cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active power cycling and condition monitoring of IGBT power modules using reflectometry

High thermal and electrical stress, over a period of time tends to deteriorate the health of power electronic switches. Being a key element in any high-power converter systems, power switches such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction Transistors (IGBTs) and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) are constantly monitored to predict when and how they might fail. A huge fraction of research efforts involves the study of power electronic device reliability and development of novel techniques with higher accuracy in health estimation of such devices. Through this paper, a new method for online condition monitoring of IGBTs and IGBT modules using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) has been proposed. Unlike traditional methods, this research work concentrates at the gate terminals (low voltage) of the device instead of looking at the collector side. The IGBT collector-emitter ON voltage or V CEON was chosen as the failure precursor parameter as the reference, and the auto-correlated magnitudes of the SSTDR signal for the new and the aged IGBTs were plotted and compared.
Employment in Nuclear Medicine During Pregnancy

A nuclear medicine technologist can work throughout a pregnancy with high confidence that her occupational radiation exposure will not add any significant risk to her changes of having a normal pregnancy and child. All that is required is for the employer to provide an ALARA work place and for the technologist to observe carefully all radiation safety guidelines and to maintain her occupational exposure ALARA. Current guidance is that the total uterine dose during gestation be less than 0.5 rem (5 mSv). The vast majority of nuclear medicine technologists can achieve this dose level easily, with no modifications of duties or work practices. Technologists working with generators and radiopharmaceutical kits may wish to temporarily transfer to other duties within the clinic, not necessarily to reduce routine exposures but to minimize the changes of an accident having high-dose or high-contamination potential. All of the available human data show that there is small additional risk to the fetus or neonate due to occupational radiation exposure compared to naturally occurring risks so long as the dose is within recommended guidelines.
Automatic identification and removal of low quality online information

The advent of the Internet has generated a proliferation of online information-rich environments, which provide information consumers with an unprecedented amount of freely available information. However, the openness of these environments has also made them vulnerable to a new class of attacks called Denial of Information (DoI) attacks. Attackers launch these attacks by deliberately inserting low quality information into information-rich environments to promote that information or to deny access to high quality information. These attacks directly threaten the usefulness and dependability of online information-rich environments, and as a result, an important research question is how to automatically identify and remove this low quality information from these environments. The first contribution of this thesis research is a set of techniques for automatically recognizing and countering various forms of DoI attacks in email systems. We develop a new DoI attack based on camouflaged messages, and we show that spam producers and information consumers are entrenched in a spam arms race. To break free of this arms race, we propose two solutions. One solution involves refining the statistical learning process by associating disproportionate weights to spam and legitimate features, and the other solution leverages the existence of non-textual email features (e.g., URLs) to make the classification process more resilient against attacks. The second contribution of this thesis is a framework for collecting, analyzing, and classifying examples of DoI attacks in the World Wide Web. We propose a fully automatic Web spam collection technique and use it to create the Webb Spam Corpus—a first-of-its-kind, large-scale, and publicly available Web spam data set. Then, we perform the first large-scale characterization of Web spam using content and HTTP session analysis. Next, we present a lightweight, predictive approach to Web spam classification that relies exclusively on HTTP session information. The final contribution of this thesis research is a collection of techniques that detect and help prevent DoI attacks within social environments. First, we provide detailed descriptions for each of these attacks. Then, we propose a novel technique for capturing examples of social spam, and we use our collected data to perform the first characterization of social spammers and their behaviors.
Thermodynamic Activity and Vapor Pressure Models for Silicate Systems Including Coal Slags

A new modeling approach is described for thermodynamic predictions of multicomponent, multiphase high temperature silicate systems including coal slags. The model, which attributes negative deviations from ideal solution behaviour to the formation of complex liquids and solids, is demonstrated for quarternary systems containing K2O, Al2O3, CaO, and Si02. Good agreement between the model predictions and experimental vapor pressure data is found.
The Peierls instability in the ID metal TTF-TCNQ

The electronic properties of TTF-TCNQ and related 1 D conductors are reviewed in the context of the structural data which has established the incommensurate charge density wave ground state and soft-mode fluctuations associated with the Peierls instability. The frequency-dependent complex conductivity, the distribution of electronic oscillator strength, and the magnetic properties are discussed in terms of the Peierls-Frohlich model with complex order parameter for T > 54K which becomes pinned below 54K. Far infrared studies together with measurements of the magnitude and temperature dependence of the microwave conductivity and dielectric constant provide insight into the origin of the do conductivity in the conducting regime and the large dielectric constant in the insulating regime in this class of 1 D conductors. (A detailed account of the results presented will be published in the Proceedings of the NATO Summer School on the Physics and Chemistry of 1D Conductors, Ed. by H. J. Keller, to be published by Plenum Press, 1976.)
Perspective on Measurement Metrics for Community Detection Algorithms

