cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Notes on the Acquisition and Use of Photo-electric Cells

Since publishing the recent article (Shelford and Kunz '29) in this Journal, several cases of the purchase of untested and hence almost useless photo-electric cells by ecologists have come to the writer's attention. In addition, the form of the cells was wholly unsuited to ecological or other biological work. They were mounted for use in radio tube or similar sockets, and hence not easily insulated. To date, cell makers have apparently assumed little or no responsibility for the standardization of cells beyond a minimum suitable for physical laboratories, and have merely made them and sold them without regard to their fitness for the purpose for which they were purchased. The difficulty is in part due to the fact that the makers have little knowledge of the requirements of ecological work and ecologists have made no special demands. Makers construct apparatus suitable for use indoors, and with artificial lights, lenses, etc.
EFFICACY OF THREE TYPES OF LIVE TRAPS USED FOR SURVEYING SMALL MAMMALS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Abstract Capture rates of 3 trap types were compared at 5 sites in and around Portland, Oregon, USA: Sherman traps, custom-made steel-mesh traps, and pitfall traps. Simpson and Shannon diversity indices were calculated for various combinations of trap types and compared for differences. Sherman and mesh traps also were evaluated for mortality rates before and after the use of a rain shield during the rainy winter months. Of the 5 species of small mammals caught in all 3 types of traps, pitfalls were the most effective trap, followed by Sherman traps, with mesh traps a very distant third. Sherman traps significantly outperformed mesh traps overall when compared for larger species that were not contained by pitfall traps. Different combinations of trap types yielded significantly different Simpson and Shannon diversity indices, with pitfalls having the highest measures for small mammals, and a combination of Sherman and pitfall traps having the highest measures when considering both larger and smaller mamma...
Organotypic brain slice culture reveals fractalkine signaling alters the kinetics of microglia and medulloblastoma migration in the CNS tumor microenvironment (TUM7P.953)

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric Central Nervous System (CNS) malignancy and is capable of metastasis to distant sites. Little is known about the interactions between MB and the highly selective CNS immune environment; therefore, we investigated the role of microglia, the endogenous immune cells of the CNS, in MB microenvironment. Microglia reside in the brain parenchyma and help maintain the homeostatic immunosuppressive environment partially due to their expression of CX3CR1 for which Fractalkine (FKN) is the only known ligand. FKN is constitutively expressed by neurons and astrocytes leading to tonic inhibition of microglial activation. Our Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) results demonstrate that MB can produce as much as 2.5 ng/mL/1x106 tumor cells/24hrs of FKN. Organotypic brain slice culture coupled with 2 photon laser scanning microscopy reveals that genetic deletion of CX3CR1 results in an increase basal microglia speed from 0.071 μm/min in CX3CR1+/- mice to 0.123 μm/min in CX3CR1-/- mice. In the presence of MB, microglia speed increases to 0.154 μm/min in CX3CR1+/- mice to 0.203 μm/min in CX3CR1-/- mice. This data supports the role of FKN signaling as an inhibitor of microglial activation. Interestingly, MB tumor cells move faster in brain slices of CX3CR1-/- mice (0.301 μm/min) compared to CX3CR1+/- mice (0.144 μm/min), further suggesting that FKN signaling may play a role in MB invasion as well as microglia movement.
Optimization of an FCG-Based High-Power Microwave System Using Nonexplosive Pulsed Power

This paper presents a nonexplosive pulsed-power system that replicates the output current waveform of a flux compression generator (FCG). The primary purpose of this system is to efficiently test the power conditioning components of an explosively driven HPM system, while drastically reducing the time between tests which are inherent with explosive experiments. The power conditioning system (PCS) of the HPM system includes an energy-storage inductor, an electroexplosive opening switch (fuse), and a peaking gap and serves to match the FCG output characteristics with the HPM diode load requirements. A secondary purpose of the nonexplosive test bed is to provide data points which could be directly compared with those from explosively driven experiments. For this reason, a reflex-triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) was connected to the output of the nonexplosive system, and the results of which were compared with similar testing done with an FCG and a compact Marx generator. Since the behavior of the fuse is known to play a critical role in the performance of the PCS, a study was performed on the effect of different fuse designs on the overall performance of the PCS. Specifically, the quality of the electrical connection between the fuse wire array and the rest of the system was tested. Fuse design experiments were conducted with the nonexplosive test bed firing into a water resistor dummy load, which showed a 13% increase in peak load voltage and more than an 11% increase in energy transfer for fuses with improved wire-electrode connection strength. Some basic rules about fuse design, as well as conclusions on the performance of the PCS when driving an HPM load, are given.
Race and religion: differential prediction of anxiety symptoms by religious coping in African American and European American young adults†

