cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
343 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DL-2-AMINO-4-PHOSPHONOBUTYRIC ACID AT A CRAYFISH NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION.

Purpose The crayfish (Procambarus clarkii and simulans) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model of synaptic transmission. Glutamate is its excitatory neurotransmitter. The purpose of this experiment is to confirm the validity of the crayfish NMJ as a viable model for follow-on experiments addressing the prevention or reduction of glutamate excitotoxicity secondary injury following spinal cord trauma. Specifically, the effects of DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) on the excitatory junctional potentials (EJP) of NMJs of the dactylopodite opener muscle of the first and second walking limbs of crayfish will be studied. Efficacy of known NMDA agonist/antagonist AP4 will verify the existence of ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptors in the crayfish NMJ and characterize the effects of the agonists at an invertebrate NMJ. Methods The first or second walking limb was removed. The meropodite was dissected to expose the single excitatory axon to the opener muscle of the dactylopodite. The propodite was dissected to expose the opener muscle. The preparation was bathed continually in Van Harrevald9s solution (Van H), pH 7.2 ± 0.1. For each preparation, control EJPs were obtained. AP4 was added and EJPs were recorded immediately and at 1 and 2 minutes post addition. AP4 was then washed out with Van H, using three complete exchanges of the bath. EJPs were recorded following three, six, and nine washouts. Serial dilutions were performed for concentrations of 1 mM to 3.75 μM AP4. Results Based on the serial dilutions, AP4 acts as an antagonist at a concentration of 1,000 μM and an agonist at 3.75 μM. Results at intermediate values were equivocal. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in at least three additional preparations at each concentration. Discussion The crayfish NMJ contains glutamate receptors that respond to NMDA agonist/antagonist AP4 in a concentration-dependent, biphasic manner. This study provides additional evidence of the presence of NMDA glutamate receptors at the crayfish NMJ. Further studies to construct a complete concentration-response curve are warranted. Supported by the Arnold C., Barbara M., and Georgianna Fossa Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund and the Indiana University School of Medicine Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Program.
Determination of 28 volatile organic compounds(VOC) in tap water by purge and trap with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

Objective:To establish a method to determine 28 volatile organic compounds in tap water by purge and trap with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer to inverstigate the content of volatile organic compounds in tap water in the city.Methods:Tap water sample was purged,traped and desorbed,then detected by GC/MS.Results:Under the analysis condition,28 volatile organic compounds in tap water were detected by purge and trap with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer.The method enjoyed a good linear tendency and the detection limits(MDL) were 0.001~0.01 μg/L.The recoveries of the method were 85.5%~108.6%,the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.996.Conclusion:The method is accurate and easy to practice and can be applied to detect 28 volatile organic compounds in tap water.
All solid-state sum-frequency generation of 850mW continuous-wave yellow laser at 554.9nm

A all solid-state continuous-wave orange laser at 554.9nm is reported,1342nm wavelength is obtained from 4F3/2-4I11/2 transition in Nd:YAG and 946nm wavelength is obtained from 4F3/2-4I9/2 transition in Nd:YVO4.Orange laser at 554.9nm is obtained by using a doubly folded-cavity,type-I critical phase matching LBO crystal intracavity sum frequency mixing by 1342nm and 946nm,with incident pumped power of 20W in Nd:YAG and 8W in Nd:YVO4,TEM00 mode orange laser at 554.9nm of 850mW is obtained at last.The power stability in 4h is better than ±2.5%.
Unconventional approaches to drug therapy in severe asthma

Asthma is now considered as an inflammatory disease. A subset of severe asthmatic patients requires large doses of daily systemic steroids to achieve some control of the inflammation of the airways. To minimize the daily absorption of glucocorticoids, a number of medicaments have been studied for the last three decades. Methotrexate, dapsone, hydroxychloroquine, ciclosporine A, gold salts, intravenous gammaglobulins, ketotifen, triacetyloleandomycin, all demonstrated some positive effects in a small number of studies. However, our impression is that most "steroid-sparing" medications are either poorly effective in large series and/or have intolerable side effects in these chronically ill patients; many are very expensive. A revised, adjusted therapeutic strategy, using currently recommended anti-asthmatic drugs, making a major use of inhaled topical corticosteroids, should limit the number of "cortico-dependent" asthmatic patients.
Lenition, Perception, and Neutralisation

This paper argues that processes traditionally classified as lenition fall into at least two subsets, with distinct phonetic reflexes, formal properties and characteristic contexts. One type, referred to as loss lenition, frequently neutralises contrasts in positions where they are perceptually indistinct. The second type, referred to as continuity lenition, can target segments in perceptually robust positions, increases the intensity and/or decreases the duration of those segments, and very rarely results in positional neutralisation of contrasts. While loss lenition behaves much like other phonological processes, analysing continuity lenition is difficult or impossible in standard phonological approaches. The paper develops a phonetically based optimality-theoretic account that explains the typology of the two types of lenition. The crucial proposal is that, unlike loss lenition, continuity lenition is driven by constraints that reference multiple prosodic positions.
The Deceptiveness of Sponsored News Articles: How Readers Recognize and Perceive Native Advertising

