cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case of adrenal lymphangiectatic cyst associated with severe hypertension.

Adrenal lymphangiectatic cyst is a very rare pathological and clinical disease entity, and its clinical silence and lack of characteristic symptoms and signs makes it difficult to diagnose preoperatively. We experienced a case of adrenal lymphangiectatic cyst, accompanied by severe refractory hypertension, which was corrected by surgical removal of the cyst. We reprot it with a review of the literature.
Are Lessons Learned? The Case of a Sex Workers' Project in Madagascar

All over the world prostitution is linked to poverty and the responsibility for aged parents and large families. Women who have little or no education and who lack job skills fall into prostitution because they see no other alternative. Social rehabilitation of sex workers should be the priority of government programs like the one described by Tabibul Islam in Contemporary Women's Issues (Rights-Bangladesh: New Attempt to Rehabilitate Sex Workers, from Global Information Network 1999). In various parts of the world there are NGOs (non-governmental organizations) involved in health developmental issues and the prevention of AIDS, and some are offering rehabilitation programs for sex workers. For example in Bamako, Thailand, India, Haiti, and Viet Nam, some NGOs are educating sex workers about the risks of Sexually Transmiitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS and promoting job programs along with training classes in sewing, cooking and secretarial skills. Others are involved in the development of small busines...
Measuring Corruption in Infrastructure: Evidence from Transition and Developing Countries

Abstract This paper examines what we can say about the extent and impact of corruption in infrastructure using existing evidence. There is evidence that most perceptions measures appear to be very weak proxies for the actual extent of corruption in the infrastructure sector, largely (but inaccurately) measuring petty rather than grand corruption. Survey evidence is more reliable, but limited as a tool for differentiating countries in terms of access to infrastructure finance or appropriate policy models. The paper suggests that a focus on bribe payments as the indicator of the costs of corruption in infrastructure may be misplaced.
Effects of simulated acid rain on germination and early growth of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

Germination percentage of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was reduced by 30% by severe acid-rain treatment (pH 2.0), and seedlings that germinated at pH 2.0 soon died from fungal attack. Less acidic treatments did not affect germination. Two-year-old seedlings of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) planted in native granitic soil and sprayed for 12 weeks with acid (2∶3, sulfuric: nitric) at pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.0, also showed little effects except at pH 2.0. There were no significant differences (atp<0.05) between acid treatments for length and for dry weight of needles that developed during acid treatment. However, at pH 2.0, needles exhibited white acid burns, brown tips, and seedlings became limp and wilted; symptoms worsened with duration of treatment. Both new and old needles eventually died at pH 2.0. Implications of this study are discussed.
Teaching to shift people’s thinking toward peace: the relevance of Colman McCarthy’s work for peacemaking criminology

Peacemaking criminology is often conceived as a theoretical perspective built upon linkages between religious, feminist, and critical traditions. Equally important in peacemaking criminology is its teaching tradition, which promotes educating people about the values of peace, integration, cooperation, and caring over the values of control, repression, power, and domination. Teaching from a peacemaking perspective has generally involved efforts to design crime‐related courses that feature core concepts, readings, and policies within peacemaking criminology writings. However, such peacemaking teaching and writings have not commonly provided a central focus upon what needs to be taught to shift people’s thinking. This article thereby illustrates the work of peace educator Colman McCarthy, whose teaching experiences in high schools and universities are predicated upon influencing teenagers and young adults to embrace the idea that nothing can matter more than the struggle for and embracing of peace. This arti...
Robust assessment of spatial non-stationarity in model associations related to pediatric mortality due to diarrheal disease in Brazil.

Abstract Approximately 1.5 million people, mostly children, die annually due to disease attributed to diarrhea reflecting urgent needs for improved understanding of associations between the disease and potential risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies found spatially varying (non-stationary) disease associations attributable to changing geographic or demographic context. Spatial non-stationarity implies that average relationships from statistical models fitted to the whole study area might be inappropriate since they do not reflect local conditions. Spatial modeling techniques such as geographically weighted regression (GWR) have limitations in providing statistically robust analysis of spatial non-stationarity. Thus, there is a need for development or expansion of modeling techniques to address this issue. Using data for pediatric diarrheal mortality in Brazil in 2000, and different risk factors, we develop an analytical framework to determine regions of similar (stationary) local associations by combining GWR and max-p regionalization. We fit statistical models to these regions, and compare goodness-of-fit and regionally varying coefficients to the national-scale model measures. The proposed framework allows us to examine (a) impact of non-stationarity for regions of different geographic extent with acceptable statistical power, (b) the explanatory power of each risk factor in each region, and (c) if these regions reflect changing data quality or truly existing variations in putative associations.
Observation of Both Jahn−Teller Distorted Forms (b1g and b2g) of the Cyclooctatetraene Anion Radical in a 1,2-Disubstituted System

