cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of bone age in children.

M ANY elaborate treatises and monographs --~ have been written on osseous growth and the determination of skeletal age. Unfortunately, most of these reports are too complicated and involved to meet the needs of the busy pediatrician, endocrinologist, and child psychiatrist. Many physicians have stressed the need for a method for determining bone age ~hat would entail the leasg amount of expense to the patient and at the same time be both accurate and simple. The present report is an attempt to presen~ a practical and inexpensive method for determining skeletal age in children. It is based on an analysis of data obtained at the Child Guidance Home. Every child admitted for observation at the Child Guidance Home is carefully studied from the endocrine standpoint. In comtection with this study, roentgenograms of the centers of ossification are made routinely on every child. As a result, it is possible to determine the skeletal or bone age o~ the child and to compare it with his ehronologieal age. As aptly expressed by Buehl and PyIe, 4 "The concept of skeletal age is based on an aggregate of multiple maturity determinators." The determinators most ~reque~itly used at the Child Guidance Home are roentgenograms of the hand and wrist, tt~e elbow, the shoulder, the pelvis, and the foot and ankle. In connection with this study, the roentgenograms of more than 2,100 white children were examined. Of this number, only 1,129 were used, the remainder being excluded because they were found to be roentgenograms of children suffering f r om various endocrine disorders or from marked nutritional dis turbane~ t)i the 1,129 children in this series, 704 were boys and 425 were girls. Their ages ranged from 21~ to 19 years.
The use of proflavine-tagged virus to study the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in monkeys.

Abstract By means of Type 1 poliovirus (Mahoney) made light sensitive during biosynthesis by tagging with proflavine, early events in the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in cynomolgus monkeys infected by the oral route were followed. The advantage of this system is that it allows a distinction to be made between virus which has been ingested (light sensitive), and newly formed, progeny virus (light resistant). Animals were sacrificed at intervals from 12 to 144 hours after being fed 10 7.7 TCD 50 of tagged virus; the virus content of their tissues was determined by titration in MK agaroverlaid cell cultures. The results indicated that the oropharynx was the first site of multiplication, and by 12 hours 3.0−4.6 log 10 of progeny virus per 1.0 g were recovered from each of the three monkeys tested. Smaller amounts of progeny virus were encountered in other parts of the intestinal wall at this early time. Newly formed lightresistant virus was detected at 12 hours in the blood of one animal and at 5 days in two others. In addition to virus in the gastrointestinal tract, the animals showing viremia at 4 days had “new” virus in either stomach or duodenum, whereas nonviremic monkeys rarely did. Orally immunized monkeys showed no new virus in the pharynx or other sites except for the wall of the colon, where small amounts were demonstrated. Light-sensitive “fed” virus was never demonstrated in pharyngeal tissue, and rarely from washed intestinal wall. It persisted in colon contents, however, for 48 hours, but was not recovered thereafter.
Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications

Two new two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models will be presented. They combine different elements of existing models that are considered superior to their alternatives. The first model, referred to as the baseline (BSL) model, utilizes the original k-ω model of Wilcox in the inner region of the boundary layer and switches to the standard k-e model in the outer region and in free shear flows. It has a performance similar to the Wilcox model, but avoids that model's strong freestream sensitivity
Incorporating a Sophisticated Supreme Court Simulation into an Undergraduate Constitutional Law Class

Role-playing activities and simulations have been popular teaching tools in political science courses for many years. One area where simulations and role-playing activities have been used extensively is constitutional law. These projects can range from a short judicial decision-making scenario to a full-semester Supreme Court simulation involving lawyers, interest groups, and justices. This paper explains how to incorporate a sophisticated Supreme Court simulation into an undergraduate constitutional law course. Instead of having students play the role of a generic justice who must decide a case, the simulation requires students to assume the roles of current Supreme Court justices and they must decide cases and write an opinion from the perspective of the justice they are playing. This type of role-playing assignment requires higher order thinking because students must apply their substantive knowledge of constitutional law and the jurisprudence of their justice in deciding important constitutional issue...
Reducing computational effort in detecting integral multicommodity networks

Abstract A decomposition result which greatly decreases the computational effort in testing a sufficient condition for unimodularity in multicommodity networks is derived. The result is based on removing a cut-set from the network and testing networks derived from the separate components independently. A numerical example is presented.
Eosinophilic Pericarditis and Myocarditis

A 58-year-old African-American woman with long-standing asthma presented with a 1 month history of severe dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and weight loss. One week before hospitalization, she could only sleep sitting in a chair. She was found to have 50% eosinophils on peripheral blood smear …
Depth-Dependent Electrical Impedance Distribution in Al2O3 Films on Al(111)Detection of an Inner Barrier Layer

