cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inversion domain boundaries in wurtzite GaN

We present two models for the atomic structure of inversion domain boundaries in wurzite GaN, that have not been discussed in existing literature. Using density functional theory, we find that one of these models has a lower formation energy than a previously proposed model known as Holt-IDB. Although this newly proposed model has a formation energy higher than the accepted lower-energy structure, known as IDB*, we argue that it can be formed under typical growth conditions. We present evidence that it may have been already observed in experiments, albeit misidentified as Holt-IDB. Our analysis was facilitated by a convenient notation, which we introduced, to characterize these models; it is based on the mismatch in crystal stacking sequence across the ${10\overline{1}0}$ plane. Additionally, we introduce an improved method to calculate energies of certain domain walls that challenge the periodic boundary conditions needed for plane-wave density functional theory methods. This new method provides improved estimations of domain wall energies.
Indonesia’s Economic Performance in Comparative Perspective, and a New Policy Framework for 2049

Indonesia began its war for economic development in 1949 after winning the war for political independence that started in 1945. This is a speculative paper because it is the exploratory paper of the planned Indonesia 2049 project which asks whether Indonesia’s war on economic development would be won after one hundred years. We compared various dimensions of Indonesia’s economy with those of two oil exporters (Mexico and Nigeria), three large populous developing economies (Brazil, China and India) and three Southeast Asian neighbors (Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand). Indonesia’s post-1965 economic performance was very good when compared with its own pre-1965 period, was above average when compared with the other eight countries, and was slightly below average when compared with the East Asian economies. Our tentative conclusion is that a new economic policy framework should be adopted in the second SBY administration to ensure that Indonesia in 2049 would be close to achieving the dreams of the Generasi 1945. This new policy framework must go beyond the twin Washington Consensus prescriptions of “getting prices right” and “getting institutions right” to include actions like “getting the role of science right” and “getting the conception of the reform process right”.
Juvenile hormone regulation of microRNAs is mediated by E75 in the Dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in controlling posttranscriptional gene regulation and have a profound effect on mosquito reproduction and metabolism. Juvenile hormone (JH) is critical for achieving reproductive competence in the main vector of human arboviral diseases, Aedes aegypti. We report a JH-mediated mechanism governing miRNA expression. Using a transcription factor screen with multiple primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) promoters, we identified that the Ecdysone-induced protein E75 (E75) isoform (E75-RD) induced miRNA gene promoter activity. E75 binding sites were determined in miRNA promoters by means of cell transfection assay. E75-RD was found to be up-regulated by JH, as shown by the JH application and RNA interference (RNAi) of the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met). Small RNA sequencing from RNAi of Met and E75 displayed an overlapping miRNA cohort, suggesting E75 to be an intermediate component within the JH hierarchical network controlling miRNAs. Further experiments confirmed that E75-RD positively regulates several miRNAs including miR-2940. Reducing miR-2940 resulted in the arrest of follicle development and number of eggs laid. Performing miRNA target predictions and RT-qPCR from antagomir Ant-2940-3p–treated fat body tissues identified the mRNA target Clumsy (AAEL002518). The molecular interaction between this gene target and miR-2940 was confirmed using an in vitro dual luciferase assay in Drosophila S2 cells and in Ae. aegypti Aag2 cell lines. Finally, we performed a phenotypic rescue experiment to demonstrate that miR-2940/Clumsy is responsible for the disruption in egg development. Collectively, these results established the role of JH-mediated E75-RD in regulation of miRNA gene expression during the mosquito reproductive cycle.
Let Computational Thinking Permeate Biostatistics Education of Public Health Students

An overarching goal of biostatistics education at any public health school is to cultivate students' ability to solve real-world problems. This paper discusses unconventional approaches to enhancing students' problem-solving ability in the setting of an online master degree program in epidemiology. Citing students' actual work, the author advocates shifting more attention to how to foster knowledge elaboration, an integral, yet oft-overlooked part of problem-based learning. The author further illustrates how computational thinking skills can be weaved into biostatistics teaching to facilitate knowledge elaboration.
QuickSelect: history-based selection expansion

When editing a graphical document, it is common to apply a change to multiple items at once, and a variety of tools exist for selecting sets of items. However, directly selecting large sets can sometimes be cumbersome and repetitive. We propose a method for helping users reuse complex selections by expanding the set of currently selected items. We analyze a document's operation history to determine which items have been frequently edited together. When the user requests it, items that have been previously edited with the current selection can be added to it. The new selection can then be manipulated like any other selection. This approach does not require a semantic model of the document or relations between items. Rather, each expansion is based on what the user has done so far to create the document. We demonstrate this approach in the context of vector graphics editing. Results from a pilot study were encouraging. Reusing selections with pre-existing histories, users were more efficient at editing tasks with our QuickSelect tool. Subjective preferences from a usability study in a free drawing context indicate that selection expansion is easy for users to learn and to apply.
Cognitive Function in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Older Adults: An Analysis of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cohort

