cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Convective Wave Disturbances in the Tropics: Insights from a Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Model

Abstract Multiscale convective wave disturbances with structures broadly resembling observed tropical waves are found to emerge spontaneously in a nonrotating, two-dimensional cloud model forced by uniform cooling. To articulate the dynamics of these waves, model outputs are objectively analyzed in a discrete truncated space consisting of three cloud types (shallow convective, deep convective, and stratiform) and three dynamical vertical wavelength bands. Model experiments confirm that diabatic processes in deep convective and stratiform regions are essential to the formation of multiscale convective wave patterns. Specifically, upper-level heating (together with low-level cooling) serves to preferentially excite discrete horizontally propagating wave packets with roughly a full-wavelength structure in troposphere and “dry” phase speeds cn in the range 16–18 m s−1. These wave packets enhance the triggering of new deep convective cloud systems, via low-level destabilization. The new convection in turn caus...
Heidegger, schizophrenia and the ontological difference

Abstract This paper offers a phenomenological or hermeneutic reading—employing Heidegger's notion of the ‘ontological difference‘—of certain central aspects of schizophrenic experience. The main focus is on signs and symptoms that have traditionally been taken to indicate either ‘poor reality‐testing’ or else ‘poverty of content of speech’ (defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III‐R as: “speech that is adequate in amount but conveys little information because of vagueness, empty repetitions, or use of stereotyped or obscure phrases"). I argue that, at least in some cases, the tendency to attribute these signs of illness to the schizophrenic patient results from a failure to recognize that such patients—as part of a quasi‐solipsistic orientation and alienation from more normal, pragmatic concerns—may be grappling with issues of what Heidegger would call an ontological rather than an ontic type, issues concerned not with entities but with Being (i.e. not with objects in the w...
Comparison of the Kit Performance of Three 99mTc Myocardial Perfusion Agents

Abstract In this study we report a comparison of the three 99m Tc myocardial perfusion imaging agents: Cardiolite®, Myoview® and Technescan® Q12. The three agents were compared for ease of preparation, quality control (QC) analysis and shelf life after reconstitution under a variety of 99m Tc activity levels. Myoview® was the easiest agent to prepare, the QC method for Cardiolite® was the most straightforward and Technescan® Q12 showed the greatest stability over time. All three agents gave >90% radiochemical purity within the manufacturers' specifications for use.
Ownership and Productivity of Marine Fishery Resources

Abstract The incentives of the commons ceased to suffice as a management framework for marine fishery resources during the 1960s. The laws of demand and supply went awry. Demand rose; supply of the more valuable species declined as fishing effort increased. Measures taken to solve the resulting overfishing problem have failed to remove the root cause, the incentives of harvester rights inherent in a commons. The resulting management system creates ill will and friction that severely impede management of the resources. The efficacy of a management framework based on ownership of the ocean pastures is compared to one based on rights to harvest. The conclusion is reached that a full owner framework provides a well-tested basis for management of marine fishery resources that can result in a large increase in resource benefits.
Partial pixels: a three-dimensional diffractive display architecture

We describe in detail the partial pixel architecture that permits the realization of three-dimensional (3-D) displays that are functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. This architecture permits the simultaneous presentation of multiple stereoscopic images so that motion parallax is discernible in the resultant 3-D scene. The key innovation of the architecture is that each pixel is subdivided into partial pixels, which in turn can be implemented as individual diffraction gratings. We describe a static display that exhibits a 3-D image with one-dimensional motion parallax, thereby demonstrating key features of the architecture. A variety of partial pixel implementations are discussed that can operate at video frame rates. These include voltage-controlled liquid crystal gratings and binary optic gratings integrated with conventional liquid crystal amplitude modulators. In addition, we describe how the partial pixel architecture can be generalized for the implementation of full-color displays and displays having two-dimensional motion parallax.
Sudden Cardiac Death

Abstract Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as an unexpected death that occurs within 1 hour of onset of symptoms. In the general population, SCD occurs about once every minute and thus represents a serious health issue. The majority of SCDs are associated in some way with coronary artery disease (CAD), and the conditions share similar risk factors. Long-term prevention of sudden death thus centers on primary prevention and treatment of CAD. Effective intervention by the primary care physician involves both risk reduction techniques for CAD and attempts to identify patients at high risk for SCD.
Lightning safety awareness of visitors in three California national parks.

