cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects on the radiation response of MOS devices

The effect of device temperature during irradiation was investigated for MOS transistors and integrated circuits over the MIL-STD temperature range, -55 to 125 degrees C. Large, qualitative changes in transistor and 16k SRAM response are observed at both high and low temperatures. Although changes in transistor response are generally consistent with expectations, it is not always straightforward to predict circuit response as a function of temperature. For low-dose-rate (0.27 rad/s) irradiations of 16k SRAMs, the failure dose at 25 degrees C is at least twice that at 125 degrees C. This reduction is probably a result of a large increase in the SRAM cell imbalance. The IC failures consistently occurred at dose levels where the difference in threshold voltage between the transistors irradiated 'on' and 'off' became greater than 1.7 V. At high dose rates, large shifts in the parasitic field oxide threshold voltage caused large increases in the transistor leakage current at low temperatures. >
On Rutenberg's Decomposition Method

David P. Rutenberg [Rutenberg, David P. 1970. Generalized networks, generalized upper bounding and decomposition of the convex simplex methods. Management Sci.16 5 388--401.] provided a method to solve separable nonlinear objective functions with large-scale linear constraints by using W. I. Zangwill's Convex Simplex Method [Zangwill, W. L. 1967. The convex simplex method. Management Sci.14 3 221--238.] However, there seem to be several errors in §4.3 [Rutenberg, David P. 1970. Generalized networks, generalized upper bounding and decomposition of the convex simplex methods. Management Sci.16 5 397]. Two counterexamples to his conclusions are given in this paper. A revised definition of subproblem, therefore, an optimal criterion of the large-scaled program, is also given.
Infantile nasal obstruction – An uncommon cause

Abstract We aim to demonstrate the importance of a thorough evaluation in dealing with infants presenting with symptoms of nasal obstruction. We report a case of a male infant who was referred to the ENT service with a history of noisy breathing since birth. Computerized tomography (CT) of his para-nasal sinuses showed opacified maxillary sinuses and bowing of the medial maxillary sinus wall. A sweat test was performed which confirmed the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis and genetic analysis demonstrated a Delta F508 homozygous genotype. We advocate a high index of suspicion for Cystic Fibrosis in infants with symptoms of nasal obstruction and evident nasal or para-nasal sinus pathology.
The RA and TA Experience: Impediments and Benefits to Graduate Study.

This study examines the growth and professional development of graduate students and compares these outcomes for students who have held assistantships and those who have not. In general, students perceive the assistantship to be a positive experience, but teaching assistants report less of a contribution to their professional development than do research assistants. Students with the without assistantship experience report the same growth in human relation and reflective thinking skills, but teaching assistants report the least growth in research skills, less even than students not having assistantships. Students with assistantships, both teaching and research, are more likely to be active within the external academic community by participating in professional societies and higher levels of scholarly productivity.
Patterns and Localization of Gene Expression During Intramembranous Bone Regeneration in the Rat Femoral Marrow Ablation Model

Tissue formation and repair are dependent upon cascades of biological events, but the signals involved and the possible gene coexpression patterns during intramembranous bone repair are only poorly understood. We sought to place this mode of regeneration in context by profiling quantitative gene expression for a panel of 39 genes between days 1 and 14 following rat femoral marrow ablation. In situ hybridization was employed to localize a subset of genes. Additionally, principal components analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors suggestive of coexpression patterns. During inflammation (days 1–5), several genes, including cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, showed downregulation. Other proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, exhibited increasing levels around day 5. During repair (days 3–10), growth factors, receptors, and inhibitor genes for transforming growth factor- β; basic fibroblast growth factor; bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 7; vascular endothelial growth factor; and insulin-like growth factor-I were upregulated. In addition, the gene for core binding factor-α1 and markers of osteoblast function such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin had peak expression at day 5 or 7. The remodeling phase (days 10–14) was characterized by peaks for cytokines associated with osteoclastic activity including receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), cathepsin K, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. In situ hybridization showed that the most common sites of increased signal were within osteoblastic cells on trabecular and endosteal surfaces. Principal components analysis identified eight underlying factors that together explained over 80% of the variance in the data.
Comparison of Sentence Identification and Conventional Speech Discrimination Scores.

Performance scores for PB word lists and for synthetic sentences were compared on sixty hearing-impaired patients. Scores on the two types of test materials showed a direct relation to audiometric ...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the aged.

