cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement in off-resonance rotating frame.

Abstract Transferring from laboratory frame to off-resonance rotating frame for the 1H spin can compensate the relaxivity loss for paramagnetic agents at the magnetic field strength higher than 3 Tesla and enhance water relaxation rate constant significantly. A comprehensive theory for calculating the relaxation rate constants in the off-resonance rotating frame is described. This theory considers the contributions from both inner shell and outer shell water. The derived relaxation rate constants and relaxation enhancement efficiency as a function of the magnetic field strength and the effective field parameters are directly correlated to the structures, dynamics and environments of paramagnetic agents. To validate the theoretical predictions, we have measured the relaxation enhancement efficiency for a series of macromolecule conjugated gadolinium chelates at 9.4 Tesla. The experimental results confirmed the theoretical predictions. The theory also predicts the relaxation enhancement for T2-type paramagnetic agents at high magnetic fields. Promising fields of applications include situations where T1- or T2-type paramagnetic agents are used for labeling molecular/cellular events.
Susceptibilities of 428 gram-positive and -negative anaerobic bacteria to Bay y3118 compared with their susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and cefoxitin.

The susceptibilities of 428 gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes (including selected cefoxitin-resistant strains) to Bay y3118 (a new fluoroquinolone), ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, piperacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam were tested. Organisms comprised 115 Bacteroides fragilis group, 116 non-B. fragilis Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp., 40 fusobacteria, 58 peptostreptococci, 48 gram-positive non-spore-forming rods, and 51 clostridia. beta-Lactamase production was demonstrated in 87% of the gram-negative rods but in none of the gram-positive organisms. Overall, Bay y3118 was the most active agent, with all organisms inhibited at an MIC of 16.0 micrograms/ml). Clindamycin was active against 94% of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp., 91% of peptostreptococci, and 100% of gram-positive non-spore-forming rods, but was active against only 70% of fusobacteria and 53% of clostridia. Cefoxitin was active against > or = 90% of all groups except the B. fragilis group and non-Propionibacterium acnes gram-positive non-spore-forming rods (both 85%) and C. difficile (20%). Significant enhancement of piperacillin by tazobactam was seen in all beta-lactamase-positive strains (99% susceptible; MIC90, 8.0 micrograms/ml), and all beta-lactamase-negative strains were susceptible to piperacillin (MIC90, 8.0 micrograms/ml). Clinical studies are required to delineate the role of Bay y3118 in the treatment of anaerobic infections.
Treatment of Plantar Warts in ChOdren with a Salicylic Acid‐Podophyllin‐Cantharidin Product

One hundred and twenty-one children with plantar warts were treated with a topical preparation containing salicylic acid, 30%; podophyllin, 5%; and cantharidin, 1%. One hundred patients or their families were reached 6 months to 1 year later. This treatment was effective in 81 cases.
Long-term effects of defoliation on red pine suitability to insects feeding on diverse plant tissues

Evidence that defoliation can induce long-term responses in perennial plants that can regulate insect population dynamics is based largely on studies using deciduous trees and folivores, particularly Lepidoptera. Studies with evergreen trees, and with insects feeding on other plant parts, have yielded more variable results. This study examined the effects over several seasons of controlled defoliation on the suitability of an evergreen conifer, red pine (Pinus resinosa) to insects and pathogens that exploit foliage, stem phloem, and root tissue. Test insects included a folivorous sawfly (Hymenoptera) and two species of stem- and root-colonizing beetles (Coleoptera). Each of these species undergoes periodic population irruptions. Controlled defoliations were administered to 10-yr-old trees at levels that mimic naturally occurring sawfly outbreaks. Additional studies were conducted on seedlings in a glasshouse. Foliar suitability to the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei) varied in a nonlinear fashion with defoliation intensity one year after treatment. However, not all parameters of sawfly success were equally affected. Female cocoon mass was related to foliar concentrations of nutrients, but not monoterpenes or diterpene acids. Suitability to the stem boring pine engraver (Ips pini) increased 2 yr after defoliation. Moderate defoliation reduced stem resin flow rate by 50% and increased stem phloem colonization rate by the beetle’s mutualistic fungus, Ophiostoma ips. Defoliation also affected host suitability to adult pales weevils, Hylobius pales. Weevil feeding increased 1 yr after defoliation, but this response dissipated 2 yr after treatment. The observation that intermediate defoliation stress can either decrease or increase foliar suitability in an evergreen conifer, depending on intensity, is consistent with elements of both the plant stress and carbon:nutrient balance hypotheses. Moreover, host responses to a single stress agent may significantly and differentially influence the population dynamics of insects and pathogens that exploit different plant tissues. Implications of these results for plant stress and carbon:nutrient theories, plant-herbivore interactions, and chronic forest declines are discussed.
Visual Music: Jazz, Synaesthesia and the History of the Senses in the Weimar Republic

