cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary and Implications

Our objective in this study has been to replicate as closely as possible our prior research with the 1945 birth cohort study. Investigation of another birth cohort in Philadelphia has afforded the opportunity to examine the effects on delinquency of growing up in a different time and sociocultural setting. The 1945 cohort was born in the final year of World War II, which sets its years of delinquent involvement in the period from 1955 through 1962. The 1958 cohort was born 13 years later, which frames the period of delinquency from 1968 through 1975. The social milieu of the two cohorts differs and may represent different pushes toward or pulls away from delinquency. For the 1958 cohort, the delinquency years at risk coincide with America’s involvement in the Vietnam War, the rise in drug abuse, social protest, and the like. This period of rapid social change and pervasive social unrest is in sharp contrast to the more tranquil period of adolescence experienced by the 1945 cohort.
The Measurement and Clinical Importance of Syndesmotic Reduction After Operative Fixation of Rotational Ankle Fractures.

Background: Rotational ankle fractures often have unstable syndesmotic injuries that require reduction and stabilization. Multiple studies have focused on methods to assess syndesmotic reduction; however, the clinical importance of anatomic syndesmotic reduction remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the quality of syndesmotic reduction influenced clinical outcomes following operative treatment of ankle fractures with unstable syndesmotic injuries. Methods: Patients were included from an institutional trauma registry if they had sustained rotational ankle fractures with intraoperative evidence of syndesmotic instability requiring syndesmotic reduction and stabilization. Patients with at least twelve months of disease-specific, patient-reported clinical outcomes were included. Computed tomography (CT) imaging of both ankles was performed within two days postoperatively for all patients. Four previously utilized methods of assessing syndesmotic reduction using axial CT images of the operatively treated and the contralateral ankle were used. Results: A total of 155 patients met the study inclusion criteria and underwent analysis. The four methods used to assess syndesmotic reduction had reliabilities ranging from moderate to almost perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] range = 0.544 to 0.821). Measurements of the uninjured syndesmosis were consistent with those in several previous studies of normal syndesmotic morphology, and the four methods of syndesmotic assessment had strong internal consistency. The mean measurement differences between the injured and normal ankles ranged from 1.32 to 1.88 mm of displacement and averaged 5.75° of rotation. There were no correlations noted between any of the four syndesmotic reduction assessment methods and any Foot and Ankle Outcome Score domains. Conclusions: Within the range of syndesmotic malreductions studied, the quality of syndesmotic reduction did not significantly influence clinical outcomes. These results challenge previous definitions of syndesmotic malreduction and the clinical importance of minor syndesmotic changes. It remains unclear, however, whether greater magnitudes of syndesmotic malreduction than those seen in this cohort would lead to inferior patient-reported outcomes. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Attachment process in subsequent strokes and residual channel luminosity between strokes of natural lightning

We examined high-speed video and electric field records of 23 subsequent strokes following the previous stroke channel in three natural negative lightning flashes, which were obtained at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville (LOG), Florida. Five strokes exhibited faintly luminous formations (FLFs) occurring in a single, pre-return-stroke frame and ranging from 130 to 908 m in length between the lower end of downward leader and the prospective strike point. The FLFs were inferred to be not streamers (as in first strokes) but manifestations of an increase in conduction current in the defunct channel between the leader and ground in response to the increasing electric field produced by the descending leader. Further, in eight strokes, we observed residual channel luminosity persisting over many frames (for 4.7 to 18 ms), through the pre-return-stroke frame. The residual luminosity was apparently associated with a stronger channel heating and a larger channel radius (and hence a lower temperature decay rate), both associated with the relatively long preceding continuing current. Presence of either FLF or residual channel luminosity did not appear to significantly influence the mode and velocity of propagation of the descending leader.
FOUR THOUSAND YEARS OF HABITAT CHANGE IN FLORIDA BAY, AS INDICATED BY BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA

Analyses of 203 samples of benthic foraminifera in six cores from four sites in Florida Bay indicate habitat change over the last ,4000 years. Sample ages were determined for the last ,120 years with 210 Pb, and for up to ,4000 years at two sites with 14 C. The largest habitat changes upcore were identified with stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis (CONISS), which evaluates the similarity of vertically adjacent samples. Paleoenvironmental interpretations of habitat changes were mostly based on varying proportions of two defined associations of environmental indicator taxa and changes in diversity. The timing of the interpreted environmental changes was compared to known natural and anthropogenic events to examine their correspondence and possible relationship. The bay’s initial flooding ,4000 YBP was indicated at the offshore Ninemile Bank by a very high proportion of an Ammonia association and very low proportion of a Quinqueloculina association, similar to modern nearshore assemblages in Trout Cove, the core site closest to the mainland. Construction of the Florida Keys railroad in 1907–1910 led to restricted exchange with the open ocean; foraminifera indicate a salinity decrease at that time, probably from the increased influence of runoff. Faunal changes since the 1920s in central Florida Bay signify increasingly saline (.32 psu) waters. Between 1928–1938, concurrent peaks in the Ammonia association at all sites suggest widespread freshening of the bay, which corresponds to an unusual succession of three powerful, wet hurricanes between 1926–1938. After flushing of the bay by hurricanes, a long-term result of decreased circulation caused by railroad construction was the increased retention of organic materials in the bay; more organic-rich conditions after 1932 are indicated at Ninemile Bank by a shift in infaunal Bolivina species to their highest abundance. In the central bay after 1962, the amplitude of changes in theAmmonia association and diversity was greater, probably related to larger salinity shifts caused by increases in water management in addition to natural events such as droughts. In the central bay in 1987, decreases in diversity, increases in infaunal taxa and decreases in epiphytic species clearly reflect a severe, bay-wide seagrass die-off and drought. Thus, changes in Florida Bay habitats can be related to both anthropogenic and natural causes. Despite any degradation of water quality in the past 50 years, foraminiferal diversity has increased at most sites.
Depolymerization of Poly(indene carbonate). A Unique Degradation Pathway

