cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of dopants on the surface enthalpy of Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)

Abstract Surface enthalpy is an important parameter to predict the phase stability of crystalline materials at the nanoscale, having parametric influence in processes such as coarsening and single crystal nucleation and growth. Yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) is a base material for solid state laser, with limited thermodynamic information on interfacial energies available. In the present study, we experimentally determined the surface enthalpy of YAG by using microcalorimetry. Nanoparticles were used to maximize the respective measurable heat effect exploiting their intrinsically high surface areas. We further tracked the effect of La or Mg as dopants on the surface enthalpy of YAG. The results indicate that there is a slight reduction in the surface enthalpy of YAG nanoparticles after doping with 2 mol%-La or Mg. The anhydrous surface enthalpy of undoped YAG was measured as 1.28 ± 0.11 J/m2 and was reduced to 0.98 ± 0.09 and 1.11 + 0.07 J/m2 for 2 mol%-La, and Mg doped YAG nanoparticles, respectively, confirming anhydrous surface energies of YAG can be modified by dopants. The effect of water adsorption on the energies, however, show that the differences between doped and undoped YAG surface energies become negligible at relative pressures as low as 20%, challenging surface energy control as a viable process optimization parameter in the presence of humidity.
South American Fieldwork/Cytogenetic Knowledge: The Cytogenetic Research Program of Sally Hughes-Schrader and Franz Schrader

The marriage of Sally Peris Hughes (1895–1984) and Franz Schrader (1891–1962) in November 1920 launched a highly successful scientific collaboration that lasted over four decades. The Schraders wer...
Illuminating dark matter halo density profiles without subhaloes

Cold dark matter haloes consist of a relatively smooth dark matter component as well as a system of bound subhaloes. It is the prevailing practice to include all halo mass, including mass in subhaloes, in studies of halo density profiles. However, often in observational studies satellites are treated as having their own distinct dark matter density profiles in addition to the profile of the host. This difference makes comparisons between theoretical and observed results difficult. In this work we investigate density profiles of the smooth components of host haloes by excluding mass contained within subhaloes. We find that the density profiles of the smooth halo component (without subhaloes) differs substantially from the conventional halo density profile. Smooth profiles decline more rapidly at large radii and are not well characterised by the standard NFW profile. We also find that concentrations derived from smooth density profiles exhibit less scatter at fixed mass and a weaker mass dependence than standard concentrations. Both smooth and standard halo profiles can be described by a generalised Einasto profile, an Einasto profile with a modified central slope, with smaller residuals than either an NFW or Einasto profile. These results hold for both Milky Way-mass and cluster-mass haloes. This new characterisation of smooth halo profiles can be useful for many analyses, such as lensing and dark matter annihilation, in which the smooth and clumpy components of a halo should be accounted for separately.
Order-Disorder Transitions and Free Energies in Asymmetric Diblock Copolymers

Simulations of simple bead-spring models of asymmetric diblock copolymers are used to study the dependence of order-disorder transitions and free energies upon the invariant degree of polymerizatio...
Taguchi-EM-AI Design Optimization Environment for SynRM Drives in Traction Applications

Multi-objective design optimization environments are used for electric vehicles and other traction applications to arrive at efficient motor drives. Typically, the environment includes characterization modules that involve the use of Electromagnetic Finite Element and State-Space models that require large number of iterations and computational time. This work proposes the utilization of a Taguchi orthogonal arrays method in conjunction with a Particle Swarm Optimization search algorithm to reduce computational time needed in the design optimization of electric motors for traction applications. The effectiveness of the Taguchi method in conjunction with the optimization environment is demonstrated in a case study involving a prototype of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor drive system.
Analysis of Material and Temperature Rise Test of 10kV Drop-out Fuse

In order to effectively control the quality of the 10kV drop fuse, the main reason for the operation of the fuse in the system is given, and the quality improvement method is proposed. The State Grid Corporation conducts the sampling test of the 10kV drop fuse. Through the material analysis and temperature rise test of the fuse, the material temperature of the contact surface of the main circuit conductor of the 10kV drop fuse is tested, and the test standard temperature rise limit is given. Combined with the temperature rise test results, the operating conditions and quality problems of the fuse equipment were analyzed. The test analyzes the root cause of the different operating currents of the fuses and the overheating at different locations. The temperature rise curve and the rising rate of the fuses at different positions are given. The results show that the fuse materials generally have different degrees of defects, the material testing failure rate is 88.9%, and the temperature rise test failure rate is 44.4%. The heat rise point of the fuse temperature rise test is mainly concentrated on the sliding position of the upper conductive piece and the upper contact, the screw connection position of the upper contact nut and the fusion tube, and the fastening position of the fuse and the lower conductor bolt. Therefore, strictly controlling the material quality of the 10kV drop fuse is of great significance for improving the stable operation of the 10kV drop fuse. The research results in this paper provide technical support for the material procurement of State Grid Corporation.
Identifying barriers impeding bilingual and ESL teacher candidates’ success on state licensure exams

