cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk From Within: Intraminority Gay Community Stress and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Sexual Minority Men

Background Sexual minority men remain highly impacted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with social stress being a clear predictor of their risk for infection. The past several decades of stress research regarding sexual minority men's HIV-risk behaviors has almost exclusively focused on the influence of stress emanating from outside the gay community (e.g., stigma-related stress, or minority stress, such as heterosexist discrimination). However, recent evidence suggests that sexual minority men also face stress from within their own communities. Purpose We sought to examine whether stress from within the gay community, or intraminority gay community stress, might influence sexual minority men's risk behaviors, including HIV-risk behaviors, over-and-above more commonly examined stressors affecting this risk. Methods We tested whether intraminority gay community stress was associated with sexual minority men's HIV-risk behaviors in a large national survey of sexual minority men (Study 1), and experimentally tested intraminority gay community stress's impact on behavioral risk-taking and attitudes toward condom use (Study 2). Results Self-reported exposure to intraminority gay community stress was positively associated with HIV-risk behaviors when accounting for the effects of several commonly examined minority stressors and general life stress (Study 1). Participants who were rejected from an online group of other sexual minority men evidenced greater risk-taking in a subsequent task and reported fewer benefits of condom use than participants who were accepted by the online group, when accounting for state affect (Study 2). Conclusions Sexual minority men's experiences of stress and rejection stemming from their own community may be an important and overlooked predictor of HIV infection and transmission.
Economics after Neoliberalism: Introducing the EfIP Project

The tools of contemporary economics are critical to developing a policy framework for "inclusive prosperity," which requires that we consider the whole distribution of outcomes and human prosperity broadly, including health, climate change, political rights, and dignity. To improve the quality of public discussion around inclusive prosperity, we have organized a group of economists—the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity (EfIP) network. The purpose is not simply to offer a list of policy prescriptions but to provide an overall vision for economic policy that stands as an alternative to the market fundamentalism that is often—and wrongly—identified with economics.
Root system variation of pulse crops at early vegetative stage

Grain legumes known as “Pulse crops” are economically and nutritionally one of the most important crop families after cereals. Climate change and abiotic stress factors are limiting yield potential in these crops. Root system architecture, a neglected field, is promising for improved environmental adaptability and higher growth potential. Genotypes with deep and dense root system may cope better with water and nutrient limitations. This study aimed to evaluate 12 common cultivars from six different legume species. Root system architectures were evaluated under controlled conditions in a plexiglass system at the early vegetative stage. Roots were divided into four depth zones (0, 5, 10, 15> cm), and inter and intra species diversity were analysed. Significant diversity was obtained within and between the species. Bean, chickpea, and broad bean constituted deeper and dense root systems while lentil, soybean, and pea formed non-dense and shallower root systems. There was a significant correlation between earliness and early vegetative root vigour. The results of the study may provide a better understanding of the root system architectures of each species-genera. The results presented here may shed light on the selection of root traits in legume breeding programs.
Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800

What factors caused the persecution of minorities in pre-modern Europe? Using panel data consisting of 1,366 persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely following colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in growing season temperature in the previous five-year period increased the probability of a persecution by between 1 and 1.5 percentage points (relative to a baseline of 2%). This effect was strongest in weak states and with poor quality soil. The long-run decline in persecutions was partly attributable to greater market integration and state capacity.
Efficient Multiresolution Scrolling Grid for Stereo Vision-based MAV Obstacle Avoidance

Fast, aerial navigation in cluttered environments requires a suitable map representation for path planning. In this paper, we propose the use of an efficient, structured multiresolution representation that expands the sensor range of dense local grids for memory-constrained platforms. While similar data structures have been proposed, we avoid processing redundant occupancy information and use the organization of the grid to improve efficiency. By layering 3D circular buffers that double in resolution at each level, obstacles near the robot are represented at finer resolutions while coarse spatial information is maintained at greater distances. We also introduce a novel method for efficiently calculating the Euclidean distance transform on the multiresolution grid by leveraging its structure. Lastly, we utilize our proposed framework to demonstrate improved stereo camera-based MAV obstacle avoidance with an optimization-based planner in simulation.
Patient Suggestions to Improve Emergency Physician Empathy and Communication.

