cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look

The precise nature of Friedrich Engels' theoretical role following Marx's death in 1883 has remained a hotly disputed topic among historians of socialist thought. However, despite their intellectual disagreements, the exponents of various perspectives frequently share a serious interpretive deficiency: the failure to anchor their readings of crucial texts in an analysis of specific political contexts. Situating Engels' later writings—his 1890s Letters on Historical Materialism, and his 1895 Introduction to Marx's The Class Struggles in France—within the dramatically changed political situation in fin de siecle Germany, this essay seeks to recast the entire gestalt of the quarrel over Engels' alleged revisionism by illuminating the historical and political framework that shaped his late Marxism and its theoretical premises.
The oxygen equilibrium of yeast hemoglobin.

Oxygen transport is considered to be the most important function of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Facilitated transport of oxygen may be an important function of myoglobin, and it has been suggested that the hemoglobin of microorganisms functions similarly [l] . Many reports concerning non-circulating hemo globin have appeared in the literature [2-l l] . Keilin originally discovered a hemoglobin-like pigment in yeast [2], but reported that over a period of 4 yr he had detected hemoglobin in bakers yeast only twice [2]. Because hemoglobin so seldom appears in yeast celIs it has been difficult to make any extensive study of the properties of this hemoprotein. During our generalsurvey of the hemoproteins in yeast, we have identified some species of C~ndidu which consistently have a high hemoglobin content. We have subsequently succeeded in purifying this hemoglobin [ 121. In this communication we will present measurements of the oxygen affinity of this hemoglobin as obtained using a sensitive bioluminescent oxygen indicator. The data provides evidence that the yeast hemoglobin binds oxygen non-cooperatively with high affinity and appears to be a “primitive” form of the hemoglobin of higher organisms, Moreover, the data indicates that yeast hemogiobin does not significantly enhance the diffusion of oxygen to the cytrochrome oxidase of the cells in which it is present.
A Lamp for Diogenes: Leadership Giftedness and Moral Education.

Education toward leadership giftedness is probably the most controversial of all the components of gifted education.
Advanced short haul systems in high density markets

The design requirements, performance, economics, and noise aspects of STOL and VTOL conceptual aircraft developed for short haul air transportation are reviewed, along with the characteristics of areas of high-density annual passenger flow in which the aircraft are intended to operate. It is shown that aircraft of 100 to 200 passenger capacity provide the best return on investment in high density markets. The various STOL propulsive lift concepts have the same general trends with field length; their wing loadings are 20 to 30 pounds per square foot higher than the nonpropulsive lift concepts. A comparison of the aircraft under consideration shows that no one aircraft concept will be optimum for all future operational environments.
Sediment distribution and evolution of tidal deltas along a tide-dominated shoreline, Wachapreague, Virginia

Abstract Borings from the barrier island/lagoon system of the Eastern Shore of Virginia penetrated an unconformity which separates Pleistocene barrier island and offshore marine sediments from the overlying Holocene tidal delta and barrier island sediments. Offshore marine sediments and deposits within the flood-tidal delta (marsh, tidal flat-bay, inlet-mouth bar complex) are recognized on the basis of sediment color, composition, grain-size changes in the vertical sequence, presence of organic matter, and faunal suite. Subsurface data, historical records, and morphology of lateral accretion on barrier islands suggest that major inlets in the vicinity of Wachapreague have been relatively stable throughout Holocene time; they appear to be located where Pleistocene stream valleys previously existed. Holocene barrier islands apparently developed on drainage divide areas following post-Wisconsin transgression of the sea. The initial phase of tidal delta development was characterized by vertically accreting, fan-shaped, inlet-mouth bars; tidal channels stabilized after bar crests had shoaled sufficiently for marsh to form. With landward progradation across the lagoon, sand-rich deposits graded laterally away from the inlets and vertically into clayey sand and silty clay of the tidal flat-bay and marsh environments. Ebb inlet-mouth bars developed asymmetrically southward in response to littoral drift. Flood tidal deltas also built preferentially toward the south as indicated by: (1) sand distribution of the inlet-mouth bar complex; and (2) greater development of marsh south of the inlets.
Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists: potential new candidates for the treatment of schizophrenia

