cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Factors in the Development of Elementary Social Studies: Focus on the Expanding Environments

Abstract Elementary social studies began to evolve during the early 1900s. Examination of data suggest several influences in the development of the organizational framework known as expanding environments. Recapitulation theory and related concepts of primitive life and surrounding occupations meshed with emerging theory and practice. Unification and correlation, a concern for citizenship education, and awareness of an increasingly complex urban society all influenced the expanding environments organizational framework in elementary social studies.
Microfluidic platform with hierarchical micro/nanostructures and SELEX nucleic acid aptamer coating for isolation of circulating tumor cells

Microfluidic platforms provide elegant schemes for isolation of rare cells from the blood. Hierarchical 3-dimensional architectures with silicon nanopillar forests draw advantage of unique surface interactions with target cells to aid capture and adhesion. Microchannels with numerically optimized designs of micro post arrays maximize contact frequency with the cells in flow. We describe a scheme to fabricate ordered nanopillar forests on the sidewalls of these micro posts and functionalize them with SELEX nucleic acid aptamers. Our microfluidic platform, designed for 90% contact probability, facilitates technologies for highly selective and specific capture of circulating tumor cells.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by membrane-targeted Raf chimeras is independent of raft localization.

Abstract Binding of proteins to the plasma membrane can be achieved with various membrane targeting motifs, including combinations of fatty acids, isoprenoids, and basic domains. In this study, we investigate whether attachment of different membrane targeting motifs influences the signaling capacity of membrane-bound signal transduction proteins by directing the proteins to different membrane microdomains. We used c-Raf-1 as a model for a signaling protein that is activated when membrane-bound. Three different membrane targeting motifs from K-Ras, Fyn, and Src proteins were fused to the N or C terminus of Raf-1. The ability of the modified Rafs to initiate MAPK signaling was then investigated. All three modified Raf-1 constructs activated MAPK to nearly equivalent levels. The extent of localization of the Raf-1 constructs to membrane microdomains known as rafts did not correlate with the level of MAPK activation. Moreover, treatment of cells with the raft disrupting drug methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) caused activation of MAPK to levels equivalent to those achieved with membrane-targeted Raf constructs. The use of pharmacological agents as well as dominant negative mutants revealed that MAPK activation by MβCD proceeds via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism that is Ras/Raf-independent. We conclude that cholesterol depletion from the plasma membrane by MβCD constitutes an alternative pathway for activating MAPK.
Attenuation of the Activity of Caspofungin at High Concentrations against Candida albicans: Possible Role of Cell Wall Integrity and Calcineurin Pathways

Caspofungin had diminished activity in vitro against Candida albicans at concentrations of 8 to 32 μg/ml. This phenomenon was markedly attenuated in a Δmkc1/Δmkc1 deletion mutant and by the addition of cyclosporine to the wild type. Short exposure to these caspofungin concentrations resulted in MKC1 up-regulation, suggesting roles of cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways.
Techno‐economic analysis and life‐cycle assessment of cellulosic isobutanol and comparison with cellulosic ethanol and n‐butanol

This work presents a detailed analysis of the production design and economics of the cellulosic isobutanol conversion processes and compares cellulosic isobutanol with cellulosic ethanol and n-butanol in the areas of fuel properties and engine compatibility, fermentation technology, product purification process design and energy consumption, overall process economics, and life cycle assessment. Techno-economic analysis is used to understand the current stage of isobutanol process development and the impact of key parameters on the overall process economics in a consistent way (i.e. using the same financial assumptions, plant scale, and cost basis). The calculated minimum isobutanol selling price is $3.62/gasoline gallon equivalent ($/GGE) – similar to $3.66/GGE from the n-butanol process and higher than $3.26/GGE from the cellulosic ethanol conversion process. At the conversion stage, the n-butanol process emits the most direct CO2, at 26.42 kg CO2/GGE. Isobutanol and ethanol plants have relatively similar CO2 emissions, at 21.91 kg CO2/GGE and 21.01 kg CO2/GGE, respectively. The consumptive water use of the biorefineries increases in the following order: ethanol (8.19 gal/GGE) < isobutanol (8.98 gal/GGE) < n-butanol (10.84 gal/GGE). Field-to-wheel life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the ethanol and n-butanol conversion processes are similar at 4.3 and 4.5 kg CO2-eq/GGE, respectively. The life cycle GHG emissions result for the isobutanol conversion process is 5.0 kg CO2-eq/GGE, approximately 17% higher than that of ethanol. The life cycle fossil fuel consumption is 39 MJ/GGE for n-butanol, 43 MJ/GGE for ethanol and 51 MJ/GGE for isobutanol. The energy return on investment for each biofuel is also determined and compared: isobutanol (2.2:1) < ethanol (2.7:1) < n-butanol (2.8:1). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Conceptual Design Optimization of an Augmented Stability Aircraft Incorporating Dynamic Response Performance Constraints

