cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EU Security Cooperation and the Transatlantic Relationship

As change in European security behavior interfaces with parallel change in United States security priorities and approach, the transatlantic security relationship is being reshaped. The implications of this evolution in security cooperation are profound both for the European Union as it emerges into a new and uncertain state of development and for the Atlantic relationship that has for so long coupled the world's largest economies with a shared strategic vision. The authors challenge the view that — as a security actor — the EU is limited to soft or civil forms of power that lock it into a subordinate position to the US. Attention is focused on the structural capabilities and the political will with which the EU and its member states have responded to the deep changes in Europe's security environment. This combination of institutional development and converging security priorities is producing, the authors contend, a paradigm shift in the EU that is changing the traditional transatlantic relationship. The...
Gallbladder varices: a potential collateral pathway in portal hypertension and portal vein occlusion

Varices of the gallbladder were demonstrated angiographically in four patients. One patient who had had a mesocaval shunt developed gallbladder varices as a result of hepatoportal shunting. Three patients had gallbladder varices owing to collateral circulation from portal vein occlusion.
Microporous characteristics of HY, H-ZSM-5 and H-mordenite dealuminated by calcination

Abstract The modifications of the microporous volume of zeolites resulting from thermal dealumination have been examined by measuring the changes in the unit cell parameters as well as the N2 and n-pentane adsorption isotherms. For the cubic HY and orthorhombic H-ZSM-5 zeolites, the differential decrease of the microporous volume per non-framework aluminum (NFAl) can be predicted by assuming NFAl is concentrated in pores available to N2. For the orthorhombic H-mordenite, NFAl is homogeneously spread in all pores, available or not to N2. The Gurvitch rule (volume of adsorbed N2 = volume of adsorbed pentane) is respected in HY and H-ZSM-5, but not in H-mordenite, irrespective of the degree of dealumination.
Hydrogenation of Triton X-100 eliminates its fluorescence and ultraviolet light absorption while preserving its detergent properties

The ultraviolet-light absorption and fluorescence of Triton X-100 were virtually eliminated by hydrogenation to its reduced cyclohexyl analog, RTX-100. The critical micelle concentration of RTX-100 was 12% higher than that of Triton X-100. RTX-100 and Triton X-100 were quite similar in their abilities to extract proteins from human erythrocyte membranes.
Text-based summarization and visualization of gene clusters

We present a system named MedSummarizer which uses biomedical literature information to assign biological meaning to a cluster of genes. Using relevant PubMed citations, it creates a ranked list of important biological concepts that describes the gene list. Further, based on the assigned concepts, it computes similarity between each pair of genes and displays this using a graph based visualization technique. The system allows use of human curated index (e.g. Mesh terms) as well as automatic annotations derived from free-text. We compare the results obtained using these two types of terms.
Vibrational relaxation of excited acetaldehyde vapor. A search for unquenchable species

Abstract Quantum yields of intersystem crossing for the system acetaldehyde-CO 2 were determined at room temperature as a function of pressure (5–2200 torr) and excitation wavelength (250–330 nm). Fluorescence decay times of 10 torr of acetaldehyde were measured as a function of excitation wavelength (275–325 nm). The results are consistent with the formation of an nπ * singlet state which can be totally relaxed by collision. No evidence was found a collision insensitive excited state. The lifetime of the nπ * triplet state of acetaldehyde is also reported.
Recognition of multiple epitopes in the coiled-coil domain of lamin B by human autoantibodies.

Abstract The nuclear lamina of mammalian cells consists of three major proteins, lamins A, B and C, which form a fibrous meshwork interposed between the inner nuclear membrane and the chromatin. Sera from certain patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune liver disease contain high titers of autoantibodies against lamin B. We have shown previously that anti-lamin B autoantibodies in SLE recognize epitopes highly specific for lamin B, even though lamin B and lamins A/C are highly homologous proteins. To further characterize the specificities of these autoantibodies, fusion proteins carrying fragments of lamins B and C were tested for reactivity with SLE sera by immunoblotting. Five distinct epitopes of lamin B were identified, at least four of which were located in the highly conserved coiled-coil rod domain. Epitopes located on amino acids (AA) 80–193 and 245–303 were recognized by 4/10 and 8/10 anti-lamin B positive sera, respectively. Affinity purified anti-lamin B autoantibodies reacted preferentially with lamin B, indicating that they recognized mainly portions of lamin B that differ from lamins A and C. On the contrary, most of the affinity-purified anti-lamin C autoantibodies from SLE sera cross-reacted with lamin B, suggesting that the anti-nuclear lamina immune response in these patients is directed primarily against lamin B. The preferential reactivity of these sera with multiple epitopes specific to lamin B, and the finding that the autoantibodies to lamins A and C present in some of these sera cross-react with lamin B suggest that autoantibodies to lamin B are generated in response to the authentic lamin B protein rather than a cross-reactive foreign protein.
Thermotropic transitions in fluidity of bovine adrenocortical microsomal membrane and substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction

Temperature dependence of the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction is investigated in the adrenocortical microsomes using 17-hydroxyprogesterone as the substrate. The apparent substrate dissociation constant ("Ks") increases with increase in temperature. Van't Hoff's plot of "Ks" shows breaks at 21 and 31 degrees C. These temperatures correlate well with the lipid phase transition temperatures as determined by the technique of fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as the probe. The results indicate that the affinity of the substrate depends upon the temperature. In addition the results suggest that changes in the physical state of the lipids is a factor responsible for the temperature dependency of the reaction.
Ethnic differences in the effects of media on body image: The effects of priming with ethnically different or similar models

Abstract Media exposure has been positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. While body image concerns are common, being African American has been found to be a protective factor in the development of body dissatisfaction. Method Participants either viewed ten advertisements showing 1) ethnically-similar thin models; 2) ethnically-different thin models; 3) ethnically-similar plus-sized models; and 4) ethnically-diverse plus-sized models. Following exposure, body image was measured. Results African American women had less body dissatisfaction than Caucasian women. Ethnically-similar thin-model conditions did not elicit greater body dissatisfaction scores than ethnically-different thin or plus-sized models nor did the ethnicity of the model impact ratings of body dissatisfaction for women of either race. There were no differences among the African American women exposed to plus-sized versus thin models. Among Caucasian women exposure to plus-sized models resulted in greater body dissatisfaction than exposure to thin models. Discussion Results support existing literature that African American women experience less body dissatisfaction than Caucasian women even following exposure to an ethnically-similar thin model. Additionally, women exposed to plus-sized model conditions experienced greater body dissatisfaction than those shown thin models.
The purification and properties of frog skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase

Abstract 1. 1. Phosphofructokinase from frog skeletal muscle has been isolated and purified to homogeneity. 2. 2. The sensitivity of this poikilothermic enzyme to temperature inactivation has been investigated. 3. 3. The inactivation of the enzyme as a function of pH is markedly enhanced at pH values less than 7.0 and at low temperatures. ATP also enhances inactivation under these conditions, while fructose-1,6- bisphosphate dramatically stabilizes the enzyme. 4. 4. The regulatory kinetic behavior (ATP inhibition and sigmoidal kinetics with fructose-6-phosphate) at pH 6.73 are demonstrated to be temperature sensitive. 5. 5. The cold lability of this enzyme is discussed in relation to the slowing of the metabolic rate of poikilotherms at decreased temperatures.
70K heat shock related proteins stimulate protein translocation into microsomes

A yeast cytosol is shown to contain two distinct activities that stimulate protein translocation across microsomal membranes. One activity was purified. It consists of two constitutively expressed 70K heat shock related proteins that increase the rate of translocation. Possible mechanisms of action of these proteins are discussed.
Effect of zinc and manganese supply on the activities of superoxide dismutase and carbonic anhydrase in Medicago truncatula wild type and raz mutant plants

Abstract The novel raz ( requires additional zinc ) mutant of Medicago truncatula can accumulate high Zn concentrations in all tissues when compared to wild type plants, yet still develops Zn deficiency symptoms, suggesting that total Zn in tissues may not be physiologically available. The objectives of this study were first to determine whether there are differences in the biochemical Zn availability between wild type and raz mutant plants based on the activity of carbonic anhydrase and superoxide dismutase and second to assess the suitability of using the activities of these two Zn-requiring enzymes as indicators of utilizable Zn in a wide range of Zn tissue concentrations. In leaf extracts, CA and total SOD activities as well as the distribution of the tSOD activity among the different isoforms were similar in both genotypes. In roots, there were no significant differences observed in total SOD activities between genotypes; however, CuZnSOD activities were lower in raz than in wild type plants when grown at high Zn concentrations. Based on these results, availability of Zn in raz leaves does not seem to be altered; however, in roots of the raz mutant, Zn availability is restricted or limited in comparison to the wild type plants, especially when raz roots accumulate high levels of Zn. With increasing total Zn tissue concentrations, CA activity increased linearly and then reached a plateau in both leaves and roots, whereas CuZnSOD also increased linearly in leaves but no significant correlation was found in roots, suggesting that CA is a better indicator of tissue Zn status.
Blood glucose discrimination training in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients

Self-management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is dependent on a negative feedback loop of blood glucose (BG) fluctuations, which in turn directs treatment decisions to maintain normal BG. Although this feedback is typically accomplished by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), SMBG has limitations, and patients often rely on what their BG “feels” like. Two studies were performed to evaluate whether patients could learn to more accurately “feel”/discriminate their BG on the basis of internal cues or internal plus external BG cues. In Study I, BG Awareness Training significantly improved pre- to posttreatment BG estimation accuracy, relative to a control group. Study II replicated BG Awareness Training efficacy in improving BG estimation accuracy. Improvement in estimation accuracy was related only to initial accuracy; those who were initially less accurate improved the most. This improvement was represented in a 31% reduction in dangerous BG estimation errors and a 9% increase in accurate estimates. Resulting estimations were, however, still significantly less accurate than SMBG at the end of training.
Nothing to be Said: Wittgenstein and Wittgensteinian Ethics

L'A. explore la question ethique dans la doctrine philosophique de Wittgenstein. Il soutient l'idee que parler de philosophie morale chez Wittgenstein est une contradiction dans les termes. Il cherche a montrer que cette pensee a evolue entre le Tractatus logico-philosophicus et que cette evolution a eu un impact sur sa pensee morale : l'A. decrit lequel
Importance of Polarization in Simulations of Condensed Phase Energetic Materials

An embedded cluster model is used to estimate the molecular dipole moment of crystalline dimethylnitramine (DMNA). The electrostatic potential due to the crystal is included in the calculation via the SCREEP (surface charge representation of the electrostatic embedding potential) approach. The resulting dipole moment for DMNA in the crystalline environment is 6.69 D. This number is more than 40% greater than the gas-phase value and 15% greater than the estimated dipole moment in the liquid phase, thus providing evidence of a strong polarization effect in condensed phases of DMNA.
Forest ecosystem dynamics: linking forest succession, soil process and radiation models

Abstract The Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) project involves the development of an integrated mathematical model which links individual submodels of soil processes, forest growth and succession, and radiative transfer. The model will accommodate spatial scales from local to regional, and temporal scales from physiological to long term ecological processes. In its integrated form, the model is designed to simulate a forest ecosystem operating in a “process-response” manner whereby natural or anthropogenically induced changes in the environment will elicit responses within the soil, vegetation, and radiation regime of a forest that will impact and modify each other. In order to insure maximum flexibility for both the modeler and the user, an “object-oriented” structure will be implemented. In this way, the model will provide a tool with which patterns and processes within northern forests resulting from global change can be predicted.
Structure-Function Analysis of the Estrogen Receptor α Corepressor Scaffold Attachment Factor-B1 IDENTIFICATION OF A POTENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION DOMAIN

Scaffold attachment factor-B1 (SAFB1) is a nuclear matrix protein that has been proposed to couple chromatin structure, transcription, and RNA processing. We have previously shown that SAFB1 can repress estrogen receptor (ERalpha)-mediated transactivation. Here we present a structure-function study showing that transactivation is mediated via an intrinsic and transferable C-terminal repression domain (RD). A similar C-terminal RD was found in the family member SAFB2. Removal of the RD from SAFB1 resulted in a dominant-negative SAFB1 protein that increased ligand-dependent and -independent ERalpha activity. SAFB1RD-mediated repression was partly blocked by histone deacetylase inhibitors; however, no histone deacetylase inhibitors were identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen using the RD as bait. Instead, SAFB1RD was found to interact with TAFII68, a member of the basal transcription machinery. We propose a model in which SAFB1 represses ERalpha activity via indirect association with histone deacetylation and interaction with the basal transcription machinery.
Estimating flood probabilities within specific time intervals

Abstract A technique is presented for computing the probability that a flood of certain magnitude will be equalled or exceeded one or more times in any given time period. Values of this probability for floods of different return period are tabulated. The probabilities are then obtained of one or more occurrences in a given time period of floods in class intervals between magnitudes corresponding to certain return periods. The limitations of the technique are discussed.
A high gain wideband 77GHz SiGe power amplifier

This paper presents a fully integrated 77GHz power amplifier (PA) fabricated in a 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. A 4-stages single ended common-emitter topology was utilized to achieve power gain of 19dB at 77GHz with 14.6dBm output power at 1dB compression, saturated power of 16dBm and 12.5% peak PAE. Small signal characteristics show a wideband behavior - Maximal small signal gain of 23dB achieved at 69GHz with 3dB bandwidth of 15GHz (22%) and both input and output matching is better than −10dB from 72GHz to 90GHz. The PA's bias is applied by adjustable bias circuits to provide process and temperature compensation and was measured in room temperature and at 85°C. It consumes a quiescent current of 100mA from a 2V supply at 1dB compression and occupies area of 1.4mm2.
Epidermal growth factor protects mouse ileal mucosa from Triton X-100-induced injury

Luminal exposure of mouse ileal mucosal sheets in vitro to 0.3% Triton X-100 for 10 min resulted in a 45.3 +/- 4.4% decrease in tissue resistance (Rt). Luminal pretreatment of tissue with epidermal growth factor (EGF, 30 nM) reduced the Triton X-100-induced decrease in Rt to 10.2 +/- 3.5%. This effect of luminal EGF was concentration-related with an A50 value of 7.4 nM. EGF applied to the basal buffer also produced a similar protective effect, but it was 5.3-fold less potent than luminal EGF. Morphological analysis indicated the formation of denudations at villi tips by Triton X-100 which was prevented by EGF pretreatment. These results suggest that EGF may play a role in the protection of ileal mucosal integrity.
What does post-adaptation color appearance reveal about cortical color representation?