The depolymerization of poly(indene carbonate) to afford primarily the cyclic carbonate, cis-indene carbonate, has been investigated. Under some conditions, small quantities of the epoxide monomer ...
Triterpenoid Ketones from Lingnania chungii MOCLURE : Arborinone, Friedelin and Glutinone

The powder coating of a bamboo, Lingnania chungii MCCLURE (=Bambusa chungii) was found to be a rich source of the 3-oxo pentacyclic triterpenes (25% on the recovery basis by chromatography on silica gel) which contained friedelin, arborinone and glutinone as the major components accompanied by minor amounts of α- and β-amyrenones. A simple procedure for isolation of friedelin is described. All proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance signals for arborinone, friedelin and glutinone were assigned.
A Surfaced-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study of [Au(CN)2]−/[Au(CN)4]− Adsorbed on Gold Nanoparticles

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be used to study chemical reactions on metal surfaces. Its detection limit makes it possible to observe long-lived intermediates and conformational changes to reactants and products. However, the interaction between the surface and the adsorbate makes interpretation of SERS spectra difficult. A case in point is provided by our studies of gold nanoparticles exposed to aqueous cyanide solution. These systems are characterized by time-dependent SERS spectra, suggesting either conformational or chemical changes to gold adsorbed cyanide species. Though there has been conjecture as to the nature of the process responsible for the evolving spectra, there is no definitive answer. Herein, we report the results of first-principles studies that, when combined with the SERS data, suggest that the observed shift of the SERS signals is attributable to the transformation of dicyanoaurate ions ([Au(CN)2]−) to tetracyanoaurate ions ([Au(CN)4]−) adsorbed to the metal. In the f...
Characterization of dense arrays of chemiresistor vapor sensors with submicrometer features and patterned nanoparticle interface layers.

The performance of arrays of small, densely integrated chemiresistor (CR) vapor sensors with electron-beam patterned interface layers of thiolate-monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (MPNs) is explored. Each CR in the array consists of a 100-μm2 interdigital electrode separated from adjacent devices by 4 μm. Initial studies involved four separate arrays, each containing four CRs coated with one of four different MPNs, which were calibrated with five vapors before and after MPN-film patterning. MPNs derived from n-octanethiol (C8), 4-(phenylethynyl)-benzenethiol (DPA), 6-phenoxyhexane-1-thiol (OPH), and methyl-6-mercaptohexanoate (HME) were tested. Parallel calibrations of MPN-coated thickness-shear-mode resonators (TSMR) were used to derive partition coefficients of unpatterned films and to assess transducer-dependent factors affecting responses. A 600-μm2 4-CR array with four different patterned MPN interface layers, in which the MPN derived from 7-hydroxy-7,7-bis(trifluoro-methyl)heptane-1-thiol (HFA)...
P2X7R-Panx1 Complex Impairs Bone Mechanosignaling under High Glucose Levels Associated with Type-1 Diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) causes a range of skeletal problems, including reduced bone density and increased risk for bone fractures. However, mechanisms underlying skeletal complications in diabetes are still not well understood. We hypothesize that high glucose levels in T1D alters expression and function of purinergic receptors (P2Rs) and pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels, and thereby impairs ATP signaling that is essential for proper bone response to mechanical loading and maintenance of skeletal integrity. We first established a key role for P2X7 receptor-Panx1 in osteocyte mechanosignaling by showing that these proteins are co-expressed to provide a major pathway for flow-induced ATP release. To simulate in vitro the glucose levels to which bone cells are exposed in healthy vs. diabetic bones, we cultured osteoblast and osteocyte cell lines for 10 days in medium containing 5.5 or 25 mM glucose. High glucose effects on expression and function of P2Rs and Panx1 channels were determined by Western Blot analysis, quantification of Ca2+ responses to P2R agonists and oscillatory fluid shear stress (± 10 dyne/cm2), and measurement of flow-induced ATP release. Diabetic C57BL/6J-Ins2Akita mice were used to evaluate in vivo effects of high glucose on P2R and Panx1. Western blotting indicated altered P2X7R, P2Y2R and P2Y4R expression in high glucose exposed bone cells, and in diabetic bone tissue. Moreover, high glucose blunted normal P2R- and flow-induced Ca2+ signaling and ATP release from osteocytes. These findings indicate that T1D impairs load-induced ATP signaling in osteocytes and affects osteoblast function, which are essential for maintaining bone health.
Mitochondrial DNA--related mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in several late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Determining its origin and significance may provide insight into the pathogeneses of these disorders. Reg...
Preliminary Research on the Milk Allergy Induced by High Molecular Weight Protein

