cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schopenhauer: Resignation, Compassion, and Narrative

Schopenhauer’s writings invite interpretation in terms of verisimilitude rather than verifiability. As he seeks to provide a coherent interpretation and meaning for lived experience that accounts for suffering and injustice, he appeals to metaphors and to plot structures such as comedy and tragedy as a way to structure interpretation in ways that provide structural coherence to experience. Readers find themselves both actors in, and interpreters of, the tragedy, which incites critical examination and underscores the basis for compassion, which I see as a potential basis for an ethics and progressive politics stemming from attempts to draw appropriate conclusions from the world of perception and interpretation that Schopenhauer constructs. Schopenhauer is foundational for the writers who come after him not only on account of his worldview but also because his style of thinking invites us to consider pessimism via a narrative lens that imaginatively blurs boundaries between philosophy and fiction.
Contrast and Medication Adverse Reactions

In the interventional suite, procedures like fistulograms, angioplasties, or thrombectomies require the use of radiocontrast media (RCM). These RCM however may evoke adverse reactions in patients. These reactions are classified as immediate or delayed. The immediate reactions can be further classified as allergic-like or physiologic. Clinically, allergic-like and anaphylactic reactions are indistinguishable and present as a true allergic reaction. The exact pathogenesis of allergic-like reactions is not well-known. Physiologic reactions are secondary to the physiochemical properties of the RCM. Delayed reactions are typically T cell-mediated. There are certain precautions that must be taken to prevent a recurrent allergic-like reaction in patients with a prior history of a reaction. Premedication with corticosteroids with or without antihistamines has been adopted as one such measure. The use of a structurally different RCM (compared to the culprit agent) has also been recommended. In spite of these precautions, breakthrough reactions can occur. The interventionalist should always be vigilant for early manifestations of such reactions, be aware of common clinical presentations, and be well versed in their management. Iodide mumps is a peculiar reaction that is treated by dialysis in dialysis dependent patients. Delayed reactions are predominantly dermatological and self-limited though serious skin reactions can occur.
A General Long-Time Molecular Dynamics Scheme in Atomistic Systems: Hyperdynamics in Entropy Dominated Systems

We extend the hyperdynamics method developed for low-dimensional energy-dominated systems, to simulate slow dynamics in more general atomistic systems. We show that a few functionals of the pair distribution function forms a low-dimensional collective space, which is a good approximation to distinguish stable and transitional conformations. A bias potential that raises the energy in stable regions, where the system is at local equilibrium, is constructed in the pair-correlation space on the fly. Thus a new MD scheme is present to study any time-scale dynamics with atomic details. We examine the slow gas-liquid transition of Lennard-Jones systems and show that this method can generate correct long-time dynamics and focus on the transition conformations without prior knowledge of the systems. We also discuss the application and possible improvement of the method for more complex systems.
Identifying Cultural Variables in Information-Seeking

Information seeking (IS) and use are important user tasks supported by information systems. There is a long tradition of studying user IS behavior in electronic environments, however, the study of the impact of end-user national culture on the use of information systems to find, retrieve, and use information is very limited. This area of research is becoming more and more important as the users of many search systems (e.g., Web search engines, online database systems) access these systems from all over the world and often have to use the same user interface. However, most of the existing research simply reports differences in behavior, without examining cultural variables to identify why these differences occur. A more thorough study of the impact of culture on IS behavior will enable the designers of search systems to design interfaces more usable by users from different cultural backgrounds. In this paper, the authors explore the role of cultural dimensions of the frameworks described by Hall [3] and Hofstede [4] in IS to create a foundation for further studies on the impact of culture on searching. Potential areas of high cultural impact on IS will be identified to propose promising future research directions.
Indirect Copyright Liability and Technological Innovation

Over the past decade, numerous scholars and commentators have asserted that the indirect copyright liability standards applied in the Napster, Aimster, and Grokster decisions, among others, significantly chill technological innovation. This article examines this critical conjecture and offers both a broader framework for assessing the relationship between indirect copyright liability and technological innovation and some suggestive empirical results. The conceptual analysis demonstrates that the question of whether indirect copyright liability chills technological innovation inherently requires consideration of a broader range of social balances, market mechanisms, and roles for mediating institutions. Several countervailing forces, such as the relatively modest capital requirements associated with the technology at issue, the nature of the many established research environments, the philosophical and cultural orientation of many digital technology researchers, various liability-insulating institutions, the ability of investors and technology companies to manage risk, and the importance of technological advance in fields unaffected by copyright liability, suggest that the effects of indirect copyright liability on innovation in replication and distribution technologies will be less dire and more complex than the conjecture suggests. Moreover, the Chilled Innovation conjecture downplays the beneficial effects of indirect copyright liability on the development of balanced technologies (those that tend to balance incentives to create copyrighted works with advances in information dissemination) while ignoring the adverse effects of broad immunity, which fosters deployment of parasitic technologies that tend to drive out balanced technologies. To the extent that the Chilled Innovation conjecture has force, it is not at the basic research and development stages of the innovation pipeline, but rather at the commercialization stage – which is where in the innovation process such effects are most appropriately focused. This limits the effects of choking innovation in its infancy. The article also offers a partial test of the chilled innovation conjecture by examining academic research and patent data. The findings indicate that the Napster-Aimster-Grokster trilogy does not appear to have derailed technological innovation in the peer-to-peer field.
Does Productivity Respond to Exchange Rate Appreciations? A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation

Although real currency appreciations pose direct difficulties for exporters and import-competing firms as they will face more intense competition, is it possible that such competition spurs firms to improve productivity? To answer this question, the paper first constructs a theoretical model to show how the competitive pressures of currency appreciations induce firms to improve productivity by adopting new technologies. In addition, the model predicts that during appreciations there will be a positive relation between market concentration and improvements in productivity for industries highly exposed to trade, because the marginal benefits of productivity improvement will be bigger for firms with a larger market share. The paper then examines Canadian manufacturing data from 1997 to 2006, and finds evidence consistent with model predictions. I find that growth rates of labor productivity were on average higher during the Canadian dollar appreciation between 2002 and 2006, after controlling for industry characteristics. Within the group of highly traded Canadian industries, the more concentrated ones experienced larger growth in labor productivity.
Subject Clitics in French and Romance Complex Inversion and Clitic Doubling

The analysis of the French construction of Complex Inversion illustrated in (1) below raises difficulties with respect to current conceptions of available phrase structure: (1) a. Jean est-il malade? ‘Is John sick?’ b. Depuquis quand Jean est-il malade. ‘Since when is John sick.’
We Are All Saying Much the Same Thing: A Rejoinder to the Comments of Professors Coffee, Macy and Simon

In his persuasive and elegant response, Professor Coffee "agree [ s] with much that [I] say[] about the insufficiency of a negative externalities standard" but states that he "part[ s] company essentially over whether the attorney delivering a third-party opinion has any affirmative obligation to inquire into the transaction's legitimacy."l Even "if no warning signals are evident," he argues, legal ethics should mandate a "minimal inquiry ... into the legitimacy of the specific transaction.,,2 By this, he means that the attorney should at least "ascertain that the transaction has a legitimate business purpose.,,3 Less separates our respective positions, however, than Professor Coffee suggests. My Article argues that opining counsel should examine (at minimum) the portion of transactions on which they opine to ascertain lawfulness and that if, in the course of that examination, they spot warning signs, they should investigate further before issuing their opinions. One of my central examples of a "warning sign" is the failure to see a valid business purpose. Thus, Professor Coffee and I are saying essentially the same thing:
The Boehm Test of concepts: A Three-Dimensional Version

AbstractA three-dimensional (3-D) test comparable to 25 items from the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts was constructed to determine whether 3-D stimuli would facilitate responding on a concept identification task when compared with two dimensional (2-D) stimuli. Both 2- and 3-D versions of the test were administered to 39 preschool children enrolled in a Head Start program. There were no significant effects for the version of the test (2-D vs. 3-D) or for the order of administration (2-D first vs. 3-D first).
The General Theory of Transformational Growth: Keynes After Sraffa

Preface Acknowledgments Part I. History or Equilibrium?: 1. The idea of transformational growth 2. The stylized facts of the old business cycle and the new Part II. Method and Approach: The Active Mind: 3. Conceptual truths and empirical observation 4. Rationality, structure and behavior Part III. Money and the Golden Rule: 5. Circulation and production: the need for money Appendix: recent theories of circulation 6. Circulation and instability: the supply of money Part IV. The Wage-Profit Trade-Off: 7. The classical system: the Golden Rule, labor, and the wage-profit trade-off Appendix: a numerical example 8. The classical system: gravitation and market adjustment 9. Cycles and growth: market adjustment in craft conditions Part V. Investment and Mass Production: 10. Demand growth, pricing and investment plans 11. Inflation, employment, and market adjustment in mass production Appendix: stability of the modes of operation Part VI. Money and Fluctuations in the Modern Economy: 12. Money and interest in the Keynesian system 13. Growth and cycles: financially constrained instability under mass production Appendix: Stability of modes of operation Conclusions: 14. Keynesian themes on classical grounds Bibliography Index.
Posture and dysmenorrhea

