cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property and Licensing in the Commercial Space Age

The commercial space industry is undergoing a paradigm shift from the time when governments and very large space companies dominated the industry. A confluence of laws allowing commercial space companies to operate in unprecedented ways, new technologies enabling new commercial space applications, and an influx of risk capital has drastically changed the space industry landscape. As small and medium-sized companies enter the commercial space realm, they will seek a competitive advantage, and universities and the NASA space centers are positioned to offer such advantages. The commercial space industry has recently become an active area of technology partnering and licensing, even for technologies that have experienced poor licensing performance in the past. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is seeing unprecedented technology transfer activity in the areas of spacecraft navigation, mission design, space antennas, thrusters, radio occultation, and specialized satellites. Intellectual property rights and partnering play a crucial role in the ability of the private sector to invest in these technologies and to drive space technologies forward. Participants in this burgeoning field seek the most cutting-edge innovations to attain a competitive advantage, and it is crucial for those in the university and public sector to gain an understanding of the market forces that are driving the commercial space business.
Health Risks Due To Climate Change: Inequity In Causes And Consequences

Climate change has altered global to local weather patterns and increased sea levels, and it will continue to do so. Average temperatures, precipitation amounts, and other variables such as humidity levels are all rising. In addition, weather variability is increasing, causing, for example, a greater number of heat waves, many of which are more intense and last longer, and more floods and droughts. These changes are collectively increasing the number of injuries, illnesses, and deaths from a wide range of climate-sensitive health outcomes. Future health risks will be determined not just by the hazards created by a changing climate but also by the sensitivity of individuals and communities exposed to these hazards and the capacity of health systems to prepare for and effectively manage the attendant risks. These risks include deaths and injuries from extreme events (for example, heat waves, storms, and floods), infectious diseases (including food-, water-, and vectorborne illnesses), and food and water insecurity. These risks are unevenly distributed and both create new inequities and exacerbate those that already exist. Most of these risks are projected to increase with each additional unit of warming. Using an equity lens to move beyond incremental to transformational resilience would reduce vulnerability and improve sustainability for all, but substantial additional funding is required for proactive and effective actions by the health system.
Magnetic resonance imaging glossary of findings of pediatric pancreatitis and the revised Atlanta classification

While still uncommon, the incidence of acute pancreatitis in children has been increasing over the last two decades. The Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis, developed for adults, stratifies cases of acute pancreatitis based on imaging and clinical criteria. This classification scheme allows for standardized use of terminology to facilitate treatment and prognostication. Although US and CT should be used in critical or unstable patients, MRI is an ideal imaging modality in pediatric patients with acute pancreatitis because of its ability to characterize tissue without ionizing radiation. We review MRI examples specific to Atlanta classification terminology in pediatric patients. Chronic pancreatitis has also been increasingly diagnosed in children, and imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of this insidious disease. MRI with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the optimal modality for assessing the pancreas in a child with known or suspected chronic pancreatitis because it provides tissue characterization and high-contrast imaging of the pancreatic duct without the use of invasive instrumentation or ionizing radiation. We also review and demonstrate accepted MRI findings of chronic pancreatitis.
Hemoglobin Great Lakes (β68 [E12] Leucine → Histidine): A New High-Affinity Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin Great Lakes, β68 (E12) Leu → His is a new high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variant discovered in a 29-yr-old female having numerous hospitalizations for thrombophlebitis associated with mild erythrocytosis. The mutant hemoglobin has normal stability and normal electrophoretic mobility, but increased oxygen affinity (P-50 16.1 mm Hg at 37°C, pH 7.4) and reduced cooperativity. The abnormal β-chain could be separated on globin chain chromatography on carboxymethyl/cellulose in spite of the normal electrophoretic mobility of the intact hemoglobin. The leucyl residue at β68th position (E12) is in the middle of E-helix, which is part of the heme pocket and next to the valine (E11), which is the heme binding site. The substitution of proline for leucine in hemoglobin Mizuho resulted in the distortion of tertiary structure of the β-chains and lead to a serious instability of hemoglobin molecule. However, the substitution of this residue by histidine in hemoglobin Great Lakes is not associated with hemoglobin instability.
Concordia: teaching the 5G vRAN to share compute

