cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleosynthesis in power-law cosmologies

We have recently considered cosmologies in which the universal scale factor varies as a power of the age of the Universe and concluded that they cannot satisfy the observational constraints on the present age, the magnitude-redshift relation for SN Ia, and the primordial element (D, ${}^{3}\mathrm{He},{ }^{4}\mathrm{He},$ and ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li})$ abundances. This claim has been challenged in a proposal that suggested a high baryon density model $({\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{B}{h}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.3)$ with an expansion factor varying linearly with time could be consistent with the observed abundance of primordial helium-4, while satisfying the age and magnitude-redshift constraints. In this paper we further explore primordial nucleosynthesis in generic power-law cosmologies, including the linear case, concluding that models selected to satisfy the other observational constraints are incapable of accounting for all the light element abundances.
Characterization of the O-methylation of catechol oestrogens by intact rabbit thoracic aorta and subcellular fractions thereof.

1. In the present study we investigated the O-methylation of catechol oestrogens by intact rabbit thoracic aorta and subcellular fractions thereof. 2. The O-methylation of 2-hydroxyoestradiol (2OHE2) and 2-hydroxyoestriol (2OHE3) displayed saturation kinetics in the intact tissue. The apparent Km and Vmax values for the O-methylation of 2OHE2 were determined to be 0.91 μmol/l and 104 pmol g−1 min−1, respectively, when 2OHE2 was used as substrate; and 1.14 μmol/l and 188 pmol g−1 min−1 when 2OHE3 was used as substrate. 3. The inhibitors of the extraneuronal uptake process (viz; phenoxybenzamine 33 μmol/l; normetanephrine, 46 μmol/l; and deoxycorticosterone acetate 27 μmol/l) failed to inhibit the O-methylation of either 2OHE2 (3.4 μmol/l) or 2OHE3 (3.4 μmol/l) in intact segments of the rabbit thoracic aorta. 4. (-)-Isoprenaline (40 μmol/l) abolished the O-methylation of 2OHE2 (3.4 μmol/l) and markedly reduced that of 2OHE3 (3.4 μmol/l). Pretreatment of tissues with phenoxybenzamine (33 μmol/l) partially restored the O-methylation of 2OHE2 and 2OHE3 in the presence of (-)-isoprenaline (40 μmol/l). 5. The O-methylation of 2OHE2 (5 μmol/l) was significantly reduced in segments of aorta in which the endothelium was removed. The latter reduction could not be attributed to damage to components of the vessel media. 6. The O-methylation of 2OHE2 and (-)-isoprenaline by subcellular fractions of the rabbit aorta also was examined. Both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions were shown to O-methylate 2OHE2 and (-)-isoprenaline, providing evidence for the existence of membrane-bound and soluble forms of COMT in the rabbit aorta. 7. The O-methylation of 2OHE2 by cytosolic and microsomal fractions of the aorta was determined and compared to that of (-)-isoprenaline. The kinetic constants for the O-methylation of 2OHE2 by cytosolic (Km: 0.27 μmol/l; Vmax: 112 pmol g−1 min−1) and microsomal (Km: 0.15 μmol/l; Vmax: 161 pmol g−1 min−1) fractions were similar. In contrast, the kinetic constants for the O-methylation of isoprenaline by cytosolic (Km: 121 μmol/l; Vmax: 174 pmol g−1 min−1) and membranal (Km: 0.91 μmol/l; Vmax: 105 pmol g−1 min−1) fractions were very different. 8. It is concluded that catechol oestrogens are excellent substrates for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in the rabbit aorta. Their O-methylation can occur in endothelial structures as well as in the smooth muscle-containing medial sections of the vessel. Moreover, the catechol oestrogens gain entry to sites of O-methylation by a process independent of extraneuronal uptake; this process is assumed to be diffusion. The results high-light the role of membrane-bound COMT in the O-methylation of isoprenaline and both membrane-bound and soluble COMT in the O-methylation of catechol oestrogens.
Supercritical fluid extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography methods for vitamin A and β-carotene heterogeneous distribution of vitamin A in the liver

We developed supercritical fluid procedures for extracting vitamin A and β-carotene from vitamin supplements and calf liver tissue. The SF extracts could be injected onto an HPLC column without further pretreatment. Samples were analysed by RP-HPLC using diode array detection or by spectrophotometry. Recoveries were very good. SF extracts from a vitamin preparation of uniform composition had an R.S.D. of 4%. Extracts from calf liver supplements were predictably more heterogeneous. The SF extraction method is less labor intensive then traditional liquid-liquid procedures for extracting vitamin A and carotenoids from tissues.
The accuracy and resolving power of one dimensional transient inverse heat conduction theory as applied to discrete and inaccurate measurements

