cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 Function of Mammalian Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Agonist Concentration Dependence of Single Channel Current Kinetics

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the studies of the activation of acetylcholine receptors (AchRs) of BC3H-1 mammalian clonal muscle cells. Receptor activation is described in the context of a linear four-state scheme, and transition rates are estimated for each reaction step in this scheme. Attention is turned to a description of activation by acetylcholine (Ach) and to the dependence of single channel current kinetics on Ach concentration. The analysis presented in the chapter recasts the original dwell-time histograms using a logarithmic time axis as described by Sigworth and Sine. The linear-to-logarithmic transformation compresses a single dwell-time distribution, allowing it to be displayed on a single panel. Histograms from several experiments, then, may be compared more readily, such as closed time histograms at different agonist concentrations.
The silkmoth late chorion locus. I. Variation within two paired multigene families.

Abstract The 140 × 10 3 base late chorion locus of Bombyx mori contains two 15-member multigene families arranged in tightly linked pairs, which are divergently transcribed (the high-cysteine A (HcA) and the high-cysteine B (HcB) families). Previous DNA hybridization experiments have indicated that all members of these gene families contain a complex pattern of shared sequence variation. The sequence analysis in this paper involving all 15 gene pairs allows a comprehensive examination of the nature of this variation. Average sequence homology between gene pairs is: 95% for the protein-encoding regions; 93% for the common 272 base-pair 5′ flanking region; 87% for the introns; and 88% for the 3′ untranslated regions. Considering the great degree of sequence homology in the coding regions, an unexpectedly high level of variation is found in the deduced protein sequences. Over 50% of the nucleotide substitutions in the protein-encoding regions lead to amino acid replacements, most of which involve a change in charge or effect the secondary structure of the protein. In addition, significant differences in length between the proteins occur in the carboxyl-terminal arm. In both families, the major portion of this arm is composed of Cys-Gly-Gly and Cys-Gly subrepeats forming a (Cys-Gly-Gly) 2 -(Cys-Gly) 2 major repeat. Differences in the number of complete and partial repeats results in deduced protein sequences that contain arms varying from 32 to 54 amino acid residues for members of the HcA family and 14 to 88 residues for the HcB family. The high level of variation in protein composition indicates a lack of strong selective pressure. We suggest the high level of DNA sequence homology maintained by these genes in the coding as well as in the non-coding regions is the result of sequence exchange between family members.
Anatomy of the Corpus Striatum and Brain Stem Integrating Systems

The sections in this article are: 1 Striatum 1.1 Caudate Nucleus 1.2 Putamen 1.3 Cytology 1.4 Striatal Connections 2 Globus Pallidus 2.1 Cytology 2.2 Pallidal Connections 3 Substantia Nigra 3.1 Cytology 3.2 Nigral Afferent Fibers 3.3 Nigral Efferent Fibers 4 Subthalamic Nucleus 4.1 Cytology 4.2 Connections of the Subthalamic Nucleus 4.3 Lesions in the Subthalamic Nucleus 5 Red Nucleus 5.1 Cytology 5.2 Afferent Fiber Systems 5.3 Efferent Projections 6 Summary
Using Cognitive Neuroscience to Predict Future Dangerousness

This article argues that individuals with frontal lobe brain damage have the inability to control their actions, and are highly likely to engage in rage attacks, spontaneous acts of violence, and destructive behavior. It argues that such offenders should receive post-sentence treatment to focus upon addressing these issues.
The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers

Here a distinguished American historian challenges the belief that the eighteenth century was essentially modern in its temper. In crystalline prose Carl Becker demonstrates that the period commonly described as the Age of Reason was, in fact, very far from that; that Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, and Locke were living in a medieval world, and that these philosophers "demolished the Heavenly City of St. Augustine only to rebuild it with more up-to-date materials." In a new foreword, Johnson Kent Wright looks at the book's continuing relevance within the context of current discussion about the Enlightenment. "Will remain a classic-a beautifully finished literary product."-Charles A. Beard, American Historical Review "The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers remains one of the most distinctive American contributions to the historical literature on the Enlightenment. . . . [It] is likely to beguile and provoke readers for a long time to come."-Johnson Kent Wright, from the foreword
The Timing and Stock Selection Abilities of Bank Funds: Evidence Based on Meta-Analysis

This study investigates the risk-adjusted investment performance of the equity portfolios of bank trust departments, over the 1975–1992 period, attributable to their micro stock selection and macro market timing abilities. This paper first employs a widely known parametric statistical procedure developed by Henriksson and Merton to test jointly for the presence of either superior stock selection or market timing abilities. The paper then utilizes an alternative technique, called meta-analysis, to further examine the regression results obtained under the Henriksson–Merton model. The meta-analysis essentially eliminates such study artifacts as sampling and measurement errors through cumulation of results across studies. The findings of the joint test, based on the Henriksson–Merton model, do not support either superior stock selection abilities or market timing skills on the part of bank equity fund managers: selectivity measures are positive and timing measures are generally negative, but both measures are statistically insignificant. In contrast, the evidence based on the meta-analysis suggest that the managers of bank equity investment funds possess superior stock selection abilities and somewhat negative timing skills. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that, even though bank trust departments, like other categories of institutional investors, are unable to outperform a passive “buy and hold” investment strategy through timing the equity market, they are able to improve their investment performance through superior stock selection abilities.
62 – Cerebrovascular Disease in Women

Hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia contribute to stroke risk in women and in men. There are gender differences, however, in the prevalence of these risk factors and the role they play in the etiology of stroke at various ages. Ischemic cerebral infarction is the most common stroke subtype in older women and men. In men, the predominant cause is extracranial atherosclerosis. However, in women with atherosclerotic vascular disease, the intracranial vessels are most commonly affected. Cardioembolic stroke is also an important cause of ischemic cerebral infarction in older women. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with an increased risk for both ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Regardless of the magnitude of risk for stroke attributed to the pregnant or postpartum state, the evaluation of a stroke in pregnant women must include the same comprehensive approach that would be used in a similarly affected non-pregnant woman. An increased risk of cardiovascular disease manifestations later in life has been associated with the number of times a woman has been pregnant. Some retrospective studies have shown an increased risk associated with parity or age at first birth but others have not confirmed this association.
Technologies for scaling vertical transistor DRAM cells to 70 nm

Vertical transistor DRAM cells have been demonstrated as viable in the 110 nm generation. This paper describes the issues associated with scaling these cells to the 70 nm node and demonstrates fixes to all known issues. Scaling to 70 nm is possible through the development of two key enabling technologies, high aspect ratio STI fill and low resistance metal deep trench fill, and through minor cell modification. Each of these items are addressed and shown to be viable using a functional 512 Mb prototype DRAM chip at 110 nm half-pitch groundrule. Based on these results, we believe the vertical transistor DRAM cell is one of the most promising for continued scaling of conventional DRAM and embedded DRAM cells.
PRIMARY DIFFUSE PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA IN AN INFANT OF FOUR MONTHS

A case is reported of primary diffuse hyperplasia of the parathyroids in a 16-week-old infant. The findings included generalized osteitis fibrosa and calcification in the kidneys, lungs, thymus, bronchial cartilage and choroid plexus.
Orbital electron captures in 57Co and the K-fluorescence yield of iron

Abstract The ratio of rate of production of K X-rays to the total electron capture rate in 57 Co has been determined by measuring the K X-ray-122 keV gamma ray and the 122 keV gamma ray-14.4 keV gamma ray coincidence rates simultaneously using a proportional counter for the detection of the low-energy radiations. The value of the K-fluorescence yield of iron ω K has been obtained by comparing these data with the theoretical corrected ratio of K-capture rate to the rate of capture from all the shells and the value of ω K obtained this way is ω K = 0.322 ± 0.029.
Rituals and Embodiment: Class Differences in Religious Fasting Practices of Bengali Hindu Women

Research unraveling the potential for women’s empowerment through participation in religious rituals is an important corrective to theorizing that suggests that liberation requires that women avoid rather than embrace the litany of cultural rituals that in the past have served to oppress them. The field, however, is premised on theoretical frameworks that are heavily focused in the pursuit of uncovering resistance against patriarchal orders in religious engagements of women, thereby failing to account for the dialectical nature of such engagements. Employing Bourdieu’s theory of habitus to investigate religious fasting practices of 41 Bengali Hindu women, I argue that the impetus for active negotiations, that entail a more dialectical engagement with meanings of cultural rituals, is located in a set of class-based predispositions that are fostered and reinforced in the experiences and opportunities that women encounter in their daily lives.
Distribution of Trace Elements in Soil from Repeated Sewage Sludge Applications

The authors studied the horizontal and vertical distribution in a soil profile of trace elements as a result of their loading at phytotoxic levels to cropland. Municipal sludges containing high concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn were applied to cropland from 1977 to 1986 at three rates plus an untreated control. Total elemental analysis of soils collected in 1989 and 1990 indicated that lateral distributions of trace elements had occurred. This lateral distribution was most likely a result of the physical movement of soil particles with agronomic operations. The elements, however, were not distributed below the sampling depth of from 15 to 30 cm. Mass balance calculations resulted in average trace element recoveries that ranged from 45 to 155% of the total applied. These calculations were highly variable, indicative of the highly variable nature of sludge composition, lack of total uniform sludge applications, soil movement due to tillage operations, and sampling methods. Because of the potential errors associated in mass balance calculations, recoveries that have been calculated in this and other studies that deviate substantially from 100% should reasonably be expected. Direct examination of the relatively few ways in which trace elements are lost from a soilmore » may be more meaningful than mass balance calculations to determine the fate of trace elements applied to soil.« less
Conversion of some alkenyltrimethylsilanes into silyl enol ethers

