cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bleeding Risks in Patients on Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices Receiving Two Different Dextrose Concentrations of Heparinized Purge Solution: A Case Series.

Background The Impella manufacturer has changed its recommendation for the diluent of the heparinized purge solution from 20% dextrose (D20) to 5% dextrose (D5). This reduced viscosity may result in increased purge solution infusion rates and unfractionated heparin (UFH) exposure. Increased UFH exposure could potentially cause increased bleeding events and may necessitate reduction in UFH concentration in the purge solution. Our objective was to evaluate anticoagulation for patients on Impella pumps receiving heparinized purge solution with D20 or D5 diluents. Methods This retrospective cohort analysis evaluated patients requiring Impella support outside of the cardiac catheterization lab. The primary outcome evaluated the number of patients with at least one supratherapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) while receiving heparinized purge solution alone without systemic UFH. Secondary outcomes included heparin concentration changes made to the purge solution, bleeding, and thrombotic events. Results Twelve patients received Impella support for an average of 37 hours (range, 10.8-89.6). Four patients received D20 and 8 patients received D5 purge solution. Five patients had at least one supratherapeutic aPTT while receiving heparinized purge solution alone without additional systemic UFH. All 5 patients were in the D5 group. Of these 5 patients, 3 required purge heparin concentration decreases and 3 had bleeding events. No patients had pump thrombosis. Conclusion D5 purge solution with heparin 50 units/mL may increase the risk of supratherapeutic aPTTs, leading to increased bleeding. Decreasing heparin to 25 units/mL as a standard in purge solution may decrease these risks; however, protection against thrombosis remains unknown.
A New Approach to Mitigate CO2 Emission from Electric Utility Under Liability Rules

In the presence of emission level standards along with permit market regulations, if Kyoto Protocol went into force, a part of needed emission reduction will take place domestically. Burden sharing approach through piecemeal operation will result a greater degree of abatement of CO2 emission than will consumer or producer liability laws. It is suggested that consumer will pay compliance cost in terms of price of electricity usage and will receive incentive or rebate for environment preservation per unit of electricity usage. Under the proposed approach, the producers will face the consequences in cases of failing to meet emission standards. In practice, proposed approach will ensure Pareto optimality in both parties' cases and it will preserve the Pareto efficiency.
Generators and Relations

Groups are very often described as quotient groups of free groups: G = F/N. If F is free with basis X and N is the normal closure in F of a set R, we say that the pair (X; R) is a presentation for G, and, by a mild abuse of language, we write G = (X; R).
Monocytes and neutrophils as a predictive marker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC).

e21165Background: PD-L1 expression and mutational load in tumor cells have been found to predict response to ICI in patients with mNSCLC. These parameters, however, are not readily available clinic...
Using Mind Maps to Study the Influence of the Business SchoolModel on Student Learning

Criticism of the efficacy and relevance of management education has become increasingly severe to the point where the philosophy underlying management education has been called into question. Conce...
300.20 Non-invasive Quantification of Disturbed Coronary Blood Flow Using Pressure Drop and Vorticity

Discordance between the physiological diagnostic parameters like fractional flow reserve (FFR) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) is related to the presence of diffuse and/or focal stenoses and the associated pressure loss due to flow disturbances. In this study, using an in silico approach, we non-
LEVO-TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES WITHOUT ASSOCIATED STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES

Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (L-TGA) is atrioventricular (AV) discordance as well as ventriculoarterial discordance. It is a rare congenital abnormality with incidence of 0.2 - 0.7 per 10,000 live births, and has associated cardiac defects in > 95% of cases. A 35-year-old male with no
Characterization and Modeling of the Transient Safe Operating Area in LDMOS Transistors

The boundaries that determine the LDMOS transient safe operating area are presented. It includes the time-independent electrical SOA (eSOA) and short-pulse transient SOA post device snapback. A compact modeling methodology is introduced for high voltage LDMOS with minimal circuit simulation convergence shortcomings. By adding a failure monitor, the model proposed can be used to determine both the boundaries of eSOA and short-pulse transient SOA.
The changing role of organic nitrates in the removal and transport of NO x

