cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Values of War: The Trojan Battle Deliberations in Troilus and Cressida

The concept of honor is a prominent value in martial behavior and military decisions. It may be pursued for good or for ill, and the role it plays depends upon how well it is governed by strong character, especially the virtues of courage, magnanimity, and prudence as defined and illustrated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Greek historian Thucydides. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, set in the context of the Trojan War, shows by negative example how honor can be misused to justify or prolong an unjust military engagement. This is a vitally important lesson in our post-9/11 world as those in the public service aggressively undertake an ambiguous struggle against an ill-defined enemy.
The Counselor's “Duty to Warn”

In the wake of the Tarasoff case in California other state courts have interpreted the legality of a helping professional's duty to warn.
Assessing circuit breaker life cycle using condition-based data

How to make decisions to optimally allocate the resources by deciding when to perform maintenance on power apparatus is a critical issue, especially with present economic scenario in power industry. This paper proposes a new approach to assess the circuit breaker's life cycle or deterioration stages using its control circuit data. In this approach, the “classical” healthy, minor and major deterioration stages have been mathematically defined by setting up the limits of various performance indices. The model can be automatically updated as the new real-time condition-based data become available to assess the CB's operation performance using probability distributions. The methodology may also be used to quantify the effect of maintenance making use of the defined performance indices, which further helps in developing system-wide risk-based decision approaches for maintenance optimization. Case studies using field data recorded at different times during operations of circuit breaker are presented at the end.
Comparison of the relative incidence of impalpable invasive breast carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ in cancers detected in patients older and younger than 50 years of age.

PURPOSE: To compare the relative incidence of impalpable ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast carcinoma detected mammographically in women younger than 50 years of age and those aged 50 years and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Needle-wire localization and surgical biopsy were performed in 4,428 impalpable lesions in 3,734 patients. A total of 1,179 breast cancers were found. Histologic findings were reviewed retrospectively, and lesions were classified as invasive cancer or DCIS. The patients were categorized into two groups: those aged 50 years and older and those younger than 50 years of age. RESULTS: A total of 294 cancers were found in women younger than 50 years of age. Of these cancers, 137 (46.6%) were DCIS and 157 (53.4%) were invasive. In women aged 50 years and older, 885 cancers were found. Of these, 325 (36.7%) DCIS and 558 (63.1%) invasive cancers were found. CONCLUSION: For mammographically detected breast carcinomas, there is a higher relative incidence (46.6% vs 36.6%) of DCI...
Guest Editorial Laser Applications To Chemistry

The phenomenon of "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation" (the laser), discovered over twenty years ago, has become one of the most exciting developments in science. Providing a source of intense, coherent, narrowly monochromatic radiation, with the capability of either continuous generation or periodic flashes of extraordinarily short duration (down to pico-seconds), the laser has already had a remarkable effect on research in many diverse areas of engineering and the physical and biological sciences.
Harmonic splines for geomagnetic modelling

Abstract Which features of a geomagnetic field model on the surface of the core are really necessary in order to fit, within observational error, the field observations at and above the Earth's surface? To approach this question, we define ‘roughness’ in various ways as a norm on an appropriate Hilbert space of field models which is small when the field is smooth on the core surface. Then, we calculate the model with least norm (the smoothest model) which fits the data, sources outside the core being treated as noise. Sample calculations illustrate the effects of noise, of the choice of norm and of an uneven distribution of observing stations.
Extra-pair paternity in waved albatrosses: genetic relationships among females, social mates and genetic sires

Summary Interactions among close relatives are expected to be common in colonially breeding species, species with limited geographic distributions such as island endemics, or those with limited natal or breeding dispersal. The waved albatross, Phoebastria irrorata, a colonially nesting, endemic seabird in Galapagos, Ecuador, presents an opportunity to closely examine relationships between genetic similarity of parents and extra-pair paternity. This species’ mating system is characterized by high year-to-year social mate and nest site fidelity as well as an unexpectedly high level of extra-pair paternity. The probability of hatching was lower for social pairs with high genetic similarity, suggesting an apparent cost of inbreeding. Despite this apparent cost, analyses of multilocus minisatellite band-sharing coefficients revealed that genetic similarity was somewhat negatively associated with EPF probability, inconsistent with the pattern predicted by the Genetic Similarity Hypothesis (GSH) that social pairs with extrapair offspring would be more similar than those with within-pair offspring. We found that a model with no effect of the type of dyad the female was in (female–social mate compared to female–genetic sire) on genetic similarity was as heavily weighted as one incorporating an effect, also inconsistent with the GSH. Evidence from our analyses suggested that cuckolded males were more genetically similar to randomly drawn males than to the genetic sire of their extra-pair offspring, a finding in contrast to the main prediction of our novel EPF tolerance hypothesis that males might tolerate extra-pair offspring if the actual sire is closely related. We discuss these findings in light of information about dispersal and we present some alternative explanations for extra-pair paternity in the waved albatross.
The Effect of the Location of a Simulated Intruder On Responses To Long-Distance Vocalizations of Mantled Howling Monkeys, Alouatta Palliata Palliata

Mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata, of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, respond in a site-dependent way to experimental playbacks of choruses of loud vocalizations. Groups of howling monkeys increase their rates of calling and approach simulated vocal intruders located in often-used patches of forest. In contrast, they call less than previously and do not approach simulated intruders in seldom-used areas. These monkeys adjust their responses to simulated intruders depending upon the quality of local patches of forest. Various additional factors determine the functions of loud calls of howling monkeys: the distance to a receiver, the "ontogenetic trajectory" (WILEY, 1981) of the caller, the density of calling groups and possibly the existence of an ongoing confrontation.
Varying effects of enhanced and new corporate technological knowledge in responding to technological change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how enhanced and new technological knowledge of firms affects their performance under varying rates of technological change.Design/methodology/approach – A large‐sample empirical study of US manufacturing firms is used. The main independent variables are measured using firms' patent data. Three hypotheses were developed based on theory and were tested using multivariate regressions. To increase reliability, alternative industry and firm explanators of performance were controlled for.Findings – It was found that performance effects of enhanced technological knowledge increase with increasing rate of technological change. Effects of each knowledge dimension are found to be non‐linear. New technological knowledge has no independent effect on performance but acts jointly with enhanced knowledge in improving performance under moderate to rapid rates of technological change.Research limitations/implications – The study is narrow in scope being a fine‐grained ana...
Temperature-dependent ion mixing and diffusion during sputtering of thin films of CrSi2 on silicon

Measurements of sputtering yields and composition profiles have been carried out using backscattering spectrometry for samples of CrSi2 on Si irradiated with 200‐keV Xe ions. When the CrSi2 layer is thinner than the ion range, the sputtering yield ratio of Si to Cr increases from 3.5 for room‐temperature irradiation to 65 at 290 °C. For a thick sample, the corresponding increase is from 2.4 to 4.0. only. These changes are explained in terms of a rise in the Si surface concentration at 290 °C. The driving force for this process seems to be the establishment of stoichiometric CrSi2 compound. Transport of Si to the surface is by ion mixing in the thin sample and thermal diffusion through the thick layer.
Filtering mechanism of the honey bee proventriculus

ABSTRACT. The fine structure and function of a honey bee's (Apis mellifera Linn.) proventriculus were studied by scanning electron microscopy and video-recording. Our observations revealed that the proventriculus is used to engulf pollen and other particles which contaminate the nectar carried into the crop. The four lips are closed and opened, pulled backwards and straightened by the external circular muscles and internal longitudinal muscles. Combs of filiform-hairs (70 μm in length) located on the margins of the lips ‘catch’ and filter particles from the fluid. By repeated filtering, opening and closing actions of the hairs and lips, particles are filtered and collected in pouches between the ventricular folds to form boluses and are eventually passed into the midgut. In the present experiment, particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm in diameter, including dandelion pollen (Taraxacum officinale Web.), Torula yeast (Candida utilis Lodder et Kreger-Van Rij), bee disease spores of Nosema apis Zander and Bacillus larvae White, and man-made particles can be filtered by the hairs. Small particles (0.23 μm in diameter) filter through the hair and return back to the fluid. Large particles (100–200 μm in diameter) are caught between the stylets of the mouthparts and are not ingested. These observations suggest that the particle size plays an important role in determining what can be taken by the mouthparts and the proventriculus and what can later be utilized as a food source by the bee. The role of the proventriculus in disease transmission is also discussed.
Behavioral Ratings of Emotionally Handicapped, Learning Disabled, and Nonreferred Children: Scale and Source Consistency

This study examined how well two sources of information, two behavioral rating scales, and two measures differentiated between nonreferred children and emotionally handicapped or learning-disabled children in the schools. Two sources of information, parents and teachers, rated their children on two rating scales, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales (PRS & TRS). On the CBCL, two measures of behavior were considered (behavior problems and social competence). A second question concerned the extent to which each source, scale, and measure provided unique information about the three groups of children. Source, scale, and measure discriminability were found. That is, within each source and each scale the emotionally handicapped children reportedly had more behavior problems (and lower social competence) than the learning-disabled children, who had more behavior problems (and lower social competence) than the nonreferred children. High within-source, between-scale cor...
Plan fulfillment and growth in Soviet ministries

