cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dentin Crown Surface of Human Adult Incisor Teeth

One hundred human incisor teeth were decalcified to examine the dentin crown surface, and to compare the dentin surface with the enamel surface. Differences between the two surface topographies reflected the developmental processes of the teeth or were related to the functional roles of the surfaces.
Linking infrastructure and urban economy: simulation of water-disruption impacts in earthquakes

In this paper a simulation approach to modeling the linkages between physical infrastructure systems and the urban economy is developed. A simulation approach based on probabilistically specifying ...
Beyond Greed and Grievance

The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. Edited by Karen Ballentine, Jake Sherman. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. 317 pp., $55.00 cloth (ISBN: 1-58826-197-2), $22.50 paper (ISBN: 1-58826-172-7). Through a thoughtful and skillful blend of case studies, editors Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman, along with the contributors to The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance , make an invaluable addition to the “greed or grievance” debate in the literature on civil wars. The volume proceeds from a recognition that “conceptualizing explanations of armed conflict in terms of greed or grievance has imposed an unnecessarily limiting dichotomy on what is, in reality, a highly diverse, complex set of incentive and opportunity structures that vary across time and location” (p. 6). The various case studies—each addressing a distinct but related aspect of the political economy of contemporary intrastate conflicts—are rich in both theoretical and empirical content. In short, The Political Economy of Armed Conflict has much to offer scholars and practitioners interested in civil war, conflict prevention, and conflict resolution. It should become a basic text for courses related to these areas. The volume could also be useful in research design courses because it masterfully demonstrates how qualitative research can work hand in hand with quantitative analyses to build better theory and contribute to more nuanced and informed policy responses. The Political Economy of Armed Conflict represents the culmination of the first phase of the project on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (EACW) sponsored by the International Peace Academy. The volume sets out to assess empirically the “greed theory” of rebellion in both its strong and weak formulations—as posited by Paul Collier and his team at the World Bank (Collier 2000; Collier and Hoeffler 2001). The book makes a particularly valuable addition to the …
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disordered Eating: An Adoption Study

Twin studies indicate significant genetic, but little shared environmental, influences on eating disorders. However, critics argue that study limitations constrain the conclusions that can be drawn. Adoption studies avoid many of these limitations, but to date, no adoption studies of eating pathology have been conducted. The current study was the first adoption study to examine genetic/environmental effects for disordered eating. Participants included 123 adopted and 56 biological female sibling pairs. Disordered eating (i.e., overall eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, weight preoccupation, binge eating) was assessed with the Minnesota Eating Behaviors Survey (Klump, McGue, & Iacono, 2000; von Ranson, Klump, Iacono, & McGue, 2005). Biometric model fitting indicated significant genetic influences (59%-82%) on all forms of disordered eating, with nonshared environmental factors accounting for the remaining variance. Shared environmental factors did not contribute significantly to any disordered eating symptom. Our findings bolster those from twin studies and provide critical evidence of significant genetic effects on disordered eating symptoms.
Development of resin-to-resin transfer reactions (RRTR) using Sonogashira chemistry

Abstract Sonogashira chemistry can be used according to the ‘resin-to-resin transfer reaction’ (RRTR) concept. Two fragments, one containing the halide moiety and the second one incorporating the alkyne functionality, are anchored on different solid supports using allyl and/or Wang-type linkages. Treatment with Pd(0) cleaves the allyl-linked fragment(s) which subsequently undergo Sonogashira coupling under the same conditions.
Summertime sun protection used by adults for their children.

Abstract Background: Because an estimated 50% to 80% of the skin's lifetime sun damage is thought to occur in childhood and adolescence, it is during these critical periods that intense, intermittent sun exposure causing burning increases melanoma risk. Methods: A 1997 telephone survey of 503 households evaluated parental attitudes about their child having a tan, and ease of practicing sun protection, sun protection methods used, and sunburning on 5 successive summer weekends. Results: In a random sample of 1 child from each household, 13% of children sunburned during the past week or weekend, and 9% of their parents experienced a sunburn during the past weekend. Children's sunburn was significantly associated with sunburn in the adult respondent, increasing age of the child, having fair skin, being white, and using sunscreens. Duration and peak hours of sun exposure were associated for children and parents. Sunscreen with a sun protection factor of at least 15 was the predominant form of sun protection used. Sunscreen use in children was significantly associated with longer duration of sun exposure, sunny weather conditions, younger age, fair skin, a history of sunburns before this study, a family history of skin cancer, and a higher family income. Feeling that a tan appeared healthy was associated with male gender of the adult and increasing age of the child. Complimenting the child on the appearance of a tan was associated with male gender of the adult, older children, children with skin type reported as olive or dark, and lower educational levels. Conclusion: Although there has been a promising initial effort to alert parents to the need to protect their children from sunburns, many view a tan as healthy and do not effectively implement sun protection behaviors for their children, which results in sunburns. Sun protection that prevents sunburning could be achieved by more children seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, limiting exposure during peak hours, and effectively using sunscreen. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:746-53.)
Two theorems about projective sets

