cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasons for HCV non-treatment in underserved African Americans: implications for treatment with new therapeutics.

Background. African Americans are disproportionately affected by hepatitis C (HCV) and are less likely to undergo HCV treatment. Underserved populations are especially at risk for experiencing health disparity. Aim. To identify reasons for HCV non-treatment among underserved African Americans in a large safetynet system. Material and methods. Medical records of HCV-infected African Americans evaluated at San Francisco General Hospital liver specialty clinic from 2006-2011 who did not receive HCV treatment were reviewed. Treatment eligibility and reasons for non-treatment were assessed. Factors associated with treatment ineligibility were assessed using logistic regression modeling. Results. Among 118 patients, 42% were treatment ineligible, 18% treatment eligible, and 40% were undergoing work-up to determine eligibility. Reasons for treatment ineligibility were medical (54%), non-medical (14%), psychiatric (4%), or combined (28%). When controlling for age and sex, active/recent substance abuse (OR 6.65, p = 0.001) and having two or more medical comorbidities (OR 3.39, p = 0.005) predicted treatment ineligibility. Excluding those ineligible for treatment, 72% of all other patients were lost to follow-up; they were older (55 vs. 48 years, p = 0.01) and more likely to be undergoing work up to determine treatment eligibility (86 vs. 21%, p < 0.0001) than those not lost to follow-up. Conclusions. Medical comorbidities and substance abuse predicted HCV treatment ineligibility in underserved African Americans. Importantly, the majority of those undergoing work-up to determine HCV treatment eligibility were lost to follow-up. While newer anti-HCV agents may increase treatment eligibility, culturally appropriate interventions to increase compliance with evaluation and care remain critical to HCV management in underserved African Americans.
Sliding block codes between constrained systems

The construction of finite-state codes between constrained systems called sofic systems introduced by R. Karabed and B. Marcus (1988) is continued. It is shown that if Sigma is a shift of finite type and S is a sofic system with k/n=h(S)/h( Sigma ), where h denotes entropy, there is a noncatastrophic finite-state invertible code from Sigma to S at rate k:n if Sigma and S satisfy a certain algebraic condition involving dimension groups, and Sigma and S satisfy a certain condition on their periodic points. Moreover, if S is an almost finite type sofic system, then the decoder can be sliding block. >
Enhancement of oxygen and methane solubility in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide using carbon dioxide

The presence of CO2 increases the solubility of O2 and CH4 in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide at 25 °C and pressures to 13 bar.
Mortality among a cohort of U.S. commercial airline cockpit crew

BACKGROUND: We evaluated mortality among 5,964 former U.S. commercial cockpit crew (pilots and flight engineers). The outcomes of a priori interest were non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, central nervous system (CNS) cancer (including brain), and malignant melanoma. METHODS: Vital status was ascertained through 2008. Life table and Cox regression analyses were conducted. Cumulative exposure to cosmic radiation was estimated from work history data. RESULTS: Compared to the U.S. general population, mortality from all causes, all cancer, and cardiovascular diseases was decreased, but mortality from aircraft accidents was highly elevated. Mortality was elevated for malignant melanoma but not for non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CNS cancer mortality increased with an increase in cumulative radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: Cockpit crew had a low all-cause, all-cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality but elevated aircraft accident mortality. Further studies are needed to clarify the risk of CNS and other radiation-associated cancers in relation to cosmic radiation and other workplace exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Naive Human T Cells Develop into Th1 or Th0 Effectors and Exhibit Cytotoxicity Early after Stimulation with Leishmania-Infected Macrophages

Studies of human disease suggest that naturally acquired immunity is the predominant outcome of Leishmania infection. Normally protective immune mechanisms activated during asymptomatic or self-healing infections may be minimal in patients who develop disease. To explore early immune responses, an in vitro model of human Leishmania infection was developed in which naive T cells were sensitized with Leishmania-infected macrophages. An analysis of Leishmania-specific cytokine production by these T cell lines revealed that most individuals developed Th1 or Th0 responses early after infection. Infected macrophages from Th1 responders produced interleukin-12. Th0 responders who produced little or no endogenous interleukin-12 could be converted to the Th1 phenotype by addition of interleukin-12 during priming. Finally, infection-sensitized T cells specifically lysed Leishmania-infected macrophages. Thus, this in vitro model system can be used to delineate protective human immune responses against Leishmania induced early after infection.
Safety of Weightlifting Among Women with or at Risk for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Musculoskeletal Injuries and Health Care Use in a Weightlifting Rehabilitation Trial

Introduction. It has been noted that only 14% of all clinical trials are translated into practice. The objective of this paper is to promote translation of an efficacious rehabilitative exercise program for breast cancer survivors by clarifying for clinicians the safety profile of participants (e.g., rates of musculoskeletal injury and referral to medical professionals), and to use this evidence to make recommendations on the appropriate training of health and fitness staff who would be capable of safely, effectively, and sustainably delivering the program.
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride for the Treatment of Hot Flashes

