cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordination chemistry of new sulphur containing ligands—26. Eight coordinate vanadium(IV) and molybdenum(IV) complexes of 2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithiocarboxylate1

The new difunction ligand, 2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithio-carboxylate(L), was prepared and its coordination chemistry examined to gain further insight into the reactivity of “aromatic” dithio type ligands. Reaction with MoCl4py2 and VOSO4, led to the surprising eight coordinate products ML4. The sp2 hybridization of the ring carbon to which the CS2 moiety is bonded apparently yields a pseudo-aromatic effect on the reactivity of this ligand. The physical properties of these new compounds are discussed.
Empowering Workers and Clients for Organizational Change, by Cohen, M. B., & Hyde, C. A.

Change and empowerment are common themes in the social work literature. Arguably, much of the scholarship on theories and strategies of change is directed at the individual or family level, sometim...
Alterations in D1/D2 synergism may account for enhanced stereotypy and reduced climbing in mice lacking dopamine D2L receptor.

Abstract Concurrent activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors (D1 and D2) is required for the expression of certain dopamine (DA)-mediated responses, such as climbing and stereotyped behaviors. Such interactions between D1 and D2 (i.e. D1/D2 synergism) represent an important aspect of dopaminergic function and plasticity. The D2 receptor exists in two isoforms: D2L and D2S. We have generated mice that selectively lack D2L (D2L−/−). Here we showed that treatment with the indirect DA agonist amphetamine, the direct DA agonist apomorphine, or combination of D1 and D2 agonists elicited intense climbing in wild type mice (which express predominantly D2L in the striatum), but this behavior was absent or reduced in D2L−/− mice. On the other hand, apomorphine, the D2 agonist quinpirole, or combination of quinpirole and the D1 agonist SKF 81297 induced more stereotyped behavior such as biting or head movements in D2L−/− mice (which express only D2S) than in wild type mice. The D1 receptor functioned normally in D2L−/− mice. Taken together, these results suggest that D2L and D1 interactions may play a greater role in DA agonist-induced climbing, whereas D2S and D1 interactions may have a larger impact on DA agonist-induced stereotypy (and possibly psychosis). DA agonists, which are clinically used to treat Parkinson’s disease and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are known to induce psychotic side effects. Thus, our findings may provide novel insights for designing anti-parkinsonian, anti-ADHD and antipsychotic drugs with greater therapeutic efficacy and fewer side effects.
A small, high-sensitivity, medium-response ozone detector suitable for measurements from light aircraft

Abstract An instrument for tropospheric O3 measurements based on the chemiluminescent reaction between nitric oxide and ozone is described. It was designed as part of a larger instrument package for simultaneous measurements of NO, NO2, NOy and O3 using smaller aircraft. The sensitivity of the O3 instrument is 2000 counts per second per ppbv O3, giving very high signal-to-noise ratios and a detection limit well below 0.1 ppbv. The instrument has been used in several research programs using the NCAR Sabreliner jet aircraft, and some results from these flights are presented. As configured for these flights, the instrument is operated with a 2-s integration time. However, suitable and readily made changes in operating conditions should allow sufficiently fast response for eddy correlation flux measurements from an aircraft or in ground-based programs.
Reorientational eigenmode dynamics : a combined MD/NMR relaxation analysis method for flexible parts in globular proteins

An approach is presented for the interpretation of heteronuclear NMR spin relaxation data in mobile protein parts in terms of reorientational eigenmode dynamics. The method is based on the covariance matrix of the spatial functions of the nuclear spin interactions that cause relaxation expressed as spherical harmonics of rank 2. The approach was applied to characterize the dynamics of a loop region of ubiquitin. The covariance matrix was determined from a conformational ensemble generated by a 5 ns molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the time correlation functions of the dominant eigenmodes decay in good approximation with a single correlation time. From the reorientational eigenmodes, their eigenvalues, and correlation times, NMR relaxation data were calculated in accordance with Bloch−Wangsness−Redfield relaxation theory and directly compared with experimental 15N relaxation parameters. Using a fitting procedure, agreement between calculated and experimental data was improved significantly ...
Integration of Library Impact Statements into the Curricular Review Process

ABSTRACTLibrary impact statements can be key tools in evaluating a library's collection and determining what additional resources should be acquired to support a new course, major, or program. An academic institution's curricular review process can benefit from the inclusion of library impact statements. The application of library impact statements at Missouri State University and Southwest Baptist University will be examined. Information will be presented concerning the creation process, the types of research required, presentation formats, how the impact statements benefit both the library and the institution, and a selective review of how a number of other libraries handle the process.
Chemical functionalization of silica and alumina particles for dispersion in carbon dioxide.

