cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Indirect CP Violation and Implications for D0 - anti-D0 and B(s) - anti-B(s) mixing

The two kinds of indirect $CP$ violation in neutral meson systems are related, in the absence of new weak phases in decay. The result is a model-independent expression relating $CP$ violation in mixing, $CP$ violation in the interference of decays with and without mixing, and the meson mass and width differences. It relates the semileptonic and time-dependent $CP$ asymmetries, and pairs of time-dependent $CP$ asymmetries in ${D}^{0}$ decays to non-$CP$ eigenstates. $CP$ violation in the interference of decays with and without mixing is related to the mixing parameters of relevance to model building: the off-diagonal mixing matrix elements $|{M}_{12}|$, $|{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}|$, and ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{12}\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{arg}﻿({M}_{12}/{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12})$. Incorporating this relation into a fit to the ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ mixing data implies a level of sensitivity to $|{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{12}^{D}|$ of 0.10 (rad) at $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The formalism is extended to include new weak phases in decay, and in ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}$. The phases are highly constrained by direct $CP$ violation measurements. Consequently, the bounds on $|{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{12}^{D}|$ are not significantly altered, and the effects of new weak phases in decay could be difficult to observe at a high luminosity flavor factory (${D}^{0}$) or at the LHC (${B}_{s}$) via violations of the above relations, unlike in direct $CP$ violation.
Theoretical Aspects of the Weak Decay of Hypernuclei

The present status of theoretical descriptions of mesonic (Λ→Nπ) and non-mesonic (ΛN→NN) decay modes of hypernuclei is reviewed. Calculations for the non-mesonic mode are discussed in some detail within the context of a model which describes the strangeness-changing, parity-violating, ΛN→NN “transition potential” in terms of π, ρ, ω, η, K, K*, and “σ” exchanges. Results are presented for the total decay rate, the ratio of proton- to neutron-stimulated decay rates, and the as yet unmeasured ratio of parity-violating to parity-conserving decay rates. Calculations for nuclear matter, which are in reasonable agreement with experiment, suggest that these rates (particularly the two ratios) can provide important tests of the form of the transition potential. Considerations of finite hypernuclei are also discussed. Finally, other theoretical approaches and the present experimental situation are briefly summarized.
Atypical Presentation of Disseminated Zoster in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have 2-fold increased risk of herpes zoster. In literature, limited information exists about disseminated cutaneous zoster in RA patients. An 83-year-old African-American female with RA presented with generalized and widespread vesicular rash covering her entire body. Comorbidities include hypertension, type II diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Patient was on methotrexate 12.5 mg and was not receiving any corticosteroids, anti-TNF therapy, or other biological agents. The patient was afebrile (98 F) with no SIRS criteria. Multiple vesicular lesions were present covering patient's entire body including face. Lesions were in different stages, some umbilicated with diameter of 2-7 cm. Many lesions have a rim of erythema with no discharge. On admission, patient was also pancytopenic with leukocyte count of 1.70 k/mm(3). Biopsies of lesions were performed, which were positive for Varicella antigen. Subsequently, patient was started on Acyclovir. The patient's clinical status improved and rash resolved. Our patient presented with "atypical" clinical picture of disseminated cutaneous zoster with no obvious dermatome involvement. Disseminated zoster is a potentially serious infection that can have an atypical presentation in patients with immunocompromised status. High index of suspicion is needed to make the diagnosis promptly and to initiate therapy to decrease mortality and morbidity.
Morphology of polyethylene microfibrils and “shish kebabs”

Abstract Gold decoration was applied to elucidate the morphology of annealed and unannealed oriented structures produced by shearing of polyethylene single crystals of known thicknesses, and the morphology of drawn and undrawn “shish kebabs” obtained by stirrer-induced crystallization. Distinct Au periodicities were observed perpendicular and parallel to the unannealed oriented structure, revealing distinctly the presence of microfibrils and an alternation of crystalline and noncrystalline regions within a given microfibril of which the periodicity is, however, found to be much larger than the corresponding original crystal thickness. Annealing resulted in fibrils being completely replaced by lamellae standing edgewise with the Au particles decorating directly on top of the edge but concentrated mainly on the folds leaving the crystalline region almost entirely void of gold. Deformation studies revealed an unusual ductility associated with the shish kebab structure, with the kebab splitting first, then di...
The Journey or the Destination? Disentangling Process and Outcome in Forensic Identification

Recently, this journal published an archival study by Langenburg, Bochet, and Ford (2014) that explored the impact of two sources of contextual bias—namely, exposure to case information and interac...
Sustaining creativity in the creative archetype: The case of Austin, Texas

