cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of liquid-vapor coupling and non-Darcian transport on asymmetrical disk-shaped heat pipes

In this work a pseudo-three-dimensional analytical model is developed for the steady incom- pressible vapor and liquid flow in an asymmetrical disk-shaped heat pipe. The hydrodynamic coupling of the vapor and liquid flow, the gravitational effects and the effects of non-Darcian transport through the porous wick are incorporated in the model, and the variations in upper and lower liquid velocity and pressure distributions are accounted for. The asymmetrical vapor and upper and lower liquid velocity profiles, the vapor and upper and lower liquid pressure distributions and the interface temperature dis- tribution accounting for the vapor liquid coupling and the non-Darcian effects are obtained. The effects of the vapor-liquid coupling, upper and lower liquid velocity and pressure fields and boundary and inertia in altering the limiting heat pipe heat transfer performance are discussed and assessed. Finally, the analytical results are compared with the available experimental data and are found to be in good agreement. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
DISCON: A New Method for the Layout Problem

Layout problems often involve a given number of facilities which must be located in the plane. Each of these facilities has a given area, and the cost of interactions between every facility pair is known. Problem optimality is achieved when facilities do not overlap and the total cost, which is the sum of weighted distances between all pairs of facilities, is minimized. The problem is formulated and solved as a nonconvex mathematical programming problem using a procedure termed DISpersion-CONcentration.
Judging the location of features of naturalistic and geometric shapes.

It is hypothesized that left-right orientation judgments always require judging the location of a feature relative to a framework, but that up-down judgments are often merely judgments of uprightness and nonuprightness (Braine, 1978). Three reaction time experiments examined the relative difficulties of up, down, left, and right judgments when they all explicitly required locating features relative to an external spatial framework. In the two experiments that utilized naturalistic figures, the locations of front features were identified when shapes were presented upright, upside down, or turned 90°. In the third experiment, the location of a dashed side of geometric shapes was identified. The results suggest that left-right feature-location judgments take slightly longer than up-down judgments when orientation cues are minimized by the use of symmetric geometric shapes. However, when naturalistic shapes are judged, these differences are either augmented or diminished, depending on the orientation of the stimuli.
Career of Philip Langdon Alger

ONE OF THE CHOICEST of pleasures is to document the achievements of someone whom we all have long admired. Today's occasion is an especially pleasant one for we are privileged to describe the brilliant careers of two such men. My acquaintance with Philip Alger began at the very start of my own engineering experience, and it has been my good fortune that the chain of events since then has kept me within the sphere of his activities.
fac-Tri­carbonyl(2,9-di­methyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(2,6-di­methyl­phenyl isocyanide)­rhenium(I) hexa­fluoro­phosphate

In the title compound, [Re(C9H9N)(C14H12N2)(CO)3]PF6, the complex cation adopts a distorted octahedral geometry, with the Re atom at the center and a facial disposition of the three carbonyl ligands.
Tire–road friction coefficient and tire cornering stiffness estimation based on longitudinal tire force difference generation

Abstract A sequential tire cornering stiffness coefficient and tire–road friction coefficient (TRFC) estimation method is proposed for some advanced vehicle architectures, such as the four-wheel independently-actuated (FWIA) electric vehicles, where longitudinal tire force difference between the left and right sides of the vehicle can be easily generated. Such a tire force difference can affect the vehicle yaw motion, and can be utilized to estimate the tire cornering stiffness coefficient and TRFC. The proposed tire cornering stiffness coefficient and TRFC identification method has the potential of estimating these parameters without affecting the vehicle desired motion control and trajectory tracking objectives. Simulation and experimental results with a FWIA electric vehicle show the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.
Imagining public engagement.

Two separate studies look at how student samples conceptualize public engagement. The first study involves the quantitative analysis of an open-ended survey question and finds that participants have a range of ideas about what public decision-makers might do to consult the public but that most of these mechanisms involve very little opportunity for actual consultation. The second introduces a “draw a meeting test” and finds substantial homogeneity in how participants envisage this specific mechanism of public engagement. As with study 1, however, participants see little opportunity for citizens to have substantive opportunity for meaningful engagement with decision-makers. Overall, the research highlights the potential utility of broader research focused on how citizens envisage public meetings that includes testing the impact of public engagement perceptions on willingness to engage.
Anaerobic alkalithermophiles, a novel group of extremophiles.