Abstract Although usually considered a disease of young or middle-aged adults, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not infrequently seen in older patients as well. Twenty of 23 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seen in the past 212 years at our institution have been in patients whose average age was 65 years, and who ranged up to 76 years. Sixteen of these had evidence of an obstructive component at cardiac catheterization or echocardiography. Symptoms and signs were similar to those described for the younger patients in the literature, but were often attributed to other causes, including valvular aortic stenosis, arteriosclerotic or hypertensive heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy was more consistently present on ECG than on x-ray. The not-infrequent occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in older patients, predominantly females, indicates that the natural history of this disease includes a group who suffer few or no symptoms until late in life. Clinical management of younger patients with this diagnosis should be considered in light of this more favorable possible course.
Evolution of Antifungal Susceptibility among Candida Species Isolates Recovered from Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Women Receiving Fluconazole Prophylaxis

The effect of fluconazole on the susceptibility of Candida isolates recovered from women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Women with CD4 + cell counts of ≤300 cells/mm 3 received either fluconazole (200 mg/week) or placebo as prophylaxis. The antifungal susceptibility of specimens was evaluated. One patient who received fluconazole and 2 patients assigned to placebo had Candida albicans isolates recovered that were resistant to fluconazole (MIC, ≥64 µg/mL). Eleven patients assigned fluconazole and 4 patients assigned placebo had non-albicans Candida strains (all Candida glabrata) recovered that were resistant to fluconazole. There was significant azole cross-resistance among the non-albicans Candida species isolates. Although the rate of azole resistance did not significantly increase after fluconazole prophylaxis, there was a trend toward more in vitro azole resistance in C. glabrata isolates from patients assigned fluconazole. Moreover, the majority of resistant vaginal isolates of Candida species were recovered after initiation of open-label fluconazole use.
Key issues in evaluating hot-carrier reliability

Two key issues in evaluating the hot-carrier reliability of CMOS device technologies will be examined. First, the basis for establishing hot-carrier reliability criteria will be analyzed. The case will be made for incorporating information about circuit performance requirements and operating conditions into future hot-carrier reliability criteria rather than relying on more ambiguous criteria defined by device-performance requirements alone. Second, the impact of lower operating voltages on hot-carrier reliability criteria and models will be analyzed. An assessment will be made of the future significance and impact of hot-carrier degradation for future scaled CMOS technologies.
Long-wave behaviour of the Beverage wave aerial

The attenuation rate for the transmission mode for a horizontal wire elevated over the earth is considered in the longwave limit. Theoretical support is provided to indicate the attenuation is proportional to the first power of the frequency. This is in disagreement with an earlier development by Knight.
Multidrug Resistance following Expression of the Escherichia coli marA Gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Expression of the Escherichia coli multiple antibiotic resistance marA gene cloned in Mycobacterium smegmatis produced increased resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, including rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Cloned marR or marA cloned in the antisense direction had no effect. Resistance changes were lost with spontaneous loss of the plasmid bearing marA. A MarA mutant protein, having an insertional mutation within either of its two alpha-helices of the first putative helix-turn-helix domain, failed to produce the multiresistance phenotype in E. coli and M. smegmatis, indicating that this region is critical for MarA function. These results strongly suggest that E. coli marA functions in M. smegmatis and that a mar-like regulatory system exists in this organism.
Two combinatorial applications of the Aleksandrov-Fenchel inequalities

The Aleksandrov-Fenchel inequalities from the theory of mixed volumes are used to prove that certain sequences of combinatorial interest are log concave (and therefore unimodal).
Histomorphologic Features of Biopsy Sites Following Excisional and Core Needle Biopsies of the Breast

Mammographic studies have documented a number of architectural changes occurring around breast biopsy sites. These changes are well described in the radiological literature, but similar studies do not appear to be present in the pathology literature. We reviewed 100 consecutive mastectomy specimens from women who had undergone prior core needle or excisional biopsies. Multiple sections of the needle tract or excisional biopsy site were reviewed and morphologic findings reported. Hemorrhage, fat necrosis, granulation tissue, necrosis of fibrous tissue, and epithelium along with fibrosis and foreign body type giant cells were common features. Less frequent were areas of synovial metaplasia, atypical spindle cells, atypical duct-like structures, single atypical cells, squamous metaplasia, proliferations of abnormal blood vessels, and hemosiderin deposition. The misinterpretation of atypical spindle cells, single atypical cells, atypical duct-like structures and squamous metaplasia could result in the false-positive diagnosis of residual malignancy. Careful attention to the reactive nature of these changes aids in their distinction from carcinoma.
Computational Study of Endohedral IrSi9+ Isomers

Recent ion-trap experiments (See Ref. 2) have demonstrated the existence of endohedral transition metal–silicon clusters of composition MeSiN + (Me = Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir) with a characteristic number of Si cage atoms for each of the Me atom species. In this series, IrSi9 + was the smallest of the reported systems. In view of its moderate size, this cluster appears particularly suitable for a systematic study of the bonding and stabilization mechanism prevailing in this newly discovered class of metal–SiN units. We present a discussion of two highly symmetric pure Si9 cage structures, namely a trigonal prism and a tricapped trigonal prism, and identify a stable IrSi9 + (C3h) unit with a cage structure intermediate between these two D 3h geometries. An additional endohedral IrSi9 + species of lower symmetry (Cs), but higher stability than the C 3h alternative, is found from insertion of the Ir impurity into the C 2v ground-state geometry of Si9. Comparison is made with an exohedral isomer derived from a substitutional structure based on Si10. The role of electron transfer from the Si9 cage to the Ir impurity in the stabilization of the endohedral complexes is emphasized.
Patent Politics: Intellectual Property, the Railroad Industry, and the Problem of Monopoly

