cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCF induces γ-globin gene expression by regulating downstream transcription factor COUP-TFII

Increased fetal hemoglobin expression in adulthood is associated with acute stress erythropoiesis. However, the mechanisms underlying γ-globin induction during the rapid expansion of adult erythroid progenitor cells have not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined COUP-TFII as a potential repressor of γ-globin gene after stem cell factor (SCF) stimulation in cultured human adult erythroid progenitor cells. We found that COUP-TFII expression is suppressed by SCF through phosphorylation of serine/threonine phosphatase (PP2A) and correlated well with fetal hemoglobin induction. Furthermore, down-regulation of COUP-TFII expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increases the γ-globin expression during the erythroid maturation. Moreover, SCF-increased expression of NF-YA associated with redox regulator Ref-1 and cellular reducing condition enhances the effect of SCF on γ-globin expression. Activation of Erk1/2 plays a critical role in SCF modulation of downstream transcriptional factor COUP-TFII, which is involved in the regulation of γ-globin gene induction. Our data show that SCF stimulates Erk1/2 MAPK signaling pathway, which regulates the downstream repressor COUP-TFII by inhibiting serine/threonine phosphatase 2A activity, and that decreased COUP-TFII expression resulted in γ-globin reactivation in adult erythropoiesis. These observations provide insight into the molecular pathways that regulate γ-globin augmentation during stress erythropoiesis.
Black to Transmissive Switching in a Pseudo Three-Electrode Electrochromic Device

We introduce the first π-conjugated polymer-based, black-to-transmissive and multicolored switching electrochromic device (ECD) constructed in a Pseudo 3-Electrode Electrochromic Device (P3-ECD) architecture. In this ECD, the non-electrochromic, yet electroactive, polymer poly(3,4-propylenedioxypyrrole-N-propionitrile) (PProDOP-N-EtCN) serves as a counter electrode material. This transmissive polymer helps eliminate the contrast limitations seen in dual polymer ECDs that use combinations of anodically and cathodically coloring polymers. The P3-ECD adds colors by transmitting light through two independently controlled working electrodes (coated with two different electrochromic polymer films) and two counter electrodes (coated with PProDOP-N-EtCN) stacked together with a gel electrolyte. The two cathodically coloring EC polymers that were used in this work are, a diester-substituted poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-(CH2CO2C12H25)2) for the first one, namely PProDOT-ester, and a donor−acceptor ana...
TU‐B‐BRC‐01: Promise and Challenges of PET for Target Definition and Treatment Response Evaluation

Positron Emission Tomography(PET)images show physiological and biological information through the in vivo distribution of radioactive, positron‐emitting agents. PETimaging shows focal and distributed regions of cancer and its metastases. Initial PET uses in oncology include diagnosis and staging, which are important for determining treatment decisions. Current PET uses now include target definition for radiation planning followed by PET‐based assessment of treatment. Hybrid PET‐CT devices are becoming attractive radiation treatment simulators. PETimaging has coarse spatial resolution compared to CT and MR. PET's clinical use is valued because of its great sensitivity for cancer detection. While F‐18‐labled Fluoro‐deoxyglucose (FDG) remains the most promising agent for tumor diagnosis and staging, other, biologically more specific agents (e.g., FMISO, CuATSM for hypoxia imaging or FLT for cell proliferation imaging) might be more appropriate for target definition and treatment assessment. Although PET brings to radiation therapy of cancer the critical advantage of defining the tumor based on its molecular properties, delineating the gross tumor volume (GTV) with PET is problematic due to the uncertainties in the biological and physiological processes governing the tracer uptake and due to physical limitations for the accuracy of PETimages. The main PETimage degrading factors, including limited resolution, photon scatter and attenuation will be described and some of the current correction strategies will be introduced. A brief summary of the PETimage segmentation methods will be presented. This course reviews PET‐CT hybrid scanning devices, uses of FDG and non‐FDG PET for oncologyimaging, and quantitative aspects for PET‐based radiation target definition and treatment assessment. Example images demonstrate the potential contributions and limitations of FDG and non‐FDG PEToncologyimaging. This review course is intended for both imaging and radiationoncology physicists. Learning Objectives 1. Understand the principle and the current physical limitations of PET 2. Become familiar with the types of PET‐based tumor segmentation methods 3. Discuss quantitative aspects of PETimaging for treatment assessment
Origins of the epithet ‘government by public relations’: Revisiting Bruce Catton's War Lords of Washington, 1948

