cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distress in patients with bleeding disorders: a single institutional cross-sectional study

Introduction Distress may affect a patient's ability to cope with and manage disease. Aim To report distress prevalence in adult patients with bleeding disorders and determine whether specific clinical and health characteristics, including disease severity and employment status, are associated with distress. Methods Patients who visited a Haemophilia Treatment Centre (HTC) between January 1st, 2012 through February 28th, 2014 and who completed a distress screen, pain screen and questionnaire were evaluated cross sectionally. Distress was measured by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Management Tool, which allowed patients to rate recent distress on a 0–10 point scale. A rating of five or more was categorized as high distress. Pain was measured by the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form, which asked patients to rate pain types on 0–10 point scales. Patients reported employment and other demographic and behavioural information on the questionnaire. Primary diagnosis, age, HIV and HCV status were abstracted from medical records. Adjusted logistic regression was used to identify distress associations. Results High distress prevalence among 152 patients with bleeding disorders was 31.6%. Unemployment, disability, greater depressive symptoms and higher pain were associated with high distress in multivariable models. Bleeding disorder diagnosis, race/ethnicity, HIV/HCV status and on-demand treatment regimen were not associated with high distress. Conclusion Distress among patients with congenital bleeding disorders followed at a comprehensive HTC was high and similar to that reported among patients with cancer. Future research should determine whether distress impacts clinical outcomes in patients with bleeding disorders as demonstrated in other chronic disorders.
Atopic dermatitis : understanding the disease and its management

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin disease that can significantly reduce the quality of life of not only patients but also entire families. This review will f...
Differential Incorporation of Cholesterol by Sindbis Virus Grown in Mammalian or Insect Cells

Cholesterol has been shown to be essential for the fusion of alphaviruses with artificial membranes (liposomes). Cholesterol has also been implicated as playing an essential and critical role in the processes of entry and egress of alphaviruses in living cells. Paradoxically, insects, the alternate host for alphaviruses, are cholesterol auxotrophs and contain very low levels of this sterol. To further evaluate the role of cholesterol in the life cycle of alphaviruses, the cholesterol levels of the alphavirus Sindbis produced from three different mosquito (Aedes albopictus) cell lines; one other insect cell line, Sf21 from Spodoptera frugiperda; and BHK (mammalian) cells were measured. Sindbis virus was grown in insect cells under normal culture conditions and in cells depleted of cholesterol by growth in serum delipidated by using Cab-O-sil, medium treated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, or serum-free medium. The levels of cholesterol incorporated into the membranes of the cells and into the virus produced from these cells were determined. Virus produced from these treated and untreated cells was compared to virus grown in BHK cells under standard conditions. The ability of insect cells to produce Sindbis virus after delipidation was found to be highly cell specific and not dependent on the level of cholesterol in the cell membrane. A very low level of cholesterol was required for the generation of wild-type levels of infectious Sindbis virus from delipidated cells. The data show that one role of the virus membrane is structural, providing the stability required for infectivity that may not be provided by the delipidated membranes in some cells. These data show that the amount of cholesterol in the host cell membrane in and of itself has no effect on the process of virus assembly or on the ability of virus to infect cells. Rather, these data suggest that the cholesterol dependence reported for infectivity and assembly of Sindbis virus is a reflection of differences in the insect cell lines used and the methods of delipidation.
Cytokine and Chemokine Production by Human Oral and Vaginal Epithelial Cells in Response to Candida albicans

Oropharyngeal and vaginal candidiases are the most common forms of mucosal fungal infections and are primarily caused by Candida albicans, a dimorphic fungal commensal organism of the gastrointestinal and lower female reproductive tracts. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that local immunity is important in host defense against candidiasis. Accordingly, cytokines and chemokines are present at the oral and vaginal mucosa during C. albicans infections. Since mucosal epithelial cells produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to microorganisms and since C. albicans is closely associated with mucosal epithelial cells as a commensal, we sought to identify cytokines and/or chemokines produced by primary oral and vaginal epithelial cells and cell lines in response to C. albicans. The results showed that proinflammatory cytokines were produced by oral and/or vaginal epithelial cells at various levels constitutively with considerable interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not IL-6, produced in response to C. albicans. In contrast, Th1-type (IL-12 and gamma interferon) and Th2-type-immunoregulatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor β) cytokines and the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and IL-8 were produced in low to undetectable concentrations with little additional production in response to C. albicans. Taken together, these results indicate that cytokines and chemokines are variably produced by oral and vaginal epithelial cells constitutively, as well as in response to C. albicans, and are predominated by proinflammatory cytokines.
ω−3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study