Abstract Recently, the popular literature on creative industries and the urban creative landscape has been largely dominated by the work of one scholar, Richard Florida. The popularity of Richard Florida’s work has led to a zealous implementation of his creative class thesis by many city officials, policymakers, and urban planners. Recent studies have investigated the impact of creative city implementation in previously working class and industrial cities, but given Florida’s popularity and influence, it is also necessary to evaluate the sustainability of cities touted as creative success stories by Florida and others. This article examines the case of Austin, Texas, seeking to evaluate Florida’s model city in light of recent empirical research. This research suggests that while Austin has witnessed impressive economic prosperity, the “externalities” or unforeseen challenges associated with creative development are equally evident. Further, this research suggests that previously overlooked socio-cultural challenges (e.g. loss of urban cultural character, sense of detachment, over-commercialization) in Austin threaten to potentially undermine the sustainability of this mode of development.
Marrow Granulocyte Reserves in the Rheumatic Diseases

Marrow granulocyte reserves, as measured by the administration of etiocholanolone, were studied in 59 patients with a variety of rheumatic diseases. The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (62%) and all patients with chronic hepatitis and Felty's syndrome tested had abnormally low granulocyte reserves. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome were generally normal. No correlation could be established between deficient bone marrow responses and other clinical or laboratory parameters such as leukopenia. Plasma was obtained in 2 patients when they exhibited diminished marrow reserves. After treatment of these patients and a return of the etiocholanolone test to normal, reinfusion of the plasma had a suppressive effect on the marrow reserve, suggesting that a humoral factors) may be responsible for the abnormality.
Comparison of cefotetan plus doxycycline with cefoxitin plus doxycycline in the inpatient treatment of acute salpingitis

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one of the major sequelae of the current epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases, has been shown to be a polymicrobial infection. This study compares the efficacy and safety of two broad-spectrum combination drug regimens, cefotetan with doxycycline and cefoxitin with doxycycline, in the treatment of PID. A total of 108 patients with acute salpingitis were hospitalized and randomized into two treatment groups: cefotetan/doxycycline (N = 54) and cefoxitin/doxycycline (N = 54). Before antibiotic administration, Chlamydia trachomatis was identified in 17 (16%) of the patients, Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 72 (67%), and anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were identified from the endometrial cultures of 86 (80%). There were seven tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOAs) that were diagnosed in the cefotetan group, and six in the cefoxitin group. Clinical cure was achieved in 51 of 54 (94%) patients in each group. Of the six patients whose treatment failed, all had positive cultures for N. gonorrhoeae and facultative/anaerobic bacteria, whereas none had C. trachomatis. Two patients from each study arm whose treatment failed were diagnosed with TOAs and responded subsequently to clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside. Cultures that were obtained after the completion of inpatient treatment showed the eradication of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in all patients. Also, both regimens were effective in reducing aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. Finally, both regimens were well tolerated, with few side-effects.
A Revision of the Genus Rhadinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) with descriptions of New Genera and Species

Of the ten species which have been referred to the genus Rhadinorhynchus four (pristis, horridus, tenuicornis and exilis) are considered valid members of that genus. Selkirki is considered a synonym of pristis. Katsuwonis is placed in a new genus, Nipporhynchus, and it is suggested that ornatus may possibly belong with it. Medius is transferred to the new genus Gorgorhynchus of which a new species, G. gibber, is made the type. Wheeleri and johni are both referred to the genus Aspersentis.
Determining the most important criteria in maintenance decision making

Many maintenance decisions require the evaluation of alternative solutions in terms of complex maintenance criteria such as cost, repairability, reliability and availability requirements. Such problems can be formulated as multi‐criteria decision‐making problems. The relative importance of maintenance criteria is difficult to assess, and therefore a sensitivity analysis becomes a necessity. The sensitivity analysis approach presented reveals some counter‐intuitive results and can considerably enhance the application of decision analysis in complex maintenance management.
Nonexistence of global weak solutions for classes of nonlinear wave and parabolic equations

Abstract In this paper we derive conditions on the equations and data which are sufficient to guarantee the nonexistence of global weak solutions of Cauchy problems for classes of nonlinear partial differential equations.
The effect of temperature and salinity on the heart beat of Crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. 1. Crassostrea virginica from New Jersey and Connecticut were acclimated to low salinities in the laboratory. Heart beat was measured at various temperature-salinity combinations to evaluate the ability of oysters to acclimate to the low salinity levels. 2. 2. Time of acclimation (4–5 vs 18 hr) to low salinities did not significantly affect recovery of heart beat for either stock. 3. 3. Heart beat of New Jersey oysters above 10°C was less inhibited following a gradual (3–4 days) decrease in salinity (to 5 and 10 ppt) than following an abrupt decrease in salinity. Rate of acclimation to lower salinities appears to be less than 5 ppt per day. 4. 4. Heart beat of Connecticut oysters showed a maximum at intermediate salinities (14 and 19 ppt) at 20 and 30°C, but heart beat was relatively insensitive to salinity at 5 and 10°C. Similar, although less conclusive, results were obtained with New Jersey oysters.
Elemental carbon concentrations: estimation of an historical data base

While recent advances in instrumentation permit routine determination of elemental carbon concentrations in atmospheric aerosol samples, historical data on elemental C concentrations are absent. Two methods are available for the estimation of an historical data base for elemental C concentrations: calibration of reflectance-based tape samplers and analysis of archived high volume sampler filters. These methods are described and applied to the problem of reconstructing an historical data base for elemental C concentrations in Los Angeles. Twenty-four year average elemental C concentrations at seven monitoring sites in the Los Angeles area are estimated to range from 6.4 μg m^(−3) at Downtown Los Angeles to 4.5 μg m^(−3) at West Los Angeles. At most monitoring sites studied, elemental C concentrations were lower in recent years than during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The Children's Oncology Group routinely applies "lack of efficacy" interim monitoring to its randomized clinical trials.

