cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Low Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Decrease Susceptibility to Apoptosis and Do Not Modulate the Protective Effect of Bcl-xL in Osteosarcoma Cells

We explored the role of low mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the lack of oxidative phosphorylation in apoptosis by assessing the susceptibility of osteosarcoma cell lines with and without mitochondrial DNA to staurosporine-induced death. Our cells without mitochondrial DNA had low ΔΨm and no functional oxidative phosphorylation. Contrary to our expectation, these cells were more resistant to staurosporine-induced death than were the parental cells. This reduced susceptibility was associated with decreased activation of caspase 3 but not with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore or cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Apoptosis in both cell lines was associated with an increase in ΔΨm. Bcl-xL could protect both cell types against caspase 3 activation and apoptosis by a mechanism that does not appear to be mediated by mitochondrial function or modulation of ΔΨm. Nevertheless, we found that Bcl-xL expression can stimulate cell respiration in cells with mitochondrial DNA. Our results showed that the lack of functional oxidative phosphorylation and/or low mitochondrial membrane potential are associated with an antiapoptotic effect, possibly contributing to the development of some types of cancer. It also reinforces a model in which Bcl-xL can exert an antiapoptotic effect by stimulating oxidative phosphorylation and/or inhibiting caspase activation.
Identification of Fluidic Element Models to Simulate the Short-Term Baroreflex

Mathematical models of two fluidic elements, a centrifugal pump and an electrical controlled proportional valve, have been developed to simulate the short-term baroreflex of the cardiovascular system in the mock circulatory system. A black-box modeling technique was used to identify the pressure-flow relationships for the fluidic elements through least-squares fit to the experimental data. A two-stage regression analysis was applied to the data to identify the model structures and the corresponding parameters. Both models performed well with errors less than 5% in identification and validation tests. Performance of the models in producing control commands in terms of pump speed and valve gap was also evaluated. Both models were able to specify pump speed and valve gap accurately with a small error less than 3% in response to the cardiac output and systemic resistance output of the baroreflex algorithm. These models will be used as part of the control algorithm in a mock circulatory system to simulate the baroreflex for arterial blood pressure regulation.
Oncocytoma in Melanocytoma of the Spinal Cord: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Oncocytoma in the central nervous system is extremely unusual. The first reported example of oncocytoma in a melanocytoma of the spinal cord was successfully excised, and its pathological appearance is described. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 71-year-old woman presented with a 25-year history of back pain and myelographic evidence of a lumbar spinal cord mass. After declining surgical treatment for two decades, she elected eventually to have the mass excised. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large intraspinal mass that spanned spinal levels L3 through S1. TECHNIQUE: The mass was excised en bloc through posterior laminectomies, and histopathological analysis revealed a benign neoplasm composed predominantly of monotonous sheets of plump oncocytes. Electron microscopy confirmed that the cytoplasm of the oncocytes was packed full of mitochondria. Focal areas of the tumor contained spindle cells, with abundant intracytoplasmic granular deposits of brown melanin pigment that contained melanosomes. Positive Fontana-Masson, HMB-45, and S-100 staining confirmed the final diagnosis of melanocytoma, oncocytic variant. CONCLUSION: The first reported case of oncocytoma arising in spinal melanocytoma is described. After surgical excision, the patient recovered completely and has remained free of symptoms for 4 years.
Rules for research on human genetic variation--lessons from Iceland.

Research on genetic variation aims to understand how genes function and requires the comparison of DNA samples from groups of individuals to identify variations that might have importance for health or disease.1 This work is easier if the samples are linked to accurate medical records and genealogic information. Iceland has medical records for all its citizens going back to World War I and detailed genealogic information going back even further. Because Iceland's small population (270,000) has long been isolated and homogeneous, it is thought by many to be an ideal place to search for disease-related genes. Journalists have cavalierly labeled . . .
Transcriptome analysis of extant cotton progenitors revealed tetraploidization and identified genome-specific single nucleotide polymorphism in diploid and allotetraploid cotton.

