cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group 6 metal carbonyl complexes of a bulky phosphine: The crystal structures of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine-M(0)pentacarbonyl, M = chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten

The crystal structures of M(P{Si(CH3)3}3)(CO)5, M = Cr (1), Mo (2), and W (3), have been determined. Crystal data for 1, trigonal crystal system, space group = P31, a, b = 9.2118(6) A, c = 22.416(3) A, V = 1647.3(2) A3, Z = 3; for 2, trigonal crystal system, space group = P32, a, b = 9.3394(3) A, c = 22.7375(12) A, V = 1717.56(12) A3, Z = 3; trigonal crystal system, space group = P32, a, b = 9.3147(5) A, c = 22.6955(16) A, V = 1705.33(18) A3, Z = 3. All three structures show distorted octahedral coordination environments around the metal center and exhibit especially long M–P bond distances, illustrating the unique steric and electronic properties of this bulky phosphine ligand. The 31P{1H} NMR spectra of the compounds are also reported.
Rates of responding in the pigeon generated by simple and complex schedules which provide the same rates of reinforcement

Four pigeons pecked for food reinforcement on variable interval L-min schedules and on the variable-interval I-min components of multiple. concurrent. and pseudoconcurrent schedules. The pseudoconcurrent schedule provided only one schedule of reinforcement; but. any reinforcer could be collected by responding on either of two keys. The rate of responding generated by the variable interval schedule was not greater than the rates of responding generated by the components of the complex schedules. But. the rate of reinforcement obtained from the variable interval schedule was greater than the rates of reinforcement obtained from the components of the multiple schedule. These results may contradict the equation proposed by Herrnstein (19701. The equation predicts that the rate of responding generated by a schedule of reinforcement will be greater when the schedule appears alone. than when it appears as one component of a complex schedule. The authors wish to thank K. Kearney and G. Grammer for their assistance in running the subjects. Reprints may be obtained from F. K. McfSweeney, Department of Psychology. Washington State University. Pullman. Washington. 99163. This research was supported by NIMH Grant MH 28I92-m to F. K. McSweeney. P I is the rate of responding generated by a rate of rein­ forcement equal to R,; R2 is the rate of reinforcement generated by a second response (P2) , if one is avail­ able; and k, m, and R, are parameters which are estimated from the data, with certain restrictions. M equals 1.0 for concurrent schedules, but 0 ~ m ~ 1.0 for multiple schedules (Herrnstein, 1970). K is the subject's asymptotic rate of responding. PI would Herrnstein (1970) proposed an equation to describe the rates of responding generated by several schedules of reinforcement. This equation has received extensive empirical support. But one of its most interesting predictions has not been confirmed. The equation predicts that the rate of responding generated by a simple schedule of reinforcement will be greater than or equal to the rate of responding generated by the same schedule when it appears as one component of a concurrent or multiple schedule. A simple schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement contingent on only one response. A concurrent schedule provides two or more simple schedules of reinforcement. The subject can respond on any schedule at any time. A multiple schedule also provides two or more simple schedules. But. the experimenter. not the subject, determines which schedule is available. Herrnstein's theory appears in Equation 1. equal k if the subject obtained all of its reinforcement
E-polarization diffraction by a thick metal-dielectric join

A solution of the diffraction from a dielectric-metallic join due to an incident E1 -polarized plane wave is presented. Direct diffraction, coupling, launching, and reflection subproblems associated with a loaded parallel-plate waveguide are first treated via the dual integral equation method. The results are subsequently combined in the context of the generalized scattering matrix formulation to obtain the diffraction from the truncated parallel-plate waveguide with a recessed stub and a dielectric loading extending to infinity. The stub is then restored to the waveguide mouth to obtain the diffraction by the dielectric-metallic join. As expected, the final expressions involve several Wiener-Hopf split functions and an efficient numerical technique for their evaluation is given in an appendix. The convergence of the solution with respect to the number of included modes is examined and a number of scattering patterns are presented.
Two methods of measuring penile response

Two studies, one involving 21 normal volunteers and the other involving 13 sexual deviates, were performed in which subjects' penile and verbal response to various sexual cues were measured. Penile responses were measured by the maximum amplitude of the response to each stimulus and the total response to each stimulus (area under response curve). The two methods of quantifying the penile response were compared in terms of predicting a subject's self-report of sexual arousal, both for individual subjects and for the two populations as a whole. These comparisons revealed that both methods yield strong relationships between penile response and self-report of sexual arousal and no consistent advantage was shown for the maximum amplitude or total response method of measuring penile response. Since the maximum amplitude measure is easier and cheaper to obtain, we recommend its use.
A simple, efficient starting value for the iterative solution of Kepler's equation

A simple starting value for the iterative solution of Kepler's equation in the elliptic case is presented. This value is then compared against five other starting values for 3750 test cases. In addition, bounds are given for the solution of Kepler's equation.
Regime shifts in the ocean: reconciling observations and theory

