cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global validation of single-station Schumann resonance lightning location

Global measurements of large, optically bright lightning events from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite are used to validate estimates of lightning location from single-station Schumann resonance (SR) data. Bearing estimates are obtained through conventional magnetic direction-finding techniques, while source range is estimated from the range-dependent impedance spectrum of individual SR transients. An analysis of 40 such transients suggests that single-station techniques can locate lightning globally with an accuracy of 1-2mm. This is confirmed by further validation at close ranges from flashes detected by the National Lightning Detection-Network (NLDN). Observations with both OTD and SR systems may be useful for globally locating lightning with necessary, if not sufficient, characteristics to trigger mesospheric sprites.
Looking Beyond Age and Co-morbidities as Predictors of Outcomes in Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair is a technically challenging operation. These patients are typically older and have more co-morbidities than patients undergoing anti-reflux operations for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and these factors are usually cited as the reason for worse outcomes for PEH patients. Clinically, it would be useful to identify potentially modifiable variables leading to improved outcomes. We performed a retrospective analysis of a representative sample from 37 states, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database over a 5-year period (2001–2005). Patients undergoing any anti-reflux operation with or without hiatal hernia repair were included, and comparison was made based on primary diagnoses of PEH or GERD. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis codes not associated with reflux disease or diaphragmatic hernia, emergency admissions, and age <18. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Two sets of multivariate analyses were performed; one set adjusting for pre-treatment variables (age, gender, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hospital teaching status, hospital volume of anti-reflux surgery, calendar year) and a second set adjusting further for post-operative complications (splenectomy, esophageal laceration, pneumothorax, hemorrhage, cardiac, pulmonary, and thromboembolic events, (VTE)). Of the 23,458 patients, 6,706 patients had PEH. PEH patients are older (60.4 vs. 49.1, p < 0.001) and have significantly more co-morbidities than GERD patients. On multivariate analysis, adjusting for pre-treatment variables, PEH patients are more likely to die and have significantly worse outcomes than GERD patients. However, further adjustment for pulmonary complications, VTE, and hemorrhage eliminates the mortality difference between PEH and GERD patients, while adjustment for cardiac complications or pneumothorax did not eliminate the difference. While PEH patients have worse post-operative outcomes than GERD patients, we note that differences in mortality are explained by pulmonary complications, VTE, and hemorrhage. The impact of hemorrhagic complications on this group underscores the importance of careful dissection. Additionally, age and co-morbidities alone should not preclude a patient from PEH repair; rather, attention should be focused on peri-operative optimization of pulmonary status and prophylaxis of thromboembolic events.
The Influence of Anger and Compassion on Negotiation Performance

We examined whether the discrete, other-directed emotions of anger and compassion exert a greater influence on negotiations than mood. Drawing on cognitive appraisal theories of emotion, we specifically tested whether negotiators who felt high anger and low compassion for each other would (1) have less desire to work with each other in the future, (2) achieve fewer joint gains, and (3) successfully claim more value for themselves than negotiators who had more positive emotional regard for the other party. The results of a mixed-motive simulation experiment confirmed the first two predictions but not the last. The results confirmed that anger and compassion exerted a greater influence than mood. These findings indicate why prior advice stemming from the conflict and negotiation literature for managing anger has been counterproductive and suggest contrasting prescriptions.
An invitro action of androgens on protein synthesis by epididymal tubules maintained in organ culture

Abstract The incorporation of 14C amino acids into protein by rat epididymal tubules maintained in organ culture was studied. It was found that the incorporation of labelled amino acids increased with the duration of the culture. The addition of dihydrotestosterone 10−5M to the media during 3 days' culture produced a 130% stimulation on the amino acid incorporation. When the tissue was kept in culture for 7 days, both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone at 10−5M increased the amino acid incorporation (150% and 118% respectively). This in vitro effect of androgens was blocked by the presence of Actinomycin D (20 μg/ml) in the medium. Neither estradiol 17β nor progesterone or corticosterone induced any changes in amino acid incorporation.
Performance study of buffering within switches in LANs

Today's demanding applications, such as multimedia, require higher network transfer rates. Traditional LANs will not be able to provide the throughput required by these applications. The use of switches in LANs is an effective technique to increase the throughput of the network. These switches have finite buffers at their input and output ports. The size of these buffers affect the packet loss rate. It also affects the delay at the switch, as packets may have to wait for the output buffer to become available. In this paper, we study the effect of buffer sizes within these switches. We show how the buffer size is related to the performance of the switch, as well as overall performance of the LAN.
Cell-Associated Pheromone Peptide (cCF10) Production and Pheromone Inhibition in Enterococcus faecalis

