cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incompressible and compressible flows through rectangular microorifices entrenched in silicon microchannels

Incompressible and compressible flows through indispensable configurations such as rectangular microorifices entrenched in microchannels have been experimentally investigated. The current endeavor evaluates the effects of microorifice and microchannel size, estimates the discharge coefficients associated with both compressible and incompressible flows, examines the contraction coefficients, probes subsonic and supercritical gas flows, and explores the presence of any anomalous effects such as those reported for microchannels. The discharge coefficient in incompressible flow, using deionized (DI) water as the working fluid, rises and peaks at a critical Reynolds number, (200/spl les/Re/sub Crit//spl les/500). The reported range of the transitional Reynolds number compares favorably with the values observed in conventional scale studies and suggests the absence of any irregular scaling effects. Furthermore, nitrogen flows through various microorifices suggests that the constriction element rather than the microchannel area determines the flow rate. Additionally, the critical pressure ratio at choking is close to the isentropic value (0.47/spl les/(P/sub 2//P/sub 1/)/sub Crit//spl les/0.64) and no anomalous scale or slip effects have been observed. Unlike macroscale compressible flows through an orifice, the losses seem minimal and the discharge coefficients are close to unity. The geometry acts as a smooth converging-diverging nozzle and the mass flow rate trends appear similar to the data obtained in micronozzle flows.
The 3A Protein from Multiple Picornaviruses Utilizes the Golgi Adaptor Protein ACBD3 To Recruit PI4KIIIβ

The activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase class III beta (PI4KIIIβ) has been shown to be required for the replication of multiple picornaviruses; however, it is unclear whether a physical association between PI4KIIIβ and the viral replication machinery exists and, if it does, whether association is necessary. We examined the ability of the 3A protein from 18 different picornaviruses to form a complex with PI4KIIIβ by affinity purification of Strep-Tagged transiently transfected constructs followed by mass spectrometry and Western blotting for putative interacting targets. We found that the 3A proteins of Aichi virus, bovine kobuvirus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3, and human rhinovirus 14 all copurify with PI4KIIIβ. Furthermore, we found that multiple picornavirus 3A proteins copurify with the Golgi adaptor protein acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) binding domain protein 3 (ACBD3/GPC60), including those from Aichi virus, bovine kobuvirus, human rhinovirus 14, poliovirus, and coxsackievirus B2, B3, and B5. Affinity purification of ACBD3 confirmed interaction with multiple picornaviral 3A proteins and revealed the ability to bind PI4KIIIβ in the absence of 3A. Mass-spectrometric analysis of transiently expressed Aichi virus, bovine kobuvirus, and human klassevirus 3A proteins demonstrated that the N-terminal glycines of these 3A proteins are myristoylated. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis along the entire length of Aichi virus 3A followed by transient expression and affinity purification revealed that copurification of PI4KIIIβ could be eliminated by mutation of specific residues, with little or no effect on recruitment of ACBD3. One mutation at the N terminus, I5A, significantly reduced copurification of both ACBD3 and PI4KIIIβ. The dependence of Aichi virus replication on the activity of PI4KIIIβ was confirmed by both chemical and genetic inhibition. Knockdown of ACBD3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) also prevented replication of both Aichi virus and poliovirus. Point mutations in 3A that eliminate PI4KIIIβ association sensitized Aichi virus to PIK93, suggesting that disruption of the 3A/ACBD3/PI4KIIIβ complex may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention that would be complementary to the inhibition of the kinase activity itself.
Bet-hedging dry-forest resilience to climate-change threats in the western USA based on historical forest structure

Dry forests are particularly subject to wildfires, insect outbreaks, and droughts that likely will increase with climate change. Efforts to increase resilience of dry forests often focus on removing most small trees to reduce wildfire risk. However, small trees often survive other disturbances and could provide broader forest resilience, but small trees are thought to have been historically rare. We used direct records by land surveyors in the late-1800s along 22,206 km of survey lines in 1.7 million ha of dry forests in the western USA to test this idea. These systematic surveys (45,171 trees) of historical forests reveal that small trees dominated (52-92% of total trees) dry forests. Historical forests also included diverse tree sizes and species, which together provided resilience to several types of disturbances. Current risk to dry forests from insect outbreaks is 5.6 times the risk of higher-severity wildfires, with small trees increasing forest resilience to insect outbreaks. Removal of most small trees to reduce wildfire risk may compromise the bet-hedging resilience, provided by small trees and diverse tree sizes and species, against a broad array of unpredictable future disturbances.
Bounds on the Bayes classification error based on pairwise risk functions

