cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF CULEX CORONATOR DYAR AND KNAB, IN MISSISSIPPI

CDC light-trap collections and larval dipping conducted during 2004 and 2005 revealed Culex coronator firmly entrenched in 10 counties in central and south Mississippi. A total of 3,307 specimens (2,200 adults, 1,107 larvae) of Cx. coronator have been collected in Mississippi. Notes on breeding sites and seasonality are presented and discussed. It is likely that the Mississippi population of Cx. coronator is contiguous with the one previously known from southern Texas, because specimens have been collected in Harris County, TX over the last few years, and were also found in Louisiana in 2004. Establishment of this population of a nonnative mosquito in Mississippi reveals how apparently easy it is for such events to happen.
A convenient method for the preparation of highly substituted pyrimidines: Synthesis of tri- and tetra-subsituted pyrimidines from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and N,N,N-tris-(trimethylsilyl)amidines

A modification of the Pinner pyrimidine synthesis has been developed that utilizes trimethylsilyl amidines and results in greatly improved yield of highly substituted pyrimidines.
Gifted and Gay: A Study of the Adolescent Experience:

A retrospective study of the adolescent experience of 18 gay, lesbian, or bisexual young adults with high ability (12 males, 6 females) using a postpositivistic mode of inquiry found significant th...
The Effect of Carbonation Level on the Sensory Properties of Flavored Milk Beverages

Abstract Raspberry, strawberry, peach, and root beer flavored milks were carbonated at subthreshold, low, and high carbonation levels with mean carbonation volumes of 2 significantly enhanced sourness and astringency at the high carbonation level. Chalkiness and bitterness were rated significantly higher at the high carbonation level than at the low or subthreshold levels.
Vitamin G Requirement of the Guinea Pig.

SummaryAnalysis of a series of 870 blood ascorbic-acid values reveals that a daily intake of from 10-20 mg of ascorbic acid is needed to secure a 1 mg per 100 cc concentration in the blood serum of the guinea pig. Under these conditions a normal complement-value is obtained.
A nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamics model for material damping

Material damping in a continuum, which inherently involves multiple coupled irreversible thermodynamic processes, is associated with irreversible interchanges of various forms of energy. In this paper, a hybrid framework of internal state variables and extended state variables is proposed to formulate a material damping model for complex materials. For a typical simple material, damping model is developed in the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium quantities, i.e. thermodynamic fluxes, are introduced as extended state variables to supplement for the description of a local nonequilibrium state. The relaxation characteristics of these thermodynamic fluxes, which are a symbol of nonequilibrium characteristics, are modeled by first-order relaxation equations. For a typical system, we introduced heat flux and nonequilibrium (viscous) stresses as thermodynamic fluxes corresponding to irreversible heat transport and viscous processes. Coupling between equilibrium and nonequilibrium mechanical and thermal fields are modeled. Explicit expressions for specific free energy, specific entropy, and specific internal energy are derived. The energy balance equation that governs interchanges of various forms of energy is then obtained to complete the formulation. We have investigated various limiting cases of the developed model and related these limiting cases to typical thermodynamic damping models. We have applied the model to study the dissipation characteristics of longitudinal vibrations of a rod and then compared with other damping models.
Modeling the Effects of Electrode Composition and Pore Structure on the Performance of Electrochemical Capacitors

This work presents a mathematical model for charge/discharge of electrochemical capacitors that explicitly accounts for particlepacking effects in a composite electrochemical capacitor consisting of hydrous RuO2 nanoparticles dispersed within porous activated carbon. The model is also used to investigate the effect of nonuniform distributions of salt in the electrolyte phase of the electrode in the context of dilute solution theory. We use the model to compare the performance of capacitors with electrodes made from different activated carbons and to investigate the effects of varying carbon content and discharge current density. Even at low discharge current density, concentration polarization in the electrodes results in underutilization of the electrodes’ charge-storage capability, and thus decreased performance. Among various types of activated carbons, those with large micropore surface areas and low meso- and macropore surface areas are preferred because they give high double-layer capacitance and favor efficient packing of RuO2 nanoparticles, thus maximizing faradaic pseudocapacitance. Increasing the electrode carbon content decreases the delivered charge and energy density, but the reductions are not severe at moderate carbon content and high discharge current. This suggests the possibility of optimizing the carbon content to minimize cost while achieving acceptable discharge performance.
Heat shock protein 90 promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration in colorectal cancer