Auditory sensory gating, a biological measurement of the ability to suppress the evoked response to the second of two auditory stimuli, is diminished in people with schizophrenia. Deficits in sensory gating are associated with attentional impairment, and may contribute to cognitive symptoms and perceptual disturbances. This inhibitory process, which involves the alpha7 nicotinic receptor mediated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by hippocampal interneurons, represents a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia. This paper will review several lines of evidence implicating the nicotinic-cholinergic, and specifically, the alpha7 nicotinic receptor system in the pathology of schizophrenia and the evidence that alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonists may ameliorate some of these deficits. Impaired auditory sensory gating has been linked to the alpha7 nicotinic receptor gene on the chromosome 15q14 locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the promoter region of this gene are more frequent in people with schizophrenia. Although nicotine can acutely reverse diminished auditory sensory gating in people with schizophrenia, this effect is lost on a chronic basis due to receptor desensitization. Clozapine is able to reverse auditory sensory gating impairment, probably through an alpha7 nicotinic receptor mechanism, in both humans and animal models with repeated dosing. The alpha7 nicotinic agonist 3-2,4 dimethoxybenzylidene anabaseine (DMXBA) can also enhance auditory sensory gating in animal models. DMXBA is well tolerated in humans and improves several cognitive measures. Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists appear to be reasonable candidates for the treatment of cognitive and perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia.
Some Observations on the Teaching of Modern Languages in Germany1

Author's Summary— A brief statement of curriculum requirements in modern foreign language study in German schools and of professional preparation of teachers of modern foreign languages in Germany in contrast to the status of modern foreign language study in the schools of this country.
Prevalence of Pilomatricoma in Turner Syndrome: Findings From a Multicenter Study

Importance The absence of data on the prevalence of pilomatricoma among patients with Turner syndrome served as the catalyst for this multicenter investigation. Objectives To ascertain the prevalence of pilomatricoma among patients with Turner syndrome and to determine any association between the development of pilomatricomas and the use of exogenous hormones in patients with Turner syndrome. Design A retrospective medical record review from January 1, 2000, through January 1, 2010, was performed of all patients with Turner syndrome. Data on pilomatricomas and the use of hormone therapy were collected. Setting University of California–Davis Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Participants Patients with a diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of concomitant pilomatricoma and diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Secondary outcome measures included the use of the exogenous hormones estrogen or recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). Results In total, 311 patients with Turner syndrome were identified from these 3 institutions. Among them, 8 patients (2.6%) were diagnosed as having pilomatricomas. Before the development of pilomatricomas, 5 patients had been treated with rhGH but not estrogen, 1 patient had received estrogen but not rhGH, and 2 patients did not receive either therapy. Conclusions and Relevance Although the prevalence of pilomatricoma among the general population is unknown, this study demonstrates a high prevalence (2.6%) of pilomatricomas among patients with Turner syndrome. No apparent relationship was noted among our patients or in the literature between the use of rhGH and the development of pilomatricomas.
A Novel Charge Recycling Design Scheme Based on Adiabatic Charge Pump

Power consumption has become a critical design criterion for integrated circuits given the growing importance of portable battery-operated devices. A typical CMOS gate driven by power supply (VDD), draws energy equal to CLVDD 2 during every cycle of operation. We propose a new approach to recycle the charge with an adiabatic charge pump that moves the slower adiabatic components away from the critical path of logic. The critical path of the system, and hence the delay, do not change. This is achieved by overlapping the adiabatic charge pump delays with the computing path logic delays. Many embedded high performance applications such as digital signal processing (DSP), which exhibit datapath parallelism, are ideal candidates for this scheme. The proposed method has been implemented in DSP computations. SPICE simulations-based results indicate that the proposed scheme reduces energy consumption in these DSP circuits by as much as 18% (on average 9.94%) with no perceptible loss in performance. The area penalty for these energy savings are in the 1%-2% range, The leakage energy reduction in 45-nm BPTM averages 46%.
Tuning the number density of nanoparticles by multivariant tailoring of attachment points on flat substrates

We report on the organization of nanoparticles on a flat surface when there is strong yet tunable interaction between the particles and the surface. Specifically, we tailor the number density of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles on flat substrates by varying the concentration of the grafted amino groups on the surfaces and their degree of ionization. While the former effect is accomplished by decorating silica-based substrates with a molecular gradient of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), the latter effect is achieved by varying the degree of ionization of the −NH2 groups in APTES by varying the pH of the gold sol. We show that the measurement of particle number density on an APTES concentration gradient substrate at different pH values provides a simple, non-spectroscopic means to deduce the relative molecular concentration profile of APTES on the substrate.
Microwave resonances in low-filling insulating phases of two-dimensional electron and hole systems

Abstract The conductivity of the high magnetic field insulating phases of two-dimensional electron and hole systems (2DES and 2DHS) of sufficiently low disorder exhibits a resonance at microwave frequency. We present and compare results on this resonance in a moderate disorder 2DES and in a high quality 2DHS. The 2DES exhibits the resonance even though the high- B insulator is not reentrant around the 1 5 fractional quantum Hall effect . The resonance in the 2DHS is much sharper than that in the 2DES, and appears to be inconsistent with the standard model of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator in a magnetic field.
Convergence of model systems for peroxisome biogenesis

