cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Complexity of Mechanical Assemblies

There is no doubt that today’s mechanical systems are complex. Mechanical systems tend towards greater complexity as each component interacts with a larger number of neighboring components. This structure of interaction permits function-sharing of the components — one of the hallmarks of creative design. Function-sharing is one of the interesting ways in which mechanical design differs from, for example, solid state circuit design. Assembly models that require fixed contact between components at specified locations to determine their relative positions will also have gaps that provide clearance between the components. The complexity of these assembly models is linear in the number of gaps, as the clearance at each gap is dependent on a single set of dimensions. However, if the assembly model is defined in terms of potential (vs. required) contacts between components, the complexity of the analysis increases dramatically. In this paper we describe the complexity of assemblies analyzed in a single direction (i.e. one-dimensional analyses) and propose a means of characterizing different types of assemblies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Writing about psychoanalysis: I. Analysts who write and those who do not.

This study of analysts' writing consists of two parts. In the following paper, I describe the difficulties facing the practicing analyst who wishes to lecture and publish his findings and ideas, wh...
Development of a codrug approach for sustained drug delivery across microneedle‐treated skin

Microneedle (MN) enhanced transdermal drug delivery enables the transport of a host of molecules that cannot be delivered across the skin by passive diffusion alone. However, the skin being a self-regenerating organ heals itself and thus prevents delivery of molecules through micropores for a 7-day time period, the ideal transdermal delivery goal. Hence, it is necessary to employ a second drug molecule, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor to enhance pore lifetime by decreasing local subclinical inflammatory response following MN treatment. A codrug approach using a 3-O-ester codrug of the model drug naltrexone (NTX) with diclofenac (DIC), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was tested in vitro as well as in vivo to look at stability, bioconversion and permeation. The results indicated that the approach could be useful for transdermal drug delivery of NTX from a single patch for a week, but stability and solubility optimization will be required for the codrug before it can deliver significant levels of NTX into the plasma. The skin concentration of DIC was high enough to keep the pores open in vivo in a hairless guinea pig model as demonstrated by day seven pore visualization studies.
Proton translocation driven by ATP hydrolysis in V-ATPases

The vacuolar H+-ATPases (or V-ATPases) are a family of ATP-dependent proton pumps responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments and, in certain cases, proton transport across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. They are multisubunit complexes composed of a peripheral domain (V1) responsible for ATP hydrolysis and an integral domain (V0) responsible for proton translocation. Based upon their structural similarity to the F1F0 ATP synthases, the V-ATPases are thought to operate by a rotary mechanism in which ATP hydrolysis in V1 drives rotation of a ring of proteolipid subunits in V0. This review is focused on the current structural knowledge of the V-ATPases as it relates to the mechanism of ATP-driven proton translocation.
Enabling revisitation of fine-grained clinical information

Many times when working with medical information, healthcare professionals are presented with a summary of a patient record. When questions arise about this information it can be useful to view the information in its original context. We propose to use superimposed information, defined as an information source that includes encapsulated addresses to potentially fine-grained information in other information sources, as a way of enabling the ability to revisit fine-grained information. In this paper we show how the Guava (GUI-As-View) framework can be extended to define references to individual attribute values present in data-bound controls in a forms-based information system. These addresses, called g-seeds, can be created directly in the user interface of a Guava-enabled information system, or generated automatically for each data value returned from a query.
Nonconvertible preferred stock financing and financial distress: A note

Abstract Nonconvertible preferred stock does not play a major role in the financing of most corporations, with the exception of public utilities. Donaldson (1962) hypothesized that nonconvertible preferred stock will be issued primarily by industrial (non-utility) firms facing financial difficulties. This article investigates this hypothesis. Our results support the financial-distress hypothesis and indicate that industrial issuers of nonconvertible preferred stock have a lower relative market value, a lower interest coverage ratio, a lower level of retained earnings, and a lower equity ratio than do non-issuers.
Complex-valued adaptive signal processing using nonlinear functions

We describe a framework based on Wirtinger calculus for adaptive signal processing that enables efficient derivation of algorithms by directly working in the complex domain and taking full advantage of the power of complex-domain nonlinear processing. We establish the basic relationships for optimization in the complex domain and the real-domain equivalences for first-and second-order derivatives by extending the work of Brandwood and van den Bos. Examples in the derivation of first-and second-order update rules are given to demonstrate the versatility of the approach.
Singular perturbations and time scales in nonlinear models of power systems

Recent results on linear slow coherency and aggregation are extended to nonlinear electromechanical models of power systems and similar dynamic networks. Conservation and equilibrium properties are used for the derivation of nonlinear singular perturbation models with explicit separation of time scales.
Pollicization of the index finger for radial hypoplasia.

