cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A shovel with a perforated blade reduces energy expenditure required for digging wet clay.

Objective A shovel with a blade perforated with small holes was tested to see whether a worker would use less whole-body energy to dig wet clay than with a shovel with an opaque blade. Background A perforated shovel is hypothesized to require less whole-body energy on the basis of adhesion theory; a smaller surface area would require less physical effort to dig and release soil from the blade. Method The study involved 13 workers from an electric utility who dug wet clay with two 1.5-m long-handled point shovels, which differed only in blade design (perforated and opaque). Oxygen consumption was measured with a portable system while each worker dug wet clay at a self-regulated pace for 10 min. Results There was no significant difference in number of scoops dug during the 10-min sessions, but workers dug 9.5% more weight of clay with the perforated shovel than with the conventional shovel (404 kg vs. 369 kg, respectively). Furthermore, stable oxygen uptake normalized to weight of participant and to the weight of clay dug revealed that participants expended 11.7% less relative energy per kilogram of clay dug with the perforated shovel. Conclusion A point shovel with a perforated blade is recommended for digging and shoveling wet clay. However, the extra weight that workers chose to dig with the perforated shovel may increase the loading on the spine and may offset the metabolic advantages. Application Manual shoveling is a common task, and workers may experience less whole-body and muscle fatigue when using a perforated shovel.
Publishing your education work in the journal of graduate medical education.

T he Journal of Graduate Medical Education (JGME) has lofty aims: provide a resource for graduate medical educators to learn about novel approaches as well as publish their own work and improve the quality of information guiding decisions about graduate medical education training. As one step to reach these goals, the editors have created general categories for submissions to JGME. These categories are expected to evolve over time as the needs of educators change. In this editorial, we outline the general categories, quality expectations for submissions, and common minefields to avoid. As always, we welcome your suggestions and comments (jgme@acgme.org).
The relationship of the marginal mandibular nerve to the mandibular osseocutaneous ligament and lesser ligaments of the lower face.

Background An in-depth understanding of the nuances of facial anatomy is the best means of preventing complications during facelift surgery. An appreciation of the operative details is complicated not only by the complexity of the anatomy but also by the variability in the nomenclature used. Objectives The authors have attempted to clarify these issues by detailing the relationships of the ligaments of the lower face both to each other and to the marginal mandibular nerve. Methods The mandibular ligament, the platysma mandibular ligament, and the marginal mandibular nerve were identified in 22 cadaver halves. The gonial angle, and the lower mandibular border were used as perpendicular reference lines. Results The mean length, height, and depth of the mandibular ligament and the platysma mandibular ligament were calculated. The mean distance of the mandibular ligament from the gonial angle along the mandibular border was also noted:it was always located superior to the platysma mandibular ligament. The marginal mandibular “danger zone” was identified a quarter of the length of the mandibular body along the lower jaw border. Finally variability in nomenclature of the lower face ligaments was clarified. Conclusions A topographic map of the structures of surgical importance in the lower face was constructed in the hope that this will prevent surgical errors during facelift surgery.
Thrush in the Breastfeeding Dyad: Results of a Survey on Diagnosis and Treatment:

Infection with Candida albicans in the breastfeeding dyad has been associated with extreme pain in the breastfeeding mother and may lead to premature weaning. There is presently a dearth of information on diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of this condition in the literature. Therefore, before such a trial was conducted, a survey was sent to experts in the field of lactation, the members of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, on the diagnosis and treatment of thrush in the breastfeeding mother and baby. Results showed that the majority of respondents relied primarily on history and physical examination of the baby, but not the mother, to make the diagnosis. Laboratory tests were ordered only rarely. The most common initial treatment was oral nystatin for the infant and cream for the mother's breasts. This was followed by oral nystatin for the infant and oral fluconazole for the mother. Treatment of recurrence or persistence was again most commonly nystatin for both mother and infant, followed by oral nystatin for the infant and oral fluconazole for the mother or oral fluconazole for both. In the absence of controlled trials of this condition, these results may serve as suggestions for the clinician, until definitive data are available.
Catecholamine and blood lactate responses to incremental rowing and running exercise

Ten collegiate rowers performed discontinuous incremental exercise to their tolerable limit on two occasions: once on a rowing ergometer and once on a treadmill. Ventilation and pulmonary gas excha...
Damages for Loss of Use of Chattels

This article addresses the availability and measurement of damages for loss of use of converted, damaged, or destroyed personal property under Michigan law. Suggested jury instructions covering loss of use claims are provided.
First Day Jitters: Coming to Terms with Yesterday’s Passing and Stepping Forward into a New Day of Species Protection in the Post-Climate-Change Era

