cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rearing beef cattle in submountainous and mountainous area of the Šumava region.

Beef cattle rearing in Czech Republic started in 1990 when 12 major breeds of beef cattle were imported. Beef cattle rearing is of great importance for rural development and maintenance of permanent grasslands which covers 22.8% of agricultural land. Monitoring of selected beef cattle breeds was carried out in the Sumava region. Thirtyone farms with a total of 1 874 dams and 6 488 calves of seven beef breeds, i.e. Aberdeen Angus (G), Galloway (W), Hereford (U), Highland (E), Charolais (T), Beef Simmental ( S) and Salers (Z) were monitored over a period of 5 years. The main calving period in this region was from January to April when, regardless of the altitude of farms, 87.3% of calves were born on average. On the farms below 600 m.a.s.l. 89.2% and on the farms above 600 m a.s.l. 85.7% of calves were born during this period respectively. In the breeds Z, E and W 100% of calvings were without dificulties. The best results in the growth up to 210 days of age were achieved by the breeds Z (285.6 kg), S (279.4 kg) and G (273.1 kg of live weight). The G and S breeds were found to favour growth in the areas up to 600 m.
A generalized scattering data decomposition framework for determining network process–structure–property relationships in polymer materials

In this work, we present an optimization-based methodology to identify network process–structure–property relationships in multiphase polymeric materials. A quantitative description of the material structure can be provided by x-ray and neutron scattering signatures, which are modeled as the weighted sum of linearly independent components. The profile of a component depends on the shape, aggregation, and extent of fundamental structural units present in the material, and the inherent modeling complexity can be reduced by extraction of these components from process-dependent scattering datasets using minimal a priori information. The decomposition methodology we develop is based on network component analysis (NCA), a nonlinear program used to generate a unique, globally optimal matrix decomposition. Using NCA, we conduct a case study of amphiphilic triblock copolymers in solution using simulated small-angle neutron scattering data. Component signatures are successfully recovered based solely on knowledge of a network topology specified by sample scattering length density contrast-matching conditions. Then, the approach is reformulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program in order to study systems with unknown topology, and applied in the study of ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer crystallization from the melt using wide- and small-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS) data. For this system, the topology is specified by the number density of structural units, and the optimal components can be correlated to crystalline and amorphous regions for WAXS datasets, while the optimal SAXS components can be correlated to ordered and disordered crystalline lamellae.
William James and the Construction of Emotion

The theory of emotion was a centerpiece of William James’ Principles of Psychology. It introduced the notion that complex phenomena, such as the experience of emotion, could be derived (constructed) from a combination of more basic processes or behaviors. Despite their shortcomings, James’ views on emotion shaped research on emotion for the succeeding century, and laid the groundwork for constructivist approaches in psychological theory.
Evaluation of the Teratogenicity of Morphine Sulfate Administered Via a Miniature Implantable Pump

A technique has been developed for the implantation of miniature infusion pumps in pregnant mice with minimal teratogenic and toxic side effects. In 7- to 10-day pregnant CF-1 mice receiving constant low doses of morphine sulfate via the infusion pump, the results, including fetal weight reduction and various skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities, were similar to those reported in previous investigations using single injections.
Bioaerosol Lung Damage in a Worker with Repeated Exposure to Fungi in a Water-Damaged Building

There has been increased concern over health effects related to potential exposure of building occupants to bioaerosols. We report the case of a worker with a respiratory illness related to bioaerosol exposure in a water-damaged building with extensive fungal contamination. We performed environmental tests to evaluate potential exposure to fungi, and we used mycotoxin-specific IgG antibody in serologic studies in the attempt to evaluate exposure to mycotoxins. Extensive fungal contamination was documented in many areas of the building. Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Stachybotrys species were the most predominant fungi found in air sampling. Our serologic test was not useful in differentiating workers who were probably occupationally exposed to mycotoxins from those who were not; however, it did yield evidence that individuals may make specific IgG antibodies to macrocyclic tricothecene mycotoxins. Further research is needed concerning health effects related to bioaerosol exposures, particularly regarding markers of exposure to specific fungi that may produce mycotoxins. In the absence of clinical tools specific for evaluation of mycotoxin-related illness, a systematic clinical approach for evaluating persons with suspected building-related respiratory illness is warranted.
Purification and Characterization of a Neutral Protease from Saccharomycopsis lipolytica

