cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Determination of the Three‐Dimensional Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor of Anisotropic Media: 1. Theory

A field method is proposed for determining the three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor and specific storage of an anisotropic porous or fractured medium. The method, known as cross-hole testing (to distinguish it from conventional single-hole packer tests), consists of injecting fluid into (or withdrawing fluid from) packed-off intervals in a number of boreholes and monitoring the transient head response in similar intervals in neighboring boreholes. The directions of the principal hydraulic conductivities need not be known prior to the test, and the boreholes may have arbitrary orientations (e.g., they can all be vertical). An important aspect of the proposed method is that it provides direct field information on whether it is proper to regard the medium as being uniform and anisotropic on the scale of the test. The first paper presents theoretical expressions describing transient and steady state head response in monitoring intervals of arbitrary lengths and orientations, to constant-rate injection into (or withdrawal from) intervals having similar or different lengths and orientations. The conditions under which these intervals can be treated mathematically as points are investigated by an asymptotic analysis. The effect of planar no-flow and constant-head boundaries on the response is analyzed by the theory of images. The second paper describes the field methodology and shows how the proposed approach works in the case of fractured granitic rocks.
Products of High Energy Deuteron and Helium Ion Bombardments of Copper

The identity and relative yields of about twenty of the radioisotopes produced by the bombardment of natural copper with 190 Mev deuterons and 380 Mev helium ions have been determined. Two previously unreported isotopes were detected: Zn{sup 62}, decaying by orbital electron capture with a 9.5-hour half-life, and Fe{sup 52}, decaying by positron emission with a 7.8-hour half-life.
Health Impacts of Sea-Level Rise

There is no doubt that human-caused climate change is causing sea-level rise. In some places, such as along parts of the East Coast of the United States, sea-level rise is combining with land subsidence to worsen the problem. Climate change and sea-level rise are both considered "risk amplifiers" for health impacts, meaning that few health impacts are caused solely by climate change or sea-level rise. Instead, myriad health risks are made worse by different aspects of climate change. This article will focus on health impacts worsened by sea-level rise, by itself and in conjunction with other aspects of climate change. Language: en
An empirical model of diagnostic x-ray attenuation under narrow-beam geometry

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a mathematical model to describe narrow-beam attenuation of kilovoltage x-ray beams for the intended applications of half-value layer (HVL) and quarter-value layer (QVL) estimations, patient organ shielding, and computer modeling. Methods: An empirical model, which uses the Lambert W function and represents a generalized Lambert-Beer law, was developed. To validate this model, transmission of diagnostic energy x-ray beams was measured over a wide range of attenuator thicknesses [0.49-33.03 mm Al on a computed tomography (CT) scanner, 0.09-1.93 mm Al on two mammography systems, and 0.1-0.45 mm Cu and 0.49-14.87 mm Al using general radiography]. Exposure measurements were acquired under narrow-beam geometry using standard methods, including the appropriate ionization chamber, for each radiographic system. Nonlinear regression was used to find the best-fit curve of the proposed Lambert W model to each measured transmission versus attenuator thickness data set. In addition to validating the Lambert W model, we also assessed the performance of two-point Lambert W interpolation compared to traditional methods for estimating the HVL and QVL [i.e., semilogarithmic (exponential) and linear interpolation]. Results: The Lambert W model was validated for modeling attenuation versus attenuator thickness with respect to the datamore » collected in this study (R{sup 2} > 0.99). Furthermore, Lambert W interpolation was more accurate and less sensitive to the choice of interpolation points used to estimate the HVL and/or QVL than the traditional methods of semilogarithmic and linear interpolation. Conclusions: The proposed Lambert W model accurately describes attenuation of both monoenergetic radiation and (kilovoltage) polyenergetic beams (under narrow-beam geometry).« less
Chronic carbamazepine decreases the incorporation rate and turnover of arachidonic acid but not docosahexaenoic acid in brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat: relevance to bipolar disorder.

Background The basis for carbamazepine’s efficacy in treating bipolar disorder is not agreed on. One hypothesis is that, similar to lithium and valproate (antibipolar drugs), carbamazepine might selectively decrease the kinetics of arachidonic acid (AA) in brain phospholipids. Methods To assess whether it targets brain AA kinetics, we administered carbamazepine (25 mg/kg/day, IP) to rats for 30 days and then determined its effect compared with that of vehicle on incorporation and turnover rates of AA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain phospholipids. In unanesthetized rats that had received carbamazepine or vehicle, [1- 14 C]AA or [1- 14 C]DHA was infused intravenously, and arterial blood plasma was sampled until the animal was killed at 5 min and its brain, after being microwaved, was used for acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Results Chronic carbamazepine, compared with vehicle, decreased the rate of incorporation of AA-CoA (27%–29%) and turnover of AA (25%–27%) but not of DHA-CoA or DHA in brain phospholipids. Conclusions The results, which are comparable to published findings after chronic administration of lithium and valproic acid to rats, support the hypothesis that drugs effective against mania in bipolar disorder act by selectively downregulating the incorporation rate of AA-CoA and turnover of AA in brain phospholipids.
Converged communications, video and innovation in pedagogic settings

