cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A practical method for the calculation of liquid–liquid equilibria in multicomponent organic–water–electrolyte systems using physicochemical constraints

Liquid mixtures containing a variety of organic compounds, water, and dissolved electrolytes are prone to liquid–liquid phase separation, owing to non-ideal interactions between water, ions, and organic compounds. Such systems are of practical importance in the design of chemical separation processes as well as the partitioning of semivolatile species in atmospheric aerosols. In this study, a practical phase separation calculation method based on a system of nonlinear equations is presented, applicable to multicomponent systems containing inorganic ions. Expressions are derived that allow consistent use of activity coefficients defined on molality basis for ionic species in combination with mole fraction-based activity coefficients for nonelectrolyte components. Physicochemical considerations are applied together with preliminary evaluation of generated trial compositions to automatically obtain a set of feasible initial guesses. A successive substitution procedure with component-specific step length damping is then employed, followed by a rapid convergence part using a globally convergent solver for systems of nonlinear equations. We discuss several examples that demonstrate the method's remarkable level of reliability even in the case of systems showing highly non-ideal mixing behavior, and we highlight the importance of providing a good initial guess.
36 Experimental Genital Herpes Simplex infection in the Mouse

In view of the important role of maternal genital infection as the source of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the newborn (J.amer. med. Ass. 199: 1132 [1967]), an experimental model in mice was developed. Female mice could be readily infected by insertion in the vagina of a cotton pellet soaked with HSV. The occurrence of infection was substantiated by the recovery of virus from the vagina for as long as 12 days and by the demonstration of concomittant cytological changes (multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions). 90 % of the mice died of encephalitis within 20 days after inoculation. Death could be prevented in up to 60 % of infected mice by repeated administration of gamma globulin.
Evaluation of Sampling Methods for Dingy Cutworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sack traps, pitfall traps, and soil sieving were evaluated as sampling tools for larvae of Feltia jaculifera (Guenee). The largest number of larvae was collected in pitfall traps. Similar trap catches were found in unbaited traps, and in traps baited with either sunflower seedlings or a mixture of molasses and bran. Sack trapping was the most effective method tested, as measured by relative net precision (RNP). Soil sieving required considerably more time to obtain samples and had the lowest RNP value.
Estimation of permeation rate of chemicals through elastometric materials

Elastometric materials are used as barriers to protect workers against exposure to chemicals. The effectiveness of a polymer as a chemical protective material therefore depends on the rate of the permeation of chemicals through it. The permeation rate depends on the solubility and the diffusion coefficient of chemicals in the materials. The diffusion coefficient itself is a strong function of concentration of the chemicals in the polymeric material. Permeation rates can be measured directly using a permeation cell or they can be calculated from the solubility and the diffusion coefficient data. Sorption/desorption experiments can be used to determine solubility and an expression for the diffusion coefficient in terms of concentration. Experiments were conducted for the sorption and desorption of ethyl acetate in three glove (one butyl and two neoprene materials) and two garment (neoprene and chlorinated polyethylene) materials. The data collected were used to estimate the steady-state permeation rates of ethyl acetate through the materials. The results of the experiments show that the solubility of ethyl acetate in butyl rubber is 0.795 g/cm3, and the steady-state permeation rate is 0.32 μg cm−2 s−1. The solubility of the chemical through the three neoprene materials is in the range of 2.25–5.31 g/cm3, and the steady-state permeation rates vary from 27 to 43 μg cm−2 s−1. The solubility of ethyl acetate in the chlorinated polyethylene is 7.14 g/cm3, and the steady-state permeation rate is 62.43 μg cm−2 s−1. The experimental method is very simple to use and it requires a small sample of the material (less than 1 cm2) and only a few milliliters of the chemical. Sorption/desorption experiments can also provide information on the amount of additives extracted from an elastomeric material during contact with a chemical. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1265–1272, 2001
Temperature dependence of electronic energy transfer from a polymer host to a triplet emitter in light emitting diode materials

Abstract We investigate the temperature dependence of electronic energy transfer between a polymer host, poly( N -vinylcarbazole) blended with 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4- tert -butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, and the triplet emitter tris[9,9-dihexyl-2-(phenyl-4 ′ -(pyridin-2 ′′ -yl))fluorene] iridium(III) (Ir(DPPF) 3 ). The photophysics of the blend are similar to those of neat poly( N -vinylcarbazole), with two emitting species corresponding to shallow and deep excimer traps. When the blend is doped with Ir(DPPF) 3 , the deep trap emission is preferentially quenched. This quenching cannot be explained by simple Forster energy transfer to the dopant. Instead, the data are consistent with a rapid, temperature-dependent partitioning of the energy between the two host species and the Ir(DPPF) 3 , each of which decays independently.
United States wage and hour law: an updated primer for foreign companies

