cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization and clarification of sections mounted on formvar-coated slot grids by deliberate irradiation in the electron beam.

SUMMARY Epon-Araldite sections supported on Formvar-coated slot grids can be stabilized by exposing the area of interest in the column of the electron microscope to irradiation of 0.5 C/cm2. With this procedure one can obtain electron micrographs of high quality, without drift or distortion, from any part of the open slot area. After treatment the support film is not only stable and transparent but robust enough to permit repeated removal and replacement of the specimen in the microscope column. We illustrate the method with a series of electron micrographs with initial magnifications ranging from × 300 to × 500,000 to show the quality of image that can be achieved. The effect of the irradiation on tissue architecture is checked by resectioning the irradiated sections. We recommend this method of local irradiation of sections for investigations using low or intermediate magnifications for the wide field it permits, for the durability it confers on the specimen and for its convenience.
A real-time digitizer for stereo image processing

Abstract This paper discusses the design and implementation of a stereo image digitizer for use in digital image processing applications. The system operates in real time with respect to the standard television refresh rate and it possesses several signal sampling, routing, and transformation options which can be controlled from an external digital computer. Results obtained with a prototype unit are illustrated and compared using precision test patterns and natural scenes.
The Three Sectors: Voluntarism in a Changing Political Economy:

The structure of the third, or independent sector, is analyzed in this paper from the perspective of its place in an integrated political economy. Using the method of John Dewey to distinguish acts that are public from those that are private, a set of propositions are developed regarding the close links between voluntarism and the acts of corporate and governmental institutions. This interrelated social reality is examined in terms of major approaches of social scientists. Functionalist approaches are found to predominate over interpretive, radical structuralist, and radical hu manist paradigms in the area of voluntary action research. Drawing on recent British experience, it is suggested that approaches to research might benefit from the development of a full-blown theory of mediating institutions. The paper concludes with a brief examination of policy issues in contemporary voluntarism, and points to the importance of what Meister has called the role of voluntary associations in contributing to self-man...
Exploring the Athletic Trainer's Role in Assisting Student-Athletes Presenting With Alcohol-Related Unintentional Injuries

Compared with their nonathlete peers, collegiate athletes consume higher quantities of alcohol, drink with greater frequency, and exhibit an increased propensity to engage in heavy episodic drinkin...
Psychiatric Training in Primary Care Medicine Residency Programs: A National Survey

The authors conducted a national survey to investigate the current status of psychiatric training in primary care/internal medicine residencies. Fifty-four residency training directors completed and returned the survey. The survey results show that an average of 99 hours (69.5 hours clinical plus 29.8 hours didactics) is devoted to psychiatric training during the 3 years of primary care/internal medicine residency training. Responding residency training directors indicated that psychiatric training is important (an average of 7 out of 10 on a 10-point rating scale), and 63% of respondents indicated that more training in psychiatry is needed.
Recognizing unregistered names for Mandarin word identification

Word Identification has been an important and active issue in Chinese Natural Language Processing. In this paper, a new mechanism, based on the concept of sublanguage, is proposed for identifying unknown words, especially personal names, in Chinese newspapers. The proposed mechanism includes title-driven name recognition, adaptive dynamic word formation, identification of 2-character and 3-character Chinese names without title. We will show the experimental results for two corpora and compare them with the results by the NTHU's statistic-based system, the only system that we know has attacked the same problem. The experimental results have shown significant improvements over the WI systems without the name identification capability.
Vulnerabilities in synchronous IPC designs

Recent advances in interprocess communication (IPC) performance have been exclusively based on thread-migrating IPC designs. Thread-migrating designs assume that IPC interactions are synchronous, and that user-level execution will usually resume with the invoked process (modulo preemption). This IPC design approach offers shorter instruction path lengths, requires fewer locks, has smaller instruction and data cache footprints, dramatically reduces TLB overheads, and consequently offers higher performance and lower timing variance than previous IPC designs. With care, it can be performed as an atomic unit of operation. While the performance of thread-migrating IPC has been examined in detail, the vulnerabilities implicit in synchronous IPC designs have not been examined in depth in the archival literature, and their implications for IPC design have been actively misunderstood in at least one recent publication. In addition to performance, a sound IPC design must address concerns of asymmetric trust and reproducibility and provide support for dynamic payload lengths. Previous IPC designs, including those of EROS, Mach, L4, Flask, and Pebble, satisfy only two of these three requirements. In this paper, we show how these three design objectives can be met simultaneously. We identify the conflict of requirements and illustrate how their collision arises in two well-documented IPC architectures: L4 and EROS. We then show how all three design objectives are simultaneously met in the next generation EROS IPC system.
A Strategy to Reduce Plagiarism in an Undergraduate Course