Abstract. A better understanding of the chemistry of nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) is crucial to effectively reducing air pollution and predicting future air quality. The response of NOx lifetime to perturbations in emissions or in the climate system is set in large part by whether NOx loss occurs primarily by the direct formation of HNO3 or through the formation of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates ( RONO2 ). Using 15 years of detailed in situ observations, we show that in the summer daytime continental boundary layer the relative importance of these two pathways can be well approximated by the relative likelihood that OH will react with NO2 or instead with a volatile organic compound (VOC). Over the past decades, changes in anthropogenic emissions of both NOx and VOCs have led to a significant increase in the overall importance of RONO2 chemistry to NOx loss. We find that this shift is associated with a decreased effectiveness of NOx emissions reductions on ozone production in polluted areas and increased transport of NOx from source to receptor regions. This change in chemistry, combined with changes in the spatial pattern of NOx emissions, is observed to be leading to a flatter distribution of NO2 across the United States, potentially transforming ozone air pollution from a local issue into a regional one.
Chromobacterium phragmitis sp. nov., isolated from estuarine marshes

Thirteen isolates of Gram-stain-negative, motile, violet-pigmented bacteria were isolated from marshes along tidal portions of the Potomac and James rivers in Maryland and Virginia, USA, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequences and fatty acid analysis revealed a high degree of relatedness among the isolates, and genomic sequencing of two isolates, IIBBL 112-1T and IIBBL 274-1 (from the Potomac and James rivers, respectively), revealed highly similar genomic sequences, with a blast-based average nucleotide identity (ANIb) of ca. 98.7 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the species most highly related to IIBBL 112-1T were Chromobacterium amazonense , Chromobacterium subtsugae and Chromobacterium sphagni . However, deletion of a 25-nucleotide sequence that may have been horizontally acquired by both IIBBL 112-1T and C. amazonense resulted in a substantially different analysis; in the latter case, the species nearest IIBBL 112-1T were Chromobacterium violaceum , Chromobacterium vaccinii and Chromobacterium piscinae . Whole-genome alignments between either IIBBL 112-1T or IIBBL 274-1 and the type strains of C. vaccinii or C. violaceum resulted in ANIb values in the range of ca. 87 %, while alignment with C. amazonense CBMAI 310T resulted in an ANIb of ca. 83 %. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IIBBL 112-1T and IIBBL 274-1 represent a new taxon within the genus Chromobacterium . We propose the name Chromobacterium phragmitis sp. nov. for this taxon; the type strain is IIBBL 112-1T (=NRRL B-67132T=JCM 31884T).
Theory of diamagnetism in the pseudogap phase of high-temperature superconductors: Implications from the self-energy of angle-resolved photoemission

In this paper we apply the emerging-consensus understanding of the fermionic self-energy deduced from angle-resolved photoemisssion spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments to deduce the implications for orbital diamagnetism in the underdoped cuprates. Many theories using many different starting points have arrived at a broadened BCS-like form for the normal state self-energy associated with a $d$-wave excitation gap, as is compatible with ARPES data. Establishing consistency with the f-sum rules, we show how this self-energy, along with the constraint that there is no Meissner effect in the normal phase, are sufficient to deduce the orbital susceptibility. We conclude, moreover, that diamagnetism is large for a $d$-wave pseudogap. Our results should apply rather widely to many theories of the pseudogap, independent of the microscopic details.
Age-Related Argonaute Loading of Ribosomal RNA Fragments

Background Accumulating evidence points to the functional roles of rRNA derived Fragments (rRFs), often considered degradation byproducts. Small RNAs, including miRNAs and tRNA-derived Fragments (tRFs), have been implicated in the aging process and we considered rRFs in this context. Objective We performed a computational analysis of Argonaute-loaded rRFs in Drosophila melanogaster to study rRF changes with age. We determined rRF abundance in Ago1 and Ago2 at 3 and 30 days to identify Ago1-guided and Ago2-guided fragments. We searched for putative seed sequences in rRFs based on frequent matches of sliding k-mer windows to the conserved regions of 12 Drosophila genomes. We predicted putative targets (containing matches to seeds identified in four rRFs) and studied their functional enrichments using Gene Ontology. Results We identified precise cleavage sites of distinct rRF isoforms from both nuclear and mitochondrial rRNAs. The most prominent rRF isoforms were enriched in Ago2 at 3 days and that loading strongly decreased with age. For less abundant rRFs, loading of Ago2-guided rRFs generally increased in Ago2, whereas Ago1-guided rRFs revealed diverse patterns. The distribution of seed matches in targets suggested that rRFs may bind to various conserved regions of many genes, possibly via miRNA-like seed-based mechanisms. Conclusion Our observations suggest that rRFs may be functional molecules, with age-dependent Argonaute loading, comparable to that of miRNAs and tRFs. The putative rRF targets showed significant enrichment in developmental processes and biological regulation, similar to tRFs and consistent with a possible involvement of these newly identified small RNAs in the Drosophila aging.
Electrospun Bi-layered Composite Membrane for the Removal of Metallic Contaminants in Drinking Water

