cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species contribution to seasonal productivity of a mixed pasture under two sward grazing height regimes

Mixed pastures often include tall and short plant species that respond differently to grazing intensity. We evaluated the effect of two rotational grazing height regimes on species productivity and availability to animals. We compared tall and short grazing height regimes within current recommendations in a Pennsylvania pasture dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and grazed by cow-calf (Bos taurus) pairs. Orchardgrass height defined grazing regimes. Tall pastures were grazed from 27 cm down to 7 cm and short pastures from 20 to 5 cm from April 1998 to May 2000. Before each grazing period, herbage was sampled at grazing regime residual heights of 7 or 5 cm (herbage harvested) and at ground level (herbage mass). Species harvest index (HI) was calculated as the ratio of herbage harvested over live herbage mass to compare herbage availability among species and grazing regimes. In tall vs. short pastures, there was 50% more herbage harvested at each grazing event and 23% more total herbage harvested over the 2.3-yr experiment. Higher production was mainly due to orchardgrass (51% more herbage harvested in tall vs. short pastures) and tall legumes. Herbage harvested decreased during dry, warm periods independent of season, with bluegrass decreasing most. Orchardgrass HI was highest, quackgrass (Elytrigia repens L.) and bluegrass His were intermediate, and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) HI was lowest. Small differences in grazing height recommendations had significant effects. Tall grazing heights increased productivity and favored tall-growing species that had higher harvest indices.
Laser annealing of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Changes in the crystalline morphology and thermal behavior of amorphous poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) films have been effected by irradiation with a continuous wave CO2 laser. At high laser scan rate and power, PEEK films melt and requench into amorphous transparent films. At a scanning velocity of 14 μm/s and incident intensities ≥ 4.8 W/cm2 and a Gaussian beam radius of 1.63 mm, PEEK films crystallize “completely” above Tg on laser annealing. Irradiation of PEEK films on a quartz substrate reduces the cooling rate, allowing slower and more perfect recrystallization. Similar changes are effected by reducing the laser scan velocity or by increasing the laser power. Depending on the experimental conditions, laser induced recrystallization may occur on annealing above Tg or on cooling from the melt.
Porcine somatotropin decreases acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression in porcine adipose tissue.

Crossbred barrows were treated daily with porcine somatotropin (pST; 4 mg/d) from 79 to 127 kg BW to determine whether pST regulates the activity and gene expression of adipose tissue acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate limiting enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Administration of pST reduced ACC enzyme activity, protein content, and mRNA abundance in adipose tissue by 40 to 50%. When comparisons were made among all pigs, ACC enzyme activity and mRNA abundance were closely associated (r2 = .94). In summary, our results indicate that pST decreases ACC enzyme activity and that this is associated with a significant reduction in ACC mRNA abundance. We speculate that decreased ACC enzyme activity results from a reduction in ACC protein and that this occurs because pST reduces the abundance of mRNA available for translation.
Coordination and management of multicenter clinical studies in trauma: Experience from the PRospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study

Abstract Aim Early death due to hemorrhage is a major consequence of traumatic injury. Transfusion practices differ among hospitals and it is unknown which transfusion practices improve survival. This report describes the experience of the PRospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study Data Coordination Center in designing and coordinating a study to examine transfusion practices at ten Level 1 trauma centers in the US. Methods PROMMTT was a multisite prospective observational study of severely injured transfused trauma patients. The clinical sites collected real-time information on the timing and amounts of blood product infusions as well as colloids and crystalloids, vital signs, initial diagnostic and clinical laboratory tests, life saving interventions and other clinical care data. Results Between July 2009 and October 2010, PROMMTT screened 12,561 trauma admissions and enrolled 1245 patients who received one or more blood transfusions within 6h of Emergency Department (ED) admission. A total of 297 massive transfusions were observed over the course of the study at a combined rate of 5.0 massive transfusion patients/week. Conclusion PROMMTT is the first multisite study to collect real-time prospective data on trauma patients requiring transfusion. Support from the Department of Defense and collaborative expertise from the ten participating centers helped to demonstrate the feasibility of prospective trauma transfusion studies. The observational data collected from this study will be an invaluable resource for research in trauma surgery and it will guide the design and conduct of future randomized trials.
Adsorption enhanced steam reforming of methanol for hydrogen generation in conjunction with fuel cell: Process design and reactor dynamics

Abstract This work focuses on a preliminary investigation of hydrogen generation using adsorption enhanced reforming (AER) of methanol in packed-bed reactors. A process design of AER in conjunction with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is conducted using Honeywell UniSim ® Design software. A time-dependent model based on detailed reaction kinetics from the literature is developed to describe the reactor dynamics during both reforming and regeneration steps. It is shown that AER of methanol has a potential to efficiently generate hydrogen in portable fuel cell applications. Implications for ongoing experimental studies are discussed.
Nocturnal EEG profiles and performance.

