cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustical transmission-line model of the middle-ear cavities and mastoid air cells

An acoustical transmission line model of the middle-ear cavities and mastoid air cell system (MACS) was constructed for the adult human middle ear with normal function. The air-filled cavities comprised the tympanic cavity, aditus, antrum, and MACS. A binary symmetrical airway branching model of the MACS was constructed using an optimization procedure to match the average total volume and surface area of human temporal bones. The acoustical input impedance of the MACS was calculated using a recursive procedure, and used to predict the input impedance of the middle-ear cavities at the location of the tympanic membrane. The model also calculated the ratio of the acoustical pressure in the antrum to the pressure in the middle-ear cavities at the location of the tympanic membrane. The predicted responses were sensitive to the magnitude of the viscothermal losses within the MACS. These predicted input impedance and pressure ratio functions explained the presence of multiple resonances reported in published data, which were not explained by existing MACS models.
Age-dependent dose response to gentamicin

Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured 30 minutes after 140 intravenous doses in 60 children and nine adults with normal renal function. Distinct interpatient variation was observed but individual patients tended to have similar pharmacokinetics with repeated doses. Age had a significant effect in that mean peak serum concentrations were 1.58 μg/ml per 1 mg/kg dose in children between 6 months and 5 years, 2.03 μg/ml per 1 mg/kg in those between 5 and 10, and 2.86 μg/ml per 1 mg/kg in children 10 to 15 years of age. The mean calculated single dose of gentamicin necessary to achieve a peak serum concentration between 4 and 5 μg/ml is 2.5 mg/kg for ages 0.5 to 5 years, 2.0 mg/kg for ages 5 to 10 years, and 1.5 mg/kg for individuals over 10 years of age.
Design of a physical security perimeter fencing system

Design of a physical security perimeter fencing system requires that security designers provide effective detection, delay, and response functionalities with minimal nuisance alarms. In addition, the designers must take into considerations the security fence system life cycle cost (equipment and grounds maintenance), complexity of the terrain, safety, and environmental conditions (location of where the security fence will be installed). Often, these factors drive the security designers to design a perimeter intrusion detection and assessment system (PIDAS) that includes: 1) larger than desired footprint, 2) one or more animal control fences to minimize the nuisance alarm rate (NAR), and 3) clear zones and an isolation zone to facilitate intrusion detection and assessment by keeping the fence lines clear of vegetation, trash, and other objects that could impede the security system's performance. This paper presents a two-tier PIDAS design that focuses on effective performance specifically in high probability of detection and low NAR that minimizes cost and the footprint of the system.
Nicotine-induced inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje neurons: specific actions of nicotine and selective blockade by mecamylamine.

Abstract The specificity and pharmacological characteristics of the effects of local administration of nicotine on cerebellar Purkinje cells in the rat were examined electrophysiologically. Local application of nicotine, whether by pressure-ejection or by iontophoresis, depressed the spontaneous discharge of Purkinje neurons in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. This action could not be mimicked by local application of vehicle alone. The inhibitory effects of (−)-nicotine were several-fold more potent than that of the (+)-enantiomer. Systemic administration of the ganglion blocker mecamylamine reliably and reproducibly antagonized the nicotine-induced inhibitions of Purkinje cells whereas nicotine-induced excitation of interneurons was not altered. Local pressure-ejection of mecamylamine also antagonized the inhibitory actions of nicotine, administered by iontophoresis. Since the central effects of nicotine on behavior are stereospecific and sensitive to mecamylamine, the data in this study further support the hypothesis that the actions of nicotine on Purkinje neurons are mediated by ganglionic-like receptors. These findings also suggest that the Purkinje cell may serve as a good cellular model for studies on central pharmacology of nicotine.
Sixteen months of field experience on the Coalinga pilot plant

Abstract The production rate in the Coalinga plant averaged 4300 gallons per day (gpd) to December 31, 1965, and 5,000 gpd (50° recovery) in the first nine months of 1966, with a salt content during the 16 months period of 200–350 ppm. The plant has been on stream 98 1 2 percent of the time, a record primarily attributable to the dependability of the tubular assemblies and the ready replaceability of any assembly, without disturbing neighboring assemblies, and without complete plant shutdown. In 1965, several steep declines in production rate occurred due to deposition of ferric hydroxide, probably produced in situ on the surface of the membrane by the reaction of ferrous ion with dissolved oxygen. Starting in November 1965, continuous feed brine dosing with sodium sulfite eliminated dissolved oxygen and arrested steep production declines. In July 1966 a different antifouling method was initiated. Since then the membrane tubes have been scrubbed in-place every 3–4 days by passing a foam ball through the array. For membranes so cleaned, a desalinized water flux rate of small amplitude can be maintained subsequent to any initial decline from this range due to membrane substructure compaction. After sixteen months of plant operation, a majority of the tubes had accumulated at least nine months adequate service, and twelve tubes had accumulated about 14 months. Experience with this plant seems to indicate that acid pretreatment of natural brines, which has been recommended by other investigators, may not be necessary to obtain adequate membrane life, which is conservatively estimated at one year.
Recognizing articulated objects and object articulation in SAR images

