cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in irreversible thermodynamics IV. diagrammatic representation of steady state fluxes for unimolecular systems

Abstract We consider a system of equivalent, independent units each of which can exist in n states. Transitions between pairs of states follow unimolecular kinetics. Certain models for membrane transport provide examples. The states and allowed transitions, for any given model, can be represented by a basic diagram. Rate constants for the transitions are generally chosen so that the system reaches a non-equilibrium steady state at t = ∞. The population of the different states at steady state can be calculated by a diagram method. Similarly, diagrams may be used to find the steady state net flux between pairs of states. In particular, fluxes can be related to possible cycles in the basic diagram. The difference in products of rate constants around a cycle in opposite directions is related to a thermodynamic force. Hence flux-force equations follow from the diagram approach. These equations are applicable to arbitrary steady states; linear terms exhibit reciprocal relations. Near equilibrium, the conventional flux-force equations of irreversible thermodynamics obtain. The reciprocal relations are compounded from individual cycle reciprocal relations. The latter follow directly from the properties of cycles.
Inhibition of human cytochrome CYP1 enzymes by flavonoids of St. John's wort

Abstract CYP1B1 is involved in metabolizing both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and estradiol to potentially carcinogenic intermediates, and it is also over-expressed in human cancer cells. In order to investigate whether flavonoids could specifically inhibit CYP1B1, seven flavonoids in St. John's wort and apigenin were screened for their inhibition of recombinant human CYP1B1 and CYP1A1. While seven flavonoids (myricetin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, amentoflavone, quercitrin and rutin) were slightly more selective for CYP1B1 EROD inhibition (Kis 0.06–5.96 μM) compared to CYP1A1 (Kis 0.20–1.6 μM) the difference in Kis for the P450s were not significantly different. Rutin did not inhibit CYP1A1 at concentrations up to 10 μM. Kinetic analyses determined that apigenin and amentoflavone were competitive inhibitors of CYP1B1, while quercetin showed mixed type inhibition. To characterize the inhibition potential of these flavonoids, five were studied further for their ability to inhibit TCDD-induced EROD activity in 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells. 22Rv1 cells express constitutive and TCDD-inducible CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA. In the cells, the IC50s were similar to those measured for the recombinant CYP1A1 except for amentoflavone. Quercetin (IC50: 4.1 μM), kaempferol (3.8 μM), myricetin (3.0 μM) and apigenin (3.1 μM) caused significant inhibition of EROD activity whereas amentoflavone did not cause inhibition. Depending on their bioavailability, flavonoids that can selectively inhibit CYP1 enzymes may be useful as chemoprotective agents in prostate cancer prevention.
A dual-loop scheme for fault-tolerance and early fault detection

An effective control system is typically expected to possess the capability of maintaining specified system performance despite changes in system parameters (faults). In some design strategies, this implies that the 'faults' are automatically 'tolerated' without being explicitly detected. On the other hand, early fault detection is a basic requirement of a fault diagnosis system, which is necessary for the long-term reliability of engineering systems. In order to achieve both effective control and long-term reliability, we propose a combined strategy, using separate loops for control and fault detection. A simulation example shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Comparing organized media types using fluorescence probe characterization methods

Organized media, such as surfactant micelles and cyclodextrins, have been shown to provide increased selectivity and lower detection limits in the spectrofluorimetric analyses of many compounds. Analysis performance is generally improved because the medium shields the analyte from quenchers or because inclusion in the medium increases the efficiency of a requisite interaction, as in the case of energy transfer and room-temperature phosphorescence measurements. The ability of other types of microheterogeneous media, such as phospholipid vesicles, to solubilize non-electrolytes is also well known, but the microenvironmental properties of many of these systems have not been characterized under the conditions likely to be used in spectrofluorimetric analysis. In a step toward evaluating the suitability of a wider range of compounds in spectrofluorimetric applications, several medium properties including the microheterogeneity, partition coefficient, sequestering efficiency and apparent polarity of a typical lipid vesicle, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), and surfactant micelle, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were compared using a single fluorescence probe. The results indicate that DMPC vesicles are less microheterogeneous, less polar and partition hydrophobic molecules more readily than SDS micelles. However, probe molecules were sequestered from interferents less effectively in DMPC than in SDS.
A block in the pentose shunt and in a purine degradation pathway interact to produce lethality in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Null activity alleles of the structural genes for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster have no or little measurable effect on the viability of mutant flies. In contrast, double mutant combinations lacking both enzyme activities result in lethality. This observation highlights a physiological interaction between metabolic pathways heretofore considered to be independent.
The Federal Reserve's reaction function under Greenspan: An ordinal probit analysis*

