cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition of REM sleep in standard EEG.

Abstract A practical method to identify REM sleep in a standard EEG utilizing International 10–20 electrode placements is described. Ordinarily, occurrence of REM sleep in a standard EEG indicates an abnormal sleep pattern and warrants further evaluation of sleep disorders.
Field study of the potential for winter precipitation enhancement in the Australian Snowy Mountains

Abstract A research program was initiated in 1988 to investigate the potential for winter snowpack enhancement in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. Field studies were conducted during the austral winters of 1988 and 1989 in order to characterize the water and ice composition of clouds passing over these mountains. We utilized a dual-channel microwave radiometer and a Ka-band (8.6 mm wavelength) radar in a coordinated observational program to document the distribution of supercooled liquid water, ice phase precipitation and water vapor in the winter storm systems. The vertical temperature, humidity and wind profiles were obtained at high temporal resolution from local rawinsonde launches. Ground-based sampling of the snow crystal types and the stable isotopic composition of the snow provided information on the processes of crystal formation and riming during these storms. A precipitation trajectory model was used to simulate ice crystal growth for snow which precipitates within the study region. Analysis of these data indicate buildup of supercooled liquid water during certain storm periods, while during other periods the ice crystal growth processes efficiently remove cloud liquid. Several aspects of the cloud seeding potential are discussed in this paper and the overall conclusion is that winter precipitation enhancement is scientifically feasible, based upon the World Meteorological Organization criterion of supercooled liquid water availability.
Shifting to the Systemic-Relational Paradigm in Treating Adults Diagnosed With Cancer

Numerous existentially based counseling interventions have aimed to help adults diagnosed with cancer find meaning in their lives. All of these interventions have measured only psychological outcome measures while alluding to benefits from social relationships. Shifting from the psychological paradigm to the systemic-relational paradigm in approaching and assessing counseling interventions with this population is discussed. Two measurement tools in the literature are presented as ideas for creating systemically based outcome measurement tools for counseling interventions.
Silicon Verification using High-Level Design Tools (Abstract Only)

Modern FPGAs comprise ever more complex blocks to enable a wide variety of customer applications. Verification of the complex blocks can be a time consuming process, especially at the late stages of the release cycle. A key challenge is the time it takes to create circuits that can run on a target device to test a given block. This paper demonstrates how High-Level Design tools, such as Altera SDK for OpenCL, can be utilized to aid in this work to verify the operation of complex hardened blocks. As a proof of concept, we present the methodology used to verify the correctness of hardened single-precision floating point adder, subtractor and multiplier units on Altera Arria 10 FPGA in a single day. Each design comprised an instance of a hardened floating point unit, either an adder, subtractor or a multiplier, and a functional equivalent there of implemented purely using Lookup Tables (LUTs). Both the hardened module instance and the LUT implementation were generated from OpenCL description using Altera SDK for OpenCL. The results for each computation were compared between the two implementations and any single discrepancy constituted a test failure. To simplify the test, the I/O for each design comprised LEDs (for pass/fail/running/done status) and two switches -- start and reset. The test design for adder, subtractor and a multiplier were all written in OpenCL, the compilation of each design took approximately 30 minutes for each test design. Each design tested 4 billion test vectors, generated on-chip using a Mersenne Twister, and each test completed within 30 seconds. All tests passed verification in hardware.
Spontaneous and induced summer hibernation in 13-lined ground squirrels

Abstract Among several mammalian hibernators, an endogenous circannual sequence of physiological events is believed to mediate the timing of torpor. Dawe and Spurrier (3) reported that a bloodborne substance (hibernation induction trigger) is important in initiating the torpor phase of those events in the 13-lined ground squirrel. We have reported the induction of summer hibernation among 13-lined ground squirrels using dialysates of serum from hibernating golden hamsters (a nonseasonal hibernator). While those animals receiving saline injections hibernated in 36.3 ± 2.9 days, an earlier induction (22 ± 8.8 days) occurred among those receiving the hibernation serum dialysate ( P = 0.05). It was also observed that naive animals departed from a strict circannual rhythm and displayed a high incidence of hibernation, although not significant when compared to the experimental saline controls. The spontaneity of torpor in summer among the naive sample may in part be a characteristic of wild-caught animals employed in the bioassay. Nevertheless, the induction of hibernation among those animals receiving the hibernation serum preparations is supportive of the studies of Dawe and Spurrier (2, 3). That a “trigger” material apparently is present in the hamster, a phylogenetically distinct nonseasonal hibernator, suggests that a characteristic of rodent hibernators is the presence of a material which is associated with the initiation of torpor.
Parallel view-dependent tessellation of Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces

We present a strategy for performing view-adaptive, crack-free tessellation of Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces entirely on programmable graphics hardware. Our scheme extends the concept of breadth-first subdivision, which up to this point has only been applied to parametric patches. While mesh representations designed for a CPU often involve pointer-based structures and irregular perelement storage, neither of these is well-suited to GPU execution. To solve this problem, we use a simple yet effective data structure for representing a subdivision mesh, and design a careful algorithm to update the mesh in a completely parallel manner. We demonstrate that in spite of the complexities of the subdivision procedure, real-time tessellation to pixel-sized primitives can be done. Our implementation does not rely on any approximation of the limit surface, and avoids both subdivision cracks and T-junctions in the subdivided mesh. Using the approach in this paper, we are able to perform real-time subdivision for several static as well as animated models. Rendering performance is scalable for increasingly complex models.
Genetic alterations in K-ras and p53 cancer genes in lung neoplasms from Swiss (CD-1) male mice exposed transplacentally to AZT.

A transplacental carcinogenicity study was conducted by exposing pregnant Swiss (CD-1) mice to 0, 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)/kg bw/day, through a 18 to 19-day gestation [National Toxicology Program, NIH Pub. No. 04-4458, 2004]. The incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas, in the 200 and 300 mg/kg male treatment groups, were significantly greater than that of the controls. In the present study, we evaluated the benign and malignant lung neoplasms from this bioassay for point mutations, in the K-ras and p53 cancer genes that are often mutated in human lung tumors. K-ras and p53 mutations were detected by cycle sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA, isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neoplasms. K-ras mutations were detected in 25 of 38 (66%) of the AZT-induced lung tumors, and the predominant mutations were codon 12 GT transversions. p53 mutations were detected in 32 of 38 (84%) of the AZT-induced lung tumors, with the predominant mutations being exon 8, codon 285 AT transversions, and exon 6, codon 198 TA transversions. No K-ras or p53 mutations were detected in five tumors, examined from control mice. The patterns of mutations identified in the lung tumors suggest that incorporation of AZT or its metabolites into DNA, oxidative stress, and genomic instability may be the contributing factors to the mutation profile and development of lung cancer in these mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Money, Reputation, and Incumbency in U.S. House Elections, or Why Marginals Have Become More Expensive

Since 1972, campaign spending by House incumbents has skyrocketed, particularly in those districts with marginal support for the incumbent's party. At the same time, parties in the House have become much more cohesive in the way they vote, producing more precise and informative party brands. We argue that these two phenomena are fundamentally linked. As parties have developed more precise reputations, incumbents in these districts must spend much more to attract voters in “marginal” districts, who would be willing to vote for a candidate with the particular incumbent's legislative record, but not the average member of his party. Increasingly precise party reputations provide voters with stronger priors that incumbents are just like the rest of their party, and incumbents in marginal districts must spend more to overcome these beliefs. We demonstrate this using a simple formal model and test it empirically using campaign-spending data from 1972 to 2008.
Geometrical representation of Gaussian beams propagating through complex paraxial optical systems

Geometric relations are used to study the propagation environment of a Gaussian beam wave propagating through a complex paraxial optical system characterized by an ABCD ray matrix in two naturally linked complex planes. In the plane defined by beam transmitter parameters Ωo and Ω, the propagation path is described by a ray line similar to the ray line in the y y¯ diagram method, whereas the path in the plane of beam receiver parameters Θ and Λ is described by a circular arc. In either plane the amplitude, phase, spot size, and radius of curvature of the Gaussian beam are directly related to the modulus and argument of the complex number designating a particular transverse plane along the propagation path. These beam parameters also lead to simple geometric relations for locating the beam waist, Rayleigh range, focal plane, and sister planes, which share the same radius of curvature but have opposite signs. Combined with the paraxial wave propagation technique based on a Huygens–Fresnel integral and complex ABCD ray matrices, this geometric approach provides a new and powerful method for the analysis and design of laser systems.
Living Well With a Disability Health Promotion Intervention: Improved Health Status for Consumers and Lower Costs for Health Care Policymakers

Objective: Investigate effectiveness of a health promotion intervention for adults with mobility impairments. Study Design: Interrupted time series, staggered baseline quasi-experimental with random assignment to treatment start date. Setting: 9 Centers for Independent Living in 8 states. Participants: Adults with mobility impairments living independently (N 188). Intervention: Living Well With a Disability: Facilitated group health promotion (16 hr over 8 weeks). Main Outcomes Measures: Secondary conditions, symptom days, health care utilization. Results: Reductions in limitation from secondary conditions, symptom days, and health care utilization over the intervention period. Effects on secondary conditions maintained for 12 months. Overall cost savings of $807 per person (total for sample $151,716) projected from reductions in health care utilization of study sample. Conclusions: Health promotion interventions can increase quality of life while helping to control health care costs.
Phosphorylation Regulates Assembly of the Caspase-6 Substrate-Binding Groove

