cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing and reducing the risks of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in travelers.

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is an arthropod‐borne protozoan infectious disease endemic throughout most of the Americas, caused by the trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi , and transmitted to humans by reduviid, or kissing, bugs. Reduviid bugs (phylum: Insecta, order: Hemiptera, family: Reduviidae, subfamily: Triatominae) transmit several zoonotic strains of T cruzi among many mammalian reservoir hosts throughout the Americas. Chagas disease is most commonly transmitted to humans via T cruzi –infected reduviid bug defecations near bite wounds or exposed mucosal surfaces. Chagas disease may also be transmitted congenitally, by ingestion of T cruzi –infected reduviids or their feces, by blood product transfusions, and by organ transplants. Indeterminate and chronic infections may be reactivated by immunosuppression, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and by pregnancy. Characterized by an influenza‐like illness acutely in adults, Chagas disease may result in chronic heart disease or gastrointestinal megasyndromes following a prolonged, indeterminate stage of subclinical infection. In its 2003 World Health Report, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that Chagas disease caused more deaths from parasitic disorders than from any other parasitic disease in Latin America and that T cruzi was responsible for the third highest number of parasitic infections in the world following malaria and schistosomiasis.1 Chagasic heart disease has become an increasingly common indication for heart transplantation in Latin America and the United States.2,3 Chagas disease has now occurred in three US recipients of heart, kidney, liver, and pancreas transplants from a single Central American immigrant donor and in two US recipients of heart transplants from T cruzi –infected donors (Figure 1).3–5 Chagas disease may pose increasing communicable disease risks to travelers in endemic regions of the Americas, including beachside resort regions and interior rural regions. Figure 1 Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote on a peripheral blood smear … Corresponding Author: James H. Diaz, MD, MPH&TM, DrPH, Program in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2021 Lakeshore Drive, Suite 200, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA. E‐mail: jdiaz{at}lsuhsc.edu.
Escrt-III: an endosome-associated heterooligomeric protein complex required for mvb sorting.

The sorting of transmembrane proteins (e.g., cell surface receptors) into the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway to the lysosomal/vacuolar lumen requires the function of the ESCRT protein complexes. The soluble coiled-coil-containing proteins Vps2, Vps20, Vps24, and Snf7 are recruited from the cytoplasm to endosomal membranes where they oligomerize into a protein complex, ESCRT-III. ESCRT-III contains two functionally distinct subcomplexes. The Vps20-Snf7 subcomplex binds to the endosomal membrane, in part via the myristoyl group of Vps20. The Vps2-Vps24 subcomplex binds to the Vps20-Snf7 complex and thereby serves to recruit additional cofactors to this site of protein sorting. We provide evidence for a role for ESCRT-III in sorting and/or concentration of MVB cargoes.
The role of plasma cytokine levels, CRP and Selenoprotein S gene variation in OA

Summary Objective Investigating the association between plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines, Selenoprotein S (SELS) gene variation and osteoarthritis (OA) subtypes. Methods The genetics of osteoarthritis and progression (GARP) study consists of 191 sibling pairs with symptomatic OA at multiple joint sites. We have measured plasma levels of 17 cytokines and chemokines and genetic variation at the SELS gene. Results Nine out of 17 serum markers could be assessed quantitatively, whereas eight markers were assessed qualitatively. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the quantitatively assessed markers and serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (S-HsCRP) revealed that three components underlie 61% of the total plasma variation. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SELS gene revealed four common haplotypes, one of which, GAG (frequency 3.5%) showed significant association to an anti-inflammatory ( P =0.019) and acute phase related ( P =0.036) component. OA subtype analysis showed that one component (mainly representing chemokine variation) was significantly associated to hand OA and disc degeneration ( P =0.029 and P =0.010 respectively) as well as a physical component score (PCS) ( P =0.042). The CRP related component also showed a strong association to the PCS ( P =0.007). SELS haplotypes showed no association to OA subtypes in the GARP study. Conclusion Genetic variation in the SELS gene associates to components representing inflammatory signaling. Another component, representing chemokine variation, showed association to hand OA and disc degeneration in the GARP study indicating chemokines may contribute to OA pathogenesis.
Written action plans: Potential for improving outcomes in children with atopic dermatitis

Asthma and atopic dermatitis are common childhood diseases requiring long-term treatment. Adherence to treatment is often poor. Written action plans (WAPs) can improve adherence in pediatric asthma. In this article we review the use of WAPs in pediatric asthma and atopic dermatitis as a basis for assessing WAPs for pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Results from a PubMed search for WAPs in pediatric asthma and a Cochrane review on this topic were compiled. Results from a PubMed search for education in pediatric atopic dermatitis were also reviewed. The preponderance of evidence indicates that WAPs improve adherence in pediatric asthma. No such intervention was identified for atopic dermatitis. Few controlled trials directly comparing use to non-use of a WAP were found. WAPs show promise in improving adherence in pediatric asthma, and their effect on adherence in pediatric atopic dermatitis is worthy of further investigation.
The effect of storage temperature and source on productivity of Russet Rurbank seed

