cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Planetary Data System

Nasa has sponsored the development of the Planetary Data System (PDS) in order to preserve the scientific returns from past and future planeary missions and to make those data readily accessible in a well-documented form. The PDS encompasses all planetary data, but also provides a distributed, discipline-oriented architecture to best serve the needs of the diverse planetary sciences user-community. It is the intention of the PDS to ease and promote the analysis of planetary data through the development and application of data and documentation standards, basic analysis tools, and technology.
Low degree spherical harmonic influences on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) water storage estimates

We estimate terrestrial water storage variations using time variable gravity changes observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites during the first 2 years of the mission. We examine how treatment of low-degree gravitational changes and geocenter variations affect GRACE based estimates of basin-scale water storage changes, using independently derived low-degree harmonics from Earth rotation (EOP) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations. GRACE based water storage changes are compared with estimates from NASA's Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). Results from the 22 GRACE monthly gravity solutions, covering the period April 2002 to July 2004, show remarkably good agreement with GLDAS in the Mississippi, Amazon, Ganges, Ob, Zambezi, and Victoria basins. Combining GRACE observations with EOP and SLR degree-2 spherical harmonic coefficient changes and SLR observed geocenter variations significantly affects and apparently improves the estimates, especially in the Mississippi, Ob, and Victoria basins.
The Possessed: The Demonic and Demonized East and West in Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg and Dostoevsky's Demons

The demonic is one of the major leitmotifs in Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg. Like no other leitmotif, it unites in one image two major themes of Mann's text: the fascination with death and the deep-seated cultural opposition between East and West. In this manner Mann's novel aligns the crisis of West European civilization with an external demonic influence coming from the East. Mann's construction of the demonic in his novel can be traced, on the one hand, to his reflection on contemporary East/West issues. On the other hand, Mann's perception of demonism derives from his enthusiastic reception and subsequent rejection of Feodor Dostoevsky's political and philosophical views, particularly as expressed in his novel Demons (1872). I argue that, despite distancing himself from Dostoevsky amid his political conversion from conservatism to liberalism, Mann still borrows one of Dostoevsky's most controversial ideas—association of the loss of national identity with a devil's pact.
On the contribution of anthropogenic Cl to the increase in δ13C of atmospheric methane

[1] A two-dimensional model is used to evaluate the impact of stratospheric chlorine on δ13C of CH4 at the surface and to analyze sensitivity to different chemical and transport processes. It is found that the impact of Cl depends on the relative strength of the lower and upper branches of the stratospheric circulation, which emphasize regions of differing rates of methane fractionation. It is estimated that the increase in concentrations of Cl associated with human activity has contributed at most 0.54‰ to the 2‰ increase of δ13C observed over the past century. It follows that growth in the relative importance of heavier sources of CH4 (associated, for example, with fossil fuels and biomass burning) has been largely responsible for the trend.
Helicobacter pylori: transtornos neurológicos e oftalmológicos

Helicobacter pylori infection has been associated with many intestinal and extraintestinal infections. It has been linked with many neurological and ophthalmological disorders including cerebrovascular diseases, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathies, glaucoma, and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The pathophysiological mechanisms could involve various immunological processes in response to an infectious agent or different antigens released during tissue destruction resulting in activation of cellular and humoral immunity; platelet activation and aggregation; different vasoactive and inflammatory substances; reactive oxygen species; and apoptotic processes. The long-term effects of H. pylori eradication therapy on the course of these disorders still need to be explored and warrant further studies.
Isolation of 6-methoxy gossypol and 6,6'-dimethoxy gossypol from Gossypium barbadense Sea Island cotton.

6-Methoxy gossypol and 6,6‘-dimethoxy gossypol were isolated from the seeds and root bark of a St. Vincent Sea Island variety of cotton (AZK-267, GRIN# PI 528406). Crude mixtures of gossypol and th...
Tyrosine Aminotransferase Deficiency in Mink (Mustela vision): A Model for Human Tyrosinemia II

Mink pseudodistemper, a recessive disease associated with high blood tyrosine levels, is an animal analogue of the human inborn error of metabolism, tyrosinemia II. Affected mink and man have eye and skin lesions. Affected mink have no hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity, as measured immunologically and biochemically. Hepatic mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is increased to 188% of control. This new genetic animal model of TAT deficiency should allow new studies of tyrosine metabolism.
On-line calibration of behavior parameters for behavior-consistent route guidance