As winter descended on Washington in December 1878, the Forty-fifth Congress gathered for what promised to be a hectic third and final session. Emotions ran high. In this era, Congress habitually reserved much of its business for these brief, intense “lame duck” sessions that fell between the election of legislators in November and the adjournment of Congress the following March. Compounding the usual sense of urgency was the startling result of the recent election: the Democratic party had gained control of the Senate and, when the next Congress convened, would control both the Senate and the House for the first time since before the Civil War. Senate Republicans well understood that they had but a few precious months to close ranks and enact legislation on some of the burning issues of the day: civil rights, the currency, the tariff. Yet when the session opened, none of these issues made their way to the floor. Instead, and despite howls of protest from senators eager to move on to what they plainly regarded as more urgent concerns, the Senate assembled on many afternoons for several weeks to debate a completely different matter: a proposed law concerning the rights of inventors. At this critical juncture in American politics, the Senate found itself embroiled in a long and complex discussion of the virtues and deficiencies of the patent system.
Identification and quantification of leucine aminopeptidase in aged normal and cataractous human lenses and ability of bovine lens LAP to cleave bovine crystallins.

Rabbit antisera to bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) have been prepared. These LAP-specific antisera cross-react with a component, LAP, in human lens homogenates. Bovine and human lens LAP are similar but not identical. Immuno-diffusion tests show that LAP is present in a vast majority if not all cataractous and normal human lens homogenates. Results from immunoelectrophoresis indicate that LAP is found in these homogenates as several metazymes as well as in an albuminoid - and possibly membrane-associated form. In contrast to many activity-based studies which imply that very little LAP is present in human lenses, micro-complement fixation tests indicate that the concentration of LAP in aged human lenses is similar to that found in calf lenses. Taken together, these data indicate that LAP undergoes age-related changes. These alterations of enzyme (or environment) result in an enzyme of markedly reduced activity, hence, the discrepancy between amount of LAP and the amount of enzymatic activity in ag...
Reduced viscous damping in high frequency Piezoelectric Resonant Nanochannels for sensing in fluids

This work reports on the demonstration of a new class of high frequency piezoelectric aluminum nitride resonant sensors, dubbed Piezoelectric Resonant Nanochannels (PRNs), for operation in liquid environment with reduced viscous damping. A novel process consisting of 7 lithographic steps was developed to fabricate the PRNs of this work. The new resonant devices operating at high frequencies (278 and 458 MHz) show an unchanged value of the electromechanical coupling, k t 2 (about 0.7 and 0.8 %), whether the channel is filled with air or a liquid. A quality factor in fluid, Q ƒ , as high as 464 and 340 is recorded when the 278 MHz PRN is filled with DI-water and 25% glycerol solution, respectively.
BLACKOUTS AND PROGRESS: Privatization, Infrastructure, and a Developmentalist State in Jimma, Ethiopia

The recent completion of a hydropower dam near Jimma, Ethiopia coincided with rolling blackouts throughout the country and accusations of corruption and mismanagement being directed toward the Ethiopian government and the Italian company that constructed the dam. The case appears to be one more example of an African state failing to provide its citizens with basic public services in a context of neoliberal economic restructuring. Recent road construction and urban renewal projects in Jimma have also been contracted out to private companies and have led to displaced families and disruptions of day-to-day life. Jimma residents, however, have generally met these projects with statements of approval and appreciation for the power of the Ethiopian state to bring progress. In this article, I examine contrasting narratives concerning privatized infrastructural development projects. I argue that although the provision of basic services is increasingly contracted out to private companies, the perceived presence of the Ethiopian state has expanded in new and surprising ways. Contrasting perceptions of dams and road construction are based in values concerning relations of power and exchange. In this case, the particular relationship between the privatization of infrastructure and perceptions of the state demonstrates the limits of neoliberalism as an analytical category. I argue that in recent anthropological scholarship a reliance on neoliberalism as a category of analysis obscures more than it reveals, and I call for more attention to correlations between specific techniques of governance and relations of power. [development, infrastructure, neoliberalism, patron–client relations, progress]
Distribution LMP-based economic operation for future Smart Grid

A new methodology for calculating the distribution locational marginal prices (D-LMP) with distributed multi-agent paradigm is presented. The proposed D-LMP employs an optimal power flow methodology to evaluate the marginal energy component, especially for renewable generations, as well as the marginal congestion and loss components, which are critical for the valuation and settlement purposes. It is also illustrated that the D-LMP can be used as pricing signal to achieve maximum system social surplus and encourage distributed renewable energy penetration in distribution system.
The importance of articulation work to agency content management: balancing publication and control

