cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating cross-project knowledge collaboration using collaborative filtering and social networks

Vast numbers of free/open source software (F/OSS) development projects use hosting sites such as Java.net and Source-Forge.net. These sites provide each project with a variety of software repositories (e.g. repositories for source code sharing, bug tracking, discussions, etc.) as a media for communication and collaboration. They tend to focus on supporting rich collaboration among members in each project. However, a majority of hosted projects are relatively small projects consisting of few developers and often need more resources for solving problems. In order to support cross-project knowledge collaboration in F/OSS development, we have been developing tools to collect data of projects and developers at SourceForge, and to visualize the relationship among them using the techniques of collaborative filtering and social networks. The tools help a developer identify "who should I ask?" and "what can I ask?" and so on. In this paper, we report a case study of applying the tools to F/OSS projects data collected from SourceForge and how effective the tools can be used for helping cross-project knowledge collaboration.
Electrocardiographic imaging of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure: observation of variable electrophysiologic responses.

BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for congestive heart failure patients with delayed left ventricular (LV) conduction is clinically beneficial in approximately 70% of patients. Unresolved issues include patient selection, lead placement, and efficacy of LV pacing alone. Being an electrical approach, detailed electrical information during CRT is critical to resolving these issues. However, electrical data from patients have been limited because of the requirement for invasive mapping. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to provide observations and insights on the variable electrophysiologic responses of the heart to CRT using electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI). METHODS ECGI is a novel modality for noninvasive epicardial mapping. ECGI was conducted in eight patients undergoing CRT during native rhythm and various pacing modes. RESULTS In native rhythm (six patients), ventricular activation was heterogeneous, with latest activation in the lateral LV base in three patients and in the anterolateral, midlateral, or inferior LV in the remainder of patients. Anterior LV was susceptible to block and slow conduction. Right ventricular pacing improved electrical synchrony in two of six patients. LV pacing in three of four patients involved fusion with intrinsic excitation resulting in electrical resynchronization similar to biventricular pacing. Although generally electrical synchrony improved significantly with biventricular pacing, it was not always accompanied by clinical benefit. CONCLUSION Results suggest that (1) when accompanied by fusion, LV pacing alone can be as effective as biventricular pacing for electrical resynchronization; (2) right ventricular pacing is not effective for resynchronization; and (3) efficacy of CRT depends strongly on the patient-specific electrophysiologic substrate.
Optical spectrophotometry of comet P/Giacobini-Zinner and emission profiles of H2O+

Two-dimensional CCD spectrograms were obtained of Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner (1984e) on five occasions between July and October 1985. Spatial emission profiles of H2O+ were extracted at 6198 angstroms (the strongest ionic line in the visible spectrum). This emission line traces the extent of the ion, or plasma, tail. The spectrographic slit was placed approximately along the trajectory of the ICE spacecraft on September 11, 1985; the resulting H2O+ profile has a full-width-half-maximum of about 5700 km, about three times that of the plasma density profile measured by ICE, and has a full-width-zero-intensity of about 30,000 km, very similar to the ICE values. H2O production rates for the comet are derived and compared with those of Comet P/Halley (1982i).
Examination of the Coordinate Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS on Rac1

Exoenzyme S (ExoS) is a bifunctional toxin directly translocated into eukaryotic cells by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretory (TTS) process. The amino-terminal GTPase-activating (GAP) activity and the carboxy-terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity of ExoS have been found to target but exert opposite effects on the same low-molecular-weight G protein, Rac1. ExoS ADP-ribosylation of Rac1 is cell line dependent. In HT-29 human epithelial cells, where Rac1 is ADP-ribosylated by TTS-ExoS, Rac1 was activated and relocalized to the membrane fraction. Arg66 and Arg68 within the GTPase-binding region of Rac1 were identified as preferred sites of ExoS ADP-ribosylation. The modification of these residues by ExoS would be predicted to interfere with Rac1 inactivation and explain the increase in active Rac1 caused by ExoS ADPRT activity. Using ExoS-GAP and ADPRT mutants to examine the coordinate effects of the two domains on Rac1 function, limited effects of ExoS-GAP on Rac1 inactivation were evident in HT-29 cells. In J774A.1 macrophages, where Rac1 was not ADP-ribosylated, ExoS caused a decrease in the levels of active Rac1, and this decrease was linked to ExoS-GAP. Using immunofluorescence staining of Rac1 to understand the cellular basis for the targeting of ExoS ADPRT activity to Rac1, an inverse relationship was observed between Rac1 plasma membrane localization and Rac1 ADP-ribosylation. The results obtained from these studies have allowed the development of a model to explain the differential targeting and coordinate effects of ExoS GAP and ADPRT activity on Rac1 within the host cell.
Economic impact of processing technologies on thin film MCMs

