cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CMOS fault extractor for inductive fault analysis

The inductive fault analysis (IFA) method is presented and a description is given of the CMOS fault extraction program FXT. The IFA philosophy is to consider the causes of faults (manufacturing defects) and then simulate these causes to find the faults that are likely to occur in a circuit. FXT automates IFA for a CMOS technology by generating a list of faults that are likely to occur in a CMOS circuit. The realistic faults generated by FXT are used to evaluate fault models, find the realistic fault coverage of test sets, and guide future testing research. How well various fault models characterize the realistic faults can be quantitatively measured because FXT's fault list includes the relative likelihood of occurrence (weight) of each extracted fault. The value of IFA and FXT is demonstrated by the analysis of five commercial CMOS circuits. This analysis shows that the traditional SSA fault model characterizes fewer than half of the faults extracted by FXT; graph-theoretic techniques provide little improvement in the percentage of realistic faults modeled. >
Trace Metal Mobilization in an Experimental Carbon Sequestration Scenario

Mobilizing trace metals with injection of supercritical CO2 into deep saline aquifers is a concern for geologic carbon sequestration. Hydrothermal experiments investigate the release of harmful metals from two zones of a sequestration injection reservoir: at the caprock-reservoir boundary and deeper within the reservoir, away from the caprock. In both systems, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn behave in a similar manner, increasing in concentration with injection, but subsequently decreasing in concentration over time. SEM images and geochemical models indicate initial dissolution of minerals and precipitation of Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates, metal sulfides (i.e. Fe, As, Ag, and Co sulfides), and anhydrite in both systems. The results suggest that Ba, Cu, and Zn will not be contaminants of concern, but Pb, Fe, and As may require careful attention. © 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Organizing and Scientific Committee of WRI 14 – 2013.
Direct-Contact Gas-Liquid Heat Transfer in a Packed Column

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients were measured for the cooling of water or a nonvolatile oil by direct contacting in a packed column. The column contained random packing, and separate measurements were made on a number of different types of packing elements. Volumetric coefficients were correlated by empirical equations as well as by relationships based on a heat transfer/mass transfer analogy. The latter approach proved effective, and it is concluded that the large body of information on packed column mass transfer rates can be directly useful for predicting heat transfer coefficients for direct-contact exchangers.
INVESTIGATION OF A MINIATURE COMBUSTOR USING POROUS MEDIA SURFACE STABILIZED FLAME

Abstract In this study, heat recirculation in an annulus around the combustor is utilized together with the flame stabilized on the surface of a porous inert media (PIM) made of silicon-carbide coated carbon foam. The effectiveness of the proposed concept is demonstrated experimentally for methane combustion in chamber volume of 0.364 cm3 and overall system volume of 1.5 cm3. Experiments were conducted for reactant flow velocities varying from 0.25 to 1.0 m/s in the equivalence ratio range of 0.50 to 0.80. Measurements include carbon monoxide and nitric oxides concentrations and product gas temperatures at the combustor exit, and temperature profiles on the exterior surface. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating the physics of conjugate heat transfer, radiation heat transfer, flow and heat transfer in the PIM, and heat release by combustion is developed to predict the thermal performance. Results show excellent agreement between measured and computed temperature profiles at different re...
Subpicosecond protein backbone changes detected during the green-absorbing proteorhodopsin primary photoreaction.

Recent studies demonstrate that photoactive proteins can react within several picoseconds to photon absorption by their chromophores. Faster subpicosecond protein responses have been suggested to occur in rhodopsin-like proteins where retinal photoisomerization may impulsively drive structural changes in nearby protein groups. Here, we test this possibility by investigating the earliest protein structural changes occurring in proteorhodopsin (PR) using ultrafast transient infrared (TIR) spectroscopy with ∼200 fs time resolution combined with nonperturbing isotope labeling. PR is a recently discovered microbial rhodopsin similar to bacteriorhodopsin (BR) found in marine proteobacteria and functions as a proton pump. Vibrational bands in the retinal fingerprint (1175−1215 cm-1) and ethylenic stretching (1500−1570 cm-1) regions characteristic of all-trans to 13-cis chromophore isomerization and formation of a red-shifted photointermediate appear with a 500−700 fs time constant after photoexcitation. Bands ch...
Remarks on Monotone Control Systems with Multi-Valued Input-State Characteristics

