cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local access to subspecialty care influences the chance of receiving a liver transplant

Prior studies have examined the impact of demographic factors on liver transplant outcomes. These factors may be surrogate markers for access to medical care. We investigated physician density in referred patients' hospital service areas (HSAs) as a factor in patients' probability of receiving a liver transplant. We performed a retrospective review of patients referred for liver transplantation from 2002 through 2010. Data on physician density were obtained from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. The primary outcome was the receipt of a liver transplant. A Cox hazard analysis was used to control for various demographic and medical covariates. Over the time period, 1485 adult patients were considered for liver transplantation. Factors that influenced the hazard of receiving a liver transplant were the Model for End-Stage Disease (MELD) score at referral {Hazard ratios (HR) per point = 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.14]}, a secondary diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [HR = 2.72 (95% CI = 1.76-4.20)], blood group AB [HR = 2.98 (95% CI = 1.52-5.87) with blood group A as the referent], the type of insurance [HR for Medicare = 0.36 (95% CI = 0.14-0.89) with commercial insurance as the referent], and the number of gastroenterologists in an HSA [odds ratio with each additional gastroenterologist per 100,000 population = 1.12 (95% CI = 1.01-1.25)]. Age, race, sex, distance to the transplant center, and residence in a rural community did not influence the chance of receiving a liver transplant. In conclusion, the hazard of receiving a liver transplant are influenced by the diagnosis, MELD score, and insurance status; in addition, patients were 12% more likely to receive a transplant with each additional gastroenterologist per 100,000 population in their local HSA. Local access to gastroenterology subspecialty care is an important factor in receiving a liver transplant.
Some New Theoretical Methods for Treating Reaction Dynamics in Polyatomic Molecular Systems

Many useful descriptions of dynamical processes in polyatomic molecular systems are based on a reaction path approach. I.e., the potential energy surface is approximated as a multidimensional harmonic valley about a (curved) line in the 3N-6 dimensional space of the N atom system along which the motion is thought to be most localized. These lectures briefly review this reaction path methodology, but then focus mainly on some more recent approaches that go beyond the reaction path point of view. In particular, it is shown how empirical potential functions can be combined with selected ab initio calculations within an empirical valence bond model in order to construct a globalpotential energy surface for polyatomic reactions. Two other topics that are discussed are a new way of handling zero point energy in a classical trajectory simulation of polyatomic dynamics and a new model for including tunneling effects in a trajectory simulation.
Lost in Space? Shortcuts and Spatial Voting in Low-Information Elections

Voters face difficult choices in low-information local elections. Despite the concerns this raises for voter competence, there are virtually no studies of whether and when voters are able to choose candidates who best represent them ideologically in these contexts. We fill this gap by creating same-scale measures of candidate and voter ideology during a local election and examining how candidate ideology affects voters’ decisions. We also conduct an exit poll in which we experimentally manipulate cues and examine their effects on voters’ candidate preferences. Our results show that the ideological proximity of candidates has large effects on voters’ decisions. However, exposing voters to endorsements made by political parties and newspapers with ideological reputations diminishes, rather than enhances, voters’ propensity to prefer ideologically-similar candidates. These results challenge the notion that local elections are non-ideological and that citizens who have access to cues make “better” decisions than those who do not.
Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability

It has been suggested repeatedly in the literature of conditionals that there is an intimate connection between conditionals and conditional probability. Let us symbolize the indicative conditional as ⌐PJ CQ¬.
Oxidation studies of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers

Abstract The study of the oxidation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers in the direct conversions of ethers to esters by trichloroisocyanuric acid is reported. Initial work indicates that there is a selectivity in the oxidation of unsymmetrical ethers and that Newman's “rule of six” may be an important factor in this selectivity. Hypochlorous acid which is a simpler positive halogenating agent and which could actually be the functioning oxidizing agent generated by hydrolysis of trichloroisocyanuric acid is not effective as a general oxidizing agent or substitute for trichloroisocyanuric acid. although it does oxidize diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
Evaluation of Laminar Flow Microbiological Safety Cabinets

The microbiological control efficiency of two class 100 laminar down-flow hoods was determined by using aerosols of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores. The first unit challenged utilized a slanted eyelid to partially enclose the front work opening. This hood showed nearly perfect control of ambient organisms in the work area. It also gave a 10(6) or greater drop in the number of organisms passing out of the exhaust system. However, when the interior work area of the hood was challenged, significant numbers of spores penetrated the air barrier and escaped into the ambient air. A redesigned laminar flow hood was built incorporating a vertical eyelid and a reduced opening to the work area. This hood showed the same excellent characteristics for controlling ambient contamination. Exhaust system leakage was also extremely low. Air barrier efficiency for the newer hood was increased with lower amounts of spore penetration into the ambient air.
Analytical treatment of the continuous wave driving of a two-level atom without making the rotating wave approximation

