cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constrained pseudo‐transient continuation

This paper addresses the problem of finding a stationary point of a nonlinear dynamical system whose state variables are under inequality constraints. Systems of this type often arise from the discretization of partial differential equations that model physical phenomena (e.g. fluid dynamics) in which the state variables are under realizability constraints (e.g. positive pressure and density). We start from the popular pseudotransient continuation method and augment it with nonlinear inequality constraints. The constraint handling technique does not help in situations where no steady-state solution exists, for example due to an underresolved discretization of partial differential equations. However, an often overlooked situation is one in which the steady-state solution exists but cannot be reached by the solver, which typically fails due to the violation of constraints, i.e. a non-physical state error during state iterations. This is the shortcoming that we address by incorporating physical realizability constraints into the solution path from the initial condition to steady state. While we focus on the discontinuous Galerkin method applied to fluid dynamics, our technique relies only on implicit time marching and hence can be extended to other spatial discretizations and other physics problems. We analyze the sensitivity of the method to a range of input parameters and present results for compressible turbulent flows that show that the constrained method is significantly more robust than a standard unconstrained method while on par in terms of cost. Copyright © 0000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD predictions for chemical processing in a confined impinging‐jets reactor

Confined impinging-jets reactors (CIJR) offer many advantages for the chemical processing of rapid processes, such as precipitation and the production of organic nanoparticles. Nevertheless, due to the lack of predictive design criteria, the use of such a reactor for a new process currently requires a significant experimental campaign before it can be used commercially. Experimentally derived scale-up rules for CIJRs have recently been reported. Using carefully controlled experiments with a fast parallel-reaction system, the conversion of 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) for a wide range of jet Reynolds numbers have been measured. The experimental conversion data can be accurately predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the range of jet Reynolds number where the flow is turbulent. In addition, the CFD provides a wealth of detailed information on the reacting flow inside of the CIJR. Such information provides excellent guidance for improving the performance of the reactor by, for example, changes in the geometry. By clearly illustrating the ability of CFD to reproduce (without adjustable parameters) the experimental data for a CIJR, this study makes a significant step in the direction of “experiment-free” design and scale-up of chemical reactors. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Ab initio Hartree-Fock Born effective charges of LiH, LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl

We use the Berry-phase-based theory of macroscopic polarization of dielectric crystals formulated in terms of Wannier functions, and state-of-the-art Gaussian basis functions, to obtain benchmark ab initio Hartree-Fock values of the Born effective charges of ionic compounds LiH, LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl. We find excellent agreement with the experimental values for all the compounds except LiCl and NaCl, for which the disagreement with the experiments is close to 10% and 16%, respectively. This may imply the importance of many-body effects in those systems.
Semiclassical calculation of cumulative reaction probabilities

Calculation of chemical reaction rates lies at the very core of theoretical chemistry. The essential dynamical quantity which determines the reaction rate is the energy-dependent cumulative reaction probability, N(E), whose Boltzmann average gives the thermal rate constant, k(T). Converged quantum mechanical calculations of N(E) remain a challenge even for three- and four-atom systems, and a longstanding goal of theoreticians has been to calculate N(E) accurately and efficiently using semiclassical methods. In this article we present a variety of methods for achieving this goal, by combining semiclassical initial value propagation methods with a reactant–product wavepacket correlation function approach to reactive scattering. The correlation function approach, originally developed for transitions between asymptotic internal states of reactants and products, is here reformulated using wavepackets in an arbitrary basis, so that N(E) can be calculated entirely from trajectory dynamics in the vicinity of the transition state. This is analogous to the approaches pioneered by Miller for the quantum calculation of N(E), and leads to a reduction in the number of trajectories and the propagation time. Numerical examples are presented for both one-dimensional test problems and for the collinear hydrogen exchange reaction.
Fast annotation and modeling with a single-point laser range finder

This paper presents methodology for integrating a small, single-point laser range finder into a wearable augmented reality system. We first present a way of creating object-aligned annotations with very little user effort. Second, we describe techniques to segment and pop-up foreground objects. Finally, we introduce a method using the laser range finder to incrementally build 3D panoramas from a fixed observerpsilas location. To build a 3D panorama semi-automatically, we track the systempsilas orientation and use the sparse range data acquired as the user looks around in conjunction with real-time image processing to construct geometry around the userpsilas position. Using full 3D panoramic geometry, it is possible for new virtual objects to be placed in the scene with proper lighting and occlusion by real world objects, which increases the expressivity of the AR experience.
Feminist Legal History: Women and the Law in U.S. History

