensive research has investigated the various characteristics of mindfulness and flow states, few studies provided evidence that what features mindfulness and flow share commonly and whether they are compatible. The present study uses five valid self-report questionnaires in positive psychology and examines the relationship between mindfulness and flow, and the similarities and differences of both optimal experiences. Given the fact that some previous researches indicated that mindfulness and flow could coexist during college athletes’ competitions, this study has verified that common people with little education of optimal experience could experience both states of mindfulness and flow. The result shows that mindfulness is significantly and positively associated with flow. The study suggests that the emergence of either flow or mindfulness may contribute to the interaction of external environment and internal reaction, which may have implications toward improvement of common people’s mental health and productivity.
Pragmatic generative optimization of novel structural lattice metamaterials with machine learning

Abstract Metamaterials, otherwise known as architected or programmable materials, enable designers to tailor mesoscale topology and shape to achieve unique material properties that are not present in nature. Additionally, with the recent proliferation of additive manufacturing tools across industrial sectors, the ability to readily fabricate geometrically complex metamaterials is now possible. However, in many high-performance applications involving complex multi-physics interactions, design of novel lattice metamaterials is still difficult. Design is primarily guided by human intuition or gradient optimization for simple problems. In this work, we show how machine learning guides discovery of new unit cells that are Pareto optimal for multiple competing objectives; specifically, maximizing elastic stiffness during static loading and minimizing wave speed through the metamaterial during an impact event. Additionally, we show that our artificial intelligence approach works with relatively few (3500) simulation calls.
Investigation on mechanical and conductive properties of polypyrrole/UV cured acrylate nanocomposite coatings

Abstract Conductive polypyrrole/UV cured acrylate nanocomposite coatings were prepared via a facile approach called simultaneous photopolymerization. In our previous study, the mechanisms of the polymerizations of pyrrole and acrylate in this process were discussed. In the current work, the mechanical and conductive properties were investigated by correlating them with the structural and compositional changes observed in the coating systems. Various percentages of pyrrole and acrylate monomers along with their corresponding UV activators, AgNO3 and DAROCUR 1173 respectively, were used to prepare the polypyrrole/UV cured acrylate composite coatings. The percentage of the mixture of pyrrole and AgNO3 in the formulation varied from 25 % to 60 %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the deposition of polypyrrole/Ag composite particles occur closer to the substrate. Based on the conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) results, all the coatings in this study exhibited higher current densities on the bottom side of the coatings and the only coatings prepared with the formulations containing 45 % or higher of pyrrole and AgNO3 mixture exhibited conductivity on top side of the coatings. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results, it can be inferred that the increase in percentage of polypyrrole/Ag in the coating results in changes in the chemical structure of the UV cured acrylate binder. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)results suggested that the incorporation of polypyrrole/Ag composite during the photopolymerization process leads to plasticization of polymer network causing an increase in dissipative-like behavior in the coatings.
Postpartum onset of panic disorder: A metaphor analysis.

Abstract Prevalence rates of postpartum panic disorder range from 0.5% to 2.9%. New mothers may not know the medical terminology to describe what they are experiencing. Metaphors can provide women with a different voice to help provide a basis for shared understanding with clinicians. The purpose of this secondary qualitative data analysis was to examine the metaphors used by women to describe their panic disorder after birth. Metaphor Identification Procedure was used to analyze the primary dataset. The process revealed the following eight metaphors: caged animal, Coke in my veins, bone-tired, imposter, escape artist, magnifying glass, detective, and hermit.
Facilitating Connector Evolution With Architecture-Centric Development

Software architecture describes the structure of a system in terms of its components and connectors. In recent years, connector evolution has become a key concern in the architectural evolution of software systems. Evolving connectors is challenging because it involves modifying many lines of code spread across multiple files–a tedious and error-prone task. We propose an architecture-centric development approach that decouples connectors from functional code, making it easy to change or evolve connectors. Our approach involves integrating the architecture specification of a system with its implementation. We evaluate its effectiveness through a case study migrating connectors in a moderate-sized robotics software system.
How Does a Woman Find Her Voice and Not Lose Her Soul in Academia

