cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's inductive inferences within superordinate categories: the role of language and category structure.

One important function of categories is to allow inferences that extend beyond surface appearances. In 2 studies, preschool and second-grade children were tested on their understanding that members of a category have similar internal parts. In 1 study, children were taught new information about the internal structure of various objects (e.g., an apple), then were probed to determine how far they generalized the new information (e.g., to another apple, to other fruit, to an unrelated object). In a second study, children participated in an open-ended interview that probed whether various types of objects had "the same kinds of stuff inside." Children at both ages and in both studies drew many inferences concerning the internal children to report that members of a basic-level category had the same internal parts. Older children drew more inferences at the superordinate level than did younger children. Older children were also more sensitive to differences in category domain (natural kind vs. artifact) at both basic and superordinate levels. Altogether, these results suggest that preschool children assume that basic-level categories share internal parts. They need to refine this belief at the basic level and to extend it to superordinate-level categories.
The flight display and other behaviors of male lark buntings (Calamospiza melanochorys)

The flight display of the male lark bunting (Calamospiza melanochorys) has been hypothesized to function in mate attraction, courtship, and establishment and maintenance of territory. However, empirical support for these suggestions has not yet been provided. The present investigation provides a behavioral analysis of male lark buntings in reproductive condition and documents three phases in the reproductive cycle: preterritorial, territorial, and mated. The flight display was observed in foraging groups of preterritorial males, apparently in response to conspecific flyovers. Solitary territorial males responded to conspecific flyovers (intrusions) with a flight display and pursuit of the intruder. Flight displays were not observed in mated males. The observations suggest that: (1) the communal flight displays of preterritorial males encourage dispersal of the males, and (2) the solitary flight-displays of territorial males subserve establishment and maintenance of territory. Hypotheses are advanced regarding the role of the males’ flight display in the reproductive development of females and the absence of these displays during the mating phase.
Effect of dealumination on the catalytic activity of acid zeolites for the gas phase synthesis of MTBE

Abstract The gas phase MTBE synthesis reaction was studied on a number of zeolite catalysts, in order to obtain a better understanding of the impact of acidity on zeolite activity for MTBE formation away from thermodynamic equilibrium limitations. The catalysts investigated included a series of dealuminated HY zeolites with different acid properties. In addition, H-ZSM-5, an amorphous silica-alumina, and Amberlyst-15 resin were investigated for comparison. An increase in acidity of the HY zeolites produced by dealumination was found to result in a significant enhancement in the intrinsic activity for MTBE formation. The ratio of extra-lattice to lattice Al appears to be an important parameter for determining the catalytic behavior of zeolites for this reaction.
Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis.

It has been recently demonstrated that human esophageal submucosal mucous glands exhibit the ability to secrete copious amounts of mucin, well known within the gastrointestinal tract for its protective quality against hydrogen ion and pepsin. Since mucin may also play a protective role within the esophageal compartment, we have studied the rate of secretion of esophageal mucin in patients with RE. Mucin was assessed by periodic acid-Schiff methodology in esophageal secretion collected during continuous perfusion with saline (period I) followed by HCl (period II), HCl/pepsin (period III), and final saline (period IV), mimicking the natural gastroesophageal scenario. The basal rate of the luminal release of mucin in patients with grade II RE was 18% lower as compared with controls. During exposure of the esophageal mucosa to an HCl/pepsin solution, esophageal mucin output in the RE group was 52% lower than in the control group (0.154 ± 0.027 vs 0.320 ± 0.049 mg/cm2/min;P=0.025). Furthermore, the rates of esophageal mucin output in patients with grade III RE during esophageal perfusion with saline and HCl/pepsin were 62% (0.090 ± 0.021 vs 0.239 ± 0.036 mg/cm2/min;P=0.016) and 86% (0.048 ± 0.010 vs 0.320 ± 0.049 mg/cm2/min;P=0.001) lower when compared with corresponding values in controls. After endoscopic healing of RE, the overall impairment in the rate of esophageal mucin secretion in patients with grade II improved from 31% to 17% at the end of therapy, whereas in patients with grade III the impairment in mucin secretion improved only marginally from 71% to 69%. Significant impairment in the rate of esophageal mucin output in patients with severe esophagitis (grade III), prevailing despite healing of endoscopic changes, indicates that a low rate of esophageal mucin secretion may be a potential contributing factor in the development of severe mucosal damage in patients with excessive gastroesophageal reflux.
Molecular characterization of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that potentially functions in T-cell activation and development

Differential hybridization cloning has been used to isolate a novel chicken thymic activation and developmental sequence (cTADS). The nucleotide sequence of the cTADS cDNA predicts an open reading frame of 439 amino acids. The inferred cTADS protein possesses a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain and putative intracellular kinase activation domains. Its extracellular domain shares similarities with the immunoglobulin protein superfamily, featuring two conserved immunoglobulin folds that resemble C1 and C2 constant regions. The cTADS sequence shows similarity to a subfamily of proteins involved in cellular adhesion: chicken neural cell adhesion molecule and human opioid-binding adhesion molecule, and to proteins that have a biological role in intracellular signaling: mouse platelet-derived growth factor receptor and human fibroblast growth factor receptor. cTADS is differentially expressed in chicken thymic cells during embryonic development and during activation through the T-cell receptor. Sequence similarities and expression patterns suggest that cTADS could be involved in cell recognition and adhesion, and/or peptide ligand binding.
Day Trading International Mutual Funds: Evidence And Policy Solutions

