cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religion and Human Capital in Ghana

This paper examines the religion-human capital link, examining a recent household survey for Ghana. Insights from the recent anthropological literature leads to a prediction of Islam being associated with lower human capital levels than Christianity, since Islam, perhaps surprisingly, may be clustered together with Traditional/Animist religion within the group of orally based religions for the case of Ghana. While previous studies typically have only considered the main religions, thereby not allowing for heterogeneous associations in the links at the sub-group level, and also have not allowed religious affiliation to be endogenously determined, these possibilities are explored here, as well. I find a strong association between individual religious affiliation and human capital as measured by years of schooling, with Christians as a group being more literate and having completed more years of schooling than Muslims and Animists / Traditionalists, thus confirming the predictions from the conceptual framework. At the same time, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the strength of this relationship within different types of Christianity. The instrumental variables estimation strategy proves to be preferable to OLS, while at the same yielding higher associations in the religion-human capital relations ship. In turn, this indicates that previous studies, which have typically used OLS, may have systematically underestimated the strength of the religion-human capital link. Directions for future research are also presented.
A constant subjective quality MPEG encoder

We present an video objective quality measure which has good correlation with subjective tests. We then introduce the objective measure into the design of an MPEG encoder. The new MPEG encoder extracts four features (bit rate, a feature that measures blockiness, one that measures false edges, and one that measures blurred edges) from the input and output video sequences and feeds those features into a four-layered back-propagation neural network which has been trained by subjective testing. Then the system uses a simple feedback technique to adjust the GOP (group of pictures) bit-rate to achieve a constant subjective quality output video sequence.
Women in Science: Hints for Success

For those who don’t know us, let us first introduce ourselves. Both of us are basic scientists who have devoted our research careers to GI topics. We are beyond retirement age as defined by Social Security (and not giving more details), but still fully engaged in our careers. Both of us have raised families and one of us has managed twins. We are not diverse racially or ethnically (more the pity) but are diverse in other ways. One of us was raised in an educated family in the US; the other was raised in an uneducated farming family in Australia. One of us (MKE) has spent her entire career in basic science departments and has worked on topics that have direct application to clinical gastroenterology; in contrast, SJH has spent most of her career in clinical departments doing research that may ultimately have such applications but is inherently more basic. We have both had continuous funding from the NIH for more than 40 years. Both of us have received various awards for our life work and one of us (MKE) is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Combined we have trained: 39 graduate students, 20 MD fellows, 49 PhD fellows, 5 medical students, and 12 junior faculty. Most importantly, we both think a career in science is exciting and rewarding and remain passionate about our continued involvement. In the remainder of this article, we have tried to distill our combined experiences into a list of hints for success and to illustrate 10 of these with vignettes from our careers. Additional hints are summarized Table 1. We also encourage you to read a commentary with recommendations to overcome barriers experienced by women in academia.1 Table 1 Additional Hints for Success
A hybrid implementation of the FDTD and moment methods

The finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method is a commonly used electromagnetic simulation method. However, in the analysis of electrically large structures with curved boundaries, the FDTD method suffers from cumulative errors introduced by inadequate resolution of curvature (stair-casing errors), reflection from absorbing boundaries, numerical dispersion, etc. On the other hand, integral equation based methods such as the method of moments (MoM) have available a wide variety of shape functions and grids for accurate resolution of the field on curved boundaries. We propose to hybridize the FDTD method and the MoM such that FDTD can be implemented on a relatively crude mesh, and the resulting "crude" solution employed as an initial guess to the solution of the MoM matrix equations using the conjugate gradient (CG) method.
Proportions of rat ANP-secreting cells that are cardiomyocytes and that synthesize the hormone

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released from the heart and participates in regulating blood pressure and volume. We recently developed a reverse hemolytic plaque assay to measure the release of ANP from individual rat atrial cardiocytes. This assay determines the total proportion of atrial cardiocytes committed to releasing ANP. We combined the plaque assay with immunocytochemistry (IC) and in situ hybridization (IS). Combining the plaque assay with IC for myosin revealed that 13.5 +/- 0.9% (%myosin+ and plaque forming; mean +/- SE, n = 4) of atrial cardiocytes are cardiomyocytes that release ANP. Combination of the plaque assay with IS for ANP mRNA showed that 16.6 +/- 0.6% (%in situ+ and plaque forming; mean +/- SE, n = 4) of the cardiocytes in the rat atria synthesize and release the hormone. Incubation of atrial cardiocytes with dexamethasone to stimulate ANP gene expression did not alter the total proportion of in situ-positive ANP-secreting cells. These data suggest that, within the total ANP-secreting population of the rat atria, only 33% of the secreting cells are cardiomyocytes. In addition, 68% of the ANP-secreting cells do not appear to synthesize the hormone. These results imply that muscle and nonmuscle cells are involved in secreting ANP and that cardiomyocytes synthesize the hormone.
Reactions to the Threatened Loss of a Child: A Vulnerable Child Syndrome, by Morris Green, MD, and Albert A. Solnit, MD, Pediatrics, 1964;34:58–66

