cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Face‐likeness and image variability drive responses in human face‐selective ventral regions

The human ventral visual stream contains regions that respond selectively to faces over objects. However, it is unknown whether responses in these regions correlate with how face-like stimuli appear. Here, we use parameterized face silhouettes to manipulate the perceived face-likeness of stimuli and measure responses in face- and object-selective ventral regions with high-resolution fMRI. We first use “concentric hyper-sphere” (CH) sampling to define face silhouettes at different distances from the prototype face. Observers rate the stimuli as progressively more face-like the closer they are to the prototype face. Paradoxically, responses in both face- and object-selective regions decrease as face-likeness ratings increase. Because CH sampling produces blocks of stimuli whose variability is negatively correlated with face-likeness, this effect may be driven by more adaptation during high face-likeness (low-variability) blocks than during low face-likeness (high-variability) blocks. We tested this hypothesis by measuring responses to matched-variability (MV) blocks of stimuli with similar face-likeness ratings as with CH sampling. Critically, under MV sampling, we find a face-specific effect: responses in face-selective regions gradually increase with perceived face-likeness, but responses in object-selective regions are unchanged. Our studies provide novel evidence that face-selective responses correlate with the perceived face-likeness of stimuli, but this effect is revealed only when image variability is controlled across conditions. Finally, our data show that variability is a powerful factor that drives responses across the ventral stream. This indicates that controlling variability across conditions should be a critical tool in future neuroimaging studies of face and object representation.
Laser-induced line melting and cutting

The application of pulsed laser radiation in the melting and cutting of VLSI conducting lines is studied. These processes are used to realize both deletive and additive redundancy techniques, common in defect avoidance and customization processes. The authors discuss the theory of laser-beam application of aluminum lines, and show how the various beam and substrate parameters affect the properties of the irradiated zone. Closed-form analytical expression have been obtained for the relevant quantities. No adjustable parameters are involved in the calculation of the various thermal properties. An analytical examination of the resulting molten zone properties has been performed in order to fully quantify the use of laser melting in customization and wafer-scale applications. The experimental results compare well with the theoretical predictions. >
Effects of flexor-pronator muscle loading on valgus stability of the elbow with an intact, stretched, and resected medial ulnar collateral ligament.

Background The medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) is an important passive stabilizer to the valgus stresses that athletes experience during overhead throwing motion. However, the role of the flexor-pronator muscles as active stabilizers to valgus stress is not well defined in the literature. The objectives of this study were to quantify the relative contribution of the individual flexor-pronator muscles to valgus stability of the elbow and how this relationship was affected by ligament status. Methods A custom elbow testing system and Microscribe 3DLX were used for biomechanical testing. Flexor-pronator muscles were loaded to simulate contraction, and the valgus angle of the elbow was measured in eight cadaveric specimens at 30°, 60°, and 90° of elbow flexion with 3 different valgus torques applied to the forearm. Loads based on muscle cross-sectional area were applied to the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), and pronator teres (PT). The effect of each muscle was evaluated by unloading the individual muscle while the other 2 remained loaded, resulting in 5 loading conditions: no muscles loaded, all muscles loaded, unloaded FCU, unloaded FDS, and unloaded PT. Valgus angle was measured for 3 MUCL ligament conditions: intact, stretched, and cut. Results The effect of muscle loading on valgus angle was similar for each ligament condition. Loading the flexor-pronator muscles significantly decreased valgus angle of the elbow in all testing conditions (P Conclusion The FDS, PT, and FCU are all active stabilizers of the elbow to valgus stress. The FDS is the biggest contributor amongst the flexor-pronator muscles. Level of evidence Basic science biomechanical laboratory study.
Natural killer T cells regulate the development of asthma

NKT cells play an important role at the interface between innate and acquired immunity, because of their rapid production of Th1 as well as Th2 cytokines upon activation, and their expression of germline encoded T cell receptors. In addition, NKT cells critically regulate the development of airway hypeerreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma, by producing IL-4 and IL-13, and by interacting with T cells and inducing Th2 cell production of IL-4 and IL-13. NKT cells thus play an important proinflammatory role in asthma, in contrast to suppressive CD4+ CD25+ natural and adaptive regulatory T cells, which inhibit airway inflammation and AHR.
Advanced Hashing with Hybrid Key Duplication for IP Address Lookup

Hashing techniques have been widely adopted for general IP address lookup and specific network intrusion detection. In most current commonly used XOR-hashing algorithms, each of the hash key bits is usually explicitly XORed only at most once in the hash process, which may limit the amount of potential randomness that can be introduced by the hashing process. This paper further looks into various ways in duplicating and re-using key bits to maximize randomness needed in the hashing process so as to enhance the overall performance further.
A Study of the Impact of Recasts on Tense Consistency in L2 Output