Sponsored news is a form of native advertising that has engendered much hope as a solution for digital publishing revenue woes, but also much concern about whether the average consumer can discern its advertising nature. Recent U.S. federal guidelines and industry recommendations preach clear and conspicuous labeling of sponsored news articles, but little is known about how individual readers interpret these labels, and how their interpretation shapes their understanding of article content. The present study contributes knowledge to the former areas by presenting the results of a between-subjects experiment (N = 343) that tested the effects of four disclosure characteristics (proximity, visual prominence, wording clarity, and logo presence) on recognition of the sponsored content as advertising, and by analyzing the psychological process through which such recognition influences perceptions of the article and the sponsor. The results show that while logo presence and visual prominence increase the odds of...
Knowledge, Skills, and Attributes of Graduate Student and Postdoctoral Mentors in Undergraduate Research Settings

Background Many undergraduate research (UR) students are mentored by graduate students or postdoctoral researchers, yet few studies have examined the mentoring knowledge, skills, and attributes (KSAs) of mentors in UR settings or assessed their beliefs about their mentoring KSAs. Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify important mentoring KSAs for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers who serve as mentors in engineering and science UR settings and to use these KSAs to develop a survey that mentors can use to assess their beliefs about their mentoring KSAs. Design/Method In Phase I of the study, semistructured interviews were conducted with one postdoctoral researcher and 16 graduate students who were recognized by their students as outstanding mentors. In Phase II, survey items were created from the results of Phase I for assessing the beliefs of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers about their mentoring KSAs. Results The study identified important mentoring KSAs and produced a 30-item survey that assesses the beliefs of mentors about their mentoring KSAs; the items are grouped into four factors: building a positive working relationship, recognizing individual student needs and personalizing the mentoring approach, monitoring students' daily tasks, and building a personal relationship with students. Conclusions The study findings can help graduate students and postdoctoral researchers to become better mentors in UR settings by identifying important mentoring KSAs and by enabling them to assess their beliefs about their mentoring KSAs.
Effect of Changing Patterns and Requirements of Endoscopic Training in Surgical Residency

This study aimed at looking at the effect of changing patterns and requirements of endoscopic training in surgical residency. Recognizing the increasing role of endoscopy, the minimum required scope number was increased to 85 (including at least 35 esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD) and 50 colonoscopies) for graduates completing their program in June 2009. The purpose of our study was to see how this new requirement affected the endoscopic performance of residents. A retrospective study was done examining the performance of residents, based on data from the national Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) logs from 1990–2010. For graduating residents, we compared data for various procedures from 1990–2008 to 2009–2010. For colonoscopies, the average increased from 32 to 63. Increases were also found in their chief year, from 7 to 18.8. For EGD, the average increased from 25 to 34. In their chief year, the average more than doubled from 4.4 to 9.7. There were no increases for other end...
Group Activities for Children and Adolescents: An Activity Group Therapy Approach

Historically, group psychotherapy has been successful with children and adolescents. In the 1930s Slavson introduced Activity Group Therapy (AGT) for children and adolescents. AGT provides children with opportunities to express normal and conflicted feelings in an extraordinarily free treatment environment, and to participate in games, crafts, and other activities of interest to these particular age groups. This paper presents an AGT guide for use with children and adolescents in inpatient, outpatient, and school settings.
Essentially Comparative Concepts

This paper examines Larry Temkin’s notion of an ‘essentially comparative’ concept and the uses to which he puts it. It is suggested that this notion is a conflation of two distinct notions which need not go together. This leads to a critical examination of Temkin’s arguments that certain central ethical concepts (equality, maximin, utility) are essentially comparative. These arguments are often found wanting, as is Temkin’s treatment of the Person Affecting View.
Short Communication: Diffusion of Simple Molecules in 4A Zeolite

Recently reported diffusivity data for N2, CH4 and Kr in 4A zeolite pelleted adsorbent are compared with earlier data for the same sorbates in several different 4A samples. It is shown that, although there are large differences in diffusivity between the different adsorbent samples the activation energies are essentially constant. The data can be reconciled if it is assumed that the samples contain different fractions of “open” windows as a result of non-ideal distribution of the Na+ cations.
New drugs for acute myeloid leukemia inspired by genomics and when to use them

