cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of photosynthetic characteristics of the seagrass congeners Zostera marina L. and Zostera japonica Ascher. & Graeb.

Abstract On the Pacific coast of North America two seagrass species in the genus Zostera co-exist; the native species Zostera marina, and an introduced species, Zostera japonica. These two species typically occupy separate tidal elevations, with Z. marina occupying the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, and Z. japonica occupying the mid- to upper intertidal zone. This study was designed to compare the photosynthetic characteristics of Z. japonica and Z. marina after exposure to high and low light. Nursery pots containing Z. japonica and Z. marina were grown intermixed in replicate mesocosm tanks at two different light levels (50 and 150 μmol photons m−2 s−1). We measured photosynthetic parameters for Z. japonica and Z. marina leaf segments and whole plants (WP). Z. japonica leaf segment photosynthetic efficiency (α) was greater than that of Z. marina and based on the high photosynthetic rate, α and saturating irradiance, we suggest that Z. japonica is high light adapted. Whole plant (WP) photosynthetic rates were similar 123 ± 11 vs. 155 ± 21 μmol O2 gDW−1 h−1 for Z. marina and Z. japonica respectively. However, the WP respiration rate of Z. japonica was 2 fold greater than Z. marina. Consequently, Z. marina would be expected to acquire and store more carbon than Z. japonica. We suggest that light limitation does not explain the observed disjunct vertical distribution of these two species and that other factors (e.g. rhizome growth, branching frequency and seed germination, etc.) likely play a large role in controlling Z. japonica colonization.
Androgens and Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases: Effects on Both the Seed and the Soil

Androgens are essential for normal prostate development and are necessary, but not sufficient, for the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen deprivation therapy has long been the mainstay of treatment for PCa bone metastases, providing palliation of symptoms in the majority of patients, followed by relapse and progression. The majority of published preclinical studies demonstrate a stimulatory effect of androgens and androgen receptor signaling on the multistep process of PCa bone metastases, including androgenic promotion of local PCa growth, angiogenesis, invasion, bone targeting, stimulation of PCa growth factors that enhance osteoclastogenesis, and enhancement of Wnt signaling in osteoblasts.
Reduction of Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage by Delayed Treatment With Nitric Oxide Donors

We studied whether delayed posttreatment with the nitric oxide donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) is effective in reducing the size of the infarct produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). SHRs were anesthetized with halothane and intubated transorally. The left MCA was occluded at the level of the inferior cerebral vein. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored in the ischemic hemisphere by a laser-Doppler flowmeter, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. SIN-1 was infused into the left internal carotid artery for 60 min starting 3, 15, 30, 60 or 120 min after MCA occlusion. The hypotension associated with SIN-1 administration was controlled by i.v. administration of phenylephrine. At the end of the infusion, rats were extubated and allowed to recover. Infarct size was measured 24 h later on thionin-stained coronal brain sections by computer-assisted planimetry. SIN-1 infusion 3 min after MCA occlusion enhanced the recovery of CBF and ...
Hegel, nietzche and the criticism of metaphysics

(1988). Hegel, nietzche and the criticism of metaphysics. History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 368-369.
Wideband HF over-the-air test results for ARQ and networking applications

This paper begins with a brief overview of HF data transport requirements leading to waveform design and interoperability considerations for the expanded bandwidths provided with MIL-STD-188-110C Appendix D Wideband HF (WBHF). Over-the-air (OTA) performance test results of the WBHF suite of data waveforms, focusing upon shorter data bursts used in Automatic Repeat-Request (ARQ) and networking applications. Test results described in this paper are restricted to WBHF data links using the shorter interleaver options, short and ultra-short. The paper reviews HF Internet Protocol (HFIP) and Subnet Relay performance over links between different geographical locations and varying power amplifier (PA) average output power levels. Finally, the paper outlines the challenges of multi-node networking over HF sky-wave links and recommendations for optimizing multi-node sky-wave network performance when all nodes cannot utilize a single HF frequency due to geographically diverse locations.
Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char from pyrolysis of potato peel wastes

Bio-oil and bio-char were produced from potato peel waste (PPW) and PPW fermentation residue (PPW-FR) using a laboratory-scale auger pyrolyzer at 450 °C. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the feedstock materials PPW and PPW-FR were determined. The bio-oils were fractionated and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The bio-chars were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and butane activity (BA) measurement. The PPW and PPW-FR bio-oils had a relatively high level of lipid and suberin-derived compounds as compared with hybrid poplar (HP) pyrolysis bio-oil. The BA measurement also suggested that PPW and PPW-FR bio-chars have better adsorption performances than HP bio-char.
Spectra of neurotransmitter receptors and ionic responses on cerebral A and B neurons in Aplysia californica

