cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PURSUIT OF HUMAN NATURE IN SOCIOBIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY SOCIOLOGY

Outside of sociology, evolutionary theory is once again commanding widespread attention in social science. Having sat out the spirited debates over sociobiology in the 1970s, most sociologists are largely unaware that the field has prospered and is now a respected, interdisciplinary science with a growing number of influential scholars within the social sciences. This article takes a critical look at sociobiology with a consideration of both its historical origins and its now modified theoretical stance, which is exemplified by Timothy Crippen's article “Toward a Neo-Darwinian Sociology.” In addition, this essay summarizes an alternative approach that might be called “evolutionary sociology.” While it also incorporates the Modern Synthesis, it uses established sociological methods and theory, along with primate data and the fossil and archaeological records, to consider the biological legacy of humankind.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Perovskite Barium Zirconate (BaZrO3): An Experiment for an Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

In this experiment, the students explore the synthesis of a crystalline solid-state material, barium zirconate (BaZrO3) by two different synthetic methods: (a) the wet chemical method using BaCl2·2H2O and ZrOCl2·8H2O as the precursors, and (b) the solid-state reaction from BaCO3 and ZrO2. BaZrO3 adopts a perovskite structure with a cubic unit cell. The intermediate and the products are examined by various characterization techniques. The identity and the purity of the products are determined by powder X-ray diffraction technique. The structural information on the products is analyzed by the XRD patterns, where students apply the sin2θ-ratio method to determine the type and dimension of the unit cell. The composition of the Ba2+ and Zr4+ ions in the product is determined by the gravimetric analysis, while the vibrational modes of the product are observed by Infrared Spectroscopy.
A Hierarchical Cognitive Threshold Model of Human Decision Making on Different Length Optimal Stopping Problems.

In optimal stopping problems, people are asked to choose the maximum out of a sequence of values, under the constraint that a number can only be chosen when it is presented. We present a series of threshold models of human decision making on optimal stopping problems, including a new hierarchical model that assumes individual differences in threshold setting are controlled by deviations or biases from optimality associated with risk propensity, and is applicable to optimal stopping problems of any length. Using Bayesian graphical modeling methods, we apply the models to previous data involving 101 participants with large individual differences who completed sets of length 5 and length 10 problems. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the bias-from-optimal hierarchical model, find individual differences in thresholds that people use, but also find that these individual differences are stable across the two optimal stopping tasks.
Role of angiotensin and adrenoceptors in hemodynamic response to aortic cross-clamping

An earlier study has shown that angiotensin and catecholamines were responsible for the vasoconstriction observed in the isolated hindlimb preparation during aortic cross-clamping. That study also demonstrated that when vasoconstriction was blocked with an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, vasodilation was elicited by aortic cross-clamping. The present study tested the hypothesis that this vasodilation was mediated via beta-adrenergic receptors. Eighteen dogs had their hindlimb denervated, vascularly isolated, and pump perfused with blood drained from the inferior vena cava, after passing through a gas-exchanging membrane where oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were normalized. Left and right thoracotomies were performed, and the aorta and inferior vena cava were cross-clamped. The cross-clamping was associated with 29-37% increase in limb vascular resistance in control dogs (n = 6), in animals pretreated with propranolol (2 mg/kg, n = 6), and in dogs pretreated with a combination of phenoxybenzamine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (2 mg/kg, n = 6). In animals pretreated with a combination of phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, and enalaprilat (2 mg/kg, n = 6), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, limb vascular resistance did not change. This study has confirmed that aortic cross-clamping is associated with vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin and activation of alpha-adrenoceptors and has further demonstrated that vasodilation is attributable to beta-adrenoceptor activation.
TCT-258 Reasons for False ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction activations at a Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Capable Center

Several conditions may mimic a true ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and lead to false activation of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (CCL). We investigated the reasons for false STEMI activations at our institution. We reviewed the medical records of all patients presenting to our
Turning Points in the Lives of Chinese and Indian Women Leaders Working toward Social Justice

Institutional change has a human face. This paper explores how a select group of women in China and India experienced economic and political turmoil and why they chose to become change agents. Through in-depth interviews with 40 women from NGOs, government agencies and private business, four broad moments in the evolution of a change agent are identified and discussed: (1) awareness of a double-bind; (2) reframing the tension induced by that double-bind; (3) becoming an agent of change; and (4) building a vibrant network. To highlight these key features, four women’s narratives are discussed in greater depth from recognizing injustice to taking a non-traditional stand. The paper concludes with a call for further comparative work on the role of personal narratives in shaping a movement for change.
Cortical Control of Spatial Resolution by VIP+ Interneurons

