cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium-accentuated ischemic damage during reperfusion: the time course of the reperfusion injury in the isolated working rat heart model.

The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of calcium-induced postischemic reperfusion injury to the myocardium, using an initial short-term calcium-enriched reperfusion solution. The isolated rat heart model was subjected to 30 min of normothermic potassium cardioplegia-induced ischemic arrest. Control hearts received normal calcium Krebs-Henseliet buffer (KHB) reperfusion. Experimental hearts were challenged with 10 min of calcium-enriched (KHB) reperfusion starting at 0, 1, 2, 5, 15, and 30 min after the beginning of reperfusion. Aortic flow recovery 60 min after reperfusion was used to determine functional recovery. Control hearts recovered 82 ± 3% of preischemic aortic flow. Hearts which received calcium challenge at 0 and 1 min after the start of reperfusion recovered 43 ± 4 and 69 ± 3% of preischemic aortic flow, respectively (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Hearts which received calcium challenge 2, 5, 15, and 30 min after reperfusion recovered 75 ± 2, 80 ± 2, 85 ± 2, and 83 ± 2% of preischemic aortic flow, respectively. Our results indicate that the postischemic myocardium is very susceptible to calcium-accentuated ischemic damage during the initial period of reperfusion. The post-ischemic heart, however, quickly recovers its ability to withstand a calcium challenge. Five minutes after the start of reperfusion the heart is not influenced by calcium challenge.
Enhancement of the function of neutrophil type-1 and type-3 complement receptors by human leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF).

Abstract The lymphokine leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) has previously been documented to enhance several neutrophil (PMN) functions, including stimulated chemotaxis and superoxide generation, phagocytosis and adherence of opsonized targets, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The present studies were designed to investigate the effects of LIF on PMN function mediated by the complement components C3b and C3bi. LIF induced a dose-dependent increase in superoxide production generated by opsonized zymosan (up to 97.1 ± 31.4% at 16 U LIF/ml; P P in vivo .
The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and Modernity

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction 1. Rationality, social theory and political philosophy 2. Action, rationality and normative discourse 3. Justice and the foundations of communicative ethics 4. Toward a minimal ethics and orientation for political theory 5. Communicative reason, modernity and contemporary capitalism 6. The two tasks of critical theory Notes Bibliography Index.
Effect of Flushing Pressure on Rat Small Bowel Transplants

Excessive flushing pressure in rat small bowel transplants may cause graft failure, but the optimal pressure for manual flushing has not been established. The goal of this study was to determine a safe yet effective pressure for intravascular graft flushing and to evaluate the consequences of higher pressures. The "usual" manual flush was found to be at a pressure of approximately 40 mm Hg. After harvest, grafts were flushed manually with heparinized normal saline solution while connected to a transducer. Two groups of 25-cm jejunal grafts (n = 5 each) were harvested from Lewis rats (200 g) on a pedicle of superior mesenteric artery and vein. Group 1 grafts underwent 3 successive flushes at 50, 100, 200 mm Hg, respectively. After each flush, full-thickness biopsies were obtained for light and transmission electron microscopy. Two grafts underwent syngeneic small bowel transplantation (SBTx), and biopsies were taken after reperfusion. Group 2 grafts were flushed at 50 mm Hg and biopsies were obtained. All grafts underwent SBTx and biopsies as in group 1. After flushing at 50 mm Hg. biopsies were essentially normal. When flushed at 100 mm Hg, there was pronounced epithelial separation with dilatation of the core of the villus. Flushing at 200 mm Hg resulted in complete separation of the villi, with occasional disruption in the crypts. All group 1 transplanted grafts were grossly nonviable immediately after reperfusion, while transplanted grafts in group 2 were grossly normal. The findings were consistent within each group and the difference between groups was statistically significant (0 vs. 100%). The results suggest that flushing pressures of 50 mm Hg in rat SBTx provide optimal evacuation of blood with minimal, reversible tissue injury. Higher pressures cause progressive histologic damage and may produce nonviable grafts. Flushing pressures in the rat model of SBTx should therefore be maintained at approximately 50 mm Hg.
Trypsin activates pancreatic duct epithelial cell ion channels through proteinase-activated receptor-2

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is cleaved by trypsin within the NH2-terminus, exposing a tethered ligand that binds and activates the receptor. We examined the secretory effects of trypsin, mediated through PAR-2, on well-differentiated nontransformed dog pancreatic duct epithelial cells (PDEC). Trypsin and activating peptide (AP or SLIGRL-NH2, corresponding to the PAR-2 tethered ligand) stimulated both an 125I- efflux inhibited by Ca2+-activated Cl- channel inhibitors and a 86Rb+ efflux inhibited by a Ca2+-activated K+ channel inhibitor. The reverse peptide (LRGILS-NH2) and inhibited trypsin were inactive. Thrombin had no effect, suggesting absence of PAR-1, PAR-3, or PAR-4. In Ussing chambers, trypsin and AP stimulated a short-circuit current from the basolateral, but not apical, surface of PDEC monolayers. In monolayers permeabilized basolaterally or apically with nystatin, AP activated apical Cl- and basolateral K+ conductances. PAR-2 agonists increased [Ca2+]i in PDEC, and the calcium chelator BAPTA inhibited the secretory effects of AP. PAR-2 expression on dog pancreatic ducts and PDEC was verified by immunofluorescence. Thus, trypsin interacts with basolateral PAR-2 to increase [Ca2+]i and activate ion channels in PDEC. In pancreatitis, when trypsinogen is prematurely activated, PAR-2-mediated ductal secretion may promote clearance of toxins and debris.
Relation of mode of administration of testosterone to evocation of male sex behavior in frogs