Objective To assess the level of lightning safety awareness among visitors at 3 national parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Methods A 12-question, short answer convenience sample survey was administered to participants 18 years of age and over concerning popular trails and points of interest with known lightning activity. There were 6 identifying questions and 5 knowledge-based questions pertaining to lightning that were scored on a binary value of 0 or 1 for a total of 10 points for the survey instrument. Volunteers in Fresno, California, were used as a control group. Participants were categorized as Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park (SEKI), frontcountry (FC), or backcountry (BC); Yosemite National Park (YNP) FC or BC; and Fresno. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between groups. Results 467 surveys were included for analysis: 77 in Fresno, 192 in SEKI, and 198 in YNP. National park participants demonstrated greater familiarity with lightning safety than individuals from the metropolitan community (YNP 5.84 and SEKI 5.65 vs Fresno 5.14, P = .0032). There were also differences noted between the BC and FC subgroups (YNP FC 6.07 vs YNP BC 5.62, P = .02; YNP FC 6.07 vs SEKI FC 5.58, P = .02). Overall results showed that participants had certain basic lightning knowledge but lacked familiarity with other key lightning safety recommendations. Conclusions While there are statistically significant differences in lightning safety awareness between national parks and metropolitan participants, the clinical impact of these findings are debatable. This study provides a starting point for providing educational outreach to visitors in these national parks.
GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG GAMETOPHYTES OF PORPHYRA ABBOTTAE (RHODOPHYTA): EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CULTURE

Growth, blade shape and blade thickness of young gametophytes of Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy cultured from conchospores were determined at various combinations of temperature (8, 10, 12° C), photon flux density (17.5, 70, 140 μmol·m-−2·S−1), nutrient concentration (5, 25, 50, 100% f medium) and water motion (0, 50, 100, 150 rpm). Growth (as surface area) was light-saturated at 70 μmol· m−2· S−1, light-inhabited at 140 μmol·m−2· S−1, and nutrient-saturated an 25% f medium. Temperature had no significant effect on growth. Water motion and nutrients had an interactive effect on growth, with water motion having the greatest effect at the lowest nutrient concentrations. Water motion enhanced growth even at saturating nutrient concentrations. Blade length / width ratio was greater in low light (2.5) than in saturating light (1.9); with increasing water motion the ratio increased from 1.2 to 2.4. Blade thickness (53-88 μm) was greatest at the highest nutrient concentrations and at the lowest water motion levels. Temperature and light did not have a consistent effect on blade thickness.
Hydrogen Emission Line n110 → n109: Detection at 5009 Megahertz in Galactic H II Regions

The hydrogen emission line n(1l0) --> n(109) at the frequency 5009 megahertz which was predicted by Kardashev has been detected in M 17, Orion, and nine other galactic H II regions with the 42.7-m (140-foot) telescope and a 20-channel receiver at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The measured product of the half-power width of the line times the ratio of line-to-continuum brightness temperature is larger than that predicted by Kardashev's theory. The radial velocity obtained for M 17 and Orion agrees well with optical measurements. The search for a similar line of excited helium was without success.
Teaching The Bible in Congregations: A Congregational Studies Pedagogy for Contextual Education 1

Abstract This article proposes a pedagogy based upon congregational studies to further the contextualization of education in both seminary and congregational settings. Christian congregations and theological seminaries comprise two overlapping yet distinctive “communities of practice” in which teaching and learning the Bible constitutes a primary, even defining, activity. The article describes a seminary course that used congregational studies as its pedagogical framework. It then outlines eight features of a pedagogy based upon congregational studies, concluding with a brief assessment of the dangers and opportunities for a more contextual approach to education in seminary and congregational educational settings. 1A Fall 2004 faculty study leave grant from the Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion supported the research and writing of this article, for which I am grateful. An earlier version was presented in a section of the November 2004 meeting of the Religious Education Asso...
Composition of gum turpentines of pines. XXIII. A report on three Mediterranean species: Pinus pinea (cultivated in California), P. halepensis (from Israel) and P. brutia (from Cyprus).

Gum turpentines of three Mediterranean pines have been analyzed. Of interest is the finding that a change of environment (from Italy to California) did not affect the composition of Pinus pinea turpentine. P. halepensis and P. brutia, which are thought by some to be synonymous, differ so much in composition of their turpentines that the two should be considered as separate species.
Sequential Medical Trials

Abstract In an extended review of Sequential Medical Trials by P. Armitage, the statistical principles which should govern the analysis of experimental observations, and the planning of experiments, are discussed. It is suggested that the operating-characteristic concepts of the Neyman-Pearson theory of tests are inappropriate to the analysis and interpretation of experimental data; the likelihood principle should be followed instead. The planning of medical trials under an ethical injunction against unnecessary continuance of inferior treatments is studied in some detail. The propriety of such trials is considered.
Reactions of the dirhenium(II) complexes Re2X4(dppm)2 (X = Cl, Br; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with isocyanides VI. Further studies on isomers of the edge-sharing bioctahedral species [Re2C13(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNxyl)2]+☆