Abstract Plan fulfillment and growth-rate performance of Soviet industrial nondefense ministries for 1966–1979 are analyzed and compared. Comparisons between partial and annual plan-fulfillment results provide insights into three aspects of ministerial behavior: storming, output shifting, and the question of whether ministerial plans are firm or changed during the course of the year. The extent to which centralization of supervision explains interministerial differences in annual plan fulfillment and growth is also explored. Regression analysis is used to test impact of plan fulfillment, time, and ministry type on growth-rate performance.
Epidemiological associations between arsenic and cancer in Argentina.

The population of a large central area of Argentina is affected by a syndrome designed as “regional and endemic chronic hydroarsenicism.” A number of types of neoplasms, especially of skin, urinary bladder, and of digestive system, occur with higher frequency in these areas. Drinking water in some of the affected areas contains from 0.1 to 1.2 mg/L of As.
Age differences in water maze performance and swimming behavior in the rat

This study was designed to determine the earliest age at which a water maze task could be used to measure learning in rats. In Experiment 1, 24 litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Eight litters per group were tested beginning at 18, 28, or 38 days of age for their ability to learn a positional discrimination in a Y-shaped water maze. Results indicated that the 28 day olds were better able to learn the task than were the 18 or 38 day groups. Performance by the 38 day olds was impaired by an immobilization response. This response is known to be influenced by catecholaminergically-active drugs [18, 19, 20], and may result from ongoing maturation in these systems. The difference in learning abilities between the 18 day and 28 day groups was further investigated in Experiment 2. In this study, 24 litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for acquisition of the discrimination at 18, 20, or 22 days of age. At each age, 8 litters were tested. Results showed that significant improvements in the ability to learn the Y-maze task occurred between 20 and 22 days of age. Results of both experiments suggest that this measure of learning may be employed in rats as young as 22 days of age, but should be avoided in 38 day old rats.
Stat3 activity is required for centrosome duplication in chinese hamster ovary cells.

The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center in mammalian cells. During interphase, the single centrosome is duplicated and the progeny centrosomes then serve as the spindle poles during mitosis. Little is known about the signals that drive centrosome doubling. In these studies, various inhibitors and molecular approaches were used to demonstrate a role for the Stat pathway in regulating the events of centrosome doubling. Both piceatannol and a dominant negative behaving Stat3 adenovirus were able to disrupt centrosome duplication in hydroxyurea-arrested Chinese hamster ovary cells, demonstrating that Stat3 is a key signaling molecule in the events of centrosome duplication. Investigation into the role of Stat3 signaling during centrosome production demonstrated that Stat3 does not directly regulate the transcription of the centrosome genes encoding γ-tubulin and PCM-1. Instead, Stat3 apparently regulated γ-tubulin levels through post-transcriptional mechanisms whereas PCM-1 levels actually increased when Stat3 was inhibited, suggesting more complex mechanisms for regulating PCM-1 production. These studies demonstrate that Stat3 plays a vital role in centrosome duplication events, although the downstream targets of Stat3 activation leading to centrosome production remain to be established. The proposed signaling pathway utilizes Stat3 as a fundamental signaling molecule that directs the production of the various centrosome proteins indirectly.
Mammalian facilitative hexose transporters mediate the transport of dehydroascorbic acid

ALTHOUGH vitamin C is critical to human physiology1–5, it is not clear how it is taken up into cells. The kinetics of cell and tissue accumulation of ascorbic acid in vitro indicate that the process is mediated by specific transporters at the cell membrane6. Some experimental observations have linked the transport of ascorbic acid with hexose transport systems in mammalian cells, although no clear information is available regarding the specific role(s) of these transporters, if any, in this process7–16. Here we use the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to show that the mammalian facilitative hexose transporters are efficient transporters of the oxidized form of vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid). Two transport pathways, one with low affinity and one with high affinity for dehydroascorbic acid, were found in oocytes expressing the mammalian transporters, and these oocytes accumulated vitamin C against a concentration gradient when supplied with dehydroascorbic acid. We obtained similar results in experiments using normal human neutrophils. These observations indicate that mammalian facilitative hexose transporters are a physiologically significant pathway for the uptake and accumulation of vitamin C by cells, and suggest a mechanism for the accumulation of ascorbic acid against a concentration gradient.
Bacillus subtilis MrgA is a Dps(PexB) homologue: evidence for metalloregulation of an oxidative‐stress gene