Overweight and obesity are growing in prevalence among older adults.1 The prevalence of overweight and obesity is more than 50% in U.S. adults, with the highest prevalence observed in adults aged 50 and older.1 In association with various cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease, overweight and obesity are related to a host of adverse health outcomes in older adults and place a severe burden on the U.S. healthcare system.2 The relationship between body weight and selected geriatric syndromes has recently attracted significant research interest. Investigators have shown a positive association between body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms in elderly people.3 Studies have demonstrated that, in the elderly population, overweight and obesity were related to self-reported functional limitations,4 performance-based functional disability,5 urinary incontinence,6 and chronic osteoarthritic pain, but controversies still exist regarding the relationship between BMI and cognitive ability in older people. A positive relationship between BMI and cognition has been demonstrated,7 although some other reports have showed an inverse association between obesity and cognitive performance.8 Longitudinally, the relationship between BMI and dementia has not been consistent. One study followed 392 nondemented Swedish adults for 18 years and found that overweight was a risk factor for dementia in women,9 but the Personnes Agees QUID Study followed 3,646 individuals for 8 years and demonstrated that subjects with a BMI less than 21 had a greater risk of developing dementia than subjects whose BMI was between 23 and 26. The relationship was no longer significant after excluding individuals who developed dementia early during the follow-up.10 Therefore, the overarching goal of this study was to elucidate the relationship between body weight and cognitive function in late life by examining data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial.
Self-education via Ly49 receptor engagement of donor and host iNKT cells following in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation (TRAN1P.874)

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells recognize glycolipid-CD1d complexes via their TCR but also express inhibitory Ly49 receptors (iLy49s) specific for MHC I ligands. However, little is known regarding the importance of iLy49s in the self-recognition of MHC I by iNKT cells during development. We hypothesized that self-engagement of iLy49s during development alters the phenotype and function of self-responsive iNKT cells. We examined this hypothesis in prenatal Balb/c to B6 and B6 to Balb/c allogeneic chimeras that were established by in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation (IUHCT) of E14 fetal liver light density cells into age-matched fetal recipients. After birth, we compared iLy49 expression and the functional response of iNKT cells in the allogeneic chimeras to age-matched controls. The levels of allospecific iLy49s on host iNKT and donor iNKT were significantly reduced in all organs tested suggesting developmental recognition of both donor and host MHC class I had occurred. In contrast, the expression of irrelevant receptors was not altered. Lastly, iNKT cells from chimeric mice that expressed allospecific iLy49s exhibited significantly increased production of IL-4 in response to TCR stimulation suggesting that a shift toward a regulatory phenotype had occurred. Future studies will directly evaluate the impact of self-recognition by iNKT cells in the developmental pathogenesis of autoimmunity, allergy and allospecific tolerance.
Safety of a novel formulation of ibuprofen sodium compared with standard ibuprofen and placebo.

AbstractBackground: Ibuprofen (IBU) is an efficacious over-the-counter analgesic/antipyretic with adverse event (AE) rates comparable to placebo. IBU sodium (IBUNa) is a newer, more soluble form that is absorbed faster than standard IBU, leading to more rapid analgesia. Although its safety and tolerability are expected to be comparable to standard IBU, this has not yet been reported. Methods: Pooled analysis comparing the safety of single-dose IBUNa (512 mg; equivalent to 400 mg IBU free acid; n = 362) with standard IBU tablets (400 mg; n = 342) and placebo (n = 187) across five Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies evaluating IBUNa for treatment of postoperative dental pain, tension-type headache, or fever. Results: Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) occurred in 5% of cases in the IBUNa group (25 events), 6.4% of cases in the standard IBU group (41 events), and 10.2% of cases in the placebo group (31 events). The most frequent TEAEs were in the following Medical Dictionary for Regul...
Access to Abdomen

Gaining access to the abdomen is the first step in any laparoscopic procedure. This chapter describes various techniques for gaining access and creating a pneumoperitoneum. Potential problems and complications, and the means by which these adverse occurrences may be avoided or treated, are also detailed.
Evolution of Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles Compared to Conventional Vehicles from 2010 to 2045

Fuel cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development because of their potential for high efficiency and low emissions. Because fuel cell vehicles remain expensive and there is limited demand for hydrogen at present, very few fueling stations are being built. To try to accelerate the development of a hydrogen economy, some original equipment manufacturers in the automotive industry have been working on a hydrogenfueled internal combustion engine (ICE) as an intermediate step. This paper compares the fuel economy potential of hydrogen powertrains to conventional gasoline vehicles. Several timeframes are considered: 2010, 2015, 2030, and 2045. To address the technology status uncertainty, a triangular distribution approach was implemented for each component technology. The fuel consumption and cost of five powertrain configurations will be discussed and compared with the conventional counterpart.
Crosstalk-aware PWM-based on-chip global signaling in 65nm CMOS