Neuronal tuning, defined by the degree of selectivity to a specific stimulus, is a hallmark of cortical computation. Understanding the role of GABAergic interneurons in shaping cortical tuning is now possible with the ability to manipulate interneuron classes selectively. Here, we show that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) regulate the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex. Using two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulations of VIP+ cell activity, we found that activating VIP+ cells elicited a stronger network response to stimuli of higher SFs, whereas suppressing VIP+ cells resulted in a network response shift toward lower SFs. These results establish that cortical inhibition modulates the spatial resolution of visual processing and add further evidence demonstrating that feature selectivity depends, not only on the feedforward excitatory projections into the cortex, but also on dynamic intracortical modulations by specific forms of inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) play a causal role in regulating the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of neurons in mouse visual cortex. We show that optogenetic activation of VIP+ cells results in a shift in network preference toward higher SFs, whereas suppressing them shifts the network toward lower SFs. Several studies have shown that VIP+ cells are sensitive to neuromodulation and increase their firing during locomotion, whisking, and pupil dilation and are involved in spatially specific top-down modulation, reminiscent of the effects of top-down attention, and also that attention enhances spatial resolution. Our findings provide a bridge between these studies by establishing the inhibitory circuitry that regulates these fundamental modulations of SF in the cortex.
Opportunities for HIV Prevention Communication During Sexual Encounters with Black Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Abstract Conversations about HIV prevention before engaging in sex may result in safer sex practices and decreased HIV transmission. However, partner communication for HIV prevention has been understudied among black/African American men who have sex with men (BMSM), a group that is disproportionately affected by HIV. We explored and described encounters and perceptions about HIV prevention conversations among BMSM and their sex partner(s) in New York City. We conducted an inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with BMSM who reported sex with a man in the previous 3 months. Interviews were professionally transcribed; Nvivo was used for data analysis. Twenty-two BMSM were included in this analysis; median age = 29.1 years; 71.4% self-identified as MSM; 85.7% were ever HIV tested; and 52.6% reported no disclosure or discussion about HIV status with their previous sex partner. The main themes were: (1) missed opportunities for HIV prevention conversations (e.g., no HIV prevention conversat...
The coupled bio-chemo-electro-mechanical behavior of glucose exposed arterial elastin

Elastin, the principle protein component of the elastic fiber, is a critical extracellular matrix (ECM) component of the arterial wall providing structural resilience and biological signaling essential in vascular morphogenesis and maintenance of mechanical homeostasis. Pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases have been associated with alterations of elastin. As a long-lived ECM protein that is deposited and organized before adulthood, elastic fibers can suffer from cumulative effects of biochemical exposure encountered during aging and/or disease, which greatly compromise their mechanical function. This review article covers findings from recent studies of the mechanical and structural contribution of elastin to vascular function, and the effects of biochemical degradation. Results from diverse experimental methods including tissue-level mechanical characterization, fiber-level nonlinear optical imaging, piezoelectric force microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance are reviewed. The intriguing coupled bio-chemo-electro-mechanical behavior of elastin calls for a multi-scale and multi-physical understanding of ECM mechanics and mechanobiology in vascular remodeling.
Adaptive regulation for disturbance rejection with uncertain parameters: Stability analysis

Robust stability conditions are investigated for an adaptive regulation scheme which is capable of tuning a time-varying controller to mitigate the effects of unknown disturbances. Coprime factorization of the plant and the controller are used to tune the controller while allowing parameter uncertainty within the model. While the stability conditions are applicable to general time-varying parameterizations of the controller, it is shown that the conditions boil down to those of time-invariant controllers if the adaptation is parameterized with an FIR filter. Under these conditions, stability analysis is formulated via a type of small-gain theorem in a time-varying sense. In addition, it is shown that by filtering parameter updates of the FIR filter, one can reduce parameter update volatility while maintaining stability. Application of the results to model of a fourth order plant with an uncertain resonance frequency serves as an illustration of the proposed stability criteria.
${L}_{{g}} = {30}$ nm InAs Channel MOSFETs Exhibiting ${f}_{\textit {max}} ={410}$ GHz and ${f}_{{t}} = {357}$ GHz

