cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human LineageSpecific Amplification, Selection, and Neuronal Expression of DUF1220 Domains

Extreme gene duplication is a major source of evolutionary novelty. A genome-wide survey of gene copy number variation among human and great ape lineages revealed that the most striking human lineage-specific amplification was due to an unknown gene, MGC8902, which is predicted to encode multiple copies of a protein domain of unknown function (DUF1220). Sequences encoding these domains are virtually all primate-specific, show signs of positive selection, and are increasingly amplified generally as a function of a species' evolutionary proximity to humans, where the greatest number of copies (212) is found. DUF1220 domains are highly expressed in brain regions associated with higher cognitive function, and in brain show neuron-specific expression preferentially in cell bodies and dendrites.
Monosodium glutamate lesions in rat hypothalamus studied by immunohistochemistry for gonadotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase and by autoradiography for [3H] estradiol.

Abstract Adult male and female rats treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate (MSG) exhibit lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glutamic acid decar☐ylase (GAD), neurotensin (NT) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) reveals substantial destructions of tuberoinfundibular dopamine and NT systems accompanied by a marked reduction of immunoreactivity in the median eminence. GAD immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence is greatly reduced, while GnRH containing structures in the mediobasal hypothalamus are not noticeably affected. Evaluation of autoradiograms after intravenously administered [ 3 H]estradiol in the ventral hypothalamus indicate an almost complete loss of target neurons in the arcuate nucleus but not in the nearby ventromedial nucleus. The results suggest that: (a) NT- and dopamine-containing neurons of the arcuate nucleus project to the median eminence via tuberoinfundibular NT and dopaminergic pathways; (b) GABA in the median eminence originates to a major extent from neurons of the arcuate nucleus through a tuberoinfundibular GABAergic system; (c) GnRH is produced in the rat outside the arcuate nucleus; (d) the MSG-induced lesion in the basal tuberal region abolishes or strongly diminishes estradiol target neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
Controlling subcellular localization to alter function: Sending oncogenic Bcr–Abl to the nucleus causes apoptosis

Altering the subcellular localization of signal transducing proteins is a novel approach for therapeutic intervention. Mislocalization of tumor suppressors, oncogenes, or factors involved in apoptosis results in aberrant functioning of these proteins, leading to disease. In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), cytoplasmic Bcr-Abl causes oncogenesis/proliferation. On the other hand, nuclear entrapment of endogenous Bcr-Abl (in K562 human leukemia cells) causes apoptosis. The goal of this study was to determine whether ectopically expressed Bcr-Abl could cause apoptosis of K562 cells when specifically directed to the nucleus via strong nuclear localization signals (NLSs). A single NLS from SV40 large T-antigen or four NLSs were subcloned to Bcr-Abl (1NLS-Bcr-Abl or 4NLS-Bcr-Abl). When transfected into K562 cells, only 4NLS-Bcr-Abl translocated to the nucleus. Bcr-Abl alone was found to localize in the cell cytoplasm, colocalizing with actin due to its actin binding domain. 1NLS-Bcr-Abl also localized with actin. Apoptosis induced by 4NLS-Bcr-Abl was evaluated 24h post-transfection by morphologic determination, DNA staining, and caspase-3 assay. This is the first demonstration that altering the location of ectopically expressed Bcr-Abl can kill leukemia cells. Multiple NLSs are required to overcome Bcr-Abl binding to actin, thus driving it into the nucleus and causing apoptosis.
π-Stacking in charged thiophene oligomers

The π-stacking of oxidized thiophene oligomers is investigated using extensive ab initio quantum chemistry methods. Dimers of singly charged oligothiophenes are unstable in the gas phase but can be stabilized as bound dications in the singlet state by a polarizable solvent such as acetonitrile. Our calculations provide a detailed description of the mechanisms and the energetics involved in the dimerization phenomenon and highlight the role and importance of the environment in the stabilization of the stacks. The need for accurate treatments of electronic correlations and of solvation effects for a realistic description of these materials is underscored.
Characterizations of the dimension for classes of concordant polytopes

The spectral method is used to completely describe the set of possible dimensions for concordant polytopes arising from complete undirected and directed graphs. For concordant polytopes satisfying c-factor or c-difactor constraints, we determine the more limited sets of possible dimensions and characterize the polytopes of each dimension. We also demonstrate how the spectral method may be used to refine the direct method for determining the dimension of a concordant polytope.
Market structure, incentive to patent and the pace of innovation

