cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative Concerns with High-Risk Pools:

Despite a significant amount of literature debating the efficiency of high-risk pools in health insurance, dramatically less has been written about their normative implications. The present article takes the route less traveled by setting aside the question of efficiency to argue that the use of high-risk pools creates some serious normative concerns. The article explores these concerns by dividing them on two fronts. First, as regards the social-recognitional status of those who are forced into the high-risk pool. Second, as regards a general concern of distributive justice, namely fairness in access to resources. The author argues that regardless of the veracity of arguments which laud the efficiency of high-risk pools, their use in health insurance is unjust because of the herein explained implications for social recognition and distributive justice.
Transcriptomics Reveal Antiviral Gene Induction in the Egyptian Rousette Bat Is Antagonized In Vitro by Marburg Virus Infection

The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is the only known Marburg virus (MARV) reservoir host. ERBs develop a productive MARV infection with low viremia and shedding but no overt disease, suggesting this virus is efficiently controlled by ERB antiviral responses. This dynamic would contrast with humans, where MARV-mediated interferon (IFN) antagonism early in infection is thought to contribute to the severe, often fatal disease. The newly-annotated ERB genome and transcriptome have now enabled us to use a custom-designed NanoString nCounter ERB CodeSet in conjunction with RNA-seq to investigate responses in a MARV-infected ERB cell line. Both transcriptomic platforms correlated well and showed that MARV inhibited the antiviral program in ERB cells, while an IFN antagonism-impaired MARV was less efficient at suppressing the response gene induction, phenotypes previously reported for primate cells. Interestingly, and despite the expansion of IFN loci in the ERB genome, neither MARV showed specific induction of almost any IFN gene. However, we detected an upregulation of putative, unannotated ERB antiviral paralogs, as well as an elevated basal expression in uninfected ERB cells of key antiviral genes.
Prevalence, Predictors, and the Financial Impact of Missed Appointments in an Academic Adolescent Clinic.

Introduction Missed appointments have been shown to have significant economic consequences on clinics and health systems. Furthermore, adolescents have been shown to miss appointments more frequently than other pediatric patients. Information regarding predictive factors for which patients will miss appointments has been researched for adolescents, but scheduling-related risk factors and the financial impact of missed appointments in an adolescent clinic are lacking. Therefore, we sought to identify the financial impact and schedule-related risk factors of missed appointments in an academic adolescent clinic. Methods A retrospective chart review of financial and scheduling information of each missed appointment was conducted at the Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Clinic at Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital (HDVCH) in Grand Rapids, Michigan between November 2016 and October 2017. Information obtained was the day of the week, time of appointment, lead days till appointment, level of provider, historical weather data, appointment type (new patient, established physical, established visit, or injection only) and insurance type for each patient. Results We report a 21.2% missed appointment rate. Monday had a significantly higher fraction of missed appointments than other days of the week (p < 0.001). An increase in nonattendance was also seen with an increase in the lead days until appointment (p = 0.026). Weather (p = 0.507), time of day (p = 0.665) and type of provider (p = 0.361) were not found to be significant. We estimated an annual billing and reimbursement loss from missed appointments of $170,100 and $51,289, respectively. Conclusion These results highlight that revenue lost from missed appointments is significant and directly affects the ability to improve patient access and care. Future efforts to decrease missed appointments should target schedule-related risk factors in addition to patient reminder systems.
Strain gradient continuum plasticity theories: Theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations

Abstract Over the last three decades, a number of researchers have used the gradient-enhanced plasticity theory to model the microstructural material behavior, which is not able to be captured by the conventional plasticity theory, within the continuum based framework. This paper aims to review the strain gradient continuum plasticity in the context of the theoretical, experimental and numerical investigations. A review of the theoretical developments by the several research groups and their applications to the finite element method is presented in this paper. In addition, a review of the various experimental methodologies to study the size effects is presented. Lastly, some open issues in the gradient-enhanced plasticity such as the physical nature of the strain gradients and the physical interpretation of the material length scales are discussed.
Dynamic Transcriptomic Data Reveal Unexpected Regulatory Behavior of Scheffersomyces stipitis