We examine the implications of the hypothesis that color information in the cortex is adaptively coded into a factorial (statistically independent) and gain-controlled representation. We show that this hypothesis explains the results of the recent experiments by Webster and Mollon [(1991) Nature, 349, 235–238] on changes in color appearance following post-receptoral adaptation. We also give a neural network with a deterministically convergent, unsupervised learning algorithm that reproduces the adaptation observed.
Systemic and coronary hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of levodopa in chronic congestive heart failure.

Systemic and neurohumoral effects of oral levodopa were evaluated in 17 patients with severe chronic heart failure. The maximum mean dopamine level achieved after 1.5 g of oral levodopa was 19.6 ± 16.4 ng/ml. At peak dopamine level, cardiac index increased by 14% from baseline (1.95 ± 0.55 to 2.27 ± 0.45 liters min m2, p <0.05), stroke volume index increased by 14% (22.4 ± 6.0 to 25.9 ± 5.8 ml/min/m2, p < 0.01). There was a trend toward reduced systemic vascular resistance of 13% (1,773 ± 769 to 1,535 ± 432 dynes · s · cm−5, p = 0.08). There was no significant change from baseline in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and rate-pressure product. In addition, as the arterial dopamine level increased there was a concomitant decrease in plasma norepinephrine level that was sustained for the period of observation. In a subgroup of 8 patients, there was no change in coronary sinus blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial oxygen extraction, lactate extraction and transmyocardial release of catecholamines after levodopa. These findings suggest that oral levodopa, 1.5 g, can improve left ventricular function without adversely affecting myocardial energetics and catecholamine balance.
ON THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HYPERBOLIC HEAT CONDUCTION

Non-Fourier heat conduction is governed by the hyperbolic heat conduction equation, which involves the wave nature of thermal energy transport. In such cases, energy propagates in the medium as a wave with sharp discontinuities at the wave front. Difficulties encountered in the numerical solution of such problems include, among others, numerical oscillations and the representation of sharp discontinuities with good resolution at the wave front. In this work it is shown that a numerical technique based on MacCormack's predictor-corrector scheme can be used to handle discontinuities at the wave front with high resolution and little oscillation. Numerical predictions are compared with the exact analytic solutions for a wide variety of strict test conditions. For all the cases considered, the present numerical scheme remains stable and produces high resolution at the sharp wave front.
Color-coding categories in menus

Categorical menu layouts are currently designed according to conventions and opinions, rather than by employing formal techniques. In this paper we describe a formal methodology for categorically organizing menus. We go on to show how color-coding can be applied to these layouts either to emphasize organization or to provide additional information. The results of a controlled study comparing layouts based on frequency of co-occurrence and similarity show that the formal menu-layout methodology is effective. However, the use of color-coding to identify categories is not supported. Potential reasons for this failure are discussed.
Joint hormonal and sensory stimulation modulate neuronal number in adult canary brains

Treatment of adult female canaries with testosterone (T) causes them to produce male-typical vocalizations and results in striking growth of brain nuclei that control song behavior (Nottebohm, 1980). The song-control nucleus HVc (caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum) contains cells that concentrate testosterone or its metabolites, suggesting that steroid hormones may induce the growth of HVc directly by regulating the expression of specific genes in those HVc neurons that have steroid receptors. However, we have previously provided evidence that is inconsistent with the idea that steroids promote growth of HVc solely via a direct action on hormone receptors: testosterone treatment of deafened adult females results in very little growth of HVc, relative to T-treated hearing birds (Bottjer et al., 1986b). Thus, birds in the former group undergo very little overall growth of HVc despite high circulating levels of hormone. We show here that the slightly increased size of HVc in T-treated deaf birds is attributable to an increase in neuronal spacing; the greatly increased size of HVc in T-treated hearing birds is due to an increase in neuronal number as well as spacing. There was virtually no increase in number of HVc neurons in T-treated deafened birds relative to control groups, whereas T-treated hearing birds showed a marked increase in neuron number. The song-control nucleus RA (robust nucleus of the archistriatum), which receives direct afferent input from HVc, also increases in size in response to testosterone treatment. However, the volume of RA increases in both hearing and deafened birds; this increase is primarily due to an increase in neuronal spacing as well as a small increase in neuron number. These results demonstrate that the number of neurons in a specific vocal-control nucleus (HVc) can change dramatically in adult canaries and suggest that some synergistic action of hormonal and sensory stimulation is necessary to induce such a change.
Nonlinear Politics Perceptions—Work Outcomes Relationships: A Three-Study, Five-Sample Investigation