Using biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) and zeolite, the present experiment was conducted with the aim of using biodegradable PCL and zeolite based composite membrane to remove silver in drinking water. After optimizing the electrospinning parameters, a double-layered PCL and PCL/zeolite electrospun composite membranes were manufactured. The membranes were then characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and the filtration phenomenon was conducted by dispersing silver nanoparticles in water. After comparing the filtration results using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), it was observed that the bi-layered membrane filtered 90% of silver present in the water. The present work shows that the new PCL/zeolite based double-layered membrane can be promising to remove contaminants in drinking water.
Introduction, Statement of Results, and Discussion of Related Hypotheses

This monograph is related to two previous ones, [1] and [2], in the same direction and is an attempt to create a new tool for the study of one or several aspects of the dynamics of a contact structure and a contact vector field in the family which it defines.
Gay and Gray X: Red Ribbon Redux: The Challenges of Long-term Survival with HIV

Abstract In 2016, the CDC found that nearly half of the individuals living with HIV in the United States were 50 years-old or older. Although new infections occur in older adults, the overwhelming majority of those who are over 50 and living with HIV became infected when much younger and did not expect to survive long-term. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made a very positive impact on the course of HIV illness and promotes longevity, HIV is well known to exert deleterious effects on the nervous system. Approximately 50% of those living with HIV can be diagnosed with HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) which is comprised of several syndromes that occur along a continuum of cognitive impairment severity. The growing number of older adults living with HIV mandates that both primary care providers and geriatric specialists understand the long-term consequences of HIV infection. In addition to HAND, these individuals may be impacted by the “triple stigma,” resulting from having three characteristics: older, gay and HIV-infected. The fact that many older adults living with HIV have fragile social networks that may not sustain their needs as they grow older makes life for these individuals even more difficult. Older adults living with HIV identify a number of barriers when accessing support including inability to disclose HIV status, the irrational fear others may have of HIV/AIDS, not wanting to be a burden, no available family members and death of friends from AIDS. Unfortunately, older adults living with HIV can fall between the cracks of the aging and the HIV services systems. The 63-year-old gay man who became infected with HIV when in his 20s and who is the subject of a case presentation highlights many of these issues. In addition to living with HIV, he has obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and lost his partner and many of his friends to AIDS-related illnesses. Although research is limited, age-contextualized interventions may combat stigma, help this individuals overcome barriers to health care, and improve both the physical and mental health of HIV+ older adults.
ngn-1/neurogenin Activates Transcription of Multiple Terminal Selector Transcription Factors in the Caenorhabditis elegans Nervous System

Proper nervous system development is required for an organism's survival and function. Defects in neurogenesis have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Understanding the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate neural development, specifically cascades of proneural transcription factors, can better elucidate which genes are most important during early neurogenesis. Neurogenins are a family of deeply conserved factors shown to be both necessary and sufficient for the development of neural subtypes. However, the immediate downstream targets of neurogenin are not well characterized. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the role of ngn-1/neurogenin in nervous system development and to identify its downstream transcriptional targets, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for this work. We found that ngn-1 is required for axon outgrowth, nerve ring architecture, and neuronal cell fate specification. We also showed that ngn-1 may have roles in neuroblast migration and epithelial integrity during embryonic development. Using RNA sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified eight transcription factors (hlh-34/NPAS1, unc-42/PROP1, ceh-17/PHOX2A, lim-4/LHX6, fax-1/NR2E3, lin-11/LHX1, tlp-1/ZNF503, and nhr-23/RORB) whose transcription is activated, either directly or indirectly, by ngn-1 Our results show that ngn-1 has a role in transcribing known terminal regulators that establish and maintain cell fate of differentiated neural subtypes and confirms that ngn-1 functions as a proneural transcription factor in C. elegans neurogenesis.
Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter

Atrial fibrillation is a condition characterized by rapid and non-functional contractions of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. Atrial flutter is similar to atrial fibrillation in its characteristics and treatment. Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmic condition in which the upper chambers of the heart (atria) depolarize very rapidly and irregularly. Atrial flutter is a rapid arrhythmia in which the rhythm is regular at a rate of between 250–350 beats per minute. The pathophysiology and treatment of atrial flutter is very similar to that of atrial fibrillation.
My Patient Wants to Kill Me