Abstract The rapid developments in “omics” technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to help understand cellular metabolisms at genome-scale. Among different “omics” data, RNA-seq based transcriptome profiling has been used to enhance the understanding of the genome-scale response of the organism to different stimuli. While these studies have provided insightful findings, they are most often limited to studying two-steady-state conditions. From a control perspective, as cellular metabolism is a highly complex dynamic system, the transient response could offer significantly more information on the cellular metabolism, particularly on potential gene regulatory mechanisms. In this work, we present our initial results on analyzing the dynamic transcriptomic profiles of Scheffersomyces stipitis during the transition from aerobic growth to oxygen-limited fermentation. Our results confirm that the transient states indeed offer important and significantly more information than that provided by the steady-states alone. In addition, the transient transcriptomic data revealed interesting regulatory behavior that was not expected before, which could offer crucial insight in understanding the cellular metabolism.
Readmission-free period and in-hospital mortality at the time of first readmission in acute heart failure patients—NRD-based analysis of 40,000 heart failure readmissions

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. Unfortunately, the name of one of the authors (Dr. Pradhum Ram) has been misspelled as (Prathaum Ram) instead.
ANOMALOUS RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE PULMONARY ARTERY DIAGNOSED AFTER AN ELECTIVE ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary anomaly with an estimated prevalence of 0.002%. Most patients are asymptomatic and the anomaly is found incidentally. However, patients have been known to suffer adverse effects
Chapter 5 – Hazard communication

Publisher Summary This chapter presents hazard communication program. The Hazard Communication regulation requires the development of a written program that addresses the worker's right to know. This program must include procedures used by the company to determine chemical hazards, to employ labels and other forms of warning, to make available health and safety information regarding hazardous chemicals, and to conduct personnel training. The overall responsibility for the management of a hazard communication program that meets all requirements regarding the rights of personnel as well as personnel training must be assigned to a right-to-know coordinator (RTKC). The regulation requires that the manufacturer of a product should provide the user with appropriate health and safety information in the form of a material safety data sheet (MSDS), which must be maintained by the company purchasing the relevant product and made available to company personnel. RTKC establishes an MSDS verification procedure as an attempt to verify the technical adequacy of any MSDS submitted to the company by a manufacturer. Under no circumstances should the RTKC ignore any hazard, route of entry, or target organ that is identified in a manufacturer's MSDS.
Workplace Health and Safety

In this chapter, the author explores the health and safety practices in the pornography industry. Adult film industry workers face serious health risks due to potential infection with HIV and other pathogens transmitted through sexual contact. The author will look into recent legislation impacting the pornography industry such as Proposition 60 in California which enforces the existing mandatory condom rule and provide other health protections for adult film performers. Also, OSHA and workers compensation is discussed.
Listeria monocytogenes in the retail deli environment: A review

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes has long been associated with ready-to-eat foods, particularly with deli products. A retail deli is full of potential niches for L. monocytogenes to establish, and this poses a significant sanitation challenge. Retail sliced deli meat products, also known as luncheon meat or cold cuts, are subject to long home storage times under refrigerated conditions where L. monocytogenes can multiply; these commonly consumed ready-to-eat meats are high risk for getting cross-contaminated in the retail deli environment and causing listeriosis. This review considers elements of the retail deli environment which can affect the prevalence and persistence of L. monocytogenes that may lead to contamination of sliced meat, as well as the specific attributes associated with L. monocytogenes isolated from deli environments and decontamination measures assessed to reduce L. monocytogenes prevalence in deli environments. In deli environments, the ratio of L. monocytogenes to Listeria spp. is 2.4:1, and L. monocytogenes is found twice as frequently on non-food contact surfaces compared to food contact surfaces. Elements that may affect the likelihood of this pathogen persisting in the deli environment are sanitizer tolerance and biofilm formation ability; it is found that there are no differences in sanitizer tolerance between transient and persistent deli strains, but biofilm formation is a trait linked to persistence in L. monocytogenes isolated from delis. A major virulence factor in L. monocytogenes, full length internalin gene inlA, has a higher prevalence in retail deli isolates compared to the studied prevalence in all food isolatesbut closely resembles the prevalence in clinical isolates, suggesting that the retail deli is a major source of clinically recognized listeriosis cases. To combat this pathogen, the merits of daily intervention as well as deep cleans are discussed; increased employee commitment to cleaning programs and a greater food safety culture are related to improved retail deli cleanliness.
Poriferal Vision: Classifying Benthic Sponge Spicules to Assess Historical Impacts of Marine Climate Change

Sponges and corals are ecologically important members of the marine community. Climate change, while harmful to corals, has historically been favorable to sponges. Sponge population dynamics are studied by analyzing core samples of marine sediment. To date this analysis has been performed by microscopic visual inspection of core cross sections to distinguish spicules (the rigid silica components of sponge skeletons) from the residue of other silica-using organisms. Since this analysis is both slow and error prone, complete analysis of multiple cross sections is impossible.
Corporate Governance and Innovation

