cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields on calcium/calmodulin interactions.

Mechanisms by which weak electromagnetic fields may affect biological systems are of current interest because of their potential health effects. Lednev has proposed an ion parametric resonance hypothesis (Lednev, 1991, Bioelectromagnetics, 12:71–75), which predicts that when the ac, frequency of a combined dc-ac magnetic field equals the cyclotron frequency of calcium, the affinity of calcium for calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin will be markedly affected. The present study evaluated Lednev's theory using two independent systems, each sensitive to changes in the affinity of calcium for calmodulin. One of the systems used was the calcium/calmodulin-dependent activation of myosin light chain kinase, a system similar to that previously used by Lednev. The other system monitored optical changes in the binding of a fluorescent peptide to the calcium/calmodulin complex. Each system was exposed to a 20.9 microT static field superimposed on a 20.9 microT sinusoidal field over a narrow frequency range centered at 16 Hz, the cyclotron frequency of the unhydrated calcium ion. In contrast to Lednev's predictions, no significant effect of combined dc-ac magnetic fields on calcium/calmodulin interactions was indicated in either experimental system.
Caregivers' perceptions of working conditions in a child care environment

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the experience and perceptions of child care workers regarding three aspects of the child care work setting: center characteristics, task characteristics, and information on salary and benefits. Forty women employed as aides, assistant teachers, head teachers, and administrators of 10 northeastern Pennsylvania day care centers participated. Overall, the results suggested that the majority of caregivers enjoyed their job and planned to stay in child care work despite low pay, few fringe benefits, and long hours. Staff members working in profit centers reported fewer fringe benefits, and center quality was unrelated to job satisfaction. Work experiences in child care settings appeared to be more strongly determined by the general context of the setting than by the specifics of job title or type of center.
Comparison of atmospheric coarse particles at an urban and non-urban site

Abstract This paper provides an evaluation of 90 coarse particle mass distributions taken over a 15-month period during 1983–1984 at an urban and a nearby non-urban site located in the midwestern United States. The coarse particles (> 5μm diameter) were sampled in four mass fractions (6–11, 11–20, 20–29, > 29 μm diameter) with the Noll Rotary Impactor. Diurnal and seasonal differences were measured. Samples were collected when the ground was dry, wet and frozen. The shape of the mass distribution was similar for most samples and was well represented by a log-normal distribution. The mass median diameter varied between 15 and 30 μm with an average near 20 μm diameter. The geometric standard deviation average was 2.0. Urban samples had 75 percent more total mass than nonurban samples. At the urban site, concentrations were 50 percent higher during mid-day than at night. Dry ground samples were 30 percent higher than wet ground and 90 percent higher than frozen ground samples. The mass median diameter (MMD) was dependent on friction velocity ( U ∗ , cm s−1), where MMD = 0.212 U ∗ + 15.7. The correlation coefficient between the two variables was 0.69.
Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Some Natural Jarosites

Abstract This paper presents a detailed study of the mineralogical, microscopic, thermal, and spectral characteristics of jarosite and natrojarosite minerals. Systematic mineralogic and chemical examination of a suite of 32 natural stoichiometric jarosite and natrojarosite samples from diverse supergene and hydrothermal environments indicates that there is only limited solid solution between Na and K at low temperatures, which suggests the presence of a solvus in the jarosite-natrojarosite system at temperatures below about 140 °C. The samples examined in this study consist of either end members or coexisting end-member pairs of jarosite and natrojarosite. Quantitative electron-probe microanalysis data for several natural hydrothermal samples show only end-member compositions for individual grains or zones, and no detectable alkali-site deficiencies, which indicates that there is no hydronium substitution within the analytical uncertainty of the method. In addition, there is no evidence of Fe deficiencies in the natural hydrothermal samples. Hydronium-bearing jarosite was detected in only one relatively young supergene sample suggesting that terrestrial hydronium-bearing jarosites generally are unstable over geologic timescales. Unit-cell parameters of the 20 natural stoichiometric jarosites and 12 natural stoichiometric natrojarosites examined in this study have distinct and narrow ranges in the a - and c -cell dimensions. There is no overlap of these parameters at the 1 σ level for the two end-member compositions. Several hydrothermal samples consist of fine-scale (2–10 μm) intimate intergrowths of jarosite and natrojarosite, which could have resulted from solid-state diffusion segregation or growth zoning due to variations in the Na/K activity ratio of hydrothermal solutions.
A finite-element model of overland and channel flow for assessing the hydrologic impact of land-use change

