cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENTRIFICATION IN KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE: A STUDY OF THE FOURTH AND GILL NEIGHBORHOOD

The gentrification process is the movement of middle- and upper-class people into central-city working-class residential neighborhoods. Two important questions about the gentrification process are the origin of the new residents and their reasons for moving into these central-city neighborhoods. The study traces residents through two previous moves. It was found that the last move was generally intracity, but the preceding move was intercity. The cost of housing played a major role in the decision to move to the central city.
Possible explanation of susceptibility experiments on dilute systems of random magnetic dipoles

Qualitative fits to low frequency susceptibility measurements of a random system of magnetic dipoles is consistent with the following picture. As we increase the concentration, larger spin clusters will appear which will have available a greater variety of spin configurations and barrier heights. Since the lowest barrier height dominates the dynamics of a cluster, the higher concentration samples have lower effective barrier heights.
Coherent Population Control of Rydberg Atom by Adiabatic Rapid Passage

We have demonstrated that the binding energy of a Rydberg atom is controlled as a function of a chirp of a microwave field through sequences of one-photon or a single multi-photon adiabatic rapid passage(s).
PATTERNS OF ERRORS IN THE REVERSAL SHIFT AND THE OVERLEARNING-REVERSAL EFFECT

Summary.-In two experiments adults (ns = 90, and 40) learned a two-choice discrimination to eight stimuli. After either initial acquisition training or overtraining a reversal shift was presented. In a subsequent phase post-reversal-shift subjects were instructed to respond, without feedback. to the stimuli in terms of either the acquisition phase or reversal-shift phase patterns of responding. In Exp. I four stimuli, presented without feedback, were interspersed during acquisition and the reversal shift to differentiate between subjects using a conceptual mode of solution based only on values of the relevant dimension and a nonconceptual, rote learning, solution mode. The overlearningreversal effect and associated error pattern were found only among nonconceptual subjects. Post-reversal-shift test performance indicated that overtraining differentially affected response strategies used in the reversal shift as a function of the mode of solution subjects attained. In Exp. I1 stimuli were arranged so that a conceptual solution was not possible. The data replicated Exp. I. A responsemediation interpretation of the effects of overtraining on reversal-shift behavior and reversal-shift error pattern is proposed. Numerous studies (Wolff, 1967) have shown that overtraining beyond a minimal criterion of acquisition in a two-choice discrimination leads to fewer errors in learning a reversal shift than if the shift is initiated immediately after the minimal criterion is met. One approach to explaining this overlearningreversal effect has been through two-stage attentional models of discrimination learning (Lovejoy, 1966; Zeaman & House, 1963). Based on hypothesized rates of acquisition of dimension-specific mediacing responses and instrumental choice responses, these models predict a distinctive pattern of errors in the reversal shift; namely, a sequence of consecutive perseverative errors followed by chance-level responding as attention co the relevant dimension is lost. As responding continues, reacquisition of the appropriate attending and choice responses occurs, followed by attainment of the reversal-shift criterion. An overtraining phase prior to the reversal is assumed to strengthen attending so that the initial series of perseverative errors is directly followed by reversal-shift criterion. The overlearning-reversal effect thus results from the elimination of responding at a chance level. Some support for these predictions has been reported by Eimas ( 1969) and Turrisi ( 1973). , In a series of studies Lowenkron (1969) and Lowenkron and Driessen ( 1971 ) demonstrated that the overlearning-reversal effect required explanation without recourse to any model positing a mediacing or attending response. In these experiments responses to four specific stimuli interspersed within a stan
Interactions between nasal and temporal hemiretinal fibers in adult goldfish tectum.

Abstract In adult goldfish the nasal half-retina from one eye and the temporal half-retina from the other eye were removed, followed by left tectal ablation. Visuotectal projections were later mapped electrophysiologically. The contralateral half-retina projected to the entire tectum and showed expansion of the visual field; the projection was orderly. Partially superimposed projections from the temporal half-retina of one eye and the nasal half-retina from the other eye were found in the middle of the tectum, whereas the rostral and caudal tectum were innervated exclusively by the appropriate half-retina. When temporal half-retinae from two eyes were ablated along with left tectal removal, some animals showed expansion of the contralateral half-retinal field onto the tectum; however, in other animals the ipsilateral projection innervated the tectum either partially or completely and the projections from two eyes were superimposed in mirror-image fashion. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms controlling selective fiber regeneration with underlying fiber-to-fiber interactions.
Development of an indirect enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody to identify Ictalurus sp. fillets