Caspases, a family of apoptotic proteases, are increasingly recognized as being extensively phosphorylated, usually leading to inactivation. To date, no structural mechanism for phosphorylation-based caspase inactivation is available, although this information may be key to achieving caspase-specific inhibition. Caspase-6 has recently been implicated in neurodegenerative conditions including Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases. A full understanding of caspase-6 regulation is crucial to caspase-6-specific inhibition. Caspase-6 is phosphorylated by ARK5 kinase at serine 257 leading to suppression of cell death via caspase-6 inhibition. Our structure of the fully inactive phosphomimetic S257D reveals that phosphorylation results in a steric clash with P201 in the L2' loop. Removal of the proline side chain alleviates the clash resulting in nearly wild-type activity levels. This phosphomimetic-mediated steric clash causes misalignment of the substrate-binding groove, preventing substrate binding. Substrate-binding loop misalignment appears to be a widely used regulatory strategy among caspases and may present a new paradigm for caspase-specific control.
Cytotype distribution at a diploid–tetraploid contact zone in Chamerion (Epilobium) angustifolium (Onagraceae)

In North America, the geographic distributions of diploid and tetraploid Chamerion (formerly Epilobium) angustifolium overlap in a narrow zone along the southern border of the boreal forest and along the Rocky Mountains. We examined the frequency and distribution of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in a narrow (5 km) zone of sympatry across an elevational gradient and in putatively uniform diploid and tetraploid reference populations on the Beartooth Pass, in the Rocky Mountains of southern Montana-northern Wyoming. All five reference populations sampled were dominated by a single cytotype, but only one was completely uniform. In the zone of sympatry, 27 transects were sampled every 2 m for a total of 238 plants. Reproductive status (vegetative, flower buds, open flowers) was recorded, and the ploidy of each plant was determined by flow cytometry. Diploid and tetraploid plants predominated (36 and 55%, respectively) but were heterogeneously distributed among the transects. Six of the 27 transects were fixed for a single cytotype (four transects, diploid; two transects, tetraploid), and in seven others either diploids or tetraploids predominated (frequency >75%). Triploids represented 9% of the total sample and occurred most frequently in transects containing both diploids and tetraploids (G = 3.4, df = 2, P = 0.07). Diploids were more often reproductive (in bud, flower, or fruit) than either triploids or tetraploids (G = 12.0, df = 2, P < 0.001) and were the only cytotype to have produced open flowers. These results suggest that the zone of sympatry is best characterized as a mosaic rather than a cline, with diploid and tetraploids in close proximity and that the distribution of polyploidy is regulated by ecological sorting in a heterogeneous physical environment.
Fabrication of thin periodic structures in photoresist: a model

We present a technique for designing holo-graphically fabricated structures in photoresist. A method is given for obtaining a suitable initial resist thickness. The etch depth (Deltat) vs exposure (E) characteristic is determined experimentally for a fixed development time (T). The characteristics for other values of T are found using the linearity of Deltat with T. Whole families of grating profiles can then be generated by using a polynomial fit to the exposure characteristics. For example, using a single holographic exposure plus an optional uniform preexposure, a family of grating profiles is obtained by varying the parameter T. A desired profile can thus be realized by a suitable combination of initial resist thickness, exposure, and development time. Residual resist layers may be eliminated by this method thereby minimizing scattering and other losses. Experimental verification of the various features of the model is given.
ESDZapper: a new layout-level verification tool for finding critical discharging path under ESD stress

On-chip ESD (electrostatic discharging) protection is a challenging IC design problem. New CAD tools are essential to ESD protection design prediction and verification at the full chip level. This paper reports a new CAD tool, entitled ESDZapper, to simulate the complex ESD protection zapping test procedures and to find the critical discharging path under a specific ESD stress. ESDZapper is developed based on a novel concept of ESD-critical parameters. Capability of the new tool is demonstrated using a practical design example in a 0.35/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology.
An efficient WENO limiter for discontinuous Galerkin transport scheme on the cubed sphere

Summary The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) transport scheme is becoming increasingly popular in the atmospheric modeling due to its distinguished features, such as high-order accuracy and high-parallel efficiency. Despite the great advantages, DG schemes may produce unphysical oscillations in approximating transport equations with discontinuous solution structures including strong shocks or sharp gradients. Nonlinear limiters need to be applied to suppress the undesirable oscillations and enhance the numerical stability. It is usually very difficult to design limiters to achieve both high-order accuracy and non-oscillatory properties and even more challenging for the cubed-sphere geometry. In this paper, a simple and efficient limiter based on the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methodology is incorporated in the DG transport framework on the cubed sphere. The uniform high-order accuracy of the resulting scheme is maintained because of the high-order nature of WENO procedures. Unlike the classic WENO limiter, for which the wide halo region may significantly impede parallel efficiency, the simple limiter requires only the information from the nearest neighboring elements without degrading the inherent high-parallel efficiency of the DG scheme. A bound-preserving filter can be further coupled in the scheme that guarantees the highly desirable positivity-preserving property for the numerical solution. The resulting scheme is high-order accurate, non-oscillatory, and positivity preserving for solving transport equations based on the cubed-sphere geometry. Extensive numerical results for several benchmark spherical transport problems are provided to demonstrate good results, both in accuracy and in non-oscillatory performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mo1295 ERCP as a Therapeutic Modality in the Management of Bile Leaks After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation or Liver Resection