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature evaluating venlafaxine for the treatment of hot flashes.DATA SOURCES:Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1966–August 2002), PubMed, Harrison's Online, and references of reviewed articles. Key terms used were venlafaxine, Effexor, hot flashes, and vasomotor symptoms.DATA SYNTHESIS:Not all patients experiencing hot flashes are candidates for traditional hormonal therapy. Nonhormonal alternatives have long been explored, but conflicting evidence of efficacy exists.CONCLUSIONS:Venlafaxine is an effective nonhormonal alternative for relief from uncontrolled hot flashes.
PSEs and the Mix of Measures to Support Farm Incomes

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In summary, the mix of support provided to agriculture does matter when PSEs are to be cut. Across-the-board reductions in individual components of PSEs will have different implications for output, exports, land values and employment in different countries. These differences can be systematically related to the type of instruments used to support agriculture. For example, cutting subsidies on an input such as fertilizer can result in greater long-run reductions in output, exports and employment in agriculture than would cuts in output subsidies (of equal magnitude). These differences may make it attractive for countries engaging in partial liberalization to change the mix of subsidies, even as they reduce their aggregate PSE. In so doing, they may be able to lessen, or even eliminate, some of the deleterious effects of reduced farm support. For example, the United States could maintain the demand for farm labour, while cutting its aggregate PSE in half, by shifting the mix of farm support towards selected input subsidies. By contrast, there appears to be little incentive for substituting export subsidies for output subsidies under the ‘pure’ PSE approach proposed by Professor Tangermann et al. This is because such a switch would have to be accompanied by further reductions in budgetary outlays in order to avoid exceeding the PSE target agreed in negotiations.
Teaching Life-Cycle Thinking in Construction Materials and Methods: Evaluation of and Deployment Strategies for Life-Cycle Assessment in Construction Engineering and Management Education

Currently more than 300 construction engineering and management (CEM) postsecondary programs exist across theUnited States. Graduates of these programs support a $500 billion industry that represents nearly 3.4% of the nation’s GDP (Bureau of Economic Analysis 2011). According to the U.S. Department of the Interior, the built environment consumes 40% of global raw materials (Davis 2007). Furthermore, for a new facility, the acquisition of materials and products accounts for 50 to 60% of the construction costs [Construction Industry Institute (CII) 1988].With increased public, industry, and academic awareness of the effects that construction has on the environment (both embodied and operational energy for example), the construction industry seeks to adopt materials and products that are more “green” (Architecture 203
Stability of Suspension Formulations of Lansoprazole and Omeprazole Stored in Amber-Colored Plastic Oral Syringes

OBJECTIVE:To determine the stability of lansoprazole and omeprazole suspensions at ambient and refrigerated temperatures using HPLC.DESIGN:The contents of lansoprazole and omeprazole capsules were suspended in separate flasks containing sodium bicarbonate 8.4% to concentrations of 3 and 2 mg/mL, respectively. The contents of each flask were drawn into six amber-colored oral syringes, with one-half of the syringes stored at 22 °C (ambient) and the other half at 4 °C. Lansoprazole and omeprazole concentrations were determined by a stability-indicating HPLC assay at baseline and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours, and on days 4, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, and 60 after mixing. Both omeprazole and lansoprazole were considered stable if they retained ≤90% of the baseline drug concentration.RESULTS:Omeprazole was stable for up to 14 days at 22 °C and 45 days at 4 °C. Lansoprazole was stable for eight hours at 22 °C and for 14 days at 4 °C.CONCLUSIONS:When compared with ambient or refrigerated storage conditions, omeprazole was s...
An Automatic Braking System That Stabilizes Leukocyte Rolling by an Increase in Selectin Bond Number with Shear

Wall shear stress in postcapillary venules varies widely within and between tissues and in response to inflammation and exercise. However, the speed at which leukocytes roll in vivo has been shown to be almost constant within a wide range of wall shear stress, i.e., force on the cell. Similarly, rolling velocities on purified selectins and their ligands in vitro tend to plateau. This may be important to enable rolling leukocytes to be exposed uniformly to activating stimuli on endothelium, independent of local hemodynamic conditions. Wall shear stress increases the rate of dissociation of individual selectin–ligand tether bonds exponentially (1, 4) thereby destabilizing rolling. We find that this is compensated by a shear-dependent increase in the number of bonds per rolling step. We also find an increase in the number of microvillous tethers to the substrate. This explains (a) the lack of firm adhesion through selectins at low shear stress or high ligand density, and (b) the stability of rolling on selectins to wide variation in wall shear stress and ligand density, in contrast to rolling on antibodies (14). Furthermore, our data successfully predict the threshold wall shear stress below which rolling does not occur. This is a special case of the more general regulation by shear of the number of bonds, in which the number of bonds falls below one.
Derivation of site-specific water quality criteria for cadmium and the St. Louis River Basin, Duluth, Minnesota