Abstract The different types of structural isomerism that exist for those dirhenium(II) halide complexes which contain bidentate phosphines of the type R 2 P(CH 2 )PR 2 ( n = 1 or 2) are examined. A particular focus of this report are those complexes which are formed from the reactions of Re 2 X 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (X = Cl or Br; dppm = Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ) with CO, RNC or RCN ligands; up to three of these ligands can be coordinated either alone or in combination with one another. The earlier literature is reviewed and new examples of edge-sharing bioctahedral complexes which exist in different isomeric forms are reported. Yellow and green isomers of the salts [Re 2 Cl 3 (μ-dppm) 2 (CO)(CNxyl) 2 ]Y (Y = Cl, ReO 4 , S0 3 CF 3 or PF 6 ) have been isolated by the reactions of Re 2 C1 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (CO) and Re 2 C1 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (CO)(CNxyl) with xylNC in the presence of Tl + . Both forms contain bridging carbonyl ligands; the yellow form undergoes thermal isomerization to the symmetrical all- cis green isomer when its solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane are refluxed. The structure of the green isomer of composition [Re 2 C1 3 (u-dppm) 2 (CO)(CNxyl) 2 ](ReO 4 ) 0.82 Cl 0.18 ( IIb ) has been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for IIb at 293 K: orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62), a = 29.872(7)A, b = 21.948(3)A, c = 10.944(1)A, V = 7175(3)A 3 , Z = 4. The structure was refined in full-matrix least squares to R = 0.056 (R w = 0.072) for 2894 data with I > 3 σ ( I ). The Re-Re bond length of 2.576(1) A is characteristic of edge-sharing bioctahedral species that are derived from the non-redox reactions of Re 2 X 4 (μ-dppm) 2 with neutral donors.
Entrainment for horizontal annular gas-liquid flow

Abstract Measurements of entrainment are presented for air and water flowing in horizontal 2.54 and 5.08 cm pipelines. After the initiation of atomization, entrainment increases with the third power of the gas velocity. At very high gas velocities a fully entrained oendition in reached for which further increases in the gas velocity do not cause a decrease in the flow rate of the wall film. Gas density bas a small effect provided comparisons are made at the same gas velocity rather than at the same mass flowrate. The results are interpreted by asauming that the rate of deposition of droplets on the wall film varies linearly with the concentration of droplets and that the rate of atomization of the wall film varies linearly with its flow rate.
X-Linked Immunodeficiency with Increased IgM: Clinical, Ethnic, and Immunologic Heterogeneity

Two cases of immunodeficiency with increased IgM are reported. Patient 1 was a black male 3.5 years old who had recurrent pyogenic infections, failure to thrive, oral thrush, and systemic cryptococcal infection. Patient 2 was a 9-year-old white female who had recurrent cervical abscesses. Serum immunoglobulin determinations by radial immunodiffusion in both patients showed marked depression of IgG and IgA and marked elevation of IgM. A low molecular weight circulating monomeric IgM was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration in the second patient; this was not present in the first case. In vitro impairment of cellular immunity was observed in both patients. Administration of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (transfer factor) led to improvement of cell-mediated immunity in patient 1. The etiology of this syndrome apparently has several different genetic bases. These patients demonstrate heterogeneity in genetic, ethnic, immunologic, and other features of the syndrome.
Rate constants for the decomposition and formation of simple alkanes over extended temperature and pressure ranges

Abstract Data on the kinetics of the decomposition of methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane and the reverse radical combination processes have been examined. From room to combustion temperatures, the limiting high-pressure rate expressions have been found to be k(CH 4 ⇒ CH 3 + H) = 3.7 × 10 15 exp(− 52246/T)/s , k(C 2 H 6 ⇒ 2CH 3 ) = 3×10 22 (1/T) 1.79 exp(−45834/T)/s k(C 3 H 8 ⇒ C 2 H 5 + CH 3 ) = 7.9 × 10 22 (1/T) 1.79 exp( − 44637/T)/s , k(iC 4 H 10 ⇒ iC 3 H 7 + CH 3 ) = 1.1 × 10 26 (1/T) 2.61 exp(− 45462/T)/s , k(CH 3 + H ⇒ CH 4 ) = 2 × 10 −9 (1/T) 0.4 cc/molecule-s , k(2CH 3 ⇒ C 2 H 6 )= 1.7 × 10 −9 (I/T) 0.64 cc/molecule-s , k(C 2 H 5 + CH 3 ⇒ C 3 H 8 ) = 3.2 × 10 −10 (1/T) 0.32 cc/molecules-s , k(iC 3 H 7 +CH 3 ⇒ iC 4 H 10 )= 1.1 × 10 −9 (1/T) 0.57 cc/molecule-s . Falloff effects have been treated in the context of RRKM theory and collision efficiencies and step sizes down determined for a number of collision partners. With argon the step size down appear to increase from a very low value of about 100 cm−1 at room temperature to a 600-cm−1 plateau at combustion temperatures. With a large polyatomic, the step size down is in the 1000–2000 cm−1 range for temperatures from 300 to 1100 K. These results provide a basis for the prediction of rate constants over a wide range of conditions. The extension of these results to related systems is considered.
Domain of Competence: Systems-Based Practice

From the Office of Graduate Medical Education and Student Affairs, and Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY (Dr Guralnick); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Ludwig); and Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC (Dr Englander) The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Board of Pediatrics, the Association of Pediatric Program Directors, or the Academic Pediatric Association. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Publication of this article was supported by the American Board of Pediatrics Foundation and the Association of Pediatric Program Directors. Address correspondence to Susan Guralnick, MD, 222 Station Plaza N Suite 510, Mineola, NY 11501 (e-mail: sguralnick@winthrop.org).
The impact of reading on physicians' nonadherence to recommended standards of medical care.