Ruth Behar’s autoethnographic chapter explores how she has worked to find her voice and not lose her soul as a woman in academia. Sharing her lived experiences as an immigrant, anthropologist, poet, creative writer, mother, and professor, she describes how she drew upon her personal history to carry out meaningful scholarly writing that provides both self-knowledge and knowledge of communities she has studied ethnographically. Behar explores how as an immigrant and first-generation scholar, she had to struggle against patriarchal limitations to obtain a college education, and how the intersectionality of her life and work led her to find ways to weave the two together in her writing.
An evaluation of oxymorphone in labor.

Abstract 1. 1. Two analgesic substances were compared in 990 women during labor by means of a double-blind method. 2. 2. The effects on the breathing and crying time of the infants were noted. 3. 3. An attempt was made to compare their analgesic effects by the observation of their obstetricians and by questioning the patients. 4. 4. Oxymorphone was found to produce better analgesia but somewhat more fetal depression.
Movies and Morals: Energizing Ethical Thinking among Professionals

This article examines the use of film in the administrative ethics classroom, with special attention to energizing the moral imagination of professionals. Challenged by a shift in student demographics reflecting the emergence of the new public service, instructors must consider alternatives to pedagogies based on normative and applied ethics. Approaches designed to stimulate the moral imagination of students (based on contemporary metaethical perspectives) need to be considered. Using his experience with movies in the ethics classroom, the author argues that films are particularly effective in energizing the moral imagination. Today's public affairs program can no longer be treated as an arena in which the typical student is a practicing or aspiring public administration professional.The "ideal" of classrooms filled with students committed first and foremost to traditional public service careers has been compromised in many ways over the past several decades. As Paul light found in his study of the "new public service," the "government-centered public service is gone for good" (1999). Most public
Pruning the search space for the snake-in-the-box problem

This paper explores methods for reducing the search space when hunting for snakes using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The first method attempts to reinterpret individuals in an effort to utilize the high degree of symmetry inherent in the problem and, thereby, make crossover more effective. The second method centers around removing snake blockers, which are sequences that prevent snakes, and the effects of snake blockers on the search space and GA effectiveness. Testing of these methods is limited to dimension 8; however, the concepts are applicable to all dimensions.
Variations of the promontory in human pelves

Abstract The promontory has been studied in two series of adult cadavers (155 in Brazil and 82 in the United States) amounting to 237. The material included whites, Negroes, and Mulattoes of both sexes. The pelvic promontory was considered as the ventral most prominent median point of the lumbosacral region, belonging to the superior pelvic aperture. Even though it is more frequently located at the superior border of the first sacral vertebra, the pelvic promontory can be found at the level of the disc between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral vertebra. It is very rarely found either at the inferior border of the last lumbar vertebra or at the inferior border of the first sacral vertebra or the superior border of the second sacral vertebra. No racial or sexual differences were found, but in adults the promontory more frequently has an inferior situation than that of the fetus and newborn (disc between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral vertebra). In the first ages, as well as in adult cases where the pelvic promontory is located in the inferior border of the last lumbar vertebra or in the disc caudal to it, the terminal line has four portions: "discal", sacral, iliac, and pubic.
Method of moments for partially structured mesh

In certain applications, it is difficult to generate completely structured mesh for complex structures for the method of moments simulation. It is particularly true when both surface mesh and volumetric mesh are involved in a single simulation in which the hybrid surface and volume integral equations are applied. In this paper, we will present a treatment of partially structured mesh in the hybrid integral equations algorithm. Numerical simulation results will be given to validate the implementation.
Committee Size and Smart Growth: An Optimal Solution