Feminist Legal History offers new visions of American legal history that reveal women’s engagement with the law over the past two centuries. The essays in this book look at women’s status in society over time through the lens of the law. The conventional story portrays law as a barrier or constraint upon women’s rights. While law has and continues to operate as a restraint upon women’s full participation in society, law has also worked as a facilitating structure. The overall picture gleaned from the snapshots in time offered in this book shows the actualizing power of the law for women. Women have used the law historically as a vehicle to obtain personal and societal change. Even more, women have used feminist theory to transform the law itself to incorporate an appreciation of gendered realities.The introduction provides the context necessary to appreciate the essays in this book. It starts with an overview of the existing state of women’s legal history, tracing the core events over the past two hundred years. This history, while sparse, provides the common foundation for the authors, and establishes the launching point for the deeper and more detailed inquiries offered here. The introduction then provides an exploration of the key themes advanced in the book. In Part I, Contradictions in Legalizing Gender, the essays develop analyses of the law’s contradictory response to women’s petitions. The essays in this section provide evidence of law’s operation as a barrier, limiting women’s power and agency and challenge the assumptions that such barriers have been eliminated today. Yet the essays in part I also present a more nuanced historical picture. They show the law’s facilitation of women’s agency and power, often based on the same gendered norms that elsewhere produced limitations. Part II of the book, Women’s Transformation of the Law, shows women’s impact upon the law and illustrates how women changed the law to incorporate their own, gendered, perspectives. By “feminizing” the legal process and altering the substantive law to respond to women’s needs, women were able to shape the law in their own image. The introduction concludes with an overview of feminist legal thought. An appreciation of such theory and methodology is important to understanding the lens through which the authors and advocates over time approached the problems presented. Feminist Legal History is not just a collection of stories about women. Instead, it is a feminist inquiry of the historical record, in which feminist theory illuminates the positions and motivating beliefs of women over time.
CGI-58/ABHD5 is a coenzyme A-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase.

Mutations in human CGI-58/ABHD5 cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), characterized by excessive storage of triacylglycerol in tissues. CGI-58 is an α/β-hydrolase fold enzyme expressed in all vertebrates. The carboxyl terminus includes a highly conserved consensus sequence (HXXXXD) for acyltransferase activity. Mouse CGI-58 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with two amino terminal 6-histidine tags. Recombinant CGI-58 displayed acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase activity to lysophosphatidic acid, but not to other lysophospholipid or neutral glycerolipid acceptors. Production of phosphatidic acid increased with time and increasing concentrations of recombinant CGI-58 and was optimal between pH 7.0 and 8.5. The enzyme showed saturation kinetics with respect to 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid and oleoyl-CoA and preference for arachidonoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. The enzyme showed slight preference for 1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid over 1-palmitoyl, 1-stearoyl, or 1-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid. Recombinant CGI-58 showed intrinsic fluorescence for tryptophan that was quenched by the addition of 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid, oleoyl-CoA, arachidonoyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA, but not by lysophosphatidyl choline. Expression of CGI-58 in fibroblasts from humans with CDS increased the incorporation of radiolabeled fatty acids released from the lipolysis of stored triacylglycerols into phospholipids. CGI-58 is a CoA-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase that channels fatty acids released from the hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerols into phospholipids.
Comparative Stability Analysis of Multiregional Input-Output Models: Column, Row, and Leontief-Strout Gravity Coefficient Models

This paper provides the necessary and sufficient conditions on the regional trade matrices that ensure that a generalized multiregional input-output (MRIO) model will be convergent. The three MRIO models are examined using the above conditions, and it is demonstrated that the Chenery-Moses column coefficient model satisfies them, whereas the opposite is true of the row coefficient and Leontief-Strout point-estimate gravity coefficient models. This evaluation of the three MRIO models confirms the results of empirical testing.
Waste Tire Derived Carbon–Polymer Composite Paper as Pseudocapacitive Electrode with Long Cycle Life

Recycling hazardous wastes to produce value-added products is becoming essential for the sustainable progress of our society. Herein, highly porous carbon (1625 m2/g–1) is synthesized using waste tires as the precursor and used as supercapacitor electrode. The narrow pore size distribution (PSD) and high surface area led to a good charge storage capacity, especially when used as a three-dimensional nanoscaffold to polymerize polyaniline (PANI/TC). The composite film was highly flexible, conductive and exhibited a capacitance of 480 F/g–1 at 1 mV/s–1 with excellent capacitance retention up to 98% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. The high capacitance and long cycle life were ascribed to the short diffusional paths, uniform PANI coating and tight confinement of the PANI in the inner pores of the tire-derived carbon via - interactions, which minimized the degradation of the PANI upon cycling. Here, we anticipate that the same strategy can be applied to deposit other pseudocapacitive materials with low-cost TC to achieve even higher electrochemical performance and longer cycle life, a key challenge for redox active polymers.
WILDFIRE ZONES ON A MOUNTAIN RIDGE