This study evaluated how effective an online academic integrity module was at reducing the occurrence of plagiarism in a written assignment for a university course. In a preintervention comparison group, plagiarism was detected in 25.8% of papers submitted, compared with only 6.5% in the group that completed the academic integrity module. The grades for plagiarized papers were significantly lower than grades for nonplagiarized papers, suggesting that a substantial amount of plagiarism occurs among students who produce relatively poor quality work. These findings indicate that a substantial proportion of plagiarism encountered was the result of inadequate knowledge about proper quotation and citation. The self-instruction module successfully reduced the occurrence of plagiarism.
Software transactional memory validation – time and space considerations

With single thread performance hitting the power wall, hardware architects have turned to chip-level multiprocessing to increase processor performance. As a result, issues related to the construction of scalable and reliable multi-threaded applications have become increasingly important. One of the most pressing problems in concurrent programming has been synchronizing accesses to shared data among multiple concurrent threads. Traditionally, accesses to shared memory have been synchronized using lock-based techniques resulting in scalability, composability and safety problems. Recently, transactional memory has been shown to eliminate many problems associated with lock-based synchronization, and transactional constructs have been added to languages to facilitate programming with transactions. Hardware transactional memory (HTM) is at this point readily available only in the simulated environments. Furthermore, some of the TM systems relying on the hardware support are hybrid solutions that require TM operations to be supported in software as well. Therefore, providing an efficient software transactional memory (STM) implementation has been an important area of research. One of the largest overheads in an STM implementation is incurred in the validation procedure (that is, in ensuring correctness of transactional read operations). This paper presents novel solutions to reduce the validation overhead in an STM. We first present a validation algorithm that is linear in the number of read operations executed by a transaction, and yet does not add any overhead to transactional reads and writes. We then present an algorithm that uses bitmaps to encode information about transactional operations and further reduces both the time and space overheads related to validation. We evaluate the effectiveness of both algorithms in the context of a state-of-the-art STM implementation.
Towards a general model of skills involved in sight reading music

Sight reading is a functional skill which is essential for all musicians involved in particular fields of western classical music culture. In the last decade, expertise theory has shown that time spent on activities is a good predictor for later achievement in a domain. However, this study is based on the hypothesis that general and elementary cognitive skills as well as practice-related skills must be considered in the explanation of outstanding sight-reading achievement. Different component skills involved in sight reading were attributed to one of three categories: (a) general cognitive skills (working memory, short-term music memory, short-term numerical memory, and Raven's D Matrices); (b) elementary cognitive skills (speed tapping, simple reaction time, trilling speed, and speed of information processing); (c) practice-related skills (practicing solo, sight reading, and inner hearing skills). This resulted in a total set of 23 predictors. These tests were used to evaluate the potential correlates of...
Crystal Structures of T. brucei MRP1/MRP2 Guide-RNA Binding Complex Reveal RNA Matchmaking Mechanism.

Summary The mitochondrial RNA binding proteins MRP1 and MRP2 form a heteromeric complex that functions in kinetoplastid RNA editing. In this process, MRP1/MRP2 serves as a matchmaker by binding to guide RNAs and facilitating their hybridization with cognate preedited mRNAs. To understand the mechanism by which this complex performs RNA matchmaking, we determined structures of Trypanosoma brucei apoMRP1/MRP2 and an MRP1/MRP2-gRNA complex. The structures show that MRP1/MRP2 is a heterotetramer and, despite little sequence homology, each MRP subunit exhibits the same "Whirly" transcription-factor fold. The gRNA molecule binds to the highly basic β sheet surface of the MRP complex via nonspecific, electrostatic contacts. Strikingly, while the gRNA stem/loop II base is anchored to the basic surface, stem/loop I (the anchor sequence) is unfolded and its bases exposed to solvent. Thus, MRP1/MRP2 acts as an RNA matchmaker by stabilizing the RNA molecule in an unfolded conformation suitable for RNA-RNA hybridization.
An Instrument to Assess Customer Perceptions of Service Quality and Satisfaction in Campus Recreation Programs

To remain competitive, sport organizations are focusing more on customer retention through improved service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this article is to present an instrument which can be used by campus recreation programs to determine service quality and customer satisfaction. The instrument consists of 49 service quality items and 4 satisfaction items and will assist managers of campus recreation programs in developing effective strategies to improve the quality of their services.
Iron regulates xanthine oxidase activity in the lung

