cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic Spread of Solenopsis globularia (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Several species of Solenopsis have spread beyond their native ranges and have become exotic pests, most notably Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) and Solenopsis invicta Buren. Here, I examine the geographic spread of a smaller, less conspicuous Solenopsis species, Solenopsis globularia (Smith). I compiled S. globularia specimen records from >700 sites. I documented the earliest known S. globularia records for 59 geographic areas (countries, US states, and major West Indian islands), including many for which I found no previously published records: Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba, Barbuda, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Congo, Curacao, Dominica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, St Kitts, St Martin, San Andres Island, Senegal, Tobago, and Trinidad. Solenopsis globularia has a broad distribution in the New World, from Corrientes, Argentina (28.4°S) in the south to Craven County, North Carolina (35.1°N) in the north. Most S. globularia records came from islands. It is unclear whether S. globularia is native throughout its New World range. For example, it is possible that this species is exotic to the Galapagos Islands. All populations of S. globularia outside the New World are probably exotic, introduced through human commerce, including populations on Atlantic islands (Ascension, Cabo Verde, St Helena), Pacific islands (Hawaii, French Polynesia, Philippines), and Africa (Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal). On the Cabo Verde islands, off the coast of West Africa, S. globularia is extremely widespread on all nine inhabited islands. Records from nine diverse sites in Ivory Coast indicates that S. globularia is well able to spread in continental Africa as well.
The Leib Glantz Project: Forty-Three New Arrangements of the Compositions of Cantor and Composer Leib Glantz edited by Jerry Glantz

In a letter to his father written while yet a teen, Jerry Glantz wrote:I imagine watching you and wondering how you succeed in summoning the angels and how you speak to them as equals! It seems as ...
The Court, the Fed, and Our Mixed Regime

This essay argues that the enduring political concept of the mixed regime is a better way than the separation of powers to understand the operation and dilemmas of the two institutions most central to our market, rule-of-law society—the Supreme Court and the Federal Reserve. The theory of the mixed regime asserts that combining popular and aristocratic elements produces a more stable and flourishing polity than relying on democracy alone. In our regime that aristocracy is the intellectual professional elite who dominate the functioning and culture of these institutions and largely determine how they will change. But in a society that appears on its surface to be democratic, the mixed regime gives rise to similar dilemmas for both these institutions, such as a countermajoritarian nature that is in tension with popular will, an insulated decision making that is in tension with benefits of broader inputs, and a discretionary power that in tension with stability that a mixed regime is supposed to deliver. These dilemmas lead to periodic pressures for both institutions to subject themselves to rules, such as originalism for the Court and the Taylor Rule (a fixed formula for interest rate changes) for the Fed. Because intellectual elites ultimately protect the independence of both institutions and underwrite their stability, their growing polarization threatens to undermine the continuity and beneficence of our mixed regime.
A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model to Investigate the Cell-Autonomous Effects of torsinA(ΔE) Expression in Striatal Output Neurons

Dystonia is a disabling neurological syndrome characterized by abnormal movements and postures that result from intermittent or sustained involuntary muscle contractions; mutations of DYT1/TOR1A are the most common cause of childhood-onset, generalized, inherited dystonia. Patient and mouse model data strongly support dysregulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission circuit in the presence of the DYT1-causing mutation. To determine striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects relevant to dopamine transmission, we created a transgenic mouse in which expression of mutant torsinA in forebrain is restricted to MSNs. We assayed electrically evoked and cocaine-enhanced dopamine release and locomotor activity, dopamine uptake, gene expression of dopamine-associated neuropeptides and receptors, and response to the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, trihexyphenidyl. We found that over-expression of mutant torsinA in MSNs produces complex cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous alterations in nigrostriatal dopaminergic and intrastriatal cholinergic function, similar to that found in pan-cellular DYT1 mouse models. These data introduce targets for future studies to identify which are causative and which are compensatory in DYT1 dystonia, and thereby aid in defining appropriate therapies.
“I Think It Just Helped Me See:” Incorporating Attachment into Reflecting Teams

Historically, hope has been studied from a cognitive, not experiential, lens and rarely from an attachment perspective. The aims of this research were to explore how couples experience hope when us...
The Economic Suffering due to the Worldwide COVID-19 Pandemic of March 2020

Across countries and cultures, the Corona-19 virus was declared a Pandemic. Using available statistic and views, an analysis will be conducted in order to determine whether, across countries and continents, the measures used by governments and policymakers to curb the spread of the said virus were in the best interests of the global population, with respect to the indirect impact on global livelihood and minimizing suffering and economic costs while limiting loss of life. Through the analysis and investigation of this research paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the direct and indirect Economic Costs and Suffering globally as the Pandemic continues to spread worldwide.
Variations in Sutural Anatomy of the Skull