We use Tobin’s q models of investments to estimate the relationship between corporate governance and the level of innovative activity. Simple ordinary least squares (OLS) models suggest that poor governance reduces innovative activity. However, OLS results are sensitive to controlling for serial correlation, unobserved effects, or using instrumental variables to control simultaneity. Controlling for these effects substantially reduces or eliminates the relationship between governance and innovative activity.
Management of Traumatic Shock in Man

Summary The single indispensable element in the successful management of shock is constant observation of the patient. The physician in charge must put aside all other responsibilities and give total attention to the single patient until the shock has been controlled. The continually changing clinical picture and underlying physiologic parameters require continuous and undistracted vigilance. Proper management will usually effect a cure within six to 12 hours.
Effect of Microstructure on Phase Formation in Reaction of The Nb/Al Multilayer Thin Films

We investigated the phase formation sequence in the reaction of multilayer thin films of Nb/Al with overall compositions of 25 and 33 at.% AI. We report novel phenomena which distinguish thin-film reactions unequivocally from those in bulk systems. For sufficiently thin layers composition and stability of product phases are found to deviate significantly from that predicted from the equilibrium phase diagram. We demonstrate that in the Nb/Al system the length scales below which such deviations occur is about 150 nm. We believe that these phenomena occur due to the importance of grain boundary diffusion and hence microstructure in these thin films.
Plasmonic metaplatforms for enhanced light control

In this talk I will discuss our work on the way light confinement within plasmonic nanostructures leads to new regimes of light manipulation and control. Firstly, I will discuss the way dispersion engineering may lead to new regimes for controlling nonlinear light-material interaction, including phase mismatch-free and broadband operation. I will discuss generation of classical and quantum light in such systems. Secondly, I will highlight our theoretical works on the study of magnetized nanoplasmonic structures. Specifically, as I will demonstrate magnetization combined with the symmetry breaking naturally available in plamonic systems leads to topologically nontrivial regimes of light propagation, which is manifested in one-way propagating and rotating modes. Lastly, I will discuss our experimental work on light absorption within ultrathin film metallic nanostructures and potential applications for optoelectronics.
The AI Regulation: Entering an AI Regulatory Winter? Why An Ad Hoc Directive on Ai in Employment Is Required

Policy issues • AI systems in the context of employment are intrusive and have negative impacts on workers. The proposed Regulation fails to address the specificity of AI uses in employment, including platform work. An ad hoc directive on AI in employment is therefore necessary. • As a consequence of focusing the regulatory approach on highrisk applications, the majority of use cases are considered lowrisk, not subject to any evaluation and de facto authorised. • High-risk uses are permitted subject to compliance with specific requirements and an ex ante conformity assessment based on internal control checks. This approach stacks the deck in favour of tech providers when the priority of this Regulation should have been to protect EU citizens and workers’ rights.
Identifying extreme ultraviolet lithography attenuated phase shifting mask absorber materials using effective media approximation modeling

Pattern transfer in an extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) system requires reflective optical elements illuminated at oblique illumination angles. This, in combination with the three-dimensional effects at the mask, is the source of the so-called mask 3D (M3D) effects that include shadowing, best focus shifts, and contrast fading. Alternative mask absorbers at lower thickness possess the ability to extenuate the M3D effects and improve overall imaging performance. An approach to recognize candidate material combinations as alternative EUVL mask absorbers through dielectric constant modeling by using methods involving Wiener bounds and effective media approximation (EMA) is presented. Using EMA, several stoichiometrically stable binary alloys of refractory metals that may serve as attenuated phase shifting mask absorbers have been studied. The optical properties and thickness of each absorber candidate alloy in a standard EUV mask stack are optimized for imaging performance. The best performing alloys are characterized through rigorous 3D image modeling of near-field intensity and phase at varied illumination angles.
Anti-Ri antibody associated paraneoplastic brainstem and cerebellar dysfunction as the presenting sign of small cell lung carcinoma (P4.237)