The deceptive marketing of imported basa, Pangasius bocourti (Sauvage), fillets as catfish has resulted in serious economic losses to the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), industry in the US. The similar appearance of channel catfish and basa fillets created a need for a rapid method to differentiate uncooked, cooked and/or marinated channel catfish fillets from basa fillets and other fish products. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for a 36.8 kDa channel catfish fillet protein was produced and characterized by an indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. This MAb was used to develop an indirect ELISA specific for a fillet protein unique to fish of the genus Ictalurus. Using this ELISA, 100% of raw and cooked channel catfish fillets were correctly identified and differentiated from other fish in a single-blind study. These results show that the indirect ELISA using MAbs specific for unique Ictalurus sp. fillet proteins is a rapid and sensitive method for the identification of raw and cooked catfish fillets.
Low Frequency Electrical Properties of Nematic p,p′ Azoxyanisolet

Abstract The dependence of the electrical characteristics of p, p′ azoxy-anisole on time, voltage and history was measured in order to determine whether this substance is ferroelectric in the nematic state. The results imply that the observed remanent polarization (hysteresis) and the non-linearity of the low-frequency impedance are due to electrochemical processes rather than to ferroelectricity.
Specific resistance of blood at body temperature II

The specific resistance values for samples of goat, sheep, camel, monkey, baboon, cat and pig blood at 37°C are given for a range of packed-cell volumes extending from 0 to 70%. The relationship is presented in the form p=AeαH, when p is the specific resistance, A and α are constants and H is the packed-cell volume in percent. In addition, values for the change in resistivity with the addition of saline are presented to allow electrical calibration for conductivity cells when saline is used as the indicator in cardiac-output studies.
A simple cooled Si(Li) electron spectrometer

Abstract The construction of an electron spectrometer using a 80 mm 2 × × 3 mm cooled Si(Li) detector has been described. The system resolutions (fwhm) for 115, 194 and 624 keV electrons were found to be 0.88, 1.06 and 1.50 keV, respectively. The resolution (fwhm) for 5.8 MeV α-particles was found to be 12.0 keV. The Si(Li) detector did not show any deterioration in performance after several warming and cooling cycles over a period of two years. The thickness of the Si dead layer on the detector face was estimated from the energy loss of low-energy electrons and was found to be 0.6 μm. The spectrometer described here can be used for the measurement of electron lines above 20 keV energy. Also because of its simple design the spectrometer can be used for α−e − and γ−e − coincidence experiments.
Giant epidermoid cyst of penis

Abstract We believe this is the first published case report of a giant epidermoid cyst located on the dorsum of the penis.
Treatment of negative schizophrenic symptoms with alprazolam: A preliminary open-label study

Eight schizophrenic patients received alprazolam in an open-label protocol. A partial reversal of negative symptoms was noted in six of the eight patients. Also, all eight experienced a decrease in anxiety. Alprazolam in doses of 5 to 7 mg/day yielded steady state plasma levels of 6 to 64 ng/ml. As the drug was well tolerated at these doses and as negative symptoms of schizophrenia are difficult to treat, a double-blind, controlled trial of alprazolam is underway to test more rigorously these preliminary results.
Evidence that DNA involved in the expression of nodulation ( nod ) genes in Rhizobium binds to the product of the regulatory gene nodD

In Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, the regulatory nodulation nodD gene has at least two functions. It constitutively represses its own transcription and in the presence of inducer flavonoid molecules, it activates the expression of two other nod gene transcriptional units, nodABCIJ and nodFE. Upstream of nodA and nodF is a conserved sequence, the nod box, which has been implicated in nodD-mediated transcriptional activation of these genes. DNA fragments spanning the nod boxes that precede nodA and nodF were end-labelled and were exposed to cell-free extracts obtained from strains of Rhizobium. Using the gel retardation technique, it was shown that a complex between protein and these DNA fragments was formed, but only if the extract contained a functional nodD gene. Evidence that the protein that binds to the regulatory sequences is the nodD gene product came from the observation that a complex was formed between the nod box preceding nodA and protein from a cell-free extract isolated from Escherichia coli containing the cloned nodD gene. Extracts from Rhizobium strains containing mutant forms of nodD which were specifically affected in autoregulation or in flavonoid-dependent activation formed either no protein DNA complex or formed a complex with altered mobility compared to that obtained with extracts from wild-type strains.
Inhibition facilitates direction selectivity in a noisy cortical environment

In a broad class of models, direction selectivity in primary visual cortical neurons arises from the linear summation of spatially offset and temporally lagged inputs combined with a spike threshold. Here, we characterize the robustness of this class of models to input noise and background activity that is uncorrelated with the visual stimulus. When only excitatory inputs were considered, moderate levels of noise substantially degraded direction selectivity. By contrast, the inclusion of inhibition produced a direction-selective neuron even at high noise levels. Moreover, if inhibitory inputs were tuned, mirroring excitatory inputs but lagging by a fixed delay, they promoted a highly direction-selective response by suppressing all excitatory inputs in the null direction while minimally affecting excitatory inputs in the preferred direction. Additionally, tuned inhibition strongly reduced trial-by-trial variability, such that the neuron produced a consistent direction-selective response to multiple presentation of the same stimulus. This work illustrates how inhibition could be used by cortical circuits to reliably extract information on a single-trial basis from feed-forward inputs in a noisy, high-background context.
Structural and Connectional Diversity of the Primate Motor Thalamus: Experimental Light and Electron Microscopic Studies in the Rhesus Monkey

