cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3 – Spore Production, Discharge, and Dispersal

Fungal diversity is revealed in the study of the size and shape of spores, their development, functions, and mechanisms of dispersal. The study of spores is a study of evolution. Asexual spores include conidia and sporangiospores. Sexual spores include basidiospores, ascospores and zygospores. Many spores are dispersed from their parent colonies passively by airflow and raindrops. Other fungi employ a range of biomechanical devices to launch their spores into the air. These include pressurised squirt guns, explosive stalks, and a catapult powered by surface tension. These mechanisms produce some of the fastest movements in nature. Through a combination of passive and active mechanisms of dispersal, fungi release millions of tons of spores into the atmosphere every year. These microscopic particles are a significant cause of allergy and may affect weather patterns. Spores that develop in aquatic habitats include star-shaped conidia and the swimming spores of chytrids and other aquatic fungi.
Parathyroid Hormone (1–34) Transiently Protects Against Radiation-Induced Bone Fragility

Radiation therapy for soft tissue sarcoma or tumor metastases is frequently associated with damage to the underlying bone. Using a mouse model of limited field hindlimb irradiation, we assessed the ability of parathyroid hormone (1–34) fragment (PTH) delivery to prevent radiation-associated bone damage, including loss of mechanical strength, trabecular architecture, cortical bone volume, and mineral density. Female BALB/cJ mice received four consecutive doses of 5 Gy to a single hindlimb, accompanied by daily injections of either PTH or saline (vehicle) for 8 weeks, and were followed for 26 weeks. Treatment with PTH maintained the mechanical strength of irradiated femurs in axial compression for the first eight weeks of the study, and the apparent strength of irradiated femurs in PTH-treated mice was greater than that of naive bones during this time. PTH similarly protected against radiation-accelerated resorption of trabecular bone and transient decrease in mid-diaphyseal cortical bone volume, although this benefit was maintained only for the duration of PTH delivery. Overall, PTH conferred protection against radiation-induced fragility and morphologic changes by increasing the quantity of bone, but only during the period of administration. Following cessation of PTH delivery, bone strength and trabecular volume fraction rapidly decreased. These data suggest that PTH does not negate the longer-term potential for osteoclastic bone resorption, and therefore, finite-duration treatment with PTH alone may not be sufficient to prevent late onset radiotherapy-induced bone fragility.
Epitaxial Growth of YBa2CH3O7-δ Films on Rolling-Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrates (RABiTS) Produced by Pulsed Laser Ablation at Low Temperatures

Epitaxial YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) films were fabricated using laser ablation of YBCO onto rolling-assisted-biaxially-textured-substrates (RABiTS) at a temperature of 650°C. The configuration of the sample was YBCO/YSZ/CeO/Ni. The CeO 2 and YSZ buffer layers were deposited using electron-beam evaporation and sputtering, respectively. Both of these techniques are considered to be industrially scalable. SEM images of the YBCO reveal a range of structures ranging from jumbled a-axis to dense c-axis morphologies depending upon the deposition conditions. X-ray θ-2θ scans show a similar c-axis dependence on the deposition conditions.
Mutagenicity of Benzidine and Related Compounds Employed in the Detection of Hemoglobin

Seven compounds commonly used as chromagens for the detection of hemoglobin and its derivatives have been assayed for mutagenicity employing the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Three of these compounds, benzidine, o-dianisidine, and o-tolidine, were shown to be mutagenic. Since benzidine and o-tolidine are already known to be carcinogens, there is a high probability that o-dianisidine will also prove to be a carcinogen. Four compounds tested with this system, o-anisidine, diphenylamine, guaicol, and o-toluidine, were not mutagenic.
Nymphal and Oöthecal Comparisons of Blattella asahinai and Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Oothecae, first instars, and late instars of the Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, are compared with those of B. germanica (L.). First oothecae are visibly smaller than those of B. germanica . The difference is due to a smaller size of individual egg compartments rather than to the number of compartments per ootheca. First instars are smaller than those of B. germanica . Head widths of 1-d-old nymphs averaged 0.64 ± 0.006 (5E) compared with 0.77 ± 0.007 and 0.78 ± 0.001 mm in two strains of B. germanica . The number of antennal annuli (23) in first instars is less than in B. germanica (24-25). Margins of the abdomen and spots along the abdominal midsection of late instars are colorless (appearing white), whereas those areas are lightly pigmented in B. germanica .
Framework for Generating Modularized Product Designs With Assembly and Variety Considerations