The focus of this paper is recognizing articulated objects and the pose of the articulated parts in SAR images. Using SAR scattering center locations as features, the invariance with articulation (i.e. turret rotation for the T72, T80 and M1a tanks, missile erect vs. down for the SCUD launcher) is shown as a function of object azimuth. Similar data is shown for configuration differences in the MSTAR (Public) Targets. The UCR model-based recognition engine (which uses non- articulated models to recognize articulated, occluded and non-standard configuration objects) is described and target identification performance results are given as confusion matrices and ROC curves for six inch and one foot resolution XPATCH images and the one foot resolution MSTAR data. Separate body and turret models are developed that are independent of the relative positions between the body and the turret. These models are used with a subsequent matching technique to refine the pose of the body and determine the pose of the turret. An expression of the probability that a random match will occur is derived and this function is used to set thresholds to minimize the probability of a random match for the recognition system. Results for identification, body pose and turret pose are presented as a function of percent occlusion for articulated XPATCH data and results are given for identification and body pose for articulated MSTAR data.
Constancy of ERp29 expression in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells in the Ccl2/Cx3cr1 deficient mouse model of age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: Given the critical role of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the pathogenesis of age-related macular generation (AMD) and the links drawn between chaperone proteins and neurodegenerative disease, we aimed to culture RPE from the Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mouse model of AMD and evaluate expression of chaperone protein ERp29. Materials and Methods: Murine RPE cells were surgically and chemically isolated and cultured. ERp29 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Results: Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− RPE was successfully isolated and cultured. They presented a decreased but statistically insignificant difference in ERp29 transcript and protein expression compared to C57B6/L wild type mouse RPE. Conclusions: The effective murine RPE culture described here enables future investigation into RPE biology and AMD pathogenesis. Although we found a decrease in ERp29 expression in the Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− RPE, the difference was less than we previously observe...
Genetic control of prophage insertion specificity in bacteriophages λ and 21

Abstract The related temperate phages, λ and 21, were crossed and ten different classes of recombinants for selected markers were isolated. As prophage, λ is inserted into a locus on the bacterial chromosome near gal and 21 into a locus near try . Within each class of 21-λ recombinants the segregation of insertion specificity was determined by means of an F′ factor which carries att λ but not att21 . In this way the gene(s) controlling insertion specificity were found to map between h and cIII .
The Present Challenges to ASPA as an Association That Promotes Public Professionalism

What is ASPA's place among core public professional organizations as well as public official associations? All public organizations are affected by tough competition for membership. Relatively few members of other public associations join ASPA, and vice versa. Only a minority of faculty members who teach in public affairs programs belong to ASPA, and at top schools, the proportion is even lower. When comparing ASPA to other public official associations, it is smaller in size and broader in scope, yet it remains a uniquely pan-generalist organization. Its pan-generalist character puts it at a disadvantage, but also offers distinct advantages. Like all public associations and nonprofits, ASPA faces stiff competition from increasingly specialized associations for membership. Its key future challenge, the authors suggest, will be to match its membership benefits effectively to the rapidly shifting expectations and needs of current and prospective members.
An idea whose time has not come: comparable worth and the market salary problem

This article analyzes the most recent decision by a U.S. court to reject implementing the doctrine of comparable worth under the disparate impact approach to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The case involved an employer that based compensation for employees upon competitive market rates. The disparate impact model would appear on the surface to be the appropriate vehicle to address wage inequalities that result from a market rate system, since market rates would seem to qualify as a facially neutral employer policy which has a discriminatory impact. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, however, found the model was inappropriate to challenge wide-ranging general compensation policies and particularly the practice of basing compensation for employees upon the competitive market.
Circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization of the immunodominant epitope

The gene encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax has been cloned. The deduced sequence of the protein consists of 373 amino acids with a central region of 19 tandem repeats of the nonapeptide Asp-Arg-Ala-Asp/Ala-Gly-Gln-Pro-Ala-Gly. A synthetic 18-amino acid peptide containing two tandem repeats binds to a monoclonal antibody directed to the CS protein of Plasmodium vivax and inhibits the interaction of this antibody with the native protein in sporozoite extracts. The portions of the CS gene that do not contain repeats are closely related to the corresponding regions of the CS genes of two simian malarias, Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi. In contrast, the homology between the CS genes of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, another malaria parasite of humans, is very limited.
Submucosal Calculi: Endoscopic and Intraluminal Sonographic Diagnosis and Treatment Options

