cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cylindrical Spectacle Lenses Alter Emmetropization and Produce Astigmatism in Young Monkeys

We tested the hypothesis that uncorrected astigmatism is a risk factor for the development of anomalous refractive errors by rearing infant rhesus monkeys with cylindrical spectacle lenses over one or both eyes. The cylinder lenses (+1.50 – 3.00 x 90 or x 180), which optically simulated either with- or against-the-rule astigmatism, were worn continuously from about 3 weeks of age for periods of 12–17 weeks. In comparison to normal animals, the cylinder-reared monkeys showed a wider range of spherical-equivalent refractive errors, particularly hyperopic errors, and a higher prevalence of anisometropia. In most monkeys it appeared that emmetropization was directed toward a specific meridian of the cylinder lenses, typically the positive-powered meridian. In addition, the treated monkeys frequently developed significant degrees of refractive and corneal astigmatism, which subsequently decreased rapidly following lens removal. However, the induced astigmatism did not optically compensate for the cylinder lenses because the axis of the astigmatism was always oblique and mirror-symmetric in the 2 eyes, regardless of the axis of the treatment lens. Thus, the results show that astigmatism interferes with normal emmetropization, and that vision-dependent mechanisms can clearly alter the shape of the cornea. The astigmatic changes, however, do not appear to reflect the activity of a vision-dependent “sphericalization” process, but instead seem to be associated with more general alterations in ocular growth and emmetropization.
The Guggenheims and Chilean Nitrates

The case describes the growth of Guggenheim Brothers as one of the largest mining companies in the world in the early twentieth century. Global expansion led the firm to Chile, first in copper and later in natural nitrates. Chile's economic growth was driven by the profits from mining, especially its world monopoly of nitrates. The Guggenheims invested in Chilean nitrates after synthetics were developed by German chemists. Their strategies to modernize the industry collapsed with the outbreak of the Great Depression, during which Chile experienced the greatest fall of incomes of any country. The case serves as a vehicle to explore the devastating economic and political impact of the Great Depression on the countries of the South, such as Chile, which had specialized in primary commodities, and on mining and financial capitalists such as the Guggenheims. Learning Objective: To illustrate, from an entrepreneurial perspective, the impact of the Great Depression on countries of the South, especially Chile, and on financial capitalism.
The Synthesis of II-VI Binary Alloys and Organometallic Compounds via Me3SiOR Elimination Reactions

Trimethylsilyl chloride elimination reactions have been well documented. We now report the use of trimethylsilyl acetate elimination reaction in the preparation of binary alloys, HgTe and CdTe. The new compound, (MeHg)3P, and the known compound (MeHg)2S have been prepared by the trimethylsilyl acetate elimination reaction and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
Bargaining between goals

Bargaining is a process used to modify conflicting demands on an expendable resource so that a satisfactory allocation can be made In this paper, a bargaining system is designed to handle the problem of scheduling an individual's weekly activities and appointments. The bargaining system Is based on the powerful reasoning strategy of producing a simplified linear plan by considering the various constraints Independently and then debugging the resulting conflicts
Personalization vs. Customization: Which Is More Effective in E-Services?

More flexible and agile Information Technology (IT) architecture is needed by a firm to respond to dynamic and competitive business environments. Web Service, which is defined as a software construct that exposes business functionality over the Internet, is considered to be the next vision to provide not only new IT architecture and strategies for enterprises, but also a technological basis for design/redesign of business processes. This research proposes a framework and methodology to design business processes with Web services. A formal model, which reflects strategic, economic, and structural perspectives, to identify and evaluate alternative Web services portfolio in business processes is proposed. The objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive and theoretical formulation for Web services to design/redesign business processes and business networks.
Stationary Markov Sets.

Abstract : A Markov set is a random set on a real line whose 'future' shape is conditionally independent of the 'past' shape given 'present'. Such sets appear in the study of visiting times of special Markov (but not strong Markov) processes. If the Markov process is stationary then the corresponding set is also stationary, that is, its distribution does not depend on the choice of the origin on the real line. In this paper we will describe all closed stationary Markov sets. We will show that each stationary Markov which is not regenerative can be constructed from two special regenerative sets by either taing a mixture of these regenerative sets or taking a 'Superposition' of two regenerative sets. Superposition can be described loosely as cuttingtwo real lines R1 and R2 with two sets M1 and M2 in them, into pieces of iid length and then combine them into one line alternating pieces from R1 and R2. The union of the cut offs from M1 and M2 will be the superposition of the sets M1 and M2.
Sedation in the Emergency Department: A Complex and Multifactorial Challenge

