cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-beam proximity effect correction on the MEBES eXara mask pattern generator

Electron beam (e-beam) proximity effect correction (PEC) has become a critical consideration with the reduction of feature sizes and the increasing use of optical proximity effect correction (OPC). PEC is accomplished on the 50kV MEBES eXara system with the embedded PEC (emPEC) technique, which is an automated version of GHOST. This method equalizes the background exposure by writing a fifth pass in the reverse tone of the four primary exposure passes. This compensates for the dose differences in the background due to backscattered electrons. The result is feature size control independent of the proximity and density of surrounding features, and independent of feature size. The method is simple and does not require additional computations for raster scan systems. A description of the method and its results for both coverage proximity effect correction (feature size deviation as a function of the surrounding exposure density) and CD linearity (deviation of different feature sizes) is presented.
American ginseng berry juice intake reduces blood glucose and body weight in ob/ob mice

Diabetes is a serious chronic metabolic disease and has a significant impact on patients' lives and the health care system. We previously observed that the organic solvent extract of American ginseng berry possessed significant antidiabetic effects in obese diabetic ob/ob mice after intraperitoneal injection. If American ginseng berry is useful as a dietary supplement, simple preparation and oral intake would be a convenient, safe, and practical means for consumers. In this study, the simply prepared berry juice was first analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and then administered orally in the ob/ob mice. The animals received daily berry juice 0.6 mL/kg or vehicle for 10 consecutive days. The results indicated that oral juice administration significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels, and this effect continued for at least 10 d after cessation of the treatment. Data from intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test demonstrated that there was a notable improvement in glucose tolerance in the juice treated group. In addition, the berry juice significantly reduced body weight. Our data suggest that ginseng berry juice, as a dietary supplement, may have functional efficacy in consumers with diabetes.
Extracellularly applied horseradish peroxidase increases the number of dense core vesicles in leech sensory neurons

The uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), applied as an extracellular tracer, is a classical method for studying endo/exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the ultrastructural level. It is generally not considered that HRP may affect neuronal function. Reported here is the finding that extracellularly applied HRP (0.1%) perturbs dense core vesicles in the synaptic processes of leech neurons. The strength of the effect varies with neuronal class. In sensory afferents, the number of dense core vesicles increases 5-fold, while there is only a 2-fold increase in central neurons.
A model for the solution structure of oxidized terpredoxin, a Fe2S2 ferredoxin from Pseudomonas.

Terpredoxin (Tdx) is a 105-residue bacterial ferredoxin consisting of a single polypeptide chain and a single Fe2S2 prosthetic group. Tdx was first identified in a strain of Pseudomonas sp. capable of using α-terpineol as sole carbon source. The Tdx gene, previously cloned from the plasmid-encoded terp operon, that carries genes encoding for proteins involved in terpineol catabolism, has been subcloned and expressed as the holoprotein in E. coli. Physical characterization of the expressed Tdx has been performed, and a model for the solution structure of oxidized Tdx (Tdxo) has been determined. High-resolution homo- and heteronuclear NMR data have been used for structure determination in diamagnetic regions of the protein. The structure of the metal binding site (which cannot be determined directly by NMR methods due to paramagnetic broadening of resonances) was modeled using restraints obtained from a crystal structure of the homologous ferredoxin adrenodoxin (Adx) and loose restraints determined from par...
Investigation and characterization of a high performance, small form factor, modular liquid immersion cooled server model

As the demand for power consumption increases with an expanding global economy, the need for innovative solutions to meet the cooling demands of next generation servers looms large. Particular attention must be paid to ensuring that cooling mechanisms employed are not only efficient from a power consumption perspective, but tightly packed to avoid needlessly expansive server rooms resulting in increased construction costs and energy waste from cooling superfluous spaces. With these concerns in mind, a small form factor, high input power solution is presented that involves no surface modifications, i.e. bare silicon die. In this 150 mm × 300 mm × 38 mm (H × L × W) space, two-phase heat transfer results in roughly 400 Watts rejected from the four-die arrangement and at a level well below the Critical Heat Flux.
The evaluation of occupational airways disease in the laboratory and workplace

Abstract Occupational immunologic lung disease can be identified both in the individual patient under laboratory conditions and in a population of workers in industry. Occupational airways disorder is the most common occupational immunologic pulmonary process and is a disease of the airways caused by the inhalation of a substance or material that the worker manufactures or uses directly or that is incidentally present at the worksite. There are several occupational airways disorders, including industrial bronchitis, occupational asthma, and reactive airways disease syndrome, the latter two of which will be discussed more thoroughly. Occupational asthma can be appropriately identified when the following are present: (1) typical symptoms, i.e., wheeze, cough, shortness of breath, and/or chest tightness; (2) specific identification of the offending agent; (3) documentation that the agent can cause asthma; (4) wheezes on physical examination; (5) pulmonary function changes; (6) immunologic abnormalities; (7) airway hyperreactivity; and (8) positive bronchial challenge with specific material. The diagnosis of occupational airways disorder requires a comprehensive approach, including clinical history, physiologic measurements, immunologic testing, and identification of airway hyperreactivity. By this approach both individual subjects and working populations can be studied.
Linking the Cardiomyocyte Circadian Clock to Myocardial Metabolism

