cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment: From Microbial Ecology to Public Policy

The ability to fight bacterial infections with antibiotics has been a longstanding cornerstone of modern medicine. However, wide-spread overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to unintended consequences, which in turn require large-scale changes of policy for mitigation. In this review, we address two broad classes of corollaries of antibiotics overuse and misuse. Firstly, we discuss the spread of antibiotic resistance from hotspots of resistance evolution to the environment, with special concerns given to potential vectors of resistance transmission. Secondly, we outline the effects of antibiotic pollution independent of resistance evolution on natural microbial populations, as well as invertebrates and vertebrates. We close with an overview of current regional policies tasked with curbing the effects of antibiotics pollution and outline areas in which such policies are still under development.
X-ray crystallographic study of α-brominated diketo teraquinanes. Conformational effects of the number of halogens and their position on bond length and solit-state conformation

Abstract Halogenative substitution of tetracyclo[7.2.104,1106,10]dodecane-5,12-dione with copper(II) bromide or molecular bromine has provided synthetic entry to the monobromo, 1,4- and 1,6-dibromo, 1,4,6- tribromo, and 1,4,6,9-tetrabromo derivatives. X-ray structural analysis of the latter four compounds has shown bond lengths and bond angles not to be greatly affected by the number of bromine atoms or their relative position. On the other hand, conformational preferences are seen to vary appreciably with substitution pattern across the series.
Can a Machine Become Self-Aware? (The Sciences of Computing and Cognition)

One of the major characters in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation is the android Commander Data (played by Brent Spiner). Created by Dr. Noonien Soong (also played by Spiner), the twenty-fourth century’s foremost authority on cybernetics, Data are more than just an intelligent, humanoid robot. He is a sentient being. He is so sophisticated in design that he is aware of his own existence. He was introduced in the pilot episode, “Encounter at Farpoint”, at which time he was a Lieutenant Commander, and a member of the original crew of the newly designed galaxy-class starship Enterprise (NCC-1701D) [1]. An ongoing theme in the series is Data’s quest to become more like his human shipmates. In this chapter, we will consider what it might take to create something like Data. In order to do this, we will need to understand something about his technical specifications.
Balancing fish-energy-cost tradeoffs through strategic basin-wide dam management

Abstract Dam management often involves tradeoffs among hydropower generation capacity, environmental impacts, and project costs. However, our understandings of such tradeoffs under a full range of dam management options remain limited, which hinders our ability to make sound and scientifically defensible dam management decisions. In order to assess the scope for theoretical tradeoffs, a dynamic model of hydropower production, important fish populations, and project costs was developed using the system dynamics modeling technique. Three dam management options investigated the likely outcomes from: dam removal, fishway installation (e.g., pool-and-weir, Denil, and fish lift), and no action. The model was applied to the Penobscot River located in Maine, United States as a proof of concept, where recent actions (i.e., dam removal and fishway construction) have been undertaken. We modeled theoretical influence of these actions on four significant sea-run fish (alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, American shad Alosa sapidissima, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus) by developing an index of spawner population potential based on population models for each species. Optimal dam management solutions may maximize spawner population potential and energy production to 60-62% of maximum achievable values while limiting the project cost to US$17 million (44% of the maximum value). Our results demonstrate that basin-scale management strategies may increase the migratory fish restoration while preserving hydropower generation capacity. Diversification of management options (e.g., combination of fishway installations, dam removals, and generation capacity) may increase the efficacy of strategic fish-energy-cost tradeoffs.
Comments on “Experimental investigation of density, viscosity and intermolecular interaction of binary system 1,3-butanediol +1,2-ethanediamine for CO2 capture”

Abstract A polemic is given concerning the several of the volumetric properties reported in the published paper by Liu and coworkers. The authors' calculated partial molar volumes of the individual mixture components are found to be inconsistent with the reported excess molar volumes.
Metabolism of glucose and glutamine is critical for skeletal muscle stem cell activation.

ABSTRACT Injury to muscle tissue induces the resident, quiescent, skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) to activate - to exit quiescence and enter the cell cycle. Previous work has shown that MuSC activation is associated with significant metabolic changes, however the substrates that MuSCs consume to support activation are poorly understood. Here, we show that MuSCs generate the majority of their energy through mitochondrial respiration, and that oxidative phosphorylation is required for MuSC activation. Furthermore, we have found that while glucose, glutamine, and fatty acids all significantly, and roughly equally, contribute to ATP production in MuSCs during activation, they do not have equal functional role in the dynamics of MuSC activation. Pharmacologic suppression of glycolysis, using 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or glutaminolysis, using BPTES, significantly impairs MuSC cell cycle entry. However, etomoxir-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid transport has minimal effect on MuSC cell cycle progression. Our findings suggest that apart from their roles in fueling ATP production by the mitochondria, glucose and glutamine may generate metabolic intermediates needed for MuSC activation.
Extending Plant Defense Theory to Seeds

Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we describe the diverse way...
Pandemics, Protests, and Performances: Embodying Our Faith in an Unexpected Season: Introduction

Who could have imagined the changes that 2020 would bring to our entire planet? We certainly did not. We began preparing this issue of Liturgy in 2019. Our focus was on ritual performance in worshi...
Concomitant Large Loculated Pleural and Pericardial Effusions in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis on Methotrexate.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common multisystemic autoimmune inflammatory joint disorder, affecting nearly 1.3 million adults in the US. RA has high economic and social burdens. Functional disability may arise in RA from the characteristic chronic progressive inflammation and the erosion of multiple joints and cartilage damage. Systemic manifestations of RA include rheumatoid nodules, pleuropulmonary complications, pericarditis, rheumatoid vasculitis, Felty’s syndrome (the rare triad of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly, and neutropenia), amyloidosis, and neurological complications. We present the diagnostic challenges of differentiating pleuropulmonary and pericardial complications of rheumatoid arthritis from side effects of therapy (rheumatoid pleural and pericardial effusions vs immune suppression associated side effects and infections). We use the Naranjo score to facilitate this decision-making process. A 52-year-old man with a history of RA, chronic small right pleural effusion, and hypertension on long-term oral methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy presented to the emergency room after 1 week of worsening respiratory symptoms. A chest radiograph demonstrated a large pleural effusion and pneumonia. Intravenous methylprednisolone and antibiotics were administered. A video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure was performed, chest tubes were inserted, and abatacept was eventually initiated as adjunctive therapy to methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for the rheumatoid arthritis and lung condition. Abatacept is an immunosuppressive fusion protein composed of the Fc region of immunoglobulin G1 fused to the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, which interferes with the immune activity of T cells.
Unemployment Duration with Rationally Inattentive Firms

We consider a worker's job search problem in which firms arrive sequentially, observe the worker's unemployment duration, and conduct an interview to learn about her unobservable productivity. Firms engage in fully flexible information acquisition subject to a cost proportional to the expected entropy reduction, as in the literature on rational inattention. We provide a closed-form characterization of equilibrium job search dynamics and demonstrate that endogenous information amplifies the ``stigma'' effect of long unemployment duration relative to exogenous information. We also show that lowering firms' information-acquisition costs has ambiguous implications for a worker's unemployment duration.
Pancytopenia and Profound Neutropenia as a Sequela of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) with Concern for Bone Marrow Involvement

Pancytopenia and neutropenia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are rare. Here we report a case of neutropenia as a sequela of COVID-19 with concern for bone marrow infiltration. The patient was successfully treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Magnitude and Spread of Bed Bugs ( Cimex lectularius ) throughout Ohio (USA) Revealed by Surveys of Pest Management Industry.

Bed bugs have recently re-emerged as human pests worldwide. In this study, two surveys queried licensed pest management companies in Ohio (Midwest USA) about their experiences managing bed bugs. A primary objective was to assess the magnitude and spread of bed bug infestations statewide based on companies’ treatment records from 2005 and 2011 (first survey) and 2016 (second survey). The survey response rates were 35.6% and 31.6%, respectively. Treatment data from 2005 indicated that Ohio’s bed bug problem likely started in the SW corner of the state in Hamilton County (includes city of Cincinnati), since it totaled five times more treatments (approximately 4500) than second-ranking, centrally located Franklin County (Columbus). In the first half of 2011, more than 15,000 treatments were performed in these two counties. In 2016, treatments reached nearly 38,000 in Franklin County and in NE Ohio in the three combined counties that include Cleveland-Akron-Canton. Bed bug problems expanded statewide during an 11 y period, with an estimated 100+ treatments in 7 counties in 2005, 45 counties in 2011, and nearly all 88 counties in 2016. Apartments/condos and single-family residences comprised the largest share of bed bug work. Residents misused many pesticides and household cleaners trying to eliminate bed bugs. Many also discarded unwrapped infested furniture, which may further spread these bugs. More public education is needed to stop such practices. This study shows that bed bug problems grow and spread quickly; federal, state, and local officials and the public should immediately deal with bed bugs.
Natural Disasters, Risk Salience, and Corporate ESG Disclosure