The discussions in the Villefranche Workshop covered a wide range of issues. The term regime shift was originally confined to spatial or temporal correspondences between climatic indices and population abundance. The body of evidence for physical–biological coupling has certainly generated a much better appreciation of the natural decadal scale variability in marine systems. It is difficult, however, to deduce from these time series, the mechanisms or trophic pathways that produce the correspondence. Ideally, we would need experimental manipulations such as those used in small lakes, to unravel the causal connections. Since this is impossible in the open sea, we must use comparisons between systems subject to different types of perturbation or stress. We focused at the Workshop on the effects of over-fishing in different marine regimes. The consequences of large scale changes in community structure imposed by excessive fishing give valuable case studies. Coral reefs, rocky shores, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems provide other examples. The possible existence of similar processes across such diverse systems raises corresponding questions about common ecological principles. The adaptive benefits of maximizing resilience (defined as minimizing the largest eigenvalue of the perturbed system) were considered. The corollary of this assumption is that, at the limits of adaptation, there will be switching between communities, providing a potential ground for a broad definition of regime shifts.
The effects of partially-individualized assignments on subsequent student performance

At Georgia Tech, we investigated aspects of student performance in the Introduction to Computing course offered by the College of Computing. Our goal was to investigate the effects of customizing assignments based on individual student needs. This was motivated by the fact that our technology can enable us to create and distribute individualized assignments. Thus, we sought to answer the question, "In the span of a single academic quarter, can we (a) identify weaknesses in each student's performance, then (b) give them assignments targeted to their individual weaknesses such that (c) we achieve a positive impact on their subsequent performance. Significant results were found with respect to certain aspects of individualization. They suggest individualized assignments can be effective for students who evidence neither very strong nor very weak topical performance.
Relationships between cotton leaf-derived volatiles and growth ofAspergillus flavus

Microbial-free compressed air was passed continuously for 2- and 7-day test periods through enclosed systems containing wounded or nonwounded leaves of glanded or glandless cotton; the resultant emitted volatiles were bubbled through liquid cultures ofA. flavus. After two days incubation, volatiles from wounded glanded and wounded glandless cotton leaves retarded the growth ofA. flavus. After seven days incubation, fungal growth was stimulated in cultures which received volatiles from wounded or nonwounded glanded cotton leaves, but not from either type of glandless cotton leaves. Volatile profiles of the leaves were obtained by GC/MS examinations of the leaves at 2- and 7-day time periods. Purified compounds of selected identified volatiles were assayed withA. flavus to determine which volatiles might be responsible for the bioactivity described.
Altered Exercise Gas Exchange and Cardiac Function in Patients with Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Patients with advanced COPD have significantly reduced gas exchange and pulmonary function; however, little is known regarding physical work capacity and exercise gas exchange in patients with mild COPD. A total of 39 individuals (20 men and 19 women) without evidence of COPD (controls) and 51 individuals (29 men and 22 women) with mild COPD (FEV 1 ≥60 percent of predicted; and ratio of FEV 1 over forced vital capacity of 60 to 70 percent) were tested to determine resting pulmonary function and resting and peak exercise gas exchange in response to progressive maximal cycle ergometer testing. In general, those with mild COPD had similar smoking histories and essentially equivalent resting gas exchange studies as compared to the controls. Measured maximal oxygen consumption was less in both the male (p 0.05). Breathing reserve was 32 percent and 53 percent less for the male and female patients with obstruction than for controls. Maximal heart rates were less in the individuals with obstruction, where they reached 93 percent (p
The effect of frequency altered feedback on stuttering duration and type.

Purpose The effect of frequency altered feedback (FAF) on stuttering type (i.e., prolongation, repetition, or silent block) and stuttering duration (i.e., average duration of stuttering event and t...
Acute Liver Failure: Current Practice and Recent Advances

ALF is an important cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Advances in the management of ICH and SIRS, and cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and renal support have improved the outlook of such patients. Early transfer to a liver transplant center is essential. Routine use of NAC is recommended for patients with early hepatic encephalopathy, irrespective of the etiology. The role of hypothermia remains to be determined. Liver transplantation plays a critical role, particularly for those with advanced encephalopathy. Several detoxification and BAL support systems have been developed to serve as a bridge to transplantation or to spontaneous recovery. However, such systems lack sufficient reliability and efficacy to be applied routinely in clinical practice. Hepatocyte and stem cell transplantation may provide valuable adjunctive therapy in the future.
Correlation of regional distribution and morphological pattern of calcification at CT coronary artery calcium scoring with non-calcified plaque formation and stenosis.