A few years into my practice at the Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic, I was threatened by an angry patient when I had to discontinue his opioids. I placed a civil restraining order against him and when we met in court he admitted to the judge that stopping opioids improved his behavior. I discovered that the legal system could support the medical system's care of threatening patients but found the process stressful. My story outlines my journey and suggests that safety-net institutions such as the Veterans Affairs clinics might consider creating "patients of concern" panels where patients who have made threats meet with clinicians and administrators as part of ongoing treatment and, as a result, perhaps avoid courtroom visits. These panels could allow patients to air their grievances as well as see that a group of concerned clinicians are reviewing their care and making decisions as a team. Violence in the workplace, especially in health care, is on the rise. The stress this causes doctors, nurses, and staff is considerable. Leadership at safety-net institutions such as VA need to explore novel ways of addressing workplace violence.
Animal models of naturally occurring stone disease

The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
Robust camera model identification using demosaicing residual features

In this paper, we propose a new framework for performing accurate and robust camera model identification by fully exploiting demosaicing information in a camera’s output images. Instead of fitting a camera’s demosaicing process into parametric models, our framework works by exposing and extracting a diverse set of intra-channel and inter-channel color value correlations originated from the demosaicing process. To expose these correlations, we first apply a number of diversified baseline demosaicing algorithms to re-demosaic the image under investigation, and gather a set of both linear and nonlinear demosaicing residuals. To further extract demosaicing correlations with respect to the color filter array (CFA) structure, co-occurrence matrices are calculated using a new set of geometric patterns. These patterns are specifically designed to extract different types of color value dependencies within the repeated lattice of the CFA pattern. We design a multi-class ensemble classifier to utilize all extracted color value correlations to perform camera model identification. A series of experiments show that our proposed framework can achieve an accuracy of 98.14% on a database with 68 camera models, and is highly robust to post-JPEG compression and contrast enhancement.
A qualitative study of antiretroviral therapy adherence interruptions among young Latino men who have sex with men with HIV: Project D.A.I.L.Y.

Consistent antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is necessary for HIV viral suppression. However, adherence may fluctuate around daily routines and life events, warranting intervention support. We...
Effect of ethanol and cocaine on [11C]MPC-6827 uptake in SH-SY5Y cells.

Microtubules (MTs) are structural units in the cytoskeleton. In brain cells they are responsible for axonal transport, information processing, and signaling mechanisms. Proper function of these processes is critical for healthy brain functions. Alcohol and substance use disorders (AUD/SUDs) affects the function and organization of MTs in the brain, making them a potential neuroimaging marker to study the resulting impairment of overall neurobehavioral and cognitive processes. Our lab reported the first brain-penetrant MT-tracking Positron Emission Tomography (PET) ligand [11C]MPC-6827 and demonstrated its in vivo utility in rodents and non-human primates. To further explore the in vivo imaging potential of [11C]MPC-6827, we need to investigate its mechanism of action. Here, we report preliminary in vitro binding results in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to ethanol (EtOH) or cocaine in combination with multiple agents that alter MT stability. EtOH and cocaine treatments increased MT stability and decreased free tubulin monomers. Our initial cell-binding assay demonstrated that [11C]MPC-6827 may have high affinity to free/unbound tubulin units. Consistent with this mechanism of action, we observed lower [11C]MPC-6827 uptake in SH-SY5Y cells after EtOH and cocaine treatments (e.g., fewer free tubulin units). We are currently performing in vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies in rodent and nonhuman primate models of AUD and SUDs and Alzheimer's disease.
Coordinated operation of water and electricity distribution networks with variable renewable energy and distribution locational marginal pricing

Abstract Water and electricity distribution networks are two highly interdependent and critical infrastructures in the world today. This paper investigates the coupling of water and electricity distribution networks through the electrical energy demand of water pumps. Further, with additional variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in the distribution system, utilities face significant challenges stemming from the VRE stochasticity. In this paper, a coordinated operational model of urban water and electricity distribution networks is proposed. Stochastic VRE generation is handled by using a data-driven probability efficient point (PEP) method based on historical wind and solar datasets without the need for any probability distribution function. Case studies are performed on a modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 13-node electricity distribution network coupled with a 10-node water distribution network, typical of a small-town setting. Results show the impact of coordinating water and energy networks on the cost of operation and the distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs). The inclusion of water tanks as alternative storage devices in the electricity distribution network are shown to slightly reduce voltage violations, line congestion, and VRE curtailments in a case with high VRE penetration.
Learning to shortcut and shortlist order fulfillment deciding.