In this paper we prove two (rather unrelated) theorems about projective sets. The first one asserts that subsets of ℵ_1 which are ∑^1_2 in the codes are constructible; thus it extends the familiar theorem of Shoenfield that ∑^1_2 subsets of ω are constructible. The second is concerned with largest countable ∑^1_(2n) sets and establishes their existence under the hypothesis of Projective Determinacy and the assumption that there exist only countably many ordinal definable reals.
Preparative Electrophoresis of Living Mammalian Cells in a Stationary Ficoll Gradient

Abstract An apparatus was designed for the vertical density-gradient electrophoresis of viable mammalian cells. Cultured Chinese hamster cells (M3-1F3) were grown is suspension and layered on top of a 0–10% ficoll gradient which was also an inverse 6.8-5.1% sucrose gradient in phosphate buffer, pB 7.2 and 1Z glucose. A 60-ml vertical gradient of this composition covered the density range 1.04–1.05 g/cm3 over a distance of 15 cm in a 2.3 cm diameter glass column. An electric field of approximately 2.3 V/cm was applied for 5 hr. The cells migrated 4.7 cm during this period. The migration rate was consistent with the cells having an electrophoretic mobility of -1.15 ± 0.20 μm/sec per volt/cm, equal to that determined by microelectrophoresis. The gradient was harvested in 50 fractions after electrophoresis, and the viability of the cells was 75% on the basis of colony formation.
NEW SPECIES OF LEPTOHYPHINAE FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA (EPHEMEROPTERA: TRICORYTHIDAE)

Descriptions and figures are presented for Leptohyphes dicinctus, L. melanobranchus, L. brunneus, L. consortis, L. ferruginus, L. hispidus, L. lestes, L. lumas, L. pilosus, L. spiculatus, Tricorythodes notalus, and T. ulmeri from Mexico and Central America.
Advanced Intermediate-Temperature Na-S Battery

In this study, we reported an intermediate-temperature (∼150 °C) sodium–sulfur (Na–S) battery. With a relatively low operating temperature, this novel battery could reduce the cost and safety issues associated with the conventional high-temperature (300–350 °C) Na–S battery. A dense β′′-Al2O3 solid membrane and tetraglyme were utilized as the electrolyte separator and catholyte solvent in this battery. Solubility tests indicated that a cathode mixture of Na2S4 and S exhibited extremely high solubility in tetraglyme (e.g., >4.1 M for Na2S4 + 4 S). CV scans of Na2S4 in tetraglyme revealed two pairs of redox couples with peaks at around 2.22 and 1.75 V, corresponding to the redox reactions of polysulfide species. The discharge/charge profiles of the Na–S battery showed a slope region and a plateau, indicating multiple steps and cell reactions. In situ Raman measurements during battery operation suggested that polysulfide species were formed in the sequence of Na2S5 + S → Na2S5 + Na2S4 → Na2S4 + Na2S2 during discharge and in a reverse order during charge. This battery showed dramatic improvement in rate capacity and cycling stability over room-temperature Na–S batteries, which makes it more attractive for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications.
Analysis of Student Use of a World Wide Web Site Created as a Supplement for General Chemistry Instruction

A World Wide Web (WWW) site was developed on the subject of acids and bases for use as a supplement to the General Chemistry course. The site was used in two consecutive years of the course. Its effectiveness was assessed with surveys and with comparisons of grades for users and nonusers. Results show that students in general do not use the site to target their self-reported problem areas; instead, they tend to progress through the site in a linear fashion. Those students who used the site to help them with their problem areas were able to achieve a modest grade improvement over their performance on other exams.
Anna: A 26-year-old woman with major depression and borderline personality disorder *

This issue of Cognitive and Behavioral Practice presents a case conference of Anna, a 26-year-old woman with major depression and borderline personality disorder. The format for this case conference is the description of the assessment of Anna's presenting problems (this paper) and a series of response papers written by cognitive-behavioral therapists from a variety of clinical-theoretical perspectives.
Examination of the use of mass transfer rate expressions in the description of packed distillation columns — II

Abstract Illustrative examples are presented which demonstrate that in spite of the fact that the same fundamental thermodynamic quantities f L i and f V i are involved in the definition of the rate of and in the definition of the vaporization efficiency, a non-zero, finite and positive set of vaporization efficiencies always exist provided the conditions of Eq. (4) are satisfied; whereas, the existence of a similar set of overall mass transfer coefficients for a packed distillation column in the process of separating a multicomponent mixture is open to serious question.
Single-Incision Mini-Sling Compared With Tension-Free Vaginal Tape for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy of a single-incision mini-sling, placed in the “U” position, with tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.METHODS:Women with urodynamic stress incontinence with or without genital prolapse were randomized to receive a mini-sli
Optimal Return Policy for e-Business

