cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criteria for the diagnosis of dysplasia by endoscopic optical coherence tomography.

Background: Endoscopic optical coherence tomography provides images of the GI mucosa and submucosa in microscopic detail. It is unknown whether endoscopic optical coherence tomography can reliably detect dysplasia. Colon polyps were used as a model to determine whether dysplasia in GI tissue has characteristic optical coherence tomography imaging features. Methods: Endoscopic optical coherence tomography images of colon polyps and normal colon tissue were obtained at colonoscopy. In real time, endoscopists compared tissue organization and light scattering for polyps and normal mucosa with endoscopic optical coherence tomography. Imaged polyps were removed and evaluated histopathologically. Organization and light scattering, as assessed by endoscopic optical coherence tomography at colonoscopy, were compared for adenomas versus hyperplastic polyps. A computer program also quantified and compared the degree of light scattering for hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Results: A total of 44 polyps were imaged in 24 patients (30 adenomas, 14 hyperplastic polyps). Endoscopic optical coherence tomography images of adenomas had significantly less structure ( p =0.0005) and scattered light to a lesser degree than hyperplastic polyps ( p =0.0007). Hyperplastic polyps were significantly closer in organization ( p =0.0003) and light scattering ( p =0.0006) to normal mucosa as compared with adenomas. By digital image analysis, the light-scattering property of hyperplastic polyps was closer to normal mucosa compared with adenomas (14.86 vs. 45.81; p =0.0001). Conclusions: Real-time endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging differentiated adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and normal colon tissue. By using the colon adenoma as a model, the endoscopic optical coherence tomography characteristics of dysplasia are loss of tissue organization and reduced light scattering.
SOHO: Atomic physics and the solar atmosphere

Many aspects of the Sun’s corona and wind are studied using data from the ultraviolet spectrum. Accurate atomic parameters are needed to interpret these data correctly, and a good understanding of the behaviors of atoms and ions in plasmas is essential to modeling the Sun’s atmosphere. Here I present two examples of studies being carried out using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) extreme ultraviolet spectrographs. The first of these is the study of flows in the Sun’s chromosphere and corona. SOHO has provided new information concerning previous observations of the predominant down-flows in the Sun’s lower atmosphere. Accurate measurements of Doppler line shifts have been extended to the corona. It has also been found that the Doppler shifts vary over different parts of the Sun. The second study discussed involves the use of SOHO data to measure elemental abundances in coronal structures know as streamers, giving more information on the “FIP” effect—the observation that there is a relative deficit of elements with high first ionization potentials (FIPs) in the corona and solar wind.
Unusual yolk platelets in embryos of Xenopus laevis (Amphibia).

Three heretofore undescribed types of yolk platelets are described from embryos of Xenopus laevis. The first (designated the multiple main-body platelet) is characterized by the occurrence of numerous randomly oriented small main-body crystals embedded in the noncrystalline superficial layer material. The second is characterized by the occurrence of a main-body crystal with an extremely irregular profile. The main-body element of the third platelet type (designated the cavitated main-body platelet) invariably shows little or no evidence of crystalline substructure and contains numerous internal cavities.
Circadian rhythm of lithium toxicity in mice.

The existence of cyclical (circadian) variations in lithium toxicity in mice was determined. Mice, standardized to a light-dark cycle, were injected with lithium chloride (940 mg/kg) at one of six times (20:00, 24:00, 4:00, 8:00, 12:00, and 16:00) and subsequently observed for mortality over 28 h. A significant (P<0.01) time-of-day effect was found for lithium-induced lethality, with highest lethality following injection at 12:00.
Impact of nosocomial infectious complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Critically ill neurological patients are susceptible to infections that may be distinct from other intensive care patients. The aim of this study is to quantify the prevalence, risk factors, and effect on the outcome of nosocomial infectious complications in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: We studied 573 consecutive patients with SAH, identified the most prevalent infectious complications, and performed univariate analyses to determine risk factors for each complication. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to calculate adjusted odds ratios for associated risk factors and to assess the impact of infectious complications on 3-month outcome as evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: The most prevalent nosocomial infections were pneumonia (n = 114, 20%), urinary tract infection (n = 77, 13%), bloodstream infection (BSI) (n = 48, 8%), and meningitis/ventriculitis (n = 28,5%). Significant independent associations with pneumonia included older age, poor Hunt and Hess grade, intubation/mechanical ventilation, and loss of consciousness at ictus. Urinary tract infection was associated with female sex and central line use. BSI was also associated with central line use, and meningitis/ventriculitis was associated with the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage and external ventricular drainage (all P < 0.05). After adjustment for Hunt and Hess grade, aneurysm size, and age, pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.71; P 0.020) and BSI (adjusted odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-5.56; P = 0.023) independently predicted death or severe disability at 3 months. Prolonged length of stay was significantly associated with all infection types (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pneumonia and BSI are common infectious complications of SAH and independently predict poor outcome. The implementation of infection-control measures may be needed to improve outcome after SAH.
Impact crater growth in an atmosphere

