cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Understanding Variation in Pelagic Gross Primary Production of Lake Ecosystems

Light and nutrient availability are key physiological constraints for primary production. Widespread environmental changes are causing variability in loads of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients from watersheds to lakes, contributing to simultaneous changes in both light and nutrient supply. Experimental evidence highlights the potential for these watershed loads to create complex and context-dependent responses of within-lake primary production; however, the field lacks a predictive model to investigate these responses. We embedded a well-established physiological model of phytoplankton growth within an ecosystem model of nutrient and DOC supply to assess how simultaneous changes in DOC and nutrient loads could impact pelagic primary production in lakes. The model generated a unimodal relationship between GPP and DOC concentration when loads of DOC and nutrients were tightly correlated across space or time. In this unimodal relationship, the magnitude of the peak GPP was primarily determined by the DOC-to-nutrient ratio of the load, and the location of the peak along the DOC axis was primarily determined by lake area. Greater nutrient supply relative to DOC load contributed to greater productivity, and larger lake area increased light limitation for primary producers at a given DOC concentration, owing to the positive relationship between lake area and epilimnion depth. When loads of DOC and nutrients were not tightly correlated in space or time, the model generated a wedge-shaped pattern between GPP and DOC, consistent with spatial surveys from a global set of lakes. Our model is thus capable of unifying the diversity of empirically observed spatial and temporal responses of lake productivity to DOC and mineral nutrient supply presented in the literature, and provides qualitative predictions for how lake pelagic primary productivity may respond to widespread environmental changes.
Biomarkers in DSM-5 Sleep-Wake Disorders: A Useful Paradigm for Psychiatry?

A case study illustrates the relevance of sleep-related biomarkers to diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis.
Phenotypic characterization of murine models of cerebral cavernous malformations

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are clusters of dilated capillaries that affect around 0.5% of the population. CCMs exist in two forms, sporadic and familial. Mutations in three documented genes, KRIT1(CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10(CCM3), cause the autosomal dominant form of the disease, and somatic mutations in these same genes underlie lesion development in the brain. Murine models with constitutive or induced loss of respective genes have been applied to study disease pathobiology and therapeutic manipulations. We aimed to analyze the phenotypic characteristic of two main groups of models, the chronic heterozygous models with sensitizers promoting genetic instability, and the acute neonatal induced homozygous knockout model. Acute model mice harbored a higher lesion burden than chronic models, more localized in the hindbrain, and largely lacking iron deposition and inflammatory cell infiltrate. The chronic model mice showed a lower lesion burden localized throughout the brain, with significantly greater perilesional iron deposition, immune B- and T-cell infiltration, and less frequent junctional protein immunopositive endothelial cells. Lesional endothelial cells in both models expressed similar phosphorylated myosin light chain immunopositivity indicating Rho-associated protein kinase activity. These data suggest that acute models are better suited to study the initial formation of the lesion, while the chronic models better reflect lesion maturation, hemorrhage, and inflammatory response, relevant pathobiologic features of the human disease.
Gas Phase Analytical Methods for the Study of Steroids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the gas-phase analytical methods for the study of steroids. Gas–liquid partition chromatography (GLC) is at times regarded as a specialized technique that is valuable in many analytical applications but one that does not differ in any important way from other chromatographie separation methods. This view is incorrect; the growing body of GLC methods is part of the development of a broad new field of chemistry that might be termed as the gas-phase analytical chemistry. The distinguishing characteristic of this corpus of methods is that all operations, after the preparation of the sample for study, are carried out in the gas phase. The separation of complex mixtures by a GLC column occurs more rapidly and with greater resolution than with chromatographie techniques that use liquid–solid or liquid–liquid systems. The studies are best carried out with nonclassical derivatives, which are usually formed in quantitative yield and which have properties appropriate for gas phase work. Eluted substances, still in the gas phase, are detected by general or specific methods that are based on highly sensitive ionization phenomena.
Re-Evaluation of Total CO2 Concentration in Apparently Healthy Younger Adults.