Abstract The inverse heat conduction problem is defined as one for which interior conditions are prescribed and the desired quantity is a surface condition. In the present work, the surface temperature histories for an infinite slab are evaluated using discrete and inaccurate internal measurements. The method of Backus and Gilbert is used to determine the resolving power of the measurements and the accuracy of the resulting surface temperature predictions. The trade-offs that exist between resolving power and accuracy are illustrated.
The immigration detention center as a transnational problem: Implications for international social work

Over the last decade in the United States, there has been a rapid intensification of the criminalization of immigration. At the nexus of this criminalization is a new institution with potentially profound consequences for transnational migrants, an especially vulnerable population now receiving increased attention from the social work profession. This article explores this phenomenon and its relevance for international social work.
Polynesian Navigation and Te Lapa— “The Flashing”

AbstractThe author discusses the importance of information about ancient Polynesian voyaging methods in the context of the last few decades of Pacific research. The teachings and demonstrations of a Polynesian navigator, the late Koloso K. Kaveia, are presented as they explain some of the mysteries of an oceanic light phenomenon called te lapa. The author describes her own experiences and observations of te lapa, and outlines what Kaveia revealed about characteristics of te lapa, how to use te lapa in navigation, and how Kaveia learned to use it growing up in a family descended from the Polynesian voyaging hero, Lata. Kaveia's systematic understanding of Polynesian navigation (Te Nohoanga Te Matangi) is introduced to the literature. Various scientific facts and theories about bioluminescence and electromagnetic phenomena are noted for the study of te lapa, as are possible limitations of modern technology, or lack of practical access to it. A theme throughout is the importance of experiential skills for th...
Turbulent Friction Factor for Two-Phase: Air-Powerlaw Fluid Flows Through Horizontal Tubes

Turbulent experimental friction factors for air and power-law fluid flows through a horizontal tube are reported. The power-law fluids studied were aqueous solutions of Carbopol® (at concentrations 1000 and 2000 wppm). The two-phase friction factors were correlated in terms of the generalized Reynolds number (Re*). Over a range of the Re* from 6000 to 80,000, the simpler homogeneous model is accurate enough for engineering prediction of turbulent friction factor for air and power-law fluid flows through straight tubes
The association of pathologic and mammographic characteristics of primary human breast cancers with "slow" and "fast" growth rates and with axillary lymph node metastases.

This article reports statistically significant associations existing between the clinical, mammographic and histopathologically classified properties of mammary cancers occurring in the population of 10,120 women screened in the BCDDP at the University of Louisville over a 5-year period and the propensity to grow “fast” or “slow” and metastasize or not metastasize to the axillary lymph nodes. Fast cancers, divided into two defined subsets as “fast 1” and “fast 2,” are those surfacing in the intervals between mammograms. The faster cancers exhibited a significant absence of calcification, were discovered in younger patients and resulted in a shorter 5-year cumulative survival rate (fast 1 = 74 ± 9% to slow = 94 ± 4%). In addition to growth rates, another index of virulence in small cancers is the early appearance of metastases in the axillary lymph nodes. The absence of microscopic calcifications and the presence of lymphatic invasion around the primary cancer site were significantly associated with the presence of axillary metastases. Other factors associated with the occurrence of axillary metastases were a higher mitotic index, poor cellular differentiation and a larger size of cancer at diagnosis. The authors' results confirm that interval surfacing cancers are biologically different and are not comparable to cancers discovered by scheduled screens. Cancers that metastasize to lymph nodes while very small have properties in common with these interval surfacing and, presumably, faster growing cancers. Cancer 53:96-98, 1984.
Genetic dissection of synaptic transmission in Drosophila

Recent studies of mutations of Drosophila proteins implicated in synaptic transmission have yielded new insights into the roles of these proteins and the pathways in which they function. Analysis of mutant embryos lacking syntaxin or synaptobrevin suggests that these proteins perform distinct functions after vesicle docking with the presynaptic membrane. In addition, characterization of Drosophila endocytotic mutants provides in vivo evidence for the presence of different endocytotic pathways at a single synapse.
Effect of base composition on DNA bending by phosphate neutralization.

Abstract Of the many forces involved in DNA bending by proteins, we have focused on the possible role of asymmetric phosphate neutralization due to interactions between the negatively charged phosphate backbone of duplex DNA and cationic amino acids of an approaching protein. The resulting unbalanced charge distribution along the duplex DNA is thought to induce the double helix to collapse toward the neutralized surface. Previous work has confirmed that DNA bending (∼20.7±4°) is induced by asymmetric incorporation of six uncharged racemic methylphosphonate analogs partially neutralizing one face of GC-rich duplex DNA. We have now analyzed DNA duplexes with similar patches of methylphosphonate linkages in an AT-rich sequence context and again observe bending toward the neutralized face, to an extent (20±0.6°) comparable to that observed for neutral patches in GC-rich DNA. The similar induced bend angles in AT-rich and GC-rich contexts does not reveal increased flexibility in AT-rich sequences, or a particular propensity of A–T base pairs to roll toward the minor groove in the tested sequences.
Land ownership, use and regulation: A case study analysis of a township in the early stages of urban development