Receptors for the two peroxisomal targeting signals PTS1 and PTS2 have recently been identified in yeasts. The disparate subcellular locations of PTS receptor homologs have led to proposals of receptor shuttling between the cytosol and the peroxisomal membrane, and to the suggestion that some of these molecules may even reside normally in the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisomal membrane protein that interacts with the PTS1 receptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae may serve as the receptor-docking site on the organelle. The conservation of the PTS1 receptor in several yeasts has led to the cloning and characterization of the gene encoding its human homolog, PTS1R, which is mutated in a group of patients afflicted with fatal peroxisomal disorders. The identification of peroxisome assembly genes in yeasts is likely to lead to the cloning of additional human genes responsible for other generalized peroxisomal disorders. Protein unfolding is not a prerequisite for import of peroxisomal matrix proteins, suggesting novel mechanisms for the translocation of polypeptides across the peroxisomal membrane.
Proton Channeling in Fluorite-Type Single Crystals

In order to study the proton channeling process in the single crystals of CaF 2 and BaF 2 the half-angles and minimum yields for axes and planes were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering in the energy range 0.60-1.20 MeV and of gamma rays from the 873 keV resonance in the 19 F(p,αγ) 16 O reaction. The parameter dependence of the half-angles observed for the axes ( , , and ) is dependent on the target crystals, and that for the planes ({110} and {112}) depends on the Miller index of planes. if the effects of thermal vibration and planar spacing are taken into account on the basis of Barrett's calculations, the parameter dependence and magnitudes of the measured half-angles show reasonable agreement with the calculations. The minimum yields for the mixed and monatomic rows along the axes agree reasonably with the predicted values; however, the minimum yields for the planes are considerably larger than those predicted.
Does the ANSI Z80.3 nonprescription sunglass and fashion eyewear standard go far enough

The recent public concern regarding sunglass protection from UV energy has sparked a significant debate among those in the research community and industry. This debate grows out of concern for the known effects of UV energy in producing or contributing to eye effects such as keratitis, cataract formation, and retinal damage. The ANSI Z80.3 Standard addresses itself to this issue by setting levels of UV energy that are permitted to be transmitted in various labeling categories for over-the-counter sunlenses. One important issue is that the ANSI Standard does not provide for an absolute block of UV energy in any category of these lenses. Because the technology to provide this sort of total UV block is currently available, it is argued that there should be at least one category of lens that is fully protective in the UV range.
Effects of transforming growth factor β1 released from biodegradable polymer microparticles on marrow stromal osteoblasts cultured on poly(propylene fumarate) substrates

Recombinant human transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was incorporated into microparticles of blends of poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to create a delivery vehicle for the growth factor. The entrapment efficiency of TGF-β1 in the microparticles containing 5% PEG was 40.3 ± 1.2% for a TGF-β1 loading density of 6.0 ng/1 mg of microparticles. For the same loading, 17.9 ± 0.6 and 32.1 ± 2.5% of the loaded TGF-β1 was released after 1 and 8 days, respectively, followed by a plateau for the remaining 3 weeks. Rat marrow stromal cells showed a dose response to TGF-β1 released from the microparticles similar to that of added TGF-β1, indicating the activity of TGF-β1 was retained during microparticle fabrication and after TGF-β1 release. An optimal TGF-β1 dosage of 1.0 ng/mL was determined through a 3-day dose response study for maximal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The TGF-β1 released from the microparticles loaded with 6.0 ng TGF-β1/1 mg of microparticles for the optimal dosage of TGF-β1 enhanced the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of marrow stromal cells cultured on poly(propylene fumarate) substrates. The cells showed significantly increased total cell number, ALP activity, and osteocalcin production with values reaching 138,700 ± 3300 cells/cm2, 22.8 ± 1.5 × 10−7 μmol/min/cell, and 15.9 ± 1.5 × 10−6 ng/cell, respectively, after 21 days as compared to cells cultured under control conditions without TGF-β1. These results suggest that controlled release of TGF-β1 from the PLGA/PEG blend microparticles may find applications in modulating cellular response during bone healing at a skeletal defect site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 50, 452–462, 2000.
Broadband photonic arbitrary waveform generation based on spatial-spectral holographic materials

We discuss an approach for the practical implementation of photonic arbitrary waveform generation of microwave signals. We describe and demonstrate an approach using spatial-spectral (S2) holography in rare earth ion doped crystals that has the potential to achieve extremely wide bandwidths (>40 GHz) using conventional electro-optic phase modulators and low bandwidth (<100 MHz) control electronics. We provide analysis of this approach, show simulations, and perform experimental demonstrations of the technique. We show a pulse compression factor of ~15,000 and demonstrate the largest effective bandwidth of 3.8 GHz to date for pulse compression using S2 holography. We also show control and manipulation of up to 30 independent compressed pulses for the creation of arbitrary waveforms.
Novel Family of Chiral-Based Topological Insulators: Elemental Tellurium under Strain