In 1926, Henry Ernst published the short memoir ‘My Hunt for the ‘Tschetzpend’’ (‘Meine Jagd nach der ‘Tschetzpend’’) in the German entertainment musician’s journal Artist. A unique document, it provides a rare account of a Weimar musician’s encounter with, and education in, early jazz. Ernst first heard the word ‘jazz’, he claimed, at the end of an engagement in Switzerland, when a hotel manager asked him to play ‘Tschetzpend’ (‘jazz band’) when he returned the following season. The word and its meaning were enigmatic, Ernst explained, since ‘scarcely a musician in Germany knew what a jazz band or a Shimmy actually was’ in 1920. Much of the rest of the story narrates his frustrating pursuit of the music and the wrong characterizations he received from many different sources. Finally, prepared to hand in his resignation, he discovered some sheet music in a local bookstore that included a photograph of a London jazz band. The moment was an epiphany, he asserted; his now wellestablished jazz band was based on this discovery. Strangely, the most informative aspect of the sheet music was the not the musical notes but the photograph. ‘No Egyptologist had ever taken into his hand more lovingly, and studied more intensely, a newly discovered piece of papyrus than I did this Jazzband-photograph’, he claimed. 1 But how could an image inform music so decisively? How could a photograph dictate the perception of sound? Ernst’s sensory border-crossing creates cognitive dissonance: for Ernst, this translation seemed so evident that he didn’t see the need to explain it; for us, it remains mysterious. Ernst’s presupposition does not just seem counterintuitive; it also contradicts a recent narrative of the modern senses. A number of scholars have argued that a key component in the modern understanding of perception is the separation of the senses. 2 By the 1840s, philosophers and physiologists had broken up the classically unified sensorium into component parts, reimagining hearing, seeing, smelling, touching and tasting as individual senses. According to this narrative, the new mass media of the nineteenth century were themselves an extension of this new understanding—and the consequent development of the sciences—of the senses. Sound (telegraphy, the telephone and sound recording) and image (the phanakistiscope, stereograph and photograph) reproduction technologies were the outcomes of a sensory ‘regime’ which made hearing and vision subjective, singular objects of knowledge. 3 Single sensory media such as the
Up Against the Law: Legal Structuring of Political Opportunities in Neighborhood Opposition to Group Home Siting in Massachusetts

Abstract Conflicts over siting of group homes for people transitioning out of homelessness or struggling with addiction illustrate the multiscalar dynamics at play between locally-based activism and supra-local laws. In Massachusetts, the state-scale legal environment limits the effectiveness of opposition to group housing; nonetheless, such opposition occurs at the municipal level. Drawing on media accounts, official documents, and interviews with stakeholders in conflicts over group home siting in Worcester, Massachusetts, I investigate the dynamics between neighborhood place claims, the responses of the local state, and the state-wide laws governing group home siting. Examining the legal frameworks relevant to social movement grievances demonstrate that law structures the political opportunities available for protest and local government response.
Effects of ion implantation on deep levels in GaAs

We have studied the effects of ion implantation in GaAs using the techniques of deep-level transient spectroscopy. Samples included an unimplanted epitaxial buffer layer, a sample implanted directly into that buffer layer and then capped with Si3N4, a sample implanted into that buffer layer through a similar cap, and a sample implanted directly into a semi-insulating substrate and then capped. All implants were with Si29 and both types of implant were annealed at 860°C for fifteen minutes. We find that the total density of deep levels is not changed significantly by direct implantation, capping and annealing but that implantation through a cap greatly in creases the total deep-level concentration. Deep levels found in implanted layers after capping and annealing are primarily characteristic of the substrate or buffer layer into which the implantation is made, unless the implant is through a cap in which case contaminants from the capping process may be evident at high densities.
Urban gentrification: Evaluating alternative indicators

The study seeks to ascertain whether the operational definition of “gentrification” has an impact on the apparent extent, location and causal factors associated with the phenomenon. Four alternative definitional criteria are specified, based on areal changes in: proportion black, proportion college-educated, real incomes and real property values. The stringency of the given change needed to qualify as gentrification is also varied. Census tract changes from 1970–80 in Philadelphia are analyzed. Results indicate great sensitivity in the number and location of “gentrified” tracts to the definition chosen and stringency applied. Even more importantly, the 1970 characteristics of tracts which statistically explain their subsequent gentrication vary dramatically across these definitions.
Effect of heat on the c3h mouse mammary adenocarcinoma evaluated in terms of tumor growth.