Saccharomycopsis lipolytica 37-1 produced two inducible extracellular proteases, one under neutral or alkaline growth conditions and the second under acid conditions. Secretion of the neutral protease was repressed in the presence of glycerol or glucose, both of which supported rapid growth of the organism. Ammonium ions also repressed the secretion of the enzyme. The neutral protease activity copurified with esterase activity during ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 42,000 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and 38,500 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.8. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride inhibited both protease and esterase activities, indicating the presence of a serine residue in the active center. Protease, but not esterase, activity was sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetate and was significantly activated by divalent ions. Dithiothreitol inhibited both protease and esterase activities, indicating the presence of a critical disulfide bridge. The enzyme hydrolyzed casein (Km = 25.6 μM) and hemoglobin as well as the nitrophenyl esters of tyrosine (Km = 2.4 mM), glycine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine.
Neural network method for determining embedding dimension of a time series

A method is described for determining the optimal short-term prediction time-delay embedding dimension for a scalar time series by training an artificial neural network on the data and then determining the sensitivity of the output of the network to each time lag averaged over the data set. As a byproduct, the method identifies any intermediate time lags that do not influence the dynamics, thus permitting a possible further reduction in the required embedding dimension. The method is tested on four sample data sets and compares favorably with more conventional methods including false nearest neighbors and the ‘plateau dimension’ determined by saturation of the estimated correlation dimension. The proposed method is especially advantageous when the data set is small or contaminated by noise. The trained network could be used for noise reduction, forecasting, and estimating the dynamical and geometrical properties of the system that produced the data, such as the Lyapunov exponent, entropy, and attractor dimension.
Critical Reflections On A 'Big Tent' Approach To Reducing Consumption

Markowitz and Bowerman (2011) show that Oregonians overwhelmingly support the goal of consuming less. They argue that consumer-oriented public policies could provide a big tent approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. On the basis of sociological research examining the link between attitudes and action, I argue that the authors are not yet in a position to advocate for policies on the basis of respondents desire to “consume less.” Nevertheless, more research into this issue is clearly warranted. If the authors are correct that consumption provides a means for overcoming ideological divides about greenhouse gas emissions, the potential environmental benefits would be significant.
Anesthetic management for repair of Ebstein's anomaly

EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY accounts for less than 1% of congenital heart disease. Although the pathologic anatomy may vary, all patients presenting with this anomaly have in common a displaced basal insertion of the septal and posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve.1,2 The clinical picture of Ebstein’s anomaly may vary from no clinical finding with minor malformations to gross defects that are incompatible with life.3-5 The authors report the anesthetic management for surgical repair of Ebstein’s anomaly.
Perthes' Disease after Poliomyelitis: Recognition and Management of Aseptic Capital Femoral Necrosis

Aseptic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis occurred in a polio-wasted leg and was undiagnosed for over one year. The diagnosis was overlooked be cause of a pre-existent limp. Exacerbation of an existent limp or persistent knee or leg pain should always prompt a thorough search to exclude chronic and acute causes of hip disease in young children. Aggressive and individual ized care is indicated for Perthes' disease and may include non-surgical means such as recumbency and bracing in the very young or traction with abduc tion and various bracings in the older children. Surgical approaches may include femoral and/or pelvic osteotomies in a variety of approaches. Older children may refuse treatment and those with milder femoral head involvement may recover with minimal head asymmetry. Early and appropriate manage ment is generally successful in avoiding deformity.
The Needs of Others: Gender and Sleep Interruptions for Caregivers

Received wisdom, some sociological theory and a handful of qualitative studies suggest that the "night shift" of caregiving work that interrupts sleep is a burden borne disproportionately by women. However, there is no broadly representative evidence to substantiate claims about who takes the night shift in contemporary American households. Analyses using data from the nationally-representative 2003-2007 American Time Use Surveys show that net of age, paid work commitment, partnership status and the presence and age of dependents, working mothers were significantly and substantially more likely to get up for the night shift than working fathers. These results suggest that the sleeping hours, which make up a third of every day, are an understudied but important site for micro-level processes that reflect and reproduce gender stratification.
Midfoot field block anesthesia with monitored intravenous sedation in forefoot surgery.

Fifty consecutive patients, studied prospectively, underwent an elective first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis or proximal metatarsal osteotomy and modified McBride bunionectomy, with or without concomitant lesser toe procedures. A field block was administered only at and distal to the level of the tarsometatarsal joints using 30 cc equal parts 0.25% bupivacaine and 1% lidocaine without epinephrine. Before injection, the monitoring anesthesiologist gave the patient intravenous (IV) sedation, usually an amnestic agent. Narcotic analgesia was not given to any patient before or during surgery to evaluate the efficacy of the block. Detailed records were kept of all intraoperative medication and its dosage, including supplemental local anesthetic. Efficacy and outcome were measured via direct patient monitoring during surgery and by direct interview after surgery, first in the recovery area (visual pain analogue applied) and again at 24 to 48 hr after surgery (recollection of events, duration of block, u...
Mk48 ADCAP torpedo high-assurance testing