Community detection or cluster detection in networks is often at the core of mining network data. Whereas the problem is well-studied, given the scale and complexity of modern day social networks, detecting “reasonable” communities is often a hard problem. Since the first use of k-means algorithm in 1960s, many community detection algorithms have been presented—most of which are developed with specific goals in mind and the idea of detecting meaningful communities varies widely from one algorithm to another.
Chemical shift assignments for S. cerevisiae Ubc13

The ubiquitination pathway controls several human cellular processes, most notably protein degradation. Ubiquitin, a small signaling protein, is activated by the E1 activating enzyme, transferred to an E2 conjugating enzyme, and then attached to a target substrate through a process that can be facilitated by an E3 ligase enzyme. The enzymatic mechanism of ubiquitin transfer from the E2 conjugating enzyme onto substrate is not clear. The highly conserved HPN motif in E2 catalytic domains is generally thought to help stabilize an oxyanion intermediate formed during ubiquitin transfer. However recent work suggests this motif is instead involved in a structural, non-enzymatic role. As a platform to better understand the E2 catalyzed ubiquitin transfer mechanism, we determined the chemical shift assignments of S. cerevisiae E2 enzyme Ubc13.
Few Cuts Meet Many Point Sets

We study the problem of how to breakup many point sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into smaller parts using a few splitting (shared) hyperplanes. This problem is related to the classical Ham-Sandwich Theorem. We provide a logarithmic approximation to the optimal solution using the greedy algorithm for submodular optimization.
TCT-13 5-year Outcomes from the Randomized CoreValve US Pivotal High Risk Trial: Final Results

The CoreValve US Pivotal High Risk Trial was the first randomized trial to show superiority with respect to 1-year mortality of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) compared to surgical AVR (SAVR) among high operative mortality-risk patients. Higher all-cause mortality was also noted for
A semi-supervised approach for predicting cell-type specific functional consequences of non-coding variation using MPRAs

Predicting the functional consequences of genetic variants in non-coding regions is a challenging problem. We propose here a semi-supervised approach, GenoNet, to jointly utilize experimentally confirmed regulatory variants (labeled variants), millions of unlabeled variants genome-wide, and more than a thousand cell/tissue type specific epigenetic annotations to predict functional consequences of non-coding variants. Through the application to several experimental datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to existing functional prediction methods at the tissue/cell type level, but especially so at the organism level. Importantly, we illustrate how the GenoNet scores can help in fine-mapping at GWAS loci, and in the discovery of disease associated genes in sequencing studies. As more comprehensive lists of experimentally validated variants become available over the next few years, semi-supervised methods like GenoNet can be used to provide increasingly accurate functional predictions for variants genome-wide and across a variety of cell/tissue types. Predicting the functional consequences of non-coding genetic variants is a challenge. Here, He et al. present GenoNet, a semi-supervised method that combines information from experimentally confirmed regulatory variants with cell type- and tissue specific annotation for function prediction.
Context Aware Flow Prediction of Bike Sharing Systems

The number of bike-sharing services worldwide has grown over 1800% from 2014 to 2018. Accurate flow prediction of bike-sharing systems is critical for increasing user satisfaction, improving the efficiency, and planning new stations. Current flow prediction methods leave out important contextual features. In this paper, we propose a context-aware framework to predict bike flows for both existing stations and new stations. The model incorporates spatiotemporal, network, and environment contexts in a synergistic manner. The proposed model is evaluated on a bike-sharing system in New York City (NYC). Our model reduced error rate by 9% and root mean squared logarithmic error by 8% compared with the state-of-the-art neural network based method using context features. We also extend our model to a clustered bike flow prediction model, which is the focus of most of the current literature. Our model outperformed the state-of-the-art clustered model by 23% and 25% under anomalous situations in error rate and root mean squared logarithmic error respectively.
The Asian Crises: A New Breed or Déjà Vu?

