cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exocytosis with a snap.

Results from mice lacking the synaptic protein SNAP-25 show that evoked neurotransmitter release and spontaneous membrane fusion events require distinct molecular components.
Photochemical studies of iron-only hydrogenase model compounds

FTIR studies of the photochemical reaction of Fe2(SCH2CH2CH2S)(CO)6 (1) in both acetonitrile and toluene are described. Photochemical and thermal reactivity was studied under air, nitrogen and CO, and results are consistent with the loss of CO from 1 upon photolysis and the generation of a solvento species in both coordinating and non-coordinating solvents.
The ethics of informed consent in Alzheimer disease research

Clinical research on Alzheimer disease (AD) is much needed but requires the participation of patients with substantial cognitive impairment who have difficulty providing informed consent. Despite decades of debate, policies regulating such research are not well-defined. Although numerous studies have underscored the difficulties of obtaining informed consent for clinical research from patients compromised by AD, there is also increasing evidence that such individuals and their surrogates can make decisions about research participation that are consistent with the patients' values. Policy discussions and future research should consider how the ethical reservations about enrolling incapacitated patients in research could be mitigated by developing ways to promote the congruence between surrogates' decisions and patients' values.
Representations of Teachers' and Students' Inquiry in 1950s Television and Film.

Today in American classrooms, teachers are asked to guide diverse learners through differentiated, hands-on, cooperative approaches personalized to students’ interests and individual progress, yet ...
Gene regulation. Local or global

Modifications to histone proteins were thought to act only locally to control the expression of single genes. But the finding of such changes across the whole genome brings that view into question.
Simulations of the unsteady separated flow past a normal flat plate

Well-resolved two-dimensional numerical simulations of the unsteady separated flow past a normal flat plate at low Reynolds numbers have been performed using a fractional step procedure with high-order spatial discretization. A fifth-order upwind-biased scheme is used for the convective terms and the diffusive terms are represented by a fourth-order central difference scheme. The pressure Poisson equation is solved using a direct method based on eigenvalue decomposition of the coefficient matrix. A systematic study of the flow has been conducted with high temporal and spatial resolutions for a series of Reynolds numbers. The interactions of the vortices shed form the shear layers in the near-and far-wake regions are studied. For Reynolds numbers less than 250 the vortices are observed to convect parallel to the freestream. However, at higher Reynolds numbers (500 and 1000), complex interactions including vortex pairing, tearing and deformations are seen to occur in the far-wake region. Values of the drag coefficient and the wake closure length are presented and compared with previous experimental and numerical studies.
Self-Absorption in Resonance Raman and Rayleigh Scattering: A Numerical Solution

We have numerically calculated the parameters necessary to correct Raman intensities for self-absorption for Raman measurements utilizing a 90° scattering geometry and a cylindrical capillary sample cell. We display curves that can be used to extract these parameters for any sample absorbances at the incident laser excitation wavelength and the Raman scattered wavelength. These results make it possible, for the first time, to quantitatively utilize resonance Raman spectroscopy to determine concentrations of analytes. These parameters can also be used to numerically correct resonance Raman excitation profile measurements for self-absorption. These results clearly illustrate the dependence of spectral signal-to-noise ratios and spectral detection limits upon signal attenuation due to self-absorption.
BRCA1 modulates ionizing radiation‐induced nuclear focus formation by the replication protein A p34 subunit

Mutations in BRCA1 account for a significant proportion of familial breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 has been implicated in DNA damage responses including double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, its exact role in DSB repair and its functional relationship with other known repair proteins remain to be elucidated. In this study, we carried out a cytological analysis of the effect of BRCA1 on damage-induced nuclear focus formation mediated by the replication protein A (RPA). RPA is a multi-functional protein that participates in both DNA replication and various types of DNA repair including DSB repair. Following ionizing radiation (IR), RPA and BRCA1 formed punctate nuclear staining patterns that co-localized with each other, consistent with the implicated roles of both proteins in the same repair process. The number of damage-induced RPA foci in BRCA1-deficient cells, however, was significantly greater than that in BRCA1-positive cells. Moreover, the effect of BRCA1 on the RPA staining pattern appeared to be specific for IR but not ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. These data suggest that BRCA1 plays an important role in processing the RPA-associated intermediates during DSB repair. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 666–674, 2002. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring the degree of closeness to the cancer experience: development and initial validation of the CONNection to the Experience of Cancer Scale (CONNECS).

