cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caveolin-1 modulates HIV-1 envelope-induced bystander apoptosis through gp41.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env)-mediated bystander apoptosis is known to cause the progressive, severe, and irreversible loss of CD4 + T cells in HIV-1-infected patients. Env-induced bystander apoptosis has been shown to be gp41 dependent and related to the membrane hemifusion between envelope-expressing cells and target cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the scaffold protein of specific membrane lipid rafts called caveolae, has been reported to interact with gp41. However, the underlying pathological or physiological meaning of this robust interaction remains unclear. In this report, we examine the interaction of cellular Cav-1 and HIV gp41 within the lipid rafts and show that Cav-1 modulates Env-induced bystander apoptosis through interactions with gp41 in SupT1 cells and CD4 + T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. Cav-1 significantly suppressed Env-induced membrane hemifusion and caspase-3 activation and augmented Hsp70 upregulation. Moreover, a peptide containing the Cav-1 scaffold domain sequence markedly inhibited bystander apoptosis and apoptotic signal pathways. Our studies shed new light on the potential role of Cav-1 in limiting HIV pathogenesis and the development of a novel therapeutic strategy in treating HIV-1-infected patients.
Modeling and Fabrication of CMOS Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators

A fully integrated two-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator, fabricated using a standard 0.6-mum complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process is described in this paper. Only three micromachining processes, namely, reactive ion etching, zinc-oxide deposition, and wet etching, implemented subsequent to the standard process, are required to realize these resonators. Three design examples of these resonators are given to demonstrate the characteristics of these resonators at different operating frequencies. Experimental measurements of the S21 transmission characteristics were conducted on the fabricated resonators and they were found to have parallel resonant frequencies of 1.02 GHz, 941 MHz, and 605 MHz and quality (Q) factors of 44, 86, and 285, respectively. Based on these measurements and the fabrication layers of the device, an equivalent-circuit model tailored specifically for standard CMOS two-port resonators was developed. Finite-element modeling of the SAW resonators was performed to verify the measured series resonant frequency. Comparison between the developed model and measurement characteristics was also presented. Improvement in Q factor was observed when reflector height was increased
Recurrent IgA Nephropathy in Living-Related Donor Transplantation: Recurrence or Transmission of Familial Disease?

We describe a patient who developed terminal renal failure of two HLA-identical renal allografts due to crescentic IgA nephropathy. The first graft contained IgA deposits at the time of donation, suggesting that transmission of IgA deposits may have contributed to the nephritis of the first allograft. The second graft was free of IgA deposits at the time of donation, but the recipient developed a similar, rapidly progressive nephritis. This case points up the malignant potential of IgA nephropathy and the complex nature of transplant planning for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to IgA nephropathy. Living-related donor (LRD) transplants seem to be associated with a higher rate of recurrence than cadaveric grafts. This higher rate may partly reflect the inadvertent transmission of subclinical IgA deposits from donor to recipient and a genetic susceptibility of certain HLA types (specifically B35 and DR4) to recurrent disease. Cadaveric transplants may be preferable in the setting of high-risk HLA types or familial patterns of IgA nephropathy.
Congenital Hydrocephalus in Mice and Man

Teratologists have long recognized the value of animal models for the study of human disease (Kalter, 1968). Congenital hydrocephalus in an animal model provides the opportunity to study events as they progress. From these studies information is obtained regarding the effects of increased water and pressure variations on the structure and function of the nervous system.
Report of 43rd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons

The 43rd annual meeting of the Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons (PAPS) was held last May 23 to 27, 2010, in the Japanese port city of Kobe. The meeting was enhanced by the attendance of the Crown Prince of Japan, his Royal Highness, Naruhito. The meeting was hosted by Dr Naomi Iwai, the president of PAPS, and the local arrangements committee. Dr OsamuKimura played a crucial role in making sure that every detail was taken care of for all of the attendees. Themeeting flowed very smoothly from start to finish, and all those attending had a wonderful time. The meeting was held on an island in the port of Kobe at the Portopia Hotel. The hotel was located just a short bus or train ride from downtown Kobe, giving all attendees quick access to the city. The meeting was very well attended with 359 total attendees from 20 countries, primarily Japan and the United States. Other countries, which were well represented, included Korea, China, Taiwan, and Australia. The opening ceremonies, held on Sunday evening, included an opportunity to meet and speak with the Crown Prince and a delicious buffet dinner. This allowed all of the PAPS friendships to be rekindled. On Tuesday afternoon, all attendees were treated to a local program that included a trip to the nearby ancient capital city of Nara. While there, we visited a National Museum filled with ancient artifacts. We were then allowed to enter a beautifully maintained Japanese garden where we
Arctic routing chip