The effect of single and fractionated doses of wet heat was evaluated in vivo on the C3H mouse mammary carcinoma by means of growth curves. Response of tumor growth to variable doses of single exposures indicated that a dose-response relationship exists in vivo. Response to four fractioned doses of heat administered at 24 hr intervals suggested that part of the original heat damage was repaired in the fractionation intervals.
The window effect in zeolitic diffusion

Abstract Gorring’s 1973 experimental data, which showed an unusual oscillatory variation of the apparent intracrystalline diffusivity of n -alkanes in zeolite T with carbon number (termed the window effect ), have been critically re-examined. Although the experiments were conducted under non-linear and non-isothermal conditions the uptake rates were interpreted according to the linear isothermal diffusion model. The unusual variation of apparent diffusivity with chain length appears to be an artifact of this analysis. It is shown that the observed pattern of variation in uptake rates can be accounted for by the intrusion of finite heat transfer resistance and isotherm non-linearity, assuming only the expected monotonic decrease of intrinsic diffusivity with carbon number.
Collisions and rotational spectroscopy

Abstract Motivated by Oka's early work on molecular collisions and especially collision-induced rotational transitions, this paper addresses progress in these areas. Particular attention is paid to recent extensions to lower energy collisions of astrophysical significance and to questions about the relation between experimental observables and the more fundamental molecular interactions.
Opinion expression during social conflict: Comparing online reader comments and letters to the editor

News outlets serve democratic norms by providing a wide range of viewpoints, including opinions from the public. This study examined opinion expression in online reader posts and letters to the edi...
Heuristics: A Gambler's Roll

The insights gained in nearly 20 years of investigation of heuristics in integer programming may have wider applicability for developing heuristic procedures in management science. Four hypothetical principles for designing good heuristic methods revolve around the notion that because luck is involved in applying heuristic procedures one should try to weight the odds in one's favor as much as possible.
To Eat or Not To Eat: An Easy Simulation of Optimal Diet Selection in the Classroom

ABSTRACT Optimal diet selection, a component of optimal foraging theory, suggests that animals should select a diet that either maximizes energy or nutrient consumption per unit time or minimizes the foraging time needed to attain required energy or nutrients. In this exercise, students simulate the behavior of foragers that either show no foraging preference or demonstrate a foraging preference based on profitability ratios (average energy content of food item, Elaverage handling time, h). Foragers that optimize their diets consistently acquire more total energy in a timed foraging period. The demonstration is scalable to a full laboratory exercise with statistical analysis and graphing activities.
Identification of seven proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum as targets for reactive metabolites of bromobenzene.

The hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene is strongly correlated with the covalent binding of chemically reactive metabolites to cellular proteins, but up to now relatively few hepatic protein targets of these reactive metabolites have been identified. To identify additional hepatic protein targets we injected an hepatotoxic dose of [ 1 4 C]bromobenzene to phenobarbital-pretreated male Sprague-Dawley rats ip. After 4 h, their livers were removed and homogenized, and the homogenates fractionated by differential ultracentrifugation. The highest specific radiolabeling (6.1 nmol equiv 1 4 C/mg of protein) was observed in a particulate fraction (P25) sedimented at 25000g from a 6000g supernatant fraction. Proteins in this fraction were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and, after transblotting, analyzed for radioactivity by phosphorimaging. More than 20 radiolabeled protein spots were observed in the blots. For 17 of these spots, peptide mass maps were obtained using in-gel digestion with trypsin, followed by MALDITOF mass spectrometric analysis of the resulting peptide mixtures. By searching genomic databases, the 17 sets of MS-derived peptide masses were found to match predicted tryptic fragments of just 7 proteins. Spots 1-4 matched with 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), protein disulfide isomerase isozyme A1 (PDIA1), endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp29, and PDIA6, respectively. Spots 5 and 6, 7-11, and 12-17 presented as apparent "charge trains" of spots, each of which gave peptide mixtures closely similar to those of other spots within the train. The proteins present in these sets of spots were identified as transthyretin, serum albumin precursor and PDIA3, respectively. The possible relationship of the adduction of these proteins to the toxicological outcome is discussed.
Factor structure of the Profile of Mood States (POMS): two partial replications

Examined the factor structure of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in samples of psychiatric outpatients (N = 165) and adult smokers (N = 298). Principal component analyses (oblique rotation) yielded seven interpretable components in both cases, which accounted for 66% and 64% of the total variance, respectively. Coefficients of congruence indicated that the two component structures were quite similar. Three of the six POMS scales (Anger-Hostility, Vigor-Activity, Fatigue-Inertia) were replicated successfully in both samples. The remaining three scales were factorally complex and tended to merge, partially attributable to social desirability, to high scale intercorrelations, and to the inherent confluence of psychopathology. The POMS appears to be an internally consistent, multidimensional instrument with a relatively stable factor structure. Caution is recommended in the separate scoring and interpretation of several POMS scales.
Fitting in, Feeling Excluded or Opting out? An Investigation into the Socialisation Process of Newcomers to the Teaching Profession in Secondary Schools in England.

