cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sheltering the Homeless in the US: Social Improvement and the Continuum of Care

The homeless problem now enjoys a settled if marginal place in US domestic policy. Programmes to treat and remedy the homeless problem have also found acceptance integrated within a 'continuum of care'. Current ideas about the homeless problem and its solution emphasise social improvement for the poor - a solution that empirical research does not support. The overemphasis on versions of social dependence as the problem has encouraged the use of shelters and social programmes to change individual households rather than improvement of kind and amounts of low-rent housing in mixed residential communities. Providing supportive housing to remedy the privations of the poor does make good sense, but mainly if organised to strengthen social reciprocity among households in affordable and relatively diverse residential communities. This requires not only social investment, but also innovative design and use of affordable housing alternatives. A case study of a non-profit sponsored Single Room Occupancy provides an ...
Certification of fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids, and cholesterol in human serum: Standard Reference Material 968b.

In Standard Reference Material 968b, fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol in human serum, certified values are provided for cholesterol, retinol, retinyl palmitate, α-tocopherol, trans-β-carotene, total β-carotene (trans plus cis isomers), total α-carotene, and lutein. Non-certified values are also reported for γ-tocopherol (includes β-tocopherol), δ-tocopherol, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, trans-lycopene, trans-lycopene, trans-α-carotene, total lycopene, 9-cis-β-carotene, 13-plus 15-cis-β-carotene, and 15-cis-β-carotene. Both certified and non-certified values are based on the agreement among results from three different liquid Chromatographic analytical procedures developed at NIST and from an interlaboratory comparison exercise among institutions that participate in a NIST-managed Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program. Cholesterol is certified in this material using the NIST isotope dilution/mass spectrometric definitive method.
Plant simple sequence repeats: distribution, variation, and effects on gene expression

Genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) information was analyzed together with functional annotations of Arabidopsis genes and public gene expression data for Arabidopsis and rice. Analysis of more than 15,000 Arabidopsis and more than 16,000 rice SSRs indicated that SSRs may affect the expression of hundreds of genes. Data from experiments on DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and transcript turnover suggest that SSRs may affect gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Members of some functional groups were shown to be enriched with SSRs and often contained similar but non-homologous repeats within the same gene regions. In addition, the distribution of perfect and imperfect SSRs in some Arabidopsis, maize, and rice genes was used to demonstrate how two-level control of SSR variation may contribute to protein evolution.
Status of selenium in prostate cancer prevention.

The complete, 13 years, results of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial have been analysed, causing some speculation over the robustness of the previously reported findings of reduction of cancer risks by supplements of selenium (Se) to a cohort of older Americans. These analyses confirmed that Se supplementation was associated with marked reductions in risks to total (all-site except skin) carcinomas and to cancers of the prostate and colon–rectum. Of those deep-site treatment effects, the most robust was for prostate cancer, which was more frequent, and was confirmed by serum prostate-specific antigen level. Recent subgroup analyses showed Se supplementation reduced risk of cancer mostly among subjects who entered the trial with plasma Se levels in the bottom tertile of the cohort. Other recent findings have demonstrated that Se treatment can promote apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and, possibly, impair their proliferation through antiangiogenic effects. Thus, a body of basic understanding is developing by which one can understand and evaluate the results of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer and future clinical trials. This understanding also requires inclusion of the mechanisms of Se transport and cellular uptake, so that appropriate inferences can be made from findings from cell culture systems, which tended to use effective Se doses much larger than relevant to cells in vivo. Also needed is information on the chemical speciation of Se in foods, so that Se delivery can be achieved in ways that are effective in reducing cancer risk and is also safe, accessible and sustainable.
Large Craters on Small Objects: Occurrence, Morphology, and Effects

Abstract Spacecraft imaging data allow an accounting of the occurrence and characteristics of the largest craters on small asteroids and satellites. Data covering Phobos, Deimos, Gaspra, Ida, Mathilde, Vesta, Amalthea, Thebe, Janus, Epimetheus, Hyperion, and Proteus show that ∼50% of rocky objects support craters with diameters of 1 object mean radius (R m ), and the great majority have more than two craters with D>0.5 R m . The morphology of these craters is consistent with gravity (g −1 ) scaling from craters on larger objects. The amounts of visible peripheral damage, such as fracturing caused by these relatively large impacts, are usually small; the best possible example (Phobos) may have been assisted by tidal forces. The occurrence and characteristics of these craters supports modeling results that predict formation in gravity-controlled regimes with very large relative-sized craters formed before global fragmentation occurs.
Open-Access and Institutional Repositories in Fire Literature