Several freshwater aquatic species were exposed to cadmium in site and laboratory water to evaluate a protocol recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for deriving site-specific water quality criteria. The recalculation, indicator species and resident species procedures of this protocol were used to modify the national cadmium criteria. These procedures were used to account for differences in species sensitivity and in the biological availability and/or toxicity of cadmium due to physical and/or chemical characteristics of the site water. The site-specific maximum concentration derived from the recalculation procedure was slightly lower (1.3 as compared with 2.2 μg/L) than the national criterion. The maximum concentration derived from the indicator species procedure was 7.0 μg/L and was calculated by using a water effect ratio from tests conducted in both site and laboratory water. Acute tests with several species demonstrated that cadmium was less toxic in site water than in laboratory water. The site-specific maximum concentration derived from the resident species procedure (from eight species exposed to cadmium in site water) was 1.9 μg/L. The 30-d average concentrations were the same as the maximum concentrations in the procedures in which the national acute/chronic ratio was used in the calculation. These concentrations were much lower when the site-specific acute/chronic ratio was applied. Acute tests conducted monthly in site water showed that cadmium toxicity varied by more than a factor of 3 over the year. This indicates the need for considering seasonal changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the site water when deriving criteria to protect aquatic life.
The N3 Radical as a Discriminator between Ion-irradiated And UV-photolyzed Astronomical Ices

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to show that irradiation of solid N2 and N2-rich ices with 0.8 MeV protons produces the N3 (azide) radical. In contrast, no N3 was observed after solid N2 and N2-rich ices were photolyzed by far-UV photons. Isotopic substitution experiments support the N3 identification, as does an analysis of the reactions occurring in the ices. This is the first documented difference in reaction products between the radiation chemistry and photochemistry of a nonpolar astronomical ice analog. We suggest that this difference in reaction chemistries could be used to identify ion-irradiated ices on interstellar grains and in the outer solar system. Further, N3 might be used as a tracer of solid-phase interstellar N2, which is expected to exist in dark, molecular clouds but is difficult to observe directly. Although the absolute strength of the N3 band in solid N2 is unknown, we estimate that it is at least 100 times greater than that of the fundamental vibration of N2. Subject headings: ISM: molecules — line: formation — line: identification — molecular processes
Femtosecond dynamics of solvation at the air/water interface

Abstract The electronic excited-state solvation dynamics of coumarin 314 (C314) adsorbed at the air/water interface was investigated by femtosecond time-resolved surface second-harmonic generation (TRSHG). This Letter presents the first use of TRSHG to measure solvation dynamics and presents the theoretical basis for monitoring electronic excited-state solvation with TRSHG. The interfacial electronic excited solvation time of C314 was measured to be 790±30 fs. This is close to bulk results and is in agreement with simple dielectric continuum models of solvation and the predictions of molecular dynamics simulations.
Current research in self-hypnotic phenomenology: The Chicago paradigm

Abstract This paper discusses the research of the Chicago group program (Fromm, Brown, Hurt, Oberlander, Boxer, & amp; Pfeifer, 1981) from several viewpoints: first, as a conceptual and methodological example of what Shor (1977) has called the “phenomenological method” of hypnosis research; second, in terms of its intent and assumptions with respect to some other current self-hypnosis research; third, as potentially plagued with certain demand characteristics which favor finding phenomena unique to self-hypnosis; and fourth, as a most creative and exhaustive effort, clarifying and expanding the field of knowledge of self-hypnosis.
Photoreflectance Study of MBE Grown Te-doped GaSb at the E 0 +Δ 0 Transition

Photoreflectance (PR) measurements have been performed on MBE grown GaSb samples at the E 0 +Δ 0 transition. The transition energy has been measured from 4 to 300 K in the 1.35 to 1.8 eV energy region. Transition energy of 1.614 eV and broadening of 53 meV have been obtained at 4 K from a representative Te-doped sample while no PR signals were obtained from undoped samples. The logarithmic dependence of the PR amplitude and invariance of the line shape on the modulating pump intensity, and absence of Franz-Keldysh oscillations are typical of the PR spectra in the low-field regime. Good fits were obtained using line shape analysis of the PR spectra and the temperature dependence of the transition energy and broadening have been determined.
Reflections on intersections between cognitive and social psychology: A personal exploration

I appreciate the opportunity offered by the editor to reflect on the relationship between cognitive and social psychology. This topic has interested me my entire professional life, because I was admitted to graduate school to study social psychology and then eventually migrated to cognitive psychology. The organization of this paper is as follows: Ifirst relate my (somewhat puzzling) personal experiences that led me to wonder about relations between cognitive and social psychology. I suggest that, for many topics, the placement of a topic of study in one field or the other is arbitrary. Next I selectively review some common historical influences on the development of both fields, ones that have made them similar. Both grew from common seeds, which include Gestalt psychology as it became applied to a wider array of topics, experimental psychologists becoming interested in attitude change during and after World War II, and Bartlett’s famous book on Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Next I review some research from my lab that picked up themes from Bartlett’s work and that, in some aspects, combines cognitive and social approaches. I also discuss the issue of memory conformity or the social contagion of memory, and conclude with thoughts about how social and cognitive psychologists might collaborate on an exciting new arena, creating empirical studies of collective memory. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melanoma survivorship management