Abstract This study is concerned with newly qualified secondary teachers' experience of socialisation into the profession during their first year of teaching. The article argues that not only do they need to become experts in the technical aspects of teaching, they also need to develop the professional capability to establish positive relationships with their colleagues and to reconcile their often idealistic expectations of teaching with school reality. The 10 newly qualified teachers participating in this qualitative study were amongst the first cohort to undergo the statutory induction programme introduced in England in September 1999. By adopting a case study approach, data collection took place by means of semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Particular attention is paid to the challenges experienced by newly qualified teachers in their endeavour to negotiate a balance between their personal and professional values and beliefs, and those prevailing in the school in which they are located.
Concentrated di-substitutional metallic solid solutions

Abstract Metastable solid solutions of Cu and Fe in Gd with up to ∼ 15 at. % solute were prepared by ultrarapid quenching from the liquid (splat cooling). These solid solutions are of a new type: a ratio of two solute atoms for one replaced solvent atom was found. This suggests that the solute forms di-substitutionals, S 2 (split interstitials). Conditions for simple interstitial and di-substitutional solid solution formation are discussed.
Psychological evaluation of a primary headache patient.

SUMMARY A patient’s experience with headache is influenced, not only by the frequency and pain of the attacks, but also by the patient’s perception of the controllability of the attacks, their willingness to engage in activities despite attacks and their attitude towards the medications used to treat the headaches. Clinicians are often aware of the need to evaluate their patients for the existence of comorbid psychiatric disorders but may be less aware of the importance of these nonpathological beliefs/attitudes that are present to some degree in every headache sufferer. This article gives an overview (by no means exhaustive) of several important psychological constructs, with an emphasis on how these constructs can be assessed in headache patients using freely available paper–pencil questionnaires.
Stroke in neonates.

Five neonates with large cerebral infarctions of arterial origin are presented. Four had severe focalseizures on the first day of life. The fifth, a premature infant, was asymptomatic. The diagnoses were made by computed tomography (CT) scans between 5 and 12 days of life; CT scans obtained in the first few days of life were normal. In the fifth infant, the infarct was hemorrhagic and was also noted by cranial ultrasound. Three of the infants had a history of trauma to the head or neck during labor and birth. Only one was severely asphyxiated at birth. Two apparently are doing well at 1 year of age. Cerebral infarcts of arterial origin in neonates probably have been missed in living patients in the past, but now are recognized in the newborn period by properly timed CT examination.
Effect of acute and long-standing hypocalcemia on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in man.

ABSTRACT The effect of acute hypocalcemia on blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) was evaluated in normal subjects and patients with mild renal failure studied in both the supine and upright posture. The effects of long-standing hypocalcemia in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism were also studied. Acute hypocalcemia, produced by EDTA, caused no change in supine blood pressure but led to significant orthostatic hypotension which correlated to the magnitude of fall in serum calcium; PRA in both supine and upright position was not different from that observed when serum calcium was normal. Also long-standing hypocalcemia was not associated with abnormalities in blood pressure or PRA. These observations indicate that renin release, in vitro, is not altered by abrupt or chronic hypocalcemia.
Interactions between a braconid, Microplitis croceipes, and a fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, in laboratory-reared bollworm larvae☆

Abstract The parasite Microplitis croceipes required 1.1 days longer at 26°C to complete development in Heliothis zea larvae than was required for the fungus Nomuraea rileyi to kill the host larvae and sporulate. Host larvae parasitized by M. croceipes or infected with N. rileyi failed to complete a fifth larval molt or pupate. Of the remaining healthy larvae, one-half completed six larval stadia before popation. Larvae parasitized by M. croceipes were predisposed to infection by N. rileyi, but the fungus inhibited development of M. croceipes if host larvae were infected with N. rileyi within 1 day after parasitization.
Nodal disease in purely glottic carcinoma: Is elective neck treatment worthwhile?†

Objective: Although there is a generalized understanding of the relatively low overall incidence of nodal disease from purely glottic carcinoma, the exact role for elective neck treatment in the management of this disease remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of occult nodal disease (including paratracheal) in patients who have glottic carcinoma without significant extraglottic extension and to identify which patients are at risk for this. A retrospective chart review of 92 such patients who had either undergone neck dissection or been observed for a minimum of 2 years was performed. Results: For the 92 patients, neck treatment consisted of observation in 68 patients, paratracheal node dissection in four, unilateral neck dissection in four, unilateral neck dissection and excision of paratracheal nodes in 14, and bilateral neck dissection with paratracheal node excision in two. Of the 24 nodal dissections performed, four were positive for occult metastatic disease. No patient in the observation group developed nodal disease. Conclusion: The incidence of occult nodal disease in N0 glottic carcinoma is low, 0% in early stage disease (T1-T2) and 19% in late stage disease (T3-T4). Nodes at highest risk included only the paratracheal, level II, and level III. Elective neck treatment should only be undertaken for advanced (T3-T4) disease and even then is of questionable benefit. If undertaken, it should have a low potential morbidity, such as selective neck dissection or radiation. Computed tomography was not useful in staging the neck for this subset of patients.
Note on Gloss Measurement and Tolerance of Photographic Paper