With the emergence of advanced Internet technologies, access to scientific literature is evolving at an unprecedented pace. While the number of peer-reviewed publications is growing exponentially, unpublished technical reports, dissertations and other forms of grey literature are becoming increasingly accessible for researchers across the world. Research organizations and universities are capitalizing on this opportunity, actively making their research available on the Internet. At the National Research Council, the Institute for Research in Construction ensures that all fire-related literature produced is stored in an Institutional Repository and posted on the Web in a freely available manner. In doing so, this system has provided fire researchers with a vehicle to improve visibility of their research, having pronounced advantages. For the fire community, the material is an excellent source of scholarly articles, reports, technical data and conference papers. A close examination of the Institute’s fire-related literature in Google Scholar reveals citation patterns which illustrate the value of open-access, free literature to fire researchers.
11-Year Trends in Pregnancy-Related Health Indicators in Maine, 2000–2010

The objective of this study is to understand health and demographic trends among mothers and infants in Maine relative to the goals of Healthy People 2020. Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS) data from Maine for 2000–2010 were used to determine yearly values of pregnancy-related variables. Means (for continuous variables) and percentages (for categorical variables) were calculated using the survey procedures in SAS. Linear trend analysis was applied with study year as the independent variable. The slope and significance of the trend were then calculated. Over the study period, new mothers in Maine became better educated but the fraction of households with incomes <$20,000/year remained stagnant. Maternal prepregnancy BMI increased. Average pregnancy weight gain decreased but the number of women whose pregnancy weight gain was within the recommended range was unchanged. The rates of smoking and alcohol consumption (before and during pregnancy) increased. The Caesarean section rate rose and the fraction of infants born premature (<37 wks gestation) or underweight (<2500 gms) remained unchanged. The fraction of infants who were breast-fed increased. These results suggest that, despite some positive trends, Maine faces significant challenges in meeting Healthy People 2020 goals.
Poster: mini-applications: vehicles for co-design

Application performance is determined by a combination of many choices: hardware plat-form, runtime environment, languages and compilers used, algorithm choice and implementation, and more. In this complicated environment, we find that the use of mini-applications - small self-contained proxies for real applications - is an excellent approach for rapidly exploring the parameter space of all these choices. Furthermore, use of mini-applications enriches the interaction between application, library and computer system developers by providing explicit functioning software and concrete performance results that lead to detailed, focused discussions of design trade-offs, algorithm choices and runtime performance issues. In this poster we discuss a collection of mini-applications and demonstrate how we use them to analyze and improve application performance on new and future computer platforms
Quality of life following prostate cancer treatments.

Quality of life is of major concern to patients when choosing a treatment for prostate cancer. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a patient-centered variable from the field of health services research that can be assessed in a valid and reliable manner. Using standardized questionnaires specifically designed to measure HRQOL in men with prostate cancer, we can now study the effect of various treatments on patients’ quality of life. Treatments for metastatic prostate cancer can have significant effects in all areas of patients’ quality of life. Patients with localized disease undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) tend to have more sexual and urinary dysfunction than do men undergoing external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), although both groups have worse quality of life in these areas than age-matched controls. Men undergoing EBRT have worse bowel function than age-matched controls or men undergoing RP. Recent studies of men undergoing interstitial brachytherapy indicate that these patients have less urinary leakage than those who undergo RP, but experience considerably more irritative voiding symptoms, which can profoundly affect quality of life. Patients need to be informed of the possible impact of therapy on quality of life when choosing treatment.
SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY- REFERENCES IN THE ANNUAL REVIEW, 1950-1978

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the nature and development of the scope of industrial psychology as indicated in the contributions to the Annual Review from the time of its inception in 1950 until 1978. All the contributions in the 1950's were called Industrial Psychology. From 1961 on, Industrial Psychology was never again used as a main caption. In the 1970's there were more contributions than in previous decades: new captions, new themes, and new topics. There were three contributions, for example, on Personnel Attitudes and Motivation, two on Organizational Development; there were also contributions on Personnel and Human Resources, and for the first time contributions on Training and Development and Career Planning as well as continuing Consumer and Engineering Psychology which first appeared in the 1960's. There were substantial decreases in the use of the two major reference sources. Instead there were substantial gains in such sources as the Journal of Personality and Social ...
“HEALTHFUL GOODS”: HEALTH, HYGIENE, AND COMMERCIAL CULTURE IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY SHANGHAI

This article examines the development of Shanghai’s household-chemical industry, which produced and sold soap, toothpowder, and toothpaste, and other personal hygiene items, and discusses how the ideas of health and hygiene became an integral part of the city’s commercial culture in the early twentieth century. Through various commercial strategies, Shanghai’s businessmen promoted their commodities and hygiene practices simultaneously. They also actively participated in mass movements organized by the Nationalist state, since such movements provided a marketing opportunity for them. This article argues that precisely because they were doing business, Shanghai’s small entrepreneurs successfully connected personal hygiene, national strength, and the act of buying.
Perceptions of the Voice-Change Process: Male Adult versus Adolescent Musicians and Nonmusicians.