Background Associated with anomalies such as VACTERL and Fanconi anemia, congenital hypoplasia of the thumb has a strong association with radial hypoplasia. The majority of patients have bilateral thumb underdevelopment, and those that have a unilateral deformity tend to have the right hand more commonly affected. In order to gain an opposable thumb, patients with a deficient carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, a floating thumb, or complete absence of the thumb can benefit with a thumb amputation and a translocation of the index finger (pollicization) to the thumb position. This video demonstrates the technical steps involved in performing a pollicization procedure in a patient with radial hypoplasia. The video is available electronically.
Severe and progressive steatosis and focal necrosis in rat liver induced by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and low fat diet

Blood alcohol levels (BAL) were maintained at high levels (overall mean ± S.D. achieved in 14 alcoholic rats was 216.0 ± 120.1 mg%) in male Wistar rats for 15 to 85 days by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and nutritionally defined low fat liquid diet. The ethanol intake was progressively increased from 32% of total calories up to 41.4% in order to maintain high BAL. Pair-fed animals received isocaloric glucose solution and the liquid diet. Despite the low level of dietary fat (4.9% of total calories), histopathological evaluation of the liver revealed severe and progressive fatty infiltration in the alcoholic rats. In addition, following 30 days of intoxication, one third of the animals showed focal necrosis with mononuclear cell infiltration in centrilobular areas of the livers. This was correlated with the markedly elevated levels of SGOT and SGPT in these animals. Pair-fed controls showed no abnormality in the morphology of liver or blood chemistry. Chemical quantitation of liver triglycerides confirmed the histological observation, with triglyceride levels of 61.51 ± 16.45 and 89.61 ± 5.94 mg per gm at 30 and 85 days, respectively. Most importantly, the degree of steatosis was tightly and significantly correlated with the mean BAL achieved (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). These data represent the first confirmation of the hypothesis that continuously high BAL correlate with the severity of alcohol-induced liver pathology.
Identification of IAA-producing endophytic bacteria from micropropagated Echinacea plants using 16S rRNA sequencing

The presence of latent bacteria is a serious problem in plant tissue cultures. While endophytes are generally beneficial to plants in situ, they may affect culture growth under the modified conditions in vitro. The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize endophytic bacteria associated with the medicinal plant Echinacea in tissue culture. Based on classical microbiological tests and 16S rRNA analyses, it was found that endophytic bacteria associated with aseptically micropropagated Echinacea plantlets are representatives of several genera, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Wautersia (Ralstonia) and Stenotrophomonas. Based on TLC and HPLC analyses, we found that Pseudomonas stutzeri P3 strain produces plant hormone, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). Antibiotic resistance was also assessed as a virulence factor. The majority of endophytic bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin, but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Recommendations for propagating Echinaceain vitro cultures involve the addition of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin, antibiotics that cause no side effects on these plant species.
Evaluation of the additive noise of a flat panel detector and its effect on cone-beam CT applications

Cone-beam systems designed for breast cancer detection bear a unique radiation dose limitation and are vulnerable to the additive noise from the detector. Additive noise is the signal fluctuation from detector elements and is independent of the incident exposure level. In this study, two different approaches (single pixel based and region of interest based) to measure the additive noise were explored using continuously acquired air images at different exposure levels, with both raw images and flat-field corrected images. The influence from two major factors, inter-pixel variance and image lag, were studied. The pixel variance measured from dark images was used as the gold standard (for the entire detector 15.12±1.3 ADU 2 ) for comparison. Image noise propagation through reconstruction procedures was also investigated and a mathematically derived quadratic relationship between the image noise and the inverse of the radiation dose was confirmed with experiment data. The additive noise level was proved to affect the CT image noise as the second order coefficient and thus determines the lower limit of the scan radiation dose, above which the scanner operates at quantum limited region and utilizes the x-ray photon most efficiently.
Mixed convection in horizontal channels with discrete material and top exhaust

Abstract Mixed convection in a horizontal channel loaded with discrete material and equipped with a top exhaust was studied experimentally and analytically. The steady flow was two-dimensional 2D, while observed unsteady convection, triggered at a critical Richardson value, was highly three-dimensional 3D. Measured temperatures and those predicted with a 2D numerical model are in good agreement. The model, however, underestimates the onset of the thermally-induced transition to unsteady convection.
Service-oriented software reengineering: Bertie3 as Web services

This research proposes to modernize a legacy software system by using Web services as the main building blocks of the software reengineering. For this purpose, a legacy theorem proof checking and derivation tool called Bertie3 is reengineered in terms of service-oriented architecture, service-oriented componentization, and external data representation and serialization. With the Web services of derivation checking engines and first-order markup languages, a minimal amount of development time can be spent working on well-known and well-developed components. More time can be spent updating the features that make the tool unique. This case study shows that modernizing a software system with Web services will allow the business components of the system to be easily expanded and integrated with other application components for future demands.
ORTHOVOLTAGE RADIOTHERAPY OF CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMORS

Eighteen dogs with transmissible venereal tumors were treated with orthovoltage radiotherapy. Total radiation doses ranged from 10 to 30 Gy, given during periods of one to 34 days. Tumor cure, defined as lack of recurrence within one year after completion of radiotherapy, was observed in all 18 dogs. In seven of eight dogs, tumors were cured with a single dose of 10 Gy. The tumor that recurred after the single 10 Gy dose had been treated with chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy and was subsequently cured with additional radiotherapy. Data presented indicate that transmissible venereal tumors are radiocurable and that a single dose of 10 Gy is sufficient for cure in most dogs.
Theory of Pressure Broadening of Microwave Spectral Lines

A theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines is presented which is applicable to microwave spectra. It is an extension of the Anderson theory to the case of overlapping lines. The interference of neighboring lines is taken into account by the use of a relaxation matrix. The diagonal elements of this matrix correspond to linewidths and are calculated in the same way as in previous theories. The off-diagonal matrix elements are also calculated from the intermolecular interaction. Application is made to the ammonia and oxygen spectra.
Local Anesthesia of Upper Anal Canal for Multiple Rubber Band Ligation: Description of Technique and Preliminary Results

Symptoms caused by hemorrhoids are worse during defecation because of relaxation of the anal canal causing prolapse. We reviewed our experience of multiple rubber band ligations in a relaxed state of the anal canal using local anesthesia. Forty-five patients, the majority of whom had Grade 2 or 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids, who required treatment underwent four quadrant local anesthetic infiltration in the submucosa of the upper anal canal. We used 1.5 ml of 0.25 percent bupivacaine in 1:200,000 epinephrine, 5 mm above the dentate line. The exposure of the relaxed anal canal was excellent, allowing multiple introductions of the anoscope and application of multiple bands without discomfort. The average number of bands applied in a single session was 3.84 (range, 1–7). Forty-two percent of the patients had banding performed at four sites. Complications following the procedure were minimal. Forty-seven percent of patients reported pain, with an average pain score of 5.29 (range, 1–10). Forty-seven percent of patients did not experience any pain after the procedure. Seventy-three percent had relief of symptoms; 16 percent had symptomatic recurrences, one-half of them were successfully treated by repeat banding after local anesthetic; only one patient required surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Local anesthesia of the upper anal canal results in full relaxation and maximal mucosal redundancy of the anal canal simulating the anus in a natural condition during defecation. This gives an excellent exposure of the anal canal, enabling an accurate and multiple applications of rubber bands without pain during and shortly after the procedure.
A systems-mathematical interpretation of psychoanalytic theory.

By assigning time-varying coordinates to all environmental stimuli, it has been possible to axiomatize psychoanalytic theory on the five principles of multiple causation, growth-aging influence, genetic influence, historic influence and conscious-unconscious activity. The theorems of summation of response and the inevitability of conscious-unconscious conflict with their corollaries follow directly from the axiomatic foundations, as does the existence of an adaptation-defense mechanism. The interpretation of the defense mechanism in terms of an ego-id feedback system provides the basis for the structural existence of conscious-conscious and unconscious-unconscious conflict.
Electrophysiological properties of genetically identified subtypes of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons: Ca2+ dependence and differential modulation by norepinephrine

We studied neocortical pyramidal neurons from two lines of bacterial artificial chromosome mice (etv1 and glt; Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas: GENSAT project), each of which expresses enhance...
Temperature Dependence of the Effective Masses in PbTe

The study presented here includes experimental data obtained from three $n$-type and two $p$-type single-crystalline samples of PbTe. Measurements of the Hall coefficient, thermoelectric power, and electrical conductivity have been made between 77 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and infrared reflectivity data have been obtained at 4, 77, 190, and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The free-carrier concentration of all samples is in the range 2-4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ carriers/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. From the thermoelectric power, we have deduced the temperature dependence of the reduced Fermi potential for each sample and have calculated the density-of-states effective mass ${m}_{d}$. A pronounced temperature dependence has been observed for ${m}_{d}$. At 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K we have observed that ${m}_{\mathrm{dn}}=0.20 {m}_{o}$ and ${m}_{\mathrm{dp}}=0.14 {m}_{o}$, whereas at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K they have increased monotonically to the values ${m}_{\mathrm{dn}}=0.30 {m}_{o}$ and ${m}_{\mathrm{dp}}=0.25 {m}_{o}$. The minimum of the infrared reflectivity has been utilized in obtaining values for the conductivity effective mass ${m}_{c}$. The temperature dependence noted for ${m}_{c}$ has been very similar to that obtained for ${m}_{d}$. At 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K we obtained the values ${m}_{\mathrm{cn}}=0.050 {m}_{o}$ and ${m}_{\mathrm{cp}}=0.039 {m}_{o}$, and they increase monotonically to their values at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K which have been determined to be ${m}_{\mathrm{cn}}=0.103 {m}_{o}$ and ${m}_{\mathrm{cp}}=0.11 {m}_{o}$. These values of the effective masses have been used to deduce the number of equivalent ellipsoids of constant energy ${N}_{v}$. For the conduction band, we find ${N}_{v}=4$ indicating that the (111) minima are at the edge of the zone. For the valence band we are unable to be as quantitative because of the presence of a maximum at the center of the zone as well as the maxima positioned along the $〈111〉$ axes. However, assuming that all ellipsoids are equivalent, we calculate ${N}_{v}\ensuremath{\approx}2.5$ from which it is inferred that the zone-centered maximum plays a prominent role in the energy-band picture.
Dual-task interference during obstacle clearance in healthy and balance-impaired older adults