Emergency physician empathy and communication is increasingly important and influences patient satisfaction. This study investigated if there is a need for improvement in provider empathy and commu...
Classic bedside diagnostic techniques

Correctly performing bedside diagnostic tests is an important fundamental skill for practicing dermatologists. Even with new technologies, bedside diagnostic tests have been useful in contemporary practice. When properly implemented, bedside diagnostic techniques can efficiently and economically aid in diagnosis and treatment. We have reviewed the most commonly used diagnostic procedures while considering them in their historical context, outlined the procedures for performing the tests, and discussed the relevance and regulatory requirements of the tests.
Impact of marriage on physical activity behavior in women with multiple sclerosis

Purpose Adopting and continuing physical activity (PA) is critical for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). The role that spouses or partners play in the adoption and continuation of PA in women with MS has yet to be explored. Methods Nine women with MS and their respective spouses volunteered for in-depth, semi-structured interviews that lasted approximately an hour. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Spouse interview data were used to contextualize and provide a richer understanding of themes from women with MS. Results Three themes were constructed from analysis of the interview data with women with MS: support, motivation to perform PA, and PA prior to MS. Support was most discussed and took the form joining in PA, supporting PA accomplishments or information sharing, assisting with PA, and encouraging separate PA. Motivation to perform PA and prior PA also were impacted by the women's spouses and their behaviors. Conclusions This study points to the importance of support and perception of support by spouses for women with MS. Support was highly valued regardless of the form that it took. Women with MS could benefit from understanding and encouraging the various supporting roles spouses play in the decisions women with MS make to be physically active.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWomen with MS and their spouses consider physical activity to be beneficial.Women with MS value the support their spouses provide to encourage them to be physically active.Women with MS can perceive support from their spouses in varying ways, including support in initiating physical activity, supporting physical activity accomplishments or information sharing, assisting with physical activity, and encouraging separate physical activity.Physical activity programming for this population should consider ways to incorporate spousal support.
An In Vitro and In Vivo study of BNAP: A Novel Peripherally Selective μ-opioid Receptor Antagonist

Activation of μ-opioid receptors (MORs) on enteric neurons during opioid treatment inhibits gastrointestinal peristalsis and leads to constipation. This is the most significant side affect associat...
Endokrine Funktionen von Niere (Renin, Erythropoietin), Epiphyse, Thymus, Milz

Die seit langem bekannten Organe mit endokriner Funktion sind Hypophyse, Thyreoidea, Parathyreoidea, Pankreas, Nebennierenrinde, Nebennierenmark und Gonaden. Dazu kornmen cellulare Strukturen mit endokrinen Leistungen: (1) Zellen im Hypothalamus (Bildung von „releasing factors“, Kap. 14), (2) Zellen des Magen-Darm-Traktes (Bildung von Gewebshormonen, Kap. 26) sowie im vorliegenden Kapitel (3) juxtaglomerularer Apparat der Niere und Organe mit nicht gesicherter endokriner Funktion (4) Epiphyse, (5) Thymus, (6) Milz.
Family, Kinship, and Sympathy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature: Behind the scenes of sentimental novels: Ida May and Twelve Years a Slave

Behind the scenes of many sentimental texts lie the traces of slave narratives. Such a claim, I realize, requires this immediate counter-statement – that sentimental texts radically differ from slave narratives, even though both genres share a conceptual investment in the matter of eventual self-possession, a structural equivalence in their protagonists' journey from a state of bondage into one of freedom, and an affective contiguity in their concern for the condition of their readers' sympathies. The aim of this chapter is to provide a more nuanced reading than currently available of the uses to which the tropes, rhetoric, and goals of slave narratives are deployed within sentimental texts. I also hope to make the rather simple point that sentimental texts, for all of their intersections with the slave narrative genre, register in a variety of ways the all-encompassing difference between a sentimental narrative and a slave narrative, which is to say that the texts under consideration recognize the difference between someone who is and is not a slave. A pro-slavery text like Hentz's not only does not acknowledge this decisive distinction but works to erode it. In fact, this chapter continues where my reading of Effie's symbolic function in The Planter's Northern Bride left off. There, let us recall, Moreland's daughter is kidnapped by her biological mother and becomes, analogically speaking, a fugitive slave – advertisements are posted and her return to her father and Eula is eventually secured – whose return to the plantation guarantees her future happiness.
Useful Expressions for Evaluating Average Error Probability Performance

As alluded to in Chapter 4, the alternative representations of the Gaussian and Marcum Q-functions in the desired form are the key mathematical tools in unifying evaluation of the average error probability performance of digital communication systems over the generalized fading channel. Before going on to present the specific details of such performances in the remaining parts of the book, we digress in this chapter to derive a set of expressions that can be considered as additional mathematical tools that will prove to be particularly useful in carrying out these evaluations.
Chapter 27. Electrospray Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Adducts Between Therapeutic Agents and Proteins

