cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the Interconnections and Complexities of Food Systems to Teach About Human Diversity and White Privilege

How can diversity courses at land-grant universities be shaped to better prepare the next generation of food systems practitioners, educators, and researchers? This is the question I approach in a discussion of the first undergraduate diversity requirement course in a college of agriculture focusing on domestic issues of race, gender, ethnicity, class, and equity in the development of U.S. food systems. I discuss the benefits I found of using food systems studies as a framework for learning about diversity by highlighting the interconnections among people through discussions of issues every student can appreciate: food and eating.
Facial redness, expression, and masculinity influence perceptions of anger and health

Past research has found that skin colouration, particularly facial redness, influences the perceived health and emotional state of target individuals. In the current work, we explore several extensions of this past research. In Experiment 1, we manipulated facial redness incrementally on neutral and angry faces and had participants rate each face for anger and health. Different red effects emerged, as perceived anger increased in a linear manner as facial redness increased. Health ratings instead showed a curvilinear trend, as both extreme paleness and redness were rated as less healthy than moderate levels of red. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings by manipulating the masculinity of both angry and neutral faces that varied in redness. The results found the effect of red on perceived anger and health was moderated by masculine face structure. Collectively, these results show that facial redness has context dependent effects that vary based on facial expression, appearance, and differentially impact ratings of emotional states and health.
On J. M. Keynes's Initial IS-LM Approach in 1933 and 1934: Its Connection to Liquidity Preference, the Weight of Evidence, the A Treatise on Probability, and Keynes's Aggregate Supply Curve from Chapter 20 of the General Theory

J M Keynes had worked out his own version of IS-LM based on his weight of the evidence analysis from the A Treatise on Probability,1921, in 1933 and 1934 before publishing the General Theory in February,1936.However, he decided not to use it because it had no microeconomic foundations and did not incorporate explicit price and profit expectations in the model for both the LM and IS curves. Instead, Keynes ,in chapter 20 of the General Theory, constructed the mathematical model of his Theory of Effective Demand that was introduced in chapter 3 of the General Theory. Keynes’s major result was his development of his Aggregate Supply Curve, which is a locus of the set of all expected D=Z intersections. Each point on this locus satisfied the necessary and sufficient first and second order conditions for being an expected profit maximum. Thus, the aggregate supply curve is the set of all possible , multiple equilibria in an economy that are optimal. Only one of the possible equilibria will be a full employment equilibrium. All of the remaining equilibria will be under employment or unemployment equilibria .Indirectly, Hicks, Hansen, Harrod and Meade presented various versions that were partly consistent with Keynes’s mathematical model from chapters 20 and 21 in 1937 . Only one came close-James Meade.It is not possible to fully understand Keynes’s own, original version of the IS-LM curves unless a reader can follow the explicit links made by Keynes in the General Theory to Keynes ‘s analysis of the weight of the argument (evidence) in the A Treatise on Probability . Keynes’s analysis of Liquidity Preference ,based on Keynes’s explicit definition of uncertainty as being an inverse function of weight alone on p.148 of the General Theory, was tied by Keynes to Liquidity preference as behavior toward uncertainty.No economist, especially of the Post Keynesian or Institutionalist type , accepted Keynes’s very clear cut definition that Uncertainty is an inverse function of weight alone.Therefore, this failure to comprehend the concept of weight by economistsexplains why no economist was able to realize that Keynes was the creator of hisown ,original version of the IS-LM model.All economists ,who use the IS-LM model, are thus Keynesians of one degree oranother .Of course ,many economists have their own version of the IS-LM modeland are not able to see the direct connection between the weight of evidence andLiquidity Preference because they do not understand Keynes's logical theory of Probability.
Using Regrets to Elicit Behavior Change in Student-Athletes

The main objective of this article is to support the notion of regret as a useful tool rather than merely a negative emotion. The article introduces means for using feelings of regret to change past behaviors, increase motivation to reach goals, and minimize future regrets in athletes and teams.
Internal variability of a dynamically downscaled climate over North America

This study investigates the internal variability (IV) of a regional climate model, and considers the impacts of horizontal resolution and spectral nudging on the IV. A 16-member simulation ensemble was conducted using the Weather Research Forecasting model for three model configurations. Ensemble members included simulations at spatial resolutions of 50 and 12 km without spectral nudging and simulations at a spatial resolution of 12 km with spectral nudging. All the simulations were generated over the same domain, which covered much of North America. The degree of IV was measured as the spread between the individual members of the ensemble during the integration period. The IV of the 12 km simulation with spectral nudging was also compared with a future climate change simulation projected by the same model configuration. The variables investigated focus on precipitation and near-surface air temperature. While the IVs show a clear annual cycle with larger values in summer and smaller values in winter, the seasonal IV is smaller for a 50-km spatial resolution than for a 12-km resolution when nudging is not applied. Applying a nudging technique to the 12-km simulation reduces the IV by a factor of two, and produces smaller IV than the simulation at 50 km without nudging. Applying a nudging technique also changes the geographic distributions of IV in all examined variables. The IV is much smaller than the inter-annual variability at seasonal scales for regionally averaged temperature and precipitation. The IV is also smaller than the projected changes in air-temperature for the mid- and late twenty-first century. However, the IV is larger than the projected changes in precipitation for the mid- and late twenty-first century.
Instrumentation for Female Pelvic Surgery