The Mk48 ADCAP torpedo is the US Navy's premier heavyweight submarine-launched torpedo and is widely recognized as the world's most capable anti-submarine weapon. ADCAP is a wire-guided, thermal torpedo launched through the full submarine's depth and speed profile. Following ADCAP's initial fleet introduction in 1988, software upgrades were begun to improve torpedo performance in the presence of countermeasures, under the arctic ice canopy and against high speed submarine targets. The ADCAP program has produced an extremely reliable and capable weapon system through over 16 years of development. Since ADCAP is a software controlled weapon, most performance enhancements require no hardware modification, can be made quickly and at low cost. Obviously, software enhancements must undergo testing before fleet introduction. This paper describes the ADCAP torpedo, the problems encountered during development and current status of the Mk48 ADCAP torpedo testing program.
COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS: GENERATIVE POWER AND RELATIONSHIP TO LINEAR CONTEXT-FREE REWRITING SYSTEMS

Recent results have established that there is a family of languages that is exactly the class of languages generated by three independently developed grammar formalisms: Tree Adjoining Grammars, Head Grammars, and Linear Indexed Grammars. In this paper we show that Combinatory Categorial Grammars also generates the same class of languages. We discuss the structural descriptions produced by Combinatory Categorial Grammars and compare them to those of grammar formalisms in the class of Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems. We also discuss certain extensions of Combinatory Categorial Grammars and their effect on the weak generative capacity.
Childhood size and life course weight characteristics in association with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To determine how childhood overweight, in conjunction with other life course weight characteristics, relates to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Among 109,172 women in the Nurses9 Health Study II, body fatness at ages 5, 10, and 20 years was assessed by recall using 9-level pictorial diagrams (somatotypes) representing extreme thinness (category 1) to obesity (category 9). Recalled weights at age 18 years and adulthood were used to derive BMI. Self-reported cases of type 2 diabetes were confirmed by supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS Somatotypes at ages 5 and 10 years were positively associated with diabetes risk ( P trend 25 kg/m 2 ) but not previously had an adjusted RR of 8.23 (7.41–9.15). The adjusted RR was 15.10 (13.21–17.26) for women who were also overweight at age 10 (somatotype ≥5) and 18 (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ). Increased childhood size was not associated with risk among women who did not continue to be overweight in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Increased body size starting from childhood is associated with a greater risk of diabetes in adulthood. However, women who become lean in adulthood do not have an increased risk.
Cascade Defect Production and Irradiation Enhanced Diffusion in Cu 3 Au

By using the ordering alloy Cu 3 Au and measuring resistivity changes during and following fast-neutron irradiations under well-controlled conditions in the Radiation Effects Facility at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at Argonne National Laboratory, we have studied cascade defect production and irradiation enhanced diffusion between 10 and 460 K. Ordering and disordering rates were measured as functions of irradiation temperature, neutron dose, neutron dose rate, time following cessation of flux, and step annealing. Free and clustered vacancy production was observed. The temperature dependence of the production of total migrating vacancy concentrations was determined. Vacancy sink production was linear with neutron dose and is compared with recent transmission electron microscopy experiments on the production of dislocation loops in this alloy. Time dependent and quasi-steady state vacancy concentrations were measured and compared with solutions of reaction rate equations for irradiation enhanced diffusion. The influence of recombination of vacancies with interstitials is observed at low sink concentrations (low neutron doses).
Operation of a Ti:sapphire laser for the SLAC polarized electron source

A new laser system has been developed as the light source for the SLAC polarized electron source for the 1993 SLD physics run. A Q-switched and cavity-dumped Ti:Sapphire laser, pumped by a doubled YAG laser is used. This laser delivers typically 50 /spl mu/J to the photocathode with the required 2 nanosecond, double pulse, 120 Hz time structure. The laser operates at wavelengths between 760 nm and 870 nm. The laser was installed on the SLAC linac in January 1993, and is currently in use. >
Colloid osmotic pressure as a prognostic indicator of pulmonary edema and mortality in the critically ill.