Abstract In order to increase physicians' adherence to recommended standards of medical care and to examine factors presumed to contribute to such changes, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial using reading materials targeted to specific practice recommendations. Seventy-nine internal medicine residents completed baseline questionnaires stating their intentions to follow 13 common preventive care actions. They were randomly assigned to receive one of two different sets of readings covering these care actions. Thus, each physician was in the experimental group for one set of readings (A or B) while serving as a control for the other set. The impact of the reading was determined by: the physicians' knowledge of the recommended care actions detailed in the combined readings, their post-reading intentions, and clinical behavior when faced with patients having indications for the recommended actions. The 73 residents (92%) who read the material judged 39% of the information to be new and 72% useful. Residents had significantly better performance on the knowledge questions based on their own readings than did their control group peers for both sets of readings. For the Group A physicians, reading significantly ( P Step-wise multiple regression analyses were used to predict physicians' post-reading adherence to the recommended actions. For the Group A actions, pre-reading actions accounted for most of the variance in their post-reading actions. Adherence to the Group B recommended actions was a function of an interaction between the physicians' baseline actions and access to the appropriate readings. Thus, the overall effect of this educational intervention was modest at best, and physicians who tended to follow the recommended actions more frequently than their peers before the reading became even more adherent after having read their materials.
A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Four Individual Isomers of β-Methylphenylalanine

Abstract The application of an allylic strain effect in boron enolates and asymmetric Michael-like addition/electrophilic bromination reactions is reported for the asymmetric synthesis of the individual isomers of unusual constrained amino acids. For β-substituted α-amino acids, all of the final optically pure products were identical to authentic samples, which provided further and unequivocal evidence to confirm the assignments of stereochemical control of the new methods in this report.
Evidence for in vivo Reaction of Antibody and Complement to Surface Antigens of Human Cancer Cells

The immune adherence test was used to determine whether antibody and complement in cancer patients are fixed in vivo to tumor cells. Human erythrocytes adhered in vitro to the surface of human cancer cells obtained from autopsy and biopsy. Adherence was enhanced by further addition of the C2 and C3 components of complement, and was diminished by preliminary treatment with antibody to C3 (that is, to β1C-globulin). The results suggest that tumor associated membrane antigens form complexes in vivo with antibodies and complement.
Detection of Human CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2J2 in Cardiovascular Tissues

The cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2J2 metabolize arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which are known to be vital in regulation of vascular tone and cardiovascular homeostasis. Because there is limited information regarding the relative expression of these P450 enzymes in cardiovascular tissues, this study examined the expression of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2J2 mRNA and protein in human heart, aorta, and coronary artery samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. CYP2J2 and CYP2C9 mRNA levels were highly variable in human hearts, whereas CYP2C8 mRNA was present in lower abundance. CYP2J2 mRNA was approximately 10 3 times higher than CYP2C9 or CYP2C8 in human heart. However, CYP2C9 mRNA was more abundant than CYP2J2 or CYP2C8 in one ischemic heart. In human aorta, mean CYP2C9 mRNA levels were ∼50 times higher than that of CYP2J2 and 5-fold higher than that of CYP2C8. In human coronary artery, mean values for CYP2C9 mRNA were ∼2-fold higher than that of CYP2J2 mRNA and 6-fold higher than that of CYP2C8 mRNA. Immunoblotting results show relatively high levels of CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 protein in human hearts, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CYP2C9 protein was also detected at high levels in one ischemic heart by immunoblotting. CYP2C9 was present at higher levels than CYPJ2 in aorta and coronary artery, whereas CYP2C8 protein was below the limits of detection. The expression of CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 in human heart, and CYPC9 and CYP2J2 in aorta and coronary artery is consistent with a physiological role for these enzymes in these tissues.
The Use of Transformations in Solving Equations.

This note describes two transformational approaches to the derivation of the quadratic formula as well as transformational approaches to problems concerning roots of polynomials.
Estimating the Free Energy to Bind a Potent Antimicrobial Lipopeptide to a Model Membrane Bilayer

A series of synthetic antimicrobial lipopeptides (AMLPs) based around a common architecture of 4 amino acids (2 lysines), with a saturated fatty acid conjugated to the N-terminus, have been shown to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. Previous all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations from our group have shown that these molecules form micelles in solution and readily bind to model lipid bilayers. Here, we used microsecond-scale coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations with the MARTINI forcefield to explore the thermodynamics governing the binding process, considering both isolated lipopeptides molecules and the micellar state. Using a combination of equilibrium umbrella sampling and non-equilibrium Jarzynski-style calculations, we estimate the binding free energy and explore the mechanism of entry. Our results provide biophysical insights into the mechanism of lipopeptides’ antimicrobial action.
Hydrogen Bonding to Active-Site Histidine in Peptidyl Boronic Acid Inhibitor Complexes of Chymotrypsin and Subtilisin: Proton Magnetic Resonance Assignments and H/D Fractionation