Virtualized Radio Access Network (vRAN) offers a cost-efficient solution for running the 5G RAN as a virtualized network function (VNF) on commodity hardware. The vRAN is more efficient than traditional RANs, as it multiplexes several base station workloads on the same compute hardware. Our measurements show that, whilst this multiplexing provides efficiency gains, more than 50% of the CPU cycles in typical vRAN settings still remain unused. A way to further improve CPU utilization is to collocate the vRAN with general-purpose workloads. However, to maintain performance, vRAN tasks have sub-millisecond latency requirements that have to be met 99.999% of times. We show that this is difficult to achieve with existing systems. We propose Concordia, a userspace deadline scheduling framework for the vRAN on Linux. Concordia builds prediction models using quantile decision trees to predict the worst case execution times of vRAN signal processing tasks. The Concordia scheduler is fast (runs every 20 us) and the prediction models are accurate, enabling the system to reserve a minimum number of cores required for vRAN tasks, leaving the rest for general-purpose workloads. We evaluate Concordia on a commercial-grade reference vRAN platform. We show that it meets the 99.999% reliability requirements and reclaims more than 70% of idle CPU cycles without affecting the RAN performance.
Low contemporary effective population size detected in the Critically Endangered giant sea bass, Stereolepis gigas, due to fisheries overexploitation

a b s t r a c t The giant sea bass, Stereolepis gigas (Polyprionidae), is the largest teleost distributed in the northeastern Pacific from California to northern Mexico and has been overexploited by fisheries for more than a century. As a consequence of this historic exploitation, populations collapsed throughout the region in the last century resulting in the listing of the species as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. Recently, numbers of giant sea bass have been increasing within the region due primarily to the banning of the near shore gill net fishery in California waters in 1994. To assess population structure, the impact of historic exploitation on the genetic diversity and effective population size of the species, and to detect signs of recent population expansions, individuals from throughout the northeastern Pacific (n = 61; Northern Channel Islands, CA to San Quintin, Baja California) were sequenced at the mitochondrial control region and genotyped using 12 nuclear microsatellite loci generated from next-generation sequencing. Based on these markers, a single population was detected with low genetic diversity resulting in an estimated contemporary effective population size of less than 500 individuals with evidence of recent expansion within the region.
The Internationalist Beginnings of American Civil Liberties

Historians have long sought to resolve a deep problem in the history of American civil liberties. Why did the kinds of rights claims that constitute contemporary civil liberties practices only take up important roles in American law in a twentieth century in which many sophisticated legal thinkers called into question the truth value of abstract rights claims? This article offers a new interpretation of the rise of civil liberties practices. Our ostensibly domestic civil liberties movement has its roots in a pre-World War One cosmopolitanism in international law. In particular, the social movement that coalesced around the phrase civil liberties during World War One began in the years immediately preceding American intervention as a group of self-consciously internationalist organizations that had begun to question not just the abstract metaphysical truth of rights claims but also the usefulness of that other great abstraction of nineteenth-century law: the sovereignty of the nation state. The civil liberties movement in American law thus did indeed emerge out of a pragmatist critique of abstract legal fictions. The relevant abstraction, however, was not so much the formal concept of rights as the formal concept of state sovereignty. With American intervention in World War One, however, obligations of loyalty to the nation state required that American internationalists reframe their critique of nation-state sovereignty in terms made available by the constituent documents of American nationalism: the Bill of Rights.
Feasibility of screening for T1D and celiac disease in a pediatric clinic setting.

Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) or celiac disease (CD) develops in at least 2% of the general population. Early detection of disease-specific autoimmunity and subsequent monitoring would be possible if screening tests were more widely available. Currently, screening for islet autoimmunity is available only in a research setting, and CD-specific autoimmunity screening is limited to those in high-risk groups. This study assessed the feasibility of incorporating T1D and CD autoantibody screening into a pediatric practice. Methods Patient engagement strategies, blood collection preference, blood sample volume, rate of autoantibody detection in the general population, and parental satisfaction were assessed. Over 5 weeks, research staff recruited 200 patients, aged 2–6 yr from two pediatric practices in the Denver area to be screened for islet autoantibodies (IAs) and the transglutaminase antibody. Results Of the 765 parents approached, 200 (26%) completed the same-day screening. Of the 565 subjects who did not complete the screening, 345 expressed interest, but were unable to make a participation decision. A finger stick, compared with a venous draw, was the preferred method of sample collection. Both methods yielded sufficient blood volume for autoantibody determination. IAs or the transglutaminase antibody were detected in 11 subjects. Parents expressed satisfaction with all aspects of participation. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that it is feasible to conduct this type of screening in a pediatric clinic. Such screening could lead to increased disease awareness and the possible benefits that can result from early detection.
Layoff Survivor Sickness: How to Cope When You Do Not Lose Your Job

Health care systems have been among the last secure job market. With the 1990s, that ended and now health care reflects what has been happening in business for years. Health care reform triggered many changes in hospitals. Tremendous pressure was brought on health care organizations for reform and cost-cutting. These cost-cutting initiatives were often directed at nurses because they occupied the largest portion of the organization's budget. Various terms—downsizing, redesigning, re-engineering, and restructuring— were used to describe the displacement of registered nurses. Assisting those nurses who remain on the job is becoming increasingly important in preventing and treating layoff survivor sickness. The stress and coping mechanisms displayed by those who have not been downsized and are grieving and feeling guilty about keeping their jobs is only now being studied.
A survival guide to fission