Conceptual design is found to be the most ambiguous and creative phase of design. There exist only a few computational tools that aid designers at conceptual design stage, and mostly designers rely on personal experience or experience of coworkers to generate quality designs. The proposed framework aims at generating robust computerized conceptual designs by incorporating Modularity, Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Variety (DFV) principles at the conceptual stage. Conceptual design alternatives obtained from the proposed framework are ranked based on minimum assembly time, and are composed of modules in a way that future changes in customer needs are satisfied only by replacing certain modules. The framework involves searching a design repository of components by using functional-basis and pre-defined graph grammar rules, to generate all possible conceptual design alternatives. These design alternatives are ranked and filtered using a DFA index, and top two alternatives are selected. Selected designs are modularized and filtered using a DFV index to obtain the best design alternative. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the framework obtained by amalgamating Modularity, DFA, and DFV. Working of the proposed framework is demonstrated with the help of an electronic toothbrush design example.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Amplitude-variation-with-offset and prestack waveform inversion- a direct comparison using a real data example

Summary Amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) inversion is a routinely used practice for reservoir characterization. Although it has been quite successful, reservoir geophysicists do realize its shortcomings and for any quantitative estimation of reservoir properties, AVO inversion results are always interpreted in combination with other information. On the other hand, waveform based inversion methods are now slowly gaining popularity in both reservoir characterization and depth imaging applications. Going beyond the simple assumptions of AVO and employing exact solution to the wave equation, these methods have been shown to be quite effective in accurately predicting the subsurface properties. Routine application of waveform based inversion is however, still computationally prohibitive. In this work we describe an elastic waveform inversion methodology in a distributed and parallel computing environment that allows its applications in a reasonable timeframe. Applying AVO and waveform inversion on a single data set from the RockSprings Uplift (RSU), Wyoming USA, and comparing them with one another in combination with the RSU geology, we also demonstrate that the waveform inversion is capable of obtaining much superior description of subsurface properties compared to AVO. We conclude that the waveform inversion should be the method of choice for reservoir property estimation as large high-performance computers become commonly available.
The Role Of Thermomechanical Energy In Diffusion Kinetics And Crystallinity Of Mechanically Alloyed Titanium Aluminides

Mechanical alloying, MA, is an amorphization technique which involves a solid state reaction below the crystallization temperature. This technique is capable of producing a more homogeneous and fine microstructure with improved mechanical properties. Amorphization of Titanium aluminide binary system, in the range of 45–65 at % Al is possible under optimized milling conditions since in this range the mixture has a large negative heat of mixing. This system is considered suitable for human implant applications for its light-weight, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, strength-to-weight ratio and biocompatibility.
5 CHRONIC LEPTIN STIMULATION DOES NOT MODULATE NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE FROM HUMAN AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Acute exposure to the adipokine leptin has been shown to stimulate endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. However, obesity and other states associated with chronic hyperleptinemia are often characterized by endothelial dysfunction and impaired NO bioavailability. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to pathophysiologic leptin levels would decrease NO bioavailability. To test this hypothesis, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with graded concentrations of leptin (5-60 ng/mL) for 72 hours. Endothelial NO production, detected by chemiluminescence analysis of NO and its oxidation products in culture media, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) activity, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, was similar to control for all concentrations of leptin studied. Leptin had no effect on eNOS expression assessed with Western blotting and calculated relative to actin expression (n = 7). Because superoxide reacts at diffusion limited rates with NO and reduces its bioavailability, we examined NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase, two major sources of superoxide generation in vascular endothelial cells. Chronic leptin exposure did not alter the expression of Nox-4, gp91phox, p22phox, or p67phox, all important components of the NADPH oxidase electron transfer complex in human endothelial cells (n = 5). Similarly, the expression of xanthine oxidase was unchanged when all concentrations of leptin exposures were compared (n = 6). In conclusion, chronic leptin exposure even at pathophysiologic levels does not modulate endothelial NO bioavailability and is not associated with increased superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase activity.
Mindfulness and Teachers’ Coping in the Classroom: A Developmental Model of Teacher Stress, Coping, and Everyday Resilience

Teaching is a demanding profession, with the potential to provide high levels of satisfaction. However, research shows that it can also be stressful: Teachers report multiple sources of chronic stress (including workload, students, parents, and administrators) and symptoms of burnout, such as emotional exhaustion, helplessness, and cynicism; rates of desistence often top 30 %. Studies of teachers’ everyday coping indicate that adaptive coping may provide a buffer and maladaptive coping a risk factor as teachers negotiate these stressors. In fact, developmental models suggest that constructive coping has the potential to transform previously stressful interactions into opportunities for learning and development, contributing to higher quality engagement in teaching, greater satisfaction, and well-being. This chapter explores the promise of mindfulness practices and interventions to aid teachers in developing personal resources that would help them cope more constructively, and thereby provide a pathway toward everyday resilience. First, we present a developmental model depicting the kinds of constructive coping that can promote teacher engagement and learning. Second, we identify multiple points in the process of coping where mindfulness could make an important difference, focusing especially on the mechanisms through which mindfulness could have its salutary effects. We conclude with suggestions for how mindful coping might change students’ experiences in the classroom, since better coping may improve educators’ engagement in teaching and the quality of their relationships with students and classroom management. We hope that the developmental model might provide a framework useful for guiding future studies on mindfulness and teachers’ everyday coping and resilience.
Behavioral Manifestations of Chromosomal Abnormalities