The steric stabilization and flocculation of modified silica and alumina particle suspensions in condensed CO2 were studied. Silica particles (average diameters of 7 and 12 nm) were functionalized using chlorosilanes of the form CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl (n = 8, 4, or 1) to give CnF2n+1-silica. Alumina particles (diameter of 8−14 nm) were grafted with C8F17CH2CH2Si(OEt)3 and chemically modified with perfluorononanoic acid to yield C8F17-alumina and C8F17COOH-alumina, respectively. Elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis on the derivatized particles were carried out, and surface coverage was calculated. The stabilization of these modified particles in condensed CO2 was quantified using turbidimetry. Particle stability was found to increase with increasing fluorinated tail length, temperature, and CO2 density. Unmodified particles and those modified with only −CF3 tails were unstable in condensed CO2. Stabilization in supercritical CO2 is continuous up to 24 h for the CnF2n+1-silica (n ≥ 4) particle...
High-precision geochronology links the Ferrar large igneous province with early-Jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis

Abstract Apparent synchrony between eruption/emplacement of large igneous province (LIP) magmas and mass extinction has led to the implication of magmatism as a primary trigger of global scale environmental change. Evaluating the efficacy of magmatism as a driver of global change depends on the relative timing of magmatism and environmental change, and the magma effusion/intrusion rate, both of which can be constrained by high-precision geochronology. Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian–Toarcian) global ocean anoxia and acidification, carbon isotope perturbations, and biotic crisis have been linked to “synchronous” eruption and emplacement of the Karoo and Ferrar LIPs. To better constrain the timing and duration of Ferrar magmatism, we apply the single crystal, chemical abrasion U–Pb ID-TIMS method to zircon crystals isolated from twenty Ferrar LIP sills and lavas, and the Dufek intrusion. Dates suggest that both intrusive and extrusive Ferrar magmatism occurred over an interval of 349 ± 49 kyr , beginning with intrusive magmatism as early as 182.779 ± 0.033 Ma . Lava eruption was synchronous with, and in some cases postdates intrusion. When coupled with existing geochronology on the Karoo province, our dates confirm broad synchrony between Karoo and Ferrar magmatism, though Karoo magmatism began demonstrably prior to Ferrar magmatism, starting as early as 183.246 ± 0.045 Ma . The short-lived magmatic history of the Ferrar LIP makes it a plausible trigger for early-Jurassic environmental change.
The Chicago School on Economic Methodology and Monopolistic Competition

ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT EASY to define precisely what is meant by a "school of thought" in economics, such things do emerge and become familiar by specific titles and designations. Thus the Chicago School of economists is by now rather widely recognized, in terms of both economic policy and economic theory.' Frank H. Knight, Milton Friedman, and George J. Stigler have been assigned the role of the "intellectual leaders" of the School,2 while the late Henry C. Simons has been referred to as its publicist.3 Other members include Aaron Director, G. Warren Nutter, Lloyd W. Mints, Harry Henig, Arnold C. Harberger, Simon Rottenberg, and Alfred Sherrard.4
A quantitative method for clustering size distributions of elements

A quantitative method was developed to group similarly shaped size distributions of particle-phase elements in order to ascertain sources of the elements. This method was developed and applied using data from two sites in Houston, TX; one site surrounded by refineries, chemical plants and vehicular and commercial shipping traffic, and the other site, 25 miles inland surrounded by residences, light industrial facilities and vehicular traffic. Twenty-four hour size-segregated (0.056<D_p (particle diameter)<1.8 μm) particulate matter samples were collected during five days in August 2000. ICP-MS was used to quantify 32 elements with concentrations as low as a few picograms per cubic meter. Concentrations of particulate matter mass, sulfate and organic carbon at the two sites were often not significantly different from each other and had smooth unimodal size distributions indicating the regional nature of these species. Element concentrations varied widely across events and sites and often showed sharp peaks at particle diameters between 0.1 and 0.3 μm and in the ultrafine mode (Dp<0.1 μm), which suggested that the sources of these elements were local, high-temperature processes. Elements were quantitatively grouped together in each event using Ward's Method to cluster normalized size distributions of all elements. Cluster analysis provided groups of elements with similar size distributions that were attributed to sources such as automobile catalysts, fluid catalytic cracking unit catalysts, fuel oil burning, a coal-fired power plant, and high-temperature metal working. The clustered elements were generally attributed to different sources at the two sites during each sampling day indicating the diversity of local sources that impact heavy metals concentrations in the region.
Curvature sensing and compensation: a computer simulation.