Abstract Receptors to putative transmitters on A and B cells of Aplysia californica were identified and characterized. Neurons within each cluster were similar in responses to transmitters, but the neurons in A and B clusters differed. Both exhibited receptors to acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, histamine and serotonin but not to octopamine or phenylethanolamine. Bi- or multiphasic responses to a single transmitter were common on both cell types. Inhibitory responses were more common on A than B cells where glutamate, histamine and serotonin were all excitatory. Each of these clusters appear homogeneous both in terms of presence of receptors and the ionic channels activated by the receptors.
Biological insights from hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry

Over the past two decades, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS) has achieved the status of a widespread and routine approach in the structural biology toolbox. The ability of hydrogen exchange to detect a range of protein dynamics coupled with the accessibility of mass spectrometry to mixtures and large complexes at low concentrations result in an unmatched tool for investigating proteins challenging to many other structural techniques. Recent advances in methodology and data analysis are helping HXMS deliver on its potential to uncover the connection between conformation, dynamics and the biological function of proteins and complexes. This review provides a brief overview of the HXMS method and focuses on four recent reports to highlight applications that monitor structure and dynamics of proteins and complexes, track protein folding, and map the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein unfolding at equilibrium. These case studies illustrate typical data, analysis and results for each application and demonstrate a range of biological systems for which the interpretation of HXMS in terms of structure and conformational parameters provides unique insights into function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mass spectrometry in structural biology.
Autonomic regulation of cystatin S gene expression in rat submandibular glands.

Innervation of rat submandibular and parotid glands by the autonomic nervous system regulates saliva volume, its rate of secretion and its composition. The autonomic nervous system also plays a regulatory role in the differentiation and growth of salivary glands, and in the expression of specific sets of genes. Rat cystatin S, a member of family 2 of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily, is expressed in submandibular and parotid glands of human and rat. In the rat, cystatin S gene expression is tissue- and cell type-specific, is temporally regulated during postnatal development, and not observed in adult animals. The β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) induces hypertrophic and hyperplastic enlargements of rat salivary glands and the expression of a number of genes including cystatin S. Sympathectomy reduces, but does not completely block, IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in submandibular glands of adult female rats, indicating the participation of sympathetic factor(s) in its regulation. Bilateral parasympathectomy also reduces IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting a role of the parasympathetic nervous system in its regulation. Experiments described in this paper suggest that similar factor(s) arising from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system simultaneously participate in IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression in submandibular glands.
Corequirement of Specific Phosphoinositides and Small GTP-binding Protein Cdc42 in Inducing Actin Assembly in Xenopus Egg Extracts

Both phosphoinositides and small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family have been postulated to regulate actin assembly in cells. We have reconstituted actin assembly in response to these signals in Xenopus extracts and examined the relationship of these pathways. We have found that GTPγS stimulates actin assembly in the presence of endogenous membrane vesicles in low speed extracts. These membrane vesicles are required, but can be replaced by lipid vesicles prepared from purified phospholipids containing phosphoinositides. Vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate or phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate can induce actin assembly even in the absence of GTPγS. RhoGDI, a guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor for the Rho family, inhibits phosphoinositide-induced actin assembly, suggesting the involvement of the Rho family small G proteins. Using various dominant mutants of these G proteins, we demonstrate the requirement of Cdc42 for phosphoinositide-induced actin assembly. Our results suggest that phosphoinositides may act to facilitate GTP exchange on Cdc42, as well as to anchor Cdc42 and actin nucleation activities. Hence, both phosphoinositides and Cdc42 are required to induce actin assembly in this cell-free system.
Reconstruction of grain boundaries in copper and gold by simulation

The reconstruction of high-angle twist grain boundaries on the four densest atomic planes in fcc copper, as described by a Lennard--Jones potential, and gold, as described by an embedded-atom-method potential, are investigated using the recently developed method of grand-canonical simulated quenching. It is found that the grain boundaries on the widely spaced (111) and (100) planes do not reconstruct, while those on the less widely spaced (110) and (113) planes do reconstruct. The effect that reconstruction can have on the physical properties of an interfacial system is illustrated by comparing the elastic properties and ideal cleavage energies of reconstructed grain boundaries with those of corresponding unreconstructed grain boundaries.
Report on the philosophy and mechanics of the Urban Education Committee of Philadelphia

The Urban Education Committee was formed to determine what, if anything, the Delaware Valley Chapter of the Association of Computing Machinery could do to help place the disadvantaged into entry-level jobs in the computing industry.This paper deals with the philosophy and the implementation of that philosophy formulated by the Training and Curriculum Committee.
Tree compaction of microprograms

