cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny, morphology, and ecology resurrect previously synonymized species of North American Stereum

Stereum is a globally widespread genus of basidiomycete fungi with conspicuous shelf-like fruiting bodies. Several species have been extensively studied as pathogens and for medically relevant secondary metabolites, but prior to this publication the molecular phylogeny of Stereum had not been analyzed, despite pervasive morphological crypsis in the genus. Here, we provide a preliminary investigation into species boundaries among some North American Stereum. The nominal species Stereum ostrea has been referenced in field guides, textbooks, and scientific papers as a common fungus with a wide geographic range and even wider morphological variability. We use nuc rDNA ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 (ITS barcode) sequence data of specimens from midwestern and eastern North America, alongside morphological and ecological characters, to show that Stereum ostrea is a complex of at least three reproductively isolated species. Preliminary morphological analyses show that these three species correspond to three historical taxa that were previously synonymized with or confused for S. ostrea: Stereum fasciatum, Stereum lobatum, and Stereum subtomentosum. Stereum hirsutum ITS sequences taken from GenBank suggest that other Stereum species may also be species complexes. Future work should apply a multilocus approach and global sampling strategy to better resolve the taxonomy and evolutionary history of this important fungal genus.
Fe^(2+)-Fe^(3+) interactions in tourmaline

The color and spectroscopic properties of ironbearing tourmalines (elbaite, dravite, uvite, schorl) do not vary smoothly with iron concentration. Such behavior has often been ascribed to intervalence charge transfer between Fe2+ and Fe3+ which produces a new, intense absorption band in the visible portion of the spectrum. In the case of tourmaline, an entirely different manifestation of the interaction between Fe2+ and Fe3+ occurs in which the Fe2+ bands are intensified without an intense, new absorption band. At low iron concentrations, the intensity of light absorption from Fe2+ is about the same for E∥c and E⊥c polarizations, but at high iron concentrations, the intensity of the E⊥c polarization increases more than ten times as much as E∥c. This difference is related to intensification of Fe2+ absorption by adjacent Fe3+. Extrapolations indicate that pairs of Fe2+-Fe3+ have Fe2+ absorption intensity ∼200 times as great as isolated Fe2+. Enhanced Fe2+ absorption bands are recognized in tourmaline by their intensity increase at 78 K of up to 50%. Enhancement of Fe2+ absorption intensity provides a severe limitration on the accuracy of determinations of Fe2+ concentration and site occupancy by optical spectroscopic methods. Details of the assignment of tourmaline spectra in the optical region are reconsidered.
Fractionation of the sequence organization of human DNA by preparative HgCl2/Cs2SO4 density gradients.

Abstract Human DNA has been fractionated on preparative HgCl 2 Cs 2 SO 4 density gradients. Repetitious sequences are found in DNA components of all base compositions but the (G + C)-rich sequences are enriched for repetitive sequences. Repetitious sequences in (A + T)-rich components are tandemly arranged; those in (G + C)-rich components tend to be interspersed with single copy sequences. It is concluded that the interspersed repetitious sequences have high (G + C) compositions.
Acyl carrier protein. XII. Synthesis and turnover of the prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein in vivo.

Abstract The fluxes of radioactive pantothenate between the cellular components 4'-phosphopantetheine, coenzyme A, and acyl carrier protein (ACP) and the medium have been measured in a pantothenate auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Radioactive fluxes generated with two alternate computer models for pantothenate metabolism were compared with the experimental data. One model was consistent with all the data with the same set of rate constants; the other model was not. The successful model has CoA as the immediate precursor of ACP and features rapid turnover of the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic groups of ACP and of CoA in exponentially growing cells; such turnover was directly observable under certain conditions. The rate of ACP turnover was four times the rate of growth of the ACP pool.
Vital staining and permeability

If unfertilized eggs ofStrongylocentrotus purpuratus are exposed to different buffered salt solutions (A) and thereafter transferred to a standard solution containing either Nile blue or neutral red, the velocity of the staining effect is greatest in cells previously exposed to salts with univalent cations or to magnesium chloride. Staining is delayed when the A salt solutions contained calcium chloride. In case of univalent cations the optimal calcium chloride concentration is much smaller than if magnesium chloride is used. Strontium has no effect, barium acts as calcium but is of far lesser efficiency. The staining of the cells does not prevent a 100 % formation of a fertilization membrane if the stained cells arc transferred to sea water containing fresh sperm. The experiments prove that the ion antagonism described in this and in a preceding paper is based on permeability.
Accuracy of community-based blood pressure devices versus validated self-use devices