Safe and effective management of procedure-related pain and anxiety in the emergency department (ED) has become expected. It facilitates controlled accomplishment of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, reduces psychological trauma and its sequelae, reduces healthcare provider and parental distress, and improves parental acceptance of rendered care. Many advances in procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) for nonelective procedures in non-fasted patients in the ED have occurred over the past 20 years as a result of intense interest in this concept and the development of general and pediatric emergency medicine specialties, for whom PSA is now considered core training. This chapter reviews some of the PSA techniques shown to safely and effectively decrease children’s pain and anxiety associated with procedures in the ED. Since pain and anxiety are frequently indistinguishable, the combination will often be referred to as distress.
A call to arms to help heal medicine’s greatest ailment - Publication bias and inadequate research transparency

The paradigm of evidence-based medicine has made impressive advancements since its conception and implementation, but publication bias and issues with inadequate research transparency have remained persistent and pestilent problems. These closely-related issues have markedly detrimental effects on the evidence base from which researchers operate and medical providers make health care decisions, and this can result in involuntary violation of professional and ethical duties and supererogatory motives to serve the public; likewise, it puts patients at risk of receiving medical interventions or advice based on incomplete or ill-understood evidence. By informing readers about the scope of these issues, the failed attempts to correct these issues, and current efforts underway (including a measure in which the lay population can participate), this article serves as a call to arms to help eradicate these incredibly important problems.
Postconflicto y justicia transicional en Colombia: balance de nuestra experiencia

El estudio establece la relacion entre el postconflicto y la justicia transicional, integrando las conceptualizaciones realizadas por los especialistas nacionales e internacionales y los datos historicos y empiricos aportados desde las sociedades en transicion. El proposito es analizar el caso colombiano a partir de estos referentes, para esclarecer si el pais vive una situacion postconflicto y cual es el balance de la aplicacion de las estrategias de la justicia transicional consagradas en la Ley de Justicia y Paz (Ley 975 de 2005). De esta manera, la investigacion articula elementos teoricos y facticos, con la finalidad de generar recomendaciones normativas para la implementacion futura de estrategias transicionales, teniendo como criterio regulativo el equilibrio entre la politica y el derecho y, sobre todo, un papel activo de las victimas y de la sociedad civil.
Assessing Macroprudential Policies: Case of South Korea*

In this paper, we develop methods for assessing the sensitivity of capital flows to global financial conditions. We use these methods to assess the impact of macroprudential policies introduced by South Korea in 2010. Relative to a comparison group of countries, we find that the sensitivity of capital flows into South Korea to global conditions decreased in the period following the introduction of macroprudential policies.
Body size in early life and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: results from the Nurses' Health Studies.

Adult body mass index (BMI) has been associated with ovarian cancer risk, but few studies have examined body size earlier in life. We prospectively examined associations of body fatness at ages 5 and 10, BMI at age 18, height, and birthweight with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS: 110 311 women, 735 cases) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII: 113 059 women, 137 cases). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was a weak inverse association between average body fatness at ages 5 and 10 and risk in the NHS (RR for heaviest vs most lean=0.81, 95% CI: 0.53–1.24, P for trend=0.04) and a nonsignificant positive association in the NHSII (RR=2.09, 95% CI: 0.98–4.48, P for trend=0.10), possibly due to differences in age and menopausal status. Height was positively associated with risk in both cohorts (RR for ⩾1.75 vs <1.6 m=1.43, 95% CI: 1.05–1.96, P for trend=0.001). Body mass index at the age of 18 years and birthweight were not associated with risk. Further research should examine the biological mechanisms underlying the observed associations.
Temporal interferometry: A mechanism for controlling qubit transitions during twisted rapid passage with possible application to quantum computing

In an adiabatic rapid passage experiment, the Bloch vector of a two-level system ~qubit! is inverted by slowly inverting an external field to which it is coupled, and along which it is initially aligned. In twisted rapid passage, the external field is allowed to twist around its initial direction with azimuthal angle f(t) at the same time that it is inverted. For polynomial twist, f(t);Bt n . We show that for n>3, multiple avoided crossings can occur during the inversion of the external field, and that these crossings give rise to strong interference effects in the qubit transition probability. The transition probability is found to be a function of the twist strength B, which can be used to control the time separation of the avoided crossings, and hence the character of the interference. Constructive and destructive interference are possible. The interference effects are a consequence of the temporal phase coherence of the wave function. The ability to vary this coherence by varying the temporal separation of the avoided crossings renders twisted rapid passage with adjustable twist strength into a temporal interferometer through which qubit transitions can be greatly enhanced or suppressed. Possible application of this interference mechanism to construction of fast fault-tolerant quantum controlled-NOT and NOT gates is discussed.
Structure and expression of the Drosophila melanogaster gene encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence and structure of Pgd + , the Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes the enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). The derived 481-amino acid sequence for D. melanogaster 6PGD is presented and compared with 6PGD sequences from other species. To characterize the cis -acting sequences necessary for expression of Pgd + , fragments containing this gene as well as Pgd + promoter- lacZ fusions were introduced into the D. melanogaster germ line by P-element-mediated transformation. Our results indicate that the large second intron is critical for Pgd + expression in adults. Only 421 bp of Pgd + 5′-flanking DNA are necessary to direct expression in imaginal discs, gonads and gut of third-instar larvae. Sequences downstream from the transcription start point are necessary for expression in the larval fat body.
Simulation of neural sets