The author investigates the economic impact of processing technologies on the cost of MCM (multichip module) substrates using a technique called technical cost modeling. Using the technique and data collected from industry, a thin film MCM substrate technical cost model was developed. The model is used to evaluate the economics of different processing options for dielectric deposition and the use of photosensitive versus nonphotosensitive polyimides for via formation. The results have strong implications for both the users and manufacturers of MCMs. >
Immigrant and native-born differences in school stability and special education: Evidence from New York City

Using the literature on achievement differences as a framework and motivation, along with data on New York City students, we examine nativity differences in students’ rates of attendance, school mobility, school system exit, and special education participation. The results indicate that, holding demographic and school characteristics constant, foreign-born have higher attendance rates and lower rates of participation in special education than native-born. Among first graders, immigrants are also more likely to transfer schools and exit the school system between years than native-born, yet the patterns are different among older students. We also identify large variation according to birth region.
Orthogonal Projections and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transforms

A summary of results from linear algebra pertaining to orthogonal projections onto subspaces of an inner product space is presented. A formal definition and a sufficient condition for the existence of a fractional transform given a unitary periodic operator is given. Next, using an orthogonal projection formula the class of weighted discrete fractional Fourier transforms (WDFrFTs) is shown to be completely determined by four integer parameters. Particular choices of these parameters yield the Dickinson-Steiglitz [1] and Santhanam-McClellan [2] WDFrFTs. Another choice gives a WDFrFT which agrees with any eigenvector decomposition-based DFrFT [3] for terms of degree less than four. Applications of the proposed algorithm to chirp filtering is discussed.
Target-based privacy preserving association rule mining

Association rule mining is an important data mining task applicable across many commercial and scientific domains. There are instances when association analysis must be conducted by a third party over data located at a central point, but updated from several source locations. The source locations may not allow tracking changes. The target location must then take charge of the changed data detection and privatization process. We propose a solution to conduct privacy preserving association rule mining on such data. An evaluation of our approach shows that compared to existing approaches, it renders higher privacy, preserves 90% -100% of the rules and is efficient for 10% database changes.
Ethylene copolymers of N-substituted acrylamides

Ethylene copolymers containing even small amounts of certain N-alkylacrylamides show some unusual properties: transparency while semicrystalline, preservation of stiffiness during reduction in crystallinity, and an unusual melt flow-versus-solution viscosity relationship. These properties are due to hydrogen bonding between macromolecules. By proper choice of the N-alkyl group, copolymers containing more than 95% ethylene were made which were stiff, tough, and transparent.
System Behavioral Model Accuracy for Concurrent Design and Modeling

The complexity of system development makes it difficult to predict the final behavior of a system early in the design process. Designers often cannot determine if a system will accomplish its design objectives until the system is physically built and tested. However, if a system behavioral model can accurately predict the system behavior early in the design process, the model can be used to validate design decisions. Though model accuracy is customarily quantified by calculating the difference between a model’s prediction and actual system behavior, model accuracy cannot be quantified in that manner when system behavior is not known. This paper develops a method to quantify the accuracy of a system model built by composition of available component models even when knowledge of the actual system’s behavior is unknown. It first identifies attributes that compositional system models must have in order to determine accuracy. Next, it bounds system model error by quantifying the component model errors and other sources of system model error. It then formulates a method to quantify system model error. Finally, this method of quantifying system model accuracy is demonstrated using the model of a solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion system.
The role of transporters in the toxicity of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs.

Introduction: Two families of nucleoside analogs have been developed to treat viral infections and cancer, but these compounds can cause tissue- and cell-specific toxicity related to their uptake and subcellular activity, which are dictated by host enzymes and transporters. Cellular uptake of these compounds requires nucleoside transporters that share functional similarities but differ in substrate specificity. Tissue-specific cellular expression of these transporters enables nucleoside analogs to produce their tissue-specific toxic effects, a limiting factor in the treatment of retroviruses and cancer. Areas covered: This review discusses the families of nucleoside transporters and how they mediate cellular uptake of nucleoside analogs. Specific focus is placed on examples of known cases of transporter-mediated cellular toxicity and classification of the toxicities resulting. Efflux transporters are also explored as a contributor to analog toxicity and cell-specific effects. Expert opinion: Efforts to mo...
Turning Leaves: The Photograph Collections of Two Japanese American Families

Turning Leaves: The Photograph Collections of Two Japanese American Families. Richard Chalfen. 1991. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Variations of whitecap coverage with wind stress and water temperature