Wisconsin is one of many states that have enacted a “Smart Growth Initiative” law that requires inclusion of the public in the creation and development of a Comprehensive Plan. One implication of public participation is the strategic development of a comprehensive planning committee. Two crucial decisions occur when the committee is formed: the size of the committee and the composition of the committee. This paper models a relation between committee size and the accuracy of plan, as well as the relationship between the inclusion of experts, whether paid consultants or planners, and the quality of the outcome. Based on a survey of committee members, we test the relationship between the participants’ observations of quality and group size and composition, analyzing the tradeoff between the size of the group with the perception of quality of the decision.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet difference spectral studies of the binding properties of turkey egg white lysozyme: Consequences of the replacement of ASP 101 by glycine☆

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the 19F nuclei in N-trifluoroacetylated chitotriose was studied in the presence of turkey lysozyme. In contrast to results previously obtained with hen lysozyme, the 19F nmr spectrum of the complex did not show any striking pH dependence. It was, in fact, very similar at all pH's to the spectrum of the trisaccharide complexed with hen lysozyme at low pH, where Asp 101 is protonated. The replacement of Asp 101 in turkey lysozyme by a glycine is thought to account for this difference and the results allow unequivocal assignment of a value of 4.2 to the pKa of Asp 101 in hen lysozyme. The dissociation constant of the chitotriose-turkey lysozyme complex was measured at various pH's using uv difference methods and compared with that previously reported for the hen lysozyme-chitotriose complex. Again, the results could be attributed to the loss in binding energy due to the absence of Asp 101. In contrast to chitotriose, the binding of chitobiose and methyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside as studied by both uv difference and nmr methods is the same within experimental error for turkey and hen lysozyme. The results obtained for binding of chitobiose suggest that Asp 101 does not contribute as much to the binding energy of the disaccharide as was previously thought. Finally, the specific activities of both of these lysozymes against Micrococcus lysodeikticus were found to be identical.
Comprehensive Care of Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Chronic liver disease results from a wide range of conditions, for which individual management is beyond the scope of this article. General education, counseling, and harm reduction practices are important to the primary care of these patients, as are monitoring for cirrhosis and management of its complications. For patients with advanced liver disease, comprehensive care includes considering referral for liver transplantation, educating and empowering patients to prioritize goals of care, and optimizing symptom relief.
A method for determining local activation direction in the atrium

Presents a method for determining local 3-dimensional activation directions in human atria. The authors describe the measuring catheter used, the filtering of the raw signals, the detection of electrograms, and finally the calculation of the resultant vector which estimates local activation direction. This technique is then used to demonstrate that transient "linking" of endocardial activation during atrial fibrillation exhibits sudden, not gradual, transitional behavior. >
Methodology of evaluating the science benefit of various satellite/sensor constellation orbital parameters to an assimilative data forecast model

A methodology for evaluating the science benefit of adding space weather sensor data from a modest number of small satellites to the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements—Full Physics (GAIM-FP) model is presented. Three orbital scenarios are presented, two focusing on improved coverage of narrowly specified regions of interest, and one on global coverage of the ionosphere as a whole. An Observing System Simulation Experiment is used to obtain qualitative and quantitative results of the impact of the various orbital scenarios on the ionospheric specifications. A simulated “truth” run of the ionosphere is obtained from a first principle model of the ionosphere/plasmasphere model and used to generate global simulated Global Positioning Satellite total electron content (GPS-TEC) data as well as in situ plasma density observations. Initially, only GPS data were assimilated by GAIM-FP, and the results of this limited run were compared to the truth run. Next, the simulated in situ plasma densities corresponding to our three orbital scenarios were assimilated together with the GPS data, and the results were compared to both the truth run and the limited GPS-TEC only GAIM-FP run. These model simulations have shown that adding a constellation of small satellites/sensors in addition to global TEC inputs does indeed converge the GAIM-FP model closer to truth in the situations described.
Phenotypic plasticity in larval swimming behavior in estuarine and coastal crab populations