Introduction The energetic demands imposed upon the heart vary dramatically over the course of the day. In the face of equally commanding oscillations in the neurohumoral mileu, the heart must respond both rapidly and appropriately to its diurnal environment, for the survival of the organism. A major response of the heart to alterations in workload, nutrients, and various neurohumoral stimuli is at the level of metabolism. Failure of the heart to achieve adequate metabolic adaptation results in contractile dysfunction. Discussion Substantial evidence is accumulating which suggests that a transcriptionally based timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock plays a role in mediating myocardial metabolic rhythms. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge regarding the interplay between the circadian clock within the cardiomyocyte and myocardial metabolism. This includes a particular focus on circadian clock mediated regulation of endogenous energy stores, as well as those mechanisms orchestrating circadian rhythms in metabolic gene expression. Conclusion An essential need to elucidate fully the functions of this molecular mechanism in the heart remains.
Seasonal Variation of Coyote Diet in Northwestern Wyoming: Implications for Dietary Overlap with Canada Lynx?

Exploitative competition through resource utilization may occur between coyotes (Canis latrans) and other carnivores. In the southern periphery of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) range, there is concern that increased snowmobile activity may enable coyotes to increase their movements into deep snow areas during the winter months, thereby potentially creating heightened resource competition with lynx, mainly for the lynx’s main prey, snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). We studied the seasonal variation of coyote diets and the dietary overlap between coyotes and lynx in a 512-km2 high-elevation study area in northwestern Wyoming. Dietary shifts by coyotes were documented during the winter, spring, summer, and fall from August 2006 through June 2008. Although lynx are known to primarily prey on snowshoe hares, lynx scats were also collected to assess their diet for comparative purposes. A total of 470 coyote scats and 24 lynx scats were collected, dried and analyzed. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was the predominant prey item for coyotes by percent occurrence (20.1%) for all 3 years combined, followed by elk (Cervus elaphus, 12.5%), montane vole (Microtus montanus, 12.0%), and snowshoe hare (8.0%). Snowshoe hares were the dominant prey item for lynx during the winter, accounting for 85.2% of all prey occurrences. Coyote use of snowshoe hares peaked in the fall (24.1% of all occurrences). We found little dietary overlap between coyotes and lynx during the winter months when lynx mainly fed on snowshoe hares and coyotes fed mostly on ungulates.
Conditions Underlying Parents' Knowledge about Children's Daily Lives in Middle Childhood: Between‐ and Within‐Family Comparisons

This study examined the correlates of mothers' and fathers' knowledge about the daily experiences of their firstborn (M = 10.9 years) and secondborn (M = 8.3 years) children in 198 nondivorced, predominantly dual-earner families. Results revealed between- and within-family differences in knowledge as a function of mothers' work involvement, sibship composition (i.e., sex, birth order), children's personal qualities (e.g., temperament), and parents' personal qualities (e.g., education, gender role attitudes). Mothers' knowledge did not vary as a function of how much they worked outside the home, but fathers knew more about their children's activities, whereabouts, and companions when their wives worked longer hours. Parents knew more about their younger than their older offspring. Both mothers and fathers knew more about offspring of the same sex than about opposite-sex children, leading to greater within-family differences in families with mixed-sex siblings. Perhaps because parental involvement and monitoring are more “scripted” for mothers than fathers, fathers' knowledge was more consistently related to their children's characteristics than was mothers.'
Secrecy throughput of MANETs with malicious nodes

The secrecy throughput of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) with malicious nodes is investigated. The MANET consists of n legitimate mobile nodes and m malicious nodes. Transmissions between legitimate nodes are subject to a delay constraint D. An information theoretic approach for security is applied to achieve secure communication among legitimate nodes in MANETs with transmissions being kept perfectly secure from malicious nodes. A critical threshold on the number of malicious nodes (m) is identified such that when m = o(√nD), i.e., lim n→∞ m/√nD = 0, the secrecy throughput equals the throughput of MANETs without malicious nodes, i.e., the impact of the presence of malicious nodes on the network throughput is negligible; and when m = Ω (√nDpoly(n)), i.e., lim n→∞ m/√nDpoly(n)) ≥ c for a positive constant c, the secrecy throughput is limited by the number of malicious nodes.
Blanket Design and Optimization Demonstrations of the First Wall/Blanket/Shield Design and Optimization System (BSDOS)