Background: Psychosocial factors, including religious coping, consistently have been implicated in the expression of anxiety disorders. This study sought to investigate the relationship between religious coping on anxiety symptoms among a nonclinical sample of African American and European American young adults. Methods: One hundred twenty-one European American and 100 African American young adults completed measures of anxiety and religious coping. Results: As predicted, results differed according to race. African Americans reported significantly more positive religious coping, less negative religious coping, and experienced fewer anxiety symptoms than European Americans. European Americans demonstrated a significant, positive relationship between negative religious coping and anxiety symptoms, and an opposite trend related to anxiety and positive religious coping. However, no such relationships emerged among the African American sample. Conclusions: Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 27:316–322, 2010. r r 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Digital microfluidics: is a true lab-on-a-chip possible?

The suitability of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) microfluidics for true lab-on-a-chip applications is discussed. The wide diversity in biomedical applications can be parsed into manageable components and assembled into architecture that requires the advantages of being programmable, reconfigurable, and reusable. This capability opens the possibility of handling all of the protocols that a given laboratory application or a class of applications would require. And, it provides a path toward realizing the true lab-on-a-chip. However, this capability can only be realized with a complete set of elemental fluidic components that support all of the required fluidic operations. Architectural choices are described along with the realization of various biomedical fluidic functions implemented in on-chip electrowetting operations. The current status of this EWD toolkit is discussed. However, the question remains: which applications can be performed on a digital microfluidic platform? And, are there other advantages offered by electrowetting technology, such as the programming of different fluidic functions on a common platform (reconfigurability)? To understand the opportunities and limitations of EWD microfluidics, this paper looks at the development of lab-on-chip applications in a hierarchical approach. Diverse applications in biotechnology, for example, will serve as the basis for the requirements for electrowetting devices. These applications drive a set of biomedical fluidic functions required to perform an application, such as cell lysing, molecular separation, or analysis. In turn, each fluidic function encompasses a set of elemental operations, such as transport, mixing, or dispensing. These elemental operations are performed on an elemental set of components, such as electrode arrays, separation columns, or reservoirs. Examples of the incorporation of these principles in complex biomedical applications are described.
Cat eradication significantly decreases shearwater mortality

Introduced predators are a leading threat to seabird populations world-wide and cats (Felis catus) have probably had the most universally damaging effect (Moors & Atkinson, 1984). Eradication of feral cat populations from seabird colonies is a conservation priority (Tershy et al., 2002) and there are many studies that demonstrate the benefits of these actions for seabirds (e.g. Forsell, 1982; Cooper et al., 1995). However, detailed estimates of the effects of cat predation on seabird population viability are lacking in spite of the fact that such data could provide important support for land managers attempting to promote eradication programmes for seabird restoration.
Polarization‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing of CdS nanocrystals in a nonresonant region

The third-order susceptibilities of various concentrations of TOPO-passivated CdS nanocrystals (NCs) with the size near the Bohr radius were investigated using polarization-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in a nonresonant excitation region with 532 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width. The second hyperpolarizabilities 〈γhxxxx〉 and 〈γhxyyx〉 of the CdS NCs were ∼1.25 × 10–42 m5/V2 and ∼3.66 × 10–43 m5/V2, respectively. The ratio (〈γhxyyx〉/〈γhxxxx〉) of the hyperpolarizabilities was ∼0.29 that indicated a large contribution of electronic polarization process to the third-order nonlinearity of CdS NCs. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of barometric‐pressure variations on gravity

Summary. The superconducting gravimeter has been used to measure the influence of barometric pressure on gravity in the frequency range 0.1–10 cycles/day. These measurements show that the incoherent barometric fluctuations are the major cause of random fluctuations in local gravity and account for much of the ‘noise’ on our gravimeter records. A simple model has been constructed which adequately explains the response of gravity to the local pressure fluctuations. These measurements also show a response to the global atmospheric tides at S1 and S2 which is much larger than the response to local fluctuations. Although this behaviour is most likely due to the response of the world-wide oceans to the atmospheric tides, no theoretical model has yet been constructed.
“Imperfect Angels”: Narrative "Emplotment" in the Medical Management of Children with Craniofacial Anomalies

This article uses the paradigm of "therapeutic emplotment" to investigate the medical management of children with facial disfigurements at a craniofacial anomalies center in Northern California. Data are observations of, and semistructured interviews with, plastic surgeons, nurses, geneticists, orthodontists, and other medical professionals who composed the craniofacial anomalies team. Team members perceived that children feel socially stigmatized by their disfigurements. These medical professionals adjusted their own behavior according to these perceptions. They "emplotted" their actions, using the theme that disfigured children are attractive and worthy of attention and affection. Medical professionals attempted to depersonalize and neutralize the symbolically loaded disfigurements through the use of clinical language in an attempt to "separate" the child from his or her facial anomaly. The range of styles and approaches to interaction was diverse and varied in effectiveness, suggesting that some medical professionals were more skilled at emplotment than others, [narrative, therapeutic emplotment, stigma, facial disfigurements, plastic surgery]
Variation in Levels of the Lung Carcinogen NNAL and Its Glucuronides in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers from Five Ethnic Groups with Differing Risks for Lung Cancer