Background: ω−3 (n−3) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) affect processes implicated in vascular and neural retinal pathogenesis and thus may influence the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objective: We investigated whether ω−3 LCPUFA intake was associated with a reduced likelihood of developing central geographic atrophy (CGA) and neovascular (NV) AMD. Design: We undertook a nested cohort study within a multicenter phase 3 clinical trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), to study progression to advanced AMD in 1837 persons at moderate-to-high risk of this condition. The AREDS was designed to assess the clinical course, prognosis, risk factors, and nutrient-based treatments of AMD and ran from November 1992 to December 2005. We obtained baseline data on ω−3 LCPUFA intake with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Trained fundus graders ascertained AMD status from annual stereoscopic color photographs by using standardized methods at a single reading center across a 12-y period. We applied multivariable repeated-measures logistic regression with the incorporation of generalized estimating equation methods, because this permitted determination of progression to outcome at each visit. Results: Participants who reported the highest ω−3 LCPUFA intake (median: 0.11% of total energy intake) were 30% less likely than their peers to develop CGA and NV AMD. The respective odds ratios were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.92; P ≤ 0.02) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.94; P ≤ 0.02). Conclusions: The 12-y incidence of CGA and NV AMD in participants at moderate-to-high risk of these outcomes was lowest for those reporting the highest consumption of ω−3 LCPUFAs. If these results are generalizable, they may guide the development of low-cost and easily implemented preventive interventions for progression to advanced AMD. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00594672.
Influence of the Amazon/Orinoco Plume on the summertime Atlantic climate

[1] A plume of fresh water forms in the Atlantic due to discharge from the Amazon and Orinoco rivers and creates a stable barrier layer near the surface that is associated with warm sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The boreal summer atmospheric response to this sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is investigated using a regional atmospheric model. Results from two ensembles, one with the plume SSTA removed, and the other with an idealized plume SSTA imposed, reveal that the scale of the SSTA forcing is large enough to influence the summer climate over the tropical western Atlantic and Central America. Rainfall increases over the SSTAs and downstream over the Caribbean Sea and Central America, as sensible and latent heating associated with the plume SSTAs force a Rossby/ Kelvin wave dynamical response. The result is westward shift by 12° of longitude of the North Atlantic subtropical anticyclone, a northward repositioning of the summertime subtropical anticyclone extension over the Gulf of Mexico, and increased moisture convergence into Central America. Warm SSTAs associated with the plume also influence simulated summer tropical Atlantic storms. The presence of the plume increases the number of Atlantic basin storms by 60% (i.e., 4.66 more storms). An increase in storm intensity also occurs, with a 61% increase of the number of storms that reach tropical storm and hurricane strength. However, these storms tend to be shorter lived and are associated with a 12% decrease in the number of tropical storm days. Storm trajectories also shift westward over the western Atlantic associated with the presence of the plume, bringing them closer to the U.S. coast as both the steering winds and vertical wind shear over the Atlantic are modified. These results suggest that the August storm systems may be more likely to track closer to the U.S. coast and/or over the Gulf of Mexico. Since the Amazon and Orinoco rivers are fed primarily by rainfall in the Amazon Basin during austral summer, the influence of the plume SSTs on Atlantic climate is an example of interhemispheric forcing of climate variability across seasons.
Correlation between extracellular glucose and seizure susceptibility in adult rats

In adult diabetic patients, periods of hyperglycemia may be associated with exacerbation of focal seizures. Our objective was to determine in the adult rats the correlation between seizure susceptibility and extracellular glucose concentration in two models of seizures. Male rats were injected with two doses of streptozocin (40 mg/kg IP) on 2 consecutive days to induce diabetic hyperglycemia. Controls either received vehicle or were not injected. After 2 weeks, blood glucose concentration was measured, and the rats were subjected to flurothyl seizure test. Another group of rats received glucose solution (20%, 5 ml IP) 30 minutes before testing to induce nondiabetic hyperglycemia. Thresholds for flurothyl-induced clonic and tonic-clonic seizures were determined. Finally, in vitro epileptiform activity was induced in the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slices from naive rats by perfusing with magnesium-free medium with various glucose concentrations. In additional slices, paired-pulse paradigm was determined in the perforant path. Susceptibility to clonic and tonic-clonic flurothyl-induced seizures positively correlated with blood glucose concentrations as the increased glucose concentration was associated with proconvulsant effects. Similarly, in the in vitro experiments, epileptiform activity was promoted by increased and suppressed by decreased glucose concentrations. Data indicate that, in the adult rats, high glucose concentrations are associated with proconvulsant effects.
Surveillance for measles antibody level in healthy population in a district of Quzhou,Zhejiang