Optimum temperatures for storage of Russet Burbank seed potatoes were investigated during the years 1966 and 1967. The least number of stems per seed piece was obtained from seed tubers stored at 40 F in comparison to storage at 35 F or 45 F. This was true both in the greenhouse and in the field. Although the same lot of tubers was used, considerably more stems per seed piece were obtained in the greenhouse than in the field. The plants from seed tubers stored at 40 F and 45 F produced significantly higher yields of U.S. No. 1’s over 10 oz than seed stored at 35 F. Certified seed from Tetonia, Idaho produced significantly higher total and U.S. No. 1 yields than did seed produced at Aberdeen. As storage temperatures of Russet Burbank seed tubers increased, the specific gravity of the resulting crop decreased.
Environmental sampling and analysis for zeranol.

Due to concern over health effects associated with the use of zeranol, a sampling and analytical method to monitor zeranol in the work environment was developed. The collection strategy included air samples on FHLP filters, area samples on gauze pads, hand/dermal samples on gauze pads and bulk samples. The sampling method evaluation included choice of media, flow rate and duration for air samples, sample preparation, extraction efficiencies and sample stability. Analysis of the samples was accomplished by high performance liquid chromatography with identification and quantification by UV and fluorescence detection. The analytical method evaluation included separation of possible interfering compounds, calibration curves, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantitation (LOQ), precision and accuracy. The tested analytical range was 0.01 to 150 µg/ mL with a LOD of 0.007 µ g/ mL and a LOQ of 0.02 µg/mL using U V detection. For the fluorescence detector, the LOD was 0.05 µg/mL and the LOQ was 0.15 µg/mL. Pe...
Exploration of the role of expectations in foreign exchange risk management

Abstract Stochastic dominance and expected utility criteria are used to explore the effects of unique expectations on foreign exchange investors. This paper illustrates the use of stochastic dominance and expected utility in selecting appropriate hedging strategies, when an individual investor's expectations of the future do not match the expectations implied in market prices. The investor is assumed to hold one unit of foreign currency. This position can be hedged by selling futures, writing covered call options, or buying protective put options. Preferences are assessed based on the stochastic dominance criteria, as well as the expected utility criteria under asymmetric information. When the investor's expectations regarding the domestic interest rate, volatility, or both are different from those of the market, we find clear preferences regarding hedging strategies. The major finding is that different sets of expectations lead to different optimal hedging strategies. Based on the particular parameters analyzed, an investor is always better off with some form of hedging.
Laparoscopic and robotic surgery in pediatric urology

Minimally invasive technology has been embraced in the surgical area over the past 10 years, with laparoscopy leading the way. In the adult population, there are clear advantages in the risk–benefit paradigm. In pediatric surgical procedures, however, the enthusiasm has been dampened by the fact that children in general have a quicker postoperative recovery after open surgery compared with adults, and the risk–benefit ratio is not as obviously in favor of minimally invasive approaches. Instrumentation that is specific to pediatric patients often has lagged behind other technologic advances. In spite of these considerations, advancements in laparoscopy and robotic assisted surgery have been demonstrated to be advantageous for certain procedures. This article details procedures that are possible in pediatric patients. As further technical advancements are made, these procedures may become the standard of care in children, reaching toward the goal of lessening pain and recovery time while maintaining excellent surgical success. Diagnostic laparoscopy The primary indication for diagnostic intra-abdominal laparoscopy is indicated for the nonpalpable testes or to define intra-abdominal internal ductal or gonadal structures in intersex cases.
Autonomy for remote sensing — Experiences from the IPEX CubeSat

The Intelligent Payload Experiment (IPEX) is a CubeSat mission to flight validate technologies for onboard instrument processing and autonomous operations for NASA's Earth Science Technologies Office (ESTO). Specifically IPEX is to demonstrate onboard instrument processing and product generation technologies for the Intelligent Payload Module (IPM) of the proposed Hyperspectral Infra-red Imager (HyspIRI) mission concept. Many proposed future missions, including HyspIRI, are slated to produce enormous volumes of data requiring either significant communication advancements or data reduction techniques. IPEX demonstrates several technologies for onboard data reduction, such as computer vision, image analysis, image processing and in general demonstrates general operations autonomy. We conclude this paper with a number of lessons learned through operations of this technology demonstration mission on a novel platform for NASA.
Prevention of the serotonin syndrome in rats by repeated administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors but not tricyclic antidepressants

