cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two miRNA Clusters Reveal Alternative Paths in Late-Stage Reprogramming

Ectopic expression of specific factors such as Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK) is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this study, we examine the paths taken by cells during the reprogramming process by following the transcriptional activation of two pluripotent miRNA clusters (mir-290 and mir-302) in individual cells in vivo and in vitro with knockin reporters. During embryonic development and embryonic stem cell differentiation, all cells sequentially expressed mir-290 and mir-302. In contrast, during OSK-induced reprogramming, cells activated the miRNA loci in a stochastic, nonordered manner. However, the addition of Sall4 to the OSK cocktail led to a consistent reverse sequence of locus activation (mir-302 then mir-290) and increased reprogramming efficiency. These results demonstrate that cells can follow multiple paths during the late stages of reprogramming, and that the trajectory of any individual cell is strongly influenced by the combination of factors introduced.
Ambulance Transport of Noncritical Children: Emergency Medical Service Providers’ Knowledge, Opinions, and Practice

Purpose. Safe ambulance transport of children presents unique challenges. Our study describes child passenger restraint practices during ambulance transport, Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers’ knowledge, training, and use of child passenger restraint devices (CRD). Methods. A child passenger safety technician (CPST) recorded restraint used for pediatric ambulance transport. The CPST assessed and documented type of CRD used, securement, and whether the child was properly restrained. EMS providers’ knowledge, training, and CRD use for ambulance transport were assessed. Results. The study period spanned July 2009 to July 2010; 63 EMS personnel were interviewed and 40 children were observed. Approximately 75% of emergency medical technicians surveyed felt their knowledge of pediatric transport was adequate. Fourteen percent allowed a stable patient to be transported via parent’s lap. Twelve percent were transported unrestrained. None of the 11 patients, birth to 3 years, were found to be transported c...
Calorimetric determination of thermodynamic quantities for chemical reactions in the system CO2−NaOH−H2O from 225 to 325°C

The phase equilibrium CO2(g)=CO2(aq) and the aqueous reactions CO32−+H+=HCO3−, HCO3−+H+=CO2(aq)+H2O, and Na++CO32−=NaCO3− were studied from 225 to 325°C using a flow calorimetric technique. Heats of mixing of gaseous CO2 with liquid H2O and with aqueous NaOH solutions were measured at these temperatures. Log K, ΔH, ΔS, and ΔCp values were determined for these reactions from the heat of mixing data. Equations for these thermodynamic quantities valid at infinite dilution (I=0) and 12.4 MPa are given as a function of temperature from 225 to 325°C. The log K and ΔH values agree well with literature values at these temperatures for the first and third reactions, but not for the second reaction. No previous results have been reported for the fourth reaction at high temperatures. The isocoulombic reaction principle is tested using the log K values determined in this study. This principle is found to be valid for the reactions where each charge on one side of the equation is balanced on the other side by a charge of the same sign and magnitude, but not for the reaction where two single negative charges (HCO3− and OH−) are balanced by one double negative charge (CO32−).
Developmental Social Cognitive Neuroscience: Insights From Deafness

The condition of deafness presents a developmental context that provides insight into the biological, cultural, and linguistic factors underlying the development of neural systems that impact social cognition. Studies of visual attention, behavioral regulation, language development, and face and human action perception are discussed. Visually based culture and language provides deaf children with affordances that promote resiliency and optimization in their development of visual engagement, executive functions, and theory of mind. These experiences promote neural adaptations permitting nuanced perception of classes of linguistic and emotional-social behaviors. Studies of deafness provide examples of how interactions and contributions of biological predispositions and genetic phenotypes with environmental and cultural factors including childhood experiences and actions of caregivers shape developmental trajectories (M. I. Posner & M. K. Rothbart, 2007).
Thermal solubility of gene 8 coat protein in 2 M urea from fd phage

Summary A detailed procedure is outlined here for the thermal solubilization of the gene 8 coat protein from f d phage. The pronounced effect of metal ions such as Na + , Mg ++ , Zn ++ , Mn ++ , Ca ++ on the thermal solubility of this coat protein is described. Although we are able to solubilize gene 8 coat protein, this material exists in neutral buffer as aggregates of numerous coat protein subunits which prove resistant to further dissociation to the monomeric form. Circular dichroism studies indicate that the thermally solubilized coat protein exhibits a characteristic β structure at 217 mμ.
Studies on the Placental Transfer of Phosphate in the Guinea Pig:III. Phosphorus Compounds in the Placenta and their Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus.1

