cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low dose dopamine protects against hemorrhagic pancreatitis in cats

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (HP) is probably associated with decreased blood flow in its early phases, as well as with an increase in microvascular permeability. Dopamine (DOP; 5 micrograms/kg-min) is a splanchnic vasodilator, and also has beta-adrenergic effects that can prevent increases in microvascular permeability. We hypothesized that low dose dopamine might have beneficial effects on both blood flow and microvascular permeability, thus ameliorating the severity of the disease. We studied its actions in an animal model of HP. In anesthetized cats, intragastric ethanol (20 ml/40% solution) rendered the main pancreatic duct permeable to pancreatic enzymes. Then the duct was perfused from tail to head with 0.5 ml of activated pancreatic enzymes for 1 hr. To create HP, 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (2 micrograms/kg-hr, iv) was given for 2 hr to increase blood flow and microvascular permeability. Seven of eight cats developed HP in 24 hr. Control cats received no additional drugs. Two experimental groups received DOP (6 hr infusion) begun either (1) at the onset of enzyme perfusion or (2) 12 hr later. Each pancreas was examined after 24 hr and graded (1-4) histologically for edema, hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate, and architectural loss. An inflammatory score (IS) from 0 to 16 was thus created (higher scores = greater damage). The results showed an IS of 10.9 +/- 1.8 for the controls, 3.3 +/- 0.5 for the immediate treatment group, and 7.2 +/- 1.8 for the delayed treatment group. Both treated groups had a significantly better IS (t tests, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Detection of immunomagnetically captured Escherichia coli O157:H7 by antibody-conjugated alkaline phosphatase.

A rapid and sensitive detection process for Escherichia coli O157:H7 was developed using alkaline phosphatase (APase)-labeled anti-E. coli O157 antibodies to tag the targeted bacteria. Immunomagnetic beads or antibody-labeled streptavidin-coated magnetic beads were then used to capture the APase-tagged E. coli. Immunomagnetically captured bacteria were washed and distributed into microplates or optical cuvettes. The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitro-phenol phosphate in alkaline solutions was then followed. Less than 1000 cfu/ml of E. coli O157:H7 could be detected. This approach was applied to detect the bacteria artificially spiked in beef hamburgers. Less than 1 cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 produced a significant response after cultural enrichment for 4–6 h at 37°C. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 345–349.
Nonlocal Hermitian norm-conserving Vanderbilt pseudopotential.

Chou has recently presented an approximation to the norm-conserving form of Vanderbilt's nonlocal Hermitian pseudopotential. We point out two minor shortcomings of the Chou approximation and also show that it is actually easier to construct the Vanderbilt pseudopotential than to construct Chou's approximation to it. The all-electron silver d-electron logarithmic derivative is compared over a range of energies with that obtained from a Vanderbilt pseudopotential which is exact at two energies and with Chou's approximate pseudopotential. The agreement with the former is excellent and with the latter is only fair.
Inhibition of Renal Gluconeogenesis by Quinolinate and Hydrazine in Diabetic Rats

Renal as well as hepatic gluconeo-genesis is inappropriately accelerated in the diabetic state when plasma glucose levels are elevated. Known regulatory mechanisms influence gluconeogenesis in both organs. However, under certain circumstances gluconeogenesis may be affected in one organ and not the other. Recent studies with the tryptophan metabolite, quinolinate, suggest that hepatic gluconeogenesis in the diabetic i s unaffected by this agent, whereas gluconeo-genesis is blocked in the normal liver. These experiments have been interpreted as providing evidence for the lack of a specific physiologic repressor for gluconeogenesis in diabetic liver. In the present study quinolinate and hydrazine are shown to be effective inhibitors of the accelerated gluconeogenesis in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Thus, the renal gluconeogenic mechanism in diabetics retains the capacity to recognize quinolinate as an inhibitor, but may be influenced by the depressed conversion of tryptophan to quinolinate i n the int...
Escalator-related injuries among older adults in the United States, 1991-2005

This study describes the epidemiology of escalator-related injuries among adults age 65 and older in the U.S. between 1991 and 2005, through a retrospective analysis of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. There were an estimated 39,850 escalator-related injuries and no fatalities. The overall injury rate was 7.8/100,000 population. During the study period 1991-2005, the rate of escalator-related injuries doubled. The mean age of the study population was 80.1 years (S.D.=8.5 years) with 73.3% female. The most frequent cause of injury was a slip, trip or fall (84.9%, 95% CI: 82.7-87.2%). The most frequently injured body parts were the lower extremities (25.9%, 95% CI: 21.5-30.2%) and the head (25.0%, 95% CI: 20.5-29.5%). The leading type of injury was soft tissue injuries (54.2%, 95% CI: 49.7-58.7%) followed by lacerations (22.3%, 95% CI: 18.4-26.1%) and fractures (15.6%, 95% CI: 13.1-18.1%). The rate of head injuries and the rate of hospitalizations increased with age. Escalator-related injuries occur infrequently but may result in significant trauma. These injuries are often associated with a slip, trip or fall. Awareness of the risks and the circumstances leading to escalator injuries allows for better direction of intervention strategies on the part of injury prevention specialists.
Surrogate-based Analysis and Optimization