A method to probe the depth dependence of the electrical impedance of an Al2O3 film on Al metal has been developed. The deposition of high electron affinity species (O3, NO2, Cl2) at 90 K on the outer surface of an oxide film (d = 20−25 A) on Al(111) produces negatively charged adsorbate molecules as a result of the trap-mediated electron tunneling from the metal. The capacitor produced in this way exhibits an electrostatic field gradient across the Al2O3 film which has been depth profiled by measuring the shifts in the Al3+(2p) and O2-(1s) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) features originating from the film. Analysis of the XPS peak shifts and shape variation shows that most of the potential gradient exists in the inner thin layer of Al2O3 (d = 7 A) adjacent to the metal surface. We postulate that the inner oxide layer detected here is the crucial region for corrosion protection of Al.
Application of microstructure sensitive design to structural components produced from hexagonal polycrystalline metals

In this paper, we present the first successful design case studies in the application of microstructure sensitive design (MSD) methodology to optimize performance of structural components made from polycrystalline metals with hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal lattices. It is demonstrated that the underlying spectral framework of the MSD methodology facilitates an efficient consideration of the complete set of crystallographic textures in the design optimization. In order to accomplish this task a number of important enhancements had to be introduced to the MSD framework. The most significant enhancement is in the mathematical description of the design space, i.e. the texture hull. The advantages of the new approach described in this paper are illustrated with two specific design case studies involving different assumptions of symmetry at the sample scale. In both case studies presented, it is seen that the overall performance is strongly influenced by the crystallographic texture in the sample. Furthermore, the relevant property closures and performance maps accounting for the complete set of textures are also depicted.
Checkpoint responses to replication stalling: inducing tolerance and preventing mutagenesis.

Abstract Replication mutants often exhibit a mutator phenotype characterized by point mutations, single base frameshifts, and the deletion or duplication of sequences flanked by homologous repeats. Mutation in genes encoding checkpoint proteins can significantly affect the mutator phenotype. Here, we use fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe ) as a model system to discuss the checkpoint responses to replication perturbations induced by replication mutants. Checkpoint activation induced by a DNA polymerase mutant, aside from delay of mitotic entry, up-regulates the translesion polymerase DinB (Polκ). Checkpoint Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 (9-1-1) complex, which is loaded onto chromatin by the Rad17–Rfc2-5 checkpoint complex in response to replication perturbation, recruits DinB onto chromatin to generate the point mutations and single nucleotide frameshifts in the replication mutator. This chain of events reveals a novel checkpoint-induced tolerance mechanism that allows cells to cope with replication perturbation, presumably to make possible restarting stalled replication forks. Fission yeast Cds1 kinase plays an essential role in maintaining DNA replication fork stability in the face of DNA damage and replication fork stalling. Cds1 kinase is known to regulate three proteins that are implicated in maintaining replication fork stability: Mus81–Eme1, a hetero-dimeric structure-specific endonuclease complex; Rqh1, a RecQ-family helicase involved in suppressing inappropriate recombination during replication; and Rad60, a protein required for recombinational repair during replication. These Cds1-regulated proteins are thought to cooperatively prevent mutagenesis and maintain replication fork stability in cells under replication stress. These checkpoint-regulated processes allow cells to survive replication perturbation by preventing stalled replication forks from degenerating into deleterious DNA structures resulting in genomic instability and cancer development.
The Effects of Quality Circles on Performance and Promotions

This study was designed to test the developmental effects of quality circles (QCs) on participants' job performance and promotions. A quasiexperimental design was used to compare 118 circle members with 118 noncircle employees. In the year following the circle intervention, circle members received significantly greater performance ratings and were promoted morefrequently than non-members. The developmentalproperties of the QC process believed responsible for these findings are discussed. Other possible explanations for the results are also proposed: visibility, positive evaluation bias, and anticipatory socialization.
On the origin of Ewing's tumor

A typical Ewing's tumor was grown in tissue culture for a prolonged period of time. The pattern of growth was that of a malignant mesenchymal tumor. Cell growth, in vitro, was accompanied by accumulation of glycogen and acquisition of hydrolytic enzyme activity, and some clones developed ultrastructural features characteristic of developing myelocytes. These findings suggest that Ewing's tumor is a neoplasm of myelogenous origin with a manner of growth and spread analogous to plasma cell myeloma.
Autologous Endometrial Coculture in Patients with In Vitro-Fertilization (IVF) Failure: Correlations of Outcome with Leukemia Inhibiting Factor (LIF) Production1

