cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical clues to a dizzying headache

Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in migraine as a cause of vestibular symptoms. Starting with 1970s case reports linking migraine to childhood vertigo, neurotologists worldwide have increasingly diagnosed migraine. Various syndromes of vestibular migraine (VM) have been described, diagnostic criteria proposed, epidemiologic data collected, and neurophysiologic models developed. Yet, the concept that migraine causes vestibular symptoms rests on a surprisingly thin research database. Current concepts of VM are based on expert opinion, not empirical data. No general consensus exists about the definition of VM. No studies have analyzed its essential features. Just one well-controlled medication trial has been published. No biomarkers are known. To stimulate more rigorous research, this paper poses three questions about clinical investigations into migraine and vestibular symptoms: What variables should be measured? What patients should be studied? How might clinical trials yield both clinically useful results and greater insights into pathophysiologic processes? Using these questions, the limits of current knowledge are explored. Applicable research methods from epidemiology to genetics are examined. Pilot data demonstrating pharmacologic and genetic dissection techniques are presented. Ambitious, but practical, near-term clinical research goals are enumerated, including rigorous validation of diagnostic criteria and development of empirically derived management guidelines.
Phosphoryl Intermediates Formed with Phosphoglycerate Mutase ROLE AND LABILIZATION OF 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

Abstract A complex formed between phosphoglycerate mutase from rabbit muscle and its cofactor, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, has been isolated and examined. With a column of Sephadex G-25, enzyme-bound radioactivity equivalent to 0.85 mole of cofactor per mole of enzyme was separated from 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-32P. As much as 80% of the enzymebound 32P could be incorporated into nonradioactive substrate or cofactor during very short reaction periods. These exchange reactions suggested that the bound radioactivity was not in the form enzyme-phosphate, but rather in the form enzyme·P2·glycerate. Subjecting enzyme with bound 32P to paper chromatography confirmed this; the radioactivity was distributed about equally between orthophosphate and monophosphoglycerate. This enzyme-bound cofactor was labile to treatment with 0.4 m KOH or HClO4, and was then detected as 32Pi after paper chromatography. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate alone was not hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Thus, in the process of binding to the enzyme, the glycerate-phosphate bonds of the cofactor are rendered labile. The complex was unstable at 4°, decomposing into Pi and, apparently, glyceric acid. In a 24-hour period, the exchangeable bound radioactivity decreased from 73 to 24%, while paper chromatography of the complex showed a decrease in the monophosphoglycerate fraction and an increase in the Pi fraction. Enzyme-bound 32P from 3-phosphoglycerate-32P was obtained by a similar procedure. The binding was equivalent to 0.34 mole of substrate per mole of enzyme. This bound radioactivity was labile to treatment with 0.4 m HClO4 or KOH. Most of the bound radioactivity could be exchanged with nonradioactive cofactor or substrate. Unlike the enzyme-cofactor complex, a high percentage of bound radioactivity was not exchanged, and was recovered as Pi in exchange reactions with high concentrations of combined unlabeled 3-phosphoglycerate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Exchange between 3-phosphoglycerate-32P and nonradioactive 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the presence of phosphoglycerate mutase showed that free 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is not an obligatory reactant in every conversion of substrate to product. This is consistent with a cofactor role for free 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of maintaining saturating levels of an active intermediate, enzyme·P2·glycerate.
Nature of the surviving plaque-forming unit of reovirus in water containing bromine.

Abstract The initial inactivation of reovirus in water containing 3 to 7 μM bromine as HOBr was very rapid. Electron microscopy revealed extensive physical damage to the virions in as little as 1 min, but none were degraded beyond recognition. As treatment time continued, the reaction rate decreased toward a plateau of resistance, usually at about the 10-4 survival level; still no particles were lost. Progeny grown from these resistant plaque-forming units (PFU) were no more resistant to HOBr than the parent cultures. Small-number aggregation (adhering groups of two to ten virions counted by electron microscopy) had no detectable effect on the level of persistant PFU. Large aggregates seemed to be involved. Sonic treatment at 20 kHz after bromine exposure increased survival PFU titer 10- to 43-fold. Virus exposed to light centrifugation prior to bromine treatment did not show the plateau of resistance. Surviving PFU sedimented faster in a shallow sucrose gradient than single virions. Large aggregates were apparently too few to be counted by electron microscopy, but their penetration and inactivation must be achieved by any disinfectant chosen to rid water of reovirus.
Control of Unbalance Response with Magnetic Bearings

In the last decade, active magnetic bearings for rotating machinery have moved from a promising concept to industrial application. Because these bearings are active devices, they permit new methods of vibration reduction. Two methods of control have been advocated for the attenuation of transmitted unbalance response for rotors supported in magnetic bearings: feedback and adaptive open loop control. In this paper, the stability robustness of these two methods will be compared. Experimental results are presented demonstrating the efficacy of open loop control in attenuating unbalance response.
In vitro cytocompatibility of one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanostructure-reinforced biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites

This study investigates the in vitro cytocompatibility of one-dimensional and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) carbon and inorganic nanomaterial reinforced polymeric nanocomposites fabricated using biodegradable polymer poly (propylene fumarate), crosslinking agent N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and following nanomaterials: single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, single and multiwalled graphene oxide nanoribbons, graphene oxide nanoplatelets, molybdenum disulfide nanoplatelets, or tungsten disulfide nanotubes dispersed between 0.02 and 0.2 wt% concentrations in the polymer. The extraction media of unreacted components, crosslinked nanocomposites and their degradation products were examined for effects on viability and attachment using two cell lines: NIH3T3 fibroblasts and MC3T3 preosteoblasts. The extraction media of unreacted PPF/NVP elicited acute dose-dependent cytotoxicity attributed to leaching of unreacted components into cell culture media. However, extraction media of crosslinked nanocomposites showed no dose dependent adverse effects. Further, all crosslinked nanocomposites showed high viability (78-100%), high cellular attachment (40-55%), and spreading that was confirmed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Degradation products of nanocomposites showed a mild dose-dependent cytotoxicity possibly due to acidic degradation components of PPF. In general, compared to PPF control, none of the nanocomposites showed significant differences in cellular response to unreacted components, crosslinked nanocomposites and their degradation products. Initial minor cytotoxic response and lower cell attachment numbers were observed only for a few nanocomposite groups; these effects were absent at later time points for all PPF nanocomposites. The favorable cytocompatibility results for all the nanocomposites opens avenues for in vivo safety and efficacy studies for bone tissue engineering applications.
Evaluation of dynamically downscaled reanalysis precipitation data for hydrological application

Skilful and reliable precipitation data are essential for seasonal hydrologic forecasting and generation of hydrological data. Although output from dynamic downscaling methods is used for hydrological application, the existence of systematic errors in dynamically downscaled data adversely affects the skill of hydrologic forecasting. This study evaluates the precipitation data derived by dynamically downscaling the global atmospheric reanalysis data by propagating them through three hydrological models. Hydrological models are calibrated for 28 watersheds located across the southeastern United States that is minimally affected by human intervention. Calibrated hydrological models are forced with five different types of datasets: global atmospheric reanalysis (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy Global Reanalysis and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year Reanalysis) at their native resolution; dynamically downscaled global atmospheric reanalysis at 10-km grid resolution; stochastically generated data from weather generator; bias-corrected dynamically downscaled; and bias-corrected global reanalysis. The reanalysis products are considered as surrogates for large-scale observations. Our study indicates that over the 28 watersheds in the southeastern United States, the simulated hydrological response to the bias-corrected dynamically downscaled data is superior to the other four meteorological datasets. In comparison with synthetically generated meteorological forcing (from weather generator), the dynamically downscaled data from global atmospheric reanalysis result in more realistic hydrological simulations. Therefore, we conclude that dynamical downscaling of global reanalysis, which offers data for sufficient number of years (in this case 22 years), although resource intensive, is relatively more useful than other sources of meteorological data with comparable period in simulating realistic hydrological response at watershed scales. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lanczos diagonalizations of the 1-D Peierls-Hubbard model

In contrast to the relative simplicity of independent electron theories, models describing interacting electrons are in general difficult to treat adequately. In their full complexity, many-electron problems involving N electronic orbitals -each of which can be empty, singly occupied with an electron of either spin, or doubly occupied — require the solution of Hamiltonian matrices of size roughly 4 N by 4 N . For a given problem, symmetries and selection rules (total spin, mirror plane or electron-hole symmetry, etc.) can be used to reduce the size of the matrix, but its growth with N will still be exponential. Often one attempts to avoid this difficulty by use of approximations involving effective single-particle methods — such as Hartree-Fock or Fermi liquid theory — which assume that the full problem can be treated in terms of self-consistent (or renormalized) nearly independent quasi-particle states. In Hartree-Fock, for example, one assumes that the full many-body wavefunction can be written as a single Slater determinant of one-particle wave functions. Accordingly, the problem for an N orbital system involves only an N by N matrix, albeit typically with self-consistency constraints on the parameters occurring in the Hamiltonian. Unfortunately, for strongly correlated systems such mean-field approaches can break down entirely; when the physical systems involve electronic motion in reduced dimensions, where strong quantum fluctuations can dominate the physics, this breakdown is particularly likely.
Strategies for Effective Management of Intellectually Disabled Patients on the Psychiatric Inpatient Unit