Arctic is a 4x4 packet routing chip being developed for the *T multiprocessor. Arctic can be used to implement a variety of staged networks and will be used to implement a fat tree network for *T. Arctic meets the requirements of *T and of a wide class of systems. This paper discusses the key features of Arctic. These include its buffering scheme which enables very high utilization of network links and its test and control system which provides error detection, limited error handling, and in-circuit testability.
Olfactory Bulb Recovery after Early Sensory Deprivation

Olfactory bulbs retain the ability to acquire new neurons throughout life. Unilateral olfactory deprivation during the first postnatal month in rats results in a dramatic reduction in the size of the experimental olfactory bulb. Part of this reduction is attributable to the death of neurons and glia. To examine the regenerative capacity of the juvenile olfactory bulb, we developed a technique for reversible olfactory deprivation. Reversible blockade from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P20 or P30 results in reduced bulb volume and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, and decreased depth in the olfactory mucosa. In another experiment, normal stimulation was restored for varying periods of time, and experimental and control bulb volumes were measured. Recovery of bulb size occurs after 40 d of normal stimulation. Rats injected with a thymidine analog to label dividing cells during the recovery period revealed that rescue results at least in part from the addition of new neurons and glia. Thus, cells born after the return of normal levels of environmental stimulation can replace some of the neurons and glia that are lost during olfactory deprivation. This system can be used to study mechanisms that underlie neuronal regeneration in the maturing mammalian brain.
Oxidation of titanium between 25°C and 400°C

Abstract The oxidation of Ti between 25°C and 400°C has been studied in an ultra high vacuum system with ellipsometry, Auger spectroscopy and surface potential difference. The surface potential difference is primarily sensitive to the adsorbed layer of oxygen, the Auger spectrometer is sensitive to the oxygen and Ti concentration at the oxide-gas interface and the ellipsometer is sensitive to the film thickness. Consequently, it was possible to follow the various processes separately during oxidation and oxide dissolution. Oxygen adsorbs in a percusor state as a molecule which dissociates and adsorbs in the atomic state. Reaction of atomic oxygen with Ti at the oxide-gas interface causes the stoichiometry to vary with the temperature, oxygen pressure and film thickness. At low temperatures and oxygen pressure the initial film growth follows a logarithmic time law. The predominant transport species is cationic. After initial oxidation, at higher temperatures and oxygen pressure, the predominant transport species is anionic. At constant temperature and oxygen pressure the oxide grows until the rate of growth is equal to the rate of dissolution into the metal. At this point the film thickness remains constant with time. Doping the Ti surface with Au results in a decrease in the oxide dissolution process due to blocking of interstitial diffusion paths by Au atoms.
Transformation optical designs for wave collimators, flat lenses and right-angle bends

The transformation optics technique is applied to design three novel devices—a wave collimator, far-zone and near-zone focusing flat optical lenses and a right-angle bend for propagating beam fields. The structures presented in this paper are all two-dimensional (2D), however, the transformation optics design methodologies can be easily extended to develop 3D versions of these optical devices. The required values of the permittivity and the permeability tensors are derived for each of the three devices considered here. Furthermore, the functional performance of each device is verified using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. A wave collimator consists of a 2D rectangular cylinder where the fields (cylindrical waves) radiated by an embedded line source emerge normal to the top and bottom planar interfaces thereby producing highly directive collimated fields. Next, a far-zone focusing lens for a 2D line source is created by transforming the equi-amplitude equi- phase contour to a planar surface. It is also demonstrated that by aligning two far- zone focusing flat lenses in a back-to-back configuration, a near-zone focusing lens is obtained. Finally, a 2D square cylindrical volume is transformed into a cylinder with a fan-shaped cross section to design a right-angle bend device for propagating beam fields.
On the use of SPSA-based model-free controller in quality improvement

There exists a growing realization that quality will be gained by implementing statistical process control and engineering process control in a complementary fashion. This study continues in that direction by considering the batch polymerization example of Vander Wiel et al. (1992), but it assumes no knowledge about the dynamics of process. It uses concurrently the special cause control chart and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation based control approach proposed by Spall and Cristion (1992, 1994) to monitor, signal and readjust the levels of viscosity of simulated batches of polymer around the target value. >
THE EFFECT OF PREY AND PREDATOR DENSITIES ON WOLF PREDATION