This chapter summarizes the discussion and findings in Kaminsky and Reinhart (1998a, 1998b, and 1998c), Kaminsky, Lizondo, and Reinhart (1998), and Kaminsky (1998) who examine eighty currency crises from twenty countries during 1970–1997.
COMMODITY PAIR DESIRABILITY AND THE CORE EQUIVALENCE THEOREM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the core-Walras equivalence in economies with a continuum of agents and with an infinite-dimensional commodity space. It discusses the general importance of infinite-dimensional commodity spaces in economics. Infinite-dimensional commodity spaces arise quite naturally in economics. In particular, an infinite-dimensional commodity space may be desirable in problems involving an infinite time horizon, uncertainty about the possibly infinite number of states of nature of the world, or infinite varieties of commodity characteristics. The chapter discusses core-Walras equivalence results for perfectly competitive economies with an infinite-dimensional commodity space that is sufficiently general to include all of the spaces that have been found most useful in equilibrium analysis. In infinite-dimensional commodity space whose positive cone has a nonempty—norm—interior, core-Walras equivalence results can be obtained under quite mild assumptions. The chapter also reviews notation, definitions, and some results on Banach lattices and the integration of correspondences.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mRNA and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) varieties with antibiosis-based resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans), a migratory endoparasite of many crops, have been developed by recurrent selection. Individual plants from these varieties that support significantly lower nematode reproduction were identified for molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses. Before nematode infection, RNA blot analysis revealed 1.3–1.8-fold higher phenylpropanoid pathway mRNA levels in roots of three resistant plants as compared to three susceptible alfalfa plants. The mRNAs encoded the first enzyme in the pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), the first in the pathway branch for flavonoid biosynthesis (chalcone synthase), a key enzyme in medicarpin biosynthesis (isoflavone reductase) and a key enzyme in the pathway branch for biosynthesis of lignin cell wall precursors (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase). After nematode infection, the mRNAs declined over 48 h in resistant roots but rose in susceptible plants during the first 12 h after-infection and then declined. Acidic β-1,3-glucanase mRNA levels were initially similar in both root types but accumulated more rapidly in resistant than in susceptible roots after nematode infection. Levels of a class I chitinase mRNA were similar in both root types. Histone H3.2 mRNA levels, initially 1.3-fold higher in resistant roots, declined over 6–12 h to levels found in susceptible roots and remained stable in both root types thereafter. Defense-response gene transcripts in roots of nematode-resistant and susceptible alfalfa plants thus differed both constitutively and in inductive responses to nematode infection. HPLC analysis of isoflavonoid-derived metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway revealed similar total constitutive levels, but varying relative proportions and types, in roots of the resistant and susceptible plants. Nematode infection had no effect on isoflavonoid levels. Constitutive levels of the phytoalexin medicarpin were highest in roots of the two most resistant plants. Medicarpin inhibited motility of P. penetrans in vitro.
The externalities of credit default swaps on stock return synchronicity

We examine the externality effect of customer firms’ credit default swap (CDS) trading on the stock price informativeness of supplier firms. Our empirical results show that firms with a high proportion of sales to CDS referenced customers tend to have more firm‐specific embedded information in their stock prices and thus higher stock price informativeness, which is associated with a lower level of stock return synchronicity. We provide new evidence of CDS trading externality on equity market information environments along the supply chain.
Attenuation of hedgehog/GLI signaling by NT1721 extends survival in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies due to frequent late diagnosis, aggressive tumor growth and metastasis formation. Continuously raising incidence rates of pancreatic cancer and a lack of significant improvement in survival rates over the past 30 years highlight the need for new therapeutic agents. Thus, new therapeutic agents and strategies are urgently needed to improve the outcome for patients with pancreatic cancer. Here, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of a new natural product-based epidithiodiketopiperazine, NT1721, against pancreatic cancer. We characterized the anticancer efficacy of NT1721 in multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and in two orthotopic models. We also compared the effects of NT1721 to clinically used hedgehog inhibitors and the standard-of-care drug, gemcitabine. The effect of NT1721 on hedgehog/GLI signaling was assessed by determining the expression of GLI and GLI target genes both in vitro and in vivo. NT1721 displayed IC50 values in the submicromolar range in multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines, while largely sparing normal pancreatic epithelial cells. NT1721 attenuated hedgehog/GLI signaling through downregulation of GLI1/2 transcription factors and their downstream target genes, which reduced cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and significantly decreased tumor growth and liver metastasis in two preclinical orthotopic mouse models of pancreatic cancer. Importantly, treatment with NT1721 significantly improved survival times of mice with pancreatic cancer compared to the standard-of-care drug, gemcitabine. Favorable therapeutics properties, i.e. 10-fold lower IC50 values than clinically used hedgehog inhibitors (vismodegib, erismodegib), a 90% reduction in liver metastasis and significantly better survival times compared to the standard-of-care drug, gemcitabine, provide a rational for testing NT1721 in the clinic either as a single agent or possibly in combination with gemcitabine or other therapeutic agents in PDAC patients overexpressing GLI1/2. This could potentially result in promising new treatment options for patients suffering from this devastating disease.
Emerging from the Shadow of Hemagglutinin: Neuraminidase Is an Important Target for Influenza Vaccination.