The need for highly qualified bilingual and English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers continues to rapidly increase. In this article, we share the results of a multi-year study that has aimed to ...
Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of the President

In Why Our Next President May Keep His or Her Senate Seat: A Conjecture on the Constitution's Incompatibility Clause, Seth Barrett Tillman argues that a sitting President may serve simultaneously as a member of Congress. The Incompatibility Clause speaks to this very matter. It specifies that "no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office." Mr. Tillman asserts that the President is neither an officer nor holds an office "under the United States."Though he cites many different law review articles and constitutional provisions, Mr. Tillman has done little to dislodge conventional wisdom. The President occupies an "Office under the United States" as his Oath Suggest and as Many members of the founding generation understood.
Los componentes de la variación intramuestral en la población prehistórica de San Pedro de Atacama, Chile

RESUMEN: Se presenta una sintesis de una serie de experiencias realizadas con el fin de analizar el efecto del dimorfismo sexual, la variacion etaria, la deformacion artificial y la variacion cronologica sobre la morfologia craneana de la poblacion prehistorica de San Pedro de Atacama. La muestra esta constituida por 120 craneos de ambos sexos, de edades adulto, maduro y senil, deformados y no deformados artificialmente, pertenecientes a cementerios que cubren cuatro fases culturales del Periodo Agroalfarero (500aC-1500dC). Los ejemplares masculinos presentaron valores medios mayores que los femeninos en la mayoria de las variables analizadas. La influencia de los restantes factores se manifesto en un tercio de las medidas craneometricas. Entre las clases adulto y maduro se comprobo un incremento significativo de los promedios. El efecto de la deformacion artificial se destaca principalmente por alteraciones en el crecimiento de la boveda y, en menor medida, en la cara y en la base del craneo. Un hallazgo de importancia lo constituye la existencia de variacion cronologica indicando cambios en la estructura de la poblacion en el periodo estudiado. ABSTRACT: A synthesis of a series of experiencias carried out to analyze the effect of sex dimorphism, age variation, artificial deformation and chronological variation on the cranial morphology of the prehistoric population of San Pedro de Atacama, is given. The sample consists of 120 crania of both sexes. They are adult, mature and senile, artificially deformed or not, belonging to cemeteries of four cultural phases of the agricultural period (500 BC - 1500 AC). Males gave higher mean values for almost every variables. Between adult, mature and senile classes, an increase of the mean values -mainly between the first two ages- was shown. Artificial deformation produced changes in the vault and, to a lesser extent, in the face and cranial base. The chronological variation showed significant changes in a group of 11 variables.
Nursing Care of Oncology Patients with Sepsis.

Abstract Objectives This article aims to update nurses on the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of neutropenic sepsis and septic shock. Data Sources A search of electronic databases, including PubMed and CINAHL, and e-books was performed, as was a search of clinically focused and point-of-care resources from the National Cancer Institute and UpToDate until December 2020. Conclusion Neutropenic sepsis and septic shock are oncological emergencies and can be fatal for patients undergoing anticancer treatment. Prompt and targeted treatment based on clinical signs is necessary to minimize further sequela, including morbidity and mortality. Implications for Nursing Practice The oncology nurse must possess an understanding of the risk factors, presenting signs, and initial management of a neutropenic fever, sepsis, and septic shock. Early identification and initiation of treatments in patients in sepsis and septic shock will allow the oncology nurse to intervene with speed, skill, and confidence while working within the multidisciplinary team to provide the best outcome based on current evidence.
Cross-validating the Dot Counting Test Among an Adult ADHD Clinical Sample and Analyzing the Effect of ADHD Subtype and Comorbid Psychopathology.

This study cross-validated the dot counting test (DCT) as a performance validity test (PVT) in an adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) clinical population and examined the effect o...
The impact of incontinence management on informal caregivers' quality of life

The presence of incontinence symptoms might affect the quality of life (QoL) of those providing informal care to people suffering from them, causing social isolation, financial problems, psychological and physical exhaustion. This study aimed at assessing whether urinary and/or fecal incontinence in people aged 60 and over affects the level of burden in their informal caregivers. QoL was assessed amongst 304 informal caregivers of older people suffering from urinary and/or fecal incontinence, and compared to that reported by 305 caregivers of non-incontinent older relatives, all living in Italy. All participants were administered a questionnaire focused on: characteristics and conditions of the cared for; details of the care activity; emotions experienced by caregivers; attitudes of caregivers; reasons for providing care; availability of information and support; demographics. Findings show that, when no incontinence was reported, the longer was the caregiving situation, the better was the caregivers’ QoL, which was instead negatively affected by the lack of a support network. As for caregivers’ feelings, neither positive nor negative emotions influenced their QoL in a significant way. In terms of caregiver’s role, those who felt overwhelmed or loaded with responsibility reported a lower QoL, while the opposite was found among those who felt rewarded and supported, even when incontinence—of any kind—was present. The management of incontinence does have a negative impact on caregivers’ QoL, but subjective factors might play a mitigating role on such an impact.
Optimizing the position resolution of a Z-stack microchannel plate resistive anode detector for low intensity signals