In an environment where academic globalization may become the norm, solutions to contemporary teaching and learning problems frequently include methods that promote effective communication, assist in resolving telecommuting opportunities, and use advanced information technology to support learning at a distance. Of importance, many of the solutions afforded by converged networks apply to traditional as well as distance learning environments. Innovation centered on enhanced communications is often at the center of these solutions. This panel will explore these ideas. It begins with a presentation on Network convergence, the fundamental change permitting the concepts mentioned above. The central theme of the presentation is a focus on video, and an analysis of video options is included. The presentation concludes with the idea of a collaboratory and implications for pedagogic strategies.
Treatment of acute renal failure

Acute renal failure is a life threatening illness whose mortality has remained high since the introduction of hemodialysis 25 years ago, despite advances in supportive care. Acute renal failure is an extremely morbid and costly disorder with a significant proportion of patients progressing to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. To the nephrologist, acute renal failure remains an extremely frustrating disease, because the pathophysiology is not well understood and the limited therapeutic options force the nephrologist to sit on the sidelines and wait for renal function to return. For example, dialysis remains the only FDA-approved treatment for acute renal failure, but dialysis may also cause renal injury that prolongs renal failure. The purpose of this perspective is to understand the results of the recent, largely negative, clinical trials in view of recent advances in the epidemiology of ARF. This review will also discuss diagnostic tools, strategies for improved design of clinical trials, and other therapeutic interventions that will be needed to properly treat acute renal failure in the 21st century.
Quantitative Changes in the Chloroplast Thylakoid Polypeptide Complement During Senescence

Summary Chloroplast thylakoid polypeptides from mature, senescent, and re-greened soybean cotyledons were examined using SDS-PAGE. Twenty polypeptide bands were spectrophotometrically observed; ten additional bands were usually observed visually. Eleven of these polypeptides, representing over 85% of the total thylakoid protein, were quantified on both a relative and (to a first approximation) an absolute abundance basis. The polypeptides quantified generally fell into one of two classes: group I polypeptides decrease rapidly during senescence, group II polypeptides decrease much more slowly. Additionally an anomalous polypeptide (M.W. 62.6 kD) was observed which increased in abundance through senescence and disappeared during re-greening. The possible nature of this anomalous polypeptide as well as possible mechanisms for the differential decrease of the other thylakoid polypeptides are discussed.
Noninvasive Diagnosis of the Patient with Complex Incontinence

Even in complex cases, the cause of incontinence can usually be discerned nonin-vasively. The author outlines one such approach, focusing on helpful diagnostic points that can be elicited without soph
THE PROTECTION OF PANCREATIC LIPASE BY ACACIA GUM.

In this preliminary note we describe the results obtained by inoculation of the skin of the scrotum of four black rabbits with serous fluid expressed from an initial pinta lesion. The inoculation was made intradermally, as superficially as possible, with serous fluid rich in treponemata and diluted with normal salt solution. A papule appeared at the point of inoculation in one of the four rabbits on the 105th day. One hundred and fifteen days after inoculation the papule presented a circular erosion on an indurated base. The serous fluid expressed from this lesion contained numerous treponemata on dark-field examination, and these were easily impregnated by the Fontana-Tribondeau method. A volunteer inoculated with serous fluid expressed from the rabbit9s lesion developed a typical initial pinta lesion at the point of inoculation, thus proving that the scrotal lesion of the rabbit was produced by Treponema carateum or Treponema herrejoni , the causal agent of pinta, mal del pinto or carate. Four rabbits inoculated with serous fluid from the scrotal lesion of the rabbit have not yet developed visible lesions.
Evaluation of multispectral, fine scale digital imagery as a tool for mapping stream morphology

Abstract Multispectral digital imagery acquired from Soda Butte and Cache Creeks, Montana and Wyoming was used in conjunction with field data to classify and map hydrogeomorphic stream units on four stream reaches. The morphologic units that were field mapped were eddy drop zones, glides, low gradient riffles, high gradient riffles, lateral scour pools, attached bars, detached bars, and large woody debris. Unsupervised and supervised classifications of the imagery were used to develop a Maximum Joint Probability classification and an Alternative Joint Probability classification of the stream reaches. The Maximum Joint Probability classification allowed only one of the image classes to represent each hydrogeomorphic unit on the field map and resulted in relatively low overall accuracies for identification of these units of 10% to 50%. The Alternative Joint Probability classification allowed each image class to represent any geomorphic unit where the probability of a correct classification was greater than random. In this technique, two or three image classes were assigned to represent each hydrogeomorphic unit, resulting in higher overall accuracies of 28% to 80%. Accurate classification of hydrogeomorphic units was hampered by poor rectification of imagery with the field maps because of inadequate ground control points. In general, the largest hydrogeomorphic units were most accurately classified, whereas units that were small in area or spatially linear were least likely to be accurately classified. The results of this study demonstrated that multispectral digital imagery has the potential to be a useful tool for mapping hydrogeomorphic stream units at fine scales. Imagery to be an effective tool, however, careful measures such as accurate documentation of ground control points must be taken to ensure accurate rectification of the imagery with field maps.
Cationic cyclizations initiated by electrocyclic cleavage of cyclopropanes. Synthesis of lactones, tetrahydropyrans, and tetrahydrofurans