The management of aggressive behavior remains a fundamental challenge when working on a psychiatric inpatient service. The task becomes far more daunting when the patient presents not only with mental illness but also has an intellectual disability (ID) or impulse control disorder (IC). Intellectual Disability is defined as â€œthe impairment of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning in three domains: conceptual, social and practical.â€ Impulse control disorder, is defined as â€œa psychiatric disorder characterized by impulsivity- the failure to resist a temptation, urge or impulse that may harm oneself or othersâ€ [1]. Those with ID and or IC may present with varying degrees of impairment and social functioning. Numerous studies have identified an association with ID and psychiatric co-morbidities including: bipolar disorder, impulse control disorder, psychosis and depression. Due to budgetary cuts and the precipitous decline in available residential placements, inpatient psychiatric services are faced with the dilemma of managing these exceptionally complicated patients. While numerous studies have examined the utility of psychotropic medication to aid in the management of these patients, convincing evidence concerning the use of psychiatric medication in the management of this patient population remains elusive [2]. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the treatment strategies available to the multidisciplinary team on the inpatient service. Ultimately, future investigations will be necessary to better understand how to optimize the inpatient management of this complex patient population.
Microglia in dementia with Lewy bodies

Microglial activation (neuroinflammation) is often cited as a pathogenic factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are significant caveats associated with the idea that inflammation directly causes either α-synuclein pathology or neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). We have performed immunohistochemical studies on microglial cells in five cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), median age 87, and nine cases of non-demented (ND) controls, median age 74, using tissue samples from the temporal lobe and the superior frontal gyrus. Three different antibodies known to label microglia and macrophages were employed: iba1, anti-CD68, and anti-ferritin. All DLB cases showed both α-synuclein pathology (Lewy bodies and neurites) and NFD ranging from Braak stage II to IV. In contrast, all controls were devoid of α-synuclein pathology but did show NFD ranging from Braak stage I to III. Using iba1 labeling, our current results show a notable absence of activated microglia in all cases with the exception of two controls that showed small focal areas of microglial activation and macrophage formation. Both iba1 and ferritin antibodies revealed a mixture of ramified and dystrophic microglial cells throughout the regions examined, and there were no measurable differences in the prevalence of dystrophic microglial cells between DLB and controls. Double-labeling for α-synuclein and iba1-positive microglia showed that cortical Lewy bodies were surrounded by both ramified and dystrophic microglial cells. We found an increase in CD68 expression in DLB cases relative to controls. Since microglial dystrophy has been linked to NFD and since it did not appear to be worse in DLB cases over controls, our findings support the idea that the additional Lewy body pathology in DLB is not the result of intensified microglial dystrophy. CD68 is likely associated with lipofuscin deposits in microglial cells which may be increased in DLB cases because of impaired proteostasis. Overall, we conclude that neurodegenerative changes in DLB are unlikely to result directly from activated microglia but rather from dysfunctional ones.
Exercise Stress Testing

Exercise can be considered the most practical test of cardiac perfusion and function. Exercise testing is a noninvasive tool to evaluate the cardiovascular system’s response to exercise under carefully controlled conditions. Its main uses center around the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and the estimation of prognosis in a wide range of conditions. While there are important technological considerations and the need to be very knowledgable of the guidelines to insure its proper application, exercise testing remains one of the most widely used and valuable noninvasive tools to assess cardiovascular status. Keywords: exercise; diagnostic; prognostic; ECG; ventilatory oxygen; consumption; coronary artery disease; scores; clinical
Metabolic-endocrine correlates of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome: the first 48 hours.

Abstract Mature (224 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic (1 mA for 8 sec) lesions in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHAL) or sham operations (CON). One group of CON was allowed to eat ad lib (CON-ADLIB), a second CON group was pair-fed to the LHAL rats (CON-PF). Tap water was available ad lib. Two days after the operation/sham operation all rats were killed by decapitation. Body weight, body weight change, food intake, carcass fat, liver weight, epididymal fat pad weight, in vitro incorporation of U-C 14 -glucose into liver total lipid, glycogen and CO 2 (oxidation) (DPM, DPM/mg protein) as well as oxidation in fat pad tissue, plasma glucose and insulin were significantly reduced in LHAL and CON-PF rats compared with CON-ADLIB. Glucose carbon incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and glucogen were normal in LHAL and CON-PF. Liver protein and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were both higher in LHAL and CON-PF than in CON-ADLIB groups. Thus, many of the somatic and metabolic changes that appear in the first few days after lesion production are simply due to hypophagia. However, CON-PF rats also exhibited some significant differences from the LHAL group, i.e., their plasma glucose and incorporation of glucose carbon into liver glycogen (DPM) were significantly lower than in LHAL rats; alternatively, plasma FFA levels were higher in CON-PF than in LHAL rats. Also, liver weight/100 g body weight was lower and fat pad weight/100 g body weight was higher in CON-PF than in LHAL rats. These latter differences suggest that LHAL rats may show a greater peripheral catabolism with enhanced substrate conversion to glucose and glycogen in the liver. Therefore, some of the metabolic manifestations postsurgery are due to lesion-induced changes that appear to be independent of the animals' hypophagia.
Activation of a TRPC3-Dependent Cation Current through the Neurotrophin BDNF