Vaginal surgery requires proper instrumentation for success. The following instruments represent only a sampling of all that are available but which we have found most useful for female pelvic surgery. A picture as well as a brief description of each instrument is been provided.
RNA-seq transcript quantification from reduced-representation data in recount2

More than 70,000 short-read RNA-sequencing samples are publicly available through the recount2 project, a curated database of summary coverage data. However, no current methods can estimate transcript-level abundances using the reduced-representation information stored in this database. Here we present a linear model utilizing coverage of junctions and subdivided exons to generate transcript abundance estimates of comparable accuracy to those obtained from methods requiring read-level data. Our approach flexibly models bias, produces standard errors, and is easy to refresh given updated annotation. We illustrate our method on simulated and real data and release transcript abundance estimates for the samples in recount2.
Links between social environment and health care utilization and costs.

ABSTRACTThe social environment influences health outcomes for older adults and could be an important target for interventions to reduce costly medical care. We sought to understand which elements of the social environment distinguish communities that achieve lower health care utilization and costs from communities that experience higher health care utilization and costs for older adults with complex needs. We used a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach. We classified community performance based on three outcomes: rate of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions, all-cause risk-standardized hospital readmission rates, and Medicare spending per beneficiary. We conducted in-depth interviews with key informants (N = 245) from organizations providing health or social services. Higher performing communities were distinguished by several aspects of social environment, and these features were lacking in lower performing communities: 1) strong informal support networks; 2) partnerships be...
Helping surgical patients to give up smoking

Perioperative physicians encounter the consequences of long-term tobacco use daily. Patients may require surgery specifically as a consequence of tobacco (e.g., in the case of lung cancer), or smoking-related diseases (e.g., coronary artery disease) may require specific management during surgery for other indications. However, perioperative physicians seldom intervene to help their patients give up smoking. This is most unfortunate, because effective interventions can have two types of benefit. First, there is growing evidence that even short-term abstinence from smoking can improve immediate perioperative outcomes, such as the rate of wound infection [1]. Second, the perioperative period represents a “teachable moment” for smoking cessation [2], and if patients use this opportunity to give up smoking permanently this will have tremendous benefit for their long-term health. For example, in most healthcare facilities, smokers must maintain abstinence while in the facility. This period of forced abstinence may be an excellent opportunity to initiate an attempt at giving up. Also, patients may be much more aware of their health status at such times, and thus more amenable to changes in behaviour that will promote health.
Molecular Genetics of the Ubiquitin System

The ubiquitin (Ub) system was first approached experimentally using purely biochemical methods.1 Genetic techniques provide not only an alternative way to address previously posed questions in this field2,3 but also a strategy for the identification and dissection of the physiological functions of Ub. The genetic approach has turned up new components of the Ub system, such as polyubiquitin4–12 and the Ub-hybrid proteins,12–17 and more recently has led to identification of the product of the yeast DNA repair gene RAD6 as a Ub-conjugating enzyme.18 Our current studies are focused primarily on yeast, whose Ub system, as described in Section 3, closely resembles that of mammals. Thus, insights gained from molecular genetic analysis of the yeast system should be relevant to other eukaryotes as well. While Ub genes have now been cloned from a number of organisms (reviewed in refs. 19 and 20), mutational analysis of the Ub system has been restricted to yeast21 and the mammalian cell line ts85.2,3,22
Abstract 679: ABI-231: A novel small molecule suppresses tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes of cervical cancer cells via targeting HPV E6 and E7