Predator kills rate (i.e., kills per predator per time) is routinely presupposed to depend exclusively on prey density. However, per capita rates of killing may typically depend on the density of both prey and predator. Unfortunately, our perception of many ecological phenomena may be limited by the inappropriate assumption that kill rates do not depend on predator density. One of many ways to represent the influence of predator density is ratio-dependent predation, where kill rate depends on the ratio of prey to predator rather than the actual numbers of prey and predator. Determining the role of ratio dependency in predation theory has been contentious. Assessments of the influence of predator density on kill rate have been primarily limited to theoretical considerations, indirect evidence, and simplified laboratory demonstrations. We directly observed the influence of both prey and predator density on kill rates in an unmanipulated terrestrial system of large mammals— wolves ( Canis lupus) and moose (Alces alces). Predator density explained more variation in kill rate than did prey density (R 2 5 0.36 vs. R 2 5 0.17, respectively). Moreover, the ratio-dependent model greatly outperformed the prey-dependent model. Nevertheless, the ratio-dependent model failed to explain most of the variation in kill rate (i.e., R 2 5 0.34). The ratio-dependent-prey-dependent controversy may dissipate with greater appreciation and acknowledgment that both models may be overly simplistic, both have value, and neither deserves primacy.
Effects of midazolam on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.

SUMMARY We have studied the effect of i.v. midazolam on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in 10 unpremedicated adults. Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam by bolus administration (0.2 mg kg−1) followed by infusion (5 mg h−1). The latency and amplitudes of the SSEP responses over the second cervical vertebrae (SC2) and sensory cortex (P17, N20, P25) were recorded before and for 10 min after induction. Data were analysed over that period for time-related alterations. Small but statistically significant increases in latency of the cortical N20 (P
Multi-Granular Waveband Assignment and Protection in WDM Networks

Waveband switching (WBS) is introduced to group multiple wavelengths together as a band or fiber and switch the group using a single port whenever possible. Instead of using the traditional optical cross-connects (T-OXCs), WBS networks employ multi-granular optical cross-connects (MG-OXCs) to switch the traffic at different granularities. In this work, we first briefly review and discuss the development in MG-OXC architecture design, routing and wavelength assignment algorithms, and protection schemes in WBS networks. Then two new schemes are proposed to solve the waveband assignment problem and waveband protection problem. In the first scheme, we demonstrate that factors such as bypass traffic and node degree can affect the waveband switching efficiency. A new hierarchical waveband assignment (HWA) algorithm is then proposed to effectively take these wavebanding factors into consideration for saving ports. In the second scheme, we introduce the concept of band-segment and explore band-segment based protection schemes to achieve the goal of port reduction, the sharing of resources and survivability in WBS networks. Our simulations show that the proposed HWA scheme outperforms a representative approach, namely balanced path routing with heavy-traffic first waveband assignment (BPHT), by up to 18% in terms of port reduction. For the first time, our study demonstrates that protection and the sharing of resources can be achieved without sacrificing port saving when the proposed concept of band-segment is efficiently adopted in WBS networks.
Measurements without probabilities in the final state proposal

The black hole final state proposal reconciles the infalling vacuum with the unitarity of the Hawking radiation, but only for some experiments. We study experiments that first verify the exterior, then the interior purification of the same Hawking particle. (This is the same protocol that renders the firewall paradox operationally meaningful in standard quantum mechanics.) We show that the decoherence functional fails to be diagonal, even upon inclusion of external ``pointer'' systems. Hence, probabilities for outcomes of these measurements are not defined. We conclude that the final state proposal does not offer a consistent alternative to the firewall hypothesis.
Towards an analysis of information sharing metrics

Our work on sensor networks and information routing protocols has provided us with an approach to examine secure information in a trust network. In this paper we outline a couple of metrics and offer an analysis of theoretical minits allowed by our metrics. Our theories are substantiated by simulated experiments.
Growth of Cavernous Hemangioma with Puberty

There is a clinical impression among physicians that puberty may prompt growth of hemangiomas. We observed significant growth of a large cavernous hemangioma in a patient at the onset of puberty despite absent estrogen and progesterone receptors in the hemangioma tissue.
Comparison of lattice Monte Carlo dynamics and Brownian dynamics folding pathways of α-helical hairpins

Abstract In the context of dynamic Monte Carlo and Brownian dynamics, trajectories of the folding pathways of α-helical hairpin proteins have been computed by two very different models and simulation schemes. The dynamic process is monitored by following the number of native contacts and, in the case of Brownian dynamics, also the torsional angles found along the computed trajectories. An examination of the resulting pathways suggests that the on-site mechanism of assembly previously found in Monte Carlo diamond lattice simulations holds in general for the initial stages of protein folding, and validates their independence with respect to the lattice geometry and the local movements employed in Monte Carlo calculations. Thus, the essential physical character of the computationally very efficient dynamic Monte Carlo simulations is confirmed.
Timing-driven partitioning-based placement for island style FPGAs

