cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-situ characterization of moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling of an epoxy molding compound for electronic packaging

Moisture absorption in polymer-based electronic packaging materials plays a key role in defining the reliability performance of semiconductor devices. In this study, in-situ measurements of moisture absorption and diffusion behavior of a thin epoxy-based molding compound (EMC) were taken by using thermogravimetric analysis under a controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Based on sample mass increase versus time at a fixed temperature and relative humidity, saturated moisture content and moisture diffusivity can be determined. At 80 °C, non-Fickian moisture diffusion was noticed, especially at the later stage of the diffusion process. At lower temperatures such as 60 and 30 °C, the diffusion process can be described by the Fickian diffusion model, and the diffusion constant follows an Arrhenius temperature dependence. Hygroscopic swelling, or dimensional change of the material due to moisture absorption, has been characterized using a dynamic mechanical analyzer equipped with a moisture delivering system to generate a controlled relative humidity (DMA-RH system) at various isothermal temperatures. The results suggested that the strain due to hygroscopic swelling is on the same order of magnitude comparing with the strain caused by thermal expansion as temperature changes over several tens of degrees Celsius. The results were used for modeling package stress evolution during reliability testing, and for mitigating the adversary effects of moisture absorption in the EMC.
Accelerating Simulations of Large Scale Phased-Array Systems

Next generation wireless communications systems operating at millimeter-wave frequencies are utilizing phased arrays of increasing electrical size to overcome path loss. The size of these arrays can make simulations become infeasible due to the amount of computation and memory required. Here we discuss parallelization and hardware acceleration methods to overcome these obstacles for large scale phased array systems. The acceleration of these methods was quantified using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency-domain simulator.
PERK, Beyond an Unfolded Protein Response Sensor in Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis in Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer.

The discovery of 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced apoptosis has clinical relevance. Mechanistically, E2 over activates nuclear estrogen receptor α (ERα) that results in stress responses. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated by E2 in the endoplasmic reticulum after hours of treatment in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells, thereby activating three UPR sensors-PRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) with different functions. Specifically, PERK plays a critical role in induction of apoptosis while IRE1α and ATF6 are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated degradation (ERAD) of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. In addition to attenuating protein translation, PERK increases the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression. Additionally, PERK communicates with the mitochondria to regulate oxidative stress at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs). Furthermore, PERK is a component enriched in MAMs that interacts with multifunctional MAM-tethering proteins and integrally modulates the exchange of metabolites such as lipids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Ca2+ at contact sites. MAMs are also critical sites for the initiation of autophagy to remove defective organelles and misfolded proteins through specific regulatory proteins. Thus, PERK conveys signals from nucleus to these membrane-structured organelles that form an interconnected network to regulate E2-induced apoptosis. Herein, we address the mechanistic progress on how PERK acts as a multifunctional molecule to commit E2 to inducing apoptosis in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
A Maximally Row-Parallel MRAM In-Memory-Computing Macro Addressing Readout Circuit Sensitivity and Area

This paper presents the first MRAM-based In-Memory-Computing (IMC) macro, implemented as a 128-kb array in an advanced-node 22nm FD-SOI technology. The design maximizes IMC row parallelism for energy efficiency and throughput, while addressing the critical challenges this raises, namely: high column currents; high output dynamic-range requirements; and large area of peripheral readout circuits. These are addressed through current-insensitive column-multiplexing and high-sensitivity readout circuits, occupying 26% of the macro area. Residual IMC non-idealities, arising from statistical circuit variations, are modeled and incorporated in a chip-generalized one-time neural-network training algorithm, with CIFAR-10 image-classification accuracy demonstrated at 90.1%, equal to ideal digital computation. The design addresses the particularly high sensitivity required for MRAM-based IMC compared to other non-volatile memory technologies, while achieving area-normalized throughput of 758 GOPS/mm2 and energy efficiency of 5.1 TOPS/W for the macro.
Differences in the native and heparinase I digestion profiles of a generic enoxaparin: Pharmacologic implications

Several generic versions of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin (Lovenox, Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France), have recently become available globally. Some of these are undergoing regulatory re...
Interacting electrons in metal nanostructures

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the way interactions affect the “electrons-in-a-box” states in metal nanoparticles and the way a current of spin-polarized electrons interacting with a nanomagnet can apply a torque to the magnet by the direct transfer of spin angular momentum. The spectrum of discrete electronic states inside a nanoscale metal particle can be measured using electron tunneling, if the particle is connected to electrical leads in a single-electron-transistor configuration. All of the different types of forces and interactions that affect the electrons inside a metal affect the discrete spectrum in different ways so that these spectra can serve as a sensitive probe into the nature of the interactions. The situation is closely analogous to the physics of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots, except that in metals a wider variety of different types of interactions can be explored, including those that give rise to correlated-electron states, such as superconductivity and ferromagnetism.
Source Coding Theorems