Publisher Summary Molecular mass determinations by electrospray mass spectrometry can reveal the stoichiometries of drug-protein reactions. Proper examples of analyses, where this is important, include the characterization of adducts between the therapeutic agents and proteins. The formation of covalent adducts between proteins and therapeutic agents can provide a basis for toxicity, inactivation, and drug resistance in vivo , and generally constitutes the central phenomenon in mechanism-based inhibition. Reversible adduct formation with proteins can play an important role in drug distribution, can form the basis for new drug delivery systems, and is likely to contribute to pharmacokinetic profiles. With the recent rapid development of electrospray (ES) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), mass spectrometry (MS) can now be applied readily to the analysis of proteins and covalent adducts of proteins with xenobiotics, including drugs. In electrospray mass spectrometry, the sample is introduced in solution, sprayed across an electrical field in such a way that protonated or deprotonated molecules are freed from solvent and steered into the mass analyzer. These solutions are aqueous or mixtures of water and organic solvents, contain volatile electrolytes, and may be used at any pH. Electrospray is the technique of choice to interface high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometers, and it has been implemented on all analyzer configurations, including magnetic sector and Fourier transform instruments.
RT-Open Stack: CPU Resource Management for Real-Time Cloud Computing

Clouds have become appealing platforms for not only general-purpose applications, but also real-time ones. However, current clouds cannot provide real-time performance to virtual machines (VMs). We observe the demand and the advantage of co-hosting real-time (RT) VMs with non-real-time (regular) VMs in a same cloud. RT VMs can benefit from the easily deployed, elastic resource provisioning provided by the cloud, while regular VMs effectively utilize remaining resources without affecting the performance of RT VMs through proper resource management at both the cloud and the hyper visor levels. This paper presents RT-Open Stack, a cloud CPU resource management system for co-hosting real-time and regular VMs. RT-Open Stack entails three main contributions: (1) integration of a real-time hyper visor (RT-Xen) and a cloud management system (Open Stack) through a real-time resource interface, (2) a real-time VM scheduler to allow regular VMs to share hosts with RT VMs without interfering the real-time performance of RT VMs, and (3) a VM-to-host mapping strategy that provisions real-time performance to RT VMs while allowing effective resource sharing with regular VMs. Experimental results demonstrate that RT-Open Stack can effectively improve the real-time performance of RT VMs while allowing regular VMs to fully utilize the remaining CPU resources.
Designing for technological obsolescence and discontinuous change: an evaluation of three successional electronic products

Product displacement has been occurring for many years and will continue to challenge the market as technological advances result in product obsolescence. While opportunities do exist to incorporate environmentally conscious design and engineering criteria into the product development process, much of the ultimate environmental success is dependent upon closing the product life cycle, through reuse (upgrade and/or repair), re-manufacture and recycling. This paper reports on the analysis and evaluation of three successional audio video home electronic products: the VHS Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), the Laser Disc Player (LD) and the Digital Video/Versatile Disc Player (DVD). The newly released DVD player has rendered the LD player obsolete and will soon render the VCR obsolete. This paper investigates potential environmental improvements to the DVD player through design strategies for upgrading a successional product and for reducing its end-of-life impact.
Trajectories of male sexual aggression from adolescence through college: A latent class growth analysis

Approximately 25% of male college students report engaging in some form of sexual coercion by the end of their fourth year of college. White and Smith (2004) found that negative childhood experiences-childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and witnessing domestic violence-predicted sexual aggression perpetrated before college, but not during the subsequent college years, a puzzling finding in view of the reasonably consistent rates of sexual aggression from adolescence to the first 2 years of college. The current study takes a person-centered approach to sexual aggression in an attempt to resolve this discrepancy. We examined the possibility of cohesive subgroups of men in terms of their frequency of sexual aggression across the pre-college and college years. A series of latent class growth models were fit to an existing longitudinal dataset of sexual experiences collected across four time points-pre-college through year 3 of college. A four-trajectory model fit the data well, exhibiting significantly better fit than a three-trajectory model. The four trajectories are interpreted as men who perpetrate sexual aggression at (1) low (71.5% of the sample), (2) moderate (21.2%), (3) decreasing (4.2%), and (4) increasing (3.1%) frequencies across time. Negative childhood experiences predicted membership of the decreasing trajectory, relative to the low trajectory, but did not predict membership of the increasing trajectory, explaining the discrepancy uncovered by White and Smith. Implications for primary prevention of sexual aggression are discussed.
Brief report: Physical health of adolescent perpetrators of sibling aggression

We describe adolescents' perpetration of sibling aggression and its link to physical health two years later. In-school surveys at Time 1 (N = 331) and Time 2 (two-years later, N = 283) were administered to adolescents (at Time 1, Mage = 15.71 years, SD = .63; 52% female) living in the United States querying about perpetration of aggression toward a sibling closest in age and perceived physical health. The majority of adolescents perpetrated aggression towards their sibling (74%). Adolescents who were part of brother-brother pairs reported the most aggression. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that perpetrating sibling aggression more often at Time 1 was predictive of lower physical health at Time 2 controlling for Time 1 physical health and demographic characteristics. Perpetration of aggression toward a sibling is common and has negative health consequences in late adolescence suggesting this issue should be targeted to improve adolescents' sibling dynamics and physical health. Language: en
Neurological disorders, depression and inflammation: is there a common link?