A program has been written for the PDP-8/I computer which simulates the behavior of 64 model neurons which may be connected together to form a functional neural net. The simulation includes provisions for studying the possible mechanisms of learning in real systems. Operation of the net requires inputs from either a robot or a robot simulator program and output from the net serves as input to such a robot, so that the entire system investigates the Behavior of an organism and its brain in interaction with an environment.
The invasion-associated type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium: common and unique features

Several bacterial pathogens make use of a specialized protein secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells. This system, commonly referred to as type III secretion, is always associated with phenotypes related to intimate interactions between the pathogen and its respective host cells. The enteric pathogen Salmonella typhimurium utilizes a type III secretion system to invade nonphagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. Whereas the invasion-associated type III system of S. typhimurium has evolved to perform a specific function, many of the components of this system are conserved among the type III systems of other bacterial pathogens. This review will discuss the common and unique features of the S. typhimurium system in relation to the type III systems of other human pathogens. Topics discussed include the phenotypes associated with various type III systems, the genetic loci encoding these systems, the components of the type III secretion apparatus, the effector proteins and the mechanisms by which they enter host cells as well as the mechanisms used to regulate the expression of type III systems.
Changes in gastric acid secretion in aphagic or hyperphagic cats after hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract Experiments were carried out on 17 adult cats, each fitted with a gastric fistula and two monopolar electrodes bilaterally implanted in the midlateral or anterolateral hypothalamus (nine cats) or in the ventromedial hypothalamus (eight cats). In each cat basal gastric secretion was collected two to three times a week during a 105-min session. During the nonsession days, 24-h food intake was measured throughout the experimental period. After five control sessions, electrolytic lesions were made with DC 2 mA for 90 s bilaterally in the hypothalamus through the implanted electrodes. Two days later experimental sessions were resumed. In the majority of cats which became aphagic or hypophagic because of the lesions, gastric acid secretion was increased in the 1st week and then decreased in the 3rd and 4th week after the lesions. In half of the cats which became hyperphagic because of the lesions, gastric acid secretion was increased during the 2nd and 3rd week after the lesions; in other hyperphagic cats acid output remained unchanged or was decreased. These results support the idea that gastric acid secretion may be related to a hypothalamic system different than that controlling food intake.
Environmental dynamics and collaboration: Case studies of U.S.–Russian aerospace joint ventures

Abstract This work addresses two United States–Russian joint ventures in the expendable space launch vehicle sector of the aerospace industry. The paper first overviews evolving political and economic conditions affecting industry operations in both the United States and Russia as well as their influence on cooperation between companies from the two countries. The paper then describes the participants in the two joint ventures along with their motivations for and contributions to the cross national collaborations. Finally, the paper addresses the structures of the joint ventures, their progress to date, and the methods the companies have used to protect against technology appropriation by their partners.
ESD Phenomena and Protection Issues in CMOS Output Buffers

In VLSI devices with 1 ?m CMOS technologies the use of silicided diffusions has been found to have a negative impact on the ESD protection levels of both inputs and outputs. In this paper the ESD phenomena for CMOS output buffers is presented to show that it can be improved for advanced processes. The primary findings here show that the p-channel device of the buffer can be made to play a significant role and that this feature can be used to achieve good protection for positive stress with respect to both VDD and VSS.
ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC METAL IONS ON CELL WALLS OF DATURA INNOXIA SUSPENSION CELL CULTURES

Rapidly dividing cell suspension cultures derived fromDatura innoxia (Mill.) selectively remove certain toxic metal ions from nutrient and waste solutions. Many ions, including necessary micronutrients, bind tightly to different components of the primary cell wall. Cell viability is not required for metal chelation to the extracellular matrix, and biopolymers purified from these cultures can be used to selectively remove metal ions from waste streams. Binding of normally toxic metals to the primary cell wall significantly reduces their toxicity. Chemical and metal luminescence methods that generate information about metal binding and cell-wall components responsible for this are presented. The feasibility of using plant cells and their components for bioremediation is discussed.
Ca2+ Signaling, TRP Channels, and Endothelial Permeability

