cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VARIATION IN THE DEFENSE STRATEGIES OF PLANTS: ARE RESISTANCE AND TOLERANCE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE?

Plants can employ two general strategies to defend themselves against herbivory: they can either reduce the amount of damage they experience (resistance), or they can tolerate herbivore damage. Theoretical considerations suggest that, in many cases, tolerance and resistance are redundant strategies, and may therefore be mutually exclusive adaptations. In this investigation of natural populations of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana we examine whether the pattern of selection acting on resistance and tolerance favors the evolution of one defense strategy, or the other, but not both. We found that the joint pattern of selection acting on tolerance and two resistance traits, trichome density and total glucosinolate concentration, indicated that there were not alternate peaks in the fitness landscape favoring either resistance or tolerance. Rather, selection favored the retention of both tolerance and resistance. One reason for the absence of mutually exclusive alternative resistance/tolerance strategies is the absence of a negative genetic correlation between resistance and tolerance. An unexpected result is the detection of disruptive selection acting on tolerance, which seems to result from a nonlinear relationship between tolerance and its costs.
Aerothermodynamic properties of stretched flames in enclosures

Flames are stretched by being pulled along their frontal surface by the flow field in which they reside. Their trajectories tend to approach particle paths, acquiring eventually the role of contact boundaries,—interfaces between the burnt and unburnt medium that may broaden solely as a consequence of diffusion. Fundamental properties of flow fields governing such flames are determined here on the basis of the zero Mach number model, providing a rational method of approach to the computational analysis of combustion fields in enclosures where, besides the aerodynamic properties flow, the thermodynamic process of compression must be taken into account. To illustrate its application, the method is used to reveal the mechanism of formation of a tulip-shape flame in a rectangular enclosure under nonturbulent flow conditions.
A review and synthesis on the systematics and evolution of jellyfish blooms: advantageous aggregations and adaptive assemblages

Pelagic gelatinous invertebrates in many diverse phyla aggregate, bloom, or swarm. Although typically portrayed as annoying to humans, such accumulations probably are evolutionary adaptations to the environments of pelagic gelatinous zooplankton. We explore this proposition by systematic analysis completed in three steps. First, using the current morphological taxonomic framework for Scyphozoa, we summarize relevant information on species that aggregate, bloom, and swarm and on those species that do not. Second, we establish a molecular phylogenetic framework for assessing evolutionary relationships among classes and many orders of Medusozoa and among most families of Scyphozoa (particularly Discomedusae). Third, we interpret the phylogenetic distribution of taxa and of characteristics of jellyfish that aggregate, bloom, or swarm, in terms of species diversity—a proxy for evolutionary success. We found that: (1) Medusae that occur en masse are not randomly distributed within the Phylum Cnidaria but instead they are found primarily within the Scyphozoa which have a metagenic life history. (2) Midwater and deep-sea medusae rarely bloom or swarm. (3) Epibenthic medusae do not swarm. (4) Large carnivores that feed on large prey do not bloom strongly. (5) Large medusae that feed exclusively on small prey both bloom and swarm. (6) Pelagia, the only holoplanktonic, epipelagic scyphomedusan, both blooms and swarms, demonstrating that a metagenic life cycle is not required for blooming or swarming at sea. (7) Environmental change (overfishing, species introductions, and eutrophication) may induce or inhibit blooms. (8) Taxa that bloom or swarm are often more diverse than taxa that do not. (9) Speciation in scyphozoans can occur rapidly. (10) Morphological stasis in holozooplankton masks genetic variability. (11) Selection for convergent evolution in the sea is strong because mass occurrence has evolved multiple times in independent evolutionary lineages under similar circumstances. Thus, attributes possessed by many taxa that occur en masse appear to be evolutionarily advantageous, i.e., adaptations.
Innovation and Evaluation

Social, medical, and technological innovations are discussed, first with reference to historical examples and then with modern studies. I show the need for evaluating both the innovations themselves and the research processes leading to them. I suggest some kinds of research that need to be carried out if we are to continue to have a vigorous program of scientific and technological innovation. Finally, I explain the new initiative by the AAAS in science and engineering education.
The eosinophil and cutaneous edema.