In Enterococcus faecalis, the peptide cCF10 acts as a pheromone, inducing transfer of the conjugative plasmid pCF10 from plasmid-containing donor cells to plasmid-free recipient cells. In these studies, it was found that a substantial amount of cCF10 associates with the envelope of the producing cell. Pheromone activity was detected in both wall and membrane fractions, with the highest activity associated with the wall. Experiments examining the effects of protease inhibitor treatments either prior to or following cell fractionation suggested the presence of a cell envelope-associated pro-cCF10 that can be processed to mature cCF10 by a maturase or protease. A pCF10-encoded membrane protein, PrgY, was shown to prevent self-induction of donor cells by reducing the level of pheromone activity in the cell wall fraction.
MSO zero-one laws on random labelled acyclic graphs☆

We use Ehrenfeucht-type games to prove that Monadic Second Order logic admits labelled zero-one laws for random free trees, generating the complete almost sure theory. Our method will be to dissect random trees to get a picture of what almost all random free trees look like. We will use elementary (second moment) methods to obtain probability results.
Growth and primary productivity of marine macrophytes exposed to domestic sewage effluents

This study provides the first response data for ten Southern California macrophytes exposed to untreated, primary, secondary and secondary chlorinated sewage effluent during long-term culture studies in the laboratory as well as short-term metabolic studies in the field and in the laboratory. Bossiella orbigniana, Lithothrix aspergillum and Corallina officinalis var, chilensis had relatively broad homeostatic capabilities and enhanced net production rates when exposed to primary treated sewage. In the long-term cultures, Amphiroa zonata, B. orbigniana and C. officinalis var. chilensis all demonstrated enhanced growth in the presence of primary sewage. Chlorination of effluent had only a short-term negative effect; i.e. species' responses to secondary and secondary chlorinated sewage were virtually identical beyond the second week in culture. Three populations of C. officinalis var. chilensis with differing pollution histories showed a tolerance to sewage corresponding to the extent of previous exposure, indicating that this species may be able to acclimate physiologically to sewage stress. The more sewage-tolerant macrophytes displayed lower photosynthetic quotient values during exposure to effluent than those possessing little tolerance to sewage.
The Effects of QuikClot Combat Gauze, Fluid Resuscitation, and Movement on Hemorrhage Control in a Porcine Model

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of QuikClot Combat Gauze (QCG) compared to a control group on hemorrhage control; the amount of crystalloid volume infusion on rebleeding; the effect of movement on hemorrhage. This was a prospective, experimental design. Swine were randomly assigned to either the QCG () or the control group (). Investigators transected the femoral artery and vein in each swine. After one minute of uncontrolled hemorrhage, the hemostatic agent, QCG, was placed into the wound followed by standard wound packing. The control group underwent the same procedures but without a hemostatic agent. After five minutes of direct pressure, a standard pressure dressing was applied. After 30 minutes, dressings were removed, and the wound was observed for rebleeding for 5 minutes. If hemostasis occurred, 5 liters of crystalloid was given over 5 minutes, and the wound was observed for rebleeding for 5 additional minutes. If no bleeding occurred, the extremity on the side of the injury was moved. There were significant differences in the amount of hemorrhage (), the amount of fluid administration (), and the number of movements () between the QCG and control.
Neurosecretory Control of Pigmentary Effectors in Crustaceans

A general summary of the current status of the control of crustacean pigmentary effectors is followed by a detailed description of recent experiments with the chromatophores of fiddler crabs. Under appropriate experimental conditions eyestalkless fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator , can exhibit an overt daily rhythm of melanin dispersion. Otherwise, the melanin of eyestalkless crabs remains maximally concentrated. Electrophoretic analysis revealed three peaks of melanin-dispersing activity for sinus glands of Uca pugilator , two for the supraesophageal ganglia, one for the circumesophageal connectives, and one for blood. What appeared to be the same electronegative substance was found in every electrophorogram regardless of whether one, two, or three peaks were present. In addition, a melanin-concentrating substance was found after electrophoresis of circumesophageal connectives. The morphology of postcommissural organs from two species of fiddler crabs is described also. Extracts of post-commissural organs from Uca pugilator were chromatophorotropically active. The extracts were most effective in concentrating red pigment but could also disperse the red and black pigments. Post-commissural organs of crabs had not been assayed previously on any system. Finally, the role that post-commissural organs might have in regulating chromatophores of fiddler crabs during different portions of the daily rhythm of color change is discussed.
Purification and functional reconstitution of a truncated human Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) expressed in E. coli

A truncated human Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (C(5), residues 407-664) was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli using a GST fusion vector and glutathione affinity chromatography. The truncated transporter (C(5)) was cleaved from GST-C(5) by Factor Xa proteolysis and purified by gel filtration chromatography. Up to 1 mg of purified GST-C(5) was obtained from 1 l bacterial culture. Reconstitution of both GST-C(5) and C(5) proteins into lipid vesicles resulted in 2.5-fold higher initial uptake rates of [(3)H]D-glucose into C(5)-proteoliposomes than into liposomes. Transport was stereospecific, saturable, and inhibited by phloretin. These properties are similar to those obtained for C(5) in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and provide additional evidence that the five C-terminal transmembrane helices in SGLT1 form the sugar translocation pathway.
Reading Comprehension Strategy Instruction and Attribution Retraining for Secondary Students With Learning and Other Mild Disabilities