The iron chelator deferoxamine has been reported to inhibit both xanthine oxidase (XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but the relationship of this effect to the availability of iron in the cellular and tissue environment remains unexplored. XO and total xanthine oxidoreductase activity in cultured V79 cells was increased with exposure to ferric ammonium sulfate and inhibited by deferoxamine. Lung XO and total xanthine oxidoreductase activities were reduced in rats fed an iron-depleted diet and increased in rats supplemented with iron, without change in the ratio of XO to total oxidoreductase. Intratracheal injection of an iron salt or silica-iron, but not aluminum salts or silica-zinc, significantly increased rat lung XO and total xanthine oxidoreductase activities, immunoreactive xanthine oxidoreductase, and the concentration of urate in bronchoalveolar fluid. These results suggest the possibility that the production of uric acid, a major chelator of iron in extracellular fluid, is directly influenced by iron-mediated regulation of the expression and/or activity of its enzymatic source, xanthine oxidase.
Feeding Ecology of Ring-Necked Pheasant and Northern Bobwhite Chicks in Conservation Reserve Program Fields

Abstract Gamebird chick survival is dependent on invertebrate availability, and the ability to access insect prey is an important characteristic defining brood habitat quality. Different mixes of warm-season grasses and forbs were established to improve the habitat quality of fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for gamebirds in the Southern Plains. We analyzed the feeding ecology of human-imprinted, 4- to 10-day-old ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks in wheat fields and 4 types of conservation practices (CP) fields enrolled in CRP (CP10, improved CP10, CP2, and CP25) in western Kansas, USA, during June and July, 2004 and 2005. Foraging rates were greatest for bobwhite chicks in improved CP10 and CP25 fields and greatest for pheasant chicks in CP10 and CP25 fields. Vegetation characteristics such as bare ground cover appear to have a significant impact on insect selection, because the diet was more diverse for both species in ...
Observation of the transition from the near-field to the far-field region for broadband terahertz radiation

Summary form only given. In the antenna theory it has long been well known that the space surrounding an antenna can be divided into the near- and far-field region. But in the terahertz (THz) optoelectronics community, this had not received much attention until recently when Budiarto et al. (1998) observed the near-field effect in the measurement of THz radiation from a large aperture photoconductive transmitter. In their experiment, due to the very large aperture size (3 cm), all the measurements were limited to the near-field region, where the waveforms keep changing as they propagate away from the emitter. In this work, we observed the transition of the broadband THz radiation from the near-field regime to the far-field regime where the waveform does not depend on the distance between the emitter and detector and where the amplitude of the field follows the 1/r rule. We also observed that the transition distance depends on the aperture size of both the transmitter and receiver. We believe that these observations help to elucidate the nature of the broadband electromagnetic wave propagation and the transmitter/receiver system.
Order- alpha s calculation of hadronic ZZ production.

An order-{alpha}{sub {ital s}} calculation of {ital pp}{sup ({minus})}{r arrow}{ital ZZ}+{ital X} is presented. Results are given for the total cross section and differential distributions for Fermilab Tevatron, CERN Large Hadron and Collider, and Superconducting Super Collider energies. The calculation utilizes a combination of analytic and Monte Carlo integration methods which makes it easy to calculate a variety of observables and to impose experimental cuts.
The cis-regulatory map of Shewanella genomes

While hundreds of microbial genomes are sequenced, the challenge remains to define their cis-regulatory maps. Here, we present a comparative genomic analysis of the cis-regulatory map of Shewanella oneidensis, an important model organism for bioremediation because of its extraordinary abilities to use a wide variety of metals and organic molecules as electron acceptors in respiration. First, from the experimentally verified transcriptional regulatory networks of Escherichia coli, we inferred 24 DNA motifs that are conserved in S. oneidensis. We then applied a new comparative approach on five Shewanella genomes that allowed us to systematically identify 194 nonredundant palindromic DNA motifs and corresponding regulons in S. oneidensis. Sixty-four percent of the predicted motifs are conserved in at least three of the seven newly sequenced and distantly related Shewanella genomes. In total, we obtained 209 unique DNA motifs in S. oneidensis that cover 849 unique transcription units. Besides conservation in other genomes, 77 of these motifs are supported by at least one additional type of evidence, including matching to known transcription factor binding motifs and significant functional enrichment or expression coherence of the corresponding target genes. Using the same approach on a more focused gene set, 990 differentially expressed genes derived from published microarray data of S. oneidensis during exposure to metal ions, we identified 31 putative cis-regulatory motifs (16 with at least one type of additional supporting evidence) that are potentially involved in the process of metal reduction. The majority (18/31) of those motifs had been found in our whole-genome comparative approach, further demonstrating that such an approach is capable of uncovering a large fraction of the regulatory map of a genome even in the absence of experimental data. The integrated computational approach developed in this study provides a useful strategy to identify genome-wide cis-regulatory maps and a novel avenue to explore the regulatory pathways for particular biological processes in bacterial systems.
Temporal decorrelation of vegetation by environmental and seasonal effects