1H NMR chemical shift assignments were established for Nδ1H (16.9 ppm) and Ne2H (16.1 ppm) of the active-center His57 for the complex of MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-boroPhe (BoroPhe) with chymotrypsin and for the Ce1H proton (9.2 ppm at low pH and 8.5 ppm at high pH) of His57 in uncomplexed chymotrypsin. The assignment for Ce1H corrects previous assignments and reveals an unusual environment of this carbon-bound proton. The relative NH assignments are reversed from the order of NH assignments previously found for α-lytic protease complexes with boronate inhibitors. Isotopic fractionation factors (H/D) were determined using 1H NMR for hydrogen bonds to the active site histidine in BoroPhe complexes with chymotrypsin and subtilisin E, and for uncomplexed chymotrypsin. Measured fractionation factors accurate to about ±0.1 were 0.82 (pH 10) and 0.64 (pH 3) for the Nδ1H proton of uncomplexed chymotrypsin. In the presence of BoroPhe at pH 6.5, the Nδ1H fractionation factors were 0.65 for the chymotrypsin−inhibitor compl...
Describing acupuncture : A new challenge for technical communicators

Acupuncture is increasingly popular as an alternative medical therapy. Its description presents a challenge for technical communicators. Traditional Chinese medical explanations of acupuncture are unscientific, and scientific explanations of acupuncture are inconclusive. Technical communicators must translate acupuncture theory (traditional and scientific) for not only lay-people, but also for both traditional Chinese and Western health practitioners. Further research is needed.
Ultrafast time-resolved photoluminescence—a probe of radiative and non-radiative processes in amorphous tetrahedral and chalcogenide semiconductors

Abstract Picosecond time-resolved photoluminescence studies have determined that the initial decay in a-Si: H follows a power law dependence, proportional to t −α, over the time range 50ps 3 ns and at emission energies greater than 1·5 eV. The temperature dependence of the exponent, α, takes the form α(T) = α0 + βT over the range 20 < T < 180 K. The origin of this power-law decay (which is much faster than radiative recombination) is discussed in terms of non-radiative relaxation via electron band-tail thermalization. These results are compared with earlier picosecond studies in a-As2S3. Important similarities and differences are found and discussed in relation to the optical bandgap, band-tail state density and bonding environment in these two prototypical amorphous semiconductors.
On lateral buckling of end-loaded cantilevers, including the effect of warping stiffness

We investigate the numerical consequences of the presence of certain non-linear terms in the expressions for the components of transverse shearing strain which occur in the derivation of one-dimensional equations for small finite deflections of straight beams from three-dimensional finite elasticity through use of the principle of minimum potential energy. While particular emphasis is placed on the effect of warping stiffness, the paper also includes results of interest in connection with the classical Michell-Prandtl-analysis of lateral buckling of endloaded cantilevers. Comprehensive numerical results are obtained for the entire range of the relevant dimensionless parameters, using power series, asymptotic expansion and modern numerical methods procedures.
Atomic Masses from Palladium through Xenon

The atomic masses of 42 stable nuclides in the region from palladium through xenon have been measured with a double focusing mass spectrometer. Combined with nuclear reaction mass differences the data provide a table of 74 mass values between mass numbers 102 and 136. A fit of the Wigner semi-empirical mass formula to these values reveals an irregularity at the magic number of 50 protons similar in nature to those previously reported from this laboratory at 20 and 28 protons. Also evident is an inability of the formula to account for the binding energy variations between isobaric nuclei. An empirical modification of the formula is observed to correct largely for this latter effect.
Organizing multicenter trials: lessons from the cooperative oncology groups.

Abstract The execution of cancer clinical therapy trials has evolved over the past 45 years and is centered in the Clinical Oncology Group mechanism. The organization, statistical and administrative support, protocol development, and quality control systems have been worked out well and can be described in detail through the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Prevention trials, on the other hand, are larger and fewer and take longer to complete. They involve people who are healthy or not as motivated to take pills or change lifestyle habits as those who are ill. The problems of compliance, toxicity, and costs become major issues. The practice of medicine is organized to take care of sick people and not healthy volunteers. We describe potential roles for Clinical Oncology Groups. These include preliminary tests of prevention agents for safety and toxicity much like Phase 1 trials with cytotoxic agents. A second important possible involvement would be to provide patients at high risk for developing second cancers, treatment- or non-treatment-induced, for prevention trials. A third set of individuals that can be recruited through current group resources are relatives of cancer patients who themselves might be highly motivated to participate in prevention trials. While the Clinical Oncology Groups may not have primary roles in prevention trials, they do represent a resource that has trial discipline and willingness and could facilitate the research efforts in chemoprevention.
Electron-proton bremsstrahlung

