cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Older Age and the Underreporting of Depressive Symptoms

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether older age is associated with a decrease in self-reported depressive symptoms, independent of examiner-rated symptoms, in inpatients with major depression. DESIGN: Survey study. SETTING: Inpatient psychiatric units at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Eligible subjects were those over 20 years of age with a primary diagnosis of DSM-III-R major depression. Participation was sought from all subjects over 60 years of age and from every second or every third younger subject, depending on rater availability. Of 137 eligible subjects, 97 completed all study measures. MEASUREMENTS: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), as a measure of self-reported depressive symptoms, was the dependent variable. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D) was used to assess examiner-rated symptoms. MAIN RESULTS: Older age (P = .03) was associated negatively and examiner-rated depressive symptoms (P = .0001) were associated positively with BDI score. Other variables, including gender, education, age of depression onset, and medical illness burden, were not independently associated with BDI. Examination of depressive symptom subtotals (psychologic/affective vs. somatic/neurovegetative) revealed that only the self-reported psychologic/affective subtotal was significantly associated with age (P = .0018). CONCLUSIONS: Some older patients with clinically significant depression underreport their symptoms. When asking older patients about depressive symptoms, clinicians should view negative responses only within larger clinical contexts and should obtain information from other sources as needed. Similar concerns must temper interpretation of research that relies on subject self-report to study depression in late life. J Am Geriatr Soc 43: 216–221, 1995.
Agrarian reform and cooperation between settlers in the Midwest of Brazil: An institutional approach

Cooperation is an important factor in improving the efficiency of agrarian reform, but hardly occurs, which is a serious problem in Brazil. This research tries to explain why cooperation is so difficult in Brazilian settlements. It focuses on the Midwest of Brazil, a region with a high concentration of land, located in the main region for production of commodities. Research combines a New Institutional approach with aspects from the economic sociology. The model developed in the paper is original and highlights factors responsible for cooperation. Research differentiates institutional arrangements according to asset specificity and sunk costs. Beside associations for representation with public authorities, where cooperation is easier, cooperative arrangements need specific investments from the settlers, who require warranties before participating. Institutions serve as warranties for adopted governances. In the case of cooperation in Brazilian settlements, these warranties should come from informal institutions, which can be a problem in some communities. Leadership of a producer can also have an important role in hierarchical networks.
The role of frequency of patronage and service quality of all-you-can-eat buffet restaurant: A perspective of socio-economic and demographic characteristics of African American consumers

Abstract While the sub-cultural group of African American consumers form a large and growing market segment, relatively little study has been done on their attitude and consumption behavior toward the ever popular all-you-can-eat Buffet restaurants. Paper examines the frequency of patronizing all-you-can-eat Buffet restaurants by the African Americans, the criteria that they use to evaluate service quality in those restaurants, as well as, socio-economic and demographic factors that determine their frequency of patronage and service quality evaluation. Results show that “freshness,” “hygiene,” “variety and reliability,” and “value,” are the top four dimensions of service quality most important to this group of consumers. Gender, age, income, and marital status were found to influence their patronage frequency, as well as their service quality evaluation. Managerial implications of findings for targeting and promotional strategies are discussed.
Synthesis of acetylcholine from labeled choline by brain.

Abstract Choline-methyl-H 3 was employed in experiments in the cat in an attempt to label cerebral cortical stores of acetylcholine. Both Chromatographic and isotope dilution analysis established the presence and identity of labeled acetylcholine in extracts of unfractionated cerebral cortex as well as an undoubtedly crude mitochondrial fraction of this tissue after the intracerebral injection of tritium labeled choline. The radioactivity in this fraction was significantly reduced when hemicholinium No. 3 was injected into the cerebral cortex prior to the injection of tritiated eholine. The synthesis of labeled acetylcholine in the brain also was confirmed after intracerebral injection of tritiated choline in the young chick. The synthesis in vitro of tritiated acetylcholine from choline-methyl-H 3 by cerebral cortical homogenates of the cat was demonstrated. No synthesis of labeled acetylcholine could be detected when the homogenates were incubated with electric eel acetylcholinesterase. The possibility of nonenzymatic conversion of labeled choline to its acetyl ester in vivo seems highly unlikely since significant conversion did not occur in vitro under conditions that simulated those in vivo .
Characteristics of Oligonucleotide Uptake in Human Keratinocyte Cultures