Glossiness ranking of photographic paper samples by observers was found to have a slightly higher correlation with gloss measurement at 2212° and 45° than at 75°. The magnitude of a usually just noticeable gloss difference was determined.
BINDING OF CORTICOSTEROIDS BY PLASMA PROTEINS. VI. THE BINDING OF CORTISOL AND ALDOSTERONE BY CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING GLOBULIN AND BY THE ESTROGEN-INDUCED BINDING SYSTEM OF PLASMA

The binding of cortisol-4-C14 and aldosterone-H3 by serum from pregnant or estrogen-treated subjects was directly compared to the binding by serum from control subjects in a system of double equilibrium dialysis. Increased binding of cortisol-4-C14 could be demonstrated by “estrogen” plasma under conditions of minimal cortisol loading only at 37°C. and not at 4°C. This difference of binding behavior is evidence that the binding sites induced by estrogen are qualitatively different from those on normal corticosteroid-binding globulin. The total concentration of cortisol-binding protein induced by estrogens may be two or three times greater than that of corticosteroid-binding globulin. Under physiologic conditions of temperature, aldosterone-H3 is bound primarily by albumin, but at 4° C. aldosterone-H3 is bound about equally by albumin and corticosteroid-binding globulin. At 4° C. the estrogen-induced binding system does not have appreciable affinity for aldosterone-H3.
A Case for Skills Training

Being an additional empirical demonstration that supervised practice in counseling is needed beyond didactic coursework.
The magnetic condensate, strong vector forces and monopoles

We study the interplay of the magnetic condensate 〈Ψ¯μvΨFμv〉, chiral symmetry breaking, strong vector forces and magnetic monopoles. Physical arguments are presented to motivate the appearance of a vacuum expectation value of the magnetic condensate in the chiral symmetry broken phase of strongly coupled quantum electrodynamics. Calculations of the magnetic condensate are presented for quenched non-compact lattice QED and linearized lattice QED. In both models a magnetic condensate is generated whose critical behavior is the same as 〈Ψ¯Ψ〉. The anomalous dimension of Ψ¯μvΨFμv, is extracted and the Pauli term is seen to become renormalizable together with four Fermi operators. The influence of magnetic monopole networks on fermion wave functions is studied in both non-compact and linearized lattice QED, and significant differences are found between the two models. The role of the monopoles in driving a chiral phase transition in unquenched lattice QED is argued to be enhanced as Nf, the number of dynamical light fermions, is increased from zero.
Do I matter?: the impact of individual differences on training process

The increasing investment in technology for training and learning in organizations underscores the fundamental importance for researchers to understand and investigate technology-mediated learning (TML). Currently, a great deal of Information Systems (IS) training for both IS professionals and end-users has a TML component. With the continuing growth of TML and advances in information technology, there will be a likely increate in TML-based IS training in the future. Advances in technology have created opportunities to deliver mass training as well as to personalize learning. To facilitate understanding in this area, this research analyzes the impact of individual differences on end-user training (EUT) in a TML environment. Using Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST), the learning process is modeled as the appropriation of a training method. Individual differences, or internal structures, are argued to have a significant direct effect on training outcomes and to impact the level of faithfulness of appropriation of learning/training method, thus, having an important indirect effect on learning outcomes. In this study, multiple individual differences were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Data was analyzed using SEM. The results of the study provide a vehicle for researchers, both in IS and Education, to better design and develop training methods and technology tools.
Traumatic Brain Injury Alters Word Memory Test Performance by Slowing Response Time and Increasing Cortical Activation: An fMRI Study of a Symptom Validity Test

The Word Memory Test (WMT) is an established symptom validity test that relies on verbal memory performance to make inferences about “effort.” Previous studies, using a functional MRI (fMRI) adaptation of the WMT with healthy controls, have shown that successful completion of the WMT relies on a widespread network of neural systems associated with high cognitive effort. Additional studies using the same fMRI paradigm with patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) suggest that increased activation of cortical regions associated with cognitive load are recruited to meet the cognitive challenges that the WMT places on a compromised neural system. This study builds on previous findings as a result of highly uncommon circumstances in which fMRI data on the WMT task were made available from the very same individual both 1 year before and 1 year after sustaining a TBI. Interestingly, the effect of TBI did not appear to impair performance on the WMT in terms of standard accuracy measurements, though response times were notably slower. The main fMRI finding was a significantly stronger and more widespread pattern of activation post-injury, particularly in the frontal and parietal brain regions, suggesting that stronger engagement of these networks was necessary to sustain accurate WMT performance compared to pre-injury testing. This unique source of data, together with previous findings, suggests a more complex relationship between effort and performance levels on the WMT than what is commonly assumed.
L'inertie du mental