With the increase of order fulfillment options and business objectives taken into consideration in the deciding process, order fulfillment deciding is becoming more and more complex. For example, with the advent of ship from store retailers now have many more fulfillment nodes to consider, and it is now common to take into account many and varied business goals in making fulfillment decisions. With increasing complexity, efficiency of the deciding process can become a real concern. Finding the optimal fulfillment assignments among all possible ones may be too costly to do for every order especially during peak times. In this work, we explore the possibility of exploiting regularity in the fulfillment decision process to reduce the burden on the deciding system. By using data mining we aim to find patterns in past fulfillment decisions that can be used to efficiently predict most likely assignments for future decisions. Essentially, those assignments that can be predicted with high confidence can be used to shortcut, or bypass, the expensive deciding process, or else a set of most likely assignments can be used for shortlisting -- sending a much smaller set of candidates for consideration by the fulfillment deciding system.
Multi-Static Detection and Localization of Buried Targets using Synthetic Aperture Iterative Time-Reversal Processing

Abstract : The objectives of the proposed MPL component of a SWAMSI continuation will develop bistatic applications of the iterative time reversal techniques to focus along the ocean bottom. Iterative time-reversal provides a simple solution for self-adaptive focusing on strong reflectors (i.e. scattering targets) located on the ocean bottom without relying on predictive or modeling capabilities of the environment and of the target of interest. These robust focusing properties are crucial for mapping large and uncharted area with little signal processing effort involved. With the experiments planned by Schmidt et al, there will be enough data to understand the ultimate limitations of the proposed self adaptive methods.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are associated with various dysfunctional and problematic behaviors, in addition to the core features of language and social skills dysfunction that define these conditions. Although there is currently no pharmacologic cure for the core features of PDDs, some of the behavioral symptoms may be treated pharmacologically. In addition to relieving some of the daily stress in the lives of patients and their families, improvement of these behavioral symptoms, which include hyperactivity, aggression, tantrums, and self-injury, removes some of the hindrances to other rehabilitative efforts. This article discusses the efficacy and tolerability of various medications and alternative interventions in addressing the symptoms of autism and other PDDs.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: A Contemporary Review of Diagnosis and Management

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignancy, representing only 3% to 6% of all sinonasal malignancies. A wide array of treatment options for ENB have been described in the literature, but prospective clinical trials are absent given the tumor's rarity and natural history. Delay in diagnosis leading to an initial advanced stage of presentation is common secondary to the clinically hidden primary site at the anterior skull base. This article presents data from the current body of literature and reviews the advocated roles for surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
IDENTIFICATION OF A CYTOPLASMIC SER-THR-LEU MOTIF THAT DETERMINES AGONIST-INDUCED INTERNALIZATION OF THE AT1 ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR

The type 1 angiotensin II (AT1) receptor undergoes rapid endocytosis and down-regulation after agonist binding. In studies on the structural determinants of agonist-induced endocytosis, serial deletions in the cytoplasmic tail of the rat AT1a receptor showed that the carboxyl-terminal 22 amino acids are not necessary for its internalization. However, internalization was markedly impaired by the removal of one additional amino acid (Leu337) and was reduced by 95% after removal of Ser335 and Thr336. Single alanine replacements of amino acids in this region showed that individual substitutions of Thr332, Ser335, Thr336, Leu337, and Ser338 caused moderate but significant impairment of the internalization rate. Replacement of both Ser335 and Thr336 with alanine residues further impaired the internalization rate, and triple alanine replacement of the Ser-Thr-Leu motif reduced internalization to almost the same extent as the corresponding tail deletion mutant. The Ser-Thr-Leu motif is highly conserved in mammalian AT1 receptors but is not present in the noninternalizing type 2 angiotensin II receptor. These data demonstrate that a serine/threonine-rich region including Leu337 in the cytoplasmic tail of the AT1 receptor is a major requirement for endocytosis of the hormone-receptor complex and support the concept that similar motifs in other G protein-coupled receptors are determinants of their agonist-induced internalization.
Hutchens, Anna: Changing Big Business: The Globalisation of the Fair Trade Movement