The serotonin syndrome, a behavioral response produced by the activation of serotonin receptors, and 3H-serotonin binding were examined after repeated treatment of rats with different types of antidepressant drugs. The serotonin syndrome was produced by the direct-acting serotonin receptor agonists 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeDMT) or d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Repeated, but not acute treatment of rats with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (nialamide, pargyline, and phenelzine) prevented the serotonin syndrome in response to either 5-MeDMT or LSD and also reduced 3H-serotonin binding in the brain stem and spinal cord. Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine blocked the ability of nialamide treatment to inhibit the serotonin syndrome caused by 5-MeDMT. By contrast, neither the serotonin syndrome or 3H-serotonin binding was affected significantly by the repeated administration of tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, desmethylimipramine, and chlorimipramine) or iprindole. Repeated monoamine oxidase inhibitor treatments may prevent the serotonin syndrome by causing a reduction of 3H-serotonin receptor binding sites in the brain stem and/or spinal cord.
Energy shift of a depolarizing resonance due to a type-3 Siberian snake

We recently studied the proton beam polarization in the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility Cooler Ring at five energies. We found that the {ital G}{gamma}=2 imperfection depolarizing resonance occurred about 1.9 MeV below the expected resonance energy of 108.4 MeV. This energy shift could be due to a shift of about +0.0036 in the spin tune {nu}{sub {ital s}}, which is the number of spin rotations in each turn around the ring. We then demonstrated that this spin tune shift is consistent with the Cooler Ring containing a partial type-3 Siberian snake, which is apparently caused by the magnets that confine the electron and proton beams in the cooling region.
Analysis of large-strain shear in rate dependent face-centred cubic polycrystals: correlation of micro- and macromechanics

Micro- and macroscopic aspects of large-strain deformation are examined through analyses of shear by using physical and phenomenological models. Past experiments and analyses are first reviewed to reveal current issues and put the present work in perspective. These issues are addressed by a complete set of simulations of large-strain shear with a finite-strain, rate-dependent polycrystal model. The model is based on a rigorous constitutive theory for crystallographic slip that accounts for the development of crystallographic texture and the effects of texture on constitutive response. The influences of strain hardening, latent hardening, strain-rate sensitivity, boundary constraints, and initial textures on texture evolution and constitutive response are studied. Coupled stress and strain effects such as axial elongation during unconstrained shear and the development of normal stresses during constrained shear are related to material properties, boundary constraint and texture. The formation of ideal textures and their role in determining polycrystalline behaviour is discussed in quantitative terms. Large-strain shear is also studied by using several phenomenological constitutive theories including J 2 -flow theory, J 2 -corner theory, and two versions of finite-strain kinematic hardening theory. The behaviours predicted by these phenomenological theories and the physically based polycrystal model are directly compared. A noteworthy outcome is the close correspondence found between the predictions of J 2 -corner theory and those of the micromechanically based physical model.
Fitting multiple datasets in kinetics: n-butane + OH products

Offsets due to systematic calibration errors are a common feature of the literature on temperature-dependent rate constants. We present a formalism for dealing with these offsets within the context of least-squares fitting, using a priori parameter constraints based on the estimated accuracy of individual studies. This methodology not only eliminates biases caused by calibration errors, it also ensures that the metric used to compare different studies is their accuracy, not their precision. Consequently, studies with single measurements at room temperature can be meaningfully compared with studies comprising dozens of measurements spanning a wide temperature range. We apply this procedure to the complete literature dataset for two reactions: OH + propane and OH + n-butane, after first presenting new data for OH + n-butane spanning the temperature range 180–300 K and extending the low-temperature limit of the literature by 50 K. There is outstanding agreement among a very large set of studies, including relative measurements of the propane:n-butane rate constant ratio. We present new reduced transition state theory fits for each reaction that accurately reproduce the observed rate constants between 180 and 1000 K, and argue that these two reactions are the optimal reference reactions for many relative rate studies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 259–272, 2004
Examining the Value of Social Capital and Social Support for Black Student-Athletes' Academic Success

The purpose of this study is to understand how social capital and social support influence the academic success of Black student-athletes that attend predominantly White institutions of higher education (PWIHEs). Utilizing a qualitative approach, the authors conducted narrative interviews to understand the experiences of Black student-athletes (N = 9) at a PWIHE in the southwestern region of the USA. Employing critical race theory, the Black student-athletes revealed their experiential realities as a racial minority within the academic environment. The findings revealed that their academic success was contingent upon their interactions with faculty as their status as Black student-athletes promoted positive and negative interactions. As such, Black student-athletes leveraged their social capital, or social networks consisting of parents and family, to provide social support. Acknowledging the unique “culture” of student-athletes, college and university athletic departments and their personnel may find it beneficial to create proactive avenues for parental engagement to aid in student-athlete adjustment and matriculation.
Image-assisted visualizations over networks