The concept of curvature sensing and compensation in adaptive optics is investigated by means of a computer simulation. Satisfactory correction is observed when the signal from a 13 element sensor is directly applied to a simulated membrane mirror.
Detection and measurement of opium alkaloids and metabolites in urine of opium eaters by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography

Abstract A gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric assay for eight opium alkaloids in human urine following opium ingestion is described. The compounds were extracted from urine with methylene chloride—isopropanol (7:3, v/v) at pH 9.5, evaporated, derivatized with Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography. The method is sensitive to ca. 0.01 μg/ml for morphine and codeine and ca. 0.05 μg/ml for the other compounds. Adsorption problems on the gas chromatography column prevented obtaining reproducible results for the measurement of noscapine. Extraction efficiencies over the pH range of 8–11 for the eight compounds are reported. Retention times of the opium alkaloids were determined using five different liquid phases (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100–120 mesh) and two column lengths (36 cm and 183 cm). The 36-cm column packed with OV-210 was selected for use in the assay. Ions were selected for monitoring for each component from their methane chemical ionization spectrum to provide the needed sensitivity and specificity for analysis of a multi-component mixture. The assay was used for the analysis of an “opium eater's” urine. Morphine, codeine, nomorphine, norcodeine and noscapine were detected; however, no evidence was obtained for thebaine, papaverine or oripavine. Unconjugated morphine (0.64 μg/ml) was present at nearly twice the concentration of codeine (0.37 μg/ml) and normorphine and norcodeine were present in equal amounts (ca. 0.15 μg/ml).
Mechanism of Action of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole—II

The biochemical basis of the activity of trimethoprim (TMP) is reviewed. It is concluded that the enzymatic locus of action of the compound is dihydrofolate reductase. The selective action of TMP is based on its ability to distinguish structural differences in reductases isolated from various organisms. The chemical nature of these variations in species may consist of changes in certain amino acids in regions adjacent to the active site of the reductase. Attention is directed to areas in which our knowledge of the biochemistry of TMP is incomplete.
All India Radio and the genealogies of folk music in Uttarakhand

While the role of All India Radio in shaping the national musical canon is well known, this article examines AIR's role in codifying and institutionalizing regional folk music, with particular focus on the Uttarakhand Himalayas. Between 1955 and 1978, hereditary and non-hereditary migrants from Garhwal and Kumaon were instrumental in making field recordings, arranging, composing, and broadcasting a variety of folk forms and styles that were made to stand for the indigenous music of Uttarakhand. After 1978, in part as a response to the growth of the private cassette industry, AIR shifted to a narrower concept of folk music as ancient, rural, locally-contained music that should remain free of commercial influence. This article demonstrates that discursive shifts within AIR significantly impacted who and what would be broadcast, and thus who and what would be considered part of regional folk culture.
Reconstructing the Rheumatoid Wrist: A Utility Analysis Comparing Total Wrist Fusion and Total Wrist Arthroplasty from the Perspectives of Rheumatologists and Hand Surgeons:

Rheumatologists and hand surgeons have historically demonstrated strikingly divergent attitudes toward the benefits of surgical intervention, either total wrist fusion or total wrist arthroplasty, for the rheumatoid wrist. A utility analysis was conducted to compare a national random sample of hand surgeons and rheumatologists regarding their opinions about surgical management of severe rheumatoid wrist disease. A web-based trade-off utility survey was developed, and participants were presented with survey scenarios comparing well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis with operative and non-operative management. Utility values were calculated for each scenario, and a decision analytic model was constructed. Utility values for rheumatologists and hand surgeons did not differ significantly for any scenario. Total wrist arthroplasty was associated with the highest expected gain in quality-adjusted life-years for each subgroup. This decision analytic model demonstrates similar opinions between two subspecialties that have historically demonstrated divergent attitudes towards rheumatoid hand surgery.
Moral Development and Behavior—Theory, Research, and Social Issues edited by Thomas Lickona. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976. 430 pp

(1977). Moral Development and Behavior—Theory, Research, and Social Issues edited by Thomas Lickona. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976. 430 pp. The Educational Forum: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 502-506.
Progress with SNS fast beam chopper

The fast traveling-wave 2.5 MeV beam chopper for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) project has a new current structure based on the meander-folded notched stripline with separators. Measurements of the full-length structure prototype showed a good agreement with predictions of MAFIA electromagnetic modeling. The design of the final chopper units is completed, and they are being manufactured. Here we report on the final design of the chopper and on results of recent thermal and vacuum tests of the prototype chopper structure.
Rapid-Prototyping Method for Modeling a Circulation-Control Wing at Low Speeds

such as the ones encountered during takeoff and approach. This method is for rapid prototyping during the conceptual design stage with a goal to predict the performance or the change of lift coefficient within 5–10% of accuracy. This method includes three parts: an alternate approach for estimating jet speed without assuming the jet staticpressureattheexit,anempiricalapproachforestimatingtheliftcoefficientsofcirculation-controlairfoils,and a lifting-line theory for estimating wing-lift curves based on the airfoil-lift data. The validation against the windtunnel test data available for a modified Intruder A-6 aircraft with a circulation-control wing was deemed
The failure of e-learning research to inform educational practice, and what we can do about it.