A pre-post experimental design with 6-week delayed posttest was implemented to investigate the effects of reading comprehension strategy (RCS) instruction with and without attribution retraining (AR) on reading outcomes for seventh, eighth, and ninth graders with learning and other mild disabilities. Students were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: RCS+AR, RCS, or a Read Naturally (Ihnot, 1992) comparison condition. Results indicated that compared to the comparison group, both strategy instruction groups performed better on a summarization measure of comprehension after treatment producing large effect sizes. Both groups also performed better after a 6-week delay; however, only the RCS+AR group maintained a large effect size. In addition, RCS+AR students displayed higher attributions for reading success at post- and delayed posttesting. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Protection by WR-2721 against radiation plus cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II caused injury to colonic epithelium in mice.

Abstract Purpose : The study was designed to investigate the ability of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) to protect mouse colon mucosa against damage produced by the combined radiation plus cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cis-DDP) treatment. Methods and Materials : The mucosal damage was quantified by using microcolony assay, which measures the survival of epithelial cells in colon crypts. Radiation doses ranged from 8–24 Gy gamma rays. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum at a dose of 13 mg/kg and WR-2721 at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight were given IP before or after irradiation. Results : Addition of cis-DDP to radiation within 24 h before and 48 h after irradiation reduced the number of crypt cells more than did radiation alone. The highest reduction was seen when the drug was given 2 or 6 h before irradiation: the damage was increased by a factor of 1.5. Protective effects of WR-2721 were tested in the radiation plus cis-DDP combination in which cis-DDP was given 2 h before or 2 h after radiation. In the former sequencing, WR-2721 was given 30 min before radiation (90 min after cis-DDP); damage was reduced more than the amount of damage contributed by cis-DDP (PF = 1.6). When cis-DDP was given 2 h after irradiation, WR-2721 was administered 30 min either before irradiation or 30 min before cis-DDP. Here, the protective effect was achieved only when WR-2721 was given before radiation: the PF was 1.3 in that case and only 1.1 when WR-2721 was given before cis-DDP. Thus, WR-2721 must be given before irradiation, but even then the degree of protection achieved depends on whether cis-DDP is applied before or after irradiation, with the protection being greater in the former situation. Conclusion : Our observations showed that WR-2721 is a potent protector against the injury of mouse colon mucosa produced by the combined radiation plus cis-DDP treatment. They have important implications in the clinic, indicating that proper timing of WR-2721 administration is crucial for preventing side effects of the cis-DDP and radiotherapy combination, where damage to mucosal epithelial cells is dose limiting.
Peer Instruction and Lecture Tutorials Equally Improve Student Learning in Introductory Geology Classes

Although active learning methodologies have been implemented in geoscience classes successfully, no direct comparison between these different instructional techniques exists to date. For that reaso...
Testing that marginal sequences of data are not independent via self-normalization

A statistic is proposed to test whether data arising from a sequence of (not necessarily independent) 2-vectors {(X i , Y i ), i≥1} have the property that its marginal sequences {X i , i≥1} and {Y i , i≥1} are not independent of each other. When the 2-vectors are i.i.d. with marginals in the domain of attraction of the normal law, the statistic is essentially √n·r n , where r n is Pearson’s correlation coefficient when n pairs of random variables are used. Asymptotic normality is shown under the same assumptions, thereby providing a rate of convergence of Pearson’s correlation coefficient r n to 0. The statistic is also shown to be asymptotically normal in several cases where the 2-vector sequences are dependent, including exchangeable and stationary uniform mixing. Under the condition of exchangeability, an example shows that r n →0, whereas the true correlation coefficient is not zero. The results suggest that Pearson’s r n deserves further study in testing whether marginal sequences are not independent...
Intravenous Contrast Angiography

CHAIRMAN'S OVERVIEWINTRAVENOUS CONTRAST ANGIOGRAPHYWilliam R. BrodyDepartments of Radiology and Electrical EngineeringStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaFilm subtraction angiography from intravenous injections of iodinated contrastmedia was one of the earliest radiographic methods used to visualize the heartand blood vessels. Initially used for studies to visualize the cardiac chambersand the aorta, this technique has been supplanted by the more sophisticated (andinvasive) methods of selective catheter angiography because of the superior imagesobtained by virtue of higher intravascular iodine concentrations.However, recent developments in integrated circuit technology have led to theuse of semiconductor memories coupled to special purpose digital processors orminicomputers for real -time subtraction of fluoroscopic images. With this digitalhardware, it has now become feasible to visualize cardiac chambers and large vas-cular structures (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, iliac, femoraland extracranial carotid arteries) by subtracting a precontrast image
An Answer to de Régnon's Accusers: Why We Should Not Speak of “His” Paradigm

The publication of this work in 1892 made de Regnon the most influential and yet least known of Catholic historians of doctrine.
True scattering coefficients of turbid media