Empirical sizing guidelines such as tail volume coefficients have long been used in the early aircraft design phases for sizing stabilizers, resulting in conservatively stable aircraft. While successful, this results in increased empty weight, reduced performance, and greater procurement and operational cost relative to an aircraft with optimally sized surfaces. Including flight dynamics in the conceptual design process allows the design to move away from empirical methods while implementing modern control techniques. A challenge of flight dynamics and control is the numerous design variables, which are changing fluidly throughout the conceptual design process, required to evaluate the system response to some disturbance. This research focuses on addressing that challenge not by implementing higher order tools, such as computational fluid dynamics, but instead by linking the lower order tools typically used within the conceptual design process so each discipline feeds into the other. In thisresearch, flight dynamics and control was incorporated into the conceptual design process along with the traditional disciplines of vehicle sizing, weight estimation, aerodynamics, and performance. For the controller, a linear quadratic regulator structure with constant gains has been specified to reduce the user input. Coupling all the disciplines in the conceptual design phase allows the aircraft designer to explore larger design spaces where stabilizers are sized according to dynamic response constraints rather than historical static margin and volume coefficient guidelines.
Effects of Increased Soil Nutrients on Seed Rain: A Role for Seed Dispersal in the Greening of the Arctic?

Abstract Warming temperatures in the Arctic are resulting in greater plant growth, particularly deciduous shrubs, in a phenomenon termed the “Greening of the Arctic.” Local expansion of deciduous shrubs is most likely resulting from vegetative growth, while the contribution of recruitment from seed is unknown. Here we compare seeds dispersed from plant communities created by experimental nutrient addition for 5 or 22 years with those from a community of sedges, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs at ambient soil nutrients. Nutrient addition decreased species richness and diversity and shifted the plant community toward dominance by dwarf birch, Betula nana, and a forb, Rubus chamaemorus. Generally, the composition of the seed rain resembled the adjacent plant community for deciduous shrubs, but not for other growth forms. Total seed abundance and proportion and total abundance of deciduous shrub seeds were greater adjacent to plots fertilized for 22 years. The deciduous shrub seed response was driven b...
egalitarian structures in Iberian social systems: the contexts of turn‐taking in town and country

Corporately organized, egalitarian systems of turn-taking and cost-sharing in local economic, administrative, and ceremonial life are found in Iberian communities of different sizes. Here their occurrence in the countryside is reviewed and analyzed together with new material, historical and modern, on the Spanish city of Soria, which gives perspective on the integration of egalitarian structures into the hierarchical wider society. Ideological aspects of the turn-taking systems are explored and the position of the “rotative community” vis-a-vis the wider social system, with their contrasting styles of interpersonal relations, is assessed, [social organization, economic institutions, ritual organization, urban social structure, urban history, Spain, Iberia]
Engineering of betabellin 14D: Disulfide-induced folding of a β-sheet protein

The betabellin target structure consists of 2 32-residue beta sheets packed against each other by hydrophobic interactions. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and biophysically characterized betabellin 14S, a single chain, and betabellin 14D, the disulfide-bridged double chain. The 32-residue nongenetic betabellin-14 chain (HSLTASIkaLTIHVQakTATCQVkaYTVHISE, a = D-Ala, k = D-Lys) has a palindromic pattern of polar (p), nonpolar (n), end (e), and beta-turn (t,r) residues (epnpnpnttnpnpnprrpnpnpnttnpnpnpe). Each half contains the same 14-residue palindromic pattern (underlined). Pairs of D-amino acid residues are used to favor formation of inverse-common (type-I') beta turns. In water at pH 6.5, the single chain of betabellin 14S is not folded, but the disulfide-linked betabellin 14D is folded into a stable beta-sheet structure. Thus, folding of the covalent dimer beta-bellin 14D is induced by formation of the single interchain disulfide bond. The binary pattern of alternating polar and nonpolar residues of its beta-sheets is not sufficient to induce folding. Betabellin 14D is a very water-soluble (10 mg/mL), small (64 residues), nongenetic (12 D residues) beta-sheet protein with properties (well-dispersed proton NMR resonances; Tm = 58 degrees C and delta Hm = 106 kcal/mol at pH 5.5) like those of a native protein structure.
Electrophysiological correlates of categorical speech perception for voicing contrasts in dogs