In fusion reactors, the blanket design and its characteristics have a major impact on the reactor performance, size, and economics. The selection and arrangement of the blanket materials, dimensions of the different blanket zones, and different requirements of the selected materials for a satisfactory performance are the main parameters, which define the blanket performance. These parameters translate to a large number of variables and design constraints, which need to be simultaneously considered in the blanket design process. This represents a major design challenge because of the lack of a comprehensive design tool capable of considering all these variables to define the optimum blanket design and satisfying all the design constraints for the adopted figure of merit and the blanket design criteria. The blanket design capabilities of the First Wall/Blanket/Shield Design and Optimization System (BSDOS) have been developed to overcome this difficulty and to provide the state-of-the-art research and design tool for performing blanket design analyses. This paper describes some of the BSDOS capabilities and demonstrates its use. In addition, the use of the optimization capability of the BSDOS can result in a significant blanket performance enhancement and cost saving for the reactor design under consideration. In this paper, examples aremore » presented, which utilize an earlier version of the ITER solid breeder blanket design and a high power density self-cooled lithium blanket design for demonstrating some of the BSDOS blanket design capabilities.« less
Using Collaboration as a Governance Strategy Lessons From Six Watershed Management Programs

This article utilizes a comparative cross-case analysis of six watershed programs to examine how collaboration is used to enhance governance of networks where problem-solving capacity is widely dispersed and few organizations accomplish their missions by acting alone. A conceptual framework that illustrates how collaboration occurs at the operational, policy-making, and institutional levels is presented. Understanding these structural relationships is important and can help public managers design effective collaborative processes. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research and advice for public managers using collaboration as a strategy for enhancing network governance.
Automatic translation of FORTRAN programs to vector form

The recent success of vector computers such as the Cray-1 and array processors such as those manufactured by Floating Point Systems has increased interest in making vector operations available to the FORTRAN programmer. The FORTRAN standards committee is currently considering a successor to FORTRAN 77, usually called FORTRAN 8x, that will permit the programmer to explicitly specify vector and array operations.Although FORTRAN 8x will make it convenient to specify explicit vector operations in new programs, it does little for existing code. In order to benefit from the power of vector hardware, existing programs will need to be rewritten in some language (presumably FORTRAN 8x) that permits the explicit specification of vector operations. One way to avoid a massive manual recoding effort is to provide a translator that discovers the parallelism implicit in a FORTRAN program and automatically rewrites that program in FORTRAN 8x.Such a translation from FORTRAN to FORTRAN 8x is not straightforward because FORTRAN DO loops are not always semantically equivalent to the corresponding FORTRAN 8x parallel operation. The semantic difference between these two constructs is precisely captured by the concept of dependence. A translation from FORTRAN to FORTRAN 8x preserves the semantics of the original program if it preserves the dependences in that program.The theoretical background is developed here for employing data dependence to convert FORTRAN programs to parallel form. Dependence is defined and characterized in terms of the conditions that give rise to it; accurate tests to determine dependence are presented; and transformations that use dependence to uncover additional parallelism are discussed.
Child maltreatment and the developing brain: A review of neuroscience perspectives☆

In this article we review neuroscience perspectives on child maltreatment to facilitate understanding of the rapid integration of neuroscience knowledge into the academic, clinical, and lay literature on this topic. Seminal articles from developmental psychology and psychiatry, a discussion of brain plasticity, and a summary of recent reviews of research on stress system dysregulation are presented with some attention to methodological issues. A common theme is that maltreatment during childhood is an experience that may affect the course of brain development, potentially leading to differences in brain anatomy and functioning with lifelong consequences for mental health. The design of prevention and intervention strategies for child maltreatment may benefit from considering neuroscience perspectives along with those of other disciplines.
GYNECOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING

IF THE TERM “functional uterine bleeding” is used to include any abnormal hemorrhage “in the absence of gross lesions,“ it is found that many different factors are involved and not merely a single clinical or pathologic entity. There is no completely satisfactory classification of the various causes, but an approach may be made by considering the clinical manifestation of the bleeding and the histologic appearance of the endometrium.
Phonological Similarity, Pronunciation Rate, and Memory Span

Memory span is smaller for (a) items taking longer to pronounce and (b) phonologically more similar items. We investigated the relation between the two effects. Chase (1977) found that phonologically similar items were pronounced more slowly than dissimilar ones in a pronunciation task. A pronunciation rate difference in immediate recall could explain the phonological similarity effect as a special case of the word-length effect. Instead, the study found that pronunciation rates were equal. In the equation s = rt, span equals pronunciation rate times trace duration, word-length affects r while phonological similarity affects t. The two effects are shown to be complementary.
Computational Investigations of Air Entrainment, Hysteresis, and Loading for Large-Scale, Buoyant Cavities