A major challenge to the successful full-scale development of modem aerospace systems is to address competing objectives such as improved performance, reduced costs, and enhanced safety. Accurate, high-fidelity models are typically time consuming and computationally expensive. Furthermore, informed decisions should be made with an understanding of the impact (global sensitivity) of the design variables on the different objectives. In this context, the so-called surrogate-based approach for analysis and optimization can play a very valuable role. The surrogates are constructed using data drawn from high-fidelity models, and provide fast approximations of the objectives and constraints at new design points, thereby making sensitivity and optimization studies feasible. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the fundamental issues that arise in surrogate-based analysis and optimization (SBAO), highlighting concepts, methods, techniques, as well as practical implications. The issues addressed include the selection of the loss function and regularization criteria for constructing the surrogates, design of experiments, surrogate selection and construction, sensitivity analysis, convergence, and optimization. The multi-objective optimal design of a liquid rocket injector is presented to highlight the state of the art and to help guide future efforts.
Laver Indestructibility and the Class of Compact Cardinals

Using an idea developed in joint work with Shelah, we show how to redefine Laver's notion of forcing making a supercompact cardinal K indestructible under K-directed closed forcing to give a new proof of the Kimchi-Magidor Theorem in which every compact cardinal in the universe (supercompact or strongly compact) satisfies certain indestructibility properties. Specifically, we show that if K is the class of supercompact cardinals in the ground model, then it is possible to force and construct a generic extension in which the only strongly compact cardinals are the elements of K or their measurable limit points, every K C K is a supercompact cardinal indestructible under K-directed closed forcing, and every ,n a measurable limit point of K is a strongly compact cardinal indestructible under K-directed closed forcing not changing p(c). We then derive as a corollary a model for the existence of a strongly compact cardinal K which is not K + supercompact but which is indestructible under K-directed closed forcing not changing p(Ic) and remains non-K + supercompact after such a forcing has been done. ?0. Introduction and preliminaries. Since its introduction in the late 1970s, Laver's notion of forcing [16] for making a supercompact cardinal i, indestructible under redirected closed forcing has proven to be extremely useful in the work done in large cardinals and forcing. Examples of applications of this notion of forcing abound, including, but certainly not limited to, the work done in [1], [2], [5], [9], [10], [15], [18], and [22]. The purpose of this paper is to show that Laver's aforementioned notion of forcing can be modified so as to give a new proof of the Kimchi-Magidor Theorem [ 15], which states that it is consistent for the classes of supercompact and strongly compact cardinals to coincide, except at limit points (where a result of Menas [19] shows that a measurable limit of strongly compact cardinals must be strongly compact but needn't be supercompact), in which each compact cardinal in the universe (supercompact or strongly compact) possesses a certain degree of indestructibility. Specifically, using an idea first developed in [5], we prove the following Received February 19, 1996; revised August 29, 1996. The author wishes to thank James Cummings, Moti Gitik, and Joel Hamkins for helpful conversations on the subject matter of this paper. In addition, the author wishes to thank the referee, whose helpful comments and corrections considerably improved the presentation of the material contained herein. The material of this paper was presented in a lecture given at the January 7-13, 1996, meeting in Set Theory held at the Mathematics Institute in Oberwolfach, Germany. :The author wishes to thank the organizers of this meeting for having invited him to participate in an extremely stimulating conference. In addition, the author wishes to thank Dean Alexandra Logue of Baruch College for her generous support of the author's travel expenses. ? 1998, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/98/6301-0011/$1.90
Women and Men Police Officers: Status, Gender, and Personality

Introduction: Women and Men in Policing The Status Model of Gender Stereotyping Status Characteristics Theory and the Gender-Stereotyped Personality Traits Description of the Study: The Sample of Police Partners and Measures Status and Personality: The Dominating, Instrumental, and Expressive Traits Coping with Low Status: The Verbal-Aggressive and Submissive Traits Police Officers Who Violate Gender Norms: The Bipolar Traits Self-Esteem: The Impact of Status and Personality Traits The Patterning of Traits within Individual Personality Status, Gender, and Personality: Towards an Integrated Theory Implications for Policing Appendix Notes References Index
The turnover of tRNAs microinjected into animal cells