In this study we analyzed neuronal and synaptic organization of nigral and cerebellar afferent territories in the rhesus monkey motor thalamus using a variety of electron microscopic techniques. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences were revealed between the two regions with respect to features of nerve cells, their relationships to one another, and organization of afferent inputs on them. The data suggest that information arriving to the thalamus via nigral and cerebellar afferents is processed by different mechanisms.
Cardiolipin of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137

Abstract The fatty acids of cardiolipin from the phototrophic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137 + have been quantitatively analysed. Comparison is made at the molecular level between the cardiolipin of Chlamydomonas and that of higher plant tissue.
Polynomial diffeomorphisms of C2: VII. Hyperbolicity and external rays

Abstract For a polynomial automorphism we study the topology of J, the analogue of the Julia set, in the case where J is connected and hyperbolic.
Application of the dynamically allocated virtual clustering management system to emulated tactical network experimentation

The U.S Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has built a “Network Science Research Lab” to support research that aims to improve their ability to analyze, predict, design, and govern complex systems that interweave the social/cognitive, information, and communication network genres. Researchers at ARL and the Network Science Collaborative Technology Alliance (NS-CTA), a collaborative research alliance funded by ARL, conducted experimentation to determine if automated network monitoring tools and task-aware agents deployed within an emulated tactical wireless network could potentially increase the retrieval of relevant data from heterogeneous distributed information nodes. ARL and NS-CTA required the capability to perform this experimentation over clusters of heterogeneous nodes with emulated wireless tactical networks where each node could contain different operating systems, application sets, and physical hardware attributes. Researchers utilized the Dynamically Allocated Virtual Clustering Management System (DAVC) to address each of the infrastructure support requirements necessary in conducting their experimentation. The DAVC is an experimentation infrastructure that provides the means to dynamically create, deploy, and manage virtual clusters of heterogeneous nodes within a cloud computing environment based upon resource utilization such as CPU load, available RAM and hard disk space. The DAVC uses 802.1Q Virtual LANs (VLANs) to prevent experimentation crosstalk and to allow for complex private networks. Clusters created by the DAVC system can be utilized for software development, experimentation, and integration with existing hardware and software. The goal of this paper is to explore how ARL and the NS-CTA leveraged the DAVC to create, deploy and manage multiple experimentation clusters to support their experimentation goals.
Flow and heat transfer measurements in a pseudo-shock region with surface cooling

An experimental investigation was conducted to acquire information on the flow structure, mean flowfield, and temperature distributions in a pseudo-shock region in a supersonic diffuser with surface cooling. The Mach number upstream was 2.9, and the wall to stagnation temperature ratio was 0.44. A Mach-disk-like shock wave emanated from the thin separated flow region near the beginning of the compression region, and reattachment occurred one diameter downstream so that the flow was not separated over most of the pseudo-shock region. The flow compression was a shock-free, predominantly viscous process. Along the pseudo-shock region the measured heat-transfer coefficient increased approximately as the 0.8 power of the measured wall static pressure. The estimated wall shear stress increased downstream of flow attachment, but was still considerably less than the upstream value.
Stimulation of the secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone by melatonin in mouse adrenals in vitro.

Abstract Adrenals of young adult male mice kept on a LD 12:12 lighting regimen for three weeks prior to study and harvested at four different circadian stages were incubated for 2 hours with 0.4 IU synthetic ACTH in 2 ml Krebs-Ringer buffer (KR), or with 50, 150, and 450 μmoles of melatonin in KR containing 0.4 IU ACTH. The addition of melatonin to ACTH leads to a dose dependent stimulation of production and/or secretion of DHEA into the incubation medium irrespective of the circadian stage of harvesting of the adrenals. This relationship is of interest in view of the simultaneous decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone and melatonin in the course of aging, and the effects of these compounds upon aging related changes.
Analytical Model for Liquid Rocket Propellant Feedline Dynamics

A generalized analytical model and computer program have been developed to predict the frequency response of arbitrary liquid propellant feedline designs. The analytical model is based on an extension of an existing distributed parameter representation of a viscous fluid transmission line with laminar flow which was modified to include the effects of a turbulent mean flow. The effects of dissolved ullage gases, wall elasticity, localized gas or vapor bubbles, bellows, forced changes in length due to structural excitation, complex side branches, and structural mounting stiffness are also included. Each line component is written as a four-terminal, pressure-flow relationship in matrix form in the Laplace domain; the transfer function relating the pressure response at the line terminal (inducer inlet) to the external excitation is obtained in the computer program by sequential matrix substitution.
Concepts to real world implementation via service learning