tests in selected cases. A rational approach would be to perform conventional cytological analysis on all bile duct brushings during which time excess material in the brush could be suspended in fluid rather than discarded. Only cases that were cytologically indeterminate, or clinically suspicious but cytologically benign, would then be processed to produce slides for FISH analysis and ThinPrep to improve diagnostic yield.
A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE FUNCTIONS OF EMERGING SPEECH IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

An approach based on Skinner's (1957) theory of verbal behavior has been developed to understand and teach elementary communication skills to children with autism and developmental disabilities (Sundberg & Partington, 1998). However, few studies have directly examined the characteristics of emerging language in children with developmental disabilities. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an assessment for identifying the elementary functions of vocal speech in children. Participants were 4 children with developmental disabilities, aged 6 years to 12 years, who exhibited at least one distinguishable vocal response (word or phrase) frequently in the natural environment. The assessment focused on three verbal operants delineated by Skinner (mand, tact, and intraverbal). One or more functions were identified for at least one vocal response of each child. Results suggested that this assessment would be useful for (a) evaluating Skinner's theory, (b) guiding decisions about language training for individual children, and (c) studying the nature of expressive language development in children with developmental disabilities.
New developments in clinical oncology: the interdependence of bench and bedside.

Efforts to diminish the overall morbidity and mortality of malignancy have required a variety of strategies and a balanced national research agenda. The design of curative regimens against leukemia, lymphomas, testis cancer, and childhood malignancies is a tribute to the interactions between laboratory and clinical scientists. Laboratory models illustrated the importance of dose and the need for combinations to avoid the emergence of drug resistance in heterogeneous tumors. In addressing the incurability of common epithelial cancers in adults once disseminated, again laboratory models suggested that regimens which produced responses in advanced disease might be curative in patients with micro-metastases. Such proved to be the case in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer involving lymph nodes and for osteogenic sarcoma. Recent studies have extended this strategy to less advanced breast cancer and to locally advanced colon cancer. Lung cancer has required a different strategy. A coalition has developed to support the strongest possible public position against smoking. For the first time lung cancer incidence has leveled off in white males. Women and minorities continue to be a major target for smoking cessation programs. While large randomized trials are expensive (and to some scientists, unexciting), they are our most reliable means of detecting treatment differences of 10 to 15%. Because lung, breast, and colon cancer kill almost 250,000 Americans each year, such "small" differences represent thousands of Americans. There are also a number of interesting current studies that may impact in the longer term on the care of patients with cancer. Research of three different groups of investigators has recently converged. Over the past 3 decades several groups of basic laboratory investigators had been studying and cloning hematopoietic growth factors. Large randomized trials now confirm that myelosuppression after intensive chemotherapy can be substantially ameliorated, reducing infections and decreasing hospital days, risks, and costs. Another cohort of clinical pharmacologists and clinicians were studying bone marrow transplantation, developing combinations of agents that can be given at high dose to overcome resistance, albeit with considerable toxicity. Other groups in blood banks and those interested in the regulation of hematopoiesis recognized that early hematopoietic progenitor cells circulate in the peripheral blood. Their number were increased after certain chemotherapy regimens, by growth factors and most remarkably, with growth factors given after chemotherapy. Patients supported with peripheral blood progenitor cells reengraft both platelets and granulocytes more rapidly than those given marrow, in the time frame of recovery after standard doses of chemotherapy (i.e., 21 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prescribing Quality in Older Veterans: A Multifocal Approach

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Quality prescribing for older adults involves multiple considerations. We evaluated multiple aspects of prescribing quality in older veterans to develop an integrated view of prescribing problems and to understand how the prevalence of these problems varies across clinically important subgroups of older adults.
A telemetering masters program supported by industry

A Telemetering Center of Excellence, a Chair of Telemetering, and an educational program in telemetering systems engineering leading to a masters degree in electrical engineering have been established at New Mexico State University. The primary goal of the program is to graduate MS students who understand the concept of "end-to-end" telemetering system design. The overall curriculum options, the telemetering systems course, future plans for the program, and the overall telemetering program are described. >
TP-RT Domain Interactions of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase in cis and in trans during Protein-Primed Initiation of DNA Synthesis In Vitro