Abstract Although the significance of ownership patterns for planning and regulation is apparent, most planning programs fail to take them into account in a systematic way. Little empirical research has been done, few data are readily available, and a well-articulated conceptual scheme is lacking. The comprehensive study of real estate transactions between 1972 and 1981 in Shrewsbury Township, York County, Pennsylvania, which is reported on here, provides a demonstration of the possibilities of conducting such analyses, insights into the usefulness they may have for formulating and evaluating programs of planning and regulation, and the type of empirical basis which may help in the development of a more comprehensive conceptual scheme.
Goos-Hänchen shifts from absorbing media

Theoretical curves for the Goos-H\"anchen shift of a well-collimated beam of polarized radiation at an interface where the reflecting medium possesses nonzero extinction are presented. Under certain circumstances the beam shift can be negative and several wavelengths in magnitude.
Studies on the substrate specificity of hexosaminidase A and B from liver

Abstract β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase A and B were partially purified from normal human liver using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Hexosaminidase B was also purified from the livers of patients who had died of Tay-Sachs disease. The hexosaminidase fractions were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the amino sugar moiety of synthetic substrates and of three amino sugar-containing glycolipids, GA2, globoside, and GM2. Hexosaminidase A and B had similar ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of synthetic N-acetylglycosaminides. The hexosaminidase B from the liver of a Tay-Sachs disease patient had a slightly higher Michaelis constant toward the same substrates as the control hexosaminidase B. Radioactively labeled GA2, N-acetyl-[1-14C] galactosaminyl (β 1 → 4)-galactosyl (β 1 → 4)-glucosyl (β 1 → 1)-ceramide was prepared biosynthetically. Hexosaminidase A and B from normal liver had identical Michaelis constants for the hydrolysis of GA2; whereas, the hexosaminidase B from a Tay-Sachs disease patient possessed a higher Michaelis constant. Globoside was hydrolyzed by both hexosaminidase A and B, although hexosaminidase B has a significantly lower Michaelis constant than the hexosaminidase A. Under the conditions of incubation neither hexosaminidase A nor B catalyzed the hydrolysis of the N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from ganglioside GM2. However, in the presence of a neuraminidase preparation from Clostridium perfringens plus hexosaminidase A or B at pH 3.8 there was significant enzymatic hydrolysis of GM2 to ceramide lactose. Both GM2 and globoside were found to be excellent competitive inhibitors of GA2 hydrolysis by hexosaminidase B. These results are discussed with respect to the accumulation of these glycolipids in two GM2 ganglioside-storage diseases.
A computer‐aided visualization tool for stochastic theory education in water resources engineering

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate the proof-of-concept for a computer-aided visualization tool for stochastic theory education in water resources engineering. Using Java Native Interfacing, the tool can wrap a space-time stochastic model written in any computer language and also not require any specific language compiler during tool usage. This feature also allows the tool to be implemented very easily on any configuration of currently used classroom PCs. We also gauged the merit of a computer-aided visualization tool in the classroom by conducting a survey of the civil engineering (CE) curricula of US universities. Questionnaires were distributed to the instructors via an online survey. Eighty-four percent of the universities surveyed were found to offer a general semblance of stochastic theory education in their curriculum for CE. A similar percentage of the total 241 courses that we initially surveyed were found to be available at the graduate level, while 4.5% and 11.5% were either dual-listed or undergraduate-level courses, respectively. Forty universities were found to have complete (integrated) courses dedicated to stochastic theory education (or a near-relative related discipline). 11.2% (27) of these courses were relevant to water resources engineering, while only 9.5% (23 courses) were related to surface water hydrology. Only 62.5% of instructors were active users of some kind of computer-aided visualization tools for classroom instruction. All instructors believed that a rapid visualization system to represent the effect of input (i.e., an aspect of stochastic theory) on output (i.e., application or representation of variability) would enhance the technology as a learning tool. Surveyed instructors were unanimous in their willingness to integrate such an instruction tool for teaching theory using real-world examples of water resources engineering. However, 42% felt that such a tool would need to be user-friendly and graphically very attractive in order to be popular among students. We believe that with the demonstration of proof-of-concept of our proposed computer-aided visualization tool, the effectiveness of modernizing course curricula in CE for undergraduate water resources education can be made more compatible with the needs of the 21st century and that there is indeed sustainable demand in the classrooms for its institutional development. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 398–411, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20233
Physiological correlates of watercolor effect