This paper presents the experience I had implementing a Service Learning component into a Operating System/Networking 300 level course. The goal was to get the students to take the concepts from the classroom and textbook and use them to solve real world problems that would affect real people. The method for measuring the effects of this project was the journal entries students kept throughout the semester. In the end, the students not only successfully applied the concepts but felt they had gone beyond the material presented in the classroom and had an impact on the world around them.
Infrared spectra of methyl and silyl phosphines

Abstract The infrared spectra of methyl and silyl phosphines in the gas phase have been obtained over the region from 300 to 4000 cm−1 at prism resolution. A number of vibrational assignments have been made on the basis of a Cs model, although in several instances overlapping of bands permits only approximate values for some band centers. The complex absorption from 400 to 500 cm−1 in SiH3PH2 suggests the possibility that the overtone of the internal torsion may lie in this region.
ALLOMETRY AND JUMPING IN FROGS: HELPING THE TWAIN TO MEET

Superficially, anurans appear stereotyped in body shape, with short trunks and relatively long hindlimbs. This uniformity has been characterized by Inger (1967), who, borrowing from Gertrude Stein, wrote a frog is a frog is a frog. Because frogs preserve a generally similar body shape over a wide size range, they are an interesting group in which to study the relationship of locomotor function to body geometry and size. On land, jumping is the dominant locomotor mode of anurans. Previous studies of frog jumping (e.g., Wermel, 1934; Rand and Rand, 1966; Zug, 1972) have assumed that the principal function of this locomotor mode is to maximize distance between the animal and a potential predator, and have focused on the relationship between morphology and jump distance. There are, however, other parameters of jumping, such as quickness of movement (acceleration) that may be important and related to frog morphology. A correlated examination of allometry and locomotor behavior provides an approach for testing two alternative hypotheses of jump function: jump distance vs. quickness of movement.
Inhibitory effects of pergolide on peripheral adrenergic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of pergolide (12.5–500 μg/kg) produced dose-related and sustained arterial hypotension in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) which was accompanied by bradycardia at higher tested doses. During the time frame of hypotension produced by pergolide (50 μg/kg, i.p.), diastolic blood pressure and cardiac rate responses to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic outflow in pithed SHR were attenuated, whereas comparable responses induced by exogenous norepinephrine were unaffected. Pretreatment of SHR with sulpiride abolished pergolide-induced hypotension and prevented its inhibitory effect on neurogenic vasoconstrictor responses. Sulpiride alone had no effect on responses to electrical stimulation or injected norepinephrine. Yohimbine or vagotomy plus atropine did not attenuate the hypotensive effect of pergolide while hexamethonium or pithing reversed it; increments in pressure produced by pergolide after each of the latter interventions were probably mediated by postsynaptic alpha receptors, since vasoconstrictor responses to pergolide (10−100 μg/kg, i.v.) in pithed preparations were attenuated by phentolamine. The data suggest that pergolide lowers arterial blood pressure and cardiac rate by inhibiting peripheral sympathetic nerve function through a dopaminergic mechanism. The probable site of action of pergolide is at presynaptic (neuronal) dopamine receptors which are known to mediate inhibition of neurogenic release of norepinephrine.
Growth and Differentiation of Skin

During the past 25 years, attention has turned from the morphologic aspects of skin development which are well known, to the mechanisms that control this development. Although our knowledge of these mechanisms is still limited, some avenues of investigation appear promising, e.g., epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cell communication and other cell surface phenomena, and certain aspects of the proliferative process. In the analysis of what controls growth and differentiation, skin, as the experimental system, has played a major role.
INCORPORATING COVARIATES INTO FISHERIES STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO PACIFIC HERRING

We present a framework for evaluating the cause of fishery declines by integrating covariates into a fisheries stock assessment model. This allows the evaluation of fisheries' effects vs. natural and other human impacts. The analyses presented are based on integrating ecological science and statistics and form the basis for environmental decision-making advice. Hypothesis tests are described to rank hypotheses and determine the size of a multiple covariate model. We extend recent developments in integrated analysis and use novel methods to produce effect size estimates that are relevant to policy makers and include estimates of uncertainty. Results can be directly applied to evaluate trade-offs among alternative management decisions. The methods and results are also broadly applicable outside fisheries stock assessment. We show that multiple factors influence populations and that analysis of factors in isolation can be misleading. We illustrate the framework by applying it to Pacific herring of Prince William Sound, Alaska (USA). The Pacific herring stock that spawns in Prince William Sound is a stock that has collapsed, but there are several competing or alternative hypotheses to account for the initial collapse and subsequent lack of recovery. Factors failing the initial screening tests for statistical significance included indicators of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, coho salmon predation, sea lion predation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Northern Oscillation Index, and effects of containment in the herring egg-on-kelp pound fishery. The overall results indicate that the most statistically significant factors related to the lack of recovery of the herring stock involve competition or predation by juvenile hatchery pink salmon on herring juveniles. Secondary factors identified in the analysis were poor nutrition in the winter, ocean (Gulf of Alaska) temperature in the winter, the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, and the pathogen Ichthyophonus hoferi. The implication of this result to fisheries management in Prince William Sound is that it may well be difficult to simultaneously increase the production of pink salmon and maintain a viable Pacific herring fishery. The impact can be extended to other commercially important fisheries, and a whole ecosystem approach may be needed to evaluate the costs and benefits of salmon hatcheries.
TRAM linker: a safety-catch linker for the traceless release of acrylamides.