We report ${L}_{g}= 30$ nm InAs-channel MOSFETs exhibiting 420 GHz ${f}_{\textit {max}}$ , record for a III-V MOSFET, and 357 GHz ${f}_{t}$ . The device incorporates a 5-nm strained InAs channel grown on an InP substrate. To reduce the parasitic gate-source and gate-drain capacitances, regrown lateral access regions increase the separations between the gate and the N+ source and drain; modulation doping within these access regions provides a low associated series resistance, enabling high ${g}_{m}$ . The 30 nm ${L}_{g}$ device shows an 1.5 mS/ $\mu \text{m}$ DC peak extrinsic ${g}_{m}$ at ${V}_{\textit {DS}} = 0.5$ V and ${V}_{\textit {GS}} = 0.3$ V, 91% of the value (1.65 mS/ $\mu \text{m}$ ) extracted from 10 MHz RF measurements, indicating a low DC-RF dispersion.
High-Quality Hybrid Double-layer-Silicon on Silicon Nitride Platform for Integrated Photonic Applications

We demonstrate a hybrid double-layer-crystalline-silicon on silicon nitride platform formed by a two-step of bonding process. We report high Q of 400, 000 for a 40 μm radius microresonator in the platform using evanescent coupling between different layers.
Spatially distributed water-balance and meteorological data from the Wolverton catchment, Sequoia National Park, California

Abstract. Accurate water-balance measurements in the seasonal, snow-dominated Sierra Nevada are important for forest and downstream water management. However, few sites in the southern Sierra offer detailed records of the spatial and temporal patterns of snowpack and soil-water storage and the fluxes affecting them, i.e., precipitation as rain and snow, snowmelt, evapotranspiration, and runoff. To explore these stores and fluxes we instrumented the Wolverton basin (2180–2750 m) in Sequoia National Park with distributed, continuous sensors. This 2006–2016 record of snow depth, soil moisture and soil temperature, and meteorological data quantifies the hydrologic inputs and storage in a mostly undeveloped catchment. Clustered sensors record lateral differences with regards to aspect and canopy cover at approximately 2250 and 2625 m in elevation, where two meteorological stations are installed. Meteorological stations record air temperature, relative humidity, radiation, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and snow depth. Data are available at hourly intervals by water year (1 October–30 September) in non-proprietary formats from online data repositories ( https://doi.org/10.6071/M3S94T ).
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of hippuric acid derivatives. I. Evaluation of methods for quantitative determination hippuric acid. A search for benzoylsarcosine excretion in normal urine.

Abstract Hippuric acid can be determined, after conversion to its methyl ester with diazomethane, by gas chromatography on cyclohexane dimethanol succinate. Constant response factors are obtained with the methyl esters of either stearic or palmitic acid as iternal standards. Benzoic acid can also be determined as its methyl ester in this system. By on-column methylation with trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide, hipuric acid yields hippuric acid methyl ester and benzoylsarcosine methyl ester. Benzoylsarcosine was not detected in normal urine after ingestion of benzoic acid. With trimethylsilyl as well as with the methyl content leads to decreased elution times on silicon phases.
Towards a Framework for Understanding the Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing in Large CPA Firm Audits

Open sharing of knowledge among employees is increasingly being viewed as a key intangible source of competitive advantage and corporate value. In similar fashion, it can help accounting firms to increase the effectiveness and integrity of the audit process. The aim of this study is to initiate development of a framework for understanding the factors that either increase or impede knowledge sharing in an audit. A set of causal factors and relationships is first inferred from the extant literatures in auditing, social psychology, and organizational behavior. Then a comprehensive field-based study of experienced auditors, comprising both interviews and a survey, is used to: (1) validate some of these inferences; (2) generate deeper insights into the roles of these factors; and (3) unearth yet other factors and relationships not evident from the literature. All three objectives are fulfilled, and the findings are integrated with inferences from the extant literature to yield a holistic framework.
Gustatory responses in macaque monkeys revealed with fMRI: Comments on taste, taste preference, and internal state.

Abstract Studies of the neural mechanisms underlying value-based decision making typically employ food or fluid rewards to motivate subjects to perform cognitive tasks. Rewards are often treated as interchangeable, but it is well known that the specific tastes of foods and fluids and the values associated with their taste sensations influence choices and contribute to overall levels of food consumption. Accordingly, we characterized the gustatory system in three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and examined whether gustatory responses were modulated by preferences and hydration status. To identify taste-responsive cortex, we delivered small quantities (0.1 ml) of sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), or distilled water in random order without any predictive cues while scanning monkeys using event-related fMRI. Neural effects were evaluated by using each session in each monkey as a data point in a second-level analysis. By contrasting BOLD responses to sweet and sour tastes with those from distilled water in a group level analysis, we identified taste responses in primary gustatory cortex area G, an adjacent portion of the anterior insular cortex, and prefrontal cortex area 12o. Choice tests administered outside the scanner revealed that all three monkeys strongly preferred sucrose to citric acid or water. BOLD responses in the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, and amygdala reflected monkeys’ preferences, with greater BOLD responses to sucrose than citric acid. Finally, we examined the influence of hydration level by contrasting BOLD responses to receipt of fluids when monkeys were thirsty and after ad libitum water consumption. BOLD responses in area G and area 12o in the left hemisphere were greater following full hydration. By contrast, BOLD responses in portions of medial frontal cortex were reduced after ad libitum water consumption. These findings highlight brain regions involved in representing taste, taste preference and internal state.
Story Programming: Explaining Computer Science Before Coding

