cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Repair of Patellar Tendon Rupture Without Augmentation

Repair of patellar tendon ruptures has often relied on cerclage augmentation and prolonged immobilization in extension. We are reporting our experience with avulsion injuries as well as midsubstance ruptures, both treated with primary repair without augmentation, allowing early mobilization in the athlete less than 40 years of age. Repairs were performed to allow knee flexion to more than 60 degrees. Rehabilitation was performed with heel slides, allowing flexion to 45 degrees for the first 3 weeks, increasing to 90 degrees at 3 to 6 weeks, and thereafter without restriction. An accelerated weightbearing and muscle strengthening program was adopted. At a mean follow-up of 2.6 years (range, 20 to 61 months), 12 patients had returned to their previous levels of activity. No loss of extension or extensor lag was noted; mean flexion loss was 5 degrees. Patellofemoral symptoms and signs were present in five patients, but activity was limited in only two. Mean peak torque at 60 deg/sec was 92% (range, 73% to 105%). Mean Lysholm score was 94 +/- 2.5 points. Primary repair with immediate, protected range of motion resulted in uniformly excellent results and obviated the need for manipulation or subsequent hardware removal.
Evapotranspiration on western U.S. rivers estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS and data from eddy covariance and Bowen ratio flux towers

Abstract We combined remote sensing and in-situ measurements to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation over large reaches of western U.S. rivers and ET by individual plant types. ET measured from nine flux towers (eddy covariance and Bowen ratio) established in plant communities dominated by five major plant types on the Middle Rio Grande, Upper San Pedro River, and Lower Colorado River was strongly correlated with Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the NASA Terra satellite. The inclusion of maximum daily air temperatures (Ta) measured at the tower sites further improved this relationship. Sixteen-day composite values of EVI and Ta were combined to predict ET across species and tower sites (r2 = 0.74); the regression equation was used to scale ET for 2000–2004 over large river reaches with Ta from meteorological stations. Measured and estimated ET values for these river segments were moderate when compared to historical, and often indirect, estimates and ranged from 851–874 mm yr− 1. ET of individual plant communities ranged more widely. Cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) stands generally had the highest annual ET rates (1100–1300 mm yr− 1), while mesquite (Prosopis velutina) (400–1100 mm yr− 1) and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) (300–1300 mm yr− 1) were intermediate, and giant sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii) (500–800 mm yr− 1) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) (300–700 mm yr− 1) were the lowest. ET rates estimated from the flux towers and by remote sensing in this study were much lower than values estimated for riparian water budgets using crop coefficient methods for the Middle Rio Grande and Lower Colorado River.
Problems in neutron dosimetry

Abstract A summary of problems in neutron dosimetry is presented. Two categories are distinguished: those which pertain to physical measurements, and those which arise due to the nature of biological systems and the irradiation apparatus utilized, with special emphasis on the radiotherapy situation. The influence of radiation quality on almost all of these problems is discussed.
Novel Degradation Pathway of Glycated Amino Acids into Free Fructosamine by a Pseudomonas sp. Soil Strain Extract

A Pseudomonas sp. soil strain, selected for its ability to grow on epsilon-(1-deoxyfructosyl) aminocaproic acid, was induced to express a membrane-bound enzymatic activity which oxidatively degrades Amadori products into free fructosamine. Apparent Km values for fructosyl aminocaproate, epsilon-fructosyl lysine, fructosyl glycine, and ribated lysine were 0.21 mM, 2.73 mM, 3.52 mM, and 1.57 mM, respectively. The enzyme was also active against alpha-fructosyl lysine and borohydride-reduced Amadori product, weakly active with ribated and glycated polylysine, and inactive with reducing sugars, amino acids, and glycated proteins. The enzymatic activity was highest at pH 6.5 and 25 degrees C in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, while over 80% of the activity was lost above 65 degrees C. Complete inhibition was observed by HgCl2, NaN3, and NaCN suggesting a role for SH groups and copper in the enzymatic activity. The reaction products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC/MS and found to correspond to 1-deoxy-1-aminofructose, i.e. free "fructosamine," and adipic acid. Confirmation of the free fructosamine structure was based on the complete spectroscopic identity of the borohydride reduction product with commercially available glucamine (1-amino-1-deoxyglucitol). The new enzyme is provisorily classified as fructosyl N-alkyl amino acid oxidase (EC 1.5.3) (fructosyl-amino acid:oxygen oxidoreductase) and may thus belong to a novel class of "Amadoriases" which deglycate Amadori products oxidatively. In contrast, however, the new enzyme acts on the alkylamine bond rather than the ketoamine bond of the Amadori product.
P-wave Spectra from Underground Nuclear Explosions