Employing ab initio electronic structure calculations, we predict that trigonal tellurium consisting of weakly interacting helical chains undergoes a trivial insulator to strong topological insulator (metal) transition under shear (hydrostatic or uniaxial) strain. The transition is demonstrated by examining the strain evolution of the band structure, the topological Z2 invariant and the concomitant band inversion. The underlying mechanism is the depopulation of the lone-pair orbitals associated with the valence band via proper strain engineering. Thus, Te becomes the prototype of a novel family of chiral-based three-dimensional topological insulators with important implications in spintronics, magneto-optics, and thermoelectrics.
APPLICATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR LAND USE PLANNING IN FLORIDA

: An environmental simulation model of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been developed in order to predict hydrologic responses under proposed management plans. Land use projections for each of 19 hydrologic planning units are provided by a linear programming analysis of agricultural activities. Inputs to the model include rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), aquifer properties, topography, soil types, and vegetative patterns. A water balance is developed in the uplands based on infiltration, ET, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. Valley continuity is based on stage-volume relationship for inflows and outflows and a variable roughness coefficient dependent on vegetative patterns. Land use changes form the basis for predicting hydroperiod variation under alternative management schemes. Plans are ranked according to two criteria, deviation from a natural hydroperiod and flood or drought control provided. Results indicate that (1) a single reservoir without irrigation and (2) floodplain preservation plans are superior to (3) multiple reservoir with irrigation and (4) uncontrolled floodplain plans with regard to both criteria.
Gross hematuria after kidney transplantation

A 42-year-old male with a history of end-stage kidney disease secondary to diabetes mellitus type 1 received a deceased donor simultaneous kidney/pancreas transplant 10 months prior to presentation. The patient had prompt graft function and no other complications. He presented with gross hematuria and kidney allograft dysfunction with serum creatinine elevation from baseline of 114.92 to 221 µmol/L (1.3 to 2.5 mg/dL). Ultrasound and abdominal computed tomography were normal. Polyomavirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were negative. A kidney biopsy showed patchy necrotizing and vaguely granulomatous tubulointerstitial inflammation (Figure 1A). The infiltrate consisted of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes with abundant epithelial cell destruction. Occasional epithelial cell nuclei had glassy chromatin suggestive of viral cytopathic effect (Figure 1B). Immunohistochemical staining for C4d, SV40, CMV and HSV was negative, while staining for adenovirus showed strong reactivity. Positivity of adenovirus PCR of more than 1 000 000 copy/mL confirmed the diagnosis of adenovirus tubulointerstitial nephritis. Immunosuppressive medications were reduced and one dose of cidofovir and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was given. Adenovirus PCR decreased to 175 000 after 1 week, and was no longer detected after 1 month. Creatinine gradually decreased to baseline over 3 months. Fig. 1. (A). Lower power image showing patchy tubulointerstitial inflammation (H&E, ×40). (B). Tubular epithelial cell necrosis (arrow heads), and a glassy viral inclusion (arrow) (H&E, ×400). Adenoviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. Such virus presents as a self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal and conjunctival disease in immunocompetent patients. In kidney transplant recipients, it manifests as allograft dysfunction, and hemorrhagic cystitis, but can result in severe fatal cases [1]. Infection is rare with an incidence rate of around 4% in kidney transplant recipients [2]. Infection can be de novo, or through reactivation of a latent infection of the recipient or from the allograft. Adenovirus serology is not routinely checked before transplantation, but serology mismatch might be a risk factor for infection [1]. The presence of patchy necrotizing infection, large nuclei with basophilic glassy inclusions and negativity of polyoma and CMV serology should suggest additional work-up for adenovirus, especially in the setting of hemorrhagic cystitis. A PCR offers a highly sensitive tool to confirm the infection and monitor the response of treatment [3]. Management starts with reduction of immunosuppressive medications. Severe cases might require one or two regimens of cidofovir, and administration of IVIG. Outcomes of reported cases showed that clearance of adenovirus viremia occurs within 1–3 weeks [2], and that there is an improvement in kidney allograft function to baseline or near baseline in the majority of cases [4].
Handled but not heard: the managed lives of teenage mothers in school

This article presents results from an ethnographic study of an alternative public school for pregnant and parenting teenage girls. The focus here is upon a central finding of this study concerning the ways in which the school program managed the needs and concerns of the pregnant and parenting girls it served. The official goal of the school is to facilitate the education of school‐aged girls while they are pregnant and until they are ready to go back to their regular school after childbirth. It will be shown how the school excluded the private lives of the students from school life and how this school's management orientation undermined the potential for the students involved to explore, understand, and deal with their own needs and problems.
Deep Earth: Mantle fabric unravelled?