We announce a new global small-gain theorem for feedback interconnections of monotone input-output systems with multi-valued input-state characteristics. This extends a small-gain theorem of Angeli and Sontag for monotone systems with singleton-valued characteristics. The proof of our theorem is based on Thieme’s convergence theory for asymptotically autonomous systems. We also provide an illustrative example.
Science Signaling Podcast for 12 January 2016: GPCR heteromers and schizophrenia

Abstract This Podcast features an interview with Javier Gonzalez-Maeso, author of a Research Article that appears in the 12 January 2016 issue of Science Signaling , about how two G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) work together as a heteromer. The serotonin receptor 5-HT 2A and the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu2 are GPCRs that have been linked to psychiatric disorders and can function as heteromers. However, these receptors bind to different ligands and are coupled to different intracellular G proteins. Moreno et al . found that ligand binding to mGlu2 induced intracellular signaling through G proteins coupled to 5-HT 2A . In postmortem brain samples from schizophrenic patients, mGlu2-dependent activation of the G proteins coupled to 5-HT 2A was reduced compared to controls, suggesting that signaling through 5-HT 2A –mGlu2 heteromers may be dysregulated in this disease. Listen to Podcast
Sex Differences in Agonistic Behavior of Merriam's Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys merriami)

Abstract Agonistic behavior of heteromyid rodents has been studied using staged encounters in the laboratory, but there have been no previous attempts to test for a linear dominance hierarchy among individuals of the same species. Dominance hierarchies are important in learning about sociality, priority of access to resources and consequences for individual variation in fitness. We used standard laboratory methods to assess agonistic behavior of Merriam's kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami. Males exhibited a dominance hierarchy that was strongly linear. Dominance rank was not correlated with body mass, but dominant males lost greater percentages of their body mass during trials than did subordinate males. Males dominated females and females showed little agonistic behavior in intrasexual trials. The linear dominance hierarchy among males may have reflected individual variation in aggressive tendencies, but dominance rank was not correlated with individual variation in total amounts stored or proportions of...
Additional Evidence on the Incremental Information Content of Cash Flows and Accruals: The Impact of Errors in Measuring Market Expectations

This study evaluates the relation between security returns and funds-based earnings components. We document that proxies for market expectations of the components that are based on measures of historical serial- and cross-dependencies are substantially more accurate than random-walk proxies. Moreover, we detect significantly higher valuations of the operating cash flow component of earnings, relative to current accruals when market expectations are represented using the dependency-based predictions. Such differential valuation is not detectable for random-walk representations. Contrary to results in Ali (1994), we find incremental information in unexpected cash flows over the whole spectrum (moderate and extreme) of unexpected cash flow realizations.
Plasma renin activity, vasopressin concentration, and urinary excretory responses to exercise in men

Plasma vasopressin concentration (PAVP), renal function, and effectors of vasopressin release were evaluated in male volunteers during running at heart rates of 0, 35, 70, and 100% of maximum after 10 h abstinence from water (normal hydration) and at 100% after ingestion of 300 ml water. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and PAVP were linearly correlated and correlated to work intensity over all observations. Changes in PAVP were not correlated with changes in plasma osmolality (POSMOL) and plasma volume (PV) over all observations. Furthermore, despite similar changes in POSMOL, PV, PRA, body weight, mean arterial pressure, and plasma lactate concentration, the increase in PAVP after maximal exercise was greater during normal hydration than the water-supplemented state. Decreased urine flow observed in association with exercise was characterized by increased free water and decreased osmotic and creatinine clearances. Thus increased PAVP associated with exercise appears not to play a role in the concomitant antidiuresis. Vasopressin stimuli are probably variable at different times during exercise and may include factors other than those measured.
On cultivating oneself, putting family in order, governing the state, and pacifying the world in the New Period

分析近几年深圳卫生系统出现的某些不合理现象，对照当前深圳市卫生局提出的“博学行医、业务精湛，情操高雅、与人为善，博爱救人、敬业爱岗”的卫生系统价值观念，笔者提出了医务人员新时期修齐治平需具备的四个准则：“四有——有底线、有原则、有理想、有信仰”，以期作为医务人员修身、养德、治业的参考。
First Cumulant for Chains with Constraints