Daily pricing of mutual funds provides liquidity to investors but is subject to valuation errors due to the inability to observe synchronous, fair security prices at the end of the trading day. This may hurt fund investors if speculators strategically seek to exploit mispricing or if the net flow of money into funds is correlated with these pricing errors. We show that mutual funds are exposed to speculative traders by using a simple day trading rule that yields large profits in a sample of 391 U.S.-based open-end international mutual funds. We propose a simple "fair pricing" mechanism that alleviates these concerns by correcting net asset values for stale prices. We argue that fund companies and regulators should look at alternatives that allow funds to offer fair pricing to investors, which in turn decreases the need to resort to monitoring for day traders and redemption penalties.
Adaptive fuzzy systems for target tracking

Compares fuzzy and Kalman-filter control systems for real-time target tracking. Both systems performed well in the presence of additive measurement noise. In the presence of mild process (unmodelled-effects) noise, the fuzzy system exhibited finer control. The authors tested the robustness of the fuzzy controller by removing random subsets of fuzzy associations or 'rules', and by adding destructive or 'sabotage' fuzzy rules to the fuzzy system. They tested the robustness of the Kalman tracking system by increasing the variance of the unmodelled-effects noise process. The fuzzy controller performed well until over 50% of the fuzzy rules were removed. The Kalman controller's performance quickly depreciated as the unmodelled-effects variance increased. The authors used unsupervised neural-network learning to adaptively generate the fuzzy controller's fuzzy-associative-memory structure. The fuzzy systems did not require a mathematical model of how system outputs depended on inputs. >
Manganese toxicity to peanuts in autoclaved soil

The interveinal leaf chlorosis occurring in Argentine peanuts growing in autoclaved soil is the result of manganese toxicity. The toxic level of manganese results from two mechanisms: the direct release of manganese complexed with the organic fraction of the soil, and the killing of microorganisms that normally transform available manganese into higher oxides. Propylene oxide treatment of soil resulted in a gradual increase in available manganese but selectively blocked microbial conversion of divalent Mn to a nonavailable state. Methyl bromide had no measureable effect.
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE TRANSITIONS OF PHOTOCOLORED FORMS OF CHROMENES

— –Theoretical prediction (MO-SCF-CI) of numbers, energies and intensities of transitions are compared with experimental data for the photocolored products of three types of chromenes. Generally good results are obtained. Several conclusions resulted from variation of parameters: (1) When all carbon-carbon bonds are considered equal in length, there is good agreement between experiment and theory regarding band locations and intensities, however, very poor correlation exists between theory and experiment when calculations are done on a model where the carbon-carbon bonds are alternately single and double, (2) theoretical calculations employing the Mataga approximation for the two-center repulsion integrals gives superior correlation with the experimental spectra in comparison with the Pariser-Parr approximation, and (3) variation of certain parameters (as I.P., E.A., β) did produce changes in the results, especially in the oscillator strengths, but there was no clear best choice, and therefore, conventional parameters were used.
Oxyluminescence-a new tool for testing the stability of polymers

It was observed that light is emitted upon polymer oxidation; intensity of light is proportional to oxygen concentration on the surface and presence of an antioxidant effects the emission of light. A linear relationship was found to exist between integrated light intensity and the number of carbonyl atoms formed. In addition concentration of antioxidants present and their synergistic effects can be measured by this method.
A randomized trial of chewing gum to prevent postoperative ileus after laparotomy for benign gynecologic surgery

Abstract Objective To assess whether chewing gum prevents postoperative ileus after laparotomy for benign gynecologic surgery. Methods A randomized study was conducted from December 1, 2010, to February 29, 2012. Patients scheduled to undergo laparotomy were randomly assigned to receive chewing gum or routine care after surgery. A chart review was performed to establish incidence of nausea and vomiting, use of antiemetics, cases of postoperative ileus (≥ 2 episodes of emesis of 100 mL or more, with abdominal distention and absence of bowel sounds), and time to discharge. Inpatient surveys recorded the time to specific events. Results A total of 109 patients were randomly assigned to receive chewing gum (n = 51) or routine postoperative care (n = 58). Fewer participants assigned to receive chewing gum than routine care experienced postoperative nausea (16 [31.4%] versus 29 [50.0%]; P = 0.049) and postoperative ileus (0 vs 5 [8.6%]; P = 0.032). There were no differences in the need for postoperative antiemetics, episodes of postoperative vomiting, readmissions, repeat surgeries, time to first hunger, time to toleration of clear liquids, time to regular diet, time to first flatus, or time to discharge. Conclusion Chewing gum after laparotomy for gynecologic surgery is safe and lowers the incidence of postoperative ileus and nausea. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01579175
Copper hexacyanoferrate battery electrodes with long cycle life and high power