Objective: Cervical cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women worldwide and is associated with persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Human papilloma virus (HPV) expressing E6 and E7 oncoproteins involved in carcinogenesis through their interactions with the p53 and pRB pathways, respectively. Therefore, non-toxic agents that have potential to inhibit the expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins and their regulated oncogenic signaling pathways could be used in the management of cervical cancer. Microtubule targeting agents including paclitaxel, colchicine and vinca alkaloids are widely used in the treatment of various cancers but most of these agents have toxic side effects and develop chemoresistance. Herein, we investigated the potential anti-cancer effects of a novel tubulin targeting agent (ABI-231) in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Method: ABI-231 ((2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl))- methanone was synthesized in our home institution. Human cervical cancer cells (CaSki and SiHa) were used as in vitro model system. To determine the effect of ABI-231 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, we performed MTS and wound healing assays. Effect of ABI-231 on the expression of HPV E6/E7 was determined by Western blot, qRT-PCR, and confocal microscopy. Xenograft study was performed to determine the effect of ABI-231 on cervical tumor growth. Results: ABI-231 treatment significantly (P Conclusions: Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential anti-cancer efficacy of ABI-231 in in vivo and in vivo. ABI-231 can be explored as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of cervical cancer. Citation Format: Vivek K. Kashyap, Bilal B. Hafeez, Qinghai Wang, Neeraj Chauhan, Prashanth K. Nagesh, Nirnoy Dan, sonam kumari, Shabnam Malik, Saini Setua, Aditya Ganju, Murali M. Yallapu, Duane D. Miller, Wei Li, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan C. Chauhan. ABI-231: A novel small molecule suppresses tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes of cervical cancer cells via targeting HPV E6 and E7 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 679.
Differential changes to D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons in the 12-month-old Q175+/- mouse model of Huntington's Disease.

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by deleterious expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene and production of neurotoxic mutant Huntingtin protein (mHTT). The key pathological feature of HD is a profound degeneration of the striatum and a loss of cortical volume. The initial loss of indirect pathway (D2) medium spiny neuron (MSN) projections in early stages of HD, followed by a loss of direct pathway (D1) projections in advanced stages has important implications for the trajectory of motor and cognitive dysfunction in HD, but is not yet understood. Mouse models of HD have yielded important information on the effects and mechanisms of mHTT toxicity; however, whether these models recapitulate differential vulnerability of D1 vs. D2 MSNs is unknown. Here, we employed 12-month-old Q175+/- x D2-eGFP mice to examine the detailed structural and functional properties of D1 vs. D2 MSNs. While both D1 and D2 MSNs exhibited increased input resistance, depolarized resting membrane potentials and action potential threshold, only D1 MSNs showed reduced rheobase, action potential amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. Furthermore, D1 but not D2 MSNs showed marked proliferative changes to their dendritic arbors and reductions in spine density. Immunohistochemical assessment showed no loss of glutamatergic afferent inputs from cortical and subcortical sources onto identified D1 and D2 MSNs. Computational models constrained by empirical data predict that the increased dendritic complexity in Q175+/- D1 MSNs likely leads to greater dendritic filtering and attenuation of signals propagating to the soma from the dendrites. Together these findings reveal that, by twelve months, D1 and D2 MSNs exhibit distinctive responses to the presence of mHTT in this important mouse model of HD. This further highlights the need to incorporate findings from D1 and D2 MSNs independently in the context of HD models.
Serum FABP4 concentrations decrease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not after intensive medical management.

Abstract Background Serum concentrations of fatty acid binding protein 4, an adipose tissue fatty acid chaperone, have been correlated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of this study were to assess relationships among Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol, fatty acid binding protein 4, and metabolic parameters in obese patients with severe type 2 diabetes mellitus; and to evaluate the relative contribution of abdominal subcutaneous adipose and visceral adipose to the secretion of fatty acid binding protein 4. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol (n = 29) or to intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol augmented with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 34). Relationships among fatty acid binding protein 4 and demographic characteristics, metabolic parameters, and 12-month changes in these values were examined. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue explants from obese nondiabetic patients (n = 5) were obtained and treated with forskolin to evaluate relative secretion of fatty acid binding protein 4 in the different adipose tissue depots. Results The intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass cohorts had similar fasting serum fatty acid binding protein 4 concentrations at baseline. At 1 year, mean serum fatty acid binding protein 4 decreased by 42% in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass participants (P = .002) but did not change significantly in the intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol cohort. Percentage of weight change was not a significant predictor of 12-month fatty acid binding protein 4 within treatment arm or in multivariate models adjusted for treatment arm. In adipose tissue explants, fatty acid binding protein 4 was secreted similarly between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conclusion After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, fatty acid binding protein 4 is reduced 12 months after surgery but not after intensive lifestyle modification and medical management protocol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fatty acid binding protein 4 was secreted similarly between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue explants.
145 CHEST PAIN: AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF HISTOPLASMOSIS.

