cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative Management of a Cervical Vertebral Fracture in a Gelding

Abstract The presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and 5 years follow-up of a 12-year-old Arabian-Saddlebred cross gelding with neck pain and stiffness, attributable to a fracture of the third cervical vertebrae (C3), is described. Initial cervical spinal radiographs revealed a concave defect in the ventral aspect of the cranial end plate of C3. However, both this finding and ultrasonographic imaging of the area were inconclusive for a fracture. Nuclear scintigraphy revealed that the lesion was metabolically active, prompting computed tomographic imaging that revealed a fracture of C3. Sequential radiographs documented progressive fusion of C2-C3 and no neurological deficits developed over the 5 years after the injury. Cervical vertebral injuries in horses can lead to various clinical signs including ataxia, weakness, and neck stiffness or pain. Diagnosis with cervical radiographs alone can be challenging and, in some cases as the horse in this report, multiple imaging modalities may be required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Horses without neurological signs may recover successfully with conservative medical management, which was performed in this case.
Corporate responses to the repatriation incentives and domestic production activities deduction

The 2004 American Jobs Creation Act (AJCA or the Act) sought to encourage U.S. companies to repatriate foreign earnings and invest them domestically in an effort to increase capital spending and employment. This investigation looks at how the two tax provisions in AJCA, i.e., the repatriation tax holiday and the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD), affected domestic investment and payout behaviors. An examination of repatriating firms based on the tightness of their capital constraints shows that the tax incentives fail to induce non-constrained, repatriating firms that benefit from DPAD to reinvest the capital domestically. Only capital-constrained, repatriating firms benefitting from DPAD increase domestic investment and reduce share repurchases; however, these firms also increase their cash dividend payments. The findings should be useful to policymakers as they consider modifying the corporate tax structure to increase domestic investment by encouraging U.S. firms to repatriate foreign earnings and reinvest them domestically.
Distributed estimation of a spatially correlated random field in decentralized sensor networks

We study the distributed estimations of a spatially correlated random field with decentralized wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Nodes in the WSN take spatial samples of the random field, then each node estimates the values of arbitrary points on the random field by iteratively exchanging information with each other, without the need of a central controller. The objective is to minimize the time (or number of iterations) required for all nodes in the network to reach a distributed consensus on the estimation result, with mean squared error (MSE) below a certain threshold. We find the sufficient conditions for this optimization problem, and identify the asymptotically optimum solutions when time is large and the MSE threshold is small. Specifically, we propose a distributed iterative estimation algorithm that defines the procedures for both information propagation and information estimation in each iteration. The key parameters of the algorithm, including an edge weight matrix and a sample weight matrix, are designed by following the asymptotically optimum criteria. It is shown that the asymptotically optimum performance can be achieved by distributively projecting the measurement samples into a subspace related to the covariance matrices of data and noise samples. Simulation results show that all nodes in a large network can obtain accurate estimation results with only a few iterations.
Pica is prevalent and strongly associated with iron deficiency among Hispanic pregnant women living in the United States.

Abstract Introduction Anecdotal evidence suggests that pica occurs among Hispanic women in the United States, especially during pregnancy. However, the prevalence and socio-demographic and biological factors associated with pica in this population have not been adequately identified. Methods Trained, bilingual study personnel conducted structured interviews at public health clinics in Salinas Valley, California with 187 pregnant Hispanic women in their 2nd or 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Hemoglobin was measured using Hemocue; concentrations of transferrin receptor (TfR) and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) were measured in dried blood spots. Multivariable stepwise regression analyses were conducted with pica during pregnancy as the dependent variable and individual- and family-level factors as independent variables to identify significant associations. Additionally, multivariable models were built to explore the associations between pica and iron status (iron deficiency and anemia). Results Half of all participants (51.3%) had ever engaged in pica, and 37.6% had done so during the current pregnancy. Pica substances included large quantities of ice, frost, raw starches, and various earthen items. Pica during the current pregnancy was significantly associated with higher TfR concentrations [OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.51] indicative of low iron stores and greater food insecurity [OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.40]. Women who engaged in pica during the current pregnancy were more likely to be iron deficient [adjusted OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.60], but not anemic [adjusted OR: 1.40; 0.60, 3.23]. Conclusions Among pregnant Hispanic women, pica was prevalent and strongly associated with iron deficiency and food insecurity. Clinicians should screen for pica during pregnancy in Hispanic populations, and future studies should elucidate the underlying etiology and consequences of engaging in pica during pregnancy.
Religious communication and technology

This article provides a review of contemporary research on religious communication and technologies through the lens of Digital Religion Studies, which explores how online and offline religious sph...
Kompetenz- und Standardmodelle