Although eosinophils are readily identified in skin tissue, their role in cutaneous disease has been obscure. Recent studies have elucidated the structure, content, and several activities of the eosinophil. The eosinophil is a potent parasite-killer cell and probably mediates damage to respiratory epithelium in bronchial asthma. We review information showing an association between cutaneous edema and eosinophil degranulation in tissue. These studies show that eosinophils release and deposit toxic granule proteins extensively inthe skin despite the existence of few intact eosinophils in tissue. The evidence suggests that the eosinophil functions not only as a parasite-killer cell but also as a proinflammatory cell that may be pathophysiologically related to the development of cutaneous edema.
High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity

The ocean's biological pump strips nutrients out of the surface waters and exports them into the thermocline and deep waters. If there were no return path of nutrients from deep waters, the biological pump would eventually deplete the surface waters and thermocline of nutrients; surface biological productivity would plummet. Here we make use of the combined distributions of silicic acid and nitrate to trace the main nutrient return path from deep waters by upwelling in the Southern Ocean1 and subsequent entrainment into subantarctic mode water. We show that the subantarctic mode water, which spreads throughout the entire Southern Hemisphere2,3 and North Atlantic Ocean3, is the main source of nutrients for the thermocline. We also find that an additional return path exists in the northwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, where enhanced vertical mixing, perhaps driven by tides4, brings abyssal nutrients to the surface and supplies them to the thermocline of the North Pacific. Our analysis has important implications for our understanding of large-scale controls on the nature and magnitude of low-latitude biological productivity and its sensitivity to climate change.
Angiogenesis induced by prenatal ischemia predisposes to periventricular hemorrhage during postnatal mechanical ventilation

Angiogenesis induced by prenatal ischemia predisposes to periventricular hemorrhage during postnatal mechanical ventilation
Attenuation of obliterative bronchiolitis by a CXCR4 antagonist in the murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model.

Background Long-term success in lung transplantation is limited by obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), yet the mechanism for this disease is not well understood. Chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, have been reported to be involved in several fibrogenic processes by recruiting inflammatory and fibroblast progenitor cells into injured tissues. We hypothesized that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis also plays a role in the pathogenesis of OB. Methods Using the mouse heterotopic allogeneic airway transplant model, we transplanted mouse tracheas from BALB/c donors into C57BL/6 recipients. At Day 10 after transplant, we found high expression of SDF-1 in cells in the sub-epithelial layers of the allograft. Approximately 26% of cells infiltrating the allograft were CD45 + CXCR4 + , as determined by flow cytometry analysis. Results Treatment of the recipients with a CXCR4 antagonist, TN14003, decreased cell infiltration into the grafts at Day 10 post-implantation. At Day 42, a significant reduction in luminal occlusion was found in the TN14003-treated animals compared with controls (57.40% vs 98.21%, p Conclusions These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of lung chronic rejection and may lead to new intervention tools for the treatment of OB.
Capsule commentary on Bauer et Al., health literacy and antidepressant adherence among adults with diabetes: implications for future research.

Diabetes affects more than 25.8 million Americans, with 1.9 new adult cases diagnosed in 2010.1 While heart disease, stroke, amputation, and blindness are the diabetic outcomes that get the most attention, depression is also common in this population and significantly reduces quality of life.1 This paper examines the relationship between health literacy and depression medication adherence in a population already heavily burdened with disease management responsibility.2 The authors found that in a population of insured adults with type 2 diabetes, health literacy limitations are associated with multiple measures of antidepressant non-adherence.3 The study leaves two important questions. The first is whether the relationship found between antidepressant adherence and health literacy is specific to antidepressants, or if it is part of a larger relationship between health literacy and medication management in patients with diabetes. Previous research on the relationship between health literacy and diabetes medication adherence has generated weak and mixed results,3 supporting the unstated hypothesis that the relationship with antidepressants may be stronger than, or at least independent of, that with diabetes-specific medications. A differential relationship between health literacy and adherence to medical regimens supports a combined approach of “universal” health literacy precautions for disease management in general, and depression-specific communication interventions such as team-based care with care management support. Secondly, the nesting of this study within a population of diabetic adults raises the question of whether the identified relationship between health literacy and antidepressant adherence is unique to the diabetes population or whether a similar relationship would be seen in depressed patients with other chronic illnesses. This is important because increased rates of major depression have been found across a number of chronic conditions, including end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and congestive heart failure, and these depression rates have been associated with poor health outcomes and increased utilization.4 This study shows an association between low literacy and reduced adherence to antidepressant medications in patients with diabetes. What remains to be proven is whether addressing health literacy, through proven approaches that reduce patient burden and increase patient competency, can improve adherence, and more importantly, improve outcomes such as health status and costs for chronic disease patients more broadly. Such evidence would provide strong support for greater investment in health literacy programs.
Simplifying algebra in Feynman graphs. I. Spinors

We present a general formalism for simplifying manipulations of spin indices of massless and massive spinors and vectors in Feynman diagrams. The formalism is based on covariantly reducing the number of field components in the action in favor of chiral or self-dual fields. In this paper we concentrate on calculational simplifications involving fermions in gauge theories by eliminating half of the components of Dirac spinors. Some results are (1) we find reference momenta for massless fermions analogous to those used for external gauge bosons, (2) many of the known supersymmetry identities (tree and one loop) are seen in a simple manner from the graphs, (3) manipulations with external line factors for massive fermions are unnecessary, and (4) some of the simplifications for nearly maximally helicity violating gluonic amplitudes are built into the Feynman rules.
Contamination: nursing diagnoses with outcome and intervention linkages.