In a straightforward manner, we utilize Floquet theory and adiabatic elimination to derive an analytic expression for a monochromatically driven two-level atom, without making the rotating wave approximation. We show that the counter-rotating terms dropped in the rotating wave approximation are responsible for three major effects. First an ac-Stark phase shift of the driven transition, second increased excited state population from far-detuned driving of the Lorentzian line, and third extra frequencies in the population dynamics that result in “wiggles.” The analytic result agrees well with numerical simultations over a wide range of parameters.
The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles

Farhana Sultana and Alex Loftus, eds. London: Earthscan/Routledge, 2012. xvii and 262 pp., figures, tables, index. $53.95 paper (ISBN 978-1-84971-359-7); $145.00 cloth (ISBN 978-1-84971-360-3).Scho...
Solid-phase extraction–high-perfomance liquid chromatography determination of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers in urine

Abstract A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective method has been developed for the stereospecific determination of verapamil and its metabolite, norverapamil in urine. For sample preparation we utilized a membrane-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) disk consisting of a thin, particle-loaded membrane inserted in a plastic syringe-like barrel. The particles, which may be C 8 or C 18 bonded phase (C 8 in this work), are embedded within a matrix of PTFE (Teflon) fibrils. Overall analyte recoveries were above 85%, even at low concentration of 3.0 ng/ml with reproducibilities (C.V. values) below 13.1%. This method of extraction has the advantage of speed and considerable reduction in solvent volumes compared to conventional SPE and solvent extraction. The separation of all the enantiomers was achieved using a single chiral stationary phase column, the cellulose-based reversed-phase, Chiralcel OD-R. Analyte concentrations of less than 3.0 ng/ml could be quantitated with C.V. values below 14%. Calibration curves were linear in the range 2.5–300 ng/ml. Intra-day and inter-day reproducibilities were 10.5–14.2% at 3 ng/ml, 4.8–9.3% at 138.5 ng/ml and 7.8–10.1% at 280 ng/ml level, respectively, for all the enantiomers.
Utilization of cell-transferred cytologic smears in detection of EGFR and KRAS mutation on adenocarcinoma of lung

Cell-transfer technique has been proven useful for performing immunocytochemistry on fine-needle aspiration smears. However, its utility for EGFR and KRAS molecular testing has not been validated. Molecular testing was performed using the cell-transfer technique on both Papanicolaou-stained ethanol-fixed and Hema 3-stained air-dried smears from 32 fine-needle aspiration samples that had diagnoses of adenocarcinoma of the lung, and then was compared to the results of the corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The molecular testing was successfully performed on 32 of 32 ethanol-fixed and 31 of 32 air-dried samples. The molecular results on ethanol-fixed and air-dried smears showed 100% agreement. There is 100% (32/32) agreement for the EGFR and 97% (31/32) agreement for the KRAS between the cell-transfer technique and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. One discrepant case was due to low percentage of tumor cells on the smears. Cell-transfer technique is a reliable alternative method for EGFR and KRAS testing if the cell blocks lack adequate cellularity.
Microparadigms: Chains of collective reasoning in publications about molecular interactions

We analyzed a very large set of molecular interactions that had been derived automatically from biological texts. We found that published statements, regardless of their verity, tend to interfere with interpretation of the subsequent experiments and, therefore, can act as scientific “microparadigms,” similar to dominant scientific theories [Kuhn, T. S. (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago)]. Using statistical tools, we measured the strength of the influence of a single published statement on subsequent interpretations. We call these measured values the momentums of the published statements and treat separately the majority and minority of conflicting statements about the same molecular event. Our results indicate that, when building biological models based on published experimental data, we may have to treat the data as highly dependent-ordered sequences of statements (i.e., chains of collective reasoning) rather than unordered and independent experimental observations. Furthermore, our computations indicate that our data set can be interpreted in two very different ways (two “alternative universes”): one is an “optimists’ universe” with a very low incidence of false results ( 90%). Our computations deem highly unlikely any milder intermediate explanation between these two extremes.
An improved protocol validation technique

Abstract It is shown that communication between asynchronous processes can be expressed as sequences of nondecomposable, basic interaction which in the general case involve multiple message exchanges. Consideration of the form of these interactions leads to an understanding of the limitations of protocol-validation techniques and improves their efficiency.
Why forgiveness may protect against depression: Hopelessness as an explanatory mechanism