Background and aims: To investigate dual-task interference between a concurrent cognitive task (auditory Stroop test) and obstacle avoidance in older adults with or without a history of falls. Methods: Gait performance (temporal-distance parameters, range of motion and peak velocity of the center of mass) and verbal reaction time (VRT) in the secondary auditory Stroop task were monitored in 12 healthy young adults, 12 healthy older adults and 12 balance impaired older adults (BIOA) while they sat or walked with and without an obstacle in their path. VRT was used as an indicator of attention given to the secondary Stroop task. Results: Under dual-task situations, all older participants reduced their gait velocity, taking longer strides and wider steps. BIOA significantly increased toe clearance of their trailing limb during obstacle avoidance. In all participants, cognitive attention to the Stroop task, as measured by VRT, was diminished as the level of difficulty in the activity increased; however, the effect was blunted in BIOA compared to healthy subjects. Conclusions: Performing two tasks was highly inefficient among BIOA, as their performance in the gait and secondary task were both modified under dual-task situations. It is possible that dual-task interference in BIOA may be due to the inability to shift attention between the two tasks without primarily prioritizing gait. The findings suggest that BIOA should perform one task at a time in daily activities in order to reduce the risk of falling.
Origin and topography of thalamocaudate projections in the opossum.

Abstract The origin of the thalamocadaute projections in the North American opossum include the intralaminar nuclei (parafascicular complex, the paracentral, centralis and central lateral nuclei) and the intermedial dorsal, medial dorsal and interanterior dorsal nuclei. Of these, portions of the intralaminar nuclei exhibit rudimentary elements of a topographically organized projection. However, it is obvious that the patterns observed here are much less specific than those reported in other mammalian species. We suggest that the question of topographic specificity may relate to the overlapping of sensory and motor representations in the neocortex.
Bringing It Together with RNA

The biochemical reactions that underlie life have evolved to be spatially organized within cells. This organization ranges from the simple colocalization of molecules, such as an enzyme and its substrate, to the compartmentalization of metabolic pathways within organelles. There is growing interest in mimicking this spatial organization to engineer synthetic pathways in microbes for producing drugs, fuels, and commodity chemicals. On page 470 of this issue, Delebecque et al. ( 1 ) describe the design and construction of self-assembling RNA scaffolds that spatially organize enzymes in bacterial cells. In doing so, they advance nucleic acid nanotechnology into a cellular environment and supply metabolic engineers with a new tool for structurally optimizing biosynthesis processes in cells.
Operative repair of massive rotator cuff tears: Long-term results.

Sixty-one patients had operative repair of a massive rotator cuff tear and were followed an average of 7 years (range 3 to 13 years). The mean age of the patients was 62 years; there were 40 male and 21 female patients. All patients had significant pain, 31 patients had insidious onset of pain, and 30 patients recalled a traumatic event. Preoperatively, average active forward elevation was 88°, and average active external rotation was 27°. Forty-nine (80%) patients had marked atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. All patients had subacromial decompression as well as mobilization and transposition of rotator cuff tendons with tendon repair to bone. Fifty-two (85%) patients had satisfactory results, with 32 (52%) rated excellent and 20 (33%) rated good. Nine (15%) patients had unsatisfactory results, with four (7%) rated fair and five (8%) rated poor. Ninety-two percent of patients had satisfactory pain relief. The mean gain in forward elevation was 76%, and in active external rotation it was 30°. Adequate pain relief and the ability to raise the arm above the horizontal plane were achieved in 56 (92%) patients. Two patients tore their rotator cuff again after significant trauma.
Nonsurgical Management of Small and Intracanalicular Acoustic Tumors

Although surgical removal is generally regarded as the management strategy of choice for acoustic tumors, there remains a small group of patients usually with small or intracanalicular tumors in whom nonoperative management may be a desirable alternative to operation. The authors present a series of six such cases and discuss criteria that may aid in the selection of patients suitable for initial nonoperative management.
Creation of Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States with Two-Photon Excitation.