The most widely cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., AD-genome) is derived from tetraploidization between A- and D-genome species. G. arboreum L. (A-genome) and G. raimondii Ulbr. (D-genome) are two of closely-related extant progenitors. Gene expression studies in allotetraploid cotton are complicated by the homoeologous loci of A- and D-genome origins. To develop genomic resources for gene expression and cotton breeding, we sequenced and assembled expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from G. arboreum and G. raimondii. Roche/454 FLX sequencing technology was employed to sequence normalized cDNA libraries prepared from leaves, roots, bolls, ovules, and fibers in G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. Sequencing reads from two independent libraries in each species were combined to assemble high-quality EST contigs. The combined sequencing reads included 1,699,776 from A-genome and 1,464,815 from D-genome, which were clustered into 89,588 contigs in the A-genome and 65,542 contigs in the D-genome. These contigs represented ~80% of EST collections in Cotton Gene Index 11 (CGI11, March 2011). Compared to the D-genome transcript database, 27,537 and 10,452 contigs were unique transcripts in A and D genomes, respectively. Further analysis using self-blastn reduced the unigene contig number by 52% in A-genome and 57% in D-genome, suggesting that 50% or more of contigs are paralogs or isoforms within each species. The majority of EST contigs (73–81%) were conserved between A- and D-genomes, whereas 27% and 19% contigs were specific to A- and D-genomes, respectively. Using these ESTs, we generated a total of 75,754 genome-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (gSNPs or GNPs) or homoeologous-specific SNPs (hSNPs) of 10,885 contigs or genes between A and D genomes, indicating a possibility of separating allelic expression for those genes in allotetraploid cotton. Expressed genes are highly redundant within each diploid progenitor and between A and D progenitor species, suggesting that diploid progenitors in cotton are likely ancient tetraploids. This large set of A- and D-genome ESTs and GNPs will be valuable resources for genome annotation, gene expression, and crop improvement in allotetraploid cotton.
Is there a glass ceiling for women in development

This article reports the results of an empirical study of salary equity for Women in Development of Greater Boston. The study objectives were to examine whether a glass ceiling exists for women in development in the New England area and develop a historical review of equity progress as compared to previous studies. Issues specific to women in the development field were identified and recommendations given to address identified needs. The findings substantiate the existence of a glass ceiling with a significant difference in average salary and representation in upper management. Furthermore, the study revealed that the salary gap between men and women is widening over time. Perceptions of barriers to women's advancement and organizational practices that would contribute to equity were also assessed. Recommendations for future research and organizational practices are presented.
The HIV‐1 gp41 ectodomain is cleaved by matriptase to produce a chemotactic peptide that acts through FPR2

Several aspects of HIV-1 virulence and pathogenesis are mediated by the envelope protein gp41. Additionally, peptides derived from the gp41 ectodomain have been shown to induce chemotaxis in monocytes and neutrophils. Whereas this chemotactic activity has been reported, it is not known how these peptides could be produced under biological conditions. The heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of gp41 is exposed to the extracellular environment and could therefore be susceptible to proteolytic processing into smaller peptides. Matriptase is a serine protease expressed at the surface of most epithelia, including the prostate and mucosal surfaces. Here, we present evidence that matriptase efficiently cleaves the HR1 portion of gp41 into a 22-residue chemotactic peptide MAT-1, the sequence of which is highly conserved across HIV-1 clades. We found that MAT-1 induced migration of primary neutrophils and monocytes, the latter of which act as a cellular reservoir of HIV during early stage infection. We then used formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and FPR2 inhibitors, along with HEK 293 cells, to demonstrate that MAT-1 can induce chemotaxis specifically using FPR2, a receptor found on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. These findings are the first to identify a proteolytic cleavage product of gp41 with chemotactic activity and highlight a potential role for matriptase in HIV-1 transmission and infection at epithelial surfaces and within tissue reservoirs of HIV-1.
Cumulative negative transfer during successive training: analysis of a second sequential learning problem

Summary form only given, as follows. Adaptive networks can be easily trained to associate arbitrary input and output patterns. When subgroups of patterns (lists) are presented sequentially, however, a network tends to 'unlearn' previously acquired associations while learning new associations. A second form of sequential learning problem is reported. Learning of each successive list of pattern pairs becomes progressively more difficult. Evidence for this cumulative negative transfer was obtained from simulations using backpropagation of errors to train multilayer networks. The cause of the problem appears to be the development of extreme weights during the learning of new lists. Unbounded weights may be a liability for the backpropagation algorithm. >
Using POGIL Techniques in an Information Literacy Curriculum

This article presents a case study of the authors' experience using the POGIL method in an information literacy (IL) course. We describe our approach to using POGIL and discuss both the instructor and student observations about the experience. The article concludes with recommendations for future uses of POGIL in IL.
Low density silica gels and solvent permeability