ABSTRACT An objective approach to regionalizing climatic characteristics affecting wildfire ignition potential is useful in fire control strategies. Temperature and humidity observations statistically predict equilibrium moisture content characteristics providing a first approximation to the moisture content of dead, fine fuels. Principal component and cluster analysis grouped fuel moisture attributes for seven locations on a mountain ridge spanning nearly 1000 m in elevation difference on two aspects and within a maximum separation distance of 5 km. The final three groupings showed a dominance of neither elevation nor aspect influences but, rather, a mixture of both.
Leveraging run time knowledge about event rates to improve memory utilization in wide area data stream filtering

The dQUOB system conceptualization of data streams as database and its SQL interface to data streams is an intuitive way for users to think about their data needs in a large scale application containing hundreds if not thousands of data streams. Experience with dQUOB has shown the need for more aggressive memory management to achieve the scalability we desire. This paper addresses the problem with a two-fold solution. The first one is replacement of the existing first-come first-served scheduling algorithm with an earliest job first algorithm which we demonstrate to yield better average service time. The second one is an introspection algorithm that sets and adapts the sizes of join windows in response to the knowledge acquired at runtime about event rates. In addition to the potential for significant improvements in memory utilization, the algorithm presented here also provides a means by which the user can reason about join window sizes. Wide area measurements demonstrate the adaptive capability required by the introspection technique.
Judgment in a dynamic task: Microburst forecasting

The major goals of this research are to (a) study professionals engaging in dynamic, representative task conditions, (b) apply lens model theory to these conditions, (c) learn how judgments are changed in response to changing conditions, and (d) utilize a hierarchical judgment model to investigate the judgment process from perception of data to final judgment. The results indicate that (a) agreement regarding inferred cue values is modest, not because of differences in perception of proximal, directly observed cue values but because of differences in inferences drawn from them, (b) agreement in probability judgments is higher when inferred cue values are specified, (c) little change in judgments occurred over time, and (d) confidence increased over time. The results regarding agreement and accuracy over time were ambiguous.
Improved Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems with Synchronization Errors and Back-Off

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, synchronization errors in the receiver cause a linear phase rotation at the output of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) block. The correlation between the channel coefficients at different subcarriers is weakened due to this phase rotation. As a result, the performance of minimum mean-square error (MMSE) channel estimation degrades significantly. In this paper, we propose two novel algorithms to improve MMSE channel estimation under synchronization errors. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed algorithms with that of the conventional algorithm.
Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors Induce Apoptosis of Ras-transformed Cells Denied Substratum Attachment

Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) are a novel class of antitumor drugs that block the oncogenic activity of Ras. Because FTIs lack significant cell toxicity in vitro and in vivo, a significant question is how they cause tumor regression. We now report that FTIs are in fact potent activators of apoptosis in Ras-transformed cells if attachment to substratum is prevented. When cultured at high density or on polyHEMA, a nonadherent substrate, Ras-transformed cells exhibited massive DNA degradation and cell death within 24 h of treatment with the FTI L-739,749. Death was p53-independent and was inhibited by the apoptosis suppressor BCL-XL. Furthermore, apoptosis was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of a farnesyl-independent form of RhoB, a Rho protein previously implicated as a critical target for inhibition by FTIs. The findings suggest a link between FTIs and Rho-dependent adhesion signaling. Furthermore, our work indicates that FTIs revert cells to a state in which cell-substratum attachment is necessary for viability and suggests that apoptosis forms the basis for drug-induced tumor regression.
On Using a Warehouse to Analyze Web Logs

Analyzing Web Logs for usage and access trends can not only provide important information to web site developers and administrators, but also help in creating adaptive web sites. While there are many existing tools that generate fixed reports from web logs, they typically do not allow ad-hoc analysis queries. Moreover, such tools cannot discover hidden patterns of access embedded in the access logs. We describe a relational OLAP (ROLAP) approach for creating a web-log warehouse. This is populated both from web logs, as well as the results of mining web logs. We discuss the design criteria that influenced our choice of dimensions, facts and data granularity. A web based ad-hoc tool for analytic queries on the warehouse was developed. We present some of the performance specific experiments that we performed on our warehouse.
Lorentz-Violating Vector Fields Slow the Universe Down

We consider the gravitational effects of a single, fixed-norm, Lorentz-violating timelike vector field. In a cosmological background, such a vector field acts to rescale the effective value of Newton's constant. The energy density of this vector field precisely tracks the energy density of the rest of the universe, but with the opposite sign, so that the universe experiences a slower rate of expansion for a given matter content. This vector field similarly rescales Newton's constant in the Newtonian limit, although by a different factor. We put constraints on the parameters of the theory using the predictions of primordial nucleosynthesis, demonstrating that the norm of the vector field should be less than the Planck scale by an order of magnitude or more.
Pulmonary responses to acute ozone exposure in fasted mice: effect of leptin administration.