Abstract Objectives To examine the accuracy of a community-based blood pressure monitor (CBPM) versus a validated automatic blood pressure monitor (ABPM); to assess providers' recommendations regarding use of CBPMs; and to assess if potentially inaccurate blood pressure readings may result in treatment changes. Methods A convenience sample of 50 participants was recruited and met criteria for a randomized, controlled, crossover design trial in a community pharmacy in January and February 2013. Participants completed a screening survey and were educated about how a pharmacist can assist in achieving blood pressure control. Blood pressure measurements were performed using a CBPM and a validated ABPM. Participants were asked to identify their primary care provider (PCP); if identified, the PCP was faxed a survey to complete. The difference in blood pressure readings between the two monitors was examined and PCP survey responses were examined. Results There were significant differences between the means obtained from the two different monitors for systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.006) and diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.012) measurements. Due to differences between readings, recommendations for change in treatment (or initiation of blood pressure medication) may have been different for 38% of participants. PCPs indicated that they often recommend CBPMs for self-monitoring. Conclusion Patients, pharmacists, and providers should be aware of potential inaccuracies when using a CBPM for self-monitoring.
Cathepsin B Knockout Mice Are Resistant to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Liver Injury: Implications for Therapeutic Applications

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) contributes to liver injury by inducing hepatocyte apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that cathepsin B (cat B) contributes to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cat B contributes to TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in vivo. Cat B knockout (catB(-/-)) and wild-type (catB(+/+)) mice were first infected with the adenovirus Ad5I kappa B expressing the I kappa B superrepressor to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B-induced survival signals and then treated with murine recombinant TNF-alpha. Massive hepatocyte apoptosis with mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases 9 and 3 was detected in catB(+/+) mice 2 hours after the injection of TNF-alpha. In contrast, significantly less hepatocyte apoptosis and no detectable release of cytochrome c or caspase activation occurred in the livers of catB(-/-) mice. By 4 hours after TNF-alpha injection, only 20% of the catB(+/+) mice were alive as compared to 85% of catB(-/-) mice. Pharmacological inhibition of cat B in catB(+/+) mice with L-3-trans-(propylcarbamoyl)oxirane-2-carbonyl-L-isoleucyl-L-proline (CA-074 Me) also reduced TNF-alpha-induced liver damage. The present data demonstrate that a cat B-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a pivotal role in TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury.
Unusual electrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins in human subjects.

Study of 313 plasma electrophoretic patterns from 158 hospitalized subjects revealed that 30 per cent of these patients exhibited a heterogeneity marked by occurrence of double peaks in the alpha- 2 and 6 per cent in the beta globulin fraction. Occurrence of double peaks could not be related to any specific disease. Similar study of plasma from 18 normal adult subjects did not reveal double peaks in any of the protein fractions. Existence of prealbumin components, with mobilities greater than that of the albumin, has been observed in 6 of 158 pathological subjects. Mobilities and concentrations of components x 1 , x 2 , and x 3 are reported.
The Per Curiam Cases: How the Post-Brown Court Changed America in Eleven Words or Less

In the waning years of the 1950s, the United States Supreme Court decided several cases by per curiam order that altered the social fabric of America. It expanded the reach of Brown v. Board of Education into new areas seemingly unrelated to education, using an incremental approach to take on segregation in a new part of society in each case. Yet in each of these decisions, the Court said essentially nothing, merely affirming or reversing the courts below; in one opinion, it used just four words to eradicate segregation in the parks of New Orleans. These decisions were not mere extensions of prior precedents, as academics argued at the time, as the Court's holding in Brown seemed fairly specific to schools. What, then, was the Court doing when it decided these cases by saying nothing at all? This Working Paper argues that the Court knew what it was doing, and that these Per Curiam Cases meant more than they said. Undertaking an historical analysis, this Paper examines the context of four such cases, exploring their origins and results to help determine why the Court decided them in such a content-free manner. It was not merely Brown that changed American society; these small decisions were necessary to take Brown into new areas. This Paper will examine the Court's strategy to find out why it worked.
Regulation of Outside-in Signaling in Platelets by Integrin-associated Protein Kinase Cβ

Studies with inhibitors have implicated protein kinase C (PKC) in the adhesive functions of integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets, but the responsible PKC isoforms and mechanisms are unknown. αIIbβ3 interacts directly with tyrosine kinases c-Src and Syk. Therefore, we asked whether αIIbβ3 might also interact with PKC. Of the several PKC isoforms expressed in platelets, only PKCβ co-immunoprecipitated with αIIbβ3 in response to the interaction of platelets with soluble or immobilized fibrinogen. PKCβ recruitment to αIIbβ3 was accompanied by a 9-fold increase in PKC activity in αIIbβ3 immunoprecipitates. RACK1, an intracellular adapter for activated PKCβ, also co-immunoprecipitated with αIIbβ3, but in this case, the interaction was constitutive. Broad spectrum PKC inhibitors blocked both PKCβ recruitment to αIIbβ3 and the spread of platelets on fibrinogen. Similarly, mouse platelets that are genetically deficient in PKCβ spread poorly on fibrinogen, despite normal agonist-induced fibrinogen binding. In a Chinese hamster ovary cell model system, adhesion to fibrinogen caused green fluorescent protein-PKCβI to associate with αIIbβ3 and to co-localize with it at lamellipodial edges. These responses, as well as Chinese hamster ovary cell migration on fibrinogen, were blocked by the deletion of the β3 cytoplasmic tail or by co-expression of a RACK1 mutant incapable of binding to β3. These studies demonstrate that the interaction of αIIbβ3 with activated PKCβ is regulated by integrin occupancy and can be mediated by RACK1 and that the interaction is required for platelet spreading triggered through αIIbβ3. Furthermore, the studies extend the concept of αIIbβ3 as a scaffold for multiple protein kinases that regulate the platelet actin cytoskeleton.
Superlattices with non-spherical building blocks