Statistical analysis of baseline nocturnal EEG profiles identified two groups of Ss (a restless and quiet set) who differed in their performance efficiency under acute sleep deprivation. The restless group with less slow-wave sleep, more body movements, more awakenings, more transitions from stage to stage, and longer sleep latencies showed greatest sleep-loss decrement. On the first night of recovery sleep, the sleep profiles of the two groups were virtually identical, but by the third recovery night, the restless group was again showing signs of disturbed sleep. Within each group, all Ss had highly systematic stage-of-sleep cycles, forming Markov chains of at least order one.
Polarization-based optical imaging and processing techniques with application to the cancer diagnostics

In this investigation, a polarization-based imaging system is developed and described that measures the two-dimensional effective backscattering Mueller matrix of a sample in near real-time. As is well known, a Mueller matrix can provide considerable information on the makeup and optical characteristics of a sample and also directly describes how the sample transforms an incident light beam. The ability to measure the two-dimensional Mueller matrix of a biological sample, therefore, can provide considerable information on the sample composition as well as the potential to reveal significant structural information that normally would not be visible through standard imaging techniques. Additional information can also be obtained through the application of image-processing, decomposition, and reconstruction techniques that operate directly on the 2D Mueller matrix. Using the developed system, it is shown how the induction of internal strain within the sample coupled with image reconstruction and decomposition techniques can further improve image contrast and aid in the detection of boundaries between tissues of different biomechanical and structural properties. The studies presented were performed with both rat tissue and a melanoma-based tissue culture. The results demonstrate how these techniques could provide information that may be of diagnostic value in the physical detection of malignant lesion boundaries.
High-altitude pulmonary edema in children.

• A 15-year-old boy with recurrent high-altitude pulmonary edema had previously been mistakenly treated for asthma and pneumonia. Clinical manifestations of this disorder, its etiology, treatment, and prevention are discussed. (Am J Dis Child131:687-689, 1977)
Why do the S0→S1(nπ*) and S0→T2(nπ*) transitions in acetophenone display different activity of the methyl group torsion?

Abstract It is demonstrated that different Franck-Condon activity of the methyl group torsion in the S 0 →S 1 (nπ*) and S 0 →T 2 (nπ*) absorption spectra of acetophenone results from the vibronic coupling of the nπ* and ππ* states by this torsion and from the proximity of the T 1 (ππ*) and T 2 (nπ*) states. Model calculations indicate that the origin of the T 1 (ππ*) state in a free molecu lies ≈ 200–400 cm −1 below the origin of the T 2 (nπ* ) state.
On the nature of the anhydride of the lactam of guanidinoglutaric acid

Abstract When glutamic acid is amidinated, guanidinoglutaric acid is formed. This is readily converted by boiling in water to its lactam [2-imino-4-oxo-5-(3′-propane acid) imidazolidine; GGAL]. In the present study GGAL is dehydrated to form a second lactam, anhydro-GGAL (AGGAL), with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The molecular weight of this compound was ascertained gravimetrically by precipitation with flavianic acid and by mass spectrography to be 153.14. UV and infrared spectra and hydrogen and 13 C NMR studies determined its structure as an imidazolidine ring fused to a pyrrol ring, 2-imino-4-oxo-imidazolidine-1,5-pyrrolidone-8. On paper electrophoresis, GGAL traveled to the anode, while AGGAL traveled to the cathode. On TLC plates (butanol 60, H 2 O 25, acetic 15), the R f value of GGAL was 0.42 and that of AGGAL was 0.38, confirming that AGGAL was more basic than GGAL. The preparation of 1,3-di-(phenylcarbamoyl)-GGAL is also described.
Thyroid Function in Developmental Disorders

The relationships between catecholamines and thyroid state are considered from clinical and molecular perspectives. The effects of thyroid hormone on adrenergic systems are mediated by altered receptor and post-receptor function. Clinical symptoms of major childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as related biological measures, may be influenced by thyroid hormone regulation.
Repression of SV40 T oncoprotein expression by DMSO.