The human skull is composed of numerous sutures, including those of the face, basal skull, and calvarium. These sutures are an important part of the human skull, allowing growth while still protecting the brain. A thorough understanding of the sutural anatomy allows for reference points intraoperatively as well as distinction between sutural variants and traumatic skull fractures. This paper endeavours to give a brief overview of sutural anatomy and subsequent variations in order to augment the practitioner’s understanding of the anatomy of the skull.
Virtual Field Experiences as an Opportunity to Develop Preservice Teachers’ Efficacy and Equitable Teaching Practice

The move to leveraging technology to support the preparation of teachers has steadily increased over the past decade, with a sudden and rapid transition taking place in response to COVID-19 in 2020. In this chapter, we aim to explore the implications for preparing preservice mathematics teachers to use equitable teaching practices through virtual field experiences (VFEs) and highlight how equitable instruction may be affected by this shift to more technologically mediated methods. In particular, we take up the question of whether VFEs provide adequate opportunities to develop equitable mathematics teaching practices, drawing on exploratory work conducted in the Mursion™ environment.
Indirect Demand Strategies—For Employers, Institutions, and Public Agencies

The strategies focus on reducing the use of single-occupant automobiles for commuter trips, and in spreading the peak travel periods through work schedule changes. They are generally applied by large employers and large institutions such as medical centers and universities.
Combined Model of Interregional Commodity Flows on a Transportation Network

This chapter is motivated by two ongoing research objectives of the author. The first concerns models of flows on transportation networks. Whether the subject is personal travel or freight transportation, representation of the transportation network is necessary to determine realistically interzonal/interregional travel/transportation costs. The methodological effort required to achieve such results is nontrivial, but the issues raised by such an attempt are enlightening and worthwhile. This insight is demonstrated once more by the models considered here.
Pathologic and Molecular Diagnostic Features of Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in NF1

Neurofibromas are the hallmark and defining feature of NF1. NF1 patients develop numerous neurofibromas of different subtypes. The plexiform neurofibroma is the subtype most characteristic (and indeed almost pathognomonic) of NF1. Neurofibroma subtypes share common histological features but have different clinical characteristics and biological behavior. Of all the different neurofibroma subtypes, plexiform neurofibromas have the highest risk of malignant transformation to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). Some histological types of MPNST are seen almost exclusively in NF1 patients. MPNST and neurofibromas may be difficult to differentiate as they represent two ends in a continuum spectrum of changes. The use of immunohistochemical stains that reflect underlying molecular alterations (in p53 and p16) commonly acquired in MPNSTs, can aid in the differential diagnosis in difficult cases.
Phosphorus sorption-desorption of soils and sediments in the Rathbun Lake watershed

Livestock grazing in pastures has been identified as a possible factor controlling sediment and phosphorus (P) delivery to Rathbun Lake and associated water bodies in the watershed. The risk of P loss from soils in this watershed was estimated by Mehlich-3 (M3) extractable P, P sorption indices (Smax and k), degree of P saturation (DPS) and P desorption indices (equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC) and phosphorus equilibrium buffering capacity (PEBC)) for seven representative soil samples. Most of selected soils had low risk of P loss as indicated by PM3 and DPS. However, EPC values indicated that some soils could potentially behave as sources by releasing P to the water once they become suspended sediments. Selected soil physicochemical properties, including pH, particle size, total C, total N, total P, FeM3, AlM3, CaM3, MgM3, oxalate-Fe and Al (Feox and Alox), dithionite-Fe and Al (Fed and Ald), were correlated with k, EPC, and PEBC to better understand P sorptiondesorption of selected soils. We found that k was positively correlated with Fed (r 2 = 0.96, p < 0.001). PEBC was not correlated with any selected soil physicochemical properties. EPC was positively correlated to FeM3 (r 2 = 0.72, p < 0.05) and Feox (r 2 = 0.62, p < 0.05) suggesting that P desorption was controlled by Fe.
Water interactions with micronized lunar surrogates JSC-1A and albite under ultra-high vacuum with application to lunar observations

[1] Interactions of molecular water with two lunar regolith surrogates (micronized JSC-1A and albite) were examined using temperature program desorption (TPD) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. TPD revealed water desorption during initial heating to 750 K under ultrahigh vacuum and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy indicated possible water formation via recombinative desorption of native hydroxyls above 425 ± 25 K. Dissociative chemisorption of water (i.e., formation of surface hydroxyl sites) was not observed on laboratory time scales after controlled dosing of samples (initially heated above 750 K) with 0.2–500 L exposures of water. However, preheated samples of both types of surrogates were found to have a distribution of molecular water chemisorption sites, with albite having at least twice as many as the JSC-1A samples by mass. A fit to the TPD data yields a distribution function of desorption activation energies ranging from ~ 0.45 to 1.2 eV. Using the fitted distribution function as an initial condition, the TPD process was simulated on the time scale of a lunation.
The Removal of Trace Contaminants from Recycle Nitric Acid