Objective To investigate whether regional calcification patterns at CT coronary artery calcium scoring (CCS) correlate with stenosis and non-calcified plaque formation.
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of exo‐dicyclopentadiene: Reversible crosslinking by a metathesis catalyst

exo-Dicyclopentadiene has been polymerized by several well characterized, single-component metathesis catalysts to provide soluble, linear, poly exo-dicyclopentadiene. Under the best circumstances the polymerizations proceed in a living manner. The crosslinking of polymer chains which can occur under high monomer concentration has been investigated and determined to result from the secondary metathesis of the cyclopentene substituent.
Protonic and electronic conductivities of terbium doped strontium cerates

Abstract Electronic and protonic conductivities of Tb doped SrCeO3 were measured in a hydrogen containing and hydrogen-free atmosphere of the same oxygen partial pressure in 500–900 °C. In a H2 containing atmosphere, the material exhibits mixed electronic and proton-conductivity and, for SrCe0.95Tb0.05O3-δ, the proton transfer number increases with decreasing temperature, from about 0.4 at 900 °C to about 0.8 at 500 °C. The total conductivity for SrCe0.95Tb0.05O3-δ decreases from about 3 × 10− 3 S/cm in the reducing atmosphere to 4 × 10− 5 S/cm in air at 900 °C with an activation energy respectively of 39 kJ/mol and 76 kJ/mol for protonic and n-type electronic conduction. Results of XRD analysis show a decrease in the lattice volume of the SrCe1-xTb xO3-δ with increasing Tb concentration. SrCe1-xTb xO3-δ exhibits negligible proton-conductivity with x smaller than 0.005. At 800 °C under a reducing atmosphere, SrCe1-xTbxO3-δ, with x > 0.005, are mixed electronic and proton conductors with a maximum proton-conductivity of about 3 × 10− 3 S/cm at x = 0.025 and proton transfer number of about 0.7 for x in the range of 0.005–0.125.
Relationships between block-of-twitch and train-of-four fade in the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation.

The relationships between the block-of-twitch and train-of-four fade in the presence ofnondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs (d-tubocurarine, vecuronium and pancuronium) were examined in vitro by measuring the contractile tension from mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. The slope of the block/fade relationship differed between onset of and recovery from neuromuscular block following single doses of d-tubo-curarine, vecuronium or pancuronium. Decreasing the dose of d-tubocurarine or using a divided dose technique to accelerate onset (i.e., priming) increased the amount of fade for a given amount of block. In addition, the block/fade relationships for cumulative dosing and sequential dilution were the same when measurements were made at steady-state for several doses. It is concluded that the block/fade relationship in the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation is variable, and is related to the time course of the neuromuscular block. In addition, the block/fade relationships for d-tubocurarine, vecuronium and pancuronium did not differ when determined at steady-state.
New developments in gout.

Purpose of reviewGout is the most common type of inflammatory arthritis. This review summarizes the most recent studies on newer therapeutics, disease management strategies and treatment recommendations.Recent findingsThere are several new therapeutic agents being investigated both for the managemen
3 Micron Ice-Band Absorption in Young Stellar Objects

Profiles of the 3 μm ice band with moderate spectral resolution (λ/Δλ = 1300) are presented for four young stellar objects (YSOs). Of special interest is a comparison between those for the embedded HH 100 IR source and the FU Orionis star V346 Normae (V346 Nor) near HH 57, whose most recent outburst was in 1983. In the new spectra, there is no sign of the absorption feature at 2.97 μm attributed by Graham & Chen in 1991 to ammonia ice. We now believe that this identification was spurious. The ice band in V346 Nor has a weaker long wavelength wing than that in HH 100 IR. It matches well a profile observed in the star Elias 13 that lies behind the Taurus dark cloud, and leads to the conclusion that the line of sight to V346 Nor passes through quiescent intracloud material rather than through the dense dust observed in emission at longer wavelengths. Fine structure in the ice-band wing, probably due to C—H stretch absorption, is detected at 3.47 μm in the embedded objects HH 100 IR and [TS84] 13.1 in the Corona Australis cloud but not in V346 Nor. A second dip at 3.55 μm, which is plausibly linked to CH3OH, is observed in HH 100 IR.
Utilization of Mature Low-quality Grass Hay by Lambs and Steers Supplemented with Soybean Meal Products

Abstract Two trials were designed to evaluate the effect of soybean meal protein supplements with or without fat on low-quality forage intake and digestibility. In Trial 1, four ruminally-cannulated, Angus x Gelbvieh steers (BW = 374.4 ± 10.1 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine intake and digestibility of a low-quality meadow hay (5.2% CP, 75.6% NDF) when offered no supplement (NoSupp) or supplemented with equal levels of N (0.8 g CP/kg BW) from either soybean meal (SBM), soybean meal and corn (SBMC), or extruded soybeans (ESB). Steers supplemented with SBMC and ESB received equal TDN (calculated; 1.7 g/kg BW) from the supplements; SBM supplement provided 1.3 g TDN/kg BW. Forage DMI was greater (P
Seed dispersal by vertebrates in Madagascar’s forests: review and future directions