Objective To understand the measles neutralization antibody level in healthy population in Qujiang district of Quzhou,Zhejiang province and provide scientific evidence for the implementation of measles control measures.Methods Serum measles IgG antibodies were detected with ELISA in healthy people aged 15- 45 years selected in Qujiang.The antibody geometric mean concentration(GMC) detection and χ2-test w ere conducted too.Results Among the 363 serum samples,the positive rate of measles antibody w as 96.69%,the GMC w as 972.91 IU / L and the antibody protection rate w as 66.67%.According to statistical analysis,there w ere significant differences in antibody protection rate among different age groups and among different years(P 0.05).Conclusion The measles antibody level w as high in healthy population in Qujiang in recent years.It is suggested to expand the coverage of measles vaccination to improve herd immunity for the control of measles.
Significances of Detection of Interleukin-4,Interleukin-5 and Interferon-γ in Serum of Asthmatic Children

Objective To explore the changes of levels of interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-5(IL-5) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ)of serum in asthmatic children,study the roles of these 3 kinds of cytokines in the pathogenesis of asthma.Methods Thirty children with asthma(clinical paracmasis) were selected as asthmatic group,30 healthy children were selected as healthy control group.All the children were drawn 1.0 mL peripheral vein blood in the early morning with empty stomach to prepare the serum.Then the contents of IL-4,IL-5 and IFN-γ of serum in asthmatic group and healthy control group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results The le-vels of IL-4 and IL-5 of serum in asthmatic children were higher significantly than those in healthy control group(t=2.48,2.63,Pa0.05).The level of IFN-γ of serum in asthmatic children were lower than that in healthy control group(t=3.02,P0.01).Conclusions Asthmatic children have an imbalance of Th1/Th2 cell immunity,there is a hypofunction of Th1 cell immunity,down-regulated IFN-γ may play an important role in the pathogenesy of asthma,it is a negative regulative effect on the development of asthma.Meanwhile,there is a hyperfunction of Th2 cell immunity,IL-4 and IL-5 representing Th2 cell immunity may play a positive promoting inflammation effect on the development of asthma.
Host Factors and Capsular Typing of Body Fluid Isolates in Fulminant Pneumococcal Infections

A 10-year retrospective study was made to determine the spectrum of underlying disease in, and the capsular types of pneumococci isolated from, blood and body fluids of 140 hospitalized patients. Fifteen serotypes were found among 82 typed isolates, 53% of which were types 8, 14, or 23. There was a predominance of males and a high incidence of underlying pneumonia, chronic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and malignancy. Mortality rates were higher among the very young and aged, and the immunologically comprised host at either extreme of life was more susceptible to disseminated pneumococcal infection. Pneumococci of the higher capsular types were prominent in children, and those of the lower types in adults, a finding in agreement with other recent studies.
Update on the neuropathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementias.

Previous criteria for Frontotemporal Dementia have primarily been designed for research purposes (1–5). An international group of experts on clinical and neuropathological aspects of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) recently re-assessed criteria for the diagnosis of FTD at a meeting entitled “The Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick's Disease Criteria Conference” held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD on July 7, 2000 (see ref #1 and the roster of meeting participants in the Acknowledgments). Building upon a substantial literature on these disorders, the goal of the conference was to update previous FTD diagnostic criteria, taking into account recent research advances to refine guidelines for the clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of FTD (1). Here we provide a brief overview of the most salient points of the neuropathology recommendations for disorders included among FTDs. Although Pick's disease can be considered the prototype of FTDs, in the last 3 decades it became increasingly clear to several research groups that there were a number of other distinct FTD variants that lacked the lobar atrophy and related neuropathology of Pick's disease (1). This prompted the use of a number of different names to designate these disorders, including FTD, frontal lobe degeneration of the non-Alzheimer-type, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), dementia lacking distinct histopathology (DLDH), progressive aphasia and semantic dementia (1). Moreover, since several kindreds with FTD and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 were shown to have pathogenic tau gene mutations, the term FTDP-17 was used to refer to this hereditary group of FTDs, while a less well-characterized disorder in other patients with evidence of FTD as well as clinical and pathological findings of motor neuron disease (MND) has been designated FTD with MND, and hereditary forms of this disease have been linked to chromosome 9 (1). Since these and other terms have been used to refer to …
Trends in hospice discharge, documented inpatient palliative care services and inpatient mortality in ovarian carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the trends in discharge to hospice, documented inpatient palliative care services, and inpatient mortality in metastatic ovarian cancer (mOvCa) patients. Methods Patients≥18years with mOvCa and a non-elective admission between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2011 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). The primary outcome of interest was the temporal trend in the annual proportion of hospitalizations for mOvCa where discharge destination was hospice. Secondary outcomes included temporal trend of inpatient mortality and documented palliative care services. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to ascertain independent factors predictive of hospice discharge and documented palliative services across the clusters of hospitals. Results A total of 106,203 non-elective hospitalizations were identified. The rate of hospice discharge increased from 9.2% in 2004 to 11.1% in 2011 (ptrend Conclusions The use of hospice as a discharge destination and documented palliative care services is relatively low but appears to be increasing over time for mOvCa patients. Monitoring this data is vital to plan educational programs regarding palliative care approaches in this at-risk population.
Conduction and breakdown in vacuum