Le modele causaliste en theorie de l'action a pour point de depart l'idee que les rationalisations sont des explications causales de l'action, c'est-a-dire que les enonces a propos des croyances et des pro-attitudes qui ont motive un agent a accomplir une certaine action expriment les antecedents causaux de cette action. Pour reprendre un des exemples classiques, le meurtre de Cesar par Brutus a ete cause par le desir que Brutus avait de prendre le pouvoir et par sa croyance que la seule facon d'y parvenir etait d'eliminer Cesar. Bien qu'intuitive, cette position souleve immediatement un probleme du fait que les etats intentionnels, en raison de leur contenu propositionnel, ne s'imposent pas d'office comme appartenant au regne des choses physiques et de la causalite. Comment, en effet, des entites d'ordre mental peuvent-elles interagir avec les entites completement differentes que sont les evenements physiques? Et meme, plus largement, comment un evenement mental peut-il avoir une quelconque efficace causale sur un evenement physique ou sur un autre evenement mental? Une reponse bien connue a cette difficulte est le monisme anomal de Davidson, selon lequel il n'y a pas d'obstacle a ce que le mental soit en relation causale avec le physique puisque les occurrences d'evenements mentaux sont identiques a des occurrences d'evenements physiques. Toutefois cette approche, qui, comme bien d'autres, mise sur une strategie materialiste pour ne pas isoler le mental du physique, en a conduit plus d'un a douter de l'indispensabilite du mental.
Differential effects of warfarin on mRNA levels of developmentally regulated vitamin K dependent proteins, osteocalcin, and matrix GLA protein in vitro

The role of the vitamin K dependent proteins, osteocalcin which is bone specific and matrix Gla protein (MGP) found in many tissues, has been studied by inhibition of synthesis of their characteristic amino acid, γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) with the anticoagulant sodium warfarin. The effect of sodium warfarin on expression of these proteins, and other phenotypic markers of bone and cartilage during cellular differentiation and development of tissue extracellular matrix, was examined in several model systems. Parameters assayed include cell growth (reflected by histone gene expression) and collagen types I and II, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, and mineralization. Studies were carried out in calvarial bone organ cultures, normal diploid rat osteoblast and chondrocyte cultures, and rat osteosarcoma cell lines ROS 17/2.8 and 25/1. In normal diploid cells, warfarin consistently stimulated cell proliferation (twofold). In osteoblast cultures, MGP mRNA levels were generally increased (three to tenfold). Notably, MGP mRNA levels were not affected in chondrocyte cultures, either with chronic or acute warfarin treatments. Osteocalcin mRNA levels and synthesis were decreased up to 50% in ROS 17/2.8 cells and in chronically treated (1 and 5 μg/ml sodium warfarin) rat osteoblast cultures after 22 days. Early stages of osteoblast phenotype development from the proliferation period to initial tissue formation (nodules) appeared unaffected; while after day 14, further growth and mineralization of the nodule areas were significantly decreased in warfarin-treated cultures. In summary, warfarin has opposing effects on the expression of two vitamin K dependent proteins, MGP and osteocalcin, in osteoblast cultures and MGP is regulated differently between cartilage and bone as reflected by cellular mRNA levels. Additionally, warfarin effects expression of nonvitamin K dependent proteins which may reflect the influence of warfarin on endoplasmic reticulum associated enzymes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Attenuation of 1.25-Centimeter Radiation through Rain

The attenuation of 1.25-centimeter radiation by rain was determined experimentally. The experimental setup consisted of an optical path of 6400 feet with nine equally spaced rain gauges. The techniques used made it possible to utilize both uniform and nonuniform rainfall rates. Drop-size measurements were also made but no conclusions could be drawn because of the wide scatter in the drop-size distributions obtained. If the maximum distance over which communication can normally be established is 100 miles, light to moderate rain will reduce the range to about 10 miles. The radiated power must be increased by 1020in order to re-establish communication over the 100-mile path.
Notions of equal, or equivalent, opportunities*

We formulate and study three concepts of equity designed to capture certain notions of “equal”, or “equivalent”, opportunities. The central concept is that of a family of choice sets. Given such a family ℬ, a feasible allocation z is alternatively required to be such that (i) there is B ∃ ℬ such that each agent i maximizes his satisfaction in B at zi, (ii) there is B ∃ ℬ such that each agent i is indifferent between zi and the maximizer of his satisfaction in B, (iii) for each agent i there is Bi ∃ ℬ such that zi maximizes agent i's satisfaction in the union of the Bj and zi is in Bi. Most of the standard concepts of equity can be obtained as particular cases of these general definitions by appropriately choosing ℬ. We identify conditions on ℬ guaranteeing that the resulting allocations be efficient. We apply the definitions to economies with only private goods, and to economies with public goods.
Power pulse meltdown experiments performed in the mark I TREAT sodium loop on clusters of 7 EBR-II Mark I type pins

Abstract Two experiments were performed on fuel failure and post-failure movements of fuel and coolant under power excursions. Test samples consisted of seven-pin clusters in instrumented integral sodium loops inserted into the TREAT reactor. One cluster was run with sodium flow and the other with pump power off (transient-induced flow could occur). Results agreed with the predictions of a simple calculational model of pin failure which had been tested previously in less elaborate experiments. Extensive post-failure movements of molten fuel occurred. Although sharp pressure spikes were recorded their magnitude is within a range that can be accommodated by reasonable engineering designs.
Existence of phase explosion during laser ablation and its effects on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy.