Increased endothelial permeability is the hallmark of inflammatory vascular edema. Inflammatory mediators that bind to heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors trigger increased endothelial permeability by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The rise in [Ca2+]i activates key signaling pathways that mediate cytoskeletal reorganization (through myosin-light-chain-dependent contraction) and the disassembly of VE-cadherin at the adherens junctions. The Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isoform PKCalpha plays a crucial role in initiating endothelial cell contraction and disassembly of VE-cadherin junctions. The increase in [Ca2+]i induced by inflammatory agonists such as thrombin and histamine is achieved by the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), activation of IP3-receptors, release of stored intracellular Ca2+, and Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane channels. IP3-sensitive Ca2+-store depletion activates plasma membrane cation channels (i.e., store-operated cation channels [SOCs] or Ca2+ release-activated channels [CRACs]) to cause Ca2+ influx into endothelial cells. Recent studies have identified members of Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) gene family of channels that encode functional SOCs in endothelial cells. These studies also suggest that the canonical TRPC homologue TRPC1 is the predominant isoform expressed in human vascular endothelial cells, and is the essential component of the SOC in this cell type. Further, evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha can induce the expression of TRPC1 in human vascular endothelial cells signaling via the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Increased expression of TRPC1 augments Ca2+ influx via SOCs and potentiates the thrombin-induced increase in permeability in human vascular endothelial cells. Deletion of the canonical TRPC homologue in mouse, TRPC4, caused impairment in store-operated Ca2+ current and Ca2+-store release-activated Ca2+ influx in aortic and lung endothelial cells. In TRPC4 knockout (TRPC4-/-) mice, acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent smooth muscle relaxation was drastically reduced. In addition, TRPC4-/- mouse-lung endothelial cells exhibited lack of actin-stress fiber formation and cell retraction in response to thrombin activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in endothelial cells. The increase in lung microvascular permeability in response to PAR-1 activation was inhibited in TRPC4-/- mice. These results indicate that endothelial TRP channels such as TRPC1 and TRPC4 play an important role in signaling agonist-induced increases in endothelial permeability.
Effects of exercise and weight loss on depressive symptoms among men and women with hypertension.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate changes in depressive symptoms in hypertensive individuals participating in an exercise and weight loss intervention. Methods This study involved 133 sedentary men and women with high blood pressure (BP; 130–180 mmHg systolic BP and/or 85–110 mmHg diastolic BP) who participated in a 6-month intervention consisting of three groups: aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise and weight loss, and a waiting list control. Results Participants in both treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in aerobic capacity and lower BP compared with participants in the control group. Participants in the active treatment groups who had mild to moderate depressive symptoms at baseline also exhibited greater reductions in depressive symptoms compared with participants in the control group. Conclusion Results from the present study suggest that exercise, alone or combined with weight management, may reduce self-reported depressive symptoms among patients with hypertension.
An Automated Technique for Obtaining Cloud Motion from Geosynchronous Satellite Data Using Cross Correlation

Abstract An automated procedure has been developed for determining cloud motion from geosynchronous satellite pictures based on the use of cross correlation. The speed required for use in a real-time operational system is attained by application of the fast Fourier Transform as a computation algorithm in determining the cross-correlation coefficients. The input data consists of a pair of pictures from the Applications Technology Satellite ATS-I taken 24 main apart and mapped on a Mercator projection. Relative mapping errors are automatically corrected by matching common landmarks on the two pictures. A sample of 300 vectors determined from low-level clouds was compared with those obtained by manual methods in a non-operational environment. Speeds agreed within 10 kt in 82% of the cases and directions within 30° in 72% of the sample. Comparisons of 300 vectors with those obtained from a manual operational procedure showed similar results for direction but indicated that the automated procedure was better a...
The Future of Coal: Confronting Environmental Challenges That Threaten Its Use

Coal-fired power plants currently supply nearly half the electricity consumed worldwide. Globally, coal continues to be the primary fuel for affordable and reliable electric power production, due to its low cost and because many countries have indigenous coal resources, providing energy independence.
Comparison of nine methods of indicating the direction to objects: data from blind adults

Nine methods of indicating the direction to object locations were tested on twenty blind adult subjects. The task was to indicate the location of active auditory targets distributed in a semicircle with a 1.7 m radius around the subject. Target location, practice, and feedback were systematically varied for each method. The greatest accuracy and lowest variability were found for pointing methods that used body parts (directing the nose at the target, facing it with the chest, and pointing with the index finger) and extensions of body parts (pointing with a hand-held cane or with a short stick). Two less accurate methods involved rotating a dial. The least accurate methods involved drawing and a verbal description in terms of clockface labels. Method interacted significantly with target location, and with individual differences. In general, the body-part and extension method were affected less than other methods by target location and individual differences. The findings suggest that a pointing response th...
Observed response of soil O2 concentration to leaked CO2 from an engineered CO2 leakage experiment