Summary. Determinations of the various phosphorus fractious in the guinea pig placenta in a series of experiments on the placental transfer of phosphate have shown that the orthophosphate concentration is very high in the placental tissue as compared with the maternal and foetal plasma. The concentration increases slowly from the 29th to the 59th day of gestation and may decrease thereafter. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection of radioactive phosphate into the mother the orthophosphate in the placenta has reached a specific activity of one third of that of the inorganic phosphate in the maternal plasma. It has the highest specific activity of the placental phosphorus fractions. Adenosine diphosphate and triphosphate are found in approximately the same concentrations as in the uterine muscle during pregnancy in the rat, the rabbit and the human. The labile phosphorus of these compounds is in equilibrium with the orthophosphate with regard to radioactive phosphorus. Glucose-1-phosphate is present in a low concentration, but it acquires a high relative specific activity. More glucose-6-phosphate is present, but with a low relative specific activity. The inorganic phosphate in the foetal plasma obtains in thirty minutes a specific activity of about half that of the placental orthophosphate.
The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on protein metabolism in senescing corn leaves

Abstract The incorporation of 14 C-leucine into senescing disks from corn leaves was measured in the presence and absence of 6-benzylaminopurine (benzyladenine). Differences in the amount of incorporation were detected as early as 90 min after start of the hormone treatment. Tissue treated for 24 hr with benzyladenine incorporated up to twice as much 14 C-leucine as untreated tissue. This difference may reflect an effect of the hormone on the size of the protein precursor amino acid pool resulting in differences in the isotopic dilution of the added 14 C-leucine, rather than an effect of benzyladenine on the rate of protein synthesis. Leaf disks pre-labeled with 14 C-leucine for 4–5 hr and subsequently transferred to media containing unlabeled leucine with or without benzyladenine showed a slower breakdown of the pre-labeled protein in the presence of the cytokinin. Since the specific activity of the protein of leaf disks incubated with or without benzyladenine did not change over 48 hr, it is suggested that cytokinins retard senescence of corn leaves primarily through inhibiting protein degradation.
Seismic response of shallow-floor buildings

A framing system considered for a shallow-floor building to be used in seismic zones has wide shallow beams with sufficient stirrups. Two-way slab design is used for this system. This shallow-floor system is likely to have good ductile behavior as the beams deform inelastically. The lateral resisting system is designed with a ‘strong column—weak beam’ ductile frame configuration so that the hinging zones occur within the beams away from the face of the column. The beams will be substantially wider than the columns. The joint and hinge regions must have sufficient tie and stirrup reinforcement. P-delta effects should be considered but are not serious when drifts are controlled. The survivability of the ductile shallow-floor building under moderate earthquakes is studied. The serviceability, e.g., story drift, of the building is of concern. The usual case is that the building is likely to satisfy code requirements for base shear resistance and corresponding story drift limitation. Contrary to code prediction, the performance under a moderate earthquake often yields large story drifts which may severely damage the non-structural systems.
The effect of human activities and their associated noise on ungulate behavior.

Background The effect of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife is a relatively new area of study with broad ranging management implications. Noise has been identified as a disturbance that has the potential to induce behavioral responses in animals similar to those associated with predation risk. This study investigated potential impacts of a variety of human activities and their associated noise on the behavior of elk (Cervus elaphus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) along a transportation corridor in Grand Teton National Park.
Correlation between oil yields of oil shales and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra

Using the cross polarization/dipolar decoupling method, 13C n.m.r. spectra have been obtained on twenty oil shales and kerogens from around the world. A correlation is found between the integrated signal intensity of the aliphatic region of the spectra and the oil yields of the shales.
Engineering of a sugar-derivatized porous network for hepatocyte culture

Abstract Many tissue engineering applications require a scaffold or template conducive to cell attachment and maintenance of functions. It may also be advantageous in some cases for these scaffolds to have a controlled porous architecture to facilitate cellular or tissue ingrowth. In this study, we have engineered a porous carbohydrate-derivatized substrate for hepatocyte culture. Polystyrene foams, with pore sizes up to 100 μm, fabricated by phase separation from a homogeneous naphthalene solution, were derivatized with lactose and heparin, both of which are known to promote rat hepatocyte attachment and maintenance of its differentiated functions. Rat hepatocytes cultured on these derivatized foams exhibited a rounded cellular morphology with many microvilli evident on the surface of the cells. The hepatocytes showed an increase in albumin secretion for the first 3 days of culture in a defined, serum-free medium, and dropped back to initial levels by the end of 7 days. The production of cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxytestosterone metabolites were also measured. Two testosterone metabolites were maintained and five others were present but decreased over a culture period of 1 week. These carbohydrate-derivatized porous substrates may be useful for largescale culture of hepatocytes, toxicology screening and for use in a liver assist device.
Alzheimer’s Association® TrialMatch™: a next-generation resource for matching patients to clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders

SUMMARY Many clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders struggle to achieve enrollment goals, hampering the progress of research. To help address this problem, the Alzheimer’s Association® has developed and implemented a new clinical trial-matching service designed to increase awareness of ongoing clinical trials among potential participants, improve initial matching of potential participants to enrollment criteria and thus help investigators achieve enrollment goals. This service, Alzheimer’s Association TrialMatch™, uses numerous personal and disease characteristics to match users with potential clinical trials that are currently enrolling participants. It provides users with direct access to trained professional consultants who interpret and explain an individual’s eligibility for specific clinical trials and is designed for use by patients, caregivers, healthy volunteers, physicians and other healthcare providers and researchers. During the first year of operation (July 2010–June 20...
Building castles out of mud: practical access pattern privacy and correctness on untrusted storage

We introduce a new practical mechanism for remote data storage with efficient access pattern privacy and correctness. A storage client can deploy this mechanism to issue encrypted reads, writes, and inserts to a potentially curious and malicious storage service provider, without revealing information or access patterns. The provider is unable to establish any correlation between successive accesses, or even to distinguish between a read and a write. Moreover, the client is provided with strong correctness assurances for its operations -- illicit provider behavior does not go undetected. We built a first practical system -- orders of magnitude faster than existing implementations -- that can execute over several queries per second on 1Tbyte+ databases with full computational privacy and correctness.
Components of objects and events

Abstract People's notions of mental events—reasoning, planning, and so on—appear to possess a structure different from their notions of physical objects. The parts of a mental activity tend to be members of the same categories as their whole. For example, a part of planning, such as evaluating competing plans, is a type of thinking, as is planning itself. Parts of physical objects, however, rarely belong to the same categories as their whole. The core of an apple is not a kind of fruit, and the steering wheel of a car is not a kind of vehicle. Experiment 1 documents this difference by eliciting judgments about the part and kind relations for groups of physical objects, mental events, and scripts. Experiment 2 shows that this difference between domains is correlated with the degree to which the parts of these entities share their properties. Experiment 3 explores whether the difference is due to the boundedness of parts, their similarity, or their essentialness. The results are consistent with the theory that events are less bounded than objects; hence, there is less pressure to cross-classify the events and their parts.
Bloodstream infections in organ transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab: No evidence of occurrence of organisms typically associated with profound T cell depletion

Summary Background Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against CD52, a cell surface antigen expressed on B and T lymphocytes, monocytes and NK cells. Its use results in a profound decrease in CD4 positive T lymphocytes. Alemtuzumab is used as induction immunosuppression and therapy for rejection in organ transplant recipients in some centers. We followed a cohort of 449 consecutive transplant recipients who received alemtuzumab to determine the occurrence of bloodstream infections, particularly those previously associated with decrease in CD4 positive T lymphocytes. Patients and methods Fifteen percent (69/449) patients had at least one episode of bloodstream infection. However, no patient had bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae , Listeria monocytogenes , non-typhoidal Salmonella or Mycobacterium avium complex. Fungaemia was rare, occurring in 1.5% of patients. The most common organisms isolated from the blood were Staphylococcus aureus (21 episodes), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (14 episodes), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 episodes), Enterococcus faecium (11 episodes), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 episodes), Enterococcus faecalis (9 episodes) and Escherichia coli (7 episodes). Discussion We conclude that although alemtuzumab use is associated with profound CD4 positive T lymphocyte depletion, alemtuzumab does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of bloodstream infection with pathogens typically seen in other disorders of CD4 cell depletion, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Immune-deficient bronchiectasis associated with x-linked lymphoproliferative disease

Bronchiectasis may occur with various congenital and acquired immunodeficiency diseases. The association of bronchiectasis and the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), also known as Duncan's disease is unknown. We describe the case of a 39-year-old man with XLP, the oldest surviving, who developed chronic bronchiectasis with hemoptysis and required a pneumonectomy to control his symptoms.
BOOTSTRAP CURRENT GENERATION BY SYMMETRICALLY INJECTED LOWER-HYBRID WAVES IN A TOKAMAK PLASMA

High poloidal beta (\ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{p}}$\ensuremath{\sim}1) plasma equilibria produced by injection of lower-hybrid waves with symmetric spectra (\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}=\ensuremath{\pi} phasing of waveguides) show evidence of substantial non-Ohmic current generation (zero loop voltage). X-ray data indicate that, while up to 30% of the current may be carried by a highly anisotropic electron tail (\ensuremath{\varepsilon}g30 keV), the bootstrap current generated by an enhanced population of intermediate energy electrons (\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremath{\simeq}10 keV) could account for the remaining 70% of the current.
Urodynamics for the primary care nurse.