Objective To investigate the allergization of milk high molecular weight proteins. Methods Thirty cas-es of patients with serum allergic to milk were selected. Their skin prick tests were positive. Results of serum specific Ig E(s Ig E) test were positive and ≥ 1 +. One case of healthy control with negative s Ig E test and without history of allertgy, was in-cluded in this study. The serum samples were collected and frozen at-20 ℃. Sephadex G200 gel chromatography was usedto obtain milk high molecular weight proteins. Western blot and ELISA methods were used to detect milk high molecularweight proteins and the activity of serum s Ig E. Results Results of SDS-PAGE showed that high molecular weights proteinsdisplayed by Sephadex G200 gel chromatography, mainly including three bands, the molecular weight of 67 ku, 80 ku and160 ku. Western blot analysis showed that three kinds of high molecular weights proteins can react with milk allergy serum,and the most obvious appeared near the molecular weight 67 ku band. ELISA analysis showed that the positive response rateof high molecular weight proteins with milk allergic patient's serum was slightly higher than that of β-lactoglobulin(46.7%and 43.3%, respectively). Conclusion The milk high molecular weight protein components can induce specific Ig E antibod-ies, which have important sensitization in the process of milk allergy.
Adventures of the Signifier: The Ambassadors

The Ambassadors is a story of signifiers, a narrative of the process of denomination by which words categorise the world. The names for things, especially for his experiences, give Strether of Woollett great trouble in Paris, trapped as he is in his own lexicon. It is his triumph, eventually, ‘to find the names’, only to discover that they do not settle anything; the signifiers are in motion and the process of denomination keeps coming undone. In reversing and displacing the conceptual order Strether arrived with, the text performs its essential deconstructive movement to up-end all his ‘categories’. In the event, Strether learns to understand language as difference, to note its most subtle plays with difference, and to recognise that knowing the names is not enough to halt the supplemental nature of language, which continues, ad infinitum, to lead him astray. The Ambassadors thus presents itself not only as a narrative of naming but as one of deconstruction. Its plot winds up and winds down on this movement.
The Shock of 9/11 and Its Consequences

The internal and external consequences of 9/11 and the initial institutionalization of the American garrison state.
Changes in health care inequity in Brazil between 2008 and 2013

Brazil has made progress towards a more equitable distribution of health care, but gains may be threatened by economic instability resulting from the 2008 global financial crisis. This study measured predictors of health care utilization and changes in horizontal inequity between 2008 and 2013. Data were from two nationally representative surveys that measured a variety of sociodemographic, health behaviors and health care indicators. We used Poisson regression models to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and the Horizontal Equity Index (HEI) standardized by health needs to measure inequity in the utilization of doctor and dentist visits, hospitalizations and reporting of a usual source of care (USC) for those 18 and older. To estimate the HEI, we ranked the population from the poorest to the richest using a wealth index. We also decomposed the HEI into its different components and assessed changes from 2008 to 2013. The population proportion with doctor and dentist visits in the past year and a USC increased between 2008 and 2013, while hospitalizations declined. In 2013, pro-rich inequity in doctor visits increased significantly while the distribution of hospitalizations shifted from pro-rich in 2008 to neutral in 2013. Dentist visits were highly pro-rich and USC was slightly pro-rich; the distribution of dentist visits and USC did not change over time. Health need was a strong predictor of health care utilization regardless of the type of coverage (public or private). Education, wealth, and private health plans were associated with the pro-rich orientation of doctor and dentist visits. Private health plans contributed to the pro-rich orientation of all outcomes, while the Family Health Strategy contributed to the pro-poor orientation of all outcomes. The results of this study support the claim that Brazil’s population continued to see absolute gains in access to care despite recent economic crises. However, gains in equity have slowed and may even decline if investments are not maintained as the country enters deeper financial and political crises.
Acute Coronary Syndromes: Differences in Men and Women.