We are several years into the "postdiscovery" era in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) thanks to extensive work involving the sequencing of genomes and exomes of countless patients, which has led to routine comprehensive targeted sequencing in clinical care. The ability to unlock the molecular underpinnings of each patient's disease was supposed to usher in a new treatment era in which each patient was assigned, based on her mutational profile, a personalized cocktail of targeted therapies that would snuff the disease into submission with minimal toxicity. Whether we have fully realized the promise of personalized therapy in AML is unclear. Here, I review those new drugs that have been inspired by genomics, discuss others that might be possible and their potential roles, and consider whether the ability to target genomic mutations in a personalized manner constitutes the future of AML therapeutics or is representative of an era that has already passed.
ROLE OF POCKET ULTRASOUND IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE EXACERBATION IN PATIENTS WITH CKD

Inpatient management of patients with heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging. We studied the role of using Pocket Ultrasound (US)-guided management of this patient population. We prospectively included patients with acute HF exacerbation and CKD admitted to HF service in
The Singapore Playground: System of Themed Public Parks that Addresses Environmental, Social and Cultural Sustainability

One of the most interesting facet of nation building is correlated to narrative-making. In the exercise of crafting narratives for nation building purposes, Singaporean planners transformed the park system into an urban iconography, with parks’ design resulting in a symbolic display of narratives that address the social, historical, cultural and ecological challenges of the high-rise environment. The ‘Singapore Playground’ consists in a network of parks of varying size—from community to town and regional parks—linked with park connectors and designed around different themes to provide visitors a diversity of recreational experiences. The park system is a reinterpretation of ideas or concepts about ‘history’ and ‘nature’, of the colonial and western conceptions on park-design, as well as the expression of the processes and the actors that shape the built environment. Conceptualization of the system has shifted from the postmodern accent on aesthetics and place making, to an ecologically-based approach that addresses contemporary environmental challenges, including urban mitigation of climate change, by embracing many thematics that are integral to the contemporary concept of ‘green infrastructure’ and ‘biophilic urbanism’.
Endocrine and metabolic repercussions of relative energy deficiency in sport

Abstract Low energy availability (EA), caused by insufficient caloric intake for daily energy expenditure, is detrimental to an athlete's performance and long-term health. Male and female athletes are at considerable risk for low EA and relative energy deficiency in sport because of intense training regimens, potential lack of nutrition education, and pressures associated with “ideal” body type for performance. This review summarizes the endocrine and metabolic changes observed in athletes with low EA with an emphasis on the most recent research findings. While awareness of relative energy deficiency in sport has significantly increased, further investigation is needed in the advancement of a sensitive diagnostic tool across populations.
Decreased survival in cervical cancer patients with thromboembolic events

16034 Background: We have previously reported on the incidence of thromboembolic events (TE) in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiation.Patients with TE seemed to have decre...
Rapid Inertial Reorientation of an Aerial Insect-sized Robot Using a Piezo-actuated Tail

We present the design, fabrication, and feedforward control of a insect-sized (142 mg) aerial robot that is equipped with a bio-inspired inertial tail. A tail allows the robot to perform rapid inertial reorientation as well as to shift weight to modulate aerodynamic torques on its body. Here we present the first analysis of inertial reorientation using a piezo actuator, departing from previous work to date that has focused exclusively on actuation by DC electric motor. The primary difference is that unlike a geared motor system, the piezo-tail system operates as a resonant system, exhibiting slowly-decaying oscillations. We present a dynamic model of piezo-driven inertial reorientation, along with an open-loop feedforward controller that reduces excitation of the resonant mode. We validate our approach on a tethered testbed as well as a flight-capable prototype. Our results indicate that incorporating a tail can allow for more rapid dynamic maneuvers and could stabilize the robot during flight.
Energetic savings when switching from a whole-fish type diet to a commercial pelleted diet in California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis)

Abstract Feed is one of the largest costs in most aquaculture operations, and as such, aquaculturists are continually striving to improve on ingredient sourcing and formulations to increase growth and performance while reducing costs. Analysis of the energy expended in digestion of different feeds can be a valuable early indicator of the suitability of a new ingredient or formulation. We use respirometry, an activity level analysis, and proximate analysis of fecal samples to compare the metabolic cost of digestion in California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) fed two different diets – a meal of whole sardine fillets representing a whole fish diet and a commercial pelleted feed designed specifically for Seriola aquaculture. Respiration trials reveal that the specific dynamic action coefficient (SDACoefficient), SDA coefficient (SDACoefficient), or percent of energy expended on digestion in relation to the total energy available in a meal, was more than double for a whole-fish type meal (20.8 ± 0.1%) than for the pelleted meal (10.2 ± 0.8%). Analysis of fish activities indicated 12.3% greater activity during the whole-fish type meal, as compared with the pelleted meal. After 24 h, the total amount of protein and lipid remaining in the feces from the whole-fish type meal (4.2 ± 0.7 kJ, 2.2 ± 0.4 kJ respectively) was significantly higher than the pelleted meal (1.8 ± 0.2 kJ, 0.9 ± 0.2 kJ respectively). Digestibility of the whole-fish type meal was slightly lower than the pelleted meal at 95.3 ± 0.5% and 97.7 ± 0.2%, respectively. The reduction in the energetic cost of digestion observed in fish fed the commercial pellet diet is likely attributed to the additional processing during manufacture, which liberates a significant portion of the energy normally allotted towards digestion. The results of this work reveal and quantify the benefits of switching from whole-fish feed to a commercial compound feed, as the reduced energetic costs of digestion allow for greater amounts of energy to be available for somatic growth.
Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction using the strongly constrained and appropriately normed meta-GGA functional.