An ordinal probit technique is employed on monthly data to explain discrete changes in the targeted Federal funds rate since August 1987. Changes in industrial production and precursors of final good inflation appear to have significant effects on the Federal Reserve's behavior, while consumer prices, unemployment, and other variables often thought to influence its actions do not. These results are robust to a variety of alternative specifications, including the use of greenbook forecasts and those derived from Taylor's Rule. The results suggest that the Federal Reserve seeks to stabilize output and preemptively control inflation before it reaches the consumer level.
Size-frequency distributions of chondrules in CO3 chondrites

The size-frequency distributions of chondrules were determined for eleven CO3 chondrites (including ALHA77003, ALHA77307, ALH82101, ALH85003, Colony, Felix, Isna, Kainsaz, Lance, Ornans, and Warrenton), using the results of petrographic analyses of thin sections. The mean proportion of different chondrule types in CO3 chondrites were estimated to be 69 percent POP, 18 percent PP, 8 percent PO, 2 percent BO, 2 percent RP, 1 percent C, and less than 0.1 percent GOP. These proportions are very different from those in ordinary or EH and CV chondrites, with the smaller proportion of nonporphyritic chondrules than EH chondrites, but a larger proportion than CV chondrites. Relative proportions of chondrule types vary with size interval; thus, with decreasing chondrule size, PO chondrules decrease fairly regularly in abundance, while RP chondrules are most abundant in the smallest size intervals.
Synthesis and in vitro assessment of a bifunctional closomer probe for fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance and optical bimodal cellular imaging

The design, synthesis and in vitro assessment of a bifunctional imaging probe for dual fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F-MRS) and fluorescence detection is reported. Eleven copies of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and a single copy of a sulforhodamine-B were covalently attached to a closo-B122−-core via suitable linkers. The 19F-MRS and fluorescence imaging shows that, this novel bimodal imaging probe was readily taken up by the cells in vitro after co-incubation.
1667 DETECTION OF GASTRIC CONTENTS IN TRACHEAL FLUID OF PRETERM INFANTS

Aspiration of feedings in critically ill preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation may prolong their ventilatory course and may contribute to the development of chronic lung disease. While massive aspiration can be diagnosed radiographically, we became concerned with the problem of identifying recurrent subclinical aspiration. A more sensitive method of detection utilizes an in vitro lactase assay to measure the presence of lactose (breast milk has approx. 0.2M lactose) in the tracheal aspirates of these infants. In this assay each mole of lactose is hydrolyzed to an equimolar amount of glucose. In order to establish a baseline glucose range, we measured the tracheal glucose level from 17 preterm infants (G.A. 26-37 wks; B. wt. 670-2950 gm) during the 1st wk of life while the infants were intubated. A total of 52 samples were collected (36 samples from gavage fed/16 infants not fed). The mean tracheal glucose level was 2.67±2.77 mg/dl (15.05±15.23 umole/dl). The range was 0.02-11.57 mg/dl (.08-64.22 umole/dl). The glucose level did not vary with gestational age, birth weight, postnatal age or feeding. We then obtained tracheal aspirates from 5 infants on ventilators who received breast milk by gavage. In 2 infants, lactose levels were 112 mg/dl (327 umole/dl) and 21.9 mg/dl (64.1 umoles/dl) respectively. Lactose was not detected in the other 3 infants. These preliminary findings suggest that the lactase assay may provide a sensitive method for detecting aspiration of gastric contents in ventilator dependent infants.
Failure analysis methodology for battery powered product incidents

Low cost, high energy density and high reliability have made Lithium ion batteries the preferred choice for powering rechargeable battery-operated products. Lithium ion battery packs are now finding their way into new markets such as power tools and hybrid vehicles. Manufacturers employ various design topologies and comprehensive battery management systems to manage the battery and ensure its operation in its reliable operating range. A failure within the cell or the control electronics can cause the cell to fail or go into thermal runaway. Thermal runaways in Lithium ion cells are rare but may be energetic in nature. A systematic methodology can be implemented to determine the cause or the likely cause of the failure event. Once the cause is determined, the necessary corrective action can be developed and implemented. This paper describes a systematic approach to determine the likely cause of a consumer product battery failure.
The availability doctrine

Abstract This paper develops a general equilibrium model in which monetary disturbances have effects reminiscent of Roosa's classic description of the availability doctrine. The model is a marriage of the modern credit rationing literature and the recent sluggish cash flow models of monetary transmission. Both elements are crucial. The credit rationing aspect leads to a focus upon the quantity or availability of credit. However, the rationing model in and of itself is a real model, and there is no reason for fluctuations in the nominal quantity of fiat money to have any effect on the availability of real credit. This is where the sluggish cash flow assumption enters into the analysis. Under this assumption, changes in the nominal supply of fiat money do affect the real supply of credit because a subset of the economy absorbs a disproportionate share of the monetary injection.
Fasting Urinary Calcium‐to‐Creatinine and Oxalate‐to‐Creatinine Ratios in Dogs with Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis and Breed‐Matched Controls