The Endangered Species Act was designed to protect species that had been rendered more vulnerable to extinction as a result of human activity. As such, its implementation has traditionally focused on keeping human beings away from such species and giving the species space to heal on their own. Climate change is altering the landscape everywhere on the globe, rendering the hands-off approach no longer sufficient. Active interventions will become more necessary as we get further into the changing climate. This paper/presentation will review the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and the sort of management approaches that will become more appropriate in the new climate world. It will then discuss the relationship between the ESA and both mitigation (which is not an ideal area for ESA application) and adaptation (where the most work is needed). While there are many provisions in the ESA that will prove useful to supporting the new strategies for species preservation, utilizing them properly will require a shift in implementation priorities and greater acceptance of the demise of what once was. This is a short paper prepared for CLE purposes.
Accessibility or Diagnosticity

This research explores the extent to which differences in perceived diagnosticity as compared with differences in the accessibility of associations embedded in persuasion appeals better account for the attitudinal differences found in the culture and persuasion literature. Experiment 1 replicates basic findings showing that high culture-distinct associations lead to more favorable attitudes for individuals in the target culture relative to a nontarget culture, while low culture-distinct associations lead to more attitudinal similarities across cultural boundaries. Experiments 2 and 3 explore two potential explanations for these effects. Convergent evidence, provided through within-culture and across-culture mediation analysis, is more supportive of the differential accessibility explanation. That is, high culture-distinct associations may be valued in the nontarget culture but are relatively inaccessible in memory at an individual level. The results of these experiments help to reconcile conflicting findings in the consumer psychology literature, shed insight on why cultural differences might occur, and add to the growing body of research that identifies conditions under which cultural similarities in persuasion processes and effects may be found.
Abstract 15249: A Text Messaging Intervention Improves Medication Adherence for Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: More than half of individuals with chronic diseases do not take medications as prescribed. Pharmacologic treatment for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) is critical...
Incorporating Nonlinear Aerodynamic Methods Into Transonic Preliminary Design Of A Wing

Nonlinear, high delity aerodynamic analysis methods are considered computationally expensive and impractical for use in the preliminary design investigations. In lieu of nonlinear aerodynamic analysis methods, linear aerodynamic analysis tools are often utilized in the execution of preliminary design tasks. Within the preliminary design environment, linear aerodynamic analysis codes are considered accurate in low Mach number ight regimes, but are not considered accurate when analyzing nonlinear ow phenomena. This work demonstrates that nonlinear aerodynamic methods are necessary when developing the preliminary design of a vehicle that operates in the transonic ight regime. An empirical study was carried out where linear and nonlinear aerodynamic methods were utilized independently to optimize a wing that was subjected to stress and rolling moment constraints. Initially, only structural sizing parameters were considered in the design space, but the design space was later expanded to include aerodynamic shape variables. The design investigations executed in this investigation were carried out at Mach numbers 0.50 and 0.89. At Mach 0.50, the linear and nonlin-
Analysis of the B 11 ( d , n ) C 12 Reaction by Nuclear Stripping

The ordinary deuteron stripping theory has been extended to include the effect of heavy-particle stripping by the antisymmetrization of the final-state neutron wave function. When one uses the Born approximation, this extension gives both the deuteron and heavy-particle stripping amplitudes, together with a positive interference term. Good qualitative agreement with experiment in the energy range 0.6-4.7 Mev is obtained using an interaction radius of 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The ratio of the amplitudes of heavy-particle and deuteron stripping decreases below the Coulomb barrier, and is relatively constant above the Coulomb barrier.
Early Stage Diagnosis and Intervention of Child Autism

Objective Children with undiagnosed autism or parts of symptoms like slow words or social problems or symbol behavior problems were given early stage intervention. Methods From September 2009, children of 1~2 years old were given early stage of screen of autism. Children of diagnosed and suspected autism were given special treatments and early stage intervention. Results After early stage intervention, among 9 children of diagnosed autism, 8 cases were significantly effective, 1 case was effective; symptoms like slow words or social problems or symbol behavior problems were improved obviously and the children didn ’t develop into autism. Conclusion Early stage of diagnosis and intervention can effectively prevent children from developing into autism and supply opportunity for the healthy growth and bright future of children.
Intervention Effect of Health Education in Rural Residents in Xindu District of Chengdu City

