cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Absent Presence: Japanese Americans in Postwar American Culture, 1945–1960

There have been many studies on the forced relocation and internment of nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. But An Absent Presence is the first to focus on how popular representations of this unparalleled episode in U.S. history affected the formation of Cold War culture. Caroline Chung Simpson shows how the portrayal of this economic and social disenfranchisement haunted - and even shaped - the expression of American race relations and national identity throughout the middle of the twentieth century. Simpson argues that when popular journals or social theorists engaged the topic of Japanese American history or identity in the Cold War era they did so in a manner that tended to efface or diminish the complexity of their political and historical experience. As a result, the shadowy figuration of Japanese American identity often took on the semblance of an "absent presence." Individual chapters feature such topics as the case of the alleged Tokyo Rose, the Hiroshima Maidens Project, and Japanese war brides. Drawing on issues of race, gender, and nation, Simpson connects the internment episode to broader themes of postwar American culture, including the atomic bomb, McCarthyism, the crises of racial integration, and the anxiety over middle-class gender roles. By recapturing and reexamining these vital flashpoints in the projection of Japanese American identity, Simpson fills a critical and historical void in a number of fields including Asian American studies, American studies, and Cold War history.
Accommodations for English Language Learners with Disabilities on Federally Mandated English Language Proficiency Assessments

ACCOMMODATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUATE LEARNERS WITH DISABILITIES IN FEDERALLY-MANDATED STATEWIDE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENTS By Laura M. Kuti, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: Yaoying Xu, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Special Education and Disability Policy School of Education The purpose of this research study was to conduct exploratory research to examine federally-mandated annual English language proficiency (ELP) assessment of English language learners (ELLs) and their use of accommodations on the assessment. First the researcher provides a review of the literature regarding accommodations provided for ELLs, students with disabilities on English assessments, and ELLs with disabilities on ELP assessments. The researcher examined the literature for differences and similarities between the three types of testing scenarios as well as identifying gaps in the literature for students who are both ELLs and who also have a disability and how their ELP is assessed, taking into account their disability. Based on the research presented in the review of the literature, the researcher provides the results from investigating data related to ELLs with disabilities and specific accommodations used by
Non-repudiation in SET: Open Issues

The SET payment protocol uses digital signatures to authenticate messages and authorize transactions. It is assumed that these digital signatures make authorizations non-repudiable, i.e., provable to a third-party verifier. This paper evaluates what can be proved with the digital signatures in SET. The analysis shows that even a successful and completed SET protocol run does not give the ptlaties enough evidence to prove certain important transaction features. A comparison with the similarly-structured iKP protocol shows a number of advantages of iKP as opposed to SET with respect to the use of its signatures as evidence tokens. It is shown that non-repudiation requires more than digitally signing authorization messages. Most importantly, protocols claiming non-repudiaton should explicitly specify the rules to be used for deriving authorization statements from digitally signed messages.
Phenylpropanoid accumulation and symptom expression in the lethal leaf spot mutant of maize

Symptom expression in the lethal leaf spot (LLS) mutant of maize (Zea mays L.), a disease lesion mimic conditioned by the homozygous recessive lls gene, was investigated to assess the rate of lesion development and to compare the phenolic compounds that accumulate in affected LLS leaf tissue with those that accumulate in wild-type sib-plants inoculated with the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Several esters of phenylpropanoids, including caffeic acid and ferulic acid, accumulated during lesion development in both the LLS mutant and in lesions incited by C. heterostrophus. A p-coumaric acid ester accumulated in the LLS lesions during their development but was not detected in uninoculated LLS controls or in leaves inoculated with the fungus. Unlike typical lesions incited by fungal pathogens and unlike the lesions in other disease mimics of maize, the lesions in LLS plants did not become delimited and attain a finite size. Lesions in LLS plants expanded at increasing rates until no living tissue remained on the leaf blade. Thus, LLS lesions expanded regardless of the accumulation of phenylpropanoid derivatives that are associated with lesion delimitation in fungal-induced lesions. The data suggest that lesion termination signals or factors proposed to restrict lesion expansion in disease mimics are absent from LLS plants.
Search Engines Under Siege: Do Paid Placement Listings Infringe Trademarks?