Abstract The electrocyclic opening of cyclopropane derivatives containing internal nucleophilic groups provides a new route to vinyl lactones, tetrahydropyrans, and tetrahydrofurans.
Comparative Morphological Configuration of the Cardiac Nervous System in Lorises and Galagos (Infraorder Lorisiformes, Strepsirrhini, Primates) with Evolutionary Perspective

The detailed systematic morphology and comparative anatomy of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) with its surrounding structures were examined in 14 sides of 7 Lorisiformes species (lorises and galagos) to consider its evolutionary differences and similarities to others in the primate lineage. Our detailed descriptions clarified that (1) a family-dependent morphology of the ACNS does not exist although several variations are recognized as common variation in Lorisiformes, (2) the morphology of the ACNS in Lorisiformes is almost consistent regardless of the number of presacral vertebrae and cardiac positions, and (3) the ACNS morphology in Lorisiformes is extremely different from that in New and Old World monkeys, gibbons, and human, specifically in a narrower contribution of the superior cervical ganglion to the spinal cervical nerves, the caudal position and organization of the cervicothoracic ganglion, and the narrower origins of the sympathetic cardiac nerves, although all parasympathetic vagal cardiac branches are consistently present among the primates. Based on these detailed findings, the systematic and evolutionary morphologies of the ACNS are discussed and compared with our previous works. These results suggest the primate ACNS preserves its evolutionary history without modification and specialization by its functional adaptation as seen in the somatic system.
Growth and Immunity of Broiler Chicks as Affected by Dietary Arginine

A dietary deficiency of Arg may suppress chick immune system functions; however, research evaluating immune function responsiveness of commercial broilers fed dietary Arg levels near NRC (1994) recommendations is sparse. Therefore, three experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and immunity of broilers fed varying Arg levels near NRC (1994) specifications. Because Arg and Lys are similar in structure and are known to compete in intestinal absorption, dietary Lys treatments [near NRC (1994) recommendations] were evaluated to determine if Arg and Lys interact to affect broiler immunity. There were four dietary treatments in Experiment 1 representing a 2 x 2 factorial design of additional Arg (120% of NRC) or additional Lys (120% of NRC) added to a control diet containing 100% of NRC Arg and Lys (six replications per treatment). Experiment 2 contained the following four treatments: the control diet; the control diet plus L-Arg (0.20% Arg of diet); the control diet plus L-Lys HCl (0.20% Lys of diet); and the control diet plus L-Arg-L-Glu (0.10% Arg of diet). Graduations of Arg were fed from 90 to 120% of NRC in 10% increments in Experiment 3. Also, half of the birds were exposed to vaccinations of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in Experiment 3 to derive a 2 x 4 factorial design. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted from Days 1 to 18 and Experiment 3 was conducted from Days 1 to 15 in Petersime battery brooders. No interactions occurred between dietary Lys and Arg in Experiment 1. Increasing dietary Arg, but not Lys, from 100 to 120% of the NRC recommendation increased (P < or = 0.05) Day 18 BW gain. Treatment differences in the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity assay in Experiment 1 did not occur. In Experiment 2, treatment differences in growth responses, lymphoid organ development, and primary antibody titers to SRBC did not occur. Unvaccinated birds in Experiment 3 fed an Arg-deficient diet had lower (P < or = 0.05) feed conversion in comparison with vaccinated birds fed an Arg-deficient diet. Vaccinated birds had lower (P < or = 0.05) Day 15 BW than unvaccinated birds, but higher (P < or = 0.05) titers to Newcastle disease virus. Increasing dietary Arg in Experiment 3 increased plasma Arg (P < or = 0.05), but did not affect plasma Lys. Although increased dietary Arg improved BW gain in Experiment 1, minimal effects were noted in growth and immune system parameters throughtout this study. A dietary Arg level near the NRC (1994) recommendation should support proper immune system functions in healthy chicks.
Effect of intravenous glucagon on the survival of rats after acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal timing of intravenous glucagon infusion for the treatment of acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia. The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 85 min in 106 Sprague—Dawley anesthetized rats. The animals were divided into 12 treatment groups according to the timing of glucagon and saline administration, and survival was measured to 48 hr. Without treatment, all rats died within 24 hr. Intravenous saline (10 ml/kg/hr) for 2 hr did not significantly improve 48-hr survival (17–33%). Glucagon (1.6 μg/kg/min iv) plus saline (10 ml/kg/hr iv) for 2 hr after SMA occlusion significantly improved survival from 33% (saline control) to 83% (P < 0.02). The same treatment begun 1 hr before SMA release (during ischemia) did not significantly improve survival (33% at 48 hr). Glucagon infusion during occlusive mesenteric ischemia was detrimental when added to effective postischemia treatment, reducing survival from 83 to 33% (P < 0.02). Adequate saline infusion was required for glucagon efficacy after ischemia, as shown by an intermediate 48-hr survival of 50% when only maintenance saline (1.5 ml/kg/hr) was given. These data suggest that glucagon therapy should be delayed until after operative release of an acute SMA occlusion and should be accompanied by vigorous volume expansion.
Surface modification of rutile TiO 2 by submerged arc discharge for improved photoreactivity

