cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermittent mandatory ventilation: a new approach to weaning patients from mechanical ventilators.

Mechanical ventilatory support has become a prime mode of therapy for patients with acute respiratory insufficiency. Some patients who have had their ventilation controlled are difficult to wean from mechanical to spontaneous ventilation. We have developed a method of ventilatory support which allows the patient to breathe spontaneously as desired, but which also delivers a mechanical hyperinflation at regular preset intervals: intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The mechanical hyperinflations can gradually be reduced in frequency until weaning is complete. We have used IMV to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation in over 50 patients. The case histories of six of these patients, who failed to wean with conventional techniques, are presented in detail. Our experience suggests that IMV is more efficient, safer, more readily accepted by the patient and, therefore, preferable to conventional ventilatory and weaning methods.
Quantitative determination of organ contribution to excretory metabolism

A method for the quantitative determination of organ contribution to in vivo excretory metabolism is described. By excretory metabolism, we mean metabolism of a compound by an organ with direct excretion. The technique separately and simultaneously quantifies clearance of circulating metabolite and clearance of circulating precursor by excretory metabolism. For xenobiotics, the method involves the simultaneous infusion of radiolabeled precursor and unlabeled metabolite. The method is dependent upon the achievement of steady-state plasma concentrations of precursor and metabolite and on the ability to accurately analyze, both chemically and radioactively, the precursor in plasma, and the metabolite in both plasma and excretory fluid. The technique is not compromised by in vivo conversion of metabolite to precursor. This method is suitable for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the contribution of several organs to the formation of any number of metabolites present in excretory fluids. The simultaneous contribution of excretory metabolism to the urinary and biliary elimination of 1-naphthol in the rat is presented.
Electrofishing Effort and Fish Species Richness and Relative Abundance in Ozark Highland Streams of Arkansas

Abstract We sampled 15 stream sites in the Ozark Highlands ecoregion of Arkansas and examined the effect of increased backpack electrofishing effort on the richness and relative abundance estimates of fish species. Each site was 75 mean stream widths (MSWs) long and was divided into 15 consecutive segments that were each 5 MSWs long. For each site the percent of empirical and theoretical species richness and the percent of relative abundance similarity to the entire fish assemblage were calculated by adding consecutive segments using an approach that resulted in 15 accumulation curves per assemblage character for each stream site. On average, a distance of 53.8 MSWs (SD = 7.4) was needed to sample 95% of empirical species richness at a stream site, which was equal to an area of 2,722.0 m2 (SD = 1,967.0). For sampling 95% of theoretical species richness, an average of 101.8 MSWs (SD = 34.5), or 5,055.7 m2 (SD = 3,667.4), was needed. Obtaining 95% relative abundance similarity required an average sampling e...
Transaldolase/Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase Bifunctional Enzyme and Ribulokinase as Factors to Increase Xylitol Production from D-Arabitol in Gluconobacter oxydans

Xylitol production from D-arabitol by the membrane and soluble fractions of Gluconobacter oxydans was investigated. Two proteins in the soluble fraction were found to have the ability to increase xylitol production. Both of these xylitol-increasing factors were purified, and on the basis of their NH2-terminal amino acid sequences the genes encoding both of the factors were cloned. Expression of the cloned genes in Escherichia coli showed that one of the xylitol-increasing factors is the bifunctional enzyme transaldolase/glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and the other is ribulokinase. Using membrane and soluble fractions of G. oxydans, 3.8 g/l of xylitol were produced from 10 g/l D-arabitol after incubation for 40 h, and addition of purified recombinant transaldolase/glucose-6-phosphate isomerase or ribulokinase increased xylitol to 5.4 g/l respectively, confirming the identity of the xylitol-increasing factors.
Identification of jets

Abstract We present a general jet-analysis method for high-energy events containing an arbitrary number of jets. A rapid, sequential algorithm is used to assign the particles to jets. We have carried out a number of model studies using this jet identification method and describe the results. We suggest ways to compensate for the effects of incomplete data and show the results of some tests of these suggestions.
The Metabolism of Lactate and Pyruvate in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

Venous blood lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations and lactate-pyruvate ratio were studied in 42 normal adults, 16 normal children and 18 children with congenital heart disease. There was elevation of resting values in children as compared with adults, but no significant change of values of resting children with congenital heart disease as compared with normal children. Following a standard exercise test, children with patent ductus arteriosus showed a time curve comparable to normal children, but children with cyanotic heart disease showed a persisting elevation of all values. The lactate-pyruvate ratio varied inversely with calculated mean capillary blood pO2.
Circular Dichroism Measurement Using Fourier Transform Interferometry