To understand the origin of co-morbidity between neurological disorders and depressive illness, a multifactorial model is in order. Diverse approaches have been undertaken to elucidate the co-morbidity. Of these, the concept that inflammatory processes contribute to brain-related pathologies has been gaining traction. Inflammatory processes have been identified in most, if not all, neurological conditions. Similarly, major depressive disorder has been associated with a chronic proinflammatory status. Activation of the immune response can alter neurotransmission leading, among others, to serotonin deficiency, and increased production of neurotoxic substances contributing to primary disease progression. Therefore, inflammatory factors might serve as biomarkers to predict and ultimately prevent the development and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as to identify the most efficacious treatments.
Telemarketing in distribution channels

Abstract This article identifies the use of telemarketing in channels of distribution. Specific telemarketing applications for sales leads, marginal accounts, new products, customer inquiries and complaints, and advertising effectiveness are discussed.
Surface strain due to embedded epitaxial islands

We present a simple methodology for the evaluation of strain on the free surface above an embedded island. This work is motivated by the technological importance of self-organization of nanostructures. We first obtain the exact solution of the problem of a particle embedded in a half-space, using continuum theory. Then, we obtain a simple mathematical expression for the strain on the surface. In order to account for the influence of surface energy at the nanoscale, surface and interface stress are considered through the continuum Gurtin formulation. The results are compared with the classical approach, which typically ignores surface stress. This comparison illustrates a very dramatic (even qualitative) difference from the classical elasticity based prediction. It proves that surface stress must be taken into account when islands are small and softer than the substrate material. The procedure illustrated here should be useful to those who need usable expressions for surface strain and have no interest in solving the corresponding boundary value problem.
Dietary Protein Requirements of Juvenile Black Sea Bass, Centropristis striata

A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the dietary protein requirement for juvenile black sea bass. Six isocaloric diets were formulated to contain varying levels of crude protein (CP) ranging from 36 to 56% (36, 40, 44, 48, 52, and 56%) by substituting a mixture of carbohydrates and lipid for fish meal. The feeding experiment was carried out in 18-75 L aquaria stocked at a density of 15 juveniles (initial average weight 6.7 g) per tank. Fish were fed test diets in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 wk. Whole-body proximate composition was analyzed after the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the 44% CP diet were not significantly different from those fed the 48, 52, and 56% CP diets, but were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed the 36 and 40% CP diets. Feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly affected by dietary protein level. The dietary requirement of protein for maximum growth of black sea bass juveniles, estimated using broken-line regression analysis on weight gain, was 45.3% and maximum weight gain occurred at 52.6% based on polynomial regression analysis.
Pattern formation by shock processes

Abstract Shock waves in condensed media often produce and leave behind periodic patterns and textures. These patterns have been observed both in real time and in post-mortum examination. In many cases the patterns can be related to analogous pattern-forming mechanisms in classical fluid dynamics, such as the Rayleigh-Taylor and Helmholtz instabilities. In other cases, the textures arise from peculiarities in the dynamic stress state immediately behind the leading edge of the shock wave. Periodic waves in the interface between two shock-welded metals have a close resemblance to the classical Helmholtz instability. From a practical point of view, these waves are crucial to the formation of a good bond. Impulsive acceleration of an interface can result in the Meshkov instability, which forms patterns qualitatively similar to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability driven by continuous acceleration. However, the patterned stress state left behind after a shock crosses a perturbed interface can result in perturbation growth for shock propagation in either direction across the interface. Even in homogeneous media, the non-hydrostatic component of the stress behind a shock can drive a pattern forming instability. Adiabatic shear banding has been proposed as a mechanism to explain both the patterns observed in shock-compressed and recovered metal samples and the apparent loss of macroscopic shear strength of shocked ceramics. New optical photographs of shocked quartz support this mechanism.
Circulating unmetabolized folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive test performance in American seniors