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of anti-Ri antibody associated paraneoplastic brainstem and cerebellar dysfunction in a patient with undiagnosed small cell lung carcinoma. BACKGROUND: Anti-Ri antibody is often tested for, but rarely detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suspected of having paraneoplastic disease. Early reports emphasized a clinical triad of opsoclonus, myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia. Since then a small but evolving body of literature has revealed greater variability in clinical presentation and patient outcomes. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 64 year-old man with an 80 pack-year smoking history presented with double vision, frequent falls and unintentional weight loss. Neurological examination revealed a fourth nerve palsy, bilateral end-gaze nystagmus, limitations on upgaze and a wide-based, ataxic gait. Neither opsoclonus nor myoclonus was observed. Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were negative for infarct or other pathology. CSF sampling was notable for mildly elevated protein and lymphocyte predominant pleocytosis. Malignancy work-up was undertaken with positron emission tomography (PET). This revealed a single hypermetabolic paraesophageal lymph node. Biopsy provided the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma. Intravenous immunoglobulin was given empirically for suspected paraneoplastic disorder, but there was no improvement after five days. The patient’s gait worsened despite preserved leg strength. Cisplatin and etoposide were initiated and his neurological symptoms stabilized, but did not improve. Eventually, results of the paraneoplastic panel sent at presentation provided the diagnosis: abnormal levels of anti-Ri antibodies were detected in serum. Two months later, repeat CSF sampling was performed. Remarkably, this revealed both persistent anti-Ri antibodies as well as leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: As both the brainstem and cerebellum are targets in anti-Ri associated autoimmunity, patients can present with a variety of symptoms related to these structures. Our case adds to a small, but growing body of literature that reflects this variability. Disclosure: Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shum has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haigentz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mariuma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Suhrland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maleki has nothing to disclose. Dr. Acevedo-Ramirez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gulko has nothing to disclose. Dr. Farinhas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Welch has nothing to disclose.
Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing

“Gay marketing” or “gay and lesbian marketing” refers to advertising campaigns designed to appeal to gay male and/or lesbian consumers, whether these advertisements are explicit or coded. The term “gay marketing” can be used to indicate advertising campaigns aimed specifically at gay male consumers, lesbian consumers, or gay male and lesbian consumers more broadly. Gay marketing appeals take the form of advertisements or sponsored content in gay-oriented publications and on gay-oriented websites, direct mail solicitations, coded advertisements appearing in the commercial media, and, more recently, open appeals to gay consumers in the mainstream media. The historical development of gay marketing is fundamentally intertwined with the emergence of national gay publications. Keywords: consumption; diversity; homosexuality; political economy; sexuality
Conversion of Primary Alcohols to Urethanes via the Inner Salt of Methyl (Carboxysulfamoyl)Triethylammonium Hydroxide: Methyl n‐Hexylcarbamate

Conversion of primary alcohols to urethanes via the inner salt of Methyl (Carboxysulfamoyl)Triethylammonium hydroxide: Methyl n-Hexylcarbamate intermediate: methyl (chlorosulfonyl)carbamate byproduct: triethylamine hydrochloride intermediate: methyl (carboxysulfamoyl)triethylammonium hydroxide product: methyl n-hexylcarbamate Keywords: addition, to NCO; chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, preparation of; triethylamine; chlorosulfonyl isocyanate
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history of the northern Delaware Bay margin, southern New Jersey, USA:: a ground penetrating radar analysis of composite Quaternary coastal terraces

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and lithologic data reveal six Pleistocene sea-level highstand sequences, forming two composite terraces along the northern margin of Delaware Bay in southern New Jersey, USA. The upper terrace (+18 to +9 m MSL) is underlain by four estuarine-marine sequences of middle Pleistocene age, while the lower terrace (+6 m–MSL) contains 2 middle to late Pleistocene sequences. Separating the 2 terraces is a variably sloping escarpment (Cedarville) created by erosion during at least 2 high sea-level events. Intensive radar imaging and boring of these 6 unconformity-bounded units allows for their interpretation in a sequence-stratigraphic context, identifying transgressive, highstand, and regressive phases. Higher than present sea levels of +14, +12, +6, and +16 m during the middle Pleistocene, and +5 m during the middle and/or late Pleistocene are indicated by these sedimentary sequences, suggesting relative stability of this section of the Atlantic Coastal Plain during the past 500 ka. GPR analysis of coastal drainage modification reveals a contrasting lowstand sequence of incised paleovalleys, supporting the interpretation that these bay-margin deposits contain one of the most complete sections of late Quaternary highstand stratigraphy in the Mid-Atlantic region. For appendix see http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/quascirev.
Closed-Form Solutions of General Intertemporal Consumption-Maximization Models*

This paper considers explicit representations for very general (discrete and continuous-time) intertemporal consumption-maximization models which allow the instantaneous preferences of the consumer and the time-preference factors to vary over time and for the the non-existence of utility functions, more than one generation of consumers with a given probability of death, many commodities, and, further, a wide class of preferences which do not necessarily satisfy the so-called “regularity conditions” (such as differentiability, strict convexity, boundedness, or continuity) and include most of the well-known preferences in the literature.
Radio observations of the M 87 jet

We review observations of the M 87 jet made at radio frequencies and summarize some of the insights gained therefrom.
Pharmacy-nursing Discharge Counseling Program for Cardiac Patients