This article reports on a small-scale empirical study of recasts—a form of corrective feedback. The subjects were eight adult L2 learners of English, four of whom were randomly assigned to a recast group and four to a nonrecast group. The study adopted a pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest design, with eight pedagogical recast sessions between the pretest and the posttest for the recast group paralleled by eight regular sessions for the nonrecast group. Data collected consisted of written and oral narratives primed by cartoon strips and produced by the subjects in both groups. Recasts appeared to be successful in this study in that they heightened the L2 learners' awareness and led to considerable improvement in their tense consistency during oral and written performance. Importantly, the study identified four conditions that may be necessary for recasts to facilitate learning: individualized attention, consistent focus, developmental readiness, and intensity. Further studies employing data from multiple sources are needed to validate these conditions and to identify more clearly aspects and stages of L2 acquisition that are susceptible to recasts.
Development and Characterization of Gas Diffusion Layer Fabricated Using Carbon Slurry with Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate for Proton Exchange Member Fuel Cells

The microporous layer of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) was fabricated with the carbon slurry dispersed in water containing ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) using the wire rod coating method and evaluated the effects on PEMFC performance. GDLs were also fabricated with the carbon slurry dispersed in water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) based for fuel cell performance comparison. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) with GDLs fabricated using MWCNTs and SDS exhibit the highest performance at 60 and 70% RH with a peak power density of 1100 and 850 mW.cm−2 using oxygen and air as an oxidant, respectively. This means that the gas diffusion characteristics of these two samples were optimum at 60 and 70% RH with extremely high limiting current density values. It was also found that the composition of the carbon slurry, specifically ALS concentration has the highest peak power density of 1300 and 500 mW.cm−2 for both H2/O2 and H2/Air at 100% RH, respectively. However, SDS and MWCNTs based GDLs exhibited the lowest peak power density values using air as well as with oxygen as an oxidants at 100% RH.
New and Historical Records of Polychelid Lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Polychelidae) from the Yale Peabody Museum Collections

Abstract Examination of the polychelid collections in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology of the Yale Peabody Museum yielded eight species of these deep-sea lobsters, including syntypes of Polycheles nanus (Smith, 1884). Three species are reported for the first time from the New England Sea-mounts: Pentacheles laevis Bate, 1878, P. validus A. Milne Edwards, 1880, and Polycheles talismani (Bouvier, 1917), with all but P. validus being represented in the collections by eryoneicus larvae as well as adults. Polycheles amemiyai Yokoya, 1933, is recorded for the first time from the Philippines and a misidentification of a Belize Polycheles typhlops Heller, 1862, by Boone (1927) is corrected. Additional specimens of Polycheles perarmatus Holthuis, 1952, and P. sculptus Smith, 1880, are reported from the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic. All eryoneicus larvae are identified to species and a discussion of the problems associated with historical records of eryoneicus larvae is provided.
Return On Goodwill

Goodwill represents value not recorded until a company is purchased by another company. The value of goodwill comes from intangibles such as location, superior market position or the skill and learning of management. Goodwill is the difference between the purchase price of a company and the fair value of its assets. The residual nature of goodwill makes measurement of its contribution to performance difficult. Two questions flow from this. The first is whether the contribution of goodwill is measurable. The second question is whether the contribution of goodwill varies from industry to industry. One way to measure contribution is return on assets. This study analyses 38,519 years of company operations in 48 industries and compares the return of companies with and without goodwill. For some, but not all industries, return on assets for companies with goodwill was higher that for companies without goodwill. The contributions of this study are to demonstrate whether goodwill contributes to performance and to analyze variability of performance by industry.
Swimming for the Physically Handicapped

(1954). Swimming for the Physically Handicapped. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 12-53.
Adult Complicity in the Dis-Education of the Black Male High School Athlete & Societal Failures to Remedy His Plight

This Article focuses on the educational hurdles facing many Black male student athletes in urban high schools. Academic rigor is rarely expected of these students. They are part of an active form of dis-education. By dis-education, I mean the active failure to educate. Our learning institutions have become so accustomed to excusing these students from academic rigor that doing so simply does not spark a sense of outrage or any notion that we are doing something wrong when it comes to our expectations of these students. No one really questions them when they do poorly on class work and tests. They are excused from absences when late night games interfere with their ability to attend school and they are even allowed to leave classes early so that they can practice for a game. They are held on a pedestal because of the accolades they bring to their school. And they are passed on to college where they are again pushed along, with classes like basket weaving and/or others actually taking exams for them. And this charade continues as long as the student can play ball (or until eligibility runs out). The vast majority of these students will not go on to play in the professional leagues. And even if they do, uneducated players often end up in bankruptcy. This Article demonstrates the shocking adult complicity in the dis-education of these young men.
The Critical Role of Lymph Nodes in Corneal Alloimmunization and Graft Rejection