When a new technology is introduced, earlier studies focus on demonstrations of efficacy, followed by studies comparing the new technology against the old. However, such studies do little to advance the new technology. Using an analogy with the automobile the author argues that e-learning is neither inherently superior nor inferior to traditional instruction; rather they are different and complementary. Each can effectively serve different purposes and functions suited to its strengths. A recent metaanalysis of internet-based instruction concluded that existing research provides reassurance that e-learning is better than nothing and similar (on average) to traditional instruction, but yields little guidance on how to effectively use e-learning. e-Learning research to-date has done little to inform educational practice, and further no-intervention-controlled studies or comparisons with traditional instructional methods are not needed. Instead, we need to clarify how and when to use e-learning through ‘basic science’ research and ‘field tests’ comparing one e-learning intervention to another.
Proteasome modulator 9 is linked to microvascular pathology of T2D

The locus 12q24 is linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to changes in retinal vascular caliber in Caucasians. Proteasome Modulator 9 gene (PSMD9) lies in the 12q24 locus and is implicated in diabetes onset and in degradation of intracellular proteins in antigenic peptides in the immune response to antigen presentation by MHC class I cells. Within PSMD9, we reported a linkage to T2D and to MODY3 in Italian families. We recently demonstrated a linkage of the PSMD9 T2D risk SNPs with T2D-nephropathy, T2D-neuropathy, retinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, and macrovascular pathology. We aimed at studying the presence of the linkage signal of the PSMD9 T2D risk SNPs IVS3 + nt460, IVS3 + nt437, E197G to microvascular pathology associated to T2D in Italian siblings/families. We screened 200 T2D siblings/families for the PSMD9 above-mentioned variants and performed a parametric and non-parametric linkage study by Merlin software. Our results show significant LOD score in linkage with microvascular pathology for the PSMD9 SNPs studied using the non-parametric and parametric linkage analysis. The strongest signal is present under the recessive model. Our statistical power relies on the presence of T2D affected siblings, which represent an ideal dataset to identify linkage with a recessive disease model. Our simulation analysis confirms that the results are not due to random chance. In summary, the PSMD9 IVS3 + nt460, IVS3 + nt437, E197G SNPs are linked via the recessive model to microvascular pathology of T2D in Italians. A possible role of PSMD9 in microvascular pathology may be related to a causative pathogenetic role in inflammation as part of an autoimmune process. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3116–3118, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hemipenial Allometry in Anolis grahami

Abstract In animals with internal fertilization, the male genitalia often vary greatly, have complex morphology, and show fast rates of evolution. In studies of the evolution of such male genitalia, static allometric relationships have been used extensively. Static allometry is an intraspecific measure of proportional size of a particular structure with respect to the body size. We examined the static allometric pattern of the genitalia of two allopatric subspecies of a Jamaican Anolis lizard, Anolis grahami grahami and A. grahami aquarum, and compared our findings to observed patterns in nongenitalian traits: limbs and the dewlap. Limb and dewlap traits showed similar allometric slopes, with some variation in the intercept, whereas hemipenial traits showed different slopes. The hemipenial traits of Anolis g. grahami exhibited a statistically significant negative allometry, while A. g. aquarum showed slope values that were not statistically different from isometry. Our results corroborate the idea that ge...
Attosecond two-slit interference controlled by carrier-envelope phase

High harmonics generation was polarization gated with few-cycle laser pulses to produce two attosecond pulses with 104 XUV photons. The spectrum interference of the two pulses is affected by the carrier-envelope phase like in Young?s experiments.
On distributed stochastic optimization of regenerative systems using IPA

The use of a distributed asynchronous algorithm utilizing infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) gradient estimators for online multivariable optimization of systems that have regenerative properties is described. Each control variable has a processor that performs updates of the parameter according to a stochastic gradient algorithm driven by the IPA gradient estimates. The update times of the processors are not synchronized. The processors also communicate results of computations with each other, and this communication involves delays. Conditions are given under which the algorithm converges with probability one to the optimal parameter value. In their proof of convergence, the authors analyze a particular subsequence of the sequence of control parameters, and show that this sequence behaves like a sequence generated by a centralized synchronous gradient algorithm that updates before the start of each cycle of the system, and with gradient estimates that are asymptotically unbiased. >
The physical properties of normal A stars

Designating a star as of A-type is a result of spectral classification. After separating the peculiar stars from those deemed to be normal using the results of a century of stellar astrophysical wisdom, I define the physical properties of the “normal” stars. The hotter A stars have atmospheres almost in radiative equilibrium. In the A stars convective motions can be found which increase in strength as the temperature decreases.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Reproducible analyses of microbial food for advanced life support systems.