The hepadnavirus reverse transcriptase (RT) has the unique ability to initiate viral DNA synthesis using RT itself as a protein primer. Protein priming requires complex interactions between the N-terminal TP (terminal protein) domain, where the primer (a specific Y residue) resides, and the central RT domain, which harbors the polymerase active site. While it normally utilizes the cis-linked TP to prime DNA synthesis (cis-priming), we found that the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) RT domain, in the context of the full-length RT protein or a mini-RT construct containing only truncated TP and RT domains, could additionally use a separate TP or RT domain in trans as a primer (trans-priming). trans interaction could also be demonstrated by the inhibitory effect (trans-inhibition) on cis-priming by TP and RT domain sequences provided in trans. Protein priming was further shown to induce RT conformational changes that resulted in TP-RT domain dissociation, altered priming site selection, and a gain of sensitivity to a pyrophosphate analog inhibitor. trans-priming, trans-inhibition, and trans-complementation, which requires separate TP and RT domains to reconstitute a functional RT protein, were employed to define the sequences in the TP and RT domains that could mediate physical or functional inter- and intradomain interactions. These results provide new insights into TP-RT domain interactions and conformational dynamics during protein priming and suggest novel means to inhibit protein priming by targeting these interactions and the associated conformational transitions.
Proximity and accessibility studies of histones in nuclei and free nucleosomes

Histone proximity in chromatin was studied with the cleavable crosslinking reagent, dithiobissuccinimidyl propionate. Crosslinks between H4 and H2a, H4 and H2b, H4 and H3, H2a and H2b, H2b and H3 were found. H1 is also crosslinked to the nucleosomal histones. In nuclei, unsheared chromatin, and H1 depleted chromatin, the four nucleosomal histones are crosslinked at similar relative rates both in 5 mM salt and 100 mM salt. After micrococcal nuclease treatment to generate nucleosomes, H2a and H2b are crosslinked faster than H4 and H3. C14-NEM titration of thiopropionate residues bound to each histone shows that H2a and H2b are more accessible to this reagent after nuclease treatment but that the increased binding was not sufficient by itself to explain the increase in crosslinking. Bolton Hunter reagent was used to further study the accessibility of the four nucleosomal histones in whole chromatin and nuclease digested chromatin. These studies showed that salt increases the accessibility of all four histones while nuclease treatment decreases H4 accessibility.
Electron Transfer in Proton-Hydrogen-Atom Collisions: 2-117 keV

The cross section for electron transfer between a proton and a hydrogen atom has been measured in the energy range 2 to 117 keV. The apparatus employs a heated target chamber in which hydrogen gas is 79% dissociated. The total density of H atoms in the collision chamber, including both free H atoms and H atoms combined into ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules, is determined by a differential-Coulomb-scattering measurement, while the density of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules is determined by a double-electron-capture measurement. Experimental values of the cross section measured at 19 different energies varied monotonically from 13.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 1.92 keV to 0.064\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 117.5 keV. The results, believed to be accurate to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5%, are not completely consistent with previous measured values of other investigators. Theoretical calculations of McCarroll and McElroy agree satisfactorily with the measurements at energies lower than 60 keV, but between 60 and 117 keV no theoretical calculation is in satisfactory agreement with the measurements.
Notched Kevlar fabric/epoxy monolayers☆

Abstract The notched and unnotched response of a Kevlar 49 plain weave fabric/epoxy monolayer is examined. The unnotched material stiffens under tensile loads. In shear it is initially linear elastic; after yielding it deforms in a manner akin to work hardening materials. A method of modelling such a fabric reinforced monolayer for the purpose of a shear-lag analysis is described. This technique is used to analyse a 1-in-wide monolayer with varying numbers of initially cut yarns. Calculated strengths and load—notch opening displacement relations are in reasonable agreement with those measured experimentally. Predicted matrix and fibre stress concentrations are quite localised with nonlinear material response limited to the notch-tip region. Accordingly, a fully linear elastic analysis is shown to give a good estimate of yarn stress concentration factors.
THE RENAL HANDLING OF HEMOGLOBIN II. CATABOLISM

The fate of small doses of isotopically labeled isologous hemoglobin was studied in the rat. When haptoglobin depleted animals were given 2.0 mg of 59Fe hemoglobin intravenously, nearly half was trapped by the kidneys. Kidney 59Fe activity disappeared slowly over several weeks. Whatever iron was lost from the kidneys was largely reutilized. In contrast, the porphyrin of hemoglobin absorbed by the kidneys appeared to be rapidly catabolized, since 5 hr after the injection of 14C or 59Fe heme-labeled hemoglobin only a small fraction was recovered as hematin. Likewise, after injection of globin-labeled hemoglobin, rapid disappearance of kidney protein activity indicated that the absorbed globin was readily catabolized in situ .
Exploring Demographic, Structural, and Behavioral Overlap Among Homicide Offenders and Victims:

Criminologists tend to focus their attention on the dynamics of offending, paying limited theoretical and empirical attention to the well-established relation between offending and victimization. However, a number of criminological theories predict similarities in the correlates and etiology of victimization and offending, suggesting substantial overlap across offender and victim populations. Empirical research confirms this overlap across offender and victim populations, at least among those involved in non-lethal incidents. This research explores whether similarities between offender and victim populations extend to homicide, using criminal justice, health care, and U.S. Census data linked to homicide offenders and victims in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, between 1996 and 2001. Findings indicate substantial overlap in the social contexts and risk behaviors of homicide offenders and victims. However, results also side with more recent suggestions that although many victims overlap with offender populations, there is also a group of victims that appears to be distinguishable from offender groups. These findings have important implications for both theory and intervention.
NoC frequency scaling with flexible-pipeline routers

Voltage and frequency scaling (VFS) for NoC can potentially reduce energy consumption, but the associated increase in latency and degradation in throughput limits its deployment. We propose flexible-pipeline routers that reconfigure pipeline stages upon VFS, so that latency through such routers remains constant. With minimal hardware overhead, the deployment of such routers allows us to reduce network frequency and save network energy, without significant performance degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of simple performance metrics to determine the optimal operation frequency, considering the energy/performance impact on all aspects of the system — the cores, the caches and the interconnection network.
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia presenting as acute mesenteric ischemia

Case Report: A 53 year old white male with a recent myocardial infarction was transferred to our center for cardiac catheterization. Coronary artery bypass was performed after it was determined that he had critical three vessel disease. His post-operative course was complicated by episodes of supraventricular tachycardia treated with intravenous procainamide and cardizem. Increasing abdominal distension and nausea three days postoperatively prompted a gastroenterological evaluation. Abdominal examination revealed a distended, mildly tender abdomen without guarding or rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds were hypoactive. Upright abdominal radiograph revealed distended small bowel loops with air-fluid levels. Further clinical and radiographic evaluation remained unchanged over the next 24 hours and the patient was taken for exploratory laparotomy. The operative findings revealed necrotic segments of distal jejunum and proximal ileum, which were resected. It was noted at that time that his platelet count had decreased steadily from 264,000|[sol]||[mu]|l on admission to 39,000|[sol]||[mu]|l, and the possibility of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HIT) was raised. Serum was sent for HIT antibodies and the patient was treated empirically with intravenous Lepirudin and gamma globulin. His platelet count increased within 24 hours to 171,000|[sol]||[mu]|l. The patient's serum tested strongly for the presence of HIT antibodies and the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was confirmed.
Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. III. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of Purkinje cells

The time of origin, site of origin, migratory path and settling pattern of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemispheres, anterior vermis, and posterior vermis were investigated in thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded materials from rat embryos ranging in age from 15 to 22 days. In the hemispheres there is a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient: the Purkinje cells of lobulus simplex, crus I, and crus I1 are produced earlier than the Purkinje cells of the paramedian lobule and paraflocculus, followed by the Purkinje cells of the flocculus. The Purkinje cells of the vermis, in general, are generated later than those of the hemispheres, and with a reverse gradient from caudal to rostral: the Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis (lobules X-VI) being produced ahead of the Purkinje cells of the anterior posteriorly directed wedge of early-produced Purkinje cells through the vermis. Evidence was obtained that the Purkinje cells of the hemispheres derive from the lateral cerebellar primordium capping the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle anteriorly. The Purkinje cells of the anterior vermis originate from the subisthmal cerebellar primordium medially lining the isthmal canal. The Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis originate in the postisthmal cerebellar primordium overlying the tela choroidea caudally. The young Purkinje cells migrate from the neuroepithelium to the surface of the cerebellum in a strictly caudal-to-rostra1 order, paralleling the spread of the EGL superficially from posteroventral to anterodorsal. This pattern is independent of the time of origin of Purkinje cells. In the posterior vermis the earliest-settling Purkinje cells of the uvula follow a short radial course, and a discrete Purkinje layer is formed 3 days after they are generated. In the anterior vermis the Purkinje cells of lobulus centralis, which follow an anterodorsal migratory course, are still settling on day E22, 7 days after their production, presumably awaiting the fusion of the cerebellar base anteriorly. The fissura prima forms medially at the interface region of Purkinje cells derived from the postisthmal and subisthmal cerebellar primordia. For 1-2 days after their settling, the Purkinje cells of the newly forming lobules can be distinguished by certain cytological criteria from the Purkinje cells in the more caudally-situated, earlier-settled lobules.
Social Capital, the Life-Course, and Gangs