Summary This paper reports observations of P-wave spectra from underground nuclear explosions for periods greater than about 1 s. The spectra have a maximum at about 2-3 s and decrease rapidly at longer periods. Two phenomena could cause such a decrease: (1) The surface reflection (pP), with its polarity opposite to that of the direct P wave, might differentiate the long-period signal and cause a modulation of 2|sin ωt0/2| where t0 is the interval of time between P and pP; or (2) the source time function for the pressure on the boundary of the elastic zone surrounding the explosion might more nearly resemble an impulse than a step function as often assumed. The data are consistent with the simultaneous occurrence of both phenomena, but they are of insufficient quality or quantity to establish which is more important. If other information shows that the reflection does not have a large effect on the observed spectrum, then the data show that the source time function is primarily an impulse. In addition, the pronounced difference in spectral content of P waves from earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions suggests a method for identification that is applicable for explosions large enough to be recorded by long-period seismographs at teleseismic distances. This method may be particularly important when long-period instruments are disturbed by other events and methods of identification that rely on analysis of surface waves become inapplicable.
The Bicoid gradient is shaped independently of nuclei.

Morphogen gradients provide embryos with positional information, yet how they form is not understood. Binding of the morphogen to receptors could affect the formation of the morphogen gradient, in particular if the number of morphogen binding sites changes with time. For morphogens that function as transcription factors, the final distribution can be heavily influenced by the number of nuclear binding sites. Here, we have addressed the role of the increasing number of nuclei during the formation of the Bicoid gradient in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Deletion of a short stretch of sequence in Bicoid impairs its nuclear accumulation. This effect is due to a ∼4-fold decrease in nuclear import rate and a ∼2-fold reduction in nuclear residence time compared with the wild-type protein. Surprisingly, the shape of the resulting anterior-posterior gradient as well as the centre-surface distribution are indistinguishable from those of the normal gradient. This suggests that nuclei do not shape the Bicoid gradient but instead function solely during its interpretation.
Percolation thresholds for rod-like particles: polydispersity effects

A model based upon excluded volume considerations is presented for the connectedness percolation thresholds in polydisperse systems of cylindrical rod-like nanoparticles. The dependence of the percolation threshold upon polydispersity index and number-averaged aspect ratio is examined for two different distribution functions for the rod radii and lengths. The importance of accounting for polydispersity is explored in the context of measurements of the elastic moduli and electrical conductance in fibre-filled nanocomposites.
Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A are associated with increased birth weight and the gestational age of newborns

Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to the placental receptor chondroitin sulfate A are associated with a reduced risk of placental malaria, but whether these antibodies lead to improved pregnancy outcomes is unknown. We measured antiadhesion antibody levels in parturient women in western Kenya, where malaria transmission is intense. Secundigravid women with antiadhesion activity in their plasma delivered babies that were on average 398 g heavier (P = 0.019) and 2 weeks more mature (P = 0.002) than babies delivered to secundigravidas without antiadhesion activity. Our findings support the development of antiadhesion vaccines to prevent poor fetal outcomes due to pregnancy malaria.
Microbial Degradation and Assimilation of n-Alkyl-Substituted Cycloparaffins

Studies were conducted on the oxidation and assimilation of n-alkyl-substituted cycloalkane substrates by several hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms. These microorganisms utilized heptadecylcyclohexane and dodecylcyclohexane as the sole source of carbon and energy. Neither methylcyclohexane nor ethylcyclohexane was utilized as a growth substrate by any organisms tested. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of fatty acids present in cells after growth on dodecylcyclohexane confirm direct incorporation of both alpha- and beta-oxidation products. Growth patterns of these organisms on n-alkyl-substituted cyclohexane fatty acids of varying chain lengths suggest a greater probability of ring cleavage when the side chain contains an odd number of carbons.
Essential Role for Ras Signaling in Glioblastoma Maintenance

Malignant gliomas can be induced in mice through the combined expression of activated forms of both KRas and Akt in glial progenitor cells. To determine the reliance of these tumors on continued KRas signaling in vivo, we generated a viral vector that allows the expression of KRas to be controlled post-delivery. Tumor-free survival rates were compared between those animals with continued KRas expression and animals in which KRas expression was suppressed. KRas signaling was found to be required for the maintenance of these tumors in vivo; inhibition of KRas expression resulted in apoptotic tumor regression and increased survival. Subsequent reexpression of KRas reinitiated tumor growth, indicating that a percentage of the progenitor cells survived and retained tumorigenic properties.
Phase fluorometric sterilizable optical oxygen sensor

We report here on a low-cost, optical oxygen sensor as an attractive alternative to the widely used amperometric Clark-type oxygen electrode for measuring dissolved oxygen tensions in cell cultures and bioreactor. Our sensor is based on the defferential quenching of the fluorescence lifetime of chromophore in response to the partial pressure of oxygen. This is measured as a phase shift in fluorescence emission from the chromophore due to oxygen quenching when excited by an intensity modulated beam of light. In this article we demonstrate the advantages of lifetime-based optical methods over both intensity based optical methods and amperometric electrodes. Our sensor is particularly suitable for measuring dissolved oxygen in bioreactors. It is autoclavable, is free of maintenance requirements, and solvents the problems of long-term stability, calibration drifts, and reliable measurement of low oxygen tensions in dense microbial cultures that limit the utility of Clark-type elcectordes. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An evaluation of the nursing practice environment and successful change management using the new generation Magnet Model