This paper calibrates on-line the parameters of a controller-estimated driver behavior model used in a deployable behavior-consistent approach for real-time route guidance by checking the consistency between the time-dependent actual and estimated system states. The behavior model has a fuzzy multinomial logit structure where the systematic utility component is obtained using aggregate behavioral if-then rules. The weights of these rules are calibrated through a fuzzy on-line calibration model using the unfolding traffic volume measurements. The on-line calibration is done within the deployment framework of the behavior-consistent approach where the drivers' likely response is factored in determining the route guidance strategies. The generalized structure of the calibration component enables it to simultaneously incorporate other sources of state inconsistency such as traffic flow model parameters. The results indicate that the calibration model can enhance the accuracy of system state estimation, leading to the increased effectiveness of the behavior-consistent route guidance. It provides the ability to more accurately predict drivers' likely route choices by using aggregate if-then rules, and consequently, aggregate level data. This is attractive in a deployment context as it implies reduced data needs at a disaggregate level, a difficult proposition in the real world.
Three-dimensional stress singularities in anisotropic materials and composites

Abstract A general numerical procedure is presented for determining the 3-dimensional stress singularities in anisotropic materials and composites. The geometry near the singular point can be represented by a conical wedge whose lateral surface is generated by straight lines passing through the wedge apex. The cross section S 1 , of the conical wedge at any constant radial distance from the apex defines the geometry of the 3-dimensional singular point in the material. If S 1 consists of two or more regions each occupied by a different material, we have a 3-dimensional composite conical wedge. A 2-dimensional finite element scheme based on a variational principle is developed to find the order of stress singularities at the wedge apex. The method can be applied to any shape of S 1 . It is tested against known numerical and analytical solutions for special geometries in isotropic as well as anisotropic materials. Several new examples are also presented. It is observed that this procedure coupled with the 8-node isoparametric quadrilateral elements employed here is quite efficient in providing rapidly converging and fairly accurate results.
The Effects of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Comonomer Composition on the Polymerization Behavior of Dimethacrylate Dental Resins

One of the most common combinations for the organic phase of dental restorative materials is BisGMA (2,2 bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenylJpropane) and TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate). However, this copolymer has some drawbacks, such as volume shrinkage during cure and lack of complete double-bond conversion. If the properties of this system are to be improved, an attempt must be made to understand the underlying kinetics of the reaction. This work examines the effects of light intensity, temperature, and composition on the polymerization behavior of BisGMA/TEGDMA copolymerizations. Using differential scanning calorimetry, we monitored the rates of photopolymerization for various experimental conditions. The BisGMA/TEGDMA copolymerization behaved similarly to other dimethacrylate systems and exhibited diffusion-controlled kinetics. It was found that the maximum rate of polymerization was significantly affected by the intensity of the light, and the temperature of the polymerizat...
A new look at driven magnetic reconnection at the terrestrial subsolar magnetopause

[1] The physics of steady driven magnetic reconnection at Earth's subsolar magnetopause is addressed. Three-dimensional, global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the magnetopause are compared with analytical solutions of the resistive MHD equations [Sonnerup and Priest, 1975] corresponding to magnetic field annihilation driven by an incompressible stagnation point flow. The simulations demonstrate that under steady southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions and when the plasma resistivity is spatially uniform, subsolar magnetopause reconnection occurs in long, thin Sweet-Parker current sheets via a flux pileup mechanism [Sonnerup and Priest, 1975; Priest and Forbes, 1986] (rather than in Petschek slow shock configurations). Magnetic energy piles up upstream of the magnetopause current sheet to accommodate the sub-Alfvenic solar wind inflow. The scaling of the pileup with Lundquist number, S, is consistent (approximately ∝ S1/4) with that predicted by the analytical, incompressible stagnation point flow solutions (though there are small corrections due to plasma compressibility in the simulations). Since there is a finite energy in the magnetosheath available to drive the magnetic pileup (and associated rapid magnetic reconnection), we expect the pileup to saturate and the reconnection rate to drop as the upstream plasma pressure drops to accommodate the pileup. Thus we expect the reconnection to stall, the rate vanishing in the limit S → ∞. We discuss the role of Hall electric fields in allowing the magnetic pileup to saturate before the reconnection begins to stall, permitting Alfvenic reconnection to occur in thin current sheets in the limit S → ∞.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the arc of contact of extraocular muscles: Implications regarding the incidence of slipped muscles ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Background: Slipped muscles are complications of strabismus surgery that are encountered more frequently after recessions of the inferior and medial rectus muscles. Methods: We obtained multipositional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of 10 orbits of 6 normal subjects, 9 orbits of 5 patients with thyroid-associated eye disease, and 4 orbits of 2 patients with thyroid-associated eye disease on the day after rectus muscle recessions using a suspension technique. The arc of contact and the distance between the insertion and the point of tangency of each of the extraocular muscles to the globe were measured in primary position as well as in the cardinal fields. Results: The data confirm that the inferior and medial rectus muscles have a significantly smaller wraparound effect on the globe than the superior and lateral rectus muscles, respectively ( P = .022 for the vertical rectus muscles; P = .05 for the horizontal rectus muscles, paired t test), and that their insertions may be found several millimeters posterior to their points of tangency in extreme rotation of the globe in their respective field of action. The appearance of the suspended recessed inferior rectus muscle on the first postoperative day and its decreased apposition to the globe raise concerns about the muscle losing contact with the globe in extreme downgaze. Conclusions: The small wraparound effect of the inferior and medial rectus muscles may explain one of the mechanisms accounting for the increased incidence of slipped muscles encountered after recessions of these muscles. (J AAPOS 2000;4:84–93)
Ultrafast Primary Processes in PS I from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Roles of P700 and A0

