cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shining Palaces, Shifting Sands: National information systems

This article discusses post‐Sputnik national information systems under three major headings: Shifting Sands, the false assumptions that the Soviets were first in space because of the superiority of their educational system and their scientific and technical information system, VINITI; The Shining Palaces lists as appendixes 31 reports since 1958 which propose various forms of a national information system, and analyzes 30 National Plans. The author does not presume to favor any of them; in Solid Rock—The Ugly Houses the author lists in an appendix the involvement of the federal government with scientific and technical information since the first patent act of 1709, and discusses what he thinks should be done for the users of a national system, the role of technical documentary reports, project information systems and scientific journals. The Summary and Conclusions starts with three quotations, written 22 years apart, which show that nothing has changed in over two decades. In a Personal Note the author summarizes his forty year career as an information scientist. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platelet Dysfunction Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

The clinical significance and pathogenesis of the platelet dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass were studied in conjunction with the degree of functional impairment associated with the use of membrane and bubble oxygenators. Forty consecutive patients had the following tests preoperatively and postoperatively: complete blood count (CBC), platelet count, prothrombin consumption time, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, euglobulin clot lysis, fibrin degradation products, and platelet aggregation tests. Six patients were given 14C-serotonin tests before and after operation, and preoperative and postoperative electron micrographs were made of the platelets of 3 patients. The amount of blood lost, the blood transfused, and plasma hemoglobin levels were also measured. Abnormal aggregation of platelets was found, with no difference between the membrane and bubble oxygenators. In vitro aggregation tests with protamine sulfate and hemoglobin solutions, as well as the 14C-serotonin studies and electron micrographs, suggest that platelets acquire storage pool deficiency and an abnormal membrane during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Scalable selective re-execution for EDGE architectures

Pipeline flushes are becoming increasingly expensive in modern microprocessors with large instruction windows and deep pipelines. Selective re-execution is a technique that can reduce the penalty of mis-speculations by re-executing only instructions affected by the mis-speculation, instead of all instructions. In this paper we introduce a new selective re-execution mechanism that exploits the properties of a dataflow-like Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) architecture to support efficient mis-speculation recovery, while scaling to window sizes of thousands of instructions with high performance. This distributed selective re-execution (DSRE) protocol permits multiple speculative waves of computation to be traversing a dataflow graph simultaneously, with a commit wave propagating behind them to ensure correct execution. We evaluate one application of this protocol to provide efficient recovery for load-store dependence speculation. Unlike traditional dataflow architectures which resorted to single-assignment memory semantics, the DSRE protocol combines dataflow execution with speculation to enable high performance and conventional sequential memory semantics. Our experiments show that the DSRE protocol results in an average 17% speedup over the best dependence predictor proposed to date, and obtains 82% of the performance possible with a perfect oracle directing the issue of loads.
The efficacy of a novel, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 to enhance chemotherapy and antiangiogenic response in pancreatic cancer.

Gemcitabine has limited clinical benefits for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in PDAC. We investigated the effects of NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine and endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP) in experimental PDAC. Cell proliferation and protein expression were analyzed by WST-1 assay and Western blotting. Animal survival experiments were performed in murine xenografts. BEZ235 caused a decrease in phospho-AKT and phospho-mTOR expression in PDAC (AsPC-1), endothelial (HUVECs), and fibroblast (WI-38) cells. BEZ235 inhibited in vitro proliferation of all four PDAC cell lines tested. Additive effects on proliferation inhibition were observed in the BEZ235-gemcitabine combination in PDAC cells and in combination of BEZ235 or EMAP with gemcitabine in HUVECs and WI-38 cells. BEZ235, alone or in combination with gemcitabine and EMAP, induced apoptosis in AsPC-1, HUVECs, and WI-38 cells as observed by increased expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and caspase-3 proteins. Compared to controls (median survival: 16 days), animal survival increased after BEZ235 and EMAP therapy alone (both 21 days) and gemcitabine monotherapy (28 days). Further increases in survival occurred in combination therapy groups BEZ235 + gemcitabine (30 days, P = 0.007), BEZ235 + EMAP (27 days, P = 0.02), gemcitabine + EMAP (31 days, P = 0.001), and BEZ235 + gemcitabine + EMAP (33 days, P = 0.004). BEZ235 has experimental PDAC antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo that is further enhanced by combination of gemcitabine and EMAP. These findings demonstrate advantages of combination therapy strategies targeting multiple pathways in pancreatic cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 784–791, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ARE THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN MUTUAL FUNDS INVESTING DRIVING THE U.S. STOCK MARKET TO ITS CURRENT LEVELS

We examine the long-run equilibrium relation between the net flow of funds into equity mutual funds and the S&P 500 index. Applying the Engle and Granger error correction methodology followed by a state space procedure, we find that the levels of the stock market are influenced by the net flow of funds into equity mutual funds. Our findings indicate that the U.S. equity market appears to be rationally adjusting to a structural change in the behavior of the U.S. investing public.
The context of host competence: a role for plasticity in host–parasite dynamics