grant b., colello s., riehle m. & dende d. (2010) Journal of Nursing Management18, 326–331 An evaluation of the nursing practice environment and successful change management using the new generation Magnet Model Aim To discuss the new Magnet Model as it relates to the successful implementation of a practice change. Background There is growing international interest in the Magnet Recognition Programme. The latest generation of the Magnet Model has been designed not only as a road map for organizations seeking to achieve Magnet recognition but also as a framework for nursing practice and research in the future. Evaluation The Magnet Model was used to identify success factors related to a practice change and to evaluate the nursing practice environment. Key issues Even when proposed changes to practice are evidence based and thoughtfully considered, the nurses’ work environment must be supportive and empowering in order to yield successful and sustainable implementation of new practice. Conclusion Success factors for implementation of a practice change can be illuminated by aligning environmental characteristics to the components of the new Magnet Model. Implications for nursing management The Magnet Model provides an exceptional framework for building an agile and dynamic work force. Thoughtful consideration of the components and inter-relationships represented in the new model can help to both predict and ensure organizational vitality.
Orbital and Ocular Imaging Using 3- and 1.5-T MR Imaging Systems

The goal of this article is to familiarize general radiologists and clinicians (particularly ophthalmologists, neuro-ophthalmologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons) with the recent introduction of clinical MR imaging scanners operating at a magnetic field strength of 3-T and to compare them with the more common standard scanners operating at 1.5-T. In this study, MR imaging at 3-T was found to offer superior depiction of orbital and intracranial anatomy and pathologic findings. Spin echo, high spatial resolution, T2-weighted, thin-section MR imaging sequences are especially useful and sensitive at 3-T for the evaluation of orbital, ocular, and intracranial anatomy and pathologic findings. The authors din that time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography at 3-T surpasses the best MR angiography at 1.5-T and that two-dimensional TOF venography and three-dimensional contrast MR venography at 3-T offer superior visualization of intracranial and facial veins as compared with MR venography at 1.5-T. We believe that with further quality image production and efficient coil design, 3-T MR imaging should hold the promise of playing an important role in the diagnostic imaging evaluation of ocular, orbital, and optic pathway pathologic findings.
Root n consistent and optimal density estimators for moving average processes

. The marginal density of a first order moving average process can be written as a convolution of two innovation densities. Saavedra & Cao [Can. J. Statist. (2000), 28, 799] propose to estimate the marginal density by plugging in kernel density estimators for the innovation densities, based on estimated innovations. They obtain that for an appropriate choice of bandwidth the variance of their estimator decreases at the rate 1/n. Their estimator can be interpreted as a specific U-statistic. We suggest a slightly simplified U-statistic as estimator of the marginal density, prove that it is asymptotically normal at the same rate, and describe the asymptotic variance explicitly. We show that the estimator is asymptotically efficient if no structural assumptions are made on the innovation density. For innovation densities known to have mean zero or to be symmetric, we describe improvements of our estimator which are again asymptotically efficient.
(1R,2R)‐1,2‐Bis[(2‐methoxyphenyl)(phenylphosphino)]ethane

(1R,2R) [55739-58-7] C28H28O2P2 (MW 458.47) InChI = 1S/C28H28O2P2/c1-29-25-17-9-11-19-27(25)31(23-13-5-3-6-14-23)21-22-32(24-15-7-4-8-16-24)28-20-12-10-18-26(28)30-2/h3-20H,21-22H2,1-2H3/t31-,32-/m1/s1 InChIKey = QKZWXPLBVCKXNQ-ROJLCIKYSA-N (1S,2S) [97858-62-3] C28H28O2P2 (MW 458.47) InChI = 1S/C28H28O2P2/c1-29-25-17-9-11-19-27(25)31(23-13-5-3-6-14-23)21-22-32(24-15-7-4-8-16-24)28-20-12-10-18-26(28)30-2/h3-20H,21-22H2,1-2H3/t31-,32-/m0/s1 InChIKey = QKZWXPLBVCKXNQ-ACHIHNKUSA-N (ligand for asymmetric reduction of alkenes1 and ketones2 and asymmetric cycloadditions3) Alternate Name: (R,R)-DiPAMP. Physical Data: 102–106 °C; −20 ° (c = 1, CHCl3). Form Supplied in: white solid; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is an air-stable solid.
Pneumonia Caused by Klebsiella spp. in 46 Horses.