Consider the following scenario: your client is the purveyor of a soft drink called Gnucola. The Gnucola company has used your law firm to register the Gnucola mark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and has also used your law firm to assist it in obtaining the registration of several Internet domain names including the term Gnucola. Your client has built an Internet website at these domains from whence it promotes and sells its flavorful amber beverage. Gnucola's customer base is rapidly expanding and its revenues are strong. One day, during an idle minute, the president of Gnucola searches for gnucola on a popular Internet search engine, E-Pointer. She finds, much to her surprise and chagrin, that the website for the archrival "MicroCola" is returned on the first page of results. The Gnucola website, on the other hand, is nowhere to be seen. It can only be found after clicking through several pages of results. The Gnucola president calls you for an explanation. You call the EPointer company, only to have a sales representative politely inform you that if you had paid attention to the fine print on its site, you would have seen that E-Pointer is a paid placement search engine. MicroCola has paid a substantial sum to appear prominently in the listings under the term Gnucola. If Gnucola would like to appear on the first page of listings, E-Pointer tells you, it needs to pay for placement. You convey this to your client, who is outraged. She wants to know: Can Gnucola prevail against E-Pointer and MicroCola on a claim of trademark infringement?
The Isolation and Characterization of Adenosine Monophosphate-rich Polynucleotides Synthesized by Ehrlich Ascites Cells

Polynucleotides containing AMP in excess of 90 mole account for almost 1 of the total RNA synthesized by Ehrlich ascites cells growing either in the mouse or during short incubations in vitro. A method based on the affinity of these AMP-rich polynucleotides for polythymidylate oligomers covalently bound to cellulose has been used to isolate them from the total cellular RNA. The most highly purified fractions are relatively large polynucleotides of the order of 8 to 10 S as judged by their electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels relative to that of a number of well characterized RNA molecules. They are located primarily in the cell nucleus, for almost 90 of the polyadenylate of whole cells was recovered in nuclei from an aqueous homogenate of these cells. The suppression of polyadenylate synthesis by relatively low doses of actinomycin D suggests that it may be synthesized on a DNA template.
Whose chromosomes to count in mongolism

Every physician who must make decisions in the management of a child with Down9s syndrome faces the problem of whether or not chromosomal analyses should be done and, if so, upon which members of the family. The purpose of such analyses is the identification of those individuals who may be expected to have an increased incidence of mongolism among their offspring as a result of a translocation of a 21 chromosome, a 21 isochromosome, mosaicism for 21-trisomy, or 21-trisomy itself. However, the high cost and difficulty of obtaining chromosomal analyses require that their number be kept to the minimum necessary, and that appropriate short cuts in the laboratory method also be applied whenever possible. The following paragraphs will attempt to lay a base for, and to outline, a logical and practical approach to the chromosomal screening of relatives of patients with Down9s syndrome. Table I lists various parental abnormalities involving the 21 chromosome, together with the theoretical proportion of cases of mongolism to total live births for each. In considering this table, the reader should keep in mind that it refers to an estimated 1 or 2% only of parents of patients with Down9s syndrome. In an estimated 98-99% of instances, both parents are chromosomaliy normal. Although the observed proportion of cases of mongolism to total live births approximates the theoretical ratio among the infants of mothers with the phenotype characteristic of Down9s syndrome, the observed proportion is lower than the theoretical ratio among the children of parents with a normal phenotype and a chromosomal abnormality predisposing to mongoloid offspring.
Partially disordered antiferromagnetism and multiferroic behavior in a frustrated Ising system CoCl 2 -2 SC (NH 2 ) 2

We investigate partially disordered antiferromagnetism in ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$-2SC(${\mathrm{NH}}_{2}$)${}_{2}$, in which $ab$-plane hexagonal layers are staggered along the $c$ axis rather than stacked. A robust 1/3 state forms in applied magnetic fields in which the spins are locked, varying as a function of neither temperature nor field. By contrast, in zero field and applied fields at higher temperatures, partial antiferromagnetic order occurs, in which free spins are available to create a Curie-like magnetic susceptibility. We report measurements of the crystallographic structure and the specific heat, magnetization, and electric polarization down to $T=50\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ and up to ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}H=60\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. The ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathbf{S}=3/2$ spins are Ising-like and form distorted hexagonal layers. The Ising energy scale is well separated from the magnetic exchange, and both energy scales are accessible to the measurements, allowing us to cleanly parametrize them. In transverse fields, a quantum Ising phase transition can be observed at 2 T. Finally, we find that magnetic exchange striction induces changes in the electric polarization up to $3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, and single-ion magnetic anisotropy effects induce a much larger electric polarization change of $300\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$.
Educational needs and perspectives on the future of the green industry in Utah.