This report describes a constellation of clinical features found in 25 children with a history of an illness or accident from which they recovered, despite their parents9 anticipation of a fatal outcome. The paper proposes the hypothesis that children who are expected by their parents to die prematurely often react with a disturbance in psychosocial development that is rooted in the parent-child relationship, which the authors characterize as a vulnerable child syndrome . The essential features of the proposed syndrome include difficulty with separation, infantile behavior, bodily overconcerns, and school underachievement. The paper provides an overview of predisposing factors and determinants of the presenting symptoms, along with suggestions for both clinical management and primary prevention.
Activated T lymphocytes resist the toxic effects of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2-deoxycoformycin

Abstract The effect of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitor, 2-deoxycoformycin (2′dcf), on the in vitro development of a secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to a Gross virusinduced lymphoma was studied. When primed spleen cells were cocultured with tumor cells in the presence of 2′dcf for 5 days, a 50% reduction in lymphocyte number was observed. Nevertheless, normal levels of CTL activity were attained. Immunofluorescence analysis of cells incubated with 2′dcf revealed a 92% reduction of B cells and a 48% reduction of T cells. The apparently selective resistance of T cells which responded to tumor was demonstrated not only by the finding of normal levels of CTL activity but also by the observations of normal numbers of antigen-responsive lymphoblasts and normal levels of DNA synthesis ([3H]TdR uptake). Since T-cell mitogenesis (Con A response) was also unaffected by 2′dcf, we conclude that resistance to the adverse effects of 2′dcf is a characteristic property of T lymphocyte activation and occurs as a consequence of stimulation by mitogen as well as antigen. Addition of exogenous adenosine (ADO) or deoxyadenosine (dADO) at the initiation of T lymphocyte activation resulted in inhibition of both antigen- and mitogen-induced responses. Our results suggest that the process of T-cell activation brings about a change in ADO and dADO metabolism which renders the cells resistant to the accumulation of toxic metabolites of these nucleosides.
A new rank correlation coefficient for information retrieval

In the field of information retrieval, one is often faced with the problem of computing the correlation between two ranked lists. The most commonly used statistic that quantifies this correlation is Kendall's Τ. Often times, in the information retrieval community, discrepancies among those items having high rankings are more important than those among items having low rankings. The Kendall's Τ statistic, however, does not make such distinctions and equally penalizes errors both at high and low rankings.In this paper, we propose a new rank correlation coefficient, AP correlation (Τap), that is based on average precision and has a probabilistic interpretation. We show that the proposed statistic gives more weight to the errors at high rankings and has nice mathematical properties which make it easy to interpret. We further validate the applicability of the statistic using experimental data.
Appearance of central dipsogenic mechanisms induced by dehydration in near-term rat fetus.

Abstract Cellular dehydration of central osmoreceptors evokes an integration of behavioral (i.e. drinking) and endocrinologic (i.e. arginine vasopressin secretion) responses to maintain body fluid balance. These osmoregulatory mechanisms have been intensely investigated in adult models. However, there has been limited research of the fetal development of neural mechanisms regulating responses to dehydration. Although behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to dehydration have been demonstrated in utero in precocial species (e.g. ovine), there has been no study to date demonstrating that these responses develop before the neonatal period of altricial species (e.g. rat). This study is the first to use the near-term rat fetus to investigate the effects of maternal subcutaneous hypertonic (2 M NaCl) or isotonic (0.15 M NaCl) saline injection on fetal plasma osmolality and brain FOS-immunoreactivity (FOS-ir). Maternal subcutaneous hypertonic saline significantly increased maternal and fetal plasma osmolality to similar levels (328±6 and 326±6 mosM/kg, respectively). In response to plasma hypertonicity, maternal and fetal brain FOS-ir increased significantly in the regions including the lamina terminalis, and the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) of the hypothalamus. Together, these data indicate that central mechanisms for dipsogenic and arginine vasopressin secretory responses to hypertonicity are present and responsive in the fetal rat brain at near-term gestation. However, differences between fetal and maternal FOS-ir mapping suggest that fetal osmoreceptor development is not yet completed near term.
Maximal sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares. I

One problem of interest in the study of latin squares is that of determining parameter pairs ( n , r ) for which there exists a maximal set of r mutually orthogonal latin squares of order n . In this paper we find new such parameter pairs by constructing maximal sets of mutually orthogonal latin squares using difference matrices. In the process we generalize known non-existence results for complete mappings, strong complete mappings and Knut Vic designs.
Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease: the brain sparing effect

Fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD) have circulatory abnormalities that may compromise cerebral oxygen delivery. We believe that some CHD fetuses with decreased cerebral oxygen supply have autoregulation of blood flow that enhances cerebral perfusion (brain sparing). We hypothesize that cerebral autoregulation occurs in CHD fetuses, and the degree of autoregulation is dependent on the specific CHD and correlates with intrauterine head circumferences. CHD fetuses were compared to normal fetuses. Data included cardiac diagnosis, cerebral and umbilical artery Doppler, head circumference, weight, and gestational age. The cerebral-to-placental resistance ratio (CPR) was assessed as a measure of cerebral autoregulation. CPR = cerebral/umbilical resistance index (RI) and RI = systolic–diastolic/systolic velocity (normal CPR>1). CPR>1 was found in 95% of normal vs 44% of CHD fetuses. The incidence of CPR 2 kg with CHD and a CPR<1 had smaller head circumferences than normal. Brain sparing occurs in CHD fetuses. Fetuses with single ventricular physiology are most affected. Inadequate cerebral flow in CHD fetuses, despite autoregulation, may alter brain growth.
Antiochene Exegesis in Western Europe During the Middle Ages

THE OUTSTANDING importance of allegorical interpretation to the medieval scholar engaged on interpreting the Scriptures is well known. The method, which had originated in the East and was older than Christianity, became well established in the West during the Patristic age; in its application there was a good deal of variety. Ambrosiaster in commenting on the Pauline epistles combined orthodoxy with an unswerving adherence to the historical sense. Tyconius, on the other hand, laid down no less than seven rules whereby to interpret the prophecies in the Old Testament. Augustine went further in finding allegorical meaning in passages of Holy Writ than Jerome, who always maintained a certain balance in expounding the literal and the spiritual sense. The latter is more pronounced in his earlier commentaries when he was still consciously under the influence of Origen. In his later works allegorical interpretation becomes noticeably less; but it is not wholly absent even from his unfinished commentary on Jeremiah.1 To Gregory the Great the sensus spiritalis and particularly the sensus moralis were of such paramount significance as almost to oust the literal meaning. His influence on Bede and through Bede, as well as directly, on later expounders of the Bible was enormous. Ambrosiaster's commentary, in spite of his avoidance of allegory, in one form or another was widely used in the Middle Ages, as the large number of extant manuscripts as well as citations in later authors make abundantly clear.2 The emphasis on the literal sense was, however, characteristic above all of the Antiochene school of commentators, Diodorus of Tarsus and his pupils,
Centipedegrass—Diversity and Vulnerability

The genus Eremochloa consists of eight species of which only centipedegrass [E. ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] is cultivated for turf. In the USA, the genetic base for this species is narrow because most of the centipedegrass grown originates from a single accession introduced as seed from China as a result of a plant exploration trip by Frank Meyer in 1916. Introduction of centipedegrass from the area of origin, central to southern China, has been limited and sporadic. Morphological variation has been increased in this species by irradiating seed with gamma radiation and by developing a random mating population among 31 foreign introductions and 24 domestic selections. A systematic germplasm collecting expedition in the area of origin is needed for this species
Liver function and phase I drug metabolism in the elderly: a paradox.

Aging is accompanied by marked changes in the physiology of many organs, as well as in their constituent cells. These nonpathological alterations in structure and/or function may affect normal physiological processes in the elderly (individuals >65 years), for example drug disposition. The liver plays a major role in drug clearance and aging has been reported to diminish this hepatic capacity, particularly the clearance of drugs that undergo mandatory oxidation by the microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenase systems. Liver volume and blood flow decline with age in humans and, no doubt, this contributes to the diminished clearance of drugs that exhibit first-pass kinetic profiles. Changes in liver morphology with aging that have been described in rodents are limited to the hepatocytes, for example accumulation of dense bodies and loss of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. There is no evidence that the increase in intracellular lipofuscin adversely affects hepatocyte functions. A number of studies have documented significant age-related declines in the amounts, specific activities and rates of induction of liver microsomal mono-oxygenases in inbred male rats. On the basis of a variety of clinical tests, most liver functions in humans appear to be well preserved. The most remarkable characteristic of liver function in the elderly is the increase in interindividual variability, a feature that may obscure age-related differences. Most in vitro studies using nonhuman primate or human liver tissue did not detect age-related deficiencies in cytochrome P450-dependent microsomal mono-oxygenases. On the other hand, there have been recent reports of age-related, but not gender-related, declines in the in vitro activities of several human liver mono-oxygenases, for example the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A. Nevertheless, reduced liver volume and blood flow in the elderly permit the reconciliation of: (i) the in vivo clinical pharmacokinetic data indicative of reduced hepatic drug clearance; and (ii) the absence of significant age-related declines in the amounts or in vitro activities of liver microsomal mono-oxygenases.
Constitutive Smad signaling and Smad-dependent collagen gene expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a potent inducer of collagen synthesis, is implicated in pathological fibrosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a nuclear hormone receptor that regulates adipogenesis and numerous other biological processes. Here, we demonstrate that collagen gene expression was markedly elevated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking PPAR-gamma compared to heterozygous control MEFs. Treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand 15d-PGJ(2) failed to down-regulate collagen gene expression in PPAR-gamma null MEFs, whereas reconstitution of these cells with ectopic PPAR-gamma resulted in their normalization. Compared to control MEFs, PPAR-gamma null MEFs displayed elevated levels of the Type I TGF-beta receptor (TbetaRI), and secreted more TGF-beta1 into the media. Furthermore, PPAR-gamma null MEFs showed constitutive phosphorylation of cellular Smad2 and Smad3, even in the absence of exogenous TGF-beta, which was abrogated by the ALK5 inhibitor SB431542. Constitutive Smad2/3 phosphorylation in PPAR-gamma null MEFs was associated with Smad3 binding to its cognate DNA recognition sequences, and interaction with coactivator p300 previously implicated in TGF-beta responses. Taken together, these results indicate that loss of PPAR-gamma in MEFs is associated with upregulation of collagen synthesis, and activation of intracellular Smad signal transduction, due, at least in part, to autocrine TGF-beta stimulation.
Integrating the general theory of crime into an explanation of violent victimization among female offenders