Purpose of Review Increased awareness of cardiovascular disease in women has prompted studies to investigate gender-related disparities in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). In this review, we discuss findings from current literature on the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of ACS in women as compared to men.
The Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Catalytic Action of Cobalt in Carbon Gasification and Deposition Reactions

Summary A combination of controlled atmosphere electron microscopy and flow reactor techniques have been used to investigate the influence of hydrogen sulfide on the catalytic activity of cobalt. Changes in the behavior of cobalt were monitored by the use of probe reactions which are sensitive to the chemical nature of the catalyst surface. These included graphite gasification in oxygen and hydrogen, and carbon deposition from decomposition of hydrocarbons. In graphite gasification, hydrogen sulfide completely suppressed catalytic hydrogenation and had a significant inhibiting effect on the catalytic oxidation reaction. In catalytic carbon deposition, low levels of hydrogen sulfide enhanced the yield of carbon on alumina supported cobalt particles, whereas high levels of hydrogen sulfide poisoned the catalyst which resulted in a reduction in the amount of carbon deposited.
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency in the Hospitalized Patient

This manuscript attempts to simplify the manner of diagnosing adrenal insufficiency. With the ever increasing age of the patient population, along with their comorbidities, readers should be aware of how to diagnose acute adrenal insufficiency promptly. More often than not, resident physicians as well as clinicians struggle to diagnose and treat adrenal insufficiency in a timely manner, as diagnostic testing is time dependent. The time sensitive nature of the co-cosyntropin testing, which is difficult to implement even as an in-patient by nurses/phlebotomist secondary to nursing ratio, can be a quality improvement project in itself.
Two-phase flow interfacial drag for once-through steam generators

This paper reports on the current version of the RELAP5/MOD2 computer code which underpredicts the degree of superheat in the secondary side of the steam generator bundles. Many studies have concluded that this is due to overprediction of the interphase drag force. New interphase drag correlations have been developed for the bubbly and slug regimes. These correlations were implemented in the current version of the RELAP5/MOD2 computer code. Steady-state conditions for 65, 75, and 100% power loads of 30-tube once-through steam generator tests are simulated. The calculated primary- and secondary-side temperature profiles show that the new interphase drag correlations achieve closer agreement with experimental data than the temperature profiles of the original code.
Socialism, Behavioral Theory, and the Egalitarian Society

This paper extends an earlier analysis (1988) of the extent to which socialism and capitalism are consistent with behavioral principles . I first argue that a reductionistic analysis from the level of systems to that of individuals is warranted. I then propose that socialism, unlike capitalism, fails to provide environmental arrangements that are likely to effectively direct behavior in our current technologically sophisticated environment. I conclude that a scientific, rather than a political, analysis will be more constructive in elucidating the conditions under which society can be altered to provide greater social and economic justice.
A Pregnant Woman with Lupus and Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria

For most American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week attendees, case-based clinical nephrology talks are one of the most exciting venues. The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire (NQQ) is the essence of clinical nephrology and represents what drew all of us into the field of nephrology. This year
Raman spectral markers of collagen denaturation and hydration in human cortical bone tissue are affected by radiation sterilization and high cycle fatigue damage.

Abstract Background Thermal denaturation and monotonic mechanical damage alter the organic and water-related compartments of cortical bone. These changes can be detected using Raman spectroscopy. However, less is known regarding Raman sensitivity to detect the effects of cyclic fatigue damage and allograft sterilization doses of gamma radiation. Objective To determine if Raman spectroscopic biomarkers of collagen denaturation and hydration are sensitive to the effects of (a) high cycle fatigue damage and (b) 25 kGy irradiation. Methods Unirradiated and gamma-radiation sterilized human cortical bone specimens previously tested in vitro under high-cycle (> 100,000 cycles) fatigue conditions at 15 MPa, 25 MPa, 35 MPa, 45 MPa, and 55 MPa cyclic stress levels were studied. Cortical bone Raman spectral profiles from wavenumber ranges of 800–1750 cm −1 and 2700–3800 cm −1 were obtained and compared from: a) non-fatigue vs fatigue fracture sites and b) radiated vs. unirradiated states. Raman biomarker ratios 1670/1640 and 3220/2949, which reflect collagen denaturation and organic matrix (mainly collagen)-bound water, respectively, were assessed. One- and two-way ANOVA analyses were utilized to identify differences between groups along with interaction effects between cyclic fatigue and radiation-induced damage. Results Cyclic fatigue damage resulted in increases in collagen denaturation (1670/1640: 1.517 ± 0.043 vs 1.579 ± 0.021, p Conclusions Raman spectroscopy can detect the effects of cyclic fatigue damage and 25 kGy irradiation via increases in organic matrix (mainly collagen)-bound water. A Raman measure of collagen denaturation was sensitive to cyclic fatigue damage but not 25 kGy irradiation. Collagen denaturation was correlated with organic matrix-bound water, suggesting that denaturation of collagen to gelatinous form may expose more binding sites to water by unwinding the triple alpha chains. This research may eventually be useful to help identify allograft quality and more appropriately match donors to recipients.
Non-tuberculous mycobacterium infection mimicking flesh-eating bacteria