The excitation transport and trapping kinetics of core antenna-reaction center complexes from photosystem I of wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were investigated under annihilation-free conditions in complexes with open and closed reaction centers. For closed reaction centers, the long-component decay-associated spectrum (DAS) from global analysis of absorption difference spectra excited at 660 nm is essentially flat (maximum amplitude 700 nm is well described by a single DAS component with lifetime 2.3 ps. For closed reaction centers, two DAS components (2.0 and 6.5 ps) are required to fit the kinetics. The overall trapping time at P700 ( approximately 24 ps) is very nearly the same in either case. Our results support a scenario in which the time constant for the P700 --> A(0) electron transfer is 9-10 ps, whereas the kinetics of the subsequent A(0) --> A(1) electron transfer are still unknown.
Measuring Effects of Observational Learning and Social-Network Word-of-Mouth (WOM) on the Sales of Daily-Deal Vouchers

In recent years, daily-deal sites that help sellers offer deep-discounted vouchers have become an increasingly popular marketing vehicle. To investigate their effectiveness on sales, this study hypothesizes two different mechanisms, i.e., observational learning and Word-of-Mouth (WOM) via online social networks, affect shopping behaviors and sales of daily-deal vouchers. Using a unique panel data set consisting of accurate sales data of more than 500 deals from Groupon.com, this study empirically tests saliency of the two mechanisms. The findings indicate that while both mechanisms have a significantly positive association with voucher sales, the effect is stronger for Facebook-mediated WOM than for observational learning. We find that one Facebook Like on a deal, on average, is associated with two additional voucher sales and thus an increase of $215 in revenue. However, we do not find consistent evidence that Twitter-mediated WOM has any impact on the voucher sales.
Genetic Variation among North American Populations of Phragmites australis: Implications for Management

Over the past century, the distribution and abundance ofPhragmites australis (common reed) has dramatically increased in both freshwater and brackish wetlands throughout North America. It has been hypothesized that the increased competitive ability ofPhragmites could be the result of an introduction of a more aggressive genotype. Sequence data from 2 noncoding regions of the chloroplast genome show that, historically, 11 native haplotypes were found across North America and population-structuring distinguishing samples from the Atlantic Coast, Midwest, West, and Gulf Coast regions of the continent was evident. Today a single genetically-distinct haplotype dominates the Atlantic Coast and is also found across the continent in lower frequencies; this type is common in Europe and Asia and has most likely been introduced to North America. Comparisons of modern populations with historic samples show that along the Atlantic Coast, this cosmopolitan type has replaced native haplotypes and it is invading new sites throughout the rest of the country. In the Midwest and West, native populations are still common but introduced populations are found along roadsides throughout the area. Gulf Coast populations are dominated by another population type that is genetically distinct from all other North American population types.
Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study.

TheGuilty Knowledge Test (GKT) has been used extensively to model deception. An association between the brain evoked response potentials and lying on the GKT suggests that deception may be associated with changes in other measures of brain activity such as regional blood flow that could be anatomically localized with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI contrasts between deceptive and truthful responses were measured with a 4 Tesla scanner in 18 participants performing the GKT and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and the left premotor, motor, and anterior parietal cortex was specifically associated with deceptive responses. The results indicate that: (a) cognitive differences between deception and truth have neural correlates detectable by fMRI, (b) inhibition of the truthful response may be a basic component of intentional deception, and (c) ACC and SFG are components of the basic neural circuitry for deception.
State- and County-Level Determinants of Food Manufacturing Establishment Growth: 1987–93

Empirical models are developed and estimated to identify economic determinants of food manufacturing establishment growth between 1987 and 1993. Separate growth equations are estimated for states and counties at the three-digit SIC level. Significant agglomeration diseconomies are found to exist for nearly all subindustries at the county level, but not at the state level. The ability of rural counties to attract food processors to create local employment opportunities and market outlets for farmers varies considerably across subindustries.
Association of seat belt use with death: a comparison of estimates based on data from police and estimates based on data from trained crash investigators.