PURPOSE: To relate the collaborative processes involved in the evolution of environmental nursing diagnoses and the linkages between two new nursing diagnoses and their associated interventions and outcomes; to describe the environmental health implications of contamination. DATA SOURCES: Published research articles, official reports, textbooks, and collaborative discussion with experts in community and global health. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reflection following review of the literature and collaboration with experts led to the development of a new schema for environmental diagnoses and development of two new diagnoses, allowing for greater clarity and distinction between the contamination diagnoses and risk for poisoning diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: An environmental nursing diagnosis schema, with its emphasis on contamination, infection, and violence, provides nurses with a holistic framework for making judgments about environmental influences related to individual, family, community, and global health. The diagnoses of Contamination and Risk for Contamination provide necessary language to describe human responses and risk states that may arise following exposure to environmental contaminants. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Development of environmental diagnostic labels and delineation of the linkages to nursing outcomes and interventions will allow nurses to take active roles in identifying environmental components that affect health and planning care that responds to environmental health needs. Greater clarity in the use of language will allow nurses to incorporate environmental concepts appropriately in nursing assessments and improve the accuracy of the diagnostic process and selection of distinct interventions and outcomes. This will result in better outcomes for patients and communities and permit greater accountability of nursing's contribution to environmental health. Language: en
The signal transducers STAT5 and STAT3 control expression of Id2 and E2-2 during dendritic cell development.

Cytokines and transcription factors play key roles in dendritic cell (DC) development, yet information about regulatory interactions between these signals remains limited. Here we show that the cytokines GM-CSF and Flt3L induce the transcriptional mediators Id2 and E2-2 and control DC lineage diversification by STAT–dependent pathways. We found that STAT5 is required for tissue CD103+ DC generation and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) suppression in steady state or response to GM-CSF. STAT5 stimulates GM-CSF–dependent expression of Id2, which controls CD103+ DC production and pDC inhibition. By contrast, pDCs, but not CD103+ DCs, are dependent on STAT3. Consistently, STAT3 stimulates Flt3L-responsive expression of the pDC regulator Tcf4 (E2-2). These data suggest that STATs contribute to DC development by controlling transcription factors involved in lineage differentiation.
A Synoptic Climatology for Environmental Baseline Analysis: New Orleans

Abstract Standard climatological observations made between 1971 and 1974 at Moisant Airport, New Orleans, have been organized into a calendar of eight synoptic weather types identified from the daily surface weather maps of the United States. The hourly data have been reorganized into tables representing monthly frequencies of weather types, mean properties at 0600 and 1500 CST, and relationships to precipitation. The climatic calendar and associated climatic properties by weather types represent climatic baseline inventories useful for evaluating favorable conditions for activities dependent upon weather such as construction and recreation, local and regional climatic variation by weather type and season, climatic variability through time, and the responses of environmental and biological processes and activities at the earth-atmosphere interface.
Treatment planning optimization for multiple arcs stereotactic radiosurgery using a linear accelerator.

Abstract Purpose : Multiarc stereotactic radiosurgery is a technique used to irradiate an intracranial tumor with minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissue. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for and the results from optimizing three dimensional (3D) treatmetn dose for multiarc stereotactic radiosurgery. Methods and materials : The normal procedure for a physician-phycisist team designing a treatment plan for multiarc stereotactic radiosurgery is the trial-and-error approach of changing the collimator size and the isocenter of radiation by viewing the isodose curves on a two dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonacne imaging (MRI) image plane. Not only is this time consuming, but the resulting treatment plan is not optimal in most, if not all, cases. One reason for such nonconformal isodose curves is that the same collimator size is used for all arcs. However, it is very difficult to determien manually the different collimator sizes for different arcs. A derivative free optimization is used to optimize the collimator size for each arc, as well as the 3D coordinates of the isocenter(s). Results : One spherical and two elipsoidal artificial tumors, and one actual tumor, were used to show the utilities of teh optimization process. The 90% isodose ruves resulting from optimization conform very well with the tumor; whereas the 90% isodose curves from the conventional method either do not enelop the entire tumor when the collimator size is too small, or a large volume of normal tissue is also irradiated by the 90% dose when the next larger collimator size is used. Conclusion : When the collimator size for each arc and the location of the isocenter(s) are optimized in a multiarc stereotactic surgery treatment plan, the 90% isodose curve conforms to the tumor much better than when the same collimator size is used for all arcs.
Arterial anatomy of chicken embryo and hatchling