The source coding theorems subject to a fidelity criterion are develped for AMS sources and additive and subadditive distortion measures. The results are first developed for the classic case of block coding and then to sliding-block codes. The operational distortion-rate function for both classes of codes is shown to equal the Shannon distortion-rate function.
Structural conservation of chemotaxis machinery across Archaea and Bacteria

Chemotaxis allows cells to sense and respond to their environment. In Bacteria, stimuli are detected by arrays of chemoreceptors that relay the signal to a two-component regulatory system. These arrays take the form of highly stereotyped super-lattices comprising hexagonally packed trimers-of-receptor-dimers networked by rings of histidine kinase and coupling proteins. This structure is conserved across chemotactic Bacteria, and between membrane-bound and cytoplasmic arrays, and gives rise to the highly cooperative, dynamic nature of the signalling system. The chemotaxis system, absent in eukaryotes, is also found in Archaea, where its structural details remain uncharacterized. Here we provide evidence that the chemotaxis machinery was not present in the last archaeal common ancestor, but rather was introduced in one of the waves of lateral gene transfer that occurred after the branching of Eukaryota but before the diversification of Euryarchaeota. Unlike in Bacteria, the chemotaxis system then evolved largely vertically in Archaea, with very few subsequent successful lateral gene transfer events. By electron cryotomography, we find that the structure of both membrane-bound and cytoplasmic chemoreceptor arrays is conserved between Bacteria and Archaea, suggesting the fundamental importance of this signalling architecture across diverse prokaryotic lifestyles.
Multi-GPU support on single node using directive-based programming model

Existing studies show that using single GPU can lead to obtaining significant performance gains. We should be able to achieve further performance speedup if we use more than one GPU. Heterogeneous processors consisting of multiple CPUs and GPUs offer immense potential and are often considered as a leading candidate for porting complex scientific applications. Unfortunately programming heterogeneous systems requires more effort than what is required for traditional multicore systems. Directive-based programming approaches are being widely adopted since they make it easy to use/port/maintain application code. OpenMP and OpenACC are two popular models used to port applications to accelerators. However, neither of the models provides support for multiple GPUs. A plausible solution is to use combination of OpenMP and OpenACC that forms a hybrid model; however, building this model has its own limitations due to lack of necessary compilers' support. Moreover, the model also lacks support for direct device-to-device communication. To overcome these limitations, an alternate strategy is to extend OpenACC by proposing and developing extensions that follow a task-based implementation for supporting multiple GPUs. We critically analyze the applicability of the hybrid model approach and evaluate the proposed strategy using several case studies and demonstrate their effectiveness.
Surface tensions of inorganic multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions and melts.

A semiempirical model is presented that predicts surface tensions (σ) of aqueous electrolyte solutions and their mixtures, for concentrations ranging from infinitely dilute solution to molten salt....
Molecular and supramolecular nanomachines

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews molecular and supramolecular nanomachines. A molecule or a supermolecule with the capacity to store information might be expected to behave like a molecular/supramolecular switch. Such a switch can be envisaged as a molecule/supermolecule that can exist in two different states that can be interconverted reversibly by some external stimuli. It has been demonstrated that the synthetic chemist possesses in his/her toolbox numerous simple building blocks that exhibit bistability and thus have molecular switching properties when brought under the influence of an external source. These molecular switches are becoming an attractive alternative for the fabrication of devices capable of writing, reading, and storing information at the nanoscale levelwthe so-called bottom-up approach. In addition, with the development of supramolecular science and self-assembling synthetic methodologies, relatively large, well-defined, and highly ordered superstructures can be constructed. The order of these superstructures is controlled by weak and reversible noncovalent bonding interactions with small changes in the environment or in the stereoelectronic complementarity of the building blocks, producing dramatic changes in the shapes of the superstructures, sometimes destroying them. The versatility of the approach is appreciated when it is realized that the molecular motions present in the supramolecules and molecules can be addressed by photochemical, electrochemical, and/or chemical means.
The cosmological constant in Witten's superstring field theory

Abstract Using Witten's field theory of superstring we demonstrate the absence of the recently discovered ambiguity in superstring vacuum loop graphs, provided Wendt's contact term is added to the action. This ambiguity breaks gauge invariance. It gets contributions from the boundaries of the cells into which string field theory decomposes moduli space. Our analysis supplements previous discussion in the Polyakov formalism, where only the boundary of moduli space need be considered. We also show that the cosmological constant vanishes to all orders in perturbation theory.
Measurement of system dead time with commercially available NIM modules