Extensive recycle of nitric acid and water in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant can result in the build-up of deleterious trace impurities; identified materials of serious concern include fluoride, chloride, and organic materials. Methods for removal of these deleterious materials must be developed to allow increased aqueous recycle. Fluoride at 10 to 100 /mu/g/ml can be removed from 10 M HNO/sub 3/ using a silica gel column. Chloride can be removed from 10 M HNO/sub 3/ by sparging with ozonized air, a method that is rapid even at room temperature. Carbonaceous material can be removed by pressurized aqueous combustion and by ozonation. 11 refs.
Ice Accretions on a Swept GLC-305 Airfoil

An experiment was conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) at NASA Glenn Research Center to obtain castings of ice accretions formed on a 28 deg. swept GLC-305 airfoil that is representative of a modern business aircraft wing. Because of the complexity of the casting process, the airfoil was designed with three removable leading edges covering the whole span. Ice accretions were obtained at six icing conditions. After the ice was accreted, the leading edges were detached from the airfoil and moved to a cold room. Molds of the ice accretions were obtained, and from them, urethane castings were fabricated. This experiment is the icing test of a two-part experiment to study the aerodynamic effects of ice accretions.
Energy technology progress for sustainable development

Energy security is a fundamental part of a country’s national security. Access to affordable, environmentally sustainable energy is a stabilizing force and is in the world community’s best interest. The current global energy situation however is not sustainable and has many complicating factors. The primary goal for government energy policy should be to provide stability and predictability to the market. This paper differentiates between short-term and long-term issues and argues that although the options for addressing the short-term issues are limited, there is an opportunity to alter the course of long-term energy stability and predictability through research and technology development. While reliance on foreign oil in the short term can be consistent with short-term energy security goals, there are sufficient long-term issues associated with fossil fuel use, in particular, as to require a long-term role for the federal government in funding research. The longer term issues fall into three categories. First, oil resources are finite and there is increasing world dependence on a limited number of suppliers. Second, the world demographics are changing dramatically and the emerging industrialized nations will have greater supply needs. Third, increasing attention to the environmental impacts of energy production and use will limit supply options. In addition to this global view, some of the changes occurring in the U.S. domestic energy picture have implications that will encourage energy efficiency and new technology development. The paper concludes that technological innovation has provided great benefit in the past and can continue to do so in the future if it is both channeled toward a sustainable energy future and if it is committed to, and invested in, as a deliberate long-term policy option.
Gravitational biology on the space station

The current status of gravitational biology is summarized, future areas of required basic research in earth-based and spaceflight projects are presented, and potential applications of gravitational biology on a space station are demonstrated. Topics covered include vertebrate reproduction, prenatal/postnatal development, a review of plant space experiments, the facilities needed for growing plants, gravimorphogenesis, thigmomorphogenesis, centrifuges, maintaining a vivarium, tissue culture, and artificial human organ generation. It is proposed that space stations carrying out these types of long-term research be called the National Space Research Facility.
Adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate as an inhibitor of ovulation and reproduction☆

Abstract Adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate inhibits reproduction and ovulation in Swiss mice when given intraperitoneally to the female at 5 mg. per day or on alternate days at 5 mg. per day. It did not inhibit reproduction when given to male mice. Theophylline, adenosine 5′ monophosphate and dibutyryl adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate had no effect at the levels given on reproduction. Adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate causes a marked reduction in the size of the ovary which is reversed by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin.
Train Our Jurors

Lay jurors are often legally and logically unprepared for trial. In response, it is recommended that jurors receive training in how to make better legal decisions. This chapter suggests that jurors should receive comprehensive training in critical legal doctrines and in how to reason with legal evidence. Jurors who cannot be trained to achieve minimal levels of competence (in the law or in basic reasoning) should be excused from jury service. Suggestions are given as to how policy makers and researchers who are interested in jury reform may wish to proceed.
Stochastic sensors inspired by biology

Sensory systems use a variety of membrane-bound receptors, including responsive ion channels, to discriminate between a multitude of stimuli. Here we describe how engineered membrane pores can be used to make rapid and sensitive biosensors with potential applications that range from the detection of biological warfare agents to pharmaceutical screening. Notably, use of the engineered pores in stochastic sensing, a single-molecule detection technology, reveals the identity of an analyte as well as its concentration.
Overexpression of tightly regulated proteins: protein phosphatase 2A overexpression in NIH 3T3 cells.