Abstract Objective To describe the development and psychometric testing of items measuring connection to the cancer experience through a close friend or relative. Methods Ten items assess four aspects of connection to cancer: emotional and cognitive involvement, kind and amount of shared experience, perceived similarity to the affected person, and negative change witnessed. Interviews were conducted with 2200 women close to someone with cancer. The sample was split into two samples for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Sample 1 ( n =1342) was used to examine the underlying structure of the items. Sample 2 ( n =858) was used for CFA. Internal consistency and reliability analysis were also conducted. Results Three factors with moderate correlation were extracted: general closeness, resemblance, and cognitive processing. Results from the CFA analysis confirmed a good fit of the three-factor model (Bentler–Bonett NIF=0.973, Bentler–Bonett NNFI=0.975, RMSEA=0.040 and CFI=0.984) and all path coefficients were statistically significant. Conclusion Findings provide preliminary evidence for the reliability and construct validity of the CONNECS scale in measuring individuals' connection to the cancer experience through a close friend or relative. Practice Implications CONNECS may be a useful tool for examining the impact of the cancer experience on risk perceptions, cancer worry, and medical decision making.
Penetration of cells membrane by the piezoelectric driver.

For better penetration of elastic cell membranes, a simple piezoelectric device is described.
Are Nonprofit Density and Nonprofit Expenditures Related to Youth Deviance

Abstract This study explores whether neighborhoods with greater nonprofit density (nonprofits per mile) and/or larger nonprofit expenditures (nonprofit expenditures per 10,000 people) interact with social control to experience lower levels of adolescent deviancy. Data include cross-sectional surveys of 1541 youth. The data are analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The dependent variable is a measure of deviance that is the sum of ten items, which assess deviant behaviors. For analysis the square root of this measure is used to adjust for negatively skewed data. The sample was drawn through a two stage-geostatistical sampling procedure, with the final sample including 50 zip codes throughout California. The study finds that adolescents' deviance is not associated with an interaction between social control and either nonprofit density or nonprofit expenditures. However, the analysis found strong positive associations between being male, being older, having higher levels of mean social control and the square root of deviance.
MAPK Signaling Is Required for Dedifferentiation of Acinar Cells and Development of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mice

Background & Aims Kras signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cells. We investigated whether MAPK signaling is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice. Methods We studied the formation and maintenance of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) in p48Cre; TetO-KrasG12D; Rosa26 rtTa-IRES-EGFP (iKras*) mice and LSL-KrasG12D mice bred with p48Cre mice (KC). Mice were given oral PD325901, a small-molecule inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 (factors in the MAPK signaling pathway), along with injections of cerulein to induce pancreatitis. Other mice were given PD325901 only after PanINs developed. Pancreatic tissues were collected and evaluated using histologic, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy analyses. Acinar cells were isolated from the tissues and the effects of MEK1 and 2 inhibitors were assessed. Results PD325901 prevented PanIN formation, but not pancreatitis, in iKras* and KC mice. In iKras* or KC mice given PD325901 at 5 weeks after PanINs developed, PanINs regressed and acinar tissue regenerated. The regression occurred through differentiation of the PanIN cells to acini, accompanied by re-expression of the acinar transcription factor Mist1. Conclusions In iKras* and KC mice, MAPK signaling is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. MAPK signaling promotes formation of PanINs by enabling dedifferentiation of acinar cells into duct-like cells that are susceptible to transformation.
Transient and steady-state optical nonlinearities in semiconductors

Theory and experiments on steady-state and femtosecond time-resolved optical nonlinearities in semiconductors are reviewed. A simple description of the physical processes underlying the nonlinearities is given. The discussion is focused on the spectral region around the fundamental absorption edge, and it covers coherent oscillations, the optical Stark effect as well as the bleaching of the exciton resonance with increasing excitation intensity, plasma screening and band-filling phenomena.
5α-reduced neuroactive steroids alleviate thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with neuropathic pain

5alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids with selective modulatory action in vitro on T or combined modulatory action on T and GABA(A) currents present in peripheral sensory neurons have been shown to induce potent peripheral analgesia in vivo in intact animals. Although the role of T and GABA(A) currents in pathophysiology of neuropathic pain (NPP) is not established, it appears that blockade of T currents and/or potentiation of GABA(A) currents could be beneficial in the management of NPP. To study the potential usefulness of 5alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in alleviating NPP, we selected two newly synthesized steroids-ECN and CDNC24-with a selective blocking effect on T currents and a selective potentiating effect on GABA(A) currents, respectively, and commercial analogs-alphaxalone and 3alpha5alphaP-with the effects on both ion channels. We used a sciatic nerve ligation model to induce thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in adult rats and tested peripheral thermal and mechanical nociception following local injection of neuroactive steroids into the peripheral receptive fields of a ligated hind paw. We found that 5alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids alleviate thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in NPP rats. ECN and CDNC24 were more selective in alleviating thermal nociception in NPP than in sham animals when compared to 3alpha5alphaP and alphaxalone although the anti-nociceptive effect induced by 3alpha5alphaP and alphaxalone was more profound. CDNC24 was most selective since it had very minimal anti-nociceptive effect in sham animals but a very profound anti-nociceptive effect in NPP animals suggesting that, under pathological conditions, peripheral GABA(A) receptors might be an attractive therapeutic target.
An Anthropometric Comparison of Current ATDs with the U.S. Adult Population