Summary Self-assembly of nanocrystals has been a subject of comprehensive studies including preparation, characterization and manipulation. In this paper, we summarize recent research reports in self-assembled superlattices consisting of non-spherical nanocrystals such as nanocubes, nanooctahedra, nanorods and nanoplates, and discuss their superstructures. Compared with spherical nanocrystals which are randomly oriented when being assembled into a superlattice, the non-spherical nanocrystals can form more abundant and complex superlattices and may offer certain enhanced characteristics with their anisotropic assemblies. In each type of faceted shape, synthesis, superlattice structure as well as formation conditions are discussed. With a brief review of novel properties generated from non-spherical superlattices, this article aims to provide an outline of various shape-induced superlattices that could serve as potential new device metamaterials in future.
Design and development of a pulsed electromagnetic micro-actuator for 3D virtual tactile displays

The design and analysis of a miniature electromagnetic actuator for use in a novel virtual tactile display is described. The actuator operates in repulsive mode so that it can be used for vibro-tactile stimulation of a human fingertip. Pulsed current and permanent magnet based approaches are investigated and compared. Four frequencies (10, 50, 100, and 150 Hz) were used to test the perception limit of three human subjects. The results indicated that the perception is not strongly dependent on frequency in the test range. The required stimulation energy of individual pulses was estimated to be below 57 micro-Joules, while the average peak-force needed for reliable stimulation was 59 milli-Newtons. The perception of simple test shapes was also tested by attaching the actuator onto the fingertip of the human subjects and turning it on and off as a function of its position.
The Configurational Perspective: A New View of Educational Knowledge Production and Utilization:

b. The inadequacies cannot be accounted for or explained away on the basis of conditions (political or structural) that have arisen in the past 2-3 years. In fact, they are embedded in the conceptual view of educational KPU that has come to dominate the field. This perspective, a unified-systems view, presupposes and/or attempts to effect a linked set of productive agents and agencies each of which assumes discrete responsibility for a segment of Research-DevelopmentDiffusion-Adoption effort to achieve a commonly agreed upon goal of ultimate KPU productivity. c. This view has set in motion a cycle of failure in educational KPU productivity by: 1. Establishing unachievable aspirations. 2. Ignoring the idiosyncratic (ideographic) goals of individuals and individual agencies in the educational KPU community. 3. Changing policy and program directions persistently and frequently in an attempt to overcome failures in program achievement provoked by conditions 1 and 2 above.
Sacrificing for the cause: Another look at high-risk/cost activism

Abstract Building on research into the question of high-risk/cost activism, we examine how social structural location mediated participation in two types of high-risk/cost political activism (sit-ins and voter registration) during the Civil Rights Movement of the early 1960s. Using data from the 1961–1962 Negro Political Participation Study (which includes representative samples of African American college students and voting age adults in the former Confederacy), we use logistic regression analysis to determine whether participation in high-risk/cost activism varied by social structural location. The results indicate that the particular characteristics that act as biographical constraints vary by subpopulation and may facilitate participation depending on the relationship of the goals of the movement to the individual's social structural location. Additionally, the evaluation of the peculiar risks and costs associated with a specific event is also influenced by one's social structural location. We conclude by arguing for an expanding the concept of biographical availability to include other indicators of social structural location such as skin color, social class, and military veteran status.
Task-specific and general cognitive effects in Chiari malformation type I.

Objective Our objective was to use episodic memory and executive function tests to determine whether or not Chiari Malformation Type I (CM) patients experience cognitive dysfunction. Background CM is a neurological syndrome in which the cerebellum descends into the cervical spine causing neural compression, severe headaches, neck pain, and number of other physical symptoms. While primarily a disorder of the cervico-medullary junction, both clinicians and researchers have suspected deficits in higher-level cognitive function. Design and Methods We tested 24 CM patients who had undergone decompression neurosurgery and 24 age- and education-matched controls on measures of immediate and delayed episodic memory, as well as three measures of executive function. Results The CM group showed performance decrements relative to the controls in response inhibition (Stroop interference), working memory computational speed (Ospan), and processing speed (automated digit symbol substitution task), but group differences in recall did not reach statistical significance. After statistical control for depression and anxiety scores, the group effects for working memory and processing speed were eliminated, but not for response inhibition. This response inhibition difference was not due to overall general slowing for the CM group, either, because when controls' data were transformed using the linear function fit to all of the reaction time tasks, the interaction with group remained statistically significant. Furthermore, there was a multivariate group effect for all of the response time measures and immediate and delayed recall after statistical control of depression and anxiety scores. Conclusion These results suggest that CM patients with decompression surgery exhibit cognitive dysfunction compared to age- and education-matched controls. While some of these results may be related to anxiety and depression (likely proxies for chronic pain), response inhibition effects, in particular, as well as a general cognitive deficit persisted even after control for anxiety and decompression.
Metalinguistics, stress accuracy, and word reading: does dialect matter?