The fission of a person involves what common sense describes as a single person surviving as two distinct people. Thus, say most metaphysicians, this paradox shows us that common sense is inconsistent with the transitivity of identity. Lewis’s theory of overlapping persons, buttressed with tensed identity, gives us one way to reconcile the common sense claims. Lewis’s account, however, implausibly says that reference to a person about to undergo fission is ambiguous. A better way to reconcile the claims of common sense, one that avoids this ambiguity, is to recognize branching persons, persons who have multiple pasts or futures.
Racial and ethnic disparities in the diagnosis of breast cancer: changes in presenting stage in minority populations in Florida during 1981-2009.

We assessed whether presenting breast cancer stage has changed over time in Florida, and whether there is variation in this change with respect to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System. We included females with invasive breast cancer and complete information on race, ethnicity, and SES during 1981–2009 (n = 226,651). Associations between categorical variables were examined using Chi-square tests. Predictors of SEER stage at diagnosis (local, regional, and distant) were modeled with multinomial ordinal logistic regression models. There was a significant increase in local disease and a decrease in regional and distant disease at presentation (p < 0.0001) over the time period assessed. Compared to whites, black patients continue to have lower odds of local presentation (OR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.63, 0.85), as do Hispanic patients (OR 0.80, 95 % CI 0.76, 0.84) compared to non-Hispanics. The increase in local stage at diagnosis was greater for black than white patients, as was the decrease in regional and distant disease (p < 0.001). Hispanic women also had significant increase in localized disease and decrease in regional and distant disease (p < 0.001), but there was little difference in the change compared to non-Hispanic women. Localized breast cancer stage at diagnosis has become more common over time in all groups. Significant disparity persists, with black and Hispanic patients being less likely to present with localized disease than white patients overall. There was a greater change for black versus white patients, resulting in a narrowing in the racial gap in stage at diagnosis.
Dermatologic surgery of the hand. General principles and avoiding complications.

Dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons are frequently presented with significant pathology of the hand. Because the hand plays such a unique and important role in man's everyday life, preservation and restoration of its form and function is critical. The hand is both powerful and extremely delicate. Before performing any procedures in this area, dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons must have a clear understanding of the cutaneous and deep anatomy of the hand and digits, as well as a thorough knowledge of the disease process being treated and the modality being used. This article reviews the intricate anatomy, the proper he-mostasis and anesthesia, and many of the complications seen in dermatologic surgery and procedures of the hand, digits, and nails. With appropriate preoperative evaluation and precautions, many dermatologic procedures may be safely performed on the hand. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. After studying the following article, participant should be able to: 1 Understand the anatomy of the hand. 2 Show an awareness of complications that can result from hand surgery. 3 Utilize principles that will permit aesthetic hand reconstruction.
Pergolide and bromocriptine for the treatment of patients with hyperprolactinemia

Abstract A prospective study of 22 women with hyperprolactinemia from various causes was performed with use of bromocriptine in nine patients and pergolide in 13 patients. The administration of 50 μg of pergolide followed by 100 μg on the second day showed significant decrements (p
Organizational Complexity and Coordination Dilemmas in U.S. Executive Politics

Modern scholarship on the institutional presidency has emphasized the formal mechanisms that presidents employ to obtain bureaucratic compliance. This literature emphasizes presidents' effective use of both expressed and implied constitutional powers. Unfortunately, little systematic inquiry has analyzed how extraconstitutional features of the executive branch limit the president's capacity for effective control over administrative agencies. This essay highlights three problems of organizational complexity relating to presidential control over the bureaucracy that merit greater attention from scholars of U.S. executive politics: (1) vertical coordination, (2) horizontal coordination, and (3) credible commitment. The author sketches out elements of a research agenda that examines presidential control over the bureaucracy in relation to each of these coordination problems. The basic implication of this essay is a simple one—failing to account for these organizational problems overstates the true capacity of presidential control over executive administration.
Cyclin E overexpression impairs progression through mitosis by inhibiting APCCdh1

Overexpression of cyclin E, an activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, has been linked to human cancer. In cell culture models, the forced expression of cyclin E leads to aneuploidy and polyploidy, which is consistent with a direct role of cyclin E overexpression in tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that the overexpression of cyclin E has a direct effect on progression through the latter stages of mitotic prometaphase before the complete alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. In some cases, such cells fail to divide chromosomes, resulting in polyploidy. In others, cells proceed to anaphase without the complete alignment of chromosomes. These phenotypes can be explained by an ability of overexpressed cyclin E to inhibit residual anaphase-promoting complex (APCCdh1) activity that persists as cells progress up to and through the early stages of mitosis, resulting in the abnormal accumulation of APCCdh1 substrates as cells enter mitosis. We further show that the accumulation of securin and cyclin B1 can account for the cyclin E–mediated mitotic phenotype.
The Spectral-type Limits of the Barr Effect