In 2002, Equal Opportunities International published a United States wage and hour law “primer” for foreign companies. That primer provided a basic overview of the U.S. laws regulating the compensation of employees who are working in the United States. On August 23, 2004, one major component of that primer changed: who is exempt from the over time requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act. This article explains the new Fair Pay Regulations governing which employees may be classified as “exempt” and, consequently, not paid overtime for working more than forty hours in a work week.
Heat and momentum transfer around a pair of spheres in viscous flow

Abstract The Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been solved numerically for a pair of spheres in tandem at Re = 40 for two different spacings using bispherical coordinates. the solutions compare favorably with experimental results. the drag coefficient and the average Nusselt number of either sphere is always less than that of a single isolated sphere, the effect being much stronger on the downstream sphere.
Screening combinatorial libraries

Abstract Combinatorial chemistry has taken the pharmaceutical industry by storm, and is now widely applied at the leading edge of the drug discovery process. An approach to quickly survey structural space, combinatorial chemistry has stimulated development of a plethora of methodologies to rapidly address the relationship of drug structure and activity. Reviewed here are the various pooling strategies presently being employed. The use of microorganisms in library screening, as well as DNA array screening, are also reviewed. In addition, both label and non-label detection strategies used to relate structure and activity are discussed.
Microspherules in Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary clay layers at Gubbio, Italy

A variety of microspherules is found in clay layers of the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sediments at Gubbio, Italy. Of particular interest are spherules containing K-feldspar or K-feldspar and glauconite that were found in 12 of 15 clay layers examined. Their ages range from the Turonian to the Paleocene, a span of 22 m.y. They are most abundant in the clay layer at the K/T transition, but are clearly not unique to this horizon. Their origin does not seem to be related to a single extraterrestrial impact at K/T time, nor to a few impacts over a 1–2-m.y. interval. In fact, they contain no unique features that would restrict their origin to an impact event. We conclude that the microspherules are diagenetic in origin. The conditions that led to a concentration of microspherules at the K/T horizon are unique only in terms of the magnitude of their effects.
Two- and three-dimensional HCN experiments for correlating base and sugar resonances in 15N,13C-labeled RNA oligonucleotides.

New 2D and 3D 1H-13C-15N triple resonance experiments are presented which allow unambiguous assignments of intranucleotide H1'-H8(H6) connectivities in 13C-and 15N-labeled RNA oligonucleotides. Two slightly different experiments employing double INEPT forward and back coherence transfers are optimized to obtain the H1'-C1'-N9/N1 and H8/H6-C8/C6-N9/N1 connectivities, respectively. The correlation of H1' protons to glycosidic nitrogens N9/N1 is obtained in a nonselective fashion. To correlate H8/H6 with their respective glycosidic nitrogens, selective 13C-refocusing and 15N-inversion pulses are applied to optimize the magnetization transfers along the desired pathway. The approach employs the heteronuclear one-bond spin-spin interactions and allows the 2D 1H-15N and 3D1H-13C-15N chemical shift correlation of nuclei along and adjacent to the glycosidic bond. Since the intranucleotide correlations obtained are based exclusively on through-bond scalar interactions, these experiments resolve the ambiguity of intra-and internucleotide H1'-H8(H6) assignments obtained from the 2D NOESY spectra. These experiments are applied to a 30-base RNA oligonucleotide which contains the binding site for Rev protein from HIV.
Neuroendocrine responses to cold stress in normal subjects and depressives

Abstract In order to assess the effects of cold stress on neuroendocrine function in persons with affective disorders, 11 normal subjects and eight depressed patients were subjected to a well-defined thermal stress in a cold chamber at 10° C. Metabolic rate, skin and rectal temperature, and TSH, T4, T3, growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol were measured simultaneously for 45 minutes prior to cold exposure and for 60 minutes in the cold. All subjects experienced robust changes in skin temperature and metabolic rate during cold exposure, while maintaining core temperature throughout. There were no changes in any of the neuroendocrine parameters during exposure to cold stress in either the controls or the depressives, although depressives had somewhat higher T4 and lower T3, TSH, and GH throughout the study. These findings indicate that hormones of these neuroendocrine axes are unresponsive to acute, moderate cold stress in normal man and that depressives show no greater reactivity than normals.
Nanometer-Scale Smectic Ordering of Genetically Engineered Rodlike Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Derivatives of Poly(γ-benzyl α,l-glutamate)