The initial assessment of acid-base status is usually based on the measurement of total CO2 concentration ([TCO2]) in venous blood, a surrogate for [HCO3-]. Previously, we posited that the reference limits of serum [TCO2] in current use are too wide. Based on studies on the acid-base composition of normal subjects, we suggested that the reference limits of serum [TCO2] at sea level be set at 23-30 mEq/L. To validate this proposal, we queried the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA's) Integrated Clinical and Research Data Repository, a database containing information on 4.5 million patients seen at UCLA from 2006 to the present. Criteria for inclusion included adults (18-40 years of age), who were free of disorders that could affect acid-base balance, were not taking medications that could affect acid-base balance, and were seen for a routine medical examination or immunization in the outpatient setting. The number of individuals who met the inclusion criteria (52% female and 48% male) was 28,480, with a mean age of 28.9 ± 5.1 years. The mean serum [TCO2] level was slightly higher in males than females, 26.6 ± 2.16 mEq/L vs. 25.0 ± 2.11 mEq/L (p < 0.05). Ninety-one percent of patient values were within the proposed 23-30 mEq/L range and 61.7% were within the 24-27 mEq/L range. These findings validate our proposal that the reference range of serum [TCO2] in venous blood at sea level be narrowed to 23-30 mEq/L. Subjects with serum [TCO2] outside this range might require assessment with a venous blood gas to exclude the presence of clinically important acid-base disorders.
Transient Random Walk

One might try to develop a theory for transient random walk along the same lines as in Chapter III for recurrent random walk in the plane. The first order of business would then be the calculation of hitting probabilities H B ,(x,y) for finite subsets B of the state space R. That turns out to be extremely easy in the transient case, and will be accomplished in a few lines in the beginning of section 25 (P25.1). The following discussion will clarify our reasons for deferring this calculation.
The effect of cold on platelets. II. Platelet function after short-term storage at cold temperatures.

Citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was kept at cold temperatures or room temperature. After 4 hr or more at these temperatures, the PRPs were warmed 1 hr at 37°C. This prevents the spontaneous aggregation seen in chilled PRP that is stirred immediately after warming. Platelet aggregation in response to connective tissue (CT), epinephrine, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was considerably greater in the PRPs originally kept at cold temperatures. In addition, chilling would restore the aggregation of platelets whose function had deteriorated due to prolonged storage at warm temperatures. Neither ADP-induced refractoriness, serotonin uptake, or CT-induced serotonin release was affected by cold. Retention in glass bead columns was greater in platelets that had been chilled than in platelets kept at room temperature or 37°C. Thus, the storage of platelets at cold temperatures leads to changes that improve platelet aggregation but may also increase platelet adhesion, which would account for the decreased in vivo survival of platelets preserved for transfusion at cold temperatures.
Cycle Covers and Cycle Decompositions of Graphs

Abstract In this paper, some conjectures and recent progress on cycle cover and cycle decomposition problems are surveyed.
Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Plant Growth Substances on Development and Yield of Soybeans

Development of commercially useful plant growth regulators (PGR) for soybeans has proven to be a major challenge. It seems that the regulation of soybean yield is highly self-compensating. Our program therefore, was first to understand the endogenous regulation of yield components. We hope information from this work will provide a basis for biorational selection processes for PGRs. Endogenous plant growth substances (PGS) have been implicated in the regulation of reproductive development of soybeans [1–3, 5, 7, 8, 14–18]. This report describes the longdistance transport of PGSs throughout soybean plants and suggests roles for PGS in the movement of photoassimilates to developing seeds.
A new constraint-based formulation for hydrodynamically resolved computational neuromechanics of swimming animals

Abstract Undulatory motion in aquatic animals is attained through waves of muscle contraction. Coordinated muscle contraction is produced by the orchestration of contralaterally anti-phased, caudally propagating waves of neural activity that deliver stimuli to skeletal muscles. This physical deformation generates muscle bending moments along the length of the body. These resultant moments in combination with hydrodynamic, inertial, and the body's constitutive forces (e.g., elasticity) determine the deformation kinematics for swimming. Hydrodyamically resolved simulations of neurally controlled locomotion can facilitate experimental neurobiologists in identifying and decoding activation patterns associated with distinct motor behaviors in swimming animals. When neurally activated, muscle stiffness and consequently the effective body stiffness dynamically increases. Computationally resolving large deformations for an effectively stiff, viscoelastic body immersed in fluid is expensive. For methods that explicitly couple the fluid–body interactions, the body's large elastic modulus imposes severe limitations on the time step size required to ensure numerical stability. Fully implicit methods are generally no more computationally efficient. When the effective body stiffness is sufficiently large, the realized deformation kinematics closely follow the time-varying preferred (or reference) configuration which is implied by the muscle dynamics. Rather than resolving the numerically stiff, elastic equations for the body, a fast and efficient, constraint-based self-propulsion formulation is employed to directly impose the preferred swimming kinematics. With this approach, the exploration of neuromechanical model for propulsion using fully resolved computational fluid dynamics becomes more tractable. The presented method is robust and may be employed to investigate the neuromechanics of motor control and locomotion. Two and three dimensional simulations (2D and 3D) demonstrating the neural activation patterns' effect on maneuverability, speed, and feedback driven obstacle navigation are presented. The phase lag between curvature and moment waves, a manifestation of neurally controlled propulsion, is reproduced, further signifying the robustness of the presented method.
Effectiveness of a novel, automated telephone intervention on time to hospitalisation in patients with COPD: A randomised controlled trial.