The Fixman-Kovac formulation of chain dynamics with constraints is used to calculate the first cumulant Q(q) of the dynamic scattering function. This general formalism is applied to the case of freely jointed chains. It is shown that the large q limit (q being the scattering wavenumber) of Q(q) for a chain of N bonds in the absence of hydrodynamic interaction is proportional to the ratio (2N+3)/3(N+l) representing the fraction of unconstrained degrees of freedom of the chain. The inclusion of hydrodynamic interaction seems to enhance the apparent segmental diffusion. The use of constrained chain dynamics has no appreciable effects, however, on the behavior of Q(q) in the small and intermediate q regions for long enough chains. This formalism can be used to interpret neutron (spin echo) scattering experiments from semiflexible polymers in solution.
Structural and Electrical Properties of BaTiO3 Thin Film Capacitors

Thin film BaTiO3 capacitors were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The leakage current was suppressed by more than 3 orders of magnitude if a trace of hydrogen was introduced into the sputtering chamber during film deposition. The introduction of hydrogen gas during sputtering makes the dc conductivity as low as 1×10−13 (Ω-cm)−1 for the amorphous films but still gives the dielectric constant a value of around 17. However, this accomplishment could not be achieved for polycrystal BaTiO3 thin film capacitors. As the substrate temperature increased from room temperature to 700°C, the dielectric constant was increased from 16 to 300 by using Ar + O2 gas. But, the dielectric constant was only around 30 at a deposition temperature of 700°C while the leakage current was decreased when using a gas mixture of Ar + H2 + O2 during sputtering.
Inhibition of Ca2+ Transport Triggers Changes in Ciliary Intraflagellar Transport Rate and Particle Composition

The primary cilium is a specialized microtubule-based organelle that extends from the apical surface of many cell types. It has been found to play important roles in chemo- and mechano-sensation acting as a signal transducer of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling. The cilium is assembled and maintained by the transport of biomolecules in and out of this cellular compartment. Defects in the proteins that make cilia, such as those mutations found in so-called human ciliopathy genes can cause defects in cellular signaling that result in severe phenotypes including retinal degeneration, kidney cysts, and tissue homeostasis disruption. Primary cilia were found to be unique calcium compartments regulated by the polycystin (PKD) family of transient receptor potential channels (PKD2, PKD2L1) in mice and humans. The effect of ciliary Ca2+ regulation on intraflagellar transport (IFT), bidirectional transport system required for establishing, maintaining and disassembling of cilia, and the relation of these to developmental patterning and renal disease, is currently under study. Gadolinium known to be a powerful inhibitor of the Ca2+ transport was utilized to perturb the ciliary calcium balance. A genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP3 targeted to the primary cilium was used to monitor the level of the ciliary calcium. Changes in IFT motility in the primary cilia of mammalian kidney epithelial cells were measured via live cell TIRF microscopy. Fluorescence image moment analysis together with dSTORM super-resolution techniques were hired to investigate the stoichiometry of IFT particles. The biophysical measurements performed in the current study helped to understand the connection between ciliary Ca2+ balance and IFT transport in mammalian primary cilia.
Psychophysics and the Improvement of Television Image Quality

Discussion d'un certain nombre de methodes permettant d'obtenir un maximum de qualite d'image pour une largeur de bande donnee. Certaines de ces methodes tiennent compte de la structure psychophysique de la vision
The Preparation of TEM Specimens from Hazardous or Difficult Materials

The first, and often the most critical, step in any electron microscopy investigation is the preparation of an electron transparent specimen which is representative of the bulk material and in which the features of interest can be clearly observed and interpreted. However, for many materials of technological importance, specimen preparation procedures are far from routine. The application of standard, established techniques may be limited by material inhomogeneities, by physical constraints such as size or geometry, or by material constraints such as toxicity, radioactivity, or reactivity. Examples illustrating techniques for overcoming some of these difficulties will be reviewed.
Optofluidic Microscope - A Novel Microscope-on-a-Chip System

We report the implementation of a novel microscope-on-a-chip system, termed the “Optofluidic Microscope (OFM)”. The OFM prototype is high resolution, compact and capable of high-throughput sample imaging. In addition, it has the capability to achieve super-resolution.
The Value of Cooperative Research Between Entomologists of Canada and the United States

In November 1972, Section Chairman G. R. DeFoliart sent letters to a group of his colleagues requesting suggestions for topics to be presented in Section D at this annual meeting in Montreal, Canada. He asked specifically for topics that would be suitable subjects for symposia and invitational papers. Since the meeting was to be the second joint meeting of the Entomological Society of America and the Entomological Society of Canada, I suggested a symposium to describe and discuss worthwhile cooperative projects between entomologists of Canada and the United States. At the annual meetings in Los Angeles last December, Dr. DeFoliart asked me to address the subject at this meeting.
Reframing librarian approaches to international student information literacy through the lens of New Literacy Studies