Nonvoltage-gated cation currents, which are activated following stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC), appear to be major modes for Ca2+ and Na+ entry in mammalian cells. The TRPC channels may mediate some of these conductances since their expression in vitro leads to PLC-dependent cation influx. We found that the TRPC3 protein was highly enriched in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). The temporal and spatial distribution of TRPC3 paralleled that of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB. Activation of TrkB by brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) led to production of a PLC-dependent, nonselective cation conductance in pontine neurons. Evidence is provided that TRPC3 contributes to this current in vivo. Thus, activation of TrkB and PLC leads to a TRPC3-dependent cation influx in CNS neurons.
Relative importance of surface and volume scattering in all-dielectric mirrors.

Total integrated scattering techniques are used to study power losses at 633 nm from bare and aluminized dielectric mirrors.(AIP)
An extended tuning method for cost-sensitive regression and forecasting

In many real-world regression and forecasting problems, over-prediction and under-prediction errors have different consequences and incur asymmetric costs. Such problems entail the use of cost-sensitive learning, which attempts to minimize the expected misprediction cost, rather than minimize a simple measure such as mean squared error. A method has been proposed recently for tuning a regular regression model post hoc so as to minimize the average misprediction cost under an asymmetric cost structure. In this paper, we build upon that method and propose an extended tuning method for cost-sensitive regression. The previous method becomes a special case of the method we propose. We apply the proposed method to loan charge-off forecasting, a cost-sensitive regression problem that has had a bearing on bank failures over the last few years. Empirical evaluation in the loan charge-off forecasting domain demonstrates that the method we have proposed can further lower the misprediction cost significantly.
Dominant Innovation Design for Smart Products-Service Systems (PSS): Strategies and Case Studies

Market globalization has brought us not only newopportunities, but also new challenges. The theme ofinnovation has become a mandatory topic for all industries - ithas become a focal point for the enterprise, society and theworld. The goal of innovation is to create business value bydeveloping worthwhile ideas into a customer-centricmarketable reality. This, for most companies, is difficult toachieve due to the lack of a methodology and tools forsystematic innovative thinking. This paper introduces theconcept and strategies for product-service innovation based ona Dominant Innovation Design approach. An innovation toolsetthat effectively combines an Innovation Matrix, ApplicationSpace Map, and QFD tools is explained. This methodologyenables the identification of hidden customer needs and gaps asthey relate to product-service requirements. This paper alsoshares two case studies of how this tool-set can be utilized forreal product-service innovation. The case study includes anoverall IT-enabled service solution for a traditional product,which encompasses service thinking, blueprint planning,technical solution evaluation, service platform implementation,and service operation. Combining these elements can leadmanufacturing industries into new service business modelbased on their core product while creating more value to theircustomers.
Unsteady behavior of flow in a scaled-up vocal folds model

Measurements of the fluid flow through a scaled-up model of the human glottis are presented to determine whether glottal flow may be approximated as unsteady. Time- and space-resolved velocity vector fields from digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of the flow through the gap between two moving, rigid walls are presented in four cases, over a range of Strouhal numbers: 0.010, 0.018, 0.035, 0.040, corresponding to life-scale f0 of 30, 58, 109, and 126Hz, respectively, at a Reynolds number of 8000. It is observed that (1) glottal flow onset is delayed after glottal opening and (2) glottal flow shutoff occurs prior to closure. A comparison between flow through a fully open, nonmoving glottis and that through the moving vocal folds shows a marked difference in spatial structure of the glottal jet. The following features of the flow are seen to exhibit strong dependence on cycle frequency: (a) glottal exit plane velocity, (b) volume flow, (c) vortex shedding rates, and (d) vortex amplitude. V...
Discovery and Structural Modification of Inhibitors of Methionine Aminopeptidases from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A series of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized according to the leads from the screening, and potent inhibitors have been obtained by structural modification. They have shown submicromolar inhibition of the enzymes (for example, for 9n, IC50 = 130 nM for EcMetAP1 and IC50 = 380 nM for ScMetAP1). They represent small-molecule MetAP inhibitors with novel structures different from alkylating fumagillin derivatives and peptidic bestatin-based MetAP inhibitor.
Cellobiose-quinone oxidoreductase —application in monitoring cellobiohydrolase purification

The enzymatic saccharification of cellulose has traditionally been monitored via total reducing sugar analyses. Yet with cellobiohydrolase being a major component of fungal and actinomycete cellulases, there is a need for a more specific measurement of cellobiose besides other soluble cellulodextrin products without interference from glucose, the major product of cellulose saccharification. One approach is to utilize cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase (CBOase) from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to monitor saccharification. We describe here methods for the production of CBQase and a specialized application to monitor the chromatographic separation of cellobiohydrolase.
A confidence interval estimation for the number of signals