The relationship of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) to pulmonary edema and mortality in 128 critically ill patients was investigated in our critical care unit, and confirms previously reported observations. The COP in the 86 survivors was 22.0 (± 0.4 SEM) mm Hg versus 17.2 (± 0.6 SEM) mm Hg in the 42 who died (P
Genus Roseomonas: the Pink Bacterium—a Case Report

A 58-year-old male presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of fevers and chills, altered mental status, edema of the lower extremities, and hypertension. His history of illness began 6 years previously, when he was diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis. The patient’s past medical history was also notable for type 2 diabetes mellitus, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. He had multiple admissions in the past for hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. On admission, blood cultures were collected, and he was treated empirically with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. After two doses of antibiotics, a diagnostic paracentesis was performed. The peritoneal fluid obtained for bacterial culture was reported as “no growth,” and the fluid had 290 white blood cells/ml 3 and increased protein. The blood cultures grew a gramnegative rod. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer instrument was unable to identify the isolate. By standard microbiologic tests, the isolate was an oxidase-positive, catalase-negative organism that was eventually identified as Roseomonas. The organism was susceptible to the quinolones on the basis of the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. The patient was treated for 7 days with intravenous fluoroquinolone, followed by 3 days of oral fluoroquinolone therapy. He responded well to therapy, made an uneventful recovery, and was discharged home from the hospital. Discussion
Dynamical Downscaling of ERA-Interim Temperature and Precipitation for Alaska

AbstractThe European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) has been downscaled using a regional model covering Alaska at 20-km spatial and hourly temporal resolution for 1979–2013. Stakeholders can utilize these enhanced-resolution data to investigate climate- and weather-related phenomena in Alaska. Temperature and precipitation are analyzed and compared among ERA-Interim, WRF Model downscaling, and in situ observations. Relative to ERA-Interim, the downscaling is shown to improve the spatial representation of temperature and precipitation around Alaska’s complex terrain. Improvements include increased winter and decreased summer higher-elevation downscaled seasonal average temperatures. Precipitation is also enhanced over higher elevations in all seasons relative to the reanalysis. These spatial distributions of temperature and precipitation are consistent with the few available gridded observational datasets that account for topography. The downscaled precipitation ...
Absence Seizures in Humans

In general terms, absence seizures in humans comprise about 5% of all epilepsies regardless of age. This type of epilepsy usually manifests in the young child age (5–7 years old) (Sato 1983). In some few cases, age of onset is in infancy, and other cases have an age of onset later in childhood or teens. There may be a relation between absence seizures and febrile seizures.
Student-athletes with Disabilities Have the Right to Participate

The plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction against the enforcement of the Ohio High School Athletic Association instate residency requirement for student athletes, because it discriminated against their son on the basis of his disability by preventing him from participating in his high school sport program.
Irrigation Management for River-Salinity Control

The salinity of a given river system is the result of both salt-concentrating and salt-loading effects. Concentrating effects are produced by evaporation, diversion of high-quality water from the basin, and consumptive use by natural vegetation and by irrigated crops. The salt loading effects occur through dissolving action in the soil and the underlying materials. The water for this latter process originates from both irrigation applications and from precipitation that infiltrates into the soil matrix. Because a significant contribution to the total salt load of the upper Colorado River system originates from irrigation return flows, a procedure is needed that will predict the effects of irrigation management on salt inputs to the river. The paper presents the concepts and input data used in developing a one-dimensional streamflow and salt mass-balance model for long-run average effects of irrigation efficiency on salinity.
Concept revision is sensitive to changes in category structure, causal history

Carey argues that the aspects of categorization that are diagnostic of deep conceptual structure and, by extension, narrow conceptual content, must be distinguished from those aspects that are incidental to categorization tasks. For natural kind concepts, discriminating between these two types of processes is complicated by the role of explanatory stance and the causal history of features in determining category structure.
In Situ Polymerization of PEGDA Foam for Bone Defects

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel bone replacement using in situ polymerization of thiol-acrylate with adipose tissue derived adult stem cells (ASCs). Specifically, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate) (PEGDA-co-TMPTMP) was synthesized with 10% Hydroxyapatite (HA) foam by an amine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction. Initial characterization studies were performed to determine the temperature profile during the exothermic reaction showing a peak temperature of 50°C. To prevent hyperthermic cell damage and death during the exothermic polymerization procedure, the hASCs were encapsulated in alginate. Characterization of the 3-D structure and interconnectivity of pores in the polymeric foam scaffolds were performed using FIB-SEM and Micro-CT showing uniform distribution of HA. Cell viability experiments within the polymeric scaffold were performed using Vybrant® MTT cell profileration method, as well as fluorescent dyes: Calcein-AM (live) and Ethidium homodimer-1 (dead) showing viability of cells inside the samples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
DOES PLAQUE BURDEN PREDICT VASCULAR RESPONSE TO STATIN THERAPY? A COMBINED OCT AND IVUS STUDY