In a direct supply chain, the seller directly sells to the final customers eliminating the need of intermediaries. Customers like the convenience, but sacrifice the benefit of physical inspection of the product increasing the probability of dissatisfaction and the likelihood of return. Many internet sellers have problems offering a clear return policy and ease of return. Basically, they design their supply chain more for the fulfillment rather that the reverse logistics. Much can be gained by the seller by way of increased sales, if they could offer an easy return policy. The trade-off here is in the increase in the cost. The profit function increases with the generosity of the return policy because the sales increases, but decreases as the cost increases. A model for obtaining the optimum return policy in conjunction with the optimum pricing policy giving the optimal strategy would be very useful. A profit-maximization model to obtain optimal return policy including price as a decision variable is presented in this paper. Managerial guidelines for making optimal decisions to influence market parameters are also developed.
Escherichia coli cold-shock gene profiles in response to over-expression/deletion of CsdA, RNase R and PNPase and relevance to low-temperature RNA metabolism.

Cold shock response is elicited by the transfer of exponentially growing cells from their optimum temperature to a significantly lower growth temperature and is characterized by the induction of several cold shock proteins. These proteins, which presumably possess a variety of different activities, are critical for survival and continued growth at low temperature. One of the main consequences of cold shock is stabilization of the secondary structures in nucleic acids leading to hindrance of RNA degradation. Cold-shock proteins such as RNA helicase CsdA, and 3’-5’ processing exoribonucleases such as PNPase and RNase R, are presumably involved in facilitating the RNA metabolism at low temperature. As a step towards elucidating the individual contributions of these proteins to low-temperature RNA metabolism, the global transcript profiles of cells lacking CsdA, RNase R, and PNPase proteins as well as cells individually overexpressing these proteins as compared to the wild-type cells were analyzed at 15°C. The analysis revealed distinct sets of genes, which are possible targets of each of these proteins. This analysis will help further our understanding of the low temperature RNA metabolism.
Clinging together: Mercosur's ambitious external agenda, its internal crisis, and the future of regional economic integration in South America

The article examines the linkages between Mercosur's search for a new agenda and its ambitious external agenda. It argues that mainstream IR theories are of little help to predict the future of Mercosur, and that the bloc's prospects for survival depend on the potential of class struggle at the domestic level to 'turn the tables' against neoliberal globalization, opening up the possibility of an autonomous South American strategy for development. Using a neo-Gramscian approach, the article criticizes both the excessive optimism of those who argue that a 'reconfigured' Mercosur will be able to endure in the brave new world of globalization and the excessive pessimism of those who argue that Mercosur is just an aspect of neoliberal globalization that only serves to incorporate more thoroughly the Southern Cone countries in the world capitalist system. Without internal consolidation and the strengthening of subregional institutions the external agenda cannot indefinitely guarantee Mercosur's survival, and is...
Paleogeographic Evolution of Late Paleozoic Taos Trough, Northern New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Taos trough (or Rowe-Mora basin) of northern New Mexico was one of several tectonically active cratonic basins associated with the late Paleozoic Ancestral Rockies. As the basin and adjacent uplifts evolved, the depositional systems and paleogeography varied in conjunction with changing tectonic stability, fluctuating End_Page 687------------------------------ sediment input, evolution and integration of sediment dispersal systems, and varying water depth. Morrowan time was characterized by a widespread transgression by a shallow sea flanked by low-lying, muddy strand plains. At this time the surrounding uplifts were relatively low-relief features and supplied only fine-grained sediment to the basin. By Atokan time, vertical movements elevated the Uncompahgre uplift to the west of the trough, and coarse alluvial fan, braided stream, and fan-delta complexes prograded eastward into the basin. During this episode of intense diastrophism to the west, the eastern side of the trough remained fairly stable and a broad, shallow-marine shelf sloped gently off the Sierra Grande arch. Farther south, carbonates accumulated on the Pecos shelf. This general depositional and paleogeographic pattern continued into Desmoinesian time. However, to the north the Cimarron arch had become a major positive feature by earliest Desmoinesian time and several braided stream-fan-delta systems prograded southward and southwestward into the basin. By middle Desmoinesian time an extensive coastal plain had developed along the western margin of the trough, with low-sinuosity rivers feeding lobate deltas. A major middle to late Desmoinesian transgression inundated this coastal plain and shallow shelf conditions prevailed throughout most of late Desmoinesian time. In latest Desmoinesian time, southward prograding fluvial-deltaic systems began filling the northern part of the basin causing a net southward regression. By Early Permian time the basin was dominated by continental sedimentation with southward flowing braided streams. End_of_Article - Last_Page 688------------
A CHIRAL POLYMERIC ANALOGY TO A ONE-DIMENSIONAL PARAMAGNETIC MATERIAL

