cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose effects on complex memory and nonmemory tasks: The influence of age, sex, and glucoregulatory response

Complex tests of declarative memory, working memory, procedural learning, and response generation and inhibition were administered to 27 younger adults (M = 20.8 years) and 32 older adults (M = 68.5 years) following ingestion of saccharin (23.7 mg) or glucose (50 g). The effects of glucose administration were examined along three dimensions: age, sex, and glucoregulatory response, defined as the degree to which blood glucose levels returned to baseline following glucose administration. Glucose administration significantly enhanced performance on the declarative memory measure paragraph recall for older males and younger males whose blood glucose returned to similar levels. Younger men whose blood glucose levels were lowest 60 min after glucose ingestion showed memory deterioration. Glucose administration did not affect paragraph recall for the other groups, nor were effects noted for any group for most other cognitive measures. These results suggest that the effects of glucose administration are primarily restricted to declarative memory independent of task complexity, and that age, sex, and glucoregulatory response may influence hyperglycemic memory enhancement.
A review on mechanistic understanding of MnO2 in aqueous electrolyte for electrical energy storage systems

The demand for the large-scale storage system has gained much interest. Among all the criteria for the large-scale electrical energy storage systems (EESSs), low cost ($ k Wh−1) is the focus where ...
Coaching Palliative Care Conversations: Evaluating the Impact on Resident Preparedness and Goals-of-Care Conversations.

Background: There is increasing need for nonspecialty physicians to deliver palliative care (PC) services to meet patient needs, but many physicians feel inadequately prepared. Objective: We aimed to improve the PC skills of resident physicians through a learner-centered, just-in-time coaching intervention. Design: Our quality improvement initiative consisted of two didactics and brief thrice-weekly coaching sessions that focused on real-time PC questions. Upper level internal medicine residents participated during an inpatient hospitalist rotation. Measurements: Residents completed pre/postrotation surveys of their preparedness in discussing PC topics. Electronic medical record data of documentation of goals-of-care (GOC) discussions and Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) completion in at-risk hospitalized patients (age >65 with two or more hospitalizations in the past six months, or age >90) were obtained and compared with before hospitalization. These data were also compared with data from patients on the same resident hospitalist service during the six-month period before the intervention began. Results: During the 14-month intervention period, 42 residents cared for 232 at-risk patients. Among at-risk patients, 12.9% had a documented GOC discussion before hospitalization, which rose to 57.3% before discharge. Among at-risk patients preintervention, these rates were 5.2% and 25.0%, respectively. Residents reported their preparedness increased across many elements of GOC discussions and rated coaching sessions as useful and relevant to their training. Rates of POLST completion did not differ between preintervention and intervention groups. Conclusions: Brief coaching sessions can integrate PC education into a busy clinical service, improve residents' primary PC skills, and improve GOC documentation.
Speaking of trauma: the race talk, the gun violence talk, and the racialization of gun trauma

This paper considers the intersection of race and gun violence through the lens of trauma. We focus on two high-profile cases of gun violence: the state-deemed justifiable homicide of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, on February 26, 2012 and the active shooting that took place at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on February 14, 2018. These cases illustrate not just how people in the US experience gun violence in racially divergent ways (as existing literature suggests) but also how people—particularly parents—manage the anticipation of gun violence and its trauma. To this end, we develop the concept of “anticipatory trauma” and illustrate it by analyzing a set of social practices that have emerged surrounding gun violence: parents’ conversations with their children aimed at explaining and addressing their children’s unique risk of gun violence. Building on existing literature on “the Talk” among African American parents, we analyze a racial bifurcation in how parents talk about gun violence. Specifically, we detail “the Race Talk” (in relation to the Trayvon Martin case) and “the Gun Violence Talk” (in relation to the Parkland case), which differentially construct children’s vulnerability, the social phenomena that render them vulnerable, and the appropriate solutions for addressing that vulnerability. Without understanding anticipatory trauma as a racialized phenomenon, we risk leveling the gun violence debate—and creating gun policy that is neither politically meaningful nor practically effective for addressing the broad but complex issue of gun violence.
Novel bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms mediate the relationship between vaginal douching and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Objectives We sought to determine whether the relationship between a history of vaginal douching and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is mediated by endometrial infection with one or more novel bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated organisms among Atopobium vaginae, the BV-associated bacterium 1 (BVAB1), neathia (Leptotrichia) amnionii and Sneathia sanguinegens. Methods We first conducted log-binomial regression analyses to identify risk factors for endometrial infection in 535 adolescent and adult women with clinically suspected PID in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. We then examined whether endometrial infection by the BV-associated organisms mediated the association between a history of vaginal douching and histologically confirmed PID using inverse probability weighted marginal structural models. Results Vaginal douching was significantly associated with endometrial infection with one or more of the targeted BV-associated organisms (relative risk (RR) 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.35). The total effect estimate suggested that vaginal douching increased the risk of endometritis by 24% (RR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.49). The controlled direct effect of this association was attenuated with endometrial infection by one or more BV-associated organisms (adjusted RR (aRR) 1.00, 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.74) and endometrial infection by all four BV-associated organisms (aRR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.70) as intermediate variables. Conclusions Endometrial infection with one or more of the novel BV-associated organisms partially mediated the relationship between vaginal douching and histologically confirmed endometritis in the PEACH study. Frequent vaginal douching may confer risk for endometritis through increasing the risk of endometrial infection by novel-BV-associated organisms. Other potential pathways should be explored.
Making India’s cleanest city: Sanitation, intersectionality, and infrastructural violence:

Inaugurated in 2014, India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) intends to eradicate open defecation in urban and rural areas by 2019. In cities, the scheme ranks municipalities for achieving open defecat...
Slow Coagulation Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for Post-Vitrectomy Patients with Silicone Oil-Induced Glaucoma

PRECIS Slow coagulation transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) is an effective and safe glaucoma surgery in patients with medically uncontrolled silicone oil (SO)-induced glaucoma. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of slow coagulation continuous wave TSCPC in patients with medically uncontrolled secondary glaucoma following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and intravitreal SO injection. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study enrolled patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma secondary to PPV with SO injection who underwent TSCPC using slow coagulation TSCPC settings (power of 1250 mW and duration of 4 s). The primary outcome measure was surgical success at 12 months. Surgical success was defined as an intraocular pressure 6 to 21 mm Hg and reduced ≥20% from baseline, no reoperation for glaucoma, and no loss of light perception vision. Secondary outcome measures included number of glaucoma medications, visual acuity changes, and surgical complications. RESULTS A total of 18 eyes of 18 patients were included in the study. The mean age and follow-up of the patients were 51.94±14.5 years and 16.3±3.5 months, respectively. The mean intraocular pressure decreased from 29.7±9.6 mm Hg preoperatively to 14.6±6.5 mm Hg at 12 months postoperatively (P<0.001). Glaucoma medications were reduced from 4.2±0.9 at baseline to 1.9±1.3 at 12 months after TSCPC (P<0.001). A nonsignificant change of logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was observed at 12 months (P=0.722). The success rate at 12 months was 72.2%. No major complications were reported during the first year of follow-up. CONCLUSION Slow coagulation TSCPC had high efficacy and minimal complications when used as an initial glaucoma surgical procedure in patients with SO-induced glaucoma.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy as palliative management for incurable thoracic malignancies.

e24097Background: Radiation therapy plays an important role in symptom palliation for patients with incurable cancer. Currently limited data exists regarding the role of SBRT vs conformal radiation...
Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. XIII. Kinetics of maturation of neonatal B lymphocytes to produce a heterogeneous antibody response to a T-independent antigen.

Abstract The ontogeny of the capacity of a B-cell population to produce a heterogeneous, relatively high-affinity plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to the T-independent antigen trinitrophenylated-Ficoll (TNP-F) was studied in a cell transfer system. Lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with liver cells from neonatal donors and were immunized with TNP-F at various times thereafter. In contrast to the results of our previous studies on the ontogeny of the response to T-dependent antigens, it was found that, in the cell transfer recipient, the response of an immature B-cell population to a T-independent antigen matures slowly (21–28 days). Furthermore, this maturation does not appear to require the presence of adult thymus cells as does the maturation of the response of a B-cell population to T-dependent antigens. Thus, it appears that the acquisition of the capacity of a B-cell population to produce a high-affinity, heterogeneous, PFC response to T-dependent and T-independent antigens occurs under different regulatory influences.
Introduction to Chow Forms

This article gives an elementary introduction to the theory of Chow forms. It is based on a sequence of four lectures given at the conference on “Invariant Methods in Discrete and Computational Geometry”, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, June 1994. We thank the organizer, Neil White, for giving us the opportunity to participate and present this material. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.
Local to global trace questions and twists of genus one curves

— Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a number field F and K/F a quadratic extension. For a point P ∈ E(F) that is a local trace for every completion of K/F, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for P to lie in the image of the global trace map. These conditions can then be used to determine whether a quadratic twist of E, as a genus one curve, has rational points. In the case of quadratic twists of genus one modular curves X0(N) with squarefree N , the existence of rational points corresponds to the existence of Q-curves of degree N defined over K.
Polyglycolic acid suture in the urinary tract A light and electron microscopic study