PURPOSE. To elucidate the role of draining cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) in corneal alloimmunity. METHODS. Fully mismatched orthotopic corneal transplantation was performed in BALB/c hosts that had their CLNs excised before transplantation (CLN - ). Normal hosts (CLN + ), splenectomized mice (Sp - ), and those without either CLNs or spleen (CLN - /Sp - ) served as comparison groups. To determine the contribution of CLNs to alloimmunity more directly, CLN - mice were reconstituted by grafting LNs from other BALB/c c mice to their cervical lymphatic chains, thus deriving CLN -/+ mice. Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate's (TRITC) flow to draining CLNs was used as a measure of afferent lymph flow. Graft survival and allospecific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) were used as measures of alloreactivity. RESULTS. Fifty percent of normal control and 12% of Sp - hosts accepted the allografts. In contrast, 100% of CLN - and 88% of CLN - /Sp - hosts accepted allografts indefinitely (P < 0.01). Additionally, all CLN - hosts failed to demonstrate allospecific DTH (P < 0.001). CLN -/+ mice reconstituted with LN from naive animals showed graft survival rates and DTH responses that were indistinguishable from those of naive CLN + mice. Of particular interest, however, is that mice reconstituted with CLNs from hosts with rejected corneal grafts had swift rejection of subsequent corneal grafts and exhibited strong donor-specific DTH. In contrast, mice reconstituted with CLNs from hosts with accepted corneal grafts showed rejection of subsequent corneal grafts in a manner that was indistinguishable from rejection in naive CLN + hosts. CONCLUSIONS. Draining CLNs play a critical role in allosensitization and rejection. In contrast to the spleen, draining CLNs do not appear to play a critical role in tolerance induction in corneal transplantation.
The Half-Life of U 232

The half-life of ${\mathrm{U}}^{232}$ has been determined to be 73.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 years by a method involving isotopic dilution, mass spectrometric analysis, and the determination of the specific activity of the diluted sample by conventional weighing and counting techniques.
Primary chemoprevention of breast cancer: Are the adverse effects too burdensome?

Enthusiasm for the chemoprevention of breast cancer has grown in recent years. In 2013, an updated guideline from the US Preventive Services Task Force endorsed the use of tamoxifen and raloxifene in women at increased risk of breast cancer (grade B recommendation).[1][1] Specifically, the task
From Confusion to Confusion: Issues and the American Voter (1956–1972)*

The authors of the American Voter concluded that the distribution of opinions on current issues was not very important for explaining the vote of the large bulk of the American electorate. Recent studies purporting to demonstrate the increasing prevalence of issue voting in the 1960s and early 1970s fail to present evidence to satisfy the criteria for issue voting upon which the conclusions of the American Voter were based. Worse yet, the evidence of these newer studies fails to satisfy even the studies' own alternative criteria for issue voting. The apparent “increases” in issue voting prove to be largely artifacts of the measures employed or misinterpretations of the evidence adduced. When it comes to translating his issue preferences into voting choices, the average voter remains as confused as ever
Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia using 4-Nitroimidazole Indocyanine Green Dye–Conjugate in BALB/c Tumor-Bearing Female Mice

We compared in vivo hypoxia targeting of 4-nitroimidazole-piperazine-indocyanine derivative (6) with imidazole- (5) and 2-nitroimidazole-indocyanine dye-conjugate (4). Results showed 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold intensity ratio between each pair. This is also supported by cell and immunohistochemistry results.
Survey on growth,development and psychological health of the children in rural with AIDS serious incidence

Objective:To understand the growth,development and psychological characteristics of the children in rural with serious AIDS incidence.Methods:Investigate the primary school students in six serious AIDS incidence village by group sampling randomly,including height,weight,HIV infection status and cognition issues related with AIDS.Results:2 598 children of 6-15 years old involved,of which 14 children HIV-infected;191 parents double positive,76 parents sin gle positive,2 039 parents double negative and 295 unknown.The two index of height and weight matched with the growth and development of children;the difference between the normal weight of boys with that of girls(χ2=10.73,P0.001) was significant,while the girls' malnutrition rate was bigger than boys'significantly(χ2=22.55,P0.001).Found 5 malnutrition,5 lower weight and 4 normal weight among 14 HIV-infected children.The differences was significant to questions as "feel ing terrible on AIDS" etc.from children in family parents one/double positive and parents negative.Conclusion:To give aids in production,daily life for adult,while to strengthen in education of scientific diet and psychological health to chil dren in rural with serious AIDS incidence.
Ectasia of the Rete Testis with Ipsilateral Renal Agenesis