Many important issues are relevant to melanoma survivors after initial melanoma diagnosis and treatment. A diagnosis of melanoma not only affects patients during the time of initial treatment, but also may play a significant role in their life for many years. These issues are broad and apply to many aspects of patients’ lives. This chapter will discuss overall and stage-specific surveillance strategies and methods for risk reduction and prevention that are important to the melanoma survivor population. It is also important for patients and care providers alike to understand and learn to manage sequelae that may accompany various melanoma treatments, from surgery to targeted therapies. Finally, this chapter will discuss issues relating to long-term survivorship such as psychosocial adjustment, reproductive issues, and health care costs.
Hybrid Invariance in Bipedal Robots with Series Compliant Actuators

Stable walking motions in bipedal robots can be modeled as asymptotically stable periodic orbits in nonlinear systems with impulse effects. The method of hybrid zero dynamics, previously used to analyze planar walking in bipeds with one degree of underactuation, is extended to address the increased degrees of underactuation and the additional impact invariance conditions that arise when actuator dynamics are explicitly modeled. The resultant controller is parameterized and includes a discrete feedback in the parameters that is active only in the instantaneous double support phase. The controller design method is illustrated on a five-link planar walker with series compliant actuation, that is, a robot where a compliant element has been deliberately inserted between each actuated joint and its corresponding motor in order to increase the overall energy efficiency of locomotion.
LOT-ECC: localized and tiered reliability mechanisms for commodity memory systems

Memory system reliability is a serious and growing concern in modern servers. Existing chipkill-level memory protection mechanisms suffer from several drawbacks. They activate a large number of chips on every memory access -- this increases energy consumption, and reduces performance due to the reduction in rank-level parallelism. Additionally, they increase access granularity, resulting in wasted bandwidth in the absence of sufficient access locality. They also restrict systems to use narrow-I/O x4 devices, which are known to be less energy-efficient than the wider x8 DRAM devices. In this paper, we present LOT-ECC, a localized and multi-tiered protection scheme that attempts to solve these problems. We separate error detection and error correction functionality, and employ simple checksum and parity codes effectively to provide strong fault-tolerance, while simultaneously simplifying implementation. Data and codes are localized to the same DRAM row to improve access efficiency. We use system firmware to store correction codes in DRAM data memory and modify the memory controller to handle data mapping. We thus build an effective fault-tolerance mechanism that provides strong reliability guarantees, activates as few chips as possible (reducing power consumption by up to 44.8% and reducing latency by up to 46.9%), and reduces circuit complexity, all while working with commodity DRAMs and operating systems. Finally, we propose the novel concept of a heterogeneous DIMM that enables the extension of LOT-ECC to x16 and wider DRAM parts.
Do Active Mutual Funds Mimic The Index During A Bull Market

This study seeks to determine whether during a bull market, large actively-managed mutual funds 1) mimic the composition of the S&P 500 Index and 2) mimic the risk attributes of the S&P 500 Index. Employing a panel data set of volatility and MPT statistics for 200 large, actively-managed US equity and hybrid debt-equity mutual funds between 1995 and 2000, we find no evidence of fund portfolio composition converging toward that of the index. Indeed, as the bull market advances, fund managers move progressively away from holding securities comprising the S&P 500 Index. Our results also reveal levels of fund systematic risk that are lower and significantly different to that of the S&P 500 Index, while fund pseudo-industry risk levels (as proxied by technology holdings) are not significantly different to that of the S&P 500 Index. This suggests that managers mirrored S&P 500 Index technology weights with the purchase of technology firms outside of the Index.
Stereochemical and Regiochemical Aspects of Free Radical Macrocyclization

The use of free radicals for the construction of ring systems has proved to be a very powerful tool for the synthetic chemist Rings having five or six members are readily prepared by free radical methods and the intramolecular addition of carbon radicals to olefins and aldehydes provides ready access to cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols [1–3]. Rate constants for intramolecular addition of carbon radicals to simple olefins are greatest for 5-exo cyclizations and these rate constants drop off sharply for rings greater than six members [4–6]. Thus, radical cyclization has for the most part been limited to the preparation of five and six membered rings. We have studied the intramolecular addition of radicals to olefins activated with electron withdrawing substituents such as cyano and carbonyl groups and we find that 14–20 membered rings can be prepared with yields as high as 90%. Thus, the extension of free radical synthetic methodology.to the construction of large rings should prove to have many applications.
MOLECULAR CLONING OF α-AMYLASE GENES FROM DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. CLONE ORGANIZATION AND VERIFICATION