Abstract The electron-proton bremsstrahlung cross section is calculated in first Born approximation, neglecting radiative corrections to the electron. As an extension of an earlier calculation, the proton Compton effect contribution is analyzed in its most general form. It involves twelve form factors of three invariants, fj(ν1, ν2, ν3), where j = 1, …, 12. The cross section is stated explicitly in terms of these twelve functions and the two form factors of one invariant describing the proton vertex. The contributions to the fj from (a) the single nucleon intermediate state, (b) the one-meson, one-nucleon intermediate state and (c) the neutral pion exchange, are calculated. These three contributions are expected to be the major effects when the energies involved are in the range of present experimental interest. To order ( 1 M ) 2 , only three combinations of these twelve fj will contribute to the cross section. When only (a) and (b) are considered, only two of these three combinations are independent. Some numerical values for a bremsstrahlung coincidence experiment are presented.
Adenomatous epithelium, intraepithelial anaplasia, and invasive carcinoma in ulcerative colitis.

A retrospective study of 328 biopsy and colectomy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis revealed the presence of adenomatous lesions and intraepithelial anaplasia with respective frequencies 7 times and 1 1/2 times that of invasive carcinoma in the same series. The patients in whom invasive carcinoma or intraepithelial anaplasia was encountered usually had adenomatous lesions as well. The duration of ulcerative colitis prior to surgery was directly proportional to the severity of the neoplastic change. It is suggested that the origin of some carcinomas in ulcerative colitis is similar to the origin of colorectal cancer in the general population, that is, from adenomatous epithelium.
‘Not Like it Used to Be?’: Jesus, Miracles, and Today

Keith Warrington claims that Jesus’ healings should not be taken as a model to be followed today and that the reason for the apostles’ powerful healing ministry was the presence and activity of Jesus, thus leaving the Church to a new healing paradigm found in James 5, which, he asserts, explains the decrease in healing today. Yet it would appear that the Apostles do indeed follow Jesus’ model of healing, and the evidence in Acts appears to militate against Warrington’s thesis. One has to ask if healing in James is so ‘markedly different’ from Jesus’ ministry. There is not a third class or third string team after Jesus, then the Apostles. Jesus and the Holy Spirit are still the agents of healing today as they were then.
The optimal management of the axillae of patients with microinvasive breast cancer in the sentinel lymph node era

Abstract Background For patients with microinvasive breast cancer, the value of intraoperative analysis of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and complete axillary lymph node dissection (CALND) is not well known. Methods All patients staged T1mic from 2001 to 2005 were analyzed. Results Among all 81 patients, 4 (5%) had SLN metastases detected with hematoxylin and eosin staining and 2 (2%) had metastases identified by immunohistochemistry staining only. Seventy-seven patients (95%) underwent SLN biopsy; 3 (4%) had hematoxylin and eosin SLN metastases and 2 (3%) had immunohistochemistry-detected metastases. One SLN metastasis was identified on frozen section analysis. No patient with a SLN metastasis had additional metastases on CALND. The patient charges for frozen section analyses were $39,578 for 77 patients. This prevented 1 reoperative CALND at a charge of $20,274. Conclusions Frozen section analysis should be used only in select patients with microinvasive breast cancer and CALND is of limited value for these patients.
Sex Differences and Hormonal Effects in a Model of Preterm Infant Brain Injury

Premature infants are at an exceptionally high risk for brain injury, with damage resulting in permanent behavioral deficits. A contributing factor to the severity of brain injury is gender, with males more sensitive to insult than females. The role of gender and early hormonal environment in addressed in our novel model of prenatal brain damage.
Effects of denatonium saccharide on the drinking behavior of the grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster)

In two experiments, we measured the effects that the bitter denatonium saccharide had on the drinking behavior of the grasshopper mouse. In the first experiment, a 1/1,000 solution of denatonium saccharide, presented every fourth day, suppressed the drinking response. In the two-bottle preference tests of the second experiment, the 1/5,000, but not the 1/1,000, concentration suppressed the mouse’s drinking response. These results were similar to those previously reported for the laboratory rat.
Trends in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy, Hearing Loss, Intellectual Disability, and Vision Impairment, Metropolitan Atlanta, 1991–2010

This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), hearing loss (HL), intellectual disability (ID), and vision impairment (VI) over a 15–20 year time period, with specific focus on concurrent changes in ASD and ID prevalence. We used data from a population-based developmental disabilities surveillance program for 8-year-olds in metropolitan Atlanta. From 1991–2010, prevalence estimates of ID and HL were stable with slight increases in VI prevalence. CP prevalence was constant from 1993–2010. The average annual increase in ASD prevalence was 9.3% per year from 1996–2010, with a 269% increase from 4.2 per 1,000 in 1996 to 15.5 per 1,000 in 2010. From 2000–2010, the prevalence of ID without ASD was stable; during the same time, the prevalence of ASD with and without co-occurring ID increased by an average of 6.6% and 9.6% per year, respectively. ASD prevalence increases were found among both males and females, and among nearly all racial/ethnic subgroups and levels of intellectual ability. Average annual prevalence estimates from 1991–2010 underscore the significant community resources needed to provide early intervention and ongoing supports for children with ID (13.0 per 1,000), CP, (3.5 per 1,000), HL (1.4 per 1,000) and VI (1.3 in 1,000), with a growing urgency for children with ASD.
Cyclopolymerization of diepoxides