Abstract Results of whitecap coverages from five previously reported oceanic experiments by Monahan and coinvestigators have been analyzed; the fractional coverage of the sea surface(W) was shown to follow a power law, W = 2U3.7510, where U10 is the wind velocity at 10 m above the mean sea surface. Attempts were then made to associate the coverage with the wind-friction velocity (u*) deduced from the wind velocity and air–sea temperature differences as W = 0.2u3*. Finally, we discuss effects of the water temperature on the coverage.
SUPERCOOLING OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ON A LATITUDINAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT IN TEXAS

Abstract Since its introduction into the United States, the imported red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), a freeze-intolerant species, has extended its range northward and now occupies areas where winter temperatures are consistently below freezing. The objective of our study was to determine if more northern S. invicta had greater supercooling capability than more southerly S. invicta. Such information would help to delineate the northern boundary of range expansion. We collected S. invicta colonies in early summer, late summer, and early spring from 3 locations along a latitudinal gradient in Texas. Supercooling point determinations were made immediately after colonies were collected and after colonies were acclimated in the laboratory for 1 and 2 months. Regardless of time or acclimation period, the northernmost colonies (−5.91 ± 0.21°C) had higher mean supercooling points than the southernmost colonies (−16.49 ± 0.11°C). Colonies from central Texas had intermediate mean supercooling points (−10.40...
Modeling the Semantic Structure of Textually Derived Learning Content and its Impact on Recipients' Response States

In the United States, the greatest decline in the number of students in the STEM education pipeline occurs at the university level, where students, who were initially interested in STEM fields, drop-out or move on to other interests. It has been reported that “of the 23 most commonly cited reasons for switching out of STEM, all but 7 had something to do with the pedagogical experience.” Thus, understanding the characteristics of the pedagogical experience that impact students' interest in STEM is of great importance to the academic community. This work tests the hypothesis that there exists a correlation between the semantic structure of lecture content and students' affective states. Knowledge gained from testing this hypothesis will inform educators of the specific semantic structure of lecture content that enhance students' affective states and interest in course content, toward the goal of increasing STEM retention rates and overall positive experiences in STEM majors. A case study involving a series of science and engineering based digital content is used to create a semantic network and demonstrate the implications of the methodology. The results reveal that affective states such as engagement and boredom are consistently strongly correlated to the semantic network metrics outlined in the paper, while the affective state of confusion is weakly correlated with the same semantic network metrics. The results reveal semantic network relationships that are generalizable across the different textually derived information sources explored. These semantic network relationships can be explored by researchers trying to optimize their message structure in order to have its intended effect.
Orders versus Trades on the Consolidated Tape

All U.S. exchanges report trades based on non-marketable limit orders resting in the limit order book (LOB). Using ITCH data time stamped to the nanosecond, we show that this reporting convention typically results in arriving marketable orders (Orders) of a given size being reported as multiple trades of smaller size. We show that the size of Orders cannot be recovered using data sources time stamped to the millisecond such as the NYSE daily TAQ and the Consolidated Tape. Use of trades rather than Orders can substantially bias empirical applications such as estimates of the components of the spread.
Regiochemistry Discoveries in the Use of Isoxazole as a Handle for the Rapid Construction of an All-Carbon Macrocyclic Precursor in the Synthetic Studies of Celastrol

We have developed a convergent synthetic route to an all-carbon, 14-membered Z,E-macrocyclic bis-enone during our synthetic study of celastrol. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxide and alkyne was employed for fragment coupling and introducing the 1,3-diketone moiety masked in the form of an isoxazole. We discovered that cycloaddition of the nitrile oxide and the enyne gave the rare 3,4-disubstituted isoxazole adduct under kinetic reaction conditions. The cycloaddition was found to be reversible, and the thermodynamic 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole could be obtained by isomerization of its 3,4-disubstituted isomer under elevated temperature. Our mechanistic studies support the role of hydrogen bonding in accelerating the isomerization. Consistent with our previous studies, the Z,E-macrocyclic bis-enone was found to be inactive toward the transannular bis-Michael reaction under the conditions evaluated.
Some Leafspot Fungi on Western Gramineae—XIII

The material collected by G. W. Fischer and the writer in the Southwest in late summer of 1957 has been discussed in part in the last paper in this series (17), but there proved to be too much noteworthy material in the 1957 collections to include all of it one issue of a periodical. Besides reports of noteworthy specimens collected by my colleagues and myself I have included a few specimens obtained from mounted sheets of grasses filed in the Department of Botany Herbarium, Washington State University, Pullman. Earlier I reported on about 130 specimens removed from grasses arranged alphabetically partly through the genus Bromus (15). The additions from this source include only through Bromus sitchensis Trin. The bulk of the phanerogamic specimen sheets remain unexamined. Because available time has not permitted any substantial study of this backlog, the writer prefers to include the small amount of additional data in the body of the current paper.
The Comparative Value of Different Colonies of Bees in Pollination

Strong colonies of bees are superior to weak ones for pollination and established colonies are superior to package bees of the same strength. Strong colonies fly at lower temperatures than do weak ones.
Reply to Commentators.