IntroductionOwing to its capacity to perform remote assessments, telemedicine is rising as a new force in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. We conducted an eight month random...
Serum Amyloid A3 is required for normal lung development and survival following influenza infection.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of acute phase apolipoproteins implicated to directly modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, new studies comparing endogenous SAAs and recombinant forms of these proteins have questioned the function of SAA in inflammation and immunity. We generated SAA3 knockout mice to evaluate the contribution of SAA3 to lung development and immune-mediated lung disease. While SAA3 deficiency does not affect the generation of house dust mite-induced allergic asthma, mice lacking SAA3 develop adult-onset obesity, intrinsic airway hyperresponsiveness, increased inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression in the lung, and elevated levels of lung citrullinated proteins. Polyclonally stimulated CD4+ T cells from SAA3−/− mice exhibit impaired glycolytic activity, decreased TH2 and TH1 cytokine secretion, and elevated IL-17A production compared to wild type cells. Polyclonally stimulated CD8+ T cells from SAA3−/− mice also exhibit impaired glycolytic activity as well as a diminished capacity to produce IL-2 and IFNγ. Finally, SAA3−/− mice demonstrate increased mortality in response to H1N1 influenza infection, along with higher copy number of viral RNAs in the lung, a lack of CD8+ T cell IFNγ secretion, and decreased flu-specific antibodies. Our findings indicate that endogenous SAA3 regulates lung development and homeostasis, and is required for protection against H1N1 influenza infection.
Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis in Pancreatic Cancer Patients with Respect to Survival.

Background Cancer cachexia is a catabolic condition characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, consequent to tumor burden, which negatively impacts tolerance to cancer therapies and contributes to increased mortality. Partly because of the limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of cancer cachexia derived from human studies, however, the ability to therapeutically intervene remains elusive. The purpose of the current study was therefore to better define the phenotype of skeletal muscle obtained from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has one of the highest rates of cachexia. Methods Morphological analyses were performed on rectus abdominis muscle biopsies obtained from resectable PDAC patients undergoing tumor resection surgery (N = 20) and from weight-stable non-cancer control subjects undergoing benign abdominal surgery (N = 16). PDAC patients with a body weight loss of greater than 5% during the previous 6 months were considered cachectic (N = 15). Statistical tests were two sided. Results Skeletal muscle from cachectic PDAC patients had increased collagen content compared with non-cancer control subjects (1.43% vs 9.66%, P = .0004, Dunn test). Across all PDAC patients, collagen content positively correlated with body weight loss (P = .0016, r = 0.672), was increased in patients with lymph node metastasis (P = .007, Mann-Whitney U test), and was associated with survival on univariate (HR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 1.04, P = .008) and multivariable analyses (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.17, P = .038). Cachectic PDAC patients also displayed increased lipid deposition (2.63% vs 5.72%, P = .042), infiltration of CD68+ macrophages (63.6 cells/mm2 vs 233.8 cells/mm2, P = .0238), calcium deposition (0.21% vs 2.51%, P = .030), and evidence of deficient cellular quality control mechanisms (Mann-Whitney U test). Transcriptional profiling of all patients supported these findings by identifying gene clusters related to wounding, inflammation, and cellular response to TGF-β upregulated in cachectic PDAC patients compared with non-cancer control subjects. Conclusions To our knowledge, this work is the first to demonstrate increased collagen content in cachectic PDAC patients that is associated with poor survival.
Thyroid receptor antagonism as a contributory mechanism for adipogenesis induced by environmental mixtures in 3T3-L1 cells.

Abstract We previously demonstrated that indoor house dust extracts could induce adipogenesis in pre-adipocytes, suggesting a potential role for indoor contaminant mixtures in metabolic health. Herein, we investigated the potential role of thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) antagonism in adipogenic effects (dust-induced triglyceride accumulation and pre-adipocyte proliferation) following exposure to environmental mixtures (indoor house dust extracts). Concentrations of specific flame retardants were measured in extracts, and metabolic health information was collected from residents (n = 137). 90% of dust extracts exhibited significant adipogenic activity, >60% via triglyceride accumulation, and >70% via pre-adipocyte proliferation. Triglyceride accumulation was positively correlated with concentrations of each of twelve flame retardants, despite most being independently inactive; this suggests a putative role for co-exposures or mixtures. We further reported a positive correlation between dust-induced triglyceride accumulation and serum thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, negative correlations with serum free triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations, and a positive and significant association between dust-induced triglyceride accumulation and residents' body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that inhibition of TR antagonism might counteract these effects, and both addition of a TR agonist and siRNA knock-down of TR resulted in decreased dust-induced triglyceride accumulation in a subset of samples, bolstering this as a contributory mechanism. These results highlight a contributory role of environmental TR antagonism as a putative factor in metabolic health, suggesting that further research should evaluate this mechanism and determine whether in vitro adipogenic activity could have utility as a biomarker for metabolic health in residents.
The Impending Dejudicialization of the WTO Dispute Settlement System

The Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing a crisis. Appointment of AB members requires a consensus of the Dispute Settlement Body (comprised of all WTO members), and the United States has been blocking a consensus on further appointments since Donald J. Trump became the president. Without new appointments, the ranks of the AB have been diminishing as AB membersâ€™ terms have been expiring. If this continues (and many expect the United States to continue blocking a consensus on appointments), then in December 2019, through attrition, the number of AB members will fall below the threshold necessary to render decisions, at which point the AB will cease to function.
A Geospatial Analysis of Freestanding and Hospital Emergency Department Accessibility via Public Transit.

Author(s): Carlson, Lucas C.; Baker, Olesya N.; Schuur, Jeremiah D. | Abstract: Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) are an important source of care for underserved populations and represent a significant part of the social safety net. In order to explore the effect of freestanding emergency departments (FSED) on access to care for urban underserved populations, we performed a geospatial analysis comparing the proximity of FSEDs and hospital EDs to public transit lines in three United States (U.S.) metropolitan areas: Houston, Denver, and Cleveland.Methods: We used publicly available U.S. Census data, public transportation maps obtained from regional transit authorities, and geocoded FSED and hospital ED locations. Euclidean distance from each FSED and hospital ED to the nearest public transit line was calculated in ArcGIS. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of an FSED, relative to a hospital ED, being located within 0.5 miles (mi) of a public transit line using logistic regression, adjusting for population density and median household income and with error clustered at the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level.Results: The median distance from FSEDs to public transit lines was significantly greater than from hospital EDs across all three markets. In Houston, Denver, and Cleveland, the median distance between FSEDs and public transit lines was greater than from hospital EDs by 1.0 mi, 0.2 mi, and 1.6 mi, respectively. The OR of a public transit line being located within 0.5 mi of an FSED, as compared with a hospital ED, across all three MSAs was 0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.34) unadjusted and 0.20 (95% CI, 0.11–0.40) adjusted for population density and median household income.Conclusion: In comparison with hospital EDs, FSEDs are located farther from public transit lines and are less likely to be within walking distance of public transportation. These findings suggest that FSEDs are unlikely to directly increase access to care for patients without private means of transportation. Further research is necessary to explore both the direct and indirect impact of FSEDs on access to care, potentially through effects on hospital ED crowding and overall healthcare expenditures, as well as the ultimate role and responsibility of FSEDs in improving access to care for underserved populations.
Uncertainty quantification for right-sizing computational models of sound propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer

Comprehensive modeling of sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer is viewed as a judicious combination of accurate computational mechanics models and uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods. The role of numerical models is to represent nominally deterministic phenomena, e.g., geometrical spreading, ground interactions, refraction by mean gradients of wind and temperature. The role of UQ is to characterize the consequences of fundamentally non-deterministic and imprecisely known factors that affect propagation, e.g., turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, complex terrain features, and overly sparse spatio-temporal sampling of propagation parameters. High-fidelity wave propagation mechanics cannot compensate for inherent randomness in the environment and insufficient data on the parameters. When uncertainty is significant, the computational cost of high-fidelity models might be better invested in more ensemble simulations with medium-fidelity models and quantifying the payoff from more data about the environment. Work in recent years along three thrusts to enable this form of comprehensive modeling is reviewed: (1) Surrogate modeling based on cluster-weighted models, which are a type of probabilistic generative model, and on statistical learning methods, (2) global sensitivity analysis for assessing the importance of model parameters, and (3) a computational mechanics error budget for rationally analyzing the importance of various sources of uncertainty.Comprehensive modeling of sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer is viewed as a judicious combination of accurate computational mechanics models and uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods. The role of numerical models is to represent nominally deterministic phenomena, e.g., geometrical spreading, ground interactions, refraction by mean gradients of wind and temperature. The role of UQ is to characterize the consequences of fundamentally non-deterministic and imprecisely known factors that affect propagation, e.g., turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, complex terrain features, and overly sparse spatio-temporal sampling of propagation parameters. High-fidelity wave propagation mechanics cannot compensate for inherent randomness in the environment and insufficient data on the parameters. When uncertainty is significant, the computational cost of high-fidelity models might be better invested in more ensemble simulations with medium-fidelity models and quantifying the payoff from mo...
Properties of Equivalent Source Distributions Useful for Inverse Thermal Analysis