The Barr Effect is a nonrandom distribution of longitudes of periastron, ω, in spectroscopic binary orbits. Physically one would not expect elliptical binary orbits to show any preferred orientations. Aitken and Struve have shown a preference for 0 < ω < 90° among 275 elliptical binary orbits of all primary types. Some eclipsing binaries show inconsistencies between their light and velocity curves. Struve showed that the velocity curves of some spectroscopic binaries are distorted by absorption in gaseous streams flowing between the components. I wondered about the occurrence of this effect for stars of various spectral types and found that the effect occurs primarily for B0-B3 V-lll primaries but may be present in a few of the remaining BA stars. The B0-B3 region is also where the mean radial velocities of stars (single plus binaries) in open clusters are systematically larger than for other stars.
Medicaid Eligibility, Prenatal Care, and the Outcome of Pregnancy

To the Editor.— The recent excellent article by Piper et al 1 documents the absence of improvements in use of early prenatal care, birth weight, or neonatal mortality with expanded Medicaid eligibility in Tennessee. This study and an accompanying editorial by Guyer 2 describe a variety of reasons for the lack of health status improvement with the removal of financial barriers to obtaining prenatal care. The results are actually not surprising, but clearly illustrate that policy-makers in government, public health, and medicine have overlooked a vital risk factor for low birth weight and neonatal morbidity and mortality: voluntary, deleterious maternal behavior. Indeed, behaviors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, "junk food" nutrition, obesity, and adolescent pregnancy all affect the newborn's health. No amount of openended or expanded Medicaid funding can correct this. The data demonstrate that we have reached the point of diminishing returns, with funding directed
COMPUTING OPTICAL FLOW WITH A RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK

Optical flow computation in dynamic image processing can be formulated as a minimization problem by a variational approach. Because solving the problem is computationally intensive, we reformulate the problem suitable for neural computing. In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network model which may be implemented in hardware with many processing elements (neurons) operating asynchronously in parallel to achieve a possible real-time solution. We derive and prove the properties of the reformulation, as well as analyze the asymptotic stability and convergence rate of the proposed neural network. Experiments using both the test patterns and the real laboratory images are conducted.
Relations of parental status with alcohol use patterns and attitudes about underage drinking

In a sample of 143 adults from a population of households in Idaho, significant differences in patterns of alcohol use and attitudes about underage drinking were related to parental status. Nonparents reported drinking alcohol more frequently than parents. Parents were significantly more likely than nonparents to report that it is never acceptable for minors to drink alcohol, that minors should not be allowed to drink alcohol at parties with no parents present, and that "sting" operations by police are warranted. Surprisingly, nonparents were significantly more likely than parents to report stores and bars are not careful enough about selling alcohol to minors.
Non-diffractive Pomeron renormalization, multiplicities, and the topological expansion

Abstract The renormalization of the Pomeron due to nondiffractive K K , B B production thresholds is considered within a simple generalization of the Chew-Rosenzweig multiperipheral realization of Veneziano's topological expansion. The results are consistent with the existence of both the “low-energy” bare Pomeron with intercept α=0.85 and Gribov bare Pomeron with intercept above one. The vacuum exchange part of 2σKN−σπN basically rises with energy. Qualitatively correct features of shrinkage and breaks of d σ d t emerge. The multiplicity of product clusters (n) increases with energy faster than 1ns and agrees with experiment for an average number of particles per cluster of 3–4. Independently of our model the Harari-Freund multiperipheral realization of the topological expansion is shown to be in serious difficulty with multiplicities, requiring around 20 particles per cluster.
Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in US children: is there a paradox?

Objectives To investigate associations between family income, food insufficiency, and being overweight in US children aged 2 to 7 and 8 to 16 years, to discuss mechanisms that may explain these associations, and to propose design and data requirements for further research that could effectively examine this issue. Methods Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Children were classified as food insufficient if the family respondents reported that their family sometimes or often did not get enough food to eat. The prevalence of overweight was compared by family income category and food sufficiency status within age-, sex-, and race-ethnic–specific groups. Odds ratios for food insufficiency are reported, adjusted for family income and other potential confounding factors. Results Among older non-Hispanic white children, children in families with low income were significantly more likely to be overweight than children in families with high income. There were no significant differences by family income for younger non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black children, or Mexican American children. After adjusting for confounding variables, there were no differences in overweight by food sufficiency status, except that younger food-insufficient girls were less likely to be overweight, and non-Hispanic white older food-insufficient girls were more likely to be overweight than food-sufficient girls ( P Conclusion Further research to evaluate whether food insecurity causes overweight in American children requires longitudinal quantitative and in-depth qualitative methods.
Newer aspects in the treatment of pediatric and adult asthma: monoclonal anti-IgE

