cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for the transportation of traumatically injured children

Abstract Background Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are a common mode of transportation for pediatric trauma patients. We hypothesized that HEMS improve outcomes for traumatically injured children compared to ground emergency medical services (GEMS). Methods We queried trauma registries of two level 1 pediatric trauma centers for children 0–17 years, treated from 2003 to 2013, transported by HEMS or GEMS, with known transport starting location and outcome. A geocoding service estimated travel distance and time. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to adjust for injury severity variables and travel distance/time. Results We identified 14,405 traumatically injured children; 3870 (26.9%) transported by HEMS and 10,535 (73.1%) transported by GEMS. Transport type was not significantly associated with survival, ICU length of stay, or discharge disposition. Transport by GEMS was associated with a 68.6%–53.1% decrease in hospital length of stay, depending on adjustment for distance/time. Results were similar for children with severe injuries, and with propensity score matched cohorts. Of note, 862/3850 (22.3%) of HEMS transports had an ISS Conclusions HEMS do not independently improve outcomes for traumatically injured children, and 22.3% of children transported by HEMS are not significantly injured. These factors should be considered when requesting HEMS for transport of traumatically injured children.
Transformations of a Large Aggregate of Hydroxycinnamate Hydroxylase to Lower Molecular Weight Forms by Sulfhydryl Agents in Green Leaves of Sorghum

The large, partly microsomal aggregate containing 4-hydroxycinnamate hydroxylase activity isolated from green leaves of Sorghum bicolor at pH 6 was obtained instead as intermediate molecular weight forms when green leaves were ground in the presence of 10 mm mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Elution profiles from agarose (Bio-Gel A-15m and A-1.5m) columns indicated that the 4-hydroxycinnamate hydroxylase activity was due either to multiple forms or to a mixture of forms in various stages of dissociation, the largest being eluted just after the void volume from an agarose 1.5m column. The larger form was similar to the major one found previously in etiolated leaves and was precipitated in the same ammonium sulfate fraction. The activity was unstable, but could be reactivated by incubation of the undiluted enzyme extract alone at 30 C prior to the assay. The data indicate that disulfide bonds are involved in the in vivo formation of the large aggregate in green leaves as well as being necessary for the maintenance of optimal activity of smaller polymeric forms in vitro.
Analytical efficiency comparison between gas turbine and gas turbine hybrid engines for passenger cars

AbstractThe performance and emissions of two alternative types of gas turbine engine for a chosen family vehicle are compared. One engine is a regenerative 71 kW gas turbine; the other is a hybrid power plant composed of a 15 kW gas turbine and a 7 MJ flywheel. These engines would give generally similar vehicle performance to that produced by 71 kW spark ignition and compression ignition engines. (The turbine engines would be lighter and, with a free power turbine, would have a more favourable torque-speed curve (1), giving them some advantages.) Results predict that for long-distance trips the hybrid engine would have a considerably better fuel economy and would produce lower emissions than the piston engines, and that the ‘straight’ gas turbine would be even better. For shorter commuting trips the hybrid would be able to run entirely from energy acquired and stored from house electricity, and it could therefore be the preferred choice for automobiles used primarily for urban driving when environmental f...
Discriminative Control of "Attention"

Three pigeons were trained to discriminate between two tones differing in frequency in the presence of light of one color (A), and not to discriminate between the tones in the presence of light of another color (B). Generalization functions that were determined in the presence of light A showed control of behavior by the frequency of the tone; those determined in the presence of light B did not.
A synthesis of the HIV-protease inhibitor nelfinavir from d-tartaric acid

Abstract This letter describes a new synthesis of the HIV-protease inhibitor nelfinavir. The synthesis features a selective opening of a d -tartaric acid-derived cyclic sulfate with nitrogen nucleophiles.
Multifunctional Integrated Photonic Switches for Nanosecond Packet-Switched Wavelength Conversion

We report multifunctional integrated photonic switches that provide optical wavelength conversion across the C-band at 3.5 Gb/s that is electrically packet-switched within a reconfiguration time of <2.5ns. These switches also provide optical packet-switching in <300ps.
The Effects of Divorce and Remarriage on the Academic Achievement of High School Seniors

Abstract Divorce and remarriage rates in the United States have climbed at an astounding rate during the past several decades. Consequences of this change in family structure have impacted millions of children in a variety of ways. This study assessed the impact of divorce and remarriage in relation to student's academic achievement. Two hypotheses were introduced reflecting expectations suggested by previous studies. High school seniors from a middle class school in a Rocky Mountain State served as the population for this study. The results suggest that family structure impacts both the grade point average and attendance of high school students. Adolescents from intact families outperform students from other family structures. The differences between students from single-parent families and remarried families were less clear. However, what was clear was that results were most pronounced for females. Females were more negatively impacted by family structures resulting from divorce and remarriage than were...
Computational aspects of the product-of-exponentials formula for robot kinematics

