cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capsid Antibodies to Different Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes Bind Common Regions

Interactions between viruses and the host antibody immune response are critical in the development and control of disease, and antibodies are also known to interfere with the efficacy of viral vector-based gene delivery. The adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) being developed as vectors for corrective human gene delivery have shown promise in clinical trials, but preexisting antibodies are detrimental to successful outcomes. However, the antigenic epitopes on AAV capsids remain poorly characterized. Cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction were used to define the locations of epitopes to which monoclonal fragment antibodies (Fabs) against AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, and AAV6 bind. Pseudoatomic modeling showed that, in each serotype, Fabs bound to a limited number of sites near the protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axes of the T=1 icosahedral capsids. For the closely related AAV1 and AAV6, a common Fab exhibited substoichiometric binding, with one Fab bound, on average, between two of the three protrusions as a consequence of steric crowding. The other AAV Fabs saturated the capsid and bound to the walls of all 60 protrusions, with the footprint for the AAV5 antibody extending toward the 5-fold axis. The angle of incidence for each bound Fab on the AAVs varied and resulted in significant differences in how much of each viral capsid surface was occluded beyond the Fab footprints. The AAV-antibody interactions showed a common set of footprints that overlapped some known receptor-binding sites and transduction determinants, thus suggesting potential mechanisms for virus neutralization by the antibodies.
Situação atual e perspectivas do biodiesel no Estado do Tocantins

A producao de biocombustiveis tem sido amplamente debatida no Brasil e no ano de 2014 foi criado o Programa Nacional de Uso e Producao de Biodiesel (PNPB). Este programa busca incentivar uma maior participacao de energias renovaveis na matriz energetica brasileira, com o objetivo de implementar de forma sustentavel, tecnica, e economica, a producao e uso do Biodiesel. Alem do enfoque na inclusao social e no desenvolvimento regional, via geracao de emprego e renda. No panorama nacional, o Estado do Tocantins destaca-se por dispor de uma vasta disponibilidade de terras e apresentar boas perspectivas logisticas devido a implantacao de novos modais de transporte. A agricultura familiar e considerada o grande propulsor do agronegocio com, aproximadamente, 45 mil propriedades rurais. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa demonstrar os fatores que contribuem com o cenario da producao de biodiesel no Estado do Tocantins.Palavras-chave: Producao; Sustentabilidade; Agricultura familiar; Biocombustiveis.ABSTRACTBiofuel production has been widely debated in Brazil and in 2014 was created the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (NPPB). This program encouraging a greater share of renewable energies in the Brazilian energy matrix, aiming to implement sustainably , technical , and economic , production and use of biodiesel, with a focus on social inclusion and regional development by generating employment and income . On the national scene, the State of Tocantins is distinguished by having a wide availability of land and has good prospects because of logistical deployment of new modes of transportation. Family farming is considered the major driver of agribusiness with approximately 45000 farms. In this context, this paper aims to demonstrate the factors that contribute to the scenario of biodiesel production in the state of Tocantins.Keywords: Production; Sustainability; familiar Agriculture; Biofuels.
Defining Swallowing-Related Quality of Life Profiles in Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Although it is known that dysphagia contributes to significant malnutrition, pneumonia, and mortality in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it remains unclear how swallowing impairment impacts quality of life in this vulnerable patient population. The aim of the current study was to (1) delineate swallow-related quality of life (SR-QOL) profiles in individuals with ALS and (2) evaluate relationships between SR-QOL, degree of swallowing impairment, and ALS global disease progression. Eighty-one ALS patients underwent a standardized videofluoroscopic swallow study and completed the swallowing quality of life (SWAL-QOL) instrument and ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R). Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores were derived by a blinded rater. Correlation analyses and a between groups ANOVA (safe vs. penetrators vs. aspirators) were performed. Mean SWAL-QOL score for this cohort was 75.94 indicating a moderate degree of SR-QOL impairment with fatigue, eating duration, and communication representing the most affected domains. Correlations were revealed between the SWAL-QOL and (1) PAS (r = −0.39, p < 0.001) and (2) ALSFRS-R (r = 0.23, p < 0.05). Mean (SD) SWAL-QOL scores for safe versus penetrator versus aspirator groups were 81.2 (2.3) versus 77 (3.4) versus 58.7 (5.9), respectively, with a main effect observed [F(2,78) = 9.71, p < 0.001]. Post hoc testing revealed lower SWAL-QOL scores for aspirators versus safe swallowers (p < 0.001) and aspirators versus penetrators (p < 0.001). Overall, SR-QOL was moderately reduced in this cohort of ALS patients and profoundly impacted in ALS aspirators and individuals with advanced disease. These findings highlight the importance of early multidisciplinary intervention to not only avoid malnutrition, weight loss, and pulmonary sequelae but also the associated reduced QOL seen in these individuals.
The Excitability of the Crayfish Lateral Giant Escape Reaction: Inhibitory Control of the Lateral Giant Dendrites