Abstract Cystotomies in 100 guinea pigs were closed with polyglycolic acid suture. Light and electron microscopic studies of wound areas showed a transitory acute inflammation, attributable to the trauma of insertion, followed by invasion of the suture braid by multinucleated giant cells. The notching and transection of braid fibers by these giant cells probably is responsible for the early loss of tensile strength reported for this suture.
MODELING ACCIDENT FREQUENCIES AS ZERO-ALTERED PROBABILITY PROCESSES : AN EMPIRICAL INQUIRY

This paper presents an empirical inquiry into the applicability of zero-altered counting processes to roadway section accident frequencies. The intent of such a counting process is to distinguish sections of roadway that are truly safe (near zero-accident likelihood) from those that are unsafe but happen to have zero accidents observed during the period of observation (e.g. one year). Traditional applications of Poisson and negative binomial accident frequency models do not account for this distinction and thus can produce biased coefficient estimates because of the preponderance of zero-accident observations. Zero-altered probability processes such as the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distributions are examined and proposed for accident frequencies by roadway functional class and geographic location. The findings show that the ZIP structure models are promising and have great flexibility in uncovering processes affecting accident frequencies on roadway sections observed with zero accidents and those with observed accident occurrences. This flexibility allows highway engineers to better isolate design factors that contribute to accident occurrence and also provides additional insight into variables that determine the relative accident likelihoods of safe versus unsafe roadways. The generic nature of the models and the relatively good power of the Vuong specification test used in the non-nested hypotheses of model specifications offers roadway designers the potential to develop a global family of models for accident frequency prediction that can be embedded in a larger safety management system.
The fellow eye of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Abstract Objective To determine how often the fellow eyes of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) without proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) harbor vision-threatening conditions at presentation and during follow-up. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Participants Two hundred forty-eight patients with RRD without PVR were studied. Intervention The authors observed the fellow eye of patients with RRD for vision-threatening pathology. Main outcome measure Detection of vision-threatening pathology in the fellow eye of patients with RRD without PVR. Results Two hundred forty-eight patients were observed for an average of 5.2 years. One hundred fifty-seven vision-threatening events or diagnoses occurred in the fellow eye, including pre-existing and newly diagnosed conditions, 97 (62%) of which were rhegmatogenous in nature. Fifty-six patients (23%) had retinal detachments in their fellow eye, including those with a history of RRD repair (28 eyes), those presenting with bilateral RRD (4 eyes), and those developing new RRD during follow-up (24 eyes). In addition, 1 patient developed recurrent retinal detachment in the fellow eye during follow-up. Retinal tears were diagnosed and treated with laser retinopexy or cryotherapy in 30 (12%) fellow eyes (4 before the initial examination, 7 upon initial examination, and 19 on follow-up). Lattice degeneration was present in 27 (11%) fellow eyes. Conclusions Patients who develop RRD are at considerable risk for developing vision-threatening events, particularly rhegmatogenous events, in the fellow eye.
Policy Development for Biodiversity Offsets: A Review of Offset Frameworks

Biodiversity offsets seek to compensate for residual environmental impacts of planned developments after appropriate steps have been taken to avoid, minimize or restore impacts on site. Offsets are emerging as an increasingly employed mechanism for achieving net environmental benefits, with offset policies being advanced in a wide range of countries (i.e., United States, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa). To support policy development for biodiversity offsets, we review a set of major offset policy frameworks—US wetlands mitigation, US conservation banking, EU Natura 2000, Australian offset policies in New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia, and Brazilian industrial and forest offsets. We compare how the frameworks define offset policy goals, approach the mitigation process, and address six key issues for implementing offsets: (1) equivalence of project impacts with offset gains; (2) location of the offset relative to the impact site; (3) “additionality” (a new contribution to conservation) and acceptable types of offsets; (4) timing of project impacts versus offset benefits; (5) offset duration and compliance; and (6) “currency” and mitigation replacement ratios. We find substantial policy commonalities that may serve as a sound basis for future development of biodiversity offsets policy. We also identify issues requiring further policy guidance, including how best to: (1) ensure conformance with the mitigation hierarchy; (2) identify the most environmentally preferable offsets within a landscape context; and (3) determine appropriate mitigation replacement ratios.
Charge injection device as a candidate sensor for stellar tracking