Titanium dioxide is well known for its photocatalytic activity, but it works effectively only in the ultraviolet (UV) range. Given the relatively low flux of solar UV that reaches earth, the potential of exploring its photocatalytic capacity for environmental protection applications is very limited. In this study, rutile, the least photocatalytic of the three existing titanium dioxide crystalline forms, was suspended in water or acetonitrile and treated with oxygen or argon plasmas, using a novel dense-medium plasma technology (submerged arc discharge). As a result of the plasma treatment, rutile particles were doped with various trace elements that originated in electrodes made of different metals. Subsequent analyses show that the photocatalytic capacity of plasma-modified rutile is comparable to or even better than that of unmodified anatase, the most photocatalytic form of titanium dioxides. The color change of TiO2 samples after plasma treatment indicates that the modified rutile absorbs visible light and may therefore work as a photocatalyst in the visible range. Given the fact that rutile can be produced in large quantity more easily and cheaply than can anatase, these results are very encouraging and open up possibilities in using rutile for photocatalytic applications in the visible range.
Craze formation and growth in anisotropic polymers

Craze formation and craze growth in anisotropic polymers has been studied as a function of the degree of anisotropy and the relation between the testing direction and the primary orientation direction. Tests on PMMA and PC indicate that both the morphology and orientation of the crazes are senstivie functions of testing direction. Crazes form in directions which arenot orthogonal to the principal tensile stress, and the data clearly show that craze growth occurs in directions governed by the major principal strain. The fracture process is identical in nature to that in isotropic polymers, i.e. craze formation, crack nucleation within the craze and subsequent crack propagation through the craze. Thus, the angle of fracture coincides with the craze angle rather than occurring perpendicular to the principal tensile stress.
Encoding intensity in ventral cochlear nucleus following acoustic trauma: implications for loudness recruitment.

Loudness recruitment, an abnormally rapid growth of perceived loudness with sound level, is a common symptom of sensorineural hearing loss. Following acoustic trauma, auditory-nerve rate responses are reduced, and rate grows more slowly with sound level, which seems inconsistent with recruitment (Heinz et al., J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 6:91–105, 2005). However, rate-level functions (RLFs) in the central nervous system may increase in either slope or saturation value following trauma (e.g., Salvi et al., Hear. Res. 147:261–274, 2000), suggesting that recruitment may arise from central changes. In this paper, we studied RLFs of neurons in ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of the cat after acoustic trauma. Trauma did not change the general properties of VCN neurons, and the usual VCN functional classifications remained valid (chopper, primary-like, onset, etc.). After trauma, non-primary-like neurons, most noticeably choppers, exhibited elevated maximum discharge rates and steeper RLFs for frequencies at and near best frequency (BF). Primary-like neurons showed the opposite changes. To relate the neurons’ responses to recruitment, rate-balance functions were computed; these show the sound level required to give equal rates in a normal and a traumatized ear and are analogous to loudness balance functions that show the sound levels giving equal perceptual loudness in the two ears of a monaurally hearing-impaired person. The rate-balance functions showed recruitment-like steepening of their slopes in non-primary-like neurons in all conditions. However, primary-like neurons showed recruitment-like behavior only when rates were summated across neurons of all BFs. These results suggest that the non-primary-like, especially chopper, neurons may be the most peripheral site of the physiological changes in the brain that underlie recruitment.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO IMMUNIZATION BY DIFFERENT ROUTES.