Background Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria are risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis, but breed-specific reports of urinary metabolites and their relationship with stone status are lacking. Objective To compare urinary metabolites (calcium and oxalate) and blood ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations between CaOx stone formers and breed-matched stone-free controls for the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. Animals Forty-seven Miniature Schnauzers (23 cases and 24 controls), 27 Bichons Frise (14 cases and 13 controls), and 15 Shih Tzus (7 cases and 8 controls). Methods Prospective study. Fasting spot urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios (UCa/Cr and UOx/Cr, respectively) and blood iCa concentrations were measured and compared between cases and controls within and across breeds. Regression models were used to test the effect of patient and environmental factors on these variables. Results UCa/Cr was higher in cases than controls for each of the 3 breeds. In addition to stone status, being on a therapeutic food designed to prevent CaOx stone recurrence was associated with higher UCa/Cr. UOx/Cr did not differ between cases and controls for any of the breeds. Blood iCa was higher in cases than controls in the Miniature Schnauzer and Bichon Frise breeds and had a moderate correlation with UCa/Cr. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hypercalciuria is associated with CaOx stone status in the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. UOx/Cr did not correlate with stone status in these 3 breeds. These findings may influence breed-specific stone prevention recommendations.
A measure of explained risk in the proportional hazards model

A measure of explained risk is developed for application with the proportional hazards model. The statistic, which is called the estimated explained relative risk, has a simple analytical form and is unaffected by censoring that is independent of survival time conditional on the covariates. An asymptotic confidence interval for the limiting value of the estimated explained relative risk is derived, and the role of individual factors in the computation of its estimate is established. Simulations are performed to compare the results of the estimated explained relative risk to other known explained risk measures with censored data. Prostate cancer data are used to demonstrate an analysis incorporating the proposed approach.
Lateral Acetabular Growth Stimulation Following a Labral Support Procedure in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Background: The main goal of containment treatment in cases of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is to prevent hip deformity, which leads to arthritis in adulthood. Recently, the shelf arthroplasty (the labral support procedure) has been proposed as a method of containment. The purpose of the present study
Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology Among Parents of Newly Diagnosed Children with Cancer

Examined predictors of depressive symptoms among 59 parents providing primary care to children newly diagnosed with cancer. Parents were studied for a 3-month period. The parent providing primary care to the child during medical treatment completed measures of depressive symptoms, endorsement of family routines, family functioning, amount of assistance from the spouse in providing care to the child, child behavior problems, as well as measures of the severity of the child's treatment regimen. A strong relationship was found between child behavior problems and parent depressive symptomatology. Although disease-related factors such as the child's functional impairment played a role in the parent's depressive symptoms, results revealed that the child's behavior problems were most strongly associated with parent depressive symptoms and that family cohesiveness also had a contributory role in the maintenance of parent depressive symptoms.
Nonlinear time-series-based adaptive control applications

A control design methodology based on a nonlinear time-series reference model is presented. It is indicated by highly nonlinear simulations that such designs successfully stabilize troublesome aircraft maneuvers undergoing large changes in angle of attack as well as large electric power transients due to line faults. In both applications, the nonlinear controller was significantly better than the corresponding linear adaptive controller. For the electric power network, a flexible AC transmission system with series capacitor power feedback control is studied. A bilinear autoregressive moving average reference model is identified from system data, and the feedback control is manipulated according to a desired reference state. The control is optimized according to a predictive one-step quadratic performance index. A similar algorithm is derived for control of rapid changes in aircraft angle of attack over a normally unstable flight regime. In the latter case, however, a generalization of a bilinear time-series model reference includes quadratic and cubic terms in angle of attack. >
Quantification of mitral annular excursion from cine MRI and validated by Doppler echocardiography

Background Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) reflects longitudinal left ventricular function, predicts survival in heart failure patients and provides a sensitive marker of early systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients with normal ejection fraction (EF). Doppler mitral annulus velocity (e’) in early diastole predicts cardiac mortality, differentiates diseases and estimates filling pressures. We present a practical technique that facilitates measuring atrioventricular junction (AVJ) motion throughout the cardiac cycle from cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and correlate these measurements with EF and echocardiographydetermined e’.
The Marine Technology Complementing Oceanographic Research At Oregon State University

The School of Oceanography at Oregon State Uni versity was started in 1954 with $10,000 and a row boat. Today the funding level is $6,200,000 and two oceangoing research vessels. Almost thirty percent of these research dollars are spent to develop, maintain or purchase oceanographic research equipment. This presentation is intended to convey how engineering is being applied to a broad spectrum of oceanic research.
Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry

If not for the work of his half cousin Francis Galton, Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory might have met a somewhat different fate. In particular, with no direct evidence of natural selection and no convincing theory of heredity to explain it, Darwin needed a mathematical explanation of variability and heredity. Galton's work in biometry-the application of statistical methods to the biological sciences-laid the foundations for precisely that. This book offers readers a compelling portrait of Galton as the "father of biometry," tracing the development of his ideas and his accomplishments, and placing them in their scientific context. Though Michael Bulmer introduces readers to the curious facts of Galton's life-as an explorer, as a polymath and member of the Victorian intellectual aristocracy, and as a proponent of eugenics-his chief concern is with Galton's pioneering studies of heredity, in the course of which he invented the statistical tools of regression and correlation. Bulmer describes Galton's early ambitions and experiments-his investigations of problems of evolutionary importance (such as the evolution of gregariousness and the function of sex), and his movement from the development of a physiological theory to a purely statistical theory of heredity, based on the properties of the normal distribution. This work, culminating in the law of ancestral heredity, also put Galton at the heart of the bitter conflict between the "ancestrians" and the "Mendelians" after the rediscovery of Mendelism in 1900. A graceful writer and an expert biometrician, Bulmer details the eventual triumph of biometrical methods in the history of quantitative genetics based on Mendelian principles, which underpins our understanding of evolution today.
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Facilitates the Transfer of Murine Coronavirus from Endosome to Cytoplasm during Virus Entry

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in cellular endocytosis and maturation of some viruses. In this study, we found that proteasome inhibitors blocked mouse hepatitis virus replication at an early step in the viral life cycle. In the presence of MG132, the entering viruses accumulated in both the endosome and denser lysosome, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the release of virus from the endosome to the cytosol during the virus entry step.
The ‘radically empiricist’ interpretation of early Buddhist Nirvā a

In a recent book on the historical development of Buddhist thought, the author, David J. Kalupahana, has presented the thesis that early Buddhist philosophy, as found in the Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas, is radically different from that of later Buddhism, and supports his claim by tracing the historical divergence of the later schools from original Buddhism as he reconstructs it. He then goes on to assert that not only does early Buddhism differ philosophically from the later schools, but also that even the spiritual goal of nirvāna was fundamentally different, i.e., that the experience or condition denoted by the term ‘nirvāna’ in early Buddhism is quite different from that state which the same term came to denote later – a theory which is perhaps the most controversial feature ofhis overall interpretation of Buddhism.
A model specification for FRP composites for civil engineering structures

Abstract A proposed model specification for FRP composite materials for use in civil engineering structural systems is described in this article. The model specification provides a classification systems for FRP materials, describes admissible constituent materials and limits on selected constituent volumes, describes tests for specified mechanical and physical properties, specifies limiting values of selected properties in the as-received condition and in a saturated state, and provides a protocol for predicting long-term property values subjected to accelerated aging based on the Arrhenius model. The model specification is included as an appendix to the article.
Characteristics of homeless mentally ill inpatients.

Several features in this sample of hospitalized homeless mentally ill patients deserve special attention: the relatively low proportion with major mental illness, a marked tendency to comply with treatment recommendations, and a lack of correspondence between an admitting diagnosis of depression and a discharge diagnosis of depression. It is clearly necessary to further investigate this heterogeneous and challenging patient population to more accurately assess the extent of their psychopathology.
Thoracic Hemangiomatosis Masquerading as Interstitial Lung Disease

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is an extremely rare condition, first described by Wagenvoort. In this condition, sheets of thin-walled blood vessels infiltrate the lung parenchyma, bronchioles, and pleura. Three previous cases have been described in the literature. We describe a fourth. It probably represents a congenital abnormality.
Study of ferroelectric-superconductor field effect transistor

A ferroelectric-superconducting three-terminal device consisting of a YBCO base layer and a PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) gate has been developed. This ferroelectric-superconductor field effect transistor has non-volatility and retention behavior based on the memory effect of the ferroelectric gate. The FSuFET was characterized both by an admittance spectroscopy and by DC I-V measurements after polarizing the PZT gate with both positive and negative pulses. The Jc modulation of the YBCO channel by the gate polarization field has been found greater than 90 percent. The retention time longer than 106 seconds has also been obtained.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Speculations on indirect searches for magnetic monopoles