Die Paradigmen und die auf ihnen basierenden Forschungen werden in Kompetenzmodellen oder durch die Formulierungen von Standards geordnet und zusammengefasst, wobei der Versuch unternommen wird, die Vielzahl an Anforderungen zu gliedern und zu bewerten, welchen Lehramtsstudierende und Lehrkrafte ausgesetzt sind.
10W single-mode Nd3+ fiber laser at 1428nm

We present 10W single-mode fiber laser based on Ndp3 fiber operating at 1428nm. All-solid fused silica microstructured waveguide fiber design is employed to suppress amplification at 1μm. The Ndp3 fiber is pumped by commercial multi-mode 880nm diode.
Analytic model for power MOSFET turn-off switching loss under the effect of significant current diversion at fast switching events

The conventional method to evaluate switching loss of power MOSFETs is commonly based on the existence of the plateau gate-voltage region in the gate-charge plot. However, a very different behavior of the MOSFET with disappearance of the plateau region is observed under significant current diversion between channel and parasitic capacitances when a large gate drive current is applied to turn off the MOSFET. As the modern power converter is pursuing higher switching frequency, the gate drive current becomes larger accordingly to turn on and off the power MOSFET faster. Hence, this paper proposes an analytical model to predict the timing pattern and the switching loss more precisely in such conditions. Simulation and measurement have been conducted to validate this model, showing an accurate estimate of the switching loss at fast switching transition and a good match with the conventional model at slow switching transition. Moreover, non-linearity of the MOSFET's output capacitance is considered in this model, suggesting a handy graphical method to determine the timing pattern and the switching loss properly in practice.
Management of Marginal Ulceration

Marginal ulcers (MU) are a significant cause of morbidity in patients who have undergone gastric bypass procedures. Incidence has been reported between 0.6% and 25%, and they may occur at any point in time after RYGB. The etiology of MU development has been widely discussed and remains controversial. It is likely multifactorial, with smoking and NSAID use being the most well-established risk factors, and may differ for each individual. The most frequent symptom is abdominal pain, and endoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Current practice is to prophylactically administer 6–12 months of empirical PPI therapy postoperatively to low-risk patients, with longer courses considered for those with multiple risk factors. Treatment of diagnosed MU consists of 8 weeks of high-dose PPI therapy, plus or minus the addition of a cytoprotective barrier medication. Reversible causes of MU should be identified and corrected. Persistent ulcer after trial of medical management may indicate a more complicated etiology and further workup is warranted. There are no official guidelines for appropriate length of medical treatment to attempt before considering revisional surgery. Various techniques for RYGB revision in the setting of MU have been described, but the most widely accepted surgery essentially involves excision of all affected tissue of the gastrojejunostomy and creation of a new gastrojejunal anastomosis. In more complicated MU cases or recurrence after revision, referral to a specialist is advised. Perforated and bleeding MUs present a slightly different dilemma and thus must be approached in a similar manner as any acute perforated or bleeding viscus.
Molecular Biology of Human Apolipoprotein B and Related Diseases

Apolipoprotein B is the main protein component of LDL and comprises 23.8% of the LDL particle (1,2). ApoB is the ligand for the cellular recognition and catabolism of LDL by the LDL receptor (1,3). The LDL receptor-apoB interaction and subsequent catabolism mediates the clearance of LDL from plasma and regulates cellular cholesterol biosynthesis (1,3). Early studies had shown that the human and rat apoB exist in two primary forms designated apoB-100 and apoB-48 (4–12). Apolipoprotein B seems to be important for lipoprotein assembly and secretion (14,15). Thus, absence of apoR in abetalipoproteinemia (16) or inhibition of its synthesis by cyclohexamide treatment of cells (15) abolishes secretion of chylomicrons and VLDL.
DMVI: a dynamic materialized view index for efficiently discovering usable views for progressive queries

Progressive queries (PQ) are a new type of query emerged from numerous data intensive applications. A user formulates a PQ in several steps using a set of inter-related step-queries (SQ). Efficiently processing PQs in a DBMS is crucial in supporting these applications. In our previous work, we introduced a materialized view based approach to efficiently processing PQs, where our focus was on selection of promising materialized views. The problem of how to efficiently find usable views to answer SQs for a PQ remained open. In this paper, we present a new index technique, which is called the dynamic materialized view index (DMVI), to rapidly discover usable views to answer a given SQ. The structure of the index and the strategies to construct, maintain and use the DMVI are discussed. The Experimental results demonstrate that our technique is quite promising in improving the performance of the materialized view based query processing for PQs.
Abstract B54: Investigating semaphorin 7a in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer progression