Rabbits were injected with human serum albumin once intravenously or intradermally with this antigen plus complete Freund adjuvant. The hemagglutinating titers of the antiserum and of the heavy and light antibody fractions were followed for several months. Circulation of heavy antibody in the intravenously injected group disappeared in 1 month, but in the intradermally injected group, it rose to a maximum titer, then declined, and then showed a second rise in titer. Light antibody showed increasing and then sustained titers over most of the time period. Heavy antibody failed to precipitate with antigen, even when it showed high hemagglutinating titers.Light antibody, in contrast, gave precipitation even when tested at much lower hemagglutination titers
Succinic dehydrogease activity in a fresh-water crab in relation to salinity stress

Abstract 1. 1. The enzyme activity is about 3·5 times greater in the gill than in the hepatopancreas. 2. 2. In both the tissues studied the enzyme activity is greater in males. 3. 3. The enzymes activity increases with increasing body size (body weight) irrespective of the sex of the individuals. 4. 4. The enzyme activity increases with the increase in the salinity of the medium.
BARBITURATES IN BRAIN ISCHAEMIA

This review has indicated that barbiturates are useful in controlling ICP during anaesthesia in patients with intracranial hypertension. While laboratory data indicate that intraoperative administration of barbiturates during episodes of transient cerebral ischaemia, associated with surgical revascularization procedures, should be efficacious, current intraoperative results claiming benefit are anecdotal. Continuous high-dose barbiturate therapy (induced barbiturate coma) for occlusive stroke and persistently increased intracranial pressure is currently undergoing clinical trials. While it is clear that this therapy can often reduce increased ICP in head injured patients, its influence on neurological outcome remains to be determined by a multicentre trial at present in progress. Despite evidence that high-dose barbiturate therapy can reduce the area of infarction in occlusive stroke in the laboratory, organized clinical trials have not yet commenced. Until more definitive knowledge is available concerning the influence of high-dose barbiturate therapy in treating different forms of cerebral ischaemia, its application should be viewed sceptically and limited to centres willing to create an organized data base for inter-institutional evaluation of this form of treatment. If barbiturate therapy proves successful and the mechanisms involved are better understood, drugs with fewer side-effects and risks may become available to combat cerebral ischaemia.
Jak2 Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Oxidative Stress-induced Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

In vascular smooth muscle cells, Jak2 tyrosine kinase becomes activated in response to oxidative stress in the form of hydrogen peroxide. Although it has been postulated that hydrogen peroxide-induced Jak2 activation promotes cell survival, this has never been tested. We therefore examined the role that Jak2 plays in vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis following hydrogen peroxide treatment. Here, we report that Jak2 tyrosine kinase activation by hydrogen peroxide is required for apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Upon treatment of primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells with hydrogen peroxide, we observed laddering of genomic DNA and nuclear condensation, both hallmarks of apoptotic cells. However, apoptosis was prevented by either the expression of a dominant negative Jak2 protein or by the Jak2 pharmacological inhibitor AG490. Moreover, expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein was induced following hydrogen peroxide treatment. Again, expression of a dominant negative Jak2 protein or treatment of cells with AG490 prevented this Bax induction. Following Bax induction by hydrogen peroxide, mitochondrial membrane integrity was compromised, and caspase-9 became activated. In contrast, in cells expressing a Jak2 dominant negative we observed that mitochondrial membrane integrity was preserved, and no caspase-9 activation occurred. These data demonstrate that the activation of Jak2 tyrosine kinase by hydrogen peroxide is essential for apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, this report identifies Jak2 as a potential therapeutic target in vascular diseases in which vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis contributes to pathological progression.
Improving the Prospects

Rosser uses interviews with successful female scientists to explore ways to surmount the hurdles that women in science continue to face.
Volatile Leaf Oil of Tagetes lemmonii Gray

ABSTRACT The essential oil of flowering Tagetes lemmonii Gray, which was examined by GC/MS, was dominated by dihydrotagetone (42.52±11.27%), (E)-tagetone (16.10±18.21%) and (E)-ocimenone (14.18±3.37).
Formation and interconversion of fixed-nitrogen species in laminar diffusion flames

Laminar diffusion flames, fed with fuel mixtures containing CH4, were probed and the analyses reduced by Bilger's simplified method to get approximate estimates of the rates of formation of the fixed-N species: NO, HCN, NH3. The results show that the Zeldovich mechanism is the main source of the sum of fixed-N. Much of the local fixed-N is present as HCN (less as NH3) in hydrocarbon-containing parts of the flame; but these originate mainly from NO diffusing into such regions, and they mostly revert to NO again after the hydrocarbons burn out. There is little destruction of the sum of fixed-N species in the rich parts of undoped flames. In the rich parts of doped flames, however, where the concentrations of all forms of fixed-N are increased, a significant destruction of fixed-N is observed.
An algorithm for least squares projections onto the intersection of translated, convex cones☆

Abstract A commonly occurring problem is that of minimizing least squares expressions subject to restrictions on the solution. Dykstra (1983) has given a simple algorithm for solving these types of problems when the constraint region can be expressed as a finite intersection of closed, convex cones. Here it is shown that this algorithm must still work correctly even when each cone is allowed to be arbitrarily translated, as long as the intersection is nonempty. This allows the algorithm to be applied to a much larger collection of problems than previously indicated.
Surveillance in Public Rituals Security Meta-ritual and the 2005 U.S. Presidential Inauguration