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides have the potential to interfere selectivity with cellular protein synthesis by sequence-specific hybridization to DNA or RNA molecules. We have, investigated the properties of uptake and intracellular localization of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides in cultured human keratinocytes using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Unlike many other cell types studied, keratinocytes can internalize oligonucleotides without apparent sequestration in endosomes or cell surface accumulation. Uptake is primarily nuclear and unaltered by sodium azide, monensin, or chloroquin pretreatment. We have verified our results with two different fluorophores, fluorescein and Bodipy, and found similar uptake and distribution patterns in both live and fixed cell populations. Surprisingly, we have found uptake to be heterogeneous within a population, with 15-30% of cells internalizing the oligonucleotides. This percentage is drastically increased to roughly 80% at cell population margins, and after release from M phase arrest. These results on uptake and intracellular localization suggest that keratinocytes may have increased sensitivity as target cells for oligonucleotide based gene regulation strategies.
Vitamin D Status in Women with Pelvic Floor Disorder Symptoms

Introduction and hypothesis Our aim was to characterize the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status with pelvic floor symptom distress and impact on quality of life.
Altered Function and Connectivity of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Background Exaggerated concern for correct performance has been linked to hyperactivity of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the role of the MFC during the early course of illness remains poorly understood. We tested whether hyperactive MFC-based performance monitoring function relates to altered MFC connectivity within task control and default mode networks in pediatric patients. Methods Eighteen pairs of OCD and matched healthy youth underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance monitoring and at rest. Task-related hyperactivations in the posterior and ventral MFC were used as seeds for connectivity analyses during task and resting state. Results In posterior MFC, patients showed greater activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than control subjects, with greater activation predicting worse performance. In ventral MFC, control subjects exhibited deactivation, whereas patients activated this region. Compared with control subjects, patients showed increased dACC-ventral MFC connectivity during task and decreased dACC-right anterior operculum and ventral MFC-posterior cingulate connectivity during rest. Conclusions Excessive activation and increased interactions of posterior and ventral MFC during performance monitoring may combine with reduced resting state connectivity of these regions within networks for task control and default mode to reflect early markers of OCD. Alteration of reciprocal interactions between these networks could potentiate the intrusion of ventral MFC-based affectively laden, self-referential thoughts, while disrupting posterior MFC-based performance-monitoring function in young patients.
Long-term results of apical aortic conduits in children with complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

Background Apical aortic conduits were used in children with complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at our institution before we adopted the Ross and Ross-Konno procedures. The early results with apical aortic conduits were quite good when we used a porcine xenograft conduit and were less satisfactory when we converted to an aortic homograft valve as the conduit valve. This report summarizes our clinical experience with apical aortic conduits in children with an emphasis on hemodynamic results, reoperation, and long-term follow-up. Methods Records of 28 patients (age range, 2 weeks to 19 years) who underwent insertion of apical aortic conduit between September 1979 and June 1993 were reviewed. All patients had complex multilevel left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. All were symptomatic, and 22 (79%) had had one or two previous aortic valvotomies or left ventricular outflow tract operations, or both. Results Hospital mortality was 11% (3 of 28). Twenty-five children survived the perioperative period and improved, and 21 have had one or more cardiac catheterization from 6 to 18 months (mean, 1.2 years) after the initial operation. Reduction or resolution of resting mean left ventricular–to-aortic peak gradient in the early postoperative period from 81.8 ± 24.0 to 15.4 ± 8.9 mm Hg was demonstrated ( p p Conclusions Apical aortic conduit is effective in relieving complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and improving left ventricular performance with acceptable short-term and midterm results, but late complications caused primarily by conduit tissue valve dysfunction are frequent in children. Since the early 1990s, the apical aortic conduit procedure has been largely replaced with the Ross or Ross-Konno procedure in our pediatric practice.
Studies on the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) with epoxides. Transformation products and their migration from packaging to foods

Abstract Epoxidized glyceryl trioleate has been used as a model compound to extend previous studies on the mode of action of epoxides in the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Sheets of PVC containing 3% expoxidized glyceryl tri[1-14C]oleate were prepared on a hydraulic press and subsequently heated in an oven for various times to simulate heat processing. After separation of the polymer from the low molecular weight components by steric exclusion chromatography, there was only a negligible amount (max. 2%) of bonding to the polymer and progressive loss from 15 to 90% of epoxide function occurred with heat processing over the period from 0.2 to 40 min. The concentration of the chlorohydrin transformation product was estimated by high performance steric exclusion chromatography after formation of a suitable u.v. detectable derivative, but the levels found did not fully account for the overall loss of epoxide. To assess the potential of both epoxide and chlorohydrin for migration from plastic packaging into foods, sheets individually containing the epoxide and the corresponding chlorohydrin were placed in contact with a range of solvents, orange squash and edible oil. No migration was measurable at a limit of detection of 0.1 ppm (orange squash limit 0.5 ppm) after 10 days contact at 40, with the exception of edible oil where a level of 1.0 ppm was detectable.
Immunocytochemical distribution of somatotrophs in porcine anterior pituitary