A complete physical model of ventilated supercavitation is not well established. Efforts documented display the ability, with a finite volume, locally homogeneous approach, to simulate supercavitating flows and obtain good agreement with experiments. Several modeling requirements appear critical, especially in physical hysteretic conditions or configurations. The hysteresis presented is due to obstruction of the flow with a solid object. The modeling approach taken correctly captures a full hysteresis loop and the corresponding dimensionless ventilation rate to cavity pressure (CQdelta) relationship. This correspondence supports the suggestion that the main mechanism of cavity gas entrainment is via shear layers attached to the cavity walls. With such validated solutions, additional insight into the flow within the cavity is gained.
Measurement of interfacial temperatures during testing of a subscale aircraft brake

Interfacial temperatures have been measured using fibre optic inserts in the stationary brake ring during ring-on-ring, subscale dynamometer aircraft brake testing. The brake materials are carbon fibre-reinforced, carbon-matrix (carbon-carbon) composites. The temperature distribution varies with dynamometer test conditions and demonstrates the non-uniformity of contact pressure within the interface. A two-dimensional, axis-symmetric finite element model (FEM) is presented that is used to estimate temperature profiles during braking using either a constant pressure or constant energy flux assumption. The model incorporates the measured temperature-dependence of the thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity for the composite materials. The surface temperatures obtained from the FEM are compared with the measured surface temperatures. Substantial differences between the two results are observed and discussed.
Fiber-optic Fourier-domain common-path OCT

We experimentally and theoretically investigated the performance of a fiber-optic based Fourier-domain common-path optical coherence tomography (OCT). The fiber-optic common-path OCT operated at the 840-nm center wavelength. The resolution of the system was 8.8 \mum (in air) and the working depth using a bare fiber probe was approximately 1.5 mm. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system was analyzed. OCT images obtained by the system were also presented.
Measurement of Competitive-Cooperative Attitudes

Competitive attitudes significantly influence various dimensions of human behavior. Studies have largely used games in the collection of data and the usefulness of games as methodological tools may...
Vagotomy decreases excitability in primary vagal afferent somata.

Standard patch-clamp and intracellular recording techniques were used to monitor membrane excitability changes in adult inferior vagal ganglion neurons (nodose ganglion neurons, NGNs) 5 days follow...
Ten-year updated meta-analysis of the clinical characteristics of pediatric mania and hypomania.

Objectives The phenomenology and diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder has been controversial. We aimed to update a 2005 meta analysis of the prevalence of manic symptoms in youth, in order to determine whether the picture of pediatric mania has changed as research on pediatric bipolar disorder has grown. Methods We conducted literature reviews in PsycINFO and PubMed; studies with the prevalence of manic symptoms in youth were included. Two raters coded each study; kappa was 0.86–1.0. Results Twenty studies were meta-analyzed (N = 2,226 youths). The most common symptoms across bipolar subtypes, using a random-effects model, were: increased energy 79%, irritability 77%, mood lability 76%, distractibility 74%, goal-directed activity 72%, euphoric/elated mood 64%, pressured speech 63%, hyperactive 62%, racing thoughts 61%, poor judgment 61%, grandiosity 57%, inappropriate laughter 57%, decreased need for sleep 56%, and flight of ideas 54%. Symptom rates were heterogeneous across samples; potential predictors were explored but no clear patterns were found. Conclusions Debate continues about the definitions of pediatric bipolar disorder; the results of this meta-analysis suggest that there is significant heterogeneity of symptom prevalence between studies, and that symptoms vary widely across individuals. Understanding the roots of this heterogeneity could broaden understanding of the complex clinical presentation of pediatric mania, and aid in diagnosis.
Aspects of bulimia.

The abnormal craving for food that results in gorging followed by induced vomiting is called bulimia. From its relatively innocent origin as a simple method of controlling weight, the condition may progress to a compulsive, uncontrollable habit that can be life-threatening in its later stages. The author discusses the psychiatric and physical symptoms, and presents a case report and review of the literature.
Investigation on the epidemic status of drinking-water type endemic fluorosis in Henan province in 2011