This article uses the second inauguration of President George W. Bush in January 2005 as a case study to show that surveillance procedures in state-sponsored public rituals themselves have a ritual form. This security meta-ritual is a practice of separation of insiders from outsiders through which the state security apparatus transforms a potentially dangerous everyday public life into a new social reality. In this newly created space of public interaction under maximum control, a safe space is created within which public ritual can take place without interruption.
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a bone marrow transplant recipient

Abstract We report a case of 53 year old female with history of acute myelogenous leukemia, for which she underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant; her course was complicated by chronic graft versus host disease. Seven years later she presents with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin which metastasize to her heart. Here, in this case we tend to highlight the aggressive nature of the squamous cell carcinoma in an immunocompromised individual.
An Ohio Model for Articulated Teacher Education

Due to teacher shortages and the need for increased diversity within the teaching profession, there is a renewed interest in the utilization of community colleges for the preparation of P–12 teachers. Various articulation models have been proposed in several states. This case study explores the collaboration between a large, urban community college and a research I university for the preparation of business-education teachers in the state of Ohio. Reasons for the partnership are described, along with the challenges faced and the strategies used to develop a seamless pathway for a true “2 + 2” program for teacher education.
Mechanisms for the Cueing Phenomenon: The Addition of the Cueing Context to the Training Memory.

Abstract A series of three experiments was run to test the hypothesis that when animals are exposed to a cue from prior training, the context in which cueing occurs becomes associated with the training memory. The first experiment demonstrates that when rats are trained to avoid in one context and then are tested in a different context performance is reduced. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that this performance deficit can be alleviated by cueing the rats in the test context prior to testing. The data suggested that the improved performance does not seem to result from the association of the cueing context with a fear response. These results are discussed in relation to the context addition hypothesis.
Biologia da polinização em Lecythidaceae

The family Lecythidaceae is most diverse in lowland, moist forests below 1000 m altitude. Only a few species are found in savannas, periodically inundated habitats, and forests above 1000 m. Brasil, where 54% of the New World species occurs, has more species of Lecythidaceae than any other country, it is especially diverse in species with zygomorphic flowers. Floral evolution in Lecythidaceae has taken place mostly in the androecium where actinomorphic and zygomorphic types have developed. The principal pollinators are bees with the only documented exception being the bat pollinated Lecythis poiteaui. Euglossine bees appear to be particularly important in the evolution of zygomorphic flowered Lecythidaceae. The flowers of Lecythidaceae, depending on the species, offer three kinds of rewards to pollinators - undifferentiated pollen, differentiated pollen, and nectar. There is still much to be learned about reproductive biology in Lecythidaceae. Studies of pollen chemistry, nectar quantity and quality, and self incompatibility systems are especially needed.
LIBERATION OF BACTERICIDAL HISTONE FROM INACTIVE DEOXYRIBONUCLEOHISTONE COMPLEX BY DNASE.

SummaryDNase effectively liberates cat-ionic bactericidal histories from intact nuclei or isolated DNP as shown by bactericidal assays and staining techniques. The possible importance of this mechanism in innate resistance is discussed.
A proposed electro-optical implementation of lateral inhibition with phase-only filters

This article describes a proposed electro-optical implementation of the lateral inhibition function and its simulation. Lateral inhibition is the most important adaptation property in sensory systems and with this mechanism, weak inputs to neurons are suppressed (inhibited) by strong inputs to neighboring neurons. The purpose of lateral inhibition is to enhance and emphasize boundaries. Two types of lateral inhibition filters were studied, both symmetric and antisymmetric. The antisymmetric are direction dependent and thus, four different directions were chosen. Since the electro-optic implementation relies on filtering input images in the Fourier plane, the inhibition filters used in the simulation are phase-only. The simulation takes into consideration performance of specific optical hardware components and was tested on signals that have very sharp directional edges in addition to a facial image with many contour line edges. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15: 98–102, 1997.
Prevalence of extracolonic findings at virtual colonoscopy

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of extracolonic findings at virtual colonoscopy using CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis for data acquisition.
Molecular Structure of Polystyrene at Air/Polymer and Solid/Polymer Interfaces

IR-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy has been used in a total internal reflection geometry to study the molecular structure of polystyrene (PS) at PS/sapphire and PS/air interfaces, simultaneously. The symmetric vibrational modes of the phenyl rings dominate the SFG spectra at the PS/air interface as compared to the antisymmetric vibrational modes at the PS/sapphire interface. This indicates approximately parallel orientation of the phenyl rings at the PS/air interface while nearly perpendicular orientation at the PS/sapphire interface, with respect to the surface normal.
Effects of incremental doses of procainamide in patients with sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia.