Abstract The cycloaddition products (5-trimethylsilylisoxazolines) between alkenyltrimethylsilanes and acetonitrile oxide undergo thermolytic rearrangement-cycloreversion to afford silyl enol ethers of retained stereochemistry vs. the starting alkenylsilanes.
Dye diffusion in isotropic and liquid-crystalline aqueous (hydroxypropyl)cellulose

Fluorescence photobleaching recovery has been used to measure the self-diffusion of fluorescein dye in dilute and concentrated aqueous (hydroxypropyl)cellulose (HPC). The mobility decreases with the concentration of the semistiff HPC almost exponentially, independenlty of polymer molecular weight. Arrhenius-type temperature dependence is observed, and there is no dramatic change in the activation energy for dye diffusion as the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase is crossed. The decline in dye mobility with polymer concentration is considerably steeper than in several other systems where small probes or solvents were measured
Migration Timing, Growth, and Estimated Parr-to-Smolt Survival Rates of Wild Snake River Spring–Summer Chinook Salmon from the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, to the Lower Snake River

Abstract Survival, growth, and juvenile migration timing are key life history traits for at-risk salmon populations. To estimate these traits in threatened wild Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we tagged fish as parr in 3–17 natal streams per year from 1991 to 2003. We injected passive integrated transponder tags into parr collected from streams within the Salmon River basin in Idaho. Each spring, after the previous summer's tagging, fish were detected as smolts in the juvenile fish bypass systems of lower Snake River dams. Estimated parr-to-smolt survival to Lower Granite Dam (excluding migration year 1992) ranged from 3% to 48% for individual populations and from 8% to 25% (yearly average = 16%) for all streams combined. From 1998 to 2004, estimated parr-to-smolt survival declined from 25% to 8%, in part because of parr density-dependent effects. Overall annual average growth rates from tagging to detection at Little Goose Dam ranged from 39.7 to 43.3 mm during 2001–200...
Oxytocin: the Great Facilitator of Life

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a nonapeptide hormone best known for its role in lactation and parturition. Since 1906 when its uterine-contracting properties were described until 50 years later when its sequence was elucidated, research has focused on its peripheral roles in reproduction. Only over the past several decades have researchers focused on what functions Oxt might have in the brain, the subject of this review. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei are the neurons of origin for the Oxt released from the posterior pituitary. Smaller cells in various parts of the brain, as well as release from magnocellular dendrites, provide the Oxt responsible for modulating various behaviors at its only identified receptor. Although Oxt is implicated in a variety of "non-social" behaviors, such as learning, anxiety, feeding and pain perception, it is Oxt's roles in various social behaviors that have come to the fore recently. Oxt is important for social memory and attachment, sexual and maternal behavior, and aggression. Recent work implicates Oxt in human bonding and trust as well. Human disorders characterized by aberrant social interactions, such as autism and schizophrenia, may also involve Oxt expression. Many, if not most, of Oxt's functions, from social interactions (affiliation, aggression) and sexual behavior to eventual parturition, lactation and maternal behavior, may be viewed as specifically facilitating species propagation.
Second trimester insulin resistance, early pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain.

Objectives Because prior work suggests an association between high insulin concentrations in early pregnancy and excess gestational weight gain, we examined such associations in a prospective cohort. Methods Multivariate regression analysis of early pregnancy insulin homeostasis and gestational weight gain among 434 women enrolled in the MGH Obstetrical Maternal Study. Results We found that the association between insulin quartile and gestational weight gain varied depending on maternal body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy (P for interaction <0.0001). Among women with a BMI of 20, high fasting insulin was associated with greater gestational weight gain (multivariate-adjusted predicted mean 39.6, 95% CI 30.9–40.3 lbs for Quartile 4 (Q4) vs. 31.3, 95% CI 28.6–34.1 lbs for Q1) and higher risk of excessive weight gain. By contrast, among women with a BMI of 35, higher fasting insulin was associated with lower total gain (multivariate-adjusted predicted mean 25.7, 95% CI 22.6–28.7 lbs for Q4 vs. 33.2, 95% CI 10.5–55.9 lbs for Q1) and lower risk of excessive gain. Conclusion In our cohort, early pregnancy BMI modified the association between insulin homeostasis and gestational weight gain. These associations suggest that the physiologic consequences of hyperinsulinemia differ between normal weight and obese women.
Empirical evaluation of the CRAY-T3D: a compiler perspective

Most recent MPP systems employ a fast microprocessor surrounded by a shell of communication and synchronization logic. The CRAY-T3D provides an elaborate shell to support global-memory access, prefetch, atomic operations, barriers, and block transfers. We provide a detailed empirical performance characterization of these primitives using micro-benchmarks and evaluate their utility in compiling for a parallel language. We have found that the raw performance of the machine is quite impressive and the most effective forms of communication are prefetch and write. Other shell provisions, such as the bulk transfer engine and the external Annex register set, are cumbersome and of little use. By evaluating the system in the context of a language implementation, we shed light on important trade-offs and pitfalls in the machine architecture.
Children and Chronic Sorrow: Reconceptualizing the Emotional Impact of Parental Rejection and Its Treatment