Korn and Freidlin (2011) argue for the routine use and reporting of the use of formal interim inefficacy (often referred to as futility) monitoring for phase III randomized clinical trials comparin...
Bipolar Stimulation of Cardiac Tissue Using an Anisotropic Bidomain Model

Bipolar Stimulation of the Cardiac Bidomain. Introduction: One of the fundamental electrophysiologic problems that has not yet been completely elucidated is the response of cardiac tissue to externally applied electric currents. A limited number of theoretical and experimental techniques has been used to study the electric behavior of cardiac tissue in the presence of stimulating currents, and to demonstrate that the anisotropy in the passive electrical properties of the tissue plays an important role in the genesis and propagation of the activation wave-front and the resulting potential distributions. Methods and Results: In this work we have applied the finite element method to study the electric and magnetic fields produced by cardiac tissue in response to bipolar current injection, using a linear bidomain model to represent the tissue. We found that the transmembrane potential distribution close to the stimulus electrode has a rather complex geometrical pattern, with adjacent hyperpolarized and depolarized regions. Conclusion: This behavior is consistent with previous theoretical and experimental results and may have implications in the study of electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue that are not apparent using other models.
Stimulatory effects of melatonin on ependymal epithelium of choroid plexuses in golden hamsters.

Ependymal epithelial cells from the choroid plexuses (CPs) separately of lateral (I+II), IIIrd and IVth ventricles of male Golden Hamsters were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry. The 16 hamsters were distributed between three injection groups: vehicle only, 25μg and 2500μg melatonin (M) by subcutaneous injection daily at L11 to L11.75 in a LD 14∶10 daily photoperiod. After 28 consecutive daily injections, animals were killed and the CPs were dissected, fixed and prepared for electronmicroscopy. Thirteen measures of the CP ependymal cells were made, by planimetry, morphometry or direct counting or linear measurement on the EM prints. Effects of melatonin occurred only on the cells from the lateral ventricles. Here M at high dosage caused cell swelling (averaging 50% increase in area), and other cellular changes were graded in relation to M dosage. These were increase (to 26 %) in mitochondrial area per cell, and increase (to 50 %) in length of apical microvilli. Since in other work the latter form a major locus of ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase, it is suggested that M may possibly have a stimulatory effect on transport and related CSF secretory activities by these cells.
Comparison of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the free fatty aldehydes, alcohols and alkoxy lipids of rat submaxillary gland and brain.

Abstract Lipid extracts were prepared from the rat submaxillary gland and brain and qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for free fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols and alkyl and alk-lenyl glycerols. These lipids were trace components in the neutral lipids while alkyl and alk-lenyl glycerols were major components of the phospholipids. In each tissue, the qualitative composition of the free fatty aldehydes and alcohols was similar. A distinct qualitative difference was noted between these lipids in the two organs. The qualitative composition of the alkoxy glycerols from the submaxillary gland is also grossly different from that of brain.
Channels within soft wheat starch A- and B-type granules