Regulation of protein levels plays an important role in maintaining cellular holneostasis. A number of proteins regulate their own levels, either negatively or positively, and these regulatory mechanisms can occur at both at the transcriptional and translational level. Tightly regulated protein levels present a problem to investigators who may want to overexpress the protein in cell lines in order to study the effect of overexpression of the protein on a particular physiological event or end point. An example of a tightly regulated protein is the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A is a protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates serine and threonine residues on a number of enzymes and molecules and regulates the activities of multiple signal transduction pathways. PP2A activity has been shown to regulate several cellular functions such as DNA replication, RNA splicing, transcription and translation, signal transduction, and also several physiological processes such as cell cycle progression, development, and transformation.
Asymmetry in perception: Attention versus other determinants

Abstract This experiment explored the role of expectancy in producing asymmetry in perceptual performance. Trigrams and randomly generated forms of low association value were presented in random sequence to the right and left visual fields. The results suggested that expectancy, when contrasted with such variables as mode of processing (visual vs verbal) and mnemonic factors, plays little role in the production of asymmetry in perceptual performance.
Resolving varve and radiocarbon chronology differences during the last 2000 years in the Santa Barbara Basin sedimentary record, California

Abstract Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) is well known for producing high quality paleoclimate reconstructions, but the validity of correlations between the basin and other regions rests upon age model accuracy. Yet, the two independent and well-established chronologies based on varve counting and radiocarbon dating do not consistently agree during the last two millennia. Here the validity of age model assumptions is tested including whether 1) the regional reservoir age of surface waters was invariably 641 ± 119 years through time, and/or 2) SBB laminae couplets are consistently annual varves and counted with sufficient precision. This high-resolution 14 C study of SBB sediments compares 49 mixed planktonic foraminiferal carbonate and 20 terrestrial organic carbon 14 C dates to the varve chronology, to extend the high-resolution paleoclimate chronology of the basin back ∼2000 years. Evidence indicates that regional reservoir ages do not remain constant through time with Δ R , (i.e. regional reservoir age minus variations in the global mixed-layer ocean reservoir age) fluctuating between 80 and 350 years. Second, there is a consistent ( R 2 = 0.96) undercounting of the varves between 150 and ∼1700 AD based on a new varying Δ R 14 C chronology, indicating that some laminae couplets may not be annual. Loss of varves may occur when low riverine input and infrequent winter storm activity during drought intervals fail to supply a siliciclastic layer.
PID Techniques: Alternatives to RICH Methods

In this review article we discuss the recent progress in PID techniques other than the RICH methods. In particular we mention the recent progress in the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD), dE/dx cluster counting, and Time Of Flight (TOF) techniques. The TRD technique is mature and has been tried in many hadron colliders. It needs space though, about 20cm of detector radial space for every factor of 10 in the {pi}/e rejection power, and this tends to make such detectors large. Although the cluster counting technique is an old idea, it was never tried in a real physics experiment. Recently, there are efforts to revive it for the SuperB experiment using He-based gases and waveform digitizing electronics. A factor of almost 2 improvement, compared to the classical dE/dx performance, is possible in principle. However, the complexity of the data analysis will be substantial. The TOF technique is well established, but introduction of new fast MCP-PMT and G-APD detectors creates new possibilities. It seems that resolutions below 20-30ps may be possible at some point in the future with relatively small systems, and perhaps this could be pushed down to 10-15ps with very small systems, assuming that one can solve many systematic issues. However, the cost, rate limitation, aging and cross-talk in multi-anode devices at high BW are problems. There are several groups working on these issues, so progress is likely. Table 6 summarizes the author's opinion of pros and cons of various detectors presented in this paper based on their operational capabilities. We refer the reader to Ref.40 for discussion of other more general limits from the PID point of view.
Effect of hemorrhage on hepatic tissue blood flow in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract 1. 1. Thermal Pulse Decay (TPD) methodology was used to monitor hepatic tissue blood flow (hepatic perfusion) in anesthetized birds prior to and during hemorrhagic hypotension. 2. 2. Hemorrhage was accomplished by periodic removal of blood through a carotid cannula. Reducing the estimated blood volume (BV) from 100 to less than 50% decreased hepatic perfusion from 4.36 ± 0.7 to 1.88±0.7ml/min/g. 3. 3. Changes in hepatic perfusion during the experiment were related to mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) by the following linear regression equation: hepatic perfusion = − 1.79 + 0.0807×( r 2 =0.57).
Convenient preparation of ITO nanoparticles inks for transparent conductive thin films

Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles are useful precursors to transparent electrodes in a variety of technologically important applications. We synthesized ITO nanoparticles from indium and tin acetylacetonates in oleyl alcohol using a novel temperature ramp profile. The monodispersed ITO nanoparticles have an average diameter of 8.6 nm and form dense, flat films by simple spin coating. The thickness of the film can be controlled by varying the number of additional depositions. The resulting ITO film is transparent and has a resistivity of 7 × 10−3 Ω cm after sintering at 300 °C. Using a suitable solvent, it is possible to coat high-aspect-ratio structures with ITO nanoparticles. This approach to ITO coatings is greener and offers a number of advantages for transparent electrodes because it is highly versatile, easily scalable, and supports low-cost manufacturing.
Subcellular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity

Abstract The neurotoxic effects of inorganic lead (Pb) involve inhibition of calcium-dependent acetylcholine release and increases in calcium-dependent dopamine release. These apparently differential effects of Pb are associated with differing Pb-calcium (Ca) interactions: Pb blocks 45 Ca binding to peripheral cholinergic ganglia and increases 45 Ca binding to synaptosomes prepared from caudate nucleus (CN). Pb-induced increases in CN 45 Ca binding did not result from non-specific disruption of selective ion permeability of the membrane. Also, the Na K ATPase-linked Ca extrusion system of synaptosomes was not affected by Pb. A Pb-sodium (Na) interaction was found such that elevation of intrasynaptosomal Na reversed effects of Pb on 45 Ca binding. The intracellular localization of this effect appeared to be primarily at the mitochondrial level. Pb inhibited Na-induced release of 45 Ca from preloaded mitochondria. This action may be translated into increased transmembrane flux of exogenous Ca, and thence into increased exocytotic events at the synapse. The apparently neurotransmitter-specific effects of Pb, cholinergic inhibition and dopaminergic augmentation, are hypothesized to result from different Pb Ca interactions which are determined by the specific localization of Pb within nerve endings.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BETHE--SALPETER EQUATION APPLIED TO THE NUCLEON--NUCLEON INTERACTION.

A tractable, relativistic theory for the two-nucleon system is constructed. As a starting point, the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation is utilized. In order to reduce the BS equation to three dimensions, the Blankenbecler-Sugar method is generalized to include spin-\textonehalf{} particles. An instantaneous-interaction approximation to the BS equation is also investigated, and results similar to those obtained with the Blankenbecler-Sugar method are derived. Finally, as an application, the generalized potential or interaction kernel is approximated to order ${g}^{2}$ and compared to the one-pion-exchange potential (OPEP) used in conjunction with the Schr\"odinger equation. The singlet states are treated numerically, and results are presented which show that for a lab kinetic energy of 400 MeV, the phase shifts calculated from the relativistic theory differ from those calculated by solving the Lippmann-Schwinger or Schr\"odinger equation with OPEP by about 20%.
Lifestyle Modification and Heart Disease

NEWORLEANS—Twomajortrialsexploring thebenefitsof lifestylemodifications forprimaryandsecondarypreventionof cardiovascular events failed to achieve their primary end points, which were to lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and mortality and hospitalization. But the researchers presenting thestudies’ findingsat theScientific Sessions of the American Heart AssociationhereinNovemberarestillcalling their studies successful. One of these studies, a randomized controlled trial called FIT Heart (a Family-Based Intervention Trial to Improve Heart Health), enrolled 501 healthy adult family members (66% of whom were female and 36% were nonwhite, with a mean age of 48 years) to test the hypothesis that the hospitalization of a family member with cardiovascular disease could provide a “teachable moment” for motivating adult family members to adopt lifestyle changes that would lower their LDL-C level. These family memberswere screened forcardiovascular risk factors and counseled about lifestyle changes (consuming a healthier diet and engaging in exercise), and their physicians received progress reports. However, at 1-year follow-up, participants in both the experimental group and the control group (who received only a brief prevention message and a letter to their health care clinician only if they had a critical risk factor for the levels reported) had comparable decreases in LDL-C levels, about 4.4 mg/dL from a mean baseline of about 129.5 mg/dL (Mosca L et al. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2008;1[2]98-106). The second study, called HF-ACTION (for Heart Failure: a Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training), tested whether patients with heart failure participating in a highly structured exercise program in addition to usual care would experience a reduction in all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalizations. But after an average of 2.5 years’ follow-up, mortality and
Treatment of Periodontal Disease in a Patient With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) designates a heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders characterized by skin elasticity, tissue fragility, and chronic joint pain. Dental findings have been reported with some types of EDS. This case report describes the periodontal findings in a patient with a previously undiagnosed EDS type VIII. Methods: Diagnostic aids utilized included microbial testing, histological examination, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) analysis for the levels of C-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-links (ICTP), and genetic counseling. Periodontal treatment consisted of mechanical debridement and adjunctive antibiotic therapy. Results: Genetic counseling and clinical presentation confirmed the diagnosis of EDS type VIII. Periodontal treatment led to marked clinical improvements and GCF levels of the bone resorptive marker ICTP were significantly reduced. The patient and her siblings are currently pursuing appropriate medical care and genetic counseling. Conclusion: Periodontal in...
Stress relaxation behavior of biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The stress relaxation behavior of biaxially oriented semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) was studied by thermomechanical analysis. Experimental techniques were developed for thin films. Relaxation moduli were measured as a function of stress, time, and temperature. The relaxation modulus was shown to be independent of stress over the range tested. Rate of loss of the relaxation modulus was found to be a nonlinear function of time and temperature up to about 100°C, encompassing the Tg for the polymer. Over the temperature range of 100–120°C it was primarily temperature-dependent. An empirical time—temperature superposition showed that significant losses in modulus can occur at very short times. At temperatures above the Tg these losses can result in significantly reduced film physical properties.
Fourier removal of stripe artifacts in IRAS images