Restriction maps of an α-amylase structural gene clone, λDm65, and of four putative α-amylase pseudogene clones are presented. Two α-amylase structural genes, inverted with respect to each other, are contained in λDm65. Subregions of internal DNA sequence homology within λDm65 and of cross-homology between the presumptive pseudogene clones and λDm65 were determined. Subregions of cross-homology between the Drosophila clones and the mouse α-amylase cDNA clone, pMSa104, were also determined. The presence of functional α-amylase structural genes in λDm65 was verified by injection of appropriate subclones into the germinal vesicle of Xenopus oocytes, followed by incubation of the oocytes under conditions that allowed coupled transcription and translation of injected genes to occur. Subclones of the 3.8- and 5.6- kb EcoRI fragments of λDm65 were shown to code for α-amylase isozymes 1 and 3, respectively, of Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S. Both subclones are homologous to RNA of a size sufficient to accommodate the α-amylase-coding information. No RNA species homologous to other subcloned EcoRI fragments of λDm65 was detected.
A discontinuous Galerkin least-squares finite element method for solving coupled singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations

A discontinuous Galerkin least-squares finite element method is proposed to solve coupled reaction-diffusion equations with singular perturbations. This method produces solutions without numerical oscillations when uniform meshes are used. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
Heidegger, the body, and the French philosophers

In this paper I place Heidegger in dialogue with his French philosophical critics who claimed that he failed to address sufficiently the problem of the body. While noting some similarities between Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty's analysis of bodily being, I organize his response to the French into a series of interconnected claims to demonstrate why Heidegger contended that being-in-the-world is more primordial than bodily being from an ontological perspective. Finally, even though Heidegger did not refer specifically to Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological analysis of the body, I show why Heidegger's counter criticisms of the French philosophers applies to it as well
Deterministic and Stochastic Trajectories of Magnetic Particles: Mapping Energy Landscapes for Technology And Biology

Technologies that control matter at the nano- and micro-scale are crucial to realizing engineered systems that can assemble, transport, and manipulate materials at submicron length scales. Two principles: (1) the domain wall structure of patterned magnetic structures and (2) the superparamagnetic properties of nanoparticles, have been previously used to remotely manipulate and transport magnetic entities to specific sites on a platform. In this paper, changes to the energy landscape during transport as well as the local energy profile of individual stationary traps, both of which are central to the functionality of the platform, are evaluated using directed forces and stochastic (Brownian) trajectories of trap-confined microparticles. Hybrid magnetic-fluorescent micelle nanoconstructs, which are compatible with physiological conditions and safeguard functionality of biomaterials, are shown to be viable markers to label and manipulate individual cells across the platform.
Henry F. Epstein, M.D. (1944–2013)

Family members, friends and colleagues of Henry F. Epstein were deeply saddened to learn of his untimely death from liver cancer on February 2, 2013. Henry’s contributions to biological research spanned a wide range of disciplines and his personal influence guided the careers of a diverse group of
78 PREDICTORS OF RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS AMONG A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS.

Purpose of Study To investigate the relative contribution of personality and social factors that can enhance risk for HIV/AIDS among medical students. Design Cross-sectional, anonymous, Web-based survey. Methods Used 2,698 medical students from 36 US medical schools (1st-4th year) completed this survey. A composite sexual risk index was created from 4 questions: number of sexual partners, condom use with casual and regular partners, and use of alcohol within 2 hours of having sex. The cumulative score ranged from 1 to 6, with higher value representing higher risky sexual behavior. Summary of Results Mean age of the sample was 26 years; 60% were female. Majority of the sample reported having sex during the last 6 months (n = 2,024, 76%). Multiple regression analysis of 12 potential covariates found significant associations with not married (β = -0.074, p ≤ .008); at-risk drinking (β = 0.152, p ≤ .000); smoking in the last 30 days (β = .067, p ≤ .00-18); having low perception of risk (β = -0.067, p ≤ .015), and being impulsive (β = 0.072, p ≤ .010). Conclusions Reached Past studies have not thoroughly investigated risky sexual behaviors among medical students, but pilot studies have shown that both sexes engaged in high-risk behaviors. This study demonstrates the impact of personality factors and alcohol on risky sexual behaviors. Research indicates that physicians who have healthier lifestyles will be more inclined than other physicians to educate their patients on the importance of maintaining healthy lifestyles. Intervention during training may be an effective way of reducing these risky behaviors.
Challenges and Limitations to Treating ADHD in Incarcerated Populations

An often underappreciated and hard-to-treat condition in correctional institutions is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there are many effective psychopharmacologic treatments for ADHD, such as various formulations of amphetamines, many physicians are hesitant to prescribe controlled stimulants in correctional settings because of concerns about abuse and safety. Although nonstimulant alternatives are available, they are generally seen as less effective than stimulants. However, there are many unique factors regarding corrections populations and their responses to treatment, which makes it difficult to know what the ideal treatment regimen would be for this population. We review the standard treatments for ADHD, for prescribing in correctional institutions, barriers to using medications for off-label treatment of ADHD, and suggest future research that could better guide correctional treatment staff on how to approach patients with ADHD.
Evolutionary biology: To mimicry and back again