A method for achieving good position resolution of low-intensity electron signals using a microchannel plate resistive anode detector is demonstrated. Electron events at a rate of 7 counts s(-1) are detected using a Z-stack microchannel plate. The dependence of position resolution on both the distance and the potential difference between the microchannel plate and resistive anode is investigated. Using standard commercial electronics, a measured position resolution of 170 μm (FWHM) is obtained, which corresponds to an intrinsic resolution of 157 μm (FWHM).
Chapter 7 The stereochemistry of vision

Publisher Summary Visual transduction is the process by which rods and cones convert light to a neural signal, which is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. The process is initiated by the absorption of light by the visual pigments, and causes a change in the electrical properties of the photoreceptor cell membranes by changing their permeability. The impinging of light on a visual pigment initiates the process of vision. This initial absorption of light is followed by a train of events culminating in the integration, by the brain, of the pattern of perception. The visual pigments are located in the light-sensitive cells, the photoreceptors. There are two basic types, the ciliary cell of the vertebrates and the rhabdomeric cell of the invertebrates, both possessing an inner and an outer segment. It is the outer segment membranes which contain the photoreceptors. In the case of the vertebrate eye, the light entering the eye must travel through the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous humor and various layers of nerve cells in the retina before it reaches the photoreceptors. These receptor cells are of two types, rods which are responsible for scotopic vision (in dim light) and cones which work under bright illumination and are concentrated in the region of the fovea. The human retina has three types of cone cells, with differing absorption maxima at 450, 535, and 560 nm, which provide the basis for color discrimination.
Periconceptional seafood intake and fetal growth

Background Previous reports of associations of maternal seafood intake with fetal growth were inconsistent. Further, little is known whether associations differ across seafood subtypes or fetal growth indices. Methods Among 3141 participants of the Omega study, a pregnancy cohort study, we investigated associations of periconceptional shell, lean, and fatty fish intake with fetal growth indices. We categorised food frequency questionnaire reported seafood intake into frequencies of: 1 servings/week. We abstracted birthweight, birth length, and head circumference from medical records. Using generalised linear models with a log link, the Poisson family, and robust standard errors, we estimated relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for low birthweight (LBW, <2500 g) and linear regression models to estimate mean differences for continuous fetal growth indices across seafood intake categories. Results Medians (interquartile range) of shell, lean, and fatty fish intake were 0.3 (0–0.9), 0.5 (0–1.0), and 0.5 (0.1–1.0) servings/week, respectively. Lean fish intake of >1 servings/week (vs. 1 servings/week (vs. <0.2 servings/month) was associated with a 0.6 kg/m3 higher mean ponderal index (95% CI 0.0, 1.2 kg/m3). There was no evidence for associations of total seafood or seafood subtype intake with other fetal growth indices. Conclusions Higher intakes of lean fish and shellfish were associated with a higher risk of LBW and higher mean ponderal index, respectively. Findings highlight the importance of considerations of seafood subtype in similar investigations.
Characterization of TPC-H queries on AMD Athlon/sup TM/ microprocessors

Studies on TPC-H based workloads have been few. The ever increasing, Internet based transactions necessitate better design of Servers running database applications. Business managers run DSS (Decision Support System) applications to analyze various business scenarios. This paper characterizes a small subset of a DSS workload obtained from the TPC-H benchmark from TPC (Transaction Processing Council). This characterization is done at the system level using performance-monitoring counters. Through this process, we attempt to analyze the queries behavior on the Athlon, the effect of the Athlon's micro-architecture on executing the queries, and compare and contrast two different L2 cache implementations.
Structure for Theories of Biology

Sex and Death An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. Kim Sterelny and Paul E. Griffiths. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999. 456 pp. $60, £47.95. ISBN 0-226-77303-5. Paper, $22, £17.50. ISBN 0-226-77304-3. Sterelny and Griffiths provide broad ranging and clearly written survey of contemporary issues in the philosophy of biology ranging from the nature of genes, organisms, and species to macroevolution, human nature, and what constitutes life.
Application-level reconnaissance: timing channel attacks against antivirus software