Upper and lower bounds on the Bayes risk for multiple, composite-hypothesis classification are obtained. Bounds on the Bayes risk for M simple classes are derived in terms of the risk functions for (M-1) classes, and so on, until the desired result depends only on the pairwise (M=2) Bayes risks. A method of computing upper and lower bounds on the pairwise Bayes risk for composite classes is developed. Algorithms for computing the upper and lower bounds for the general M-class case and for composite-hypothesis classes are presented. Numerical examples of the application of the bounding techniques to a problem involving the classification of aircraft are discussed. Results for the bounds and other performance measures are compared for the most interesting cases. >
Ways of identifying textile fibers and materials

Abstract: The identification of fibers is critical to a number of industries, including textiles, forensic science, fashion, and design. The actual identification, however, varies with industry and method. Changes in textile technology create a constant need to improve identification methodology. The old methods – despite the increased pace of new technology – are often the best. Microscopy still dominates the field for analytical methods and provides a range of analysis barely possible with any other method. Combined with spectroscopy, microscopy is the quintessential fiber identification tool.
Embracing Geek Culture in Undergraduate Library Instruction: The TIL Subreddit for Resource Evaluation and Qualitative Assessment

ABSTRACTA case study of a library instruction teaching experiment using the “Today I Learned” forum on the website reddit.com, this article addresses teaching and assessment methods intended to promote self-monitoring in both the library instructor and student. After experimenting in the context of one-shot, lower-division, library instruction sessions, the TIL structure demonstrated strong opportunities for (a) eliciting declarative feedback from students about what they learn in library instruction sessions, (b) discussing how appropriate resource selection can effectively support a claim, and (c) modeling behaviors of lifelong learning while introducing unfamiliar students to an online forum founded in that spirit.
TWO CASES OF INSULINOMA OF WHICH LOCATIONS WERE SUCCESSFULLY DETERMINED PREOPERATIVELY

Two cases of insulinoma of which locations were successfully determined preoperatively are reported. Both two patients were admitted to our hospital because of loss of consciousness, and were suspected to have insulinomas by fasting blood sugar levels and blood immuno reactive insuline levels.Ultrasonography, percutaneous transhepatic portal catheterization (PTPC), angiography and dynamic computed tomography showed that the tumors were solitary insulinomas arising in the head of the pancreas. By using intraoperative ultrasonography, the tumors could be removed not to damage the main pancreatic duct. The only curative treatment for the insulinoma is complete excision of the tumor. However, these tumors are often small and some are multiple, in that we have difficulties to determine their locations. Greater efforts using ultrasonography, CT, PTPC, and angiography combinedly would be necessary.
Inverse Class-F Design Using Dynamic Loadline GaN HEMT Models to Help Designers Optimize PA Efficiency [Application Notes]

Simulation of power amplifiers (PAs) for modern wireless base station and small cell systems is an essential part of the design process. At a cell site, the PA consumes the bulk of the dc power, generates the most heat, and thus represents the greatest operational cost. Maximum PA efficiency is a necessity to manage these costs, which is a sizeable challenge in a PA that also must be highly linear to support the complex multilevel modulation types and wide bandwidths used for current and developing wireless transmission standards. Accurate simulation allows the PA designer to meet these challenges by exploring the available design options and then optimizing the circuit that is selected for the application.
Synchrony in small mammal community dynamics across a forested landscape

Long-term studies at local scales indicate that fluctuations in abundance among trophically similar species are often temporally synchronized. Complementary studies on synchrony across larger spatial extents are less common, as are studies that investigate the subsequent impacts on community dynamics across the landscape. We investigate the impact of species population fluctuations on concordance in community dynamics for the small mammal fauna of the White Mountain National Forest, USA. Hierarchical open population models, which account for imperfect detection, were used to model abundance of the most common species at 108 sites over a three year period. Most species displayed individualistic responses of abundance to forest type and physiographic characteristics. However, among species, we found marked synchrony in population fluctuations across years, regardless of landscape affinities or trophic level. Across the region, this population synchrony led to high within-year concordance of community composition and aggregate properties (e.g., richness and diversity) independent of forest type and low among-year similarity in communities, even for years with similar species richness. Results suggest that extrinsic factors primarily drive abundance fluctuations and subsequently community dynamics, although local community assembly may be modified by species dispersal abilities and biotic interactions. Concordant community dynamics across space and over time may impact the stability of regional food webs and ecosystem functions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Usability of Academic Advising forms

Universities provide students with a myriad of resources intended to help them understand their degree progress including the opportunity to attend academic advising. Yet, students often forget the information that they receive soon after their appointment, even when provided with an advising form. In the present study, George Mason University’s Department of Psychology contracted the authors to uncover why students have difficulty understanding the current advising form and to identify those top issues. Following pilot testing, a larger usability test was developed that tested student’s understanding of the seven most common questions that a typical advising meeting addresses. Twenty-five students completed a series of usability tasks and pre and post surveys in order to gauge their level of understanding of the current and a redesigned advising form. Differences between the current and redesigned form and questions were found. Implications for redesigned form are discussed and recommendations are provided.
Representing and Estimating Musical Expression in Melody