Purpose The authors examined the influence of demographic variables on nonmainstream American English (NMAE) use; the differences between NMAE speakers and mainstream American English (MAE) speaker...
Diffeomorphism groups and quantized vortex filaments.

The quantum hydrodynamics of an incompressible inviscid fluid in ${R}^{2}$ or ${R}^{3}$ is described by means of representations of the group of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. In ${R}^{2}$ we obtain the surprising result that within the framework of the Euler equations point vortices cannot be consistently quantized, and the encouraging outcome that vortex filaments can be. We also discuss analogs of such configurations in ${R}^{3}$.
Structural Plasticity in the Topology of the Membrane-Interacting Domain of HIV-1 gp41

We use a number of computational and experimental approaches to investigate the membrane topology of the membrane-interacting C-terminal domain of the HIV-1 gp41 fusion protein. Several putative transmembrane regions are identified using hydrophobicity analysis based on the Wimley-White scales, including the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). The MPER region is an important target for neutralizing anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies and is believed to have an interfacial topology in the membrane. To assess the possibility of a transmembrane topology of MPER, we examined the membrane interactions of a peptide corresponding to a 22-residue stretch of the MPER sequence (residues 662–683) using fluorescence spectroscopy and oriented circular dichroism. In addition to the previously reported interfacial location, we identify a stable transmembrane conformation of the peptide in synthetic lipid bilayers. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the MPER-derived peptide in a lipid bilayer demonstrate a stable helical structure with an average tilt of 24 degrees, with the five tryptophan residues sampling different environments inside the hydrocarbon core of the lipid bilayer, consistent with the observed spectral properties of intrinsic fluorescence. The degree of lipid bilayer penetration obtained by computer simulation was verified using depth-dependent fluorescence quenching of a selectively attached fluorescence probe. Overall, our data indicate that the MPER sequence can have at least two stable conformations in the lipid bilayer, interfacial and transmembrane, and suggest a possibility that external perturbations can switch the topology during physiological functioning.
The ontogeny of carbonic anhydrase in chick dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords.

Abstract We examined the distribution of carbonic anhydrase in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords of chick embryos from Stage 26 (5 days) through hatching using the Hansson technique (Hansson, H.P., Histochemistry , 11 (1967) 112–128; Lannerholm, G., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 429 (1984) 369–381). Although reactivity was apparent in this tissue at all stages (e.g. in endothelial cells, erythrocytes, and cell nuclei) carbonic anhydrase-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons were not detected until Stage 35 (8.5–9 days). At this stage fewer than 1% of neurons were reactive. The number and proportion of carbonic anhydrase-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons increased steadily from Stage 35 to hatching, when about 60% of the neurons were reactive. In hatchlings carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons spanned the entire size spectrum of ganglion cells and appeared to be randomly distributed throughout the dorsal root ganglion. No carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons were found in the spinal cord at any stage. However, in hatchlings the background staining was markedly lighter in laminae 1 and 2 and in Lissauer's tract than in the rest of the cord, suggesting that unmyelinated axons in the CNS are not reactive.
Wittgenstein on private language: Exorcising the ghost from the machine

[Introduction] Wittgenstein writes in the preface of his Philosophical Investigations: "I should not like my writing to spare other people the trouble of thinking. But, if possible, to stimulate someone to thoughts of his own" (p. vi). If this is indeed the goal of the Philosophical Investigations, then few sections can claim more success than those that constitute the so-called private language argument. This argument has received a great deal of attention over the three and a half decades since its publication; the number and diversity of interpretations to be found in the secondary literature are daunting. Yet the enigmatic private language argument has defied definitive interpretation, and remains a focus of philosophical debate. To develop a new interpretation of the argument is no small task; I hope, however, to make it a smaller one by restricting my goals in a number of respects. Rather than starting from scratch, I will stand upon the shoulders of giants, drawing heavily upon the interpretations of Saul Kripke and Crispin Wright. My strategy will be to show that on both of these accounts, the argument - or rather, the conclusion - attributed to Wittgenstein is too weak to undermine the possibility of private language. Nonetheless, an adequate interpretation can be developed by preserving the appropriate features of each account. The disagreements over the private language argument have included such fundamental points of controversy as the location of the private language argument within the Philosophical Investigations. Traditionally, the private language argument is taken to be found in the paragraphs following §243, coming to a climax in §§258-260. By contrast, Kripke - and, for very different reasons, McDowell - has taken the heart of the private language argument to be found in the paragraphs preceding §201. According to Kripke, the impossibility of a private language follows as a simple corollary of the arguments concerning rule-following contained in these earlier passages. The paragraphs following §243, be concludes, simply rehearse an already familiar line of argument. There is, however, one source of general agreement: §§258-260 present an argument to the effect that in an attempt to identify private sensations, there is no distinction to be found between an identification's seeming to be right, and its being right.
Positive and negative effects of a dominant competitor on the settlement, growth, and survival of competing species in an epibenthic community

