cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specificity in bacterial protein synthesis: role of initiation factors and ribosomal subunits.

Ribosomes from E. coli initiate synthesis in vitro of all three of the proteins coded by phage f2, but ribosomes from B. stearothermophilus initiate synthesis of only one. The specificity of initiation depends only on the source of the 30S subunits; the origin of the 50S sub-units and initiation factors has no effect.
When to suspect and work up allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Because patients with undiagnosed and untreated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) can develop recurrent pneumonias, bronchiectasis, chronic sputum production, loss of lung function, and ineffective control of asthma and respiratory failure, it is advisable to suspect ABPA so that an accurate diagnosis can be made and treatment plans can be recommended. Because of the emergence or progression of bronchiectasis, the failure to diagnose ABPA can result in preventable and irreversible lung damage, such as bronchiectasis and “honeycomb” pulmonary fibrosis for patients. The ideal approach is to diagnose ABPA before bronchiectasis or fibrotic changes have occurred. Infiltrates from ABPA can be relatively silent compared with the same amount of consolidation on chest radiograph that occurs with a bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. Furthermore, bronchiectasis may be extensive and not produce any sputum as illustrated in Figure 1 of a patient with long-standing ABPA.
Temperature dependence of the sound velocities and elastic constants of bcc 3 He

High-resolution measurements of the sound velocity in 20 crystals of bcc3He at constant molar volume (24.1 cm3/mole) show a monotonic decrease of about 0.1% for longitudinal and 0.3% for transverse velocities for a temperature increase from 0.123 to 0.800 K, the change being approximately proportional toT 4. A low-lying transverse mode of 102 m/sec was observed for the first time. The orientation of three samples could be inferred from their absolute velocity, and the temperature dependence of all three elastic constants was calculated. The change in adiabatic bulk modulus is in good agreement with the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. No effect from the exchange interaction on the velocities could be observed.
Animation of mathematical concepts using polynomiography

In this paper we demonstrate how a medium called polynomiography, which consists of techniques for visualization of polynomial equations, can be used to animate mathematical concepts, thereby offering a valuable tool for education. More specifically, we will show how it can be used to visualize the following topics: Voronoi regions of points in the plane; multiplication of complex numbers and their interpretation as rotation; sensitivity of polynomial roots as coefficients change; visualization of classes of special polynomial equations arising from two problems from the American Mathematical Monthly; as well as animation for the sake of visual art. Each of these will be exhibited through a series of images and we give the Internet links to the corresponding animations. These sites can be accessed for educational purposes and will be upgraded and expanded from time to time.
Scleral buckling surgery for active stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity

Abstract Objective To examine the effectiveness of scleral buckling surgery for active stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Eight eyes of seven infants were examined. All except one had previous peripheral ablation (cryotherapy-laser) but retinal detachment was actively progressing. Intervention Scleral buckling surgery was performed by one surgeon. Main outcome measures Anatomic retinal status and visual acuity outcome after average follow-up of 23 months were measured. Results Six (75%) of eight eyes had a complete retinal reattachment (± macular ectopia) after a single buckling procedure. Two eyes progressed to stage 4B despite scleral buckling but after closed limbal vitrectomy with lensectomy and membrane peeling, the retinas were reattached. Conclusions Scleral buckling for stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity is an effective means of preventing further progression of retinal detachment. The authors believe that the effect of the buckle not only relieves vitreoretinal traction but also plays a role in preventing ischemia in the detached retina that alters the natural progression of the disease.
Pipeline synthesis of SRSL circuits

In this paper, a methodology to synthesize SRSL pipelines has been presented. The synthesis of SRSL pipelines is formulated as an IP problem subject to area and timing constraints for which a heuristic procedure is proposed and applied on six circuits. Experiments reveal that SRSL pipelining is highly suitable for coarse-grain datapaths where these pipelines can yield throughput beyond the 1 GHz mark for large and deep circuits.
Pooling and Rescinded or Forgone Stock Repurchases

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 96 requires that firms rescind stock repurchase plans to receive pooling treatment for a business acquisition. In this study, we document the additional opportunity cost to pooling imposed by SAB No. 96 and revisit the purchase vs. pooling question with the additional consideration. Specifically, we examine whether firms should rescind or forgo stock repurchase plans to qualify to pool or simply accept purchase accounting treatment for mergers. We begin by establishing why firms choose to pool. We find that, consistent with anecdotal evidence in the financial press, firms pool to avoid the decreased earnings caused by amortization of goodwill that is recorded in a purchase. Next, given this motivation for pooling, we examine the purchase vs. pooling decision with the additional consideration imposed by the prohibition of stock repurchases. Our results suggest that forgoing stock repurchases to pool may not be in the best interest...
Changes in Oral Reading Errors at Elementary and Secondary Levels