Charge transfer devices (CTDs) are superior to the image dissector as stellar tracking sensors, considering their low voltage requirements, insensitivity to magnetic fields, good linearity, and low weight and power. An analysis of one type of CTD, called the charge injection device (CID), revealed an X-Y addressing capability which provides exceptional flexibility in array readout and results in enhanced S/N capability, a surface channel device which produces a larger dynamic range of operation, and exceptional and unique tolerance to optical overloads. A 128 row by 128 column CID array processed on silicon was evaluated in a cooled breadboard camera, and measured results indicate projected performance parameters of a large area CID array as follows: 20 micron square sensing site, noise not greater than 25 carriers per pixel, quantum yield of approximately 40% from 0.4 to 1.0 micron, and cooling requirements on the order of 0 degrees C.
A target for pharmacological intervention in an untreatable human disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to a variety of pathological conditions—including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, muscular disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. Defects in genes important for mitochondrial function can cause severe illness and lead to devastating and untreatable childhood diseases. Leigh syndrome, or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is a clinically defined disease presenting with myopathy, lactic acidosis, dyspnea, and characteristic progressive lesions of the brain stem, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.
Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection

BACKGROUND Patients who have undergone ileal resection are at risk for developing magnesium depletion/deficiency because of poor absorption and decreased intake as well as increased endogenous losses. Magnesium repletion is difficult to accomplish because of the cathartic action of most oral magnesium supplements at therapeutic doses. The results of in vitro and in situ studies show that magnesium diglycinate (chelate) represents a highly available form of magnesium that is absorbed in part as an intact dipeptide in the proximal small intestine. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, randomized crossover trial with 12 patients who had ileal resections in order to compare the bioavailability of a 100-mg dose of 26Mg-labeled chelate with MgO in this patient population. RESULTS For the patient group as a whole, 26Mg absorption was low but was not different for the two supplements (23.5% vs 22.8% for magnesium chelate and MgO, respectively). However, 26Mg absorption was substantially greater from the chelate (23.5% vs 11.8%; p < .05) in the four patients who showed the greatest impairment of magnesium absorption with MgO and was better tolerated by all patients. Peak isotope enrichment also occurred significantly earlier after 26Mg chelate than after 26MgO ingestion (mean difference 3.2 +/- 1.3 hours; p < .05), and the area under the enrichment vs time curve was greater after chelate ingestion (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Data from this study support the suggestion that some portion of magnesium diglycinate is absorbed intact, probably via a dipeptide transport pathway. Magnesium diglycinate may be a good alternative to commonly used magnesium supplements in patients with intestinal resection.
The trapped ion-electron instability in an electron storage ring with a gap in the bunch train

Abstract The trapped ion–electron instability in an electron storage ring is studied for a broad distribution of natural ion oscillation frequencies, termed ion bounce frequencies. A gap in the train of electron bunches may be used to create bands of unstable ion bounce frequencies, so that an ion species is ejected from regions of the ring where its horizontal or vertical bounce frequency is unstable. Expressions are obtained for the reduction in the incoherent tune shifts and trapped ion–electron instability growth rates resulting from the gap.
Decomposition algorithms for the maximum-weight connected graph problem

Given a positive integer R and a weight for each vertex in a graph, the maximum-weight connected graph problem (MCG) is to find a connected subgraph with R vertices that maximizes the sum of their weights. MCG has applications to communication network design and facility expansion. The constrained MCG (CMCG) is MCG with a constraint that one predetermined vertex must be included in the solution. In this paper, we introduce a class of decomposition algorithms for MCG. These algorithms decompose MCG into a number of small CMCGs by adding vertices one at a time and building a partial graph. They differ in the ordering of adding vertices. Proving that finding an ordering that gives the minimum number of CMCGs is NP-complete, we present three heuristic algorithms. Experimental results show that these heuristics are very effective in reducing computation and that different orderings can significantly affect the number of CMCGs to be solved. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 817–837, 1998
A likelihood-MPEC approach to target classification

In this paper we develop a method for classifying an unknown data vector as belonging to one of several classes. This method is based on the statistical methods of maximum likehood and borrowed strength estimation. We develop an MPEC procedure (for Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints) for the classification of a multi-dimensional observation, using a finite set of observed training data as the inputs to a bilevel optimization problem. We present a penalty interior point method for solving the resulting MPEC and report numerical results for a multispectral minefield classification application. Related approaches based on conventional maximum likehood estimation and a bivariate normal mixture model, as well as alternative surrogate classification objective functions, are described.
Laboratory determination of anisotropic aggregate resilient moduli using an innovative test device

The importance of anisotropic aggregate behavior is presently not considered in material characterization for pavement design because of the lack of proper laboratory equipment and testing capabilities. A newly acquired, innovative triaxial testing machine, referred to as the University of Illinois FastCell (UI-FC), was used to determine in the laboratory the anisotropic resilient properties of granular materials. Since the UI-FC permits stresses to be cycled independently in the vertical and horizontal directions, it is ideally suited for simulating dynamic stresses on a sample and for studying the effects of anisotropic stress-path-dependent aggregate behavior. Preliminary results obtained from four aggregates tested using UI-FC indicated definite directional dependency (anisotropy) of aggregate moduli. The resilient moduli computed in the vertical and radial directions varied pronouncedly with the applied stress states. However, when the same procedure was used to test a synthetic specimen having isotr...
Valley splitting on tilted Si(100) surfaces