Because dominant competitors can monopolize resources, any positive effects they have on other species can have large community impacts. The solitary tunicate Ascidia ceratodes is a dominant competitor in the fouling community in Bodega Harbor, CA. This tunicate preempts primary substratum from competitors, but its thick tunic also allows other species to grow on its surface. The net effect of Ascidia on the community as a whole therefore depends on the balance between competitive and facilitative effects. In this study we evaluate the facilitative effects of Ascidia on different life stages of common competing species. We quantified larval settlement onto Ascidia compared to unoccupied space; we quantified the growth rate on Ascidia of small colonies of two common species; and we measured whether established colonies could escape overgrowth by Ascidia by growing onto its tunic. We found evidence for high rates of settlement on Ascidia, with some species showing higher and others lower settlement relative to that observed on free space. The growth rate of settlers was generally lower on Ascidia compared to primary substratum. We also found that colonial species established on primary space commonly escape overgrowth from Ascidia by growing onto Ascidia, as this occurs in about half of all encounters. This study indicates that the total effect of Ascidia on the community will depend on species-specific and life stage-specific effects, with likely long-term consequences for the diversity and composition of the community.
Effect of seed piece size on performance of three potato varieties in the Klamath Basin of Oregon

A survey of cut seed lots from Klamath Basin commercial potato operations showed poor uniformity of seed piece size and numerous undersize seed pieces in most of the 18 seed lots examined over two years. Experiments were conducted in 1995, 1996, and 1997 to evaluate effects of seed piece size on the performance of Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Century Russet cultivars. Weighed seed tubers were cut into four pieces to obtain seed piece sizes of 21, 35, 50, 64, and 78 g (+/-2 g). Seed pieces less than 50 g resulted in delayed emergence and reduced stem numbers in all varieties. Effects of seed piece size on yield and tuber size distribution were greatest for Century Russet and least for Russet Norkotah, but were significant for all varieties over the three-year study. Increasing seed piece size increased yield of U.S. No.1 and total yield, while reducing tuber size. An economic analysis, based on crop values for fresh market use and seed costs, found optimum seed piece sizes of 64 g for Russet Burbank and Century Russet and 50 g for Russet Norkotah.
Neurobiology of continuous spike-wave in slow-wave sleep and Landau-Kleffner syndromes.

Abstract Background Several pediatric seizure disorders have common electrophysiological features during slow-wave sleep that produce different syndromes based on which part of the developing brain is involved. These disorders, of which continuous spike-wave in slow-wave sleep and Landau-Kleffner are the most common, are characterized by continuous spike-wave activity during slow-wave sleep, developmentally regulated onset and termination of abnormal electrical activity, and loss of previously acquired skills. Over the last 20 years, a variety of basic science findings suggest how spike-wave activity during sleep can cause the observed clinical outcomes. Methods Literature review and analysis. Results The role of slow-wave sleep in normal cortical plasticity during developmental critical periods, how disruption of slow-wave sleep by electrographic seizures could affect cortical maps and development, and the organization and functional connectivity of the thalamic structures that when damaged are thought to produce these seizure disorders are reviewed. Conclusions Potential therapeutic directions are proposed based on the mechanisms of plasticity and anatomical structures involved in cortical plasticity during slow-wave sleep.
Muscle Fiber-Type Distribution Pattern in the Human Cricopharyngeus Muscle

Our previous studies described that the human cricopharyngeus (CP) is composed of two neuromuscular compartments (NMCs), horizontal and oblique. The present study was designed to explore the differences in muscle fiber-type distribution between the NMCs within the human CP and to examine the oxidative capacity of the muscle fibers. Seven adult human CP muscles obtained from autopsies were stained for myofibrillar ATPase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) to analyze enzyme-histochemical fiber-type characteristics. Notable findings obtained from this study are as follows: (1) Different NMCs within the human CP contained different percentages of muscle fiber types. The horizontal CP (CPh) contained more slow-twitch fibers than the oblique CP (CPo). (2) Each of the NMCs was dividable histochemically into two layers or subcompartments: a slow fiber-type inner layer and a relatively fast fiber outer layer. (3) As a whole, type I fibers had higher levels of NADH-TR and SDH than type II fibers. However, in both type I and II muscle fiber types, different patterns of oxidative enzyme activity were seen. Histochemically defined fiber layers of the CP are not seen in other mammals, suggesting that CP function is more specialized in humans.
First-Order Modal Logic