Objective: The anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs, or crash dummies) used in the assessment of vehicle crash protection were created based on particular anthropometric targets. The Hybrid-III ATDs widely used in the U.S. are commonly called the “5th-percentile female”, “50th-percentile male”, and “95th-percentile male” ATDs, referring to selection of the respective percentiles of the male and female U.S. adult populations as design targets for the ATDs. The objective of this work was to assess whether secular trends in U.S. anthropometry have affected the relationship between the ATDs and the population. Method: The corresponding percentiles were calculated from data obtained in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2005–2008. Results: The results showed that the ATD stature targets differ from the current population by less than 5 percentile points, but the discrepancies for mass are much larger for the two male ATDs. Conclusions: The reference mass for the midsize-m...
One-step fabrication of hybrid micro-diffractive-refractive lens with continuous relief using focused ion beam milling

The design, microfabrication and testing of hybrid micro-diffractive-refractive lens with continuous relief, which is used on laser diode for monomode fiber coupling, is discussed. The hybrid microlens with diameter as small as 65 µm and numerical aperture (N.A.) of 0.25 is fabricated directly onto a spherical surface using focused ion beam milling (FIBM) technology. Focused Ga+ ion beam is used to mill the continuous relief microstructure at an acceleration voltage of 50 kV. Measurement result shows that the one-step micromachining method is valid for practical use.
The return of the spike: postsynaptic action potentials and the induction of LTP and LTD.

. Formulated to ex- renewed interest in postsynaptic spiking and synapticplain how memories could be stored as alterations in plasticity and have refocused attention on the literalsynaptic strength, it reads: interpretation of Hebb’s postulate. The basic obser-vation that sparked this new era was the conclusiveWhen an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell demonstration (with simultaneous whole-cell patch re-B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, cordingataxonal, somatic,anddendriticloci onasinglesome growth process or metabolic change takes neuron) that Na
The effect of aerosols on pH of snow

The pH and electrolytic conductivity of meltwater from fresh snow and snow covered by fly ash were examined to study the effect of aerosols from a coal-burning power plant in Fairbanks, Alaska, and an oil-burning heating plant in Hanover, New Hampshire. New Hampshire fresh snow samples collected in 1985–1987 were found to have pH values from 3.76 to 5.20 and electrolytic conductivities from 4.23 to 104.5 μS cm−1. Snow accompanied by southerly winds from densely populated areas averaged 3.69 times higher in hydrogen ion concentration than snow accompanied by northerly winds. Oil fly ash examined by SEM and EDX analyzer were spherical in shape with a porous structure and were carbonaceous in nature with a relatively high content of sulfur and low content of calcium. The correlations among pH, electrolytic conductivity, and oil fly ash concentration in snow were examined. The snow pH was slightly increased from 4.66 to 4.82 by increasing concentration of fly ash from 2.3 to 3314 mg kg−1 due to the relatively low solubility of alkaline ions in the oil fly ash. The electrolytic conductivity was decreased from 10.0 to 7.1 μS cm−1 by increasing concentration of oil fly ash due to its carbonaceous nature. Alaskan fresh snow samples in 1985 were measured to have a mean pH of 5.60 and electrolytic conductivity of 6.10 μS cm−1. Alaskan coal fly ash particles were spherical in shape with high contents of calcium, silicon and aluminium and low contents of iron, titanium and sulfur. The snow pH was increased from 5.40 to 8.51 by increasing the concentration of coal fly ash from 5.9 to 520 mg kg−1; the electrolytic conductivity was also increased from 6.93 to 46.4 μS cm−1 due to the relatively large solubility of alkaline ions in the calcium-rich coal fly ash.
Equity and the Constitution: The Supreme Court, Equitable Relief, and Public Policy

Since the landmark desegregation decisions in the "Brown vs. Board of Education" cases, the proper role of the federal judiciary has been hotly debated. Has the federal judiciary, in its attempt to legislate social policy, overstepped its constitutional boundaries? In this volume, Gary McDowell considers the equity power created by Article III of the Constitution, on which the most controversial decisions of the Supreme Court have rested. He points out the equity was originally understood as an extraordinary means of offering relief to" individuals "in cases of fraud, accident, mistake, or trust and as a means of "confining the operation of unjust and partial laws." It has now been stretched to offer relief to broadly defined social "classes." This "sociological" understanding, in McDowell's view, has undermined equity as a substantive body of law. He urges a return to the former definition as a means of restraining the reach of federal jurisdiction.
Maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized mice with androgenic substances.