This paper describes the initial results of a qualitative field study of the work required to review and approve the content on government agency Web sites. The study analyzes content management work in terms of Strauss's conceptualization of articulation. The analysis describes examples of high and low level articulation in content review and approval including using paper, personal contact, and surveillance. Study results suggest that the articulation work present in non-software based review and approval processes helps to balance conflicting agency goals of publishing content and achieving absolute oversight over published content. It also suggests that software based content management systems may prove helpful for the management of some types of content in some situations, but it hypothesizes that actors will choose paper and face to face communication mechanisms to review and approve large amounts of new content and sensitive content.
A Broad-Spectrum Probe for Molecular Epidemiology of Bacteria: Ribosomal RNA

Abstract We investigated the use of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as a probe for molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens. The chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas cepacia, and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was digested with EcoRI. Agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and hybridization by 32P-labeled rRNA revealed eight to 13 bands. The P. cepacia and H. influenzae banding patterns, observed by using an E. coli rRNA probe, were identical to those produced with homologous rRNA probes. Polymorphism of several hybridization bands distinguished all E. coli isolates, nine of 10 H. influenzae isolates, and seven of eight P. cepacia isolates. Two to four bands were common to all P. cepacia and E. coli isolates. The banding patterns of H. influenzae isolates cultured from the trachea and blood of an infant and from the mother's cervix were identical. These data demonstrate that this method is a widely applicable system for determining the molecular epidemiology of genetically diverse gram-negative organisms.
Release of Acetylcholine from Rat Brain Synaptosomes Stimulated with Leptinotarsin, A New Neurotoxin

: Leptinotarsin is a neurotoxic protein found in the hemolymph of potato beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa. In order to study the action of leptinotarsin from two species, L. haldemani and L. decemlineata, synaptosomes were prelabeled with [3H]choline in order to synthesize [3H] acetylcholine (ACh). These synaptosomes were then immobilized on Millipore filters and used for assay. Toxins from both species induce the release of radioactivity in this system. Fractionation of the released radioactivity indicated that ACh was released in preference to choline. The toxin that caused release was heat-labile and was partially dependent on Ca2+ in the perfusing medium. Release followed apparent first order kinetics when stimulation was effected with leptinotarsin from L. haldemani (leptinotarsin-h), but was more complex when using leptinotarsin from L. decemlineata (leptinotarsin-d). Increasing the concentration of toxin increased the rate of release, but the shapes of the dose-release curves elicited by the leptinotarsins from the two species were different. While leptinotarsin-h exhibited a simple, saturating dose-release curve, leptinotarsin-d was characterized by a sigmoid function, which was well described, with a Hill coefficient of 1.8. Antibodies directed toward black widow spider venom glands had no effect upon the releasing activity of leptinotarsin-h but could partially neutralize that of leptinotarsin-d. Toxins from both species have been partially purified and do not appear to be identical. The purified toxins should be useful tools with which to study the release of acetylcholine.
The effect of rexinoids (LGD1069 and LG100268) on the breast cell growth

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4420 Rexinoids are important in controlling apoptosis and are known to suppress both ER-positive and ER-negative mammary tumor development with reduced toxicity compared to RAR-selective retinoids. Rexinoids are also active in animals in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer and in ATRA-resistant breast cancer cells. Hence, rexinoids seems to be more efficient and promising chemopreventive and therapeutic drugs compare to RAR-selective ligands. Our goal of the study of the present study is to know whether LGD1069 and LG100268 (rexinoids-from Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.) suppress the growth of breast cancer cells, and how these drugs act to inhibit breast cancer development. For that purpose, we tested 5 different breast cell lines; 1 human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC), 2 different ER-positive cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D) and 2 different ER-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435). By MTS assay, We found that both LGD1069 and LG100268 inhibited significantly normal HMEC cell growth at 10 uM. We also found that LGD1069 strongly suppressed the growth of T47D (ER-positive) by dose-dependent manner. LGD1069 also induced a mild inhibition of MDA-MB-231 (ER-negative) at 10 uM. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 did not have growth suppression by LGD1069 at 10 uM. LG100268 did affect little the cell growth in all 4 breast cancer cell lines suggesting its weak activity compare to LGD1069. We will further enlarge our investigation using three-dimensional (3D) epithelial culture systems, resembling their in vivo architecture to see whether the growth suppressive activity of rexinoids would be differently displayed between monolayer and 3D system. On the other hand, to investigate the mechanism by which LGD1069 suppresses breast tumorigenesis, we have studied the genes modulated by LGD1069 and LG100268. We treated first MDA-MB-231 with LGD1069 and LG100268 at 10 uM for 12 hrs, extracted RNA and then submitted to Affymetrix Microarray. In MDA-MB-231, we identified 333 genes up-regulated and 319 genes down-regulated by LGD1069 with changes in fold induction greater than 2 fold. We also identified 116 genes up-regulated and 431 genes down-regulated by LG100268 with changes in fold induction greater than 2 fold. According to the data, we found several interesting genes induced by LGD1069 and LG100268 in MDA-MB-231 such as several hypothetical proteins, CDC14 cell division cycle 14 homolog A (S. cerevisiae), recombination activating gene 2, tumor protein D52, MDM2, ITGA4, ADh1B, NF2 and cathepsin S (for LGD1069), several hypothetical proteins, zinc finger protein 423, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, transcription factor 4, MDM2, FGF2, GNRH1, and annexin A9 (for LG100268). We will study their functions. We are also performing gene profiling for HMEC and T47D to identify the genes regulated by LGD 1069 and LG100268. This work is supported by U.S. DOD Grant (W81XWH-04-1-0505).
The Devil's in the Details