Abstract Laboratory impact experiments demonstrate that the presence of an atmosphere can significantly retard late-stage crater growth due to the combined roles of static (ambient) and dynamic (aerodynamic) forces acting on the ballistic flow field. Drag forces limit growth by decelerating ejecta particles and by retarding the outward advance of the ballistic ejecta curtain. Because craters first grow downward then outward, arresting crater growth prematurely not only reduces cratering efficiency but also reduces the diameter-depth ratio. Under high atmospheric pressures and densities, the resulting oversteepened crater profile in low-cohesion, fine-grained targets collapses after maximum growth. Observed reductions in cratering efficiency and crater diameter can be accommodated by replacing gravity with the drag force in gravity-controlled scaling relations. Such scaling relations suggest that the atmosphere should play a significant role in reducing crater size under the dense atmosphere of Venus.
Volatilization rates of selected haloforms from aqueous environments

Ratios of the gas transfer rate constants of oxygen to the haloforms CHC13, CHC12Br, CHC1Br2 and CHBr3 were measured and used to calculate an aqueous half-life range for each compound. The calculated half-lives suggest that production and release of haloforms as a result of chlorination of wastewater should not cause these materials to accumulate in the aquatic environment.
Discrepancy between instructor and student evaluations of instruction: Effect on instructor

To find out whether a discrepancy between the instructor's and the student's evaluations of teaching influence teaching, 13 introductory and educational psychology instructors and their students were given a Student Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) twice: on the fourth week of a fall term and eight weeks after feedback sessions with the instructors. The instructors received feedback on the direction and amount of initial discrepancy. The results showed that the unfavorable discrepant instructors (instructor rating better than students) changed more on skill, feedback, rapport, general teaching ability, and the overall value of the course than the favorably discrepant instructors (student ratings better than instructor). The unfavorably discrepant instructors improved their teaching significantly more than the favorably discrepant instructors.
Indian Lords, Hispanic Gentlemen: The Salazars of Colonial Tlaxcala

In 1773, a Mexico City expert in gold embroidery named don Jose Mariano Sanchez de Salazar Zitlalpopoca petitioned for a license to operate his own shop and take on apprentices. As handling precious metals was politically and economically sensitive, such professions were by law exclusive, open only to those of proven character, standing, and reputation—qualities understood to be inherited by blood. Thus, to establish his sufficiency for the license don Jose called forth witnesses to his family's honor, reputation, and good lineage.
Synoptic scale variability in the distribution of stratospheric aerosols as revealed by airborne lidar

Airborne lidar currently offers the best means of observing the synoptic scale variability in the distribution of aerosols within the lower stratosphere. In this paper, some basic considerations regarding the processing and interpretation of this type of data are discussed. Results from the April 1973 flight between Madrid and Washington, D.C. are presented.
SU‐GG‐I‐159: In‐Vivo Iron Measurement through Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence

In‐vivo quantitative measurement of iron has been the focus of several studies related to iron disorders in the human body. Techniques such as SQUID and MRI have been used to detect liveriron stores in patients afflicted with hemochromatosis and thalassemia. Here we present a gamma‐stimulated spectroscopy method to detect iron in an aqueous sample through nuclear resonancefluorescence. A high‐energy tuned gamma‐ray beam was used to excite characteristic gamma emission from an iron sample suspended in water. The gamma‐beam was generated using the free‐electron‐laser source at Duke University and tuned to 6.93 MeV to resonate with the 6926 keV energy state in natural iron (56‐Fe). The beam was collimated and focused onto a sample of natural iron immersed in water corresponding to an iron concentration of 180 mg/g. An identical phantom of copper immersed in water was used to obtain an estimate of the background noise from the spectroscopic acquisition setup. Emitted gamma spectra were generated for each sample using a high‐purity germanium (HPGe) detector and background corrected using time‐of‐flight techniques. The resulting spectrum showed a strong gamma line at 6926 keV originating from 56‐Fe in the sample. This experiment demonstrates the ability to selectively stimulate and quantify a specific energy level in iron through nuclear resonance gamma‐stimulated spectroscopy. Through tomographic imaging the technique can be expanded to obtain three‐dimensional quantitative maps of iron stores in the liver or other organs in the body in a manner that is both non‐invasive and in‐vivo.
Large Scale Projects: Planetwide Coalitions Needed