Abstract A procedure to measure the dead time of a counting system with a commercially available NIM type gate and delay generator and a gated scaler is described. A gate method was used to determine the dead time of a 4π proportional counter to within 0.1 μsec1 as a routine part of the counting procedure; agreement was found when comparison was made with the two source method.
Effects of Feed-Back Signals on Transient Stability - Phase Plane Approach

A great deal of attention is being given to the problem of using feed-back signals in the excitation systems. It has been shown that the transient stability limits improve if signals besides the terminal voltage deviation are fed to the excitation system. A number of different signals based on the rates of change of voltage, current, power and rotor angle have been either tried or suggested. It appears that during the next few years the feed-back signals will play a very important role in the design of excitation systems.
COHERENT STRUCTURES INDUCED BY TWO SIMULTANEOUS SPARKS IN AN AXISYMMETRIC JET.

The axisymmetric mixing layer of a 12.7-cm-diam circular air jet at the exit speed of 20 m/s has been excited by two sparks fired simultaneously at diametrically opposite points near the lip. The resulting large-scale coherent structure—buried in the large-amplitude turbulent fluctuations in the mixing layer—has been educed at three streamwise stations and along three azimuthal planes. Spatial distributions of the coherent structure velocity perturbations, coherent Reynolds stress, vorticity, pseudo-streamfunctions, intermittency, as well as phase averages of the background fluctuation intensities and Reynolds stress have been deduced. The coherent Reynolds stress is considerably larger than the background turbulence Reynolds stress and the coherent peak vorticity is noticeably larger than time-mean peak vorticity. The coherent structure becomes progressively weaker with increasing x. The azimuthal variations of the educed contours suggest that the induced structure is a naturally occurring structure triggered by the sparks and is essentially axisymmetric; it undergoes a rapid change in its geometry, dynamics, and convection velocity as it travels downstream.
Capital specificity, imperfect labor mobility and growth in developing economies

Abstract Labor markets in developing economies may be afflicted by a multiplicity of interacting distortions. We consider a general equilibrium model of an economy distorted by both sector-specific sticky wages and imperfect mobility of labor. In this framework, we contrast the implications of capital accumulation in the short and long run. We show that, in contrast to both the case in the absence of a sector-specific sticky wage and the case in the absence of imperfect labor mobility, the short and long-run effects of growth on the economic system converge as the degree of labor mobility is limited.
An Inventory of Family-Friendly Benefit Practices in Small New Jersey Local Governments

Local government human resource management practices are under pressure with changes in family structure, increas ing workforce diversity, the aging of the workforce and organizational reinvention ...
Influence of initial conditions on squeezing and anti-bunching in the Jaynes-Cummings model

Abstract We have carried out a detailed investigation of squeezing and anti-bunching in the Jaynes-Cummings model, thereby extending the earlier work of Meystre and Zubairy [Phys. Lett. 89 A (1982) 390]. Analytic criteria are formulated relating the initial states of atom and field to the tendency of the field to undergo squeezing or anti-bunching when the atom enters the cavity. Some interesting connections are established between atomic squeezing and field squeezing/anti-bunching. Using the initial conditions suggested by our criteria, we explore the generation of non-classical states of the cavity field. The relationship of our work to other recent work on squeezing and anti-bunching in the Jaynes-Cummings model is discussed.
Ignition delay times of very-low-vapor-pressure biodiesel surrogates behind reflected shock waves

Abstract Ignition delay times for a variety of low-vapor-pressure biodiesel surrogates were measured behind reflected shock waves, using an aerosol shock tube. These fuels included methyl decanoate (C 11 H 22 O 2 ), methyl laurate (C 13 H 26 O 2 ), methyl myristate (C 15 H 30 O 2 ), methyl palmitate (C 17 H 34 O 2 ), and a methyl oleate (C 19 H 36 O 2 )/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) blend. Experiments were conducted in 4% oxygen/argon mixtures with the exception of methyl decanoate which was studied in 1% and 21% oxygen/argon blends. Reflected shock conditions covered initial temperatures from 1026 to 1388 K, pressures of 3.5 and 7.0 atm, and equivalence ratios from 0.3 to 1.4. Arrhenius expressions describing the experimental ignition delay time data are given and compared to those derived from applicable mechanisms available in the literature. Graphical comparisons between experimental data and mechanism predictions are also provided. Experiments of methyl laurate, methyl myristate, and methyl palmitate represent the first shock tube ignition delay time measurements for these fuels. Finally, experiments with methyl palmitate represent, to the authors’ knowledge, the first neat fuel/oxidizer/diluent gas-phase shock tube experiments involving a fuel which is a waxy solid at room temperature.
The political economy of redistribution under democracy

