cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
iJob: an Internet-based job execution environment using asynchronous messaging

Various toolkits exist today for the distributed execution of computational algorithms on clusters of machines. These toolkits are often referred to by the terms 'Grid Toolkits', 'Job Execution Environments', and 'Problem Solving Environments (PSEs)'. Here, we introduce iJob-an Internet-based job execution environment that sets out to meet many of the goals of PSEs, such as providing facilities and services to solve a class of problems. In addition, the iJob software allows execution of computational algorithms utilizing standard Internet technologies such as Java, XML, and asynchronous communication protocols. The goals of this project include: (1) deploying the toolkit easily to multiple platforms using the Java technologies; (2) running multiple types of algorithms and supporting multiple users simultaneously; (3) providing a web-based GUI for monitoring and controlling the status of jobs; and (4) providing security at both the user-level and at the network-level. The toolkit has been tested using several simulation codes on pools of Windows 2000 and Solaris systems.
Methylation-Dependent Transition Rates Are Dependent on Local Sequence Lengths and Genomic Regions

Recently, Fryxell and Moon (2005) examined methylation-dependent transition rates (5mC deamination rates), which were calculated by the difference between the CpG transition and GpC transition rates, using 4,437 transition mutations in CpG or GpC dinucleotides. They concluded that 5mC deamination rates were highly dependent on local GC content but not on local sequence lengths over which GC content was calculated or the genomic regions where the mutations occurred. Here, we reexamined these statements by using 292,216 CpG-->TpG/CpA and GpC-->GpT/ApC mutations, an increase of 66 times as much data. Contrary to Fryxell and Moon's conclusions, our analysis indicated that 5mC deamination rates in the human genome were dependent on both the local sequence length and the genomic region. Some explanations for their conclusions were provided.
A study of anti‐infectives in dermatologic emulsions. II. Stability in simple and compound emulsions

Abstract The seven anti ‐infective agents previously studied were incorporated in four simple emulsions and four compound emulsions which contained fats, waxes, and nonionic emulsifiers. The stability of the anti‐infective in each formula at room temperature over a four‐week period was followed by the agar‐cup‐plate method. Penicillin, chlortetracycline, and bacitracin were more stable in simple emulsions. Chloramphenicol, streptomycin, Actamer®, and hexachlorophene were quite stable under the experimental conditions.
Development of a poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl methacrylate) copolymer binder system

Low molecular weight poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(methylmethacrylate-co-n-butylmethacrylate) emulsion-based polymers are developed for use as fugitive binders of high temperature powders to be used with the rapid prototyping method known as selective laser sintering. Kinetics of the homopolymerization of methylmethacrylate and n-butyl-methacrylate are found to deviate from Smith-Ewart Type II predictions. Reactivity ratios for the monomer pair are determined and indicate the pair to yield random copolymers. Molecular weight was controlled by the addition of chain transfer agents. Several transfer agents were studied and one, iso-octyl-3-mercaptopropionate, was selected for use with emulsion polymerizations. Glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers and copolymers were studied. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mutations in Both the U5 Region and the Primer-Binding Site Influence the Selection of the tRNA Used for the Initiation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription

The initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription is primed by a cellular tRNA(Lys),3 molecule which is bound to a complementary sequence near the 5' end of the viral RNA genome designated as the primer-binding site (PBS). Recent studies have suggested that sequences upstream of the PBS within U5 consisting of a stretch of adenine nucleotides (referred to as the A-loop) might be important in the selection and positioning of tRNALys,3 primer used to initiate reverse transcription. To further explore the role that the A-loop plays in reverse transcription, we have constructed proviral genomes in which the PBS was changed so as to be complementary to the 3'-terminal 18 nucleotides of tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Pro), or tRNA(Trp) [pHXB(Ile), pHXB(Pro), or pHXB(Trp), respectively]; a second set of proviral genomes was constructed which contained additional mutations so that the A-loop regions were complementary to the anticodon region of tRNA(Ile) [pHXB(Ile-AC)], tRNA(Pro) [pHXB(Pro-AC)], or tRNA(Trp) [pHXB(Trp-AC)]. Transfection of the proviruses into COS-1 cells followed by coculture with SupT1 cells resulted in production of infectious virus. PCR was used to amplify the PBS regions which were subcloned into M13mp18 followed by DNA sequence analysis. After short-term culture, the PBSs of proviruses derived from pHXB(Ile), pHXB(Pro), and pHXB(Trp) reverted to be complementary to tRNA(Lys),3. The PBSs of the viruses derived from pHXB(Ile-AC) also reverted to be complementary to tRNA(Lys),3; the A-loop region was still complementary to tRNA(Ile). In contrast, viruses derived from transfection of pHXB(Pro-AC) initially maintained a PBS complementary to tRNA(Pro). Upon extended culture, we identified proviruses which contained PBSs complementary to two additional tRNAs: tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Lys),3. Furthermore, we found proviruses which contain two PBSs within the same genome: one complementary to tRNA(Lys),3 and a second complementary to tRNA(Pro) or tRNA(Ile). Viruses derived from transfection of pHXB(Trp-AC) were the most delayed in appearance following transfection. Analysis of the PBS revealed that early after transfection, the majority of the PBSs were complementary to tRNA(Trp). After further in vitro culture, proviruses were identified with a PBS complementary to a new tRNA, tRNA(Met). Finally, upon extended culture, the viruses derived from the transfection of pHXB(Ile-AC), pHXB(Pro-AC), and pHXB(Trp-AC) contained mutations upstream from the PBS in U5 that created a stretch of 3 adenine nucleotides. The results of these studies then highlight the flexibility that exists with respect to the selection of the tRNA primer used to initiate HIV-1 reverse transcription.
Discussion on the use of computers in consultation-liaison psychiatry.