The concept of chronic sorrow offers a fresh perspective for understanding the negative emotional impact of parental rejection on children. Additionally, it provides a clinical alternative to coercion for breaking through children's emotional defenses against further rejection in caregiving relationships.
Reoperative Surgery for the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

It is clear that a properly performed initial operation is the key to success in the management of a patient with ZES. However, reoperation is frequently a consideration in the management of patients with ZES because high rates of persistent and recurrent disease are manifest even with modern imaging and surgical approaches. In carefully selected patients, reoperation can result in durable biochemical cure and improved survival and should be considered. A thorough knowledge of the natural history of the sporadic form of ZES and ZES in the context of MEN-1, patterns of presentation, and sites of metastases are necessary to achieve the best outcome in patients with this unusual disease.
Nanotheranostics for personalized medicine

Nanotheranostics, the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic function in one system using the benefits of nanotechnology, is extremely attractive for personalized medicine. Because treating cancer is not a one-size-fits-all scenario, it requires therapy to be adapted to the patient’s specific biomolecules. Personalized and precision medicine (PM) does just that. It identifies biomarkers to gain an understanding of the diagnosis and in turn treating the specific disorder based on the precise diagnosis. By predominantly utilizing the unique properties of nanoparticles to achieve biomarker identification and drug delivery, nanotheranostics can be applied to noninvasively discover and target image biomarkers and further deliver treatment based on the biomarker distribution. This is a large and hopeful role theranostics must fill. However, as described in this expert opinion, current nanotechnology-based theranostics systems engineered for PM applications are not yet sufficient. PM is an ever-growing field ...
Dissociation of lutropin-induced loss of testicular lutropin receptors and lutropin-induced desensitization of testosterone synthesis

Abstract The relationship between changes in testicular lutropin receptors, as measured by specific binding of 125 I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin, and testosterone synthesis in response to lutropin (testicular responsiveness) was studied in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Administration of a single 200-μg dose of ovine lutropin to intact rats results at 3 days in a 58% decrease in lutropin receptors associated with a parallel decrease in testicular responsiveness. A single 30-μg dose of lutropin to intact rats resulted in a comparable decrease in lutropin receptors with a transient increase in testicular responsiveness. Rats receiving twice-daily injections of 15 μg lutropin for 10 days exhibited a 48% decrease in lutropin receptors by day 3 which persisted during the 10-day treatment period, but was accompanied by a progressive increase in testicular responsiveness to lutropin. Hypophysectomy resulted in an 80% loss of receptors and a 72% loss in responsiveness 7 days after surgery. Daily treatment with lutropin initiated immediately following surgery resulted in a further dose-dependent decrease in lutropin receptors and a dose-dependent increase in testicular responsiveness. Loss of lutropin receptors was not due to occupancy of the receptor by exogenous lutropin. These studies demonstrate a dissociation between the negative regulation of lutropin receptors and testicular responsiveness to lutropin. Furthermore, the studies in hypophysectomized rats indicate that lutropin is the only hormone essential for maintenance of steroidogenesis and that this is independent of lutropin receptor concentration.
Becker nevus with an underlying desmoid tumor: a case report and review including Mayo Clinic's experience.

Background Becker nevus is a nevoid melanosis, referred to as Becker nevus syndrome when it is associated with other anomalies. Our objectives were to report the occurrence of a Becker nevus with an underlying desmoid soft-tissue tumor; to review Mayo Clinic's experience with Becker nevi, concentrating on Becker nevi associated with bone, vascular, neural, and other soft-tissue abnormalities; to inform physicians of the Becker nevus syndrome; and finally to alert clinicians to evaluate a Becker nevus with its associations in mind. Observations A 46-year-old woman had a Becker nevus with an underlying desmoid-type fibromatosis (desmoid tumor) presenting clinically as a “painful dimple” within the nevus. Review of medical records for 1997 through 2006 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, yielded 52 patients with Becker nevi, 12 of whom had an associated bone, vascular, neural, congenital, or other soft-tissue abnormality, ranging from liposarcoma to an accessory areola. Conclusions We add to the literature a unique case of desmoid-type fibromatosis immediately beneath a Becker melanosis, which presented as a painful dimple. We hope to raise awareness that a Becker nevus may be associated with other abnormalities, including an infiltrative soft-tissue tumor. We also emphasize the importance of follow-up, including inspection of not only the surface but also the deep tissues underlying the Becker nevus.
Structural analysis of human proparathyroid hormone by a new microsequencing approach.