Remote attackers use network reconnaissance techniques, such as port scanning, to gain information about a victim machine and then use this information to launch an attack. Current network reconnaissance techniques, that are typically below the application layer, are limited in the sense that they can only give basic information, such as what services a victim is running. Furthermore, modern remote exploits typically come from a server and attack a client that has connected to it, rather than the attacker connecting directly to the victim. In this paper, we raise this question and answer it: Can the attacker go beyond the traditional techniques of network reconnaissance and gain high-level, detailed information? We investigate remote timing channel attacks against ClamAV antivirus and show that it is possible, with high accuracy, for the remote attacker to check how up-to-date the victim's antivirus signature database is. Because the strings the attacker uses to do this are benign (i.e., they do not trigger the antivirus) and the attack can be accomplished through many different APIs, the attacker has a large amount of flexibility in hiding the attack.
Fission and the Origin of Binary Stars

Brief reviews of the classical ‘angular momentum problem’ and the statistics of upper-main-sequence binaries are presented as background for the suggestion that the close, early-type, binaries are produced by fission of rapidly rotating protostars.
Optical model for prismatic glazing (1415-RP)

Prismatic glazing is found in many building applications, such as complex fenestration systems to control solar heat gains and glare and re-direct sunlight to building interior spaces and daylighting (and lighting) systems to enhance their optical and lighting performance. However, modeling and simulation of such prismatic glazing has been a very difficult task due to its versatile and complex geometrics. This article presents the development and validation of a simplified model to compute the optical characteristics and dominant directions of the transmitted and reflected beam rays of sawtooth-like prismatic glazing. The model was based on tracing the average ray and was extensively validated using third-party data derived from ray tracing computer simulations and measurement using integrating spheres and goniophotometers. The model's predictions for the transmittance and reflectance of single and double prismatic panes compared well overall within the accuracy of the third-party data over all incidence ...
Thermalization of entanglement

We explore the dynamics of the entanglement entropy near equilibrium in highly entangled pure states of two quantum-chaotic spin chains undergoing unitary time evolution. We examine the relaxation to equilibrium from initial states with either less or more entanglement entropy than the equilibrium value, as well as the dynamics of the spontaneous fluctuations of the entanglement that occur in equilibrium. For the spin chain with a time-independent Hamiltonian and thus an extensive conserved energy, we find slow relaxation of the entanglement entropy near equilibration. Such slow relaxation is absent in a Floquet spin chain with a Hamiltonian that is periodic in time and thus has no local conservation law. Therefore, we argue that slow diffusive energy transport is responsible for the slow relaxation of the entanglement entropy in the Hamiltonian system.
Peak-load pricing for electric power transmission

This paper provides a basic theoretical formulation of peak-load pricing for a transmission access charge. The cost of investment is explicitly taken into account in the objective function, to model the trade-off between network expansion and the use of inexpensive generation. This approach introduces incentives for network expansion at the locations most beneficial to the customers. In a well-defined open access environment, characterized by a single transmission service to all, this approach could become useful for setting transmission reservation right tariffs over various time horizons. Such tariffs are performance-based, in the sense that the transmission paths most useful to the economic transactions receive the highest compensation.
The impact of mean first-year heart rate on outcomes after heart transplantation: does it make a difference?

Background Cardiac denervation following transplantation has a variable effect on heart rate (HR), and the consequence of this is not known. We examined the impact of first-year HR on five-yr outcomes after heart transplant. Methods We evaluated 544 heart transplant recipients from 1994 to 2008. Patients were divided into groups by mean first-year HR: group 1, HR < 90 (mean 85.0 ± 4.3); group 2, 90 ≤ HR < 110 (mean 97.8 ± 4.9); group 3, HR ≥ 110 (mean 111.5 ± 1.8). Endpoints included one-yr freedom from treated rejection, five-yr survival, five-yr freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and five-yr freedom from non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE). Results One-yr freedom from treated rejection, five-yr survival and freedom from CAV were not significantly different between groups. Five-yr freedom from NF-MACE was significantly lower in group 3 compared with group 2, 69% vs. 91%, p < 0.01, mainly due to higher prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in group 3 over five yr. Conclusions Mean first-year HR does not provide prognostic significance for one-yr freedom from treated rejection, five-yr survival or development of CAV five yr after heart transplant. These results suggest that HR post-heart transplantation does not affect long-term outcomes, but high first-year HRs may be associated with new-onset CHF.
Autoreactive Effector/Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Infiltrating Grafted and Endogenous Islets in Diabetic NOD Mice Exhibit Similar T Cell Receptor Usage

