cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic action of tiazofurin and genistein on growth inhibition and differentiation of K-562 human leukemic cells

Abstract Tiazofurin (2-β-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, NSC 286193), an oncolytic drug, inhibits IMP DH (inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.205), reduces signal transduction activity and IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) concentration and arrests the cell cycle chiefly in S phase. Genistein (4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), an inhibitor of PIP kinase (1-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, EC 2.7.1.68), tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-II, induces arrest in G2 and/or early M phase in most carcinoma cells. Both drugs, as single agents, induce differentiation. Since tiazofurin and genistein attack different enzymic targets and arrest the cell cycle at different phases and they each induce differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that tiazofurin might be synergistic with genistein in inducing differentiation. Human leukemic K-562 cells were grown in suspension culture and were seeded in 24-well culture plates. In growth inhibition assays for tiazofurin and genistein IC50s (drug concentration that inhibits 50% of cell proliferation) were 7 and 37 μM, respectively. For tiazofurin and genistein the concentrations of drug that induce differentiation in 50% of the cells were 35 and 45 μM, respectively. Various combinations of these two drugs were tested. Since tiazofurin decreased GTP concentration in cells by 50% at 12 hr after administration, genistein (10 to 30 μM) was added 12 hr after tiazofurin (5 to 15 μM). Synergistic action on differentiation was obtained from all tiazofurin and genistein combinations and in most combinations on growth inhibition. The percent of differentiating cells induced by genistein (10 μM) and tiazofurin (10 μM) as single agents increased 1.1- and 2.8-fold, respectively, of the control values. The two drugs together caused 5.9-fold elevation in inducing differentiation. Similar action was observed on inhibition of proliferation.
A finite element analysis of surface pocket effects in hertzian line contact

During start up and shut down of heavily loaded rolling/sliding contacts, the lubricant film separating the surfaces is extremely thin and not fully developed. The load is supported by both the solid and the lubricant. Under extreme conditions, there is no lubricant film and the load is solely supported by the solid contact. However, when surface pockets are engineered on the surface of rolling/sliding elements, lubricant can be trapped in the pockets and deform with the pockets. Finite element analysis [FEA] of the deformation of a single empty pocket indicates that the volume of the pocket significantly decreases under an applied load. Therefore, when the pocket is filled with a lubricant, the lubricant will undergo significant compression. This compression enables lubricant to support part of the load and provide beneficial effects, such as reducing friction and expelling the lubricant during start up and shut down. This research presents an FEA model of a rigid cylinder in contact with an elastic and/or elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening-plastic half space with lubricant filled surface pocket(s). Results of lubricant filled pockets are compared with those of empty pockets. The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of load sharing mechanism by the lubricant.
Photochemical apparatus organization in Synechococcus 6301 (Anacystis nidulans). Effect of phycobilisome mutation

The photochemical apparatus organization in Synechococcus 6301 (Cyanophyceae) was investigated under various experimental conditions. Wild type (WT) Synechococcus produced phycobilisomes (PBSs) containing normal levels of phycocyanin (Phc) and allophycocyanin (Aphc). The ratio of reaction centers(RC) RCII/RCI of 0.4 was the same in WT and the mutant strain AN112, whereas RCH/PBS was 1.9:1 in WT and 1:1 in AN112. Excitation of WT cells with broad-band 620 nm light, which is absorbed primarily by Phc and Aphc and to a much lesser extent by chlorophyll (Chl), sensitized the RC of photosystem (PS) II at about 15 times the rate it sensitized RCI. This implies that PBSs are associated exclusively with PSII complexes and that PBS excitation is not transferred to PSI. The AN112 mutant of Synechococcus produced smaller PBSs consisting of the Aphc-containing core and of only six Phc-containing hexamers, respectively. It lacked about 65% of the Phccontaining rod substractures. Under our experimental conditions, the effective absorption cross section of the mutant PBS was only about half that of the WT. In agreement, the rate of RCII excitation by 620 nm light was also about half of that measured in the WT. Thus, the rate of light absorption by PSII depends directly on PBS size and composition. The low rate of RCI excitation with 620 nm light was the same in WT and AN112 cells, apparently independent of the PBS effective absorption cross section. We propose a strict structural-functional association between PBS and PSII complex. PSI is a structurally distinct entity and it receives excitation independently from its own Chl light-harvesting antenna.
Rural zoning in Wisconsin

Surveys, maps and public discussion precede the passage of zoning ordinances which raise problems of constitutionsality and of administrative organization.
Transmission of lactobacillus pneumonia by a transplanted lung

Herein we report Lactobacillus pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient. The organism may have been normal flora in the donor but was a pathogen in the immunosuppressed recipient. Antibiotic therapy should include penicillin or clindamycin.
Expression of the gene for the neuronal intermediate filament protein α-internexin coincides with the onset of neuronal differentiation in the developing rat nervous system