Objective To review the results of the first anti-IgE agent to undergo clinical evaluation in the treatment of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis. Data Sources Treatment protocols conducted in Europe and the United States in moderate to severe allergic asthmatic patients who continued to show symptoms despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids with the addition of monoclonal humanized anti-IgE treatment. Study Selection Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, published and in press, are reviewed Results Treatment with anti-IgE allowed a decrease in inhaled corticosteroid and rescue medication use and significantly reduced the incidence and frequency of asthma exacerbations among these patients over a 28-week time period and a 6-month extension period. Conclusions Anti-IgE shows great promise as an adjunctive therapy in moderate to severe asthmatic patients.
The introduction into bread wheat of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat

A new source of resistance to wheat powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis has been transferred to hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, from the wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. The donor was crossed to bread wheat and the pentaploid progeny was then self-pollinated. Plants having a near stable hexaploid chromosome complement were selected in the F3 progeny and topcrossing and backcrossing of these to a second wheat cultivar to improve the phenotype was undertaken. Monosomic analysis of early backcross lines showed the transferred gene to be located on chromosome 4A. The gene has been designated Pm16.
The direct primary in two states: I. The Iowa primary interpreted

The nomination of Beveridge nda Brookhart have been generally discussed from the politicla standpoint. These articles are different. they are appraisals of hte primary by two trained observers on the ground at the time.
Towards Measurable Types for Dynamical Process Modeling Languages

Process modeling languages such as ''Dynamical Grammars'' are highly expressive in the processes they model using stochastic and deterministic dynamical systems, and can be given formal semantics in terms of an operator algebra. However such process languages may be more limited in the types of objects whose dynamics is easily expressible. For many applications in biology, the dynamics of spatial objects in particular (including combinations of discrete and continuous spatial structures) should be formalizable at a high level of abstraction. We suggest that this may be achieved by formalizing such objects within a type system endowed with type constructors suitable for complex dynamical objects. To this end we review and illustrate the operator algebraic formulation of heterogeneous process modeling and semantics, extending it to encompass partial differential equations and intrinsic graph grammar dynamics. We show that in the operator approach to heterogeneous dynamics, types require integration measures. From this starting point, ''measurable'' object types can be enriched with generalized metrics under which approximation can be defined. The resulting measurable and ''metricated'' types can be built up systematically by type constructors such as vectors, products, and labelled graphs. We find conditions under which functions and quotients can be added as constructors of measurable and metricated types.
Organic matrix of cestode calcareous corpuscles

Abstract A method is described for isolating pure samples of calcareous corpuscles of Taenia taeniaeformis, suitable for analysis of the organic matrix. Electron microscopic studies of corpuscles decalcified either in situ or after isolation showed that they are surrounded by an envelope composed of two layers, the outer one consisting probably of the compressed remnants of the corpuscle-forming cell. In the interior of the corpuscles concentric layers of organic material are found which may represent the structural framework for the deposition of mineral. Chemical analysis of isolated corpuscles showed that they had lost all carbohydrates that are demonstrable histochemically in corpuscles studied in situ. The corpuscles contained lipid separable into glyceride, phospholipid, and sterol fractions. The sterol was probably cholesterol. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated both in the glycerides and in the phospholipids. The corpuscles contained relatively little protein. An amino acid analysis gave a result resembling that of cellular protein in general with no indication for the presence of collagen.
The petrogenesis of the Apollo 14 high-Al mare basalts

In this paper, we report analysis of various basaltic lunar samples including 14053 and 14072, KREEP basalt 15386, thirty basalt clasts from Apollo 14 breccia 14321, as well as impact-generated samples (matrix from breccia 14168, olivine vitrophyres 14321,1180 and 14321,1539, and impact melt 14310) using a combination of solution and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The basalt clast samples were previously analyzed by instrumental neutron activation. On plots of incompatible trace elements (ITEs) vs. compatible trace elements, the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts form three approximately subparallel trends that, on the basis of current data, are also separated by age. Plots of ITE ratios (i.e., Nb/Ce vs. Zr/Y) can be used to indicate source composition, and also divide the basalts into three groups: Group A (~4.3 Ga); Group B (~4.1 Ga); and Group C (~3.9 Ga). New data for 14072 suggest the sample does not Þ t with any of the three groups deÞ ned here, and may indicate the presence of a fourth group of high-Al basalts in the proximity of the Apollo 14 site. The Apollo 14 high-Al basalts are compositionally distinct from known Apollo 14 impact melts and impact-generated lithologies. The three groups cannot be related by varying degrees of partial melting of a single, KREEP-contaminated source and, therefore, require three separate source regions. The new data indicate that Group A basalts evolved through closed-system crystal fractionation. However, the new data from basalts forming Groups B and C require open-system evolution that involves combined assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC). Unlike previous AFC modeling of the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts, an assimilant composed of KREEP is not sufÞ cient to generate the compositional ranges of each basalt group. The modeling of both groups requires a mixture of KREEP and granite as the assimilant, which supports the notion of a genetic relationship between these two lunar components.
The scavenging of magnesium and other chemical species by biogenic opal in deep-sea sediments