Greater plaque burden (PB) is a strong predictor for future coronary event. Therefore, patients with large PB need to be treated aggressively. It is unknown if patients with large PB equally benefit from statin therapy, compared to those with less PB. To evaluate statin effects according to the PB
Interaction between Recombination Enhanced Dislocation Glide Process Activated Basal Stacking Faults and Threading Dislocations in 4H-Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Layers

Electron-hole recombination enhanced glide of Shockley partial dislocations bounding expanding stacking faults and their interactions with threading dislocations in 4H silicon carbide epitaxial layers have been studied using synchrotron white beam X-ray topography and in situ electroluminescence. The mobile silicon-core Shockley partial dislocations bounding the stacking faults are able to cut through threading edge dislocations leaving no trailing dislocation segments in their wake. However, when the Shockley partial dislocations interact with threading screw dislocations, trailing 30° partial dislocation dipoles are initially deposited in their wake due to the pinning effect of the threading screw dislocations. These dipoles spontaneously snap into their screw orientation, regardless the normally immobile carbon-core Shockley partial dislocation components in the dipoles. The subsequent cross slip and annihilation of screw oriented Shockley partial dipole leave a prismatic stacking fault in (2-1-10) plane with the displacement vector 1/3[01-10]. The formation of such prismatic stacking fault is energetically favorable, reducing the strain energy by one to two orders of magnitude.
An Estimating Method of Acid Distribution and the Ordered Distribution Hyopothesis in Natural Fat Triglycerides

The glyceride type values of a fat can be calculated from its fatty acid distribution, and conversely, the fatty acid distribution can be calculated from its glyceride type values. This calculation was, conducted graphically.From each glyceride type value, a curve named glyceride type isoquant that shows a same glyceride type value can be drawn, and the saturated acid distribution is obtained as intersecting point of four glyceride type isoquants. By means of this glyceride type isoquant method suggested, it was clarified that usual method that has beeh used to estimate the fatty acid distribution of acids by comparing the glyceride composition calculated from an assumed fatty acid distribution with the analyzed. glyceride composition is unreliable. The saturated acid distributions of several fats and the distributions of saturated, monoenoic, and dienoic acids of lard were estimated by this method, indicating unequal distribution of acids in the 1 and 3 positions.The possibility of the ordered distribution hypothesis proposed previously was discussed. Assuming the selectivities with variable degrees in the esterification of the 1 and 2 position, wide range of the acid distribution containing random distribution, 1, 3-random 2-random distribution, and 1-random 2, 3-random distribution is obtained. The saturated acid distributions of many fats may fall in this range of ordered distribution. It is also shown that the presence of a racemic glyceride cannot be a proof of equal distribution of acids in the 1 and 3 positions, because in a special case, unequal distribution leads a racemic glyceride.
ODE Architect: Now and Future

This article describes current compatibility issues with ODE Ar- chitect software suite and 64-bit Windows operating systems, and proposes viable alternatives using virtual machine environment and cloud computing.
Patient-specific Hip Fracture Strength Assessment with Microstructural MR Imaging–based Finite Element Modeling

MR imaging–based nonlinear finite element analysis measurements of the hip are reproducible and have the potential to be used in longitudinal studies to assess patient-specific hip fracture risk.
Revoking Brexit: Can Member States Rescind Their Declaration of Withdrawal from the European Union?

In June 2016, British voters did the unthinkable: by a narrow margin, they voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. While this referendum was not legally binding, the new British Prime Minister, Theresa May, has left no doubt that she will abide by the outcome and declare the United Kingdom’s withdrawal in 2017. Such a move is entirely legal. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) explicitly authorizes Member States to declare their unilateral withdrawal from the European Union. By default, the country’s membership ends two years after such a declaration. But does — and should — a Member State have the right to change its mind and rescind its declaration before the withdrawal takes effect? While the existing literature essentially ignores this issue, I argue that the answer to both questions should be yes. Using insights from game theory, I show that a Member State’s ability to rescind its declaration of withdrawal plays an essential role in securing outcomes that are desirable for the European Union as a whole. Moreover, one can also make a strong doctrinal case in favor of such a right.
Industrialization and employment: Changes in the patterns of women's work in Puerto Rico

Abstract The debate on the impact of industrialization on female employment in developing countries has revolved around the issue of whether women are integrated into or marginalized from the labor market by industrialization. This paper presents the results of an empirical study of the changes in the sectoral and occupational distribution of female employment in Puerto Rico during the period 1947–1982. The study divides the process of industrialization into two stages according to the type of industries promoted by the government development agency, Formento, under the various Industrial Incentive Laws enacted during this period. Changes in female employment by economic sector were assessed through a regression analysis, while changes in occupation were assessed through the analysis of descriptive statistics. The study found that, while women's participation in the labor force grew, the type of occupations they filled remained sex segregated, with few exceptions. Integration into the labor force was thus associated with a new sexual division of labor and does not necessarily mean an improvement in the employment situation of women as the integration hypothesis proposes.
Vma3p protects cells from programmed cell death through the regulation of Hxk2p expression