This study suggests, based upon errors which increase, decrease or persist, that more attention to oral reading is needed in the curriculum at all grade levels
Myeloperoxidase potentiates nitric oxide-mediated nitrosation

Abstract Nitrosation is an important reaction elicited by nitric oxide (NO). To better understand how nitrosation occurs in biological systems, we assessed the effect of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a mediator of inflammation, on nitrosation observed during NO autoxidation. Nitrosation of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ; 10 μm) to 2-nitrosoamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-NO-IQ) was monitored by HPLC. Using the NO donor spermine NONOate at pH 7.4, MPO potentiated N-NO-IQ formation. The minimum effective quantity of necessary components was 8.5 nm MPO, 0.25 μm H2O2/min, and 0.024 μm NO/min. Autoxidation was only detected at ≥1.2 μm NO/min. MPO potentiation was not affected by a 40-fold excess flux of H2O2 over NO or less than a 2.4-fold excess flux of NO over H2O2. Potentiation was due to an 8.8-fold increased affinity of MPO-derived nitrosating species for IQ. Autoxidation was inhibited by azide, suggesting involvement of the nitrosonium ion, NO+. MPO potentiation was inhibited by NADH, but not azide, suggesting oxidative nitrosylation with or an -like species. MPO nonnitrosative oxidation of IQ with 0.3 mm at pH 5.5 was inhibited by azide, but not NADH, demonstrating differences between MPO oxidation of IQ with NO compared with . Using phorbol ester-stimulated human neutrophils, N-NO-IQ formation was increased with superoxide dismutase and inhibited by catalase and NADH, but not NaN3. This is consistent with nitrosation potentiation by MPO, not peroxynitrite. Increased N-NO-IQ formation was not detected with polymorphonuclear neutrophils from two unrelated MPO-deficient patients. Results suggest that the highly diffusible stable gas NO could initiate nitrosation at sites of neutrophil infiltration.
Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) is an evolving diagnostic entity that blurs the distinction between resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer (Varadhachary et al. Ann Surg Oncol 13:1035–1046, 2006). Until recently the management of this disease has been poorly defined; however, consensus guidelines have been developed regarding the proper management of this diagnostic entity. Recent studies have shown that if appropriately identified and treated, this subset of disease can have outcomes similar to pancreatic cancer that is defined as resectable (Laurence et al. J Gastrointest Surg 15:2059–2069, 2011). The aim of this review is to outline the current consensus on definitions, workup and management of BRPC, and also provide a summary of issues that require progress as defined by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT OP CHILDREN WITH LEUKEMIA

A team comprised of physicians, physician-assistants, and a social worker visited 14 schools and 117 educators of 13 children with leukemia (ages 5-17). 55/117 of the educators were directly involved (Group I), others were principals counselors, coaches (Group II). 21/55 in Gr. I and 45/62 in Gr. II were previously unaware of the child's diagnosis. 18/34 cf Gr. I and 12/45 in Gr. II were informed by parents. 15/55 in Gr. I and 3/62 in Gr. II had sought additional information previously from books (13), health professionals (3) and periodicals (2). 15/55 in Gr. I and 10/62 in Gr. II were unaware that long-term survival was a possibility in childhood leukemia. 115/117 in both groups requested additional information. Therefore, an audiovisual self-instructional program was prepared and field-tested with 73 of these same educators, as well as 36 adolescent classmates. This program consisted of a pamphlet, 35mm slides, cassette-tape and a structured questionnaire. 26/73 responding educators and 26/36 classmates wished the program expanded to cover the following topics: survival (10), physical education (7), infectious disease exposure (3), alopecia (3), side-effects of medications (7), weight gain (2). 9/13 of the leukemia children were achieving above-average marks, 1 was considered “gifted”, and 1 was below his age-level. No dominant themes were discerned in the drawings, writings, behavior, or music of the children with leukemia.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone: Changes in panic disorder and effects of alprazolam treatment

This study applied the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test to patients with panic disorder, before and during treatment with alprazolam, and to control subjects. In contrast to some, but not all prior studies, untreated, nondepressed panic disorder patients failed to show blunted adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisol responses to CRH. In fact, the responses were subtly enhanced in that they were more rapid than those of controls. After 12 weeks of alprazolam treatment, repeat testing gave results that were indistinguishable from those of controls. Inconsistency among reports of CRH testing in panic disorder may be related to interactions among illness mechanisms, concurrent subthreshold depressive symptoms, the chronic stress of the illness, and hyperresponsiveness of panic patients to the acute stress of experimental manipulations. Pretreatment abnormalities in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function appear to resolve with alprazolam treatment. Preliminary observations suggest that pretreatment dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system may predict a more difficult or less satisfactory treatment.
Fluctuations in intramolecular line shapes—random matrix theory