AbstractAfter shock wave lithotripsy and endoscopic lithotripsy, occasionally a patient has persistent ureteral fragments associated with ureteral obstruction. After lithotripsy, stone fragments may be embedded in the ureteral mucosa, and they may become completely submucosal and associated with obstruction. Others may be hidden in iatrogenic ureteral outpouchings, while still others may be extruded from the ureter entirely. We present 20 patients who were referred after previous treatment failed to clear fragments or who had residual obstruction. The majority of patients had failed endoscopic fragment retrieval or shock wave lithotripsy and were referred with ureteral obstruction.All patients were reevaluated by repeated upper tract endoscopy with small diameter endoscopes. As an adjunct to ureteral endoscopy, a 6F, 20 MHz. ultrasound probe was placed transureterally to determine the depth and location of stones. A total of 15 patients in this series had hyperechoic foci with shadowing consistent with su...
A study of the human immune response to Lolium perenne (Rye) pollen and its components, Lol p I and Lol p II (Rye I and Rye II): I. Prevalence of reactivity to the allergens and correlations among skin test, IgE antibody, and IgG antibody data

In a stratified random sample of 320 white adults, the prevalence of puncture skin test positivity (ST +) to Lolium perenne (rye grass)-pollen extract (LPE) was 16%. Fifteen percent of all subjects (or 84% of subjects classified LPE IgE antibody positive [Ab +]) was classified IgE Ab + to highly purified Lol p I (Rye I), and 4% of all subjects (or 26% of subjects classified LPE IgE Ab +) was classified IgE Ab + to highly purified Lol p II (Rye II). These data and similar results obtained in an allergy-enriched group of 361 subjects are consistent with previous studies that Lol I is a major allergen and Lol II is a minor allergen of LPE. Whether we studied LPE, Lol I, or Lol II, responder subjects were younger than nonresponder subjects and more male than female subjects were responders. We then investigated the quantitative interrelationships among ST, IgE, and IgG Ab responsiveness to LPE, Lol I, and Lol II in the allergy-enriched group. For each allergen, log-log correlations were strong and significant for ST versus IgE Ab and for IgE Ab versus IgG Ab. All subjects IgE Ab + to Lol I or Lol II were IgG Ab + to that allergen, supporting other evidence for a commonality in the genetic control influencing the production of IgE and IgG Abs to a given allergen. Log-log correlations among ST end points, IgE Ab levels, or IgG Ab levels were strong for LPE versus either Lol I or Lol II but weak between Lol I and Lol II, consistent with the reported lack of cross-reactivity between Lol I and Lol II. Despite these findings, almost all Lol II + subjects were Lol I + by ST (98%), IgE Ab (91%), and IgG Ab (83%), suggesting that the Ia-restricted immune recognition of both these molecules is at least in part under a common genetic control.
Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation of polymeric materials: a molecular dynamics study

Abstract Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) has been recently developed to deposit high-quality thin films for a wide range of polymeric materials. To analyze the evaporation of polymer molecules in MAPLE, we present a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of laser ablation where the target material is modeled as a solution of polymer molecules in a molecular matrix. The breathing sphere model is used for MD simulations of laser ablation of the molecular matrix. Polymer molecules are described using a bead-spring model, where each bead represents one or several polymer groups. The initial stage of polymer ejection is investigated at different laser fluences and pulse durations. The influence of polymer molecules on the stability of clusters formed in the plume and the processes that can lead to polymer decomposition are discussed.
Riddled behavior of certain synchronized systems

Abstract It is possible for a nonlinear dissipative system (the follower) to have a trajectory in phase space synchronized to that of another identical system (the driver) by means of coupling to the former rom the latter. This synchronization can remain unaffected in the presence of so-called neutral feedback (coupling from the follower back to the driver such that the synchronized trajectories are unchanged). If the strength of the neutral feedback exceeds a critical size, there is a bifurcation and the synchronized trajectories become unstable. In the immediate vicinity of this critical strength, there can be complete uncertainly, for given initialsconditions, as to whether or not synchronization occurs. Any two neighboring sets of initial conditions, no matter how close, may lead to differing results. This is an example of what is called riddled behavior, and the bifurcation is precursive.
A Monte Carlo Evaluation of Tests for Comparing Dependent Correlations

The authors conducted a Monte Carlo simulation of 8 statistical tests for comparing dependent zero-order correlations. In particular, they evaluated the Type I error rates and power of a number of test statistics for sample sizes (Ns) of 20, 50, 100, and 300 under 3 different population distributions (normal, uniform, and exponential). For the Type I error rate analyses, the authors evaluated 3 different magnitudes of the predictor-criterion correlations (rho(y,x1) = rho(y,x2) = .1, .4, and .7). For the power analyses, they examined 3 different effect sizes or magnitudes of discrepancy between rho(y,x1) and rho(y,x2) (values of .1, .3, and .6). They conducted all of the simulations at 3 different levels of predictor intercorrelation (rho(x1,x2) = .1, .3, and .6). The results indicated that both Type I error rate and power depend not only on sample size and population distribution, but also on (a) the predictor intercorrelation and (b) the effect size (for power) or the magnitude of the predictor-criterion correlations (for Type I error rate). When the authors considered Type I error rate and power simultaneously, the findings suggested that O. J. Dunn and V. A. Clark's (1969) z and E. J. Williams's (1959) t have the best overall statistical properties. The findings extend and refine previous simulation research and as such, should have greater utility for applied researchers.
Development of an in vitro test system with human skin cells for evaluation of phototoxicity