In yeast, the vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase (V-ATPase) acidifies vacuoles to maintain pH of cytoplasm. Yeast cells lacking V-ATPase activity, due to a disruption of any VMA (vacuolar membrane ATPase) gene, remain viable but demonstrate growth defects. Although it has been suggested that VMA genes are critical for phospholipid biosynthesis, the link between VMA genes and phospholipid biosynthesis is still uncertain. Here, we found that cells lacking Vma3p, one of the major V-ATPase assembly genes, had a growth defect in the absence of inositol, suggesting that Vma3p is important in phospholipid biosynthesis. Through real-time PCR, we found that cells lacking Vma3p down-regulated HXK2 expression. Furthermore, acetic acid sensitivity assay showed that cells lacking Vma3p were more sensitive to acetic acid than WT cells. HXK2 encodes hexokinase 2 which can phosphorylate glucose during phospholipid biosynthesis. Since cells lacking HXK2 are sensitive to acetic acid and this is an indicator of programmed cell death, our observations suggest that Vma3p plays an important role in programmed cell death. Taken together, we have proposed a working model to describe how Vma3p protects cells against apoptosis through the regulation of HXK2 expression.
Fibrosarcoma and Its Variants

Fibrosarcoma can occur at all ages (Fig. 12.1) and in all sites (Fig. 12.2). Before the era of immunohistochemistry, fibrosarcoma was one of the most common diagnoses for a soft tissue sarcoma. With the development of immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, it is now rare for a sarcoma to be termed a fibrosarcoma, which by its name implies fibroblasts as the cell of origin. With increasing sophistication in diagnosis, more and more subtypes of fibroblastic sarcomas are now appreciated, all relatively rare tumors.
Glutamate Signaling in the Auditory Brainstem

Glutamate signaling in the auditory brainstem is a dynamic process. It involves the perfect coordination of pre- and postsynaptic factors that reliably permit the transfer of information between neurons. When compared to other brain regions, glutamate signaling in the auditory brainstem is unique in that it provides the initial mechanisms underlying the perception of behaviorally relevant communication signals. Disruptions in such mechanisms are thought to underlie several hearing-related disorders. Relying on the foundation of work by Dr. Edwin Rubel and colleagues, this chapter offers a conceptual overview of factors that regulate glutamate signaling in the auditory brainstem, as well as determinants responsible for development, activity-dependent regulation, pathophysiology, and neuromodulation.
Roles for government and other sectors in the governance of green infrastructure in the U.S.

Abstract This paper argues that government leadership both at the federal and local levels remains central to implementing green infrastructure for stormwater management. We conducted interviews with more than forty city, federal, and regional staff on how and why they work to implement green infrastructure, and interpreted the material using literature from environmental governance and water management. We found that government and non-governmental actors tend to act in different ways to support green infrastructure. Government actors at federal and local levels often take the lead role in driving green infrastructure via policy and political support, and coordinating measurement of green infrastructure practices, while non-governmental actors lead in information sharing. We also found that government and non-governmental actors work together to build local capacity by providing resources to support local collaboration and partnerships. We conclude by highlighting key areas of collaboration between government and non-governmental actors to enhance the implementation of green infrastructure.
Height and breast cancer risk: results from the Black Women's Health Study (United States).

Objectives: Numerous studies, but not all, have yielded positive associations between adult height and risk of breast cancer. There are few data on black women. We evaluated adult height in relation to breast cancer in data from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 64,530 African-American women aged 18–69 years at baseline in 1995. Methods: A total of 910 cases of breast cancer were analyzed: 700 prevalent cases reported at baseline and 210 incident cases that occurred during the first 2 years of follow-up. A comparison group of controls frequency-matched on 5-year category of birth year was chosen from among participants who had not developed breast cancer. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for various categories of adult height compared to a reference category of height less than or equal to 61 inches (155cm), with control for current age, age at menarche, and years of education. Results: Increased height was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer overall (p trend = 0.001); the OR for the highest category of height, >69 inches (175cm), was 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.1–2.3). The association was stronger among premenopausal women and women who had less than 16 years of education. Results were similar for prevalent and incident cases. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that height is associated with breast cancer risk in African-American women.
Axiomatizing rationality

We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for a class of logics appropriate for reasoning about the rationality of players in games. Essentially the same axiomatization applies to a wide class of decision rules.
Nonlinear Hybrid Optimal Control with Switching Costs via Occupation Measures and LMI-Relaxations