Summary. We ask what redistributions of income and assets are feasible in a democracy, given the initial assets and their distribution. The question is motivated by the possibility that if redistribution is insufficient for the poor or excessive for the rich, they may turn against democracy. In turn, if no redistribution simultaneously satisfies the poor and the wealthy, democracy cannot be sustained. Hence, the corollary question concerns the conditions under which democracy is sustainable. We find that democracies survive in wealthy societies. Conditional on the initial income distribution and the capacity of the poor and the wealthy to overthrow democracy, each country has a threshold of capital stock above which democracy survives. This threshold is lower when the distribution of initial endowments is more equal and when the revolutionary prowess of these groups is lower. Yet in poor unequal countries there exist no redistribution scheme which would be accepted both by the poor and the wealthy. Hence, democracy cannot survive. As endowments increase, redistribution schemes that satisfy both the poor and the wealthy emerge. Moreover, as capital stock grows the wealthy tolerate more and the poor less redistribution, so that the set of feasible redistributions becomes larger. Since the median voter prefers one such scheme to the dictatorship of either group, democracy survives.
Presenilins as endoplasmic reticulum calcium leak channels and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is at present, incurable. The accumulation of toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in AD brain is thought to trigger the extensive synaptic loss and neurodegeneration linked to cognitive decline, an idea that underlies the ‘amyloid hypothesis’ of AD etiology in both the familal (FAD) and sporadic forms of the disease. Genetic mutations causing FAD also result in the dysregulation of neuronal calcium (Ca2+) handling and may contribute to AD pathogenesis, an idea termed the ‘calcium hypothesis’ of AD. Mutations in presenilin proteins account for majority of FAD cases. Presenilins function as catalytic subunit of γ-secretase involved in generation of Aβ peptide Recently, we discovered that presenilns function as low-conductance, passive ER Ca2+ leak channels, independent of γ-secretase activity. We further discovered that many FAD mutations in presenilins result in loss of ER Ca2+ leak function activity and Ca2+ overload in the ER. These results provided potential explanation for abnormal Ca2+ signaling observed in FAD cells with mutations in presenilns. Our latest work on studies of ER Ca2+ leak channel function of presenilins and implications of these findings for understanding AD pathogenesis are discussed in this article.
Nuclear cardiology in hospital-based practice

Abstract Managed care has drastically changed the environment in which we practice hospital-based nuclear cardiology. As of 1995, traditional fee for service comprises only 8% of all reimbursement in the United States. Nuclear cardiology is now a cost center, not a revenue center, for the hospital. In Minnesota, many physicians and hospitals work together toward common goals in various “integrated health service networks.” There are several ways in which nuclear cardiology can help a health care network reduce costs. Results of myocardial perfusion, for example, can be used to help reduce unnecessary coronary angiography and revaseularization procedures. On the other hand, nuclear cardiology is generally not cost-effective in patients with a low likelihood of benefitting from the test and should usually be avoided in such patients.
A generalized linear-quadratic model incorporating reciprocal time pattern of radiation damage repair

Purpose: It has been conventionally assumed that the repair rate for sublethal damage (SLD) remains constant during the entire radiation course. However, increasing evidence from animal studies suggest that this may not the case. Rather, it appears that the repair rate for radiation-induced SLD slows down with increasing time. Such a slowdown in repair would suggest that the exponential repair pattern would not necessarily accurately predict repair process. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate a new generalized linear-quadratic (LQ) model incorporating a repair pattern with reciprocal time. The new formulas were tested with published experimental data. Methods: The LQ model has been widely used in radiation therapy, and the parameter G in the surviving fraction represents the repair process of sublethal damage with T{sub r} as the repair half-time. When a reciprocal pattern of repair process was adopted, a closed form of G was derived analytically for arbitrary radiation schemes. The published animal data adopted to test the reciprocal formulas. Results: A generalized LQ model to describe the repair process in a reciprocal pattern was obtained. Subsequently, formulas for special cases were derived from this general form. The reciprocal model showed a better fit tomore » the animal data than the exponential model, particularly for the ED50 data (reduced {chi}{sup 2}{sub min} of 2.0 vs 4.3, p = 0.11 vs 0.006), with the following gLQ parameters: {alpha}/{beta} = 2.6-4.8 Gy, T{sub r} = 3.2-3.9 h for rat feet skin, and {alpha}/{beta} = 0.9 Gy, T{sub r} = 1.1 h for rat spinal cord. Conclusions: These results of repair process following a reciprocal time suggest that the generalized LQ model incorporating the reciprocal time of sublethal damage repair shows a better fit than the exponential repair model. These formulas can be used to analyze the experimental and clinical data, where a slowing-down repair process appears during the course of radiation therapy.« less
Regulation of FSH Secretion: Use of Hydroxyurea to Deplete Germinal Epithelium