An 11-year-old girl presented with a 1-day history of sharp, stabbing chest pain that woke her from sleep. It was intermittently pleuritic and radiated to the left arm. She was otherwise asymptomatic on admission. Her pain resolved hospital day 2, but on hospital day 3 the pain returned, and she developed significant shortness of breath and tachypnea. Vital signs on admission included temperature 98.6°F, pulse 103 bpm, respirations 22, blood pressure 121/71 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of 100% on room air. Physical examination was benign except for decreased breath sounds over her left lower lobe. On hospital day 3, the patient developed a temperature of 101°F, respirations 33, and a 2 L oxygen requirement. Breath sounds over her left lung progressively decreased. CBC, renal panel, liver functions, amylase, and lipase were completely within normal limits. Other laboratory tests included ESR 3, LDH 379, and alkaline phosphate 313. Initial chest radiography revealed a large mass in the left upper lobe and hilum, deviation of the lower trachea to the contralateral side, and narrowing of the left mainstem bronchus. CT confirmed the mass and noted hilar lymphadenopathy and splenic granulomas. Biopsy and urine antigens came back positive for histoplasmosis. With the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, the patient was started on steroids and itraconazole. Both her pain and her respiratory symptoms quickly improved, and she was discharged home. Pulmonary histoplasmosis and its diagnsosis and treatment will be discussed.
Time Trends in Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Over the Past 30 Years.

Abstract Objective To analyze trends in mortality rates, functional outcomes, and treatment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) over the past 3 decades. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients with aSAH treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 2014. Results A total of 1173 patients identified were grouped by decade of treatment: 1985 to 1994, n=274; 1995 to 2004, n=461; and 2005 to 2014, n=438. Overall, the use of endovascular techniques increased progressively from 5.1% (14) in 1985 to 1994 to 65.5% (287) in 2005 to 2014. This corresponded to a progressive decrease in the rate of clipping from 78.8% (216) in 1985 to 2004 to 21.5% (94) in 2005 to 2014 (P Conclusion Outcomes in patients with aSAH have markedly improved over the past 3 decades, in terms of both in-hospital survival and functional recovery of survivors. Higher rates of endovascular coiling over time paralleled these improvements in clinical outcomes. More detailed investigation is necessary to determine whether this or other factors may directly explain the favorable trends in survival and functional recovery over time.
Effectiveness of in-class active learning activities and video-recorded lectures for Computer Science courses

In this paper, we present the findings of the effectiveness of the following two techniques that were incorporated in multiple Computer Science courses taught in multiple institutions: in-class active learning activities and video-recorded lectures. Active learning or hands-on activities have been identified as one of the most useful methods to increase students’ engagement for practical Computer Science courses such as programming courses. We present our records of application of such active learning activities used in theory/mathematics-oriented Computer Science courses and discuss its effectiveness by comparing the students’ performance on the same topics before and after the use of such activities as well as students’ written comments in the course evaluation surveys. In addition, we will discuss the effectiveness of the lecture videos recorded during class and made available on the desire2learn and moodle pages. The students’ overall performance will be compared before and after the lecture video posting and students’ written comments on the course evaluation survey will be quoted to confirm the helpfulness of the recorded videos in the students’ improved understanding.
Neighborhood Defenders and the Power of Delay

Chapter 2 develops our theory, highlighting how land use regulations and participatory inequalities come together to constrain the supply of new housing. We use a detailed case study of a Catholic Church redevelopment project to illustrate how neighbors opposed to development are able to delay development and reduce what gets built by participating in the planning and permitting process.
Identification of highly active surface iron sites on Ni(OOH) for the oxygen evolution reaction by atomic layer deposition

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become a versatile tool in catalysis, allowing for precise synthesis of catalysts useful for gaining fundamental understanding of complex systems. In this work, ALD was used to perform surface-directed modification of Ni(OH)2/Ni(OOH) electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to elucidate the different roles of iron as a surface dopant and of iron distributed throughout the NiOOH structure. Electrochemical and material characterization of FeOx ALD-modified Ni(OH)2 indicates that iron is deposited on the surface of Ni(OH)2 sheets without modifying its bulk properties. Sub-monolayer amounts of iron were deposited on the surface of Ni(OH)2 using low cycle numbers of ALD. This surface iron results in high OER activity, characteristic of Ni-Fe(OOH) catalysts. Ni(OH)2/Ni(OOH) catalysts modified to incorporate iron throughout the structure were prepared by depositing large cycle numbers of FeOx ALD, which results in the deposition of a Fe2O3 overlayer. Corrosion of this Fe2O3 overlayer during electrochemical cycling in alkaline electrolyte leads to the incorporation of iron throughout the structure of Ni(OH)2/Ni(OOH) while leaving some iron at the surface. Incorporation of iron throughout the Ni(OH)2/Ni(OOH) structure was found to increase OER geometric activity for thick, high surface area Ni(OH)2/Ni(OOH) catalysts. Lastly, Ni-FeOx electrocatalysts synthesized fully by ALD were investigated for the OER; these catalysts demonstrated high OER activity and potential for photocatalysis applications.
Direct loss minimization algorithms for sparse Gaussian processes