Abstract A method of determining the hydrologic impact of land-use change on a watershed is presented. With precipitation excess as input, the finite-element technique, utilizing Galerkin's residual method, was used to mathematically route overland and channel flow. The nature of the model allowed land-use changes to be easily incorporated into the model. A hypothetical watershed and an imaginary storm were used to obtain initial flood hydrographs. Several arbitrary land-use changes were then made and their effect upon the response of the watershed system determined.
The Fluid Mechanics of Microdevices—The Freeman Scholar Lecture

Manufacturing processes that can create extremely small machines have been developed in recent years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refer to devices that have characteristic length of less than 1 mm but more than 1 micron, that combine electrical and mechanical components and that are fabricated using integrated circuit batch-processing techniques. Electrostatic, magnetic, pneumatic and thermal actuators, motors, valves, gears, and tweezers of less than 100-μm size have been fabricated. These have been used as sensors for pressure, temperature, mass flow, velocity and sound, as actuators for linear and angular motion and as simple components for complex systems such as micro-heat-engines and micro-heat-pumps The technology is progressing at a rate that fa r exceeds that of our understanding of the unconventional physics involved in the operation as well as the manufacturing of those minute devices. The primary objective of this article is to critically review the status of our understanding of fluid flow phenomena particular to microdevices. In terms of applications, the paper emphasizes the use of MEMS as sensors and actuators for flow diagnosis and control.
Surface functionalization and characterization of graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs)

The preparation and characterization of herringbone graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) surface-derivatized with reactive linker molecules derived from four diamines and three triamines is reported. Surface carbon sites of as-prepared GCNFs are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups by nitric acid and covalently bound to seven different linker molecules containing pendant amino groups using carboxylate amidation chemistry. GCNF materials are characterized by TEM, IR, TGA, laser-desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry, and by elemental analysis. Approximate GCNF/(linker molecule)x compositions are proposed consistent with acid-uptake and elemental analysis data. Direct evidence for the presence and composition of surface-bound linker molecules is provided by LDI mass spectrometry and by quantitative XPS analysis of trifluoroacetylated derivatives. The reactivity of pendant amino groups present within attached linker molecules is determined quantitatively via Fmoc analysis and synthetically by effecting nucleophilic ring-opening oligomerization of epoxy monomer.
Influence of inocula with prior hydrocarbon exposure on biodegradation rates of diesel, synthetic diesel, and fish-biodiesel in soil.

Abstract To achieve effective bioremediation within short warm seasons of cold climates, microbial adaptation periods to the contaminant should be brief. The current study investigated growth phases for soil spiked with diesel, Syntroleum, or fish biodiesel, using microbial inocula adapted to the specific substrates. For modeling hydrocarbon degradation, multi-phase first order kinetics was assumed, comparing linear regression with nonlinear parameter optimization of rate constants and phase durations. Lag phase periods of 5 to >28 d were followed by short and intense exponential growth phases with high rate constants (e.g. from k Fish = 0.0013 ± 0.0002 to k Syntr = 0.015 ± 0.001 d −1 ). Hydrocarbon mineralization was highest for Syntroleum contamination, where up to three times higher cumulative CO 2 production was achieved than for diesel fuel, with fish biodiesel showing initially the slowest degradation. The amount of hydrocarbons recovered from the soil by GC–MS decreased in the order fish biodiesel > diesel > Syntroleum. During initial weeks, biodegradation was higher for microbial inocula adapted to a specific fuel type, whereby the main effect of the inoculum was to shorten the lag phase duration; however, the inoculum’s importance diminished after daily respiration peaked. In conclusion, addition of an inoculum to increase biodegradation rates was not necessary.
Central-upwind schemes on triangular grids for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws†

We present a family of central-upwind schemes on general triangular grids for solving two-dimensional systems of conservation laws. The new schemes enjoy the main advantages of the Godunov-type central schemes—simplicity, universality, and robustness and can be applied to problems with complicated geometries. The “triangular” central-upwind schemes are based on the use of the directional local speeds of propagation and are a generalization of the central-upwind schemes on rectangular grids, recently introduced in Kurganov et al. [SIAM J Sci Comput 23 (2001), 707–740]. We test a second-order version of the proposed scheme on various examples. The main purpose of the numerical experiments is to demonstrate the potential of our method. The more universal “triangular” central-upwind schemes provide the same high accuracy and resolution as the original, “rectangular” ones, and at the same time, they can be used to solve hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on complicated domains, where the implementation of triangular or mixed grids is advantageous. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Low growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in child depression