To examine the changing-voice process, 141 males were interviewed regarding their voice change. Subjects included changing-voice boys (both singers and nonsingers) and men (both singers and nonsing...
Global development and personal dependency: The high cost of doing well

Abstract Disability and dependency are universal problems that every society has made at least some effort to resolve. Traditionally, we have studied these efforts in terms of national or state policies and programs, or individual ethnic, national, or religious groups' treatments of the aged, dependent, or chronically ill. As less-developed countries' populations age, they, too, will bear an increasing burden of chronic illness and disability. As this happens, they will compete with industrial countries for the human resources to meet these needs. This paper is an effort to describe disability, dependency, and disability relief as global problems, the expressions of which in one country are closely, perhaps inextricably, related to their expressions in other countries and which invite supranational solutions.
VLSI ARCHITECTURES FOR ITERATIVE IMAGE RESTORATION

In this paper mesh, pyramid, and mesh of pyramids implementations of an iterative image restoration algorithm are proposed. These implementations are based on a single step regularized iterative restoration algorithm. Area-time bounds on the proposed implementations are established. The efficiency of the proposed VLSI algorithms is evaluated by comparing the established bounds against lower bounds on AT2, where A is the area of the VLSI chip and T is its computation time.
Systemic and renal effects of dopamine in the infant pig

Dopamine is commonly employed in the management of hypotensive patients. Although this medication increases cardiac index (CI) and renal artery (RA) flow in adults, its effect in infants has not been adequately studied. In 13 infant pigs (mean wt 3.05 ± 0.75 kg; age 3–4 weeks) CI, RA flow and systemic blood pressure (BP) were measured at varying renal artery perfusion pressures before and after the administration of dopamine. Pigs were anesthetized with ketamine, intubated, and maintained on a ventilator with succinylcholine. Jugular vein, pulmonary (Swan-Ganz), carotid, and femoral artery catheters were placed. Laparotomy was performed and RA flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. A Blalock clamp was placed around the suprarenal aorta to obtain graded aortic occlusions to pressures of 80 and 50 mm Hg. Dopamine had no significant effect on the CI vs control at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 50 μg/kg/min. BP increased 25 mm Hg on Dopamine (10 μg/kg/min) P > 0.05). RA flow remained stable (318 ± 74 vs 300 ± 68 ml/min) despite reduction in perfusion pressure to 80 mm Hg, suggesting an autoregulatory flow mechanism. At 50 mm Hg perfusion pressure however, RA flow decreased significantly to 220 ± 54 ml/min (P < 0.05) indicating a loss of autoregulation at lower perfusion pressures. Dopamine (10 μg/kg/min) did not change RA flow at control BP (335 ± 76 vs 318 ± 74 ml/min). At 80 mm Hg perfusion pressure however, RA flow fell from 335 ± 74 to 175 ± 50 ml/min (P < 0.001) demonstrating a suppression of renal autoregulation by dopamine. At 50 mm Hg, RA flow was markedly reduced to 22 ± 31 ml/min (P < 0.001). These data suggest: (1) dopamine has no significant effect on CI in infant pigs, (2) an RA flow mechanism is present in infant pigs which protects the kidney at reduced perfusion pressures, and (3) dopamine interferes with autoregulation and may be harmful to the infant kidney in hypotensive states.
WHAT IS A CMHC? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BY VARYING DEFINITIONAL CRITERIA

Using definitions of a community mental health center (CMHC) derived from the original federal legislation, amendments that expanded the range of required services, and alternative conceptions of what constitutes a CMHC, the authors identify organizations that match those definitions in the National Institute of Mental Health Inventory of Mental Health Organizations. A distribution by organizational type is reported with a discriminant analysis applied to explore potential differences.
The legacy of Chalmers Johnson

With the death of Chalmers Johnson the Asia-Pacific has lost a powerful analyst. Johnson was an inveterate data gather and a committed inductivist. He never let theory drive his quest for new infor...
Imaging spectrometry: concepts and system trade-offs

The concept of imaging spectrometry is finding broad application in scientific instrumentation for Earth-based, airborne, and space applications. An imaging spectrometer is characterized by the combination of imaging with complete sampling in the spectral domain. In so doing, material identification can be accomplished and displayed in conjunction with the conventional recognizable image. An imaging spectrometer incorporates a wide variety of technologies, including focal plane arrays, imaging and spectrometer optics, and spectral dispersing devices. The design of a successful system involves a complex set of trade-offs incorporating the properties and limitations of the various technologies. For applications in the infrared, additional technologies such as focal plane cooling are required, and the other technologies present more limitations and constraints. This paper describes the system design process for a typical application, and discusses the system performance parameters and trade-offs, including choice of system architecture, signal to noise ratio, system resolution, spectral performance, calibration, and the effect of artifacts such as detector non-uniformity.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Freely accessible water does not decrease consumption of ethanol liquid diets