Abstract Random matrix theory is used to develop a model for the distribution of energy levels and intensities in intramolecular line shapes. The effects of missing lines, either due to their weak intensity, or due to the finite spectral resolution, are quantitatively incorporated. It is shown how the information regarding spectral fluctuations in intermediate size molecules is eroded in the large molecule statistical limit. Our predictions are compared with recent experimental data on highly vibrationally excited acetylene, and the relevant statistical measures are calculated.
Bench-to-bedside review: Mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit – from pathophysiology to clinical trials

As the mortality from critical illness has improved in recent years, there has been increasing focus on patient outcomes after hospital discharge. Neuromuscular weakness acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) is common, persistent, and often severe. Immobility due to prolonged bed rest in the ICU may play an important role in the development of ICU-acquired weakness. Studies in other patient populations have demonstrated that moderate exercise is beneficial in altering the inflammatory milieu associated with immobility, and in improving muscle strength and physical function. Recent studies have demonstrated that early mobility in the ICU is safe and feasible, with a potential reduction in short-term physical impairment. However, early mobility requires a significant change in ICU practice, with reductions in heavy sedation and bed rest. Further research is required to determine whether early mobility in the ICU can improve patients' short-term and long-term outcomes.
Perivascular cells increase expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor following partial denervation of the rat neurohypophysis

Abstract The expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was investigated immunocytochemically during the axonal degeneration and collateral axonal sprouting response that follows partial denervation of the rat neurohypophysis. A significant increase in the number of CNTF-immunoreactive (CNTF-ir) cells was observed in the neurohypophysis of partially denervated animals compared to age-matched sham-operated controls by 5 days post-denervation, remaining elevated throughout the 30 day post-denervation period. Stereometric assessment of the numbers of CNTF-ir cells within the partially denervated neurohypophysis demonstrated a 36% increase by 3 days following denervation reaching 130% of control values by 10 days post-lesion. The cell numbers remained elevated throughout the 30 day post-lesion period suggesting that CNTF may play a role in the neurosecretory axonal sprouting process known to occur between 10 and 30 days post-denervation. Subsequent preparations pairing anti-CNTF with antibodies against ED1, CR3, p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75 LNGFR ), and S100β, demonstrated that CNTF was exclusively localized in a phenotypically-distinct population of perivascular cells. The association of perivascular cells with phagocytic activity was confirmed by dual-label fluorescence microscopy showing the colocalization of P75 LNGFR -ir and OX-42-ir in cells expressing the ED-1 antigen. No increase in CNTF-ir was observed in non-injured animals in which heightened levels of neurosecretory activity were induced physiologically. These results suggest that increased CNTF-ir occurs in response to conditions which induce high levels of phagocytic activity by perivascular cells in the axotomized neurohypophysis which is sustained throughout a period in which axonal sprouting is known to occur in the partially denervated neurohypophysis.
Medical students' and allied health care professionals' perceptions toward the mentally retarded population

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in expectations toward individuals with varying levels of mental retardation exist between medical students themselves and between health care professionals involved with these individuals. There were 136 medical students (52%) and 119 health care professionals (89%) who completed the modified Prognostic Beliefs Scale survey. Medical students demonstrated lower expectations compared to health care professionals. No relationship was found among medical student expectations and selected background variables including a family member with a disability and working with disabled individuals. A curriculum was developed focusing on informing and sensitizing medical students toward the needs of developmentally disabled persons. The response of the students to the program has been outstanding, with a positive change in attitudes and perceptions.
How the immune system works to protect the host from infection: a personal view.

When I was a young medical student, an interesting discussion was going on about how antibody diversity was encoded; was the antibody molecule encoded in many genes, one for each specificity, or were they general adaptor proteins that were formed on an antigen template. I understood the arguments, which were laid out by my laboratory instructor, Hugh McDevitt. He had just discovered immune response genes in the mouse and was soon to map them to the major histocompatibility complex, which was at that time only known to encode the antigens that provoked rapid graft rejection. I worked the summer after my second year at Harvard Medical School in Hugh's lab, after which I went to the National Institute for Medical Research to work with John Humphrey. In Hugh's lab, I was given the project of trying to make antibodies to L- and D-enantiomers of the same basic amino acids, called L- and D-TGA (for tyrosine, glutamic acid, and alanine). I spent 2 years in Humphrey's laboratory, spent much time in the library reading papers, and published three or four of my own. This was a period when little was known about immunology, as the idea of cutting and splicing genes lay ahead in the future. Antibodies were the only known specific products of lymphocytes, so we measured them in detail. But everyone I talked to in those years was full of ideas about how antibody diversity was generated and how, once generated, it remained the same or very similar throughout the course of a specific immune response. What I will describe in this essay is the growth of three ideas. The first is that the immune system is actually made up of two arms, one specific for infectious non-self, and the other specific for …
Effects of procedural variables on the deaquation—anation of aquapentaamminecobalt(III) salts