One of the areas of most active interest in connection with conduction in vacuum over the past year has been the behavior of vacuum arcs at high currents. The subject is of enormous practical interest to vacuum interrupter development and involves a variety of physical processes the interactions of which provide fertile ground for novel experimental and theoretical investigations. The vital question concerns the Jeckyl and Hyde character of the vacuum arc anode junction. At low currents the anode termination is diffuse and passive with the anode terminal acting largely as a charge collector over its entire exposed area. At high currents the anode end of the arc may contract causing a high concentration of energy input to the electrode surface. This transition results in severe melting and violent ejection of anode metal. A variety of investigations on this subject are discussed in the section on The Arc Anode and include such subjects as the effects of axial magnetic fields, the visual appearance of the high current arc under different ignition.
Regarding "Uremic Encephalopathy: MR Imaging Findings and Clinical Correlation".

We thank Kim et al[1][1] for their article on the MR imaging of uremic encephalopathy (UE) in correlation with clinical findings. On a cursory read, the article presents a unique concept: When one reviews an MR imaging study and sees the lentiform fork sign (LFS), consider UE. However, more detailed
Airbnb and the Battle between Internet Exceptionalism and Local Control of Land Use

This short article reviews the four cases brought by Airbnb against cities that were seeking to regulate land use in a manner that Airbnb argued was counter to prevailing norms of Internet exceptionalism, as codified in the Communications Decency Act section 230. The article reviews two of the cases--those against San Francisco and New York City--in depth. The article also argues against two common arguments for Internet exceptionalism as a reason to preclude local regulation: the purported impossibility of Internet companies complying with the complexity of local regulation; and the notion that commerce conducted on the Internet demands a regulation-free marketplace to be viable.
Fundamental Ecological Characteristics of Landscape Boundaries

Identification of fundamental characteristics of landscape boundaries is difficult because of a lack of quantitative information on functional characteristics of boundaries. It is compounded by scale-dependent characteristics that often are not appreciated by the investigations. This review attempts to summarize general characteristics of boundaries and identify the research difficulties that must be addressed before fundamental characteristics can be identified. Research difficulties are grouped under the following topics: boundary detection, scale, scale-dependent measurement, and extrapolation and predictability. Because of the current interest in using boundaries to evaluate climate change, the characteristics of biome boundaries also are addressed and the Long Term Ecological Research Program at Sevilleta presented.
Management of Hyperglycemic Crises: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are the most serious and life-threatening hyperglycemic emergencies in diabetes. DKA is more common in young people with type 1 diabetes and HHS in adult and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Features of the 2 disorders with ketoacidosis and hyperosmolality may coexist. Both are characterized by insulinopenia and severe hyperglycemia. Early diagnosis and management are paramount. Treatment is aggressive rehydration, insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of underlying precipitating events. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of hyperglycemic emergencies.
Equating Severity in Qualification Testing

Understanding how damage progresses in engineering materials is of the utmost importance for ensuring safety and reliability. Mechanical components and structures must often perform safely and reliably for much longer than can be reasonably tested, or the components must operate in severe environments that are difficult to reproduce. The capability to perform real-time, real-scenario testing is not always present or attainable however, and failure to adequately test components can lead to catastrophic consequences or high preventative-maintenance costs resulting from the use of weaker presumptive models. As a solution, a criterion for ductile metals for equating high-stress single shock damage, to periodic, low-stress, multiple shock damage is presented. The correspondence in damage, exhibited as an equivalency in deformation, is derived and experimentally validated. To accomplish this process, we relate the plastic deformation a test coupon experiences under a shock input, to the shock parameters under both single shock and multiple shock regimes. We then compare the proposed theoretical damage model against the experimental data.
Dynamics of nanocomposites

The results on the dynamics of the polymer chains in classical nanocomposites of hard nanoparticles in a soft matrix are summarized. The molecular motion depends on the interactions of the chains with the nanoparticle surfaces and concentration. Addition of nanoparticles reduces the diffusion of chains and changes the entanglement density. Even strongly adsorbed chain segments seem to be highly mobile. The mode spectrum of the large-scale segmental chain relaxation is strongly affected by adsorption, while the relaxation time is lesser or not affected. Substantial progress has been achieved in understanding and producing materials with unparalleled properties. Especially grafting chains that are chemically dissimilar to the matrix chains can use the dynamic asymmetry and have the capability to manipulate and produce materials for future applications.
Child Development Accounts, parental savings, and parental educational expectations: A path model