To the Editor: Physical therapy as a profession is beginning to develop an interest in pharmacology and in how pharmaceuticals interact with physical therapy interventions. In addition to or as a result of this interest, the journals of the physical therapy profession are beginning to publish articles related to the pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of drugs. I have just finished reading the research article titled “Phonophoresis Versus Topical Application of Ketoprofen: Comparison Between Tissue and Plasma Levels” by Cagnie et al (2003;83:707–712). The initial face validity of the article supports the widely held concept of localized drug delivery by modalities used in physical therapist practice. I have several questions regarding the article, many of which are related primarily to the methods; however, as a mentor of mine once taught me, in pharmacology research, the devil is in the details. I address the issues in order of concern. No analytical methods were presented or referenced. This results in the majority of my subsequent concerns. As these methods are the basis for all of the results in the article, this is a major omission. Would the Journal have allowed force measurements to be reported in the results without requiring the authors to document the methods and devices utilized for these force measurements? I believe that the same standards should apply to pharmacologic measurements. The samples were stated as having been “analyzed by a chromatography procedure.” This is inaccurate. Chromatography describes a column packed with material for separating and/or concentrating compounds for subsequent detection. There are multiple types of chromatography: gas, high- and low-pressure liquid chromatography, and immunochromatography. The method of detection was not stated. Analysis of the eluent from …
Reflections of Black Women Who Choose to Breastfeed: Influences, Challenges and Supports.

Objectives Black women continue to have the lowest rates of breastfeeding. Of those who choose to breastfeed up to half cease nursing within the first few days or months postpartum. This study identified factors that influence and challenge Black women who choose to breastfeed, and supportive strategies that facilitate successful breastfeeding experiences.
Inhibition of Erythropoietic Effects of Hormones by Erythropoietin Antisera in Mildly Plethoric Mice.

SummaryAntisera to erythropoietin (Anti-ESF) was found to block completely the erythropoietic effects of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), ACTH, and testosterone in mildly plethoric mice. The effects of T3, ACTH, and testosterone were also markedly dampened by increased plethora. The hormones studied increased radioactive iron in red cells of mildly plethoric mice without producing a significant alteration in plasma iron. These findings indicate that ACTH, testosterone and T3 stimulate erythropoiesis indirectly by increasing the elaboration of endogenous erythropoietin, or else they require a certain level of erythropoietin in the recipient animal for their erythropoietic effects.
Right-Left Interactions Between Rostral Scratch Networks Generate Rhythmicity in the Preenlargement Spinal Cord of the Turtle

Currie, Scott N. and Gregory G. Gonsalves. Right-left interactions between rostral scratch networks generate rhythmicity in the preenlargement spinal cord of the turtle. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3479–3483, 1997. We examined the rhythmogenic capacity of the midbody D 3 –D 7 spinal cord during stimulation of the rostral scratch reflex in turtles. Fictive scratching was recorded bilaterally as electroneurograms (ENGs) from prehindlimb enlargement nerves [transverse D 7 (TD 7 ) and oblique D 7 (OD 7 )] and hip flexor nerves (HF). TD 7 and OD 7 innervate transverse- and oblique-abdominus muscles, respectively. D 3 -end preparations had intact spinal cords caudal to a D 2 –D 3 transection site. Unilateral stimulation of the rostral receptive field in D 3 -end preparations evoked rhythmic bursting in the ipsilateral (ipsi) HF nerve and bilateral rhythmic discharge in the TD 7 and OD 7 nerves. Right HF bursts were coactive with right TD 7 and left OD 7 bursts and alternated with left TD 7 and right OD 7 bursts. D 3 –D 7 preparations received a second spinal transection at the caudal end of segment D 7 , thus resulting in activation of strictly preenlargement circuitry in response to rostral scratch stimulation and preventing activation of hindlimb enlargement circuitry in segments D 8 –S 2 . D 3 –D 7 preparations responded to unilateral stimulation with modulated or tonic discharge in the ipsi TD 7 and contralateral (contra) OD 7 nerves. In contrast, bilateral stimulation reestablished robust bursting in which coactive right TD 7 -left OD 7 bursts alternated with coactive left TD 7 -right OD 7 bursts. These data imply that TD 7 circuit modules make 1 ) crossed excitatory connections with contra OD 7 circuitry, 2 ) crossed inhibitory connections with contra TD 7 circuitry, and 3 ) uncrossed inhibitory connections with ipsi OD 7 circuitry. Our results also suggest that bilateral stimulation evokes rhythmic alternation in the preenlargment cord by simultaneously exciting reciprocally inhibitory circuit modules.
Laser-activated transforming growth factor-β1 induces human β-defensin 2: implications for laser therapies for periodontitis and peri-implantitis