In this article we investigate the modeling and computational aspects of the product-of-exponentials (POE) formula for robot kinematics. While its connections with Lie groups and Lie algebras give the POE equations mathematical appeal, little is known regarding its usefulness for control and other applications. We show that the POE formula admits a simple global interpretation of an open kinematic chain and possesses several useful device-independent features absent in the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) representations. Methods for efficiently computing the forward kinematics and Jacobian using these equations are presented. In particular, the computational requirements for evaluating the Jacobian from the POE formula are compared to those of the recursive methods surveyed in Orin and Schrader (1984). >
Involvement of gene-specific DNA damage and apoptosis in the differential toxicity of mitomycin C analogs towards B-lineage versus T-lineage lymphoma cells

Avian and mammalian B- and T-lineage lymphocytes display differential sensitivity to a variety of genotoxic agents. Specifically, T-lineage cells show a high degree of resistance to the toxic effects of exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas B-lineage cells show a high degree of sensitivity. We used a model system consisting of virally transformed B- and T-lymphoma cell lines to further define the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the differential toxicity of two chemotherapeutic drugs that induce DNA-interstrand cross-links to different degrees, mitomycin C (MMC) and its aminodisulfide analog, BMY 25067. Quantification of the number of cross-links introduced in the transcriptionally active ribosomal RNA gene cluster revealed that similar levels of DNA damage were induced in B- and T-lymphoma cell lines. However, B-lymphoma cells were highly sensitive to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of growth compared with the more resistant T-lymphoma cells for both compounds. BMY 25067 induced approximately 2-fold more cross-links in rDNA than did MMC, along with a concurrent enhanced induction of apoptosis in both B- and T-lymphoma cell lines. An analysis of the persistence of DNA lesions over multiple cell cycles revealed that neither B- nor T-lymphoma cells repaired DNA cross-links to a significant extent. These data suggest that differences in the extent or persistence of DNA-interstrand cross-links are not responsible for the differential toxicity of MMC and its analog towards B- versus T-lineage cells. Rather, differential drug toxicity involves early and extensive entry into apoptosis in B-lymphoma cells contrasted to the delayed and minimal apoptotic induction in T-lymphoma cells.
THE PREADAPTIVE OXIDATION OF GALACTOSE BY YEAST.

A preadaptive purely aerobic utilization of galactose by yeast cells has been demonstrated. Hence, the adaptation by yeast to galactose is not to its utilization per se, but specifically to its metabolism by a glycolytic mechanism. An examination of this preadaptive oxidation of galactose reveals that it has many characteristics in common with the endogenous metabolism of yeast. Included among these are the similarities of the R.Q. values and the response of the QOO2 and QCOCO2O2 to KCN and iodoacetic acid. Further, a competitive interaction appears to exist between the endogenous respiration and the preadaptive oxidation of the galactose. The latter can replace the endogenous respiration as a source of energy for the adaptation to the fermentation of the galactose. Carbon balance studies of the galactose oxidation revealed that polysaccharide could be formed as a result of this metabolism during the preadaptive period. Non-adaptable cells were also found to possess the capacity to oxidize galactose in the complete absence of any ability to metabolize it anaerobically. The significance of these findings for the biochemistry and physiology of the adaptation is discussed.
Transparent Conducting Oxides Based Nanoscale Electro-Optic Modulators

Electro-optic modulators based on epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials are proposed, in which transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are used as the ENZ materials. The modulators have the advantages of nanoscale dimensions, small insertion loss, and easy fabrication.
Solubility and electrophoretic properties of ovarial protein of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae

During the maturation of the ovaries of Leucophaea maderae, the protein content increases about seventyfold. Approximately 80 per cent of the total protein from the mature ovary is soluble in saline at an ionic strength of 0·4 or greater. Analysis by disk electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel of saline extracts from ovaries at progressive stages of maturation showed an increase in relative concentration of five bands. These five bands are presumed to be yolk. Most of the increase is identified with one band which is a lipoprotein. Lowering the ionic strength of the saline extracts to 0·2 by dilution with water precipitates protein corresponding to three of the five bands including the major band.
Progress in the Genetics of Polygenic Brain Disorders: Significant New Challenges for Neurobiology

Advances in genome analysis, accompanied by the assembly of large patient cohorts, are making possible successful genetic analyses of polygenic brain disorders. If the resulting molecular clues, previously hidden in the genomes of affected individuals, are to yield useful information about pathogenesis and inform the discovery of new treatments, neurobiology will have to rise to many difficult challenges. Here we review the underlying logic of the genetic investigations, describe in more detail progress in schizophrenia and autism, and outline the challenges for neurobiology that lie ahead. We argue that technologies at the disposal of neuroscience are adequately advanced to begin to study the biology of common and devastating polygenic disorders.
Semiclassical Wheeler wormhole production

It is argued that if topology change is allowed in quantum gravity, it is possible to create a Wheeler wormhole, i.e. a pair of oppositely charged extreme Reissner-Nordstrom black holes identified at their throats, in an electromagnetic field. The instanton describing this process is found, and the tunneling rate computed in the semiclassical approximation.
Anatomical and morphological factors correlating with rupture of intracranial aneurysms in patients referred for endovascular treatment.