Abstract While it might make public relations professionals and faculty cringe, the term ‘government by public relations’ is a negative one, implying that governmental decision-making is guided by appearances rather than on the merits. This tag line is a relatively common American put-down of politicians and senior civil servants. This article examines the origins of the term, locating its usage in the WWII memoirs of Bruce Catton, then a government public information officer and later a renowned popular historian of the American Civil War. Catton's use of the term, his 1948 book War Lords of Washingto n, and his philosophy of government public information are examined in more detail to give context to the phrase ‘government by public relations.’
White matter microstructure in body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an often-delusional preoccupation with misperceived defects of appearance, causing significant distress and disability. Although previous studies have found functional abnormalities in visual processing, frontostriatal, and limbic systems, no study to date has investigated the microstructure of white matter connecting these systems in BDD. Participants comprised 14 medication-free individuals with BDD and 16 healthy controls who were scanned using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We utilized probabilistic tractography to reconstruct tracts of interest, and tract-based spatial statistics to investigate whole brain white matter. To estimate white matter microstructure, we used fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and linear and planar anisotropy (c(l) and c(p)). We correlated diffusion measures with clinical measures of symptom severity and poor insight/delusionality. Poor insight negatively correlated with FA and c(l) and positively correlated with MD in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the forceps major (FM). FA and c(l) were lower in the ILF and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and higher in the FM in the BDD group, but differences were nonsignificant. This is the first diffusion-weighted MR investigation of white matter in BDD. Results suggest a relationship between impairments in insight, a clinically important phenotype, and fiber disorganization in tracts connecting visual with emotion/memory processing systems.
A case of hypernephroma metastasis to the vagina.

SUMMARY In this paper, a new case of vaginal metastasis from a hypernephroma is described. Of interest is the appearance of the vaginal lesion, as well as pulmonary, bone and possible kidney and cerebral metastases 6 years following the resection of the original tumour. So far as we have been able to determine, 51 previous cases of hypernephroma with metastasis to the vagina have been recorded in the literature with the vaginal lesion appearing first in the majority of cases. Mention of primary vaginal mesonephric clear cell adenocarcinoma is made.
'Preventive maintenance scheduling of multi-cogeneration plants using integer programming'

In this viewpoint we are concerned with preventive maintenance scheduling of a complex system. Complex systems usually consist of diverse subsystems and components (Wang and Ghenniwa, 2008). Exampl...
The core Alzheimer's peptide NAC forms amyloid fibrils which seed and are seeded by β-amyloid: is NAC a common trigger or target in neurodegenerative disease?

Abstract Background: NAC is a 35-amino-acid peptide which has been isolated from the insoluble core of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid plaque. It is a fragment of α-synuclein or (NACP), a neuronal protein of unknown function. We noted a striking sequence similarity between NAC, the carboxyl terminus of the β-amyloid protein, and a region of the scrapie prion protein (PrP) which has been implicated in amyloid formation. Results: NAC was preprared by chemical synthesis and was found to form amuloid fibrils via a nucleotion-dependent polymerization mechanism. NAC amyloid fibrils effectively seed β1–40 amyloid ormation. Amyloid fibrils comprising peptide models of the homologous β and PrP sequences were also found to seed amyloid formation by NAC. Conclusions: The in vitro model studies presented here suggest that seeding of NAC amyloid formation by the β-amyloid protein, or seeding of amyloid fibrils of the β-amyloid protein by NAC, may occur in vivo . Accumulation of ordered NAC aggregates in the synapse may be responsible for the neurodegeneration observed in AD and the prion disorders. Alternatively, neurodegeneration may be caused by the loss of α-synuclein (NACP) function.
Mutations in Hemagglutinin of H5N1 Influenza That Switch Receptor Specificity from Avian to Human Types

Researchers have been searching for molecular features that could make avian H5N1 influenza transmissible among people since the first report of human infections with this virus in 1997. A recent study surprisingly demonstrated that only five mutations, fewer than previously estimated, are needed to make avian H5N1 influenza transmissible between ferrets through the air, raising fears that a human pandemic is possible if this virus escapes from the lab. Of the five mutations found, four of them are located in the HA gene that is responsible for the viral entry into the host cells. A crucial step for avian influenza to go across the species boundary to infect humans is the switch of its receptor binding specificity from avian to human types. The first task of this study was to quantify the individual as well as the collective effect of the known HA mutations from the previous research on receptor binding selection. Our second task was to identify new combinations of HA mutations that could change the receptor binding preference of H5N1 from avian to human types. Our findings thus deepened our understanding of the previous research and also extended its results by discovering new combinations of mutations that could enhance the binding of avian H5N1 to human type receptors while reduce that to avian types.
Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications

Single-crystal one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor architectures are important in materials-based applications requiring a large surface area, morphological control, and superior charge transport. Titania has widespread utility in applications including photocatalysis, photochromism, photovoltaics, and gas sensors. While considerable efforts have focused on the preparation of 1D TiO2, no methods have been available to grow crystalline nanowire arrays directly onto transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates, greatly limiting the performance of TiO2 photoelectrochemical devices. Herein, we present a straightforward low temperature method to prepare single crystal rutile TiO2 nanowire arrays up to 5 microm long on TCO glass via a non-polar solvent/hydrophilic substrate interfacial reaction under mild hydrothermal conditions. The as-prepared densely packed nanowires grow vertically oriented from the TCO glass substrate along the (110) crystal plane with a preferred (001) orientation. In a dye sensitized solar cell, N719 dye, using TiO2 nanowire arrays 2-3 microm long we achieve an AM 1.5 photoconversion efficiency of 5.02%.
Risk for Early Onset of Depression: Severe Stress and Neuroendocrine Regulation in Children

Risk for Early Onset of Depression: Severe Stress and Neuroendocrine Regulation in Children
Interleukin-10 in human milk

The concentrations of immunoreactive IL-10 in the aqueous fraction of 20 specimens of human milk obtained during the first 80 h of lactation and stored at -60 degrees C ranged from 66 to 9301 pg/mL (mean +/- SD, 3304 +/- 3127 pg/mL). IL-10 was present also in the lipid layer of milk. Gel filtration revealed that IL-10 was located in a high molecular weight fraction, where certain other cytokines in human milk have been found. In addition, immunoreactive IL-10 in milk increased after treatment with sodium taurocholate. Bioactive IL-10 was demonstrated by the finding that human milk inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake by human blood lymphocytes and that inhibition was partly overcome by concomitant incubation with antibodies to human IL-10. IL-10 mRNA but no protein product was found in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. Some IL-10 was associated with preparations of human milk leukocytes, but the data did not suggest that the cells were producing the cytokine. Bioactive IL-10 in a possible protected compartment suggests that IL-10 in human milk may have immunomodulating, antiinflammatory effects on the alimentary tract of the recipient infant.
Determinants of Decertification Activity: An Interstate Analysis

In this paper, a model of union decertification activity in the U.S. is estimated for 1960, 1970, 1975, and 1980. Cross-state data permit the use of regressors capturing the effects of demographic, political, and organizational factors not included in previous research on decertification. The estimated results confirm these effects. Tests for stability over the pooled sample periods 1960–1970 and 1975–1980 show some variability in the strength of the variables' effects.
Propellant-Driven Aerosols of Proteins

ABSTRACT The protein bovine gammaglobulin was combined with surfactants, suspended in dimethylether propellant, and delivered through metered-dose aerosol valves to produce small particle aerosols of protein. A fraction of the protein particles was of respirable size (≤ 4 μm aerodynamic diameter) as determined by cyclone or impactor aerosol sampling. Protein/surfactant molar rations of 1:1000 to 2000 produced the greatest percentage of respirable-sized protein particles. Excessive surfactant reduced the fraction of respirable-sized particles, whereas too little surfactant limited the suspension of protein in liquified propellant. Low protein/ surfactant densities in propellant increased the fraction of respirable-sized protein particles in aerosols, with 28%-36% of aerosolized protein of respirable size when protein concentrations were 0.2 mg/ml of propellant. Protein densities of up to 4 mg/ml in propellant could be delivered as aerosols, but with a reduced respirable fraction. Aqueous solutions of prote...
Cold-atom confinement in an all-optical dark ring trap

We demonstrate confinement of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a dark, toroidal optical trap. We use a spatial light modulator to convert a single blue-detuned Gaussian laser beam to a superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian modes that forms a ring-shaped intensity null bounded harmonically in all directions. We measure a $1∕e$ spin-relaxation lifetime of $\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ for a trap detuning of $4.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. For smaller detunings, a time-dependent relaxation rate is observed. We use these relaxation rate measurements and imaging diagnostics to optimize trap alignment in a programmable manner with the modulator. The results are compared with numerical simulations.
Non-equilibrium boundary layer effects on the aerodynamic heating of hypersonic vehicles

Abstract The aerodynamic heating of a generic lifting hypersonic vehicle configuration is examined in that high altitude hypersonic flight regime where non-equilibrium dissociation/recombination in the boundary layer and finite surface catalysis effects are both important. Analytical treatment of these effects is given for highly-cooled surfaces in three important heating regions: the nose, the swept wing leading edge attachment line and the windward body centerline. Relationships for the relative non-equilibrium effects are developed for each region that enable both computer code-prediction validation and cost-effective parametric engineering studies.
The impact of structural Fe(III) reduction by bacteria on the surface chemistry of smectite clay minerals