A method for expressive melody synthesis is presented seeking to capture the prosodic (stress, direction, and grouping) element of musical interpretation. An expressive performance is represented as a note-level annotation, classifying each note according to a small alphabet of symbols describing the role of the note within a larger context. An audio performance of the melody is represented in terms of two functions describing the time-evolving frequency and intensity. A method is presented that transforms the expressive annotation into the frequency and intensity functions, thus giving the audio performance. The problem of expressive rendering is then cast as estimation of the most likely sequence of hidden variables corresponding to the prosodic annotation. Examples are presented on a dataset of around 50 folk-like melodies, realized both from hand-marked and estimated annotations.
Ontogenesis Of Ultradian Biological Rhythms

Ultradian cycles constitute a broad spectrum in the hour, minute, second and millisecond domain [l]. This paper will be restricted to those in the hour and minute domain and with few exceptions, the data reviewed and presented were derived from infants. Ultradian rhythms during fetal life, early infancy and adulthood are characterized by an instability in cycle lengths which has raised questions about the presence of "real" periodicities. This lack of periodicity suggests the desirability to apply strategies derived from non-linear dynamics. The existence of fractal or chaotic principles during certain phases of development, alternating with more periodic behavior at other times may reveal information about underlying mechanisms. RHYTHMS IN THE MINUTE DOMAIN Motility cycles with a frequency between twice a minute and once every four to five minutes (0.13-1.91 cycles per minute) have been described in the fetus as early as 21 weeks gestation [2]. Fourier transform of the autocorrelation revealed peaks in the movement spectra which differed significantly from the spectral estimates of random noise. The spectral peaks had broad bases suggesting wide variability in cycle times. The same range of frequencies were found in these subjects as newborns. One heart rate rhythm described in both the fetus and the young infant seems to parallel the faster frequency components of this motor rhythm. This heart rate rhythm is sometimes seen in isolation and sometimes as background oscillation for respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), the influence of breathing on heart rate The absence of this 2-6 cycle/ minute modulation has been associated with poor prognosis in both the fetus and the premature infant [3,4] The burst-pause pattern in non-nutritive sucking follows a similar frequency and indeed these 2-6 cycle/minute oscillations in heart rate were sometimes associated with regular sucking and mouthing during QS or with episodes of periodic breathing, but neither motility pattern needs to be present to observe these rhythms. In immature vertebrates Comer [SI discovered neuronal firing patterns in this frequency range. These were observed in spinal preparations, in brainstem cells and in cortical cells in vivo and in vitro, across all stages of wakefulness and sleep, suggesting a diffuse, primitive, endogenous bursting system. On the basis of his animal studies he makes a strong case for considering these rhythmic movement patterns forerunners of phasic REM activity [5]. In the human fetus the progressive emergence of the stable fetal basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC), to be discussed below, seems to involve inhibition or clustering of movements, allowing for periodic episodes of quiescence [6]. The question is how originally independent
An application of zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams to clustering analysis of DNA microarray data

Clustering has been one of the most popular techniques to analyze gene expression data. The biclustering method is two-dimensional clustering of genes and experimental conditions to identify a group of genes that display a coherent behavior in some conditions. Although this method may provide additional insight overlooked by traditional clustering techniques, it is often computationally expensive to perform biclustering on practical gene expression data. In this work, we propose a novel biclustering technique that exploits the zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams (ZBDDs) to cope with such a computational challenge. The ZBDDs are a variant of the reduced ordered binary decision diagrams that have found a widespread use in optimization and verification of VLSI digital circuits. Our experimental results demonstrate that the ZBDDs can indeed extend the scalability of our biclustering algorithm substantially, thus enabling us to apply it to a wider spectrum of gene expression data.
Metaphor and Conceptual Blending

Metaphoric language involves reference to one domain with vocabulary more commonly associated with another domain. Near-sighted in near-sighted bureaucrat is metaphoric, since a term from the source domain of vision is applied to the target domain of understanding. Linguists have discovered systematic patterns of metaphoric expressions and have argued that they result from underlying cognitive processes of ‘mapping’ and ‘conceptual blending.’ This article surveys evidence that metaphor is a pervasive and systematic phenomenon, provides a brief introduction to the cognitive processes that underlie metaphoric meanings, and outlines how theories of metaphor and conceptual blending can be applied to linguistic theory.
Building competency in cross-cultural school psychology