Abstract A kinetic investigation of the solid-phase deaquation—anation reactions of [Co(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 O]X 3 , where X − = Cl − , Br − or NO − 3 is reported. Because of the poor agreement in activation parameters reported in the literature for this series of reactions, this investigation includes a study of the effects of several experimental factors on these parameters. The factors studied include particle size, sample size, atmosphere, heating rate and compaction of the sample. Both isothermal and non-isothermal experiments are utilized and an investigation of the isokinetic relationship for these reactions is included. There is a linear correlation of Δ H ≠ with Δ S ≠ in the isothermal studies giving an isokinetic temperature of 362 ± 7 K. The results of this study suggest that previous assignment of an S N 2 type mechanism for this series based on variations in activation parameters is unwarranted.
Sustained ventricular tachycardia due to bundle branch reentry

Repetitive ventricular responses thought to be due to bundle branch reentry are induced commonly during programmed ventricular stimulation and are considered to be a physiologic response.’ However, sustained ventricular tachycardia due to bundle branch reentry rarely occurs. We have found only one well-documented case report in the English literature.2 The purpose of this report is to present data from a patient in whom we induced ventricular tachycardia that appeared to be due to bundle branch reentry. A 54-year-old man was referred for further management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. The diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy of unknown origin was first
Preliminary characterization of a Mg2+-ATPase in hamster sperm head membranes.

Abstract Preliminary biochemical studies were carried out to demonstrate for the first time a Mg2+-ATPase associated with those hamster sperm head membranes released by the acrosome reaction in vitro . The enzyme is inhibited by two common inhibitors of proton-translocating ATPases of mitochondria and other somatic cell organelles. These inhibitors have also been previously shown by us to raise the intraacrosomal pH in hamster sperm under certain conditions. Addition of low levels of calcium also inhibited the enzyme. These results together with our previous work suggest the involvement of an ATPase proton pump in acidification of the hamster sperm acrosome.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Synergize p300 Autoacetylation that Regulates Its Transactivation Activity and Complex Formation

p300/cyclic AMP–responsive element binding protein–binding protein (CBP) are general coactivators for multiple transcription factors involved in various cellular processes. Several highly conserved domains of p300/CBP serve as interacting sites for transcription factors and regulatory proteins. Particularly, the intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and transactivation domains (TAD) play essential roles for their coactivating function. Autoacetylation of p300/CBP is commonly observed in cell-free HAT assays and has been implicated in the regulation of their HAT activity. Here, we show that six lysine-rich regions in several highly conserved functional domains of p300 are targeted by p300HAT for acetylation in cell-free systems. We show that p300 is susceptible to acetylation in cultured tumor cells and that its acetylation status is affected by histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. We further show that either treatment with deacetylase inhibitors or coexpression of Gal4-p300HAT, which alone has no transactivation activity, stimulates the activity of the COOH-terminal TAD of p300 (p300C-TAD). We have defined the minimal p300C-TAD and show that it is sufficient to respond to deacetylase inhibitors and is a substrate for p300HAT. Finally, we show that acetylated p300 possesses enhanced ability to interact with p53. Taken together, our data suggest that acetylation regulates p300C-TAD and that acetylation of p300/CBP may contribute to the dynamic regulation of their complex formation with various interacting partners. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2256–64]
Does TCPC power loss really affect exercise capacity

The Authors’ reply We read with interest the response1 to our study.2 The authors speculate: “What if indexed power loss (iPL) is dependent on body surface area (BSA)?” We wish to make the following points in response: 1. The data extracted from our paper2 that includes 30 patients shows no statistically significant correlation (p=0.167) between iPL and BSA (see online supplementary figure). This clarifies the speculation and supports our conclusion: ‘iPL correlates with exercise capacity’. We believe this is not surprising given …
Climate Response of Dahurian Larch in Secrest Arboretum, Wooster, Ohio, USA

Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. (Dahurian larch) is an important arctic tree-line species in the northern boreal forests of Eurasia. The region's climate is predicted to change dramatically over the next century, yet little is known about how this species will respond to secular changes in temperature and precipitation. To this end, a ring-width chronology from 25 cores from a stand of seven Dahurian larch trees growing in the Secrest Arboretum, northeastern Ohio, was developed to test the climatic sensitivity of the species in a more temperate climate. The chronology extends from 1931 to 2005 and correlation analysis with monthly precipitation and temperature records shows growth was most strongly limited by summer precipitation until recent decades when sensitivity has shifted to late spring precipitation. The results from this study serve as a contemporary analog to the future growth response of Dahurian larch under warmer and wetter growing conditions in the boreal and arctic regions of Eurasia.
Models and Methods to Support a New Type of Inventory Performance Measure: The ESWSO