Background Klebsiella spp. are implicated as a common cause of bacterial pneumonia in horses, but few reports describe clinical presentation and disease progression. Hypothesis/Objectives To describe the signalment, clinicopathologic data, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings, antimicrobial susceptibility, outcome, and pathologic lesions associated with Klebsiella spp. pneumonia in horses. Animals Forty-six horses from which Klebsiella spp. was isolated from the lower respiratory tract. Methods Retrospective study. Medical records from 1993 to 2013 at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis were reviewed. Exact logistic regression was performed to determine if any variables were associated with survival to hospital discharge. Results Survival in horses <1 year old was 73%. Overall survival in adults was 63%. For adults in which Klebsiella pneumoniae was the primary isolate, survival was 52%. Mechanical ventilation preceded development of pneumonia in 11 horses. Complications occurred in 25/46 horses, with thrombophlebitis and laminitis occurring most frequently. Multi-drug resistance was found in 47% of bacterial isolates. Variables that significantly impacted survival included hemorrhagic nasal discharge, laminitis, and thoracic radiographs with a sharp demarcation between marked caudal pulmonary alveolar infiltration and more normal-appearing caudodorsal lung. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Klebsiella spp. should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses presenting with hemorrhagic pneumonia and for horses developing pneumonia after mechanical ventilation. Multi-drug resistance is common. Prognosis for survival generally is fair, but is guarded for adult horses in which K. pneumoniae is isolated as the primary organism.
"It is too soon… or too late:" Frantz Fanon's Legacy in the French Caribbean

The Martinican psychiatrist and theorist Frantz Fanon’s work is foundational to studies of imperialism, decolonization, and postcolonial studies, with new articles, books, and conferences dedicated to his thought appearing year after year. Yet, despite his outsized influence and impact in the academy, observers have suggested that in his native Antilles Fanon was largely forgotten. Close attention to the archival record casts doubt on this reading of his legacy in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Guyane. Rather than disappearing into obscurity following his premature death in 1961, Fanon’s work and his life shaped French Caribbean students, activists, intellectuals, and writers. His sharp critique of the Antillean situation and the Antillean psyche, as well as his committed revolutionary example, proved a fecund resource for Antillean student activists, whether Marxist or Catholic, for poets and writers such as Maryse Conde, Sonny Rupaire, Bertene Juminer, and Daniel Boukman, and for critics and social scientists like Edouard Glissant, Roland Suvelor, Michel Giraud, and others. Fanon’s work was not forgotten, but remained explosive and provocative, the subject of intense political and intellectual organization and debate.
Making the Most of One-to-One Computing in Networked Classrooms

As 1:1 access to computers increases worldwide, it is essential to understand how to make the most of ubiquitous computing access to enhance teaching and learning. Networked classrooms provide new opportunities for enhanced classroom communication and feedback to students and teachers about students’ learning. Key to making the most of these opportunities is well designed tasks that engage students actively with subject-matter learning, facilitated actively by the classroom teacher and augmented through class discussion.
Utility of DXA scanning and risk factors for osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis—A prospective study

Abstract Background Conventional DXA imaging of spine and hip to measure bone mineral density (BMD) has limitations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We investigated the correlation of hip and spine BMD measurements in patients with AS to determine if hip DXA will prove clinically useful while avoiding the confounding effect of spinal disease. Also, we studied risk factors for osteoporosis (OP) and osteopenia in AS. Methods We randomly identified patients from our validated AS registry ≥18 years of age who met the Modified New York Classification criteria for AS. BMD was measured and interpreted using ISCD 2007 guidelines and diagnosis of OP was based on WHO criteria. ESR, CRP, urinary N-telopeptide, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D were also measured. Correlation between the BMD (total hip and/or femoral neck) and lumbar spine was calculated. Statistical comparisons between the 2 sites, lumbar spine (AP) and hip (total hip and or femoral neck) were made using Bowker's test for symmetry and kappa statistics. Chi-square and odds ratio using logistic regression were used to assess the association of the purported risk factors for OP in these patients. Results Frequency of OP among AS patients ≥50 years of age was 23%, and that of osteopenia was 41%. Among patients Z -score ≤−2.0) was 14.7%. There was moderate correlation ( ρ = 0.59) and a fair agreement (κ = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.10–0.42) between the lowest T -values of hip and lumbar spine (AP view). OP was significantly associated with elevated CRP level [OR = 4.2 (95% CI: 1.13–15.9), p p Conclusion Our results demonstrated a moderate correlation and fair agreement between the T -scores of hip and the lumbar spine (AP view) in patients with AS, suggesting that DXA of the hip and the lumbar spine (AP view) may both be useful for OP and osteopenia screening in patients with AS without fused spines. We confirm the previous reports of an association of elevated CRP level with an increased risk of OP in patients with AS, but this is the first study to demonstrate that African American patients with AS may be at a higher risk of developing OP compared to Caucasians.
Molecular Polymorphism of DR and DQ Products