Even apparently similar hosts can respond differently to the same parasites. Some individuals or specific groups of individuals disproportionately affect disease dynamics. Understanding the sources of among-host heterogeneity in the ability to transmit parasites would improve disease management. A major source of host variation might be phenotypic plasticity – the tendency for phenotypes to change across different environments. Plasticity might be as important as, or even more important than, genetic change, especially in light of human modifications of the environment, because it can occur on a more rapid timescale than evolution. We argue that variation in phenotypic plasticity among and within species strongly contributes to epidemiological dynamics when parasites are shared among multiple hosts, which is often the case.
The Conduction Mechanism of Self-Compensated Highly Disordered Semiconductors (A Possible Model for Semiconducting Glasses)

Ambipolar conduction in a self-compensated highly disordered semiconductor with the Fermi-level pinned close to the middle of the band gap is discussed and it is shown that predominant p-type conduction occurs because of a higher effective level density in the narrower valence band, which usually is not compensated by a lower hole mobility due to a higher effective mass of holes. Because of a non-negligible contribution of minority carriers, the Hall-mobility is considerably lower than the actual carrier mobilities and can vanish and even invert its sign, if the major carrier transport takes place higher inside the bands where the effective masses increase markedly and/or if the Fermi-level lies slightly above the middle of the band gap. The shift of the carrier transport into the bands is assumed to be caused by small potential barriers extending from the band edges into the band and being due to a sufficient density of charged centers. The results of this model are compared with experimental findings on a chalcogenide Ge0.33As0.2Te0.2S0.27-glass yielding mn = 0.2 m0, mp = 1.6 m0, μn = 210 cm2/Vs, μp = 75 cm2/Vs, n = 5 × 107 cm−3, and p = 4 × 108 cm−3 for an observed semiconductivity of 5 × 10−9 Ω−1 cm−1 and Hall-mobility of −0.5 cm2/Vs at room temperature. The activation energy for semiconductivity is 0.72 eV, the optical band gap ≈ 0.9 eV, yielding a barrier height within the bands of ≈ 0.25 eV. Die ambipolare Leitfahigkeit in einem eigenkompensierten hochgestorten Halbleiter, in dem die Fermigrenze nahe der Mitte der verbotenen Zone festgelegt ist, wird diskutiert, und es wird gezeigt, das p-Leitung geringfugig uberwiegt wegen der hoheren Termdichte im schmaleren Valenzband, die gewohnlich nicht kompensiert ist durch die kleinere Locherbeweglichkeit infolge der groseren effektiven Masse von Lochern. Wegen einer nicht vernachlassigbaren Beteiligung von Minoritatstragern ist jedoch die Hall-Beweglichkeit betrachtlich kleiner als die Ladungstrager-Beweglichkeit sie kann sogar das Zeichen wechseln, falls der Stromtransport hoher innerhalb der Bander erfolgt, wo die effektive Masse anwachst und/oder falls die Fermi-Grenze geringfugig oberhalb der Bandmitte liegt. Es wird angenommen, das die Verschiebung des Stromtransportes von den Bandkanten zu hoheren Energien durch Potentialbarrieren verursacht wird, die von den Bandkanten in das Bandinnere ragen und die verursacht sind durch eine hohe Dichte geladener Storzentren. Die Ergebnisse dieses Modells werden mit experimentellen Beobachtungen an einem Chalkogenid-Glas, Ge0,33As0,2Te0,2S0,27, verglichen. Daraus ergibt sich mn = 0,2 m0, mp = 1,6 m0, μn = 210 cm2/Vs, μp = 75 cm2/Vs, n = 5 × 107 cm−3 und p = 4 × 108 cm−3 fur eine beobachtete Leitfahigkeit von 5 × 10−9 Ω−1 cm−1 und eine Hall-Beweglichkeit von −0.5 cm2/Vs bei Zimmertemperatur. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Halbleitung ist 0,72 eV und die optisch gemessene Breite der verbotenen Zone ist ≈ 0,9 eV; das ergibt eine Barrierenhohe von 0,25 eV.
Importance of acid polysaccharides for 234Th complexation to marine organic matter