Culturally competent is the new mantra of today’s professional society, especially as it relates to almost every human service field. But what exactly does it mean to be culturally competent? How does one measure cultural competence? Is everyone capable of truly being culturally competent? Is it quantitatively or qualitatively measured? Is there another term to use? These are just some questions surrounding the culturally competent movement; yet, they are critical in grasping the magnitude of meeting the needs of diverse individuals in the United States of America. The American school system is based upon a white, middle-class value system that supports uniqueness and individual characteristics over unity and interdependence (Oakland, 2005); therefore, in order to support all classes and races of students, it is important to delve further into understanding the dynamics of multiculturalism.
What’s in the World Is in the Womb: Converging Environmental and Reproductive Justice through Synecdoche

ABSTRACTThis article examines the efforts of biologist Sandra Steingraber to promote the rights of the fetus in an environmental human rights context. Rather than dismiss Steingraber’s rhetoric as antifeminist, it posits that synecdoche enables her to simultaneously promote fetal protection and reproductive justice. In framing the maternal body and fetuses as synecdochical representations of the larger environment, Steingraber exposes the interconnectedness between human and nature, and reveals how protecting the maternal body and fetus from environmental toxins necessitates regulation of toxins in the environment. The author of this article argues that synecdoche is a rhetorical practice activists can use to transcend dichotomies, overcome the obstacles of toxins’ ubiquity and banality, and converge environmental and reproductive justice.
Development of High Capacity Enterosorbents for Aflatoxin B1 and Other Hazardous Chemicals.

Previously, a calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) included in the diet of animals has been shown to bind aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and reduce the symptoms of aflatoxicosis. To investigate and improve the capacity and efficacy of clay-based materials as aflatoxin sorbents, we developed and tested calcium and sodium montmorillonite clays amended with nutrients including l-carnitine and choline. Also, we determined the sorption of AfB1 by isothermal analysis and tested the ability of these amended sorbents to protect adult hydra from AfB1 toxicity. The results showed that exchanging montmorillonite clays with l-carnitine and choline inhibited swelling of the clays and increased the sorption capacity and efficacy of clay surfaces for AfB1. Results from dehydroxylated and heat-collapsed clays suggested that AfB1 was primarily adsorbed in the clay interlayer, as predicted from thermodynamic calculations and computational modeling. The hydra bioassay further indicated that the modified clays can significantly prote...
A unified spectral method for FPDEs with two-sided derivatives; Part II: Stability, and error analysis

Abstract We present the stability and error analysis of the unified Petrov–Galerkin spectral method, developed in [1] , for linear fractional partial differential equations with two-sided derivatives and constant coefficients in any ( 1 + d )-dimensional space-time hypercube, d = 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , subject to homogeneous Dirichlet initial/boundary conditions. Specifically, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak form and perform the corresponding stability and error analysis of the proposed method. Finally, we perform several numerical simulations to compare the theoretical and computational rates of convergence.
Comparison between the Bethe-Salpeter Equation and Configuration Interaction Approaches for Solving a Quantum Chemistry Problem: Calculating the Excitation Energy for Finite 1D Hubbard Chains.

We calculate the excitation energies of finite 1D Hubbard chains with a variety of different site energies from two perspectives: (i) the physics-based Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) method and (ii) the chemistry-based configuration interaction (CI) approach. Results obtained from all methods are compared against the exact values for three classes of systems: metallic, impurity-doped, and molecular (semiconducting/insulating) systems. While in a previous study we showed that the GW method holds comparative advantages versus traditional quantum chemistry approaches for calculating the ionization potentials and electron affinities across a large range of Hamiltonians, we show now that the BSE method outperforms CI approaches only for metallic and semiconducting systems. For insulating molecular systems, CI approaches generate better results.
Domain-independent, automatic partitioning for probabilistic planning

Recent progress on external-memory MDP solvers, in particular PEMVI [Dai et al., 2008], has enabled optimal solutions to large probabilistic planning problems. However, PEMVI requires a human to manually partition the MDP before the planning algorithm can be applied -- putting an added burden on the domain designer and detracting from the vision of automated planning. This paper presents a novel partitioning scheme, which automatically subdivides the state space into blocks that respect the memory constraints. Our algorithm first applies static domain analysis to identify candidates for partitioning, and then uses heuristic search to generate a 'good' partition. We evaluate the usefulness of our method in the context of PEMVI across many benchmark domains, showing that it can successfully solve extremely large problems in each domain. We also compare the performance of automatic partitioning with previously reported results using human-designed partitions. Experiments show that our algorithm generates significantly superior partitions, which speed MDP solving and also yield vast memory savings.
Teaching method validation in the clinical laboratory science curriculum.