Despite the success of density functional approximations (DFAs) in describing the electronic properties of many-electron systems, the most widely used approximations suffer from self-interaction errors (SIEs) that limit their predictive power. Here, we describe the effects of removing SIE from the strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation using the Fermi-Lowdin Orbital Self-Interaction Correction (FLOSIC) method. FLOSIC is a size-extensive implementation of the Perdew-Zunger self-interaction correction (PZ-SIC) formalism. We find that FLOSIC-SCAN calculations require careful treatment of numerical details and an integration grid that yields reliable accuracy with this approach. We investigate the performance of FLOSIC-SCAN for predicting a wide array of properties and find that it provides better results than FLOSIC-LDA and FLOSIC-PBE in nearly all cases. It also gives better predictions than SCAN for orbital energies and dissociation energies where self-interaction effects are known to be important, but total energies and atomization energies are made worse. For these properties, we also investigate the use of the self-consistent FLOSIC-SCAN density in the SCAN functional and find that this DFA@FLOSIC-DFA approach yields improved results compared to pure, self-consistent SCAN calculations. Thus, FLOSIC-SCAN provides improved results over the parent SCAN functional in cases where SIEs are dominant, and even when they are not, if the SCAN@FLOSIC-SCAN method is used.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment Within a Telestroke Network.

Background: The growth of telestroke services expanded the reach of acute stroke treatment. However, ethnic disparities in receiving such treatment have not been fully assessed. Materials and Metho...
Devaluing Bondholder Rights

Totaling in excess of $100 billion dollars in transactions annually, debt buybacks allow a company to repurchase bonds from investors, rewriting bargains and stripping away creditor control rights in the process. This Article shows that regulation systematically under-protects bondholders in the context of debt buybacks. It makes three points. First, bondholders confront information asymmetries that enable issuers to buy back creditor claims cheaply. Regulation imposes near negligible requirements on issuers to disclose information about the transaction. Lacking fiduciary protection, bondholder interests are vulnerable to being devalued by issuers in the interests of securing gains for shareholders and managers. Second, buybacks diminish the power of creditor control rights. Alongside information asymmetries, bondholders confront coordination costs and tight deadlines within which to evaluate a buyback and amendments to bond covenants. This pressure gives issuers incentive to underprice creditor control rights. Bondholders will not act where the gains of agitation will be less than the cost of information gathering, coordination, valuation and action. By strategically underpricing a buyback by an amount approximating these transaction costs, an issuer can pocket the difference between the price paid for the claim and that which should have been paid to bondholders for their bargain. Third, debt buybacks can allow one set of creditors (notably, banks) to extract value from bondholders. By pushing a borrower to buy back bond claims cheaply and improving the overall health of the balance sheet, banks (usually with greater individual exposure through loans) can increase their chances of being repaid. They can also acquire a more powerful voice in the borrower’s internal governance by muting that of bondholders. In concluding, this Article offers two proposals to bolster bondholder protection, advocating for greater disclosure and contractual fixes to safeguard the value of claims. With Covid-19’s devastating effects on corporate balance sheets, buybacks will assume even greater significance as firms try and restructure. These proposals help to preserve the welfare of investors in this process, protect their longer-term confidence in debt capital allocation.
Teacher Continuing Professional Development and Team-Working Competences: A Case Study from Italy.