Scattering coefficients of two turbid media with the particle size varying from 0.45 micrometers to 10 micrometers have been measured from three time regions: ballistic, ballistic and snake, and steady state using a picosecond Kerr-Fourier imaging system. In all cases, the measured time- resolved scattering coefficients were found to be larger than the cw scattering coefficients.
Reaction of the unsaturated complex [(μ5-C5Me5)Rh(μ-CO)]2 with diazo compounds

Abstract The compounds [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(CO)]2(μ-CRR′) (R = H; R′ = H, Me, CO2Et; R = R′ = Ph) have been synthesized by direct reaction of the corresponding diazo reagents N2CRR′ with the unsaturated dirhodium compound [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(μ-CO)]2. Sublimation of [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(CO)]2 (u-CPh2) results in decarbonylation to give the unsaturated dirhodium compound [(η5-C5Me5)Rh]2(μ-CO)(μ-CPh2).
Cost-effectiveness analysis in markets with high fixed costs

We consider how to conduct cost-effectiveness analysis when the social cost of a resource differs from the posted price. From the social perspective, the true cost of a medical intervention is the marginal cost of delivering another unit of a treatment, plus the social cost (deadweight loss) of raising the revenue to fund the treatment. We focus on pharmaceutical prices, which have high markups over marginal cost due to the monopoly power granted to pharmaceutical companies when drugs are under patent. We find that the social cost of a branded drug is approximately one-half the market price when the treatment is paid for by a public insurance plan and one-third the market price for mandated coverage by private insurance. We illustrate the importance of correctly accounting for social costs using two examples: coverage for statin drugs and approval for a drug to treat kidney cancer (sorafenib). In each case, we show that the correct social perspective for cost-effectiveness analysis would be more lenient than researcher recommendations.
Melittin inhibition of the gastric (H+ + K+) ATPase and photoaffinity labeling with [125I]azidosalicylyl melittin

Abstract Melittin is a 26-amino acid amphipathic polypeptide toxin from bee venom which forms anion-selective ion channels in bilayers and biological membranes under the influence of membrane potential. Melittin has been shown to interact with a number of membrane proteins. We found that melittin inhibited K + -stimulated ATP hydrolysis by the (H + + K + ) ATPase in parietal cell apical membrane vesicles derived from histamine-stimulated rabbit gastric mucosa with a K I app of 0.5 μ m . Melittin also inhibited K + -stimulated p -nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis activity which is associated with the gastric (H + + K + ) ATPase in a dose-dependent manner with a K I app of 0.95 μ m . ATP-driven, K + -dependent H + transport was inhibited over this same concentration range, even in the absence of a membrane potential. Melittin did not appear to increase the H + leak from vesicles with preformed H + gradients when the H + pump was arrested by Mg 2+ chelation, but all possible membrane perturbation effects were difficult to rule out. However, the data suggest that melittin exerts its inhibitory effect through interaction with the (H + + K + ) ATPase. In order to determine whether direct interactions between the (H + + K + ) ATPase and melittin occurred, a radioactive derivative of melittin, [ 125 I]azidosalicylyl melittin, was prepared and photoreacted with sealed rabbit gastric membranes and highly purified hog gastric membranes containing the (H + + K + ) ATPase. In the purified hog preparation only a 95,000-Da band, the (H + + K + ) ATPase was labeled, while in the rabbit preparation a 95,000-Da band and one other membrane protein of 70,000 Da were labeled with this reagent. Label incorporation into the (H + + K + ) ATPase and the 70,000-Da band was greatly reduced by addition of excess unlabeled melittin, suggesting specificity of the interaction. Label incorporation occurred in the absence of ATP or added salts and was not reduced by SCH28080 (a K + site inhibitor) suggesting that the melittin binding site was distinct from the luminal K + site of action of SCH28080.
An empowerment model of memory training

The authors outline an empowerment model of memory rehabilitation. Unlike conventional cognitive rehabilitation methods, clients' plan and control the treatment process from the earliest stages of therapy. The client identifies functional goals and the therapy is geared to achieve those goals. The empowerment model also emphasizes domain-specific compensatory training. Memory strategies and prosthetic devices are chosen so as to maximize transfer of training in the workplace, training programme, or in the client's activities of daily living. Group therapy involves clients teaching their newly learned skills to other clients. The authors present research findings to document the efficacy of the empowerment model, describe its limitations, and discuss how the model can be implemented effectively.
Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis).