A cooperative pharmacy-nursing program for discharge medication counseling for cardiac patients that uses printed medication teaching cards is described. A pharmacy-nursing working group had determined that a formal program for discharge medication counseling was needed, and a pilot program was implemented on the cardiopulmonary-care units. Medication teaching cards were developed for commonly prescribed cardiac medications. Because the cardiologists who reviewed the completed cards were worried that widespread dissemination of the cards would cause some patients to suffer undue anxiety about adverse effects, a standard order form was developed so that physicians could order specific cards for patients. Patients who receive medications included in the program are counseled by a registered nurse; pharmacists occasionally are called upon to answer specific questions or to actually provide the counseling. In the first six months of the program, 86 patients received an average of three cards each. Although no formal evaluation of the program has been performed, feed-back from patients has been favorable and plans to expand the program to include more drugs and other types of patients are in effect. A cooperative pharmacy-nursing program for discharge medication counseling using printed information has proved to be an effective and efficient way of sharing necessary drug information with patients.
Iron for restless legs syndrome.

Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurologic syndrome and is associated with iron deficiency in many patients. It is unclear whether iron therapy is effective treatment for RLS. Objectives The objective of this review was to assess the effects of iron supplementation (oral or intravenous) for patients with RLS. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Jan 1995 to April 2011); EMBASE (Jan 1995 to April 2011); PsycINFO (Jan 1995 to April 2011); and CINAHL (Jan 1995 to April 2011). Corresponding authors of included trials and additional members of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group were contacted to locate additional published or unpublished trials. Selection criteria Controlled trials comparing any formulation of iron with placebo, other medications, or no treatment in adults diagnosed with RLS according to expert clinical interview or explicit diagnostic criteria. Data collection and analysis Two review authors extracted data and at least two authors assessed trial quality. We contacted trial authors for missing data. Main results Six studies (192 total subjects) were identified and included in this analysis. The quality of trials was variable. Our primary outcome was restlessness or uncomfortable leg sensations, which was quantified using the IRLS severity scale in four trials and another RLS symptom scale in a fifth trial. Combining data from the four trials using the IRLS severity scale, there was no clear benefit from iron therapy (mean difference in IRLS severity scores of -3.79, 95% CI: -7.68 to 0.10, p = 0.06). However, the fifth trial did find iron therapy to be beneficial (median decrease of 3 points in the iron group and no change in the placebo group on a 10 point scale of RLS symptoms, p = 0.01). Quality of life was improved in the iron group relative to placebo in some studies but not others. Changes in periodic limb movements were not different between groups (measured in two studies). Objective sleep quality, subjective sleep quality and daytime functioning were not different between treatment groups in the studies that assessed them. The single study of subjects with end stage renal disease did show a benefit of therapy. Most trials did not require subjects to have co-morbid iron deficiency and several excluded patients with severe anemia. The single study that was limited to iron deficient subjects did not show clear benefit of iron supplementation on RLS symptoms. There was no clear superiority of oral or intravenous delivery of iron. Iron therapy did not result in significantly more side effects than placebo (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.27). Authors' conclusions There is insufficient evidence to determine whether iron therapy is beneficial for the treatment of RLS. Further research to determine whether some or all types of RLS patients may benefit from iron therapy, as well as the best route of iron administration, is needed.
Countering the Islamic State: U.S. Counterterrorism Measures

This research note discusses the tactics and strategies of the United States to counter the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) from the onset of Operation Inherent Resolve beginning on 8 August 2014 and continuing into early 2015. Through both kinetic and non-kinetic actions, the United States and its coalition has sought to degrade and defeat ISIL. But how effective have these measures been with regard to the group's ability to maintain control over parts of the Iraqi population and territory? ISIL's fast growing affiliate network poses a unique challenge and this study suggests that the kinetic measures of Operation Inherent Resolve have weakened ISIL's tactical capabilities but U.S. efforts to stem the group's recruitment have not been as successful.
Renal hypertension in children.

Summary The incidence of hypertension in children varied from 1.4 to 2.3 per cent. In contradistinction to adults, essential hypertension is rare in children. Well over 80 per cent of established hypertension is of secondary origin, and in the great majority these cases are secondary to renal disease. The clinical manifestations of renal hypertension in children are variable. They may have no symptoms or may be seen with headache, failure to thrive, visual disturbance, or congestive heart failure. The cure rate following nephrectomy or vascular repair is better in children because of the short duration of their disease. Repair of renal arterial lesions is more difficult in children because of the small size of their vessels. With modern surgical techniques and better case selection, results of renovascular repair are greatly improved. Two cases are reported to illustrate concepts in the management of renovascular and renoparenchymal hypertension. Although the prospects of renal salvage and cure of hypertension are excellent, with segmental renovascular disease unilateral nephrectomy is still applicable for children with renoparenchymal hypertension.
Molecular aspects of temperature acclimation in fish: Contributions of changes in enzyme activities and isozyme patterns to metabolic reorganization in the green sunfish