The superstrong interaction between magnetic monopoles suppresses the production rate of free monopoles and antimonopoles below what one would expect on the basis of standard production models, since, even when a monopole and an antimonopole are created, it is very likely they will be drawn together and annihilate rather than escape each other. This makes it very difficult to search for them directly. In this paper we speculate on the feasibility of various techniques which could be used to infer the existence of monopoles indirectly. In particular, it may sometimes be possible to recognize a monopole-antimonopole annihilation by its products, which for our purposes we take to be showers of photons. Our conclusions as to the appropriateness of various methods as a function of monopole mass and (magnetic) charge are summarized in Fig. 2; the indirect methods are expected to be suited to look for monopoles of high magnetic charge.
Transcriptional regulation through Mediator-like coactivators in yeast and metazoan cells

A novel multiprotein complex has recently been identified as a coactivator for transcriptional control of protein-encoding genes by RNA polymerase II in higher eukaryotic cells. This complex is evolutionarily related to the Mediator complex from yeast and, on the basis of its structural and functional characteristics, promises to be a key target of diverse regulatory circuits.
Adrenocortical carcinosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature

Adrenocortical carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare and aggressive variant of adrenocortical carcinoma characterized by the presence of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, with the latter often showing heterologous differentiation. Due to the rarity and unusual histology, it may pose a diagnostic challenge. In order to increase awareness and identify potential diagnostic pitfalls, we report the ninth case of non-functioning adrenocortical carcinosarcoma in a 45-year-old man who presented with worsening epigastric pain and a left large retroperitoneal mass in close proximity to the body/tail of pancreas and third portion of the duodenum with displacement of the kidney without parenchymal invasion and multiple liver nodules detected by computed tomographic scan. On en bloc resection, the tumor grossly did not involve the pancreas, kidney or colon. Histologically, the tumor was composed of two distinct components - an epithelioid component with granular cytoplasm that stained for synaptophysin, Melan-A, calretinin, and vimentin compatible with adrenocortical differentiation, and a pleomorphic to spindled component that was positive for desmin and myogenin, compatible with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. A wedge biopsy of a liver nodule showed morphologic features similar to the epithelial component of the primary tumor. The patient died three months after surgery due to locoregional and distant recurrence. Adrenocortical carcinosarcoma is a rare malignancy that adds to the differential diagnostic considerations for a retroperitoneal epithelioid malignancy. Awareness of this as a possibility will help in distinguishing this tumor from other carcinomas, melanomas, and true sarcomas.
Etiology and management of esophageal impaction in children: A review of 11 years

Introduction: Esophageal impaction in children is a medical emergency that needs an immediate medical attention. In the last years multiple objects have been detected and were removed endoscopically. In the last decade, Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) has been associated with esophageal stenosis, leading to esophageal impaction with various objects including toys, food, coins and other. Aim: To determine the various objects and symptoms associated with impactions and to develop algorithm that guides Emergency Department Physicians and Primary care Providers when facing such problem in pediatric patient. Material and Methods: A retrospective chart review of all children referred to the pediatric gastroenterology service at Marshall University for FB impaction between 2000 and 2010 was performed. Foreign bodies treated by other specialties were excluded from this review. Clinical and demographic data were retrieved. Results: A total of 291 charts with the diagnosis of foreign body reviewed of which only 126 met the inclusion criteria and considered for final calculation. Male/Female ratio and mean age were 1.17:1.0, and 3.65 ± 0.75 years, respectively. Time of impaction before ER evaluation was: 24hrs in 17 and in 34 the time of ingestion was not known. Radiology was performed in 118 patients, of whom 1 had pneumo-mediastinum and 1 had pneumothorax. Endoscopic localization of the objects showed: 81- proximal, 23- middle esophagus, and 22- in the distal esophagus. The esophageal mucosa showed non-specific changes in 37 patients, 5 with EoE features, 1 patient with hiatal hernia, 1 patient with candidiasis, and in 5 pts had no mucosal description. Conclusion: Children with foreign body in the esophagus are commonly seen in our Hospital ER. Those children may harbor undiagnosed medical conditions that will need future therapy. Careful endoscopic assessment with mucosal biopsies is needed to diagnose those conditions earlier. Referral to a GI specialist may be warranted.
Energy cost analysis of IPSec on handheld devices

We analyze the computation overhead of the IP security protocol (IPSec) on a handheld device. We design experiments to quantify the energy consumed by the individual components in IPSec. We then experiment with several measures which can potentially cut the energy consumption without compromising security. Our results show that by replacing 3DES with Advanced Encryption Standard as the encryption algorithm, the total energy consumption is reduced by up to 38%. On the other hand, MD5 and SHA-1 consume about the same amount of energy for message authentication, which makes SHA-1 more preferred because of its known higher strength against birthday attacks. We also find that the power-saving mode of the wireless LAN interface does not reduce (and may even increase) the total energy cost despite the substantial amount of network idle time. Finally, we find that the data compression option must be used carefully. When sending data from the handheld device, the lossless compression used in IPSec can actually increase the energy consumption until the network bandwidth drops down to 2 Mbps or lower. However, compression is found to save energy when the device receives compressible data under normal bandwidths. This result suggests that the compression option must be dynamically changed in IPSec between data transmission and reception.
2-matrices from thomas—fermi theory