Mantle flow patterns may be reconstructed from mineral orientations. Experiments show that the high-pressure mineral post-perovskite can inherit texture from its lower-pressure counterpart, suggesting new ways of interpreting flow in the deepest mantle.
Evidence for the stability and cytochrome P450 specificity of the phenobarbital-induced reductive halothane-cytochrome P450 complex formed in rat hepatic microsomes.

Abstract The hypothesis that the reduced spectral halothane-cytochrome P450 complex formed in rat hepatic microsomes is a stable cytochrome P450 specific species was examined. Comparisons of the cytochrome P450 inducers, phenobarbital (PB), pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) showed that PB was the most effective inducer of the halothane-cytochrome P450 complex and the cytochrome P450 which liberates the halothane metabolites, 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene (CDE) and 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE). However, the ratio of CDE produced to quantity of complex was found to be reduced 70–77% in these microsomes. A large portion of total microsomal cytochrome P450 was destroyed upon halothane reduction (up to 39%), yet the complexed cytochrome P450, particularly in microsomes from PB-treated animals, was resistant to the irreversible inactivation mechanisms of halothane reduction. The effects of reductive halothane metabolism on subsequent warfarin metabolism showed that 7-hydroxywarfarin formation from either ( R )- or ( S )-warfarin in microsomes from PCN-treated, PB-treated or untreated rats was highly susceptible to irreversible inhibition. In microsomes from PB-treated, but not PCN or untreated rats, the formation of one warfarin metabolite, 4'-hydroxywarfarin from ( R )-warfarin, could be shown to be increased when complex was eliminated by photodissociation. These results suggest that PB-B is preferentially bound as complex and resistant to inactivation because of complex stability, and that halothane reduction readily destroys the cytochrome P450 form, PB-C.
The influence of anterior neostriatal lesions on the behavioural effects of spiroperidol in rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Rats with anterior neostriatum lesions exhibited significantly less catalepsy in response to spiroperidol administration than did sham operated rats. Anterior neostriatal lesions, however, did not affect the spiroperidol-induced reduction of open-field activity. 2. 2. These findings suggest that spiroperidol influences cataleptic behavior and open-field activity through actions on separate central sites or systems.
The effect of methionine on the uptake, distribution, and binding of the convulsant methionine sulfoximine in the rat

The effect of methionine on the uptake, distribution, and binding of the convulsant methionine sulfoximine (MSO) in 7 rat brain regions, the spinal cord, the liver, and the kidney was investigated. The administration of methionine decreased the uptake of MSO in all brain regions. The uptake of MSO by and its distribution in the nervous tissue was uniform and failed to result in any preferential accumulation of the drug. Methionine decreased the amount of MSO bound to cerebral structures and to the spinal cord. MSO bound to the spinal cord was less susceptible to release by Triton X-100 than was brain-bound MSO.
Neuroradiology viewing station

A distributed CT/MR digital viewing station for the neuroradiology section has been developed and is being evaluated in our department. The major components of the station consist of a SUN host computer, a PIXAR II image processor, and four 1K x 1K progressive video monitors. The software modules operating in the station include an image acquisition process, a local database process, and an user image display and processing process. Functions provided by the station are described. Preliminary results obtained from clinical evaluation are reported. Future plans to refine the station are presented.
Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health.

Abstract1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age.2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age.3. Data were...
The Use of Geometric Properties of 2D Arrays across Development.

Abstract Four- to 10-year-old children ( n = 50) participated in a 2D search task that included geometry (with- and without lines) and feature conditions. During each of 27 trials, participants watched as a cartoon character hid behind one of three landmarks arranged in a triangle on a computer screen. During feature condition trials, participants could use the unique features of landmarks to locate the hidden character. During geometry condition trials the landmarks were identical, and participants had to rely on the geometric properties of the triangle they formed to locate the hidden character. In the feature condition, search accuracy was high for children of all ages. In the geometry condition (both with- and without lines), there was a sharp developmental trend in which 4-year-olds showed poor search accuracy, but performance improved with age and was at ceiling by 9- to 10-years. The presence of lines connecting the landmarks boosted performance most dramatically for the youngest children. Findings are discussed in the context of the broader literature on spatial cognition in human and non-human animals.
Bridging concrete and abstract syntaxes in model-driven engineering: a case of rule languages