A class of polymers synthesized at DuPont in the late 1950's, the polyisocyanates, are the simplest analogs of the Nylons and have proven valuable as experimental models for theories of wormlike macromolecules. The macromolecular dimensional properties associated with all wormlike polymers arise from a strongly preferred local conformation of the chain and in the polyisocyanates this conformation is helical with an interesting additional property in that the mirror helical senses are of equal probability. Recent experiments have shown that discrimination between the helical senses can be accomplished with surprisingly small chiral influences indicating high cooperativity which arises from a conformational state in which long sections of one helical sense are separated from the other sense by infrequent helical reversals. This can be seen to be analogous to theoretical ideas about one-dimensional paramagnetic materials in which the spin states and the domain boundaries are analogs to the helical sense and the helical reversals in the polyisocyanates. The mathematical formalisms of the one-dimensional magnetic materials precisely describe the chiral properties of the polyisocyanates. Chirality 10:41–45, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss,Inc.
Signal from the natural radioactivity of depleted uranium in liquid argon

Abstract The signal produced in a 2-mm liquid argon gap by the radioactive decays in depleted uranium is measured. Counting rates as a function of absorber thickness and for both positive and negative electric field polarities are also presented.
FLASH: a language-independent, portable file access system

A file access system, flash, for use in building database systems is described. It supports access from several languages, including pascal, fortran, and interlisp. Flash provides record level access to a file with multiple indexes using symbolic keys. It is portable and written in Pascal with support routines in dec System 20 macro. The file access system is designed to run on computers of various sizes and capabilities, including micros. Concurrent and simultaneous access by several users is supported given that the operating systems provides multiprogramming. Flash is designed to be highly reliable. It assumes the existence of underlying operating system file services that read or write named files directly. Transfer to files occurs in units which are efficient, typically a block.
Patents resulting from NSF's engineering program

Abstract This report presents the results of a study of engineering research project grants funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) between 1968 and 1977. The purpose was to determine the extent to which the grants led to patented technology and to estimate the economic value of those patents. From the names of the principal investigators supported by NSF Engineering grants, who are also named as inventors on engineering patents registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, an examination was made by technology experts from SRI International, Inc. to determine the relevance of each grant to its associated patent. An independent assessment was also made to evaluate the commercial potential of each patent and to estimate its economic value. The study found that from some 4077 NSF Engineering project grants awarded between 1968 and 1977, about 2.6 grantees in 100 produced patents linked to his or her grant. Some 248 patents were examined in this study. Although few patents produced any economic value, seven of these patents were licensed, with royalties ranging from $10 000 to $250 000 annually. The total long-term royalties expected from the linked patents investigated is estimated as high as $52.5 million. The aggregate value to the U.S. economy from the sales of products derived from those patents could range between ten and twenty times that amount, depending upon the industry. One observation from the study is that a strong patent licensing program is becoming valuable to universities, not just for producing royalty income, but for the additional sponsored research funds it attracts from industrial firms.
Characterization and application of the vapor phase decomposition technique for trace metal analysis on silicon oxide surfaces

Vapor phase decomposition-droplet surface etching-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (VPD-DSE-GFAAS) is discussed as a technique for the determination of low levels of metals in chemical oxides on silicon surfaces. The VPD-DSE-GFAAS technique was found to be statistically equivalent to results obtained by the standard surface techniques of total reflectance x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) and SIMS. The capability of the VPD-DSE-GFAAS technique has been extended to detection limits in the 10 7 to low 10 9 atom cm -2 range. A positive linear relationship was found for iron, calcium, zinc and aluminum deposited on a silicon wafer from an ammonium hydroxide-hydrogen peroxide-water (SC1) solution. Sodium and potassium deposition from SC1 solutions was found to be independent of solution concentrations. Deposition for these metals appeared to be primarily related to localized micron-sized nuclei deposits and not to adsorption on an atomic scale.
Ancestral State Reconstruction of Body Size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): The Effects of Incorporating Data from the Fossil Record