The recent development of two paradigms in the social sciences, social capital and the life-course perspective, has proven influential. Though these paradigms overlap, limited research has examined the accumulation of capital over the life-course. In this chapter, we consider the confluence of these paradigms in the context of gang membership; specifically how the onset, continuity, and desistance from gang membership influence the loss and formation of social capital. In addition, the emerging role of technology on the maintenance and creation of social capital for gang members is examined. Lastly, directions for future research explicitly examining social capital in the context of antisocial groups are presented.
A new method for shear wave speed estimation in shear wave elastography

Visualization of mechanical properties of tissue can aid in noninvasive pathology diagnosis. Shear wave elastography (SWE) measures the elastic properties of soft tissues by estimation of local shear wave propagation speed. In this paper, a new robust method for estimation of shear wave speed is introduced which has the potential for simplifying continuous filtering and real-time elasticity processing. Shear waves were generated by external mechanical excitation and imaged at a high frame rate. Three homogeneous phantoms of varying elastic moduli and one inclusion phantom were imaged. Waves propagating in separate directions were filtered and shear wave speed was estimated by inversion of the 1-D first-order wave equation. Final 2-D shear wave speed maps were constructed by weighted averaging of estimates from opposite traveling directions. Shear wave speed results for phantoms with gelatin concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 9% were 1.52 ± 0.10 m/s, 1.86 ± 0.10 m/s, and 2.37 ± 0.15 m/s, respectively, which were consistent with estimates computed from three other conventional methods, as well as compression tests done with a commercial texture analyzer. The method was shown to be able to reconstruct a 2-D speed map of an inclusion phantom with good image quality and variance comparable to conventional methods. Suggestions for further work are given.
Factors impacting oncologic outcomes after sublobar pulmonary resection: Results from ACOSOG Z4032 (Alliance), a randomized trial for high-risk operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

7524 Background: A multicenter study (Z4032) compared sublobar resection (SR) to sublobar resection with brachytherapy (SRB) for stage I NSCLC. Local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS) rates...
Numerical Study of the Formation of Concentric Vortex Rings

Concentric vortex–ring interactions created from transient jets ejected between concentric cylinders were studied numerically to determine the effects of cylinder gap ratio (∆R/R) and jet stroke length-to-gap ratio (L/∆R) on the evolution of the vorticity and the trajectories of the resulting vortex pair. The flow was simulated at a jet Reynolds number of 1,000 (based on R and the jet velocity), L/∆R in the range 1–20, and ∆R/R in the range 0.050.25. The results showed that the position of the vortices relative to each other and their radii during the formation phase played a prominent role in the evolution of the trajectories of the vorticity centroids at the later time. Five characteristic flow evolution patterns were observed and classified based on L/ΔR and ΔR/R.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of a Painful Osteolytic Lumbar Lesion Secondary to Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

Study Design Case report. Objective Multifocal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) of the spine is a rare disorder. We describe a novel, multimodal treatment of a painful osteolytic lumbar lesion secondary to EHE. The minimally invasive treatment results in an excellent patient outcome with decreased morbidity compared to traditional techniques. Methods A previously healthy young adult presented with a painful osteolytic lesion at the L2 vertebrae. Imaging revealed multifocal spinal lesions consistent with a history of EHE. Core needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Preoperative cryoablation of L2 was followed by a staged surgery, which included a partial L2 corpectomy, tumor resection, bone grafting, and vertebral reconstruction using a minimally invasive technique. This treatment was followed by prolonged therapy with interferon and bisphosphonate. Results At 3.5 years' follow-up, the patient has maintained his vertebral body height, has not required a fusion, and has had no recurrence of disease. Conclusion Multimodal treatment consisting of tumor cryoablation, partial corpectomy, allograft reconstruction of the vertebrae, and adjuvant interferon and bisphosphonate can result in good outcomes for well-contained EHE tumors of the spine.
Neutralization of "long-acting thyroid stimulator" of Graves' disease by antisera to bovine pituitary thyrotropin.

SummaryA globulin concentrate from antiserum to bovine pituitary thyrotropin completly neutralized the effect on the thyroid of “long-acting thyroid stimulator” in the serum of patients with Graves' disease. Both early and late responses in the McKenzie assay were abolished. A globulin concentrate from normal rabbit serum had no neutralizing effect. About 10 times as much antibody was required to neutralize LATS as the approximately equivalent potency of human pituitary thyrotropin.
Health Care Reform — What Went Wrong on the Way to the Courthouse