The nature of channels within wheat starch granules was investigated using scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A-type granules stained with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA, protein-specific probe) revealed a network of radially oriented, channel-like protein structures similar to those previously reported. However, treatment of the same starch granules with methanolic merbromin (fluorescent dye) solution, which is used to highlight external granule surfaces (including those of channels) under non-swelling conditions, revealed few, if any, channels extending into the granule interior. This discrepancy suggested that channels within wheat starch granules were filled at least in part with protein. Removal of protein with protease facilitated greater access of methanolic merbromin to channels and/or cavities for both granule types. For A-type starch granules, relatively large channels were observed in the equatorial groove region, while finer channels originated from other regions of the granule. This work reports the first visualization of B-type granule channels, which most frequently occurred as less-defined voids (as opposed to the fine, discrete channels of A-type granules) extending to granule surfaces. Channels of A- and B-type starch granules appeared to facilitate transfer of chemical reagent into the granule matrix, though this effect was aided by granule swelling (hydration) and/or removal of channel-associated protein.
Treatment patterns of aging Americans with differentiated thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) increases with age. Total thyroidectomy, often followed by radioactive iodine (RAI), is recommended for patients who have tumors that measure ≥1 cm in greatest dimension. In the current study, the authors assessed the use of thyroidectomy and RAI among elderly patients with DTC and the effects on survival. METHODS: Adults aged ≥45 years with DTC ≥1 cm in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1988 to 2003 were included. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to measure associations between demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics and the likelihood of receiving treatment according to current practice guidelines. RESULTS: Of 8899 patients who were identified, 26% were ages 65 years to 79 years, and 5% were aged ≥80 years. Compared with younger patients, patients aged ≥ 65 years were more likely to have larger tumors, stage IV disease, extrathyroid extension, and nonpapillary histology. Elderly patients were less likely to undergo total thyroidectomy (74% vs 80%; P < .001) or to receive RAI (47% vs 54%; P < .001). These trends were most pronounced among those aged ≥80 years. Among the patients who did not undergo surgery, elderly patients did not report higher rates of contraindications to surgery. In multivariate analysis, the groups ages 65 years to 79 years and aged ≥80 years were associated with lower rates of total thyroidectomy (odds ratio, 0.77 and 0.43, respectively; P < .001) and RAI (odds ratio, 0.85 [P < .01] and 0.39 [P < .001], respectively). Among elderly patients, predictors of worse survival included no surgery (hazard ratio, 5.51; P < .001) and no RAI (hazard ratio, 1.36; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with DTC received less aggressive surgical and RAI treatment than younger patients despite having more advanced disease and the improved survival associated with these treatments among elderly patients. Long-term outcomes should be measured to determine the impact of this apparent discrepancy in care. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Relaxation compensation in chemical exchange measurements for the quantitation of amide hydrogen exchange in larger proteins

The increasingly rapid transverse relaxation of larger macromolecules serves to limit the practical length of various types of mixing periods. When chemical exchange dynamics are used to determine the rates of amide hydrogen exchange with the bulk solvent, the foreshortened mixing period results in lowered sensitivity. Three approaches are examined for increasing the practical length of the mixing period. The transverse relaxation rate of the amide resonances is decreased by perdeuteration of the carbon-bound hydrogen positions and also by introduction of a TROSY-based 15N-separated pulse sequence. Reference experiments are proposed which provide accurate compensation for relaxation effects so that exchange rate data can be obtained over the entire mixing period profile. As a result, more than a 100-fold range of amide exchange rates can be accurately determined for a moderate-sized protein. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring new territories: My trajectory toward becoming an inclusive science teacher educator

The inclusion of individuals with disabilities in post‐secondary contexts is a growing trend. Many teacher educators have experience teaching in early childhood, elementary or secondary contexts. However, most teacher educators may not have had the opportunity to experience inclusive teaching in these contexts or to experience them currently in higher education. This paper describes my experiences as a science educator when an adult with significant disabilities was my student. In order to document the complexity of this work, I discuss my initial ideas regarding individuals with disabilities. I describe how these ideas changed as a result of teaching, reading and reflection. I summarize my realizations of this process and conclude with implications for teacher educator learning and teaching inclusively.
Comparison of Ka-band link design strategies for solar probe plus

This study compares different strategies for planning and controlling the Ka-band downlink for NASA's upcoming Solar Probe Plus mission. This downlink provides the science data return: as such the availability of a specific pass is of less importance than the average performance of the link over an entire orbit. Three options for setting the link data rate were considered in this study: 1) a single data rate optimized for maximum effective data rate at the beginning of the pass, 2) a single data rate set to optimize return over the entire pass, and 3) a stepped data rate which optimizes the return over consecutive portions of the pass. In each case, the data return is characterized using a statistical model for the Ka-band link parameters, including weather and elevation-dependent G/T, yielding a cumulative distribution function for available data rate. It is important to the mission to minimize the contact time needed to meet the mission's science data requirement. Hence we propose a downlink methodology that minimizes contact time subject to constraints on data delay and complexity.
Teacher Characteristics for Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

Culturally responsive pedagogy, as defined by one of the most prominent authors in the field, Geneva Gay (2002), is “using the cultural characteristics, experiences, and perspectives of ethnically ...
CD8 T Cells Remember with a Little Help

A robust recall response by memory CD8 T cells when they re-encounter antigen is an important way for the immune system to combat bacterial and viral infections. However, CD8 T cells need a little help, as Kaech and Ahmed discuss in their Perspective. During their differentiation, memory CD8 T cells need help from CD4 T cells to ensure formation of a recall response that is robust in both quality and quantity.
Progressive geometry coding of 3D meshes using hierarchical vertex set split