A novel safety-catch linker for the solid-phase synthesis of small-molecule libraries containing electrophilic reactive groups has been developed. Upon cleavage from solid support, the linker generates a Michael acceptor (an acrylamide) on each library member. Utilization of a two-resin system in the final cleavage step provides crude products in high purity, allowing direct use in biological assays following filtration and evaporation.
Upstream electromigration study on multiple via structures in copper interconnect

Upstream Electromigration (EM) study was performed on different multiple via structures with different Cu line dimensions. EM performance was found to be dependent on both via layout and Cu line dimension. Failure analysis showed different EM failure modes and diffusion paths on these structures with their different grain morphology. Finite element analysis is applied to find out the current density profiles of these structures and explain their EM results. Simulated resistance increase was found to be dependent on the size and location of EM induced void in these structures.
Precipitable Water from GPS Zenith Delays Using North American Regional Reanalysis Meteorology

AbstractPrecipitable water or integrated water vapor can be obtained from zenith travel-time delays from global positioning system (GPS) signals if the atmospheric pressure and temperature at the GPS site is known. There have been more than 10 000 GPS receivers deployed as part of geophysics research programs around the world; but, unfortunately, most of these receivers do not have collocated barometers. This paper describes a new technique to use North American Regional Reanalysis pressure, temperature, and geopotential height data to calculate station pressures and surface temperature at the GPS sites. This enables precipitable water to be calculated at those sites using archived zenith delays. The technique has been evaluated by calculating altimeter readings at aviation routine weather report (METAR) sites and comparing them with reported altimeter readings. Additionally, the precipitable water values calculated using this method have been found to agree with SuomiNet GPS precipitable water, with RMS ...
Application of a SAR image archive to climatological analysis of coastal wind storms

This study uses the high-resolution all-weather surface wind field mapping capability of SAR to detect and quantitatively describe the strong mountain-parallel, low-level mesoscale wind maxima, commonly called barrier jets that occur along the synoptically windward slopes of Alaska's coastal mountain ranges. SAR reveals that there are two classes of this phenomenon: pure barrier jets caused by terrain blocking of on-shore (i.e. upslope) flow and hybrid jets resulting from the cyclonic turning of off-shore gap flow until it becomes shore-parallel. This paper includes a five-year study from May 1998 through April 2003 of coastal barrier and hybrid jet occurrence in the Gulf of Alaska. Temporal and spatial distributions of banner jet and hybrid occurrence highlight the favored seasons and locations for jet formation and explanations for shape of each distribution are given. The climatological values of structural characteristics of barrier and hybrid jets including strength and width are also computed
Propagation in tunnels using the parabolic equation and the ADI technique

This paper presents results showing the accuracy of the ADI technique when used to model the parabolic equation for (a) square (6) circular and (c) semi-circular cylindrical PEC tunnels. For each tunnel, we compare the numerical solution with the known anlytical solution for different descretizations along the transverse plane and propagation axis.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF METHOTREXATE

Low-dose, weekly methotrexate is now standard second-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is the single agent to which new agents or combinations of agents have been compared in efficacy studies, and methotrexate is included in effective multiple-drug regimens as well (see other articles elsewhere in this issue). Despite a general expectation that methotrexate-induced toxicity would be common and severe, most patients tolerate the drug quite well. Because methotrexate was empirically reintroduced for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without any specific understanding of its mechanism of action, no follow-up agents with less toxicity, greater efficacy, or both have been introduced to replace methotrexate. Recent developments in a number of laboratories suggest several viable molecular mechanisms of action for methotrexate. This article reviews the hypotheses concerning the mechanism of action of methotrexate, analyzes the evidence supporting the proposed mechanisms of action, and discusses the implications of these various hypotheses for the design of new therapies for inflammatory diseases.
Time Trends in Physical Activity among College Alumni, 1962–1988