This paper proposes two crosstalk-aware signaling techniques based on pulse width modulation (PWM) for energy-efficient on-chip global busses. Two bits of information are encoded into transition type and pulse width for transmission over one wire. Measurements from 5mm on-chip links in 65nm CMOS show that the proposed schemes simultaneously achieve 15% performance improvement, 46% peak energy reduction, up to 25% average energy reduction, and ≫2X leakage reduction compared to conventional repeaters.
A Review of Field Techniques for the Assessment of Energy Expenditure

The assessment of energy expenditure in free-living subjects is central to a complete understanding of the etiology of obesity, malnutrition, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis. Laboratory-based methods that rate high with respect to validity and reliability do not lend themselves to this task because they are restrictive, expensive, or both. Investigators have therefore developed survey methods, physiological markers, and mechanical or electrical monitors for use in the field. The development of the doubly labeled water method for measuring energy expenditure and increased availability of room indirect calorimeters has recently made it possible to evaluate these field techniques. Some of the recently developed mechanical and electrical monitors have been found to be valid for the measurement of energy expenditure, but even the best provide measures that are too variable to be useful on an individual basis.
Religion and Migration around the Globe: Introducing the Global Religion and Migration Database:

International migration is a global phenomenon involving nearly 215 million people, equivalent to 3% of the world's population. Previous databases of global migration catalog international migration using a variety of variables (sex, education, age); however, religion is rarely addressed within these data sets. Representing nearly half a million data points, the Global Religion and Migration Database (GRMD) was constructed - the only global database estimating the global migrant population (stock) by origin, destination, and religious affiliation. This research note serves as an introduction to the GRMD, detailing the construction of the database and providing key findings from a global perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bounded query functions with limited output bits

The paper explores the difference between parallel and serial queries to an NP-complete oracle, SAT, from the perspective of functions with a limited number of output bits. For polynomial-time bounded query language classes, which can be considered as functions with 1 bit output, previous work has shown that 2 serial queries to SAT is equivalent to 3 parallel queries to SAT. In contrast, for function classes with no limit on the number of output bits, previous work has shown that there exists a function that can be computed in polynomial time using 3 parallel queries to SAT, but cannot be computed using 2 serial queries to SAT, unless P=NP. The results show that there exists a function with 2 bit output that can be computed using 3 parallel queries to SAT, but cannot be computed using 2 serial queries to SAT, unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses.
Abinitio effective core potentials including relativistic effects. V. SCF calculations with ω–ω coupling including results for Au2+, TlH, PbS, and PbSe

Ab initio self‐consistent field calculations are reported for a series of diatomic molecules using relativistic effective core potentials (REP) and basis sets appropriate for ω–ω coupling. The molecular orbitals are expressed as linear combinations of two‐component analogs of Dirac spinors. The unique feature of the present approach is the retention of the spin–orbit operator in the generation of the REP’s and the propagation of its effects into the molecular wave functions in a totally consistent fashion. The nature of bonding in the molecules Au2+, TlH, PbSe, and PbS is discussed with consideration of the orbital energies, spectroscopic constants, and population analyses. Comparisons with recently obtained photoelectron spectra of PbSe and PbS are made. It is noted that 6p1/2 and 6p3/2 orbitals exhibits bonding characteristics that are different from the nonrelativistic pσ and pπ molecular orbitals.
Good Neighbors for Fair Housing: Suburban Liberalism and Racial Inequality in Metropolitan Boston

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a fair housing movement made up of white-collar professionals and housewives rapidly emerged in the Route 128 suburbs outside of Boston. The Boston network, which eventually included thirty-five hundred members and thirty-seven chapters, became the largest and most active example of a national phenomenon. Tracing the evolution of the fair housing movement complicates standard narratives of suburban politics, modern liberalism, and the civil rights movement. The movement’s combination of localized and legal tactics played a crucial role in creating the grassroots support and legal means to fight racial discrimination and came to shape state and federal housing policy. Yet its suburban-based and individualist political outlook imposed serious constraints on the efforts to eradicate the root causes of residential inequality and solidified larger patterns of spatial inequality in Massachusetts and the nation.
Preliminary assessment of the anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to secondary organic aerosols at two industrial cities in the upper Midwest