While neurofilaments have long been considered early markers of neuronal differentiation, they cannot be detected in most newly postmitotic neurons of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we show that these neurons already express the neuronal intermediate filament protein alpha-internexin at high levels. alpha-internexin is expressed by most, if not all, neurons as they begin differentiation and shows no overlap with vimentin, whose expression in the CNS is restricted to mitotic neuronal precursors. In the adult, alpha-internexin is the only intermediate filament gene expressed by the cerebellar granule cells, the source of the thin-caliber parallel fibers; conversely, neurofilament proteins are highly expressed in large neurons, which express alpha-internexin at low levels. These data suggest that neuronal intermediate filaments may regulate axonal stability and/or diameter through changes not only in their number, but also in their subunit composition.
Hydrophobic guar gum derivatives prepared by controlled grafting processes

Introduction of polyalkoxyalkyleneamide grafts to guar gum produces a new water soluble guar derivative. Modification of either guar gum or hydroxyopropyl guar is achieved in a three-step process: carboxymethylation with sodium chloroacetate, esterification with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and amidation with a series of polyalkoxyalkyleneamines. The process was followed using infrared spectroscopy; the grafted guar derivatives were characterized using 1H NMR. A series of hydroxypropyl guar (HPR) derivatives with degrees of carboxymethylations ranging from 0.2–0.3 were modified with polyalkoxyalkyleneamines with molecular weights ranging from 300 to 3000. The ratio of oxypropylene to oxoethylene units in the polyalkoxyalkyleneamines was varied from 9/1 to 8/58 to adjust the hydrophobicity of the grafts. Aqueous solutions of the graft copolymers exhibit viscosities one to two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding solutions of the parent guar gum. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Products of heme oxygenase and their potential therapeutic applications

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is induced in response to cellular stress and is responsible for converting the prooxidant heme molecule into equimolar quantities of biliverdin (BV), carbon monoxide (CO), and iron. BV is then converted to bilirubin (BR) by the enzyme biliverdin reductase. Experimental evidence suggests that induction of the HO system is an important endogenous mechanism for cytoprotection and that the downstream products of heme degradation, CO, BR, and BV, may mediate these powerful beneficial effects. These molecules, which were once considered to be toxic metabolic waste products, have recently been shown to have dose-dependent vasodilatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that are particularly desirable for tissue protection during organ transplantation. In fact, recent work has demonstrated that administration of exogenous CO, BR, or BV may offer a simple, inexpensive method to substitute for the cytoprotective effects of HO-1 in a variety of clinically applicable models. This review will attempt to summarize the relevant biochemical and cytoprotective properties of CO, BR, and BV, and will discuss emerging studies involving the therapeutic applications of these molecules in the kidney and other organ systems.
Leimavo Revisited: Agrarian Land‐Use Change in the Highlands of Madagascar

Describing and explaining land-use change is of critical concern in Madagascar, where land transformations such as deforestation and resulting environmental degradation currently capture widespread attention. While the eastern rain forest recedes in the face of swidden cultivators, the highlands demonstrate more constructive transformations. In this paper I present a case study of land-use change in Leimavo, a small village near Ambositra studied in the 1960s by Jean-Pierre Raison. Here, the twentieth century has seen a gradual reduction in irrigated rice cultivation and cattle husbandry, and a boom in market-oriented orange, vegetable, and grain production. In the long term, a historical landscape of grassy hills has been transformed into a productive cultural landscape with woodlots, anti-erosion benching, rice terraces, fruit groves, and diverse crops. Critical factors determining the trajectory of land-use change include regional population pressure, state policies, market incentives, climate variatio...
A likelihood ratio formula for two-dimensional random fields

This paper is concerned with the detection of a random signal in white Gaussian noise when both the signal and the noise are two-dimensional random fields. The principal result is the derivation of a recursive formula for the likelihood ratio relating it to certain conditional moments of the signal. It is also shown that, except for some relatively uninteresting cases, a simple exponential formula for the likelihood ratio, such as one has in one dimension, is not possible.
Internal water molecules as mobile polar groups for light-induced proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin as studied by difference FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR spectroscopy is advantageous for detecting changes in polar chemical bonds that participate in bacteriorhodopsin function. Changes in H-bonding of Asp85, Asp96, the Schiff base, and internal water molecules around these residues upon the formation of the L, M, and N photo-intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin were investigated by difference FTIR spectroscopy. The locations and the interactions of these water molecules with the amino acid residues were further revealed by use of mutant pigments. The internal water molecules in the cytoplasmic domain probably work as mobile polar groups in an otherwise apolar environment and act to stabilize the L intermediate, and carrying a proton between the Schiff base and the proton acceptor or donor. Similar internal water molecules were shown to be present in bovine rhodopsin.
Dynamic priority protocols for multi-bus local area networks