The size of intracranial aneurysms is the only characteristic shown to correlate with their rupture. However, the critical size for rupture has varied considerably among previous accounts and remains a point of controversy. Our goal was to identify statistically significant clinical and morphological factors predictive of the occurrence of rupture and aneurysm size in patients referred for endovascular treatment. We retrospectively recorded the following factors from 74 patients who presented with ruptured (40) or unruptured (34) aneurysms: aneurysm morphology (uni/multilobulated), location (anterior/posterior), maximum diameter, diameter of the neck, and the patient's age and sex. We performed stepwise discriminant, and stepwise and logistic regression analysis to identify factors predicting rupture and the size of the aneurysm at rupture. The mean diameter of the ruptured aneurysms was 11.9 ± 6.3 mm, range 3.0–33.0 mm, and that of the unruptured aneurysm 13.5 ± 5.8 mm, range 5.0–30 mm. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified aneurysm morphology (P < 0.001) and location in the intracranial circulation (P < 0.001) as statistically significant factors in predicting rupture. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that aneurysm morphology and the size of the neck were predictors of aneurysm size at rupture.
Anthrax toxin complexes: heptameric protective antigen can bind lethal factor and edema factor simultaneously.

The 83 kDa protective antigen (PA(83)) component of anthrax toxin, after proteolytic activation, self-associates to form ring-shaped heptamers ([PA(63)](7)) that bind and aid delivery of the Edema Factor (EF) and Lethal Factor (LF) components to the cytosol. Here we show using fluorescence (Forster) resonance energy transfer that a molecule of [PA(63)](7) can bind EF and LF simultaneously. We labeled EF and LF with an appropriate donor/acceptor pair and found quenching of the donor and an increase in sensitized emission of the acceptor when, and only when, a mixture of the labeled proteins was combined with [PA(63)](7). Addition of unlabeled PA(63)-binding domain of LF to the mixture competitively displaced labeled EF and LF, causing a loss of energy transfer. In view of the known maximum occupancy of 3 ligand molecules per [PA(63)](7), these findings indicate that PA, EF, and LF can form mixtures of liganded toxin complexes containing both EF and LF.
Glass Ionomers: Current Clinical Developments

Although glass ionomers have been on the U.S. market for less than 20 years, their improved properties have resulted in a wide range of applications in restorative dentistry.
Homologous structure–function relationships between native fibrocartilage and tissue engineered from MSC-seeded nanofibrous scaffolds

Understanding the interplay of composition, organization and mechanical function in load-bearing tissues is a prerequisite in the successful engineering of tissues to replace diseased ones. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on electrospun scaffolds have been successfully used to generate organized tissues that mimic fibrocartilages such as the knee meniscus and the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. While matrix deposition has been observed in parallel with improved mechanical properties, how composition, organization, and mechanical function are related is not known. Moreover, how this relationship compares to that of native fibrocartilage is unclear. Therefore, in the present work, functional fibrocartilage constructs were formed from MSC-seeded nanofibrous scaffolds, and the roles of collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in compressive and tensile properties were determined. MSCs deposited abundant collagen and GAG over 120 days of culture, and these extracellular molecules were organized in such a way that they performed similar mechanical functions to their native roles: collagen dominated the tensile response while GAG was important for compressive properties. GAG removal resulted in significant stiffening in tension. A similar stiffening response was observed when GAG was removed from native inner annulus fibrosus, suggesting an interaction between collagen fibers and their surrounding extrafibrillar matrix that is shared by both engineered and native fibrocartilages. These findings strongly support the use of electrospun scaffolds and MSCs for fibrocartilage tissue engineering, and provide insight on the structure-function relations of both engineered and native biomaterials.
Effective control of photomask surface chemical residuals through thermal treatment

We investigated the control of residual ions on the mask surface and the phase/transmission change rate by using thermal treatment after a conventional cleaning process. We hypothesized that the remaining sulfuric ions on the mask surface could combine with other ions and produce compounds during the thermal treatment. These compounds are easily removed by a hot D.I water rinse. Our study shows that the amount of remaining sulfuric ions is 250ng/mask when the mask has been thermally treated. The amount of sulfuric ions is substantially reduced compared to the results of other cleaning processes. Additionally we have found that the thermal treatment can be reduced varying the phase/trans value according to the cleaning cycle and the variation was stable even with a higher concentration of SC-1 solution.
Internet-based education on the structure, function, and imaging of fluorescent proteins

