cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aegis: physical space security for wireless networks with smart antennas

In this paper, we focus on securing communication over wireless data networks from malicious eavesdroppers by using smart antennas. While conventional cryptography-based approaches focus on hiding the meaning of the information being communicated from the eavesdropper, we consider a complimentary class of strategies that limit knowledge of the existence of the information from the eavesdropper. We profile the performance achievable with simple beamforming strategies using a newly defined metric called exposure region. We then present three strategies within the context of an approach called Aegis, which uses virtual arrays of physical arrays to significantly improve the exposure region performance of a wireless LAN environment. Using simulations, analysis, and field trials, we validate and evaluate the proposed strategies.
The energy dependence of electron inelastic mean free paths

An analysis has been made of the dependence on electron energy of calculated inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for aluminum, copper, silver, and gold from four recent sources of data. The analysis was made using Fano plots which clearly show differences in energy dependences. In addition, the slopes of linear regions in the Fano plots can be compared with values calculated from experimental optical data and with values obtained from Fano plots made with experimental attenuation length (AL) data. It was found that the slopes of the Fano plots using IMFPs from calculations of Powell and Penn agreed well with the optical results; there was generally good agreement for the IMFPs of Ashley et al., but the slopes using the IMFP data of Szajman et al. exceeded the optical values by 9–40%. The slopes in the Fano plots using AL data for Al, Cu, and Au exceeded the optical values by 29–54 %; this result is similar to those found in other analyses and indicates that the electron energies for these AL measurements were not high enough to be in the asymptotic Bethe region. Analysis of the optical data also showed that a lower limit for the electron energy range over which the Fano plots could be expected to be linear (with their asymptotic slopes) was about 400 eV for Al and about 1000 eV for Cu, Ag, and Au. More extensive AL measurements over a wide electron energy range are needed to determine the shapes of the Fano plots for different types of materials.
Detection of Circulating Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Healthy Control Subjects

BACKGROUND: There is a long history of research suggesting that Chlamydophila pneumoniae is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). C. pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could serve as a risk factor for CAD if respiratory infection with C. pneumoniae spreads to atherosclerotic plaques through PBMCs or if infected plaques shed C. pneumoniae-laden PBMCs into the circulation. METHODS: PBMCs were collected from 86 case patients with abnormal coronary angiogram findings and from 91 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. The healthy control subjects were strictly defined as not having atherosclerosis on the basis of absence of both clinical atherosclerotic disease and traditional risk factors for CAD. PBMCs were probed for the presence of C. pneumoniae nucleic acid by 2 separate real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that used primers for outer membrane protein A (ompA) and 16S ribosomal RNA. C. pneumoniae serologic findings were determined for both case patients and control subjects. RESULTS: Despite serologic findings indicating past exposure to C. pneumoniae (immunoglobulin G titer, >or=1:16) in 74% of case patients with CAD and control subjects, no C. pneumoniae DNA or RNA was detected in PBMCs from any of the case patients or control subjects, including a subset of 42 participants (18 with CAD) who had samples obtained serially over 8 months. Multiple laboratory controls, including controls for inhibition of PCR, produced expected results. CONCLUSIONS: The uniformly negative results with use of highly sensitive methods are in contrast to much of the published literature. Probing of PBMCs for the genes of C. pneumoniae does not appear useful as a noninvasive way of detecting the presence of C. pneumoniae in atheromatous lesions.
Enterprise privacy promises and enforcement

Several formal languages have been proposed to encode privacy policies, ranging from the Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P), intended for communicating privacy policies to consumers over the web, to the Enterprise Privacy Authorization Language (EPAL), intended to enable policy enforcement within an enterprise. However, current technology does not allow an enterprise to determine whether its detailed, internal enforcement policy meets its published privacy promises. We present a data-centric, unified model for privacy, equipped with a modal logic for reasoning about permission inheritance across data hierarchies. We use this model to critique two privacy preference languages (APPEL and XPref), to justify P3P's policy summarization algorithm, and to connect privacy policy languages, such as EPAL. Specifically, we characterize when one policy enforces another and provide an algorithm for generating the most specific privacy promises, at a given level of detail, guaranteed by a more detailed enforcement policy.
Patch loaded tri-monopole wideband antenna for mobile applications

A novel 3D monopole antenna is proposed for wide band handset application. A tri-monopole technique is employed to increase the impedance bandwidth, and patch loading is introduced to improve impedance matching. The measured and simulation impedance bandwidths are from 0.8 to 1.0 GHz, 1.7 to 2.5 GHz. It can be worked at GSM 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, UMTS 2200MHz and WIFI 2450MHz. The measured radiation patterns are relatively stable at GSM 900MHz, 1800MHz. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a lower SAR, lower profile, lightweight and ease of fabrication for mobile applications.
Soft‐Chemistry Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth Oxyfluorides and Ammonium Bismuth Fluorides