Abstract Scrotal masses are a common problem in children. Cystic lesions usually are found to be hydroceles, while solid masses suggest the possibility of neoplasia. A rare cause of a cystic scrotal mass is ectasia of the rete testis. A review of the literature reveals only 1 case similar to the patient herein described. Both patients had agenesis of the ipsilateral kidney, which is explained on the basis of the embryologic overlapping of the genitourinary system. Our patient bears clinical similarity to the ACI rat and correlation is made with this animal model system. Excision of the multiloculated rete testis cyst, rather than orchiectomy, appears to be curative.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: How Opportunity Cost Neglect Undermines Democracy

Every government program has an opportunity cost, which consists of the private and public goods that society must forgo to make the program possible. In evaluating government programs, rational voters would take opportunity costs into account. Unfortunately, opportunity costs are usually implicit, and psychologists have shown that decision makers tend to irrationally ignore implicit information while giving too much weight to salient situational elements. This Article presents evidence that the bias against implicit information causes voters to neglect the opportunity costs of government programs. The Article also explains for the first time the implications of opportunity cost neglect for democracy.Voters’ neglect of opportunity costs has far-reaching consequences. Ignoring the sacrifices required by government programs makes them more appealing. As a result, opportunity cost neglect artificially increases the demand for government spending, tax expenditures, and regulation. In particular, the failure to consider opportunity costs helps explain why the federal government’s budget is on an unsustainable path. Opportunity cost neglect causes voters to demand a high level of government spending even though they are unwilling to pay for it, which leads to chronic budget deficits.Opportunity cost neglect also influences the government’s choice of policy instruments. Voters tend to support policies that conceal tradeoffs. This explains why voters generally prefer tax expenditures to similar direct spending programs. It also explains why, despite economists’ objections, voters prefer to address global warming through command-and-control regulations rather than a carbon tax.In addition, voters’ neglect of opportunity costs is relevant to the debate over the proper role of government. Legal scholars usually emphasize the market failures resulting from irrationality. They argue that irrational consumers make bad choices that justify a larger role for government. But opportunity cost neglect and other failures of rationality also result in government failure. Irrational voters demand policies that they would otherwise oppose resulting in substantial damage to society. Consequently, contrary to conventional wisdom, irrationality arguably strengthens the case for limited government.
Multiple Task Selection Protocol in a Distributed Problem Solving Network

In a Distributed Solving Network each node stores only a limited extent of knowledge in its knowledge base. Therefore complex problems are decomposed into subproblems which can already be solved by the nodes. The aim of a problem solving network is to assign the subproblems to nodes which attempt to solve those cooperatively. The notion of Communication Functions is introduced to specify the behavior of cooperative nodes in distributed problem-solving network. These functions are used to specify the Multiple Task Selection Protocol which dynamically selects the most competent group of nodes for solving a problem and improves the problem solving capability of the network by making use of previous experience.
Nabokov’s God; God’s Nabokov

This chapter argues that Nabokov’s works invoke not simply an otherworldly but a religious perspective. Schuman points out that Nabokov explicitly compares himself, as an artist who creates worlds, to God. More specifically, Schuman explores the overtly Christian imagery and content of two early stories, “The Word” and “Christmas.” The former revolves around the interpenetration of theological and literary meanings expressed by a divine “word.” The latter—composed soon after Nabokov’s father was killed—imagines a Christmas miracle in which a grieving father finds that one of his dead son’s specimens has hatched: an Attacus atlas moth, its wings developing “to the limits set for them by God.” “Nabokov’s God; God’s Nabokov” concludes that Nabokov evidently found solace in Christianity, at least in his youth.
Abstract 2371: The number of CD163-positive cells in the microenvironment and peripheral blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte-ratio (LMR) is associated with poor outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

Purpose: Despite advances in treatment, 30-40% of the DLBCL patients succumb to their disease. The prognostic role of peripheral blood absolute monocyte count (AMC), LMR and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in DLBCL has previously been suggested. However, information on the association of LMR/AMC and TAM is limited. We performed this study to evaluate the association and prognostic role of LMR/AMC and TAM in patients with DLBCL treated at our institute. Patients and Method: 76 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL were selected. CD163 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray. The number of CD163 positive nucleated cells at objective magnification of 40x were counted and were divided into 4 categories: score 0 (0-25 cells); score 1 (26-50); score 2 (51-75); score 3 (>75). Results: The median age of the patients was 62 (range: 27-87) years-old. 38 patients (52.4%) were advanced stage (stage 3/4), and 47.3% of patients had germinal center (GC) phenotype. The median AMC at the time of diagnosis was 408 (range: 42-1,107)/mm 3 , and the median LMR was 2.94 (0.64-14.06). CD163 staining was scored as follows: score 0: 13 patients (17.1%), score 1: 7 patients (9.2%), score 2: 6 patients (7.9%), score 3: 50 patients (65.8%). There was a trend for higher stage (p = 0.08) and non-GC type histology (p = 0.05) in patients with CD163 score 3. Although there was no difference in AMC between those with CD163 score 0-2 and 3, CD163 score 3 was significantly associated with lower LMR (LMR Of the patients who received treatment (n = 68), 43.4% of the patients were treated with a rituximab containing regimen (R(+)). 16 (R(+):5, R(-):11) patients died after a median observation of 6.2 (0.1-21.6) years. LMR Conclusion: We have confirmed in our patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL who received chemotherapy without rituximab, that LMR and the number of CD163-positive cells are significant prognostic factors. Contrary to previous reports, neither TAM as characterized by CD163-positive cells in the microenvironment or LMR/AMC were prognostic factors in R(+) patients. Of interest, higher number of TAM was associated with lower LMR. Further evaluation is needed to confirm this finding and its clinical relevance. Citation Format: Eri Matsuki, Olga L. Bohn, Janine Pichardo, Andrew Zelenetz, Anas Younes, Julie Teruya-Feldstein. The number of CD163-positive cells in the microenvironment and peripheral blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte-ratio (LMR) is associated with poor outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2371. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2371
Alterations to the fuel bed after single and repeated prescribed fires in an Appalachian hardwood forest