In order to study the role of polysaccharides (PS) in the colloidal organic matter (COM) pool for complexing 234 Th, controlled laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the chemical nature of the strong Th(IV) binding to macromolecular organic ligands (.1 kDa). The partition coefficient of 234 Th between marine COM and solution, Kc, is higher than that for any known marine mineral sorbent. PS-enriched fractions of COM had the highest partition coefficient (Kc) of any sorbent for 234 Th. Kc of 234 Th and other metals, including Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Pu, were up to an order of magnitude higher than that for bulk COM. Most importantly, log Kc values correlated linearly with the fraction of PS-enriched carbon ( f PS) of marine COM, as Kc 5 Kc(0) 3 The log Kc value 2.2 f PS 10 . of ;7.9 of the pure PS end-member fraction was very similar to the highest values obtained for model acid PS (log Kc ; 8). A value for the conditional stability constant for Th binding to the pure PS end member of 10 7.8 could be determined from a concentration of strong acid binding sites (with a pKa #3) of 1.3 mmol g 21 COM. Through the novel use of gradient gel electrophoresis (including two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), the strong Th(IV) binding ligand was shown to be ;13 kDa in size and to have strong acidic functional groups. We propose that the observed variability of OC : 234 Th ratios in suspended, and sinking matter in the ocean might be caused by the variability of PS content.
Long distance frequency transfer through an optical carrier

Fiber optic networks are an attractive means for the remote distribution of highly stable frequencies from optical clocks. The highest performance is achieved by use of the frequency of the optical carrier itself as the transfer frequency. We will review our measurements on the transfer of optical frequency (a stabilized 1550 nm laser) over fiber optic links with lengths ranging from 38 km to 251 km. We discuss experimental details important for optimum performance and relate our measured performance to the theoretical limit on the phase and frequency noise of the transmitted signal as a function of the transmission distance.
MONOPROPELLANT FUEL INJECTION USING TWO-PHASE MICRO-SLUG FORMATION

In this study we examine the formation of microscopic liquid slugs, or ‘micro-slugs’, resulting from converging ows of a simulated liquid propellant and inert gas at a four-way 90 microchannel junction. The primary goal of the current work is to obtain fundamental information which will enable the prediction of slug sizes and frequencies in terms of pressure inlet conditions thereby characterizing the microuidic system. The experimental studies show a range of slug characteristics are possible. Currently, we nd that liquid slugs lengths of 50 m 1:5mm are produced in a highly repeatable manner at frequencies as high as 325 Hz. The signicance of the work to date is in the utilization of the microslug formation phenomena as the basis for a fuel injection system in a novel, ‘discrete’ monopropellant micro-thruster design for use in next-generation nano-satellites.
Gait Variability is Altered in Older Adults When Listening to Auditory Stimuli with Differing Temporal Structures

Gait variability in the context of a deterministic dynamical system may be quantified using nonlinear time series analyses that characterize the complexity of the system. Pathological gait exhibits altered gait variability. It can be either too periodic and predictable, or too random and disordered, as is the case with aging. While gait therapies often focus on restoration of linear measures such as gait speed or stride length, we propose that the goal of gait therapy should be to restore optimal gait variability, which exhibits chaotic fluctuations and is the balance between predictability and complexity. In this context, our purpose was to investigate how listening to different auditory stimuli affects gait variability. Twenty-seven young and 27 elderly subjects walked on a treadmill for 5 min while listening to white noise, a chaotic rhythm, a metronome, and with no auditory stimulus. Stride length, step width, and stride intervals were calculated for all conditions. Detrended Fluctuation Analysis was then performed on these time series. A quadratic trend analysis determined that an idealized inverted-U shape described the relationship between gait variability and the structure of the auditory stimuli for the elderly group, but not for the young group. This proof-of-concept study shows that the gait of older adults may be manipulated using auditory stimuli. Future work will investigate which structures of auditory stimuli lead to improvements in functional status in older adults.
Transmission Over Slowly Fading Channels Using Unreliable Quantized Feedback

We study the problem of maximizing the expected rate over a slowly fading channel with quantized channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). This problem has been recently studied in the literature assuming a noiseless feedback link. In this work, we consider a more realistic model, where the feedback link suffers from fading, as well as the limited power allocated to the feedback signals. Our scheme considers a finite-state model to capture the fading in the feedback link. We solve the rate maximization problem with different power control strategies at the transmitter. A channel optimized sealer quantizer (COSQ) is designed to incorporate feedback in our transmission scheme. Unlike the conventional COSQs where the objective is to reconstruct the source, our proposed quantizer is designed to optimize the expected rate of the forward link. For a high quality feedback channel, the proposed system performs close to the noiseless feedback case, while its performance converges to the no-feedback scenario as the feedback channel quality degrades
Radio Observations of the Crab Nebula Pulsar

The radio properties of the Crab Nebula pulsar are reviewed. The pulsar lies at the centre of the Crab Nebula and has a period of 33 msec. Its increase in period with time releases an amount of energy which is equal in magnitude to the total radiated power. Instabilities in the period of the Crab pulsar have been discovered with timescales ranging from days to months. The length of the pulse increases at longer wavelengths due apparently to multipath propagation effects. A characteristic of the Crab pulsar is the great intensity of the occasional pulse.
Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in an incident cohort of children with Crohn's disease.