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and motility are essential steps in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis regulated by HIF-1α and NF-κB. Since HSP90 activates HIF-1α and NF-κB, we hypothesized that inhibition of HSP90 leads to inhibition of HIF-1α and NF-κB resulting in inhibition of EMT, invasion, and motility. Treatment of colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 and HCT-116 with ganetespib at 50 nM for 24 h inhibited EMT (downregulated vimentin and upregulated E-cadherin), matrigel invasion, and spheroid migration. Ganetespib treatment or HSP90 knockdown downregulated molecular pathways associated with EMT, invasion, and motility. The overexpression of HIF-1α or NF-κB resulted in increased EMT, invasion, and motility in both cell lines and these effects were inhibited by ganetespib. Similar effects were observed in animal xenografts treated with ganetespib. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of HSP90 downregulates both HIF-1α and NF-κB leading to inhibition of EMT, motility, and invasiveness in colorectal cancer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Lehrstück As Performance

These short pieces can be interpreted only in relation to their vocal, musical, and choreographic performances. As such, the Lehrstucke are works of aesthetic and ideological dissidence-still avantgarde and relevant.
Substance Abuse Treatment Gap Among Adult Parolees: Prevalence, Correlates, and Barriers

Each year 700,000 prisoners are released back into the community, and substance abuse poses an enormous threat to their successful reentry. Using data from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study reports on drug use and treatment exposure, prevalence of unmet treatment needs, psychosocial risks, and barriers to treatment among recent and current parolees. Findings show that whereas substance problems are higher among parolees than the general public, the former are more likely to receive treatment for their problems. Substance-abusing parolees who did not receive treatment often experienced multiple psychosocial challenges. Lack of health care coverage, lack of transportation, and lack of readiness for change were identified as major treatment barriers. Policy implications are discussed.
Spectral FDTD: a novel technique for the analysis of oblique incident plane wave on periodic structures

This paper introduces a new technique which calculates the reflection coefficient for the plane wave incident on planar periodic structures. The method referred to as spectral finite-difference time-domain (SFDTD) replaces the conventional single-angle incident wave, with a constant transverse wavenumber (CTW) wave. Because the transverse wavenumbers are constant, the fields have no delay in the transverse plane (x-y plane), and PBC (periodic boundary condition) can be directly implemented in the time domain for both oblique and normal incident waves. The stability criterion for this new FDTD technique is angle-independent and therefore this method works well for incident angles close to grazing (/spl theta/=90/spl deg/) as well as normal incident (/spl theta/=0/spl deg/). This shows the efficiency of the method compared to other available FDTD techniques for the same purpose that force a more restricted stability criterion as angles turns to grazing. The validity of this method is verified by comparing the reflection coefficient calculated by this method with the analytical results of a grounded slab. The results of this technique are also compared with method of moments for a periodic array of metallic patches and a good agreement is observed. A periodic array of metallic patches above a PEC plate is analyzed and the reflection coefficient is calculated over a wide frequency band for angles varying from 0/spl deg/ to close to 90/spl deg/.
Computed Tomography in Spinal Disease: Overview

Historically, computed tomography (CT) of the juxtaspinal structures, vertebral column, and intraspinal soft tissues (spinal CT) has evolved from CT of the cranium. The first pertinent paper - on CT in syringomyelia - was published by Di Chiro et al. [14] as early as January 1975. The equipment used, the ACTA scanner, had a wide aperture and a tiltable gantry and permitted the examination of virtually every part of the body, as interposition of absorption-equilibrating water was unnecessary. Shortly thereafter, further clinical results were communicated from the same group [23]. Because of the poor resolution of the early whole-body machines, however, spinal CT remained limited to the visualization of rather gross lesions. Scanning times were also unduly long, and level localization presented a problem. Only with the advent of third- and fourth-generation CT scanners were these initial difficulties overcome. Nevertheless, spinal CT is still far from being as established a procedure as cranial CT, though the end of its development has not yet been reached.
AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF THE MAMMALIAN GASTRIC GLAND

The authors have examined the morphology of the apical membrane of living gastric glands from both the rat and rabbit with an atomic force microscope using both a conventional upright configuration and in the new inverted bioscope mode. Individual gastric glands were hand dissected and the apical membrane was exposed using a microsurgical approach. The split open glands allowed to access and directly image 4–6 cells with their apical axis available to the scanning tip of the atomic force microscope. All cells were scanned in a physiological Ringer solution at 37°C. The scans revealed that we could visualize both parietal and chief cells and to distinguish them via their unique apical topography. The parietal cells showed a variety of small canaliculi that were dispersed along the apical axis of the cell. Scans of chief cells revealed an apical surface that was covered with microvilli along the entire apical margin. The results of these studies show that it is indeed feasible to image living gastric glands at 37°C and to observe the surface topology of both the parietal and chief cell.
Primary Myelofibrosis: Update on Definition, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal stem cell disorder that manifests clinically as anemia, splenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis, leukoerythroblastosis, and constitutional symptoms, which are the clinical hallmarks of PMF. Within the past three years it has been determined that a single, recurrent, somatic mutation in the gene encoding the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) occurs in the majority of patients with PMF, and more recently, activating mutations in the gene encoding the thrombopoietin receptor MPL have also been identified in a subset of PMF patients. These discoveries have yielded important insights into the pathogenesis of PMF and have brought about the first opportunity for rationally targeted therapy for this disorder. Here we present an updated review of the pathogenesis, definition, and treatment of PMF in light of the discovery of JAK2 and MPL mutations, as well as other recent work in the myeloproliferative neoplasm field.
Voting on the Propositions: Ballot Patterns and Historical Trends in California