Two bismuth oxyfluorides, BiOF and BiO 0.5s F 2 , have been prepared by soft chemistry. These two compounds are of interest for application as new type of positive electrode active materials in secondary lithium battery. BiOF was obtained directly from the fluorination of Bi 2 O 3 by a saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 F. BiO 0.5 F 2 was obtained by the hydrolysis of β-NH 4 BiF 4 at 70°C. The ammonium bismuth fluoride β-NH 4 BiF 4 , which is a new orthorhombic form of NH 4 BiF 4 , was obtained by reacting BiF 3 in a saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 F. Two other ammonium bismuth fluorides, (NH 4 ) 0.5 BiF 3.5 and NH 4 Bi 3 F 10 , were also prepared by annealing β-NH 4 BiF 4 at a relatively low temperature under inert atmosphere. The existence of the fluorite (NH 4 ) 0.5 BiF 3.5 is reported for the first time in this paper.
The Aftermath of Genocide: History as a Proximal Cause

The current volume represents a crucial first step in examining how past genocidal attacks continue to affect present intergroup relations, and what psychology can offer to help heal the wounds and prevent future violence. Studying the social psychology of genocide's aftermath, in all its messy, real-world complexity, has not been as popular a topic in the intergroup relations literature. This volume begins to correct that neglect, presenting models for how to incorporate both basic theory and historical context into research on the aftermath of intergroup violence. Future work continuing in this tradition should also continue to seek out multidisciplinary collaborations to study genocide's aftermath.
Incidence and pattern of technical complications in balloon-guided osteoplasty for depressed tibial plateau fractures: a pilot study in 20 consecutive patients.

Inflation bone tamps are becoming increasingly popular as a reduction tool for depressed tibial plateau fractures. A number of recent publications have addressed the technical aspects of balloon inflation osteoplasty. However, no study has yet been published to describe the technical limitations, intraoperative complications, and surgical bailout strategies for this new technology. Observational retrospective study of all patients managed with inflatable bone tamps for depressed tibial plateau fractures between October 1, 2010 and December 1, 2012. The primary outcome parameter was the rate of complications, which were stratified into “minor” and “major” depending on the necessity for altering the surgical plan intraoperatively, and based on the risk for patient harm. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the State of Colorado. A consecutive series of 20 patients were managed by balloon inflation osteoplasty for depressed tibial plateau fractures during the 15 months study period. The mean age was 42.8 years (range 20–79), with 9 females and 11 males. A total of 13 patients sustained an adverse intraoperative event (65%), with three patients sustaining multiple technical complications. Minor events (n = 8) included the burst of a balloon with extrusion of contrast dye, and the unintentional posterior wall displacement during balloon inflation. Major events (n = 5) included the intra-articular injection of calcium phosphate in the knee joint, and the inability to elevate the depressed articular fragment with the inflatable bone tamp. The observed intraoperative complication rate of 65% reflects a steep learning curve for the use of inflation bone tamps to reduce depressed tibial plateau fractures. Specific surgical bailout options are provided in this article, based on our early anecdotal experience in a pilot series of 20 consecutive cases. Patients should be advised on the benefits and risks of this new technology as part of the shared decision-making process during the informed consent.
Initial presentation of sustained ventricular tachycardia after resection of left ventricular aneurysm

Abstract Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs most frequently in patients with coronary artery disease and previous myocardial infarction, with myocardial scar often taking the form of a left ventricular aneurysm. Localization of the origin of VT by endocardial mapping has led to successful ablation of this arrhythmia by the combination of conventional aneurysmectomy and additional endocardial resection directed by VT mapping. 1,2 To date, this procedure has been performed only in patients with documented recurrent VT refractory to drug therapy. However, we treated 5 patients in whom sustained VT developed for the first time after conventional aneurysmectomy. This experience suggests that in patients undergoing aneurysmectomy for indications other than arrhythmia, a preoperative attempt to induce VT and additional endocardial resection at the time of aneurysmectomy if VT is induced may be warranted.
Expression of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTH-rp) and Its Receptorin the Porcine Ovary: Regulation by Transforming Growth Factor-β and Possible Paracrine Effects of Granulosa Cell PTH-rp Secretion on Theca Cells