Abstract The aerogel-like properties of the previously reported lyosils prepared by base catalyzed TMOS were further improved by using partially condensed TMOS followed by curing in TEOS. The cured and dried gels showed lower density:
Influence of Domain Interactions on Conformational Mobility of the Progesterone Receptor Detected by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Summary Structural and functional details of the N-terminal activation function 1 (AF1) of most nuclear receptors are poorly understood due to the highly dynamic intrinsically disordered nature of this domain. A hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass-spectrometry-based investigation of TATA box-binding protein (TBP) interaction with various domains of progesterone receptor (PR) demonstrate that agonist-bound PR interaction with TBP via AF1 impacts the mobility of the C-terminal AF2. Results from HDX and other biophysical studies involving agonist- and antagonist-bound full-length PR and isolated PR domains reveal the molecular mechanism underlying synergistic transcriptional activation mediated by AF1 and AF2, dominance of PR-B isoform over PR-A, and the necessity of AF2 for full AF1-mediated transcriptional activity. These results provide a comprehensive picture elaborating the underlying mechanism of PR-TBP interactions as a model for studying nuclear receptor (NR)-transcription factor functional interactions.
Laterality of Hand Function in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella): Comparison between Tool Use Actions and Spontaneous Non-tool Actions

This study examined hand preference for tool use and spontaneous non-tool actions in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We noted a lack of lateral bias across measures, and greater strength of hand preference for tool use than for self-directed or feeding activities. Animals that used tools exhibited a population-level right-hand bias for self-touching whereas animals that did not use tools exhibited a lack of lateral bias for this measure. Our findings are consistent with views that hand preference is expressed more strongly for tool use than for non-tool activities, and that lateral bias for self-directed behavior is related to problem-solving skills in primates.
Effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) application on certain physical properties of soils subjected to freeze–thaw

Abstract Freezing and thawing (FT) processes have great importance on the physical, chemical and biological behaviours of soil. In cold regions, soils are exposed to a freeze–thaw cycle every year, especially during late winter and early spring. The quality of soils exposed to FT can be improved with the addition of waste, which contains appropriate levels of organic matter. This study was conducted to determine the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) applications (0 (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% volume/volume (v/v)) on bulk density, aggregate stability and permeability coefficient of soils with different electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) subjected to freezing and thawing processes. Increases in the application doses of MSWC decreased the soil bulk density in the 0 FT cycle. However, the bulk density of soils subjected to freeze–thaw cycles showed differences. Among the freeze–thaw cycles tested, the lowest bulk densities were observed with 6 cycles in Soil I, 0 cycle in Soil II and 0, 3 and 6 cycles in Soil III. Municipal solid waste compost applications significantly increased the aggregate stability of all the soils subjected to freeze–thaw compared with the control. In Soil I, the highest aggregate stability was obtained with 9 cycles in a 10% dose. As compared with the aggregate stability of the 0 cycle for Soil II, the aggregate stability of Soil II decreased with the rates of 12.16% and 21.73% for 3 and 6 cycles, and increased with a rate of 16.82% with 9 cycles. In Soil III, the highest aggregate stability values of the control and 10% dose was obtained from 9 freeze–thaw cycles. Municipal solid waste compost applications significantly increased the permeability coefficient of all the soils. In Soil II, the highest permeability coefficient was obtained with 6 cycles, although no significant differences were found between cycles. The results presented in this study have shown that MSWC application not only reduces the negative effects of freeze–thaw cycles, but also improves the aggregate stability and permeability coefficient of saline-sodic soils, which could enhance leaching and therefore help reclamation of these soils.
NMR analysis of chemically amplified resist films

ABSTRACT Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been employed in the investigation of ESCAP-related deep Uv resist films. The films were first processed (baked and/or exposed) and then dissolved in a deuterated solvent. Quantitative data were obtained on the concentration of residual casting solvents as a function of the bake temperature and ofstorage conditions. In addition to accurate determination of the degree of deprotection, side reactions that occur in the resistfilm such as C- and O-alkylation of the phenol have been quantitatively analyzed while varying the exposure dose, baketemperature, resin structure, and acid generator. Furthermore, photochemical decomposition of several acid generators in theresist film was quantitatively monitored. This paper demonstrates that the 3C NMR technique can readily provide a wealthof quantitative and indispensable information about constituents and chemistries in resist films.Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical amplification, acid-catalyzed deprotection, photochemicalacid generators, protected polyhydroxystyrene, hydroxystyrene copolymers, casting solvents
A study of protective plasma coatings

The specimens covered with plasma coatings have a denser structure and finer pores as compared to the refractory products used as substrates. Plasma coating of the specimens improves some of their important service characteristics such as slag resistance and gas permeability. Based on the conducted experiments, it can be expected that the products covered with plasma coatings exhibit better service life under the conditions of corrosion and erosion action of reagents.
The Implausibility of Metabolic Cycles on the Prebiotic Earth