Procainamide in Patients with Uniform VT. Introduction: Although intravenously administered procainamide has been used extensively during electropharmacologic testing for more than II) years, there is little information available on the effects of incremental dosing of procainamide in patients with inducible, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Methods and Results: Twenty-nine patients with coronary artery disease had sustained monomorphic VT reproducibly induced in the baseline, drug-free state. Programmed stimulation was repeated 5 minutes after loading infusion (50 mg/min) of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg (all patients) and 22.5 mg/kg of procainamide (15 patients), while maintaining continuous infusion of 0.055, 0.11, and 0.165 mg/kg per minute after each increment in dose, respectively. Corresponding procainamide plasma concentrations were 5.6 ± 2, 10.5 ± 3, and 14.5 ± 3 mg/L before, and 4.7 ± 2, 9.6 ± 3, and 14.6 ± 4 4 mg/L after electrophysiologic study at each increment in dose of procainamide, respectively. Each incremental dose of procainamide resulted in significant prolongation of tachycardia cycle length and QRS duration during sinus rhythm and right ventricular pacing. Five (17%), 7 (24%), and 1 (7%) patients, respectively, had no inducible sustained VT following the incremental dosing of procainamide. Three of five patients who had no inducible VT at 7.5 mg/kg had VT induced again at a higher dose of procainamide. Four of 24 patients whose VT remained inducible at 7.5 mg/kg of procainamide had no VT induced at 15 mg/kg of procainamide. Twelve (41%), 15 (52%), and 6 (40%) patients, respectively, no longer had VT with baseline morphology induced following the incremental dosing of procainamide. VT with new morphology compared to baseline was induced in more than 40% of patients at one or more of the three different procainamide dosing regimens. The mean cycle length of VTs with new morphology was significantly shorter than the cycle length of tachycardias with baseline morphology at each particular dose of procainamide. Conclusion: Similar serum procainamide concentrations before and after programmed stimulation can be achieved at the described dosing regimen. Although 7.5 and 15 mg/kg of procainamide are both effective in suppressing induction of all VT in 20% to 25% of patients, non-inducibility at a particular dose of procainamide does not predict noninducibility at a respectively higher or lower dose. New morphologies of VT that are frequently faster than VTs with baseline morphology at a particular dose of procainamide can be induced in approximately half of the patients, and the clinical significance of these arrhythmias remains to be determined.
Through-Plane Water Distribution in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell at Various Operating Temperatures

A multi-dimensional mathematical model is formulated for simulating the transport and electrochemical reaction phenomena in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The model describes the two-phase flows, electrochemical reaction kinetics, species transport, and heat transfer, as well as their intrinsic couplings within a PEFC. Two-dimensional model predictions are computed for the two typical operating temperatures at 40 and 80 °C. Computed results reveal that liquid water level may be lower at the higher temperature operation due to water vapor phase diffusion. Detailed water and temperature distributions are displayed to explain the water and heat transport and their interaction. The computed water-content profiles are compared with available experimental data obtained by neutron imaging.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Lipid‐protein interactions: Detergent binding to L‐glutamic acid dehydrogenase

A nonionic detergent was found to bind to the enzyme L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase [L-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) EC 1.4.1.3]. The amount bound was 17 moles of detergent/mole of enzyme, which, however, was not sufficient for the enzyme to be included in a detergent micelle.
Design-time simulation of a large-scale, distributed object system

We present a case study in using simulation at design time to predict the performance and scalability properties of a large-scale distributed object system. The system, called Consul, is a network management system designing to support hundreds of operators managing millions of network devices. It is essential that a system such as Consul be designed with performance and scalability in mind, but due to Consul's complexity and scale, it is hard to reason about performance and scalability using ad hoc techniques. We built a simulation of Consul's design to guide the design process by enabling performanace and scalability analysis of various design alternatives. A major challenge in doing design-time simulation is that many parameters for the simulation are based on estimates rather than measurements. We developed analysis methods that derive conclusions that are valid in the presence of estimation errors. In this article, we describe our scalability analysis method for design simulations of distributed object systems. The main idea is to use relative and comparative reasoning to analyze design alternatives and compare transaction behaviors. We demonstrate the analysis approach by describing its application to Consul.
k -metric spaces

In this paper, we give a new generalization of metric spaces called k-metric spaces. Our k-metrics are valued in lattice ordered groups, which allows us to talk about distance in non-abelian lattice ordered groups. We also discuss a class of (not necessarily abelian) lattice ordered groups in which every k-metric induces a topology. Then we show that every k-metric valued in the real numbers is metrizable. In the last section, we characterize intrinsic metrics on lattice ordered rings that are almost f-rings and prove that being an almost f-ring is necessary and sufficient for this characterization. Then we show that if a lattice ordered ring is representable, then every intrinsic metric is a k-metric.
Using a SiC injector in a polydeposition system to improve mean time between failure

The SiH4 gas injectors were having a problem with early breakage in vertical polysilicon deposition furnaces. The quartz tube employed in some vertical thermal reactors uses a quartz injector to deliver process gas to the bottom zone of the furnace. This injector extends down from the top dome of the quartz tube. Polysilicon deposition occurs on the inner and outer surfaces of the injector. The difference in the coefficient of expansion between the silicon and quartz in conjunction with the normal temperature gradients seen in the furnace results in unpredictable injector breakage. The authors provided the initial concept for a removable injector and worked with a quartzware and silicon carbide supplier to develop the injector design from silicon carbide (SiC). Silicon carbide has a comparable thermal expansion coefficient compared with polysilicon thereby eliminating the possibility of early injector breakage. The strength, purity and extensive usage of silicon carbide in the semiconductor industry made SiC an ideal candidate as an injector.
Postnatal development of ganglionic neurons in the absence of preganglionic input: morphological observations on synapse formation.