This study examined associations between multiple dimensions of forgiveness with hopelessness and depression. Further, this study investigated the extent to which hopelessness mediated associations between forgiveness and depression. We used an adapted model and drew on beginning work showing associations between forgiveness, hope/hopelessness and depression. We predicted that forgiveness would be significantly inversely correlated with hopelessness and depression, and that hopelessness would mediate the associations between forgiveness and depression. We controlled for religiousness/spirituality and demographic factors in our analyses, and used data from a nationally representative probability sample of 1 423 adults, ages 18 years and older. Results showed that forgiveness of oneself and others was negatively correlated, and seeking forgiveness was positively correlated with depression. Forgiveness of oneself and others was associated with hopelessness. Mediation analyses revealed that hopelessness partially mediated the associations between forgiveness of oneself and others with depression. The present findings provide support for theoretical and conceptual work connecting forgiveness, hope and mental health, and add to a scant empirical literature on these topics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microhardness, toughness, and modulus of Mohs scale minerals

We report new results of microhardness and depth-sensing indentation (DSI) experiments for the first nine minerals in the Mohs scale: talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, and corundum. The Mohs scale is based on a relative measure of scratch resistance, but because scratching involves both loading and shearing, scratch resistance is not equivalent to hardness as measured by modern loading (indentation) methods; scratch resistance is also related to other material properties (fracture toughness, elastic modulus). To better understand the relationship of hardness to scratch resistance, we systematically determined hardness, fracture toughness, and elastic modulus for Mohs minerals. We measured hardness and toughness using microindentation, and modulus and hardness with DSI (“nanoindentation”) experiments. None of the measured properties increases consistently or linearly with Mohs number for the entire scale.
A multi-dimensional differential approximation for absorbing/emitting and anisotropically scattering media with collimated irradiation☆

Abstract By considering the intensity within a medium to consist of a collimated and a fairly diffuse part, the overall problem of radiative transfer is reduced to two simpler ones: first the collimated intensity is obtained (equivalent in complexity to a nonscattering medium); for the evaluation of the diffuse part of the radiation (due to emission and scattering), a new differential approximation has been developed. To demonstrate the accuracy and simplicity of the present method, two sample cases are presented for which some exact solutions can be found in the literature: results are presented (i) for cosine-varying irradiation incident upon a two-dimensional, isotropically scattering slab and (ii) for irradiation with a Gaussian intensity distribution of a two-dimensional, anisotropically scattering semi-infinite cylindrical medium.
TH‐E‐BRC‐10: Accuracy of Monte Carlo Dose Calculations with Kilovoltage Photon Beams

Purpose: To assess the importance of tissue segmentation for Monte Carlo(MC)dose calculations with kilovoltage photonbeams and to suggest a new segmentation method based on effective atomic number differences. Methods: MCdose to 34 ICRU‐44 tissues was calculated in a phantom irradiated by a number of kilovoltage beams using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes. Photonbeams currently used in small animal radiotherapy were studied: a microCT 120 kV beam, two 225 kV beams filtered with either 4 mm of Al or 0.5 mm of Cu, a heavily filtered 320 kV beam, and a 192Ir beam.MCdose was calculated for a five 120 kV beam treatment plan for a mouse with lungcancer. The microCT images were segmented using three different segmentation schemes — with 4 (the DOSXYZnrc default), 8, and 39 tissue types. The 4‐tissue and 8‐tissue segmentation schemes were based only on mass density differences. The new advanced 39‐tissue segmentation scheme is based on the combination of both mass density differences and atomic number differences. Results: Using our model we showed that mis‐assignment of adipose to cartilage caused dose calculation differences of 36%, 24%, and 14% for the 120 kV beam and the 225 kV beams filtered with 4 mm Al and 0.5 mm Cu, respectively. A second order polynomial approximated well the absorbed dose to tissue as a function of the effective number for all beams. The small animal study showed that the doses to adipose and bone were overestimated by 30–50% when the 4‐tissue segmentation was used compared to the 8‐ tissue and 39‐tissue segmentation schemes. The dose to the lungs and bone were underestimated by 5–10% with the 39‐tissue segmentation compared to the 8‐tissue segmentation. Conclusions: A new tissue segmentation method was proposed for a more accurate MCdose calculations with kilovoltage beams.
High Resolution Field Measurement Of Atmospheric Transmission

During the past several years the Optical Radiation Branch of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has conducted extensive field experiments designed to validate high resolution atmospheric transmission codes for near-and mid-infrared wavelengths. The combined use of laser extinction data with Fourier transform spectrometer measurements over long atmospheric paths has produced several examples of high-quality, precisely calibrated transmission spectra. Instrumentation and procedures used in these experiments will be described and selected measurement results will be presented. Application of this information to current infrared atmospheric transmission problems will be discussed together with comparisons of the experimental data to high-resolution computer code calculations.
The bridge from cold facts and hot rhetoric to rational climate policy