In traditional field programmable gate array (FPGA) placement methods, there is virtually no coupling between placement and routing. Performing simultaneous placement and detailed routing has been shown to generate much better placement qualities, but at the expense of significant runtime penalties (Nag and Rutenbar, 1998). We propose a routing-aware partitioning-based placement algorithm for FPGAs in which a looser but effective coupling between the placement and routing stages is used. The placement engine incorporates a more accurate FPGA delay model and employs effective heuristics that minimize circuit delay. Delay estimations are obtained from routing profiles of selected circuits that are placed and routed using the timing-driven versatile place and route (TVPR) (Betz and Rose, 1997), (Marquardt et al., 2000). As a result, the delay predictions during placement more accurately resemble those observed after detailed routing, which in turn leads to better delay optimization. An efficient terminal alignment heuristic for delay minimization is applied during placement to further optimize the delay of the circuit. These two techniques help maintain harmony between placement and routing-delay optimization stages. Simulation results show that the proposed partitioning-based placement combined with more accurate delay models and the alignment heuristic can achieve postrouting circuit delays comparable to those obtained from TVPR, while achieving a fourfold speedup in total placement runtime. In another experiment, we augmented the original TVPR algorithm with the terminal alignment heuristic, and achieved, on average, a 5% improvement in circuit delay with negligible runtime penalty.
Reconstructing Stimulus Velocity from Neuronal Responses in Area MT

We employed a white-noise velocity signal to study the dynamics of the response of single neurons in the cortical area MT to visual motion. Responses were quantified using reverse correlation, optimal linear reconstruction filters, and reconstruction signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The SNR and lower bound estimates of information rate were lower than we expected. Ninety percent of the information was transmitted below 18 Hz, and the highest lower bound on bit rate was 12 bits/s. A simulated opponent motion energy subunit with Poisson spike statistics was able to out-perform the MT neurons. The temporal integration window, measured from the reverse correlation half-width, ranged from 30-90 ms. The window was narrower when a stimulus moved faster, but did not change when temporal frequency was held constant.
Helping Students Develop an Appreciation for School Content

The topic of content appreciation (i.e., developing a broad valuing of curricular content) has not received the attention it deserves. In this article, the authors present Brophy's (2008a; 2008b) model of content appreciation in the context of a hypothetical case study of a teacher trying to foster content appreciation. In doing so, they illustrate and discuss 3 principles central to Brophy's model: (a) teaching worthwhile content, (b) framing content to stimulate appreciation, and (c) scaffolding appreciation within the motivational zone of proximal development.
Patterns of Secondary Flow Field in a Circular Tube Caused by Corona Wind Using the Method of Characteristics

Corona discharge is widely known as an effective method for improving the characteristics of the flow field and enhancing heat transfer. Distribution of charge density and electric field form a Coulomb body force which acts on the charged particles within the fluid and generates a secondary flow field. The thermal enhancing effects of corona wind are normally dominant in low Reynolds numbers or free convection problems. Although the governing differential equations of corona discharge are relatively simple, solving these equations by conventional computational methods does not yield a smooth solution for charge density and electric field. In particular, the results obtained from finite-volume method suffer from dispersion errors and fluctuations which lead to distorted values of electric body force, and consequently a distorted secondary flow. In this study, the corona discharge in a circular tube with the electrode positioned at the tube centerline is considered. An exact solution for charge density, electric field, and potential distribution along the radius of the tube has been derived analytically using a Lagrangian formulation for the charge density and the Method of Characteristics. It was found that the results of this method do not show any fluctuations or dispersion effects on charge density and electric field. The solution of the electric field provided a body force which was used in the Navier-Stokes equations to obtain the secondary flow in the cross section of the tube. In this paper, the electric and fluid flow fields are presented. The results are compared with those obtained by other computational methods and the differences are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Decrease in serum levels of markers of hepatic connective tissue turnover during and after treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon‐α

Interferon-α induces remission in 30% to 40% of patients with chronic hepatitis B, but its effect on hepatic connective tissue turnover has not been well documented. We studied the changes in serum procollagen III propeptide and laminin-P1 peptide (Lam-P1) in 33 patients with chronic hepatitis B (11 nontreated controls and 22 treated patients) during a 4-mo randomized trial of interferon-α. Liver biopsy specimens were obtained at the start of treatment and 12 mo later. Liver biochemical tests, procollagen III propeptide, laminin-P1 peptide and hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase were determined before treatment with interferon was begun (mo -3), at the initiation (0 time) and completion of treatment (mo 4) and also at 8, 12 and 18 mo
Inferior alveolar nerve transposing in a situation with minimal bone height: a clinical report.