Abstract The preceding articles represent excellent work, enabling the discussion to proceed simultaneously along several lines: 1) use of computer hardware and software, 2) problems in implementing and using an information system, and 3) truths and issues in consultation-liaison psychiatry revealed by the data in information systems.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid induces growth inhibition and enhances gemcitabine-induced cell death in pancreatic cancer

Purpose: Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive human malignancy that is generally refractory to chemotherapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are novel agents that modulate cell growth and survival. In this study, we sought to determine whether a relatively new histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth. Experimental Design: The effects of SAHA on the growth of three pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC3, COLO-357, and PANC-1) were examined with respect to cell cycle progression, p21 induction and localization, and interactions with the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine. Results: SAHA induced a G 1 cell cycle arrest in BxPC-3 cells and COLO-357 cells but not in PANC-1 cells. This arrest was dependent, in part, on induction of p21 by SAHA, as p21 was not induced in PANC-1 cells, and knockdown of p21 using small interfering RNA oligonucleotides nearly completely suppressed the effects of SAHA on cell cycle arrest in COLO-357 and partly attenuated the effects of SAHA in BxPC-3. COLO-357 and BxPC-3 cells, but not PANC-1 cells, were also sensitive to gemcitabine. In the gemcitabine-resistant PANC-1 cells, a 48-h cotreatment with SAHA rendered the cells sensitive to the inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of gemcitabine. An additive effect on growth inhibition by SAHA and gemcitabine was observed in COLO-357 and BxPC-3 cells. Moreover, analysis of p21 distribution in COLO-357 cells revealed that SAHA induced the cytoplasmic localization of both p21 and phospho-p21. Conclusions: These data indicate that SAHA exerts proapoptotic effects in pancreatic cancer cells, in part, by up-regulating p21 and sequestering it in the cytoplasm, raising the possibility that SAHA may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
The structure of mitochondrial membranes: a new concept.

Results are summarized that were obtained when analyzing mitochondrial membranes by means of electron microscopy using a variety of preparatory methods. One characteristic feature of all these methods is that they have been developed as an alternative to conventional preparatory procedures used in electron microscopy with the purpose of minimizing structural modifications caused by denaturation of membrane proteins and by extraction of membrane lipids. All these methods give basically the same result, with the structure of the mitochondrial membranes drastically deviating from that observed in conventionally prepared material. Furthermore they make it possible to distinguish structurally between three different types of membranes in the mitochondrion, while all three membranes appear identical in material prepared according to conventional techniques. The methods used in these studies were exposed to critical examination with the aim of finding some factor common to all of them that could have caused the same artifactual distortion of the membrane structure. No such common factor could be found, and no mechanism involving expansion or aggregation that could have produced these different structures of the membranes as artifactual modifications could be identified. On this basis it was concluded that the observed structure of the mitochondrial membranes in material prepared with these methods was closer to the native structure than that observed in material prepared according to conventional methods. As a consequence the observations were interpreted in terms of the molecular structure of the membranes. This interpretation led to the formulation of a new concept regarding the structure of metabolically active membranes. The interior of the inner mitochondrial membranes was considered to consist of a nonaqueous, mixed polar and nonpolar phase. The mitochondrion would thus consist of a two-phase system with alternating aqueous and nonaqueous phases. The advantages of a nonaqueous mixed polar and nonpolar environment for the functioning of complex multienzyme systems are discussed. Some criticism raised against some earlier work on this project is answered, and the relationship between the concept proposed here and the Singer-Nicolson [Singer, S. J., and Nicolson, G. L. (1972) Science 175, 720] membrane model is discussed in detail.
The sesquiterpenoid nootkatone and the absolute configuration of a dibromo derivative.