Cycles occur widely in all branches of chemistry. The definition of a catalyst as an agent that facilitates the conversion of reactants to products without itself being changed almost guarantees that a catalyst can initiate successive “cycles” of the same reaction. Metabolic cycles are different. Strictly, they are by definition restricted to biochemistry. Like catalytic cycles, they too result in repeated conversions of substrates into products, but they involve much more complex sequences of chemical reactions. As far as I am aware, the formose reaction, which converts formaldehyde to a complicated mixture of products, including various sugars [1], is the only known nonenzymatic reaction sequence that is at all similar to a metabolic cycle, although the existence of one or two much simpler cycles has been established or made probable in the literature of prebiotic chemistry [2,3]. The possibility that reactions of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) might form the basis for a complex cyclic organization has been proposed [4], but there is as yet no experimental evidence to support this proposal.
Cellular Basis for Immunologic Memory

AFTER exposure to an antigen resulting in a primary immune response, experimental animals and human subjects possess the ability to react specifically and in accelerated fashion to a second exposure to the same antigen. This immunological memory presumably involves specific cells, but it is not known whether it involves generation of an increased number of cells or increased synthetic (or some other) ability in individual cells. Nobody has yet identified a cell which was generated by a previous contact with a specific antigen. Lymphocytes present in the circulation of rats have been shown to carry memory1, and recent work has established that many such cells are thymus-derived and important in many aspects of the immune response2,3. Because they are long lived and constantly re-circulating throughout the peripheral lymphoid organs, thymus-derived cells make ideal candidates for the carriage of memory. Indeed, memory can be diminished by killing cells in this sub-population4.
Duplex-directed vena caval filter placement: Report of initial experience

Abstract Background: Fluoroscopy, cost, and patient transport contribute to difficulties occasionally associated with the placement of vena caval filters. Follow-up data in the literature document the use of duplex ultrasonography in visualizing the filter and determining caval patency. Filter placement at the bedside or in the vascular laboratory with duplex ultrasonography may simplify this common procedure. We have attempted to define the feasibility of this method. Methods: Patients referred to the vascular surgery service for vena caval interruption were evaluated for ability to visualize the renal veins and inferior vena cava. Location of renal veins, maximum diameter of the vena cava, and presence or absence of thrombus were documented. If visualization was adequate, placement was performed at the bedside for patients in intensive care or in the vascular laboratory for nonmonitored patients. The initial 10 patients and subsequent patients in whom there was a question of adequate deployment underwent completion abdominal roentgenography. Patient follow-up was difficult. Duplex ultrasonography was used to assess migration, thrombus adherent to the filter, and vena caval patency. Patients in whom filter placement was prophylactic were given anticoagulants at the discretion of the primary physician. Inadequate visualization or vena caval size greater than 28 mm prompted fluoroscopic placement of the vena caval filter, because only Greenfield titanium filters were used in the study. Results: Twenty-nine patients were referred for vena caval interruption. Inadequate visualization occurred in four obese patients, and filters were placed by fluoroscopy. There were no vena caval measurements greater than 24 mm. Twenty-five filters were placed without technical difficulty. One filter tilted into the right renal vein, requiring a suprarenal filter placed by fluoroscopy. Patient retrieval for follow-up has been difficult, but by ultrasonograhy there has been one vena caval thrombosis and no major filter migration. There have been no reported pulmonary emboli other than the one patient with initial tilt of the filter. Conclusions: Placement of vena caval filters is feasible with duplex ultrasonography. Visualization is the only limiting condition to placement and occurs rarely. Reducing the need for fluoroscopy, lowering costs, and not needing to transport the critically ill patient support the use of this system. Intravascular ultrasonography in selected patients may eliminate the need for fluoroscopic placement of vena caval filters. (Surgery 1998;123:470-4.)
Divergence between populations of a monogamous polychaete with male parental care: Premating isolation and chromosome variation

Low dispersal and sexual selection are characteristic of the coastal polychaeteNereis acuminata Ehlers 1868 [also known asNereis arenaceodentata Moore 1903 andNereis (Neanthes) caudata Delle Chiaje 1841]. We assessed levels of premating isolation between populations of this polychaete. Four North American populations were used, two from the Atlantic and two from the Pacific. Worms from all sites (1) were collected in 1987 and 1988 from the same habitat type, (2) were morphologically similar and keyed out asN. acuminata, and (3) reproduced monogamously and exhibited male parental care, an extremely rare reproductive mode in marine invertebrates. There was no evidence from 10-min or 36-h trials of premating isolation between the two Pacific populations. Incomplete premating isolation was found between the two Atlantic populations. High aggression and non-pairing occurred in some 10-min trials between males and females. However, in 36-h trials males and females from the two Atlantic populations always paired to mate. Complete premating isolation was found between Atlantic and Pacific populations. During 10-min trials, males and females from different oceans often attacked and then avoided each other, and they never paired to mate. Nor did they pair to mate in longer, 36-h trials. One Pacific and one Atlantic population were compared for tolerance to cold temperature. Pacific individuals were less able to tolerate cold water than Atlantic individuals. Two Atlantic populations studied had karyotypes with 11 pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes (2n=22), while the two Pacific populations had nine pairs of large metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes (2n=18). Such extreme dissimilarity in karyotype was not expected considering the similarity in morphology, habitat, and reproductive mode. Results suggest strongly that the Atlantic and Pacific populations have been allopatric for a long time, and are different species.
ASSOCIATIONS AMONG FAMILY ADAPTABILITY AND COHESION, INTERPARENTAL CONFLICT, AND TACTICS USED DURING YOUNG ADULTS' CONFLICT WITH PARENTS