Photosensitizing compounds may cause severe skin reactions after appropriate light exposure. On the cellular level this cutaneous in vivo response can be demonstrated by an in vitro model system with adequate target cells of human skin. Normal keratinocytes and fibroblasts were used to establish a predictive assay for phototoxic compounds. To develop a sensitive, specific and easy-to-handle screening system we determined different viability and proliferation parameters, like neutral red (NR) uptake, MTT-reduction, kenacid blue (KB) test, [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and a fluorometric assay in response to UVA light after treatment with different classes of compounds. These experiments resulted in the selection of a final test pattern, which we used to screen 26 substances of different phototoxic potential in vivo. We found a qualitative correlation between the phototoxic response in vitro and phototoxicity reported in different test systems in vivo.
Active dendrites: colorful wings of the mysterious butterflies.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal had referred to neurons as the 'mysterious butterflies of the soul.' Wings of these butterflies--their dendrites--were traditionally considered as passive integrators of synaptic information. Owing to a growing body of experimental evidence, it is now widely accepted that these wings are colorful, endowed with a plethora of active conductances, with each family of these butterflies made of distinct hues and shades. Furthermore, rapidly evolving recent literature also provides direct and indirect demonstrations for activity-dependent plasticity of these active conductances, pointing toward chameleonic adaptability in these hues. These experimental findings firmly establish the immense computational power of a single neuron, and thus constitute a turning point toward the understanding of various aspects of neuronal information processing. In this brief historical perspective, we track important milestones in the chameleonic transmogrification of these mysterious butterflies.
Effects of steroids and steroid synthesis inhibitors on fecundity ofSchistosoma mansoni in vitro

In vitro egg production bySchistosoma mansoni was examined following a 72-hr incubation period in the presence of various steroids, steroid precursors, or steroid synthesis inhibitors. Mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, significantly decreased egg production at 10−6 M. However, neither cholesterol (at 10−5 M) nor any of its hydroxylated derivatives (at 10−4 M) affectedS. mansoni fecundity. Dianisidine, an inhibitor of cholesterol metabolism to hormonal products, was also ineffective in influencing egg production. The steroid hormones progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate, all significantly decreased egg production; however, parasite muscle tension was also significantly reduced by the concentrations of these steroids needed to produce an effect on egg laying. Various androgenic hormones (androsterone, androstenedione, testosterone) and estrogenic hormones (17β-estradiol and estrone) demonstrated no effect on in vitro egg production. Significant elevation in the rate of parasite oviposition was seen in the presence of the corticosteroid prednisolone (at 10−5 M), but not by dexamethasone, a corticosteroid analog.
Effect of a remote ligand substituent on premature β-H elimination in a cobaloxime-mediated radical alkyl-alkenyl cross coupling

Abstract The dpgH (diphenylglyoxime monoanion) ligand suppresses premature β-H elimination compared to the standard cobaloxime ligand dmgH (dimethylglyoxime monoanion).
Stage-specific inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by 1α-hydroxyvitamin D5

Abstract Active metabolites of vitamin D are well recognised as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. However, they are toxic at effective concentrations. Earlier, we reported that a non-toxic analogue of vitamin D, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D5(1α(OH)D5), inhibited carcinogen-induced mammary lesion formation in mouse mammary organ cultures (MMOC) and in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. In the present study, we determined if 1α (OH)D5 action is selective during the initiation or promotion phases in MMOC and in vivo. In MMOC, 1 μM 1α (OH)D5 suppressed both ovarian hormone-dependent and -independent mammary lesions by more than 60%. Inhibition of alveolar lesions was observed only during the promotion stage (p = 0.0016). In a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis experiment, 1α (OH)D5 (40 μg/kg diet) inhibited cancer incidence by 37.5% (p
Sleep, Breathing, and Cephalometrics in Older Children and Young Adults: Part I—Normative Values