Despite the explosive growth of the Internet (in terms of the World Wide Web) as an informational resource for the original scientific literature pertaining to fluorescent protein investigations, there remains an obvious void in educational Websites targeted at beginning students and novices in the field. To address this issue, educational sites dedicated to optical microscopy and digital imaging being constructed and hosted at The Florida State University are turning their attention to the increasing application of fluorescent proteins for live-cell imaging studies. The primary focus of this effort is to create new sections of the sites that address the structure and properties of fluorescent proteins as well as optimizing their utility in imaging experiments.
Nucleation of nanometer-scale electrocatalyst particles in solid oxide fuel cell anodes

Abstract This letter describes a method for forming Ru nanoclusters on oxide anode surfaces during the initial stages of solid oxide fuel cell operation, yielding improved anode performance without additional processing steps. Transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy observations showed that Ru nanoclusters precipitated onto La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Cr 0.82 Ru 0.18 O 3− δ surfaces after exposure to hydrogen at 800 °C, with Ru cluster size stabilizing at ≤5 nm for the longest times tested, ∼300 h. Solid oxide fuel cell tests were done in humidified hydrogen at 800 °C with La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Cr 0.82 Ru 0.18 O 3− δ –GDC (GDC = Gd-doped ceria) anodes on LSGM electrolyte-supported cells. Cell power density increased over the first ∼50 h of cell operation from ∼200 to 400 mW cm −2 due to an anode polarization resistance decrease from ∼0.6 to 2 .
Optoacoustic monitoring of drug and contrast agent diffusion through skid

Opto-acoustic tomography is proposed and evaluated as a method to visualize and quantify penetration of drugs and optical contrast agents in skin and nails. Opto-acoustic front surface transducer operating in backward mode was developed and tested. Experimental results demonstrated that monitoring of drug diffusion in tissue is feasible with spatial resolution limited only by duration of laser pulses. Axial in-depth resolution of 18 um was achieved with 12-ns long laser pulses. Penetration of skin moisturizing lotions in skin and other solutions was visualized with the opto-acoustic tomography.
Identification of the 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase required for coenzyme F(420) biosynthesis.

The hydride carrier coenzyme F420 contains the unusual chromophore 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (FO). Microbes that generate F420 produce this FO moiety using a pyrimidine intermediate from riboflavin biosynthesis and the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate precursor of tyrosine. The fbiC gene, cloned from Mycobacterium smegmatis, encodes the bifunctional FO synthase. Expression of this protein in Escherichia coli caused the host cells to produce FO during growth, and activated cell-free extracts catalyze FO biosynthesis in vitro. FO synthase in the methanogenic euryarchaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii comprises two proteins encoded by cofG (MJ0446) and cofH (MJ1431). Both subunits were required for FO biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro. Cyanobacterial genomes encode homologs of both genes, which are used to produce the coenzyme for FO-dependent DNA photolyases. A molecular phylogeny of the paralogous cofG and cofH genes is consistent with the genes being vertically inherited within the euryarchaeal, cyanobacterial, and actinomycetal lineages. Ancestors of the cyanobacteria and actinomycetes must have acquired the two genes, which subsequently fused in actinomycetes. Both CofG and CofH have putative radical S-adenosylmethionine binding motifs, and pre-incubation with S-adenosylmethionine, Fe2+, sulfide, and dithionite stimulates FO production. Therefore a radical reaction mechanism is proposed for the biosynthesis of FO.
Experimental evaluation of the potential of tropical germplasm for temperate maize improvement

Commercial maize (Zea mays L.) in the USA has a restricted genetic base as newer hybrids are largely produced from crosses among elite inbred lines representing a small sample (predominantly about 6- to 8-base inbreds) of the Stiff stalk and Lancaster genetic backgrounds. Thus, expansion of genetic diversity in maize has been a continuous challenge to breeders. Tropical germplasm has been viewed as a useable source of diversity, although the integration of tropical germplasm into existing inbred line and hybrid development is laborious. The present study is an evaluation of the potential of tropical germplasm for temperate maize improvement. All possible single-, three-way-, and double-cross hybrids among three largely temperate and three temperate-adapted, all-tropical inbred lines were evaluated in yield-trial tests. Single-cross hybrids containing as much as 50–60% tropical germplasm produced 8.0 t ha-1 of grain yield, equivalent to the mean yield of the commercial check hybrids. On the other hand, three-way and double-cross hybrids with the highest mean yield contained lower amounts of tropical germplasm, 10–19% and 34–44%, respectively. Overall, hybrids containing 10–60% tropical germplasm yielded within the range of the commercial hybrid checks. Hybrids with more than 60% tropical germplasm had significantly lower yields, and 100% tropical hybrids yielded the least among all hybrids evaluated. The results indicate that inbred lines containing tropical germplasm are not only a useful source to expand the genetic diversity of commercial maize hybrids, but they, also are competitive in crosses with temperate materials, producing high-yielding hybrids. These experimental hybrids exhibited good standability (comparable to the commercial check hybrids) but contained 1–2% higher grain moisture, leading to delayed maturity. Recurrent selection procedures are being conducted on derivatives of these materials to extract lines with superior yield, good standability, and reduced grain moisture which can be used for commercial exploitation.
Relation of PCSK9 mutations to serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in childhood and adulthood (from The Bogalusa Heart Study).