The green industry in Utah is a large and diverse group that ranges from nursery/greenhouse growers and retailers to landscape maintenance and design professionals to irrigation and turf industry professionals. Because of the size and diverse membership of the Utah green industry, extension faculty are challenged to gauge the needs and attitudes of the industry as a clientele group. In 2007, we conducted a mail survey of the Utah green industry to identify the learning preferences of industry members, to better understand the structure and extent of Utah green industry businesses, and to elicit industry perceptions about present and future challenges to success. We found that the service sector is a significant component of Utah’s green industry, and that extension-based short courses can be used to provide more advanced and targeted education to specific industry groups. Drought/water issues and labor shortages were viewed as significant challenges to the future of the green industry, and these could be used as a foundation for building strategic alliances between extension and the green industry in Utah. Results of our survey will be useful to green industry professionals and extension educators that deal with green industry education, particularly in states with servicerather than production-oriented businesses.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE PRETRE’ATMENT ON THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL RESPONSE TO STRESS1

In recent years considerable interest has been evinced in the factors which control the pituitary-adrenal response to stress. The intact rat responds to such stresses as anoxia (Sacerdote, 1938), benzene (Poumeau-Delille, 1941), ether (Bowman and Muntwyler, 1937) and a host of others too numerous to cite, by a prompt reduction in the quantity of adrenal ascorbic acid. The dominant role of the adenohypophysis in this response is indicated by the fact that its ablation renders the adrenal ascorbic acid unresponsive to stress (Sayers, Sayers, Liang and Long, 1945), although not to the injection of adrenocorticotropic hormone (Sayers and Sayers, 1948). The finding that the depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid which normally ensues in response to different types of stress may be prevented or inhibited by pretreatment of the animal with cortical extracts and certain of the cortical steroids, in proportion to the dosage employed, has led to the concept of a “peripheral-humoral”
Upper Cretaceous Shelf Sandstones, Northwestern Colorado: Migrating Sand-Ridge Model: ABSTRACT

An N45E shoreline trend and five major shelf facies were interpreted from surface and subsurface data in the upper Mancos (Campanian) shelf sands in northwestern Colorado. The central bar, up to 20 m thick, coarsens upward from fine to medium-grained sandstone containing large-scale landward-dipping accretion surfaces. Smaller cross-beds have reactivation surfaces and indicate two transport directions (west and southwest). Hummocky surfaces are also present. The ramp unconformably overlies the seaward edge of the central bar. Large-scale seaward-dipping ramp units have cross-strata indicating only westward transport. Up to 15 m of bioturbated back bar occurs landward and below the central bar. Overall, the back bar coarsens upward but contains (1) fining-upward sequences These facies represent large-scale migrating sand ridges with axes parallel to the shoreline. The dominant processes were: (1) major storms that eroded the seaward edge and crest of the sand ridges and transported sediment landward (westward paleocurrents). Back-bar deposits include storm washovers and graded beds. Channels, hummocky cross-strata, and hummocky erosion surfaces were formed on the bar crest. (2) Between storms, contour currents (southwesterly) transported sand onto and along the bar crest. The ramp facies represents sand waves climbing onto the eroded seaward face of the bar. The sand-ridge migrated over the back-bar deposits causing that facies to thicken landward. End_of_Article - Last_Page 905------------
Gas-phase synthesis, characterization, and reactivity studies of the prototype aromatic phosphirenylium ion

The unsubstituted phosphirenylium ion, cyclo-C2H2P+, was generated in the gas phase via an addition−ablation strategy employing a modified quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer. The reaction of gas-phase PBr+ with acetylene affords H2C2P+ as the sole product ion. Its structure is that of the phosphirenylium cation (1). Experimental results find support from density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* and G3//B3LYP/6-31G* levels. The reaction of PBr+ with acetylene is predicted to be exothermic with respect to the formation of two isomers, the phosphirenylium cation (1) and the ethenylidenephosphenium cation (2), whereas formation of eight other isomers is endothermic. Reactions of 1 with acetylene and ethylene do not lead to observable products, but 1 does react with 1,3-butadiene as a phosphenium ion via formal 1,4-addition to give the 3-phosphaspiro[2,4]-hepta-1,5-diene phosphonium ion. The formation of this P-spiro adduct is predicted to be a stepwise process. An isotopic labeling experi...
Using Mixed Methods to Establish the Social Validity of a Self-Report Assessment: An Illustration Using the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA)

Social validity is the extent to which procedures, goals, and outcomes are acceptable and important to end users and is not commonly addressed during assessment development. This article pilots a process of triangulating multiple methods to evaluate the social validity of a self-report assessment. These procedures were piloted using the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA), a self-report of everyday activities for children with disabilities. This study collected COSA responses from 502 children with disabilities and conducted observations and interviews with 5 additional children with cerebral palsy. Data were aligned with social validity benchmark statements and integrated using data displays. Social validity was evaluated by examining congruencies and discrepancies in the results. Implications and the legitimacy of design decisions are discussed.
Suitability of CASI and ATM airborne remote sensing data for archaeological subsurface structure detection under different land cover: the Arpi case study (Italy)