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rp) and the PTH-rp receptor are expressed in certain cancers as well as in many normal tissues. To evaluate the expression of this Ca(2+)-regulating hormone and its receptor in porcine ovary, we isolated partial cDNAs encoding homologous PTH-rp and PTH-rp receptor using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cDNA encoding PTH-rp (419 base pairs [bp]) was 92% and 87% homologous to human and rat sequences, respectively, while the PTH-rp receptor clone (167 bp) was 94% and 91% identical to the human and rat genes. Qualitative estimates of PTH-rp mRNA by RT-PCR indicated that the PTH-rp gene is expressed at high levels in the corpus luteum but is undetectable in granulosa and theca cells isolated from small (1-5 mm) and medium-sized (5-8 mm) antral follicles. In contrast, PTH-rp receptor transcripts were most abundant in corpora lutea and theca cells, and least abundant (albeit detectable) in granulosa cells. Regulation of PTH-rp protein production was assessed in serum-free monolayer cultures of porcine granulosa cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (100 ng/ml) increased PTH-rp concentrations (assayed by two-site immunoradiometric assay of culture media) as well as corresponding PTH-rp mRNA accumulation (assessed by RT-PCR) in a time-dependent manner, with maximal responses of 3- to 5-fold at 96 h. TGF-beta1 dose-response studies revealed an ED(50) of 0. 24-0.38 ng/ml with a maximal effect at 30 ng/ml. Other growth factors and hormones, including insulin, insulin-like growth factor (type I), epidermal growth factor, FSH, estradiol, and interleukin-1, failed to alter PTH-rp secretion. Biological effects of PTH-rp were evident in purified porcine theca cells. Using the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator dye, fura-2, and digital imaging videomicroscopy, we found that PTH-rp (1 microM) stimulated intracellular free calcium ion concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in single porcine theca cells. The [Ca(2+)](i) elevation was characterized by a slow and prolonged rise. After PTH-rp stimulation, theca cells maintained responsiveness to hormone stimulation by LH, which elicited a typical theca cell [Ca(2+)](i) response. Our results allow a hypothesis of a paracrine intrafollicular signaling system involving interaction between theca cell-derived TGF-beta and granulosa cell-derived PTH-rp, with feedback by PTH-rp on theca cells. Alternatively, expression of mRNAs encoding PTH-rp and its receptor in corpora lutea suggests that this peptide may play a role in luteal cell function. The precise role of this intraovarian PTH-rp system will require further study.
Large-angle in-plane light scattering from rough surfaces.

An in-plane light scattering setup that is capable of measuring large azimuthal scattering angles is presented. This type of measurement makes it easier to probe large ki at a fixed k’ value ~ki and k’ are momentum transfer vectors parallel and perpendicular to the surface, respectively!. Therefore the system allows us to explore small lateral scale and large vertical roughness ~;l, the wavelength of the probe beam! of a rough surface. In-plane intensity measurements from a rough backside Si wafer and a Cu thin-film surface are reported. The structure factor that is related to surface roughness parameters is obtained from the measured in-plane intensity profiles. Both scalar ~Beckmann‐Kirchhoff ! and vector ~Rayleigh‐Rice! theories have been applied to interpret the experimental data. The roughness parameters obtained from the scattering measurements are compared with those measured by atomicforce microscopy. © 2000 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 290.5880, 290.5820, 240.5770, 050.1960.
An adaptive scheme for estimating motion

In this paper, we propose a new scheme for estimating the motion adaptively at each pixel. We assume non-stationary statistics for noise and motion, and propose a blind approach based on using the generalized cross validation (GCV) technique. We thus determine a different level of regularization at each pixel based on the local statistics using GCV. The problems addressed include the preservation of discontinuities, model/data errors, and confidence measures. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed technique applied to both synthetic and real data.
Energy dissipation and clustering for a cooling granular material on a substrate

Abstract We experimentally study the dynamics of a cooling two-dimensional granular system of steel spheres moving radially inward on an aluminum substrate. We find that the cooling process in this system differs significantly from model calculations that include realistic restitutional losses and rolling (hence, weak) friction. A likely explanation for the experimental observations is the fact that particles typically slide on the substrate for some time after each collision, losing energy rapidly. Using results from an MD simulation as a reference point, we consider detailed experimental results for the cooling of systems of spheres on a substrate as a function of the system size, N . For systems with more than N =300 particles, we find that final spatial configurations consist primarily of dense central clusters, and that the velocity distributions, which have an exponential character, are only weakly dependent on system size. Thus, there is a critical system size above which a majority of particles come to rest in a densely packed lattice. We also find evidence of a spatial ordering size scale in the cooled state that is much smaller than the system size. Velocity distributions in the cooling system are nearly Maxwell–Boltzmann (MB)-like at early times, but show significant differences from a MB distribution after particles have undergone a moderate number of collisions.
Transfection of pulmonary artery segments in lung isografts during storage.