1. Tara C Moon, MS CLS(NCA)[⇑][1] 1. is assistant professor, Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 2. Vicky A LeGrys, DA CLS(NCA) 1. is professor, Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 1. Address for Correspondence: Tara C Moon MS CLS(NCA), Suite 4100 Bondurant Hall, Campus Box 7145, Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7145. (919) 843-4353, (919) 966-5200 (fax). tmoon{at}med.unc.edu. With the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment's (CLIA) final rule, the ability of the Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS) to perform method validation has become increasingly important. Knowledge of the statistical methods and procedures used in method validation is imperative for clinical laboratory scientists. However, incorporating these concepts in a CLS curriculum can be challenging, especially at a time of limited resources. This paper provides an outline of one approach to addressing these topics in lecture courses and integrating them in the student laboratory and the clinical practicum for direct application. Central to the role of any clinical laboratory scientist is the desire to report accurate patient results. Method validation is an imperative part of that process. There are many occasions when practitioners use the concepts of method validation such as establishing new methods, implementing commercial tests, or performing periodic assessments of established methods. The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS) includes these skills in its definition of the CLS profession and scope of practice.1 Additionally, method validation is a requirement of laboratory regulations which state that performance of new methods be verified prior to reporting patient test results and periodic assessment of accuracy and precision must occur.2 Despite the attention that quality in the laboratory has received as of late and the new regulations and policies that have resulted, it remains an area that can be improved. Many method validation procedures are still carried out inappropriately or are interpreted incorrectly.3 In the past, when the Joint Commission on Accreditation of… ABBREVIATIONS: ASCLS = American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science; CLIA = Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment; CLS = Clinical Laboratory Science; JCAHO = Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; NAACLS = National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science. [1]: #corresp-1
Behavioral Approaches: An Introduction

Behavioral approaches are the most widely used clinical strategies for treating individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). This introduction provides an overview of the chapters in this section on behavioral approaches to SUDs, including motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, couples and family therapy, trauma-informed therapy, network therapy, community reinforcement approach, mindfulness, psychodynamic psychotherapy, group therapy, and physical exercise. In addition, this section includes chapters that describe strategies for managing the acute and chronic pain of individuals with SUD, address the application of technology in delivering behavioral treatments, and discuss the importance of adapting approaches in culturally sensitive ways while maintaining fidelity to the original model.
Personality and Style

There are only a few times when the overall contributions of a scientist are assessed and recorded. Such evaluations are inevitably made whenever a scientist receives an award, an honorary degree, or is otherwise publicly recognized for his or her achievements. Another more common, but unfortunately more melancholy occasion arises on the termination of a career and a life. Indeed, obituaries are often a better source of scientific accomplishments than encyclopedias. For Kramers, the major awards, the Lorentz medal in 1948, the Hughes medal in 1951, came very near the end of his life in April 1952. It is therefore not surprising that the congratulating lecture by van der Waals on the occasion of the award of the Lorentz medal1 contains the same enumeration of Kramers’ scientific achievements as the later eulogies by Casimir,2 Bohr,3 Belinfante and ter Haar,4,5 and John Wheeler.6 Kramers’ scientific works (not counting popular lectures or summarizing talks) contain some 16 papers on the Bohr theory (all written before quantum mechanics) and 13 papers on the mathematical elaborations and formal consequences of quantum mechanics. He published some 21 papers in a different area: magnetic and low-temperature phenomena. In addition, Kramers became very interested in the formal property of the spin, resulting in some 11 papers. Kramers’ versatility is further evident in his 15 papers in statistical mechanics, the Ising model, and Brownian motion.
From problems to progress: A dialogue on prevailing issues in leadership research

Abstract This paper presents a dialogue between two scholars who have come to contribute to the leadership literature rather late in their careers and, as such, embody a combined insider/outsider perspective. From this perspective, they raise and discuss various observations about the current state of the leadership literature and where that literature might profitably go in the future. The hope is that this dialogue will stimulate other dialogues and, ultimately, foster progress in the leadership literature.
Comparison of ultrafast intense-field photodynamics in aniline and nitrobenzene: stability under amino and nitro substitution.