The arterial pattern in chicken hatchlings was investigated by microangiography and microscopic analysis of cleared specimens. The hatchling arterial pattern was found to resemble strongly the pattern that has been described for the adult chicken. Several minor variations in this pattern were found which were probably due to species, strain, or age differences. We also investigated the arterial pattern in chicken embryos aged 4.5 to 21 days of incubation. The hatchling pattern was fully developed by approximately 8 days of incubation. Some similarities were found to exist between the embryonic pattern in the chicken embryo and that described for the human embryo.
Recognition and Difference: The Power of Perspectives in Interpretive Dialogue

Confronted with vast cultural differences mediated by social power relations, the human and social sciences face a major challenge: How can one adequately recognize a differently situated human agent, given that all interpretation is grounded in culturally local, partially implicit, and socially shaped background assumptions? Based on the hermeneutic premise that understanding is grounded in the interpreter's background and identity, the article develops an argument how the recognition of difference is possible in interpretive dialogue. According to our view, epistemic and ethical recognition of the other can be achieved if the linguistic potential for reflexive perspective-taking is taken into account and unleashed in interpretation. Proceeding through constructive criticism, we first show with Said's analysis of Orientalism how power-defined symbolic perspectives can distort the hermeneutic recognition of the other. Yet we also show how Said himself fails to develop the possible position of a new hermen...
Presidential Power and Democratic Development in Post-Communist Politics

Abstract Recently, scholars have debated the effects of presidentialism on the development of new democracies. We seek to add to this debate by: (1) extending the investigation to the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union; (2) employing an interval measure of presidential power as opposed to previously used categorical measures of presidentialism; (3) testing the relationships between institutions and democratic consolidation using multivariate rather than bivariate analytical techniques. In sum, the evidence suggested that the electoral system had a greater effect than either the power of the constitutional president or socio–cultural or economic factors on various measures of democracy and consolidation.
The influence of radioactivity and lung burden on the pulmonary clearance rate of barium sulfate.

Abstract Parallel groups of rats were injected intratracheally with radioactive and non-radioactive barium sulfate particles which had a geometric mean size of 3.6 microns. Dose levels were 23.3, 233, and 2330 micrograms. Lung clearance was found to be exponential in time. All doses had a clearance half-time of about 10 days, except the 2330μg radioactive dose for which the half-time was 27.5 days.
Abducens nerve paresis caused by unruptured vertebral artery aneurysm

Abstract A case of involvement of the abducens nerve by an unruptured aneurysm of the vertebral artery is described.
Aeroelastic Stability Investigations for Large-scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The availability of offshore wind resources in coastal regions, along with a high concentration of load centers in these areas, makes offshore wind energy an attractive opportunity for clean renewable electricity production. High infrastructure costs such as the offshore support structure and operation and maintenance costs for offshore wind technology, however, are significant obstacles that need to be overcome to make offshore wind a more cost-effective option. A vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) rotor configuration offers a potential transformative technology solution that significantly lowers cost of energy for offshore wind due to its inherent advantages for the offshore market. However, several potential challenges exist for VAWTs and this paper addresses one of them with an initial investigation of dynamic aeroelastic stability for large-scale, multi-megawatt VAWTs. The aeroelastic formulation and solution method from the BLade Aeroelastic STability Tool (BLAST) for HAWT blades was employed to extend the analysis capability of a newly developed structural dynamics design tool for VAWTs. This investigation considers the effect of configuration geometry, material system choice, and number of blades on the aeroelastic stability of a VAWT, and provides an initial scoping for potential aeroelastic instabilities in large-scale VAWT designs.
Recovery from adaptation as a function of stimulus orientation

These experiments examined the oblique effect in an adaptation paradigm. Reaction times (RT) to the presence of a grating test stimulus were obtained following adaptation to either a blank field or a grating of the same orientation as the test stimulus. Horizontal, vertical, and oblique test and adaptation orientations were employed. Test gratings were presented at several interstimulus intervals following offset of the adaptation stimulus. RTs following grating adaptation were elevated to a greater extent (relative to blank adaptation) for oblique then for horizontal or vertical stimuli, for two grating spatial frequencies. Differences in RT can be related to differences in sensitivity among channels responsible for detection of the various orientations.
Electrostatic dynamics interaction for cloth

An important application of cloth is for making garments. In particular, visualizing a garment without actually making it drastically simplifies the prototyping phase [Volino and Magnenat-Thalmann 2000]. With the development of e-commerce, online clothes shopping has been more and more popular. So it is demanding to realistically exhibit garment behavior on the human body in an interactive environment.
Cascaded Authorization with Anonymous-Signer Aggregate Signatures