A general approach for inverse thermal analysis of heat deposition processes is parametric modeling of such processes using effective or equivalent source distributions (ESDs). ESDs can be adjusted conveniently for calculation of temperature fields, which are constrained according to boundary and temperature constraint conditions. This study applies properties of ESDs useful for parametric modeling of heat deposition processes. Inverse thermal analysis of a friction stir weld is presented, which is prototypical of processes tending to be complex with respect to energy deposition morphology. This analysis demonstrates properties of ESDs providing relatively optimal parametric modeling of energy deposition processes.
Getting to the Cores of Autism

The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is itself a diverse allelic spectrum that consists of rare de novo or inherited variants in hundreds of genes and common polygenic risk at thousands of loci. ASD susceptibility genes are interconnected at the level of transcriptional and protein networks, and many function as genetic regulators of neurodevelopment or synaptic proteins that regulate neural activity. So that the core underlying neuropathologies can be further elucidated, we emphasize the importance of first defining subtypes of ASD on the basis of the phenotypic signatures of genes in model systems and humans.
The influence of affect on HPV vaccine decision making in an HPV vaccine naïve college student population

The HPV vaccine is recommended for all adolescents starting at age 11, but coverage is low, especially in the young adult population. The CDC is prioritizing catch-up vaccination and has expanded recommendations for all young adults to age 26. College students may be ideal targets for HPV vaccine interventions as they typically have on-site clinics that offer prevention services and students are in the position to make decisions about their own healthcare. We examined the risk perceptions of 101 HPV vaccine-naive college students, both in terms of risk cognition (beliefs about susceptibility to HPV-related cancers and genital warts) and affect (worry and fear regarding HPV-related health outcomes) as they relate to HPV vaccine intentions. Participants completed an online survey, reporting absolute and comparative risk perceptions for HPV-related cancers/genital warts, fear and worry related to getting HPV-related cancer and/or genital warts, desire for positive emotions, affective associations with the HPV vaccine, and intentions to get the HPV vaccine. More fear/worry about vaccination was directly associated with increased vaccine intentions. The perceived risk to intentions relation included an indirect effect via fear/worry. Desire for positive affect strengthened this relation. Positive affective associations with the HPV vaccine were also related to increased vaccine intentions. Given the public health impact of increasing HPV vaccine coverage for young adults, educational strategies framing the HPV vaccine positively while decreasing fear/worry related to negative health outcomes might increase interest in on-campus catch-up vaccination.
Special Issue: DNA Helicases: Mechanisms, Biological Pathways, and Disease Relevance

DNA helicases have emerged as a prominent class of nucleic acid-metabolizing enzymes that play important roles in genome maintenance and cellular homeostasis [...]
In vivo targets of dietary sphingolipids

1375 Sphingolipid metabolites are generated to mediate the response of cells to growth factors, cytokines, cellular stresses, and chemotherapeutic agents. They regulate cell growth, and induce differentiation and apoptosis. These processes are deregulated in cancer cells but may be restored by exogenous sphingolipids. We have shown earlier that supplementation of the diet with sphingolipids that are hydrolyzed throughout the intestinal tract to bioactive metabolites reduced tumor incidence in DMH-treated mice by 70%. A reversal of carcinogen-induced changes in proliferation and cell death rather than the induction of apoptosis in transformed cells per se appeared to be a key event in this inhibition. However, the mechanisms of this growth ’normalization’ are not known. The present study was designed to identify targets of dietary sphingolipids in vivo in order to determine sphingolipid-modulated signaling pathways that lead to a suppression of tumor formation. The epithelial cells lining the colon were scraped from snap-frozen colons from control mice (fed only sphingolipid-free AIN76A diet) or sphingolipid-fed mice, and used for both RT-PCR analysis of gene transcription, and Western Blot analysis of protein expression. Proteins that have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell growth by sphingolipids in vitro such as bax, bcl-2, c-myc, and proteins that are important in colon cancer and may be modulated by dietary sphingolipids such as Cyclin D1 and β-catenin were selected for these analyses. The transcription of most of these genes was not altered by feeding sphingomyelin for 47 weeks as determined by RT-PCR. However, the expression of key proteins such as β-catenin and Cyclin D1 was markedly reduced. These results suggest that a post-translational regulation of protein expression may be important in the regulation of colonic cell growth and tumor suppression by dietary sphingolipids. (Supported by the National Dairy Council)
Cardiovascular Disease in Women Part 2: Prevention, Identification, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is preventable with lifestyle modification and pharmacologic risk reduction. Risk can be reduced with aspirin and statin primary prevention in select women, but commonly used risk calculators have been shown to underestimate women’s risk. For women with intermediate risk, coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a noninvasive imaging test for additional risk stratification. For symptomatic CVD, women often present without classic anginal symptoms, delaying diagnosis. Treatment guidelines for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke are the same for women and men yet women’s management less often follows the guidelines when compared to men. Over the course of her lifetime, a woman’s primary care physician can improve her CVD outcomes through a combination of risk reduction, timely diagnosis, and guideline-driven therapy.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Foster Care Placement Stability.

OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on a child's foster care placement stability in Kansas. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted by using a purposive cohort sample of 2998 children, from 6 to 18 years old, in Kansas's foster care system between October 2015 and July 2019. Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the influence of cumulative ACEs on a child's placement stability. ACEs were measured at foster care intake and self-reported by the child. Placement stability variables were obtained through the state administrative database. RESULTS Children in foster care with greater cumulative ACE exposure were significantly more likely to experience placement instability. Compared to children with 1 to 5 ACEs, when controlling for all other variables, children with ≥10 ACEs had an increased odds of experiencing placement instability by 31% (odds ratio: 1.31; P < .05); and children with 6 to 9 ACEs had a 52% (odds ratio: 1.52, P < .001) increased odds of experiencing placement instability. A child's race, biological sex, age at episode start, and whether they had siblings in foster care all significantly influenced placement instability. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study, in conjunction with previous research on ACEs and foster care, highlight the need to proactively address ACEs and trauma exposure at foster care entry.
Spatially revolved high density electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. In practice, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time, several tens of minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. In order to improve the resolution and the distortion cause by the hair and scalp, large array magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems are introduced. The major challenge is to systematically compare the accuracy of epileptic source localization with high electrode density to that obtained with sparser electrode setups. In this report, we demonstrate a two dimension (2D) image Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis along with utilization of Peano (space-filling) curve to further reduce the hardware requirement for high density EEG and improve the accuracy and performance of the high density EEG analysis. The brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) in this work is enhanced by A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board with optimized two dimension (2D) image Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis.
Gene Expression Changes in Cyclic Functions

Cyclic changes in behavior or activity on the part of eukaryotes in general, correlated to the oscillations in light, temperature, and other variables that characterize the planet on which they live, have become an extremely important area for investigation during the post-1950 period. Circadian and photoperiodic changes related to the day-night pattern have proven especially fertile fields, but infradian (several cycles per day), lunar, and circannual ones have also been productive. A large majority of the investigations have been descriptive of physiological state variations at the organismic level and thus provide only indirect clues that alterations in gene function govern the activities; nevertheless, such studies do serve to reveal the great abundance and wide divergence in character of biorhythms, or chronobiological phenomena, as cyclic behavior has become termed. Nearly all the important life functions have proven to be rhythmic in character, including cell division (Scheving and Pauly, 1973), diapause, energy metabolism, reproduction, sleeping and waking, feeding, types of nutrients consumed, and even the manner of death in man as suicide, coronary disease, and stroke (Kripke, 1974; Reinberg, 1974; Rutledge, 1974; Gorski et al., 1975; Sachsenmaier, 1976; Wever, 1979). But many of lesser importance, such as otolith formation in fish (Barkman, 1978; Dunkelberger et al., 1980; Mugiya et al., 1981), and auditory brain stem response in man (Marshall and Donchin, 1981), also have proven to be rhythmic in occurrence on a daily basis.
Laser sputtering: Part I. On the existence of rapid laser sputtering at 193 nm

Abstract Irradiation, i.e.bombardment, with 193 nm laser pulses having an energy fluence of 2.5 J cm 2 and a duration of ~12 ns leads to rapid sputtering with Au, Al2O3, MgO, MgO. Al2O3, SiO2, glass and LaB6, relatively slow sputtering with MgF2 and diamond, and mainly thermal-stress cracking with W. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests that the mechanism for the sputtering of Au in either vacuum or air is one based on the hydrodynamics of molten Au, while an SEM-derived surface temperature estimate confirms that thermal sputtering (which might have been expected) is not possible. SEM with W shows that the near total lack of material removal is due to the thermal-stress cracking not leading to completed exfoliation, together with the surface temperature being too low for either hydrodynamical or thermal processes. Corresponding SEM with Al2O3 shows, in the case of specimens bombarded in vacuum, topography of such a type that all mechanisms except electronic ones can be ruled out. The topography of Al2O3 or other oxides bombarded in air through a mask is somewhat different, showing craters as for vacuum bombardments but ones which have a cone-like pattern on the bottom.
Correlation of intrinsic optical signal, cerebral blood flow, and evoked potentials during activation of rat somatosensory cortex.