Islet transplantation provides a “cure” for type 1 diabetes but is limited in part by recurrent autoimmunity mediated by β cell-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Insight into the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of effector T cells driving recurrent autoimmunity would aid the development of immunotherapies to prevent islet graft rejection. Accordingly, we used a multi-parameter flow cytometry strategy to assess the TCR variable β (Vβ) chain repertoires of T cell subsets involved in autoimmune-mediated rejection of islet grafts in diabetic NOD mouse recipients. Naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited a diverse TCR repertoire, which was similar in all tissues examined in NOD recipients including the pancreas and islet grafts. On the other hand, the effector/memory CD8+ T cell repertoire in the islet graft was dominated by one to four TCR Vβ chains, and specific TCR Vβ chain usage varied from recipient to recipient. Similarly, islet graft- infiltrating effector/memory CD4+ T cells expressed a limited number of prevalent TCR Vβ chains, although generally TCR repertoire diversity was increased compared to effector/memory CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, the majority of NOD recipients showed an increase in TCR Vβ12-bearing effector/memory CD4+ T cells in the islet graft, most of which were proliferating, indicating clonal expansion. Importantly, TCR Vβ usage by effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the islet graft exhibited greater similarity to the repertoire found in the pancreas as opposed to the draining renal lymph node, pancreatic lymph node, or spleen. Together these results demonstrate that effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediating autoimmune rejection of islet grafts are characterized by restricted TCR Vβ chain usage, and are similar to T cells that drive destruction of the endogenous islets.
Enhanced poliovirus replication in cytomegalovirus-infected human fibroblasts.

Abstract Replication of poliovirus in human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cells is enhanced 5-to 10-fold over replication in uninfected cells. Enhanced poliovirus replication in dually infected cells was not due to a difference in adsorption on infected cells and was supported by evidence of increased synthesis of polio-specific RNA. A functional CMV genome appeared to be required for the enhancement of polio replication since enhanced replication was not seen in cells infected with uv-irradiated CMV or in cultures treated with the inhibitors of CMV replication. Enhanced polio replication in CMV-infected cells may be due to the enhanced cellular metabolism in these cells.
An integrative treatment approach of a patient with cervical radiculitis: A case report

Objective To describe a case report of the use of 3 treatment methods for treatment of cervical radiculitis; manual intermittent traction, instrumental chiropractic spinal manipulation, and interferential therapy.
Improvement in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects after rapid aspirin desensitization and aspirin maintenance (ADAM) treatment

Abstract Twelve ASA-sensitive (AS) asthmatics, including nine over age 35 years and three under age 19, were successfully desensitized to the adverse effects of ASA in an average of 322 mire without any serious untoward sequelae. Six subjects (50%) experienced subjective improvement, three (25%) no change, and three (25%) worsening in their asthma while on a daily maintenance dose of ASA (mean = 539 mg) for an average follow-up period of 115 days. Six subjects (50%) were able to discontinue one or more antiasthma medications, including systemic steroid in one (8%) and aerosol steroid in three (25%). The incidence of subjective improvement in. asthma status (67% vs. 44%) was higher in those under 19 than in those over 35, and none of the younger vs. 30% of the older subgroup experienced worsening in their asthma. ASA desensitization (AD) followed by an ASA maintenance program (ADAM) therefore appeared to be beneficial in approximately 50% of AS asthmatics. 1n this study an improvement in postdesensitization peak expiratory flow rate with a repeat ASA challenge appeared to correlate best with subjective improvement in asthma and/or reduction in antiasthma medication requirement after AD. However, the number of subjects studied was relatively small and the conclusions drawn will require confirmation.
Creatine increases survival and suppresses seizures in the hypoxic immature rat.

The incidence of clinical seizures is highest in the newborn period. At this developmental stage seizures have many causes, with hypoxia and ischemia thought to be the most common. In rat pups hypoxia produces seizures most frequently at 10-12 d of age. Brain cellular energy metabolism increases between 5 and 25 d of age in the rat, as indicated in vivo by the phosphocreatine (PCr)/nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) ratio measured by31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Brain PCr/NTP ratios are approximately the same in 10-12-d-old rats and human term newborns, the ages of high seizure susceptibility. Thus, low Cr or PCr may be important in susceptibility to hypoxic seizures in the metabolically immature brain. To test this hypothesis, rat pups were injected with Cr for 3 d before exposing them to hypoxia on postnatal d 10 or 20. Before and during hypoxia, the electrocortical activity or 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured. At 10 but not 20 d, Cr injections increased brain PCr/NTP ratios, decreased hypoxia-induced seizures and deaths, and enhanced brain PCr and ATP recoveries after hypoxia. Thus, Cr protects the metabolically immature brain from hypoxia-induced seizures and, perhaps, from cellular injury. These results may be directly relevant to the human newborn.
Time-Domain Poroelastic Green's Functions

A method previously developed for asymptotic solution of systems of integro-differential equations with singular memory is applied to the determination of the time-domain asymptotic Green's function of Biot's poroelasticity. Asymptotic time-domain Green's functions are constructed in a neighborhood of the wavefronts. The general anisotropic medium as well as the isotropic case are considered.
Anti-Tau Antibodies: Hitting the Target

Immunotherapies targeting tau in mouse models of human tauopathies could have disease-modifying effects. In this issue of Neuron, Yanamandra et al. (2013) use tau antibodies, which effectively block tau seeding in culture, to attenuate tauopathy and improve cognition in mutant tau mouse models.
Modulation of the GTPase activity of the chloroplast F1‐ATPase by ATP binding at noncatalytic sites