Abstract A consecutive four year study of young college women for the purpose of determining what, if any, relationship exists between posture and common gynecologic symptoms was undertaken. This study was begun in 1927, and the collection of data completed in 1931. Though initial examination was made of 785 young women, it was found at the end of the four year period that there were complete consecutive four year records on only 302. Improvement in posture was demonstrated which occurred quite as consistently among those who had no dysmenorrhea at any time as it did among those with pain at each period. Whether this improvement was real or only apparent could not be positively determined. No unusual change was noted in the subjective or objective characteristics of the menstrual periods. So far as constitutional type was concerned the average nondysmenorrheic woman was found to be slightly taller and to have more pronounced breast development.
The Flt3 ITD Accelerates An Already Established Myeloid Leukemia and Alters Chemotherapy Response In Vitro and In Vivo in a p53 Dependent Manner.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with heterogeneous genetics and variable prognosis. The presence of an internal tandem duplication within the FLT3 gene (Flt3 ITD) is a marker for poor prognosis and has been linked to anthracycline resistance in cell lines and primary patient samples in vitro. The effect of this mutation on response to chemotherapy in vivo has not been examined and its effect on response to cytarabine is not known. In this study we use a genetically defined mouse model of AML to examine the effects of the Flt3 ITD on response to cytarabine and the anthracycline doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. In vitro the Flt3 ITD conferred resistance to doxorubicin and the combination of doxorubicin and cytarabine but sensitivity to cytarabine alone in comparison to the identical leukemia without the Flt3 ITD. In vivo the presence of the Flt3 ITD provided an advantage in leukemic engraftment and accelerated disease onset. This advantage could be partially reversed by treatment of the animals with cytarabine but not by treatment with doxorubicin. Surprisingly, in vivo the Flt3 ITD conferred a marked increase in sensitivity to cytarabine when compared to the parental leukemia without this mutation. In contrast to the parental leukemia, the addition of doxorubicin to cytarabine provided no advantage over cytarabine alone. When the DNA damage response was assessed the presence of the Flt3 ITD resulted in an increase in the levels of p53 following treatment with either doxorubicin or cytarabine. Induction of the p53 target genes p21 and MDM2 was also increased. Surprisingly, the Flt3 ITD had no effect on disease onset or chemotherapy response in vitro or in vivo in the setting of p53 null AML. These data when taken together demonstrate that the Flt3 ITD confers a mixed sensitivity and resistance to standard chemotherapy and provides an engraftment advantage in a manner that depends on an intact p53 allele. This may at least in part explain the rarity of dual p53 null and Flt3 ITD positive AML. Furthermore, these data suggest that patients with Fl3 ITD positive AML may benefit more from treatment with high dose Ara-C then with combinations containing an anthracycline.
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONARY DUPLICATION OF GENES IN THE DOPA DECARBOXYLASE REGION OF DROSOPHILA

The region surrounding the dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) of Drosophila contains a cluster of genes, many of which appear to be functionally related by virtue of their effects on cuticle development and/or catecholamine metabolism. In this report we describe evidence that the Ddc gene and the closely linked alpha-methyldopa hypersensitive (amd) gene share extensive sequence homology and are the products of a gene duplication event. The two genes are transcribed convergently and are separated by 2.4 kb. A gene located between Ddc and amd expresses a 2.0-kb mRNA and appears to partially overlap the Ddc gene. The organization of these transcripts implies a complex series of events giving rise to the present pattern. The patterns of expression of these genes do not support a model of coordinate regulation, but are more consistent with a pattern of duplication and divergence to various related metabolic subspecialties. These data provide the first evidence for structural relationships among genes in the 37C cluster.
Modeling Flow Across a Race Car Air Filter

Air entering a NASCAR stock car travels through an air filter enclosed in an “airbox” before being mixed with fuel. To maximize the mass of air/fuel mixture delivered to the cylinders, it is desired to minimize airflow restrictions. This paper presents a preliminary model to predict pressure drop and airflow across an air filter in a simplified geometry. The model includes experimental measurements and numerical simulations using a three-dimensional finite-volume package. The simplified geometry is a 1.52-m long flow channel with 12.7 cm by 7.97 cm cross-section. Measurements of pressure drop versus air velocity were made for separate and combined elements of the filter. A curve fit to the data is used to calculate coefficients for a porous-jump boundary condition used to model flow through porous media. Numerical simulations were run using this model for each filter element in the simplified geometry to verify that measured and calculated pressure drops agreed. Finally, flow visualization techniques were used to reveal streaklines in the flow. Good agreement was found between calculated streamlines and experimental observations. Thus, the porous jump boundary condition is a valid model for the filter material. Future work will include three-dimensional, transient numerical simulations of airflow within the airbox.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation of titanium implants as treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus periprosthetic infections