Background: Results of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study demonstrated that, for the same quantity of cigarettes smoked, African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a higher risk of lung cancer compared with whites, whereas Latinos and Japanese Americans have a lower risk. We hypothesize that the uptake and/or metabolism of the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) could explain the differences in lung cancer risk. Methods: We measured urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides and their sum (total NNAL), biomarkers of NNK uptake, in 2,252 smokers from the MEC. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, creatinine and total nicotine equivalents, a marker of total nicotine uptake. Results: African Americans had the highest median total NNAL levels (1.80 pmol/mL urine) and Japanese Americans had the lowest (0.914 pmol/mL urine), with intermediate values in the other three groups. Geometric mean of total NNAL in African Americans was also highest, and in Japanese Americans it was lowest; Japanese American geometric mean was statistically different from whites ( P = 0.004). Conclusions: African Americans had higher levels of total NNAL per mL urine than whites, while Japanese Americans had lower levels, consistent with lung cancer risk among smokers in these groups. However, our data were not consistent with the high and low lung cancer risks of Native Hawaiian and Latino smokers, respectively. Impact: The higher lung cancer susceptibility of African-American smokers and the lower susceptibility of Japanese-American smokers compared with whites can be explained in part by exposure to the potent lung carcinogen NNK. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 561–9. ©2014 AACR .
Determination of Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) with Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

Abstract A solid membrane copper ion selective electrode was used for the determination of NTA via complexometric titration with copper(II). Interferences, of the type commonly found in detergents, were investigated.
Agroecology: A new research and development paradigm for world agriculture

Abstract In its several conceptions, agroecology has emerged as a scientific approach used to study, diagnose and propose alternative low-input management of agroecosystems. Solving the sustainability problem of agriculture is the primary aim of agroecology. It is maintained here, however, that simply focusing on the technological aspects of the problem, even though promoted technologies are low-input, obscures the fundamental problems that lie behing the technology-induced environmental crisis and rural poverty affecting the agricultural regions of the world. Agroecology can provide the ecological guidelines to point technological development in the right direction, but in the process, technological issues must assume their corresponding role within a strategy of rural development that incorporates social and economic problems.
THE APPLICATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS TO CERTAIN CASES OF HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS. I.

1. The activation energy for the hydrolytic breaking of a peptid linkage has been calculated from quantum mechanical considerations. 2. The relative catalytic effects of H+ and OH- and the mechanism of these effects have been calculated and discussed. 3. These effects are both qualitatively and semiquantitatively in agreement with experiment.
Relevance of impacter shape to nonvisible damage and residual tensile strength of a thick graphite/epoxy laminate

A study was made to determine the relevance of impacter shape to nonvisible damage and tensile residual strength of a 36 mm (1.4 in.) thick graphite/epoxy motor case. The shapes of the impacters were as follows: 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) and 25.4 mm (1.0 in.) diameter hemispheres, a sharp corner, and a 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) diameter bolt-like rod. The investigation revealed that damage initiated when the contact pressure exceeded a critical level. However, the damage was not visible on the surface until an even higher pressure was exceeded. The damage on the surface consisted of a crater shaped like the impacter, and the damage below the surface consisted of broken fibers. The impact energy to initiate damage or cause visible damage on the surface increased approximately with impacter diameter to the third power. The reduction in strength for nonvisible damage increased with increasing diameter, 9 and 30 percent for the 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) and 25.4 mm (1.0 in.) diameter hemispheres, respectively. The corner impacter made visible damage on the surface for even the smallest impact energy. The rod impacter acted like a punch and sliced through the composite. Even so, the critical level of pressure to initiate damage was the same for the rod and hemispherical impacters. Factors of safety for nonvisible damage increased with increasing kinetic energy of impact. The effects of impacter shape on impact force, damage size, damage visibility, and residual tensile strength were predicted quite well assuming Hertzian contact and using maximum stress criteria and a surface crack analysis.
Administrative Growth At The University: A Case Study