By working in the Fourier plane, approximate removal of stripe artifacts in IRAS images can be effected. The image of interest is smoothed and subtracted from the original, giving the high-spatial-frequency part. This 'filtered' image is then clipped to remove point sources and then Fourier transformed. Subtracting the Fourier components contributing to the stripes in this image from the Fourier transform of the original and transforming back to the image plane yields substantial removal of the stripes.
Campylobacter pylori in alcoholic hemorrhagic "gastritis".

Previously we have shown that alcohol- associated subepithelial hemorrhages histologically represent localized superficial mucosal hemorrhage, with edema in the surrounding mucosa. We studied the relationship between Campylobacter pylori (CP)and histology in gastric subepithelial hemorrhages from 20 actively drinking alcoholic patients. Biopsies of the hemorrhagic lesions and adjacent mucosa 1 and 3 cm away were taken with a “jumbo” forceps. Biopsy slides were coded and randomized before histologic scoring and examination for CP. CP was present in 15/20 (75%)biopsies of subepithelial hemorrhages and in 32/40 (80%)biopsies from surrounding mucosa. The mean hemorrhage score was not significantly different in biopsies of subepithelial hemorrhages with and without CP (2.7±0.4 vs 3.2±0.4)and the edema scores in adjacent, nonhemorrhagic mucosa were similar in specimens with and without CP (2.0±0.3 vs 1.6±0.5).The inflammatory cell density was significantly greater in CP-positive biopsies than in CP-negative specimens (2.0±0.2 vs 0.5±0.2, P<0.05)with the mononuclear cell and neutrophil scores contributing equally to the overall inflammatory cell score. Almost a quarter of CP-positive specimens (11/47)had no inflammation. The mean score for lining epithelial abnormalities was also significantly higher in biopsy specimens positive for CP (1.7±0.2 vs 0.5±0.3, P<0.05).In conclusion, CP is present in 75% of alcohol- associated subepithelial hemorrhages, but its prevalence is similar in adjacent, nonhemorrhagic mucosa. No relationship exists between the presence of CP and the characteristic histologic abnormalities of these subepithelial hemorrhages.
High dose human serum albumin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a safety study.

Introduction: In animal models of focal cerebral ischemia, albumin infusions at doses ranging from 0.6 to 2.5 g/kg are neuroprotective. It is not known whether patients with stroke, often elderly and with underlying cardiovascular disease, can safely tolerate such degrees of volume expansion. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed the safety of high-dose albumin treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: Within 24 hours of ischemic stroke onset, patients who received at least 0.7 g/kg albumin were identified by a review of medical records. Each albumin recipient was assigned two control patients, who received standard fluid management. Controls were matched by age, number of stroke risk factors, stroke severity, and stroke subtype. Medical records were reviewed for treatment-related adverse events, defined as cardiopulmonary complications and mortality. Results: Thirty cases (mean age 62.9 ± 11.4 years) and 60 controls (mean age 62.5 ± 11.8 years) were identified between July 1999 and November 2001. The two groups were evenly matched. The mean dose of albumin infusion was 171 g (2.4 g/kg). Cardiopulmonary complications or death developed in 37% of cases and 18% of controls (p=0.056). Mortality was 7% in both groups. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a history of congestive heart failure and higher total albumin dose were independently associated with the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusion: Albumin treatment was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward increased cardiopulmonary adverse events. However, these adverse events did not result in excess mortality.
Electron-impact excitation cross sections for transitions in atomic copper.

We report results of the first ab initio, close-coupling calculations of the electron impact excitation of atomic copper in the 0.1\char21{}8.0-eV range. Integrated, inelastic cross sections are given for the low-lying $^{2}\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ and $^{2}\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{e}}$ excited states, which are important to the kinetics of the copper vapor laser. The calculated cross sections exhibit a rich resonance structure due to ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states, which have not been previously known.
A proposed analysis of multiplicity fluctuations in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract A procedure for analyzing the data on multiplicity distributions in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is proposed. A specific plot of the dispersion versus rapidity window is suggested so that significant information on dynamical fluctuation can be extracted. Arguments are presented to advance the speculation that the proposed analysis may be a method to discover signatures of quark-gluon plasma.
Pseudocapacitive Contributions to Electrochemical Energy Storage in TiO2 (Anatase) Nanoparticles