The watercolor effect is a visual illusion that manifests itself as a combination of long-range color spreading and figure-ground organization. The current study uses behavioral and physiological measures to study the watercolor effect. We utilize a novel technique of measuring the cortical response of the illusion using the visual evoked potential (VEP). To this end, three experiments were done to investigate the contributions of luminance and hue to the magnitude of the illusion. Results of both VEP and behavior indicate a marked decrease in the -S (yellow) direction in illusion magnitude compared to the +S (blue) illusion, even though these colors were previously matched for perceptual salience.
Visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in a subset of rats following TNBS-induced colitis

Abstract Background. Chronic abdominal pain is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms experienced by patients. Visceral hypersensitivity has been shown to be a biological marker in many patients with chronic visceral pain. We have previously shown that IBS patients with visceral hypersensitivity also have evidence of thermal hyperalgesia of the hand/foot. Objective. The objective of the current study was to develop an animal model of chronic visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in rats treated with intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Design. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g) were treated with either 20 mg/rat trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, Sigma Chemical Co.) in 50% ethanol (n = 75), an equivalent volume of 50% ethanol (n = 20) or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 20). The agents were delivered with a 24-gauge catheter inserted into the lumen of the colon. Mechanical and thermal behavioral tests were performed using an automated von Frey and Hargreaves device to evaluate somatic hyperalgesia. Colonic distension was performed using an automated distension device to evaluate visceral pain thresholds. All animals were tested 16 weeks after TNBS treatment following complete resolution of the colitis. Results. At 16 weeks, 24% of the treated rats (18/75 rats) still exhibited evidence of visceral as well as somatic hypersensitivity compared to saline- and ethanol-treated rats. Conclusion. Transient colonic inflammation leads to chronic visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in a subset of rats. These findings are similar to the subset of patients who develop chronic gastrointestinal symptoms following enteric infection.
QoS management by competitive agent-based negotiation in distributed cloud services

Agent-level negotiations between an application and a cloud service provider (SP) face two complexities: i) inaccuracy of computational models in capturing the behavior of a cloud-based system made up of diverse components and resources; and ii) disparity in the goals and priorities of an application and the SP in exercising a cloud-based system. The paper suggests trial actions by an agent to learn about the system behavior and the opponent agent goals, as part of effective negotiation strategy. The paper identifies transaction-style primitives for agents to invoke trial actions on the system QoS space: searching, alternations, and improvements. A larger goal of optimal QoS control can be achieved with our primitives. A case study of CDN realized on a cloud is also described.
Shape Statistics: Procrustes Superimpositions and Tangent Spaces

The shape of a set of labeled points corresponds to those attributes of the configuration that are invariant to the effects of translation, rotation, and scale. Procrustes distance may be used to compare different shapes and also serve as a metric that may be used to define multidimensional shape spaces. This paper demonstrates that the preshape space of planar triangles Procrustes aligned to a reference triangle corresponds to a unit hemisphere. An overview of methods used as linear approximations of D. G. Kendall's non-Euclidean shape space is given, and the equivalence of several methods based on orthogonal projections is shown. Some problems with approximations based on stereo graphic projections are also discussed. A simple example using artificial data is included.
Fighting in Bosnia: An expected utility evaluation of possible settlements

The military conflict over the future of Bosnia was long and vicious. In this article we analyze the negotiation period over two years utilizing the expected utility model. We demonstrate the merits of modeling in capturing the dynamics of the bargaining process. We show that the progressive shift in American policies was the catalyst that led to the Dayton agreement. We conclude that if the United States maintains an active role, the local actors will not challenge its institutional framework. If American troops withdraw from the area before securing peace, conflict will reignite.
Geographical Parameters and Proximity to Related Species Predict Genetic Variation in the Inbred Potato Species Solanum verrucosum Schlechtd

Identification of ecogeographic parameters associated with genetic variation would help to prioritize populations within conserved species for collection and maintenance. Previous studies comparing accessions of three Solanum species representing different breeding systems, S. fendleri A. Gray (a disomic polyploid selfer), S. jamesii Torr. (a diploid outcrosser), and S. sucrense Hawkes (a polysomic polyploid outcrosser), revealed no significant associations between genetic and ecogeographic variation. Even physical separation did not predict genetic distance. These previous studies are expanded here by investigating the relationship of genetics and geographic parameters for a fourth type of breeding system: a diploid selfer, modeled by wild S. verrucosum Schlechtd (2n = 2x = 24) from Mexico. The objective was to assess whether genetic distances between accessions are predicted by differences in geographic parameters at the natural sites of origin. Twenty-seven S. verrucosum accessions were studied using 152 RAPD markers to estimate the genetic distance between pairs of accessions. The association of genetic variation with proximity of the S. verrucosum accessions to other Mexican wild potato species (some known to be sympatric with S. verrucosum) was also analyzed. Pairwise comparisons showed that the average GD of all pairs of accessions was 12.8% (ranging from 0-29.3%). Parameters with variation significantly correlated with the average GD of S. verrucosum populations were physical separation (0.42), latitude (0.70), longitude (0.51), proximity to S. hjertingii Hawkes (0.80), S. hougasii Corr. (-0.75), and S. demissum Lindl. (-0.50). Significant effects of proximity to S. hjertingii (for example) might be caused by introgression, or the coincidence that all S. hjertingii occur in the extreme NE corner of the S. verrucosum range.
Static Aeroelastic Response of Chiral-core Airfoils