Background & Aims The impact of childhood Crohn's disease (CD) on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone structure, and muscle mass have not been established. The objective of this longitudinal study was to assess musculoskeletal outcomes in an incident cohort of children with CD using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Methods Tibia pQCT was performed in 78 CD subjects (ages, 5–18 years) at diagnosis and in 67 over the subsequent year. pQCT outcomes were converted to sex- and race-specific z scores based on reference data in over 650 controls. Multivariable linear regression models identified factors associated with changes in bone outcomes. Results At diagnosis, CD subjects had significant deficits in trabecular vBMD (z score, −1.32 ± 1.32; P P P P P = .0001), and all 3 parameters remained low after 1 year. Increases in muscle z scores were associated with less severe declines in cortical section modulus z scores. Improvements in trabecular vBMD z scores were greater in prepubertal subjects. Glucocorticoids were associated with increases in cortical vBMD. Conclusions Substantial deficits in trabecular vBMD, cortical bone geometry, and muscle were observed at CD diagnosis. Trabecular vBMD improved incompletely; however, cortical deficits progressed despite improvements in muscle. Glucocorticoids were not associated with bone loss. Therapies to improve bone accrual in childhood CD are needed.
Skin window eosinophil response in house dust allergy.

Abstract Fifty-eight patients were studied by the skin window technique of Rebuck and Crowley. Ten control subjects had no skin window eosinophilia to house dust or mite extracts. Seven of 8 house dust-allergic patients, who received no immunotherapy, had skin window eosinophil responses to house dust extract, and all 8 had skin window eosinophilia to mite extract (p 0.1), but 29 had skin window eosinophilia to mite extract (p
Test prioritization for pairwise interaction coverage

Interaction testing is widely used in screening for faults. In software testing, it provides a natural mechanism for testing systems to be deployed on a variety of hardware and software configurations. Several algorithms published in the literature are used as tools to automatically generate these test suites; AETG is a well known example of a family of greedy algorithms that generate one test at a time. In many applications where interaction testing is needed, the entire test suite is not run as a result of time or cost constraints. In these situations, it is essential to prioritize the tests. Here we adapt a "one-test-at-a-time" greedy method to take importance of pairs into account. The method can be used to generate a set of tests in order, so that when run to completion all pairwise interactions are tested, but when terminated after any intermediate number of tests, those deemed most important are tested. Computational results on the method are reported.
Technology's impact on online resumes

Technical communicators understand that converting a paper-based manual to the online world does not merely require "dumping" the document. Likewise, converting a paper-based resume to an electronic one is not simply a function of "dumping" the document online. The technology impacts purpose and audience, and therefore, influences the ways in which to design the document. This paper focuses on some of the differences between paper-based and online resumes. It shows that the "body of knowledge" under which technical communicators normally operate does not necessarily apply in the realm of the online resume world.
Mechanical response of brain tissue under blast loading

In this study, a framework for understanding the propagation of stress waves in brain tissue under blast loading has been developed. It was shown that tissue nonlinearity and rate dependence are the key parameters in predicting the mechanical behavior under such loadings, as they determine whether traveling waves could become steeper and eventually evolve into shock discontinuities. To investigate this phenomenon, in the present study, brain tissue has been characterized as a quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) material and a nonlinear constitutive model has been developed for the tissue that spans from medium loading rates up to blast rates. It was shown that development of shock waves is possible inside the head in response to high rate compressive pressure waves. Finally, it was argued that injury to the nervous tissue at the microstructural level could be partly attributed to the high stress gradients with high rates generated at the shock front and this was proposed as a mechanism of injury in brain tissue.
Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans

Oxytocin, a peptide that functions as both a hormone and neurotransmitter, has broad influences on social and emotional processing throughout the body and the brain. In this study, we tested how a polymorphism (rs53576) of the oxytocin receptor relates to two key social processes related to oxytocin: empathy and stress reactivity. Compared with individuals homozygous for the G allele of rs53576 (GG), individuals with one or two copies of the A allele (AG/AA) exhibited lower behavioral and dispositional empathy, as measured by the ‘‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’’ Test and an other-oriented empathy scale. Furthermore, AA/AG individuals displayed higher physiological and dispositional stress reactivity than GG individuals, as determined by heart rate response during a startle anticipation task and an affective reactivity scale. Our results provide evidence of how a naturally occurring genetic variation of the oxytocin receptor relates to both empathy and stress profiles. emotional polymorphism social
Review of the Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition with significant morbidity and limited treatment options. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to be an effective treatment for mental illnesses including major depressive disorder. Objective Review effectiveness of TMS for PTSD. Methods Literature review with descriptions of primary studies as well as meta-analysis of studies with a control group. Results Eight primary studies were identified and three studies met criteria for meta-analysis. All studies suggest effectiveness of TMS for PTSD. Additionally, right-sided may be more effective than left-sided treatment, there is no clear advantage in high versus low frequency, and the treatment is generally well tolerated. Meta-analysis shows significant effect size on PTSD symptoms that may be correlated with total number of stimulations. Conclusions TMS for PTSD appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment that warrants additional study to further define treatment parameters, course, and side effects.
Legislative Advocacy for and by Youth Transitioning From Foster Care: A Practice/Education Collaboration