Introduction International students play a vibrant role within today's globally focused systems of higher education. Enriching both the academic and the cultural climate, international student numbers are growing, with over 850,000 studying in the United States alone in 2013/14 (Institute of International Education, n.d.). These figures have led to a sharp increase in librarian engagement in the field, with tours, workshops and instruction sessions positioned as some of the most important ways to support the growing presence of international students on campus (Bordonaro, 2013; Witt et al., 2015). Yet, while these developments have created renewed interest in the field, a failure to engage with research that positions information literacy as a complex social practice has led to the widespread belief that international student difference represents a learning difficulty that needs to be corrected. In turn, this problem-deficit stance has created what have been termed essentialist stereotypes of international students and fossilized models of instruction (Conteh-Morgan, 2003) that fail to account for the diversity of today's multicultural societies. This chapter aims to address the shortcomings of these instructional approaches and models by exploring information literacy through the lens of New Literacy Studies. Characterized as a group of theories that emphasizes the ‘social and cultural contexts in which literacy is practised’ (Perry, 2012, 51), New Literacy Studies has not been widely explored within information literacy, despite the important role that it has played in the development of more culturally inclusive approaches to literacy studies more generally. Accordingly, this chapter will start by providing an overview of New Literacy Studies. It will then explore common observations related to international students’ information literacy through the lens of New Literacy Studies before offering a number of recommendations for future research and practice. In doing so, this research challenges librarians to reconsider the way that they conceptualize and teach international student information literacy. New Literacy Studies Traditionally, literacy has been understood as the acquisition of functional reading and writing skills. Measured through the assessment of tasks and characterized as a series of technical competencies that students have to master in the right order (Barton, 2007, 11), these ideas draw from cognitive and psychological perspectives of learning to position literacy as an individual skill that can be applied in any situation (Perry, 2012, 53).
On the Universal Basic Health Protection System

From the perspective of justice of Rawls,substantive freedom and capability of Amartya Sen,human rights,health entitlement and social security entitlement,a universal basic health protection system should be established.The thesis put forwards the framework of the universal basic health protection system.The subsidy for rural health protection substantially lags behind the appropriate level.To eliminate the big gap,government should transform to focus public services.
Improved Safe Distance Car-following Model

Gipps' model,the well-known safe distance car-following model,has a strict restriction on the car-following behavior,that is,the following vehicle has to maintain the exact safe distance with the leading vehicle to avoid accident.However,this restriction is not consistent with the reality.Owning to this reson,an enhanced safe distance car-following model was proposed first,and then evaluated by comparing with Gipps' model.Furthermore,simulations were conducted to analyze the characteristics of the new model.The results of evaluation and simulation illustrate that the proposed model has more accurate prediction result than Gipps' model,and can reproduce the stable flow and shockwave that are very common in real traffic flow.In addition,the enhanced model can stabilize traffic flow.
Herpes Vector–mediated Gene Transfer in the Treatment of Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is a major health concern with up to 50% of patients finding little if any relief following traditional pharmacotherapy. This review describes the treatment of chronic pain using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV)-based vectors. HSV can be effectively used to deliver pain-modulating transgenes to sensory neurons in vivo following intradermal inoculation. The vector genome persists in peripheral nerve bodies in an episomal state and serves as a platform for expression of natural pain-relieving molecules that access endogenous antinociceptive circuitry. The vectors are mutated to prevent reactivation from latency or spread to the central nervous system. Dermatome selection for administration of HSV vectors provides targeted delivery of pain gene therapy to primary afferent neurons. This novel approach alleviates pain without systemic side effects or the induction of tolerance and can be used in combination with standard pain treatments.
Functional Striated Sphincter Component at the Bladder Neck: Clinical Implications

AbstractAnatomical proximal extension of the striated urethral sphincter muscle towards the bladder neck was assessed functionally in normal male subjects and in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Synchronous cystosphincterometric studies were performed and urethral pressure responses were studied (contraction complexes) at the vesicourethral junction, the supramontane prostatic urethra and the membranous urethra to repeated bulbocavernosus stimuli. All subjects demonstrated positive responses at the membranous urethra. Contraction complexes with amplitudes of less magnitude were elicited at the vesicourethral junction and at the supramontane prostatic urethra in 48 and 71 per cent of the total number of subjects, respectively. The functional significance of the striated muscle component at the bladder neck in patients with detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia is described.
Crossing the berm: an occupational therapist's perspective on animal-assisted therapy in a deployed environment.