A recent molecular phylogeny of the mammalian order Carnivora implied large body size as the ancestral condition for the caniform subclade Arctoidea using the distribution of species mean body sizes among living taxa. "Extant taxa-only" approaches such as these discount character state observations for fossil members of living clades and completely ignore data from extinct lineages. To more rigorously reconstruct body sizes of ancestral forms within the Caniformia, body size and first appearance data were collected for 149 extant and 367 extinct taxa. Body sizes were reconstructed for four ancestral nodes using weighted squared-change parsimony on log-transformed body mass data. Reconstructions based on extant taxa alone favored large body sizes (on the order of 10 to 50 kg) for the last common ancestors of both the Caniformia and Arctoidea. In contrast, reconstructions incorporating fossil data support small body sizes (< 5 kg) for the ancestors of those clades. When the temporal information associated with fossil data was discarded, body size reconstructions became ambiguous, demonstrating that incorporating both character state and temporal information from fossil taxa unambiguously supports a small ancestral body size, thereby falsifying hypotheses derived from extant taxa alone. Body size reconstructions for Caniformia, Arctoidea, and Musteloidea were not sensitive to potential errors introduced by uncertainty in the position of extinct lineages relative to the molecular topology, or to missing body size data for extinct members of an entire major clade (the aquatic Pinnipedia). Incorporating character state observations and temporal information from the fossil record into hypothesis testing has a significant impact on the ability to reconstruct ancestral characters and constrains the range of potential hypotheses of character evolution. Fossil data here provide the evidence to reliably document trends of both increasing and decreasing body size in several caniform clades. More generally, including fossils in such analyses incorporates evidence of directional trends, thereby yielding more reliable ancestral character state reconstructions.
The Impact of Early Loss History on Parenting of Bereaved Children: A Qualitative Study:

The current report is a qualitative exploration of the ways in which an adult's childhood experiences with death subsequently influence their parenting of their own parentally-bereaved children. Fi...
Correlation of lift and boundary-layer activity on an oscillating lifting surface

Boundary-layer and trailing-edge flow activities were recorded using hydrogen bubble flow visualization techniques on an oscillating lifting surface in a two-dimensional water tunnel. Simultaneous with flow documentation, unsteady lift was measured over a range of reduced frequencies of 0.5-10. Unsteady loads using classical, inviscid theories were predicted for the experimental conditions investigated. Reduced frequency bands exhibiting poor agreement between experiment and theory were identified and a correlation to observed flow phenomena was accomplished. The results support the utilization of a separate viscous model near the trailing edge coupled with an inviscid flowfield model to predict unsteady loads. The results further show that for certain reduced frequency bands, classical inviscid solutions may be applicable and adequate.
Neurodynamics of Music

Music is a high-level cognitive capacity, similar in many respects to language (Patel 2007). Like language, music is universal among humans, and musical systems vary among cultures and depend upon learning. But unlike language, music rarely makes reference to the external world. It consists of independent, that is, self-contained, patterns of sound, certain aspects of which are found universally among musical cultures. These two aspects – independence and universality – suggest that general principles of neural dynamics might underlie music perception and musical behavior. Such principles could provide a set of innate constraints that shape human musical behavior and enable children to acquire musical knowledge. This chapter outlines just such a set of principles, explaining key aspects of musical experience directly in terms of nervous system dynamics. At the outset, it may not be obvious that this is possible, but by the end of the chapter it should become clear that a great deal of evidence already supports this view. This chapter examines the evidence that links music perception and behavior to nervous system dynamics and attempts to tie together existing strands of research within a unified theoretical framework.
Petrology, chemistry, and clay mineralogy of a K-bentonite in the Proterozoic Belt Supergroup of western Montana

ABSTRACT A K-bentonite in the Middle Carbonate Group of the Belt Supergroup is evidence for eruptive volcanic activity within or adjacent to the Belt basin during Middle Proterozoic deposition. The texture of this olive-green rock is dominated by a fine-grained groundmass similar to Paleozoic K-bentonites. Throughout this groundmass are a few randomly occurring angular, irregularly shaped clasts composed of quartz. The morphology of these clasts indicates the quartz grains have not been transported. Traces of small euhedral zircons are also present. The mineralogy and chemical composition of the groundmass in this K-bentonite is also similar to Paleozoic K-bentonites but appears to reflect a more evolved mineralogy as a result of its age and thermal history. Unlike Paleozoic K.bentonites, whic are characteristically the 1M polytype, authigenic 1M and 2M1 illite/mica polytypes coexist in this Proterozoic K-bentonite and are separable by size fractionation. The K.Ar ages of the clay fractions range from 807 Ma in the coarser fraction to 606 Ma in the finer fraction. The 807 Ma K-Ar age of 2M1 mica indicates temperatures in excess of 250°C during this time. The 606 Ma K-AT age of the fine-grained 1M polytype probably reflects later 1M crystallization at temperatures below 250°C. The reaction of 1M to 2M1 polytype in this K-bentonite did not require major changes in chemical composition, and the dominant controls on the 1M to 2M1 polytype transformation appear to have been temperature and time.
Some statistical issues in estimating information in neural spike trains