We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a confidence interval estimation for the number of signals present. The proposed procedure uses the ratios of a sample eigen-value and the sum of different sample eigenvalues sequentially to determine the upper and lower limits for the confidence interval. A preference zone in the parameter space of the population eigen-values is defined to separate the signals and the noise. We derive the probability of a correct estimation, P(CE), and the least favorable configuration (LFC) asymptotically under the preference zone. Some important procedure properties are shown. Under the asymptotic LFC, the P(CE) attains its minimum over the preference zone in the parameter space of all eigen-values. Therefore a minimum sample size can be determined in order to implement our procedure with a guaranteed probability requirement.
Energy level alignment of catechol molecular orbitals on ZnO(1 1 2¯ 0) and TiO2(1 1 0) surfaces

Abstract The occupied and unoccupied electronic structure of catechol adsorbed onto two single crystal surfaces, rutile TiO2(1 1 0) and wurtzite ZnO(1 1 2 ¯ 0), have been investigated using UV-photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopies (UPS and IPS) in an ultra-high vacuum environment. To aid in assignment of the spectral features, model metal-bound catechol structures were calculated using a DFT approach. From these measurements, the energy alignment of the catechol-related states with respect to the substrates band edges is directly determined and is in good agreement with a direct injection process of the photoexcited electron into the substrate conduction band, resulting in the characteristic absorption properties of adsorbed catechol.
Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Inhibits Axonal Regeneration from a Variety of Neurons via Interaction with a Sialoglycoprotein

Abstract Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a potent inhibitor of axonal regeneration from both cerebellar neurons and adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In contrast, MAG promotes axonal growth from newborn DRG neurons. Here, we show that the switch in response to MAG from promotion to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by DRG neurons occurs sharply at Postnatal Day 3. To date, of all the neurons tested a postnatal switch in response is only observed for DRG neurons; MAG inhibits axonal growth from retinal, superior cervical ganglion, spinal, and hippocampal neurons of all postnatal ages. Furthermore, MAG binds to neurons from which it promotes and from which it inhibits outgrowth, in a sialic-acid-dependent manner. Now we show this binding is also trypsin-sensitive. Hence, the interaction is via a sialoglycoprotein. Binding of MAG to all the neurons tested here was also sialic-acid-dependent. Importantly, both inhibition and promotion of neurite outgrowth by MAG are reduced, or abolished completely, either by desialyation of the neurons prior to the outgrowth assay or by including small sialic-acid-bearing sugars in the cultures. These results suggest that MAG is likely to contribute to the lack of regeneration observed throughout the nervous system. Also, it is likely that MAG is exerting its effect, either directly or indirectly, on both promotion and inhibition of neurite outgrowth via a neuronal sialoglycoprotein.
Understanding the Key Factors for E-textbook Integration Into a Business Course: A Case Study

In Fall 2012, the authors conducted an e-textbook pilot project with the Courseload e-reading platform in a 300-level accounting class in the University of Arizona's Eller College of Management. Using Courseload statistics and in-class surveys, the authors evaluated students’ attitudes toward the digital textbook and usage of specific features. This article examines the key factors to consider when switching from a traditional printed textbook to an e-textbook. It also will explore best practices and potential pitfalls. The University of Arizona is expanding e-textbook pilots for Fall 2013, building upon the success of the University of Arizona Libraries’ initial pilot.
Isolation and structure of phage λ head-mutant DNA☆

Abstract High molecular weight DNA accumulates in bacteria in which λ is multiplying but cannot complete the formation of new phage particles due to a defect in head assembly. Accumulated λ DNA has been isolated from induced mitomycin C-treated lysogens by means of a shift in buoyant density labels from heavy to light and fractionation by density-gradient sedimentation for completely light DNA. Head formation was blocked in these lysogens by amber mutations in genes D or E , which specify the two major head proteins. The purified DNA is at least 80% λ by DNA-DNA hybridization and some preparations are close to 100% λ by this test. Electron microscopy and sedimentation velocity measurements on these preparations showed that they were a population, of linear molecules (about 5% were circular) with lengths ranging from one to more than four monomer units. After partial denaturation, the long molecules showed a repeating λ-like pattern of denatured sites. The length of the repeating unit equalled the length of DNA molecules isolated from phage particles. The distribution of denatured sites within the repeating unit was the same as that for DNA isolated from phage particles. Thus, the long molecules are head-to-tail polymers of λ DNA. These structures may be head precursor DNA, which accumulates because one of the structural proteins of the head is missing. Perhaps λ DNA is normally cut into monomer units at the same time and as an integral part of head protein assembly and DNA encapsulation.
Functional morphology of locomotion in Derocheilocaris typica (Crustacea, Mystacocarida)