Macromolecules with precisely defined architectures on the nanometer scale are ideal building blocks for self-assembled materials and nanometer-scale devices. By utilizing recombinant DNA technology and bacterial protein expression, we have prepared a set of rodlike artificial proteins, Glu(OBzl)Asp(OBzl)[Glu(OBzl)_(17)Asp(OBzl)]_X-Glu(OBzl)Glu(OBzl) (PBLG-X, X = 3−6, 1), which serve as monodisperse analogues of poly(γ-benzyl α,l-glutamate) (PBLG), with variation of rod length from 8.7 to 17 nm. Synthesis was accomplished by (i) bacterial production of a precursor polypeptide GluAsp(Glu_(17)Asp)_XGluGlu (PLGA-X, X = 3−6), as a fusion to mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), (ii) CNBr digestion of the expressed protein to liberate PLGA-X, and (iii) side chain benzylation of PLGA-X via treatment with phenyldiazomethane. The growth rates of cultures transformed with the recombinant genes, and the yields of protein expressed therein, depended on the number of Glu_(17)Asp repeats appended to the fusion partner, decreasing as the number of repeats increased. PBLG-3, with the lowest aspect ratio (6.9), did not exhibit liquid crystalline (LC) behavior while each of the other polymers formed lyotropic LC phases. The phase transition behavior of PBLG-X was distinctly different from that of conventional polydisperse PBLG; when the concentration of the polymer solution was gradually increased, the transition from the isotropic to the liquid crystalline state occurred uniformly throughout the sample without formation of distinct birefringent droplets. Solution-cast films of PBLG-4 and PBLG-5 formed smectic supramolecular architectures with layer spacings (11.4 and 14.0 nm, respectively) precisely determined by the length of the monodisperse rods. Smectic ordering was observed only in films cast from mixtures of chloroform (97%) and trifluoroacetic acid (3%). In films prepared from dioxane, both polydisperse and monodisperse PBLGs adopted columnar order without formation of smectic layers.
Relationships between seasonally wet soils and occurrence of wetland plants in California.

Vegetative cover, depth to groundwater soil oxygen, and redox potential were measured at sites in California within a gradient from tidal marsh to upland pasture. Plant cover was sampled using a point-intercept method, depth to groundwater was measured in piezometers, and soil oxygen and redox was measured usingin-situ instrumentation over a year-long period. The seasonal weather pattern was typical of a Mediterranean climate with a long, dry period from May to October and a wet period from November to April. Plant species were categorized according to their ranking on the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s wetland plant indicator list. Vegetative cover was greatest during the rainy season at all nontidal sites, and the cover by wetland species reflected the trend observed in the soil moisture measurements. However, the only significant correlation was that between obligate wetland species and soil oxygen and redox potential. When soil oxygen decreased below 12% and redox potential decreased below +300 mV, obligate wetland species increased proportionately. Furthermore, the presence of upland species in the non-tidal wetlands was greater during the wet season, whereas wetland species persisted during the dry season. As a result, the wetland character of the sites as measured by a weighted average ordination scale varied throughout the year.
Presence and effects of health and nutrition-related (HNR) claims with benefit-seeking and risk-avoidance appeals in female-orientated magazine food advertisements

A multi-method study was conducted to, first, establish the prevalence of types of health- and nutrition-related (HNR) claims (nutrient content, structure/function and health claims) with benefit-seeking and risk-avoidance appeals in food advertisements appearing in magazines with large female audiences and, second, determine the effects of the two HNR-paired appeal types on females’ evaluative judgements of food advertisements. Analysis of 633 food advertisements from eight women-orientated magazines found a substantial use of risk-avoidance appeals in food advertising, primarily in association with nutrient content claims. Risk-avoidance appeals were especially present in product categories considered relatively unhealthy and less nutritious. Two experiments conducted to examine appeal-type effects in association with nutrient content claims found that both benefit-seeking and riskavoidance appeals enhanced perceived healthiness of advertised food products among females; however, risk-avoidance appeals ...
Improvements in the Oric RF System

The Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron has been operating since January 1963. Initial experience with the rf system was enlivened by destructive sparking and general instability at the upper end of the rf tuning range. A network of protective devices developed during the past two years almost eliminates spark damage and improves the stability of the system. A multistage rf voltage regulator was also developed and installed.
The pastor as enabler

Out of a personal struggle to understand and help a chronically ill friend the writer evolves a view of the pastor as enabler. The definition of “enable,” the role of the “enabler,” and the problems which prevent many from being “enabled,” are discussed. These definitions are illuminated by the Biblical perspective of Elihu in the book ofJob. The pastor who sees himself as enabler is able to bring perspective, clarity, empathy, compassion, and concrete help to the person in need.
The effects of cognitive disability evidence on death penalty dispositions: an analysis post Atkins v. Virginia

Concerns over the use of the death penalty for criminal offenders who claim or are suspected of ‘mental retardation’ were central to the US Supreme Court’s decision in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), which abolished capital punishment for those with diagnosed cognitive disability. This research explores the varying effects of the evidence of cognitive disability on death penalty dispositions post Atkins v. Virginia. More specifically, this research provides an analysis of significant factors surrounding state supreme court cases where the defendant had demonstrated some evidence of cognitive disability (illustrated by at least one reported IQ score below the standard cutoff), but the court deemed this evidence insufficient, resulting in a disposition in favor of the prosecution. Findings indicate that the state courts are adhering to the precedent set in Atkins in most cases.
A20 inhibits post-angioplasty restenosis by blocking macrophage trafficking and decreasing adventitial neovascularization.