The monomer 1,2,5,6-diepoxyhexane can be polymerized by a variety of catalysts to afford a polymer which has tetrahydropyran recurring units as a result of a cyclopolymerization mechanism. A phosphorus pentafluoride-water catalyst system gives soluble polymer with inherent viscosities as high as 0.37. The polymerization rates, conversions, and polymer molecular weights are affected both by catalyst to monomer ratio and the amount of water present. A diethylzine-water catalyst system gives a higher molecular weight polymer with very limited solubility, the soluble portion of which has an inherent viscosity of 0.45. In contrast, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane polymerizes to a completely insoluble polymer in all catalyst systems employed. Samples of poly-1,2,5,6-diepoxyhexane prepared with the diethylzine-water catalyst show a higher degree of crystallinity than those samples prepared with the phosphorus pentafluoride-water catalyst, as demonstrated by x-ray patterns and differential thermal analyses.
State vs trait anxiety: A case study in confirmatory factor analysis

Abstract The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1970) originally divided anxiety into two factors: state anxiety, reflecting how an individual currently feels, and trait anxiety, reflecting how an individual generally feels. Recently, however, Spielberger revised his position to separate the presence and absence of anxiety symptoms within state and trait factors, yielding a hypothetical correlated 4-factor structure (Spielberger et al., 1980). Endler and Magnusson (1965) and Endler et al. (1976) have challenged the state vs trait distinction based upon their own factor analytical results. Since both sets of investigations used exploratory approaches, which do not postulate a particular factor structure, these studies do not provide an explicit test of the state vs trait distinction. A confirmatory factor analytic approach was used in the present study to evaluate Spielberger's 4-factor hypothesis. The subjects were large samples of male air force trainees and high school students for whom STAI data were available. The results of these confirmatory analyses indicated that the factors identified in exploratory analysis by Spielberger and his colleagues accounted for the data quite well.
Dendrite development: a surprising origin.

Neurons extend elaborate dendrites studded with spines. Unexpectedly, this cellular sculpting is regulated by the origin recognition complex—the core machinery for initiating DNA replication.
Reducing Alcohol Abuse in Gay Men: Clinical Recommendations From Conflicting Research

Gay men entering the health care system present with unique needs essential for health care providers to comprehend and address. While data indicate mental health and substance abuse disorders are more prevalent among gay men compared with their heterosexual counterparts, the literature assessing abuse of alcohol by gay men is conflicting. This article explores the conflicting research examining the use and abuse of alcohol by gay men, common findings and themes among studies addressing the issue, the theoretical concepts of internalized homophobia and heterosexism as they relate to alcohol abuse, and clinical strategies providers can implement when encountering this issue among their gay male patients. This comprehensive assessment of the literature will also provide direction for future critical inquiries and outline ways to improve the current methods of inquiry.
SEASONAL STUDY OF TISSUE FUNCTION AND ORGANIC SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN THE SUNFLOWER.

Studies of seasonal changes of the nitrogenous and carbohydrate fractions of many plants have been made, but in few cases have the plants been sufficiently divided to show the functions of individual tissues. Usually when detailed work has been done, not all parts have been analyzed. Of course, many plants are constructed so as to make subdivision difficult and impractical. Hence, in this study it was decided to use the common cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annum L.) as it fulfilled the requirement of being easily divided into anatomically distinct regions. Some work has already been done on various tissues of this plant over short periods. Clements (12) has dealt with the hourly variations of carbohydrates in the leaves. He has likewise studied seasonal changes in the sunflower, and although these data have not been published, they will be referred to from time to time in this paper. The purpose of this work was to determine the functions of plant tissues during various stages of growth and to obtain information of the synthesis and translocation of organic solutes.
Outcome of Pregnancy in Patients With Complex Pulmonic Valve Atresia

Abstract Fifteen women with complex pulmonary atresia who had pregnancies were retrospectively reviewed. Although no pregnancy-related deaths occurred, complications were noted in 3 patients and risks of fetal loss and premature birth were increased; none of the 10 offspring had congenital heart disease.
Hormonal and Electrolyte Responses to Acute Isohemic Volume Expansion in Unanesthetized Rats

