cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intergenic region of maize streak virus contains promoter elements involved in rightward transcription of the viral genome.

Abstract Maize streak virus (MSV), a geminivirus with a one-component genome, encodes a major coat protein RNA which accumulates in infected plants. Using a maize protoplast cell transient expression system, we have defined and studied the promoter which drives rightward transcription of the RNA encoding the coat protein. We have identified a 122 bp upstream segment that enhances promoter activity and functions as an upstream activating sequence (UAS). The UAS lies in the starting intergenic region of the viral genome and includes a region which is similar in all geminiviruses. The 122 bp UAS activates the MSV core promoter in an orientation, but not position, independent fashion. The MSV promoter UAS is interchangeable with a similar element in the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA core promoter, that is the MSV UAS will activate the CaMV 35S core promoter and vice versa. However, the MSV promoter UAS specifically binds proteins in maize nuclear extracts which appear to differ from those bound by the functionally equivalent region of the CaMV 35S promoter.
An investigation on energy-related occupancy behavior for low-income residential buildings

Previous studies show that individuals’ energy consumption tends to outweigh the technical efficiency gains. Occupancy behavior accounts for about 30% of the variance in overall heating consumption and 50% in cooling consumption. In addition, overall energy savings of 10%–20% due to simple behavioral adjustments are a reasonable expectation. Unfortunately, few studies have focused on the specific cases of behavior in low-income houses, where unique individual energy behavior, demographic, and socio-economic factors come into play. This article investigates energy-related occupancy behavior in low-income families through real-time power, indoor environment, and occupancy presence measurement. Four residential houses with different building envelope materials are used as test-beds. Occupancy behavior includes thermostat schedules, occupancy presence, and major appliance usages. A simulation study is further conducted to show the energy impact of occupancy behavior.
Pharmacist counseling in a cohort of women with HIV and women at risk for HIV.

Background and methods: Achieving high adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is challenging due to various system-related, medication-related, and patient-related factors. Community pharmacists can help patients resolve
Mirtazapine-Associated Withdrawal Symptoms: A Case Report

Sir: Discontinuation symptoms associated with abrupt cessation of antidepressant medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely reported in the literature.1 To date, there is only one published report of withdrawal symptoms associated with mirtazapine.2 A case is presented herein of a patient who experienced withdrawal symptoms associated with the sudden discontinuation of mirtazapine. Case report. Ms. A, a 25-year-old woman, was diagnosed with a major depressive episode, moderate and panic disorder without agoraphobia according to DSM-IV. She was taking mirtazapine, 60 mg/day, as well as clonazepam, 0.5 mg b.i.d. She was doing well until she had to go out of town unexpectedly due to a family emergency. Toward the end of her stay, she ran out of mirtazapine and within 48 hours began to notice anxiety, restlessness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia. She continued taking clonazepam and did not experience any panic attacks. Upon her return, Ms. A was evaluated and restarted on mirtazapine therapy at her usual dose. Her symptoms completely resolved within 24 hours. At 3 months, she remains stable. Sudden withdrawal from antidepressants can cause a variety of somatic and psychological symptoms.3 Although the exact mechanism is not fully known, a state of serotonin dysregulation may play a role.4 Schatzberg et al.5 postulate that other neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be involved, as well as cholinergic rebound. A state of dysregulation of both the serotonin and noradrenergic systems may have been involved in this particular case, given the pharmacologic profile of mirtazapine of enhancing both serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission.6 Because sudden or abrupt cessation of antidepressant therapy can lead to a withdrawal or discontinuation syndrome, clinicians need to be aware of this possibility. Although the syndrome is time-limited, the symptoms can be troublesome to patients as well as contribute to decreased compliance, leading to unnecessary visits. Conclusions and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, Department of the Army, or the U.S. Army Medical Command.
Bias of quantifier scope interpretation is attenuated in normal aging and semantic dementia

Abstract Many sentences with two quantifiers exhibit a phenomenon known as “quantifier scope ambiguity.” Consider the example A unicorn ran through every garden , which contains the quantifiers “a” and “every.” Most speakers of English agree that it may refer to one or more than one unicorn. Very little previous work has evaluated the ability of brain-damaged or aphasic patients to interpret such sentences. We administered a sentence-reading task with picture verification to a group of semantic dementia patients ( N = 5) and a matched group of cognitively normal controls ( N = 23). Controls exhibited a tendency to interpret the word every as having wide scope regardless of the order of quantifiers, as evidenced by decreased reaction time and increased accuracy when verifying pictures that required this interpretation. This bias was attenuated by increasing age and by the presence of semantic dementia. Furthermore, higher FAS fluency scores were associated with slower responses and more errors, while higher semantic fluency scores were associated with the opposite pattern. These findings fit best with a model in which the initial products of linguistic analysis are underspecified and biases in their interpretation arise subsequently through frontally mediated logical or pragmatic reasoning.
Virtual Instrumentation and Virtual Experimentation