Abstract The timing of vertical migrations by newly-hatched larvae determines the extent of transport away from adult populations and exposure to predatory fishes, but it is largely unknown whether larval swimming behavior is a fixed trait or changes adaptively in response to different ocean conditions that are encountered between habitats. We determined whether larvae of the shore crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes , hatched in the San Francisco Estuary and those hatched nearby on the outer coast undertake tidal and diel vertical migrations. Vertical swimming of larvae that were released by females collected from the two locations were recorded in the laboratory for up to four days in constant darkness without a tidal cycle to detect the presence of endogenous tidal and diel vertical migrations. P. crassipes larvae from the outer coast population did not exhibit rhythmic vertical migrations, remaining near the surface throughout the day, whereas larvae from the estuarine population did undertake complex vertical migrations relative to tidal and diel cycles. Although current patterns differ on the open coast and in the estuary, remaining in surface waters at both locations would favor seaward transport of larvae to offshore nursery areas. However, undertaking tidal vertical migrations in estuaries would expedite seaward transport while increasing the risk of fish predation during the daytime. The differences in behaviors are likely phenotypic, because larvae came from neighboring populations and intermingle in offshore larval nursery areas. This spatial variation in larval swimming behavior among habitats enhances transport to offshore nursery areas.
The Respondents Are All Above Average: Compliment Sequences in a Survey Interview

This article is an investigation of compliments that follow respondents' performances on cognitive tasks in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study's 2004 wave of survey interviews. During training, interviewers learn that they are to give positive feedback to respondents but are not told exactly how they are to do this or how they are to handle the contingencies of respondents' varying performances. Our study shows that interviewers engage in the social action of complimenting respondents and that they use various devices including second sayings or restatements of compliments, assessments of task difficulty, and comparisons with other “people” to account for those compliments. Laughter plays a role in reducing possible status differences that derive from one party (the younger interviewer) being in a position to evaluate another party (the older respondent). Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of what Maynard and Schaeffer (2000, 2002) have called analytic alternation: ways that interviewers u...
Effect of early nutritional support on intensive care unit length of stay and neurological status at discharge in children with severe traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACTPediatric severe traumatic brain injury treatment guidelines for nutrition indicate that “there are insufficient data to support a treatment guideline for this topic” (P. D. Adelson et al., 2003). Based on adult studies, the guideline provided an option for practitioners to start nutritional
Characterization of methomyl dissipation on grape foliage.

Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) of the carbamate insecticide methumyl (Lannate(R)) on grapes were monitored during a six month period to help define safe ~u-rker reentry intervals. The study was c~uoted in ~ to two suspected (one confirmed) episodes of methcm~l relat_~ illness during the summer of 1988 (O'Malley,1989). The confirmed incident occurred on May 25, 1988, and involved thirteen individuals in a grape girdling crew. Eleven of these %~rkers displayed clinical symptums typical of carbamate poisoning. Methumyl was implicat_~4 and later proven to be the causative agent. ~be data from a ~ dislodg~hle foliar residue study established 0.i micrograms/c~ as the safe level for reentry into the field. A second potential illness episode which ~ on ~ 23, 1988 was evaluated ard later discounted due to a lack of statistical and symptnmatic evidence. However, the DFR data compiled as part of this second illness investigation were pivotal in characterizing the time depemdent dissipation of methcmyl.
Polycystin-2 localizes to kidney cilia and the ciliary level is elevated in orpk mice with polycystic kidney disease

We thank Dr J. Lawrence and members of her laboratory for microscope time and assistance, Dr P. Furcinitti for assistance, and Drs Y. Cai and S. Somlo for the YCC2 antibody and for critically reading this manuscript. This work was supported by NIH GM60992 (GJP), GM30626 (GBW), GM14642 (JLR), and by the Robert W. Booth Fund at the Greater Worcester Community Foundation (GBW).
Simulation as a Social Process in Organizations