The paper provides a thorough investigation of Direct loss minimization (DLM), which optimizes the posterior to minimize predictive loss, in sparse Gaussian processes. For the conjugate case, we consider DLM for log-loss and DLM for square loss showing a significant performance improvement in both cases. The application of DLM in non-conjugate cases is more complex because the logarithm of expectation in the log-loss DLM objective is often intractable and simple sampling leads to biased estimates of gradients. The paper makes two technical contributions to address this. First, a new method using product sampling is proposed, which gives unbiased estimates of gradients (uPS) for the objective function. Second, a theoretical analysis of biased Monte Carlo estimates (bMC) shows that stochastic gradient descent converges despite the biased gradients. Experiments demonstrate empirical success of DLM. A comparison of the sampling methods shows that, while uPS is potentially more sample-efficient, bMC provides a better tradeoff in terms of convergence time and computational efficiency.
Deep Learning for Laser-driven Science: An Introduction For Practitioners

We present an introduction to deep learning for the high-brightness source community, covering methods and examples relevant to computational and experimental investigation. We focus on helping investigators select tools to accelerate entry into deep-learning-augmented research.
On Keynes’s Painstaking Slow Instruction of Harrod on the Technical Aspects of His IS-LM Model in July-September, 1935:Harrod Only Finally Understood Keynes’s IS-LM Model After He Had Read the Postscript to Keynes’s Letter of August 27th, 1935 to Harrod

Keynes spent a tremendous amount of time and energy attempting to tutor Harrod on the mechanics of his IS-LM model between July to September, 1935. Keynes’s painstaking slow attempts finally led Keynes in desperation to write a three point postscript to his letter of August, 1935, that is written at a grammar school level of exposition. Only after reading Keynes’s three point postscript, written at a grammar school level of exposition, did Harrod finally grasp the point that Keynes was making, which is that it is impossible for there to be any equilibrium in Aggregate (Effective) Demand, Y, interest rate, r, space of Investment(I) and Savings(S) because the IS curve was a SINGLE, downward sloping line in (Y,r) space. There is ,obviously, a missing equation. Harrod’s continual resort to ceteris paribus assumptions about a constant or fixed level of aggregate income ,Y, in order to support the existing classical (neoclassical ) theory of the rate of interest in (r;I,S ) space, is very similar to Pigou’s assumption of ceteris paribus in his 1933 The Theory of Unemployment, so that he could apply his Marshallian apparatus of partial equilibrium. Keynes’s main point in the appendix to Chapter 19 of his General Theory (1936) was that Pigou had no IS-LM model. The critical problem is that Harrod, starting with his January,1937 Econometrica article, sought to cover up Keynes’s IS-LM model, just as he attempted to cover up Keynes’s multiplier – accelerator model provided by Keynes to Harrod in correspondence in August,1938. The unanimous belief among economists that Hicks was the inventor of the IS-LM model in his April, 1937 Econometrica article is simply a myth that is easily falsified by any economist who reads the correspondence of August 27th and August 30th, 1935 between Harrod and Keynes.
Rectangular Approximation and Stability of $2$-parameter Persistence Modules

One of the main reasons for topological persistence being useful in data analysis is that it is backed up by a stability (isometry) property: persistence diagrams of $1$-parameter persistence modules are stable in the sense that the bottleneck distance between two diagrams equals the interleaving distance between their generating modules. However, in multi-parameter setting this property breaks down in general. A simple special case of persistence modules called rectangle decomposable modules is known to admit a weaker stability property. Using this fact, we derive a stability-like property for $2$-parameter persistence modules. For this, first we consider interval decomposable modules and their optimal approximations with rectangle decomposable modules with respect to the bottleneck distance. We provide a polynomial time algorithm to exactly compute this optimal approximation which, together with the polynomial-time computable bottleneck distance among interval decomposable modules, provides a lower bound on the interleaving distance. Next, we leverage this result to derive a polynomial-time computable distance for general multi-parameter persistence modules which enjoys similar stability-like property. This distance can be viewed as a generalization of the matching distance defined in the literature.
Sale-Leaseback Transactions: Price Premiums and Market Efficiency

Sale-leaseback transactions are ubiquitous in real estate markets in the United States with annual volume estimated to be greater than $7 billion. However, there is no evidence concerning the price...
Residual carcinoma in the surgical specimen of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma undergoing preoperative radiation therapy: A study of 80 patients and a literature review

Controversy continues to surround the significance of residual endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterus following radiation therapy. Eighty patients with FIGO stage IA, IB, and II endometrial adenocarcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy were studied. No correlation was noted between the histologic grade of the lesion and the stage of disease. The frequency and the site of residual carcinoma were not related to the stage of disease but less-differentiated tumors persisted more frequently than grade I lesions. The modality of preoperative radiotherapy did not affect the frequency of residual tumor. Residual carcinoma within the uterus had no effect on the site or frequency of recurrence nor on patient survival.
Cognition in an African Grey parrot