When analyzing a reorder point, order quantity (r, Q) inventory systems, one important question that often gets very little, if any, attention is: When a stockout occurs, how large is it? This paper is directed at researchers and practicing inventory planners with two objectives. First, we provide several models and algorithms to compute the Expected Shortages When a Stockout Occurs (ESWSO) for a variety of stochastic environments. We show that when ESWSO, is used in conjunction with the traditional fill rate measures it greatly enhances a planners ability to plan for shortages. Second, we develop two cost-minimizing inventory models—one addressing the backorder and the other the shortage scenario—to show how the ESWSO can be seamlessly integrated into an inventory-cost framework to specify lot sizes and safety stocks.
Deconstructing concurrency heisenbugs

Concurrency is pervasive in large systems. Unexpected interference among threads often results in “Heisenbugs“ that are extremely difficult to reproduce and eliminate. We have implemented a tool called CHESS for finding and reproducing such bugs. When attached to a program, CHESS takes control of thread scheduling and uses efficient search techniques to drive the program through possible thread interleavings. This systematic exploration of program behavior enables CHESS to quickly uncover bugs that might otherwise have remained hidden for a long time. For each bug, CHESS consistently reproduces an erroneous execution manifesting the bug, thereby making it significantly easier to debug the problem. CHESS scales to large concurrent programs and has found numerous bugs in existing systems that had been tested extensively prior to being tested by CHESS. CHESS has been integrated into the test frameworks of many code bases inside Microsoft and is used by testers on a daily basis.
Singular features of large fluctuations in oscillating chemical systems

We investigate the way in which large fluctuations in an oscillating, spatially homogeneous chemical system take place. Starting from a master equation, we study both the stationary probability density of such a system far from its limit cycle and the optimal (most probable) fluctuational paths in its space of species concentrations. The flow field of optimal fluctuational paths may contain singularities, such as switching lines. A “switching line” separates regions in the space of species concentrations that are reached, with high probability, along topologically different sorts of fluctuational paths. If an unstable focus lies inside the limit cycle, the pattern of optimal fluctuational paths is singular and self-similar near the unstable focus. In fact, a switching line spirals down to the focus. The logarithm of the stationary probability density has a self-similar singular structure near the focus as well. For a homogeneous Selkov model, we provide a numerical analysis of the pattern of optimal fluct...
Global minimum structure searches via particle swarm optimization.

Novel implementation of the evolutionary approach known as particle swarm optimization (PSO) capable of finding the global minimum of the potential energy surface of atomic assemblies is reported. This is the first time the PSO technique has been used to perform global optimization of minimum structure search for chemical systems. Significant improvements have been introduced to the original PSO algorithm to increase its efficiency and reliability and adapt it to chemical systems. The developed software has successfully found the lowest-energy structures of the LJ26 Lennard-Jones cluster, anionic silicon hydride Si2H, and triply hydrated hydroxide ion OH− (H2O)3. It requires relatively small population sizes and demonstrates fast convergence. Efficiency of PSO has been compared with simulated annealing, and the gradient embedded genetic algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
The effects of outcome misclassification and measurement error on the design and analysis of therapeutic equivalence trials.

In any clinical trial, the use of imperfect diagnostic procedures or laboratory techniques may lead to misclassification and measurement error in the primary outcome. Although the effects of non-differential outcome misclassification and measurement error on conventional superiority trials have been extensively investigated, less is known about the impact of these errors on the results and interpretation of therapeutic equivalence trials. In this paper we formally investigate the effects of outcome misclassification and measurement error on the estimates of treatment effects, type I error rate, and power of equivalence trials. Our results indicate that, contrary to what one may expect based on the well known attenuating effects of non-differential error in conventional studies, these errors do not always favour the goal of demonstrating equivalence. The magnitude and direction of the influence depend on a number of factors including the nature of the outcome variable, specific formulation of equivalence, size of the error rates, and assumptions regarding the true treatment effect.
Side chain engineering of n-type conjugated polymer enhances photocurrent and efficiency of all-polymer solar cells

Side chain engineering of an n-type polymer provides a means of maintaining solubility while increasing crystallinity and electron mobility, leading to enhanced photocurrent. Bulk heterojunction solar cells composed of a side chain engineered copolymer (PNDIS-30BO) as acceptor and PSEHTT as donor give 10.4 mA cm−2 photocurrent and 4.4% efficiency.
Social Class Correlates of Stability and Change in Levels of Alienation: a Longitudinal Study

Identical allenation items were used on questionnaires administered to 334 subjects in 1963 and again in 1971. Drawing upon the variables of powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, and social...
Genetic evidence for a functional relationship between Hsp104 and Hsp70.