The first measurements of circular dichroism (CD) using a polarizing Michelson interferometer (PMI) are presented. PMI-CD was observed for infrared electronic transitions in the rare-earth metal complex, praseodymium-L-tartrate between 2400-2000 cm -1. Following further improvements in instrumental technique, vibrational CD was measured for (-)-α-pinene in the region 1350 to 900 cm-1. Comparisons to previous infrared CD measurements of these molecules shows excellent agreement.
CONTRASTS IN THE CELL SAP OF VALONIAS AND THE PROBLEM OF FLOTATION

The marine alga Valonia macrophysa contains in its cell sap K and Na in the proportion of 5.72 to 1. In a form regarded as closely related, Valonia ventricosa, growing in similar environment, the ratio of K to Na is as 0.0278 to 1. The former contains no Mg but in the latter it is present. There are other differences in the composition of the sap. These differences bring about a remarkable contrast in behavior in that Valonia ventricosa floats in sea water while Valonia macrophysa sinks.
Additions to the flora of Saint John, United States Virgin Islands

Three new species of dicotyledons are described and illustrated.Malpighia woodburyana Vivaldi (Malpighiaceae) is described from Saint Thomas, but is also found on Saint John and adjacent islands.Eugenia earhartii (Myrtaceae) andMachaonia woodburyana (Rubiaceae) are known only from the island of Saint John.
Maternal–child overweight/obesity and undernutrition in Kenya: a geographic analysis

Objective The purpose of the study was to examine geographic relationships of nutritional status (BMI), including underweight, overweight and obesity, among Kenyan mothers and children. Design Spatial relationships were examined concerning BMI of the mothers and BMI-for-age percentiles of their children. These included spatial statistical measures of the clustering of segments of the population, in addition to inspection of co-location of significant clusters. Setting Rural and urban areas of Kenya, including the cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and the Kisumu region. Subjects Mother-child pairs from Demographic and Health Survey data including 1541 observations in 2003 and 1592 observations in 2009. These mother-child pairs were organized into 399 locational clusters. Results There is extremely strong evidence that high BMI values exhibit strong spatial clustering. There were co-locations of overweight mothers and overweight children only in the Nairobi region, while both underweight mothers and children tended to cluster in rural areas. In Mombasa clusters of overweight mothers were associated with normal-weight children, while in the Kisumu region clusters of overweight children were associated with normal-weight mothers. Conclusions These findings show there is geographic variability as well as some defined patterns concerning the distribution of malnutrition among mothers and children in Kenya, and suggest the need for further geographic analyses concerning the potential factors which influence nutritional status in this population. In addition, the methods used in this research may be easily applied to other Demographic and Health Survey data in order to begin to understand the geographic determinants of health in low-income countries.
Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: Clinical considerations

The potential for a variety of local and systemic side effects from the use of potent topical corticosteroids has long been recognized. However, adrenal suppression has only rarely been documented. We describe two patients with profound hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression resulting from the unregulated use of super potent topical corticosteroids.
The Adventure of Learning Educational Software Series

We hope that the information presented in New Products introduces our readers to something that can be readily utilized in the special or remedial classroom. The articles in this section are written by the author or publisher of the recently published teaching material or test. Readers are invited to offer suggestions for this regular column in Intervention.---GW
Shear and flow behavior of pharmaceutical blends — Method comparison study

Abstract A method comparison study was undertaken to characterize the effects of the formulation composition on the flow and shear properties of pharmaceutically relevant powders. Fourteen blends with various concentrations of an active ingredient, magnesium stearate as a lubricant and silica as a glidant were prepared. These blends were characterized with two very different techniques: the gravitational displacement rheometer (GDR), and a rotational shear cell. The values of GDR flow index were compared to the values of principal stresses and cohesion obtained with the shear cell. These measurements are different in that the GDR operates in the gravity-driven flow regime while the shear cell utilizes an imposed normal force, which leads to a much more pronounced powder consolidation. In spite of these differences, the study demonstrated a significant correlation between the two methods, although some discrepancies were observed due to differences in the consolidation state for each technique. This observation was confirmed by measuring compressibility of these formulations with the FT4 Powder Rheometer; the presence of a cohesive component influenced the values of the shear cell principal stresses (and therefore, the shear cell flow factor) in a non-linear manner, contributing to the discrepancies in the correlation between the flow factor and the GDR flow index. Conversely, the correlation between the shear cell cohesion parameter and the GDR flow index was significantly better, as both indices test the materials at similar degree of consolidation. The study examined the limits and the ranges of applicability of each technique, offered recommendations on applications, where the use of each method was more reliable, as well as provided reasons for the methods' failure.
Anemia management in chronic kidney disease