Objective: Estimates of any protective effect of seat belts could be exaggerated if some crash survivors falsely claimed to police that they were belted in order to avoid a fine. The aim of this study was to determine whether estimates of seat belt effectiveness differed when based on belt use as recorded by the police and belt use determined by trained crash investigators. Design: Matched cohort study. Setting: United States. Subjects: Adult driver-passenger pairs in the same vehicle with at least one death (n=1689) sampled from crashes during 1988–2000; data from the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System. Main outcome measure: Risk ratio for death among belted occupants compared with those not belted. Results: Trained investigators determined post-crash seat belt use by vehicle inspections for 92% of the occupants, confidential interviews with survivors for 5%, and medical or autopsy reports for 3%. Using this information, the adjusted risk ratio for belted persons was 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.46). The risk ratio was also 0.36 using police reported belt use for the same crashes. Conclusions: Estimates of seat belt effects based upon police data were not substantially different from estimates which used data obtained by trained crash investigators who were not police officers. These results were from vehicles in which at least one front seat occupant died; these findings may not apply to estimates which use data from crashes without a death.
Coronary arterial responses to graded doses of nitroglycerin.

The potential benefit from coronary dilatation induced by nitroglycerin is thought to be limited in patients with ischemia by blood pressure reduction, heart rate increase and coronary artery disease. Because recent work with other vasodilators suggests multiple vascular receptor sites with various degrees of responsiveness, coronary dilator and systemic responses to graded doses of nitroglycerin were examined in 13 patients. High resolution, 105 mm photospot film coronary angiograms, using 4.5 or 6 inch image intensification, was performed before and after administration of cumulative doses of sublingual nitroglycerin (75 to 450 μg). A calibrated optical system was used to measure coronary arterial diameter. Small doses of nitroglycerin (75 to 150 μg) increased the diameter of the left anterior descending coronary artery by 10 and 20 percent (mean), that of the left circumflex artery by 9 and 22 percent, and that of collaterally filled vessels by 18 and 28 percent, respectively (all values significantly [P < 0.01] different from measurements before nitroglycerin). No significant change in heart rate or mean aortic pressure occurred. Doses of nitroglycerin to 450 μg produced only modest additional increases in coronary arterial diameter (left anterior descending artery 9 percent, left circumflex artery and collaterally filled vessels 7 percent). Heart rate increased 5 beats/min and blood pressure decreased 11 mm Hg with 450 μg of nitroglycerin (both P < 0.01). These data suggest that dilator receptors of both large left coronary arteries and vessels filled by collateral vessels respond to very small doses of nitroglycerin without significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Carbon Monoxide–Activated Nrf2 Pathway Leads to Protection Against Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose—Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous second messenger produced when heme oxygenase enzymes catabolize heme. We have demonstrated that CO can be therapeutic in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury; however, it is unclear whether CO can also offer protection in permanent ischemic stroke or what mechanism(s) underlies the effect. Heme oxygenase-1 neuroprotection was shown to be regulated by Nrf2; therefore, we investigated whether CO might partially exert neuroprotection by modulating the Nrf2 pathway. Methods—To evaluate the potential protective effects of CO, we exposed male wild-type and Nrf2-knockout mice to 250 ppm CO or control air for 18 hours immediately after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume and neurologic deficits were assessed on day 7. Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2 pathway activation by CO were also investigated. Results—Mice exposed to CO after permanent ischemia had 29.6±12.6% less brain damage than did controls at 7 days, although amelioration in neuro...
Gas-phase ion—molecule reaction rates

Abstract Two aspects of simple theory of gas-phase ion—molecule reaction rates are considered. For the reaction cross section derived solely from the charge-induced dipole potential neglecting molecular core sizes, it is shown that the phenomenological cross section is uniquely determined by the reaction cross section and the average local primary ion speed and it is otherwise independent of the ion and neutral velocity distributions. Also, effects of nonvanishing molecular core sizes on the phenomenological cross section and the thermal rate constant are treated on the basis of the collision dynamics of hard spheres with the charge-induced dipole potential.
Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy as an experimental probe for S-nitroso proteins