Leptin is a satiety hormone that also has proinflammatory effects, including augmentation of ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reductions in e...
A Base Pressure Experiment for Determining the Atmospheric Pressure Profile of Planets

An experiment is described which consists of monitoring the base pressure of an entry probe and deriving the freestream pressure profile of a planet through correlation curves which directly relate base pressure to freestream pressure for the varying trajectory conditions. The experiment/technique is applicable for Mars, Venus, and Jupiter entry probes. The base pressure experiment offers distinct advantages to an entry probe mission such as a positive indication of where Mx = 1 occurs in the entry trajectory, a positive indication of boundary-layer transition onset, and a freestream pressure boundary condition at the A/x = 1.2 trajectory point independent of any other onboard or offboard measurements. The results of a recent slender cone R/V flight test have demonstrated the feasibility of the experiment by deriving the atmospheric pressure profile of Earth from base pressure measurements. Available flight and ground test base pressure data have been reviewed and an assessment made of which parameters are important to the base flow phenomena, which are well known and which require more investigaton to calibrate the experiment by obtaining additional data.
INTEGRAL-ABUTMENT BRIDGES: A COMPLEX SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION CHALLENGE

Integral-abutment bridges (IABs) are a unique and interesting case study in soil-structure interaction. They were developed to solve long-term structural problems that occur with traditional bridge designs but, as an unanticipated result created new problems of a geotechnical nature that manifest themselves only after an IAB is placed in service. One problem associated with IABs that tend to develop relatively rapidly is ground subsidence adjacent to abutments. This results in the classical 'bump at the end of the bridge' or potential failure of the approach slab if one is used. The other IAB problem develops in the longer term and involves the irreversible buildup of lateral earth pressures on the abutments due to a soil-mechanics phenomenon called ratcheting. These pressures can lead to structural failure of the abutments. With the increased worldwide use of IABs in recent years, there is widespread interest in developing design solutions to the in-service deficiencies exhibited by IABs as they are designed currently. Fundamental to achieving this goal is developing a clear understanding of how and why the geotechnical problems develop. Research indicates that the primary cause of all problems is irreversible displacement of the soil retained by the abutments of IABs. Research also indicates that design solutions can be achieved using a variety of geosynthetics in an innovative, synergistic fashion. First and foremost, a self-stable zone of material must be established behind each abutment. This can be achieved using either a reinforced soil mass or some type of geofoam (EPS blocks or foamed concrete). Secondarily, an EPS-geofoam geocomposite must be placed between this stabilized zone and the back of the abutment to act as a compressible inclusion. This inclusion serves boith as an expansion joint to accommodate seasonal displacement of the abutment as well as to provide insulated drainage. An important benefit is that these solutions can be implemented as part of either new construction or the rehabilitation of existing IABS.
Design of PI observer for disturbance attenuation and fault detection in linear time-delay systems

The design of Proportional-Integral Observer (PIO) for time-delay systems is considered in this paper. First, a method for PIO design is proposed to attenuate the disturbance to a pre-specified level while estimating the state of the delay system. The method guarantees the stability of the observer and minimizes the H ∞ norm between the disturbance and the estimated error. An alternative design procedure, which specifies the allowable size of delay, is also provided. Both designs require solving certain modified algebraic Riccati equations. Due to the fact that attenuation is not the only objective for the designer, a second goal of the paper is to show that PIO has the capability of making simultanous estimation of states and unknown constant disturbance, which can reliably be used in robust fault detection. In this framework, the connections among disturbance observer (DO), unknown input observer (UIO) and PIO are established.
Applying Imidacloprid Via a Precision Banding System to Control Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Cucurbits

The striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key pest of cucurbit crops throughout its range. A novel precision band applicator was designed to inject a solid stream of imidacloprid solution in-furrow directly over the seed during planting to reduce beetle leaf feeding on pumpkin, zucchini, and cucumber crops. In 2004 and 2005, bioassays at the cotyledon through fifth leaf were conducted on striped cucumber beetles using seedling leaf tissue grown from seeds treated using both continuous and precision banded in-furrow imidacloprid solution applications. In 2004, 80% of bioassay trials had treatments with beetle mortality significantly higher than the check, whereas 70% of the bioassay trials showed no significant difference in mortality between continuous in-furrow and precision banded treatments. In 2005, 79% of bioassay trials had treatments with beetle mortality significantly higher than the check, whereas 100% of the bioassays showed no significant difference in beetle mortality between continuous in-furrow and precision banded treatments at the same insecticide rate. The environmental savings of precision banded treatments compared with continuous in-furrow treatment reduced imidacloprid up to 84.5% on a per hectare basis for all cucurbits tested in 2004 and 2005, translating into an economic savings up to $215/ha. In separate bioassay trials conducted in 2005 on pumpkin, where insecticide band length and injection volume were manipulated independently, several treatments had significantly higher beetle mortality than the check. There was a trend of increased beetle mortality in treatments using shorter band lengths combined with higher insecticide solution volumes.
The 2000 DOT Bomb and the Proper AMT Treatment of Incentive Stock Options

This article presents an analysis of the appropriate treatment, for alternative minimum tax purposes, of stock from the exercise of an incentive stock option (ISO) when the value of the stock has declined below the exercise price and is subsequetly sold or becomes worthless. Karlinsky examines the legislative intent behind the AMT system in general and the ISO treatment in particular and finds that the application of the "economic income" concept to several generalizable scenarios demonstrates that the "negative adjustment" treatment is consistent with legislative intent while the capital loss treatment is not.
A time-domain study of the attenuation of 10-Hz waves in the New Madrid seismic zone

Abstract From a time-domain study, the amplitude of 10-Hz P waves in the New Madrid seismic zone was found to fall off as the inverse 1.4 power of the epicentral distance. The amplitude of 10-Hz Lg waves was found to decay as for an Airy phase with a coefficient of anelastic attenuation of 0.006 km -1 . In almost all cases the Lg motion was found to be larger than that of P , even at epicentral distances of 5 km and less. Thus design earthquake motions need to be concerned with Lg waves, whose coda also have a longer duration than those of the P waves. The apparent Q for the 10-Hz Lg waves is 1500, identical to that found previously by Nuttli (1973) for higher mode 1-Hz Lg waves. The attenuation of 10-Hz Lg waves is sufficiently small that one must pay attention to their damage potential at distances as large as a few hundred kilometers.
Systemtheorie und differenztheoretische Forschung

Der Beitrag stellt eine semantik-analytische Beobachtungspraxis als einen vielversprechenden Ausgangspunkt fur eine systemtheoretisch informierte empirische Forschungsarbeit vor. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass ein besonderer Reiz eines semantik-analytischen Zugangs darin besteht, Anknupfungspunkte zwischen systemtheoretischen und anderen differenztheoretischen Perspektiven und Analysehaltungen offen zu legen, werden neuere Rezeptionen und Weiterfuhrungen der Luhmannschen Semantikkonzeption vorgestellt. Ersichtlich wird die Breite und Vielfalt an Forschungsfeldern und -fragen, welche sich mittels einer empirischen Semantikanalyse erschliesen lassen, fasst man diese zuvorderst als eine (Konstitutions-)Analytik zur Erforschung von Praxen wiederholten, sich konkret bewahrenden Unterscheidungsgebrauchs. Abschliesend werden Schnittmengen und Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen differenztheoretischen Beobachtungsperspektiven diskutiert, die kunftige Forschung weiter beschaftigen konnen, wenn das Forschungsinteresse politischer und kultureller Praxis sowie deren Verwobenheit gilt.
Survival of the species: a classroom project

The 1980 Rabinowltch essay contest on ‘How to eliminate the threat of nuclear war’ was given as an assignment to a high school class in Pennsylvania. The teacher describes his experience with the class.
Arts of Dying and the Statecraft of Killing

Those supporting laws permitting assisted suicide (AS) seem to enact a thin morality, one that permits people who desire AS to get it in the terminal stages of an illness, and that provide safeguards both for those who desire AS and do not desire it. This article explores the way in which all AS legislation subtly frames the question of AS such that AS becomes the clearest option; ensconcing AS in law also gives a moral legitimacy to suicide. Thus, the morality of laws permitting AS are not morally thin. I describe how AS laws create a different social imaginary for dying in Western cultures, one that competes with the traditional Christian understanding. Legalized AS is inevitable in Western liberal democracies, and I claim that the Church, which transformed the ancient Greco-Roman culture, will once again have to create alternative structures, creating a new Ars moriendi, in order to challenge the modern statecraft for killing.
Non-local convergence coupling in a simple stochastic convection model