The World Wide Web is incorporating recent advances in Internet technology and 3-D graphics, promoting the spread of visu- alization over networks. To increase the efficiency of web-based 3-D graphics systems including scientific visualizations, we present a method that utilizes previously rendered and transmitted images in- stead of transmitting 3-D models to the client. Our image-based rendering and compression (IBRAC) method exploits spatial and temporal coherence between new and previously rendered syn- thetic images. Reprojecting color and visibility data accelerates the computation of new images, while reprojecting the surface orienta- tion eliminates inconsistencies in shading and lighting changes that plague other image-based rendering methods. We also present a new image data structure called an isomap, containing classification-interval data that enables a remote user to interac- tively classify volume data without loading the 3-D dataset. Our ap- proach produces rendering speedups of seven and more without visible degradation, and compression ratios are a factor of 2 to 10 times better than MPEG2 in our test cases. The approach is best suited for remote rendering applications, where the client has limited rendering resources and network bandwidth, including wireless or palm computing applications. © 2003 SPIE and IS&T.
Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: What Is the Future?

Gene transfer for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has completed phase 1 safety testing and has shown the necessary safety to proceed to the next level of clinical trial. This review focuses on the background of the components of that have led to US Food and Drug Administration acceptance of human gene transfer trials for nonlethal disease.
Modelling semi-continuous data using mixture regression models with an application to cattle production yields

The present paper develops a mixture regression model that allows for distributional flexibility in modelling the likelihood of a semi-continuous outcome that takes on zero value with positive probability while continuous on the positive half of the real line. A multivariate extension is also developed that builds on past multivariate models by systematically capturing the relationship between continuous and semi-continuous variables, while allowing for the semi-continuous variable to be characterized by a mixture model. The flexibility associated with this model provides potential applications in many production system studies. The empirical model is shown to provide a more accurate measure of mortality rates in cattle feedlots, both independently and within a system including other performance and health factors.
Managerial incentives and the decision to hire managers in markets with public and private firms

Abstract This paper considers the managerial incentive contract when public and private firms compete in the same market. Social welfare is enhanced when all firms hire managers, but for different reasons than when all firms are privately owned. Incentives to hire managers differ in private and public firms; in equilibrium, only private firms hire managers.
Experimental Study of Fillets to Reduce Corner Effects in an Oblique Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction

A test was conducted in the 15 cm x 15 cm supersonic wind tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center that focused on corner effects of an oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction. In an attempt to control the interaction in the corner region, eight corner fillet configurations were tested. Three parameters were considered for the fillet configurations: the radius, the fillet length, and the taper length from the square corner to the fillet radius. Fillets effectively reduced the boundary-layer thickness in the corner; however, there was an associated penalty in the form of increased boundary-layer thickness at the tunnel centerline. Larger fillet radii caused greater reductions in boundary-layer thickness along the corner bisector. To a lesser, but measureable, extent, shorter fillet lengths resulted in thinner corner boundary layers. Overall, of the configurations tested, the largest radius resulted in the best combination of control in the corner, evidenced by a reduction in boundary-layer thickness, coupled with minimal impacts at the tunnel centerline.
Overview of multiple-model methods for maneuvering target tracking

This is the fifth part of a series of papers that provide a comprehensive survey of techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. Part I and Part II deal with target motion models. Part III covers measurement models and associated techniques. Part IV is concerned with tracking techniques that are based on decisions regarding target maneuvers. This part surveys the multiple-model methods---the use of multiple models (and filters) simultaneously---which is the prevailing approach to maneuvering target tracking in the recent years. The survey is presented in a structured way, centered around three generations of algorithms: autonomous, cooperating, and variable structure. It emphasizes on the underpinning of each algorithm and covers various issues in algorithm design, application, and performance.
A look at human interaction with pervasive computers

A collection of papers has been gathered in order to explore the pervasive computing trend with a humanistic approach. Is it possible for us to understand what the technological world will be like in the next millennium? These papers will help technologists to share in the successes of others in this field and also to understand problems researchers are having in creating ubiquitous computing environments. Our experiences are conveyed to motivate future work in the area and to help all of us envision and create the future. Because pervasive computing affects many people in any number of disciplines, we took a broad approach when picking topics for this issue. Education, communication, and social implications are among the topics discussed here. Although the means used by the authors to reach for their goals may be different, there are many similarities in their visions of the future.
Fluorescence Imaging of the Desorption of Dye from Fused Silica versus Silica Gel

The desorption rate constants for a cationic dye from strong adsorption sites are compared for the same chromatographic interface but for two different substrates, fused silica and chromatographic silica gel. The dye is 1,1‘-didodecyl-3,3,3‘3‘-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The interface consists of acetonitrile and a hydrocarbon monolayer (C8) covalently bound to the silica substrate. To measure slow desorption from fused silica, fluorescence imaging combined with correlation spectroscopy is used. To measure slow desorption from silica gel, fluorescence movies of silica gel particles are used. In both cases, the results show that there are two types of slow desorption processes on time scales exceeding 1 s. The desorption time from one type of site is within an experimental error of 7 s for both silica substrates. The adsorption kinetics for this type of site are slow, and the equilibrium population of DiI on these sites is comparable to that for DiI weakly adsorbed to the hydrocarbon mon...
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a novel bimetallic polyoxocation, [Cu6(dtbbpy)6Mo7O26]2+ (dtbbpy = 4,4′-ditertbutyl-2,2′-biyridine)