Entering the polling booth on Tuesday, November 3, 1964, the typical California voter found himself confronted with an immense sheet of finely-printed green paper, a dirty black rubber stamp, a tiny ink pad, and thirty decisions to render. A few minutes later (the legal maximum is 10) he emerged and numbly surrendered to a clerk his ballot, now slightly embellished, like the fingers of his decision hand, with black ink stains.Most of his decisions were made on a lengthy array of propositions. In these, questions on an assortment of issues were posed, each couched in language tedious and obscure—as only minds trained in the finest law schools could devise.This study seeks to gain some knowledge about factors which influence the vote on these propositions. It employs a somewhat unorthodox method: an analysis of the voting patterns on actual ballots. The ballots furnish attractive data because they are, after all, completely accurate records of the results of those minutes of decision-rendering in the artificial privacy of that cramped polling booth.It would be impossible by this method to generate a comprehensive theory about proposition voting behavior—too much information about the individual voter is forever lost by the secrecy incorporated in the balloting procedure. Nevertheless a contribution can be made in several areas of relevant concern, areas currently dominated more by folklore and mythology than fact or theory.
Abdominal obesity and peripheral vascular disease in men and women: a comparison of waist-to-thigh ratio and waist circumference as measures of abdominal obesity.

Abstract Objective Abdominal obesity is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) but its relationship to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is under-researched. This study is to evaluate the association of PVD with two measures of abdominal obesity, waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR) and waist circumference (WC). Methods and results The study population consisted of 5057 adults aged 40 years or older who participated in NHANES 1999–2002. PVD was defined as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) P for trend=0.018). Among women, strong linear trend was found indicating significant association between WTR and PVD ( P for trend=0.007). While WC was not associated with PVD among men, among women, those in the 4th quartile of WC had an increased odds of PVD compared to the 1st quartile (odds ratio: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.01–8.88). Conclusions WTR is associated with PVD in men and women. In contrast, WC is associated with PVD in women, but not in men. Well-controlled prospective studies are needed to assess these two measures of body fat distribution and its association with the development of PVD in men and women.
Late assembly domain function can exhibit context dependence and involves ubiquitin residues implicated in endocytosis.

Retroviral Gag polyproteins contain regions that promote the separation of virus particles from the plasma membrane and from each other. These Gag regions are often referred to as late assembly (L) domains. The L domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is in the C-terminal p6gag domain and harbors an essential P(T/S)APP motif, whereas the L domains of oncoretroviruses are in the N-terminal half of the Gag precursor and have a PPXY core motif. We recently observed that L domains induce the ubiquitination of a minimal HIV-1 Gag construct and that point mutations which abolish L domain activity prevent Gag ubiquitination. In that study, a peptide from the Ebola virus L domain with overlapping P(T/S)APP and PPXY motifs showed exceptional activity in promoting Gag ubiquitination and the release of virus-like particles. We now show that a substitution which disrupts the PPXY motif but leaves the P(T/S)APP motif intact abolishes L domain activity in the minimal Gag context, but not in the context of a near full-length HIV-1 Gag precursor. Our results reveal that the P(T/S)APP motif does not function autonomously and indicate that the HIV-1 nucleocapsid-p1 region, which is proximal to p6gag, can cooperate with the conserved L domain core motif. We have also examined the effects of ubiquitin mutants on virus-like particle production, and the results indicate that residues required for the endocytosis function of ubiquitin are also involved in virus budding.
Fluid limits of many-server retrial queues with nonpersistent customers

This work considers a many-server retrial queueing system in which nonpersistent (impatient) customers with i.i.d., generally distributed service times and independent sequences of i.i.d., generally distributed inter-attempt times. A newly arrived customer attempts to obtain service immediately upon arrival and joins a retrial orbit with probability $$p\in [0,1]$$p?[0,1] if all servers are busy, and re-attempts to obtain service after a random amount of time until it gets service. The dynamics of the system is represented in terms of a family of measure-valued processes that keep track of the amounts of time that each customer being served has been in service and the waiting times of customers in the retrial orbit since their previous attempts to obtain service. Under some mild assumptions, as both the arrival rate and the number of servers go to infinity, a law of large numbers (or fluid) limit is established for this family of processes with the aid of the one-dimensional Skorokhod map and a contraction map. The limit is shown to be the unique solution to the so-called (extended) fluid model equations. In addition, the set of invariant states for the (extended) fluid model equations is established and is used to yield some steady state performance measures, such as the steady state blocking probability and the steady state number of customers in the retrial orbit.
Towards resource sharing in mobile device clouds: power balancing across mobile devices