Abstract Background . Proximal pulmonary artery segment (PPAS) endothelial transfection of lung grafts may be useful in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury and rejection and may provide beneficial downstream effects on the whole lung graft. Transfection immediately after lung transplantation may be efficacious in ameliorating allograft dysfunction after transplantation. Methods . In F344 rats, the PPAS was isolated and injected with 0.03 mL of GL-67/DOPE–chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) plasmid DNA. The PPASs were exposed for 60 minutes at several temperatures. The lung grafts were stored in saline solution (group 1, n=24) or LPDG solution (group 2, n=27) for 12 or 24 hours at 4° to 37°C. In group 3 (n = 42), PPASs were stored in endothelial cell culture medium and incubated at 10° or 37°C in a carbon dioxide incubator for 3 to 72 hours. Group 4 (n = 18) served as transplanted controls; after 3 to 24 hours' preservation at 4°C in LPDG solution, lung grafts were transplanted. Transgene expression of PPASs was assessed with two CAT activity assays, thin-layer chromatography enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immediately after the preservation period (groups 1 to 3) or 24 hours after transplantation (group 4). Results . In group 1, transgene expression did not appear. In groups 2 and 3, transgene expression was apparent after any storage duration at 37°C. Transgene expression increased successively with longer storage periods. In group 4, transgene expression was detected after any storage duration. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is able to quantify the expression of CAT activity, but thin-layer chromatography is more sensitive. Conclusions . Transgene expression did not occur during conventional cold storage. Transgene expression in rat PPASs during storage is possible with warm storage (37°C) and appropriate storage solution.
A multicast routing algorithm for LEO satellite IP networks

Satellite networks provide global coverage and support a wide range of services. Since Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites provide short round-trip delays, they are becoming increasingly important for real-time applications such as voice and video traffic. Many applications require a mechanism to deliver information to multiple recipients. In this paper, a multicast routing algorithm for datagram traffic is introduced for LEO satellite IP networks. The new scheme creates multicast trees by using the Datagram Routing Algorithm. The bandwidth utilization and delay characteristics are assessed through simulations.
Employment and Changing Technology in the Postwar Railroad Industry

Secularly declining employment has characterized the postwar railroad industry. This study identifies some causes of this decline by testing an industry employment function. The introduction of new techniques of production, especially the conversion from steam to diesel locomotives, along with rising wages and deregulation, are found to be the primary factors behind the fall in industry employment.
Are powerful females powerful enough? Acceleration in gravid green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

One demand placed exclusively on the musculoskeletal system of females is maintaining locomotor performance with an increasing load over the reproductive cycle. Here, we examine whether gravid (i.e., "pregnant") iguanas can increase their force and power production to support, stabilize, and accelerate the additional mass of a clutch of eggs. At any acceleration, gravid iguanas produced very high mechanical power (average total power = 673 w/kg; total peak power = 1175 w/kg). While the increase in total power was partly a result of greater propulsive power (average propulsive power = 25% higher, peak propulsive power = 38% higher), increased vertical power (roughly 200% increase) was the main contributor. Gravid iguanas were also able to increase peak forces (propulsive = 23%, mediolateral = 44%, vertical = 42%), and step duration (44%) resulting in greater impulses (i.e., the sum of force produced during a step) to accelerate, balance, and support their increased mass. The increase in step duration and smaller increase in peak propulsive force suggests that gravid iguanas may be force-limited in the direction of motion. We discuss how biomechanical constraints due to females' reproductive role may influence the evolution of the female musculoskeletal systems and contribute to the evolution and maintenance of ecological dimorphism in lizards.
Non-beta-amyloid-related structural, metabolic and white matter fiber integrity changes in early MCI

Background: According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, b-amyloid (Ab) pathology is an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), followed by structural, functional and finally cognitive changes. If Ab+ is essential for AD, Abcognitive decline is non-AD, whichmay involve changed structure and function compared to Abcognitively healthy persons (NL), but the changes should be different from those seen in Ab+ cognitive decline. In this study, we tested the specific hypothesis that there are differences in brain structure, metabolism, and white matter (WM) connectivity between AbNL and Abearly mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, we assessed the relative importance of imaging modalities in classification of Abearly-MCI from AbNL in terms of effect size.Methods:Ab-negative status of NL and early-MCI subjects fromADNI-GO/2 studies was based on both their AV45-PETand CSF-Ab data, with cohort characteristics summarized in the table. Relative to NL, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted earlyMCI effect-size of regional cortical thickness, tissue volume,WM fractional anisotropy (FA), and regional metabolic PET uptake was estimate and corrected for multiple comparison at p1⁄40.05 significance level. Results: Compared to AbNL, Abearly-MCI had significant 1) cortical thinning in the left superior temporal (d1⁄4-0.49), right inferior temporal (d1⁄4-0.47), right posterior banks of the superior temporal sulcus (d1⁄4-0.46), and left caudal anterior cingulate (d1⁄4-0.46); 2) tissue volume loss in the left amygdala (d1⁄4-0.64), left hippocampus (d1⁄4-0.46), and increased third ventricle CSF (d1⁄40.55); 3) hypermetabolism in the bilateral paracentral (left: d1⁄41.05; right: d1⁄40.65); and 4) diffused WM integrity degradation including the left fornix (cres)/stria terminalis (d1⁄4-0.59), bilateral internal capsule (d1⁄40.36 -0.57), bilateral tapatum (d1⁄4-0.42 -0.54), right cerebral peduncle (d1⁄4-0.52), bilateral splenium and genu of corpus callosum (d1⁄4-0.38 -0.48), right external capsule (d1⁄4-0.42), and left posterior thalamic radiation (d1⁄4-0.37). Conclusions: Abcognitive decline at early-MCI stage involves both structural and functional brain changes. Althoughmetabolic and volumetric changes had greater effect size, impact on WM fiber integrity was more wide-spread. The involvement of hippocampal, amygdala, and temporal lobe atrophy, and WM degeneration at fornix/stria terminalis was surprising in these subjects without AD-related Ab pathology, suggesting a non-Ab-pathology-related cognitive decline mechanism.
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: Problems in Transitional Justice and the Reconstruction of Identity