The authors discuss a previously proposed dynamic priority scheme for the M-CSMA/CD protocol. They point out its major drawback and present two improved dynamic priority schemes which alleviate this drawback. The priority protocol presented allows integration of services using multi-bus local area network, whereby different priorities could be assigned to real time video data, bulk data, interactive data, etc. >
Online power monitoring for wearable systems

This paper describes a method for collecting real-time energy consumption statistics for a custom wearable system. We describe an implementation of hardware and software which provides detailed trace data for even, major subsystem of a wearable computer, including the microprocessor memory, and I/O. This design is entirely self-contained, requires no external instrumentation, and imposes low computational overhead. By using a comprehensive power monitoring scheme, wearable system designers can better understand the energy/performance tradeoffs implemented by applications, communications, and human interaction devices.
Validation of a specific activity questionnaire to estimate exercise tolerance in patients referred for exercise testing

Abstract Background Physical activity and symptom questionnaires have been used as surrogates for exercise testing to estimate a patient's functional capacity and to individualize an exercise testing protocol in accordance with exercise testing guidelines. To validate these approaches, they must be compared with measured oxygen uptake (peak VO 2 ). Methods Before exercise testing was performed, a brief, self-administered questionnaire (Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire [VSAQ]) was given to 337 patients referred for exercise testing for clinical reasons. The VSAQ was used to estimate exercise tolerance on the basis of symptoms during daily activities to individualize ramp rates on the treadmill so that the test duration would be approximately 10 minutes. Clinical and demographic variables were added to the VSAQ responses in a stepwise regression model to determine their ability to predict both directly measured peak VO 2 and peak metabolic equivalents (METs) predicted from the treadmill workload. Results The mean exercise time was 9.6 ± 3 minutes. Responses to the VSAQ and age were the strongest predictors of both measured and predicted exercise capacity. Small but significant contributions to the explanation of variance in both measured and estimated METs were made by resting heart rate, forced expiratory volume in 1 second expressed as a percentage of normal, exercise capacity predicted for age, and body mass index. The multiple R values from the regression equations for measured and estimated METs were 0.58 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusions Estimating a patient's symptoms associated with daily activities along with age are the strongest predictors of a patient's exercise tolerance. The VSAQ, combined with pretest clinical data, predicts the estimated MET value from treadmill speed and grade better than directly measured METs do. When used for estimating a patient's symptom limits to individualize ramp rates on a treadmill, this approach yields an appropriate test duration in accordance with recent exercise testing guidelines. (Am Heart J 2001;142:1041-6.)
Modeling the Spatial Spread of Rift Valley Fever in Egypt

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe viral zoonosis in Africa and the Middle East that harms both human health and livestock production. It is believed that RVF in Egypt has been repeatedly introduced by the importation of infected animals from Sudan. In this paper, we propose a three-patch model for the process by which animals enter Egypt from Sudan, are moved up the Nile, and then consumed at population centers. The basic reproduction number for each patch is introduced and then the threshold dynamics of the model are established. We simulate an interesting scenario showing a possible explanation of the observed phenomenon of the geographic spread of RVF in Egypt.
THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT AS AN INDEX OF BRAIN DAMAGE.

WAIS IQ estimates and single subtest scores were used to differentiate controls from brain-damaged patients. Optimal cutting scores were obtained using ages and educational classifications. Certain subtests discriminated as effectively as did the IQ scores. A discriminant function analysis provided weights for three subtests to be applied in future investigations.
Selected Physiological Responses of Salvinia minima to Various Temperatures and Light Intensities

Abstract Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the influence of temperature (15, 23 and 35°C) and various light intensities, ranging from 80 to near 700 µmol/m2/s on selected physiological responses of salvinia (Salvinia minima). This was an attempt to determine the distribution range of this plant as influenced by these selected environmental factors. The first experiment was carried out for 14 days under controlled environments, with a light intensity of 120 µmol/m2/s and 14 h photoperiod. Plant growth was the highest at 23 and 35°C, in comparison to those grown at 15°C. The chlorophyll concentration was less influenced by the temperature than by the growth; however, carotenoid concentration at 35°C was significantly higher than those obtained from the plant grown at 15°C. Salvinia acclimation to cold temperature possibly included an increase in athocyanin and soluble sugar concentrations. The second experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, 25–27°C and various light intensi...
Impaired hepatic insulin signalling in PON2-deficient mice: a novel role for the PON2/apoE axis on the macrophage inflammatory response