Nootkatone, or (4R,4aS,6R)-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,4a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)naphthalen-2(3H)-one, C 15 H 22 O, a sesquiterpene with strong repellent properties against Formosan subterranean termites and other insects, has the valencene skeleton. The dibromo derivative (1S,3R,45,4aS,-6R,8aR)-1,3-dibromo-6-isopropyl-4,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,-7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-one, C 15 H 24 Br 2 O, has two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, which differ in the rotation of the isopropyl group with respect to the main skeleton. The C-Br distances are in the range 1.950 (4)-1.960 (4) A. Both independent molecules form zigzag chains, with very short intermolecular carbonyl-carbonyl interactions, having the perpendicular motif and O...C distances of 2.886 (6) and 2.898 (6) A. These chains are flanked by intermolecular Br...Br interactions of distances in the range 4.067 (1)-4.218 (1) A. The absolute configuration of the dibromo derivative was determined, from which that of nootkatone was inferred.
The human role in changing fluvial systems : Retrospect, inventory and prospect

Historical and modern scientific contexts are provided for the 2006 Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium on theHuman Role in Changing Fluvial Systems. The 2006 symposium provides a synthesis of research concerned with human impacts on fluvial systems — including hydrologic and geomorphic changes to watersheds — while also commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1955Man's Role in Changingthe Face of the Earth Symposium[Thomas,Jr.,W. L.(Ed.), 1956a.Man'sRole in Changing the Face of the Earth. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.1193 pp]. This paper examines the 1955symposium from the perspective of humanimpacts on rivers, reviews current inquiry on anthropogenic interactions in fluvial systems, and anticipates future directions in this field. Although the 1955 symposium did not have an explicit geomorphic focus, it set the stage for many subsequent anthropogeomorphic studies. The 1955 conference provided guidance to geomorphologists by recommending and practicing interdisciplinary scholarship, through the use of diverse methodologies applied at extensive temporal and geographical scales, and through its insistence on an integrated understanding of human interactions with nature. Since 1956, research on human impacts to fluvial systems has been influenced by fundamental changes in why the research is done, what is studied, how river studies are conducted, and who does the research. Rationales for river research are now driven to a greater degree by institutional needs, environmental regulations, and aquatic restoration. New techniques include a host of dating, spatial imaging, and ground measurement methods that can be coupled with analytical functions and digital models. These new methods have led to a greater understanding of channel change, variations across multiple temporal and spatial scales, and integrated watershed perspectives; all changes that are reflected by the papers in this volume. These new methods also bring a set of technical demands for the training of geomorphologists. The 2006 Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium complements the 1956 symposium by providing a more specific and updated view of river systems coupled with human interactions. The symposium focuses on linkages between human land use, structures, and channel modification with geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. The emergence of sustainability as a central policy guideline in environmental management should generate greater interest in geomorphic perspectives, especially as they pertain to human activities. The lack of theories of anthropogeomorphic change, however, presents a challenge for the next generation of geomorphologists in this rapidly growing subfield.
Transient receptor potential canonical channels are essential for chemotactic migration of human malignant gliomas

The majority of malignant primary brain tumors are gliomas, derived from glial cells. Grade IV gliomas, Glioblastoma multiforme, are extremely invasive and the clinical prognosis for patients is dismal. Gliomas utilize a number of proteins and pathways to infiltrate the brain parenchyma including ion channels and calcium signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the localization and functional relevance of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels in glioma migration. We show that gliomas are attracted in a chemotactic manner to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Stimulation with EGF results in TRPC1 channel localization to the leading edge of migrating D54MG glioma cells. Additionally, TRPC1 channels co-localize with the lipid raft proteins, caveolin-1 and β-cholera toxin, and biochemical assays show TRPC1 in the caveolar raft fraction of the membrane. Chemotaxis toward EGF was lost when TRPC channels were pharmacologically inhibited or by shRNA knockdown of TRPC1 channels, yet without affecting unstimulated cell motility. Moreover, lipid raft integrity was required for gliomas chemotaxis. Disruption of lipid rafts not only impaired chemotaxis but also impaired TRPC currents in whole cell recordings and decreased store-operated calcium entry as revealed by ratiomeric calcium imaging. These data indicated that TRPC1 channel association with lipid rafts is essential for glioma chemotaxis in response to stimuli, such as EGF.
Temperature-insensitive reflective arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers

We present a new approach to temperature compensation of silica-based arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers. An external mirror rotating with temperature at a constant rate, in combination with a reflective multiplexer, is used to compensate for the temperature-induced change of the refractive index, and the resulting wavelength shift of individual channels, making the device athermal. A wavelength-temperature slope of less than 3.2/spl times/10/sup -4/nm//spl deg/C was obtained in the temperature range 5/spl deg/C-70/spl deg/C, without noticeable degradation in the device performance.
Insulin-Like 3 Exposure of the Fetal Rat Gubernaculum Modulates Expression of Genes Involved in Neural Pathways

Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) signaling directs fetal gubernacular development and testis descent, but the actions of INSL3 in the gubernaculum are poorly understood. Using microarray gene expression profiling of fetal male rat gubernaculum explants exposed to 10 or 100 nM INSL3, significant changes in expression were identified for approximately 900 genes. Several of the genes showing the largest inductions regulate neuronal development or activity, including Pnoc (34-fold), Nptx2 (9-fold), Nfasc (4-fold), Gfra3 (3-fold), Unc5d (3-fold), and Crlf1 (3-fold). Bioinformatics analysis revealed BMP and WNT signaling pathways and several gene ontologies related to neurogenesis were altered by INSL3. Promoter response elements significantly enriched in the INSL3-regulated gene list included consensus sequences for MYB, REL, ATF2, and TEF transcription factors. Comparing in vivo gene expression profiles of male and female rat fetal gubernaculum showed expression of the Bmp, Wnt, and neurodevelopmental genes induced by INSL3 was higher in males. Using quantitative RT-PCR, the microarray data were confirmed, and the induction of Bmp3, Chrdl2, Crlf1, Nptx2, Pnoc, Wnt4, and Wnt5a mRNA levels were examined over a range of INSL3 concentrations (0.1–100 nM) in male and female gubernaculum. In both sexes, an increasing gene expression response was observed between 0.1 and 10 nM INSL3. These data suggest that INSL3 signaling in the fetal gubernaculum induces morphogenetic programs, including BMP and WNT signaling, and support other rodent data suggesting a role for these pathways in development of the gubernaculum.
Cognitive Questions from Discourse Analysis A Review and a Study

This article demonstrates the potential of discourse analysis for exploring cognitive processes that occur during writing. Discourse analytic studies and text comprehension studies are reviewed for their contribution to a cognitive process view of writing. Research is reported which combines discourse analysis with on-line pause data to determine how semantic propositions reflect sentence-level planning patterns. Results indicate that decisions regarding predicate relationships are central to sentence production. Some implications for a process model of writing are suggested.
Change in Circulating Adiponectin in Advanced Old Age: Determinants and Impact on Physical Function and Mortality. The Cardiovascular Health Study All Stars Study

THE adipocyte-derived peptide adiponectin has emerged as a potentially crucial molecule to cardiometabolic disorders (1). In the laboratory, adiponectin exhibits insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties (1). Yet, although its metabolic benefits have been confirmed in clinical studies, the relationship of circulating adiponectin to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans has been inconsistent (2). Although a protective association has been documented in younger adults without prevalent CVD (3), this has not been reproduced in groups with manifest heart disease (4,5) or in older adults (2), where the relationship has in fact been directionally opposite. This paradoxical adverse association with CVD and mortality in older adults has been replicated in different settings (6–8), but its basis remains unclear. It is well recognized from cross-sectional studies that circulating adiponectin is higher in older than in younger adults (9,10). Together with the observation that men with exceptional longevity harbor genetic variants associated with greater adiponectin levels (11), this has led to the proposition that the higher concentration with age could reflect a survivor bias (9,11). Contrariwise, the higher age-related levels and link to increased mortality suggest that resistance to adiponectin’s beneficial actions (12) or, alternatively, a response to adverse processes (13) or direct deleterious effects could be involved. Serial measurement of adiponectin in older adults would shed light on the basis for higher levels documented cross-sectionally. An important aspect of aging is a decline in cognitive and physical faculties, which serves as a harbinger of mortality (14). Obesity, dysglycemia, and CVD have distinct associations with circulating adiponectin levels, and all are strong determinants of functional decline (15). Defining the relationship of adiponectin to functional impairment in old age could help to clarify its reported association with mortality. To address these questions, we measured levels of adiponectin 9 years apart in a cohort surviving to advanced old age who underwent detailed assessment of functional status. Our objectives were to identify determinants of adiponectin change and to examine the association of adiponectin and its antecedent change with physical impairment and mortality in this older cohort.
The Dyadic Complexity Formula

This article presents a formula for calculating dyadic complexity in groups, families, and other organizations and relational systems. Illustrations of increased dyadic complexity as a function of the increase in organization size are presented as well as a discussion of the dyadic concept as the foundational unit of communication within systems. The article concludes with a discussion of the utility of the dyadic complexity formula as a research tool.
A general path for large-scale solubilization of cellular proteins: from membrane receptors to multiprotein complexes.