We examined the steady state and time-resolved emission spectral properties of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(dcb)]2+, where bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine and dcb is 2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid, in fluid solution when excited with 90 fs pulses from a mode-locked Ti/sapphire laser. Over the wavelength range 820−900 nm, both complexes displayed two-photon excitation as observed by a quadratic dependence of the emission intensity on incident power. Steady state emission and time-resolved frequency-domain intensity decay measurements revealed that two-photon excitation of each complex resulted in the same emission spectra and single-exponential decays as observed for one-photon excitation at a variety of temperatures in different solvents. The two-photon excitation cross section of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ measured at 880 nm was determined to be 4.3 × 10-50 cm4 s/photon. These results clearly show that metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states can in fact be obtained through multiphoton processes.
Synergy of Fluoroquinolones with Other Antimicrobial Agents

Synergy resulting from the combination of ciprofloxacin and an antipseudomonal penicillin has been reported for 20%-50% of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A similar effect has also been reported for the combination of ciprofloxacin and fosfomycin. In contrast, the combination of quinolones and aminoglycosides rarely showed synergy when tested against P. aeruginosa. Most studies have shown that the combination of beta-lactams or aminoglycosides with quinolones is indifferent against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Citrobacter species, and Serratia species. The combination of ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol can be antagonistic against E. coli. In general, the combination of quinolone antibiotics with other drugs tested against staphylococci, enterococci, and anaerobic species has shown indifference. The neutropenic mouse model of infection has demonstrated the synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin plus antipseudomonal penicillins; the combination of ciprofloxacin and rifampin has been superior to single agents in experimental Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Ciprofloxacin has been the quinolone studied most thoroughly, and few data are available about the combination of other quinolones with other antimicrobial agents. Overall, the occurrence of synergy when quinolones are combined with other antimicrobial agents is infrequent, and clinical studies that demonstrate the clinical relevance of data from in vitro and animal models of infection are not available. However, data from in vitro and animal model studies indicate that the combination of a quinolone with other antimicrobial agents rarely results in antagonism.
Isolation of Mesophyll Cells and Bundle Sheath Cells from Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Leaves and a Scanning Microscopy Study of the Internal Leaf Cell Morphology

A technique is described for the separation of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells from Digitaria sanguinalis leaves and evidence for separation is given with light and scanning electron micrographs. Gentle grinding of fully differentiated leaves in a mortar releases mesophyll cells which are isolated on nylon nets by filtration. More extensive grinding of the remaining tissue yields bundle sheath strands which are isolated by filtration with stainless steel sieves and nylon nets. Further grinding of bundle sheath strands in a tissue homogenizer releases bundle sheath cells which are collected on nylon nets. Percentage of purity derived from cell counts and yield data on a chlorophyll basis are given.The internal leaf cell morphology is presented in scanning electron micrographs and compared with light micrographs of fully-differentiated D. sanguinalis leaves. In leaves of plants which possess the C(4)-dicarboxylic acid cycle of photosynthesis, the relationship of leaf morphology to photosynthesis in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells is considered, and the hypothesis is presented that as atmospheric CO(2) enters a leaf about 85% is fixed by the C(4)-dicarboxylic acid cycle in the mesophyll cells and 10 to 15% is fixed by the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in the bundle sheath cells.A technique also is given for the isolation of mesophyll cells from spinach leaves.
The development within: An alternative approach to the study of lives

Abstract The idea of development in adulthood, rather than being conceived in terms of either already prescribed ends, as in normative models, or in terms of the absence of ends, as in those models seeking to equate development with history, may be better conceived in terms of the progressive transformation of ends. Along these lines, it is also argued that development may be better conceived within individuals than across them. By focusing on the experiential dynamics of the progressive transformation of ends, and by considering how this process emerges in the lives of different individuals, it may be possible both to discover new forms of development and to determine the means by which their attainment might be facilitated.
Relation between roughness of interface and adherence of porcelain enamel to steel

Porcelain-enamel ground coats were prepared and applied under conditions that gave various degrees of adherence between enamel and a low-carbon steel (enameling iron). The variations in adherence were produced by (a) varying the amount of cobalt-oxide addition in the frit, (b) varying the type of metallic-oxide addition in the frit, keeping the amount constant at 0.8 weight percent, (c) varying the surface treatment of the metal before application of the enamel, by pickling, sandblasting, and polishing, and (d) varying the time of firing of the enamel containing 0.8 percent of cobalt oxide. Specimens of each enamel were given the standard adherence test of the Porcelain Enamel Institute. Metallographic sections were made on which the roughness of interface was evaluated by counting the number of anchor points (undercuts) per centimeter of specimen length and also by measuring the length of the interface and expressing results as the ratio of this length to the length of a straight line parallel to the over-all direction of the interface.
Diagnostic detection of diffuse glioma tumors in vivo with molecular fluorescent probe-based transmission spectroscopy