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that at least 5 mm of bone is needed above the canal when performing transposing of the inferior alveolar nerve (TIAN). In this clinical report, TIAN was pe...
Use of an explicit rule decreases procrastination in university students

The procrastination behavior of students from a small rural university was decreased by presenting them with a rule indicating that a sooner final due date for a writing assignment would be contingent on procrastination during earlier phases of the paper. A counterbalanced AB BA design was used to measure the effects of the rule-based treatment across 2 introductory psychology classes (N = 33). Overall, participants engaged in less procrastination, missed fewer deadlines, and produced higher quality writing in the treatment condition.
Review—Understanding and Controlling Electrochemical Effects in Wet Processing

In the fabrication of current generation integrated circuits, roughly one third of process steps involve wet chemical processing such as cleaning, etching, polishing and rinsing. Many of these steps involve contact between conductive materials and aqueous solutions with various levels of dissolved gases and hence electrochemical phenomena may play a vital role in controlling the effectiveness of these steps. In some instances, two dissimilar metallic materials may be in contact while exposed to process solutions, creating galvanic effects. Because of the distribution in feature size in patterned structures and variation in contact areas between dissimilar materials (ex. Cu and Ta), the role of electrochemical effects is accentuated. Many issues related to wet chemical processing of semiconducting and conductive materials are typically probed using electrochemical techniques such as DC (direct current) polarization (Tafel and Linear), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), ZRA (zero current ammeter), and electrochemical AFM methods. The use of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to follow active dissolution and passivation phenomena in real time has greatly aided in the understanding and development of inhibitors. Characterization of transient cavitation in megasonic irradiated solutions using direct current (DC) methods is gaining acceptance. Besides being used for probing applications, electrochemical techniques are being used in conjunction with other methods to enhance process steps such as cleaning. For example, simultaneous use of megasonic and electrochemical effects has recently shown to remove particles from conductive surfaces. 1 Electrically enhanced wetting (aka Electrowetting) has been suggested for liquid penetration in to narrow, high aspect ratio features. 2
Psychosocial Factors Influencing Parental Interest in Genomic Sequencing of Newborns.

BACKGROUND: When parents of newborns are presented with the hypothetical possibility of obtaining genomic sequencing (GS) for their newborn infants immediately after birth, they express substantial interest. This study examined associations between expressed interest in GS and demographic and psychosocial variables some months after birth. METHODS: A total of 1096 parents were enrolled in a study on GS of newborns shortly after the birth of their infants, before discharge from the postpartum floor. Of these parents, 663 (60.5%) completed a follow-up survey 2 to 28 months later that queried their interest in GS for their infant and whether they received worrisome health information during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. They were also administered the Parenting Stress Index. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with interest in GS of newborns. RESULTS: Of parents, 76.1% indicated at least some interest in GS. A 10-point increase on the Parenting Stress Index was associated with an increase in the odds of having some interest in GS (odds ratio: 1.15; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.32). Age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, education, anxiety, and whether this was the first biological child were not significantly associated with interest in GS. Receiving worrisome health information was associated with greater interest in GS but this did not reach significance (odds ratio: 1.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.95–2.12). CONCLUSIONS: This hypothetical survey study suggests that previous experiences leading to worrisome health information and parenting stress need to be considered when GS is offered. Additional research, currently underway, is exploring factors associated with real-life parental choices around whether to obtain GS of their newborns.
Cancer Treatment in Pregnancy

The diagnosis of cancer in a pregnant woman is a complex situation, which requires careful consideration of available treatment options. While preservation of maternal health remains the primary objective, fetal considerations must also be taken into account. Depending on the type of malignancy, the stage, the gestational age, and the patient’s wishes, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy all may be utilized safely during gestation. Pregnancy termination has not been shown to benefit the mother’s health, but may need to be considered in some cases. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach is required to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
New Results for Lightning Activity on Venus and Jupiter, and Predictions of Lightning Activity on Neptune

One goal of planetary lightning research is the identification of the specific conditions that produce lightning on each planet. On Earth, lightning activity is produced by condensates in cumuliform water clouds. On Venus, there are no water clouds, yet there is abundant evidence of lightning. On Jupiter, water-rich air parcels sink rather than rise because water vapor is much denser than the ambient atmosphere. Yet Jupiter shows two, 100,000 km long, lines of thunderstorms. In this paper, a summary is presented of recent analyses of spacecraft data that give us clues about the conditions that produce lightning on Venus and Jupiter.
Diet, Age, and Sleep in Invertebrate Model Organisms