Object This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the intrinsic optical signal could be dissociated by altering adenosine receptor activity and to uncover the origin of the optic signal using a cranial window in the anesthetized rat. Methods In anesthetized, ventilated, and temperature-controlled rats with closed cranial windows, the authors evaluated simultaneously the alterations in pial arteriolar diameter, intrinsic optical signals (690 nm), and somatosensory evoked potentials during cortical activation evoked by contralateral sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS). To dissociate the vascular and intrinsic signal, they topically applied the adenosine receptors antagonists theophylline (5 μM), which affects A1 and A2A receptors, and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX, 1 μM), which blocks the A1 receptor. The former interacts primarily with the vasculature whereas the latter influences the parenchyma exclusively. Results During 20 seconds of contralateral SNS, pial...
A Service Kernel for Multimedia Endstations

Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for delay sensitive networked multimedia applications, such as teleoperation, must be application-to-application. We describe a set of services, a service kernel, required at the end points, for multimedia call establishment with QoS guarantees. These services provide: (1) Translation among different domain specifications (layerto -layer translation) and domain-resource specifications (layer-to-resource translation); (2) Admission and Allocation of resources; and (3) Negotiation and Coordination of QoS specifications among the distributed endpoints. For each service we propose architectural solutions.
Limiting Kalman Filter

In this chapter, we consider the special case where all known constant matrices are independent of time. That is, we are going to study the time-invariant linear stochastic system with the state-space description: $$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_{k + 1}} = A{x_k} + \Gamma {{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\xi } }_k}} \\ {{v_k} = C{x_k} + {{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\eta } }_k}} \end{array}} \right. $$ (6.1)
Global analysis and economics IV: Finiteness and stability of equilibria with general consumption sets and production

Abstract In the spirit of Debreu's work on economies with a finite number of price equilibria, it is proved that under generic conditions, economies contain only a finite number of price equilibria when consumption sets are permitted to contain zero amounts of certain commodities. Also similar results are proved for economies with production (the last can be compared with works of Fuchs and Mas-Colell).
Using Data from Real and Simulated Learners to Evaluate Adaptive Tutoring Systems.

Classification evaluation metrics are often used to evaluate adaptive tutoring systems-programs that teach and adapt to humans. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that existing convention for evaluating tutoring systems may lead to suboptimal decisions. In a companion paper, we propose Teal, a new framework to evaluate adaptive tutoring. In this paper we propose an alternative formulation of Teal using simulated learners. The main contribution of this novel formulation is that it enables approximate inference of Teal, which may useful on the cases that Teal becomes computationally intractable. We believe that this alternative formulation is simpler, and we hope it helps as a bridge between the student modeling and simulated learners community.
Synthesis and Mechanism of Action of Novel Thiocarbamate Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase

Several peptidyl thiocarbamate inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase were synthesized in the molecular weight range of 700-800. Two different sequences with lysine at the P3 and ornithine at the P4 positions were synthesized. Most of the inhibitors with large molecular weights showed high inhibitory capacity with Ki values as low as 10(-8)M. Compounds immobilized on poly,alpha,beta-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide] (PHEA) polymers with an average molecular weight of 36,000 showed higher inhibitory capacity than their free forms.
Chinese: Chinese morphology 1

Morphology is the study of words and word-making. Its goal is to understand the meaning in the relationships between words and the ways in which they are expressed, including how grammatical relationships are marked in different languages. For example, plurality is explicitly marked by an - s on English nouns, e.g., book as a singular noun and books as a plural noun. Furthermore, the relationships between words may require some morphological changes in different parts of a sentence. For instance, the verb form varies depending on the person and number of the subject noun phrase in an English sentence such as This book is very interesting vs. These books are very interesting in which the subjects and verbs have an agreement relationship, i.e., a third-person singular, subjective noun corresponds to the copular verb is and a third-person plural subjective noun to a different copular verb are . Cross-linguistically, the minimal unit of meaning is commonly called a morpheme , and it is subdivided into two major types, bound and free. Bound morphemes primarily refer to affixes such as the English plural marker -s which only makes sense when attached to a nominal stem. Alternatively, a noun like book is called a free morpheme because it makes sense all by itself and refers to something in the real world, or is called a stem for an affix to be attached to.
Doctor, my tooth hurts: the costs of incomplete dental care in the emergency room.