In an attempt to obtain a molecular localization of determinants on HLA class II products recognized by T lymphocytes (the LD determinants), as distinct from the serologically defined DR/DQ determinants, we have studied DR and DQ β-chains using two-dimensional gel analysis (SDS-PAGE: IEF). Cells used for study of the DR product were homozygous for DR. Our primary focus has been on the DR4 product, of which there are at least five LD/Dw subtypes (Dw4, Dw10, Dw13, Dw14, and Dw15) [1]. Our findings [2, 3], illustrated in Fig. 1, are the following: The IEF position of DR4 β-chains from cells expressing different LD/Dw subtypes varies, showing a correlation between the IEF pattern and the LD/Dw phenotype. Shown in the top of Fig. 1 are IEF patterns for DR4 cells expressing Dw10, Dw4, Dw14, and Dw15, respectively. (DR4-Dw13 β-chains migrate between Dw4 and Dw10, data not shown). No difference was seen in the IEF patterns of Dw4 and Dw14 β-chains, whereas the other DR4-associated LD/Dw sub-types could be distinguished. Differences in IEF patterns were maintained following treatment with neuraminidase [3].
A High Order Cut-Cell Method for Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic-Boundary Transition with Arbitrary Surface Roughness

Hypersonic boundary-layer transition can be affected significantly by surface roughness. Many important mechanisms which involve transition induced by arbitrary roughness are not well understood. In this paper, we propose a new high-order cut cell method which combined the non-uniform finite difference method for discrete points near the curvilinear boundary and shock-fitting method for the bow shock. The receptivity process induced by interaction of Mach 5.92 flow over flat plate under the combination effect of twodimensional surface roughness and blow-suction is investigated. Both steady state solutions and unsteady solutions have been obtained by using the new method. For steady flow with roughness, there is significant change inside the boundary layer with flow separation before and after the roughness element. For unsteady flow, the results for flow instability induced by both blow-suction slot and roughness are obtained and analyzed by Linear Stability Theory (LST). These results show that the roughness element with height to be half the boundary layer thickness may delay the hypersonic transition.
Binding Cooperativity Matters: A GM1-Like Ganglioside-Cholera Toxin B Subunit Binding Study Using a Nanocube-Based Lipid Bilayer Array

Protein-glycan recognition is often mediated by multivalent binding. These multivalent bindings can be further complicated by cooperative interactions between glycans and individual glycan binding subunits. Here we have demonstrated a nanocube-based lipid bilayer array capable of quantitatively elucidating binding dissociation constants, maximum binding capacity, and binding cooperativity in a high-throughput format. Taking cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as a model cooperativity system, we studied both GM1 and GM1-like gangliosides binding to CTB. We confirmed the previously observed CTB-GM1 positive cooperativity. Surprisingly, we demonstrated fucosyl-GM1 has approximately 7 times higher CTB binding capacity than GM1. In order to explain this phenomenon, we hypothesized that the reduced binding cooperativity of fucosyl-GM1 caused the increased binding capacity. This was unintuitive, as GM1 exhibited higher binding avidity (16 times lower dissociation constant). We confirmed the hypothesis using a theoretical stepwise binding model of CTB. Moreover, by taking a mixture of fucosyl-GM1 and GM2, we observed the mild binding avidity fucosyl-GM1 activated GM2 receptors enhancing the binding capacity of the lipid bilayer surface. This was unexpected as GM2 receptors have negligible binding avidity in pure GM2 bilayers. These unexpected discoveries demonstrate the importance of binding cooperativity in multivalent binding mechanisms. Thus, quantitative analysis of multivalent protein-glycan interactions in heterogeneous glycan systems is of critical importance. Our user-friendly, robust, and high-throughput nanocube-based lipid bilayer array offers an attractive method for dissecting these complex mechanisms.
Enhancing Instruction of Written East Asian Languages with Sketch Recognition-Based “Intelligent Language Workbook” Interfaces

For American higher education students studying one of the major East Asian languages in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) as a second language, one of the major challenges that students face is the mastery of the various written scripts due to those languages’ vast contrasts from written English. Conventional pedagogical resources for written CJK languages frequently rely on language instructors, who provide in-class demonstrations of the written scripts and real-time assessment of their students’ written input: paper workbooks, which offer guided instructional drills and supplementary knowledge on the written component; and practice sheets, which enable students to absorb components of the written scripts through repetitious writing practice. Unfortunately, these techniques also present their own inherent disadvantages: language instructors are constrained by time in teaching the written components to students for typical classroom sizes, workbooks are static instructional materials that lack real-time intelligent feedback and assessment, and practice sheets result in monotonous practice to students and are vulnerable to students erroneously practicing potential mistakes repeatedly if left unsupervised.
Novel Omega-3 Fatty Acid Epoxygenase Metabolite Reduces Kidney Fibrosis

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases epoxidize the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid into novel epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) that have multiple biological actions. The present study determined the ability of the most abundant EDP regioisomer, 19,20-EDP to reduce kidney injury in an experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis mouse model. Mice with UUO developed kidney tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis. UUO mice had elevated kidney hydroxyproline content and five-times greater collagen positive fibrotic area than sham control mice. 19,20-EDP treatment to UUO mice for 10 days reduced renal fibrosis with a 40%-50% reduction in collagen positive area and hydroxyproline content. There was a six-fold increase in kidney α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive area in UUO mice compared to sham control mice, and 19,20-EDP treatment to UUO mice decreased α-SMA immunopositive area by 60%. UUO mice demonstrated renal epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with reduced expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and elevated expression of multiple mesenchymal markers (FSP-1, α-SMA, and desmin). Interestingly, 19,20-EDP treatment reduced renal EMT in UUO by decreasing mesenchymal and increasing epithelial marker expression. Overall, we demonstrate that a novel omega-3 fatty acid metabolite 19,20-EDP, prevents UUO-induced renal fibrosis in mice by reducing renal EMT.
Role of echocardiography in patients with stroke