Circumstances that increase and decrease the excitability of lateral giant (LG) escape are reviewed. Three types of inhibition (recurrent, post-excitatory, and tonic) that affect direct input to the LG are compared and found to utilize different pathways. Reasons for multiple inhibitory systems are discussed.
Elucidating Complex Charge Density Wave Structures in Low-Dimensional Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

An important goal of condensed matter research is to understand how microscopic or atomic level structural and electronic characteristics of a solid determine observable properties like superconductivity and magnetism. This goal is motivated by the recognition that such an understanding will enable scientists ultimately to design rationally bulk solids and nanostructures having predictable properties. Instrumental methodologies that provide a real-space picture of the connectivity of atoms in a solid and/or the local electronic structure are perhaps most appealing since they can probe materials directly in the space (real vs. reciprocal) that we often think, and can directly characterize defects and disorder that play significant roles in determining the properties of solids. Furthermore, real-space probes are required to assess the intrinsic structural and electronic properties of very small material structures that are a focus of the burgeoning area of nanotechnology.
The Lascaux cave

The Lascaux Cave, one of the most important single sites of upper Palaeolithic art ever discovered, is located near Montignac (Dordogne), 16 miles up the Vezere River from the famous town of Les Eyzies. It was found in September 1940 by two French schoolboys out rabbit hunting. Called the “Versailles of Prehistoric Man,” Lascaux ranks among the world's oldest and most remarkable art galleries. It has been completely sealed off from the outside world since late upper Pleistocene times, and it is now generally believed that the majority of the paintings are upper Perigordian (Gravettian) in date—Phase 2 in the upper Palaeolithic art sequence of western Europe. That they were produced during a time of climatic amelioration, possibly the one known as the Achen retreat, is borne out by the fact that the animals depicted belong much more to a steppe and forest type of fauna, than they do to a colder tundra group. For example, there are no mammoths and no reindeer shown, but there are many horses, a considerable quantity of cattle, bison and several ibexes.
The renormalization scale problem and novel perspectives for QCD

I discuss a number of novel tests of QCD, measurements which can illuminate fundamental features of hadron physics. These include the origin of the “ridge” in proton-proton collisions; the production of the Higgs at high xF; the role of digluon-initiated processes for quarkonium production; flavor-dependent anti-shadowing; the effect of nuclear shadowing on QCD sum rules; direct production of hadrons at high transverse momentum; and leading-twist lensing corrections; and the breakdown of perturbative QCD factorization. I also review the “Principle of Maximum Conformalit” (PMC) which systematically sets the renormalization scale order-by-order in pQCD, independent of the choice of renormalization scheme, thus eliminating an unnecessary theoretical uncertainty.
Geographic Variations in the Rates of Operative Procedures Involving the Shoulder, Including Total Shoulder Replacement, Humeral Head Replacement, and Rotator Cuff Repair*

Background: Although geographic variations in the rates of orthopaedic procedures have been well documented, considerable controversy remains regarding the factors that drive these variations, particularly the role of the availability of orthopaedic surgeons. Moreover, little attention has been specifically focused on variations in the rates of commonly performed shoulder procedures. Methods: The current study documents state-to-state variations in the rates of total shoulder replacement, humeral head replacement, and rotator cuff repair and examines factors that might account for these variations. The regional incidences of these three procedures were analyzed with use of the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare database (MEDPAR, 1992). The rates were age-adjusted, and variations were measured with use of high:low ratios, variation coefficients, and systematic components of variation. Potential causes of variation were analyzed with use of Spearman and partial correlations as well as with Poisson regression. Results: Rates for the three procedures that were studied varied from one state to another by as much as tenfold. Humeral head replacement had the lowest rate of variation according to all three measures. All three procedures were performed less often in states that were more densely populated. With the numbers available for study, no consistent, significant relationship was found between the density of orthopaedists and shoulder surgeons and the rates of any procedure. Conclusions: The striking variations that were noted for these commonly performed procedures showed that there is a clear need for well designed clinical research to further define the factors that account for the variations and to examine the effectiveness and appropriate indications for the procedures.
Food microbe tracker: a web-based tool for storage and comparison of food-associated microbes.