In 1999, Schreck extended Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control theory to explain victimization and the victim-offender overlap. His analysis of college students revealed that low self-control was significantly associated with victimization. We build on Shreck's work by assessing whether low self-control contributes to victimization among a sample of female offenders while controlling for routine activities/lifestyle behaviors. We advanced two research questions: (1) Can self-control theory account for variations in victimization? (2) Do risky lifestyle behaviors mediate the effects of self-control? The results were consistent with the hypothesis that low self-control is a risk factor for victimization, even after lifestyle behaviors were controlled.
Investigation of Boundary Layer Transition and Separation in an Axial Turbine Cascade Using Glue-On Hot-Film Gages

Experiments were conducted with glue-on hot-film gages in a large-scale axial turbine cascade to identify transition and/or separation on the suction surface of the blade. Standard strain-gage type temperature sensors were adapted and used as the gages and Transition and separation were identified by examining the mean and RMS voltage output. To assist with interpreting the output of the gages, surface oil-flow visualizations were used. Results of this study showed that transition and separation could be easily identified with the hot-film gages. Depending upon the Reynolds number and free stream turbulence level, the suction surface boundary layer was found to undergo bubble-induced transition, natural transition, or a combination of both; i.e, a transition which started naturally but ended abruptly with a bubble.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
The effect of life-experience credits on admissions to graduate school

The results of a 13-item questionnaire mailed to all graduates of the Division of General Studies of Iona College, New Rochelle, N.Y., who had received “life-experience” credits as part of their undergraduate degree are presented. The purpose of the study was to determine the acceptability of life-experience credits by graduate schools in order to provide students with accurate information in advising them about postgraduate plans, to determine if there were a trend toward or away from acceptability of nontraditional credentialing and, if necessary, to be an advocate for our students and the concept of life-experience credentialing.
STUDYING THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE ON THE MIND BY CONSTRUCTING ROBOTS THAT HAVE LANGUAGE

In this position paper we discuss how language influences the mind by comparing robots that have language with robots that do not have language. Robots with language respond more adaptively to objects belonging to different categories and requiring different behaviors compared to robots without language, and it is possible to show that categories of objects are represented differently in the neural network which controls the behavior of the two types of robots. By exposing the robots to sounds which co-vary systematically with specific aspects of their experience, the robots can distinguish nouns from verbs and can respond appropriately to simple noun–verb sentences. Robots can also be used to show that, while all animals develop a mental (neural) model of their environment which incorporates the co-variations among different aspects of their experiences, human beings develop a more analytical and modular model because specific sounds co-vary with different aspects of their experiences — and this may explain why human beings have a more articulated and creative behavioral repertoire.
Evaluation of color-embedded wavelet image compression techniques

Color embedded image compression is investigated by means of a set of core experiments that seek to evaluate the advantages of various color transformations, spatial orientation trees and the use of monochrome embedded coding schemes such as EZW and SPIHT. In order to take advantage of the interdependencies of the color components for a given color space, two new spatial orientation trees that relate frequency bands and color components are investigated.
Orbital Avitene Granuloma Formation After Enucleation for Intraocular Retinoblastoma

Purpose To report a case of orbital foreign body granuloma formation, mimicking tumor recurrence, secondary to the use of Avitene after enucleation for intraocular retinoblastoma. Methods Eight months after undergoing enucleation for retinoblastoma, a 21-month-old boy underwent a biopsy of an orbital mass. Results Histopathologic examination of the orbital biopsy specimen disclosed a proliferative granulomatous foreign body reaction surrounding multiple foci of a coarse fibrillar intercellular substance consistent with Avitene. No retinoblastoma cells were present. Conclusion A foreign body reaction should be included in the differential diagnosis of orbital mass lesions after surgery in which Avitene is used.
Mixture effects of JP-8 additives on the dermal disposition of jet fuel components.