Abstract The response of soil O 2 concentration to artificially released CO 2 was investigated during an engineered surface CO 2 leakage experiment at a research facility at Bozeman, Montana, USA in the summer of 2010. Results show that (1) when there is no CO 2 leakage, generation of CO 2 at the research site was primarily due to oxidation of organic matter, soil O 2 concentration is correlated negatively with soil CO 2 concentration and soil moisture and positively with soil temperature. This represents the site's intrinsic relationship of soil O 2 concentration with other soil environmental factors under natural conditions. (2) When there is CO 2 leakage, soil O 2 concentration is negatively associated with soil CO 2 concentration, and positively associated with soil moisture and soil temperature. The observation that the dependence of soil O 2 concentration on soil moisture is reversed from negative to positive when there is a CO 2 leakage should be useful for CO 2 leakage verification. Anomalous changes of soil gas composition at a CO 2 sequestration site may provide important and direct signatures of CO 2 leakage and important information of its impact on the environment, especially O 2 dependent soil respiration processes, which may be compromised with elevated CO 2 and reduced O 2 concentrations.
What's new in hybridoma technology?

Monoclonal Antibodies. Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses. Edited by R. H. Kennett, T. J. McKearn and K. B. Bechtol. Pp.423. ISBN 0-306-40408-7. (Plenum Press: 1980.) $22.50, £18.59.
Dimorphic Olfactory Lobes in the Arthropoda

Specialized olfactory lobe glomeruli relating to sexual or caste differences have been observed in at least five orders of insects, suggesting an early appearance of this trait in insect evolution. Dimorphism is not limited to nocturnal species, but occurs even in insects that are known to use vision for courtship. Other than a single description, there is no evidence for similar structures occurring in the Crustacea, suggesting that the evolution of dimorphic olfactory systems may typify terrestrial arthropods.
Animals in Veterinary Medical Teaching: Compliance and Regulatory Issues, the US Perspective

Veterinary schools in the United States are regulated as research facilities under the federal Animal Welfare Act by Animal Care (AC), a division of the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The schools are inspected at least annually by AC inspectors, who are all veterinarians. In a recent poll, these inspectors identified several areas that have caused compliance problems for veterinary schools. In addition, several emerging issues also appear to be posing potential regulatory problems as societal expectations and ethical considerations change.
Primary Care Clinicians’ Recognition and Management of Depression: A Model of Depression Care in Real-World Primary Care Practice

BACKGROUND Depression is prevalent in primary care (PC) practices and poses a considerable public health burden in the United States. Despite nearly four decades of efforts to improve depression care quality in PC practices, a gap remains between desired treatment outcomes and the reality of how depression care is delivered.
The role of Native American print and online media in the ‘era of big stories’ A comparative case study of Native American outlets’ coverage of the Red Lake shootings

In the face of continuing fragmentation of media audiences and an obsession by most news outlets with the ‘big story’, this article examined the coverage of one such ‘big story’ by four Native American media outlets. An analysis of the news reporting of the shootings of 10 students in Red Lake, Minnesota, on 21 March 2005 showed that while the Internet has changed the role of these outlets, both the printed and electronic Native American media maintain their relevance by providing news by and for Native Americans. Even as some of the Native American media utilized a ‘filtering’ strategy to showcase stories of particular interest to their audiences, these particular ethnic media outlets have begun to realize the advantages and flexibility of the web as a news medium. Construction of meaning theory was used to better understand the role of the Native American media in the so-called ‘era of big stories’.
Improved Mechanoenergetics and Cardiac Rest and Reserve Function of In Vivo Failing Heart by Calcium Sensitizer EMD-57033

Background—Myofilament Ca2+ sensitizers enhance contractility but can adversely alter diastolic function through sensitization to low intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Concomitant phosphodiesterase III inhibition (PDE3I) may offset diastolic changes but limit the mechanoenergetic benefits. We tested whether selective Ca2+ sensitization in vivo with the use of EMD-57033 enhances both systolic and diastolic function in failing hearts at minimal energetic cost. Methods and Results—Pressure-dimension data were measured with sonomicrometry/micromanometry in conscious dogs before (CON, n=9) and after tachycardia-induced heart failure (HF, n=11). In contrast to blunted dobutamine (DOB) responses in HF, low-dose EMD-57033 (0.4 mg · kg−1 · min−1 for 20 minutes) markedly enhanced contractility, doubling end-systolic elastance and raising fractional shortening similarly in CON-treated and HF hearts. EMD-57033 effects were achieved at a reduced heart rate, without vasodilation. EMD-57033 augmented blunted heart rate-...
Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary Laramide deformation of the northern Colorado Plateau, Utah and Colorado

Abstract The structure of the northern Colorado Plateau is dominated by a series of highly asymmetrical, presumably fault-cored anticlines: the Kaibab, Circle Cliffs, Miners Mountain, San Rafael Swell, Monument, and Uncompahgre uplifts. In map view, they are irregularly distributed with widely varying sizes and orientations. In Permian through Jurassic rocks, interpretations of outcrop-scale structures, including jointed Eshelby inclusions, stylolites, en echelon vein arrays, deformation bands and meso-scale faults, show principal stress directions that are consistently oriented within each uplift, but vary considerably between uplifts. In general, the results indicate that there are two groups of uplifts, one of which shows evidence of NE–SW-directed compressive stress, and another which shows evidence of NW–SE-contraction. Because deformation in the sedimentary cover is forced by differential movement of basement fault blocks, cover stress patterns may be interpreted as basement strain patterns. These results are similar to the kinematic interpretations of Kelley and Clinton (1960) and highlight the importance of oblique slip. Finally, examination of structural contours allows the interpretation of basement strain magnitudes and indicates that the major faults are not interconnected.
Clinical trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in lung transplantation.