Auditory evoked responses (AERs) were recorded from the left and right temporal and parietal scalp regions of ten 15‐week‐old border collies. The AERs were collected while the animals listened to series of consonant‐vowel syllables in which the consonant sounds varied in voice onset time. Analyses of the brain responses indicated that portions of the right‐hemisphere AERs discriminated between the consonant sounds in a categorical manner. These components occurred between 50 and 180 msec following the speech onset. Results were interpreted to indicate that the basic brain mechanisms subserving some aspects of human speech perception are present in non‐primates.
Integro-differential equations and extension of Lyapunov's method

SECTION 1. By means of interesting methods, many authors ([I], [6], [7], [8]-[lo]) have discussed the asymptotic behavior of solutions of integrodifferential equations of the Volterra type. We plan to study the behavior of solutions of a general class of integro-differential equations of the Volterra type, by extending Lyapunov’s method. We wish to employ Lyapunov functions and the theory of differential inequalities, without assuming the explicit knowledge of solutions. This important technique, which permits us to reduce the study of integro-differential equations to the study of a scalar differential equation, crucially depends on choosing appropriate minimal subsets of a suitable space of continuous functions, along which, the derivative of the Lyapunov function allows a convenient estimate. In this paper, exploiting this approach, we discuss the stability criteria of solutions of integro-differential equations, which is motivated by a somewhat similar method used in the case of functional differential equations by Razumikhin [12], Krasovskii [2], Driver [3], and Lakshmikantham [4, 51. A simple example is worked out to demonstrate the method.
Moist wound healing under a vapor permeable membrane

Ten ambulatory patients with unilateral and eight with bilateral ulcers of various etiologies were studied to determine the effects of keeping a wound bed moist under a water vapor and oxygen permeable membrane (VPM). In the bilateral group, VPM healing was compared with a debriding enzyme ointment and 10% benzoyl peroxide in the same patient. The faster healing rate with VPM was compared to the healing rate with control substances by the paired t test, with significance at
Toward a Poetics for Collecting Poetry by Women

To a certain extent the history of women's poetry in America is a tale of confinements,” writes Alicia Ostriker in the opening chapter of Stealing the Language: The Emergence of Women's Poetry in America. I would argue that it is less a tale of confinements than a tale still untold. Ostriker's own book on the topic, for instance, covers the entire period of women's poetry from 1650–1960 in a single chapter.
Computational Molecular Analysis of Chloride Transport in Hydrated Cement Paste

Concrete in transportation infrastructure is constantly subjected to the ingress of chloride, which could cause reinforcement corrosion and significant deterioration of concrete structures if not well controlled. Major types of reinforcement corrosion, such as pitting corrosion and concentration-cell corrosion, are usually initiated with localized chloride concentrations whose behavior is closely related to the transport characteristics of chloride ions in hydrated cement paste. However, unless studied at the molecular level, chloride transport behavior cannot be properly understood and controlled in view of the high heterogeneity of cement paste. The findings are presented from a research study recently conducted with a molecular dynamics (MD) approach to investigate the physicochemical nature of the various interactions between chloride ions and cement hydration products, which might significantly influence chloride transport in cement paste. Six hydrated compounds including portlandite, C-S-H phases (t...
Benefit-cost analysis: a review of its applicability in policy analysis for delivering health services.

Abstract The use of benefit-cost analysis for programmatic decision making in health is reviewed focusing on the kinds of health programs analyzed, the impact on health policy, and the problems encountered when using such an analytical tool. Alternatives to benefit-cost analysis are discussed in light of their policy relevance. A concluding section provides a broader perspective for health planning and program development.
O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate effects on immunocompetence

Abstract O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS), a contaminant of technical formulations of some organophosphorus pesticides, was found to be immunotoxic at subtoxic doses in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice treated orally with acute doses of 10 mg/kg OOS show no overt toxic signs such as weight loss or malaise. In addition, the levels of serum cholinesterase was not decreased. Histopathologic investigation demonstrated no alterations in liver, lung, kidney, heart, skin, brain, spleen, or gut. The LD50 for delayed toxicity was approximately 35 mg/kg. Despite the lack of general toxic changes at doses of 5–10 mg/kg OOS, specific immunotoxic changes were found. The humoral or cell-mediated immune response of splenocytes from mice treated with 10 mg/kg OOS to in vivo immunization was diminished with respect to control animals. Responses were measured in ex vivo assays. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were assessed by alloimmunization with the tumor P815 followed by a 51Cr release assay done ex vivo with splenic lymphocytes. Humoral responses were assessed by immunization with sheep red blood cells followed by a Jerne plaque assay to determine anti-sheep red blood cell antibody. Both cellular and humoral responses could be stimulated in vitro using cells from OOS-pretreated, primed animals, thus indicating that no permanent cellular elterations had occurred.
On Taylor vortices and Ekman layers in flow-induced vibration of hard disk drives