AbstractTaking the Channel Tunnel as an example, there is a need for hard cost-benefit estimates to be made before any large scale project is begun. Long periods of gestation are frequent, high tech is not limited to macrosystems and structured collaboration between governments and other institutions is essential for success. The PAT system, supersonic tube flight and the priority selection of macroprojects are discussed and the establishment of a prototype development group is recommended.
Influence of beta-aminopropionitrile on dissecting aneurysm and on plasma amino acids in the Turkey☆

Abstract Increasing levels of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) from 0 to 1.17 per cent in the diet of turkeys 6 weeks of age decreased blood plasma free proline and alanine and increased valine, isoleucine and leucine, suggesting that altered circulating amino acid levels should be considered as a possible causative factor in the weakening of connective tissue due to BAPN administration. Aortic rupture occurred within 2 days after BAPN feeding was begun, indicating a rapid weakening of aortal connective tissue. Determination of BAPN in plasma using an amino acid chromatography-ninhydrin reaction procedure suggests that dietary fish meal results in higher circulating BAPN levels.
Soybean cyst nematode race 5 in northern Alabama

Abstract Race determination of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in soil samples collected from five locations indicated that race 3 was present in Huntsville (Madison county) and Scottsboro (Jackson county), but absent in the Tallassee (Elmore county) and Marion Junction (Dallas county) areas. In 1983, SCN race 5 was identified for the first time in Madison county, Alabama. Soybean cvs Essex and Lee bore larger nodules, but smaller number, and produced greater yields when grown in non-SCN-infested soil compared with the same soybean cvs grown in SCN race 5 infested soil.
Interference of buoyancy-induced convection with segregation during directional solidification: Scaling laws

Abstract Scaling laws controlling interference of buoyancy-induced convection with segregation during directional solidification of low Prandtl number melts with the gravity vector perpendicular to the growth surface are obtained. It is shown that during growth in a constant axial thermal gradient environment the velocity scale in the melt is controlled by the non-planarity of the growth surface and the axial temperature gradient in the melt. Interference of convection with segregation is analysed over a range of melt mixing levels, segregation coefficients, growth rates, and Schmidt numbers. A mass transfer Peclet number (Pe' m ) which reflects the relative length scales of dopant diffusion and convection in the melt is identified. A universal relationship between a parameter denoting convective interference with segregation and Pe' m is obtained. This relationship is invariant with respect to values of segregation coefficient, growth rate, and Schmidt number for Pe' m m = 1, and intensive mixing of the melt resulting in reduced radial segregation with increasing melt mixing occurs at Pe' m > 10.
The Use of Video Priming to Reduce Disruptive Transition Behavior in Children with Autism

This study investigated the use of video priming, or exposure, as a means for reducing or eliminating the disruptive behavior of children with autism in transition situations. Specifically, it was ...
Sustained Efficacy of Virtual Reality Distraction

The current study tested whether the effectiveness of distraction using virtual reality (VR) technology in reducing cold pressor pain would maintain over the course of eight weekly exposures. Twenty-eight adults, 18 to 23 years of age, underwent one baseline cold pressor trial and one VR distraction trial in randomized order each week. VR distraction led to significant increases in pain threshold and pain tolerance, and significant decreases in pain intensity, time spent thinking about pain, and self-reported anxiety, relative to baseline. Repeated exposure did not appear to affect the benefits of VR. Implications for the long-term use of VR distraction as a non-pharmacological analgesic are discussed.
Reflectance spectrophotometry in the gastrointestinal tract: Limitations and new applications

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Reflectance spectrophotometry (RS) assesses blood flow changes by measuring an index of Hb concentration (IHB) and index of Hb oxygen saturation (ISO 2 ). We tested the following hypotheses: 1) endoscopic RS measurements obtained by two observers and with the aid of fiber optic and video endoscopes are similar, and 2) the method is suitable for documenting mesenteric venoconstriction associated with systemic hypoxia and blood flow autoregulation associated with hemorrhagic hypotension. METHODS: Study 1: two investigators obtained baseline gastric mucosal RS measurements in anesthetized rats (n = 3) before and after stepwise reduction of blood pressure induced by arterial hemorrhage. Study 2: subjects were examined by both fiber optic and video endoscopes. Endoscopic RS measurements were obtained at 20 cm from the anal verge. Study 3: video endoscope was used to obtain RS measurements in oxygen-dependent patients on and off oxygen treatment. Study 4: the procedures in study 1 were repeated in five additional rats by one of the investigators. RESULTS: Study 1: there was good agreement between the measurements of IHB and ISO 2 between the two investigators. Study 2: video endoscope-assisted measurements were consistently lower. Study 3: cessation of oxygen treatment produced a significant drop in oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), decline in ISO 2 , and rise in IHB. Study 4: when blood pressure varied between 90% and 40% of baseline, gastric mucosal blood flow (IHB) was maintained at ∼70% of baseline level. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that reproducible measurement can be obtained by different investigators using standardized techniques. Standardization of endoscopic equipment is also necessary to overcome the significant limitation of endoscopic equipment on RS measurements. RS measurements can document mesenteric venoconstriction associated with systemic hypoxia and blood flow autoregulation associated with hemorrhagic hypotension.
Expression of huntingtin-associated protein-1 in neuronal cells implicates a role in neuritic growth.

Huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1) binds more tightly to mutant huntingtin, but its function and distribution in neurites are not clear. Using PC12 cells and cultured hippocampal neurons, we found that two HAP1 isoforms, HAP1-A and HAP1-B, have different subcellular localizations. While most HAP1-B is diffusely distributed within the cytoplasm, HAP1-A is enriched in the growth cones and neuritic puncta of developing neurons. In mature neurons and adult brain neurons, however, HAP1-A is concentrated in axon terminals and associated with synaptic vesicles. Transfection of HAP1-A in PC12 cells significantly promotes neurite extension, with HAP1-A distributed in the distal regions of the growing neurites. Cotransfection of mutant huntingtin with HAP1-A in PC12 cells results in the accumulation of HAP1-A on huntingtin aggregates and the inhibition of neurite promotion by HAP1-A. This study suggests that HAP1-A has a function in neuritic development and synaptic function and that mutant huntingtin may alter this function.
Now I know my CpGs

Abstract The vertebrate innate immune system detects the presence of infection by the recognition of molecular patterns that are present in many pathogens but absent from host tissues. For example, lipoproteins, peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides are all detected by one or more of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which have emerged as key receptors in this innate immune function. A recent study reports that a CpG motif, an immune stimulatory sequence characteristic of bacterial but not vertebrate DNA, is also detected by the TLR system.
Medical cost savings associated with 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate

Objective This study was undertaken to assess the impact of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment on future medical costs for expectant mothers with a prior spontaneous preterm birth. Study design Data on the costs of preterm birth were combined with published data on the effectiveness of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate to produce estimates of the effect of treatment on expected future direct medical costs. These estimates were compared with an estimate of the cost of a typical 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment regimen to estimate the net savings per treated woman. Results Treatment is estimated to reduce initial neonatal hospitalization costs by $3800 per woman treated with 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Expected lifetime medical costs (discounted) of treated infants are estimated to decline $15,900. Conclusions Treating expectant mothers with a prior spontaneous preterm birth with 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate generates future medical cost savings that substantially exceed the cost of treatment. If this population were universally treated with 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate, discounted lifetime medical costs of their offspring could be reduced by more than $2.0 billion annually.
Spatial variability of the effective retardation factor in an unsaturated field soil

Abstract A precisely controlled field study was conducted to determine flow and transport of water and bromide through an unsaturated soil. A 50 m×50 m plot was instrumented with neutron probe access tubes, tensiometers, and solution samplers. Water containing bromide part of the time was applied at a steady flux of 1.85 cm d −1 for 24 days. The average degree of water saturation during water application was about 56%. The Hydrus 1-D model was used to optimize the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter K s , and the transport parameters D (dispersion coefficient) and R (used here as a ‘bulk retardation coefficient’). The van Genuchten flow parameters θ r , θ s , α , and n were obtained from laboratory measurements on 11 cores taken 1.5 m below the soil surface along a transect through the plot. The estimated field K s value increased with depth due to higher sand and gravel contents at depth. The mean dispersion coefficient for 13 locations at the 3 m depth was found to be 5.35 cm 2 d −1 , with a coefficient of variation of 52%. This resulted in a relatively small mean dispersivity value of 0.64 cm. The average R value was 0.63 with a range of 0.45–1.02 at 3 m (CV=28%). The low R value is indicative of anion exclusion, immobile water, or some other phenomenon difficult to identify from field data. These field data indicate that if a transport model with a bulk retardation factor is used for predicting bromide transport through unsaturated soil a range of retardation values may need to be used. For our soil, the highest R value needed to be at least twice its lowest value.
Democratizing Classroom Discourse: The Challenge for Online Writing Environments.