Context: European policies describe the key role of teachers’ Vocational Education and Training (VET) in improving students’ learning outcomes. In order to improve teacher education, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) policies identify competency models as the main framework for understanding teacher professionalism and designing VET policies. By reinterpreting these models through the capability approach, this article aims to identify more relevant competences of preschool teachers in the public and private services of northern and central Italy.Methods: The research began with a comparative analysis of VET policies for preschool teachers to outline more common competences used to define their professional profile. This led to the creation of a new, re-thought competency model used to design a quantitative survey to describe teachers’ competences in preschool settings. The self-assessment questionnaire was built on the following competence areas: Management of educational and relational processes, teamwork and large-scale teamwork, networking and governance. The self-assessment questionnaire evaluated 65 preschool teachers’ pre-acquired competences and development levels and those more desirable for the future (called “ideal” co.). The comparison of areas and their values reveals critical results, particularly related to teamwork competences at different levels.Results: The study outlines the structure of preschool teacher professionalism based on “traditional” competences (e.g., educational relationships with children) and some “innovative” competences (e.g., networking and governance), which appeared to be more desirable in teachers’ evaluations. However, the comparison of the data reveals that governance competences are better evaluated then teamwork co., introducing some hypotheses about the quality of relationships in the community of practice.Conclusions: The research outlines how the competences emerging as relevant for teachers need to be better activated in professional settings to become strategically important. The results related to teamwork and governance competences focus on the importance of informal and extended learning contexts to teachers’ socio-relational competence development. The organization of the school system needs to be re-thought and extracurricular competences need to increase to foster the generative development of informal learning communities at intra- and extra-school levels. According to the capability approach, the research reveals the extreme complexity of preschool teacher professionalism. For vocational education and training, its underlines the re-thinking of the preschool teacher profile as a co-designer of learning environments, which includes building formal and informal competences to foster communities of practice as a learning and generative process.
Ketorolac Use for Pain Management in Trauma Patients With Rib Fractures Does not Increase of Acute Kidney Injury or Incidence of Bleeding.

IntroductionKetorolac is useful in acute pain management to avoid opiate-related complications; however, some surgeons fear associated acute kidney injury (AKI) and bleeding despite a paucity of li...
Quantum light from optically dressed quantum dot states in microcavities

Abstract We summarize a set of experiments based on the emission of single or entangled photons from single quantum dots (QDs). The QDs, formed through epitaxial crystal growth, are centered in epitaxial planar microcavities. The microcavities not only direct light into a Gaussian mode off-chip, but also allow pumping of the QD through lateral waveguide modes, eliminating the necessity for separating the pump and emission through cross-polarization and its associated losses, and allowing for coupling to on-chip-integrated photonics. We discuss three experiments and an experimental proposal where the QD states are tuned either through resonant or near-resonant optical dressing or strain tuning. The results of these experiments show that while epitaxial QDs have anisotropies and size variations leading to reduced symmetries and inhomogeneously broadened resonances, conceptually simple techniques are available to mitigate these effects and allow us to take advantage of the bright quantum light from these states and their inherent pairing with chip-integrated photonics.
Health Care Needs of Incarcerated Patients: A Case Study at a Large Urban Hospital.

This study examined a sample of incarcerated patients who received health care at an urban safety-net hospital in Massachusetts. Sociodemographic, clinical, and utilization data were obtained from ...
An Introduction to the Grammar of English: Revised Edition

It has been eight years since An Introduction to the Grammar of English was first published. The second edition is completely revised and greatly expanded, especially where texts, example sentences, exercises, and cartoons are concerned. It continues to provide a very lively and clearly written textbook. The book introduces basic concepts of grammar in a format which inspires the reader to use linguistic arguments. The style of the book is engaging and examples from poetry, jokes, and puns illustrate grammatical concepts. The focus is on syntactic analysis and evidence. However, special topic sections contribute sociolinguistic and historical reasons behind prescriptive rules such as the bans on split infinitives, dangling participles, and preposition stranding. The book is written for undergraduate students and structured for a semester-long course. It provides exercises, keys to those exercises, and sample exams. It also includes a comprehensive glossary. A basic website will be kept up at http://www.public.asu.edu/~gelderen/grammar.htm .
STUDIES OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN TMV-RNA. I. STEPWISE USE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE.

Abstract Snake venom phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) has been used in stepwise fashion to establish the terminal 5′-linked nucleotide sequence of TMV-RNA which is proposed to be -UpApCpUpA, although the alternate sequence of -UpApUpCpA is not excluded. Removal of 1–3 nucleotides does not significantly change either the infectivity or the sedimentation behavior of the RNA. This indicates the nonessentiality of the last nucleotide(s), as well as the intrinsic integrity of the enzyme-treated chains. The progeny of RNA lacking terminal nucleotides yields upon diesterase treatment the same terminal nucleotides as the untreated RNA.
Fundamental domains for integer programs with symmetries

We define a fundamental domain of a linear programming relaxation of a combinatorial integer program which is symmetric under a group action. We then provide a construction for the polytope of a fundamental domain defined by the maximization of a linear function. The computation of this fundamental domain is at worst polynomial in the size of the group. However, for the special case of the symmetric group, whose size is exponential in the size of the integer program, we show how to compute a separating hyperplane in polynomial time in the size of the integer program. Fundamental domains may provide a straightforward way to reduce the computation difficulties that often arise in integer programs with symmetries. Our construction is closely related to the constructions of orbitopes by Kaibel and Pfetch, but are simpler and more general, at a cost of creating new non-integral extreme points.
Chapter 13 The Three R's of Gis-Based Site Selection: Representation, Resistance, and Ridicule