Abstract Parents' expectations for their children's education, and efforts to foster suitably positive expectations, are worthy of policy attention. Previous research indicates that early saving for a child's postsecondary education can foster and sustain high parental expectations, yet little is known about the operative mechanisms. This study presents analyses from a randomized experiment with Child Development Accounts (CDAs), a policy to encourage early financial investments for education and to shape parents' expectations concerning their young children's educational goals. Our research provides key evidence on whether parental account holding for children's college (a) has a positive impact on parents' expectations for their children's educational attainment and (b) mediates the CDA's effect on their educational expectations at an early stage in their child's development. We employ data from the SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK) experiment, the first randomized social experiment to test universal and progressive CDAs. We conduct a path analysis and a supplemental analysis with marginal structural models (n = 2160). We find that holding a college-savings account has a significant effect on parents' educational expectations for their children and that whether one holds an account mediates the effect of CDAs on such expectations. Findings suggest that CDAs may promote early parental financial investment and high expectations. Research and policy implications are discussed.
Synthesis and Structure of a Functionalized [9]Cycloparaphenylene Bearing Three Indeno[2,1-a]fluorene-11,12-dione-2,9-diyl Units

A synthetic pathway to a functionalized [9]cycloparaphenylene bearing three indeno[2,1-a]fluorene-11,12-dione-2,9-diyl units in the macrocyclic ring structure ([3]CIFO) has been developed. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra show that only the anti rotamer (anti-[3]CIFO) is produced. DFT calculations indicate that the anti rotamer is thermodynamically more stable than the syn rotamer by 4.3 kcal/mol, and the rotational barrier from the anti to syn rotamer is estimated to be 23.3 kcal/mol. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra and cyclic voltammogram of anti-[3]CIFO were investigated.
Referral of the lameness case for standing magnetic resonance imaging

Standing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 0.27 Tesla Hallmarq low-field permanent magnet, custom designed for the equid, has an established role in the lameness investigation in the horse and has become widely available. Prior to a referral, horses must undergo a thorough lameness investigation and the source of lameness must be isolated to a well-defined area, as only a small area of the horse (for example the foot) is imaged on each scan. However, we now know there are substantial limitations to the accuracy of equine nerve blocks and this needs to be taken into consideration, with possible scans of additional areas being performed. Additionally, MRI is not suitable to achieve a complete diagnosis for multi-limb lameness unless multiple scans (of all affected limbs) are performed. It is important to discuss with the client beforehand the limitations of MRI and costs involved, in addition to the advantages of MRI. A detailed history for the clinician interpreting the MRI is essential to be able t...
Air traffic controller conduct of a no-closer-than spacing operation

▪ CAPP appears to have benefits and is worth pursuing when there is a transition to visual separation ICAVS — Without this transition, not enough data was available to draw final conclusions on the benefits of CAPP, but controllers reported there was some benefit — Pilots used the NCT value as a goal (versus a distance to remain far away from) and set in an even lower spacing for CAVS. Having a target spacing goal will be particularly important to realize the benefits of reduced spacing The lowest ceiling examined in the simulation gave little time to gain the benefit of additional closure during CAVS The CAPP aircraft appeared to be able to get closer to the TTF with a lower NCT value and / or more time for CAVS (i.e., higher ceiling) ▪ The lowest ceiling examined in the simulation gave little time to gain the benefit of additional closure during CAYS — The CAPP aircraft appeared to be able to get closer to the TTF with a lower NCT value and / or more time for CAVS (i.e., higher ceiling).
Fern genomes finally here.

The reference genomes of two fern species shed light on fern genome evolution and fern-cyanobacterial symbiosis, paving the way for understanding the unique and interesting biology of ferns.
Comments on the Hubbard Model of Magnetism in Disordered Transition Metal Alloys

The Hubb and model1 has been used extensively in the discussion of magnetism in metals2. It has also been employed as a model of disordered magnetic alloys3. Here we present a straightforward extension of Hubbard’s original approximation for the model. The disorder is introduced in the hopping elements and in the interaction term. We shall argue that in many cases the former type of disorder is more important than the latter.
The Berlin Group and the USA: A Narrative of Personal Interactions

The article describes the contacts and collaborations between the author, Paul Oppenheim, C. G. Hempel, and Olaf Helmer in the 1940s and 1950s, particularly in the context of interactions at the RAND Corporation.
Contrast-enhanced MRI compared to direct joint visualization at arthroscopy in pediatric patients with suspected temporomandibular joint synovitis