We thank Professors Brody (2007, this issue), Gottfredson (2007, this issue), and Steinberg and Grigorenko (2007, this issue) for their thoughtful comments. Hopefully our reply will further debate on this important topic. We said that so many definitions have been given that intelligence itself is a "fuzzy" (i.e., ill-defined) concept. Gottfredson claims this is not so, and offers what she presents as an agreedupon definition, based on statistical analyses of intelligence test scores. Sternberg and Grigorenko take us to task for not including emotionality and personal goals, which are part of Steinberg's notion of successful intelligence. Considering that these opposing criticisms come from well-established, knowledgeable investigators, we maintain our point. The definition of intelligence is fuzzy. One of the important steps in science is the creation of definitions that, in Plato's terms, "carve nature at the joints." The distinction between acceleration and velocity was crucial to the advancement of physics. The study of intelligence would benefit by an analysis of clear definitions rather than claims that one or another group of investigators has discovered the right one. We believe that Gottfredson's emphasis on extant tests is too narrow, but that Steinberg and Grigorenko would cast such a broad net that it would make the study of intelligence unmanageable. We offered an intermediate position. We hope this matter will receive discussion in future papers. Brody is concerned that advances in understanding intelligence will depend upon the identification of new sources of evidence. We agree, but add that our concerns about design and interpretation will apply to studies using these new sources. The remaining criticisms by Gottfredson and Sternberg and Grigorenko can be divided into major issues and specific comments. We deal with the major issues first, beginning with Sternberg and Grigorenko, and then move to the specific points. Sternberg and Grigorenko argue that race is an invalid concept because (a) there are no infallible genetic, physical, or, for that matter, social indicators of race; (b) different societies vary in their categorization of racial groups; and (c) there is greater intraracial genetic variation than there is interracial variation.
Determination of rate constants and equilibrium constants for solution-phase drug-protein interactions by ultrafast affinity extraction.

A method was created on the basis of ultrafast affinity extraction to determine both the dissociation rate constants and equilibrium constants for drug–protein interactions in solution. Human serum albumin (HSA), an important binding agent for many drugs in blood, was used as both a model soluble protein and as an immobilized binding agent in affinity microcolumns for the analysis of free drug fractions. Several drugs were examined that are known to bind to HSA. Various conditions to optimize in the use of ultrafast affinity extraction for equilibrium and kinetic studies were considered, and several approaches for these measurements were examined. The dissociation rate constants obtained for soluble HSA with each drug gave good agreement with previous rate constants reported for the same drugs or other solutes with comparable affinities for HSA. The equilibrium constants that were determined also showed good agreement with the literature. The results demonstrated that ultrafast affinity extraction could b...
Earthquake rate and magnitude distributions of great earthquakes for use in global forecasts

We have obtained new results in the statistical analysis of global earthquake catalogues with special attention to the largest earthquakes, and we examined the statistical behaviour of earthquake rate variations. These results can serve as an input for updating our recent earthquake forecast, known as the ‘Global Earthquake Activity Rate 1’ model (GEAR1), which is based on past earthquakes and geodetic strain rates. The GEAR1 forecast is expressed as the rate density of all earthquakes above magnitude 5.8 within 70km of sea level everywhere on earth at 0.1 × 0.1 degree resolution, and it is currently being tested by the Collaboratory for Study of Earthquake Predictability. The seismic component of the present model is based on a smoothed version of the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) catalogue from 1977 through 2013. The tectonic component is based on the Global Strain Rate Map, a ‘General Earthquake Model’ (GEM) product. The forecast was optimized to fit the GCMT data from 2005 through 2012, but it also fit well the earthquake locations from 1918 to 1976 reported in the International Seismological Centre-Global Earthquake Model (ISC-GEM) global catalogue of instrumental and pre-instrumental magnitude determinations. We have improved the recent forecast by optimizing the treatment of larger magnitudes and including a longer duration (1918–2011) ISC-GEM catalogue of large earthquakes to estimate smoothed seismicity. We revised our estimates of upper magnitude limits, described as corner magnitudes, based on the massive earthquakes since 2004 and the seismic moment conservation principle. The new corner magnitude estimates are somewhat larger than but consistent with our previous estimates. For major subduction zones we find the best estimates of corner magnitude to be in the range 8.9 to 9.6 and consistent with a uniform average of 9.35. Statistical estimates tend to grow with time as larger earthquakes occur. However, by using the moment conservation principle that equates the seismic moment rate with the tectonic moment rate inferred from geodesy and geology, we obtain a consistent estimate of the corner moment largely independent of seismic history. These evaluations confirm the above-mentioned corner magnitude value. The new estimates of corner magnitudes are important both for the forecast part based on seismicity as well as the part based on geodetic strain rates. We examine rate variations as expressed by annual earthquake numbers. Earthquakes larger than magnitude 6.5 obey the Poisson distribution. For smaller events the negative-binomial distribution fits much better because it allows for earthquake clustering.
Suicidal Ideation Among Students and Physicians at a U.S. Medical School: A Healer Education, Assessment and Referral (HEAR) Program Report