Extensive research is being devoted to the analysis and application of cellular solids for the design of innovative structural components. The chiral geometry in particular features a unique mechanical behavior which is here exploited for the design of 2D airfoils with morphing capabilities. A coupled-physics model, comprising computational fluid dynamics and structural analyses, investigates the influence of the chiral core on the aerodynamic behavior of the airfoil. Specifically, the model predicts the static deflection of the airfoil as a result of given flow conditions. The morphing capabilities of the airfoil, here quantified as camber changes, are evaluated for various design configurations of the core.
Endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: systematic literature review.

Endovascular repair is increasingly used for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs). This study estimated the mortality rate for this approach. A review of 307 publications in English was perf...
The Structure of Opportunity and Administrative Aspirations

Women are still underrepresented among educational administrators, but in this system as many women as men aspired to administrative positions.
Performance analysis of the pyramid motion compensation based on quantization noise modeling

We present in this paper the rate distortion performance analysis of the pyramid motion compensation for video spatial scalability. Theoretical performance function is derived in closed form based on quantization noise modeling. Evaluation of the rate distortion performance functions shows that, compared to intra-layer motion-compensated prediction coding the enhancement layer, pyramid method is expected to achieve more efficient compression if the base layer is encoded at a sufficient high quality, i.e., the encoded rate is high enough.
SU-F-18C-11: Diameter Dependency of the Radial Dose Distribution in a Long Polyethylene Cylinder

Purpose: The radial dose distribution in the central plane of a long cylinder following a long CT scan depends upon the diameter and composition of the cylinder. An understanding of this behavior is required for determining the spatial average of the dose in the central plane. Polyethylene, the material for construction of the TG200/ICRU phantom (30 cm in diameter) was used for this study. Size effects are germane to the principles incorporated in size specific dose estimates (SSDE); thus diameter dependency was explored as well. Method: ssuming a uniform cylinder and cylindrically symmetric conditions of irradiation, the dose distribution can be described using a radial function. This function must be an even function of the radial distance due to the conditions of symmetry. Two effects are accounted for: The direct beam makes its weakest contribution at the center while the contribution due to scatter is strongest at the center and drops off abruptly at the outer radius. An analytic function incorporating these features was fit to Monte Carlo results determined for infinite polyethylene cylinders of various diameters. A further feature of this function is that it is integrable. Results: Symmetry and continuity dictate a local extremum at the center which is a minimum for the larger sizes. The competing effects described above can Resultin an absolute maximum occurring between the center and outer edge of the cylinders. For the smallest cylinders, the maximum dose may occur at the center. Conclusion: An integrable, analytic function can be used to characterize the radial dependency of dose for cylindrical CT phantoms of various sizes. One use for this is to help determine average dose distribution over the central cylinder plane when equilibrium dose has been reached.
Scientist: four golden lessons.

When I received my undergraduate degree — about a hundred years ago — the physics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do anything without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately, in my first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the hands of senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I must start doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along. It was sink or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works. I managed to get a quick PhD — though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I did learn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don't have to.
Perceived barriers and recommendations concerning hormone replacement therapy counseling among primary care providers.

Author(s): Anderson, LA; Caplan, LS; Buist, DS; Newton, KM; Curry, SJ; Scholes, D; LaCroix, AZ | Abstract: ObjectiveTo increase our understanding of the factors that impede or promote counseling about hormone replacement therapy, we asked clinicians to provide information concerning barriers and strategies to promote counseling.DesignWe asked clinicians to consider two different scenarios: (1) what they do in they current practice and (2) what they would do if their health care systems implemented the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendation regarding hormone replacement therapy counseling. A total of 49 of 50 invited clinicians participated in one of six focus group interviews (three women's groups and three men's groups). Our analysis consisted of four steps: (1) identifying segments and classifying them into themes, (2) categorizing themes into topic areas, (3) establishing a final consensus of themes and topics, and (4) ascertaining similarities and contrasts among groups. Transcripts of sessions were analyzed across groups for themes using a text-based analysis system. Conceptualization of themes was derived using a system model of preventive care. Interrater agreement before consensus was good: Kappa (kappa) ranged from 0.70 to 1.00.ResultsFor current practice, identified barriers included lack of information about risks and benefits, unique challenges of counseling, and lack of resources to conduct counseling. The major strategies suggested were to develop and distribute patient education materials. Discussions about barriers to implementing the United States Task Force recommendation focused on lack of information and resources.ConclusionsSuggested strategies were multiple, involving individual-, relationship-, and system-level interventions. We expect the strategies identified to be supportive of future efforts to promote counseling for hormone replacement therapy.
A health-care data model based on the HL7 reference information model