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of CuSO4·5H2O, MoO3, 4,4′-ditertbutyl-2,2′-biyridine and H2O in the mole ratio 2:1.5:1:2500 yields [ Cu 6 ( dtbbpy ) 6 Mo 7 O 26 ] 2 [ Mo 8 O 26 ]·26 H 2 O ( 1 ·26 H 2 O ) . The structure of 1 ·26 H 2 O consists of discrete α-[Mo8O26]4− anions and [Cu6(dtbbpy)6Mo7O26]2+ cations. The polyoxocation is constructed of an equatorial ring of three edge-sharing {MoO6} octahedra, capped on one face by a {Mo3Cu3O6} ring of corner-sharing molybdenum tetrahedra and copper square pyramids, and on the second face by a {Cu3MoO4} unit.
A procedure for removing the synoptic climate signal from environmental data

Using weather-type frequencies from a synoptic climatology, a technique is presented that discriminates between within-type and between-type variations in a time series of climate-related environmental data. The removal of the synoptic climate signal, or declimatizing, is based on normalizing the data by the mean annual weather-type frequencies for the study period. Declimatizing is illustrated symbolically and with a worked hypothetical example. An application of the procedure to visibility data from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania demonstrates its utility in decomposing complex climate-related environmental data into its component synoptic and non-synoptic influences. The methodology can also distinguish the relative importance of between-type and within-type changes in a synoptic climatology.
Effects of immobilization on growth, substrate consumption, β-galactosidase induction, and byproduct formation in Escherichia coli

Some metabolic properties of both suspended and immobilized aerobically and anaerobically growingEscherichia coli cells were investigated. Metabolic activity was found to be substantially different whenE. coli cells were immobilized in alginate. Cells grown immobilized in alginate, and then released from the gel, synthesized 1.6 (aerobic growth) and 4.9 (anaerobic growth) times as much β-galactosidase per cell in response to induction as did suspended cells. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the cell yield from glycerol for immobilized cells was half that for suspended cells. At specific growth rates that were not significantly different from those of suspended cells, immobilized cells consumed glycerol at twice the rate of suspended cells. Immobilized cells produced elevated quantities of acetate, pyruvate, and lactate. Interpretation of these findings is discussed in terms of the kinetics of energy metabolism and the regulation of inducible protein synthesis inE. coli.
A quantitative method for ranking the water quality tolerances of benthic species

This method compares relative tolerances of benthic organisms to levels of water pollutants using contingency table analyses. Ratings of the pollution tolerance of benthic species may thus be more accurately assigned, improving the previously proposed biotic indices. Preliminary application of this method utilizes six species of tubificid worms of the genera Limnodrilus and Tubifex, among which several trends in water tolerance seemed to have become apparent.
Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) and Mono-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (MEHP) Accumulation in Whole Blood and Red Cell Concentrates

Plasma DEHP concentrations were measured weekly in whole blood and red cell concentrates (RCC) during 21 days of storage in standard CPD within PL-130 blood bags. In addition, DEHP and MEHP accumulation patterns were investigated in blood stored for 42 days in modified CPD with adenine within PL-146 and BB-69 storage containers. Total per-unit plasma DEHP of RCC units was 49 to 71 per cent of the total in plasma of whole blood units (PL-130). From 28 to 42 days, mean DEHP levels were 12 to 19 per cent higher in whole blood stored in PL-146 than in BB-69. Although MEHP was not found in any blood bag plastic, MEHP accumulated in plasma during whole blood storage. MEHP concentrations were 2.8 to 3.8 times higher in plasma stored in BB-69 than in PL-146. It is postulated that MEHP arises from hydrolysis of DEHP by plasma lipase, even in frozen plasma sample, and that the rate of this reaction is influenced by blood bag plastic surface characteristics.
Zinc protoporphyrin-to-heme ratios in high-risk and preterm infants.