We examine how natural disasters affect the corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure policies of firms located close to disaster areas. We study firms located in counties neighboring those affected by natural disasters and find that, on average, these firms increase their ESG disclosure transparency over the period subsequent to the disaster. Given that our sample firms are located outside of the area directly affected by the disaster, the changes in disclosure transparency after the disaster are consistent with managers increasing their preference for transparency as their risk salience increases. Further, we find that, though the disaster may be environmental by nature, nearby firms increase their social and governance disclosures in addition to their environmental disclosures. To investigate whether or not the increased transparency is a rational response to the disaster, we explore the costs of capital for the firms in our sample to study what impacts, if any, the increased transparency engenders for the firm. We find that increases in ESG disclosure are associated with reductions in the cost of debt after the disaster consistent with the notion that markets find the increased transparency to be value relevant.
Partisanship Versus Democracy: Voting in Turkey’s Competitive Authoritarian Elections:

Do voters care about anti-democratic behavior by their leaders? While political pundits and academics often hope that they do, there has been little research that tests the effects that specific an...
The conserved autoimmune-disease risk gene TMEM39A regulates lysosome dynamics

TMEM39A encodes an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and carries single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased risk of major human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The exact cellular function of TMEM39A remains not well understood. Here, we report that TMEM-39, the sole Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) ortholog of TMEM39A, regulates lysosome distribution and accumulation. Elimination of tmem-39 leads to lysosome tubularization and reduced lysosome mobility, as well as accumulation of the lysosome-associated membrane protein LMP-1. In mammalian cells, loss of TMEM39A leads to redistribution of lysosomes from the perinuclear region to cell periphery. Mechanistically, TMEM39A interacts with the dynein intermediate light chain DYNC1I2 to maintain proper lysosome distribution. Deficiency of tmem-39 or the DYNC1I2 homolog in C. elegans impairs mTOR signaling and activates the downstream TFEB-like transcription factor HLH-30. We propose evolutionarily conserved roles of TMEM39 family proteins in regulating lysosome distribution and lysosome-associated signaling, dysfunction of which in humans may underlie aspects of autoimmune diseases.
Computed Tomography Appearance of the "Whirlpool Sign" in Ovarian Torsion.

Author(s): Livingston, Joshua K.; Gonzales, Savannah; Langdorf, Mark | Abstract: Case Presentation: A 28-year-old female presented to the emergency department complaining of right lower abdominal pain. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was done, which showed a 15-centimeter right adnexal cyst with adjacent “whirlpool sign” concerning for right ovarian torsion. Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound (US) revealed a hemorrhagic cyst in the right adnexa, with duplex Doppler identifying arterial and venous flow in both ovaries. Laparoscopic surgery confirmed right ovarian torsion with an attached cystic mass, and a right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed given the mass was suspicious for malignancy.Discussion: Ultrasound is the test of choice for diagnosis of torsion due to its ability to evaluate anatomy and perfusion. When ovarian pathology is on the patient’s right, appendicitis is high in the differential diagnosis, and CT may be obtained first. Here we describe a case where CT first accurately diagnosed ovarian torsion by demonstrating the whirlpool sign, despite an US that showed arterial flow to the ovary. Future studies should determine whether CT alone is sufficient to diagnose or exclude ovarian torsion.
Anatomy of the Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the anatomy of the nervous system. The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral divisions, along with the separate autonomic system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves to the trunk and extremities. The brain is composed of the hemispheres, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. The hemispheres are divided into the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe houses higher personality and executive functions and the central sulcus marks the dividing line between the frontal and parietal lobes, with the primary motor cortex on the anterior aspect of this sulcus and the primary sensory cortex on the posterior border. The opercular cortex on the frontal side of the sylvian fissure in the dominant hemisphere houses the motor speech area (Broca's area). The temporal lobe contains areas subserving memory (hippocampus), emotion and primitive urges (amygdala), hearing (primary auditory cortex, Heschel's gyrus), and speech (dominant posterior temporal region). The spinal cord extends from the caudal medulla to the conus medullaris, which usually lies approximately at the level of L1–L2 in adults. There are 31 pairs of spinal roots, which include eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal roots. The spinal gray matter is located more centrally within the cord and the cord may be divided into right and left halves, as well as dorsal and ventral halves. The autonomic nervous system innervates the glands, viscera, heart, and smooth muscle, and it is divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. Each division consists of a set of ganglia with both pre- and postganglionic branches.
Inhaled disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) as maintenance therapy in children with asthma: a systematic review