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge (2.4-2.6keV) provides a sensitive and specific technique to identify S-nitroso compounds, which have significance in nitric oxide-based cell signaling. Unique spectral features clearly distinguish the S-nitroso-form of a cysteine residue from the sulfhydryl-form or from a methionine thioether. Comparison of the sulfur K-edge spectra of thiolate, thiol, thioether, and S-nitroso thiolate compounds indicates high sensitivity of energy positions and intensities of XAS pre-edge features as determined by the electronic environment of the sulfur absorber. A new experimental setup is being developed for reaching the in vivo concentration range of S-nitroso thiol levels in biological samples.
Asian Options Can be More Valuable than Plain Vanilla Counterparts

Asian options payoffs are based on the average price of the underlying over some time period prior to and including the expiration date. This induces path–dependency, which presents problems for standard option pricing models. One basic principle, though, is that viewed from an initial date t, the standard deviation of the asset price at a future option expiration date T will be greater than the standard deviation of the average price over the period leading up to T. Thus, other things equal, an Asian option should be worth less than the equivalent European option. However, in this article, Ye shows that, in general, other things won9t be equal. In particular, the expected value of the average price will also be systematically different from that of the terminal price, as a function of the riskless rate and the dividend yield. Although the volatility will be lower for the Asian option, the pricing relationship can easily be reversed by the difference in expected values. Asian options can, indeed, be worth more than their equivalent plain vanilla counterparts.
Twelve Uneasy Pieces on Research and Therapy

In this article, the author chronicles two specific days plus her academic career from the intersecting lenses of research and therapy.
Recreation Demand, Aging, and the Life Course

(1989). Recreation Demand, Aging, and the Life Course. World Leisure & Recreation: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 25-28.
Effects of verbenone and trans-verbenol on the response of Dendroctonus brevicomis to natural and synthetic attractant in the field.

Verbenone andtrans-verbenol were investigated as candidate interruptants for use as tree protectants. Verbenone andtrans-verbenol, pheromones released byDendroctonus brevicomis during host colonization, reduced the trap catch ofD. brevicomis near sources of the attractant composed ofexo-brevicomm, frontalin, and myrcene. Catch reduction at some trap positions was greater at a high release rate than at a low release rate oftrans-verbenol alone and of the combination of verbenone plustrans-verbenol. Verbenone also reduced catches at traps baited with attractive bolts from trees under attack byD. brevicomis. Attempts to use verbenone to protect living trees fromD. brevicomis attack were inconclusive.
In vivo and in vitro responses to magnesium sulphate in porcine malignant hyperthermia.

Magnesium sulphate has previously been shown therapeutic in porcine malignant hyperthermia. It was given intravenously in doses of 99 mg·kg-1 before and 277 mg·kg-1 after an episode of malignant hyperthermia had been produced by halothane 1.5 per cent, in a group of four malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine. Two groups of four additional MH susceptible and MH resistant swine received a constant infusion of magnesium sulphate 10 mg·kg-1 until approximately 95 per cent depression of foretoe twitch was produced. Four hyperthermia susceptible controls received saline infusions. All were then immediately challenged with succinylcholine 2 mg·kg-1 and halothane 1.5 per cent. Muscle strips from three other malignant hyperthermia swine were exposedin vitro to magnesium sulphate with and without halothane, and response of twitch tension and contracture were measured. The malignant hyperthermia response to halothane 1.5 per cent was attenuated but not prevented by pretreatment with magnesium sulphate. It did not appear to be therapeutic in this group. Depression of toe twitch by magnesium sulphate was similar in MH susceptible and MH resistant pigs. Pretreatment with magnesium sulphate markedly attentuated the response to a succinylcholine-halothane challenge in MH susceptible pigs.In vitro magnesium sulphate depressed twitch and halothane contracture responses. We conclude that magnesium sulphate is partially prophylactic for the malignant hyperthermia challenge. The mechanism of this response is likely secondary to calcium ion antagonism at multiple sites. The muscle relaxant reponse to magnesium sulphate cannot be used as a diagnostic test for porcine malignant hyperthermia.
Evaluation of a food label nutrition intervention for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective To evaluate an educational intervention about the food label designed specifically for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design A pretest-posttest control group design. Participants received random group assignment. Subjects/setting Forty-three women aged 40 to 60 years with type 2 diabetes living in a rural community in Pennsylvania participated. Forty participants (93%) completed the program. Intervention Nine weekly group sessions were developed on the basis of findings from previous research among this sample. Principles from Ausubel's learning theory were also incorporated into program design and evaluation. Main outcome measures The effectiveness of the food label education program on participants' knowledge was determined using a multiple-choice test designed to measure declarative and procedural knowledge. A skills inventory assessed participants' perceived confidence in using the food label. The validity and reliability of the instruments had been established previously. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups. Paired t tests compared pretest and posttest results. Results The experimental group showed a greater gain than the control group in total knowledge ( P P P P Conclusions Women with diabetes need more education about the food label. This intervention is an effective outpatient education program. Participant knowledge and perceived confidence in using the food label improved significantly as a result of the intervention. Future research should assess retention of knowledge gained and the impact of the intervention on metabolic measures of diabetes management and control. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99: 323–328 .
p-Type ZnSe:N grown by molecular beam epitaxy : evidence of non-radiative recombination centers in moderately to heavily doped material