A Virtual Instrument (VI) that is developed to acquire and analyze data from a physical system can be disconnected from the system and modified into a Virtual Experiment (VE). This can be achieved by replacing the input to the sensors with values that are arrived at by modeling the system. To be able to develop virtual experiments in thermodynamics, fluids or heat transfer, VIs are needed for the determination of thermodynamic and transport properties of different substances. The code REFPROP by NIST is used to develop the needed VIs for determining the thermodynamic and transport properties. The enhancement of the experimentation with virtual experiments is developed for an experimentation course where students perform experiments virtually and then make the transition to the actual lab and conduct experiments that mirror the virtual one.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Pharmacological Tests of the Mechanism of the Periodic Rhythm Caused by Veratramine in the Sinoatrial Node of the Guinea Pig

1. We investigated the effects of several drugs and extracellular ions on the periodic sinoatrial node rhythm caused by high concentrations of veratramine (>2 microM) in isolated guinea pig sinus atria. 2. During the active phase of this rhythm, pacemaker activity appeared to be due to transient afterdepolarizations resembling the delayed afterdepolarizations attributed to Ca++-induced Ca++ release in cardiac tissue. 3. Ryanodine (200-2200 nM) did not decrease the transient afterdepolarizations, and instead increased the heart rate during the active phase, prolonged the active phase, and sometimes caused conversion to regular rhythm. 4. Dichlorobenzamyl (10-110 microM), a blocker of electrogenic Na+-Ca++ exchange, did not slow or stop beating during periodic rhythm, but rather increased average heart rate and, at a higher concentration, caused conversion to regular rhythm. 5. Ouabain (0.1 microM), an inhibitor of the sodium pump and electrogenic Na+-K+ exchange, had little effect on veratramine periodic rhythm, but at higher concentrations it caused increased average heart rate and conversion to regular rhythm. 6. The chronotropic effect of Ca++ was normally weakly positive; however, in the presence of veratramine, and before the appearance of periodic rhythm, the chronotropic effect of Ca++ was weakly negative, and was associated with destabilization of the heart rate, leading to frequency oscillations or periodic rhythm. 7. Veratramine changed the chronotropic effect of K+ from weakly negative to moderately positive. 8. When half the Na+ or Cl- in the bathing medium was replaced by an impermeant ion, in the absence of veratramine the average heart rate was slightly decreased, whereas, in the presence of veratramine and periodic rhythm the average rate was increased, although the increase was not statistically significant in the case of low Na+. 9. These observations indicate that Ca++-induced Ca++ release, Na+-Ca++ exchange, and probably electrogenic Na+-K+ exchange play no important role in generation of periodic rhythm. The increased K+ dependence suggests an altered pacemaker mechanism.
Leukemia among male construction workers in California, 1988-2007.

AbstractA total of 18 708 male cases of leukemia from the California Cancer Registry, including 1703 cases usually employed in construction, were each matched with up to five controls from the same source who were diagnosed with cancers not thought to be related to exposures common in construction. Compared to other workers, construction workers were found to have a significantly elevated risk for all leukemia combined (morbidity odds ratio [MOR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 1.20), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (MOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.58), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (MOR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.27) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (MOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.44). Among the different construction occupations, the highest MOR for all leukemia was among carpet installers (MOR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.16, 3.44), followed by plumbers (MOR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.59) and laborers (MOR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.42). Other associations were limited to specific construction occupations, l...
Effects of dormison compared to seconal for sleep electroencephalograms.

Abstract The results of this study indicate that Dormison can be used effectively for production of sleep electroencephalograms, but that is less reliable than Seconal. The time required for production of sleep was almost twice that required for Seconal and in this study was more than twice that reported by Tukel and Tukel in their study on its use for children. Dormison was found to be less likely to produce artifact than Seconal, although artifact was seen more often in this series than in those cases reported by Tukel and Tukel or Henry, who reported none and a small percentage respectively. The after-effects of the medication, which have not previously been compared in detail, were much less with Dormison than with Seconal. In conclusion, it appears that when Dormison is effective in producing sleep, it has certain advantages over Seconal for making sleep electroencephalograms.
Pattern and Instability in the Evolving Premaxilla of Boine Snakes