This paper addresses the initial condition optimal control problem in the presence of switching costs for hybrid systems which undergo autonomous switching. By rewriting the system's dynamics and cost function using the notion of occupation measures, the optimal control problem is formulated as an infinite-dimensional linear program over the space of measures. This measure-theoretic formulation is proved to be equivalent to the original problem. To solve this infinite-dimensional linear program, this paper constructs a sequence of semidefinite programs whose solutions converge from below to the true optimal as the degree of relaxation is increased. Moreover, if the solution to the relaxation has rank 1, the optimal initial condition can be recovered. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated on a pair of examples.
Cervical Disc Herniation in Athletes

Cervical disc injuries in athletes are career-threatening problems that can cause significant symptoms, such as upper extremity radiculopathy, neck pain, and coordination difficulties in this population. Historically, professional athletes have often received multiple conflicting opinions from different physician experts for the appropriate treatment for a cervical disc herniation (CDH). The natural history and pathology of cervical disc herniations are well known in the general population; however, there are differences in the elite athlete population. For example, NFL athletes are treated for CDH at a much higher rate at the upper levels of the cervical spine (C2-C3 and C3-C4), diagnosed at a younger age, and associated with sports-related trauma 82% of the time. Non-operative treatment is a reasonable approach initially, as many players can return to play (RTP) within a 6-week period. Operative treatment either in the form of a cervical fusion or a foraminotomy (PF) can be a successful option in allowing players to RTP in a collision sport. Current evidence suggests that the RTP rate is significantly higher in the PF cohort compared to ACDF. However, the reoperation rate at the index level is significantly higher for PF when compared to ACDF. Typical criteria for RTP include full neck range of motion, absence of neurologic deficits, absence of central cervical stenosis, and normal neurologic examination.
The Cost of Applying to Medical School — A Barrier to Diversifying the Profession

The Cost of Applying to Medical School Applying to medical school may be prohibitively expensive for some people. Need-based financial aid helps low-income students afford tuition, but it doesn’t h...
Convex combination sequence kernel association test for rare‐variant studies

We propose a novel variant set test for rare-variant association studies, which leverages multiple single-nucleotide variant (SNV) annotations. Our approach optimizes a convex combination of different sequence kernel association test (SKAT) statistics, where each statistic is constructed from a different annotation and combination weights are optimized through a multiple kernel learning algorithm. The combination test statistic is evaluated empirically through data splitting. In simulations, we find our method preserves type I error at α = 2.5 × 1 0 - 6 and has greater power than SKAT(-O) when SNV weights are not misspecified and sample sizes are large ( N ≥ 5 , 000 ). We utilize our method in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) to identify SNV sets associated with fasting glucose. While we are unable to detect any genome-wide significant associations between fasting glucose and 4-kb windows of rare variants ( p 1 0 - 7 ) in 6,419 FHS participants, our method identifies suggestive associations between fasting glucose and rare variants near ROCK2 ( p = 2.1 × 1 0 - 5 ) and within CPLX1 ( p = 5.3 × 1 0 - 5 ). These two genes were previously reported to be involved in obesity-mediated insulin resistance and glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells, respectively. These findings will need to be replicated in other cohorts and validated by functional genomic studies.
Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Applied to Geophysics

Very-long-baseline Interferometry (VLBI) has opened for study a broad new spectrum of geophysical phenomena including: direct observation of the tectonic motions and deformations of the Earth’s crustal plates, observations of unprecedented detail of the variations in the rotation of the Earth, and direct measurement of the elastic deformations of the Earth in response to tidal forces. These new measurements have placed significant constraints on models of the interior structure of the Earth; for example, measurements of the variations in the Earth’s nutation have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the shape of the core-mantle boundary. The VLBI measurements will allow us to construct a global reference frame accurate at the centimeter level. Such a frame will be essential to studying long-term global changes, especially those changes related to sea-level variations as recorded by tide gauge measurements.
The role of context in intertrial interval effects in autoshaping

Two experiments evaluated the role of differential conditioning of the context in mediating the effect of intertrial interval (ITI) in autoshaping. In Experiment 1 pigeons were given acquisition wi...
Upper Extremity Stress Fractures