Despite the increased capabilities of mobile devices, mobile application resource requirements can often transcend what can be accomplished on a single device. This has been addressed through several proposals for efficient computation offloading from mobile devices to remote cloud resources or closely located computing resources known as cloudlets. In this paper we consider an environment in which computational offloading is performed among a set of mobile devices. We call this environment a Mobile Device Cloud (MDC). We are interested in MDCs where nodes are {\em highly collaborative}. We develop computational offloading schemes that {\em maximize the lifetime} of the ensemble of mobile devices where we consider the network to be alive as long as no device has depleted its battery. As a secondary contribution in this work, we develop and use an experimentation platform that allows us to evaluate a range of computational models and profiles derived from a realistic testbed. We use this platform as a first step in an evaluation exercise that demonstrates the effectiveness of our computation offloading algorithms in extending the lifetime of an MDC.
Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24.

OBJECTIVE: This report estimates the numbers of 18-24 year old United States college students who annually experience alcohol-related deaths, injuries and other health problems. METHOD: We examined traffic and unintentional injury deaths in 1998 reported by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). We also examined results of national coroner studies, Department of Education college enrollment data, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), the CDC National College Health Risk Behavior Survey and the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Survey (CAS). All survey participants were ages 18-24: 6,930 college and 12,394 noncollege respondents in the NHSDA survey; 3,077 college students in the CDC survey; and 12,217 full-time 4-year college students in the CAS. Based on the number and proportion of 18-24 year olds enrolled in college, data on alcohol involvement in injury deaths among 18-24 year olds and survey responses, we calculated the numbers of 18-24 year old alcohol-related injury deaths and other health problems. RESULTS: We estimate that over 1,400 students aged 18-24 and enrolled in 2- and 4-year colleges died in 1998 from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes. According to surveys conducted in 1999, in the preceding year, over 2 million of the 8 million college students in the United States drove under the influence of alcohol and over 3 million rode with a drinking driver. Over 500,000 full-time 4-year college students were unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol and over 600,000 were hit or assaulted by another student who had been drinking. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need for expanding prevention and treatment programs, to reduce alcohol-related harm among U.S. college students and other young adults. Language: en
THE WISC SUBTEST SYNDROME FOR DISABLED READERS

WISC subtest patterns of 101 underachieving and 56 achieving fourth grade readers were determined and the results were contrasted with those from 20 previously published studies. The evidence indicates that the low information, arithmetic, and coding subtest pattern is characteristic of groups of disabled readers but not of individuals and that significantly high performance IQs are characteristic of about 20% of underachieves. The suggestion is made that research be directed toward discovering the possible significance of low subtest scores rather than toward pattern identification.
Does preoperative transhepatic biliary decompression improve surgical results

For decades surgeons have feared the complications of surgical procedures on patients with obstructive jaundice. A high incidence of renal failure, septic complications, and even liver failure are described. In his early procedures, Whipple performed a preliminary decompressive procedure followed later after relief of jaundice by definitive pancreaticoduodenectomy. Clinical evidence seemed to indicate that biliary decompression prior to a high risk, major procedure was advantageous.
Lagrangian techniques for solving a class of zero-one integer linear programs

We consider a class of zero-one integer programming feasibility problems (0-1 ILPF problems) in which the coefficients of variables can be integers, and the objective is to find an assignment of binary variables so that all constraints are satisfied. We propose a Lagrangian formulation in the continuous space and develop a gradient search in this space. By using two counteracting forces, one performing gradient search in the primal space (of the original variables) and the other in the dual space (of the Lagrangian variables), we show that our search algorithm does not get trapped in local minima and reaches equilibrium only when a feasible assignment to the original problem is found. We present experimental results comparing our method with backtracking and local search (based on random restarts). Our results show that 0-1 ILPF problems of reasonable sizes can be solved by an order of magnitude faster than existing methods.
Scale-Dependent Relationships between Population and Environment in Northeastern Thailand