The diffuse spread of glioma tumors leads to the inability to image and properly treat this disease. The optical spectral signature of targeted fluorescent probes provides molecular signals from the diffuse morphologies of glioma tumors, which can be a more effective diagnostic probe than standard morphology-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Three orthotopic xenograft glioma models were used to examine the potential for transmitted optical fluorescence signal detection in vivo, using endogenously produced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and exogenously administered fluorescently labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF). Accurate quantification of the fluorescent signals required spectral filtering and signal normalization, and when optimized, it was possible to improve detection of sparse diffuse glioma tumor morphologies. The signal of endogenously produced PpIX provided similar sensitivity and specificity to MRI, while detection with fluorescently labeled EGF provided maximal specificity for tumors with high EGF receptor activity. Optical transmitted fluorescent signal may add significant benefit for clinical cases of diffuse infiltrative growth pattern glioma tumors given sufficient optimization of the signal acquisition for each patient.
Visual Pattern Perception with Varied Fixation Locus and Response Recording

St~mnzary.-10-element binary patterns of open and blackened circles were tachistoscopically exposed such that 0-10 of the elements appeared on the left of a fixation-cross. The specific orientation relative to fixation was unknown to 0 before exposure. 0 was required to reproduce the pattern of blackened circles on a blank template after each exposure. In each of three experiments a different arrangement of the template for recording responses was used. The usual tendency for greater accuracy for elements at the left was overcome when more than half of the elements had appeared to the left of the fixation-point. The form of response recording afEected rhe results, which were accounted for in terms of visual sensitivity, implicit motor factors, and organizational factors in the memory system of 0. When linear visual patterns are tachistoscopically exposed such that they are bisected by a fixation-point, there is generally greater accuracy of reproduction for those stimulus-elements on the left side of fixacion (Harcum, 1957, 1958; Heron, 1957). This result has occurred when the elements are groups of letters (Heron, 1957) and, sometimes, when they are non-alphabetical (Harcum, 1957, 1958). However, when letter-patterns are exposed totally either to the right or left of the fixation-point, the greater accuracy of reproduction occurs on the right of fixation (Harcum & Jones, 1962; Heron, 1957; Mishkin & Forgays, 1952; Terrace, 1959). With form-stimuli or single letters exposed entirely to the right or left of fixation, reproduction accuracy usually is about equal for target locations both to the left and to the right (Bryden, 1960; Camp, 1960; Heron, 1957; Terrace, 1959). The differences which are sometimes obtained between the alphabetical and non-aphabetical materials are probably due to an inherent directionalicy or polarity associated with letrers of the alphabet (Bryden, 1960), or more simply, it is difficult to read the letters backwards. Three basic factors necessary to explain the above general findings can be associated with the three components of the classical S-0-R sequence, respectively, visual sensitivity or stimulus attensity, memory, and the oculomotor response. These factors are obviously mun~ally interrelated; the distinctions among them are arbitrary for the sake of exposition.
Towards a bio-territorial conception of power: Territory, population, and environmental narratives in Palestine and Israel

Abstract In this paper, I investigate recent Palestinian and Israeli environmental narratives as effects of power. I also read differences between both styles of narration as differences in conceptions and experiences of power. While Palestinian environmental narratives for the most part build on a Weberian perception of power (sovereign-territorial), their Israeli counterparts subscribe to what could be described as a Foucaultian perspective of power (bio-power). These underlying perceptions of power lead to forms of resistance that are focused on property rights and questions of sovereignty in Palestine and on concerns over quality of life of the population in Israel. By constructing theoretical distinctions between territory and population, Palestinian and Israeli environmental narratives continue a strongly entrenched tradition in theories of state, power, and governmentality. In this paper, I provide a critique of this ontological distinction between territory and population and argue that the distinction itself should be recognized as an effect of power: by attending to its territorial forms, power's exercise on the level of population (gender, class, color) is rendered benign; and, by focusing on quality of life of the population, power's expression in territorial forms is often deemed irrelevant for environmental knowledge and action. This critique of power calls for further research on and discusses implications of a bio-territorial conceptualization of power, as well as attendant forms of resistance.
Nature of the iron requirement for Chinese hamster V79 cells in tissue culture medium

Abstract The Chinese hamster V79 cell line can be grown in medium containing iron instead of lactalbumin hydrolysate and containing defined low molecular weight components instead of peptone. A rather large amount of inorganic iron must be supplied for optimum growth. Dose-response curves done with commercially available transferrins from various species show that this Chinese hamster cell line grows well with human and rabbit transferrins but poorly with porcine, bovine, and chicken egg white (conalbumin) transferrins. An assay of Chinese hamster serum in the presence and absence of iron shows that hamster serum is better at providing the V79 cells with iron than human or rabbit transferrin. Thus, the nature of the iron requirement of V79 cells lies in the requirement for a specific transferrin.
Parenting Services May Be an Opportunity for Improving Bedtime Routines Among At-Risk Preschoolers