Story Programming is an approach for teaching complex computational and algorithmic thinking skills using simple stories anyone can relate to. One could learn these skills independent of a computer or with the use of a computer as a tool to interact with the computation in the tale. This research study examines the use of Story Programming before teaching coding in a computer science orientation course to determine if it is a viable alternative to the code-focused way of teaching the class in the past. We measure the viability of the Story Programming approach by evaluating student-success and learning outcomes, as well as student reactions to post-survey questions.
Modelling spatial knowledge

A person's cognitive map, or knowledge of large-scale space, is built up from observations gathered as he travels through the environment. It acts as a problem-solver to find routes and relative positions, as well as describing the current location. The TOUR model describes the multiple representations that make up the cognitive map, the problem-solving strategies it uses, and the mechanisms for assimilating new information. The representations have rich collections of states of partial knowledge, which support many of the attractive qualities of common-sense knowledge.
The Structure of Private Funds, Their Relation to Private Firms, and the Implications for Accounting, Economics, and Finance Research

Private equity and venture capital funds (“private funds”) are an increasingly important component of the economy and hold substantial ownership in other private firms. These funds have unique legal organizational structures, which academic literature has not yet accounted for. This paper has three main goals. First, we lay out the basic legal structure of private funds and describe how these funds interact with the firms they own (“portfolio companies”). Second, we explain the implications of this structure for recent finance research, focusing on how funds’ structure affects secondary market pricing of funds. Third, we discuss how both private fund and private firm structure affects accounting and economics research on private firms. Because a large number of private firms are now owned by private funds, falling under the funds’ unique organizational structure, we urge caution in drawing conclusions regarding private firms when researchers are unable to clearly distinguish between stand-alone private firms and those private firms owned and controlled by private funds (or other parent entities). We also specifically discuss the use of tax return data to study private firms; under the current laws of the U.S., these data are unlikely to allow researchers to isolate stand-alone firms, making these data unreliable for evaluating certain private firm attributes in economics, as well as private firm financial reporting choices in accounting.
Different approach to decay constants in AdS /QCD models

The holographic recipe for the calculation of decay constants is revisited. Starting from the holographic two-point function and using the fact that normalizable bulk modes scale as ${z}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{-}S}$, with $S$ the spin, we can obtain a consistent expression that depends on the value of the mode at the boundary, not the derivative. We apply our decay constant expression to other $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{QCD}$ (static and dynamic) models proving its consistency. We also demonstrated that our approach is equivalent to the usual holographic prescription.
Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to weightlessness: Surprises, paradoxes and implications for deep space missions.

Weightlessness in space induces a fluid shift from the dependent to the cephalad parts of the body leading to distension of the cardiac chambers and an accumulation of blood in the veins of the head and neck. Surprisingly, central venous pressure (CVP) during the initial hours of spaceflight decreases compared to being horizontal supine on the ground. The explanation is that the thorax is expanded by weightlessness leading to a decrease in inter-pleural pressure (IPP), which exceeds the measured decrease in CVP. Thus, transmural CVP (TCVP = CVP - IPP) is increased indicating an augmented cardiac preload. Simultaneously, stroke volume and cardiac output (CO) are increased by 18%-26% within the initial weeks and more so by 35%-56% during the subsequent months of flight relative to in the upright posture on the ground. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is decreased indicating a lower systemic vascular resistance (MAP/CO). It is therefore a surprise that sympathetic nerve activity is not suppressed in space and thus cannot be a mechanism for the systemic vasodilation, which still needs to be explored. Recent observations indicate that the fluid shift during long duration (months) flights is associated with increased retinal thickness that sometimes leads to optical disc oedema. Ocular and cerebral structural changes, increases in left atrial size and decreased flows with thrombi formation in the left internal jugular vein have also been observed. This is of concern for future long duration deep space missions because the health implications are unknown.
Is there any role for device therapies in resistant hypertension: PRO