We introduce a decentralized trust management model called anonymous role-based cascaded delegation. In this model, a delegator can issue authorizations on behalf of her role without revealing her identity. This type of delegation protects the sensitive membership information of a delegator and hides the internal structure of an organization. To provide an efficient storage and transmission mechanism for credentials used in anonymous role-based cascaded delegation, we present a new signature scheme that supports both signer anonymity and signature aggregation. Our scheme has compact role signatures that make it especially suitable for ubiquitous computing environments, where users may have mobile computing devices with narrow communication bandwidth and small storage units
Depressive Illness and Placebo Response

Fifty-three depressed inpatients received placebo treatment as part of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of an investigational antidepressant, bupropion. Groups of placebo responders and nonresponders were identified based on percentage change on the Hamilton Depression Scale and validated against the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Although the diagnostic and demographic features of responders and nonresponders were generally similar, some differences emerged. Placebo nonresponders were more often associated with male gender, lack of college education, diagnosis of manic-depressive illness and greater lack of insight at baseline. Placebo responders largely consisted of females with a diagnosis of depressive neurosis. When the individual symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale were examined, the nonresponders showed improvement only in psychological symptoms (i.e., lack of interest, guilt, and suicide). The responders showed consistent improvement in most symptoms except ...
Predictions of segmented thermoelectric unicouples performance at hot temperatures /spl les/873 K and cold temperature of 298 K

The performance of segmented thermoelectric unicouples (STUs) for terrestrial energy conversion applications is optimized both for maximizing efficiency and electrical power density. The STUs operate at cold side temperature of 298 K and hot side temperatures of 873 K, 773 K and 673 K. The composition, number, and length of the segments in the n- and p-legs change with the hot side temperature. However, the number of segments in the STUs optimized for maximum power density is generally fewer than in those optimized for maximum efficiency. For a hot side temperature of 873 K, assuming zero contact resistance, the optimized STU for maximum efficiency operates at a peak efficiency of 15% and peak electrical power of 0.34 W/sub e/, versus only 13% and 0.48 W/sub e/, respectively, when optimized for maximum electric power density. When the contact resistance per leg increases to 150-/spl mu//spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/, the peak efficiencies decrease to 13.3% and 10.9%, respectively.
Basic Considerations in Selection of Electric Systems for Large Aircraft

This paper presents some of the considerations involved in selecting electric systems for large aircraft. Such systems are undergoing intensive development now; consequently it is not possible to give complete answers to all problems which arise. Also, certain parts of the electric systems are subject to military classification and cannot be discussed. Nevertheless it is felt that many engineers, particularly those engaged in the design of such systems, will welcome a brief review of the basic factors involved. Industrial and central-station experience provide a valuable background for study of aircraft systems. However, too close an adherence to previous practice should not be maintained, since aircraft systems differ in many ways from those of land equipment. The need for minimum weight demands that only those features be included which fundamental considerations show to be necessary or which at least provide benefits that justify the weight involved.
CREATING AN IPHONE APPLICATION FOR COLLECTING CONTINUOUS ABC DATA

This paper provides an overview and task analysis for creating a continuous ABC data-collection application using Xcode on a Mac computer. Behavior analysts can program an ABC data collection system, complete with a customized list of target clients, antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to be recorded, and have the data automatically sent to an e-mail account after observations have concluded. Further suggestions are provided to customize the ABC data- collection system for individual preferences and clinical needs.
Performance Contracting in After-Sales Service Supply Chains

Performance-based contracting is reshaping service support supply chains in capital-intensive industries such as aerospace and defense. Known as “power by the hour” in the private sector and as “performance-based logistics” (PBL) in defense contracting, it aims to replace traditionally used fixed-price and cost-plus contracts to improve product availability and reduce the cost of ownership by tying a supplier's compensation to the output value of the product generated by the customer (buyer). To analyze implications of performance-based relationships, we introduce a multitask principal-agent model to support resource allocation and use it to analyze commonly observed contracts. In our model the customer (principal) faces a product availability requirement for the “uptime” of the end product. The customer then offers contracts contingent on availability to n suppliers (agents) of the key subsystems used in the product, who in turn exert cost reduction efforts and set spare-parts inventory investment levels. We show that the first-best solution can be achieved if channel members are risk neutral. When channel members are risk averse, we find that the second-best contract combines a fixed payment, a cost-sharing incentive, and a performance incentive. Furthermore, we study how these contracts evolve over the product deployment life cycle as uncertainty in support cost changes. Finally, we illustrate the application of our model to a problem based on aircraft maintenance data and show how the allocation of performance requirements and contractual terms change under various environmental assumptions.
Self-assembly of coarse-grained ionic surfactants accelerated by graphics processing units