Aliphatic and aromatic components in formulated jet fuels can cause occupational dermatitis. However, the influence of JP-8 performance additives (DIEGME, 8Q21, and Stadis450) on the dermal disposition of fuel components is not well understood. These additives are formulated with commercial Jet-A to form military JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of these additives on the dermal disposition of marker aromatic and aliphatic components, naphthalene and dodecane, respectively. Porcine skin sections in an in vitro system were used to characterize chemical-biological interactions that modulate diffusion of jet fuel components and isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs) were used to evaluate diffusion in a viable skin model with an intact microvasculature. In these 5-h studies, Jet-A, Jet-A + DIEGME, Jet-A + 8Q21, and Jet-A + Stadis450, Jet-A + DIEGME + 8Q21, Jet-A + DIEGME + Stadis450, Jet-A + 8Q21 + Stadis450, and JP-8 mixtures were tested. In general, naphthalene absorption (0.76-2.39% dose) was greater than dodecane absorption (0.10-0.84% dose), while the IPPSFs alone demonstrated that dodecane absorption was significantly greater in JP-8 than in Jet-A. Synergistic interactions with 8Q21 + Stadis450 appear to enhance systemic absorption of either naphthalene or dodecane, while DIEGME + Stadis450 increased naphthalene (1.88% dose) and dodecane (2.02% dose) penetration into the skin and fat tissues of IPPSFs. These findings were supported by the fact that 8Q21 + Stadis450 significantly increased dodecane flux and permeability in porcine skin sections, but 8Q21 alone reduced marker diffusion in both membrane systems. Furthermore, dodecane is more likely than naphthalene to remain in the stratum corneum and skin surface at 5 h, and DIEGME mixtures played a significant role in skin and surface retention of both markers. In summary, the data suggest that various combinations of these three performance additives in JP-8 can potentially alter the dermal disposition of aromatic and aliphatic fuel components in skin. More importantly, products of two-factor interactions were not predictable from single-factor exposures and, by extension, cannot be extrapolated to three-factor interactions.
Variation in institutional review board responses to a standard protocol for a multicenter clinical trial.

Abstract. Multicenter clinical trials require approval by multiple local institutional review boards (IRBs). The Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration mailed a clinical trial protocol to its U.S. investigators and 44 IRBs ultimately reviewed it. Objective: To describe IRB responses to one standard protocol and thereby gain insight into the advantages and disadvantages of local IRB review. Methods: Two surveys were mailed to participants, with telephone follow-up of nonrespondents. Survey 1 was mailed to 82 investigators across North America. Survey 2 was mailed to investigators from 44 medical centers in 17 U.S. states. Survey 1 asked about each investigator's local IRB (e.g., frequency of meetings, membership), whereas survey 2 asked about IRB queries and concerns related to the submitted clinical trial. Results: Both surveys had 100% response rate. Investigators submitted applications a median of 58 days (interquartile range [IQR], 40-83) after receipt of the protocol, and IRB approval took an additional 38 days (IQR, 26-62). Although eight applications were approved with little or no changes, IRBs requested an average of 3.5 changes per site. Changes involved study logistics and supervision for 45%, the research process for 43%, and the consent form for 91%. Despite these numerous requests, all eventually approved the basic protocol, including inclusion criteria, intervention, and data collection. Conclusions: The IRBs showed extreme variability in their initial responses to a standard protocol, but ultimately all gave approval. Almost all IRBs changed the consent form. A national, multicenter IRB process might streamline ethical review and warrants further consideration.
Femoroacetabular Impingement in the Athlete: Compensatory Injury Patterns

Femoroacetabular impingement is an increasingly recognized cause of hip and groin pain in the athlete. Loss of hip motion from femoroacetabular impingement may result in compensatory injury patterns involving the hemipelvis, including osteitis pubis, sports hernia, sacroiliac joint pain, muscle strains, low back pain, and posterior hip subluxations. Failure to recognize and address intra-articular hip pathology, in addition to treating compensatory injury patterns, can result in continued disability in a subset of athletes.
Homage to Adorno’s “Homage to Zerlina”