As we consider the relationship between sleep behavior, human disease, and nutrition, it is interesting to take a step back and ask what one can learn from the other members of the animal kingdom. In terms of comparative biology, it is a bit unfortunate that sleep has traditionally been viewed as a fundamental property of the organism rather than an adaptive response. Campbell and Tobler, in their epic 1984 compilation of sleep times for a substantial portion of the animal kingdom, note with some sadness that environmental factors such as feeding status, ambient temperature, and stress state are rarely reported even though these factors almost certainly influence sleep duration and organization. Nonetheless, we have increasing amounts of information about the relationship between dietary factors and sleep behavior, and I will make a strong effort to summarize them here. In particular, I will focus on the contributions made in the invertebrate model organisms, where researchers are just beginning to work out the assays and disease models that will allow us to identify new genes and pathways that explain the relationship between diet, disease, and sleep.
Biology, Pest Status, Microbiome and Control of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae): A New Invasive Pest in the U.S

Soybean is an important food crop, and insect integrated pest management (IPM) is critical to the sustainability of this production system. In recent years, the introduction into the United States of the kudzu bug currently identified as Megacopta cribraria (F.), poses a threat to soybean production. The kudzu bug was first discovered in the state of Georgia, U.S. in 2009 and since then has spread to most of the southeastern states. Because it was not found in the North American subcontinent before this time, much of our knowledge of this insect comes from research done in its native habitat. However, since the U.S. introduction, studies have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the kudzu bug basic biology, microbiome, migration patterns, host selection and management in its expanding new range. Researchers are not only looking at developing IPM strategies for the kudzu bug in soybean, but also at its unique relationship with symbiotic bacteria. Adult females deposit bacterial packets with their eggs, and the neonates feed on these packets to acquire the bacteria, Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. The kudzu bug should be an informative model to study the co-evolution of insect function and behavior with that of a single bacteria species. We review kudzu bug trapping and survey methods, the development of bioassays for insecticide susceptibility, insecticide efficacy, host preferences, impact of the pest on urban environments, population expansion, and the occurrence of natural enemies. The identity of the kudzu bug in the U.S. is not clear. We propose that the kudzu bug currently accepted as M. cribraria in the U.S. is actually Megacopta punctatissima, with more work needed to confirm this hypothesis.
A philosophy of science for us today ? A response to Fellows and Richardson

This manuscript identifies several important issues for philosophy of science at this moment in history raised in Fellows’ and Richardson’s generous comments. It also notes a couple of their assumptions that are problematic for this author, and tries to restate more clearly relevant arguments developed in Objectivity and Diversity.
Symmetries and Lower Dimensional Realizations of Nonlinear Systems

Abstract Realizations of nonlinear systems with infinitesimal symmetries is studied. It is shown that, under standard assumptions, a nonlinear system with infinitesimal symmetries has a lower dimensional realization which can easily be constructed. An extension of this result to the case of outputs not having infinitesimal symmetries is also given.
Beyond Diversity and Inclusion: Creating a Social Justice Agenda in the Classroom

ABSTRACTA social justice classroom agenda relies on the ability of educators to create a space free from microaggressions that can be strengthened through an approach of cultural humility. Utilizing Bonnycastle’s social justice continuum, this article explores how to create a classroom grounded in social equality and guided by social work values to foster participation from students across all social identities.
Patterned Illumination Wide-Field Two-Photon Microscopy for Enhanced Axial Resolution and Deep Imaging

We demonstrate a simple and programmable implementation of pattern scanning temporal focusing technique, by employing a digital micromirror device, for enhancing axial resolution.
A Simplification of Skip-Lot Procedure Formulation

The ordinary method of describing such properties as the operating characteristic curve of a skip-lot procedure can be difficult and time consuming. A method is provided which lessens this effort considerably...
Neural Representations of Intended Movement in Motor Cortex

The motor cortex consists of a number of functionally and connectionally inter-related areas that participate in the planning and production of voluntary movements. Functions like conditional association, coordinate transformation, and linking of movements occur in multiple parietal, cingulate, and frontal areas. There is a general organization that abstract aspects of planning and spatial organization occur in parietal cortex, while sequencing and execution of movement occurs in frontal areas. However, these functions are extensively itermingled across the set of motor areas, so that intended movements are a product of continual interactions across a broad region of cerebral neocortex.
Framing leadership issues for system developers