In this paper multi-sensor airborne remote sensing has been applied to the Arpi archaeological area of southern Italy to assess its suitability for detecting and locating subsurface archaeological structures and to delineate subsurface remains beyond the current limits of ground geophysical data. To this aim, the capability of CASI and ATM reflectances in the VIS–NIR spectral range and the ATM apparent thermal inertia for subsurface archaeological prospection have been assessed at different sites of the Arpi archaeological area. First, linear spectral mixture analysis has been applied to CASI and ATM images to retrieve the dominant land cover for the selected subsurface structures, and then, the spectral bands most effective for the archaeological buried structure detection as a function of the land cover characteristics have been evaluated. The results reveal that multi/hyperspectral airborne remote sensing data can represent an effective and rapid tool to detect subsurface structures within different land cover contexts. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used to perform a preliminary analysis of those areas where large cultural heritage assets occur by prioritizing and localizing the sites where to apply archaeological prospection.
The Long-Term Effects of Merit-Rating Plans on Individual Motorists

This paper examines the effects over an individual's driving lifetime of being charged annual premiums for automobile bodily-injury insurance in accordance with particular merit rating plans. Individual accident involvement is modeled as a compound Poisson process and the annual premium amounts as a Markov process. For each plan, the model examines 1 how well an individual's lifetime premium payments reflect his accident likelihood, 2 the discount that is provided for accident-free drivers, 3 the probability that a driver pays a very high annual premium, and 4 the number of years that lapse before a previous accident no longer affects a driver's premium.
Large eddy simulation of swirling particle-laden flow in a model axisymmetric combustor

Abstract This paper focuses on the application of the large eddy simulation (LES) technique to a swirling particle-laden flow in a model combustion chamber. A series of calculations have been performed and compared directly with detailed experimental measurements. The computational domain identically matches the laboratory configuration, which effectively isolates effects related to dilute particle dispersion and momentum coupling. Results highlight the predictive capabilities of LES when implemented with the appropriate numerics, grid resolution (as dictated by the class of models employed) and well-defined boundary conditions. The case study provides a clearer understanding of the effectiveness and feasibility of current state-of-the-art models and a quantitative understanding of relevant modeling issues by analyzing the characteristic parameters and scales of importance. The novel feature of the results presented is that they establish a baseline level of confidence in our ability to simulate complex flows at conditions representative of those typically observed in gas-turbine (and similar) combustors.
XBP1 Controls Diverse Cell Type- and Condition-Specific Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

Using genome-wide approaches, we have elucidated the regulatory circuitry governed by the XBP1 transcription factor, a key effector of the mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR), in skeletal muscle and secretory cells. We identified a core group of genes involved in constitutive maintenance of ER function in all cell types and tissue- and condition-specific targets. In addition, we identified a cadre of unexpected targets that link XBP1 to neurodegenerative and myodegenerative diseases, as well as to DNA damage and repair pathways. Remarkably, we found that XBP1 regulates functionally distinct targets through different sequence motifs. Further, we identified Mist1, a critical regulator of differentiation, as an important target of XBP1, providing an explanation for developmental defects associated with XBP1 loss of function. Our results provide a detailed picture of the regulatory roadmap governed by XBP1 in distinct cell types as well as insight into unexplored functions of XBP1.
Leadership Practices of School Counselors

Leadership is a vital skill called for by the school counseling profession. However, limited research has been done to examine how leadership is characterized by practicing school counselors. The purpose of the exploratory study in this article was to assess leadership practices of school counselors, and to analyze the relationships among demographics, experience, training, work setting, and leadership practices. Results presented are part of a larger study. Findings revealed that age, experience, size of school population, and professional licensure predicted leadership practices of school counselors.
Molecular determinants of α-synuclein mutants' oligomerization and membrane interactions.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with the formation of toxic α-synuclein oligomers that can penetrate the cell membrane. Familial forms of PD are caused by the point mutations A53T, A30P, E46K, and H50Q. Artificial point mutations E35K and E57K also increase oligomerization and pore formation. We generated structural conformations of α-synuclein and the above-mentioned mutants using molecular dynamics. We elucidated four main regions in these conformers contacting the membrane and found that the region including residues 39–45 (Zone2) may have maximum membrane penetration. E57K mutant had the highest rate of interaction with the membrane, followed by A53T, E46K, and E35K mutants and wild type (wt) α-synuclein. The mutant A30P had the smallest percentage of conformers that contact the membrane by Zone 2 than all other mutants and wt α-synuclein. These results were confirmed experimentally in vitro. We identified the key amino acids that can interact with the membrane (Y38, E62, and N65 (first hydroph...
10-Gb/s lasercom system for spacecraft

JPL is developing and testing a 10 Gb/s laser communications terminal for use with earth-orbiting spacecraft. The system consists of an optical transceiver head on a two-axis gimbal with a separate electronics assembly that contains the avionics, modem and laser. The link is achieved by multiplexing on the flight terminal four 0.5-W lasers in the C-band that are modulated at up to 2.5 Gb/s; transmitted through a 5-cm aperture; and received by a 1m ground aperture. A description of the system together with experimental tests of a prototype is presented.
Determinants of presidents’ legislative support in the House, 1949–1995