A progressive lossless 3D geometry encoder using a hierarchical vertex set split method is presented in this work. Compared with prior art, the proposed coder has significantly better rate-distortion (R-D) performance at low bit-rates and provides visually pleasant intermediate meshes at all bit-rates. Given a 3D mesh, all its 3D vertices form an initial vertex set, which is split into several child vertex sets using the well-known Generalized Lloyd Algorithm (GLA). Each newly generated vertex set that contains more than one vertex is iteratively split so as to form a hierarchical structure. During the process of hierarchical vertex set split, a representative is calculated for each newly generated vertex set. Then, the representatives of all existing vertex sets form an approximation to the original 3D geometry. For each vertex set split, the number of child vertex sets is arithmetic encoded, and the offsets of the child representatives from their parent representative are sorted, quantized and arithmetic encoded. If a finer resolution is required for a vertex set containing only one vertex, the rectangloid cell containing that vertex can be further subdivided and coded iteratively. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed geometry coder.
Automobile choices within e-commerce, technology innovation and current financial environments

In today's market, automobile manufacturers must have a significant market presence to compete and, in many cases, just to survive in a marketplace where several of the major automobile manufacturers must find emerging markets and innovations within existing markets. While the prevailing opinion on the reason for the current auto industry crisis centres around the economic downturn and decreased consumer spending on major items such as automobiles, there is evidence that consumers have cut back on automobile purchases for a series of additional reasons. A sample of semiprofessional and professional working professionals, representing a number of service-related firms in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, were surveyed and, based on a sample size of 200, four hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression techniques. The fuel efficiency of new automobiles has not improved significantly enough to induce customers to purchase new automobiles on fuel savings considerations. Customers may fear that because of accelerated technology progress, a new automobile will become obsolete rapidly and so they are resistant to making the investment. The latest technological advances such as in-built Geographical Positioning System (GPS) systems can be easily purchased separately and do not require purchase of the automobile. In general, new automobiles are not viewed as significantly superior to older automobiles.
Diary of a College Freshmen

This essay is one of several written by students in a Freshman Seminar taught by Dr. James Clack.
Convex Underestimation of Twice Continuously Differentiable Functions by Piecewise Quadratic Perturbation: Spline αBB Underestimators

This paper describes the construction of convex underestimators for twice continuously differentiable functions over box domains through piecewise quadratic perturbation functions. A refinement of the classical ? BB convex underestimator, the underestimators derived through this approach may be significantly tighter than the classical ?BB underestimator. The convex underestimator is the difference of the nonconvex function f and a smooth, piecewise quadratic, perturbation function, q. The convexity of the underestimator is guaranteed through an analysis of the eigenvalues of the Hessian of f over all subdomains of a partition of the original box domain. Smoothness properties of the piecewise quadratic perturbation function are derived in a manner analogous to that of spline construction.
Interaction of a nuclear spin with a soliton gas

Abstract We investigate the dynamics of a nuclear spin which is weakly coupled to a one-dimensional, thermalized, low-density gas of sine-Gordon solitons. Longitudinal ( T 1 ) and transverse ( T 2 ) relaxation times and the dynamic frequency shift are computed.
Albert Silverman, 1925–2002

Albert Jack Silverman, M.D., C.M., a noted psychiatrist, neuroscience researcher and former chair of two university psychiatry departments, died Friday, May 10. He was 77. The cause was cancer.
Some Properties for the American Option-Pricing Model

In this paper we study global properties of the optimal excising boundary for the American option-pricing model. It is shown that a global comparison principle with respect to time-dependent volatility holds. Moreover, we proved a global regularity for the free boundary.
Decentralised application placement

The broadening of the Grid architecture to include commercial as well as scientific workloads raises the possibility of commercial datacentres allocating computational resources on demand. The Utility Datacentre provides a large pool of computational resources that are allocated to service applications on request. When a service application consists of several components, these may be allocated physical computational resources which are distributed across the datacentre. The quality of placement determines how well or badly the application consumes finite global resources, such as bandwidth in the network backbone. This paper examines the placement problem, develops metrics for placement quality, and provides a decentralised approach to improving placement quality based on rounds of resource trading.
The crystal structure of Escherichia coli MoeA, a protein from the molybdopterin synthesis pathway.

MoeA is involved in synthesis of the molybdopterin cofactor, although its function is not yet clearly defined. The three-dimensional structure of the Escherichia coli protein was solved at 2.2 A resolution. The locations of highly conserved residues among the prokaryotic and eukaryotic MoeA homologs identifies a cleft in the dimer interface as the likely functional site. Of the four domains of MoeA, domain 2 displays a novel fold and domains 1 and 4 each have only one known structural homolog. Domain 3, in contrast, is structurally similar to many other proteins. The protein that resembles domain 3 most closely is MogA, another protein required for molybdopterin cofactor synthesis. The overall similarity between MoeA and MogA, and the similarities in a constellation of residues that are strongly conserved in MoeA, suggests that these proteins bind similar ligands or substrates and may have similar functions.
Reliability and accuracy of templating the proximal humeral component for shoulder arthroplasty.