with social processes to examine the nature of patterns Social and biophysical data were collected, integrated, and Vatial and/or scales for landscapes having a analyzed to examine scale-dependent relationships between pronounced "social" imprint. Scale dependent studies conselected population and environmental variables for a study ducted in environments have typically lacked the site in northeast Thailand. Data sets were generated through human data at fine spatial ~cales (e%., the use of remote sensing to characterize land-use/land-cover Or and a sufficiently large Moreand plant biomass variation across the Nang Rong district; over~ researchers have been primarily biophysical ~cholars ~1s to derive slope angle, and soil moisture poten- unaccustomed to working with social science data. In additia]; social survey data at the village level to categorize dem- tion, the remote sensing and GIs research communities have ographic variables; and a population distribution model to only begun focusing attention on the interplay betransform demographic data collected at discrete village lo- tween social, biophysical, and geographic factors as drivers cations to spatially continuous surfaces stratified by agri- of land-uselland-cover change (LULCC). cultural land uses. Statistical analysis employed multiple Spatial scale is inherently involved in recognizing sparegression to populatjon density in relation to tial patterns on the landscape and in estimating the relationand biophysical variables, and canonical analysis to relate ships between landscape and environmental and population variables to environmental variables across a social processes deriving those patterns (Bian and Walsh, range of spatial scales extending from 30 to 1050 m. Find- 1993; Allen and Walsh, 1996). Specific biotic, environmental, ings indicate the importance of spatial scale in the study of social, and historical processes function at various ranges of population and the environment. Regression models reflect Vatial The ranges and among Processes. the scale dependence of the selected variables through plots Patterns the landscape be discernible at cerof slope coefficients and RZ values across nine scale steps. tain spatial scales and ranges of spatial scales (~eenteme~er The variation in relationships among environment and popu- and lga7)9 and landscape appear homogeneous at lation variables, evidenced through factor loadings associ- Some scales but heterogeneous at others (Nellis and Briggs, ated with canonical correlation, suggest that relationships 1989). Based the assumption that the spatial Patterns of are not generalizeable across the sampled spatial scales. landscapes are formed by environmental and social processes whose effects vary with spatial scale, it is reasonable to hy
HIGHER THAN EXPECTED ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL PROSTATE AND BLADDER CANCERS

AbstractPurpose: In this study we evaluated the risk of a second malignancy of the bladder or prostate in patients with a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) or urothelial cancer (TCC).Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all cases of PCa and TCC diagnosed between January 1996 and June 2003. Only PCa diagnosed due to abnormal digital rectal examination or increased prostate specific antigen were included. All patients with TCC presented with hematuria or irritative voiding symptoms and the diagnoses were confirmed with a tissue diagnosis. The incidence of lung, colon and renal cancers was also analyzed.Results: A total of 816 men were diagnosed with PCa and/or TCC. Of 673 men initially diagnosed with PCa 21 had TCC. Of 149 men initially diagnosed with TCC 18 had PCa. Average age at PCa and TCC diagnosis ± SD was 68.2 ± 7.9 and 68.2 ± 10.4 years, respectively. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of TCC in patients with PCa (SIR 4.31, 95% CI 2.411 to 7.110) and of PCa in patients wi...
Does Financial Sophistication Matter in Retirement Preparedness

Lack of financial sophistication has been suggested as a cause of retirement plan failure. We extend previous studies of retirement adequacy by testing the effect of financial sophistication proxies on projected retirement adequacy, using the 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset. We found that only 44% of households with a fulltime head aged 35 to 60 are adequately prepared for retirement in 2010, compared to 58% in 2007. Our multivariate analysis shows that college educated households are more likely to have an adequate retirement than those with less than a high school degree. Households using a financial planner are more likely to have an adequate retirement than those that do not use one.
Activation of calcitonin receptor in prostate cancer cells leads to the changes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3590 Calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) are expressed only in basal epithelium of benign prostate, but in whole epithelium of malignant prostates. The abundance of CT and/or CTR mRNA in prostate cancers increases with tumor progression and all tumor cells of poorly differentiated prostate cancers co-express CT/CTR. Constitutive expression of CTR in indolent LNCaP cells makes them invasive. In contrast, silencing of CT or CTR results in loss of invasive phenotype of highly invasive PC-3M prostate cells. The goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of modulation of CT-CTR axis on the ability of PC cell lines to form inter-cellular junctions, and on translocation of junctional proteins as well beta-catenin signaling. LNCaP, PC-3 and PC-3M prostate cancer cell lines were used in the study. Their CT or CTR expression was modulated using either constitutively active vectors expressing CT/CTR or the vectors expressing either anti-CT ribozymes or CTR RNAi. The sublines with modulated CT or CTR expression were then evaluated for their ability to form acinar structures in 3D collagen gels. The cell sublines were also examined for the translocation of junctional proteins E-cadherin, b-catenin and zona occludens-1. Status of b-catenin signaling was evaluated by CT-stimulated translocation of b-catenin in nuceus and activation GSK-3beta. The results suggest that activation of CT-CTR axis in PC-3M cells led to phenotypical changes demonstrating migratory characteristics, loss of ability to form junctions, translocation of junctional proteins E-cadherin and zona occludens from triton X-100-insoluble to triton X-100-soluble fraction and translocation of beta-catenin from membrane to nucleus. This was accompanied by and increase in GSK-3b activity suggesting that the activation of CT-CTR axis leads to the activation of processes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cell lines. It is likely that these changes may be induced by CTR-stimulated activation of protein kinase A and PI-3-kinase signaling pathways since specific inhibitors of these signaling pathways attenuate CT-induced EMT.
Far Field Circulation Velocities in Shallow Lakes