Abstract Observational studies show a strong correlation between large-scale wind convergence and precipitation. However, using this as a convective closure assumption to determine the total precipitation in a numerical model typically leads to deleterious wave-CISK behavior such as grid-scale noise. The quasi-equilibrium (QE) schemes ameliorate this issue and smooth the precipitation field, but still inadequately represent the intermittent and organized nature of tropical convection. However, recent observational evidence highlights that the large-scale convergence field primarily affects precipitation by increasing the overall convective cloud fraction rather than the energetics of individual convective elements. In this article, the dynamical consequences of this diagnostic observation are studied using a simple one baroclinic mode stochastic model for convectively coupled waves. A version of this model is implemented which couples the stochastic formation of convective elements to the wind convergence. Linearized analysis shows that using the local convergence results in a classic wave-CISK standing instability where the growth rate increases with the wavenumber. However, using a large-scale averaged convergence restricts the instability to physically plausible scales. Convergence coupling is interpreted as a surrogate for the non-local effects of gregarious convection. In nonlinear stochastic simulations with a non-uniform imposed sea surface temperature (SST) field, the non-local convergence coupling introduces desirable intermittent variability on intraseasonal time scales. Convergence coupling leads to a circulation with a similar mean but higher variability than the equivalent parameterization without convergence coupling. Finally, the model is shown to retain these features on fine and coarse mesh sizes.
Free-radical damage: a possible mechanism of laryngeal aging.

We conducted a study of lipid peroxidation as a marker of age-related free-radical damage in the human larynx—the first study of its kind. A colorimetric assay for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydro...
Concentric Tube Robots: The State of the Art and Future Directions

Seven years ago, concentric tube robots were essentially unknown in robotics, yet today one would be hard pressed to find a major medical robotics forum that does not include several presentations on them. Indeed, we now stand at a noteworthy moment in the history of these robots. The recent maturation of foundational models has created new opportunities for research in control, sensing, planning, design, and applications, which are attracting an increasing number of robotics researchers with diverse interests. The purpose of this review is to facilitate the continued growth of the subfield by describing the state of the art in concentric tube robot research. We begin with current and proposed applications for these robots and then trace their origins (some aspects of which date back to 1985), before proceeding to describe the state of the art in terms of modeling, control, sensing, and design. The paper concludes with forward-looking perspectives, noting that concentric tube robots provide rich opportunities for further research, yet simultaneously appear poised to become viable commercial devices in the near future.
Shaping of the Eyebrows with Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNT-A)

Botulinum exotoxin type A (BoNT-A) injections can improve the shape and position of the eyebrows by balancing the forehead and periocular muscles. The muscles involved in modifying the eyebrows may be functionally divided into the elevator (the frontalis), the medial depressors (the medial portion of the orbicularis oculi, the corrugator supercilii, and the procerus), and the lateral depressors (the lateral portion of the orbicularis oculi). Specific targeting of relevant musculature of the periocular, glabella, and forehead can allow a clinician to achieve medial and lateral brow elevation, correct iatrogenic or intrinsic brow asymmetry, and alter the arch of the brow in a cosmetically pleasing manner. Complications or undesired effects of BoNT-A injections in the treatment of eyebrow shaping, such as brow and/or eyelid ptosis, can be mitigated and/or corrected with a keen understanding of relevant anatomy and proper BoNT-A injection technique.
The Economic History of Latin America since Independence: The Struggle for National Identity

Independence, which most of Latin America had secured by the early 1820s, came at the end of a long period of economic turmoil and political upheaval during which, it can safely be assumed, living standards fell sharply. From the outbreak of hostilities in 1796 between Great Britain and Spain, Latin America's external trade – imports and exports – was severely disrupted. The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by Napoleon in 1808 and the imposition of his brother Joseph as king of Spain drove the Portuguese royal family to Brazil and created a temporary alliance between Great Britain and anti-Napoleonic forces in Spain. Exports from Latin America were adversely affected and domestic trade undermined by the flood of imports into Latin America as British merchants searched for an alternative to the blocked continental market. Napoleon's successful invasion of Spain undermined Spanish authority in Latin America and provided the independence movement – until then weak and inchoate – with the impetus it desperately needed. By the time Napoleon had been finally defeated in 1815, the movement had acquired a dynamic of its own, and the reassertion of Spanish and Portuguese authority over the Iberian Peninsula could not be extended to Latin America. Brazil, a separate kingdom since 1815, refused to recognize the demands of Joao VI in Lisbon and crowned his son, Dom Pedro, as emperor in 1822. New Spain became Mexico (an empire for nine months under Agustin de Iturbide) and extended briefly to the northern border of Colombia following the annexation of Central America. Spain's South American colonies opted for republican government from the beginning, and by the mid-1820s Spain controlled only Cuba and Puerto Rico. Even Santo Domingo, the eastern part of Hispaniola, had been seized from Spain in 1822 by Haiti, which had gained its independence from France in 1804.
Exotic Smoothness on Spheres