In the text to follow, I focus on the role of renal-denervation therapies to address the debate topic. This is because so much of the data accumulated on resistant hypertension, at least in the last 10 years, have centered on this approach. I acknowledge there are studies of other device therapies such as baroreflex amplification (1) and barostimulation (2) in this space, but in the interest of maximally using my word allotment I am deferring discussion of these areas to (hopefully) future debates. The presence of drug-resistant hypertension represents a public health hazard (3). When BPs persist in an elevated state despite prescription of—and adherence to—a reasonable antihypertensive regimen consisting of diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, and a calcium channel blocker, the likelihood of target organ damage is magnified by the persistent increase in BP (4,5). When faced with a patient on a multitude of hypertensive agents, who has persistent elevations of BP, what options are available? A standard recommendation is to reduce sodium intake, which can have impressive reductions in BP, but is challenging to implement outside the confines of a research study where the meals are provided for the patient by a clinical research center kitchen (6). Additional medication is typically recommended; for instance in the PATHWAY-2 study, investigators observed that when adding either a β -blocker or an α -blocker or spironolactone to a standardized triple-therapy regimen, spironolactone had the greatest additional BP-lowering effect (7). Sermons are a means to persuade an audience (or congregation) to either amend or reinforce a particular behavior. Sermons typically have three points. A good preacher typically starts their sermon by stating all three points, developing each one, and then reviewing all three again in the summary. This is my intent for this topic. The …
Bombardier Enables Delivery of Short-Form Bomanins in the Drosophila Toll Response

Toll mediates a robust and effective innate immune response across vertebrates and invertebrates. In Drosophila melanogaster, activation of Toll by systemic infection drives the accumulation of a rich repertoire of immune effectors in hemolymph, including the recently characterized Bomanins, as well as the classical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here we report the functional characterization of a Toll-induced hemolymph protein encoded by the bombardier (CG18067) gene. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate a precise deletion of the bombardier transcriptional unit, we found that Bombardier is required for Toll-mediated defense against fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. Assaying cell-free hemolymph, we found that the Bomanin-dependent candidacidal activity is also dependent on Bombardier, but is independent of the antifungal AMPs Drosomycin and Metchnikowin. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that deletion of bombardier results in the specific absence of short-form Bomanins from hemolymph. In addition, flies lacking Bombardier exhibited a defect in pathogen tolerance that we trace to an aberrant condition triggered by Toll activation. These results lead us to a model in which the presence of Bombardier in wild-type flies enables the proper folding, secretion, or intermolecular associations of short-form Bomanins, and the absence of Bombardier disrupts one or more of these steps, resulting in defects in both immune resistance and tolerance.
Documentary Diplomacy and Audiovisual Modernization: A Cold War Genealogy of Arab Cinema during the 1950s through American Declassified Archives

American cities such as College Park, Maryland, or Sleepy Hollow, New York, may seem unlikely bases to conduct archival investigations of Arab cinema. And yet these cities house the U.S. National Archives and the Rockefeller Archive Center, which hold an invaluable volume of declassified early Cold War diplomatic governmental and philanthropic collections of film and paper trails, much of which has only recently become available to the public. These collections offer genealogical clues to the infrastructural and institutional development of film and television technology and audiovisual and screen culture in the Arab region of the Middle East through the prism of Cold War film diplomacy, often with full or partial funding or supervision from U.S. government agencies and contracted American media experts. This chapter serves as a preliminary descriptive and analytical assessment of a number of archival threads under the concept of documentary diplomacy as they pertain to the early formation of Arab cinema in the hope of encouraging further examination and case studies.
Transgender-Parent Families

While there is a burgeoning literature on same-sex parent households and families, research on transgender-parent households and families remains relatively incipient. In this chapter, we draw upon the existing empirical and family theoretical literatures to present an overview of how transgender people and their partners form families (including a focus on medically assisted reproductive technologies); the demographics of transgender-parent families in existing studies; social perception and discrimination faced by transgender-parent families; forms and importance of “coming-out” processes within transgender-parent families; family functioning (including marriage, divorce, and child outcomes) in transgender-parent families; the incorporation of transgender-parent families within existing theories of the family; strengths of this particular family form and its members; and interactions between transgender-parent families and clinicians. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations of existing research on transgender-parent families and offer considerations for potentially fruitful areas of future research.
The Medial Temporal Lobe Supports Mnemonic Discrimination For Event Duration

