cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sensitive ultra wideband propagation measurement system

A new VNA based frequency domain propagation measurement technique was presented. This high sensitivity system measures the frequency response of the channel over a wide frequency band or a number of discrete frequency sub-bands, and over large distances in a very short time and produces the data that can be analyzed to obtain the attenuation, frequency de-correlation and other statistical properties of the communication channel.
Perspectives on Higher Luminosity B-Factories

The present B-factories PEP-II and KEKB have reached luminosities of 4-6 x 10{sup 33}/cm{sup 2}/s and delivered integrated luminosity at rates in excess of 6 fb{sup -1} per month [1,2]. The recent turn on of these two B-Factories has shown that modern accelerator physics, design, and engineering can produce colliders that rapidly reach their design luminosities and deliver integrated luminosities capable of frontier particle physics discoveries. PEP-II and KEK-B with ongoing upgrade programs should reach luminosities of over 10{sup 34}/cm{sup 2}/s in a few years and with more aggressive improvements may reach luminosities of order 4 x 10{sup 34}/cm{sup 2}/s by the end of the decade. However, due to particle physics requirements, the next generation B-Factory may require significantly more luminosity. Initial parameters of a very high luminosity e{sup +}e{sup -} B-Factory or Super B-Factory (SBF) are being developed incorporating several new ideas from the successful operation of the present generation e{sup +}e{sup -} accelerators [3,4]. A luminosity approaching 10{sup 36} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1} may be possible. Furthermore, the ratio of average to peak luminosity may be increased by 30% due to continuous injection. The operation of this new accelerator will be qualitatively different from present e{sup +}e{sup -} collidersmore » due to this continuous injection.« less
Shared models: the cognitive equivalent of a Lingua Franca

The richness of humanity is the diversity of its cultures, but now as never before the destructive power of modern technology and threatening ecological disasters make it necessary that we all recognize we are many peoples of one world. Complementing the diversity of our different cultures, the growth of a common, scientific knowledge inspires the hope that we may achieve and share a secondary culture of ideas. Computers, which can help represent explicitly the best ideas of modern science, can aid in the diffusion of such powerful ideas to create a popular, secondary, scientific culture.
Visualization of multivariate time-series data in a neonatal ICU

Existing visualizations in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) C. U. Lehmann frequently obscure important trends in clinical data presented to the clinician in tabular displays or stacked univariate plots of variables as a function of time. Scales and alarm limits in clinical displays are based on data that is typical for adults (i.e., adult "norm data"), resulting in confusing or misleading displays in the NICU. In premature infants, norm data differs significantly both from adult values and among infants of differing gestational ages. Interfaces designed to display adult values hinder the perception of clinical changes. We developed a visualization that provides an integrated, multivariate interface for representing laboratory and physiological data in the NICU. We present its design and evaluation and discuss potential future applications of this visualization that is interactive, animated, and personalized to an individual patient so that clinicians can quickly and efficiently recognize significant changes in the patient's condition.
Influence of Androgens on Circulating Adiponectin in Male and Female Rodents

Several endocrine factors, including sex-steroid hormones are known to influence adiponectin secretion. Our purpose was to evaluate the influence of testosterone and of the synthetic non-aromatizable/non-5α reducible androgen 17β-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one (trenbolone) on circulating adiponectin and adiponectin protein expression within visceral fat. Young male and female F344 rats underwent sham surgery (SHAM), gonadectomy (GX), or GX plus supraphysiologic testosterone-enanthate (TE) administration. Total circulating adiponectin was 39% higher in intact SHAM females than SHAM males (p<0.05). GX increased total adiponectin by 29-34% in both sexes (p<0.05), while TE reduced adiponectin to concentrations that were 46-53% below respective SHAMs (p≤0.001) and ablated the difference in adiponectin between sexes. No differences in high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin were observed between sexes or treatments. Adiponectin concentrations were highly and negatively associated with serum testosterone (males: r = -0.746 and females: r = -0.742, p≤0.001); however, no association was present between adiponectin and estradiol. In separate experiments, trenbolone-enanthate (TREN) prevented the GX-induced increase in serum adiponectin (p≤0.001) in young animals, with Low-dose TREN restoring adiponectin to the level of SHAMs and higher doses of TREN reducing adiponectin to below SHAM concentrations (p≤0.001). Similarly, TREN reduced adiponectin protein expression within visceral fat (p<0.05). In adult GX males, Low-dose TREN also reduced total adiponectin and visceral fat mass to a similar magnitude as TE, while increasing serum HMW adiponectin above SHAM and GX animals (p<0.05). Serum adiponectin was positively associated with visceral fat mass in young (r = 0.596, p≤0.001) and adult animals (r = 0.657, p≤0.001). Our results indicate that androgens reduce circulating total adiponectin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, while maintaining HMW adiponectin. This change is directionally similar to the androgen-induced lipolytic effects on visceral adiposity and equal in magnitude between TE and TREN, suggesting that neither the aromatization nor the 5α reduction of androgens is required for this effect.
Efficient AFM-Based Nanoparticle Manipulation Via Sequential Parallel Pushing

Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) have become a useful tool not only for imaging at the nanoscale resolution, but also a useful tool for manipulating nanoscale objects in nanoscale device prototyping and for studying molecular and cellular mechanisms in biology. This paper presents a method, called sequential parallel pushing (SPP), for efficient and automated nanoparticle manipulation. Instead of using tip scanning to fully locate the particle center, this method uses one scan line perpendicular to the pushing direction to determine the lateral coordinate of the particle center. The longitudinal position of the particle is inferred from the position where the tip loses contact with the particle through real-time analysis of vibration amplitude of the cantilever. The particle is then pushed from the determined lateral position along the current push direction toward the baseline of the target. This process is iterated until the particle reaches the target position. Experimental results show that the SPP algorithm, when compared with simple target-oriented pushing algorithms, not only reduces the number of scan lines but also decreases the number of pushing iterations. Consequently, the manipulation time has been decreased up to four times in some cases. The SPP method has been successfully applied to fabricate designed nanoscale patterns that are made of gold (10~15 nm diameter) particles and of 170 latex 50-nm diameter particles.
Prion protein at the crossroads of physiology and disease

The presence of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) on the cell surface is critical for the neurotoxicity of prions. Although several biological activities have been attributed to PrP C , a definitive demonstration of its physiological function remains elusive. In this review, we discuss some of the proposed functions of PrP C , focusing on recently suggested roles in cell adhesion, regulation of ionic currents at the cell membrane and neuroprotection. We also discuss recent evidence supporting the idea that PrP C may function as a receptor for soluble oligomers of the amyloid β peptide and possibly other toxic protein aggregates. These data suggest surprising new connections between the physiological function of PrP C and its role in neurodegenerative diseases beyond those caused by prions.
Risk Factors for Anemia in Patients with Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis

Anemia is frequently observed in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The identification of the underlying causes can be challenging. This study was designed to define the prevalence and to identify etiologic factors for anemia in this patient population. A prospectively maintained database and medical records of patients who had restorative proctocolectomy between 1998 and 2005 were reviewed. All patients with laboratory evaluation at least six months after the surgery were studied. The last reported hemoglobin served as the index value. All patients with anemia (hemoglobin < 13.5 g/dl for males, <12 g/dl for females) were identified. A second group of randomly selected, ileal-pouch patients with normal hemoglobin served as control. Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated. A total of 389 patients (214 males) had documented hemoglobin values. Sixty-seven patients (17 percent; 40 males) had anemia. The prevalence of anemia was 19 and 15 percent in males and females, respectively. The prevalence was 17 percent among patients with underlying ulcerative colitis vs. 26 percent in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (P = 0.27). The mean hemoglobin in the anemia group was 11.4 (median, 11.7) g/dl. One patient (2 percent) had severe (<7 g/dl), 11 (16 percent) had moderate (7–9.9 g/dl), and 55 (82 percent) had mild (≥10 g/dl) anemia. One patient (2 percent) had macrocytic, 16 (24 percent) had microcytic, and 49 (74 percent) had normocytic anemia. Sixteen patients (24 percent) had unidentified causes for anemia. Multivariable analysis showed that the presence of malignancy or desmoid tumor and the J-pouch configuration were the only independent risk factors associated with anemia. Anemia is common in ileal-pouch patients. Malignancy or desmoid tumor and J-pouch configuration are independent risk factors for anemia. One-fourth of the patients with anemia have unclear etiology.
Path-independent integrals for the direct determination of stress intensity factors in certain classical crack problems

Stress intensity factors have been determine directly for certain special crack problems with the help of J or other path-independent integrals. Such procedures have not been used successfully in what are perhaps the most classical of all crack problems: those in two dimensions involving a crack of finite length in an infinite medium with loading at infinity of either Mode I, Mode II or Mode III type. We give a new class of path-independent integrals which are suitable for this purpose.
Superconducting Re-Entrant Cavities for Heavy Ion Linacs