Abstract The contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total PM 2.5 mass are of interest to air quality management agencies required to demonstrate maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS. Reductions of SOC can be used in conjunction with the mitigation of other PM 2.5 constituents to maintain PM 2.5 concentrations below the regulatory limit. Currently, quantitative tools to understand the SOC source contributions to PM2.5 mass are not well developed, and the spatial variation of different types of SOC is not known. In this study concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic SOC mass were determined using PM 2.5 measurements made in Cleveland, OH and Mingo Junction, OH. Twenty-four hour averaged samples were collected on the EPA 1-in-6 day schedule over the course of one year between June 2007 and May of 2008. Organic molecular markers for anthropogenic and biogenic SOC were extracted from the PM 2.5 , silylated, and then analyzed by GC–MS. Source apportionment calculations were conducted using the EPA CMB (v.8.2) software and organic molecular markers as source tracers. SOC concentrations calculated from SOC tracers measurements followed the expected seasonal patterns with maximum contributions during the summer and minimum contributions during the winter. Anthropogenic SOC constituted approximately 37% to the apportioned SOC and 6% to the measured OC, on average across both sites. Biogenic SOC contributed the 42% to the apportioned SOC, and 4% to the measured OC. Anthropogenic SOC contributed strongly to organic PM 2.5 meaning that SOC may by partially controllable by reductions in VOC emissions from anthropogenic sources. Similarities in the month-to-month patterns in α-pinene markers were observed between Cleveland and Mingo Junction, suggesting a regional character to this type of SOC. However, such patterns were not readily apparent in the isoprene markers. Limitations were found in the current version of the model. Approximately half of the water soluble organic carbon unrelated to biomass burning (NB-WSOC) during spring, summer and early fall could not be apportioned by the CMB model with the SOC markers available during this study. This suggested that additional sources not included in the CMB model used in this study contributed to SOC, or that models using markers measured in chamber oxidations are not entirely representative of the study sites. The unapportioned OC did not correlate particularly well with any of the known OC sources. While performance of the model is limited due to uncertainties in the source profiles, the apportionments calculated still give a preliminary insight into the relative contributions to SOC from anthropogenic and biogenic emissions.
Integrated Wireless Neurostimulator

This paper presents the design, fabrication and functional testing of a fully implantable, flexible, Parylene-enabled neurostimulator that features single channel wireless stimulation capability. The system comprises a CMOS stimulator chip, a fold-and-bond RF coil, two platinum electrodes, and discrete capacitors. The MEMS components are fabricated with a Parylene-metal skin technology, and the system assembly is achieved by interconnecting individual components together on a Parylene substrate with silver epoxy. The functionality of the integrated system is verified using a telemetry link setup, and single-phase pulses with amplitudes ranging from 7 to 8.5 V are detected.
Modelling detonation of heterogeneous explosives with embedded inert particles using detonation shock dynamics: Normal and divergent propagation in regular and simplified microstructure

This paper discusses the mathematical formulation of Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) regarding a detonation shock wave passing over a series of inert spherical particles embedded in a high-explosive material. DSD provides an efficient method for studying detonation front propagation in such materials without the necessity of simulating the combustion equations for the entire system. We derive a series of partial differential equations in a cylindrical coordinate system and a moving shock-attached coordinate system which describes the propagation of detonation about a single particle, where the detonation obeys a linear shock normal velocity-curvature (Dn–κ) DSD relation. We solve these equations numerically and observe the short-term and long-term behaviour of the detonation shock wave as it passes over the particles. We discuss the shape of the perturbed shock wave and demonstrate the periodic and convergent behaviour obtained when detonation passes over a regular, periodic array of inert spherical parti...
A comparison of double-layer capacity obtained by numerical differentiation of interfacial tension data with that measured dierectly

Abstract A polynomial fitting technique was employed to smooth the equilibrium interfacial tension data obtained for six different aqueous electrolyte solutions using a high-precision capillary electrometer. Analytical double differentiation of the polynomial fit yielded capacity values which reproduced the general shape of the directly determined capacity curves, and the two sets of data agreed well except at extreme polarizations.
Rethinking gender and international security: balancing global and regional perspectives.

The main objective of this article has been to strike a cautionary note in the act of theorising about gender and international security. It is important to consider the appropriateness of extending new models originating in the West to other societies no matter how attractive and persuasive they may appear at first glance. In looking at gender and international security issues and how they apply to non- Western societies it is necessary to keen in mind two important mediating influences that are bound to have an impact: the post-colonial international system that continues to be characterised by hegemonic political economy and military structures as well as differing sociocultural aspects. For any overarching model to have direct relevance for South Asia these factors have to be taken into account in some manner or other. (authors)
Re-framing End-Time Wonders: A Response to Hans Kvalbein:

In 1998 JSP published Hans Kvalbein’s analysis of 4Q521’s therapeutic language, in which Kvalbein pursued specifically (1) the question whether such language intends a literal or metaphorical referent, and (2) the parallels between 4Q521’s language and Mt. 11.5||Lk. 7.22. Kvalbein’s essay presents a careful analysis of the relation between tradition and the language used to express that tradition. Unfortunately, his essay assumes a too-rigid distinction between literal and metaphoric reference and neglects the complex relations that could obtain between language and tradition, past and present. This essay addresses that neglect and turns to recent sociological research in memory to uncover 4Q521’s and the gospel texts’ use of therapeutic traditions in Isaiah (and elsewhere) to identify and interpret their present situation(s).
Relating Nimbus-7 37 GHz data to global land-surface evaporation, primary productivity and the atmospheric CO2 concentration