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the three R's of geographic information system (GIS)- based site selection: representation, resistance, and ridicule. The inspiration forthis chapter is Saul Alinsky [1909–1972], the pragmatic Chicago labor organizer and civil rights activist of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, whose lucidly potent book Rules for Radicals contrasts with the detumescent mutterings of social theorists wary of GIS. After a brief exploration of Alinsky's writings and the ways in which his insights promote empowerment as well as inform debate on the social context of GIS, the chapter examines two land-use controversies that demonstrate the power of ridicule as a defense against GIS based site-selection studies. The chapter presents two case studies that illustrate administrators and lawmakers, who write the statutes and regulations that guide environmental analysts, are often naively unaware of the limitations of maps and other geographic data.
A Review of “Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism”

In this era, increasingly defined by the power of nonstate actors and groups such as al Qaeda and in which experts discuss the declining power of the state, Daniel Byman's Deadly Connections: State...
Ethical Issues in Representing Clients with Diminished Capacity

Clients with diminished capacity due to disability are entitled to the same competent and diligent representation from their lawyers as are all clients. They have a right to confidentiality in communication and a right to the independent judgment of their lawyers. When a client’s decision-making capacity is impaired by a disability, however, it may be more difficult for the lawyer to ensure these rights or to maintain a conventional lawyer-client relationship. A lawyer representing a client with questionable capacity may be faced with ethical questions: When, if at all, should the lawyer substitute his or her judgment for that of an incapacitated or questionably capacitated client? To whom should the lawyer look for decision-making assistance when a client is impaired? May a lawyer seek assistance from the client’s family, other third parties or the courts without violating the duty of confidentiality to the client? Finally, is it legally or ethically permissible for a lawyer to refuse to represent a client with a disability or to withdraw from representation if a client becomes disabled? This chapter in the New York State Bar Association forthcoming publication, REPRESENTING PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, focuses on some of the issues a lawyer may encounter in representing clients with diminished capacity, and examines the ways in which these issues are addressed in New York under the New York Rules of Professional Conduct and other ethical guidance.
No association between mitochondrial DNA copy number and colorectal adenomas.

Despite previously reported associations between peripheral blood mtDNA copy number and colorectal cancer, it remains unclear whether altered mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood is a risk factor for colorectal cancer or a biomarker for undiagnosed colorectal cancer. Though colorectal adenomas are well-recognized precursor lesions to colorectal cancer, no study has evaluated an association between mtDNA copy number and colorectal adenoma risk. Hence, we investigated an association between peripheral blood mtDNA copy number and incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma in 412 colorectal adenoma cases and 526 cancer-free controls pooled from three colonoscopy-based case-control studies that used identical methods for case ascertainment, risk factor determination, and biospecimen collection. We also evaluated associations between relative mtDNA copy number and markers of oxidative stress, including circulating F2 -isoprostanes, carotenoids, and fluorescent oxidation products. We measured mtDNA copy number using a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We used unconditional logistic regression to analyze the association between mtDNA copy number and colorectal adenoma risk after multivariable adjustment. We found no association between logarithmically transformed relative mtDNA copy number, analyzed as a continuous variable, and colorectal adenoma risk (odds ratio = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.82-1.27; P = 0.86). There were no statistically significant associations between relative mtDNA copy number and other markers of oxidative stress. Our findings, taken together with those from previous studies, suggest that relative mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood may more likely be a marker of early colorectal cancer than of risk for the disease or of in vivo oxidative stress. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Instructive Irony in Herodotus: The Socles Scene

By contrasting Corinth’s two roles, savior of Athens in 504 and victim of Athens’ later empire, Herodotus suggests a complex interrelation between the Panhellenic ideal of freedom and the selfish advancement of Athenian interests.
QEDXQCD Exponentiation and Shower/ME Matching at the LHC

We present the elements of QEDXQCD exponentiation and its interplay with shower/ME matching in precision LHC physics scenarios. Applications to single heavy gauge boson production at hadron colliders are illustrated.
Nampt is required for long-term depression and the function of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is an essential coenzyme/cosubstrate for many biological processes in cellular metabolism. The rate-limiting step in the major pathway of mammalian NAD(+) biosynthesis is mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). Previously, we showed that mice lacking Nampt in forebrain excitatory neurons (CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice) exhibited hyperactivity, impaired learning and memory, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors. However, it remained unclear if these functional effects were accompanied by synaptic changes. Here, we show that CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice have impaired induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the Schaffer collateral pathway, but normal induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), at postnatal day 30. Pharmacological assessments demonstrated that CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice also display dysfunction of synaptic GluN2B (NR2B)-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) prior to changes in NMDAR subunit expression. These results support a novel, important role for Nampt-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis in LTD and in the function of GluN2B-containing NMDARs.
CTLA-4 Differentially Regulates the Immunological Synapse in CD4 T Cell Subsets