Short-term transients, including those related to wind and solar sources, present challenges to the electrical grid. Stationary energy storage systems that can operate for many cycles, at high power, with high round-trip energy efficiency, and at low cost are required. Existing energy storage technologies cannot satisfy these requirements. Here we show that crystalline nanoparticles of copper hexacyanoferrate, which has an ultra-low strain open framework structure, can be operated as a battery electrode in inexpensive aqueous electrolytes. After 40,000 deep discharge cycles at a 17 C rate, 83% of the original capacity of copper hexacyanoferrate is retained. Even at a very high cycling rate of 83 C, two thirds of its maximum discharge capacity is observed. At modest current densities, round-trip energy efficiencies of 99% can be achieved. The low-cost, scalable, room-temperature co-precipitation synthesis and excellent electrode performance of copper hexacyanoferrate make it attractive for large-scale energy storage systems.
The green economy and job creation: inclusion of people with disabilities in the USA

The percentage of total employment associated with green goods and services has increased in the USA over the past several years, presenting employment opportunities in a number of related emerging fields. As employment options arise to provide green goods and services, people with disabilities should have equitable employment opportunities in this growth sector of the US economy. A focused strategy to train and engage people with disabilities in the green economy can provide a talented and largely untapped segment of the US workforce, a greater opportunity to participate in this growing employment sector than previously realised.
Novel translocation (9;12)(q22;q24) in secondardy chondrosarcoma arising from hereditary multiple exostosis

We report a new translocation in a patient with a history of hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) who developed a recurrent grade I chondrosarcoma involving the sacrum and retroperitoneum. Karyotypic analysis of the tumor revealed a sole chromosome abnormality t(9;12)(q22;q24.3). To our knowledge, this translocation has not been previously identified in either chondrosarcoma, HME, or related tumor types. Our novel translocation may be related to the sarcomatous degeneration of the pre-existing exostosis.
Labelling and recording from dissociated target-specific rat superior cervical ganglion neurons

A population of neurons was retrogradely labelled in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of the adult rat following the injection of the fluorescent dye Fast blue into the submandibular salivary glands (SMG). The neurons retained the fluorescent label following dissociation and culture. Electrical and chemosensitive properties of the labelled neurons were studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.
Measurement of ultra low passive intermodulation with ability to separate current/voltage induced nonlinearities

A measurement technique is proposed which exploits the standing wave in a microstrip resonator to more thoroughly measure passive nonlinearities. The measurement technique is demonstrated to be able to measure the difference between current induced and voltage induced passive nonlinearities. By placing the device under test in a resonator three times higher voltage and current magnitudes are created compared to traveling wave passive intermodulation measurement systems. This increases the effective power only at the device under test and increases the measurement sensitivity of the original traveling wave measurement system. Based on our measurements we project the ability to characterize devices at −196 dBc, a 29 dB improvement over the original system.
Out of Africa and into the Levant: replacement or admixture in Western Asia?

Abstract Late Pleistocene Israel is the region in which issues of population mixture or competition at the time of the emergence of modern humans are most likely to be solved. For those who believe that modern humans first arose in Africa and subsequently spread throughout the world replacing archaic populations, the Levant would be the first region where such archaic populations were encountered. For those who regard the Levantine Neandertal populations as late emigres from a glaciated and inhospitable Europe, the Levant is the place where it is most likely that Neandertals encountered other human populations. If ever there was a time and place where we can examine the question of whether European and African populations exchanged ideas and mates, or competed with each other without genetic exchanges, this is it! In this paper we test the null hypothesis of a single human species occupying the Levant at the onset of the Late Pleistocene. An inability to delineate two distinct groups among the Levantine hominids would support the null hypothesis, while a demonstration of the presence of two morphs would lead to its refutation. We use non-metric traits to examine the eight most complete adult Levantine human crania to try to refute the contention first proposed by McCown and Keith (1939. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel: the Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian, Vol. II. Clarendon Press, Oxford), that the Levant “Neandertals” (Amud, Tabun) were the same species as the “early modern humans” (Qafzeh III, VI, IX; Skhul IV, V, IX). To test this hypothesis we use individual specimens as “operational taxonomic units”, and assess it using phylogenetic analysis as a heuristic clustering procedure. While our analyses produce many different trees, none of the most parsimonious ones reveal a separate Neandertal clade. Furthermore, we conducted a pairwise difference analysis of these data, which also failed to reveal a unique relationship between the Neandertal crania that would be expected if these hominids were a different species from that represented by Qafzeh and Skhul. We acknowledge that the bases for refutation are necessary but not indispensably sufficient conditions, and yet nevertheless, our findings fail to refute the null hypothesis. Instead our results suggest that the traditional “Neandertal” versus “modern human” groupings in the Levant may not be as distinct as often thought. This would imply that as populations left Africa, they interbred with the Late Pleistocene inhabitants of the Levant, and suggest that as different populations moved or expanded their range, subsequent human evolution be viewed as a consequence of the continued mixing of ideas and genes.
Usability of a novel clinician interface for genetic results