Morphological evidence indicates that within the snake family Boidae the subfamily Pythoninae is ancestral to the Boinae. The python-boa transition in evolution involves a peculiar rotation of the premaxillary bone. During rotation the ventral process of the premaxilla, the processus palatini, is largely obliterated but reconstituted in later Boinae. There exist indications that the pattern of the processus palatini is less controlled or stable in boine snakes than in pythonines. Pattern instability can be the result of several factors which include relaxed selection for precise form and a disruption in the developmental foundation of the feature which has not fully been reversed. These possible factors, though fundamentally different, need not exclude each other. It is surmised that the pattern instability in boines is related, at least in part, to the disruption of a morphogenetic paradigm affecting premaxillary shape.
Hepatitis B virus suppression through pEPI vectors and expression of small non-coding RNA molecules

Aims Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in early childhood are associated with a high risk of chronification and the subsequent risk of cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in adulthood. Immunization success rates are still suboptimal and treatment options bare considerable undesired side effects and drug resistance development. As a novel experimental therapeutic approach we investigated on the utilization of siRNAs in order to suppress HBV replication. Methods In an experimental cell culture setting, we used the different expression vector systems for both transient and long-term expression of various small non-coding RNAs in order to suppress HBV replication in HBV-transgenic murine hepatocytes. Several HBV-specific shRNAs and microRNAs were designed, transfected in combination with different tissue-specific gene promotors and compared to nucleoside analogon therapy effects. Gene expression profiles for 84 genes relevant for HCC development were subsequently analyzed. Results HBV virus replication was suppressed by all siRNAs expressed as indicated by diminished HBsAG titers in cell culture supernatant. Imitations of miR-122, miR26a1 and miR-30-a containing HBV-specific attachment sequences were cloned in pENTRY vectors under U6 and H1 RNA polymerase III promotor control. H1 promotor expression of microRNAs was slightly superior to U6 promotor expression of microRNAs. shRNAs lead to stronger genetic dysregulation than HBV-specific microRNA imitations. Conclusion siRNAs can sufficiently suppress HBV replication in HBV-transgenic murine hepatocytes. MicroRNAs lead to less undesired off-target effects than shRNAs and are a promising therapeutic agent for further experimental investigations.
The Biology of Regenerative Medicine

The goal of regenerative medicine is to restore the structure and function of human body parts compromised by injury or disease. Regenerative medicine is a relatively new field that uses multiple approaches and has its roots largely in tissue engineering, tissue transplantation, and stem cell biology. It is becoming increasingly clear that advances in the areas of regeneration biology and developmental biology have the potential to transform regenerative medicine, and David Stocum has produced a textbook that attempts to pull everything together for the next generation of regeneration scientists. Regeneration Biology and Medicine is a terrific reference for anyone toying with the idea of moving into this field. The text offers an enormous breath of coverage of different systems currently under investigation, and Stocum provides a central theme that pits regenerative ability against fibrosis as a way to conceptually untangle the limited regenerative capacity of humans. In writing this textbook, Stocum has erected an umbrella large enough for scientists of diverse backgrounds to initiate conceptual cross-talk between those actively involved in the biology of regeneration and those targeting its clinical application.
Set discrimination analysis tools for grey-level morphological operators

When considering ways to automate the generation of image processing algorithms for object recognition tasks, one critical element is the availability of measures to assess the potential and actual ability of individual operations for making a set of desired discriminations. This paper discusses the analysis and evaluation of grey-level image processing operators or algorithms from the perspective of trying to search automatically through a large space of them for one which satisfactorily performs a given recognition or discrimination task. Performance of an operator may be expressed in terms of accuracy, consistency, and cost, over an entire set of training images.The major issues of evaluating and choosing between operators in this context are discussed, and examples are given of measures which can be used to evaluate classes of operators for applicability, or to evaluate individual operators or parameter settings for actual performance. The paper first describes the form of the analysis for binary morphological operators, and then shows how it may be directly extended to grey-level morphological operators. Several examples are provided to show how grey-level pixel sets may be discriminated on the basis of various combinations of grey level and spatial criteria, as calculated by the basic morphological operators of erosion, dilation, opening, and closing.
Molecular genetic delineation of a deletion of chromosome 13q12-->q13 in a patient with autism and auditory processing deficits.

In a sporadic case of autism and language deficit due to auditory processing defects, molecular genetic studies revealed that a chromosomal deletion occurred in the 13q12-->q13 region. No chromosome abnormalities were detected in the parents. We determined that the deletion occurred on the paternally derived chromosome 13. There are two previous reports of chromosome 13 abnormalities in patients with autism. The deletion in the subject described in this paper maps between the two chromosome 13 linkage peaks described by Bradford et al. (2001) in studies of subjects with autism and language deficits. The 9-Mb region deleted in the patient described here contains at least four genes that are expressed in brain and that play a role in brain development. They are NBEA, MAB21L1, DCAMKL1 and MADH9. These genes therefore represent candidate genes for autism and specific language deficits.
The mouse that roared? Article publishing in undergraduate sociology programs

This paper explores article production by the entire population of US undergraduate sociology departments. The available literature suggests that undergraduate programs publish little, that this is concentrated among relatively few—mainly liberal arts—departments, and that publication rates are increasing. We argue There are reasons to expect that social/economic presence, reward policies, student quality, and faculty quality, size, and workload will affect productivity. Tracing publication of articles across the 1990s, few undergraduate departments are represented in 30 journals deemed important on the bases of reputation and citation rates. Liberal arts schools do not predominate. Ceteris paribus, public schools outpublished private schools. Publication rates have not increased. Social/economic presence, and student and faculty quality affect publishing, but salary, tenure structure, and workload do not. Finally, faculty size suppresses per capita publication.
Benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube with rupture into the rectum: report of a unique rectal tumor.