Abstract A study of siliceous oozes from the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean shows that considerable quantities of Mg can be adsorbed on to biogenic opal. The process is diffusion limited and requires a hiatus in sedimentation in order that a substantial amount of Mg be absorbed. The adsorption is sensitive to pH, and is virtually inoperative in the absence of carbonate. The Mg apparently comes from seawater, and some well-known pore-water Mg gradients evidently result from this adsorption process. Na is also adsorbed, but the process is not diffusion limited. Fe and Mn may be similarly adsorbed, but, in one case studied, possibly are supplied from the basaltic basement by hydrothermal processes. K apparently does not participate in surface adsorption to any considerable extent. The later conversion of opal-A (amorphous opal) to opal-CT or to quartz evidently creates zones of local high Na and Mg activity which, in turn, is probably responsible for the sepiolite, dolomite, clinoptilolite, and, possibly, much smectite at the level of chert formation in these sediments.
N-methyl-D, L-aspartate induces a transient increase in LH secretion in the seasonally anestrous ewe.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the LH response to an excitatory amino acid agonist, N-methyl-D, L-aspartate (NMA) in the seasonally anestrous ewe. In experiment 1, 3 i.v. injections of NMA were given; doses of 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg BW were tested. LH response to NMA depended on the dose. There was little response to the lowest dose. All animals responded to the first injection of the intermediate and the highest doses (mean pulse amplitude: 9.2 ± 0.4 and 6.8 ± 1.2 ng/ml, respectively). The responses to the second or third injections of both doses were variable and were either absent or reduced compared to that of the first. In experiments 2 and 3, ewes were given 3 injections of normal saline (NS) followed by 3 injections of NMA (1.25 and 4.5 mg/kg BW, respectively) at 2 hr intervals. The last injection of NMA was followed 2 hr later by an injection of GnRH (3.0 ng/kg BW). In experiment 2, the first NMA injection induced an immediate LH pulse (mean pulse amplitude: 8.0 ± 1.6 ng/ml) in all ewes, however, the second and third injections induced LH pulses in only 25% and 75% (mean pulse amplitude: 2.2 and 2.4 ± 0.6 ng/ml) of the ewes, respectively. In experiment 3, NMA increased mean LH release (P < 0.05) after all injections, but responsiveness to the third injection was reduced in some ewes. GnRH injections induced LH release in all ewes in experiments 2 and 3 (mean pulse amplitude: 6.9 ± 1.8 and 6.4 ± 2.2 ng/ml, respectively). The data show that in the seasonally anestrous ewe repeated injections of NMA at some doses are followed by repeated LH pulses, but in some cases, LH release declines from the first to third injection. This decline is not due to pituitary insensitivity but may reflect activation of neuronal systems which inhibit GnRH release.
Risk perception of common consumer products: Judgments of accident frequency and precautionary intent

This research examined people's accuracy in judging the risk of common consumer products. In two experiments, participants estimated the frequency of product-related injuries at a quick pace, slow pace, and following lengthy analysis of accident scenarios. Participants' estimates of injury were then compared to objective injury rates compiled by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The results showed that participants were able to assess relative levels of risk quickly and accurately, but additional time and analysis had no effect on estimation accuracy. Perceived injury severity was strongly related to both participant's risk estimates and their precautionary intent ratings, but no relationship was found between precautionary intent and the objective risk data. The practical importance of precautionary intent over risk perception is discussed. Implications for product warnings and safety education programs are described.
Conformational Motion of Biological Macromolecules