Abstract Although clay mineral reduction is thought to occur primarily as a result of the activity of indigenous microorganisms in soil, most research has focused on chemical mechanisms of Fe reduction within clay minerals. Here we show that bacteria isolated from soils and sediments catalyze the rapid reduction of structural Fe(III) in the smectite clay minerals. The extent of Fe(III) reduction is large, from 46% to >90%. Furthermore, the effects of structural Fe(III) reduction by bacteria on the surface chemistry of smectites are dramatic. Swelling pressure, as measured by water content, was shown to decrease by 40% to 44% in smectites reduced by bacteria as compared to unaltered or reoxidized smectites. Particle surface area decreased by 26% to 46% in response to bacterial reduction, and the surface charge density as measured by the ratio of cation exchange capacity to specific surface area increased over the same scale. Measurements of swelling pressure in smectite saturated with the organic cation trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) indicated that the hydrophilic character of the clay mineral surface was enhanced upon reduction. The valence state of Fe in the octahedral layer of smectite, as revealed through reflectance spectra, correlated to the amount of Fe(III) reduced in bacterial cultures, providing information on the mechanism of intervalence electron transfer in bacterially reduced clay minerals. The extent of reduction and surface chemical effects catalyzed by bacteria in this study are similar in magnitude to those observed previously for potent inorganic reductants. Given that clay minerals dominate the solid phase of porous media and that Fe(III)-reducing bacteria are abundant in soils and aquatic sediments, these data suggest that bacterial clay mineral reduction may play an important role in soil biogeochemistry, affecting processes such as nutrient cycles and the fate of organic contaminants.
Thermodynamic properties of gaseous tantalum-chlorine molecules

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of the gaseous Ta-Cl molecules are reviewed and evaluated. Thermodynamic functions for the gaseous molecules are computed using available literature or estimated spectroscopic and structural data. Enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of formation are reported for the molecules.
Risk Factors for Early Hospital Readmission in Low-Income Elderly Adults

Objectives To identify risk factors for early hospital readmission in low-income community-dwelling older adults. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting University-affiliated urban safety-net healthcare system in Indianapolis, Indiana. Participants Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older with annual income less than 200% of the federal poverty level and enrolled in the Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders (GRACE) randomized controlled trial (N = 951). Measurements Participant health and functional status at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Early readmission was defined as a repeat hospitalization occurring within 30 days of a prior hospital discharge. Candidate risk factors included sociodemographic characteristics, health and functional status, prior care, lifestyle, and satisfaction with care. Results Of 457 index admissions in 328 participants, 85 (19%) were followed by an early readmission. The independent risk factors for early readmission identified according to regression analysis were living alone (odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–2.87), fair or poor satisfaction with primary care physician (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.01–4.46), not having Medicaid (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.05–3.11), receiving a new assistive device in the past 6 months (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.26–4.05), and staying in a nursing home in the past 6 months (OR = 5.08, 95% CI = 1.56–16.53). Age, race, sex, education, and chronic diseases were not associated with early readmission. Conclusion A broad range of nonmedical risk factors played a greater role than previously recognized in early hospital readmission of low-income seniors.
Spectral response self-calibration and interpolation of silicon photodiodes.

The possibility of interpolating the internal quantum efficiency of silicon photodiodes using a model with three adjustable parameters is investigated. The three parameters are determined from self-calibration measurements at 351, 476, and 800 nm. The internal quantum efficiency is then interpolated to 407 and 677 nm using the model. The calculated results are compared with direct measurements referenced to an electrical substitution radiometer. A difference of 0.6% was observed at 407 nm. This is probably significant, arising from inadequacies in the internal quantum efficiency model and possibly from volume recombination that is not accounted for by the self-calibration procedure. An insignificant (<0.1%) difference was observed at 677 nm.
Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex and the DNA damage response

BRCA1 encodes a tumor suppressor that is mutated in familial breast and ovarian cancers. Here, it is shown that BRCA1 interacts in vitro and in vivo with hRad50, which forms a complex with hMre11 and p95/nibrin. Upon irradiation, BRCA1 was detected in discrete foci in the nucleus, which colocalize with hRad50. Formation of irradiation-induced foci positive for BRCA1, hRad50, hMre11, or p95 was dramatically reduced in HCC/1937 breast cancer cells carrying a homozygous mutation in BRCA1 but was restored by transfection of wild-type BRCA1. Ectopic expression of wild-type, but not mutated, BRCA1 in these cells rendered them less sensitive to the DNA damage agent, methyl methanesulfonate. These data suggest that BRCA1 is important for the cellular responses to DNA damage that are mediated by the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex.
Frequency Modulation of a Laser by Fluctuations in a Chemical Reaction

A variant of zero-angle light scattering is proposed with particular emphasis on the use of this technique for measuring chemical reaction rates. The system analyzed consists of a laser oscillator with a reacting sample placed inside the resonant cavity. Fluctuations about equilibrium of the chemical reaction frequency modulate the oscillator, and the power spectrum of the modulating signal is Lorentzian with width proportional to the reaction rate. The modulation signal is very weak, but should be detectable with modern techniques.
The application of Fuzzy set theory to the modeling of competition in ecological systems