Anemia is one of the most common and morbid complications of chronic kidney disease, causing unpleasant symptoms and reducing the quality of life. The availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in 1989 has been one of the most important developments in the care of this population in the past several decades. Treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has improved patients' lives, but recent studies have found that higher hemoglobin (Hgb) targets cause harm, resulting in more cautious treatment. Despite widespread recognition by clinicians and patients of the value of this biological agent, the high cost and new concerns over safety have led to a reexamination of its use. Although rHuEPO is prescribed by individual physicians and target Hgb is guided by current evidence in the context of individual patients, critics within and outside the medical community have charged that rHuEPO is being overused, that financial motives are driving its use, and that patients are suffering from adverse consequences. Regulatory agencies, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the US Food and Drug Administration, have weighed in as well. In this review article, issues related to the current and future status of ESA treatment will be considered with a view to assessing factors that result in a lack of clarity and need for further study. It is essential that the renal community vigorously support additional rigorous research to expand the evidence base for optimal anemia management so that the debate over appropriate ESA use remains where it belongs, in the scientific domain.
Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization.

We argue that race and sex categories are psychologically and phenotypically confounded, affecting social categorizations and their efficiency. Sex categorization of faces was facilitated when the race category shared facial phenotypes or stereotypes with the correct sex category (e.g., Asian women and Black men) but was impaired when the race category shared incompatible phenotypes or stereotypes with the correct sex category (e.g., Asian men and Black women). These patterns were evident in the disambiguation of androgynous faces (Study 1) and the efficiency of judgments (Studies 1, 2, 4, and 5). These patterns emerged due to common facial phenotypes for the categories Black and men (Studies 3 and 5) and due to shared stereotypes among the categories Black and men and the categories Asian and women (Studies 4 and 5). These findings challenge the notion that social categories are perceived independent of one another and show, instead, that race is gendered.
Brief Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Exposure for Panic Disorder: A Pilot Study

Abstract Cognitive and biobehavioral coping skills are central to psychosocial therapies and are taught to facilitate and improve exposure therapy. While traditional coping skills are aimed at controlling maladaptive thoughts or dysregulations in physiology, newer approaches that explore acceptance, defusion, and values-based direction have been gaining interest. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) involves creating an open, nonjudgmental stance toward whatever thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations arise in a given moment, experiencing them for what they are, and moving toward them while inner experiences such as anxiety are present. This approach can be seen as consistent with exposure therapies and may be utilized to organize and facilitate engagement in exposure exercises. This study examines the feasibility and efficacy for combining a brief ACT protocol with traditional exposure therapy. Eleven patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia received 4 sessions of ACT followed by 6 sessions of exposure therapy, with data collected on a weekly basis. Acquisition of ACT skills and their application during exposure was monitored using a novel “think-aloud” technology. Treatment was associated with clinically significant improvements in panic symptom severity, willingness to allow inner experiences to occur, and reductions in avoidant behavior. Although preliminary, results suggest that our brief training in ACT only (as assessed prior to exposure exercises) and in combination with exposure therapy was acceptable to patients and offered benefits on the order of large effect sizes. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Aneurismas del sector aorto ilíaco. Experiencia personal

Objetivo: Analizar la morbimortalidad precoz y alejada en la cirugia de los aneurismas del sector aorto-iliaco. Material y Metodo: Revision retrospectiva en una serie personal de pacientes operados en forma consecutiva por aneurismas del sector aorto-iliaco desde 1998 a 2008 con seguimiento actualizado. Resultados: Se trata de 90 pacientes (60 varones), promedio de edad 72,7 anos; 15,5% de 80 anos o mayores; 86 casos de aneurismas de la aorta abdominal infrarrenal con o sin extension iliaca y 4 aneurismas iliacos puros. Fueron sometidos a una cirugia abierta 85 pacientes y 5 tuvieron una reparacion endovascular. De los 85 pacientes operados en forma abierta 13 presentaban alguna complicacion: 9 rotos o Asurados, 2 con isquemia de una extremidad, una compresion extrinseca y una trombosis completa aguda del aneurisma. Hubo 4 casos de aneurisma inflamatorio. Los pacientes reparados en forma endovascular no estaban complicados. La mortalidad operatoria global a 30 dias fue de 4,4% (4/90), en aneurismas rotos fue de 11,1% (1/9), en aneurismas no complicados fue un 2,7% (2/73), en casos de cirugia abierta un 4,7% (4/85) y no hubo mortalidad en la cirugia endovascular. El seguimiento medio fue de 39,63 meses (rango 1-131 meses). La supervivencia global fue de 89,7%, 79,2% y 77,8% al primer, tercer y quinto ano. En el post-operatorio en relacion a la cirugia clasica fueron intervenidos 12 pacientes (12/85: 14,1%), 3 precozmente (una embolectomia y dos puentes femoro-femorales) y 9 en forma tardia (8 hernioplastias incisionales y una obstruccion intestinal por bridas). No hemos reintervenido los pacientes operados en forma endovascular. En el seguimiento alejado la mortalidad tuvo como causas principales las enfermedades cardiacas, respiratorias agudas y el cancer avanzado, sin complicaciones o mortalidad atribuibles al injerto protesico. Conclusion: La cirugia de los aneurismas aorto-iliacos es segura y los pacientes que han sobrevivido la intervencion fallecen por otras causas. La cirugia, de este modo, cambia la historia natural de la enfermedad y en estos pacientes se elimina practicamente el aneurisma como causa de muerte.
Fate of Passeriform Introductions: Reply to Duncan and Young