We report on the photoionization and photofragmentation of aniline (C6H5NH2) and nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) under single-molecule conditions in the focus of 50 fs, 800 nm laser pulses. Ion mass spectra are recorded as a function of intensity ranging from 6 × 1012 to 3 × 1014 W cm−2. Ion yields are measured in the absence of the focal volume effect and without the need for additional deconvolution of data. We observe evidence of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization in aniline, in agreement with current literature. Phenyl-based ion fragments, singly-charged parent ions, and dissociative rearrangement processes are observed for both molecules. However, fragmentation in aniline is heavily suppressed in favor of parent ionization while the reverse is true for nitrobenzene, and multiply-charged parent ions are present in aniline and absent in nitrobenzene. We discuss the implications of these and other results as they relate to molecular stability against intense-field ionization and fragmentation, specifically with regards to the opposing behavior of the substituted amino and nitro functional groups.
Patient-specific organotypic blood vessels as an in vitro model for anti-angiogenic drug response testing in renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Anti-angiogenic treatment failure is often attributed to drug resistance, unsuccessful drug delivery, and tumor heterogeneity. Recent studies have speculated that anti-angiogenic treatments may fail due to characteristics inherent to tumor-associated blood vessels. Tumor-associated blood vessels are phenotypically different from their normal counterparts, having defective or permeable endothelial monolayers, abnormal sprouts, and abnormal vessel hierarchy. Therefore, to predict the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies in an individual patient, in vitro models that mirror individual patient's tumor vascular biology and response to anti-angiogenic treatment are needed. Methods We used a microfluidic in vitro organotypic model to create patient-specific biomimetic blood vessels from primary patient-specific tumor endothelial cells (TEnCs) and normal endothelial cells (NEnC). We assessed number of sprouts and vessel organization via microscopy imaging and image analysis. We characterized NEnC and TEnC vessel secretions via multiplex bead-based ELISA. Findings Using this model, we found that TEnC vessels exhibited more angiogenic sprouts than NEnC vessels. We also found a more disorganized and gap-filled endothelial monolayer. NEnCs and TEnC vessels exhibited heterogeneous functional drug responses across the five patients screened, as described in the clinic. Interpretation Our model recapitulated hallmarks of TEnCs and NEnCs found in vivo and captured the functional and structural differences between TEnC and NEnC vessels. This model enables a platform for therapeutic drug screening and assessing patient-specific responses with great potential to inform personalized medicine approaches. Funding NIH grants R01 EB010039, R33 CA225281, R01CA186134 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (CA014520), and University of Wisconsin Hematology training grant T32 HL07899.
Interactions Between Commensal Bacteria and Enteric Neurons, via FPR1 Induction of ROS, Increase Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

Background & Aims Reduced gastrointestinal (GI) motility is a feature of disorders associated with intestinal dysbiosis and loss of beneficial microbes. It is not clear how consumption of beneficial commensal microbes, marketed as probiotics, affects the enteric nervous system (ENS). We studied the effects of the widely used probiotic and the commensal Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on ENS and GI motility in mice. Methods Conventional and germ free C57B6 mice were gavaged with LGG and intestinal tissues were collected; changes in the enteric neuronal subtypes were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunostaining. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunal myenteric plexi and phosphorylation (p) of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the enteric ganglia were assessed by immunoblots and immunostaining. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on jejunal cryosections with probes to detect formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1). GI motility in conventional mice was assessed after daily gavage of LGG for 1 week. Results Feeding of LGG to mice stimulated myenteric production of ROS, increased levels of phosphorylated MAPK1, and increased expression of choline acetyl transferase by neurons (P Conclusions Using mouse models, we found that LGG-mediated signaling in the ENS requires bacterial adhesion, redox mechanisms, and FPR1. This pathway might be activated to increase GI motility in patients.
Being grateful and biased: Felt gratitude as a cause of escalation bias in relational dilemmas

Abstract Despite the documented socio-relational benefits of gratitude, this emotion can be a liability in certain social situations. We examine whether experiencing gratitude in a relational dilemma, wherein individual relational concern and personal concern are in conflict with one another, will lead to escalation bias. Across five experiments (N = 1401), we find that, in a relational dilemma, when feeling grateful (vs. neutral) toward a friend, individuals exhibited escalation bias because their high relational concern preceded and trumped their personal concern. This identified psychological mechanism was robust when we controlled for a range of dispositional, relational, motivational, emotional, and situational factors. The implications for the study of gratitude, escalation bias and relational dilemmas are discussed.
Eicosanoid mediation of cannabinoid actions