Abstract We have investigated Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations and Hall measurements in the inversion layer of surfaces tilted 1.2° from the Si(100) towards the Si(111). SdH measurements reveal two distinct bands, populated approximately in a 4:1 ratio, each with a valley degeneracy of one, which is consistent with valley splitting in a projection model.
Synthesis of single crystal boron phosphide

Abstract Boron phosphide has been synthesized from the elements at pressures and temperatures above 20 kbar and 1200 °C. The growth rate of crystals has been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. An activation energy of 49.27 kcal/mole has been obtained for the process. Crystals of boron phosphide have further been synthesized from the B-O-P system using mixtures of (1) boron, phosphorus and boron oxide; (2) boron and boron phosphate; and (3) boron and phosphorus pentoxide. Optical and scanning electron micrographs reveal details of the crystal morphology. Transmission measurements indicate the fundamental absorption edge of BP to lie at around 5 eV.
Changing Perspectives on the Utility of Error Correction in Second Language Acquisition

Views among foreign language educators regarding the value of error correction have changed considerably in recent decades. This paper examines contemporary trends in the error correction literature. Emphases are on the: 1) Types of Errors and 2) Methods of Corrections which affect second language acquisition.
Novel scrubbing system for post-combustion CO2 capture and recovery: Experimental studies

Abstract Power plant emissions of flue gas to the atmosphere releases considerable CO 2 which is considered to be the main contributor to global warming. Several gas absorption techniques are being investigated to reduce the capital and operating costs for CO 2 capture from post-combustion flue gas. Conventional method of CO 2 capture by an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) and its subsequent stripping in a separate tower with steam at 120 °C is highly energy intensive. The low partial pressure of CO 2 in the flue gas inhibits the application of CO 2 -selective membranes unless methods are employed to increase the CO 2 partial pressure in the flue gas to be treated. An absorption–stripping technique to potentially bypass the shortcomings of many existing approaches is described here. Bench-scale CO 2 capture and recovery from simulated flue gas with and without moisture was demonstrated using an advanced hollow fiber membrane contactor. This was achieved by the use of a novel non-volatile absorbent, consisting of the ionic liquid [bmim][DCA] containing 20 wt% polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer Gen 0. We have employed a simulated humidified flue gas containing around 14% CO 2 and demonstrated successful removal of bulk of the CO 2 and its recovery in a CO 2 -concentrated stream; the CO 2 concentration achieved in the stripper out stream was ~92 vol%. An estimate of the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient ( K l a ) for the current CO 2 -IL-PAMAM Gen 0 system has been obtained.
Recurrent cutaneous leiomyosarcoma.

Background. Soft tissue sarcomas comprise approximately 0.7% of all malignant neoplasms. Superficial leiomyosarcoma, a rare malignant lesion, constitutes 4.0-6.5% of all soft tissue sarcomas, an overall incidence of approximately 0.04% among all cancers. Currently, less than 125 cumulative cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma have been reported in the English literature. Methods. The authors report the case of a 70-year-old Japanese man with recurrent cutaneous leiomyosarcoma who was treated by wide local excision. A comprehensive literature survey is also presented. Results. The patient is free from recurrence 1 year after wide local excision of a second recurrence of cutaneous leiomyosarcoma. Moreover, superficial leiomyosarcoma can be subdivided into cutaneous leiomyosarcoma and subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma, based on histolopathologic and prognostic differences. Conclusions. The treatment of choice of superficial leiomyosarcoma is wide local excision. Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma is associated with local recurrence only, although subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma undergoes meta-static spread in 30-60% of cases, with a 30-40% mortality rate. Cancer 1992; 70:490–492.
Concentration dependence of thermoelectric power of aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions using hydrogen electrodes

Using a hydrogen-electrode thermocell with a temperature difference of 8 K, the initial thermoelectric power ɛin has been determined for aqueous NaOH solutions from 0.003 to 0.2 molal at mean temperatures of 25 and 15°C. Graphs of a function of ɛin vs. a function of m1/2 yield infinitedilution limiting slopes as m1/2 → 0 which are shown to be in agreement with the five-term theory of this laboratory. Extrapolation of these curves to infinite dilution yields the value for the standard transported entropy of the hydroxide ion\(\bar \bar S^ \circ (OH^-- ) = 68.8 \pm 0.3J{\text{ - }}K^{ - 1} \).
Plant Utility Indices: Two Great Basin Examples

Abstract Collection and processing experiments conducted with two Great Basin plant foods, pinyon and pickleweed, are reported, and their implications for expecting and interpreting variation in plant macrofossil assemblages produced by central-place foragers are discussed. Our results suggest that archaeologists should expect inter-assemblage and inter-taxonomic variation in the deposition of plant remains as a result of differences in the costs and benefits of field processing plant resources for transport. Estimates of the net caloric return rates associated with field processing and transporting loads of pinyon and pickleweed also suggest that processing characteristics may determine which resources are more likely to affect the locations of residential camps, and which may be efficiently exploited through logistic procurement.
National practice patterns in preoperative and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in breast procedures requiring drains: survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons.