Deadly coral snakes warn predators through striking red-black banding. New data confirm that many harmless snakes have evolved to resemble coral snakes, and suggest that the evolution of this Batesian mimicry is not always a one-way street.
Three distinct gonococcal genes related to H8 antigens

The λgtll expression vector was used to construct a gene bank of gonococcal DNA of strain RIO (serovar PIB-9). Upon screening with a rabbit antiserum containing antibodies to the H8 antigen a number of clones were isolated which produced products related to H8 antigen. DNA hybridization studies demonstrated that these clones were derived from three distinct gonococcal genes. The antigens produced by the clones were used to isolate antibodies from rabbit antiserum. Immunoblots of gonococcal lysates analyzed with the affinity purified antibodies and with H8 monoclonal antibody demonstrated that two of the H8 genes were expressed by the gonococcal strain studied and gave rise to products with apparent molecular weights of ca. 19,700 and 21,200.
Hf–Nd isotope decoupling in bulk abyssal peridotites due to serpentinization

Abstract Serpentinized abyssal peridotites are the product of the chemical interaction between the Earth's oceans and the peridotitic upper mantle. This reaction is dominated by the addition of water and fluid mobile elements to the peridotite, with implications on the cycling of water and fluid mobile elements in subduction zones. Rare earth elements (REE) were generally thought as immobile during serpentinization. However the identification of Nd (and Sr) isotopic disequilibrium between fresh clinopyroxene and their host bulk serpentinized peridotite suggest addition of Nd and other light REE to the peridotite during serpentinization ( Frisby et al. (2016) ). As with the REE, the high-field strength elements (HFSE) have also been considered immobile and non-reactive during serpentinization. However, this has yet to be explicitly tested. Here we present a modified dissolution and extraction method that improves on the yields of REE and HFSE from highly depleted ultramafic rocks (peridotites) through the use of B(OH)3 during digestion dry-down steps, Fe-precipitation for REE-HFSE sequestration, and liquid–liquid exchange for Fe removal. Using this method we report on the Nd and Hf isotope compositions of bulk rock serpentinized abyssal peridotites from the South-West Indian Ridge (SWIR), Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MIR) and Mid-Caymen Rise (MCR) and on samples where their clinopyroxene Hf, Nd isotopes were previously reported. The bulk rock Hf isotopes are equal to clinopyroxene to within 1 eHf, while Nd isotopes in the bulk peridotite are up to 8 eNd units less radiogenic than their clinopyroxene. Melt-rock reaction between the depleted peridotite endmember and local enriched lavas cannot generate the observed decoupling between Hf and Nd isotopes. Our data is instead consistent with seawater — peridotite interaction as this results in significant shift in Nd isotopes with little to no change in Hf isotopes until extremely high water/rock mass ratios of > 100,000. Our data shows that Hf isotopes are not affected by serpentinization and that Hf isotopes in bulk peridotites better record the magmatic composition of peridotites than Nd or Sr. The largest Nd isotopic difference between clinopyroxene and bulk peridotite is observed in the most LREE-depleted samples, while refertilized samples show little change. Based on the bulk rock (serpentinized) and clinopyroxene (magmatic value) Nd isotope compositions we estimate that 1–34% of the bulk rock Nd budget is seawater derived, but only 1–6% of Sm and
Electromyography (EMG) as a Tool for Computerized Psychomotor Test Validation

Standardized psychomotor tests are commonly used to evaluate human motor and cognitive skills. Computerization of these tests can promote ease of administration and data collection. However, computerized versions of tests are typically validated via performance measures. In this study, a virtual reality (VR) based simulation of the Block Design (BD) test (a standardized psychomotor task as part of the adult IQ test) with a haptically-enabled control was developed and compared with a physical version of the test. Electromyography (EMG) measures of forearm and thumb muscle activation levels were used to assess the validity of the simulation from a muscle use perspective. Results revealed comparable muscle activation levels between the VR-based task and the conventional BD test. Validation of such of a simulation of psychomotor testing promotes application of computerized psychomotor tests in experimental and clinical studies.
Winning the explanation game; providing user explanations for a model-based expert system

The authors develop an approach to organizing the presentation of large amounts of model-based data in an interactive format patterned after a model of human-human explanatory and argumentative discourse. Portions of this interface were implemented for Honeywell and the Air Force's model-based flight control maintenance and diagnostic system (FCMDS). It is concluded that sufficient information exists in a model-based system to provide a wide range of explanation types, and that, at least in FCMDS, this information is readily accessible though in a format difficult for the user to use. It is also concluded that the discourse approach is a convenient, powerful, and broadly applicable method of representing and controlling information exchange in human-machine, as well as human-human, interactions. >
Explanatory Style in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Unrecognized Predictor of Mortality

Objective To determine whether pessimistic explanatory style altered the risk for and mortality of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The study included subjects from a population-based cohort with incident RA and a non-RA comparison cohort who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Results Among 148 RA and 135 non-RA subjects, pessimism was associated with development of rheumatoid factor (RF)–positive RA. Pessimism was associated with an increased risk of mortality [HR 2.88 with similar magnitude to RF+ (HR 2.28)]. Conclusion Pessimistic explanatory style was associated with an increased risk of developing RA and increased mortality rate in patients with RA.
Effects of a vitamin B12 deficiency on liver enzymes in the rat.