Before health care reform was enacted, Democratic lawmakers and most legal scholars were confident of its constitutionality. Under long-established Supreme Court precedent, Congress would have authority, if it wanted, to enact a single-payer socialized insurance system, using its powers to tax and spend “for the general welfare.” Far short of such a system, the complex blend of regulation, subsidies, and an individual mandate included in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is vastly more protective of insurance markets and individual freedoms. Congress has nearly unbridled authority to regulate products sold in or affecting interstate commerce, and health insurance is one such . . .
Bivariate Normal Distribution

HE BIVARIATE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION helps us make the important leap from the univariate normal to the more general multivariate normal distribution. To accomplish this, we need to make the transition from the scalar univariate notation of the previous chapter to the matrix notation of the following chapter.
Application and Comprehensive Benefits Analysis of On-Load Capacity Regulating Transformer

Distribution transformer losses account for a high proportion of the total loss of the distribution network,so reducing distribution transformer losses has great energy-saving potential. This paper introduces the structure and the technical principle and core technology of the on-load capacity regulating transformer,and designs the communication solutions. Compared with the S11-type ordinary distribution transformer,application of the on-load capacity regulating transformer has significant economical and social benefits. Finally the applicable area of the on-load capacity regulating transformer is obtained through the actual operation effect analysis.
DAY-OF-THE-WEEK EFFECT IN US BIOTECHNOLOGY STOCKS — DO POLICY CHANGES AND ECONOMIC CYCLES MATTER?

This study examines the presence of the day-of-the-week effect on daily returns of biotechnology stocks over a 16-year period from January 2002 to December 2015. Using daily returns from the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index (NBI), we find that the stock returns were the lowest on Mondays, and compared to the Mondays the stock returns were significantly higher on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. The day-of-the-week effect on returns of biotechnology stocks remained significant even after controlling for the Fama–French and Carhart factors. Moreover, the results from using the asymmetric generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) processes reveal that momentum and small-firm effect were positively associated with the market risk-adjusted returns of the biotechnology stocks during this period. The findings of our study suggest that active portfolio managers need to consider the day of the week, momentum, and small-firm effect when making trading decisions for biotechnology stocks. Implications for portfolio managers, small investors, scholars, and policymakers are included.
Calculus Students’ Understanding of Area and Volume Units

Units of measure are critical in many scientific fields. While instructors often note that students struggle with units, little research has been conducted about the nature and extent of these diff...
Characterization of perioperative infection risk among patients undergoing radical cystectomy: Results from the national surgical quality improvement program

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and timing of infections following radical cystectomy (RC). Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database was queried to identify patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer from 2006 to 2013. Characteristics including year of surgery, age, sex body mass index, diabetes, smoking, renal function, steroid usage, preoperative albumin, preoperative hematocrit, perioperative blood transfusion (PBT), and operative time were assessed for association with the risk of infection within 30 days of RC using multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 3,187 patients who had undergone RC were identified, of whom 766 (24.0%) were diagnosed with a postoperative infection, at a median of 13 days (interquartile ranges 8-19) after RC. Infections included surgical site infection (SSI) (404; 12.7%), sepsis/septic shock (405; 12.7%), and urinary tract infection (UTI) (309; 9.7%). On multivariable analysis, body mass index≥30 kg/m 2 (odds ratios [OR] = 1.52; P P P P P Conclusions Approximately 25% of patients undergoing RC experience an infection within 30 days of surgery. Several potentially modifiable risk factors for infection were identified, specifically PBT and prolonged operative time, which may represent opportunities for future care improvement.
Electron—Phonon Interactions

The electron–phonon interaction is presented in detail starting from its most general formulation, considering nonpolar (deformation potential) and polar (Frohlich) interactions. The possible way to calculate the nonpolar electron–phonon matrix elements using DFT is discussed and the rigid-ion approximation is developed in detail. The general form of the electron–phonon scattering rates is discussed for electron transport in three, two, and one dimension(s). Examples are given for bulk Si, thin Si films, and graphene.
Mechanisms of Cell Death and Relevance to Drug Toxicity

The liver’s unique role in drug metabolism and elimination makes it a prime target of drug toxicity. Drugs and toxins activate specific signaling pathways that, when severe or prolonged, result in hepatocyte death. The mitochondria play a critical role in this process independent of the cell death subroutine. In many instances, what influences the mode of cell death is the magnitude and severity of mitochondrial damage. In the case of acetaminophen, the most-studied model, a programmed mode of necrosis is largely dependent on the sustained activation and translocation of JNK/MAPK to its mitochondrial target, SAP. The events that immediately follow this interaction are not yet defined but are likely to include enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure and disruption of mitochondrial membranes, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition and a lethal outcome. Finally, what is evident is that in a toxic microenvironment the stress-induced ROS-JNK-mitochondrial pathway is a critical axis, which sways the cell’s fate between survival and death. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the modes of cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis) and to specifically review the mechanisms of cell death as they pertain to hepatocytes in the context of drug-induced liver injury.