Expression of recombinant proteins in bacterial or eukaryotic systems often results in aggregation rendering them unavailable for biochemical or structural studies. Protein aggregation is a costly problem for biomedical research. It forces research laboratories and the biomedical industry to search for alternative, more soluble, non-human proteins and limits the number of potential “druggable” targets. In this study we present a highly reproducible protocol that introduces the systematic use of an extensive number of detergents to solubilize aggregated proteins expressed in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. We validate the usefulness of this protocol by solubilizing traditionally difficult human protein targets to milligram quantities and confirm their biological activity. We use this method to solubilize monomeric or multimeric components of multi-protein complexes and demonstrate its efficacy to reconstitute large cellular machines. This protocol works equally well on cytosolic, nuclear and membrane proteins and can be easily adapted to a high throughput format.
A non‐lectin‐like mechanism by which Fusobacterium nucleatum 10953 adheres to and activates human lymphocytes

Most (approximately 80%) strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum adhere to human erythrocytes in a lectin-like manner that is strongly inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). In this study, we investigated the capacity of F. nucleatum 10953, a strain that is weakly inhibited by GalNAc, to adhere to and activate human lymphocytes in vitro. Experiments using [3H]-labeled bacteria and scanning electron microscopy clearly showed that 10953 adhered to lymphocytes and that adherence was blocked by L-arginine+GalNAc greater than L-arginine much greater than GalNAc. Adherence was Ca(2+)-dependent, inhibited by pretreatment of the bacteria with proteases or heat, and unaffected by paraformaldehyde fixation of the bacteria. Strain 10953 induced lymphocyte mitogenesis that was blocked by L-arginine but not by GalNAc. These results suggest that certain strains of F. nucleatum, such as 10953, express a distinct, non-lectin-like mechanism by which they adhere to and activate lymphocytes. Activation of lymphocytes may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases associated with these bacteria.
The Role of Volatiles in Plant–Plant Interactions

Plants respond to herbivory by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which mediate diverse ecological interactions between plants and other organisms. Almost three decades after it was first proposed that plants respond to VOCs from injured neighbors, this phenomenon is now well established and has been documented across multiple levels of biological organization (i.e., molecular, biochemical, and ecological). Recent studies have also shown that herbivore-induced VOCs can play a role in within-plant communication. In general, VOCs appear frequently to prime defenses in plants, enhancing plant responses to subsequent herbivore attack. The mechanisms underlying such effects remain largely unknown, though we have recently begun to learn more about the genes involved in plant–plant signaling. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge about the role of VOCs in plant-to-plant interactions. By synthesizing these findings, our chapter intends to point out gaps in existing research, in particular the need for further studies under natural conditions.
A case study in applying semantic web technologies to the XML-based tactical assessment markup language (TAML)

The ability to analyze data quickly and transform it into actionable information is vital for information superiority. However, the amount of available data is increasing and the time to make decisions is decreasing. There is too much data for humans to sift through and filter for decision making, so computer automation is necessary. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) offers a partial solution by providing a syntactic standard for data exchange. The Tactical Assessment Markup Language (TAML) is an XML vocabulary for exchanging undersea warfare tactical data. However, the meaning or semantics of the data is unknown to the machine processing the data. The Semantic Web is a set of technologies designed to add semantic information to data for machine processing. The technologies consist of several components, including a common syntax for data exchange, common semantic representation, and a common ontology language. Reasoning engines also apply algorithms to the data to infer useful information and present it to decision makers. Sophisticated Semantic Web tools and techniques are rapidly emerging. This paper provides a case study in adding stronger semantic content through application of Semantic Web technologies to XML-based languages such as TAML. The lessons learned will help enable systems to extract useful, actionable information from a number of distributed, autonomous, heterogeneous information sources and bring the armed forces closer to a knowledge-aware Global Information Grid (GIG).
Generation and Optimization of Traveling Vibrating Waves in Self-Assembling Swimming Smart Boxes

This paper presents vibration analysis and structural optimization of a self-assembled structure for swimming. The third mode shape of the structure in the longitudinal direction resembles the body waveform of a swimming eel fish. At the final destination, the box self-assembles using shape memory alloys. MFCs (Piezoelectric Micro Fiber Composites) are actuated at the fundamental natural frequency of the structure. This excites the primary mode of resonance. We optimize the thickness of the panels and the stiffness of the joints to most efficiently generate the swimming waveforms that resembles the body waveform of eel. Traveling wave is generated using two piezoelectric batches actuators bonded on the first and fourth segments of the beams in the longitudinal direction. Excitation of the piezoelectrics results in coupled system dynamics equations that can be translated into generation of waves. Theoretical analysis based on the distributed parameter model was conducted in this paper.A scalar measure of the traveling to standing wave ratio was created using 2-dimensional Fourier Transform of the wave form. The results then were compared to common method in the literature for assessment of standing to traveling wave ratio.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Baire property in the compact-open topology of Lašnev spaces