A sudden increase in crater depth was observed during high irradiance (>1010 W/cm2) laser ablation of silicon, and it is attributed to the phenomenon of phase explosion. The threshold irradiance for phase explosion showed a dependence on two laser parameters: laser beam spot size and wavelength. For a larger beam size and longer incident wavelength, a higher laser irradiance was required to generate phase explosion. The rapid increase of crater depth above the phase explosion threshold irradiance correlated with a significant increase in the ICPMS signal intensity. The ratio of crater volume to ICPMS intensity, which represents entrainment efficiency, remained the lowest at laser irradiances slightly above the phase explosion threshold. However, this ratio increased at irradiances well above the threshold (>1011 W/cm2). Chemical analysis using laser ablation at irradiance above 1011 W/cm2 provides increased sensitivity via improved entrainment and transport efficiency and increased ablation rate.
Kink bands in the Somport slates, west-central Pyrenees, France and Spain

The dominant fabric element of the Somport slates of the west-central Pyrenees is a pervasive slaty cleavage of moderate to steep northward dip, attributed to the main phase of Alpine deformation. The slates are locally kinked to lesser dips around sub-horizontal, east-trending kink-fold axes. The morphology and angular relationships of the kink bands attest to an origin by the rotation mechanism, in which cleavage segments of invariant length are externally rotated between the kink-band boundaries. Pervasive slip on the slaty cleavage surfaces predated formation of the kink bands; this slip ended as kinking destroyed the planarity of the cleavage sheets. Additional strain was accommodated by progressive rotation of cleavage segments to lesser dips within kink bands, and by the continued production of new kinks. Later strain increments led to minor rotation of the long cleavage segments between adjacent kink bands (previously a part of the unkinked domain), resulting in interkink dilation of the cleavage laminae and precipitation of calcite in the voids so formed. The formation of microscopic calcite-filled tension cracks spanned the entire deformation. Kinking by the rotation mechanism implies a volume expansion, for the kinked laminae in ideal rotation kinks dilate upon folding. Evidence for such dilation is common in the Somport slates and is normally taken as an indication of deformation at very shallow crustal levels. Bulk strain effects of this late deformation may be summarized as a vertical contraction, a horizontal, north-south expansion, and an overall dilation of the rock mass in which the kinks formed. It is suggested that these structures developed in response to postorogenic uplift and erosional dissection of the Pyrenees, for only then would confining pressures have decreased sufficiently to permit a net dilation during kinking.
On the optical activity of paraffinic hydrocarbons

Abstract An expression for potential energy as a function of torsion angle about a saturated CC bond is developed analytically. This equation is used in the development of two methods for the conformational analysis of paraffins-one based on consideration only of exactly staggered conformers and one giving consideration to energy at 1° intervals of torsion angle. Two methods of assigning molecular rotations to hydrocarbon conformers are considered. Various combinations of results so obtained are compared as ways to calculate rotations for paraffins.
Non-myeloablative umbilical cord blood transplantation

Allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation is an established alternative to unrelated bone marrow or peripheral blood transplantation for treatment of high-risk hematologic disorders. There is growing evidence that non-myeloablative bone marrow conditioning can be used to facilitate engraftment of UCB-derived stem cells. Use of non-myeloablative conditioning reduces the risk of treatment-related mortality but increases the risk for relapse of the underlying hematologic condition. Disease status at the time of transplantation and potency of the graft versus tumor effect are important predictors of a successful outcome. It is for these reasons that non-myeloablative conditioning is best suited for patients felt to be at increased risk for treatment-related complications, and whose underlying disease is under good control. The optimal non-myeloablative conditioning regimen has yet to be determined. Further studies are needed to determine if non-myeloablative UCB transplantation can be successfully applied to pediatric patients and patients without prior exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Modified sliding mode control and its application to electrostatically controlled dual-axis micromirrors

We demonstrate the application of a modified sliding mode control (SMC) scheme with time-constant switching for MEMS micromirror control. This scheme yields substantial performance improvement over previous work, without increasing in implementation complexity. The modification implements a discrete first-order sliding function with a switching time constant and provides the same level of robustness with an added benefit of reduced steady-state error. A two-axis gimbaled MEMS micromirror array designed at Corning-IntelliSense is used for experimental demonstration.
Importance of foreign investment for the longrun economic development of the United Arab Emirates

Abstract For the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to sustain a reasonably high living standard after the oil runs out, it must make investments that yield sufficiently high rates of return. This paper argues that because prospects of returns on domestic investments are severely limited by several major structural bottlenecks, an active foreign investment strategy will be essential to economic development of the UAE, at least as long as the bottlenecks persist. It then shows that the UAE's foreign investment decisions have been governed by an extremely risk-averse attitude, leading to a disproportionately large portfolio share of highly liquid assets with negligible rates of return. Several investment measures and opportunities are identified to improve its foreign asset portfolio performance.
Evidence of the Synthesis of Vitamin C by Dairy Cows