RECENT evidence indicates that the synthesis of several polypeptide hormones, including parathyroid hormone, involves the production of precursor molecules larger than their corresponding hormones1–5. The hormones are generated intracellularly by specific enzymatic cleavage. This process may represent an important control mechanism for hormonal synthesis, cellular storage and eventual secretion of the hormone. Thus complete structural characterisation of both precursor and product molecules for further peptide hormones in several species is clearly desirable. The precursor forms are often present in extremely low concentrations in glandular tissue, however, rendering difficult their isolation and sequence analysis by conventional chemical methods.
Physicalism and our knowledge of intrinsic properties

This paper examines recent arguments by Rae Langton and David Lewis intended to prove Humility: the thesis that we have no knowledge of the intrinsic properties of substances. I argue that at best, these arguments are internally incoherent. They at once presuppose a strong version of physicalism according to which physical science is in a position to give a complete list of the fundamental properties of reality, and at the same time various metaphysical principles which in actuality challenge the completeness of the list of properties given by science. Although these arguments are unsound, their consideration enables us to draw important conclusions regarding the tension between the metaphysician's practice of positing intrinsic properties that give colour to the world, and the scientific attempt at giving a complete account of all phenomena.
ACR appropriateness criteria® adjuvant therapy for resected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Locoregional recurrence following surgical resection alone for stage III/IV head and neck cancer is common. Adjuvant radiotherapy has been shown to improve post-operative locoregional control when compared to pre-operative radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Following surgical resection, adverse pathological features determine the need for adjuvant therapy. High-risk pathologic features include extranodal tumor spread and involved surgical margins. Other adverse pathologic features include T 3-4 tumors, perineural invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, low neck adenopathy, and multiple tumor involved cervical lymph nodes. The standard adjuvant therapies are post-operative radiation therapy or post-operative chemoradiotherapy. Post-operative chemoradiotherapy yields superior locoregional control, progression-free survival, and in some studies, overall survival compared to post-operative radiotherapy for high-risk patients in multiple randomized studies. Pooled analyses of randomized data demonstrate that post-operative concurrent chemoradiotherapy is associated with overall survival benefits for patients with involved surgical margins as well as those with extranodal tumor spread. Post-operative radiotherapy concurrent with cisplatin at 100 mg/m(2) every 21 days is the current standard chemoradiotherapy platform adjuvant head and neck cancer treatment. Post-operative radiotherapy and post-operative chemoradiotherapy radiation treatment volumes are not standardized and should be designed based on the risk of recurrence and clinically occult involvement of head and neck subsites and nodal regions. Evidence supports a post-operative radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy radiation dose of at least 63 Gy for high-risk patients and at least 57 Gy for low risk patients.
Dual fluorescence and electrochemical detection of the organophosphorus pesticides--ethion, malathion and fenthion.

Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) based pesticides are known powerful inhibitors of cholinesterases, thus the toxicity of this class of compounds causes serious environmental and human health concerns. We report that benzodipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (BDPPZ) and 3,6-dimethylbenzodipyrido-[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (DM-BDPPZ) provide independent fluorescent and electrochemical signal transductions in the presence of the organophosphorus (OP) pesticides; fenthion, malathion and ethion. The presence of the methyl groups at the 3 and 6 positions in DM-BDPPZ was found to significantly influence the sensor performance. The difference in the fluorescence and electrochemical signals produced by the interaction of the sensor compound with each of the OP pesticides provides a means for differentiating between the three pesticides. Detection limits of 10 −8 M, 10 −9 and 10 −12 M were obtained for fenthion, malathion and ethion, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity and ability to minimize false positives these new sensors will be useful for potential integration for future environmental use.
Structure of Lean Turbulent Partially-Premixed Flames Stabilized in a Co-Axial Jet Flame Burner

Abstract Lean premixed flames at very low equivalence ratios and high mean flow velocities can be sustained in a co-axial jet flame burner. The flame shape involves a thin, highly turbulent flame region where most of the lean combustion occurs, and a base flame region which burns at the initial equivalence ratio. Due to the entrainment velocity induced by the high-speed inner jet flow, the flame also has a thin "pinched" region near the flame base. The entrainment of the hot product gas and mixing with the reactant, leading to preheating, along with the fact that the turbulence intensity increases gradually in the presence of the inner jet, are believed to be contributing factors in the stabilization of the flames in the current burner geometry. Addition of the inner jet of always lowers the overall equivalence ratio and enhances the stability limits. The minimum overall equivalence ratio achieved is 0.56 with a mean velocity of 60 m/s for the inner jet. This capability to generate lean premixed flames at...
Presentation of Ligands on Hydroxylapatite

Conjugates of biotin with the decamer of glutamic acid (glu(sub 10)) and the trimer of D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (I) have been synthesized, and it has been shown that they mediate the binding of avidin to hydroxylapatite. In a similar way a conjugate of methotrexate with glu(sub 10) mediates the binding of dihydrofolate reductase to the mineral. The presentation of ligands on the hydroxylapatite component of bone may find applications in clinical medicine.
Holography, information theory, and the cerebral cortex