Gilchuk et al. (2019) and Zhu et al. (2019) provide detailed structural information about epitopes on influenza virus N9 neuraminidase and characterize breadth, potency, mechanism of action, and in vivo protective effects of human antibodies targeting these epitopes. The findings highlight the importance of neuraminidase as a target for improved influenza virus vaccines.
Developing a Mindfulness Skills-Based Training Program for Resident Physicians.

Background and objectives Resident physicians experience a high level of stress. Mindfulness meditation has been shown to offer medical students and physicians a healthier way to relate to daily stressors. We developed and pilot tested a mindfulness training program and assessed its impact on resident physician burnout and resilience. Methods The residency program offered 17 family medicine residents a 10-hour mindfulness training over the course of 2 months in 2016. Residents were encouraged, but not mandated, to attend. Experienced Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction teachers and a family physician/integrative health fellow cotaught the program. A research team qualitatively assessed deidentified, postintervention resident interviews. Residents completed four quantitative questionnaires preintervention, immediately postintervention, and 3 months postintervention. A t score was calculated to assess for statistical significance. Results Three residents (18%) attended all five training sessions, seven residents (41%) completed at least four sessions, and 16 residents (94%) completed either one or two sessions. Eight residents completed the postintervention interview. Twelve, nine and 14 residents completed the four questionnaires at the three time points, respectively. Qualitative results identified multiple personal/professional benefits of participating in mindfulness training, and we found a statistically significant decrease in perceived stress and increase in mindful awareness from pre- to postintervention (Pl.05). Conclusions A resident physician mindfulness training program can be reasonably integrated into the residency schedule as part of the wellness curriculum required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Preliminary results show potential for personal growth and positive changes in patient relationships.
Know Your Channel First, then Calibrate Your mmWave Phased Array

This article proposes a new method for calibration of high-speed phased array antennas that includes all the system components and spans the full chain of communication. Online calibration is possible without pausing or interrupting the communication processing in any way.-Vivek Chickermane, Cadence Design Systems.
The wellbeing of communities, large and small: a ponderance of HRD

If the U.S. 2016 Presidential election gave us any indication of the many challenges facing the 21st century, one is the deepening economic divide among the communities. The U.S. Bureau of Economic...
Pigeons' midsession reversal: Greater magnitude of reinforcement on the first half of the session leads to improved accuracy.

In the midsession reversal task, pigeons are trained on a simultaneous two-alternative discrimination in which S1 is correct for the first half of the session and S2 is correct for the second half of the session. Optimally, pigeons should choose S1 until it stops being correct and choose S2 afterward. Instead, pigeons anticipate S2 too early and continue choosing S1 even after the reversal. Research suggests that they attempt to time the reversal rather than use the feedback from the preceding response(s). Recently, there is evidence that performance is almost optimized by generating an asymmetry between S1 and S2. For example, pigeons’ accuracy improves if correct S1 responses are reinforced 100% of the time, but correct S2 responses are reinforced only 20% of the time. Similarly, accuracy improves if S1 requires one peck but S2 requires 10 pecks. Accuracy does not improve, however, if the value of S1 is less than the value of S2. In the current experiment, we manipulated the magnitude of reinforcement. For the experimental group, correct responses to S1 were reinforced with five pellets of food and correct responses to S2 were reinforced with one pellet. For the control group, all correct responses were reinforced with three pellets. Consistent with the earlier findings, results indicated that there was a significant reduction in anticipatory errors in the experimental group compared with the control, and there was no significant increase in perseverative errors.
How Does Competition Affect Innovation? Evidence from U.S. Antitrust Cases

This paper examines how market competition affects the intensity and breadth of innovation, using the formation and breakup of price fixing cartels to proxy for competition, or lack thereof. I asse...
Academic Tenure: Perceptual Variations Among Tenured, Tenure-seeking and Non-tenure Faculty.

Abstract Background Tenure is a hallmark of higher education, but its value and relevance is questioned. Purpose This study examined faculty perceptions of the value of tenured and non-tenured nursing faculty appointments. Methods A descriptive correlational design using an anonymous survey was sent to members of the American Association of College of Nursing. Participants (N = 542) from 44 states completed the survey. Results Significant differences in workload were found in teaching, administrative responsibilities, scholarship, and academic service. Compared to non-tenured faculty, tenured faculty had higher scores on Career Opportunities (p Conclusions Faculties in schools of nursing nationwide need to re-evaluate the purpose of tenure and the tenure criteria in light of each institution's unique mission and expectations to determine how they are meeting the needs of both academic institution and nursing faculty. Although the idea of tenure is institutional, implementation is initiated at the school level. Our study revealed naivete about tenure among nursing faculty at the school level.
Masked and distanced: a qualitative study of how personal protective equipment and distancing affect teamwork in emergency care.