Although the binding of nucleotides at the noncatalytic sites of F1-ATPase has been regarded as probably having some type of regulatory function, only limited observations have been reported that support such a role. We present here results showing that the presence of ATP at noncatalytic sites can give a fivefold enhancement of the rate of GTP hydrolysis by the chloroplast F1-ATPase. Heat-activation of the chloroplast F1-ATPase in the presence of ATP, followed by column separation from the medium nucleotides gives an enzyme with two of the three noncatalytic sites filled with ATP. In contrast, heat-activation in the presence of ADP gives an enzyme with only one noncatalytic site filled with ADP. Such an enzyme with two noncatalytic sites empty catalyzes MgGTP hydrolysis only very slowly. The filling of a second noncatalytic site with ATP by exposure of the enzyme to ATP without Mg2+ present, followed by column separation, markedly increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis. A further increase occurs when a third noncatalytic site is filled by exposure to Mg2+ and ATP. The rate of MgATP hydrolysis is the same for the enzyme heat-activated in the presence of ATP or ADP, probably because MgATP, unlike MgGTP, rapidly binds to both catalytic and noncatalytic sites.
TU-C-303A-05: On the Need for Multiple External Markers to Predict Tumor Displacement Due to Respiration

Purpose: To study the correlation between external markers and tumor displacement, investigate the need for multiple markers to independently predict tumor displacement and perform a stratified analysis by disease site and tumor location. Methods: Data was acquired from 91 patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy using the Cyberknife Synchrony™ system. The data consisted of three dimensions corresponding to each of three external markers and the tumor. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the displacement of individual external markers and the tumor.Multivariate analysis was performed to determine which external marker dimensions (and the number) independently predicted tumor displacement. A stratified univariate and multivariate analysis based on tumor site and location was also performed. Results: Univariate analysis showed that more than one external marker and more than one external marker dimension had a correlation coefficient > 0.5 with the tumor position. Multivariate analysis showed that 2.6 external markers and 4.7 external marker dimensions were needed to independently predict tumor displacement. Each external marker dimension was independently predictive of tumor displacement in an equal number of cases. Conclusions: Univariate shows that more than one external marker and more than one external marker dimension had a strong correlation with the tumor position. Multivariate analysis showed that 2–3 external markers and 4–5 external marker dimensions were independently predictive of tumor displacement. The resulting RMS error between the predicted and actual tumor displacement from the multivariate regression model was approximately 1 mm.
ETHNICITY, GENERATION, AND SCHOOL ATTAINMENT OF ASIANS, HISPANICS, AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES

Research on immigration and attainment in U.S. schools typically does not separate out generation of U.S. residence, a critical factor in attainment. This article explores immigrant generation effe...
Alcohol Use and Psychosocial Outcome of Two Preventive Classroom Programs with Seventh and Tenth Graders

Two preventive intervention programs on alcohol and other substance use were devised for classrooms of junior and senior high school students. One program focused on resistance to social influence, and the other on attitude change and decision making. Youngsters undergoing these interventions were compared with controls who had no intervention on both alcohol usage measures and nonusage psychosocial indices at a pre-intervention baseline, at one-year post-intervention for tenth graders, and at two-year post-intervention for seventh graders. No difference in outcome between the two interventions was found for tenth graders, but one-year post-intervention tenth graders who had either of the interventions used less alcohol than controls. Nonusage measures were not affected. Seventh graders showed no usage effects of interventions two years post-intervention, but the nonusage measures suggested more prosocial behavior. Also among seventh graders, those with a high score on peer or parent alcohol use modeling ...
Low-Energy Capture Gamma Rays of Eu 152 and Eu 154

The low-energy capture gamma-ray spectra of Eu/sup 152/ aud Eu/sup 154/ were examined up to an energy of 300 kev by the use of a scintillation spectrometer. Eu/sup 152/ was found to exhibit gamma lines at 81 plus or minus 4 kev and 92 plus or minus 3 kev while Eu/sup 154/ exhibited gamma lines at 75 plus or minus 3 kev and 91 plus or minus 3 kev. Coincidence measurements were made on a composite spectrum produced by thermal neutron capture in natural Eu/ sup 152/. The data are consistent with the interpretation that the Eu/sup 154/ lines are members of a rotational band while the Eu/sup 152/ lines are not. (auth)
Extraction of Tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) Iron(II) Perchlorate into Nitrobenzene: Role of Water