Madagascar’s highly diverse forests are critically threatened because of increasing deforestation, and those that remain are facing declines of vertebrate frugivores that disperse their seeds. Thus, understanding plant - frugivore interactions is of critical importance for the conservation and maintenance of plant diversity in Madagascar. This paper reviews observational and experimental studies of the multifaceted aspects of seed dispersal by vertebrates across Madagascar including the relative importance of different seed vectors, the patterns of seed deposition, and the post - dispersal fate of dispersed seeds. This also aims to lay a foundation for future studies by discussing understudied aspects that are crucial for the understanding of the role of frugivores on plant populations and communities in Malagasy forests. Such perspectives are important given the increasing threats to seed dispersers, the low richness of frugivore assemblages in Malagasy forests and the strong reliance of many plant species on frugivores for their dispersal. Understanding this ecosystem service can provide us insights on plant colonization, community structure, demography and invasion, as well as forest restoration and regeneration.
Impaired hormonal regulation of enzyme activity during aging.

A general feature of all aging populations is the progressively impaired ability to adapt to changes in the surrounding environment. Biochemical expressions of adaptive response include modifications in the rates of enzyme synthesis and degradation, as well as alterations in physiological activity. Therefore, the effects of aging on enzyme adaptation were surveyed in an attempt to explore fundamental biochemical mechanisms in the deterioration of responsiveness. The ability to stimulate adaptive increases in the activity of a large number of enzymes is impaired during aging in a variety of tissues from several different species. The impaired capability for liver enzyme adaptation in a rigorously controlled colony of aging male Sprague-Dawley rats probably reflects alterations in hormonal control mechanisms. The present article reviews and evaluates our interest in understanding the effects of aging on regulation of liver enzyme activity by the hormones, insulin and corticosterone. Specific areas currently under investigation include: 1) the regulation of their concentrations in blood; 2) the integrity of their receptor systems in liver; and 3) effectiveness of the endogenous hormone pools from the viewpoints of the availability of physiological antagonists and the potential for alterations in molecular structure.—Adelman, R. C. Impaired hormonal regulation of enzyme activity during aging. Federation Proc. 34: 179–182, 1975.
Potential benefits of the irreversible pan-erbB inhibitor, CI-1033, in the treatment of breast cancer.

Transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to play an important role in the modulation of growth factor signaling and regulation of key cellular processes. The erbB receptor family is part of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily and consists of four members, erbB-1, erbB-2, erbB-3, and erbB-4. A majority of solid tumors express one or more members of this receptor family, and coexpression of multiple erbB receptors leads to an enhanced transforming potential and worsened prognosis. The erbB receptor family has been shown to play an important role in both the development of the normal breast and in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer. Receptor overexpression has also been shown to be a negative prognostic indicator and to correlate with both tumor invasiveness and a lack of responsiveness to standard treatment. Clinically, blockade of the erbB-2 receptor has recently been shown to provide benefit in a subset of chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer patients. CI-1033 is an orally available pan-erbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that, unlike the majority of receptor inhibitors, effectively blocks signal transduction through all four members of the erbB family. In addition, it blocks the highly tumorigenic, constitutively activated variant of erbB-1, EGFRvIII, and inhibits downstream signaling through both the Ras/MAP kinase, and PI-3 kinase/AKT pathways. CI-1033 is also unique in that it is an irreversible inhibitor, thereby providing prolonged suppression of erbB receptor-mediated signaling. Preclinical data have shown CI-1033 to be efficacious against a variety of human tumors in mouse xenograft models, including breast carcinomas. In a phase I study, CI-1033 has been shown to have an acceptable side effect profile at potentially therapeutic dose levels and demonstrates evidence of target biomarker modulation. Antitumor activity has also been observed in this study, including one partial clinical response and stable disease in over 30% of patients, including one patient with heavily pretreated breast cancer. By virtue of its pan-erbB receptor inhibition and potent interruption of downstream mitogenic signaling pathways, CI-1033 may have clinical activity for solid tumors that overexpress one erbB family member, coexpress multiple members of the erbB family, or express a constitutively activated, mutated form of these receptors. Given the important role of the erbB receptor family in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer, an irreversible pan-erbB inhibitor like CI-1033 could have an important role to play in the future treatment of breast cancer.
Cdc1p is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized putative lipid phosphatase that affects Golgi inheritance and actin polarization by activating Ca2+ signaling.