Distributed data stream processing applications are often characterized by data flow graphs consisting of a large number of built-in and user-defined operators connected via streams. These flow graphs are typically deployed on a large set of nodes. The data processing is carried out on-the-fly, as tuples arrive at possibly very high rates, with minimum latency. It is well known that developing and debugging distributed, multi-threaded, and asynchronous applications, such as stream processing applications, can be challenging. Thus, without domain-specific debugging support, developers struggle when debugging distributed applications. In this paper, we describe tools and language support to support debugging distributed stream processing applications. Our key insight is to view debugging of stream processing applications from four different, but related, perspectives. First, debugging the semantics of the application involves verifying the operator-level composition and inspecting the flows at the logical level. Second, debugging the user-defined operators involves traditional source-code debugging, but strongly tied to the stream-level interactions. Third, debugging the deployment details of the application require understanding the runtime physical layout and configuration of the application. Fourth, debugging the performance of the application requires inspecting various performance metrics (such as communication rates, CPU utilization, etc.) associated with streams, operators, and nodes in the system. In light of this characterization, we developed several tools such as a debugger-aware compiler and an associated stream debugger, composition and deployment visualizers, and performance visualizers, as well as language support, such as configuration knobs for logging and tracing, deployment configurations such as operator-to-process and process-to-node mappings, monitoring directives to inspect streams, and special sink adapters to intercept and dump streaming data to files and sockets, to name a few. We describe these tools in the context of Spade—a language for creating distributed stream processing applications, and System S—a distributed stream processing middleware under development at the IBM Watson Research Center. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.A.
Sale of sex for drugs and drugs for sex: an economic context of sexual risk behavior for STDs.

Background and Objectives: Persons who participate in behaviors such as drug use and buying or selling sex are at elevated risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Goals: To describe the economic structure supporting drug use and the buying and selling of sex services in two urban Houston communities. Study Design: Residents of two Houston communities participated in street-intercept interviews to obtain information on sex and drug use behaviors. Results: Many members of the population reported having bought or sold sex. A history of crack use significantly predicted the trading of sex for money and drugs, and sellers of sex were more likely to have engaged in recent high-risk sexual behavior than those who had never sold sex. Conclusion: The data are suggestive of an underground economy for the exchange of sex for drugs or money, the existence of which facilitates the spread of STDs in high-risk communities.
On functional equivalences in a model for parallel computation

This paper is concerned with a class of parallel computations which can be represented by a graphical model called a computation graph. In particular, graphs which represent the same computed function are studied. Given an arbitrary but well-formed computation graph, a procedure is given for constructing a graph which is structurally simpler yet represents the same computed function. These simpler graphs have the advantage of being easier to analyze and realize.
SEARCH FOR RARE 3 AND 4-BODY D0 DECAYS AT FINAL E791

Limits at the 10-4 level are reported for rare and forbidden decays of the D0 charm meson to a pair of leptons and either a vector meson or two pseudoscalar mesons. Of these searches, 18 are investigations of decays without previous published results; several others have significantly improved sensitivity over previous results.
Rectocele repair: a randomized trial of three surgical techniques including graft augmentation.

Objective This study was undertaken to compare outcomes of 3 different rectocele repair techniques. Study design One hundred six women with stage II or greater posterior vaginal wall prolapse were randomly assigned to either posterior colporrhaphy (n = 37), site-specific rectocele repair (n = 37), or site-specific rectocele repair augmented with a porcine small intestinal submucosa graft (Fortagen, Organogenesis, Inc, Canton, MA; n = 32). Subjects underwent a physical examination and completed 3 validated pelvic floor instruments at baseline and 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. Anatomic failure was defined as pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system (POPQ) point Bp ≥−2 at 1 year. Results Of 106 subjects who enrolled, 105 underwent surgery and of those 105, 98 subjects returned (93%) with a mean follow-up of 17.5 ± 7 months. After 1 year, those subjects who received graft augmentation had a significantly greater anatomic failure rate (12/26; 46%) than those who received site-specific repair alone (6/27; 22%) or posterior colporraphy (4/28; 14%), P = .02. There was a significant improvement in prolapse and colorectal scales and overall summary scores of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory short form 20 (PFDI-20), the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire short form 7 (PFIQ-7) after surgery in all groups (P Conclusion Posterior colporraphy and site-specific rectocele repair result in similar anatomic and functional outcomes. The addition of a porcine-derived graft does not improve anatomic outcomes. All 3 methods of rectocele repair result in significant improvements in symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function.
Transcription Factor-MicroRNA-Target Gene Networks Associated with Ovarian Cancer Survival and Recurrence