The crustacean class Mystacocarida is restricted to the interstitial marine sand environment. A cinemicrographic analysis of the functional morphology of locomotion in the mystacocarid D. typica was undertaken to demonstrate how this species progresses through the interstitial spaces. Locomotion is completely dependent on the presence of dorsal and ventral substrates. The biramous second antennae and mandibles are the force-generating appendages. During a locomotory cycle, the exopods of the second antennae and mandibles are directed dorsolaterally against a dorsal substrate. This creates a downward force enabling the endopods to gain purchase on the ventral substrate. The second antennae and mandibles undergo coordinated cyclic movements. Each cycle results in two power and two recovery strokes. The animals undergo approximately 4 complete cycles per second. The calculated maximum rate of locomotion is 420 μm/s. The measured rate under test conditions is 250 μm/s. A turning-escape reaction in response to air bubbles and other factors results in a 180° turn in a confined space within 1.5 s. These data are discussed in relation to the morphological conservatism of mystacocarids, their presumed neotenic origin and their observed migration over a tidal cycle. It is proposed that all crawling interstitial animals will have developed specific mechanisms to increase frictional forces between their locomotory appendages and the surrounding substrate.
Aging, attention, and the use of meaning during visual search

Twenty-four young adults (M = 21.0 years) and 24 older adults (M = 65.3 years) performed a primary task (visual search) and a secondary task (tone detection) concurrently. The search task required subjects to decide, on each trial, if a single target letter was present in a multiletter display. Performance in the visual search task was faster and more accurate when the display letters formed a word than when they formed a pronounceable nonword. The attentional demands of the search task, as reflected in tone detection performance, were greater for nonword displays than for word displays. The older adults were both less efficient in the search task and more vulnerable to attentional demands than were young adults. The two age groups were essentially equivalent, however, in the ways in which the semantic properties of the stimulus display influenced the efficiency and attentional demands of visual search performance.
Disproportionality in Special Education Identification and Placement of English Language Learners

This study explored the extent of disproportionality in the identification and placement of culturally and linguistically diverse students identified as English language learners in special education. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses examined patterns and predictors of identification and placement in special education among English learners throughout the state relative to their White peers. The results indicate that these students are increasingly likely to be identified as having learning disabilities or mental retardation, and are less likely to be served in either the least or most restrictive educational environments relative to their White peers. The author also examined the influence of several district-level factors commonly explored in studies of racial disproportionality and found that these factors did not evidence similar relationships to the disproportionate representation of English language learners. The study presents implications for further research and practice.
Substance P-containing hypothalamic afferents to the monkey hippocampus: an immunocytochemical, tracing, and coexistence study.

In order to identify the synaptic connections of substance P-containing afferents within the hypothalamo-hippocampal projection of the monkey, we performed a combined light and electron microscopic, immunocytochemical study, made lesions of the fimbriafornix, and employed retrograde tracing using WGA-HRP. Furthermore, coexistence studies for substance P and GAD were performed to identify the putative transmitters of these hypothalamic projection neurons. A plexus of large substance P-immunoreactive terminals was identified in both the innermost portion of the molecular layer and in CA2. Axon terminals in both plexuses established exclusively asymmetric synapses with spines and dendritic shafts. Substance P-immuno-reactive boutons were degenerating 5 days after lesioning, and had disappeared 10 days after ipsilateral fimbria-fornix transection. Thus, these terminals were of extrinsic origin. In contrast, immunoreactive fibers in the outer third of the dentate molecular layer remained unaffected by the lesion. Retrograde tracing combined with immunostaining for substance P revealed the parent cell bodies of the extrinsic substance P-containing afferents in the supramammillary nucleus. Colocalization studies employing a consecutive semi-thin sections technique indicate that these large substance P-containing projection neurons lack GABA as an inhibitory transmitter. These results suggest that hypothalamic afferents of the monkey hippocampus contain substance P. Because these afferents lack GABA as an inhibitory transmitter and establish exclusively asymmetric synapses, this projection may excite hippocampal target neurons.
Design considerations for a multiple-quantum-well nonresonant surface-normal modulator

It is shown that by using optimal quantum-well thickness, and by using a symmetric back-to-back p-i-n structure, a non-Fabry-Perot surface-normal reflection modulator based on the quantum confined Stark effect in a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) can provide intensity modulation with (a) at least 10-dB contrast ratio, (b) a drive voltage less than 10 V, and (c) an active-layer thickness less than 4 mu m. The drive voltage for a given contrast ratio can be minimized by using the quantum-well structure with the maximum Delta alpha /F. >
Circadian adrenal cycle in C mice kept without food and water for a day and a half.