The scientific community must expand its role in the political debate over climate change if we are to have wise and smart policies. The current debate is characterized by a cacaphony of competing scientific claims, scare tactics and propaganda. Scientists, particularly those in academia, are badly needed to uphold the principles of scientific inquiry and standards of evidence, upon which rational public policy depends. They should weigh into the conflict heavily, when the bounds of -rational analysis are exceeded. The acid test of analytical rigor must remain a first principle.
Advanced Application Support for Improved GPU Utilization on Keeneland

With the delivery of the Keeneland Full Scale (KFS) system in 2012, XSEDE gained a new, unique GPU computing resource that contains a large number of GPUs per node. In KFS, each node has three NVIDIA Fermi GPUs, for a total of 792 GPUs and a theoretical peak of 614.5 TFLOPS across 264 nodes. While this system provides the potential for extreme productivity, its unique architecture also requires that each user make full use of all the GPU resources on each allocated node to achieve the best performance. Previous publications [12] have demonstrated a tool that allows for tracking the GPU utilization of individual nodes and the system as a whole, and it has helped to pinpoint low GPU utilization numbers on KFS and its precursor KIDS.This work discusses experiences, strategies, and results that have been applied on the Keeneland Full Scale system to ensure that users are fully utilizing GPU resources and to improve the performance of their calculations while reducing Service Unit (SU) usage. In many cases, these strategies boil down to two factors: user education and code optimization for KFS's unique architecture. Three specific applications are discussed in this context from the molecular science, materials science, and chemistry domains, and recent application support results are used to illustrate how small interventions can greatly increase utilization on a month-to-month basis.
Non-isothermal Calorimetric Studies of the Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass

The influence of preannealing treatments on the polymorphic crystallization of lithium disilicate glasses is examined. As expected, glasses heated at different rates through the temperature range where there is significant nucleation develop widely different numbers of nuclei. This can dramatically influence the stability and transformation characteristics of the annealed glass. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements are demonstrated to be useful to probe the nucleation behavior. The first systematic investigations of particle size effects on the non-isothermal transformation behavior are presented and discussed. Based on DTA and microscopy experiments, we show that small particles of lithium disilicate glasses crystallize primarily by surface crystallization. The relative importance of surface versus volume crystallization is examined by varying particle size, by introducing nucleating agents and by exposing glasses to atmospheres of different water content. These data are analyzed quantitatively using a numerical model developed in a second paper following in this volume.
Circulatory effects of hydrocortisone and protection against endotoxin shock in cats

Abstract These experiments describe some cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in a dosage which decreased the mortality rate of cats treated with an LD50 of E. coli endotoxin. Hydrocortisone pretreatment prevented the initial sharp decrease in arterial blood pressure and right ventricular contractile force induced by endotoxin. Furthermore, less reduction in myocardial contractile force 6 hr after endotoxin was observed in hydrocortisone pretreated cats. In normal cats the same dosage of hydrocortisone altered neither resting levels of blood pressure, myocardial contractile force, or vascular resistance in the hindquarters, kidney and small intestine, nor their responses to norepinephrine. It is concluded that hydrocortisone induced protection against endotoxin shock in the cat most likely involves mechanisms other than vasodilatation, alpha adrenergic blockade or increased cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine.
A prospective on drug abuse-associated epigenetics and HIV-1 replication

Drugs of abuse serve as cofactors to susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression. Although clinical reports indicate association between HIV/AIDS and drug use, the molecular mechanism of infection susceptibility and disease progression remains unclear. Drugs such as cocaine exert their addictive effects in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Given that epigenetic modifications play an important role in HIV-1 life cycle, it is essential to unravel whether drug abuse-associated epigenetic changes may contribute to HIV/AIDS. In this article we will provide a prospective on the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on HIV-1 life cycle.
Joint Iterative Migration of Electric And Magnetic Field Data

Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) surveys become widely used in off-shore petroleum exploration. However, the interpretation of the MCSEM data is a very challenging problem because of the enormous amount of computations required in the case of the multi-transmitter and multi-receiver data acquisition systems used in these surveys. In this paper we demonstrate that this problem can be solved using the method of electromagnetic migration. We extend the basic principles of electric field migration to the case of joint electric and magnetic field interpretation. The joint migration field is produced by back propagation within the conductive sea-bottom sediments of all electric and magnetic signals recorded in the receivers. We demonstrate that the joint migration of the EM field data provides a better quality image of a sea-bottom resistive structure (e.g., a hydrocarbon reservoir) than the results of individual migration for the different (electric or magnetic) field components.
Tectonic subsidence, flexure and global changes of sea level

Tectonic models for the evolution of passive continental margins predict that following rifting, sediments should progressively onlap basement at the edge of a margin as the lithosphere cools and increases its flexural rigidity with age. The pattern of modelled onlap is strikingly similar to that used by Vail and colleagues to estimate sea-level rise through geological time. This similarity suggests that major portions of stratigraphical sequences at margins may have a tectonic, rather than eustatic, control. The patterns of onlap used by Vail and colleagues may be widespread, however, because several widely separated passive margins rifted at similar times, but they are unlikely to be worldwide.
Viral and host factors in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.

Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS involves two distinct phases. During acute infection, massive depletion of CD4+CCR5+ memory T cells within the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue leads to major and potentially irreversible damage to CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune functions. The emergence of potent, but ultimately ineffective, cell-mediated and humoral responses to HIV leads to the chronic phase of infection, which is characterized by partial control of viral replication, chronic immune activation, progressive decline of the naive and memory T-cell pool, and systemic CD4+ T-cell depletion. The identification of these two pathogenic phases of HIV infection could have important implications in terms of HIV therapy and vaccine development.
Is Trust a Realistic Goal of Environmental Risk Communication

Environmental risk communication often fails in its efforts to overcome prevalent public distrust of government and industrial agencies. But, is achieving trust a realistic goal? The authors begin by reexamining definitions of the terms trust and credibility and summarizing recent assessments of the role trust plays in risk communication. On the basis of research conducted among people living near major nuclear power and hazardous waste storage facilities in rural South Carolina, they address whether trust, defined as uncritical emotional acceptance, is necessary for adequate risk communication. The authors propose that strategies of risk communication should focus not on building trust but on establishing procedures and standards that the public understands and accepts.
Endothelial-derived vasoactive mediators in polycystic kidney disease.

Endothelial-derived vasoactive mediators in polycystic kidney disease. Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by hypertension and renal vasoconstriction. Mediators of these hemodynamic changes are not well understood, but evidence suggests that endothelial-derived mediators may participate. Methods Baseline measurements of blood pressure, proteinuria, and urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion were performed in control and cystic male Han:SPRD rats (6 weeks of age). They were then treated with the nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or vehicle, for 6 weeks. After repeat systemic measurements, renal function was determined using inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances. Levels of renal endothelin-1 (ET-1) and renal endothelial NOS (eNOS) proteins were determined, and immunohistochemistry localized renal eNOS and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Results Administration of L-NAME aggravated systemic hypertension and renal vasoconstriction in the cystic rats, but did not affect the progression of proteinuria or cystic expansion. Cystic rats demonstrated marked increases in renal ET-1 and eNOS levels. L-NAME reduced eNOS expression in the membrane compartment, but increased eNOS in the cytosol. Localization studies indicated that renal eNOS was abundant in nonvascular compartments, but not in renal vascular and glomerular structures, whereas renal nNOS was diffusely diminished. Conclusion These alterations of endothelial-derived mediators (up-regulation of ET-1, and dysfunction of the NO system) contribute to vasoconstriction, and thereby are likely to contribute to the progressive loss of renal function in polycystic kidney disease (PKD).
Basic Requirements of Laser Fusion Power Production and Laser Fusion-Fission Plutonium Breeding

Required values of thermonuclear energy-gain, inertial confinement, laser-pulse energy and power for both electric power production by laser-fusion and for plutonium breeding by laser fusion-fission are obtained from simple considerations, and are tabulated for purposes of comparison.
Gender differences in retirement satisfaction and its antecedents.

This article examines differences between men and women in levels of self-reported satisfaction with retirement and in selected antecedents of retirement satisfaction including health, marital status, occupational status, and income. Data from a sample of 1530 retired residents of Washington State are analyzed. The analysis suggests that retirement is not a categorically different experience for women than for men, particularly as retirement satisfaction seems responsive to the same causes regardless of gender. The lower levels of retirement satisfaction among women appear to be due to their lower incomes in retirement and, to a lesser extent, their lower probabilities of being married.
A long duration balloon-borne telescope for solar gamma-ray astronomy

A new solar gamma-ray telescope is described which is intended to take advantage of current long-duration ballon facilities such as the RACOON system. The primary scientific objective is to detect and measure gamma-ray lines from solar flares, along with the associated low-energy continuum. The proposed instrument is centered on a multiheaded Ge system and is designed to operate over the energy range 50 keV to 200 200 MeV. In the nuclear transition energy region, the average energy resolution of the primary detectors is over 20 times better than that achieved with the gamma-ray spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite.
Evaluating elementary-aged students’ abilities to generalize and maintain fluency gains of a performance feedback writing intervention.