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the gold standard when assessing the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in children. To our knowledge, no previous pediatric study has compared findings of TMJ MRI with direct visualization of the joint using arthroscopy. To determine if subjective findings on contrast-enhanced MRI of the temporomandibular joint correlate with arthroscopic findings of acute and chronic inflammation of the TMJ in children. Patients who had temporally related TMJ arthroscopy and contrast-enhanced TMJ MRI between March 2014 and March 2016 were identified. Imaging was retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists for erosions, condyle shape, bone marrow edema, effusion, severity of synovitis, joint space width measured in the coronal plane and enhancement ratio of the synovium relative to ipsilateral temporal lobe white matter. Joint space width was included because synovial thickening could widen the joint space. TMJ arthroscopy findings assessed included indicators of acute inflammation (active synovitis, number of joint sites affected, presence of retrodiscitis) and markers of chronic inflammation (hyperplastic synovitis, adhesions, disc perforation, chondromalacia). A Total Synovitis Score was given to all patients on arthroscopy, which multiplied the severity of active synovitis (0–4) with the number of joint recesses affected. Data were compared using the Fisher exact test and a P-value <0.05 was considered significant. There was no significant correlation between subjective synovitis on MRI and active synovitis on arthroscopy; however, there was a significant correlation between joint space width and hyperplastic synovitis (P=0.04, 3.7 mm±0.8 vs. 2.9 mm±0.6) and a trend toward significance between subjective synovitis (P=0.08) and enhancement ratio of synovium (P=0.06) on MRI and hyperplastic synovitis on arthroscopy. Joint space width and subjective synovitis on TMJ MRI correlate with arthroscopic findings of chronic synovitis. Increased joint space width may be useful when evaluating the TMJ with less time-intensive modalities, such as ultrasound. However, MRI findings did not correlate well with findings of acute inflammation on arthroscopy.
Artificial Intelligence — An Enabler of Naval Tactical Decision Superiority

Artificial intelligence, as a capability enhancer, offers significant improvements to our tactical warfighting advantage. AI provides methods for fusing and analyzing data to enhance our knowledge of the tactical environment; it provides methods for generating and assessing decision options from multidimensional, complex situations; and it provides predictive analytics to identify and examine the effects of tactical courses of action. Machine learning can improve these processes in an evolutionary manner. Advanced computing techniques can handle highly heterogeneous and vast datasets and can synchronize knowledge across distributed warfare assets. This article presents concepts for applying AI to various aspects of tactical battle management and discusses their potential improvements to future warfare.
Powered by Open Innovation: Opportunities and Challenges in the Pharma Sector

The value of innovation in medicines is clear. Despite all of the progress in the twenty-first century, there are still many unmet medical needs and opportunities to improve healthcare. The challenges for pharmaceutical companies include ways in which to stay competitive and flexible in an environment of constant knowledge growth and increasingly sophisticated technologies, and ways to generate sufficient revenues to sustain their own growth. To that end, pharmaceutical companies are compelled to adapt different business models in the face of new challenges. The industry is plagued with long research and development (RD something has to change. The need to collaborate externally across the process of discovery, development, manufacturing and commercialization is a must. Furthermore, collaborations have increased in frequency and scope, expanding the opportunities to access global scientific talent in academia, research institutes and biotechnology companies. Despite the perception that pharma companies are 'closed' or tightly controlled industries, open innovation is already well established in the pharmaceutical sector and used to supplement R&D in the process of bringing new medicines for patients faster, and at a lower cost. Over the years, each pharma company has tailored the open-innovation concept to develop its own model based on particular needs and offerings. Independently of the model, the creation of successful partnerships in external innovation requires reaching out and connecting beyond the traditional organizational boundaries. Substantial internal cultural changes are required to implement open-innovation strategies that should co-exist without competing with the traditional ways of operating. Major changes bring challenges but create multiple opportunities for scientists and organizations. High-quality drug discovery requires continuous learning and an open way of thinking to adopt novel operational models and to implement efficient collaborations.
Survival disparities for second primary malignancies diagnosed among childhood cancer survivors: A population-based assessment.

Background Curative therapy places childhood cancer survivors at increased risk for second primary malignancies (SPMs). However, there have been few population-based attempts to characterize differences between outcomes of SPMs in childhood cancer survivors and outcomes of first primary malignancies (FPMs). Methods Clinical and demographic information about childhood cancer survivors who developed SPMs and individuals with comparable FPMs was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models comparing the overall survival (OS) of individuals with and without a history of childhood cancer. OS was evaluated both overall and for specific cancers diagnosed in 50 or more childhood cancer survivors. Models accounted for potential confounders, including sex, race, age, treatment decade, histology, and disease stage. Results Compared with individuals with FPMs (n = 1,332,203), childhood cancer survivors (n = 1409) with an SPM experienced poorer OS (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.72-2.02) after the study had accounted for cancer type, age, sex, race, and decade of diagnosis. A history of childhood cancer remained a poor prognostic factor for all specific cancers evaluated, including breast cancer (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.63-2.62), thyroid cancer (HR, 3.59; 95% CI, 2.08-6.19), acute myeloid leukemia (HR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.87-3.05), brain cancer (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.72-2.55), melanoma (HR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.55-4.27), bone cancer (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.37-2.57), and soft-tissue sarcoma (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.78-3.33). Conclusions Compared with individuals without a prior cancer diagnosis, survivors of childhood cancer with an SPM experienced inferior outcomes. Survival disparities were observed for the most frequent SPMs diagnosed in childhood cancer survivors.
How do institutional constraints affect judicial decision-making? The European Court of Justice’s French language mandate