Abstract In a model of sequential innovations, it is shown that the simple monotone relationship between the number of firms and the speed of innovation [see, e.g., Loury (1979)] no longer holds if we explicitly take account of the incentive to patent.
Service and education within a student-run pharmacy: An evaluation of the Butler University Community Outreach Pharmacy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the quality of activities rendered through the service and education domains of Butler University Community Outreach Pharmacy's (BUCOP) mission statement. Methods Anonymous evaluations of service and education amongst patients receiving prescriptions from BUCOP and student–pharmacists volunteering at BUCOP were performed respectively. Patient's confidence in students' ability to render retail-based pharmaceutical care was assessed via a questionnaire. A student questionnaire solicited feedback on pharmacy practice experiences (PPE) obtained through BUCOP volunteering. Descriptive statistics are reported where appropriate. Responses are reported as likelihood ratios (Chi-squared). Results Approximately 80% of the patients reported favorable experiences at BUCOP. The majority (97.9%) of patients stated that they would use BUCOP again and would refer to BUCOP. Patients viewing services as "Very Good" or "Excellent" expressed confidence in the students' ability to explain medical conditions (80.43%; LR=42.02; df=9; p p p = 0.021). All student–pharmacists ( n = 21) who were surveyed reported increased confidence counseling/interacting with patients secondary to this experience. Regarding interdisciplinary interaction, 70% of the student–pharmacists felt "Very" or "Somewhat" utilized by the student–physicians and 70% felt that the interactions with student–physicians were either "Very" or "Somewhat" beneficial. All students stated that they would volunteer again and recommend other student–pharmacists to volunteer. Conclusion Results suggest a positive experience on student learning and patient satisfaction with this student-run pharmacy. While quality improvements can be made, BUCOP is fulfilling its service and education mission statements.
Semiparametric Statistical Stripmap Synthetic Aperture Autofocusing

Autofocusing synthetic aperture imagery by maximizing a statistical quality metric such as contrast or sharpness is a well-documented approach in both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) literature and synthetic aperture sonar literature. It is most successfully applied in spotlight-mode SAR applications, where the assumption of spatial invariance of the corrupting phase function is strong and expressions for the gradients of various quality metrics with respect to standard error models have been calculated. Examples of application to stripmap imagery often involve sectioning images into small blocks, allowing spotlight algorithms to be patchwise applied. This paper formulates the gradient of the cost function in a manner that is consistent with the stripmap error model, inherently providing solutions that compensate for the spatial variance while simultaneously bypassing the need for subdividing an image or aperture. This paper formulates the stripmap gradient expression in conjunction with a computationally efficient imaging approach to rapidly achieve metric-maximizing solutions. Demonstrations are shown on a widebeam wideband rail-based system experiencing random jitter and on an unmanned-underwater-vehicle-mounted sonar system exhibiting artificially injected crabbing and sway errors. Results indicate that the algorithm is particularly effective at compensating for random and rapidly oscillating navigation and jitter errors, as well as sidelobes introduced by crabbing in arrayed systems.
Ultra-short-acting beta-blockade: a comparison with conventional beta-blockade.

Esmolol is a β1-selective adrenoceptor blocker that is rapidly metabolized by blood and liver esterases. The β-receptor and hemodynamic effects of esmolol were determined in a group of 12 healthy men and were compared with those induced by both oral and intravenous propranolol. Esmolol was rapidly effective in inducing at least 90% of steady-state β-blockade within 5 minutes of either initiating or changing the esmolol infusion rate. More importantly, when esmolol infusion was discontinued the β-blockade had totally disappeared by 18 minutes after esmolol, 300 µg/kg/min, and had been reduced by 50% after 750 µg/kg/min. In contrast, 30 minutes after discontinuation of a propranolol infusion, there was no change in the level of β-blockade. Propranolol was much more potent at blocking isoproterenol-induced tachycardia (dose ratio 33.5 ± 2.5) than was even the highest dose (750 µg/kg/min) of esmolol (dose ratio 13.1 ± 1.0). The same dose of intravenous propranolol was approximately equipotent to oral propranolol, 40 mg every 8 hours (dose ratio 33.5 ± 2.5 and 34.5 ± 3.6, respectively). In contrast, propranolol, 40 mg every 8 hours, and esmolol, 300 µg/kg/min, were equipotent in antagonizing exercise-induced tachycardia (40.1% ± 2.3% and 42.7% ± 3.2%, respectively). Esmolol had striking hypotensive effects. Systolic blood pressure fell by 20 mm Hg during esmolol infusions of 750 µg/kg/min. Esmolol appears to be a potent β1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist with a particularly strong hypotensive effect. It is likely to be very useful in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable patients and may be useful in the emergency treatment of hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 579–585; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.227
A radiometric microassay for glutamic acid decar☐ylase