The integration of medical information from various sources is gaining in importance as hospitals and medical research centers attempt to gain new insights into existing data. The Health Level Seven® (HL7®) organization has developed an abstract information model for health-care data, the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM). We describe in this paper our approach to implementing a physical data model based on RIM. Our approach, which combines elements of entity-relationship data modeling and entity-attribute-value data modeling, involves the modeling of base RIM classes, RIM inheritance, and RIM data types. We incorporated the resulting data model into IBM Clinical Genomics, a product that integrates clinical and genomic data in a way that enables medical researchers to carry out clinical research.
Regulative deployment of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network during sea urchin development

The well-known regulative properties of the sea urchin embryo, coupled with the recent elucidation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie cell specification, make this a valuable experimental model for analyzing developmental plasticity. In the sea urchin, the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) GRN controls the development of the embryonic skeleton. Remarkably, experimental manipulations reveal that this GRN can be activated in almost any cell of the embryo. Here, we focus on the activation of the PMC GRN during gastrulation by non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) cells and by endoderm cells. We show that most transfating NSM cells are prospective blastocoelar cells, not prospective pigment cells, as was previously believed. Earlier work showed that the regulative deployment of the GRN, unlike its deployment in the micromere-PMC lineage, is independent of the transcriptional repressor Pmar1. In this work, we identify several additional differences in the upstream regulation of the GRN during normal and regulative development. We provide evidence that, despite these changes in the upstream regulation of the network, downstream regulatory genes and key morphoregulatory genes are deployed in transfating NSM cells in a fashion that recapitulates the normal deployment of the GRN, and which can account for the striking changes in migratory behavior that accompany NSM transfating. Finally, we report that mitotic cell division is not required for genomic reprogramming in this system, either within a germ layer (NSM transfating) or across a germ layer boundary (endoderm transfating).
Theory and Implementation of an Analog-to-Information Converter using Random Demodulation

The new theory of compressive sensing enables direct analog-to-information conversion of compressible signals at sub-Nyquist acquisition rates. The authors develop new theory, algorithms, performance bounds, and a prototype implementation for an analog-to-information converter based on random demodulation. The architecture is particularly apropos for wideband signals that are sparse in the time-frequency plane. End-to-end simulations of a complete transistor-level implementation prove the concept under the effect of circuit nonidealities.
Effects of operating temperature on electrical parameters in an analog process

The variation of basic MOS device properties with operating temperature is examined. These devices include both n-channel and p-channel transistors, resistors, junction diodes, and precision capacitors. The theory of such variations is briefly examined, and fits to empirical expressions are graphically derived. Implications of such variations are briefly explored. >
Coronary microvasculature: small vessels with large impact.

Hemodynamic measurements in vivo during heart catheterization are increasingly used to drive clinical decision making in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.1 Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), also referred to as coronary flow reserve, was introduced in the 1970s and was one of the first hemodynamic measurements which could be applied clinically to help evaluate these lesions.2 Moreover, the development of Doppler-tipped guide wires allowed CFVR measurements to be readily obtained. CFVR is defined as the ratio of steady-state hyperemic average peak velocity to resting average peak velocity for the artery of interest (target vessel). The concept is based on observations that increased oxygen demand is met under physiological conditions through a 4 to 5 fold increase in myocardial blood flow caused by autoregulation, and that the degree of epicardial or microvascular resistance can be determined by the ratio of hyperemic to resting blood flow. Although invasively measured CFVR is considered the gold standard, CFVR can also be measured by noninvasive imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computerized tomography, transthoracic Doppler or myocardial contrast echocardiography, or cardiac MRI.3 Article see p 329 It is important to emphasize that CFVR reflects the combined epicardial and microvascular resistance to coronary blood flow. Although overlap between normal and abnormal measurements does exist, a CFVR<2.0 has reasonable predictive accuracy to identify hemodynamically significant stenoses in the absence of microvascular dysfunction.4,5 CFVR is, however, susceptible to fluctuating hemodynamic parameters, as well as changes in ventricular loading conditions, and varies in situations of increased basal blood flow such as fever, tachycardia, hypoxia, anemia, and ventricular hypertrophy.6 In addition, reliably obtaining reproducible Doppler envelopes can be highly variable, limiting the accuracy of CFVR measurements. Other epicardial-specific indices have emerged that include hyperemic stenosis resistance (HSR) index, which requires pressure …
P08-01. Heme oxygenase-1 promoter polymorphisms correlate with favorable virologic and immunological parameters in HIV-1 infection

Address: 1Department of Experimental Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2Division of Experimental Medicine and Division of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA, 3Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA, 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA, 5Positive Health Program, Division of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA and 6Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA * Corresponding author
Child Second Language Acquisition: What Do We Know?