Since it was confirmed that spermatogenesis could be maintained in hypophysectomized rats by the administration of male hormone extracts this report deals with results obtained with mice. Injections of androgenic hormone were begun on the 2nd day after hypophysectomy and continued for 20 days. Hypophysectomy was later shown to have been complete by serial sections through the sellae turciae. In cases where small fragments of anterior lobe tissue were found this residual tissue did not enhance the effect of the treatment with androgenic substances. Smears of the epididymal head and tail and of the vas deferens were studied for the presence and motility of sperm. The results in mice confirmed those previously obtained with rats. The testes of all animals injected with androgen showed spermatogenesis. Androstanedione proved to be the most effective in maintaining spermatogenesis as well as testes weight although it is less active than testosterone or testosterone propionate in androgenic potency. Androstanediol was slightly less effective. Results were not as striking as in the rats. Microscopic findings were similar to those found in the rats. Degenerat ion of the interstitial cells was not prevented by treatment with androgens. Marked degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules was prevented for at least 23 days.
Ten Genes for Inherited Breast Cancer

Inherited breast cancer is associated with germline mutations in ten different genes in pathways critical to genomic integrity. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations confer very high risks of breast and ovarian cancer. p53 and PTEN mutations lead to very high breast cancer risks associated with rare cancer syndromes. Mutations in CHEK2, ATM, NBS1, RAD50, BRIP1, and PALB2 are associated with doubling of breast cancer risks. In addition, biallelic mutations in BRCA2, BRIP1, and PALB2 cause Fanconi anemia. The convergence of these genes in a shared role reveals underlying biology of these illnesses and suggests still other breast cancer genes.
Paradiplomacy and Climate Change: American States as Actors in Global Climate Governance

ABSTRACT American states have taken the lead in US climate policy over the past decade, implementing the goals of the Kyoto Protocol in the absence of ratification by the federal government. These developments serve as practical models for post-Kyoto climate policy and have theoretical implications for the treatment of atypical non-state actors in the study of global climate governance. The entrance of sub-national actors into foreign policy, or paradiplomacy, is examined in this study to highlight the international implications of climate policy adoption among the American states. A typology of American state actions is presented, and future options for bottom-up climate policy in the United States are considered.
Deuterium oxide as a tracer for measurement of compliance in pediatric clinical drug trials.

We tested the hypothesis that a deuterium oxide (D 2 O) tracer could discriminate among patterns of clinically significant, imperfect compliance during drug trials. A model was developed to predict deuterium concentration during multiple dose regimens. After developing a regression equation to predict one of the model parameters for children, we selected healthy children (N=20) at random to receive one of five 10-day D 2 O regimens. Five urine samples were obtained from each child during 15 days and analyzed for deuterium level by mass spectrometry. Each child's height, weight, age, and the first four urinary deuterium levels were used to estimate the amount and timing of deuterium administration. These estimates were compared with the five regimens to determine the closest match between estimate and regimen. The closest matching regimen was the regimen actually administered to 19 (95%) of the 20 children. Two of these children had D 2 O administration estimates that could be confused with another regimen. The correlation between the model's predicted levels and the measured levels of all urine samples was 0.96. We conclude that a D 2 O tracer shows excellent promise as a quantitative method of assessing compliance with liquid medications under specified conditions.
The recursive pyramid algorithm for the discrete wavelet transform

The recursive pyramid algorithm (RPA) is a reformulation of the classical pyramid algorithm (PA) for computing the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The RPA computes the N-point DWT in real time (running DWT) using just L(log N/spl minus/1) words of storage, as compared with O(N) words required by the PA. L is the length of the wavelet filter. The RPA is combined with the short-length FIR filter algorithms to reduce the number of multiplications and additions. >
Toward an Engagement Model of Institutional Advancement at Public Colleges and Universities

Enrollment pressures, unstable state appropriations, and increased public scrutiny about higher education's commitment to serving societal needs have created significant challenges for university advancement professionals at public colleges and universities in the United States. In this paper, I describe how current responses to these challenges may ultimately encourage privatization of public higher education. In order to keep the “public” in public higher education, I propose an engagement model of institutional advancement that focuses on creating a public agenda for higher education. Anchored in knowledge flow theory, my analysis suggests that an engagement approach to advancement would generate public and private support for public higher education, and more broadly benefit students, communities, and society at large. Practical strategies for institutional advancement leaders are discussed.
Relationship Between Crystal Symmetry and Magnetic Properties of Ionic Compounds Containing Mn 3