Can we predict the outcome of species' introductions to oceanic islands? Simberloff and Boecklen (1991) advanced the idea that introduction outcomes for a species might be predicted on the basis of previous introduction outcomes. In their view, species are either always successful or always unsuccessful when they are introduced to islands, resulting in an all-or-none pattern in the distribution of outcomes of a given bird species across a set of islands. The alternative to an all-or-none pattern is a mixed pattern in which a species succeeds on some islands and fails on others. If all-or-none patterns were the rule among bird introductions they would represent a powerful tool for predicting introduction outcomes. An all-or-none pattern would be evidence that species indeed have introduction success probabilities of 0.00 or 1.00, or nearly so. Such a pattern would imply that a species could be introduced a single time and that all future introductions of that species would be predictable on the basis of the first outcome. Simberloff and Boecklen (1991) and Simberloff (1992) reported exactly such patterns for the Hawaiian and Mascarene Islands, respectively (but see also Moulton 1993; Moulton et al. 1996). In a more extensive test for an all-or-none pattern in introduction outcomes, we recently compiled a data set of 132 passeriform species introduced to nine island systems (Moulton & Sanderson 1997). We found that only 53 of the 132 species (40%) were introduced to more than one island. These species are the only ones that can possibly show an all-or-none pattern. Of these 53 species, 23 had mixed outcomes. We argued that this was too many mixed outcomes for an all-or-none pattern. Duncan and Young (1999) reanalyzed the data from that paper and, like us, found no evidence for an all-ornone pattern, in the absolute sense, in introduction outcomes. Duncan and Young (1999), however, argue that the observation of 23 mixed outcomes falls within the
Effects of even-aged timber harvest on stream salamanders: Support for the evacuation hypothesis

Abstract Habitats worldwide are increasingly threatened by degradation and conversion. Critical to the process of habitat loss is the organismal response, which can have effects on immediate conservation measures or future restoration. Among the most threatened and underappreciated habitats are headwater streams, which are small but abundant features of montane forests. These habitats comprise a significant proportion of the total stream length, can harbor remarkable biodiversity, and are critical for numerous ecosystem processes. One of the most abundant organisms in montane headwater ecosystems are salamanders, and therefore what happens to salamanders when the forest habitats surrounding headwater streams are altered? Three main hypotheses exist: (1) mortality hypothesis; (2) retreat hypothesis; and (3) evacuation hypothesis. To examine these hypotheses we evaluated the impacts of even-aged riparian timber harvest on stream-breeding salamanders. Riparian forests along headwater streams were logged, leaving riparian buffers of 0 m, 9 m, and 30 m. Responses to each riparian alteration were measured in terms of salamander terrestrial habitat use and growth in the riparian habitat, as well as changes in population density within headwater streams. Adult and juvenile salamander densities measured in headwater streams were significantly greater in logged riparian treatments than in unaltered riparian treatments. In addition, salamanders significantly reduced their terrestrial habitat use following riparian logging with both the average distance from the stream and the relative abundance of salamanders decreasing. It is unlikely that salamanders will persist in highly modified riparian habitats, as we measured significantly reduced body conditions over short periods of time at these sites. We present corroborative evidence that salamanders evacuate the riparian habitat following intensive riparian logging, emigrating to adjacent headwater streams. Our results underscore the sensitivity of stream salamanders to riparian habitat alteration as well as the importance of riparian buffers in preserving amphibian assemblages.
Evaluation of a New 1H/31P Dual-Tuned Birdcage Coil for 31P Spectroscopy

We introduce a new dual-tuned Hydrogen/Phosphorus (1H/31P) birdcage coil, referred to as split birdcage coil, and evaluate its performance using both simulations and magnetic resonance (MR) experiments on a 3 T MR scanner. The proposed coil simplifies the practical matters of tuning and matching, which makes the coil easily reproducible. Simulations were run with the Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD) method to evaluate the sensitivity and homogeneity of the magnetic field generated by the proposed 1H coils. Following simulations, MR experiments were conducted using both a phantom and human thigh to compare the proposed design with a currently available commercial dual-tuned flexible surface coil, referred to as flex surface coil, for signal to noise ratio (SNR) as well as homogeneity for the 31P coil. At regions deep within the human thigh, the split birdcage coil was able to acquire spectroscopic signal with a higher average SNR than the flex surface coil. For all regions except those close to the flex surface coil, the split birdcage coil matched or exceeded the performance of the flex surface coil.
Endocervical type glands in urinary bladder: A clinicopathologic study of six cases