Red cell-mediated microinjection has been used to study tRNA turnover in SV3T3 mouse cells and TC7 cells, an African green monkey kidney line. The turnover of endogenous tRNA, measured by labeling with 3H-methionine, was first-order with half-lives of approximately one day in SV3T3 and two days in TC7 cells. 32PtRNA isolated from E. coli or TC7 cells turned over at the same rate as endogenous tRNA when injected into either SV3T3 or TC7 cells. This demonstrates that cellular processes, not properties inherent to tRNAs, are responsible for the difference in tRNA turnover observed between SV3T3 and TC7 cells. These results further indicate that the mechanism of tRNA turnover in mammaliam cells does not distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic tRNAs. In contrast to unmodified tRNA, glyoxalated tRNA was rapidly degraded upon injection. Thus altered tRNA's, like altered proteins, are turned over more rapidly in animal cells.
Beyond the Juristic Orientation of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance of Criminological Insight to International Criminal Law and its Control A Commentary

This article draws attention to the relevance of criminological insight on issues of international criminal law and criminal justice. In particular, the ideology and theory of deterrence, legitimacy, and international criminal law are drawn from. After all, the deterrent effect has been touted as a solid empirical fact with the progression and development of 'international criminal justice', the international tribunals since the mid 1990s, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, the current rather blind belief in the deterrent impact of international criminal justice remains, regretfully, a bit premature. Additionally, beyond the concepts of deterrence and legitimacy, criminologists have much to contribute to international criminal justice. As noted, there are social, political, cultural, and geographical issues that play a role in not only crime commission, but in the hindrance of and/or facilitation of deterrence. Criminologists are well positioned to show how these connections may facilitate or hinder the broader goals of the legal community.
Spousal influence on smoking behaviors in a US community sample of newly married couples

Among married couples, partners often have similar characteristics and behaviors. Among individuals who smoke cigarettes, it is not uncommon for them to have a partner who also smokes. In fact, having a partner who smokes can influence the spouse's initiation of smoking, or return to smoking after a previous quit attempt. Additionally, it is possible that a nonsmoking partner can influence his/her spouse to stop smoking. Participants for this research are from a community sample of couples in the United States. They were recruited at the time they applied for their marriage license and followed through to their second wedding anniversary. Logistic regression models, controlling for demographics, were utilized to determine if a partner's smoking status predicted smoking initiation or relapse over the early years of marriage. Overall, there was some support that a partner's smoking status did influence the other's smoking, although more support was found for spousal influence on relapse than cessation. There was more support for husband's influence compared to wife's influence, nonsmoking wives were more likely to resume smoking in the early years of their marriage if their partners were smokers. Wives' smoking, however, did not predict husband initiation of smoking. These findings suggest that during the transition into marriage, spouses do influence their partners' behaviors. In particular, women are more likely to resume smoking, or return to smoking if their partners smoke.
Heterogeneity of Pillared Clays Determined by Adsorption of SF6 at Temperatures Near Ambient

Pillared clays are studied using sulfur hexafluoride adsorption isotherms measured at temperatures near ambient over the pressure range 1-760 Torr. Under these conditions the adsorption takes place predominantly in micropores due to their enhanced adsorption potential. Data are analyzed using the stable numerical method for solving the adsorption integral equation. The adsorption energy distributions (REDS), which characterize energetic heterogeneity ofadsorbate-adsorbent interactions, are derived. It is assumed that the AED is determined by the microstructure of the clay material and the pore width is calculated. In the discussion of the adsorption energetics the effects of pore sizes, density of mineral layers, and the interaction of adsorbed molecules with pillars are considered. The results obtained from the analysis of adsorption data and XRD analysis are consistent. The difficulties in evaluation of pore size distribution due to the sensitivity of the assumed structural model are discussed.
Emulating Anisotropy to form Novel Low Cost Printed Metamaterial Antennas

Summary form only given: Simply speaking, metamaterials and periodic textures, in general, have allowed for more design degrees of freedom. Specifically, periodic media have allowed for the introduction of many more modes exhibiting different velocity and impedance characteristics. These new modes also allow for concurrent impedance matching and wave slow down for miniaturization or higher sensitivity. Such modes have been carefully examined by our group in the context of magnetic and non-magnetic photonic crystals as well as degenerate band edge crystals. We found that unit cells of these crystals can be represented by equivalent homogenized multilayered anisotropic media. That is each unit cell layer is associated with 3 (instead of one) unique permittivity tensor entries and 3 additional permeability entries for magnetic layers. These additional 2 or 4 degrees of freedoms have allow for substantial design flexibility and mode molding. Of importance is that such layer anisotropy can be realized using a pair of printed transmission lines arranged in close proximity. The voltages at each line can be thought as referring to a vector field component of the unit cell. Controlled coupling between these two lines then generates controlled anisotropy. Modes by design can then be realized and supported on the transmission line pair which can be implemented with great ease and low cost. Further, lumped elements can be printed and integrated within the lines for added control of their propagation properties, bandwidth and impedance characteristics. This paper will focus on realizing controlled anisotropy for the design of miniature antenna elements and arrays with nearly perfect aperture efficiency even the array is on-planar. We will discuss mode generation and control using metamaterials, and address the perennial issue of narrow bandwidth. (1 page)
Measurement and Analysis of Lunar Basin Depths from Clementine Altimetry