In Rana pipiens, mating behavior could be induced readily in intact males by several pituitary implantations, but never in castrates. Systemic testosterone injection (1 mg daily), with or without pituitary implantation, failed to restore mating behavior in castrated frogs. On the other hand, intracranial implantation of testosterone (approximately 60-μg pellets in which testosterone is mixed with cholesterol 1:1) in castrates evoked mating behavior, including mating calls and clasping. The most effective implantation site was the rostral part of the preoptic nucleus. Thus, the rostral part of the preoptic nucleus is the androgen-sensitive site which governs sexual behavior in this species. The relative ineffectiveness of systemic injection of testosterone is discussed.
Induction of reaper ortholog mx in mosquito midgut cells following baculovirus infection

Many vertebrate and insect viruses possess antiapoptotic genes that are required for their infectivity. This led to the hypothesis that apoptosis is an innate immunoresponse important for limiting virus infections. The role of apoptosis may be especially important in insect antiviral defense because of the lack of adaptive immunity. However, the cellular mechanism that elicits apoptosis in response to viral infection in insects has not been determined. Using an in vivo infection system with the mosquito baculovirus CuniNPV (Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus), we demonstrated that michelob_x (mx), the mosquito ortholog of Drosophila proapoptotic gene reaper, is specifically induced in larval midgut cells following viral infection. Interestingly, the dynamics of mx induction corresponds with the outcome of the infection. In the permissive mosquito C. quinquefasciatus, a slow induction of mx failed to induce prompt apoptosis, and the infected cells eventually undergo necrosis with heavy loads of encapsulated viruses. In contrast, in the refractory mosquito Aedes aegypti, a rapid induction of mx within 30 min p.i. is followed by apoptosis within 2–6 h p.i., suggesting a possible role for apoptosis in limiting viral infection. When the execution of apoptosis was delayed by caspase inhibitors, viral gene expression became detectable in the A. aegypti larvae.
Internet-based surveys and urban design education: A community outreach graduate project in Redding, CA

This paper is a contribution to the discussion on how to incorporate community participation into the urban design process within a pedagogical context. It is based on an outreach project by a class in the city planning graduate program at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The project included an Internet survey to gather community input for a contentious riverfront site in Redding, CA. The responses permitted a study of perceptions, attitudes and expectations about the city and the project area, and an examination of design alternatives. The Internet survey provided 864 responses and generated a rich amount of information that was utilized in the programming and selection of design concepts for the project. The site's proprietors, the community and the media were in full support of the final project, which prompted the city council to appoint a special committee to oversee the advancement of specific policies and recommendations for the area's future development. The effectiveness of the method of public input and the successful project process suggest important pedagogical and professional implications.
ARE SURFACTANT PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION LINKED IN THE FETAL TYPE II CELL

Fetal type II cells synthesize and secrete surfactant associated saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC). In order to determine if synthesis and secretion are independently regulated processes, fetal rat type II cells were prelabelled for 20 hr with (3H)choline. A second incubation of up to 6 hr with (14C)choline in the presence or absence of centrophenoxine (an inhibitor of PC synthesis) or colchicine (an inhibitor of secretion) was carried out. Under baseline conditions, synthesis was directly linked with secretion as indicated by a constant ratio of 3H/14C in saturated PC released into the medium. Centrophenoxine (250 μM) completely inhibited synthesis (14C-saturated PC formation) but had no effect on secretion (release of 3H-saturated PC). In contrast, colchicine (10 μM) inhibited secretion by 35%, but had no effect on synthesis. These results suggest that, while under baseline conditions surfactant phospholipid synthesis and secretion are quantitatively linked, the two processes can be dissociated under specific conditions.
Pitman closest equivariant estimators and predictors under location–scale models

Abstract For location, scale and location–scale models, which are common in practical applications, we derive optimum equivariant estimators and predictors using the Pitman closeness criterion. This approach is very robust with respect to the choice of the loss function as it only requires the loss function to be strictly monotone. We also prove that, in general, the Pitman closeness comparison of any two equivariant predictors depends on the unknown parameter only through a maximal invariant, and hence it is independent of the parameter when the parameter space is transitive. We present several examples illustrating applications of our theoretical results.
Angiographic Changes Suggestive of Vasospasm in Migraine Complicated by Stroke