Background There is increasing popularity of high-power lasers for surgical debridement and antimicrobial therapy in the management of peri-implantitis and periodontal therapy. Removal of the noxious foci would naturally promote tissue healing directly. However, there are also anecdotal reports of better healing around routine high-power laser procedures. The precise mechanisms mediating these effects remain to be fully elucidated. This work examines these low-dose laser bystander effects on oral human epithelial and fibroblasts, particularly focusing on the role of human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2 or DEFB4A), a potent factor capable of antimicrobial effects and promoting wound healing. Material and Methods Laser treatments were performed using a near-infrared laser (810 nm diode) at low doses. Normal human oral keratinocytes and fibroblast cells were used and HBD-2 mRNA and protein expression was assessed with real time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunostaining. Role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling in this process was dissected using pathway-specific small molecule inhibitors. Results We observed laser treatments robustly induced HBD-2 expression in an oral fibroblast cell line compared to a keratinocyte cell line. Low-dose laser treatments results in activation of the TGF-β1 pathway that mediated HBD-2 expression. The two arms of TGF-β1 signaling, Smad and non-Smad are involved in laser-mediated HBD-2 expression. Conclusions Laser-activated TGF-β1 signaling and induced expression of HBD-2, both of which are individually capable of promoting healing in tissues adjacent to high-power surgical laser applications. Moreover, the use of low-dose laser therapy itself can provide additional therapeutic benefits for effective clinical management of periodontal or peri-implant disease.
Change in Aortic Neck Diameter after Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Background Implications of aortic neck dilatation following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are unclear. Previous studies are limited to comparisons of individual, early generation devices. We compared aortic neck dilatation among contemporary stent grafts. Methods We reviewed preoperative and postoperative computed tomographic angiograms for EVARs performed from 2008–2014. Images were analyzed using 3-dimensional centerline reconstructions. Aortic neck diameter was measured in orthogonal planes at and 10 mm below the lowest renal artery. Device type and main body graft diameter were obtained from operative reports. Results Eighty-six patients were analyzed with a median radiologic follow-up of 21.9 months (range: 4–64). Stent grants implanted included 26 Cook Zenith, 26 Gore Excluder, 22 Medtronic Endurant, 10 Endologix Powerlink, and 2 Trivascular Ovation devices. Mean device oversizing was 13.6 ± 11.5% and did not vary by device type ( P = 0.54). Most patients (86.0%) experienced increases in aortic neck diameter during follow-up, with a mean increase of 1.3 ± 2.2 mm (5.9 ± 9.3%) and 3.3 ± 0.6 mm (8.9 ± 2.5%) at 30 day and latest follow-up scans, respectively. Repeated-measures analysis further demonstrated a significant increase in mean neck dilatation during follow-up ( P P = 0.233). However, there was a moderate positive correlation between percent change in neck diameter and degree of oversizing, which was statistically significant (r s = 0.41, P P = 0.041). There was no relationship between changes in neck diameter and sac regression/expansion. Conclusions Aortic neck diameter increases consistently over time following EVAR. The degree of neck dilatation correlates with degree of device oversize but not with device type.
PHENIX results on flow observables in asymmetric Cu + Au collisions

Abstract Measurements of anisotropic flow from Cu+Au s N N = 200 GeV collisions in PHENIX at RHIC in 2012 are presented for inclusive charged particles and identified hadrons π ± , K ± , p, and p ‾ at midrapidity. Fourier coefficients characterizing the azimuthal distribution of produced particles with respect to the event plane measured at forward rapidity are examined over a broad range of p T and collision centrality. Directed, elliptic, and triangular moments (v1, v2, v3 as functions of p T ) all exhibit mass ordering. Comparisons are made to Cu+Cu and Au+Au systems as well as to hydrodynamical and transport model calculations [A. Adare, et al., “Measurements of directed, elliptic, and triangular flow in Cu+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV ”, arXiv:1509.07784.]. Unlike v2 and v3, v1 decreases with centrality, mass ordering is seen for all three, and v2 and v3 with respect to transverse momentum feature common scaling with 1 / ( e n N part 1 / 3 ) .
Antibody-drug conjugates: recent advances in conjugation and linker chemistries