BACKGROUND Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) is included in the BTS guidelines on the treatment of asthma for use in children, but is now used only infrequently. We have identified and interpreted the findings of all published randomised, placebo controlled trials of DSCG in the prophylactic treatment of children with asthma. METHODS Several databases were searched to identify trials. Studies were included if they investigated subjects with asthma aged 0–18 years old, addressed maintenance treatment with inhaled DSCG, and were published in English. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed independently by three reviewers. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) of differences in the treatment effect for cough and wheeze between placebo and treatment with DSCG were computed. The estimates were pooled and tested for homogeneity and, to assess possible publication bias, a funnel plot was made and tested for symmetry. RESULTS Of the 24 randomised, placebo controlled trials identified, the methodological scores varied widely. The null hypothesis of homogeneity was rejected. Under the assumption of heterogeneity the overall CI for wheeze was 0.11 to 0.26 and for cough was 0.13 to 0.27. The overall tolerance intervals (–0.11 to 0.48 and –0.04 to 0.43 for wheeze and cough, respectively) both included zero, so it cannot be concluded that future studies will show an effect of DSCG compared with placebo. Older studies were more often in favour of DSCG. The funnel plots suggest publication bias; small studies with negative or equal outcomes are lacking. CONCLUSION Given the apparent publication bias, the small overall treatment effect, and the tolerance interval including zero, there is insufficient evidence that DSCG has a beneficial effect as maintenance treatment in children with asthma.
Implementing Constrant Solvers in B-Prolog

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) defines a family of programming languages that extend Prolog to support constraint solving over certain domains. Current state-of-the-art CLP systems are based on abstract machines or language constructs that are good for certain domains and propagation algorithms but are either not sufficiently expressive or inefficient for some other domains and propagation algorithms. B-Prolog provides a construct, called action rules, for programming interactive agents such as constraint propagators. As far as constraint propagation is concerned, an agent maintains dynamically a certain level of consistency for a constraint. This paper presents constraint solvers implemented in action rules for six domains, namely, finite-domains, Boolean, trees, lists, sets, and floating-point intervals. Some of the solvers such as the finite-domain and set solvers are competitive in performance with the fastest solvers available now.
Babinski or Withdrawal? A New Way to Decide (P7.021)

OBJECTIVE: to introduce a method for suppressing tickle-induced withdrawal by self-induction of the plantar reflex. BACKGROUND: The clinical usefulness of the Babinski sign has been challenged 1 based on concerns regarding sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater reliability. One of the factors compromising the utility of the Babinski sign is the phenomenon of withdrawal, which is analogous to a tickle response. Previous work 2 has shown that the cerebellum actively suppresses the tickle reaction when the subjects stimulate themselves. This suppression could potentially be used to eliminate or reduce withdrawal in response to plantar stimulation. DESIGN/METHODS: We compared the response to plantar stimulation when the stimulus was provided by an examiner, to the response when patients (with or without an upper motor neuron lesion) stimulated their own feet. RESULTS: Prominent withdrawal responses were attenuated when patients applied the stimulus to themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Self-elicitation of plantar reflex can be an effective method of suppressing withdrawal induced by tickle. 1- Miller TM, Johnston SC. Should the Babinski sign be part of the routine neurologic examination? Neurology. 2005 Oct 25;65(8):1165-8. 2- S.-J. Blakemore, D.M. Wolpert, C.D. Frith. Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation. Nature Neuroscience, 1 (7) (1998), pp. 635-640 Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Sohrab has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gelb has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Continuum.
Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: Implications of Recent Trials

A B S T R A C T Based on the results of randomized multicenter studies, such as the MADIT I, MADIT II, DINAMIT, and SCD-HeFT and DEFINITE trials, patients can be identified who are at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) who demonstrate a reduction in arrhythmic mortality and total mortality with the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). These are patients with coronary artery disease, im paired left ventricular function, spontaneous nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and inducible ventricular tachycardia not suppressed by procainamide. Also patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction <30% benefit from ICD placement. Based on the SCD-HeFT results, patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy and class II or III congestive heart failure also benefit from the ICD. At the same time, based on the results of the DINAMIT study, it has become apparent that the ICD does not play a role in patients within 45 days of myocardial infarction. The implications of these trials are further analyzed in this overview.
H/sub infinity / vs. classical methods in the design of feedback control systems

A few reasons for the continued popularity enjoyed by H/sub infinity / theory in the control community are discussed. The mixed sensitivity H/sub infinity / robust control design problem based upon the Glover-Doyle 2-Riccati state-space approach (Doyle, Glover, Khargonekar and Francis, 1989) is considered. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of suitable weighting functions, design parameters selected to reflect the relative importance of different design goals, upon which often hinges the successful computation of a satisfactory H/sub infinity / optimal controller. The Glover-Doyle algorithm was used to design a H/sub infinity / robust controller for a single-input-single-output system. >
Labor Rights for All? The Role of Undocumented Immigrant Status for Worker Claims Making