showed that cdc1 mutants accumulate intracellular Ca 2 and display enhanced sensitivity to the extracellular Mn 2 concentration, suggesting that Cdc1p might regulate divalent cation homeostasis. By contrast, our data indicate that Cdc1p is a Mn 2 -dependent protein that can affect Ca 2 levels. We identified a cdc1 allele that activates Ca 2 signaling but does not show enhanced sensitivity to the Mn 2 concentration. Furthermore, our studies show that Cdc1p is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized transmembrane protein with a putative phosphoesterase domain facing the lumen. cdc1 mutant cells accumulate an unidentified phospholipid, suggesting that Cdc1p may be a lipid phosphatase. Previous work showed that deletion of the plasma membrane Ca 2 channel Cch1p partially suppressed the cdc1 growth phenotype, and we find that deletion of Cch1p also suppresses the Golgi inheritance and actin polarization phenotypes. The combined data fit a model in which the cdc1 mutant phenotypes result from accumulation of a phosphorylated lipid that activates Ca 2 signaling.
Morphology of block copolyurethanes. IV. Effect of synthetic procedure on chain structure

Analysis of products formed in the end-capping step during the synthesis of two block copolyurethanes being studied as biomedical materials has shown the presence of dimeric soft segments and free diisocyanate. In this standard two-step synthesis, the presence of these compounds lead to block copolyether-urethane-ureas containing sizeable amounts of dimeric hard and soft segments. These standard copolymers are compared in terms of IR spectra, stress-strain properties, and dynamic mechanical properties to their pure analogs which contain no dimeric segments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prioritized protocols for multi-bus local area networks

M-CSMA/CD protocols with priority schemes are presented. Specifically, the basic priority scheme for M-CSMA/CD protocol proposed by M.H. Abdelaziz and R.L. Pickholtz (1984) are considered, and two improved priority schemes which given better channel resource utilization are presented. In the basic scheme, the low-priority messages can only be transmitted if the number of sensed idle channels exceeds a threshold value. In the first improved priority scheme there is a retransmission number threshold value for the lower priority messages. If the number of retransmissions of a lower priority message exceeds the threshold value, then the priority of that message is raised to that of the next higher class. In the second improved priority scheme a waiting time threshold value is set for each of the lower priority classes. The threshold value is obtained from the throughput-versus-delay curve for the basic priority scheme. If the waiting time of a packet exceeds the threshold value for its priority class, then the priority of that message is raised to that of the next higher class. >
Maturation hormone induced an increase in the translational activity of starfish oocytes coincident with the phosphorylation of the mRNA cap binding protein, eIF-4E, and the activation of several kinases

The stimulation of translation in starfish oocytes by the maturation hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), requires the activation or mobilization of both initiation factors and mRNAs [Xu and Hille, Cell Regul. 1:1057, 1990]. We identify here the translational initiation complex, eIF-4F, and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eIF-2, eIF-2B, as the rate controlling components of protein synthesis in immature oocytes of the starfish, Pisaster orchraceus. Increased phosphorylation of eIF-4E, the cap binding subunit of the eIF-4F complex, is coincident with the initial increase in translational activity during maturation of these oocytes. Significantly, protein kinase C activity increased during oocyte maturation in parallel with the increase in eIF-4E phosphorylation and protein synthesis. An increase in the activities of cdc2 kinase and mitogen-activated myelin basic protein kinase (MBP kinase) similarly coincide with the increase in eIF-4E phosphorylation. However, neither cdc2 kinase nor MBP kinase phosphorylates eIF-4E in vitro. Casein kinase II activity does not change during oocyte maturation, and therefore, cannot be responsible for the activation of translation. Treatment of oocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C, for 30 min prior to the addition of 1-MA resulted in the inhibition of 1-MA-induced phosphorylation of eIF-4E, translational activation, and germinal vesicle breakdown. Therefore, protein kinase C may phosphorylate eIF-4E, after very early events of maturation. Another possibility is that eIF-4E is phosphorylated by an unknown kinase that is activated by the cascade of reactions stimulated by 1-MA. In conclusion, our results suggest a role for the phosphorylation of eIF-4E in the activation of translation during maturation, similar to translational regulation during the stimulation of growth in mammalian cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Construction and application of covariance functions with variable length‐fields

This article focuses on construction, directly in physical space, of three-dimensional covariance functions parametrized by a length-field, and on an application of these functions to improve the representation of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 4 (GEOS-4) data assimilation system. The covariance functions are obtained by fusing collections of auto-covariance functions having different constant length-scales with their associated cross-covariance functions. This construction yields covariance functions with length-scales that can vary arbitrarily over any finite partition of the spatial domain. A simple, and also motivating application of these functions is to the case where the length-scale varies in the vertical direction only. The class of covariance functions with variable length-fields constructed in this article will be called multi-level to associate them with this application. The multi-level covariance functions extend well-known single-level covariance functions depending only on a constant length-scale. Generalizations of the familiar first-and third-order autoregressive covariances in three dimensions are given, providing multi-level covariances with zero and four continuous derivatives at zero separation, respectively. Multi-level piecewise rational covariances with two continuous derivatives at zero separation are also provided. Multi-level power-law covariances are constructed with continuous derivatives of all orders. Additional multi-level covariance functions are constructed using the Schur product of single- and multi-level covariance functions. A multi-variate, multi-level power-law covariance with a large troposphere-to-stratosphere length-field gradient is employed to reproduce the QBO from sparse radiosonde wind observations in the tropical lower stratosphere. This covariance model is described along with details of the assimilation experiments. The new covariance model is shown to represent the vertical wind shear associated with the QBO much more effectively than the multi-variate, multi-level covariance model in the baseline GEOS-4 system. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Uncoupling of omnivore-mediated positive and negative effects on periphyton mats