Objectives To refine the reference range for the zinc protoporphyrin–to–heme ratio (ZnPP/H) of preterm infants, we assessed the impact of maternal risk factors on ZnPP/H and evaluated the impact of changes in iron supplementation on iron status. Study design The reference range for neonatal ZnPP/H was refined using prospective data from 31 reference infants ≤35 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) plus retrospective data from 51 infants Results Cord ZnPP/H was lower at 30-35 weeks' gestation than at 24-26 weeks' gestation ( P = .01). Cord ZnPP/H values from insulin-dependent diabetic mothers were elevated compared with reference values. Changing the iron supplementation protocol was not associated with improved ZnPP/H measurements. Conclusions Cord blood and postnatal reference ranges for ZnPP/H are defined. Iron balance depends on a complex interaction of prenatal and postnatal factors.
Experiments in nearly homogenous turbulent shear flow with a uniform mean temperature gradient. Part 1

A reasonably uniform mean temperature gradient has been superimposed upon a nearly homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a wind tunnel. The overheat is small enough to have negligible effect on the turbulence. Away from the wind-tunnel entrance, the transverse statistical homogeneity is good and the temperature fluctuations and their integral scales grow monotonically like the corresponding velocity fluctuations (Harris, Graham & Corrsin 1977). Measurements of several moments, one- and two-point correlation functions, spectra, integral scales, microscales, probability densities, and joint probability densities of the turbulent velocities, temperature fluctuations, and temperature-velocity products are reported. The heat-transport characteristics are much like those of momentum transport, with the turbulent Prandtl number nearly 1. The temperature fluctuation is better correlated with the streamwise than the transverse velocity component, and the cross-component D12 of the turbulent diffusivity tensor has sign opposite to and about twice the magnitude of the diagonal component D22. Some resemblance of directional properties (relative magnitudes of correlation functions, integral scales, microscales) of the temperature with those of the streamwise velocity is also observed. Comparisons of the present data with measurements in the inner part of a heated boundary layer and a fully turbulent pipe flow (x2/d = 0·25) show comparable magnitudes of temperature-velocity correlation coefficients, turbulent Prandtl numbers and ratios of turbulent diffusivities, and show similar shapes of two-point correlation functions.
A Case Study in Challenging Engineering Requirements

Requirements are an essential element to engineering design as they are used to focus idea generation during conceptual design, provide criteria for decision making during concept selection, and verify the chosen concept fulfills product needs. Because they are essential to the entire design process, emphasis must be placed on ensuring that they are correct. This research focuses on a value-based methodology useful for challenging and validating established requirements. A case study was conducted on an industry-sponsored project to use this value-based process on the requirements that constrain the design of an automotive seat. A human anthropomorphic model, comfort value model, occupant safety model, and a model of an automotive seat are integrated to establish an H-point travel window to maximize the safety and comfort of an automotive seating structure. This case study shows that this approach provides evidence to establish requirements based on value to the human rather than legacy seating requirements.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Two-Dimensional Assembly of Symmetric Colloidal Dimers under Electric Fields

Like atoms and molecules with directional interactions, anisotropic particles could potentially assemble into a much wider range of crystalline arrays and meso-structures than spherical particles with isotropic interactions. In this paper, the electric-field directed assembly of geometrically anisotropic particles–colloidal dimers is studied. Rich phase behavior and different assembly regimes are found, primarily arising from the broken radial symmetry in particles. The orientations of individual dimers depend on the frequency of the electric field, the ramping direction of frequency, and the salt concentration. The competition and balance between the hydrodynamic, electric, and Brownian torques determine the orientation of individual particles, while the competition between the electrohydrodynamic force and dipolar interaction determines the aggregation of aligned particles at a given experimental condition. The field distribution near the electrode is critical to understand the orientation and assembly behavior of colloidal dimers on a conducting substrate. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness, the reversibility, and potential opportunity of applying electric field to control the orientation and direct the assembly of non-spherical particles. In particular, two dimensional close-packed crystals of perpendicularly aligned dimers are obtained, which shows promise in fabricating 3D photonic crystals based on dimer-like colloids and field-directed display.
Pharmacologic Interventions for the Management of Critical Bleeding

Hospital pharmacists are often consulted for their knowledge about coagulation and therapeutic interventions for the management of critical bleeding. Many pharmacotherapies are available for this purpose, both systemic and topical, and others are in development. These agents and their mechanisms of action are reviewed, and perspectives are provided regarding their use in various clinical settings. Also provided are associated precautions to promote safe use. Current controversies surrounding pharmacotherapeutic agents used to control serious bleeding (e.g., in various types of surgery, trauma, obstetrics, and intracranial hemorrhage) are also discussed.
CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF BREWERY WASTE

Spent grain liquor, a brewery waste, was used as a fermentation medium for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus foetidus (formerly called A. niger NRRL 337.) The yields of citric acid varied from 3.5–12.3g/liter of the waste fermented, depending on the samples. On the basis of the reducing sugar consumed, the yields ranged from 42–58%. The added nitrogen compounds increased mycelial growth and the consumption of sugar, but markedly reduced the amount of citric acid formed. The addition of phosphate (KH2PO4) appeared to have little effect on mycelial growth and citric acid production. Methanol in concentrations of 2–4% markedly increased the formation of citric acid from the waste. There was a reduction in mycelial growth associated with the use of methanol.
Grain Feeding and the Dissemination of Acid-Resistant Escherichia coli from Cattle

The gastric stomach of humans is a barrier to food-borne pathogens, but Escherichia coli can survive at pH 2.0 if it is grown under mildly acidic conditions. Cattle are a natural reservoir for pathogenic E. coli, and cattle fed mostly grain had lower colonic pH and more acid-resistant E. coli than cattle fed only hay. On the basis of numbers and survival after acid shock, cattle that were fed grain had 10(6)-fold more acid-resistant E. coli than cattle fed hay, but a brief period of hay feeding decreased the acid-resistant count substantially.
Development of disaccharidase and glycolytic enzyme activities of prenatal bovine fetuses.