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? We evaluated an innovative application for communicating genetic results. ? Application allows users to access knowledge updates to reported variants. ? Optimizing accessibility and clinical relevance of genetic data is essential. ? Incorporating user focused design can optimize value of application. ? Providers felt the application had high value for delivering clinical care. The complexity and rapid growth of genetic data demand investment in information technology to support effective use of this information. Creating infrastructure to communicate genetic information to healthcare providers and enable them to manage that data can positively affect a patient's care in many ways. However, genetic data are complex and present many challenges. We report on the usability of a novel application designed to assist providers in receiving and managing a patient's genetic profile, including ongoing updated interpretations of the genetic variants in those patients. Because these interpretations are constantly evolving, managing them represents a challenge. We conducted usability tests with potential users of this application and reported findings to the application development team, many of which were addressed in subsequent versions. Clinicians were excited about the value this tool provides in pushing out variant updates to providers and overall gave the application high usability ratings, but had some difficulty interpreting elements of the interface. Many issues identified required relatively little development effort to fix suggesting that consistently incorporating this type of analysis in the development process can be highly beneficial. For genetic decision support applications, our findings suggest the importance of designing a system that can deliver the most current knowledge and highlight the significance of new genetic information for clinical care. Our results demonstrate that using a development and design process that is user focused helped optimize the value of this application for personalized medicine.
Am extended eutectic solder bump for FCOB

An evaporated, extended eutectic (E-3) bump structure has been defined. This positive standoff Pb/Sn solder bump builds on the evaporative structure used to produce C-4 interconnects but utilizes a thicker Sn cap to provide a low temperature, eutectic joining medium for flip chip on board (FCOB) applications. It has been shown that this new structure can be adapted to existing FCOB methodologies without altering the tools or processes being used today. By providing eutectic melting right on the bump itself, direct joining to organic assemblies is achieved without special processing at the board level. This leads directly to cost reductions and improved wirability at assembly. These options are illustrated. The characteristics of the bump have been evaluated and reliability data has demonstrated that this bump performs as well as or better than other solder interconnect structures. Extension of this joining technology to ceramics substrates has also been demonstrated.
Determination of the interfacial rheological properties of a poly(DL-lactic acid)-encapsulated contrast agent using in vitro attenuation and scattering.

Abstract The stabilizing encapsulation of a microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) critically affects its acoustic properties. Polymers, which behave differently from materials commonly used ( i.e., lipids or proteins) for monolayer encapsulation, have the potential for better stability and improved control of encapsulation properties. Air-filled microbubbles coated with poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA) are characterized here using in vitro acoustic experiments and several models of encapsulation. The interfacial rheological properties of the encapsulation are determined according to each model using attenuation of ultrasound through a suspension of microbubbles. Then the model predictions are compared with scattered non-linear (sub- and second harmonic) responses. For this microbubble population (average diameter, 1.9 μm), the peak in attenuation measurement indicates a weighted-average resonance frequency of 2.5–3 MHz, which, in contrast to other encapsulated microbubbles, is lower than the resonance frequency of a free bubble of similar size (diameter, 1.9 μm). This apparently contradictory result stems from the extremely low surface dilational elasticity (around 0.01–0.07 N/m) and the reduced surface tension of the poly(DL-lactic acid) encapsulation, as well as the polydispersity of the bubble population. All models considered here are shown to behave similarly even in the non-linear regime because of the low surface dilational elasticity value. Pressure-dependent scattering measurements at two different excitation frequencies (2.25 and 3 MHz) revealed strongly non-linear behavior with 25–30 dB and 5–20 dB enhancements in fundamental and second-harmonic responses, respectively, for a contrast agent concentration of 1.33 μg/mL in the suspension. Sub-harmonic responses are registered above a relatively low generation threshold of 100–150 kPa, with up to 20 dB enhancement beyond that pressure. Numerical predictions from all models show good agreement with the experimentally measured fundamental response, but not with the experimental second-harmonic response. The characteristic features of sub-harmonic responses and the steady response beyond the threshold are matched well by model predictions. However, prediction of the threshold value depends on estimated properties and size distribution. The variation in size distribution from sample to sample leads to variation in estimates of encapsulation properties: the lowest estimated value for surface dilational viscosity better predicts the sub-harmonic threshold.
A Vacuum Tube Controlled Rectifier

An electronic rectifier built for testing radio transmitting tubes is described, and some of the factors influencing precision of control are discussed briefly.
Vox Populi Annotation: Measuring Intensity of Ideological Perspectives by Aggregating Group Judgments

Polarizing discussions about political and social issues are common in mass media. Annotations on the degree to which a sentence expresses an ideological perspective can be valuable for evaluating computer programs that can automatically identify strongly biased sentences, but such annotations remain scarce. We annotated the intensity of ideological perspectives expressed in 250 sentences by aggregating judgments from 18 annotators. We proposed methods of determining the number of annotators and assessing reliability, and showed the the sentence-level annotations on ideological perspectives were reliable across different annotator groups.
SAMARSKITE-(Yb): A NEW SPECIES OF THE SAMARSKITE GROUP FROM THE LITTLE PATSY PEGMATITE, JEFFERSON COUNTY, COLORADO