Superconducting niobium cavities of reentrant shape have been built and tested at Stanford. The cavities have a 35cm diameter, 10cm length, and 2cm accelerating gap. They resonate at 430 MHz. A large number of tests show that the performance of the cavities is reproducible: field strengths in excess of 12 MV/m were consistently achieved at Q values in the range 2 × 109 to greater than 1010. The highest field obtained was 17 MV/m. To obtain these performance levels, our studies show that it is necessary to use special fabrication procedures, chemical treatment, and of perhaps greater importance, ultra high vacuum firing to temperatures of 1600 to 1800°C. The geometry of the accelerating gap of the cavities in relation to the resonant frequency, make the cavities suitable for accelerating heavy ions with energies upward of 1 MeV/nucleon. A sequence of cavities could thus be used to boost the energy of particles obtained from existing tandem Van de Graaff accelerators. Compared with a superconducting helix structure, the reentrant niobium cavities have a much greater mechanical stiffness, much larger surface area for cooling, comparable or better accelerating voltage gradients, and provide a single rather than a "double" accelerating gap per resonator. The latter feature makes it possible to build an accelerator as a sequence of independently controlled accelerating gaps. The phase and amplitude of each gap can be adjusted to provide essentially any velocity profile for the purpose of particle acceleration.
Serotonergic modulation of the limbic system

The limbic system is composed of cortical as well as subcortical structures, which are intimately interconnected. The resulting macrostructure is responsible for the generation and expression of motivational and affective states. Especially high levels of serotonin are found in limbic forebrain structures. Serotonin projections to these structures, which arise from serotonergic cell body groups in the midbrain, form a dense plexus of axonal processes. In many areas of the limbic system, serotonergic neurotransmission can best be described as paracrine or volume transmission, and thus serotonin is believed to play a neuromodulatory role in the brain. Serotonergic projections to limbic structures, arising primarily from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, compose two distinct serotonergic systems differing in their topographic organization, electrophysiological characteristics, morphology, as well as sensitivity to neurotoxins and perhaps psychoactive or therapeutic agents. These differences may be extremely important in understanding the role of these two serotonergic systems in normal brain function and in mental illness. Central serotonergic neurons or receptors are targets for a variety of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of disorders of the limbic system.
Casimir energy for a hyperboloid facing a plate in the optical approximation

We study the Casimir energy of a massless scalar field that obeys Dirichlet boundary conditions on a hyperboloid facing a plate. We use the optical approximation including the first six reflections and compare the results with the predictions of the proximity force approximation and the semiclassical method. We also consider finite size effects by contrasting the infinite with a finite plate. We find sizable and qualitative differences between the optical method and the more traditional approaches.
Probability-Weighted Dynamic Monte Carlo Method for Reaction Kinetics Simulations

The reaction kinetics underlying the dynamic features of physical systems can be investigated by using various approaches such as the Dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) method. The usefulness of the DMC method to study reaction kinetics has been limited to systems where the underlying reactions occur with similar frequencies, i.e., similar rate constants. However, many interesting physical phenomena involve sets of reactions with a wide range of rate constants leading to a broad range of relevant time scales. Widely varying reaction rates result in a highly skewed reaction occurrence probability distribution. When the reaction occurrence probability distribution has a wide spectrum, the reactions with faster rates dominate the computations, making the reliable statistical sampling cumbersome. We have developed a probability-weighted DMC method by incorporating the weighted sampling algorithm of equilibrium molecular simulations. This new algorithm samples the slow reactions very efficiently and makes it possible t...
Evaluation of quantitative indicators for marine fish communities

Abstract In the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management, the assessment of ecosystem status is a key element. There are many indicators that can be used to assess the status of an ecosystem that are representative of key ecosystem processes and properties. Yet, of the several hundred indicators available to evaluate marine ecosystems, which are the best to use? We evaluated multiple biotic indicators from the Northeast U.S. large marine ecosystem (LME) to determine their potential utility in assessing ecosystem status, with a particular emphasis on the fish community and fishing pressure. For those 26 indicators which met our selection criteria, we executed a multivariate ordination to evaluate how indicators group together rank in terms of explanatory power, and are weighted relative to one another. The ordination procedure also revealed indicator redundancies. We recommend a set of eight candidate indicators for routine monitoring that are both representative of major processes and sensitive to fishing-related ecosystem changes. Finally, we briefly explore the role these indicators might have in ecosystem-based fishery management.
Thermal reaction of Ta thin films with polycrystalline diamond

Abstract The thermal reaction of sputter-deposited Ta thin films with polycrystalline CVD-grown diamond substrates at temperatures between 700°C and 1100°C for 1 h is investigated by MeV He backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The product phases are polycrystalline Ta2C at 900°C and TaC at 1000°C with an initially 135nm thick Ta film. The first phase formed conforms to the rule of Bene for metal-metal bilayers. No coexistence of Ta2C and TaC is observed during reaction. The second phase formed, TaC, is in thermodynamic equilibrium with carbon.
Second-order correction methods for chemical process optimization