A 30-year-old woman with a history of common migraine developed a permanent left homonymous hemianopia during a typical headache. CT scan demonstrated a right posterior cerebral infarction and angiography showed irregular narrowing of the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery, suggestive of vasospasm. In the case no risk factors for atherosclerotic stroke were present except for smoking, and no other causes of stroke could be found.
RNase P ribozyme inhibits cytomegalovirus replication by blocking the expression of viral capsid proteins

By linking a guide sequence to the catalytic RNA subunit of RNase P (M1 RNA), we constructed a functional ribozyme (M1GS RNA) that targets the overlapping mRNA region of two human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) capsid proteins, the capsid scaffolding protein (CSP) and assemblin, which are essential for viral capsid formation. The ribozyme efficiently cleaved the target mRNA sequence in vitro. Moreover, a reduction of >85% in the expression of CSP and assemblin and a reduction of 4000-fold in viral growth were observed in the HCMV-infected cells that expressed the functional ribozyme. In contrast, there was no significant reduction in viral gene expression and growth in virus-infected cells that either did not express the ribozyme or produced a 'disabled' ribozyme carrying mutations that abolished its catalytic activity. Characterization of the effects of the ribozyme on the HCMV lytic replication cycle further indicates that the expression of the functional ribozyme specifically inhibits the expression of CSP and assemblin, and consequently blocks viral capsid formation and growth. Our results provide the direct evidence that RNase P ribozymes can be used as an effective gene-targeting agent for antiviral applications, including abolishing HCMV growth by blocking the expression of the virus-encoded capsid proteins.
Iterative Refinement of Repeat Sequence Specification Using Constrained Pattern Matching

Repeated sequences in genome are structures which indicate important biological functions such as protein binding. They are associated with various genetic diseases. We consider the problem of finding a specification for a "significant" repeating pattern in a given sequence. A significant pattern carries high amount of information, and it has many non-overlapping repeats. We propose for this problem, a method that takes as input an initial specification for a repeating pattern. A pattern is specified by a sequence of letters separated by varying length wildcards. The method presents to the user maximal occurrences for the current pattern specification in a way that no text symbol can be shared as a letter by two different pattern occurrences. This reduces the begin-end position-overlaps among different occurrences. The user modifies the specification manually to eliminate overlapping repeats. This process continues until a specification for a significant pattern is obtained.
Forbidden ghost states in non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract A two-particle state consisting of isotriplets of scalar and zero-helicity gluons and of Faddeev—Popov ghosts is identified as being exterior to the physical subspace for a Yang—Mills theory in a manifestly covariant gauge.
Creating artificial global history to improve branch prediction accuracy

Modern processors require highly accurate branch prediction for good performance. As such, a number of branch predictors have been proposed with varying size and complexity. This work identifies techniques to improve the accuracy of most predictors. It is especially effective with smaller, simpler predictors, allowing those predictors to be competitive with more expensive and complex variants.Modern branch predictors rely heavily on global history to produce accurate branch predictions. However, not all regions of control flow are correlated with recently executed branches. For these regions, the extra information encoded in the global history does more harm than good. This work performs artificial modifications to the global history register to improve branch prediction accuracy, targeting regions with limited branch correlation. This approach is applied to a number of realistic modern branch predictors of varying size.The total number of mispredicts in select SPEC2000 benchmarks and the Championship Branch Prediction traces can be reduced by 12% overall for a 32 Kb alloyed perceptron predictor. 2Bc-gskew, A21264, filter, and gshare predictors also benefit from these techniques.
Extraction of antimony by a copper chloride extractant

Abstract Acorga CLX50, a product of Imperial Chemical Industries, is an extractant for cupric chloride. It also extracts a minor amount of antimony as an impurity during extraction of copper from chloride solutions. Behaviors of antimony extraction by CLX50 are investigated in this study. Stability of various antimony species is examined through establishment of Eh–pH and Eh–log[Cl − ] diagrams. Slope analysis reveals that two moles of CLX50 react with one mole of antimony species. Acidity affects the antimony extraction differently at different acidity ranges, due to different reactions involved in the extraction. Effect of chloride ion on extraction of antimony and the linear relationship between copper extraction and antimony extraction are explained quantitatively.
TAT Fusion Protein Transduction into Isolated Mitochondria Is Accelerated by Sodium Channel Inhibitors