Children and youth in foster care experience loss, trauma, and sometimes multiple placements while in foster care. These experiences can contribute to the development of antisocial or delinquent behaviors, thus impacting personal relationships, problem-solving, and coping abilities, and increasing the risk of becoming involved in the juvenile or adult criminal system. Involvement in the criminal justice system, and a subsequent criminal record, can produce additional problems for these youth. This article focuses on one of these problems, juvenile records not being sealed, which negatively impacts youths' abilities to attain adequate housing and employment as they transition from foster care to independence. The advocacy efforts of one graduate student and several community agencies, outcomes, and plans for continuing advocacy are discussed.
Effects of Food and Feeding Factors on Laboratory‐Reared Striped Bass Larvae

Abstract Fluctuations in year-class size of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) are believed related to early-life-stage mortality. Factors associated with food and feeding of larvae were studied in the laboratory as they relate to mortality, point of no return, development, and energetics. Mortality of feeding larvae was directly related to density of Artemia salina nauplii. Highest mortality coincided with total oil globule absorption. Starved larvae lived an average 31 days after fertilization and did not display a well-defined point of no return. Growth and differentiation directly correlated with food density. Starvation affected the rate of ossification and altered cells and tissues as early as 7 days after hatching. Most of the endogenous energy of newly fertilized eggs is in oil. The rate of oil utilization was inversely related to food density. Daily food rations were estimated after ingestion and digestion rates were determined, and increased with larva size, age, and prey density.
Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Despite overall improvements in outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), approximately one-third of patients will develop relapsed/refractory disease that remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Novel insights from gene-expression analyses have increased our understanding of chemotherapy resistance and yielded rational targets for therapeutic intervention to both prevent and treat relapsed/refractory DLBCL. The clinical approach to relapsed/refractory DLBCL should include high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HD-ASCT) with curative intent in patients without comorbidities. Results from the recently reported CORAL study suggest that patients refractory to rituximab-containing regimens have inferior outcomes with HD-ASCT. Ongoing efforts to improve ASCT include novel conditioning regimens and evaluation of maintenance approaches after ASCT. Unfortunately, because the majority of patients are not eligible for ASCT due to refractory disease or age/comorbidities, these approaches have limited impact. The large group of patients not eligible for ASCT have incurable disease and should be referred for clinical trials of rationally targeted agents.
The beginnings of motivation research, 1934-1954: a prequel to Fullerton 2013

Purpose – This paper aims to show the genesis of motivation research in work done from the 1920s through 1954, especially with the growth in reception of European “depth psychology”. This has been followed up by Fullerton (2013). Design/methodology/approach – Standard historical methodology – heavy reliance on sources written at the time (primary resources), avoidance of anachronism, heavy use of contemporary quotations, efforts to explain and interpret. Findings – Motivation research dates to the 1920s with the work of Paul F. Lazarsfeld and others. It grew rapidly in the USA, part of the great expansion of the behavioral sciences, and amidst a zeitgeist of growing discontent with older psychologies and of Economic Man. Originality/value – This paper takes motivation research back to its origins for the first time, placing it clearly in line with contemporary intellectual developments.
Advancing Magnesium–Organic Porous Materials through New Magnesium Cluster Chemistry

While synthesis of materials with novel topologies is important, it can be even more impactful to create new modular structural units capable of serving as a versatile pool of connectors for rational design of targeted solids. Here we report five magnesium–organic frameworks (denoted as CPM-201 to -205) exhibiting step-by-step evolution of trimeric clusters from unprecedented core-less [Mg3(COO)6], to OH-centered [Mg3(μ3-OH)(COO)6]−, and eventually to two variations of pentamers [Mg5(μ3-OH)2(COO)8] formed from fusion of trimers. New clusters are joined by dicarboxylates into trigonal-bipyramidal, cuboidal, and octahedral cages embedded in the labyrinth of hexagonal and cubic channels. These materials exhibit high CO2 uptake and CO2/CH4 selectivity.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Concrete Gravity Dams

After demonstrating that traditional design procedures are unrealistic, a method for design of concrete gravity dams to remain essentially within the elastic range of behavior is presented. All factors that are significant in the dynamic response of dams are considered and the capacity of concrete to support dynamic stresses in tension is recognized. In designing dams for the very intense ground shaking that may occur only rarely in highly seismic areas, limited cracking of concrete may be permitted. However, at the present time it is not possible to analytically predict, with high degree of confidence, the extent of cracking and damage that a concrete gravity dam may experience during very intense ground shaking. The research needed to improve these analysis procedures and to incorporate them in the design process is identified. The procedure presented in this paper for design of concrete gravity dams to be built in seismic regions is also applicable to evaluation of the safety of existing dams.
Tenure in Office of Big City Mayors