Abstract Bovine fetuses were removed by Caesarian section from primiparous Holstein heifers at 90, 180, and 260 days of gestation. There were five female and five male fetuses at each date. Intestinal mucosal samples were divided into proximal 33% and distal 67% and assayed for disaccharidase and glycolytic enzymes. Lactose was detected at 90 days in the small intestine, increased 5 times by 180 days, and plateaued until term. Patterns for the proximal were higher. Maltase was also present at 90 days and decreased with advancing gestation. Sex did not affect disaccharidase activities. Similar to lactase, glycolytic enzymes (pyruvate kinase, fructose 1-phosphate aldo'ase and fructose diphosphate aldolase) were lowest at 90 days and increased thereafter. At 90 days, intestinal glycolytic enzymes in females were higher than in males, but sexes were not different at 180 and 260 days. The glycolytic enzymes were highly correlated among themselves. There was no apparent relationship between plasma glucose and intestinal enzymes. Intestinal lactose and glycolytic enzymes in the bovine fetus increase most during the second trimester of gestation.
The reactions of the sulfur-containing amino acids with phosphoric and sulfuric acids.

Abstract Both cystine and cysteine react very differently toward 6.0 M phosphoric and sulfuric acids. With phosphoric acid, extensive decomposi tion occurs; with sulfuric acid, very little. Cystine, in phosphoric acid at 100 °C. produces hydrogen sulfide, free sulfur, cysteic acid, ammonia, alanine, serine, and pyruvic acid. Cysteine produces a similar series but with marked quantitative differences. Cystine, in sulfuric acid, is merely racemized. Methionine is largely demethylated by sulfuric acid under these conditions. It is practically inert toward phosphoric acid. The behavior of hair toward phosphoric and sulfuric acids is similar to that of cystine but is modified by reactions of other hydrolytic products.
Reprint of: Synthesis of a tricyclic core of rameswaralide

A tricyclic core containing a 5,7-fused bicyclic unit of rameswaralide was prepared starting from a 1,6-enyne. The synthetic sequence involved (i) ruthenium-catalyzed [5+2]-cycloaddition of 1,6-enyne, (ii) an acyl radical based approach to construct the lactone, and (iii) a regioselective installation of the conjugated double bond by a concomitant sulfenylation–dehydrosulfenylation sequence.
Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Neuroimaging has rapidly advanced investigations into dysfunction both within and emanating from the hippocampus in early Alzheimer’s disease . Focusing on prodromal subjects, we will discuss structural changes to hippocampal subregions, alterations to functional activity both within the hippocampus and elsewhere in the cortex, as well as changes to structural white matter connectivity and changes to functionally correlated patterns during memory performance. We present ample evidence that asymptomatic subjects demonstrate substantial identifiable brain changes before the onset of cognitive decline, but suggest there is significant work yet to be accomplished before applying these findings to individual patients.
Finding evidence of dispositional coping

Abstract Data from college students and their parents were used in this longitudinal investigation, the primary goal of which was to examine the conditions under which coping style and coping behaviors are related. Participants completed a dispositional coping measure and reported on their coping with the most stressful event of the week for six weeks. Reports about the participants’ dispositional coping were also collected from the participants’ parents. Findings were consistent with the expectation that style would be a fairly weak predictor of coping in a given encounter but would predict more strongly aggregated coping responses across encounters. Additionally, parents tended to agree with each other about their child’s coping style, but the correlations between child and parental reports were generally small and nonsignificant.
The stratosphere as a modulator of ultraviolet radiation into the Biosphere

A review is provided of the current state of knowledge of the penetration of ultraviolet radiation through the atmosphere. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the impact of ozone depletions. Needs for improved knowledge are identified and recommendations for future actions are provided.
Abnormalities of the Digital Vasculature as Related to Ulceration and Gangrene