Interactions between cannabinoids and eicosanoids have been observed for the last several decades and account for a variety of cannabinoid actions. These were seen both in vitro and in vivo and may provide a molecular basis for these actions. Some of the topics included in this review are; effects on adenylate cyclase activity, alteration of behavioral responses, reduction of pain sensation, reduction and resolution of inflammation, hypotensive and vasorelaxant responses, anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activities, reduction of intraocular pressure and others. The most widely studied cannabinoids so far are tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. However, synthetic agents such as CP55,940, ajulemic acid, JWH-133 and WIN-55,212-2 were also investigated for interaction with eicosanoids. The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol have been examined as well. Among the eicosanoids mediating cannabinoid actions are PGE2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin-J2, lipoxin A4, lipoxin B4, and leukotriene B4. Enzyme activities involved include monoacylglycerylipase, adenylatecyclase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases-1, 2 and 5, lipoxygenases-12 and 15. Receptors involved include CB1, CB2 and the EP3 and EP3 prostanoid receptors. While not all cannabinoid activities can be accounted for, many are best explained by eicosanoid participation. The recent surge in interest in "medical marijuana" makes understanding mechanisms of cannabinoid actions particularly important.
9. ASSESSMENT OF ANEUPLOIDY AND MOSAICISM CONCORDANCE BETWEEN DIFFERENT TROPHECTODERM BIOPSY SITES AND THE INNER CELL MASS EVALUATED WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING

Introduction It is recognized that the biopsy of 6-8 TE cells allows for high-resolution next-generation sequencing. However, concerns have been raised as to whether one biopsy sample can be representative of the whole blastocyst regarding aneuploidy and mosaicism. A recent study estimated the TE confined mosaicism rate at 14% and to be due to discordant chromosomal constitution of ICM and TE (Chuang et al., 2018). Another study showed that one clinical TE biopsy was an excellent representative of blastocyst karyotype in cases of whole chromosome aneuploidy, but not for cases with only segmental aneuploidy (Victor et al., 2019). Material and Methods 101 clinical biopsies were taken from a site opposite to the ICM (TE1) and the second sample was taken from thawed blastocysts previously diagnosed as being aneuploid with the informed consent of the patients (TE2). Five aneuploid blastocysts were also biopsied from within the ICM. Both samples were analyzed by the same platform, ReproSeq on Ion Torrent S5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) next generation sequencing (NGS) to assess ploidy and mosaicism concordance. Blastocysts of good or top-quality belonging to 78 patients were subjected to TE biopsy for PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A) with the clinical indications of advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failures or a previous history of abnormal fetal karyotype. Blastocysts were then vitrified as to our routine practice. Samples were analyzed by NGS and blastocysts diagnosed as being aneuploid were thawed, re-biopsied and re-analyzed by NGS. Results A total of 101 TE biopsies with whole chromosome aneuploidies were compared with 96 TE biopsy samples taken at another site of the blastocyst and 5 biopsies of the corresponding ICM. 76 samples out of 101 (75.2%) were found to be fully concordant. 25 diagnoses (24.7%) differ between TE1 and TE2: 13 mosaicisms and 10 segmental aneuploidies were either found in TE1 and not in TE2 or vice versa, without altering the overall aneuploid diagnosis. For four blastocysts, whole chromosome aneuploidies differ between TE1 and TE2, the first diagnosis indicating a chaotic aneuploidy and the second one a simple monosomy/ trisomy or vice versa. Regarding the five ICM samples, they were entirely concordant for full chromosome aneuploidies with their corresponding TE samples. However, in one sample, the 30% mosaicism of chromosomes 1, 13 and 16 was not shared by the ICM. Conclusions The high rate of concordance in two separate TE biopsies and ICM observed in this study validates the reliability of PGT-A by NGS. Blastocysts with segmental aneuploidies only may be re-evaluated if no euploids are found, as results suggest that segmental aneuploidies may not be shared among all TE cells. The study involved blastocysts initially diagnosed as being aneuploid, therefore the findings cannot be extrapolated to euploid or euploid-mosaic embryos.
Re-examining physician-scientist training through the prism of the discovery-invention cycle

The training of physician-scientists lies at the heart of future medical research. In this commentary, we apply Narayanamurti and Odumosu's framework of the "discovery-invention cycle" to analyze the structure and outcomes of the integrated MD/PhD program. We argue that the linear model of "bench-to-bedside" research, which is also reflected in the present training of MD/PhDs, merits continual re-evaluation to capitalize on the richness of opportunities arising in clinical medicine. In addition to measuring objective career outcomes, as existing research has done, we suggest that detailed characterization of researchers' efforts using both qualitative and quantitative techniques is necessary to understand if dual-degree training is being utilized. As an example, we propose that the application of machine learning and data science to corpora of biomedical literature and anonymized clinical data might allow us to see if there are objective "signatures" of research uniquely enabled by MD/PhD training. We close by proposing several hypotheses for shaping physician-scientist training, the relative merits of which could be assessed using the techniques proposed above. Our overarching message is the importance of deeply understanding individual career trajectories as well as characterizing organizational details and cultural nuances to drive new policy which shapes the future of the physician-scientist workforce.
Sensory Hypersensitivity Symptoms in Migraine With vs Without Aura: Results From the American Registry for Migraine Research