BACKGROUND: Newly intensified use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in emergency departments presents teamwork challenges affecting the quality and safety of care at the frontlines. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a qualitative study to categorize and describe barriers to teamwork posed by PPE and distancing in the emergency setting. METHODS: We conducted 55 semi-structured interviews between June 2020 and August 2020 with personnel from two emergency departments serving in a variety of roles. We then performed a thematic analysis to identify and construct patterns of teamwork challenges into themes. RESULTS: We discovered two types of challenges to teamwork: material barriers related to wearing masks, gowns and powered air-purifying respirators, and spatial barriers implemented to conserve PPE and limit coronavirus exposure. Both material and spatial barriers resulted in disrupted communication, roles and interpersonal relationships, but they did so in unique ways. Material barriers muffled information flow, impeded team member recognition and role/task division, and reduced belonging and cohesion while increasing interpersonal strain. Spatial barriers resulted in mediated communication and added physical and emotional distance between teammates and patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings identify specific aspects of how intensified PPE use disrupts teamwork and can inform efforts to ensure care quality and safety in emergency settings as PPE use continues during and, potentially beyond, the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic.
Marketing while Black: commentary on the Galak and Kahn 2019 Academic Marketing Climate Survey

Diversity serves to enrich decision-making, innovation, reputation, and performance. The marketing academy, a microcosm of business and society, is making slow advances in diversity efforts. The study by Galak and Kahn (2021) seeks to codify experiences of gender and race within the marketing academy to elevate awareness and to provide recommendations that may address some of the issues raised. In this commentary, we focus on opportunities to more deeply investigate the complex impact of race on careers and advancement in the marketing academy. Essential further research would advance our understanding of the role of systemic racism—and how it affects the people who are given opportunities to become scholars as well as the research they are encouraged to conduct or can successfully publish in top journals. To more fully understand the climate for traditionally underrepresented faculty members in the USA, it likely necessitates a multi-method approach to generate understanding and insights before developing potential recommendations. To address these types of research questions, we propose a set of studies that would allow an understanding of not only how individuals experience racism, but also how that racism is perpetuated through university admissions, hiring, and promotion decisions. We not only recommend approaches to understand how to increase the presence of historically underrepresented groups in Marketing academia, but also how to enable the full integration and participation of these scholars at all levels in the academic hierarchy, and across all types of institutions.
Developing Countries and Enforcement of Trade Agreements : Why Dispute Settlement is Not Enough

Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal World Trade Organization trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper examines the political-economic causes of the failure to challenge poor countries, and discusses the static and dynamic costs and externality implications of this failure. Given the weak incentives to enforce World Trade Organization rules and disciplines against small and poor members, bolstering the transparency function of the World Trade Organization is important for making trade agreements more relevant to trade constituencies in developing countries. Although the paper focuses on the World Trade Organization system, the arguments also apply to reciprocal North-South trade agreements.
Feeling the Pain of Social Loss

Poets have long waxed lyrical about the pain of a broken heart. Now, as Panksepp explains in his Perspective, this metaphor may reflect real events in the mammalian brain. A new brain neuroimaging study ( Eisenberger et al .) reveals that the brain areas that are activated during the distress caused by social exclusion are also those activated during physical pain. Thus, we now have an explanation for the feeling of physical pain that accompanies emotional loss-whether that be the loss of a loved one, rejection by one9s social group, or the distress of separation experienced by young animals.
Particle velocity experiments in anorthosite and gabbro

Shock wave experiments were conducted in San Gabriel anorthosite and San Marcos gabbra 10 11 GPa using a 40 mm-borne propellant gun. Particle velocities were measured directly at several points in each target by means of electromagnetic gauges. Hugoniot states were calculated by determining shock-transit time from the gauge records. Sound speeds indicate a loss of shear strength upon sock compression for both rocks, with the strength loss persisting upon release to zero stress om the anorthosite. Stress-density release paths in the anorthosite indicate possible transformation of albite to jadeite + (quartz or coesite), with the amount of material transformed increasing as a function of shock stress. Electrical interferene effects in the gabbro precluded the determination of accurate release paths for the rock.
Unique Cutaneous Reaction to Second- and Third-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Background: Recently developed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) offer first-line alternatives to patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. While these medications
Racing (for) Social Justice: Performing Apologia and Accountability in Dialogues About Race