Specific mutations in the gene for proprotein convertase, subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9), that are associated with lower coronary heart disease risk may produce lifelong decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, but data on their effects in younger subjects are lacking. We analyzed associations of 1 missense (R46L) and 2 nonsense (Y142X and C679X) PCSK9 mutations with serum LDL cholesterol in 478 African-Americans and 1,086 whites, 4 to 38 years of age, examined 3 to 8 times in the Bogalusa Heart Study. L46 allele frequency in whites was 0.017 ± 0.003; the combined frequency of X142 or X679 alleles in African-Americans was 0.016 ± 0.005. In whites, LDL cholesterol was lower in L46 carriers (78.9 ± 21.8 mg/dl) than in noncarriers (89.7 ± 24.9 mg/dl, p = 0.027) at their first examination (mean age 9.4 ± 3.2 years). African-Americans carrying the X142 or X679 allele had lower LDL cholesterol levels than did noncarriers (77.3 ± 15.1 vs 91.4 ± 23.9 mg/dl, p = 0.043) at their first examination (mean age 9.0 ± 3.0 years). Longitudinal LDL cholesterol profiles were significantly lower in whites with the L46 allele and in African-Americans with the X142 or X679 allele. In conclusion, our results show that these PCSK9 variants are associated with significantly lower LDL cholesterol levels starting in childhood.
Abdominal vagotomy does not block the satiety effect of bombesin in the rat

Bombesin (2–16 μg-kg−1, intraperitoneally) inhibited food intake in rats after abdominal vagotomy. Since the same vagotomized rats did not respond to the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (1–8 μg-kg−1, intraperitoneally), these data are decisive evidence (1) that bombesin does not produce satiety by releasing endogenous cholecystokinin and (2) that vagal afferents are not necessary for the satiety effect of bombesin.
Distribution of thioredoxins f and m with respect to seven light-activated enzymes and three redox-insensitive proteins in pea leaf chloroplasts

Abstract Immunocytolocalization experiments indicate that thioredoxin m is non-randomly distributed with respect to fructose bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11), sedoheptulose bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.37), phosphoribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.19), NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13), P-glycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3), aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27), NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82), ATP synthase (CF1, EC 3.6.1.34) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in pea leaf chloroplasts. Thioredoxin f is distributed non-randomly with respect to each of these enzymes and proteins except sedoheptulose bisphosphatase and the B subunit of glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase. These data, in combination with the results of binding experiments and activation assays reported by other laboratories, suggest that both thioredoxins may be involved in regulation of the activity of the light-activated Calvin cycle enzymes. Co-localization with enzymes not known to be light modulated is consistent with the notion that the thioredoxins might have some secondary function in the chloroplast, such as acting as linker proteins.
Prostate-specific antigen in men born with bladder exstrophy

Abstract Objectives To determine serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men born with bladder exstrophy and to investigate the clinical utility of this test in the bladder exstrophy population. Methods Ten men aged 19 to 45 years with a history of bladder exstrophy underwent digital rectal examination and free and total serum PSA determinations. Immunohistochemistry for PSA and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) was performed on archival prostate tissue from 1 man with bladder exstrophy. Results Free and total serum PSA levels for all patients were measurable and below the upper limit for established age-specific reference ranges for normal men. Both PSA and PSAP were detectable by immunohistochemistry in prostate epithelial cells of a man with bladder exstrophy. Conclusions Men born with bladder exstrophy have detectable serum PSA levels. However, because prostate cancer in men with bladder exstrophy has not been reported, whether PSA will have a clinical role as a serum tumor marker for prostate cancer in this population remains to be determined. If so, the PSA reference range for men with the exstrophy condition will need to be defined. Because prostate histology in men with exstrophy resembles that of normal men, careful clinical monitoring for benign and malignant tumors should not be overlooked in this particular population.
PRESERVATION AND EVOLUTION OF QUARTZ PHENOCRYSTS IN DEFORMED RHYOLITES FROM THE PROTEROZOIC OF SOUTHWESTERN NORTH-AMERICA