In this study of tenure in office, tenure is measured by both the number of years and the number of terms served by 848 mayors of nineteen major American cities who held office between 1820 and 1995. An examination of this data finds that mayoral tenure has increased substantially when measured by the years served but only marginally when measured by the number of terms served. A multivariate analysis of mayors serving between 1853 and 1995 supports Fiorina’s contention that performance in office is related to electoral success. In particular, mayors who physically develop their cities, improve law enforcement, and provide social services serve longer in office.
The Nature and Nurture of Child Development

Although the reduction of child morbidity and the promotion of physical growth are important and necessary aspects of child development, these criteria by themselves do not define the adequacy of c...
Fatal systemic diseases from dental sepsis: Report of two cases

Abstract Two cases of advanced dental sepsis in relatively young patients who developed fatal systemic infections with Actinomyces, Neisseria, and Pneumococci have been described.
Responses of Cell Cultures to Insecticides. II. Chronic Toxicity and Induced Resistance.

SummaryHeLa cell cultures were exposed to subtoxic concentrations of insecticides for 84 days. All insecticides tested induced cytotoxicity which was characterized by growth inhibition and cell destruction. The minimal toxic doses (MTD) in μ/ml were: Cygon 20, Dipterex 10, DI-Syston 5, Kelthane 5, Karathane 5, malathion 0.1, and chlordane 0.1. All insecticides, except Karathane, were significantly more toxic in the chronic than in the acute cytotoxicity tests. On continued exposure, the cells gradually adapted and grew in the presence of the insecticides at concentrations 2 to 200 times above the MTD. After cessation of exposure the malathion-, chlordane-, and DI-Syston-treated cultures were 1.7 to 3.0 times more resistant to the same insecticide than the untreated control cells. The induced resistance to DI-Syston and chlordane was associated with a growth stimulatory effect of each insecticide on the respective chronically treated culture. It is postulated that the cell resistance to insecticides may be...
RESUPINATE HYDNACEOUS FUNGI OF NORTH AMERICA. I. TYPE STUDIES OF SPECIES DESCRIBED BY PECK

A critical study of types of all species of resupinate hydnaceous fungi described from North America is necessarily the initial phase of a taxonomic study of the group. This paper is concerned with species described by the renowned American mycologist Charles Horton Peck who served as botanist for the State of New York from 1867 to 1915. During this 48-year-period Peck proposed over 2700 new species and varieties of fungi. Included in this total are 25 species of resupinate hydnaceous fungi, all from New York State. Peck (1909) has provided an index of his new species and varieties of fungi described from 1869 to 1908; an index of fungi described by Peck from 1909 to 1915 (Gilbertson, 1962) is also available. Several accounts of Peck's life have appeared in the literature (Atkinson, 1918; Bessey, 1914; Burnham, 1919). These, however, give little information on his field and herbarium procedures, which may be of interest to contemporary mycologists. Peck spent virtually all of the period from May to November each year collecting plants in the field. In his early years as state botanist he dried his collections by the heat of the sun or an open fire. Later he used a portable drier which he called a "tin evaporator." This was a folding tin box heated from below by a kerosene lantern. He carried a field book and kept data on all collections, including detailed notes on fragile, fleshy specimens that often change greatly on drying. These notebooks are now at the State Museum in Albany. The original labels with Peck's specimens are written on the margin of pieces torn from newspapers and magazines. Information on these labels is usually restricted to the name of the fungus, locality (usually a town name only), substratum, and month of collection. His collections are not numbered and the year of collection is rarely given. It was Peck's habit to spend the evenings while in the field writing descrip-
Gathering plants and fungi along the urban-rural gradient: Uncovering differences in the attitudes and practices among urban, suburban, and rural landowners

Gathering non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in cities and rural areas has received growing attention in research and news media. Yet little is known about the frequency of these activities and how attitudes about and the practice of gathering differ across urban, suburban, and rural areas. We report on findings from a mail survey of landowners across two urban-rural gradients in central and eastern Massachusetts, USA. The survey queried (a) attitudes towards gathering and a variety of other environmental benefits, (b) the practice of gathering, and (c) where gatherers harvest species. Survey responses reveal that gathering is not a controversial use of land and is a relatively widespread activity across urban, suburban, and rural areas. Further, the results show that gathering occurs on a mix of private and public lands and that there are important differences in the practice of gathering among individuals living in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Our findings have implications for understanding the social and ecological dynamics of gathering and suggest that more research on gathering and other natural resource management issues is needed, particularly in (sub)urban areas.
Small bowel obstruction secondary to herniation through a 5-mm laparoscopic trocar site following laparoscopic lymphadenectomy.