The authors report six cases of glandular lesions made up of endocervical type glands in the urinary bladders of women aged 34 to 65 years (mean, 39 years). Two patients presented with dysuria, one with painless hematuria, one with complaints of pelvic discomfort and hematuria, and one with vaginal discharge. The sixth patient was asymptomatic, but on a routine gynecologic examination, a pelvic mass was found. On physical examination, three women had masses between the bladder and uterus. Four lesions were located in the posterior wall of the urinary bladder, one in the dome, and one in the trigone. Four patients underwent biopsy of the bladder lesion. One of these patients had undergone a hysterectomy 10 years earlier. One woman with a pelvic mass between the bladder and uterus underwent a hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and partial cystectomy. The sixth patient had a transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and left oophorectomy. Histologically, all cases showed intermediate to large-sized irregularly shaped endocervical type glands in the muscularis propria of the urinary bladder. Some glands exhibited cystic dilatation and contained mucinous secretions. The glands elicited no desmoplastic tissue reaction. The intraluminal mucin frequently contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In all cases, the glands were lined by mucinous, tall, columnar cells and less commonly by flattened to cuboidal cells. Rare admixed ciliated cells were also observed. The lining epithelium was bland in five cases, but moderate nuclear atypia was seen in one case. Mitoses were not observed in any case. Associated lesions included endometrial type glands surrounded by elastotic stroma in one case, exuberant cystitis glandularis in one case, and a pseudodiverticulum of the bladder in one case. Review of the slides from the patient who had had a hysterectomy 10 years previously revealed endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ. Follow-up (mean = 30 months; range = 6 to 60 months) shows that all patients are alive and well, suggesting that the lesion is benign.
Spill-free parallel scheduling of basic blocks

This paper concerns the problem of spill-free scheduling of basic blocks on a processor with multiple functional units and a limited number of registers. The problem of minimizing the schedule length is well known to be computationally intractable. We present a heuristic for the problem, a general divide-and-conquer paradigm that converts any insensitive scheduling algorithm-one that is insensitive to register constraints-to one that respects register constraints. We estimate the goodness of the heuristic by relating its performance to that of the insensitive algorithm. We also present experimental results obtained by applying the heuristic to basic blocks from the SPEC benchmark programs, for several machine models.
Software upset analysis: A case study of the HS1602 microprocessor

This paper describes a simulation based approach to quantify the impact of low-level transient errors at the software execution level. Automated analysis, for the run-time injection of transients at the device level and the assessment of the resulting impact on the program-control flow, is described. Using test workloads, the type of upsets at the program-flow level which can result from fault injection are determined. The methodology is illustrated by a case study of a microprocessor, used in the jet-engine controller of Boeing 747 and 757 aircrafts. For each section in the test program, the chance of having single and multiple upsets from the fault injection is determined. The analysis showed that about 20% of all upsets are multiple in nature. The result suggests that current methods of validation that assume single upsets may be inadequate. >
Augmenting Historical Manuscripts with Automatic Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks are so useful for searching and browsing modern digital collections that researchers have longer wondered if it is possible to retroactively add hyperlinks to digitized historical documents. There has already been significant research into this endeavor for historical text; however, in this work we consider the problem of adding hyperlinks among graphic elements. While such a system would not have the ubiquitous utility of text-based hyperlinks, as we will show, there are several domains where it can significantly augment textual information. While OCR of historical text is known to be a difficult problem, the actual words themselves are inherently discrete. Thus, two words are either identical or not. This means that off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms, including semi-supervised learning, can be easily used. However, as we shall demonstrate, semi-supervised learning does not work well with images, because we cannot expect binary matching decisions. Rather we must deal with degrees of matching. In this work we make the novel observation that this “degree of matching” biased algorithms make overly confident predictions about simple shapes. We show that a simple technique for correcting this bias, and demonstrate through extensive experiments that our method significantly improves accuracy on diverse historical image collections.
AL Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism and Future Potentialities: An Assessment