Increasing evidence indicates that there are fewer correlations than had been thought to exist between chromosomal abnormality and behavioral dysfunction. It has become clear, for example, that many patients with Turner's or Klinefelter's syndrome are of normal intellect (though Turner's patients may have a specific defect in space perception), and an elevated risk for aggressive behavior in XYY males is moot at best.
Case-based introspection

To effectively reason about one’s own knowledge, goals, and reasoning requires an ability to explicitly introspect. A computational model of introspection is a second-order theory that contains a formal language for representing first-order processes and that processes instances of this representation. The reasoning algorithm used to perform such processing is similar to the algorithm used to reason about events and processes represented in the original
Membrane properties of neuroglia in epileptogenic gliosis

Summary In cats injection of aluminum hydroxide into the motor cortex produced EEG spiking about 6 weeks later. Intracellular micropipette studies were performed about 12 weeks after the injection in the awake animal using an implanted chamber. Glial cells were identified by a stable resting membrane potential up to —85 mV, which showed a typical ‘graded response’ to direct cortical stimulation. A striking difference in membrane properties was found for glial cells in the scar compared to normal glial cells. In the focus the glial membrane time constant (τ) is255±98 μsec and the input resistance (R i ) is2.0±1.3MΩ. These values equal about one-half and one-sixth respectively of the normal values (482±65 μsec and12.4±4.7MΩ). Following the equationR i =R m /S, in which R m is the specific membrane resistance and S the effective membrane surface area of the cell, a 6 times decrease of R i may be due to a 6 times larger surface area of the cells in the scar or to a 6 times smaller specific membrane resistance or to a change in both, R m and S. The changes in specific membrane resistance and surface area would mean an increase of the glial ‘safety factor’ (glial potassium removal versus neuronal potassium release). Thus, in the focus, the neuroglial buffering system seems to transport even more potassium away from sites of potassium release than it does under normal conditions. The deterioration of this system as proposed by Pollen and Trachtenberg 29 does not seem to occur in the epileptogenic cortical lesion.
Analysis of Ultrawideband Microwave Imaging via Space Time beamforming algorithm in the frequency domain

This paper focusses on the performance of an Ultrawideband V-slot, L-probe fed microstrip patch antenna array for the early detection of breast cancer. A 3×3 Ultrawideband array (44% bandwidth) is designed in a commercial electromagnetic software called FEKO. A 3-D breast model with a spherical tumor (5mm and 10mm) is illuminated by the antenna array and the backscattered electric field signals are received in the near field. The Microwave Imaging via Space Time (MIST) beamforming algorithm has been implemented in the frequency domain using MATLAB for the image reconstruction of the breast. Quality metrics like dynamic range, peak to side lobe level ratio and radiometric resolution have been evaluated as 20.1487 dB, 3.974 dB and 1.8644 dB, respectively, with this design.
Structuring contexts: pathways toward un-obstructing race-consciousness

AbstractThis research is situated in second-wave White Teacher Identity studies and investigates the ways context structures a high school English teacher’s white identity, practices, and race-consciousness. Working with detailed data and vignettes from a single case study, the author highlights the teaching of a unit on the Holocaust. Using the required Holocaust curriculum as a unit of analysis, the author illustrates how the teacher is structured to minimize and dismiss broader discussions of institutionalized and systemic oppression and violence, and particularly those contributions offered by a student of color in her classroom. The author argues that understanding the role contexts play in obstructing race-consciousness can help fill interpretive gaps between race-conciousness and what, on the surface, might appear to be a teacher’s race-evasiveness.
Contemporary Maritime Piracy

Maritime piracy has been endemic to the international system for many hundreds of years. Indeed the narratives of Shih Fa-Hsien, a Buddist monk from Ceylon, record cases of raiding, robbing and other instances of marauding in the waters of the Malacca Strait and South China Sea as early as 414 AD. Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, the Mediterranean was infested by maritime violence, with rulers on both sides of the MoslemAƒAE’A‚Â¢AƒÂ¢A¢â‚¬AiA‚Â¬AƒÂ¢A¢â€sÂ¬A…â€œChristian divide sponsoring raiders operating out of the Barbary states of Tunis, Tripoli and Algeria, on the one hand, and Rhodes and Malta on the other. Buccaneers based in Jamaica were extremely active during the seventeenth century, encouraged in many respects by London’s continuing undeclared war against Madrid following the end of formal Spanish–British hostilities in 1603.
Effects of Catalyst Content, Anhydride Blending, and Nanofiller Addition on Anhydride-Cured Epoxidized Linseed Oil-Based Thermosets