Global observations at 37 GHz by the Nimbus-7 SMMR are related to zonal variations of land surface evaporation and primary productivity, as well as to temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The temporal variation of CO2 concentration and the zonal variations of evaporation and primary productivity are shown to be highly correlated with the satellite sensor data. The potential usefulness of the 37-GHz data for global biospheric and climate studies is noted.
Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in the elderly: A review and case example

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent form of psychopathology in the elderly, yet limited evaluation of the disorder in this age group has occurred. We review the literature and describe a case of OCD effectively treated in an 80-year-old man. Case study reports suggest that elderly persons are responsive to selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, although medication selection and dosage may need to be adjusted as a result of the medical conditions sometimes present in the elderly. Elderly persons appear able to benefit from exposure and response prevention, although behavioral intervention has not been frequently used. We describe here the first case report where exposure and response prevention procedures were successfully used and this intervention was not confounded with psychopharmacologic treatment.
Artificial Control of Glottic Adduction for Aspiration by Orderly Recruitment in the Canine

Laryngeal adduction for swallowing chiefly involves contraction of the thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles to seal the glottic chink. Vocal cord elongation supplements closure through cricoarytenoid activation. Relaxation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is also involved in the swallowing process. Recent interest has focused on stimulating the laryngeal nerves to protect the lower airway from conditions where normal muscular coordination may be disrupted (e.g., in aspiration following stroke). Unfortunately, electrical stimulation results in a generalized contraction of all the dependent intrinsic laryngeal muscles because the larger, more excitable axons fire before their smaller counterparts can be activated. In the physiological state, however, the smaller fibers are recruited first. The current study focuses on electronic manipulation of force in the glottic muscles involved in deglutition. We used a stimulator that could selectively activate the intrinsic laryngeal muscles based on their specific motor unit architectures. In 5 dogs, the circuit recruited the axons in the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves from small to large. The muscles were identified according to the differential recruitment rates of their compound muscle action potentials as they appeared on the graph. The smaller axons in the thyroarytenoid recruited faster than the large ones found in the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, with intermediate figures observed with the cricothyroid. The posterior cricoarytenoid presented with the slowest recruitment rates, as expected from this muscle's highest contingent of larger motor units. Latencies between the onsets of stimulations and muscle saturations also appeared stable. This approach to manipulating glottic force saves energy because it allows stimulating the adductory muscles with minimal interference from their abductor antagonist.
Energy-dependent photoelectron angular distributions of two-color two-photon above threshold ionization of atomic helium

Energy-dependent photoelectron angular distributions from two-color two-photon above threshold ionizations are investigated to determine the partial-wave characteristics of free-free electronic transitions in helium. Sideband photoelectron energies ranging from 0.18 to 13.0 eV are measured with different wavelengths of the perturbative infrared dressing field as well as different individually selected high-order harmonics. Using the experimentally measured cross-section ratios and anisotropy parameters together with analytical expressions derived from second-order perturbation theory, the partial-wave branching fractions going to the $S$ and $D$ waves in the positive and negative sidebands are determined as a function of photoelectron kinetic energy. The results provide a sensitive test for theoretical models of two-color two-photon above threshold ionization in atoms and molecules.
MgSO4 ION association in seawater

Examination of the consequences of the stoichiometric association constant K∗a = 41.7 for MgSO4 in seawater as advocated by Johnson and Pytkowicz (1979) leads to a thermodynamic association constant Ka = 212.6, a value 32% greater than KA = 160 derived from conductance data. Use of Ka = 160 leads to a K∗a in essential agreement with the value of 10.2 reported by Kester and Pytkowicz (1969).
EXAFS and XANES: New Astrophysical Tools to Study the Solid State Structure of Interstellar Grains

I show that new information about the compositions and crystal structures of interstellar grains can be derived from measurements of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) above the absorption edges in the spectra of highly extincted and bright X-ray stars. It will be also possible to probe the long-range crystal structures of solid grains by analyzing extended X-ray absorption-edge profiles modified by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). I show that recently developed high-resolution (E/ΔE ≈ 1000) X-ray spectrometers (e.g., the High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility [AXAF] or the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on the X-Ray Multi-Mirror satellite [XMM]) will be able to measure these features.
A Perspective on Eagleton's Revival of Rhetoric.