This chapter combines the concepts of leadership through "framing," as discussed in books such as "The Art of Framing," published in 1996 and written by Gail Fairhurst and Robert Sarr, with the development of information systems. It provides a brief explanation of the frame theory of leadership and discusses how this theory relates to information systems. The authors propose that students in management information systems degree programs need to be made aware of the leadership potential of the information systems through which members of organizations communicate. Effective use of information systems to lead people in contemporary organizations is so far lacking in curricula, and the authors hope that this chapter may begin to remedy this situation.
Macro- and microstructural characterization of organosulfur monolayers adsorbed at gold

Spontaneously adsorbed monolayers from dialkyl disulfides were studied by infrared reflectance absorbance spectroscopy (IRRAS), electrochemical capacitance, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemicallyinduced desoiption measurements. These results were compared to those obtained for monolayers generated from alkanethiols with analogous chain lengths. Both precursors form a surface adsorbed thiolate species, as judged by the comparability of the positions of the waves for the voltammetrically induced desorption of the two types of layers. The chain structure, based on IRRAS spectra, however, reveal that the disulfide monolayers are less well ordered than those from the corresponding alkanethiols. Images of the disulfide monolayers obtained by STM and AFM are representative of a (V3xV3)R30° adlayer structure of thiolate molecules on Au(l 11); nearestand next-nearest neighbor distances, as well as the average domain sizes, are indicative of an adlayer with less long range order than
Synthesis of hybrid layered electrode materials via chemical pre-intercalation of linear organic molecules

Chemical pre-intercalation is a low-temperature, scalable synthesis method that utilizes a sol-gel process to form layered oxides with positively-charged species inserted between the layers. We have shown that this approach can be used to successfully intercalate Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions into the crystal structure of bilayered vanadium oxide (δV2O5).1 Through this ion-intercalation, the interlayer spacing of the δ-MgxV2O5 (M=Li, Na, K, Mg, and Ca) structure can be controlled between 9.6 A (δ-KxV2O5) and 13.4 A (δ-MgxV2O5).1 Moreover, the expanded spacing achieved for the δ-MgxV2O5 phase corresponded to increased electrochemical stability in both Li- and Na-ion cells.[1] While this study identified a correlation between expanded interlayer spacing and improved electrochemical stability over cycling, chemical pre-intercalation of ions does not allow for expansion beyond that exhibited by the δ-MgxV2O5 structure. In this work, we show that further expansion of the interlayer spacing can be achieved via pre-intercalation of positivelycharged linear, organic cations. We report synthesis of hybrid inorganic/organic materials with a 1D nanobelt morphology. The layered structure of the hybrids is confirmed by both XRD and TEM analysis. δ-V2O5 preintercalated with cetyltrimethylammonia ions, CTA+ , demonstrated the interlayer spacings of all samples (31 A), more than twice larger than the largest interlayer spacing achieved via pre-intercalation of inorganic ions. The effects of carbon chainlength and positively charged nitrogen termini on the interlayer spacing and electrochemical stability is investigated, with two N-termini on the cation (DMO+) resulting in increased electrochemical stability of the preintercalated phase.
Frequency of Cervical Spine Injuries in Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Trauma

Purpose In pediatric patients with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma, evaluation for cervical spine injury (CSI) is critical, but there are no studies investigating CSI in this unique population. The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of CSI in the pediatric CMF fracture population. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of all pediatric patients who presented to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Emergency Department (Baltimore, MD) with CMF fractures were examined for concurrent CSIs. Patient charts were reviewed for mechanism of injury, type and level of CSI, type and location of CMF fracture patterns, and overall outcome. Data were analyzed for correlation and statistical relevance. Results A total of 2,966 pediatric patients (1,897 boys [64.0%]; age range, 0 to 15 yr; average age, 7 ± 4.73 yr) were identified from 1990 to 2010 to have CMF fractures. Of these patients, only 5 children were found to have concomitant CSIs (frequency, 0.169%). The frequency of CSI in patients with CMF fracture and deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentition was 0, 0.307, and 0.441%, respectively. Of the 5 identified cases, 4 had concomitant middle-third facial skeletal fracture, 4 had concomitant upper-third cranial skeletal fracture, and 2 had concomitant lower-third cranial skeletal fracture. Conclusion CSIs in pediatric patients with CMF fracture are rare (frequency, 0.169%); this is considerably lower than the reported ranges in adults (3.69 to 24%). No child with deciduous dentition was found to have a CSI. The lack of CSI in deciduous patients with CMF fracture could be explained by the anatomic differences between pediatric and adult cervical spines and supports conservative imaging for children in this age group (level of evidence, III).
Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents' education, employment, and psychological wellbeing