Abstract A simple method for purifying l -[ 3 H]glutamic acid and incubation conditions suitable for estimating l -glutamic acid decar☐ylase activity are described. Routine and recycled cation-exchange procedures for separating γ-aminobutyric acid from l -glutamate are outlined and compared. Blanks using the routine cation-exchange method average approximately 0.05% of the radioactivity in the substrate; product recovery is approximately 89%. Recycling increases the sensitivity of the cationexchange method by 6–7-fold. l -Glutamate decar☐ylase activity can be measured reliably in samples of embryonic neural tissue having wet-weights of approximately 1 μg using the routine cation-exchange method. The relationship between substrate purity and the sensitivity of the cation-exchange procedures is assessed. Radiochemical purity is the critical determinant of sensitivity for the recycled method. The cation-exchange method is compared with the anion-exchange and CO 2 -trapping methods. The cation-exchange method is approximately 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the CO 2 -trapping method and 1–2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the anion-exchange method. The cationexchange method is also more specific than either of the other 2 methods. l -Glutamate decar☐ylase activity has been detected in the lumbar spinal cord of the chick embryo at Day2 1/4 (Stage 14) using the cation-exchange method. This is 5–6 days earlier than l -glutamate decar☐ylase activity has been detected in embryonic neural tissue by previous investigators. l -Glutamate decar☐ylase is present in the lumbar spinal cord at least as early as the birth of the first lumbar spinal cord neurons and at least 1–2 days before the initiation of synaptogenesis.
The discriminant function and its use in psychology

R. A. Fisher's method of determining a set of weights for the linear combination of the scores in a battery of tests is explained and illustrated. The relationship of this method to combination by multiple regression methods is shown.
Vision, issues, and architecture for nomadic computing [and communications]

Computing and communications is bringing about a paradigm shift in the way these technologies are being used. The shift is in the direction of nomadic computing and communications. Nomadicity refers to the system support needed to provide a rich set of computing and communication capabilities and services to the nomad as he or she moves from place to place in a transparent, integrated and convenient form. This new paradigm is already manifesting itself as users travel to many different locations with laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs) cellular telephones, pagers, and so on. In this article we discuss a vision of nomadicity as well as open issues, and architecture and design concerns that must be addressed as we bring about the system support necessary for nomadicity.
Liquid scintillation counting of solutions containing carotenoids and chlorophylls.

Abstract Self-absorption in the liquid scintillation counting of solutions containing carotenoids and chlorophylls can be overcome by direct bleaching with chlorine. This simple technique restores most of the counting efficiency of colored solutions containing H3 or C14, or both, and can be used to resolve these activities.
The efficiency of block ciphers in Galois/Counter Mode in IPsec-based virtual private networks

Encryption algorithms (ciphers) and modes of their operation (or, modes) have significant influence on efficiency (i.e. security and performance) of IP-based networks. The recently introduced newest modes of cipher operation - authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) modes - provide confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of transferred data in a single 2-phase cryptographic scheme. One of the most promising AEAD cryptographic schemes - the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) - provides encryption and message authentication using universal hashing based on multiplication in a binary finite field. This paper presents obtained research results about the efficiency of popular ciphers in GCM mode for a transfer of rich multimedia data in IPsec-based virtual private networks.
Intra‐Industry Transfers of Earnings Related Information

The purpose of this study is to examine the direction of intra‐industry information transfers assuming a monopolistic competition within the industry and profit maximizing behaviors of each firm. Accounting earnings are decomposed into expenses and revenues. Both expenses and revenues are again broken down to industry common factors and firm specific factors. And the effect of these four income components of a firm on profits and hence security returns of that firm as well as those of other firms in the same industry are addressed. The main conclusions are: the first, announcing firm's firm specific costs have a negative association with its own security returns but a positive association with silent‐competing firms' security returns. The second, announcing firm's firm specific revenues have a positive association with its own security returns but a negative association with silent‐competing firms' security returns. The third, industry common cost factors (e.g. industry average cost) have a negative association with security returns of announcing firm and silent‐competing firms. The fourth, industry common revenue factors (e.g. industry average revenue) have a positive association with security returns of announcing firm and silent‐competing firms.
Infrared spectroscopic study of sol–gel derived mixed-metal oxides

Abstract Binary, mixed-metal oxides of silicon–aluminum, silicon–cobalt, silicon–copper, silicon–iron, and silicon–nickel were produced via a sol–gel method and characterized with in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy over the temperature range from 30°C to 350°C. Characteristic Si–O–Si IR stretches, observed at 1086 and 798 cm −1 , shifted to lower frequencies as the second metal oxide was introduced to the system, suggesting a weakening of the Si–O–Si network. In addition, new peaks observed in the 600–700 cm −1 range were assigned to silicon–oxygen–metal vibrations providing further evidence that the second metal was chemically incorporated into the gel network. Heating these mixed-metal oxides to 350°C only dehydroxylated the surface, with no other structural changes observed. This result indicated that the mixed-metal oxide structure, including silicon–oxygen–metal bonds, was formed during the synthesis and drying stages at relatively low temperatures (i.e., 90–110°C).
Material characterization of liver parenchyma using specimen-specific finite element models