Abstract Background: This study examined growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) in a large sample of depressed children compared with normal control children. Within-subject comparisons were also performed in control subjects to examine test–retest reliability and in depressed children comparing episode versus clinical recovery. Methods: The sample included depressed children ( n = 82) and normal control children ( n = 55) group-matched for age, gender, and pubertal status; the mean ages were 11.2 ± 1.7 and 11.2 ± 1.8 years, respectively. We gave GHRH (0.1 mcg/Kg) at 9 am , and serum GH levels were determined every 15 min from −30 min through +90 min of the GHRH infusion. A subgroup of normal control subjects ( n = 11) repeated the protocol for test–retest reliability within a 2-month interval. A subgroup of depressed children ( n = 20) were restudied off all medications following full clinical remission from depression. Results: The mean GH response to GHRH was significantly lower in the depressed group (8.7 ng/mL ± SEM 0.9) compared with normal control children [12.2 ng/mL ± SEM 1.3; t (135) = 2.59, p = .01 effect size 0.44]. The test–retest reliability of GH response to GHRH was stable (intraclass correlation = .93 for mean post-GH). The GH response to GHRH remained low in subjects restudied during clinical remission from depression. Conclusions: Depressed children show low GH response to GHRH. The measure appears to be reliable, and the low GH response continues following clinical remission. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism and relative specificity of this finding.
Task-space control of extensible continuum manipulators

In this paper, we present a new approach towards the control of continuous backbone (continuum) “trunk and tentacle” robots. Development of model-based control algorithms for this new and emerging class of robots has been relatively slow due to the inherent complexity of their mathematical models. Based on the recently developed kinematics, velocity Jacobian and full dynamic model, a simple nonlinear task-space controller, established for rigid-link robots, is adapted and extended for continuum manipulators for the regulation of its tip or any location along its backbone in the task-space. This approach is applicable to all continuum robots with extension/contraction and bending capabilities. Simulation results are shown using a three-section, six degree-of-freedom planar continuum robot.
Short-Term Electrical Stimulation to Promote Nerve Repair and Functional Recovery in a Rat Model

Purpose To evaluate the effect of duration of electrical stimulation on peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that applying 10 minutes of electrical stimulation to a 10-mm rat sciatic nerve defect would significantly improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery compared with the non-electrical stimulation group. Methods A silicone tube filled with a collagen gel was used to bridge a 10-mm nerve defect in rats, and either 10 minutes or 60 minutes of electrical stimulation was applied to the nerve during surgery. Controls consisted of a silicone tube with collagen gel and no electrical stimulation or an isograft. We analyzed recovery over a 12-week period, measuring sciatic functional index and extensor postural thrust scores and concluding with histological examination of the nerve. Results Functional assessment scores at week 12 increased 24% in the 10-minute group as compared to the no stimulation control group. Electrical stimulation of either 10 or 60 minutes improved the number of nerve fibers over no stimulation. Additionally, the electrical stimulation group's histomorphometric analysis was not different from the isograft group. Conclusions Several previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of 60-minute stimulations on peripheral nerve regeneration. This study demonstrated that an electrical stimulation of 10 minutes enhanced several functional and histomorphometric outcomes of nerve regeneration and was overall similar to a 60-minute stimulation over 12 weeks. Clinical relevance Decreasing the electrical stimulation time from 60 minutes to 10 minutes provided a potential clinically feasible and safe method to enhance nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
Representing metadata constraints in Common Logic

This paper presents a standards-based approach to specifying and reasoning about metadata constraints based on existing metadata registry standards, existing terminologies and Common Logic. The paper introduces Common Logic's basic principles and theory, and applies it to several examples where we might want to reason about metadata constraints. It is our expectation that these additional constraints will be developed by the makers of the metadata for a given data source, and will be included in a metadata registry for exchange with any subscriber to the metadata.
Self-assembly of halogen substituted phenazines

This paper reports the effect of halogen substituents on the morphology of self-assembling phenazines. Asymmetrically substituted phenazines with decyloxy substituents and halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I) were prepared. Thermal properties were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while polarized optical microscopy (POM) and UV-vis spectroscopy on the cast films of the compounds revealed their assembling ability. A more detailed investigation on the self-assembly was conducted with a phase transfer method. A dramatic morphology difference was observed according to the type of halogen substituents. From F to Cl to Br to I, structures with more one-dimensional (1D) character were produced as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Single crystal X-ray crystallography on Cl substituted phenazine demonstrated hydrogen bonding as the major driving force responsible for the assembly in the longest crystal dimension, while π–π and van der Waals interactions contribute to the growth in the width and thickness directions, respectively. The Br or I substituted phenazines produced assembled structures with more 1D character than either F or Cl substituted phenazines. In addition to the assembly using a phase transfer method, we also present gelation properties for these compounds using select organic solvents.
An idealized model of the one-dimensional carbon dioxide rectifier effect