This research reports the findings of three studies (involving a total of five samples) developed to explore the nonlinear relationships of organizational politics perceptions with practically and theoretically relevant work outcomes. Study 1 hypothesized a nonlinear relationship between organizational politics perceptions and job satisfaction. In Sample 1 of this study, a nonlinear relationship was identified, best depicted as an inverted-U form, and Sample 2 replicated this finding. Study 2 hypothesized a U-shaped relationship between politics perceptions and job tension, which was identified in Sample 3 and corroborated in Sample 4. In a single-sample investigation (i.e., Sample 5), Study 3 extended nonlinear conceptualizations by considering moderation (i.e., in the form of perceived resources) and, thus, the possibility of restricted nonlinearity. Results indicated that politics perceptions demonstrated a nonlinear association with job tension (i.e., U-shaped form) only for those with fewer perceived...
Aids Awareness and the Impact of AIDS Education in Juvenile Corrections

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) poses significant problems for offenders, correctional administrators, and staff. The present study examined AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and precautionary measures reported by incarcerated juvenile offenders. It found that although offenders were relatively well-informed, there were misconceptions about the disease and its significance. Education increased levels of understanding and influenced attitudes toward AIDS. Findings indicate that instruction should emphasize the role of specific precautions and the need to utilize those precautions invariably. Guidance and the reinforcement of educational efforts should also be provided in community supervision settings.
A gradient-based, parameter-free approach to shape optimization

In shape optimization, the independent node movement approach, wherein finite element node coordinates are used directly as design variables, allows the most freedom for shape change and avoids the time-consuming parameterization preprocess. However, this approach lacks a length scale control that is necessary to ensure a well-posed shape optimization problem and avoid numerical instability. Motivated by the success of filtering techniques that impose minimum length scales in topology optimization, we propose a scheme with consistent filtering to introduce a length scale and thereby ensure smoothness in shape optimization while preserving the advantages of the independent node movement approach.
Field ionization and photoionization of CH3I perturbed by diatomic molecules: electron scattering in H2, HD, D2 and O2

Photoionization and field ionization studies of CH3I doped into the diatomics H2, HD, D2 and O2 (up to a density of 1.0 × 1021 cm−3) are presented. These data are used to extract the zero-kinetic-energy electron scattering length of each diatomic molecule from the density-dependent shift of the CH3I ionization energy. Scattering lengths obtained from fits of the photoionization spectra are compared to those determined from field ionization measurements.
The addition of the normant reagent (“CH3MgBr” + CuBr) to terminal alkynes in THF. Concerning the nature of the reactive species in solution

Abstract The reactive intermediates in the Normant reagent responsible for reaction with terminal alkynes in THF have been determined.
A new dimension in approval plan service

Abstract This paper presents the results of a three-month study conducted using the fiche database service offered by a major approval plan vendor and three review tools. The object of the study was to assess the utility of the fiche service to a selector for determining the status of new publications with respect to his/her library approval program at the time of review. A secondary objective was to assess the usefulness of the fiche service as a tool for monitoring the effectiveness of the vendor's interpretation and implementation of a library's approval plan profile.
A meditation on the nature of self-healing and personality change in psychotherapy based on Gendlin's theory of experiencing.

Abstract From a humanistic point of view psychotherapy is a creative transformational process in which therapists assist clients’ intrinsic self‐healing tendencies. However the nature of the self‐healing process is poorly understood. I briefly consider two theories of self‐healing, Rogers’ self‐actualization theory and dialectical theory, but focus on Gendlin's theory of experiencing as providing a more complete explanation. I consider the fundamentally implicational nature of change and portray personal change as “paradigm evolution” rather than paradigm revolution. I conclude with an examination of the self‐healing process in therapies that provide minimal prosthetic assistance to the client: client‐centered therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and focusing‐oriented therapy. I conclude that the self‐healing/self‐change process occurs when intellectual, “top‐down” cognitive and self‐critical activity is interrupted, and when clients adopt a receptive, listening attitude towards inner e...
Effects of information order, group assistance, and experience on auditors' sequential belief revision

Abstract This paper reports an experiment that examined how group choice shift and experience influenced the effect of information presentation order on auditors' belief updating with mixed evidence. Eighty-four practicing auditors completed a belief updating task involving a complex and ambiguous financial reporting judgment. The experimental findings indicated a recency effect on the level of final belief. In addition, group-assisted final beliefs reflected a choice shift in the direction of greater risk. Age, but not length of auditing experience, was significantly related to more conservative final beliefs. Implications of these findings for group-influenced sequential belief updating in auditing and other professional judgment settings are discussed.
Characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in an avian louse, Degeeriella regalis (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae).