Background The purpose of this paper is to examine the intra-observer and inter-observer reliability of preoperative templating to help determine its usefulness for approximating proximal humeral stem and head size in shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Thirty-one nonconsecutive patients underwent uncemented total shoulder arthroplasty using 1 of 2 commonly used prostheses. Templating was performed by 4 independent observers (2 experienced shoulder surgeons and 2 PGY-3 residents). Two readings were performed with a minimum 2-week interval between templating sessions. Templating was performed in a blinded manner using appropriately magnified templates provided by the prosthesis manufacturer. Postoperative radiographs were analyzed in the same fashion and each observer graded qualitative stem and head size radiographically. Pre-operative templated sizes were compared to actual implant sizes obtained from dictated operative reports. Results There was substantial (kappa > 0.7) intraobserver reliability for stem and head size selection for both prostheses. Interobserver reliability was moderate for stem size (kappa = 0.53) and substantial (kappa = 0.66) for head size. Preoperative templating accurately predicted stem (84-95%) and head (44-66%) size within 1 size variation (stem width, head thickness, or diameter) for shoulder replacement surgery. There was no significant difference in accuracy between attendings and residents when templating for stem or head size. Conclusion Preoperative templating is a reliable and reasonably accurate step when planning shoulder replacement surgery. Templating for stem size is more accurate than for head size. Level of evidence Level IV, Case Series, Treatment Study.
Synthesis and structure of ferrocenylmethylphosphines, their borane adducts, and some related derivatives

Abstract Syntheses of the known ferrocenylmethylphosphines FcCH2PH2 (2, Fc = (η5-C5H4)Fe(η5-C5H5)), (FcCH2)2PH (3), and (FcCH2)3P (4) have been reinvestigated. The reaction of [FcCH2NMe3][I] with P(CH2OH)3, generated from [P(CH2OH)4][Cl] and KOH, gave a mixture of the major product (FcCH2)P(CH2OH)2 (1) and over-alkylated (FcCH2)2P(CH2OH) (9). Treatment of pure 9 with Na2S2O5 gave the secondary phosphine 3; slow addition of Na2S2O5 to 1 gave 2 in improved yield. Reaction of 1 with [FcCH2NMe3][I], followed by treatment with NEt3, gave the tertiary phosphine (FcCH2)3P (4), along with the known phosphonium salt [(FcCH2)4P][I] (5), which could be prepared in higher yield by adjusting the stoichiometry. Phosphine 4 oxidized slowly in air to yield (FcCH2)3P(O) (12), was protonated by HBF4(OMe2) to give [(FcCH2)3PH][BF4] (13), and reacted with Pt(COD)Cl2 or PtCl2 to yield a mixture of cis- and trans-Pt(P(CH2Fc)3)2Cl2 (14). Silylation of 2 with n-BuLi/Me3SiCl gave FcCH2P(SiMe3)2 (10); treatment of 1 with Me3SiCl/Et3N gave FcCH2P(CH2OSiMe3)2 (11). The phosphine-borane adducts FcCH2PH2(BH3) (6), (FcCH2)2PH(BH3) (7), (FcCH2)3P(BH3) (8) and (FcCH2)P(CH2OSiMe3)2(BH3) (15) were prepared from the corresponding phosphines and BH3(SMe2). The phosphines 2, 3, and 4, phosphonium salts 5 and 13, phosphine oxide 12, Pt complex trans-14, and phosphine-boranes 6, 7 and 8 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The solid cone angle of (FcCH2)3P, 139°, in Pt complex 14 showed that 4 was bulkier than PPh3, but less sterically demanding than P(t-Bu)3. The structural changes observed on quaternization of P (shorter P–C bonds and larger angles at P), along with results from NMR and IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, were consistent with the expected rehybridization at phosphorus. Related observations for analogous methylphosphines suggest that methyl and ferrocenylmethyl phosphorus substituents have similar properties.
Quit-attempt history: relation to current levels of emotional vulnerability among adult cigarette users.

Objective: The present investigation examined self-defined serious quit attempts (lifetime) in relation to current indices of anxious arousal, anhedonic depression symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and severity of problems experienced in past efforts to quit. Method: Participants in the present sample included 144 adult smokers (59.7% women; mean [SD] age = 29.48 [11.62] years) who were recruited from the Burlington, VT, community. Results: After controlling for daily cigarette smoking rate, total years as a regular smoker, current alcohol-use problems, and gender, the number of past quit attempts was significantly and uniquely associated with anxious arousal symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and severity of problems experienced in past quit attempts; however, the number of past quit attempts was not significantly associated with anhedonic depression symptoms. Conclusions: These results suggest that clinicians may benefit by assessing for affective factors as part of a smoking-assessment process and integrating...
Technical Note-A Limit Theorem on Subintervals of Interrenewal Times

Consider a renewal process {Xn, n â¥ 1} for which there is defined an associated sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables {Bn, n â¥ 1} such that Bn is the length of a subinterval of Xn. We show that when attention is restricted only to B-intervals, the asymptotic joint distribution of the residual life and total life of a B-interval is that of a renewal process generated by {Bn, n â¥ 1}.
On edge focusing

Abstract An algorithm is described that can track edges determined by the Laplacian of Gaussian operator from low to high resolution. The algorithm does not require a precomputed scale step size, but rather determines the step size adaptively by using the image content. A binary search is carried out to find the topology of the scale-space image, which is then used to track the edges. The proposed algorithm guarantees correct edge tracking with step sizes considerably larger than has been previously used.
Coupling of cobalt-carbon bond homolysis and hydrogen atom abstraction in adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase.

Adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase catalyzes an unusual carbon skeleton rearrangement that proceeds through the formation of free radical intermediates generated by the substrate-induced cleavage of the coenzyme cobalt−carbon bond. The reaction was studied at 10 °C with various concentrations of l-glutamate and l-threo-3-methylaspartate and with use of stopped-flow spectroscopy to follow the formation of cob(II)alamin. Either substrate induces rapid formation of cob(II)alamin, which accumulates to account for about 25% of the total enzyme species in the steady state when substrate is saturating. Measurements of the rate constant for the formation of cob(II)alamin demonstrate that the enzyme accelerates the rate of homolysis of the cobalt−carbon bond by at least 1012-fold. Very large isotope effects on cob(II)alamin formation, of 28 and 35, are observed with deuterated l-glutamate and deuterated l-threo-3-methylaspartate, respectively. This implies a mechanism in which Co−C bond homolysis is kine...
The profit implications of altruistic versus egoistic orientations for business-to-business exchanges

Abstract This study significantly expands upon previous research by Hill and Watkins [Hill, Ronald Paul and Watkins, Alison, (2007), “A Simulation of Moral Behavior within Marketing Exchange Relationships,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 35 (2), 417–429] involving business-to-business exchanges through the use of a more sophisticated simulation and a different theoretical orientation. Profitability implications for sellers and firms in the context of information sharing and dynamic firm adaptation are explored using q -learning evolutionary models and embedded artificial trading agents in a competitive environment. This method allows buyer agents to react to complex and evolving circumstances based on historical information about seller agents. The results suggest that sellers with more cooperative strategies are more profitable in the long run, especially when firms employ multiple agents.
Sperm motility in the horseshoe crab. IV. Extracellular ions and intracellular pH are not mediators of motility initiation

Upon dilution into sea water, Limulus spermatozoa undergo a brief flurry of motility (duration 30,000 and does not initiate acrosome reactions.) Experiments utilizing the ionophore A23187 and Ca+2-blocking agents (verapamil and TMB-8) provided tentative evidence that mobilization of intracellular Ca+2 may be required for motility initiation. These results show that neither changes in pHi nor the influx of specific extracellular ions are direct mediators of SMI-initiated motility; however, experiments with pharmacologic agents indicate a possible role for intracellular Ca+2.
Clustering distributed data streams in peer-to-peer environments

This paper describes a technique for clustering homogeneously distributed data in a peer-to-peer environment like sensor networks. The proposed technique is based on the principles of the K-Means algorithm. It works in a localized asynchronous manner by communicating with the neighboring nodes. The paper offers extensive theoretical analysis of the algorithm that bounds the error in the distributed clustering process compared to the centralized approach that requires downloading all the observed data to a single site. Experimental results show that, in contrast to the case when all the data is transmitted to a central location for application of the conventional clustering algorithm, the communication cost (an important consideration in sensor networks which are typically equipped with limited battery power) of the proposed approach is significantly smaller. At the same time, the accuracy of the obtained centroids is high and the number of samples which are incorrectly labeled is also small.
Modeling grain-size dependent bias in estimating forest area: a regional application

A better understanding of scaling-up effects on estimating important landscape character- istics (e.g. forest percentage) is critical for improving ecological applications over large areas. This study illustrated effects of changing grain sizes on regional forest estimates in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Mich- igan of the USA using 30-m land-cover maps (1992 and 2001) produced by the National Land Cover Datasets. The maps were aggregated to two broad cover types (forest vs. non-forest) and scaled up to 1-km and 10-km resolutions. Empirical models were established from county-level observations using regression analysis to estimate scaling effects on area estimation. Forest percentages observed at 30-m and 1-km land-cover maps were highly correlated. This intrinsic relationship was tested spatially, temporally, and was shown to be invariant. Our models provide a practical way to calibrate forest percentages observed from coarse-resolution land-cover data. The models predicted mean scaling effects of 7.0 and 12.0% (in absolute value with standard deviations of 2.2 and 5.3%) on regional forest cover estimation (ranging from 2.3 and 2.5% to 11.1 and 23.7% at the county level) with standard errors of model estimation 3.1 and 7.1% between 30 m and 1 km, and 30 m and 10 km, respectively, within a 95% confidence inter- val. Our models improved accuracy of forest cover estimates (in terms of percent) by 63% (at 1-km resolution) and 57% (at 10-km resolution) at the county level relative to those without model adjust- ment and by 87 and 84% at the regional level in 2001. The model improved 1992 and 2001 regional forest estimation in terms of area for 1-km maps by 15,141 and 7,412 km 2 (after area weighting of all counties) respectively, compared to the corresponding estimates without calibration using 30 m-based regional forest areas as reference.
Axonal regeneration across transected mammalian spinal cords: An electron microscopic study of delayed microsurgical nerve grafting