Upon the cessation of exponential growth, Bacillus subtilis enters a transition phase leading to either sporulation or a non-sporulating stationary phase. During this transition period, cells secrete degradative enzymes, become competent for DNA transformation, are motile and acquire resistance to oxidative killing. We now report that mrgA, originally identified as a gene repressed by metal ions, encodes a member of the Dps/PexB family of general stress proteins. Like Escherichia coli Dps(PexB), MrgA forms highly stable, multimeric protein-DNA complexes which accumulate in stationary-phase cells and protect against oxidative killing. MrgA is part of an inducible oxidative stress response in B. subtilis: mrgA is induced by hydrogen peroxide, and a strain lacking MrgA displays increased sensitivity to oxidative killing. In addition, a hydrogen peroxide-resistant mutant, which constitutively overproduces catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, also overproduces MrgA. These results indicate a complex interplay between metal ions and the expression of the B. subtilis oxidative stress response.
Geometry of Lagrangian and Legendrian 2-web

Four types of web structures are considered: a I-web with Lagrangian leaves in a symplectic manifold, a 2-web with Legendrian leaves in a contact manifold, a 2-web with leaves of complimentary dimensions in a manifold with a fixed volume form, and a 3-web with rr- dimensional leaves in a Pn-dimensional manifold. In each case a connection is constructed, natural with respect to structure-preserving maps.
Identification of the Orthopoxvirus p4c Gene, Which Encodes a Structural Protein That Directs Intracellular Mature Virus Particles into A-Type Inclusions

The orthopoxvirus gene p4c has been identified in the genome of the vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve. This gene encodes the 58-kDa structural protein P4c present on the surfaces of the intracellular mature virus (IMV) particles. The gene is disrupted in the genome of cowpox virus Brighton Red (BR), demonstrating that although the P4c protein may be advantageous for virus replication in vivo, it is not essential for virus replication in vitro. Complementation and recombination analyses with the p4c gene have shown that the P4c protein is required to direct the IMV into the A-type inclusions (ATIs) produced by cowpox virus BR. The p4c gene is highly conserved among most members of the orthopoxvirus genus, including viruses that produce ATIs, such as cowpox, ectromelia, and raccoonpox viruses, as well as those such as variola, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox viruses, which do not. The conservation of the p4c gene among the orthopoxviruses, irrespective of their capacities to produce ATIs, suggests that the P4c protein provides functions in addition to that of directing IMV into ATIs. These findings, and the presence of the P4c protein in IMV but not extracellular enveloped virus (D. Ulaeto, D. Grosenbach, and D. E. Hruby, J. Virol. 70:3372-3377, 1996), suggest a model in which the P4c protein may play a role in the retrograde movement of IMV particles, thereby contributing to the retention of IMV particles within the cytoplasm and within ATIs when they are present. In this way, the P4c protein may affect both viral morphogenesis and processes of virus dissemination.
Equity in Education Expenditure in Thailand

This article analyses the distributional effects of education spending across regions of Thailand, a country that purportedly seeks to reduce regional welfare disparities through decentralisation. It finds that public expenditure on education is neither progressive nor pro-poor, although there are sizeable regional differences, driven by the pro-rich distributional profiles of public tertiary education spending and public transfers to private education. Policy-wise, these results suggest that the current decentralised allocation of educational spending is not consistent with an equity-enhancing goal.
Can differences in autonomous selfing ability explain differences in range size among sister-taxa pairs of Collinsia (Plantaginaceae)? An extension of Baker's Law

Summary • Species with greater selfing ability are predicted to be better adapted for colonizing new habitats (Baker's Law). Here, we tested an expansion of this hypothesis: that species proficient at autonomous selfing have larger range sizes than their less proficient sister taxa. We also tested competing hypotheses regarding seed production and niche breadth on range size. • Floral traits affecting the proficiency of autonomous selfing were measured and seed production was calculated for six sister-taxa pairs in the clade Collinsia. We tested for the hypothesized effects of these variables on elevational distribution and range size. • We found that species most proficient at selfing had significantly larger range sizes than their sister-taxa that were less proficient at selfing. Species proficient at autonomous selfing occupied a higher mean elevation than their sister taxa, but they did not differ in their total elevational range. Species with greater seed production did not have larger range sizes. • Our results extend Baker's Law, suggesting that species proficient at autonomous selfing are better adapted to establish new populations and thus can more readily expand their range. Autonomous selfing ability may play a vital role in explaining variance in range size among other species.
Introduction and Historical Perspective