Large amounts of molecular subtyping information are generated by the private sector, academia, and government agencies. However, use of subtype data is limited by a lack of effective data storage and sharing mechanisms that allow comparison of subtype data from multiple sources. Currently available subtype databases are generally limited in scope to a few data types (e.g., MLST.net) or are not publicly available (e.g., PulseNet). We describe the development and initial implementation of Food Microbe Tracker, a public Web-based database that allows archiving and exchange of a variety of molecular subtype data that can be cross-referenced with isolate source data, genetic data, and phenotypic characteristics. Data can be queried with a variety of search criteria, including DNA sequences and banding pattern data (e.g., ribotype or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type). Food Microbe Tracker allows the deposition of data on any bacterial genus and species, bacteriophages, and other viruses. The bacterial gen...
Genesis of the Airload Variations on Cylinders of Small Aspect Ratios

A cylinder of aspect ratio 1 experiences a rich mixture of phenomena when yawed through 360 degrees. Understanding this variation is crucial to aerodynamic load definition for objects of practical shape. This paper uses several diagnostics to explain the detailed airload map of cylinders with length to diameter ratios 0.25 to 4 in steady incompressible flow, at Reynolds numbers from 50,000 to 450,000. A sharp linear variation of side force coefficient with yaw is bounded by apparent stall. Drag and pitching moment depend more on the curved surfaces, while side force is dominated by flow over the end plates. Tuft visualization and stereo Particle Image Velocimetry complement 6-DOF loads. Pressure distributions are obtained from velocimetry as well as from computations. The flow over the suction side shows a curved leading edge vortex followed by reattachment and an aft separation. The lift at low yaw is largely due to suction from the zones near the front corner, while at higher yaw it comes from the pressure difference between the two sides. The presence of helical vortices differentiates the lift generation from models based purely on separation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Normal pressure hydrocephalus: a histologic study.

The clinical histories of patients with the syndrome “normal pressure hydrocephalus” usually reveal an antecedent basis for the impeded absorption of spinal fluid. However, a small proportion of these patients have an insidious onset of this disease for no demonstrable reason. We are reporting such a case with autopsy findings. The morphologic changes were compatible with a significant degree of obstruction to flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Histologically, there was no evidence of recent inflammation or hemorrhage. Although the cause of the meningeal fibrosis, subependymal gliosis, and changes in the arachnoid villae was not clear, these changes could be secondary to an unrecognized previous meningitis. We will have to await the description of more cases before any definite conclusions can be made regarding the etiology of this clinical entity.
Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris diet composition during extreme flow events in a large river

ABSTRACTRecord flooding during 2011 caused the middle Missouri River to inundate its floodplain for much of the summer and fall. Subsequently, near-record drought during 2012 confined the river within its channel all year. Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris diet was compared between 2011 and 2012 to assess several aspects of their trophic ecology during two years with overtly different hydrographs. A total of 629 flathead catfish were collected across years and results indicated that stomachs were more full (p < 0.001) and fish were in better condition (p < 0.001) during 2011. Furthermore, empty stomachs were less frequent (p = 0.003) and flathead catfish transitioned to piscivory at smaller sizes during the flood year. Future work to assess the influence of hydrology on large river food webs will help resource managers determine the magnitude and frequency of flooding needed to maintain or enhance large river fisheries.
269 CRITICAL ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-17 AND INTERLEUKIN-17 RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN TNBS-INDUCED COLITIS.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by recurrent inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes and neutrophils is one of the predominant features in IBD. Recently, interleukin (IL)-23 and the downstream T-cell derived cytokine IL-17 have been found to be elevated in IBD patients. However, the role of IL-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) signaling in gastrointestinal inflammation is unknown. To examine their role, we investigated colonic inflammation in wild-type or IL-17R KO mice. Using a model of TNBS-induced colitis, we found that IL-17 was produced in colon tissue at 24 and 48 hours. IL-17R KO mice were significantly protected against TNBS-induced weight loss, IL-6 production, local MIP-2 induction, as well as colonic inflammation. This protection occurred in the presence of equivalent induction of local IL-23 and higher levels of IL-12p70 and IFN-gamma in IL-17R KO mice compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, IL-17R KO mice exhibited a reduced tissue neutrophil infiltration as assessed by myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, overexpression of an IL-17R IgG1 fusion protein significantly attenuated colonic inflammation after TNBS challenge. These results demonstrate that IL-17 and IL-17R signaling play a critical role in the development of TNBS-induced colitis and may represent a target for therapeutic intervention for IBD.
Register for Examination and Approval of Operation Specification Content Abstract

Standard operation for medical device registration is an important regulatory file to regulate the medical device registration behavior, accompany with the notification of new provision on medical device registration, CFDA revised the old standard operation for medical device registration, and published new standard operation for domestic class II /III and imported medical device, this paper introduced some important requirements in the regulatory files, help the reader to know the standard operation well.
Urinary Tract Status of Patients with Neurogenic Dysfunction Presenting with Upper Tract Stone Disease