Solid teratoma of the fallopian tube is rare. A case of a benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube that ruptured into the rectum is presented. This is believed to be the first report of this occurrence, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of the reotal mass. Any suspicial of this lesion should mitigate against a posterior approach for resection, as the rectum can be expected to be fixed to other pelvic viscera.
Measuring the environmental effects of converting cropland to short-rotation woody crops: a research approach

Abstract Conversion of cropland to short-rotation woody biomass crops (SRWC) has received increasing interest as biomass utilization technologies have improved and concerns for effects of fossil fuel emissions on global climate have developed. Effects of this conversion on erosion, hydrology, water quality and soil productivity may be significant. A large cooperative research project began in the spring of 1995 at three sites representative of the lower Tennessee Valley to compare the environmental effects of growing traditional row crops with the production of SRWCs over 3- to 5-year rotations. This paper presents the research approach be used to evaluate these effects and a few preliminary results from the initial 3 months of the study. Small watersheds cultivated in row crops: corn ( Zea mays L.) or cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), are being compared with small watersheds in tree crops: sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) or eastern cottonwood ( Populus deltoides Bartr.) with respect to: (1) erosion; (2) run-off quality (nutrients, pesticides) and quantity; (3) groundwater quality; (4) soil chemical changes (carbon, nutrients, pesticides); (5) soil physical changes (infiltration, bulk density, aggregate stability); (6) soil biological changes; and (7) wildlife populations. During the spring and summer of the first growing season, few differences in run-off quantity and erosion were observed between treatments. One exception was a tendency towards higher erosion under cotton than cottonwood. Larger differences are expected in later years as trees become established and a litter layer develops. At two sites during the first growing season, differences between row crops and SRWCs were observed in both the runoff and leaching of NO 3 -N, NH 4 -N, P, Ca, Mg and K in spring following fertilization of the row crops only at these two sites. Wildlife studies on small mammals and bird populations, as well as microfauna, are just getting under way.
THE REGULATION OF RNA SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING IN THE NUCLEOLUS DURING INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

The effect of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide on nucleolar RNA synthesis and processing has been studied in HeLa cells. Synthesis of 45S RNA precursor falls rapidly after administration of the drug. However, the nucleolar content of 45S RNA remains relatively constant for at least 1 hr because the time required for cleavage of the precursor molecule into its products is lengthened after treatment with cycloheximide. The efficiency of transformation of 45S RNA to 32S RNA remains constant with approximately one molecule of the 32S RNA produced for each cleavage of a molecule of 45S RNA. However, shortly after the cessation of protein synthesis the formation of 18S RNA becomes abortive. The amount of 32S RNA present in the nucleolus remains relatively constant. After long periods of protein synthesis inhibition the 28S RNA continues to be synthesized and exported to the cytoplasm but at a greatly reduced rate. When the protein synthesis inhibitor is removed, a prompt, although partial, recovery in the synthesis rate of 45S RNA occurs. The various aspects of RNA synthesis regulation and processing are discussed.
Infection in migrants

Abstract Children who present with fever after travelling to the tropics may have a cosmopolitan infection (one commonly seen in the UK, e.g. UTI), an imported infection (not normally seen in the UK, e.g. malaria) or both. A treatable cause of fever was identified in 46% children presenting to hospital with fever after returning from the tropics. Diarrhoea malaria and respiratory infections were the commonest diagnoses. Febrile children who have travelled to the tropics in the preceding year should have; full blood count, blood film for malarial parasites, stool culture and chest X-ray. For children who have travelled in the preceding month, a blood culture should also be taken.
Assessing reference dataset representativeness through confidence metrics based on information density