Abstract When successive quadratic programming (SQP) methods are used in connection with the sequential-modular or simultaneous-modular approaches to chemical process optimization, substantial reductions in calculation time can be achieved by reducing the number of derivative evaluations. We present here methods for achieving such a reduction; these include two second-order correction techniques and a selection strategy. One second-order correction technique is a variation of the method of Fletcher. The other involves a correction quadratic program (QP) with a Broyden-updated constraint Jacobian. This correction step solves a QP subject to the next quasi- Newton approximation to the solution of the currently active constraints. The selection strategy forces the methods to work together to provide the most progress in a given iteration. An iteration would involve only a basic step, a basic step plus either second-order correction step, or a combination of the basic step and both correction steps. Backtrack capabilities allow the program to abandon a nonproductive correction step and recover the base QP step. Tests on both general problems and flowsheeting problems show these techniques to provide a reduction in the number of derivative evaluations required in most cases.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF DIVIDED STATE GOVERNMENT ON TAX INNOVATION: 1960–1990

There has been a lack of analysis of the consequences of divided government at the American state level. Past analyses tend to assume divided government results in gridlock. This article examines innovations in tax policy for the 50 states from 1960–1990 to test this assumption. Taking interparty competition into account, preliminary tests indicate that divided state governments, at least in the field of taxation, are capable of producing important legislation.
Structure of the silicon–oxide interface

Abstract The interface between crystalline Si and its amorphous native oxide SiO2 is the basis for most current computer technology; yet its structure remains poorly understood. Here, we summarize a recent computational approach to this problem, which explicitly averages over the ensemble of configurations of the amorphous oxide. The approach makes possible calculations of equilibrium interface structures and energies for an amorphous oxide interface. The resulting model for the Si–SiO2 interface has low energy, and it reconciles a variety of puzzling experimental results.
Thermal Proximity Effects of Packaged RF High Power Amplifier Discretes

This paper analyzes the thermal design of an RF High Power amplifier. The device, with a maximum dimension of only .4 mm, has a high power density, dissipating up to 4 W. There is concern about the impacts of device proximity on thermal performance due to desired packaging density. The devices are numerically modeled and the effects of device proximity, heat spreader dimensions, material conductivity, and die bond layer thickness and substrate thickness on device operating temperature are quantified.Copyright ?? 2007 by ASME
Commentary on: Intraoperative fluoroscopy, portable X-ray, and CT: patient and operating room personnel radiation exposure in spinal surgery

Commentary on Nelson EM, Monazzam SM, Kim KD, Siebert JA, Klineberg EO. Intraoperative fluoroscopy, portable X-ray, and CT: patient and operating room personnel radiation exposure in spinal surgery. Spine J 2014;14:2985–91 ( in this issue ).
A Variational Rod Model with a Singular Nonlocal Potential

The classical theory of elastic rods does not account for the possibility that large deformations may involve distinct points along the rod occupying the same physical space. We develop an elastic rod model with a pairwise repulsive potential such that, if two non-adjacent points along the rod are close in physical space, there is an energy barrier which prevents contact while for points nearby along the rod the potential is describable classically. This framework is developed to prove the existence of minimizers within each homotopy class, where the idea of topological homotopy of a curve is generalized to elastic rods as framed curves. Finally, the relevant first-order optimality conditions are derived and used to investigate the regularity of minimizers.
Attempts at aerosol control in a turkey rearing confinement with negative air ionization.

Aerosol control is a significant problem in agriculture and industry. Two separate studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a “negative air ionization” system in aerosol control. The first study was conducted with a turkey “brooder” barn and a control for a six-week period. The second study was conducted with a turkey “grow-out” barn and a control for a twelve-week period. Sampling parameters for both studies included environmental aerosol sampling, ion imbalance measurements, relative humidity, temperature and barometric pressure measurements and daily turkey mortality. Study two also included post study bird weights. Results of sampling parameters were consistent between study one and study two. No significant difference was found between test and control total average aerosol concentration for both studies. Ion imbalance measurements served to indicate that test environments were negatively ionized while control environments experienced normal environmental conditions. Meterological par...
A novel approach to increase awareness about hereditary colon cancer using a state cancer registry.

Purpose: The aim of this project was to conduct educational outreach about hereditary colon cancer to a targeted high risk population identified through a state cancer registry. Methods: Individuals who met one of the first three Bethesda criteria guidelines were identified through the Colorado Central Cancer Registry. The physician of record received a brochure, survey and form to provide written consent to contact patient(s). Cases were mailed an educational brochure, initial and follow-up survey. Results: Five hundred seventy-five cases and 412 physicians were identified; 81% provided consent. Ninety percent of physicians felt the registry should provide this information to at-risk patients. Twenty-three percent of the cases returned the survey. Cases were generally glad to get the information. Only four cases reported concern. The majority agreed the cancer registry should send the information, however most preferred their physicians be consented first. At follow-up, 20 cases reported having or intending to have a risk assessment. Conclusions: Response from physicians and cases was positive, suggesting that targeted outreach using cancer registries, in combination with physician notification, may be a viable approach to educational outreach about cancer genetics. A proportion of cases sought risk assessment, suggesting that mail-based outreach may be effective in increasing uptake of information and/or genetic services.
Electrolytic cleaning of rectifier tanks