This study was undertaken to explore the time course of the metabolic response to isohemic blood volume expansion (30%) in normotensive, unanesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Whole blood, drawn from a femoral artery catheter of conscious donor rats, was infused into the jugular vein of recipient rats. Blood samples were drawn from a carotid artery of recipient rats at time points beginning immediately post-volume expansion (IPVE) up through 5 days post-volume expansion (PVE). To characterize the attendant compensatory mechanisms, the plasma concentrations of electrolytes and fluid regulatory hormones were determined. Hematocrit began to raise IPVE and was significantly elevated above control IPVE 20, 30, 40, 60, and 90 min, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr PVE. Consistent with our current understanding of the hormonal response to excess volume, atrial natriuretic factor was significantly increased above the prevolume expansion (control) values 0-30 min PVE. Surprisingly, plasma aldosterone levels were significantly increased above control at 20 and 30 min and 6 hr PVE, whereas plasma renin activity was significantly decreased 30-40 min PVE. Plasma sodium was not changed from control values except for a significant increase at 6 hr post-volume expansion. Plasma potassium, osmolality, and arginine vasopressin levels were not altered by the volume expansion. These studies delineate the physiologic time scheme operative in the regulation of fluid volume during acute ischemic volume expansion.
Synthetic exercises on the Web

This paper considers a teaching approach applied to an introductory computer science course. The individual work with each of the students attending such a course consists of assigning examples, exercises and problems corresponding to the respective level of the student's preparation. These exercises and problems are generated by a system that uses templates which are developed in advance. Each template is a parameterized program or program fragment written in a programming language such as C, C++, Java, etc. The parameters are XML-like elements and represent statements interpreted by a specific system. As a consequence of this, items similar to the initial program text are generated. Simultaneously, the system also generates the results from their execution. The generated examples are in HTML format and are stored on the class Website.
(Mis)Interpretations of Organizational Socialization: The Expectations and Experiences of Newcomers and Managers

Every year, new graduates enter the workplace with great expectations for their careers. For many, the transition from school to work is challenging as they learn to fit into their new roles and organizational settings. Often, they find this experience to be not what they expected and experience feelings of frustration, uncertainty, or disappointment in their new jobs. This article reports on the socialization experiences of 41 newly hired engineers and 15 of their managers in three different organizations. Using an inductive, qualitative approach to collecting and analyzing in-depth interviews, the findings indicated that socialization processes, designed to help newcomers learn about and integrate into new jobs, are more ambiguous and difficult than many newcomers and managers expected. We found that the best intentions of some managers and newcomers were misinterpreted and thus fell short of expectations. The findings indicate how the misinterpretations of newcomers and managers negatively affected the quality of learning, performance, and satisfaction during socialization. The implications of these misinterpretations point to crucial gaps in the educational preparation of graduates for the workplace and shortcomings in the socialization or onboarding of new hires in organizations.
Measuring Attitudes Towards Empirically Supported Treatment in Real World Addiction Services.

Mental health workers with favorable attitudes toward empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are more likely to break through implementation barriers. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale has been shown to be reliable for mental health workers, but it has not been validated with addiction workers. This study investigates the use of the scale with a convenience sample of addiction workers from 4 agencies in 1 city. Results show that compared to mental health providers, addiction workers were more likely to view ESTs favorably if they were mandated and intuitively appealing. They also tended to rely more heavily on practical experience in forming attitudes toward treatment options. These results might help addiction agencies understand which types of workers are more likely to implement ESTs and inform effective engagement approaches specific to addiction workers.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Surface Topography on Sputtering Induced by 20 keV Au3 and C60 Clusters

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are employed to investigate, at the atomic scale, the process of Ag(111) surface erosion stimulated by continuous bombardment by 20-keV Au3 and C60 clusters at 0° and 70° impact angles. The surface modification, the total sputtering yield, and the kinetic energy and angular distributions of ejected species are calculated at fluences ranging from 0 up to ∼3 × 1013 impacts/cm2. It is shown that Au3 irradiation leads to a more corrugated surface as compared to C60 bombardment. The development of the surface topography and aggregated alteration of the bulk have a significant influence on the total sputtering yield and the angular spectra, whereas the shape of the kinetic energy distributions are not sensitive to the modification of the sample morphology.
One-parameter scaling and exponential-sum fitting for water vapor and CO2 infrared transmission functions

A medium-sized band model for water vapor and CO2 absorption is developed using the one-parameter scaling approximation. The infrared spectrum is divided into 10 bands. The Planck-weighted diffuse transmittance is reduced to a function dependent only upon the scaled absorber amount and fit by an exponential sum. By selecting specific sets of absorption coefficients for exponential-sum fitting, computations of fluxes and cooling rate are made very fast. Compared to a broadband model, the accuracy, speed, and versatility are all enhanced. With absorption due to water vapor line, continuum, CO2 as well as O3 included, the parameterization introduces an error of less than 1.5 W/sq m in fluxes and less than 0.15 C/day in the tropospheric and lower stratospheric cooling rates.
The medication seminar and primary care education

This paper defines the need to provide postgraduate psychiatric education to primary care physicians, as well as the need to provide psychiatrists with teaching experiences in the primary care setting. Two psychiatrists in rural New England developed and administered, over an eight-month period, a Balint-type seminar on psychotropic medications, designed to emphasize experiential and two-way learning. The process of the seminar reflected the special problems encountered in post-graduate education of physicians in a rural area. The impact on the instructors and participants had implications for the design and development of future educational programs in both psychiatry and primary care.