abstract The liver is one of the most frequently injured abdominal organs during motor vehiclecrashes. Realistic car crash simulations require incorporating strain-rate dependentmechanical properties of soft tissue in ﬁnite element (FE) material models. This studypresents a total of 30 tension tests performed on fresh bovine liver parenchyma at variousloading rates in order to characterize the biomechanical and failure properties of liverparenchyma. Each specimen, cut in a standard dog-bone shape, was tested until failure atone of three loading rates (0.01 s −1 , 0.1 s ,1s −1 ) using a tensile testing setup. Load andacceleration recorded from each specimen grip were employed to calculate the timehistory of force at specimen ends. The shapes of all specimens were reconstructed fromlaser scans recorded prior to each test and then used to develop specimen-speciﬁcFEmodels. A ﬁrst-order Ogden material model and the time histories of specimen enddisplacement were assigned to each specimen FE model. The failure Green-Lagrangianstrain showed averages around 50% and no signiﬁcant dependence on loading rates, butthe failure 2nd Piola—Kirchhoff stress showed rate-dependence with average valuesranging from 33 kPa to 94 kPa. The FE models with material model parameters identiﬁedusing a simulation-based optimization replicated well the time history of load recordedduring the test. The FE simulations with model parameters identiﬁed using an analyticalapproach or based on the displacement of optical markers showed a signiﬁcantly stifferresponse and lower failure stress/strain than the FE specimen-speciﬁc models. This studyprovides novel biomechanical and failure data which can be easily implemented in FEmodels and used to assess injury risk in automobile collisions.& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Estrogen receptor β in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus regulates the neuroendocrine response to stress and is regulated by corticosterone

Abstract The function of the second nuclear estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor β (ERβ), in the brain is largely unknown. The present study tested whether 1) ERβ in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has a direct role in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis-mediated stress function, and 2) whether corticosterone (CORT) can regulate ERβ gene expression in the PVN in the intact, cycling female rat. To test the first hypothesis a pure estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI182, 780, was microinjected into the PVN bilaterally and stress-induced CORT response to an acute stressor (15 min restraint) was measured at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min time points. Estrogen antagonist-injected rats showed inhibited CORT levels at the peak (15 min) of the stress response compared with vehicle-injected animals. To test the second hypothesis, ERβ mRNA levels were measured in the PVN using in situ hybridization histochemistry following sham surgery, adrenalectomy, and adrenalectomy with low or high CORT replacement. Adrenalectomy reduced ERβ mRNA expression in the PVN, whereas CORT replacement fully reversed this effect in a dose-dependent fashion. Both antagonist inhibition of CORT response and CORT-mediated regulation of ERβ mRNA were found to be estrus cycle-dependent in the intact, cycling female. These data suggest that ERβ in the PVN may critically modulate the HPA axis response to stress and is, in turn, regulated by circulating CORT.
Structure and self-assembly of sequentially adsorbed coronene/octanethiol monolayers

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to investigate the structure of sequentially adsorbed coronene/octanethiol monolayers on Au(111). In these experiments, coronene-covered gold surfaces are exposed to octanethiol vapor. The resulting mixed monolayers are covered by close-packed octanethiol domains with clusters of coronene located within octanethiol domain boundaries. For these systems, the positions of coronene on the surface are determined by the kinetics of octanethiol monolayer formation and the local structure of the gold. The initial coverage and order of the coronene-covered surface influence the final structure of the mixed coronene/alkanethiol monolayer: deposition of coronene from the vapor phase, which creates a relatively lower coverage and higher degree of order than solution-based deposition, results in smaller coronene clusters. Statistical analysis of the locations of clusters of coronene shows that depending on the deposition parameters, coronene clusters are repelled in varying degree by upward-going and downward-going steps or are attracted to the top edges of surface step defects. In contrast to clusters, isolated coronene molecules are observed in the middle of close-packed octanethiol domains, but also appear to have an affinity for the edge of downward-going steps. We compare these results to mixed monolayers composed of C70 and octanethiol.
Alteration of tumor growth by aspirin and indomethacin: Studies with two transplantable tumors in mouse

Oral daily administration of aspirin or indomethacin retarded growth of experimental tumors in mouse. Aspirin treatment, 150 mg/kg twice daily, inhibited growth of a transplantable mast-cell ascites tumor (P815) by 39-43% (p less than 0.001) and of a s.c. transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma by 52% (p less than 0.025) without adversely affecting body growth. The total serotonin, histamine and histidine decarboxylase content of the ascites tumor was also reduced as was the urinary excretion of the amines. Treatment with 3 and 5 mg/kg indomethacin resulted in 40% (p less than 0.01) and 80% (p less than 0.001) reduction, respectively, in ascites tumor growth. With the higher dose of indomethacin, no tumor was observed in half of the animals inoculated with tumor, although signs of indomethacin toxicity (reduced body growth, gastric lesion) was evident in the animals.
Endovascular treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback technique liver transplantation.