During the past two decades, the cost of higher education has increased at a higher rate than inflation. Although this increase is small each year, the cumulative effect is great. These increased costs are funded mainly through increased tuition and increased government support, either through subsidies to state funded universities or through government supported student loans, grants, work-study programs, and tax credits. These subsidies are straining governmental budgets. Many students are graduating with large debt burdens. There is a rising fear among the working class that providing a college education for their children will be beyond their financial means. Thus, it is generally understood that the cost of a college education is rising faster than inflation and that these rising costs are creating a financial burden for both governments and individuals. What is not generally understood is the source of these rising costs. This study examined the financial records of a state supported, mid-western university with enrollment between 15,000 and 20,000 students, hereafter referred to as the University, over an eighteen-year period. The study found that the rising cost of the University’s administration was the major source of the university’s cost increases. This paper documents this finding and offers five possible explanations for these rising administrative costs. The paper neither condemns nor justifies the rises in costs and it offers no suggestions for effectively decreasing administrative costs. Diagnosis of the problem is the current topic of discussion, while possible solutions remain to be devised at a later date
Information Flow and Attitude Holding on the Vice Presidency

Whereas most Americans have an opinion on the performance of the presidency, the extent to which Americans have attitudes about the Vice President fluctuates greatly across an administration's time in office. In this paper, I attempt to explain the level of attitude holding on the vice presidency by using predictors familiar to scholars of presidential, congressional, and judicial approval. Given relatively high unfamiliarity with what the Vice President is doing, I argue that media coverage is especially important to defining when individuals have attitudes and when they are unsure or do not know. I find that the overall volume of media coverage of the Vice President significantly affects levels of attitude holding on Vice President Cheney, as does the amount to which he is discussed in concert with political parties in said coverage.
Bone and Soft Tissue

This chapter focuses on bone lesions that clinically and radio-logically are suspicious of being neoplasm and that require biopsy for diagnosis. The pathologic diagnosis of bone lesions, either by open biopsy or fine needle aspiration (FNA), requires a thorough knowledge of clinical and radiological data. Lesions in bone suitable for diagnosis by FN A are metastatic neoplasms, which are common. Primary tumors of bone are comparatively rare, although in some circumstances FN A may provide the diagnosis, an advantage in terms of cost effectiveness and optimal management.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Flexural Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Panels Reinforced with Embedded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Grids

The use of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) grids in reinforced concrete construction offers several advantages, such as high tensile strength and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the flexural performance of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) panels reinforced with GFRP grids. Such panels can be prefabricated and used as permanent formwork elements for bridge columns or walls. The mechanical properties of GFRP grids and UHPC were experimentally evaluated. The flexural performance of panels containing different reinforcement configurations was evaluated in three-point bending tests. The GFRP grids were found to be able to significantly enhance the flexural performance of the UHPC panels. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was established by using ABAQUS, which incorporated the concrete damage plasticity model and can be used to predict the postfracture behaviors. The numerical model was experimentally validated ...
The Affordable Care Act An Appraisal

This article reviews the salient features of the Affordable Care Act, the most important piece of health care reform legislation since the adoption of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. It pays particu...
Malignant tumors of the upper extremity: 1971 to 1976.

Malignant tumors of the upper extremity are not common. Such lesions are usually skin cancers, although sarcomas occasionally arise within the hand or the upper limb. Metastatic lesions are rarely encountered. The authors review a series of 31 patients with malignant tumors of the upper extremity who were treated at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center from January 1971 to July 1976.
LRAD-based alpha-particle contamination monitoring of personnel and equipment

Traditional alpha-particle contamination monitors are limited in usefulness because of the short range of alpha particles in air. This range limitation makes it impossible to adequately monitor for...
Safety guidelines for the andrology laboratory

Les laboratoires faisant des analyses du sperme humain doivent avoir un programme de securite pour proteger leurs employes contre les contaminations accidentelles
Working with Children and Working with Schools

The impact of a child’s disability is experienced by the entire family, and this is especially true for families with a child with an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD). It is important that healthcare providers understand the impact of IDD on the family, what options are available for treatment and education, and how to navigate a complex system of services. To do so requires a commitment to collaboration, the implementation of evidence-based practices, and a systems perspective to intervention. This chapter provides a basic overview for providers who serve young and school-age children with IDD. A description of common issues regarding serving individuals with IDD is provided, including the impact on families, cultural considerations, and the challenges of providing services for children and families with ongoing, complex needs. Suggestions for choosing interventions and collaborating with other providers, including those in the school systems, are placed throughout the chapter.
Aerosol Effects on the Anvil Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems

Simulations of two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) were performed to examine the impact of aerosol number concentration on the vertical distributions of liquid and ice condensate and the macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the cirrus-anvil cloud shield. Analyses indicate that for an increase in aerosol concentration from a clean continental to a highly polluted state there was an increase in the rime collection rate of cloud water, which led to less lofted cloud water. Aerosol-induced trends in the cloud mixing ratio profiles were, however, non-monotonic in the mixed phase region, such that a moderate increase in aerosol concentration produced the greatest reduction in cloud water. Generally, less lofted cloud water led to less anvil ice mixing ratio but more numerous, small ice crystals within the anvil. In spite of reduced anvil ice mixing ratio, the anvil clouds exhibited greater areal coverage, increased albedo, reduced cloud top cooling, and reduced net radiative flux, which led to an aerosol-induced warming (reduced cooling) effect in these squall lines.
Colesterol em sêmen caprino melhora a criopreservação

This study evaluated the effect of adding different concentration of cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrin (CLC) on sperm quality after thawing. Thirty ejaculates were diluted, centrifuged and resuspended to 120 million cells/mL in a Tris diluent. Semen was treated with 0 (Control), 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 or 7.5 mg of CLC. Then, the samples were cooled at 4 °C for 2 h, diluted with Tris-egg yolk and 2% glycerol, packaged into 0.5 mL straws, frozen in liquid nitrogen (N2 ) vapor for 20 min before being plunged into N2 . Straws were thawed at 37 °C for 30 sec, and evaluated for thermal resistance test (TRT); progressive motility using CASA; hypoosmotic test and for binding capacity of sperm to perivitelline membrane (PM). The variables were determined using ANOVA at 5% probability. Higher percentage of motile sperm were maintained after thawing and TTR when 0.75 mg CLC was added, evaluated at 0, 60 and 120 min of incubation (50.4, 33.8 and 22.5%, respectively) compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The percentage of coiling was higher in sperm treated with 6.0 and 7.0 mg of CLC than other treatments (P<0.05). Addition of 0.75 mg CLCs also resulted in more sperm binding to the PM after cryopreservation than control sperm (166 vs 65; P<0.05). However, when the spermatozoa binding potential was determined on a motile sperm basis by dividing the average number of spermatozoa bound to PM for each bucks by the percentage of motile spermatozoa, CLC treatment provided higher binding efficiency (1.52) than control (1.00; P<0.05). In conclusion, CLCs improved the percentage of post-thaw of motility in caprine sperm as well as increased the number of sperm that bind to PM. Addition of 0.75 mg of CLC to caprine sperm prior to cryopreservation improved the quality sperm motility for up to 2 h.
Resident and Faculty Perceptions of Chart-Stimulated Recall.

OBJECTIVES Chart-stimulated recall (CSR) is a case-based interviewing technique advocated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as an assessment tool across a variety of clinical competencies, yet resident and faculty perceptions of this exercise have not been reported previously. The authors incorporated a CSR exercise into an internal medicine residency program and sought to assess the perceptions of residents and faculty participants. METHODS Faculty met weekly with night float residents at the end of their shift. The resident presented verbally while the faculty reviewed his or her written note. In the course of 3 years, 7 faculty and 73 residents participated. Participating residents completed an anonymous survey at the end of each academic year and faculty underwent a semistructured interview administered by the authors. RESULTS A total of 73% of resident respondents believed that CSR was a valuable component of the night float rotation and should be continued. Faculty believed that the exercise allowed time for focused teaching of the night team, who otherwise received limited formal instruction. The most common critique of the sessions was the timing, because the residents often reported feeling too tired to engage actively in the sessions. CONCLUSIONS CSR was easy to implement, received well, and educationally valued by both residents and faculty. Participants viewed the exercise as useful for both teaching and formative assessment.
The medium is the mother: Elsie McLuhan, elocution, and her son Marshall

ABSTRACTThis essay pays homage to Leland Roloff by exploring the influence on Marshall McLuhan of his mother Elsie Hall McLuhan’s career as a platform elocutionist, bridging periods in the history of Performance Studies. Canadian-born Elsie Hall McLuhan (1889–1961) studied elocution and expression and toured her platform recitals in the 1920s and 1930s. Her programs included solo performances of plays, character sketches (some in dialect), and other works of literature ranging from lowbrow to highbrow. Accounts of Elsie McLuhan’s performance career and her correspondence with her son provide evidence of influence on her son’s intellectual development.
Lessons Learned from Luminous Luciferins and Latent Luciferases

Compared to the broad palette of fluorescent molecules, there are relatively few structures that are competent to support bioluminescence. Here, we focus on recent advances in the development of luminogenic substrates for firefly luciferase. The scope of this light-emitting chemistry has been found to extend well beyond the natural substrate and to include enzymes incapable of luciferase activity with d-luciferin. The broadening range of luciferin analogues and evolving insight into the bioluminescent reaction offer new opportunities for the construction of powerful optical reporters of use in live cells and animals.
Increasing prosthetic foot energy return affects whole-body mechanics during walking on level ground and slopes