Objective To grasp the current status of drinking-water type endemic fluorosis in Henan province,so as to provide basis to future prevention and cure.Methods According to "The Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in Henan province in 2010",10 counties(districts) with drinking-water type endemic fluorosis were selected.10 defluoridation projects were selected by random sampling in every county for surveillance,3 affected villages were divided into mild,moderate and severe,which were randomly selected by stratified sampling method from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis.The fluoride level in water and dental fluorosis of children aged from 8 to 12 were examined.Results Among 100 investigated water improvement projects in the 10 counties,99 were running normally,fluoride level in water exceeded the standard,accounting for 21%(21/100).A total of 30 affected villages were investigated,among which the drinking water quality of 8 villages were improved,and all the fluoride content of defluoridation projects were normal.In the 8 improved-water villages,detection rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 52.71%(496/941),defect rate was 5.84%(55/941),and dental fluorosis index was 1.19 and the prevalence was middle.In the 22 unimproved-water villages,detection rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 47.34%(1015/2144),defect rate was 13.29%(285/2144),and dental fluorosis index was 1.15,the prevalence was medium.Conclusions The fluoride level of defluoridation projects exceeded the standard seriously,the fluorosis harm is still heavy in Henan,so scientific verification of water-improving project and work acceptance should be enhanced,preclude the use of unqualified project,water quality monitoring should be launched regularly,and the project of standard-exceeding of water quality should be improved promptly.
Dissecting the Contribution of Kinase Conformational Reorganization Energies to Inhibitor Selectivity

Kinases are an important target for many cancer therapies. However, they can be difficult to selectively target without hitting one of the other ∼500 kinases in the human genome. Recent experimental and computational evidence suggests that the cost of confining the kinase to the binding-competent conformation could play a large role in determining inhibitor selectivity, specifically in the case of Src and Abl kinase and the ligand imatinib (also known as the paradigm shifting targeted cancer drug ‘Gleevec’). To test this hypothesis on a larger scale, and to dissect the contribution of this reorganization energy to kinase inhibitor affinity and selectivity, we have developed an approach that combines massively distributed molecular simulations with automated experimental biophysical measurements. Atomistic molecular simulations are run on the Folding@home worldwide distributed computing platform to collect ∼ms of simulation data. Markov state models are then constructed of this data to determine the accessible conformations and relative free energies. Alchemical binding free energy calculations are used to assess the ligand binding free energies of selective kinase inhibitors to individual kinetically metastable conformations, and automated biophysical experiments using a novel fluorescence-based assay are used to directly measure binding affinities of kinase inhibitors to a variety of kinases. By analyzing this data together, we believe this work provides a more global picture of the role that kinase conformational reorganization energies play in selectivity, pushing us toward a better understanding of the requirements for selective inhibitor design.
Role of the Rel-Family of Transcription Factors in the Regulation of c-myc Gene Transcription and Apoptosis of WEHI 231 Murine B-Cells

NF-kB elements mediate control of a number of important growth regulatory genes (rev. in Baeuerle, 1991). We have identified two functional NF-kB elements within the murine c-myc gene. The upstream regulatory element or URE is located -1101 to -1091 b.p. upstream of the PI promoter (Duyao et al. 1990). The internal regulatory element or IRE is at +440 to +459 b.p., within exon 1 (Kessler et al. 1992b). Activation of NF-kB by IL-1 in human dermal FS-4 fibroblasts (Kessler et al. 1992a) or by the tax protein of the HTLV-1 virus in T lymphocytes (Duyao et al. 1992) leads to induction of transcription of the c-myc promoter through binding to the URE and IRE. NF-kB is now known to be a family of dimeric transcription factors, whose subunits all contain an amino terminal rei homology domain, which mediates both dimerization and DNA binding. Classical NF-kB is a heterodimer composed of a p50 and a p65 subunit (Ghosh et al. 1990; Ruben et al. 1991). The c-rel gene encodes a 75 kDa protein (Simek and Rice 1988). Various combinations of these Rei family of proteins bind as dimers to NF-kB elements, but their activity has been found to be element specific.
Shift or Stasis| The Business Push and Audience Pull in Arab Entertainment Television

This article seeks to identify complex dynamics in Arab media. It argues that Arab entertainment television is subject to twin processes of “business push” and “local audience pull.” It also illustrates how multiple power structures hinder or facilitate these processes. Using an overview of the past five years in Arab entertainment television, the article analyzes transformative practices that illustrate key fractures in global media codistribution, format television, and media investments, as well as signs of the reassertion of national broadcasters and the impact of the YouTube phenomenon. The article argues for investigating the push/pull vectors that foster links and interactions more than actors and structures. This approach is required to better understand current global media permutations.
An analysis of surgical and nonsurgical operating room times in high-volume shoulder arthroplasty