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education in rural residents of Xindu district,Chengdu.Methods Questionnaire was adopted to survey 800 residents in Xindu district.Results After 7-year health education.The awareness rate raised from 44.9%in 2005 to 64.2%in 2013(χ~2=75.1,P0.01)and the formation rate of health behavior raised from 46.2% to 60.8%accordingly(χ~2=126.3,P0.01).Conclusion The effect of health education is significant in Xindu district.
Thyristor Valve Insulation Test Research for ±660 kV HVDC Transmission Project

The Ningdong-Shandong ±660 kV HVDC transmission project is the first worldwide DC power transmission project in 660 kV voltage grade,where the single 12-pulse converter bridge is used resulting in the highest single valve volage and the largest valve tower dimension.Therefore,it is difficult for valve testing.In this paper,the items and parameters for the insulation test of valves are introduced,and the difficulties encountered during the test as well as the coutermeasures employed are illustrated.
Construction and Uplift Test of Micropile of Fine-stone Concrete

This paper introduces a new type of micropile construction method —casting fine-stone concretes.Through a case test in a soft ground in Zhejiang region,a study is made on the construction process and construction parameters,and corresponding construction techniques are proposed.Uplift capacity test was performed for this type of micropiles,which shows that as long as the construction parameters are controlled properly,construction of micropile by casting fine-stone concrete is a feasible and practical method and can be further applied in the future.
MR findings in oculocerebrorenal syndrome

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital ocular abnormalities, mental retardation, renal disease, and metabolic bone disease. We report a case of oculocerebrorenal syndrome and, using T1-, proton density-, and T2-weighted imaging sequences, are able to characterize two distinct white matter abnormalities: one lesion is punctate and has signal characteristics that parallel that of cerebrospinal fluid; a second lesion, found in association with the first, consists of patchy white matter abnormalities that are hypointense on T1-weighted images but hyperintense on proton density- and T2-weighted images.
Coercion in the recruitment and retention of human research subjects, pharmaceutical industry payments to physician-investigators, and the moral courage of the IRB.

subjects research demand that persons not be coerced to become research subjects. The regulations governing studies covered by the Common Rule (45 CFR 46.111(b)) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 56.111(b)) articulate this requirement explicitly. That initial consent from prospective subjects and continuing consent from research participants must not be coerced or unduly influenced is clear and unequivocal in both sets of regulations. Clear and unequivocal, also, is that protecting prospective subjects and research participants from coercion and undue influences is the responsibility of the institutional review board (IRB). Until very recently, in general, the public has trusted that the IRB system, coupled with the integrity of the physician-investigator, has been sufficient to meet the task. But the pressures to recruit and retain subjects are evolving in ways that increase the prospect for coercion at the same time that serious questions are being raised about the ability of the IRB system to do its job.1 In the wake of highly visible shut-downs of respected state and university research programs, and with the advent of increasingly aggressive recruitment and retention strategies by the pharmaceutical industry, media attention is fueling public fears that human research subjects are not well protected.2 As these legitimate but alarming concerns about coercion and undue influence in the recruitment and retention of human research
Do Patients Who Access Clinical Information on Patient Internet Portals Have More Primary Care Visits

Background As health care costs alarm the nation and the debate increases about the impact of health information technologies, patients are reviewing their medical records increasingly through secure Internet portals. Important questions remain about the impact of portal use on office visits. Objective To evaluate whether use of patient Internet portals to access records is associated with increased primary care utilization. Research design A prospective cohort study. Subjects Primary care patients registered on patient Internet portals, within an integrated health system serving rural Pennsylvania and an academic medical center in Boston. Measures Frequency of "clinical portal use" (days/2 mo intervals over 2 y) included secure messaging about clinical issues and viewing laboratory and radiology findings. In year 2, a subset of patients also gained access to their primary care doctor's visit notes. The main outcome was number of primary care office visits. Results In the first 2 months of the 2-year period, 14% of 44,951 primary care patients engaged in clinical portal use 2 or more days per month, 31% did so 1 day per month, and the remainder had no clinical portal use. Overall, adjusted for age, sex, and chronic conditions, clinical portal use was not associated with subsequent office visits. Fewer than 0.1% of patients engaged in high levels of clinical portal use (31 or more login days in 2 mo) that were associated with 1 or more additional visits in the subsequent 2 months (months 3 and 4). However, the reverse was true: office visits led to subsequent clinical portal use. Similar trends were observed among patients with or without access to visit notes. Conclusions Patients turn to their portals following visits, but clinical portal use does not contribute to an increase in primary care visits.
Motherhood and the Wages of Women in Professional Occupations

It is well established that mothers are paid less than childless women and that fathers tend to earn higher wages relative to childless men, but we do not know whether these findings apply to workers in all occupations. Using IPUMS and ACS data from 1980 and 2010, we examine the family wage gap for highly educated professionals, the most advantaged sector of the occupational distribution. Results indicate that the size of the negative wage differential for motherhood has declined over time in all professions. Moreover, in the traditionally male-dominated professions of STEM, medicine, and law, women with children experience a positive wage differential, whereas their counterparts in female-dominated professions continue to experience a negative one. The positive differential for fatherhood has remained stable over time. These findings underscore the growing heterogeneity of women's experiences in combining work and family and raise important questions for further research.
Comparison of Communications Styles Amongst Students in Allied Health Professions Programs: How Do Our Students Communicate with Other Healthcare Providers?