Effective treatment options are often limited for implant-associated orthopedic infections. In this study we evaluated the antimicrobial effects of applying cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation (CVCES) of -1.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi) substrates with preformed biofilm-like structures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The in vitro studies showed that as compared to the open circuit potential (OCP) conditions, CVCES of -1.8 V for 1 h significantly reduced the colony-forming units (CFU) of MRSA enumerated from the cpTi by 97% (1.89 × 106 vs 6.45 × 104 CFU/ml) and from the surrounding solution by 92% (6.63 × 105 vs. 5.15 × 104 CFU/ml). The in vivo studies, utilizing a rodent periprosthetic infection model, showed that as compared to the OCP conditions, CVCES at -1.8 V for 1 h significantly reduced MRSA CFUs in the bone tissue by 87% (1.15 × 105 vs. 1.48 × 104 CFU/ml) and reduced CFU on the cpTi implant by 98% (5.48 × 104 vs 1.16 × 103 CFU/ml). The stimulation was not associated with histological changes in the host tissue surrounding the implant. As compared to the OCP conditions, the -1.8 V stimulation significantly increased the interfacial capacitance (18.93 vs. 98.25 μF/cm(2)) and decreased polarization resistance (868,250 vs. 108 Ω-cm(2)) of the cpTi. The antimicrobial effects are thought to be associated with these voltage-dependent electrochemical surface properties of the cpTi.
Perturbation Calculation of Atomic Polarizabilities

A procedure is presented that uses perturbation theory to calculate correlation corrections for atomic polarizability when the atom is described by a local potential in the starting approximation. Zeroth-order polarizabilities and first-order correlation corrections for them have been calculated for Mg, Na, Ne, Be, Li, and He atoms using the Hartree-Fock-Slater potential and another local potential. For most of the atoms, the corrections are found to be significantly large. Implications are discussed.
Kneser Graphs Are Hamiltonian For n≥3k

The Kneser graph K(n, k) has as vertices the k-subsets of {1, 2, ?, n}. Two vertices are adjacent if the k-subsets are disjoint. In this paper, we prove that K(n, k) is Hamiltonian for n?3k, and extend this to the bipartite Kneser graphs.
Recanalization of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis eight years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract The Blalock-Taussig (B-T) anastomosis (subclavian artery to pulmonary artery) is the most common aortopulmonary shunt performed for palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease. At subsequent operation, this shunt is usually ligated and remains closed thereafter. 1,2 We report a case in which a boy who had a left B-T anastomosis at 15 months of age had a new continuous murmur at 10 years of age.
Distribution and metabolism of doxepin

Abstract Drug metabolism studies with doxepin in rats and dogs reflect the fundamental similarity of its structure to that of the related tricyclic psychotherapeutic agents, amitriptyline and imipramine. Doxepin is well absorbed after oral administration and measurable amounts of doxepin and demethyl doxepin quickly appear in the blood. Although numerous metabolites of doxepin are observed in liver and in urine, only doxepin and demethyl doxepin are found in the rat brain, where the same ratio of cis - and trans -isomers as in the administered drug is still present. Metabolic transformations include demethylation, N -oxidation, hydroxylation and glucuronide formation. In the rat, doxepin and its metabolites are found in all tissues examined but, with the exception of the pigmented eye, are rapidly cleared. This affinity for melanin is also reflected in studies in vitro with beef eyeball melanin, where, however, doxepin is less strongly bound than is amitriptyline.
Lysosomal Hydrolases in Acanthamoeba sp.

SYNOPSIS. Homogenates of axenic Acanthamoeba sp. had ribonuclease, phosphatase, proteinase, α-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and β-glucuronidase activities; all had acid pH optima. After isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation all showed the same relatively broad and unimodal distribution pattern, with a peak at a density of 1.17. This differs from the distribution of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and of peroxisomal urate oxidase and catalase. The findings are believed to reflect the occurrence of lysosomes in Acanthamoeba.
A choice of the semirigid bender model of the water molecule

Abstract In order to minimize momentum coupling between small- and large-amplitude internal motions special intrinsic semirigid models should be used. The intrinsic model for the water molecule is constructed as a Taylor series in the bending angle. Using sets of ab initio force constants up to quartic, expansions can be found up to and including cubic terms. A polynomial fit to the ab initio value of the bond length of the linear saddle configuration is used to find the quartic term in the expansion.
Hybrid systems to address seasonal mismatches between electricity production and demand in nuclear renewable electrical grids