Drawing on forty-one interviews with both documented and undocumented Latino restaurant workers in San Jose, California, and Houston, Texas, this article examines how documentation status shapes the legal consciousness of immigrant workers. I identify three common narratives that undocumented workers provide to justify not making claims on workplace protection. First, I highlight that an ever-present fear of deportation inhibits any formal confrontation. Second, I demonstrate how undocumented status leaves undocumented immigrants with a particularly pragmatic and short-term understanding of their working life in the United States, rendering their working conditions temporary and endurable to them. Third, I expand Gordon and Lenhardt's (2008) discussion of the centrality of work to the American conception of citizenship. I reiterate that this particular sense of belonging is situated vis-a-vis other low-wage workers. These findings provide sociolegal scholars important theoretical contributions for crafting a research agenda on the role of undocumented status and legal mobilization.
High-mobility High-Ge-Content Si 1−x Ge x -OI PMOS FinFETs with fins formed using 3D germanium condensation with Ge fraction up to x∼ 0.7, scaled EOT∼8.5Å and ∼10nm fin width

We demonstrate scaled High-Ge-Content (HGC) SiGe-OI finFET with Ge up to 71%, using a CMOS-compatible approach. For the first time, aggressively scaled HGC relatively-tall fins with vertical sidewalls and sub-10nm widths have been demonstrated using an enhanced 3D-Ge-condensation technique. An improved Si-cap-free HK/MG process featuring optimized IL has been developed resulting in scaled EOT and impressive long channel SS=69mV/dec. The gate stack results in realization of enhancement-mode devices for Ge content ∼0.6. Moreover, long-channel mobility characteristics at scaled EOT as well as short-channel pMOS FinFETs with decent cut-off behavior and performance are demonstrated, for the first time. As a result, we report the highest HGC SiGe pMOS FinFET mobility of ∼300cm2/Vs at N inv =1013cm−2 at scaled EOT=0.85nm.
Traumatic brain injury and employment outcomes: integration of the working alliance model.

Individuals who have suffered polytrauma injuries must often contend with a complex constellation of physical, psychological, and psychosocial factors. These variables must be understood and addressed by rehabilitation specialists in order to optimize employment outcomes and overall quality of life for persons who have incurred these injuries. This article provides an abridged review of the current empirical data concerning the relationship between polytrauma and employment outcomes, with a focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition, Bordin's (4) working alliance model is recommended as a framework for strengthening the relationship between rehabilitation professionals and persons with TBI, thereby optimizing their employment outcomes.
A Unique Class of Conditional sir2 Mutants Displays Distinct Silencing Defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Silencing provides a critical means of repressing transcription through the assembly and modification of chromatin proteins. The NAD + -dependent deacetylation of histones by the Sir2p family of proteins lends mechanistic insight into how SIR2 contributes to silencing. Here we describe three locus-specific sir2 mutants that have a spectrum of silencing phenotypes in yeast. These mutants are dependent on SIR1 for silencing function at the HM silent mating-type loci, display distinct phenotypes at the rDNA, and have dominant silencing defects at the telomeres. Telomeric silencing is restored if the mutant proteins are directly tethered to subtelomeric regions, via a G al4p DNA- b inding d omain (GBD), or are recruited by tethered GBD-Sir1p. These sir2 mutations are found within conserved residues of the SIR2 family and lead to defects in catalytic activity. Since one of the mutations lies outside the previously defined minimal catalytic core, our results show that additional regions of Sir2p can be important for enzymatic activity and that differences in levels of activity may have distinct effects at the silenced loci.
Extreme Case (Re)formulation as a Practice for Making Hearably Racist Talk Repairable

This article investigates the interactional organization of racism through participant production and uptake of explicit racial membership categories across a corpus of 50+ hours of audio-/video-recorded interaction in three U.S. states. The discourse analysis examines one participant method for addressing “hearably racist” talk: echoing extreme versions of the problematic utterance to provide opportunities for repair work on inferable associations between membership categories and category-bound activities. Orienting to implicit inferential material as the source of trouble licenses participant account-seeking; treating the racism as a repairable downgrades its status as an overt instance of racism.
miR-375 Inhibits Differentiation of Neurites by Lowering HuD Levels

Neuronal development and plasticity are maintained by tightly regulated gene expression programs. Here, we report that the developmentally regulated microRNA miR-375 affects dendrite formation and maintenance. miR-375 overexpression in mouse hippocampus potently reduced dendrite density. We identified the predominantly neuronal RNA-binding protein HuD as a key effector of miR-375 influence on dendrite maintenance. Heterologous reporter analysis verified that miR-375 repressed HuD expression through a specific, evolutionarily conserved site on the HuD 3′ untranslated region. miR-375 overexpression lowered both HuD mRNA stability and translation and recapitulated the effects of HuD silencing, which reduced the levels of target proteins with key functions in neuronal signaling and cytoskeleton organization (N-cadherin, PSD-95, RhoA, NCAM1, and integrin α1). Moreover, the increase in neurite outgrowth after brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment was diminished by miR-375 overexpression; this effect was rescued by reexpression of miR-375-refractory HuD. Our findings indicate that miR-375 modulates neuronal HuD expression and function, in turn affecting dendrite abundance.
The disease resistance response in pea is associated with increased levels of specific mRNAs.