This performance fuses ethnographic data from dialogues about race with the authors' reflections on their experiences as facilitators for these dialogues. The dialogue project was conceived as an activist move in a context in which race is rarely talked about. In this performance we consider how each of us heard and perhaps articulated both a discourse of apologia (the language of self-defense) and a discourse of accountability for racial privilege. We perform and re-member moments from the actual dialogues and our experiences facilitating them—what we heard, what we said, and what we thought—as they may work toward and against activism for equality. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1403120
Teaching positive psychology using team-based learning

This article describes a class in positive psychology taught using an innovative pedagogy, team-based learning (TBL). The course employed the use of permanent teams, processes that encourage students to come to class prepared, and interesting activities designed to promote active learning, develop team cohesion, and encourage the application of positive psychology principles to everyday life. The use of TBL fostered students’ responsibility for their own learning as well as for their team. Delivering positive psychology course content through a TBL class format allowed students the opportunity to consider and develop their own strengths and to practice many of positive psychology values including openness, cooperation, kindness, and trust.
Renal transplantation in children less than 2years of age

We report our experience with renal transplantation in ten infants receiving grafts at ages 1 to 21months. All children were followed for at least six months posttransplantation, except two who died in the immediate postoperative period. Kidneys were obtained from cadaveric donors: four from anencephalic newborn infants and eight others from donors aged 9 months to 21 years at death. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of prednisone, azathioprine, and antithymocyte globulin, with added doses of methylprednisolone for rejection. Patient survival at six months was 8/10, at two years 3/7 (three patients who were alive but were followed for less than two years are excluded), and at present 5/10. Graft survival at six months was 5/10, at two years 2/12, and at present 1/12. Cadaveric renal transplantation in small children is technically feasible, but the enormous time and effort involved in such an undertaking must be re-evaluated.
Covariance-based hardware selection-part III: Distributed parameter systems

In this article, we propose a new method for the selection of control system hardware (sensors and actuators) for distributed parameter systems. The proposed design scheme seeks to minimize the capital cost of hardware while satisfying predefined performance constraints. Within this minimum capital cost framework, three design scenarios will be discussed; the closed-loop full state information actuator selection problem, the open-loop partial state information sensor selection problem, and the closed-loop partial state information simultaneous sensor and actuator selection problem. The proposed method will be illustrated through application to a nonisothermal tubular reactor example. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Infrared Radiative Heating and Cooling in the Venusian Mesosphere.I: Global Mean Radiative Equilibrium

Abstract Global mean sources and sinks of radiative energy are calculated for the upper atmosphere of Venus. We especially consider the region between 90 and 130 km, where the equilibrium temperature is largely controlled through infrared absorption and emission by vibrational-rotational bands of CO2. Source functions for bands deviating from thermodynamic equilibrium are determined as part of the calculation. Radiative transfer in the region of non-overlapping lines is calculated by summing the contribution of individual Voigt lines. Many isotopic and hot bands contribute amounts to 15μ cooling or near-infrared heating at some levels comparable to the contributions by strong bands. The emission of the fundamental 15μ state of C120216 is maintained at near local thermodynamic equilibrium values by the radiation field to pressures three orders of magnitude less than would be expected in considering only relative values of radiative and vibrational relaxation rates. Conversion of near-infrared solar photon ...
Parametric instabilities of finite-amplitude, circularly polarized Alfven waves in an anisotropic plasma

A class of parametric instabilities of finite-amplitude, circularly polarized Alfven waves in a plasma with pressure anisotropy is studied by application of the CGL equations. A linear perturbation analysis is used to find the dispersion relation governing the instabilities, which is a fifth-order polynomial and is solved numerically. A large-amplitude, circularly polarized wave is unstable with respect to decay into three waves: one sound-like wave and two side-band Alfven-like waves. It is found that, in addition to the decay instability, two new instabilities that are absent in the framework of the MHD equations can occur, depending on the plasma parameters.
The M-antigen in HK and LK sheep red cell membranes.

Red cells of all high-potassium-type (HK) sheep and of more than one half of all low-potassium-type (LK) sheep contained the M-antigen and were hemolyzed by iso-immune anti-M antiserum in presence of a guinea pig serum complement. It was characteristic for the hemolysis of HK red cells by the M-antiserum the all HK cells were ultimately hemolyzed at suboptimal antibody concentrations, provided the time of incubation at 37 °C was sufficiently long. Thus, the M-antigen appears to be expressed on all red cells of an individual HK sheep. The M-antibody was absorbed by HK red cells and their membranes with a high affinity, whereas M-negative LK red cells and their membranes did not bind the antibody. The ratio of the number of antibody units absorbed per cell or membrane to the number of antibody units required for lysis approached unity. The amount of antibody absorbed per membrane was unaffected by ouabain in the presence of ATP, Mg++, Na+, and K+. The M-antigen activity depends on the integrity of the red cell membrane and was not detectable after lyophilization of HK membranes or in the membrane protein solubilized by n-butanol. The major M-antibody activity was found among the high molecular weight plasma proteins and may be attributed to the β2 M globulins. Heterogeneity within the antibody fraction cannot be excluded since some hemolytic activity was detected in a chromatographic fraction containing predominantly γ-globulin. The relationship between the M-antigen and the Na+−K+ transport system in sheep red cell membranes is discussed.
Value of Irrigated Bromegrass-Alfalfa and Orchardgrass-Alfalfa Pastures for Lactating Dairy Cows