AbstractWe treated 71 patients with neurogenic vesical dysfunction between September 1983 and June 1990 for upper tract stones. We studied these patients to determine the time course of stone development and the presence of associated urological abnormalities. There were 44 male and 27 female patients 6 to 72 years old. Lower urinary tract dysfunction resulted from spinal cord injuries in 34 patients (48%), myelodysplasia in 19 (27%), multiple sclerosis in 12 (17%) and other diagnoses in 6 (8%). Of 71 patients 21 (30%) were managed by an ileal loop, 12 (17%) by a Foley catheter, 10 (14%) by a suprapubic tube, 10 (14%) by ureterostomy, 5 (7%) by vesicostomy, 8 (11%) by intermittent catheterization, and 5 (7%) by diaper, Crede’s voiding or condom catheterization. Stone disease developed within 1 to 22 years. Patients with an indwelling catheter or supravesical diversion fared worse than those managed by intermittent catheterization or vesicostomy; they had higher rates of renal unit loss, renal parenchymal ...
Moving to a personalized medicine approach to promote health across the weight spectrum

We disagree with the assertion by Bell et al.1 that '[s]ufficient evidence has amassed to dismiss healthy obesity as a harmless condition, and to instead adopt a default view of healthy obesity as a high risk state for future decline.' A more comprehensive assessment of the literature reveals many unanswered questions regarding the stability of metabolic health among higher body mass index (BMI) individuals.2 Although some metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals see metabolic decline, existing data are insufficient to claim this as inevitable. Indeed, the evidence offered by Bell et al.1 underscores this point. For example, a meta-analysis they reference actually shows considerable variability in the association between MHO and Type II diabetes risk. This is unsurprising given the underpowered nature of this meta-analysis, which documented only 98 incident cases of diabetes in MHO individuals across all studies.3 Likewise, the development of metabolic risk among MHO individuals is either no different from healthy 'normal' weight individuals (in the case of cholesterol and triglycerides) or is inconsistent across time points (in the case of glucose and hypertension).4 Contending 'sufficient evidence' is unwarranted.
Control of arterial pressure in conscious, sinoaortic-denervated sheep in normoxia and hypoxia

The contribution of the sinoaortic reflexes to the control of both the mean level and variability of arterial pressure (Pa) and heart rate (HR) was studied in five adult ewes after chronic section of the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves (SAD). SAD group responses were compared with a sham-operated group (n = 6). Pa was 15% lower in the SAD group due to a reduction of total peripheral resistance. The standard deviations and coefficients of variation for both Pa and HR obtained by continuous 16-h monitoring (10-s intervals) in the SAD sheep were not significantly different from those of the sham group. Arterial hypoxia (arterial PO2 = 40 mmHg for 96 h) had no significant influence on the mean values or variability for Pa and HR for either group, although both groups spent more time lying down. Ventilation was unchanged in the SAD group. Thus mean Pa is lower after removal of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor inputs, but the variabilities of both HR and Pa are unaltered during both normoxia and hypoxia in this sedentary species.
Detecting and correcting mispronunciations: a note on methodology

Abstract: Two different techniques were employed to investigate subjects’ ability to detect mispronounced words in continuous speech. Twenty two-syllable words were mispronounced in each of three prose passages, changing either the stress pattern, the voicing of obstruents, or the front-back dimension of vowels. Subjects were tested in two conditions. In the first, subjects indicated mispronounced words on a script while listening to the passages. In the second, subjects were instructed to stop the tape recording when they detected a mispronounced word and to say which word was mispronounced. The first condition provides information regarding subjects’ ability to detect mispronunciations under optimal conditions. The second provides detection information as well as information about subjects’ ability to correct the mispronounced word and the location of the detection in the stream of speech. The results obtained in the two conditions were neither entirely congruent with each other, nor with results obtained in previous experiment which employed shadowing as the experimental task.
Practical Evaluation of Human and Synthesized Speech for Virtual Human Dialogue Systems

The current practice in virtual human dialogue systems is to use professional human recordings or limited-domain speech synthesis. Both approaches lead to good performance but at a high cost. To determine the best trade-off between performance and cost, we perform a systematic evaluation of human and synthesized voices with regard to naturalness, conversational aspect, and likability. We vary the type (in-domain vs. out-of-domain), length, and content of utterances, and take into account the age and native language of raters as well as their familiarity with speech synthesis. We present detailed results from two studies, a pilot one and one run on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Our results suggest that a professional human voice can supersede both an amateur human voice and synthesized voices. Also, a high-quality general-purpose voice or a good limited-domain voice can perform better than amateur human recordings. We do not find any significant differences between the performance of a high-quality general-purpose voice and a limited-domain voice, both trained with speech recorded by actors. As expected, the high-quality general-purpose voice is rated higher than the limited-domain voice for out-of-domain sentences and lower for in-domain sentences. There is also a trend for long or negative-content utterances to receive lower ratings.
Lipophilic siRNA targets albumin in situ and promotes bioavailability, tumor penetration, and carrier-free gene silencing