Hepatic glucose metabolism is strongly influenced by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory stimuli. PON2 (paraoxonase 2), an enzyme with undefined antioxidant properties, protects against atherosclerosis. PON2-deficient (PON2-def) mice have elevated hepatic oxidative stress coupled with an exacerbated inflammatory response from PON2-deficient macrophages. In the present paper, we demonstrate that PON2 deficiency is associated with inhibitory insulin-mediated phosphorylation of hepatic IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1). Unexpectedly, we observed a marked improvement in the hepatic IRS-1 phosphorylation state in PON2-def/apoE (apolipoprotein E)(-/-) mice, relative to apoE(-/-) mice. Factors secreted from activated macrophage cultures derived from PON2-def and PON2-def/apoE(-/-) mice are sufficient to modulate insulin signalling in cultured hepatocytes in a manner similar to that observed in vivo. We show that the protective effect on insulin signalling in PON2-def/apoE(-/-) mice is directly associated with altered production of macrophage pro-inflammatory mediators, but not elevated intracellular oxidative stress levels. We further present evidence that modulation of the macrophage inflammatory response in PON2-def/apoE(-/-) mice is mediated by a shift in the balance of NO and ONOO(-) (peroxynitrite) formation. Our results demonstrate that PON2 plays an important role in hepatic insulin signalling and underscores the influence of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response on hepatic insulin sensitivity.
Avoidance Task Training Potentiates Phasic Pontine-Wave Density in the Rat: A Mechanism for Sleep-Dependent Plasticity

Behavioral studies of learning and memory in both humans and animals support a role for sleep in the consolidation and integration of memories. The present study explored possible physiological mechanisms of sleep-dependent behavioral plasticity by examining the relationship between learning and state-dependent phasic signs of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cortical electroencephalogram, electromyogram, eye movement, hippocampal theta-wave, and pontine-wave (P-wave) measures were recorded simultaneously in freely moving rats after a session of conditioned avoidance learning or a control session. After learning trials, rats spent 25.5% more time in REM sleep and 180.6% more time in a transitional state between slow-wave sleep and REM sleep (tS-R) compared with that in control trials. Both REM sleep and tS-R behavioral states are characterized by the presence of P-waves. P-wave density was significantly greater in the first four episodes of REM sleep after the learning session compared with the control session. Furthermore, the P-wave density change between the first and third REM sleep episodes was proportional to the improvement of task performance between the initial training session and the post-sleep retest session. These findings show that the increase in P-wave density during the post-training REM sleep episodes is correlated with the effective consolidation and retention of avoidance task learning.
A neuromorphic model for achromatic and chromatic surface representation of natural images

This study develops a neuromorphic model of human lightness perception that is inspired by how the mammalian visual system is designed for this function. It is known that biological visual representations can adapt to a billion-fold change in luminance. How such a system determines absolute lightness under varying illumination conditions to generate a consistent interpretation of surface lightness remains an unsolved problem. Such a process, called 'anchoring' of lightness, has properties including articulation, insulation, configuration, and area effects. The model quantitatively simulates such psychophysical lightness data, as well as other data such as discounting the illuminant, and lightness constancy and contrast effects. The model retina embodies gain control at retinal photoreceptors, and spatial contrast adaptation at the negative feedback circuit between mechanisms that model the inner segment of photoreceptors and interacting horizontal cells. The model can thereby adjust its sensitivity to input intensities ranging from dim moonlight to dazzling sunlight. A new anchoring mechanism, called the Blurred-Highest-Luminance-As-White rule, helps simulate how surface lightness becomes sensitive to the spatial scale of objects in a scene. The model is also able to process natural color images under variable lighting conditions, and is compared with the popular RETINEX model.
Is Overwinter Mortality Commonplace in Delaware Bay Oyster Populations? The Ambiguity of Dredge Efficiency

A series of fall surveys and spring resurveys from 2005 to 2010 were examined to determine whether overwinter mortality was a common occurrence in oyster populations from Delaware Bay. Box counts tended to be lower in the spring more often than expected by chance. Occasionally, counts of live oysters also declined. A proportionately larger reduction in dredge efficiency during the winter for boxes compared with live oysters was judged the most likely reason, rather than disarticulation of boxes. Little evidence for overwinter mortality was found; however, reefs in the center of the salinity range exhibited a larger decrease in live oysters than boxes in the spring resurvey. This happenstance provided the only evidence for overwinter mortality that could be distinguished above the countervailing trend provided by the decline in catchability of boxes that frequently occurred. Before ascribing variations in population descriptors during the winter to biological processes, the alternative of an overwinter change in the efficiency of the sampling gear must be excluded.
Multi-Dimensional Fourier Ringdown Analysis for Power Systems Using Synchrophasors