SV40 large T oncoprotein-transformed murine mesenchymal 3T3 T stem cells (CSV3 cells) can be induced to growth arrest and then differentiate into adipocytes. When differentiation occurs, SV40 T oncoprotein expression is repressed (Estervig et al., J Virol 63:2713, 1989). To determine if repression of T oncoprotein expression can also be induced pharmacologically, the effect of a variety of agents that have been reported to effect differentiation in various cell types but not in 3T3 T or CSV3 cells was tested. This rationale suggests that if any of these agents repress T oncoprotein expression in CSV3 cells, then the results would establish that repression of T oncoprotein expression can be mediated by mechanisms independent of overt differentiation. The results show that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is the only agent tested that represses T oncoprotein expression in CSV3 cells. Repression occurs in a dosage-dependent manner within 24–96 hours after exposure to DMSO. The effect of DMSO on T oncoprotein expression is mediated by posttranslational mechanisms that decrease the stability of the T oncoprotein. DMSO-induced repression of T oncoprotein expression is also associated with reversion of the transformed phenotype in CSV3 cells as demonstrated by the loss of responsiveness to a specific transformation-associated mitogen. These data support the conclusion that the pharmacological repression of T oncoprotein expression represents a form of cancer suppressor activity that can be mediated by a distinct molecular mechanism. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An elderly woman with a warm, painful finger.

QUESTION: A 91-year-old Russian-speaking woman arrived by ambulance to the emergency department because she was having severe pain in her right middle finger. She has had swelling of her finger for about a year. Her physician had referred her to a dermatologist 2 weeks earlier, who started her on a regimen of warm soaks and an antibiotic. Two days earlier, the physician had attempted incision and drainage, but no purulent material was obtained. Physical examination revealed the finger shown in figures ​figures11 and ​and2.2. Palpation of the distal interphalangeal joint demonstrated firmness rather than fluctuance. Figure 1 Figure 2 What is the differential diagnosis, and what would you do next?
Therapy insight: Priapism associated with hematologic dyscrasias.

Priapism, particularly ischemic priapism, is uncommon in the general male population, but frequently occurs in men with hematologic dyscrasias such as sickle cell disease. In this review, Arthur Burnett focuses on the management of ischemic priapism, and stresses the need for prompt treatment in order to preserve erectile function in this group of men. Priapism is defined as a genuine erectile disorder, in which erection persists uncontrollably without sexual purpose. This disorder is often overlooked in comparison to other male sexual dysfunctions, principally because of its seeming rarity. Priapism, however, occurs frequently in certain patient populations, including those with hematologic dyscrasias. Most commonly, priapism affects patients with sickle cell disease. The reported prevalence rate in this group ranges between 29% and 42% of males. The significance of priapism is further emphasized by the fact that this disorder commonly causes erectile tissue damage and leads to the loss of functional erections. These observations highlight the need for proper clinical recognition of priapism in order to enable appropriate management. Here, the current knowledge of priapism as it relates to hematologic and coagulative diseases is discussed, with a focus on the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.
Introduction to Digital Design: A Paradigm-Based Approach

Introduction to digital design is a standard undergraduate course in computer science, and electrical and computer engineering curriculums at many universities. While there are a wide variety of teaching approaches which emphasize different topics and aspects of digital design, there are numerous strong conceptual and education similarities. We present three strategic objectives in this article. The first is to summarize our extensive experiences teaching, searching, and developing conceptually new and highly effective ways to prepare students in designing digital systems. The second objective is to present a paradigm-based teaching approach for designing large scale and detailed digital designs. The approach emphasizes structured heuristic thinking and the application of reusable synthesis rules and templates. Finally, to make the educational material intuitive and interactive, we have developed a set of games which leverage on design knowledge and skills for effective play.
Single-agent and combination therapy of essential hypertension

Patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were treated with beta-blockers and diuretics given separately and in combination. During single-drug therapy, the majority of patients exhibited clearly superior antihypertensive responses to either one type of drug or the other; only rarely were the beta-blockers and the diuretic equally effective in an individual patient. A poor response to diuretic therapy tended to predict a good response to a beta-blocker, and vice versa. Pretreatment renin measurements were not helpful in predicting the differing responses to single-drug treatment in this study population. These findings indicate that when one of these types of drug is ineffective as monotherapy in treating hypertension, the other type should be substituted before considering combination treatment. Combined therapy with the beta-blockers and diuretics also gave variable results, although poor antihypertensive responses could be attributed to excessive stimulation of the renin-aldosterone system by the diuretic component of the combination. The effectiveness of this form of treatment might thus be enhanced by the use of low diuretic doses.
Impact of Fuselage Cross Section on the Stability of a Generic Fighter