Hydroxyurea, a chemotherapeutic agent that prevents mitosis by inhibiting DNA synthesis, was administered to adult male rats for 70 days. Plasma FSH and LH showed no systematic trend although severe germinal cell depletion was produced. These data suggest that the cell(s) of the seminiferous tubule involved in FSH regulation must be either the type A spermatogonium or the Sertoli cell. (Endocrinology 96: 564, 1975)
Relative quantification of pulmonary edema with noncontrast‐enhanced MRI

Pulmonary edema is a debilitating effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The ability to measure it noninvasively with high sensitivity and in three dimensions could be useful in not only detection but also in assessment and guidance of treatment. To this end, a three-dimensional MRI pulse sequence to measure the formation of edema was developed and tested. Another sequence was tested to measure blood flow in distal pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary edema was induced in nine dogs via venous injections of oleic acid. Edema was verified by wet-to-dry weight ratio (5.30 +/- .38) and extra-vascular lung water at baseline (2.03 +/- 1.12 ml/g dry lung weight) versus postinjury (3.00 +/- 1.45 ml/g) (P < .005). The signal-to-noise ratio within the lungs increased from 5.47 +/- 1.00 at baseline to 7.51 +/- 1.96 (P < .005), and the time course of edema formation was resolved. Results from MR phase-contrast blood flow measurements were variable. The authors conclude that the three-dimensional scan provides a sensitive relative quantification of pulmonary edema formation without the use of contrast agents or ionizing radiation.
A Brief Report on the State of U.S. Agriculture and Fisheries

This brief report on the state of U.S. agriculture and fisheries emphasizes challenges and opportunities for small-scale producers in the agri-aqua food system, including current directions for farming and fisheries.
Working memory as a moderator of impulsivity and alcohol involvement: Testing the cognitive-motivational theory of alcohol use with prospective and working memory updating data

Abstract Research consistently shows that individuals high in impulsivity are at increased risk for excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related problems including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent theorizing posits that working memory (WM) ability might moderate this association, but extant studies have suffered from methodological shortcomings, particularly mischaracterizing WM as a single, unitary construct and using only cross-sectional designs. This paper reports two studies that attempted to replicate and extend previous investigations of the relationship between WM, impulsivity, and alcohol involvement using two independent samples. Study 1 used a large ( N = 489 at baseline), prospective cohort of college students at high and low risk for AUD to investigate interactions between WM capacity and impulsivity on cross-sectional and prospective alcohol involvement. Study 2 used a large ( N = 420), cross-sectional sample of participants in an alcohol challenge study to investigate similar interactions between WM updating and impulsivity on recent alcohol involvement. Whereas Study 1 found that WM capacity moderates the relationship between some measures of impulsivity and alcohol involvement, with effects prospectively predicting alcohol involvement for up to three years, Study 2 did not find similar moderation effects when using measures of WM updating. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of WM, which is often overlooked in the alcohol and impulsivity literature.
Exciting, unsettling changes in store for physical oceanography

The U.S. physical oceanographic community is entering a period of change that is both exciting and unsettling. Very critical problems face it, and how they are dealt with could determine if physical oceanography will survive as we know it today. The number of physical oceanographers has increased rapidly. But several large field programs are reaching the end of their data collection phases, and the growth in federal science budgets seems to have stagnated, at least in comparison with the “golden years” still fresh in the memory of many senior scientists. At the same time, technology is providing new tools for making ocean observations and expanding computational capacity. We are progressing from the dark ages, when ocean processes were seen dimly, if at all, into an era where those processes are brilliantly revealed with these new observational and analytical techniques.
Performance of Silver Zeolite in a Radioiodine Monitor

Measurement were made of the interaction of 8Kr, 133Xe, CH3I (131I) and I2 (131I) with various silver zeolites and activated charcoals under varying relative humidities and temperatures. Results show silver zeolite has significantly less interaction with noble gases and high adsorption efficiencies for CH3I making it superior to charcoal for airborne radioiodine monitoring. The penetration of airborne iodine activity into the silver zeolite filter bed was also examined. CH3I penetrated slightly deeper than I2 at the same air flow velocity; however, at 17.4 feet per minute, no more than 5% of the iodine activity in either form penetrated deeper than 1 cm into the filter bed. The sensitivity of the iodine-131 activity detection system was found to be approximately 2.5% (1% = 2.22 x 104 counts per minute/?Ci) at the 364 Kev photopeak with a 100 Kev energy window width.
Technology forecast on ink‐jet head technology applications in rapid prototyping