Although some anaerobic and aerobic mesophiles have long been known to grow at alkaline pH (above 9.5), little was known until recently about thermophilic alkaliphiles, termed now alkalithermophiles. This minireview describes presently known and recently validly described anaerobic alkalithermophilic bacteria (pHopt55C > 8.5; Topt > 55°C) and alkalitolerant thermophiles (pHopt55C < 8.5 but pHmax55C above 9.0). Some of these are widely distributed, but others have been isolated (thus far) only from one specific location. This novel group of anaerobic bacteria is comprised of physiologically different genera and species which, so far, all belong to the Gram-type positive Bacillus-Clostridium phylogenetic subbranch. An interesting feature of these anaerobic alkalithermophiles is that most of the isolates have short doubling times. The fastest growing among them are strains of Thermobrachium celere, with doubling times as short as 10 min while growing above pH 9.0 and above 55°C.
The Malthusian fallacy: Prophecies of doom and the crisis of Social Security

Abstract Thomas Malthus and the neo-Malthusians are concerned about exponential growth of the population and the consequences of this growth on the world. Their predictions of doom are often misplaced because they do not take into account changes that may counterbalance population growth. This is the Malthusian fallacy: forecast of doom predicated on one change that does not take other changes into account. This paper examines the root of this fallacy and examines the prophecies of doom that swirl around Social Security as the graying baby boomers move toward their retirement years in record numbers.
Evaluating the Effects of an Applied Learning Exercise on Students' Interest in Social Policy

Abstract There is ample evidence that points out that the majority of social work students have little interest in social policy analysis. In this study, the impact a classroombased policy construction exercise had on the interest level in policy of a differentiated sample (N = 43) of MSW students, in which participants were enrolled in either a community- or family-practice program, was measured. Results of a paired samples t-test suggest that the exercise significantly increased the participants' interest in social policy, as t(42) = 2.59, p < .05. When comparing the effects of the intervention on the respective subsamples, only the family-practice group yielded significant results, as t(20) = 2.14, p < .05. The implications this study has for social work educators striving to increase students' interest in social policy, particularly among aspiring micro practitioners, are also discussed.
Trading Model Uncertainty and Statistical Process Control

This article examines the use of statistical process control (SPC) as a methodology for monitoring trading model uncertainty. Traditional quantitative risk management methods do not incorporate the inherent process control problems financial modeling. The reference adaptations apply to the a priori model design process and a posteriori model control. To build and monitor trading models, SPC can be used in conjunction with classical financial metrics to better control market risk.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease

Data generated to date by a number of large studies (Eagger et al, Davis et al, Farlow et al, and Murphy et al) indicate that aminoacridines, as a class of compounds, have a statistically significant effect to diminish, slightly, some of the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The clinical significance of this acetylcholinesterase induced change is the central issue that will determine whether regulatory bodies will ultimately approve these agents. Clinical global improvement has been found in some of these studies, but not others. However, the possibility exists that patients have been underdosed, as a consequence of the potential hepatotoxicity that reflected in the elevation of transaminase levels that occur in a substantial number of patients. Nonetheless, higher doses of the amino acridines, if tolerated, might produce larger effects that would be more apparent to the clinician, or, alternatively, other cholinesterase inhibitors than aminoacridines that are devoid of the hepatic problems so far encountered might be administered in larger doses, particularly if they are relatively brain selective, to produce a level of enhancement of central cholinergic activity that would maximize symptom improvement. There is little doubt that responsivity to cholinesterase inhibitors exists in only a subgroup of patients, and is robust in a further subgroup. Thus, a critical question is the biological substrate for the absence of efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in many Alzheimer's patients. One obvious explanation is that Alzheimer's disease is far more than simply a cholinergic deficit. Animal models have been utilized to address the heterogeneity of responsivity. The efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors to reverse the deficit in passive avoidance learning that is caused by a nucleus basalis lesion has been studied in animals in whom either a noradrenergic, serotonergic, or somatostatinergic deficit has been added to the cholinergic deficit. These data indicate that cholinomimetic compounds are just as efficacious in reversing the deficit in learning on a passive avoidance task following a nucleus basalis lesion when that lesion is combined with either a serotonergic or a somatostatinergic deficit. However, the combination of a noradrenergic lesion produced by either the injection of 6-hydroxydopamine or DSP-4 into the ascending noradrenergic bundle from the locus coeruleus, with a nucleus basalis lesion, completely obliterates the ability of a cholinergic compound to reverse the passive avoidance learning deficits. However, by combining drugs that enhance noradrenergic activity with those that enhance cholinergic activity it is once again possible to normalize the behavior of these animals with both noradrenergic and cholinergic deficiencies on passive avoidance learning tasks. Thus, these data encourage the use of drugs that will reverse multiple neurotransmitter deficits.
Hepatic artery embolization for control of symptoms, octreotide requirements, and tumor progression in metastatic carcinoid tumors.