Finding an internal condition on a topological space X which is necessary and sufficient for the compact-open topology Ck(X) to be Baire is an open problem. The moving off property is a known characterization for the class of first-countable or locally compact spaces. Here we show that it also holds for the class of closed images of first-countable paracompact spaces, hence Lasnev spaces in particular; furthermore, Baireness of Ck(X) is equivalent to its α-favorability for X in this class. We will also show that if X is the closed image of a locally compact paracompact space then Ck(X) is α-favorable.
Modeling High Frequency Modes for Accurate Low-Dimensional Galerkin Models

Dynamical systems ideas have recently gained increased momentum in the study of turbulent flows. The reason is that dynamical systems could be used to describe low dimensional structures, such as the coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer, which play an important role in the dynamics of the flow. In this study, we perform threedimensional simulations of a turbulent flow past a circular cylinder at Re=1000. We record 1000 snapshots of the velocity field data for more than a dozen vortex shedding cycles. We compute the POD modes and project the Navier-Stokes equations onto these modes. In order to model higher frequency modes, we propose an LES-type approach and include an additional term in the reduced-order model for closure.
Spruce Beetle Mortality in Cacodylic Acid-Treated Engelmann Spruce Trap Trees

Undiluted Silvisar 510® (cacodylic acid) was applied in a frill girdle to Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmanni Parry. 1.5 feet above the ground level in late spring. The trees were felled 9 to 14 days later and tested as lethal trap trees. The treated trees were fatal to Dendroctouns rufipennis (Kirby), and prevented brood development. Hectic mortality was equal in all portions of the bole. The number of attacks did not differ between treated and control trees. and there was no repelling effect after the attacks had occurred. Spruce beetles died slowly and constructed abnormally shaped and short egg galleries. Results in artificially infested bolts from the trap trees were the same. The water content in treated trees was not significantly different from that in untreated trees. Blue stain development was very light in the treated trees and heavy in the untreated trees. Ips pilifrons Swaine, Ploygraphus rufipennis (Kirby), and Scierus annectens LeConte, had some mortality in the treated trees. Trypodendron lineatum (Oliver) was attracted to the treated trees, but their development was not affected.
P2-S2.14 Alcohol abuse and sexual victimisation among female sex workers in China

Background Global literature suggests women often have higher sexual risks under the influence of alcohol abuse. However, data are limited from vulnerable population such as the female sex workers (FSW) in developing countries. The current study aims to fill out the literature gap by examining the association between alcohol abuse and sexual victimisation among FSWs in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1022 FSWs who were recruited through community outreach from nine different types of entertainment establishments in Guangxi, China. The FSWs completed a self-administered survey on their demographic, information, alcohol use/abuse behaviours (AUDIT), and sexual victimisation experience. Multivariate regression was employed to assess the relationship between alcohol abuse and sexual victimisation. Results FSWs who were younger, less educated, never married, and working in an alcohol-serving establishment were more likely to have higher risks of alcohol abuse (p Conclusion Alcohol abuse was prevalent and associated with sexual victimisation experience among FSWs in China. Culturally appropriate interventions are urgently needed to reduce alcohol use related sexual risks among this vulnerable population.
Effects of Solid Tumors on the Resistance of Mice to Viral and Bacterial Infections

AbstractBalb/c mice, athymic mice with a Balb/c genetic background, and their heterozygote littermates were used in experiments to evaluate the consequence of developing solid tumors on resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Mice bearing 15-day tumors were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus type 2, or ectromelia virus. The Balb/c tumors employed were a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (Meth A) and a mammary carcinoma (D2-7041): these were shown experimentally to be immunogenic and nonimmunogenic, respectively. The data show that these rapidly developing tumors do not impair the native resistance of either the immunocompetent or athymic strains when compared to non-tumor-bearing mice. Tumor burden imparted an enhanced resistance of immunocompetent mice to L. monocytogenes while exerting no measurable effects on the outcome of pneumococcal or ectromelia and herpes simplex virus infections.
A Strategy for Complex Dimer Formation When Biomimicry Fails: Total Synthesis of Ten Coccinellid Alkaloids

Although dimeric natural products can often be synthesized in the laboratory by directly merging advanced monomers, these approaches sometimes fail, leading instead to non-natural architectures via incorrect unions. Such a situation arose during our studies of the coccinellid alkaloids, when attempts to directly dimerize Nature’s presumed monomeric precursors in a putative biomimetic sequence afforded only a non-natural analogue through improper regiocontrol. Herein, we outline a unique strategy for dimer formation that obviates these difficulties, one which rapidly constructs the coccinellid dimers psylloborine A and isopsylloborine A through a terminating sequence of two reaction cascades that generate five bonds, five rings, and four stereocenters. In addition, a common synthetic intermediate is identified which allows for the rapid, asymmetric formal or complete total syntheses of eight monomeric members of the class.
Diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT in malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumor

Objective:To evaluate the role of CT scan in the diagnosis of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumor in children.Methods:Nine children with malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumor(M/F:5/4,median age:16months,range:5months~4years)were recruited.The CT scan results,pathology and clinical signs of these cases were retrospectively analyzed.According to Altman's classification,the tumor size,morphology,CT image,blood supply,metastasis and AFP value in different subtypes were assessed.Results:One of the 9patients had TypeⅡ sacrococcygeal teratoma,three had TypeⅢ sacrococcygeal teratoma,and the remaining 5had Type Ⅳ sacrococcygeal teratoma.The tumor size ranged from 42mm×43mm~132mm×21mm.Of them,5/9were solid mass,7cases contained no fat or a little fat components.The tumors had heterogeneous density and all tumors had rich blood supply.Metastasis was detected in all patients,mostly in sacrum and vertebra(8/9).Inferior caval vein and iliac vein emboli were observed in 6/9of patients.Liver,lung and vertebra metastases were also reported.Serum AFP elevated in all patients,and 89% of patients showed significant AFP increase.Of the 9patients,8were correctly diagnosed by CT scan,while only 6were proved to be malignant by pathology before operation.Conclusion:CT scan is useful in diagnosing the malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumor and metastasis in children.
Lipoxygenases: A Chronological Perspective on the Synthesis of S and R Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides

Lipoxygenase enzymes initiate, control, and terminate a free radical reaction of their polyunsaturated fatty acid substrate with molecular oxygen, typically forming a single chiral fatty acid hydroperoxide as product. The enzymes are best known for the synthesis of lipid mediators: for example, leukotrienes and resolvins in animals, jasmonates and short-chain aldehydes in plants. The first part of this review focuses on how and when the distinguishing features of these enzymes were discovered. Lipoxygenase activity was first detected around 1930, yet it took until the 1950s to recognize that the oxygen molecule is introduced with chirality (the products have optical activity), thus distinguishing the reactions from nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation. Specificity for particular polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates and the precise S-stereochemistry of the products were first established in the 1960s. In the 1980s the first lipoxygenases forming R-chirality hydroperoxides were recognized, ultimately leading to the discovery of human 12R-lipoxygenase in the late 1990s. Inactivating mutations in 12R-lipoxygenase (or epidermal lipoxygenase-3) are associated with congenital ichthyosis. These lipoxygenases are involved in mobilization of ceramides in the outer epidermis, and the final sections of this chapter give an overview of the current understanding of their role in contributing to formation of the epidermal water barrier.
The Use of Song to Open an Educational Development Workshop: Exploratory Analysis and Reflections.

Song has been used by faculty of many disciplines in their classrooms and, to a lesser extent, by educational developers in workshops. This paper shares and discusses a new song (about an instructor's evolving openness to alternatives to lecture-only teaching) and its novel use to open an educational development workshop. Self-reported participant data from an exploratory survey suggest that the song was most effective in reducing stress as well as in increasing motivation, morale, engagement, and connection. Practical implications and implementation considerations are discussed regarding the song as well as related creative work.
The Formation of Amyloid Fibril on Two-Dimensional Surface

Several neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by fibrillar aggregates or amyloids in different parts of the brain. The formation of amyloid fibrils is assisted by the existence of membranes and crowded environment in the brain. However, the detailed mechanism of the way membrane surfaces and other interfaces affect the fibril formation rate is still unclear. In recent work, we have demonstrated a label-free procedure method to study surface effect on fibril growth. In this method, we prepare samples by controlling incubation time and drying process to pause the fibril growth on a hydrophilic surface. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the fibril's morphologies and length distribution can be characterized over time. As such, we can study the kinetics of fibril growth on various surfaces. In addition to the kinetic information, we also obtain the dispersion of these surface-mediated fibrils. In the case where fibrils are formed at the interface through a diffusion-limited aggregation process, the dispersion reflects the diffusion coefficient of monomers on surfaces. Overall, the combination of experimental data and the theoretical approach presented here elucidate the importance of surface effects in amyloid formation of short peptides.
Conclusions and Comparisons

Each chapter of this study has dealt with a separate theme relating to Caribbean maritime security, and specific conclusions about each theme have been presented at the end of each chapter. This final chapter synthesises and extends these various conclusions. Overall conclusions will focus on two groups of trends in Caribbean maritime security, which have been assessed throughout the study — issues and actors.
Money in the Neoclassical Model

In Chapter 2 we presented the basic neoclassical macroeconomic model as a ‘real’ system, treating all variables measured in terms of the single product. It might be thought that this presentation was of a strawman, for the analysis of monetary relationships is apparently a central characteristic of the neoclassical school. Indeed, the term ‘monetarist’ refers to the most orthodox of the neoclassicists. However, this partitioning of economic analysis between the real system and the system in its monetary (or nominal) form is a fundamental trademark of the synthesis school, as inspection of any standard textbook will show.
TCT-172 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Clinical Characteristics, Management and Outcomes in a Large Community Based Cohort