A three-dimensional model is developed for the prediction of steady-state circulation induced by the discharges, wind stresses, and horizontal temperature gradients in the far field regions of shallow lakes. For the case of lakes having rectangular geometries and uniform depth explicit analytical solutions are presented for the velocity distribution. The results of the analysis show that a negative temperature gradient along the lake in a given direction gives rise to a flow in the same direction at the upper layer of the lake and to a reverse flow at the lower layer. The circulations induced by horizontal temperature gradients may be as important as those generated by wind stresses.
Highly specific epigenome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 repressors for silencing of distal regulatory elements

Epigenome editing with the CRISPR (clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 platform is a promising technology for modulating gene expression to direct cell phenotype and to dissect the causal epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Fusions of nuclease-inactive dCas9 to the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) repressor (dCas9-KRAB) can silence target gene expression, but the genome-wide specificity and the extent of heterochromatin formation catalyzed by dCas9-KRAB are not known. We targeted dCas9-KRAB to the HS2 enhancer, a distal regulatory element that orchestrates the expression of multiple globin genes, and observed highly specific induction of H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) at the enhancer and decreased chromatin accessibility of both the enhancer and its promoter targets. Targeted epigenetic modification of HS2 silenced the expression of multiple globin genes, with minimal off-target changes in global gene expression. These results demonstrate that repression mediated by dCas9-KRAB is sufficiently specific to disrupt the activity of individual enhancers via local modification of the epigenome.
Imaging with Aperture Synthesis Radio Telescopes in the Presence of Direction Dependent Effects

We describe in this paper results from our work so far in developing algorithms to solve for and fast application of direction dependent effects while imaging with interferometric radio telescopes.
Revisiting the African Economic Growth Agenda: Focus on Inclusive and Pro-poor Growth?

This paper determines whether the recent growth trajectory in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been inclusive and pro-poor and discusses potential policies in making growth more inclusive. The motivation for the study is that in the economic literature, economic growth is viewed as fundamental in achieving poverty reduction, changes in income distribution are expected to lead to improving the poverty reduction outcome stemming from growth, and initial inequality would reduce the impact of growth on poverty reduction. Two conventional definitions commonly used in the literature to measure whether economic growth is pro-poor require knowledge of whether there have been distributional changes in income and whether those changes have improved the welfare of the poor. First, regional analyses show that compared to the rest of the world’s regions, SSA experienced negative per capita growth from 1985 through 2000, and that this was accompanied by significant decline in income distribution such that by 2000 the average income of an African in the lowest quintile of economic distribution was only 90 % of the income in 1985. Second, country-specific analyses show that unlike many East Asian economies that recorded average income growth along with their poorest quintile, in SSA economies even when growth in average income occurred, the incomes of the poorest Africans fell. The exceptions were in Gabon and to a smaller extent Ghana. Third, analyses of recent data showed that like the rest of the world’s developing regions, after realizing rising poverty rates from 1981 to 1999, SSA also saw steady declines in extreme poverty rate by 10 % from 1999 through 2010. However, it was the only region where the number of extreme poor rose from 205 million in 1981 to 414 million in 2010 with its global share rising from 11 to 34 %. The average gap of the extremely poor in SSA rose from $0.53 per day in 1981 to $0.54 a day compared to the $1.25 per day threshold for the extremely poor, and compared to the developing country average of $0.51 per day to $0.29 per day for the same time period. Therefore, the aggregate SSA extreme poverty gap doubled from $40 billion in 2005 PPP terms in 1981 to $82 billion in 2005 PPP terms in 2010 compared to the aggregate for all developing countries that fell by half from $362 to $169 billion all in 2005 PPP terms during the same time period. Therefore, the paper concludes that recent growth in SSA has not been pro-poor. Suggestions are provided to sustain growth across the SSA region to make growth more inclusive.
Intensity and frequency dependence of laryngeal afferent inputs to respiratory hypoglossal motoneurons

Mifflin, Steven W. Intensity and frequency dependence of laryngeal afferent inputs to respiratory hypoglossal motoneurons.J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1890–1899, 1997.—Inspiratory hypoglossal motoneuro...
Effects of eutrophication on maximum algal biomass in lake and river ecosystems