Study objectives Aims were (1) to provide normative values for sleep and sleep-related breathing variables and physical features (cephalometrics, body mass index [BMI], and tonsillar size) in older children/adolescents and young adults, (2) to describe sex and age group differences, and (3) to evaluate relationships between physical features and sleep-related breathing variables. Design Standard polysomnographic variables describing sleep and breathing were measured during a single night. Cephalometric measures were obtained from a standing lateral skull radiograph. Subjects Normal, healthy boys (n=23; mean age= 13.3 ± 2.1 years), girls (n=22; mean age=13.8 ± 1.8 years), men (n=23; mean age=22.2 ± 1.5 years), and women (n=24; mean age=22.4 ± 1.8 years) with BMI less than 27 were evaluated. Results Sleep variables showed age group and sex differences consistent with published norms. Slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) latency declined with age; transient arousals increased with age. Sleep-related breathing variables showed few changes related to age group or sex: small but statistically significant sex differences were found for arterial oxygen saturation nadir (lower in male subjects) and respiration disturbance index in non-REM sleep (greater in male subjects). Differences in cephalometric measures largely reflected normal growth and expected sex differences. No significant relationships between sleep-related breathing variables and physical findings were observed. Conclusions These data provide well-controlled normative values for sleep, breathing, and cephalometrics in a group of normal older children, adolescents, and young adults. The data provide useful reference points for patients of these ages in whom sleep apnea is suspected, particularly since such clinical studies are normally based on first-night polysomnography. Furthermore, these values represent developmentally appropriate grouping of the data.
Testing of Elevator Buffers by Electrical Means

The curves of figure 5 are typical of those obtainable by the electrical apparatus described. Inasmuch as the oil-pressure indicator was connected to the bottom of the buffer cylinder, there was a short time interval between the instant of maximum pressure as shown on the pressure gauge and the maximum deceleration. This time interval is that required for the high-pressure wave to travel through the oil from the piston to the gauge. This difference in time demonstrates the elasticity of the light transformer oil used. The accuracy of this method is satisfactory for all existing test codes.
CO disproportionation on Ni-based catalysts

Ni/SiO2 exhibits higher activity for CO dissociation than coprecipitated Na−Mn−Ni, which is a higher oxygenate synthesis catalyst at 303 K, while Na−Mn−Ni exhibited higher CO dissociation activities at 673 K.
Doctoral Preparation of Scientifically Based Education Researchers

Finding improved ways to train education researchers has taken on new urgency as federal legislation such as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 call for “scientifically based research in education.” The authors of this article suggest an approach to socializing doctoral students to a common “culture of science” (a set of norms for scientific inquiry) and preparing them for interdisciplinary studies that span the natural and social sciences. Drawing on developments in the fields of neuroscience, sociology of natural science, and the learning sciences, the authors argue for an approach to doctoral training that is consistent with a broad definition of scientifically based research.
Neutron-proton mass difference in nuclei and the Okamoto-Nolen-Schiffer anomaly ly.

Models that are successful in hadronic spectroscopy, viz., the nonrelativistic quark model, bag models, and QCD sum rules, are used to shed light on the Okamoto-Nolen-Schiffer anomaly in nuclear physics.
Visible, near-infrared, and ultraviolet laser-excited Raman spectroscopy of the monocytes/macrophages (U937) cells

Raman spectra of the monocytes were recorded with laser excitation at 532, 785, 830, and 244 nm. The measurements of the Raman spectra of monocytes excited with visible, near-infrared (NIR), and ultraviolet (UV) lasers lad to the following conclusions. (1) The Raman peak pattern of the monocytes can be easily distinguished from those of HeLa and yeast cells; (2) Positions of the Raman peaks of the dried cell are in coincidence with those of the monocytes in a culture cell media. However, the relative intensities of the peaks are changed: the peak centered around 1045 cm−1 is strongly intensified. (3) Raman spectra of the dead monocytes are similar to those of living cells with only one exception: the Raman peak centered around 1004 cm−1 associated with breathing mode of phenylalanine is strongly intensified. The Raman spectra of monocytes excited with 244-nm UV laser were measured on cells in a cell culture medium. A peak centered at 1485 cm−1 dominates the UV Raman spectra of monocytes. The ratio I1574/I1613 for monocytes is found to be around 0.71. This number reflects the ratio between proteins and DNA content inside a cell and it is found to be twice as high as that of E. coli and 5 times as high as that of gram-positive bacteria. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of methionine-enkephalin and morphine on spontaneous locomotor activity: Antagonism by naloxone

Abstract Methionine-enkephalin (MEK), a postulated endogenous ligand for the opiate receptors, when administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in a dose of 1.75 μmoles/kg) of morphine sulfate had no effect on motor activity. Higher doses (7.0 μmoles/kg) of both MEK and morphine produced profound depression in motor activity; the decrease was significant from 6 to 30 min after their administration. Subcutaneous administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg) did not alter the motor activity. However, administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg) 2 min prior to MEK (7.0 μmole//kg) administration completely blocked the effect of the latter for 15 min while antagonizing the effect of 7.0 μmoles/kg of morphine for 10 min. At 30 min after 7.0 μmoles/kg of either MEK or morphine administration, the motor activity in these groups was identical with that of the naloxone treated group. Methionine-enkephalin in doses of 0.2 and 0.4 μmole/kg had no effect on motor activity for 1 hr observation period. A significant increase in motor activity was recorded 45 and 60 min after 0.2 μmole/kg of morphine sulfate, whereas 0.4 μmole/kg dose of morphine showed significant increase in motor activity only at 60 min after its administration. Furthermore, 0.2 μmole/kg of morphine produced a greater increase in motor activity compared with 0.4 μmole/kg dose at 45 and 60 min after administration. It is concluded that morphine and MEK produce differential effects on mouse spontaneous motor activity with respect to time and dose and that naloxone can inhibit the effects of MEK more effectively than that of morphine on motor activity.
Toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium for rat dopaminergic neurons in culture: selectivity and irreversibility.