Background and objectives Migraine with aura (MwA) is associated with increased brain hyper-responsiveness to visual stimuli and increased visual network connectivity relative to migraine without aura (MwoA). Despite this, prior studies have provided conflicting results regarding whether MwA is associated with higher photophobia symptom scores compared to MwoA. The relationships between MwA and other types of sensory hypersensitivity, such as phonophobia and cutaneous allodynia (CA), have not been previously investigated. The purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate whether MwA is associated with greater symptoms of photophobia, phonophobia, and CA compared to MwoA. Methods This analysis included 321 migraine patients (146 MwA; 175 MwoA) who had been enrolled into the American Registry for Migraine Research. The diagnosis of either MwoA or MwA was determined by headache specialists using ICHD diagnostic criteria. Patients completed the Photosensitivity Assessment Questionnaire, the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, and the Allodynia Symptom Checklist. Mean or median values were compared between groups. Regression models were created to analyze the relationship between MwA with photophobia scores, hyperacusis scores, and the presence of interictal CA. Results Those with MwA had higher mean photophobia scores than those with MwoA (4.1 vs 3.0, P = .0003). MwA was positively associated with photophobia symptom severity (B = 0.50 [SE = 0.14], P = .0003), after controlling for age, patient sex, and headache frequency. Aura was not associated with hyperacusis symptom severity (B = 0.07 [SE = 0.08], P = .346) or the presence of interictal CA (OR 1.33 [95% CI 0.70-2.53], P = .381). Conclusion MwA is associated with higher photophobia symptom scores compared to MwoA. Aura is not associated with greater hyperacusis or interictal allodynia scores. These findings complement prior imaging and neurophysiologic studies that demonstrated MwA to be associated with hyper-responsiveness of brain visual processing regions. The findings suggest that MwA is associated specifically with visual hypersensitivity, as opposed to being associated with a general hypersensitivity to multiple types of sensory stimuli.
Enhancement of the Luminescent Efficiency in Carbene-Au(I)-Aryl Complexes by the Restriction of Renner-Teller Distortion and Bond Rotation.

A series of (carbene)Au(I)(aryl) complexes are reported. The nature of the lowest excited state in these complexes changes character from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) to interligand charg...
FIE Special Session: Integrating Computational Science into the Undergraduate Curriculum

computational science, the application of computers for modeling and simulation, has become an essential part of research and practice in the sciences and engineering. Integrating the mathematics, computer science, and domain science modeling knowledge into the undergraduate curriculum remains a challenge. This session will review the opportunities and challenges associated with such efforts.
Atmosome: The Personal Atmospheric Exposome

Abstract Modern health research is increasingly separated into various “omics” fields. Omics provides a quantified approach to the total collective information about the various realms of biology. One aspect of omics called the exposome relates to the collective exposures an individual is placed in throughout their life. A subset of this exposome, is the atmospheric exposome, which we name as the “atmosome”. Air surrounds individuals from the moment they are born till they take their last breath. The atmosphere is constantly changing, given our location and surroundings are always dynamic throughout life. The atmosphere inevitably plays a massive role in our health such as impact on DNA damage, metabolism, skin integrity, and lung health. In this work, we discuss the significance of the atmosome in personalized health and present our atmosome sensing system. We developed and analyzed data from our IoT, microcontroller-based system which collects real-time individual air quality data and posts it to a cloud server for immediate access. Our experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the data we collected and the avenues our system creates for direct lifestyle to environment correlations. Quantifying the individual atmosome is a next step in advancing personalized health and medical research. Our two main goals in this paper are to present the atmosome as a concept and to explain how to track it using low-cost electronics.
Right place, wrong time: the limitations of mental reinstatement of context on alibi-elicitation

Although research has focused on how inconsistencies in alibi statements are perceived by law enforcement and legal decision-makers, less attention has been paid to the cognitive factors that may m...
The Rising Interest in Canthoplasty: An Analysis of Online Search Trends.

ABSTRACT Canthoplasty as a cosmetic procedure appears to be on the rise in the West. Online search query data offers a powerful tool for analyzing population trends, including changes in patient interest in surgical procedures. Cosmetic surgeons can utilize the internet to increase patient education and interest, as well as to provide information and address misinformation. In this study we sought to verify the increase in cosmetic canthoplasty, for the first time, through analysis of Internet search data, and to establish trends in the interest of Internet users for cosmetic canthoplasty. These trends were subsequently compared with trends in literature publication to establish whether there is a correlation between patient and surgeon interest in the procedure.
The Critical Window of Opportunity: Lactation Initiation Following Cesarean Birth.

Introduction: Cesarean birth is reported to be risk factor for the delayed onset of maternal lactation. The purpose of this study was to describe the timing of lactation initiation, subsequent feed...