Abstract Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in immunocompetent children are generally limited to cervical lymphadenitis. However, spreading cutaneous infections are another rare presentation of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Here, we present a previously healthy 14 year-old male with a rapidly desquamating and spreading cutaneous lesion encompassing the entire left face. A multi-disciplinary approach was necessary to diagnose a cutaneous atypical mycobacterial infection. The patient was treated with a combination of debridement, antibiotics, and local wound care. Pediatric otolaryngologists should be aware of this rare presentation of mycobacterial infection in order to facilitate prompt and accurate diagnosis and expedite treatment for these children.
The New York Islands AVM Study: Detection rates for brain AVM and incident AVM hemorrhage

P159 Background: Population-based data on the incidence of brain AVM hemorrhage is scarce. We studied detection rates of brain AVM and AVM hemorrhage in a defined population. Methods: The New York islands (Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island) are a ZIP-code defined area comprising a 8,898,000 population. In a retrospective investigation, major NY islands hospital centers retrieved the number of patients who lived in the study area and were discharged with a diagnosis of brain AVM between 1996 and 1999. Starting March 15, 2000, all major NY islands hospitals prospectively reported data on consecutive NY islands patients with a diagnosis of brain AVM and whether or not the patient had suffered AVM hemorrhage. Referral patients living outside the study area were excluded from the sample. Results: The retrospective detection rate of brain AVMs in patients living in the study area (Table 1) was estimated to be 1.2/100,000 person-years (95% CI:1.1–1.4). As of July 14, 2000, 37 prospective AVM patients were encountered leading to a calculated AVM detection rate of 1.25/100,000 pers-yrs (95% CI: 0.9–1.7) with an estimated incidence for first-ever AVM hemorrhage (n=6) of 0.2/100,000 pers-yrs (95% CI:0.1 to 0.5). The prevalence of AVM hemorrhage (n=14) was 0.5/100,000 pers-yrs (95% CI:0.3 to 0.8). Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest similar prospective and retrospective AVM detection rates. More than one third of AVM patients may suffer intracranial hemorrhage.
Exploring the relationship between letter recognition and handwriting in early literacy development

Previous research has demonstrated correlation between letter-naming and letter-writing fluency, and a relationship between letter-naming fluency and successful reading development. Awareness of cr...
Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Child With Goldenhar Syndrome and Nasal Obstruction

A 4-year-old boy with Goldenhar syndrome and severe obstructive sleep apnea does not tolerate nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Evaluation with imaging showed nasal obstruction with an inv...
Elementary particles in a curved space

The Fierz-Pauli program is carried out for spin-2 fields in-de Sitter space. A spin-s field is associated with an irreducible representation D(E 0, s) of the universal covering group of SO(3, 2), with extremal weight (L 0 5, L1 2) → (E 0, s). (L 0 5 is the time translation operator.) The particular cases D(s+1, s) (s=1, 2,...) are characterized by invariance of the field equations under a gauge group and is for this and other reasons called ‘the massless case’. The Fierz-Pauli program is carried out for s=2, E 0>3; it fails in the special case E 0=3 only. The limit, as E 0 → 3, of the Fierz-Pauli field equation agrees with the linearized form of Einstein's gravitational field equation, with cosmological constant λ=-3ρ. Here ρ is the curvature constant of de Sitter space and the linearization referred to is defined relative to the de Sitter metric.
Causal gene inference by multivariate mediation analysis in Alzheimer’s disease

Characterizing the intermediate phenotypes such as gene expression that mediate genetic effects on complex diseases is a fundamental problem in human genetics. Existing methods based on imputation of transcriptomic data by utilizing genotypic data and summary statistics to identify putative disease genes cannot distinguish pleiotropy from causal mediation and are limited by overly strong assumptions about the data. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel Bayesian inference framework, termed Causal Multivariate Mediation within Extended Linkage disequilibrium (CaMMEL), to jointly model multiple mediated and unmediated effects, relying only on summary statistics. We show in simulation unlike existing methods fail to distinguish between mediation and independent direct effects, CaMMEL accurately estimates mediation genes, clearly excluding pleiotropic genes. We applied our method to Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and found 21 genes in sub-threshold loci (p
The Essential Tension

IN THE preceding pages, we have travelled through crucial periods in the history of science and through a range of topics in the collective dynamics of biological systems. In each of the stops along our way, we have met, in various guises, what I describe as an essential tension: a balance between cooperation and competition, a balance between interactions at the local level – between cells or individual organisms, for example – and external pressures originating beyond these local interactions. We have seen how the balance of these apparently opposing drives plays a crucial role in the emergence of an ensemble of elements into a new individual in its own right. This shift is seen in the early theories of crowd formation, and in Durkheim’s theory of the origin of the division of labor in human society. It is seen in the balance between alignment with neighbors and collision avoidance that generates an immense murmuration of starlings flying over a field. It is seen in the simple shifts in gene expression that take volvocine algae and their relatives from a single-celled to a multicellular lifestyle. It is seen in the quorum sensing that induces individual bacteria to begin forming a biofilm mat and individual Dictyostelium amoebae to form a slug and then a fruiting body. It is seen in the induction of cluster formation by yeast under selective pressure for faster settling in a gravitational field. It is seen in the stretching and folding, in which trajectories exponentially diverge, only to be kneaded back together, that is inherent in the nonlinear dynamics used to model many of these complex biological systems. It is seen in the shift from competition to cooperation via the suppression of conflict that Michod and colleagues define as the key step from selection at the MLS1 to the MLS2 level, which takes an ensemble from being a collective of individuals to an individual collective. The tension between competition and cooperation manifests itself differently in each instance, and my emphasis on this common theme is meant as anything but a suggestion that these vastly complex scientific problems can be reduced to a simple formula. Rather, I have focused on this theme in order to highlight its importance as an Ariadne’s thread that may lead us to the center of the maze and, with luck, back out again.
Identification of a Pyranocoumarin Photosensitizer that is a Potent Inhibitor of Keratinocyte Growth