Spectrophotometric and electrophoretic techniques were used to monitor qualitative and quantitative aspects of changes in 12 enzymes from five different tissues of green sunfish after thermal acclimation. Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations over the range 5–25 ppm had no significant effect on qualitative or quantitative aspects of enzyme distributions. In response to differences in environmental temperature, however, significant changes in the levels of activity of fructose-biphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed in one or more tissues. Enzymes in a single metabolic pathway (e.g., glycolysis) usually exhibited parallel changes in a given tissue. Enzymes in different pathways, on the other hand, frequently exhibited changes in opposite directions, one group of enzymes increased in the cold while the other group decreased, indicating that major metabolic reorganizations were occurring. The patterns of change among tissues were distinctly different, therefore changes observed in one tissue cannot readily be generalized to other tissues. No changes in isozyme patterns were seen for lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, malate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or alcohol dehydrogenase in any of the tissues examined. However, some changes in the isozyme patterns of esterases in both liver and eye tissue were observed. These observations indicate that major changes in isozyme repertories do not necessarily accompany the thermoacclimatory responses of all fishes.
Nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of hypoxia

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), malnutrition and limited physical activity are very common and contribute to disease prognosis, whereas a balance between caloric intake and exercise allows body weight stability and muscle mass preservation. The goal of this review is to analyze the implications of chronic hypoxia on three key elements involved in energy homeostasis and its role in COPD cachexia. The first one is energy intake. Body weight loss, often observed in patients with COPD, is related to lack of appetite. Inflammatory cytokines are known to be involved in anorexia and to be correlated to arterial partial pressure of oxygen. Recent studies in animals have investigated the role of hypoxia in peptides involved in food consumption such as leptin, ghrelin, and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase. The second element is muscle function, which is strongly related to energy use. In COPD, muscle atrophy and muscle fiber shift to the glycolytic type might be an adaptation to chronic hypoxia to preserve the muscle from oxidative stress. Muscle atrophy could be the result of a marked activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as found in muscle of patients with COPD. Hypoxia, via hypoxia inducible factor-1, is implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. Third, hormonal control of energy balance seems to be affected in patients with COPD. Insulin resistance has been described in this group of patients as well as a sort of "growth hormone resistance." Hypoxia, by hypoxia inducible factor-1, accelerates the degradation of tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine, decreasing cellular oxygen consumption, suggesting an adaptive mechanism rather than a primary cause of COPD cachexia. COPD rehabilitation aimed at maintaining function and quality of life needs to address body weight stabilization and, in particular, muscle mass preservation.
The relationship of reaction rate to amounts adsorbed for the low-temperature ortho-para hydrogen shift

Abstract The relationships between the amounts of adsorbed reactant and product and the forward and reverse reaction rates were measured for the orthopara hydrogen system on a chromia-alumina catalyst at 75.7 K. Total adsorption was measured rapidly; individual species isotherms as functions of pressure and composition were extracted from the total adsorption data. Reaction rates were determined as functions of pressure and composition using an integral, packed-bed reactor. The resulting relationships between individual surface reaction rates and the amounts of adsorbed reactants are nonlinear. The observed results can be explained by a reaction mechanism involving mobile adsorbed products and reactants. The reactants in this system primarily are physically adsorbed, so these results may be generalized to other systems only with caution.
Fragmented QRS and other depolarization abnormalities as a predictor of mortality and sudden cardiac death

Purpose of review Several invasive and noninvasive tests for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death (SCD) have been studied. Tests such as microwave T wave alternans (repolarization abnormality) and signal-averaged ECG (depolarization abnormality) have high negative predictive values but low positive predictive values in patients with heart disease. The presence of a fragmented QRS (fQRS) complex on a routine 12-lead ECG is another marker of depolarization abnormality. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential utility of tests to detect depolarization abnormalities of the heart for the risk stratification of mortality and SCD with main emphasis on fQRS. Recent findings fQRS is associated with increased mortality and arrhythmic events in patients with coronary artery disease. fQRS has also been defined as a marker of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome. In Brugada syndrome, the presence of fQRS predicts episodes of ventricular fibrillation during follow-up. Summary fQRS may be of value in determining the risk for SCD and guiding selection for device therapy in patients with structural heart disease and Brugada syndrome. It is possible that the predictive value of fQRS for SCD can be enhanced further by combining a marker of repolarization abnormality such as microwave T wave alternans.
Analysis of Eccentric Annular Incompressible Seals: Part 1—A New Solution Using Fast Fourier Transforms for Determining Hydrodynamic Force