As an Army occupational therapist assigned to the 212th Combat and Operational Stress Control (COSC) Detachment, I was given the opportunity of a lifetime providing service to my fellow Warriors, the Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, and Airmen, along with Department of Defense employees of the United States. My role was to manage a CSC clinic that provided behavioral healthcare in Iraq and to conduct fitness and prevention operations for which I had been trained. In addition to the doctrinal …
The Use of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Renal Artery Stenosis in Patients with Generalized Atherosclerosis

AbstractFrom April 1979 to March 1981 percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was attempted in 27 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. In 13 patients percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was considered successful with a decrease in blood pressure and/or improvement in renal function. Dilation of the stenosed renal artery was not technically possible in 4 patients and was unsuccessful in 10. Eight patients required surgical intervention after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, including 4 elective operations and 4 done on an emergency basis. In our series 5 patients sustained intimal tears of the renal artery during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with intramural dissection and/or thrombosis. Continued multidisciplinary evaluation of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of renal artery stenosis is recommended.
Perpetuating online sexism offline

We assessed the effects of a sexist hashtag on the social media site Twitter.The affordances of anonymity and interactivity were manipulated.Anonymous participants reported more post-task sexism than identifiable participants.Writing sexist tweets (higher interactivity) led to more sexism than retweeting.Higher interactivity led to more negative evaluations of female job candidates. Sexism and sexual harassment are not uncommon in online environments such as social networking sites, forums, and video games. This experiment investigated whether users' anonymity and level of interactivity with sexist content on social media influenced sexist attitudes and offline behavior. Participants (N=172) used a Twitter account that was anonymous or had personally identifying details. They were asked to share (i.e., retweet) or write posts incorporating a sexist hashtag. After exposure, participants completed two purportedly unrelated tasks, a survey and a job hiring simulation in which they evaluated male and female candidates' resumes. Anonymous participants reported greater hostile sexism after tweeting than nonanonymous participants. Participants who composed sexist tweets reported greater hostile sexism and ranked female job candidates as less competent than those who retweeted, although this did not significantly affect their likelihood to hire.
How to Represent a Rough Rebel

For its first 46 years, Time, America’s newsweekly of record, invariably featured illustrations of important people or events on its cover. The very first Time cover photograph, dated February 7, 1969, featured not a world leader, astronaut, or international conflict, but Dustin Hoffman and Mia Farrow, appearing in suggestive close-up and adorned by a headline that read “The Young Actors: Stars and Anti-Stars.” The article, written by Stefan Kanfer, Jay Cocks, and Carey Winfrey, positioned Hoffman and Farrow as nothing less than Hollywood’s best response to the counterculture. It read: The Graduate and Rosemary’s Baby spin a new myth of lost innocence, of the individual against the wicked system. The new young actors themselves represent the death of many movie myths—among them, the one of the movie star. The big press buildup, the house in Beverly Hills baroque, the ostentation and the seven-picture commitment are giving way to a stubborn kind of performer who is as suspicious of the Hollywood system as a student rebel is of the university trustees.
Evoked Electrophysiological and Vascular Responses across Sleep

Increasing evidence suggests that any brain region that has been used more might need more sleep. This evidence is leading to a paradigm shift in sleep research to a more universal distributed model where fundamental sleep properties can be defined within the context of small neural units, but orchestrated by central mechanisms that help consolidate sleep. We explored two physiological markers of use-dependent sleep that can be localized to cortical columns, namely, an electrical marker apparent as a change in size and shape of evoked electrical responses, and an evoked metabolic marker, evident as a change in tissue microcapillary blood delivery. Our studies show that the vasculature may reach a limit to its delivery capacity due to tissue noncompressibility and the amount that vessels can stretch. Since electrical activity could potentially outpace local metabolite delivery, silent or hyperpolarized periods may be required to restore vessel compliance. Both markers provide a means to support a distributed homeostatic regulation of sleep, and enable better predictions about the consequences of sleep loss or sleep pathologies.
Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Lung Development