This article assesses current trends in terrorism and future potentialities. It examines first the presumed state of Al Qaeda today with particular reference to its likely agenda in a post-Iraq War world. It then more broadly focuses on some key current terrorism trends in order to understand better both how terrorism is changing and what the implications of these changes are in terms of possible future attacks and patterns. The discussion is organized along three key questions: (1) What is the state of Al Qaeda today and what effects have nearly two years of unremitting war had on it? (2) What do broader current trends in terrorism today tell us about future potentialities? (3) How should we be thinking about terrorism today and tomorrow?‐
California/Spain Visiting Teachers Program Participants' Opinions About the Use and Effects of Students' Primary Languages in the Classroom

This study examined opinions about some theoretical and practical tenets of bilingualism and bilingual education, as well as about the instructional use of English language learners' (ELLs) native languages in the classroom, of 77 teachers from Spain working in California as part of the California/Spain Visiting Teachers Program. In their responses, participants showed strong support for the tenets of bilingual education and for the use of ELLs' primary languages in class, agreed that primary language instruction contributes to the academic and English acquisition progress of ELLs, and opposed the discontinuation of ELLs' primary languages after these students had learned English. The results of the study show that 8 years after the passage of Proposition 227, which intended to eliminate the presence of minority languages in California public schools, participants continued to acknowledge the value of these languages in the linguistic and academic progress of ELLs.
Impact of Northern Fowl Mite on Broiler Breeder Flocks in North Carolina

Abstract The impact of a northern fowl mite (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), infestation on broiler breeder layers in the field was evaluated by comparing flocks in two adjacent houses (ca. 5,000 birds each). The NFM-free birds produced 3,158.7 dozen more eggs than NFM-infested birds, which was equal to 7.7 eggs per hen housed more than infested birds over the life of the flock. Feed efficiency was affected; feed costs for NFM-infested birds ranged from $.01 to $.06/dozen higher than the feed costs for NFM-free birds.
SOR: A Static File Assignment Strategy Immune to Workload Characteristic Assumptions in Parallel I/O Systems

The problem of statically assigning nonpartitioned files in a parallel I/O system has been extensively investigated. A basic workload characteristic assumption of existing solutions to the problem is that there exists a strong inverse correlation between file access frequency and file size. In other words, the most popular files are typically small in size, while the large files are relatively unpopular. Recent studies on the characteristics of web proxy traces suggested, however, the correlation, if any, is so weak that it can be ignored. Hence, the following two questions arise naturally. First, can existing algorithms still perform well when the workload assumption does not hold? Second, if not, can one develop a new file assignment strategy that is immune to the workload assumption? To answer these questions, in this paper we first evaluate the performance of three well-known file assignment algorithms with and without the workload assumption, respectively. Next, we develop a novel static file assignment strategy for parallel I/O systems, called static round-robin (SOR), which is immune to the workload assumption. Comprehensive experimental results show that SOR consistently and noticeably improves the performance in terms of mean response time over the existing schemes.
Natively unfolded regions of the vertebrate fibrinogen molecule.

Although it has long been realized that a large portion of the fibrinogen chain has little if any defined structure, the physiological significance of this flexible appendage remains mys- terious. Proteins 2006;63:391-397.
Research Review: altered reward function in adolescent depression: what, when and how?

Neural aspects of reward function have been conceptualized as critical to the etiology, development, pathophysiology, and treatment of depression (e.g., Forbes & Dahl, 2005; Hasler, Drevets, Manji, & Charney, 2004). This direction of research helps to shift the field away from a narrow focus on increased negative affect in depression and toward consideration of diminished positive affect, and it contributes to the search for mechanisms underlying mood and subjective experience. A developmental psychopathology perspective could be especially valuable to understanding the role of reward function in depression and to reconciling seemingly conflicting findings on this topic, such as mixed results on low striatal response to reward. Because depression typically begins during adolescence (Kessler, Avenevoli, & Merikangas, 2001), and adolescent depression confers a high risk of recurrence in adulthood (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Klein, & Seeley, 1999), adolescent depression provides a valuable scientific opportunity. Examining reward function during adolescent depression can elucidate the larger course of the disorder and place its etiology within the context of typical, dramatic changes in reward function that occur during this developmental period (Somerville, Jones, & Casey, 2010). This review examines the evidence for what in particular about reward function is disrupted in adolescent depression, when in the development of depression reward function is disrupted, and how disruption in neural reward circuits occurs. We propose testable hypotheses to guide future work on this compelling topic, and we briefly consider how a deeper understanding of these issues may inform intervention strategies. To obtain material for this conceptual review, we searched for peer-reviewed empirical papers in English published between 1990 and 2010 using PubMed, PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect indices, with terms such as depress*, reward, decision-making, dopamine, fMRI, striatum, and adolescen* (with the * wild card allowing retrieval of terms with the same stem, such as depressed and depression). Papers identified by the search were included if (1) they focused on topics relevant to the focus of the review (e.g., depression and striatal or medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) response to reward; depression and decision-making behavior; adolescence and reward function; dopamine and depression), (2) used fMRI with a reward processing paradigm; (3) reported results of statistical tests; and (4) compared currently depressed and healthy control groups (e.g., not remitted depressed). Extending the stance of our previous reviews (Forbes, 2011; Forbes & Dahl, 2005; Forbes, et al., 2009), the specific goals of this review are to integrate recent neuroimaging findings; provide an overview of key related topics, such as reward-related decision-making; and develop an explicit foundation for future research.
Contract Complexity, Incentives, and the Value of Delegation