This paper explores the application of fuzzy set theory for the modeling of within-phenotype niche width as it affects interspecific competition. Previous studies have used the Lotka-Volterra equations and calculated the competition coefficients @a"i"j using @a"i"j = (u"i(s)u"i(s) ds)/((u"i(s))^2ds), where u"i(s) is the utilization of resource s by species i. This assumes that variability in resource usage between organisms with different phenotypes and that within each individual phenotype can be treated identically. Within-phenotype variability in resource usage is modeled here by assigning a fuzzy set of optimal resources to each individual as a function of its phenotype, and competition between individuals is then assumed to be a measure of the intersection of the corresponding fuzzy sets of resources. Between-phenotype variability is still modeled using statistical techniques. This is intended as a conceptual model, serving to introduce fuzziness as a more appropriate method than probability for the modeling of within-phenotype niche variation. No experimental verification of the model is attempted. A particular instance of the model is solved numerically, and found to display a limit to the similarity of coexisting species similar to that found in previous Lotka-Volterra based models.
Urban ecology: advancing science and society

Urban ecology has quickly become established as a central part of ecological thinking. As cities continue to grow in size and number, two questions serve to unify this broad and multidisciplinary research landscape: (1) how can urban ecology contribute to the science of ecology, and (2) how can urban ecology be applied to make cities more livable and sustainable? In spite of the advances made thus far, there are many unexplored ways of integrating the science and application of urban ecology. Although scientists assess and make predictions regarding the connections between environmental and socioeconomic processes, practitioners involved in real-world application deal with urban planning and with designing ecosystem services to improve living conditions for all urban inhabitants and to make cities more sustainable. Research in urban ecosystems can be developed from many different perspectives, and we suggest that each perspective has something to offer both society and the science of ecology. We present s...
Monte Carlo simulation of buoyant dispersion

Abstract Transport and diffusion of dust and nonbuoyant smoke are simulated in a realistic manner by the particle model originally developed by Ohmstede and Stenmark (1980, 1981). However, many pollutants are buoyant, such as burning trash, oil, or other flammable or explosive material. The resultant buoyant cloud is taken into account by a new simple algorithm included in the particle model. For the model discussed in this paper, a particle represents a small parcel of air plus pollutant. The method uses the difference in temperature between an individual particle and the ambient atmosphere to generate a vertical acceleration. It also considers entrainment and ingestion of unheated material on, or loss of heat by contact with, the ground during initial release and subsequent ground contact. A series of computer runs suggests that the particle model with the new buoyancy algorithm realistically simulates transport and diffusion of buoyant material.
System trade analysis for an ultra-wideband forward imaging radar

In support of the U.S. Army vision for increased mobility, survivability, and lethality, the Army Research Laboratory is currently developing a new version of the low frequency ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to support forward imaging. One of the goals in the development of this version of the radar is to make it affordable. This paper presents a study of various forward imaging radar configurations that could be employed in a forward imaging radar system to achieve good imaging resolution with a reasonable number of transmitters/receivers. This study provided us with insights to efficiently configure our transmitter/receiver array. In this study, we examined various radar configurations such as monostatic and some variations of bistatic cases. We provide the analysis of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image resolution for these configurations and show the effectiveness of the bistatic configuration with only two transmitters at the ends of the physical array. In addition to the analysis, we also provide simulation results to demonstrate the expected imaging resolutions with respect to the radar configuration and the imaging geometry. Finally, we also consider the use of two squinted transmitters at the two ends and exploit the forward motion of the vehicle to form image on the two sides.
Magnetic behavior of 3d dopants in superconducting REBa2Cu3−x57FexO7+δ (RE=Dy, Er)

Abstract Mossbauer studies on 57Fe-doped superconducting REBa2Cu3O7+δ (RE=Er, Dy) were made as a function of temperature for x=0.15 and 0.30. The magnetic behavior of the 3d dopants, which mainly occupy Cu(1) sites, undergoes antiferromagnetic ordering which is coexistent with superconductivity at low temperature. The dimensionality of the magnetic interaction changes from 2D to 3D when the rare earth changes from Er to Dy. the line-widths of the Mossbauer subspectra are characteristic of magnetic fluctuation behavior in the vicinity of a phase transition. Combining these results with those of Fe-doped Y-123 (pseudo 1D) and Gd (3D), the magnitude of the rare earth moments appears to be strongly correlated with the dimensionality of the magnetic interaction of Fe dopants in these compounds. However, the Mossbauer spectrum for 155Gd in GdBa2Cu2.85Fe0.15O7+δ (TN(Fe) ∼ 14 K) shows no magnetic order at 4.9 K.
State mental health authority oversight of clubhouse programs

Abstract Utah has adopted clubhouse as a preferred practice of psychosocial rehabilitation for persons with serious mental illnesses. For practical reasons as well as superior monitoring and technical assistance, the state mental health authority (Utah Division of Mental Health) has subcontracted oversight of clubhouses through certification by the International Center for Clubhouse Development. The result has had benefits for both clubhouses and the Division.
Epistemological questions concerning death.