Abstract When applying information theory to the study of sensory communication processes, the researcher must provide an exact definition of the physical stimulus—in terms of amplitude, frequency, and phase at the electric level—if the unit of information measurement is to be defined. Detection of the registration of correlates of these three variables in the central nervous system implies communication of all aspects of information available in the stimulus. When this is the case, such a structure might be considered an example of a hologram. When the unit of information measurement is sought in the visual system, however, it appears to be indefinable. The visual system's mechanisms of contrast enhancement act as detection mechanisms but do not convey the registration of quantity. In effect, they answer “yes” or “no”, but do not state “how much.” This gives rise to certain illusions of the Mach band kind. In the auditory system, however, the unit of information has been defined as Δƒ · Δt ⋍ 1 . The auditory system, therefore, offers a more convenient sensory system for the researcher who wishes to describe his result in terms of information theory.
A high-energy electron beam ion trap for production of high-charge high-Z ions

Abstract We have developed a new high-energy electron beam ion trap, the first laboratory source of low-energy, few-electron, high- Z ions. We describe the device and report measurements of its performance, including the electron beam diameter, current density and energy, and measurements of the ionization balance for several high- Z elements in the trap. This device opens up a wide range of possible experiments in atomic physics, plasma physics, and nuclear physics.
LES approach for high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows with application to turbulent channel flow

We describe a large-eddy simulation approach for turbulent channel flow using the stretched-vortex subgrid-scale model. The inner region of the turbulent boundary layer is not included in the modeling of this attached, wall-bounded flow. Appropriate boundary conditions and closure are derived using a combination of elements from asymptotic expansions, matching, and well-established wall-modeling approaches. The modeling approach for this application combines the stretched-vortex subgrid model with a localized wall-shear-stress treatment that relates the instantaneous wall-parallel velocity to the shear stress via the log-law, as appropriate for this (near-) zero pressure gradient flow. The impermeability boundary condition is built into the method such that only the outer-flow solution is simulated, obviating the need to impose the stiff no-slip condition at the wall. This formulation attempts to minimize numerical and modeling errors introduced by the boundary-condition treatment, while preserving the fundamental elements required to predict low-order statistics of these flows. We present simulation results for turbulent channel flow up to Reynolds number based on the wall-friction velocity of 10^6. These compare favorably with results from large-scale DNS and experimental correlations.
Suppression and reexpression of human intestinal-like alkaline phosphatase in intraspecific hybrids.

Expression of the gene locus which codes for a form of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been analyzed in intraspecific somatic cell hybrids. Hybrids were constructed between D98/AH-2, a line of HeLa which ectopically synthesizes high levels of this ALP isozyme, and three different nonintestinal ALP-producing diploid lines. In chromosomally complete hybrids, expression of the ALP isozyme was initially suppressed, but on extended culture, reexpression occurred, as did limited chromosome loss. Results from extensive subcloning experiments showed that events leading to reexpression occurred at high frequency, and this ALP reexpression appeared to confer some selective advantage, direct or indirect, on the cells. In the fibroblast hybrids, reexpression of the intestinal-like ALP was always accompanied by new, high-level expression of liver/bone/kidney ALP, the product of a separate ALP gene locus. Thus expression of the one ALP locus is not exluded and, in fact, appears to be promoted by expression of the other in these cells.
Dvojcata Asociace: The First International Twins Conference in Prague, Czech Republic. research reviews: twinning trends in East Flanders; twinning trends around the world. twins in the news: 'mixed race' twins; mysterious languages; piano duo; happiness and more.

The First International Twins Conference held in the Czech Republic (CR) took place in Prague on October 20–21, 2011. The conference, ‘Life With Twins’, was arranged under the auspices of the Parliament's Commission for Family and Equal Opportunities. The setting was an auditorium in one of the Parliament's magnificent old buildings. Mrs. Klara Vitkova Rulikova, mother of 18-year-old opposite-sex twins, chairperson of the Czech multiple birth association (CAKDAV) and member of the International Council of Multiple Birth Organizations (ICOMBO), was instrumental in organizing the meeting. Mrs. Vitkova Rulikova has also authored three books on twins and parenting, and was responsible for writing the Epilogue for my 2005 book, Indivisible by Two: Lives of Extraordinary Twins (Ned litelna Dvěma: životy Výjime ných Dvojǎt) , which was translated into Czech by Triton Press in 2009. She is currently working in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. She is shown in Figure 1 addressing the conference.
Design of GaAs Solar Cells Operating Close to the Shockley–Queisser Limit

With recent advances in device design, single-junction GaAs solar cells are approaching their theoretical efficiency limits. Accurate numerical simulation may offer insights that can help close the remaining gap between the practical and theoretical limits. Significant care must be taken, however, to ensure that the simulation is self-consistent and properly comprehends thermodynamic limits. In this paper, we use rigorous photon recycling simulation coupled with carrier transport simulation to identify the dominant loss mechanisms that limit the performance of thin-film GaAs solar cells.
Generation of Fourier-transform-limited 35-ns pulses with a ramp-hold-fire seeding technique in a Ti:sapphire laser