To assess national practice patterns regarding use of perioperative antibiotics by surgeons performing breast operations requiring drainage tubes. The members of the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) were surveyed regarding use of perioperative antibiotics for breast operations requiring drains, with or without immediate tissue expander or implant reconstruction. Of 2,857 ASBrS members contacted, 917 (32 %) responded; all self-identified as surgeons. Of 905 evaluable respondents, most described themselves as general surgeons (46 %) or breast surgeons (46 %). For cases in which drains are anticipated, most respondents (86 %) reported routine use of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics, with 99 % selecting cephalosporins. Use of antibiotic >24 h postoperatively varied by whether or not reconstruction was performed. In nonreconstruction cases, the majority (76 %) reported “never/almost never” prescribing antibiotics beyond the 24-h postoperative period, but 16 % reported “always/almost always.” In reconstruction cases, the majority (58 %) reported routine antibiotic use beyond 24 h, and the primary driver of the decision to use antibiotics was reported to be the plastic surgeon (83 %). Among those reporting use at >24 h, the duration recommended for nonreconstruction cases was “up to 1 week” in 38 % and “until drains removed” in 39 %; this was similar for reconstruction cases. Cephalosporins are utilized uniformly as preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in breast operations requiring drains. However, use of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is strongly dependent on the presence of immediate breast reconstruction. Consensus is lacking on the role of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in breast operations utilizing drains.
Carbohydrate status and transplant quality of micropropagated broccoli plantlets stored under different light environments

Abstract Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis Group `Green Duke') plantlets, which were ready for transplanting after photoautotrophic (sugar-free) culture, were stored for 6 weeks at 5°C under white, red or blue light or under darkness. Storage light intensity was 2 μ mol m −2 s −1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Regardless of light quality, shoot dry weight remained unchanged when light was present during storage. Light quality affected transplant quality of the plantlets but did not affect CO 2 exchange rate during storage. Stem elongation was observed for plantlets stored in red or blue light. Chlorophyll degradation was more pronounced in red or blue light than in white light or in darkness. The levels of soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch were reduced significantly in dark-stored plantlets, while they were maintained at high levels in light-stored plantlets. Red and blue light enhanced hexose (glucose and fructose) accumulation in stems during storage, which may have caused stem elongation. All plantlets stored in darkness died early during the following acclimatization stage. The plantlets stored in light, however, were acclimatized successfully. Regardless of light quality, illumination during storage maintained dry weight, carbohydrate levels, and therefore, regrowth potential of micropropagated plantlets during storage.
51.3: Electrophoretically Controlled Nematic LCD: Bistability and Multistability with Color Generation

Here is presented a nematic LCD based on a novel orientational effect in suspension of the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with solid nanoparticles, controlled by the optically “hidden” electrophoretic effect: electrophoretically controlled nematic (EPCN) [1,2]. Polarity controlled electromigration of the nanoparticles, results in the stabilization of the molecular alignment and provides the bistable/multistable switching in a conventionally designed LC structure. Multistability, provided by the electrophoretically controlled birefringence effect, allows multistable color switching, stabilized at zero field. This makes it easier to introduce into conventional nematic LC technology a polarity-controlled bistable/multistable switching with color capability and gives to standard LCD fabrication technique a big opportunity for developing low consumption high informative displays, including low cost large scale flexible displays.
Evaluating RadLex and real world radiology reporting: are we there yet?