The objective of this immunohistochemical study was to identify the spatial distribution patterns of growth hormone (GH) secreting cells (somatotrophs) in the newborn and prepubertal porcine pituitary. No differences were observed among the total somatotrophs per unit area across the three ages. There were, however, changes in spatial distribution of somatotrophs in porcine pituitary with developmental age. Distinctive characteristics of the pattern included a high population of somatotrophs (44±1.2; mean ± standard error of the mean per 30,495 μm2) in regions 1 and 5 and a low population (22±1.4) in regions 2 and 4 at each level (P<0.05). Somatotrophs increased 55% in region 3 from proximal to distal levels at all ages. With increasing age, however, somatotrophs in region 3 at the proximal level decreased 33%. From these results, we suggest that there may be regional specificity of cellular differentiation and transformation to facilitate GH secretion to meet the need for endocrine regulation as the animal ages.
Models of the cutting edge geometry of medical needles with applications to needle design

Abstract Tissue cutting by a needle is greatly influenced by the geometry of its cutting edges. Yet, there are very few results in the technical literature that address the issues surrounding the relation between needle tip and cutting edge geometry and its cutting/insertion force. In the present paper, general mathematical models of the included and inclination angles of a needle's cutting edge are formulated since they exert a profound influence on cutting behavior. Specific models for various tip geometries are developed to investigate four types of needle tips including one-plane, asymmetric three-plane, symmetric multi-plane, and symmetric three-curved-surface needles. The results show that the cutting edge of the one-plane needle has a very undesirable configuration. Asymmetric three-plane needles, such as the lancet and back bevel tip needles, can significantly improve the configuration of the cutting edge. Back bevel tip needles, in turn, offer even more desirable cutting edge geometry than lancet tip needles. In evaluating the cutting edge angles of multi-plane needles, it was shown that the included angle is limited by its tip geometry. To resolve this problem a needle formed by three curved surfaces was proposed. It was found that this new design has significant potential for reducing patient trauma as well as target accuracy during needle insertion. The proposed general approach provides the foundation for designing medical needles with specific cutting edge properties.
Holographic Microscopy - Theory And Applications

Holographic microscopy is a useful tool in a wide variety of applications. This paper reviews the history and theory of several holographic microscopes which have been used successfully in a variety of applications. An overview of the relevant parameters of importance in designing a holographic microscope will be presented. Recording media properties and sources of noise will be discussed as they relate to the quality of the reconstructed image. A summary of several successful applications, including design considerations, will conclude this paper.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perceptual-motor computational model of anomalous binocular correspondence.

PURPOSE: A head-centric disparity model of anomalous binocular correspondence (ABC) in strabismus provides a framework that captures several associated perceptual-motor characteristics that are unexplained by the retino-centric model (anomalous retinal correspondence) of Von Graefe and Burian. The head-centric model elaborates on the anomalous-projection model of Verhoeff and Brock, originally described by Wells, late in the 18th century, which proposes that three-dimensional space perception is based on information obtained separately from the two eyes in ABC, without binocular retinal correspondence. Binocular parallax angles formed by the two eyes' monocular head-centric directions provide sufficient information to estimate distance but not enough to stimulate diplopia without a reference for zero disparity. METHODS (MODEL DESCRIPTION): The retino-centric model computes binocular disparity from differences between retino-centric directions specified by the two eyes, with each eye's direction referenced to its own primary visual direction. The head-centric analog to retinal disparity is binocular parallax that could provide distance information but not a stimulus for diplopia. Diplopia is computed from differences between binocular parallax angles subtended by object points and a reference for zero disparity, that is, the head-centric Horopter, which adjusts for viewing distance, independently of convergence of the eyes. RESULTS (CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS): Several perceptual-motor phenomena associated with anomalous correspondence demonstrate two sensory fusion mechanisms in ABC that involve registered vergence signals and changes in the horopter, independent of vergence. CONCLUSIONS: In ABC, the subjective-squint angle is unaffected by registered vergence movements. Binocular sensory fusion is obtained via the head-centric model by adjusting the diameter of the head-centric horopter, independent of the vergence angle, from the fixation distance to the distance of another reference point. By altering the reference viewing distance for zero disparity, the sign and magnitude of disparity stimuli for fusion and diplopia are changed, thereby enabling the perception of a fused fixation target and the appreciation of physiological diplopia in strabismus. Language: en
Preparation of Surface-Engineered Elastin/Lamin Nerve Guide Tubes of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)