Investigation of potential embolic source is an important diagnostic step in treating patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Cardiogenic embolism has been estimated to be the causative factor in 15-30% of all cases of ischemic stroke. Cardioembolic strokes are generally severe and recurrence and mortality rate high. Various cardiac disorders including atrial fibrillation, ventricular thrombus, valvular heart disease, cardiac tumors, and structural heart defects can cause cardioembolic stroke. Although the aortic arch is not a cardiac structure, it is usually considered under source of cardiac embolism (cardioaortic source) and is reviewed in this article. Echocardiography (both transthoracic and transesophageal) is a widely used and versatile technique that can provide comprehensive information of thromboembolic risk in patients with stroke. This article reviews potential cardiac sources of stroke and discusses the role of echocardiography in clinical practice.
TH-CD-BRA-04: Effect of a Strong Magnetic Field On TLDs, OSLDs, and Gafchromic Films Using An Electromagnet

Purpose: To study the effect of strong magnetic field on three types of dosimeters using an electromagnet inside a Linac vault. Materials and Methods: Three types of dosimeters, thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), optically stimulated luminescent Dosimeters (OSLDs), and EBT3 Film were used to measure radiation dose response inside an electromagnet that could produce a strong magnetic field (B>1.5 T). The dosimeters were placed inside a plastic phantom between the two poles of the magnet, at approximately 3 meters from the iso-center of an Elekta Versa HD Linac. The B field was calibrated with a Gauss meter (Model: GM-2, AlphaLab Inc). The dosimeters received ∼2 Gy with and without the presence of the 1.5 T magnetic field. The EBT3 films were scanned 24 hours before and 24 hours after irradiation. The TLD dosimeters were read 1 week after irradiation. The OSLDs were read two weeks after irradiation. The ratios of signals of dosimeters irradiated with the B field to the signals without the B field were calculated. Two experiments have been conducted so far. Results: The ratios (averaged over two experiments) of dosimeter signals with vs without B field were 0.994 for films, 0.994 for OSLDs, and 1.002 for TLDs. The statistical uncertainty was ∼3%. Conclusions: The three types of dosimeters (film, TLD, OSLD) seem not affected by the presence of a magnetic field (B=1.5 T) with the uncertainty of ∼3%. They may be suitable for QA purposes in a strong B field up to 1.5 T. More measurements will be conducted for reproducibility testing. We acknowledge research support from Elekta AB.
Inhibitors of Crystal Growth of Hydroxyapatite: A Constant Composition Approach

Pyrophosphate, citrate and magnesium, inhibitors of hydroxyapatite crystal growth, were studied using a seeded crystal growth system of constant composition at pH 5.80, 6.60 and 7.40. With this technique, crystal growth was studied at constant supersaturation at different pH values without the induction of other calcium phosphate phases. One inhibitor unit (that concentration of material that results in a reduction of 50 per cent in the growth rate from control) was calculated using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Pyrophosphate and citrate increased inhibitor activity with decreasing pH, whereas magnesium increased inhibitor activity with increasing pH. These data suggest that, at the urinary concentrations of these inhibitors, pyrophosphate is the most potent inhibitor, citrate less, and magnesium least. Pooled urine collections were studied using the same system and were found to have decreased inhibitor activity as pH decreased. This suggests that other modulators of hydroxyapatite, either promoters or inhibitors, are active in this system at the pH values studied.
Diagrams Illustrating How to Determine Prior Art Under the New 35 USC 102 after 3/16/2013

The diagrams illustrate how prior art is interpreted undert the New 35 USC 102 (a) through (b) for patent applications filed after 3/16/2013 and without any priority claim to an application filed before 3/16/2013.
Competition in the Chemostat with Time-Dependent Differential Removal Rates

For a chemostat with time-dependent removal rates that may differ between species, it is shown that a microbial species dies out if there is another species that has both a lower break-even concentration and a “less concave” functional response. Conditions are also derived for microbial concentrations to remain bounded and the overall microbial population to persist.
“Black People’s Money”: The Impact of Law, Economics, and Culture in the Context of Race on Damage Recoveries

“’Black People’s Money’: The Impact of Law, Economics, and Culture in the Context of Race on Damage Recoveries” is one of a series of articles by the author dealing with black economic marginalization; prior work considered such topics as shopping and selling as forms of deviance, street vending, restraints on leisure, and the importance of informality in loan transactions. This article deals with the linkage between the social significance of black people’s money and its material value. It analyzes the construction of “black money,” its association with cash, and the taboos and cultural practices that assure that black money will be worth less than white money. Concrete evidence of the devaluation of money in the hands of blacks is found in two tort cases involving black plaintiffs (a woman assumed to be on welfare and a prisoner) who were awarded inadequate damages because of the social meaning attributed to money in their hands.
Capturing and Manipulating Activated Neuronal Ensembles with CANE Delineates a Hypothalamic Social-Fear Circuit