Summary 1. Dairy cows are not dependent upon a food source of vitamin C. Animals maintained up to three or four years on an experimental ration low in vitamin C showed a concentration of this factor in the blood plasma and milk equal to, or even somewhat higher than, that of some cows receiving larger amounts in normal herd rations which included silage and other cows on pasture receiving an abundance of this factor. 2. Six twenty-four-hour vitamin-C-balance trials run on three cows receiving the experimental ration low in vitamin C showed that the outgo of this factor far exceeded the intake even after long periods of time on this ration. The negative balances were greater for cows in heavier milk production. The outgo was relatively large in the feces, next highest in the milk for cows in production, and extremely small in the urine. 3. The presence of normal concentrations of vitamin C in the blood plasma and milk of dairy cows after three to four years on experimental rations low in vitamin C, and on which the outgo of this factor has undoubtedly been far in excess of the intake as evidenced by the results of six vitamin-C-balance trials, lends strong support to the hypothesis that dairy cows synthesize vitamin C. 4. While the site of the probable synthesis of vitamin C has not been conclusively demonstrated these data suggest that it may be along the gastrointestinal tract.
Liquid crystalline thermosets 1. Synthesis and characterization of liquid crystalline thermosets' precursor polymers

Liquid Crystalline Thermosets I. Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Thermosets’ Precursor Polymers
UPDATING SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS DURING WIND EROSION EVENTS USING THE WIND EROSION PREDICTION SYSTEM (WEPS)

During significant wind erosion events, the soil surface is continually modified; however, erosion models rarely account for these changes. The objectives of this work are to provide an overview of the WEPS soil surface update methodology and demonstrate that by periodic surface updating during events, a physically based, field-scale model can (1) improve prediction accuracy and (2) determine changes in erosion control by clods, crusts, and soil roughness, so model users can improve their designs. During wind erosion events, the soil surface can become armored. This represents a supply-limited condition and is typical of the upwind portions of a field. Conversely, when additional mobile soil is created or uncovered faster than it is removed, the surface becomes more erodible, as often occurs on the downwind portions of large fields. In this case, soil removal may be limited by the duration of the erosive winds. To facilitate surface updating in WEPS, a mass balance of the available mobile soil is maintained in two pools: one for the mobile soil on the crust, and another for the mobile soil among the immobile aggregates. The net emission of the mobile aggregates is simulated in grid cells along the wind direction, and the pools in each cell are updated on a subhourly basis. Partial depletion of a pool may cause cessation of erosion at a given wind speed, but permit erosion to resume at succeeding higher wind speeds. During an event, random roughness, oriented roughness, and the fraction of mobile aggregate cover are also updated. In contrast to models that limit erosion only by storm duration, surface updating increased WEPS accuracy both by identifying field areas that limited supply of mobile aggregates and by changing threshold friction velocities to allow simulation of intermittent erosion.
Improving Juvenile Justice for Females: A Statewide Assessment in California

This article reports findings from a survey of officials from various California state agencies and a series of interviews and focus groups with female youth and professionals serving this population. The study examined types of services provided, program barriers, and facilitation of change. The findings were used to make gender-specific policy and program recommendations. The authors found that meeting the needs of girls and young women requires specialized staffing and training, particularly in terms of relationship and communication skills, gender differences in delinquency, substance abuse education, the role of abuse, developmental stages of female adolescence, and available programs and appropriate placements and limitations. Effective programming for girls and women should be shaped by and tailored to their real-world situations and problems. In order to do this, a theoretical approach to treatment that is gender-sensitive and that addresses the realities of girls' lives must be developed.
Dynamics of cold atoms crossing a one-way barrier

We implemented an optical one-way potential barrier that allows ultracold $^{87}\text{R}\text{b}$ atoms to transmit through when incident on one side of the barrier but reflect from the other. This asymmetric barrier is a realization of Maxwell's demon, which can be employed to produce phase-space compression and has implications for cooling atoms and molecules not amenable to standard laser-cooling techniques. The barrier comprises two focused Gaussian laser beams that intersect the focus of a far-off-resonant single-beam optical dipole trap that holds the atoms. The main barrier beam presents a state-dependent potential to incident atoms, while the repumping barrier beam optically pumps atoms to a trapped state. We investigated the robustness of the barrier asymmetry to changes in the barrier-beam separation, the initial atomic potential energy, the intensity of the second beam, and the detuning of the first beam. We performed simulations of the atomic dynamics in the presence of the barrier, showing that the initial three-dimensional momentum distribution plays a significant role, and that light-assisted collisions are likely the dominant loss mechanism. We also carefully examined the relationship to Maxwell's demon and explicitly accounted for the apparent decrease in entropy for our particular system.