In this study, a spray coating technique was used to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA) tubes. To improve the flexibility of these devices, an elastomeric polymer, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (PEVAc), was added to the PLA. The PLA/PEVAc tubes were further surface modified with elastin and laminin via carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde treatment. This study evaluated the surface graft matrix components (elastin and laminin) on PLA/PEVAc tubes as a method for regenerating biointeractive materials for nerve growth and tissue engineering.
A parathyroid hormone inhibitor in vivo: design and biological evaluation of a hormone analog

A synthetic analog of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH), [tyrosine-34] bPTH-(7-34)NH2, was found to inhibit parathyroid hormone action in vivo. When the analog and parathyroid hormone were infused simultaneously to rats at a molar ratio of 200 to 1, the analog inhibited the excretion of urinary phosphate and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. When infused alone at the same dose rate, the analog was devoid of agonist activity. The compound was prepared by following design principles developed for inhibitors of parathyroid hormone, and is believed to be the first antagonist of parathyroid hormone that is effective in vivo.
Effect of suspension-line viscous damping on parachute opening load amplification.

A digital computer program was used to investigate the effects of suspension-line viscous damping on the opening loads of a high-altitude parachute system having a specified configuration. It was found (1) that the nonlinear elastic characteristics of the suspension system produce an amplification of the opening load when the viscous damping is negligible, (2) that the load amplification is markedly reduced when the suspension-line viscous damping coefficient is increased, and (3) that the suspension-line viscous damping is an important parameter of opening load amplification for high-velocity parachute inflations.
Transport and deposition of a pyroclastic surge across an area of high relief: The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington

The 08:32 PDT 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption began as an explosion (blast) that produced a laterally flowing pyro-clastic current (blast surge). It moved outward in a 180° arc at supersonic speeds and then slowed to subsonic speeds. Supersonic flow severely eroded the ground and produced a ground layer (formerly, layer A0). Above the ground layer lies the deposit derived from the blast surge. The blast surge deposits formed in three continuous and concurrent stages. The first stage was movement of the transport system (that is, the blast surge), carrying fragments most of the distance from the vent. The next two stages involved the depositional system . This system developed from rapidly accumulating sediment by gravity segregation at the base of the blast surge. Two stages of sediment gravity flows with independent flow regimes formed sequentially in rapid succession from the moving blast surge. Each moved downhill due to gravity, independently of the generating blast surge that was driven by explosive expansion. Units repeated in some sections are deposits derived from divergent and crossing surge lobes caused by irregular topography. Locally ponded massive deposits in valleys and depressions formed from gas-rich pyroclastic flows and originated in two ways: (1) topographic blocking by steep, volcano-facing slopes. Blocking includes diversion or damming of the lower-elevation, high-density part of the blast surge that could not surmount high ridges. (2) Also occurring to form valley ponds was drainage of just-deposited (or "almost deposited") material from steep slopes (>∼30°-35°), moving downhill in all slope directions into separate valleys or depressions. Distances traveled by the blast surge, and rates at which coarsest fragments decrease laterally, are related to the topographic "grain." Surge runout was farther where flow directions paralleled topographic trends, and least where trends were at right angles to the flow. Obstacle-interference depositional patterns (thinning-thickening; rapid fine-to-coarse facies changes) caused a spread in median diameter values that are as great in local areas near the volcano as they are over the width of the devastated region.
Brain responses to food logos in obese and healthy weight children.

Objective To evaluate brain activation in response to common food and nonfood logos in healthy weight and obese children. Study design Ten healthy weight children (mean body mass index in the 50th percentile) and 10 obese children (mean body mass index in the 97.9th percentile) completed self-report measures of self-control. They then underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing food and nonfood logos. Results Compared with the healthy weight children, obese children showed significantly less brain activation to food logos in the bilateral middle/inferior prefrontal cortex, an area involved in cognitive control. Conclusion When shown food logos, obese children showed significantly less brain activation than the healthy weight children in regions associated with cognitive control. This provides initial neuroimaging evidence that obese children may be more vulnerable to the effects of food advertising.
Numerical simulation of boundary-layer transition

The transition to turbulence in boundary layers was investigated by direct numerical solution of the nonlinear, three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the half-infinite domain over a flat plate. Periodicity was imposed in the streamwise and spanwise directions. A body force was applied to approximate the effect of a nonparallel mean flow. The numerical method was spectra, based on Fourier series and Jacobi polynomials, and used divergence-free basis functions. Extremely rapid convergence was obtained when solving the linear Orr-Sommerfeld equation. The early nonlinear and three-dimensional stages of transition, in a boundary layer disturbed by a vibrating ribbon, were successfully simulated. Excellent qualitative agreement was observed with either experiments or weakly nonlinear theories. In particular, the breakdown pattern was staggered or nonstaggered depending on the disturbance amplitude.
And the Bands Played on: Digital Disintermediation and the Quality of New Recorded Music