Hepatic artery embolization (HAE) has been utilized for treatment of advanced hepatic carcinoid metastases, with promising symptom palliation and tumor control. Our institution employs transcatheter HAE using Lipiodol/Gelfoam for treatment of carcinoid hepatic metastases, and this report presents our experience with twenty-four patients, examining symptom control, quality-of-life, octreotide dependence, and tumor progression. Twenty-four (11 male, 13 female, mean age = 59.4 +/- 2.5 yr) patients with carcinoid and unresectable hepatic metastases, confirmed by urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) measurement and biopsy, were treated with Lipiodol/Gelfoam HAE from 1993-2001. Median follow-up was 35.0 months. Before HAE, 14 patients (58.3%) had malignant carcinoid syndrome, with symptoms quantified using our previously reported Carcinoid Symptom Severity Score, and 13 patients (54.2%) required octreotide for symptom palliation. Following treatment, symptom severity, octreotide dose, and tumor response were measured. Asymptomatic patients did not develop symptoms or require following treatment. Hepatic metastases remained stable (n = 4) or decreased (n = 19) in 23 patients (95.8%). Mean pretreatment Symptom Severity Scores (3.8 +/- 0.2), decreased to 1.4 +/- 0.1 post-treatment (P < 0.00001), with 64.3% of patients becoming asymptomatic. Mean pretreatment octreotide dosages (679.6 +/- 73.0 microg/d), decreased to 262.9 +/- 92.7 microg/d (P = 0.0024) post-treatment, with 46.2% of patients discontinuing octreotide. There were no treatment-related serious complications or deaths. This study demonstrates that Lipiodol/Gelfoam HAE produces excellent control of malignant carcinoid syndrome, allowing patients to decrease or eliminate use of octreotide, while controlling hepatic tumor burden.
The U.S. Forest Service's analysis of cumulative effects to wildlife: A study of legal standards, current practice, and ongoing challenges on a National Forest

Abstract Cumulative effects analysis (CEA) allows natural resource managers to understand the status of resources in historical context, learn from past management actions, and adapt future activities accordingly. U.S. federal agencies are required to complete CEA as part of environmental impact assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Past research on CEA as part of NEPA has identified significant deficiencies in CEA practice, suggested methodologies for handling difficult aspects of CEA, and analyzed the rise in litigation over CEA in U.S. courts. This article provides a review of the literature and legal standards related to CEA as it is done under NEPA and then examines current practice on a U.S. National Forest, utilizing qualitative methods in order to provide a detailed understanding of current approaches to CEA. Research objectives were to understand current practice, investigate ongoing challenges, and identify impediments to improvement. Methods included a systematic review of a set of NEPA documents and semi-structured interviews with practitioners, scientists, and members of the public. Findings indicate that the primary challenges associated with CEA include: issues of both geographic and temporal scale of analysis, confusion over the purpose of the requirement, the lack of monitoring data, and problems coordinating and disseminating data. Improved monitoring strategies and programmatic analyses could support improved CEA practice.
Brat Camp, Boot Camp, or ........? Exploring Wilderness Therapy Program Theory.

Abstract Wilderness therapy program theory is reasoned to be, as Weiss (1997) describes, a tacit theory, or one which is implied and not clearly articulated. This is evidenced by several meta-analyses which have consistently found either very limited or no detailed descriptions of the wilderness therapy programs under investigation. The purpose of this paper is to address this lack of articulated and empirically grounded theory by empirically examining the practice of four established wilderness therapy programs, all licensed by their respective state agencies and accredited by national accreditation organizations. A multi-site case study approach was used to elicit program theory that included interviews and focus groups with key staff at each program, participant observation of the process in the field, and interviews and observation of client case studies. An emergent theory is presented that consists of elements of program impact theory (who the programs serve and anticipated outcomes) as well as prog...
Mass distributions in monoenergetic-neutron-induced fission of U 238

Fission product yields for 44 masses were determined for the fission of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ with essentially monoenergetic neutrons of 1.5, 2.0, 3.9, 5.5, 6.9, and 7.7 MeV. Fission product activities were measured by Ge(Li) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry of irradiated $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ foils and by chemical separation of the fission product elements followed by $\ensuremath{\beta}$ counting and/or $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry. The mass-yield data for $^{238}\mathrm{U}(n,f)$ show clearly the sensitive exponential increase of fission yields in the near-symmetric mass region (valley) with increasing incident neutron energy ${E}_{n}$ (peak-to-valley ratio decreasing from \ensuremath{\sim}600 to \ensuremath{\sim}40) over the range ${E}_{n}=1.5 \mathrm{to} 7.7$ MeV with little change in yields in other regions of the mass distribution. The valley yields plotted semilogarithmically as a function of ${E}_{n}$ reveal an abrupt change in slope at the onset of second-chance fission just above the neutron binding energy (at \ensuremath{\sim}6 MeV) where the excitation energy is lowered by competition with neutron evaporation prior to fission. Systematics are developed to permit synthesis of the mass distribution for any neutron energy in the range of 1.5 to 18 MeV.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION $^{238}\mathrm{U}(n,f) {E}_{n}=1.5,2.0,3.9,5.5,6.9,\mathrm{and} 7.7$ MeV; measured mass yields.]
Malignant (androblastoma) sertoli cell tumor of testes

Abstract A case of malignant testicular tumor which originated in the Sertoli cells is reported. Metastases were studied by aortography and computerized axial tomography. The tumor presented no clinical evidence of hormonal activity and a long recurrence free survival.
A single positive phototropic response induced with pulsed light in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.