The riverine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus) and eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) consume periphyton and small invertebrates, potentially affecting periphyton through negative effects (i.e., consumption) and/or positive effects such as nutrient regeneration, physical stimulation, and trophic cascades. We performed field experiments in the Everglades in which omnivores and periphyton were maintained in cages, with a fraction of the periphyton held in omnivore-exclusion bags that allowed passage of nutrients but prevented its consumption or physical disturbance. In some instances, periphyton growth rate increased with increasing omnivore biomass. Omnivores probably stimulated periphyton growth through nutrient regeneration, possibly subsidizing periphyton with nutrients derived from ingested animal prey. The net balance of omnivore-mediated negative and positive effects varied among experiments because of seasonal and spatial differences in periphyton characteristics. Consumption of periphyton mats might have been reduced by the arrangement of palatable algae (green algae and diatoms) within a matrix of unpalatable ones (CaCO3-encrusting filamentous cyanobacteria). In a laboratory feeding experiment, mosquitofish consumed more green algae and diatoms in treatments with disrupted mat structure than in those with intact mats. No difference in diet was observed for shrimp. Our study underscores the complexity of consumer-periphyton interactions in which periphyton edibility affects herbivory and consumers influence periphyton through multiple routes that cannot be fully appreciated in experiments that only investigate net effects.
Inactivation of the Lipid-Containing Bacteriophage PM2 by Butylated Hydroxytoluene

Several factors have been investigated which are of significance in the inactivation of PM2, a lipid-containing bacterial virus, by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Studies of the time dependence of inactivation during exposure to BHT showed that virus killing occurs rapidly, with the majority of the effect taking place in the first 5 min. The degree of inactivation is dependent upon the initial virus titer, the solvent from which BHT is added, and the presence of a variety of protective agents, including surfactants, bovine serum albumin, and bacterial cells. Sucrose gradient analysis of 32 P-labeled, BHT-treated virus was used to determine the degree to which the virion is disrupted by BHT. These experiments show that the 32 P-labeled molecules are converted into very slowly sedimentable material by BHT treatment, indicating complete destruction of the virus particle. Images
Transition between parametric and raman oscillation in high-Q silica toroidal microcavities

A controlled and reversible transition between parametric and Raman oscillation in a high-Q silica toroidal microcavity is demonstrated. By changing cavity loading and frequency detuning, parametric or Raman oscillation can be accessed without any modification of cavity geometry
IFN-γ limits Th9-mediated autoimmune inflammation through dendritic cell modulation of IL-27.

IL-9–producing Th9 cells have been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalitis. However, the factors that negatively regulate Th9 cells during autoimmune inflammation are unclear. In this article, we show that IFN-γ inhibits Th9 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. This suppressive activity was dependent on the transcription factor STAT-1. In addition to its direct inhibitory effect on Th9 differentiation, IFN-γ suppressed Th9 cells through the induction of IL-27 from dendritic cells. In vitro, treatment of naive CD4+ T cells with IL-27 suppressed the development of Th9 cells, which was partially dependent on the transcription factors STAT-1 and T-bet. Moreover, IL-27 treatment completely abrogated the encephalitogenicity of Th9 cells in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Thus, our results identify a previously unknown mechanism by which IFN-γ limits Th9-mediated autoimmune inflammation through dendritic cell modulation of IL-27.
Time course of the occurrences of acute cardiovascular events in the Italian city of Brindisi

In a recent study on mortality on municipalities at high risk of environment crisis, significant excesses concerning all causes of death have been localized in the municipality of Brindisi. Focusing on cardiac pathology, we investigated the time course of the daily occurrences of acute cardiovascular events (OCE) leading to unscheduled hospitalization of subjects residents in Brindisi, during years 2001–2008. OCE series was analyzed by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. The results indicate presence of long-term positive correlation, suggesting a role of atmospheric agents and air quality effects: increase/decrease of OCE following persistent high/low levels of air pollution.
Methods for Optimization of a Launch Vehicle for Pressure Fluctuation Levels and Drag