In his article [13], “Differential Topology Forty-six Years Later” published in the Notices of the AMS in 2011, John Milnor posed the following problem. Is the finite abelian group of oriented diffeomorphism classes of closed smooth homotopy spheres of dimension n nontrivial for all dimensions \(n>6\) with n different from 12 and 61? He includes a table enumerating these groups of closed smooth homotopy spheres for all \(n 7.\) We obtain the main theorem: The n-dimensional sphere, \(S^{n},\) admits exotic smoothness structures of 2-primary order for all dimensions \(n>61\) such that n is not congruent to 4 modulo 8 and also n not equal to 125 or 126. Moreover, for any integer n congruent to 4 modulo 8 of the form \(n=4p(p-1)-4\) for some odd prime \(p,S^{n}\) admits exotic differentiable structures of p-primary order.
Advances in Ocular Pharmacology

Within the past decade, considerable pharmacologic advances have occurred that potentially influence ophthalmologic functions, disease, and practice.
Using the Five Whys Methods in the Classroom: How to Turn Students into Problem Solvers

During the past few decades, a great deal of attention have been devoted to root cause analysis and structured problem solving techniques. One such technique is called the "Five Whys" which is used by many corporations to solve problems. The "Five" is an arbitrary number that is intended to promote deeper probing into the root cause of a problem by asking many "Whys". In this paper, we discuss how we used this technique in civil engineering classes to get the students to work out, on their own, what they did wrong in class assignments and fix them. The approach presented in this paper also better prepare students for practice of engineering. When a product malfunctions, the engineer(s) who designed the product need to go back and figure out what went wrong and fix it. The benefits and challenges of using the "Five Whys" Technique to turn students into problem solvers on their own are also presented in this paper.
Rotational Anisotropy Nonlinear Harmonic Generation

Rotational anisotropy nonlinear harmonic generation (RA-NHG) is an all-optical technique by which crystallographic, magnetic, and electronic symmetries of crystalline materials’ bulk surface and interfaces may be examined. It also allows characterization of nanostructures and biological tissue as well as imaging applications. In this chapter, we describe the principles behind RA-NHG, discuss current experimental approaches, and review key experimental findings since 2009.
Teach the Way Dewey Believed: Daniel Tanner

Teach the Way Dewey Believed: Daniel Tanner particularly takes issue with Dewey’s critics who accused Dewey of adopting a simplified approach to teaching and learning.
Popular Media and the Global Expansion of American Evangelicalism in an Imperial Age

This article examines the crucial role that print media played in the global expansion of American evangelicalism during the late 1890s: a moment when the United States was exercising new forms of military, economic, and cultural power to extend its influence in world affairs. Analyzing the strategies that publicists employed to make the popular press an effective medium of spreading American evangelicalism sheds light on the theological and social factors that influenced – and circumscribed – the ways in which evangelicals imagined, fostered, and undermined the creation of a global Christian community in this increasingly imperial era.
Implementation of Variable Speed Limits to Improve Safety of Congested Expressway Weaving Segments in Microsimulation

Abstract In weaving segments, traffic merges, diverges, and weaves in a limited space. These traffic maneuvers might result in high crash hazards. To improve the safety of congested expressway weaving segments, this study tested several variable speed limit (VSL) strategies in a well-calibrated and validated microsimulation (VISSIM). Ten simulation runs’ worth of results showed that 96.4% of the simulated volume and 86.46% of the simulated speeds were consistent with those of the field. The VSL was activated in simulation only when traffic was in hazardous conditions, and the status of VSL was updated every 5 minutes. Crash odds and conflict counts were used to evaluate the impact of VSL strategies on traffic safety. The crash odds were calculated based on a real-time safety analysis model for weaving segments, and the conflicts were obtained by processing VISSIM vehicle trajectory file in the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). The results showed that both the location and the speed value of VSL were important. The VSL installed at the upstream of the weaving segment better enhanced the safety than the VSL set at the downstream. Hence, the reduction of upstream speed is the key to improve the safety of weaving segment. Furthermore, lower upstream variable speed limit would better improve the safety of the whole weaving segment.
Opening Up an Intelligent Tutoring System Development Environment for Extensible Student Modeling