Prosthetic feet are designed to store energy during early stance and then release a portion of that energy during late stance. The usefulness of providing more energy return depends on whether or not that energy transfers up the lower limb to aid in whole body propulsion. This research examined how increasing prosthetic foot energy return affected walking mechanics across various slopes. Five people with a uni-lateral transtibial amputation walked on an instrumented treadmill at 1.1 m/s for three conditions (level ground, +7.5°, −7.5°) while wearing a prosthetic foot with a novel linkage system and a traditional energy storage and return foot. The novel foot demonstrated greater range of motion (p = 0.0012), and returned more energy (p = 0.023) compared to the traditional foot. The increased energy correlated with an increase in center of mass (CoM) energy change during propulsion from the prosthetic limb (p = 0.012), and the increased prosthetic limb propulsion correlated to a decrease in CoM energy change (i.e., collision) on the sound limb (p < 0.001). These data indicate that this novel foot was able to return more energy than a traditional prosthetic foot and that this additional energy was used to increase whole body propulsion.
PEDAGOGÍA DE LA EDUCACIÓN INICIAL Y SABERES DE LOS DOCENTES EN COLOMBIA

Atualmente, os paises Latino Americanos, mostra a criacao e implementacao de politicas sociais para atender, a partir de uma perspectiva de direitos, inclusao e equidade, as criancas na primeira infância. Em tais politicas ha a concordância da necessidade de garantir o desenvolvimento integral da crianca e apoiar o valor educativo da educacao infantil como elemento essencial para alcancar tal desenvolvimento. O objetivo da pesquisa e mostrar quais os elementos da pedagogia da educacao infantil que estao presentes nos saberes e experiencias dos professores da primeira infância, na Colombia. A metodologia foi qualitativa e de cunho explicativo. Os dados foram tratados a partir da analise textual discursiva que e compativel com os parâmetros da hermeneutica reflexiva usada neste trabalho. Os resultados mostram a importância de dar voz e valor ao discurso do professor, uma vez que o mesmo e produtor de saberes, os quais fazem parte da estrutura da pedagogia da educacao infantil.
Metal Coordination in Proteins

Water and buffer ions are always available and frequently involved as ligands. In particular, the oxygen atom of the water molecule forms a stable coordinate link with iron group ions. Putting aside these very small and unconstrained ligands, we turn to the metal-binding groups on proteins and associated with proteins.
School-Based Health Promotion: The Effects of a Nutrition Education Program

An exploratory evaluation of the effect of a multicomponent nutrition education program on student knowledge and behavior change is described. The nutrition education program was implemented in an ...
Transmembrane signals and intracellular messengers mediating LHRH and LH secretion.

The gametogenic and endocrine functions of the gonads are both under the integrative control of the central nervous system. The primary regulatory component in this system is the hypothalamic peptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), a decapeptide produced by neurons located in the hypothalamic-preoptic region. After synthesis, LHRH is transported to nerve terminals located in the median eminence, where it is released in close proximity to portal capillaries. The decapeptide is then transported to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal circulation, where, acting on specific membrane receptors, it stimulates LH and FSH secretion. These gonadotropins, in turn, profoundly affect gonadal function.
RF Test 101: Defining the Problem, Finding Solutions

Rapid growth in the wireless communication market has introduced many challenges in the test community. Today’s wireless communication products are more complex and more integrated than their predecessors. To keep pace with the market, the test community must produce innovative test solutions for integrated circuits containing digital, mixed-signal, and radiofrequency blocks. For example, a single chip in a handset cellular phone includes an I/Q modulator and demodulator, low-noise amplifiers, filters, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, a gain controller, a phase-locked loop, IF amplifiers, and a digital signal-processing block. When testing these parts, engineers face the complexity of a system-on-a-chip and the challenges of high frequency. The competitive market and low prices paid by the consumer for wireless phones have escalated the need for low-cost radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs).
The feminist movement in Poland: why so slow?

Abstract Despite seemingly favorable conditions for the development of a feminist movement in Poland, such a movement has been slow to develop. This article illustrates the importance of examining the particular, local contexts within which women's movements emerge and unfold. Specifically, I focus on historical, political, economic and social conditions that pose obstacles to the formation of a strong feminist movement in Poland. These include long periods of foreign domination which resulted in forced unity and reinforced traditional roles for women, the significant role of the Catholic church; a communist legacy of distrust of feminism and centralized forms of organization; suppression of women's interests in the Solidarity movement; and the limited opportunities for women created by political and economic policies during the current transition. The fledgling movement does show some signs of growth and strengthening: the number of feminist organizations is increasing, and feminists are beginning to articulate a distinctly Polish feminism.
Premature Infants Conceived with Assisted Reproductive Technology: An Analysis of Infant Morbidity, Compared with Infants Conceived Naturally