This paper is about flow-induced vibration (FIV) of disks in hard disk drives (HDD) influenced by two classical flow structures in fluid dynamics, Taylor Couette vortices (TCV) and Ekman layers. FIV is computed with a fully coupled commercial aerodynamics/structural code. The emphasis is on FIV of disks and geometries under conditions typical for high speed, server HDDs. In typical server drives computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis predicts the occurrence of TCVs in the disk to shroud clearance. TCVs typically do not occur in mobile and desktop drives. The main controlling non-dimensional parameters are the Reynolds number, the Taylor number and the aspect ratio of the disk to shroud clearance. The existence of Ekman layers on the disk surfaces is persistent. The Ekman layers and their radial return flow interact in a complex manner with the flow in the disk to shroud clearance. The turbulent viscosity between shrouded disks results from “bursting” phenomena that are typical for the flow field near the disk rims and shroud. The details of a turbulent burst are presented together with its momentary disk excitation effect. The benchmark case used is a fully shrouded set of two disks with a disk to shroud clearance and a disk thickness to shroud aspect ratio such that TCVs occur in the disk to shroud clearance. The TCVs interact with the Ekman layers such that the outer TCVs are continuously destroyed and recreated. An example is presented of fully coupled FIV of a two-disk axi-symmetric benchmark case. The two co-rotating shrouded disks attract aerodynamically: they deflect statically inward. The results also show the dynamic disk deformation dominated by the disk (0,0) “umbrella” mode. In addition, there is random disk deflection caused by the turbulent bursting. At server drive conditions and a 70 mm diameter disk the peak to peak deflection is approximately 20% of the mean deflection. Three dimensional effects are also presented such as wavy TCVs. In another benchmark with a cavity the flow near unshrouded disk edges is shown. In that case the pressure fluctuations can be an order of magnitude greater than in shrouded regions.
Boundary effects on a bubble rising in a finite two-dimensional fluidized bed

Abstract Theory based on ideal fluid behavior by the particulate phase predicts that the particle movement caused by a bubble rising in a finite two-dimensional bed is primarily in the vertical direction with the top and bottom of the bed forcing horizontal movement. The boundaries of the bed have a compressive effect on the gas cloud which surrounds the bubble.
Does the advent of desktop publishing signal the triumph of style over substance

The author points out that many publications that can be produced on a variety of desktop publishing packages look spectacular. She then wonders if, since documents can look so good regardless of what they say, it is inevitable that their looks will be more important than their contents. She concludes that communicators must be aware of the value of both style and substance, but striking the proper balance between them is not an easy task. >
Essentials of Equine Renal and Urinary Tract Physiology

Knowledge of urinary tract anatomy and the numerous functions of the kidney in regulating fluids, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and waste products improves the ability of the clinician to diagnose, treat, and make appropriate recommendations for the management of the horse with renal disease. Several conditions can directly or indirectly affect renal function on a temporary or permanent basis. Endogenous and exogenous compounds (eg, drugs, toxins, hemoglobin) alone or in combination with inappropriate renal blood flow can promote or exacerbate renal disease.
A model of hypoxic renal failure

Abstract Models of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) must consider the combination of tissue hypoxia, insufficient nutrient flow, and anaerobic waste product accumulation. This study utilized isolated perfused rat kidneys to characterize the renal response to a graded hypoxic insult while maintaining flow. Kidneys were perfused at 37°C with an asanguineous Krebs-buffered saline. After a 40-min baseline period, 10 or 30 min of hypoxia was rapidly achieved by reducing perfusate oxygen tension from approximately 550 to 50 mm Hg. Ten minutes of hypoxia resulted in tubular dysfunction evidenced by a 50% increase in urine flow (UV) and a 10% decrease in percent sodium reabsorption (%Na). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased by 40% during 10 min of hypoxia and returned to control levels after reoxygenation. Thirty minutes of hypoxia caused an irreversible 85% decrease in GFR accompanied by a 50% decrease in UV. This insult also caused more severe tubular dysfunction evidenced by a 20% decrease in %Na and a 35% decrease in oxygen consumption. These results demonstrate a spectrum of renal dysfunction that corresponds to the clinical spectrum from nonoliguric to oliguric ARF. This model of hypoxic ARF allows more specific investigation into the hypoxic component of postischemic renal dysfunction.
Effects of internal rhetoric on management response to external issues: How corporate culture failed the asbestos industry

Corporate managements not only use rhetoric to influence persons inside and outside their organizations but also are audiences of their own rhetoric. In this way, for instance, they become convinced of what they are saying. When this happens, the culture they create shuts them off to alternative interpretations of reality. An excellent example of this phenomenon is the way asbestos industry leaders persuaded themselves that their product was vital and standards of industrial hygiene and product liability would not change. When such changes did occur the culture of the asbestos industry prevented its managements from making the necessary adaptations that would have averted ethical and financial bankruptcy.
Executive control- and reward-related neural processes associated with the opportunity to engage in voluntary dishonest moral decision making.