While antiestrogen-based treatments are initially effective for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer, these tumors often recur, metastasize, and lose responsiveness to endocrine therapies, emphasizing the need for additional therapeutic targets in HR+ disease. We observe that semaphorin 7a (SEMA7A) expression in HR+ patients in the METABRIC dataset confers significantly decreased survival rates by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Thus, we hypothesize that SEMA7A is a potential biomarker for aggressive disease and/or a novel therapeutic target for recurrent HR+ breast cancer. Utilizing multiple 2D and 3D in vitro approaches with human and mouse HR+ tumor cells, we show that shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of SEMA7A results in cell growth defects and reduced invasive potential. Loss of SEMA7A also increases apoptosis in attached and forced suspension culture conditions. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of SEMA7A is regulated by the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone in a receptor-dependent mechanism. However, we also observe increased expression of SEMA7A with stabilization of HIF1α, suggesting its expression may be context dependent. Overall, these data support SEMA7A as an important driver of multiple hallmarks of cancer in HR+ breast cancer, including cell growth, invasion, and resisting death. As SEMA7A expression is low in normal breast cells, it may be a novel therapeutic target with low toxic side effects. Citation Format: Lyndsey Crump, Alan Elder, Sarah Tarullo, Paris Franz, Traci Lyons. Investigating semaphorin 7a in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B54.
I Nomi Degli Dei : A Reconsideration of Agamben’s Oath Complex

This essay offers an exegesis and critique of the moment of community formation in Agamben’s Homo Sacer Project. In The Sacrament of Language, Agamben searches for the site of a non-sovereign community founded upon the oath [horkos, sacramentum]: an ancient institution of language that produces and guarantees the connection between speech and the order of things by calling the god as a witness to the speaker’s fidelity. I argue that Agamben’s account ultimately falls short of subverting sovereignty, however, because the sacramentum derives its power, at a fundamental level, from the ‘monothetic’ structure of truth—what Agamben calls ‘the name of God’ [il nome di Dio]. I propose we may yet salvage the oath as a means of subverting sovereignty, however, if we reconsider it in the context of polytheism, where the names of the gods [i nomi degli dei] can be many, while remaining powerful. First, through a reading of Aeschylus’ Eumenides, I argue that the Greeks understood the oath to function even where truth and falsity were inherently undecidable. Second, I argue that if we separate the truth and power functions interwoven in the sacramentum, we find a second formula, the decisory oath, which can be taken in order to produce a community even in the absence of one sovereign truth. As a kind of magical speech, the decisory oath provides the limit conditions for the possibility of distinguishing true from false in the sacramentum, and thus founds it.
Synthetic Virology: Building Viruses to Better Understand Them

Generally comprised of less than a dozen components, RNA viruses can be viewed as well-designed genetic circuits optimized to replicate and spread within a given host. Understanding the molecular design that enables this activity not only allows one to disrupt these circuits to study their biology, but it provides a reprogramming framework to achieve novel outputs. Recent advances have enabled a "learning by building" approach to better understand virus biology and create valuable tools. Below is a summary of how modifying the preexisting genetic framework of influenza A virus has been used to track viral movement, understand virus replication, and identify host factors that engage this viral circuitry.
Loss of STAT6 leads to anchorage-independent growth and trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer cells

Approximately 20% of breast cancers are HER2-positive. Trastuzumab has improved patient outcomes significantly for these cancers. However, acquired resistance remains a major hurdle in the clinical management of these patients. Therefore, identifying molecular changes that cause trastuzumab resistance is worthwhile. STAT6 is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. STAT6 expression is lost in approximately 3% of breast cancers, but little work has been done in the context of trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer. In isogenic cell line pairs, we observed that trastuzumab-resistant cells expressed significantly lower levels of STAT6 compared to trastuzumab-sensitive cells. Therefore, in order to study the consequences of STAT6 loss in HER2+ breast cancer, we knocked out both alleles of the STAT6 gene using somatic cell gene targeting. Interestingly, loss of STAT6 resulted in anchorage-independent growth and changes in several genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This study suggests that STAT6 may play a role in the pathophysiology of HER2+ human breast cancer.
Girls, Autobiography, Media: Gender and Self-Mediation in Digital Economies: Emma Maguire Palgrave Macmillan, 2018 216 pp., $99.99 (Hardback), ISBN 978-3-3197-4236-6

Emma Maguire opens her book by describing how a group of sorority women are ridiculed for taking selfies at a baseball game. The scene captures the most pressing issues Maguire plans to discuss in ...
Flow and Frequency Characterization of the Synchronized Stacked Sweeping Jets

This work characterizes a pair of feedback-type fluidic oscillators in a stacked arrangement. Quasi-rectangular synchronization channels were used to connect both feedback channels of each oscillat...
Insights into the thermal decomposition of plutonium(IV) oxalate – a DFT study of the intermediate structures

Abstract The thermal decomposition of plutonium oxalate to oxide is one of the most studied reactions in actinide chemistry but the intermediates have been the subject of debate for decades. Recent experimental data suggest that the decomposition of Pu(IV) oxalate in air undergoes dehydration first, then reduction to Pu(III) oxalate. The precise structural modifications that take place are unknown as experiments have not been able to fully characterize the intermediates at the microscopic level. To rectify this, we employed solid state density functional theory calculations at the PBE-D3 level with a Hubbard U correction to model the structures and energetics of potential dehydrated Pu(IV) and Pu(III) oxalate intermediate compounds. Based on the theoretical study presented here, the anhydrous analogues of the known hydrated Pu(IV) and Pu(III) oxalates are the preferred crystal structures formed through an overall exothermic reaction process. However, decomposition could proceed through the formation of a higher energy, more complicated 3D lattice structure with frustrated oxalate binding. It is expected that the intermediates presented here could be identified using spectroscopic techniques to enable further insight into the reaction mechanism.
Reduced Vitellogenesis and Female Fertility in Gper Knockout Zebrafish.