Clinical translation of therapies based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) is hampered by siRNA's comprehensively poor pharmacokinetic properties, which necessitate molecule modifications and complex delivery strategies. We sought an alternative approach to commonly used nanoparticle carriers by leveraging the long-lived endogenous serum protein albumin as an siRNA carrier. We synthesized siRNA conjugated to a diacyl lipid moiety (siRNA-L2), which rapidly binds albumin in situ. siRNA-L2, in comparison with unmodified siRNA, exhibited a 5.7-fold increase in circulation half-life, an 8.6-fold increase in bioavailability, and reduced renal accumulation. Benchmarked against leading commercial siRNA nanocarrier in vivo jetPEI, siRNA-L2 achieved 19-fold greater tumor accumulation and 46-fold increase in per-tumor-cell uptake in a mouse orthotopic model of human triple-negative breast cancer. siRNA-L2 penetrated tumor tissue rapidly and homogeneously; 30 min after i.v. injection, siRNA-L2 achieved uptake in 99% of tumor cells, compared with 60% for jetPEI. Remarkably, siRNA-L2 achieved a tumor:liver accumulation ratio >40:1 vs. <3:1 for jetPEI. The improved pharmacokinetic properties of siRNA-L2 facilitated significant tumor gene silencing for 7 d after two i.v. doses. Proof-of-concept was extended to a patient-derived xenograft model, in which jetPEI tumor accumulation was reduced fourfold relative to the same formulation in the orthotopic model. The siRNA-L2 tumor accumulation diminished only twofold, suggesting that the superior tumor distribution of the conjugate over nanoparticles will be accentuated in clinical situations. These data reveal the immense promise of in situ albumin targeting for development of translational, carrier-free RNAi-based cancer therapies.
Practical Tips for Facilitating Research, by Moira J. Bent: London: Facet Publishing, 2016. 263p. ISBN 978-1-78330-017-4. $95.00 (softcover).

Part of the larger series titled “Practical Tips for Library and Information Professionals,” Practical Tips for Facilitating Research by Moira J. Bent lives up to its title. Using a tips-based appr...
Is CBT-I Effective for Pain?

In 2006, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Standards of Practice Committee1 issued a call for more research studies on the behavioral treatment of insomnia to examine whether sleep intervention leads to an improvement in insomnia comorbid with other medical or psychiatric conditions. The study by Vitiello and colleagues is a significant contribution to this effort by demonstrating the sustained effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) for sleep in patients with osteoarthritis. Vitiello et al.2 found medium effects for changes in sleep-onset and sleep-continuity measures 1 year after the conclusion of CBT-I. This is one of the longest follow-up time periods employed in a study using state-of-the-art sleep assessments to examine the effect of CBT-I in patients with pain and insomnia.
Tris(2-benzamido-eth-yl)ammonium tetra-fluoro-borate.

In the title compound, C27H31N4O3+·BF4−, the central N atom is protonated. The three arms form a pocket and one amidic O atom accepts an inter­molecular hydrogen bond with the protonated amine. The tetra­fluoro­borate anion is outside the cavity and is hydrogen bonded to one amide N atom. Adjacent organic cations are connected by a pair of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain.
Aortic Perfusion Pressure and Protein Synthesis

Cardiac hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism utilized when the heart must do additional work. Immediately after imposition of an increased pressure load, an acceleration in the rate of protein synthesis must depend upon increased efficiency because sufficient time has not elapsed to allow for synthesis of increased numbers of ribosomes and other components of the pathway. Efficiency of synthesis refers to the rate at which amino acids are incorporated into protein when expressed as a function of tissue RNA, whereas capacity refers to the quantity of RNA present within the heart (Waterlow et al., 1978). When the effects of increased pressure load were studied in vitro, incorporation of amino acids into heart protein was accelerated by higher work loads in working heart preparations or by increased perfusion pressure in Langendorff preparations (Schreiber et al., 1966; Hjalmarson and Isaksson, 1972a; Morgan et al., 1980). In these circumstances, increased synthesis was thought to be related to development of higher levels of ventricular pressure.
Partners and Power: Understanding Ancestral Wichita and French Trade at the Deer Creek Site

Deer Creek is an eighteenth-century fortified site in Oklahoma that is featured in dozens of publications yet was not excavated until 2016. While archaeologists today acknowledge the site as a Wichita village, others have insisted Deer Creek is a European fort. Historical narratives bereft of archaeological investigation can prove problematic and have minimized the role of Wichita communities in economic relationships. The Deer Creek site was just one of many villages in the region where Indigenous peoples held significant power as they negotiated with European travelers and archaeological work can reveal the perspective of those who there.
In This Issue: Nothing Simple

There are not a lot of simple answers in this issue of Annals . The complexity of the questions being posed, and the health and health care phenomena that are being evaluated, defy easy answers. A research study, an essay, and an editorial address the effects of social isolation and loneliness—
Impact of Childhood Leukemia Treatment on Attention Measured by the Continuous Performance Test Factor Structure