To further clarify empirical relationships between maximum phytoplankton biomass per unit total phosphorus (TP) and the maximum:mean phytoplankton biomass ratio, predictive models were created from a meta-analysis of datasets from lakes worldwide. Peak concentrations of planktonic chlorophyll a were on average 2.6 times greater than the mean, with most maximum:mean chlorophyll a ratios falling within less than an order-of-magnitude band (from 1.2 to 6 times the mean value). Peak concentrations of planktonic algal biovolume in 22 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) lakes were on average 3.3 times greater than the mean, with maximum:mean biovolume ratios ranging from 1.2 to 6.3. By contrast, the temporal dynamics of planktonic (suspended) algal biomass in Minnesota streams and rivers were far more constrained; peak concentrations of planktonic chlorophyll a were only on average 1.8 times greater than the mean, with maximum:mean chlorophyll a ratios ranging from 1.3 to 3.8. These data suggest regional differences in maximum chlorophyll a values may exist. Parallel analyses of periphyton biomass in streams and rivers showed far greater variability in the maximum:mean chlorophyll ratio for benthic algae. Peak concentrations of attached chlorophyll a were on average 4.3 times greater than the mean, with the observed maximum:mean chlorophyll a ratios exhibiting exceptionally high variability (ranging from 1.0 to 50 times the mean value), likely reflecting differences in the temporal dynamics of planktonic and benthic algal growth in freshwater ecosystems.
On Theory and Practice Among Arabs

Douglas E. Ashford, National Development and Local Reform: Political Participation in Morocco, Tunisia, and Pakistan, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1967, 439 pp., $I0.00. Leonard Binder, The Ideological Revolution in the Middle East, New York, John Wiley, i964, 287 pp., $9.95. Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, New York, Oxford University Press, i969, 349 pp., $8.75. William B. Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, i954I968, Cambridge, Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1969, 313 pp., $8.95. John Waterbury, The Commander of the Faithful: The Moroccan Political Elite-A Study in Segmented Politics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, 368 pp., $io.oo.
Notes on the Breeding Habitats of Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti (Linneaeus)

Attempts at control and eradication of Aedes aegypti (L.) are almost invariably based on the assumption that the mosquito is absolutelydomestic, or at least is confined to man-made breeding places. Habitats described for larvae include all types of domestic containers, i. e., tin cans, buckets, bowls, etc., automobile tires, concrete drains, artificial pools, and dozens of other water-holding articles which have been created by mankind. That a program involving the complete eradication of Aedes aegypti by eliminating water-holding articles is not all-inclusive, even with adequate inspection of domestic premises and human modifications of natural situations, has been repeatedly proven in West Africa.
Childhood Overweight and Obesity and Their Association With Asthma

Poor diet, decreased physical activity, and obesity are emerging as determinants that may be critical in the cause of asthma. The obesity epidemic is a worldwide problem affecting both developed and developing countries. The prevalence of obesity among US children and adolescents has tripled over the past 4 decades, and there is an all-time low in the level of physical activity among children and adolescents. Recent data show that the incidence of asthma has been climbing rapidly as well over these past 4 decades. An increasing body of literature suggests that there is an association between this parallel rise of obesity and asthma incidences. Although the exact nature of this association remains unclear, many investigators have interpreted the data to suggest that obesity both increases the risk of incident asthma and alters prevalent asthma toward a phenotype that is more difficult to control.
Attitude is everything: Youth attitudes, gang involvement, and length of institutional gang membership:

Prison gangs have been a topic of interest among scholars, but research on youth prison gangs is limited. Furthermore, violent attitudes and gang involvement have not been addressed extensively, and a better understanding of youth prison gang involvement is needed to effectively inform responses to violence in correctional facilities. This paper fills this research gap through an analysis of violent attitudes as they relate to gang involvement and length of gang membership. The data derive from interviews with 285 males conducted in a larger study on gangs and violence in California's youth correctional facilities. The results show that gang members tend to have stronger violent and aggressive attitudes compared to nongang members, and length of institutional gang membership is statistically significant and negatively associated with violent and aggressive attitudes. Furthermore, a youth's violent and aggressive attitudes will vary depending on if the youth has never spent time in an institutional gang, is currently in one, or is a former institutional gang member. I conclude the paper with a discussion of these findings and what they imply for gang group processes, theory, institutional policy, and programs.
Attractant and repellent cues cooperate in guiding a subset of olfactory sensory axons to a well-defined protoglomerular target