National estimates of students' writing abilities in the United States indicate that in 2002, 72% of elementary-aged students were unable to write with grade-level proficiency (Persky, Daane, & Jin, 2003). Although performance feedback is one type of intervention that improves students' writing skills, no study to date has examined the generalization and maintenance of writing fluency improvements developed through these interventions. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether elementary-aged students assigned to a performance feedback intervention condition demonstrated evidence of greater immediate treatment effects, generalization, and maintenance than students assigned to a practice-only condition. Results revealed that in comparison with the practice-only condition (n = 52), students assigned to the performance feedback condition (n = 51) demonstrated significantly greater immediate and generalized writing fluency improvements. However, evidence of maintenance of intervention effects was limited. These findings suggest that, in isolation, performance feedback may produce short-term desired effects on students' writing fluency growth, but that explicit programming of generality may be required to produce long-term achievement gains.
Multiple register window file for LISP-oriented RISC architectures

Abstract This paper proposes a multiple register window organization suitable for lisp -oriented architectures. Various lisp programs are studied to determine the statistics of free and bound variables, as well as the statistics of depth of nesting of lisp procedures. On the basis of this study a multiple register window organization consisting of 64 registers is determined which is suitable for lisp programs. Various strategies to manage register windows in a lisp environment are analysed to determine the best strategy. The results obtained indicate that the depth of nesting of any program can be predicted from its behaviour. The VLSI hardware implementation of the proposed multiple register file for a lisp -oriented architecture is described.
In-Service Education and Its Effect on Secondary Students: A New Approach

The authors point out that too few tests have been made of the assumption that if we increase the high school teachers' knowledge of economics the students of those teachers will learn more economics as well. The Thornton-Vredeveld study goes beyond the few that have tested this proposition, however, for it involves an approach to in-service training for teachers that differed substantially from that usually used in economic education programs. The surprising conclusion (at least it will be surprising to many college economists) was that a program in which the teachers discussed curricular materials as opposed to receiving conventional economics instruction was effective in teaching them economics. It also had the desired effect on the students of those teachers, and proved to be inexpensive.
The Auditing of Efficiency in Government

Management looks to internal auditing to do more than verify the validity and accuracy of financial statements and to detect fraud. Although fairness of presentation of the financial statements is important and although the deterrence of fraud and misuse of resources is also important, management is usually aware that losses sustained as a result of inefficiency and ineffectiveness are equally or more critical to the health of the organisation. This philosophy is equally true for organisations in both the public and private sectors.
Self-consistent calculation of the electronic structure of the (110) GaAs-ZnSe interface

The abrupt (110) interface of GaAs-ZnSe is studied using the self-consistent pseudopotential method. No interface states are found in the fundamental gap, but interface states do split off from bulk states in some other regions. The band-edge discontinuity found in the present calculation does not satisfy the simple electron affinity rule; the calculated discontinuity of the conduction-band minima is 0.7 eV compared with the electron-affinity difference of 0.02 eV. The role of ionicity in the electronic structure of the interface is discussed.
Formation and maintenance of shear zones

The processes that initiate and maintain prograde ductile shear zones are not well understood. We have performed shear experiments (γ = 1 to 3) on a fine-grained (100– 150 μm) gneiss (59% quartz, 28% plagioclase, 13% aligned but not interconnected biotite) to determine the evolution of deformation mechanisms that produce dramatic strain weakening and localization, at conditions (1.5 GPa, 800 °C, \({\dot{{\gamma}}}\) = 2 × 10 −5 /s) where pure quartz aggregates deform homogeneously by dislocation creep. Initial yield occurs where stress concentrations at the tips of weak biotite grains produce semibrittle deformation in intervening quartz or plagioclase, allowing local biotite interconnection by slip on (001) and initiating strain weakening. After yield, the interconnected biotites kink and thus strengthen, but the highly strained parts of grains react to a fine-grained, mixed-phase assemblage which deforms by grain-size–sensitive creep, allowing further strain weakening and localization. At γ = 3.3, the strain and strain rate in the ∼100-μm-thick shear zone are 100 times that of the enclosing host rock, similar to the localization observed in natural shear zones. Thus, the processes that initiate strain localization are not necessarily the same as those that preserve the weak shear zone, and once formed, a shear zone may be permanently weakened.
Crystal structure and terahertz spectroscopy of α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo-p-xylene modeled using solid-state density functional theory

Abstract The previously unknown crystal structure of α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo- p -xylene has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and it was discovered that the molecular packing primarily involves electrostatic interactions between neighboring molecules. Due to the unusual nature of the packing in this system, the vibrational motions were investigated. The low energy lattice and molecular vibrations unique to molecular crystals were measured in the terahertz (THz) region (10–100 cm −1 ). These vibrational motions were then reproduced using solid-state density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in CRYSTAL09, and it was found that the majority of the motions in this region involve either whole molecular translation or molecular scissoring.
Optical effects of surface plasma waves with damping in metallic thin films.