Although Fisher's trace scheduling procedure for global compaction may produce significant reduction in execution time of compacted microcode, the growth of memory size by extensive copying of blocks can be enormous. In the worst case, the memory size can grow exponentially [FIS81a] and the complex bookkeeping stage of the trace scheduling is an obstacle to implementation.A technique called tree compaction, which is based on the trace scheduling, is proposed to mitigate these drawbacks. Basically, it partitions a given set of microprogram blocks into tree-shaped subsets and applies the idea of trace scheduling on each tree-shaped subset separately. It achieves almost all of the compaction of the Fisher's trace scheduling procedure except that which causes copying of blocks. Preliminary tests indicate that tree compaction gives almost as short execution time as trace scheduling but with much less memory. The paper includes such an example.
Pediatric Symptom Checklist: Screening school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction*

The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a 35-item screening questionnaire that is completed by parents and designed to help pediatricians in outpatient practice identify school-age children with difficulties in psychosocial functioning. The current study assessed the validity of the PSC by screening 300 children in two pediatric practices, a middle-class group practice and an urban health maintenance organization. Validity was established by comparing the results of PSC screening of 48 children with in-depth interview assessments and pediatricians' ratings. Results indicate that the PSC has a specificity of 0.68 and a sensitivity of 0.95. The screening process was well accepted by parents and pediatricians. Several children whose pediatricians' ratings had indicated adequate functioning were identified by the PSC as having substantial psychosocial dysfunction and requiring further evaluation.
Synthesis and properties of cobaltacarborane-functionalized Zn(II)-phthalocyanines

The syntheses of two new A 3 B-type Zn(II)-phthalocyanines (Zn-Pcs) containing either one or two cobaltacarborane residues are reported, and the X-ray structure of a key phthalonitrile precursor is presented. The Zn-Pcs are highly soluble and exist as monomers in polar organic solvents.
Anion effects on glycine entry into pigeon red blood cells

Abstract 1. (1) Glycine entry by the main Na + -dependent route absolutely requires an anion as cofactor. 2. (2) Anion specificity is rather low. F − , NO 3 − , HCO 2 − , SCN − and I − all replace Cl − although they are less efficient than Cl − . The K m for glycine entry with NO 3 − or F − replacing Cl − is much higher than when Cl − is the major anion. The K m for glycine entry with SCN − replacing Cl − is similar to that with Cl − . 3. (3) Acetate and larger anions do not satisfy the anion requirement. 4. (4) There appears to be an anion combining site on the glycine porter since, other than a limit on size, the activity order shows no correlation with simple physical or chemical properties of the anions. 5. (5) Only the K m , not the V for glycine entry depends on Cl − concentration. Thus Cl − must combine with the porter before glycine can combine. 6. (6) When the internal Na + concentration is low, the internal Cl − concentration does not effect V for glycine entry. 7. (7) Some anions allow a little glycine entry in the absence, but not the presence of the ASC amino acid transport inhibitor, alanine. This suggests that the ASC route of Christensen (see Eavenson, E. and Christensen, H. N. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 5386) either has a lower anion specificity than the main glycine route or lacks an anion requirement.
Kurt Wüthrich and NMR of Biological Macromolecules

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the only experimental technique that can determine the structures and dynamics of biological macromolecules and their complexes in solution and with atomic resolution. The award of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Kurt Wuthrich of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and The Scripps Research Institute honors his pioneering efforts in developing and applying this technique. Wuthrich shared the prize with John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka, who were recognized for the development of ionization methods for the analysis of proteins using mass spectrometry.
Literature-related discovery and innovation: Chronic kidney disease

Abstract Different approaches for preventing, reducing, halting, and reversing chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been described in the medical literature. However, all related factors have not been identified together. To overcome these limitations, we used an LRDI-based methodology (potentially applicable to any disease) based on the following holistic principle: a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for restorative treatment effectiveness is that potential causes must be removed initially or in parallel with treatment. Literature-Related Discovery and Innovation (LRDI) is a text mining approach that integrates discovery generation from disparate literatures with the wealth of knowledge contained in prior scientific publications. To support the central requirement of the holistic principle above, LRDI seeks to identify foundational causes that, if eliminated, could potentially reverse chronic and infectious diseases. The LRDI findings would be implemented in three steps by: 1) identifying major symptoms of CKD, 2) identifying and removing foundational causes that drive the symptoms identified, then 3) identifying treatment(s) to reduce, halt, or reverse the progression of CKD and eliminate the remaining symptoms and damage caused by CKD (if not irreversible). We presumed that identifying and eliminating all of the foundational causes as comprehensively, thoroughly, and rapidly as possible may potentially achieve the desired medical goals and obviate the need for any pharmacologic treatments in selected patients. If treatments are required, eliminating the wide spectrum of potential causes identified in this study should enhance their effectiveness. There were two major types of advances made in this study: information technology and medical. The major information technology advance was development of a query to identify the full-spectrum of foundational causes for CKD, and substantially upgrading a query used previously to identify the full spectrum of treatments. The major medical advance was identification of over 900 potential CKD direct and indirect foundational causes that encompass discovery and innovation , along with over 900 CKD direct and indirect treatments that encompass discovery and innovation . The foundational causes were comprised of environmental and occupational exposures, biotoxins, iatrogenic, and lifestyle factors. The myriad treatments ranged from foods, food extracts, drugs, biological, biophysical, and lifestyle changes. A limitation of the LRDI method is that the magnitude of these associations cannot be determined. Nonetheless, after prioritizing potentially relevant factors, eliminating as many upstream or foundational causes as possible may provide benefits to patients with CKD beyond the current emphasis on downstream pharmacologic approaches.
Spectroscopic Evidence of Chemical Interactions at the Gold Film–Silica Substrate Interface