Altimetric profiles from the Clementine LIDAR are used to calculate the depths of 29 large craters and basins on the Moon. Plotting the depths of the best preserved structures together with values for simple and complex craters measured in pre-Clementine studies reveals an inflection in the depth/diameter (d/D) curve in addition to the one revealed by pre-Clementine data. This inflection occurs in the diameter range that corresponds to the morphologic transition from complex crater to basin. The best empirical power law fit for basin depths is log10(d) = 0.41 × [log10(D)]0.57. This relationship is characterized by a lower slope than that for complex craters, demonstrating that this morphologic transition corresponds to a further decrease in the depth of an impact structure relative to its diameter with increasing size. Qualitative consideration of possible causes for the second inflection leads to the conclusion that it is most likely a consequence of a short-term modification mechanism that influences fundamental crater morphology, such as the increasing influence of gravity with diameter. Thicknesses of maria in the major basins are calculated by assuming that their unfilled depths would follow thed/Drelation. Results are compared with previous estimates and yield thicknesses that are generally greater than those determined by studies of flooded craters and less than those obtained from analysis of gravity.
Reply to Comment on "Steady-state 226Ra/230Th disequilibrium in mantle minerals: Implications for melt transport rates in island arcs" by R. George, M. Reagan, S. Turner, J. Gill, B. Bourdon

Abstract We agree with George et al. that high 226 Ra/ 230 Th and correlated Ba/Th, 238 U/ 230 Th, and other elemental and isotopic ratios are the result of fluid addition to the wedge. The Feineman and DePaolo [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 215 (2003) 339–355] manuscript addresses more specifically the pathway followed by the fluid en route to the surface. In particular, we address whether the 226 Ra/ 230 Th data directly yield the total time available for the fluid to migrate from the point of origin in the slab to the melting region in the wedge, and ultimately to the surface with the melt. All of the processes involved in generating arc volcanism would of necessity have to take place very rapidly within the constraints proposed by George et al. The alternative is that the upward fluid movement is hindered by the fluid flow regime and solid mantle flow, allowing more time for reaction with the mantle wedge. There is evidence in the U-series data for more than one time scale, and our model helps to explain how this could come about. The extent to which grainscale 226 Ra/ 230 Th disequilibrium affects the inferred melt transport time is yet another issue, and this could be achieved either with the small-degree melt mechanism we discussed or by additional effects associated with melt and fluid migration at later stages in the melt generation process. We agree that the final melt transport event is likely to happen quickly. One of the most puzzling features of volcanic arcs is that the volcanic front emerges considerably behind the presumed location of primary water release from the subducting slab (depth to slab is ∼120 km beneath the volcanic front, as opposed to the predicted ∼80 km). This offset between the expected site of fluid release and the location of the volcanic front can be attributed to coupled transport of the fluid—in the form of hydrous minerals, such as amphibole and/or phlogopite in the wedge [J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 2037–2070] or redirection of the melt due to flow and stresses in the mantle matrix as the magma slowly percolates upward [J. Geol. 95 (1987) 285–307]. In either case, the fluid and/or melt is required to ascend slowly, at least for some part of its journey, to explain the location of the volcanic front. Furthermore, 238 U/ 230 Th disequilibria in arc lavas seem to suggest a relatively long interval for fluid addition (∼30–60 ka) [Science 292 (2001) 1363–1366; Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 179 (2000) 581–593; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 4855–4884], which is difficult to reconcile with the 226 Ra/ 230 Th disequilibrium observed in the lavas. For these reasons, we sought to find a means whereby apparently short-lived isotopic disequilibria could be maintained during complex fluid and melt migration in the mantle wedge. Below, we address a few of the main issues presented by George et al. [Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. this issue] in their comment.
A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults

Hypertension affects ~33% of US adults.1 College age individuals with mild blood pressure (BP) elevation are three times more likely to develop hypertension within 30 years than normotensives.2 Psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and anger/hostility have been found to contribute to the development of hypertension.3 In young adults, affective distress was associated with the development of hypertension over 15 years.4 The risk for hypertension associated with anxiety, depression, and anger/hostility is similar to traditional predictors of hypertension such as obesity and physical inactivity.5 Studies also have indicated that positive coping strategies may moderate the effect of stressful events on BP while negative coping may have a detrimental effect.6,7 College students are particularly prone to psychological distress,8 caused by interpersonal and social problems, pressures to succeed academically, financial strains, and uncertain futures.9,10,11 Previous controlled studies on the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program, one of the most widely used mind–body approaches for reducing psychological distress, has shown significant reductions in BP,12,13 anxiety,14,15 depression,15 and improved coping ability16 in students and adults. To further investigate the effectiveness of the TM program on BP, psychological distress, and coping, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in college students. To our knowledge, this is the first RCT to evaluate the efficacy of a mind–body intervention on BP and psychological factors in young adults.
Light scattering and micelle structure in the system sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium chloride-water