The beauty of biological macromolecules as a dancer in solution can be seen if we manage to understand graceful movements of the dancers. Biological macromolecules are dynamic machines so for proper functionality they need changing of shape, dancing through each other and non-contacting communicating to execute their “understanding” on distances. However there is no single theory to explain encountered experimental data and increase our understanding on the conformational motion. The problem is a suggestion of non-equilibrium nature of the macromolecules. Does it mean that non-equilibrium system like biological macromolecules can act as the dancer and can function properly? Does it mean that there is some rule that non-equilibrium macromolecules follow? Can the rule be generalized for any kind of non-equilibrium systems or not? My attempt to give a mathematical definition of the problems and point to their solution will be presented. Let consider bonded n point and correspond to the system some geometric figure with V=n vertexes, virtual F,E faces and edges correspondingly. The conformational motion of the system is a changing the shape of the figure so we have two possibilities 1) the Euler Characteristic of the figure is changing in time as well as F,E changes; and 2) the Euler Characteristic of the figure is constant but F,E changes. Set of all possible {F,E} gives us the group with undefined operator f where f is operator which transfers elements of the set in each other f:(Fi,Ej)€{F,E}→(Fg,Ek). The tusk could be solved if we manage to find the operator f. The value of the f can be immediately found by adding some physical conditions to the operator. The physical conditions and the equation of conformational motion will be presented at the presentation. Conformational motion theory is believed to be found in group theory.
Mechanism of nitric oxide synthase regulation: Electron transfer and interdomain interactions

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a flavo-hemoprotein, tightly regulates nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and thereby its dual biological activities as a key signaling molecule for vasodilatation and neurotransmission at low concentrations, and also as a defensive cytotoxin at higher concentrations. Three NOS isoforms, iNOS, eNOS and nNOS (inducible, endothelial, and neuronal NOS), achieve their key biological functions by tight regulation of interdomain electron transfer (IET) process via interdomain interactions. In particular, the FMN-heme IET is essential in coupling electron transfer in the reductase domain with NO synthesis in the heme domain by delivery of electrons required for O(2) activation at the catalytic heme site. Compelling evidence indicates that calmodulin (CaM) activates NO synthesis in eNOS and nNOS through a conformational change of the FMN domain from its shielded electron-accepting (input) state to a new electron-donating (output) state, and that CaM is also required for proper alignment of the domains. Another exciting recent development in NOS enzymology is the discovery of importance of the the FMN domain motions in modulating reactivity and structure of the catalytic heme active site (in addition to the primary role of controlling the IET processes). In the absence of a structure of full-length NOS, an integrated approach of spectroscopic (e.g. pulsed EPR, MCD, resonance Raman), rapid kinetics (laser flash photolysis and stopped flow) and mutagenesis methods is critical to unravel the molecular details of the interdomain FMN/heme interactions. This is to investigate the roles of dynamic conformational changes of the FMN domain and the docking between the primary functional FMN and heme domains in regulating NOS activity. The recent developments in understanding of mechanisms of the NOS regulation that are driven by the combined approach are the focuses of this review. An improved understanding of the role of interdomain FMN/heme interaction and CaM binding may serve as the basis for the design of new selective inhibitors of NOS isoforms.
The representation of emotion vs. emotion-laden words in English and Spanish in the Affective Simon Task

An Affective Simon Task was administered to English-speaking monolinguals and Spanish—English bilinguals, in order to assess the extent to which valence and emotionality are automatically processed...
The limbus reflection method for measuring eye position

Eye position can be measured by reflecting light off the iris-scleral limbus. This method provides at least 1/2 deg accuracy over a range of 30 deg horizontally and 20 deg vertically. The limbus reflection method usually requires that the subject’s head be held rigid by a bite plate. The method offers the advantages of costing less than most other techniques and of conveniently interfacing with a laboratory computer for automated data reduction. Limbus reflection sensors have been constructed at over a dozen different laboratories, and one apparatus is available commercially. Not all implementations have reached the attainable accuracy and range, especially for eye movements in the vertical direction.
Cumulative radiation damage in Oak trees

Abstract This is a preliminary report of morphological and histological damage in Quercus alba L. and Q. velutina Lam. growing for 10 years (1951–1960) in the vicinity of a Co 60 gamma source. Exposure days per year varied from 111 to 256 and average daily exposure from 0·23 to 13·18 r. During the 10-year period the plants were actually irradiated 20 hrs/day for 2184 days at an average exposure of 7·19 r/day to a total cumulative exposure of about 16,000 r. Gross visible effects include: sparseness of foliage due to death of many lateral or terminal buds or branches; internodes typically reduced in length and increased in thickness; leaves fewer in number, often enlarged, distorted, thickened and somewhat leathery in appearance; leaves occurring in tufts along otherwise bare branches; abnormal inflorescences. Histological studies revealed: many lateral and terminal buds outwardly appearing viable but lacking meristematic tissue; deterioration of the central pith; reduced number of floral primordia; reduction of viable pollen; lateral meristems apparently not inhibited but rather in some cases unusually active, e.g., cork and lentical formation far exceeding the controls suggesting a stimulation effect. It is suggested that differences in actual absorbed dose and/or rate of cell cell division may play important roles in the differential sensitivity of apical and lateral meristems. The oaks are found to be much more radiation resistant than trees of Pinus rigida growing in the same area. This difference may be due in large part to differences in chromosome size or interphase nuclear volume.
Veterinary School Consortia as a Means of Promoting the Food-Supply Veterinary Medicine Pipeline