Photosensitizers are used in the treatment of epidermal proliferation and differentiation disorders such as psoriasis and vitiligo. In these studies, a ring-expanded carbon homolog of the linear psoralen (furo[3,2-g]benzopyran-7-one) class of photosensitizers, 4,10-dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2-one (NDH2476), was synthesized and analyzed for biological activity. Following activation by ultraviolet light (UVA, 320-400 nm), NDH2476 was found to be a potent inhibitor of keratinocyte growth (IC50 = 9 nm). Similar derivatives methylated in the pyran ring, or containing a saturated pyran ring structure, were markedly less active or inactive as photosensitizers. NDH2476 was found to intercalate and damage DNA following UVA light treatment as determined by plasmid DNA unwinding and nicking experiments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that an intact furan ring in psoralen photosensitizers is not required for keratinocyte growth inhibition or DNA damage. Our findings that low nanomolar concentrations of a benzopyranone derivative were active as a photosensitizer indicates that this or a structurally related compound may be useful in the treatment of skin diseases involving aberrant epidermal cell growth and differentiation.
Care Experiences Among Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without a Personal Physician

Background:Having a “personal” physician is a critical element to care continuity. Little is known about which older adults are more likely to lack personal physicians and if their care experiences differ from those with a personal physician.Objective:The objective of this study was to describe care
Enhancing circuit operation using analog floating gates

Consideration of random device mismatch is an important factor in the design of high performance analog circuits. Floating gate transistors have long been used for digital nonvolatile memory applications (such as flash memory), but a variant to this technology using an “analog floating gate” allows for higher precision programming. Analog floating gate devices can address mismatch observed in small geometry analog circuits. Enabling smaller devices to be used allows lower operating currents and higher frequencies. This property is exploited here to compensate for input mismatch and device parameter variations in an Operational Transconductance Amplifier.
Strength and Ultrasonic Characterization of Metallic Interfaces

In recent years, the process of diffusion bonding has found considerable usage in both the nuclear power and aerospace industries. This process requires the compression of mating surfaces at an elevated temperature for a given time. If optimum conditions of time, temperature, pressure and surface cleanliness are achieved, diffusion of material across the interface will occur, yielding interfacial mechanical properties identical to those of the bulk material. The use of insufficient bonding conditions may result in void formation, precipitation of undesired phases or lack of grain growth across the interface. The consequence will be an interface that is less than fully bonded, which will result in severe degradation of the mechanical properties. Applications of diffusion bonding to nuclear reactor fuel elements, helicopter rotor hubs, jet engine turbine blades, etc., thus make the ability to characterize the strength of these interfaces highly desirable.
Signaling by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors: Opsin Properties, G-protein Assembly, and Mechanisms of Activation

Photoreceptor cells utilize a G-protein-mediated signaling cascade to convert the energy of a photon into an electric impulse in the first step of vision. The relative abundance of photoreceptors in the retina and the localization of the phototransduction cascade proteins in a specialized modified cilium structure, known as the outer segment (OS), have greatly facilitated the biochemical characterization of phototransduction proteins and the reactions involved in this canonical G protein cascade. In addition, the electrophysiologically measurable response produced by stimulating the cascade with light has resulted in quantitative understanding of the reactions involved in the activation and inactivation of rod and cone photoreceptor G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their coupled G protein, transducin. Here, we review the structure of rod and cone visual pigments in the context of photoreceptor function as well as the assembly and function of the heterotrimeric transducin.
POLYMERIC LIQUIDS: FROM MOLECULAR MODELS TO CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a brief introduction to the kinetic theory of polymeric liquids, including the molecular modeling, the setting up of the basic equations, the development of constitutive equations, and the uses of the final results. It focuses on polymers formed by stringing together certain repeating groups of atoms in such a way that leads to the formation of an extremely long chain. Such a chain can be oriented in space and additionally, it has a lot of flexibility resulting from the large number of internal degrees of freedom. The chapter presents an example to show how the basic equations for the kinetic theory of polymers in a dilute solution are set up. Even for the very simple dilute solution model with nonlinear elastic dumbbells, a constitutive equation could be obtained only by introducing a mathematical assumption.
Generalized Geometric Programming Problems