Although parrots often reproduce the sounds of human speech, 1 the general perception has been that such vocalizations are never meaningful. 2 The unsuccessful use of standard psychological training paradigms by American researchers (e.g., Mowrer; Grosslight & Zaynor) to teach birds to engage in referential communication s'4 further entrenched the perception of parrots as mindless mimics both in the public mind and also in the scientific literature.
T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-α/β heterodimer formation is a prerequisite for association of CD3-ζ2 into functionally competent TCR•CD3 complexes

In order to study the relationship between assembly, surface expression, and signal transduction of the α/β T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex (TCR·CD3), a series of T-cell mutants with a partial block in assembly of the complex was generated. By chemical mutagenesis, we produced somatic cell variants of the human T-leukemia cell line, HPB-ALL, which expressed low amounts of TCR·CD3 complexes on their surface. RNA and protein analyses demonstrated that most variants synthesized normal amounts of the individual members of the complex, i.e. TCR-α, TCR-β, CD3-γ, -δ, -e, and -ζ. In these variants, less than 10% of the TCR.CD3 complexes inside the cell contained the CD3-ζ2 homodimer due to an intrinsic deficiency in the formation of the TCR-α/β heterodimer. The low level of assembly of CD3-ζ2 into the TCR.CD3 complex and an additional decrease in the rate of export of the TCR.CD3 complex from the endoplasmic reticulum explained the low level of expression of α/β receptors on the surface of these mutants. Only cells with the complete set of subunits of the TCR.CD3 complex on their surface were capable of transducing CD3-mediated signals. The results presented in this paper indicate that TCR-α/β heterodimer formation is an obligatory requirement for assemblage of CD3-ζ2 into a functionally competent TCR·CD3 complex.
Adolescent Smoking: Onset and Prevention.

Despite the systemic and conceptual barriers to effective preventive actions, some progress is beginning to be made in preventing adoption of self-destructive behaviors during adolescence. Application of the concept of psychological inoculation against social environmental factors that influence young people to adopt unhealthy life-styles is showing promise in short-term results of ongoing longitudinal studies. Researchers in pediatrics who are interested in prevention as a means of health promotion should become acquainted with these techniques to provide effective leadership in the field.
Pipecolic acid biosynthesis in Rhizoctonia leguminicola. II. Saccharopine oxidase: a unique flavin enzyme involved in pipecolic acid biosynthesis.

The fungal parasite Rhizoctonia leguminicola produces two indolizidine alkaloids, slaframine and swainsonine, of physiological interest. These alkaloids are biosynthesized from pipecolic acid which in turn is derived from L-lysine in this fungus as shown in the accompanying paper (Wickwire, B.M., Harris, C.M., Harris, T.M., and Broquist, H.P. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14742-14747): L-lysine—-saccharopine—-delta 1—-piperideine-6- carboxylate—-pipecolate. This paper concerns the discovery, purification, and properties of a flavoenzyme, termed saccharopine oxidase, which carries out the oxidative cleavage of saccharopine as follows: Saccharopine + O2—-delta 1-piperidine-6-carboxylate + glutamate + H2O2 The enzyme was purified 2,000-fold to homogeneity (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in 14% yield from R. leguminicola mycelia, and had a native molecular mass of about 45,000 daltons by gel filtration (fast protein liquid chromatography Superose). Evidence for the presence of a flavin in the enzyme was drawn from these considerations: (a) the enzyme, while oxidatively cleaving saccharopine, concomitantly reduces 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; (b) the purified enzyme has a fluorescence spectrum typical of flavins; and (c) the enzyme requires oxygen and produces hydrogen peroxide. Good correlation was shown with purified saccharopine oxidase between disappearance of saccharopine with the concomitant appearance of delta 1-piperideine-6-carboxylate plus glutamate. The enzyme has a pH optimum about 6 and a Km for saccharopine of 0.128 mM. The enzyme apparently exists in R. leguminicola to shunt saccharopine, a major lysine metabolite, into a secondary pathway of lysine metabolism leading to pipecolate and subsequently to slaframine and swainsonine.
Apoptosis: a general comment.