Preface. 1. Propositional Modal Logic. 2. Tableau Proof Systems. 3. Axiom Systems. 4. Quantified Modal Logic. 5. First-Order Tableaus. 6. First-Order Axiom Systems. 7. Equality. 8. Existence and Actualist Quantification. 9. Terms and Predicate Abstraction. 10. Abstraction Continued. 11. Designation. 12. Definite Descriptions. References. Index.
Sentinel Node Positivity Rates With and Without Frozen Section for Breast Cancer

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is used to detect breast cancer axillary metastases. Some surgeons send the sentinel lymph node (SLN) for intraoperative frozen section (FS) to minimize delayed axillary dissections. There has been concern that FS may discard nodal tissue and thus underdiagnose small metastases. This study examines whether evaluation of SLN by FS increases the false-negative rate of SLNB.
Antiaggregatory effects of thromboxane receptor antagonists in vivo

The antiaggregatory and antisecretory effects of two newly developed thromboxane receptor antagonists, BM-13,177 and SQ-29,548, were studied in an in vivo model of platelet activation. Arterial platelet count and whole blood ATP concentrations were measured continuously on-line in the arterial blood of anesthetized rabbits. Injections of collagen decreased peripheral platelet count by 25% of initial value. ATP concentrations increased 50 to 100 nM during collagen challenge. SQ-29,548 and BM-13,177 dose-dependently reduced platelet loss to about 50% of that observed in vehicle treated animals. Injection of arachidonic acid (AA) or 9,11-methanoepoxy-PGH2 resulted in sudden death of the animals associated with a 67 to 69% decrease in platelet count and a marked release of ATP. Pretreatment with SQ-29,548 or BM-13,177 increased survival rates from 0 to 100%, and reduced or totally inhibited ATP secretion and decreases in platelet count. In contrast, the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, dazoxiben, was effective in inhibiting AA induced sudden death, but was without any effect when 9,11-methanoepoxy-PGH2 was used as the challenging agent. We conclude that SQ-29,548 and BM-13,177 are effective in antagonizing the effects of subsequent conversion to thromboxane A2. BM-13,177 and SQ-29,548 are generally considered as specific antagonists of endoperoxide/thromboxane receptors on platelets and smooth muscles in vitro. Preliminary clinical studies with BM-13,177 showed a marked inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation in human volunteers and patients (18, 19). These reports encourage further study of thromboxane receptor antagonists as effective anti-thrombotic drugs in the experimental and clinical setting.
Evaluation of Lead-Free Solder Bump Voiding Ball Grid Array Packages Using Laser Ultrasound and Interferometric Technique

Solder joint voids are usually formed by the entrapped gas bubbles during the reflow process and are common in all surface mount applications. It is a controversial issue on the reliability of the solder joint; however, the consensus is that voiding is only acceptable at low contents, whereas excessive voiding affects mechanical properties, and decreases strength, ductility, and fatigue life of the interconnections. X-ray is the most widely used technique to evaluate the voids, including the size and occurrence frequency. In this paper, a laser ultrasound and interferometer inspection system is used to inspect the voids in lead-free solder bumps in ball grid array packages. This system uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to induce ultrasound in the chip packages in the thermoelastic regime; and laser interferometer is used to measure the transient out-of-plane displacement response of the package surface to the laser irradiation. The quality of solder bumps is evaluated by analyzing the transient responses. In this paper, voids are intentionally created by adding the volatile flux during the assembly process. Through controlling the volume of flux dip, three different levels of voiding are proposed: 1) void free; 2) relatively low; and 3) relatively high. The presence of voids in the solder bumps is first verified using a 2-D X-ray technique. Meanwhile, the built-in image-processing software in X-ray tool measures the void fraction to quantify the level of voiding. A scanning acoustic microscope technique is also used to evaluate the void in the solder bumps. Then the laser ultrasound inspection system is used to evaluate the voids in these samples. Through comparing the vibration responses from the chip with solder bump voids and void-free chips, it is found that the laser ultrasound inspection system is capable of differentiating the chips with relatively high voiding from the void-free chip whereas the relatively low voiding is below the resolution of the inspection system. Finally, a further comparison between the void-free and voided solder bumps is carried out by the destructive cross-sectional technique. The comparisons among these different evaluation methods on solder bump voids will be presented in this paper.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT IN NORMAL CHILDREN

In order to enchance the echocardiographic assessment of the size and function of the right ventricle (RV), we evaluated the measurement of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) on echogram, and compared it with that of the aortic root (AO). Thus ultrasound examinations were performed in a standard fashion in 40 clinically normal school children (5-6 years of age), and measurements were obtained at the onset of the QRS compex of the EKG, during several cardiac cycles. The RVOT was measured as the distance from the endocardium of the anterior RV wall to the outer aspect of the anterior wall of the aorta, in an ultrasound sector containing the aortic valve leaflets. The aorta was measured as the distance between the inner aspect of the anterior and posterior walls in the same echo plane. The ratio of RVOT/AO was then computed. The results were as follows for the mean and standard error of mean: RVOT=2.06cm (0.49), AO=1.65 cm (0.28) and RVOT/AO=1.258 (0.036). These results show that the RVOT can be measured in a reliable manner and that it bears a stable relationship to the AO diameter in normal children. Thus measurement of the RVOT and RVOT/AO ratio may provide additional criteria for the detection of abnormalities in RV size and function on echogram. (Sponsor: Eli Gold)
Lymphocyte subsets and integrated immune function in aging humans.