Objectives To describe the impact of central nervous system-directed treatment on attention and its relation to academic outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Sample & setting 51 children diagnosed with ALL at two pediatric oncology treatment centers in the southwestern United States. Methods & variables A prospective, longitudinal design measured attention after a child was in remission, two years after the start of treatment, and at the end of treatment. Attention measures from the Conners' Continuous Performance Test were grouped into composite subdomains based on a factor structure describing focused attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. Results Children treated for ALL exhibited decreased focused attention, sustained attention, and vigilance during and at the end of treatment when compared to age- and gender-normed references. Implications for nursing Pediatric oncology nurses are in a position to ask patients and parents about neuropsychological difficulties during ALL treatment. Patients who experience these effects are at risk for decreased academic abilities after treatment.
Core formation and geophysical properties of Mars

Abstract The chemical and physical properties of the interiors of terrestrial planets are largely determined during their formation and differentiation. Modeling a planet's formation provides important insights into the properties of its core and mantle, and conversely, knowledge of those properties may constrain formational narratives. Here, we present a multi-stage model of Martian core formation in which we calculate core–mantle equilibration using parameterizations from high pressure–temperature metal–silicate partitioning experiments. We account for changing core–mantle boundary (CMB) conditions, composition-dependent partitioning, and partial equilibration of metal and silicate, and we evolve oxygen fugacity (fO2) self-consistently. The model successfully reproduces published meteorite-based estimates of most elemental abundances in the bulk silicate Mars, which can be used to estimate core formation conditions and core composition. This composition implies that the primordial material that formed Mars was significantly more oxidized (0.9–1.4 log units below the iron–wustite buffer) than that of the Earth, and that core–mantle equilibration in Mars occurred at 42–60% of the evolving CMB pressure. On average, at least 84% of accreted metal and at least 40% of the mantle were equilibrated in each impact, a significantly higher degree of metal equilibration than previously reported for the Earth. In agreement with previous studies, the modeled Martian core is rich in sulfur (18–19 wt%), with less than one weight percent O and negligible Si. We have used these core and mantle compositions to produce physical models of the present-day Martian interior and evaluate the sensitivity of core radius to crustal thickness, mantle temperature, core composition, core temperature, and density of the core alloy. Trade-offs in how these properties affect observable physical parameters like planetary mass, radius, moment of inertia, and tidal Love number k 2 define a range of likely core radii: 1620–1870 km. Seismic velocity profiles for several combinations of model parameters have been used to predict seismic body-wave travel times and planetary normal mode frequencies. These results may be compared to forthcoming Martian seismic data to further constrain core formation conditions and geophysical properties.
chapter 13 – Notifications

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the concept of notification, a common design pattern that allows clients to be notified when interesting events happen in a server. In particular, the chapter focuses on WS-Notifications, a family of specification that allows using this design pattern with Web Services. Then, two examples of how notifications can be use in the services are shown in the chapter. The WS-Notifications family of specifications, although not a part of WSRF, has strong ties to it. It provides a set of standard interfaces to use the notification design pattern with Web Services. WS-Notification is divided into three specifications: WS-Topics, WS-BaseNotification, and WS-BrokeredNotification. GT4 currently doesn't implement the WS-Notifications family of specifications completely. However, GT4 does allow it to perform effective topic-based notifications. This chapter shows how to add notifications to a service so clients can be notified each time a certain RP (Resource Property) is modified. ReflectionResourceProperty can also be used to implement the RPs, instead of using SimpleResourceProperty, but that means that one will have to manually trigger the notification. GT4 includes a set of command-line clients one can use to test notifications in a service without having to implement a listener client for a specific service.
Fabricated shape estimation for additive manufacturing processes with uncertainty

Abstract We present an approach to map Additive Manufacturing (AM) process parameters and a given tool path to a representation of the as-manufactured shape that captures machine-specific manufacturing uncertainty. Multi-physics models that capture the deposition process at the smallest manufacturing scale are solved to accurately simulate local material accumulation. A surrogate model for the multiphysics simulation is used to practically simulate the material accumulation by locally varying the spatial distribution of material along the tool path. This generates a training set representing a variational class of as-manufactured shapes. Machine specific manufacturing uncertainty is then represented as a 3D kernel obtained by deconvolving the simulated as-printed shape with the tool path. This kernel provides a good estimate of the probability of local material accumulation independent of the chosen part and tool-path. Convolution of the kernel with a tool-path combined with an appropriate super-level-set of the resulting field provides a computationally efficient way to estimate the as-manufactured shape of AM parts. The efficiency results from the highly parallelized implementation of convolution on the GPU. We demonstrate high-resolution shape estimation and visualization of as-printed parts constructed using this approach. We validate the method using data generated by simulating a build process for droplet-based AM, by performing model order reduction of a system of partial differential equations for the 3D Navier–Stokes multiphase flows coupled with heat-transfer and phase change.
Sarcoid Ventricular Tachycardia