The current study examined the association among characteristics of the marital relationship, family environment, and young adults' conflict interactions with parents. Reports from 124 17- to 20-yr.-olds indicated tactics used during conflicts with parents were associated with perceived magnitude of interparental conflict and family cohesion. Further, reports of frequency of conflict with parents were associated with young adults' use of aggressive conflict tactics. The current study indicates how young adults' perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion moderated the association between perceptions of interparental conflict and their reports of using aggressive tactics during conflict with parents. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of the associations among the marital relationship, family environment, and young adults' relationships with parents.
Immunization coverage among predominantly Hispanic children, aged 2-3 years, in central Los Angeles.

Abstract PURPOSE: To assess the immunization status of young children in a predominantly Hispanic region in and around downtown Los Angeles, and factors associated with complete immunization by age 24 months. METHODS: The information was gathered in a two-stage cluster survey with probability proportionate to estimated size (PPS) sampling of 30 clusters at the first stage, and simple random sampling of a constant number of children at the second stage. Vaccination coverage was determined by a review of the home immunization (HI) card, or of clinic records. RESULTS: Of the 270 sampled children, 91.5% were Hispanic and 6.7% were Black. Home telephone numbers were not available in 24.8% of the homes, and 34.1% reported having no health insurance. Vaccination coverage was over 90% for the first three doses of Diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis/diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTP/DTaP)/Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine (DT), first two doses of poliovirus (Polio) vaccine, first dose of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and first two doses of hepatitis B (Hep B) vaccine. Yet, by age 24 months, only 72.2% of the children had received the combined series of 4:3:1 (i.e., four DTP/DTaP/DT, three Polio, one MMR). This was further reduced to 64.4% for the combined series of 4:3:1:3:3 (i.e., four DTP/DTaP/DT, three Polio, one MMR, three Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), three Hep B). Factors associated with completed on-time vaccination were having an HI card available during the interview and being enrolled in Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). CONCLUSIONS: While vaccination levels for individual antigens were found to be high, more emphasis needs to be placed on getting preschool children vaccinated on-time according to the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule.
Complex singlet extension of the standard model

We analyze a simple extension of the standard model (SM) obtained by adding a complex singlet to the scalar sector (cxSM). We show that the cxSM can contain one or two viable cold dark matter candidates and analyze the conditions on the parameters of the scalar potential that yield the observed relic density. When the cxSM potential contains a global U(1) symmetry that is both softly and spontaneously broken, it contains both a viable dark matter candidate and the ingredients necessary for a strong first order electroweak phase transition as needed for electroweak baryogenesis. We also study the implications of the model for discovery of a Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider.
Multi-Criteria Query Optimization in the Presence of Result Size and Quality Tradeoffs

In this paper, we present novel multi-criteria query optimization techniques for performing query optimization in databases, such as multimedia and web databases, which rely on imperfect access mechanisms and top-k predicates. We present an optimization model that (1) takes into account different binding patterns associated with query predicates, (2) considers the variations in the expected query result sizes as a function of query execution plans, and (3) considers the expected result qualities of the execution orders. We address the complexity and the well-known NP-complete nature of the query optimization problem by adaptively reducing the granularity of the search space. For this purpose, unlike the data histograms which capture the data distribution, we propose opt-histograms that capture the distribution of sub-query-plan values over many optimization tasks.
CONSISTENCY IN VALUES

Given an n-person game (N, v), a reduced game (T, vT) is the game obtained if some subset T of the players assumes reasonable behavior on the part of the remaining players and uses that as a given so as to bargain within T. This "reasonable" behavior on the part of N-T must be defined in terms of some solution concept, ϕ, and so the reduced game depends on ϕ. Then, the solution concept ϕ is said to be consistent if it gives the same result to the reduced games as it does to the original game. It turns out that, given a symmetry condition on two-person games, the Shapley value is the only consistent solution on the space of TU games. Modification of some definitions will instead give the prekernel, the prenucleolus, or the weighted Shapley values. A generalization to NTU games is given. This works well for the class of hyperplane games, but not quite so well for general games.
Tilt test for investigating a neural component in hypertension. Its correlation with clinical characteristics.