Abstract Synapse formation during postnatal development of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion was studied in rats after neonatal ganglionic denervation, when reinnervation was either permitted or prevented. In both groups of operated animals, 90% of the synapses were lost by the fourth postoperative day. In the rats in which reinnvervation was permitted, restoration of synapse numbers began by one month after surgery and reached 50% of control by two months. There was no further synapse restoration after this time. In the animals in which reinnervation was prevented, synapse numbers increased, but at all times were approximately 10% of controls. Thus the intrinsic ganglionic synapses underwent their normal postnatal developmental increase in number, but did not sprout to any significant degree in response to the massive deafferentation caused by removal of the preganglionic input. Vacant postsynaptic membrane thickenings (those not apposed by presynaptic terminals) appeared in both experimental groups. There was no significant loss of these vacant thickenings in either group over the course of 3 months. Therefore, the vacated postsynaptic sites do not appear to be recontacted during reinnervation, while the reinnvervating axons appear to cause the formation of new postsynaptic sites on the ganglion cells.
Drosophila gustatory preference behaviors require the atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases

The intracellular messenger cGMP has been suggested to play a role in taste signal transduction in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we have examined the role of the Drosophila atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases (sGCs), Gyc-89Da and Gyc-89Db, in larval and adult gustatory preference behaviors. We showed that in larvae, sucrose attraction requires Gyc-89Db and caffeine avoidance requires Gyc-89Da. In adult flies, sucrose attraction is unaffected by mutations in either gene whereas avoidance of low concentrations of caffeine is eliminated by loss of either gene. Similar defective behaviors were observed when cGMP increases were prevented by the expression of a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase. We also showed that both genes were expressed in gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in larval and adult gustatory organs, primarily in a non-overlapping pattern, with the exception of a small group of cells in the adult labellum. In addition, in adults, several cells co-expressed the bitter taste receptor, Gr66a, with either Gyc-89Da or Gyc-89Db. We also showed that the electrophysiological responses of a GRN to caffeine were significantly reduced in flies mutant for the atypical sGCs, suggesting that at least part of the adult behavioral defects were due to a reduced ability to detect caffeine.
Primary sequence of -1436 to +53 bp of the rat preproenkephalin gene putative Z-DNA and regulatory motifs.

Abstract We report novel sequence data extending −1436 bases 5′ of the rat proenkephalin gene start site known as E4. We noted an interesting stretch of 58 bases of alternating pyrimidines that lies immediately adjacent to 71 bases of an alternating purine-pyrimidine Z-DNA-like sequence that lies between −694 bp and −566 bp. Multiple sequence homologies to putative cis -acting regulatory factor binding sites were identified by a computer aided sequence search.
GABAergic neurons of rodent brain correspond partially with those staining for glycoconjugate with terminalN-acetylgalactosamine

Sections of fixed, paraffin-embedded brain from mice and rats were stained with agglutinin fromVicia villosa conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (VVA-HRP) to localize glycoconjugate containing terminalN-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). VVA-HRP binding sites were localized in periodic foci at the surface of a selective population of non-pyramidal interneurons in layers II through VI of the rodent cerebral cortex. These multipolar interneurons were shown to utilize γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a transmitter and thus to be GABAergic by their immunostaining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) throughout the cytoplasm in serial sections. Pyramidal and other non-pyramidal cortical neurons received GABAergic input as evidenced by punctate immunostaining for GAD on their soma and proximal dendritic aborizations, but these cells failed to show VVA affinity or cytosolic GAD reactivity. Most neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus stained for the presence of glycoconjugate with terminal GalNAc on their surface and for GAD in the cytosol. In contrast, cerebellar Purkinje cells showed strong cytosolic reactivity with anti-GAD but lacked surface staining with VVA-HRP. These observations show that some but not other populations of GABAergic neurons possess binding capacity for VVA on their surface. The surface of neurons in the deep cerebellar nucleus stained heavily with VVA but failed to show clear cytosolic reactivity for GAD. Some neurons with surface glycoconjugate containing terminal GalNAc are therefore not GABAergic.
Studies on the electron transport system XXIII. Coenzyme Q oxidase

The preparation and properties of a submitochondrial enzyme system containing predominantly cytochrome a have been described. This system is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of reduced coenzyme Q by molecular oxygen. This particulate enzyme requires the presence of both cytochrome c and a lipoproteinof mitochondrial origin in order to catalyze the above reaction. The results presented in this communication suggest that coenzyme Q is situated in the aforementioned lipoprotein between cytochromes b and c.