Spectroscopic Evidence of Chemical Interactions at the Gold Film–Silica Substrate Interface
Triaxial Shapes for sd -Shell Nuclei

The $E2$ properties and excitation energies of low-lying states in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{30}\mathrm{Si}$, and $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ are calculated using the adiabatic model of a triaxially deformed rotor. The results are compared with those of recent shell-model calculations and strong similarity is found for both $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ with nearly the same deformation parameters in the adiabatic model. The strength for isovector $M1$ excitation, pertinent to results of inelastic electron scattering, is also calculated using the closure sum rule.
L -shell x-ray-production cross sections in lead by proton bombardment (240 – 440 keV)

The L-shell x-ray-production process in lead (Pb) by proton impact over the energy range 240\char21{}440 keV has been studied. The x rays emitted from a thin (44.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.9 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) Pb target were detected using a high-purity Ge low-energy photon spectroscopy detector. The total x-ray cross sections and the x-ray cross sections for the Ll, L${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$,2, L\ensuremath{\beta}'s, L${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$, and L${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$,3 components were determined at 20-keV intervals over the bombarding energy range. The experimental x-ray cross sections were found to be in reasonable agreement with those predicted by perturbed stationary-state (PSS) theory with relativistic (R), energy-loss (E), and Coulomb-deflection (C) corrections (ECPSSR).
Pseudo Availability of Repairable System

Availability is a very basic characteristic of a system for measuring its performance. Various traditional availabilities have been defined in the literature. This article considers repairable system, the failure of which can be detected only by inspection, and incorporates both inspection and repair into consideration. The concept of pseudo availability is introduced and studied. Pseudo availability differs from the traditional availabilities in that once the system is in ‘up’ state it will remain there forever without change. The expression and/or its Laplace transform are derived. The limiting behavior of pseudo availability is also studied.
Glycolipid-lectin interactions: Detection by direct binding of 125I-lectins to thin layer chromatograms

Glycolipids that bind 125I-labeled lectins are detected by autoradiography after thin layer chromatography of glycolipid standards or crude lipid extracts. Soybean agglutinin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia I isolectins A4 and B4, and Helix pomatia lectin are used to detect corresponding cell surface, glycolipid receptors in human and bovine erythrocytes. When lipid extracts from A and AB erythrocyte stroma are analyzed with Helix pomatia lectin, a polymorphic expression of blood group A glycolipid determinants is detected. The Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectins react weakly with human erythrocyte glycolipids but bind at least 4 glycolipids in bovine stroma extracts. Soybean agglutinin reacts with glycolipids in all erythrocytes analyzed. This technique extends lectin specificity studies from inhibition analyses in aqueous systems using available, known structures to identification of specific, lectin-binding glycolipids in crude lipid extracts of cell membranes.
Driving force for pervaporation through zeolite membranes

Abstract Separation factors for pervaporation of organic/water mixtures through zeolite membranes are shown to correlate with the fugacities of the feed components, and this correlation allows qualitative predictions of separation performance. For more than a 500-fold range of fugacities, organic/water separation factors for 5 wt.% organic feeds increased with organic feed fugacity for pervaporation through a hydrophobic Ge-ZSM-5 zeolite membrane at 303 and 333 K. The C 1 –C 4 organics were carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, esters, propionaldehyde, and diethyl ether. The fluxes and separation factors also depended on organic heats of adsorption and size, but to a lesser extent than on fugacity. Competitive adsorption coverages, and therefore the driving forces for transport, appear to depend on the organic/water feed fugacity ratios. Separation factors for hydrophobic and hydrophilic zeolite membranes in the literature also correlated with feed fugacities. Separation factors for the hydrophobic membranes had trends with fugacity similar to those for the Ge-ZSM-5 membrane, but separation factors for the hydrophilic membrane increased as the water/organic feed fugacity ratio increased. Furthermore, fugacity ratios correctly predicted a selectivity inversion for 1-butanol/acetic acid separations from 1-butanol/acetic acid/water mixtures using the Ge-ZSM-5 zeolite membrane.
Characterizing the Radar Backscatter-Cross-Section Sensitivities of Ice-Phase Hydrometeor Size Distributions via a Simple Scaling of the Clausius–Mossotti Factor