Summary The urodynamic assessment plays an important role in the proper diagnosis of many voiding dysfunctions. The primary care nurse, geriatric nurse specialist, or nurse practitioner likewise plays a vital role in the pre-test education and preparation and the post-test care of the patient undergoing this type of evaluation. Listen carefully to your patients when they are discussing voiding habits or difficulties. Voiding problems, especially urinary incontinence, is far too often (and incorrectly) assumed to be a normal part of aging, even by health care professionals. Decrease your patients' anxiety by preparing them with a description of the procedure, the instrumentation required for the test(s), and what will be required of them during the test. Assure them that every action will be taken to make them comfortable during and after the procedure is completed.
The application of recent smoltification research to public hatchery releases: an assessment of size/time requirements for Columbia River hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Abstract This paper develops a hypothesis for the variations observed in adult contributions resulting from size/time of release experiments conducted at West Coast hatcheries over the past decade. Subsamples of hatchery coho salmon were transferred to seawater net-pens and observed for up to 6 months, during which time morphologically distinct forms — parr (stunt and revertant), transitional and smolt — were identified. Both parr forms exhibited little or no growth in seawater net-pens, but maintained plasma sodium concentrations slightly above normal. False smolting occurred for 1–2 months after seawater entry, followed by reversions to parr (desmoltification) of the smaller fish in the population. Critical size — the size of the largest parred individual — is a good indicator of the minimum size necessary for survival and growth in seawater, and a critical growth path must be maintained in seawater to avoid reversion to parr. Critical size increased between the summer and winter solstice and was dependent on fish size, time of year, and age at seawater entry. Critical size in fresh water was the best predictor of mortality after transfer to seawater netpens. In May and June, over 79% of downstream migrants from one hatchery recaptured in the Columbia River estuary were above the critical size; in July, only 23% of the migrants were above critical size. Virtually all migrants captured in the ocean were above critical size: those below critical size disappeared between the estuary and the ocean. Fish released in May and June near the peak of gill Na + K + -ATPase and thyroxine surges grew more rapidly in the ocean than those released in July. Fish released in June produced a greater adult contribution to the fishery than fish released before or after. For any given time of release, the greater the mean size, the greater the contribution. Smoltification and desmoltification are initiated by photoperiod and mediated by size, and may be events independent of migration. Reversion to parr may be a delayed and unrecognized source of ocean mortality. It is recommended that fish be released from hatcheries at sizes substantially larger than at present.
Growth and mortality in young larval herring (Clupea harengus); effects of repetitive changes in food availability

Following yolk resorption, laboratory-reared larval Baltic herring (Clupea harengus L.) were exposed to two sequences of food restriction for 5 d and re-alimentation for 10 d. Comparisons regarding larval growth (standard length and content of water-soluble protein), mortality and content of the sum of trypsin and trypsinogen were made with larvae at a continuous high ration. Larvae exposed to varying prey abundance grew less in length than the control, and during the second high-ration period (Day 22 to 32) growth in length ceased. From the first low-ration period onwards, the content of water-soluble protein in these larvae was lower than that of the control larvae, and the survival rate of the low-high ration group was 59% compared to 77% in the larvae at a continuous high ration. In contrast, the effects of varying food availability were minor on larval content of trypsin and trypsinogen. Results are compared with previous findings in larval Clyde herring, and the effects of larval stock and timing and duration of food restriction on larval growth performance are discussed.
The isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the T cell surface protein T4: a new member of the immunoglobulin gene family

The surface glycoproteins T4 and T8 define different functional subsets of T lymphocytes and may act as recognition molecules mediating appropriate interactions between the T cell and its target. Previously we employed gene transfer and subtractive hybridization to isolate a T8 cDNA; now we have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone encoding the T4 molecule. The deduced protein sequence reveals that T4 is an integral membrane protein that shares significant amino acid and structural homologies with members of the immunoglobulin supergene family. The overall structure of T4 consists of an N-terminal variable (V)-like domain, a joining (J)-like region, a third extracellular domain, a membrane-spanning region homologous to class II MHC beta-chains, and a highly charged cytoplasmic domain. Comparison of the protein sequences deduced from the T4 and T8 cDNAs reveals structural similarities consistent with their postulated role as recognition molecules, as well as differences suggesting that the two proteins recognize different structures on the target cell.
Glycoprotein biosynthesis: the basic protein encephalitogen from bovine spinal cord, a receptor for the polypeptidyl: N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase from bovine submaxillary glands.