Many traditional data bases, which involved smooth-sided forebodies, are no longer relevant for designing advanced aircraft. The current work provides data on the impact of chined-shaped fuselage cross section on the stability of a generic fighter configuration. Two different chined-shaped fuselages were tested upright and inverted. It was found that a fuselage with a 30 degree included chine angle resulted in significantly higher values of Cl,max than a fuselage with a 100 degree included chine angle. This difference was attributed to the more beneficial vortical interaction between the stronger forebody vortices coming off of the sharper chine edges and the wing vortices. The longitudinal stability of the configuration with the sharper chine angle was also better because, based on pressures and flow visualization, the vortex burst over the wing was delayed until significantly higher values of alpha. Unstable rolling moment derivatives were also delayed to higher values of alpha for the sharper chine angle cross section. Furthermore, it was found that directional stability of both of the upright configurations, which had larger lofts in cross section above the chine lines than below the chine lines, was better than for the inverted configurations.
Cell prestress. I. Stiffness and prestress are closely associated in adherent contractile cells

The tensegrity hypothesis holds that the cytoskeleton is a structure whose shape is stabilized predominantly by the tensile stresses borne by filamentous structures. Accordingly, cell stiffness must increase in proportion with the level of the tensile stress, which is called the prestress. Here we have tested that prediction in adherent human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. Traction microscopy was used to measure the distribution of contractile stresses arising at the interface between each cell and its substrate; this distribution is called the traction field. Because the traction field must be balanced by tensile stresses within the cell body, the prestress could be computed. Cell stiffness (G) was measured by oscillatory magnetic twisting cytometry. As the contractile state of the cell was modulated with graded concentrations of relaxing or contracting agonists (isoproterenol or histamine, respectively), the mean prestress ((t)) ranged from 350 to 1,900 Pa. Over that range, cell stiffness increased linearly with the prestress: G (Pa) = 0.18(t) + 92. While this association does not necessarily preclude other interpretations, it is the hallmark of systems that secure shape stability mainly through the prestress. Regardless of mechanism, these data establish a strong association between stiffness of HASM cells and the level of tensile stress within the cytoskeleton.
Effect of anger and trait forgiveness on cardiovascular risk in young adult females.

High trait anger is linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A potential antidote to the cardiotoxic influence of anger is trait forgiveness (TF), as it has shown associations with improved blood pressure (BP) and cardiovagal tone regulation in cardiac patients. However, it has yet to be determined if anger and forgiveness independently predict cardiovascular parameters. Trait anger (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2) and TF (Tendency to Forgive Scale) were evaluated in 308 (M = 21.11years ± SD = 2.52) healthy female volunteers allocated to 3 related, yet distinct, studies. Hierarchical multiple regressions tested the incremental contribution of TF after accounting for anger. Study 1 assessed autonomic modulation through beat-to-beat BP and spectral analysis to examine sympathovagal balance and baroreflex functioning. Study 2 used tonometry and pulse wave analysis for aortic hemodynamics. Study 3 assessed 24-hour ambulatory BP and ambulatory arterial stiffness index. Hierarchical models demonstrated that anger was significantly associated with increased sympathovagal tone, increased hemodynamic indices, high ambulatory BPs, and attenuated BP variability and baroreflex. In contrast, TF was associated with more favorable hemodynamic effects (i.e., decreased ventricular work and myocardial oxygen consumption). In conclusion, these results demonstrate divergent cardiovascular effects of anger and forgiveness, such that anger is associated with a more cardiotoxic autonomic and hemodynamic profile, whereas TF is associated with a more cardioprotective profile. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at decreasing anger while increasing forgiveness may be clinically relevant.
Information Capacity of Radiation Detectors

In Part I of this series of two papers, it was explicitly postulated that the internal noise of the detector was large compared with the noise produced by steady radiation falling on the detector (radiation noise). In this Part II both kinds of noise are taken into account. In a sense, therefore, the present paper includes Part I. But in another sense the scope of the present paper is more restricted because the greater complexity with respect to the sources of noise has made it desirable to use throughout the simplifying assumption that was used only in Sec. 3 of Part I.The emphasis is given not to the information capacity itself, but to the information efficiency, which is the information capacity divided by the mean power of the beam.A parameter β is introduced that is a measure of the relative amount of the radiation noise and the internal detector noise when the mean signal power is chosen optimally. When β is zero, only radiation noise is present, and when β is infinite, only the internal noise is present. In Sec. 6 the information efficiency I is derived as a function of the parameter β. The two cases represented by the extreme values of β are discussed in Secs. 4 and 5. In Sec. 4 it is found that with symmetrical signal modulation, the maximum possible information efficiency is equal to the detective quantum efficiency of the detector. When, however, nonsymmetrical modulation is permitted, then the maximum possible information efficiency may be greater and is equal to QD multiplied by log2(1/p), where p is the probability that the gate is open.The information efficiency in bits per photon is calculated in Sec. 8, for five different kinds of detectors: a multiplier phototube, human vision, photographic films, an image orthicon, and heat detectors. An error was made in Part I in the calculation of the information efficiency of the 1P21 phototube; the error is corrected in Sec. 8.
Land Availability for Biofuel Production