Abstract The use of yeasts in Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems ( CELSS ) for microbial food regeneration in space required the accurate and reproducible analysis of intracellular carbohydrate and protein levels. The reproducible analysis of glycogen was a key element in estimating overall content of edibles in candidate yeast strains. Typical analytical methods for estimating glycogen in Saccharomyces were not found to be entirely applicable to other candidate strains. Rigorous cell lysis coupled with acid/base fractionation followed by specific enzymatic glycogen analyses were required to obtain accurate results in two strains of Candida . A profile of edible fractions of these strains was then determined. The suitability of yeasts as food sources in CELSS food production processes is discussed.
Type IIA D-branes, K theory, and matrix theory

We show that all supersymmetric Type IIA D-branes can be constructed as bound states of a certain number of unstable non-supersymmetric Type IIA D9-branes. This string-theoretical construction demonstrates that D-brane charges in Type IIA theory on spacetime manifold X are classified by the higher K-theory group K^(-1)X, as suggested recently by Witten. In particular, the system of N D0-branes can be obtained, for any N, in terms of sixteen Type IIA D9-branes. This suggests that the dynamics of Matrix theory is contained in the physics of magnetic vortices on the worldvolume of sixteen unstable D9-branes, described at low energies by a U(16) gauge theory.
Weighing in: prevention of childhood overweight and obesity

Childhood overweight and obesity are preventable. Interventions to target child overweight and obesity must be multifaceted and responsive to the many environments that influence the lifestyle choices of children and their families. This article will focus on selected high-quality information and educational resources available on the Web or through the use of mobile technology for children, families, and health care professionals to reduce and prevent childhood overweight and obesity.
A National Survey of Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial-to-Permanent Conversion Rates

Objectives: Conversion rates from trial leads to permanent spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems have recently come under scrutiny. Our goal was to examine the rate of conversion from trial lead to permanent system placement as well as identify factors associated with successful SCS conversion. Materials and Methods: We designed a large retrospective analysis using the Thomson Reuters MarketScan database. We included all patients who underwent a percutaneous trial of neurostimulatory electrodes from the years 2000 to 2009 who were aged 18 and older. Patients were then tracked to see if they went on to receive a permanent SCS system. Patients were also analyzed in univariate and multivariate models to identify factors associated with successful conversion. Results: A total of 21,672 unique instances of percutaneous trials were identified. Overall, 41.4% of those receiving trials went on to have a permanent SCS system installed within the subsequent three months. Factors associated with increased likelihood of successful conversion included having commercial insurance (43% vs. 37%, p < 0.0001), younger age (43% for those aged 35–44 vs. 39% for those aged 65 and older, p < 0.0001), and never having had a previous percutaneous trial attempt (44% for first-time trials vs. 27% for those on their second trial vs. 14% for those on their third or later trial, p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, we found significant variation in conversion rate by geographic area (patients in the North Central region vs. Northeast region: odds ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval [1.31, 1.66]; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In this study of a national cohort of patients, we identified specific factors associated with higher conversion rates, along with significant geographical variation. In general, there is a need for better patient selection by physicians who practice neuromodulation.
Bacterial Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Degradation Genes in the Oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

ABSTRACT Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an organic sulfur compound that is rapidly metabolized by marine bacteria either by cleavage to dimethylsulfide (DMS) or demethylation to 3-methiolpropionate. The abundance and diversity of genes encoding bacterial DMS production (dddP) and demethylation (dmdA) were measured in the North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG) between May 2008 and February 2009 at Station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°00′W) at two depths: 25 m and the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM; ∼100 m). The highest abundance of dmdA genes was in May 2008 at 25 m, with ∼16.5% of cells harboring a gene in one of the eight subclades surveyed, while the highest abundance of dddP genes was in July 2008 at 25 m, with ∼2% of cells harboring a gene. The dmdA gene pool was consistently dominated by homologs from SAR11 subclades, which was supported by findings in metagenomic data sets derived from Station ALOHA. Expression of the SAR11 dmdA genes was low, with typical transcript:gene ratios between 1:350 and 1:1,400. The abundance of DMSP genes was statistically different between 25 m and the DCM and correlated with a number of environmental variables, including primary production, photosynthetically active radiation, particulate DMSP, and DMS concentrations. At 25 m, dddP abundance was positively correlated with pigments that are diagnostic of diatoms; at the DCM, dmdA abundance was positively correlated with temperature. Based on gene abundance, we hypothesize that SAR11 bacterioplankton dominate DMSP cycling in the oligotrophic NPSG, with lesser but consistent involvement of other members of the bacterioplankton community.
The VHF Doppler Radar as a Tool for Cloud and Precipitation Studies

Abstract The VHF Doppler radar has become a powerful tool for probing structures and motions of the clear air. In this paper, we discuss the capability of VHF radar as a tool for cloud and precipitation studies. Large fluctuations of refractive index from the cloudy air can be anticipated because of an abundance of water in clouds. Due to the difficulties in obtaining the necessary fine-scale observational data within clouds, we base our analysis of cloud-echoing properties on the numerical simulation of nonprecipitating cumulus by Klaassen and Clark. The Bragg scatter echo intensity is estimated from the temperature and humidity fields obtained from the cloud model. We find that the echo is enhanced at the boundary between the cloud and environment because of enhanced water vapor fluctuations. Although echoes from nonprecipitating clouds can be detected by UHF and VHF radars, only VHF radars can discriminate echoes due to large precipitation particles from the Bragg scatter echo of cloudy air. With UHF r...
An open source digital servo for atomic, molecular, and optical physics experiments