Objective: Neointimal hyperplasia is an inflammatory and proliferative process that occurs as a result of injury to the vessel wall. We have shown that the homeostatic protein A20 prevents neointimal hyperplasia by affecting endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) responses to injury. In this work, we questioned whether A20 impacts other pathogenic effectors of neointimal hyperplasia including homing of monocyte/macrophages and EC/SMC precursors to the site of vascular injury, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, and adventitial neovascularization. Methods and results: Carotid balloon angioplasty was performed on rat recipients of a bone marrow transplant from green fluorescent rats. Adenoviral delivery of A20 prevented neointimal hyperplasia and decreased macrophage infiltration. This was associated with decreased ICAM-1 and MCP-1 expression in vitro. Additionally, A20 reduced neovascularization in the adventitia of balloon injured carotid arteries, which correlated with fewer VEGF positive cells. Conclusions: A20 downregulates adhesion markers, chemokine production, and adventitial angiogenesis, all of which are required for macrophage trafficking to sites of vascular injury. This, in turn, diminishes the inflammatory milieu to prevent neointimal hyperplasia.
Sequence Motifs and Antimotifs in β-Barrel Membrane Proteins from a Genome-Wide Analysis: The Ala-Tyr Dichotomy and Chaperone Binding Motifs

Abstract β-barrel membrane proteins are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Although sequence motifs have been studied in α-helical membrane proteins and have been shown to play important roles in their assembly, it is not clear whether over-represented motifs and under-represented anti-motifs exist in β-barrel membrane proteins. We have developed probabilistic models to identify sequence motifs of residue pairs on the same strand separated by an arbitrary number of residues. A rigorous statistical model is essential for this study because of the difficulty associated with the short length of the strands and the small amount of structural data. By comparing to the null model of exhaustive permutation of residues within the same β-strand, propensity values of sequence patterns of two residues and p-values measuring statistical significance are calculated exactly by several analytical formulae we have developed or by enumeration. We find that there are characteristic sequence motifs and antimotifs in transmembrane (TM) β-strands. The amino acid Tyr plays an important role in several such motifs. We find a general dichotomy consisting of favorable Aliphatic-Tyr sequence motifs and unfavorable Tyr-Aliphatic antimotifs. Tyr is also part of a terminal motif, YxF, which is likely to be important for chaperone binding. Our results also suggest several experiments that can help to elucidate the mechanisms of in vitro and in vivo folding of β-barrel membrane proteins.
Spectroscopic Standard Samples of Titanium and High-Temperature Alloys

Ten new spectroscopic standard samples are now available from the National Bureau of Standards. These consist of three standards each for two titanium alloys and four standards for high-temperature alloys. The new standards are useful for both optical emission and x-ray methods of analysis.
on the acoustic analysis of primate vocalizations

The acoustic theory of speech production relates articulatory maneuvers to acoustic attributes of speech. Some procedures are discussed that make use of this theory to analyze the vocalizations of nonhuman primates. These procedures make use of sound spectrograms, oscillograms, and computer-implemented analogs of the primate vocal apparatus as well as anatomical measurements. The use of these techniques in recent studies of nonhuman primate vocalizations is reviewed. These studies show that nonhuman primates lack the anatomical apparatus that is necessary for the production of the full range of human speech. Some unresolved questions concerning the structure of nonhuman primate utterances are discussed with regard to human linguistic ability.
Electroencephalographic and behavioral correlates of buprenorphine administration

Male subjects on methadone maintenance who were residing in a research ward were switched to buprenorphine for 45 days. Physiologic measures, behavioral and subjective ratings of mood states, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) were obtained daily. Distinct changes in EEG activity paralleled physiologic and behavioral effects during the transition to buprenorphine. Sinular physiologic effects and a reversal of EEG effects occurred when saline solution was substituted for buprenorphine. It is concluded that, consistent with its classification as a partial opiate agonist, buprenorphine may not substitute fully for methadone. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1984) 36, 127–132; doi:10.1038/clpt.1984.150
Radiochemical determination of cobalt-60 in environmental samples.

Abstract A procedure for the radiochemical determination of 60Co in low-activity samples of sediment and biological material is described. Cobalt recovery is high and decontamination from tervalent lanthanides and naturally-occurring radionuclides is complete. Cobalt is precipitated with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, decontaminated from iron by precipitation of the iron as ferric phosphate, extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone, and finally precipitated as cobalt mercury(II) thiocyanate for yield determination and beta-counting.
Agglomeration of magnetorheological fluid mass to an immersed vibrating electromagnet

Dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) have been designed with variable spring and damping elements to enable realtime or non-real-time adaptation to vibration conditions. Mass, the third element of a DVA, is more difficult to adjust. The subject paper describes an experimental study of a small electromagnet immersed in magnetorheological (MR) fluid and vibrated at a single frequency by an electrodynamic shaker as force and acceleration data are acquired. When the magnet is energized, MR fluid clings to it, potentially allowing for design of a DVA with variable mass and even damping, as the shape of the electromagnet-MR fluid mass changes. It is found that the effective mass of the system depends on the vibration conditions, with less mass adhering at higher frequencies and displacements, but significant increases in mass are possible at lower frequencies and displacements. The paper outlines the experimental apparatus used, presents data acquired, and proposes a dependency of the effective mass on frequency and displacement.
Sedation and anesthesia of pet rabbits.