Abstract We present data in this paper which demonstrate that the luminescence efficiency of p-type ZnSe : N grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a remote RF plasma source is a strong function of doping concentration and that in moderately to heavily doped material (corresponding to N A - N D ⩾ 2 × 10 17 cm -3 ) significant concentrations of non-radiative recombination centers strongly limit the luminescence efficiency of the material. Such data were obtained by performing real-time, in situ cathodoluminescence intensity measurements during epilayer growth for variously doped epilayers.
Properties of electromagnetic radiation from a partially correlated current distribution

A free-space solution is found for the field correlation tensors as a Green’s function integral over the correlation tensor for the source currents. This solution is used to formulate a vector theory of partial coherence in an angular spectrum representation. The theory is used to analyze the angular distribution of radiation into the far field for several special cases of source polarization and coherence. It is found that the radiation pattern from unpolarized, quasihomogeneous sources depends on the coherence properties of the source in the same manner as described in scalar theory. However, for sources that are not unpolarized this is not generally the case.
Power supply for nuclear research laboratories

As the nuclear research laboratory is supplied with numerous lethal equipments, adequate safety measures are imperative. Another important consideration for such laboratories is flexibility of the power system as changes are so frequently necessary. Some of the specific requirements of both utility and research power are discussed.
Testing Moffitt's account of adolescence-limited delinquency

Much of the research testing Moffitt's taxonomy of antisocial behavior has concentrated on life-course-persistent as opposed to adolescence-limited offending. For Moffitt, adolescence-limited delinquency occurs near puberty as a function of factors endemic to the peer social context of adolescence, including the realization that adolescents are physically mature enough to engage in adult-like behaviors, but are forbidden to engage in such acts because of their biological age. Using data from the Youth-In-Transition survey, we find that adolescence-limited delinquency is characterized by involvement in rebellious but not aggressive delinquency. Further, rebellious delinquency is accounted for by the interaction between early maturity and the autonomy aspects of peer activities.
Electrophysiology of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission and possible roles in epilepsy

Epileptogenic conditions come about from a disequilibrium between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, creating a state of neuronal hypersynchrony. From experimental studies in animal models of epilepsy it appears that several mechanisms, alone or in combination, could be responsible for this imbalance. An alteration of GABA-mediated inhibition has long been considered to be one of the most likely candidates. We review recent data on the synaptic physiology of GABA-mediated inhibition, with emphasis on GABAA and GABAB receptors and their conductances. We describe the integrative role of GABAergic local-circuit neurons in the normal control of recurrent excitation. We then discuss possible alterations in GABAA-mediated inhibition in two chronic animal models of epilepsy, the kindled rat and the kainate-treated rat. Finally, we review studies on GABA inhibition in human epileptic cortex resected for the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
VERRUCOUS SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE ORAL CAVITY.

From the Sections of Otolaryngology and Rbinology, Surgical Pathology and Plastic Surger,y, Mayo Clinic. microscopic examinations of a11 avaiIabIe tissues in these tumors were studied. V ERRucous squamous carcinoma is a morphologic type of epidermoid carcinoma with distinctive cIinica1 and pathoIogic features [I]. In 1941, FriedelI and Rosenthal [2] reported on eight patients with verrucous lesions on the bucca1 mucosa and Iower gingiva, in which tobacco chewing was thought to be an important causative factor. Ackerman [?I first described the typica microscopic findings for this Iesion of the ora cavity in 1948, aIso reIating its unique clinical course in a study of thirty-one patients. In addition, some diff&lty may he encountered in the proper pathoIogic diagnosis of this tumor unless one is aware of its typicalIy we11 differentiated composition and distinctive pattern of growth. Due to the sIow growing, yet invasive, character of this variety of ora carcinoma, a much Ionger foIIow-up period wouId appear essentia1 for a better understanding of its cIinica1 course and to determine, if possibIe, the most effective treatment. Therefore, this report concerns the study of the cIinica1 and pathologic features, treatment, and prognosis of such oral cavity Iesions encountered at the Mayo CIinic. CLINICAL DATA
Laser-induced fluorescence line narrowing of Eu3+ in lithium borate glass