Abstract Euhedral quartz phenocrysts (quartz eyes) are well preserved in ductilely deformed Proterozoic metarhyolites in southwestern North America. In a single sample, the phenocrysts can range from undeformed to highly deformed and recrystallized. Matrix fabrics are extremely similar to those in undeformed ash-flow tuffs. The preservation of the phenocrysts reflects an efficient partitioning of strain from the phenocrysts into the finegrained, wet and possibly glassy matrix. Variations in the degree of phenocryst deformation involve: (1) the chemical and mechanical character of the original phenocryst; (2) the degree to which matrix water has access to the quartz crystal: and (3) crystallographic orientation. Phenocryst-bearing metarhyolites are relatively strain-insensitive, but they contain important kinematic information even in recrystallized rocks where constraints on early structural events are rare. Most phenocrysts have asymmetrical tails, shadows, or deflected matrix foliations that indicate a consistent sense of shear throughout a sample or outcrop. These deformation-induced fabrics are readily distinguishable from primary fabrics in all but the lowest grade samples. In the Tusas Mountains of northern New Mexico and in the Shylock fault zone of central Arizona, quartz-eye metarhyolites have been useful in differentiating early thrusting and shortening events from later syn-metamorphic events that dominate the microstructures and obscure the early tectonic history.
Visual scanning patterns of radiologists searching mammograms.

Rationale and Objectives. I examined whether the principles of search, detection, and decision making described for pulmonary nodule detection can be applied to lesion detection in mammographic images. Methods. The eye position of six radiologists (three staff mammographers and three radiology residents) was recorded as they searched mammograms for masses and microcalcifications. Results. True- and false-positive decisions were associated with prolonged gaze durations; false-negative decisions were associated with longer gaze durations than true-negatives. Readers with more experience tended to detect lesions earlier in the search than did readers with less experience, but those with less experience tended to spend more time overall searching the images and cover more image area than did those with more experience. Conclusion. Gaze duration is a useful predictor of missed lesions in mammography, making gaze duration a potential tool for perceptual feedback. Mammographic search for readers with different degrees of experience can be characterized by gaze durations, scan paths, and detection times.
Evaluation of Project Students are Sun Safe (SASS): A University Student-Delivered Skin Cancer Prevention Program for Schools

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the USA and is increasing in children and young adults. Adolescents are an important target population for sun-safety interventions with ultraviolet radiation as the strongest risk factor for developing skin cancer. Schools are an ideal setting to intervene with adolescents. A novel Arizona skin cancer prevention in-class education-activity program, Project ‘Students are Sun Safe’ (SASS), was designed to be delivered by university students for middle school and high school students. Participant students completed the pre- and post-program tests and a satisfaction questionnaire; teachers completed reviews. The evaluation examined the program’s influence on participants’ sun-safety knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors; satisfaction with the program; and intent to change. After exposure to Project SASS, participants were more likely to perceive a high risk of skin cancer, report negative attitudes toward tanned skin, and answer knowledge-based questions correctly. There were minimal differences in self-reported sun-safety behaviors, though participants did report intent to change. Both participants and teachers were satisfied with the program. Project SASS appears to be an effective sun-safety program for middle school and high school students for knowledge and perceptions, and the results confirm that appropriately tailoring program components to the target population has strong potential to impact adolescent perceived susceptibility, knowledge, and behavioral intent. The strengths and weaknesses of Project SASS have many implications for public health practice, and Project SASS may hold promise to be a model for skin cancer prevention in adolescents.
Studies on root enamel (I). Some historical notes on cervical enamel projections

Abstract This is the first in a series of papers dealing with root enamel. An historical study of cervical enamel projections revealed that they were described as early as the 1st half of the 19th century, while numerous more detailed studies employing microscopy were published in the 1920s. The possible association of cervical enamel extensions and furcation involvements, which had been credited to Masters and Hoskins, was found to be clearly stated by Watson and Woods.
The CAG/Polyglutamine Tract Diseases: Gene Products and Molecular Pathogenesis

In the past few years, a new type of genetic mutation, expansion of trinucleotide repeats, has been shown to cause neurologic disease. This new class of mutations was first identified in 1991 as the underlying genetic defect in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy and the fragile X syndrome, and in recent years, trinucleotide repeat expansions have been found to be the causative mechanism in 10 other neurologic diseases. These mutations are produced by heritable unstable DNA and are termed "dynamic mutations" because of changes in the number of repeat units inherited from generation to generation. In the normal population, these repeat units, although polymorphic, are stably inherited. To date four types of trinucleotide repeat expansions have been identified: (1) long cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repeats in the two fragile X syndromes (FRAXA and FRAXE), (2) long cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) repeat expansions in myotonic dystrophy, (3) long guanine-adenine-adenine repeat expansions in Friedreich's ataxia and (4) short cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat expansions (CAG) which are implicated in eight neurodegenerative disorders and are the focus of this review. Diseases that are caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions exhibit a phenomenon called anticipation that can not be explained by conventional Mendelian genetics. Anticipation is defined as increase in the severity of disease with an earlier age of onset of symptoms in successive generations. Anticipation is often influenced by the sex of the transmitting parent, and for most CAG repeat disorders, the disease is more severe when paternally transmitted. The severity and the age of onset of the disease have been correlated with the size of the repeats on mutant alleles, with the age of onset being inversely correlated with the size of the expansion. In all eight disorders caused by CAG repeat expansion, the repeat is located within the coding region of the gene involved and in all cases it is translated into a stretch of polyglutamines in the respective proteins. All the proteins are unrelated outside of the polyglutamine stretch and most are novel with exception of the androgen receptor and the voltage gated alpha 1A calcium channel, which are mutated in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. It is intriguing that the proteins are ubiquitously expressed in both peripheral and nervous tissue but in each disorder only a select population of nerve cells are targeted for degeneration as a consequence of the expanded CAG repeat. Current thinking among scientists working on the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in these diseases is that the presence of an expanded polyglutamine confers a gain of function onto the involved protein. To understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases, investigators have turned to generating transgenic mice which recapitulate some of the features of the human disease and hence are excellent model systems to study the progression of the disease in vivo.
Characterization of Electrochemical Responses in Picoliter Volumes