Several interventions aimed at improving children's sleep behaviors have been successful. However, a less expensive alternative with broader coverage might be for existing parenting programs to incorporate sleep promotion into their curricula. This study examines approximately 1,800 low-income children according to whether their mothers received 5 types of parenting services in the child's first 3 years of life: case management, home visiting, parent–child groups, parenting classes, and parenting support groups. Children whose mothers participated in a parent–child group or parenting class by the child's 10th month of life, or in case management between the child's 11th and 19th months of life, were more likely to have a regular bedtime at age 3. Children whose mother participated in a parent–child group between the child's 11th and 19th months of life were more likely to have a regular bedtime routine (i.e., bathing or reading a story) at age 3. Home visiting and parent support groups were not associated...
Ventral Eversible Gland Volatiles from Larvae of the Fall Army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

Ventral eversible glands (VEG) were removed from larvae of the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and extracted with methylene chloride. GC analysis of the VEG extract showed that the volatile components were about 98% saturated hydrocarbons. The distribution of individual hydrocarbons was as follows: n-tridecane, 0.1%; n-tetradecane, 2.4%; n-pentadecane, 96.2%; n-hexadecane, 0.3%; and n-heptadecane, 1.0%. Other components present at low levels were 1-pentadecene and three sesquiterpenes. A logarithmic increase in n-pentadecane level in the VEG occurred with successive molts from the third through fifth instar. The level of n-pentadecane in the VEG was empirically higher in fifth instar larvae feeding on corn foliage than in larvae feeding on a pinto bean diet or on cotton or peanut foliage.
Pulsar emission mechanism.

Radiation emission mechanism for NP 0532 associated with Crab Nebula, discussing shock- neutral sheet interaction
Recent Experimental Advances in Exchange Coupled Composite Media

Exchange coupled composite media (ECC) has been proposed and prototyped for 1 Terabit/in2 perpendicular magnetic recording [1,2]. Currently systematic experimental investigation is very necessary to guide and select a proper theory [1-5]. We will report our recent experimental advances on ECC media, including proper fabrication conditions, new fundamental findings and first spin-stand recording performance testing.
3D TEDOR NMR experiments for the simultaneous measurement of multiple carbon-nitrogen distances in uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled solids.

We describe three-dimensional magic-angle-spinning NMR experiments for the simultaneous measurement of multiple carbon-nitrogen distances in uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled solids. The approaches employ transferred echo double resonance (TEDOR) for (13)C-(15)N coherence transfer and (15)N and (13)C frequency labeling for site-specific resolution, and build on several previous 3D TEDOR techniques. The novel feature of the 3D TEDOR pulse sequences presented here is that they are specifically designed to circumvent the detrimental effects of homonuclear (13)C-(13)C J-couplings on the measurement of weak (13)C-(15)N dipolar couplings. In particular, homonuclear J-couplings lead to two undesirable effects: (i) they generate anti-phase and multiple-quantum (MQ) spin coherences, which lead to spurious cross-peaks and phase-twisted lines in the 2D (15)N-(13)C correlation spectra, and thus degrade the spectral resolution and prohibit the extraction of reliable cross-peak intensities, and (ii) they significantly reduce cross-peak intensities for strongly J-coupled (13)C sites (e.g., CO and C(alpha)). The first experiment employs z-filter periods to suppress the anti-phase and MQ coherences and generates 2D spectra with purely absorptive peaks for all TEDOR mixing times. The second approach uses band-selective (13)C pulses to refocus J-couplings between (13)C spins within the selective pulse bandwidth and (13)C spins outside the bandwidth. The internuclear distances are extracted by using a simple analytical model, which accounts explicitly for multiple spin-spin couplings contributing to cross-peak buildup. The experiments are demonstrated in two U-(13)C,(15)N-labeled peptides, N-acetyl-L-Val-L-Leu (N-ac-VL) and N-formyl-L-Met-L-Leu-L-Phe (N-f-MLF), where 20 and 26 (13)C-(15)N distances up to approximately 5-6 A were measured, respectively. Of the measured distances, 10 in N-ac-VL and 13 in N-f-MLF are greater than 3 A and provide valuable structural constraints.
Using AnsProlog with Link Grammar and WordNet for QA with deep reasoning

Early question-answering (QA) approaches could only adequately answer fact-related questions and are insufficient in answering complex questions. More sophisticated QA systems utilize the semantics of words to answer complex questions. However, to answer certain kinds of complex questions, it is necessary to perform deep reasoning by utilizing the semantics of words as well as domain knowledge such as the effects and executability of actions. We propose a QA system that uses AnsProlog to represent domain knowledge and reason from the knowledge extracted by using Link Grammar and WordNet. We use the travel domain to illustrate our approach.
Adduction in the decane‐urea‐ethanol system: Part II. Kinetic studies