Background. A prospective clinical trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of tacrolimus (FK 506) versus cyclosporine as the primary immunosuppressive agent after lung transplantation. Methods. Between October 1991 and May 1994, 133 single-lung and bilateral-lung recipients were randomized to receive either cyclosporine (n = 67) or tacrolimus (n = 66). The two groups were similar in age, sex, and underlying disease. Results. One-year and 2-year survival rates were similar in the two groups, although the trend was toward increased survival with tacrolimus. Acute rejection episodes per 100 patient-days were fewer (p = 0.07) in the tacrolimus group (0.85) than in the cyclosporine group (1.09). Obliterative bronchiolitis developed in significantly fewer patients in the tacrolimus group (21.7%) compared with the cyclosporine group (38%) ( p = 0.025), and there was greater freedom from obliterative bronchiolitis over time for patients receiving tacrolimus ( p p = 0.02). The switch to tacrolimus controlled persistent acute rejection in 6 of 9 patients. The overall incidence of infections was similar in the two groups, although bacterial infections were more common with cyclosporine ( p = 0.0375), whereas the risk of fungal infection was higher with tacrolimus ( p Conclusions. This trial demonstrates the advantage of tacrolimus in reducing the risk of obliterative bronchiolitis, the most important cause of long-term morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation.
SU‐E‐T‐315: Preliminary Results of the Dosimetric Impact of Set‐Up Accuracy for An Electron Breast Boost Technique

Purpose: To analyze the dosimetric impact of set‐up accuracy of an electron breast boost technique using a lateral decubitus position with and without a breast compression device. Methods: Reproducibility of the breast boost set‐up was verified for 19 patients and 99 fractions using Cone Beam CT (CBCT). 3D‐3D matching was performed between the CBCT and the initial planning CT for each boost fraction by matching the tumor bed and clips. Shifts in all three dimensions were recorded for each fraction. The dosimetric impact of the daily positioning error was achieved by rerunning the initial treatment plans incorporating the shifts recorded for each fraction. Comparison of the tumor bed and scar coverage was analyzed for both plans. Results: The range of set‐up errors based on CBCT was: 1.5 cm anterior to 8 mm posterior, 1.3 cm superior to 2.3 cm inferior, and −2.4 cm to 2.1 cm laterally. Three patients had set‐up errors that were greater than or equal to 2 cm which is the normal margin placed on the tumor bed and scar. Two of these three patients had unacceptable coverage as defined by the V90 when compared to the original plan. The remaining 17 patients had no discernible difference in coverage (V90). Whether patients had breast compression seemed to have little impact on reproducibility of the set‐up. Conclusion: 14 patients with a breast compression device and 5 patients without a breast compression device were studied using CBCT to quantify set‐up error from 99 fractions. A 2 cm margin around the tumor bed plus scar volume seems to be adequate to account for set‐up error. No appreciable difference was seen in set‐up error between patients with breast compression or without. The two patients with unacceptable coverage were large breasted with deep seated tumors.
Effect of ascorbic acid on tissue deposition of chloroquine in the guinea pig.

SummaryAfter 2 weeks of daily subcutaneous medication with chloroquine the order of increasing tissue concentrations in the English guinea pig was generally: plasma, muscle, heart, liver, spleen, eye, lung, and kidney. The level of ascorbic acid intake did not significantly affect the ocular concentration of the drug, nor did it significantly alter the tissue to plasma concentration ratios, except in the muscle. The apparent overall effect of ascorbic acid in significantly decreasing the tissue retention of this drug might prove to be a valuable property.
Poles in the SAID NN analysis

The SAID approach to partial-wave analysis of nucleon-nucleon scattering data is reviewed. This has been applied to recent COSY np scattering data. The appearance of poles (dibaryons) is discussed in light of these new fits.
The effects of age and workload on 3D spatial attention in dual-task driving