Purpose To describe the pharmacokinetics of 0.5 mg of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) and to compare it with that of 1.25 mg of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin), using the same rabbit model. Design Experimental animal study. Participants Twenty-eight Dutch-belted rabbits. Methods One eye of each of 20 rabbits was injected with 0.5 mg of intravitreal ranibizumab. Both eyes of each of 4 rabbits were enucleated at days 1, 3, 8, 15, and 29. Ranibizumab concentrations were measured in aqueous fluid, whole vitreous, and serum. A further 8 rabbits were used to measure serum and fellow ranibizumab at additional time points of 3 and 8 hours. Main Outcome Measures Ranibizumab concentrations in the aqueous, vitreous, and serum. Results Although vitreous concentrations of ranibizumab declined in a monoexponential fashion with a half-life of 2.88 days, concentrations of >0.1 μg/ml ranibizumab were maintained in the vitreous humor for 29 days. Ranibizumab concentrations in the aqueous humor of the injected eye reached a peak concentration of 17.9 μg/ml, 3 days after drug administration. Elimination of ranibizumab from the aqueous humor paralleled that found in the vitreous humor, with a half-life value of 2.84 days. No ranibizumab was detected in the serum or the fellow eye. Conclusion In the rabbit, the vitreous half-life of 0.5-mg intravitreal ranibizumab is 2.88 days, shorter than the half-life of 1.25-mg intravitreal bevacizumab of 4.32 days. No ranibizumab was detected in the serum or the fellow uninjected eye; whereas small amounts of intravitreal bevacizumab have been detected in the serum and fellow uninjected eye.
Modeling Intent for a Target Tracking and Identification Scenario

The tracking goal is to reduce positional uncertainty. There are many ways to reduce tracking uncertainty: including classification data, using trafficability maps, and employing behavior information. We seek to extend tracking and identification modeling by incorporating intent to update prediction velocity vectors. A hybrid state space approach is formulated to deal with continuous-valued kinematics and discrete-valued target type, pose (inherently continuous but quantized), and intent behavior. The coupled tracker design is illustrated within the context of using ground moving target indicator (GMTI) and high range-resolution (HRRR) measurements as well as digital terrain elevation data (DTED), road map, and estimated goal states. The resulting Intent Coupled Tracking and Identification (ICTI) system is expected to outperform separately designed systems particularly during target maneuvers and recovering from temporary data dropout.
The changing face of cutaneous biology as seen from the National Institutes of Health.

Over the past 50 y, research in skin biology and diseases has changed dramatically. These changes include (i) who is doing the research, from M.D. clinician dermatologists to predominantly Ph.D. research scientists and full-time or nearly full-time M.D. and M.D.–Ph.D. scientists, (ii) where, from small laboratories in the U.S.A. to large laboratories and multiinvestigator collaborations worldwide, (iii) what, from a focus on common skin diseases to an emphasis on understanding basic processes in skin, both in normal and disease states, and (iv) how, from patient observations, histology, and clinical immunology to cell and tissue culture, molecular biology and genetics, genomics and proteomics. Financing of this research has also changed, from the use of clinical surplus funds supplemented by U.S. government (National Institutes of Health, Veterans Administration, and other) monies to a greater dependence on government and private (pharmaceutical industry and philanthropy) funding. The future, funding issues aside, promises great advances with translation of basic knowledge to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of skin diseases.
Model for lentivirus capsid core assembly based on crystal dimers of EIAV p26.

Two crystal forms of recombinant p26 capsid protein (CA) from the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have in common an antiparallel four-helix bundle dimer interface between N-terminal domains (NTDs). The dimer interface provides a lenient scaffold to accommodate the wide sequence variation in these helices within lentivirus CA. Pairs of dimers weakly associate to form exact or approximate D2 symmetry tetramers. In one of the two crystal forms, the tetramers are linked via dimerization of C-terminal domains (CTDs). We propose that the observed NTD and CTD homodimer interactions are involved in the assembly of the lentivirus capsid. The NTD homodimer shape readily suggests a model for the mature capsid core, based on hexagonal packing with dimensions and surface topology resembling described EIAV capsid cores. Combining available data for human immunodeficiency virus and EIAV CA, we also propose an assembly pathway for maturation of the lentivirus capsid core following proteolytic cleavage of the gag polyprotein precursor.
A further structural variation of product yield in collisional activation. Study of CH3S+ from dimethyl disulfide with high precursor ion resolution

The isobaric ions CH332S+ and CH34S+ from dimethyl disulfide were separated and collisionally activated in a four-sector mass spectrometer. The contributions of minor components to the collisional activation spectrum of the unresolved beam are not correctly predicted from consideration of isotope peak corrections using relative intensities of adjacent peaks in the mass spectrum of CH3SSCH3, because the isobaric components not only have different cross-sections for fragmentation but also different cross-sections for transmission of the unfragmented beam through the collision gas. Helium collision spectra of the two components are given.
Rent seeking, federal mandates, and the quality of public education

This paper has examined two opposing hypotheses purported to explain the imposition of mandates on lower level governmental activities. These hypotheses were labeled the spillovers and rent-seeking arguments. The first argument implied that consumers benefit from the intervention, while the latter one suggests that mandates increase the rents of the bureaucrats-producers. Evidence relating to the provision of public education was found to be more consistent with the rent-seeking thesis.
Testing and Sample Size for Polygonal One-Sided Hypotheses on Bivariate Binary Outcomes