We describe a general purpose digital servo optimized for feedback control of lasers in atomic, molecular, and optical physics experiments. The servo is capable of feedback bandwidths up to roughly 1 MHz (limited by the 320 ns total latency); loop filter shapes up to fifth order; multiple-input, multiple-output control; and automatic lock acquisition. The configuration of the servo is controlled via a graphical user interface, which also provides a rudimentary software oscilloscope and tools for measurement of system transfer functions. We illustrate the functionality of the digital servo by describing its use in two example scenarios: frequency control of the laser used to probe the narrow clock transition of (27)Al(+) in an optical atomic clock, and length control of a cavity used for resonant frequency doubling of a laser.
Reading Minds and Being Invisible The Role of Empathic Accuracy in Invisible Support Provision

AbstractRecent research suggests that social support is more beneficial when it is provided invisibly (subtly and without recipientawareness); however, what is still unknown is who is most likely to provide invisible support. The hypothesis that supportproviders exhibiting greater empathic accuracy are more likely to provide invisible support is tested in two studies of committedromantic couples: a month-long diary study in a highly stressful situation (Study 1, n ¼ 311 couples) and an in-lab social obser-vation study in which one member discusses a mildly stressful personal goal (Study 2, n ¼ 85 couples). In Study 1, providersexhibiting greater empathic accuracy on a given day were more likely to provide invisible practical support the same day. In Study2, providers’ empathic accuracy was positively associated with their provision of invisible practical support during the interaction(both coded by trained observers). Similar findings did not emerge for emotional support.Keywordsempathic accuracy, invisible support, social supportResearch on social support has established the valuable rolethat perceived availability of support plays in well-being; how-ever, associations between enacted support and well-being aresometimes positive but just as often null or even negative (seeM. E. J. Gleason & Iida, 2015, for a review). Despite theseinconsistent findings, a few subtypes of support have beenshowntobereliablyeffectiveatreducingrecipientdistress,oneof which is invisible support (Bolger, Kessler, & Zuckerman,2000). Invisible support specifically refers to support that isboth delivered less overtly and noticed less by recipients(Howland & Simpson, 2010). Documented benefits of receiv-ing invisible support include improved self-efficacy and mood(Bolger & Amarel, 2007; Bolger et al., 2000; Howland SMa-KellamsB Bolger et al.,2000),later social observationstudies definedinvisible supportto be support that is subtle, minimizes role differences betweenprovider and recipient, and minimizes the attention paid to thenegative feelings or situation of the recipient (Girme et al.,2013; Howland & Simpson, 2010). This later definition pointsto why EA may be particularly important in the provision ofinvisible support—the knowledge gained via EA should enablea provider to discern their partner’s support needs withoutengaging in overt behaviors designed to ascertain those needs(e.g., question asking or statements of nonunderstanding)—behaviors that would likely highlight the role differences anddrawattentiontotherecipient’svulnerability(seeVerhofstatdt,Davis, & Ickes, 2011, for a discussion of the theoretical impor-tance of EA to marital support generally).Lay and scientific theories alike propose that in the majorityof relationship situations, EA should be associated with bene-fits in close relationships (EA model; Ickes & Simpson,2001), and existing research generally supports this association(e.g., Cohen, Schulz, Weiss, & Waldinger, 2012). However,there are accounts of EA negatively impacting relationships
The Myotonic Dystrophies

Myotonic dystrophy is a progressive, multi-systemic condition causing muscle weakness and myotonia. Additional symptoms include cataracts, gastrointestinal abnormalities, male reduced fertility, diabetes, and cardiac conduction defects. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by a CTG expansion in the DMPK gene and type 2 (DM2) by a CCTG repeat expansion in the ZNF9 gene. Whereas age of onset correlates with repeat size in DM1 with anticipation, onset and severity do not correlate well with the repeat expansion size in DM2. The non-dystrophic myotonic disorders produce myotonia without muscle weakness. These conditions are caused by mutations in ion channel genes.
Brain polymorphonuclear leukocyte quantitation by peroxidase assay.