Stringent control of ion and protein transport across the mitochondrial membranes is required to maintain mitochondrial function and biogenesis. In particular, the inner mitochondrial membrane is generally impermeable to proteins entering the matrix except via tightly regulated protein import mechanisms. Recently, cell penetrant peptides have been shown to move across the inner mitochondrial membrane in a manner suggesting an independent mechanism. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (TAT) is an arginine-rich cell penetrant peptide, 47YGRKKRRQRRR57, which can transduce full-length proteins not only across the cell membrane but also into intracellular organelles. In this study, we investigated the ability of a TAT-containing protein to move into the mitochondrial matrix. Using a novel FACS assay for isolated, purified mitochondria, we show that TAT can deliver a modified fluorescent protein, mMDH-GFP, to the matrix of mitochondria and it is subsequently processed by the matrix peptidases. In addition, transduction of TAT-mMDH-GFP into mitochondria is independent of canonical protein import pathways as well as mitochondrial membrane potential. In direct contrast to published reports regarding the cell membrane where the sodium channel inhibitor, amiloride, blocks endocytosis and inhibits TAT transduction, TAT transduction into mitochondria is markedly increased by this same sodium channel inhibitor. These results confirm that the cell penetrant peptide, TAT, can readily transduce a protein cargo into the mitochondrial matrix. These results also demonstrate a novel role for mitochondrial sodium channels in mediating TAT transduction into mitochondria that is independent of endocytotic mechanisms. The mechanism of TAT transduction into mitochondria therefore is distinctly different from transduction across the cell membrane.
The role of microstructural stability on compression creep of fully lamellar γ-TiAl alloys

The microstructural stability of fully lamellar γ-TiAl alloys was studied under thermal exposure and creep conditions. Retention of metastable α2 during creep leads to dislocation generation, degradation of the lamellar microstructure and formation of recrystallized γ grains. Dynamic recrystallization is driven by the need to accommodate the volume increase associated with α2 loss. While loss of α2, recrystallization and coarsening of the lamellar microstructure are the main sources of tertiary creep under compression, the role of twinning as a recovery mechanism cannot be ruled out. The addition of C and Si has a substantial effect on reducing strain rates at all stages of creep by precipitation hardening. Stabilizing the microstructure prior to creep significantly improves creep properties by removing metastable α2, reducing the driving force for dynamic recrystallization and by the generation of precipitates in alloys containing C and Si.
Globalization, Nationalization and Rationalization

Abstract This is the era of knowledge, connectivity, information flow, regional co-operation and inter-competition. Globalization is bringing new and emerging trends in various domains including education and is obviously a path maker to the new horizons in education. The grass-roots level issues impinge the adoption of global trends in education especially for the developing countries. All these areas lead to progress as well as to challenges. This paper illustrates a case of Pakistan and an example of emerging trend of career education is presented. A comparison of global trends and local realities show that a rationalization in approach is deemed important.
Human nature and enhancement

Appeals to the idea of human nature are frequent in the voluminous literature on the ethics of enhancing human beings through biotechnology. Two chief concerns about the impact of enhancements on human nature have been voiced. The first is that enhancement may alter or destroy human nature. The second is that if enhancement alters or destroys human nature, this will undercut our ability to ascertain the good because, for us, the good is determined by our nature. The first concern assumes that altering or destroying human nature is in itself a bad thing. The second concern assumes that human nature provides a standard without which we cannot make coherent, defensible judgments about what is good. I will argue (1) that there is nothing wrong, per se, with altering or destroying human nature, because, on a plausible understanding of what human nature is, it contains bad as well as good characteristics and there is no reason to believe that eliminating some of the bad would so imperil the good as to make the elimination of the bad impermissible, and (2) that altering or destroying human nature need not result in the loss of our ability to make judgments about the good, because we possess a conception of the good by which we can and do evaluate human nature. I will argue that appeals to human nature tend to obscure rather than illuminate the debate over the ethics of enhancement and can be eliminated in favor of more cogent considerations.
“;What's in a name?” Improving the care of cirrhotics

ACH YEAR, about 25 000 Americans die from cirE rhosis of the liver, making cirrhosis the 7th leading cause of death by disease (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Many patients with cirrhosis become encephalopathic as a result of the failure of the liver to remove toxins from the blood and shunting of toxin-laden blood from the hepatic portal vein into the systemic circulation. Hepatic encephalopathy may have been recognized by Hippocrates, who wrote, “depravement of the brain arises from phlegm and bile” and Shakespeare who wrote in Twelfth Night that “I am a great eater of beef and believe that does some harm to my wit.“ In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare also asks, “What’s in a name?” Virtually all clinicians will make the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy correctly in the jaundiced patient with hepatomegaly, a caput medusae, ascites, and obtundation. A greater challenge arises in the assessment of the cirrhotic who appears to be normal. More than two decades of experience have shown that many patients with cirrhosis will have neuropsychological test scores in the impaired range, even though they appear to be normal on the basis of standard clinical examinations, a condition with the unfortunate misnomer “subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.” What criteria should be used to differentiate the truly normal from those who only appear to be normal? In this issue, Groeneweg et al. illustrate a novel approach to the problem of screening these patients (1). The first indications that all might not be well with cirrhotics who appeared to be normal came from a study of 30 patients with portacaval shunts (2). Rikkers et al. found evidence for reversible impairment in 60% of their patients, and coined the phrase “subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.” This term has been
Messenger and sRNA binding by ribosomal subunits and reconstituted ribosomes