Background: Optimal patient outcomes require communication between providers in multiple professions to initiate referrals, communicate patient treatment, and coordinate care. While there is a clear need for increased understanding of the terminology, skills, and scopes of practice of professional colleagues, these tools are of limited effectiveness if there is poor interpersonal communication between team members. Multiple bodies for Interprofessional Practice and Education (IPP/IPE) identify communication skills as an integral part of education. In fact, the third competency domain set down by the Interprofessional Education Collaborative, Interprofessional Communication, states that professionals should, “Recognize how one’s own uniqueness, including experience level, expertise, culture, power, and hierarchy within the healthcare team, contributes to effective communication, conflict resolution, and positive interprofessional working relationships” [1]. Methods and Findings: As part of a required interprofessional competence course, first-year students in ten health professions programs completed the Personal Coaching Style Inventory (PSCI) to self-identify personal communication styles. A series of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses followed by Tukey post-hoc analyses were performed in order to identify significant differences in PSCI component scores between programs. Within groups, students discussed personal and cohort-wide findings as they impact teamwork. The majority of students identified with the Mediator style. Differences in style were also found in relation to profession, gender, and race. The activity prompted discussion of varied roles in team dynamics, and how differences in style could affect interprofessional teamwork. Conclusions: Self-awareness of personal communication styles as well as predominant styles of other health professions may enhance interprofessional communication\skills. The skill with which students approach their team roles in heterogeneous groups following graduation has the potential to increase team functionality and patient outcomes.
Understanding algorithm aversion: When is advice from automation discounted?

Forecasting advice from human advisors is often utilized more than advice from automation. There is little understanding of why “algorithm aversion” occurs, or specific conditions that may exaggerate it. This paper first reviews literature from two fields—interpersonal advice and human–automation trust—that can inform our understanding of the underlying causes of the phenomenon. Then, an experiment is conducted to search for these underlying causes. We do not replicate the finding that human advice is generally utilized more than automated advice. However, after receiving bad advice, utilization of automated advice decreased significantly more than advice from humans. We also find that decision makers describe themselves as having much more in common with human than automated advisors despite there being no interpersonal relationship in our study. Results are discussed in relation to other findings from the forecasting and human–automation trust fields and provide a new perspective on what causes and exaggerates algorithm aversion.
Variability in Bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in the North American Midcontinent

Strontium (Sr) isotope tracers are useful for understanding provenance and mobility in biological materials across multiple disciplines. However, the impact of these techniques is highly dependent on the construction of appropriate comparative baselines (i.e., an isoscape). We present the results of a systematic survey of 87Sr/86Sr values from grasses in the North American Midcontinent with a particular emphasis on sedimentary systems. Although 87Sr/86Sr values are highly variable across the region, the Sr isoscape shows multi-scalar patterns that are dependent on local-to-regional trends in surficial geology. High values are found in bedrock-dominated areas such as the Black Hills (SD) and Ozark Uplift (MO), or formerly glaciated areas where surface deposits are dominated by ice-transported Precambrian clasts. The lowest values are found in river valleys that incorporate eroded Neogene sediments into terrace formation. Intermediate values are found in upland loess and alluvial deposits which blanket much of the study area. We demonstrate trends in large-scale variability of the Midcontinent’s 87Sr/86Sr isoscape and suggest that future refinement focus on sub-regional trends in Sr isotope variability.
Introgression between ecologically distinct species following increased salinity in the Colorado Delta- Worldwide implications for impacted estuary diversity