CERTAIN rodents (as also is the case with man) show circadian (about 24-h; circa, dies1–3) rhythms in many body functions. Prominent among these rhythms is the adrenal cycle, gauged indirectly by observations on functions influenced by corticosteroids4,5 and directly by determinations of corticosterone in serum6–9 and in the adrenal gland itself10. Investigations of an indirect index, the blood eosinophil rhythm, suggested that the adrenal cycle persists in mice kept under conditions which gravely alter the œstrus cycle, such as the prolonged 50 per cent reduction in dietary calories11. This communication summarizes shorter-term work with a more direct index, that is, the level of corticosterone in serum and adrenals. Circadian periodic changes in these indices as well as in rectal temperature and pinnal mitoses continue in C mice deprived of all food and water for 36 h.
Cesium Plasma Generation

A cesium plasma source based on arc ionization of cesium vapor has been developed. Energy efficiencies of less than 100 electron volts per ion at ionization levels of 75-95% and flow rates of 500-1300 milliamperes are readily attained. A simplified theoretical model has been developed which accounts satisfactorily for arc initiation and ion recombination.
Soil carbon distribution and quality in a montane rangeland forest mosaic in northern Utah

Abstract Relatively little is known about soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in montane ecosystems of the semi-arid western U.S. or the stability of current SOC pools under future climate change scenarios. We measured the distribution and quality of SOC in a mosaic of rangeland-forest vegetation types that occurs under similar climatic conditions on non-calcareous soils at Utah State University's T.W. Daniel Experimental Forest in northern Utah: the forest types were aspen [ Populus tremuloides ] and conifer (mixture of fir [ Abies lasiocarpa ] and spruce [ Picea engelmannii ]); the rangeland types were sagebrush steppe [ Artemisia tridentata ], grass-forb meadow, and a meadow-conifer ecotone. Total SOC was calculated from OC concentrations, estimates of bulk density by texture and rock-free soil volume in five pedons. The SOC quality was expressed in terms of leaching potential and decomposability. Amount and aromaticity of water-soluble organic carbon (DOC) was determined by water extraction and specific ultra violet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) of leached DOC. Decomposability of SOC and DOC was derived from laboratory incubation of soil samples and water extracts, respectively. Although there was little difference in total SOC between soils sampled under different vegetation types, vertical distribution, and quality of SOC appeared to be influenced by vegetation. Forest soils had a distinct O horizon and higher SOC concentration in near-surface mineral horizons that declined sharply with depth. Rangeland soils lacked O horizons and SOC concentration declined more gradually. Quality of SOC under rangelands was more uniform with depth and SOC was less soluble and less decomposable (i.e., more stable) than under forests. However, DOC in grass-forb meadow soils was less aromatic and more bioavailable, likely promoting C retention through cycling. The SOC in forest soils was notably more leachable and decomposable, especially near the soil surface, with stability increasing with soil depth. Across the entire dataset, there was a weak inverse relationship between the decomposability and the aromaticity of DOC. Our data indicate that despite similar SOC pools, vegetation type may affect SOC retention capacity under future climate projections by influencing potential SOC losses via leaching and decomposition.
SIMS analyses of Mg, Cr, and Ni isotopes in primitive meteorites and short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system

SIMS analyses of 26 Al- 26 Mg, 60 Fe- 60 Ni, and 53 Mn- 53 Cr systems in unequilibrated enstatite chondrites provide evidence for the former existence of 26 Al, 60 Fe, and 53 Mn in this highly reduced meteorite group, suggesting the widespread of these short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and Al-rich chondrules in enstatite chondrites show 26 Al- 26 Mg characteristics similar to their counterparts in other types of chondrites. Assuming its homogenous distribution, fine-scale 26 Al relative chronology can be obtained for different components in meteorites. Well-defined isochrons yield initial 60 Fe/ 56 Fe ratios of (0.3 - 1) x 10 -6 in sulfides from enstatite chondrites. The former presence of 60 Fe suggests a stellar source and its possible high abundance points to a supernova origin. 26 Al and 60 Fe could be important heat sources for the early planetary processes. The large variations of initial 60 Fe/ 56 Fe and 53 Mn/ 55 Mn ratios and the discordance between 60 Fe- 60 Ni and 53 Mn- 53 Cr systems observed in sulfides indicate later disturbance of the two isotopic systems, and therefore, bear no strict chronological significance. SIMS isotopic analysis can be utilized to attain important information about the early evolution of the solar system.
Network news: complete nuclear coverage

Mitosis in vertebrates involves nuclear-envelope breakdown and dispersal. On completion of chromatid segregation, disassembled nuclear-envelope components are reused to form nuclear membranes in the two daughter cells, and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane seems to make a key contribution to this process.
Research in mobile robotics at ORNL/CESAR

The authors review ongoing and planned research with mobile autonomous robots at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR). Results obtained with the robot HERMIES-IIB in navigation, intelligent sensing, learning, and onboard parallel computing in support of these functions are reported. An experiment with HERMIES-IIB that demonstrates the capability of smooth transitions between robot autonomy and tele-operation is described. Ongoing R&D with the new mobile robot HERMIES-III, which is equipped with a seven degree-of-freedom research manipulator arm, is summarized. >
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 Mediates Tumor Cell Cycle Arrest Induced by Fibrillar Collagen