Marginal agricultural land is estimated for biofuel production in Africa, China, Europe, India, South America, and the continental United States, which have major agricultural production capacities. These countries/regions can have 320-702 million hectares of land available if only abandoned and degraded cropland and mixed crop and vegetation land, which are usually of low quality, are accounted. If grassland, savanna, and shrubland with marginal productivity are considered for planting low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native perennials as energy crops, the total land availability can increase from 1107-1411 million hectares, depending on if the pasture land is discounted. Planting the second generation of biofuel feedstocks on abandoned and degraded cropland and LIHD perennials on grassland with marginal productivity may fulfill 26-55% of the current world liquid fuel consumption, without affecting the use of land with regular productivity for conventional crops and without affecting the current pasture land. Under the various land use scenarios, Africa may have more than one-third, and Africa and Brazil, together, may have more than half of the total land available for biofuel production. These estimations are based on physical conditions such as soil productivity, land slope, and climate.
Argument Relevance as the Right Kind of Epistemic Reason

A defense of the view that there is a central purpose in presenting an argument: to establish its conclusion, and so to secure belief in it. Relevance is then relevance to that purpose. To deem a statement relevant to an argument is to claim that it functions as a kind of epistemic reason pertaining to the cogency of an argument to establish its conclusion. Criticism of Walton's dialogue-relative understanding of relevance, as well as the probabilistic criterion of relevance or evidence.
Use of Cell Lines in the Investigation of Pharmacogenetic Loci

Drug response and toxicity, complex traits that are often highly varied among individuals, likely involve multiple genetic and non-genetic factors. Pharmacogenomic research aims to individualize therapy in an effort to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity for each patient. Cell lines can be used as a model system for cellular pharmacologic effects, which include, but are not limited to, drug-induced cytotoxicity or apoptosis, biochemical effects and enzymatic reactions. Because severe toxicities may be associated with drugs such as chemotherapeutics, cell lines derived from healthy individuals or patients provide a convenient model to study how human genetic variation alters response to these drugs that would be unsafe or unethical to administer to human volunteers. In addition to the traditional candidate gene approaches that focus on well-understood candidate genes and pathways, the availability of extensive genotypic and phenotypic data on some cell line models has begun to allow genome-wide association (GWA) studies to simultaneously test the entire human genome for associations with drug response and toxicity. Though with some important limitations, the use of these cell lines in pharmacogenomic discovery demonstrates the promise of constructing a more comprehensive model that may ultimately integrate both genetic and non-genetic factors to predict individual response and toxicity to anticancer drugs.
On the masses and energies of finite bodies in general relativity theory

Abstract The various masses and energies of finite bodies are discussed in this paper. It is shown that the well known Einstein relation between the mass and energy of a material particle is obtained as an approximation from the exact relation between the material mass and energy of an arbitrary body when the latter can be classified as a particle.
Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process

The adaptive responses of the body that maintain homeostasis in response to stressors can be called "allostasis", meaning "achieving stability through change". Mediators produced by the immune system, autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis produce allostasis. The brain also shows allostasis, involving the activation of nerve cell activity and the release of neurotransmitters. When the individual is challenged repeatedly or when the allostatic systems remain turned on when no longer needed, the mediators of allostasis can produce a wear and tear on the body and brain that has been termed "allostatic load". Examples of allostatic load include the accumulation of abdominal fat, the loss of bone minerals and the atrophy of nerve cells in the hippocampus. Studies of the hippocampus as a target of stress and sex hormones have revealed a considerable degree of structural plasticity and remodeling in the adult brain that differs between the sexes. Three forms of hippocampal structural plasticity are affected by circulating hormones: (1) repeated stress causes remodeling of dendrites in the CA3 region; (2) different modalities of stress suppress neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons; (3) ovarian steroids regulate synapse formation during the estrous cycle of female rats. All three forms of structural remodeling of the hippocampus are mediated by hormones working in concert with excitatory amino acids (EAA) and NMDA receptors. EAA and NMDA receptors are also involved in neuronal death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures, by ischemia and by severe and prolonged psychosocial stress. The aging brain seems to be more vulnerable to such effects, although there are considerable individual differences in vulnerability that can be developmentally determined. Moreover, the brain retains considerable resilience in the face of stress, and estrogens appear to play a role in this resilience. "Resilience is an example of successful allostasis in which wear and tear is minimized, and estrogens exemplify the type of agent that works against the allostatic load associated with aging." This review discusses the current status of work on underlying mechanisms for protection and damage.
High-resolution polymer separations in a four-pass hairpin thermal field-flow fractionation column