The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a humanized or human monoclonal antibody conjugated with highly cytotoxic small molecules (payloads) through chemical linkers, is a novel therapeutic format and has great potential to make a paradigm shift in cancer chemotherapy. This new antibody-based molecular platform enables selective delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload to target cancer cells, resulting in improved efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and preferable pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) and biodistribution compared to traditional chemotherapy. Boosted by the successes of FDA-approved Adcetris® and Kadcyla®, this drug class has been rapidly growing along with about 60 ADCs currently in clinical trials. In this article, we briefly review molecular aspects of each component (the antibody, payload, and linker) of ADCs, and then mainly discuss traditional and new technologies of the conjugation and linker chemistries for successful construction of clinically effective ADCs. Current efforts in the conjugation and linker chemistries will provide greater insights into molecular design and strategies for clinically effective ADCs from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology standpoints. The development of site-specific conjugation methodologies for constructing homogeneous ADCs is an especially promising path to improving ADC design, which will open the way for novel cancer therapeutics.
Micro/Nanoscale Tribological and Mechanical Investigation of the Articular Surfaces of Katydid Leg Joints: Potential for the Novel Bioinspired Lubrication Systems

Insects are recognized with their ability to efficiently move, operate, and function, and hence are inspiration for the design of micromechanical systems. This work deals with the structural, mechanical, and frictional characterization of the leg joint articulations of the katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). For the katydids, the tibia joints were found to show a nanosmooth texture while the femur joint had a micro/nanotextured surface characteristics. The nanotexture was a two-tone periodic patterns with the hierarchical structures involving cylindrical ridges that are covered with nanoscale lamellar patterns perpendicular to the long axis and valleys between ridges that are decorated with the hillock patterns. The tibia and femur contact regions showed the reduced elastic modulus (Er) values ranging from 0.88 ± 0.01 GPa to 3.90 ± 0.11 GPa. The friction coefficient (μ) value of 0.053 ± 0.001 was recorded for the sliding contact of the tibia joint against the femur joint in air under dry conditions. The low friction values are attributed to the reduced real area of contact between the joint pair due to the coupling of the nanosmooth surfaces against the hierarchically nanotextured surfaces.
Next-generation free-space optical transceivers for high-capacity space-based communications §

Building upon multi-rate optical transceivers developed for both near-Earth and deep-space communications, we present scalable next-generation designs for future systems requiring more compact implementation and both power- and photon-efficient performance.
Beyond symptom severity: The differential impact of distress tolerance and reward responsiveness on quality of life in depressed and non-depressed individuals

Abstract Economic and patient-centered research highlights the role of quality of life outcomes above and beyond symptom severity as a key target of depression treatment. Thus, research investigating processes related to the etiology and treatment of depression needs to consider such outcomes in addition to symptom-specific measures. The current study evaluated two such processes, derived from operant conditioning principles of reinforcement: distress tolerance (DT) and reward responsiveness (RR). We examined the direct effects of these processes on quality of life in a sample of depressed (n = 34) and non-depressed (n = 33) participants, and conducted an exploratory analysis of their potential interaction. Results indicated that higher levels of RR and DT were associated with higher overall quality of life regardless of diagnostic status. We did not find the expected interaction between DT and RR, though results indicate a potential trend suggesting DT may provide a protective influence for individuals with low RR. Results highlight the importance of both tolerating distress and responding to rewards for individuals along the quality of life continuum. While this investigation focused on the highly heterogeneous diagnosis of depression, future investigations should extend such work to consider mixed diagnostic samples to further enhance the validity of such processes as potential treatment targets in real-world clinical settings.
Three-part hybrid rotor PM machine with variable magnetization state

This paper proposes a novel three-part hybrid rotor design for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The hybrid rotor can be designed to achieve key desired parameters and obtain extended speed operation by combining simple PM and reluctance rotor designs. An additional degree of freedom in the proposed three-part hybrid rotor is the flexibility to align the magnetizing axis of the reluctance rotor in order to produce torque without imposing demagnetizing flux on the magnets. The three-part hybrid rotor machine can generate wide constant speed power range by utilizing low coercive force PM material and implementing variable PM material magnetization state concept. This article provides an analytical model and finite element characterization of the hybrid rotor variable magnetization state PM machine.
Suicidal ideation among adults with cardiovascular disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Objective Previous studies have shown a possible link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and suicidal ideation (SI). However, limited information exists regarding the association between different subtypes of CVD and SI and the role of depression. Methods Data were used from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for cycles 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. SI was assessed by item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Data regarding sociodemographic factors, and comorbid conditions were collected and examined as potential correlates. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between CVD and subtypes and suicidal ideation. Results Among a total of 11,678 participants, suicidal ideation was significantly higher among patients with CVD compared to participants without a history of CVD (5.4% vs 3.6%, P Conclusion CVD is an independent risk factor for SI. The identification of a subset of patients with CVD at greatest risk of SI underlines the importance of screening in this vulnerable population.
Design of ultra-thin shell structures in the stochastic post-buckling range using Bayesian machine learning and optimization