Objective This article evaluates the morbidity of infants born via assisted reproductive technology (ART) compared with matched naturally conceived infants. Study Design This is a retrospective review of maternal and infant data among inborn infants conceived via ART and matched control infants born at 30 to 34 weeks' gestational age (GA) between 2006 and 2012. Data were analyzed using paired t-test or Wilcoxo–Mann–Whitney test for continuous and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. p-Value of Result Of 120 study infants, 60 were conceived via ART and 60 naturally. Control infants were matched for GA, gender, race, and multiple gestations. ART infants required more respiratory support and took longer to reach full feeds compared with control infants. Conclusion Infants born via ART are physiologically more immature with more intensive care needs than naturally conceived infants of similar gestation, potentially increasing health care costs. This immaturity should be considered when planning early delivery in these pregnancies.
Progressively Expanded Neural Network (PEN Net) for hyperspectral image classification: A new neural network paradigm for remote sensing image analysis

Abstract Hyperspectral image (HSI) has been used for a wide range of applications including forestry, urban planning, and precision agriculture. In recent years, machine learning based algorithms, such as support vector machines, decision trees, ensemble learning, and their variations have shown promising results in HSI analysis. Such methodologies, nevertheless, can lead to insufficient information abstraction in interpreting hyperspectral pixels. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network based classification algorithm, named Progressively Expanded Neural Network (PEN Net), that can effectively interpret hyperspectral pixels in nonlinear feature spaces and then determine their categories. Furthermore, a spectral-spatial HSI classification framework is also introduced to test the generality and robustness of the PEN Net. Experimental results on four standard hyperspectral datasets illustrate that: (1) PEN Net classifier yields better accuracy and competitive processing speed in HSI classification tasks compared to the state-of-the-art methods; (2) Multi-hidden layer based PEN Net generally provides better performance than single hidden layer one; (3) Combination of spectral and spatial features in the PEN Net classifier can significantly improve the classification accuracy by 6–15% compared to the spectral only based HSI classification. This study implies that the proposed neural network architecture opens a new window for future research and the potential for remote sensing image analysis.
The (Lack of) Replication of Self-Reported Mindfulness as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders

The development and evaluation of mindfulness-based interventions for a variety of psychological and medical disorders have grown exponentially over the past 20 years. Yet, calls for increasing the rigor of mindfulness research and recognition of the difficulties of conducting research on the topic of mindfulness have also increased. One of the major difficulties is the measurement of mindfulness, with varying definitions across studies and ambiguity with respect to the meaning of mindfulness. There is also concern about the reproducibility of findings given few attempts at replication. The current secondary analysis addressed the issue of reproducibility and robustness of the construct of self-reported mindfulness across two separate randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP), as an aftercare treatment for substance use disorder. Specifically, we tested the robustness of our previously published findings, which identified a latent construct of mindfulness as a significant mediator of the effect of MBRP on reducing craving following treatment. First, we attempted to replicate the findings in a separate randomized clinical trial of MBRP. Second, we conducted sensitivity analyses to test the assumption of the no-omitted confounder bias in a mediation model. The effect of MBRP on self-reported mindfulness and overall mediation effect failed to replicate in a new sample. The effect of self-reported mindfulness in predicting craving following treatment did replicate and was robust to the no-omitted confounder bias. The results of this work shine a light on the difficulties in the measurement of mindfulness and the importance of examining the robustness of findings.
The time course of blood brain barrier leakage and its implications on the progression of methamphetamine-induced seizures.

Abstract The initial goals of these experiments were to determine: 1) if blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was a cause or an effect of METH-induced seizures; 2) all the brain regions where BBB is disrupted as seizures progress; and 3) the correlations between body temperature and vascular leakage and neurodegeneration. A fourth objective was added after initial experimentation to determine if sub-strain differences existed in adult male C57 B6 J (Jackson laboratories, JAX) versus C57 B6N (Charles River, CR) mice involving their susceptibility to BBB breakdown and seizure severity. With the 1st “maximal” intensity myoclonic-tonic seizure (MCT) varying degrees of IgG infiltration across the BBB (≤1 mm2) were prominent in olfactory system (OS) associated regions and in thalamus, hypothalamus and neocortex. IgG infiltration areas in the OS-associated regions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum and more medial amygdala nuclei, and the hypothalamus were increased significantly by the time continuous behavioral seizures (CBS) developed. Mice receiving METH that had body temperatures of ≥40 °C had IgG infiltration along with MCT or CBS but peak body temperatures above 40 °C did not significantly increase IgG infiltration. Neurodegeneration seen at ≥6 h was restricted to the OS in both JAX and CR mice and was most prominent in the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus. Neurodegeneration in the anterior septum (tenia tecta) was seen only in the JAX mice. We hypothesize that METH-induced hypertension and hyperthermia lead to BBB breakdown and other vascular dysfunctions in the OS brain regions resulting in OS hyperexcitation. Excitation of the OS neural network then leads to the development of seizures. These seizures in turn exacerbate the energy depletions and the reactive oxygen stress produced by hyperthermia further damaging the BBB and vascular function. These events form a recurrent cycle that results in ever increasing seizure activity and neurotoxicity.
Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE): Molecularly Homogeneous Distribution of Acyclovir in a Bioerodable Polymer Matrix for Long-Term Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infections