Abstract This paper has several purposes. First, it illustrates the changing nature of research on presidential–congressional relations. In general, scholarship has moved away from viewing the president as the dominant actor in the relationship, toward one of congressional influence, and ultimately toward emphasizing more equal power sharing between the two institutions. Second, we discuss our use of the most widely used measures of such relationships, presidents’ legislative support and success and our rationale for choosing the former. Third, we introduce three broad environments of presidential–congressional relations in order to explain such support from what we call a multiple perspectives approach. We find that variables from each of the three environments are important in explaining presidential support in the House. Fourth, we control for policy areas using the two presidencies typology and observe significant differences in support by domestic and foreign policy. Our multivariate two stage least squares (2SLS) analysis explains considerable variance in support across all three models. Finally, we explicate how our approach improves our understanding of this important presidential–congressional interaction.
High-latitude cooling associated with landscape changes from North American boreal forest fires

Fires in the boreal forests of North America are generally stand-replacing, killing the majority of trees and initiating succession that may last over a century. Functional variation during succession can affect local surface energy budgets and, potentially, regional climate. Burn area across Alaska and Canada has increased in the last few decades and is projected to be substantially higher by the end of the 21st century because of a warmer climate with longer growing seasons. Here we simulated changes in forest composition due to altered burn area using a stochastic model of fire occurrence, historical fire data from national inventories, and succession trajectories derived from remote sensing. When coupled to an Earth system model, younger vegetation from increased burning cooled the high-latitude atmosphere, primarily in the winter and spring, with noticeable feedbacks from the ocean and sea ice. Results from multiple scenarios suggest that a doubling of burn area would cool the surface by 0.23 p 0.09 °C across boreal North America during winter and spring months (December through May). This could provide a negative feedback to winter warming on the order of 3–5% for a doubling, and 14–23% for a quadrupling, of burn area. Maximum cooling occurs in the areas of greatest burning, and between February and April when albedo changes are largest and solar insolation is moderate. Further work is needed to integrate all the climate drivers from boreal forest fires, including aerosols and greenhouse gasses.
Minimum-weight stiffened shells with slight meridional curvature designed to support axial compressive loads.

Computer program determination of barreling effect on strength of ring and stringer stiffened shells designed to support axial compression loads
Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic states.

"The politics of immigration in liberal democracies exhibits strong similarities that are, contrary to the scholarly consensus, broadly expansionist and inclusive. Nevertheless, three groups of states display distinct modes of immigration politics. Divergent immigration histories mold popular attitudes toward migration and ethnic heterogeneity and affect the institutionalization of migration policy and politics....I begin by discussing those characteristics of immigration politics found in all liberal democracies. I then investigate the distinctive modes of immigration politics in the three subsets of Western democratic states with distinctive immigration histories. I conclude by considering whether these three patterns will persist or how they might change as a result of future migration pressures and the further institutionalization of immigration politics and policies in Europe." Comments by Rogers Brubaker (pp. 903-8) and a rejoinder by the author (pp. 909-13) are included.
Effects of Teacher Preparation and Student Age on an Alcohol and Drug Education Curriculum

An alcohol/drug education curriculum was tested in twenty-five Nebraska junior high schools involving 1,800 students in grades seven to nine. Using teacher training and student age as independent v...
Evolution and us

Philosophy, Evolution and Human Nature. By Florian von Schilcher and Neil Tennant. Routledge & Kegan Paul: 1984. Pp.283. £16.95, $29.95.
Restoring "coding with intention" in introductory programming courses

This descriptive study discusses two conceptual difficulties encountered by students in introductory programming courses regardless of the chosen language or pedagogical approach (e.g. objects, classes or fundamentals first). Firstly, students tend to learn programming by memorizing correct code examples instead of acquiring the programming thought process. Secondly, they tend to read code by "flying" over it at a comfortable altitude while thinking to its assumed intent. While relaxing, this practice fails to train students to develop the rigor to catch bugs in others' or their own code. Both trends result in an almost complete loss of intentionality in the programming activity; un-innovative code is generated by analogy with (or cut and paste from) existing solutions and is then almost randomly modified until "it fits" the minimal tests requirements without real analysis of its flaws. We review and evaluate pedagogical strategies which can be leveraged by instructors to address the above mentioned issues. Namely, we discuss the benefits of various forms of "Live coding" and test-driven pair programming active learning practices.
Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Imaging of Spherical and Flat Counterfaces of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Tribological Contacts: A Correlation of Surface Chemistry and Friction