The temporal decorrelation of forests in response to environmental and seasonal effects is computed using the Michigan fractal-based coherent scattering model. Frequencies ranging from P- through X-band are considered. Substantial decorrelation (/spl alpha/ 0.9). Finally, decorrelation is noted to increase with tree height and to decrease with defoliation.
Scalar Waving: Improving the Efficiency of SIMD Execution on GPUs

GPUs take advantage of uniformity in program control flow and utilize SIMD execution to obtain execution efficiency. In SIMD execution, threads are batched into SIMD groups to share a common program counter and execute identical instructions on SIMD pipelines. Previous research has shown that there is a significant number of scalar instructions - instructions where different threads in a SIMD group execute using the same input operands and generate the exact same output - present in a range of applications. GPUs eliminate redundant fetches and decodes by utilizing a shared common pipeline front-end. However, most GPUs do not handle scalar instruction efficiently, allowing these instructions to be redundantly executed by the threads in a SIMD group. In this paper, we propose to use scalar execution to eliminate redundant execution of scalar instructions. We introduce scalar waving as a mechanism to batch scalar operations possessing the same PC and execute them as a group on SIMD lanes for efficiency. We also propose simultaneous execution of dynamically-formed scalar waves with SIMD groups to overcome the under-utilization of SIMD lanes when encountering divergence. We evaluate our work using 22 different GPU benchmarks taken from 4 different benchmark suites. We evaluate a range of configurations using timing simulation. Our results show that scalar waving can obtain up to a 25% improvement in performance on average. Our experiments also provide insight into the amount of performance gain that we can expect with scalar waving as a function of the scalar content, occupancy, and memory characteristics of the target application.
The Gaussian CL$_s$ Method for Searches of New Physics

We describe a method based on the CLs approach to present results in searches of new physics under the condition that the relevant parameter space is continuous. We focus on the CLs approach that relies on test statistics developed for non-nested hypotheses testing problems. We demonstrate that a Gaussian approximation to the distribution of these test statistics can be made when the sample size is large, and such an approximation leads to a simple procedure of forming exclusion sets for the parameters of interest, which we call the Gaussian CLs method. The CLs approach is a different way to present statistical results than the traditional approach of setting confidence intervals (CI). They have different objectives in that, the traditional CI approach identifies an allowable range of parameter values of a model, such that parameter values outside this range has small chance of generating data that are similar to the observed data; whereas the CLs approach excludes a set of models that are much worse than the reference model (usually the Standard Model) in fitting the observed data. In practice, a most popular method to set CIs is by applying a simple Chi-square thresholding rule, which is valid under relatively stringent conditions. When these conditions are not satisfied, the computationally intensive Monte Carlo simulations is generally needed to set CIs correctly. In comparison, the CLs approach can be easily carried out with the Gaussian CLs under fairly mild conditions, which are usually satisfied in the problem of searching for new physics through precision measurements. This work provides a self-contained mathematical proof for the Gaussian CLs method, while explicitly outlining the required conditions. Also, we illustrate the Gaussian CLs method by deriving exclusion sets in the two-dimensional parameter space of (sin 2 2�,|�m 2 |) in searching for a sterile neutrino, where CLs approach was rarely used before. Finally, despite the different objectives of the CLs approach and the CI approach, results obtained from the Gaussian CLs method are compared to that of various CI methods on an example.
Performance, algorithmic, and robustness attributes of perfect difference networks

Perfect difference networks (PDNs) that are based on the mathematical notion of perfect difference sets have been shown to comprise an asymptotically optimal method for connecting a number of nodes into a network with diameter 2. Justifications for, and mathematical underpinning of, PDNs appear in a companion paper. In this paper, we compare PDNs and some of their derivatives to interconnection networks with similar cost/performance, including certain generalized hypercubes and their hierarchical variants. Additionally, we discuss point-to-point and collective communication algorithms and derive a general emulation result that relates the performance of PDNs to that of complete networks as ideal benchmarks. We show that PDNs are quite robust, both with regard to node and link failures that can be tolerated and in terms of blandness (not having weak spots). In particular, we prove that the fault diameter of PDNs is no greater than 4. Finally, we study the complexity and scalability aspects of these networks, concluding that PDNs and their derivatives allow the construction of very low diameter networks close to any arbitrary desired size and that, in many respects, PDNs offer optimal performance and fault tolerance relative to their complexity or implementation cost.
The Effects of Cations on the Activity of the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Fourteen cations were tested at a 1% concentration (wt:wt), as chlorides, for their effects on the biological activity of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV). Cupric chloride was toxic to gypsy moth larvae. Ferrous and ferric chloride were inhibitory to larval growth and development as well as to virus activity. Strontium chloride was inhibitory to virus activity but had no apparent effects on gypsy moth larvae. Six cations had little or no effect on virus activity (i.e., calcium, lanthanum, magnesium, nickel, potassium, sodium), whereas four cations (i.e., cobalt, manganese, ruthenium, zinc) acted as viral enhancers, as indicated by reductions in LC50s.
Mapping the Partnering Landscape