Abstract The number of molecules of water associated with the tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) iron(II) perchlorate ion association chelate was found to be 14 ± 4 when this chelate was extracted into nitrobenzene.
Electrochemistry of 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (6-MTHP), the most effective of the synthetic aromatic amino acid hydroxylase pseudo cofactors, has been studied in aqueous solution over a wide pH range at a pyrolytic graphite electrode. The first electrooxidation of 6-WTHP occurs by a quasi-reversible 2 e -2H + reaction giving an unstable quinonoid-dihydropterin. The latter undergoes a first order chemical follow-up reaction yielding 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropterin (6-MDHP). At pH values ⩽5.6 6-MDHP forms an equilibrium mixture of a covalently hydrated species and non-hydrated species. The covalently hydrated form of 6-MDHP is electrooxidized in a 2 e -2H + quasi-reversible reaction to another unstable quinonoid that appears to undergo a two-step rearrangement to 6-methylpterin. Non-hydrated 6-MDHP is electrooxidized at the most positive potential in an irreversible 2 e -2H + reaction giving 6-methylpterin.
What can OR contribute to market planning and budgeting decisions

“Starting with basic market research information about the nature of the market place, OR simulation in effect generates further data. It helps to answer the manager's question, 'What would happen if …?'”
C4 Isoform of NADP-Malate Dehydrogenase (cDNA Cloning and Expression in Leaves of C4, C3, and C3-C4 Intermediate Species of Flaveria)

In C4 plants of the NADP-malic enzyme type, an abundant, mesophyll cell-localized NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) acts to convert oxaloacetate, the initial product of carbon fixation, to malate before it is shuttled to the bundle sheath. Since NADP-MDH has different but important roles in leaves of C3 and C4 plants, we have cloned and characterized a nearly full-length cDNA encoding NADP-MDH from Flaveria trinervia (C4) to permit comparative structure/expression studies within the genus Flaveria. The dicot genus Flaveria includes C3-C4 intermediate species, as well as C3 and C4 species. We show that the previously noted differences in NADP-MDH activity levels among C3, C4, and C3-C4 Flaveria species are in part due to interspecific differences in mRNA accumulation. We also show that the NADP-MDH gene appears to be present as a single copy among different Flaveria species, suggesting that a pre-existing gene has been reregulated during the evolution from C3 to C4 plants to accommodate the abundance and localization requirements of the C4 cycle.
Recurrent orbital solitary fibrous tumor in a 14-year-old girl.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of orbital solitary fibrous tumor in a pediatric patient. METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: A 14-year-old girl presented with a 5-month history of painless proptosis of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-circumscribed mass in the anterior superomedial left orbit. The lesion was excised, and histopathologic examination revealed a solitary fibrous tumor. The lesion recurred in the orbit 4 months postoperatively, and histologic examination of the new lesion was consistent with solitary fibrous tumor. CONCLUSION: Based on this case report of orbital solitary fibrous tumor in a pediatric patient, solitary fibrous tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of pediatric orbital tumors.
Oxidation kinetics of titanium thin films in model physiologic environments

The effects of a model physiologic solution on the surface chemistry and oxidation kinetics of titanium were determined. Auger electron (AES) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies were used to identify changes in oxide stoichiometry, adsorbed surface species, and oxide thickness as a function of exposure to a balanced electrolyte with 8.0 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Prior to immersion, the oxide on the processed films was identified as TiO2 with two types of hydroxyl (OH) groups adsorbed. The chemistry of the mean surface region changed as a function of immersion: an increase in OH groups and P (nonelemental) was detected. The oxidation kinetics did not follow a unique theoretical relationship. However, the data can be explained on the basis of a limiting oxide thickness (lL). It is proposed that electric-field-assisted transport of metal ions into the oxide lattice is the rate-determining step for oxide growth. The model predicts lL ∼ 7.5 nm with subsequent oxide growth of less than 0.02 nm/day, which compares well with the oxide growth of samples exposed to human serum and retrieved titanium implants.
Polarons in high Tc superconductors: IRAV modes and electronic transitions to gap states as in conducting polymers

Abstract Photoinduced infrared absorption measurements of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (δ=0.75) are reported. We observed photoinduced infrared active vibrational modes, associated phonon bleachings, and an electronic transition from a self-localized gap state. The results indicate a local structural distortion in the CuO plane around the photogenerated charge carriers. Remarkable similarities in photoinduced activity between conducting polymers and high Tc superconductors were found. The photoinduced structural distortion and the associated self-localized gap state demonstrate that the photoexcitations are relatively long-lived polarons or bipolarons. The dynamic mass associated with the distortion is smaller in YBa2Cu3O7−δ than in La2CuO4, which is comparable to those in conducting polymers. Since these characteristic features are not observed in the isostructural compound, La2NiO4, we conclude that polaron (or bipolaron) formation plays an important role in the high temperature superconductivity.
Prenatal Diet Adequacy Among Rural Alabama Blacks

: Proper nutrition during pregnancy has a major effect on a mother's health, as well as that of her baby. This paper examines the adequacy of diet among low-income, black, pregnant women residing in rural areas of west central Alabama. The factors associated with diet adequacy in this population are also examined. Data for this study were collected from 186 women who provided 24-hour dietary recalls. The data indicate that these women have major deficiencies in their diets, particularly in terms of milk and milk products. Most women are receiving only about 60 percent of the number of servings of the four basic food groups recommended for a pregnant woman. Women younger than 20, unmarried or not heading their own household, receiving no post-high school education, unemployed, experiencing an unplanned pregnancy, and not having a home visitor had less adequate diets than their counterparts. Diet adequacy had a low (r = .16) but statistically significant correlation with birthweight.
The Female Entrepreneur: A Career Development Perspective