Abstract A basic protein from bovine myelin, which contains no carbohydrate, was found to serve directly as a natural receptor for the N-acetylgalactosamine transferred from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-galNAc) by the polypeptidyl:N-acetylgalactosamine transferase of bovine submaxillary glands. This receptor, which mimicked in all respects the “artificial” receptor prepared from the bovine submaxillary glycoprotein by removal of the N-acetylhexosamine with hexosaminidase, possessed approximately 25% of the receptor activity (cpm galNAc-14C incorporated per mg protein) when compared to the latter receptor. Using either receptor, the transfer reaction requires Mn2+ ion. The product formed in both cases involves a glycosidic linkage between N-acetylgalactosamine-14C and hydroxyamino acids; the galNAc-14C was released from the basic protein-14C product by hexosaminidase and N-acetylgalactos-aminitol-14C was isolated after alkaline borohydride treatment. The importance of receptor size as a requirement for receptor function was revealed by the loss of activity following Pronase digestion of the A1 protein. The relative stability of both receptors to heating at 100 °, or 8 m urea treatment, suggested that the reactive site of the receptors is primarily dependent on the requirements of a polypeptide sequence rather than tertiary structure. The results of this work support and extend the conclusions derived from study of the specificity of the receptor requirements using the submaxillary protein as a receptor for the submaxillary gland transferase. The basic protein-14C material was degraded with proteolytic enzymes; two of the radioactive peptides obtained following purification on Dowex 50 resin and high-voltage paper electrophoresis revealed that a threonine was joined in these peptides in an O-glycosidic linkage to galNAc-14C. It was concluded that a polypeptide sequence exists in the A1 protein, containing a functional threonine residue, that meets the receptor requirements of the polypeptidyl: galNAc transferase as found in the submaxillary glycoprotein.
Some Stochastic Versions of the Matrix Model for Population Dynamics

Abstract In an effort to provide probabilistic measures of the accuracy of population projections, stochastic models for population growth are defined from the classical discrete deterministic model by assuming respectively that (1) the deterministic model is subject to additive random errors; (2) the elements of the transition matrix represent probabilities, rather than rates; and (3) the transition matrices are random variables. The mean of each process is shown to reproduce the deterministic process, while the variance can be expressed as the weighted sum of one-step conditional variances. For the second model, these “innovation variances” will be small for large populations, while for the first and third models their size will depend on the observed variability of, respectively, prediction errors and vital rates. Since it is known empirically that both the latter are quite variable, these models could be expected to yield relatively high prediction variances, and this expectation is confirmed by a num...
Rheumatology and the lungs.

: The relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and lung disease is discussed. A case is presented of a young woman with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in whom the lung disease progressed from a highly cellular lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (biopsy) to dense diffuse fibrosis within five years. A survey of the records of 702 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that 8 had diffuse lung fibrosis. The arthritis usually preceded the pulmonary lesion. There was no correlation between the severity of the arthritis and the severity of the lung fibrosis. Rheumatoid lung disease encompasses a wide range of pathologic alterations, varying from insignificant fibrous pleural adhesions to progressive and fatal diffuse fibrosis. The high frequency of lung disease in rheumatoid patients suggests that the rheumatoid process is essential or at least important to its causation, but the lack of correlation between the intensity of the arthritis and the severity of the lung disease suggests that the rheumatoid process alone is not responsible for the lung involvement. The exceptional reactivity of the lung tissue in patients with rheumatoid disease makes it reasonable to propose that ordinary pathogenic stimuli, particularly viral and bacterial infections, may provoke an intense response and, ultimately, severe lesions of the lung in the rheumatoid patient.
Geriatric depression: Age of onset and dementia

Age of depression onset was studied in 183 consecutively hospitalized elderly patients with major depression. Patients with both depression and dementia had onset of depression at a significantly later age than patients with depression alone. Depressives with reversible dementia had age of onset comparable to that of depressives with irreversible dementia. These findings suggest that late-onset depression is a heterogeneous syndrome and includes a considerable number of patients who develop depression as part of a dementing illness.
INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMAGNETIC DOMAIN OF PUTIDAREDOXIN BY NITROGEN-15 NMR SPECTROSCOPY

The oxidized forms of the redox proteins putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin-15N were prepared by insertion of suitable plasmids into E. coli and the structures of the proteins were studied by homo- and heteronuclear 1H and 15N NMR methods, including identification of 15N resonance types by one- and two-dimensional DEPT spectrum editing and measurements of 15N chemical shifts, coupling constants, nuclear Overhauser effects and spin–lattice relaxation times. Direct detection of 15N NMR spectra revealed a number of 15N resonances that have not been found in previous 1H detected NMR studies. These resonances include a set of 16 paramagnetically broadened signals from 15N nuclei that are structurally close to the iron–sulfur cluster of the protein, proline backbone 15N resonances and 15N signals from the side-chains of glutamine and lysine residues. Reduced distances between certain paramagnetically affected 15N nuclei and the center of the iron–sulfur cluster were calculated from the 15N spin–lattice relaxation times, based on the assumption of a dominant electron–nuclear dipole–dipole relaxation mechanism. Ranked by size, these distances agree with those computed from coordinates of a published structure of putidaredoxin determined by 1H NMR and analogy with an Anabaena ferredoxin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recollecting Alfredian English in the Sixteenth Century

This article explores the rationale for the frequently criticized editorial practices of Matthew Parker (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1559–1575) in working with manuscripts of Anglo-Saxon texts. Parker published editions of some of these texts, and his editorial prefaces yield valuable information about his aims and methods. By situating Parker’s own explanation of his activities within the context of a textual community that reached back to include medieval ecclesiastics, we see that he learned much from medieval textual practices. Parker and his circle emulated key features of the reading habits, methods of selection and compilation, and scribal practices they saw in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Though conscious of the linguistic distance between his Anglo-Saxon manuscripts and his readers, Parker nevertheless exploited his bridging of that distance to support the ecclesiastical and political aims of Elizabeth’s early reign. Medieval and early modern treatments of the art of memory provide an important framework, within which Parker may be seen to be reimagining a sort of remembered medieval past for the young Church of England.
Fine Grain Assessment of Students' Mathematical Understanding: Participatory and Anticipatory Stages in Learning a New Mathematical Conception.