The last chapter explored the numerous macro and micro developments leading to the emergence of global partnerships. This chapter will map out the complex landscape these developments created. It will demonstrate that partnerships today fulfil a large range of purposes, including the exchange of information, the delivery of goods and services, the enforcement of norms and standards, and even the creation of new sectors and markets.
Identification of tonin in brain and exocrine tissues and in the cell-free translation products encoded by the mRNA of these tissues.

Tissue-specific expression of the esteropeptidase tonin [EC 3.4.99.-] was investigated in rat brain, submandibular gland, pancreas and kidney. Specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to purified rat tonin from the submandibular gland have been developed and characterized and have been purified via a tonin-agarose affinity column. Immunoreactive tonin was measured by a recently developed tonin direct radioimmunoassay using a rabbit tonin antiserum. Resulting tonin levels were found to be 105.27 +/- 2.71 micrograms/mg (of protein) in submandibular gland, 3.18 +/- 0.32 ng/mg in pancreas, 1.35 +/- 0.08 ng/mg in kidney and 0.12 +/- 0.01 ng/mg in brain (means +/- S.E.M.). Western-blot analysis shows that affinity-purified anti-tonin antibody binds to a 32,000-Mr protein from brain and submandibular-gland extracts. The protein, a tonin precursor, was identified from cell-free translation products directly by polyadenylated [Poly(A)+]mRNA species in a wheat-germ system. After the translation products were subjected to immunoprecipitation with affinity-purified tonin antibody, SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of these precipitates revealed two precursors of tonin, with Mr values of 30,000 and 29,000, which are encoded by brain and submandibular-gland mRNA; however, only the 30,000-Mr preprotonin was encoded by pancreas and kidney mRNA. Collectively, the data show that tonin exists in brain, submandibular gland, pancreas and kidney, and can be synthesized by the mRNA of these tissues.
Solving Non-Linear PDE for Mathematical Finance

This manuscript summarizes the standard machinery of solving non-linear partial differential equations useful for several applications in Mathematical Finance.
Role of plasma vasopressin as a mediator of nausea and gastric slow wave dysrhythmias in motion sickness

The possible role of vasopressin in nausea and gastric dysrhythmias in motion sickness was tested by electrogastrography in 14 subjects during circular vection (60 degrees/s) and vasopressin infusion. Tachygastria was expressed as the signal percent >4.5 cycles/min. Vection evoked nausea scores of 2.6 +/- 0.2 (0 = none to 3 = severe) in 10 subjects with increases in tachygastric activity (15 +/- 2 to 45 +/- 3%) and plasma vasopressin (4.5 +/- 1.5 to 8.4 +/- 2.5 pg/ml) that were blocked by atropine but not indomethacin. Four asymptomatic subjects had no tachygastria or vasopressin release. Vasopressin at 0.2 U/min (plasma level = 322.1 +/- 10.3 pg/ml) evoked nausea (2.6 +/- 0.4) and increases in tachyarrhythmic activity (41 +/- 5%) that were blunted by atropine but not indomethacin. There were no differences in nausea or dysrhythmias with vasopressin infusion in subjects who noted nausea during vection versus those who did not. To conclude, vection evokes nausea, dysrhythmias, and vasopressin release in motion sickness-susceptible humans via cholinergic prostaglandin-independent pathways. Supraphysiological vasopressin infusions evoke nausea and dysrhythmias by similar pathways to equal degrees in motion sickness-susceptible and -resistant subjects. Thus central but not peripheral actions of vasopressin may contribute to nausea and slow wave disruption with vection. Blunting of both the release and action of vasopressin by atropine may explain its beneficial action in motion sickness.
Análisis comparativo a las técnicas para modelar el funcionamiento de los sistemas de información

En este trabajo se analizan las tecnicas propuestas en los metodos actuales para especificar los aspectos de dialogo usuario-sistema de un producto software en el paradigma de desarrollo Orientado por Objetos. Esos metodos no ofrecen suficientes directrices acerca de como modelar dichos aspectos, y las tecnicas disponibles necesitan algun refinamiento y elaboracion para adaptar esa tarea en el proceso de especificacion del software. Primero, se compara una serie de enfoques acerca de la tematica; luego se describen los elementos comunes de los enfoques, y posteriormente se aplican a un conjunto de tecnicas en el analisis de los requisitos funcionales.
Efficient Synthesis of Rigid Ladder Polymers via Palladium Catalyzed Annulation