Abstract To manage upland oak forests across the central and southern Appalachian mountain and plateau regions, prescribed fire is applied more frequently and across larger areas than in the recent past. The often stated objective is to reduce fuels, but there is a paucity of information on the impacts of repeated burning on fuels, including woody materials and the soil organic layer. These are complex components of forest ecosystems with significant impacts on nutrient and carbon cycling, forest successional dynamics, and soil protection from loss via erosion. Thus, understanding fuel bed response to prescribed fire is essential for predicting future forest function. Using study sites distributed across a range of landscape positions in the Daniel Boone National Forest on the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky, we examined changes to the fuel bed over six years in response to a single fire (burned once in six years), repeated fire (burned four times in six years), and fire-excluded treatments to determine prescribed fire impacts on fuel loads and mineral soil exposure. Prior to burning, fuel loads were generally similar among landscape positions, although the duff layer was lowest on sub-mesic and greatest on sub-xeric positions. A single fire reduced duff depth by 50%, whereas repeated burning led to depth reductions of >60%. Repeated burning also significantly increased mineral soil exposure (25%) compared to single burn and fire-excluded (2–4%) treatments, with the greatest effects on sub-mesic and intermediate landscape positions. Repeated burning significantly reduced fine woody (1-h) fuels, but only after three burns, whereas fine fuel mass on sites burned once was similar to those where fire was excluded. There were no statistically significant effects of burning on large woody fuels (100- and 1000-h fuels). Overall, the primary impact of prescribed fire on the fuel bed was to consume the organic horizon and expose mineral soil, which has the potential to reduce fuel continuity for subsequent burns. Fire behavior in this region is driven primarily by fine fuels (litter and duff) and fuel continuity, both of which recover in relatively short periods of one to several years. Reduction of woody fuels is more intractable under a prescribed fire regime.
Sleep and Dementia: Nursing Care Considerations

The sleep-wake process is a basic component of human experience. When a person’s life is altered by social or emotional upheaval or by physical illness, the quality and quantity of both sleep and waking undergo change. We know that sleep-wake patterns also undergo change as the individual grows older. When growing older coincides with an illness such as Alzheimer’s Disease the changes in sleep-wake patterns become more exaggerated.
Quasistatic evolution of damage in an elastic body with random inputs

AbstractA model for the quasistatic evolution of the motion of an elastic body which is subject to material damage is presented and analyzed. The model takes the form of an elliptic system for the displacements coupled with a parabolic inclusion for the damage field. In both the system and the inclusion the coefficient and input functions that are present are assumed to be stochastic processes dependent on a random variable. The existence of a weak solution to the model is established using a sequence of approximate problems and passage to a limit. Moreover, the weak solution is shown to be product measurable.
Single-BAW multi-channel transmitter with low power and fast start-up time

This paper presents a multi-channel transmitter (TX) architecture that uses only a single bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator while covering 88 MHz of bandwidth. The proposed architecture overcomes the limited tuning range of a single BAW resonator by combining the BAW tuning range with a programmable integer-N frequency division and RF single-sideband (SSB) mixing approach. The single-BAW multi-channel TX achieves 88 MHz-wide frequency coverage with 1 MHz channels. It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and the full system is demonstrated with 0 dBm output power and a fast system startup time of 2.3 μs enabled by the BAW resonator. It is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology in a 2 mm × 2 mm area and consumes 6.4 mW from a 1.1 V supply.
Satellite-derived submarine melt rates and mass balance (2011–2015) for Greenland's largest remaining ice tongues