A thin-channel four-pass hairpin thermal field-flow fractionation (FFF) column is described, and the advantages of its unique dimensional characteristics are explained. The problem of isolating the performance of this and other separations columns from the ubiquitous polydispersity effects are discussed and treated theoretically. The discussion is extended to size exclusion chromatography, and it is shown that the 2 to 6 times lower selectivity of the latter compared to FFF leads to the requirement for 4 to 36 times more theoretical plates to encounter polydispersity effects and thereby obtain information on polymer molecular weight distribution. A fractogram of six narrow polystyrene samples obtained from the hairpin system is shown to imitate closely the fractograms obtained from two totally different thermal FFF columns, showing that polydispersity dominates and that molecular weight information is revealed for these samples with only a few hundred theoretical plates. Various experimental and theoretical attempts are made to isolate the polydispersity and column contributions to plate height, including cut-and-recycle experiments, the observation of plate height versus velocity curves, and the direct calculation of the contributing effects. The various methods are subject to moderate errors, but are in rough agreement. The plate height plots show that the polydispersity effect contributed 53% and 68% to the measured plate height for 51,000 and 160,000 molecular weight samples, respectively. The latter polymer is shown to emerge with ca. 1300 true column plates. It is suggested that much higher column efficiency will be observed in the future if higher retention levels can be experimentally realized.
Selection of induction therapy in kidney transplantation

Currently available immunosuppressive agents can be classified into three categories: induction agents, maintenance therapy, and treatment for rejection. This review article will focus on induction immunosuppression. There are three antibodies which are used for induction therapy: the lymphocyte-depleting agents - anti-thymocyte globulin and alemtuzumab, and basiliximab which is nondepleting. Historically, immunosuppressant selection was solely based on efficacy for prevention of rejection. In the current era of transplantation, it is now common practice in the transplant community to select induction therapy on the basis of risk-benefit considerations for each patient. This article will focus on the efficacy of available induction agents and the selection of induction agent based on donor and recipient risk factors.
Gender and Schizophrenia Outcome: A Clinical Trial of an Inpatient Family Intervention

Several studies document sex differences in premorbid and intermorbid role functioning, showing less functional deficit among females. The specific nature of sex differences in role functioning is still poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate sex differences in symptomatology and role functioning in a sample of 92 inpatients hospitalized for an episode of DSM-III-diagnosed schizophrenic disorder. Patients were randomized at hospital admission to either of two treatment conditions: (1) multimodal hospital treatment with the addition of an inpatient family intervention (IFI) or (2) multimodal hospital treatment without IFI. Results indicated (1) sex differences in levels of substance abuse and antisocial behavior (worse for males both at admission and followup)--dimensions of psychopathology unrelated to the core features of schizophrenia; (2) superior family and occupational functioning in females at followup; and (3) superior clinical response of females to IFI. Data on family response to IFI suggest some ameliorative effects of IFI on critical family attitudes toward female patients as well as greater family compliance with IFI treatment among the families of females. Sex differences in intermorbid family and occupational functioning and response to a family-based psychosocial intervention are discussed in light of data on rejecting family attitudes toward the patient and sex differences in symptomatology. The possible influence of sex-differentiated social role demands on response to IFI is also discussed.
Persistent Right Umbilical Vein as a Result of Vitamin Deficiency During Gestation

Of the two umbilical veins formed in young rat embryos, the right regresses early while the left persists until birth. In a number of rat fetuses from mothers subjected to a transitory deficiency of pteroylglutamic ("folic") acid during pregnancy, this pattern was reversed and the right, instead of the left, umbilical vein persisted until birth. In such cases, the ductus venosus was always absent. No record of persistent right umbilical vein has been found in the literature.
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Prostatic Tissues

Prostate cancer has a high rate of incidence in the United State with over 27,000 deaths attributed to the disease in 2006. The current screening methods of digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) monitoring are extremely sensitive to physiological changes in the prostate, however their specificity is limited leading to one in four patients biopsied having negative findings for cancer. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the prostate may provide a clinical tool for improving the ability to differentiate between malignant tissue and benign abnormalities in the prostate. We have collected freshly excised prostates from 13 men immediately following radical prostatectomy. The prostates were sectioned into 3 mm slices and EIS measurements were recorded from each of the slices using a bipolar configuration over the frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The area probed was marked so that after tissue fixation and slide preparation, histological assessment could be correlated directly with the recorded EIS spectra. Here we present a statistical analysis of these measurements along with the methodology used for data collection.
The LAIDS/LIDS framework for systematic IPS design