We report a new method to synthesize rigid ladder polymers using efficient palladium catalyzed annulation reactions with low catalyst loading (1 mol %). Rigid ladder polymers with benzocyclobutene backbone linkages can be synthesized from copolymerization of readily accessible aryl dibromides and norbornadiene or polymerization of AB type monomers bearing norbornene and aryl bromide or triflate moieties. High molecular weight (10-40 kDa) rigid ladder polymers can be obtained with complete monomer conversions. Diverse monomers also gave different, fixed ladder polymer conformations. The ladder polymers exhibited excellent thermal stability, high carbonization yield, and large intrinsic porosity.
High Correlations or Multicollinearity, and What to Do About Either: Reply to Light

Stephen Light has raised an issue which is frequently and not always successfully confronted by many sociologists and others engaged in research involving the relationship between phenomena such as homicide and the social structure. We wish to express our appreciation to Light for his careful and thoughtful consideration of not only our work but the important issues involved in the problem of multicollinearity. Light has given us the opportunity for a fuller discussion of our views on this problem and how it has affected our study of regional homicide rates. Light's examination of our intercorrelations among independent variables revealed, as it did to us (1980: 146, n5), a number of unusually high values, a finding that sometimes reflects multicollinearity. As multicollinearity can have serious negative impacts on the signs, sizes, and significances of estimated net regression parameters, Light is correct in pointing out the potentially damaging impact of these high intercorrelations on our results and, more importantly, on our evaluation of competing hypotheses concerning the predictors of homicide in the South and elsewhere. However, Light's assumption that high correlation is automatically equal to a multicollinearity problem, and his use of the Haitovsky test to confirm this equality, point to a conceptual issue concerning the nature of multicollinearity which is not generally understood. High correlation, in and of itself, does not necessarily mean that an ordinary least-squares analysis which includes such correlation will suffer from multicollinearity. Conversely, low correlation does not guarantee that a similar analysis will not suffer from multicollinearity. In order for multicollinearity to do its worst, two factors must be simultaneously present: first, one variable or several in combination must exhibit unusually high intercorrelations with another or several other variables in combination; second, those variables or combinations must share substantial covariance with the dependent
Analysis of Transportable Array (USArray) Data Shows Earthquakes Are Scarce near Injection Wells in the Williston Basin, 2008–2011

Abstract We investigate possible links between seismicity and fluid injection in the Williston basin in the north‐central United States, focusing on the region around the Bakken formation unconventional hydrocarbon play. Here, we show earthquakes are rarer near injection wells in the Williston basin than in the Fort Worth basin of Texas or in central Oklahoma. To identify earthquakes, we analyze seismograms collected by EarthScope USArray temporary stations, deployed on a grid with 70 km spacing. During the September 2008–May 2011 study period, we identified only nine regional earthquakes; of these only three were situated near injection wells. The reason why Williston basin earthquakes are so scarce is unclear. In both the Bakken and Barnett Shale play regions, injection volumes increased significantly in late 2007, and both areas have very low levels of natural seismicity. Oklahoma has experienced much higher rates of apparently induced seismicity than either region, possibly because injection volumes are higher in some wells in Oklahoma.
Determination of underivatized amino acids in microsamples of a yeast nutritional supplement by LC-MS following microwave assisted acid hydrolysis

In this paper we describe a rapid method for microscale microwave assisted acid hydrolysis followed by quantitative amino acid analysis, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry UPLC-ESI-MS (QTOF) without derivatization. Such an approach allows substantial decrease in the amount of yeast sample (less than 1 mg) required for effective analysis. The vapor phase hydrolysis approach was compared to condensed phase hydrolysis and all the microwave parameters were optimized for 16 amino acids. Separation was achieved on a BEH C-18 column. Limits of detection and quantitation (LODs/LOQs), using standard solutions, were in the sub-ppb range. The method was successfully applied to the determination and quantitation of methionine and selenomethionine by isotope dilution and standard addition methods in yeast on a yeast certified reference material sample.
Sufficiency and freedom in Locke’s theory of property:

It is traditional to ascribe to Locke the view that every person who acquires natural property rights by labouring on resources is obligated to leave sufficient resources for everyone else. But dur...
Evaluation on Effect of Repeated Eliminaition Leprosy Campaigns in Kaiyuan City