Wide-area implementations of synchrophasors enable real-time monitoring of power system dynamic responses during disturbances. These disturbances generally excite oscillatory modes of the system which can become problematic if the modes are either poorly damped or negatively damped. This paper describes a Fourier based automatic ringdown analysis algorithm proposed for extracting dominant oscillatory modal content of power system responses from multiple synchrophasor measurements. This approach is well suited for detecting electromechanical oscillatory modes in real-time. The proposed method is shown to be robust under noisy conditions by testing with simulation data as well as real system data, and is able to extract multiple problematic oscillatory modes computationally fast.
Generation of nonclassical states of light via photon blockade in optical nanocavities

The generation of nonclassical states of light via photon blockade with time-modulated input is analyzed. We show that improved single-photon statistics can be obtained by adequately choosing the parameters of the driving laser pulses. An alternative method, where the system is driven via a continuous-wave laser and the frequency of the dipole is controlled (e.g., electrically) at very fast time scales is presented.
Constraining sediment thickness in the San Francisco Bay Area using observed resonances and P‐to‐S conversions

Between October 20, 1989, and October 27, 1989, aftershocks of the Loma Prieta earthquake were recorded at five locations on a variety of site conditions in the West Oakland, California region. The author shows evidence of P-to-S conversions that have comparable characteristics on both mud and alluvium sites, suggesting that these conversions are generated at the base of the alluvium layer. The inferred transfer function for the sedimentary layer and the travel-time observations for direct and converted phases can be used to constrain the depth of the sedimentary layers. Both the amplitude and many characteristics of the observed transfer functions on mud and alluvium are well predicted with one-dimensional modelling. The results suggest that, in some cases, separate resonance peaks result from multiple sediment layers.
A coupled model to jointly predict EEG and optical evoked response changes in rats under varying stimulus patterns

Multimodality functional brain imaging has been gaining importance due to the complementary nature of different imaging modalities. Dynamical systems based models of neural activity and local hemodynamics may offer enhanced spatiotemporal resolution and insight into physiological signals and mechanisms. One major tool for studying brain function is to evoke local responses by repeated application of a stimulus. Under such stimulation neuronal evoked responses show complex habituation to stimuli as the repetition frequency increases beyond 2 Hz. These habituation effects are also reflected in the resulting hemodynamic responses. To understand the relationship between the habituated neural activity and hemodynamics we propose a modeling framework that uses simplified version of an existing neuron model with a control structure enabling habituation prediction and a neurovascular model that captures the relation between neuronal and hemodynamic evoked responses under different stimulus patterns. We report on the accuracy with which this combined model captures the neural and hemodynamic responses across a range of variation in stimulus patterns which includes both frequency and duration variation.
Social capital in online communities

Online communities are connecting hordes of individuals and generating rich social network data. The social capital that resides within these networks is largely unknown. We propose to create a mathematical model of social capital that incorporates the mobilization of social resources through purposive actions. This includes evaluating nodes based not only on their relationships and attributes, but on their social resources as well. Investigating the costs associated with reciprocally connecting to individuals will also be assessed. The result is a quantitative model for characterizing and providing decision support on how to maximize participation within social networks.
Distributed access management in multimedia IDCs

Future Internet data centers that provide multimedia content face security challenges requiring appropriately designed policies to manage resource access. An example from the healthcare domain shows how an access management framework can address these challenges.
An observer-controller digital PLL — A time-domain approach

In the observer-controller digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), the loop filter is designed in the time domain, instead of using poles and zeros in the frequency domain as in the conventional DPLL. The primary advantage is that it provides additional degrees of freedom that may be unavailable in the frequency domain approach. This paper reviews existing work on the observer-controller DPLL and the advantages that it provides, namely its ability to explicitly model and compensate for the effects of loop latency and supply noise.
An Excerpt from the Works of Euler

(1957). An Excerpt from the Works of Euler. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 64, No. 8P2, pp. 37-44.
Variable-Sum Game Models of Marketing Problems:

Constrained and unconstrained models of a variable-sum market game characterizing the problem of television programming are developed. Solutions are obtained through the introduction of a nonrespon...
Sexual minority women's relationship quality: examining the roles of multiple oppressions and silencing the self

Feminist-relational theories recognize that dominant cultural messages can have a powerful influence on the construction of and behavior in relationships, particularly for members of stigmatized groups. These theories posit that experiences of external and internalized sexism and heterosexism can influence sexual minority women's (SMW) relational schemas (belief systems about how one must be and behave to maintain relationships with others), which in turn may affect their relationship quality (RQ). Our study investigated the relational schema of silencing the self as a possible mediator in the external and internalized sexism and heterosexism-RQ links among 540 SMW who were currently in a romantic relationship. Supporting our hypotheses, results indicated that silencing the self mediated the external sexism-RQ, external heterosexism-RQ, internalized sexism-RQ, and internalized heterosexism-RQ links. The variables accounted for 26% of the variance in silencing the self and 19% of the variance in RQ. Future research directions and clinical implications are discussed. Language: en
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography of Enzymes

Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has been shown to be useful for differentiating enzymes. The enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease were easily "fingerprinted" on a 1.8 m 0.5% Carbowax 20 M column. Also, in some cases, isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase could be distinguished. Based on the pyrolyses of the free aromatic amino acids, four major enzyme pyrolysis peaks were tentatively identified as organic compounds derived from tyrosine and tryptophan. The use of a nitrogen-selective detector in conjunction with the FID and measurement of peak retention times by computer on three different types of columns permitted confirmations of peak identity.
Attraction of female fungus gnats, Lycoriella ingenua, to mushroom‐growing substrates and the green mold Trichoderma aggressivum

To evaluate the attractiveness of several mushroom-growing substrates to the female mushroom fly Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) (Diptera: Sciaridae), a pest of the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (JE Lange) Emil J Imbach (Agaricales), we developed a two-choice, static-flow olfactometer. Behavioral assays using this olfactometer indicated that mushroom compost with A. bisporus mycelia growing in it was not more attractive than compost lacking growing mycelia. We also found that female flies were more attracted to compost lacking A. bisporus mycelia than to the actual commodity, the white button mushroom fruiting bodies. Flies were not, however, attracted to sterilized compost, suggesting the attraction is due to volatiles produced by microbial metabolism in the compost. We also found that female L. ingenua flies were attracted to the mycoparasitic green mold Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels & W Gams (Hypocreales). Flies preferred mushroom compost that had T. aggressivum growing in it over compost lacking T. aggressivum, providing an experimental outcome consistent with the anecdotal belief that L. ingenua flies are vectors of T. aggressivum spores that can infest mushroom-growing houses.
Oncogenic mutations in the FBXW7 gene of adult T-cell leukemia patients

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive lymphoproliferative disease with a dismal prognosis. We have previously described the presence of Notch1 activating mutations and constitutive Notch1 signaling in patients with acute ATL. In this study, we report a high frequency of F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7)/hCDC4 mutations within the WD40 substrate-binding domain in 8 of 32 acute ATL patients (25%). Functionally, ATL FBXW7 mutants lost their ability to interact with intracellular Notch (NICD), resulting in increased protein stability and constitutive Notch1 signaling. Consistent with the loss-of-function found in ATL patients, expression of WT FBXW7 in several patient-derived ATL lines demonstrated strong tumor-suppressor activity characterized by reduced proliferation of ATL cells. Remarkably, two FBXW7 mutants, D510E and D527G, demonstrated oncogenic activity when expressed in the presence of HTLV-I Tax, mutated p53 R276H, or c-Myc F138C found in human cancers. Transforming activity was further demonstrated by the ability of the FBXW7 D510E mutant to provide IL-2-independent growth of Tax-immortalized human T cells and increase the tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model of ATL. This study suggests that FBXW7, normally a tumor suppressor, can act as an oncogene when mutated and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ATL.
Inflammatory diseases of the sinuses: an overview of immunology.

This article briefly describes the components of the immune response as it continuously functions to defend the human body against foreign invaders. Also reviewed are the basic functions and the development of the immune system, including cell-mediated and humoral immunity, the complement system, and the different phagocytic cells. Finally, injurious effects of the immune system are discussed with emphasis on the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis.
Sensitive optical detection of mid-infrared radiation based on induced transparency

The detection of mid-infrared (IR) light in the wavelength range of 10 μm using semiconductor quantum well devices has been studied extensively over the last decade.1 Efficient detection in this in frequency range is of particular interest for various applications, but difficult to achieve for higher temperatures than a few Kelvin. This work suggests the use of quantum interference effects for efficient detecting in this spectral range.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Dysfunction: Concordance of Clinical Findings, Doppler Ultrasound Examination, and Shunt Venography.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the concordance between clinical symptoms, Doppler ultrasound (US), and shunt venography for the detection of stent-graft transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Forty-one patients (M:F 30:11, median age 55 years) who underwent contemporaneous clinical exam, Doppler US, and TIPS venography between 2003 and 2014 were retrospectively studied. Clinical symptoms (recurrent ascites or variceal bleeding) were dichotomously classified as present/absent, and US and TIPS venograms were categorized in a binary fashion as normal/abnormal. US abnormalities included high/low (>190 or 50 cm/s), absent flow, and return of antegrade intra-hepatic portal flow. Venographic abnormalities included shunt stenosis/occlusion and/or pressure gradient elevation. Clinical and imaging concordance rates were calculated. Results: Fifty-two corresponding US examinations and venograms were assessed. The median time between studies was 3 days. Forty of 52 (77%) patients were symptomatic, 33/52 (64%) US examinations were abnormal, and 20/52 (38%) TIPS venograms were abnormal. Concordance between clinical symptoms and TIPS venography was 48% (25/52), while the agreement between US and shunt venography was 65% (34/52). Clinical symptoms and the US concurred in 60% (31/52) of the patients. The sensitivity of clinical symptoms and US for the detection of venographically abnormal shunts was 80% (16/20) and 85% (17/20), respectively. Both clinical symptoms and the US had low specificity (25%, 8/32 and 50%, 16/32) for venographically abnormal shunts. Conclusion: Clinical findings and the US had low concordance rates with TIPS venography, with acceptable sensitivity but poor specificity. These findings suggest the need for improved noninvasive imaging methods for stent-graft TIPS surveillance.
Just War Reconsidered