The role G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) plays in vertebrate reproduction remains controversial. To investigate GPER's reproductive role, we generated a gper zebrafish mutant line (gper-/- ) using TALENs. Gper mutant females exhibited reduced fertility with a 40.85% decrease in embryo production which was associated with a significant decrease in the number of Stage V (730-750 μm) ovulated oocytes. Correspondingly, the number of early vitellogenic follicles (Stage III, 400-450 µm) in gper-/- ovaries was greater than that in wildtypes (wt), suggesting that subsequent follicle development was retarded in the gper-/- fish. Moreover, plasma vitellogenin levels were decreased in gper-/- females, and epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) expression was lower in Stage III vitellogenic oocytes than in wt counterparts. However, hepatic nuclear estrogen receptor levels were not altered, and estrogen levels were elevated in ovarian follicles. These results suggest that Gper is involved in the control of ovarian follicle development via regulation of vitellogenesis and Egfr expression in zebrafish.
Impact of On-Chip Interconnect on In-Memory Acceleration of Deep Neural Networks.

With the widespread use of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), machine learning algorithms have evolved in two diverse directions -- one with ever-increasing connection density for better accuracy and the other with more compact sizing for energy efficiency. The increase in connection density increases on-chip data movement, which makes efficient on-chip communication a critical function of the DNN accelerator. The contribution of this work is threefold. First, we illustrate that the point-to-point (P2P)-based interconnect is incapable of handling a high volume of on-chip data movement for DNNs. Second, we evaluate P2P and network-on-chip (NoC) interconnect (with a regular topology such as a mesh) for SRAM- and ReRAM-based in-memory computing (IMC) architectures for a range of DNNs. This analysis shows the necessity for the optimal interconnect choice for an IMC DNN accelerator. Finally, we perform an experimental evaluation for different DNNs to empirically obtain the performance of the IMC architecture with both NoC-tree and NoC-mesh. We conclude that, at the tile level, NoC-tree is appropriate for compact DNNs employed at the edge, and NoC-mesh is necessary to accelerate DNNs with high connection density. Furthermore, we propose a technique to determine the optimal choice of interconnect for any given DNN. In this technique, we use analytical models of NoC to evaluate end-to-end communication latency of any given DNN. We demonstrate that the interconnect optimization in the IMC architecture results in up to 6$\times$ improvement in energy-delay-area product for VGG-19 inference compared to the state-of-the-art ReRAM-based IMC architectures.
Case Report: Ultrasound Guided Mucosal Fold Lateralization for Laryngeal Webs

The surgical management of Laryngeal webs is challenging and is associated with a high recurrence rate due the presence of opposing raw mucosal surfaces of the vocal cords, especially near the anterior commissure which causes re-scarring. We describe an endoscopic technique of mucosal flap lateralization (MFL) with ultrasound guidance, which prevents the apposition of the anterior raw surfaces of the vocal cords after web incision, thus avoiding recurrence.
Psychological issues in the neurorehabilitation of electrical injuries

The neurobehavioral sequelae of electrical injuries (EI) are relatively misunderstood and patients present with diverse symptom patterns. Traditionally, emphasis has been directed toward treating the physical consequences of these injuries, while failing to address the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances that follow. This often results in significant disruptions to a patient’s vocational life and psychosocial well-being. The present paper will compare and contrast the general effects of trauma and the specific effects of electrical injury; look at the “obvious versus subtle” distinction; return to work issues; the psychologic impact of the injury; and some challenges and recommendations for treating the resultant cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances in these patients.
NanoCOT: Low-Cost Nanostructured Electrode Containing Carbon, Oxygen, and Titanium for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Developing high-efficiency, durable, and low-cost catalysts based on earth-abundant elements for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for renewable energy conversion and energy storage devices. In this study, we report a highly active nanostructured electrode, NanoCOT, which contains carbon, oxygen, and titanium, for efficient OER in alkaline solution. The NanoCOT electrode is synthesized from carbon transformation of TiO2 in an atmosphere of methane, hydrogen, and nitrogen at a high temperature. The NanoCOT exhibits enhanced OER catalytic activity in alkaline solution, providing a current density of 1.33 mA/cm2 at an overpotential of 0.42 V. This OER current density of a NanoCOT electrode is about 4 times higher than an oxidized Ir electrode and 15 times higher than a Pt electrode because of its nanostructured high surface area and favorable OER kinetics. The enhanced catalytic activity of NanoCOT is attributed to the presence of a continuous energy band of the titanium oxide electrode with p...
Password Protected? Can a Password Save Your Cell Phone From a Search Incident to Arrest?