Pet rabbits frequently become stressed when handled and may require sedation or chemical immobilization for procedures such as blood collection, IV catheter placement, radiography, deep ear cleaning, and dentistry. Common surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia include spay, castration, gastrotomy, cystotomy, and orthopedic procedures. Rabbits may be difficult to safely sedate or anesthetize. Individual rabbits may have varying sensitivity to the depressant effects of anesthetics. The apparent sensitivity of the rabbit's respiratory center to anesthetic drugs and the narrow range between anesthetic and toxic doses in this species add to the unpredictable character of rabbit anesthesia. 1,2 Furthermore, mortality following anesthesia and surgery in sick rabbits is common. Strategically, safe anesthesia of rabbits must include the planning of procedures so that anesthetic time is minimized. Clinicians must be on guard for individual variation in response to drugs. Minimizing the use of cardiovascular depressant agents, use of agents with a high therapeutic index, and careful titration of doses to effect, along with thorough cardiorespiratory monitoring, will permit attainment of appropriate anesthetic depth with the widest margin of safety. This article presents several injectable and inhalant anesthetic protocols that may assist in effective management of many types of rabbit patient.
GABA-mediated corticofugal inhibition of taste-responsive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.

Abstract The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) receives descending connections from several forebrain targets of the gustatory system, including the insular cortex. Many taste-responsive cells in the NST are inhibited by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, we investigated the effects of cortical stimulation on the activity of gustatory neurons in the NST. Multibarrel glass micropipettes were used to record the activity of NST neurons extracellularly and to apply the GABA A antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BICM) into the vicinity of the cell. Taste stimuli were 0.032 M sucrose (S), 0.032 M NaCl (N), 0.00032 M citric acid (H), and 0.032 M quinine hydrochloride (Q), presented to the anterior tongue. Each of 50 NST cells was classified as S-, N-, H-, or Q-best on the basis of its response to chemical stimulation of the tongue. The ipsilateral insular cortex was stimulated both electrically (0.5 mA, 100 Hz, 0.2 ms) and chemically (10 mM dl -homocysteic acid, DLH), while the spontaneous activity of each NST cell was recorded. The baseline activity of 34% of the cells ( n =17) was modulated by cortical stimulation: eight cells were inhibited and nine were excited. BICM microinjected into the NST blocked the cortical-induced inhibition but had no effect on the excitatory response. Although the excitatory effects were distributed across S-, N-, and H-best neurons, the inhibitory effects of cortical stimulation were significantly more common in N-best cells. These data suggest that corticofugal input to the NST may differentially inhibit gustatory afferent activity through GABAergic mechanisms.
Primary scintillant fluorescent decay times in binary and ternary scintillators by near UV pulsed laser excitation

Abstract Primary scintillant fluorescence decay times and spectra of seven commercially available binary and ternary, plastic and acrylic scintillators are presented. Excitation is by a pulsed, near ultraviolet laser. Thus the decay times are those from the final energy transfer stage following nuclear particle excitation. Various fitting functions previously used in describing the emitted pulse shape are reviewed, and the fluorescence decay time contribution of the primary scintillant is discussed.
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data