The results of a preliminary attempt to find 2-matrices directly, using a statistical approach, are described.
e+−e− HADRONIC MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTIONS

We have have analyzed the 29 GeV multiplicity data for e+−e−→ hadrons using the partially coherent laser distribution (PCLD). The latter interpolates between the negative binomial and Poisson distributions as the ratio S/N of coherent/incoherent multiplicity varies from zero to infinity. The negative binomial gives an excellent fit for rather large values of the cell parameter k. Equally good fits (for full and partial rapidity range, and for the forward/backward 2 jet correlation) are obtained for the mostly coherent (almost Poissonian) PCLD with small values of k (equal to the number of jets). The reasons for the existence of this tradeoff are explained in detail. The existence of the resulting ambiguity is traced to the insensitivity of the probability distribution to phase information in the hadronic density matrix. We recommend the study of higher order correlations (intensity interferometry) among like-sign particles to resolve this question.
When is a Rapist a Sex Offender? Prosecuting Sex Crimes after Megan's Law

This paper provides a comparative case study of the ways that sex offender registration requirements (commonly known as 'Megan's Law' statutes) influence criminal case processing in sexual assault cases. The study draws on interviews from 120 county-based rape crisis centers in six states to compare how registration mandates are implemented both within and across states. The breadth and severity of statutes intersect with local legal culture to produce disparate responses which may either enhance or obstruct prosecution of sexual assault cases. Some prosecutors use registration to vigorously pursue accused sex offenders while others perceive the laws as unjustly punitive and drop or reduce charges in order to avoid triggering registration requirements. Prosecutors in many jurisdictions see the mandates as undermining their ability to get good plea bargain or trial outcomes, even as others play on public fears and outrage about sex offenders as a way to overcome low jury conviction rates in sexual assault cases. In assessing the impact of the registration statutes advocates not only offer important perspectives about the effects of these laws on rape victims, but also provide trenchant critiques of the ways that local responses to registration statutes illustrate, mask, and justify persistent failures in the criminal justice response to sexual violence.
City, State, and Public Ritual in the Late-Medieval Burgundian Netherlands

At the end of a distinguished career as chronicler of the Burgundian court, Georges Chastellain (1404–75) penned a quick sketch of the outstanding accomplishments of his duke, Charles the Bold. Accustomed to expositions awash in chivalric pomp, Chastellain employed a different tack to commemorate this sovereign: He sketched eleven “magnificences” performed by the duke of Burgundy, all reconstructed images of this prince's engagement with ceremony. Foremost among this snapshot collection of state ritual was neither a tournament, nor a wedding ceremony, nor even a processional entry. What stood out, in Chastellain's estimation, as Charles' greatest deed was something more riveting and more powerful than any of these spectacles so beloved by the fifteenth-century Burgundian court:The first [magnificence] was at Brussels, where, seated on his throne, his sword unsheathed and held by his Marshall, he gathered the men of Ghent arranged kneeling before him and at his pleasure and in their presence cut and tore up the political charters they bore. Done for permanent record, this action was without parallel.For Chastellain, the supreme magnificence of Charles the Bold was a lesson in exemplary punishment, the public abasement of the aldermen and guild deans of the Flemish city of Ghent in January 1469, a year and a half after a city revolt of rank-and-file guildsmen had unsettled celebrations in honor of his accession to the countship of Flanders.
Optimization of Land Use Pattern Based on Ecological Security in the Mountainous Region in Southwest China——A Case Study of Kaixian County,Chongqing

An evaluation has been conducted in this paper to the ecological security of the current situation of the land resources of Kaixian County,Chongqing,by establishing the index system.The outcomes reveal that,in 2009,the ecological security for land resources of Kaixian County is on the "early warning" degree,its ecological security condition for land resources at the general level,and its land use status at the "ecological threat" level.With the evaluation,a land use optimization model has been sought to built up on the basis of ecological security,to adopt principal component analysis,clustering analysis and grey linear programming method,to put forward the land use optimization mode,to construct the "number" and "space","micro" and "macro" in integration of optimization model,and to summarizes the main countermeasures of land use optimization for Kaixian.
Smart Grid——A Development Trend of Future Power Grid

Smart grid becomes the hot topic concerning future power grid development trend home and abroad in recent years.The R D background,concept,major characteristics,driving forces of development,core technologies,some progress in domestic power grid and some new trends abroad are described and analyzed.Some points of view for developing smart grid in China are presented.
Single-stage resection and microwave ablation for bilobar colorectal liver metastases