An investigation has been made of the relationship between crystallographic symmetry and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} superexchange interactions in several perovskite systems. In particular, crystallographic and magnetic measurements have been made on a number of samples in the systems $\mathrm{La}({\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$, where $M=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}$. In all three systems, the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions are found to be ferromagnetic for $O$-orthorhombic samples having $al\frac{c}{\sqrt{2}}lb$. For $xl0.5$ in the system $M=\mathrm{Ga}$, there is ${O}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-orthorhombic symmetry ($\frac{c}{\sqrt{2}}lalb$) and ferrimagnetism that is suggestive of anisotropic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions, similar to those found in LaMn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and preferential ordering of the ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{3+}$ into one magnetic sublattice. Measurements of Curie temperature vs composition in this system support ordering of the gallium in the compositional range $x\ensuremath{\le}0.4$, partial ordering in the range $0.4lx\ensuremath{\le}0.6$. These observations are consistent with the magnetic measurements of various other workers on the systems $(\mathrm{La}, {M}^{\ensuremath{'}2+})\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$, La(Mn,Cr)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (La,Ba) (Mn,Ti)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.The ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - anion - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions that occur in the perovskites with $O$-orthorhombic or rhombohedral symmetry and in the NiAs-type compounds cannot be accounted for by present superexchange theory if the electron configuration about a ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ion is assumed fixed with one electron arithmetically averaged over the two ${e}_{g}$ orbitals, or if static, local distortions are randomly distributed through the structure. It is pointed out that Jahn-Teller electronic ordering is fast relative to the atomic vibrations so that there is strong coupling of the vibrational modes and the ${e}_{g}$-electron configuration. This means that the electron configuration that is used in the superexchange calculation must be correlated with the vibrational modes. If this is done, a ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - anion - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interaction follows from the superexchange theory.
Rapid Staining of Nuclei and Chromosomes in Root Tips

Feulgen reagent quickly heated to and maintained at 60 C just before immersion of plant material, basic fuchsin in acid alcohol at room temperature, and pinacyanol at room temperature will stain hydrolyzed root tip nuclei and chromosomes in one minute or less. This technic, coupled with fast fixation, can be utilized when uncertainties exist as to when to begin sampling plant meristem cells for mitoses or when time does not allow for standard fixation and Schiff staining.
Rufinamide for refractory epilepsy in a pediatric and young adult population

This chart review investigated the efficacy and safety of rufinamide in 45 children and young adults who experienced a broad spectrum of partial and generalized seizure/epilepsy types which have been refractory to therapy. Of these patients, 19 (46%) achieved a >50% decrease in seizure frequency on rufinamide, and 7 patients achieved a >75% decrease in seizure frequency. While 17 (37.8%) patients stopped their trial of rufinamide prior to the end of the review period, only 2 (4.4%) were due to adverse effects. Although additional research must be done, this data shows promise that rufinamide is a safe and efficacious adjunct for cases of refractory epilepsy.
Combined effects of polymers and KL4 peptide on surface activity of pulmonary surfactant lipids

Abstract Addition of ionic and nonionic polymers can improve the function of therapeutic surfactants in vitro and in vivo, especially under conditions that tend to inhibit surfactant activity. Since surfactant proteins also act to reduce surfactant inhibition, we studied the relative effects of a synthetic peptide (that mimics some of the properties of a surfactant protein), polymers, and their combination on function of surfactant phospholipid activity in vitro. We evaluated surface activity after adding polymers—polyethylene glycol or hyaluronan—to a lipid mixture with or without the synthetic peptide, sinapultide (KL4). Using a pulsating bubble surfactometer, we measured peptide/polymer effects separately or combined at two peptide concentrations. Phospholipid mixtures, with or without KL4 or polymers, all demonstrated good surface activity. With serum present as an inhibiting agent, adding either concentration of KL4 reduced inhibition. Mixtures containing the higher concentration of KL4 required higher concentrations of serum for inhibition to occur. Adding either polymer to mixtures with KL4 further decreased susceptibility to inhibition (required higher serum concentrations). In the presence of serum, high molecular weight hyaluronan with KL4 at 0.4 mg/ml improved surface activity to a greater degree than 0.8 mg/ml KL4 without polymer. If the beneficial effects of adding polymer to KL4–lipid mixtures are also borne out in the treatment of experimental lung injury, these peptide–polymer surfactant combinations may eventually prove useful in the treatment of some forms of acute lung injury in humans.
The occurrence of volatile amines in uncured and cured pork meat and their possible role in nitrosamine formation in bacon.