The advantages in using nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy storage have largely focused on the benefits associated with short path lengths. In this paper, we consider another contribution, that of the capacitive effects, which become increasingly important at nanoscale dimensions. Nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) was studied over a dimensional regime where both capacitive and lithium intercalation processes contribute to the total stored charge. An analysis of the voltammetric sweep data was used to distinguish between the amount of charge stored by these two processes. At particle sizes below 10 nm, capacitive contributions became increasingly important, leading to greater amounts of total stored charge (gravimetrically normalized) with decreasing TiO2 particle size. The area normalized capacitance was determined to be well above 100 μF/cm2, confirming that the capacitive contribution was pseudocapacitive in nature. Moreover, reducing the particle size to the nanoscale regime led to faster...
Essentials of a rubidium-82 generator for nuclear medicine.

Abstract The use of generator-produced 82 Rb for positron emission tomography studies in clinical nuclear medicine requires a number of factors to be considered. These include 82 Sr availability, methods of recharging the generator with fresh 82 Sr, adequate elution yield of 82 Rb, low breakthrough of 82–85 Sr, simple and reliable operation of the generator, and delivery of a sterile and pyrogen free eluate of 82 Rb.
Conformational analysis, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment for 1,1-dichloroacetone

Abstract The IR (3500-40 cm−1) and Raman (3100-20 cm−1) spectra have been recorded for gaseous and solid 1,1-dichloroacetone (1,1-dichloro-2-propanone), CHCl2C(O)CH3. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists predominantly in the trans form (hydrogen atom oriented trans to the methyl group) in the vaporphase. A second conformer having one chlorine atom lying in the CC(O)C plane eclipsing the CO bond (hydrogen atom gauche to the methyl group) is also found in very low abundance in the vapor. This conformer becomes more abundant in the liquid, and is the only form present in the annealed solid. From ab initio calculations at both the 3–21G* and 6–31G* basis set levels optimized geometries for both the trans and gauche conformers have been obtained. A potential surface governing internal rotation of the asymmetric top has been calculated at the 3–21G* level. The barrier to interconversion of the trans form to the gauche conformer at this level is calculated to be 1224 cm−1 (3.50 kcal mol−1), with the trans form being more stable by 305 cm−1 (0.87 kcal mol−1) and the barrier between the two equivalent gauche forms is 546 cm−1 (1.56 kcal mol−1). An assignment of the fundametal vibrations is proposed which is supported by frenquecy calculations at the 3–21G* level. From the torsional frequency of 125 cm−1, the barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group for the trans conformer is calculated to be 396 cm−1 (1.13 kcal mol−1). The results are compared to some similar quantities for some related molecules.
Dental Care for the Hemophiliac

All phases of dentistry performed in the normal patient may be performed in the hemophiliac with similar dental problems. Extreme care and meticulous skill will help prevent avoidable injury to soft tissue. Preventive dentistry should be taught and encouraged. Consultation with the patient’s physician should proceed any treatment, and the cooperation between the physician and dentist will allow the hemophiliac to seek dental treatment with confidence.
Theology: Reduction or autonomy?

Issues of the nature and task of theology remain important to the science-theology dialogue. This paper lays out a framework for understanding the nature of theology in relation to the other sciences. In particular, I argue that the primary question remains one of autonomy and reduction. If theology is a genuine academic discipline, then it should be an autonomous field with its own subject matter and norms. Wolfhart Pannenberg argues that theology is the science of God, but I suggest that theology be more broadly understood as the science of meaning. If we recognize this, the modes of interaction between theology and the other sciences becomes clearer.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Biotinylated Paclitaxel With an Extra-Long Chain Spacer Arm.

A biotinylated paclitaxel derivative with an extra-long chain (LC-LC-biotin) spacer arm was synthesized using an improved synthetic reaction sequence. The biotinylated paclitaxel analogue retained excellent microtubule stabilizing activity in vitro. Furthermore, it was shown that this analogue can simultaneously engage streptavidin and the binding site on microtubules, making it suitable for localization studies or for the attachment of paclitaxel to solid substrates via a streptavidin linkage.
Molecular Organization of the Mucins and Glycocalyx Underlying Mucus Transport Over Mucosal Surfaces of the Airways