In this chapter, we will discuss test problems that arise from generalized geometric programming applications. For a thorough theoretical and algorithmic exposition of global optimization approaches for generalized geometric programming problems, the reader is directed to the article of Maranas and Floudas (1997), and the book by Floudas (2000).
Developing and Presenting Geoscience Interpretive Programs at Nez Perce National Historical Park, Idaho

Geoscience interpretive programs are not typically developed and presented at national historical parks and never were at Nez Perce National Historical Park prior to the author's employment at the park. The goal of this paper is to provide examples for creating and implementing geoscience interpretive programs at historical parks. Numerous challenges exist when creating geoscience programs at historical parks with the primary challenge being to maintain a historical theme to the program. This challenge was overcome by the author while employed at Nez Perce National Historical Park by designing two interpretive programs based on the importance of geomorphic features and earth materials in Nez Perce history and culture. Positive feedback from Nez Perce Tribal members, and visitors and staff at Nez Perce National Historical Park demonstrates that it is possible to implement geoscience programs with a historical theme that interest the public.
Experiencing Visuo-Motor Plasticity by Prism Adaptation in a Classroom Setting

Neural plasticity is a key topic in the study of behavioral neuroscience, yet it can be a difficult concept to demonstrate in a classroom setting. In this report, we describe an interactive technique that can be used to demonstrate and quantify in a laboratory setting the plasticity of motor coordination to altered visual input, i.e. visuo-motor plasticity. Visual input can be easily altered by horizontally-displacing prism goggles. Open-loop motor coordination immediately after putting on these goggles is inaccurate. However, after performing a number of visuo-motor tasks wearing these goggles, coordination adapts and improves. Immediately after removing the goggles, a robust negative aftereffect resulting from adaptation to the goggles is consistently demonstrated. This negative aftereffect can be used to quantify the amount of adaptation that has taken place. We document how to create the prism goggles, how to quantify accuracy of motor coordination, what kinds of visuo-motor tasks consistently lead to significant adaptation, and the importance of active over passive adaptation conditions.
Machine Learning with Shallow Neural Networks

Conventional machine learning often uses optimization and gradient-descent methods for learning parameterized models. Examples of such models include linear regression, support vector machines, logistic regression, dimensionality reduction, and matrix factorization. Neural networks are also parameterized models that are learned with continuous optimization methods.
Ion beam processing for critical EUV photomask process steps: mask blank deposition and photomask absorber etch

Development progress and roadmap, for high-reflective Mo/Si multilayers for EUV mask-blanks, are reviewed. We outline the state-of-the-art in low-defect-density secondary ion beam deposition (IBD), and ongoing hardware development for performance improvement and high-volume manufacturing. We further discuss extension of ion beam technology to later steps in the EUV mask manufacturing: deposition of highly-uniform 2.5 – 3nm Ru capping layers; and patterning of novel Ni absorber structures. IBD-deposited Ru films are demonstrated with uniformity of 0.7% 3σ over a 188mm diameter area. By x-ray reflection with Cu Kα radiation, we measure a film density of 12.4 g/cm3, and a roughness of less than 1.0nm. Deposition rates of ~ 1 – 7 nm/min are demonstrated, implying a capping layer deposition time of 20 seconds – 3 minutes. . For advanced absorber patterning, we discuss Argon ion beam etch (IBE) of Ni films. Ni and Ru IBE etch rates of ~ 8 – 80 nm/min are demonstrated, implying absorber etch times of ~ 30 seconds – 5 minutes. IBE Ni:Ru etch selectivity is 1:1 to 1.3:1, so Ru is not a ‘stopping layer’, etch depth must be controlled by time, and Ni uniformity is a requirement. IBE Ni:Photoresist etch selectivity is 0.8:1 to 1.6:1. We simulate the IBE absorber pattern definition for mask features of half-pitch 96nm (24nm at wafer level). Ion beam incidence angle can be optimized to maintain critical dimension within 6% of the pre-etch value.
2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL workshop on analytics for local events and news (LENS 2018) seattle, washington, USA - November 6, 2018

The 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on Analytics for Local Events and News (LENS 2018) was held in conjunction with the 26th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL 2018). The workshop is intended to bring together experts in the workshop scope to exchange ideas on opportunities, challenges and cutting-edge techniques for local events and news analytics. The workshop has attracted 8 submissions, including 7 regular full-length research papers and one short paper, accepted 5 submissions for publications; with 62.5% acceptance rate. The papers are reviewed by 13 program committee members, where each paper is assigned to three reviewers. Total 7 attendants registered for the workshop. The actual number of attendants along the day fluctuated from 8 to 12, with an average of 9 attendants maintained almost all the time. The workshop has achieved its goal with bringing up together experts and conducted a set of productive discussions and talks.
The Wayúu tragedy: death, water and the imperatives of global capitalism