The net flux of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the land surface into the atmospheric boundary layer has a diurnal cycle. Drawdown of CO 2 occurs during daytime photosynthesis, and return of CO 2 to the atmosphere occurs during night. Even when the net diurnal-average surface flux vanishes, the diurnal-average profile of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratio is usually not vertically uniform. This is because of the diurnal rectifier effect, by which atmospheric vertical transport and the surface flux conspire to produce a surplus of CO 2 near the ground and a deficit aloft. This paper constructs an idealized, 1-D, eddy-diffusivity model of the rectifier effect and provides an analytic series solution. When non-dimensionalized, the intensity of the rectifier effect is related solely to a single ‘rectifier parameter’. Given this model's governing equation and boundary conditions, we prove that the existence of the rectifier effect is related to the correlation of CO 2 gradient and transport, and also to the day–night symmetry of transport. The rectifier-induced near-surface CO 2 surplus ought to be included in inverse calculations that use near-surface CO 2 mixing ratio to infer land–surface sources and sinks of carbon. Such inverse modeling is facilitated by our model's simplicity. To illustrate, we use a 1-D inverse calculation to infer the amplitude of diurnal CO 2 surface flux. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00368.x
T cell exhaustion

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory receptors and a transcriptional state distinct from that of functional effector or memory T cells. Exhaustion prevents optimal control of infection and tumors. Recently, a clearer picture of the functional and phenotypic profile of exhausted T cells has emerged and T cell exhaustion has been defined in many experimental and clinical settings. Although the pathways involved remain to be fully defined, advances in the molecular delineation of T cell exhaustion are clarifying the underlying causes of this state of differentiation and also suggest promising therapeutic opportunities.
Climate policy: hard problem, soft thinking

Climate change is more uncertain, more global, and more long-term than most issues facing humanity. This trifecta makes a policy response that encompasses scientific correctness, public awareness, economic efficiency, and governmental effectiveness particularly difficult. Economic and psychological instincts impede rational thought. Elected officials, who cater to and foster voters’ misguided beliefs, compound the soft thinking that results. Beliefs must change before unequivocal symptoms appear and humanity experiences the climate-change equivalent of a life-altering heart attack. Sadly, it may well take dramatic loss to jolt the collective conscience toward serious action. In the long run, the only solution is a bottom-up demand leading to policies that appropriately price carbon and technological innovation, and that promote ethical shifts toward a world in which low-carbon, high-efficiency living is the norm. In the short term, however, popular will is unlikely to drive serious action on the issue. Policy makers can and must try to overcome inherent psychological barriers and create pockets of certainty that link benefits of climate policy to local, immediate payoffs. It will take high-level scientific and political leadership to redirect currently misguided market forces toward a positive outcome.
Structural and Electrical Characterization of Carbon Nanofibers for Interconnect Via Applications

We present temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (CNF) arrays for on-chip interconnect applications. The study consists of three parts. First, the electron transport mechanisms in these structures are investigated using I-V measurements over a broad temperature range (4.4 K to 350 K). The measured resistivity in CNF arrays is modeled based on known graphite two-dimensional hopping electron conduction mechanism. The model is used because of the disordered graphite structure observed during high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of the CNF and CNF-metal interface. Second, electrical reliability measurements are performed at different temperatures to demonstrate the robust nature of CNFs for interconnect applications. Finally, some guidance in catalyst material selection is presented to improve the nanostructure of CNFs, making the morphology similar to multiwall nanotubes.
On Being Happy or Unhappy

The psychological condition of being happy is best understood as a matter of a person's emotional condition. I elucidate the notion of an emotional condition by introducing two distinctions concerning affect, and argue that this “emotional state” view is probably superior on intuitive and substantive grounds to theories that identify happiness with pleasure or life satisfaction. Life satisfaction views, for example, appear to have deflationary consequences for happiness’ value. This would make happiness an unpromising candidate for the central element in a theory of well-being, as it is in L. W. Sumner's work. Yet on an emotional state conception, happiness may prove to be a key constituent of well-being. the emotional state view also makes happiness less vulnerable to common doubts about the importance of happiness, and indicates that mood states are more important for well-being than is generally recognized.
Using Verbal Protocols to Identify the Reading Strategies of Students Who Are Deaf