Theories that belong in the just war tradition propose sets of conditions under which a state engaging in war is morally justified in doing so. Opposed to the theory is pacifism: the view that war is always morally wrong. There are two ways to get from just war theory to pacifism. One is to take as fundamentally correct the view that war is morally wrong and, therefore, unjustifiable. So even if the conditions of just war theory are satisfied, it remains morally wrong for a state to fight a war. Attempting to add or amend the conditions of the theory is a futile exercise because there cannot be a set of conditions to justify what is considered to be morally unjustifiable. The problem with this approach to pacifism is that the view that war is always wrong is certainly not an obvious one that can be accepted without argument. It is based on the idea that any form of violence is morally unacceptable, including violence used to defend one’s life or the lives of those that one loves. On the face of it, this is rather implausible. In the context of the ethics of war, the question arises of what, for instance, a pacifist in Britain would do to stop Hitler from invading Britain and spreading the evils of Nazism, such as death camps. The idea that war is impermissible when nothing else works strikes many as unrealistic or plain wrong. In fact, it is said that Hitler was encouraged by the attempts at appeasement by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, and by the meekness of the Jews he targeted.
Educational Technology in Social Studies Education

The National Council for the Social Studies, the largest professional organization for social studies educators, indicates that the primary purpose of the social studies is to help youth become responsible citizens who are capable of making informed and reasoned decisions for the good of society. For this purpose to be met, students need to understand a vast domain of knowledge and have the skills to think critically, problem-solve, collaborate, and act conscientiously in addressing complex issues. This means that teachers need to learn how to use innovative approaches to engage students as thinkers and problem solvers so students may be successful global citizens and leaders of the twenty-first century. Designing an environment where students have the opportunity to learn and practice these skills while exploring social studies content can be challenging, but not impossible. A key component is the essential role educational technology and twenty-first century skills have in facilitating teaching and learning in the social studies. This chapter provides an overview of the research on how educational technology has been used to engage and inspire all learners to be creative and critical thinkers, not only for the good of their individual futures, but for the future of our global society. In providing the overview, the focus is on two major areas within social studies education—historical inquiry and civic education.
All-optical photonic oscillator with high-Q whispering gallery mode resonators

We demonstrated low threshold optical photonic hyper-parametric oscillator in a high-Q (10/sup 10/) CaF/sub 2/ whispering gallery mode resonator which generates stable 8.5 GHz signal. The oscillations result from the resonantly enhanced four wave mixing occurring due to Kerr nonlinearity of the material.
Collaboration in White Spaces: Librarians as Leaders in Evidence-Based Practice at CAM Institutions

White Spaces were first described by organizational change expert Gary Rummler in the 1960’s to describe zones where meaningful action takes place outside of the normal chains of command dictated by organizational charts. This paper identifies key concepts for leadership in the white spaces as relationality, unanticipated organizational intention, intention to change and mutual purpose. Librarians serving nine Complementary and Alternative Medicine programs found themselves using white space leadership tactics to promote information literacy and evidence-based practice skills in the wake of receiving R25 grants from the National Institutes of Health. Their training as librarians paralleled the unique skills required for white space leadership and allowed them to create new opportunities for library integration into the curricula and programs of their institutions. Three case studies highlight the challenges of curriculum and cultural change at these schools and the synchronous opportunity for library involvement in those shifts.
Information Technology Outsourcing and Virtual Team

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of IT outsourcing which entails collaboration among geographically distributed teams. Therefore, a good understanding of the performance of virtual teams can largely contribute to the IT outsourcing practice. Taking into account three potential factors (task, technology, and time) that help to manifest the performance of virtual teams, the authors designed a three-week experiment involving eight virtual teams and eight face-to-face (FTF) teams at two major universities to uncover the aspects in which virtual teams under-perform. Results indicate that mission clarity, group cohesion, and personal satisfaction were significantly different between virtual teams and FTF teams. Implications of the findings for IT outsourcing are discussed.
Efficient, Helpful, or Distracting? A Literature Review of Media Multitasking in Relation to Academic Performance