The fluence-response curves were measured for phototropic curvature in response to unilateral 450-nm light in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. These show the classical “first positive” (peak curvature of 9–10°), “indifferent” and “second positive” phototropic response. Reciprocity is valid only for the “first positive” response; the fluence requirements for its induction are similar to those for induction of the “first positive” phototropic response of coleoptiles. Large angles of curvature also may be induced by multiple pulses if the individual pulses are separated by an optimum dark period of about 15 min. The curvature induced by a given fluence, whether applied in continuous irradiation or a sequence of pulses, is a linear function of the duration of continuous irradiation or the duration between first and last pulse, respectively. For a given fluence applied in a sequence of pulses, reciprocity remains valid provided the duration between first and last exposure is kept constant. When the duration between first and last pulse is sufficiently long, the fluence required for high phototropic curvature falls in the “first positive” fluence range. These results are interpreted to indicate the existence of a kinetic limitation in the transduction sequence, and a relatively short lifetime of an initial physiologically active photoproduct. The apparent existence of more than one positive response may have resulted from these characteristics of the transduction sequence.
Intraretinal leakage and oxidation of LDL in diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is not fully understood. Clinical studies suggest that dyslipidemia is associated with the initiation and progression of DR. However, no direct evidence supports this theory. METHODS. Immunostaining of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100, a marker of low-density lipoprotein [LDL]), macrophages, and oxidized LDL was performed in retinal sections from four different groups of subjects: nondiabetic, type 2 diabetic without clinical retinopathy, diabetic with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and diabetic with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Apoptosis was characterized using the TUNEL assay. In addition, in cell culture studies using in vitro-modified LDL, the induction of apoptosis by heavily oxidized-glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) in human retinal capillary pericytes (HRCPs) was assessed. RESULTS. Intraretinal immunofluorescence of ApoB100 increased with the severity of DR. Macrophages were prominent only in sections from diabetic patients with PDR. Merged images revealed that ApoB100 partially colocalized with macrophages. Intraretinal oxidized LDL was absent in nondiabetic subjects but present in all three diabetic groups, increasing with the severity of DR. TUNEL-positive cells were present in retinas from diabetic subjects but absent in those from nondiabetic subjects. In cell culture, HOG-LDL induced the activation of caspase, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in HRCPs. CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest a potentially important role for extravasated, modified LDL in promoting DR by promoting apoptotic pericyte loss. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2679‐2685) DOI:10.1167/iovs.07-1440
Ovarian activity in the intact or hypophysectomized pregnant mouse

Various parameters of ovarian activity were determined for the intact or hypophysectomized pregnant mouse, as a baseline to establish the nature of luteotropic hormones in this species. Seventeen per cent of White Swiss mice with a vaginal plug were not pregnant at subsequent stages of gestation. The greatest number of failures occurred between days 12 and 15 of pregnancy, coinciding with the temporary absence of antral follicles and regressive changes in the vaginal epithelium. This suggests that there is a period of transient hormonal imbalance before full placental function is established, which is responsible at this time for the peak in embryonic mortality. Two periods of luteal growth were apparent between days 1 and 4 and 10 to 14 of pregnancy. The first histologic evidence of luteal regression occurred at day 16, correlating with renewed squamous cell proliferation of the vaginal mucosa. There were no significant differences in the number of ova shed on day 1 of pregnancy (11.0 ∓ 0.5 ova) and the subsequent number of embryonic swellings at any stage. Gestation in intact pregnant mice lasted 18 days (n = 2) or 19 days (n = 36). The number of young counted late on day 1 post partum (9.1 ± 0.5) was significantly less than the number of embryonic swellings as a result of maternal cannibalism. Hypophysectomy on day 1 of pregnancy led to rapid histologic degeneration of the corpus luteum. In this feature, the mouse resembled the hamster rather than the rat. Day 10 of pregnancy represented the earliest time at which, at least in some animals the pituitary could be removed and pregnancy continue. Following hypophysectomy from day 11 on, luteal activity, continuation of pregnancy, fetal and placental weight and vaginal histology were comparable to intact, pregnant mice. This is similar to the hypophysectomized rat in the latter half of pregnancy but differs from the situation in the hamster. On the basis of the present findings and results in the following paper, it appears likely that the mouse placenta, in addition to secreting a prolactin-like hormone, also produces other gonadotropins.
Symptom Cluster of Fatigue and Depression in HIV/AIDS