PROBLEM To determine if LIF produced by autologous endometrial co-culture (ECC) was associated with outcome in 46 patients with a history of multiple IVF failures. METHOD OF STUDY The conditioned media (CM) from ECC cells exposed or non-exposed to human embryos was analyzed for LIF. RESULTS Exposure or non-exposure to an embryo did not result in differing levels of LIF in the CM. LIF levels were significantly greater in the CM than in the serum controls (LIF was not found in the serum controls). Embryos grown on ECC demonstrated a significant improvement in number of blastomeres and fragmentation when compared to embryos grown in conventional media without ECC (6.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.6 +/- 1.2 blastomeres and 17.6% +/- 9.3 vs. 26.4% +/- 9.8 fragmentation; P < 0.05). When LIF levels were detectable in the CM, the embryos grown in ECC were of improved quality as compared to the embryos grown only in conventional media and demonstrated a non-significant increase in pregnancy rates (60 vs. 48%, P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a significant improvement in embryo quality with ECC. The cells in the ECC express LIF. The presence of LIF in the CM was associated with embryonic development and clinical pregnancy.
Adapting in agent-based markets: a study from TAC SCM

An agent attempting to model market conditions may benefit from considering how various combinations of competitor strategies would impact these conditions. We give an illustration using a prediction task faced by our agent for the Supply Chain Management scenario of the Trading Agent Competition (TAC SCM). We present the learning approach taken, evaluate its effectiveness, and then explore methods of improving predictions through combining multiple sources of data reflecting various combinations of competitor behaviors.
THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM IODIDE ON PHOTOPHOBIC RESPONSES IN EUGLENA: EVIDENCE FOR TWO PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENTS*

— Potassium iodide, a quencher of flavin fluorescence, inhibits the shock reaction which Euglena experiences upon a sudden decrease in light intensity (inverse photophobic response) completely at a concentration of 150 mM. The rate of swimming of the cells at the same concentration of KI is reduced to 30% of the control. The direct photophobic response, a shock reaction which appears identical but occurs upon an increase in light intensity, is unaffected by KI as is negative phototaxis of Euglena. It is concluded that a non-flavin pigment system mediates photoreception for the direct photophobic response and negative phototaxis.
Selection by phage display of llama conventional VH fragments with heavy chain antibody VHH properties

A llama single domain antibody (dAb) library designed and constructed to contain only heavy chain antibody variable domains (V(H)Hs) also contained a substantial number of typical conventional antibody heavy chain variable sequences (V(H)s). Panning the library against two carbohydrate-specific antibodies yielded anti-idiotypic dAbs and enriched solely for sequences from the V(H) subpopulation of the library. The conventional antibody origin of these V(H)s was confirmed by using oligonucleotide probes, specific for the enriched V(H)s, to identify the parental sequences in the message employed in library construction. Surprisingly, these V(H) dAbs, which are produced in high yield in Escherichia coli, are highly soluble, have excellent temperature stability profiles and do not display any aggregation tendencies. The very close similarity of these molecules to human V(H)s makes them potentially very useful as therapeutic dAbs.
Assessing the dog as a model for human total hip replacement: analysis of 38 postmortem-retrieved canine cemented acetabular components.

Thirty-eight cemented acetabular components that had been clinically implanted in client-owned dogs were retrieved postmortem and analyzed for mechanical stability, volumetric wear, and articular surface damage. Comparison of the results from this study with similar studies on autopsy-retrieved human components will provide insight into the adequacy of the dog as a model for human total hip replacement (THR). The canine average volumetric wear rate (6.7 ± 4.2 mm3 per year) was an order of magnitude lower than similar studies of human components; however, articular surface damage was considerably different from, and more severe than, that reported in the literature for human acetabular components. The incidence of mechanical loosening of the canine acetabular component was high, with 20 of 38 (52.6%) testing as loose. There was a positive correlation between articular surface damage and mechanical loosening of the acetabular component, but there was no significant correlation between volumetric wear and mechanical loosening, as seen in human retrieval studies. Initial failure events for the canine acetabular component appear to be mechanical in nature. Differences between human and canine acetabular components with regard to wear volume, articular surface damage, and mechanical loosening need to be taken into account when one is designing studies using dogs as the animal model for human THR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Biodegradation and persistence of several acetamide, acylanilide, azide, carbamate, and organophosphate pesticide combinations

The effect of potassium azide (KN3), O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate (diazinon), O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylthio)- methyl] phosphorodithioate (phorate), 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl), and p-chlorophenyl methylcarbamate (PCMC) on the biodegradation and persistence of several amide, carbamate, and urea herbicides in soil and microbial culture systems was examined. KN3 inhibited the biodegration of isopropyi m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) in both soil perfusion and microbial culture system, but was limited in increasing chlorpropham persistence in soil under greenhouse conditions. PCMC and diazinon, inhibited the metabolism of chlorpropham by isolated cultures of soil bacteria (Pseudonwnas striata Chester and Achromobacter sp). Phorate inhibited chlorpropham metabolism by P. striata, but did not inhibit chlorpropham metabolism by Achromobacter sp. Carbaryl, PCMC, and diazinon increased the persistence of chlorpropham in soil under greenhouse conditions. PCMC also inhibited the microbial metabolism of isopropyl carbanilate (propham), 3',4'-dichloropropionanilide (propanil), 2-chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide (CDAA), 1,1-dimethyl-3 (α,ga,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), but not that of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) in isolated culture systems.
WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS WITH NONLINEAR FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