In the present study we assessed whether the limits in visual-spatial attention associated with aging affect the spatial extent of attention in depth during driving performance. Drivers in the present study performed a car-following and light-detection task. To assess the extent of visual-spatial attention, we compared reaction times and accuracy to light change targets that varied in horizontal position and depth location. In addition, because workload has been identified as a factor that can change the horizontal and vertical extent of attention, we tested whether variability of the lead car speed influenced the extent of spatial attention for younger or older drivers. For younger drivers, reaction time (RT) to light-change targets varied as a function of distance and horizontal position. For older drivers RT varied only as a function of distance. There was a distance by horizontal position interaction for younger drivers but not for older drivers. Specifically, there was no effect of horizontal position at any given level of depth for older drivers. However, for younger drivers there was an effect of horizontal position for targets further in depth but not for targets nearer in depth. With regards to workload, we found no statistically reliable evidence that variability of the lead car speed had an effect on the spatial extent of attention for younger or older drivers. In a control experiment, we examined the effects of depth on light detection when the projected size and position of the targets was constant. Consistent with our previous results, we found that drivers' reaction time to light-change targets varied as a function of distance even when 2D position and size were controlled. Given that depth is an important dimension in driving performance, an important issue for assessing driving safety is to consider the limits of attention in the depth dimension. Therefore, we suggest that future research should consider the importance of depth as a dimension of spatial attention in relation to the assessment of driving performance.
Noncommutative Rational Double Points

Abstract In this paper we study noncommutative analogues of rational double points. The approach is to consider the action of a finite group G on certain noncommutative analogues of k[[x, y]] which were studied by Artin and Stafford (“Regular Local Rings of Dimension 2,” manuscript). An explicit description in terms of generators and relations is given for a large class of such algebras when G is cyclic. Finally, we show that these algebras are AS-Gorenstein of dimension two, have finite representation type and, in many cases, are regular in codimension one.
Profiling an Invisible Minority in Higher Education: The Chicana

This article presents data on Chicanas in higher education that challenge stereotypes and contribute to an accurate profile and understanding of this group.
Solubilization of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by ultrasonic vibration.

ERYTHROCYTE acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is strongly bound to the cell membrane1. To isolate and purify this enzyme, it must be removed from the membrane and brought into solution. Methods used for this purpose have included treatment with butanol2, digestion with pancreatin3, or addition of a surface-active material4,5. More recently, we have succeeded in solubilizing the enzyme from bovine erythrocytes by disintegrating the lysed cells by ultrasonic vibration.
Artistic Research Tools for Scientific Minds

The topics of this paper are frequently-used, versatile research tools: subconscious mental processes (imagination and intuition), chance (including serendipity) and writing. Conditions that may stimulate subconscious mental processes to generate useful ideas are discussed. They are doubt, venturesome attitude, diversity, thorough preparation, tension, temporary abandonment, relaxation, writing, exchange with colleagues, freedom from distraction, and deadlines. Various forms of chance and their roles in research and problem solving are discussed. It is argued that writing is not only a research-reporting tool but is also valuable in performing research.
Pharmacy students' test-taking motivation-effort on a low-stakes standardized test.

Objective. To measure third-year pharmacy students' level of motivation while completing the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) administered as a low-stakes test to better understand use of the PCOA as a measure of student content knowledge.Methods. Student motivation was manipulated through an incentive (ie, personal letter from the dean) and a process of statistical motivation filtering. Data were analyzed to determine any differences between the experimental and control groups in PCOA test performance, motivation to perform well, and test performance after filtering for low motivation-effort.Results. Incentivizing students diminished the need for filtering PCOA scores for low effort. Where filtering was used, performance scores improved, providing a more realistic measure of aggregate student performance.Conclusions. To ensure that PCOA scores are an accurate reflection of student knowledge, incentivizing and/or filtering for low motivation-effort among pharmacy students should be considere...
Conditionally replicating adenovirus therapy utilizing bone sialoprotein promoter (Ad-BSP-E1a) in an in vivo study of treating androgen-independent intraosseous prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Adenoviral based gene therapy has been used in clinical trials in control of advanced prostate cancer. In this study, a promising conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAd) driven by a tissue specific bone sialoprotein promoter in controlling prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated. Methods C4-2B, an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, was treated with PBS, Ad-BSP-TK, or the Ad-BSP-E1a in vitro, and in subcutaneous and intraosseous xenographs. Cell proliferation, PSA level in condition medium, tumor volume, and/or serum PSA were followed. Results The growth of C4-2B and the PSA production was dramatically suppressed by Ad-BSP-E1a at very low dosage (0.3 MOI) compared with PBS and Ad-BSP-TK treatment in vitro. In the subcutaneous model, the tumor volume was significantly lower statistically in the Ad-BSP-E1a treated group than the Ad-BSP-TK control group ( P = 0.02). In the intraosseous model, the mice treated in the Ad-BSP-E1a treatment group demonstrated a significant lower PSA compared to that in the control group ( P Conclusions The CRAd Ad-BSP-E1a revealed potential in treating prostate cancer in this model system. Using viral or none-viral mediated gene therapy to treat prostate carcinoma continues to be a potential avenue to treat afflicted men with prostate cancer.
Evaluation of a one-piece milled zirconia post and core with different post-and-core systems: An in vitro study