We report on an injection-seeded Ti:sapphire laser pumped by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. The resonance between the low-power seed laser and the slave cavity is achieved by a ramp-hold-fire technique. Because of the triangular cavity design, the spatial beam profile is excellent; and combined with the narrow-linewidth pulses, the conversion efficiencies for nonlinear frequency generation are excellent.
In vivo imaging of the immune response in the eye

The immune system is governed by dynamic events involving in part direct intercellular interactions between an immune cell and other cells or the cell’s environment. Owing to its unique optical characteristics, the eye offers remarkable opportunities for the analysis of the immune system by intravital microscopy. In this review, we present a brief overview of the current state of knowledge of leukocyte trafficking in each of three anatomically distinct and medically important regions of the eye (cornea, iris, retina) as determined by the application of intravital microscopy to animal models of disease. Additionally, we discuss the use of ocular imaging in patients and volunteers. Finally, we examine the future prospects for this field in terms of its potential for impacting our understanding of fundamental immunological phenomena.
Coordinating development with the cell cycle in Caulobacter

During the Caulobacter life cycle, the timing of DNA replication, cell division and development is precisely coordinated. Recent work has begun to unravel the complex regulatory networks that couple these processes. A key aspect of these regulatory networks is the dynamic localization of multiple histidine protein kinases that control a master response regulator, thus driving downstream pathways.
51.1: Overdrive Method for Reducing Response Times of Liquid Crystal Displays

The effect of overdrive addressing on the optical response of a twist nematic device was assessed both theoretically and experimentally. Experimental results on the transient optical response were in excellent agreement with the simulated responses, where the hydrodynamic flow and multiplexing addressing showed non-negligible effects on director reorientation The “overdrive” method leads to dramatic improvements in device response time which approach a factor of six in some cases. Similar effects were found for an in-plane switching device, which exhibits neither voltage decays nor optical bounce.,
Interferons : biochemistry and mechanisms of action

infections: modern diagnosis and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990:3-12. 3. McKay M. Vulvodynia: a muhifactorial clinical problem. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:256-62. 4. Wade TR, Kopf AW, Ackerman AB. Bowenoid papulosis of the genitalia, Arch Dermatol 1979;115:306-8. 5. Wade TR, Kopf AW, Ackerman AB. Bowenoid papulosis of the penis. Cancer 1978;42:1890-903. 6. Patterson JW, Kao GF, Graham JH, Helwig EB. Bowenoid papulosis: a clinicopathologic study with ultrastructural observations. Cancer 1986;57:823-36. 7. Garden JM, O'Banion MK, Shelnitz LS, et al. Papillomavirus in the vapor of carbon dioxide laser-treated verrucae. JAMA 1988;259:1199-202. 8. Stone KM, Becker TM, Hadgu A, Kraus SJ. Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Genitourin Med 1990;66:16-9. 9. Friedman-Kien AE, Eron LJ, Conant M, et al. Natural interferon alfa for treatment of condylomata acuminata. JAMA 1988;259:533-8.
Commentary the U.S. Military in Iraq: Are We Our Own Worst Enemy?

Peacekeeping, even more than civil administration, requires significant adjustments by a military force. Although military forces have certain advantages, such as a centralized chain of command and a flexible decision-making apparatus, they also have certain disadvantages, including the focus on combat operations, sometimes to the exclusion of an understanding of indigenous power structures and socio-economic considerations. In Iraq, this was magnified by the military's lack of training in both the Arabic language and support activities, such as local law enforcement, government administration, and post-conflict reconstruction tasks ranging from maintenance of irrigation systems to the rebuilding of factories.
Cross-border mergers with flexible policy regime: The role of efficiency and market size

Abstract This study provides a theoretical and empirical framework for understanding the determinants of cross-border mergers. Past literature has focused on the effect of trade liberalization as the key factor triggering international mergers. We introduce the idea of flexible policy regime in which optimal policies are sensitive to whether a cross-border acquisition has taken place or not. In a free-trade model given asymmetries in marginal cost, we find that optimal subsidies decline when firms acquire inefficient foreign firms while optimal subsidies increase when firms acquire efficient firms. We also find that as the efficiency of the acquirer increases, the profitability of the acquisition and hence the likelihood that it takes place also increases. We find that the role of market size in triggering cross-border acquisitions may be limited even with free trade.
Some Structure-Activity Relationships Among Aziridinyl Antifertility Agents in Screw-Worm Flies

Candidate chemosterilants with 1, 2, or more molecular aziridinyl groups were screened topically and orally against adult screw-worm flies, Cochliomyia homitlivorax (Coquerel). Sexual sterility of the flies and number of unsubstituted functional groups were largely unrelated. However, more compounds with 3 or more substituted groups (56%) were active topically than with fewer substituted groups (14%), but they were equal to unsubstituted polyfunctional compounds (53%). Otherwise, about twice as many compounds with unsubstituted aziridinyl carbon atoms were effective as those that were substituted. Toxicity was independent of number of functional groups, irrespective of substitution. In general, more compounds were potent chemosterilants (90%) and nontoxic (38%) when administered multiple orally than topically (44% and 20%, respectively). Sterility, after oral administration, resulted from cumulative action of all monofunctional and half of all other aziridinyl compounds.
Optimal control of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles in frequency regulation service