Abstract. Ice-shelf-like floating extensions at the termini of Greenland glaciers are undergoing rapid changes with potential implications for the stability of upstream glaciers and the ice sheet as a whole. While submarine melting is recognized as a major contributor to mass loss, the spatial distribution of submarine melting and its contribution to the total mass balance of these floating extensions is incompletely known and understood. Here, we use high-resolution WorldView satellite imagery collected between 2011 and 2015 to infer the magnitude and spatial variability of melt rates under Greenland's largest remaining ice tongues – Nioghalvfjerdsbrae (79 North Glacier, 79N), Ryder Glacier (RG), and Petermann Glacier (PG). Submarine melt rates under the ice tongues vary considerably, exceeding 50 m a−1 near the grounding zone and decaying rapidly downstream. Channels, likely originating from upstream subglacial channels, give rise to large melt variations across the ice tongues. We compare the total melt rates to the influx of ice to the ice tongue to assess their contribution to the current mass balance. At Petermann Glacier and Ryder Glacier, we find that the combined submarine and aerial melt approximately balances the ice flux from the grounded ice sheet. At Nioghalvfjerdsbrae the total melt flux (14.2 ± 0.96 km3 a−1 w.e., water equivalent) exceeds the inflow of ice (10.2 ± 0.59 km3 a−1 w.e.), indicating present thinning of the ice tongue.
The Evolving Role of the “Ombuds” in American Higher Education

In the United States, many universities have established an Ombuds office charged with informal dispute resolution and problem-solving for issues and concerns arising within the university community. This chapter discusses the evolving role of the university ombudsman from the 1960s to the present. The current status of the university ombudsman is described relative to reporting structures, selection processes, demographics, evaluation and reward structures, as well as ombuds’ self-perceptions of their functions vis-a-vis the four pillars of the profession (confidentiality, informality, independence, neutrality). Current trends and issues are identified that are creating internal and external pressures on the ombuds role, including social, technological, and legal changes, as well as issues arising due to the internal political environment of universities and the changing nature of American higher education. Where relevant, the International Ombudsman Association’s standards of practice are also discussed. The chapter concludes with some recommendations aimed at encouraging increased administrative support for and efficacy of offices of university ombudsmen.
Measured and predicted effects of gravity level on directional dendritic solidification of NH4Cl-H2O

Dendritic growth front rates during vertical directional solidification are predicted for gravity levels of 10 exp 0 g sub e (where e is earth gravity), 10 exp -1 g sub e, 10 exp -2 g sub e, 10 exp -3 g sub e, 10 exp -4 g sub e, and 10 exp -5 g sub e (microgravity) for the physical conditions used for a recent ammonium chloride-water solidification experiment on the International Microgravity Laboratory I (IMLI). The growth front rates at 10 exp 0 g sub e and 10 exp -5 g sub e are validated using ground based laboratory and IMLI experimental data. As the gravity decreases, the growth rates increase until they approach a maximum at approximately 10 exp -4 g sub e. The 10 exp -4 and 10 exp -5 levels are equivalent. Liquid concentration and volume fraction, temperature profiles and fluid flow velocities are also calculated. Kinetic energy calculations for each of the six gravity levels indicate that the threshold for fluid flow to affect the growth front rate is in the range of 10 exp -8 ergs.
Advancements in Next-Generation Sequencing for Detecting Minimal Residual Disease

For decades, cytogenetic markers have played a major role in the diagnosis and classification of pediatric and adult cancers. However, many chromosomal lesions less than 50,000 base pairs (bp) are not typically detected by traditional cytogenetic studies, and these alterations are currently an area of active focus to determine the relationship with disease severity and outcome. Recent advancements in DNA sequencing technology have aided in our ability to detect numerous genomic alterations, ranging from a single-nucleotide to chromosomal-scale lesions, from a single genome. However, the routine implementation of sequencing-based strategies for the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) has been limited because of the inherent error rate of the NGS platforms. With error rates of 0.5–2.0%, the ability to detect clinical significant remaining disease at lesser frequencies is limited. However, a variety of strategies and platforms are rapidly advancing, which will enable sequencing with the sensitivity and specificity to not only detect very rare levels of refractory or residual disease but also guide oncologists in precision therapeutic selection. This chapter details key considerations, limitations, and advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies, with a focus on error-corrected sequencing using unique molecular indexing, in the application of accurately detecting minimal residual disease.
Accurate prediction of bacterial two-component signaling with a deep recurrent neural network ORAKLE