Over the last few years, dozens of courts have authorized police to conduct warrantless searches of cell phones when arresting individuals. Under the “search incident to arrest” doctrine, police are free to search text messages, call histories, photos, voicemails, and a host of other data if they arrest an individual and remove a cell phone from his pocket. Given that courts have offered little protection against cell-phone searches, this Article explores whether individuals can protect themselves by password protecting their phones. The Article concludes, unfortunately, that password protecting a cell phone offers minimal legal protection when an individual is lawfully searched incident to arrest. In conducting such a search, police may attempt to hack or bypass a password. Because cell phones are often found in arrestees’ pockets, police may take the phones to the police station, where computer-savvy officers will have the time and technology to unlock a phone’s contents. And if police are unable to decipher the password, they may request or even demand that an arrestee turn over his password, without any significant risk of suppression of evidence found on the phone under the Miranda doctrine or the Fifth Amendment’s Self-Incrimination Clause. In short, while password protecting a cell phone may make it more challenging for police to find evidence, the password itself offers very little legal protection to arrestees. Accordingly, legislative or judicial action is needed to narrow the search-incident-to-arrest doctrine with respect to cell phones.
Black Holes in Binary Systems

The best evidence for black holes comes from studies of three x-ray binaries: Cyg X-1, LMC X-3 and A0620-00. Recent spectroscopic studies of A0620- 00 have constrained the ratio of the primary mass to the secondary mass. Two color light curves of A0620-00 are presented for the period 1981–1989. The spectra of Cyg X-1 and two additional sources (Nova Muscae 1991 and 1E1740.7-2942) occasionally contain features near 0.5–1 MeV. These features, which are probably due to e+e-annihilation, may prove to be a reliable signature of a black hole. Cyg X-1, LMC X- 3 and A0620-00 are excellent black hole candidates. Nevertheless, the evidence for black holes is indirect and therefore not conclusive. The task remains of discovering a relativistic effect that is peculiar to black holes alone.
Health Culture in the Heartland, 1880–1980: An Oral History

Review of: "Health Culture in the Heartland 1880–1980: An Oral History," by Lucinda McCray Beier.
Myristoylation of proteins in platelets occurs predominantly through thioester linkages

We have demonstrated by several lines of evidence that in platelets myristate is linked to proteins predominantly via thioester bonds as is palmitate, and the covalent binding of the two long chain saturated fatty acids to proteins involves the same mechanisms. The first piece of evidence to support the thioester linkage between myristate and proteins is that [3H]myristate could be removed from proteins via alkaline methanolysis, which disrupts ester bonds but not amide bonds. The second piece of evidence is that unlabeled palmitate, which can form only thioester bonds in physiologic concentrations, competitively inhibits the formation of alkaline methanolysis-sensitive covalent bonds between [3H]myristate and proteins. Third, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography, the patterns of labeled proteins from [3H]myristate- and [3H]palmitate-labeled platelets are identical. Fourth, [3H]myristate-labeled proteins, like [3H]palmitate-labeled proteins, both release their fatty acid moieties when exposed to hydroxylamine at neutral pH, which disrupts thioester but not hydroxyester bonds. These findings indicate that although the covalent binding of palmitate to proteins was found to occur at a faster rate than that of myristate, protein S fatty acid acylation that occurs posttranslationally is not specific for palmitate.
An application of self-tuning controller in the steel industry

When material is fed through a rolling mill, the rolls of the stand should exert a sufficient pressure on the material so as to reduce the thickness of the material by a certain amount while maintaining the interstand tension of the material at the desired level. An adaptive self-tuning controller for the control of a rolling mill is presented. The controller is designed on the basis of a time-series model in which the parameters are estimated recursively on the basis of the available information. The controller gains are determined at each sampling instant so that the outputs follow the desired values as closely as possible. The controller is in the form of a feedback controller, whose gains are calculated online. The basic time-series model which relates the inputs to the outputs of the system, and the controller algorithm are described. Preliminary simulation studies on the resulting system are also presented.
Should Liability Follow the Logo? An Essay on the Appropriate Role of Trademark in the Liability System