In settings where the revelation principle applies, delegation arrangements are frequently inferior to centralized decision making, and at best achieve the same level of performance. This paper studies the value of delegation when organizations are constrained by a bound on the number of contingencies in any contract. For a principal-agent setting with asymmetric information, we compare centralized mechanisms where the principal retains sole responsibility for contracting and coordinating production, with delegation mechanisms where one agent (a manager) is delegated authority to contract with other agents and coordinate production. Relative to centralization, delegation entails a control loss, but allows decisions to be more sensitive to the manager's private information. We identify circumstances under which the flexibility gain outweighs the control loss, so that delegation emerges superior to centralized contracting.
Elevated temperature mechanical behavior of CoSi and particulate reinforced CoSi produced by spray atomization and co-deposition

Monolithic CoSi and TiB2 reinforced CoSi materials were produced by spray atomization and co-deposition. The creep behavior of both materials at elevated temperature was investigated. The unreinforced material of grain size ≍25 μm exhibited a stress exponent of three, activation energy for creep of 320 kJ/mole, dislocation substructure of homogeneously distributed dislocations, and inverse creep transients upon stress increases. These results suggest that the creep behavior of CoSi is controlled by a dislocation glide mechanism. In contrast, the reinforced material of a finer grain size (≍10 μm) exhibited a stress exponent of unity, activation energy for creep of 240 kJ/mole, and negligible creep transients upon stress increases, suggesting that the creep behavior of the reinforced material is controlled by a diffusional creep mechanism. The creep resistance of the reinforced material was lower than that for the unreinforced material. This is a result of the finer grain size and higher porosity in the reinforced material.
Multi-Path Multi-Channel Routing Protocol

In this paper we present a DSR-based multi-path Routing protocol, which has been developed for transmission of Multiple Description Coded (MDC) packets in wireless ad-hoc network environments. The protocol is designed to eliminate co-channel interference between multiple routes from source to destination by assigning a different frequency band to each route. In the route discovery process we use three metrics to select the best multiple routes. These are hop count, power budget, and the number of joint nodes between the different routes. For continuous media communications we show that in order to effectively benefit from the advantages associated with multipath diversity routing, it is important to use a multi-channel protocol such as the one developed here.
Scoliosis associated with lumbar spondylolisthesis: a case presentation and review of the literature

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The association between scoliosis and spondylolisthesis is well documented, but criteria and methods for managing the deformity in patients with debilitating pain are not clear. PURPOSE: To describe correction of scoliosis by internal fixation of the spondylolisthesis. STUDY DESIGN: Case report of a patient with scoliosis developing in association with spondylolisthesis. METHODS: A 17-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of back and leg pain. No spinal curvature was noted in radiographs taken at the onset of symptoms. Significant curvature appeared during the 6-month history of pain in association with an L5–S1 spondylolisthesis. The spondylolisthesis was repaired with posterior pedicle screw instrumentation. RESULTS: The pain and the spinal curvature almost completely resolved after surgery, and the outcome remained excellent 14 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: In the properly diagnosed patient, surgical repair of the spondylolisthesis can relieve pain and correct spinal curvature.
Real-time scheduling support in Futurebus+

A simple but efficient architecture for building multiprocessors is to connect several processors to a common backplane bus. The backplane acts as a shared resource in this architecture and contention for its use by different bus modules must be resolved. In a real-time system, this backplane must also provide scheduling support such that the timing behavior of the resulting system is analyzable. In addition, the support primitives for real-time scheduling on a backplane bus must also be constrained by the economic considerations associated with a bus standard that is intended to support both time sharing and real-time applications. The authors review the design considerations to support real-time systems in the IEEE Futurebus+ backplane specification and describe how this backplane can be used to satisfy timing constraints in priority-driven real-time systems. >
A Note on Linear Programming and Integer Feasibility

This paper proves a theorem that provides new strategies for solving integer programming problems, based on finding certain types of basic solutions to linear programs. The theorem is motivated by and extends ideas of Cabot and Hurter. An integer programming method based on the theorem is outlined.
Job Selection Preferences Of Business Students