Rat brain polymorphonuclear infiltration was quantitated by spectrophotometric assay of myeloperoxidase activity. Peroxidase was assayed by following the oxidation of o -dianisidine in the presence of a hydrogen peroxide generating system (glucose-glucose oxidase). Enzyme activity was proportional to the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes present at densities between 10 5 and 10 6 cells. Brain tissue did not have detectable peroxidase activity and polymorphonuclear leukocytes added to brain homogenates were quantitatively estimated. In infant rats with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, the correlation between the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes found in brain by peroxidase activity measurement and independent histological grading was not precise, but there was an exact correlation in predicting presence or absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Myeloperoxidase activity appears to afford a rapid convenient tool for quantitative determination of tissue polymorphonuclear leukocyte content. Images
A Theoretical Investigation of the Critical Timescales Needed for Digging in Dry Soil Using a Biomimetic Burrowing Robot

RoboClam is a bio-inspired robot that digs into underwater soil efficiently by expanding and contracting its valves to fluidize the substrate around it, thus reducing drag. This technology has potential applications in fields such as anchoring, sensor placement, and cable installation. Though there are similar potential applications in dry soil, the lack of water to advect the soil particles prevents fluidization from occurring. However, theoretically, if the RoboClam contracts quickly enough, it will achieve a zero-stress state that will allow it to dig into dry soil with very little drag, independent of depth. This paper presents a theoretical model of the two modes of soil collapse to determine how quickly a device would need to contract to achieve this zero-stress state. It was found that a contraction time of 0.02 seconds would suffice for most soils, which is an achievable timescale for a RoboClam-like device.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Suppression of the polysulfide-shuttle behavior in Li–S batteries through the development of a facile functional group on the polypropylene separator

Towards suppressing the polysulfide-shuttle behavior in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, a facile functional group has strategically been developed on the commercial polypropylene (PP) battery separator through a sequence of hydroxylating, grafting, and hydrolyzing processes. The Li–S cells with the modified PP separator shows significantly enhanced cyclability.
SIMULTANEOUS REAL-TIME FLOW VISUALIZATIONS AND ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS ON A TABBED MACH 1.3 JET

The noise and flow fields of a high Reynolds number, Mach 1.3, ideally expanded jet are examined with and without vortex generating delta tabs. Three jets were analyzed: a baseline jet, a single-tab jet, and a dual-tab jet. Far-field acoustic measurements were made for a variety of azimuthal positions at three angles with respect to the jet centerline to show that the addition of either one or two tabs significantly increases high-frequency acoustic radiation. Simultaneous measurements of the flow using temporally resolved flow visualization and the noise field using 3-D noise source localization shed light on how the addition of tabs is modifying the noise sources of the jet. The results seem to indicate that the noise generating regions for farfield acoustic radiation at StD less than 0.67 correspond to where the sides of the mixing-layer interact in average flow images in both baseline and tabbed jets and not to a region occupied by the streamwise vortices in tabbed jets. Flow image sets are provided that show the development of the singleand dual-tab jets during the emission of a large amplitude noise event as well as a period that lacked significant large amplitude sound production. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was applied to the flow images to decompose the intensity fluctuations into a series of eigenmodes. These POD modes show that the tabbed jets have very orderly structure up to several modes. Last, a procedure, which would allow for the objective analysis of images taken during periods of sound emission and relative quiet, is outlined.
P3.208 Spatial Variability in the Decline of HIV Prevalence in Three Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background HIV prevalence is decreasing in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but the impact of this decline on the geographical heterogeneity of HIV infectious burden is not well understood. We explored and described aspects of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the epidemic in three countries in SSA. Methods Data were obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted at different times in Malawi, Tanzania, and Kenya. We identified and compared spatial clusters with high numbers of HIV infections at two different times from each country using Kulldorff spatial scan test. The test locates areas with higher numbers of HIV infections than expected under spatial randomness. For each identified cluster, a likelihood ratio test was computed. A P-value was then determined through Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the statistical significance of each cluster. Results The table summarises the main results. We found no evidence of decline in HIV prevalence within clusters with high HIV prevalence despite the statistically significant decline in the national HIV prevalence in Malawi and Tanzania. National HIV prevalence decreased by 19% in Malawi, and 17% in Tanzania; meanwhile, HIV prevalence in areas outside of the clusters declined by 33% and 30%, respectively. There was no statistically significant decline in the national HIV prevalence in Kenya, but HIV prevalence within clusters increased by 27%. Conclusions We found marked spatial variability in the decline of HIV prevalence in the three studied SSA countries. Even in the presence of declining national HIV prevalence, HIV prevalence in the high HIV prevalence clusters either did not decline or even increased. Most of the gains in reducing HIV disease burden did not occur in the areas of most intense HIV transmission, but in areas outside of the clusters. Our findings provide insights for resource allocation and HIV prevention interventions in these countries.
Effects of complete and incomplete reward reduction on a subsequent response

Four groups of 6 rats received 48 acquisition and 36 postshift trials in an L-shaped double alley. Groups were differentiated by the amount of reward received in the first goal box (G1) on each acquisition trial. In the postshift phase, three groups received test trials on which reward in G1 was reduced by varying amounts. Analyses of second alley speeds indicated facilitative effects of complete removal of reward in G1 but not of incomplete reward reduction.
O5-S1.02 Acceptability of in SPOT and patient-delivered partner therapy among men who have sex with men seeking medical care