A strategy to enable zero-carbon variable electricity production with full utilization of renewable and nuclear energy sources has been developed. Wind and solar systems send electricity to the grid. Nuclear plants operate at full capacity with variable steam to turbines to match electricity demand with production (renewables and nuclear). Excess steam at times of low electricity prices and electricity demand go to hybrid fuel production and storage systems. The characteristic of these hybrid technologies is that the economic penalties for variable nuclear steam inputs are small. Three hybrid systems were identified that could be deployed at the required scale. The first option is the gigawatt-year hourly-to-seasonal heat storage system where excess steam from the nuclear plant is used to heat rock a kilometer underground to create an artificial geothermal heat source. The heat source produces electricity on demand using geothermal technology. The second option uses steam from the nuclear plant and electricity from the grid with high-temperature electrolysis (HTR) cells to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is primarily for industrial applications; however, the HTE can be operated in reverse using hydrogen for peak electricity production. The third option uses variable steam and electricity for shale oil production.
Methods of sampling band-limited functions

A family of signals is considered which lie within a bandwidth of W cps. Methods are discussed of experimentally obtaining suitable discrete numbers at the rate of 2W per second to describe completely any given member of the family. An "Educated Direct" sampling method is presented and compared with previously known sampling methods.
Divergent Roles of Clock Genes in Retinal and Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Circadian Oscillators

The retina is both a sensory organ and a self-sustained circadian clock. Gene targeting studies have revealed that mammalian circadian clocks generate molecular circadian rhythms through coupled transcription/translation feedback loops which involve 6 core clock genes, namely Period (Per) 1 and 2, Cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2, Clock, and Bmal1 and that the roles of individual clock genes in rhythms generation are tissue-specific. However, the mechanisms of molecular circadian rhythms in the mammalian retina are incompletely understood and the extent to which retinal neural clocks share mechanisms with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central neural clock, is unclear. In the present study, we examined the rhythmic amplitude and period of real-time bioluminescence rhythms in explants of retina from Per1-, Per2-, Per3-, Cry1-, Cry2-, and Clock-deficient mice that carried transgenic PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) or Period1::luciferase (Per1::luc) circadian reporters. Per1-, Cry1- and Clock-deficient retinal and SCN explants showed weakened or disrupted rhythms, with stronger effects in retina compared to SCN. Per2, Per3, and Cry2 were individually dispensable for sustained rhythms in both tissues. Retinal and SCN explants from double knockouts of Cry1 and Cry2 were arrhythmic. Gene effects on period were divergent with reduction in the number of Per1 alleles shortening circadian period in retina, but lengthening it in SCN, and knockout of Per3 substantially shortening retinal clock period, but leaving SCN unaffected. Thus, the retinal neural clock has a unique pattern of clock gene dependence at the tissue level that it is similar in pattern, but more severe in degree, than the SCN neural clock, with divergent clock gene regulation of rhythmic period.
166 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION ALTERS THE BENEFICIAL HEMODYNA-MIC EFFECT OF DOPAMINE

Our clinical observations suggested that dopamine(D) may be ineffective in improving cardiac output(CO)in pts. with acute or chronic pulmonary artery hypertension(PH). We therefore evaluated the response to intravenous D at dosage 15 & 25 ug/kg/min(D15,D25) in 16 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twelve were normal(N) rats and 5 had PH produced after 2 wks. in chronic hypobaria,i.e. air at 380mmHg(CH rats); all were studied in room air and after acute PH was caused by 2 hrs. hypoxia(10% O2). Pressures(P) in mmHg and saturations were monitored by indwelling catheters in pulmonary artery(PA) left ventricle(LV) aorta and jugular vein. Direct measurement of O2 consumption permitted calculation of CO(cc/min/kg-Fick principle) and pulmonary and systemic resistance(Rp, Rs). During the study, 7 rats died - 6N rats during or after infusion of D in hypoxia(H): 4 of these 6 had a rise in LV end diastolic P or Rs not seen in rats that lived(p <0.05). Mean values in 9 living rats are tabulated (*denotes p < 0.05 from baseline (b)). Thus D increased CO only in N rats;it actually decreased CO in CH+H rats. Our data suggest that D may be ineffective when there is PH and,in the presence of acute hypoxia,may be detrimental.
A new target for growth hormone releasing-hormone action in rat: the Sertoli cell

A GHRH-like mRNA and peptide (t-GHRH) have been detected in rat and human testis. In rat, t-GHRH mRNA is localized to developing spermatogenic cells. We predicted that the most likely target cell of t-GHRH action would be the Sertoli cell. To test this prediction, we evaluated GHRH action on Sertoli cell function. Rat GHRH at a concentration of 10 nM or 100 nM stimulated cAMP production 2-fold over control levels after a 30 min incubation. This stimulation was obliterated by preincubation with a 10-fold excess of the GHRH antagonist (N-Ac-Tyr1, D-Arg2)-GRF(1-29)-NH2. The effect of treatment with [His1,Nle27]GHRH(1-32)-NH2, a GHRH analog, on Sertoli cell mRNAs was also assessed. Treatment with the analog significantly increased levels of c-fos and steel factor (the product of the Steel gene, also termed SCF) mRNAs above controls, but had no effect on sulfated glycoprotein-2 mRNA. We conclude that GHRH acts via adenylate cyclase to modulate specific Sertoli cell products, possibly as part of a network of local interacting factors controlling Sertoli and germ cell function.
Serotonin type-1A receptors modulate adolescent, cocaine-induced offensive aggression in hamsters