Cultures of dissociated embryonic rat mesencephalic cells were exposed to 10 microM 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a concentration shown earlier to result in loss of greater than 85% of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons without affecting the total number of cells observed by phase-contrast microscopy. To characterize better the selectivity of the toxic action of MPP+, other parameters were measured reflecting survival and function of dopaminergic or nondopaminergic neurons. Exposure of cultures to 10 microM MPP+ for 48 h reduced TH activity to 11% of control values without reducing protein levels. [3H]Dopamine uptake was reduced to less than 4% of control values, whereas the uptake of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) was not affected in these cultures. This same treatment failed to reduce the number of cholinergic cells visualized in septal cultures and did not affect either choline acetyltransferase activity or high-affinity choline uptake. To assess for possible recovery of dopaminergic neurons, cultures were exposed to 10, 1.0, or 0.1 microM MPP+ for 48 h and then kept for up to 6 days in MPP(+)-free medium. After exposure to 10 microM MPP+, the number of TH-positive neurons, their neurite density, TH activity, and [3H]dopamine uptake remained at constant, reduced levels throughout the period of observation after termination of exposure, whereas GABA uptake remained normal. Treatment with lower concentrations of MPP+, i.e., 1.0 and 0.1 microM, induced less pronounced dopaminergic toxic effects. However, no recovery was seen after posttreatment incubation in toxin-free medium. These findings provide evidence that MPP+ treatment results in highly selective and irreversible toxicity for cultured dopaminergic neurons.
Comparison of Role Demands, Relationships, and Child Functioning in Single-Mother, Single-Father, and Intact Families

Abstract Numerous studies have examined the impact of divorce on parents and children, but most of these studies have been restricted to single-mother families. This study compared differences in role demands, relationships, and child functioning using the responses of parents and children in 30 single-mother, 30 single-father, and 30 intact families. Single fathers had better resources than single mothers, more positive parenting than married fathers, and relied more on friends than the married parents. Single mothers had less education, less prestigious jobs, lower incomes, and more economic strain than the other parents. They also had fewer social resources and more difficulty than married parents with the parenting role. Despite these disadvantages of single mother families, children in these families were no different than children in other families on most measures of well-being. The only problem that was identified in the functioning of children from single-parent families was with their behavior. ...
Metabolism of a burrowing polychaete: Precaution needed when measuring toxic effects☆

Abstract The technique of direct calorimetry has been used to monitor the metabolic activity of the polychaete, Neanthes virens, an organism commonly used for testing the toxic effects of chemicals in the marine environment. In these tests Neanthes showed unpredictable alternating periods of hyperactivity and rest when deprived of sediment. If used in this abnormal state for toxicity tests, the results would represent the effects of the chemicals on abnormal organisms and may not, therefore, be realistic information for judging the chemical's harmful effects on it and other species in nature. In toxicity tests with heavy metals that have been reported in the scientific literature, the shorter survival time of test organisms without sediment, as compared to those in sediment, was probably the result of the abnormally high metabolic rates of the former group.
Parametric analysis of the errors associated with the Michaelis–Menten equation

Based on the well-known mechanism describing Michaelis–Menten kinetics, three rate expressions may be developed: the exact solution (Model 1), a rate equation resulting from the pseudo-steady-state assumption (Model 2), and Model 2 with the additional assumption that the amount of free substrate is approximately equal to the total amount of substrate (Model 3). Although Model 1 is the most precise, it must be integrated numerically and it requires three experimentally determined parameters. Models 2 and 3, however, are simpler and require only two parameters. Using dimensionless forms of the three models, we have evaluated the errors in the two simplified models relative to the exact solution using a wide range of parameter values. The choice of model for reactor design depends on the initial substrate to enzyme ratio (α0), and on the ratio of the Michaelis–Menten constant to the enzyme concentration (σ). Based on a 2% model error criteria, when α0 > 15 or σ ≥ 100, Model 3 is adequate; if 5 < α0 < 15, or if σ ≥ 10, then Model 2 may be used; and if α0 < 5 and σ < 10, then the exact solution (Model 1) is required.
How Much Should Highway Fuels Be Taxed