The anion radical of cyclooctatetraene (COT) must undergo a Jahn−Teller distortion from its ideal D8h symmetry. Both B3LYP/6-31+G* calculations and EPR observation have shown that the COT moiety in the anion radical of 1,2-dicarbo-tert-butoxycyclooctatetraene exists in a pair of degenerate D4h alternating bond angle conformations (a b1g distortion). The rapid (k = 3 × 107 s-1) interconversion between the two identical conformations leads to specifically predicted line width alternation effects in the EPR spectrum. The COT ring system in the 1,2-dicarbomethoxycyclooctatetraene anion radical [(CH3OOC)2COT-•], on the other hand, has a ground state with alternating bond lengths. Since this b2g distorted (COT-•) system has a plane of symmetry that can be drawn through the molecule and between the two substituents, no line width alternation effects can take place. However, in this system, the B3LYP/6-31+G* calculations predict an energy difference between the b1g and b2g distorted COT-• ring systems of less tha...
Faraday rotation in ternary Nd-Co-Fe amorphous films

Ternary amorphous thin film alloys of Nd-Co-Fe show large Faraday rotations (θ F ) with values up to 7×105degs/cm at wavelengths of 600 nm. The origin of the rotation is discussed in terms of interband optical transitions and intra-band transitions due to the spontaneous Hall effect. A small increase in magnetization is found in the ternary alloys, about 10% greater than the binary Nd-Co and Nd-Fe alloys, which also can account for a small increase of θ F .
Interleukin 35: a key mediator of suppression and the propagation of infectious tolerance.

The importance of regulatory T cells in balancing the effector arm of the immune system is well documented, playing a central role in preventing autoimmunity, facilitating graft tolerance following organ transplantation, and having a detrimental impact on the development of anti-tumor immunity. These regulatory responses use a variety of mechanisms to mediate suppression, including soluble factors. While IL-10 and TGF-β are the most commonly studied immunosuppressive cytokines, the recently identified IL-35 has been shown to have potent suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, not only does IL-35 have the ability to directly suppress effector T cell responses, it is also able to expand regulatory responses by propagating infectious tolerance and generating a potent population of IL-35-expressing inducible regulatory T cells. In this review, we summarize research characterizing the structure and function of IL-35, examine its role in disease, and discuss how it can contribute to the induction of a distinct population of inducible regulatory T cells.
Witt rings and almost free pro-2-groups

Let F be a field of characteristic not 2, WF the Witt ring of quadratic forms over F, IF the maximal ideal consisting of even dimensional forms, and I*F its square. Let G,(2) =Gal(F(2)/F), where F(2) is the maximal 2-extension (=quadratic closure) of F. In this note we prove a decomposition theorem for WF in the case that Z’F is torsion free and use it to obtain a new proof of a theorem of Ershov on the structure of almost free pro-a-groups [E, Theorem 41. In what follows W,F denotes the torsion subgroup of WF and WredF= WF/W, F is the reduced Witt ring. The set of orderings on F will be denoted by X, and will be given the Harrison topology, with subbasis consisting of the sets H,(a) = { < E X,1 0 <a}. F is called a SAP field if every open-and-closed (clopen) subset of X, is equal to some H,(a). If R,, R, are (abstract) Witt rings then R, x R, denotes their product in the category of Witt rings [Ml. All unexplained notations and terminology about quadratic forms and Witt rings can be found in [L] and [M]. For elementary facts about profinite groups, the reader is referred to [RI. Following Kijima and Nishi [KN] the field F is called quasi-pythugorean if Z*F is torsion free (i.e., u(F) d 2; equivalently, if the Kaplansky radical of F consists of all nonzero sums of two squares [ELl, Corollary 2.91; compare [EL2, CLASSIFICATION THEOREM 23). Examples of these fields include formally real generalized Hilbert fields [K], pseudo real closed fields [P], and fields satisfying the strong Hasse Principle H4 (every totally indefinite quadratic form of dimension 4 over F is isotropic; i.e., ii(F) < 2). A formally real field satisfies H, if and only if it is a quasi-Pythagorean SAP field [ELP]. In [Ko], Koziol gives a criterion characterizing the class of quasi-Pythagorean algebraic extensions of Q; such fields necessarily satisfy H,. The best known examples of fields satisfying H, are formally real
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF AUSTRALIAN THAUMASTOCORIDAE WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA)*

Baclozygum brachypterum sp. n. is described from Western Australia. The fifth instar nymphs of this species and of Thaumastocoris petilus Drake and Slater are described and compared with each other and with nymphs of other thaumastocorids. The taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of nymphal and adult characters of Thaumastocorinae and Xylastodorinae are considered. The feeding habits of thaumastocorids are discussed.
Aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine: Computed tomographic appearance

Computerized tomography can depict most of the characteristic features of aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine even when the plain film findings are not diagnostic. The computed tomographic appearance is that of a benign expansile soft tissue mass surrounded by a shell of bone, an appearance which is analogous to the typical changes of aneurysmal bone cyst in the extremities. Extension into adjacent bones and soft tissues can be demonstrated and thereby facilitate both preoperative planning and later follow-up for recurrence.
Chromosome constitution of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the colon.