This article is intended to highlight peer response discourse trends and to initiate a dialogue about the ways in which educators, and designers of educational environments, can play a central role...
Identification of tris-(phenylalkyl)amines as new selective h5-HT2B receptor antagonists

A series of tris-(phenylalkyl)amines was synthesized and evaluated for affinity to human 5-HT2 receptors. In general, the compounds displayed high affinity (4 of 11 analogs had Ki values < 10 nM) and good selectivity for the 5-HT2B receptor vs. other 5-HT2 receptors. Functional assays revealed that the compounds are 5-HT2Bantagonists.
Effects of Suckling on Hypothalamic LH-Releasing Factor and Prolactin Inhibiting Factor, and on Pituitary LH and Prolactin

The effects of suckling on the hypothalamic content of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) and on prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF), and on pituitary concentration of LH and prolactin were studied in lactating rats. On postpartum day 18, lactating mother rats were killed by guillotine. Regular cycling rats of the same strain served as controls. Anterior pituitary halves incubated with hypothalamic extract from suckled rats released significantly less LH but more prolactin into the medium than the corresponding control pituitary halves incubated with hypothalamic extract from cycling rats. Pituitary LH concentration was significantly decreased and pituitary prolac-tin was significantly increased in the suckled rats when compared with the cycling controls. Suckling also significantly reduced pituitary, ovarian and uterine weights. These observations indicate that the suckling acts on the hypothalamus to depress release of LRF and PIF, the former resulting in inhibition of pituitary LH release and the...
Land Cover Classification Models Using Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR‐C) Data: A Case Study In New Hampshire, U.S.A.

Abstract Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems have the ability to provide high resolution information on land cover characteristics under adverse conditions such as darkness or cloud cover. The use of multiple frequencies and multiple polarizations yields better classification accuracies. The results of various land cover classification algorithms using Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR‐C) SAR data as applied to a site in Suncook, New Hampshire, are described in this paper. Three classification models were developed and tested: minimum distance classification, maximum a posteriori probability classification, and neural network classification. Using the available ground truth information, land cover was classified into five distinct regions: water, swamp, sand, trees, and grass. All three methods were applied to the same site and results compared. The maximum a posteriori probability approach yielded the highest overall classification accuracy on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis. Although the minimum distance ...
Improvements on Accelerating Iterative Decoding Using Eigenmessages

The eigenmessage decoder has been shown to reduce the number of decoding iterations required for LDPC and other iteratively-decoded codes by introducing a degree of nonlocality into the decoding algorithm. In this paper, the multiple loop eigenmessage approach is extended using normalized matrices. Performance is examined via EXIT charts, showing that eigenmessage algorithms have wider channels in the chart. Performance as a function of the girth of the graph is examined, showing the performance to be largely invariant to girth. Finally, performance on matrices denser than typical "low density" parity check matrices is examined, showing that eigenmessage methods perform better than message passing, but still break down as the matrix density increases
Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind

In 11 studies, we found that participants typically did not enjoy spending 6 to 15 minutes in a room by themselves with nothing to do but think, that they enjoyed doing mundane external activities much more, and that many preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts. Most people seem to prefer to be doing something rather than nothing, even if that something is negative.
Alloying, co-doping, and annealing effects on the magnetic and optical properties of MOCVD-grown Ga1−xMnxN

Abstract Recent theoretical work for Ga 1− x Mn x N predicts ferromagnetism in this materials system with Curie temperatures above room temperature. Ferromagnetic behavior observed in Ga 1− x Mn x N is still controversial, as there are conflicting experimental reports owing to the disparity in crystalline quality and phase purity of Ga 1− x Mn x N produced by different methods. In this work, metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been used to grow high-quality epitaxial films of Ga 1− x Mn x N of varying thickness and manganese doping levels using Cp 2 Mn as the Mn source. Crystalline quality and phase purity were determined by high-resolution X-ray diffraction, indicating that no macroscopic second phases are formed. Atomic force microscopy revealed MOCVD-like step flow growth patterns and a mean surface roughness of 0.378 nm in optimally grown films, which is close to that from the as-grown template layer of 0.330 nm. No change in the growth mechanism and morphology with Mn incorporation is observed. A uniform Mn concentration in the epitaxial layers is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. SQUID measurements showed an apparent room temperature ferromagnetic hysteresis with saturation magnetizations of over 2 μ B /Mn at x = 0.008, which decreases with increasing Mn incorporation. Upon high-temperature annealing, numerous changes are observed in these properties, including an increase in surface roughness due to surface decomposition and a large decrease in the magnetic signature. A similar decrease in the magnetic signature is observed upon co-doping with the shallow donor silicon during the growth process. These results demonstrate the critical importance of controlling the Fermi level relative to the Mn 2+/3+ acceptor level in Ga 1− x Mn x N in order to achieve strong ferromagnetism.
High-performance logic and high-gain analog CMOS transistors formed by a shadow-mask technique with a single implant step