Oneofthechallengesthatlimittheamountofinformationthatcanbeinferredfromradarmeasurementsof ice and mixed-phase precipitating clouds is the variability in ice mass within hydrometeors. The variable amount of ice mass within particles of a given size drives further variability in single-scattering properties that results in uncertainties of forward-modeled remote sensing quantities. Nonspherical ice-phase hydrometeors are often approximated as spheroids to simplify the calculation of single-scattering properties, yet offline calculations remain necessary to quantify these radiative properties as a function of size in discrete increments. In this paper, a simple scaling of the Clausius‐Mossotti factor is used that allows for an approximation of the scattering and extinction cross sections for an arbitrary mass‐dimensional power-law relationship of a nonspherical particle given a single T-matrix calculation. Using data collected by the University of Wyoming King Air in snow clouds over the Colorado Park Range, the uncertainty in forwardmodeled radar reflectivity to assumptions regarding mass‐dimensional relationships is examined. This is accomplished by taking advantage of independently measured condensed mass and particle size distributions to estimate the variability of the prefactor in the mass‐dimensional power law. Then, calculating the partial derivative of the radar backscatter cross sections using the scaling relationships, an estimate is made of the statistical uncertainty in forward-modeled radar reflectivity. Uncertainties on the order of 4dB are found in this term for the dataset considered.
The axes of access - Improving care for patients with disabilities

The authors describe barriers to high-quality care for patients with disabilities and argue that systematic changes are needed to eliminate physical and communication barriers to accessing excellent care.
Humero-radial synostosis.

A sporadic case of humero-radial synostosis is reported in an infant in whom no other congenital malformations were found. The mode of inheritance of humero-radial synostosis in our case is not clear, but it might be autosomal recessive.
No evidence for a 0.8-0.9 m.y. old micro-australite layer in deep-sea cores

Abstract Fission-track and 40 Ar— 39 Ar dating of Australasian tektites indicates that the australites are older than the rest of the Australasian tektites. Some authors have suggested, therefore, that there should be two microtektite layers in the Australasian region: a younger layer approximately synchronous with the Brunhes/Matuyama geomagnetic reversal boundary (previously described in the literature) and an older layer of Australian microtektites (micro-australites) below the Brunhes/Matuyama reversal boundary and perhaps associated with the end of the Jaramillo event. Fifteen cores already known to contain a layer of Australasian microtektites at or slightly above the Brunhes/Matuyama reversal boundary were searched for an 0.8 to 0.9 m.y. old micro-australite layer. No evidence for this layer was found. Thus, the data do not support the conclusion that the Australasian tektites were produced by two impact events at different times.
Cardiac susceptibility artifacts arising from the heart‐lung interface

Cardiac MRI studies often show susceptibility artifacts along the inferoapical myocardial margin in both human and in vivo animal experiments at field strengths of 1.5T and greater. This study was designed to determine the cause of these artifacts in porcine myocardium at 3T. Gradient echo images were obtained under various anatomic and physiologic conditions to systematically study potential sources of local susceptibility gradients. Lung resection in the open-chested, euthanized swine was the only intervention that eliminated the artifact. The data suggest that in the porcine model, the heart-lung interface is the primary cause of these artifacts. Magn Reson Med 45:341–345, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Network Based Dynamic Model for Product Family Evolution

Products evolve over time to follow new customer needs and technologies. Although the proper estimation of future products has been regarded as a critical issue for business success, it has not been widely discussed in an analytical way. Focusing on the evolution of a product family, this paper aims to develop a dynamic model which can effectively show the structural changes of a product family over time. The proposed model is based on a network representing the structural architecture of a product family. This model employs the concept of Fitness Model [1], where nodes in a certain system have their own fitness values to represent the degree of gaining edges with new nodes. The dynamic model proposed in this paper would be a basis for the estimation of product family evolution; it is potentially effective to simulate possible future structures of a product family according to different platform leveraging strategies.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Time Evolution of Solar Microwave Bursts