Treatment for herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) patients who suffer from recurrent outbreaks consists of multiple daily doses of the antiviral drugs acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or their more orally bioavailable derivatives valacyclovir or famciclovir. Drug troughs caused by missed doses may result in viral replication, which can generate drug-resistant mutants along with clinical sequelae. We developed a molecularly homogeneous mixture of ACV with the bioerodable polymer polycaprolactone. Through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, our method of combining drug and polymer, termed Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE), does not compromise the integrity of polymer or drug. Furthermore, VASE creates materials that deliver therapeutic amounts of drug consistently for approximately two months. Devices with high enough drug loads diminish primary infection of HSV-1 in Vero cells to the same level as seen with a single dose of ACV. Our data will lead to further experiments in animal models, demonstrating efficacy in preventing reactivation of these viruses with a single intervention, and with other antiviral drugs amenable to such manipulation. Additionally, this type of treatment would leave no trace after its useful lifetime, as drug is released and polymer matrix is degraded in vivo.
Is the Fed Following a “Modernized” Version of the Taylor Rule? Part 2

The past period?s policy rate is extraordinarily important for setting the current period?s policy rate in the modernized Taylor rule.
ON THE TRADEOFF BETWEEN MODE COLLAPSE AND SAMPLE QUALITY IN GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS

Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) are used to generate synthetic samples while closely following the underlying distribution of a real data set. While GANs have recently gained significant popularity, they often suffer from the mode collapse problem, where the generated samples lack diversity. Moreover, some approaches that attempt to resolve the model collapse problem do not necessarily yield high quality synthetic samples. In this paper, we propose two novel performance metrics, namely mode-collapse divergence (MCD) which quantifies the extent of mode collapse for a GAN architecture. Second, we propose the metric Generative Quality Score (GQS), which measures the quality of generated samples. We present a comprehensive study of the performance of various GAN architectures proposed in the literature through the lens of MCD and GQS, for three different data sets, namely MNIST, Fashion MNIST and CIFAR-10.
Systematic Search for Brain Resuscitation Potentials after Total Circulatory Arrest

In the 1970s, the concepts and techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were extended to cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation (CPCR; 81). A systematic search for improved CPCR methods after cardiac arrest is important for socio-economic, medical and scientific reasons. About 25% of all deaths are the results of acute potentially reversible dying processes, in the absence of end-stage incurable disease and before natural dying from old age. The majority of such dying processes represent indications for CPCR attempts. Moreover, systematic CPCR research should not only lead to more effective therapies, but also to reliable information early post-arrest to predict persistent vegetative state and thereby help in deciding on whom to let die. Brain resuscitation research on complete isolated global brain ischemia (GBI) and total body circulatory arrest (TCA) might also benefit patients with severe shock, stroke, brain injury, brain hemorrhage, encephalitis, and organ preservation for transplantation. This paper is not a report of the authors’ new research data, but rather summarizes some methods, results and ideas primarily, but not exclusively of the authors’ groups.
Applying a Virtual Prototyping Process to Generate Pareto Optimal Solutions for a Modular Multi-Level MVAC to MVDC Converter

This paper, pursuant to the United States Navy’s plans for an all-electric warship, presents a framework for developing metaheuristic, model-based scaling laws that can be applied to set-based designs of shipboard medium voltage direct current (MVDC) Integrated Power and Energy Systems (IPES). More precisely, proposed MVDC-IPES implementations could be approached through multi-objective optimization techniques to minimize mass, volume, and power loss. The metaheuristic scheme is employed in this scenario to the active rectifier aspect of a power generation module (PGM), which interfaces between each generator and the MVDC bus and has a major impact on overall system space claim, displacement and heat. To begin, a specific, PGM-based, modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology and its Lowest Replaceable Units (LRUs) – the power electronic building blocks (PEBBs) along with the arm inductors – are addressed. The details of the virtual prototyping process applied to the LRUs are then compartmentalized. Finally, the paper moves to outline a working implementation complete with input data and design results.