Abstract Lymphocyte response to mitogen stimulation declines in aging humans. Depressed responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and PHA (HA-17) are evident when aged groups are compared to a young adult population. Responding capacity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction declines with age, while stimulating ability remains unaltered. The number of circulating thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes increases in the ninth and tenth decades, while lymphocyte-bearing complement receptors increase in frequency during the fifth through the eighth decades. These observations suggest that T-cell function cannot be equated solely with numbers of circulating immunocompetent cells in aging humans. We have introducted a method of multiple function analysis (pattern recognition) to classify individuals of different ages into groups according to the net-correlated immune functions. The immune functions of an aged population cluster separately from those of a young population.
HOMOSEXUALITY: PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC ISSUES

abstract The ideas of psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapists about human sexuality have changed radically in recent years. During the past three decades we have worked toward revising traditional psychoanalytic ideas about sexual orientation in particular. This revision has contributed to changes in clinical theory and practice, and we review both our own work, and these changes, in this article. We have approached the many complex scientific and clinical problems in this field from a developmental, biopsychosocial perspective. We have also emphasized the importance of integrating psychoanalytic theories of sexuality with advances in neuroscience, descriptive psychiatry and sexology generally. In this article we draw on our experience as researchers and clinicians to discuss such common clinical problems in psychotherapeutic work with non-heterosexual patients as assessment of the patient, homophobia, internalized homophobia, gender differences among patients and therapists, the ageing patient, sexual orientation of the therapist, and transference and countertransference.
New Cubic Structure in the Ca‐Si‐O‐N System

Subsolidus-phase studies in the calcium-silicon-oxygen-nitrogen system have been conducted using the reactive precursors calcium nitride, calcium oxide, and silicon nitride. A new structure has been isolated with a large, face-centered cubic lattice, a=1.4864 nm, which coexists with several new CaSiON phases as well as Ca3Si2O4N2 and the unknown “D’ phase, reported previously by other workers. The new structure is not isotypic with any known mineral oxide. The highest degree of phase purity has been obtained using a 1.1 calcium nitride:silicon nitride starting mixture. Structural and approximate compositional analyses were conducted by X-ray diffraction and TEM energy dispersive spectroscopy.
A novel nested liposome drug delivery vehicle capable of ultrasound triggered release of its payload

The use of focused ultrasound can be an effective method to locally highlight tumor tissue and specifically trigger the activation of echogenic drug delivery vehicles in an effort to reduce systemic chemotherapy side effects. Here we demonstrate a unique ultrasound triggered vehicle design and fabrication method where the payload and a perfluorocarbon gas microbubble are both encapsulated within the internal aqueous space of a liposome. This nested lipid shell geometry both stabilized the microbubble and ensured it was spatially close enough to interact with the liposome membrane at all times. The internal microbubble was shown to fragment the outer liposome membrane upon exposure to ultrasound at intensities of 1-1.5MPa. The focused ultrasound allowed the release of the internal payload to localized regions within tissue phantoms. The vehicles showed high payload loading efficiency of 16%, stability in blood of several hours, and low level macrophage recognition in vitro. High speed fluorescent videos present the first optical images of such vehicles interacting with ultrasound. This ability to open the outer membrane in small regions of deep tissue could provide a second level of spatial and temporal control beyond biochemical targeting, making these particles promising for in vivo animal studies.
Self-association in highly concentrated solutions of myoglobin: a novel analysis of sedimentation equilibrium of highly nonideal solutions

Abstract The sedimentation equilibrium in concentrated solutions of hemoglobin and myoglobin has been measured. The ratio of the apparent molecular weight of hemoglobin to that of myoglobin. R . is found to obey the empirical relation R ( c ) = 3.8–4.25 × 10 −2 c +6.44 × 10 −4 c 2 − 2.21 × 10 −5 c 3 , where c is the protein concentration in g/dl. for c −⩽40 g/dl. A theoretical relation for the dependence of R upon c in the absence of protein self-association is presented. This relation cannot be fitted to the experimental results, and the discrepancy is attributed to self-association of myoglobin.
Perception of emotion among schizophrenic patients