Abstract Light-scattering measurements have been made on solutions of the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, in water and in sodium chloride solutions up to 0.20 M . The micelle weights calculated from the data increase from 11,400 in water to 24,000 to 27,000 in the presence of 0.06 to 0.20 M sodium chloride. A discussion of the dependence of the micelle weight on sodium chloride concentration is presented.
AN EXPRESSION VECTOR FOR THE PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS, USTILAGO MAYDIS

We have constructed an expression vector for the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. This vector, pUXV, expresses genes located downstream from a U. maydis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Plasmid pUXV also contains a selective marker gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B and a U. maydis autonomously replicating sequence, UARS, allowing high transformation efficiency. Expression of a cDNA from the toxin-encoding region of the U. maydis virus P6 in pUXV resulted in as much killing activity as from viral particles when evaluated by killer plate assay. Plasmid pUXV preserves essential sequences from pUC12 and is therefore a shuttle vector for U. maydis and Escherichia coli.
Prenatal and Posthumous Non-Existence: A Reply to Johansson

We have argued that it is rational to have asymmetric attitudes toward prenatal and posthumous non-existence insofar as this asymmetry is a special case of a more general (and arguably rational) asymmetry in our attitudes toward past and future pleasures. Here we respond to an interesting critique of our view by Jens Johansson. We contend that his critique involves a crucial and illicit switch in temporal perspectives in the process of considering modal claims (sending us to other possible worlds).
Non-Point Source Pollution from Abandoned Agricultural Land in the Great Lakes Basin

Abstract The contribution of abandoned farm fields to non-point source pollution in the Great Lakes Basin was studied on a 7.73 ha old field watershed near East Lansing, Michigan, that had been abandoned 18 years prior to the study. Exports of nitrogen were low and approached values expected for undisturbed forests in the Great Lakes Basin. Exports of phosphorus were slightly elevated compared to undisturbed forests. Exports and concentrations of both N and P were similar to values listed for cleared, unproductive land for the Great Lakes region by the recent nationwide survey of EPA. Annual exports of total P, PO 4 –P, NO 3 –N, NO 2 –N, NH 4 –N, Organic–N, Cl, Na, Ca, and suspended solids are given. Most exports of all constituents occurred during rainfall or snow-melt generated runoff events during the spring runoff period. Soil and soil-water nutrient concentrations were low, reflecting the low fertility of the study watershed. Nutrient concentrations in runoff reflect this low fertility and would be higher from recently abandoned farm land. The contribution of abandoned fields to nutrient loading of the Great Lakes would decrease from levels typical of agricultural runoff at time of abandonment to levels typical of undisturbed forests within 15 to 20 years following abandonment.
The nanomaterial-dependent modulation of dendritic cells and its potential influence on therapeutic immunosuppression in lupus

Targeting dendritic cells with nanoparticles is an attractive modality for instigating immunity or inducing immunosuppression. An important aspect of successful delivery of antigen and immune modulators to these cells is the efficacy of nanoparticle internalization, which can dictate the strength and robustness of immune responses; optimizing particulate uptake is thus key. We compared the internalization of two nanoparticulate platforms: a vesicular “nanogel” platform with a lipid exterior, and the widely-used solid biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) system. We found that nanogels were more effectively internalized by dendritic cells in vitro, as demonstrated by fluorescent tracer measurements. Additionally, the magnitude of dendritic cell immunosuppression achieved by nanogels loaded with mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant, was greater than similarly drug-loaded PLGA. Although both types of particles could mitigate the production of inflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of stimulatory surface markers, nanogels yielded greater reductions. These in vitro measurements correlated with in vivo efficacy, where immunosuppressive therapy with nanogels extended the survival of lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice whereas PLGA particles did not. Our results highlight the importance of material on nanoparticle uptake by dendritic cells, which impacts the quality of therapeutic immunosuppression.
Steroid withdrawal in African American kidney transplant recipients: long-term effects on graft outcomes

Steroid withdrawal in African American kidney transplant recipients: long-term effects on graft outcomes
A Lifetime of Learning to Teach.

Influenced by Freinet, Freire, and Sherover-Marcuse, the author describes the evolution of her pedagogy, including a demystifying and empowering approach to working with graduate students in the dissertation process. Alma Flor Ada's educational philosophy and praxis, grounded in critical pedagogy and transformative education, developed in the context of several decades teaching doctoral students at the University of San Francisco's (USF's) School of Education, in the International and Multicultural Education program. Included are various graduate-level classroom practices designed to encourage individual and group reflection on the learning process, build community, develop agency, explore culture, and balance group work and individual work.
A comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan effects on rat lumbar spinal cord serotonin release and monosynaptic response amplitude.