ABSTRACT Ideas about centers of emphasis and veterinary medical teaching consortia have resurfaced to attract students into food-supply veterinary medicine (FSVM). From 1988 to 2000 a multiple veterinary school consortium approach to food-animal production medicine (FAPM) teaching was conducted to handle regional differences in case load, faculty strengths, and student interests. Six universities developed a memorandum of understanding to provide a wide variety of in-depth, species-specific clinical experiences in FAPM to balance their individual strengths and weakness in addressing food-animal agriculture, to provide for student exchange and faculty development, and to conduct research in food safety. Changes in leadership, redirection of funds, failure to publicize the program to faculty and students, and a focus on research as opposed to teaching led to dissolution of the consortium. However, this approach could work to improve recruitment and retention of students in FSVM if it focused on student exch...
The stalk connecting the F1 and F0 domains of ATP synthase visualized by electron microscopy of unstained specimens

Abstract E. coli F1 F0 ATP synthase has been reconstituted into membranes and visualized by electron microscopy of unstained samples preserved in thin layers of amorphous ice. Unlike previous observations in negative stain, these specimens are not exposed to potentially denaturing or perturbing conditions, having been rapidly frozen from well-defined conditions in which the enzyme is fully active. The structures visualized in views normal to the lipid bilayer clearly show the presence of a narrow stalk approx. 45 A long, connecting the F1 to the membrane-embedded F0.
Aerosol deposition in acoustically induced turbulent flow

Abstract Experimental results are reported for the wall deposition of monodisperse aerosols with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 5.7 μm in an acoustically induced turbulent flow. In a set of experiments, both acoustic intensity and frequency are independently varied in the range of 161–168 dB and 500–1600 Hz under the traveling-wave condition. The deposition rate in the present work has been modified to account for acoustical effects. Furthermore, the advective contribution due to the turbulent velocity gradient is also included in the description of the mass transfer of aerosols. Based on the assumption of perfect sticking conditions (no particle rebound and or re-entrainment), theory and experiment are in fairly good agreement.
Food Preferences in Human Obesity: Carbohydrates Versus Fats

A large clinical sample of obese men and women were asked for a self-generated list of ten favorite foods. The lists were characterized by frequent instances of foods that are major nutrient sources of fat in the American diet. While obese men listed mainly protein/fat sources (meat dishes) among their favorite foods, obese women tended to list predominantly carbohydrate/fat sources (doughnuts, cookies, cake) and foods that were sweet. There was no evidence that selective preferences for a single macronutrient, carbohydrate, were a standard feature of human obesity. Rather, preferences for major nutrient sources of fat as opposed to carbohydrate may be a primary characteristic of human obesity syndromes.
What can theory say about the existence and properties of anomalous water

Abstract An important, but little practiced, function of theory is to provide working models that unify and summarize experimental findings during the time when basic understanding of a phenomenon is actually evolving. Such a model for anomalous water has been previously proposed by us [Science, 167, 1443 (1970)]. This model attempted to explain the phenomenon as (H2O)n with a new type of chemical bonding, and its ability to correlate existing data is brought up to date in this paper. However, three new results invalidate our original model: (a) high-accuracy ab initio calculations showing that symmetric hydrogen bonds are 5 kcal/H-bond higher in energy than the usual asymmetric hydrogen bonds, (b) calculations showing absence of a strong, long-range wall effect, (c) a molecular weight measurement by Derjaguin et al. indicating an average value of 180. Because our original model did so well in consistently correlating such a wide variety of experimental data, our present disproof of this model leads us to conclude that polywater does not exist. Experimental reports suggesting a collection of organic and/or inorganic impurities as the origin of the properties attributed to anomalous water are critically analyzed and found inconclusive. Three other related hypotheses are examined theoretically and also found inadequate. Another working model based on trace amounts of silicates plus inorganic and/or organic anions is proposed on theoretical grounds. A list of key experiments is offered to help elucidate the fundamental nature of the anomalous material and to test this model.
Localized analysis of thin-walled structure's buckling/initial post-buckling and its accuracy

A method of localization is proposed to lower the high order of equations in FEM calculation for the stability of a complex thin-walled structure. The localized analysis enables us to obtain both the upper and lower limits for the bifurcating point in a whole linear-elastic structural system, as well as an approximate solution to asymptotic post-buckling problem. Some numerical examples are included.