The recent outbreaks of extremely fast spreading worms highlight the inadequacy of the current patching approach. Intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) that automatically generate and apply protection to client systems have been proposed as a solution. Despite all the effort in this area, the design of IPSs remains a difficult, ad hoc process. In this paper, we propose the LAIDS/LIDS framework for systematic design of IPS. A major advantage of our framework is that IPSs designed in this framework have a very simple countermeasure-generation process. To better illustrate our idea, we have implemented a prototype IPS, the Lazy Shepherding IPS, based on our framework. Evaluation shows that the prototype is effective against all tested attacks, and incurs an overhead of less than 3% when it is configured to defend against a large number of attacks. Our prototype also avoids a lot of practical problems faced by many other IPSs.
How complex are complex words? Evidence from linearization

There is considerable disagreement between theories of morphology concerning the complexity attached to words consisting of more than one morpheme. While, e.g., Distributed Morphology views complex words as a hierarchical structure of individual pieces associated with morpho-syntactic features, inferential frameworks such as A-Morphous Morphology and Paradigm Function Morphology treat complex words as morphologically simplex, consisting merely of a phonological string without any morphological constituent structure. Based on evidence from the Bolivian language Baure this paper argues that the restrictiveness of the latter view prevents an elegant analysis of certain syncretism patterns. The pervasive property of the Baure paradigm is that all agreement markers may appear in word-initial and work-final positions. This pattern can only be directly expressed in the analysis if complex words actually have more than just phonological structure. The argument thus challenges rule-based frameworks of morphology.
Encapsulation and Ostwald Ripening of Au and Au–Cl Complex Nanostructures in Silica Shells†

We report a general template strategy for rational fabrication of a new class of nanostructured materials consisting of multicore shell particles. Our approach is demonstrated by encapsulating Au or Pt nanoparticles in silica shells. Other superstructures of these hollow shells, like dimers, trimers, and tetramers can also be formed by nanoparticle-mediated self-assembly. We have also used the as-prepared multicore Au–silica hollow particles to perform the first studies of Ostwald ripening in confined microspace, in which chloride was found to be an efficient mediating ligand. After treatment with aqua regia, Au–Cl complex is formed inside the shell, and is found to be very active under in situ transmission electron microscopy observations while confined in a microcell. This aspect of the work is expected to motivate further in situ studies of confined crystal growth.
Gene-environment interaction in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus can best be characterized as a disorder of gluco-regulation due to the insufficient production of a single critical hormone: insulin. Since the middle of the last century the most efficient pharmacologic solution has been to administer the hormone to the patient daily. Increasingly sophisticated dosing schedules together with the availability of recombinant variants of the hormone have succeeded in granting normal lifespan to type 1 diabetics. Nevertheless, no matter the degree of sophistication, current even aggressive regimens have not proven capable of faithfully recapitulating the normal performance of the endogenous insulin producing beta cells in response to glucose. This limit leads to the inevitable principal causes of morbidity and mortality associated with T1D, namely the complications of kidney and heart together with ocular and neural diseases. While insulin replacement continues to be the primary treatment, the need to establish physiologic gluco-regulation in order to avoid complications has led to multiple avenues of alternative interventions, most of which are at the experimental stage. What all of these interventions have in common, however, is the hurdle imposed by the immune system at the level of ongoing autoimmunity and, in some cases, at the level of transplant rejection by the host. Autoimmunity in T1D is characterized by an inflammatory response against the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, a chronic inflammation around and in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans termed “peri-insulitis” and “insulitis”, respectively. As studied in the two classic rodent models of the disease (diabetes-prone BioBreeding, DP-BB, rat and non obese diabetic, NOD, prone mouse), early on in the acute phase of the immune attack the islets exhibit an abundant cell infiltration by mononuclear cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). With time, T-cells become the major constituent of the insulitis and are responsible for the greatest beta cell damage and destruction. The clinical onset manifests once the number of surviving beta cells cannot secrete sufficient insulin to satisfy the body’s needs. A strong genetic predisposition is a conditio sine qua non of T1D and a large body of studies support that key genetic susceptibility loci affect the genesis, function and survival of immune cell subsets. To understand the critical role played by the genetic predisposition in T1D, it is necessary to consider the processes that shape Diabetes mellitus hoy
A Trip to the Past and Future of Educational Computing: Understanding Its Evolution