Background A significant portion of operating room time in shoulder arthroplasty is devoted to nonsurgical tasks. To maximize efficiency and to increase access to care, it is important to accurately quantify surgical and nonsurgical time for shoulder arthroplasty. This study aimed to evaluate surgical vs. nonsurgical time and to assess the viability of using a 1-surgeon, 2-operating room model. Methods An institutional database was used to identify all primary and revision shoulder arthroplasty cases from February 2011 through December 2013. Time intervals were analyzed, including anesthesia and positioning time, surgical time, conclusion time, and turnover time. Results We identified 1062 shoulder arthroplasties. The average anesthesia and positioning time was 48.2 ± 11.7 minutes, surgical time was 122.7 ± 36.4 minutes, and conclusion time was 10.5 ± 7.0 minutes. Average turnover time at our institution was 40 minutes. An average of 58.8 ± 13.8 minutes (33.2%) of the patient's time in the operating room was not surgical. A 1-room surgical model, with each case following the next, would allow 3 arthroplasties to be performed in a 10-hour surgical day. A 2-room model would allow 4 cases to be performed in a 9-hour surgical day or 5 in an 11-hour day. In this 2-room model, there would be no time in which the surgeon is absent for any surgical portion of the case. Conclusion For a high-volume shoulder arthroplasty practice, a 2-room model leads to greater efficiency and patient access to care without sacrificing the surgeon's presence during surgical portions of the case.
Evaluation of Deformable Image Registration-Based Contour Propagation From Planning CT to Cone-Beam CT.

Purpose:We evaluated the performance of organ contour propagation from a planning computed tomography to cone-beam computed tomography with deformable image registration by comparing contours to manual contouring.Materials and Methods:Sixteen patients were retrospectively identified based on showing considerable physical change throughout the course of treatment. Multiple organs in the 3 regions (head and neck, prostate, and pancreas) were evaluated. A cone-beam computed tomography from the end of treatment was registered to the planning computed tomography using rigid registration, followed by deformable image registration. The contours were copied on cone-beam computed tomography image sets using rigid registration and modified by 2 radiation oncologists. Contours were compared using Dice similarity coefficient, mean surface distance, and Hausdorff distance.Results:The mean physician-to-physician Dice similarity coefficient for all organs was 0.90. When compared to each physician’s contours, the overall...
The Case for Cash

Abstract Cash is an extremely useful social contrivance. Kenneth Rogoff, who calls for phasing-out high denomination cash over time, recently discussed two possible drawbacks of high-denomination cash: the extensive use of high-denomination cash in crime and in illicit and corrupt activities and the role cash plays in preventing deeply negative nominal interest rates imposed on bank accounts. I will argue that using cash is preferable to the alternative, which entails worse types of crimes committed in the absence of cash. Consequently, the current high-denomination cash in the U.S. should be retained.
The business of black beauty: social entrepreneurship or social injustice?

This paper aims to examine the black beauty industry from a historical perspective and consider the fairness heuristic theory to determine if organisations in this industry are engaging in and promoting social entrepreneurship or contributing to social injustice. The paper explores the work of Annie Turnbo-Malone and Madame C.J. Walker, pioneers and stalwart entrepreneurs in the black beauty business, to discuss the controversial issue. Current and future applications are also investigated and presented.,Papers from earlier as well as more contemporary journals, news media and books were examined and synthesised to render a balanced view to aid in the entrepreneurship or injustice debate.,The paper concludes that decisions about fairness and justice involve perception and thus vary by individual, allowing a substantial case for the black beauty industry to both be commended for social entrepreneurship and condemned as a proponent of social injustice (distributive, procedural and interactional).,Organisations have substantial impact on individuals, groups, the community and society. A meaningful organisation encourages expression, perceptions of worth and constructive attitudes and behaviour, and refrains from reflecting excessive dictatorship or dehumanisation. This paper highlights both positive and negative organisational and societal issues concerning the business of black beauty, a relatively understudied topic in management in general and management history in particular, and it provides a unique lens from which to build awareness about entrepreneurship and justice and to effect needed change.
Phosphorus cycling in marine sediments: Advances and challenges

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a critical macronutrient for all living cells, as it provides the phosphate-ester backbone of nucleic acids, plays a crucial role in the transmission of chemical energy by the ATP molecule and is also a structural constituent in many cell components. While P cycling in the marine water column has been the subject of many studies and reviews, many aspects of the sedimentary P cycling remain poorly understood. This is mainly due to low P concentrations in sediments and analytical difficulties associated with isolating distinct P forms from sediment samples. The aim of this review is to highlight the advances made in our understanding of P cycling in marine sediments as a result of improved instrumentation and novel approaches. Some of these techniques range from sediment sequential extractions (SEDEX) to spectroscopic techniques (31P NMR) and innovative isotope tracer experiments (stable oxygen ratios in phosphate, radioactive P isotopes). While our understanding of P cycling has considerably improved, numerous aspects of sedimentary P cycling including the fate of organic P in sediments as a function of redox conditions, organic matter content and burial depth, as well as turnover rates of different sedimentary P compounds remain poorly constrained. The techniques presented in this review, along with yet to be utilized innovative approaches used in soil and lacustrine sediment P research, will play an important role in addressing these important questions and in furthering our understanding of this critical component of the P global biogeochemical cycle.
Heat flux variation between neighboring channels in compact minichannel heat exchangers