Hamsters repeatedly exposed to cocaine throughout adolescence display highly escalated offensive aggression compared to saline-treated littermates. Recently, we have shown that serotonin neural signaling and development play an important role in adolescent cocaine-induced offensive aggression. This study examined whether the adolescent cocaine-induced aggressive response was modulated by serotonin type 1A (5HT1A) receptors. To test this, adolescent male Syrian hamsters were administered cocaine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) throughout adolescent development (P27-57) and then tested for offensive aggression after the administration of the 5HT(1A) receptor agonist R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.25 mg/kg, i.p.). R(+)-8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently reduced cocaine-induced offensive aggression, with a significant reduction observed at 0.3 mg/kg for most of the offensive responses measured. Animals treated with higher doses of R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.6-1.25 mg/kg) prior to testing showed significant reductions in all measures of offensive aggression and social interest towards intruders (i.e., contact time), indicating more general behavioral inhibition. Adolescent cocaine-treated animals did not differ in body weight from controls, suggesting that the increased aggression was not due to increased body mass. These data support a role for 5HT1A signaling in adolescent cocaine-induced aggression.
Marine scientific research as a new area of tension between states

Advances in marine scientific research (MSR) have created a deceptive illusion on the part of many coastal States of the availability of the ocean's wealth and have caused, in the recent past, an accelerating trend in asserting claims to national maritime jurisdiction over vast areas considered for thousands of years as the high seas. Marine science, having pointed out the resource potential of the world ocean to mankind, now finds itself in a paradoxical situation whereby many phenomena within its scope have now become virtually alienated from it as a result of the drastic curtailment of the freedom of MSR in marginal sea/ocean areas. What concerns marine scientists even more is that the process of adopting decisions on MSR is increasingly politicized and marine science itself sometimes becomes an instrument for achieving political results. This is exemplified by a case history of the thwarted plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences to conduct MSR in the South-West Pacific. A special role can and must be played by international organizations. Not only is their coordinating and organizational assistance important in this connection, but their action as a political buffer and possible moderator of conflicting national interests acquires particular prominence.
Incentive reduction: Delay increase and subsequent responding

Delay of reinforcement in the first goal box (G1) of a double alley apparatus was manipulated in two experiments. The results indicated that rats ran faster in the second alley following short as compared with longer delay in G1, but delay increase per se had no effects on subsequent performance.
The Origins & Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications Revisited

This paper examines the permanence of differences in the psychological underpinnings of ideological self-identifications. Previous research has suggested that conservatives differ from liberals insofar as their self-identifications as such are best explained as the product of a negative reaction (both to liberalism generally and to the groups associated with it in particular) rather than a positive embrace. However, this paper demonstrates that the dynamics underlying the formation of ideological self-identifications are not static reflections of inherent differences in liberal and conservative psychologies but rather evolve in response to changes in the political environment. Whereas feelings (positive or negative) toward liberalism played a decisive role in shaping individuals’ ideological self-identifications during the New Deal/Great Society era of liberal and Democratic political hegemony, the subsequent resurgence of political conservatism produced a decisive shift in the bases of liberal and conservative self-identifications. In particular, just as conservative self-identifications once primarily represented a reaction against liberalism and its associated symbols, hostility toward conservatism and its associated symbols has in recent years become an increasingly important source of liberal self-identifications.
Cholinergic lesions of mouse striatum induced by AF64A alter D2 dopaminergic behavior and reduce D2 dopamine receptors and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA

Abstract To determine whether dopamine receptors are expressed in acetylcholine-containing neurons intrinsic to the striatum, and to study further the interactions between the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, the irreversibly acting cholinergic neurotoxin, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (AF64A), was injected unilaterally into the mouse corpus striatum, and rotational behavior induced by dopamine agonists and certain molecular events associated with this lesion were determined 7 days after lesioning. Brains were analyzed for D2 dopamine receptors by autoradiography, using [ 3 H](−)sulpiride as a ligand, and for D2 dopamine receptor mRNA and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA by Northern blot analysis, using selective radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes. Choline uptake sites were determined by binding assays using [3H]hemicholinium-3, a selective choline reuptake blocker, as a ligand. Mice with intrastriatal injections of AF64A showed ipsilateral rotational responses to the non-selective dopamine agonist apomorphine and to the D2 dopamine agonists, pergolide and quinpirole, but not to the D1 dopamine agonist SKF 38393. This was associated with a significant reduction in D2 dopamine receptors in the ipsilateral striatum and a significant decrease in the amount of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA. That AF64A produced a relatively selective cholinergic deficit was supported by the evidence showing that AF64A lesions significantly reduced [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites but did not alter glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA. Further, hemicholinium-3, prevented the AF64A-induced changes in rotational behavior. These results suggest that striatal cholinergic interneurons contain D2 dopamine receptors and express the D2 dopamine receptor gene, and that these interneurons are involved in dopamine-mediated rotational behavior.
Serial filter method for fluorescence evaluation