This paper provides an updated assessment of economically efficient taxes on gasoline (used by light-duty vehicles) and diesel (used by heavy-duty trucks) to address various highway externalities in the United States. The (second-best) corrective fuel taxes are estimated, and we discuss the implications of fuel economy regulations and prospective (nationwide) controls on carbon emissions. We also examine how optimal fuel taxes depend on how they interact with the broader fiscal system. Our baseline estimates of the corrective taxes on gasoline and diesel are $1.23 and $1.15 per gallon, respectively. However, optimal fuel taxes can be substantially higher if extra revenues are used to reduce distortionary income taxes, or substantially lower if revenues are not used to enhance economic efficiency.
ESL Student Bias in Instructional Evaluation

This paper reports on a statistical analysis of ESL student evaluations of teachers in two large ESL programs. Evaluation responses were collected along with information on students' cultural and personal backgrounds. Results indicated that systematic bias occurs in ESL student evaluations due to ethnic background, level of English, course content, and attitude toward the course. Another finding was a student perception of subgroups among the evaluation questions, implying that not all questions should be counted equally. These results raise issues of fairness in the use of student evaluations of ESL teachers for purposes of personnel decisions.
Fatigability, relaxation properties, and electromyographic responses of the human paralyzed soleus muscle

1. The goal of this study was to characterize the fatigability, contractile relaxation properties, electrophysiological responses, and histochemical properties of the human paralyzed soleus muscle to determine its relative plasticity. 2. Acute ( 1 yr, n = 10) paralyzed individuals had the tibial nerve activated with a 20-Hz square wave delivered for 330 ms every second for 4 min. The soleus muscle peak torque, one-half relaxation time (1/2RT), normalized maximum rate of relaxation (nMRR), and mass muscle action-potential amplitude (M wave) were computed every 30 s. A soleus muscle biopsy was evaluated for myosin adenosine triphosphatase enzyme (ATPase; pH 9.4, 4.6, and 4.2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR). 3. In the chronically paralyzed group the torque was significantly reduced within 30 s of the fatigue protocol. The 1/2RT and nMRR were also significantly changed within 30 s, supporting that muscle relaxation was prolonged. No significant changes were present at comparable times during the same 4-min fatigue protocol applied to the acutely paralyzed soleus muscle. M-wave amplitude was significantly reduced in the chronic group, but only at 3 min of the fatigue protocol. Conversely, no significant changes occurred to the M waves of the acute group. 4. The correlation was high between torque and nMRR (r = 0.88-0.97) and torque and 1/2RT (r = 0.88-0.96) for each chronic subject. A close association was also found between 1/2RT and nMRR (r = 0.88-0.92) for each chronic subject. Because these variables changed minimally in the acutely paralyzed group, a lower correlation was present (r = 0.45-0.52). 5. Torque was weakly correlated to M-wave amplitude (r = 0.55) for the chronically paralyzed group. The greatest change in torque occurred at a time (0-65 s) when the least amount of change occurred in the M-wave amplitude, suggesting that the source of fatigue was within the contractile mechanism and not attributable to neuromuscular transmission compromise. 6. Despite a close association between torque and relaxation properties during fatigue of the chronically paralyzed soleus muscle, there was a significant dissociation after 5 min of recovery. Torque recovered to 60%, whereas the relaxation properties were consistently fully recovered. This suggests that the mechanism causing torque reduction covaried with the mechanism leading to prolonged relaxation during fatigue, but during recovery the two mechanisms no longer covaried. M-wave amplitude was also completely recovered at 5 min despite continued torque depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A six-band reflectarray antenna

This paper presents a reflectarray configuration which supports the operation of six frequency bands. The proposed reflectarray has two substrate layers and each layer accommodates array elements of three frequency bands. Reflection phase curves of the array elements of different frequency bands are simulated. Interactions among elements are also explored.
Inducing Domain-Specific Semantic Class Taggers from (Almost) Nothing

This research explores the idea of inducing domain-specific semantic class taggers using only a domain-specific text collection and seed words. The learning process begins by inducing a classifier that only has access to contextual features, forcing it to generalize beyond the seeds. The contextual classifier then labels new instances, to expand and diversify the training set. Next, a cross-category bootstrapping process simultaneously trains a suite of classifiers for multiple semantic classes. The positive instances for one class are used as negative instances for the others in an iterative bootstrapping cycle. We also explore a one-semantic-class-per-discourse heuristic, and use the classifiers to dynamically create semantic features. We evaluate our approach by inducing six semantic taggers from a collection of veterinary medicine message board posts.
Adaptive Output Feedback Force Control of a Cantilever Beam Using a Piezoelectric Actuator

In this paper, we treat the question of force control and stabilization of a flexible beam using a piezoceramic actuator using only output feedback. It is assumed that there are unstructured model uncertainties, including the beam parameters, the contact surface stiffness, and the number of vibration modes in the model, and only force measurement is used for the contact force control. The controller has the structure of an inverse (a feedback linearizing) control system. In order to compensate for the unknown function in the inverse control law arising from the uncertainties in the model, its estimate is constructed by a high-gain observer. Simulation results are presented which show robust force trajectory control and stabilization in the closed-loop system in the presence of unstructured uncertainties. Furthermore, it is observed that stability and trajectory tracking are preserved in the presence of measurement noise.
The Nature of the Dairy Enterprise