This study addressed a twofold problem – the soundness of a theoretical stage-distinction regarding the process of constructing a new (to the learner) mathematical conception and how such distinction contributes to fine grain assessment of students’ mathematical understandings. As a context for the study served the difficult-to-grasp concept of ‘inverse’ order relationship among unit fractions, that is, the larger the number of parts the smaller the size of each part (e.g., 1/7 > 1/10 although 10 > 7). I conducted this study as a whole-class teaching experiment in a third grade classroom at a public school in Israel. The qualitative analysis of tasks presented to students and students’ responses to those tasks, as well as a quantitative measurement of percents of student responses to assessment questions, indicated that the distinction between a participatory and an anticipatory stage is sound and useful in guiding the teacher’s selection of tasks to assess/teach students’ mathematical thinking. In particular, this analysis demonstrates that in a classroom where the vast majority of students appear to understand a new concept, a substantial portion of the class – those who formed the new conception only at the participatory stage – may be at risk of being left behind. This study also highlights a new way of organizing assessment to minimize such unfortunate situations, including three levels of assessment rigor a teacher can use in regular classroom settings.
Sex and sex role effects on achievement strivings: Dimensions of similarity and difference

Models of gender differences in achievement were examined to explore their accuracy and redundancy Self-reports of successes and failures of females and males were content analyzed The eight dimensions postulated by Bakan (1966, agentic-communal), Stem and Bailey (1973, task-social), Kipins (1974, other-directed, inner-directed), and Veroff (1977, impact-process) were collapsed into only two dimensions using factor analysis A domain dimension was used to consider the task (agentic) vs social (communal) nature of the achievement activities that were undertaken A performance evaluation dimension referred to whether people used intrinsic (inner-directed, process) or extrinsic (other-directed, impact) factors in evaluating their performance Analyses using measures of sex role identification, and the stereotypic masculinity or femininity of subjects’ achievements suggested (1) Sex role stereotypes are intimately related to the domains of achievement goals, however, women and men did not differ in the kinds of activities (domains) that they reported, and (2) women (intrinsic) and men (extrinsic) differed in how they defined success and failure, but these performance evaluation styles were not strongly related to sex role identification
From Feeding to Feeding Systems

Abstract Major developments characterized changes in feeding and feeding systems during the past 25 yr. The amount of concentrate fed nearly tripled, which was impossible to achieve during twice daily milking in parlors. Herd sizes increased, milk production per cow doubled, and the nutritional significance of social and taste behavior of cows housed in groups and given options for several feeds was gradually recognized; all contributed to the development and adoption of the complete ration system of feeding, especially in larger herds. Computer formulated least-cost rations by linear programming, followed by computer formulation of maximum income programs and development of programmable calculators, increased the economy, accuracy, and ease with which rations can be formulated and feed distributed to dairy cattle.
Place and Space: The Where and Why of Drug-Use Location Among Rural African American Women

Increasing drug use among rural African American women and its effect on children warrants investigation. This article describes drug-use locations of rural African American women who use cocaine and construct their lives to conceal it from children. During 4 years, a 30-respondent ethnography was conducted. Data from in-depth interviews and field notes were analyzed for recurrent themes and patterns of drug-use location using NVivo. Most respondents with children used most often outside their households. One third (n = 10) used within their households when children were away or in designated spaces off limits to children. More respondents (n = 11) without children at home used in non-designated spaces; in contrast, few respondents (n = 2) with children at home used in non-designated spaces within the household. Most respondents thought they were successful at concealing their cocaine use. Implications for choice of space and place of drug use for themselves and their children are discussed.
Controlled translational manipulation of small latex spheres by dynamic force microscopy