Fatigue and depression are among the most frequently rated symptoms of people with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed: (1) to describe severity of fatigue and depression in an outpatient sample (n=372) of men and women with HIV/AIDS, (2) to evaluate sensitivity and discriminant validity for two fatigue and three depression scales and (3) to investigate whether fatigue and depression are conceptually distinct concepts or reciprocally dependent. This was a secondary analysis of a descriptive, cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. Fatigue was assessed with the fatigue factor score of the revised Sign and Symptom Checklist HIV (SSC-HIVrev), and the fatigue scale of the Self-Care Symptom Management for Living with HIV/AIDS Scale SCSMS-F). Depression was assessed with the depression factor score of the SSC-HIVrev, the depression scale of the SCSMC-D and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Most of the participants were male (67%), with a mean age of 39.9 years, and of African American decent (73%). Dependent on the instrument, the average fatigue severity was moderate and the average depression severity was moderate to severe. Women experienced higher fatigue and depression severity scores than men. The scores on the same instruments for fatigue and depression showed significant correlations (SSC-HIVrev fatigue and depression r=0.62; SCSMS fatigue and depression r=0.64), indicating that both concepts are closely related. Patients seeking help for fatigue and/or depression should always be evaluated for both symptoms. Future research is needed to identify dimensions in different fatigue and depression scales in order to differentiate the impact of both symptoms on people living with HIV/AIDS.
Fibrinolytic behaviour of streptokinaseimmobilized poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene oxide)

Abstract Streptokinase was immobilized on poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene oxide) surfaces by means of a modified coupling reagent method. The surfaces were activated with a carbodiimide to form an O-acyl isourea derivative, which, upon addition of the enzyme, condensed to form the corresponding amide. The quantity of enzyme immobilized on the surface increased as the reaction time with carbodiimide and Streptokinase increased. The fibrinolytic activity of the immobilized enzyme systems was measured by a clot lysis assay. The dynamics of fibrin clot lysis was investigated for a period of up to 500 min. The lysis reaction mechanism was found to approximate a first-order fibrin degradation. In addition, the kinetic rate constant was found to increase with increasing immobilized enzyme content.
The reliability and validity of correlating human health hazards and nicotine content in cigarettes

Abstract This paper puts forward a novel Greco-Latin design experiment to test the effects of decreasing nicotine content in cigarettes on the human body. It is found that once cigarettes' smoke is inhaled, harm is done whether the nicotine content is 2 milligram (mg) per cigarette or reduced to 0.1 mg per cigarette.
Toxic effects of fluoride on the rat kidney. II. Chronic effects.

Abstract 1. 1. The 30-day LC50 of sodium fluoride administered in the drinking water was 205 ppm fluoride in the weanling rat. Death generally occurred between the third and fifth day after administration was begun. When levels of 150–250 ppm fluoride were administered in the water, 30–40% of the surviving rats showed a renal lesion consisting of dilatation of the tubules at the corticomedullary junction. 2. 2. Levels of 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm fluoride were administered in the drinking water to rats for 6 months. No growth depression was seen, even at 100 ppm, but mortality was slightly increased in males and females ingesting 50 ppm and males ingesting 100 ppm. The only pathologic changes were seen in the kidney and the bone. Two of the 12 rats receiving 100 ppm for 6 months showed a marked dilatation of the tubules in the corticomedullary region of the kidneys. The lesion was accompanied by a high water consumption and urine output. Radiographically, an increase in the deposition of trabecular bone was seen in the rats ingesting 100 ppm fluoride. A slight increase was also seen in the males ingesting 50 ppm fluoride. 3. 3. Balance studies showed that rats retained about 50% of the ingested fluoride after 3 months on fluoridated water. Seventy-five to 80% of the ingested fluoride was absorbed, and 65–70% of the absorbed fluoride was retained. After 6 months, the male rats retained 45% of the ingested fluoride, the females about 60%. Both males and females absorbed 80% of the ingested fluoride. The males retained 60% of the absorbed fluoride; the females, 80%. The percentage fluoride retained was independent of the fluoride level in the water. The increased age of the rats did not alter fluoride retention, except that the females retained a higher percentage of the ingested fluoride than the males after 6 months. 4. 4. The fluoride concentration in the femur ash of the rats ingesting fluoridated water for 3 months was directly proportional to the fluoride level in the water, even with a level of 100 ppm. After 6 months, the fluoride concentration was directly proportional to the fluoride level in the water at levels of 50 ppm and less. The rats ingesting 100 ppm fluoride in the water had a lower concentration than would be expected from this proportionality. 5. 5. The natural fluoride present in a stock animal ration such as Purina Fox Chow Meal was of limited availability. Only 10–15% of this fluoride was metabolized by the rat.
Solid state fluorescence of lyophilized proteins