A cDNA library was constructed using poly(A)+RNA fromPisum sativum which had been treated for 8 h with the fungusFusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli. Two thousand four hundred recombinant colonies were screened by differential colony hybridization using32P-labelled cDNAs prepared from RNA extracted from either noninoculated or inoculated pea tissue. cDNA clones were then selected, which showed greater hybridization with cDNA prepared from pea RNA 8 h post-inoculation than with a cDNA probe from 0 h. Seven distinct hybridization classes were chosen for further study. Northern blot analyses of total cellular RNAs inoculated for 16 h with eitherF. solani phaseoli or water demonstrated that each cDNA clone selected represents an mRNA species which increases substantially in abundance during infection. Results of3H-uridine pulse-labelling experiments suggested that enhanced synthesis is at least partially responsible for the accumulation of the fungus-inducible mRNAs which hybridized with the clones.
Molecular-Beam Magnetic Resonance Studies of HD and D 2

The results of some recent molecular-beam magnetic resonance experiments on HD and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ are reported. A discussion is given of the shifts and distortions of the separated oscillatory field resonance pattern produced by inhomogeneities in the external magnetic field and by the Bloch-Siegert effect. The sign of the electron-coupled spin-spin interaction constant in HD was remeasured to be positive. Its magnitude was determined to be 47(7) Hz. The spectrum of the $J=1$ state of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ was observed for external fields less than 160 G, and the spin-rotation and second-rank tensor interaction constants were determined to be ${c}_{d}=+8.768(3)$ and $d=+25.2414(14)$ kHz. Using the calculated value ${d}_{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}=+2.737(1)$ kHz for the magnetic spin-spin interaction constant, the value of the electric quadrupole interaction constant was determined from the observed value $d$ to be $\frac{\mathrm{eqQ}}{h}=+225.044(24)$ kHz in the first rotational state of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. Hyperfine transitions were observed for the first time in the second rotational state of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. The hyperfine constants were determined from the transitions in the limit of zero external magnetic field to be ${c}_{d}=+8.723(20)$, ${d}_{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2.725(14)$, and $\frac{\mathrm{eqQ}}{h}=+223.38(18)$ kHz in the second rotational state. The effects of isotopic substitution and nuclear motion on the hyperfine constants in molecular hydrogen are discussed.
Buying random yet correlated wind power

We consider an auction design problem, where an aggregator procures wind power from multiple wind farms. While the realized generation of each wind farm is random, the probability distribution can be learned beforehand as its private information. Since the wind farms are geographically close, the distributions are possibly correlated. We formulate a unified optimization problem to study both the welfare-maximizing and the revenue-maximizing objectives. We show that the aggregator may extract the full surplus by exploiting the correlation among the distributions. We also illustrate, through a numerical example, the case where full surplus extraction is not achievable.
A quantum fluctuation model for foveal color thresholds.

Abstract A model for foveal color thresholds built on two principle assumptions (1) foveal receptor response thresholds are limited by quantum fluctuations and (2) color appearance is the result of an opponent transformation of the receptor outputs, is presented in this paper. This model accounts for the foveal achromatic interval, threshold color-name fluctuations, and the wavelength dependence of the slopes of the color-detection functions.
Structure and properties of oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

A study was made of the structural and property changes that occur when poly(ethylene terephthalate) films are oriented, crystallized, and thermally relaxed. X-ray diffraction, infrared, density, and stress-strain measurements were used to develop information on the amount and direction of orientation of both the crystalline and amorphous regions of these films. Three structural factors influence resultant film properties: (1) the kind and perfection of crystallite orientation, (2) the amount and direction of the trans-gauche isomerization in the amorphous regions, and (3) the amount of crystallinity. Interactions of these factors result in substantially different film properties and relaxation behavior. Of special significance is the influence of “taut” extended amorphous regions produced by orientation which generate useful structure-property information.
Altered cognition-related brain activity and interactions with acute pain in migraine

Little is known about the effect of migraine on neural cognitive networks. However, cognitive dysfunction is increasingly being recognized as a comorbidity of chronic pain. Pain appears to affect cognitive ability and the function of cognitive networks over time, and decrements in cognitive function can exacerbate affective and sensory components of pain. We investigated differences in cognitive processing and pain–cognition interactions between 14 migraine patients and 14 matched healthy controls using an fMRI block-design with two levels of task difficulty and concurrent heat (painful and not painful) stimuli. Across groups, cognitive networks were recruited in response to a difficult cognitive task, and a pain–task interaction was found in the right (contralateral to pain stimulus) posterior insula (pINS), such that activity was modulated by decreasing the thermal pain stimulus or by engaging the difficult cognitive task. Migraine patients had less task-related deactivation within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) compared to controls. These regions have been reported to have decreased cortical thickness and cognitive-related deactivation within other pain populations, and are also associated with pain regulation, suggesting that the current findings may reflect altered cognitive function and top-down regulation of pain. During pain conditions, patients had decreased task-related activity, but more widespread task-related reductions in pain-related activity, compared to controls, suggesting cognitive resources may be diverted from task-related to pain-reduction-related processes in migraine. Overall, these findings suggest that migraine is associated with altered cognitive-related neural activity, which may reflect altered pain regulatory processes as well as broader functional restructuring.
D.P.4 Comparison of commercially-available exome capture kits in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders

Abstract Next generation sequencing technologies present opportunities for improved clinical molecular diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders (NMD). We sought to determine the feasibility of using whole exome sequencing to detect mutations in 347 isoforms of 143 NMD genes listed in the World Muscle Society Muscle Gene Table ( www.musclegenetable.org ). We initially tested DNA samples from eight subjects with limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) and known mutations, using exome capture with one of three commercially available kits. We detected the same mutations as gene-specific Sanger sequencing had previously detected in seven of eight, missing 1 MYOT mutation due to a lack of representation of this specific exon in the capture kit. This led us to compare commercially available exome capture kits for coverage of NMD genes, by both predicted and by empiric coverage, in normal control genomic DNA. Based on manufacturer targeted region files, the three kits each targeted 92–94% of the known NMD exons; however, our actual capture results demonstrated that at best ∼60% of these exons obtained 100% coverage. In our hands the best performing kit, Agilent SureSelect v3, captures an average of 92.7% of the bases in the NMD gene exons, but only 58% of the NMD isoforms had all exons captured at 100% (e.g., 42% of the NMD genes had at least one exon with one base insufficiently captured to make a genotyping call). Illumina TruSeq captured 89.2% of exons but only 36.5% of genes had 100% coverage, and Nimblegen v2 captured 90.5% of genes but only 46.3% genes had 100% sequence coverage. We predict that by utilizing all three kits, ∼70% of the known NMD isoforms would have sufficient sequence coverage to make a genotyping call for 100% of all exons. When considering adoption of this approach clinically, this is an important limitation to be aware of but continued improvements in commercially available capture kits should allow economical and rapid NMD gene sequence analysis.
An open trial investigation of a transdiagnostic group treatment for children with anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Abstract The current study investigates the feasibility and preliminary outcomes associated with a transdiagnostic emotion-focused group protocol for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms in youth. Twenty-two children (ages 7 to 12; M = 9.79) with a principal anxiety disorder and varying levels of comorbid depressive symptoms were enrolled in an open trial of the Emotion Detectives Treatment Protocol (EDTP; Ehrenreich-May & Bilek, 2009), an intervention adapted from existent unified protocols for the treatment of emotional disorders among adults and adolescents. Results indicate that participants experienced significant improvements in clinician-rated severity of principal anxiety disorder diagnoses ( d = 1.38), the sum of all anxiety and depressive disorder severity ratings ( d = 1.07), and child-reported anxiety ( d = 0.47) and parent-reported depressive symptoms ( d = 0.54) at the posttreatment assessment. EDTP had good retention rates and reports of high satisfaction. Thus, preliminary evidence suggests that EDTP is a feasible and potentially efficacious treatment of youth anxiety disorders and co-occurring depressive symptoms. Children experiencing a range of internalizing symptoms may benefit from this more generalized, emotion-focused treatment modality, as it offers flexibility to families and the mental health clinician, while maintaining a concurrent focus on the provision of cognitive-behavioral treatment skills vital to the amelioration of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in youth.
Thermal analysis of solidification by the temperature recovery method

Abstract Solidification plays a very important role in processing of both conventional and advanced composite materials. The purpose of this research work was to develop a mathematical modeling technique which is able to solve the heat transfer problem associated with the phase change in solidification. A temperature recovery method was proposed to handle the latent heat generation for both the cases of congruent solidification and mushy-zone solidification. This scheme was implemented in a nonlinear finite element program by which some numerical calculation has been carried out. The results showed good agreement with the available analytical solutions.
A fine line: a comparison of methods for estimating ages of linear enamel hypoplasia formation.