In this article, we consider hypothesis testing and computationally feasible sample size determination for bivariate binary outcomes. The hypotheses are formulated as one-sided polygons, which allow flexible trade-offs between the two outcomes. Parameters are estimated by maximizing the likelihood. Hypothesis testing for each linear constraint is performed by the Wald, score, likelihood ratio, and exact tests. The overall hypothesis is then tested using either the union-intersection or intersection-union method. We propose methods to calculate both exact power functions and asymptotic power functions. Finite sample behaviors are evaluated by numerical examples. A data example is used for illustration.
Putting the stress back into role stress: improving the measurement of role conflict and role ambiguity

Traditional measures of role conflict and role ambiguity assess the frequency with which a person experiences issues with role expectations. The cognitive model of stress developed by Lazarus and Folkman in 1984 emphasizes that a potentially stressful episode does not actually create distress unless it is appraised as threatening. This study takes the first step towards integrating these two approaches, by adding threat appraisals to the traditional measures of conflict and ambiguity. Surveys were distributed to all employees of an electronics/software firm, measuring role stress, physical and psychological strain, several work related attitudes, and withdrawal behaviors. The new measure of role conflict was more predictive of the strain outcomes than was the traditional measure of role conflict, and in general shows promise as a better way of measuring role stress.
Desmitis of the Distal Digital Annular Ligament in Seven Horses: MRI Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment

Objective— (1) To describe the clinical signs and abnormalities observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 7 horses with desmitis of the distal digital annular ligament (DDAL); (2) to describe the normal magnetic resonance (MR) appearance and thickness of the DDAL in health; and (3) to describe a tenoscopic surgical technique for treating horses with desmitis of the DDAL. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Horses (n=7) with desmitis of the DDAL. Methods— MR examinations of 20 sound horses were reviewed to determine the normal appearance of the DDAL. Dimensions obtained from these images were compared with MR findings from 7 horses with DDAL desmitis. Desmitis of the DDAL was treated by tenoscopic surgery and outcome assessed. Results— Horses with DDAL desmitis had lameness (grade 2–3 out of 5) that improved after a palmar digital nerve block. The affected DDAL was enlarged and had an abnormal signal on MR images of the feet. After tenoscopy and DDAL transection, 5 horses returned to athletic performance, including 2 horses that failed to respond to medical treatment and rest before surgery. Conclusion— Primary desmitis of the DDAL is a cause of lameness in horses. Transection of the DDAL allowed 5 horses with this injury to return to athletic performance. Clinical Relevance— DDAL desmitis should be included in the differential diagnoses of horses with lameness that improves after a palmar digital nerve block but have no abnormalities observed on radiographs of the feet. Tenoscopic surgical transection of the DDAL is an effective treatment for some horses.
Race/ethnicity, nativity, and tobacco Use among U.S. Young adults: Results From a nationally representative survey

Introduction A growing body of research documents racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. cigarette smoking. To date, however, few studies have examined the influence of nativity, in addition to race/ethnicity, on current and ever use of cigarettes as well as other tobacco products among young adults. Here, racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in tobacco use and self-identified smoking status are documented for U.S. women and men aged 18-34, both unadjusted and adjusted for socioeconomic status. Methods The Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study (N = 3,696) was used to examine gender-specific tobacco use and smoking status differences among foreign-born Hispanics, U.S.-born Hispanics, U.S.-born non-Hispanic Blacks, and U.S.-born non-Hispanic Whites. Prevalence estimates and multivariable models of ever tobacco use, current tobacco use, and self-identified smoking status were calculated. Results U.S.-born Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites exhibit the highest levels of ever and current use across a range of tobacco products, whereas foreign-born Hispanics, particularly women, exhibit the lowest ever and current use of most products and are least likely to describe themselves as smokers. Controlling for socioeconomic covariates, current tobacco use is generally lower for most minority groups relative to Whites. Social or occasional smoking, however, is higher among U.S.-born Hispanics and Blacks. Conclusions The high level of tobacco use among U.S.-born young adults foreshadows substantial tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the coming decades. Foreign-born Hispanic young adults, particularly women, exhibit the lowest levels of tobacco use. Future studies of tobacco use must differentiate racial/ethnic groups by nativity to better understand patterns of tobacco use.
Influences shaping members' decision making: Congressional voting on the Persian Gulf War

In this paper I examine what influences members viewed as shaping their voting decisions on U.S. strategy in the Persian Gulf in January 1991. Rather than focusing on predictors of votes and the outcomes of members' decision-making processes (the yea or nay votes as in roll-call analyses), I focus on the predominant considerations that members perceived as swaying voting choices. More specifically, drawing on data gathered from interviews with 365 congressional staff people, I show that three influences in particular stand out as significant in the decision-making process on this crisis policy: members' own policy views, supportive constituents, and (for certain groups of members) the president. Thus, while the analysis confirms, in part, the conventional view of legislators' personal policy assessments as the critical influence on foreign and defense policy votes, it also underscores that this influence does not operate in a vacuum.
Regional productivity differentials and development policy in Yugoslavia, 1965–1978