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to measure changes in the tertiary structure of proteins in the solution state. The sensitivity of fluorescence to the protein tryptophan environment has made it a useful tool for studying protein conformation and stability. Using fluorescence spectroscopy to probe structural alterations in lyophilized proteins has been limited due to technical challenges and overwhelming background light scattering. We have investigated the possibility of analyzing lyophilized proteins using the Cary-Eclipse spectrofluorometer by monitoring the fluorescence of the protein therapeutic after subjecting the lyophilized cake to heat-induced accelerated degradation. We have been able to obtain reproducible fluorescence spectra, detecting possible structural changes under these conditions. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic analyses of the reconstituted proteins indicated that changes in fluorescence intensities observed in the solid state could be correlated to that in solution and to possible tertiary structural changes. Size exclusion chromatography analysis of protein Y subject to accelerated degradation showed a correlation between decreasing fluorescence intensity and increasing protein Y tetramer in solution, consistent with long-term stability. This suggests that solid state, intrinsic protein fluorescence measurements using the Cary-Eclipse holder may be feasible for long-term stability studies and formulation development.
Application of strontium isotopes to understanding the hydrology and paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia–Peru

Abstract Strontium concentrations and strontium isotopic ratios were measured in natural waters and carbonate sediments from throughout the Bolivian and Peruvian Altiplano in order to improve hydrologic and paleohydrologic mass balances with the ultimate goal of better understanding the paleoclimatic history of the central Andes. Rivers flowing into Lake Titicaca have a wide range of strontium isotopic ratios that exhibit spatial patterns consistent with the lithologies of the different drainage basins. Because of the limited exchange of water between the two main sub-basins of Lake Titicaca, Lago Grande and Lago Huinaimarca, and between the sub-basins of Lago Huinaimarca, there are significant differences in strontium isotopic ratios between the sub-basins. Calculated elemental balances of strontium in Lake Titicaca are in reasonable agreement with previously published budgets of water and major elements. However, the strontium isotopic budget indicates that the lake is not in isotopic steady state. This also implies that the major-element budgets are unlikely to be in steady state. Lake Titicaca had a higher-than-modern strontium isotopic ratio during the early and middle Holocene. Elevated values persisted in Lago Grande until at least 2000 cal yr BP, consistent with other evidence that modern hydrologic conditions (namely overflow) were not established until that time. An isotopic budget calculated for late-Pleistocene paleolake Tauca in the central Altiplano suggests that between 70% and 83% of its riverine inputs were derived from Lake Titicaca overflow. This calculated flow represents about a 30-fold increase over the average discharge of the modern Rio Desaguadero at Desaguadero or a seven-fold increase over its average discharge into Lago Poopo. The strontium isotopic budget (if complete) precludes the possibility that decreased evaporation alone could have accounted for the existence of paleolake Tauca.
Ocular relaxation to reduce eye movements

Cognitive activities influence the rate and direction of eye movements, but the effect of various levels of eye activity on cognition has not been tested. Jacobson (1938) claimed to have reduced cognitive activity with some eye exercises by decreasing ocular motility. The current study assessed the effects of ocular relaxation eye exercises, adapted from Jacobson, on two subjects with a single-subject withdrawal design. Ocular relaxation brought about a 40% reduction in eye movements but was slightly less efficient at producing physiological and self-reported relaxation than autogenic relaxation. Utility of the procedure in cognition and imagery research and in clinical applications was discussed.
IP3 Receptor Activity Is Differentially Regulated in Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains during Oocyte Maturation

Summary Fertilization competency results from hormone-induced remodeling of oocytes into eggs. The signaling pathways that effect this change exemplify bistability, where brief hormone exposure irrevocably switches cell fate. In Xenopus , changes in Ca 2+ signaling epitomize such remodeling: The reversible Ca 2+ signaling phenotype of oocytes rapidly adapts to support irreversible propagation of the fertilization Ca 2+ wave. Here, we simultaneously resolved IP 3 receptor (IP 3 R) activity with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure to optically dissect the functional architecture of the Ca 2+ release apparatus underpinning this reorganization. We show that changes in Ca 2+ signaling correlate with IP 3 R redistribution from specialized ER substructures called annulate lamellae (AL), where Ca 2+ release activity is attenuated, into IP 3 R-replete patches in the cortical ER of eggs that support the fertilization Ca 2+ wave. These data show: first, that IP 3 R sensitivity is regulated with high spatial acuity even between contiguous ER regions; and second, that drastic reorganization of Ca 2+ signaling dynamics can be driven by subcellular redistribution in the absence of changes in channel number or molecular or familial Ca 2+ channel diversity. Finally, these results define a novel role for AL in Ca 2+ signaling. Because AL are prevalent in other scenarios of rapid cell division, further studies of their impact on Ca 2+ signaling are warranted.
A Dynamical Model for the Leeuwin Undercurrent

AbstractRecently, Furue et al. explored analytic solutions to a dynamical model for the Leeuwin Current system (LCS) off the coast of Western Australia. Their linear, variable density, two-layer model reduces to a one-layer system near the coast. The circulation is determined by matching solutions in the coastal and offshore regions across the “grounding line” and displays many features observed in the LCS. However, it does not include a Leeuwin Undercurrent (LUC). Here, that model is extended considering an across-shore density gradient (front) caused by relatively light, tropical water being carried poleward by the Leeuwin Current (LC). As a result of including the front, the LCS circulation changes considerably; the LC deepens and strengthens significantly toward the pole, and the LCS now includes an equatorward LUC on the offshore edge of the LC. Differences in density and sea surface height across the front both contribute to the pressure gradient driving the LUC.
Gender and hemispheric specialization differences in the learning of Morse code letters