Primary murine Th1 and Th2 cells differ in the organization of the immunological synapse, with Th1 cells, but not Th2 cells, clustering signaling molecules at the T cell/B cell synapse site. We sought to determine whether differential costimulatory signals could account for the differences observed. We found that Th2 cells express higher levels of CTLA-4 than Th1 cells, and demonstrated that Th2 cells lacking CTLA-4 are now able to cluster the TCR with the same frequency as Th1 cells. Furthermore, reconstitution of CTLA-4 into CTLA-4-deficient Th2 cells, or into Th1 cells, inhibits the clustering of the TCR. We have also shown that Th2 cells, but not Th1 cells, show variations in the organization of the immunological synapse depending on levels of expression of CD80/CD86 on the APC. These studies demonstrate a unique role for CTLA-4 as a critical regulator of Th2 cells and the immunological synapse.
Taking Conceptual Analyses Seriously

We do not take the conceptual component of our science as seriously as we take the empirical component. The reason for this failure to take conceptual analyses seriously is partially historical. Beginning with 19th-century positivism, followed by early 20th-century neo-positivism, and later conventionalism or instrumentalism the Cartesian paradigm dictated the avoidance of any deep conceptual analyses. The reason is also partially due to inertia. Beginning in the 1950s the rules concerning “good science” underwent transformational changes, and these new rules brought conceptual analyses into science as constitutive such that the conceptual and the empirical form a relational indissociable complementarity. However, the structure of our PhD training programs generally continues to hold on to the outmoded anchors of neo-positivists and conventionalists doctrines. The author argues for the redesign of graduate training with the aim of moving toward a parity between training in conceptual components and traini...
On the Importance of Displacement History in Soft-Body Contact Models

Abstract : Two approaches are commonly used for handling frictional contact within the framework of the Discrete Element Method (DEM). One relies on the Complementarity Method (CM) to enforce a non-penetration condition and the Coulomb dry-friction model at the interface between two bodies in mutual contact. The second approach, called the Penalty Method (PM), invokes an elasticity argument to pro- duce a frictional contact force that factors in the local deformation and relative motion of the bodies in contact. We give a brief presentation of a DEM-PM contact model that includes multi-time-step tangential contact displacement history. We show that its implementation in an open source simulation capability called Chrono is capable of accurately reproducing results from physical tests typical of the field of geomechanics; i.e., a direct shear tests on a mono-disperse material. Keeping track of the tangential contact displace- ment history emerges as a key element of the model. We show that identical simulations using contact models that include either no tangential contact displacement history or only single-time-step tangential contact displacement history are unable to accurately model the direct shear test.
Dissemination of Nosema pyrausta in feral populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Abstract Epizootiological studies of Nosema pyrausta in natural European corn borer populations show that while vertical transmission is the primary way in which N. pyrausta is transferred from one host generation to the next, it is horizontal transmission that is responsible for the annual build-up of infection in each nonoverlapping generation. During the first generation, larval corn borer migration to adjacent corn stalks is minimal and increases in the prevalence of N. pyrausta within the population result from horizontal transmission of infection among borers that inhabit the same stalk. During the second generation, corn borer larvae actively disperse to other corn plants and this results in an increased level of infection. Factors which facilitate pathogen dispersal in this generation include (1) higher host densities, (2) longer periods of larval development, (3) lower mortality among young larvae, and (4) possible mechanical transmission by the braconid parasitoid, Macrocentrus grandii.
Diffusivity Measured by X-ray Diffraction

The advancement of x-ray diffraction theory and techniques, combined with established diffusion models, enables the rate controlling parameter(s) of a transformation or reaction process to be conveniently measured in an in-situ manner. This article briefly describes the technique employed for kinetics measurements and analytical procedures required for data interpretation. Two approaches are adopted to extract the interdiffusion coefficient from the kinetics data—the direct space approach and the reciprocal space approach. Three examples are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this analysis: the growth kinetics of a Pd2Si layer on Si, the decomposition kinetics of a supersaturated Ni-Si alloy, and the short range ordering of a nonrandom solid solution.
Electrochemical Cycling‐Induced Spinel Formation in High‐Charge‐Capacity Orthorhombic LiMnO2

Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel normally undergoes a transformation from its cubic to tetragonal phase when x exceeds 1 due to a collective Jahn-Teller distortion, resulting in poor cyclability when both the 4 and 3 V intercalation plateaus are utilized. In this study, the authors show that this transformation is suppressed in spinels of composition up to x {approx} 2 obtained through the electrochemical cycling of orthorhombic LiMnO{sub 2}. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution electron microscopy studies together show the cycling produces a cubic spinel containing partial tetrahedral cation site occupancy and a nanodomain structure (20 to 50 nm size) within parent single-crystalline oxide particles. This structure is responsible for the cycling stability of electrochemically produced spinel. The reversible capacity (272 mAh/g) and energy density (853 Wh/kg) achieved at a low charge-discharge rate (3.33 mA/g) in the present samples are the highest among crystalline LiMnO{sub 2} materials reported to date.
An Overhead Irrigation Screening Technique for Salinity Tolerance in Cool‐Season Turfgrasses