Certain general functions of vitamin Blz and folic acid in intermediary metabolism are now well recognized. For example, folic acid appears to be involved in purine and formate metabolism and vitamin Blz in the utilization of methyl groups. However, while there have been several reports concerning the influence in viva and in vitro of folic acid and its antagonist, aminopterin, on specific enzyme systems such as xanthine oxidase (l-4), choline oxidase (58), and transmethylase (9, lo), there is scant information on the effects of dietary vitamin Blz on these or other enzyme systems. In the course of work on the biological action in the rat of a reported specific antagonist to vitamin Blz for Lactobacillus leichmannii 4797 (ll), the authors have undertaken a study of the effects of this antagonist as well as of simple vitamin Blz deficiency on certain enzyme systems in the rat. The liver enzymes chosen for study, transmethylase, xanthine oxidase, endogenous respiration, and choline oxidase, have been implicated indirectly by various workers with vitamin Blz metabolism. These investigations should throw some light on the involvement of vitamin Blz with specific enzyme systems. In addition, the effects of the L. leichrnannii antagonist can be compared with a simple vitamin Blz deficiency in the rat.
Contact and Interconnect Technology

The preceding chapters described how to define p- and n-type doped regions in single crystal and polycrystalline material. Those regions are the basic elements of semiconductor devices that must be connected in a specific configuration to form the desired circuit. The circuit must also be accessible to the “outside world” through conducting pads for testing with metal probes and for bonding to metal pins to complete the packaged chip. While doped silicon and polysilicon conduct electricity, they are of limited use for interconnections, mainly because of their prohibitively large resistance and lack of interconnecting flexibility. Therefore, at least one low-resistance conductor film must be deposited and patterned to contact and interconnect the different regions on the chip. Several single- and multi-metal systems are available for this purpose. Because of its high conductivity, compatibility with a silicon-base technology, and low processing cost, aluminum is the most widely used interconnect material.
Women’s Schooling in Asia and Africa: New Questions and Answers

This article surveys the demographic research of the past 35 years concerning the impact of women’s school attainment on mortality, fertility and health practices. The empirical findings are remarkably consistent across Asia, Africa and Latin America, and in the 20th and 21st centuries, with evident associations between female primary and secondary school attainment and child mortality in the Gakidou et al. (2010) study of 175 countries. Associations with fertility and health practices are also consistent. What are the processes that account for these associations? I propose, based on a study assessing maternal literacy in four diverse countries (Mexico, Nepal, Venezuela and Zambia), that literacy skills and teacher-pupil interaction in the classroom are central to the processes by which school experience changes maternal behavior in developing countries. Basu and Stephenson (2005) arrived at similar conclusions independently from their analysis of the 1992/93 Indian National Family Health Survey, but final conclusions concerning the causal processes involved are not possible without longitudinal research.
Abstract 143: Bridging the Gender Gap: Sex Differences in Von Willebrand Factor Aptamer Inhibition Across Species

Introduction: A gender gap exists in stroke, with increased morbidity and mortality in women. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown, although differences in platelet biology may play a role. Inhibition of the interaction between VWF and GP 1B-IX-V has demonstrated thrombolytic efficacy. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that sex differences in reperfusion after stroke were attributable to the VWF-GP IB-IX-V axis, and inhibition of this interaction would yield clear discrepancies. Methods: Adult wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice were anesthetized, the right carotid artery exposed and baseline carotid flow obtained by Doppler. Thrombosis was induced with a FeCl 3 patch. After 20-minute stabilization, mice were intravenously administered vehicle (n, male=12, female=8) or VWF aptamer. Aptamer (0.5 mg/kg) administration was assessed using a bolus (5 min; n, male=5, female=8) method. Given the minimal observed thrombolytic effect in females, a continuous infusion (45 min; n, female=5) was also attempted. Next, blood from male (n=8) and female (n=8) adult wild-type beagles was mixed with VWF aptamer (control, 6.25 nM, 12.5 nM, 25 nM, and 100 nM), and platelet reactivity was assessed (Platelet Function Analyser-100). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Results: Bolus VWF aptamer restored carotid blood flow in male mice (Figure 1), compared to females (p Male canines (264.3 ± 70.3 s) demonstrated significantly more platelet inhibition (p Conclusions: Following VWF inhibition, in vivo thrombolytic efficacy in mice is gender dependent, while ex vivo platelet activity varies in canines. The mechanisms underlying these differences in platelet biology are unclear, but this indicates that the VWF-GP IB-IX-V axis plays a role.
Olfactory epithelium: Cells, clinical disorders, and insights from an adult stem cell niche.