Abstract This paper illustrates that it is meaningless to provide answers to the question: “is the patient dead?” outside of specified contexts. Unless it is clear who is asking the question, for what purpose, and how certain one must be, medical decisions concerning death will remain ambiguous and open for misinterpretations. The ambiguity of these medical decisions may lead to additional legal, social, psychological, and ethical conflicts. Our discussion of the concept of ‘death’ and current confusions concerning ‘brain death’ attempts to distinguish between exclusively clinical decisions and other decisions concerning death which are epistemological. By showing that there is a difference between the competing criteria for the determination of death and the definition of death itself, we hope to suggest how society may employ the clinical expertise of physicians-primarily as the guardians of medical consistency.
Increased Notch 1 expression and attenuated stimulatory G protein coupling to adenylyl cyclase in osteonectin-null osteoblasts.

Osteonectin, or secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, is one of the most abundant noncollagen matrix components in bone. This matricellular protein regulates extracellular matrix assembly and maturation in addition to modulating cell behavior. Mice lacking osteonectin develop severe low-turnover osteopenia, and in vitro studies of osteonectin-null osteoblastic cells showed that osteonectin supports osteoblast formation, maturation, and survival. The present studies demonstrate that osteonectin-null osteoblastic cells have increased expression of Notch 1, a well-documented regulator of cell fate in multiple systems. Furthermore, osteonectin-null cells are more plastic and less committed to osteoblastic differentiation, able to pursue adipogenic differentiation given the appropriate signals. Notch 1 transcripts are down-regulated by inducers of cAMP in both wild-type and osteonectin-null osteoblasts, suggesting that the mutant osteoblasts may have a defect in generation of cAMP in response to stimul...
On the evolution of nearly circular vortex patches

Recently, the classical problem of the evolution of patches of constant vorticity was reformulated as an evolution equation for the boundary of the patch. We study this equation in the neighborhood of the circular vortex patch and introduce a hierarchy of area-preserving nonlinear approximate equations. The first of these equations is shown to have a rich rigid structure: it possesses an exhaustive increasing sequence of linear invariant manifolds of arbitrarily large finite dimensions. On each of these manifolds the equation can be written as an explicit finite system of ordinary differential equations. Solutions of these ODEs, starting from arbitrarily small neighborhoods of the circular vortex patch, are shown to blow up.
Intracellular chloride activities and active chloride absorption in the intestinal epithelium of the winter flounder.

Intracellular chloride activities, (Cl) c , and the electrical potential difference across the mucosal membrane, ψmc, were determined in the isolated small intestine of the winter flounder, using Cl-selective and conventional (KCl-filled) microelectrodes. In the presence of a Na-containing buffer ψmc averages −69mV and (Cl) c averages 24mM, a value that is 3.4 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal membrane. On the other hand, when the tissue is then perfused with Na-free buffer, (Cl) c slowly falls to a value that does not differ significantly from that predicted for an equilibrium distribution, and ψmc depolarizes significantly. Finally, when the tissue is again bathed in the Na-containing buffer, (Cl) c rapidly returns to a value well above equilibrium. These results, together with those of Frizzellet al. (J. Membrane Biol. 46:27, 1979), provide direct evidence that: (1) Cl is accumulated against its electrochemical potential difference (32mV) by this tissue, and (2) this accumulation is coupled to and energized by the entry of Na down its steep electrochemical potential difference.
Catalytic Iron-Mediated [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Diallenes with Carbon Monoxide

Conjugated diallenes undergo stereoselective [4 + 1] cycloadditions in a variety of solvents. Accelerated thermal exchange of CO in Fe(CO)5 is catalyzed by the diallene substrate, consistent with the previous kinetic analysis. The Eyring activation parameters were determined to be ΔH⧧ = 16.2 (±0.7) kcal mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = −17.9 (±2.3) cal mol-1 K-1. The negative entropy of activation is consistent with rate determining associative coordination of diallene to form a diallene−iron complex. The effect of coordinating solvents on this cycloaddition reaction suggests that the synthetic utility of these transformations can now be expanded to include diallenes with functional groups that may only weakly coordinate to the iron. Only one sterically demanding substituent on the diallene termini is necessary to give good π-facial selectivity, which also expands the synthetic utility of these transformations.
Nonreciprocal amplification of spin-wave signals

The research on spin wave is attracting more attentions and novel spin-wave based devices including nanometer size phase-shifter, logical gates, and spin-wave bus have been developed. In order to fully realize functions promised by spin waves, especially in cascaded signal processing, a device that can directly amplify spin-wave signal is indispensable. Ferromagnetic parametric amplifiers - amplifying spin-wave signals by pump waves whose frequencies are typically double of signal frequency, were proposed. So far, all demonstrated spin-wave amplification experiments reported by other groups have used ferrite insulating materials [1]. In this abstract, we report spin-wave amplification with a conducting metallic thin film as well as a new magnetic device property - nonreciprocal amplification of spin-wave signals even though the spin-wave propagation is reciprocal.
Fermi contours and adsorbate periodicities: O/Mo(011) and O/W(011).