No general rule of law renders trademark owners liable for products sold or business conducted under the trademark. This essay proposes the adoption of such a rule. The rationale for the change is that businesses are known by their trademarks, not their entity names, in the marketplace. The vast majority of customers - both businesses and consumers - select the persons with whom they will deal, and contract with those persons, on the basis of trademarks. The entity structures of businesses (corporate groups, franchises, joint ventures, etc.) are generally invisible to customers. Yet under current law the businesses' liabilities to customers are calculated from those entity structures. The result is a failure in the market for liability: Customers lack the information they need to contract for the level of supplier financial responsibility they prefer. The proposed rule would create no new liability, it would merely extend existing liability to trademark owners. The rule would extend liability to trademark owners for (1) defective products sold under the mark and (2) the wrongful acts of licensees that conduct businesses identified to customers by the mark. The initial assignment of liability to the trademark owner will prevent businesses from externalizing their liabilities. Trademark owners will remain free, however, to pass the liability on to their licensees by contracts requiring indemnification or insurance.
The Lloyd Sealy Library of John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Abstract The Lloyd Sealy Library of John Jay College of Criminal Justice started as a small collection of books in the corner of the New York City Police Academy. A little over four decades later, it now contains one of the best collections of criminal justice materials in the world. Despite fiscal setbacks and tough times for the University and the College, the Library staff has managed to build a comprehensive collection, placing great emphasis on the access of those materials by the entire criminal justice community. This article traces the story of the Library from its roots to the present time.
Developing Metacognitive Models for Team-Based Dynamic Environment Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping

In this paper, by using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) technique, we developed the metacognitive models for team-based dynamic environment. Preliminary findings from our metacognitive studies provided a possible metacognitive framework in dynamic control tasks [1, 2]. By analyzing metacognition, performance, and communication data between team, we are able to develop the team-based evolving metacognitive models for the dynamic environments using a fuzzy cognitive map. In this research, a human-in-the-loop simulation experiment was conducted to collect communication data, objective performance data (operator on-time action performance), and subjective rating data (retrospective confident metacognitive judgment) from 6 dyads (12 participants). Within the Anti-Air Warfare Coordinator (AAWC) simulation domain, the simulation test bed provides an interactive simulating condition in which the monitoring team must communicate with their team member to defend their ship against hostile aircraft.
Multiplex Mutation Screening by Mass Spectrometry: Evaluation of 820 Cases from a Personalized Cancer Medicine Registry

There is an immediate and critical need for a rapid, broad-based genotyping method that can evaluate multiple mutations simultaneously in clinical cancer specimens and identify patients most likely to benefit from targeted agents now in use or in late-stage clinical development. We have implemented a prospective genotyping approach to characterize the frequency and spectrum of mutations amenable to drug targeting present in urothelial, colorectal, endometrioid, and thyroid carcinomas and in melanoma. Cancer patients were enrolled in a Personalized Cancer Medicine Registry that houses both clinical information and genotyping data, and mutation screening was performed using a multiplexed assay panel with mass spectrometry–based analysis to detect 390 mutations across 30 cancer genes. Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were evaluated from 820 Registry patients. The genes most frequently mutated across multiple cancer types were BRAF, PIK3CA, KRAS, and NRAS. Less common mutations were also observed in AKT1, CTNNB1, FGFR2, FGFR3, GNAQ, HRAS, and MAP2K1. Notably, 48 of 77 PIK3CA-mutant cases (62%) harbored at least one additional mutation in another gene, most often KRAS. Among melanomas, only 54 of 73 BRAF mutations (74%) were the V600E substitution. These findings demonstrate the diversity and complexity of mutations in druggable targets among the different cancer types and underscore the need for a broad-spectrum, prospective genotyping approach to personalized cancer medicine.
Tail function during arboreal quadrupedalism in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

The need to maintain stability on narrow branches is often presented as a major selective force shaping primate morphology, with adaptations to facilitate grasping receiving particular attention. The functional importance of a long and mobile tail for maintaining arboreal stability has been comparatively understudied. Tails can facilitate arboreal balance by acting as either static counterbalances or dynamic inertial appendages able to modulate whole-body angular momentum. We investigate associations between tail use and inferred grasping ability in two closely related cebid platyrrhines—cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). Using high-speed videography of captive monkeys moving on 3.2 cm diameter poles, we specifically test the hypothesis that squirrel monkeys (characterized by grasping extremities with long digits) will be less dependent on the tail for balance than tamarins (characterized by claw-like nails, short digits, and a reduced hallux). Tamarins have relatively longer tails than squirrel monkeys, move their tails through greater angular amplitudes, at higher angular velocities, and with greater angular accelerations, suggesting dynamic use of tail to regulate whole-body angular momentum. By contrast, squirrel monkeys generally hold their tails in a comparatively stationary posture and at more depressed angles, suggesting a static counterbalancing mechanism. This study, the first empirical test of functional tradeoffs between grasping ability and tail use in arboreal primates, suggests a critical role for the tail in maintaining stability during arboreal quadrupedalism. Our findings have the potential to inform our functional understanding of tail loss during primate evolution. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 556–566, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dinitroaniline-Induced Genetic Changes in Bermudagrass