Although revenue for recorded music has collapsed since the explosion of file sharing, results elsewhere suggest that the quality of new music has not suffered. One possible explanation is that digitization has allowed a wider range of firms to bring far more music to market using lower-cost methods of production, distribution, and promotion. Record labels have traditionally found it difficult to predict which albums will find commercial success, so many released albums fail while many nascent but unreleased albums might have been successful. Forces raising the number of products released may allow consumers to discover more appealing choices if they can sift through the offerings. Digitization has promoted both Internet radio and a growing cadre of online music reviewers, providing alternatives to radio airplay as means for new product discovery. To explore this, I assemble data on new works of recorded music released between 1980 and 2010, along with data on particular albums’ sales, airplay on both traditional and Internet radio, and album reviews at Metacritic since 2000. First, I document that despite a substantial drop in major-label album releases, the total quantity of new albums released annually has increased sharply since 2000, driven by independent labels and purely digital products. Second, increased product availability has been accompanied by a reduction in the concentration of sales in the top albums. Third, new information channels – Internet radio and online criticism – change the number and kinds of products about which consumers have information. Fourth, in the past dozen years, increasing numbers of albums find commercial success without substantial traditional airplay. Finally, albums from independent labels – which previously might not have made it to market – account for a growing share of commercially successful albums.
FRalanyzer: a tool for functional analysis of fold-recognition sequence–structure alignments

We describe FRalanyzer (Fold Recognition alignment analyzer), a new web tool to visually inspect sequence–structure alignments in order to predict functionally important residues in a query sequence of unknown function. This tool is aimed at helping to infer functional relationships between a query sequence and a template structure, and is particularly useful in analyzing fold recognition (FR) results. Because similar folds do not necessarily share the same function, it is not always straightforward to infer a function from an FR result alone. Manual inspection of the FR sequence-structure alignment is often required in order to search for conservation of functionally important residues. FRalanyzer automates parts of this time-consuming process. FRalanyzer takes as input a sequence–structure alignment, automatically searches annotated databases, displays functionally significant residues and highlights the functionally important positions that are identical in the alignment. FRalanyzer can also be used with sequence-structure alignments obtained by other methods, and with structure–structure alignments obtained from structural comparison of newly determined 3D-structures of unknown function. Fralanyzer is available at http://fralanyzer.cse.buffalo.edu/.
Oral Detection of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Free Fatty Acids in Humans

There is increasing evidence supporting an oral chemosensory detection system for free fatty acids (FFA). The presumptive transduction mechanisms have different ligand specificities. Psychophysical studies with FFA varying in chain length and saturation may aid in identifying the presence and functionality of these mechanisms in humans. Oral detection thresholds were measured for linoleic, stearic, lauric, and caproic acids in 32 healthy adults by an ascending, 3-alternative, forced-choice, sip and spit procedure. Thresholds were obtained for all fatty acids from all participants, but the distributions were wide and nonnormal. Thresholds were not correlated between fatty acids nor with thresholds for sucrose (taste), butanol (olfactory), mineral oil, or gum acacia (both somatosensory). These data demonstrate human oral sensitivity to short-, medium-, and long-chain FFA and suggest the presence of multiple transduction mechanisms. The findings are consistent with, but do not definitively demonstrate, a role for taste that may have a genetic basis.
Complement-Mediated Vasoconstriction and Graft Rejection

The hyperacute rejection of renal allografts has much in common with pig-to-dog renal xenograft rejections. An analysis of the xenograft model revealed new functional aspects of graft rejection that appear to be an integral part of the humoral immune injury. Anaphylatoxin or C5a, a cleavage product of the fifth complement component was shown to play a major role in the rejection of isolated kidneys; it was generated in pig and dog serum by activation of the complement system and caused severe Vasoconstriction in the renal vasculature. It is suggested that histocompatibility antibodies and complement may affect allograft survival via this potent mediator.
Issue Definition and Policy Making on the United States Supreme Court

Although scholars of the Supreme Court's agenda have provided a great deal of insight into the process of case selection, relatively little is known about how the Court selects issues within a case. Most models of judicial decision making assume that the issues presented by the litigants are fixed. This analysis suggests, however, that in over 20% of all cases, justices actually create new issues. When the Court engages in this issue creation, occasionally the justices are addressing jurisdictional issues or are substituting a narrower claim. More often than not, however, the Court provides a response that is much broader that what the parties asked. Amicus briefs were expected to be a major source of these new issues, but the data show little to no evidence that justices respond to new issues raised by amici. The primary source of these new issues appears to be the justices themselves.
Massive liver mass and parenteral nutrition extravasation secondary to umbilical venous catheter complications