Transistors have been fabricated with a photoresist mask placed in close proximity to the gate so as to effectively block the angled halo implant from the gate region. Devices for which the halo has been eliminated demonstrate superior drain conductance, while devices with the halo implant show the short-channel effect required for high performance. Asymmetric devices have also been fabricated in a similar manner, producing devices with improved analog characteristics without an additional masking layer.
Accusations of Acting White: Links to Black Students’ Racial Identity and Mental Health

The acting White accusation is a negative insult that many Black students encounter from peers, and research suggests that these experiences may be potentially detrimental to psychosocial outcomes. The current study examined the relationship between specific aspects of the acting White accusation (e.g., frequency of occurrence, induced discomfort), racial/ethnic identity (e.g., racial regard, exploration, commitment), and mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, emotional stress). Data from a sample of Black college students (n = 198) were evaluated using both variable-centered and person-centered analytical techniques. Results indicated that frequency of the accusation predicted lower racial/ethnic identity and more severe mental health symptoms, whereas the level of discomfort predicted higher racial/ethnic identification. Latent class analysis revealed that perceived experiences with the acting White accusation were represented by four distinct profiles, three of which differed significantly ...
Predicting grade of cerebral glioma using vascular-space occupancy MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging can measure tissue perfusion and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesize that a combined measure of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability using vascular-space occupancy (VASO) MR imaging, a recently developed imaging technique, is of diagnostic value for predicting tumor grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (9 World Health Organization [WHO] grade II, 20 grade III, and 10 grade IV as determined by histopathologic assessment) were examined using VASO MR imaging, and regions-of-interest analysis was performed in tumoral regions, as well as in regions contralateral to the tumor. A Mann-Whitney test was conducted on the resulting VASO indices for a pairwise comparison across tumor grades. Nominal logistic regression was used to evaluate the use of VASO parameters for predicting group membership (by the percentage of correct classifications). RESULTS: The ratio between tumor side and contralateral side, VASO Ratio , showed significant differences in all 3 of the pairwise comparisons ( P Tumor , showed significant difference between grade II and III and between II and IV but not between III and IV. Both VASO Tumor and VASO Ratio were found to be significant predictors of tumor grade, giving diagnostic accuracies of 66.7% and 71.8%, respectively. When testing to discriminate grade II tumors from higher grade tumors, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were found to be 0.974 and 0.985 for VASO Tumor and VASO Ratio , respectively. CONCLUSION: VASO MR imaging can be used for noninvasive tumor grade prediction based on cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability. VASO is more effective in separating WHO grade II from higher grades than in separating grade III from grade IV.
Baicalein and 12/15-Lipoxygenase in the Ischemic Brain

Background and Purpose— The natural product baicalein is a specific inhibitor of 12/15-lipoxygenase, but it also has antioxidant properties. The current study was designed to test if the neuroprotective properties of baicalein are related to its lipoxygenase inhibition. Methods— The presence of 12/15-lipoxygenase in the ischemic mouse brain was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. A mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was used to study lipoxygenase-dependent protection of the ischemic brain by baicalein. Rat primary neurons were subjected to oxidative stress in the presence or absence of baicalein. Results— In a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, 12/15-lipoxygenase is increased in the peri-infarct area surrounding the primary infarction, predominantly in neurons. Oxidative toxicity in primary rat neurons is reduced by baicalein. C57Bl6J mice are protected against transient focal ischemia by intraperitoneal injection of baicalein, and a similar degree of prote...
Psychosocial Resources as Moderators of the Impact of Spousal Dementia Caregiving on Depression

This study examines the relationship of personal mastery and perceived emotional support to depressive symptoms for spousal dementia caregivers (CGs) and noncaregiver (NCG) spouses. Although it is well known that caring for a spouse with dementia is stressful and that personal mastery and emotional support may reduce stress, the authors hypothesize that these resources are more important for reducing stress in the difficult situation of dementia care than in everyday life for older persons. In bivariate comparisons, CG levels of perceived support and mastery were lower and depression was higher than for NCGs. Consistent with prior research, a hierarchical multiple regression with combined data shows that CG status was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. A significant interaction of CG status with personal mastery indicates greater impact of mastery on depression among CGs than among NCGs. This unique finding strongly supports interventions focusing on enhancement of mastery among spousal CGs.
Dynamic binary translation and optimization

We describe a VLIW architecture designed specifically as a target for dynamic compilation of an existing instruction set architecture. This design approach offers the simplicity and high performance of statically scheduled architectures, achieves compatibility with an established architecture, and makes use of dynamic adaptation. Thus, the original architecture is implemented using dynamic compilation, a process we refer to as DAISY (Dynamically Architected Instruction Set from Yorktown). The dynamic compiler exploits runtime profile information to optimize translations so as to extract instruction level parallelism. This paper reports different design trade-offs in the DAISY system and their impact on final system performance. The results show high degrees of instruction parallelism with reasonable translation overhead and memory usage.
Family Medicine Residents’ Perspectives on “Worldview Thinking in Patient Care