We investigate hybridization and introgression between ecologically distinct sister species of silverside fish in the Gulf of California through combined analysis of morphological, sequence, and genotypic data. Water diversions in the past century turned the Colorado River Delta from a normal estuary to a hypersaline inverse estuary, raising concerns for the local fauna, much of which is endangered. Salinity differences are known to generate ecological species pairs and we anticipated that loss of the fresher-water historic salinity regime could alter the adaptive factors maintaining distinction between the broadly distributed Gulf-endemic Colpichthys regis and the narrowly restricted Delta-endemic Colpichthys hubbsi, the species that experienced dramatic environmental change. In this altered environmental context, these long-isolated species (as revealed by Cytochrome b sequences) show genotypic (RAG1, microsatellites) evidence of active hybridization where the species ranges abut, as well as directional introgression from C. regis into the range center of C. hubbsi. Bayesian group assignment (STRUCTURE) on six microsatellite loci and multivariate analyses (DAPC) on both microsatellites and phenotypic data further support substantial recent admixture between the sister species. Although we find no evidence for recent population decline in C. hubbsi based on mitochondrial sequence, introgression may be placing an ancient ecological species at risk of extinction. Such introgressive extinction risk should also pertain to other ecological species historically sustained by the now changing Delta environment. More broadly, salinity gradient associated ecological speciation is evident in silverside species pairs in many estuarine systems around the world. Ecological species pairs among other taxa in such systems are likely poorly understood or cryptic. As water extraction accelerates in river systems worldwide, salinity gradients will necessarily be altered, impacting many more estuary and delta systems. Such alteration of habitats will place biodiversity at risk not only from direct effects of habitat destruction, but also from the potential for the breakdown of ecological species. Thus, evolutionary response to the anthropogenic alteration of salinity gradients in estuaries merits investigation as the number of impacted systems increases around the globe, permitting parallel study of multiple systems, while also permitting a conservation management response to help preserve this little championed component of biodiversity.
Mental health spending and intensity of service use among individuals with diagnoses of eating disorders following federal parity

Objective:The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) was intended to eliminate differences in insurance coverage for mental health and substance use disorder services and medical-surgical care. No studies have examined mental health service use after federal parity implementation among individuals with diagnoses of eating disorders, for whom financial access to care has often been limited. This study examined whether MHPAEA implementation was associated with changes in use of mental health services and spending in this population.Methods:Using Truven Health MarketScan data from 2007 to 2012, this study examined trends in mental health spending and intensity of use of specific mental health services (inpatient days, total outpatient visits, psychotherapy visits, and medication management visits) among individuals ages 13–64 with a diagnosis of an eating disorder (N=27,594).Results:MHPAEA implementation was associated with a small increase in total mental health spending ($1,271.92; p<.001) ...
Anticoagulation in the Elderly

With an aging population comes an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. Anticoagulation is a cornerstone of therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Antiplatelet therapy is essential for the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Since anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are associated with increased risks of bleeding, it is important for clinicians to weigh the risks and benefits of these medications in the elderly. In this chapter, we review the age-associated changes in drug metabolism via three clinical scenarios commonly encountered in the management of anticoagulation therapy in the geriatric patient: Use of direct oral anticoagulants in the elderly Risk of intracranial bleeding in the elderly An elderly patient on triple therapy (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel)
Developing Zika vaccines: the lessons for disease X.

There is an urgent need to develop vaccines against emerging diseases, including those caused by pathogens that are currently unknown to cause human disease, termed ‘disease X’. Here, Zika virus infection is considered as an example of disease X. The speed of Zika vaccine development provides optimism for our ability to prepare vaccines against unknown pathogens.
Photosynthetic strategies of two Mojave Desert shrubs

Photosynthetic production of two Mojave Desert shrubs was measured under natural growing conditions. Measurements of photosynthesis, transpiration, resistances to water vapor flux, soil moisture potential, and tissue water potential were made. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., a member of the C/sub 4/ biochemical carbon dioxide fixation group was highly competitive in growth rate and production during conditions of adequate soil moisture. As soil moisture conditions declined to minus 40 bars, the net photosynthetic rate of Atriplex decreased to zero. However, the C/sub 3/ shrub species Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC.) Cov. was able to maintain positive net photosynthetic production during conditions of high temperature and extreme low soil moisture through the major part of the season. The comparative advantages of the C/sub 4/ versus the C/sub 3/ pathway of carbon fixation was lost between these two species as the soil moisture potential declined to minus 40 bars. Desert plants have diffferent strategies for survival, one of the strategies being the C/sub 4/ biochemical carbon fixation pathway. However, many of the plants are members of the C/sub 3/ group. In this instance, the C/sub 4/ fixation pathway does not confer an added advantage to the productivity of the species inmore » the Mojave Desert. Species distribution based on comparative photosynthetic production is discussed« less
Brain Death Historical Perspectives and Current Concerns

Brain death is widely accepted as death by medical and legal professionals and by the public generally, even though having brain death occur substantially before cardiovascular death has become possible only during the past few decades. The first description of what was then termed coma depasse appeared in 1959 (Mollaret and Goulon, 1959). Nearly 10 years later, a particularly persuasive article was published by a prestigious committee at Harvard Medical School that made widely acceptable the criteria for diagnosing death on the basis of neurological signs in the presence of continuing cardiorespiratory support (Ad Hoc Committee, 1968).
Nucleic Acid Junctions: The Tensors of Life?