Physicians are among the highest risk groups for suicide, and emerging data suggest this risk begins early in medical training. We describe a screening program at one medical center for identifying...
Molecular Mechanisms for the Ability of Exercise Supporting Cognitive Abilities and Counteracting Neurological Disorders

New evidence indicates that exercise exerts its effects by affecting ­molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. An important instigator in the molecular machinery stimulated by exercise is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which acts at the interface of metabolism and plasticity. Recent studies show that select dietary factors share similar mechanisms with exercise, and in some cases, they can complement the action of exercise. Therefore, exercise and dietary management appear as a noninvasive and effective strategy to counteract neurological and cognitive disorders.
The Joyfulness of Faith

Abraham finds joy by virtue of the absurd, Johannes de Silentio tells us. Abraham believes and acts by virtue of the absurd — and he finds joy by virtue of the absurd. Whence this joy? If it is gained by virtue of the absurd, is it going to be beyond our understanding and thus, for all we can tell, simply gratuitous, an arbitrary adornment to Johannes’ portrait of Abraham? No, I suggest that Abraham’s joy is in a way we can understand integral to his faith and his trust in God. In fact if he were not joyful, his faith and trust would be lacking.
Hail Suppression: Progress in Assessing its Costs and Benefits

This paper reviews the contributions of the social and biological sciences to our understanding of the wide range of benefits and costs which may be anticipated from the development of reliable and effective techniques of operational hail suppression. The first two sections introduce the subject and outline the limited amount of progress made prior to 1970. Sections 3 and 4 describe investigations into the direct benefits and the actual and anticipated/operational costs of hail suppression programs. Research into secondary economic effects and ecological impacts is reviewed in Section 5, which also notes the present unsatisfactory state of our knowledge about down-wind influences. Efforts to understand the complex and dynamic reactions of people affected by programs of weather modification are dealt with in Section 7, while Section 8 outlines the work of legal scholars in planning a framework of laws and institutions capable of coping with the social conflicts which will accompany widespread application of suppression techniques. The two concluding sections highlight some significant research on impact assessment presently underway, and identify some issues which have thus far received insufficient attention. Comprehensive, quantitatively oriented cost-benefit analysis and operational hail suppression are both relatively new techniques about which considerable controversy continues. They have not yet been combined in a satisfactory manner but the effort to do so has produced much useful information and should be continued.
Develoment of an anti-CD3 probe for in vivo imaging of endogenous immune cells

496 Objectives The noninvasive detection and quantification of T cells is important for monitoring success of immuno-therapeutics in the fields of oncology, autoimmunity, and infection.1 Current methods for lymphocyte detection are limited to cell isolation from peripheral blood; due to the invasive nature of tissue biopsy such sampling is done less frequently.2 Thus, methods for dynamic measuring of T cell localization and migration beyond peripheral blood in vivo remains technically challenging. The objective of this study was to develop a PET probe for imaging the endogenous distribution of T cells in murine models. Methods Parental 2C11 anti-mouse CD3 antibody was enzymatically fragmented with pepsin.3 The generated F(ab’)2 fragment was modified with NOTA-NCS via non-specific lysine conjugation. Tracer binding affinity was determined via a competitive inhibition assay on isolated murine T cells.4 The biodistribution of the tracer was evaluated in immune compromised NSG and competent, Balb/c mice at 4 and 24 h p.i. Results Pepsin digestion effectively removed the Fc region of the antibody, the resulting F(ab’)2 fragment was isolated with a product yield of 31 %. Optimal Cu-64 labeling was achieved with 0.1 M NH4OAc pH 5.5, with a specific activity of 2 Ci/µmol. A three-fold decrease in CD3 binding affinity was observed as a result of fragmentation and NOTA loading [IgG Kd = 13.7; F(ab’)2-NOTA Kd = 41.3 nM]. In immune competent mice, the tracer specifically accumulated in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen). Conversely, in immune compromised NSG mice accumulation was limited to the kidneys due to tracer clearance. Conclusions The anti-mouse CD3 F(ab’)2 PET probe was successfully used to image the endogenous distribution of T cells in vivo. The development of this tracer can potentially serve as a noninvasive tool for the dynamic tracking of T cell migration in syngeneic immunotherapy models. Research Support Amgen Inc.
Demonstration of 1.28-Tb/s transmission in next-generation nanowires for photonic networks-on-chip