This article considers some of the main features of so-called truth and reconciliation commissions, their history and structure and their characteristic concerns with respect to their central dilemmas, including: how they grapple with notions of truth, justice, liability, reconciliation, apology and forgiveness, and how they address the need to support the "reconstruction" of selves and identities in the wake of massive trauma and collective violence. A particular concern is with how such commissions or related tribunals engender what can be called a "one-to-many" dynamic, in which they try to effect social reconciliation while focusing attention, via testimony and story-telling, on the traumas and suffering of individual victims.
Reality as Presented by Television

This article summarizes the results of the first three annual inventories of New York television programs as well as of the single studies in Los Angeles and New Haven conducted by the author for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters with funds supplied by the Fund for Adult Education, established by the Ford Foundation. It also describes and analyzes the theory of content analysis employed in these studies and suggests certain new directions which might usefully be explored in the effort to determine the nature of the reality presented to the American public by television and other mass media. The author is Research Professor of the Institute of Communications Research and Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois.
Revision of the genus Heteranassa Smith, 1899 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Omopterini)

Heteranassa Smith (Erebidae, Omopterini), native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, includes two recognized species, namely Heteranassa mima (Harvey) and Heteranassa fraterna Smith. These are separated mainly by subtle differences in wing color and pattern, leading to speculation about the validity of the described species. This study examines variation in external and internal morphology across the geographic range of the genus, aiming to clarify species limits, describe morphology, and provide a comprehensive assessment of variation within the genus. Results indicate that Heteranassa fraterna syn. n., is a junior synonym of Heteranassa mima.
Interaction of Insecticides with Acetylcholine Receptors

The rational design of insecticides depends on the discovery of biochemical differences between target insects and organisms (including man) that should not be affected. This permits the selection of agents that act on a site that is not present in vertebrates, or at least has lower sensitivity to the agent. Our comparative study of vertebrate and insect acetylcholine receptors, which is just beginning, is in part an attempt to identify compounds with selective blocking ability on the acetylcholine receptors of insects.
Sinus of valsalva aneurysm repair in an octogenarian using CorMatrix ECM

Introduction: Unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are surgically treated after change in clinical presentation or increased size on serial echocardiography. Prostheses such as Dacron grafts and Gortex are notably used, but use of CorMatrix has not previously been reported. The following case presents the first reported use of CorMatrix for sinus of Valsalva repair. Presentation of case: An 84-year-old male presented with a 6.3 cm right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm seen with echocardiography. Surgical sinus of Valsalva repair involved inserting BioGlue within the aneurysm and closing the defect with CorMatrix. Twomonth follow-up showed no significant postoperative complications. Discussion: The presented case reports the first use of CorMatrix for sinus of Valsalva repair and represents the oldest patient in the world to undergo this surgery. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are asymptomatic in 25% of cases and are incidentally found with echocardiography. Although survival in elderly patients specifically is unknown, postoperative survival overall is 88% at 20 years. CorMatrix is commonly used for structural heart defect repairs, but has not been described for sinus of Valsalva repairs. Conclusions: CorMatrix presents as a suitable prosthesis for sinus of Valsalva aneurysm repair.
Effects of CO2 and Temperature on Rice