Supersaturated solutions with randomly distributed seed crystals were formed by jet mixing of saturated slurries of urea—decane adduct and decane—urea—ethanol solutions. The resulting crystal growth rates were measured quantitatively with a rapid-mixing, stopped-flow calorimeter. Nucleation of additional crystals was negligible. Times required for 90% adduction ranged between 0.375 and 25.5 sec., a 68-fold variation. A single dimensionless chronomal which adequately represented all the kinetic data was obtained. In all runs, liquid phase mass transfer appeared to control the rate of adduction, despite the fact that the rapid mixing greatly reduced mass transfer resistance. Whereas the data were consistent with several equations describing models based on diffusional rate control, the results did not support mechanisms involving surface phenomena.
The Inverse Ocean Modeling System. Part II: Applications

The Inverse Ocean Modeling (IOM) System is a modular system for constructing and running weakconstraint four-dimensional variational data assimilation (W4DVAR) for any linear or nonlinear functionally smooth dynamical model and observing array. The IOM has been applied to four ocean models with widely varying characteristics. The Primitive Equations Z-coordinate-Harmonic Analysis of Tides (PEZHAT) and the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) are three-dimensional, primitive equations models while the Advanced Circulation model in 2D (ADCIRC-2D) and Spectral Element Ocean Model in 2D (SEOM-2D) are shallow-water models belonging to the general finite-element family. These models, in conjunction with the IOM, have been used to investigate a wide variety of scientific phenomena including tidal, mesoscale, and wind-driven circulation. In all cases, the assimilation of data using the IOM provides a better estimate of the ocean state than the model alone.
Did the Transformation to Post-Communism in Eastern Europe Restore Pre-Communist Property Relations?

Using data from Szelenyi and Treiman’s 1993 six-nation survey of Social Stratification in Eastern Europe, we find that the transformation from socialism substantially restored precommunist property relations in the five Eastern European countries studied here (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). Continuity between the pre- and postcommunist period with respect to property ownership can be attributed (1) to property holdings remaining intact throughout the communist period; (2) to the restitution of property to the original owners or their heirs in the post-communist period; and (3) to the achievement of highstatus occupations during the communist period which facilitated the acquisition of property during that period. Business ownership in post-communist Eastern Europe is linked directly to pre-communist property holding only in Hungary and Bulgaria, although there are indications that pre-communist property holdings exerted an indirect effect on post-communist business ownership by enhancing the odds of attaining elite occupations during the communist period.
Perspective-Taking Judgments of Medication Acceptance: Inferences from Relative Importance about the Impact and Combination of Information

Abstract Perspective-taking judgments of medication acceptance were studied for hypothetical mental health treatment scenarios. Three types of information were manipulated in all possible subsets: level of trust in the medication prescriber, severity of the hypothetical mental health condition being experienced, and the potential side effects of the medication. Subjects made judgments from four perspectives: self perspective and that of three other hypothetical people who were each said to place the most importance on one of the three cues. The results showed individual differences in self-reports of the relative importance of the cues which, in turn, predicted differences in judgment patterns. Subjects modified their cue use when making judgments from the perspectives of hypothetical others. The interaction patterns and rank orders of the perspective-taking judgments resembled the individual differences in judgments made from subjects’ own perspectives, but the perspective-taking judgments showed extreme effects of the most important cue. There was also some influence of subjects’ own perspectives on their perspective-taking judgments. When only a subset of the three cues was given, the judgment pattern depended on the importance of the cue that was omitted. The relative weight averaging model accounted for the judgments of only a minority of the subjects. Models which propose that subjects infer the value of missing information were also unsuccessful in explaining the data of the majority. Modifications of those models are proposed.
Helicopter EMS transport outcomes literature: annotated review of articles published 2004-2006.

Helicopter EMS (HEMS) andits possible association with outcomes improvement continues to be a subject of debate. As is the case with other scientific endeavors, debate over HEMS usefulness should be framed around an evidence-based assessment of the relevant literature. In an effort to facilitate the academic pursuit of assessment of HEMS utility, in late 2000 the National Association of EMS Physicians' (NAEMSP) Air Medical Task Force prepared annotated bibliographies of the HEMS-related outcomes literature. As a result of that work, two review articles, one covering HEMS use in nontrauma andthe other in trauma, published in 2002 in Prehospital Emergency Care surveyed HEMS outcomes-related literature published between 1980 andmid-2000. The project was extended with a 2004 review that covered the literature published between 2000 and2003. The current review continues the series, outlining outcomes-associated HEMS literature from 2004 through 2006.