The chromosome patterns of 17 adenomas and 7 adenocarcinomas of the colon were studied using a direct technique. The typical adenomas showed definite abnormalities of chromosome pattern. Many pseudodiploids and many cells with counts of 47 were identified. These latter appeared due to a trisomy. Nondisjunction with persistence of the resulting abnormal stemline is postulated. Those adenomas with areas of histologic atypia showed greater hyperploidy and more numerous individually abnormal chromosomes. Hyperploidy was also marked in three adenomas which were in whole or part villous. These two groups were similar to the markedly hyperploid and aneuploid carcinomas studied. Two poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were much less hyperploid than the remaining five better differentiated adenocarcinomas.
Mechanisms of MARCKS gene activation during Xenopus development.

The myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) is a high affinity cellular substrate for protein kinase C. The MARCKS gene is under multiple modes of transcriptional control, including cytokine- and transformation-dependent, cell-specific, and developmental regulation. This study evaluated the transcriptional control of MARCKS gene expression during early development of Xenopus laevis. Xenopus MARCKS was highly conserved with its mammalian and avian homologues; its mRNA and protein were abundant in the maternal pool and increased after the mid-blastula transition (MBT). The Xenopus MARCKS gene was similar to those of other species, except that a second intron interrupted the 5′- untranslated region. By transiently transfecting XTC-2 cells and microinjecting Xenopus embryos with reporter gene constructs containing serial deletions of 5′-flanking MARCKS sequences, we identified a 124-base pair minimal promoter that was critical for promoter activity. Developmental gel shift assays revealed that a CBF/NF-Y/CP-1-like factor and an Sp1-like factor bound to this region in a manner correlating with the onset ofXenopus MARCKS transcription at MBT. Mutations in the promoter that abolished binding of these two factors also completely inhibited transcriptional activation of the MARCKS gene at MBT. The binding sites for these two factors are highly conserved in the human and mouse MARCKS promoters, suggesting that these elements might also regulate MARCKS transcription in other species. These studies not only increase our knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the MARCKS genes but also have implications for the mechanisms responsible for zygotic activation of the Xenopus genome at MBT.
Dna strand breakage in isolated nuclei subjected to bleomycin or hydrogen peroxide

The sources of iron (Fe) and reductant required for DNA strand breakage by the antitumor drug bleomycin (Blm), H2O2 and ascorbate were investigated using nuclei instead of whole cells in order to study a simpler, related system that was subject to better control and easier chemical manipulation. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were isolated and treated directly on filters, and analysed for DNA damage by alkaline and nondenaturing elution. Extraction and treatment buffers were depleted of trace Fe by passage through Mg(OH)2 gel. Nuclei were treated for 1 hr at 37 degrees. High levels of single- and double-strand breakage were obtained using Fe(III)Blm in the range 0.01 to 0.08 microM. In contrast, Blm was effective only at two orders of magnitude greater concentration. Cu(II)Blm was totally ineffective in causing damage. Depletion of nuclear protein thiols with N-ethylmaleimide reduced double-strand breakage at the upper end of the FeBlm concentration-response curve. A 1 mM concentration of NADPH or NADH greatly increased the extent of double-strand breakage by 0.01 microM FeBlm, suggesting roles for cytochrome P450 or cytochrome b5 reductase in strand breakage. Fe(III)ATP (1:20 metal to ligand and 50 microM in Fe) and Fe(III)EDTA (1:2 metal to ligand and 50 microM in Fe) did not cause single-strand breaks. In the absence of added Fe, H2O2 or ascorbic acid (50 microM) caused less than one Gy-equivalent single-strand breakage. Addition of ascorbate plus Fe(III)ATP or Fe(III)EDTA produced breakage beyond the capacity of alkaline elution to analyse (5-6 Gy). Overall, the results indicate that Fe, which may contribute to DNA damage by Blm and forms of activated oxygen within cells, is not strongly bound in the nucleus and that nuclear thiols other than glutathione contribute reducing equivalents to Fe(III)Blm for the DNA damaging chemistry.
SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities

The most abundant class of bacterial ribosomal RNA genes detected in seawater DNA by gene cloning belongs to SAR11-an alpha-proteobacterial clade. Other than indications of their prevalence in seawater, little is known about these organisms. Here we report quantitative measurements of the cellular abundance of the SAR11 clade in northwestern Sargasso Sea waters to 3,000 m and in Oregon coastal surface waters. On average, the SAR11 clade accounts for a third of the cells present in surface waters and nearly a fifth of the cells present in the mesopelagic zone. In some regions, members of the SAR11 clade represent as much as 50% of the total surface microbial community and 25% of the subeuphotic microbial community. By extrapolation, we estimate that globally there are 2.4 x 10(28) SAR11 cells in the oceans, half of which are located in the euphotic zone. Although the biogeochemical role of the SAR11 clade remains uncertain, these data support the conclusion that this microbial group is among the most successful organisms on Earth.
Glycolytic activity in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (SAY) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract 1. 1. The nanomolar level of activity for phosphofructokinase suggests that it functions as a rate-limiting enzyme. 2. 2. The high triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities suggest that their role is in lipid synthesis and degradation. 3. 3. The comparatively high hexokinase activity and activities of triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase and pyruvate kinase propose a discontinuous glycolytic pathway. 4. 4. The activities of these enzymes indicate that the glycolytic capacity of Luidia clathrata is lower than other invertebrate digestive and muscle tissues.
PRIMARY STEM VASCULAR PATTERNS IN THREE SUBFAMILIES OF THE CRASSULACEAE