Laser-induced fluorescence line narrowing has recently been used to investigate the local environment and interactions of paramagnetic ions in glass. Since the resulting spectra are sensitive to structural modifications, this technique was applied to study lithium borate glass. In alkali borate glasses, the relative numbers of BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra and the existence of subliquidus immiscibility are dependent upon the mole fraction of alkali oxide. Structural changes associated with these properties are, in principle, detectable using the approach of fluorescence line narrowing. Evidence of these effects are presented in this paper.
Input/output optimization and disk architectures: A survey

Abstract The file system, and the components of the computer system associated with it (disks, drums, channels, mass storage, tapes and tape drives, controllers, I/O drivers, etc.) comprise a very substantial fraction of most computer systems; substantial in several aspects including amount of operating system code, expense for components, physical size and effect on performance. In this paper we survey the state of the art file and I/O system design and optimization as it applies to large data processing installations. In a companion paper, some research results applicable to both current and future system designs are summarized. Among the topics we discuss is the optimization of current file systems, where some material is provided regarding block size choice, data set placement, disk arm scheduling, rotational scheduling, compaction, fragmentation, I/O multipathing and file data structures. A set of references to the literature, especially to analytic I/O system models, is presented. The general tuning of file and I/O systems is also considered. Current and forthcoming disk architectures are the second topic. The count key data architecture of current disks (e.g. IBM 3350, 3380) and the fixed block architecture of new products (IBM 3310, 3370) are compared. The use of semiconductor drum replacements is considered and some commercially available systems are briefly described.
Multiangle Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering of Short Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We introduce the method of multiangle depolarized dynamic light scattering (MA-DDLS) to characterize the length and diameter of covalently functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). MA-DDLS yields simultaneous characterization of the mean translational and rotational diffusivities of dilute solutions of SWCNTs. By using an anisotropic rigid rod model, we uniquely determine the length and diameter of the SWCNTs from the independent measurements of rotational and translational diffusion. The multiangle depolarized light scattering technique is found to be a fast, noninvasive, and reproducible method for identifying the average length and diameter of SWCNTs in solution.
Science in culture: Paris gets a new cultural crucible

Scientific breakthroughs are reached through aesthetic, as well as scientific methods, argues a bioengineer, who is this week opening a culture centre to explore such creativity.
Comparison of octameric and decameric water zwitterions

Abstract An H 16 O 8 zwitterion based on the cube and an H 20 O 10 zwitterion based on the pentagonal prism are presented and analyzed at the B3LYP/6-311++g ∗∗ level. Several length 3 water wires connect the H 3 O + to the OH − . Transition states and neutralized geometries associated with each water wire are examined and are compared with the corresponding geometries for two diamond octamers. Compared to the diamonds, the cube and prism zwitterions have higher activation energies and lower neutralization energies, and their transition states suggest a different pathway of coordinated proton transfer. A correlation is noted between a cluster's dipole moment and its activation and neutralization energies. A benchmark calculation at the MP2/6-311++g ∗∗ level supports the usefulness of B3LYP for proton transfer studies.
Correlation based testing for passive sonar picture rationalization

Modern passive sonar systems employ a high degree of automation to produce a track-level sonar picture. Further refinement of the track-level information is normally performed by a human operator. Providing automated assistance would reduce the operator's workload and is a key enabler for semi- and fully automated sonar systems. The nature of the signals emitted by targets and of the underwater environment typically results in each target being represented by multiple track segments. A tool is required which can numerically describe the relationship between pairs of track segments so that those that apparently share a common origin can be identified automatically. The sample correlation coefficient, is a statistical measure of relatedness. This paper describes the application of a test based on that measure to compare tracks produced by a probabilistic data association filter from a set of towed array sonar data
Mycoplasma hyorhinis swine arthritis. II. Morphologic features.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis arthritis, induced in young Yorkshire swine, can be considered as a three-stage process. The first 3 weeks of the disease were characterized by a severe polyserositis and mild synovitis. In the second stage, mononuclear cell infiltration of the synovium and other tissues was apparent. In the final stage, beginning about 3 months after inoculation, lymphocytic aggregates had become nodular, synovial hypertrophy was pronounced, and bone and cartilage destruction by pannus was common. Continued activity was apparent to Day 224.
Friendly Africans, Deceptive White Men: Ghanaian Narratives of the Nation

As a tutor at Peki Training College in Ghana, I noticed that particular stories about history and identity arose in discussion with students, teachers, and colleagues and in social studies textbooks. These ‘narratives of the nation’ were linked to globalization and Ghanaian visions for development. By teaching children to work hard, be honest, and study science and technology, educators hope to attract investors to Ghana. At the same time, they resist the moral decline they associate with developed countries by teaching about the importance of maintaining Ghana's similar yet diverse cultures. By ignoring or neutralizing struggles among ethnic groups and blaming ‘white men’ for past and present problems, they build a national identity around shared oppression. But educators also re-direct negative images used against Africans toward people in villages, who they blame for holding back development and democracy.
Cognitive style and the Perky effect.