Spectra of solar microwave bursts often have a steeper slope than expected on the low-frequency side, manifest a low brightness temperature, and maintain a constant frequency of maximum brightness temperature νpeak, despite the burst's evolution in peak brightness. We used a gyrosynchrotron code to model the emission from the flare of 1992 July 16, which exhibited these characteristics. We find that the Razin effect—the suppression of radiation from an electron in a medium in which the index of refraction is less than unity—accounts for the shape and evolution of the burst. Using data from the Owens Valley Solar Array we demonstrate that in a medium with density 2 × 1011 cm-3 and magnetic field 300 G, conditions not uncommon for solar microwave bursts, the gyrosynchrotron spectrum from mildly relativistic electrons can be suppressed for frequencies up to at least 10 GHz. We can then explain the constancy of νpeak, the burst's low brightness temperature, and the steep low-frequency slope of the spectrum using a simple model in which only the density of accelerated electrons varies during the flare. Our model implies values for the density of accelerated and ambient electrons which are in agreement with those derived from X-ray data for this flare.
Six-minute walk distance predicts 30-day readmission in hospitalized heart failure patients.

Background and Aims Identification of patients with heart failure (HF) at high risk of hospital readmission is critical to refine processes for reducing readmission rates. We hypothesized that patients with higher 6-min walk (6MW) distance at the time of hospital discharge are at low risk for early readmission. Methods We prospectively enrolled 265 patients admitted with HF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. 6MW testing was administered prior to discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between 6MW distance and 30-day readmission, stratifying by ≤400 m and >400 m. Results Two hundred ten patients underwent 6MW testing prior to discharge. Patients with 6MW >400 m had a 30-day readmission rate of 15.9%, whereas patients with 6MW ≤400 m had a 30-day readmission rate of 30.3% ( p = 0.016). Patients requiring readmission within 30 days had a median 6MW of 30 m, whereas patients not requiring readmission at 30 days walked 338 m ( p = 0.012). 6MW distance predicted freedom from readmission at 30 days (OR: 0.435, 95% CI 0.21–0.9, p = 0.025). Other independent predictors of 30-day readmission included history of gout (0.117, 0.021–0.637, p = 0.013), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or accepted alternative (0.372, 0.169–0.820, p = 0.014) and blood urea nitrogen level (1.019, 1.003–1.035, p = 0.020). Conclusions Low 6MW distance predicts early hospital readmission in patients with HF. Programs seeking to produce systems that are effective in reducing early hospital readmission may desire to incorporate 6MW testing during HF hospital care.
First matrix cracking behavior of ceramic composites at elevated temperatures

Abstract The first matrix cracking behavior of a silicon carbide fiber (SCS-6™)-reinforced zircon matrix composite is studied as a function of flaw size and temperature. Flaws of controlled size are created in the monolithic zircon and silicon carbide fiber-reinforced zircon matrix composite by means of a Vicker's indentation technique. The first matrix cracking stress is measured at three different temperatures of 25, 500, and 1200°C as a function of the crack length. The results on ceramic composites demonstrated both steady state and non-steady state matrix cracking behaviors and an increase in the steady state matrix cracking stress with an increase in temperature as predicted by the theoretical models. These results are compared with the predictions of the theoretical models of matrix cracking based on fracture mechanics analysis.
The Role of Denial and Defensiveness in Drug Use Among Adolescents.

Denial is expressed in the form of defensive behavior. Denial and defensiveness among drug-using adolescents are major concerns and barriers to diagnosing drug problems. As a result, adolescents experiencing denial and defensiveness may be at special risk for additional problems associated with drug use behavior. This study reviews issues around denial and defensiveness in adolescents, type of defensive diagnosis, drugs used, and the question of grade level in school. As antecedents of drug use and associated problems, gender issues, school performance, changes in living situation, ethnicity, trouble with the law and society, family problems, dropping out of school, pregnancy and parenthood, and support group involvement are among the issues addressed. In a six-month tracking study of alternative school adolescents, drug use and defensiveness was assessed using the Adolescent Substance Abuse Battery (ASB; Moore, 1990). The types of drugs used included alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens. Defensiveness w...
Systematic mutational mapping of sites on human interferon-beta-1a that are important for receptor binding and functional activity.

A systematic mutational analysis of human interferon-β-1a (IFN-β) was performed to identify regions on the surface of the molecule that are important for receptor binding and for functional activity. The crystal structure of IFN-β-1a was used to design a panel of 15 mutant proteins, in each of which a contiguous group of 2−8 surface residues was mutated, in most instances to alanine. The mutants were analyzed for activity in vitro in antiviral and in antiproliferation assays, and for their ability to bind to the type I IFN (ifnar1/ifnar2) receptor on Daudi cells and to a soluble ifnar2 fusion protein (ifnar2-Fc). Abolition of binding to ifnar2-Fc for mutants A2, AB1, AB2, and E established that the ifnar2 binding site on IFN-β comprises parts of the A helix, the AB loop, and the E helix. Mutations in these areas, which together define a contiguous patch of the IFN-β surface, also resulted in reduced affinity for binding to the receptor on cells and in reductions in activity of 5−50-fold in functional assa...
Neuron-Specific Enolase, a Marker of Acute Neuronal Injury, is Increased in Complex Partial Status Epilepticus