Nucleic acids which interact to generate structures in which three or more double helices emanate from a single point are said to form a junction. Such structures arise naturally as intermediates in DNA replication and recombination. It has been proposed that stable junctions can be created by synthesizing sets of oligonucleotides of defined sequence that can associate by maximizing Watson-Crick complementarity (Seeman, 1981, 1982). In order to make it possible to design molecules that will form junctions of specific architecture, we present here an efficient algorithm for generating nucleic acid sequences that optimize two fundamental properties: fidelity and stability. Fidelity refers to the relative probability of the junction complex relative to all alternative paired structures. Calculations are described which permit approximate prediction of the melting curves for junction complexes.
Glass box software model checking

Model checking is a formal verification technique that exhaustively tests a piece of hardware or software on all possible inputs (usually up to a given size) and on all possible nondeterministic schedules. For hardware, model checkers have successfully verified fairly complex finite state control circuits with up to a few hundred bits of state information; but not circuits in general that have large data paths or memories. Similarly, for software, model checkers have primarily verified control-oriented programs with respect to temporal properties; but not much work has been done to verify data-oriented programs with respect to complex data-dependent properties. This dissertation presents glass box software model checking , a novel software model checking approach that achieves a high degree of state space reduction in the presence of complex data-dependent properties. Our key insight is that there are classes of operations that affect a program's state in similar ways. By discovering these similarities, we dramatically reduce the state space of our model checker by checking each class of states in a single step. To achieve this state space reduction, we employ a dynamic analysis to detect similar state transitions and a static analysis to check the entire class of transitions. These analyses employ a symbolic execution technique that increases their effectiveness. We also present a modular extension to glass box software model checking, to further improve the efficiency of checking large programs composed of multiple modules. In a modular checking approach program modules are replaced with abstract implementations, which are functionally equivalent but vastly simplified versions of the modules. We also apply the glass box model checking technique to the problem of checking type soundness. Since proving type soundness can be extremely difficult, a model checking approach takes a considerable burden off the language designer. Our experimental results indicate that glass box model checking is efficient and effective at checking a variety of programs and properties, including program invariants, equivalence to an abstraction, and type soundness. Comparisons with other model checking techniques show that our technique is more efficient at checking these programs and properties.
Navigating the Waters of Social Justice: Strategies from Veteran School Psychologists

Six school psychologist practitioners who self-identified as social justice change agents were interviewed for this study. Interview questions were informed by two central themes that were important to the understanding of school psychologists as change agents: defining social justice and potential application to school psychology practice. The interviews were coded via consensual qualitative research. Thirteen different themes emerged. Some of the most noteworthy findings related to being a social justice agent include taking personal responsibility to bring about change, using political savvy to navigate power structures, modeling the changes one is seeking to bring about, and working in a culturally responsive manner across differing perspectives.
Navigation Functions With Time-Varying Destination Manifolds in Star Worlds

This paper formally constructs navigation functions with time-varying destinations on star worlds. The construction is based on appropriate diffeomorphic transformations and extends an earlier sphere-world formulation. A new obstacle modeling method is also introduced, reducing analytical complexity and offering unified expressions of common classes of $n$ -dimensional obstacles. The method allows for dynamic target tracking and is validated through simulations and experiments.
Early Venous Stent Failure Predicted by Platelet Count and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio.

BACKGROUND Inflammation and platelet activation have been shown to be involved in acute thromobogenicity following venous occlusive conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the association of baseline platelet count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with venous stent failure. Methods and Results: Patients who underwent technically successful iliocaval venous stent placement with available baseline complete blood count and follow-up stent patency data were selected (n=50). Stent failure was defined as >50% stenosis or occlusion at follow-up angiography, contrast-enhanced CT, MRI or duplex US. Median patient age was 49.5 years (range, 13-76 years), and 62% were female. Median follow-up time was 10.2 months (range, 0.1-76.4 months). Stent failure occurred in 13 patients (26%) after a median of 1.2 months (range, 1 day-76.4 months). On multivariable-adjusted Cox modeling, baseline platelets (HR, 2.28; P=0.004) and WBC count (HR, 2.03; P=0.013) were significantly associated with stent failure on follow-up; neutrophils (HR, 16.10; P=0.050); and NLR (HR, 12.19; P=0.050) had borderline significance. Compared with patients without stent failure, those with early, but not late, stent failure had higher baseline platelets (P=0.031) and neutrophils (P=0.025), and NLR (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Baseline platelet count and NLR are associated with early but not late failure of iliocaval venous stents. This suggests different pathophysiologic mechanisms and a role for both platelet activation and inflammatory mechanisms in early rather than late stent thrombosis. Future research is needed to better explain this novel finding.
The Influence of Lifting Condensation Level on Low-Level Outflow and Rotation in Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms

AbstractThis paper reports on results of idealized numerical simulations testing the influence of low-level humidity, and thus lifting condensation level (LCL), on the morphology and evolution of l...
Nitrate-Mediated Alcohol Oxidation on Cadmium Sulfide Photocatalysts

Developing photocatalysts capable of organic oxidations enables the generation of value-added products from biomass feedstocks through visible light irradiation. Through a series of nonaqueous phot...
This Tree Needs Water!: A Case Study on the Radical Potential of Afro-Asian Solidarity in the Era of Black Lives Matter

In 2018, Stephon “Zoe” Clark and Darell Richards were killed by the Sacramento Police Department as an act of state-sanctioned violence at the intersection of a historically Black and Southeast Asi...
Soft Tissue Masses in Patients Who Underwent Cosmetic Fat Transfer Procedures for Gluteal Augmentation: A Report of 3 Cases

CASES Three patients were referred to our musculoskeletal oncology service after undergoing autologous fat grafting procedures. Two masses were suspected to be "soft tissue sarcomas," and one was due to a mass of unknown origin. These findings have not been reported in the orthopedic literature and may generate potential referrals for orthopedic oncologists. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of potential complications of procedures from other surgical specialties and their radiographic characteristics is of utmost importance. The clinical and radiographic findings that could assist in distinguishing a mass related to an autologous fat transfer procedure from a soft tissue sarcoma are described.
Exploring How Beliefs About Algorithms Shape (Offline) Success in Online Dating: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Investigation

Matching algorithms are a central feature of online dating, yet little research exists on their effectiveness—or people’s perceptions of their effectiveness—for recommending a mate. Accordingly, th...
Sampling on Hyperbolic Surfaces

We discuss harmonic analysis in the setting of hyperbolic space, and then focus on sampling theory on hyperbolic surfaces. We connect sampling theory with the geometry of the signal and its domain. It is relatively easy to demonstrate this connection in Euclidean spaces, but one quickly gets into open problems when the underlying space is not Euclidean. We discuss how to extend this connection to hyperbolic geometry and general surfaces, outlining an Erlangen-type program for sampling theory.
9.16 – Carcinogenicity☆

Cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide, is a complex disease involving multiple events including mutation, proliferation, and aberrant cell growth. While specific genetic mutations account for only a small percentage of human cancers, estimates have predicted that environmental, dietary, and behavioral factors are linked to as much as 90% of all cancers. The past decades of cancer research have largely been devoted to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the transformation of a normal cell into a malignant cell. While these efforts have advanced our knowledge of cancer etiology, development, and treatment, much remains unanswered. This article provides fundamental information of the carcinogenesis process. The topics covered include an introduction to multistage carcinogenesis and an overview of genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogen action. In addition, this article also discusses many of the test systems available to assess the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents. Finally, current and emerging approaches for assessing human risk to carcinogen exposure are discussed.
Targeting the Underlying Defect in CFTR with Small Molecule Compounds

Cystic fibrosis (CF), or mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive disease that presents when a patient has two variant alleles of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. Currently, 2031 genetic variants have been identified in CFTR, of which 312 are known to be disease causing. Variants for which the functional effects on CFTR are known have been sorted into six general molecular classes based on their underlying cell biology (Fig. 24.1). It is important to note that although the class system is a useful construct, the properties of individual mutations often overlap significantly, with many variants having features of multiple classes. For example, the most common variant in the United States, F508del, found in over 70% of patients, has features of Class II (altered protein maturation) and Class III (altered channel function).
Worsening skin lesions but no diagnosis.