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been combined with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to perform a shape optimization study on a two dimensional axisymmetric model of a generic launch vehicle. The objective of this study is to demonstrate a methodology for reducing pressure fluctuations and the axial force coefficient for a launch vehicle throughout a typical ascent trajectory. Due to the high computational expense and difficulty of generating an adequate mesh autonomously, few CFD driven GA optimizations have been conducted. Some of the complexity of this process was alleviated by using a simple two dimensional axisymmetric geometry to model the vehicle. The optimization process involved the GA selecting a set of geometric parameters that define the shape of the vehicle. A grid generator written in FORTRAN created a mesh based on these parameters and a CFD solver calculated the flow parameters. The CFD solver obtains flow parameters that are used to calculate the pressure fluctuation level and axial force coefficient. A pressure fluctuation level minimization study and axial force minimization study were conducted separately using the same CFD model. The results of each optimization study were compared to a baseline geometry having a very similar shape to the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle. The results of the pressure fluctuation study yielded approximately a 17.5% reduction in the average RMS pressure fluctuation level throughout the ascent trajectory. The axial force minimization study yielded a reduction in the axial force coefficient of approximately 56%. Nomenclature
Enhancing responses to television advertisements via the transfer of residual arousal from prior programming

Viewers rated television commercials seen two and one‐half to four minutes after highly arousing film segments as significantly more effective and enjoyable than the same commercials seen after less arousing programming.
A new type of waveguide ring cavity for resonator and filter applications

A new type of rectangular waveguide ring cavity has been developed for applications to resonators, filters, and multiplexers. The circuits have advantages of high Q and high power handling capability. H-plane and E-plane waveguide ring cavities have been investigated thoroughly in single-mode and dual-mode operations. For single-mode operation, regular resonant modes, split resonant modes, and forced resonant modes were explained by resonant mode charts of E-field points. Mechanically tuned and electronically tuned resonators built by adjusting the resonant modes between regular resonant modes and forced resonant modes have been demonstrated. For dual-mode operation, a dual-mode filter using a single H-plane ring cavity has been built with a bandwidth of 0.77%, a stopband attenuation of more than 40 dB, and a sharp gain slope transition. Another dual-mode filter which was formed by cascading two E-plane ring cavities has also been fabricated with a bandwidth of 1.12%, a stopband attenuation of 70 dB, a mode purity of 2 GHz at the center frequency of 26.82 GHz, and a sharp gain slope transition. >
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Attained Size Among Children in the First 2 Years of Life

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relation of maternal depressive symptoms with attained size and whether it is stronger for young children in low-income families. Methods Secondary analysis was performed of longitudinal data from enrollment and parents surveys from the Healthy Steps for Young Children National Evaluation among 4745 children who made at least one visit to a Healthy Steps site. Length and weight data from medical records were converted to z scores and percentiles for length for age and weight for length at 6, 12, and 24 months using 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth standards. Analyses evaluated the relation of maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months using a modified 14-item Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale with attained size and child, maternal, and family characteristics. Regression models estimated the relation of symptoms with z scores and logistic regression the relation for short stature (below 10th percentile for length for age), adjusted for covariates. Results Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with z scores for length for age at 6, 12, and 24 months and short stature at 6 and 24 months for children in low/middle-income families. The z scores at 24 months remained significantly lower for children in low/middle-income families whose mothers reported depressive symptoms, after adjustment for covariates. The odds of short stature were significantly increased at 6 months in the total sample and among low/middle-income families for children whose mothers reported symptoms. Other measures of attained size were not associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions The link between maternal symptoms and young children's risk of short stature reinforces recommendations for increased screening for postpartum depressive symptoms and for clinicians to review growth charts with parents for impaired/unfavorable patterns.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS DAILY TASKS ON SEGMENTED TRUNK KINEMATICS

Back pain can affect up to 65% of the American population and cost the health care system approximately fifty billion dollars each year. Due to the difficulty with recording spine/trunk movement, several methods and models exist. The myriad of methods and the need for understanding of spine/trunk motion has led to a lack in a ‘gold-standard’ of treatment for individuals with back pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different activities of daily living on the kinematics of individual trunk segments in young adults to determine how common ambulatory tasks will alter trunk motion compared to level walking. Young healthy adults completed, in a random order, four activities of daily living: level walking, obstacle crossing, stair ascent and descent using a previously validated model. Subjects were outfitted with a full body marker set which included a segmented trunk. Multi-segmented trunk angles between the three inferior segments, sacrum to lower lumbar [SLL], lower lumbar to upper lumbar [LLUL] and upper lumbar to lower thorax [ULLT], were calculated and compared between tasks. Peak flexion angles, instance of peak angle and range of motion were analyzed. The overall hypothesis that different spine levels will have altered kinematics during various activities of daily living was supported. Stair descent had smaller peak flexion angles than obstacle crossing and stair ascent. The instance of peak angle were different depending on trunk angle and daily task. The most inferior trunk angle — Sacrum-to-Lower Lumbar — had the largest range of motion during all four tasks in all three (sagittal, frontal and transverse) planes of motion. This study was able to show how various activities of daily living produce different motions in the three inferior segments of a multi-segmented trunk method. The results of this study are the first steps in understanding how the trunk responds on a daily basis and how those responses could lead to back pain.
Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present. By Max Boot. (New York, NY: Liveright Publishing, 2013. Pp. xxix, 750. $18.95.)