A B S T R A C T Primary stem vasculature was investigated in seven genera and 69 species of the Cotyledonoideae, Kalanchoideae and Sedoideae. Vascular patterns in whole cleared stems were determined by number of leaf traces per leaf, number of leaf-trace sympodia per stem, and connections between traces and sympodia. Four patterns were found in the Cotyledonoideae, eight in the Kalanchoideae and four in the Sedoideae. Similarities and differences among the patterns are discussed and possible phylogenetic trends are suggested. Changes in vasculature during ontogeny were observed in the Kalanchoideae and related to patterns found in mature stems. Many species in all three subfamilies reveal a relationship between phyllotaxy, number of sympodia per stem, and the intervals at which leaf traces are connected to each sympodium. Patterns of vasculature were found to support many of the intergeneric relationships suggested by other studies of this family.
North American Snow Depth and Climate Teleconnection Patterns

Abstract Snow–atmosphere relationships have been studied for nearly half a century, but the primary focus has been on snow extent variability, largely because of the relative scarcity of snow depth data. A recently released North American snow depth dataset, with extensive spatial coverage and multidecadal temporal duration, provides a new opportunity to compare snow depth–climate relationships with snow extent–climate relationships over North America. Robust concurrent lead and lag correlations are observed between snow depth and two major climate modes, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Pacific–North America (PNA) pattern, across North America and throughout the snow season. In contrast, snow extent exhibits a less coherent relationship with PDO and PNA except in late spring, which can be interpreted as a residual of the snow depth–climate mode relationship. A regional signature for the snow depth–PDO/PNA relationship is also identified, centered over interior central-western North America. ...
New Catalyst System, FeCI3-Et3-nAICIn (n=1, 2), for the Alternating Copolymerization of Butadiene-1,3 with Acrylonitrile

Abstract Butadiene-1, 3 and acrylonitrile were copolymerized by alkylaluminum halides and ferric chloride systems. The efficiency of the aluminum components of these systems appears to decrease in the following order: Et2AlCl < EtAlCl2 < Et3Al. Effective catalysts were not necessarily dependent on the mixing orders of the catalyst and monomers. It was found that different feed ratios between two monomers, which were varied over a wide range, always resulted in the formation of 1:1 copolymer. In order to investigate the initiation and propagation reactions, electron paramagnetic resonance was measured and a polarographic method was used on the reduction reaction of ferric chloride with organoaluminum halides in acetonitrile.
Flowing and Crossing: The Somatic Theologies of Mechthild and Lalleśwarī

Metaphors of fluidity are pervasive in the theologies of Mechthild of Magdeburg and Lalleswari of Kashmir. This article highlights the various ways in which the body flows with and into divinity. For both thinkers, the universe and individuals proceed from a cosmic or divine flow and return by means of practices that participate in that flow. Their water metaphors diverge when the individual self returns to the divine: Mechthild retains images of water, whereas Lalleswari converts to those of breath. This shift of imagery marks a gift of each thinker for a theology of embodiment: Lalleswari more fully explores the body's capacity for divinity, and Mechthild attends more closely to the suffering body. This comparative conversation opens new avenues in the contemporary debate in which disabilities scholars take issue with feminist enthusiasm regarding embodiment.
SIMULATION STUDIES APPLYING POSTERIOR PREDICTIVE MODEL CHECKING FOR ASSESSING FIT OF THE COMMON ITEM RESPONSE THEORY MODELS

Model checking in item response theory (IRT) is an underdeveloped area. No universal model-checking tool exists in this field. The posterior predictive model-checking method (Guttman, 1967; Rubin, 1981, 1984) is a popular Bayesian model-checking tool because of its simplicity, strong theoretical basis, obvious intuitive appeal, and ability to provide graphical evidence. This study applies the posterior predictive model-checking method to assess the fit of the popular IRT models (Rasch model, 2PL model, and 3PL model) for tests with dichotomous items. A series of simulation studies applying the method yields promising results. An important issue with the application of the posterior predictive model-checking method is the choice of discrepancy measures (which are like the test statistics in classical hypothesis testing). This article examines the performance of a number of discrepancy measures for assessing different aspects of fit of the common IRT models and suggests simple summarization of the results. Simple graphical summaries provide useful insight about the fit of the models. The odds ratios, corresponding to the responses of the examinees to pairs of items, appear to be powerful discrepancy measures in detecting several types of misfits of the IRT models. The observed score distribution and biserial correlation coefficients are also found useful as discrepancy measures on a number of occasions. A companion article applying the posterior predictive method to real data examples shows that the method has the potential to become very useful in psychometrics.
[Metabotropic glutamate receptor: its ligands and function in the olfactory system]