Cyclic voltammetry is conducted in picoliter microvials to investigate the influence of small volumes on the electrochemical response. Electrochemical experiments using a standard reduction-oxidation couple, ferrocene-carboxylic acid, have been performed in volumes as small as 1 pL. Peak-shaped voltammetry and an increase in the current on the reverse wave of the cyclic voltammogram are observed in the voltammetric response when ultrasmall volumes (16 pL or less) are used. This deviation from bulk microelectrode behavior is observed only at slower scan rates in the smaller microvials. The origins of the voltammetric behavior in the small-volume experiments have been probed by varying experimental conditions such as scan rate, vial size, and concentration. The voltammetric properties have been shown to be dependent on all three parameters. The peak-shaped voltammetry and increases in the current on the reverse wave are attributed to depletion of oxidizable species on the forward scan and reduction of the analyte restricted at the electrode surface, respectively. A physical model based on restriction of analyte in these well-defined microenvironments is proposed to explain the differences in current compared to that predicted by microelectrode theory in bulk solutions.
GATA Transcription Factors Regulate the Expression of the Human Eosinophil-derived Neurotoxin (RNase 2) Gene

The transcription factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 have been implicated in promoting differentiation of eosinophilic leukocytes. In this study, we examined the roles of GATA-1 and GATA-2 in activating transcription of the secretory ribonuclease, the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNase 2). Augmented expression of both GATA-1 and GATA-2 was detected in eosinophil promyelocyte HL-60 clone 15 cells in response to biochemical differentiation with butyric acid. Deletion or mutation of one or both of the two consensus GATA-binding sites in the extended 1000-bp 5′ promoter of the EDN gene resulted in profound reduction in reporter gene activity. Antibody-augmented electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that GATA-1 and GATA-2 proteins bind to both functional GATA consensus sequences in the EDN promoter. Interestingly, RNA silencing of GATA-1 alone had no impact on EDN expression; silencing of GATA-2 resulted in diminished expression of EDN, and also diminished expression of GATA-1 in both butyric acid-induced HL-60 clone 15 cells and in differentiating human eosinophils derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Likewise, overexpression of GATA-2 in uninduced HL-60 clone 15 cells resulted in augmented transcription of both EDN and GATA-1. Taken together, our data suggest that GATA-2 functions directly via interactions with the EDN promoter and also indirectly, via its ability to regulate the expression of GATA-1 in differentiating eosinophils and eosinophil cell lines.
Fluorescence and the structure of proteins XXI. Fluorescence of aminotyrosyl residues in peptides and helical proteins

Abstract 1. 1.|Five peptides containing tyrosine were converted to the 3-aminotyrosyl peptides by nitration with tetranitromethane and subsequent reduction of the nitro groups to amino groups. The fluorescence of these aminotyrosyl residues was found to be quite similar to that of 3-aminotyrosine and it is concluded that the fluorescence is not sensitive to incorporation of the amino acid into the peptide chain. 2. 2|Fluorescence of 3-aminotyrosine derivatives was sensitive, however, to the nature of the solvent; as the dielectric constant decreased, fluorescence was enhanced ten fold and the emission maximum shifted from the 350–370 nm value in aqueous solution to 320 nm. It is predicted that similar differences might be expected for exposed and buried aminotyrosyl residues in a protein. 3. 3.|Exposed tyrosyl residues on the helical protein tropomyosin and a helical segment of paramyosin were aminated in part (39% and 34% of the total tyrosyl residues, respectively). The fluorescence of the aminated tyrosyl residues on these proteins was similar to that of the aminotyrosyl peptides in an aqueous medium. Although the fluorescence efficiency of an aminotyrosyl residue was much lower than that of a tyrosyl residue, it was easy to distinguish the fluorescence of the aminotyrosyl residues (350–355 nm) on the protein from that arising from unmodified tyrosyl residues (305 nm).
The Diabetic Diet: Evidence for a New Approach

The dietary prescription for noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus remains an important component in the treatment of this disorder. Recent studies indicate that a diet high in monounsaturated fat and low in carbohydrate can produce a more desirable plasma glucose, lipid, and insulin profile.
The Effect of Mobile Advertising Presentation Parameters on Brand Memory