When 30 s or 50 s ribosomes are centrifuged to equilibrium in a cesium chloride density-gradient, the band formed is deficient in protein and contains core particles of sedimentation velocity 23 s or 42 s; the proteins stripped from the ribosomes are found at the meniscus of the gradient. If the appropriate core and protein fraction are dialyzed together, reconstituted particles are recovered. The cores and reconstituted particles have been analyzed for the ability of the 30 s units to bind messenger RNA and the 50 s units to bind sRNA. In both instances the cores lack the binding ability and the reconstituted particles have recovered the binding capacity.
Structural Determinants of Factor IX(a) Binding in Nitrophorin 2, a Lipocalin Inhibitor of the Intrinsic Coagulation Pathway

Nitrophorin 2 (NP2) is a salivary lipocalin from Rhodnius prolixus that binds with coagulation factors IX (fIX) and IXa (fIXa). Binding of NP2 with fIXa results in potent inhibition of the intrinsic factor Xase complex. A panel of site-directed surface mutants of NP2 was generated to locate determinants of high affinity fIX(a) binding. The locations of the mutations were based on comparisons with the related, but less potent, inhibitor nitrophorin 3 (NP3). Three point mutants (K21A, K92A, and V94A) were found that clearly reduced the inhibitory potency as measured by the activity of a reconstituted factor Xase system. Binding of NP2 with fIXa and fIX as measured by surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry was reduced in a similar manner. Of the three mutants, two (K92A and V94A) were located on the loop connecting β-strands E and F of the lipocalin β-barrel. The largest changes were seen with the K92A mutation, which lies at the apex of the loop, with a smaller effect being seen with mutation of Val94. Combination of four E-F loop mutations (K92A, A93K, V94A, E97A) in a single mutant reduced the inhibitory potency and binding to levels similar to those seen with NP3 without affecting heme or histamine binding.
Toward a Pedagogy for Faculty and Student Co-Responsibility in Curating College Museum Exhibitions.

When undergraduates work with college faculty on complex research projects, the students are often asked to take on the role of “secondary-level” gatherers of data. This can be legitimate: the stud...
The un body: A possible structure for transcriptionally inactivated chromatin subunits

Abstract A novel conformation is proposed for the nucleosomes of transcriptionally inactivated chromatin. This conformation, an inside-out version of the standard nu body, is termed the “un body”. The proposed structure accounts for the appearance of the 20–30 nm fibers of condensed chromatin observed with the electron microscope, and along with the standard nu body, allows for the interpretation of a large amount of evidence on the dimorphism of native nucleosomes. Since nucleosomel DNA is less accessible in the un body than in the nu body, the two conformations suggest a physical basis for the differential activation of genes in higher organisms.
An interactive videodisc-based smoking cessation program: Prototype development and pilot test

Abstract The development and pilot testing of an interactive videodisc-based smoking cessation program (IVD-SCP) are described. Designed for use in outpatient medical settings, the IVD-SCP was created in response to the need for efficacious, low-cost alternatives for assisting physicians in delivering smoking cessation interventions. Based on a successful intervention that utilized a linear video and nurse—counselor, the system takes advantage of the “teachable moment” that occurs when a physician advises a patient to stop smoking. After receiving a brief (30-s) message on the advisability of stopping smoking, the patient is directed by the physician to use the IVD-SCP. Only a touchscreen monitor and printer are visible. Activated by a touch on the screen, the system presents a complete intervention, tailored to the individual user's characteristics and needs, and ends by printing a personalized quit plan. Pilot-tested with 27 patients in family practice medical offices, the IVD-SCP was well received by patients. Ratings of the system's utility and ease of use were high, and 70% of the users set quit dates, although none were abstinent at 3 months postintervention.
Gas chromatographic studies of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin after flash-heater alkylation

The functionally excellent flash-heater methylation, ethylation and butylation techniques have been extended to include the higher alkyl homologs. Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin have been alkylated using the tetraalkylammonium hydroxides in which the alkyl group ranges from methyl to hexyl. The gas chromatographic properties of the resulting alkyl derivatives have been investigated.
A new continuous-curvature line/path-tracking method for car-like vehicles

In this paper, we first investigate the problem of finding an algorithm for the movement of a car-like vehicle to track a given directed straight line. Car-like vehicles' motions possess 2 d.o.f., speed v and path curvature κ. We compute the 'derivative of path curvature', λ = dκ/ds, rather than the path curvature κ itself, to enforce continuous-curvature vehicle motions. Specifically, we compute λ as a linear function of the current path curvature, orientation and positional difference of the vehicle against the given line. We call this function λ the steering function. The uniform asymptotic stability of the feedback rule is proved through linearization and a Lyapunov function. Next, this basic line-tracking result is applied to the problem of path tracking where a path consists of directed straight lines. The main advantages and features of the results are summarized as follows. (i) Since the derivative dκ/ds of path curvature is obtained, the path curvature is always continuous while a vehicle converg...
Die Herausforderungen der dezentralen/erneuerbaren Energieerzeugung für Leittechnik und Automatisierungstechnik

Das Unbundling im Energiebereich brachte eine klare organisatorische Trennung von Erzeugung, Transport und Verteilung — und damit auch eine entsprechende Separation der entsprechenden Komponenten der Leittechnik. Bei dezentraler Erzeugung von regenerativer Energie wird dieser Prozess auch raumlich deutlich erkennbar.
Temperature response to morphine in paralyzed cats.