Statement of problem One-piece milled zirconia posts and cores present an esthetic option as foundation restorations for ceramic crowns. To date, dimensional fit and load capacity of 1-piece zirconia posts and cores have not been determined. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of fit of milled zirconia posts and cores and to compare the shear strength with other post-and-core systems. Material and methods Eighty-five maxillary central incisors and canines received endodontic treatment and were divided into 5 groups (n=17) as follows: cast gold post and core (Au) as control, 1-piece milled zirconia post and core (Zr), prefabricated zirconia post with heat-pressed ceramic core (Zr/Cer), titanium post and composite resin core (Ti), and combined fiber/zirconia post with composite resin core (Fiber/Zr). The posts and cores were cemented with dual-polymerized composite resin cement (Multilink). Zirconia copings were made for each specimen, cemented, and loaded to failure. Fracture loads and modes of failure were recorded. Fracture loads were compared with a linear model. Differences in the mean marginal gap distance between the post-and-core patterns and the adjusted milled zirconia posts and cores were analyzed with a paired t test (α=.05). Results A significant difference was found in the marginal gap distance of group Zr (P Conclusions All systems evaluated presented sufficient mean load-to-failure values for anterior tooth restorations, including the recently developed 1-piece milled zirconia post and core. (J Prosthet Dent 2010;103:369–379)
Towards an understanding of unbounded variables in asynchronous systems

Abstract The issue of bounded versus unbounded variables is examined in the context of asynchronous wait-free low-atomicity systems. Two closely related problems, only one of which can be solved using bounded variables, are presented. Later, these two problems are used to develop a hierarchical construction of atomic registers.
Assessment of the Liaison Program at Baylor University

All forty-four departments liaisons (teaching faculty) and fifteen librarian consultants (library faculty) at Baylor University were surveyed to assess the university's liaison program, which was established to facilitate collection development in a library with a decentralized model of collection building. Survey responses and high return rate revealed that most liaisons were interested in the program, although both groups interacted at a marginal level and indicated ambiguity toward the appropriate role of the librarian consultant. To reinvigorate the program, the authors made a series of recommendations to the academic departments and the libraries through a report to the library administration. The principle recommendation was the establishment of a library committee to develop a comprehensive vision statement for the program and clear goals and objectives for all participants.
Enzymic properties of a mutant tryptophan synthase from Neurospora crassa

Abstract Tryptophan synthase ( l -serine hydro-lyase (adding indole), EC 4.2.1.20) obtained from Neurospora crassa strain td 201 , a tryptophan auxotroph, is only capable of catalyzing the conversion of indole and serine to tryptophan. The enzyme is largely resolved from its cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate (pyridoxal- P ); hence the enzymic activity in the crude extract is practically undetectable unless exogeneous pyridoxal- P is added. The stoichiometry of the cofactor has been determined by spectrophotometric titration with purified apoenzyme; about 1.5 moles of pyridoxal- P are bound to 1 mole of enzyme. Two types of binding of pyridoxal- P are present in the enzyme; one absorbs at 325 nm ( λ max emission = 385 nm) and the other absorbs at 410 nm ( λ max emission = 495 nm). These two forms are not interconvertible by varying the pH. The holoenzyme can be easily resolved by passage through a hydroxylapatite column. The resulting apoenzyme is inactive but it can be reactivated by pyridoxal- P . NaBH 4 reduction leads to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The enzyme is very sensitive to some endogenous proteases present in the Neurospora extract. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride can prevent to some extent the spontaneous inactivation of the enzyme. Highly purified enzyme has been found to be fairly stable. Therefore, the apparent lability of this enzyme is not an intrinsic property. The catalytic activity of purified enzyme can be stimulated by proteins such as serum albumin. This phenomenon has been interpreted in terms of the “intermolecular cooperativity” which might exist in vivo between this enzyme and the other enzymic components of the tryptophan pathway. In this paper, an improved assay method for enzymic activity is also described.
FE Simulation of SMA Seal for Mars Sample Return

Several NASA rovers and landers have been on Mars and performed successful in-situ exploration. Returning Martian samples to Earth for extensive analysis is of great interest to the planetary science community. Current Mars sample return architecture would require leaving the acquired samples on Mars for years before being retrieved by subsequent mission. Each sample would be sealed securely to keep its integrity. A reliable seal technique that does not affect the integrity of the samples and uses a simple low-mass tool is required. The shape memory alloy (SMA) seal technique is a promising candidate. A study of the thermal performances of several primary designs of a SMA seal for sample tubes by finite element (FE) simulation are presented in this paper. The results show sealing the sample tube by SMA plugs and controlling the sample temperature below the allowed temperature level are feasible.