Disorders causing a loss of the sense of smell remain a therapeutic challenge. Basic research has, however, greatly expanded our knowledge of the organization and function of the olfactory system. This review describes advances in our understanding of the cellular components of the peripheral olfactory system, specifically the olfactory epithelium in the nose. The article discusses recent findings regarding the mechanisms involved in regeneration and cellular renewal from basal stem cells in the adult olfactory epithelium, considering the strategies involved in embryonic olfactory development and insights from research on other stem cell niches. In the context of clinical conditions causing anosmia, the current view of adult olfactory neurogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and failures in these processes is considered, along with current and future treatment strategies. Level of evidence NA.
"Rur-Ban" Rail-Trail Business Impact: Case Study of the Mon River Trails System in West Virginia, USA

Background The Mon River Trails System (MRTS) is a network of 48 miles of trails in north central West Virginia that has been in operation in-whole or in-part since 1998. It runs through the rural core city of Morgantown - a densely populated town with a large university and strong economy that is surrounded by an historically rural landscape and culture (a "rur-ban" area). Rail-trails have a multitude of potential community benefits, including economic - expanded tourism, redevelopment of blighted industrial areas, and the creation of a sense of place. As rural trails such as the MRTS mature, localities are working creatively to spur investment along and near these trails. Much can be learned for future long-distance trail projects from mature trails such as the MRTS that traverse isolated rural to large rural core town areas. Thus, the purpose of this project was to conduct a case study assessment of the business impact of the MRTS and identify the lessons learned that may be applicable in other rural core settings. Methods Our study was guided by six research questions which will be described during the presentation. We collected the following data: Surveys (n=61) from businesses within four blocks of the trail; Interviews of 17 business owners that opened since trail construction; Interviews of 2 business owners that located their business on the trail after it was built but did not stay; Assessed values of properties within one block of the trail, dating back to pre-construction (1994–2016); Focus group with local government, trail advocacy, and visitors’ bureau representatives; and Focus group with directors & county officials in charge of three local Tax Increment Financing (TIF) districts. Results In combination, the multiple sources of data highlight three key points: Unlike many other trails studied to date, the MRTS is a local transportation and recreation hub, not a tourism-driven trail; The trail has a multitude of secondary community benefits, including social space, an event location for non-profits, resident and workforce recruitment and retention; and Median property values (including land and building) along the trail have increased 172.6% since 2004; relative to a 68.3% in countywide median home values. Conclusions Practice Implications: Proper trail development requires collaborative public-private planning, creative funding, and incentives for economic development from the outset. More details about the benefits of the MRTS and implications, including policy and economic development suggestions, will be presented.
Organizational Role Differentiation and Individual Propensity for Role Changes

This chapter attempts to develop the concept of role transition within large organizations by describing its more salient theoretical properties and by exploring its relation to pertinent concepts and models in the literature of management and sociology of large organizations. The fact that role transition difficulties are likely to become an everyday occurrence as the economies of Western industrialized countries switch from a heavy industry to a service-oriented, high technology economy makes the subject a very topical one indeed. The inevitable uncertainties attending massive economic and social dislocations directly affect large organizations (be they public or private), and ultimately come to rest on the individual role incumbent.
Framing Resistance: Identifying Frames That Guide Resistance Interpretations at Work:

Programs aimed at implementing change in organizations regularly experience high failure rates. Exploring resistance to change is one promising way to better understand what might be done to improv...
Canadian Jewish Population, 2017

The Canadian Jewish population has seen only modest growth in the past 20 years, following a more significant increase between 1981 and 1991. The latter decade coincided with the beginning of significant immigration by Jews from the Former Soviet Union. Jews reside in every region of Canada including the Northern Territories, although they are concentrated heavily in the major urban centers. The metropolitan area of Toronto is home to 188,710 Jews and includes about half (48.2%) of Canada’s Jewish population. The Montreal community numbers 90,780 Jews. The median age of Canadian Jews is slightly older than the national average but much older than ethnic groups with large numbers of more recent immigrants. The Canadian Jewish population has a slightly larger proportion of children (age 0–14) than the total population (18.2% and 17.0% respectively) and a significantly larger proportion of persons over age 65 than the overall Canadian population (16.9% and 13.9% respectively). There are 57,195 Jews who live below the poverty line in Canada, comprising 14.6% of 391,330 members of the Jewish population. The level of child poverty in the national Jewish population is 13.7%. At the other end of the age distribution, 10,395 of Jewish seniors are poor, representing 15.7% of those age 65 and over.