Recent literature on female entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial careers reveals that: (a) up to this time, piecemeal studies of entrepreneurs (male and female) fail to provide a clear picture of the factors which encourage an individual to enter upon an entrepreneurial career; and (b) even less is known about female than male entrepreneurs. A comprehensive career model (a more definitive picture of the determinants of entrepreneurial behavior for women) is developed.
Ethnic differences in stroke mortality between non-Hispanic whites, Hispanic whites, and blacks. The National Longitudinal Mortality Study.

Although US blacks are known to have an excess stroke mortality compared with US whites, little is known about the stroke burden of the Hispanic white population. This report will provide estimates of the relative burden of stroke mortality in the US black and Hispanic population relative to the white population and examine the consistency of this relation across age. Data were from participants aged > 45 years from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. There were 1844 stroke deaths among 239,734 non-Hispanic whites, 46 deaths among 12,527 Hispanic whites, and 234 deaths among 23,468 black participants. Standard statistical methods were used to examine the ethnic differences in stroke mortality. The hazard ratios for black men and women (relative to non-Hispanic whites) were nearly identical, at > 4.0 at age 45 but marginally 15% occurred in both Hispanic whites and blacks. These results suggest that (1) for Hispanics, stroke risk is similar to that for non-Hispanic whites at young ages but is marginally lower at older ages, (2) the excess stroke mortality in blacks mainly occurs at younger ages (between 45 and 55 years), and (3) the relation between stroke risk for blacks and Hispanics relative to whites is similar by sex. The impact of age on relative stroke mortality would argue against simple age adjustment for describing ethnic differences in stroke mortality. Finally, proportionally, more strokes occur at older ages in non-Hispanic whites than in either US blacks or Hispanic whites.
ADDENDUM TO PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS OF BIRD OWNERSHIP

Because several recent studies suggested that adults who fed only wild birds would report having different problems and benefits than did pet bird owners who also fed wild birds, and pet bird only owners, the present study added data to clarify such differences. 150 adults were selected so that 50 persons (25 men and 25 women) each were classified into one of three groups: those who only owned pet birds, those who owned pet birds and also fed wild birds, and those who only fed wild birds. There were no significant differences between men and women in any of the three groups, and no significant differences in their responses. The 50 people who fed wild birds only reported having added problems with neighbors' cats, bees, ants, squirrels, blue jays, and other oppressive larger birds, but the 50 pet bird owners who also fed wild birds and the owners of pet birds only reported the same problems with minor differences in type and number of interlopers. Clearly, all bird lovers shared similar characteristics, f...
Hybrid CPN–Neural Dynamics Model for Discrete Optimization of Steel Structures

: In practical design of steel structures, the designer usually must choose from a limited number of commercially available shapes such as the widely used wide flange shapes. In this article, we present a hybrid counterpropagation-neural dynamics model and a new neural network topology for discrete optimization of large structures subjected to the AISC ASD specifications. The constrained structural optimization problem is formulated in terms of a neural dynamics model with constraint and variable layers. The counterpropagation part of the model consists of the competition and interpolation layers. The CPN network is trained to learn the relationship between the cross-sectional area and the radius of gyration of the available sections. The robustness of the hybrid computational model is demonstrated by application to three examples representing the exterior envelope of high-rise and super-high-rise steel building structures, including a 147-story structure with 8904 members.
Multiple organism gene finding by collapsed gibbs sampling

The Gibbs sampling method has been widely used for sequence analysis after it was successfully applied to the problem of identifying regulatory motif sequences upstream of genes. Since then numerous variants of the original idea have emerged, however in all cases the application has been to finding short motifs in collections of short sequences (typically less than 100 nucleotides long). In this paper we introduce a Gibbs sampling approach for identifying genes in multiple large genomic sequences up to hundreds of kilobases long. This approach leverages the evolutionary relationships between the sequences to improve the gene predictions, without explicitly aligning the sequences. We have applied our method to the analysis of genomic sequence from 14 genomic regions, totaling roughly 1.8Mb of sequence in each organism. We show that our approach compares favorably with existing ab-initio approaches to gene finding, including pairwise comparison based gene prediction methods which make explicit use of alignments. Furthermore, excellent performance can be obtained with as little as 4 organisms, and the method overcomes a number of difficulties of previous comparison based gene finding approaches: it is robust with respect to genomic rearrangements, can work with draft sequence, and is fast (linear in the number and length of the sequences). It can also be seamlessly integrated with Gibbs sampling motif detection methods.