Objective To observe the influence on finding patients work and patients' clinical features by repeated Leprosy Elimination Leprosy Campaigns(LEC).Methods Collect and analysis the relative information of new cases from 2002 to 2008 years in Kaiyuan city.Results One hundred and thirty-one new cases were registered during the 7 years with an average of detection rate of 6.23/100,000 per year.There was no significantly change in the number of newly detected cases each year.Among these cases,the average diagnosis age was 38.8 years old,the mean delay time was 1.43 year and the disabled rate was 11.45%.The maximum average diagnosis age and mean delay time were presented in the year of LEC.Conclusions Finding out new cases in early stage was implemented well in Kaiyuan.However,the interval time between two LECs was too long.
Application of fluorescence real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting nucleic acid of virus causing hand,foot and mouth disease

Objective To analyze pathogen surveillance data of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Huairou District of Beijing during April to August 2010 to understand trend of HFMD incidence and provide scientific evidence for its control,as well as to study the application value of fluorescence real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in detecting nucleic acid of the virus causing HFMD.Methods Throat swabs and specimens of vesicular exanthem were collected from children with suspected enterovirus infection in Huairou District during April to August 2010.Nucleic acid of enterovirus type 71(EV71) and Coxsackievirus A 16(Cox A16) was detected by fluorescence RT-PCR.Results Totally,121 specimens were collected during April to August 2010,and 87 were identified as EV71,19 Cox A16,six general type of enterovirus and nine negative.Conclusion EV 71 was dominant virus in HFMD in Huairou District during April to August 2010.Fluorescence RT-PCR featured high sensitivity and specificity and can be used as a rapid diagnostic method to detect viral RNA in several hours after specimen collection,which provides strong etiologic support for epidemiological investigation and control of enterovirus infection.
Hyperpigmented Torpedo Maculopathy with Pseudo-Lacuna: A 5-Year Follow-Up

Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe a case of globally hyperpigmented torpedo maculopathy that also contained a novel central lesion resembling a ‘pseud
Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from 30 farms by test and removal

Test-and-removal protocol An ELISA serological test was used for detection of PRRSV antibodies (Idexx HerdChek ELISA; Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine), in combination with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) serum assay for detection of PRRSV nucleic acid (TaqMan PCR; Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California).3–6 All tests were conducted at the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (St Paul, Minnesota). A sample-to-positive (S:P) ratio of ≥ 0.4 was considered ELISA-positive. The entire breeding herd (sows, boars, and on-site replacement gilts) or the entire boar population in an AIC was blood tested over a 1to 2-day period. Sera were collected using a different syringe and needle for each animal. Three samples were pooled for PCR testing, and 1-mL aliquots from each animal were stored at -70 C. If a pool tested positive, the individual samples were then tested. Animals that were both ELISApositive and PCR-positive were considered to be viremic on the day of sampling. Animals that were ELISA-positive and PCRnegative were considered to have been exposed to PRRSV, but not viremic on the day of sampling. Animals that were ELISAnegative and PCR-positive were considered to be acutely infected. Animals with any of these three profiles were removed from the farm within 1 to 2 days upon receipt of the test results and were replaced by PRRSVnaive stock. Finally, animals that were negative on both tests were considered noninfected and remained in the herd. Following the completion of the T&R protocol, all participating breeding herds and AICs were monitored monthly for 12 months by Idexx HerdChek ELISA, using a sample size capable of detecting at least one positive pig at an estimated prevalence of ≥ 5% at a 95% confidence limit with an accuracy of ± 5%. During each monitoring period, a minimum of 50% of the calculated number of sampled animals were randomly selected from naive replacement stock introduced to the herd after initiation of the T&R protocol, while the remaining samples were from randomly selected animals that had originated in the herd. In addition to being tested by ELISA, AIC populations were monitored weekly by PCR testing of pooled semen samples (three samples per pool) on the basis of the 95% confidence– 5% accuracy sample size calculation. Breeding herds or AICs were not considered to be PRRSV-negative unless, after the 12month monitoring protocol was complete, all original PRRSV-positive animals detected in the herd during the T&R process had been removed, and there had been no detection of seroconversion of naive replacement stock.
Play as a Medium for Assessment and Therapy in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Practice

Play reflects the child’s internal world and facilitates trial action, problem solving and practice. Observing the process of play as closely as the content of play facilitates assessment of developmental status and mental status. Axline’s eight basic principles for open-ended play interviews facilitate the child’s playing freely. “Working in displacement” and “turning-passive-to-active” facilitate communication within the play metaphor. Games with rules can enhance self-reflection, problem solving, relationship building and the ability to sustain attention. Developmentally normative cognitive and language limitations of children between four and eleven years make play a preferred path to therapeutic change.
TRENDS IN UTILIZATION OF INPATIENT PALLIATIVE CARE SERVICES AND RACIAL DISPARITY OF DISPOSITION TO HOSPICE CARE AMONG PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 2003 AND 2012