A recently installed synchrotron radiation near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) full field imaging electron spectrometer was used to spatially resolve the chemical changes of both counterfaces from an ultra- nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) tribological contact. A silicon flat and Si3N4 sphere were both coated with UNCD, and employed to form two wear tracks on the flat in a linear reciprocating tribometer. The first wear track was produced using a new, unconditioned sphere whose surface was thus conditioned during this first experiment. This led to faster run-in and lower friction when producing a second wear track using the conditioned sphere. The large depth of field of the magnetically guided NEXAFS imaging detector enabled rapid, large area spectromicroscopic imaging of both the spherical and flat surfaces. Laterally resolved NEXAFS data from the tribological contact area revealed that both substrates had an as-grown surface layer that contained a higher fraction of sp2-bonded carbon and oxygen which was mechanically removed. Unlike the flat, the film on the sphere showed evidence of having graphitic character, both before and after sliding. These results show that the graphitic character of the sphere is not solely responsible for low friction and short run-in. Rather, conditioning the sphere, likely by removing asperities and passivating dangling bonds, leads to lower friction with less chemical modification of the substrate in subsequent tests. The new NEXAFS imaging spectroscopy detector enabled a more complete understanding of the tribological phenomena by imaging, for the first time, the surface chemistry of the spherical counterface which had been in continual contact during wear track formation.
MARKED DEPRESSION OF THE PLASMA PROTEINBOUND IODINE CONCENTRATION IN THE ABSENCE OF CLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM DURING TESTOSTERONE MEDICATION

THE administration of steroids, including estrogens, cortisone and prednisone, has been shown to be associated with changes in the level of circulating protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroidal iodine uptake, and plasma thyroxine-binding capacity (1–4). The present article reports marked depression in the level of circulating plasma PBI, unaccompanied by clinical evidence of altered thyroid function during the administration of testosterone. CLINICAL MATERIAL AND METHODS Six patients (#1–6) were dwarfed prepubertal children. The cause of dwarfism was not determined, but it was associated with gonadal dysgenesis1 in Patient #1, a 4-year-old female. A nutritional and/or genetic component may have been present in Patient #2, a 6-year-old male.2 A genetic component was probably present in Patient #3, a 6-yearold male; he also had multiple cafe-au-lait spots but no other signs suggesting neuroflbromatosis. Patient #4, a 7-year-old male, had premature synostosis of the sagittal suture and moderately severe dolichoc...
CT-Based Determination of Maximum Ureteral Stone Area: A Predictor of Spontaneous Passage

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the maximum axial area of ureteral stones is a more accurate predictor of spontaneous passage than the maximum axial diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study retrospectively reviewed 211 consecutive emergency department patients (mean age, 48.8 years; age range, 18–88 years) with acute flank pain due to ureteral stones diagnosed using unenhanced CT. Measurements of maximum atrial area were obtained using fixed (FTM) and variable (VTM) threshold methods. For the FTM, stones were segmented using an attenuation threshold of 130 HU. For the VTM, stones were segmented using an attenuation threshold determined by one half of individual stone attenuation. Measurements of maximum atrial diameter were obtained using soft-tissue and bone window settings. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the accuracy of maximum atrial area with maximum atrial diameter measurements for predicting spontaneous passage. RESULTS. F...
Double injection diodes and related (DI) phenomena in semiconductors

studies ofdouble injection (DI)negative resistance phenomena inGaAs,Si, andGearepresented. V-I characteristics, switching, trapping, andphotosensitivity properties ofGaAsDIp-i-n diodes, fabricated bydiffusion andalloying processes onsemi-insulating crystals andinother casesfabricated via epitaxial processes withCu-doped iregions, aredescribed. Similar studies anddataarepresented onSiDIp-i-n diodes prepared via diffusion and/or alloying processes. Silicon DIp-i-n diodes are described whichhavebeendoped withvarious deeplevel impurities suchasAu,Zn,Cd,orCoandwhich, depending uponthekindand concentration ofdeeplevel impurities, display a widerangeof behavior including useful photosensitivity, switching, andvoltage regulation properties. Brief mention ismadeofGeDIp-i-n diodes fabricated onn-type crystals counter-doped withCu,Fe,Ni,Co,or Mn.Acomparison ismadebetween experimental results andcurrent theories ofdouble injection effects. Asmight beexpected, existing theories donotcompletely account fortheexperimental situation, e.g., breakdown toconstant voltage incertain units andphenomena whichseemclosely related toplasma effects. Inaddition tovarious practical implications, including possibilities fora noninteracting diodenegative resistance matrix, lowvoltage regulator diodes, photosensitive charge-storage diodes, andhigher powermicrowave switching p-i-n diodes, thesignificance ofdeeplevel doping and possible andactual effects (e.g., secondary switching effects) on epitaxial Sidevices aredescribed. TheuseofDIphenomena for study ofdeeplevel impurities andtheir properties ismadeapparent aswell asthefurther possibilities inherent inHall's now12year-old p-i-n diode.
Genetic Effects and Estimates for the Heritability of Size in Fingerling Hybrid Striped Bass Reared Indoors