IN UNDERTAKING a general overhaul of a mercury arc rectifier at periodic intervals, the problem of interior cleaning of the tanks always has been a troublesome one. The tank in use usually has accumulated considerable contamination of loose material eroded from the elements of the rectifier. In addition to a dirty condition of the mercury pool, a quite hardened black slick scum may cover a large area of the tank walls. After removing all the interior parts, past practice has been either to sand-blast or wire-brush the tank walls and bottom in an effort to furnish a clean tank for the introduction of the new mercury needed for further operation.
The N’s and O’s of Drosophila glycoprotein glycobiology

The past 25 years have seen significant advances in understanding the diversity and functions of glycoprotein glycans in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic screens have captured mutations that reveal important biological activities modulated by glycans, including protein folding and trafficking, as well as cell signaling, tissue morphogenesis, fertility, and viability. Many of these glycan functions have parallels in vertebrate development and disease, providing increasing opportunities to dissect pathologic mechanisms using Drosophila genetics. Advances in the sensitivity of structural analytic techniques have allowed the glycan profiles of wild-type and mutant tissues to be assessed, revealing novel glycan structures that may be functionally analogous to vertebrate glycans. This review describes a selected set of recent advances in understanding the functions of N-linked and O-linked (non-glycosaminoglycan) glycoprotein glycans in Drosophila with emphasis on their relatedness to vertebrate organisms.
Management approach for NASA's Earth Venture-1 (EV-1) airborne science investigations

The Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office (PO) is responsible for programmatic management of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Science Mission Directorate's (SMD) Earth Venture (EV) missions. EV is composed of both orbital and suborbital Earth science missions. The first of the Earth Venture missions is EV-1, which are Principal Investigator-led, temporally-sustained, suborbital (airborne) science investigations costcapped at $30M each over five years. Traditional orbital procedures, processes and standards used to manage previous ESSP missions, while effective, are disproportionally comprehensive for suborbital missions. Conversely, existing airborne practices are primarily intended for smaller, temporally shorter investigations, and traditionally managed directly by a program scientist as opposed to a program office such as ESSP. In 2010, ESSP crafted a management approach for the successful implementation of the EV-1 missions within the constructs of current governance models. NASA Research and Technology Program and Project Management Requirements form the foundation of the approach for EV-1. Additionally, requirements from other existing NASA Procedural Requirements (NPRs), systems engineering guidance and management handbooks were adapted to manage programmatic, technical, schedule, cost elements and risk. As the EV-1 missions are nearly at the end of their successful execution and project lifecycle and the submission deadline of the next mission proposals near, the ESSP PO is taking the lessons learned and updated the programmatic management approach for all future Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS) missions for an even more flexible and streamlined management approach.
High-resolution image reconstruction for PET using estimated detector response functions

The accuracy of the system model in an iterative reconstruction algorithm greatly affects the quality of reconstructed PET images. For efficient computation in reconstruction, the system model in PET can be factored into a product of geometric projection matrix and detector blurring matrix, where the former is often computed based on analytical calculation, and the latter is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. In this work, we propose a method to estimate the 2D detector blurring matrix from experimental measurements. Point source data were acquired with high-count statistics in the microPET II scanner using a computer-controlled 2-D motion stage. A monotonically convergent iterative algorithm has been derived to estimate the detector blurring matrix from the point source measurements. The algorithm takes advantage of the rotational symmetry of the PET scanner with the modeling of the detector block structure. Since the resulting blurring matrix stems from actual measurements, it can take into account the physical effects in the photon detection process that are difficult or impossible to model in a Monte Carlo simulation. Reconstructed images of a line source phantom show improved resolution with the new detector blurring matrix compared to the original one from the Monte Carlo simulation. This method can be applied to other small-animal and clinical scanners.
Use of hearts transplanted from donors with atraumatic intracranial bleeds