Definition: In this book, the term “relativistic jet” designates highly collimated outflows from supermassive black holes, or in more general terms from a “central engine” in the centers of active galactic nuclei. The jets transport energy and momentum from the central engine to remote locations. In some sources, energy and momentum are dissipated in hot spots hundreds of kiloparsec away from the galactic nucleus and in radio lobes which surround the jets and the hot spot complexes.
Reaction of O-allyl glucose with [(Ph3P)2RhCl]2: an intramolecular H2 transfer

Abstract Reaction of 3-O-allyl glucose with [(Ph 3 P) 2 RhCl] 2 at temperatures below 60°C leads to isomerization of the double bond to form a vinyl ether. Reaction at temperatures above 100°C in N-methylpyrrolidone leads to formation of propyl and propenyl glucono-[1,4]-lactone derivatives, identified as their triacetates, as well as to a decarbonylated product.
Multiply supported secondary systems part II: Seismic inputs

For proper seismic analysis of secondary systems with multiple supports, the prescription of the seismic input in terms of the conventional pseudo-acceleration floor response spectra is quite inadequate. It is necessary that the relative velocity floor response spectra as well as the cross floor response spectra, characterizing the correlation between the motions of various floors where the secondary system is attached, be also prescribed as the inputs. In addition to these, it is also necessary to define the floor displacements, velocities and their correlations. In this paper, the methods which can use the ground response spectra directly to obtain these inputs are developed. These methods are based on the random vibration analysis of the supporting primary structure, but still do not require the base input in stochastic form; conventional ground response spectra can be directly used. Numerical results demonstrating the application of the approaches are given.
Relocation of wireless sensor network nodes using a genetic algorithm

This work involves the development of optimization algorithms that aim in the relocation of wireless sensor network nodes to provide maximum sensing coverage area, and with the constraint of minimizing the energy required for the relocation. Specifically, a sensor relocation method is introduced, based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The algorithm objectives are the total travel distance of the sensors from their initial locations to their final locations as well as the coverage area of the sensors. Simulation results clearly show the tradeoff between the travelled distance and coverage area. This algorithm can be used to achieve best coverage, and our results demonstrate that a better coverage always needs a larger travelled distance. Furthermore, redundant sensors decrease the travelled distance. The travelled distance also depends on the initial position of the sensors. The proposed algorithm also works when obstacles appear in the sensing field.
Thinking of Critical Words During Study Is Unnecessary for False Memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott Procedure

Do participants in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate false memory because they think of nonpresented critical words during study and confuse them with words that were actually presented? In two experiments, 160 participants studied eight visually presented DRM lists at a rate of 2 s or 5 s per word. Half of the participants rehearsed silently; the other half rehearsed overtly. Following study, the participants' memory for the lists was tested by recall or recognition. Typical false memory results were obtained for both memory measures. More important, two new results were observed. First, a large majority of the overt-rehearsal participants spontaneously rehearsed approximately half of the critical words during study. Second, critical-word rehearsal at study enhanced subsequent false recall, but it had no effect on false recognition or remember judgments for falsely recognized critical words. Thinking of critical words during study was unnecessary for producing false memory.
Quadratic Brownian-oscillator model for solvation dynamics in optical response

The optical response of a chromophore coupled to a collective Gaussian solvation coordinate with a different curvature of the ground- and excited-state surfaces is studied. Exact expressions are derived for the time-dependent Stokes shift assuming an arbitrary solvent spectral density. Deviations from Onsager’s linear fluctuation–dissipation relations between the Stokes shift and equilibrium fluctuations are discussed.
Equilibrium and Belt-Pulley Vibration Coupling in Serpentine Belt Drives

Serpentine belt drives with spring-loaded tensioners are now widely used in the automotive industry. Experimental measurements show that linear system vibration coupling exists between the pulley rotations and the transverse span deflections. Former models that treat the belt as a string and neglect the belt bending stiffness cannot explain this coupling phenomenon. In this paper a new serpentine belt system model incorporating the belt bending stiffness is established. The finite belt bending stiffness causes nontrivial transverse span equilibria, in contrast to string models with straight span equilibria. Nontrivial span equilibria cause linear span-pulley coupling, and the degree of coupling is determined by the equilibrium curvatures. A computational method based on boundary value problem solvers is developed to obtain the numerically exact solution of the non[ linear equilibrium equations. An approximate analytical solution of closed-form is also obtained for the case of small bending stiffness. Based on these solutions, the effects of design variables on the equilibrium deflections and span-pulley coupling are investigated.
Foggy Faithfulness: Relationship Quality, Religiosity, and the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale in an Adult Sample