Information theory provides an attractive framework for attacking the neural coding problem. This entails estimating information theoretic quantities from neural spike train data. This paper highlights two issues that may arise: non-parametric entropy estimation and non-stationarity. It gives an overview of these issues and some of the progress that has been made.
Relativistic stellar pulsations with near-zone boundary conditions

A new method is presented here for evaluating approximately the pulsation modes of relativistic stellar models. This approximation relies on the fact that gravitational radiation influences these modes only on time scales that are much longer than the basic hydrodynamic time scale of the system. This makes it possible to impose the boundary conditions on the gravitational potentials at the surface of the star rather than in the asymptotic wave zone of the gravitational field. This approximation is tested here by predicting the frequencies of the outgoing nonradial hydrodynamic modes of nonrotating stars. The real parts of the frequencies are determined with an accuracy that is better than our knowledge of the exact frequencies (about $0.01%)$ except in the most relativistic models where it decreases to about $0.1%$. The imaginary parts of the frequencies are determined with an accuracy of approximately $M/R$, where $M$ is the mass and $R$ is the radius of the star in question.
Everyday Peter Pans Work, Manhood, and Consumption in Urban America, 1900-1930

From 1900 to 1930, many middle-class men working in new urban consumer enterprises in the United States believed that they had never grown up, valued the work because it was fun, and attributed their achievements to their eternal boyishness. In doing so, they contributed to the creation of a commercial culture of Peter Pan, which reflected and encouraged new gender identities that validated and demarcated social roles and opportunities for men in a corporate consumer society. The three men examined in this article—the Coney Island showman Fred Thompson, the ethnologist Stewart Culin, and the Broadway comic actor Fred Stone—were involved in either developing, selling, or embodying new commodities of play. Like other such men, they both reflected and helped sanction the transition from a nineteenth-century market culture that condemned play as the negation of productive manhood to a twentieth-century consumer culture that marketed itself as the playground of boys who never grow up.
Maps in the Marketplace: Cartographic Vendors and Their Customers in Eighteenth-Century America

The sale and purchase of maps, charts, atlases, and globes in colonial British America and the early United States has received little scholarly attention. Most discussions of the eighteenth-century map trade have concerned activities in Europe or have focused on the production, rather than the consumption, of cartographic products. For much of the eighteenth century, the American map trade consisted of a wide variety of retailers selling more-or-less contemporary English products. But French-, German-, Dutch-, and American-made maps, and the occasional antiquarian map or atlas, could also be found on the market. Ownership of cartographic products has been documented among a diverse group of individuals, ranging from physicians and clergymen to farmers and blacksmiths. Drawing upon sources such as newspaper advertisements, booksellers’ catalogues, correspondence, business accounts, subscription lists, and court documents, this article provides an overview of the American map trade during the period from 1...
Rod sensitivity of neonatal mouse and rat.

We have measured the sensitivity of rod photoreceptors isolated from overnight dark–adapted mice of age P12 (neonate) through P45 (adult) with suction-pipette recording. During this age period, the dark current increased roughly in direct proportion to the length of the rod outer segment. In the same period, the flash sensitivity of rods (reciprocal of the half-saturating flash intensity) increased by ∼1.5-fold. This slight developmental change in sensitivity was not accentuated by dark adapting the animal for just 1 h or by increasing the ambient luminance by sixfold during the prior light exposure. The same small, age-dependent change in rod sensitivity was found with rat. After preincubation of the isolated retina with 9-cis-retinal, neonatal mouse rods showed the same sensitivity as adult rods, suggesting the presence of a small amount of free opsin being responsible for their lower sensitivity. The sensitivity of neonate rods could also be increased to the adult level by dark adapting the animal continuously for several days. By comparing the sensitivity of neonate rods in darkness to that of adult rods after light bleaches, we estimated that ∼1% of rod opsin in neonatal mouse was devoid of chromophore even after overnight dark adaptation. Overall, we were unable to confirm a previous report that a 50-fold difference in rod sensitivity existed between neonatal and adult rats.
GATA4 haploinsufficiency in patients with interstitial deletion of chromosome region 8p23.1 and congenital heart disease

Previous studies have shown that patients with deletion of distal human chromosome arm 8p may have congenital heart disease and other physical anomalies. The gene encoding GATA-4, a zinc finger transcription factor implicated in cardiac gene expression and development, localizes to chromosome region 8p23.1. To examine whether GATA-4 deficiency is present in patients with monosomy of 8p23.1 with congenital heart disease, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a GATA4 probe on cells from a series of patients with interstitial deletion of 8p23.1. Four individuals with del(8)(p23.1) and congenital heart disease were found to be haploinsufficient at the GATA4 locus by FISH. The GATA4 gene was not deleted in a fifth patient with del(8)(p23.1) who lacked cardiac anomalies. FISH analysis on cells from 48 individuals with congenital heart disease and normal karyotypes failed to detect any submicroscopic deletions at the GATA4 locus. We conclude that haploinsufficiency at the GATA4 locus is often seen in patients with del(8)(p23.1) and congenital heart disease. Based on these findings and recent studies showing that haploinsufficiency for other cardiac transcription factor genes (e.g., TBX5, NKX2-5) causes congenital heart disease, we postulate that GATA-4 deficiency may contribute to the phenotype of patients with monosomy of 8p23.1.
Combined ML and DFE decoding for the V-BLAST system