A new analysis procedure is presented which solves for the flow variables of an incompressible-flow annular pressure seal in which the rotor has a large static displacement from the centered position. The analysis begins with a set of governing equations based on a turbulent bulk-flow model and Moody's friction equation. No simplification of these bulk-flow equations is required for the solution procedure. Perturbation of the flow variables yields a set of zeroth and first-order equations. The zeroth-order equations (which model the large static displacement) are integrated by means of an efficient new method which employs fast Fourier transforms. Further integration of the zeroth-order pressures yields the hydrodynamic reactive force. Predictions for the hydrodynamic forces from this analysis procedure are in excellent agreement with available experimental results.
Apamin-sensitive, small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels mediate cholinergic inhibition of chick auditory hair cells

Acetylcholine released from efferent neurons in the cochlea causes inhibition of mechanosensory hair cells due to the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Hair cells are known to have large-conductance, “BK”-type potassium channels associated with the afferent synapse, but these channels have different properties than those activated by acetylcholine. Whole-cell (tight-seal) and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings were made from short (outer) hair cells isolated from the chicken basilar papilla (cochlea equivalent). The peptides apamin and charybdotoxin were used to distinguish the calcium-activated potassium channels involved in the acetylcholine response from the BK-type channels associated with the afferent synapse. Differential toxin blockade of these potassium currents provides definitive evidence that ACh activates apamin-sensitive, “SK”-type potassium channels, but does not activate carybdotoxin-sensitive BK channels. This conclusion is supported by tentative identification of small-conductance, calcium-sensitive but voltage-insensitive potassium channels in cell-attached patches. The distinction between these channel types is important for understanding the segregation of opposing afferent and efferent synaptic activity in the hair cell, both of which depend on calcium influx. These different calcium-activated potassium channels serve as sensitive indicators for functionally significant calcium influx in the hair cell.
Rapidly progressive parkinsonism in a self-reported user of ecstasy and other drugs

A 38-year-old man developed parkinsonism that progressed to Hoehn and Yahr stage 5 within 4 years of onset. Response to ropinirole deteriorated, levodopa was not tolerated, and subthalamic nucleus stimulation has provided only partial relief of symptoms. He reported heavy use of Ecstasy through most of his twenties and thirties. His neurological problems may be unrelated to his drug use, but it is also possible they represent an idiosyncratic reaction.
Predation across spatial scales in heterogeneous environments

Abstract A hierarchy of scales is introduced to the spatially heterogeneous Lotka-Volterra predator-prey diffusion model, and its effects on the model's spatial and temporal behavior are studied. When predators move on a large scale relative to prey, local coupling of the predator-prey interaction is replaced by global coupling. Prey with low dispersal ability become narrowly confined to the most productive habitats, strongly amplifying the underlying spatial pattern of the environment. As prey diffusion rate increases, the prey distribution spreads out and predator abundance declines. The model retains neutrally stable Lotka-Volterra temporal dynamics: different scales of predator and prey dispersal do not stabilize the interaction. The model predicts that, for prey populations that are limited by widely ranging predators, species with low dispersal ability should be restricted to discrete high density patches, and those with greater mobility should be more uniformly distributed at lower density.
The effects of physiological factors and host plant experience on the ovipositional activity of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.

Both egg load and levels of vitellogenin and vitellin increased when Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), were deprived of host plants. These increases resulted in significant increases in rates of oviposition. There was no difference in total fecundity between whiteflies temporarily deprived of hosts and a control treatment that had continuous access to hosts. The results of previous exposure to a preferred host, melon (Cucumis melo), and a non-preferred host, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), were also examined. B. tabaci deposited significantly more eggs during a 6-h period on melon than on cotton, regardless of host species they were previously confined to. In addition, whiteflies previously exposed to cotton, deposited more eggs than females previously exposed to melon. This higher rate of oviposition resulted in a low egg load as well as lower levels of vitellogenin and vitellin. Conversely, a low rate of oviposition led to high egg load and high levels of vitellogenin and vitellin. Individuals from the same treatment exhibited variation in egg load, which was negatively and significantly correlated with previous oviposition activity. We conclude that the effects of previous host plant exposure on oviposition were, in part, due to behavioral differences that are not related to the reproductive physiology.
Luminol chemiluminescence liquid chromatography analysis of rat plasma phosphoglyceride hydroperoxides