(1987). A perspective on Eagleton's revival of rhetoric. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 22-31.
Suppression of Flavor Changing Effects From Neutral Spinless Meson Exchange in Gauge Theories

Abstract We note that in gauge theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions like the standard SU(2) × U(1) model in which all the quarks of each charge have the same gauge properties and get their mass from the vacuum expectation values of a set of scalar mesons with the same gauge properties the “true” Higgs mesons do not mediate flavor changing interactions. Flavor changing effects from other neutral mesons can be suppressed by large meson masses. The masses of the spinless mesons which mediate flavor changing effects can be made arbitrarily large without affecting the structure of the weak interactions.
Computational organization science: A new frontier

Synthetic adaptation is the process whereby any entity composed of intelligent, adaptive, and computational agents is also an intelligent, adaptive, and computational agent. Because of synthetic adaptation, organizations, like the agents of which they are composed, are inherently computational. We can gain insight into the behavior of groups, organizations, and societies by using multiagent computational models composed of collections of intelligent adaptive artificial agents. CONSTRUCT-O and ORGAHEAD are examples of such models whose value for social, organizational, and policy analysis lies in the fact that they combine a network (social and knowledge approach) with a multiagent approach to effect more realistic behavior. The results from a series of virtual experiments using these models are examined to illustrate the power of this approach for social, organizational, and policy analysis.
The initiation of yielding in silicon-iron

An experimental program was conducted in which the etch pit technique was used for the direct observation of dislocation configurations at various stages of yielding. Poly-crystalline tensile specimens of 3 per cent silicon-iron were loaded in tension at constant strain rate and by load pulses. A new model of the delay-time for yielding at constant applied stress is presented. Three assumptions used are (a) no dislocation motion occurs below a critical resolved shear stress, (b) the yielding rate is dependent upon the velocity of mobile dislocations, and (c) the end of the delay period occurs when yielding of the grains has spread continuously through the thickness of the specimen. This model is consistent with the experimental observations and explains the true static upper yield point and the shape of the strain vs. time curve at constant applied stress. The model also yields reasonable values for the stress concentration factor on grains in the critical cross-section that are least favorably oriented for slip.
Premature ventricular contractions as the presenting feature of mitral valve prolapse in childhood

REFERENCES 1. Furman S, Parker B, and Escher DJW: Transtelphone pacemaker clinic, J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 61:827, 1971. 2. Furman S, and Escher DJW: Transtelephonic pacemaker monitoring: Five years later, Ann Thorac Surg 20:326, 1975. 3. Starr A, Dobbs J, Dabolt L, and Pierie W: Ventricular tracing pacemaker and teletransmitter follow-up system, Am J Card 32:956, 1973. 4. Hasin Y, David D, and Rogel S: Diagnostic and therapeutic assessment by telephone electrocardiographic monitoring of ambulatory patients, Br Med J 2:609, 1976. 5. Scheidt S, McCAll J, Wilner G, and Killip T: Remote electrocardiography clinical experience with telephone transmission of electrocardiograms, JAMA 230:1293, 1974. 6. Williams RL: Use of transtelephonic electrocardiography in patients with symptoms suggesting cardiac arrhythmias, Pediatrics 61:493, 1978. 7. Crippled Children's Representative Manual, Bureau of Personal Health Services, Regional Offices, Michigan Department of Public Health, Appendix, Exhibit 2, 1976, p 4.
Viscosity of Electrolytic Solutions in Dioxane-Water Mixtures†

The viscosities and densities of solutions of nine alkali halides (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium chlorides; sodium fluoride, bromide and iodide; cesium iodide) and four quaternary ammonium bromides (tetramethyl, tetraethyl, tetra-n-propyl and tetra-n-butyl) have been measured over the concentration range 0.05–0.25 N in dioxane-water mixtures containing 0–63 weight % dioxane. The Jones-Dole B-coefficient for the alkali halides increases as the dioxane fraction increases, to values much larger than those corresponding to the Einstein volume effect, suggesting a selective solvation of the cations. With increasing dioxane fraction, the B-coefficients for the quaternary salts tend towards the theoretical values calculated from the known crystallographic radii of their ions.
Oxygen-atom transfer from nitrous oxide (NNO) to nickel alkyls. Syntheses and reactions of nickel(II) alkoxides