Two-component systems (2CS) are a primary method that bacteria use to detect and respond to environmental stimuli. Receptor histidine kinases (HK) detect an environmental signal, activating the appropriate response regulator (RR). Genes for such {\it cognate} HK-RR pairs are often located proximally on the chromosome, allowing easier identification of the target for a particular signal. However, almost half of all HK and RR proteins are {\it orphans}, with no nearby partner, complicating identification of the proteins that respond to a particular signal. To address this problem, we trained a neural network on the amino acid sequences of known 2CS pairs. Next, we developed a recommender algorithm that ranks a set of HKs for an arbitrary fixed RR and arbitrary species whose amino acid sequences are known. The recommender strongly favors known 2CS pairs, and correctly selects orphan pairs in \textit{Escherichia coli}. We expect that use of these results will permit rapid discovery of orphan HK-RR pairs.
Patterns of resource allocation in a coastal marsh plant (Schoenoplectus americanus) along a sediment-addition gradient

Abstract Reductions in sediment delivery to coastal marshes increase their vulnerability to relative sea-level rise. Sediment pulses from storm events and commercial dredge-spray operations (e.g., beneficial use) represent increasingly important sediment sources to otherwise sediment-deprived marshes. These sediments can stimulate plant growth by providing nutrient and elevation subsidies, with plant growth predicted to peak at intermediate sediment depths. Most sediment subsidy studies have compared plant responses among discrete sediment depths applied across a uniform marsh platform, and often assessed impacts in the years following sediment deposition. Less is known about the immediate effects of sediment additions on plant growth or the mechanisms driving differences in these responses along a sediment-addition gradient. To investigate immediate plant responses to sediment additions (i.e., within 6 months), we added sediment to Schoenoplectus americanus-dominated brackish marsh sods in a greenhouse setting. Sediment was added incrementally along a sediment addition gradient (0–20 cm) to 18 sods, which were placed in clear planting enclosures to permit monitoring of above- and below-ground responses and hydro-edaphic properties. Shoot production, which increased linearly along the sediment addition gradient, was the first observable response to sediment addition and was likely a result of apical dominance interruption. This trend continued throughout the study even as survival of those shoots declined with increasing sediment depth. At the end of the experiment, however, shoot biomass production was biphasic, responding favorably to sediment addition up to intermediate depths before collapsing at higher depths. While fine root production in sods was maximal at intermediate sediment addition levels, root production in new sediment layers was limited. There were limited differences observed for hydro-edaphic properties along the sediment addition gradient. Thus, plant resources are allocated to shoot production immediately following sediment addition at the expense of root colonization of new sediment layers, suggesting that, in certain conditions, sediment deposition can represent a stress rather than a subsidy.
Impedance Characterization of Utility-Scale Renewable Energy and Storage Systems

This paper presents the impedance characterization of utility-scale wind turbines and PV/storage inverters using a multimegawatt grid simulator-based grid integration testbed. The paper describes the testbed components including a 7 MVA grid simulator, 5 MW dynamometer, medium-voltage measurement system, and a real-time control system used for automated impedance characterization of wind turbines and inverters. Different aspects of impedance measurement are discussed, including the selection of the magnitude and type of perturbation, measurement of frequency cross-coupling between sequence impedance responses, and the alignment of the reference frame for sequence impedance measurement. The paper also demonstrates high-fidelity validation of EMT simulation models from turbine manufacturers and characterization of grid-forming inverters using impedance measurements.
Modified Arzt-Ashby-easterling model for powder consolidation

Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) of powders was modeled by Arzt, Ashby and Easterling (AAE model) and hot-isostatic diagrams were constructed based on several mechanisms: plastic yielding, power-law creep, diffusional densification, which can also include grain growth and pore separation. AAE model matches power-law creep solution and elastic solution to obtain an important coefficient. In this paper, a modified way to derive the densification rate equation during the stage of the power-law creep is proposed. The HIP diagrams constructed using AAE model, the modified model and the model introduced by Gampala et. al., are applied to HIPing of Ti-6A1-4V powders. The modified approach provided slower densification during initial stage of consolidation in comparison with other models. These approaches converge when full density is being achieved. Comparison with experiment is discussed.
Baseline characteristics of the 2015-2019 first year student cohorts of the nih building infrastructure leading to diversity (Build) program

Objective: The biomedical/behavioral sciences lag in the recruitment and ad­vancement of students from historically underrepresented backgrounds. In 2014 the NIH created the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC), a prospective, multi-site study comprising 10 Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (BUILD) institutional grantees, the National Research Mentor­ing Network (NRMN) and a Coordination and Evaluation Center (CEC). This article describes baseline characteristics of four incoming, first-year student cohorts at the primary BUILD institutions who completed the Higher Education Research Institute, The Freshmen Survey between 2015-2019. These freshmen are the primary student cohorts for longitudinal analyses comparing outcomes of BUILD program participants and non-participants. Design: Baseline description of first-year students entering college at BUILD institu­tions during 2015-2019. Setting: Ten colleges/universities that each received <$7.5mil/yr in NIH Research Project Grants and have high proportions of low-income students. Participants: First-year undergraduate stu­dents who participated in BUILD-sponsored activities and a sample of non-BUILD stu­dents at the same BUILD institutions. A total of 32,963 first-year students were enrolled in the project; 64% were female, 18% His­panic/Latinx, 19% African American/Black, 2% American Indian/Alaska Native and Na­tive Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 17% Asian, and 29% White. Twenty-seven percent were from families with an income <$30,000/yr and 25% were their family’s first generation in college. Planned Outcomes: Primary student outcomes to be evaluated over time include undergraduate biomedical degree comple­tion, entry into/completion of a graduate biomedical degree program, and evidence of excelling in biomedical research and scholarship. Conclusions: The DPC national evaluation has identified a large, longitudinal cohort of students with many from groups histori­cally underrepresented in the biomedical sciences that will inform institutional/ national policy level initiatives to help diversify the biomedical workforce. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):681-692; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.681
Trends in Use and In-Hospital Outcomes of Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Dialysis.