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the effects of exposure to cigarette smoke during prenatal and postnatal life on the developing lungs. The developing lung can be exposed to the constituents of smoke in utero from transplacental transfer from the pregnant woman, postnatally from ingestion of breast milk from the mother, and postnatally from inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Environmental tobacco smoke is produced primarily from the smoldering end of a cigarette, with a small contribution from exhaled mainstream smoke and differs from mainstream smoke in important ways. Prenatal exposure to mainstream smoke from the mother and even to ETS from the mother in utero has been shown to affect fetal lung development. A number of studies have documented that exposing the fetus to smoke during gestation leads to decreased lung function, airway obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness in the newborn period. In addition to symptoms of airway obstruction such as wheeze, children beyond the neonatal period raised in the homes of smokers demonstrate small but measurable changes in baseline lung function, consistent with airway obstruction. As with respiratory symptoms, the effect of the mother's smoking on the lung function of the child is greater than that of other household members. Various studies have also indicated that smoke exposure, both prenatally and postnatally, is associated with the development of asthma in infants and young children. ETS exposure also appears to increase the severity of asthma once it has become established.
EEG asymmetry and BIS/BAS among healthy adolescents

Asymmetry in frontal alpha activation (FAA) has been associated with specific behavior patterns. Greater activation in the left frontal cortex is related to "approach" motivation, while greater activation in the right cortex is associated with "withdrawal" motivation. Moreover, resting FAA is stable over time among adults. This stability has not been demonstrated among adolescents, and the correspondence between resting FAA and personality has been inconsistently observed. The present study examined stability of FAA and the association between resting FAA and behavioral activation among adolescents. At baseline and 4 months, 99 adolescents completed a resting electroencephalogram (EEG) and a pencil-and-paper measure of personality (BIS/BAS). FAA showed good stability over time (Intra-class correlation coefficient=0.65, p<0.001), but there was no correlation between FAA and personality. Results are interpreted in light of a capability model of FAA; namely, that asymmetry may emerge under conditions of stimulation and recede during resting.
Subspace fitting based autofocus for stripmap SAR

There are many autofocus algorithms available for correcting uncompensated residual phase errors in SAR data. Most of these algorithms depend on the SAR modality (i.e. spotlight, stripmap, etc.). In this paper, we develop a mathematically principled model-based phase error estimation method for stripmap SAR. The proposed phase estimation method uses classical subspace fitting techniques that are well known in the array processing literature. It is shown that the proposed method is non-iterative in the sense that iterations between the image domain and the range compressed domain are not required in order to obtain the phase error estimates. As the derivation shows, the image does not need to be formed in order to obtain the phase error estimates.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays Monitored with Carbon Dioxide Sensing Membrane Electrodes

Immunochemical Potentiometric and amperometric electrodes are in the infant stages of development, yet the literature is already replete with diversified efforts to design increasingly sensitive and specific immunoelectrodes (Eggers et al., 1982; Guilbault, 1983; Boitieux et al., 1984; Keating and Rechnitz, 1984). The carbon dioxide gas-sensing probe, however, has played only a limited role in this research. Despite all the schemes designed for immunosensors, there is a conspicuous absence in the use of the carbon dioxide probe. Why this might be so is suggested by the constraints within which use of the carbon dioxide probe is practical as well as the limiting characteristics of the immunochemical reaction being studied. Additional restrictions result from the presence of the enzyme when developing an enzyme immunoassay [EIA]. Despite this, the enzyme is a favorite “transducer”, or label, which produces a signal related to the immunochemical reaction and can be recognized by the electrochemical detector. This integration of enzyme chemistry, immunochemistry and probe characteristics is a critical factor in determining, during method development, the feasibility of selecting a carbon dioxide probe as the analytical detector. These key ingredients will be discussed in this overview together with possibilities for the future of the carbon dioxide sensor in immunochemical applications. Improvements in the probe and broader applications will highlight this future.
Effect of trehalose as an additive to dimethyl sulfoxide solutions on ice formation, cellular viability, and metabolism

Cryopreservation is the only established method for long-term preservation of cells and cellular material. This technique involves preservation of cells and cellular components in the presence of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) at liquid nitrogen temperatures (−196 °C). The organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) is one of the most commonly utilized CPAs and has been used with various levels of success depending on the type of cells. In recent years, to improve cryogenic outcomes, the non-reducing disaccharide trehalose has been used as an additive to Me2SO-based freezing solutions. Trehalose is a naturally occurring non-toxic compound found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and invertebrates which has been shown to provide cellular protection during water-limited states. The mechanism by which trehalose improves cryopreservation outcomes remains not fully understood. Raman microspectroscopy is a powerful tool to provide valuable insight into the nature of interactions among water, trehalose, and Me2SO during cryopreservation. We found that the addition of trehalose to Me2SO based CPA solutions dramatically reduces the area per ice crystals while increasing the number of ice crystals formed when cooled to −40 or −80 °C. Differences in ice-formation patterns were found to have a direct impact on cellular viability. Despite the osmotic stress caused by addition of 100 mM trehalose, improvement in cellular viability was observed. However, the substantial increase in osmotic pressure caused by trehalose concentrations above 100 mM may offset the beneficial effects of changing the morphology of the ice crystals achieved by addition of this sugar.
The Trouble with Disability in Shakespeare Studies