Abstract The phenotypes of single Hsp104 and Hsp70 mutants of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide no clue that these proteins are functionally related. Mutation of the HSP104 gene severely reduces the ability of cells to survive short exposures to extreme temperatures (thermotolerance) but has no effect on growth rates. On the other hand, mutations in the genes that encode Hsp70 proteins have significant effects on growth rates but do not reduce thermotolerance. The absence of a thermotolerance defect in S. cerevisiae Hsp70 mutants is puzzling, since the protein clearly plays an important role in thermotolerance in a variety of other organisms. In this report, examination of the phenotypes of combined Hsp104 and Hsp70 mutants uncovers similarities in the functions of Hsp104 and Hsp70 not previously apparent. In the absence of the Hsp104 protein, Hsp70 is very important for thermotolerance in S. cerevisiae, particularly at very early times after a temperature upshift. Similarly, Hsp104 plays a substantial role in vegetative growth under conditions of decreased Hsp70 protein levels. These results suggest a close functional relationship between Hsp104 and Hsp70.
Trends in Image Use by Historians and the Implications for Librarians and Archivists

For years, libraries have offered reproduction services to users, with historians being the core audience. More recently, archives and special collections have developed digitization programs to make primary sources widely available through the Internet. The authors tracked image use from 2000 through 2009 in journals from the discipline of history to discover whether use of images has increased with the growing availability of digital images through libraries, or from social media sites such as Flickr. The study discusses the results, which show no increase in the inclusion of images in the literature, and the implications for librarians and archivists.
CO-Sensing Mechanisms

Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been known to have dramatic physiological effects on organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, but recently there have a number of suggestions that organisms might have specific sensors for CO. This article reviews the current evidence for a variety of proteins with demonstrated or potential CO-sensing ability. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular description of CooA, a heme-containing CO sensor from Rhodospirillum rubrum, since its biological role as a CO sensor is clear and we have substantial insight into the basis of its sensing ability.
Fire history and moisture influences on historical forest age structure in the sky islands of southern Arizona, USA

Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of moisture and fire on historical ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) age structure patterns. Location We used a natural experiment created over time by the unique desert island geography of southern Arizona. Methods We sampled tree establishment dates in two sites on Rincon Peak and another site in the Santa Catalina Mountains. The influence of regional moisture patterns was investigated by examining synchrony among tree age peaks and periods of favourable moisture. The influence of fire was investigated by examining the relationship between local fire histories and age peaks. Results Tree age peaks (recruitment events) were synchronized with periods of reduced fire frequencies, suggesting that periods of reduced fire activity allowed time for young trees to develop fire-resistant characteristics. For example, two age peaks (1670s–1680s and 1770s–1780s) in the Rincon Peak-north site coincided with a period of reduced fire frequency. These age peaks were absent in the Rincon Peak-south site where fires were more frequent during that time. All three sites had age peaks in the early 19th century, coinciding with regional climate variability (i.e. El Nino Southern Oscillation patterns) that reduced fire activity. Main conclusions Historically prior to fire suppression, the survivorship, and thus cohort establishment, of ponderosa pine was ultimately determined by local fire history patterns. The importance of fire as a tree establishment regulator highlights the need to use fire at appropriate intervals not just to restore but to maintain healthy forests.
Evaluation of power flow techniques for personal computers

An evaluation study is presented for running power flow programs on an IBM/AT personal computer (PC). Different issues that have been the subject of discussion for the mainframe computer implementation are addressed regarding the PC applications. These include convergence rates, iteration counts, memory requirements, effects of low precision arithmetic, ill conditioning, and the CPU times. A number of formulations of the power flow problem are considered and compared with regard to the mentioned issues. The investigated formulations are: the full Newton-Raphson power flow, the fast decoupled power flow, the Gauss-Seidel flow, and the second-order power flow using cartesian coordinates. The numerical results of running power flow studies for the IEEE 5, 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus test systems are presented and discussed. >
Neuroendocrine dysregulation following early social deprivation in children