Incisional hernias occur in or =10 mm. This is a report of a 54-year-old woman with endometrial cancer who presented with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain 1 week following laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy. Abdominal radiographs and computed tomography demonstrated small bowel obstruction and herniation through a 5-mm trocar site. Reduction of the hernia and closure of the fascial incision were performed at exploratory laparotomy with normal recovery. Bowel herniation can occur through 5-mm trocar sites following prolonged operative laparoscopy. The peritoneum and fascia of these incisions should be closed.
Trends in Late-Life Disablement: Women Are Losing Ground

With the aging of the Baby Boomer generation, concerns have intensified about meeting the US population's late-life disability and long-term care needs, which are expected to peak by 2030—when 1 in 5 people in the United States will be aged 65 years or older.1 I recall attending an International Gerontology Conference in 1981 in Hamburg, Germany, where rheumatologist Dr James Fries first presented his theory of the “compression of morbidity” to the gerontology community. Fries's theory predicted that health promotion and disease prevention would increase the average age of onset of late-life disablement, compressing the period of morbidity and disability before death.2 Despite being met with initial skepticism and competing theories, Fries's theory eventually prevailed: several large-scale population studies highlighted a welcome pattern of “compression of morbidity” through the 1980s and 1990s.3–5 More recently, however, some disturbing evidence has …
Mako airborne thermal infrared imaging spectrometer: performance update

The Aerospace Corporation’s sensitive Mako thermal infrared imaging spectrometer, which operates between 7.6 and 13.2 microns at a spectral sampling of 44 nm, and flies in a DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter, has undergone significant changes over the past year that have greatly increased its performance. A comprehensive overhaul of its electronics has enabled frame rates up to 3255 Hz and noise reductions bringing it close to background-limited. A replacement diffraction grating whose peak efficiency was tuned to shorter wavelength, coupled with new AR coatings on certain key optics, has improved the performance at the short wavelength end by a factor of 3, resulting in better sensitivity for methane detection, for example. The faster frame rate has expanded the variety of different scan schemes that are possible, including multi-look scans in which even sizeable target areas can be scanned multiple times during a single overpass. Off-nadir scanning to ±56.4° degrees has also been demonstrated, providing an area scan rate of 33 km2/minute for a 2-meter ground sampling distance (GSD) at nadir. The sensor achieves a Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance (NESR) of better than 0.6 microflicks (μf, 10-6 W/sr/cm2/μm) in each of the 128 spectral channels for a typical airborne dataset in which 4 frames are co-added. An additional improvement is the integration of a new commercial 3D stabilization mount which is significantly better at compensating for aircraft motions and thereby maintains scan performance under quite turbulent flying conditions. The new sensor performance and capabilities are illustrated.
Ecosystem Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, a New Frontier for Experiments and Models

One of the most important scientific problems about which we are profoundly ignorant is how ecosystem processes change as populations evolve. These changes in ecosystem processes are propelled by evolutionary changes in organism traits and in turn may exert additional selection pressures on the evolving populations. Understanding these feedbacks between ecosystem and evolutionary processes is a challenge for evolutionary and ecosystem theory and experiments in the 21st century. This essay reviews some recent empirical and theoretical studies which are beginning to shed light on the complexity of these feedbacks and makes suggestions for future directions and the training of the next generation of students.
Preoperative Education for Hip and Knee Replacement: Never Stop Learning

Participation in alternative payment models has focused efforts to improve outcomes and patient satisfaction while also lowering cost for elective hip and knee replacement. The purpose of this review is to determine if preoperative education classes for elective hip and knee replacement achieve these goals. Recent literature demonstrates that patients who attend education classes prior to surgery have decreased anxiety, better post-operative pain control, more realistic expectations of surgery, and a better understanding of their surgery. As a result, comprehensive clinical pathways incorporating a preoperative education program for elective hip and knee replacement lead to lower hospital length of stay, higher home discharge, lower readmission, and improved cost. In summary, we report convincing evidence that preoperative education classes are an essential element to successful participation in alternative payment models such as the Bundle Payment Care Initiative.
Extracellular fluid tonicity impacts sickle red blood cell deformability and adhesion.