Abstract Background Donor atraumatic intracranial bleed (aICB) is associated with older age and may reflect a history of hypertension. Hearts from donors who died of aICB may be at increased risk for graft failure because of the associated catecholamine surge. We evaluated whether receiving a heart from a donor who had an aICB independently affected the outcome of transplantation. Methods We reviewed adult patients (>18 years) who underwent heart transplantation between July 1994 and December 1999. We excluded patients who received non-standard hearts (e.g., donor age >55 years). Group 1 received hearts from donors with aICB ( n = 80), and Group 2 received hearts from donors who did not have aICB ( n = 171). Results Recipient age, gender, United Network for Organ Sharing status, and indication for transplantation were similar for both groups. Donors in Group 1 were older (41 vs 26 years, p = 0.001), more commonly women (55% vs 20%, p = 0.001), and more often had history of hypertension (26% vs 2%, p = 0.001). Survival to discharge was 86% in Group 1 and 95% in Group 2. Actuarial 5-year survival was 72% for Group 1 and 81% for Group 2 ( p = 0.52). Regression analysis showed that receiving a heart from a donor with aICB was a risk factor for early recipient mortality but not for long-term outcome (odds ratio=3.25, p = 0.02, and hazard ratio=1.16, p = 0.69, respectively). Donor aICB, female gender, and abnormal initial echocardiogram (global hypokinesia) were selected as clinically relevant independent risk factors for early mortality of the recipient, using a fitted multifactor logistic regression model (goodness-of-fit chi-square p value=0.94). Donor age, accident-to-retrieval time interval, and borderline left ventricular hypertrophy did not significantly differ. Five-year freedom from transplant coronary artery disease in Group 1 was 74% (vs 80% in Group 2, p = 0.05). Conclusions The trend observed in this series suggests that receiving a heart from a donor with aICB is a potential independent risk factor for early mortality after transplantation independent of age. Caution should be used when evaluating such donors, particularly when other risk factors such as female donor or depressed ejection fraction are present.
Final results of the CONDORS convective diffusion experiment

The Convective Diffusion Observed by Remote Sensors (CONDORS) field experiment conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory used innovative techniques to obtain three-dimensional mappings of plume concentration fields, χ/Q, of oil fog detected by lidar and “chaff” detected by Doppler radar. It included extensive meteorological measurements and, in 1983, tracer gases measured at a single sampling arc. Final results from ten hours of elevated and surface release data are summarized here. Many intercomparisons were made. Oil fog χ/Q measured 40m above the arc are mostly in good agreement with SF 6 values, except in a few instances with large spacial inhomogeneities over short distances. After a correction scheme was applied to compensate for the effect of its settling speed, chaff ∫ χdy/Q agreed well with those of oil except in two cases of oil fog “hot spots”. Mass or frequency distribution vs. azimuth or elevation angle comparisons were made for chaff, oil, and wind, with mostly good agreements. Spacial standard deviations, σ y and σ z , of chaff and oil agree overall and are consistent at short range with velocity standard deviations σ v and σ w ≈ 0.6w* (the convective scale velocity), as measured at z > 100m. Surface release σ y is enhanced up to 60% at small x, consistent with the Prairie Grass measurements and with larger σ v and reduced wind speed measured near the surface. Decreased σ y at small dimensionless average times is also noted. Finally, convectively scaled ∫ χdy, C y , were plotted versus dimensionless x and z for oil, chaff, and corrected chaff for each 30–60 min period. Aggregated CONDORS C y fields compare well with laboratory tank and LES numerical simulations; surface-released oil fog compares expecially well with the tank experiments. However, large deviations from the norm occurred in individual averaging periods; these deviations correlated strongly with anomalies in measured w distributions.
Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of organic nanoparticles

This review discusses briefly the preparation, electrochemistry, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) as well as spectroscopic properties of organic nanoparticles. Organic nanoparticles, ranging from several tens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers in diameter, were successfully prepared by various methods. Using a simple reprecipitation method, organic nanoparticles of a very small size can be prepared and show unique electrochemical and ECL characteristics. As with inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles suggest possible applications, like labels for the analysis of biological materials with ECL.
Effect of propagule type and growing environment on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in potato germplasm

Wild potato species are maintained primarily as botanical seed populations, so tuber trait studies require conversion of germplasm to tuber form. Such tubers may be obtained from seedlings produced directly from botanical seed or from plants grown from tuber propagules (tuberlings). Since most wild species require short days for tuberization, it is not possible to generate field tubers of these species in most USA locations. Historically, tubers for research evaluations have been generated in the artificial conditions of the winter greenhouse. Since the potato crop is normally grown from tubers produced from tuberlings grown in the field, it is important to know how much results differ when evaluating tubers that were produced from seedlings grown in the greenhouse. We compared antioxidant activity and phenolic content of tubers generated in the greenhouse at Sturgeon Bay, WI, from seedlings, and tubers generated from both seedlings and tuberlings in the field at the Kula Experiment Station, Kula, Maui, HI. A ‘mini-core’ set of 75 PIs representing 25 wild and primitive cultivated species was used. Differences in means of propagule types and growing environments were significant but not large. Average amount of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of tubers from field-grown seedlings was higher than that of tubers from tuberlings. These values were also higher in field-grown tubers than in greenhouse-grown tubers. Relative performance was similar regardless of environment or propagule type, with some important exceptions. Tubers of Solarium pinnatisectum and Solanum jamesii were high regardless of treatment. In contrast, tubers of certain Solanum microdontum, canasense, stenotomum and commersonii (species much more amenable to breeding) exhibited high antioxidant levels when produced in the field from tuberlings, but not when produced from greenhouse-grown seedlings. Thus, some germplasm may not exhibit useful antioxidant potential when tubers are produced in artificial greenhouse conditions.
Voltinism, seasonal reproduction, and diapause in the squash bug (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Kansas