Background Patients undergoing liver resection combined with microwave ablation (MWA) for bilobar colorectal metastasis may have similar overall survival to patients who undergo two-stage hepatectomy, but with less morbidity. Methods This was a multi-institutional evaluation of patients who underwent MWA between 2003 and 2012. Morbidity (90-day) and mortality were compared between patients who had MWA alone and those who underwent combined resection and MWA (CRA). Mortality and overall survival after CRA were compared with published data on two-stage resections. Results Some 201 patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastasis treated with MWA from four high-volume institutions were evaluated (100 MWA alone, 101 CRA). Patients who had MWA alone were older, but the groups were otherwise well matched demographically. The tumour burden was higher in the CRA group (mean number of lesions 3·9 versus 2·2; P = 0·003). Overall (31·7 versus 15·0 per cent; P = 0·006) and high-grade (13·9 versus 5·0 per cent; P = 0·030) complication rates were higher in the CRA group. Median overall survival was slightly shorter in the CRA group (38·4 versus 42·2 months; P = 0·132) but disease-free survival was similar (10·1 versus 9·3 months; P = 0·525). The morbidity and mortality of CRA compared favourably with rates in the existing literature on two-stage resection, and survival data were similar. Conclusion Single-stage hepatectomy and MWA resulted in survival similar to that following two-stage hepatectomy, with less overall morbidity.
The impact of partial volume effect correction on brain network analysis using AV-45 PET data.

459 Objectives The quantitative accuracy of PET is degraded by partial volume effects caused by limited spatial resolution of PET scanners. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of partial volume correction (PVC) [1] on AV-45 PET image and consequently its impact on brain network analysis. Brain network at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was constructed to demonstrate of the impact of PVC. Methods The AV-45 PET scans of 416 subjects in four different stages of AD, including NC (Normal Control), EMCI (Early Mild Cognitive Impairment), LMCI (Late Mild Cognitive Impairment) and AD, in ADNI (Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) database were analyzed. After image registration to MNI-152 brain template, PVC was performed on all images. Then brain networks of four stages of AD were generated from both pre- and post-partial volume corrected images. For each stage and each group (pre and post PVC) we then randomly selected 90% subjects to generate brain network and repeated 200 times to obtain 200 brain networks of each group. We performed permutation test on these 200 networks and did t-test on all different edges within stages. Results Spatial resolution of PET images was improved after PVC: the boundary of gray matter and white matter was strengthened and the details became more visible. Mean network degrees of LMCI group decreased significantly (from 11.0769±7.9717 to 8.4423±5.7502, network absolute threshold rate r=0.8) while other groups remained almost the same. The strength of nodes of brain networks also changed after PVC, especially in LMCI group, where 95 of total 104 regions decreased and 30.53% of them decreased more than 10%. Mean node strength of LMCI group decreased from 59.5318±8.2607 to 55.6213±8.4887 after PVC. 59 more edges (22.61% of insignificant edges before PVC) of whole brain network in LMCI and AD groups showed significant difference (p=0.05) after PVC, 118 more edges (47.98%) in EMCI and LMCI groups and 96 more edges (76.19%) in EMCI and AD groups, which suggests the effectiveness of PVC in distinguishing EMCI, LMCI and AD patients. Conclusions Partial volume correction can improve the quantitative accuracy of AV-45 PET and consequently the accuracy of brain network analysis, especially in distinguishing EMCI, LMCI and AD patients.$$graphic_{E39B9FCF-A106-410A-BB22-CD3F11EB848F}$$
Melting Volume Variations of He 3 at Very Low Temperatures

Liquid and solid volumes are calculated over the region of the melting anomaly for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. Both phases are represented by theoretical models, and the volume variations are determined down to absolute zero. There is satisfactory agreement with measurements over the present experimental range. Although the melting-pressure curve is smooth, the solid volume at melting has a sharp cusp at its spin-ordering temperature. This feature should enable one to detect the process of spin ordering in the solid. The solid at melting expands with temperature decrease throughout its spin-ordering range. The volume change on adiabatic solidification of the liquid has also been obtained and should be useful in establishing a melting-pressure temperature scale based on the thermodynamic properties of melting ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ at very low temperature.
Skeletal muscle signal peptide optimization for enhancing propeptide or cytokine secretion