This article reviews some instances of disability in Shakespeare's works and some instances of Disability Studies in Shakespeare studies. Contrary to the claims of the Disabled Shakespeares project, there is no historical basis for the modern language of "disability" in Shakespeare's texts, as illustrated with a philology of the term; this does not, however, invalidate the viable uses of disability theory in Shakespeare studies. Developing a typology of these uses (historical, methodological, critical, theoretical), this article discusses the opportunities and liabilities of each approach but concludes that a better vocabulary can be found in Erving Goffman's theory of stigma (which inspired Disability Studies but, in many ways, is more conceptually and ethically buoyant). The main goal in this article is not to argue against a Disability Studies approach to Shakespeare but, instead, to use those readings as evidence of the imperfect even if well-intentioned ways we respond to the encounter with stigma in Shakespeare's works – a phenomenon of literary criticism that is remarkably resonant with the similarly imperfect even if well-intentioned ways we respond to the encounter with stigma in our everyday lives.
Bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration vs. transthoracic needle aspiration in lung cancer diagnosis and staging.

Background: In evaluating patients with suspected lung cancer, it is important to not only obtain a tissue diagnosis, but also to obtain enough tissue for both histologic and molecular analysis in order to appropriately stage the patient with a safe and efficient strategy. The diagnostic approach may often be dependent on local resources and practice patterns rather than current guidelines. We Describe lung cancer staging at two large academic medical centers to identify the impact different procedural approaches have on patient outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing a lung cancer diagnostic evaluation at two multidisciplinary centers during a 1-year period. Identifying complication rates and the need for multiple biopsies as our primary outcomes, we developed a multivariate regression model to determine features associated with complications and need for multiple biopsies. Results: Of 830 patients, 285 patients were diagnosed with lung cancers during the study period. Those staged at the institution without an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) program were more likely to require multiple biopsies (OR 3.62, 95% CI: 1.71–7.67, P=0.001) and suffer complications associated with the diagnostic procedure (OR 10.2, 95% CI: 3.08–33.58, P Conclusions: Lung cancer evaluation at centers with a dedicated EBUS program results in fewer biopsies and complications than at multidisciplinary counterparts without an EBUS program.
Wrestling with Online Avatars: Technology and Sexual Transformation

The chapter explores the role that sexual & networking websites/apps play in relationship formation and examine the ways in which men who have sex with men (MSM) have embraced this medium. Furthermore it is argued that the use of information technology can have a disinhibitive effect on action and can promote a sense of sexual agency which can undermine public health messages related to ‘healthy’ sexual conduct. It is argued, using ethnographic fieldwork carried out within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community, that the internet provides individuals with the opportunity to use multi-modal practices to write themselves into being online.
The Use of XML for Describing Functions and Taxonomies in Computer-Based Design

A standardized representation of engineering function has been developed, consisting of schemata for functions and associated flows along with taxonomies of generic functions and flows. This paper presents a mapping of this representation into the Extensible Markup Language (XML), a language similar in appearance to HTML but which allows the development of user-defined tags, various kinds of references, and other mechanisms. The formal representation provides the means for representing functions that have multiple input and output flows, properties and parameters associated with these flows, and the decomposition of functions into subfunctions each potentially having its own distinct flows. This mapping has been developed in order to support representation of artifact function models in software systems, as well as to provide a neutral format for exchange of function-based information among software systems.
Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.
Assessing the Significance of European Goods in Seventeenth-Century Narragansett Society

Roger Williams (1603?–1683) was Rhode Island’s renaissance man. Founder of the colony and its principal political and religious leader through much of his long life, he also served as a pastor, missionary, philosopher, diplomat, and magistrate (James 1978). He was, in addition, an Indian trader and keen observer of native culture. In one of the first substantial ethnographies of a North American Indian people, his 1643 A Key into the Language of America, Williams recorded the vocabulary and systematically examined the lifeways of his Narragansett neighbors (Williams 1936).
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HANTAAN VIRUS