Plastic casts were made of digital vessels of 13 extremities amputated for severe atherosclerosis obliterans. Prior to amputation, blood flow averaged 0.02 cc/min/5 cc of digit (normal, 0.5), and digital systolic pressure average 16 mm Hg. There were more occlusions of terminal arteries (<30 µ in diameter) in the first and fifth toes than in the third toes and on the plantar and proximal dorsal surfaces than in the nail bed; this observation suggests relationship to local trauma and shoe pressures. Occlusion was most severe in 30 to 50 µ arteries, decreased with increasing vessel size, and was greater in uninvolved areas of ulcerated toes than in nonulcerated toes. Occluded arteries smaller than the digital artery terminated abruptly; this observation suggests stasis thrombosis; occlusions did not occur preferentially at sites of branchings. In occluded digital arteries, areas of partial occlusion lay adjacent to complete block, reflecting plaque formation. At the rim of an ulcer crater all vessels termin...
Nicholas of Lyra and Lutheran Views on Ecclesiastical Office

Sixteenth-century reformers, led by Martin Luther, justified their resistance to the Roman Church on the basis of Scripture literally understood. Were they influenced by the foremost medieval authority on the literal meaning of Scripture, Nicholas of Lyra? At one time, it seemed obvious that the answer was, ‘yes’. According to a couplet famous in the sixteenth century: Si Lyra non lyrasset, totus mundus delirasset, Lutherus non saltasset.
Human cytomegalovirus penetrates host cells by PH-independent fusion at the cell surface

Biochemical, genetic, and morphological criteria were used to demonstrate that human cytomegalovirus penetrates permissive fibroblasts and nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by pH-independent fusion between the virus envelope and the host cell plasma membrane and not by low pH-induced fusion within endosomes. Viral immediate early (IE) gene expression and infectivity were unaffected by conditions which block various stages of endocytosis or agents that alter the acidic pH of the endosome. IE gene expression was also evident in a mutant CHO cell line which is defective in endosomal acidification. Morphological analysis of the entry process at the electron microscopic level revealed viral particles in various stages of virion-plasma membrane fusion. In contrast, intact enveloped virions were not observed sequestered within coated pits or vesicular structures. Collectively, the data indicate that the entry pathway by which HCMV gains access to the cytoplasm of fibroblasts and CHO cells in order to initiate infection is via pH independent, virion envelope-plasma membrane fusion.
Frequency limits of GaAs and InP field-effect transistors at 300 K and 77 K with typical active-layer doping

InP FET's with active layer doping of 1017donors/ cm3have limiting values of f T roughly fifty per cent higher than those of equivalent GaAs devices for lengths ranging from 0.5 µm to 3 µm at 300 K, and from eighty percent to forty percent higher in this gate length range at 77 K.
Life history traits and resource allocation in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)

Abstract Variation in recruitment and longevity of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) along its latitudinal distribution suggests clinal differences in the life history traits of this species. Two complimentary approaches were employed to assess degree and nature of the intraspecific variation in life history traits. Growth, mortality and recruitment data were gathered in the field and in the laboratory sea urchins were held under the same conditions to determine the extent of plasticity in resource allocation. Both laboratory and field measurements indicate the observed demographic patterns are best attributed to phenotypic responses to varying environmental conditions rather than genetically determined intraspecific differences in life history traits.
Changes in polyphosphoinositide metabolism during mediator release from stimulated rat mast cells

Abstract The metabolism of the polyphosphoinositides, diphosphoinositide (DPI) and triphosphoinositide (TPI), was studied during mediator release from rat mast cells. Serosal mast cells were purified by density gradient centrifugation and prelabeled with 32 PO 4 . Incorporation of 32 PO 4 into DPI and TPI was determined by thin-layer chromatography on oxalic acid impregnated silica gel plates. 32 PO 4 incorporation into DPI and TPI was increased by Concanavalin A (ConA) or compound 48/80. The concentration of ConA causing a half-maximal increase in DPI labeling was less than that required for a comparable change in histamine release. The increases in DPI labeling and histamine release in response to ConA were enhanced by phosphatidylserine. The addition of α-methylmannoside to mast cells after challenge with ConA rapidly halted DPI and TPI labeling. The results of these studies indicate that changes in the metabolism of polyphosphoinositides may be an intrinsic part of the biochemical mechanisms that control mediator release from mast cells.
Honey Bee Swarm Cognition: Decision-Making Performance and Adaptation

A synthesis of findings from neuroscience, psychology, and behavioral biology has been recently used to show that several key features of cognition in neuron-based brains of vertebrates are also present in bee-based swarms of honey bees. Here, simulation tests are administered to the honey bee swarm cognition system to study its decision-making performance. First, tests are used to evaluate the ability of the swarm to discriminate between choice options and avoid picking inferior "distractor" options. Second, a "Treisman feature search test" from psychology, and tests of irrationality developed for humans, are administered to show that the swarm possesses some features of human decision-making performance. Evolutionary adaptation of swarm decision making is studied by administering swarm choice tests when there are variations on the parameters of the swarm's decision-making mechanisms. The key result is that in addition to trading off decision-making speed and accuracy, natural selection seems to have settled on parameters that result in individual bee-level assessment noise being effectively filtered out to not adversely affect swarm-level decision-making performance.