Abstract The physiological effects of injections of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) are thought to result from increased serotonin (5-HT) release 18 , although release has not been directly measured in vivo. This study compared the effects of 5-HTP on rat lumbar spinal cord monosynaptic response (MSR) amplitude and on 5-HT release into lumbar extracellular fluid as measured by in vivo dialysis. 5-HTP significantly increased the amplitude of the MSR and significantly increased the amount of 5-HT in dialysate samples suggesting that 5-HTP enhances the lumbar MSR amplitude by increasing 5-HT release.
Catalytic reduction of hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene by cobalt(I) salen electrogenerated at vitreous carbon cathodes in dimethylformamide

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential electrolysis have been used to investigate the catalytic reduction of hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene by cobalt(I) salen that is electrogenerated at a carbon cathode in dimethylformamide containing 0.050 M tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate. Cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of cobalt(II) salen in the presence of either hexachlorobenzene or pentachlorobenzene show an enhanced cathodic peak for the catalyst–substrate reaction as well as loss of the anodic peak for reoxidation of cobalt(I) salen, revealing the effectiveness of the catalyst. However, cobalt(I) salen shows no catalytic activity toward tetrachlorobenzene or any less-chlorinated species. Controlled-potential electrolyses of cobalt(II) salen–hexachlorobenzene mixtures give both pentachlorobenzene and three isomers of tetrachlorobenzene, whereas bulk catalytic reduction of pentachlorobenzene affords three different tetrachlorobenzenes; for both substrates, substantial starting material remains unreduced. To account for the formation of the various products, a mechanistic scheme is proposed and discussed.
A 200V complementary vertical bipolar process with compatible logic

A 200V BV CBO complementary vertical bipolar process utilizing dielectric isolation is described. The process is designed for telecommunications applications. Compatible I2L gates achieve a propagation delay of 180ns. Structure and characteristics of 200V NJFET's and SCR's which can be made with the process are described.
Laser surface heating of Nd-Fe-B, Nd-Fe-Co-B, and BaO-6Fe2O3 permanent magnets

Abstract Hot-pressed Nd-Fe-B, epoxy-bonded Nd-Fe-Co-B, and BaO-6Fe 2 O 3 (ferrite) permanent magnets are heated by scanning their surfaces with an argon ion laser beam. The laser heating response of each magnet material is examined by measuring the depth of the heat-affected zone as a function of beam power and scan rate. An analytic heat transfer model is used to provide a convenient description of the laser surface heating process. The temperature distribution in the magnets is calculated to estimate the depth of the heat-affected zone as defined by the position of the Curie temperature isotherm. Agreement is good among the calculated and measured depths for all three permanent magnet materials.
A hierarchical coarse-grained (all-atom-to-all-residue) computer simulation approach: self-assembly of peptides.

A hierarchical computational approach (all-atom residue to all-residue peptide) is introduced to study self-organizing structures of peptides as a function of temperature. A simulated residue-residue interaction involving all-atom description, analogous to knowledge-based analysis (with different input), is used as an input to a phenomenological coarse-grained interaction for large scales computer simulations. A set of short peptides P1 (1H 2S 3S 4Y 5W 6Y 7A 8F 9N 10N 11K 12T) is considered as an example to illustrate the utility. We find that peptides assemble rather fast into globular aggregates at low temperatures and disperse as random-coil at high temperatures. The specificity of the mass distribution of the self-assembly depends on the temperature and spatial lengths which are identified from the scaling of the structure factor. Analysis of energy and mobility profiles, gyration radius of peptide, and radial distribution function of the assembly provide insight into the multi-scale (intra- and inter-chain) characteristics. Thermal response of the global assembly with the simulated residue-residue interaction is consistent with that of the knowledge-based analysis despite expected quantitative differences.
The statistical implications of preliminary specification error testing

Abstract This paper demonstrates that a preliminary test estimator based on a specification test of the type suggested by Wu and Hausman is dominated under a mean square error criterion by an instrumental variable estimator. Results are obtained by considering a numerical evaluation of the asymptotic risk function of the pre-test estimator for various levels of the pre-test and special circumstances in which the power function of the pre-test becomes flat in the direction of the alternative hypothesis.
Validation of drinking water disinfection by-product exposure assessment for rural areas in the National Children’s Study