The goals of the current study were to (a) replicate the factor structure of the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale (PDIS) with a sample of older adults, (b) examine whether religiosity and relational variables (e.g., satisfaction, commitment) were correlates of perceptions of infidelity, and (c) examine unique predictors of ratings of infidelity. As expected, three factors emerged from the PDIS: Ambiguous, Deceptive, and Explicit Behaviors. Satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and religiosity were correlated with ratings on the Ambiguous Behaviors factor. Furthermore, ratings on the Ambiguous Behaviors factor were uniquely predicted by satisfaction and religiosity.
Prolonged exposure for PTSD in a Veterans Health Administration PTSD clinic

With the move toward dissemination of empirically supported treatments in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), dissemination of additional data concerning the effectiveness of prolonged exposure (PE) among veterans is important. The authors present clinical treatment data from veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treated in a VHA PTSD clinic (N = 10). Veterans demonstrated significant reductions in total PTSD symptoms from pre- to posttreatment. Returning veterans from the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and other era veterans (Vietnam Veterans and military sexual trauma veterans) demonstrated significant reductions in PTSD. In addition, veterans demonstrated significant reductions in depression from pre- to posttreatment. In conclusion, PE is effective in reducing the symptoms of PTSD in veterans.
Elimination and reintroduction of primary and secondary syphilis.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to define factors associated with the epidemic spread, elimination, and reintroduction of primary and secondary syphilis in King County, Washington, from 1987 through 1998. METHODS: Reports of primary and secondary syphilis in King County from 1987 through 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: During the epidemic spread of syphilis, only 15.8% of cases were imported. A total of 24.0% of patients reported cocaine use, and 18.3% of female patients reported having commercial sex. During the elimination of syphilis, significantly higher percentages of cases were imported and lower percentages of patients reported cocaine use or female commercial sex. During the reintroduction of syphilis in 1997-1998, 68% of patients were men who reported sex with men; of this 68%, 66% were sero-positive for HIV. Most men reporting sex with men were 30 years or older and recruited many anonymous partners. CONCLUSIONS: As syphilis wanes, local control must focus on outbreaks followin...
Review of Turbidite Studies in the United States

Summary Although the study of turbidites in the United States is increasing at a fast pace, most references to turbidites to date are short articles that describe the presence of alleged turbidites or treat one aspect of them. Many of the more detailed studies are unpublished theses or dissertations that receive little circulation. Most studies have been limited to outcrop features with emphasis on the description of sedimentary structures. A few detailed studies include thin section petrography and the mapping of directional current structures. The flysch-type formations of the Appalachian and Ouachita geosynclines, and the Tertiary Basin deposits of southern California have received the most study. These areas have totally different tectonic frameworks and enable comparisons to be made between turbidites of linear geosynclines and turbidites of small, steep-walled basins. The depositional history of turbidites in these is summarized.
Abstract T P302: Analysis of Publicly Available CMS Data on Hospital Charges and Reimbursements for Stroke Care

Background/ Purpose: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services recently made 2011 hospital charge (i.e., list price) and total payment data (CMS reimbursement data and co-payments by patient) publicly available for common Diagnosis-Related Groups, including cerebral infarction/intracranial hemorrhage, at www.cms.gov. We provide descriptive statistics of the data and begin to explore the association of these data with the quality of stroke care hospital’s provide. Methods: We report the median, mean and extreme hospital charge and reimbursement data for cerebral infarction or intracranial hemorrhage without complications or comorbidity (CC) or major complications and comorbidities (MCC), with CC and with MCC. We report the correlation between charges and reimbursement as well as charge, reimbursement and hospital stroke volumes using a Spearman correlation coefficient. We also report median charge and reimbursement data by state for pooled stroke DRGs. Results: Data were available for 5735 hospitals. The minimum, median, mean, and maximum charge data were as follows: without CC or MCC: $5392, $19976, $23593, $117831; with CC: $5223, $25151, $29492, $162923; with MCC: $9539, $40953, $48522, $234913. The minimum, median, mean, and maximum reimbursement data were as follows: without CC or MCC: $3916, $5326, $5714, $14744; with CC: $5369, $7280, $7922, $26510; with MCC: $8174, $12084, $13263, $50882. There was modest correlation between hospital charges and reimbursement (without CC or MCC ρ= 0.28; with CC ρ= 0.38, with MCC ρ= 0.46.) There was less correlation between discharge volume and charges or reimbursements (ρ =0.15 and 0.12 respectively). By state, pooled median charges ranged from $10,150 (Maryland) to $58,032 (New Jersey). Pooled median reimbursements ranged from $6,306 (Alabama) to $11,529 (Alaska). Conclusions: The variability in the amount hospitals charge for stroke admissions is enormous and currently inexplicable. Much more research is needed to understand the reason for this variation and if there is any association to the quality of care provided; otherwise, this information may have unintended consequences for patients and providers.
Sporocarp ultrastructure and development in the protostelid Schizoplasmodium cavostelioides