Amid the high-stilted gentlemen and tragic ladies she succeeds only in being an episodic figure. Indeed, an irresistible glance has been cast toward her-over the abyss of the classes the dissolute grandee offers his hand to her, and she is perhaps too shy not to come with him at once to his castle. It is not far from here. But because the opera buffa does not allow the seduction of the innocent, who Masetto surely could not revenge as elegantly as the correct Ottavio his Donna Anna, Da Ponte thwarts the planned promiscuity where there is no exchange of equal parts. He restores the moral and social hierarchies and through the Stygian night he shines the lantern light of blissful nearness on her reconciliation with the one who lends his name to the blundering and the clumsy. In Mozart's orchestral postlude divided mankind seems to be reconciled. Such reconciliation takes place in the name of freedom. Zerlina's music sounds as if it would enter into the white and golden hall of the eighteenth century through the open casement window. She still sings arias, but their melodies are already songs: nature, her breeze breaking the spell of the ceremonial manner, remains surrounded by form, sheltered by a fading style. In Zerlina's image, the rhythm of rococo and revolution halts. She is no longer a shepherdess, but not yet a citoyenne. She belongs to the historical moment in between, and, in passing, she reflects a humanity, which would not be mutilated by feudal force but protected from bourgeois barbarity. Some poems of the young Goethe are of this kind. "And thus she steps before the mirror in all her cheerfulness"2 is a miniature portrait of Zerlina, and like Friederike she stands "on the boundary between country and city woman. Slender and light, she tripped along as she had nothing to carry and her neck seemed almost too delicate for the large fair braids on her dainty little head. Through cheerful blue eyes she looked very plainly around and her turned-up nose peered as freely into the air as if there could be no harm in the world; her straw hat hung on her arm and thus at the first glance, I had the delight of seeing
Surface motion of the spherical MIT bag and implications for baryon spectroscopy.

The covariance of the MIT bag model is utilized in order to study the time dependence of the bag surface. Specifically, we derive classical equations of motion for the bag radius R=R(t) and the conjugate momentum P=P(t). Apart from the well-known static-cavity modes we find approximate time-dependent solutions with an average mass parameter of about 500 MeV for isotropic surface oscillations. The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization prescription gives the energies of the excited modes which are compared to the experimental energies of the N and \ensuremath{\Delta} resonances seen in the P11 and P33 channels, respectively. We find that with the exception of the nucleon ground state, the level spacings of the experimentally well established resonances can be reproduced with two parameters B and ${z}_{0}$. The model makes a prediction for the \ensuremath{\Delta}(1600) and N(2100) levels which are assigned low quality (\ensuremath{\le}lstarlstar) by the Particle Data Group; the position of the isobar state is well predicted whereas that of the nucleon level seems uncertain.
Systemic necrotizing vasculitis associated with childhood sarcoidosis

Childhood sarcoidosis is a rare disorder with protean manifestations. The case of a child with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and systemic necrotizing vasculitis manifesting as fever, rash and skin infarctions, digital pregangrene, and foot drop is reported. This is the first case of systemic necrotizing vasculitis reported in sarcoidosis. The fulminant course of the disease required treatment with intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide and high doses of corticosteroids. The spectrum of vasculitis in childhood and adult sarcoidosis is reviewed.
The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency.

The impact of ethnicity on word fluency measures, i.e., the FAS (Benton & Hamsher, 1976) and Animal Naming (AN) (Spreen & Strauss, 1991) tests, was explored. The groups included: White (n = 200), Black (n = 200), and Hispanic (n = 200) veterans. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant main effects for FAS and AN total scores both before and after covarying for income, education, and Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised Reading scores (p < .05). The largest unadjusted group mean difference approximated a medium effect size. No differences were found between FAS and AN standardized scores within each group. The findings are discussed as they relate to clinical practice and research.
The architecture of the pectoral appendage of the dogfish

The m. trapezius, with both brachial and branchial functions, is in seeming series with the mm. interarcuales laterales. The intrinsic muscles of the fin occur as a dorsal extensor sheet and three (or four) ventral flexor components. The spinal nerves, uncomplicated by extensive anastomoses, which supply the fin, clearly show that in the dogfish the fin muscles are derived not from dorsal and ventral elements, but from anterior and posterior, or protractor and retractor elements. The nerves prove that from the original protractor musculature only the anterior portion of the present flexor group is derived, while the original retractor musculature has become all of the extensor and the posterior part of the flexor series. Faradic stimulation of the live animal is satisfactory, although there is much variation in the sensitivity, particularly of different muscles.
Thiosulfate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes: A Review of R&D Results

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) has been tested in a pilot plant as an oxidation inhibitor in flue gas desulfurization by lime and limestone slurry scrubbing with and without MgO and adiplc acid additives. The effectiveness of thiosulfate is proportional to the inhibitor product, defined as the product of thiosulfate concentration (M), calcium concentration (M), and the moles of SO2 absorbed per hour per liter of hold tank volume. Gypsum saturation was less than 100 percent and scaling was eliminated when the inhibitor product exceeded 0.3 × 10−6(gmol/L)3/h. Thiosulfate was relatively more effective in systems with chlorides and less effective in systems promoted by MgO. An inhibitor product greater than 10−6(gmol/L)3/h significantly enhanced dewatering of solids from limestone scrubbing. SO2 removal and/or limestone utilization were increased in systems that started with less than 10 mM dissolved calcium.
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF CANCER

For the past 50 years, the search has continued for systematically administered agents that can produce profound and lasting effects on human cancers. This has led to the use of many cytoxically and hormonally active agents and, more recently, to the use of biologic agents. The author presents the 10th in a series of periodic updates in this journal on the current status of systematic treatment of cancer.
GABA facilitation by noradrenaline shows supersensitivity in cerebellum after 6-hydroxydopamine.