The concentrations of volatile amines were determined in the eye muscle of 10 pork carcasses at the following stages of curing: immediately after slaughter, before curing, after maturation and after vacuum-packed storage of the bacon. Methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA), n-propylamine (n-PA) and isopropylamine (iso-PA) were detected by gas chromatography; MA was present in greatest concentration [up to 1900 μg/kg (1 part/109)], the concentration of the others being considerably less. During the course of bacon manufacture, the concentrations of DMA, TMA, n-PA and iso-PA increased consistently up to the end of the maturation period, despite the presence of nitrite both in the brine and in the bacon; in subsequent storage, only DMA and TMA continued to increase. MA decreased during curing and maturation, and thereafter remained unchanged; EA and DEA were unchanged throughout at very low levels. The mean value for the concentration of DMA was below 200 μg/kg before curing; higher values (maximum 520 μg/kg) were found in vacuum packed stored bacon. No nitrosamines were found above the detection limit (1 μg/kg) in any of the uncooked pork or bacon.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Mixed-Metal Ferrites for Hydrogen Production by Two-Step Water Splitting

A thermodynamic analysis of the two-step water splitting process for the production of hydrogen is reported in this paper. Calculations simulating the preparation of ferrite samples, their thermal reduction to form a mixture of metal oxides, and subsequent reoxidation with steam to produce hydrogen were performed. Mixed-metal spinel ferrites of the general form MFe2 O4 , where M = Co, Ni, or Zn, are compared with iron spinel, Fe3 O4 . The results indicate that of the four ferrites examined, nickel spinel has the most favorable combination of properties for use in two-step water splitting.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Mr Spectroscopic Imaging of Peripheral Zone in Prostate Cancer Using a 3t Mri Scanner: Endorectal versus External Phased Array Coils:

Abstract: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) detects alterations in major prostate metabolites, such as citrate (Cit), creatine (Cr), and choline (Ch). We evaluated the sensitivity and accuracy of three-dimensional MRSI of prostate using an endorectal compared to an external phased array “receive” coil on a 3T MRI scanner. Eighteen patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent endorectal MR imaging and proton (1H) MRSI were included in this study. Immediately after the endorectal MRSI scan, the PCa patients were scanned with the external phased array coil. The endorectal coil-detected metabolite ratio [(Ch+Cr)/Cit] was significantly higher in cancer locations (1.667 ± 0.663) compared to non-cancer locations (0.978 ± 0.420) (P < 0.001). Similarly, for the external phased array, the ratio was significantly higher in cancer locations (1.070 ± 0.525) compared to non-cancer locations (0.521 ± 0.310) (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and accuracy of cancer detection were 81% and 78% using the endorectal ‘receive’ coil, and 69% and 75%, respectively using the external phased array ‘receive’ coil.
Diffractive dissociation and N∗ production in π−n → π−π−p at 15 GeV/c☆

Abstract Diffractive dissociation of neutrons and N ∗ production are studied in the reaction π − n → π − π − p at 15 GeV/ c . The reaction is dominated by a broad, low-mass diffractive enhancement in the pπ − mass. Evidence is presented for the production of at least one N ∗ resonance in the mass region 1.4–1.8 GeV. Comparison with ISR data suggest that this N ∗ resonance is produced by pomeron exchange. The N ∗ production occurs predominantly at t ′ > 0.1 GeV 2 which suggests a different coupling from the usual diffractive reactions. The non-resonant diffractive background is compared with a double-Regge model and the statistical dissociation model.
Impact of unruptured intracranial aneurysms on public health in the United States.

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms constitute a significant public health problem that has not been quantified. The purpose of this study is to document the magnitude of this problem in the United States.National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1979, 1984, and 1989 served as the basis for calculating patient numbers and frequency distributions. Cost estimates included the direct costs of hospitalization and surgery for those who had surgery, disability and lost income from morbidity, and lost income from mortality.The estimated lifetime cost (including hospitalization, surgery, morbidity, and mortality) for annual cases of patients hospitalized with unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States is $522,500,000 compared with $1,755,600,000 for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.These data underscore the need to better understand unruptured intracranial aneurysm as a risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage, to define other subarachnoid hemorrhage risk factors, and to optimize the m...
Chromosomal variation in the northwestern American newts of the genus Taricha (Caudata: Salamandridae).

Chromosomal variation was analysed in 22 populations of newts of the salmandrid genusTaricha of western North America, and compared with that of the eastern North American newts of the genusNotophthalmus. The karyotypes of the speciesTaricha andNotophthalmus were very similar. However, there was considerable variation in the distribution patterns of heterochromatins (revealed by C-banding) and in the sites of the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) (revealed by fluorochrome chromomycin A3 banding) within and between species of these two genera. Chromosomal variation patterns were interpreted in relation to a phylogenetic hypothesis derived from data on mitochrondrial DNA sequences and allozyme variation. This study suggests that the pattern distributions of heterochromatins in chromosomes ofTaricha are more derived than those of its sister taxonNotophthalmus. Furthermore, the chromosomal NOR types found in the southernmost and northernmost populations ofT. granulosa, in the northernmost populations ofT. t. sierrae, and in the southern populations ofT. t. torosa are recently derived. The implications of this chromosomal variation for phylogeny and biogeography are discussed.
Until the lab takes it away from epidemiology