Synopsis Equations are derived for the numerical solution of transient liquid flow in a conduit with nonlinear friction by use of the theory of characteristics and the method of specified time intervals. Boundary conditions for various cases have been discussed to show their ease of formulation. The methods are applied to 3 complex pipe systems: series, parallel, and network, using an IBM 709 high-speed digital computer to generate solutions which are presented as plots of head against time.
GAME THEORY AS A PART OF EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS

There is something slightly madcap in agreeing to make a hundred year prophecy about a field of study less than fifty years old, particularly a field that has undergone considerable evolution in that time. Yet this is the situation of game theory. Although it has antecedents going back much further (e.g. in the work of Cournot, Edgeworth and Zeuthen), game theory did not become a coherent field until the publication in 1944 of von Neumann and Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. And many of the extensions and reformulations that shaped modern game theory came only in the I950S and 6os, in the work of Aumann, Harsanyi, Nash, Shapley, Selten, and others. I will also speculate about the future of experimental economics, which is one of the tools but by no means the only one that I anticipate will play an important role in helping game theory bridge the gap between the study of ideally rational behaviour and the study of actual behaviour. Although it too has older antecedents, experimental economics is also a fairly new line of work, having originated more or less contemporaneously with game theory. Indeed, many of the earliest experimental economists are today known primarily as distinguished game theorists, and were drawn to experimentation by the chance to test game theoretic predictions, and observe unpredicted behaviour, in a controlled environment (see e.g. the experimental work in the I950S and 6os of Maschler, Nash, Schelling, Shubik, and Selten).1 Since the safest part of a long term forecast is the far future, let me state at the outset that I am cautiously optimistic that, a hundred years from now, game theory will have become the backbone of a kind of micro-economic engineering that will have roughly the relation to the economic theory and laboratory experimentation of the time that chemical engineering has to chemical theory and bench chemistry. Game theory is, after all, the part of economic theory that focuses not merely on the strategic behaviour of individuals in economic environments, but also on other issues that will be critical in the design of economic institutions, such as how information is distributed (e.g. Harsanyi, I967-68; Aumann, 1976), the influence of players' expectations and beliefs (e.g. Kreps and Wilson, I982), and the tension between equilibrium and efficiency (e.g. Myerson and Satterthwaite, i983). And game theory has already achieved important insights into issues such as the design of contracts and allocation mechanisms which take into account the sometimes counterintuitive ways in which individual incentives operate in environments having decision makers with different information and objectives.
μ and δ opioid agonists at low concentrations decrease voltage-dependent K+ currents in F11 neuroblastoma × DRG neuron hybrid cells via cholera toxin-sensitive receptors

In a previous study, we showed that μM concentrations of mu or delta opioid agonists increase voltage-dependent outward K+ currents in neuroblastoma × DRG neuron hybrid F11 cells via pertussis toxin-sensitive receptors. The present study demostrates that much lower concentrations (fM to nM) of these opioids (DAGO and DPDPE)decreased voltage-dependent outward K+ currents during step depolarization. The opioid antagonist, naloxone (3 nM) prevented these decreasesin K+ current as did the cholera toxin subunits A or B (ca. 1 nM). Furthermore, the specific μ opioid receptor antagonist, β-funaltrexamine (5 nM) blocked the decrease by DAGO and the specific δ antagonist, naltrindole (1 nM) blocked that by DPDPE. Acute GM1 ganglioside (1 μM) treatment markedly enhanced the efficacy of opioid-induced decrease in K+ current. After treating the cells with pertussis toxin (1 μg/ml) for 2 days or more, these opioids decreased the K+ current even when tested at concentrations as high as 1 μM. These results indicate that the decrease in K+ current elicited in F11 cells by low concentrations of μ and δ opioid agonists resembles the opioid-induced prolongation of the action potential duration and decrease in voltage-dependent K+ conductance that occur in DRG neurons in primary cultures. The F11 cell line provides therefore a valuable model system for correlative pharmacologic, electrophysiologic and biochemical analyses of Gs-coupled, GM1 ganglioside-regulated excitatory opioid receptor functions, in addition to Gi/Go-coupled inhibitory receptor functions, in sensory neurons.
Studies on osteoporosis X. Effect of estrogen-progestin combination on heparin-induced osteoporosis.