The objective of this study was to provide evidence to evaluate the proposed National Children’s Study (NCS) protocol for household water sampling in rural study areas. Day-to-day variability in total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentrations in community water supplies (CWS) in rural areas was determined, and the correlation between TTHM concentrations from household taps and CWS monitoring reports was evaluated. Daily water samples were collected from 7 households serviced by 7 different CWS for 15 days. Coefficients of variation for TTHM concentration over 15 days ranged from 8% to 20% depending on the household. Correlations were tested between TTHM household concentrations and the closest date- and location-matched CWS monitoring reports for the 15-day mean (R=0.85, P 50 μg/l corresponded to measured NCS household concentrations ranging from 2 to 60 μg/l. TTHM concentrations were higher in CWS than NCS samples (11.2±3.2 μg/l, mean difference±SE, P<0.01). These results show that in rural areas there is high variability within households and poor correlation at higher concentrations, suggesting that TTHM concentrations from CWS monitoring reports are not an accurate measure of exposure in the household.
Examining Performance Measurement from an Integrated Perspective

This paper introduces system comprehensiveness, a variable reflecting the diversity of performance measurement (PM) categories captured in a PM system. Using this variable, we synthesize the information systems and management accounting literatures into an integrated model of PM systems. Based on survey responses from 646 experienced financial managers, our integrated model results provide evidence that system comprehensiveness partially explains how participation leads to job‐relevant information. Furthermore, our findings indicate that system comprehensiveness is associated with employee outcomes through the mediating effect of jobrelevant information. These results suggest that organizations benefit from PM systems that incorporate a broader set of measures. Also, by linking the two research streams, this paper provides a richer understanding of how participation improves employee outcomes. Along this line, we identify a variety of future research opportunities that, if approached from a cross‐discipli...
Definitive evidence of interlayer coupling between Ga 1 − x Mn x As layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer

We have used polarized neutron reflectometry to study the structural and magnetic properties of the individual layers in a series of $\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}:\mathrm{Be}∕{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}∕{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ multilayer samples. Structurally, we observe that the samples are virtually identical except for the GaAs spacer thickness (which varies from $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}12\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$), and confirm that the spacers contain little or no Mn. Magnetically, we observe that for the sample with the thickest spacer layer, the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ layer adjacent to the Be-doped AlGaAs cap has a temperature dependent magnetization very different from that of the other ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ layer. However, as the spacer layer thickness is reduced, the temperature dependent magnetizations of the two ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ layers become progressively more similar---a trend we find to be independent of the crystallographic direction along which spins are magnetized. These results definitively show that ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ layers can couple across a nonmagnetic spacer and that such coupling depends on spacer thickness.
Towards a taxonomy of the preface in English, French, and German

In his article “Towards a Taxonomy of the Preface in English, French, and German” Steven Totosy de Zepetnek asks whether the preface can be considered a genre in its own right and presents a selected taxonomy of this text type in English-, French-, and German-language scholarship. In prefatorial taxonomy in the languages at hand, some terms were more frequently used at a particular time, while some were used more specifically than others. In the nineteenth century, but also at present, in both English and French it is the term “preface” or “preface,” which best expresses and is most used for this type of text. In German the most often used term is “Vorwort,” whose meaning is analogous to “preface” and “preface” (it should be noted here that German-language scholarship in particular has contributed much to the study of the preface; also, the volume of German-language prefatory taxonomy is significant). Based on selected texts on the preface and their taxonomies suggest that the preface is a genre in its own right.
The fibrinolytic system—Basic considerations

T HE fibrinolytic system consists basically of fibrinogen, fibrin, plasminogen, plasmin, and activators of plasminogen. Plasmin, however, appears to be implicated in pathways other than fibrinolysis or fibrinogenolysis. For example, plasmin is capable of digesting factor Xlla to factor Xlla fragments which, in turn, are potent activators of prekallikrein.’ In this manner, plasmin can function in a capacity that controls the initiation of intrinsic blood coagulation and kallikrein formation by means of its action on factor Xlla. Additionally, plasmin is capable of activation of several complement zymogens, namely, Cl,’ C3,3 and C5.4 Plasmin has also been shown to substitute for factor D in the alternate pathway.5 Although the above facets of plasmin action have a great attraction in ascribing its possible role, only the well known fibrinolytic and iibrinogenolytic(’ activities of plasmin will be considered in this review. The intent of this article is to describe recent advances in the elucidation of the circulating structure of plasminogen, the mechanism of activation of plasminogen, and the role of antifibrinolytic amino acids in plasminogen activation.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPN14 Is a Regulator of Lymphatic Function and Choanal Development in Humans

The lymphatic vasculature is essential for the recirculation of extracellular fluid, fat absorption, and immune function and as a route of tumor metastasis. The dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis has been accelerated by the identification of tissue-specific lymphatic endothelial markers and the study of congenital lymphedema syndromes. We report the results of genetic analyses of a kindred inheriting a unique autosomal-recessive lymphedema-choanal atresia syndrome. These studies establish linkage of the trait to chromosome 1q32-q41 and identify a loss-of-function mutation in PTPN14, which encodes a nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase. The causal role of PTPN14 deficiency was confirmed by the generation of a murine Ptpn14 gene trap model that manifested lymphatic hyperplasia with lymphedema. Biochemical studies revealed a potential interaction between PTPN14 and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3), a receptor tyrosine kinase essential for lymphangiogenesis. These results suggest a unique and conserved role for PTPN14 in the regulation of lymphatic development in mammals and a nonconserved role in choanal development in humans.
Assignment of the gene for cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (AAT1) to human chromosome 8