Due to the relatively long time scales inherent to ionic surfactant self-assembly (>μs), an aggressive computational approach is needed to obtain converged data on micellar solutions. This work presents a study of micellization using a coarse-grained (CG) model of aqueous ionic surfactants in replicated molecular dynamics (MD) simulations run on graphics processing unit hardware. The performance of our implementation of the CG model with electrostatics into the HOOMD-Blue GPU-accelerated MD software package is comparable to that of a modest sized cluster running a highly optimized parallel CPU code. From 0.36 ms of cumulative trajectory data, we are able to predict equilibrium thermodynamic and morphological properties of ionic surfactant micellar solutions. Estimating the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) from the free monomer (ρ1) and premicellar concentrations obtained from simulations of sodium hexyl sulfate (S6S, CMC of 460 ± 6 mM) at high (1 M) concentration, a value in good agreement with experimental results is obtained; however, the same method applied to simulations of sodium nonyl sulfate (S9S, ρ1 of 2.4 ± 0.01 mM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ρ1 of 0.02 ± 0.01 mM) at the same total concentration systematically underestimates the CMCs. An alternative method for calculating the CMC is presented, where the free monomer concentration computed from high concentration CG-MD data is used as the input to a simple theoretical model which can be used to extrapolate to a more accurate prediction of the CMC. Better agreement between the empirical and predicted CMC is obtained from this theory for S9S (28.7 ± 0.3 mM) and SDS (3.32 ± 0.04 mM), though the CMC for S6S is slightly underestimated (304 ± 3 mM). We also present statistically converged morphological data, including aggregation number distributions and the principal components of the gyration tensor. This data suggest a transition from spherical micelles to rod-like at a specific aggregation number, which increases with increasing hydrocarbon length.
RTL dynamic power optimization for FPGAs

As FPGA devices grow in size and speed, power consumption is becoming a limiting problem. In this document, a dynamic power optimization CAD tool for FPGAs that is applied at the register transfer level (RTL) during design synthesis is described. The automatic design transformations implemented by this tool reduce dynamic power by eliminating unnecessary computation by functional units when unit results are not needed. Our new guarded evaluation algorithm locates design functional units that may perform unnecessary computation under specific unit input conditions. Once located, functional unit input logic is modified so that the function will remain dormant when the output of the functional unit is unused. This approach reduces unnecessary signal transitions, thus saving dynamic power. To locate the most desirable functional units for guarded evaluation, an area, depth, and switching activity estimation flow is presented that provides high-level estimates to aid in RTL design transformation. Our approach has been integrated into a design flow for Altera Cyclone II devices. Experiments show that, although not all designs benefit from our approach, an average 12% reduction in dynamic energy can be achieved for a subset of benchmark designs with suitable functional units.
Simulation Research of Genetic Neural Network based PID Control for Coke Oven Heating

With the background of coke oven heating control system, a genetic algorithm based CMAC (Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller) and PID compound control method is presented to control the temperature of coke oven. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the initial parameter of PID controller, and CMAC neural network is combined with the optimized PID controller. With the simplified model of coke oven, simulations have been done in MATLAB for the new control method. The simulation results prove that it is feasible to apply this method in the process of coke oven temperature control.
Processing of the S-cone signals in the early visual cortex of primates

The short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones play an important role in color vision of primates, and may also contribute to the coding of other visual features, such as luminance and motion. The color signals carried by the S cones and other cone types are largely separated in the subcortical visual pathway. Studies on nonhuman primates or humans have suggested that these signals are combined in the striate cortex (V1) following a substantial amplification of the S-cone signals in the same area. In addition to reviewing these studies, this review describes the circuitry in V1 that may underlie the processing of the S-cone signals and the dynamics of this processing. It also relates the interaction between various cone signals in V1 to the results of some psychophysical and physiological studies on color perception, which leads to a discussion of a previous model, in which color perception is produced by a multistage processing of the cone signals. Finally, I discuss the processing of the S-cone signals in the extrastriate area V2.
Trafficking of cell-surface amyloid beta-protein precursor. II. Endocytosis, recycling and lysosomal targeting detected by immunolocalization

Amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is a proteolytic fragment of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (beta PP). Progressive cerebral deposition of A beta is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease. The cellular trafficking of beta PP is of particular interest because understanding the production of A beta requires a comprehensive elucidation of the metabolic pathways of this protein. In addition, beta PP is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein that belongs to a class of molecules with both full length and secreted products. Recent evidence suggests that beta PP can be processed in an endosomal/lysosomal pathway. In the latter organelles, a number of beta PP carboxy-terminal derivatives are found, but the precise pathway and kinetics of beta PP trafficking from the cell surface remain unclear. To address these questions, we visualized directly the beta PP internalization pathway by following the localization and distribution of beta PP monoclonal antibodies added to intact beta PP-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, beta PP was shown to be rapidly internalized via coated pits and vesicles, after which the molecules were transported to endosomes, prelysosomes, and lysosomes. Using a modified immunodetection protocol, we demonstrated the rapid recycling of endocytosed beta PP to the cell surface and its ultimate targeting to lysosomes. Because we recently found that endocytosis of cell surface beta PP is one route for the constitutive production of A beta, the recycling pathway for cell surface beta PP demonstrated here is a probable route for production of the critical A beta fragment.
Global assessment of the emergency patient