Time has an integral role in episodic memory and previous work has implicated the medial temporal lobe in both representing time and discriminating between similar information. Here we developed a novel paradigm to test mnemonic discrimination for temporal duration, as previous work has largely focused on order or maintaining information over time. Thirty-five healthy, young adults completed a continuous-recognition, temporal discrimination task in which participants were tasked with detecting a change in stimulus duration on the order of 0.5 seconds. Whole-brain high-resolution fMRI data were acquired. Behavioral results indicate that participants were successful at detecting whether or not the stimulus duration changed. Further, fMRI analyses revealed that the left entorhinal and perirhinal cortices were differentially involved in encoding and retrieval, respectively. These findings support the notion of the entorhinal cortex being involved in the encoding of temporal context information as well as the perirhinal cortex representing the conjunction of item and context during retrieval.
Chapter 11 – MORE APPLICATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of indefinite integral for solution of problems including volumes of solids, volumes of solids of revolution, and area of the surface of revolution. If a solid is assumed such that the area of cross sections by planes perpendicular to the x-axis may be calculated, that is, it is possible to determine a function A such that the area of the cross section by the plane perpendicular to the x-axis through (x, 0) is given by A(x), then the volume of this solid may be defined in a manner analogous to the definition of plane area. Volumes of solids of revolution can be calculated as areas of cross sections by planes perpendicular to the axis of rotation are bounded by concentric circles. The chapter discusses another way to generate an approximating volume for the volume of a solid of revolution. It also discusses the area of the surface of revolution obtained by revolving the arc of y = f(x) from x = a to x = b around the x-axis.
Sacred Connections: Using Faith-based Narratives to Create Matricentric Empowerment Spaces for Syrian Refugee Women

Christian social workers are called by both faith and professional ethics to welcome refugees. The Syrian conflict has created the largest refugee crisis the world has ever known, and while women and children are extremely vulnerable, the unique needs of refugee mothers are often overlooked in both policy and practice. Great importance is placed on motherhood roles in both Western and Arabic cultures, and providing targeted support to uplift refugee mothers can have significant positive ramifications as Syrian refugees resettle into their new lives. Guided by Brene Brown’s insights on empathy and drawing parallels from crossover stories of Biblical women in both Christian and Islamic traditions, the author uses sacred connections to build empathy and enact social change. This paper highlights ways that Christian social workers can adopt a matricentric (mother-focused) approach and provides a recommended interfaith model for intervention with Syrian refugee mothers.
Characterization of the Micro-scale Surface Roughness Effect on Immiscible Fluids and Interfacial Areas in Porous Media Using the Measurements of Interfacial Partitioning Tracer Tests.

Abstract This study presents a model-based methodology to characterize the surface roughness effect on immiscible fluids in porous media using the measurements obtained with the gas-phase interfacial partitioning tracer test (IPTT). The characterization approach captures how adsorbed wetting film configuration on grain surfaces influences fluid-fluid interfaces in unsaturated porous media. The method establishes a novel representation of surface and interface roughness that delineates the micro-scale fractal nature of grain surfaces and the fluid-surface interactions at these scales. The method was tested using reported experimental data for several soils. The results showed that the methodology was effective for natural porous media comprising a range of physical and geochemical properties. Comparisons between characterized parameters of different media revealed that micro-scale surface roughness was only partially correlated to soil texture properties. Images of the test media obtained with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrates the complexity of micro-scale surface roughness, and its variability among different media. Tests with an organic liquid–water system validated the generalness of surface roughness properties generated by the model. The proposed methodology is anticipated to provide a means to characterize and quantify the effects of surface roughness on fluid-solid interaction and fluid-fluid interfacial area, which are critical to various environmental disciplines.
Cost-Related Nonadherence to Medications Among US Adults With Chronic Liver Diseases.

Abstract Objective To estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) in individuals with chronic liver diseases (CLDs) in the United States. Patients and Methods Using the National Health Interview Survey from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, we identified individuals with CLDs. Using complex weighted survey analysis, we obtained national estimates and risk factors for CRN and its association with cost-reducing behaviors and measures of financial toxicity. We evaluated the association of CRN with unplanned health care use, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance, income, education, and comorbid conditions. Results Of 3237 respondents (representing 4.6 million) US adults with CLDs, 813 (representing 1.2 million adults, or 25%; 95% CI, 23% to 27%) reported CRN, of whom 68% (n=554/813) reported maladaptive cost-reducing behaviors. Younger age, female sex, low income, and multimorbidity were associated with a higher prevalence of CRN. Compared with patients without CRN, patients experiencing CRN had 5.1 times higher odds of financial hardship from medical bills (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.05; 95% CI, 3.73 to 6.83) and 2.9 times higher odds of food insecurity (aOR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.02 to 4.01). The CRN was also associated with 1.5 times higher odds of emergency department visits (aOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.94). Conclusion We observed a high prevalence of CRN and associated consequences such as high financial distress, financial hardship from medical bills, food insecurity, engagement in maladaptive cost-reducing strategies, increased health care use, and work absenteeism among patients with CLD. These financial determinants of health have important implications in the context of value-based care.
Relationships of Educational Attainment and Household Food Insecurity with Obesity: Findings from the 2007–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study aimed to determine whether 1882 Black young adults' educational attainment was associated with their obesity ([BMI] ≥ 30) and whether this association varied with household food insecurity. Data from interviews with Black young adults and a medical examination from the 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Modified Poisson regressions with robust standard errors were used. Educational attainment was not associated with obesity (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85, 1.30) after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, smoking status, drinking status, income, health insurance status, physical activity level, and household food insecurity. The interaction between educational attainment and household food insecurity was also not significant (PR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.56, 2.19) after adjusting for the same covariates. These findings indicated that college graduates were as likely to be obese as those with less education, and the relationship between educational attainment and obesity did not vary with household food insecurity. Future studies should conduct longitudinal analyses of these relationships. There is a need to identify the roles that education, household food insecurity, and other measures of socioeconomic status play in Black young adults' obesity.
Silicon Valley's Speech: Technology Giants and the Deregulatory First Amendment