Research has begun to examine the neurocognitive processes underlying voluntary moral decision making, which involves engaging in honest or dishonest behavior in a setting in which the individual is free to make his or her own moral decisions. Employing event-related potentials, we measured executive control-related and reward-related neural processes during an incentivized coin-guessing task in which participants had the opportunity to voluntarily engage in dishonest behavior, by overreporting their wins to maximize earnings. We report four primary findings: First, the opportunity to deceive recruited executive control processes involving conflict monitoring and conflict resolution, as evidenced by a higher N2 and a smaller P3. Second, processing the outcome of the coin flips engaged reward-related processes, as evidenced by a larger medial feedback negativity (MFN) for incorrect (loss) than for correct (win) guesses, reflecting a reward prediction error signal. Third, elevated executive control-related neural activity reflecting conflict resolution (i.e., an attenuated executive control P3) predicted a greater likelihood of engaging in overall deceptive behavior. Finally, whereas elevated reward-related neural activity (the reward P3) was associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in overall deceptive behavior, an elevated reward prediction error signal (MFN difference score) predicted increased trial-by-trial moral behavioral adjustment (i.e., a greater likelihood to overreport wins following a previous honest loss than following a previous honest win trial). Collectively, these findings suggest that both executive control- and reward-related neural processes are implicated in moral decision making.
Why We Can't Wait: Diversity Planning in Community Colleges.

One of the seminal issues facing community colleges across the nation is how to promote diversity planning across the institutions as a vehicle for achieving organizational change. As community colleges continue to reach record enrollment growth, organizational planning that encompasses diversity will be a key component to serving the needs of changing campus communities. This article explores diversity planning as an integral component of institutional effectiveness in responding to the changing demographics within community colleges. The author explores five steps to developing and implementing a diversity plan within these institutions.
Effect of upper airway negative pressure on respiratory timing

Abstract The effects of upper airway negative pressure on respiratory timing and respiratory muscle activity were investigated in 13 urethane-pentobarbital anesthetized adult rabbits. Diaphragm and upper airway muscle EMGs were recorded with fine electrodes. The upper airway was converted into a closed system and negative pressure changes were made at will with a syringe attached to a laryngeal cannula. Both inspiratory and expiratory durations (Ti and Te) were prolonged during the negative pressure trials. Maximal prolongation occurred on the first experimental breath for Te and on second breath for Ti. Decreased effects were seen during maintained negative pressures. Peak diaphragm EMG and average slope of diaphragm EMG decreased during these trials. Diaphragmatic apnea (Te ⪖ 5 sec) occurred in 15% of trials. In some of these trials apnea lasted as long as the negative pressure stimulus whereas in others spontaneous breathing resumed after a period of apnea. Phasic upper airway muscle activity occurred during diaphragmatic apnea in most of these trials. The superior laryngeal nerve section markedly reduced the effects of negative pressure, indicating that its afferents primarily mediate this response. Our results suggest that upper airway negative pressure acts centrally on both inspiratory and expiratory timing as well as on the motor output of thoracic and upper airway respiratory muscles.
Menopause and risk of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Several types of evidence suggest that menopause could be associated with more rapid progression of glucose intolerance. First, postmenopause may be a relatively androgenic state compared to premenopause due to cessation of ovarian estrogen production and continuation of androgen production. 1 Second, greater levels of endogenous androgens are associated with glucose intolerance in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.2 Third, postmenopausal estrogen therapy reduces fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. 3 It is unknown if menopause per se is associated with higher glucose levels, particularly among women who are already glucose intolerant. As diabetes is typically defined by glucose levels, the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are strong risk factors for diabetes, and the menopausal state may not have any additional effect. While several longitudinal studies have found no association between menopause and glucose, 4–6 these studies did not measure the associations between menopause and key mediators of glucose tolerance, specifically insulin secretion and insulin resistance, or other biomarkers. Furthermore, these studies did not compare diabetes risk among the population of women with bilateral oophorectomy as opposed to natural menopause. Bilateral oophorectomy reduces testosterone levels7 and high testosterone is a risk factor for diabetes in women.2 Finally, it is also unknown if diabetes prevention interventions are more effective in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal women. If menopause status is a risk factor for diabetes among women who are already high-risk, or modifies response to diabetes prevention interventions, this has implications for targeted diabetes prevention interventions. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was a randomized trial of diabetes prevention interventions among adults with IFG and IGT. Using data from the DPP, we examined diabetes risk associated with menopause status, comparing women who were premenopausal with women who were postmenopausal at baseline. We also examined if menopause status modified the effect of DPP interventions on a number of metabolic variables, including adiposity, insulin metabolism, glucose, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and tissue plasminogen activator antigen (tPA). Finally, we examined whether the associations between natural menopause and diabetes risk differed from those of bilateral oophorectomy and diabetes risk before and after consideration of hormone therapy (HT).
The Molecular Scattering of Light from Ammonia Solutions. The Fine Structure of a Vibrational Raman Band