The purpose of this study was to identify the reading strategies used by students who are deaf by investigating their self-reported thinking during reading. The participants were 10 elementary students attending a residential state school for the deaf. After each page of reading a short story, the participants were asked to think aloud (or think visibly, in the case of sign language). Analysis of these verbal reports indicated that the participants constructed meaning, monitored comprehension and activated strategies to improve comprehension, and evaluated, but did not demonstrate, each reading strategy within these three classifications. They engaged in a considerably greater variety of reading strategies for constructing meaning than for the other two classifications.
Regulation of electrical activity and neuronal excitability in Helisoma trivolvis by carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO), like other gaseous neuromodulators, has a dual nature as both a toxic gas and a physiologically relevant signaling molecule. In the nervous system, high concentrations of CO can lead to neuronal injury while lower concentrations are found to be neuroprotective. The number of cellular targets affected by physiological concentrations of CO is rapidly growing and includes ion channels in various cell types. The modulation of ion channels by CO in neurons, however, and the effect it has on neural activity are incompletely understood. Here, the well-characterized buccal neurons, B5 and B19, of the freshwater snail, Helisoma trivolvis, were used to investigate the role that CO plays in regulating spontaneous firing activity and neuronal excitability. Neurons were studied in single-cell culture, thereby removing other signals normally present in the intact nervous system and allowing for the optimal characterization of physiological effects of CO. We found that the CO donor molecule, carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2), hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential of B5 neurons and silenced their spontaneous firing activity. These effects were mediated through the inhibition of a persistent sodium current. CORM-2 also inhibited neuronal excitability. This effect was mediated by the inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels by CO. The general findings of CO acting as a hyperpolarizing signal and an inhibitor of neuronal excitability extended to B19 neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that CO is a potent modulator of ion channels with broad implications for the modulation of neural activity in a wide range of neuron-types.
Solving min‐max shortest‐path problems on a network

In this article we consider the problem of determining a path between two nodes in a network that minimizes the maximum of r path length values associated with it. This problem has a direct application in scheduling. It also has indirect applications in a class of routing problems and when considering multiobjective shortest-path problems. We present a label-correcting procedure for this problem. We also develop two pruning techniques, which, when incorporated in the label-correcting algorithm, recognize and discard many paths that are not part of the optimal path. Our computational results indicate that these techniques are able to speed up the label-correcting procedure by many orders of magnitude for hard problem instances, thereby enabling them to be solved in a reasonable time. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimal intramuscular needle-penetration depth.

OBJECTIVE. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has needle-length recommendations for intramuscular vaccinations in the thigh and shoulder on the basis of the age of the child. Underpenetration of the intramuscular layer with short needles has been documented; however, few studies have focused on the risk for overpenetration of the intramuscular level with needles that are too long. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal needle length for intramuscular vaccination of children of various ages and sizes at the shoulder and thigh levels by using MRI and computed tomography scan measurements. METHODS. A total of 250 MRI and computed tomography scans of shoulders and thighs of children who were 2 months to 18 years of age at a large children9s hospital were reviewed. The thicknesses of the subcutaneous fat tissue and muscle layers were measured. Measurements were correlated with age and weight, and regression analysis was performed. RESULTS. Use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention9s recommended 1- and 1 ¼-in needles for intramuscular vaccination in the thigh of children ≥1 year of age would result in 11% (11 of 100) and 39% (34 of 88) overpenetration, respectively, with a minimal risk for underpenetration at 2% (2 of 100). Patients with vaccinations in the shoulder with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended \({5}/{8}\) -, \({7}/{8}\) -, and 1-in needles would experience 11% (16 of 150), 55% (83 of 150), and 61% (92 of 150) overpenetration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. There is a substantial risk for overpenetration of the intramuscular layer when using current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for vaccination needle lengths. We recommend a revision of the needle-length guidelines for thigh and shoulder injections to minimize the risk for needle overpenetration on the basis of the variability observed in the fat thickness.
Variation of the surface optical properties of silver crystals with vacuum-annealing and argon-ion bombardment

The optical constants of single silver crystals were observed to vary irreversibly with surface treatments of vacuum-annealing and argon-ion bombardment. Although the dependence on surface treatment is not simple, some qualitative effects are the same for the (111) and (110) faces. The results show that the surface structure of silver is severely disarranged by cycles of vacuum-annealing and argon-ion bombardment.
A robust motion estimation method using warping for video frame enlargement

This paper addresses the challenge of high quality enlargement of coded video frames. The proposed method uses a combination of hierarchical processing, forward warping and backward warping to adaptively determine the high definition output pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve an average of 2-4 dB PSNR improvement over conventional frame interpolation methods while preserving robust performance in the face of complex motion.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE SPOTTED OWL (STRIX OCCIDENTALIS): OPPORTUNITIES FOR MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO AVIAN POPULATION ECOLOGY