The 2002 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, was held June 4-6, 2002 at the spectacular Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Monona Terrace conference center in Madison, Wisconsin. The SIGMOD conference has long held its status a leading forum for database researchers, practitioners, developers, and users to explore cutting-edge ideas and to exchange techniques, tools, and experiences. This year we are pleased to have a particularly strong program, including significant representation from both industry and academia and contributions from around the world. The SIGMOD conference is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and its Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). As has become customary, two days of the conference were overlapped with the Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS). In addition, there were a number of important events co-located with SIGMOD this year, including the 5th International Workshop on the Web and Databases (WebDB), the Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DMKD), and the New Database Faculty Symposium.As with previous years, acceptance into the conference proceedings was extremely competitive. From the 240 research program submissions, the program committee selected 42 papers for presentation and inclusion in the proceedings. These papers span the range of traditional database topics as well as issues of emerging interest such as data streaming, middle-tier data management, and integration with web services and the WWW. The: program committee worked hard to select these papers through a detailed review process and active discussion both electronically and at the program committee meeting held in January at Berkeley. We are deeply indebted to Surajit Chaudhuri and Jonathan Simon for their efforts in developing and hosting the Conference Management Tool at Microsoft. We used the CMT to run the entire submissions and review process for research papers, including the program committee meeting. We would also like to thank Umesh Dayal, who took on extra work to help manage the review process.In addition to the research track, we had 41 submissions to the Demonstrations track, of which 21 projects were invited to present. The Demonstrations track has become a key venue for the early dissemination of cutting-edge prototype and systems development experience. Paul Aoki chaired the demos program committee, which put together a diverse and exciting program. The Industrial program committee, chaired by Mike Carey took an active role in soliciting quality submissions and have put together a program that is a key component of this year's conference. Likewise, Donald Kossmann and Peter Scheuermann and the tutorial committee organized an excellent slate of Panels and Tutorials to round out the program.
The evolution of the Rio Grande Rise in the southwest Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The Rio Grande Rise, a major aseismic rise in the western South Atlantic Ocean, is composed of two portions with distinct morphologies and geological histories. The western portion of the Rise (WRGR) is a large elliptical bulge with its crest at a mean depth of about 2000 m. Numerous guyots protrude from its main platform. The crust underlying this portion of the Rise is older than 80 m.y.B.P. and was formed at a spreading center probably situated close to the sea level. A widespread volcanic event affected this region during the Eocene and generated several volcanic islands located at the center of the present WRGR. This Eocene volcanism is responsible for the unusual high elevation of this region and for the generation of the observed guyots. Much less is known about the eastern portion of the Rio Grande Rise (ERGR). It has a north—south trend, parallel to the present South Atlantic spreading center, is bounded by fracture zones, is in a conjugate position to part of the Walvis Ridge in the eastern South Atlantic and may represent an abandoned spreading center.
Time correlations in the detection of successively emitted photons

Abstract An analysis is given of the correlation in detection times of two successive radiations emitted spontaneously in a sequential decay. By a resolvent operator method, the time evolution of the coupled particle-field state is derived for a system consisting of a three-level atom coupled to the photon field. Photons A and B , emitted in the first and second stages of the cascade, are detected at distances r A and r B from the atom. When one of the photons is detected, the state vector for the system is assumed to be reduced, by projection onto the observed state. After this measurement, the system again evolves continuously, until the second photon is detected. The probability that a retarded time interval T = (t B − r B C ) − (t A − r A C ) will elapse between the detection of photon A , at time t A , and the detection of photon B , at time t B , is found to be proportional to exp ( −Γ T ) if T > 0 and to be zero if T , where 1 Γ is the mean lifetime of the intermediate state. This result is consistent with a prequantum view of successive photon emission, but is obtained by a method which avoids the conceptual difficulties of a point-particle photon model.
Influence of bench angle on upper extremity muscular activation during bench press exercise

This study compared the muscular activation of the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and triceps brachii during a free-weight barbell bench press performed at 0°, 30°, 45° and -15° bench angles. Fourteen healthy resistance trained males (age 21.4 ± 0.4 years) participated in this study. One set of six repetitions for each bench press conditions at 65% one repetition maximum were performed. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was utilised to examine the muscular activation of the selected muscles during the eccentric and concentric phases. In addition, each phase was subdivided into 25% contraction durations, resulting in four separate time points for comparison between bench conditions. The sEMG of upper pectoralis displayed no difference during any of the bench conditions when examining the complete concentric contraction, however differences during 26-50% contraction duration were found for both the 30° [122.5 ± 10.1% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)] and 45° (124 ± 9.1% MVIC) bench condition, resulting in greater sEMG compared to horizontal (98.2 ± 5.4% MVIC) and -15 (96.1 ± 5.5% MVIC). The sEMG of lower pectoralis was greater during -15° (100.4 ± 5.7% MVIC), 30° (86.6 ± 4.8% MVIC) and horizontal (100.1 ± 5.2% MVIC) bench conditions compared to the 45° (71.9 ± 4.5% MVIC) for the whole concentric contraction. The results of this study support the use of a horizontal bench to achieve muscular activation of both the upper and lower heads of the pectoralis. However, a bench incline angle of 30° or 45° resulted in greater muscular activation during certain time points, suggesting that it is important to consider how muscular activation is affected at various time points when selecting bench press exercises.
Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian code simulations of turbulent Rayleigh-Taylor instability in two and three dimensions

We have performed simulations of the evolution of the turbulent Rayleigh-Taylor instability with an arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian code. The problem specification was defined by Dimonte et al. (2003) for the alpha group code intercomparison project. Perfect y = 5/3 gases of densities 1 and 3 g/cm 3 are accelerated by constant gravity. The nominal problem uses a 256 2 X 512 mesh with initial random multiwavelength interface perturbations. We have also run three-dimensional problems with smaller meshes and two-dimensional (2D) problems of several mesh sizes. Under-resolution lowered linear growth rates of the seed modes to 5-60% of the analytic values, depending on wavelength and orientation to the mesh. However, the mix extent in the 2D simulations changed little with grid refinement. Simulations without interface reconstruction gave penetration only slightly reduced from the case with interface reconstruction. Energy dissipation differs little between the two cases. The slope of the penetration distance versus time squared, corresponding to the α parameter in h = αAgt 2 , decreases with increasing time in these simulations. The slope, a, is consistent with the linear electric motor data of Dimonte and Schneider (2000), but the growth is delayed in time.
BIOGEOMORPHOLOGY OF AN UPPER CHESAPEAKE BAY RIVER-MOUTH TIDAL FRESHWATER MARSH