La samarskite-(Yb) a ete decouverte dans la pegmatite granitique de type NYF de Little Patsy, district de South Platte, comte de Jefferson, au Colorado; le mineral est noir, metamicte, et se presente en amas xenomorphes atteignant des dizaines de centimetres de diametre, en intercroissance intime avec ferrocolumbite et zircon. Il fait partie d'un assemblage tardif forme par remplacement au contact du noyau et de la zone intermediaire de la pegmatite; lui sont associes ishikawaite, samarskite-(Y), zircon, ferrocolumbite, monazite-(Ce) et fluorite riche en yttrium. La samarskite-(Yb) est noire avec une rayure brune a noire, et isotrope, avec un indice de refraction superieur a 2.1. Elle est cassante, et sa durete est entre 5 et 6 sur l'echelle de Mohs. Son eclat est vitreux; elle est presque opaque et non fluorescente en lumiere ultra-violette. Elle est depourvue de clivage, et montre une fracture conchoidale. Aucune macle n'est evidente. En chauffant a 1100°C pour 12 heures, le mineral recristallise a une structure monoclinique ayant les parametres reticulaires semblables a ceux d'autres membres du groupe de la samarskite ayant recristallise a des conditions faiblement reductrices et de temperature semblables: a 5.688(9), b 9.915(2), c 5.199(9) A, β 93.16(10)°, et V 292.760 A 3 . Les six raies les plus intenses du spectre de diffraction X (methode des poudres) [d en A(I)(hkl)] sont: 2.971(100)(121), 3.070(25)(21), 3.664(21)(111), 1.870(20)(202), 1.574(20)( 160), and 1.769(15)(320). La densite mesuree sur un echantillon non chauffe est 7.03(1) g/cm 3 . La densite calculee a partir de la formule empirique avec Z = 4 est 7.079 g/cm 3 . Les analyses faites avec une microsonde electronique ont donne (en %, poids): Nb 2 O 5 29.53, Ta 2 O 5 15.13, TiO 2 0.64, ThO 2 10.11, UO 2 10.39, La 2 O 3 0.03, Ce 2 O 3 0.22, Pr 2 O0 3 0.05, Nd 2 O 3 0.64, Sm 2 O 3 0.42, Gd 2 O 3 0.55, Tb 2 O 3 0.25, Dy 2 O 3 3.16, Ho20 3 0.59, E r 2O 3 3.40, Tm 2 O 3 0.58, Yb 2 O 3 5.78, Lu 2 O 3 0.97, Y 2 O 3 1.92, MnO 1.02, ZrO 2 0.98, CaO 2.11, Sc 2 O 3 0.26, SnO 2 0.54, PbO 0.27, WO 3 2.96, FeO 2.55, SiO 2 0.41, pour un total de 95.37%, ce qui correspond a la formule empirique: ([Yb 0.096 Er 0.058 Y 0.056 Dy 0.054 Lu 0.016 Nd 0.012 Tm 0.010 Ho 0.010 Gd 0.010 Sm 0.008 Tb 0.005 Ce 0.004 Pr 0.001 La 0.001 ] Σ0.3 U 0.126 Th 0.125 Ca 0.123 Fe 2+ 0.116 Mn 0.047 W 0.042 Zr 0.026 Si 0.022 Sc 0.012 Sn 0.012 Pb 0.004 ) Σ0.996 (Nb 0.728 Ta 0.224 Ti 0.027 ) Σ0.979 O 4 . La formule simplifiee est (Yb,Y,TR,U,Th,Ca,FC 2+ ) (Nb,Ta,Ti) O 4 , et la formule ideale est YbNbO 4 . La samarskite-(Yb) a recu l'approbation de la Commission des Nouveaux Mineraux et des Noms de Mineraux (#2004-001).
Shigella flexneri is trapped in polymorphonuclear leukocyte vacuoles and efficiently killed

We examined the bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) against an invasive wild-type strain of Shigella flexneri (M90T) and a plasmid-cured noninvasive derivative (BS176). Both Shigella strains, as well as a rough strain of Escherichia coli, were killed with similar efficiencies by intact inflammatory PMN in room air and under N2 (i.e., killing was O2 independent). Bacterial killing by PMN extracts was substantially inhibited by antibodies to the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). Whereas wild-type Shigella escapes from the phagosome to the cytoplasm in epithelial cells and macrophages, wild-type Shigella was trapped in the phagolysosome of PMN as visualized by electron microscopy. The efficient killing of Shigella by PMN suggests that these inflammatory cells may not only contribute initially to the severe tissue damage characteristic of shigellosis but also ultimately participate in clearance and resolution of infection.
Efficient hemodynamic event detection utilizing relational databases and wavelet analysis

Development of a temporal query framework for time-oriented medical databases has hitherto been a challenging problem. We describe a novel method for the detection of hemodynamic events in multiparameter trends utilizing wavelet coefficients in a MySQL relational database. Storage of the wavelet coefficients allowed for a compact representation of the trends, and provided robust descriptors for the dynamics of the parameter time series. A data model was developed to allow for simplified queries along several dimensions and time scales. Of particular importance, the data model and wavelet framework allowed for queries to be processed with minimal table-join operations. A web-based search engine was developed to allow for user-defined queries. Typical queries required between 0.01 and 0.02 seconds, with at least two orders of magnitude improvement in speed over conventional queries. This powerful and innovative structure will facilitate research on largescale time-oriented medical databases.
Explaining Private Sector Career Trajectories for Women in Denmark and the USA: Welfare State Services vs. Corporate Diversity Programmes