To assess the job selection preferences of business students, two hundred forty one undergraduate and MBA students participated in a survey evaluating the importance of 20 job attributes. Overall, the students rated growth potential, benefits package, job responsibility and variety as the most important attributes when pursuing an employment opportunity. The results indicate that graduate business students are more concerned with work culture, flexibility and ease of commute and less concerned with company recognition compared to undergraduates. The findings also show that work culture seems to be especially relevant to female MBA students, while geographical location seems to be least relevant to male MBA students. Our results suggest that, to be effective with their recruitment efforts, employers and placement professionals must take into account both key desirable job attributes and the unique needs of their targeted business student sub-populations.
Souvenir de Damas / Souvenir from Damascus

Reviews El-Mudarris, Hussein I. and Olivier Salmon. 2008. Souvenir de Damas / Souvenir from Damascus. Aleppo, Syria: Ray Publishing and Science.
Public Interest Lawyers and New Governance: Advocating for Health Care

The article places the emerging role of the public interest lawyer in the context of the broader changes taking place in American governance. This new role is illuminated through a case study based on the experience of healthcare lawyers in the regulatory framework of Wisconsin. The analysis proceeds in four steps. The initial section outlines the classic model of public interest law in the context of the post-New Deal era. It then lays out three broad "movement" changes in governance: a movement of authority downward from the federal government to the state and local level; an outward movement of responsibility for designing, implementing and enforcing social programs from government to market and non-governmental actors; and a movement outside the regulatory box, away from the traditional regulatory framework. The analysis then describes how these changes in governance have encouraged an emerging model of public interest advocacy which emphasizes collaboration, linked local action, and a diffusion of roles and practices. A central section of the paper describes a case study of how state-based consumer advocates responded to managed care. They represented the interests of consumers to ensure quality services and assuage the fears of consumers in the managed care context. The consumer advocates used the techniques of creating state-based collaboratives and sharing expertise with health care professionals. They also participated in networks across states to link the local actions. They also moved away from traditional regulatory approaches in favor of endorsing mechanisms that influenced internal structures of managed care organizations and used market data-driven systems. The article concludes with a discussion of the risks of new governance. There is a legitimate concern that these new strategies will be detrimental to public interest clients and society.
Porous Media Evaluation Using Frequency-Dependent Electrokinetics

Frequency-dependent electrokinetics offers a different approach to obtaining information about porous media. In this work, we examine the possibility of using frequency-dependent streaming potential (FDSP) and frequency-dependent electro-osmosis (FDE) to obtain information concerning porous media. The theoretical basis for this work is done using the simple geometry of a capillary because it allows for an easier interpretation of the underlying physics. Pride [1994] formulated a more generalized porous media case which has been shown to give equivalent results to the capillary case for streaming potentials [Reppert et al., 2001].
Interactive effects of shock intensity and delay of reinforcement on escape conditioning

A 3 (levels of shock) by 4 (delays of shock termination) design investigated effects of delay of reinforcement in escape conditioning in 60 rats in a 2-compartment shuttle box. Different delay gradients were obtained under different levels of shock intensity (p<.01), with all delay groups showing marked inhibition of performance when compared to non-delay groups (p <.01). The significant drive level (controlled by shock intensity) by delay of reinforcement interaction is inconsistent with results of investigations varying degree of food deprivation and delay of food reward (Ramond, 1954; Renner, 1963), and suggest that Spence’s (1956) theory of delay of reinforcement in appetitive learning cannot be generalized to aversive conditioning.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Health Risks, Social Risks, and Benefits Differ Across Tobacco Products

Abstract Objective This study assesses perceptions of overall harm, short-term health and social risks, long-term health risks, and benefits associated with various tobacco products including conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, chew, and hookah. This study also assesses whether and how perceptions differ by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and previous experience with tobacco. Methods A total of 722 high school students completed an online survey, answering questions about their use and perceptions of a variety of tobacco products. Differences in perceptions across products were assessed using a generalized estimation equation with an exchangeable correlation structure. Results Adolescents rated the various tobacco products as conferring significantly different levels of risks and benefits. Generally, adolescents rated cigarettes as most risky, followed by cigars and chew, with hookah and e-cigarettes rated as least risky. Adolescents rated hookah followed by cigarettes and e-cigarettes as most likely to make them look cool or fit in and cigars and chew as least likely to confer these benefits. There were interaction effects by age and use, with older adolescents and those with tobacco experience holding lower perceptions of risk. There were no significant interaction effects by race/ethnicity or gender. Conclusion Given the significant differences in adolescents' perceptions of risks and benefits of using different tobacco products and research showing the predictive relationship between perceptions and behavior, there is a need for comprehensive messaging that discusses risks of all tobacco products, particularly hookah and e-cigarettes. There is also a need to address perceived benefits of tobacco products, especially hookah and e-cigarettes.