When the pace and scale of food horrors increased in the 1980s and as consumers sought safety in organic foods, a concomitant alternative food movement, Fair Trade, also began to develop. Fair Trade and organics each had international expressions but Fair Trade’s globalism was far more profound. Originated by religious groups and civil society organizations such as Oxfam concerned about the huge differences between what Third World indigenous artists received for their work and the prices paid by First World consumers, Fair Trade was created to get a greater proportion of the monetary value of arts and crafts back to their creators. To accomplish this, a network of small retail shops was organized to sell these artifacts to consumers, eliminating the intermediate levels of collection and distribution that absorbed the bulk of the profits. The shops proved successful but, with limited items for sale, they failed to deal with the enormous discrepancies between prices paid for most Third World commodities and their prices in the First World, bulk commodities such as coffee, tea, cacao, bananas, cotton, etc. The concept of alternative trade organizations (ATOs) emerged as a result. In the Netherlands, the Max Havelaar labeling organization pioneered a campaign to gain access for Fair Trade commodities in Dutch and other European supermarket chains. Similar labeling campaigns were also successfully initiated in the U.S. and a host of other countries. With expansion into mass bulk commodities, complex international organization became vital. And unlike organics, which grew as increasing numbers of people became concerned about food safety and health, Fair Trade grew on an ethical basis, i.e., to produce better returns to primary producers to help alleviate Third World poverty. As Fair Trade and organics became successful both movements began to adapt to standard market conditions, a process named conventionalization or mainstreaming.
Chairman’s Remarks

This session had five papers that were an interesting and coherent set on the creep and viscoelasticity of ice. The information they contained covered the full range of stress associated with ductile behaviour and strain to more than 100%.
Protocoles de routage sans connaissance de voisinage pour réseaux radio multi-sauts

L'efficacite energetique constitue l'objectif clef pour la conception des protocoles de communication pour des reseaux de capteurs radio multi-sauts. Beaucoup d'efforts ont ete realises a differents niveaux de la pile protocolaire a travers des algorithmes d'agregation spatiale et temporelle des donnees, des protocoles de routage efficaces en energie, et des couches d'acces au medium avec des mecanismes d'ordonnancement permettant de mettre la radio en etat d'endormissement afin d'economiser l'energie. Pour autant, ces protocoles utilisent de facon importante des paquets de controle et de decouverte du voisinage qui sont couteux en energie. En outre, cela se fait tres souvent sans aucune interaction entre les differentes couches de la pile. Ces travaux de these s'interessent donc particulierement a la problematique de l'energie des reseaux de capteurs a travers des protocoles de routage et d'acces au medium. Les contributions de cette these se resument de la maniere suivante : Nous nous sommes tout d'abord interesses a la problematique de l'energie au niveau routage. Dans cette partie, les contributions se subdivisent en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, nous avons propose une analyse theorique de la consommation d'energie des protocoles de routage des reseaux radio multi-sauts d'apprehender au mieux les avantages et les inconvenients des uns et des autres en presence des modeles de trafic variables, un diametre du reseau variable egalement et un modele radio qui permet de modeliser les erreurs de reception des paquets. A l'issue de cette premiere etude, nous sommes parvenus a la conclusion que pour etre econome en energie, un protocole de routage doit avoir des approches similaires a celle des protocoles de routage geographique sans message hello. Puis, dans un second temps, nous introduisons une etude de l'influence des strategies de relayage dans un voisinage a 1 saut sur les metriques de performance comme le taux de livraison, le nombre de messages dupliques et la consommation d'energie. Cette etude est suivie par une premiere proposition de protocole de routage geographique sans message hello (Pizza-Forwarding (PF)) exploitant des zones de relayage optimisees et sans aucune hypothese sur les proprietes du canal radio. Dans le but de reduire considerablement la consommation de PF, nous proposons de le combiner avec une adaptation d'un protocole MAC asynchrone efficace en energie a travers une approche transversale. La combinaison de ces deux approches montre un gain significatif en terme d'economie d'energie avec des tres bon taux de livraison et cela quels que soient les scenarios et la nature de la topologique.
Stable Measures and Processes in Statistical Physics.

It is shown how α-stable distributions arise in statistical physics. A probabilistic proof of Khalfin’s formula for decaying quantum systems is given. Also ergodic properties of symmetric α-stable flows in classical statistical mechanics are discussed.
Influence of carbon nanomaterial defects on the formation of protein corona

In any physiological media, carbon nanomaterials (CNM) strongly interact with biomolecules leading to the formation of biocorona, which subsequently dictate the physiological response and the fate of CNMs. Defects in CNMs play an important role not only in material properties but also in the determination of how materials interact at the nano-bio interface. In this article, we probed the influence of defect-induced hydrophilicity on the biocorona formation using micro-Raman, photoluminescence, infrared spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the interaction of proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) with CNMs is strongly influenced by charge-transfer between them, inducing protein unfolding which enhances conformational entropy and higher protein adsorption.
Circular dichroism of two TMV mutants with identical single amino acid replacement in different position in polypeptide chain.