Background Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) and internet partner notification (PN) sites (eg, inSPOT) are being adopted in some areas to improve PN outcomes. Neither intervention has been well-studied in men who have sex with men (MSM). We evaluated the acceptability and potential efficacy of these PN strategies among MSM. Methods We anonymously surveyed MSM seen in an STD clinic and a private medical practice in Seattle, WA, USA. The survey presented respondents with three scenarios in which they had oral or anal sex with a new partner and were then notified and offered PDPT. A fourth scenario described PN via an inSPOT ecard. Results MSM completed 198 surveys. A total of 115 (58%) men reported ever being diagnosed with a bacterial STD, 100 (50%) had previously been notified by a partner of an STD exposure, and 27 (14%) reported being HIV positive. The percentage of men who indicated that they would seek medical care was higher when scenarios indicated that the respondent had symptoms of proctitis (97%–98%) than when they were asymptomatic (83%–89%) or had symptoms of pharyngitis (84%). Only 123 (62%) men said they would seek medical care if notified via an anonymous inSPOT ecard and were asymptomatic, though this rose to 98% when the question indicated that the respondent had rectal symptoms. Men were somewhat more likely to report that they would take medication given to them as PDPT if they had symptoms than if they were asymptomatic (52%–57% vs 48%–49%). The proportion of MSM who would seek medical care if asymptomatic was lower among men who said they would take PDPT (74%–84%) than among men who indicated that they would not (92%–94%, p Conclusions These results suggest that substantial numbers of MSM are interested in using PDPT and internet partner notification sites. However, they also support concerns that PDPT may decrease recipient9s likelihood of testing for HIV and syphilis, and that anonymous ecards may be less effective in prompting partners to seek medical care than other forms of PN.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Pulmonary Infection in Humanized Mice Induces Human Anti-RSV Immune Responses and Pathology.

UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease, which causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in infants and the elderly. Models of human RSV pulmonary disease are needed to better understand RSV pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of RSV vaccines. We assessed the RSV-specific human innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses in humanized mice (mice with a human immune system [HIS mice]) with functional human CD4(+) T and B cells. These mice were generated by introduction of HLA class II genes, various human cytokines, and human B cell activation factor into immunodeficient NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice by the use of an adeno-associated virus vector, followed by engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. During the first 3 days of infection, HIS mice lost more weight and cleared RSV faster than NSG mice. Human chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was detected in the RSV-infected HIS mice. The pathological features induced by RSV infection in HIS mice included peribronchiolar inflammation, neutrophil predominance in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced airway mucus production. Human anti-RSV IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum and human anti-RSV mucosal IgA was detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid for up to 6 weeks. RSV infection induced an RSV-specific human gamma interferon response in HIS mouse splenocytes. These results indicate that human immune cells can induce features of RSV lung disease, including mucus hyperplasia, in murine lungs and that HIS mice can be used to elicit human anti-RSV humoral and cellular immunity. IMPORTANCE Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common and can cause severe lung disease in infants and the elderly. The lack of a suitable animal model with disease features similar to those in humans has hampered efforts to predict the efficacy of novel anti-RSV therapies and vaccines for use in humans. A murine model consisting of mice with a human immune system (HIS mice) could be useful for assessment of RSV disease and anti-RSV responses specific to humans. This study investigates an HIS mouse model to imitate human RSV disease and immune responses. We found that RSV lung infection in HIS mice results in an RSV-specific pathology that mimics RSV disease in humans and induces human anti-RSV immune responses. This model could be useful for better understanding of human RSV disease and for the development of RSV therapies.
Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides on Cooked Crayfish Tails During Cold Storage Under Air, Vacuum, and a Modified Atmosphere.

Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) tailmeat samples were sterilized, cooled, and surface-inoculated with approximately log10 4.0 cells/g of Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC #7965) or log10 3.0 cells/g of Plesiomonas shigelloides (ATCC #14029). Inoculated samples were packaged under air, vacuum, or a commercial modified atmosphere (MA) gas mix containing 80% CO2 and no O2. Throughout 6 d of incubation at either 2 and 8°C ( A. hydrophila ) or 8, 11, and 14°C ( P. shigelloides ), samples were analyzed at 2 d intervals for population of the inoculum species. Slight growth of A. hydrophila occurred during air- and vacuum-storage at 2°C. No growth occurred during 2°C MA storage. At 8°C, vacuum and MA storage caused nearly equal inhibition of A. hydrophila growth. P. shigelloides did not grow at 8°C under any treatment. At 11°C, MA storage effectively prevented growth of P. shigelloides , while vacuum storage was slightly less inhibitory. Vacuum storage did not deter growth of P. shigelloides at 14°C, but MA storage had a minor inhibitory effect.