During malignant invasion tumor cells establish contact with extracellular matrix proteins, including fibrillar collagen. In addition to providing a physical barrier against invasion, fibrillar collagen also restricts cell proliferation. It has been assumed that the growth regulatory activity of fibrillar collagen is the result of an indirect restrictive effect on cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization. Here we provide evidence for a direct inhibitory effect of fibrillar collagen on proliferation of human melanoma and fibrosarcoma cells that involves activation of the tyrosine kinase discoidin domain receptor 2 and is independent of effects on cell spreading. Cells plated in the presence of fibrillar collagen were growth arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. However treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, down-regulation of discoidin domain receptor 2, or collagen deglycosylation that prevents discoidin domain receptor 2 activation allowed cells to enter the cell cycle in the presence of fibrillar collagen without a requirement for spreading and actin organization. Our data provide evidence for a novel direct mechanism by which cell contact with fibrillar collagen restricts proliferation.
Characterization of Lithology using Crosshole Methods

A crosshole data log has been recorded in a carbonate reservoir in the Permian Basin of west Texas. This log consists of traces at 3 m depth increments recorded from horizontally propagating waves between two wells spaced 304 m apart in a carbonate reservoir. Even at this long offset the recorded data contain frequencies up to the cutoff frequency of 3000 Hz. Using first arrival times, Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, and Ap/As calculations were made. Vp and Vs values plotted on a "Pickett diagram" indicate a limestone or dolomite lithology. A plot of Vp/Vs and porosity from the receiver well shows an inverse correlation indicating that crosshole Vp/Vs has the potential for high resolution of lithological parameters. Amplitude (Ap/As) calculations from the crosshole log show two distinct zones. The zone of higher Ap/As values has been interpreted as a fluid-filled region. Q values have been calculated from a set of high frequency crosshole data recorded in a shallow clastic sequence in an oil field in south Texas. A piezoelectric bender and a single hydrophone receiver were used to record data over a depth interval from 152 m to 180 m in 3 m increments. Data were recorded from three inline wells giving well offsets of 15 m and 61 m. The spectral ratio method was used to make Q calculations. Q averaged over frequency at the various depths ranges from 43 to 128. A comparison of Q with a resistivity log from the source well shows an inverse correlation. The two high Q regions have been interpreted as shaly zones and the lower Q zones as less shaly or sandy layers.
Application of Fixed-Point Techniques to Load-Flow Studies

A fixed-point formulation is used to show that the Gauss?Seidel procedure and the Newton method for solving load- flow problems are similar successive-approximation methods differing only slightly in the form of their iteration functions. The added insight gained by this fixed-point formulation shows that the range of the Gauss?Seidel procedure is severely limited, and why convergence takes many iterations. A modified Newton method is also presented which eliminates the repeated inversion of the Jacobian matrix, as required by the regular Newton method. A combination of the regular and modified Newton methods seems warranted. A theorem giving sufficient criteria to guarantee convergence of both the regular and modified Newton methods is included. The theorem also contains error bounds for both methods. Tests of these concepts on the Ward and Hale six-bus system are included.
Comparison of the oxidation process in strontium and cerium by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

The ultraviolet photoemission technique has been applied to the study of the oxidation of strontium and cerium. It has been found that the photoemission measurement provides a method to determine the oxide growth rate perpendicular to the surface, the composition of the surface, and the stable oxide phases formed during the oxidation process.
The synergistic effect of Mig-6 and Pten ablation on endometrial cancer development and progression.

The synergistic effect of Mig-6 and Pten ablation on endometrial cancer development and progression
Automatic detection of prominent interictal spikes in intracranial EEG: validation of an algorithm and relationsip to the seizure onset zone.

Abstract Objective To develop an algorithm for the automatic quantitative description and detection of spikes in the intracranial EEG and quantify the relationship between prominent spikes and the seizure onset zone. Methods An algorithm was developed for the quantification of time–frequency properties of spikes (upslope, instantaneous energy, downslope) and their statistical representation in a univariate generalized extreme value distribution. Its performance was evaluated in comparison to expert detection of spikes in intracranial EEG recordings from 10 patients. It was subsequently used in 18 patients to detect prominent spikes and quantify their spatial relationship to the seizure onset area. Results The algorithm displayed an average sensitivity of 63.4% with a false detection rate of 3.2 per minute for the detection of individual spikes and an average sensitivity of 88.6% with a false detection rate of 1.4% for the detection of intracranial EEG contacts containing the most prominent spikes. Prominent spikes occurred closer to the seizure onset area than less prominent spikes but they overlapped with it only in a minority of cases (3/18). Conclusions Automatic detection and quantification of the morphology of spikes increases their utility to localize the seizure onset area. Prominent spikes tend to originate mostly from contacts located in the close vicinity of the seizure onset area rather than from within it. Significance Quantitative analysis of time–frequency characteristics and spatial distribution of intracranial spikes provides complementary information that may be useful for the localization of the seizure-onset zone.