Sporocarp formation in Schizoplasmodium cavostelioides begins with the segmentation of each multinucleate trophic amoeba into a number of multinucleate prespore cells. The prespore cells initiate secretion of a protective sheath, and gradually the protoplast molds itself into a shape approximating the final sporocarp, consisting of an apical, globose spore zone and a basal stalk zone. Stalk and spore wall formation occur simultaneously, both structures apparently deposited by an intraprotoplasmic network of membrane-bound cis? ternae. The mature sporocarp consists of a multinucleate smooth-walled spore atop a stout, fibrillar stalk. The mature sporocarp is enclosed within a membranous sheath. The pattern of sporocarp development in S. cavostelioides is compared to developmental systems of other
The Definitions of the Euler and Möbius Functions

(1965). The Definitions of the Euler and Mobius Functions. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 14-17.
Tailoring the Adsorption of Benzene on PdFe Surfaces: A Density Functional Theory Study

Bimetallic surfaces have been found to greatly improve the performance of numerous chemical processes due to synergistic interactions between the metal components. To be able to tailor the adsorption of aromatic molecules of these surfaces, the synergistic interactions within the surface and their effects on adsorbates must be elucidated. In this work, we examine the energetic and electronic interaction between benzene and several model PdFe bimetallic surfaces, with low and high Pd coverage limits, using density functional theory and compare our results with the adsorption of benzene on a pure Fe (110) surface. The adsorption energy trends on these model surfaces show that the interactions between the Pd and Fe significantly decrease the strength of benzene’s adsorption on surface Pd without significantly weakening its adsorption on the adjacent surface Fe. From the electronic analyses, the decreased adsorption strength of benzene on the model PdFe surfaces is due to the shift in the Pd’s d-band center a...
In vitro assembly of polioviruses: I. Kinetics of the assembly of empty capsids and the role of extracts from infected cells

Abstract The kinetics of the in vitro assembly of 14 S particles into 73 S empty capsids was studied in cytoplasmic extracts made from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. The formation of 73 S particles is complete after 10–15 minutes at 37°. About 20% of the 14 S material appears to be defective. An attempt was made to identify the component(s) in infected cell extracts that are responsible for the assembly activity by testing its sensitivity to various agents. Extracts treated with sufficient ribonuclease to destroy the cell ribosomes are able to assemble 73 S particles from 14 S particles. Pretreatment of the extracts with metabolic poisons (NaCN, NaF) or inhibitors of protein synthesis has no affect on assembly activity. The assembly activity of extracts is inactivated by 50° for 20 minutes or pretreatment with trypsin or deoxycholate. Extracts in which the endogenous 14 S to 73 S assembly has been completed by preincubation retain their ability to assemble newly added 14 S particles.
Analysis on Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases Induced by Vaccine Derivation Poliomylitis Virus in Hebei Province

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP)cases induced by vaccine derivation poliomyelitis virus(VDPV)from 2004 to 2007 in Hebei Province.Methods Descriptive analysis was conducted on the case data.Results A total of 1 674 AFP cases were reported from 2004 to 2007,and 91 strains of poliovirus were detected(5.5%),all of them were VDPV.The cases occurred sporadically and children aged ≤ 2 years accounted for 92.3% of the total cases.The clinical symptoms included fever,diarrhea,sensorial disorder of extremity,weakened or disappeared deep tendon reflect.Conclusion AFP cases induced by VDPV were often observed in children less than 2 years old,it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance and study of AFP cases induced by VDPV.
Vascularization of three-dimensional engineered tissues for regenerative medicine applications.

Abstract Engineering of three-dimensional (3D) tissues is a promising approach for restoring diseased or dysfunctional myocardium with a functional replacement. However, a major bottleneck in this field is the lack of efficient vascularization strategies, because tissue constructs produced in vitro require a constant flow of oxygen and nutrients to maintain viability and functionality. Compared to angiogenic cell therapy and growth factor treatment, bioengineering approaches such as spatial micropatterning, integration of sacrificial materials, tissue decellularization, and 3D bioprinting enable the generation of more precisely controllable neovessel formation. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art approaches to develop 3D tissue engineered constructs with vasculature, and demonstrate how some of these techniques have been applied towards regenerative medicine for treatment of heart failure. Statement of Significance Tissue engineering is a promising approach to replace or restore dysfunctional tissues/organs, but a major bottleneck in realizing its potential is the challenge of creating scalable 3D tissues. Since most 3D engineered tissues require a constant supply of nutrients, it is necessary to integrate functional vasculature within the tissues in order to facilitate the transport of nutrients. To address these needs, researchers are employing biomaterial engineering and design strategies to foster vessel formation within 3D tissues. This review highlights the state-of-the-art bioengineering tools and technologies to create vascularized 3D tissues for clinical applications in regenerative medicine, highlighting the application of these technologies to engineer vascularized cardiac patches for treatment of heart failure.
Regulation of αIIbβ3-Signaling by Myomesin Family of Proteins.