The technology giants that dominate Silicon Valley are facing unprecedented calls for regulation across a wide range of policy areas, ranging from content moderation and surveillance to competition, privacy, and consumer protection. But, as this Article explains, the First Amendment may stymie such efforts in ways that go far beyond the much-discussed “First Amendment Lochnerism.” Because technology companies’ core business activity is the facilitation of communication through computer code, they are particularly well suited to wield a deregulatory First Amendment. To avoid the First Amendment becoming a new, digital Lochner, this Article argues that First Amendment doctrine must sharply distinguish between arguments made on behalf of the First Amendment rights of users, which should be embraced, and those made on behalf of the companies themselves, which should be credited only if they advance the First Amendment interests of society, not merely those of the companies themselves. This Article concludes by using the recently enacted Florida law limiting social-media content moderation as a case study for how courts and other legal actors can determine what degree of First Amendment protections is appropriate for Silicon Valley’s speech.
“It is become a cage of unclean birds”: The Presence of Plague in The Alchemist

This essay challenges the assertions of Patrick Philips and others that plague is not a meaningful subtext in The Alchemist by demonstrating various ways that the play can be interpreted as a satir...
Statistical Perspectives on “Big Data”

As our information infrastructure evolves, our ability to store, extract, and analyze data is rapidly changing. Big data is a popular term that is used to describe the large, diverse, complex and/or longitudinal datasets generated from a variety of instruments, sensors and/or computer-based transactions. The term big data refers not only to the size or volume of data, but also to the variety of data and the velocity or speed of data accrual. As the volume, variety, and velocity of data increase, our existing analytical methodologies are stretched to new limits. These changes pose new opportunities for researchers in statistical methodology, including those interested in surveillance and statistical process control methods. Although it is well documented that harnessing big data to make better decisions can serve as a basis for innovative solutions in industry, healthcare, and science, these solutions can be found more easily with sound statistical methodologies. In this paper, we discuss several big data applications to highlight the opportunities and challenges for applied statisticians interested in surveillance and statistical process control. Our goal is to bring the research issues into better focus and encourage methodological developments for big data analysis in these areas.
Parsing Physiological Functions of Erythropoietin One Domain at a Time

A domain of erythropoietin (EPO), separate from the domain involved in red blood cell development, has been identified. This region of EPO has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Use of a peptide sequence from this region provides the potential for an effective therapeutic without effects on erythropoiesis.
Father-Absence, Social Equality, and Social Progress

Recent marriage and family structure statistics and developments are raising questions about the implications of absent fathers. According to a 2007 Census update, about 87% of all lone-parent households consist of mothers with their children. Research further indicates that fewer than 30 percent of non-residential fathers will see their children weekly, and that poor and minority communities experience father-absence to a disproportionate degree. This paper considers both the warrants for and the constraints conditioning the law’s entry into the subject matter of fatherhood. It summarizes briefly the current data concerning the interactions between involved fathering, co-parenting with mothers, and the welfare of children, parents and society. All relevant areas of research have room for development; still, extant data is indicative. Relying on such data, the paper concludes that fathers contribute measurably to their children’s well-being, both alone and in tandem with mothers, and that children make reciprocal gifts to their parents. It offers both legal and cultural proposals to promote involved fatherhood and co-parenting. It considers the variety of risks associated with the continuation or exacerbation of fathering trends, not only for the individuals involved, but also for culture and the polity. These include a declining willingness among public and private institutions to accommodate the needs of parents, the growth of the notion that men and women are incapable of overcoming their intrinsic differences – even to care for their children -- and the continued widening of the achievement gaps between the wealthy and the poor, and between majority and minority racial groups. At the same time, the paper recognizes both the legal and the cultural constraints upon a “fatherhood” agenda. These include the strength of the “privacy” norm in the area of intimate relationships and childbearing, concerns about re-gendering the law, and concerns about taking intimate partner violence seriously.
Comparative Taxation Procedure and Tax Enforcement