Background Folate deficiency has serious consequences for the fetus. Folic acid fortification of food addresses this problem. However, clinical consequences of vitamin B-12 deficiency may be worsened by high folic acid intakes, perhaps as a direct result of unmetabolized folic acid, which does not occur naturally in body tissues. Objective We attempted to attribute associations that we previously found between higher folate status and anemia and cognitive test performance to circulating unmetabolized folic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MeTHF). Design The subjects (n = 1858) were senior participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2002) who had normal renal function and reported no history of stroke, recent anemia therapy, or diseases of the liver, thyroid, or coronary arteries. Subjects had undergone a phlebotomy, a complete blood count, and cognitive and dietary assessments. Results Circulating unmetabolized folic acid was detected in approximately 33% of the subjects and was related to an increased odds of anemia in alcohol users. In seniors with a serum vitamin B-12 concentration or =210 nmol/L, the presence compared with the absence of detectable circulating unmetabolized folic acid was related to lower cognitive test scores and lower mean cell volume. In the same subgroup, higher serum 5MeTHF was related to an increased odds of anemia and a marginally significantly decreased odds of macrocytosis. In seniors with a normal vitamin B-12 status, a higher serum 5MeTHF concentration was related to higher cognitive test scores. Conclusion Results of this epidemiologic study were somewhat consistent with reports on the folic acid treatment of patients with pernicious anemia, but some findings were unexpected.
JUST ME AND THE BOYS? Women in Local-Level Rock and Roll

Social scientists have investigated many facets of popular music over the last 25 years. The vast majority of their efforts have focused on men and their contributions to the creation and performance of popular music. As a result, we know little about women and their experiences as musicians in a traditionally male-centered and male-dominated activity. In this study, the authors used in-depth interviews with 15 local-level female rock and roll musicians in two U.S. cities to explore audiences' reactions and responses to them as performers and their interactions with other band members.
HIV gp120 V1/V2 and C2-V3 domains glycoprotein compatibility is required for viral replication

Abstract The envelope gene, especially the V 3 region, of HIV-1 has been shown to be a principal determinant of cell tropism, replication and cytopathogenicity of the virus. In addition, the V 1 /V 2 region of the envelope gene has been found to be an important factor in cell tropism. We examined the compatibility between the V 1 /V 2 and C 2 -V 3 domains of HIV-1 gp120 in different combinations on viral replication by using envelope recombinants between ME1 and ME46, two infectious molecular clones with diverse biologic activity longitudinally isolated from one seropositive subject. Our data demonstrate that a proper interaction between the regions of V 1 /V 2 and C 2 is essential for viral infection and hence replication. Sequence analysis and subsequent site directed mutagenesis study indicate that the pattern of potential envelope N -glycosylation in the V 1 /V 2 and C 2 -V 3 regions may be the determining factor in such interaction between these two regions. It is possible that improper N -glycosylation sites while not affecting virus assembly, can influence through steric hindrance the conformational change of the V 3 region that is required for the co-receptor attachment and hence the viral infectivity.
Nutrient Databases: Critical Tools for Policy Development

Abstract Nutrient databases provide critical tools for developing effective government policies to promote healthy diets and a nutritionally healthy food supply. This paper highlights the role of nutrient databases in various phases of policy development referencing folic acid as a historical illustration and providing more recent examples of trans fat and sodium reduction in the food supply. Limitations of both public and proprietary nutrient databases are considered and improvements to enhance nutrient databases to support policy efforts are suggested.
A brief history of the smile

It has been said that supreme enlightenment is reflected in the holy smile of the Buddha. Yet, the Victorians thought of open-mouthed smiling as obscene, and nineteenth-century English and American slang equated "smiling" with drinking whisky. Every smile is the product of physical processes common to all humans. But since the dawn of civilization, the upward movement of the muscles of the face has carried a bewildering range of meanings. In A Brief History of the Smile, Angus Trumble deftly weaves art, poetry, history and biology into an intriguing portrait of the many nuances of the human smile. Elegantly illustrating his points with emblematic works of art, from 18th and 19th century European paintings to Japanese woodblock prints, Trumble explores the meanings of smiling in a variety of cultures and contexts. But he also asks key questions about the behavioral and psychological aspects of smiling: When and how in infancy does human smiling become a profound act of communication? Is smiling unique to human beings? How does smiling function to foster our attachments to each other? Effortlessly mingling erudition, wit, and personal anecdote, Trumble weaves a seamless interdisciplinary tapestry. An established talent in the art worlds of Europe, Europe and Australia, Trumble challenges our most deeply held assumptions about smiling. In his analysis of Jusepe de Ribera's Girl Playing a Tambourine, Trumble explores the sinister side of the smile-the leer, the snarl, the lewd grin. And from J. A. Ingres' portrait of the Princesse de Broglie, he extracts the implications of "public" smiling, the tension between decorum and beauty. Trumble brings his expertise as a writer, historian and thinker to bear on the art of smiling in this charming and distinctive work.
Radiations of plutonium-246

Abstract The beta and gamma spectra of Pu 246 were examined with scintillation spectrometers used in conjunction with multichannel analysers and a coincidence circuit. A decay scheme is presented and the disintegration energy is given as 0·400 ± 0·030 MeV.
Effects of Ventrobasal Lesion and Cortical Cooling on Fast Oscillations (>200 Hz) in Rat Somatosensory Cortex

High-frequency oscillatory activity (>200 Hz) termed “fast oscillations” (FO) have been recorded in the rodent somatosensory cortex and may reflect very rapid integration of vibrissal information i...
Integrable Hamiltonians with exponential potential

Abstract We construct a large class of integrable Hamiltonian systems with n degrees of freedom. This class naturally extends the nonperiodic Hamiltonians of Toda lattice type.
Effect of natural organic matter on arsenic mobilization from mine tailings.