The Raman band of the ammonia molecule corresponding to the infrared absorption at 3 \ensuremath{\mu} has been partially resolved into its fine structure. The experiments have been made not with gaseous or liquid ammonia but with aqueous solutions of relatively high concentration. The lines have been assigned to $Q$, $P$, $R$, $\mathrm{PP}$, and $\mathrm{RR}$ branches, corresponding to changes in rotational quantum number $\ensuremath{\Delta}k=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, \mathrm{and} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$. The moment of inertia about a line normal to the axis of symmetry calculated from the spacing of the lines is I = 2.82\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. As far as the present, somewhat incomplete results may be taken to indicate the structure of the N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ molecule is largely uninfluenced by the force fields of the solvent molecules.
An assessment of agroforestry systems in the southern USA

An assessment of the southern USA, based on a survey of land-use professionals and a review of the literature, revealed that it is a diverse region with substantial potential for agroforestry to address a combination of problems and opportunities. The survey indicated that silvopastoral systems are the most common form of agroforestry in the region. Increased economic returns, diversification, and enhancement of the timing of cash flows were the most frequently mentioned benefits associated with the establishment of silvopastoral systems. Some of the problems associated with alley-cropping systems — less frequently observed than silvopastoral systems — were lower-than-expected productivity or profitability, damage to trees when cultivating the crop component, and labor/management skill constraints. Based on the findings of the literature review and the survey, special opportunities for implementing agroforestry systems in the region were identified, including the following: to improve marginal lands; to serve as windbreaks and buffer strips for improved water quality and wildlife habitat; to enhance the economics of selected natural pine, hardwood plantation, and pine plantation systems; and to provide specialty products on small landownerships.
SHEAR WAVE PROPERTIES FROM INVERSION OF SCHOLTE WAVE DATA

Scholte interface wave data from a deep-water site are inverted to estimate the ocean bottom sediment shear wave parameters. Techniques used include dispersion analysis, the spectral ratio method, and elastic modelling to produce shear velocity and attenuation estimates for the first tens of meters of a sediment bottom comprised largely of hemipelagic clays. The methodologies presented help provide insight into the first order shear properties of the sediments, and can be valuable in constructing initial guess models and bounds for automated inversion schemes.
The relationship between cultural and rhetorical conventions: Engaging in international communication

Understanding the relationship between culture and language has become a requisite for successful business enterprises in the developing global economy. Cultural conventions inform language, often creating differences in the content, organizational pattern, presentation of argument, style, and format of business documents. Differences in conventions can lead to readers’ misinterpretation or failure to understand a message. International business communication is evolving along with the global economy in four distinct patterns: as a hybridized language, as a business interlanguage, as a multiconventional language, and as an international language. The present workforce and those about to enter it need to become sensitized to the effects of multicultural conventions on their business communication.
Learning of Idiomatic Language Expressions in a Group Intervention for Children With Autism

In typical development, children learn an extensive range of idioms and other figurative (non-literal) language expressions during childhood and adolescence. However, many children with autism fall far behind in their idiom comprehension and production and never fully reach adult levels. The current study measured the effectiveness of a group idiom intervention for ten children, aged 7 to 12 years, with autism spectrum disorders. This intervention was conducted by a community-based social skills program. The children were initially very low in idiom understanding, but were able to learn and remember the meaning of idiomatic phrases that they were taught during the 2-week-long intervention. The children showed greater increases at a delayed post-test for idioms trained in the intervention than idioms that were untrained controls. Implications for future educational possibilities are discussed.
Hypermethylation at a chromosome 17 “Hot spot” is a common event in ovarian cancer

Alterations of normal DNA methylation patterns have been reported in various types of human tumors. These alterations are represented by genome wide hypomethylation and by region specific hypermethylation. One commonly hypermethylated region is 17p13.3 (D17S5), the putative site of a tumor suppressor gene. In this study we report that hypermethylation at this locus occurs frequently (33%) in ovarian tumors. We reported previously that loss of chromosome 17 is a common event in serous epithelial ovarian tumors. A correlation of the methylation event and chromosome 17 loss suggests that hypermethylation at D17S5 precedes chromosome 17 loss.
Enhanced plasmid stability through post-segregational killing of plasmid-free cells