Umbilical vein catheters (UVC) are widely used in neonatal medicine. Serious complications from UVC placement are uncommon but do exist, including infection, thrombosis, arrhythmias, and hemorrhage. Although rare, hepatic complications, in particular, have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Correct positioning of the catheter prior to starting infusion of hyperosmolar solutions and early recognition of UVC-related complications are crucial in minimizing iatrogenic injury. We report the case of a neonate who was found at 10 days of age to have large pleural and peritoneal effusions and a massive fluid collection in the liver due to malposition of a UVC.
Heterogeneous Beliefs and Risk Neutral Skewness

This study tests whether investor belief differences affect the cross-sectional variation of risk-neutral skewness, using data on firm-level stock options traded on the CBOE from 2003 to 2006. Using well known proxies for heterogeneous beliefs, we find that stocks with greater belief differences have more negative skews, even after controlling for systematic risk and other firm-level variables known to affect skewness. This result also goes beyond the net price pressure hypothesis suggested by Bollen and Whaley (2004). Factor analysis identifies latent variables linked to systematic risk and belief differences. The belief factor explains more variation in the risk-neutral density than the risk-based factor. Our results suggest that belief differences may be one of the unexplained firm-specific components affecting skewness described in Dennis and Mayhew (2002).
Worn Tool Force Modeling in 3D Oblique Cutting Under Hard Turning Conditions

Quantitative understanding and prediction of cutting forces using worn tools is important to cutting process thermal modeling, tool life estimation, chatter prediction, and tool condition monitoring purposes. In this paper, a modeling approach in 3D oblique cutting is presented. The cutting configuration is featured with worn chamfered tools with a rounded tool nose under hard turning conditions, which are characterized by small feed rate and small depth of cut using a chamfered nose radius tool. The whole cutting edge is discretized into a number of elements, which follow the same chip flow angle. The force information is modeling by collectively considering the forces on each discretized elementary cutting edge based on a worn tool force model. The proposed model is further validated with the experimental hard turning studies. It is found that the chip flow angel does not change noticeably with tool wear. The predicted cutting and feed forces are relatively accurate compared with the predictions of the thrust forces. The force modeling accuracy is expected to be further improved by accurate consideration of the flank and crater wear geometry and generalization of the interaction forces between the discretized chip elements along the tool nose of the chamfer zone in the future studies.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Neuro-Behçet disease presenting with acute psychosis in an adolescent.

Behcet disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that can affect the neurologic system. Neuro-Behcet disease is not well defined in children and adolescents, and the diagnosis is difficult to make in this population as they often present with insufficient symptoms to meet diagnostic criteria. Psychiatric symptoms as the initial manifestation of neuro-Behcet disease has rarely been reported. We describe a 17-year-old boy who presented with acute psychosis and was subsequently diagnosed with neuro-Behcet disease. A rare combination of both cerebral venous thrombosis and parenchymal central nervous system involvement was identified by neuroimaging. Although treatment guidelines for neuro-Behcet disease are limited, the patient made demonstrative clinical and radiographic improvement with a combination of corticosteroids, anticoagulation, and immunosuppressants, including a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) blocking agent.
Gauge Transformations for a Family of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

Abstract An enlarged gauge group acts nonlinearly on the class of nonlinear Schrodinger equations introduced by the author in joint work with Doebner. Here the equations and the group action are displayed in the presence of an external electromagnetic field. All the gauge-invariants are listed for the coupled nonlinear “Schrodinger-Maxwell” theory. Time-dependent gauge parameters result in additional terms of the type introduced by Kostin and Bialynicki-Birula and Mycielski, but Maxwell’s equations for the (non-quantized) gauge-invariant electric and magnetic fields remain linear.
Superconductor Digital Electronics Past, Present, and Future

This paper presents the history of superconductor digital circuits starting from several years after the discovery of the Josephson junction in 1962. The first two decades were mainly devoted to developing voltage-state logic, which is similar to semiconductor logic. Research on circuits employing the manipulation of single magnetic flux quanta resulted in a form called RSFQ in the mid-1980s; this is the basis of superconductor logic systems of today. The more difficult problem of random access memory is reviewed. We analyze the present status of the field and outline the work that lies ahead to realize a successful superconductor digital technology.
Digital ladder structures and coefficient sensitivity

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the implementation of digital filter structures with low-coefficient word length. A conjecture has been made by Fettweis that if digital filter structures are modeled after analog ladder structures, which are known to have desirable coefficient sensitivity properties, then the digital ladder structures will also have these properties and could be implemented with low-coefficient word lengths. To investigate this conjecture, a seventh-order Chebyshev low-pass filter was realized as a digital ladder structure and the coefficient sensitivity was analyzed experimentally under coefficient rounding in floating-point representation. To serve as a comparison similar examples of cascade structures of direct and coupled form sections were also analyzed in the same manner. The conclusions drawn are that, indeed, the digital ladder structures in many cases can be implemented with lower coefficient word lengths than the conventional structures.
Urinary continence after staged bladder reconstruction for cloacal exstrophy: the effect of coexisting neurological abnormalities on urinary continence.