AMONG ALL avian research programs, results from investigations into the ecology, behavior, life history, and demography of Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) may have had the single greatest effect on land-use policy in the United States. The reasons for that are simple: in general, throughout their ranges, populations of all three subspecies of Spotted Owl-Northern, California, and Mexican-require large areas associated with large, old trees, that have high economic value (Simberloff 1987, Yaffee 1994). In truth, motivation for that long-term, intensive research program has been driven as much by legal and political concerns as scientific interest. Legal concerns stem from a mandate to comply with federal environmental laws such as the National Forest Management Act and the Endangered Species Act-legislation that compels federal land management agencies to
Degrees of Freedom, Dimensions of Power

The original Internet design combined technical, organizational, and cultural characteristics that decentralized power along diverse dimensions. Decentralized institutional, technical, and market power maximized freedom to operate and innovate at the expense of control. Market developments have introduced new points of control. Mobile and cloud computing, the Internet of Things, fiber transition, big data, surveillance, and behavioral marketing introduce new control points and dimensions of power into the Internet as a social-cultural-economic platform. Unlike in the Internet's first generation, companies and governments are well aware of the significance of design choices, and are jostling to acquire power over, and appropriate value from, networked activity. If we are to preserve the democratic and creative promise of the Internet, we must continuously diagnose control points as they emerge and devise mechanisms of recreating diversity of constraint and degrees of freedom in the network to work around t...
A fine-grained flow control model for cloud-assisted data broadcasting

Cloud-assisted data broadcasting is an emerging application where cloud computing assists data broadcasting to extend the capacity of system computing and improve the interactivity of the conventional media. However, with the increase in scale, it brings the difficulty on the complexity to provide the sufficient quality of service for diverse receivers. In order to obtain a fine-grained flow rate as well as the system stability, we propose a model based on parallel scheduling, fair queue and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to cope with these challenges. PID controller takes advantage of the feedback of the statistical output stream and automatically adjusts the transmission flow so that the system can achieve the fine-grained multiplexing performance. Meanwhile, we adopt a set of novel metrics to monitor and measure the quality of flow control in order to weaken the negative impact of coarse-grained flow to user-end devices to the minimum level. Extensive simulations and evaluations have illustrated the superiority of the proposed model in the performance and the quality of service in terms of proposed measurement metrics.
Phosphorylation-dependent cleavage regulates von Hippel Lindau proteostasis and function

Loss of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein function is a key driver of VHL diseases, including sporadic and inherited clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Modulation of the proteostasis of VHL, especially missense point-mutated VHL, is a promising approach to augmenting VHL levels and function. VHL proteostasis is regulated by multiple mechanisms including folding, chaperone binding, complex formation and phosphorylation. Nevertheless, many details underlying the regulations of VHL proteostasis are unknown. VHL is expressed as two variants, VHL30 and VHL19. Furthermore, the long-form variant of VHL was often detected as multiple bands by western blotting. However, how these multiple species of VHL are generated and whether the process regulates VHL proteostasis and function are unknown. We hypothesized that the two major species are generated by VHL protein cleavage, and the cleavage regulates VHL proteostasis and subsequent function. We characterized VHL species using genetical and pharmacological approaches and showed that VHL was first cleaved at the N-terminus by chymotrypsin C before being directed for proteasomal degradation. Casein kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation at VHL N-terminus was required for the cleavage. Furthermore, inhibition of cleavage stabilized VHL protein and thereby promoted HIF downregulation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism regulating VHL proteostasis and function, which is significant for identifying new drug targets and developing new therapeutic approaches targeting VHL deficiency in VHL diseases.
Cytotoxic effect of leukemic guinea pig plasma on normal guinea pig spleen cell tissue cultures.

Summary and conclusionsA cytotoxic effect is described which occurs when leukemic guinea pig plasma is added to normal guinea pig spleen cells growing in primary tissue culture. The nature of the cytotoxic factor is unknown.
The Initiative Process and the Dynamics of State Interest Group Populations

What effect does the initiative process have on the volatility of interest group populations? Theoretical results suggest that interest group communities in initiative states should be characterize...
Experimental Study of Turbine Hub Height Variation on Wind Farms