Background. The piggyback technique of orthotopic liver transplantation is an attractive alternative that preserves the recipient inferior vena cava and allows uninterrupted venous blood return during the anhepatic phase. As with other transplantation techniques, the vascular anastomoses required by the piggyback technique can develop strictures. Methods. Review of records of 264 piggyback transplantations revealed two cases of delayed-onset hepatic venous obstruction from anastomotic strictures. Both patients also had symptoms of inferior vena cava obstruction, with azotemia and lower extremity edema. Both patients were treated percutaneously with balloon-expandable stents. Results. Rapid, dramatic resolution of symptoms was achieved in both patients. Patients remain completely asymptomatic at 39 and 3 months of follow-up. Conclusions. Hepatic venous anastomotic strictures in recipients of piggyback technique transplants are a very uncommon complication. They may be easily and effectively treated by minimally invasive endovascular intervention. Performed since the late 1960s, the “piggyback” technique of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT*) has become an attractive alternative surgical technique (1). The technique gained popularity with the advent of pediatric transplantation, and especially with living related and other split liver transplantations (2). Some centers are now favoring the piggyback as the technique of choice, reverting to conventional technique only when the piggyback technique is anatomically or physiologically unfeasible (3). The advantages of the piggyback technique primarily reflect the preservation of venous return from the inferior vena cava (IVC) during the anhepatic phase. These advantages include greater intra-operative hemodynamic stability, minimized renal impairment, minimized procedural blood loss, reduced warm ischemia time, and obviated need for venous bypass (4). As with any surgical procedure requiring vascular anastomoses, liver transplantation is subject to complications involving formation of strictures. Hepatic arterial and portal venous anastomotic complications, sometimes accompanied by thrombosis, are not uncommon. Anastomotic strictures of the IVC are also a well-described complication of the conventional surgical technique, usually affecting the suprahepatic junction (5). Hepatic venous anastomotic stricture after piggyback transplantation is a rare complication, particularly in adult whole-organ transplants, and presents with symptoms of hepatic congestion and Budd-Chiari syndrome. We report two cases of hepatic venous outflow obstruction, successfully treated percutaneously with balloon dilatation and stenting.
The chemical thermodynamic properties of nuclear materials III. Plutonium mononitride

Abstract The high-temperature enthalpy {Ho(T) − Ho(298.15 K} of plutonium mononitride, PuN, has been determined from 298 to 1562 K using a copper-block calorimeter of the isoperibol type. The experimental results can be expressed by: {H°(T)−H°(298.15 K )}/ J mol −1 =45.002(T/ K )+7.710×10 −3 (T/ K ) 2 −1.410×10 4 The heat capacity of plutonium mononitride is expressed as C° p JK −1 mol −1 =45.002+1.542×10 −2 (T/ K ) Combination of these results with the heat capacity and entropy at 298.15 K available from a recent study has made it possible to calculate the high-temperature thermodynamic functions for plutonium mononitride.
In-vitro study of 65Zn uptake in developing rat enamel.

Abstract Molar explants from 8-day-old rats were cultured for up to 12h. Addition of calf serum (10 per cent) to the defined medium (M199) markedly reduced 65 Zn uptake in enamel. Metabolic inhibition (DNP) or heat killing had no apparent effect on movement of tracer through the enamel organ to the enamel. Removal of the enamel organ prior to culture resulted in increased uptake of 65 Zn in the enamel.
Arthrodesis of the wrist: Past and present

Summary Arthrodesis of the wrist is a well established procedure that may be performed by a variety of techniques. The position of 10° to 30° of extension and 0° to 15° of ulnar deviation is the most commonly accepted position for maximum hand function. Van Gemert 22 has written an extensive monograph reviewing the results after wrist arthrodesis. He concluded that only 42% of 66 patients reviewed met all of the following desired criteria: bony union, subjective improvement of pain, improved power of grip and pinch, no loss of function in adjacent joints, and a good ergonomic score by the system that they used. A review of our cases of wrist arthrodesis shows many of the problems noted by Clendenin and Green. 26 Our review also indicates that patients who make occupational transitions to less hand intensive activities have a better response to the procedure.
Insecticidal properties, antiesterase activities, and metabolism of methamidophos