Two-generation human capital programs for families provide education and workforce training for parents simultaneously with education for children. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to examine the effects of a model two-generation program, CareerAdvance, which recruits parents of children enrolled in Head Start into a health care workforce training program. After 1 year, CareerAdvance parents demonstrated higher rates of certification and employment in the health care sector than did matched-comparison parents whose children were also in Head Start. More important, there was no effect on parents' short-term levels of income or employment across all sectors. CareerAdvance parents also experienced psychological benefits, reporting higher levels of self-efficacy and optimism, in addition to stronger career identity compared with the matched-comparison group. Notably, even as CareerAdvance parents juggled the demands of school, family, and employment, they did not report higher levels of material hardship or stress compared with the matched-comparison group. These findings are discussed in terms of the implications of a family perspective for human capital programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Neuropsychiatric Implications Of RNA-Binding Proteins HuD And KSRP Revealed By Genome-Wide Identification Of Their Targets

Abstract Posttranscriptional mechanisms are critical for neuronal development and function, as they allow for faster responses to environmental cues and provide spatially restricted compartments for local control of gene expression in both axons and dendrites. Many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) post-transcriptionally regulate the stability of mRNAs by binding to AU-rich instability-conferring elements (AREs) in the 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs). These sequences are present in about 20% of forebrain transcripts indicating that specific ARE-binding proteins (ARE-BPs) play an important role in controlling the expressing of thousands of brain mRNAs. We previously identified two ARE-BPs expressed in neurons, the ELAV-like protein HuD (ELAVL4) and the KH-domain protein KSRP (KHSRP). These proteins competitively bind to the 3’UTRs of GAP-43 and other growth- and plasticity-associated transcripts, either stabilizing (HuD) or destabilizing (KSRP) their target RNAs. HuD and KSRP also have different expression patterns, cellular localization, and control different aspects of neuronal differentiation, with HuD promoting and KSRP halting process outgrowth. Mutant mouse models demonstrate that both proteins play important roles in controlling behavioral phenotypes while genetic analyses in patient populations revealed that HuD is a risk gene for Parkinson’s disease while KSRP expression was one of the blood biomarkers for schizophrenia. We have used a variety of tools including UV-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-Chip and RNA-IP and sequencing (RIP-seq) assays to identify the repertoire of neuronal targets regulated by these RBPs and found that KSRP and HuD bind both distinct and shared sets of target mRNAs in developing mouse brains. In agreement with the role of HuD in neural development and synaptic plasticity, a number of its targets are significantly enriched in axon guidance and long-term potentiation pathways. Analyses of the 530 common coding targets revealed that besides GAP-43, target transcripts include Blc11b, Ctnnb1, Eif4g2, Fez1, Fscn1, Gabbr1, Gria2, Grm5, Ncam1, Nrxn1, Reln, Stmn1, Plxn1, Pxln2, Sox11, Tcf4 and other developmentally-regulated transcripts. Localized mRNAs binding selectively to either HuD or KSRP were also identified. Both unique and common target mRNAs are also significantly associated with a number of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as mood disorders, schizophrenia and mental retardation. Based upon these findings, we propose a post-transcriptional interactome model for the impact of these proteins in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency

Abstract Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal in a circadian manner in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released from the pituitary, which is turn is stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone from the pituitary. Cortisol has a critical role in homeostasis. Cortisol deficiency may present with nonspecific symptoms of lethargy, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, symptoms of hypoglycaemia and failure to thrive or weight loss or acutely with adrenal crisis (hypovolaemia, hypoglycaemia and collapse). Adrenal reserve can be assessed by measurements of cortisol in the early morning from late infancy, over 24 hours, or following the administration of a stimulant acting at the level of the pituitary or adrenal. All of the tests of adrenal reserve have limitations and results should always be interpreted in light of clinical features.
Infrastructure, wildlife tourism, (il)legible populations: A comparative study of two districts in contemporary Botswana:

This article interrogates how the provision (or absence) of state infrastructure such as roads, bridges, permanent buildings, water reticulation, electricity, and transport facilities in regions ho...
Rubella virus-specific humoral immune responses and their interrelationships before and after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in women of childbearing age

Abstract In the U.S., measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination is recommended as two vaccine doses. A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is being administered in certain situations (e.g., identified seronegativity and during outbreaks). We studied rubella-specific humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/ELISA IgG titer and antibody avidity) and the frequencies of antigen-specific memory B cells before and after a third dose of MMR-II in 109 female participants of childbearing age (median age, 34.5 years old) from Olmsted County, MN, with two documented prior MMR vaccine doses. The participants were selected from a cohort of 1117 individuals if they represented the high and the low ends of the rubella-specific antibody response spectrum. Of the 109 participants, we identified four individuals (3.67% of all study participants; 7.14% of the low-responder group) that were seronegative at Baseline (rubella-specific ELISA IgG titers