We transmit 1.28-Tb/s wavelength-parallel optical data through a 4.3-cm long low-loss Si 3 N 4 nanowire, comprising 32 40-Gb/s wavelength channels. We confirm error-free transmission and show negligible crosstalk, validating this medium for high-performance silicon photonic interconnection networks.
Attribute driven process architecture for additive manufacturing

In additive manufacturing (AM) process, the manufacturing attributes are highly dependent upon the execution of hierarchical plan. Among them, material deposition plan can frequently interrupt the AM process due to tool-path changes, tool start-stop and non-deposition time, which can be challenging during free-form part fabrication. In this paper, the layer geometries for both model and support structure are analyzed to identify the features that create change in deposition modality. First, the overhanging points on the part surface are identified using the normal vector direction of the model surface. A k-th nearest point algorithm is implemented to generate the 3d boundary support contour which is used to construct the support structure. Both model and support structures are sliced and contours are evaluated. The layer contour, plurality, concavity, number of contours, geometric shape, size and interior islands are considered to generate an AM deposition model. The proposed model is solved for minimizing the change in deposition modality by maximizing the continuity and connectivity in the material deposition plan. Both continuity and connectivity algorithms are implemented for model and support structure for free-form object. The proposed algorithm provides the optimum deposition direction that results in minimum number of tool-path segments and their connectivity while minimizing contour plurality effect. This information is stored as a generic digital file format named Part Attributable Motion (PAM). A common application program interface (API) platform is also proposed in this paper, which can access the PAM and generate machine readable file for different existing 3D printers. The proposed research is implemented on three free-form objects with complex geometry and parts are fabricated. Also, the build time is evaluated and the results are compared with the available 3d printing software. The layer geometries for AM are analyzed to minimize the change in deposition modality.Overhanging points are identified and k-th nearest point algorithm is implemented to construct the support structure.Continuity and connectivity algorithms are implemented for free-form shaped model and support structure.A generic digital file format named Part Attributable Motion (PAM) is proposed to store the outcome from the methodology.The build time is evaluated and the results are compared with the available 3d printing software.
Validation of the Retinal Detachment after Open Globe Injury (RD-OGI) Score as an Effective Tool for Predicting Retinal Detachment

Purpose The Retinal Detachment after Open Globe Injury (RD-OGI) Score is a clinical prediction model that was developed at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary to predict the risk of retinal detachment (RD) after open globe injury (OGI). This study sought to validate the RD-OGI Score in an independent cohort of patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants The predictive value of the RD-OGI Score was evaluated by comparing the original RD-OGI Scores of 893 eyes with OGI that presented between 1999 and 2011 (the derivation cohort) with 184 eyes with OGI that presented from January 1, 2012, to January 31, 2014 (the validation cohort). Methods Three risk classes (low, moderate, and high) were created and logistic regression was undertaken to evaluate the optimal predictive value of the RD-OGI Score. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis evaluated survival experience between the risk classes. Main Outcome Measures Time to RD. Results At 1 year after OGI, 255 eyes (29%) in the derivation cohort and 66 eyes (36%) in the validation cohort were diagnosed with an RD. At 1 year, the low risk class (RD-OGI Scores 0–2) had a 3% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and a 0% detachment rate in the validation cohort, the moderate risk class (RD-OGI Scores 2.5–4.5) had a 29% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and a 35% detachment rate in the validation cohort, and the high risk class (RD-OGI scores 5–7.5) had a 73% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and an 86% detachment rate in the validation cohort. Regression modeling revealed the RD-OGI to be highly discriminative, especially 30 days after injury, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.939 in the validation cohort. Survival experience was significantly different depending upon the risk class ( P Conclusions The RD-OGI Score can reliably predict the future risk of developing an RD based on clinical variables that are present at the time of the initial evaluation after OGI.
Ubuntu Como uma Teoria Moral e os Direitos Humanos na África do Sul

Summary: There are three major reasons why ideas associated with ubuntu are often deemed to be an inappropriate basis for a public morality in today’ s South Africa. One is that they are too vague; a second is that they fail to acknowledge the value of individual freedom; and a third is that they fit traditional, small-scale culture more than a modern, industrial society. In this article, I provide a philosophical interpretation of ubuntu that is not vulnerable to these three objections. Specifically, I construct a moral theory grounded on Southern African world views, one that suggests a promising new conception of human dignity. According to this conception, typical human beings have a dignity by virtue of their capacity for community, understood as the combination of identifying with others and exhibiting solidarity with them, where human rights violations are egregious degradations of this capacity. I argue that this account of human rights violations straightforwardly entails and explains many different elements of South Africa’s Bill of Rights and naturally suggests certain ways of resolving contemporary moral dilemmas in South Africa and elsewhere relating to land reform, political power and deadly force. If I am correct that this jurisprudential interpretation of ubuntu both accounts for a wide array of intuitive human rights and provides guidance to resolve present-day disputes about justice, then the three worries about vagueness, collectivism and anachronism should not stop one from thinking that something fairly called ‘ubuntu’ can ground a public morality. Keywords:
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Sertoli Cell Proliferation may be Mediated through the Cell Cycle Inhibitors p27 Kip1 and p21 Cip1