Background: To engage in worldview thinking in patient care is for physicians to acknowledge both the patient’s and their own life perspectives. Learner-centered development of worldview thinking curriculum for family medicine residents has not been reported. Purposes: This qualitative research project, which studied the perspectives of family medicine residents, was a necessary preamble to such curriculum development. Methods: Eight residents were interviewed on a voluntary, confidential basis using an open-ended format, structured around core questions. Recurring themes were identified and sorted. A focus group of study participants verified the analysis. Results: The residents valued worldview thinking in patient care. Their own worldviews were formed in earlier years by distinctive family influences and life experiences. They did not support mandatory worldview thinking residency curriculum. For themselves, they preferred curricula involving real-life patient interactions. Conclusions: Qualitative research methods are useful in initiating learnercentered worldview curriculum development. These residents’ views invite exploration of innovative ways to teach this aspect of professionalism.
Load Profiles of Selected Major Household Appliances and Their Demand Response Opportunities

Electrical power consumption data and load profiles of major household appliances are crucial elements for demand response studies. This paper discusses load profiles of selected major household appliances in the U.S., including two clothes washers, two clothes dryers, two air conditioners, an electric water heater, an electric oven, a dishwasher, and two refrigerators. Their electrical power consumption data measured in one-second intervals, together with one-minute data (averaged over 60 one-second readings), are provided in an online data repository (URL: www.ari.vt.edu/research-data/). The data were gathered from two homes in Virginia and Maryland during July-October 2012. In this paper, demand response opportunities provided by these appliances are also discussed.
Design objectives for spring mechanism generator circuit breaker with high reliability

Generator circuit breakers are used in many medium power plants (gas or coal) today, rated from 50 MW to 200 MW. Their acceptance is based on financial criteria, and at the same time on the utmost reliability and availability of power plants. The generator circuit breaker protects the generator and the stepup transformer. Various works in the industry have proven that the reliability of these apparatuses is based on the reliability of mechanisms. The spring mechanism has been proven as being the most reliable for the type of energy involved in interrupting short circuit in circuit breakers. This paper looks at the increase of reliability and availability of generator circuit breakers due to the operation of spring mechanism.
Towards Bridging the Gap Between Pattern Recognition and Symbolic Representation Within Neural Networks

Underlying symbolic representations are opaque within neural networks that perform pattern recognition. Neural network weights are sub-symbolic, they commonly do not have a direct symbolic correlates. This work shows that by implementing network dynamics differently, during the testing phase instead of the training phase, pattern recognition can be performed using symbolically relevant weights. This advancement is an important step towards the merging of neural-symbolic representation, memory, and reasoning with pattern recognition.
The Effect of Adriamycin on Repair of Sublethal Damage and Slow Repair in Irradiated Mouse Lung

SummaryThe interaction of Adriamycin with radiation damage in the mouse lung has been shown to disappear with the same kinetics as those for the ‘slow repair’ of such radiation damage. Split-dose experiments have demonstrated that Adriamycin inhibits this ‘slow repair’ process whereas the drug has no effect on the repair of sublethal damage in irradiated mouse lung.
Object-Based Arctic Sea Ice Ridge Detection From High-Spatial-Resolution Imagery

High-spatial-resolution aerial photographs can provide detailed distribution of sea ice features. However, very few studies have ever considered shadows on the photographs for sea ice detection. In this letter, sea ice shadows, retrieved from 163 selected aerial photographs acquired on July 26, 2010, in a marginal-ice-zone area near Barrow, Alaska, utilizing an object-based classification scheme, are used to estimate the sea ice ridge attributes through local solar illumination geometry. The photograph-averaged ridge frequency (354.6–8908.7 km−2), length (1.22–10.33 m), and height (0.15–1.29 m) are obtained from the 163 photographs using batch processing. This letter provides an important batch processing method for ridge detection and ridge attribute retrieval from the high-resolution imagery of sea ice.
Seasonal Response of Six Male Sesiidae of Woody Ornamentals to Clearwing Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Lure