Growing penetration of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) places significant impacts on grid, either as electric loads or potential valued vehicle–to–grid (V2G) services. This paper proposes an optimisation strategy to recharge PHEVs batteries with minimum charging cost as well as to produce desired power for grid frequency regulation. The cost arising from the battery charging and the revenue obtained by providing regulation are investigated and represented mathematically. Dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is applied to construct the problem and to compute the optimal controlling strategy for a fleet of PHEVs. Battery state–of–charge (SoC) and charging current are taken as the state factor and control factor of the objective function. Driving energy demand and regulation requirements are treated as disturbances in objective function. Pricing data in cost function and load data in objective function are original from PJM. Simulations are provided to illustrate the optimality of the proposed strategy in 24 hours with variations of parameters.
Children’s Participation in Planning Processes:

This review catalogs approaches to involving children in local agency land use planning processes. Four approaches are defined: scholarly, practice, educational, and rights-based. There is only a weak link between any of these approaches and actual local agency land use planning. However, the rightsbased approach is the most holistic of the four. Examining these approaches raised questions. These questions are discussed and lead into the formulation of a new approach that synthesizes components from all of the studied approaches.
The van der Waals interaction between a colloid and its host pore

Abstract The van der Waals energy of interaction between a spherical particle and a cylindrical pore is calculated and its dependance on the sizes of the particle and the pore is examined. It is also studied how the radial and axial position of the particle affect the interaction, also treating particle positions outside the pore. The assumption made previously that the particle-pore system can be approximated by a particle-semi-infinite slab system is scrutinized and is found to be generally good for instances where the pore size is considerably larger than that of the particle. The presented calculations add new insight to entrance effects and they also lead to the energy of interaction between a colloid and a cylinder.
Valsalva Leak-Point Pressure Changes after Successful and Failed Suburethral Sling

The aim of the study was to investigate whether changes in Valsalva leak-point pressure (VLPP) relate to the success of suburethral sling operations. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 31 suburethral sling operations in 30 women with stress urinary incontinence in whom VLPP was quantified before and after the operation. Operative success was determined by documented physical examination and telephone interview. The patients’ mean age was 70.7 years (range 51–81). The operation was successful in 24 cases and unsuccessful in 7. VLPP increased significantly after successful operations (mean change 61.1 cmH2O; P 126 cmH2O had successful operations. We concluded that there are significant increases in VLPP after successful suburethral sling operations, but not after unsuccessful operations.
LOCALIZATION OF THE SITES OF γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) UPTAKE IN LOBSTER NERVE-MUSCLE PREPARATIONS

The principal sites of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake in lobster nerve-muscle preparations have been determined with radioautographic techniques after binding of the amino acid to proteins by aldehyde fixation. Semiquantitative studies showed that about 30% of the radioactive GABA taken into the tissue was bound to protein by fixation. Both light and electron micrographs showed dense accumulations of label over Schwann and connective tissue cell cytoplasm; muscle was lightly labeled, but axons and terminals were almost devoid of label. The possible role of Schwann and connective tissue cells in the inactivation of GABA released from inhibitory axons is discussed.
The use of amino acid analog resistance and plant regeneration ability to select somatic hybrids between Nicotiana tabacum and N. glutinosa

Protoplasts isolated from a 5-methyltryptophan resistant nonregenerable Nicotiana tabacum (L.) Xanthi suspension culture were fused via the dextran method (Kameya et al. 1981) with protoplasts isolated from N. glutinosa L. leaf mesophyll cells. Prospective somatic hybrids were selected by their ability to produce chlorophyll and to grow on medium containing 5-methyltryptophan and eventually to regenerate into complete plants. Twenty-eight plants regenerated from selected colonies were classified into three groups: (1) Four plants had intermediate morphology, were sterile, had hybrid isozyme patterns for four different enzymes, and contained fraction 1 protein large subunit patterns indicative of a N. glutinosa chloroplast origin. (2) One plant had N. tabacum morphology, was fertile, had two hybrid isozyme patterns, and contained fraction 1 protein large subunits indicative of the N. tabacum chloroplast type. Although this hybrid contained both parental small subunit patterns of fraction 1 protein, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed the N. glutinosa-type small subunit to consist of several molecular weights suggestive of errors in the processing steps. Progeny of the Type 2 hybrid (selfed) contained no N. glutinosa characteristics. (3) Twenty-three plants were N. glutinosa escapes. Chromosome numbers ranged from 60 (some chromosome loss) in two hybrids to 34–35 (extensive chromosome loss) in three hybrids.