Abstract A novel, normal phase liquid chromatography (LC) system with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed to identify and quantify phosphoglyceride hydroperoxides (PGOOH) in rat plasma. Plasma lipid extracts were separated on a 5 μm silica column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using methanol-isopropanol (9:1, v/v). A luminol (1.5 μg ml −1 ) and cytochrome c (15 μg ml −1 ) solution prepared in 0.001 M KOH (pH 11) was used as the CL reagent solution. Retention times for the following PGOOH were obtained: phosphatidylethanol amine hydroperoxide (4–5 min), phosphatidylinositol hydroperoxide (6.5–7.5 min), phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (10–12 min) and phosphatidylserine hydroperoxide (18–19 min). LC peaks of the above PGOOH were calibrated against an external standard, tert -butyl hydroperoxide. The study used female Sprague-Dawley rats administered 5 mg kg −1 body weight of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) maintained on a diet containing 20% lipid derived from either corn oil menhaden oil, primrose oil or fish oil concentrate. Phosphatidylinositol hydroperoxide was the only PGOOH detected. Its concentration in rat plasma paralleld the rats' tumor burden initiated by DMBA administration.
Research to Practice: Developing an Integrated Anaphylaxis Education Curriculum for School Nurses.

The numbers of school-aged children with life-threatening allergies that cause anaphylaxis continues to increase. Many states, including Washington, have responded to this by developing specific guidelines for school districts to follow in order to provide a safe learning environment for children with medical conditions that put them at risk for anaphylaxis. School nurses require resources to assist them in providing health training for school staff on how to manage potentially life-threatening health conditions for children in their school, however, resources to address this training are limited. A search for and content analysis of currently available literature and resources about anaphylaxis and anaphylaxis training curricula revealed a lack of an integrated curriculum to train school staff. This article presents a discussion of the development of a train-the-trainer anaphylaxis education program providing school nurses with curriculum, lesson plans, teaching-learning activities, and resources for anaphylaxis education of all school staff.
Transcolonic Gastrostomy Catheter Managed Conservatively

Both percutaneous gastrostomy and endoscopic gastrostomy have supplanted surgical gastrostomy in many hospitals as the initial procedures of choice for patients requiring long-term enteral feeding. Albeit rare, transcolonic placement of gastrostomy catheters may occur with either technique.
Targeted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice

To understand the normal, physiological role of the c-src proto-oncogene, a null mutation was introduced into the gene by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. Two independent targeted clones were used to generate chimeras that transmitted the mutated allele to their offspring. Intercrossing of heterozygotes gave rise to live born homozygotes, but most of these mice died within the first few weeks of birth. Histological and hematological examination of the homozygous mutants did not reveal detectable abnormalities in the brain or platelets, where src is most highly expressed. However, these mutants were deficient in bone remodeling, indicating impaired osteoclast function, and developed osteopetrosis. These results demonstrate that src is not required for general cell viability (possibly because of functional overlap with other tyrosine kinases related to src) and uncover an essential role for src in bone formation.
ChIP sequencing of cyclin D1 reveals a transcriptional role in chromosomal instability in mice

Chromosomal instability (CIN) in tumors is characterized by chromosomal abnormalities and an altered gene expression signature; however, the mechanism of CIN is poorly understood. CCND1 (which encodes cyclin D1) is overexpressed in human malignancies and has been shown to play a direct role in transcriptional regulation. Here, we used genome-wide ChIP sequencing and found that the DNA-bound form of cyclin D1 occupied the regulatory region of genes governing chromosomal integrity and mitochondrial biogenesis. Adding cyclin D1 back to Ccnd1–/– mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in CIN gene regulatory region occupancy by the DNA-bound form of cyclin D1 and induction of CIN gene expression. Furthermore, increased chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidy, and centrosome abnormalities were observed in the cyclin D1–rescued cells by spectral karyotyping and immunofluorescence. To assess cyclin D1 effects in vivo, we generated transgenic mice with acute and continuous mammary gland–targeted cyclin D1 expression. These transgenic mice presented with increased tumor prevalence and signature CIN gene profiles. Additionally, interrogation of gene expression from 2,254 human breast tumors revealed that cyclin D1 expression correlated with CIN in luminal B breast cancer. These data suggest that cyclin D1 contributes to CIN and tumorigenesis by directly regulating a transcriptional program that governs chromosomal stability.
Adaptive Behavior: Humans Act as Bayesian Learners

Summary Subjects adapt to environmental changes differently depending on the perceived frequency of the changes — the environmental volatility — similar to an ideal Bayesian learner. This volatility information correlates with the fMRI BOLD signal in the anterior cingulate cortex.