Abstract Neutron activation analysis was employed to determine total body calcium in C 3 H/St(Ha) female mice. As 99% of body calcium is in bone, loss of calcium was used as an index of bone loss (osteoporosis). Heparin (500 U/kg b.i.d. caused bone loss in 3 months. Premarin (2 mg/kg q.d.) or norethindrone (40 mg/kg q.d.) alone prevented this osteoporosis. A Premarin-norethindrone combination (2 mg – 10 mg q.d. respectively) appeared to be somewhat more effective than either agent alone, but this difference was not significant at the 5% level. Combinations of estrogen and progestins may prevent metabolic bone disease at the same time reducing the danger of estrogen induced neoplasia.
Hydrodynamic focusing for impedance-based detection of specifically bound microparticles and cells: Implications of fluid dynamics on tunable sensitivity

Abstract A 4-electrode impedance-based microfluidic sensor was designed to achieve tunable sensitivity, while simultaneously decreasing the channel clogging and nonspecific binding that often adversely impact device function. Hydrodynamic focusing – a characteristic of laminar flow at low Reynold's number – provides highly controllable sensitivity in impedance-based microfluidic biosensors, by creating a “virtual” microchannel with soft walls and adjustable dimensions. Enhanced sensitivity, limited nonspecific binding, and a reduction in microchannel clogging have been achieved using hydrodynamic focusing within a 250 μm deep by 1 mm wide microchannel. The microfluidic sensor was able to detect microparticles as small as 5 μm in diameter specifically bound between co-planar platinum micro-electrodes. However, detection of submicron particles and E. coli cells in similar fashion proved to be challenging. A theoretical analysis of forces exerted by the fluids within the microchannel allowed specification of flow rates amenable to decreased nonspecific binding of interfering cells or microparticles, while ensuring minimal disruption to specifically bound targets. Simulations revealed that complex flow behavior of the hydrodynamically focused streams around specifically bound micron-sized particles reduces sensitivity. An improved understanding is thus presented of the parameters that impact the sensitivity of impedance-based biosensors implementing hydrodynamic focusing and specific target binding.
Bureaucracy and Trust: A Review of Recent Volumes in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust

Trust in Society. Karen S. Cook, editor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001, 464 pages. ISBN: 978-0871541819 Distrust. Russell Hardin. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004, 352 pages. ISBN:...
Self‐associating igg rheumatoid factors in mrl/1 autoimmune mice

Previous work has shown that the intermediate complexes isolated from the plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are composed of self-associating IgG rheumatoid factors. Mice of the MRL/l strain develop spontaneous autoimmune disease with arthritis that is pathologically similar to human rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the sera of MRL/l mice contain autoantibodies to nuclear antigens as well as IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors. The present studies were done to determine if the IgG rheumatoid factors isolated from these mice undergo self-association. MRL/l mouse sera were categorized into groups A and B based on serum-serum precipitin interactions. Thirteen of 13 MRL/l mice sera examined contained intermediate complexes sedimenting between the 6.6S and 19S components of normal serum by sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation. There were no differences in the level of intermediate complexes between groups A and B. IgG rheumatoid factors were isolated from the sera of 9 other mice. Upon sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, these rheumatoid factors underwent concentration-dependent self-association similar to that described for human self-associating IgG rheumatoid factors, although the precise stoichiometry of self-association could not be determined. The IgG rheumatoid factors from group B had higher energies of self-interaction than those from group A. These studies provide additional evidence that MRL/l mice may be the best available animal model for the study of human rheumatoid arthritis.
Standard Flaws for Eddy Current Probe Characterization

Calibration procedures for eddy current inspections often involve the use of artifact standards containing manufactured flaws. The manufactured flaw is assumed to be a good approximation of the type of flaw being sought during the inspection. These manufactured flaws are most often produced by electrical discharge machining (EDM), milling, or the controlled growth of fatigue cracks. With simple amplitude display inspection equipment this type of artifact is usually sufficient, but as more sophisticated inspection equipment is developed some drawbacks to the commonly accepted practice are becoming evident. Instruments that are sensitive to eddy current signal phase as well as amplitude can show considerable differences in phase between a relatively wide EDM notch or milled slot and a real fatigue crack [1]. The use of controlled growth fatigue cracks can also cause problems when forces at the crack’s tip drive the crack faces together, making electrical contact [2], In addition, estimates of crack depth will always be estimates until the crack is broken apart. We describe here a technique for consistently producing well characterized discontinuities in aluminum which are not subject to these problems.
Luminescence study of 4-phenylpyridine

Abstract Fluorescence and phosphorescence results for 4-phenylpyridine are found to be consistent with predictions from CNDO/S calculations. The latter readily account for the acidic medium needed to detect fluorescence, which involves the inversion of n,π and π,π singlet states. The negative phosphorescence polarization and triplet lifetime were used to assign the lowest triplet as 3 A 1 which is supported by comparison with other 4-substituted pyridines. π-Electron delocalization of 4-phenyl substitution lowers the triplet state by approximately 5000 cm −1 relative to other 4-substituted pyridines, and is attributed to a planar triplet state. In contrast with the weak fluorescence of 4-substituted pyridines on protonation, the luminescence of 4-phenylpyridine resembles that of biphenyl.
Pattern classification approach to segmentation of chest radiographs