Presents a technology forecast for ink‐jet head technology in 3D printers used in rapid prototyping. Gathers information via an expert opinion survey and from the Georgia Tech Library and the World Wide Web about future development and possible impacts. Shows that the technology is still in its infancy but receiving increased interest. Predicts the path the market may take and presents an outcome table for impact assessment. Considers the potential role of public policy in the technology development.
Differential Effectiveness of Mother vs Stranger in the Control of Children with Behavior Problems: An Experiment in Child Swapping:

Mothers of 5- to 7-yr.-old children with behavior problems were observed while managing the behavior of their own child and a matched control child in three laboratory tasks. The results indicated that the children were less compliant and exhibited more attention-seeking behavior with their own mothers. Moreover, mothers relied more frequently on aversive control procedures with their own children and more often rewarded their undesirable behaviors than those of the other children. Implications suggest that the systems-maintaining aspects of the mother-child relationship can progressively exacerbate both deviant behaviors of children and ineffective behaviors of parents and that effective retraining of parents might well begin with the temporary “swapping” of poorly behaved children.
Microarray comparison of normal and W/Wv mice in the gastric fundus indicates a supersensitive phenotype.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been identified in specific areas throughout the smooth musculature of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Located within the circular and longitudinal muscle la...
Online Mentoring Programs

One-to-one relationships, facilitated through the Internet, is changing how personal and professional mentoring occurs. Despite the pervasiveness of large lecture courses found in colleges, the core of learning at the graduate level and beyond formal education is one-to-one dialogue between a mentor and a learner. The Internet and trends in e-learning have finally made mentoring practical and cost effective.
Patient assessment for secondary rhinoplasty

A secondary rhinoplasty patient is a multifarious challenge to the surgeon. Familiarity with the intricate skillsnecessary to handle the patient emotionally, analytically, and surgically is essential to satisfy the patient's needs and the surgeon's goals. It is of paramount importance to have knowledge of the patient's concerns, detect the imperfections, set high standards for the surgical goals, and compare the objectives with those of the patient's. Although one of the priorities is ultimate patient satisfaction, the artistic nature of the plastic surgery field necessitates surgeon satisfaction with the end result as well. For that end, profound knowledge of the potential problems and finesse make the achievement of desired aesthetic and functional outcome a possibility. In this chapter, we will discuss the difference between a primary and secondary rhinoplasty beginning with the emotional complexities associated with the previous surgery, then continuing with the acquisition of the patient history, physical patient evaluation, and finally technical differentiation.
Parity violation in deuteron electrodisintegration near threshold with a (0.5-4.0) GeV electron beam.

Making use of a formalism previously developed by Hwang, Henley, and Miller, we obtain numerical predictions for the electron scattering double differential cross section and the parity-violating asymmetry (caused by Z-boson exchange), both defined in the laboratory frame, for the kinematics suitable for the upcoming Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility. For the kinematic regime characterized by ${q}^{2}$\ensuremath{\le}15 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ and ${E}_{\mathrm{rel}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}10}$ MeV with ${q}^{2}$ and ${E}_{\mathrm{rel}}$, respectively, the four-momentum transfer squared and the n-p excitation energy, the asymmetry is of order ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$\char21{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ while the cross section remains large, so that a precision test of the standard Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory may be attempted. For the kinematic regime characterized by ${q}^{2}$\ensuremath{\ge}30 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ and ${E}_{\mathrm{rel}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}10}$ MeV, the asymmetry may be of order ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ so that one may attempt an experiment at backward scattering angles to extract interesting information regarding the large ${q}^{2}$ behavior of the nucleon electromagnetic and weak form factors.
Plants can grow on internal water

Abstract. Water uptake is required when plants enlarge but growth may also occur when no external water is present. To determine whether this growth also depends on water, we studied etiolated seedlings of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) deprived of external water by transplanting to vermiculite of low water content or by transferring to water-saturated air. When the external water supply was decreased or removed, the roots continued to grow rapidly but the stems abruptly decreased in growth (in 1 min) and continued to grow slowly. The stem tissues gained water content in the upper elongating region and lost water content in the basal region. Removal of the basal stem caused growth to slow further. When all tissues surrounding the stem elongating region were removed simultaneously, stem growth decreased abruptly to near zero. Control experiments showed that the decreased growth was not caused by wounding or the removal of the auxin or nutrient supply. It is concluded that growth always depended on a source of water and, when external supplies were absent, internal water was mobilized to enlarging tissues of shoots and roots mostly from the basal stem tissues in these seedlings.
Effects of subgrid segregation on ozone production efficiency in a chemical model