An emergent research literature is starting to cohere on simulation as a sociological process within organizations. This paper shines a spotlight on this scholarship, and offers new ways to think about the dizzying array of simulation we encounter in our organizational, institutional, and everyday lives. I define simulation as an empirical social process and show how they vary in consequence by their experiential modality, their referential frame, and their perceived realism. I then document three conceptual trends in the literature: (i) treating simulation as an organizational technique for risk management; (ii) a focus on virtual reality, video games, and moral ambiguity; and (iii) studies of the impact of computer simulation on scientific knowledge production and the reorganization of some technical fields, such as weapons research, artificial intelligence, and meteorology. Organizational uncertainty tends to coalesce around disputes about the appropriate qualities and functions of a given simulation technique or technology. I conclude the paper by identifying how the sociology of simulation can connect with more established areas of contemporary research within organizations, work and occupations, and institutional sociology.
Bright blue: Advanced technologies for marine environmental monitoring and offshore energy

Major programs such as the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) seek to increase societal understanding of subsurface marine environments. This interest has arisen because of environmental concerns related to degradation of marine habitats, climate change, as well as the globally increasing demand for marine natural resources, particularly food and energy. These pressures now affect marine systems at scales that require active management of marine environments. Nevertheless, our ability to monitor and perform even relatively simple operations in subsurface environments remains limited and costly because of technological limitations. This paper provides an overview of advanced platform, power generation, communications, and sensing technologies that are intended to enable high-resolution environmental monitoring, real-time field surveillance, subsea infrastructure operation and maintenance, and unattended robotic intervention for event response.
Nutrition in the Care of the Cancer Patient

Proper nutrition care is essential to help prevent or minimize the deleterious effects of cancer, namely malnutrition and cachexia, on nutrition status. When designing appropriate nutrition support, clinicians should consider a patient's history and clinical state including extent of the disease, expected survival, psychological status, and current lifestyle. Oral nutrition is often the preferred means of feeding, but may be limited by factors related to the cancer, the treatment, and the psychologic issues surrounding this disease. Several strategies have been recommended to help patients achieve an adequate oral intake in the presence of anorexia. However, for patients who are severely malnourished or unable to consistently consume more than 75% of their energy needs, enteral nutrition may be indicated. Parenteral nutrition is appropriate only for certain subsets of cancer patients. Numerous trials have shown that use of the enteral route gives comparable results to the parenteral route and is associated with fewer complications and lower costs in both cancer and noncancer patients. There has been much recent interest in the use of immunotherapy—arginine, essential fatty acids, and glutamine—to improve the nutritional status of patients with cancer.
Sources of economic growth and stagnation in Iran

There is more than a 10 percentage point difference in the economic performance of Iran in roughly the two decades before and after the Islamic revolution in 1979. This paper aims to explain the difference. A standard measure of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) calculated at the aggregate level shows that over one-third of the difference in economic performance can be explained by the change in TFP growth rates in the two periods. The question is further pursued at the manufacturing level. A time-series cross sectional analysis of the manufacturing sector confirms that TFP growth rates fell after the revolution and did not recover anywhere close to their pre revolution levels even after the Iran–Iraq war. The regression analyses show that decreasing returns to scale and mark-up pricing behavior have developed in the manufacturing sector under the Islamic Republic. A Tornqvist measure of TFP, corrected for market imperfections and non-constant returns to scale technology, is used to explain sources of produ...
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase: a novel genotype association with bone mineral density in elderly women.

Mini-Abstract Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is the molecular target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. We analyzed the association between a SNP in the FDPS gene with bone mineral density (BMD) in post-menopausal Caucasian women. The SNP was associated with decreased BMD after adjusting for age and BMI. Genetic variation in FDPS may contribute to BMD in this population.
Concordance Between Clinical Diagnosis and Medicare Claims of Depression Among Older Primary Care Patients.