Abstract The dialkyl nickel complexes (bipy)Ni(R) 2 )( 1 R Et; 2 , R  iso -Bu; bipy  2,2′-bpyridine) react with nitrous oxide (1 atm) to generate nickel(II) alkoxy alkyl complexes (bipy)Ni(OR)(R) ( 3 , R  Et; 4 , R  iso -Bu), which in turn undergo CO-insertion followed by reductive elimination under a carbon monoxide atmosphere to afford the corresponding esters (ethyl propionate from 3 ; 2-methylbutanoic acid-2-methylpropyl ester from 4 ). Nitrous oxide reacts with the metallacyclopentane complex (bipy)Ni{(CH 2 ) 4 } ( 5 ) to give the oxametallacycle (bipy)Ni{O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 2 } ( 6 ) and with (phen) Ni{(CH 2 ) 4 } ( 7 ; phen  1,10-phenanthroline) to give (phen) Ni{O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 2 } ( 8 ). Complex 6 undergoes elimination reactions with HCl to give 1-butanol, with I 2 to give tetrahydrofuran, and with CO to give δ-valerolactone. The α-methyl substituted metallacycle (bipy)Ni {(CH 2 ) 3 CHCH 3 } ( 9 ) reacts with N 2 O in a regioselective fashion (at the more highly substituted NiC bond) to give (bipy) Ni{OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 } ( 10 ) exclusively. Complex 10 undergoes elimination reactions with HCl to give 2-pentanol, with I 2 to give 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, and with CO to give δ-caprolactone. The β,β′-dimethyl substituted metallacycles, meso -(bipy)Ni{CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 2 } ( 11 ) and d,l -(bipy)Ni{CH 2 CH (CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 2 } ( 12 ) react with N 2 O to produce the oxametallacycles (bipy)Ni{ cis -OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 2 }( 13 ) and (bipy)Ni{ trans -OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 2 } ( 14 ), respectively. Complex 13 undergoes elimination reactions with HCl to give 2,3-dimethyl-l-butanol, with I 2 to give cis -3,4-dimethyl-tetrahydrofuran, and with CO to give tetrahydro- cis -4,5-dimethyl-2 H -pyran-2-one. The metallacycles (bipy)Ni{CH 2 C(CH 2 )C(CH 2 )CH 2 } ( 15 ) and (bipy)Ni{(CH 2 ) 2 C 6 H 4 } ( 16 ), both possessing sp 2 -hybridized ring carbons in the β- and β′-positions, show no reactivity toward N 2 O. However, 16 reacts with HCl to afford o -xylene, with CH 2 Br 2 to afford indan, and with maleic anhydride to afford tetrahydronaphthalene anhydride.
A retrospective approach to assessing the sustainability of the Grand Canal of China

This article provides a methodology to assess the infrastructure sustainability of the Grand Canal of China using a systems approach based on historic–geographic data. By taking a retrospective view over a significant historical period, it is possible to assess the usefulness of current modern sustainability measures (SMs) as reasonable predictors. The temporal focus of this article is between 1770 and 1870, while the geographic focus is on Huai'an, Jiangsu province. The period and region selected for study were key for the changing utilisation and viability of the canal. An infrastructure sustainability indicator (ISI) for the Grand Canal is introduced, based on three SMs: economic, environmental and social/political. Each of these measures consists itself of two or three underlying indices. Variations of the ISI over the period from 1770 to 1870 are reviewed in the context of the historical events in China during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article demonstrates that the concept of infr...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) and other thrombotic microangiopathies

Thrombotoic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by systemic platelet aggregation, organ ischaemia, profound thrombocytopenia (with increased marrow megakaryocytes) and fragmentation of erythrocytes. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) is another type of thrombotic microangiopathy accompanied by renal dysfunction. In adults, a thrombotic microangiopathy that clinically more often resembles HUS than TTP may follow: bone marrow or solid organ transplantation and immunosuppression with cyclosporine or tacrolimus; total-body irradiation; mitomycin; gemcitabine; multiple chemotherapeutic agents; or antiangiogenic/antineoplastic substances. This article discusses the thrombotic microangiopathies that have provided the most extensive molecular insights to date into pathophysiology. These are familial and acquired forms of TTP associated with deficient plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving metalloprotease (ADAMTS-13) activity; acquired diarrhoea-associated HUS; the thrombotic microangiopathies associated with cyclosporine/tacrolimus or bevacizumab; and the preeclampsia-HELLP (haemolysis-elevated liver enzymes-low platelets) syndrome.
Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia.

Abstract Manns PJ, McCubbin JA, Williams DP. Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1176–81. Objective To determine the relations among peak aerobic capacity, physical activity, functional ability, components of the metabolic syndrome (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides [TG], glucose, insulin, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure), and inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP]) in men with paraplegia. Design Cross-sectional exploratory design. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Twenty-two men (age, 39±9y; duration of injury, 17±9y; level of injury, T2-L2) with functionally complete paraplegia volunteered to participate. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Peak aerobic capacity was measured using a graded peak exercise test with an arm ergometer, and physical activity was assessed by the Physical Activity and Disability Scale. Functional ability was assessed by the Self-Report Functional Measure. Circulating glucose, insulin, HDL-C, TG, total cholesterol, IL-6, and CRP levels were determined by specific enzyme or immunologic assays. Body fat was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and central obesity was estimated from abdominal sagittal diameters. Results Lower peak aerobic capacities were associated with lower HDL-C and lower physical activity levels ( P P P Conclusions Diet and exercise trials are needed to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions aimed at slowing the progression of the metabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury.
Comparison of in vitro drug responses in airways of atopic dogs with and without in vivo airway hyperresponsiveness