In order to develop an extremely stable, inducible host/vector system, the following genetic manipulations were made: a recA mutation was introduced into the chromosome of the host strain, the plasmid selectable marker was changed from ampicillin to kanamycin, and the parB stability locus of plasmid R1 was added to the plasmid. The stability of the new vector, pTKW106, was increased such that the fraction of plasmid-bearing cells present during chemostat fermentations under selective pressure increased from 1.75% to 100% when plasmid protein production was fully induced. At this level of induction, β-galactosidase represents 10% of the total cell protein. In addition, the frequency of generation of plasmid-free cells was shown to decrease from 1.0 per generation to less than 10−11 with full promoter induction under non-selective conditions.
Energy-efficient packet transmission over a multiaccess channel

We investigate the minimum-energy packet scheduling problem for the multiaccess channel with K transmitters and a single receiver, assuming that packets arrive at each transmitter's buffer at arbitrary times and must be transmitted within a finite time window. The offline scheduling problem is formulated and found to be a convex optimization problem with linear constraints. An efficient algorithm for finding the optimal offline schedule is presented. An online schedule based on a lookahead buffer is described and shown to perform very closely in terms of average energy per packet to the offline optimal, at the expense of a nearly constant delay.
High-precision control of a maglev linear actuator with nanopositioning capability

Presents high-precision control of a magnetically levitated (maglev) linear actuator with novel geometric configuration. The linear actuator is used as a unit actuator in the development of a maglev instrument with six-axis nanopositioning capability. The novel configuration in this design concept leads to a lightweight and compact size. The objective of development of this maglev linear actuator is to verify the underlying theory and fundamental working principles. The device allows a linear motion range of /spl plusmn/500 /spl mu/m with nanoscale positioning resolution. We present electromechanical design, controller design and implementation, and preliminary closed-loop experimental results with various step sizes for this linear actuator.
The Nudist Camp: Way of Life and Social Structure

The purpose of this paper is to describe the modes of behavior, demographic composition, social structure, and paths of mobility that characterize organized nudism. The data come from three sources : ( 1 ) two successive summers of participant observation in camps in the United States and Europe, (2) interviews with 101 nudists from the Chicago area, and (3) mailed questionnaires completed by 617 nudists located throughout the United States and Canada.
Transduction of 3′-flanking sequences is common in L1 retrotransposition

Active LINE-1 (L1) elements possess the ability to transduce non-L1 DNA flanking their 3' ends to new genomic locations. Occasionally, the 3' end processing machinery may bypass the L1 polyadenylation signal and instead utilize a second downstream polyadenylation site. To determine the frequency of L1-mediated transduction in the human genome, we selected 66 previously uncharacterized L1 sequences from the GenBank database. Fifteen (23%) of these L1s had transposed flanking DNA with an average transduction length of 207 nucleotides. Since there are approximately 400 000 L1 elements, we estimate that insertion of transduced sequences alone may have enlarged the diploid human genome as much as 19 Mb or 0.6%. We also examined 24 full-length mouse L1s and found two long transduced sequences. Thus, L1 retrotransposition in vivo commonly transduces sequence flanking the 3' end of the element.
Fern distributional records in Christensenia (Marattiaceae), Dipteris (Dipteridaceae), and Rheopteris (Pteridaceae) from the upper Sepik of Papua New Guinea

Christensenia (Marattiaceae) is recorded for the island of New Guinea, removing a puzzling disjunction in its documented distribution. The rarely seen Rheopteris cheesmaniae (Pteridaceae), previously represented by three specimens, is rediscovered in Sepik habitats far inland from the historical north-coastal localities. Population updates are also provided for Dipteris lobbiana (Dipteridaceae), a species found throughout Malesia but otherwise known in New Guinea only from the upper Sepik. All three ferns are surprisingly common at their new sites of occurrence.
Incivility from patients and their families: can organisational justice protect nurses from burnout?

Aim To determine whether interpersonal and informational justice influence the association between daily experiences of incivility and burnout among nurses. Background Research has suggested that incivility is a concern for managers. Nurses regularly experience incivility, particularly from their patients and patients’ families. Incivility, in turn, can increase symptoms of burnout. Method Seventy-five nurses provided data on interpersonal and informational justice within their organisation. During five working days, nurses completed a twice-daily survey assessing incivility and burnout. Hierarchical linear modelling analyses examined the main effects and interaction effects of the three variables on burnout. Result Incivility was positively associated with burnout. In addition, interpersonal justice strengthened the incivility–burnout relationship. Informational justice did not significantly affect the incivility–burnout relationship. Conclusion Incivility is associated with more burnout. The work environment also influences burnout; when organisations provide informational justice, nurses experience less burnout. In organisations where interpersonal justice is high, nurses are more likely to experience burnout. Implications for nursing management Nursing managers can help employees by ensuring that management's decisions are transparent. In addition, managers should be aware that in organisations with higher interpersonal justice, nurses might be more likely to experience symptoms of burnout as a result of incivility from patients and their families.
The U.S. Diversity Visa Programme and the Transfer of Skills from Africa