Abstract The coat proteins of two TMV mutants carrying proline → leucine replacement in different positions were shown by circular dichroism to have different conformation. Great dissimilarity observed in near UV CD spectra furnish evidence for considerable changes in the environment of some aromatic side chains. Far UV CD spectra suggest some increase in α-helicity in the mutants as compared with wild-type TMV protein.
Does PPI therapy predispose to Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a problem of epidemic proportions. Previous exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics remains the most important predisposing factor for the disease. However, PPIs are increasingly being overprescribed and recent research has, therefore, focused on the association between PPI therapy and CDI. While the data remain observational, increasing evidence exists for at least a modest association between PPI use and CDI.
Thrust Generation due to Airfoil Flapping

Thrust generation on a single flapping airfoil and a flapping/stationary airfoil combination in tandem is studied parametrically. A multiblock Navier-Stokes solver is employed to compute unsteady flowfields. The unsteady flowfield around a single flapping airfoil is also computed by an unsteady potential flow code. The numerical solutions predict thrust generation in flapping airfoils and a significant augmentation of thrust in flapping/stationary airfoil combinations in tandem. The propulsive efficiency is found to be a strong function of reduced frequency and the amplitude of the flapping motion. At a flapping amplitude of 0.40 chord lengths and a reduced frequency of 0.10, the propulsive efficiency of a single NACA 0012 airfoil was computed to be more than 70 %. For the airfoil combination in tandem, the propulsive efficiency was augmented more than 40% at a reduced frequency of 0.75 and a flapping amplitude of 0.20 chord lengths when the airfoils are separated by about two chord lengths.
Two ray shooting methods for computing the EM scattering by large open-ended cavities

Abstract Two ray shooting approaches are presented for analyzing the high frequency external EM scattering by open-ended waveguide cavities of relatively arbitrary shape and with a planar interior termination. The contribution to the external scattering arising from the interior cavity region is found by (i) the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method, and (ii) the generalized ray expansion (GRE) method. The basic difference between the two methods is in the way the rays are initially launched into the cavity interior via the open end which is directly illuminated. While the SBR method tracks only the incident geometrical optics field which enters the cavity, the GRE method also intrinsically includes the fields diffracted into the cavity by the edges at the open end. Also, in the SBR method a new set of rays needs to be tracked for each incidence angle, while in the GRE method only one set of rays needs to be tracked independent of the incidence angles, although this is generally a much larger set than that used in SBR for a single incidence angle. Therefore, it is found that the SBR method is preferable for analyzing the scattering from cavities which are very large electrically and for relatively few incidence angles. On the other hand the GRE method is preferable for analyzing not only large but also moderately large cavities and for cases where a large number of incidence angles are needed. Numerical results and comparisons based on these methods are presented.
Time-Domain Modeling of Tower Shadow and Wind Shear in Wind Turbines

Tower shadow and wind shear contribute to periodic fluctuations in electrical power output of a wind turbine generator. The frequency of the periodic fluctuations is 𝑛 times the blade rotational frequency 𝑝, where 𝑛 is the number of blades. For three-bladed wind turbines, this inherent characteristic is known as the 3𝑝 effect. In a weak-power system, it results in voltage fluctuation or flicker at the point of common coupling of the wind turbine to the grid. The phenomenon is important to model so as to evaluate the flicker magnitude at the design level. Hence, the paper aims to develop a detailed time-domain upwind fixed speed wind turbine model which includes the turbine's aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical, as well as tower shadow and wind shear components. The model allows users to input factors such as terrain, tower height, and tower diameter to calculate the 3𝑝 oscillations. The model can be expanded to suit studies involving variable speed wind turbines. Six case studies demonstrate how the model can be used for studying wind turbine interconnection and voltage flicker analysis. Results indicate that the model performs as expected.
The assessment of space-time neutron behavior in multiregion cylindrical geometry using an exact solution

Abstract Time-dependent one-speed neutron behavior is assessed for one-dimensional multiregion cylindrical geometry with multiplication and without delayed neutrons using an exact solution to the diffusion equation that supplements those reported previously for Cartesian and spherical geometries. Selected illustrative benchmark calculations are presented to illustrate the space-time evolution of the neutron flux. This trio of solutions creates the capability to examine the one-speed space-time prompt neutron behavior in an arbitrary number of neutronically dissimilar material regions for the three basic one-dimensional geometries using analytic solutions.
Efficient semantic search on DHT overlays