Background and objectives Patients on dialysis are at high risk of complications related to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation; use of subcutaneous ICDs may be preferred over transvenous devices due to lower risk of bloodstream infection and interference with vascular access sites. We evaluated trends in use and in-hospital outcomes of subcutaneous compared with transvenous ICDs among patients on dialysis in the United States. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Retrospective analysis of ICD implants from 2012 to 2018 among patients on dialysis reported to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry, a nationally representative US ICD Registry. We examined overall trends in subcutaneous ICD adoption as a proportion of all eligible ICD implants among patients on dialysis and then compared in-hospital outcomes between eligible subcutaneous ICD and transvenous ICD recipients using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Results Of the 23,136 total ICD implants in patients on dialysis during the study period, 3195 (14%) were subcutaneous ICDs. Among eligible first-time ICD recipients on dialysis, the proportion of subcutaneous ICDs used increased yearly from 10% in 2012 to 69% in 2018. In propensity score–weighted analysis of 3327 patients, compared with transvenous ICDs, patients on dialysis receiving subcutaneous ICDs had a higher rate of in-hospital cardiac arrest (2% versus 0.4%, P=0.002), but there was no significant difference in total in-hospital complications (2% versus 1%, P=0.08), all-cause death, or length of hospital stay. Conclusions The utilization of subcutaneous ICDs among US patients on dialysis has been steadily increasing. The overall risk of short-term complications is low and comparable with transvenous ICDs, but higher risks of in-hospital cardiac arrest merits closer monitoring and further investigation. Podcast This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2020_09_23_CJN07920520.mp3
High kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing in people with articular cartilage defects in the knee and associations with knee function

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which individuals with knee articular cartilage defects (ACDs) have kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing, and how these psychological factors relate to self-reported knee outcomes. Methods Thirty-five individuals seeking surgical consultation for an ACD in the knee confirmed with 3.0T MRI and 18 controls without history of knee injury participated in the study. Kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), and scored using the modified 11-item (TSK-11) methods. Pain catastrophizing was measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, chi-squared tests and Spearman’s correlation coefficients, as appropriate (α = 0.05). Results Participants with ACDs reported higher TSK-11 scores (median 27 [IQR 25–29]) and higher PCS scores (median 10 [IQR 4–18]) than controls (median TSK-11 16 [IQR 14–17], p Conclusions Kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing in people with knee ACDs were higher than controls. Higher kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing were associated with worse function and quality of life. Further study of the impact of these psychological factors on outcomes and prognosis in people with knee ACDs is warranted.
Precise Command Injection Analysis in Android Applications

Android mobile applications are vulnerable to code injection attacks. We use taint analysis to approximate the parameters of a sensitive instruction that may originate from user input. We combine it with a string analysis based on automatons to over-approximate the values of the string variables in the program. Using information derived from these two analyses, we detect when untrusted input may be used to inject malicious code into the program, and when the attack patterns were removed using a sanitizer operation. The proposed approach was implemented on top of FlowDroid. Experimental results show that the resulting analyzer, , is very efficient at detecting command injection vulnerabilities.
Vertical Drainage of an Unsaturated Soil

The general equation describing vertical unsaturated flow of soil water is solved by numerical approximation for several cases. The computer programs are described. The results show: (1) The intermediate belt of a well-drained unsaturated soil approximates field capacity during times of small evapotranspiration and intermittent penetrating rainfall; (2) infiltrated rainfall moves as a pulse with a steep wetting front; (3) the belt of soil water drains from saturation to approximately field capacity within two days for zero evapotranspiration.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: A Model for Gene Therapy

Ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3.) deficiency (OTCD) is the most common and severe defect of the urea cycle disorders. It is an X-linked disorder with a high new mutation rate and variable phenotypic consequences. The enzyme catalyses the condensation of carbamyl phosphate and ornithine to citrulline in the second step of the urea cycle. It is expressed mainly in the liver and intestine (approximately 30% of liver levels), and is targeted to the mitochondria in which it assumes its homotrimeric active form.