The Diversity Visa (DV) programme is designed to improve the multicultural composition of the U.S. “melting pot” beyond the traditional source countries in Europe. In pursuit of this objective, the basic eligibility requirement for participation in the programme is a high school diploma. Despite its salutary objective and design, the programme’s implications for the African brain drain may not all be benign. The “tired, poor, huddled masses” from Africa are defined in more restrictive terms, and the obstacles they face are more economically and administratively onerous than those encountered by their early European counterparts. The costs of transforming a lottery win to an actual diversity visa and Green Card are so high that only Africans in well-paying jobs, who are likely to be professionals rather than mere high school graduates, are likely to be able to afford the full costs of programme participation. In this sense, the programme has an in-built, skills-selective mechanism. The main objective of this study is to examine the extent to which the DV has facilitated the movement of professional, technical and kindred workers (PTKs) from Africa to the United States, and some of the economic and policy implications of the process.
Vacancy solution theory of adsorption using Flory-Huggins activity coefficient equations

New equations for the physical adsorption of gases on solids have been developed based on the vacancy solution model of adsorption in conjunction with the Flory-Huggins activity coefficient equations. The isotherm equation contains three regression parameters: a Henry's law constant, the limiting amount of adsorption, and a gas-solid interaction term. Pure-gas data over a range of temperature can be correlated using only five parameters. Gas-mixture equilibria can be predicted using only the parameters obtained from the pure-gas data. Pure-component, binary, and ternary adsorption equilibrium data on activated carbons, silica, and zeolites over a wide range of conditions have been used to evaluate the model. The results show that, except for a few systems, this model predicts gas-mixture equilibria better than any other model.
Chemically Stable Semiconductor Surface Layers Using Low-Temperature Grown GaAs

The chemical stability of a GaAs layer structure consisting of a thin (10 nm) layer of low-temperature-grown GaAs (LTG:GaAs) on a heavily n-doped GaAs layer, both grown by molecular beam epitaxy, is described. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy performed after atmospheric exposure indicate that the LTG:GaAs surface layer oxidizes much less rapidly than comparable layers of stoichiometric GaAs. There is also evidence that the terminal oxide thickness is smaller than that of stoichiometric GaAs. The spectroscopy results are used to confirm a model for conduction in low resistance, nonalloyed contacts employing comparable layer structures. The inhibited surface oxidation rate is attributed to the bulk Fermi level pinning and the low minority carrier lifetime in unannealed LTG:GaAs. Device applications including low-resistance cap layers for field-effect transistors are described.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Urinary Bladder in Dogs

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in four dogs is described. The tumours were large fungating masses that protruded from the wall into the lumen of the bladder. There was local invasion of the bladder, but metastases were not found at necropsy. One dog was I year old when first seen, one was 14months, and two were 18 months old. Three of the four dogs were St. Bernards. Three other published cases of rhabdomyo­ sarcoma of the canine urinary bladder are reviewed, and features of this tumour are com­ pared with those of botryoid sarcoma in man. Neoplasms of the urinary bladder are relatively uncommon in dogs, accounting for less than 0.5% of tumours (3-5). The majority of primary tumours of the bladder are of epithelial origin. There are no firm data on the frequency of different types of bladder tumours in animals, but a 1968 survey of canine bladder tumours, which had been collected by selected veterinary schools in the United States and Canada, confirmed the impression that epithelial tumours are commoner than those originating in con­ nective tissue (7). Transitional cell carcinomas and papillomas were the most commonly recorded tumours of the canine urinary bladder in the North American survey. Included in this survey was one case of rhabdo­ myosarcoma of the bladder. Two additional cases of this uncommon canine tumour were also reported in the same year (9, 11). Clinical and pathological findings in four other cases of rhabdomyosar­ coma of the canine urinary bladder are reported. The literature on this tumour in the dog is reviewed, and the canine lesion is compared with botryoid sarcoma of the human bladder.
Establishment of Glucocorticoid-Mediated Transcriptional Induction of the Rice XA21 Pattern Recognition Receptor

The rice pattern recognition receptor, XA21, confers robust resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xantho- monas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). We have generated transgenic plants that express Xa21 only in the presence of the glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone (DEX). DEX-mediated transcriptional induction of Xa21 is accom- panied by upregulation of pathogenesis-related 1 gene expression and restriction of Xoo multiplication. The DEX- inducible system can be used to synchronize the XA21- mediated response to infection throughout the entire leaf, facilitating the study of innate immunity.