The identification of reliable transcriptome biomarkers requires the simultaneous consideration of regulatory and target elements including microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and target genes. A novel approach that integrates multivariate survival analysis, feature selection, and regulatory network visualization was used to identify reliable biomarkers of ovarian cancer survival and recurrence. Expression profiles of 799 miRNAs, 17,814 TFs and target genes and cohort clinical records on 272 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer were simultaneously considered and results were validated on an independent group of 146 patients. Three miRNAs (hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-22*, and ebv-miR-BHRF1-2*) were associated with both ovarian cancer survival and recurrence and 27 miRNAs were associated with either one hazard. Two miRNAs (hsa-miR-521 and hsa-miR-497) were cohort-dependent, while 28 were cohort-independent. This study confirmed 19 miRNAs previously associated with ovarian cancer and identified two miRNAs that have previously been associated with other cancer types. In total, the expression of 838 and 734 target genes and 12 and eight TFs were associated (FDR-adjusted P-value <0.05) with ovarian cancer survival and recurrence, respectively. Functional analysis highlighted the association between cellular and nucleotide metabolic processes and ovarian cancer. The more direct connections and higher centrality of the miRNAs, TFs and target genes in the survival network studied suggest that network-based approaches to prognosticate or predict ovarian cancer survival may be more effective than those for ovarian cancer recurrence. This study demonstrated the feasibility to infer reliable miRNA-TF-target gene networks associated with survival and recurrence of ovarian cancer based on the simultaneous analysis of co-expression profiles and consideration of the clinical characteristics of the patients.
Can the insect nervous system synthesize ecdysteroids

Abstract The term “neurosteroid” refers to both classic and unique steroid molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol (C) by the central and peripheral nervous systems of higher vertebrates. Therein, they accumulate and modulate nervous activity by a variety of mechanisms other than the classic steroid receptor-mediated modulation of genomic activity, although such may also be involved. Since the insect nervous system expresses ecdysteroid receptors and responds both directly and developmentally to ecdysteroids, the possibility of ecdysteroidogenesis in the pupal and adult central and peripheral nervous system of Manduca sexta and the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster larvae was investigated. The endogenous concentrations of the critical, dietary-derived Δ 5,7 -sterols ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7dC) remained 10 to 20-fold higher in the Manduca pupal and adult nervous tissues than was found in the larval hemolymph at the cessation of feeding. In addition, it was determined that the Manduca pupal nervous system, but not that of the adult, could synthesize 3 H/ 14 C-7dC or 3 H-7-dehydro-25-hydroxycholesterol ( 3 H-7d25C) from 3 H/ 14 C-cholesterol ( 3 H/ 14 C-C) or the polar sterol substrate 3 H-25-hydroxycholesterol ( 3 H-25C), respectively. However, none of the nervous system samples from the two species and the several stages analyzed, a small window of neural development in these insects, were capable of incorporating any of the above tracer precursor sterols into a radiolabelled ecdysteroid, i.e. less than 0.0005%. Thus, the absence of neurosteroidogenesis by the insect nervous system stands in sharp contrast to previously described nervous system steroid hormone biosynthesis by the mammalian nervous system.
Design of Developmental Toxicity Studies for Assessing Joint Effects of Dose and Duration

In the assessment of developmental and reproductive effects, the timing and duration of exposures to chemical compounds or other environmental contaminants are of particular interest, as the gestational cycle is known to have periods of increased sensitivity. The goal of this research is to identify optimal experimental designs for conducting developmental toxicity studies when the effects of both exposure level and duration of exposure are of interest. The elements of the study design considered in this evaluation are the allocation of animals to dose-duration exposure groups and the determination of the most efficient intermediate exposure levels. The optimality of various designs is assessed via the accuracy of the estimated excess risk as well as testing criteria. Simulation studies are conducted to compare these criteria and determine optimal design strategies under various underlying dose-response patterns. Asymptotic results are also derived to lend support to the simulation studies.
Drug-induced Hæmolytic Anæmias and the Mechanism and Significance of Heinz Body Formation in Red Blood Cells

SASS-KORTSAK et al.1 recently presented an interesting discussion of the mechanism of drug-induced haemolytic anaemia and the mechanisms and significance of Heinz body formation in red blood cells. In introducing this subject they cited recent observations of Harley and Maurer, Allen and Jandl, and of their own group as demonstrating that oxidation of haemoglobin may be an important part of the mechanism of drug-induced haemolysis. They then stated that, in a review published prior to the contributions of these authors, I2 had denied this possibility. This is an inadvertent misinterpretation of my published views, which I would like to have the opportunity to correct. I have always regarded the mechanism by which drugs cause haemolysis to be oxidation of a red cell component, probably haemoglobin, and have so stated repeatedly3. The point which I have questioned is whether methaemoglobin plays an essential part in this process.
Frequency Response Of The Thermal Lens

In order to maximize the analytical performance of thermal lens calorimetry, it is useful to know the system frequency response which is formed from the product of the Fourier transform of the thermal lens impulse response with the frequency components of the excitation waveform. This result is used to describe the variation in the small signal response of double beam thermal lens calorimetry with chopping frequency. This information allows the evaluation of the trade-off between signal averaging rate and frequency roll-off to determine an optimal chopping frequency.
Apoptosis in the Nervous System: Morphological Features, Methods, Pathology, and Prevention.