We report on the application of a home-built scanning force microscope for translation and in-plane rotation of nanometer-sized latex spheres by dynamic surface modification (DSM). This technique is based on the incrementof the amplitude of the oscillating voltage applied at the dither piezo that drives the cantilever vibrations in the dynamic mode of scanning force microscopy. Thus, it is easily possible to switch between the imaging mode and DSM mode, enabling the direct manipulation of nanostructures under ambient conditions with high precision. The main advantage of our technique compared to earlier methods is that it operates with an active feedback loop, allowing a steady manipulation of nanostructures independent of the surface corrugation or sample tilt. Such controlled translations of latex spheres enable us in addition to study their properties regarding friction, adhesion, and cohesion. By translating latex spheres of different sizes (radii between 50 and 110 nm), it was found that the force needed to move a particle depends on its dimensions. Finally, the lateral translation of an intentionally marked sphere gives evidence that sliding is preferred over rolling.
“Equal access” without “establishing” religion: The necessity for assessing social perspective-taking skills and institutional atmosphere

Abstract We concur with Moshman (1990) that in public high schools there should be unimpeded religious freedom if an empirical assessment shows students have the proficiency to evaluate and freely choose religious systems and practices and to discern attempts by authorities to establish a religion. We differ with Moshman,however, regarding (a) the relative importance of a school's ethical, moral and political climate in influencing the exercise of free religious and political choice; (b) his focus on religious over political freedoms; (c) what kinds of proficiencies need to be assessed; (d) how to assess these proficiencies; (e) his claim that that the reasoning ability of high school and college students is similar; and (f) the manner in which decisions permitting religious clubs in high schools should be made. Reasoning proficiency must be assessed in high school, as well as post-high school, populations of students, teachers, and administrators using a social perspective-taking task with establishment of a religion content. A school's institutional atmosphere must be assessed.
A hexanuclear iridium complex with a novel binding mode of a PCP–pincer ligand

Abstract The hexanuclear iridium complex [η4-(COD)Ir]2{η6-[κ4-C6H2(CH2PtBu2)2]Ir2H2Cl3} (1) has been prepared by the reaction of [Ir(COD)Cl]2 with the “PCP” ligand precursor, 1,3-C6H4(CH2PtBu2)2 (PCP–H). Characterization by X-ray diffraction reveals that complex 1 has an unusual structure in which metalation (C–H addition) of the ligand has occurred at the 4- and 6-positions of the PCP aryl ring. This is in contrast to the widespread reactivity of this ligand precursor in which a single metalation typically occurs at the 2-position, thereby allowing coordination of both phosphino groups to a single metal center to give the κ3-meridional pincer coordination. The complex can be viewed as being composed of a dimer of two bis-metalated (Ir(III)) PCP units, held together by two bridges of three chlorides each; the aryl ring of each of the PCP ligands of this hypothetical tetra-iridium dianion is then bound to a cationic [Ir(I)(COD)]+ unit. The structure discussed here crystallizes as the tetra(acetone) solvate in the monoclinic space group P21/n with lattice parameters a=14.4154(11) A, b=15.4435(12) A, c=19.5181(15) A, b=99.996(1)° and V=4279.31(6) A3. Convergence to conventional R values of R(F)=0.041 and Rw(F)=0.092 was obtained for 445 variable parameters and 8085 reflections with F>4σ(F). Complex 1 also crystallizes as the octabenzene solvate in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with lattice parameters a=16.4247(14) A, b=24.1695(21) A, c=28.0460(24) A and V=11134(1) A3. Convergence of the orthorhombic phase to R(F)=0.038 and Rw(F)=0.084 was obtained for 595 variable parameters and 12 885 reflections with F>4σ(F).
Efficacy of 2 finishing protocols in the quality of orthodontic treatment outcome

Introduction The objectives of this prospective clinical study were to evaluate the quality of treatment outcomes achieved with a complex orthodontic finishing protocol involving serpentine wires and a tooth positioner, and to compare it with the outcomes of a standard finishing protocol involving archwire bends used to detail the occlusion near the end of active treatment. Methods The complex finishing protocol sample consisted of 34 consecutively treated patients; 1 week before debonding, their molar bands were removed, and serpentine wires were placed; this was followed by active wear of a tooth positioner for up to 1 month after debonding. The standard finishing protocol group consisted of 34 patients; their dental arches were detailed with archwire bends and vertical elastics. The objective grading system of the American Board of Orthodontics was used to quantify the quality of the finish at each time point. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare changes in the complex finishing protocol; the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare changes between groups. Results The complex finishing protocol group experienced a clinically significant improvement in objective grading system scores after treatment with the positioner. Mild improvement in posterior space closure was noted after molar band removal, but no improvement in the occlusion was observed after placement of the serpentine wires. Patients managed with the complex finishing protocol also had a lower objective grading system score (14.7) at the end of active treatment than did patients undergoing the standard finishing protocol (23.0). Conclusions Tooth positioners caused a clinically significant improvement in interocclusal contacts, interproximal contacts, and net objective grading system score; mild improvement in posterior band space was noted after molar band removal 1 week before debond.
Postal Subsidies for the Press and the Business of Mass Culture, 1880–1920

Low second-class postage made it easy for national magazines and regional newspapers to reach their readers in the late nineteenth century. But the Post Office and some members of Congress questioned the wisdom of a policy that enabled advertising-filled publications to circulate at subsidized rates. This article traces the efforts to reform the postal policy governing periodicals, which became enmeshed in Progressive Era debates about the value of mass culture and government's role in promoting it.
An electrophysiological analysis of oxygen and pressure on synaptic transmission.