Abstract The channel-to-channel heat flux variation was studied by solving numerically the conjugate, three-dimensional, transient heat transfer problem of louvered fins bounded by multiport aluminum plates. Two different multiport plate configurations (A and B) were analyzed while the geometry of fins was kept constant. Configuration A had 11 round channels of 1.2 mm in diameter and Configuration B had 22 square channels of 0.54 × 0.54 mm2 each. Free stream air velocities analyzed were 1–5 m/s ( Re Lp = 82–410), and incoming air temperature was 20 ° C and 30 ° C at constant wall temperature of 10 ° C. Numerical results show that heat flux flow downstream from the leading edge was dependent on geometrical parameters (size and number of channels, dimensions of fins) and the properties of air flow (incoming flow velocity, temperature and air flow morphology within the louvered fins domain). The overall heat flux difference between the leading channel and the trailing one was 73% at air velocity of 5 m/s, while this difference was almost 96% at 1 m/s for plate B. Multiport plate A had a heat flux difference between the first and the last channel of 68.7% and 93.8% at 5 m/s and 1 m/s respectively. The magnitude of heat flux at Δ T = 10 K (T = 20 ° C) was two times smaller compared to the case of Δ T = 20 K (T = 30 ° C).
Activation of pial and dural macrophages and dendritic cells by cortical spreading depression

Objective Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has long been implicated in migraine attacks with aura. The process by which CSD, a cortical event that occurs within the blood-brain barrier (BBB), results in nociceptor activation outside the BBB is likely mediated by multiple molecules and cells. The objective of this study was to determine whether CSD activates immune cells inside the BBB (pia), outside the BBB (dura), or in both, and if so, when. Methods Investigating cellular events in the meninges shortly after CSD, we used in vivo two-photon imaging to identify changes in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) that reside in the pia, arachnoid, and dura and their anatomical relationship to TRPV1 axons. Results We found that activated meningeal macrophages retract their processes and become circular, and that activated meningeal DCs stop migrating. We found that CSD activates pial macrophages instantaneously, pial, subarachnoid, and dural DCs 6-12 minutes later, and dural macrophages 20 minutes later. Dural macrophages and DCs can appear in close proximity to TRPV1-positive axons. Interpretation The findings suggest that activation of pial macrophages may be more relevant to cases where aura and migraine begin simultaneously, that activation of dural macrophages may be more relevant to cases where headache begins 20 to 30 minutes after aura, and that activation of dural macrophages may be mediated by activation of migratory DCs in the subarachnoid space and dura. The anatomical relationship between TRPV1-positive meningeal nociceptors, and dural macrophages and DCs supports a role for these immune cells in the modulation of head pain. Ann Neurol 2018;83:508-521.
An Accurate Experimental Determination of Effective Strain for Heterogeneous Electronic Packages With Digital Image Correlation Method

This paper presents an accurate experimental method to determine the effective strain for the advanced electronic packages with heterogeneous structure or multiple composite layers when the out-of-plane deformation has evident effects on the in-plane strain quantification. The experimental results rely on the 3-D digital image correlation (DIC) technique, a full-field optical measurement method. Several advantages make this technique a perfect choice for characterizing the effective strain for electronic packages, especially for the heterogeneously designed packages that are likely to have large warpage after reflow process. In order to generate the effective strain with the consideration of warpage and thickness effects, an improved data process algorithm for 3-D DIC is introduced to obtain the neutral plane strain. The result was validated analytically and numerically based on the Timoshenko beam theory and finite-element method. The effectiveness and necessity of this paper are demonstrated by applying the results into a practical multilayer package and forecasting the accurate behavior under thermal loading.
Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection. I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called "adjectival" inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the "adjectival" and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.
Anthropological Perspectives in Bioethics

The intersection of the theories and practices of public health, anthropology, and bioethics is a recent trend. It reflects new public health challenges posed by the globalization of health research, the global spread of health technologies, epidemics of new and reemerging communicable diseases, and growing inequities in health both between countries and within countries. Anthropologists study local cultural models of illness and can anticipate when public health intervention protocols may clash with local norms. Public health practitioners will increasingly rely on and collaborate with anthropologists and ethicists to solve the public health challenges of the twenty-first century.
The Mechanical Characterization and Stress Relaxation of a Filled Silicone Foam