Abstract Cats, sedated and paralyzed, showed a significant increase in body temperature after intravenous injection of morphine while animals with additional spinal blockade (C3) from injection of 2% lidocaine solution, did not. The results suggest that motor activity is not necessary for morphine-induced hyperthemia in the cat, as had been suggested in the literature.
BARYON MASSES AS PROBES OF CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY

An alternative to conventional chiral perturbation theory is shown to be consistent with baryon mass spectra. The results are compatible with analyses of the pseudoscalar-meson spectrum and other phenomena, done within this alternative framework, which is characterized by the vanishing of the vacuum expectation value of the scalar quark density.
Sub-difference sets of Hadamard difference sets

Abstract A Hadamard difference set is a difference set with parameters of the form ( v , k , λ , n ) = (4 m 2 , 2 m 2 − m , m 2 − m , m 2 ). It is shown that if an abelian group G contains a Hadamard difference set, then certain subgroups of G must also contain Hadamard difference sets. This result allows the known nonexistence theorems for Hadamard difference sets to be extended to many more groups. It is also shown that if a Hadamard difference set in an abelian group has minus one as a multiplier, then the square-free part of the parameter m can only have the prime factors 2 and 3.
DEAE-sephadex chromatography of guanylate oligomers using guanidinium chloride.

Abstract When a partial alkaline hydrolysate of polyguanylate is chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex in 7 M urea with a gradient of NaCl, peaks corresponding only to chains of length 1–6 are obtained. The rest remains on the column and can be eluted with 1 M NaCl. We describe a modification of this procedure that overcomes some of the aggregation of oligomers and fractionates chains of up to at least 12 nucleotides in length. The buffer is 0.01 M Tris (pH 7.4)-0.002 M EDTA-7 M urea; a gradient of 0–1 M guanidinium chloride in this buffer is used for elution from DEAE-Sephadex. As the concentration of polyguanylate hydrolysate is increased, the yield of the longer oligomers decreases. The aggregation of guanylate oligomers thus appears to be a function of their concentration on the column.
Nonlinear shallow fluid flow over an isolated ridge

The shallow water theory is applied to the study of one dimensional fluid flows over an isolated ridge. The work was motivated by the desire to investigate the phenomenon called the chinook which occurs on the eastern side of the Rockies and is characterized by extremely strong winds which blow from the mountains. The motion that arises from an initially uniform flow involves the formation of hydraulic jumps both on the windward and leeward sides of a ridge. Special emphasis is put on determining analytically the asymptotic structure of such flows with jumps by solving the appropriate "steady" state equations. The presence of the hydraulic jumps and a rarefaction wave was revealed by preliminary numerical solutions of the time dependent problems. These numerical results demonstrate the evolution in time of the various features of the flow found in the asymptotic solutions.
Multiple-step kinetic mechanism of DNA-independent ATP binding and hydrolysis by Escherichia coli replicative helicase DnaB protein: quantitative analysis using the rapid quench-flow method

The kinetic mechanism of DNA-independent binding and hydrolysis of ATP by the E. coli replicative helicase DnaB protein has been quantitatively examined using the rapid quench-flow technique. Single-turnover studies of ATP hydrolysis, in a non-interacting active site of the helicase, indicate that bimolecular association of ATP with the site is followed by the reversible hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphate and subsequent conformational transition of the enzyme-product complex. The simplest mechanism, which describes the data, is a three-step sequential process defined by:?eqalign???rm Helicase+ATP?&?mathop??rightleftharpoons? ?k_1?_?k_?-1????rm (H-ATP)??mathop??rightleftharpoons? ?k_2?_?k_?-2????rm (H-ADP?cdot Pi)??cr &?mathop??rightleftharpoons? ?k_3?_?k_?-3????rm (H-ADP?cdot Pi)? *?The sequential character of the mechanism excludes conformational transitions of the DnaB helicase prior to ATP binding. Analysis of relaxation times and amplitudes of the reaction allowed us to estimate all rate and equilibrium constants of partial steps of the proposed mechanism. The intrinsic binding constant for the formation of the (H-ATP) complex is K(ATP)=(1.3+/-0.5)x10(5) M(-1). The analysis of the data indicates that a part of the ATP binding energy originates from induced structural changes of the DnaB protein-ATP complex prior to ATP hydrolysis. The equilibrium constant of the chemical interconversion is K(H)=k(2)/k(-2) approximately 2 while the subsequent conformational transition is characterized by K(3)=k(3)/k(-3) approximately 30. The low value of K(H) and the presence of the subsequent energetically favorable conformational step(s) strongly suggest that free energy is released from the enzyme-product complex in the conformational transitions following the chemical step and before the product release.The combined application of single and multiple-turnover approaches show that all six nucleotide-binding sites of the DnaB hexamer are active ATPase sites. Binding of ATP to the DnaB hexamer is characterized by the negative cooperativity parameter sigma=0.25(+/-0.1). The negative cooperative interactions predominantly affect the ground state of the enzyme-ATP complex. The significance of these results for the mechanism of the free energy transduction of the DnaB helicase is discussed.
The synthesis of allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-DI-O-benzyl- 2-DEOXY-α-d-glucopyranoside and of chitobiose derivatives by the oxazolone procedure