This study investigated changes in hemispheric specialization through five phases in the learning of a novel linguistic code. Naive subjects (N=56) were taught the Morse code equivalents for eight letters. After each phase, a true/false reaction time verification paradigm was used for code-letter combinations presented to the left or right visual field. Reaction times and accuracy were analyzed separately. A significant interaction between sex, responding hand, and visual field was found when reaction times were measured [F(1,52) = 3.95, p =.052]. When accuracy was analyzed, a significant interaction between sex and test phase was found [F(4,216) = 2.80, p <.05]. The results suggest that, in terms of hemispheric specialization, males and females learn a new linguistic code differently. Implications for alternative theories of the development of hemispheric specialization are discussed.
The role of coat proteins in the biosynthesis of secretory proteins

Abstract The biosynthesis of secretory proteins requires vesicle-mediated transport between the organelles of the secretory pathway. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the secretory pathway has identified two non-clathrin coats—COPI and COPII — that drive the formation of vesicles that mediate transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, and through the compartments of the Golgi. Recently, a molecular description of the subunits of these coats and the development of biochemical reagents to study their function has yielded new information on how these proteins share the task of organizing vesicle traffic early in the secretory pathway.
Top-down design for a system to control operant choice experiments

STATIONS, a FORTRAN program to control operant choice experiments, was developed based on the principles of top-down design and structured programming. As a consequence, the program consists of modules organized in a hierarchical fashion. Separate modules deal with different types of reinforcement schedules, such as variable ratio (VR) and variable interval (VI). These modules produce specific schedules with different parameters by using sequences of values read in at ran time and then randomly sampled. This form of organization permits modifications to be made via changes confined to one module without global repercussions. The clarity of structure that results from the application of top-down design and structured programming should enable future users to more easily adapt this package to suit their specific needs.
“Erasure” inDictyostelium: A dedifferentiation involving the programmed loss of chemotactic functions

When developing cultures of the cellular slime moldDictyostelium discoideum are disaggregated and the amebae redispersed on a fresh substratum, they will rapidly reaggregate in approximately1/10th the original time. If developing cultures are disaggregated and the amebae suspended in fresh growth medium, they will simultaneously and completely lose this capacity for rapid reaggregation in a discrete step which has been referred to as “erasure.” In this report, we tested whether all developmentally acquired characteristics are lost simultaneously at the time of erasure or whether different characteristics are lost at different times during a program of dedifferentiation. Evidence is presented that the latter case is true. The capacity to release a chemoattractant is lost at the approximate time of the erasure event and the capacity to respond to a chemoattractant in a directed fashion is lost at the approximate time of erasure stabilization, the end point of a short period immediately following the erasure event during which erasure can be reversed by the inhibition of protein synthesis. In contrast, the developmentally acquired characteristics of cAMP-stimulated, nondirected motility and EDTA-resistant cell adhesion are not lost at erasure or erasure stabilization, but are retained for at least several subsequent hours. Possible mechanisms and evolutionary reasons for the selective loss of chemotactic functions at erasure are discussed.
Adsorption of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether on Granular Zeolites: Batch and Column Studies

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) has been shown to be readily removed from water with powdered zeolites, but the passage of water through fixed-beds of very small powdered zeolites produces high friction losses not encountered in flow through larger sized granular materials. In this study, equilibrium and kinetic adsorption of MTBE onto granular zeolites, a coconut shell granular activated carbon (CS-1240), and a commercial carbon adsorbent (CCA) sample was evaluated. In addition, the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on MTBE adsorption was evaluated. Batch adsorption experiments determined that ZSM-5 was the most effective granular zeolite for MTBE adsorption. Further equilibrium and kinetic experiments verified that granular ZSM-5 is superior to CS-1240 and CCA in removing MTBE from water. No competitive adsorption effects between NOM and MTBE were observed for adsorption to granular ZSM-5 or CS-1240, however there was competition between NOM and MTBE for adsorption onto the CCA granules. Fixed-bed adsorption experiments for longer run times were performed using granular ZSM-5. The bed depth service time model (BDST) was used to analyze the breakthrough data.
Carbon dioxide released from human skin : effect of temperature and insect repellents

Measurement with an infrared analyzer of CO2 given off by the hands of human volunteers under laboratory conditions showed that they continuously produced CO2 at the rate of 1.0-1.8 ml/h. Increased production of CO2 was observed with increase in temperature for all subjects. Treatment of subjects with three insect repellents or ethanol resulted in a short-term drop in CO2 production, after which it returned to pretreatment levels. Olfactometer studies showed no correlation between the amount of CO2 produced by hands and the attractancy of the subjects to host-seeking female Ae. aegypti (L.). The supplemental addition of five times the amount of CO2 given off by the hands did not affect attractancy of subjects to mosquitoes. The amount of CO2 released by hands is negligible compared to ambient levels of 300 ppm, and it is unlikely to be attractive at this level of release by itself.
Training of number conservation in retardates.