A data-driven computational framework combining Bayesian regression for imperfection-sensitive quantities of interest, uncertainty quantification and multi-objective optimization is developed for the design of complex structures. The framework is used to design ultra-thin carbon fiber deployable shells subjected to two bending conditions. Significant increases in the ultimate buckling loads are shown to be possible, with potential gains on the order of 100% as compared to a previously proposed design. The key to this result is the existence of a large load reserve capability after the initial bifurcation point and well into the post-buckling range that can be effectively explored by the data-driven approach. The computational strategy here presented is general and can be applied to different problems in structural and materials design, with the potential of finding relevant designs within high-dimensional spaces.
Metagratings: A novel paradigm for efficient wavefront control

Metasurfaces have recently gained a lot of attention in the context of beam steering, but they are subject to fundamental limitations regarding their efficiency, that cannot be overcome unless we use active or nonlocal materials. Here we show that these limitations can be overcome if we approach the problem of beam steering from a grating perspective. We show that by using metamaterial elements as the building blocks of a periodic lattice we can achieve extreme beam steering with unitary efficiency, if these elements are designed to cancel all the diffraction orders supported by the lattice apart from the one where we want to reroute an incident wave. We call such structures metagratings, in order to highlight the two main aspects of such structures, the grating principle and the metamaterial elements forming it.
Neighborhood Violence, Peer Effects, and Academic Achievement in Chicago:

Research shows that exposure to local neighborhood violence is associated with students’ behavior and engagement in the classroom. Given the social nature of schooling, these symptoms not only affe...
Remarks on the geometric properties of trivariate maps

Trivariate polynomial maps are often used to model volumetric objects in three-space. It is necessary, therefore, to efficiently compute points, vectors, and other geometric properties of such objects. These properties are formulated it terms of the metric and the curvature tensors associated with the map. The simplest trivariate map is the trilinear. The map and its Jacobian are represented in tensor product Bezier form and a pyramid algorithm is utilized to compute points and vectors associated with the map. In addition, sufficient conditiona for the positivity of the Jacobian are given and an algorithm for solving the inversion problem is derived.
Parenchyma: Formal Lobectomy

Elective liver resection can be performed with low mortality. Full understanding of hepatic anatomy, knowledge of techniques in vascular control, advances in technology for parenchymal resection, use of intraoperative ultrasound to define vascular and biliary structures, and intraoperative maintenance of low central venous pressure have been major advances in liver resection.
Exercising with Multiple Sclerosis: Insights into Meaning and Motivation

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the meaning of exercise in the lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and describe the motivational basis that contributed to their exercise involvement. Twelve adults with MS (10 females, 2 males) between the ages of 32 and 56 years were interviewed. Analysis of transcribed interviews used an inductive approach. Three major themes emerged from thematic analysis of the qualitative data: exercising to maintain function and health, enhanced exercise self-efficacy, and feelings of hope and optimism. Findings were interpreted within the conceptual framework of self-efficacy and a disability-only social context.
Using Smart Home Technology and Health-Promoting Exercise

Falls have a very high prevalence in older adults (aged 65 and older) and are probable causes of decreased physical activities, function, and quality of life, as well as increased depression and nursing home placement. Home exercise is an effective way to reduce fall risk factors, but there is often low adherence. The use of smart home technology with health-promoting exercise can be a new method for occupational therapists to reduce fall risks through encouraging an active lifestyle.
The real genus spectrum of abelian groups

Let &#x1d4ae; denote the set of positive integers that may appear as the real genus of a finite abelian group. We obtain a set of (simple) necessary conditions for an integer g to belong to &#x1d4ae;. We also prov...
Adaptive QM/MM for Molecular Dynamics Simulations: 5. On the Energy-Conserved Permuted Adaptive-Partitioning Schemes

In combined quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) dynamics simulations, the adaptive-partitioning (AP) schemes reclassify atoms on-the-fly as QM or MM in a smooth manner. This yields a mobile QM subsystem with contents that are continuously updated as needed. Here, we tailor the Hamiltonian adaptive many-body correction (HAMBC) proposed by Boreboom et al. [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2016, 12, 3441] to the permuted AP (PAP) scheme. The treatments lead to the HAMBC-PAP method (HPAP), which both conserves energy and produces accurate solvation structures in the test of “water-in-water” model system.