isauniversal biologicalphenomenon indeveloping vertebrate and invertebrateanimals. Gl#{252}cksmann(1)firstclassified developmental celldeathonthebasisofitsusefulness forthedeveloping organ-ism.Saunders (2)proposed thatthepattern ofcelldeathisprogrammed asanormal morphogenetic eventinthede-velopment ofmulticellular organisms. Theuseofthetermprogrammed hasoftenbeeninterpreted asmeaning thatdeathwasaconsequence ofayetundefined intrinsic cellularprocess. Thus thegeneral concept emerged thatcelldeathmaybetheoutcome ofcomplex coordinated eventsinthede-veloping organism andmayrequire anempirical definition.Kerrhaddrawn attention totheimportance ofgrowingevidence thatcelldeath occurred bydistinct anddifferentmechanisms (3).Shortly thereafter, effortstodevelopacom-prehensive scientific hypothesis of cell death weresignificantly advanced in1972byKerr,Wyllie, andCurrie(4).Basedonmorphological characteristics ofcelldisintegra-tionin avariety oftissues, theydeveloped theconcept ofapoptosis todescribe naturally occurring celldeaththatplaysacomplementary butopposite roletomitosis inregulationofanimal cellpopulations. Theyalsoproposed thatlivingcellshaveametabolic cascade, which when activated canleadtotheirremoval. Theseauthors werethefirsttorecom-mendthatcelldeaththatresultsfromsevereenvironmentalperturbations
Determinants of the Incidence of Loan Modifications

This paper combines data on the performance of mortgage loans with detailed borrower, neighborhood, and property characteristics to examine the factors that determine the outcomes of seriously delinquent loans. We employ multinomial logit models in a hazard framework to explain how loan, borrower, property, servicer and neighborhood characteristics affect which of the following four outcomes results from a seriously delinquent loan: (1) the borrower cures the delinquency; (2) the borrower and lender agree to modify the loan; (3) the borrower suffers a liquidation (short sale, deed in lieu, foreclosure auction sale or REO); or (4) the loan becomes more months delinquent. In particular, we focus on mortgage modification. We find that the outcomes of delinquent loans are significantly related to: current LTV, FICO scores, especially risky loan characteristics, the servicer of the loan, neighborhood housing price appreciation, and whether the borrower received foreclosure counseling.
Effects of training dose on the relationship between discriminative-stimulus and self-reported drug effects of d-amphetamine in humans.

The aim of the present experiment was to examine the relationship between the discriminative-stimulus and self-reported effects of drugs in humans. To accomplish this aim, nine healthy adult volunteers (four females, five males) were trained to discriminate between placebo and 10 mg d-amphetamine (low-dose group) or 20 mg d-amphetamine (high-dose group). After acquiring the placebo-amphetamine discrimination, a range of doses of d-amphetamine (1.25-20 mg) was tested to determine if they shared discriminative stimulus effects with the training dose. Participants in the low-dose group exhibited a significant leftward shift in the dose-response function for discrimination performance, which is concordant with previous preclinical and human drug discrimination studies that assessed the effects of training dose. Consistent with the drug discrimination findings, participants in the low-dose group exhibited a significant leftward shift in the dose-response function for several self-reported drug effects (e.g., Like the Drug and Stimulated). However, several other self-reported drug effect items were not significantly influenced by training condition (e.g., Anxious/Nervous and Bad Effects). These results suggest that the discriminative-stimulus and self-reported drug effects of d-amphetamine overlap, but are not isomorphic. Furthermore, these results illustrate that behavioral history significantly influences subsequent drug effects in humans.
Coparenting and Relationship Quality Effects on Father Engagement: Variations by Residence, Romance

We focused on coparenting support, partner relationship quality, and father engagement in families with young children that did not change structurally over 4 years of participation in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (N = 1,756). There was a significantly stronger and more robust positive association between fathers' perceived coparenting support at age 1 and father engagement at age 3 among nonresidential nonromantic parents compared with residential (married or cohabiting) and nonresidential romantic parents. There was a significantly stronger and positive association between relationship quality at age 1 and father engagement at age 3 among nonresidential nonromantic parents compared with residential parents. The findings emphasize the importance of considering both family structure and romantic involvement contexts of fathering when tracking father engagement over time.
The Indignados of Spain: A Precedent to Occupy Wall Street

Faced with an economic crisis, people took to the streets and camped in urban plazas throughout Spain in May 2011. Many people were successfully mobilized by a generalized sense of frustration, indignation and impotency in the face of coming elections where many citizens felt there were no real alternative economic and social policies offered, nor the possibility to vote for government programmes that would deal with the crisis in a way that prioritized the concerns of the population. In online discussions, concerned proactive participants called for ‘A Real Democracy Now’ that represented the concerns and priorities of regular Spanish citizens. In order to make their discontent visible, they called for people to camp and ‘occupy’ public spaces together in order to force politicians and elites to face the generalized discontent with the dire economic prospects. This paper builds on non-participant observation of the Indignados movement in Barcelona, Spain, conducted in the summer of 2011. It looks at the ...
Design and performance of the HEXIS CZT detector module