We developed a technology (capturing activated neuronal ensembles [CANE]) to label, manipulate, and transsynaptically trace neural circuits that are transiently activated in behavioral contexts with high efficiency and temporal precision. CANE consists of a knockin mouse and engineered viruses designed to specifically infect activated neurons. Using CANE, we selectively labeled neurons that were activated by either fearful or aggressive social encounters in a hypothalamic subnucleus previously known as a locus for aggression, and discovered that social-fear and aggression neurons are intermixed but largely distinct. Optogenetic stimulation of CANE-captured social-fear neurons (SFNs) is sufficient to evoke fear-like behaviors in normal social contexts, whereas silencing SFNs resulted in reduced social avoidance. CANE-based mapping of axonal projections and presynaptic inputs to SFNs further revealed a highly distributed and recurrent neural network. CANE is a broadly applicable technology for dissecting causality and connectivity of spatially intermingled but functionally distinct ensembles.
Stochastic Geometry Based Performance Study on 5G Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Scheme

To achieve a significant boost on capacity performance in the next generation (5G) cellular network, novel radio access technologies (RAT) are demanded to make the system more spectrum efficient. As a promising multiple access scheme for 5G cellular network, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has attracted extensive research attention recently. Existing works show that NOMA posses the potential to further improve system spectrum efficiency compared with the orthogonal multiple access (OMA), which is predominantly adopted by existing wireless networks. In this paper, we develop the analytical framework on system coverage and average user achievable rate in a downlink NOMA system. We explicitly consider the inter-cell interference in the study, which is a capacity limiting factor in most wireless networks but less addressed in most existing analytical work for NOMA. Additional to NOMA, the analysis on an OMA access scheme, i.e., orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), is also conducted for comparison. Owing to the tractability of Poisson Point Process (PPP) model used in this work, all the analytical results are derived and expressed in a pseudo-closed form or a succinct closed form. The analytical results are validated by simulations and demonstrate that NOMA can bring considerable performance gain compared to OMA when success interference cancellation (SIC) error is low.
The Religious Content of the Presidents' Remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast, 1953–2016

Delivered by every president since Eisenhower (and annually since 1961), the presidents' remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast represent the most succinct presidential expressions of religion in...
Arbitrary Pole Shifting via Decentralized Static Output Feedback

Abstract In this paper the problem of arbitrary pole placement via constant decentralized output feedback is studied for minimal systems described by a proper transfer function matrix P(s) e R mxp (s), (m = ∑ m i and p = ∑ p i ), with McMillan degree n. The method presented here is based on asymptotic linearization around a decentralized degenerate compensator, of the pole placement map related to the problem. The solution is given in closed form in terms of a one parameter, (e), family of constant decentralized controllers, for which the closed loop poles approach the required ones as e tends to zero. It is shown that the method works generically when m'• p > n where m' = min {m i , i=1 ,…, k).
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Response to Pyramid Traps Baited with Attractive Light and Pheromonal Stimuli

Halyomorpha halys Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive insect that causes severe economic damage to multiple agricultural commodities. Several monitoring tools, including pheromone and light-baited black pyramid traps, have been developed to monitor H. halys. Here, we evaluated the attractiveness of these traps baited with only light, only pheromone, or the combination in comparison with unbaited traps throughout the growing season in regions with high and low H. halys population densities. In regions with high population densities in the Mid-Atlantic, all traps baited with pheromone or lights performed better than control traps. During mid-season, traps containing lights captured more H. halys adults, whereas pheromone-baited traps captured greater numbers during the late season. In low density regions in the Pacific Northwest, traps with lights or pheromone captured more H. halys adults than control traps. In addition, we evaluated the influence of competing light sources associated with anthropogenic structures. When light traps were deployed next to these additional light sources, H. halys captures in pyramid traps baited with light were not significantly reduced. Overall, our results indicate that both light and pheromone traps can be used to detect H. halys activity in low and high density populations.
Community-Based Cumulative Impact Assessment: California’s Approach to Integrating Nonchemical Stressors into Environmental Assessment Practices