A series of formulations based on epoxidized linseed oil, ELO cured with various anhydride hardeners, were investigated to assess the potential for enhanced elastic properties and thermal transitions through variations in catalyst concentration (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, DBU), hardener type (nadic methyl anhydride, NMA, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, MTHPA, and their blends with phthalic anhydride, PA), and nanofiller (organically modified hydrotalcite, Perkalite F100S) content. To facilitate rapid screening, Shore D hardness was used as a proxy for Young’s modulus, and the limits of this approach were tested via comparisons with modulus measurements made via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). ELO cured with MTHPA at a 1:1 epoxy/anhydride molar ratio with 4.5 phr DBU gave a particularly attractive combination of rigidity, homogeneity, and alpha transition temperature rarely seen in thermosets composed of a 100% biobased epoxy component. Nanocomposite formation provided a modest increase in ...
Characterization of Foci and Breakthrough Sites During Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients: Studies Using High-Density (510-512 Electrodes) Biatrial Epicardial Mapping.

BackgroundWe previously demonstrated that persistent and long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation is maintained by activation emanating from foci and breakthrough sites of different cycle lengt...
Multiphase flows and the modeling of drifting snow

Three categories of multiphase flow theories are commonly specialized for modeling drifting snow; the 'two-fluid' model, particle tracking schemes and kinetic gas theory type models. The resulting models of drifting snow have been used to simulate the transport and deposition of snow over mountain crests, in mountainous terrain at a meteorological mesoscale and around man-made structures. Though usually much denser than typical atmospheric dispersions, idealized snow avalanches have also been simulated with specialized multiphase flow theories. Future research in the area of geophysical multiphase flow modeling, of which drifting snow is one subset, will follow closely on the heels of efforts on single phase flow research in the same environments.
Thinking the Poem: Elizabeth Bishop’s Transcendental “Crusoe in England” (For Example)

What might a mode of grammatical and rhetorical criticism, one largely motivated “after Cavell after Wittgenstein,” look like, and do? Since those two predicates in the first place here—“rhetorical” and the “grammatical” (philosophical) investigations of Cavell and Wittgenstein—are oriented to the practical in various senses, it may be better to reformulate such ambition by circumscribing a specific, concrete case. Then we could ask a more or less compelling, anyway a more modest question: If we take poems “as” continuous somehow with everyday thinking—reasoning, arguing, imagining, comparing, and judging—then how might we think ourselves more intelligently and pleasurably into such poetry as that (for example) of Elizabeth Bishop, trying to see her as exemplifying what Harold Bloom said of A. R. Ammons
Handling Hides and Skins

Hides and skins of animals are made into leather. Those from large and adult bovines are suitable for sale, harness, belting, or heavy leathers. Skins from small animals, such as sheep, goats, calves, deer, and antelope, are made into light and fancy leathers. While there are other commercial sources of hides and skins, the important ones are the usual domesticated farm and range animals.
Pathology-radiology correlation of common and uncommon computed tomographic patterns of organizing pneumonia

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a common pattern of lung injury that can be associated with a wide range of etiologies. Typical and not-so-typical imaging features of OP occur, as both common and rare lung pathologies can mimic the same imaging pattern as that of OP. This article will attempt to describe the difference between confusing terminologies that have been used in the past for OP and existence of primary versus secondary OP. The role of a multidisciplinary approach as an essential component to correctly diagnose and effectively manage challenging cases of OP will be highlighted. Additionally, we will discuss the limitation of transbronchial and importance of open lung biopsy to make the correct diagnosis. One example of an emerging diagnosis in the spectrum of OP and diffuse alveolar damage is acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia. Ultimately, the reader should feel comfortable recognizing the many variable presentations of OP and be able to participate knowledgeably in a multidisciplinary team after reading this article. OP is a disease entity with variable radiographic and distinct histological characteristics that requires a multidisciplinary approach to correctly diagnose cryptogenic OP. Classic radiologic findings of OP occur in as low as 60% of cases. Secondary causes include infections, neoplasms, inflammatory disorders, and iatrogenic. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia can appear similarly, but miliary nodules are a clue to diagnosis.
Distributed backstepping coverage control for multi-agents moving on a plane

The first contribution of this paper is to compute the dynamics of the mass and of the position of the center of mass of Voronoi cells for a given multi-agent spatial distribution. These two results are then used in the design of a distributed backstepping control law for a multi-agent coverage problem. The agents are assumed to have second order dynamics and will be moving on a plane inside 3D space. The analytic expressions for the rate of change of the mass and center of mass of the Voronoi cells, valid for non-uniform density functions, are new to the best of the authors' knowledge. For the particular case of uniform density, the result of the rate of change of area was known before but a new proof is presented in the paper based on a geometric argument and small perturbations. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach.
Cambarus polypilosus, a new species of stream-dwelling crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Western Highland Rim of Tennessee, USA.