We isolated and characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci in an ischnoceran louse, Degeeriella regalis, which parasitizes the threatened Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) and other falconiform birds. The loci were screened across 30 individuals from two island populations in the Galapagos Islands. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 28. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.14 to 0.94 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.67. These markers will be valuable in comparative population genetics studies in this species, which is the focus of a long-term population and disease ecology research program.
Studies on the time required for the elimination of quinidine from the heart and other organs

Abstract Because I found that quinidine was such a valuable drug in the treatment of heart disease, and because my experience with the drug had been so successful, 1, 2 I felt that further studies on it were warranted. A series of experiments was therefore undertaken to ascertain how much time is required for the elimination of quinidine from the blood, heart muscle, and other organs. The length of time quinidine remains in the blood was recently reported. 3 The results, in brief, were as follows: 1. 1. When a single dose, up to ten grains, of quinidine was given intravenously to dogs, less than 6 per cent of the drug was left in the blood stream by the end of seven minutes. This corroborates the work of Weiss and Hatcher. 4 2. 2. When a single dose of quinidine was given orally to patients, the maximum concentration in the blood was reached in about thirty minutes, and all of the quinidine had left the blood stream by the end of one hour. 3. 3. When repeated, small doses of quinidine were given to patients orally, the maximum concentration in the blood was reached in about one hour. All of the quinidine had left the blood stream by the end of one and one-half hours after the last dose was given. It is the purpose of this paper to report the time required for the elimination of quinidine from the heart, lungs, liver, and other organs, after giving the drug in various amounts orally to dogs, and to present the method used in determining the amount of quinidine in the tissues and blood.
Experimentally observed extended saddle point singularity in the energy spectrum of YBa2Cu3O6.9 and YBa2Cu4O8 and some of the consequences

Abstract Angle-resolved photoemission experiments show that the high temperature superconductors YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.9 and YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 have a spectral density which exhibits an “extended” saddle point singularity along the Γ-Y symmetry direction, centered on the Y point. This, in turn, leads to a van Hove singularity in the density of states with a divergence stronger than the well-known logarithmic one. We examine the consequences of this singularity in several limiting cases on the superconducting transition temperature, the ratio 2Δ(0)/ T c , and the isotope effect. We conclude that this singularity alone, although it can possibly lead to sufficiently high transition temperatures and a vanishingly small isotope effect, does not explain the ratio of 2Δ(0)/ T c ∼6 observed experimentally.
Simulation of smoke plumes from large pool fires

A large eddy simulation model of smoke plumes generated by large outdoor pool fires is presented. Theplume is described in terms of steady-state convective transport by a uniform ambient wind of heated gases and particulate matter introduced into a stably stratified atmosphere by a continuously burning fire. The Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation are solved numerically with a constant eddy viscosity representing dissipation on length scales below the resolution limits of the calculation. The effective Reynolds number is high enough to permit direct simulation of the large scale mixing over two to three orders of magnitude in length scale. Particulate matter, or any nonreacting combustion product, is represented by Lagrangian particles that are advected by the fire-induced flow field. Background atmospheric motion is described in terms of the angular fluctuation of the prevailing wind and represented by random perturbations to the mean particle paths. Sample computations are presented and compared with plumes generated by large crude oil pool fires. Also presented is an assessment of the potential environmental hazard posed by burning marine oil spills.
An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor

Summary The MODFLOW version of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) in California and Nevada is conceptually inaccurate in that it models an unconfined aquifer as a confined system and does not accurately simulate unconfined drawdown in transient pumping simulations. The transfer of geologic and hydrologic information from the confined MODFLOW DVRFS model to an unconfined MODFLOW–SURFACT (SURFACT) version was accomplished by maintaining cell structure between models and computing effective cell properties to translate the HUF2 package used in MODFLOW to the BCF4 package used by SURFACT. The confined version of the DVRFS was compared to the unconfined SURFACT version by examining head contour maps and the ability of the SURFACT model to match the 4900 observations of hydraulic head/drawdown, 49 observations of groundwater discharge, and 15 estimates of groundwater fluxes into/out of the model domain. Resultant weighted root mean squared error (ωRMSE) for the unconfined SURFACT model was lower than the USGS confined model. Despite a lower ωRMSE, unconfined conditions simulated with SURFACT did produce greater heads in mountainous regions compared to the confined MODFLOW with differences most pronounced in regions where cell thickness is large, horizontal conductivity small and recharge large. Difference in computed heads reflects computation schemes employed by both models to estimate interblock conductance. Specifically, interblock conductance for the unconfined SURFACT model is dependent on the relative saturation of a modeled cell while MODFLOW’s confined system is not. Despite head differences, SURFACT simulates comparable flux estimates to MODFLOW (e.g. observed ET, groundwater spring flow, and groundwater flux across model boundaries), while significantly improving transient well drawdown estimates. SURFACT is also capable of producing more realistic estimates of water availability from proposed groundwater development and resultant potential impacts to the region.
Exergy Methods Applied to the Integrated Mission-Level Analysis and Optimization of Hypersonic Vehicle Concepts