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare and poorly understood cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and sudden cardiac death. It occurs predominantly in young women who do not have risk factors for atherosclerosis, with an increased proportion occurring in the peripartum period. The
Impinging rotational stagnation-point flows

Abstract A rotational stagnation-point flow of fluid density ρ1 and kinematic viscosity ν1 impinges normal to another rotational stagnation-point flow of fluid density ρ2 and viscosity ν2. Results are compared with a previous study on the normal impingement of two Homann stagnation-point flows for which the flow in the far field is irrotational.
Isolation and application of bioactive Wnt proteins

Wnt proteins and their signaling cascades are involved in a wide variety of developmental processes, and deregulation of this pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Unlike many other growth factors, Wnts long eluded biochemical purification, in large part because of their hydrophobic nature, which is imparted by one or more lipid modifications. Here I describe a complete protocol that outlines the purification process for Wnt proteins. While this protocol has not been applied to all known Wnt proteins, it has been successfully applied to the purification of a large subset of Wnts, including the very divergent Wnt protein, Drosophila Wnt8 (Dwnt8 or WntD), indicating that this protocol is likely applicable to all Wnts.
Race and Colorblindness: A Historical Overview

To provide context for the modern day colorblind ideology, Chapter 2 recounts the decidedly color-conscious history of race in the U.S. This review demonstrates that policies and legislation that are formally colorblind have generally produced color-coded outcomes that harm minorities. A corresponding historical review specific to the genesis and progression of the colorblind ideology over time follows. This latter review demonstrates that the modern colorblind ideology was strategically designed in the midst of the Civil Rights movement to garner conservative political support by frustrating the aims of racial justice contingents.
Immigrant Students in the Trump Era: What We Know and Do Not Know.

The 2016 U.S. presidential election marked a time of deep political divide for the nation and resulted in an administrative transition that represented a drastic shift in values and opinions on sev...
Association of Maternal Obesity With Longitudinal Ultrasonographic Measures of Fetal Growth: Findings From the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons

Importance Despite the increasing prevalence of pregravid obesity, systematic evaluation of the association of maternal obesity with fetal growth trajectories is lacking. Objective To characterize differences in fetal growth trajectories between obese and nonobese pregnant women, and to identify the timing of any observed differences. Design, Setting, and Participants The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons study enrolled cohorts of pregnant women at 12 US health care institutions. Obese women (with prepregnancy body mass index > 30) and nonobese women (prepregnancy body mass indexes, 19-29.9) without major chronic diseases were recruited between 8 weeks and 0 days’ gestation and 13 weeks and 6 days’ gestation. A mixed longitudinal randomization scheme randomized participants into 1 of 4 schedules for 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional ultrasonograms to capture weekly fetal growth data throughout the remainder of their pregnancies. Main Outcomes and Measures On each ultrasonogram, fetal humerus length, femur length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, and abdominal circumference were measured. Fetal growth curves were estimated using linear mixed models with cubic splines. Median differences in the fetal measures at each gestational week of the obese and nonobese participants were examined using the likelihood ratio and Wald tests after adjustment for maternal characteristics. Results The study enrolled 468 obese and 2334 nonobese women between 8 weeks and 0 days’ gestation and 13 weeks and 6 days’ gestation. After a priori exclusion criteria, 443 obese and 2320 nonobese women composed the final cohort. Commencing at 21 weeks’ gestation, femur length and humerus length were significantly longer for fetuses of obese woman than those of nonobese women. Differences persisted in obese and nonobese groups through 38 weeks’ gestation (median femur length, 71.0 vs 70.2 mm;P = .01; median humerus length, 62.2 vs 61.6 mm;P = .03). Averaged across gestation, head circumference was significantly larger in fetuses of obese women than those of nonobese women (P = .02). Fetal abdominal circumference was not greater in the obese cohort than in the nonobese cohort but was significantly larger than in fetuses of normal-weight women (with body mass indexes between 19.0-24.9) commencing at 32 weeks (median, 282.1 vs 280.2 mm;P = .04). Starting from 30 weeks’ gestation, estimated fetal weight was significantly larger for the fetuses of obese women (median, 1512 g [95% CI, 1494-1530 g] vs 1492 g [95% CI, 1484-1499 g]) and the difference grew as gestational age increased. Birth weight was higher by almost 100 g in neonates born to obese women than to nonobese women (mean, 3373.2 vs 3279.5 g). Conclusions and Relevance As early as 32 weeks’ gestation, fetuses of obese women had higher weights than fetuses of nonobese women. The mechanisms and long-term health implications of these findings are not yet established.