Although machine use in education was introduced in the 1920s with instructional radio and 1950s with instructional television, these technologies lacked one of the most important components of learning - interaction. Computers have filled this void. The functions they have served, the ways they have been used, and the terms they have been given have changed since their introduction to our schools, but their rooted presence in our educational lives has continually increased over time. Our in-depth review of the literature illustrated that there are three distinct periods of educational computing based on the predominant computer technologies and computer functions of the time. We named these three periods the "Mainframe Period", "Microcomputer Period", and "Internet Period". Taking the past and current trends into account and considering such shifts in society as moving from standardization to customization and personalization, from proprietary resources to open resources and from using different tools for different functions to convergence of functionalities in one tool. We propose the next period, which we call the "Personalized Computing Period", in which the predominant computer technology will be "Personalized Integrated Educational Systems" that serve four major functions to support the information-age paradigm of education: Record-keeping, planning, instruction, and assessment, as well as such secondary functions as communication, general student data, school personnel information and system administration.
Building Data Infrastructure to Evaluate and Improve Quality: PCORnet

The goal of PCORnet is to create a community of research that includes patients, clinicians, and health care delivery systems to improve the nation's ability to conduct comparative-effectiveness research.
(Invited) Material and Device Integration for Hybrid III-V/SiGe CMOS Technology

A dense co-integration of nano-scaled InGaAs n-FETs and SiGe p-FETs is envisaged for future low power and high performance CMOS in sub-10 nm regime. It is, therefore, essential to have a scalable material and device integration scheme for such a hybrid CMOS. In this paper we report InGaAs integration methods on large scale Si substrates through wafer bonding or selective epitaxy. We then show high performance InGaAs-OI device integration routes. Based on these integration schemes, we further discuss strategies for scaled InGaAs/SiGe hybrid CMOS in 2D and 3D integration platforms.
Comments on a case of pure word deafness

Perception of speech is effortless under most circumstances; this may explain why the complexity of this cognitive process is so often unappreciated. While most other sounds in the environment are acoustically very distinctive, the 30 or 40 speech sounds people make are discriminable only by rapid analysis of rather subtle acoustic cues. Given the importance of language, it seems plausible not only that our auditory system evolved a degree of specialization for handling such analyses, but also that this specialization should assimilate substantial neural resources. Recent work in comparative physiology and human brain imaging suggests, in fact, that much of the superior temporal gyrus in humans is devoted to this perceptual feat.
Improving Relationship Selling Through Failure Analysis and Recovery Efforts: A Framework and Call to Action

Despite widespread recognition that relationship selling should focus on long-term, mutually satisfying buyer–seller relationships, current conceptualizations overlook two important components: salesperson failure analysis and recovery efforts. This paper proposes that salespeople should be trained in five intertwined skill set areas of failure analysis and recovery efforts: failure identification; failure attribution; recovery strategy selection; recovery implementation; and tracking, monitoring, and evaluating effectiveness. This paper is intended to (1) stimulate empirical investigations regarding these two important areas of study and (2) provide a framework to facilitate sales training in failure analysis and recovery efforts.
Polymers as Ophthalmic Lubricating Agents

Physio-chemical properties such as coefficients of friction between low energy surfaces (PMMA/PMMA), surface tension, contact angle and viscosity of various water soluble polymer solutions ( 3–62cp) were measured at ambient temperature. The results showed that the surface tension and the contact angle are independent of viscosity of each polymer. The analysis of the data revealed that the system is operating in a region of “Boundary Lubrication”. It is seen, beyond 30 cp viscosity of almost all polymer solutions, the coefficient friction has been found to be independent of viscosity. Polyvinyl alcohol appears to have better lubricity in the vicinity of 30 cp viscosity or lower values than the cellulose derivatives and dextran. Hydrophobic interaction between PMMA surface and vinyl backbone may be responsible for this observation. It appears that the coefficient of friction of these polymer solutions depends on the structure, conformation and adsorption characteristics of polymers as well as surface characteristics of sliding surfaces, load, speed and viscosity.
Low temperature annealing effects on magnetron sputtered Ni(V)/Al reactive coatings

Reactive nanofoil coatings of magnetron-sputtered aluminum and nickel/vanadium bilayers were characterized for reliable debonding of segmented carbon composite or metallic structures to be used in future Army applications. We determined the initiation energies of multilayer stacks by discharging an electric spark from a fixed capacitor bank and varying DC voltage before and after low temperature annealing, which resulted in varying amounts of interfacial interdiffusion observable by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). The propagation velocity of the reaction was also measured using high speed video photography. Significant increases in initiation energy and decreasing propagation velocities were observed with increasing anneal times and temperatures, in agreement with the RBS results and existing literature discussion of reaction mechanisms. Initiation sensitivity and propagation velocity were both impacted by varying the stoichiometric ratio of Al and Ni/V, and the propagation rate was also affected by the nature of the substrate. These results allow for the optimization of both reliable initiation and long term, low temperature storage stability of the final reactive coatings for debonding applications.