Summary: Purpose: To determine whether complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE) causes brain injury in humans. Serum neuron-specific enolase (s-NSE) is an accepted marker of acute brain injury, and increases in s-NSE have been correlated with the duration and outcome of generalized convulsive status epilepticus. s-NSE levels in CPSE are unknown. Increase in s-NSE in CPSE would provide new information about the degree of brain injury in CPSE and would help confirm that CPSE is a medical emergency. Methods: This was a pilot prospective study of serial levels of s-NSE and outcome in CPSE. Eight patients with confirmed CPSE and no acute neurologic deficit were identified prospectively. Results were compared with those of normal and epileptic control groups, and outcome was assessed at hospital discharge or at 7 days with the Glasgow Oucome Scale (GOS). Results: The mean peak s-NSE was 21.81 ng/ml, which for the 8 patients with CPSE was four times higher than that of normal controls (mean s-NSE = 5.36 SD = 1.66, p = 0.0003) and epileptic controls (mean s-NSE = 4.61 SD = 1.74, p. = 0.001). Conclusion: The increase in s-NSE provides new evidence that CPSE causes brain injury in humans.
Photolytic versus microbial degradation of clomazone in a flooded California rice field soil.

BACKGROUND: Clomazone is a popular herbicide used on California rice fields and exhibits rapid anaerobic microbial degradation (t1/2 = 7.9 days). To test the potential of direct and indirect photolytic degradation as a cofactor in the overall degradation rate, sacrificial time-series microcosms were amended with water, non-sterilized soil + water and sterilized soil + water. Clomazone was added to each microcosm, which was then exposed to natural and artificial sunlight over 35 days. Water and acetonitrile extracts were analyzed for clomazone and metabolites via LC/MS/MS. RESULTS: The calculated pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants (k) were kwater = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day−1, ksterile = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day−1 and knon−sterile = 0.010 ± 0.002–0.044 ± 0.007 day−1, depending on light type. The formation of ring-open clomazone, a microbial metabolite, correlated with clomazone degradation. Trace amounts of 5-hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 125), aromatic hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 141) and an unknown product (m/z = 268 125) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The photolytic degradation rate depends on both light type and the quality of the chromophores that induce indirect photolysis. Microbial degradation was found to be sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Overall, microbes are shown to be more detrimental to the environmental fate of clomazone than photolysis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
An accelerated springback compensation method

Part shape error due to springback is usually considered to be a manufacturing defect in sheet metal forming process. This problem can be corrected by adjusting the tooling shape to the appropriate shape and/or active process control. In this paper, the focus will be on tooling shape design. The traditional trial-and-error methods are inefficient for complex dies. Several analytical methods have been proposed in recent years. Each of these has their advantages and disadvantages. As expected, all these methods required a few iteration steps before converting to the desired tooling shape. Here, we put all of these proposed methods under the same framework. Additionally, built upon existing methods, a new methodology is proposed by incorporating pure geometry correction with fundamental mechanics analysis. Consequently, the convergence becomes much faster and certain. Tooling design results from the new method, together with three existing methods, are compared with each other and an experiment.
Trend cluster analysis using self organizing maps

Trend cluster analysis using Self Organization Maps (SOM) is an application for clustering time series data. The application is able to cluster and display the time series data into trend lines graphs, and also identify trend variations in time series data. The system can process a large number of records as well as a smaller datasets. The results generated by the application are useful for analyzing large data which is often hard to analyze using normal spreadsheet software. The system has been developed using Matlab SOM functions and adopted SOM learning technique to cluster time series data. Based on the experiments, the test results have shown that the application is able to accommodate large sets of data and produce the trend lines graphs.
A method of active attitude control based on energy considerations.