Abstract This paper examines the contribution of productivity differentials to regional income variations in Yugoslavia over the period 1965–1978 and assesses regional development policy. We make a distinction between variations in technological levels and in the productivity with which technology is applied. An appropriate index number is developed to measure the contribution of each of these TFP differentials to aggregate total factor productivity (TFP) differences and applied to comparisons of productivity in 26 sectors among Yugoslavia's eight regions. We find that the increasing differentials in income per worker among regions are primarily due to differentials in TFP. In large measure this represents an increasing gap in technical efficiency, rather than a widening technological gap among regions.
Comparison of adjuvant effects on cotton leaf potassium concentration and lint yield 1

Abstract Visual mid‐season potassium (K) deficiencies in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have recently been reported in many parts of the Cotton Belt. Foliar K sprays are sometimes used to correct these mid‐season deficiencies. However, little is known about the uptake of K by leaves, whether spray adjuvants or surfactants facilitate movement of K into leaves, or whether foliar‐applied K plus adjuvants enhance lint yield. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of spray adjuvants when mixed with foliar potassium nitrate (KNO3) solutions. Three field experiments (one K concentration time‐course study and two foliar‐applied K lint yield studies) were conducted. In the time‐course study, plants were sprayed over‐the‐top once during mid‐bloom with a 11.2 kg KNO3/ha (4.3 kg K/ha). Leaf blade and petiole K concentration were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h after application. The KNO3 solutions were applied alone or with either Tween 20 (a commonly used laboratory surfactant), Kinetic, Dyne‐...
SU-GG-J-37: Assessing Image Guided Radiation Therapy Targeting Accuracy: Coincidence Of Imaging System Isocenter With Treatment Machine Mechanical And Radiation Isocenters

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to introduce a method for quantifying the accuracy of linac and imaging system isocenters and demonstrate its use by measuring the targeting of two kilovoltage (kV) imaging systems, and one gantry mounted megavoltage Electronic Portal Imaging Device(EPID). One is the kV imaging system (OBI) integrated with the linear accelerator which supports radiographic and cone beam CTimaging. The other system is the BrainLab Exac Trac stand alone fixed to the treatment room ceiling and floor. Method and Materials: A cylindrical Lucite phantom was designed and fabricated to perform this study. The cylindrical phantom is 20 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. The phantom contains 13 radio‐opaque fiducial markers. A 5 mm spherical marker is positioned at the center of the cylinder. The phantom was imaged and the CTdata sets were imported to two planning systems. Treatment beams were placed and both 3D data sets and isocenter information were transferred to the Linac delivery and imaging workstations. For each imaging system, phantom was initially positioned according to machine cross‐hair. Then images were acquired and measured shifts were applied to precisely position the phantom. Then, Winston‐Lutz test was performed for different gantry and collimator configuration. The radiation beam was collimated by a tray‐mounted 30 mm diameter circular collimator.Results: The radius of spherical volume in which all isocenter intersect or lie was measured. For EPID, OBI, CBCT, and Exac Trac, the radius is: 0.54 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.7 mm and 1.46 mm respectively. From the Winston‐Lutz analysis, the average isocenter deviation from all angles is 1.18 ± 0.28 mm. Conclusion: The error in mechanical, radiation and imaging isocenter is about one millimeter. Regardless what imaging system is used for patient setup, it is important to incorporate this systematic error in any planning margins.
Cost Benefit Analysis of Monitoring Serum Vancomycin Concentrations in a Teaching Hospital

Objective: To evaluate the economic benefits of routine monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations and recommend monitoring guidelines. Design: An IRB approved 5-months retrospective chart review. Setting: The study was conducted using patients' medical records in a Teaching hospital. Patients: All patients on intravenous vancomycin, who have stable serum creatinine at the time of initiating vancomycin. Main Outcome Measures: Benefit-to-cost ratio and Return-on-investment were calculated. Benefits were determined using costs avoided that would have occurred in managing SVC-related toxicity, while the cost was the hospital charge for determining SVC. Interventions: Using a computer-generated list of patients on vancomycin from August to December 1995, thirty-one patients' charts were randomly retrieved from the medical records department and reviewed. We extracted and recorded pertinent data on a data collection sheet. The data extracted included SVCs, frequency of SVC determination, dose and duration o...
An experimental study of cutting fluid effects in drilling

Abstract Experiments were designed and conducted on aluminum alloys and gray cast iron to determine the function of cutting fluid in drilling. The variables examined included speed, feed, hole depth, tool and workpiece material, cutting fluid condition, workpiece temperatures and drill geometry. The experimental responses under consideration were quantitative as well as qualitative. The quantitative responses included drilling torque, thrust force, hole quality (diameter, perpendicularity, taper and cylindricity), surface finish and built-up edge, whilst the qualitative responses were chip morphology and inspection of hole side-walls. The results indicate that the cutting fluid does have an effect on the surface finish, and that the cutting fluid interacts with other variables to have an effect on hole quality. The evidence suggests that the mechanism of the cutting fluid is lubricating at the margins of the drill.
Cerebral Aneurysm Sac Growth as the Etiology of Recurrence After Successful Coil Embolization