Media multitasking, using two or more medias concurrently, prevails among adolescents and emerging adults. The inherent mental habits of media multitasking—dividing attention, switching attention, and maintaining multiple trains of thought— have significant implications and consequences for students’ academic performance. The goal of this review is to synthesize research on the impacts of media multitasking on academic performance. The research indicates that media multitasking interferes with attention and working memory, negatively affecting GPA, test performance, recall, reading comprehension, note-taking, self-regulation, and efficiency. These effects have been demonstrated during in- class activities (largely lectures) and while students are studying. In addition, students struggle to accurately assess the impact media multitasking will have on their academic performance. Further research should attend to understanding effects of media multitasking in more diverse instructional contexts and for varied academic tasks. Fostering students’ self-regulation around media multitasking is a promising area for future efforts towards improving academic performance of college students.
Radiosensitivity and Biological Properties of Tumours: XIII. Free and Bound Ribosome Levels and Protein Synthesis of Two Tumour Types, Control and X-irradiated

SummaryTwo types of isologous mouse mammary tumour of different growth-rates (H, slow growing and G, rapidly growing) were investigated in respect to : (a) ribosomal distribution patterns, (b) endogenous protein synthesis by the use of 14C-leucine incorporation, and (c) the effect of x-irradiation on these processes.Sedimentation patterns of ribosomes of both tumour types appear similar, and their monomer peaks correspond to 73 S particles. Approximately 70 per cent of the total ribosomal population of each tumour type consists of monomers, dimers and lower oligomers. Total ribosomal population of H appears greater than that of the G tumour. The percentage of free ribosomes in G is higher than in the H tumour. Ribosomal protein and RNA levels as well as 14C-leucine incorporation are higher in the H than in the G tumour, corresponding to the higher concentration of ribosomes in the former. Maximum uptake of 14C-leucine is reached at 4 hours in the H and at 3 hours in the G tumour, 3000 R resulted in approx...
Eye wash water flow direction study: an evaluation of the effectiveness of eye wash devices with opposite directional water flow

Introduction New designs of eye wash stations have been developed in which the direction of water flow from the fountain has been reversed, with two water streams originating nasally in both eyes and flowing toward the temporal side of each eye. No study has been done to determine the ideal direction of water flow coming from the eye wash in relation to the eye. Materials and methods Ophthalmic eye examinations were conducted before and after the use of two eye wash stations with opposite water flow directionality. Fluorescein was instilled in both eyes before using an eye wash to measure the effectiveness of the water flow. Subjects were surveyed upon their experiences using the eye washes. Conclusion Ophthalmic examination found no significant difference in the efficacy of the eye washes with nasal-to-temporal water flow when compared to temporal-to-nasal water flow direction.
New Definitions Needed in Refrigeration

This chapter describes the reasons for need of new definitions in refrigeration. The chapter also outlines that because the term suggested by Davies and Watts does not distinguish between the performance of a heat pump when used for heating from that used for cooling, it appears that two different ratios are involved, one for heating and the other for cooling. It is also pointed out that currently, it appears that the Peltier or thermoelectric refrigerator, in the low capacity bracket, will have wide acceptance due to the fact that it provides capacity modulation, and also requires less space than other types of electric refrigerators. The chapter provides that a compression refrigeration plant is a system consisting of an evaporator, condenser, precooler, expansion valve (or capillary tube) and a compressor. A heat pump is a refrigeration plant and the electric motor used to drive the compressor. The results show clearly that from the customer's viewpoint, more information is needed in addition to the heating energy ratio of the refrigeration cycle.
Assisting Natural Resource Management in Mammoth Cave National Park Using Geospatial Technology

Mammoth Cave National Park contains the longest surveyed cave system in the world, recording more than 587 km of mapped passages to date. The park exhibits a delicate connection between the subsurface and the landscape surface, including a unique relationship between geology and plant habitats. A suite of geospatial technologies are available to optimize the management of these natural resources. GIS, GPS, and geospatial modelling and visualization technologies were used in this study to demonstrate the use of geospatial technologies in solving environmental and natural resources related issues. We compiled a variety of geospatial data, such as geology, soil, vegetation, and land use history, in GIS to be used to address the many environmental issues at Mammoth Cave National Park. A detailed case study was conducted to assist the classification of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) habitat at the Park. Geospatial technology provides the capability to solve natural resource issues at difference scales, which help the National Park Service manage their environmental issues, satisfy federal mandates, and present environmental information that is valuable to all citizens who enjoy national parks.