Summary Bromegrass and orchardgrass, each seeded with a low and high rate of alfalfa, were compared under irrigation during two seasons as pastures for lactating cows. The experimental grazing period averaged 80 days per year. Daily strip-grazing was practiced. The orchardgrass pastures yielded significantly (P Forage dry matter was consumed at a higher daily rate (P No significant differences (P Forage dry matter digestibilities averaged 62.4% and were similar among pastures and grazing periods.
An analytical solution with local elastoplastic models for the evolution of dynamic softening

Strain softening is associated with the evolution of localization. With the use of the similarity method, a closed-form solution for wave propagation in a strain softening bar is derived in the paper through a partitioned-modeling procedure with local elastoplastic constitutive models. The initial point of the localization is taken as the point at which the type of governing differential equation transforms from a hyperbolic one to an elliptic one due to material softening. The evolution of localization is then represented by a moving material surface between the softening domain and non-softening domain. The motion of the material surface is of diffusion type, representing macroscopically the progressive percolation of heterogeneous flow or microdamage. The evolution of relevant field variables along the bar is shown, and the effects of the model parameters on the solution are discussed to demonstrate the proposed procedure. The analytical solution is unique and stable for the given set of boundary and initial data, and material properties, based on the theory of differential equations.
A Study of the Validity of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire in Predicting High School Academic Achievement

THE part that personality plays in predicting academic achievement is a major concern in the study of adolescents. Overall high school achievement and achievement in science and mathematics are of particular interest. Cattell and Eber (1964) reported an equation for predicting school grades based on certain personality factors and Butcher and Gorsuch (IPAT, 1962) reported an equation to predict school achievement, based on the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ). These equations do not contain cognitive variables. Crawford and Moyel (1963) studied the incremental validity of a personality battery added to cognitive variables. They found significant increments in predicting quantitative thinking and interpreting literary materials, but not in predicting three other achievement variables. They concluded that even when significant, the additional contributions of the personality variables were negligible. The major purpose of the present study was to examine the incremental validity of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16-PF) when added to certain cognitive variables in predicting high school achievement. Another purpose was to construct a set 1 The researchers are grateful for the cooperation and assistance of the principal, faculty and students of Gainesville High School and Mr. Otis M. Ellen
Effect of Suspended Red Blood Cells On Pressure Gradients Across Blalock-Taussig Shunts 151

It is generally assumed that blood behaves strictly as a particle-free fluid and not as a suspension in arterial sized vessels (> 1 mm). However, we have previously demonstrated a biphasic deviation of pressure gradients(PG) of blood from a particle-free fluid of equal viscosity in straight tubes, with the blood PG being greater than the particle-free fluid at low flowrates and lower at high flowrates. Since this behavior may affect velocity-derived PG, we addressed the hypothesis that PG across a BT shunt would show significant deviation from that of a particle-free blood analog fluid (BAF). Methods: The in vitro BT shunt model consisted of two arterial sections connected by a physiologically sized shunt (D = 5 mm, L = 9 cm). PG across the shunt were obtained by measuring pressure 10 cm proximal and distal to the inlet and outlet respectively. For a given flow rate the PG across the shunt was recorded for both blood and an equal viscosity BAF(aqueous glycerin solution, 3.8 cP). PG differences were plotted vs. Reynolds number (Re = ratio of inertial to viscous forces) and divided into laminar and turbulent flow regimes, with a transition Re of 2100 (the approximate transition from laminar to turbulent flow in tubes). Differences in PG between blood and BAF were considered significant at a level of 0.01 using a paired t-test for both the laminar and turbulent regimes. Results: For Re 0.5). However, for Re > 2100, the PG for blood were consistently lower than that of BAF and the differences were significant (mean difference = 9.9 mmHg, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Blood PG across BT shunts deviate from BAF PG. This effect is especially pronounced in the turbulent regime and is consistent with our previous investigations using straight tubes, suggesting Re-dependent phenomena may account for this behavior. These findings may have important implications in the noninvasive assessment of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with BT shunts.
Pneumatosis cystoides coli.