Abstract The effect of oxygen at high pressure (OHP), helium at 150 PSIG and 100% oxygen at ambient pressure on excitatory synaptic transmission was studied using the lobster walking leg neuromuscular preparation. Both 100% oxygen at 150 PSIG (7135 mm Hg oxygen) and helium at 150 PSIG (7000 mm Hg helium plus 135 mm Hg oxygen) produced a significant decrease in the amplitude of the junction potential (Vejp). The decrease in Vejp induced by OHP, however, was greater than with pressure alone. OHP also produced a significant decrease in short term facilitation. Exposure to 100% oxygen at ambient pressure produced a transient increase in Vejp and a large increase in frequency of miniature junction potentials. In each case the change in Vejp was due to changes in presynaptic release of transmitter since quantal contat per fiber (M′) was shown to decrease for OHP and helium at 150 PSIG and to transiently rise with 100% oxygen at ambient pressure. In addition, the response to exogenously applied glutamate (the putative neurotransmitter) was not affected by OHP, 150 PSIG helium or 100% oxygen at ambient pressure. This further indicates a presynaptic site of action.
Tissue distribution of isocitrate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Distribution of the soluble form of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in imaginal discs, some larval and some adult Drosophila melanogaster structures was determined. ICDH distribution in imaginal discs provides an opportunity to study in morphologically similar cells the degree of biochemical differentiation, the ontogeny of ICDH pattern formation, tissue determination at the disc level and in some instances the position of developmental compartments. Differential activity for ICDH was observed in the eye-antennal disc, dorsal prothoracic disc, all leg discs, wing and haltere discs, genital disc, larval gut, plus the adult ovaries and the male genital structures. Uniform activity was found in the labial disc, larval salivary gland cells, nests of abdominal histoblasts and in larval fat bodies. No detectable ICDH activity was observed in the imaginal cells of the clypeus-labrum, the imaginal cells of the foregut, the imaginal ring of the hindgut, or in clusters of imaginal cells of ICDH negative regions of the midgut. It is concluded that ICDH, like aldehyde oxidase, is non-random in its tissue distribution and does provide an additional internal histochemical marker for developmental studies.
Economic Sociology and the Social Problem of Energy Inefficiency

The rebirth of economic sociology in the last decades of the 20th century was largely about intellectual identity formation and developing theoretical foundations. The authors argue that economic sociology is poised to make a contribution to the understanding and solution of social problems. They use the example of energy inefficiency in the commercial buildings industry to suggest that economic sociology offers useful alternatives to current economic-based policy analyses.
Aging, contested meanings, and the built environment

Recognition that old age is a socially defined category challenges conventional analyses of the geography of aging. In this paper I call for a political analysis of the ways in which the built envi...
The ‘Queen of Heroin’: gender, drug dealing, and zero-tolerance policies in the Dominican Republic

This paper describes social interactions between La Dona, a septuagenarian female large-scale heroin dealer in Santo Domingo; residents from the drug-ridden Capotillo community; and Dominican law enforcement agencies. Focusing on La Vieja as a case study, the author presents a nuanced, alternative perspective of female narco heroin dealers. In the midst of rampant police corruption, endemic economic crisis resulting from official neoliberal measures, and a conspicuous fear of crime discourse, public characters such as La Vieja actually help to sustain social order in the barrio, while challenging patriarchal expectations about familial and occupational roles. This paper problematizes classical paradigms of hegemonic masculinity in the drug-trafficking business; it presents an alternative view of female narcodealers, one that acknowledges positive personality traits that have been largely ignored in previous scholarship; and it connects Mano Dura policies and the militarization of marginal urban barrios in Santo Domingo to the successful career of individuals such as La Vieja, who fulfill a matriarchal role in the midst of generalized, government-sanctioned repression.
A General Theory of Executive Compensation Based on Statistically Tested Propositions

Introduction, 270. — I. Description of sample and definition of terms, 271. — II. Compensation and industry, 273; compensation, profit and size, 275; executive mobility, 279. — III. Position of the individual firm, 283. — IV. Executive compensation and the theoretical model, 288. — V. Implications, 293.
Distribution system operation with solid state controller and energy storage management

A novel distribution system infrastructure is proposed with solid state controller locating at load sites. An energy storage management algorithm is developed to optimize battery charge/discharge operation using forward dynamic programming method. This algorithm is implemented in a system test bed in PSCAD. The simulation results present economic benefits to private customers with reduced energy cost. It also reduces system peak demand which may improve system reliability.