Controlled, partial benzylation of allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside gave a mixture of the 3,4-di-, 3,6-di- (15), and 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl derivatives, the major product being 15. Condensation of 15 with 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetul-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline gave a disaccharide which, after purification, removal of the allyl group, and hydrogenolysis of the benzyl substituents, gave 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-i-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose. This compound was further converted into di-N-acetyl-hexa-O-acetylchitobiose by acetylation, or into 2-methyl-[4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-di-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline, a starting material for the preparation of di-N-acetyl-alpha-chitobiosyl phsophate.
INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CENTRAL AMERICA : WHY AND WHEN

Abstract The role of cattle in Central America, particularly dual purpose cattle, is considered in the context of economic and social problems. Rapid urbanization and slow rural growth lead to a need for reevaluation of the extent to which commercial dairy operations and high producing dairy breeds, in particular, should be promoted. Evaluation of feed efficiency, concern for the environment, and economic considerations lead to emphasis on high producing dairy cows.
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Observations of the W Ursae Majoris Contact Binary 44i Bootis: Coronal Structure and Variability

EUVE observations of 44i Boo (HD 133640), the first W UMa-type active binary observed with EUVE, give evidence for localized coronal structure. An EUV light curve has been obtained with the EUVE Deep Survey (DS) detector and Lexan/boron filter during the 6 day observation (19.5 continuous epochs) in 1994. A period search on the DS data stream reveals a period corresponding to 0.272652 ± 0.00141 days, longer than the optical period (0.267817 days) by 428 s. Since the DS flux originates predominantly from high-temperature plasma (Te ~ 107 K), this observation demonstrates for the first time an orbital phase-dependent component of the hot coronal emission of a contact binary, indicates the presence of an active region on the primary star, and signals a different rotation rate of the corona with respect to the photosphere. The high-temperature plasma shows no correspondence with the two partial eclipses per orbit found in the optical and in the chromospheric and transition-region emission. A flaring enhancement appears associated with maximum brightness. The EUV spectrum shows strong emission from highly ionized Fe. Like the emission measure distributions of Capella and other RS CVn binaries observed with EUVE, the spectrum of 44i Boo requires a continuous distribution of plasma temperatures to account for the relative Fe emission line fluxes. A local enhancement of emission measure at about Te ~ 8 × 106 K is reminiscent of the narrow feature found in Capella at Te ~ 6 × 106 K, although substantially broader. Line ratio diagnostics indicate extremely high densities, Ne ~ 2 × 1013 cm-3—higher than has been observed for other EUVE coronal sources. We place a hard lower limit on the Fe/H abundance ratio of Fe/H > 0.46 with respect to the solar photospheric value. We compare our results with those derived from the ROSAT PSPC and conclude that the soft X-ray band in ROSAT observations does not give reliable abundances or low-temperature emission measures. The high electron density and peak emission measure together imply a small emitting volume, L3 (L ~ 0.004R). If all the EUV emission arises from such a volume, the EUV light curve places tight constraints on the possible location of a "hot spot," namely that it must be located at high latitudes (>72°) on the primary star.
Virtual Ruler: Mobile Beacon Based Distance Measurements for Indoor Sensor Localization

In sensor localization, ultrasound based distance measurements will have large errors if line-of-sight paths are blocked between pairwise sensors. Because these outliers, once mixed together with other correct distance measurements, are difficult for localization algorithms to identify, we propose to exclude the outliers in the first step of distance measurement. Although the distance between pairwise sensors measured by ultrasound can have multiple values due to the multipath effect, our experiments find that a sensor's incorrect position, estimated from the distance measurement along a reflected path instead of a straight line, is always mirrored to the sensor's correct position. Based on this phenomena, we propose to use mobile beacons to measure the distance between pairwise sensors from multiple perspectives and filter incorrect values through a statistical approach. Our performance evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm can achieve better localization results than previous approaches in an indoor environment where multipath effects cannot be avoided.
Characterization of different datasets for ICA algorithms