Hemodynamic changes associated with diastolic hypertension were investigated using 50° head-up for 52 untreated hypertensive patients not in cardiac failure, and for 17 normotensive subjects. Normals responded to tilt with±10 mm Hg change in mean arterial pressure. Twenty-four hypertensives responded similarly; the remainder had either orthostatic hypertension (18) or orthostatic hypotension (10). During tilt, cardiac output reduction of each hypertensive group was greater than normal, but only orthostatic hypertensives responded with exaggerated increase in peripheral resistance. When supine, orthostatic hypotensives had lower cardiac indices and higher peripheral resistances than orthostatic hypertensives. When the three hypertensive groups were compared with respect to clinical features, orthostatic hypertensives had the least severe vascular disease; orthostatic hypotensives were the opposite extreme, and normal responders were intermediate. These findings suggest that neurogenic activity is highest i...
analysis & commentary A Martian’s Prescription For Primary Care: Overhaul The Physician’s Workday

What would a Martian arriving on earth think about how U.S. primary care physicians spend their time? She or he would probably reach the same conclusions as this essay: that a new model for primary care should not be based on physicians’ seeing a high volume of patients. On the contrary, physicians should see a relatively small number of patients, perhaps eight to ten daily. Thus liberated, they could spend more time with patients who need it; could have adequate time to communicate via phone and e-mail with patients, physicians, home health nurses, and other providers; and could actively coordinate the care of the practice’s population of patients. Although articles about new care models such as the patient-centered medical home imply that physicians should work differently, they rarely mention this fundamental transformation of the workday. I suggest reasons for this omission and ways to overcome barriers to redesigning physicians’ workday.
Diffusion Model of Hologram Formation in Dry Photopolymer Materials

Abstract The diffusion equation is solved in the low-order harmonic approximation, in order to describe the grating formation process in dry photopolymer materials. We describe how the ratio between diffusion and polymerization rates controls the process of grating formation. Nonlinearity and reciprocity failure are predicted. Experimental results are also shown which are in qualitative agreement with the theory.
Clinicopathologic features of CD5-positive nodal marginal zone lymphoma

Objectives: To describe the clinicopathologic findings of seven patients with CD5-positive nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL). Methods: We searched cases of NMZL over a 10-year interval and identified seven cases of CD5-positive NMZL. The clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypic findings of this group were reviewed, and the frequency of dissemination in this group was compared with that of 66 patients with CD5-negative NMZL. Results: Other than CD5 expression, the histologic and immunophenotypic findings were typical of NMZL. Six (86%) of seven patients had lymphadenopathy above and below the diaphragm, and all six patients assessed had bone marrow involvement. In the CD5-negative group, 28 (42%) patients had lymphadenopathy above and below the diaphragm, and 36 (55%) had bone marrow involvement ( P = .045 and P = .037, respectively). Six of seven patients were alive at last follow-up, with a median follow-up of 32 months (3–154 months). Conclusions: CD5 expression in NMZL correlates with a higher frequency of dissemination, but patients have an indolent clinical course and excellent overall survival.
Development of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for international sites, challenges and guidelines

Abstract This article provides guidance to conduct a site-specific seismic hazard study, giving suggestions for overcoming those challenges that are inherent to the significant amounts of epistemic uncertainty for sites at remote locations. The text follows the general process of a seismic hazard study, describing both the deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Key and controversial items are identified in the areas of recorded seismicity, seismic sources, magnitude, ground motion models, and local site effects. A case history corresponding to a seismic hazard study in the Middle East for a Greenfield site in a remote location is incorporated along the development of the recommendations. Other examples of analysis case histories throughout the World are presented as well.
Optimal group size in territorial animals

Abstract Group territoriality is one possible origin of helping behavior in the vertebrates. The fitness of an individual in such a group is modeled as a function of territory quality, unit size, intruder pressure, risk of predation, cost of parental care and sensitivity of territories to resource depletion. All of these variables, as well as social status and sex, are viewed in the perspective of time-energy budgets. Each individual in a population of specified density and distribution of territory qualities is conceived as having a threshold of sociality. Optimal group size is expressed as a compromise between advantages gained by sharing costs and disadvantages arising from resource depletion. The use of time-energy budgets to study group territoriality provides new insights and approaches to the study of helping behavior. The role of resource depletion is singled out by the model for further field work.
Linux kernel co-scheduling and bulk synchronous parallelism

This paper describes a kernel scheduling algorithm that is based on co-scheduling principles and that is intended for parallel applications running on 1000 cores or more. Experimental results for a Linux implementation on a Cray XT5 machine are presented. The results indicate that Linux is a suitable operating system for this new scheduling scheme, and that this design provides a dramatic improvement in scaling performance for synchronizing collective operations at scale.
Distinguishing redundant parentheses by syntax