Objectives: This study aims to examine the charges and frequency of return visits for treating dental health problems in hospital emergency rooms (ERs) in order to provide a basis for policy discussion concerning cost-effective and appropriate treatment for those without access to private dental services. Methods: Records were abstracted from hospital administrative data systems for dental-related ER visits from five major hospital systems in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area during a 1-year period. Data on the number of visits and charges were analyzed by age and type of payor (public or private). Similar data were obtained from records for a commercially insured population from a single large employer. Results: There were over 10,000 visits to ERs for dental-related problems with total charges reaching nearly $5 million in 1 year, mainly charged to public programs and reimbursed at about 50 percent. The frequency of repeat visits suggests that while acute pain and infection were treated by the ER physicians, the underlying dental problem often was not resolved. In contrast, a population with commercial dental insurance rarely used hospital ERs for dental problems. Conclusions: Access to preventive and restorative dental care is a critical public health problem in the United States, particularly for those without insurance and those covered by public programs. Public health policy initiatives such as the use of dental therapists should be expanded to improve access and to provide alternatives that offer more complete and less costly care for oral health problems than do hospital ERs.
Cardioprotective Mechanism of Diazoxide Involves the Inhibition of Succinate Dehydrogenase

Background The adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channel opener, diazoxide, preserves myocyte volume homeostasis and contractility during stress via an unknown mechanism. Pharmacologic overlap has been suggested between succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and K ATP channel modulators. Diazoxide may be cardioprotective due to the inhibition of SDH which may form a portion of the mitochondrial K ATP channel. To determine the role of inhibition of SDH in diazoxide's cardioprotection, this study utilized glutathione to prevent the inhibition of SDH. Methods SDH activity was measured in isolated mitochondria exposed to succinate (control), malonate (inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase), diazoxide, and varying concentrations of glutathione alone or in combination with diazoxide. Enzyme activity was measured by spectrophotometric analysis. To evaluate myocyte volume and contractility, cardiac myocytes were superfused with Tyrode's physiologic solution (Tyrode's) (20 minutes), followed by test solution (20 minutes), including Tyrode's, hyperkalemic cardioplegia (stress), cardioplegia + diazoxide, cardioplegia + diazoxide + glutathione, or glutathione alone; followed by Tyrode's (20 minutes). Myocyte volume and contractility were recorded using image grabbing software. Results Both malonate and diazoxide inhibited succinate dehydrogenase. Glutathione prevented the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by diazoxide in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of diazoxide prevented the detrimental myocyte swelling due to cardioplegia alone and this benefit was lost with the addition of glutathione. However, glutathione elicited an independent cardioprotective effect on myocyte contractility. Conclusions The ability of diazoxide to provide beneficial myocyte homeostasis during stress involves the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, which may also involve the opening of a purported mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate sensitive potassium channel.
Parametric Study of Zigzag Microstructure for Vibrational Energy Harvesting

A comprehensive parametric study is presented on the vibration and the energy harvesting performance of a low-frequency zigzag energy harvester. The zigzag microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) vibrational energy harvesters have low natural frequencies which match the low-frequency range of ambient vibrations. The harvesters can, therefore, be designed to resonate with ambient excitation. The power produced by energy harvesters at resonance is orders of magnitude larger than off resonance power. The paper aims at providing an easy-to-use, comprehensive tool for designing the harvesters for different applications. The two key characteristics of the vibrational energy harvesters are their resonance frequency and their power transfer function. We formulate both vibrations and power production of the zigzag MEMS harvesters in nondimensional equations. The paper advances the state of the art in MEMS energy harvesting research area by identifying the dimensionless parameters governing mechanical vibrations and energy generation. We also investigate how the resonant frequency and the maximum power vary with each of the corresponding dimensionless parameters. The graphs summarize the parametric studies and provide sufficient tools for design of zigzag harvesters. The natural frequencies are related to six dimensionless variables, and the power transfer functions depend on 12 dimensionless parameters.
An axisymmetric cubic finite element for laminated composite cylinders with shear

Abstract A new axisymmetric finite element for the analysis of laminated composite circular cylindrical shells, including shear deformation, is developed. The element allows separate rotational degrees of freedom for each layer but does not require translational degrees of freedom beyond those necessary for a single layer. Continuity of displacements between layers is assumed, but not continuity of the tractions. The element does not account for interlaminar slip or delamination. Numerical results, for one-layer, two-layer cross-ply and three-layer angle-ply cylinders are compared with analytical solutions based on classical lamination theory and constant shear-angle theory.