In digital chest radiography, the goal of segmentation is to automatically and reliably identify anatomic regions such as the heart and lungs. Aids to diagnosis such as automated anatomic measurements, methods that enhance display of specific regions, and methods that search for disease processes, all depend on a reliable segmentation method. The goal of this research is to develop a segmentation method based on a pattern classification approach. A set of 17 chest images was used to train each of the classifiers. The trained classifiers were then tested of a different set of 16 chest images. The linear discriminant correctly classified greater than 70%, the k-nearest neighbor correctly classified greater than 70% and the neural network classified greater than 76% of the pixels from the test images. Preliminary results are favorable for this approach. Local features do provide much information, but further improvement is expected when addition information, such as location, can be incorporated.
Sex pheromone of the cranberry girdler,Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Z-11-Hexadecen-1-al (Z11-16∶A1), free of theE isomer, was identified in extracts of femaleChrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) abdominal tips. In commercial grass seed fields, traps baited with synthetic Z11-16∶A1 were almost as attractive as female-baited traps. An alcohol, thought to be Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol on the basis of gas Chromatographic retention times, was also isolated from the extract.
Variations on a theme by Huffman

In honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Huffman coding, four new results about Huffman codes are presented. The first result shows that a binary prefix condition code is a Huffman code iff the intermediate and terminal nodes in the code tree can be listed by nonincreasing probability so that each node in the list is adjacent to its sibling. The second result upper bounds the redundancy (expected length minus entropy) of a binary Huffman code by P_{1}+ \log_{2}[2(\log_{2}e)/e]=P_{1}+0.086 , where P_{1} is the probability of the most likely source letter. The third result shows that one can always leave a codeword of length two unused and still have a redundancy of at most one. The fourth result is a simple algorithm for adapting a Huffman code to slowly varying esthnates of the source probabilities. In essence, one maintains a running count of uses of each node in the code tree and lists the nodes in order of these counts. Whenever the occurrence of a message increases a node count above the count of the next node in the list, the nodes, with their attached subtrees, are interchanged.
Surface acidity of cerium exchanged Y-zeolite

Surface acidities of CeIII, CeIV and [CeIII, CeIV] containing Na-Y zeolites were determined by means of n-butylamine titration in benzene using Hammett indicators in the range Ho: +6.8 to Ho: −8.2. Total acidites of CeIVNaY zeolites until 51% CeIV exchange were found to be small (≤0.80 mequ/g at Ho: +6.8) but formed preferably strong acidic centers (Ho: −5.6) even at low degrees of exchange. CeIIINaY displayed an acidity pattern similar to that which is known from lanthanum exchanged NaY faujasites under the same pretreatment conditions.
JOI reaffirms satellite plan

A recent report by the Satellite Planning Committee of Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), Washington, D.C., underscored the need for the four oceanographic satellite missions that have been proposed for the next decade to be carried out as planned and firmly on schedule. In reaffirming the need for the missions, the committee said that many important types of long-term global data auoui ihe oceans can be gathered only by research satellites. The potential benefits to vital national activities such as trade, fisheries, national defense, and waste disposal will be well worth the missions' cost, they added.
Responding for brain stimulation reward in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in alcohol-preferring rats following alcohol and amphetamine pretreatments.

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been reported to release increased levels of extracellular dopamine (DA) following the systemic administration of abused drugs in outbred rats. This study examined the BNST as a novel locus for supporting operant responding for brain stimulation reward (BSR) in rats bred for alcohol preference while determining any potentiating effects of ethanol (EtOH) (0.125–1.25 g/kg, i.p.) and amphetamine (0.25–1.60 mg/kg, i.p.) on BSR within the BNST. Also examined was the capability of D1 receptor blockade to attenuate any observed potentiation. Following surgical implantation, alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rats responded to a range of descending frequencies (300–20 Hz) as evaluated by a rate-frequency paradigm. The results revealed that the BNST was capable of supporting BSR in P but not NP rats. Also, amphetamine pretreatment produced a significant leftward shift in the rate-frequency function in P rats with significant reductions observed in three other measures of reward threshold, while EtOH only lowered the minimum frequency needed to produce responding. The effects of systemic amphetamine were successfully attenuated by the unilateral infusion of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (5.0 μg) into the contralateral nucleus accumbens. The results suggest the BNST is capable of supporting BSR performance in P, but not NP rats, possibly due to increased sensitivity to the electrical stimulation-induced DA release of BSR in the innately DA “deficient” limbic system of P rats. Synapse 61:912–924, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protein Structure Refinement through Structure Selection and Averaging from Molecular Dynamics Ensembles.