Publisher Summary Hantaan virus is the prototype of a group of viruses implicated as the etiologic agents of clinically similar diseases, which have collectively been termed as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Three well recognized diseases in the syndrome include Korean hemorrhagic fever, nephropathia epidemica, and epidemic hemorrhagic fever, various forms of which are endemic throughout Korea, Scandinavia, Europe, and China. The physical characteristics of Hantaan virions as well as a tripartite, single stranded RNA genome and virion associated polymerase , were supportive of the previous morphological observations that Hantaan virus was similar to the Bunyaviridae. This chapter describes an experiment that compares the RNAs of Hantaan virus to those of other serologically related viruses to confirm that Hantaan virus is the representative of a group of viruses that are similar to but unique from other Bunyaviridae. In the experiment, three common RNA denaturants, glyoxal, methyl-mercury, and acid urea, in conjunction with agarose gel electrophoresis, were used to compare the RNAs of Hantaan virus strain 76–118 and two of the serologically related rodent viruses.
Metal-Organic Layers Efficiently Catalyze Photoinduced Polymerization under Visible Light.

A photosensitizing metal–organic layer (MOL), IrBPY-MOL, based on hafnium–oxo clusters and cyclometalated iridium-complex-derived organic linkers, was synthesized and used as an efficient catalyst ...
Intercellular Communication Is Key for Protective IFNα/β Signaling During Viral Central Nervous System Infection

A variety of viruses can induce central nervous system (CNS) infections and neurological diseases, although the incidence is rare. Similar to peripheral infections, IFNα/β induction and signaling constitutes a first line of defense to limit virus dissemination. However, CNS-resident cells differ widely in their repertoire and magnitude of both basal and inducible components in the IFNα/β pathway. While microglia as resident myeloid cells have been implicated as prominent sentinels of CNS invading pathogens or insults, astrocytes are emerging as key responders to many neurotropic RNA virus infections. Focusing on RNA viruses, this review discusses the role of astrocytes as IFNα/β inducers and responders and touches on the role of IFNα/β receptor signaling in regulating myeloid cell activation and IFNγ responsiveness. A summary picture emerges implicating IFNα/β not only as key in establishing the classical "antiviral" state, but also orchestrating cell mobility and IFNγ-mediated effector functions.
Abstract A08: Widespread tobacco smoking-associated changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in lung tissue of smokers

Significance: Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have identified thousands of CpGs showing smoking-associated DNA methylation changes in blood cell DNA of smokers. Several of these CpGs are strongly associated with lung cancer risk. Until recently, the relationship of such DNA methylation changes in the blood and epigenetic alterations in the lung, as well as their molecular link to lung cancer development, remained poorly understood. Using a limited EWAS of 237 lung tissue samples, we recently identified seven smoking-associated hypomethylated CpGs in lung tissue, five of which had been previously reported in blood, and one of which had been strongly associated with lung cancer risk. We showed that the latter CpG flanked a smoking-inducible enhancer element driving expression of a xenobiotic response gene. Here we expand these observations to identify tobacco-affected regulatory elements implicated in lung cancer. Methods: We performed an EWAS using Inifinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) corresponding to 393 eligible lung adenocarcinoma tumor samples. We replicated our findings in 27 adjacent normal lung tissue samples, then examined epigenetic enhancer marks near the smoking-associated altered CpGs using epigenomic data from primary lung cells and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. We next identified potential responsive target genes of these enhancers by examining smoking-associated changes in gene expression on the 1 megabase flanks of the enhancers. Results: 37,372 CpGs were significantly differentially methylated with respect to smoking in TCGA adenocarcinoma tumor samples after Benjamini Hochberg correction (p Conclusion: Many smoking-associated methylation changes in lung tissue are located in the vicinity of epigenetic regulators in lung tissue, and could be driving expression of smoking-associated genes that may affect lung cancer risk. Funding: R01 HL114094 to IALO, P30 CA014089, USC Provost’s fellowship and Roy E. Thomas Foundation Graduate Scholarship to DJM. Citation Format: Daniel J. Mullen, T. Ryan Stueve, Chunli Yan, Kimberly D. Siegmund, Ite A. Laird-Offringa. Widespread tobacco smoking-associated changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in lung tissue of smokers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR-IASLC International Joint Conference: Lung Cancer Translational Science from the Bench to the Clinic; Jan 8-11, 2018; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(17_Suppl):Abstract nr A08.