Cambarus polypilosus sp. nov. is a stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to tributaries in the Buffalo and lower Duck River drainage, and a reach of the lower Tennessee River in the Western Highland Rim of West-Central Tennessee, U.S.A. The new species is closely allied to the three members of the former subgenus Glareocola , but can be differentiated from each by a combination of characters, including body size, coloration, spination, setation, and form I male gonopod morphology. Several meristic measurements and ratios also differentiate C. polypilosus sp. nov. from Cambarus friaufi , to which it is morphologically most similar. Cambarus polypilosus sp. nov. appears to be common in cherty gravel and cobble habitats, where it is typically found in interstices at depths of 0.3 m or more below the substrate surface.
Social support and sleep: A meta-analysis.

Objective While the implications of social support are increasingly well understood, no meta-analytic review to date has examined the intersection of the social support and sleep literatures. The aims of this meta-analysis were primarily to review the association between social support and sleep and additionally to test several proposed moderators from prior work. Method Using a literature search and the ancestry approach, the review identified 61 studies with a total of 105,437 participants. Results Random-effects modeling showed that greater social support was significantly related to improved sleep outcomes (Zr = -.152). These results were not moderated by the operationalization of support, study design, or chronic conditions. Conclusions These data indicate a robust association between social support and favorable sleep outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Modelling and simulation of chemical engineering systems II: Sequential bifurcations, maximum multiplicity, and chaos for a first order reaction

Multiple steady states and chaos are known to occur in the dynamic structure for a chemical reaction occurring in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The bifurcation structure for this system is well established and it is known that the maximum number of critical points (steady states) can be physically realised for simple reactions. However, when two or more CSTRs are connected in series for the same reaction, the maximum multiplicity for the critical points as well as the bifurcation structure change significantly. The bifurcation phenomena that occur for this latter system have been termed sequential bifurcations by Dangelmayr and Stewart and the sequential bifurcation structure for a single first order reaction are understood. However, the question of the maximum multiplicity and its physical realization remain open questions to date. In this paper the maximum number of critical points for the problem will be established and shown to be physically realised. The attendant bifurcation structure will be identified. Furthermore it will be shown that chaos may occur in this system in contrast to the fact that it is strictly forbidden in a single CSTR for the same first order reaction.
Factors related to microalbuminuria in nondiabetic elderly males with normal renal function

Two hundred and three adult males were evaluated for the presence of microalbuminuria. Out of 203 patients, 123 (61%) tested negative for microalbuminuria and 80 (39%) tested positive. Patients were further evaluated for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, serum lipid levels, renal function, cardiovascular events, and use of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic medications. This study shows that age greater than 70 years, creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min, and systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg are all significant risk factors for microalbuminuria.
The DC/sub N-SN/ hybrid method for neutron transport calculations in (r-z) geometry

A hybrid method for two-dimensional neutron transport calculations in (r-z) geometry has been developed. In this method the equation in void regions is solved by the discrete cones (DC/sub N/) method, whereas the equation in nonvoid regions is solved by the standard discrete ordinates (S/sub N/) method. The two methods are incorporated in one computer program so that a user does not see the difference from a program applying only the S/sub N/ method. This DC/sub N-SN/ hybrid method significantly mitigates the ray effects in a void compared with a solution by the same order S/sub N/. The method, however, requires a little more computing effort and it is difficult for the method to yield a sufficiently accurate solution for narrow duct streaming problems.
Needing to Care

“Caty’s eyes welled up and tears began to fall” (Field notes, February 18). She spoke about her angst: Caty: I hate these kids right now and I don’t want to be in this place, but I have no support, I mean, nobody is helping me out, the other teachers kind of talk to me sometimes, but it was more of like ah, not in a problem solving type of way.
Teachers’ perceptions of an online professional development experience: Implications for a design and implementation framework

Abstract Teachers face multifaceted challenges regarding access to quality professional development. Although technology is increasingly utilized to address this concern, access alone does not ensure effective OTPD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine teachers' perceptions of the design and implementation of a job-embedded OTPD experience. Supported by adult learning theory and social constructivism, this qualitative multi-case study utilized within-case and cross-case analysis to examine results. These findings, presented through teachers’ voices, included explicit and empirical evidence of six OTPD design and implementation features that address multiple gaps in the extant literature and contribute to an OTPD framework.
Developing Integer Calibration Weights for Census of Agriculture