Stress relaxation behavior of polymeric materials under strain can only be understood by conducting experiments that are comparable in duration to the time regime of interest. Stress relaxation is the decay in stress over time that results when a viscoelastic material is deformed and held at constant strain. In polymers, the stress decays in part as a consequence of molecular motion of polymer chains but also as a result of chemical and physical bond changes within the strained material. A polymer is considered thermo-rheologically simple when a single mechanism controls the relaxation response (Schwarzl and Stavennan, 1952). Such a unique thermal dependency lends itself neatly to the thermal acceleration of aging, such as time-temperature superposition, that yields years’ worth of data in a few hours. However, many polymeric materials are thermo-rheologically complex. That is, several mechanisms contribute to the overall relaxation and each has its own thermal dependency. In these situations, one must understand the relative contributions of each mechanism, which are likely to change, in the time domain of interest. For example, the time scale for viscoelastic or physical relaxation may vary from less than one second to many years whereas chemical degradation typically occurs over hours to years. Therefore, the relaxation response of a polymeric material within a few seconds is likely to be dominated by physical processes, with very little contribution from chemical degradation. This is advantageous for characterizing the physical response of the material but can not be applied to long times when chemical changes with different thermal dependencies dominate.
A posteriori optimal intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand modeling

A probabilistic seismic demand modeling approach with the optimal intensity measure (IM) parameters determined a posteriori (POS-PSDM) is employed to examine and compare the full potential of the explanatory power of different IM formulations. A total of six IM formulations adopting the optimal IM parameters determined a posteriori (i.e. POS-IMs) are studied, including two spectral IMs with the optimal period T*, two fractional order IMs with the optimal fractional order α*, as well as two spectral IMs with the optimal period T* and the optimal damping ratio ζ*. A comprehensive IM comparative study is conducted based on hysteretic single-degree-of-freedom systems, considering a wide range of structural parameters. The POS-IMs manifest substantially improved performance (i.e. efficiency and sufficiency) compared with their conventional counterparts, revealing the value of adopting this POS-PSDM approach to ensure the PSDM predictive performance. In particular, the spectral acceleration at the optimal period and damping ratio, Sa(T*,ζ*), which is introduced as an IM candidate for the first time, not only consistently demonstrates superior explanatory power but also exhibits fairly good hazard computability. The POS-PSDM approach in conjunction with Sa(T*,ζ*) exhibits good potential in further improving the accuracy and reliability of probabilistic seismic risk assessment with negligible increase in computation cost.
Polyethylene Grafted Silica Nanoparticles Prepared via Surface-Initiated ROMP

Polyethylene and nanosilica represent the most ubiquitous commodity plastic and nanocomposite filler, respectively. Despite their potential utility, few examples exist in the literature of successfully combining these two materials to form polyethylene nanocomposites. Synthesizing well-defined polyethylene grafted to a surface is a significant challenge in the nanocomposites community. Presented here is a synthetic approach toward polyethylene grafted nanoparticles with controllable graft density and molecular weight of the grafted polymer. The variably grafted nanoparticles were then incorporated into a commercial high density polyethylene matrix. The synthesis, characterization, and challenges in making these materials are discussed.
HIGH OUTPUT HEART FAILURE DUE TO DIALYSIS FISTULA

High output heart failure is characterized by elevated cardiac index (CI) and decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Obesity, liver disease and arteriovenous (AV) shunting are common etiologies. A 58-year-old male with history of end-stage renal disease on dialysis, alcoholic cirrhosis,
A comprehensive meta-analysis of endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors and outcomes in head and neck cancer and lung cancer.

e14096Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) have emerged as an effective treatment for a variety of cancers. However, important immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can occur. The aim of...
Prevention of epileptogenesis as a future strategy for the treatment of epilepsy

Epilepsy affects more than 70 million people worldwide. From 30 to 40% of the patients are resistant to existing medication. This paper describes the current state of the treatment of epilepsy and proposes a future approach to preventative treatment at earlier stages of epileptogenesis. For preventative treatment biomarkers are needed that predict the development of epilepsy at its earlier stages. Pathological high frequency oscillations are the only acceptable biomarker of epileptogenesis. However, the main limitation of this biomarker is the necessity of implanting of recording electrodes. The search for noninvasive biomarkers of epileptogenesis is one of the hot topics in epilepsy research. There are two potentially interesting directions in this area: search for inflammatory biomarkers in the peripheral blood and analysis of different parameters of imaging methods. In this paper we present approaches for identification of potential epileptogenesis biomarkers by magnetic resonance imaging. Some of magnetic resonance imaging parameters correlate with the existence of pathological high frequency oscillations, may indirectly reflect ongoing inflammation process in the brain and be potential biomarkers of epileptogenesis.