The results of the application of an exergy-based method to highly dynamic, integrated hypersonic vehicle concepts are presented. Conventional aircraft systems and sub-systems traditionally are designed relying heavily on rules of thumb, individual experience, and rather simple, non-integrated tradeoff analyses, which are highly dependent on the evolutionary nature of vehicle development. In contrast, hypersonic vehicles may contain new sub-systems and revolutionary concepts for which there is no existing database to support an evolutionary synthesis/design approach. Thus, a simple tradeoff analysis becomes virtually impossible, particularly in light of the highly integrated, non-linear relationship between hypersonic vehicle sub-systems and the complexity of the missions involved. Therefore, the departure from existing databases and experience levels requires an integrated approach and a common metric for the synthesis/design of hypersonic vehicles to achieve an optimal synthesis/design. To that end, an exergy-based mission integrated methodology is introduced and compared to traditional measures (including a non-integrated approach) by applying these to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of a hypersonic vehicle configuration comprised of an airframe and a propulsion sub-system (consisting of inlet, combustor, and nozzle components). Results of these optimizations are presented and include a quantification of all vehicle losses in terms of exergy lost or destroyed, providing a common metric for the vehicle designer to identify where the largest improvements in vehicle performance can be made. Furthermore, via a number of parametric studies, the impacts of the design and operational decision variables on exergy destruction are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Current concepts and review of alefacept in the treatment of psoriasis

Alefacept is a novel biologic agent that selectively targets the memory T-cell population involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Alefacept, administered by intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) bolus injection, is safe and efficacious and improves quality of life in a broad spectrum of psoriasis patients. Disease remissions last approximately 7 months in responders following either IM or IV administration without further treatment. In clinical studies, treatment of patients with psoriasis with up to six courses of alefacept demonstrates the following: no evidence of an increased risk for infection or malignancy; no correlation between rates of infection, malignancy, and circulating CD4 + /CD8 + T-cell counts; and low immunogenicity A preliminary study evaluating the use of alefacept for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis parallels the psoriasis experience and supports the premise of targeting T cells as an intervention for this disease. Research continues to examine the use of alefacept in combination with other systemic psoriasis therapies and phototherapy and its potential as a treatment for other T-cell-mediated diseases, such as psoriatic arthritis, alopecia areata, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Effect of cyanide on the L-amino acid oxidase reaction.

Cyanide had no effect on any of the processes in the catalytic mechanism of the L-amino acid oxidase reaction. However, the lifetime of the complex of reduced enzyme with product (E r P) was greatly reduced by cyanide in stopped-flow turnover experiments at non-inhibitory levels of substrate, but unaffected by cyanide at inhibitory levels of substrate. These results were interpreted to mean that by trapping the free imino acid which accumulates transiently in the reaction cyanide lowers the concentration of the first product, P, which is released by the enzyme. By analogy with the known hydrolytic behavior of imines, it is concluded that P must be the imino acid which is known to be a product of the enzyme reaction. Since the interaction of P with E r is freely reversible, the level of E r P in turnover can be reduced either by trapping P with cyanide or by trapping E r with substrate as E r S.
On the density of honest subrecursive classes

The relation of honest subrecursive classes to the computational complexity of the functions they contain is briefly reviewed. It is shown that the honest subrecursive classes are dense under the partial ordering of set inclusion. In fact, any countable partial ordering can be embedded in the gap between an effective increasing sequence of honest subrecursive classes and an honest subrecursive class which is properly above the sequence (or in the gap between an eflective decreasing sequence and a class which is properly below the sequence). Information is obtained about the possible existence of least upper bounds (greater lower bounds) of increasing (decreasing) sequences of honest subrecursive classes. Finally it is shown that for any two honest subrecursive classes, one properly containing the other, there exists a pair of incomparable honest subrecursive classes such that the greatest lower bound of the pair is the smaller of the first two classes and the least upper bound of the pair is the larger of the first two classes.
Atmospheric oxygenation and volcanism