Abstract Land cover maps obtained from classification of remotely sensed imagery provide valuable information in numerous environmental monitoring and modeling tasks. However, many uncertainties and errors can directly or indirectly affect the quality of derived maps. This work focuses on one key aspect of the supervised classification process of remotely sensed imagery: the quality of the reference dataset used to develop a classifier. More specifically, the representative power of the reference dataset is assessed by contrasting it with the full dataset (e.g. entire image) needing classification. Our method is applicable in several ways: training or testing datasets (extracted from the reference dataset) can be compared with the full dataset. The proposed method moves beyond spatial sampling schemes (e.g. grid, cluster) and operates in the multidimensional feature space (e.g. spectral bands) and uses spatial statistics to compare information density of data to be classified with data used in the reference process. The working hypothesis is that higher information density, not in general but with respect to the entire classified image, expresses higher confidence in obtained results. Presented experiments establish a close link between confidence metrics and classification accuracy for a variety of image classifiers namely maximum likelihood, decision tree, Backpropagation Neural Network and Support Vector Machine. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that spatially-continuous reference datasets (e.g. a square window) have the potential to provide similar classification confidence as typically-used spatially-random datasets. This is an important finding considering the higher acquisition costs for randomly distributed datasets. Furthermore, the method produces confidence maps that allow spatially-explicit comparison of confidence metrics within a given image for identification of over- and under-represented image portions. The current method is presented for individual image classification but, with sufficient evaluation from the remote sensing community it has the potential to become a standard for reference dataset reporting and thus allowing users to assess representativeness of reference datasets in a consistent manner across different classification tasks.
History and the social sciences: Emerging patterns

What present-day historian has not been influenced by Adam Smith, if not by Karl Marx? Who, in his assessment of motives, has not been influenced by Freud: and in his evaluation of concepts such as progress and social evolution by Max Weber’s writings, even if he has never troubled to read a line of theirs? Too often the ideas of social scientists are derived by the historian from the climate of opinion and enter his consciousness as dogmatic assumptions instead of as critically examined conclusions. This can only debilitate his endeavours in much the way that a social scientist’s efforts to mine the past for data leads to uncritical assimilation of what seem to be facts but are in reality generalisations that make sense only in the context of a specific investigation and in connection with its assumptions. Without urging historians to abandon their distinctive appreciation of the past, or social scientists to become historians, one can hope for better communication across disciplinary lines. In fact, an increasing number of messages often blurred penetrate the boundaries of the disciplines. Historians have been agitated by repeated claims by social scientists that they have discovered a method for analysing the past that supplants the efforts of the historians and renders them dispensable, it is the chief contention of this paper that efforts to prescribe relationships between history and her sister disciplines have, in fact, engendered the dominant conflicts within the discipline almost from the time that history became established in academia. After sketching some conceptions of the proper relations between history and the social sciences that have been advanced by prominant historians, this paper will describe three existing cases in which social science perspectives have profoundly influenced history: (1) German historical scholarship; (2) Soviet Marxism-Leninism, and (3) the Annales school in France.
Neonatal Diuretic Therapy: Furosemide, Thiazides, and Spironolactone

Diuretics are commonly used to treat infants with oxygen-dependent chronic lung disease. However, there are limited data suggesting a beneficial effect of long-term diuretic therapy on pulmonary function or clinical outcome in this population. Furthermore, data available for review were primarily obtained before the widespread use of antenatal steroids or surfactant replacement therapy, before recognition of the new bronchopulmonary dysplasia. If used in this population, limitations of diuretic therapy as well as significant side effects need to be understood and a rationale approach to clinical use developed on a patient-centered basis.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of lamproites, late cretaceous age, Woodson County, Kansas, U.S.A.

Abstract Lamproite sills and their associated sedimentary and contact metamorphic rocks from Woodson County, Kansas have been analyzed for major elements, selected trace elements, and strontium isotopic composition. These lamproites, like lamproites elsewhere, are alkalic (molecular K 2 O + Na 2 O Al 2 O 3 = 1.6–2.6 ), are ultrapotassic ( K 2 O Na 2 O = 9.6–150) , are enriched in incompatible elements (LREE or light rare-earth elements, Ba, Th, Hf, Ta, Sr, Rb), and have moderate to high initial strontium isotopic compositions (0.7042 and 0.7102). The silica-saturated magma (olivine-hypersthene normative) of the Silver City lamproite could have formed by about 2 percent melting of a phlogopite-garnet lherzolite under high H 2 O CO 2 ratios in which the Iherzolite was enriched before melting in the incompatible elements by metasomatism. The Rose Dome lamproite probably formed in a similar fashion although the extreme alteration due to addition of carbonate presumably from the underlying limestone makes its origin less certain. Significant fractional crystallization of phases that occur as phenocrysts (diopside, olivine, K-richterite, and phlogopite) in the Silver City magma and that concentrate Co, Cr, and Sc are precluded as the magma moved from the source toward the surface due to the high abundances of Co, Cr, and Sc in the magma similar to that predicted by direct melting of the metasomatized Iherzolite. Ba and, to a lesser extent, K and Rb and have been transported from the intrusions at shallow depth into the surrounding contact metamorphic zone. The Silver City lamproite has vertical fractionation of some elements due either to volatile transport or to variations in the abundance of phenocrysts relative to groundmass most probably due to flow differentiation although multiple injection or fractional crystallization cannot be conclusively rejected.
How do two-level-systems come about?