The segregation of human cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (AAT1) and the individual human chromosomes has been studied in 27 secondary and tertiary rat hepatoma-human (liver) fibroblast hybrids. The staining solution used to visualize AAT activity on starch gels was specific for AAT since it was visualized only when all components of the stain were present. The locus for human AAT1 has been assigned to chromosome 8.
State-level perspectives on immunization policies, practices, and program financing in the 1990s.

This article reports on a series of structured interviews with immunization program officials in all 50 states regarding the effects of changes in federal policies and funding in the 1990s on the goals, priorities, and activities of state immunization programs. The purchase of vaccines is a major component of all state immunization programs. The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, implemented in 1994, has become the primary source of vaccine purchase support in almost all states. A concern of many state immunization programs is their ability to ensure that vaccines are available to children who are not VFC eligible.State immunization programs also are involved in a myriad of activities necessary to ensure that children are adequately and appropriately immunized (e.g. , vaccine administration, outreach to parents). Federal funding to support these activities increased significantly during the mid-1990s, but was substantially reduced beginning in 1997. Because of these funding decreases, most states had to reduce the scale and scope of their immunization activities.State-level funding support for immunization programs varies, with state governments more likely to support vaccine purchase than immunization activities. Immunization will never be completed. Along with each new birth cohort, changes to the primary immunization schedule (i.e., addition of new vaccines and expansion of existing recommendations to encompass broader target groups) create ongoing needs for vaccine purchase and other immunization activities. Long-term immunization planning must reflect these continually expanding needs.
Developing a model for electromagnetic control of dopant segregation during liquid-encapsulated crystal growth of compound semiconductors

Abstract The dopant transport during growth depends on both the diffusion and the convection of dopant during the entire period of time needed to grow a crystal. The application of even a moderate magnetic field is enough to damp the melt motion in order to eliminate oscillatory or turbulent melt motions which cause microsegregation or striations, and provide the electromagnetic control needed to minimize macrosegregation. For the moderate-strength magnetic fields used during liquid-encapsulated crystal growth processes, the dopant transport in the melt is dominated by convection, and the constant-concentration curves resemble the streamlines. The strong flow adjacent to the crystal–melt interface produces a lateral uniformity in the dopant concentration in the melt adjacent to the interface and consequently in the crystal.
Structure-activity relationship of nucleobase ligands of uridine phosphorylase from Toxoplasma gondii

Abstract Seventy-nine nucleobase analogs were evaluated as potential inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii uridine phosphorylase (UrdPase), and the apparent K i (app K i ) values for these compounds were determined. Based on the inhibition data, a structure-activity relationship for the binding of nucleobase analogs to the enzyme was formulated, using uracil as a reference compound. Two compounds were identified as very potent inhibitors of T. gondii UrdPase, 5-benzyloxybenzylbarbituric acid and 5-benzyloxybenzyluracil, which had app K i values of 0.32 and 2.5 μM, respectively. A comparison of the results from the present study, with similar studies on mammalian UrdPase and thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) (Niedzwicki et al., Biochem Pharmacol 32 : 399–415, 1993) revealed that there are both similarities and differences between the catalytic site of T. gondii UrdPase and the catalytic sites of the mammalian enzymes with respect to binding of uracil analogs. One compound, 6-benzyl-2-thiouracil, was identified as a potent, specific inhibitor (app K i = 14 μ M) of T. gondii UrdPase, relative to mammalian UrdPase and dThdPase.
The dog that did not bark: Punitive social views and the ‘professional middle classes’

Scholars have identified many interrelated factors that may explain a rise in punitive social control policies during the last 35 years. David Garland, for example, in The culture of control: Crime...
The effects on a system‐imposed grammatical restriction on interactive natural language

Abstract All interactive natural language computer systems require users to limit themselves to specific subsets of English. Although such language limitations reduce the computer's processing burden, the effects on users are less clearly understood. This experiment examined the effects of a system‐imposed grammatical limitation on two‐person teams who cooperatively solved problems. Twenty‐four subjects were randomly assigned to twelve two‐person teams. Each team solved three problems, which were presented in a completely counterbalanced order. Team members communicated by typing messages on computer terminals. Six of the teams were in an unrestricted condition. However, the allowable grammar for the remaining six teams was highly restricted. Dependent measures included time‐to‐solution, problem solving accuracy, and various measures of verbal output. Significant differences were found only for the measures of time‐to‐solution, words per sentence, and, in the restricted condition, the number of attempted ...