Off-type bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) continue to be a major concern on southern U.S. golf greens because of the disruption of surface uniformity and playability. The current study was undertaken to measure the genetic stability of six bermudagrass cultivars (Champion, Floradwarf. MS-Supreme, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, and Tifgreen) in response to the two dinitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin {N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitrobenzenamine) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N 4 N 4 -dipropylsuffanilamide), which are commonly applied for preemergent weed control in turf management. Four off-types (Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, Off-Type 3, and Off-Type 4) were derived from Champion treated with dinitroanilines during the experimental cycles. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis identified a total of 311 informative fragments with seven primer combinations, of which 162 (52.09%) were polymorphic. The number of polymorphisms detected per primer combination ranged from 18 to 27. The grouping of cultivars according to molecular and morphological data was made by multidimensional analyses: cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). Phenetic analysis as well as CDA revealed that all bermudagrasses and off-types were genetically diverse. Pairwise D 2 estimates ranged from 0.69 to 0.99 with Off-Type 3 being the most genetically dissimilar. Unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average analysis (UPGMA) produced two major clusters. The first contained the six bermudagrass cultivars and Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, and Off-Type 4, while Off-Type 3 formed the second cluster. Total gene diversity (H T ) across all bermudagrasses was estimated to be 0.15 and within Champion and derived off-types gene diversity (Hc) was 0.18. Cytological analysis as well as AFLP comparison with African bermudagrass (C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) supports our assertion that Off-Type 3 (2n = 38) is derived from common bermudagrass. In general, results suggest that dinitroaniline herbicide principles may be used as a pathway to understand the evolutionary processes and the origin of off-types in bermudagrass.
Combination of ray-trace and diffraction modeling to describe coupling laser diodes to fibers and waveguides

We describe a design tool for analyzing coupling between laser diodes and waveguides. The calculation includes adding system aberration information from a ray trace to a diffraction calculation in order to estimate the distribution of light incident on the waveguide. The overlap integral is used to calculate coupling efficiency. A simple example is given that analyzes coupling from a single-mode laser diode to a single-mode fiber using a ball lens. Calculations are compared with experimental results.
Cohomology of Aut(Fn) in the p-rank two case

Abstract For odd primes p, we examine H ∗ (Aut(F 2(p−1) ); Z (p) ) , the Farrell cohomology of the group of automorphisms of a free group F2(p−1) on 2(P−1) generators, with coefficients in the integers localized at the prime (p)⊂ Z . This extends results by Glover and Mislin (J. Pure Appl. Algebra 150 (2) (2000)), whose calculations yield H ∗ (Aut(F n ); Z (p) ) for n∈{p−1,p} and is concurrent with work by Chen (Farrell cohomology of automorphism groups of free groups of finite rank, Ohio State University Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbus, Ohio, 1998) where he calculates H ∗ (Aut(F n ); Z (p) ) for n∈{p+1,p+2}. The main tools used are Ken Brown's “normalizer spectral sequence” (Brown, Cohomology of Groups, Springer, Berlin, 1982), a modification of Krstic and Vogtmann's (Comment. Math. Helv. 68 (1993) 216–262) proof of the contractibility of fixed point sets for outer space, and a modification of the Degree Theorem of Hatcher and Vogtmann (J. London Math. Soc. (2) 58 (3)(1998) 633–655).
Improved crystal texture control for rare earth-transition metal magnetic films sputtered in ArXe gas mixtures

Abstract The influence of energetic neutral sputtered atoms impinging during the growth of crystalline textured rare earth transition metal films has been experimentally studied and modeled. The main system studied has been Sm 2 (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 17 films that have been directly crystallized by sputtering onto heated sapphire and polycrystalline Al 2 O 3 substrates. By varying the sputtering pressures and gas compositions, the composition of the films sputtered from the same targets could be shifted so that either a disordered hexagonal TbCu 7 -type structure was formed or, for richer samarium concentrations, a hexagonal 1–5-type structure was formed. Films exhibiting the TbCu 7 -type structure were the principal interest for these studies. The magnetic anisotropy field of these films was sufficiently high that the magnetic properties were a very sensitive indicator of the presence of crystallites that has c axes skewed out of the film plane. It has been possible to sputter such films, with thicknesses from 1 to more than 50 microm, with in-plane energy products of about 20 MG Oe in ArXe sputtering gas mixtures such that no crystallites that have c axes skewed out of the film plane can be detected. A principal result of the modeling which uses a distribution of sputtered neutral atom energies, is that the fraction of non-thermal atoms striking the crystallizing films can be appreciably lowered by using ArXe mixtures at much lower total pressures than if argon alone were used as the sputtering gas.
Upregulation of Hemoglobin Expression by Oxidative Stress in Hepatocytes and Its Implication in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Recent studies revealed that hemoglobin is expressed in some non-erythrocytes and it suppresses oxidative stress when overexpressed. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study was designed to investigate whether hemoglobin is expressed in hepatocytes and how it is related to oxidative stress in NASH patients. Analysis of microarray gene expression data revealed a significant increase in the expression of hemoglobin alpha (HBA1) and beta (HBB) in liver biopsies from NASH patients. Increased hemoglobin expression in NASH was validated by quantitative real time PCR. However, the expression of hematopoietic transcriptional factors and erythrocyte specific marker genes were not increased, indicating that increased hemoglobin expression in NASH was not from erythropoiesis, but could result from increased expression in hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated positive HBA1 and HBB expression in the hepatocytes of NASH livers. Hemoglobin expression was also observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, treatment with hydrogen peroxide, a known oxidative stress inducer, increased HBA1 and HBB expression in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. Importantly, hemoglobin overexpression suppressed oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. We concluded that hemoglobin is expressed by hepatocytes and oxidative stress upregulates its expression. Suppression of oxidative stress by hemoglobin could be a mechanism to protect hepatocytes from oxidative damage in NASH.
Steinzeit‐Gene machen Tibeter höhentauglich