Under what conditions do the institutional features of courts affect the efficiency of judicial decision-making? Examining the Court of Justice of the European Union’s mandate that all judgments be...
Sampling with Niskin bottles and microfiltration reveals a high prevalence of microfibers

Abstract Microfibers were identified in filtered water from Lake Superior, Lake Michigan and northern Lake Huron in the United States. Sampling with a Niskin bottle followed by microfiltration (0.45 μm filter), a sampling methodology rarely used in microplastics sampling, revealed an average microfiber concentration of 0.119 +/- 0.04 microfibers/mL. Microfibers may be under-represented in estimates of micro- and nanoplastic pollution if microfiltering is not included in the sampling scheme.
Group Velocity–Driven Inverse Metamaterial Design

AbstractWe are concerned with controlling wave propagation in an elastic medium by engineering its dispersive properties. To this end, we discuss a flexible and systematic framework for designing t...
Anomalies and Bose symmetry

We point out a feature of the triangle diagram for three chiral currents which is perhaps not widely appreciated: Bose symmetry is not manifest and suffers from a momentum-routing ambiguity. Imposing Bose symmetry fixes the ambiguity and leads to the famous Adler - Bell - Jackiw anomaly.
Antibody Conjugates-Recent Advances and Future Innovations

Monoclonal antibodies have evolved from research tools to powerful therapeutics in the past 30 years. Clinical success rates of antibodies have exceeded expectations, resulting in heavy investment in biologics discovery and development in addition to traditional small molecules across the industry. However, protein therapeutics cannot drug targets intracellularly and are limited to soluble and cell-surface antigens. Tremendous strides have been made in antibody discovery, protein engineering, formulation, and delivery devices. These advances continue to push the boundaries of biologics to enable antibody conjugates to take advantage of the target specificity and long half-life from an antibody, while delivering highly potent small molecule drugs. While the "magic bullet" concept produced the first wave of antibody conjugates, these entities were met with limited clinical success. This review summarizes the advances and challenges in the field to date with emphasis on antibody conjugation, linker-payload chemistry, novel payload classes, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and product developability. We discuss lessons learned in the development of oncology antibody conjugates and look towards future innovations enabling other therapeutic indications.
Performance Evaluation of a Solar Powered Organic Rankine Cycle for Residential or Small Commercial Applications

Organic Rankine cycles (ORC) are used to convert energy from low temperature heat transfer into electrical energy. In this paper, a model for an hourly solar powered organic Rankine cycle is presented, and the effect of average hourly outdoor temperatures on the system performance is investigated. The solar ORC was modeled and evaluated in Jackson, MS, using five different dry organic working fluids. The purpose of this study is to investigate how hourly temperature change affects the electricity production rates of the solar ORC, as well as to determine the best working fluid for the proposed system. The effect of average hourly outdoor temperatures on the ORC performance is evaluated by modeling the ORC in two locations with the same latitude but different climate conditions. In addition, a parametric analysis to determine how temperature and pressure of the organic working fluid as well as the solar collector area affects the electricity production in the solar ORC is performed. Results show that the ORC produces the most electricity during the middle of the day when the temperatures are the highest and when the solar collectors have the highest efficiency. Furthermore, results also indicate that R-236ea is the working fluid that shows the best performance out of the five organic fluids evaluated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
EFFECT OF HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE TRANSITION BEHAVIOR OF Cu-RICH PARTICLES IN Cu-80%Pb HYPERMONOTECTIC ALLOY

The Cu-80%Pb(mass fraction) hypermonotectic alloy with a dense distribution of Cu-rich particles was annealed at different temperatures under high magnetic field,the transition behavior of Cu-rich particles in solid-liquid mixture zone was investigated.The results show that,the transition behavior of Cu-rich particles occurs above 800℃,a compact segregation layer forms in the sample top above 900℃,the particle size and transition velocity increase with annealing temperature increasing. The Cu-rich particles grow and coalesce with each other during transiting,the coalescence mechanism is different from Cu-rich droplets.The cluster of Cu-rich particles float up wholly,leave a clear boundary between Cu-rich particle and Cu-rich dendrite zones,the mutual interaction between the particles makes the transition velocity decreased.The high magnetic field has effect on decreasing the transition velocity of Cu-rich particles,inhibiting the coarsening and coalescing of Cu-rich particles, which could decrease the segregation of Cu-rich particles,and inhibit the formation of compact Cu-rich segregation layers.Based on the mutual interaction between the particles,the acting forces on the Cu-rich particles and the final velocity have been analyzed and calculated to show the influence of magnetic field.
Essential inpatient otolaryngology: what COVID-19 has revealed.