Hybrid striped bass fingerlings were grown in replicated indoor tanks for 42 days to evaluate progeny performance of two growth-related traits. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in length and weight of fingerlings among paternal and maternal half-sib families and high estimates of heritability for dams and sires. Based on significant sire and dam effects and high heritabilities, a substantial portion of the selection differential could be expected to be gained in offspring from selected pure-line parents. As demonstrated by these results, a breeding program could be used to select parental lines that produce faster growing hybrid offspring.
Historical Failure Distribution and Significant Factors Affecting Surface Mount Solder Joint Fatigue Life

Solder joint failure history has generally been assumed to follow a straight line when plotted as a lognormal or 2‐parameter Weibull distribution. Test results presented here show that a deviation from straight‐line behaviour occurs at low percentage failure probabilities. This indicates that solder joint failure history is more correctly characterised as a 3‐parameter Weibull distribution with a failure‐free period of life for true wearout failures. The solder joint failure distribution characteristic is also affected by applied strain. Lower strain, in addition to increasing median life, also improves the distribution such that the number of cycles‐to‐first‐failure is increased compared with the median cycles‐to‐failure. The ratio of cycles‐to‐first‐failure/median cycles‐to‐failure and apparent Weibull slope increases as strain decreases in a predictable manner. The effects of part elevation, part size, solder joint volume and shape, conformal coating, temperature differential, and alternative board materials are also presented with test data showing the effect of variation of these parameters.
The five year evolution of a game programming course

This paper presents lessons learned from five years of teaching a game design and programming outreach course. This class is taught over the course of a month to high school students participating in the California Summer School for Mathematics and Science (COSMOS) at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Over these five years we have changed everything in the course, from the overall project structure to the programming language used in the class. In this paper we discuss our successes and failures, and offer recommendations to instructors offering similar courses.
In vivo inhibition of human CYP1A2 activity by oltipraz.

Purpose: Oltipraz is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a cancer chemopreventive agent, especially with respect to aflatoxin-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. The agent's ability to induce phase II xenobiotic enzymes that detoxify the ultimate carcinogen formed in vivo is thought to be an important mechanism by which disease risk may be attenuated. However, an additional mechanism could be a reduction in the activation of environmental procarcinogens by certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. This hypothesis was tested with respect to CYP1A2, by using the clearance of caffeine by N-demethylation as a phenotypic trait measurement of the isoform's catalytic activity. Methods: Subjects received a single oral dose of caffeine (200 mg) on five separate occasions: on the day prior to oltipraz administration (day 0), 2 h after the first (day 1) of eight daily oral doses of oltipraz (125 mg) and 2 h after the last dose (day 8). In addition, CYP1A2 activity was also measured 2 and 14 days (days 10 and 22, respectively) after discontinuation of oltipraz administration. Plasma concentrations of caffeine and its N-demethylated metabolite, paraxanthine, over 24 h after drug administration, were determined by HPLC. Results: A single 125-mg dose of oltipraz markedly reduced CYP1A2 activity by 75±13% in nine healthy subjects, resulting in a higher caffeine plasma level and prolongation of the in vivo probe's elimination half-life. Daily administration of 125 mg oltipraz for 8 days resulted in further inhibition so that only 19±13% of the original baseline level of activity was present. However, 2 days after discontinuation of oltipraz treatment, CYP1A2 activity had returned to 66±33% of its original level and complete recovery was achieved within 14 days of the chemopreventive agent being stopped. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that oltipraz is a potent, in vivo inhibitor of CYP1A2 in humans and, because this isoform is importantly involved in procarcinogen activation, they also indicate that such inhibition probably contributes to oltipraz's cancer-chemopreventive effect. In addition, the findings also suggest the likelihood of significant drug interactions between oltipraz and drugs whose metabolism is mediated by CYP1A2.
Microvascular cytomegalovirus endothelialitis of the lung: a possible cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension in a patient with AIDS

Postmortem examination of the lungs of a patient with advanced AIDS who had developed pulmonary arterial hypertension late in the course of the illness demonstrated extensive cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in endothelial cells of the lung microvasculature. Enlarged CMV-infected endothelial cells were present in virtually all histologic sections of the lungs, protruded into and compromised the lumens of the small vessels they lined, and were estimated by image cytometry of immunohistochemically stained sections to comprise 0.8% of the total lung tissue volume. Comparison with experimental microvascular embolization studies suggests that this amount of compromise of the microvascular luminal area of the lung is sufficient to elevate pulmonary arterial pressure significantly. Pathologic features in this case differed from both the plexogenic arteriopathy seen in previously reported cases of AIDS-associated primary pulmonary hypertension and the usual form of CMV pneumonitis in AIDS in which alveolar epithelial cells are the predominant site of infection.
Sarcoma: primary retroperitoneal sarcoma-predicting survival.