Cerebral aneurysm recurrence is characterized by the recanalization of an aneurysm lumen after treatment with embolization coils, necessitating additional interventional measures. Recurrence rates of ≤ 34% have been reported (with major recurrence rates of ≤ 21% cited).1 The etiology of cerebral aneurysm recurrence remains unclear; however, compaction of embolization coils within a treated aneurysm lumen has been referenced in the literature as the primary mechanism of recurrence.2–4 Nevertheless, it should be noted that the evidence presented has been observational in nature and thus qualitative.2–4 While coil compaction is a conceivable mechanism of cerebral aneurysm recanalization (allowing for increased luminal volume), it is hypothesized by the authors that growth of the sac itself is the primary recurrence mechanism. Previous studies concerning aneurysm sac growth have been limited to qualitative observations of 2D angiographic data.5–6 In these studies the ability to accurately measure aneurysm sac and coil mass size was vital; however, changes in scan magnification and patient orientation between initial and follow-up angiographic scans makes the reliable discernment of aneurysm sac and coil mass size over time difficult, and therefore limits the ability to rigorously assess the temporal evolution of both the coil mass and the aneurysm sac. The objective of this study was to utilize 3D image processing methods to quantify both aneurysm sac growth and coil mass volume in order to assess the association of each mechanism with recurrence. A study population of patients presenting with recurrent cerebral aneurysms post treatment with embolization coils at The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) were examined.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The wealthy world

John Edmunds. 2001. The Wealthy World: The Growth and Implications of Global Prosperity. New York: Wiley. 108 pages.
Papilliferous ameloblastic fibroma

Abstract An interesting and unusual histologic variant of ameloblastic fibroma is reported in a 15-year-old Negro girl. The case represents the first published report of papilliferous ameloblastic fibroma. The available follow-up suggests that the biologic behavior of this variant is identical to that of the ameloblastic fibroma.
Manipulation of an innate escape response in Drosophila: photoexcitation of acj6 neurons induces the escape response.

Background The genetic analysis of behavior in Drosophila melanogaster has linked genes controlling neuronal connectivity and physiology to specific neuronal circuits underlying a variety of innate behaviors. We investigated the circuitry underlying the adult startle response, using photoexcitation of neurons that produce the abnormal chemosensory jump 6 (acj6) transcription factor. This transcription factor has previously been shown to play a role in neuronal pathfinding and neurotransmitter modality, but the role of acj6 neurons in the adult startle response was largely unknown.
An experimental study of the nonlinear dynamic phenomenon known as wing rock

An experimental investigation into the physical phenomena associated with limit cycle wing rock on slender delta wings has been conducted. The model used was a slender flat plate delta wing with 80-deg leading edge sweep. The investigation concentrated on three main areas: motion characteristics obtained from time history plots, static and dynamic flow visualization of vortex position, and static and dynamic flow visualization of vortex breakdown. The flow visualization studies are correlated with model motion to determine the relationship between vortex position and vortex breakdown with the dynamic rolling moments. Dynamic roll moment coefficient curves reveal rate-dependent hysteresis, which drives the motion. Vortex position correlated with time and model motion show a time lag in the normal position of the upward moving wing vortex. This time lag may be the mechanism responsible for the hysteresis. Vortex breakdown is shown to have a damping effect on the motion.
The Case for a New Fiscal Constitution

For the first 140 years of U.S. history, the federal budget was effectively constrained by two fiscal rules: the formal limits within the Constitution on the enumerated spending powers and an informal rule that the government could borrow only during recessions and wars. At the end of the 1920s, federal expenditures were 2.6 percent of GNP. The federal debt was constrained to about equal to 16 percent of GNP. The general price level was roughly stable over this long period. Over the past six decades, however, federal expenditures have increased to nearly 25 percent of GNP. Larger and more frequent budget deficits have increased the federal debt held by the public to an amount equal to about 50 percent of GNP. And the general price level is now about nine times the level at the beginning of this period. This dramatic change in fiscal and monetary conditions occurred without one amendment to the Constitution to authorize a change in the fiscal rules. Our effective fiscal constitution has been transformed into one in which Congress and the President may authorize any type or amount of expenditures and taxes, subject only to the voting rules for routine legislation. How did this happen? Should economists be concerned about this change in the fiscal constitution? What, if anything, should be done about it?
the nature of nurture

The problem of what is to be included in “the nature of kinship” is examined by focusing on kinship and friendship in Truk District, Caroline Islands, Micronesia. A cultural model of “intensive interpersonal relationships” is presented showing how natural kinship, created kinship, and friendship conceptually interlock for Trukese. It is concluded that the essence of kinship as a general cross-cultural construct is sharing and that cross-cultural studies of kinship must focus on the variety of symbolic actions that stand for kinship in different cultural settings.