We present experimental Fermi contours for surface-localized states on O/Mo(011) and O/W(011). The contours are consistent with the fact that a (2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2) superstructure is observed on Mo(011) but not on W(011) through a global Fermi contour instability in which entire orbits are closely coupled by the wave vector of the superlattice. Our results are also consistent with a recently observed sevenfold reconstruction of the (2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2) oxygen structure on Mo(011) through a simple Peierls mechanism. We discuss the generality of such behavior in adsorption systems.
Videotaped cue for urge to drink alcohol.

Background: The urge to drink alcohol can be robustly and reliably induced via actual exposure to a person's preferred alcoholic beverage. Unfortunately, these exposure paradigms are unwieldy for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. The goal of this study was to examine whether viewing a personalized videotaped cue could induce alcohol craving. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) individualized cue videotapes can reliably elicit the urge to drink alcohol in alcohol-dependent participants and (2) alcohol drinking histories can predict reactivity to cue. Methods: DSM-IV criteria were used to identify an alcohol-dependent group (ADG). Controls included a light-drinking group and a moderate-drinking group. Urge to drink alcohol was assessed at baseline and after each of five in vivo exposure conditions: water (W), alcohol 1 (A1), mood induction (M), alcohol 2 (A2), and relaxation (R). The entire exposure session was videotaped. Each participant's video footage was digitally edited to produce a 17.5-min cue that was presented to the participant 24 to 72 hr later. Ratings of urge to drink alcohol across the five exposure conditions were compared for both the in vivo and the video exposure sessions. Results: Fourteen participants (five in the light-drinking group, four in the moderate-drinking group, and five in the ADG) completed both sessions. Participants in each group showed differences between neutral cue exposure (W and R) and alcohol-related cue exposure (A1, M, and A2) in both the in vivo cue session (p < 0.002) and the videotape session (p < 0.02). Post hoc comparisons among the groups to alcohol-related cues established that, in both sessions (pin vivo= 0.04;pvideotape= 0.04), the ADG demonstrated the greatest urge to drink. Conclusions: Alcohol cue reactivity can be reliably induced and assessed in alcohol-dependent participants via personalized videotapes. History of alcohol consumption is positively correlated with the degree of cue reactivity. This study advances our ability to assess alcohol cue reactivity in the absence of alcohol.
Learning patterns of pick-ups and drop-offs to support busy family coordination

Part of being a parent is taking responsibility for arranging and supplying transportation of children between various events. Dual-income parents frequently develop routines to help manage transportation with a minimal amount of attention. On days when families deviate from their routines, effective logistics can often depend on knowledge of the routine location, availability and intentions of other family members. Since most families rarely document their routine activities, making that needed information unavailable, coordination breakdowns are much more likely to occur. To address this problem we demonstrate the feasibility of learning family routines using mobile phone GPS. We describe how we (1) detect pick-ups and drop-offs; (2) predict which parent will perform a future pick-up or drop-off; and (3) infer if a child will be left at an activity. We discuss how these routine models give digital calendars, reminder and location systems new capabilities to help prevent breakdowns, and improve family life.
Unsteady tubular reactors—time variable flow and inlet conditions

Abstract Unsteady flow in a tubular reactor with inlet concentration of reactant that depends on time and position is studied. It is shown that the coefficients which arise in the expression for the axial flux are different from those which occur in the dispersion model when heterogeneous reactions occur. Therefore a new inlet boundary condition expression is derived. This inlet condition is used to solve for the steady state reactant concentration distribution.
Vapor Pressure of Gd2O3 from 2350° to 2590°K

Knudsen evaporation experiments were made on gadolinium sesquioxide from 2350° to 2590°K. Two sets of Knudsen cell data yielded average values of 468.7 ± 0.8 and 471.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mole for the assumed evaporation reaction The results indicate that the evaporation coefficient may be much less than one.
Immigrant Women's Cancer Screening Behaviors