Abstract A microneurosurgical technique is reported in which a spinal cord gap in the dog caused by transection 1 week previously was grafted with autogenous sciatic nerve segments. Electron microscopic studies disclosed that successful axonal regeneration had bridged the gap between transected spinal cord stumps via the grafted nerve. Several factors demonstrated that the regenerated axons crossing the grafted nerves were of spinal cord origin. Among several barriers which tended to block the advancement of regenerating axons was a glial basement membrane which formed at each end of the spinal cord stumps after spinal cord transection. Delayed nerve grafting resulted in delayed formation of the glial basement membrane, thus leading to successful axonal regeneration across the spinal cord gap.
Church-State Relations in America: Status and Trends

defeat by overwhelming odds. Truman had the majority support of enough minority publics, labor, farmer, and veteran, economic and social, when added together, to more than offset the large and somewhat integrated upper middle and upper class opinion which favored Dewey. The person whom almost no one thought could be elected president under all the circumstances rode the successful wave of public opinion because (1) of his own personal courage in making an almost singlehanded bid for support and of the let-down in the opposition's efforts due to overconfidence. He won (2) through direct appeal to the favorable opinion of the "little people" in the highways and byways of American life. Thus, a presumably majority opinion of grand proportions for his chief opponent in July was overcome by November by the pooling of several minority interest opinions.
Photosynthesis in Sugarcane Varieties Infected with Strains of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus

Symptoms of sugarcane mosaic virus disease caused by strains B and D were accompanied by a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis per unit area; the severe symptoms of strain A and the mild symptoms of strain I produced rates no different from those of healthy plants of variety C.P. 31-588. All four strains decreased chlorophyll content and increased the amount of light transmitted by the leaf. Photosynthetic rates were reduced less than the reduction of chlorophyll would indicate. Symptoms moderated on older leaves, but rates of photosynthesis per dm2 were less in older leaves of both healthy and diseased plants. Sugarcane varieties differed in their rates of photosynthesis in both healthy and in virus-infected plants; a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate by sugarcane mosaic occurred in three of the four varieties.
Ethical Implications of Time in Economic Analysis

Those economists who emphasise the short‐run analysis and its effects tend to value distributive equity more than productive efficiency, full employment more than price stability, fiscal policy more than monetary policy and collective necessity more than individual freedom. Those stressing the long‐run tend to believe in the opposite way. Any emphasis on one particular time frame, however, represents at best a partial and biased analysis of the whole economic reality and at worst a distortion of it. It would be necessary, therefore, in economic theory and policy, for both the short‐run and the long‐run effects, to be monitored with equal interest and intensity.
Convergence of least squares identification algorithms applied to unstable stochastic processes

In this paper we prove the convergence of least squares identification algorithms when applied to unstable signal models. The proof is in terms of the properties of infinite sequences of matrices and of their norms to show that the convergence of least squares identification algorithms applies to unstable deterministic and stochatics processes.
Extended surgical staging for potentially resectable malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Background Extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a high-risk procedure, and patients require careful preoperative staging to exclude advanced disease. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography are useful staging modalities, but do not reliably identify contralateral mediastinal involvement or transdiaphragmatic invasion. We evaluated the role of extended surgical staging procedures, which generally includes a combination of laparoscopy, peritoneal lavage, and mediastinoscopy, to more precisely stage patients with MPM. Methods One hundred eighteen patients with MPM, deemed clinically and radiologically resectable, underwent extended surgical staging. Mediastinoscopy was performed in 111 patients, laparoscopy in 109 patients, and peritoneal lavage in 78 patients. Results Ten (9.2%) patients had gross evidence of transdiaphragmatic or peritoneal involvement. Peritoneal lavage was positive for metastatic MPM in 2 (2.6%) patients, neither of whom had obvious transdiaphragmatic invasion. Ipsilateral mediastinal nodes contained metastatic tumor in 10 of 62 (16.1%) patients. Contralateral nodes were positive in 4 of 111 (3.6%) patients. Of the patients who underwent biopsy of both ipsilateral and contralateral mediastinal nodes, and who had complete pathologic staging after extrapleural pneumonectomy (n = 46), 14 (30.4%) had N2-positive nodes. Only 5 of these patients were correctly identified by mediastinoscopy (sensitivity 36%, accuracy 80%). Extended surgical staging identified 16 (13.6%) patients who had contralateral nodal involvement, transdiaphragmatic invasion, or positive peritoneal cytology. Conclusions Extended surgical staging defines an important subset of patients with unresectable MPM not identified by imaging. Because of the potential morbidity associated with extrapleural pneumonectomy, we advocate that extended surgical staging be performed in all patients with MPM before resection.