Abstract In experimental studies, liquid ethanol diets are usually given as the sole source of nutrition and fluid. Two series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of freely accessible water on the consumption of ethanol liquid diets in male Long–Evans rats. The consumption of diets and subsequent learning ability of rats were first examined in animals given twice-daily saline injections. One group received diet with no access to water for 12 weeks and was subsequently given free access to water with diets for an additional 12 weeks. A second group was given diet and water ad libitum for 24 weeks. Control animals received an isocaloric sucrose-containing diet (with or without ad libitum access to water). Subsequently, rats were tested for active avoidance learning. In the first 12 weeks, animals with ad libitum access to water drank more diet than did water-restricted animals, and previously water-restricted animals increased their diet consumption when access to water was freely available. All water-restricted animals, in both ethanol- and sucrose-treated groups, showed deficits in active avoidance learning, whereas only ethanol-treated animals in groups with ad libitum access to water showed learning deficits. In the second series of experiments, the effect of saline injections on diet consumption, both in the presence and absence of water, was examined. Although saline injections were associated with decreased diet consumption, there was no effect of free access to water. No differences in blood ethanol concentration were seen among groups. Findings obtained from both series of studies demonstrate that consumption of a Sustacal-based liquid ethanol diet does not decrease if access to water is freely available.
Isolation of monomeric MnIII/II-OH and MnIII-O complexes from water: Evaluation of O-H bond dissociation energies

The syntheses and properties of the monomeric [MnIII/IIH31(OH)]-/2- and [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complexes are reported, where [H31]3- is the tripodal ligand tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethyl)]aminato. Isotope-labeling studies with H218O confirmed that water is the source of the terminal oxo and oxygen in the hydroxo ligand. The molecular structures of the [MnIIH31(OH)]2- and [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction methods and show that each complex has trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. The MnIII-O distance in [MnIIIH31(O)]2- is 1.771(4) A, which is lengthened to 2.059(2) A in [MnIIH31(OH)]2-. Structural studies also show that [H31]3- provides a hydrogen-bond cavity that surrounds the MnIII-O(H) units. Using a thermodynamic approach, which requires pKa and redox potentials, bond dissociation energies of 77(4) and 110(4) kcal/mol were calculated for [MnIIH31(O-H)]2- and [MnIIIH31(O-H)]-, respectively. The calculated value of 77 kcal/mol for the [MnIIH31(O-H)]2- complex is supported by the ability of [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complex to cleave C-H bonds with bond energies of <80 kcal/mol.
Conversion of a surgical elbow arthrodesis to total elbow arthroplasty

Arthrodesis of the elbow joint addresses pain due to intra-articular pathology, but with significant functional limitations. Loss of motion at the elbow is not completely compensated by the wrist and shoulder joints and elbow fusion is thus purely a salvage procedure. Advances in joint arthroplasty have allowed surgeons to address the functional limitations of arthrodesis, but despite these advances the elbow is still one of the joint replacements with higher complication rate. Conversion of a joint fusion to arthroplasty has been reported for the hip, knee, shoulder, and ankle. The takedown of a surgically fused elbow was reported in German literature in 2013. We present the first such case report in the English literature with a 49-year-old male whose status is elbow fusion performed for trauma 31 years prior.
Playing into the Machine: Improvising across the Electronic Abyss

ABSTRACT Two musicians who have focused on playing acoustic wind instruments into electronics for the purposes of enhancing their original sound reflect on how the use of such new technologies inherently pushes “old technologies” toward a new aesthetics of improvisation.
Studies of memory: A reevaluation in mice of the effects of inhibitors on the rate of synthesis of cerebral proteins as related to amnesia

Tests were made of the postulates stating that the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis either (a) at training or (b) following training is the critical variable that determines the degree of amnesia. As a first step it was found that the concentrations of numerous cerebral amino acids were substantially increased in 2 strains of mice 0.5 hr after treatment with amnesic doses of the inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide (CXM) and anisomycin. This observation led, in several different experiments, to a comparison of the apparent degree of inhibition of protein synthesis derived from the acid-soluble radioactivity with that derived from the specific radioactivity of tyrosine tagged with L(1-14C)-tyrosine. In all instances the apparent degree of inhibition was decreased when based upon tyrosine's specific radioactivity. The effect of several treatments with CXM on memory of a 1-trial passive avoidance task provided data for analysis of the relationship between the degrees of amnesia and those of the more accurate estimates of inhibition of protein synthesis based upon the specific radioactivity of tyrosine. The results failed to support the views that the level of inhibition of protein synthesis at or after training are entirely sufficient to account for the behavioral results. The results also suggest that CXM produces with time some direct or indirect change in the brain that antagonizes the amnesic effects of the antibiotic and that consequently contributes to the survival of memory in mice trained 2 hr after a large amnesic dose of CXM.
SU‐E‐J‐119: Development of Voxel‐by‐Voxel Respiratory Lung Motion Simulation Model