Little direct evidence exists in the epidemiologic literature to support the widely held belief that an individual's physical activity behavior varies over the years. To provide data, the authors prospectively studied patterns of physical activity among 6,092 Harvard College alumni (average age at the start of follow-up, 43 years) who responded to questionnaires in 1962 or 1966, 1977, and 1988, and who declared themselves free of cardiovascular disease and cancer throughout that period. The median energy expenditure increased between 1962 or 1966 and 1977, but stabilized between 1977 and 1988. However, rank correlation coefficients between estimates of energy expenditure in 1977 and 1988 ranged from 0.36 to 0.41 for the various age groups (compared with 0.81-0.84 for the Quetelet index, and 0.60-0.65 for the current number of cigarettes smoked per day), implying that physical activity at the individual level was not constant. For 4,238 alumni for whom data on collegiate sports participation were available, the rank correlation coefficients between collegiate activity and alumni activity 1-7 decades later were even lower, ranging from 0.05 to 0.17 (compared with 0.31-0.58 for the Quetelet index). Thus, physical activity assessed over a short time period in an individual may not be a valid proxy for activity over the long term. The characteristics that distinguished alumni who consistently expended less than 1,000 kcal/week (in climbing stairs, walking, and playing sports) in 1962 or 1966, 1977, and 1988 from those who consistently expended greater than 2,500 kcal/week were as follows: at baseline, older age, overweight, and cigarette smoking; and during college, not having been a varsity athlete and fewer hours playing sports.
Effect of calf housing on plasma ascorbate and endocrine and immune function

The effect of housing calves in indoor metal pens (1.2 m x 1.2 m) or commercial calf hutches was determined on plasma concentration of cortisol, antibodies, and ascorbate. Six calves per treatment were deprived of colostrum, assigned randomly to treatment, and fed a commercial milk replacer until 56 d of age. Calves housed in hutches had higher plasma IgG concentrations than calves in pens at 42 and 56 d of age. Housing had no effect on plasma IgM concentration. Antibody titers to keyhole limpet hemocyanin injected at 14 and 28 d of age were higher in hutch-housed calves from 21 to 56 d of age. Calves housed in hutches also had lower plasma cortisol concentrations, although cortisol decreased with age in both treatment groups. Plasma ascorbate and ascorbate plus dehydroascorbate were higher in hutch-housed calves. Regression analysis indicated a positive relationship between plasma ascorbate and IgG in metal penhoused calves and a negative relationship in hutch-housed calves. Housing in 1.2 m x 1.2 m metal pens decreases cortisol, plasma ascorbate, IgG, and specific antibody titers in dairy calves relative to calves housed in hutches.
Is Religion Being Politicized? And Other Pressing Questions Latin America Poses

Is religion being politicized in Latin America? The question is commonly asked today, but rests only in part on concern with Latin American events themselves. To be sure, religious issues, groups, and people have lately been salient in the politics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Brazil, or Chile—to name only some of the more familiar cases. But the question has deeper roots in a general North American concern with the potential of politicized religion to spur social protest and political change in cases otherwise as distinct as Iran, Poland, Southern Africa, Lebanon, the Philippines, or Latin America itself. Much of this concern is also clearly a refraction of puzzlement here at home with the resurgence of religious issues into national political discourse. These considerations suggest that finding answers to questions about the politicization of religion requires as much attention to the meaning of the questions themselves and to the assumptions built into their posing, as to the search for specific instances of politicized religion in Latin America today.Questions about the politicization of religion arise from longstanding intellectual traditions which make religion secondary to supposedly more immediate, real, or rational social, economic, or political forces. When religion as an issue or religiously inspired groups do appear in political arenas, they are seen as interlopers, aberrant and likely short-lived phenomena. From this vantage point, religion appears mostly as a survivor from the past, doomed to privatization and ultimate disappearance.
Temperatures of storage areas in large animal veterinary practice vehicles in the summer and comparison with drug manufacturers' storage recommendations.

Large animal veterinarians carry drugs in their practice vehicles in storage areas that are not typically refrigerated. The most common upper limits of manufacturers’ storage temperatures for United States (U.S.)-approved non-refrigerated drugs are 25 or 30 °C. Because ambient temperatures in many locations in the U.S. exceed these temperatures during the summer, we measured storage area temperatures over 4 months in the summer of 2013 to evaluate the extent to which labeled storage temperatures are exceeded. A convenience sample of 12 vehicles from 5 central Texas practices and 12 vehicles from 4 south central Nebraska practices was used. Temperatures were recorded in one drug storage compartment in each vehicle from May 15 – September 16, 2013, at 15-minute intervals using a self-contained, battery operated temperature recording device. The highest temperatures recorded in a storage unit were 54.4 and 47.7 °C in Texas and Nebraska, respectively. The mean temperature recorded across all 24 storage units was 29.1 °C, with a mean of 26.9 °C in Nebraska and 31.4 °C in Texas. In Nebraska, at least one temperature over 25 °C was recorded on a mean of 111/124 days and a mean of 63 % of total logger readings. In Texas, temperatures over 25 °C were recorded on a mean of 123/124 days and a mean of 95 % of total logger readings. Temperatures in storage units in participating veterinary practice vehicles exceeded labeled drug storage temperatures a significant portion of the summer of 2013. More research is needed to determine whether these excursions above the manufacturers’ recommended storage temperatures alter efficacy of stored drugs.
L‐Aspartic Acid