Effects of optical absorption on surface plasma waves are computed from the Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients for a metallic thin film. It is shown that the angle of incidence at which the reflectivity exhibits a deep minimum is greater than the angle of incidence at which the H field of the surface plasma wave at the metal–vacuum surface exhibits maximum amplitude. Surface plasma waves can have maximum amplitude at an angle of incidence where reflectivity is near maximum, and a deep minimum in reflectivity can occur without the simultaneous excitation of intense surface plasma waves.
Barnett Newman's Zip as Figure

Challenging the formalist critical legacy of Clement Greenberg and Michael Fried, this essay advocates an alternative philosophical lineage for Modernist painting through a specific focus on Barnett Newman's vertical stripe or ‘zip’. This genealogy is rooted in Newman's own self-confessed interest in painting as a disclosure of the sensation of time and Deleuze's overt break with Kant. In light of the latter, the zip takes on the function of Deleuze's Figure: the material support that generates, sustains and also disperses a precise sensation.
Koro in a Native Born of the U.S

A case of Koro in a native born citizen of the U.S. is presented. The similarity to earlier culture-bound cases is discussed, as well as the and constitutional substrate present in this case.
Investigation of a Wideband BiCMOS Fully On-Chip $W$ -Band Bowtie Slot Antenna

Design and implementation of a W-band on-chip bowtie-shaped slot antenna fabricated in 180-nm BiCMOS process is presented, and its performance and limitations are discussed. This antenna has a measured impedance bandwidth (S11 <; -10 dB) across the W-band frequency range and a very wide gain bandwidth, making it a candidate for wideband applications. The measured gain for this antenna is 0-1 dBi at 94 GHz. This letter also analyzes the influence of the RF probe to the on-chip antenna performance.
Gnare: Automated System For High-Throughput Genome Analysis With Grid Computational Backend

Recent progress in genomics and experimental biology has brought exponential growth of the biological information available for computational analysis in public genomics databases. However, applying the potentially enormous scientific value of this information to the understanding of biological systems requires computing and data storage technology of an unprecedented scale. The Grid, with its aggregated and distributed computational and storage infrastructure, offers an ideal platform for high-throughput bioinformatics analysis. To leverage this we have developed the Genome Analysis Research Environment (GNARE) – a scalable computational system for the high-throughput analysis of genomes, which provides an integrated database and computational backend for data-driven bioinformatics applications. GNARE efficiently automates the major steps of genome analysis including acquisition of data from multiple genomic databases; data analysis by a diverse set of bioinformatics tools; and storage of results and annotations.
Sophisticated voting in the 1980 presidential election

Survey research on the 1980 presidential election does not support the contention that sophisticated voting is employed by voters to avoid their least preferred alternative. Complete preference orderings for Anderson, Carter, and Reagan are inferred from survey responses for a sample of voters. Data analysis focuses on reported vote for preference groups which rank Anderson first, comparing those who voted for Anderson to those who voted for their second choice. Results show that sophisticated voters appear to have voted on the basis of positive aspects of their second most preferred candidate rather than in avoidance of negative aspects of their least preferred candidate.
Engineering globalization: Overview of trends & implications

There is strong evidence, based on news reports and supported by experts, that engineering work and tasks are being restructured and reallocated across different countries. Yet this significant transformation of the engineering enterprise hasn't been explored systematically. This paper will summarize current trends in the size, scope, and trajectory of engineering globalization. The implications of engineering globalization for engineering education will be explored based on these findings.
Rational homology manifolds and rational resolutions

Abstract We prove that every compactum X , having rational dimension n , is an image under a rationally acyclic map of an (n+1) -dimensional compactum Y . If n>1 , then additionally dim Q Y=n . As a consequence we obtain existence of rational homology k -manifolds with covering dimension greater than k .
Effects of cytochrome P450 inducers on tamoxifen genotoxicity in female mice in vivo

Abstract We recently reported that administration of the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) gives rise to two groups of DNA adducts in female mouse liver in vivo , as measured by 32 P-postlabeling, and provided evidence that 4-hydroxytamoxifen and α-hydroxytamoxifen are proximate carcinogenic metabolites leading to group I and group II adducts, respectively (Randerath et ed., Carcinogenesis 15: 2087-2094, 1994). Because cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in TAM metabolism, in this investigation we tested the hypothesis that induction of liver CYP enzymes may affect TAM metabolism profoundly, resulting in increased or decreased TAM-DNA adduct formation in vivo . To this end, we treated female ICR mice with TAM either alone or in combination with one of several classic CYP inducers, i.e. phenobarbital (PB), s-naphthoflavone (BNF), and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), and determined the levels of 32 P-postlabeled TAM-DNA adducts and the activities of several CYP-dependent enzymes. Each of the inducers greatly diminished levels of group II, but did not affect group I adducts. TAM elicited induction of benzphetamine N -demethylase activity in liver, while activities of other enzymes were not affected. TAM, when given in combination with BNF, elicited a synergistic induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) (CYP1A1) and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) (CYP1A2) activities. Likewise, PCN given along with TAM caused synergistic induction of EROD and ethylmorphine N -demethylase activities. There was no synergism between PB and TAM, however. Overall, the results further support the existence of two pathways of TAM metabolism to DNA-reactive electrophiles and strongly suggest that the classic CYP inducers tested enhance detoxication of TAM to non-genotoxic metabolites.
Extending the Qualitative Capabilities of GIS: Computer-Aided Qualitative GIS