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) consist of at least eight different subtypes. However, the lack of specific ligands for this class of receptors limited the characterization of their roles. In this study, a series of glutamate derivatives was systematically tested for agonist and antagonist activities for the mGluR subtypes, individually expressed in cell lines. Among various compounds tested, (2S, 1'R, 2'R, 3'R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl) glycine (DCG-IV) was found to be an effective agonist for mGluR2 and alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (alpha M4CPG) was found to be an antagonist for both mGluR1 and mGluR2. Using DCG-IV, I showed that mGluR2 mediates presynaptic inhibition of GABA release from granule cells at the dendrodendritic synapse of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). This mechanism was considered to relieve a mitral cell from GABAergic inhibition and, furthermore, to be involved in lateral inhibition of surrounding mitral cells and thus enhancing the signal/noise ratio of olfactory sensation. I also show that an activation of mGluR2 in AOB by infusion of DCG-IV induces olfactory memory, which can mimic the pregnancy block phenomenon of female mice. This is the first report of a role of specific subtype of mGluR in the central nervous system.
High-Risk Children and IQ: Altering Intergenerational Patterns.

Abstract This article presents data and concepts relevant to the Abecedarian Experiment and derivative experimental early childhood intervention programs for high-risk children. The article is structured around the following 4 issues: 1. 1. What is the developmental course of intelligence for a high-risk subgroup of the general population? 2. 2. To what extent are levels of intelligence for a high-risk group alterable through systematic intervention? 3. 3. Is the course of intelligence affected by different or differently timed interventions? 4. 4. What mechanisms account for altered intellectual performance? It is concluded that the preponderance of evidence supports the positive malleability of early intellectual development, the readiness for school, and subsequent school performance. Directions for future research are identified.
Microsatellite loci for distinguishing spotted owls (Strix occidentalis), barred owls (Strix varia), and their hybrids

We identified four diagnostic microsatellite loci that distinguish spotted owls (Strix occidentalis), barred owls (Strix varia), F 1 hybrids and backcrosses. Thirty-four out of 52 loci tested (65.4%) successfully amplified, and four of these loci (11.8%) had allele sizes that did not overlap between spotted and barred owls. The probability of correctly identifying a backcross with these four loci is 0.875. Genotyping potential hybrid owls with these markers revealed that field identifications were often wrong. Given the difficulty of identifying hybrids in the field, these markers will be useful for hybrid identification, law enforcement and spotted owl conservation.
Three-dimensional Thermal Analysis of a Waveguide Ge/Si Photodiode

The spatial temperature distribution of a high power Ge/Si waveguide n-i-p photodiode is experimentally obtained using a time-domain thermoreflectance imaging technique. Measurement results are shown to be in good agreement with simulated values.
Theoretical evaluation of dispersed droplet radii in submicron oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract A theoretical model which predicts the mass mean radius for oil droplets dispersed in aqueous media is described. Using a modified equation of state for interfacially adsorbed films and the LaPlace equation, the oil droplet radii can be described as a function of several variables including the oil concentration, surfactant concentration and surfactant hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). All relevant parameters are measurable or readily calculated. Eighteen experimental emulsions were evaluated utilizing 10% or 20% v/v soy oil and 0.5–3.0% w/v non-ionic surfactant (Myrj 45/glycerol monostearate; HLB 9.5, 10.0 or 10.5). The emulsification technique used for the experimental emulsions utilized the Microfluidizer device, which produces uniform and highly turbulent homogenization. Using these components and processing techniques it is possible to produce submicron o/w emulsions with low interfacial surfactant concentrations. Under these conditions, there is good agreement between the measured droplet radii and the proposed theoretical mechanisms governing their production. This agreement also extends to published data where submicron emulsions have been produced at relatively low o/w interfacial surfactant loading. This non-empirical approach to emulsion droplet size analysis may have predictive value in optimizing submicron emulsion droplet size under the proposed conditions.
Thermal conductivity of composites

A general expression for the effective thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous media in terms of the Fourier components of the spatial variation of the conductivity is applied to composites consisting of inclusions in a continuous matrix. It is reformulated in terms of the mean square fluctuations of the conductivity. Specific cases treated are spherical inclusions and long cylinders, both random and with preferred directions. The results hold provided the difference in thermal conductivities is small or provided the concentration of inclusions is not too large. The theory fails if the thermal conductivity of the matrix is much smaller than that of the inclusions. The same considerations also apply to electrical conductivity.
Magnetic behavior of single crystal epilayers of the diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn/sub 1-x/Co/sub x/Se

SQUID magnetometry (6-100 K, 4 Tesla) and 9.3-GHz EPR studies have been carried out on thin single-crystal films as a function of Co concentration for 0.0076<or=x<or=0.094. The samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs
Sea-level rise and flooding in coastal riverine flood plains

AbstractThis work presents a method for calculating the contributions of sea-level rise and urban growth to flood risk in coastal flood plains. The method consists of hydraulic/hydrological, urban growth and flood-damage quantification modules. The hydraulic/hydrological module estimates peak annual flows to generate flood stages impacted by sea-level rise within flood plains. A model for urban growth predicts patterns of urbanization within flood plains over the period 2010–2050. The flood-damage quantification module merges flood maps and urbanization predictions to calculate the expected annual flood damage (EAFD) for given scenarios of sea-level rise. The method is illustrated with an application to the Tijuana River of southern California, USA, and northwestern Mexico, where the EAFD is predicted to increase by over US$100 million because of sea-level rise of 0.25–1.0 m and urban growth by the year 2050. It is shown that urbanization plays a principal role in increasing the EAFD in the study area for...
Thrombocytosis and thrombocythemia.