This issue ofAcademic Radiology contains a study byWoods and Eng (1) describing their experience using chest radiography reports generated in usual clinical practice to estimate the completeness of RadLex (http://rsna.org/RadLex.aspx). RadLex was developed by the Radiological Society of North America to meet the terminology challenges of radiology by providing a uniform source of terms and concepts used by and for radiologists. The intent of RadLex is to reduce variation and improve clarity in radiology reports and image annotations as well as to provide a standardized means of indexing radiological materials in a variety of settings. These standardized terms can then be used for retrieving information from a variety of imaging information sources, including imaging research databases, educational materials, and clinical imaging reports. Using clinical imaging reports as the data source, this study is an important critique of the ability of RadLex to meet its stated goals. The study looked at the match rate for ‘‘objects’’ in routine chest radiography reports. In the analysis, there are two critical RadLex gaps that the authors identified that reduce matching frequency. The first is in relation to the terms that describe patient procedures, for example, ‘‘coronary artery bypass’’ or ‘‘aortic valve replacement.’’ The initial impetus for RadLex was identified through a process of report content parsing and evaluation that was similar to the current study. Langlotz and Caldwell (2) mapped radiology reports objects against the largest medical lexicons, the Unified Medical Language System, and two constituent terminologies, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and SNOMED International. The maximum coverage between radiology terms and content in the standard medical lexicons was 50%. In the current study, the procedure terms that fail to have matches in RadLex are precisely those terms that are readily found and well defined in those clinically oriented lexicons.
Polyreactive IgM antibodies in the circulation are masked by antigen binding

Human plasma containing IgM showed only minimal, if any, reactivity with a panel of antigens as measured by ELISA. In contrast, affinity-purified IgM showed many times more reactivity with the same panel of antigens. When plasma was added back to the affinity-purified IgM, the reactivity of the IgM with antigens was completely inhibited by undiluted plasma and by as much as 40% with as little as a 1:100 dilution of plasma. When the affinity-purified IgM was affinity-purified a second time by passage through antigen-specific columns (e.g., insulin or Fc or beta-galactosidase), the eluted antibodies bound not only to the antigen used for purification, but also to a panel of unrelated antigens, indicating that the antibodies were polyreactive. It is concluded that polyreactive IgM antibodies are present in the circulation but are masked by binding to circulating antigens.
Reading Habits of College Students in the United States

This study employed a convergent mixed-method research design to investigate reading habits of American college students. A total of 1,265 (466 male and 799 female) college students voluntarily participated in the study by completing a self-reported survey. Twelve students participated in semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. Descriptive analysis indicated that the hours students spent weekly (M) on academic reading (AR), extracurricular reading (ER), and the Internet (INT), were 7.72 hours, 4.24 hours, and 8.95 hours, respectively. A multiple linear regression and a zero-order correlation statistical analysis indicated the INT and socializing with others (SO) were significant factors college students devoted to conventional academic and extracurricular reading.
Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Anisotropic nuclear quadrupole interactions can produce residual quadrupole splitting in the NMR spectra of rapidly moving quadrupolar nuclei in incompletely disordered aqueous heterogeneous systems. Such systems may include hydrated sodium nuclei in biological tissue and biopolymer gels. To describe the NMR signals from such samples, we use a domain model in which each domain is characterized by a quadrupole frequency and a residence time of the nucleus. We show that the signals from each domain after one pulse, the quadrupole echo sequence, and the various multiple quantum filters (MQFs) can be expressed as a linear combination of five different phase coherences. To simulate the effect of various distributions (Pake powder pattern, Gaussian, etc.) of quadrupole frequencies for different domains on the NMR signal, we have written the computer program CORVUS. CORVUS also includes the effects of exchange between different domains using diffusion and random jump models. The results of computer simulations show that the Gaussian and Pake powder pattern quadrupole frequency distributions produce very different phase coherences and observable NMR signals when the exchange rate (1/τ e ) between different domains is slow. When 1/τ e is similar to the root mean square quadrupole frequency (ς), the signals from the two distributions are similar. When 1/τ e is an order of magnitude greater than ς, there is no apparent evidence of quadrupole splitting in the shape of the signal following one pulse, but the residual effects of the quadrupole splitting make a significant contribution to the fast transverse relaxation rate. Therefore, in this case, it is inappropriate to use the observed biexponential relaxation rates to obtain a single correlation time. The quadrupole echo and the various MQF signals contain an echo from the satellite transitions in the presence of quadrupole splitting. The peak of this echo is very sensitive to 1/τ e . The time domain analysis of these signals is more direct and less ambiguous than the frequency domain analysis because the echo does not occur at the beginning of data acquisition. The quadrupole echo pulse sequence is the most sensitive detector of residual quadrupole splitting and exchange of sodium ions between different domains. However, if the sample is compartmentalized so that only a fraction of the nuclei have quadrupole splitting, the double quantum magic angle filter (DQ-MA) is more suitable. This is because the DQ-MA signal contains only the contributions from satellite transitions. Use of simulations to analyze signals from various one-pulse, quadrupole echo, and multiple quantum filter pulse sequences can yield information on substrate order and aid in quantitation of multiple quantum filter signals.
The role of cyclic AMP in slime mold development