The approach to the global assessment of the emergency patient must bean organized, focused, and efficient pursuit of identification all the patient's problems in the order of their importance to survival. The format of the problem-oriented approach serves as a guide. The patient's history and physical examination results serve as the database for global assessment;they are the core of emergency practice.
Spontaneous Dissecting Subclavian Aneurysm — A Case Report

Dissecting aneurysms of the peripheral arteries are rare lesions. In 1969, Wychulis reviewed the medical literature and found one hundred and eight reported cases of primary dissecting aneurysms of peripheral arteries and added two cases of his own.1Of these, only one case of primary dissecting aneurysm of the subclavian artery was reported. This one was associated with trauma.In 1968, Persaud reported the first case of dissecting aneurysm of the subclavian artery secondary to idiopathic cystic medial necrosis (ICMN).2Later in 1968, Fee reported a case of dissecting aneurysms of both subclavian arteries also associated with ICMN.3To our knowledge, there has been no reported cases of primary dissecting aneurysms of the subclavian artery occurring spontaneously without associated recognizable trauma, ICMN, syphilis, or congenital defects. Such a case is the subject of this report. Plain x-rays and angiographic presentation, intra-operative appearance, and management are presented. Histologic findings are br...
The Animal Pathogen-Like Type III Secretion System Is Required for the Intracellular Survival of Burkholderia mallei within J774.2 Macrophages

Burkholderia mallei is a highly infectious gram-negative pathogen and is the causative agent of human and animal glanders. By generating polar mutations (disruption of bsaQ and bsaZ) in the B. mallei ATCC 23344 animal pathogen-like type III secretion system (TTS), we demonstrate that this bacterial protein delivery system is required for intracellular growth of B. mallei in J774.2 cells, formation of macrophage membrane protrusions, actin polymerization, and phagosomal escape. These findings suggest that TTS plays a role in the intracellular trafficking of B. mallei and may facilitate cell-to-cell spread via actin-based motility.
Major phase transformations and magnetic property changes caused by electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies

We demonstrate in this paper that common crystalline phases can be made noncrystalline and hard magnets can be converted to soft magnets in the solid state in several seconds at temperatures far below the melting points. New crystal structures and magnetic structures of ferromagnetic oxides (ferrites such as BaFe12O19, CoFe2O4, Fe3O4, and ZnFe2O4, etc.) are formed by reacting either the stoichiometric mixture of oxides or the preformed phase-pure crystalline material in a pure H field (or E field) at microwave (2.45 GHz) frequencies. These major changes in the magnetic properties as well as major structural phase changes are caused by the magnetic field.
Can Appropriate Use Criteria Lead to Appropriate Care

The rapid pace of technological development has brought a wealth of diagnostic and therapeutic options to the care of patients. These new diagnostic and therapeutic tools have dramatically altered medical care but have come with a steep price tag, and it is not clear that the improvement in the quality of care is proportional to the cost of the medical system. In recognition of the fact that there is a significant variation in the use of these tools, and that overuse of diagnostic test may entrain unnecessary expenditures, the American College of Cardiology Foundation has taken on the laudable task of defining appropriate use criteria (AUC) for diagnostic imaging, with the goal of guiding a more efficient and equitable allocation of healthcare resources in cardiovascular imaging.1 Article see p 23 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Ye et al2 report on a study that evaluated the applicability of the AUC for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging to a group of 400 imaging studies from their institution. The study involved using 8 individual raters of varying levels of training to assess the appropriateness of the studies according to the AUC, and the results were remarkable in …
Reasoning with Descriptions of Trees

In this paper we introduce a logic for describing trees which allows us to reason about both the parent and domination relationship. The use of domination has found a number of applications, such as in deterministic parsers based on Description theory (Marcus, Hindle & Fleck, 1983), in a compact organization of the basic structures of Tree-Adjoining Grammars (Vijay-Shanker & Schabes, 1992), and in a new characterization of the adjoining operation that allows a clean integration of TAGs into the unification-based framework (Vijay-Shanker, 1992) Our logic serves to formalize the reasoning on which these applications are based.
StuAp is a sequence‐specific transcription factor that regulates developmental complexity in Aspergillus nidulans