Nomograms have been constructed to provide patient-specific predictions for overall survival and disease-free survival after resection for patients with primary localized retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma, by combining data registered across three institutional databases. However, whether overall survival, or disease-free survival, is a more useful predictor is disputable.
A Comparison of Men in Typically Male and Typically Female Operative Occupations

The authors use data from the General Social Surveys conducted from 1972 to 1985 to examine those personal and family characteristics which best discriminate men in typically male machine operative occupations from men in typically female machine operative occupations. Of the twelve personal and family characteristics considered, nine variables are found to discriminate between these two groups. The findings suggest that personal and family characteristics may shape occupational destinations for men in semi-skilled occupations.
Strain and Substrate Stiffness Affect Calcium Accumulation in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

The progression of aortic valve (AV) disease is often characterized by the formation of calcific nodules on thickened AV leaflets, limiting the biomechanical function of the valve. Calcification is a major problem that often leads to the failure of bioprosthetic replacement valves [1]. In these cases, the association of extracellular Ca2+ with phosphates remaining in cellular debris within the decellularized scaffolds has been proposed to lead to the nucleation and growth of Ca3(PO4)2 nodules. In native tissue, calcification is thought to be a more active process involving AV interstitial cells (AVICs). The exact molecular mechanisms that lead to the formation of these calcific nodules in native tissue remain unclear; however, AVICs have been shown to form nodule-like structures in vitro through differentiation to a phenotype with osteogenic character [2]. Additionally, in vitro nodules are characterized by activated smooth muscle α-actin positive AVICs and high levels of apoptosis [2–3]. Mechanical strain has also been shown to influence nodule formation in excised AV leaflets [4]. Intracellular Ca2+ exhibits mechanodependency in cultured cells [5], and heightened levels of intracellular Ca2+ have been shown to be associated with apoptosis in many cell types [6] In this study, we assess the role of mechanically-induced changes in intracellular calcium and its function in modulating AVIC behavior. We hypothesized that intracellular Ca2+ will increase in strained AVICs and that over time, this will lead to apoptosis. We believe that the results from this study will help illustrate the mechanotransductive role of Ca2+ in AVICs and may elucidate early cellular changes that lead to AV calcification.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Prenylated anthranoids from Psorospermum species

Abstract The chemical composition of the root extracts of two Psorospermum sp. from the Ivory Coast is reported. Together with previously known compounds, acetylvismione F and 2-geranylemodin anthrone were isolated from P. corymbiferum, and vismione G from P. glaberrimum. Geranyl substitution is confirmed to be a typical feature of this genus.
The absolute energy of the A3Σu+ state of nitrogen

Abstract Precise band origins are given for ten of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands which lie in the vacuum ultraviolet region. These are combined with previois measurements of three bands of the Vegard-Kaplan system to obtain a term value of 49 754.78 cm−1 for the A 3 Σ u + (v = 0, J = 0) state relative to the X 1 Σ g + (v = 0, J = 0) ground state. The possible error of this value should be less than 0.02 cm−1.
Tourette syndrome: A review and educational implications

Tourette syndrome has recently been brought to public attention through popular media. This review of the literature is an effort to communicate to special educators and allied professionals in nonmedical terms the present state of the art with regard to the definition, symptoms, etiology, treatment, and educational implications of Tourette. The review is concluded with suggestions for the education of Tourette students.
Evolution of a strike-slip fault network, Valley of Fire State Park, southern Nevada

In the Valley of Fire State Park of southern Nevada, the Jurassic Aztec Sandstone is deformed by two predominately strike-slip fault sets with opposite slip sense. One fault set is north-northeast oriented and shows maximum left-lateral separations that range between centimeters and kilometers. The other fault set is northwest oriented and shows maximum right-lateral separations that range between centimeters and hundreds of meters. At a regional scale, most of the right-lateral faults terminate against the larger-offset left-lateral faults and are found localized between en echelon and parallel left-lateral faults, and at the ends of the larger left-lateral faults. At a local scale, right- and left-lateral faults of smaller size show mutually abutting relationships. Furthermore, Mode I splay fractures related to fault slip are observed sharing the same orientation and abutting relationships as members of the left- and right-lateral fault sets. A conceptual model for the evolution of the strike-slip fault network in the Valley-of-Fire is presented whereby the fault network formed via progressive Mode I splay fracturing and subsequent shearing along the fractures. At the outcrop scale, at least five hierarchical generations of structures are identified. It is proposed that shearing of Mode I splay fractures is facilitated by material rotation near and between slipping faults and/or local stress rotation due to fault interaction.