The successful use of alternative water sources on urban landscapes and golf courses will require salinity tolerant turfgrasses. The objectives of this study were to develop a greenhouse screening method using overhead irrigation, determine useful measurements for screening germplasm, and determine whether perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes with salinity tolerance can be identified. A greenhouse irrigation chamber system was developed to apply salinity treatments (1 [control], 5, 10, or 15 dS m ―1 ) for 10 wk. Eight genotypes of each of five perennial ryegrass cultivars (Palmer III, Paragon GLR, Applaud, Brightstar SLT, and Nui) were arranged in a combined split plot design with three replications in 100% sand trays. For all genotypes, relative percent green ratings, clipping yields, and root and shoot weights were significantly reduced with each level of increased salinity. Significant differences between perennial ryegrass genotypes were also observed. Relative percent green ratings were highly correlated to clipping yields (r 2 = 0.95; p < 0.001), shoot weights (r 2 = 0.89; p < 0.001), and root weights (r 2 = 0.93; p < 0.001), indicating percent green ratings may be used to predict more intensive measurements. This method is a novel technique utilizing overhead irrigation and should be useful in developing improved turfgrass cultivars with salinity tolerance.
Swc2 is a widely conserved H2AZ-binding module essential for ATP-dependent histone exchange

The histone variant H2AZ is incorporated preferentially at specific locations in chromatin to modulate chromosome functions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deposition of histone H2AZ is mediated by the multiprotein SWR1 complex, which catalyzes ATP-dependent exchange of nucleosomal histone H2A for H2AZ. Here, we define interactions between SWR1 components and H2AZ, revealing a link between the ATPase domain of Swr1 and three subunits required for the binding of H2AZ. We discovered that Swc2 binds directly to and is essential for transfer of H2AZ. Swc6 and Arp6 are necessary for the association of Swc2 and for nucleosome binding, whereas other subunits, Swc5 and Yaf9, are required for H2AZ transfer but neither H2AZ nor nucleosome binding. Finally, the C-terminal α-helix of H2AZ is crucial for its recognition by SWR1. These findings provide insight on the initial events of histone exchange.
Coronary arterial anatomy in double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary VSD

We have examined 38 hearts with a double-outlet right ventricle with a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. We divided the hearts into three groups according to the angle between the planes formed between the outlet septum and the remainder of the muscular ventricular septum; namely, at approximately right angles (15 hearts), parallel (11 hearts), and at an acute angle (12 hearts). The coronary arterial pattern corresponding to that seen in the normal heart was present in 11 hearts (73%) of the "right angle" group, in only one heart (8%) of the "acute angle" group, and in none of the "parallel" group. In contrast, the most common pattern in the setting of complete transposition was observed in none, 8%, and 91% of each group, respectively. Other diverse patterns were recognized in the hearts in the acute angle group, and the incidence of abnormal branching was significantly higher in this than in the other groups (p < 0.01). Knowledge of these anatomic variations in the course of the coronary arteries, some of which would cause problems at either definitive repair or reoperation, are essential for those seeking to achieve optimal surgical repair.
Androgen accumulation in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of male ring doves; influence of steroid hormones

The distribution of 3H-testosterone and its metabolites in brain, pars distalis of the anterior pituitary, and blood plasma in mature, castrated male ring doves, Streptopelia risoria, and the influence of immediate pretreatment with unlabeled testosterone, progesterone, and corticosterone were studied. One half-hour after its intravenous injection, 3H-testosterone was metabolized extensively; of the unconjugated radioactivity in plasma, 17% was found as testosterone, the major remaining portion consisting of unidentified polar metabolites. Two to three times more 3H-testosterone was concentrated in the hypothalamus than in the cerebellum, cerebrum, or plasma. Pretreatment with unlabeled testosterone abolished the difference between hypothalamus and cerebrum in both absolute and tissue: plasma concentrations of 3H-testosterone. Progesterone did not affect the absolute accumulation of 3H-testosterone in the brain, but it significantly reduced the hypothalamus: plasma ratio of the labeled hormone. Corticosterone did not affect either measure of brain uptake. The concentration of 3H-testosterone in the pars distalis was 18–20 times that of plasma, a ratio markedly reduced by all the unlabeled steroid pretreatments. A metabolite of 3H-testosterone with the chromatographic mobility of dihydrotestosterone accumulated to a greater extent in both hypothalamus and pars distalis than in cerebellum, cerebrum or plasma of castrated ring doves. This accumulation was inhibited by steroid pretreatments.