This research study was to elucidate the mechanisms of arsenic mobilization from mine tailings in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Humic acid (HA) was chosen as a model for NOM. The introduction of the HA at a low mass ratio (below 2 mg added HA/g mine tailings) inhibited arsenic mobilization under acidic conditions. Arsenic mobilization increased with increasing mass ratio. When pH was above 7, the addition of HA enhanced arsenic mobilization significantly. A mobilization isotherm was developed to predict arsenic mobilization from the mine tailings in the presence of HA. It was indicated that HA sorption to the mine tailings was essential for arsenic mobilization. HA might enhance arsenic mobility through formation of aqueous complexes, competition for adsorption and electrostatic interactions. Capillary electrophoresis analyses indicated that arsenic redox reactions might not have a significant effect on arsenic mobilization in this study. The mobilization of co-existing metals could enhance arsenic mobilization by helping incorporating it into soluble complexes in the presence of HA.
The effect of causal knowledge on judgments of the likelihood of unknown features.

People frequently infer unknown aspects of an entity based on their knowledge about that entity. The current study reports a novel phenomenon, an inductive bias people have in making such inferences. Upon learning that one symptom causes another in a person, both undergraduate students (Experiment 1) and clinicians (Experiment 2) judged that an unknown feature associated with the cause-symptom was more likely to be present in that person than an unknown feature associated with the effect-symptom. Thus, these findings suggest a specific mechanism in which causal explanations influence one’s representation of and inferences about an entity. Implications for clinical reasoning and associative models of conceptual knowledge are discussed.
Comparison of the Electromagnetic Spectra of Common Light Sources: A General Chemistry Laboratory Exercise

Emission spectra were recorded for several commercially available light sources using a small, portable UV–vis spectrophotometer equipped with a UV–vis fiber optic probe. These spectra help students gain a clearer understanding of electromagnetic spectra by illustrating the relationship between the spectral patterns and appropriate uses of these light sources. Calculations allow students to compare the carbon dioxide emissions, energy requirements and cost of using different light sources, and the impact of more efficient lighting on global warming.
A Model for Helping Novice Therapists to Integrate Their Affective Reactions and Cognitive Appraisals in Supervision

ABSTRACT This paper provides a model by Roseman, Spindel, and Jose (1990) that supervisors can utilize to help novice therapists to understand the relationship between their affective reactions and the cognitive appraisals of themselves and the clients with whom they work.
Investigation of optical vortices and hexagonal patterns in the interference of three plane waves

We demonstrated that optical vortices can be created by means of interference of three waves from a common laser source. Different intensity patterns can be generated starting from common two wave interference fringes up to regular hexagonal structures. The created vortices exist throughout the transition from two wave to complete three wave interference and have been shown to move along predictable lines in space under perturbations of contrast of waves. The law of conservation of topological charge was fulfilled for the interference of three waves.
Petrochronology of Himalayan ultrahigh-pressure eclogite

The timing and nature of the India-Asia collision, Earth’s largest ongoing continent-continent collisional orogen, are unclear. Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of Indian continental margin rocks is used as a proxy for initial collision because it indicates subduction of India. Records of this metamorphism are preserved only at Kaghan Valley (Pakistan) and Tso Morari (Ladakh, India), separated by ~500 km and having published ages of peak pressure of 46.2 ± 0.7 Ma and 53–51 Ma, respectively. The apparent ~6 m.y. age difference may refl ect multiple subduction events, a large promontory along the former Indian margin, or inadequate constraints on the time of peak pressure recrystallization at Tso Morari. We present 108 coupled, in situ U/Th-Pb and rare earth element (REE) analyses of zircons in two Tso Morari eclogites to obtain age and petrologic information. The ages range from ca. 53 Ma to 37 Ma, and peak at ca. 47–43 Ma. Flat heavy REE slopes and the absence of an Eu anomaly are compatible with eclogite-facies zircon (re)crystallization. This (re)crystallization probably occurred at ultrahigh pressure, because 64% of the analyses are from zircon included in ultrahigh-pressure garnet and omphacite. These results are consistent with those from Kaghan Valley, and suggest that a single, protracted ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic event occurred contemporaneously across much of the orogen, following initial contact of the Indian and Asian continents at ca. 51 Ma or later.
Searching for measurable benefits