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation based protocol for structure refinement of template-based model predictions is described. The protocol involves the application of restraints, ensemble averaging of selected subsets, interpolation between initial and refined structures, and assessment of refinement success. It is found that submicrosecond MD-based sampling when combined with ensemble averaging can produce moderate but consistent refinement for most systems in the CASP targets considered here.
Counseling Patients Who Have Diabetes and Psychological Problems

Patients with diabetes have been found to have a higher incidence of psychiatric symptoms than the general population. Schizo phrenia, major depression, and situational depression are described and relevant counseling skills are introduced to enable the diabetes educator to work more effectively and more comfortably with patients who also have psychological problems. Through the use of nondirective inter viewing and counseling skills, diabetes educators can help patients communicate their feelings and cope more effectively with the compounded problems of diabetes and mental illness.
Type 1 pilus‐mediated bacterial invasion of bladder epithelial cells

Most strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) encode filamentous adhesive organelles called type 1 pili. We have determined that the type 1 pilus adhesin, FimH, mediates not only bacterial adherence, but also invasion of human bladder epithelial cells. In contrast, adherence mediated by another pilus adhesin, PapG, did not initiate bacterial internalization. FimH-mediated invasion required localized host actin reorganization, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activation and host protein tyrosine phosphorylation, but not activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylation of focal adhesin kinase (FAK) at Tyr397 and the formation of complexes between FAK and PI 3-kinase and between α-actinin and vinculin were found to correlate with type 1 pilus-mediated bacterial invasion. Inhibitors that prevented bacterial invasion also blocked the formation of these complexes. Our results demonstrate that UPEC strains are not strictly extracellular pathogens and that the type 1 pilus adhesin FimH can directly trigger host cell signaling cascades that lead to bacterial internalization.
Introduction: Memory and popular culture

Whereas the field of cultural studies, in the narrative memorialized by Stuart Hall, has always been considered as having originated in Birmingham, England, Latin American cultural studies have an origin independent of the legacy of the Birmingham School. They emerged primarily from within the social sciences in the 1960s, when important thinkers such as Darcy Ribeiro, Paulo Freir?, Roberto Fern?ndez Retamar, and Carlos Monsiv?is fused what had been the traditional cultural essay form with sociological research to account for the events then taking place in the continent. These systems of thought included dependency theory, liberation theology, the pedagogy of the oppressed, and the critique of internal colonialism, among various critical tendencies. These lines of thought were combined with the innovative pro duction of literary and popular culture in the 1960s, including boom literature, street theater, cinema novo, and the nueva canci?n movement in popular music, to produce a new understanding of both symbolic production and social imaginarles on the continent, thus systematizing an original way of under standing cultural reality to explain the period as one of a struggle between imperialism and (Latin American) nation(s) and, within the nation itself, between capitalism and socialism. Latin American cultural studies question and critique the symbolic production and living experiences of social reality in the continent. This is not new; it is rooted in the foundation of the Latin American nations themselves. Heavily influenced by French Enlightenment thinking, Latin American independence ideologues seldom distinguished between "philosophy," "literature," "politi cal tracts," and other forms of written knowledge. Given the heritage of "the lettered city" (see Rama, 1984; Franco, 2002), they enjoyed enormous political respect. They benefited from what Avelar (1999:12) calls "the traditional aura of the letrado," since intellectuals were not competing with ideologues but ideologues themselves, the producers of symbolic capital.1 This independence enabled them to feel equally at home in all kinds of genres and to cover the terrains currently circumscribed by traditional disciplines to social scientists or philosophers. Letrados, for the most part criollos, were the early protagonists of
Inferential sets, order effects, and the judgment of persons*

Jones & Thibaut (1958) posited three distinctive inferential sets: value maintenance, situation matching, and causal genetic. One hundred and forty-four male undergraduates, exposed to a stimulus person varying on the dimensions of personality strength (strong vs weak) and norm clarity (specified vs unspecified), made sequential judgments from one of three different orderings of these inferential sets. Results reveal that different set orderings led to different judgments; additionally, Ss judged the strong SP as more responsible, more likable, and more appropriate in behavior than the weak SP. These results are discussed in light of a model which argues that whenever one person evaluates the activities of another his evaluation is at least partially based on how he feels he would have behaved under similar circumstances.
Specifying elements of professionalism and the process of professionalization

The redefinition of occupations as professions has been a defining characteristic of the past century. Professions are based in bodies of esoteric knowledge and related skills. Organizational structures associated with professions include advanced university programs and professional associations. Both the schools and the associations socialize neophyte and career professionals to exemplary practices and criteria of ethical behavior. Over time, the success of a profession depends upon developments in three domains of activity: theory generation, theory translation and advocacy, and theory implementation and routinization.
X-ray structures of GluCl in apo states reveal a gating mechanism of Cys-loop receptors