According to welfare state theories, access to maternity-leave programmes and child care aid women in pursuing high-level careers. Yet this is not the complete picture. While theories exploring public policy impacts highlight the contribution of welfare services to the relative productivity of women compared to men, these theories should be complemented with a focus on conditions internal to the firm and in particular the organization of human resources. Focusing on IT and pharmaceutical firms in the USA and Denmark, US companies manage compliance by setting clear goals for gender diversity while this is not the case in Denmark. Furthermore, interviews with US subsidiaries in Denmark indicate that these companies view the US paradigm of equality of outcome as attractive compared to the Danish paradigm of equality of opportunity. The Danish welfare state is increasingly seen by human resource managers as insufficient when it comes to promoting female managers in the private sector.
Update on foodborne viruses: types, concentration and sampling methods

Abstract: An overview is presented of some of the current significant foodborne viruses, which are major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, and of the key challenges in development of rapid methods for their detection in foods and the environment. The importance is emphasized of information about foodborne viruses in order to improve overall awareness of their transmission and disease symptoms. In particular, sampling and concentration techniques required for effective detection are explored, including removal of inhibitors and purification methods.
A Review of “Publishing Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed”

The second edition of Publishing Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed (PAS) is both a tutorial and a directive. This book is cosponsored by the International Society of Addiction Journal Ed...
Abstract C60: In vitro efficacy of the dual PI3‐kinase/mTOR inhibitor NVP‐BEZ235 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: The PI3‐Kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway has been shown to be involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1, such as everolimus (RAD001), have shown preliminary activity in patients with advanced HCC. The PI3‐K pathway affects cell growth and survival through the activation of numerous other kinases besides mTOR. Therefore, disruption of this pathway upstream of mTOR may be more effective therapeutically than inhibition of mTOR alone. To investigate this hypothesis, the effects of NVP‐BEZ235, a dual inhibitor of PI3‐K and mTOR, were compared to rapamycin in HCC cell lines in vitro . Methods: Four HCC cell lines (PLC, HepG2, SKHep1, and Hep3B) were exposed to NVP‐BEZ235 at increasing concentrations (50nM‐250nM) for 4 hours. Based upon results of western blots and MTS proliferation assays, a dose of 100nM was chosen for further in vitro studies. The same HCC cell lines were treated with DMSO, Rapamycin (100nM) or NVP‐BEZ235 (100nM) and either lysed after 24hours for western blot analysis or assayed for proliferation by MTS after 48 hours. Expression of substrates of interest such as phospho‐Akt, phospho‐S6, phospho‐4EBP, and survivin were determined by western blot. Results: NVP‐BEZ235 effectively suppressed tumor cell proliferation and inhibited its biologic targets, as determined by phosphorylation of S6 and Akt [Ser473], at low nanomolar concentrations. No significant apoptosis was detected at any concentration as determined by propidium iodide staining. In addition, NVP‐BEZ235 was more effective than either rapamycin or DMSO in reducing proliferation in HCC cell lines. Both rapamycin and NVP‐BEZ235 inhibited S6 phosphorylation; however only NVP‐BEZ235 diminished Akt or PRAS40 (proline‐rich Akt substrate) phosphorylation. NVP‐BEZ235 was also significantly more effective than rapamycin in suppressing the phosphorylation of 4EBP, a well recognized substrate of TORC1. In keeping with this, NVP‐BEZ235 was more effective than rapamycin in suppressing the expression of proteins such as survivin, suggesting a more profound inhibition of cap‐dependent translation. Conclusions: Dual inhibition of PI3‐K/mTOR induced greater arrest of tumor cell proliferation compared to inhibition of mTORC1 alone in HCC. The ability to more effectively suppress cap‐dependent translation may be central to the efficacy of drugs such as NVP‐BEZ235 in HCC. Xenograft studies are underway to confirm these effects in vivo . Inhibition of PI3‐K/mTOR may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced HCC. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C60.
Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Doped Silicon Carbide

The magnetic properties of cubic (3C) silicon carbide (SiC) doped by first row transition metals (TM) are studied within the local spin density functional approach using the linearized muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method in the atomic sphere approximation (ASA). The magnetic properties are found to depend strongly on the doping site. For the preferred doping site (Si), Cr and Mn exhibit the most pronounced magnetic behavior with Cr favoring ferromagnetic coupling and Mn antiferromagnetic coupling.
Sound Repetition Rate in the Human Auditory Pathway: Representations in the Waveshape and Amplitude of fMRI Activation

Sound repetition rate plays an important role in stream segregation, temporal pattern recognition, and the perception of successive sounds as either distinct or fused. This study was aimed at eluci...
Comparisons of Mechanical Infusion Pumps and Needle Size on Blood Flow and Hemolysis