A diagnosis was arrived at by doing something that the patient's other doctors hadn't: perform a biopsy.
Institutional intermediaries as legitimizing agents for social enterprise in China and India

This study conducts a comparative analysis of social enterprise intermediaries in China and India to better understand how they legitimize social enterprises in new settings. To address theoretical...
Geographic atrophy severity and mortality in age-related macular degeneration

To examine the association between geographic atrophy (GA) disease characteristics and mortality risk. We manually delineated color fundus photographs of 209 Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) participants with GA secondary to age-related macular degeneration to identify total area of atrophy, GA effective radius growth rate, disease laterality, and the presence of foveal center involvement. Associations between GA characteristics and mortality were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for health status indicators. During a median follow-up of 6.8 years, 48 (23.0%) participants with GA died. In adjusted models, accounting for age, sex, and health status, participants with total GA area in the highest quartile had a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with total GA area in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR], 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32–8.86; P = 0.011). GA effective radius growth rate, bilateral disease, and the presence of foveal center involvement were not significantly associated with mortality. In a multivariable model, including health status indicators and all GA characteristics, total area of atrophy in the highest quartile remained significantly associated with mortality (HR, 4.65; 95% CI, 1.29–16.70; P = 0.019). More extensive GA, as indicated by a greater total area of atrophy, was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in our cohort. The extent of GA may reflect the extent of underlying disease processes that contribute to greater mortality risk, further suggesting that GA may be part of a systemic rather than purely ocular disease process.
Up All Night: Ted Turner, CNN, and the Birth of 24-Hour News: by Lisa Napoli, New York, Abrams Press, 2020, 306 pp.

On June 1, 1980, the Cable News Network changed broadcast journalism, if not the world, as its founder, maverick media mogul Ted Turner, had hoped. In her third book, Up All Night, journalist Lisa ...
Iterated Generalized Right Side Fractional Landau Inequalities

We give uniform and \(L_{p}\) Caputo–Bochner abstract iterated generalized right fractional Landau inequalities over \(\mathbb {R}_{-}\).
Prevalence of neonicotinoids and sulfoxaflor in alluvial aquifers in a high corn and soybean producing region of the Midwestern United States

Abstract Neonicotinoids have been previously detected in Iowa surface waters, but less is known regarding their occurrence in groundwater. To help fill this research gap, a groundwater study was conducted in eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, a corn and soybean producing area with known heavy neonicotinoid use. Neonicotinoids were studied in alluvial aquifers, a hydrogeologic setting known to be vulnerable to surface-applied contaminants. Groundwater samples were analyzed from 40 wells for six neonicotinoid compounds (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam), and sulfoxaflor. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with both direct aqueous injection and solid phase extraction methods. Neonicotinoids were prevalent in the alluvial aquifers with 73% of the wells having at least one neonicotinoid detection. Clothianidin (68%, max: 391.7 ng/L) was the most commonly detected, followed by imidacloprid (43%, max: 6.7 ng/L) and thiamethoxam (3%, max: 0.2 ng/L). Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, and thiacloprid were not detected during the study. The solid phase extraction method was more sensitive than direct aqueous injection, where only clothianidin detected in 23% of samples. SPE is the preferred method for detecting low concentrations of hydrophilic pesticides in water. This study documented that the combination of heavy chemical use overlying a hydrogeologic setting vulnerable to surface applied contaminants leads to transport of neonicotinoids into an important groundwater resource.
Reimagining the pipeline: Saturday Academy at New York University College of Dentistry goes virtual.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: This study describes and evaluates efforts to transition an established pre-dental pipeline program to a remote platform, in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS: The semester-long pipeline program, Saturday Academy at New York University College of Dentistry, was conducted remotely through Zoom, and materials for hands-on, pre-clinical activities, were mailed to participants. Saturday Academy aims to educate underrepresented minority and low-income high school students about the college application process and the dental profession. After the program's completion, program applications and engagement data were analyzed. An anonymous online survey was administered to the high school student participants. The survey questions included topics about their interest in the profession of dentistry, satisfaction with the Saturday Academy programming, and program engagement. RESULTS: In its remote format, Saturday Academy had an average attendance of 87.8% at each session. All (60/60, 100%) of the high school student participants responded to the anonymous program satisfaction survey. Sixty-seven percent reported an interest in the profession of dentistry before participating in the program and 82% after participating in the program. Ninety-eight percent agreed with the statement "I enjoyed my experience participating in Saturday Academy." Additionally, 97% agreed with the statement "Saturday Academy's virtual programming was effective." There were no statistically significant differences in program satisfaction when data from the virtual program were compared to 2 years of in-person program satisfaction data. CONCLUSION: Challenges to fulfilling the missions of dental institutions in response to the coronavirus pandemic impact service and recruitment efforts, in addition to formal dental education. Transitioning pipeline programming efforts, with hands-on components, to a remote format is possible and was met with favorable engagement and responses from program participants.
Recognition for resistance: Gifting, social media, and the politics of reciprocity in South Korean energy activism:

This article argues for adopting the theoretical lens of gift exchange and reciprocity into the study of social movements and social media in an attempt to widen the horizon of the field of protest...