Abstract The low-temperature internal friction of a-SiO2 films as 2.2 nm has been found to be identical to that of bulk SiO2. It is concluded that the tunneling states are negligibly affected by interactions extending beyond this distance.
Decision making under risk: Risk preference, monetary goals and information search

Abstract Nomothetic models of decision making under risk focus on the average behavior of individuals. However, a significant group of individuals' behavior is not consistent with these models. The study of individual differences in decision making has generally been restricted to the choices made by individuals, largely ignoring individual differences in decision-making processes. The effects of an individual-difference variable, risk preference, and a situational variable, monetary goal, on information search were evaluated in decision making contexts involving risk. Subjects differing in risk preference searched matrices containing information about monetary gambles varying in likelihood of payoff and goal value. The risk-preference groups differed most in information search for the riskiest information in the no goal condition, where risk-seeking individuals spent more time searching riskier information. Both risk groups searched the safest information more than any other information for all goal levels. The findings indicate that there are individual differences in information search patterns and suggest that some of the inconsistencies between observed decision behavior and predictions of nomothetic decision models result because those models do not adequately address individual-difference and situational variables.
Solution Phase Combinatorial Synthesis of Biaryl Libraries Employing Heterogeneous Conditions for Catalysis and Isolation with Size Exclusion Chromatography for Purification

A convenient and effective approach to the solution phase synthesis of biaryl libraries from iodoarenes is described enlisting 10% Pd−C as an inexpensive and readily available supported catalyst. Isolation and purification of small library mixtures, individual library members, and intermediates in the multistep sequence by a combination of liquid−liquid and liquid−solid extractions and size exclusion chromatography are detailed.
Common markers of proliferation

When normal tissue and tumour samples are compared by microarray analysis, the biggest differences most often occur in the expression levels of genes that control cell proliferation. However, this difference is detected whenever mRNA samples that are taken from two cell populations with different proliferation rates are compared. Although the exact genes that comprise this 'proliferation signature' often differ, they are almost always genes that are involved in the fundamental process of cell proliferation. Can the proliferation signature be used to improve our understanding of the cell cycle and cancer pathogenesis, as well as being used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis?
Piecemeal Reforms in a Transitional Economy

Many transitional as well as developing economies have retained large elements of state ownership in some sectors. This paper analyzes the effects of piecemeal reforms in a small open economy in which the state enterprises’ employment and output decisions are the result of bargaining between the state treasury and enterprise “insiders.” Competition policy enhances welfare; privatization in a sector protected from foreign competition increases (lowers) welfare if state enterprises care more (less) for wage raises than for employment increases; and a small increase in the import quota has the usual welfare-ambiguous effects. A free-trade policy maximizes national welfare.
Beam cleanup with stimulated Raman scattering in the intensity-averaging regime

We describe experimental and theoretical investigations of beam cleanup with highly aberrated pump beams in the intensity-averaging regime. Distortion-free amplification of a diffraction-limited Stokes beam is demonstrated in a crossed-beam geometry with a pump beam aberrated to 120 times its diffraction limit, resulting in a brightness increase of 5000 times. Moderately aberrated pump beams produce off-axis Stokes components, while collinear interactions introduce distortion on the Stokes beam. Phase conjugation is combined with stimulated Raman scattering to remove both the aberrations of the pump beam and the aberrations on the Stokes beam itself.
Defective activation of b5 bearing lymphocytes in rabbits recovering from b5 allotype suppression.

Abstract In b 5 b 5 rabbits recovering from bS allotype suppression there are relatively normal numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes with endogenously synthesized b5 immunoglobulin on their membrane, but markedly and disproportionately low levels of circulating b5 immunoglobulin. The capacity of peripheral blood cells from these animals to transform into blast cells and synthesize DNA in response to anti-b5 antisera or pokeweed mitogen in vitro is also markedly subnormal. This suggests that the b5 bearing lymphocytes in rabbits recovering from allotype suppression may be unable to give rise to b5 secreting cells due to a functional block of the activation and/or maturation of bone marrow derived (B) lymphocytes.
Thermo-chemical conversion analysis on dairy manure-based biomass through direct combustion.