Alterations of cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to microiontophoretically applied noradrenaline (NA) were studied in rats after the destruction of NA-containing afferents and terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). An enhanced efficacy of NA action after 6-OHDA treatment was indicated by a significant reduction in the mean iontophoretic current required for a threshold depressant response to NA. A potentiation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition by administration of NA, similar to that previously observed in control animals, was also reliably elicited in 6-OHDA pretreated rats. In addition, Purkinje cells appeared to demonstrate an increase in sensitivity to such facilitating actions of NA, defined here as “modulatory supersensitivity”. In contrast to the prolonged synergistic interactions between NA and GABA observed in control animals, however, the enhancement of the amino acid response in 6-OHDA treated animals did not persist beyond the period of NA ejection and converted instead to a period of rebound insensitivity to GABA action. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for the emergence of supersensitivity to NA action in cerebellum after the loss of noradrenergic input from locus coeruleus.
GriT: a CORBA-based grid middleware architecture

Rapid advances in networking, hardware, and middleware technologies are facilitating the development and deployment of grid applications, which are characterized, by their very high computing and resource requirements. These applications and services have multiple, simultaneous end-to-end quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as delay guarantees, jitter guarantees, security, scalability, reliability and availability guarantees, and bandwidth and throughput guarantees. Moreover, these applications and services require secure, controlled, reliable, and guaranteed access to different types of resources, such as network bandwidth, computing power, and storage capabilities, available from multiple service providers. To support next-generation grid applications effectively, there is a need to simplify grid programming by developing a new grid middleware that raises the level of abstraction, and reduces the accidental complexities incurred, by programming at the grid infrastructure middleware level offered by existing grid middleware such as Globus, ICENI, and Legion. Moreover, the new grid middleware must ensure multiple end-to-end QoS properties simultaneously. The paper provides three contributions to the research on next generation grid middleware architecture that provides the above-mentioned properties. First, we describe how we are utilizing the standards-based CORBA distributed object computing and integration technology to design the next generation grid middleware, called Grid TAO (GriT) that complements and enhances existing low-level Grid middleware, such as Globus. Second, we describe how we are using the real-time, fault-tolerant, and data parallel CORBA features to implement GriT to provide the desired properties. Finally, we show how CORBA's platform and language independence features are used in GriT to resolve the portability and interoperability challenges faced, by current grid applications.
A Weak Calcium Binding Site in Subtilisin BPN‘ Has a Dramatic Effect on Protein Stability

The crystal structures of both subtilisin 8397 and a thermostable variant (Lys 256 Tyr) have been determined to 2.2 and 1.8 A resolution. The thermostable variant (8397+1) was previously shown to exhibit enhanced thermostability over 8397 in both aqueous solutions and the polar organic solvent dimethylformamide (Sears, P.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6521−6530). The single substitution did not induce major changes in the protein structure (total rms deviation is 0.41 A); however, changes in calcium binding were detected. The strong calcium binding site was occupied in both structures as has been seen in other subtilisins (Pantoliano, M.; et al. Biochemistry 1988, 27, 8311−8317). Unexpectedly, the weak calcium binding site was occupied in the 8397+1 structure but not in the 8397 structure. The goal of the Lys 256 Tyr mutation was to improve the stability of subtilisin in DMF by removing a surface charge. However, changing this residue altered calcium binding at a site 12 A away, illustrating the im...
Vibrational spectra and structure of organogermanes. Normal modes and force constants for trimethylchlorogermane

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of trimethylchlorogermane have been recorded over the frequency range of 33–4000 cm −1 . Assignments of the normal modes have been made on the basis of band types, Raman depolarization values, and characteristic frequencies. The valence force field model has been utilized in calculating the frequencies and potential energy distribution for the molecule. The results support the present assignment. The calculated potential constants agree with those reported in the literature. The results of the calculations are discussed in terms of the present assignment for trimethylchlorogermane and previously reported potential constants for the group IV trimethyl halides.
Retention and selectivity in amino, cyano and diol normal bonded phase high-performance liquid chromatographic columns