Characteristics of a wind turbine array boundary layer under controlled variations of the hub height of the turbines are studied through wind tunnel experiments. The atmosphere has been reproduced using a passive grid, strakes and roughness elements. Particle image velocimetry technique is employed to obtain converged statistics at four locations at the centerline. The array consists of a four by three arrangement. The velocity eld is then studied, mean velocity and uctuations, to observe dierences attributed to the change in hub height of the turbine.
Numerical Study of a Dual-Mode Combustor Flowfield

A numerical study is performed to investigate the flowfield of a dual -mode scramjet combustor. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of the arrangement and the number of the fuel injectors on both mixing and combustion. Two models are investigated with 10 and 18 inj ectors. Fuel is injected at sonic speed normal to a Mach 2.5 incoming vitiated airstream. Three -dimensional models for the combustor have been used. Numerical results are obtained using a finite volume CFD code with unstructured grids with size of about 265,000 cells. High degree of upstream interaction is seen inside the isolator in the 18 -injector model. Also, asymmetric flow is seen inside the isolator in both cases.
Final Report of the Joint Task Force on Archives American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and The American Historical Association 1 April 1995

The following Report on Archives has been submitted to the Board of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and the Council of the American Historical Association. The Task Force urges those who wish to comment on the report to forward their remarks to the Board of AAASS, cdo Dr. Carol Saivetz, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, 1737 Cambridge St., Cambridge, MA 02138, and/or to Lynne Lee, Research Division of the AHA, 400A Street SE, Washington D.C. 20003.
Making Sense of Misfortune Cultural Schemas, Victim Redefinition, and the Perpetuation of Stereotypes

One of the most striking features of stereotypes is their extreme durability. This study focuses on the role played by cultural schemas and perceptions of low-status others’ adversities in stereotype perpetuation. Social psychological theories of legitimacy and justice point to the role of stereotypes as one means through which individuals make sense of others’ undeserved misfortunes by redefining the victim. This study connects this work with insights from cognitive cultural sociology to propose that stereotypes act as cultural schemas used to justify others’ experiences of adversity. Consistent with this hypothesis, findings from a cultural transmission experiment show that participants include more negative stereotype-consistent content when retelling narratives with undeserved negative outcomes than with positive outcomes. Cognitive cultural sociology and the cultural transmission methodology offer tools for understanding victim redefinition processes, with important implications for the reproduction ...
Does Space Matter? An Exploratory Study for a Child-Adolescent Mental Health Inpatient Unit.

Objective:The aim of this study is to explore design elements and spaces as a contributing influence to behavior and well-being for patients, staff, and families in a child–adolescent mental health unit.Background:The University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital Child–Adolescent Mental Health Inpatient Unit embarked on a renovation project to relocate the hospital’s child and adolescent mental health units. Evidence-based strategies were employed for the design of the new unit to enhance the experience for patients, staff, and families and to support changes in operational and procedural strategies.Methods:A mixed-methods approach was utilized to explore the influence of several design strategies intended to induce calm feelings for patients, staff, and families. A comprehensive literature review informed the design process and study design. Methods include patient image surveys (PIS; n = 188), online staff surveys (n = 48), and face-to-face staff interviews (n = 25).Results:Several design elements...
Bugs and Brain: How Infection Makes You Feel Blue

In this issue of Immunity, Prinz and colleagues (2016) describe an unexpected mechanism underlying the role of type I interferon in the initiation of cognitive impairment and sickness behavior during viral infection through induction of chemokine CXCL10 in central nervous system epithelial and endothelial cells.
Bent Hammer Handles

The literature suggests that when a tool, gripped with a power grip, has its working part extend above the hand, then a curve in the handle may be beneficial. Three experiments investigated differe...
Do migrants pass their work ethic to their children? Evidence from the Honduran national household survey

Purpose – The scholarly literature that examines the economic assimilation of migrant families has focussed on the educational and economic achievements of the children of international migrants relative to the children of native born parents. Lower relative incomes of the children of immigrants might be attributable to discrimination, while higher relative incomes could be attributable to ambitious parents who produce more ambitious children. These potential effects have been difficult to disentangle. The purpose of this paper is to control for discrimination by examining internal migration in Honduras, allowing us to isolate evidence for or against the “ambition” effect. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to ask if the children of migrants are similar or different than their parents in their attitudes toward work and economic advancement. Findings – This study finds that migrants are relatively hard workers in the sense that they experience relatively...
Muscle metaboreflex increases ventricular performance in conscious dogs

Ischemia of active skeletal muscle stimulates neuronal afferents within the muscle, which elicits a reflex increase in systemic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) ter...
Evaluation of the impact of bundle branch block on LV dyssynchrony and function using phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging

Objective:To evaluate the impact of left or right bundle branch block(LBBB or RBBB)on LV dyssynchrony and func-tion using phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT.Methods:Thirty patients with LBBB,thirty with RBBB and thirty normal subjects with normal cardiac function were enrolled in this study.They all underwent gated myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging.End diastolic volume(EDV),end systolic volume(ESV)and LV ejection fraction(LVEF)were calculated from Philips Cardio MD QGS;The reconstructed data were then submitted to SyncTool to measure phase standard deviation(PSD),phase his-togram bandwidth(PHB).Results:All parameters studied showed statistically significant differences between the LBBB and RBBB or control groups.There are no statistically differences between RBBB and control groups.Normal values were calculated based on con-trol group.If PSD 12.4° is considered dyssynchrony,the rate of LV dyssynchrony in LBBB,RBBB and NL groups is 70%,16.7%,0.0%,respectively.If PHB 43.7° is considered dyssynchrony,the rate of LV dyssynchrony in LBBB,RBBB and NL groups is 63.3%,13.3%,3.3%,respectively.Conclusion:Phase analysis of G-MPS can effectively evaluate the LV dyssynchrony caused by LBBB accurately.LBBB can lead to obvious LV dyssynchrony and dysfunction.
Analysis of serological surveillance results of brucellosis in occupational exposure cases in Baiyun district

Objective To investigate the brucellosis infection and characteristic of occupational exposure cases in Baiyun district,so as to provide scientific basis for control and prevention of brucellosis. Methods To detect the serum samples of 807 occupational exposure cases in Baiyun district from 2011 to 2013 for preliminary screening by RBPT,and the positive samples were then identified by SAT. The test results were judged in accordance with "Diagnostic standard for brucellosis"( WS 269—2007),and analyze the results. Results All of occupational exposure cases,the positive rate of RBPT was 7. 81%,and the positive rate of SAT was 6. 82%,the positive accordance rate of the two was 87. 30%; Among those contacted with sheep,the positive rate of RBPT was 12. 04%,and the positive rate of SAT was 10. 49%; Among those contacted with other animals,the positive rate of RBPT was 0. 34%,and the positive rate of SAT was 0. 34%. There was statistical significance for differences in the positive rates of RBPT and SAT,Comparing the occupational exposure cases contacted with sheep and those contacted with other animals( P 0. 05). Conclusion The positive rate of RBPT and SAT of those contacted with sheep were significantly higher than those contact with other animals,we should strengthen monitoring and personal protection for them.
Effect Evaluation of a Rapid Biological Monitoring Method in High-pressure Sterilization

Objective To evaluate a rapid biological monitoring method through detection of fluorescence for monitoring the effect of high-pressure steam sterilization,and to address the length problem of the traditional method.Methods The indicators were heated and killed in 121.3 ℃ high-pressure steam sterilization for 5 minutes and 20 minutes.The culture results were compared and the statistical differences were analyzed.Results The result of 3 hours detection of fluorescence was the same as the result of 7-day culture.The monitoring results of the two methods were highly consistent,and the difference was not significant(χ2=0,P0.05).Conclusions The result of 3-hour rapid biological monitoring method is reliable.It significantly shortens the reporting time,and has practical value.
Acute respiratory failure. Survival following ten days' support with a membrane lung.

An 11-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission developed a bilateral pneumonia which rapidly progressed to acute respiratory failure. During 9 days of intensive therapy the patient's respiratory status progressively deteriorated. When it became impossible to maintain the arterial oxygen tension (Pa o 2) above 40 mm. Hg by conventional means, extracorporeal blood-gas exchange with a membrane lung was begun. After 5 days of bypass the patient's respiratory function began to improve, and he was weaned from the membrane lung on the tenth day. Seven weeks later he was discharged from the hospital and is currently in excellent health 23 months after bypass. This perfusion, the longest successful effort to provide respiratory assist with a membrane lung, attests to the efficacy of this therapeutic modality.
Neurological Trauma and Family Functioning.

Griffin and Greene ("Social Interaction and Symptom Sequences," this issue) present evidence linking patterns of family interaction with the expression of disease symptoms, in this case orofacial bradykinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease. They argue that symptom expression may be influenced by family interaction for many diseases or chronic conditions and advocate the use of behavioral observation and microanalytic coding of behavior sequences as a means of studying this linkage. They note that the success of this approach will depend on the temporal characteristics of symptom fluctuation and suggest that observational strategies will be primarily useful for studying symptoms that fluctuate across seconds or minutes rather than across days. What kinds of conditions might this include? Griffin and Greene mention three categories: (1) mental and emotional disorders; (2) chronic pain; (3) neurological conditions.