This paper proposes to combine maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and decision feedback equalization (DFE) for the Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) system. In the new decoding algorithm, we perform ML decoding for the first p subchannels, and use the DFE procedure for the remaining subchannels. We mathematically show that the new decoding scheme increases the diversity order for the worst subchannel from 1 to p, and verify it by computer simulation. Also, we propose an ordering scheme which gives the best performance for the worst subchannel, and show that an SNR gain equal to the number of transmit antennas can be achieved by the suggested ordering.
Inductive learning for abductive diagnosis

A new inductive learning system, LAB (Learning for ABduction), is presented which acquires abductive rules from a set of training examples. The goal is to find a small knowledge base which, when used abductively, diagnoses the training examples correctly and generalizes well to unseen examples. This contrasts with past systems that inductively learn rules that are used deductively. Each training example is associated with potentially multiple categories (disorders), instead of one as with typical learning systems. LAB uses a simple hill-climbing algorithm to efficiently build a rule base for a set-covering abductive system. LAB has been experimentally evaluated and compared to other learning systems and an expert knowledge base in the domain of diagnosing brain damage due to stroke.
An integrated approach for dynamic flowsheet modeling and sensitivity analysis of a continuous tablet manufacturing process

Abstract Manufacturing of powder-based products is a focus of increasing research in the recent years. The main reason is the lack of predictive process models connecting process parameters and material properties to product quality attributes. Moreover, the trend towards continuous manufacturing for the production of multiple pharmaceutical products increases the need for model-based process and product design. This work aims to identify the challenges in flowsheet model development and simulation for solid-based pharmaceutical processes and show its application and advantages for the integrated simulation and sensitivity analysis of two tablet manufacturing case studies: direct compaction and dry granulation. The developed flowsheet system involves a combination of hybrid, population balance and data-based models. Results show that feeder refill fluctuations propagate downstream and cause fluctuations in the mixing uniformity of the blend as well as the tablet composition. However, this effect can be mitigated through recycling. Dynamic sensitivity analysis performed on the developed flowsheet, classifies the most significant sources of variability, which are material properties such as mean particle size and bulk density of powders.
Wavelet Lifting for Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Images

In this paper, a wavelet domain method for speckle noise filtering is presented. It uses non-decimated wavelet transform and generalized cross validation thresholding technique. The spatial correlation of ultrasound speckle noise is broken by multiresolution analysis. Level dependent thresholding removes noise in the wavelet domain based on automatic estimation of noise energy in each subband. The efficacy of this filter is demonstrated on both simulated and real medical ultrasound images. The result is shown to be promising and outperforms other de-noising approaches. A single adjustable parameter can be used by medical experts to balance the relevant image feature preservation and the speckle noise suppression. Lifting scheme as a way of constructing new biorthogonal wavelets based on existing wavelet as well as a way of performing wavelet transform is studied in this research to improve the performance of wavelet de-noising
Evaluation of a Short Form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale:

This study describes the development and evaluation of a short form of the widely used Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSE; Taylor & Betz, 1983). The psychometric characteristics and ...
Time-walk characteristics of an improved constant fraction discriminator☆

A modification to a constant fraction discriminator design published earlier makes the observed time walk less than 30 ps over an input voltage range of 0.15 to 2.5 V. This performance makes time-walk corrections unnecessary in many situations.
Veto players, electoral incentives and international commitments: The impact of domestic institutions on intergovernmental organization membership

. The conventional literature on international cooperation in general, and intergovernmental organization membership in particular, depicts a regular, positive relationship between wealthy capitalist democracies and participation in international institutions. While empirical evidence supports this assertion, it says little about the mechanisms, and the accompanying variation among them, by which states enter into international institutions. This study distinguishes industrialized democracies along two dimensions: the nature of their constitutional structures and the organization of their electoral politics. Variations in these features produce variations in the institutional constraints and electoral incentives that matter in determining state participation in international organizations. Results of a pooled cross-sectional time series analysis of 23 democracies in 1981 and 1992 indicate that the structure of governing institutions and the nature of electoral systems account for much of the variation in intergovernmental organization membership. This study concludes that domestic institutions matter in determining international cooperation through international organizations – a novel insight overlooked by most international relations theories.
Protein-engineered scaffolds for in vitro 3D culture of primary adult intestinal organoids