Purpose: 1. To justify the respiratory induced lungtumor motion is correlated to volume change in lung 2.To show that such motion is a hysteresis type of motion, i.e. the inspiration and expiration paths the tumor follows are different. Methods: The model equation was generated based on the data obtained from the axial displacement versus volume plot of the lung by Verschakelen et al (1989). The time variation of the lung volume change was introduced using linear and non‐linear functions. After comparison with literature (Lu et al, 2006), we verified the non‐linear time variation is more reliable. The lung motion amplitude as a function of time was then plotted and fitted with sinusoidal function. The dynamic 3D lung motion was simulated as a function of time based on the model equation. Two independent simulations were performed and compared: 1. Independent tumor motion amplitude and lung volume change. 2. Lungtumor motion dependent on the lung volume change. Results: 1.The model function generated from the fitting curve is periodic function with even power. This agrees with the periodic nature of respiration induced lung motion and also with the fact that longer time is spent at the end of exhalation than at the end of inhalation, which is proven by other researchers too. 2.Based on the simulated dynamic lung motion, we observe that the lungtumor motion is well correlated to the lung volume change. Conclusions: Clinically, chest wall as well as diaphragm amplitude measurements are used to provide lung motion gating window. In this study, we observe that respiration induced motion of the lungtumor is correlated to the lung volume change, and this can give a good prediction of: 1. The 3D location of the lungtumor. 2. Density change of the lung.
Configurational entropy theory for streamflow forecasting

Summary This study develops configurational entropy theory (CET) for monthly streamflow forecasting. The theory is comprised of three main parts: (1) determination of spectral density (2) determination of parameters by cepstrum analysis, and (3) extension of autocorrelation function. Comparison with the Burg entropy theory (BET) shows that CET yields higher resolution spectral density with more accurate location of spectral peaks. Cepstrum analysis yields more accurate parameters than the Levinson algorithm in the autoregressive (AR) method and the Levinson–Burg algorithm in BET. CET is tested using monthly streamflow data from 19 river basins covering a broad range of physiographic characteristics. Testing shows that CET captures streamflow seasonality and satisfactorily forecasts both high and low flows. High flows are satisfactorily forecasted with the coefficient of determination (r2) higher than 0.92 for one year ahead of time, with r2 higher than 0.85 for two years ahead of time, and up to 60 months ahead with r2 higher than 0.80. However, low flows are forecasted with r2 higher than 0.50 for one year ahead time. When relative drainage area is considered for analyzing streamflow characteristics and spectral patterns, it is found that upstream streamflow is forecasted more accurately (r2 = 0.84) than downstream streamflow (r2 = 0.75). Residuals of forecasted values relative to observed values are found to follow normal distribution.
Studies on the relationship of the release of serotonin and histamine, by chemical means, to anaphylaxis in the rabbit

Abstract Anaphylaxis in the rabbit is accompanied by a drop in the whole-blood serotonin and histamine, a release of these amines into the plasma, and a rise in their concentration in the lung. When antigen is added to the blood from a sensitized rabbit, serotonin and histamine are released. If EDTA is used as an anticoagulant, however, the release is prevented. In this study a variety of materials were tested, both in vitro with rabbit whole blood and in vivo by intravenous injection, to determine whether or not any of them could duplicate the findings which occur during anaphylaxis. Of all the substances employed, glycogen reproduced exactly the changes in platelets, serotonin, and histamine seen after the intravenous injection of antigen-antibody complex into normal rabbits or during anaphylactic reaction in this species.
Viscoelastic properties of chondrocytes from normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage

The deformation behavior and mechanical properties of articular chondrocytes are believed to play an important role in their response to mechanical loading of the extracellular matrix. This study utilized the micropipette aspiration test to measure the viscoelastic properties of chondrocytes isolated from macroscopically normal or end-stage osteoarthritic cartilage. A three-parameter standard linear solid was used to model the viscoelastic behavior of the cells. Significant differences were found between the mechanical properties of chondrocytes isolated from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Specifically, osteoarthritic chondrocytes exhibited a significantly higher equilibrium modulus (0.33 +/- 0.23 compared with 0.24 +/- 0.11 kPa), instantaneous modulus (0.63 +/- 0.51 compared with 0.41 +/- 0.17 kPa), and apparent viscosity (5.8 +/- 6.5 compared with 3.0 +/- 1.8 kPa-s) compared with chondrocytes isolated from macroscopically normal, nonosteoarthritic cartilage. The elastic moduli and relaxation time constant determined experimentally in this study were used to estimate the apparent biphasic properties of the chondrocyte on the basis of the equation for the gel relaxation time of a biphasic material. The differences in viscoelastic properties may reflect alterations in the structure and composition of the chondrocyte cytoskeleton that have previously been associated with osteoarthritic cartilage. Coupled with earlier theoretical models of cell-matrix interactions in articular cartilage, the increased elastic and viscous properties suggest that the mechanical environment of the chondrocyte may be altered in osteoarthritic cartilage.
Subgingival delivery by an oral irrigation device.

Irrigating devices have been incorporated into numerous oral hygiene regimens. Newer types of these devices are designed to deliver irrigating solutions directly into the periodontal pocket. We examined the ability of a powered irrigating device with a soft rubber tip to deliver subgingivally into periodontal pockets. When subgingival irrigation was used, the mean pocket penetration was 90% of the pocket depth (≤ 6 mm) compared to a mean of 21% in the oral rinse group. The irrigation was not uncomfortable to patients. J Periodontol 1992; 63:469–472.
A Study of Atretic Large Follicles in Six Sire-Groups of Holstein-Friesian Cows

Summary The incidence of atretic large follicles was found to be affected significantly by line of breeding, reproductive period, stage of postpartum interval, month, and individuality; it was not found to be affected significantly by inherent producing ability, time from parturition to involution of the uterus, or early loss of pregnancy. Most cows having atretic large follicles recovered from them without treatment. Breeding efficiency was appreciably lowered in affected cows of most lines because of atretic large follicles, but the magnitude of the response was dependent upon the line of breeding.
Implementation of a hypertext-based curriculum for emergency medicine on the World Wide Web.

This project reports the publication of a variety of existing curricular resources for emergency medicine on the global Internet in a format that allows hypertext links between related material, timely updates, and end-user feedback. Curricular elements were converted to Hypertext Markup Language with extensive links between related content. The completed document contains instructions for curriculum development, specific curricula for subspecialty areas within a residency, reading lists for subspecialty curricula, banks of images, and board-type questions with answers. Users are provided with a mechanism to provide immediate feedback to section editors with suggestions for changes, including new references. Access to all or part of the document can be controlled via passwords, but is potentially available to anyone with an Internet connection and a World Wide Web browser. The document may by viewed on the World Wide Web at: http:@www.brown.edu@Administration@emergency_Medicine@ curr.html.
Odd-parity states of 16O with the Hamada-Johnston potential

Abstract Odd-parity states of 16 O are calculated using matrix elements of the Hamada-Johnston nucleon-nucleon force. Also estimates are made of the effects of higher configurations, variable separation distances and the presence of the Coulomb interaction.
Measurement and analysis of adhesion strength for thermally sprayed coatings

Thermally sprayed coatings have a distinctive microstructure which can be described as “a three dimensional layered structure of discs which are interlaced to form a material of composite nature.≓ The coatings are normally greater than 25 (Ώm in thickness and can thus be described as bulk coatings. The minimum microstructural detail would be a single splat (ofter described as a lamella) which is about S (Ώm (approximately 0.0002 in.) in thickness and up to 80 Ώm (approximately 0.003 in.) in diameter.
Is there a role for monotherapy with β-lactam antibiotics in the initial empirical management of febrile neutropenic cancer patients?

In empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy for febrile neutropenic cancer patients, drug combinations are commonly used, and aminoglycosides are usually included for their excellent activity on Gram-negative organisms and for potential synergism. However, new beta-lactams have at least as good a spectrum and in many ways better pharmacology. More Gram-positive infections are now being reported and the sensitivity of the causative organisms varies. This provides reasons for examining alternatives to aminoglycosides, and the use of monotherapy. Clinical results suggest that the emergence of resistance may be a problem with ureidopenicillins used alone, and that double beta-lactams may be as good as but not better than standard regimens. New cephalosporins have been used alone in 14 trials (not all of them well designed) with results as good as those of standard regimens in many, although superinfection with resistant organisms has been a problem in some. It is possible that early supplementation, with aminoglycosides, of empirical monotherapy with such agents as ceftazidime may solve some of the problems posed by resistant organisms.
Selective reagents in chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Tetramethylsilane with aliphatic alcohols