Summary Eighteen retarded adults, divided into three groups equated for IQ, MA, and number conservation performance, received addition-subtraction and reversibility training under either cognitive-conflict or nonconflict conditions, or received no training. Under cognitive-conflict, transformation of one of two sets of discrete elements produced a perceptual illusion, and the addition-subtraction and reversibility operations applied to that set produced conflict between its length and density. Under nonconflict, simultaneous application of the operations to both sets avoided such conflict. Both training groups made significant gains from pretest and significantly exceeded controls in posttest number conservation (ps < .05). Lack of differential gains by the training groups suggested that cognitive conflict is not essential to induce number conservation.
An endocrine–based model for developmental and morphogenetic diversification in metamorphic and paedomorphic urodeles

Mechanistic interpretations of the diversity in urodele cranial ontogenies have focused largely on the primary distinctions of metamorphic versus paedomorphic forms and obligate versus facultative expressions of the latter. These distinctions, however, do not address the underlying spectrum of developmental and morphogenetic patterns in thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated tissues. This study integrates empirical and comparative observations on TH–mediated remodelling to formulate a new endocrine–based model to explain cranial diversification within and between metamorphic and paedomorphic urodeles. The dose–dependent remodelling induced by TH in a metamorphic urodele, the hemidactyliine plethodontid Eurycea bislineata, is compared against ontogenetic and phylogenetic variation in the same remodelling across Urodela. Immersion of Eurycea larvae in a T4 concentration within the range of plasma T4 levels found in natural Eurycea metamorphs results in rapid, synchronous, and complete metamorphic tissue responses as in natural plethodontid development. In contrast, lower doses produce gradual, incomplete remodelling patterns that bear greater resemblance to nonplethodontid development. A large proportion of remodelling events shows a strong correspondence between their sensitivity to TH in Eurycea and both their range of occurrence and developmental sequence in nonplethodontids. Also, the morphogenesis exhibited by certain tissues at low TH, although aberrant for plethodontids, is similar to natural development in nonplethodontids. These findings suggest that the widespread dissociation evinced by urodele cranial ontogenies may owe more to variable thyroid activity than previously realized. In particular, the abruptly metamorphic ontogeny of plethodontids and the varying degrees of metamorphic remodelling exhibited by facultative and obligate paedomorphs would seem to be explained more parsimoniously by specific changes in the profile of TH activity than by independent changes in individual tissue sensitivities. The corollary, that tissue sensitivity is largely conserved in urodeles, raises important implications for understanding character evolution, homology, and dissociation in metamorphic systems.
Ambulance malpractice and immunity. Can a plaintiff ever prevail.

(2003). Ambulance Malpractice and Immunity. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 359-377.
Exploration, information, and regulation in an exhaustible mineral industry

Abstract The paper presents a model of exploration and production in an uncertain environment. Exploration provides a by-product of information that helps predict future finds more accurately. When this information is not equally valued (at the margin) by society and industry, socially inefficient levels of exploration are chosen by industry. In this event, government intervention may be warranted. A regulator could control future prices to encourage industry to select socially preferred levels of production and exploration. Alternatively, by making public varying amounts of exploration information, incentives to industry could be adjusted. Conditions where such regulation might yield sufficient gains to society to offset regulatory costs are considered.
Hypoangular : a gene potentially involved in specifying positional information in a ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila

In Tetrahymena, two unique cell-surface structures, the oral apparatus and the cytoproct, are formed at opposite ends of one ciliary row, the reference meridian, which is propagated longitudinally during clonal growth. A third set of unique structures, the contractile vacuole pore(s) (CVP), is located at a nearly constant proportion of the cell circumference to the cell's right of the reference meridian. Three allelic recessive temperature-sensitive mutations, collectively named hypoangular (hpo), alter both the geometry of propagation of the reference meridian and the location of the CVPs. In mutant cells, the reference meridian typically undergoes a steady rightward shift in successive cell generations ("cortical slippage"); concomitantly, CVP sets come to lie closer to the reference meridian. Although CVP location is still proportional to the cell circumference, the constant of proportionality (the "CVP angle") is reduced. Another effect is an alteration in the widths of morphogenetic domains within the cortex. As the temperature is raised (made more restrictive), these effects are accentuated and the CVP angle becomes reduced further. At the extreme, the CVP angle collapses to zero and less, i.e., there is a topological switch such that CVPs come to lie to the left of the reference meridian, and the direction of cortical slippage reverses from rightward to leftward. These observations are hard to reconcile with existing formal models of pattern specification in this system and suggest that the hpo locus might specify a key component of the intracellular positional system.