Wir aus dem Tiefland haben in Tibet erhebliche Probleme mit der dunnen Luft auf uber 4000 m Hohe, wahrend die Tibeter an den niedrigen Sauerstoffgehalt angepasst sind. Bei ihnen ist nicht wie bei uns der Hamoglobingehalt stark erhoht, bei Tibetern ist das Gen fur einen Transkriptionsfaktor verandert, der bei niedrigem Sauerstoffgehalt aktiviert wird. Die besonderen Polymorphismen in diesem Gen belegen, dass die Vorfahren der Tibeter sich mit dem Denisova-Menschen vermischt haben, einer Menschengattung, die eng mit Neandertalern, aber auch mit Homo sapiens verwandt ist.
Ten Simple (Empirical) Rules for Writing Science

“. . .though a Philosopher need not be sollicitous that his style should delight its Reader with his Floridnesse, yet I think he may very well be allow’d to take a Care that it disgust not his Reader by its Flatness, especially when he does not so much deliver Experiments or explicate them, as make Reflections or Discourses on them; for on such Occasions he may be allow’d the liberty of recreating his Reader and himself, and manifesting that he declin’d the Ornaments of Language, not out of Necessity, but Discretion. . .”—Robert Boyle, Proemial Essay [1].
School-based cardiovascular disease prevention studies: Review and synthesis

Purpose: Since the late 1970s numerous school-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programs have been developed and tested in this country and abroad, some addressing exclusively CVD, others addressing the relevant risk factors through a more comprehensive approach. This paper reviews 16 major school-based CVD prevention trials, and synthesizes results through semiquantitative meta-eval-uation. Methods: Studies were identified through the Medline database, bibliographies of published studies, and colleague referral. Only studies that used a comparison group, and assessed at least one major CVD physiologic risk factor or two non-physiologic CVD risk factors were considered. Results are presented using an effect ratio (ER), a semiquantitative method for summarizing outcomes across health promotion interventions. Two types of ERs were computed. The first, the weighted ER, was computed by adding the number of positive intervention effects, defined as any comparison with a reported p value less than 0.05 in the direction favoring the intervention group, and dividing this by the number of total comparisons made. In the second method, the unweighted ER, cell averages by study outcome (e.g., diet or lipids) were first computed from which a mean of the cell averages was generated. Results: Across the 16 studies, the weighted ER was 31% (range 8% to 83%), that is, significant positive effects were observed for 158 of the 502 comparisons reported between treatment and comparison groups. The unweighted ER was 43% (range 2% to 98%). Positive effects were observed more frequently for smoking (80%), cognitive (65%), and fitness (36%) outcomes with lower rates observed for blood pressure (18%) and adiposity measures (16%). Conclusions: School-based CVD prevention programs have the potential to make a substantial contribution to improving child and adolescent risk. Program effects appear greater for smoking and cognitive outcomes than other behavioral and physiologic outcomes. Strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of school-based CVD programs include refining intervention content, improving implementation, and incorporating such programs within the school’s broader health and educational systems.
Effective Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis with Dorsiflexion Night Splints: A Crossover Prospective Randomized Outcome Study

Chronic plantar fasciitis frustrates patients and treating physicians. Our hypothesis was that use of a dorsiflexion night splint for 1 month would effectively treat patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. A 6-month randomized crossover study included 37 patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Patients were treated with dorsiflexion night splints for 1 month. Group A wore splints for the 1st month and group B for the 2nd month. No splints were used in either group for the final 4 months of the study. No other medications, stretching, or strengthening exercises were prescribed. Eighty-eight percent of patients who completed the study improved. Eighty percent of the involved feet improved subjectively. Results of the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Rating System and the Mayo Clinical Scoring System demonstrated significant improvement for both groups during the period of splint wear. Improvements were maintained at study completion. Response to splinting did not correlate with foot type, degree of obesity, or the presence of heel spur on radiographs. We believe dorsiflexion splints provide relief from the symptoms of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis in the majority of patients.