Human and nonhuman animal studies reveal that early experiences with caregivers shape children's ability to regulate their responses to stress. To understand the effects of early deprivation on the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following social interactions, we examined urinary cortisol levels in a group of internationally adopted children who had experienced institutional care, and thus, species-atypical attachment relationships, early in life prior to adoption. Cortisol regulation was assessed both basally and following standardized interpersonal interactions between the child and his/her mother and the child and an unfamiliar adult. Postinstitutionalized children showed prolonged elevations in cortisol levels following the mother, but not the stranger, interaction. More severe neglect was associated with the highest basal cortisol levels and the most impaired cortisol regulation following the mother interaction. These results suggest that early social deprivation may contribute to long-term regulatory problems of the stress-responsive system, and that these differences are most evident within the context of ongoing, close interpersonal relationships.
Mammary Cancer Chemoprevention by Withaferin A Is Accompanied by In Vivo Suppression of Self-Renewal of Cancer Stem Cells

Current dogma favors elimination of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (bCSC) for chemoprevention of breast cancer. We showed recently that mammary cancer development in a transgenic mouse model (mouse mammary tumor virus-neu; MMTV-neu) was inhibited significantly upon treatment with withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from a medicinal plant. Herein, we demonstrate that the mammary cancer prevention by WA is accompanied by in vivo suppression of bCSC. In vitro mammosphere formation was dose-dependently inhibited by WA treatment in MCF-7 and SUM159 human breast cancer cells. Other markers of bCSC including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity and CD44high/CD24low/epithelial specific antigen-positive (ESA+) fraction were also decreased significantly in the presence of plasma achievable doses of WA. On the other hand, WA exposure resulted in cell line-specific changes in Oct4, SOX-2, and Nanog mRNA expression. WA administration to MMTV-neu mice (0.1 mg/mouse, three times/week for 28 weeks) resulted in inhibition of mammosphere number and ALDH1 activity in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that while urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor overexpression conferred partial protection against bCSC inhibition by WA, Notch4 was largely dispensable for this response. WA treatment also resulted in sustained (MCF-7) or transient (SUM159) downregulation of Bmi-1 (B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1) protein. Ectopic expression of Bmi-1 conferred partial but significant protection against ALDH1 activity inhibition by WA. Interestingly, WA treatment caused induction of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and its knockdown augmented bCSC inhibition by WA. In conclusion, the present study shows in vivo effectiveness of WA against bCSC.
Who Heeds the Call of the Party in Congress

When party leaders seek support, who heeds the call and who remains unswayed? The canonical error-free spatial model of voting predicts the targeting of fence-sitting moderates. In contrast, we advance a randomutility-based model of party calls, wherein legislators who benefit the most from a common party position respond to the call of party leaders. This model predicts that extremists will heed the call of the party more than moderates, even upon controlling for baseline rates of voting with the party. To test this prediction, we develop a new method to identify “partyinfluenced votes,” to generate estimates of “party-free ideal points,” and to examine rates of responsiveness to political parties across members in the House of Representatives between 1973 and 2006. We find that, contrary to common portrayals of party influence, those most responsive to their parties are not the chamber moderates. Rather, responsiveness is greatest for ideological extremists in both the majority and minority parties, declining significantly among more moderate members. This finding sets the stage for new theoretical and empirical work on the role of parties in Congress.
The Lapidus Procedure as Salvage After Failed Surgical Treatment of Hallux Valgus

BACKGROUND: Recurrent hallux valgus is a relatively common, yet challenging, condition for both the patient and the surgeon. The literature on the treatment of recurrent hallux valgus is sparse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the functional outcome and patient satisfaction following the Lapidus procedure for the treatment of recurrent hallux valgus deformity. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with a total of twenty-six symptomatic recurrences of hallux valgus after previous procedures for treatment of the deformity were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included prior fusion procedures on the foot or ankle, a previous Keller or Mayo procedure, insulindependent diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, or peripheral neuropathy. A visual analog pain scale and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale were administered preoperatively, at six months postoperatively, and yearly thereafter. Weight-bearing radiographs were also made preoperatively; at six weeks, three months, six months, and one year postoperatively; and yearly thereafter. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the latest follow-up evaluation. RESULTS: At twenty-four months, the mean score according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale had increased from 47.6 to 87.9 points, the mean score according to the visual analog pain scale had improved from 6.2 to 1.4, the mean hallux valgus angle had improved from 37.1° to 17.1°, and the mean intermetatarsal angle had improved from 18° to 8.6°. The patients were very satisfied after 77% of the twenty-six procedures, satisfied after 4%, and somewhat satisfied after 19%; no patient was dissatisfied. There were no cases of hallux varus. Complications included three nonunions, all of which occurred in smokers, and two superficial wound infections. CONCLUSIONS: In appropriately selected patients, the Lapidus procedure is a reliable and effective operation after failed surgical treatment of hallux valgus.
An object-oriented power system graphics package for personal computer environment