There are several Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithms based on different approaches that are used to estimate the independent components, up to some precision, from a linear mixture of independent components as long as the independent components do not follow Gaussian distribution. Some approaches, however, work better than the other if data distribution and characteristics follow a certain pattern. From the mixture of data comprising two or more independent components it is quite hard, if not impossible, to find out the distribution of the independent components accurately and therefore to characterize one or more ICA approaches to be better than others for certain type of data. This paper describes a framework for ICA algorithms as proposed by Ejaz [1]. In this study we have characterized four different ICA algorithms, with some pre-selected fixed parameters, based on different approaches for a number of different datasets that are linearly mixed with two to five independent components that follow a number of different distributions. ICA algorithms used for the research include FastICA, Extended Infomax, JADE, and Kernel ICA based on canonical correlation analysis. All of these algorithms are discussed briefly yet covering most of their important aspects such that this paper also serves as a tutorial for these ICA algorithms for novice readers. We have done an extensive statistical analysis for more than 300 different datasets to characterize them for one or more of the four algorithms based on to which algorithm estimates the independent components closest to the original components.
Multiply charged ions in astrophysics

Abstract Atomic processes involving multiply charged ions provide key information for understanding the internal structures of a multitude of astrophysical environments. Photons emitted from these plasmas are a signature of the production and destruction mechanisms leading to multiply charged ions as well as intervening processes within each ionization stage Spectral lines can be used to infer number densities and temperatures of constituent ions although sufficient care must be exercised to include all relevant atomic processes. Well characterised astrophysical plasmas can be used as ‘laboratories’ to measure kinetic rate constants of certain reactions such as charge transfer. These analyses would benefit from more detailed atomic data such as cross sections for the population of individual fine structure levels in the case of charge transfer.
Therapy insight: Influence of type 2 diabetes on the development, treatment and outcomes of cancer.

Treating cancer patients who have type II diabetes is a challenge, especially as cardiac, renal, and neurologic complications need to be considered. This review discusses the evidence from population-based studies and clinical trials, and suggests how improvements in cancer outcomes can be achieved by improved diabetes control. Although type 2 diabetes and cancer are major health concerns among the adult population, few studies have directly addressed the relationship between the two, or the impact of diabetes on cancer outcomes. Diabetes and hyperglycemia are associated with an elevated risk of developing pancreatic, liver, colon, breast, and endometrial cancer. When treating cancer patients who have diabetes, clinicians must consider the cardiac, renal, and neurologic complications commonly associated with diabetes. Chemotherapeutic choices and, ultimately, the outcome for cancers may be affected by the avoidance of agents that have been shown to provide the best clinical response and survival in cancer patients without other disease complications. Evidence from population-based studies and clinical trials indicate that hyperglycemic and diabetic patients experience higher mortality and recurrence rates after diagnosis with, and treatment for, cancer. Evidence from the intensive care literature indicates that achieving glucose control leads to better clinical outcomes. If so, continued improvement of cancer outcomes may depend upon improved diabetes control. The association between diabetes and cancer is complex and warrants further study as the general population ages and the magnitude of both health problems continues to grow. Here we consider the influence of diabetes and hyperglycemia on the development, treatment, and long-term outcomes of cancer.
Power-frequency electric fields averaged over the body surfaces of grounded humans and animals

Calculated electric-field strengths averaged over the body surfaces of grounded humans, swine, rats, horses, and cattle exposed to vertical, uniform, power-frequency electric fields are presented. To produce the same average fields over the body surfaces of grounded animals, as that experienced by a grounded man exposed to an unperturbed vertical field of 10 kV/m, the following unperturbed fields are required: swine, 19 kV/m; rat, 37 kV/m; horse, 18 kV/m; cow, 18 kV/m.
Computed tomography of duodenal hematoma

Abstract As the inital study in cases of abdominal trauma, computed tomography may demonstrate intramural duodenal hematoma as an inhomogenous, high-attenuation mass associated with obstructive changes. Representative cases show the manifestations of this injury as presented by this technique.
Participatory Democracy? Exploring Peru’s Efforts to Engage Civil Society in Local Governance

As institutions are created to engage citizens and civil society organizations more directly, who participates, and what effect does participation have? This article explores two of Peru’s participatory institutions, the Regional Coordination Councils and the participatory budgets, created in 2002. Specifically it asks, once these institutions are set up, do organizations participate in them? and what effect does this participation have on the organizations? The data show that the participatory processes in Peru are including new voices in decisionmaking, but this inclusion has limits. Limited inclusion has, in turn, led to limited changes specifically in nongovernmental organizations. As a result, the democratizing potential of the participatory institutions is evident yet not fully realized.
TRH test, DST, and response to desipramine in primary degenerative dementia

The relationship of primary degenerative dementia (PDD) to major depressive disorder (MDD) is important clinically and theoretically. Neuroendocrine challenge strategies in PDD have focused primarily on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, have had varied results, and have not been coupled with assessment of response to antidepressant therapy. We studied the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) test, the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), and response to desipramine in 12 patients with PDD and 10 patients with MDD. The PDD patients had a high percentage of abnormal TRH tests and DSTs. This was not associated with improvement on desipramine.
Nucleosides XCIII. Synthesis of 6-β-d-ribofuranosyl-pyrmidines (a new class of pyrimidine c-hucleosides)☆

Aus dem geschutzen Ribosederivat (Ia) entsteht das Chlorid (Ib), das mit Silberpropiolat (II) zum Addukt (III) fuhrt.