Projected future climate change includes a strong likelihood of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and possible increases in air temperatures. Since 1987, several [CO2] and temperature experiments have been conducted on rice (Oryza sativa, L., cv. IR-30) in outdoor, naturally-sunlit, environmentally controlled, plant growth chambers by USDA-ARS and the University of Florida, at Gainesville, Florida, USA. The objectives of this paper are to summarize some of the major findings of these experiments. Among these experiments, [CO2] ranged from 160 to 900μmol CO2 mol-1 air while temperature treatments ranged from 25/18/21 to 40/33/37°C (daytime dry bulb air temperature/nighttime dry bulb air temperature/paddy water temperature). Total growth duration was shortened by 10 to 12 days across a [CO2] range from 160 to 500μmol mol-1 due to a shortened vegetative phase of development and a reduction in the number of mainstem leaves formed prior to panicle initiation. Photosynthesis, growth, and final grain yield increased with [CO2] from 160 to 500μmol mol-1 but were very similar from 500 to 900μmol mol-1. Carbon dioxide enrichment from 330 to 660μmol mol-1 increased grain yield mainly by increasing the number of panicles plant-1 while increasing temperature treatment above 28/21/25°C resulted in decreased grain yield due largely to a decline in the number of filled grain panicle-1. Evapotranspiration decreased and water-use efficiency increased with increasing [CO2] treatment while the reverse trends were found with increasing temperature treatment. These results indicate that future increases in [CO2] are likely to benefit rice production by increasing photosynthesis, growth, and grain yield while reducing water requirements. In warmer areas of the world, possible future increases in air temperature may result in yield decreases and increased water requirements.
Paragonimiasis in Indochinese refugees. Roentgenographic findings with clinical correlations

Twenty-five Indochinese refugees with paragonimiasis were reviewed. Thirteen patients were diagnosed by ova identification in sputum specimens, but 12 patients were diagnosed by an elevated complement fixation titer in conjunction with clinical and epidemiologic criteria. Roentgenographic lesions included diffuse (44%) and segmental (24%) infiltrates, nodules (20%), and cavities (20%). The classic ring shadow was present in only 8%. Of note was the frequency of pleural effusions (48%), which were massive in 6 patients and the sole manifestation in 5. Although tuberculosis should always be excluded, work-up of pulmonary effusions and infiltrates in immigrants from Southeast Asia should include a serologic and microbiologic search for paragonimiasis.
Lock-in camera based heterodyne holography for ultrasound-modulated optical tomography inside dynamic scattering media

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) images optical contrast deep inside scattering media. Heterodyne holography based UOT is a promising technique that uses a camera for parallel speckle detection. In previous works, the speed of data acquisition was limited by the low frame rates of conventional cameras. In addition, when the signal-to-background ratio was low, these cameras wasted most of their bits representing an informationless background, resulting in extremely low efficiencies in the use of bits. Here, using a lock-in camera, we increase the bit efficiency and reduce the data transfer load by digitizing only the signal after rejecting the background. Moreover, compared with the conventional four-frame based amplitude measurement method, our single-frame method is more immune to speckle decorrelation. Using lock-in camera based UOT with an integration time of 286 μs, we imaged an absorptive object buried inside a dynamic scattering medium exhibiting a speckle correlation time ( τc) as shor...
The Human Society

This chapter discusses the social aspects of engineering design. Each new discovery or technological advance influenced the growth of a society in subtle and sometimes far-reaching ways. The polished stone axe permitted the clearing of forest, encouraging the spread of settled communities. The invention of the plough and the sickle enabled men to farm larger areas, grow more food, and support larger populations with more time available for leisure and the pursuit of the arts and sciences. All of the technological advances in man's history occurred because they promised some increased ability or improvement in his way of life. Stability can be reached when there occurs a balance of power between those that control capital, the technostructure, and those groups responsible for fostering and protecting human resources.
Planning and Analyzing Digestibility Experiments

Researchers in the animal sciences rely heavily in the use of analytical techniques that optimize the use of the experimental resources. Specifically in the field of ruminant nutrition, the most expensive resource is often the experimental unit itself. Availability of animals (and in particular ruminally or duodenally cannulated animals) can be the limiting factor in many research institutions. Thus, designing the correct experiment to answer the key research questions becomes imperative in order to make an efficient use of the animal resource. The development of assays based on principles of chemistry and physics combined with the application of mathematical and statistical tools provided the basis for most of the techniques used nowadays in ruminant nutrition laboratories. Several of these techniques were developed in the 70s and 80s and the solid science principles behind their development make them valid even 30 or 40 years from their first description. However, several scientific and technological advances have been made in the last decades, which can be adapted to the existing protocols to improve the accuracy or reduce the associated cost of ruminal nutrition research, whether that cost is in the form of supplies or labor.
Coverage and distinguishability requirements for Traffic Flow Monitoring Systems