Despite the growing number of research studies in recent years, what is known about child second language acquisition (SLA) remains by and large a fraction of what is still to be known. In the present review, child SLA is defined as pertinent to both second language (L2) and sequential bilingual learners between the ages of two and twelve. Studies undertaken over the past 15 years are subdivided by paradigm (i.e., the generativists, the emergentists, the psycholinguists, and the neurocognitivists) and then thoroughly discussed. These studies are presented and critiqued in such a way that the significant holes persisting in our general understanding of child SLA will become apparent.
Comparison In Vitro of a High- and a Low-Abundance Chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli: Similar Kinase Activation but Different Methyl-Accepting Activities

In Escherichia coli, high-abundance chemoreceptors are present in cellular amounts approximately 10-fold greater than low-abundance chemoreceptors. Cells containing only low-abundance receptors exhibit abnormally low tumble frequencies and do not migrate effectively in spatial gradients. These defects reflect an inherent activity difference between the two receptor classes. We used in vitro assays to investigate this difference. The low-abundance receptor Trg mediated an approximately 100-fold activation of the kinase CheA, only twofold less than activation by the high-abundance receptor Tar. In contrast, Trg was less than 1/20 as active as Tar for in vitro methylation. As observed for high-abundance receptors, kinase activation by Trg varied with the extend of modification at methyl-accepting sites; low methylation corresponded to low kinase activation. Thus, in Trg-only cells, low receptor methylation would result in low kinase activation, correspondingly low content of phospho-CheY, and a decreased dynamic range over which attractant binding could modulate kinase activity. These features could account for the low tumble frequency and inefficient taxis exhibited by Trg-only cells. Thus, the crucial functional difference between the receptor classes is likely to be methyl-accepting activity. We investigated the structural basis for this functional difference by introducing onto the carboxy terminus of Trg a CheR-binding pentapeptide, usually found only at the carboxy termini of high-abundance receptors. This addition enhanced the in vitro methyl-accepting activity of Trg 10-fold.
Two Paths for Writing by Women in Modernist Studies

In its turn to transnational and interdisciplinary methods and subjects, the field of modernist studies has moved decisively away from gender-based analyses of literary texts. Because feminist and gender-focused scholarship played a crucial role in claiming a place for literature by women in the research and teaching of modernism, this expansionist trend raises concerns about the future of women’s literature in modernist studies. This paper argues that this path changes the questions we ask, but energizes more than sidelines the study of writing by women. Not only have expansionist tendencies in modernist studies historically been good for the inclusion of literature by women, but interdisciplinary methodologies and transnational inquiry has both invigorated work on canonical figures and provided new approaches to understudied writers. I follow a brief review of recent contributions to the study of women’s writing that take part in these developments with a more focused treatment of Dorothy Richardson studies, which have blossomed under transnational and interdisciplinary inquiry. This paper also explores another development, the significance of which for modernist studies (and the humanities more broadly) has hardly begun to be recognized: the increasing availability of digital texts and development of computational methods. We are poised to take advantage of the new accessibility of lesser-known works, many of which have fallen out of print, in our research and teaching. Further, new technologies promise to revolutionize the ways we study literature. The digitization of literary corpora and the development of methods to mine the digitized texts for information allow us to ask new questions of literature. It remains only for scholars of modernist writing by women to continue asking new questions.
Multireflection RIR and intensity normalizations for quantitative analyses: Applications to feldspars and zeolites

Quantitative determination of phase abundances using X-ray powder diffraction is a technique in wide use today. Of the various methods employed, the Chung, or RIR method, is one of the most common because it can provide reliable results for all sample types. However, improvements can be made to the Chung method of analysis for phases which exhibit large chemical or preferred orientation effects. These effects can often be accommodated by using intensity regions that encompass several reflections, by averaging intensities from nonparallel reflections, or by using RIR values that are allowed to vary based on a predetermined functional relationship. To accommodate the effects of preferred orientation and variable composition in feldspars, RIR values versus the intensity ratio between two peaks of feldspar standards mixed with corundum have been determined. Curves of RIR have been formulated for: (1) feldspar RIR13.0−14.0° versus the intensity ratio (13.0–14.0° 2θ intensity region/27.0–28.75° 2θ intensity region); (2) feldspar RIR23.6° peak versus the intensity ratio (23.6° 2θ peak/27.0–28.75° 2θ intensity region); and (3) clinoptilolite RIR020 versus (020 reflection/22.1–23.0° 2θ intensity region). For example, RIR values for the highly variable 13.0–14.0° 2θ region for feldspar can be improved such that the quantitative results produced has a standard deviation of only 15% instead of 53% using a fixed-average value. From these curves, improved RIR values can be obtained for the quantitative analysis of unknowns. Additionally, intensity ratios can be determined between two peaks of a phase so that given the intensity of one peak, the intensity of the other peak can be readily calculated. This allows for subtraction of the intensity of a peak from one phase overlapping a peak from a second phase which is to be used for quantitative analysis but which cannot be decomposed by profile fitting.
Gas-permeable ethylene bags for the small scale cultivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and other viruses in embryonated chicken eggs

Embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) are sometimes used for the primary isolation or passage of influenza viruses, other viruses, and certain bacteria. For small-scale experiments with pathogens that must be studied in biosafety level three (BSL3) facilities, inoculated ECE are sometimes manipulated and maintained in small egg incubators within a biosafety cabinet (BSC). To simplify the clean up and decontamination of an egg incubator in case of egg breakage, we explored whether ethylene breather bags could be used to encase ECE inoculated with pathogens. This concept was tested by determining embryo survival and examining virus yields in bagged ECE. Virus yields acceptable for many applications were attained when influenza-, alpha-, flavi-, canine distemper-, and mousepox viruses were propagated in ECE sealed within ethylene breather bags. For many small-scale applications, ethylene breather bags can be used to encase ECE inoculated with various viruses.
Rapid Appearance of Resolvin Precursors in Inflammatory Exudates: Novel Mechanisms in Resolution

Resolution of inflammation is essential. Although supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids is widely used, their availability at sites of inflammation is not known. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach was taken to determine the relationship of circulating omega-3 to inflammatory exudates and the generation of resolution signals. In this study, we monitored resolvin precursors in evolving exudates, which initially paralleled increases in edema and infiltrating neutrophils. We also prepared novel microfluidic chambers to capture neutrophils from a drop of blood within minutes that permitted single-cell monitoring. In these, docosahexaenoic acid-derived resolvin D1 rapidly stopped neutrophil migration, whereas precursor docosahexaenoic acid did not. In second organ injury via ischemia-reperfusion, resolvin metabolically stable analogues were potent organ protectors reducing neutrophils. Together, these results indicate that circulating omega-3 fatty acids rapidly appear in inflammatory sites that require conversion to resolvins that control excessive neutrophil infiltration, protect organs, and foster resolution.
Laser Direct Writing of Aluminum Conductor Lines from a Liquid Phase Precursor

Aluminum conductor lines were deposited on Si substrates from liquid phase triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) using a scanned argon ion laser. The vertical growth rate of Al lines initially increased, then decreased with increasing dwell time. The maximum vertical growth rate occurred at a particular dwell time depending upon the laser power. Lower vertical growth rates at longer dwell times are propably caused by the depletion of the reactant at the reaction site. A volcano deposit shape was observed, which became more pronounced as dwell time increased. The conductivity of the as-deposited Al lines decreased with increasing dwell time for our experimental conditions. To study the deposition kinetics and calculate the activation energy, the temperature rise on the Si surface was calculated by solving the nonlinear heat equation using finite difference method.
Brain variation and phylogenetic trends in elasmobranch fishes

A cladistic analysis utilizing the out-group criterion to establish the phylogenetic polarity of neural features among living chondrichthyans leads to the conclusion that the earliest chondrichthyans possessed relatively small brains. Relative brain size appears to have increased independently in some myliobatiforms and in the common ancestor of heterodontid and galeomorph sharks. Furthermore, the brains of the earliest chondrichthyans must have exhibited a wide rhomboid fossa of the medulla, an unfoliated cerebellar corpus divided into anterior and posterior lobes, a bilobed and laminated optic tectum with the majority of the cell bodies located periventricularly, a moderately developed midbrain octavolateralis complex, and a telencephalon consisting of sessile olfactory bulbs and paired cerebral hemispheres with extensive lateral ventricles and thin walls. The corpus of the cerebellum has increased dramatically in size and has become complexly foliated independently in some batoids and galeomorph sharks. Similarly, the majority of tectal neurons have migrated away from a periventricular zone in all living elasmobranchs resulting in two distinctly derived patterns, compared to that in holocephalimorphs, but the polarity of these patterns among elasmobranchs is uncertain. The midbrain octavolateralis complex is uniquely derived in all living batoids, but two patterns appear to occur in other chondrichthyans, and, again, their polarity is uncertain. Different portions of the telencephalic roof appear to have hypertrophied in holocephalimorphs, in some batoids, and in some galeomorphs. An examination of pertinent details of chondrichthyan general biology reveals that the biological significance of most chondrichthyan neural trends is unknown.