Seasonal flight activity was recorded for males of six sesiids or clearwing moths: lilac-ash borer, Podosesia syringae (Harris); the sibling species P. aureocincta Purrington and Nielsen; an oak borer Paranthrene simulans (Grt.); rhododendron borer, Synanthedon rhododendri (Beut.); a viburnum borer Synanthedon fatifera Hodges; and peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say). Weekly captures in sticky traps baited with a commercial Conrel clearwing moth synthetic sex attractant which contained isomers of 3, 13-octadecadien-l-01 acetate (ODDA) were monitored in Maryland during 1978–1980 and in Washington, D. C., in 1978. Emergence trapping peaks among years were no more than 7 to 10 days apart for all species, with seasonal flights showing considerable weekly variation in length, depending on species and location. Podosesia aureocincta banded ash clearwing and Carmeta bassiformis (Walker) were trap captured with the ODDA isomers as well as a ternary blend of (Z,Z)-ODDA: (E,Z)- ODDA:(Z,Z)ODDOH(500:25:75). Seven other sesiid species are reported and include Synanthedon rubrofascia (Hy. Edw.) and S. kathyae Duckworth and Eichlin as new Maryland records.
Spreading and arrest of a molten liquid on cold substrates.

Understanding the spreading and solidification of liquids on cold solid surfaces is a problem of fundamental importance and general utility. The physics of nonisothermal spreading followed by phase change is still a mystery. The present work focuses on the dynamics and thermal characteristics of liquid drop spreading and their subsequent arrest due to freezing. The spreading of liquid is recorded, and the evolution of the liquid spreading diameter and liquid–solid contact angle is measured from the recordings of a high-speed digital camera. After the initiation of solidification, the liquid drops are pinned to the substrate, showing fixed footprints and contact angles. A physical hypothesis using scaling is provided to explain the relationship between the arrested base diameter (D*) and arrested contact angle (θ*) with respect to the Stefan number (Ste). The experimental observations of solidified drops on cold substrates corroborate the derived physical theory.
Possible Selves in Adulthood: Incorporating Teleonomic Relevance into Studies of the Self

Publisher Summary Self-characteristics are important for understanding cognitive processes because people are more likely to pay attention to information relevant for a crucial domain of self, more likely to remember the information, and more likely to be able to resist counter schematic information in such a domain. The self is important for understanding behaviors because it is the source of human agency. Successful aging and development can be viewed as dynamic processes of adaptation between the self and the environment. The ability to orchestrate one's life so that activities support meaningful aspects of the self—that is, creating high teleonomic relevance—is posited to be an aspect of development. The processes associated with goal setting and life organization, however, must be examined from an intra individual perspective. It is important for life-span developmental researchers interested in social cognition and aging to incorporate an awareness of the perceivers' goals. The studies have shown that possible selves can be measured with a high degree of inter-rater reliability and thus can serve as a way of operationalizing important self goals. An understanding of what is teleonomically relevant for aging individuals would allow researchers to distinguish change from development in later life and to better grasp the adaptation inherent in successful aging.
The Road Ahead for Research and Education

Chapter 4 established that amoral executives who do not recognize the importance of values will direct organizations to be socially neglectful and operate far from the efficient frontier of providing society with the most economic and ecological benefits possible. In contrast, Chapter 5 modeled a new frontier for corporate responsibly in terms of value-attuned organizations. These organizations are led by executives who understand the significance of values and seek to discover those that are important to their stakeholders. Again, stakeholders typically articulate their value preferences in the language of rights and justice, as when consumers assert the right to safety and fair compensation if products cause harm. Discovery executives understand that these ethical values should be incorporated in their quest to serve societal well-being. Chapter 6 elaborated on the practical mechanisms that discovery executives can use in this quest, which is aimed at providing society with economic and ecological benefits and, whenever possible, the simultaneous provision of these benefits in the form of mutualistic economizing or triple bottom-line business. According to Chapter 6, the ability of executives to activate constructive value-adept decision making in organizational culture is paramount to this effort.
Endocannabinoid signaling in social functioning: an RDoC perspective

Core deficits in social functioning are associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, yet biomarker identification and the development of effective pharmacological interventions has been limited. Recent data suggest the intriguing possibility that endogenous cannabinoids, a class of lipid neuromodulators generally implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, may contribute to species-typical social functioning. Systematic study of the endogenous cannabinoid signaling could, therefore, yield novel approaches to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of atypical social functioning. This article provides a critical review of the major components of the endogenous cannabinoid system (for example, primary receptors and effectors—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and the contributions of cannabinoid signaling to social functioning. Data are evaluated in the context of Research Domain Criteria constructs (for example, anxiety, chronic stress, reward learning, motivation, declarative and working memory, affiliation and attachment, and social communication) to enable interrogation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in social functioning across diagnostic categories. The empirical evidence reviewed strongly supports the role for dysregulated cannabinoid signaling in the pathophysiology of social functioning deficits observed in brain disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. Moreover, these findings indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system holds exceptional promise as a biological marker of, and potential treatment target for, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social functioning.