Arising from F. Gaillard, B. Scaillet & N. T. Arndt , 229–232(2011)10.1038/nature10460 Around 2.5 billion years ago, Earth’s atmosphere turned from anoxic to oxic in what is known as the Great Oxidation Event. Gaillard et al.1 suggest that this oxygenation was caused by the emergence of the continents and a shift in volcanism from predominantly submarine to primarily subaerial conditions. Because the ratio of volcanic SO2 to H2S in their model increases with this shift, they argue that the atmosphere became more oxidized. But their model also predicts that outgassing of CO2 decreases at the lower pressure of continental volcanism, and that this should act against atmospheric oxygenation because CO2 is the substrate for the production of oxygen from photosynthesis. Hence, their mechanism may not trigger a rise in atmospheric O2.
Enantiospecific Chemisorption of Amino Acids on Step Decorated Chiral Cu Surfaces

Highly stepped metal surfaces can define intrinsically chiral structures, and can potentially be used to separate chiral molecules. The decoration of steps on these surfaces with additional metal atoms may be one potential avenue for improving the enantiospecificity of those surfaces. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to study the enantiospecific chemisorption of amino acids adsorbed on the pure, Pd-decorated, and Au-decorated Cu(643)S surfaces. Negligible differences in adsorption energies for the most stable minima of enantiomers of alanine were found on these surfaces. There are, however, measureable energy differences between the two enantiomers of both serine and cysteine in their most stable states for all surfaces. For serine and cysteine in μ3 adsorption geometries, no enhancement in enantiospecificity upon the step decoration is observed, while for those in μ4 geometries, it is improved, especially on Au-decorated surface. Our results provide initial information on how tuning the chemistry of intrinsically chiral surfaces can affect the enantiospecific adsorption of amino acids on these surfaces.
DIRECT STRESS‐STRAIN DYNAMIC CHARACTERISITCS OF LOW‐METHOXYL PECTIN GELS

Fourteen ammonia-demethylated low-methoxyl pectins were chemically defined. Each was used to prepare a 30% sucrose gel. The texture of each gel was evaluated by an eight member, semi-trained sensory panel. Each gel was also subjected to dynamic uniaxial loading at seven frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 280 Hz. Rheological response was found to be highly dependent on test frequency, and a resonance dispersion effect was revealed at several frequencies. The frequency that exhibited the greatest resonance dispersion was also the most sensitive in distinguishing between the 14 gels, based on absolute modulus. Ninety-two percent of the total variation in absolute modulus could be significantly explained by the chemical composition of the pectin. Significant correlations were found between the sensory descriptors and the rheological parameters calculated from the dynamic tests.
Alteration of zidovudine pharmacokinetics by probenecid in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex

The anti–human immunodeficiency virus drug zidovudine is metabolized extensively in human beings to the 5′-glucuronide (GAZT) and is cleared rapidly, resulting in a short half-life and the need for frequent dosing. This study explores whether probenecid, which is also metabolized by glucuronidation, reduces zidovudine clearance when zidovudine is adminstered orally to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC). The mean zidovudine plasma levels were significantly higher after concurrent administration of probenecid than in its absence, resulting in a twofold increase in the mean AUC, a corresponding decline in the apparent total clearance, and a prolongation in the mean half-life. Similar alterations were observed in GAZT disposition. There was a marked reduction in the urinary excretion ratio of GAZT to zidovudine and a decline in the renal clearance of GAZT after probenecid coadministration. Probenecid inhibits zidovudine glucuronidation and renal excretion of GAZT. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 46, 494–499; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.176
Continuous piezoelectric health monitoring systems based on ultrasonic guided waves

Continuous strip transducers are investigated to generate ultrasonic guided waves for structural health monitoring of plate and shell structures. A theoretically driven approach, based on the application of wave mechanics principles, will be used to research and design a network of strip transducers. The initial transducer concept is that the strips will function like comb transducers and generate planar Lamb waves that travel normal to the longitudinal axis of the strip. Fibrous piezoelectric composites are considered for the comb elements, expanding the design space of these elements to include fiber orientation and volume fraction in addition to size, configuration, and location of the electrodes. This paper presents results from wave propagation studies of continuous strip actuators. As intended, the strip transducer excites Lamb waves that are reasonably planar with little interaction with the energy that propagates in the direction of the strip. Micromechanical modeling results for overall material properties of piezoelectric fiber composites are presented and demonstrate the wide design space for these types of devices.
Privacy and confidentiality in Cyber-Physical Power Systems

Cyber-Physical Power Systems consist of significant cyber components that mange the physical electric power infrastructure under distributed control of power electronics devices. This represents a departure from more centralized SCADA-type control. NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards emphasize the need to protect the power infrastructure from both cyber and physical attacks and recent NIST documents also emphasize the need for privacy and confidentiality in both the AMI smart grid. The physical flow of power, the flow of sensor readings through network traffic, and the cyber computation all contain information. The combination of these information flows presents new challenges in securing cyber-physical power systems. These challenges and potential solutions are outlined in this paper.