Mucus, with its burden of inspired particulates and pathogens, is cleared from mucosal surfaces of the airways by cilia beating within the periciliary layer (PCL). The PCL is held to be "watery" and free of mucus by thixotropic-like forces arising from beating cilia. With radii of gyration ~250 nm, however, polymeric mucins should reptate readily into the PCL, so we assessed the glycocalyx for barrier functions. The PCL stained negative for MUC5AC and MUC5B, but it was positive for keratan sulfate (KS), a glycosaminoglycan commonly associated with glycoconjugates. Shotgun proteomics showed KS-rich fractions from mucus containing abundant tethered mucins, MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16, but no proteoglycans. Immuno-histology by light and electron microscopy localized MUC1 to microvilli, MUC4 and MUC20 to cilia, and MUC16 to goblet cells. Electron and atomic force microscopy revealed molecular lengths of 190-1,500 nm for tethered mucins, and a finely textured glycocalyx matrix filling interciliary spaces. Adenoviral particles were excluded from glycocalyx of the microvilli, whereas the smaller adenoassociated virus penetrated, but were trapped within. Hence, tethered mucins organized as a space-filling glycocalyx function as a selective barrier for the PCL, broadening their role in innate lung defense and offering new molecular targets for conventional and gene therapies.
The role of O and Cl adsorbates on the secondary emission properties of tungsten

Abstract Absolute probabilities for generating secondary electrons and negative ions have been measured as a function of adsorbate coverage and impact energy for 50–500 eV Na + incident upon a tungsten surface. Adsorbate coverage ranges from none up to a monolayer or more of oxygen or chlorine. Kinetic energy distributions of the emitted anions and secondary electrons have also been measured, and the identity of the anions has been determined. The presence of an adsorbate is observed to significantly enhance secondary emission of electrons and anions for both adsorbates. The dependence of the emission probability on Na + impact energy differs markedly for the two adsorbates. The results are discussed in terms of a model in which a molecular anion residing on the surface is collisionally excited, its subsequent decay giving rise to both negative ion and electron emission into the vacuum.
Improved preparation of 9-octadecenes

cis- andtrans-9-Octadecenes have been obtained in about 55–60% yield on a preparative scale by an improved procedure from commercially pure oleyl alcohol (90–95%) and elaidyl alcohol, respectively, by conversion to the tosylates followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). The improvement consists in using saturated sodium chloride solution to coagulate the slimy, intractable, insoluble salts obtained after the LAH reduction and destruction of excess LAH with water, prior to ether extraction of the crude hydrocarbons. Total time required for the preparation is about three days.
Sub-Saharan Rainfall in the Years 1976–80: Evidence of Continued Drought

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of sub-Saharan rainfall for the years 1976–80. Rainfall is represented by a standardized annual departure calculated as the ratio of the annual departure to the standard departure. The departures for each of the five years are calculated for four semi-arid sub-Saharan zones and compared with values for the period 1901–75. Departures for regional subdivisions and individual stations are also derived. The analysis clearly shows that drought persisted in the region until at least 1980. The question of possible biogeophysical feedback acting to prolong the dry episode is addressed.
“I just wanted to tell you that loperamide WILL WORK”: A Web-Based Study of Extra-Medical Use of Loperamide

Aims Many websites provide a means for individuals to share their experiences and knowledge about different drugs. Such User-Generated Content (UGC) can be a rich data source to study emerging drug use practices and trends. This study examined UGC on extra-medical use of loperamide among illicit opioid users.
Improved patchy solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations

We test a new patch type for the patchy approximate solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, and we see an improvement in the worst relative error on a nonlinear test problem.
The Development and Field Test of an Instrument for Client-Based Principal Formative Evaluation

Within the last ten years, there has been a resurgence of public concern about the effectiveness of schools and a renewed appreciation of the important roles principals play in the educational process. This attention has been matched by research on principals' behavior (see Boyon, 1988, for a comprehensive review), school effectiveness (see Levine and Lezotte, 1990), and popular work outside of education focusing on leadership and organizational excellence in general (Peters & Waterman, 1982; Peters & Austin, 1985). Concurrent with this interest in describing characteristics of effective schools, there has been an increased interest in teacher and, more recently, administrator evaluation. For instance, between 1974 and 1984, the number of states that have mandated formal evaluation of administrators has increased from 9 to 27. Similarly, the number of school systems reporting that formal evaluation procedures exist within their districts has increased from 39.5 percent in 1968 to 85.9 percent in 1984 (ERS, 1985). Unfortunately, although the frequency of administrative evaluations has increased markedly, the quality of the assessments does not appear to have substantially improved. Indeed, some (Bolton, 1980) have observed that all too often typical administrative evaluation can be viewed as a process in which an evaluator checks factors on a rating scale whose categories are usually a conglomeration of criterion-and-norm-referenced items, which are not necessarily based on hard data and do not provide much helpful guidance for improvement efforts. In addition, Bolton points out that the behaviors or characteristics typically used as criteria are seldom well defined and often trivial in nature. Thus, although there seems to be a substantial body of knowledge regarding effective administrative practice (see Manasse, 1985), the information does not seem to be well incorporated into existing instruments. A second problem with administrator evaluation systems is their typical reliance on the superordinate as the sole source of input. For example, in an Educational