Field mapping and monitoring of vegetation, sedimentation patterns, substrate characteristics, and geomorphology in the Bush River tributary to upper Chesapeake Bay has been conducted since 1991 to ascertain the process-morphology dynamics in a tidal freshwater marsh. Nine plant associations from 5 distinct marsh habitats were identified by clustering species abundance measurements from 115 quadrats throughout an 84-hectare area. High spatial variability in physical habitat conditions such as summer-average sediment deposition, summer-average organic content, and surface-sediment grain size distributions were explainable using combinations of independent variables, including elevation, plant distributions, and dis- tances to the tidal inlet and an adjacent stream. Sedimentation and vegetation were both observed to show a predictable response to disturbance by animal activity.
Quantitative assessment of left ventricular perfusion defects using real-time three-dimensional myocardial contrast echocardiography

Quantitative assessment of perfusion defects with myocardial contrast echocardiography can be a valuable tool in the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. However, the use of 2-dimensional echocardiography for this purpose is limited to a restricted number of imaging planes. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) is a novel technique that provides instantaneous volumetric images. The aim of this study was to validate the use of RT3D for the quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion defects in a model of acute coronary occlusion. To this end, 20 sheep underwent acute ligation of the left anterior descending (n = 14) or the posterior branch of the circumflex (n = 6) artery under general anesthesia. The RT3D images were obtained after left atrial injection of the contrast agent EchoGen (perflenapent emulsion; 0.8-1 mL). Evans blue dye was injected into the occluded coronary artery for subsequent anatomic identification of underperfused myocardium. The mass of the entire left ventricle and of the underperfused myocardial region were measured after death. Blinded off-line calculation of left ventricular (LV) mass and perfusion-defect mass from RT3D images were performed using an interactive aided-manual tracing technique. Total LV mass ranged from 68 to 141 g (mean plus minus SD: 92 +/- 24 g). The mass of the perfusion defect ranged from 0 to 43 g (mean +/- SD: 16 +/- 9 g) or 0 to 36% of total LV mass (mean +/- SD: 18% +/- 9%). The RT3D estimation of total LV mass strongly correlated with the anatomic measurement (r = 0.91; y = -2.54 + 1.04x; standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 11.9 g). The RT3D calculation of the mass of underperfused myocardium also strongly correlated with the anatomic measurement, both in absolute terms (r = 0.96; y = 2.01 + 0.87x; SEE = 2.2 g) and when expressed as percentage of total LV mass (r = 0.96; y = 0.11 + 1.02x; SEE = 2.8%). Hence, RT3D with myocardial contrast opacification accurately predicts the amount of underperfused myocardium in an animal model of acute coronary occlusion. This technique may therefore be useful for the quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion defects in patients with coronary artery disease.
Suture button suspension following trapeziectomy in a cadaver model

Background The safety and the effects of different trajectories on thumb motion of suture-button suspensionplasty post-trapeziectomy are not known.
Epicardial Fat Volume in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Epicardial adipose tissue has been linked to cardiovascular metabolism and inflammation and has been shown to predict prevalence and progression of coronary artery disease. Only limited data are available on the role of epicardial fat in patients with heart failure (HF). We analyzed cardiac adiposity and its relation to markers of morbidity and clinical outcome in patients with normal and impaired left ventricular (LV) function. Epicardial fat volume (EFV) and coronary artery calcium were measured in 381 patients (210 women and 171 men, mean age 55 ± 10 years) who underwent low-dose computed tomography. HF was defined by LV ejection fraction (EF) 55% (mean 63 ± 6) and 60 patients had an EF <55% (mean 41 ± 12). Subgroup analysis was performed according to degree of LV dysfunction in patients with HF (LVEF 35% to 55% or <35%). Mean EFVs were 114.5 ± 98.5 cm(3) in patients with normal EF and 83.5 ± 67.1 cm(3) in those with decreased EF (p <0.05). Mean EFVs were 96.1 ± 73.9 cm(3) in patients with moderate HF and 52.2 ± 29.7 cm(3) in patients with severe HF (p <0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed a persistently smaller EFV in patients with HF regardless of coronary artery calcium scores, markers of renal function, lipid metabolism, fasting blood glucose, or body mass index. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a stepwise decrease in EFV in patients with impaired cardiac function.
Justice, Activity, and Narrative: Studying of the World March for Peace and Nonviolence