Traffic flow monitoring systems aim to measure and monitor vehicle trajectories in smart cities. Their critical applications include vehicle theft prevention, vehicle localization, and traffic congestion solution. This paper studies an RoadSide Unit (RSU) placement problem in traffic flow monitoring systems. Given some traffic flows on streets, the objective is to place a minimum number of RSUs to cover and distinguish all traffic flows. A traffic flow is covered and distinguishable, if the set of its passing RSUs is non-empty and unique among all traffic flows. The RSU placement problem is NP-hard, monotonic, and non-submodular. It is a non-trivial extension of the traditional set cover problem that is submodular. We show that, to cover and distinguish an arbitrary pair of traffic flows (ƒ and ƒ′), two RSUs should be placed on streets from two different subsets of ƒ∖ƒ′, ƒ′∖ƒ, and ƒ ⋂ ƒ′. Three bounded RSU placement algorithms are proposed. Their approximation ratios are n ln n(n−1)/2, n+1/2 ln 3n(n−1)/2, and ln n(n+1)/2, respectively. Here, n is the number of given traffic flows. Extensive real data-driven experiments demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
TCT-631 A Robust Ex-vivo Functional Mitral Valve Model to Test Novel Transcatheter Mitral Valve Devices

Interest in transcatheter mitral valve repair/replacement (TMVR) for primary and secondary mitral regurgitation (pMR, sMR) is immense. Though several TMVR technologies are in development, many failed to achieve consistent reduction in MR and present with a risk of thrombosis from non-physiological
Metabolic Signaling Drives IFN-γ

IFN-γ is a critical inflammatory cytokine that is closely regulated to cellular metabolic status and requires high rates of glycolysis. It has now been shown that a key mechanism to link these pathways is through maintenance of acetyl-CoA and epigenetic regulation of the IFNG locus.
Evaluation of DILI Predictive Hypotheses in Early Drug Development

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug failure in clinical trials and a major reason for drug withdrawals. DILI has been shown to be dependent on both daily dose and extent of hepatic metabolism. Yet, early in drug development daily dose is unknown. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of the published hypotheses that attempt to predict DILI, including a new analysis of the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) in evaluating the severity of DILI warnings in drug labels approved by the FDA and the withdrawal status due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our analysis confirms that higher doses ≥50 mg/day lead to increased DILI potential, but this property alone is not sufficient to predict the DILI potential. We evaluate prior attempts to categorize DILI such as Rule of 2, BSEP inhibition, and measures of key mechanisms of toxicity compared to BDDCS classification. Our results show that BDDCS Class 2 drugs exhibit the highest DILI severity and that all of t...
Mapping the Binding Motifs of Deprotonated Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Corresponding Methyl Esters within Supramolecular Capsules.

A suite of NMR techniques revealed that a cavitand (1) formed 2:1 host–guest complexes with a range of monounsaturated fatty carboxylates and their corresponding methyl esters. All of the carboxylates bound to the capsule in a J-shaped motif with the carboxylate at the equatorial region of the dimeric capsule, and the reverse turn of the chain and the methyl terminal in each polar region of the host. Guest exchange was slow on the NMR time scale, while tumbling was slow or close to the NMR time scale depending on the position and stereochemistry of the double bond. In contrast, the methyl esters were found to bind in three motifs depending on the position and stereochemistry of the double bond. Thus, the esters were observed to bind in a J-shaped, U-shaped (the turn in the guest occupying a polar region and the two termini competing for occupancy of the other pole), or a reverse J-shaped motif (ester moiety and turn each occupying a pole and the methyl terminal located near the equator). Relative binding ...
An Influence of Self-evaluated Gender Role on the Privacy Management Behavior in Online Social Networks

The primary goal of this paper is testing a causal model of privacy management indicating the influence of gender on the user behavior of privacy management in OSNs. We adopted communication privacy management theory and the theory of planned behavior, developed a causal model showing the influence of self-evaluated gender role on the behavior of privacy management in online social networks, and tested a set of hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of SEM indicate that self-evaluation of masculinity and femininity did not have significant relationship with user’s behavior of privacy management in OSN.
DReAM: Demand Response Architecture for Multi-level District Heating and Cooling Networks

In this paper, we exploit the inherent hierarchy of heat exchangers in District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networks and propose DReAM, a novel Demand Response (DR) architecture for Multi-level DHC networks. DReAM serves to economize system operation while still respecting comfort requirements of individual consumers. Contrary to many present day DR schemes that work on a consumer level granularity DReAM works at a level of hierarchy above buildings, i.e. substations that supply heat to a group of buildings. This improves the overall DR scalability and reduce the computational complexity. In the first step of the proposed approach, mathematical models of individual substations and their downstream networks are abstracted into appropriately constructed low-complexity structural forms. In the second step, this abstracted information is employed by the utility to perform DR optimization that determines the optimal heat inflow to individual substations rather than buildings, in order to achieve the targeted objectives across the network. We validate the proposed DReAM framework through experimental results under different scenarios on a test network.
MicroRNA-15a/16-1 Antagomir Ameliorates Ischemic Brain Injury in Experimental Stroke

Background and Purpose—Dysregulation of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in plasma has been reported in patients with stroke as a potential biomarker for diagnostic and prognostic use. However, the essenti...
Structural and Neuronal Integrity Measures of Fatigue Severity in Multiple Sclerosis

Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, consistent neuroimaging correlates of its severity are not fully elucidated. In this article, we study the neuronal correlates of fatigue severity in MS. Forty-three Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) patients with MS-related fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) range: 1-7) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤ 4, were divided into high fatigue (HF, FSS ≥ 5.1) and low fatigue groups (LF, FSS ≤ 3). We measured T2 lesion load using a semi-automated technique. Cortical thickness, volume of sub-cortical nuclei, and brainstem structures were measured using Freesurfer. Cortical Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) parameters were extracted using a cross modality technique. A correlation analysis was performed between FSS, volumetric, and DTI indices across all patients. HF patients showed significantly lower volume of thalamus, (p = 0.02), pallidum (p = 0.01), and superior cerebellar peduncle ((SCP), p = 0.002). The inverse correlation between the FSS score and the above volumes was significant in the total study population. In the right temporal cortex (RTC), the Radial Diffusivity ((RD), p = 0.01) and Fractional Anisotropy ((FA), p = 0.01) was significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the HF group. After Bonferroni correction, thalamic volume, FA-RTC, and RD-RTC remained statistically significant. Multivariate regression analysis identified FA-RTC as the best predictor of fatigue severity. Our data suggest an association between fatigue severity and volumetric changes of thalamus, pallidum, and SCP. Early neuronal injury in the RTC is implicated in the pathogenesis of MS-related fatigue.
The Analytic Lenses of Ethnography

It is almost axiomatic that there are two contrasting theoretical approaches to ethnography: induction and deduction. However, regardless of whether ethnographers build theory from observations (in...
Immigration and environment: A framework for establishing a possible relationship

This paper considers conceptual, analytic and policy issues concerning US population, immigration and environment. The policy question guiding the analysis is whether the environmental impact of immigration is proportional to its numbers, i.e., additions to the population, or does immigration have a disproportionate effect on the environment, i.e., above or below what would be expected on additional numbers alone? If the effect is proportional, then policy issues concerning the environmental impact of immigration become centered on population policy and programs, and the relative benefit of manipulating immigration as a component of population growth to achieve national environmental (or other) goals. If, however, immigration has a disproportionate effect, thus an effect on the environment beyond the contribution to population growth, then US immigration policy and its administration have unique environmental implications which may be appropriately addressed through immigration policy reform. The IPAT model is presented as a general framework for establishing the proportionality of the environmental effects of US immigration. Given the demands of theory and limitations of data, the framework is decidedly ‘ideal’ and is offered as a long range proposal for policy relevant research on US population, immigration and environment. In order to move to act on the proposed research agenda, however, several important analytic components of national population and environmental research must be strengthened. First, more accurate and comprehensive measurement of the components of US population growth is critical. Second, analysis of population, immigration and environmental processes must occur over time and across regions and local communities in the US. Third, a process of interpreting research results which is both inter- and multi-disciplinary, and is inclusive of national, regional and local concerns must be organized to wisely interpret findings within the context of national goals and traditions.
Network formation with multigraphs and strategic complementarities

Abstract This paper examines the formation of one network G when connections in a second network H are inherited under two scenarios: (i) H is asymmetric allowing for a wide range of networks called nested split graphs, and (ii) H is a connected regular graph. The bulk of our paper assumes that both G and H are interdependent because the respective actions in each are (weak) strategic complements. This complementarity creates a “silver spoon” effect whereby those who inherit high Katz-Bonacich centrality in H will continue to have high Katz-Bonacich centrality in G. There is, however, a “silver lining”: depending on the costs of link formation, the formed network G may allow for an improvement in centrality. As an application, we introduce an overlapping generations models to analyze intergenerational social mobility. We show that the silver spoon effect persists across generations with descendants of agents who are highly connected continuing to remain highly connected. Finally, we explore the implications of actions being strategic substitutes across networks. This can lead to an outcome where well-connected agents in H establish no links in G, and those with no connections in H form all the links in G. Our analysis provides insight into preferential attachment, how asymmetries in one network may be magnified or diminished in another, and why players with links in one network may form no links in another network.
Vocal Cord Paresis After Posterior Spinal Fusion to Treat Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Case Report.

Case: A 15-year-old girl with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a 50° curve underwent posterior spinal fusion from T3 to T11. After discharge from the hospital, the patient reported dysphonia and dysphagia. Flexible nasendoscopy confirmed left vocal cord paresis. Stretch injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve from the left T5 pedicle screw or intubation may have caused the vocal cord paresis. The pedicle screw was removed during revision surgery. Postsurgically, the patient demonstrated immediate and ultimately full recovery and no longer had any symptoms. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case report of vocal cord paresis most likely caused by pedicle screw position after posterior spinal fusion.