When conducting a national survey or census, administrative data may be available that can provide reliable values for some of the variables. Survey and census estimates should be consistent with reliable administrative data. Calibration can be used to improve the estimates by further adjusting the survey weights so that estimates of targeted variables honor bounds obtained from administrative data. The commonly used methods of calibration produce non-integer weights. For the Census of Agriculture, estimates of farms are provided as integers so as to insure consistent estimates at all aggregation levels; thus, the calibrated weights are rounded to integers. The calibration and rounding procedure used for the 2012 Census of Agricultural produced final weights that were substantially different from the survey weights that had been adjusted for under-coverage, non-response, and misclassification. A new method that calibrates and rounds as a single process is provided. The new method produces integer, calibrated weights that tend to be consistent with more calibration targets and are more correlated with the modeled census weights. In addition, the new method is more computationally efficient. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
102 A novel approach to addressing fibromyalgia symptomatology in SLE

Background The physician global assessment (PGA) is a 3-point visual analog scale assessing lupus disease activity. We implemented a Type II PGA to assess what we have termed Type II SLE symptoms. Type II SLE symptoms encompass fatigue, widespread pain, depression, sleep and cognitive dysfunction, and differ from Type I SLE symptoms, such as nephritis and inflammatory arthritis, the classic manifestations of SLE inflammation. Methods This was a cross sectional study of SLE patients (ACR 1997 or SLICC 2012 criteria). All patients completed Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9), and 2016 ACR Fibromyalgia criteria. The authors recorded PGA, SLEDAI and Type II SLE therapy. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on lupus disease activity. Type I SLE group was defined as SLEDAI 6, clinical SLEDAI 4, or active nephritis. Type II SLE group was defined as meeting fibromyalgia criteria. Mixed SLE group met criteria for Type I and Type II SLE. Low activity group did not meet criteria for either Type I or Type II SLE. Differences across groups were analyzed by Fishers exact test and ANOVA. A step-wise linear regression analysis examined predictors of Type II SLE treatment. Results The authors performed a Type II PGA on 197 patients (92% female, mean age 45.8) from July to November 2018. Type II PGA strongly correlated with patient reported fibromyalgia and depression symptoms. Type II PGA did not correlate with Type I PGA or SLEDAI. Type II PGA was significantly higher in the Type II SLE and mixed SLE groups. Type II symptoms were addressed (counseling or intervention) at 45% of visits. In a regression model predicting Type II management, factors associated with increased Type II treatment were Type II PGA (OR 2.37, CL: 1.37, 4.08) and fibromyalgia severity score (OR 1.41, CL: 1.15, 1.72). Type I PGA (OR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.89) was associated with decreased Type II SLE management. Compared to a cohort of 212 SLE patient visits from January to May 2018, prior to implementing the Type II PGA score, the rate of documented Type II SLE management in the Type II SLE group increased from 53% to 89% (p=0.03). Conclusions A PGA specifically addressing Type II SLE symptoms can be implemented in practice and correlates with patient reported Type II SLE symptoms. Scoring a Type II PGA encourages the physician to address these important SLE symptoms. Further work is needed to validate the scoring. Funding Source(s): None
Evaluation of surgeon and patient radiation exposure by imaging technology in patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion: systematic review of the literature

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular owing to their ability to reduce operative morbidity and recovery times. The downside to these new procedures is their need for intraoperative radiation guidance. PURPOSE To establish which technologies provide the lowest radiation exposure to both patient and surgeon. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Systematic review OUTCOME MEASURES Average intraoperative radiation exposure (in mSv per screw placed) to surgeon and patient. Average fluoroscopy time per screw placed. METHODS We reviewed the available English medical literature to identify all articles reporting patient and/or surgeon radiation exposure in patients undergoing image-guided thoracolumbar instrumentation. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed for studies providing radiation exposure or fluoroscopy use per screw placed to determine which navigation modality was associated with the lowest intraoperative radiation exposure. Values on meta-analysis were reported as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS We identified 4956 unique articles, of which 85 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Forty-one articles were included in the meta-analysis. Patient radiation exposure per screw placed for each modality was: conventional fluoroscopy without navigation (0.26±0.38 mSv), conventional fluoroscopy with pre-operative CT-based navigation (0.027±0.010 mSv), intraoperative CT-based navigation (1.20±0.91 mSv), and robot-assisted instrumentation (0.04±0.30 mSv). Values for fluoroscopy used per screw were: conventional fluoroscopy without navigation (11.1±9.0 seconds), conventional fluoroscopy with navigation (7.20±3.93 s), 3D fluoroscopy (16.2±9.6 s), intraoperative CT-based navigation (19.96±17.09 s), and robot-assistance (20.07±17.22 s). Surgeon dose per screw: conventional fluoroscopy without navigation (6.0±7.9 × 10−3 mSv), conventional fluoroscopy with navigation (1.8±2.5 × 10−3 mSv), 3D Fluoroscopy (0.3±1.9 × 10−3 mSv), intraoperative CT-based navigation (0±0 mSv), and robot-assisted instrumentation (2.0±4.0 × 10−3 mSv). CONCLUSION All image guidance modalities are associated with surgeon radiation exposures well below current safety limits. Intraoperative CT-based (iCT) navigation produces the lowest radiation exposure to surgeon albeit at the cost of increased radiation exposure to the patient relative to conventional fluoroscopy-based methods.
Malignancy rates of stereotactic biopsies of two or more distinct sites of suspicious calcifications in women without known breast cancer.