A comparison was made of plasma hemoglobin concentrations in 31 units of one- to five-week-old whole blood/red blood cells following perfusion through mechanical infusion pumps and gravity flow. Plasma hemoglobin levels were almost always higher in the specimens that flowed through the mechanical pumps. These increases were significantly higher than those using gravity flow when whole blood was infused through the Abbott-Shaw Life Support System. The percentage increases of plasma hemoglobin of both the whole blood and red blood cells passed through the same pump were also significantly higher than those through the other two devices. Neither the bore size of the needles nor the age of the blood influenced the degree of hemolysis by the mechanical pumps. We concluded that a mechanical infusion pump provides a precise infusion rate even with small bore-size needles. However, the effect of the pump on hemolysis of the blood product should be evaluated before its use.
Assessment of visual function and retinal structure following acute light exposure in the light sensitive T4R rhodopsin mutant dog

The effect of acute exposure to various intensities of white light on visual behavior and retinal structure was evaluated in the T4R RHO dog, a naturally-occurring model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa due to a mutation in the Rhodopsin gene. A total of 14 dogs (ages: 4-5.5 months) were used in this study: 3 homozygous mutant RHO(T4R/T4R), 8 heterozygous mutant RHO(T4R/+), and 3 normal wild-type (WT) dogs. Following overnight dark adaptation, the left eyes were acutely exposed to bright white light with a monocular Ganzfeld dome, while the contralateral right eye was shielded. Each of the 3 homozygous (RHO(T4R/T4R)) mutant dogs had a single unilateral light exposure (LE) to a different (low, moderate, and high) dose of white light (corneal irradiance/illuminance: 0.1 mW/cm(2), 170 lux; 0.5 mW/cm(2), 820 lux; or 1 mW/cm(2), 1590 lux) for 1 min. All 8 heterozygous (RHO(T4R/+)) mutant dogs were exposed once to the same moderate dose of light. The 3 WT dogs had their left eyes exposed 1, 2, or 3 times to the same highest dose of light. Visual function prior to LE and at 2 weeks and 33 weeks after exposure was objectively assessed in the RHO(T4R/T4R) and WT dogs by using an obstacle-avoidance course. Transit time through the obstacle course was measured under different scotopic to photopic ambient illuminations. Morphological retinal changes were evaluated by non-invasive in vivo cSLO/sdOCT imaging and histology before and at several time-points (2-36 weeks) after light exposure. The analysis of the transit time through the obstacle course showed that no differences were observed in any of mutant or WT dogs at 2 weeks and 33 weeks post LE. The RHO(T4R/T4R) retina exposed to the lowest dose of white light showed no obvious changes in ONL thickness at 2 weeks, but mild decrease was noted 36 weeks after LE. The RHO(T4R/T4R) retina that received a moderate dose (showed an obvious decrease in ONL thickness along the superior and temporal meridians at 2 weeks post LE with more severe damage at 36 weeks post LE in all four meridians. The RHO(T4R/T4R) retina exposed to the high dose showed at 2 weeks after LE extensive ONL damage in all four meridians. This light intensity did not cause any retinal damage in WT dogs even after repeated (up to 3) LE. Analysis of ONL thickness in heterozygous mutant dogs exposed to the moderate dose of light confirmed the increased sensitivity to light damage of the superior/tapetal retina, and the occurrence of an ongoing cell death process several weeks after the acute LE. In conclusion, a short single exposure to a dose of white light that is not retinotoxic in WT dogs causes in the T4R RHO retina an acute loss of ONL in the central to mid peripheral region that keeps progressing over the course of several weeks. However, this severe retinal damage does not affect visual behavior presumably because of islands of surviving photoreceptors found in the area centralis including the newly discovered canine fovea-like area, and the lack of damage to peripheral photoreceptors.
Study on SSO characteristic of Sichuan power grid caused by HVDC

Nowadays a number of HVDC power transmission projects are building in Sichuan power grid. Yet HVDC system will lead to subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) in the sending end of AC systems, and cause the consequent torsional oscillation of relative generators and shorten the life of shaft. So it is extremely urgent to assess the risk of SSO. And this is of great significance for the security and stability of power grid. In this paper, the Unit Interaction Factor (UIF), and Prony identification method which is used to extract oscillation eigenvalues and time domain simulation of electromagnetic transient are used to study the SSO characteristic of Sichuan power grid caused by HVDC. And these methods can be mutual authentications in the time domain and frequency domain. The study results indicate that in several individual mode of operation, the ±800 kV UHVDC system from Xiangjiaba to Shanghai may stimulate torsional oscillation of Luzhou thermal power generator unit more seriously. And the set of analysis methods can well assess the risk of SSO. It has a high application value that can be widely used in engineering.
Adsorption of two gas molecules at a single metal site in a metal–organic framework

One strategy to markedly increase the gas storage capacity of metal–organic frameworks is to introduce coordinatively-unsaturated metal centers capable of binding multiple gas molecules. Herein, we provide an initial demonstration that a single metal site within a framework can support the terminal coordination of two gas molecules—specifically hydrogen, methane, or carbon dioxide.
High Hepatitis C Infection Rate among Baby Boomers in an Urban Primary Care Clinic: Results from the HepTLC Initiative

Objective.CDC recommends that all people born between 1945 and 1965 be tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV). We hypothesized that HCV testing in a large, urban primary care clinic would reveal higher...
Complications of patellofemoral joint surgery.