Cardiac sarcoid results in ventricular scars that can cause recurrent monomorphic VT. The distribution and extent of the scar is variable. This case demonstrates the potentially patchy nature of cardiac sarcoid, with involvement of the deep septum and peri-aortic region, which was ablated with two site simultaneous unipolar ablation from the epicardium and endocardium requiring long duration lesions to ablate. It also shows the utility of using intra-cardiac echocardiography to annotate cardiac structures and visualize lesion formation.
Non-destructive DNA analysis of single pollen grains

Abstract Forensic palynology has played a crucial role in many criminal investigations, from burglary to homicide, rape, war crimes, terrorism, and drug trafficking. With the emergence of DNA barcoding, pollen genomics has immense potential to classify and identify pollen taxonomically from its genetic signature. In forensic analysis, a non-destructive method for evidence is essential. Thus, several challenges exist for the extraction of DNA from the pollen grains, such as keeping the grain intact for secondary analysis and bypassing the issue of DNA mixtures more likely to be observed in a pollen assemblage. In this study, a new method was developed to address these challenges and was designed to extract genetic material while not destroying the pollen grain on a single grain level. We demonstrate the mehod's efficiency with Pinus echinata, Taxodium distichum, and Plantago lanceolata single pollen grains. Quantitative PCR amplification of two genetic markers, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and digital microscopy demonstrates the non-destructive nature of this novel DNA extraction method from single pollen grains.
Self-Determination Theory and Perceptions of Spiritual Growth

College students have reported desire for contextual help cultivating religious and spiritual need fulfillment, yet little is known about how environmental factors achieve this outcome. Guided by S...
Lessons in Resilience: Initial Coping among Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background and objectives In addition to increased physical health risks, older adults may also experience risks to their mental health and social well-being due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, older adults may be uniquely able to cope given their life experiences and coping mechanisms. This study explores older adults' coping experiences and strategies during the initial weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research design and methods A Midwestern sample of 76 older adults aged 70-97 years completed a phone interview about their experiences with social distancing due to COVID-19. Interviews were conducted during the early weeks of regional social distancing (March 28-April 20, 2020). Participants rated their level of perceived coping and responded to open-ended questions about their daily life and coping. Results Mean perceived coping level (on a scale from 1 to 10) was 7.9, with 87% of participants rating their coping positively. Primary themes that emerged included (a) staying busy, (b) seeking social support, and (c) having a positive mindset. These emotion-focused coping strategies appeared adaptive in the early weeks of the pandemic for most older adults. Discussion and implications Contrary to predominant messaging about the vulnerability of older adults, these findings highlight the resilient nature of older adults in terms of their psychological coping and adaptability during COVID-19. Future research should build upon these findings to better understand and promote late-life coping during crises. Practitioners should seek to support older adults' engagement in such proactive coping, and social policies should be developed to acknowledge the variable needs of older adults.
The prognostic impact of RAS on overall survival following liver resection in early versus late-onset colorectal cancer patients

The impact of molecular aberrations on survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM) in patients with early-age-onset (EOCRC) versus late-age-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) is unknown. Patients who underwent liver resection for CLM with known RAS, BRAF and MSI status were retrospectively studied. The prognostic impact of RAS mutations by age was analysed with age as a categorical variable and a continuous variable. The study included 573 patients, 192 with EOCRC and 381 with LOCRC. The younger the age of onset of CRC, the greater the negative impact on overall survival of RAS mutations in the LOCRC, EOCRC, and ≤40 years (hazard ratio (HR), 1.64 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23–2.20), 2.03 (95% CI, 1.30–3.17), and 2.97 (95% CI, 1.44–6.14), respectively. Age-specific mortality risk and linear regression analysis also demonstrated that RAS mutations had a greater impact on survival in EOCRC than in LOCRC (slope: −4.07, 95% CI −8.10 to 0.04, P = 0.047, R2 = 0.08). Among patients undergoing CLM resection, RAS mutations have a greater negative influence on survival in patients with EOCRC, more so in patients ≤40 years, than in patients with LOCRC and should be considered as a prognostic factor in multidisciplinary treatment planning.
Policy drivers for improving electricity end-use efficiency in the USA: an economic–engineering analysis