We have utilized hidden Markov models using HMMER software to predict and generate putative strong secretory signal peptide sequences for directing efficient secretion of cytokines from skeletal muscle for therapeutic applications. The results show that this approach can analyze signal sequences of a skeletal muscle secretome dataset and classify them, emitting new sequences that are strong candidate skeletal muscle-enriched signal peptides. The emitted signal peptides also were analyzed for their hydropathy and secondary structure profiles as compared to native signal peptides. The emitted signal peptides had a higher degree of hydropathy and helical composition relative to native sequences, which may suggest that these new sequences may hold promize for promoting enhanced secretion of proteins including cytokines or propeptides from skeletal muscle.
Anodal stimulation in two dogs with transvenous permanent bipolar pacemakers

Management of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias such as complete atrioventricular block often involves permanent implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. Both during and after implantation, the operator can telemetrically assess and adjust a variety of electrical parameters associated with the pacemaker function in order to optimize the sensitivity, reliability, and power consumption of the device. Herein, we report an unexpected change in the paced electrocardiographic QRS complex morphology in two dogs undergoing bipolar pacing associated with changes in the pacemaker output amplitude settings first detected during threshold testing. The exclusivity of the electrocardiographic changes solely on pacemaker output settings, consistency between the surface electrocardiogram and ventricular endocardial electrogram, and resolution of this phenomenon when dogs were re-programmed to unipolar pacing is consistent with depolarization of the ventricular myocardium by the anodal electrode of the pacing lead at high pacemaker amplitudes. Anodal stimulation is a potential cause of varying QRS complex morphology witnessed during pacemaker evaluation and interrogation.
Comparative Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus japonicus, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to La Crosse Virus

Invasive mosquito species can increase the transmission risk of native mosquito-borne diseases by acting as novel vectors. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of three exotic invasive mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae. albopictus (Skuse), and Ochlerotatus japonicus (Theobald) to La Crosse virus (LACV) relative to the native primary vector Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say). Adult females of the four mosquito species were orally challenged with LACV; incubated for 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 d; and their midgut infection rates, dissemination rates, and effective vector competence were determined. Overall, Oc. japonicus (2.92) had the highest effective vector competence values, followed by Ae. albopictus (1.55), Ae. aegypti (0.88), and Oc. triseriatus (0.64) . In addition, we assessed the relationship between mosquito size and LACV susceptibility for field-collected Oc. triseriatus and Oc. japonicus . We hypothesized that smaller adults would be more susceptible to LACV; however, our results did not support this hypothesis. Infected Oc. triseriatus tended to be larger than exposed but uninfected females, while infected and uninfected Oc. japonicus were similarly sized. These findings suggest that Oc. japonicus , Ae. albopictus , and Ae. aegypti have significant potential to transmit LACV and more research is needed to uncover their potential role in LACV epidemiology.
Multilevel Structured Documentation

Une experience examine les effets de differents types de documentation sur les performances de 198 utilisateurs presentant differents niveaux d'expertise dans un programme de traitement de textes
Qualitative study of physicians' varied uses of biomedical research in the USA

Objective To investigate the nature of physicians' use of research evidence in experimental conditions of open access to inform training and policy. Design This qualitative study was a component of a larger mixed-methods initiative that provided 336 physicians with relatively complete access to research literature via PubMed and UpToDate, for 1 year via an online portal, with their usage recorded in web logs. Using a semistructured interview protocol, a subset of 38 physician participants were interviewed about their use of research articles in general and were probed about their reasons for accessing specific articles as identified through their web logs. Transcripts were analysed using a general inductive approach. Setting Physician participants were recruited from and registered in the USA. Participants 38 physicians from 16 US states, engaged in 22 medical specialties, possessing more than 1 year of experience postresidency training participated. Results 26 participants attested to the value of consulting research literature within the context of the study by making reference to their roles as clinicians, educators, researchers, learners, administrators and advocates. The physicians reported previously encountering what they experienced as a prohibitive paywall barrier to the research literature and other frustrations with the nature of information systems, such as the need for passwords. Conclusions The findings, against the backdrop of growing open access to biomedical research, indicate that a minority of physicians, at least initially, is likely to seek out and use research and do so in a variety of common roles. Physicians' use of research in these roles has not traditionally been part of their training or part of the considerations for open access policies. The findings have implications for educational and policy initiatives directed towards increasing the effectiveness of this access to and use of research in improving the quality of healthcare.
Challenges and Future Directions in the Detection and Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Multicenter studies addressing screening and intervention for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) inform the management guidelines jointly recommended by American pediatric and ophthalmology academies. Current research focuses on improvements in the identification of ROP and in the treatment of high-risk disease. The development of digital image technology may address various challenges in the diagnosis of ROP, including availability of pediatric ophthalmologic expertise, interobserver variation in diagnosis, and inherent limitations in visual diagnosis. Improved clinical prediction models based on nonophthalmologic data may complement examination-based ROP diagnosis. Alternatives to retinal ablation therapy are being studied to decrease the associated morbidities of such therapy.