Pneumatosis cystoides coli in most cases is a disease of unknown etiology. In a few patients, it is secondary to an infarction or ulcerative colitis. Associated pulmonary emphysema is not uncommon. The gas pockets, which may be of varying size, can be identified along the contour of the bowel. The left side of the colon is more frequently involved than the right. The lesion is usually segmental. The rectum is almost always spared. Symptoms are negligible and operation is not required.
Three-dimensional Flow-Independent Balanced Steady-State Free Precession Vessel Wall MRI of the Popliteal Artery: Preliminary Experience and Comparison with Flow-Dependent Black Blood Techniques

Purpose: To examine the feasibility of flow-independent T2-prepared inversion recovery (T2IR) black-blood (BB) magnetization preparation for three-dimensional (3D) balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) vessel wall MRI of the popliteal artery, and to evaluate its performance relative to flow-dependent double inversion recovery (DIR), spatial presaturation (SPSAT), and motion-sensitizing magnetization preparation (MSPREP) BB techniques in healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: Eleven subjects underwent 3D MRI at 1.5 Tesla with four techniques performed in a randomized order. Wall and lumen signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), wall-to-lumen contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), vessel wall area, and lumen area were measured at proximal, middle, and distal locations of the imaged popliteal artery. Image quality scores based on wall visualization and degree of intraluminal artifacts were also obtained. Results: In the proximal region, DIR and SPSAT had higher wall SNR and wall-to-lumen CNR than both MSPREP and T2IR. In the middle and distal regions, DIR and SPSAT failed to provide effective blood suppression, whereas MSPREP and T2IR provided adequate black blood contrast with comparable wall-to-lumen CNR and image quality. Conclusion: The feasibility of 3D SSFP imaging of the popliteal vessel wall using flow-independent T2IR was demonstrated with effective blood suppression and good vessel wall visualization. Although DIR and SPSAT are effective for thin slab imaging, MSPREP and T2IR are better suited for 3D thick slab imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression.

Multiple sources of evidence support a role for diminished dopaminergic neurotransmission in major depression. The physiological alterations underlying reduced dopamine(DA)signalingcouldresultfromeitherdiminishedDAreleasefrompresynaptic neuronsorimpairedsignaltransduction,eitherduetochangesinreceptornumberor functionand/oralteredintracellularsignalprocessing.Therearedatasupportingeachofthesemechanisms,althoughinterpretationofpreviousresearchisconfoundedbyissuesaroundstudypopulation, medication status, and technological limitations. In some patients with depression, DA-related disturbances improve by treatment with antidepressants, presumably by acting on serotonergic or noradrenergic circuits, which then affect DA function. However, most antidepressant treatments do not directly enhance DA neurotransmission, which may contribute to residual symptoms, including impaired motivation, concentration, and pleasure. Animal models of major depression show considerable responsiveness to manipulations of DA neurotransmission. Several studies, including postmortem investigations, particularly of subjects with severe depression, have demonstrated reduced concentrations of DA metabolites both in the cerebrospinal fluid and in brain regions that mediate mood and motivation. Although the neuroimaging findings are not unequivocal, several studies support the hypothesis that major depression is associated with a state of reduced DA transmission, possiblyreflectedbyacompensatoryup-regulationofD2receptors.ThesealterationsinDAsignalingmay underlie the findings of increased “liking” or “high” feelings reported by severely depressed subjects treated with d-amphetamine compared with the response of less severely ill and normal control subjects. The efficacy of medications that directly act on DA neurons or receptors, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and pramipexole, suggests that subtypes of depression stemming from a primary DA dysfunction exist. Further research on the contribution of DA to the pathophysiology of depressionisjustifiedtoimproveoutcomesforpatientswithtreatment-resistantandnonremittingdepression.
Sensitivity of Dictyostelium discoideum to nucleic acid analogues

Abstract Growth of axenic cultures of Dictyostelium discoideum A3 was shown to be inhibited by 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Drug-resistant mutants were isolated and described.
Surface dynamics of CsF by He atom scattering

Abstract The dynamical behavior of the CsF(001) crystal surface was explored experimentally by He atom scattering. The time-of-flight method was used to energy analyze the inelastically scattered He atoms to obtain dispersion relations for the entire surface Brillouin zone for both the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 high symmetry directions. Intense signals from the Rayleigh modes were found in both directions. Some evidence of a longitudinal acoustic mode was observed in the 〈110〉 direction. A few weak points that could be associated with an optical mode were also found in both directions. Finally, the results of CsF are compared with those of its “mirror” compound NaI.