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to review the alternatives and to demonstrate the easily measurable benefits of savvy searching for airfares.Design/methodology/approach – A desk‐based approach to data collection is used.Findings – It is found that by exploring the best deals through savvy searching can yield instantly measurable benefits. Depending on travel patterns, being a savvy travel searcher can easily save enough money to yield a very good return on investment.Originality/value – The article highlights some points and reinforces others on some of the best practices for savvy searching.
Decreased resistance of pyridoxine-deficient rats to cold exposure.

SummaryImmature rats were fed a purified ration containing all the known B vitamins in synthetic form and a similar diet with pyridoxine omitted. Tests were conducted in which rats fed the above diets were exposed to cold (2 ± 1.5°C) from the first day of feeding or after an experimental period of 80 days. 68.8% of the pyridoxine-deficient rats in the latter group succumbed during a 20 day period of cold exposure in contrast to a 0% mortality for animals fed a similar diet supplemented with pyridoxine hydrochloride. In the group exposed to cold from the first day of feeding mortality was 25.0% and 18.7% respectively for rats fed the pyridoxine-deficient and control ration for a period of 100 days.
Carbon dioxide improves the growth of hairy roots cultured on solid medium and in nutrient mists

The effect of varying CO2 concentrations on the growth of beet and safflower hairy roots was measured for tissues cultured in nutrient mists and on solid media in chambers fed mixtures of humidified air supplemented with different CO2 concentrations. Hairy root tissue grown on solid media in air enriched with CO2 showed increased growth, as measured by dry weight increases vs air-fed controls. Growth increased with CO2 enrichment as much as 2.5 times more than the air-fed control for safflower at 1.0% CO2 and 1.4 times more than the air-fed control for beets at 1.5% CO2 over a 12-day period. Beet hairy root tissue was also cultured aeroponically in nutrient mists. Beet hairy root cultured aeroponically in nutrient mists enriched with 1.0% CO2 showed a 15% increase in biomass over a 7-day period vs tissue cultured in nutrient mists (with ambient air) or in shake flasks. The stimulation of root growth via CO2 enrichment reduced the time required for biomass accumulation.
Segregation of vowels and consonants in human auditory cortex: evidence for distributed hierarchical organization.

The speech signal consists of a continuous stream of consonants and vowels, which must be de– and encoded in human auditory cortex to ensure the robust recognition and categorization of speech sounds. We used small-voxel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study information encoded in local brain activation patterns elicited by consonant-vowel syllables, and by a control set of noise bursts. First, activation of anterior–lateral superior temporal cortex was seen when controlling for unspecific acoustic processing (syllables versus band-passed noises, in a “classic” subtraction-based design). Second, a classifier algorithm, which was trained and tested iteratively on data from all subjects to discriminate local brain activation patterns, yielded separations of cortical patches discriminative of vowel category versus patches discriminative of stop-consonant category across the entire superior temporal cortex, yet with regional differences in average classification accuracy. Overlap (voxels correctly classifying both speech sound categories) was surprisingly sparse. Third, lending further plausibility to the results, classification of speech–noise differences was generally superior to speech–speech classifications, with the notable exception of a left anterior region, where speech–speech classification accuracies were significantly better. These data demonstrate that acoustic-phonetic features are encoded in complex yet sparsely overlapping local patterns of neural activity distributed hierarchically across different regions of the auditory cortex. The redundancy apparent in these multiple patterns may partly explain the robustness of phonemic representations.
Fluctuations in physical function: adults with non-small cell lung cancer

Disruptions in physical activities (functional status) were measured over a 1-month period in 24 patients with non-small cell lung cancer with the Karnofsky Performance Status Index and two patient self-report measures. Changes over time were noted for the whole group, and mean scores of the treated subgroup were compared with an untreated cohort. Prior weight loss was significantly associated with baseline functional status. Age was not significantly associated with degree of functional disruption, though 42% of the sample was aged 65 years or older. The greatest disruptions in physical activity were noted in ambulation. A third of the sample had difficulty walking one block or more. Serious fatigue was experienced by 79% of the subjects and 44% had difficulty with household chores. Only 21% were completely satisfied with their level of activity. Pain improved in the treated subjects over time. Despite no significant differences at baseline, untreated subjects had more limitations in physical activities than treated subjects over time. All three instruments were significantly correlated. Careful monitoring of physical difficulties may help nurses focus interventions and decrease the physical distress associated with illness and treatment. In this study, those receiving chemotherapy did not experience significantly greater physical dysfunction. In fact, the untreated patients, who might not receive vigilant nursing assessment, demonstrated greater physical decline.
The Development of the Understanding of Enzyme Catalysis in the 20th Century: Contributions from Carbohydrate Enzymes