One often hears the slogan “No justice, no peace,” but under what conditions can the pursuit of justice sustain peace? And what role can conflict and transnational social movements play in these processes? We examine these questions utilizing data collected by a participatory action research team for a study of the World March for Peace and Nonviolence (the “March”). The March was a 2009 transnational campaign that raised awareness about alternatives to violence, militarism, and injustice through events in 588 cities and social media. Building on the work of Morton Deutsch on conflict resolution, Gene Sharp on nonviolence, and Lev Vygotsky on Activity Theory, this chapter examines how the March promoted nonviolent conflict as a key activity in the practice of justice and peace. Our data, seven written testimonios by March participants from the Unites States, Colombia, Ecuador, and Argentina, describe these participants’ experiences with injustice, the March, and their hopes for the future. Their testimonios indicate that the March was a fertile context for creative nonviolent action that: (1) widened participants’ scope of justice; (2) kindled new possibilities for constructive conflict and change; and (3) distributed information about the interlocking systems of militarism, violence, and injustice. In these ways, the March broadened landscapes of meaning, action, and possibility that nurtured individual and collective efforts to sustain a positive peace.
Automatic threshold control for improved paging detection performance in wireless systems

Wireless systems, such as UMTS, use a paging indication channel (PICH) to signal whether a mobile is being paged. The threshold for PICH detection must he set to balance the tradeoff between missed calls (due to missed page) and lowered battery life (due to false alarms). Threshold selection is one of many factors that affect those metrics and, often, the sensitivity of those metrics to the PICH detection performance is highly dependent on the operating SNR. The paper provides a methodology for automatically setting the PICH detection threshold by taking such an SNR dependent sensitivity of the performance metrics into account in order to achieve the right tradeoff across all SNRs. Furthermore, we correctly account for imperfect channel estimation in the threshold setting. For each SNR value, we determine which metric (the metrics are false alarm probability and missed PICH probability) is the binding constraint and determine what its value should be. Using an analytic approach that correctly accounts for channel estimation error, we then determine the appropriate threshold to use at that SNR. Simulation results are presented for a UMTS system and show that substantial improvements in battery life can be obtained while also improving missed call rate compared to maximum likelihood (ML) detection. Significant gains over a Neyman-Pearson (NP) based approach are also obtained.
Heterologous Production of Fosfomycin and Identification of the Minimal Biosynthetic Gene Cluster

Fosfomycin is a clinically utilized, highly effective antibiotic, which is active against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant pathogens. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a complete fosfomycin biosynthetic cluster from Streptomyces fradiae and heterologous production of fosfomycin in S. lividans. Sequence analysis coupled with gene deletion and disruption revealed that the minimal cluster consists of fom1-4, fomA-D. A LuxR-type activator that was apparently required for heterologous fosfomycin production was also discovered approximately 13 kb away from the cluster and was named fomR. The genes fomE and fomF, previously thought to be involved in fosfomycin biosynthesis, were shown not to be essential by gene disruption. This work provides new insights into fosfomycin biosynthesis and opens the door for fosfomycin overproduction and creation of new analogs via biomolecular pathway engineering.
A randomized controlled trial of an office-based physical activity and physical fitness intervention for older adults.

This primary care-based study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a 24-week intervention on physical activity and physical fitness in a group of community-dwelling older adults. Secondary aims were to determine the effect of the intervention on self-efficacy and barriers to physical activity. Intervention participants (n = 36) received an exercise prescription based on physical fitness test results and personal choice. Comparison participants (n = 36) received a nutrition intervention. Both groups received 10 follow-up telephone calls. Repeated measures ANOVA analyses showed no direct effects of the intervention on the primary outcomes of physical activity or physical fitness in the intervention group (p > 0.05). Secondary analyses with ANCOVA that included potential moderating variables of age, gender, income, BMI, and support for physical activity showed that the intervention group significantly increased frequency of all physical activity (F = 3.50, p < 0.05) as well as the fitness outcomes of lower body strength (F = 3.63, p < 0.05) and aerobic endurance (F = 4.03, p < 0.05). This is one of the first studies to evaluate the use of fitness measures to increase physical activity and fitness in the primary care setting. The intervention improved some aspects of physical activity and fitness for selected participants.
Mechanisms of trauma-induced coagulopathy

The identification and management of coagulopathy is a critical component of caring for the severely injured patient. Notions of the mechanisms of coagulopathy in trauma patients have been supplanted by new insights resulting from close examination of the biochemical and cellular changes associated with acute tissue injury and hemorrhagic shock. Acute intrinsic coagulopathy arising in severely injured trauma patients is now termed trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) and is an emergent property of tissue injury combined with hypoperfusion. Mechanisms contributing to TIC include anticoagulation, consumption, platelet dysfunction, and hyperfibrinolysis. This review discusses current understanding of TIC mechanisms and their relative contributions to coagulopathy in the face of increasingly severe injury and highlights how they interact to produce coagulation system dysfunction.