We give a generalized formal schema for designing a context free expression grammar that distinguishes required parentheses from redundant parentheses by means of formal syntax alone. The method applies to expression grammars having binary operators at any number of precedence levels, each level having any number of operators and being either left-associative, right-associative, or (syntactically) non-associative. We give proofs of correct parsing, unambiguity, LR(1)-ness, and the distinction of redundant parentheses. The resulting grammars appear to be LALR(1).
Mode interaction segregation for non-linear differential equations

The periodic solutions of the Van der Pol equation x − α(1 − x2) x + x = 0 are investigated for α < 1 by means of a method that preserves the non-linearity of the equation but that takes into account the order of infinitesimal in α of the Fourier amplitudes of x. A successive approximation scheme can be applied and the zero-th approximation is shown compared to the results of a numerical experiment covering, virtually, all values of α. The method yields all Fourier amplitudes at any given approximation stage.
A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines: Nutrition Support of the Critically Ill Child

careful selection of the appropriate mode of feeding and monitoring the success of the feeding strategy. The use of specific nutrients, which possess a drug-like effect on the immune or inflammatory state during critical illness, continues to be an exciting area of investigation. The lack of systematic research and clinical trials on various aspects of nutrition support in the PICU is striking and makes it challenging to compile evidence based practice guidelines. There is an urgent need to conduct well-designed, multicenter trials in this area of clinical practice. The extrapolation of data from adult critical care literature is not desirable and many of the interventions proposed in adults will have to undergo systematic examination and careful study in critically ill children prior to their application in this population. In the following sections, we will discuss some of the key aspects of nutrition support therapy in the PICU; examine the literature and provide best practice guidelines based on evidence from PICU patients, where available. While some PICU popu lations include neonates, A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines for neonates will be published as a separate series.
A high magnetic coupling, low loss, stacked balun in digital 65nm CMOS

We present a high magnetic coupling, low loss, stacked balun using a thick aluminum bonding metal layer over a thick copper layer. The thick copper is used to realize a differential primary input winding that resides directly underneath a single ended spiral winding using the aluminum. The spiral forms the single ended secondary output of the balun and is rotated by 90° so as to prevent any metal shorting for its cross under. Occupying an area of 0.078mm 2 on a digital 65nm process, a 5 turn primary with a 3 turn secondary has a measured coupling of 0.94 and a total balun loss of 1.55dB at 1845MHz.
Advanced Practice Nursing and Conceptual Models of Nursing

This column focuses on advanced practice nursing. A definition and central competency of advanced practice are given and four roles assumed by advanced practice nurses are identified. Questions related primarily to the advanced practice role of nurse practitioner are raised. Two nurse scholars who teach and practice discuss their experiences as advanced practice nurses, with an emphasis on the importance of using a conceptual model of nursing as a guide for their practice.
Fertility and the Fear of Death

The birth-death theme has fascinated humankind for centuries. It can be discovered in many cultural practices, ranging from childnaming and memorialization rituals to the transmission of political power, and birth-death dynamics have been probed by Hegel, Jung, Freud, and other influential thinkers. Surprisingly little has been done, however, to formulate and test specific hypotheses. This article begins with the simplistic proposition: “We fear death—and that is why we reproduce after our kind.” Exploratory data and some methodological and theoretical considerations are presented, including the concept of a spectrum of death-transcending strategies, fertility being but one. An understanding of our complex orientations toward both propagation and mortality appears necessary in view of emerging pressures to manipulate population structure and divide one generation from another.
Online Education and Organizational Change.

An in-depth case study examined faculty and administrator perceptions of how online education affected the organizational culture of a large, suburban community college. Findings suggest that in addition to structural and procedural changes, online education had an impact on faculty and administrator roles, teaching and learning (in both online and face-to-face settings), and the community of students and faculty members who comprise the college. The result was a new perception of the organization itself.
THE EFFECTS OF EMBRYONIC KNOCKDOWN OF THE CANDIDATE DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE HOMOLOGUE DYX1C1 ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF GABAERGIC NEURONS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability, and a number of candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes have been identified, including DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and DCDC2. Knockdown of function by embryonic transfection of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) of rat homologues of these genes dramatically disrupts neuronal migration to the cerebral cortex by both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects. Here we sought to investigate the extent of non-cell autonomous effects following in utero disruption of the candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene homolog Dyx1c1 by assessing the effects of this disruption on GABAergic neurons. We transfected the ventricular zone of embryonic day (E) 15.5 rat pups with either Dyx1c1 shRNA, DYX1C1 expression construct, both Dyx1c1 shRNA and DYX1C1 expression construct, or a scrambled version of Dyx1c1 shRNA, and sacrificed them at postnatal day 21. The mothers of these rats were injected with BrdU at either E13.5, E15.5, or E17.5. Neurons transfected with Dyx1c1 shRNA were bi-modally distributed in the cerebral cortex with one population in heterotopic locations at the white matter border and another migrating beyond their expected location in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, there was no disruption of migration following transfection with the DYX1C1 expression construct. We found untransfected GABAergic neurons (parvalbumin, calretinin, and neuropeptide Y) in the heterotopic collections of neurons in Dyx1c1 shRNA treated animals, supporting the hypothesis of non-cell autonomous effects. In contrast, we found no evidence that the position of the GABAergic neurons that made it to the cerebral cortex was disrupted by the embryonic transfection with any of the constructs. Taken together, these results support the notion that neurons within heterotopias caused by transfection with Dyx1c1 shRNA result from both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects, but there is no evidence to support non-cell autonomous disruption of neuronal position in the cerebral cortex itself.
D-band indoor path loss measurements