Abstract A method has been developed to obtain the reflective spectral data, βR(λ), for a fluorescent sample by making a simple modification to a conventional poly-chromatically illuminated spectrophotometer. To use this procedure, a series of sharp cut-off filters are inserted successively into the illumination beam of the instrument to obtain a number of spectral curves from which the complete reflectance curve is constructed piece-wise. The calculation of the complete reflectance curve is done wavelength-by-wavelength, starting at about 30 nm above the peak emission of the sample and proceeding toward the shortest wavelength cut-off filter, selecting the spectral data that are the lowest value. When the data from each filter are assembled, the long wavelength portion above the peak emission is made equal to the unmodified spectrum. Examples are given of the method of computation and comparison with bi-spectral data. The serial filter technique is equally applicable to instruments having either 45/0 or d/8 integrating sphere optical geometry.
Modelling the effect of temperature on the maximum growth rates of phytoplankton populations

Abstract Functional relationships which parameterize growth based on the Eppley temperature relationship for phytoplankton maximal growth rates are increasingly being used in marine and freshwater ecosystem models. In this paper, we demonstrate the effect of using such generalized relationships in modelling studies. Two suites of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of models to generalized growth relationships. In each experiment, 100 individual species or groups of phytoplankton are allowed to compete under a variety of growth versus temperature relationships. One suite of experiments is carried out within a simple ‘chemostat’ type model that is forced with seasonally varying temperature and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) fields. A second suite of experiments is carried out using a biogeochemical mixed-layer model to demonstrate the sensitivity of these models to various temperature versus growth relationships. The key difference in the biogeochemical mixed-layer simulations is in the timing of the ecosystem response to seasonal variability of the mixed-layer depth and temperature. The Eppley growth versus temperature relationship overestimates phytoplankton growth by as much as 80% during the spring when growth rates are crucial to the timing of the spring blooms. This decrease in growth rates causes a delay in the spring phytoplankton bloom which in turn results in significant changes in all other model constituents. The results from both suites of experiments show that it is important to resolve the intrinsic growth dynamics of a population in order to properly resolve the maximum growth rates of phytoplankton populations. The results also present a possible explanation for why phytoplankton are commonly found growing within water colder than their optimal temperature for growth. A dynamic growth versus temperature model is introduced that is capable of resolving the growth dynamics of a population of phytoplankton under a variety of temperature forcing scenarios. This new growth versus temperature model/relationship will be useful in global biogeochemical models and demonstrates the importance of underlying population dynamics in controlling bulk community growth estimates.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermally Degradable Polymer Networks

Diacrylate and dimethacrylate monomers containing thermally cleavable tertiary ester linkages with different spacer lengths were synthesized and studied. The photopolymerization rates of diacrylates were much higher than those of dimethacrylates. Glass transition temperatures of the prepared networks increased from 55 to 180 °C with decreasing spacer length for diacrylate networks and from 135 to 185 °C for dimethacrylate networks. Isothermal thermogravimetric analyses revealed that the networks were thermally stable up to 150 °C and decomposed smoothly between 180 and 200 °C to form partially dehydrated linear poly(acrylic acid) or poly(methacrylic acid). It was observed that decomposition reactions were dominated by an autoacceleration mechanism. The rate of weight loss was dependent on temperature and spacer length. Although the resulting decomposition products were insoluble in dimethylformamide, methanol, and water due to the presence of intermolecular acid anhydride groups, they were completely solu...
Profiling FPGA floor-planning effects on timing closure

The impact of shape, area allocation and timing constraints on partitions was determined by selecting a standard set of submodules and performing over 1,000,000 place/route experiments. Place/route experiments used different area and timing constraints and their resulting trace reports provided timing results. These results suggest that the best results are obtained when about 20% additional area (above synthesis estimates) is allocated for each submodule. The aspect ratio of submodules is largely a non-issue (there was one exception in the data). In some cases, carefully constraining area dramatically improves results.
Origins of vertical patterns of phytoplankton and nutrients in the temperate, open ocean: a stratigraphic hypothesis