Growing rates of manure produced from large dairies and repeated application of manure on the same parcels of land have increased concerns for the environmental quality of nearby streams and watersheds. This paper deals with energy conversion analysis using a “black box” approach of supplying flushed dairy biomass (DB), combusting the DB solids, exhausting the combustion products to the atmosphere, returning liquid water back to the stall and thus eliminating (ideally) the need for lagoons and land applications. Minimum allowable moisture and ash percentages, as well as heat outputs and flame temperatures are presented for a DB direct firing system. Fuel analyses yield that flushed DB contained 93% moisture (%M), 3% ash (%A), 4% combustibles (%Cb), and a dry, ash free higher heating value, HHV DAF = 20,505 kJ/kg while separated DB solids contained 81%M, 2%A, 17%Cb, and HHV DAF = 20,494 kJ/kg. In order to fire separated DB solids in a combustor or furnace, the solids must have a minimum combustible percent...
STROMAL CELL-DERIVED FACTOR 1- AND CIRCULATING PROGENITOR CELL LEVELS AS PREDICTORS OF ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

We have shown that levels of circulating progenitor cells (PCs) predict future outcomes in patients with CAD. SDF-1a is a biomarker responsible for homing of PCs to ischemic tissues. We investigated the relationship between circulating levels of SDF1a and PCs and whether they enhance prediction of
SUSTAINED BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST IN CHILDREN1

Children were exposed to a multiple schedule involving equal variable-interval schedules in each of two components and a multiple schedule involving a variable-interval schedule in one component and an extinction schedule in the other. Response rates were equal in both components when each involved a variable-interval schedule. Response rates differed in the two components of the multiple variable-interval extinction schedule. Response rates were higher in the variable-interval schedule when the accompanying schedule was extinction than when it was variable interval. The increase in response rate in the variable-interval component, simultaneous with the decrease in response rate in the extinction component, illustrated sustained behavioral contrast, and was the first evidence of this phenomenon in children.
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Potassium Perrhenate and Rhenium Trichloride

A pharmacologic and toxicologic investigation of potassium perrhenate and rhenium trichloride showed that these compounds exhibited the same delayed acute toxicity previously reported for other rare elements. Rhenium trichloride was 10 times more toxic than potassium perrhenate but the latter compound was among the least toxic of all of the rare inorganic compounds studied. Potassium perrhenate was not irritating to the eyes and rhenium trichloride produced only a minimum of such irritation. Neither compound was irritating to the skin. Potassium perrhenate had no effect on isolated intestine while the liberation of acid from rhenium trichloride caused an intestinal spasm. Potassium perrhenate caused death by cardiovascular collapse coupled with respiratory failure. The compound also affected the superior cervical ganglion. Decomposition of aqueous solutions of rhenium trichloride and their extreme acidity prevented any pharmacodynamic studies.
How visionary nonprofits leaders are learning to enhance management capabilities

Purpose – Whereas the strength of most for‐profit enterprises is their management practice, a Bridgespan survey showed that non‐profits are best in visionary leadership, but often significantly under‐managed. This paper aims to describe how a few charismatic leaders recognize the crucial importance of improving their management capabilities so the organization will deliver great results over time.Design/methodology/approach – Examples of five leading non‐profits are presented to show how management strengths can be added.Findings – Key points learned by successful non‐profits are: understand the tension between leadership and management; get strategic clarity to make it easier to see how to achieve the desired impact by setting priorities, establishing performance measures, and making tradeoffs; anchor strategic clarity in a few key metrics, to keep everyone focused; build and align the team; and actively manage the change process.Practical implications – Implementing this agenda in the context of nonprof...
Designer History: Plato's Atlantis Story and Fourth-Century Ideology*

The myth of Athens and Atlantis in Plato's Timaeus and Critias can be, and has been, interpreted on a number of different levels. On the most fundamental, philosophical level the myth sets into narrative motion the paradigm of the ideal state elaborated in the Republic. Gill, in a series of publications, has done much to throw light on the nature of this invention: its relationship with modern categories of fiction and with antecedent historiography. Yet the extent to which the myth of Atlantis is embedded in larger fourth-century political and historiographical concerns has been insufficiently appreciated. In what follows, I shall attempt to reconstruct some of these concerns. I shall argue, first, that the narrative set-up of the Atlantis myth corresponds to the conditions specified in the Republic for the successful creation of a charter myth (the ‘Noble Lie’) for the ideal city, and that this is a valuable indication of the truth status of the myth and of the function it is expected to perform. This function is not merely a matter of abstract philosophical interest, since there are close parallels between the Atlantis myth and contemporary panegyric versions of Athenian history; in Section III, therefore, I shall explore these parallels through an examination of some Isocratean orations. Sections IV and V will investigate how such panegyric history illuminates areas of ideological concern for Athenians in the first half of the fourth century, most notably worries about legitimating the constitution (politeia) under which they lived, and about the attitude that should be taken towards Athenian maritime interests in the Aegean. The Atlantis myth creates a vision of Athens that is true to Plato's political ideals, but which is animated by contemporary historical topoi. The result is a narrative for an audience of philosophical cognoscenti that both rejects and transforms such topoi, and sparks a second-order consideration of the forces at work in the construction of history.
Earthquake ruptures modulated by waves in damaged fault zones