A number of approaches for integrating GIS and qualitative research have emerged in recent years, as part of a resurgence of interest in mixed methods research in geography. These efforts to integrate qualitative data and qualitative analysis techniques complement a longstanding focus in GIScience upon ways of handling qualitative forms of spatial data and reasoning in digital environments, and extend engagements with ‘the qualitative’ in GIScience to include discussions of research methodologies. This article contributes to these emerging qualitative GIS methodologies by describing the structures and functions of ‘computer-aided qualitative GIS’ (CAQ-GIS), an approach for storing and analyzing qualitative, quantitative, and geovisual data in both GIS and computer aided data analysis software. CAQ-GIS uses modified structures from conventional desktop GIS to support storage of qualitative data and analytical codes, together with a parallel coding and analysis process carried out with GIS and a computer-aided data analysis software package. The inductive mixed methods analysis potential of CAQ-GIS is demonstrated with examples from research on children's urban geographies.
Role of group velocity delay in Faraday rotation in a multilayer polymer lattice

We measure and model the spectral dependence of Faraday rotation in one-dimensional lattice structures composed of co-extruded alternating polymer layers of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene. We develop a theory that shows that the net Faraday rotation in a symmetric multilayer system is determined not by the total thickness of the constituent materials but by the time spent in each constituent material as measured by the overall group velocity delay of the structure and the relative energy distribution per material. We compare measured and computed Faraday rotation spectra for these films to theoretical predictions, taking into account ellipticity as well as layer thickness variations and finite spectral width detection. To measure rotations of these thin, non-magnetic, weak Faraday rotators, we constructed and optimized an apparatus capable of measuring broadband Faraday rotation spectra at 0.001° resolution for rotation angles as small as 0.002°.
Thermal Predictions of the AGR-3/4 Experiment with Time Varying Gas Gaps

A thermal analysis was performed for the Advanced Gas Reactor test experiment (AGR-3/4) with time varying gas gaps. The experiment was irradiated at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Several fuel irradiation experiments are planned for the AGR Fuel Development and Qualification Program which supports the development of the Very-High-Temperature gas-cooled Reactor (VHTR) under the Next-Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project.AGR-3/4 combines two tests in a series of planned AGR experiments to test tri-structural-isotropic (TRISO)-coated, low-enriched uranium oxy-carbide fuel. The AGR-3/4 test was designed primarily to assess fission product transport through various graphite materials. The AGR-3/4 test irradiation in the ATR started in December 2011 and finished in April 2014. Forty-eight (48) TRISO fueled compacts were inserted into twelve separate capsules for the experiment (four compacts per capsule).The purpose of this analysis was to calculate the temperatures of each compact and graphite layer to obtain daily average temperatures using time (fast neutron fluence) varying gas gaps and to compare with experimentally measured thermocouple data. Previous experimental data was used for the graphite shrinkage versus fast neutron fluence. Heat rates were input from a detailed physics analysis using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code for each day during the experiment. Individual heat rates for each non-fuel component were input as well. A steady-state thermal analysis was performed for each daily calculation. A finite element model was created for each capsule using the commercial finite element heat transfer and stress analysis package ABAQUS. The fission and neutron gamma heat rates were calculated with the nuclear physics code MCNP. ATR outer shim control cylinders and neck shim rods along with driver fuel power and fuel depletion were incorporated into the daily physics heat rate calculations. Compact and graphite thermal conductivity were input as a function of temperature and neutron fluence with the field variable option in ABAQUS. Surface-to-surface radiation heat transfer along with conduction heat transfer through the gas mixture of helium-neon (used for temperature control) was used in these models. Model results are compared to thermocouple data taken during the experiment.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Dendrimeric Micelles for Controlled Drug Release and Targeted Delivery

This review highlights the developments in dendrimer-based micelles for drug delivery. Dendrimers, the perfectly branched monodisperse macromolecules, have certain structural advantages that make them attractive candidates as drug carriers for controlled release or targeted delivery. As polymeric micelle-based approaches precede the work in dendrimers, these are also discussed briefly. The review concludes with a perspective on possible applications of biaryl-based dendrimeric micelles that exhibit environment-dependent conformations, in drug delivery. Keywords: Micelle; drug delivery; dendrimers; controlled release; targeted delivery; polymer−drug conjugates