Depending on inner versus outer frames of reference in Witkin's sense parallels a subject's tendency to distinguish between internal images and external percepts. A rank-order correlation of .69 (N = 22) was found between scores on a task designed to test the latter tendency and scores on the rod-and-frame task.
Cocaine, social behavior, and alcohol-solution drinking in monkeys

Eight group-living male monkeys received cocaine (0 to 3.0 mg/kg) individually or as a group. Cocaine suppressed social affiliative behaviors, eating, and drinking (of both alcohol and control solutions). It induced bizarre stereotypies, hypervigilance, panic-like fleeing, enhancement and then suppression of locomotion, and a seizure. Cocaine had little effect on aggressiveness or sexual behavior. Proportion of time spent lying or sitting changed significantly. Cocaine produced severe behavioral abnormality in this social setting.
Real-time detection of grip length deviation during pull-type fastening: a Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS)-based approach

In this study, a Mahalanobis–Taguchi system (MTS)-based diagnostic and root cause analysis scheme for monitoring grip length of pull-type fasteners in real-time is presented. The proposed approach is implemented on a fastening tool integrated with a strain gage, a linear variable differential transformer, a pressure sensor, and a mote for wireless communication. Experiments show that the process signature of strain-over-displacement ratio versus displacement has unique features that can be used to determine the grip length related deviations. The proposed approach takes as input various characteristics, such as peak strain, peak displacement, and depth and width of a bowl-shaped dip on the process signature in order to make real-time decisions. The experiments show that the proposed approach is effective in determining grip length deviations and in communicating the decision in real-time via a wireless network to a base station. Overall, the proposed architecture has merits to (1) detect quality problems in real-time during the fastening process and (2) reduce post-process inspection, thereby improving quality while reducing cost. In addition, the approach facilitates 100% data collection on each fastener as opposed to traditional statistical process control (SPC) techniques, which rely on sampling.
In Situ Chemical Tagging: Tetrafluorophthalic Anhydride as a “Sequestration Enabling Reagent” (SER) in the Purification of Solution-Phase Combinatorial Libraries

Abstract A specific example of a Sequestration Enabling Reagent (SER), tetrafluorophthalic anhydride, is used in the purification of solution-phase reactions involving amines with electrophiles. The SER is added to an incomplete reaction mixture containing product, amine, and electrophile. The SER covalently reacts with remaining amine, affording a derivatized amine with an artificially-imparted acid tag. This “tagged” amine is now sequesterable by the same CMR/R polyamine resin used to sequester the electrophile and both are easily removed from the reaction mixture affording pure product. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Phase I study of hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy and escalating doses of daily cisplatin for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the maximal tolerated dose of daily cisplatin (CDDP) administered during an aggressive program of hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (t.i.d. RT) for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: Twenty patients with Stage III NSCLC were treated with RT administered three times daily and escalating doses of concurrent daily CDDP. The t.i.d. RT was delivered on 12 weekdays as follows: a total of 57.6 Gy was administered using 10-MV X-rays in 1.5-Gy fractions at 8 am and 4 pm and 1.8-Gy fractions at 12 pm. AP-PA fields were used in the morning and afternoon, and oblique fields, which included no spinal cord, were used at 12 pm. The first group of 5 patients was not given CDDP, the second group of 5 patients received 5 mg/m 2 of CDDP, and the last group of 10 patients received 7.5 mg/m 2 . Toxicity was evaluated using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. Results: The first group of 5 patients received no CDDP. One of these patients developed both Grade 3 esophagitis and Grade 3 pneumonitis. The second group of 5 patients received 5 mg/m 2 of CDDP. One of these patients developed Grade 3 esophagitis. The last group of 10 patients received 7.5 mg/m 2 of CDDP. Four of these patients developed Grade 3 toxicity and one developed Grade 4 toxicity. None of the patients died as a result of toxicity. The median survival for the 20 patients was 19 months. The tumor response and patterns of failure were also evaluated. Conclusion: This study was performed to determine the maximal tolerated dose of CDDP when administered daily during an aggressive program of t.i.d. RT. A dose of 7.5 mg/m 2 daily was determined to be the maximal tolerated dose, because this dose caused Grade 3 or 4 toxicity in 50% of the patients who received it.