Abstract Methamidophos is highly toxic to insects but at best is a moderate cholinesterase inhibitor. Evaluation of the kinetics of its housefly cholinesterase inhibition showed that its affinity for the enzyme and its phosphorylation and bimolecular inhibition rates are all relatively low. In vivo metabolism studies in houseflies provided evidence that it is not activated to a more effective cholinesterase inhibitor and indirect evidence also was obtained for its slow degradation. In vitro metabolism studies in housefly and mouse tissues provided additional evidence for its lack of activation and slow metabolic degradation. Compared to other effective organophosphorus insecticides, methamidophos was slow in producing acute symptoms of poisoning and cholinesterase inhibition and required the accumulation of comparatively high internal levels for toxic effects. However, in vivo cholinesterase inhibition studies provided evidence for the interrelationships of cholinesterase inhibition and toxic effects. Thus, its relative stability and low in vivo degradation appeared to be of critical importance in accumulating and maintaining a sufficient internal concentration for a sufficiently long period of time to permit the development of its slowly expressed toxicity.
Replicating interbody device subsidence with lumbar vertebrae surrogates

Bone surrogates are proposed alternatives to human cadaveric vertebrae for assessing interbody device subsidence. A synthetic vertebra with representations of cortices, endplates and cancellous bone was recently developed as an alternative surrogate to polyurethane foam blocks. The ability of the two surrogates to replicate subsidence has not been fully assessed, and was evaluated by indenting them with ring-shaped indenters and comparing their performance with human cadaveric vertebrae using qualitative characteristics and indentation metrics. The sensitivity of each surrogate to a centrally or peripherally placed indenter was of particular interest. Many indentation characteristics of the foam blocks were similar to those of human cadaveric vertebrae, except their insensitivity to centrally and peripherally placed indenters, owing to their homogeneous mechanical properties. This is distinctly different from the cadaveric vertebrae, where a peripherally placed indenter indented significantly less than a centrally placed indenter, because of endplates. By contrast, the synthetic vertebra was sensitive to peripherally placed indenters owing to its bi-material composition, including a thickened peripheral endplate. However, an overly strong synthetic endplate resulted in unrepresentative indentation shape and depth. Both surrogates produced similar results to human cadaveric vertebrae in certain respects, but neither is accurate enough in terms of material property distribution to model subsidence completely in human cadaveric vertebrae.
Getting published well requires fulfilling editors' and reviewers' needs and desires

Publication in international scientific journals provides an unparalleled opportunity for authors to showcase their work. Where authors publish affects how the community values the work. This value directly determines the impact of the work on the field—papers must be read and cited to advance the field, and because the scientific literature is vast, only a subset of the literature is widely read and cited. Moreover, the value placed on the work also affects the authors' scientific reputation and career advancement. Consequently, it is essential that manuscripts receive the recognition they deserve by being published in one of the “best” journals that the scientific findings allow. Several factors determine where a paper is published: how well the topic of the paper fits the scope of the journal, the quality of the study and the manuscript describing it, the advance the paper makes in its field, the importance of the advance, and the extent to which the paper impacts the broader community of science. As scientists, we assume that our papers will be assessed objectively using only well defined scientific standards, but editors and reviewers also view papers subjectively, having biases of what defines a high-quality publication based on Western standards. Therefore, scientists trained in other parts of the world can be significantly disadvantaged in getting their papers published in the best journals. Here, I present concrete suggestions for improving the perception of a paper in the reader's minds, increasing the likelihood that it will get published well.
Regional visibility degradation: application to conventional warfare scenarios

A model has been developed which describes the degradation of visibility due to battlefield aerosols. Emphasis is placed on the diffusion and transport of the aerosols and their effect on visibility degradation at locations remote from the sources. The starting point which we describe here is a simplified approach designed to evaluate the interplay between particle and meteorological components of the model and to obtain an order of magnitude estimate of the potential for visibility degradation due to battlefield aerosols. The one-dimensional meteorological model includes atmospheric turbulence and radiation effects and describes the diurnal development of the planetary boundary layer. The particle model adopts a Monte Carlo approach with 1,000 pseudo-particles (small air parcels containing many aerosol particles) released into the atmospheric conditions generated by the meteorological model. The full solution of this problem will require a meteorological model in three dimensions with a dynamic development of synoptic conditions on the regional scale.
Bench to bedside: new developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis

There has been a resurgent interest in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of thrombogenesis in venous thromboembolism (VTE). Improved animal models of VTE, combined with high-resolution microscopy techniques, have helped to uncover novel roles for blood cells including platelets and innate immune cells, particularly neutrophils. These insights are likely to result in novel disease biomarkers and perhaps even adjunctive anti-thrombotic therapies.
Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth

Abstract This study investigates the origin of jaws by re-assessing homologies between the oropharyngeal regions of Agnatha and Chondrichthyes. In accordance with classical theory, jaws are interpreted as the most anterior arches of the ventilatory branchial basket. It is proposed that jaws first enlarged for a ventilatory function, i.e. closing the jaws prevented reflux of water through the mouth during forceful expiration. Next, they enlarged further to grasp prey in feeding. As they enlarged, the jaws tilted forward, squeezing the ancestral oral cavity in front of them (‘old mouth’) into a slit between the jaws and lips. Simultaneously, the anterior part of the pharynx behind the jaws was pulled forward and became a ‘new mouth’ (the buccal part of the buccopharyngeal cavity of gnathostomes). During the transition to gnathostomes, the premandibular cheeks and lips of the old mouth remained in place, and are represented in ammocoete lampreys, chimaeroids, and sharks. The stages in the evolution of gnathostomes, driven by selection for increasing activity, are modelled as: ancestral vertebrate (with unjointed branchial arches) to early pre-gnathostome (jointed internal arches and stronger ventilation) to late pre-gnathostome (with mouth-closing, ventilatory ‘jaws’) to early gnathostome (feeding jaws).
Impact of short bouts of physical activity on attention-to-task in elementary school children

Abstract Objective The study's objective was to describe the measurement of on-task behavior and review the research on the effects of short physical activity breaks on attention-to-task in elementary school students, with a particular focus on a promising approach to improving on-task behavior with short bouts of physical activity in the classroom setting. Methods Procedures to directly observe attention-to-task were detailed. Published studies that measured attention-to-task in elementary school students following physical activity breaks were reviewed. Results Direct measurement of attention-to-task is intensive and demanding on observers. Previous research on attention-to-task following physical activity breaks is sparse. The limited evidence suggests a small to moderate improvement on attention-to-task following physical activity breaks (Effect Sizes typically ranged from 0.13 to 0.60). Teachers can be trained in a relatively short time to effectively lead classroom-based physical activities. Students who participated in classroom-based physical activities that incorporate academic concepts demonstrated significantly better improvements (+8.3%) in attention-to-task than control group participants (-3.1%). Conclusions Attention-to-task is a variable that directly relates to concerns of classroom teachers. The limited available research has demonstrated moderate to good evidence that physical activity during the school day improves attention-to-task in elementary school students. Because of the positive effects of physical activity on attention-to-task, it is recommended that elementary school teachers consider implementing physical activity sessions throughout the school day in the form of recess and classroom-based physical activities.
Vertical and lateral transport of organic carbon and the carbon budget in Santa Monica Basin, California

Abstract The flux and compositions of solvent-extractable lipid fractions were measured in particulate matter collected periodically by moored sediment traps in the Santa Monica Basin from 1985–1988. The purpose was to assess the compositional changes during settling, the carbon dynamics in the basin and to estimate the impacts of energy-related by-products on the surface sediments. Sediment traps recorded consistently high lipid fluxes in the eastern slope relative to the central basin, reflecting elevated terrigenous carbon inputs possibly from land-based human activities. Generally, lipid fluxes decrease offshore but increase vertically with water depth below ∼500m, implying lateral transport of particles. The steep decline of flux in the top 500m of the water is related to the rapid decomposition and mineralization of the marine-derived cellular carbon compounds. Less than 5% of the marine lipid components reach the seabed. In contrast, preferential preservation of terrigenous lipid is clearly evident from the chemistry of deeper traps and surface sediments. The lateral transport of particles is reflected in the presence of higher plant-derived lignin phenols and sewage-derived coprostanol and epicoprostanol in the deep trap material as well as in surface sediment throughout the basin. Petroleum triterpanes characteristic of natural seepage also permeates through the entire basin. Based on the data collected from both the trap particulte matter and surface sediments, a carbon budget for the Santa Monica Basin has been constructed.
Studies toward the synthesis of 4-(2-R-ethyl)amino-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-imidazoline 1-oxyls. nucleophilic substitution of bromide in the N-Alkyl chain of the 1,2,4-oxadiazol-2-one precursor.

A synthetic approach to access the new nitroxides of the amidine type exhibiting pH-dependent EPR spectra through substitution of a halide in the exo-N-halogenoalkyl chain of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-6-oxy...
The Global Dimensions of Rape-Law Reform: A Cross-National Study of Policy Outcomes

Most studies of rape-law reform outcomes focus on single cases. We advance this literature by studying outcomes more systematically—leveraging new cross-national and longitudinal reform data—and showing that reform outcomes have both global and national determinants. Our exploratory analyses show three main findings: (1) Rape-law reforms are strongly associated with elevated police reporting between 1945 and 2005. (2) The strength of the association depends on domestic contexts. The association is stronger in countries characterized by individualism, women's mobilization, wealth, and education; it is weaker in countries with greater democracy and police strength. (3) The strength of the association also depends on global contexts. It is stronger in countries with dense linkages to world society and weaker under conditions of global institutionalization, as widespread diffusion gives rise to both ceremony without substance (i.e., domestic rape-law reforms without subsequent increases in reporting) and subs...
Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars

The diet of approximately three billion people worldwide is nutrient deficient and most of the world’s poorest people are dependent on staple food crops as their primary source of micronutrients. One component of the solution to nutrient deficiencies is collaboration among plant breeders, cereal chemists and nutritionists to produce staple crop cultivars with increased mineral nutrient concentration. Sixty-three historical and modern wheat cultivars were evaluated for grain yield and concentration of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. While grain yield has increased over time, the concentrations of all minerals except calcium have decreased. Thus a greater consumption of whole wheat bread from modern cultivars is required to achieve the same percentage of recommended dietary allowance levels contributed by most of the older cultivars. The decrease in mineral concentration over the past 120 years occurs primarily in the soft white wheat market class, whereas in the hard red market class it has remained largely constant over time. This suggests that plant breeders, through intentional selection of low ash content in soft white wheat cultivars, have contributed to the decreased mineral nutrient concentration in modern wheat cultivars. These results contradict the theory that there exists a genetically based, biological trade-off between yield and mineral concentrations. Therefore, using the abundant variation present in wheat cultivars, it should be possible to improve mineral concentrations in modern cultivars without negatively affecting yield.
Hokusai and Hiroshige : great Japanese prints from the James A. Michener collection, Honolulu Academy of Arts

This elegant book reproduces 200 prints by the most important and prolific Japanese artists of the 19th century, whose prints constitute the most recognizable images of Japanese art throughout the world.
Learning textural concepts through multilevel symbolic transformations

The TEXTRAL system, used for determining structural visual properties of textures through symbolic transformations, is presented. The method consists of two phases: one that extracts information from raw textural images by applying convolutional operators and learns an initial set of rules; and a second that iteratively extracts symbolic information from the transformed representation of initial image and learns another set of rules. The transformed symbolic representation is obtained by applying previously learned rules to a new image location and generating symbolic images based on rule assertions. >
Laboratory experience for an introductory computer science course oriented towards software engineering

The authors believe that the practice of computing should be the main focus undergraduate computer science education, especially in the first two years. They believe that this pedagogical shift has, by far, the highest leverage for improving computer science education. To achieve this goal, they have based the core sequence of their curriculum at the University of Virginia on a series of closed laboratory activities. The lecture content and materials will be supportive of the laboratories rather than the other way around. The authors began development of the first course (ICS: Introduction to Computer Science) of their new curriculum during Spring '92 and offered it in both the Fall '92 and Spring '93 semester. They present a brief overview of course content, course evaluation, and operational problems of the laboratory experience. >
Thermodynamics of n-Alkane Mixtures and Polyethylene-n-Alkane Solutions: Comparison of Theory and Experiment

We have applied the lattice Born-Green-Yvon theory to the study of hydrocarbon mixtures. In doing so we have fit pure component data in order to determine characteristic parameters for the pure fluids and have used the geometric mean approximation for the mixed-segment interaction energy. As a result, we have been able to make predictions for a wide variety of solution properties without fitting any data on the mixtures and have compared our predictions with experimental results. For binary alkane solutions made from combinations of n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane, and n-hexadecane we have found excellent agreement between theory and experiment for pressure-volume isotherms, volume changes on mixing and its pressure dependence, and equilibrium solution vapor pressures as a function of composition and temperature. For polyethylene-n-alkane solutions we have been able to predict the lower critical solution temperature and its dependence on the chain length of the alkane solvent, as well as the full coexistence curve and its variation with the polymer molecular weight.
Adjustment of the marine atmospheric boundary layer to the large-scale bend in the California coast

[1] Observations of the surface wind field off the U.S. West Coast were made from satellite by the Sea Surface Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) during June 1994 and June 1996. The coast bends inward 28° at 40° N latitude. Northerly wind speeds are high within a region that extends far south and offshore of this bend, bounded on the east by the California coast. On average, the high-speed wind zone extends ∼250 km from shore and 800 km alongcoast. Long coast-perpendicular aircraft transects show that moving onshore, the depth of the MABL decreases, the northerly wind speed increases, and the Froude number increases. A network of oceanographic buoys records the surface wind speed, direction, and pressure. From six buoy pressure measurements, the geostrophic wind vector was computed to represent the synoptic flow over the Oregon-northern California coastal waters. The satellite surface wind fields were composited by the direction of the buoy geostrophic background wind. The predominant direction is 210°–180°. A high-speed region extends south of the bend for directions in the 0°–180° range (moving counterclockwise), which corresponds to a downcoast component of the pressure gradient. For directions between 180° and 0°, flow splits at the bend and the region of highest winds is found to its north and offshore. A high-speed region south of the bend was present in 65% of the satellite wind maps as well as in the June averages. The flow's response to coastal promontories such as Point Arena is nested within this broad zone of fast, thin, likely supercritical flow.