Thrombocytosis is caused by three major pathophysiological mechanisms: (1) reactive or secondary thrombocytosis; (2) familial thrombocytosis; and (3) clonal thrombocytosis, including essential thrombocythemia and related myeloproliferative disorders. Recent work has begun to elucidate the abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis of essential thrombocythemia, which is associated with paradoxically elevated plasma levels of thrombopoietin. The clonal nature of all cases of essential thrombocythemia has been challenged. Thrombotic complications are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in this disease. Indications for platelet cytoreduction and antiplatelet therapy, as well as complications of treatment, are being clarified.
The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor kinematics

A critical question in human evolution is whether the earliest bipeds walked with a bent-hip, bent-knee gait or on more extended hindlimbs. The differences between these gaits are not trivial, because the adoption of either has important implications for the evolution of bipedalism. In this study, we re-examined the Laetoli footprints to determine whether they can provide information on the locomotor posture of early hominins. Previous researchers have suggested that the stride lengths of Laetoli hominins fall within the range of modern human stride lengths and therefore, Laetoli hominins walked with modern-human-like kinematics. Using a dynamic-similarity analysis, we compared Laetoli hominin stride lengths with those of both modern humans and chimpanzees. Our results indicate that Laetoli hominins could have used either a bent-hip, bent-knee gait, similar to a chimpanzee, or an extended-hindlimb gait, similar to a human. In fact, our data suggest that the Laetoli hominins could have walked near their preferred speeds using either limb posture. This result contrasts with most previous studies, which suggest relatively slow walking speeds for these early bipeds. Despite the many attempts to discern limb-joint kinematics from Laetoli stride lengths, our study concludes that stride lengths alone do not resolve the debate over early hominin locomotor postures.
Murder and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida: Don Juan and the Guale Uprising of 1597

In 1597 there was an Indian revolt in Spanish Florida. It was violent and bloody. It led to the killing of Franciscans frays and the destruction of a series of missions in the province of Guale. It...
Pharmacological modulation of the AKT/microRNA-199a-5p/CAV1 pathway ameliorates cystic fibrosis lung hyper-inflammation

In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, hyper-inflammation is a key factor in lung destruction and disease morbidity. We have previously demonstrated that macrophages drive the lung hyper-inflammatory response to LPS in CF mice, because of reduced levels of the scaffold protein CAV1 with subsequent uncontrolled TLR4 signalling. Here we show that reduced CAV1 and, consequently, increased TLR4 signalling, in human and murine CF macrophages and murine CF lungs, is caused by high microRNA-199a-5p levels, which are PI3K/AKT-dependent. Downregulation of microRNA-199a-5p or increased AKT signalling restores CAV1 expression and reduces hyper-inflammation in CF macrophages. Importantly, the FDA-approved drug celecoxib re-establishes the AKT/miR-199a-5p/CAV1 axis in CF macrophages, and ameliorates lung hyper-inflammation in Cftr-deficient mice. Thus, we identify the AKT/miR-199a-5p/CAV1 pathway as a regulator of innate immunity, which is dysfunctional in CF macrophages contributing to lung hyper-inflammation. In addition, we found that this pathway can be targeted by celecoxib.
A novel branch and bound algorithm for scheduling flowshop plants with uncertain processing times

We address the problem of scheduling a flowshop plant with uncertain processing times described by discrete probability distributions. The objective is to find a sequence of batches that minimizes the expected makespan. To circumvent the problem of combinatorially explosive state spaces, we propose a novel and rigorous branch and bound algorithm that provides the optimal solution and is based on the result that a lower bound to the expected makespan can be obtained by evaluating over an aggregated probability model. Numerical results for a number of example problems show that the solution times for the proposed method are several orders of magnitude smaller than those for a multiperiod model. In addition, an important extension of this method is proposed for the case of continuous probability distributions of certain forms, using discretization schemes that give excellent approximations.
Variables affecting dome test results

The limiting dome height (LDH) test has been proposed as a simulative test to evaluate the stretch formability of sheet metals which shows good correlation with field forming performance. The present study investigates how deviations from the LDH test procedure and test geometry given in the literature affects the dome test results for aluminum body sheet alloys. The results should be helpful in explaining between-lab variability and helpful to laboratories which cannot perform the LDH test according to specification, because of equipment limitations, in interpreting their data.
Geologic Setting of the Apollo 14 Samples