Distributed hash tables (DHTs) excel at exact-match lookups, but they do not directly support complex queries such as semantic search that is based on content. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to efficient semantic search on DHT overlays. The basic idea is to place indexes of semantically close files into same peer nodes with high probability by exploiting information retrieval algorithms and locality sensitive hashing. A query for retrieving semantically close files is answered with high recall by consulting only a small number (e.g., 10-20) of nodes that stores the indexes of the files semantically close to the query. Our approach adds only index information to peer nodes, imposing only a small storage overhead. Via detailed simulations, we show that our approach achieves high recall for queries at very low cost, i.e., the number of nodes visited for a query is about 10-20, independent of the overlay size.
TH‐E‐230A‐01: Can Dose‐Volume Parameters Be Replaced with GEUD in the Treatment Planning Process?

Purpose: Dose‐volume metrics have often been correlated with outcomes and are often used to evaluate treatment plans. Unfortunately, when used for IMRTtreatment planning, dose‐volume metrics are computationally complex (non‐convex) and can warp DVHs near the constraint dose. We investigate whether the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) can be made to highly correlate with different parts of the DVH curve by tuning the exponential parameter. If so, gEUD may be a smooth and computationally attractive replacement for dose‐volume metrics in treatment planning and evaluation. Method and Materials: We correlated gEUD with various values of its parameter a and clinically applicable dose‐volume constraints. Three datasets were used: lung, esophagus, and prostate, with 219, 263, and 291 patient plans, respectively. We tested values of a between −10 and 10 by intervals of 0.2 and in some cases tested values as low as −40. The dose‐volume constraints tested include: V10, V20, and V30 for lung, V55 for esophagus, and D95 for prostate PTV and lung PTV. Results: For all cases tested, we found a Spearman correlation between 0.917 and 0.989 (mean correlation 0.956) with negligible (<1×10−6) p‐values. Values of a ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 for volume metrics and −7.8 to −27.2 for lung PTV and prostate PTV dose metrics (respectively). Conclusion: There is a significant and strong correlation between dose‐volume metrics and gEUD for the datasets tested. The practical application of this is that for a particular dose‐volume metric, we can find the value of a (the gEUD parameter) with the highest correlation and use the convex gEUD function in place of the non‐convex dose‐volume constraint in the IMRT optimization, thereby allowing optimization to be faster and more able to efficiently achieve a global optimum. Conflict of Interest: Partially supported by NIH grant R01 CA85181 and a grant from TomoTherapy, Inc.
Fiscal incidence in an overlapping generations model with a fixed asset

Abstract We analyze a model of overlapping generations with a fixed factor (‘land’), malleable capital, and labor. We consider the dynamic effects of various fiscal policies including taxes on rent, wages, and creation of public debt on capital accumulation, land prices, and intergenerational welfare. Minimal assumptions (uniqueness and stability) imply that a land tax may initially raise land values, but the upper bound is less than one-half of the tax revenues. Assuming homothetic utility, the ratio between the long-run capital responses to a land tax and to a lump-sum transfer of equivalent revenue from the young to the old depends solely on the share of labor.
Spanning sets of powers on wild Jordan curves

Abstract Let γ be a Jordan curve in the z -plane which contains the origin in its interior. Every continuous function on γ is uniformly approximable by polynomials in z and 1 z (Walsh). If γ is rectifiable, all powers z n are required to obtain a spanning set for C(γ), but it has been observed (Wermer) that for nonrectifiable γ, the power z 0 = 1 is superfluous. The authors obtain a formula for the distance in C(γ) between a given power of z and the closed span of all but a finite number of the other powers (Theorem 2). This formula leads to various geometric conditions on γ under which one can omit a given (finite) number of powers z n , and still have a spanning set left (Section 5). The basic tool in the paper is a Walsh type theorem with side conditions (Section 2).
The effects of competition and attack on physical aggression

The effects of competition on the expression of aggression, defined as the delivery of electric shock in a two-person reaction time situation, were examined in two studies. In the first study, the effects of high and moderate competition were examined while a S’s opponent was being nonprovocative. In the second study, a no-competition group was included and the opponent’s provocation increased across trials. The results of neither study revealed any competition effects on S’s shock settings, while the reaction time data from both studies indicated,that the Ss in the various competition conditions were differentially motivated to respond. The increasing attack of the opponent was found to significantly increase a S’s aggressiveness.