Abnormal sickle red blood cell (sRBC) biomechanics, including pathological deformability and adhesion, correlate with clinical severity in sickle cell disease (SCD). Clinical intravenous fluids (IVFs) of various tonicities are often used during treatment of vaso-occlusive pain episodes (VOE), the major cause of morbidity in SCD. However, evidence-based guidelines are lacking, and there is no consensus regarding which IVFs to use during VOE. Further, it is unknown how altering extracellular fluid tonicity with IVFs affects sRBC biomechanics in the microcirculation, where vaso-occlusion takes place. Here, we report how altering extracellular fluid tonicity with admixtures of clinical IVFs affects sRBC biomechanical properties by leveraging novel in vitro microfluidic models of the microcirculation, including 1 capable of deoxygenating the sRBC environment to monitor changes in microchannel occlusion risk and an “endothelialized” microvascular model that measures alterations in sRBC/endothelium adhesion under postcapillary venular conditions. Admixtures with higher tonicities (sodium = 141 mEq/L) affected sRBC biomechanics by decreasing sRBC deformability, increasing sRBC occlusion under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and increasing sRBC adhesion in our microfluidic human microvasculature models. Admixtures with excessive hypotonicity (sodium = 103 mEq/L), in contrast, decreased sRBC adhesion, but overswelling prolonged sRBC transit times in capillary-sized microchannels. Admixtures with intermediate tonicities (sodium = 111-122 mEq/L) resulted in optimal changes in sRBC biomechanics, thereby reducing the risk for vaso-occlusion in our models. These results have significant translational implications for patients with SCD and warrant a large-scale prospective clinical study addressing optimal IVF management during VOE in SCD.
A Phase II Trial of Rituximab Combined With Pegfilgrastim in Patients With Indolent B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Background To explore the role of augmenting neutrophil function in B-cell lymphoma, we conducted a phase II study evaluating the safety and clinical efficacy of pegfilgrastim and rituximab in low-grade CD20+ B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Patients and Methods Twenty patients with indolent B-NHL were treated with rituximab (375 mg/m2) every other week for 4 doses, followed by every 2 months for 4 additional doses. Pegfilgrastim was administered subcutaneously 3 days before each dose of rituximab. Clinical activity and tolerability were assessed using standard criteria. Biologic monitoring included phenotype characteristics of the host neutrophils, changes in oxidative burst, and functional assays. Results The patient demographics included median age of 64 years, 70% were male, 70% had follicular lymphoma, and 90% had stage III-IV disease. The median number of previous therapies was 2 (range, 0-5); 90% had received previous anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. The addition of pegfilgrastim to rituximab did not increase rituximab-related toxicities. The overall response rate was 60% (12 of 20), with a complete response (CR) rate of 35% (7 of 20). The median progression-free survival (PFS) duration was 17.9 months (95% confidence interval, 9.9-27.6 months); the median overall survival was not reached. A shorter time-to-peak oxidative burst after the first dose of pegfilgrastim was associated with greater CR rates (P = .04) and longer PFS (P = .03). Conclusion The pegfilgrastim-rituximab combination was well tolerated, with favorable outcomes compared with historical controls. A shorter time-to-peak oxidative burst was associated with higher CR rates and longer PFS. Our results support further evaluation of strategies that enhance the innate immune system to improve rituximab activity in B-NHL.
Taurine Attenuates Pyridoxal-Induced Adrenomedullary Catecholamine Release and Glycogenolysis in the Rat

The vitamin B6 vitamers, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are capable of promoting the mobilization of hepatic glycogen stores and hyperglycemia in the rat. These effects, which are dose-related and far greater with pyridoxal than with the other B6 vitamers, follow the outpouring of adrenomedullary catecholamines into the circulation. By taking advantage of this animal model, the present study was undertaken to examine the validity of a previously held view that taurine can suppress the release of adrenomedullary catecholamines. By treating Sprague-Dawley rats with intraperitoneal doses of pyridoxal, taurine, β-alanine, specific pharmacological antagonists (atropine, hexamethonium, labetalol, propranolol, verapamil) and their combinations, it was determined that the attenuating action of taurine on pyridoxal-induced glycogenolysis is centered in the adrenal gland.
The Influence of Ordering on the Engineering Properties of Two Phase Alloys Part II: Ordering Effects in Directionally Solidified Eutectic Alloys

The structure and properties of directionally solidified eutectic alloys which contain γ’ (Ni3Al) particles in the matrix phase are described. Direct studies of the influence of long range order on mechanical behavior of aligned eutectics have been accomplished with a model Ag-33a%Mg eutectic alloy. The implications of these studies for high temperature alloy development are discussed.
Spanish and English in contact in the United States: The Puerto Rican experience

(1982). Spanish and English in contact in the United States: The Puerto Rican experience. WORD: Vol. 33, Spanish in the Western Hemisphere, In Contact With English, Portuguese, and the Amerindian Languages, pp. 41-57.
Creating resident shift schedules under multiple objectives by generating and evaluating the Pareto frontier

Abstract Creating shift schedules for medical residents is challenging, not only because of the large number of conflicting rules and requirements needed to ensure both adequate patient care and resident educational opportunities, but also because there is no one clear, well-defined single objective function to optimize. Instead, many factors should be taken into account when selecting the “best” schedule. In our practical experience, it is impossible for the scheduler (typically, a Chief Resident) to accurately determine weights that would allow these factors to be captured in a mathematical objective function that truly represented their preferences. We therefore propose to instead provide the Chief with a set of Pareto-dominant schedules from which to select. We present an integer programming-based approach embedded within a recursive algorithm to generate these schedules. We then present both computational results to assess the tractability of our approach and a case study, based on a real-world scheduling problem at the University of Michigan Pediatric Emergency Department, to study how a Chief Resident would evaluate the Pareto set.
Let there be nano

Some scientific disciplines originate from a single event. This is not the case for nanotechnology, says Chris Toumey.