Abstract Objective To determine the malignancy rate in women without a concurrent breast cancer diagnosis at presentation who underwent stereotactic biopsies of distinct sites of suspicious calcifications. Methods This retrospective study included 280 women without a concurrent breast cancer diagnosis who underwent 587 stereotactic biopsies of two or more distinct sites of suspicious calcifications in one or both breasts at our institution from 2010 to 2015. Results The overall malignancy rate was 27.9% (78/280, 95% CI, 22.7%–33.5%) at the patient level and 18.7% (110/587, 95% CI, 15.7%–22.1%) at the lesion level. Eighteen had invasive cancers (mean [range] diameter, 0.5 cm [0.1–1.7]; six grade I, ten grade II, two grade III), one of whom had multifocal and another bilateral malignancy. Sixty had ductal carcinoma in situ. Of the 171 with all calcifications of the same morphology, 139 (81.3%) had all calcifications in the same pathology category (benign, high-risk, or malignant). Conclusion The malignancy rate is substantial in women who undergo stereotactic biopsies of two or more distinct calcification sites. Given the nearly 20% rate of dissimilar histopathology between calcification sites with similar morphology, if only one site is biopsied and results in a malignant pathology, biopsy of the additional calcifications is warranted. Even if the pathology result of the one site biopsy is benign, biopsy of additional sites may perhaps still be necessary.
Phase II Study of Proton Beam Radiation Therapy for Patients With Breast Cancer Requiring Regional Nodal Irradiation.

PURPOSETo evaluate the safety and efficacy of proton beam radiation therapy (RT) for patients with breast cancer who require regional nodal irradiation.METHODSPatients with nonmetastatic breast can...
Analysis of Robustness of Deep Single-Channel Speech Separation Using Corpora Constructed From Multiple Domains

Deep-learning based single-channel speech separation has been studied with great success, though evaluations have typically been limited to relatively controlled environments based on clean, near-field, and read speech. This work investigates the robustness of such representative techniques in more realistic environments with multiple and diverse conditions. To this end, we first construct datasets from the Mixer 6 and CHiME-5 corpora, featuring studio interviews and dinner parties respectively, using a procedure carefully designed to generate desirable synthetic overlap data sufficient for evaluation as well as for training deep learning models. Using these new datasets, we demonstrate the substantial shortcomings in mismatched conditions of these separation techniques. Though multi-condition training greatly mitigated the performance degradation in near-field conditions, one of the important findings is that both matched and multi-condition training have significant gaps from the oracle performance in far-field conditions, which advocates a need for extending existing separation techniques to deal with far-field/highly-reverberant speech mixtures.
Prejudice, Power, and Injustice: Problems in Academia

Politics deals with the interrelated problems of power and justice. Academics largely hold views of what can be called the political left to these questions of power and justice. It is the political left that wields power in the academy. This can create a bias (perhaps even a “prejudice”) toward the minority on the political right. Political ideologies also can influence the definition and understanding of prejudice on many key dimensions. Prejudice is not seen as a fairly ordinary epistemic failing but it is also seen as significant moral failing. The political left with its power in the academy has violated the civil liberties of those that they disagree with; often using the construct of prejudice in these problematic moves. This chapter calls for more justice, tolerance, openness, and a renewed respect for civil liberties on campus by a more critical and thoroughgoing analysis of the construct of prejudice.
Despite Equivalent Medicare Reimbursement, Facility Costs for Outpatient Total Knee Arthroplasty Are Higher Than Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background With the recent removal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Inpatient Only list, facility reimbursement for outpatient TKA now falls under the Outpatient Prospective Payment System at the same rate as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The purpose of this study was to compare true facility costs of patients undergoing outpatient TKA with those undergoing UKA. Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of 2310 outpatient TKA and 231 UKA patients from 2018 to 2019. Outpatient status was defined as a hospital stay of less than 2 midnights. Facility costs were calculated using a time-driven, activity-based costing algorithm. Implants, supplies, medications, and personnel costs were compared between outpatient TKA and UKA patients. A multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounding medical and demographic variables. Results When compared with patients undergoing UKA, outpatient TKA patients had higher implant costs ($3403 vs $3081; P Conclusion Despite equivalent reimbursement from CMS as UKA, outpatient TKA has increased facility costs to the hospital. Although implant costs can vary greatly by institution, CMS should consider appropriately reimbursing outpatient TKA for the additional personnel costs when compared with UKA.
Real-Time Measurement of Friction Stir Tool Motion During Defect Interaction in Aluminum 6061-T6