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether there is a difference in the incidence of urinary continence in cloacal and classic bladder exstrophy after staged bladder neck reconstruction using the Young-Dees-Leadbetter technique.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of patients with cloacal and classic bladder exstrophy who underwent staged bladder neck reconstruction from 1971 to 1997.Results: The Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction was completed in 23 patients with cloacal exstrophy, of whom 5 (22%) became continent and 18 (78%) have persistent incontinence. A clinically apparent neurological abnormality significantly hindered the achievement of continence. Specifically 1 of the 13 children (7%) with versus 4 of the 10 (40%) without a neurological abnormality became continent (p <0.05). In contrast, staged reconstruction of classic bladder exstrophy resulted in urinary continence in 67 of the 82 patients (82%). Of the 67 continent patients 23 (34%) cannot void and require intermittent ...
The effects of acute carbon dioxide on behavior and physiology in Procambarus clarkii.

Vertebrates and invertebrates show a similar response of rapid anesthesia with high levels of carbon dioxide. In this study, we use crayfish to examine both behavioral and physiological responses to increasing [CO2] to explain the rapid unresponsiveness and cessation of an autonomic response. Hypoxic and low pH environments that are induced by CO2 exposure were also examined, although neither produced the identified CO2 effects. In insects, low concentrations play a vital role in providing information for task performance such as food location through attraction cues, whereas high concentrations produce avoidance responses. We found behavioral responses in crayfish that demonstrate a strong repellent effect to high [CO2] and that the avoidance behavior decreases with lower [CO2]. There was not a preference and/or repellent behavioral response with 5% CO2, hypoxic or low pH environments. Mechanosensory stimulation showed that only at high [CO2] there is an unresponsiveness to stimuli within a 30min time period. Additionally, the autonomic bioindex of heart and ventilatory rates showed a complete cessation with high acute exposure within in the same time period for unresponsiveness to mechanosensory stimulation. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:484–497, 2010. & 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. How to cite this article: Bierbower SM, Cooper RL. 2010. The effects of acute carbon dioxide on behavior and physiology in Procambarus clarkii. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:484–497.
Toward a cumulative ecological risk model for the etiology of child maltreatment.

The purpose of the current study was to further the integration of cumulative risk models with empirical research on the etiology of child maltreatment. Despite the well-established literature supporting the importance of the accumulation of ecological risk, this perspective has had difficulty infiltrating empirical maltreatment research and its tendency to focus on more limited risk factors. Utilizing a sample of 842 mother-infant dyads, we compared the capacity of individual risk factors and a cumulative index to predict maltreatment reports in a prospective longitudinal investigation over the first sixteen years of life. The total load of risk in early infancy was found to be related to maternal cognitions surrounding her new role, measures of social support and well-being, and indicators of child cognitive functioning. After controlling for total level of cumulative risk, most single factors failed to predict later maltreatment reports and no single variable provided odd-ratios as powerful as the predictive power of a cumulative index. Continuing the shift away from simplistic causal models toward an appreciation for the cumulative nature of risk would be an important step forward in the way we conceptualize intervention and support programs, concentrating them squarely on alleviating the substantial risk facing so many of society's families. Language: en
The behavior of the karyosome and the ‘peripheral chromatin’ during mitosis and interkinesis in Amoeba proteus with particular reference to the morphologic distribution of nucleic acid as indicated by the Feulgen reaction

A comparison of preparations stained with Weigert's haematoxylin and with Feulgen's stain shows that contrary to the commonly accepted view the granules of chromatin (sic.) that lie in interkinesis just beneath the nuclear membrane play no part in the formation of the chromatin of the equatorial plate, but break down during the prophase. They contain at best merely traces of nucleic acid. It is possible that these peripheral granules give rise to, or contribute to, the formation of the spindle fibers and the pole caps. The chromatin granules of the plate arise entirely from the karyosome.
3-MANIFOLD KNOT GENUS is NP-complete

Summary form only given, as follows. One of the central questions in topology is determining whether a given curve is knotted or unknotted. An algorithm to decide this question was given by Haken (1961), using the technique of normal surfaces. These surfaces are rigid, discretized surfaces, well suited for algorithmic analysis. Any oriented surface without boundary can be obtained from a sphere by adding "handles". The number of handles is called the genus of the surface, and the smallest genus of a spanning surface for a curve is called the genus of the curve. A curve has genus zero if and only if it is unknotted. Schubert extended Haken's work, giving an algorithm to determine the genus of a curve in any 3-manifold. We examine the problem of deciding whether a polygonal knot in a closed triangulated three-dimensional manifold bounds a surface of genus at most g, 3-MANIFOLD KNOT GENUS. Previous work of Hass, Lagarias and Pippenger had shown that this problem is in PSPACE. No lower bounds on the running time were previously known. We show that this problem is NP-complete.
Development of a power electronic test stand for the elevated rate recharge of electrochemical energy storage devices