Ozone production efficiency is a parameter used for evaluating the effect of anthropogenic NOx on tropospheric ozone. For this work, zero-dimensional simulations were run to compare the differences in ozone production efficiency when air masses of different origin were separated and when they were merged. The purpose of the simulations was to estimate whether coarsely resolved models might under or overpredict ozone production due to their blending of air masses of different origin. Cases were run for several combinations of air mass origin, different latitudes, times of year, air mass dilution ratios and initial gas concentrations. The main result of this study is that integrated ozone production may be overpredicted by as much as 60% in coarse-model grid cells exposed to different air masses. Under certain conditions, such as in rather finely resolved urban airshed models, ozone production may actually be underpredicted by about 20% in mid-latitudes during summer. The results imply that large-scale global models may have a difficult time correctly predicting ozone concentrations near, for instance, urban/free tropospheric boundaries, a conclusion supported by other studies examining parameters other than ozone production efficiency.
Control system for several rotating mirror camera synchronization operation

This paper introduces a single chip microcomputer control system for synchronization operation of several rotating mirror high-speed cameras. The system consists of four parts: the microcomputer control unit (including the synchronization part and precise measurement part and the time delay part), the shutter control unit, the motor driving unit and the high voltage pulse generator unit. The control system has been used to control the synchronization working process of the GSI cameras (driven by a motor) and FJZ-250 rotating mirror cameras (driven by a gas driven turbine). We have obtained the films of the same objective from different directions in different speed or in same speed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On-Chip Octave-Spanning Supercontinuum in Nanostructured Silicon Waveguides Using Ultralow Pulse Energy

We present an approach for generating an octave-spanning supercontinuum on a silicon chip using input pulse energy as low as 6.8 pJ. This is enabled by advanced dispersion engineering with a nanoscale slot structure. We analyze the performance of the supercontinuum generation in terms of bandwidth, spectral coherence, and flatness, under different operating conditions. We show that, accompanying with the spectral broadening, the input pulse is compressed to 12 fs, which opens an opportunity for on-chip few-cycle pulse generation.
Parallel algorithms for nevanlinna-pick interpolation:the scalar case ∗

We study the parallel computational complexity of the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation and introduce several parallel algorithms suitable for implementation on shared-memory multiprocessors and systo-lic/wavefront arrays. The classical algorithm for the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation requires 0(n 2) arithmetic operations to compute the entries of the Fenyves array and 0(n) arithmetic operations to evaluate the interpolatory rational function at a given point. We propose an algorithm for parallel computation of the Fenyves array using 0(h) arithmetic operations and 0(n) processors. Furthermore, we propose a modification of the classical algorithm for fast and parallel implementation of the evaluation step. The resulting parallel algorithm requires 0(n) processors in evaluating the interpolatory rational function using 0(log n) arithmetic operations. Finally, we introduce time-optimal and spacetime-optimal systolic algorithms for computing the entries of the Fenyves array and evaluating the interpolatory ration...
Context and Culture: The Initial Clinical Interview with the Latina/o Client

Changing social demographics require that psychotherapists and mental health delivery systems become accountable for developing attitudes and skills for working multiculturally. This article immerses the reader in contextual and cultural principles for establishing an initial therapeutic relationship with Latinas/os. These contextual and cultural principles also can be implemented across any theoretical orientation or clinical interview structure psychotherapists employ. This article also reports on data from a subset of participants (n = 27) that self-identified as bilingual, bicultural, and highly culturally competent from a larger mixed-methods study of 89 Latina/o therapists. The results support the utility of personalismo, respeto, charlar (small talk), language and education, and self-disclosure in building respectful relationships with, and in conducting the initial interview with Latina/o clients. These findings are highly consistent with the common factors literature and lend further support to the proposition that the therapeutic relationship serves as the base for therapeutic interventions across all cultures.
Preparation and Properties of Magnetite and Polymer Magnetite Nanoparticles

A novel approach to prepare magnetic polymeric nanoparticles by synthesis of the magnetite core and polymeric shell in a single inverse microemulsion is reported. Stable magnetic nanoparticles colloid dispersion with narrow size distribution can thus be produced. The microemulsion seed copolymerization of methacrylic acid, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and cross-linker results in a stable hydrophilic polymeric shell of the nanoparticles. The preparation of the nanoparticles was carried out also by the two-stage microemulsion process and the seed precipitation polymerization. The particle size was varied in the range 80−320 nm by changing of the monomer concentration and water/surfactant ratio. The magnetic properties and the size distribution of the nanoparticles synthesized by these three methods were compared. The polymeric nanoparticles synthesized in single microemulsion have superparamagnetic properties and the narrowest size distribution.
Relaxation and fluctuations in glassy fast-ion conductors: Wide-frequency-range NMR and conductivity measurements