Mixtures of tetramethylsilane and helium have been found to form [M + 73]+ adducts, hydrated trimethylsilyl ions and alkyl ions with aliphatic alcohols. The adduct ions were found to be formed by displacement of water from the hydrated trimethylsilyl ion. Ratios of the abundances of the adduct ions to the hydrated trimethylsilyl ion can be used to differentiate among primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Sensitivities for a number of alcohols with the tetramethylsilane/helium chemical ionization reagent system are approximately equal.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most common preventable cause of death in hospitals, but many patients do not receive proven preventive therapies. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the extent to which inpatients received therapies for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). DESIGN: Medical records review of a random sample of hospitalized patients, stratified by hospital teaching status. SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) acute-care hospitals. PATIENTS: Two groups hospitalized ≥48 hours during the year ending March 31, 2007: (1) all 4963 patients older than 74 years with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure; and (2) all 1448 patients with any discharge diagnosis of PE. MEASUREMENTS: Rate of VTE preventive care. RESULTS: Sixty-three of the 100 randomly selected heart failure patients had adequate anticoagulation, 29 (46%) of whom were taking warfarin for chronic conditions. For patients discharged with a PE diagnosis, records from all 330 nonteaching and 449 (40%) teaching hospital cases were reviewed. Most cases (698; 90%) were excluded because there was only a remote history of PE or the diagnosis was made prior to admission. Thirty-four of the 63 patients (54%) with confirmed in-hospital PE and unequivocal VTE risk factors received appropriate preventive treatment. Thirty of the 66 patients (48%) with missed opportunities for prevention had inappropriate mechanical prophylaxis or inadequate use of anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalized veterans with PE or at risk for VTE, missed opportunities for prevention were frequent and included inappropriate or inadequate interventions. Retrospective chart review was an inefficient method for identifying patients with in-hospital PE. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:E21–E25. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict

Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. Here we review the diverse mechanisms of genital coevolution that include natural selection, female mate choice, male-male competition, and how their interactions generate sexual conflict that can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution. Natural selection on genital morphology will result in size coevolution to allow for copulation to be mechanically possible, even as other features of genitalia may reflect the action of other mechanisms of selection. Genital coevolution is explicitly predicted by at least three mechanisms of genital evolution: lock and key to prevent hybridization, female choice, and sexual conflict. Although some good examples exist in support of each of these mechanisms, more data on quantitative female genital variation and studies of functional morphology during copulation are needed to understand more general patterns. A combination of different approaches is required to continue to advance our understanding of genital coevolution. Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of the studied species combined with functional morphology, quantitative morphological tools, experimental manipulation, and experimental evolution have been provided in the best-studied species, all of which are invertebrates. Therefore, attention to vertebrates in any of these areas is badly needed.
Interspecific tests of allelism reveal the evolutionary timing and pattern of accumulation of reproductive isolation mutations.

Despite extensive theory, little is known about the empirical accumulation and evolutionary timing of mutations that contribute to speciation. Here we combined QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) analyses of reproductive isolation, with information on species evolutionary relationships, to reconstruct the order and timing of mutations contributing to reproductive isolation between three plant (Solanum) species. To evaluate whether reproductive isolation QTL that appear to coincide in more than one species pair are homologous, we used cross-specific tests of allelism and found evidence for both homologous and lineage-specific (non-homologous) alleles at these co-localized loci. These data, along with isolation QTL unique to single species pairs, indicate that >85% of isolation-causing mutations arose later in the history of divergence between species. Phylogenetically explicit analyses of these data support non-linear models of accumulation of hybrid incompatibility, although the specific best-fit model differs between seed (pairwise interactions) and pollen (multi-locus interactions) sterility traits. Our findings corroborate theory that predicts an acceleration (‘snowballing’) in the accumulation of isolation loci as lineages progressively diverge, and suggest different underlying genetic bases for pollen versus seed sterility. Pollen sterility in particular appears to be due to complex genetic interactions, and we show this is consistent with a snowball model where later arising mutations are more likely to be involved in pairwise or multi-locus interactions that specifically involve ancestral alleles, compared to earlier arising mutations.
Membrane Anchored Immunostimulatory Oligonucleotides for In Vivo Cell Modification and Localized Immunotherapy