There is a high desire to recharge electrochemical energy storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion capacitors, at a faster rate. However, recharging at an elevated rate is traditionally thought of as being catastrophic to the lifetime of the devices. Research has been performed charging batteries at few times the cell's rated C value in a steady state application with findings that the recharge time can be significantly reduced [1]. New research in this area is being conducted at the University of Texas at Arlington. The aim of the research is to understand the charge rate limitations of the devices mentioned above, when the elevated charge is applied in a pulsed fashion. The effect these types of elevated recharge rates have on the fundamental material properties inside the cells is being researched as well. This paper describes the development of a power electronic based test stand that can be used to transfer charge from a larger battery storage system into an individual cell using pulsed currents as high as a few kA. The rationale behind the experiments, the experimental setup developed, and some of the research progress made thus far will be discussed.
Empty Mandate or Opportunity for Innovation? Pre-Petition Credit Counseling and Post-Petition Financial Management Education

This article critiques two of the 2005 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code - one related to pre-bankruptcy counseling and the other related to post-filing debtor education. The article questions whether, when one looks beneath the surface, these new mandates actually improve the lives of consumer debtors. There are plenty of statutory requirements accompanying these new initiatives but these particularized requirements do not address the most critical issues, including establishing the goals of the counseling and education and the content of the required programming. In addition, we fear that the mandates will simply be an added cost of entering and exiting the bankruptcy system without providing concomitant benefits. That would mean we have created an empty mandate. We also provide suggestions for improvement that are feasible and do not require statutory amendment yet again.
Effect of a selective rise in hepatic artery insulin on hepatic glucose production in the conscious dog.

In the present study we compared the hepatic effects of a selective increase in hepatic sinusoidal insulin brought about by insulin infusion into the hepatic artery with those resulting from insulin infusion into the portal vein. A pancreatic clamp was used to control the endocrine pancreas in conscious overnight-fasted dogs. In the control period, insulin was infused via peripheral vein and the portal vein. After the 40-min basal period, there was a 180-min test period during which the peripheral insulin infusion was stopped and an additional 1.2 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1of insulin was infused into the hepatic artery (HART, n = 5) or the portal vein (PORT, n = 5, data published previously). In the HART group, the calculated hepatic sinusoidal insulin level increased from 99 ± 20 (basal) to 165 ± 21 pmol/l (last 30 min). The calculated hepatic artery insulin concentration rose from 50 ± 8 (basal) to 289 ± 19 pmol/l (last 30 min). However, the overall arterial (50 ± 8 pmol/l) and portal vein insulin levels (118 ± 24 pmol/l) did not change over the course of the experiment. In the PORT group, the calculated hepatic sinusoidal insulin level increased from 94 ± 30 (basal) to 156 ± 33 pmol/l (last 30 min). The portal insulin rose from 108 ± 42 (basal) to 192 ± 42 pmol/l (last 30 min), whereas the overall arterial insulin (54 ± 6 pmol/l) was unaltered during the study. In both groups hepatic sinusoidal glucagon levels remained unchanged, and euglycemia was maintained by peripheral glucose infusion. In the HART group, net hepatic glucose output (NHGO) was suppressed from 9.6 ± 2.1 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 (basal) to 4.6 ± 1.0 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1(15 min) and eventually fell to 3.5 ± 0.8 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1(last 30 min, P < 0.05). In the PORT group, NHGO dropped quickly ( P < 0.05) from 10.0 ± 0.9 (basal) to 7.8 ± 1.6 (15 min) and eventually reached 3.1 ± 1.1 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1(last 30 min). Thus NHGO decreases in response to a selective increase in hepatic sinusoidal insulin, regardless of whether it comes about because of hyperinsulinemia in the hepatic artery or portal vein.
Molecular Imaging: From Deep Pearl Diving to Enlightenment.

Despite major advances in the management of acute coronary syndromes, post-infarct morbidity has not been adequately contained. The incidence of heart failure in the aftermath of myocardial infarction (MI) continues to be sizable, and attempts have been made toward the development of various
Studying the Quality of Democracy: Two Cross-National Measures of Democratic Citizenship.

This article provides new cross-national measures of two dimensions of democratic citizenship with great import for the study of democratic quality, expressive participation, and intolerance of div...