Faults are usually surrounded by damaged zones of lower elastic moduli and seismic wave velocities than their host rocks. If the interface between the damaged rocks and host rocks is sharp enough, earthquakes happening inside the fault zone generate reflected waves and head waves, which can interact with earthquake ruptures and modulate rupture properties such as rupture speed, slip rate, and rise time. We find through 2–D dynamic rupture simulations the following: (1) Reflected waves can induce multiple slip pulses. The rise time of the primary pulse is controlled by fault zone properties, rather than by frictional properties. (2) Head waves can cause oscillations of rupture speed and, in a certain range of fault zone widths, a permanent transition to supershear rupture with speeds that would be unstable in homogeneous media. (3) Large attenuation smears the slip rate function and delays the initial acceleration of rupture speed but does not affect significantly the rise time or the period of rupture speed oscillations. (4) Fault zones cause a rotation of the background stress field and can induce plastic deformations on both extensional and compressional sides of the fault. The plastic deformations are accumulated both inside and outside the fault zone, which indicates a correlation between fault zone development and repeating ruptures. Spatially periodic patterns of plastic deformations are formed due to oscillating rupture speed, which may leave a permanent signature in the geological record. Our results indicate that damaged fault zones with sharp boundaries promote multiple slip pulses and supershear ruptures.
A finite element model of wave-structure interactions in the time domain

A time-domain simulation of the potentially large motions of structures floating or moored in a wave field is developed by using the finite element method. Orlanski's condition is modified and used to truncate artificially the fluid domain, but still simulate an infinite or semi-infinite domain. Dynamic analysis procedures for problems of fluid-structure interactions are presented. A partitioned, staggered integration scheme is developed for the fluid-structure system. The implicit Newmark method is used for the structural equations and a nodal partitioned explicit-implicit integration scheme is derived for the fluid. Examples presented are roll of a horizontal rectangular cylinder, a vibrating cylindrical membrane, transient motion of a circular cylinder, and the interactions between waves and multiple floating structures.
Late Pleistocene C4Plant Dominance and Summer Rainfall in the Southwestern United States from Isotopic Study of Herbivore Teeth

Abstract Patterns of climate and C4plant abundance in the southwestern United States during the last glaciation were evaluated from isotopic study of herbivore tooth enamel. Enamel δ13C values revealed a substantial eastward increase in C4plant consumption forMammuthusspp.,Bisonspp.,Equusspp., andCamelopsspp. The δ13C values were greatest inBisonspp. (−6.9 to +1.7‰) andMammuthusspp. (−9.0 to +0.3‰), and in some locales indicated C4-dominated grazing. The δ13C values of Antilocaprids were lowest among taxa (−12.5 to −7.9‰) and indicated C3feeding at all sites. On the basis of modern correlations between climate and C4grass abundance, the enamel data imply significant summer rain in parts of southern Arizona and New Mexico throughout the last glaciation. Enamel δ18O values range from +19.0 to +31.0‰ and generally increase to the east. This pattern could point to a tropical or subtropical source of summer rainfall. At a synoptic scale, the isotope data indicate that interactions of seasonal moisture, temperature, and lowered atmospheric pCO2determined glacial-age C4abundance patterns.
Characterization of the process for the biosynthesis of the actaplanin complex by Actinoplanes missouriensis

Abstract The production of the antibiotic actaplanin by Actinoplanes missouriensis was characterized in a high yielding process. The data generated, indicate that the antibiotic is synthesized during a period of declining cell mass as estimated by dry weight and viability. Further study demonstrated that the producing culture binds actaplanin and is inhibited by the antibiotic in the soluble form.
c-Myc mediates pre-TCR-induced proliferation but not developmental progression.

Constitutive and cell-autonomous signals emanating from the pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) promote proliferation, survival and differentiation of immature thymocytes. We show here that induction of pre-TCR signaling resulted in rapid elevation of c-Myc protein levels. Cre-mediated thymocyte-specific ablation of c-Myc in CD25 + CD44 - thymocytes reduced proliferation and cell growth at the pre-TCR checkpoint, resulting in thymic hypocellularity and a severe reduction in CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes. In contrast, c-Myc deficiency did not inhibit pre-TCR-mediated differentiation or survival. Myc -/- double-negative (DN) 3 cells progressed to the double-positive (DP) stage and up-regulated TCRαβ surface expression in the absence of cell proliferation, in vivo as well as in vitro. These observations indicate that distinct signals downstream of the pre-TCR are responsible for proliferation versus differentiation, and demonstrate that c-Myc is only required for pre-TCR-induced proliferation but is dispensable for developmental progression from the DN to the DP stage.