Abstract A new hypothesis is presented to explain the origins of patterns in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton and nutrients in open, temperate oceans. According to the hypothesis, vertical distributions are largely determined by the dynamics of the formation of the seasonal thermocline. In particular, it is suggested that features such as the chlorophyll and nitrite maxima are formed in the spring when the mixed layer is warming and becoming shallower, and water containing phytoplankton and nutrients form strata within the seasonal thermocline. Once the chlorophyll and nitrite maxima are formed, they remain as relicts until again entrained into the winter mixed layer. The hypothesis is examined quantitatively by constructing a model that combines the features of a one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline with a model of phytoplankton growth and metabolic regulation. The physical model ( Gill and Turner , Deep-Sea Research , 23 , 391–401, 1976) predicts seasonal changes in mixed-layer depth and thermocline formation and disappearance. The phytoplankton model is a steady-state description of the cellular concentration of chlorophyll as a function of the light and nutrient fields at a given depth, and the rates of conversion of nitrate, nitrite, and cellular nitrogen. Simulations using the model compare favorably with observations of seasonal distributions of phytoplankton and nutrients at Station S in the Sargasso Sea.
The historical residue trend of PCBs in the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada

Current detailed measurements of contaminant deposition cannot provide a historical perspective except through long-term monitoring programs. In the Aretic, ice caps provide an alternative to lake sediments, in that the annual snow layers reflect atmospheric deposition. As a result of the remoteness of the ice cap and the limited summer melt, annual layers undergo little chemical change, especially after the first summer season, and therefore provide a well-defined historical record. Initial work was undertaken at the Agassiz Ice Cap (80°49′50″ N, 72°56′30″ W) beginning in 1986, but a major effort was undertaken in 1993, during which snow samples covering 30 years were taken from a snow pit. Large volume snow samples were obtained for the determination of PCB congeners. Mean ΣPCB deposition to the ice cap ranged from 930 ng/m2/year in the winter of 1967–1968 to a minimum of 91 ng/m2/year in 1980–1981. Since 1980–1981, deposition has again increased to a local maximum of 848 ng/m2/year (in 1989–1990). The mean deposition for the 30 years of record was 406 ng/m2/year, with no evidence of a consistent long-term trend.
Preliminary studies of crystals of poliovirus type I

Abstract Poliovirus contains 60 copies each of four coat protein subunits arranged on a T = 1 icosahedral surface. Crystals of the Mahoney and the Sabin strains of the type I serotype of polio have been obtained. Crystals of the Mahoney strain belong to the orthorhombic space group P21212 with a = 324 A , b = 359 A , c = 381 A , contain 1 2 virus particle in the asymmetric unit, and diffract to at least 2.5 A resolution. The crystals are apparently identical to those characterized by Finch & Klug (1959). Collection of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data to 2.9 A resolution is in progress.
A numerical method for annuity-purchasing decision making to minimize the probability of financial ruin for regime-switching wealth models

This work develops an approximation procedure to find optimal annuity-purchasing strategies for minimizing the probability of lifetime ruin. The wealth is modelled as a regime-switching diffusion modulated by a continuous-time Markov chain. Based on Markov chain approximation techniques, a discrete-time controlled Markov chain with two components is constructed. Under simple conditions, the convergence of the approximation sequence to the wealth process is obtained. The convergence of the approximation to the value function is also established. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the algorithms.
Metallization of Printed Circuit Boards Using Conducting Polyaniline

Abstract A novel process using polyaniline for plating through hole technology has been developed. Polyaniline was dip-coated onto printed circuit boards and in turn acted as a thin conducting electrode for the electrolytic metallization of Cu on the through holes. This eliminates the necessity for expensive precious metal seeds and toxic electroless copper baths. This process offers simplification, cost reduction, and performance enhancement over current methods used in the industry. Spontaneous deposition of noble metals, e.g. Pd, Ag, occurred on polyaniline coated epoxy substrate by simply immersing the substrate in an aqueous solution containing the corresponding metal salt, e.g., CH3-C6H4-SO3Ag, PdCl2. The thin metallic layer so plated was then used as an electrode for subsequent electroplating of Cu.
Degeneration and regeneration of severed crayfish sensory fibers: an ultrastructural study.

In crayfish peripheral nerve, terminal processes of most sensory fobers degenerated within two to three weeks of nerve severance. First, large clear vesicles appeared in the axoplasm which subsequently lost its substructure, became more dense and compact, and was finally reduced to dense inclusions within glial cytoplasm. Considerable traumatic degeneration was also observed in proximal segments of severed axons. The rate of fiber degeneration was generally more rapid in the smallest fibers and slower in the larger intermediate axons. Large numbers of regenerating axons were first seen crossing the lesion site after four weeks. Growing fibers, found in bundles wrapped by glial processes, were at first small and tightly packed with no glial processes separating them. Later fibers enlarged and acquired wrapping patterns typical of normal sensory fibers. Growth cones were observed during early stages of regeneration. Some secondary degeneration may occur.