Locally delivered immunomodulators are utilized to treat unresectable tumors and solid tumor resection sites to prevent local recurrence.1 Synthetic immunostimulatory oligonucleotides such as double-stranded RNA or unmethylated cytosine–guanosine motifs (CpG-ODNs) mimic molecular signatures of pathogens (viruses or bacteria, respectively) and trigger an immunostimulatory cascade including maturation, differentiation and proliferation of multiple host immune cells through pattern recognition receptors.2 As a result, these synthetic ODNs have been extensively studied as therapeutic agents for cancer and as vaccine adjuvants.2 However, a key element for the effectiveness of immunostimulatory ODNs is the close association of oligonucleotides with tumor antigen or tumor cells. For example, intratumoral/peritumoral CpG-ODN injections can lead to tumor regression in settings where intravenous CpG treatment has no effect.3 Also to this end, several CpG adjuvant studies indicated that co-delivery of CpG and antigens to the same antigen presenting cells (APC) significantly enhances antitumor responses.4 Two fundamental limitations of directly injecting ODNs into tumors are 1) relatively rapid loss of ODNs from the injection site due to their relatively low molecular weights and 2) lack of physical association between tumor cells and ODNs. We hypothesized that a membrane-interactive ODN that could spontaneously insert into cell membranes would in principle overcome both of these limitations, by prolonging ODN retention at tumor sites and more importantly, by providing a physical connection between tumor cells and ODNs.
Impact of Pharmacy Technician-Centered Medication Reconciliation on Optimization of Antiretroviral Therapy and Opportunistic Infection Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Patients With HIV/AIDS

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the role of a pharmacy technician-centered medication reconciliation (PTMR) program in optimization of medication therapy in hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A chart review was conducted for all inpatients that had a medication reconciliation performed by the PTMR program. Adult patients with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) and/or the opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis listed on the medication reconciliation form were included. The primary objective is to describe the (1) number and types of medication errors and (2) the percentage of patients who received appropriate ART. The secondary objective is a comparison of the number of medication errors between standard mediation reconciliation and a pharmacy-led program. Results: In the PTMR period, 55 admissions were evaluated. In all, 50% of the patients received appropriate ART. In 27of the 55 admissions, there were 49 combined ART and OI-related errors. The most common ART-related errors were drug...
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH DEBATES ON A DOG TAX

A tax on dogs was passed in 1796 because it seemed to address both the government's need for revenue and other serious social and economic problems. Arguments for and against a dog tax throughout the eighteenth century engaged with issues not raised in discussions of other kinds of taxes because of the unique place of dogs in human society; positions on the question of a dog tax depended largely on assumptions about the purpose that dogs served, or ought to serve. Proponents often argued that a dog tax would decrease the population of nuisance dogs, whilst also preventing poaching. Other tax advocates presented a dog tax as a luxury tax, but there was no agreement about which kinds of dogs were luxuries, and which were necessities that should be exempt from the tax. By the time a bill was debated in parliament in 1796, the terms of the debate had shifted because of new attitudes toward animals. The tax that was ultimately passed largely ignored the interests of the primary advocates of a tax throughout the century, instead treating the pets of the poor as necessities that merited exemption.
Self-efficacy and health: Behavioral and stress-physiological mediation

Perceived self-efficacy refers to people's beliefs regarding their own abilities. Such perceptions are believed to be strong determinants of behavioral and emotional processes, and as such, these self-efficacy beliefs constitute a fundamental component of social cognitive theory (SCT). Applications of self-efficacy theory to health have demonstrated its utility across a wide range of actual and potential health outcomes. Two pathways for self-efficacy influence on health are reviewed here. One involves its effect upon the adoption of behaviors that are related to health outcomes. The other concerns its role in the physiological stress response, which exerts effects on health and illness independently of the effects of health behaviors. In the first category, efficacy influences upon two representative behaviors—cigarette smoking and condom use—are reviewed. In the second, studies exploring efficacy effects on several components of the stress response, including the sympathetic adrenomedullary, hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical, endogenous opioid, and immune systems are described. Finally, methodological considerations and directions for future research are discussed.
Couplings of low-lying glueballs to photons and to heavy quarks

We extend earlier work on couplings of the idealized pure-glue scalar glueball S and pseudoscalar glueball P to include couplings to heavy quarks and to photons. Using sum rules for the scalar and pseudoscalar densities of QCD we show that the couplings of charmed or heavier quarks to S and P decrease with quark mass M like ${M}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. Since for light quarks the coupling is proportional to the (constituent) mass, it turns out that S and P couple preferentially to strange quarks. We give a quantitative application to the decay J/\ensuremath{\psi}(3100)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\iota}(1440)\ensuremath{\gamma} (identifying \ensuremath{\iota} with P and ignoring qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} mixing). Naive use of the light-quark coupling rising like M gives a result thousands of times larger than experiment, while our coupling going like ${M}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ is in accord with data. In the course of deriving the heavy-quark coupling we give a new and simple derivation of Schwinger's results for a fermion propagator in a constant external field. S-\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} and P-\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} couplings are estimated with triangle graphs; we find \ensuremath{\Gamma}(P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\sim}4 to 9 keV, and \ensuremath{\Gamma}(P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\gamma}) ranges from 0.1 to 1 MeV, depending on various uncertainties. We contrast our calculations with canonical zero-momentum theorems, based on the anomaly, for coupling gluons to photons.