The prolific author of this book has written a wide‐ranging and accessible study of irregular and guerrilla warfare from the earliest examples, dating to the Greeks and ancient Chinese, to the rece...
A study of adherence to the AAO-HNS "Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis"

A retrospective study was conducted to determine if physicians in otolaryngology practice adhered to the clinical practice guideline for adult sinusitis that had been issued by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) 3 years earlier. We analyzed data obtained from the charts of 90 adults who had presented to an otolaryngology outpatient department with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), or acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVRS); there were 76 cases of CRS, 11 cases of ABRS, and 3 cases of AVRS. Our goal was to ascertain how closely the treating physician had adhered to the AAO-HNS recommendations with respect to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases. The study group was made up of 10 otolaryngologists. We evaluated 7 clinical practice metrics for CRS, 7 metrics for ABRS, and 3 for AVRS. We found that individual physician adherence rates for cases of CRS ranged from 0 to 100%; average scores for the 7 metrics ranged from 4 to 88%. For cases of ABRS, adherence scores ranged from 0 to 100%; average scores for the 7 metrics ranged from 0 to 41%. For AVRS, the rate of adherence for all 3 metrics was 0%. This study revealed wide variations in adherence to the AAO-HNS guideline, but overall adherence was generally poor. Adherence appeared to be worse for the acute types of rhinosinusitis than for chronic rhinosinusitis. In view of these findings, a worksheet was developed that clinicians could use to improve compliance with the guidelines.
Comment on C. Pissarides, “Dynamics of Unemployment, Vacancies and Real Wages with Trade Unions”

In this elegantly written paper, Pissarides attempts an ambitious task of synthesizing two seemingly unrelated ideas which originate with two opposing economic thinkers, John M. Keynes and Milton Friedman, into a coherent macro dynamic model: labour’s main concern is not its real wages, but its relative wages (Keynes); and real wages do not respond quickly to unanticipated shocks, but temporary deviations of unemployment from “natural” equilibrium is a prerequisite to real wage adjustment (Friedman). In order to pursue this task, Pissarides builds and analyzes a clever macro model in which decentralized bargaining between the representative firm and the representative union a la Nash forms a very important component. In my opinion, such models yield important insights in the workings of the modern economy dominated by large corporations and unions. Pissarides enriches the class of bargaining models by initiating dynamic analysis and he should be congratulated on that.
Push, Pull and Nudge: The Future of Teaching and Educational Change

This paper draws on recent research on teacher collegiality and professional learning communities to unpack the nature, benefits and drawbacks of different forms of collegial relations, especially in circumstances of high stakes reform. In particular the paper examines the relative merits of pulling change by inspiring and enthusing teachers in their efforts by appeal to the moral principles of their work, or pushing change by placing teachers in situations requiring changes in practice in the hope that this will then lead to changes in their beliefs. The paper finds that teachers sometimes have to be drawn or pulled into professional learning communities, and sometimes they have to be driven or pushed by them. However, pulling should not be so weak that it permits no collaboration at all, and pushing should not be so excessive that it amounts to shoving or bullying. Instead, collaboration will often require the nudges of deliberate arrangements to enhance learning.
Processing, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Zirconium Diboride-Boron Carbide Ceramics

The processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride-boron carbide (ZrB2-B4C) ceramics were characterized. Ceramics containing nominally 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 vol% B4C were hot-pressed to full density at 1900 °C. The ZrB2 grain size decreased from 4 to 2 µm and B4C inclusion size increased from 3 to 5 µm for B4C additions of 5 and 40 vol% B4C, respectively. Elastic modulus decreased from 525 to 515 GPa and Vickers hardness increased from 15 to 21 GPa as the B4C content increased from 5 to 40 vol%, respectively, following trends predicted using linear rules of mixtures. Flexure strength and fracture toughness both increased with increasing B4C content. Fracture toughness increased from 4.1 MPa m½ at 5 vol% B4C to 5.3 MPa m½ at 40 vol% B4C additions. Flexure strength was 450 MPa with a 5 vol% B4C addition, increasing to 590 MPa for a 40 vol% addition. The critical flaw size was calculated to be ~30 µm for all compositions, and analysis of the fracture surfaces indicated that strength was controlled by edge flaws generated by machining induced sub-surface damage. Increasing amounts of B4C added to ZrB2 led to increasing hardness due to the higher hardness of B4C compared to ZrB2 and increased crack deflection. Additions of B4C also lead to increases in fracture toughness due to increased crack deflection and intergranular fracture.