SUMMARY The goal of patellofemoral surgery, as is true in any surgical procedure, is the maximum benefit with the least morbidity. It is imperative that the surgeon be aware of the potential complications of operating on the patellofemoral joint. It was with this goal in mind that this review was undertaken. Complications specific to surgical therapy for LPCS, malalignment, degenerative arthritis, and trauma were covered. Procedure-specific complications were discussed, as well as IPCS and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Recommendations on how to avoid these complications were made. Specific treatment recommendations, where appropriate, were also put forth.
Paneth cell defects in Crohn’s disease patients promote dysbiosis

BACKGROUND. Paneth cell dysfunction has been implicated in a subset of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. We previously stratified clinical outcomes of CD patients by using Paneth cell phenotypes, which we defined by the intracellular distribution of antimicrobial proteins. Animal studies suggest that Paneth cells shape the intestinal microbiome. However, it is unclear whether Paneth cell phenotypes alter the microbiome complexity in CD subjects. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation of Paneth cell phenotypes with mucosal microbiome composition and ileal RNA expression in pediatric CD and noninflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) patients. METHODS. Pediatric CD (n = 44) and non-IBD (n = 62) patients aged 4 to 18 were recruited prior to routine endoscopic biopsy. Ileal mucosal samples were analyzed for Paneth cell phenotypes, mucosal microbiome composition, and RNA transcriptome. RESULTS. The prevalence of abnormal Paneth cells was higher in pediatric versus adult CD cohorts. For pediatric CD patients, those with abnormal Paneth cells showed significant changes in their ileal mucosal microbiome, highlighted by reduced protective microbes and enriched proinflammatory microbes. Ileal transcriptome profiles showed reduced transcripts for genes that control oxidative phosphorylation in CD patients with abnormal Paneth cells. These transcriptional changes in turn were correlated with specific microbiome alterations. In non-IBD patients, a subset contained abnormal Paneth cells. However, this subset was not associated with alterations in the microbiome or host transcriptome. CONCLUSION. Paneth cell abnormalities in human subjects are associated with mucosal dysbiosis in the context of CD, and these changes are associated with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, potentially in a feedback loop. FUNDING. The research was funded by Helmsley Charitable Trust (to T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and D.P.B. McGovern), Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America (to N.H. Salzman, T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and C. Huttenhower), and Doris Duke Charitable Foundation grant 2014103 (to T.C. Liu).
Use of screening procedures in office practice.

For maximum yield, most screening procedures used in office practice should be applied selectively, on the basis of such criteria as age, sex, family history, medical history, and occupation. Principles for application of a screening test are helpful in deciding whether a particular procedure should be used.
Rings and Fields

Rings are the basic structures for algebra. We already have many examples of rings: the integers, real and complex numbers, and the structure of addition and multiplication that was defined on ℤn in the chapter about the third torus and its geometry.
Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury on ADHD Symptoms

The course of attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADH) symptomatology in 50 children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury (TBI) at 6 to 14 years of age was studied prospectively at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Investigating cyclooxygenase-2 signaling in breast cancer-initiating cells.

e21107 Investigating cyclooxygenase-2 signaling in breast cancer-initiating cells Background: Only a small fraction of breast tumor cells, breast cancer-initiating cells (CSC), have the ability to ...
Asparagine synthetase is a biomarker of L-asparaginase activity in multiple cancer cell types

B28 Molecular profiling can identify biomarkers that predict response to therapy in cell lines, in animal models, and in the clinic. We recently used molecular profiling and RNAi analysis to show that asparagine synthetase (ASNS) is a causal biomarker for activity of the anti-leukemia enzyme-drug L-asparaginase (L-ASP) in ovarian lines of the NCI-60 panel. Although leukemic and ovarian were the only subpanels of the NCI-60 to exhibit strong L-ASP/ASNS correlations, we nevertheless hypothesized that modulation of ASNS expression by RNAi would reveal a causal relationship between ASNS expression and L-ASP efficacy in other cancer cell types as well. In support of that hypothesis, we have now found that RNAi-mediated silencing of ASNS results in a 3- to 10,000-fold potentiation of L-ASP activity in breast, colon, CNS, prostate, melanoma, and renal cancers lines from the NCI-60 set. Interestingly, we also find that the mechanism of L-ASP potentiation by RNAi involves more than just a leftward shift of the L-ASP dose-response curve; RNAi also suppresses a rightward shift of the dose-response curve caused by ASNS up-regulation following L-ASP treatment. Those findings prompted us to investigate at the RNA and protein levels how well ASNS expression can predict L-ASP activity across multiple cancer types in the NCI-60. The most striking result was that baseline ASNS protein levels yield a strong correlation with L-ASP efficacy (r = -0.64; p = 0.012, one-tailed). These findings provide rationale for clinical evaluation of ASNS protein expression as a predictive biomarker of L-ASP efficacy across multiple cancer types.