The squash bug (SB), Anasa tristis DeGeer, completes 1.5 generations per yr in northeastern Kansas. Overwintered adults mate and oviposit on cucurbitaceous host plants from early June to mid-August. Most eggs are deposited from June to early July when female survivorship is highest, but some oviposition occurs through mid-August. First-generation adults begin to emerge between the 1st and 3rd wk of July. Oviposition commences 7–10 d after emergence. Females that emerge before late July avoid diapause and produce a second generation. Thereafter the incidence of diapause increases progressively, reaching 100% in first- and second-generation females that emerge in early September. Diapausing females do not mate or reproduce until the following spring. SB males also appear to undergo diapause but, unlike females, they overwinter with mature reproductive organs. The primary expression of male diapause is suppressed reproductive behavior. Reproductive periods of overwintered and first summer-generation adults overlap. The extent of this overlap depends in part on spring temperature conditions that influence field entry by overwintered adults; the oviposition schedule; and development of first-generation progeny. During cool springs, a large proportion of first-generation SB emerge late in the season and enter diapause. In these years, smaller, less-damaging, populations occur.
On dynamical systems with high frequency parametric excitation

Abstract General non-linear dynamical systems with parametric excitations are studied. The study includes a detailed analysis of the effect of “fast” parametric excitations and also the effect of the simultaneous occurrence of “fast” and “slow” parametric excitation. The parametric excitations when they are “fast” and have frequency values close to each other are also studied and this gives results similar to the experimental results of Bogdanoff and Citron. The results have asymptotic validity based on some recent mathematical results of Sethna.
Quarks, gluons and the pion-nucleon coupling constant

Abstract A variant of the MIT bag model of confined quarks is used to express the pion-nucleon coupling constant ƒ π in terms of the Δ(1232)−N(938) mass difference ΔM. Both ΔM and ƒ π are supposed to occur via the exchange of a single magnetic gluon. The result, which scales with the 5 2 power of the proton charge radius Rp, produces about one half the experimental value for quark wave functions fitted to nucleon parameters.
Mao Tse-tung and the Middle Peasants, 1925-1928

On December 25, 1947, in the midst of the great land reform movement, Mao Tse-tung directed all cadres to follow "two fundamental principles": "1. Satisfy the demands of the poor peasants and agricultural workers; this is the basic task of the land reform. 2. Firmly unite with the middle peasants; do not attack their interests" (Mao, 1972: vol. X, 105). This strategy of relying on the poor peasants and agricultural workers while allying with the middle peasants was basic to the Communistled rural revolution. This article examines the early origins of that strategy, beginning with the pre-1927 context in which Mao first began to think about and to organize peasants.
Treatment of cells with the angiogenic inhibitor fumagillin results in increased stability of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-associated glycoprotein, p67, and reduced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases.

Fumagillin, an angiogenic inhibitor, binds to methionine aminopeptidase 2, which is the same as eukaryotic initiation factor 2-associated glycoprotein, p67. p67 protects eIF2α from phosphorylation by its kinases. To understand the importance of fumagillin binding to p67, we measured the level of p67 in mouse C2C12 myoblasts treated with fumagillin. We show that fumagillin increases the stability of p67 by decreasing its turnover rate. The increased levels of p67 result in inhibition of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERKs 1 and 2). p67 binds to these ERKs, and the 108−480 amino acid segment is sufficient for this binding. p67's affinity to ERKs 1 and 2 also increases in fumagillin-treated myoblasts while its affinity for eIF2α remains unchanged. A mutant at the conserved amino acid residue D251A increases the phosphorylation of ERKs 1 and 2 without affecting the binding to p67, thus indicating the importance of this residue in the regulation of the phosphorylation of the...
Field-dependent introvert and neuroticism: Eysenck and Witkin united.

Based on derivations from the theories of Witkin and Eysenck, it was predicted that field-dependent introverts would have a higher incidence of neuroticism (above the 70th percentile, as measured b...
Subcritical creep compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions: Effects of water and grain size

[1] Compactional creep was measured for aggregates of quartz sand that were subjected to an effective pressure of 34.5 MPa and temperature of 150°C for times up to 6 months. The effects of grain size and water on creep were determined by loading quartz aggregates of 255 ± 60, 130 ±18, and 35 ± 12 μm grain size under nominally dry, water vapor, static liquid water, and flowing water conditions. All aggregates displayed transient, decelerating creep; volume strain rates as low as 2 × 10−10 s−1 were achieved. Volume strain rate increases systematically with decrease in grain size and increase in exposure to water at comparable strain or time. Despite the fact that the effective pressure applied was far less than the critical pressures for short-term cataclastic compaction of the quartz aggregates, grain-scale microstructures indicate that the underlying mechanism of creep is crack growth. Creep rates are explained by subcritical crack growth, as governed by water–silicate reactions at crack tips, controlled by access of water at dry and vapor conditions, and solute chemistry under static and flowing liquid water conditions. Extrapolation of the experimental results to natural compaction of quartz sand during burial and diagenesis over times of tens of millions of years indicates that porosity loss through subcritical cracking and grain rearrangement of medium-grained, porous, wet quartz sands can reach ∼10%.
The Growth of Mexican Restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska

Many studies of ethnicity focus on the attempt to preserve individual group identity through various cultural media including food. In this paper we focus on the diffusion and assimilation of one ethnic group's signature foods into areas occupied by other groups. The goal is to identify the interval of time when an ethnic food makes the transition from “ exotic ethnic other” to “ common ethnic American.” In this study we focus on Mexican food (or more accurately, Tex-Mex food) in Omaha, Nebraska. We use a combination of U.S. Census data, restaurant listings in Omaha telephone directories, a targeted questionnaire, and interviews with Mexican restaurant owners to examine the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants from historically ethnic Mexican population centers to the mostly non-Mexican portions of the city. We suggest that, after a period of experimentation and eventual acceptance by various European ethnic immigrant groups, the restaurant market in Omaha was prepared for the diffusion of Mexican res...
Elevated Expression of Notch1 Is Associated With Metastasis of Human Malignancies

The expression level of Notch1 has been studied in many primary tumor types, but has not been widely investigated in metastatic lesions from human malignancies. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), the expression level of Notch1 was evaluated and compared between primary and metastatic tumors in 12 different cancers. The mean IHC score of Notch1 was significantly increased in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 5.4 ± 0.7) and in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC; 5.0 ± 2.3) compared with primary HCC (3.1 ± 0.7, P = .035) and RCC (1.3 ± 0.6, P = .049), respectively. Similarly, the expression level of Notch1 showed an increasing trend in the metastatic malignancies in the larynx, prostate, and stomach compared with corresponding primary malignancies (P values are .055, .072, and .074, respectively). The results demonstrate elevated expression of Notch1 in some metastatic tumors, suggesting that Notch1 may play an important role in the development or maintenance of metastatic lesions, and targeting of Notch1 might be a therapeutic approach against tumor metastasis.
Prediction and scaling of reflected impulse from strong blast waves

Abstract In this note, the author compares a simple equation for prediction of the impulse from strong, normally reflected blast waves with experiment and shows range of validity. He also establishes scaling laws for this blast parameter and compares with laws formulated by Hopkinson and Sachs.
Influence of work-hardening on the dynamic stress-strain curves of 4340 steel

The experimentally determined one-dimensional strain dynamic stress-strain curve of Rc54 hardness 4340 steel is shown to be in agreement with the uniaxial strain curve calculated from quasi-static properties. Strain-rate independent elastic-plastic theory including workhardening was employed in the calculation. The agreement between theory and experiment shows that the stress-strain curve of fully hardened 4340 obtained at low strain rate, which indicates appreciable work-hardening, can be used to predict dynamic behavior. In contrast, the experimental data for RC15and Rc32-4340 steel showed strain-rate sensitivity. When these data are analyzed by the same procedure used for the fully hardened steel, a different stress-strain path is obtained for each peak stress level investigated. The results suggest that the observed large increase in flow stress with increase in strain rate is not limited to stress levels around the yield point but persists as long as the strain rate is high.
Gravity wave-driven flows in the solar tachocline

We present results from time-dependent hydrodynamic calculations of the interaction between internal gravity waves and the mean radial differential rotation in the solar tachocline. Such waves are thought to be generated by turbulent fluid motions at the base of the convection zone. Our simplified model treats the effects of wave forcing, produced by radiative damping of downward propagating disturbances, on the rotational shear flow in the region immediately below the convection zone. We have used the model to investigate the dependence of the computed flow properties on the values assumed for the wave frequency, the horizontal component of the wavevector, the initial wave velocity amplitude, and the viscosity of the background medium. Our results indicate that if the first three of these quantities are held fixed, stationary shear flow solutions are obtained for viscosities larger than a parameter-dependent critical value. If the viscosity is continuously decreased from this value, the flow undergoes a succession of dramatic transformations, first becoming periodic, then quasi-periodic, and ultimately chaotic when the viscosity is made sufficiently small. We discuss the implications of these results for the recently reported time variability of the angular velocity of rotation within the solar tachocline.
“Inverse-Electron-Demand” Ligand Substitution in Palladium(0)−Olefin Complexes

Ligand substitution reactions are ubiquitous in transition-metal chemistry and catalysis. Investigation of ligand substitution reactions for a series of electron-rich palladium(0)−olefin complexes, (bathocuproine)Pd(nitrostyrene) reveals an unprecedented mechanism in which the metal serves as the nucleophilic partner in an “associative” substitution pathway.