For nearly 70 years apoptosis has been known to be a form of cell death distinct from necrosis as well as an important regressive event during the normal development of the nervous system. For example, in the chick, mouse, rat and human approxiamately 50% of postmitotic neurons die naturally during embryonic or fetal development. It is generally accepted that neurons die during this period by apoptosis. After the period of naturally occurring cell death, the surviving neurons may undergo degeneration and death due to injury or disease later either during development or in adulthood. Recently, apoptosis has been suggested to be involved in the abnormal neuronal death that occurs following axonal injury or in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's. Although little is known about the etiology of these diseases, progress is steadilly being made toward understanding their underlying mechanisms. For diseases of spinal motoneurons, during the past two years gene mutations have been identified in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular atrophy. Furthermore, a number of in vitro, in vivo, and mutant animal models have been developed in order to study the factors which control motoneuron survival and/or death. Here, we review the morphological differences between necrotic and apoptotic cell death and some of the methods used to differentiate the two pathways. We also discuss motoneuron cell death during development, following injury and in disease, and its prevention by different agents, including neurotrophic factors.
A multi-frequency, self-calibrating, in-situ soil sensor with energy efficient wireless interface

Real time and accurate measurement of sub-surface soil moisture and nutrients is critical for agricultural and environmental studies. This paper presents a novel on-board solution for a robust, accurate and self-calibrating soil moisture and nutrient sensor with inbuilt wireless transmission and reception capability that makes it ideally suited to act as a node in a network spread over a large area. The sensor works on the principle of soil impedance measurement by comparing the amplitude and phase of signals incident on and reflected from the soil in proximity of the sensor. Accuracy of measurements is enhanced by considering a distributed transmission line model for the on-board connections. Presence of an inbuilt self-calibrating mechanism which operates on the standard short-open-load (SOL) technique makes the sensor independent of inaccuracies that may occur due to variations in temperature and surroundings. Moreover, to minimize errors, the parasitic impedances of the board are taken into account in the measurements. Measurements of both real and imaginary parts of soil impedance at multiple frequencies gives the sensor an ability to detect variations in ionic concentrations other than soil moisture content. A switch-controlled multiple power mode transmission and reception is provided to support highly energy efficient medium access control. 1
Human cell culture: An important tool for thediagnosis and understanding of disease

Human cells in culture can behave in many ways but the most common culture type is the diploid or chromosomally normal cell line established from biopsy of human tissue. A specialized variety of short-term culture is applied to peripheral blood and is especially useful for the demonstration of human chromosomes. Metabolic defects of the whole individual are reflected in cell culture which then becomes useful for definitive diagnosis and detailed study of the defect. Important processes such as aging, neoplasia, differentiation, and hybridization are appropriately investigated in cultures of human cells. Furthermore, the cell as a unit of biological activity, continues to be an important concept in the study of human disease.
Development of a Marketing Campaign to Recruit Non-adjudicated and Untreated Abusive Men for a Brief Telephone Intervention

Although voluntary enrollment by abusive men in domestic violence perpetrator treatment programs occurs, most men enter treatment only after they have injured a partner or family member and have been arrested, convicted and sentenced. This leaves a serious gap for those who engage in abusive behavior but who have not been served by the legal or social service systems. To address this gap, the researchers applied social marketing principles to recruit abusive men to a telephone-delivered pre-treatment intervention (the Men’s Domestic Abuse Check-Up—MDACU), designed to motivate non-adjudicated and untreated abusive men who are concurrently using alcohol and drugs to enter treatment voluntarily. This article discusses recruitment efforts in reaching perpetrators of intimate partner violence, an underserved population. Informed by McGuire’s communication and persuasion matrix, the researchers describe three phases of the MDACU’s marketing campaign: (1) planning, (2) early implementation, and (3) revision of marketing strategies based on initial results. The researchers’ “lessons learned” conclude the paper.
Model building on asymmetric Z3 orbifolds: non-supersymmetric models

Abstract Four-dimensional string models arising in the asymmetric Z3 orbifold compactifications of the heterotic string are studied. A mechanism for supersymmetry breaking that gives rise to chiral models in four dimensions is presented, and some typical models are discussed. A formalism for calculating one-loop partition functions in Z3 models is developed. One partition function is constructed that may correspond to a non-supersymmetric, tachyon-free theory, with a vanishing cosmological constant as a consequence of Atkin-Lehner symmetry. The negative result of a search for the model corresponding to this partition function is reported.