Objectives: Investigate the relationship between the dependent variable health outcome (perceived health status) and the independent variables population characteristics, (predisposing, which includes age, acculturation, months in the United States; enabling, which includes availability of medical insurance) and health behavior (personal health practices, which includes engaging in cancer screening of mammography, Pap smear, and breast self-exam) among immigrant women from the former Soviet Union. Design: Descriptive correlational design was used with Andersen's Behavioral Model as the conceptual framework. Sample: Convenience sample of 99 women, 18 years of age and older, was obtained from a community center. Measures: Demographic Information for Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union Survey (DIFSU) and Language, Identity, and Behavior Acculturation Survey (LIB) were used to collect data. Results: Younger women were more likely to have a Pap smear and consider their health status as good or excellent; those with better English language skills were more likely to conduct breast self-exam but considered their health status as poor or fair; having insurance was positively correlated with having a Pap smear; the longer women were in the United States, the more likely they were to receive a mammogram. The model indicated that age and language acculturation significantly predicted health status. Conclusion: Given the incidence of breast cancer in the United States, the results highlight women in need of interventions to help them understand the value of cancer screening behaviors.
Possible Selves and Negative Health Behaviors During Early Adolescence

The relation of the possible selves to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption was the focus for this study. Participants (1,606 students in Grades 6 through 9) listed their possible selves and r...
IMPURITIES IN AN IMPERFECT BOSE GAS. I. THE CONDENSATE.

A variational principle is used to evaluate the change in the condensate energy of an imperfect Bose gas arising from the introduction of stationary impurities. Moving impurities are incorporated by performing a Galilean transformation from a frame with bulk flow at infinity to one with asymptotically stationary fluid. The corresponding effective mass is calculated numerically and compared with that of He3 impurities in He II. A generalization to charged impurities exhibits the anomalous flow pattern suggested by Gross and allows a model calculation of the effective mass of positive ions in He II.
Pseudonoise sequences based on algebraic feedback shift registers

Over the past half century, various statistical properties of pseudorandom sequences have played important roles in a variety of applications. Among these properties are Golomb's randomness conditions: (R1) balance, (R2) run property, and (R3) ideal autocorrelations, as well as the closely related properties (R4) shift and add, and (R5) de Bruin (uniform distribution of subblocks). The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationships among these conditions, and to introduce a new method for generating sequences with all these properties, using algebraic feedback shift registers.
Too many scientists, too few academic jobs

Graduate education in the sciences is not doing its job. By preparing students only for academic research, the system neglects the range of opportunities for work in science that young scientists want and society needs.
Segmental minimum Bayes-risk decoding for automatic speech recognition

Minimum Bayes-risk (MBR) speech recognizers have been shown to yield improvements over the conventional maximum a-posteriori probability (MAP) decoders through N-best list rescoring and A/sup */ search over word lattices. We present a segmental minimum Bayes-risk decoding (SMBR) framework that simplifies the implementation of MBR recognizers through the segmentation of the N-best lists or lattices over which the recognition is to be performed. This paper presents lattice cutting procedures that underly SMBR decoding. Two of these procedures are based on a risk minimization criterion while a third one is guided by word-level confidence scores. In conjunction with SMBR decoding, these lattice segmentation procedures give consistent improvements in recognition word error rate (WER) on the Switchboard corpus. We also discuss an application of risk-based lattice cutting to multiple-system SMBR decoding and show that it is related to other system combination techniques such as ROVER. This strategy combines lattices produced from multiple ASR systems and is found to give WER improvements in a Switchboard evaluation system.
Unusual Presentation of Chikungunya Virus Infection With Concomintant Erysipelas in a Returning Traveler From the Caribbean: A Case Report

Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne febrile illness caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. It is transmitted by primarily Aedes aegytpi and Aedes albopictus mosquitos [1]. Once of little importance in the Americas, local transmission was identified in the Caribbean in late 2013. More than 1000 travelers returning to the continental United States have been diagnosed with CHIKV. More importantly, there have been 9 documented cases of autochthonous disease in Florida as of September 16, 2014 [2].
Hardware/software co-design architecture for thermal management of chip multiprocessors

The sustained push for performance, transistor count, and instruction level parallelism has reached a point where chip level power density issues are at the forefront of design constraints. Many high performance computing platforms are integrating several homogeneous or heterogeneous processing cores on the same die to fit small form factors. Due to the design limitations of using expensive cooling solutions, such complex chip multiprocessors require an architectural solution to mitigate thermal problems. Many of the current systems deploy Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) to address thermal emergencies, either within the Operating System or hardware. These techniques have certain limitations in terms of response lag, scalability, cost and being reactive. In this paper, we present an alternative thermal management system to address these limitations, based on hardware/software co-design architecture. The results show that in the 65nm technology, a predictive, targeted, and localized response to thermal events improves a quad-core performance by an average of 50% over conventional chip-level DVFS.
Emotion Regulation in Older Age

Older age is normatively associated with losses in physical, cognitive, and social domains. Despite these losses, older adults often report higher levels of well-being than do younger adults. How can we explain this enhancement of well-being? In this article, we consider one possible explanation, namely, that older adults show enhanced emotion regulation. Specifically, we propose that older adults achieve well-being by selecting and optimizing particular emotion regulation processes to compensate for changes in internal and external resources. With this framework in mind, we suggest several directions for future research.