Summary Cyclic AMP acts as an aggregative attractant in Dictyostelium discoideum and possibly in other cellular slime molds. There is good evidence that extra-cellular cyclic AMP is also involved in the control of morphogenetic movement and of differentiation throughout the D. discoideum life cycle. In this paper we review what is known of the cyclic AMP signal, of the responses to it and of cyclic AMP metabolism in D. discoideum.
The Circadian Periodicity of Urinary 17-Ketosteroids, Corticosteroids, and Electrolytes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

The circadian periodicity of adrenal function in patients with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was examined by measuring the urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, sodium, and potassium. Patients with the salt-losing and the non-salt-losing types were studied with and without treatment. Cosine curves were fitted to the data by the least-squares method to determine the mesors, amplitudes, and acrophases of the variable for each patient. The data reveal distinct circadian rhythms for all variables measured whether or not the patient was receiving treatment. The acrophases for 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were between 1500 and 1800 h. These acrophases are about 6 h later than those for normal subjects. The treatment on a fixed daytime schedule for many yearsmay have shifted the natural rhythm.
The perception of technological risks: A literature review

Abstract In response to rising concern about technological risks, a concerted effort is being made to improve risk analysis methods and risk management approaches. As part of this effort, behavioral and social scientists have produced a substantial body of knowledge of value to risk analysts and decision makers. This paper focuses on behavioral and social science studies of human intellectual limitations in thinking about the risks, factors influencing risk attitudes and perceptions, and factors contributing to social conflicts and disputes about technological activities. A basic assumption of the paper is that analysts and decision makers can benefit from a better understanding of how experts and nonexperts think and make decisions about technological risks. Without such understanding, well-intended policies may be ineffective or even counterproductive.
Lipedematous alopecia: an unusual sequela of discoid lupus, or other co-conspirators at work?

Background Lipedematous alopecia is a rare entity of uncertain origin characterized by a boggy scalp and varying alopecia. Of 11 cases in the literature, 7 occurred in African American women. Classic histopathologic findings include increased subcutaneous tissue, varying inflammation, and an absence of mucin. Some have sought to distinguish this disorder from lipedematous scalp, a condition with similar tactile features, but without alopecia. Observation We describe a case of lipedematous alopecia in an African American woman who also had findings of discoid lupus erythematosus. Such an observation has not been made previously, and may provide insight into the cause of lipedematous alopecia. This case is contrasted with a case of lipedematous scalp. Conclusion Some cases of lipedematous alopecia may represent an unusual consequence of discoid lupus erythematosus. Alternatively, it is possible that lipedematous scalp is a benign condition observed in some patients, and that a second insult results in alopecia. Finally, lipedematous alopecia might share some histopathologic and/or clinical findings with discoid lupus erythematosus, or it may represent a nonspecific reaction pattern to chronic injury.
Contact allergy to an organic solvent: Immediate sensitivity and serum-sicknesslike reaction

Abstract A 30-year-old sewing machine operator began to develop hives after the introduction of a solvent (N355) used to clean the sewing machine. She also described individual lesions requiring 2–3 weeks to resolve along with joint pain that began 1–2 days after the hives had developed. Routine patch testing was negative except for gold, which was not believed to be relevant. Patch testing for immediate hypersensitivity to N355 was positive. At 48 hours, she was noted to have a nonpalpable purpuric area at the site of testing.
Aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing for INDOEX derived from AVHRR: Observations, January-March 1996-2000

[1] Visible and near infrared reflectances from NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime passes are used to derive optical depths at 0.55 μm, an index of aerosol type, continental or marine, and the direct effect of the aerosol on the top of the atmosphere and surface solar radiative fluxes for the oceans in the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) region (30°S to 30°N and 50°–110°E) during the January–March 1996–2000 winter monsoons. Comparison of aerosol optical depth and radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere with those in the Southern Hemisphere suggests that the additional pollution sources augment the 0.55-μm optical depth by, on average, 0.1 in the Northern Hemisphere. As a result of the aerosol, the region of the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere loses about 1.6 Wm−2 in reflected sunlight and the ocean surface loses about 5 Wm−2 during the months of the winter monsoon. Aerosol burdens and the aerosol direct radiative forcing are a relatively constant feature of the Northern Hemisphere, although the southeastern Arabian Sea experienced considerably larger aerosol burdens during the February–March 1999 INDOEX Intensive Field Phase (IFP) than in other years. Frequency distributions of the optical depth for 1° × 1° latitude-longitude regions are well represented by gamma distribution functions. The day-to-day and year-to-year variability of the optical depth for such regions is correlated with the long-term average optical depth. Interannual variability of the monthly mean optical depths for such regions is found to be as large as the day-to-day variability. Such large variability suggests that long-term records of in situ observations will be required in order to assess the performance of models that generate climatologies of aerosol concentrations.