$^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates (${\mathit{R}}_{1}$) versus the temperature at several resonance frequencies (4 to 40 MHz) are reported together with the conductivity measurements, \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}), in the range 1 Hz to 3.76 MHz on 0.${56\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}}_{2}$S+0.${44\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}}_{2}$S, a glassy fast-ionic conductor. Both ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$ and \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) are fitted consistently over the whole temperature and frequency range by using a stretched-exponential, i.e., exp(-t/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ for the corresponding correlation functions (CF). Formulas that relate ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) and \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) and that give the asymptotic behavior as functions of T and \ensuremath{\omega} of both quantities are tested experimentally. We find significant differences between ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$ related to \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{R}}$ related to ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$, which implies a difference in the corresponding correlation functions of the ionic diffusional motion. An apparent order-of-magnitude difference in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}^{\mathrm{*}}$ attempt times was derived from these conductivity and NMR measurements. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the microscopic mechanisms which lead to fluctuations and relaxation in fast-ionic conductors.
Bifurcation of periodic solutions of Hodgkin-Huxley model for the squid giant axon.

Abstract The Hodgkin-Huxley model of the space-clamped squid giant axon is shown to admit unstable periodic solutions for current stimuli less than the stimulus at which the rest state becomes linearly unstable. The periodic solutions are demonstrated both by bifurcation theory and by numerical integration. The presence of subcritical unstable oscillations explains the discontinuous behaviour of the amplitude of the repetitive response as a function of current stimulus
EBF and E47 Collaborate to Induce Expression of the Endogenous Immunoglobulin Surrogate Light Chain Genes

Abstract Early B cell factor (EBF) and E47 participate in the transcriptional control of early B lymphocyte differentiation. With the aim of identifying genetic targets for these transcription factors, we stably transfected cDNAs encoding EBF or a covalent homodimer of E47, individually or together, into immature hematopoietic Ba/F3 cells, which lack both factors. In combination, EBF and E47 induce efficient expression of the endogenous immunoglobulin surrogate light chain genes, λ5 and VpreB , whereas other pre–B cell–specific genes remain silent. Multiple functionally important EBF and E47 binding sites were identified in the λ5 promoter/enhancer region, indicating that λ5 is a direct genetic target for these transcription factors. Taken together, these data suggest that EBF and E47 synergize to activate expression of a subset of genes that define an early stage of the B cell lineage.
Agonist-selective effects of opioid receptor ligands on cytosolic calcium concentration in rat striatal neurons.

Background Buprenorphine is an opioid receptor ligand whose mechanism of action is incompletely understood.
Queer figurations in the media: Critical reflections on the Michael Jackson sex scandal

This essay examines the discourse of stigmatization set off by the 1993 child molestation scandal implicating Michael Jackson, and reflects on the implications of the scandal for the political possibilities and limits of non‐normative identity constructions in the media, and of queerness specifically. After a brief overview of queer theory and its significance to media studies and a discussion of the “queering” of Jackson by the media long before the scandal, I examine three central aspects of the scandal: (a) the commodification of “witness testimony” as it relates to the question of sexual innocence in the case of child molestation; (b) the effeminization of Jackson as a homophobic containment of him by the press; and (c) the interpretive excess in the media's focus of an alleged pedophilic “bedroom scene” that served as the condensation of queer perversity. I argue that because child sexual abuse is a serious social problem, it cannot be treated separately from the regimes of knowledge that construct a...
H-particle searches using kaons and protons

Abstract A summary is given of the present status (November 1997) of recent and ongoing experimental H-dibaryon searches at the Brookhaven AGS and at KEK. Since other papers at this conference discuss heavy ion-induced H production, this summary is restricted to experiments using kaons or protons as projectiles. Included are direct searches either via H production or via detection of H-decay products. The latest experiments searching for S = −2 hypernuclei, with their indirect implications on the existence of the H, are also mentioned. Several experimental results have recently been published, and these results make the existence of a deeply-bound H appear very unlikely.
Asymptotic standard errors of point elasticities calculated from simultaneous equation systems

Abstract An expression for the asymptotic covariance matrix of point elasticities, computed from a simultaneous linear equation system with estimated coefficients, is derived in this paper. Numerical examples are provided using the Klein-I model estimated by 2SLS.