Abstract Selectivity matrices have been used to characterize the retention of polar solutes in amino-, diol- and cyano-silica normal bonded phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) columns. Three solutes and three solvents were chosen to represent the apices of the Snyder selectivity triangle. Mobile phases consisted of binary mixtures of polar solvent modifiers and hexane. The selectivity matrices, derived from the adsorption-displacement model of retention, provide not only a quantitative measure of the impact of localization and secondary solvent effects, but also give insight into the mechanisms responsible for observed behaviour. Detailed discussions of localization phenomena (site-competition and restricted-access delocalization) and secondary solvent effects, both in the mobile and stationary phases, are included for all three bonded phases as are comparisons of the impact of residual silanols on retention. One important result to emerge from these studies is the potential for isocratic, multi-stage HPLC separations when these columns are coupled and used with the appropriate mobile phase.
On the Effects of Mismatch on Quadrature Accuracy in Tapped-Capacitor Load Independent Quadrature LC-Oscillators

This paper presents a study of quadrature phase error due to various systematic mismatches and loading effects on the oscillation frequency in a tapped-capacitor parallel coupled LC-tank oscillator. Vector based analysis is carried out to evaluate the general oscillating condition. Closed-form expressions for oscillation frequency and quadrature accuracy in the presence of loading are derived for the case of weak coupling. It is shown with rigorous analysis, for the first time, that the tapped-capacitor LC-tank oscillator exhibits oscillation frequency that is independent of loading conditions. The analysis clearly demonstrates that the effects of mismatch in tapped-capacitors on quadrature accuracy can be minimized by proper choice of coupling factor and shows that the error due to these tapped-capacitors is independent of the quality factor of the tank. Results from Spectre simulations are used to validate the analytical results.
Application of Time-Temperature Indicators in Monitoring Changes in Quality Attributes of Perishable and Semiperishable Foods

The response of full-history time-temperature indicators attached to different packages containing five perishable and semiperishable foods (tomatoes, naked and wrapped lettuce, canned fruitcake, and UHT sterilized milk) was studied. The products were stored at constant and variable temperature treatments simulating commercial storage and handling practices. Changes in specific quality attributes were periodically evaluated by means of sensory analysis, and the monitored attributes were correlated with indicator response. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the indicators studied and quality changes in tomatoes and UHT sterilized milk.
Participating in Science at Home: Recognition Work and Learning in Biology.

This article presents an analysis of the longitudinal consequences of out-of-school science learning with a conceptual framework that connects the intentions of youth to their participation in science. The focus is on one girl's science activities in her home and hobby pursuits from fourth to seventh grade to create an empirical account of how youth gain access to scientific knowledge and science practices in informal learning environments. The analysis uses fieldnotes, videotape recordings, and transcripts centered on the epistemic, social, and material resources related to learning in biology. The focal participant of the study, Penelope, engaged with animal activities in her home and hobby pursuits in ways that overlapped scientific practice. She (1) engaged in observational inquiry, (2) used media to understand animal behavior, (3) tinkered with feeding to keep her animals healthy, and (4) manipulated her animals and animal-related artifacts to create routines and safe indoor habitats. Penelope used these four competencies to gain access to new science learning situations in school and afterschool settings. Yet, as she participated in science practices around animals, she sought to be recognized as uninterested in science. Instead, she used her talk and activities to be recognized in animal caretaking roles in the settings that mattered to her. Penelope's behavior of distancing herself from science while still seeking out experiences to learn about animal biology shows that recognition work is a complex negotiation between aspects of one's self and of science. Implications to theories are drawn related to science education and recognition work. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 597–630, 2012
Beyond the Endogeneity Bias: The Effect of Unmeasured Brand Characteristics on Household-Level Brand Choice Models

We investigate the role of potential weekly brand-specific characteristics that influence consumer choices, but are unobserved or unmeasurable by the researcher. We use an empirical approach, based on the estimation methods used for standard random coefficients logit models, to account for the presence of such unobserved attributes. Using household scanner panel data, we find evidence that ignoring such time-varying latent (to the researcher) characteristics can lead to two types of problems. First, consistent with previous literature, we find that these unobserved characteristics may lead to biased estimates of the mean price response parameters. This argument is based on a form of price endogeneity. If marketing managers set prices based on consumer willingness to pay, then the observed prices will likely be correlated with the latent (to the researcher) brand characteristics. We resolve this problem by using an instrumental variables procedure. Our findings suggest that simply ignoring these attributes may also lead to larger estimates of the variance in the heterogeneity distribution of preferences and price sensitivities across households. This could overstate the benefits from marketing activities such as household-level targeting. We resolve the problem by using weekly brand intercepts, embedded in a random coefficients brand choice model, to control for weekly brand-specific characteristics, while accounting for household heterogeneity. Overall, our results extend the finding on the endogeneity bias from the mean of the heterogeneity distribution (i.e., the price effect) to include the variance of that distribution.