It is accepted that linear enamel hypo- plasias (LEHs), a specific type of enamel thickness defi- ciency, are related to periodic physiological disruptions to enamel matrix secretion during times that teeth are developing. Thus, LEHs are treated as general indicators of metabolic stress. Because the disruptions that cause LEHs affect only the portion of the crown that is in the process of forming, determining their locations allows researchers to reconstruct chronologies of stressful events. It is widely held that the many of the commonly used macroscopic methods for estimating the timing of LEHs are imprecise and do not conform to our current understanding of the process of enamel formation. The goal of the present study is to compare estimated ages of LEH formation produced by two of the most commonly used macroscopic methods to those derived from data in recent histological studies that include more precise in- formation about the timing of crown formation across diverse human populations. These approaches are com- pared in two ways: 1) by creating a theoretical model using simulated LEHs and 2) empirically, by analyzing data collected on a sample of ancient Nubians from Semna South (present-day Sudan). Results indicate that the approach derived from histological studies provides significantly higher age estimates than the commonly used methods and this difference is particularly marked in early forming LEHs. The magnitude of this difference is large enough to produce divergent interpretation of bioarchaeological datasets and suggests that reevalua- tion of the methods used to estimate ages of LEH forma- tion may be justified. Am J Phys Anthropol 135:348-361, 2008. V C 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fitting two- and three-site binding models to isothermal titration calorimetric data

As isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) gains popularity for the characterization of enthalpies and equilibrium association constants of simple 1:1 biomolecular interactions, its use for more complex systems is growing. The method is increasingly used to study interactions in which a single binding partner (molecule "A") interacts with multiple copies of a second partner ("B"); thus examinations of ABB and ABBB interactions are not uncommon. The structure of ITC data (commonly formatted as isotherms) has a strong bearing on the ability of the researcher to extract the necessary parameters from them. Usually, only 10-30 injections are recorded in a single ITC experiment. Even if replicates are performed, the data must support the extraction of up to twelve parameters from an ABBB system. Further, the refinement of some of the parameters is largely driven by only a subset of the data. The ability of ITC data to guide the deterministic estimation of these parameters may therefore be questioned. This work assesses the ability of both empirical and simulated ITC data of ABB and ABBB systems to support the simultaneous estimation of the desired thermodynamic parameters. The results demonstrate that multiphasic isotherms tend to (but do not always) support the estimation of multiple parameters. On the other hand, uniphasic data obtained from multi-site binding systems are more problematic. In all cases, a thorough exploration of how precisely the estimated parameters are specified by the data is justified.
IMPAIRED MOVEMENT AND DEFORMABILITY OF NEUTROPHILS FROM PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS. AN INSULIN INDUCED DEFECT

IMPAIRED MOVEMENT AND DEFORMABILITY OF NEUTROPHILS FROM PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS. AN INSULIN INDUCED DEFECT?
Uniformly loaded plate supported by an array of circular posts

Abstract An infinite, uniformly loaded thin plate is supported by an infinite two-dimensional array of circular posts. The moment, shear and deflections are determined by collocation methods. As the post radii b shrink to zero, asymptotic analysis shows the maximum moment increases as |ln b| and the maximum shear increases as b −1 . The triangular array is found to incur much lower stresses and deformations than the square array.
Evaluation of the Planning Target Volume in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: What Is the Appropriate Expansion Margin in the Setting of Daily Image Guidance?

Purpose To compare patterns of disease failure among patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in conjunction with daily image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for head and neck cancer, according to the margins used to expand the clinical target volume (CTV) to create a planning target volume (PTV). Methods and Materials Two-hundred and twenty-five patients were treated with IMRT for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Daily IGRT scans were acquired using either kilovoltage or megavoltage volumetric imaging prior to each delivered fraction. The first 95 patients were treated with IMRT with 5-mm CTV-to-PTV margins. The subsequent 130 patients were treated using 3-mm PTV expansion margins. Results Two-year estimates of overall survival, local-regional control, and distant metastasis-free survival were 76%, 78%, and 81%, respectively. There were no differences with respect to any of these endpoints among patients treated with 5-mm and 3-mm PTV expansion margins ( p > 0.05, all). The 2-year local-regional control rate for patients treated with IMRT with 5-mm and 3-mm PTV margins was 78% and 78%, respectively ( p = 0.96). Spatial evaluation revealed no differences in the incidences of marginal failures among those treated with 5-mm and 3-mm PTV margins. Conclusions The use of 3-mm PTV expansion margins appears adequate and did not increase local-regional failures among patients treated with IMRT for head and neck cancer. These data demonstrate the safety of PTV reduction of less than 5 mm and support current protocols recommending this approach in the setting of daily IGRT.
An algorithm for the multiplication of symmetric polynomials

Although the cycle index polynomial for a permutation group can often be easily determined, expansion of the figure counting series in a Po´lya enumeration presents computational difficulties for object sets with higher degrees of symmetry and more than modest size. An algorithm that does not require algebraic symbol manipulation is derived for multiplying symmetric polynomials represented by partitions. Because the repetitive identification and collection of common terms are eliminated and storage requirements reduced, this algorithm is useful in rapidly expanding the figure counting series in such Po´lya enumeration problems as the counting of chemical isomers.