Cys-loop receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channels that are essential mediators of fast chemical neurotransmission and are associated with a large number of neurological diseases and disorders, as well as parasitic infections. Members of this ion channel superfamily mediate excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission depending on their ligand and ion selectivity. Structural information for Cys-loop receptors comes from several sources including electron microscopic studies of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, high-resolution X-ray structures of extracellular domains and X-ray structures of bacterial orthologues. In 2011 our group published structures of the Caenorhabditis elegans glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) in complex with the allosteric partial agonist ivermectin, which provided insights into the structure of a possibly open state of a eukaryotic Cys-loop receptor, the basis for anion selectivity and channel block, and the mechanism by which ivermectin and related molecules stabilize the open state and potentiate neurotransmitter binding. However, there remain unanswered questions about the mechanism of channel opening and closing, the location and nature of the shut ion channel gate, the transitions between the closed/resting, open/activated and closed/desensitized states, and the mechanism by which conformational changes are coupled between the extracellular, orthosteric agonist binding domain and the transmembrane, ion channel domain. Here we present two conformationally distinct structures of C. elegans GluCl in the absence of ivermectin. Structural comparisons reveal a quaternary activation mechanism arising from rigid-body movements between the extracellular and transmembrane domains and a mechanism for modulation of the receptor by phospholipids.
Rescue of homeostatic regulation of striatal excitability and locomotor activity in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease

We describe a fast activity-dependent homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability of identified neurons in mouse dorsal striatum, the striatal output neurons. It can be induced by brief bursts of activity, is expressed on a time scale of seconds, limits repetitive firing, and can convert regular firing patterns to irregular ones. We show it is due to progressive recruitment of the KCNQ2/3 channels that generate the M current. This homeostatic mechanism is significantly reduced in striatal output neurons of the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease, at an age when the neurons are hyperactive in vivo and the mice begin to exhibit locomotor impairment. Furthermore, it can be rescued by bath perfusion with retigabine, a KCNQ channel activator, and chronic treatment improves locomotor performance. Thus, M-current dysfunction may contribute to the hyperactivity and network dysregulation characteristic of this neurodegenerative disease, and KCNQ2/3 channel regulation may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
Ideal configuration for intravenous digital subtraction angiography machine.

An assessment of the current state of development of digital imaging systems is provided as well as recommendations for future areas of investigation, including the incorporation of largefield image intensifiers, higher raster rate TV systems, and high speed digital disks into digital subtraction angiography (DSA) machines. Recent advances in hardware and software developments are discussed as they pertain to the X-ray generator and tube, X-ray image sensors (image intensifiers and TV cameras), and the image processor of the DSA system.
Energy flux in the vicinity of a small dielectric particle

The distributions of the field strength as well as of the energy flux in the vicinity of a small particle excited by an electromagnetic radiation are investigated. Analytical expressions of angular distribution of the energy flux are given. Numerical results are presented for the case of a single alumina particle suspended in air.
Effects of delayed processing of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) by-products on fishmeal quality.

The effects of storage temperature and time on raw pink salmon by-products were evaluated in relation to the fishmeal produced. Chemical analyses were performed on the raw and processed by‐products at two temperatures. Total volatile base nitrogen values indicated substantial spoilage by day 2 at 15.4 ± 1.4°C and day 6 at 6.0 ± 0.8°C. For most biogenic amines in raw by-products stored at 15.4°C, there were many significant differences from the fresh by-products by day 2. For by-products stored at 6.0°C, significant changes in biogenic amine were evident by day 2 and continued to increase. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of the raw material stored at 15.4°C started showing significant changes from fresh on day 3 and at 6.0°C on day 4. The lipid oxidation (TBARS) was significantly different from fresh by day 2. Biogenic amines in fishmeals suggested some changes occurred between day 0 and day 3 at 15.4°C and by day 7 at 6.0°C.
Analytical model of energy consumption in hierarchical wireless sensor networks

Here we propose an analytical model of energy usage hierarchical wireless sensor network protocols such as LEACH [1]. LEACH has been used as a foundation for much of the wireless sensor network research, so results addressing the underlying nature of these systems build understanding of a wide range of existing protocols. First, we derive the probability density functions of the distance to the nearest cluster head, the distance to the nearest cluster head squared, and the expected number of nodes per cluster. These results are then applied to produce a model of the amount of average energy used per node for each data report. Using this model we give an analytic expression for the optimal cluster-head selection rate. The model is further improved to give an approximate adjustment for distortions in energy usage near the edges of the field. This final model is then compared to the simulation results presented in the original LEACH paper [1] and shown to be accurate. Sensor network protocol researchers can apply results presented here to improve performance of existing systems by making the cluster head selection rate adaptive to external factors.