A large area (40 cm2) CZT module for space-borne X-ray astronomy applications has been under development at UCSD. This module employs four 32mm x 32mm x 2mm CZT crossed strip detectors with 0.5 mm pitch which are sensitive in the 10-200 keV range. The compact design includes readout and control electronics below the detector plane, which allows for efficient tiling of modules to form large detector planes for wide field of view coded mask imagers, or for efficient packaging within an anticoincidence shield at the focus of a hard X-ray telescope. The module has successfully been shaken on all three axes at 14 g rms to validate the mechanical design for spaceflight applications. Spectral, spatial, and imaging performance is presented.
Kinetic study of acrylic acid solution polymerization

The kinetics of acrylic acid (AA) solution polymerizations were characterized under various polymerization conditions using differential scanning calorimetry. The AA polymerization rate R p decreased with increasing pH over all pH values due to the decreased reactivity of ionized AA relative to the unionized monomer. The rate behavior above pH 6 was suggestive of diffusion-controlled termination kinetics. The degree of ionization thus impacted not only the reactivity of species in solution but also the diffusive characteristics of propagating macroradicals. As the AA concentration was increased, the change in polymerization rate with pH was substantially less. The temperature dependence of R p indicated that the overall activation energy for polymerization varied with temperature, due to diffusion-controlled termination kinetics. The polymerization rate was significantly higher when a multifunctional cross-linking agent (trimethylolpropane triacrylate: TMPTA) was added, because of the gel effect, even while maintaining a constant double bond concentration.
Actin is required for IFT regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Assembly of cilia and flagella requires intraflagellar transport (IFT), a highly regulated kinesin-based transport system that moves cargo from the basal body to the tip of flagella [1]. The recruitment of IFT components to basal bodies is a function of flagellar length, with increased recruitment in rapidly growing short flagella [2]. The molecular pathways regulating IFT are largely a mystery. Because actin network disruption leads to changes in ciliary length and number, actin has been proposed to have a role in ciliary assembly. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, conventional actin is found in both the cell body and the inner dynein arm complexes within flagella [3, 4]. Previous work showed that treating Chlamydomonas cells with the actin-depolymerizing compound cytochalasin D resulted in reversible flagellar shortening [5], but how actin is related to flagellar length or assembly remains unknown. Here we utilize small-molecule inhibitors and genetic mutants to analyze the role of actin dynamics in flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We demonstrate that actin plays a role in IFT recruitment to basal bodies during flagellar elongation and that when actin is perturbed, the normal dependence of IFT recruitment on flagellar length is lost. We also find that actin is required for sufficient entry of IFT material into flagella during assembly. These same effects are recapitulated with a myosin inhibitor, suggesting that actin may act via myosin in a pathway by which flagellar assembly is regulated by flagellar length.
Total Parenteral Nutrition induced Liver Pathology: An Autopsy Series of 24 Newborn Cases

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-induced liver injury is a common complication in neonates managed with newborn intensive care. In several of these cases, irreversible and even fatal liver damage may develop, with patients dying of liver failure. In spite of multiple studies over several years, the pathogenesis of TPN-induced liver damage remains poorly understood. Clinical data from 24 neonates with clinical history of receiving TPN who died at Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital and had autopsies performed, were collected by medical record review without knowledge of liver pathology findings. Liver histological sections from these patients were evaluated for multiple parameters without knowledge of the clinical course. Continuous data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney test, and dichotomous data by Fisher's exact test; P 12 wk DTPN. Our findings confirm the known significant relationship between the duration of TPN and liver injury. While previously described associations with birth weight, gestational age, enteral feedings, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis were not noted, our study suggests that poor intrauterine growth may be a significant clinical risk factor for TPN-induced liver injury. In addition, our findings suggest that copper may have a protective effect against the development of TPN-induced liver damage.
The effect of weight precision and range on neural network classifier performance

Abstract This study investigates the precision and range requirements for weights in feed-forward neural network classifiers using backpropagation training with simulated signals where we could control the difficulty of the problem. We found that a precision of five bits and a range equal to four times the mean weight magnitude produced the same performance as continuous weights. However, we noted that the required precision and range depended strongly on the problem difficulty, the network complexity, and the relationship between these two factors. We also found that uniformly distributed discrete weights produced better performance than non-uniformly distributed ones.
High power pulse plasma generator with oscillatory voltage waveforms for magnetron sputtering applications

Magnetron sputtering technology is widely used for the deposition of thin films for different applications. The properties of the sputtered films (metal, oxides, and nitrides) strongly depend on magnetron plasma density during the deposition process.
Neuropsychological Tests for Monitoring Delirium Severity in Elderly Patients

The authors identified neuropsychological tests appropriate for use in monitoring delirium severity in elderly patients. Ten elderly patients were administered a battery of tests while they were delirious and later during their recovery. All of the measures showed significant improvement across the two occasions (P