Active attitude control method with energy increases and decreases induced to modify attitude motions for particles and rigid bodies
Aminoglycosides Decrease Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Activity by Interfering with Selenocysteine Incorporation

Cellular glutathione peroxidase is a key intracellular antioxidant enzyme that contains a selenocysteine residue at its active site. Selenium, a selenocysteine incorporation sequence in the 3'-untranslated region of the glutathione peroxidase mRNA, and other translational cofactors are necessary for "read-through" of a UGA stop codon that specifies selenocysteine incorporation. Aminoglycoside antibiotics facilitate read-through of premature stop codons in prokayotes and eukaryotes. We studied the effects of G418, an aminoglycoside, on cellular glutathione peroxidase expression and function in mammalian cells. Insertion of a selenocysteine incorporation element along with a UGA codon into a reporter construct allows for read-through only in the presence of selenium. G418 increased read-through in selenium-replete cells as well as in the absence of selenium. G418 treatment increased immunodetectable endogenous or recombinant glutathione peroxidase but reduced the specific activity of the enzyme. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicated that G418 caused a substitution of l-arginine for selenocysteine. These data show that G418 can affect the biosynthesis of this key antioxidant enzyme by promoting substitution at the UGA codon.
High yield expression of non-phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinases in insect cells

The key role of kinases in signal transduction and cell growth regulation has been a long standing interest among academics and the pharmaceutical industry. Recombinant enzymes have been used to understand the mechanism of action as well as to screen for chemical inhibitors. The baculo-insect system has been the primary method used to obtain soluble and active kinases, usually producing a mixture of the kinase in various phosphorylation states in different conformations. To obtain a homogenous preparation of non-phosphorylated kinases is critical for biochemical, biophysical and kinetic studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of kinase activation. Taking advantage of the eukaryotic expression property of insect cells, we were able to obtain high yield expression of non-phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinases BTK, JAK3 and Eph2A through coexpression with the tyrosine phosphatase YopH, which suggests that this method can be applied to protein tyrosine kinases in general. We have demonstrated that the fully non-phosphorylated BTK obtained with this method is suitable for various biochemical and kinetic studies.
Umbilical cord care.

To the Editor. — We read with interest the article by Janssen et al.1 After reviewing the literature regarding umbilical cord care,2,3 our hospital began instituting the natural drying technique in December 2000. Within several months, three healthy newborns, of ∼3000 deliveries per year, were noted to have bullous impetigo around the umbilical area, all culture-positive for Staphylococcus aureus. After these infections, we surveyed local general pediatricians to determine their experiences with dry cord care and parents’ acceptance of this change. Thirty-seven pediatricians responded to our survey. Eighty percent of the respondents noted that some or most of their parents continued with the natural drying process after discharge. …
Querying structured hyperdocuments

We present a document model which integrates the logical structure and hypertext link structure of hyperdocuments in order to manage structured documents with hypertext links. Based on this model we define a new structure query language which expresses the structure query using path expressions. To process a structure query in a document management system which represents structure information as database relations, costly join operations are used to find a relationship between elements in a document hierarchy. In order to overcome this problem, schemes based on the parse tree and element locator have been used (Blake, 1994). We propose a new structure query processing scheme that uses unique element identifiers (UIDs) to evaluate structure queries. Our scheme has advantages over previous schemes since it can obtain the UIDs of the ancestors and descendents directly from the UID of a node without disk access. We present relational database schemes for our scheme as well as others and compare the query processing costs. In order to support direct access to a document element, keyword indices to it should be provided. We propose three kinds of inverted index structures for efficient structure query processing.
The tetramer structure of the Nervy homology two domain, NHR2, is critical for AML1/ETO's activity

AML1/ETO is the chimeric protein resulting from the t(8;21) in acute myeloid leukemia. The Nervy homology 2 (NHR2) domain in ETO mediates oligomerization and AML1/ETO's interactions with ETO, MTGR1, and MTG16, and with the corepressor molecules mSin3A and HDAC1 and HDAC3. We solved the NHR2 domain structure and found it to be an alpha-helical tetramer. We show that oligomerization contributes to AML1/ETO's inhibition of granulocyte differentiation, is essential for its ability to enhance the clonogenic potential of primary mouse bone marrow cells, and affects AML1/ETO's activity on several endogenous genes. Oligomerization is also required for AML1/ETO's interactions with ETO, MTGR1, and MTG16, but not with other corepressor molecules.
Wonderful When It Works …: A Case Study of Electronically Mediated Guest Lectures

Ubiquitous technology theoretically allows for the creation of a global classroom with students engaging scholars, activists, and other professionals from around the world. Technical and pedagogical issues, however, can result in less-than-effective presentations that in turn result in negative learning outcomes. Using a case study approach, we discuss the key considerations, common pitfalls, and outcomes of using Skype to facilitate a guest lecture with three presenters in three different locations.
Effect of selected "desirable difficulty" learning strategies on the retention of physiology information.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interleaving and expanding retrieval on the retention of physiology concepts. Participants (n = 189) read and then reread 30 immunology and r...
Comparisons of the foveae dorsales in male and female ixodid ticks Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).

The presence of foveae dorsales and underlying foveal glands was documented in the adult males and compared to those in the females of Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis . Externally the male foveae dorsales were smaller and had fewer slits than the female glands, but internally there were no obvious gross differences between the sexes in the foveal glands.