Objective To identify patient characteristics associated with concordance of Medicare claims with clinically identified depression. Methods The authors studied a cohort of 742 older primary care patients linked to Medicare claims data using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition major depressive disorder and clinically significant minor depression. Results Among 474 patients with depression, 198 patients had a Medicare claim for depression (sensitivity: 42%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 37%–46%). Among 268 patients who did not meet criteria for depression, 235 patients did not have a Medicare claim for depression (specificity: 88%; 95% CI: 83%–91%). After adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, non-white participants were nearly twice as likely not to have Medicare claims for depression among patients who met criteria for depression ("false negatives"). Smoking status, depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), cardiovascular disease, and more primary care physician office visits were also significantly associated with decreased odds to be false negatives. In contrast, after covariate adjustment, white race and chronic pulmonary disease were associated with increased odds of a Medicare claim for depression among patients who did not meet criteria for depression ("false positives"). Using weights based on the screened sample, the positive predictive value of a Medicare claim for depression was 66% (95% CI [63%, 69%]), whereas the negative predictive value was 77% (95% CI [76%, 78%]). Conclusion Investigators using Medicare data to study depression must recognize that diagnoses of depression from Medicare data may be biased by patient ethnicity and the presence of medical comorbidity.
Investigation of open-air laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of carbon on moving optical fibers

Using a CO2 laser as a heat source, carbon coatings have been successfully deposited on moving optical fibers in an open-air laser-induced chemical vapor deposition LCVD reactor. Applications in- clude fusion splice recoat and in-line coating of optical fibers. The rela- tionship between operating parameters and the carbon deposition tem- perature and rate was investigated. Results indicate that they are strongly dependent on the laser power density and the optical fiber's traverse velocity. In order to provide a deeper understanding of the fun- damental principles that govern laser heating and the carbon LCVD pro- cesses, a heat transport model was developed to predict the fiber sur- face temperature during deposition. The surface temperatures obtained from experiments compared well with the predicted temperature. Based on the temperature calculations, various kinetic parameters, including the activation energy EA and pre-exponential factor k0 for the carbon deposition process, are determined. The optical fiber signal loss at 1550 nm induced by the LCVD process is observed to be less than 10 3 dB at low laser power density. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta-
Assessment of non-traditional isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry for analysis of nuclear activities

This work provides an assessment of suitable forensic indicators that may be measured by portable mass spectrometry systems. Traditional assessments of nuclear fuel cycle manipulation or other nuclear activities often depend upon analyses of uranium and plutonium isotopes in the nuclear fuel. Any entity engaging in shortened fuel cycle activity will recover U and Pu during reprocessing. Fission, capture, and activation products are less valuable and generally regarded as waste products. This work determined isotopic ratios that distinguish nuclear weapons and shortened nuclear fuel cycles from commercial nuclear reactors. Modeling of fuel cycles was conducted via ORIGEN-S, MCNPX, and through custom calculations.
Unlocking joint venture potentials in China

The purpose of this article is to address the various issues and strategies related to the creation and management of joint ventures in China. Among the major issues and strategies are: finding suitable partners and locations; negotiating feasible contracts; creating cohesive leadership; understanding the constant changes in Chinese accounting and tax systems; and managing human resource challenges. The problems with cultural differences in management and bureaucratic red-tape have also been highlighted. Examples of successes and failures are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interpolation of Individual Functions

We investigate convergence at interpolation projections for an arbitrary but fixed set at functions.
Role of the Genotype in Controlling Accumulation of Strontium-89 by Plants

THE entry of radioactive materials into the food-chain from soils contaminated by intentional or accidental explosion of atomic devices is a potential hazard worthy of considerable attention. Once deposited in the soil, the isotopes are taken up by plants from which they may pass directly to man or to animals and then to man. Within the body, serious damage can result from levels of radioactive material that would be trivial as a source of external radiation. Much research has been done to find ways of reducing the movement of radioactive isotopes into plants. Because of its relative abundance, long half-life, and site of deposition in the body, strontium-90 has received more attention than other fission products. Factors known to influence strontium-90 uptake from contaminated soils are soil type, organic matter content, method of cultivation, calcium content, and fertility level1,2. A number of investigators3,4 have reported that plant species differ in amount of strontium-90 that they accumulate from the soil and that plant parts may differ in content of strontium-90.