(l) [56-84-8] C4H7NO4 (MW 133.10) (d) [1783-96-6] (dl) [617-45-8] InChI = 1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m1/s1 InChIKey = CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UWTATZPHSA-N InChI = 1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m1/s1 InChIKey = CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UWTATZPHSA-N InChI = 1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9) InChIKey = CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chiral reagent used in diastereoselective alkylations2 and as a ligand for LiAlH4 in asymmetric reductions3 of enones) Physical Data: (S)-(+),4a [α]20D +25°, mp >300 °C (dec.); (R)-(−),4a [α]20D −24°, mp >300 °C; (±) mp 325–348 °C (dec.). Solubility: sol in acid and alkali; sol water (1 g/222.2 mL at 20 °C), forming supersaturated solutions easily; insol alcohol. Form Supplied in: commercially available as a white solid in racemic and optically pure forms.4
A scaling analysis of the unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy

Abstract A scaling analysis of the conservation equations for momentum, heat and species transport inside the solidifying mushy zone of a binary alloy is performed to examine systematically common assumptions and predict general behavior of the mixture during freezing. Several terms in the momentum equation are found to be negligible throughout the solidifying domain, and the use of D'Arcy's law to approximate the momentum equations in the mushy zone is found to be valid except in the region near the liquidus isotherm. A criterion is developed to define this region, and the dependence of the streamfunction and buoyancy driven velocity on material properties and fraction solid is determined. The energy equation is examined to provide scaling laws for the mushy zone and solid region thicknesses, as well as the transient chill wall temperature. Advection is shown to dominate solute transport throughout the mush, although, in the denser regions of the solid-liquid region, liquid velocities are so small as to have a negligible effect on macrosegregation. Numerical calculations performed for Pb-Sn and Al-Mg alloys at different cooling rates confirm trends suggested by the scaling analysis.
Counter-Regulatory Function of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor– or Fibroblast Growth Factor–Induced Motility and Proliferation of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells and in Neointima Formation

Objectives— We have previously reported that vascular injury or treatment of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) increases the levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that PTP1B attenuates PDGF- or FGF-induced motility and proliferation of cultured cells, as well as neointima formation in injured rat carotid arteries. Methods and Results— Treatment of cultured cells with adenovirus expressing PTP1B decreased PDGF-BB– or FGF2-induced cell motility and blocked PDGF-BB– or FGF2-induced proliferation, whereas expression of dominant negative PTP1B (C215S-PTP1B) uncovered the motogenic effect of subthreshold levels of PDGF-BB or FGF2, increased neointimal and medial cell proliferation, and induced neointimal enlargement after balloon injury. The inhibitory effect of PTP1B directed against PDGF in cultured cells was associated with dephosphorylation of the PDGFβ receptor. Conclusions— PTP1B suppresses cell proliferation and motility in cultured smooth muscle cells treated with PDGF-BB or FGF2, and the phosphatase plays a counter-regulatory role in vascular injury-induced cell proliferation and neointima formation. Taken together with previous studies indicating increased PTP1B levels in cells treated with growth factors, the current findings are the first to report the existence of an inhibitory feedback loop involving PDGF or FGF, and PTP1B in blood vessels.
Signal Processing Using Only Fourier Phase

Holograms made using only the phase of an object's Fourier transform (FT) have been demonstrated by others to contain enough information to produce a noisy but recognizable reconstruction. However, no mathematical analysis has been available. In this paper, a theory is developed that explains many features observed in numerical experiments. It was found that splitting the original function into a sum of even and odd parts results in a useful equation for the FT phase. This made it possible for example to see mathematically why edge enhancement occurs and why the phase from one object and the amplitude from another will produce an image of the former. It was also found that zero crossings in the FT of the even part of the input function play a dominant role in determining the nature of a reconstruction.
THE SENSE OF THE BEAUTIFUL AND APOPHATIC THOUGHT: EMPIRICAL BEING AS IKON

. This essay is an interdisciplinary study of beauty that attempts to bridge the gap between religion/theology and science in some measure by drawing from Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500) a notion of being that I argue is consonant with the notion of the sense of the beautiful, which I develop using Steven Weinberg's and Werner Heisenberg's discussions of empirical beauty. I use the term ikon to refer concisely to Dionysius' theophanic notion of being, namely, that the beyond-being is nonsubstantially present in being.
Active Wireless Sensing: A Versatile Framework for Information Retrieval in Sensor Networks