The past half-century has been the Golden Era of the da i ry industry. Dairying is so big that the amount of money involved, the number of people who depend upon it for a living, and the extent of the service that it gives are hard to comprehend. Dairying has t ruly become a business giant that exe r t s a g r e a t influence upon the economic, nutritional, and p o l i t i c a l we l f a r e of peop le a l l over the world. The dairy industry of the United States sells more than five b i l l ion dollars worth of products annually (9). This involves more than 8,000 dairy plants, employing approximately 225,000 peop le , who a re p a i d J. J. Sheuring more than $300,000,000 annually in salaries (9). Dairy plants spend more than four billion dollars each year for milk, materials, fuel, electricity, equipment, and supplies (9). At least 6,500 equipment manufacturers and jobbers sell more than $450,000,000 worth of their products to the dai ry industry each year (3). More than 200,000 trucks are needed to move milk from the farm to the plant and thence to the consumer (2). The dairy enterprise includes the production, procurement, processing, storage, and distribution of butter, cheese, concentrated milk products, ice cream, ices, sherbets, plastic cream, and other special products derived from milk. Some dairies also distribute eggs, candy, salad dressing, margarine, and other food products not directly related to milk.
Double onset syllable structure in a speech disordered child

We describe the syllable structures of a 6-year-old child referred with severely unintelligible speech. Whereas in spontaneous connected speech her normal syllable structure had glottal stop in onset and coda positions, in clinician-directed repetitions of syllables she normally used what we term a double onset. The double onset was of three types, and we invoke insights from autosegmental phonology to account for these. We also note how two double onset types reflect the sonority sequencing principle. Finally, we proffer an explanation of the development of double onset syllables in termsof strategies adopted by clinicians to emphasise onset consonants.
Imaging conservation: Sea turtle murals and their effect on community pro-environmental attitudes in Baja California Sur, Mexico

Abstract Public art in Mexico has historically served as a platform for protest and social commentary. The purpose of this action research was to document sea turtle murals throughout Baja California Sur (B.C.S.), Mexico and to better understand the potential relevance of public art as an impetus for fostering pro-environmental attitudes, and the extent to which murals are a useful tool in efforts to protect the marine environment and the recovery of endangered species. Through qualitative research, we conducted 333 surveys and interviews with both adult and student participants in nine B.C.S. communities. Through descriptive narratives of participant responses, and Type I tabulations, we found evidence of outcomes that sea turtle murals may have in relation to respondent environmental attitudes about support for marine protections and the recovery of endangered species of sea turtles. Unexpected results from semi-structured interviews with respondents pointed weakly to the potential for murals in helping to shape pro-environmental behaviors towards the treatment and recovery of endangered sea turtles. The results of this action research may provide useful insights for improving management practices during future efforts to protect and restore marine environments and endangered species. That is, public participation in strategically placed community accessible art, may prove to be a valuable and innovative component of a broader suite of outreach and education initiatives used for bolstering community responsibility and empowerment for conservation of the marine environment.
An accurate current source with on-chip self-calibration circuits for low-voltage current-mode differential drivers

An accurate CMOS current source for current-mode low-voltage differential transmitter drivers has been designed and fabricated. It is composed of binary weighted current mirrors with built-in self-calibration circuits. The proposed self-measurement and calibration circuits can calibrate upon the collective effects of different error contributors due to process, power supply, and temperature variations. The design has been fabricated in standard 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the differential output voltage can be self-calibrated to /spl plusmn/1% accuracy with 16% reference current variation, 60% power supply variation, or 13% load resistance variation, respectively.
Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium

Abstract An analysis of 117 patients with histologic documented Stage 11 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium treated between 1945 and 1974 is presented. The 3-year survival for all patients was 58%. Patients treated with radiation therapy alone (tandem, ovoids and external radiation therapy) had a 29% survival, while patients treated with radiation therapy and surgery had a 70% survival ( p p
Measuring the level of transfer learning by an AP physics problem-solver

Transfer learning is the ability of an agent to apply knowledge learned in previous tasks to new problems or domains. We approach this problem by focusing on model formulation, i.e., how to move from the unruly, broad set of concepts used in everyday life to a concise, formal vocabulary of abstractions that can be used effectively for problem solving. This paper describes how the Companions cognitive architecture uses analogical model formulation to learn to solve AP Physics problems. Our system starts with some basic mathematical skills, a broad common sense ontology, and some qualitative mechanics, but no equations. Our system uses worked solutions to learn how to use equations and modeling assumptions to solve AP Physics problems. We show that this process of analogical model formulation can facilitate learning over a range of types of transfer, in an experiment administered by the Educational Testing Service.