One hundred years ago, at the beginning of the 20th Century, enzymes were just beginning to be recognized as powerful catalysts that had a high degree of specificity. Michaelis-Menten kinetics indicated that catalysis occurred after an enzyme-substrate complex was formed. Studies on several carbohydrate enzymes, invertase, phosphorylase, dextransucrase, α-amylases, β-amylases, lysozyme, sucrose phosphorylase, cellulose synthase, and starch synthase have contributed a large body of information about subsite binding specificity, the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes, the formation of a covalent enzyme-product-intermediate from an SN2 reaction that undergoes a second reaction to give the final product(s). Mechanisms for several carbohydrate enzymes are presented.
Direct optimal distributed controller design for component swapping modularity with application to ISC

A new approach for designing control systems which possess the property of component swapping modularity is presented. The system is assumed to consist of several “smart” components, which can perform computations, and communicate via bidirectional communication networks. Compared to a previous 3-step design method, the new method proposed here is to design the optimal distributed controllers directly, rather than first designing a centralized controller and then distributing it to the components. To illustrate the approach, an application to optimal controller design for throttle actuator swapping modularity in the automotive idle speed control (ISC) problem is considered. The advantages of the new direct method are twofold. First, the direct method can provide swapping modularity in cases where the 3-step method fails. Second, the direct method can allow one to tradeoff system performance against swapping modularity. The direct method leads to a two-stage optimization problem, which is solved numerically.
Screening and Treatment of Osteoporosis After Hip Fracture: Comparison of Sex and Race

Most patients with osteoporosis (OP) are untreated and remain so even after hip fracture. Outcomes after osteoporotic hip fractures are worse among men and non-Caucasians compared with Caucasian women. We hypothesized that screening and treatment of OP after hip fracture remains low in men and non-Caucasian women. We identified all patients aged 65 yr or older with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture (ICD9-DM code 820.xx) discharged from an urban public hospital between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. Patients with active malignancy (1 yr before or after the fracture) and Paget's disease were excluded. Also, patients were excluded if they had less than 2 encounters for post-event care at the hospital. Patient charts were reviewed to obtain information on demographics, post-fracture OP screening status (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA] ordered or resulted), OP treatment status (prescription for oral bisphosphonates, raloxifene, zoledronic acid, calcitonin, or teriparatide), and referral to rheumatology clinic. Data were captured using Research Electronic Data Capture. Differences in frequency of patients who had been evaluated by DXA and/or prescribed antiosteoporotic therapy after hip fractures overall and stratified by sex and race were evaluated using Chi-squared tests. The study was approved by our hospital institutional review board. There were a total of 596 patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture during the study period. After exclusions, 417 patients remained and were included in the analyses. The median age was 80yr (range: 65-95), 113 (27%) were men, and 243 were White women (57.9%). Overall, 10.3% of the patients were ordered DXA after their hospital discharge, 5.4% of men and 12.1% of women (p=0.05). A total of 19% received treatment for OP, and women were nearly 3 times more likely to receive treatment than men (23.2% vs 8%, p=0.004). The rates of DXA, treatment, and referral to rheumatology did not differ by race. The frequency of OP screening using DXA scan and the initiation of OP treatment was low in all patients after fragility fractures of hip. Women were more likely than men to receive DXA and significantly more likely to receive OP treatment. Although representative of only 1 hospital, these data suggest that more attention should be paid to possible OP among elderly patients hospitalized for hip fracture, and especially among men.
An overview of evolutionary algorithms: practical issues and common pitfalls

Abstract An overview of evolutionary algorithms is presented covering genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, genetic programming and evolutionary programming. The schema theorem is reviewed and critiqued. Gray codes, bit representations and real-valued representations are discussed for parameter optimization problems. Parallel Island models are also reviewed, and the evaluation of evolutionary algorithms is discussed.
Tertiary Structure of Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Inhibitor Protein

The Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor (Ugi) is an acidic protein of 84 amino acids that inactivates uracil-DNA glycosylase from diverse organisms (Wang, Z., and Mosbaugh, D. W.(1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1163-1171). The secondary structure of Ugi has been determined by solution state multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. The protein adopts a single well defined structure consisting of five anti-parallel β-strands and two α-helices. Six loop or turn regions were identified that contain approximately one half of the acidic amino acid residues and connect the β-strands sequentially to one another. The secondary structure suggests which regions of Ugi may be involved in interactions with uracil-DNA glycosylase.