To identify areas of critical otolaryngology contributions to inpatient care resistant to disruption by the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical records of 614 otolaryngology consults seen between January and June of 2019 and 602 seen between January and June of 2020 were reviewed. Extracted data included patient demographics, SARS-CoV-2 status, medical comorbidities, consult location, consult category, reason for consult, procedures performed, and overall outcome. Prevalence of data items was compared using t tests and Chi-squared tests. The number of monthly consults to the otolaryngology service remained approximately stable after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there was a substantial increase in ICU consults and a decrease in ER and floor consults. The proportion of otology, rhinology, and head and neck consults decreased while that of airway consults—most of which were tracheostomy-related—greatly increased. While the top ten reasons for consult remained essentially the same, they dramatically increased as a percentage of consults during COVID-19 (55–92%), whereas there was a dramatic decrease in the proportion of less frequent consults. The changes in otolaryngology consultation patterns seen after the onset of the pandemic are multifactorial, but may be attributed to novel pathologies, attitudes, and policies. Nonetheless, these patterns reveal that a set of core otolaryngologic issues, including acute airway issues, head and neck lesions, severe sinusitis and epistaxis, are essential and need to be addressed in the inpatient setting, whereas the significant drop in other consults suggests that they may be appropriately managed on an outpatient basis.
System-on-Chip approach microwave diagnostics development for burning plasma

System-on-chip (SoC) millimeter wave integrated circuit technology has been developed and employed in chip heterodyne radiometers in Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) and Microwave Imaging Reflectometer (MIR) on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature and density fluctuation diagnostics. The W-band (75-110 GHz) ECEI system has been employed with 20 poloidal horn receiver modules with customized monolithic integrated circuit chips and internal local oscillator coupling path. The new SoC approach demonstrates > 30 dB additional gain on the receiver and 95% electronics noise suppression compared to the previous Schottky diode mixer array 1 . An F-band (110-140 GHz) receiver chip has been developed to measure MHD and turbulence behavior on the DIII-D high-field side, such as Alfven eigenmodes. Furthermore, it can image pedestal structure evolution on fusion facilities with stronger magnetic fields, such as ASDEX-U, EAST, HL-2M, and LHD. The F-band chip performance has been tested in the laboratory. Also, V-band (55-75 GHz) transmitter and receiver modules (55-75 GHz) have been developed for DIII-D and NSTX-U Microwave Imaging Reflectometer (MIR) application suitability for 2D density fluctuation imaging on the pedestal region 2 .
Baedeker to Pynchon

A Reader's Guide to Gravity's Rainbow. By Douglas Fowler. Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis Press, 1980. 297 pp. Cloth, $18.95, Paper, $10.00.
Marcel Röthlisberger, Claude Lorrain: The Paintings

(1962). Marcel Rothlisberger, Claude Lorrain: The Paintings. Art Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 134-136.
Investigation of Large-Scale Structures in Supersonic Planar Base Flows

Time-resolved, planar imaging was employed to study the spatial organization of large-scale structures within the shear layers, at reattachment, and in the wake region of a supersonic base flow. Side and end views were obtained at several streamwise locations to characterize the evolution and three-dimensionality of the large-scale motions. From statistically significant ensembles, spatial correlation fields were computed to quantify the mean size, eccentricity, and orientation of the large structures. Visualizations confirm that large-scale turbulent structures exist at all stations in the shear layers and interact vigorously with the recirculation region. Mach and/or shock waves are frequently seen emanating from within the shear layer, which may be indicative of eddy shocklet formation. The embedded turbulent structures are elliptical in shape and usually appear inclined to the mean flow direction. A distinct flattening and tilting in the streamwise direction occur as the coherent eddies negotiate shear layer formation, recompression, and reattachment processes. Spatial statistics indicate that the structures have a streamwise and spanwise spatial extent on the order of the local shear layer thickness.
Reliability driven logic synthesis of multilevel circuits

Two schemes for reliability-driven logic synthesis of multilevel circuits are presented. Previous schemes of duplications required 100% area overhead. The first scheme uses the Berger code for concurrent error detection for the multilevel circuits. The average area overhead is 22% in this scheme. The second scheme uses the output partitioning and parity prediction method. It is found that the average area overhead of this scheme is about 67%. >