One problem in mobile advertising is how to design ads that are impactful but not intrusive. One way to lower intrusiveness would be to present smaller ads, which is particularly relevant given the smaller screens on mobile devices. However, one consequence of smaller ads could be reduced ad effectiveness. The current study investigated the effects of ad size and positioning on recognition memory for brands that were advertised in a simulated mobile news service. The results showed that recognition memory was significantly greater for brands advertised in full-screen ads than for those advertised in part-screen ads, but only when the part-screen ads were embedded in the text of a news article. This result occurred even though the average exposure times were longer for the embedded part-screen ads. This suggests that there was reduced encoding of ad attributes due to competition from the text of the news articles.
The distribution of monoaminergic cells and fibers in a periventricular preoptic nucleus involved in the control of gonadotropin release: immunohistochemical evidence for a dopaminergic sexual dimorphism.

Abstract A small, discrete nucleus at the rostral end of the third ventricle, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv), has been reported to be involved in the control of gonadotropin release. Since monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems have also been implicated in this function we used an indirect immunohistochemical approach to examine the distribution of 3 monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems in this nucleus. Sections through the AVPv of both colchicine and non-colchicine-treated adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were processed for immunohistofluorescence with antisera directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), or serotonin (5-HT), and were subsequently counterstained with the fluorescent Nissl stain ethidium bromide. The distributions of TH-, DBH- and 5-HT-immunoreactive neural elements within the AVPv were evaluated and a comparison was made between males and females. In both sexes, few 5-HT-stained fibers were seen within the borders of the AVPv, in contrast to the relatively high 5-HT-stained fiber density of the surrounding region. A dramatic sexual dimorphism was found in the distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies. Compared to males, the AVPv in the female contained 3–4 times as many TH-stained perikarya, and a 2- to 3-fold greater density of TH-stained fibers. A low to moderate density of DBH-immunoreactive fibers, and no DBH-stained cell bodies, were seen in the nucleus. A clear sex difference was not found in the density of DBH-stained fibers in the AVPv, indicating that the sexual dimorphism in TH-immunoreactive neural elements in this nucleus is due to a greater density of dopaminergic fibers and a greater number of dopaminergic cell bodies in the female. These results suggest that dopamine may participate in the control of gonadotropin secretion at the level of the AVPv.
Some considerations in using Prony analysis to estimate electromechanical modes

Prony analysis has been used to estimate oscillation modes from ringdown responses in a power grid. When applying Prony analysis, several factors must be considered to estimate the modes accurately. In this paper, a general prediction model is proposed for the Prony analysis. The influence of decimation factors, model orders, and linear solvers on estimation accuracy is studied using the Monte Carlo method with a goal of providing a reference for applying Prony analysis to estimate electromechanical modes.
Fibro-osseous lesions involving the brain: MRI

We present the MRI findings in two patients with “fibro-osseous lesions” involving the central nervous system. A left temporal lobe mass was present in one patient and an extra-axial mass at the skull base in the other. In both cases, calcification was present, with low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images.
Registration of ‘Byrd’ Wheat

’Byrd’ (Reg. No. CV-1073, PI 664257) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and released in August 2011 through a marketing agreement with the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation. In addition to researchers at Colorado State University (CSU), USDA-ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, St. Paul, MN and Pullman, WA participated in its development. Byrd was selected from the cross ‘TAM 112’/CO9705477 made in 2002 at Fort Collins, CO. TAM 112 (PI 643143) is a hard red winter wheat cultivar released by Texas A&M University in 2005. CO970547-7 is an experimental line from CSU with the pedigree ‘Ike’ (PI 574488)/‘Halt’ (PI 584505). Byrd was selected as an F 3:4 line in July 2006 and assigned experimental line number CO06424. Byrd was released because of its superior grain yield under nonirrigated and irrigated production conditions in eastern Colorado, its resistance to stripe (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) and stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.), and its superior milling and bread-baking quality attributes. The name Byrd was chosen in honor of former CSU wheat breeder and director of the CIMMYT Global Wheat Program, Dr. Byrd C. Curtis.
Multidimensional morphable models

We describe a flexible model for representing images of objects of a certain class, known a priori, such as faces, and introduce a new algorithm for matching it to a novel image and thereby performing image analysis. We call this model a multidimensional morphable model or just a, morphable model. The morphable model is learned from example images (called prototypes) of objects of a class. In this paper we introduce an effective stochastic gradient descent algorithm that automaticaIly matches a model to a novel image by finding the parameters that minimize the error between the image generated by the model and the novel image. Two examples demonstrate the robustness and the broad range of applicability of the matching algorithm and the underlying morphable model. Our approach can provide novel solutions to several vision tasks, including the computation of image correspondence, object verification, image synthesis and image compression.