The Apollo 14 lunar module landed in a region of the lunar highlands that is part of a widespread blanket of ejecta surrounding the mare Imbrium basin. Samples were collected from the regolith developed on a nearly level plain, a ridge 100 meters high, and a blocky ejecta deposit around a young crater. Large boulders in the vicinity of the landing site are coherent fragmental rocks as are some of the returned samples.
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CRIME PROBLEMS: INSIDERS AND THE USE OF OFFICIAL STATISTICS

ABSTRACT Competing claims about crime problems are made by political insiders and outsiders. Those working within the policymaking process, the insiders, are “owners” of established problems and therefore gain support for their claims by demonstrating the credibility and utility of those claims to policymakers. Official statistics are widely used by insider claims-makers for this purpose. This paper presents examples of cases that demonstrate how government-based political insiders use statistics 1) to encourage the diversion of resources to favored programs and 2) to provide support favored policies.
Hydrogen production from biogas reforming and the effect of H2S on CH4 conversion

Abstract Biogas produced during anaerobic decomposition of plant and animal wastes consists of high concentrations of methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and traces of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). The primary focus of this research was on investigating the effect of a major impurity (i.e., H 2 S) on a commercial methane reforming catalyst during hydrogen production. The effect of temperature on CH 4 and CO 2 conversions was studied at three temperatures (650, 750 and 850 °C) during catalytic biogas reforming. The experimental CH 4 and CO 2 conversions thus obtained were found to follow a trend similar to the simulated conversions predicted using ASPEN plus. The gas compositions at thermodynamic equilibrium were estimated as a function of temperature to understand the intermediate reactions taking place during biogas dry reforming. The exit gas concentrations as a function of temperature during catalytic reforming also followed a trend similar to that predicted by the model. Finally, catalytic reforming experiments were carried out using three different H 2 S concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mol%). The study found that even with the introduction of small amount of H 2 S (0.5 mol%), the CH 4 and CO 2 conversions dropped to about 20% each as compared to 65% and 85%, respectively in the absence of H 2 S.
Doing and learning action research in the neo-liberal world of contemporary higher education:

Understanding how action research can be practiced, taught, and learned in contemporary universities requires understanding the dominant structures that organize higher education in the 21st centur...
Medical Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Excerpt To the editor: I enjoyed Bilezikian's timely and well-thought-out article on the medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism (1). However, in regard to his remarks on cimetidine and p...
Impact of Nuclear Data Uncertainties on Transmutation of Actinides in Accelerator-Driven Assemblies

The potential impact of nuclear data uncertainties on a large number of performance parameters of reactor cores dedicated to the transmutation of radioactive wastes is discussed. An uncertainty ana...
Chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. A prospective randomized study

The combination of vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and methotrexate with or without MER-BCG achieved a 2% complete response (CR) and a 11% partial response (PR) with a median duration of 25-29 weeks in 124 evaluable patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Responses were seen in previously untreated patients and in patients refractory to 5-fluorouracil. The median survival of these objective responders (CR + PR) was 57 weeks. The addition of MER-BCG did not appear to influence response rate or duration of survival and was accompanied by significant toxicity. Response was significantly correlated with performance status, sex, and disease free interval and survival with alkaline phosphatase and performance status. Patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma should be stratified according to these variables.
A Statistical Analysis of Balked Landing Approaches for the Airbus A380 under GBAS Guidance

This study was undertaken to determine whether a Code E Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) can safely accommodate a Code F aircraft such as the Airbus A380. Flight simulator data for the Airbus A380 was statistically analyzed and compared to FAA and ICAO standards. Thirty-two different scenarios and a total of 356 runs were executed with the simulator configured to match A380 performance characteristics. In each of these scenarios, a GPS Ground Based Augmentation System (GPS GBAS) approach was simulated for two different runways at JFK International Airport and Denver Stapleton Airport. During each of the simulated approaches, a balked landing procedure was called for at different altitudes. Two and six sigma analyses were performed using plots for lateral and vertical deviation versus the distance to the touchdown area on the runway. The purpose of this analysis was to determine where the airplane was expected to be during the balked landing procedure.
960-86 Implications of Alternative Classifications of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Prospective Analysis of 109 Deaths in Defibrillator Trials