The Sertoli cell is the somatic cell of the seminiferous epithelium that supports all stages of male germ cell development from spermatogonia to fully mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells support a relatively fixed number of germ cells, though the specific number of germ cells supported by each Sertoli cell varies with species. Therefore, the number of Sertoli cells in the adult testis establishes the magnitude of sperni production, and factors that control Sertoli cell proliferation and establishment of the aduft population are of critical interest. Sertoli cell proliferation begins fetally and persists for variable periods after birth, depending on the species. In rats and mice Sertoli cells rapidly proliferate neonatally then ceases by about the time of weaning, thus establishing the adult Sertoli cell population.
The Contribution of Drug Overdose to Educational Gradients in Life Expectancy in the United States, 1992–2011

Since the mid-1990s, the United States has witnessed a dramatic rise in drug overdose mortality. Educational gradients in life expectancy widened over the same period, and drug overdose likely plays a role in this widening, particularly for non-Hispanic whites. The contemporary drug epidemic is distinctive in terms of its scope, the nature of the substances involved, and its geographic patterning, which influence how it impacts different education groups. I use vital statistics and National Health Interview Survey data to examine the contribution of drug overdose to educational gradients in life expectancy from 1992–2011. I find that over this period, years of life lost due to drug overdose increased for all education groups and for both males and females. The contribution of drug overdose to educational gradients in life expectancy has increased over time and is greater for non-Hispanic whites than for the population as a whole. Drug overdose accounts for a sizable proportion of the increases in educational gradients in life expectancy, particularly at the prime adult ages (ages 30–60), where it accounts for 25 % to 100 % of the widening in educational gradients between 1992 and 2011. Drug overdose mortality has increased more rapidly for females than for males, leading to a gender convergence. These findings shed light on the processes driving recent changes in educational gradients in life expectancy and suggest that effective measures to address the drug overdose epidemic should take into account its differential burden across education groups.
Introduction - XML, JSON

This chapter introduces basic concepts about XML and JSON. At the end of this chapter there is an exercise for environment setup.
The characteristics of federal offenders sentenced for sexual exploitation of children within a large urban metropolitan region

ABSTRACTThis study reviewed federal court transcripts of 24 offenders sentenced for violating Title 18, United States Code (USC) § 2251 and § 2252, which included offense charges involving the sexual exploitation of children, and receipt, reproduction, production, transportation, and distribution of visual depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conducts; possession of child pornography; and other related federal offenses under these statutes. The offender characteristics suggest diversity within age, education, and occupations. Similar to existing research, offenders were generally white males whose offending involved some aspect of digital recording and storage. Victim ages ranged from infancy to late adolescence.
Characteristics of Transient and Stationary Waiting Times in Poisson Driven (max,+) Linear Systems 1

Abstract In their 1997 paper, Baccelli, Hasenfuss and Schmidt provide explicit expressions for the expected value of the waiting time of the nth customer in a given subarea of a (max,+) linear system. Using similar analysis, we present explicit expressions for the moments, Laplace transform and the tail probability of transient waiting times in Poisson driven (max,+) linear systems. Furthermore, starting with these closed form expressions, we also derive explicit expressions for the moments, Laplace transform and tail probability of stationary waiting times in a class of (max,+) linear systems with deterministic service times. An example pertaining to queueing theory is given to illustrate the results.
Decision making in health care using robust parameter design with conditions‐based selection of regression estimators

Health care professionals often use regression methods to quantitatively describe the functional relationships between predictors and outcomes. However, little research investigates the appropriateness of tool application for response-surface-based design of experiments, the choice of regression estimators under different environments, and the impact of the determination of optimum conditions, or optimal factor-level settings, to achieve desirable target outcomes. Robust parameter design (RPD) is an established methodology for determining optimum conditions for a process to achieve specified process targets while minimizing variability of the outcomes. Underlying assumptions for RPD modeling and process conditions should be taken into account when selecting a regression estimator for developing fitted models. If these assumptions are incorrect, then a direct use of estimates obtained has the potential to be problematic, and the results may be potentially catastrophic, particularly when applied to the health care field. Many approaches to RPD in existing literature use ordinary least squares to obtain response functions by assuming normality and moderate variability in the underlying process. Given that some biologic processes are often highly variable and inherently asymmetric, a conditions-based approach for the selection of a regression estimate technique needs to be explored. This paper examines alternative approaches to regression estimation when the process data indicates that asymmetry or a high degree of process variability exists. The performance of select alternative regression methods is compared using Monte Carlo simulation and numerical analysis.
Genetic risk in chronic pancreatitis: the misfolding-dependent pathway.