This essay, a chapter in a book on international investment law and comparative public law forthcoming from Oxford University Press, reviews the applicability of international investment law to tax administration and enforcement. It begins with a review of the principles of international investment law that are relevant to the assessment and enforcement of municipal tax imposts. It then explores tax administration practice in a variety of states. This overview seeks to achieve two results. First, as an inductive matter it use state practice to sketch a baseline of common, and presumably acceptable, administrative practices. An investor normally should be deemed to expect a state to employ administrative practice that reflects the exigencies of tax assessment and collection and the reasonable need of the administrator for flexibility and dispatch. Second, the review highlights ways in which common practices can be perverted to impair investments, rather than to advance the appropriate revenue goals of the state. At the end of the day, the line between acceptable discretion and perversion of tax administration to get around obligations to foreign investors remains blurred and debatable. This chapter represents a first step at illuminating the problem and the countervailing arguments. It concludes with a modest prospectus for future research.
Stimulation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA transfer by overdrive depends on a flanking sequence but not on helical position with respect to the border repeat.

Abstract T-DNA transfer by Agrobacterium tumefaciens depends on the right border repeat of the T-DNA and is greatly stimulated by overdrive, an adjacent sequence. We report that the function of overdrive does not depend on helical position with respect to the border repeat. A synthetic 24-bp overdrive and a 12-bp region containing a fully conserved 8-bp core overdrive sequence stimulated virulence equally, but full function required additional bases to the left of the 24-bp sequence.
Long-Run Equilibrium Modeling of Alternative Emissions Allowance Allocation Systems in Electric Power Markets

A question in the design of carbon dioxide trading systems is how allowances are to be initially allocated: by auction, by giving away fixed amounts, or by allocating based on output, fuel, or other decisions. The latter system can bias investment, operations, and pricing decisions, and increase costs relative to other systems. A nonlinear complementarity model is used to investigate long-run equilibria that would result under alternative systems for power markets characterized by time varying demand and multiple generation technologies. Existence of equilibria is shown under mild conditions. Solutions show that allocating allowances to new capacity based on fuel use or generator type can distort generation mixes, invert the operating order of power plants, and inflate consumer costs. The distortions can be smaller for tighter CO2 restrictions, and are somewhat mitigated if there are also electricity capacity markets or minimum-run restrictions on coal plants.
More Decentralization, Less Liability: The Future of Systemic Disparate Treatment Claims in the Wake of Wal-Mart v Dukes

The Supreme Court’s decision in Wal-Mart Stores v. Dukes foreclosed class action certification for over 1 million female employees of the retail conglomerate because they failed to meet the commonality requirement of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. While this decision will have a palpable impact on class action discrimination suits, less obvious is the effect it will have on individual Title VII claimants. Although Dukes spoke to class action lawsuits, the crux of the Court’s analysis rested on the merits of the plaintiffs’ claims, not merely on procedural deficiencies with respect to Rule 23’s commonality requirement. Specifically, the Court found that the women had failed to show that they were each victims of a “common discriminatory practice” and that Wal-Mart operated under a general policy of discrimination. Because the Wal-Mart employees could not show that Wal-Mart had a discriminatory “corporate culture,” the Court held that the women could not satisfy the commonality requirement, and therefore denied class certification. The significance of the Supreme Court’s decision is that most workplace discrimination occurs as a result of disparate social structure, and not as a result of individual wrong-doing. Thus, future Title VII plaintiffs will be relying on the same type of evidence that was used in Dukes, evidence that Supreme Court flat out rejected as insufficient. While Dukes will inevitably create difficulties in class certification, its impact may likewise reach the merits of discrimination claims as a whole, thus significantly impacting the future of Title VII systemic disparate treatment claims.
Developments in Declarative Memory

The second year of life is marked by changes in the robustness of recall memory. Both retrieval and storage processes have been implicated as the major source of age-related improvements in recall. Children 13 to 20 months of age were matched for levels of learning of laboratory events (thereby eliminating encoding as a source of developmental difference) and tested for recall after delays as long as 6 months. In Experiment 1, 16-month-olds evidenced less loss of information and more relearning than 13-month-olds. In Experiment 2, 20-month-olds evidenced less loss of information and more relearning than 16-month-olds. Patterns of performance across test trials and in relearning implicate a decline in susceptibility to storage failure as the primary source of the observed developmental trend.