A power system graphics package (PSGP) is presented. This new package runs on a personal computer along with Microsoft Windows and ToolBook software packages. The chief advantage of PSGP is its capability to combine texts and graphics into one package for power system analysis, design, and education. PSGP contains extensive color graphics representations of power systems, an interface with external power system simulation programs, dynamic display of the simulation results, and communication among external and internal databases. In addition, a PSGP user can edit large blocks of information using basic commands such as cut, copy, paste, and clear. PSGP applications in power systems are illustrated by a few examples. The minimum system requirements, as well as the PSGP implementation and its specific features, are discussed. >
A Simple Approach to Inference in Random Coefficient Models

Abstract Random coefficient regression models have been used to analyze cross-sectional and longitudinal data in economics and growth-curve data from biological and agricultural experiments. In the literature several estimators, including the ordinary least squares and the estimated generalized least squares (EGLS), have been considered for estimating the parameters of the mean model. Based on the asymptotic properties of the EGLS estimators, test statistics have been proposed for testing linear hypotheses involving the parameters of the mean model. An alternative estimator, the simple mean of the individual regression coefficients, provides estimation and hypothesis-testing procedures that are simple to compute and teach. The large sample properties of this simple estimator are shown to be similar to that of the EGLS estimator. The performance of the proposed estimator is compared with that of the existing estimators by Monte Carlo simulation.
Photoluminescence from a Nd3+-doped AlGaAs semiconductor structure

We report room-temperature photoluminescence from a Nd3+ -doped AlGaAs semiconductor. Oxidation of the AlGaAs greatly improves the luminescence efficiency of the Nd3+ ions.
Effect of adaptation to telescopic spectacles on the initial human horizontal vestibuloocular reflex.

Gain of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) not only varies with target distance and rotational axis, but can be chronically modified in response to prolonged wearing of head-mounted magnifiers. This ...
Immunoassay for Measuring Prostate-Specific Antigen

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease composed of a single-chain glycoprotein with about 240 amino acids. In this article, we discuss the application of serum immunoassays to the measurement of PSA. Clinical use of this assay is problematic because a large percentage of patients with prostate cancer have serum PSA results within the reference range, and most PSA elevations are caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy. Clinical judgment and knowledge of the test’s limitations are essential for proper interpretation of results. This is the final article of a four-part continuing education series on chemistry. Other articles focused on rapid immunoassays, immunosensors, and general principles of immunoassays. Following this series, participants should be able to identify the limitations of immunoassays, describe the factors that affect PSA assays, and interpret results from these assays.
From Affective to Aesthetic Economics: Globalization and the Commodification of Difference on French Idol

Abstract Hybridization scholars have shown that the implosion of culture in response to globalization has led nations to feel threatened and thus reclaim their cultural differences. Nouvelle Star, the French version of American Idol, is a powerful representation of this process. The global format which emphasized popularity and emotions was rejected to showcase traits considered to be distinctly French: intellectualism and musical taste. By exploring the franchise's history and analyzing Nouvelle Star's episodes and audience responses, this paper describes how global similarities and national differences were produced in a movement of cultural hybridization.
Thin-film thermocouples for rapid measurement of transient surface temperature in cryogen spray cooling

Pulsed cryogen spray cooling(CSC) has become an effective method to protect the epidermis from non-specific thermal injuries in laser treatments of vascular malformation such as port wine stains.Cooling experiments with a skin phantom are usually conducted to quantify the heat transfer of CSC from a skin surface.Due to the high cooling ability of CSC and poor thermal conductivity of the skin phantom,the skin surface usually experiences a fast variation of the surface temperatures during CSC.It is therefore desirable to have a fast response surface thermal sensor to measure such temperature change.In traditional methods,commercial thermocouples of round or plate-shaped joints are buried on the surface or within the skin phantom in the experiments and usually give a poor response of the surface temperature.In this study,a fast response,thin film thermocouple(TFTC) of type T on a skin phantom made of epoxy or plastic glass is developed.The thin film thermocouple is manufactured by the Magnetron Spurting technique with a precise control of the compositions of Cu and Ni as well as the film thickness from 0.5 to 2 microns.A 0.05 micron thick of SiO2 protection layer is deposited on the TFTC as protection.Careful calibrations of TFTCs indicate that the thermoelectric property of the TFTCs agrees well with that of standard T-type thermocouples.The time constant of the TFTCs is about 1.2 ms,determined by pulsed laser heating experiments.Due to its small thermal capacity,the TFTC is sensitive to environmental fluctuations and the original temperature data show large noises.A low pass Butterworth(BW) filter is then introduced in the data acquisition system to remove such noises.Effect of the cut-off frequency and sample rate on the filtered temperature data has also been investigated and optimal cut-off frequencies and sample rates are recommended.A typical result for the temperature variation of the epoxy phantom surface during CSC is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of our TFTCs.