The objective of this research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the interaction between features on the friction stir tool probe and volumetric sub-surface defects formed during welding. This will guide the development of real-time defect monitoring methods that will promote process adoption in high volume and high-reliability applications. A single-head laser Doppler vibrometer system was used to produce a non-contact measurement of the eccentric motion of a friction stir tool during welding. When features on the tool probe interacted with voided volumes, the tool was momentarily deflected into the voided volume. The distortion signals in the tool position, measured with the laser vibrometer, are correlated with distortions in measured process forces and defect size. The results add understanding to the changes in forces signals that hold potential for defect monitoring and suggest that monitoring may be possible through a motion-based measurement (accelerometer) from the tool side.
Increase in Use of Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair of the Elbow: A Large Database Analysis.

Purpose To assess the current national rate of medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) repair of the elbow and delineate the patient demographics of those undergoing repair. Methods A retrospective review and analysis of a national private insurance database was conducted covering 2007-2017 using Pearl Diver technologies. All patients diagnosed with a MUCL injury and those who underwent repair were included using Clinical Modification and Current Procedural Terminology code 24345, referencing repair of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow with local tissue. The extracted data included patient age at time of procedure, sex, race, region, year of surgery, insurance type, hospital setting, and any associated diagnoses with 90 days of the repair procedure. Standard descriptive methods characterized our study sample to calculate frequency counts and percentages. Means with respective standard deviations and/or standard errors, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and reported for continuous variables, whereas frequencies and percentages were reported for categorical variables. Pearson χ2 tests were used to determine differences between group proportion categorical variables. Significance was considered at a P ≤ .05. Results From 2007 to 2014, MUCL injuries showed an upward trend in incidence per 100,000 from 4.59 to 7.19 (56% increase) within the database population. Accordingly, the incidence of MUCL repair rose from 0.016 to 0.49 (2962%). However, from 2015-2017 there was a drop in both categories, as injury incidence fell from 7.19 to 1.48 whereas repair rates dropped from 0.49 to 0.012. The ages undergoing repair show a significant peak in 15-24-year-olds. The incidence of MUCL repair was greatest in the West and South (P Conclusions MUCL repair has emerged as a viable alternative to reconstruction in select indications. The impetus for this change may be to provide a quicker return to sport and fewer complications, largely due to recent improvements in surgical technique for MUCL repair. As anticipated, the incidence of MUCL repair had steadily increased in the United States from 2007 to 2014, with a subsequent relatively inexplicable decrease primarily in 2017, according to the database utilized in this study. The 15-24 year-old age group encompassing young athletes has the greatest incidence of repair by a significant margin. Level of Evidence IV, Therapeutic Case Series.
Community Violence and Its Implications for Emergency Providers

Community violence, the exposure to acts of intentional interpersonal violence committed by unrelated individuals in a community, is a persistent threat to the safety and well-being of residents in many communities around the country. Fueled by structural inequities like housing disparities, poverty, and racism, community violence is a source of significant trauma for many individuals disproportionately exposed to these experiences. Conceptually, trauma is not limited to physical injuries. Trauma also refers to an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or life threatening. Such an experience may have lasting adverse effects on the individual’s level of function and mental, physical, social, emotional, and/or spiritual well-being.
The effect of fire location and the reverse stack on fire smoke transport in high-rise buildings

Abstract In this paper, smoke transport in high-rise buildings through elevator shafts and stairwells is investigated for various fire location and stack effect conditions. For this purpose, a transient network model, Fire-STORM, is upgraded and used. The results are benchmarked by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Six scenarios are tested, which are 1st floor, mid-floor, and top-most floor fires under normal stack (cold environment) and reverse stack (hot environment) conditions. For each scenario, the time history of pressures, temperatures, and soot mass fractions in the fire floors, elevator shafts, and stairwells and the average soot mass fraction in all stories of the building are presented. Overall, Fire-STORM has reasonably good accuracy compared to CFD with significantly faster computation times (90 s on a single core vs. 4 days on 32 cores in parallel). One of the intended uses of this fast low-order model is a data generation engine for neural network modeling of high-rise building fires. As such, one of the unique features of this work is the development of a realistic random heat release rate (HRR) modeling approach created using a Gaussian process.