This paper presents the path loss measurements of 110 to 170 GHz indoor wireless channels. The measurements are performed in line-of-sight (LoS) and obstructed-line-of-sight (OLoS) environments. The results show that the measured path loss is in good agreement with the theoretically predicted path loss. Furthermore, the results show how the path loss changes when the LoS path is obstructed by different objects.
Three-phase boost-type grid-connected inverters

Alternative energy sources, such as solar energy and fuel cells, are desirable due to their pollution-free property. In order to utilize the current infrastructure of the grid for power transmission and distribution, grid-connected dc-to-ac inverters are needed. However, previously proposed voltage source inverters with a two-power-stage structure or a cascaded structure increase the power losses and the complexity of the circuit. The current source type inverter with a large dc side inductor is also not desirable due to its size, weight and losses. A new three-phase boost-type grid-connected inverter, which can be controlled by one-cycle control (OCC) method or the conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) method, is proposed in this paper. The proposed inverter has only a single power stage converting dc power to ac power by injecting three sinusoidal currents into grids, which greatly reduces power losses and the complexity of the circuit. The input dc voltage is lower than the peak grid voltage and can vary in a wide range, which interfaces well with the dc voltage of the photovoltaic or fuel cells. The large dc side inductor is not necessary and the output ac currents are sinusoidal and in phase with grid voltages. With OCC method, the inverter preserves the advantages of simple circuitry, good stability and fast dynamic response. Experiments have been performed with a 1.5kW laboratory prototype to verify the good performance of the inverter.
Industry/government/university partnerships a research consortium view

The Semiconductor Research Corporation is a research consortium that pools the resources of semiconductor stakeholders to fund generic, pre-competitive, university-based research. Created in 1982 by the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), the SRC was founded to help the industry begin to respond to stronger global competitive pressures. It is credited with providing the North American semiconductor industry with key enabling technology and relevantly-trained scientists, resulting, at least in part, to regained market share for U.S, semiconductor producers and job growth for U.S. workers.
Parameter expansion for sampling a correlation matrix: an efficient GPX-RPMH algorithm

Sampling the correlation matrix (R) plays an important role in statistical inference for correlated models. There are two main constraints on a correlation matrix: positive definiteness and fixed diagonal elements. These constraints make sampling R difficult. In this paper, an efficient generalized parameter expanded re-parametrization and Metropolis-Hastings (GPX-RPMH) algorithm for sampling a correlation matrix is proposed. Drawing all components of R simultaneously from its full conditional distribution is realized by first drawing a covariance matrix from the derived parameter expanded candidate density (PXCD), and then translating it back to a correlation matrix and accepting it according to a Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) acceptance rate. The mixing rate in the M-H step can be adjusted through a class of tuning parameters embedded in the generalized candidate prior (GCP), which is chosen for R to derive the PXCD. This algorithm is illustrated using multivariate regression (MVR) models and a simulation s...
Integrating formative assessment and participatory research: Building healthier communities in the CHILE Project.

Abstract Background: The need to conduct formative assessment to inform the development of interventional studies has been increasingly recognized in community-based health research. While this purpose alone may provide sufficient justification to conduct formative assessment, researchers are also recognizing the importance of such efforts with regard to partnership building. Purpose: This article reports a formative assessment process in a large-scale randomized controlled trial in New Mexico aimed at preventing obesity in rural American Indian and Hispanic children in Head Start programs. Methods: We interviewed Head Start staff and conducted observations to understand the context of food service and physical activity in these sites. We also collected data from other community partners, including grocery store managers and primary care providers, to assess appropriate strategies regarding their engagement in the study. Results: Formative assessment findings helped modify the planned intervention while a...