The relationship of problems in social perception to the social dysfunction of schizophrenic patients has not been adequately addressed. The present study compared the responses of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic and affective disorder and nonpatient subjects on a measure of perception of emotional cues. A measure of general attention/perception was also administered. Schizophrenics exhibited selective deficits in perception of emotional stimuli in relationship to control groups. They differed in their perceptions of negative emotion, but not positive or neutral emotion, in comparison to affective disorder and control subjects. This selective distortion in social perception was apparent even though schizophrenics also performed poorly on the general attentional measure. A number of alternatives are discussed as possible explanations for the specific deviations which schizophrenics exhibited in perceiving negative emotion.
Spatial distributions of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) and its braconid parasitoids in Montana wheat fields

Abstract Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster are native parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, an important pest of dryland wheat production. This spatial distribution study, using survey data from seven dryland wheat fields at four locations in north-central Montana over two years, examined: (1) the spatial distribution and spatial association of C. cinctus infestation and parasitism, and (2) parasitism in response to the level of C. cinctus infestation. Spatial distribution analyses revealed that C. cinctus infestations were significantly aggregated along field edges in three of five fields, while parasitism followed a random spatial distribution in all five fields. We demonstrate that the level of parasitism is highest for lower levels of C. cinctus infestation, in fields where parasitoids are either scarce or abundant. The combination of (1) a spatial aggregation of C. cinctus infestations along field edges, and (2) a potential negative interaction between parasitism and C. cinctus infestation may lower the level of parasitism at high host densities. This outcome can be viewed as beneficial to the insect pest, because parasitized C. cinctus larvae are at a greater risk of being cannibalized by conspecifics. An equally plausible hypothesis for this negative interaction is a limitation on the successful location of unparasitized hosts at higher host densities, which is also compelling because of the cryptic location of hosts within wheat stems that belie little visible evidence of infestation. Supporting data from other heavily infested fields that were sampled in 1999–2000 are used to illustrate the recurrence of this pattern. These findings are discussed in the context of developing redistribution strategies for introducing these parasitoids at sawfly infested locations where they are currently present at negligible levels.
Lifetimes of ground-band states in 154Sm

Abstract The lifetimes of the 8 → 6, 6 → 4 and 4 → 2 ground-band transitions in 154 Sm have been measured by a recoil-distance Doppler-shift technique following Coulomb excitation by back-scattered 40 Ar projectiles. Within experimental error, the measured B (E2) values are those of a rigid rotor. These results and those of a previous experiment on 152 Sm are compared with current models.
Improved Growth in the Progeny of Hens Immunized with Jackbean Urease

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn and broiler breeder hens. Half of the experimental hens were injected with jackbean urease enzyme and the other half served as uninjected or adjuvant-injected controls. Chicks hatched from urease-injected or control hens were placed factorially (2 × 2) on diets with or without antibiotics. Urease injection of hens resulted in significant improvements in percent fertility and hatch compared with values for control hens. Depending on age, both urease injection and antibiotic feeding stimulated chick growth, independently of one another. Additive effects of these treatments resulted in significant improvements in body weight of chicks injected with urease and consuming antibiotics at all time periods compared with body weights of untreated controls.
STAGE-INDEPENDENT SPLICING OF TRANSCRIPTS FROM TWO HETEROGENEOUS NEIGHBORING GENES IN LEISHMANIA AMAZONENSIS

Abstract Gene expression in trypanosomatid protozoa is largely regulated posttranscriptionally, e.g., 5′ splice leader addition and 3′ polyadenylation of mRNAs. We examined these events in Leishmania by mapping the splice sites of the transcripts from two different, but closely linked single-copy genes 2.3 kb apart. The coding regions of the approx. 1 kb upstream gene ( P36 ) and the approx. 1.4 kb downstream gene ( NAGT ) produce approx. 2 and 3 kb mRNAs, respectively. Both genes were overexpressed in cells that were transfected with this bicistronic unit (≥7.5 kb), taking advantage of the NAGT as a selectable marker for tunicamycin-resistance. The transcripts from both genes were spliced constitutively at both ends, irrespective of their episomal or chromosomal expression in both leishmanial stages. Primer extension of the 5′ UTRs and S1 nuclease protection of the 3′ UTRs initially identified the major splice sites, corresponding to the genomic sequence at −205 bp and + approx. 900 bp of P36 , and −1012 bp and + approx. 600 bp of NAGT . These splice sites, consistent with the size of the major transcripts, are among those mapped precisely by sequencing RT–PCR amplified 5′ and 3′ UTRs. The additional sites mapped by the latter are minor alternatives, especially abundant for transcripts of the downstream NAGT . All these minor splice sites are closer than the major splice sites to the coding region, indicating that the most distant splice sites are preferentially used. This preference creates a 387 bp `gap' with polypyrimidine tracts in the intergenic region consistent with the model coupling splice leader addition with polyadenylation in pre-mRNA processing. The stage-independence of these events suggests that the 7.5 kb dicistronic unit is suitable for constructing Leishmania -specific constitutive expression vectors.