Between 20007 and 2017 approximately 5000 children of the Wayuu tribe in the Guajira state in Colombia died, largely from an inability to gain access to clean water. A severe drought is a proximate...
An Unpublished Essay by Mary Berenson, ‘Botticelli and his Critics’ (1894–95)

An unpublished essay written in 1894–95 by Mary Berenson offers the first extended analysis of ‘the immense popularity among cultivated Anglo-Saxons’ of Botticelli. Written in collaboration with Bernard Berenson, it offers the idiosyncratic view that the dreamy aspect of Botticelli’s figures results from the tension between the artist’s interest in both linearity and unidealized naturalism. The ‘indeterminate’ appearance of his works appealed to fifteenth-century viewers, who vacillated between Christian and ‘Renaissance’ values, and to modern observers, who were similarly undecided between religion and modernity. The Pre-Raphaelites, for example, revealed ‘a dissatisfaction with the present that leads them to take refuge’ in Renaissance dreams, but this was due in part to their mistaken acceptance of workshop paintings as works by Botticelli himself. Their flawed approach was compounded by the writings of Ruskin and Pater. The science of connoisseurship, as developed by the Berensons, is required to truly understand Botticelli.
Rethinking Silence, Voice and Agency in Contested Gendered Terrains

In this powerful edited volume, Jane Parpart and Swati Parashar “explore the power of silence in a world where voice is too often privileged as the ultimate sign of power” (1). Contributors challen...
Establishing critical differences in ear-canal stimulus amplitude for detecting middle ear muscle reflex activation during olivocochlear efferent measurements

AbstractObjective: Assessments of the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) may have clinical utility. The MOCR is measured using contralateral inhibition of otoacoustic emissions but concurrent activ...
Urinary 11-Dehydrothromboxane B2 Levels in Healthy Individuals Following a Single Dose Response to Two Concentrations of Aspirin.

Introduction: The purpose of this protocol was to determine the effect of aspirin on urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B 2 (11-DHT) levels in normal healthy adults who had ingested a single dose of aspirin (ASA). Methods: We enrolled 50 normal healthy volunteers 18–58 years of age who had not ingested ASA or other NSAIDs for the previous 14 days. A baseline urine specimen was obtained followed by ingestion of a single 81 mg enteric-coated ASA. Twenty-four hours later a post-ASA urine specimen was obtained. Two weeks later another baseline urine specimen was obtained followed by a single 325 mg ASA enteric-coated tablet. Twenty-four hours later another post-ASA urine specimen was obtained. Urines were stored at -70°C until testing. Platelet response to aspirin was assessed using the 11-DHT immunoassay (Cayman Biochemical, Ann Arbor, MI). Aspirin Works® controls (Creative Clinical Concepts, Denver, CO) were utilized to control for lot to lot and run to run variability. Testing was completed by Hemostasis Reference Laboratories (Hamilton, ON). In 2002, HOPE study investigators computed quartiles by comparing clinical outcomes to urinary 11-DHT levels from subjects who were taking ASA to prevent a second adverse cardiovascular event. A level of 298 pg 11-DHT/mg urinary creatinine was the limit for determining platelet response to ASA and for projecting cardiovascular risk While 298 pg/mg was the lower limit of the fourth quartile, this limit may not apply to the 11-DHT effect of a single dose of ASA. Our limit for ASA response was established by determining the 50% difference between baseline and outcome. This approach was applied to both ASA concentration arms. Results: Twenty-two of 48 subjects in the 81 mg ASA group showed an ASA response (46%). Forty of the 46 subjects (85%) in the 325 mg dosage group responded. The 325 mg ASA dose showed a significantly greater platelet response, based on mean 11-DHT levels. Discussion: Previous studies have shown that non-responders to ASA have a greater risk of cardio-vascular problems using the quartile distribution. The current study may be used to extend these findings by applying them to single-dose ASA in normal healthy subjects. Further studies may apply these data to primary cardiovascular risk.
Unit Sphere-Constrained and Higher Order Interpolations in Laplace’s Method of Initial Orbit Determination

This paper explores an alternative interpolation approach for the line-of-sight measurements in Laplace’s method for angles-only initial orbit determination (IOD). The classical implementation of the method uses Lagrange polynomials to interpolate three or more unit line-of-sight (LOS) vectors from a ground-based or orbiting site to an orbiting target. However, such an approach does not guarantee unit magnitude of the interpolated line-of-sight path except at the measurement points. The violation of this constraint leads to unphysical behavior in the derivatives of the interpolated line-of-sight history, which can lead to poor initial orbit determination (IOD) performance. By adapting a spherical interpolation method used in the field of computer graphics, we can obtain an interpolated line-of-sight history that is always unit norm. This new spherical interpolation method often leads to significant performance improvements in Laplace’s IOD method, with comparable robustness to measurement noise as the traditional interpolation methods. This paper also demonstrates the benefit of interpolating through more than three data points, which is easily enabled up to an arbitrary number of measurements by recursive definitions of the interpolations.