ITS authoring tools make creating intelligent tutoring systems more cost effective, but few authoring tools make it easy to flexibly incorporate an open-ended range of student modeling methods and learning analytics tools. To support a cumulative science of student modeling and enhance the impact of real-world tutoring systems, it is critical to extend ITS authoring tools so they easily accommodate novel student modeling methods. We report on extensions to the CTAT/Tutorshop architecture to support a plug-in approach to extensible student modeling, which gives an author full control over the content of the student model. The extensions enhance the range of adaptive tutoring behaviors that can be authored and support building external, student- or teacher-facing real-time analytics tools. The contributions of this work are: (1) an open architecture to support the plugging in, sharing, re-mixing, and use of advanced student modeling techniques, ITSs, and dashboards; and (2) case studies illustrating diverse ways authors have used the architecture.
Taxonomic and morphological relationships of the psilotaceae: Introduction to the symposium

This symposium was organized to publicly discuss the controversy over the relationships of the Psilotaceae, centering around Bierhorst’s thesis thatPsilotum andTmesipteris are filicalean ferns.
Rapid detection and identification of microorganisms from blood cultures.

The traditional approach to the laboratory identification of bacteria or fungi recovered from blood cultures is to perform a Gram’s stain on an aliquot of the blood-broth mixture and then identify the microorganism by conventional biochemical methods. Because such an approach requires 24 to 48 hours for completion, rapid test methods have been evaluated that enable microbiologists to report microbial identification results much sooner, even within a few hours. Although there are limited data showing that routine use of such methods improves patient care or decreases hospital costs, some clinical microbiology laboratories might benefit by using rapid tests to identify blood culture isolates.
Challenges and Opportunities in Edge Computing

In this chapter, we will summarize the challenges in Edge Computing and bring forward some potential solutions and opportunities worth further research, including programmability, naming, data abstraction, service management, privacy and security and optimization metrics.
An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. To develop an ideal animal model recapitulating human HCC, immunocompetent male C57BL/6J mice first receive a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis, then receive histologically-normal oncogenic hepatocytes from young male SV40 T antigen (TAg)-transgenic mice (MTD2) by intra-splenic (ISPL) inoculation. Androgen generated in recipient male mice at puberty initiates TAg expression under control of a liver-specific promoter. As a result, the transferred hepatocytes become cancer cells and form tumor masses in the setting of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This novel model mimics human HCC initiation and progression in the context of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and reflects the most typical features of human HCC including immune dysfunction.
Understanding Labour Migration Policies in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

In light of mounting international criticism over the living and working conditions for many migrant workers in the region, over the past few years, many of the Gulf Cooperation Council governments have initiated reforms in relation to their mechanisms for governing regional migration. Critical interventions have been initiated to address problems that have arisen as a result of the kafala or worker sponsorship system, as well as to mitigate shortfalls within regional labour law. This chapter will examine the evolution of Gulf labour migration policies, contentious areas which have come under criticism by proponents of migrant workers’ rights, and current reforms that are underway.
A rare case of Blastomyces dermatitidis brain abscess in an immunocompetent host

Here we present a case of a 41-year old immunocompetent female from central Maryland, who presented with new onset seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain revealed a solitary ring-enhancing lesion. Stereotactic brain biopsy confirmed Blastomyces dermatitidis brain abscess. Patient's clinical course was complicated by voriconazole-induced pancytopenia that prompted surgical resection and amphothericin-induced severe hypokalemia necessitating change to high dose fluconazole. Four months after surgical resection, patient remains in radiographic and clinical remission.
Fast and Sensitive Detection of Oligosaccharides Using Desalting Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS)

Conventional mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical methods for small carbohydrate fragments (oligosaccharides, degree of polymerization 2-12) are time-consuming due to the need for an offline sample pretreatment such as desalting. Herein, we report a new paper spray ionization method, named desalting paper spray (DPS), which employs a piece of triangular filter paper for both sample desalting and ionization. Unlike regular paper spray ionization (PSI) and nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI), DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of oligosaccharides in biological samples having complex matrices (e.g., Tris, PBS, HEPES buffers, or urine). When an oligosaccharide sample is loaded onto the filter paper substrate (10 × 5 mm, height × base) made mostly of cellulose, oligosaccharides are adsorbed on the paper via hydrophilic interactions with cellulose. Salts and buffers can be washed away using an ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution, while oligosaccharides can be eluted from the paper using a solution of ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) and directly spray-ionized from the tip of the paper. Various saccharides at trace levels (e.g., 50 fmol) in nonvolatile buffer can be quickly analyzed by DPS-MS (<5 min per sample). DPS-MS is also applicable for direct detection of oligosaccharides from glycosyltransferase (GT) reactions, a challenging task that typically requires a radioactive assay. Quantitative analysis of acceptor and product oligosaccharides shows increased product with increased GT enzymes used for the reaction, a result in line with the radioactivity assay. This work suggests that DPS-MS has potential for rapid oligosaccharide analysis from biological samples.