Olfactory sensory axons target well-defined intermediate targets in the zebrafish olfactory bulb called protoglomeruli well before they form odorant receptor-specific glomeruli. A subset of olfactory sensory neurons are labeled by expression of the or111-7:IRES:GAL4 transgene whose axons terminate in the central zone (CZ) protoglomerulus. Previous work has shown that some of these axons misproject to the more dorsal and anterior dorsal zone (DZ) protoglomerulus in the absence of Netrin 1/Dcc signaling. In search of additional cues that guide these axons to the CZ, we found that Semaphorin 3D (Sema3D) is expressed in the anterior bulb and acts as a repellent that pushes them towards the CZ. Further analysis indicates that Sema3D signaling is mediated through Nrp1a, while Nrp2b also promotes CZ targeting but in a Sema3D-independent manner. nrp1a, nrp2b and dcc transcripts are detected in or111-7 transgene-expressing neurons early in development and both Nrp1a and Dcc act cell-autonomously in sensory neurons to promote accurate targeting to the CZ. dcc and nrp1a double mutants have significantly more DZ misprojections than either single mutant, suggesting that the two signaling systems act independently and in parallel to direct a specific subset of sensory axons to their initial protoglomerular target.
Introduction: Language, Social Order, and Neoliberal Violence

This book examines neoliberal economics as a form of violent radicalism. The orienting framework is a focus on neoliberalism as a discourse whose assumptions and influence on contemporary institutions normalize violence. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the term “radicalism” has become a signifier of global terrorism. For a variety of commentators, terrorism can only be understood in reference to violent acts that remain unthinkable to normal human beings. Yet, the violence associated with overtly political or religious extremism is only a small component of contemporary violence. In their everyday lives, people are subjected to routine, widespread, and equally radical violence associated with the economic theses of neoliberalism. Understood as the complete reorganization of social existence in pursuit of narrow economic interests, neoliberalism normalizes ideas and behavior that would appear obscene outside of an economistic frame of reference. The antisocial imagery propagated by this market-based extremism, for example, vindicates the existence of profound social inequalities that consign billions of people to supposedly deserved squalor. Yet, such ideas often pass as unquestioned verities among elite decision-makers, theorists, and commentators and indeed can be brought up for discussion as if their catastrophic impact on the world’s peoples were only abstract policy issues. Even more striking, some of those most hurt by neoliberal policies, for instance, working-class people whose unionized jobs once guaranteed them stable, middle-class lifestyles, are sometimes the most vociferous champions of economic extremism, interpreting such policies as expressions of “freedom” and “liberty.”
Gamma Radiation from B 10 Bombarded by Protons

A sodium iodide scintillation spectrometer has been used to study the gamma radiation produced when ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ is bombarded by protons. The following gamma rays have been found: a 432-kev gamma ray from the ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ reaction, a 718-kev gamma ray from inelastic scattering in ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, and a high-energy gamma ray from the reaction ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(p, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ Excitation curves and cross sections for these gamma rays are given.
Interactive effects of carbon dioxide, low temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton seedling root and shoot morphology and growth

Interactive effects of multiple environmental stresses are predicted to have a negative effect on cotton growth and development and these effects will be exacerbated in the future climate. The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that cotton cultivars differ in their responses to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750 µmol·mol–1 (+(CO2)], temperature [28/20 and 20/12°C (–T)], and UV–B radiation [0 and 10 kJ·m–2·d–1 (+ UV–B)]. A genetic and molecular standard (TM-1) and three modern cotton cultivars (DP1522B2XF, PHY496W3R, and ST4747GLB2) were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers with control treatment 400 µmol·mol–1 [CO2], 28/21°C temperature, and 0 kJ UV–B. The results showed significant differences among the cultivars for most of the shoot and root parameters. Plants grown under low temperature alone or as a combination with + UV–B treatment caused more detrimental effects on root and shoot vigor. Although the elevated CO2 treatments weakened the damaging effects of higher UV–B levels on cotton growth on all cultivars, increased CO2 could not mask the negative effects of low temperature. When comparing all cultivars, genetic standard TM-1 produced the smallest values for the majority of traits under CO2, UV–B, and low temperature either alone or in combination with other treatments. Based on principal component analysis, the four cultivars were classified as tolerant (DP1522B2XF), intermediate (PHY496W3R and ST4747GLB2) and sensitive (TM-1) to multiple environmental stresses.Low temperature was identified as the most damaging treatment to cotton early seedling vigor while elevated CO2 caused the least. Existing variability of cotton cultivars in response to multiple environmental stresses could allow for selection of cultivars with the best coping ability and higher lint yield for future climate change environments.
Control of Morphology by Manipulating Light Quality and Daily Light Integral Using LEDs

In northern latitudes, supplemental lighting is utilized to increase the photosynthetic daily light integral in greenhouses during the winter months, which can fall as low as 1–5 mol m−2 d−1. Traditionally, supplemental lighting has been provided by high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, but light-emitting diode (LED) technologies are now available for many greenhouse applications. The use of LEDs for supplemental lighting can be beneficial because wavelengths of light can be selected for applications such as the control of plant growth, development, morphology, and leaf color. However, delivering these precise wavelengths at moderately low intensities with ambient light already present in the greenhouse may prove ineffective at eliciting desired morphological characteristics. Regardless, LEDs have proven to be a viable option to provide supplemental lighting in the many controlled environments.