Abstract Background It is proposed that, historically, when the conditions are right for laboratory sciences to contribute to causal knowledge, they take the place of epidemiology as leaders in a given field. Methods Review examples of cholera, pellagra, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Results In the cases of cholera, pellagra, and Kaposi's sarcoma, epidemiology ceased to be at the forefront of knowledge acquisition when laboratory sciences identified more proximate causes than those that epidemiologic group comparisons could reveal. Conclusion These three examples deal with diseases, which, at the individual level, appear to rely predominantly on a single factor. For diseases whose causes still elude specific identification by the laboratory sciences, epidemiology may be uniquely equipped to play a leading role.
Computational modeling of channel length modulation in carbon nanotube field effect transistors

We perform computational finite-element analysis and characterization of quasi-ballistic electrical transport in semiconducting carbon nanotube field effect transistors, and fit experimental electrical transport data from both suspended and substrate-bound single-walled carbon nanotube transistors. Previous studies have ignored the spatial dependence of the electrical properties and potential, preferring to focus on modeling ballistic transport. These spatial variations play an important role in several high voltage effects that are particularly important in the quasi-ballistic transport and high gate capacitance regime where most current or near-term devices operate. We show the relationship between device geometry and pinch-off, current saturation, and channel length modulation with gate capacitance in the quantum capacitance regime, and discuss computational issues such as code performance and numerical stability. Transconductance generally increases with gate capacitance, but, surprisingly, at high gate voltages it decreases with increasing gate capacitance. This model has application as a design tool in next generation carbon nanotube microelectronics technology.
Nonlinear effects in two-phase flow dynamics

Abstract Thermally induced two-phase flow oscillations in uniformly heated boiling channels have been analyzed numerically using a one-dimensional model of two-phase flow. Two different approaches to modeling of subcooled boiling have been considered: a mechanistic model and a profile-fit model. The overall model has been numerically implemented as a computer code, DYNOBOSS, which has been validated against a linear stability analysis code and experimental data. The effects of both modeling assumptions and numerical methods of solution have been studied. It has been shown that the calculated transient response of the boiling channel may be very sensitive to the numerical scheme and spatial discretization, especially for operating conditions in the linearly unstable region. For the range of operating parameters studied, phasic slip has shown a significant stabilizing effect on the system, whereas subcooled boiling has indicated smaller influence. Furthermore, it has been shown that the rate of increase of limit cycle amplitude with channel exit quality is higher for low than high inlet subcoolings.
Primary Production and Calcification by the Soritid Foraminifer Archais angulatus (Fichtel & Moll)*

SYNOPSIS. Symbiosis between Chlamydomonas hedleyi (Lee, Crockett, Hagen & Stone) and Archais angulatus (Fichtel & Moll) was examined during laboratory studies of primary production and light-enhanced calcification. Photosynthesis and calcification are directly proportional to light intensity in the range of 0–200 μEinsteins m-2 sec-1. Calcification in the light is directly proportional to photosynthesis and proceeds at rates that are 2–3 times that observed in the dark. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), in concentrations of 1–100 μM, completely inhibits photosynthesis and light-enhanced calcification. Calcification of the foraminiferan test is therefore due to the photosynthetic activity of the symbiote. Calcification rates for foraminifers incubated in the dark or with DCMU are not significantly different from the calcification rates obtained for dead foraminifers. Rates of calcification obtained with 45Ca are twice that obtained with 14C.
Cartographic and Literary Intersections: Digital Literary Cartographies, Digital Humanities, and Libraries and Archives

Digital literary cartography projects can provide dynamic interactive experiences with prose narrative, poetry, and other literary forms. Recently, literary studies have begun to incorporate maps to reveal the geographic imagination at play in literature. As metaphor, maps furnish a conceptual model to understand literary texts through characters’ proximity to each other and events and relationships between “fictional” and “real” places. The transition to digital historical maps and digital literary cartography projects continues to inform the intersection of cartographic and literary studies in that such maps and projects incorporate labels and layers to identify social and cultural contexts. Finally, these maps and projects involve users’ imaginations to read maps as narratives through the map as metaphor. Cognitive mapping, implicit in this relationship, connects cartography and literature to inform spatial and perceptual conceptions. Libraries and archives contribute to digital humanities and digital ...
The “Southwest Effect” in multi-airport regions

Abstract The “Southwest Effect” is a well-known phenomenon within the airline industry where markets that Southwest Airlines enter see an increase in traffic and a decrease in average airfares. This paper examines the role of Southwest Airlines in altering fares and passenger traffic and the Southwest Effect at airports in multi-airport regions. A comparison between Southwest-served routes and non-Southwest-served competing routes shows that the elements of the Southwest Effect are present even in those markets not served by Southwest. Southwest-served multi-airport regions studied include Chicago, Washington, DC/Baltimore, Houston, and south Florida.
Inhibition of radiosulfate uptake in rat costal cartilage by lipophilic heterocyclic molecules.