Upper extremity (UE) stress fractures are less common than lower extremity stress fractures and account for 2.8% of all stress fractures among high school athletes (Changstrom et al. Am J Sports Med 43:26–33, 2015). Early diagnosis hinges on understanding the etiology and having an index of suspicion. Repetitive stress and loading of upper extremity bones at the point of muscular attachments can lead to stress fractures (Crasto JA, Jain S, Jones GL. Upper extremity stress fractures. In: Stress Fractures in Athletes: Diagnosis and Management: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 205–22). Stress fractures can often be missed on X-ray radiographs initially (Greaney et al. Radiology [Internet] 146:339–46, 1983; Nielsen et al. Acta Orthop Scand [Internet] 62:531–4, 1991). Radionuclide scanning has been shown to be extremely sensitive in detecting early-stage osseous stress injury. Most upper extremity stress fractures can be managed non-operatively with rest and activity modification when diagnosed early in the process, with a rapid return to sport. A specific sport-related rehabilitation program targeting correct technique use may also help the athlete recover from this injury and help prevent future injuries. More chronic injuries may require surgical intervention to achieve a satisfactory outcome.
Neural network models of object recognition can also account for visual search behavior.

What limits our ability to find an object we are looking for? There are two competing models: one explains attentional limitations during visual search in terms of a serial processing computation, the other attributes limitations to noisy parallel processing. Both models predict human visual search behavior when applied to the simplified stimuli often used in experiments, but it remains unclear how to extend them to account for search of complex natural scenes. Models exist of natural scene search, but they do not predict whether a given scene will limit search accuracy. Here we propose an alternate mechanism to explain limitations across stimuli types: visual search is limited by an "untangling" computation, proposed to underlie object recognition. To test this idea, we ask whether models of object recognition account for visual search behavior. The current best-in-class models are artificial neural networks (ANNs) that accurately predict both behavior and neural activity in the primate visual system during object recognition tasks. Unlike dominant visual search models, ANNs can provide predictions for any image. First we test ANN-based object recognition models with simplified stimuli typically used in studies of visual search. We find these models exhibit a hallmark effect of such studies: a drop in target detection accuracy as the number of distractors increases. Further experiments show this effect results from learned representations: networks that are not pre-trained for object recognition can achieve near perfect accuracy. Next we test these models with complex natural images, using a version of the Pascal VOC dataset where each image has a visual search difficulty score, derived from human reaction times. We find models exhibit a drop in accuracy as search difficulty score increases. We conclude that ANN-based object recognition models account for aspects of visual search behavior across stimuli types, and discuss how to extend these results.
Sneak Path Characterization in Memristor Crossbar Circuits

Memristor technology has become an attractive option for use in-memory architectures, in-memory computing, and logic applications. Memristor crossbar array performance is dependent upon sneak paths...
Distinct classes of misfolded proteins differentially affect the growth of yeast compromised for proteasome function

Maintenance of the proteome (proteostasis) is essential for cellular homeostasis and prevents cytotoxic stress responses that arise from protein misfolding. However, little is known about how different types of misfolded proteins impact homeostasis, especially when protein degradation pathways are compromised. We examined the effects of misfolded protein expression on yeast growth by characterizing a suite of substrates possessing the same aggregation-prone domain but engaging different quality control pathways. We discovered that treatment with a proteasome inhibitor was more toxic in yeast expressing misfolded membrane proteins, and this growth defect was mirrored in yeast lacking a proteasome-specific transcription factor, Rpn4p. These results highlight weaknesses in the proteostasis network's ability to handle the stress arising from an accumulation of misfolded membrane proteins.
Novel Holistic Approaches for Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Pancreatic and Colon Cancers.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, such as of the colon and pancreas, are highly resistant to both standard and targeted therapeutics. Therapy-resistant and heterogeneous GI cancers harbor highly complex signaling networks (the resistome) that resist apoptotic programming. Commonly used gemcitabine or platinum-based regimens fail to induce meaningful (i.e. disease-reversing) perturbations in the resistome, resulting in high rates of treatment failure. The GI cancer resistance networks are, in part, due to interactions between parallel signaling and aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) that collectively promote the development and survival of drug-resistant cancer stem cells with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics. The lack of understanding of the resistance networks associated with this subpopulation of cells as well as reductionist, single protein-/pathway-targeted approaches have made ‘effective drug design' a difficult task. We propose that the successful design of novel therapeutic regimens to target drug-resistant GI tumors is only possible if network-based drug avenues and agents, in particular ‘natural agents' with no known toxicity, are correctly identified. Natural agents (dietary agents or their synthetic derivatives) can individually alter miRNA profiles, suppress EMT pathways and eliminate cancer stem-like cells that derive from pancreatic cancer and colon cancer, by partially targeting multiple yet meaningful networks within the GI cancer resistome. However, the efficacy of these agents as combinations (e.g. consumed in the diet) against this resistome has never been studied. This short review article provides an overview of the different challenges involved in the understanding of the GI resistome, and how novel computational biology can help in the design of effective therapies to overcome resistance.