This paper estimates the economically achievable potential for improving electricity end-use efficiency in the USA from a sample of policies. The approach involves identifying a series of energy efficiency policies tackling market failures and then examining their impacts and cost-effectiveness using Georgia Institute of Technology's version of the National Energy Modeling System. By estimating the policy-driven electricity savings and the associated levelized costs, a policy supply curve for electricity efficiency is produced. Each policy is evaluated individually and in an integrated policy scenario to examine policy dynamics. The integrated policy scenario demonstrates significant achievable potential: 261 TWh (6.5 %) of electricity savings in 2020 and 457 TWh (10.2 %) in 2035. All 11 policies examined were estimated to have lower levelized costs than the average electricity retail price. Levelized costs range from 0.5 to 8.1 cents/kWh, with the regulatory and information policies tending to be most cost-effective. Policy impacts on the power sector, carbon dioxide emissions, and energy intensity are also estimated to be significant.
Coupling between interfacial strain and oxygen vacancies at complex-oxides interfaces

The complex-oxides interfaces hold rich physics that have resulted in the emergence of various novel functional properties. While strain engineering has been widely used to induce many properties over the past decade, more recently the role of oxygen vacancies has increasingly drawn wider attention. In particular, research has revealed that there exists a strong coupling between strain and oxygen vacancy formation energy. This coupling can be used to alter oxygen vacancy concentration at interfaces, thereby opening another degree of freedom to control interfacial properties. In this review, we highlight recent works that have interrogated the connection between coupling and the emerging interfacial properties. The coupling has not only been used to selectively create oxygen vacancies at specific crystallographic oxygen sites but has also been used to manipulate ordering of oxygen vacancies near interfaces. In addition, recent studies have extended the existing connection between strain and octahedra distortion to oxygen vacancies, where the role of vacancies in the properties emerging due to octahedra distortion is now being unveiled. Finally, we discuss recent data-science efforts in the design and discovery of complex oxides and property prediction.
Is It Ethical to Mandate SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations among Incarcerated Persons?

Incarcerated persons have suffered a disproportionate burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population (Saloner et al. 2020; Otugo and Wages 2020), with heightened risk for adverse...
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in male rats results in sustained HPA activation, and hyperinsulinemia.

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a spectrum of cognitive deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease, for which insulin resistance is a major risk factor. A major cause of VCID is chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Under stress, sustained hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation can result in insulin resistance. Little is known about the effects of CCH on the HPA axis. We hypothesized that CCH causes sustained HPA activation and insulin resistance. Male rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) for 12 weeks to induce CCH and VCID. BCAS reduced cerebral blood flow and caused memory impairment. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone was increased in the BCAS rats (117.2 ± 9.6 vs. 88.29 ± 9.1 pg/mL, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0236), as was corticosterone (220 ± 21 vs. 146 ± 18 ng/g feces, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0083). BCAS rats were hypoglycemic (68.1 ± 6.1 vs. 76.5± 5.9 mg/dL, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0072), with increased fasting insulin (481.6 ± 242.6 vs. 97.94± 40.02 pmol/L, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0003) indicating BCAS rats were insulin resistant (HOMA-IR:11.71 ± 6.47 vs. 2.62 ± 0.93; BCAS vs. control, p = 0.0008). Glucose tolerance tests revealed that BCAS rats had lower blood glucose AUCs than controls (250 ± 12 vs. 326 ± 20 mg/dL/h, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0075). These studies indicate that CCH causes sustained activation of the HPA and results in insulin resistance, a condition that is expected to worsen VCID.
Coalition Politics and Economic Development: Credibility and the Strength of Weak Governments

Coalition Politics and Economic Development challenges the conventional wisdom that coalition government hinders necessary policy reform in developing countries. Irfan Nooruddin presents a fresh theory that institutionalized gridlock, by reducing policy volatility and stabilizing investor expectations, is actually good for economic growth. Successful national economic performance, he argues, is the consequence of having the right configuration of national political institutions. Countries in which leaders must compromise to form policy are better able to commit credibly to investors and therefore enjoy higher and more stable rates of economic development. Quantitative analysis of business surveys and national economic data together with historical case studies of five countries provide evidence for these claims. This is an original analysis of the relationship between political institutions and national economic performance in the developing world and will appeal to scholars and advanced students of political economy, economic development and comparative politics.
Digital libraries: Meeting place for high-level and low-level vision

The average person with a networked computer can now understand why computers should have vision — to search the world's collections of digital video and images and “retrieve a picture of_.” Computer vision for intelligent browsing, querying, and retrieval of imagery is needed now, and yet traditional approaches to computer vision remain far from a general solution to the scene understanding problem. In this paper I discuss the need for a solution based on combining high-level and low-level vision, that works in concert with input from a human user. The solution is based on: 1) Learning from the user what is important visually, and 2) Learning associations between text descriptions and visual data. I describe some recent results in these areas, and overview key challenges for future research in computer vision for digital libraries.
Outcomes of Health Education

(1934). Outcomes of Health Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 34-62.
Experimental and Computational Studies of CCR5 Cell-Surface Receptor Heterogeneity and Angiogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer – a Step Towards Understanding Lung Metastasis

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis. It is the metastatic disease, in which the cancer cells leave the prima...