Though in vitro culture of primary intestinal organoids has gained significant momentum in recent years, little has been done to investigate the impact of microenvironmental cues provided by the encapsulating matrix on the growth and development of these fragile cultures. In this work, the impact of various in vitro culture parameters on primary adult murine organoid formation and growth are analyzed with a focus on matrix properties and geometric culture configuration. The air–liquid interface culture configuration was found to result in enhanced organoid formation relative to a traditional submerged configuration. Additionally, through use of a recombinantly engineered extracellular matrix (eECM), the effects of biochemical and biomechanical cues were independently studied. Decreasing mechanical stiffness and increasing cell adhesivity were found to increase organoid yield. Tuning of eECM properties was used to obtain organoid formation efficiency values identical to those observed in naturally harvested collagen I matrices but within a stiffer construct with improved ease of physical manipulation. Increased ability to remodel the surrounding matrix through mechanical or enzymatic means was also shown to enhance organoid formation. As the engineering and tunability of recombinant matrices is essentially limitless, continued property optimization may result in further improved matrix performance and may help to identify additional microenvironmental cues that directly impact organoid formation, development, differentiation, and functional behavior. Continued culture of primary organoids in recombinant matrices could therefore prove to be largely advantageous in the field of intestinal tissue engineering for applications in regenerative medicine and in vitro tissue mimics.
On the Classical Theory of Particles Interacting with Electromagnetic and Mesonic Fields. I

The classical equations of motion of particles which are simple poles of both the electromagnetic and the neutral (scalar or vector) mesonic field are formulated both for field theory and for the theory of action at a distance. These equations are used to discuss the field contributions to the mass of the particles, the scattering of electromagnetic radiation, photomeson production, mesonic production of electromagnetic radiation, and the electromagnetic corrections for meson scattering.
A Preliminary Study of Daily Sample Composition on Amazon Mechanical Turk

Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) has become a powerful tool for social scientists due to its inexpensiveness, ease of use, and ability to attract large numbers of workers. While the subject pool is diverse, there are numerous questions regarding the composition of the workers as a function of when the “Human Intelligence Task” (HIT) is posted. Given the “queue” nature of HITs and the disparity in geography of participants, it is natural to wonder whether HIT posting time/day can have an impact on the population that is sampled. We address this question using a panel survey on AMT and show (surprisingly) that except for gender, there is no statistically significant difference in terms of demographics characteristics as a function of HIT posting time.
Volcán las Navajas: The chemical characterization and usage of a West Mexican obsidian source in the Aztatlán tradition

Abstract In this report, I have detailed the chemistry and usage of the Volcan las Navajas source in Western Mexico. This source, located 18 km from the capital city of Tepic, Nayarit, was only recently identified in the literature in 2010. Here, I have reanalyzed this source using pXRF to define its chemistry and confirm the previous identification of two chemically distinct subsources. I have then identified the usage patterns at four Postclassic Aztatlan centers. Considering large assemblages from Coamiles, Chacalilla, San Felipe Aztatan, and Amapa, I have determined that this source was seemingly one of the most important sources utilized by the Aztatlan people. However, it has been utilized in specific ways. Despite large cobble size, abundance, high quality, and proximity, it is clear that Volcan las Navajas was preferred for generalized reduction while more distant sources were preferred for prismatic blades.
The language of ciencia: translanguaging and learning in a bilingual science classroom

ABSTRACTMuch attention is now given to academic language, particularly in content areas such as science, amid persistent achievement disparities between students classified as English Language Learners, and more recently, Long Term English Learners, and their English-proficient peers. This attention has fueled debate about the precise features of such language and the best ways to help students develop them. This work uses data from ethnographic observation and recordings of student interactions of a fifth grade cohort in a bilingual education program to show that by allowing students ample use of their full bilingual repertoires, extensive collaboration, and authentic experience and exposure to target language varieties, they are supported in their learning of new content and linguistic forms. The paper argues for a translanguaging perspective to teaching, whereby language and language acquisition are framed as social meaning-making processes and standardized forms are questioned, such that students can ...
Aspartic acid as a partial substitute for the growth-stimulating effect of biotin on Torula cremoris.

ConclusionThe omission of biotin resulted in a pronounced delay of growth of a stock laboratory strain of Torula cremoris in an ammonium phosphate-glucose-inorganic salt medium. Under these conditions 1(—)- aspartic acid or dl-aspartic acid, when supplied in place of biotin but in much larger amounts, produced a distinct stimulation of growth. A less marked stimulation was caused by glutamic acid. Seventeen other amino acids did not produce this effect.Pimelic acid and cysteine did not stimulate growth in the absence of biotin under the conditions of these tests.