In order to explore the implications of using varied definitions of sudden cardiac death (SCD), a classification (CL) committee (3 cardiologists) prospectively evaluated 109 deaths over a period of 19 months in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibriliator (ICD). The basis for CL was the CAST approach with additional assessments of the consequences of considering autopsy and ICD interrogation information. Concordance and/or discordance between committee members was recorded. Results Of the 834 patients followed for 19 months, there were 109 deaths: 17 were classified SCD, 51 non-SCD. and 40 non-cardiac. Of the deaths classified as SCD, 10/17 were unwitnessed as compared to 6/51 non-SCD and 3/40 non-cardiac deaths; p l 0.001. ICD detections occurred in 5/17 SCD l1 hour, 7/17 SCD l6 hours; therefore, 10/17 SCD had no ICD detection or information available. There was committee discordance in 5/17 SCD compared to 18/51 non-SCD and 16/40 non-cardiac. SCD rates as high as 3.6% (30/834) can be estimated if all SCD cases Cl by ≥1 member was counted as SCD. Likewise. a SCD rate as low as 0.8% (7/834) is possible if SCD is limited to witnessed SCD ≤1 hour; (a 4-fold difference). Autopsy information was available in 29/109 deaths. In 7 cases, autopsy findings resulted in changing a “SCD” CL (5 witnessed; 2 unwitnessed) to either non-SCD or non-cardiac [ruptured abdominal (N = 21 or thoracic aortic (N = 1) aneurysm, acute MI (N = 1), cerebral infarction (N = 1). pulmonary embolism (N = 2)]. Thus, had autopsy information been unavailable or not considered, the SCD rate would have increased to 24/834 12.9%). ICD interrogation was unavailable in 51/109 (47%), most commonly due to being buried with the patient or programmed off prior to death. Conclusion A 4-fold spectrum of SCD rates is possible to report from the identical data-set. ICD interrogation has significant limitations for use in death CL, in contrast to its utility in clinical management. Autopsy results clarify cause-specific mortality in deaths that are temporally quite “sudden.” Total mortality is the most objective primary end point.
Effect of detritus supply on trophic relationships within experimental benthic food webs. I. Meiofauna-polychaete (capitella capitata (Type I) Fabricius) interactions

Abstract In a long-term (40–55 wk) microcosm experiment, the presence of the polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I) Fabricius reduced population densities and trophic transfer efficiencies (detritivore production per amount of detritus supplied) of the nematode Diplolaimella chitwoodi Gerlach at high (150 mg N · m−2 · day−1) detritus ration and of the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe holothuriae Humes at low (50 mg N · m−2 · day−1) detritus supply. The rarer nematodes Theristus ostentator Wieser & Hopper and Paracyatholaimus pesavis Wieser & Hopper fed at depth on fungal hyphae attached to polychaete fecal pellets thereby minimizing contact with the other metazoa. In a series of short-term (4-day) growth experiments, the presence of either Diplolaimella chitwoodi or Tisbe holothuriae reduced daily weight-specific growth (g increase · g worm−1 · day−1) of Capitella capitata on separate diets of mixed cereal and red seaweed, Gracilaria foliifera (Harvey) Taylor, detritus. Both sets of experiments suggest that Capitella capitata competes for food with Diplolaimella chitwoodi and Tisbe holothuriae. Meiofauna-polychaete interactions were dependent, in part, upon the degree of similarity among species in food requirements and habitat preferences, and may incorporate a variety of regulatory mechanisms other than competition or predation.
Wear of Iron and Nickel in Corrosive Liquid Environments

Abstract An investigation was conducted to examine the friction and wear behavior of iron and nickel sliding on aluminum oxide in aerated sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The results indicate t...
Synthesis, oligonucleotide incorporation and base pair stability of 7-methyl-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine.

7-Methyl-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine, an analogue of the abundant promutagen 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine, was incorporated into oligonucleotides and tested for its stability in various base pairs.
Evaluation of surface colonization kinetics in continuous culture.

Two equations, describing surface colonization, were evaluated and compared using suspended glass slides in a continuous culture ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. These equations were used to determine surface growth rates from the number and distribution of cells present on the surface after incubation. One of these was the colonization equation which accounts for simultaneous attachment and growth of bacteria on surfaces: $$N = (A/\mu )e^{\mu t} - A/\mu $$ where N=number of cells on surface (cells field−1); A=attachment rate (cells field−1h−1);μ=specific growth rate (h−1); t=incubation period (h). The other was the surface growth rate equation which assumes that the number of colonies of a given size (Ci) will reach a constant value (Cmax) which is equal to A divided byμ: $$\mu = \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{N}{{C_i }} + 1} \right)}}{t}$$ Both equations gave similar results and the time required to approximate Cmax may not be as long as was previously thought. In all cases both A andμ continuously decreased throughout the incubation period. These decreases may be due to various effects of microbial accumulation on the surface. Both equations accurately determined surface growth rates despite highly variable attachment rates. Growth rates were similar for both the liquid phase of the culture and the solid-liquid interface (0.4 h−1). Use of the surface growth rate equation is favored over the use of the colonization equation since the former does not require a computer to solve forμ and the counting procedure is simplified.
The Great Recession, Public Transfers, and Material Hardship.

Economic downturns lead to lost income and increased poverty. Although high unemployment almost certainly also increases material hardship and government transfers likely decrease hardship, the first relationship is not yet documented and the second is poorly understood. This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the associations of unemployment, government transfers, and material hardship. The Fragile Families study collected the latest wave of data during the Great Recession, the worst recession since the Great Depression. The data provide a unique opportunity to examine how high unemployment affects the well-being of low-income families. This study finds that the unemployment rate is associated with increased overall material hardship, difficulty paying bills, having utilities disconnected, and increased usage of welfare, food stamps, unemployment insurance, and Medicaid. If not for food stamps, food hardship during the Great Recession might have increased by tw...