Abstract Indole, skatole, and 6 additional heterocyclic molecules can interact with rat costal cartilage tissue to produce inhibition of 35SO42− incorporation into chondroitin sulfate and [14C]proline incorporation into protein. The minimum concentration of aryl molecules required for 50% inhibition correlates with the lipophilicity of the molecules as measured by their partitioning across the interface barrier of n-octanol-50 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Inhibition requires lesser amounts of a molecule that is lipophilic than one that is hydrophilic.
Francis H. Ruddle (1929–2013): A Pioneer in Human Gene Mapping

Frank was born August 19, 1929, in West New York, New Jersey, to immigrant parents. It was said that his Welsh-English heritage defined his personality and his unique sense of humor. He joined the Air Force in 1946 to serve our country before finishing high school. After excellent service, he left the Air Force in 1949. The GI Bill helped him to obtain higher education, and he obtained his BA and MS degrees from Wayne State University. He went on to the University of California at Berkeley, where he obtained his PhD degree in zoology in 1960. Frank began his research while in Detroit, and he was involved in isolating epithelial cells from different sources, including tumors, and analyzing them. He pursued his interest in mammalian cell culture at Berkeley, where he trained with Morgan Harris and worked on cell culture and cytogenetics of pig kidney cells. Frank went on to do postdoctoral work with John Paul at the University of Glasgow in Scotland (1960–1961). He was recruited to a faculty position in the Biology Department at Yale University, where he remained throughout his career. Frank began to work on mouse genetics and began studying variant forms of mammalian enzymes (isozymes). Some of the early work was conducted in collaboration with a fellow Welshman, Tom Roderick of the Jackson laboratory. The two of them became lifelong friends. Frank’s first graduate student at Yale was Charlotte Boone, who started work on the use of somatic cell hybrids that sustained his laboratory for many years to come. Frank brought his skills with cell culture, analysis of isozymes, and cytogenetic skills to begin a program on mapping human genes. In a landmark paper that was published in Nature in 1970, Frank was able to use somatic cell hybrids between mouse and human cells to establish linkage between genes coding for lactate dehydrogenase A and B and Peptidase B. The work on the use of somatic cell hybrids to establish linkage between genes coding for enzymes and assign these genes to individual chromosomes went through an explosive phase in his laboratory for many years afterward. I had the privilege of joining his laboratory in 1972, where I stayed for 3 years. From my perch there, I was able to watch the rapid expansion of human gene mapping, which sustained my interest for many years to come, including my participation in the human genome mapping and sequencing effort in the 1990s and during the early phase of the 21st century.
Longitudinal examination of maternal psychological control and adolescents' self-competence as predictors of bulimic symptoms among boys and girls.

Objective: Because bulimia nervosa is a problem among adolescents, it remains essential to examine its precursors. The specific etiologic chain investigated in this study is such that maternal psychological control first leads to adolescents' lowered self-competence, which in turn predicts bulimic symptoms. Method: Self-report data were collected from 58 boys and 73 girls during sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Participants reported on maternal psychological control, self-competence, and bulimic symptoms. Results: Using structural equation modeling, we tested our hypothesized longitudinal indirect effects model separately for boys and girls. Results indeed indicated that high maternal psychological control in sixth grade led to lowered adolescents' self-competence in seventh grade, which in turn predicted increased bulimic symptoms in eighth grade for both boys and girls. Discussion: This study uncovers one particular process wherein a psychologically controlling parenting style affects adolescents' development of bulimic symptoms, a finding that may be useful to researchers and clinicians. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Dietary fat promotes mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV/v-Ha-ras transgenic mice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary fat on mammary tumorigenesis in MMTVv-Ha-ras transgenics were fed diets providing 0, 5 or 25% of calories from corn oil (CO). The mammary tumor incidence was 7% (0% CO), 36% (5% CO) and 52% (25% CO). Ras mRNA levels were increased in mammary tumors in the 25% CO group. The ras transgene was hypomethylated in mammary tumors, but not in liver or non-transformed mammary tissue. Mammary tumors expressed apolipoprotein E mRNA. Alterations in gene structure and expression in transgenic mice may suggest mechanisms by which dietary fat promotes mammary tumors.
Examining technology that supports community policing

This paper investigates how citizens use technology to support community policing efforts. To explore the types of conversations that are shared on the community web forum, we conducted a qualitative study. We analyzed 865 forum posts from a community crime web forum from April 2004 to June 2011. We found that residents use the forum to: 1) build relationships by strengthening social ties, 2) discuss ways to take collective action, 3) share information and advice, and 4) regulate the social norms of the neighborhood and the web forum. Results suggest that technologies intended for crime prevention should be designed to support communication and problem-solving discussions amongst residents, as opposed to simply providing information to citizens.