The Aspergillus nidulans Stunted protein (StuAp) regulates multicellular complexity during asexual reproduction by moderating the core developmental program that directs differentiation of uninucleate, terminally differentiated spores from multinucleate, vegetative hyphae. StuAp is also required for ascosporogenesis and multicellular development during sexual reproduction. StuAp is a member of a family of fungal transcription factors that regulate development or cell cycle progression. Further, StuAp characterizes a sub‐family possessing the conserved APSES domain. We demonstrate for the first time that the APSES domain is a sequence‐specific DNA‐binding domain that can be modeled as a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)‐like structure. We have found that StuAp response elements ( A / T CGCG T / A N A / C ) are located upstream of both critical developmental regulatory genes and cell cycle genes in A.nidulans . StuAp is shown to act as a transcriptional repressor in A.nidulans , but as a weak activator in budding yeast. Our data suggest that the differentiation of pseudohyphal‐like sterigmatal cells during multicellular conidiophore development requires correct StuAp‐regulated expression of both developmental and cell cycle genes in A.nidulans . The budding pattern of sterigmata may involve processes related to those controlling pseudohyphal growth in budding yeast.
REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM: TESTING THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF EDIACARAN AND PALEOZOIC PROBLEMATIC FOSSILS USING MOLECULAR DIVERGENCE DATES

Many of the late Neoproterozoic ''Ediacaran fossils'' have been referred to the Cnidaria, often on the basis of vague or poorly known features. However, representatives of the living Chondrophorina (5Porpitidae, Hydrozoa), Pennatulacea (Anthozoa), and Coronatae and/or Stauromedusae (Scyphozoa) have all been identified in Ediacaran biotas, based on specific morphological features preserved in a number of specimens. These three cnidarian groups have plausible Paleozoic representatives as well, but many of their Paleozoic fossils are also somewhat problematic. We test these systematic hypotheses by using them to calibrate divergence dates across the Cnidaria, based on an extensive molecular phylogeny of extant cnidarians. In this reductio ad absurdumapproach, if a calibration based on one interpretation of a problematic fossil yields a glaringly inconsistent age for a better-known clade, that interpretation is likely to be mistaken. We find that assuming the existence of Pennatulacea and Scyphozoa in the ''Ediacara biota'' places the root of the Cnidaria between 800 and 1,000 Ma, a figure which is, at least, not out of line with other molecular clock estimates. However, assuming the existence of the Chondrophorina in the Neoproterozoic, or anywhere in the Paleozoic, pushes the root of the Cnidaria back to between 1,500 and 2,000 Ga, which is considerably older than the oldest previous estimates for the origin of the Cnidaria. We suggest that the likeliest explanation is that chondrophorines were not present in the late Precambrian or Paleozoic. The Ediacaran and Paleozoic fossils previously interpreted as chondrophorines probably represent other taxa.
Congenital eye defects in rats following maternal folic-acid deficiency during pregnancy

Malformations of fetal rat eyes result from a variety of maternal vitamin deficiencies employed either transiently or continuously during pregnancy. Thus, eye defects have been produced in rat fetuses as a result of maternal deficiencies of vitamin A (Wilson, Jordan & Brent, 1953), pantothenic acid (Lefebvres-Boisselot, 1951; Nelson, Asling & Evans, 1957), niacin (Chamberlain & Nelson, 1963) and pteroylglutamic acid (PGA or folic acid) (Evans, Nelson & Asling, 1951; Nelson, Asling & Evans, 1952; Giroud & Boisselot, 1951; Giroud, Lefebvres & Dupuis, 1952; Giroud, Delmas, Lefebvres &Prost, 1954). Previous studies on the teratogenic effects of PGA-deficiency on the developing rat eye, although informative, have been concerned mainly with stages after the 15th day of pregnancy (the day of finding sperm in the vagina is considered to be day zero).
Navigating Treacherous Waters—One Researcher's 40 Years of Experience with Controversial Scientific Research1,2:

Science often must deal with issues that are politically controversial. However, there are dangers in dealing with controversial research and serious risks to the process of doing science and to th...
Survival Rate, Food Consumption, and Tunneling of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Feeding on Bt and non-Bt Maize

Although several termite species were reported to be susceptible to some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subspecies, no research has been conduced to evaluate the possible non-target effect of genetically modified (GM) Bt crops on termites. In this study, plant tissues of three commercial planted Bt maize (YieldGard* Corn Borer, Genuity* VT Triple PROTM and Genuity* SmartStaxTM) and two non-Bt maize hybrids were provided to Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, as food. Five food sources including wood blocks and filter paper treated with maize leaf extract as well as leaves, stalks, and roots of maize were tested in the laboratory. The experiment was maintained for two weeks and the survival rate of termites, food consumption, and tunneling behavior were recorded. The results revealed no significant differences in survival rate, food consumption and length of tunnels between termites feeding on Bt and non-Bt maize planting materials, indicating that Bt proteins expressed in the three Bt maize products did not negatively affect C. formosanus. However, compared to wood block and filter paper treatments, termites feeding on maize tissues showed different consumption pattern and tunneling behavior. Our study also suggests that maize stalk is a good candidate for termite bait matrices.