For comparison with previous studies in greyhounds and in the Basenji-Greyhound dog model of asthma (BG), basenji dogs were studied under identical conditions with respect to airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine, cutaneous responses to intradermal antigen injection, and the sensitivity of isolated trachealis muscle to methacholine and isoproterenol. The relaxant effect of isoproterenol was assessed in trachealis muscle precontracted with methacholine (ED50). The basenji dogs resembled the BG dogs in that they showed multiple positive skin tests. Further, trachealis muscle showed a markedly reduced sensitivity to methacholine (pD2 6.64 +/- 0.10) (+/- S.E.) in vitro. However, basenji dogs resembled the greyhounds in requiring high concentrations of methacholine aerosols to produce a 2-fold increase in pulmonary resistance (1.68 mg/ml +/- 1.21). Thus, there were no significant correlations between sensitivity to methacholine in vitro and airway responsiveness to methacholine in vivo; however, the reduced sensitivity to methacholine in vitro in both basenji and BG dogs may be related to the marked atopy characteristic of both groups. In vitro sensitivity to isoproterenol was correlated (r = 0.82) with the concentration of methacholine needed to elicit the test contraction, but isoproterenol sensitivity in BG dogs was significantly less (p = .0027) than that predicted by the common regression line. This deficit in beta adrenergic function in trachealis muscle unrelated to atopy may be important in the in vivo airway hyperresponsiveness of BG dogs.
Issues in the application of the average reference: Review, critiques, and recommendations

In standard event-related potential (ERP) recordings, activity at the reference site affects measurements at all the “active” electrode sites. Analyses of ERP data would be improved if reference site activity could be separated out. Apart from current source density methods, which can miss deep or distributed events, the major alternative to an “indifferent” electrode reference is one that combines all active electrodes, subtracting out the activity common to all of them. The average reference has merits (such as an insensitivity to scalp currents near any single electrode) and limitations (such as a dependence on the number and locations of all the electrodes in the average). This review compares the effects of different references on the scalp topography of the auditory N1 recorded with an array of 128 electrodes. Furthermore, it shows how assumptions associated with each reference affect inferential methods such as analysis of variance and correlation. Finally, it seeks to evaluate the efficacy of the average reference in estimating the true zero potential line.
Thermal behavior of transparent poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) film

The thermal behavior of poly(etheretherketone)(PEEK) film heated in an open differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pan at 20°C/min is distorted by relaxation of the strained film. PEEK film in a closed pan or quenched PEEK in open or closed pans shows a glass-transition temperature (Tg) around 144°C, cold crystallization (∼22 J/g) at 177°C, melt-temperature (Tm) peaking at 335–340°C, with an enthalpy of fusion of 32–34 J/g, and recrystallization on cooling at 285°C, with a crystallization exotherm of about 40 J/g. The enthalpy of fusion decreases with increasing heating rate from 2–100°C/min and approaches the enthalpy of cold crystallization. With increasing heating rate, further crystallization of PEEK during the DSC scan is suppressed. With increasing cooling rate, PEEK melt crystallizes at larger supercoolings to a lesser extent. Crystallization on cooling the melt was more complete than cold crystallization and annealing on heating.
A study of metastatic carcinoma found in hernia sacs between 2006 and 2012 at one institution

Hernia sacs are generally regarded as routine specimens in the daily practice of surgical pathology. However, unexpected findings including carcinoma can occasionally arise in these seemingly benign specimens. To ascertain the prevalence of metastatic carcinoma found within hernia sacs and to determine the importance of routine histologic examination of hernia sacs, we conducted a retrospective study of all hernia sacs with a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma reported in our hospital system between January 2006 and December 2012. Of 3117 total herniorrhaphy specimens between 2006 and 2012, 11 (0.35%) were found to have metastatic carcinoma. Interestingly, in 3 cases, the initial diagnosis of cancer was made during histologic examination of the hernia sac. Metastatic carcinoma in hernia sacs is a rare occurrence; however, it is encountered in routine practice. It is recommended that herniorrhaphy specimens not be discarded and, instead, be regarded as peritoneal biopsies for routine histologic examination.
Optical pacing of the embryonic heart

Light has been used to noninvasively alter the excitability of both neural and cardiac tissue 1-10. Recently, pulsed laser light has been shown to be capable of eliciting action potentials in peripheral nerves and in cultured cardiomyocytes 7-10. Here, we demonstrate for the first time optical pacing (OP) of an intact heart in vivo. Pulsed 1.875 μm infrared laser light was employed to lock the heart rate to the pulse frequency of the laser. A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) signal was used to verify the pacing. At low radiant exposures, embryonic quail hearts were reliably paced in vivo without detectable damage to the tissue, indicating that OP has great potential as a tool to study embryonic cardiac dynamics and development. In particular, OP can be utilized to control the heart rate, and thereby alter stresses and mechanically transduced signaling.
Directories of Publishing Opportunities: A Bibliographical Survey

Anyone who attempts to publish an article should be familiar with the Writer's Market. This standard reference work, which describes the editorial policies of numerous book and journal publishers, is readily available in most libraries and bookstores.
Mechanism of grignard reagent formation. Further evidence for the surface nature of the reaction

The use of Rieke magnesium permits one to obtain reaction with (S)-(+)-1-bromo-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane (1) at −65°C to yield a chiral Grignard reagent that is 33–43% optically pure.