Risk assessment is complex and challenges assessors to expand its utility and bridge data gaps to better account for human health risk. Mixtures complicate the assessment landscape because cumulative chemical exposures occur at the nexus of nonchemical stressors that can influence adverse health outcomes. Traditional risk assessment approaches typically use comprehensive data sources and quantitative methods but have a limited capacity to account for or include nonchemical stressors. In contrast, community-based cumulative impact assessments utilize different types of data and apply both quantitative and semiquantitative methods. Recently, multiple approaches for cumulative impact assessment have been developed. One such example is the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool: CalEnviroScreen. CalEnviroScreen has been successful in evaluating the cumulative pollution burden at a census tract scale across the state, based on 12 pollution indicators. It also characterizes population vulnerabilities at the same scale, based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors (three health and four socioeconomic status indicators). The two indices are combined in a way that allows one to screen and identify communities across California at above or below various thresholds in the scale. CalEnviroScreen allows one to understand the similarities and differences between the most disadvantaged communities having similar scores. CalEnviroScreen has been instrumental in (a) identifying the disadvantaged communities across California that receive prioritized funding from Greenhouse Gas Reduction Funds derived from the cap-and-trade program, (b) prioritizing areas for targeted multimedia enforcement action, and (c) assisting California Environmental Protection Agency boards and departments with planning community engagement and outreach efforts.
Extremely nondegenerate nonlinear refraction and dispersion in semiconductors (Conference Presentation)

Nondegenerate nonlinear refraction (ND-NLR) in semiconductors is greatly enhanced over the degenerate case and exhibits strong nonlinear dispersion, which provides the potential to greatly modify the refractive dispersion. This nondegenerate enhancement arises from the resonance of the small photon energy with the intraband self-transition, and the larger photon energy with the interband transition. Our earlier theory predicts the dispersion of ND-NLR in semiconductors from a Kramers-Kronig transformation of a nonlinear absorption spectrum, which considers nondegenerate two-photon absorption (ND-2PA), electronic Raman, and quadratic Stark effect. Experimentally, the dispersion of ND-NLR is measured using our Beam-Deflection technique, and the coefficient, n2, is determined over a broad spectral range with various degrees of nondegeneracy. In the extremely nondegenerate case, n2 is greatly enhanced near the onset of ND-2PA, which rapidly switches sign to negative near the bandgap over a very narrow wavelength range. The data suggests larger figure-of-merits by using ND-NLR for all-optical switching. Near and within the ND-2PA regime, strongly dispersive ND-NLR can significantly alter the dispersion of a material, and provides the possibility to optically modify the group index, and group velocity dispersion (GVD) properties. From their irradiance dependence, the nonlinear group index, n2,g, and the nonlinear GVD factor, D2, are calculated from the first and second order derivatives of n2, which show even greater nondegenerate enhancement. Also the nonlinear group index is maximized where there is no two-photon absorption. Potential applications, including nondegenerate all-optical switching based on n2,g, and ultrafast all-optical pulse shaping based on D2, are discussed.
A Method for Approximating Future Entry of Generic Drugs

Abstract Objectives To develop and test a method for approximating generic entry of top-selling drugs. Methods The procedure involved 1) identifying products' key patents as those with a patent term restoration extension (whenever relevant) or otherwise as the first expiring patent listed in the US Food and Drug Administration's patent register, 2) determining whether the key patent had been extended through an associated pediatric extension, 3) identifying other regulatory exclusivities associated with the drug, and 4) categorizing key patents as active ingredient (or extended) patents versus secondary patents. The accuracy and precision of the procedure's predictions were then tested against a database containing the timing of generic entry for 170 top-selling drugs that lost market exclusivity between 2000 and 2012, on the basis of Medicaid data. Results Overall, the procedure predicted a median market exclusivity period of 12.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 7.25–14.5) compared with the median actual period of 12.5 years (IQR 8.5–14.75 years). Among the 131 drugs (77%) with active ingredient patents, the median predicted market exclusivity was 12.25 years (IQR 7.5–14.5) compared with a median actual period of 13.0 years (IQR 10.0–14.75). Among the 38 (22%) drugs protected only by secondary patents, the median predicted market exclusivity was 16.0 years (IQR 6.75–19.5), but the median actual market exclusivity was only 8.25 years (IQR 6.25–13.5). Conclusions The procedure approximated median actual exclusivity with reasonable accuracy and precision for drugs with active ingredient patents, but substantially overestimated exclusivity for drugs with only secondary patents.
Microscope or Telescope: Whether to Dissect Epistemic Emotions

We empirically investigate two methods for eliciting student emotion within an online instructional environment. Students may not fully express their emotions when asked to report on a single emotion. Furthermore, students’ usage of emotional terms may differ from that of researchers. To address these issues, we tested two alternative emotion self-report mechanisms: the first closed response where students report on a single emotion via Likert scale, the second open response where students describe their emotions via open text.
Investigating ontological similarity theoretically with fuzzy set theory, information content, and Tversky similarity and empirically with the gene ontology

This paper theoretically and empirically investigates ontological similarity. Tversky's parameterized ratio model of similarity [3] is shown as a unifying basis of many of the well-known ontological similarity measures. A new family of ontological similarity measures is proposed that allows parameterizing the characteristic set used to represent an ontological concept. The three subontologies of the prominent GO are used in an empirical investigation of several ontological similarity measures. A new ontological similarity measure derived from the proposed family is also empirically studied. A detailed discussion of the correlation among the measures is presented as well as a comparison of the effects of two different methods of determining a concept's information content, corpus-based and ontology-based.