Many existing information processing schemes in sensor networks are based on multihop in-network algorithms that require information routing and coordination between nodes and incur excess overhead in latency and energy consumption. In this paper, we develop an alternative and complementary single-hop approach - active wireless sensing (AWS) - in which a wireless information retriever (WIR) queries a select ensemble of nodes to obtain desired information in a rapid and energy-efficient manner. The basic architecture in AWS consists of:(i) a WIR, equipped with an antenna array, interrogates the wireless sensors with wideband space-time waveforms, (ii) the sensors modulate the acquired waveforms with their (possibly encoded) measured data and generate an ensemble response to the WIR's interrogation signal, and (iii) the WIR extracts the sensor data by exploiting the space-time characteristics of the resulting multipath sensing channel. To facilitate analysis, we propose a canonical family of sensing configurations that represent a simple abstraction of spatial correlation in the signal field or the nature of local cooperation in the network. The concept of source-channel matching is introduced in which the spatio-temporal resolution is adapted to the spatial scale of node correlation in the sensing configurations. Signaling strategies and associated receiver structures at the WIR are developed for different source-channel matching configurations. The performance of AWS is analyzed in different configurations both in terms of reliability and capacity of information retrieval.
Human Factors Challenges for Advanced Process Control

New human-system interface technologies provide opportunities for improving operator and plant performance. However, if these technologies are not properly implemented, they may introduce new challenges to performance and safety. This paper reports the results from a survey of human factors considerations that arise in the implementation of advanced human-system interface technologies in process control and other complex systems. General trends were identified for several areas based on a review of technical literature and a combination of interviews and site visits with process control organizations. Human factors considerations are discussed for two of these areas, automation and controls.
Genetic Dissection of Peroxisome-associated Matrix Protein Degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Peroxisomes are organelles that sequester certain metabolic pathways; many of these pathways generate H2O2, which can damage proteins. However, little is known about how damaged or obsolete peroxisomal proteins are degraded. We exploit developmentally timed peroxisomal content remodeling in Arabidopsis thaliana to elucidate peroxisome-associated protein degradation. Isocitrate lyase (ICL) is a peroxisomal glyoxylate cycle enzyme necessary for early seedling development. A few days after germination, photosynthesis begins and ICL is degraded. We previously found that ICL is stabilized when a peroxisome-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and its membrane anchor are both mutated, suggesting that matrix proteins might exit the peroxisome for ubiquitin-dependent cytosolic degradation. To identify additional components needed for peroxisome-associated matrix protein degradation, we mutagenized a line expressing GFP–ICL, which is degraded similarly to endogenous ICL, and identified persistent GFP-ICL fluorescence (pfl) mutants. We found three pfl mutants that were defective in PEROXIN14 (PEX14/At5g62810), which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that assists in importing proteins into the peroxisome matrix, indicating that proteins must enter the peroxisome for efficient degradation. One pfl mutant was missing the peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase encoded by the PEROXISOME DEFECTIVE1 (PED1/At2g33150) gene, suggesting that peroxisomal metabolism influences the rate of matrix protein degradation. Finally, one pfl mutant that displayed normal matrix protein import carried a novel lesion in PEROXIN6 (PEX6/At1g03000), which encodes a peroxisome-tethered ATPase that is involved in recycling matrix protein receptors back to the cytosol. The isolation of pex6-2 as a pfl mutant supports the hypothesis that matrix proteins can exit the peroxisome for cytosolic degradation.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE TITRATION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF THE WESTERN STRAIN OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE

1. Titration and neutralization of the Western strain of equine encephalomyelitis virus can be carried out in vitro by means of tissue culture. 2. The in vitro titration test as presented is a more sensitive method than animal inoculation. 3. Tissue culture may be better than animal inoculation for the detection of small amounts of virus. 4. The neutralization obtained in tissue culture is 100 to 1,000 times greater than that observed in the intracerebral test in mice and is comparable to the potency obtained by the intraperitoneal route of inoculation. 5. The possibility of applying this method to the study of other viruses, known and unknown, is discussed. 6. Further applications of the method described above to evaluation and standardization of bacterial toxins and antitoxins and to the testing of the toxicity of biological and chemical products are suggested. 7. Evidence for the reactivation in vitro as well as in vivo of virus in neutral mixtures by dilution is presented.
Dermatitis and Alopecia

A fundamental shift in chemotherapeutic approach has occurred over the last several decades. A new class of so-called targeted agents, designed to target aberrant molecular pathways responsible for promoting carcinogenesis, was added to the arsenal of cytotoxic drugs that target rapidly proliferating tumor cells. These advances improved patient care and decreased morbidity and mortality. While systemic adverse events such as bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal toxicities have diminished with the use of targeted agents, the spectrum of dermatologic toxicities have expanded. Mechanisms underlying the development of such a variety of cutaneous adverse events remain to be elucidated, but a significant amount of data shedding light on potential pathophysiology has accumulated. This chapter will review these data.