Purpose of review Genetic risk in chronic pancreatitis is partly due to mutations that cause misfolding of digestive enzymes and elicit endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review examines recent developments in this concept. Recent findings The best characterized misfolding variants in the highly expressed digestive proteases cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) and carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1) are strong, causative risk factors for chronic pancreatitis and may be associated with autosomal dominant hereditary pancreatitis. Summary Properties of misfolding digestive enzyme mutants indicate that endoplasmic reticulum stress is a highly relevant pathological mechanism and a potential therapeutic target in chronic pancreatitis.
Me too, #MeToo: countering cruelty with empathy

Critical and cultural studies scholars have long debated the promise and perils of pressing empathy, the sensation of shared feelings and experiences, into toppling systems of oppression and its at...
The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region—introduction, definition of species groups, and revision of the T. bicarinatum, T. obesum, T. sericeiventre and T. tosii species groups

The globally distributed ant genus Tetramorium Mayr is especially diverse in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Indo-Australian regions, while the Malagasy fauna, by contrast, seemed to be comparatively species-poor. However, recent ant inventories in Madagascar and its surrounding island systems have generated an immense amount of new material. As a result, there is now a great need of an updated taxonomic revision for the genus Tetramorium in this region. The present study represents an introduction to the genus, and treats the species groups encountered in the Malagasy region. All former species groups were redefined, and several new groups were established, in order to accommodate the substantial amount of new material. We propose 14 species groups of Tetramorium for this region. Morphological boundaries between these groups and their biogeographic affinities are discussed, and an illustrated identification key to species groups is provided. Diagnoses of all species groups are presented, as well as images of typical group members. Additionally, the species level taxonomy of the T. bicarinatum, T. obesum, T. sericeiventre and T. tosii species groups is revised with descriptions and images of all species, and an identification key to the species of the T. bicarinatum group is provided. No nomenclatorial changes are documented from the T. bicarinatum, T. obesum, and T. tosii groups. However, within the T. sericeiventre species group, one new species, T. mahafaly sp. n., is described and T. quadrispinosum Emery, 1886 and all its former synonyms are proposed as junior synonyms of T. sericeiventre Emery, 1877. At present, there are still 39 valid species of Tetramorium for the Malagasy region, but this number is expected to increase significantly with upcoming taxonomic revisions of the species groups not revised in this study.
Longitudinal vortex control - Techniques and applications (The 32nd Lanchester Lecture)

A summary is presented of vortex control applications and current techniques for the control of longitudinal vortices produced by bodies, leading edges, tips and intersections. Vortex control has up till now been performed by many approaches in an empirical fashion, assisted by the essentially inviscid nature of much of longitudinal vortex behavior. Attention is given to Reynolds number sensitivities, vortex breakdown and interactions, vortex control on highly swept wings, and vortex control in juncture flows.
Arithmetic progressions in partially ordered sets

Van der Waerden's arithmetic sequence theorem—in particular, the ‘density version’ of Szemeredi—is generalized to partially ordered sets in the following manner. Let w and t be fixed positive integers and e>0. Then for every sufficiently large partially ordered set P of width at most w, every subset S of P satisfying |S|≥e|P| contains a chain a1, a2,..., a1 such that the cardinality of the interval [ai, ai+1] in P is the same for each i.
TOTAL METABOLISM OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS DURING TRANSITION TO ANOXIA

Publisher Summary Marine bivalve mollusks tolerate lack of oxygen longer than most forms of animal life. The survival of anoxia is inversely related to temperature and is dependent on glycolytic reactions and large stores of glycogen. Bivalves produce mixtures of fermentation products, mainly succinic acid at first, then amino acids and volatile fatty acids later. Energy metabolism diminishes in anoxia as expected from reduction of activity during valve closure. Preliminary experiments are performed with groups of mussels in aerated sea water in a heat-retention calorimeter, equipped with a polarographic oxygen sensor. Maximum oxygen consumption occurs in the first 10 min after closing the vessel. The apparatus is improved by substituting an electronic quartz thermometer. As dissolved oxygen is depleted, oxygen consumption decreases at first very rapidly, then in a stepwise manner to zero at an average time of 90 min. In all cases, the mussels cease consumption before the sea water is devoid of oxygen.