Background: The latest American Heart Association guidelines have recommended palliative/hospice care in selected patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). However, limited information exists regarding the trends in utilization of hospice care in this patient population. Methods: Data from the
Machine learning aided traffic tolerance to improve resilience for software defined networks

Software Defined Networks (SDNs) have gained prominence recently due to their flexible management and superior configuration functionality of the underlying network. SDNs, with OpenFlow as their primary implementation, allow for the use of a centralised controller to drive the decision making for all the supported devices in the network and manage traffic through routing table changes for incoming flows. In conventional networks, machine learning has been shown to detect malicious intrusion, and classify attacks such as DoS, user to root, and probe attacks. In this work, we extend the use of machine learning to improve traffic tolerance for SDNs. To achieve this, we extend the functionality of the controller to include a resilience framework, ReSDN, that incorporates machine learning to be able to distinguish DoS attacks, focussing on a neptune attack for our experiments. Our model is trained using the MIT KDD 1999 dataset. The system is developed as a module on top of the POX controller platform and evaluated using the Mininet simulator.
Improve observation-based ground-level ozone spatial distribution by compositing satellite and surface observations: A simulation experiment

Abstract Obtaining the full spatial coverage of daily surface ozone fields is challenging because of the sparsity of the surface monitoring network and the difficulty in direct satellite retrievals of surface ozone. We propose an indirect satellite retrieval framework to utilize the information from satellite-measured column densities of tropospheric NO2 and CH2O, which are sensitive to the lower troposphere, to derive surface ozone fields. The method is applicable to upcoming geostationary satellites with high-quality NO2 and CH2O measurements. To prove the concept, we conduct a simulation experiment using a 3-D chemical transport model for July 2011 over the eastern US. The results show that a second order regression using both NO2 and CH2O column densities can be an effective predictor for daily maximum 8-h average ozone. Furthermore, this indirect retrieval approach is shown to be complementary to spatial interpolation of surface observations, especially in regions where the surface sites are sparse. Combining column observations of NO2 and CH2O with surface site measurements leads to an improved representation of surface ozone over simple kriging, increasing the R2 value from 0.53 to 0.64 at a surface site distance of 252 km. The improvements are even more significant with larger surface site distances. The simulation experiment suggests that the indirect satellite retrieval technique can potentially be a useful tool to derive the full spatial coverage of daily surface ozone fields if satellite observation uncertainty is moderate.
Low Frequency Motions in The North Pacific and Their Possible Generation by Meteorological Forces

Abstract Various sets of internal temperature data from the North Pacific Ocean (time series up to 20 years) have been analyzed with respect to baroclinic Rossby waves. Fluctuations with periods between one and five years can, to a large extent, be explained as first order internal Rossby waves. A theoretical model for local meteorological generation of these Rossby waves has been developed. An application of this model requires the frequency wave number spectra of wind stress and buoyancy flux (or temperature) at the sea surface as forcing functions. Such spectra are presently being determined from observations in the eastern North Pacific.
Transductive LSI for Short Text Classification Problems.

This paper presents work that uses Transductive Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) for text classification. In addition to relying on labeled training data, we improve classification accuracy by incorporating the set of test examples in the classification process. Rather than performing LSI’s singular value decomposition (SVD) process solely on the training data, we instead use an expanded term-by-document matrix that includes both the labeled data as well as any available test examples. We report the performance of LSI on data sets both with and without the inclusion of the test examples, and we show that tailoring the SVD process to the test examples can be even more useful than adding additional training data. The test set can be a useful tool to combat the possible inclusion of unrelated data in the original corpus.
Impact of Defects Formed in Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon on Device Performance

Defects introduced into silicon material as a result of neutron transmutation doping (NTD) cover the entire range of level of complexity in which the defect inventory can include relatively simple point defects to large disordered regions of ≲500A size up to rod-like defects 10µm long 200A diameter. The wide spectrum of defect specie occurs since the dominant defect producer, the fast neutrons, can impart on the average ∿50keV of recoil energy to a silicon atom while recoiling silicon atoms subsequent to neutron capture and gamma radiation emission can have energies in the ∿400 to 900eV range. In this paper a review will be given on properties of defects introduced in silicon specific to NTD. The approach will be to describe the origin of defects and their effects on extrinsic photoconductivity, optical properties, transmission electron microscopy and electron spin resonance, including defect symmetry properties and the response and alteration of defects with heat treatment. A discussion is given on the nature of unannealable defect microstructure in NTD Si. An analysis of many experiments suggest that it may be advantageous to perform irradiation in NTD Si at temperatures of 500–600°C. Finally, an attempt will be made to show how the defects can effect the operation of devices, eg: high power thyristors, transistors, infrared detecting devices and very large scale integrated circuit systems.