Abstract Integrins are the type-I transmembrane proteins. They function as heterodimers of α and β subunits. The platelet integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb-IIIa) served as the model system in understanding the signaling across integrin receptors. αIIbβ3 exists in a resting state on circulating platelets and can be activated via several inside-out signaling pathways resulting in binding to its ligands, such as fibrinogen (Fg). The inside-out signaling appears to be regulated by several cytoskeletal and signaling proteins, which directly associate with the cytoplasmic tails of αIIbβ3. We have previously identified skelemin/myomesin-I as the cytoskeletal protein that interacted with the cytoplasmic tail of β3-integrins. Skelemin/myomesin-I is very closely related to two other members: myomesins-II and III. Myomesins I-III, along with other proteins such as titin and myosin light chain kinases, are members of a much larger superfamily of proteins. The hallmark of this family of proteins is the presence of a variable number of fibronectin (Fn)-like and immunoglobulin (Ig)-like motifs. Myomesin-I contains five Fn-motifs flanked by a total of seven Ig-like motifs. The interaction between β3-integrin and myomesin-I occurs via the C-terminal Ig motifs 3–7 of myomsin-I. In order to understand the functional consequence of this interaction between myomesin-I and β3-integrin, we measured the ligand binding properties of αIIbβ3 in a CHO cell model system. We found that expression of Ig motifs 3–7 increased Fg binding to the αIIbβ3, comparable to talin-head domain, used as the positive control. However, the expression of smaller and individual Ig motifs 4 and 5 resulted in still significantly higher Fg-binding to αIIbβ3. Ig motifs from myomesin-II also behaved in a similar fashion. We also found that myomesin-II is ubiquitously expressed in all the cell types tested, including platelets, suggesting myomesin-II is the likely candidate among various myomesin family members for the regulation of signaling across αIIbβ3. Our results suggest that the Ig motifs of the myomesin represent novel domains, which can regulate inside-out signaling across αIIbβ3.
The influence of early physical activity : sampling in ADHD males and physical education teaching majors

Two studies examined early physical activity (PA) influence on adult PA. PA reduces health risk; thus, identifying precursors to PA are important. PA engaged time, sampling and the person who influenced children to initiate an activity was compared in college males who had been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and matched controls. The ADHD group spent significantly more hours in PA as children and adults than the controls. Sampling during childhood was correlated with adult PA, and both sampling and PA engaged time were relatively stable across the years of age from 6 through 17 and to the previous year in college. ADHD males participated in more individual sports than non-ADHD males, this explained most of the difference between the groups. The two groups participated in an equal number of other activities (OA) (e.g., music, scouts). Family was the primary influence for both groups to initiate OA. For sport the only influence above chance was self. In the second study the same survey and dependent variables were used to examine gender and group differences comparing physical education teaching majors (PETM) to other secondary education teaching majors (SETM). A love of sport and a sport background has been hypothesized as a factor in selecting physical education as a major. Males in the general population are more active than females, with small differences during childhood and large differences emerging during adolescence. The PETM group was more engaged in PA at every age than the SETM group. The PETM group began sampling at age 6 years and increased sampling through the previous year in college. The SETM followed a pattern similar to the general population where sampling increased from 6-14 years and decreased after 15 years of age. There was a marked difference in both groups between, before, and
Impact of the primary information source used for decision making and implications for treatment regret in prostate cancer.

17Background: Patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) assimilate information from varying sources to inform their treatment decision. We assessed the impact of the primary information source used to select a modern radiation treatment on patient perceptions of their treatment experience and on treatment regret. Methods: Patients with favorable-risk PCa treated with SBRT, IMRT or HDR brachytherapy and at least one year of follow-up were surveyed. The questionnaire explored the decision-making experience, expected treatment experience vs. the reality, and treatment regret via a validated tool. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for demographics, disease characteristics, treatment modality, time since treatment and current bowel, urinary and sexual function. Results: 322 consecutive patients were surveyed with an 86% (n = 276) response rate. 48% (n = 132) selected their radiation oncologist as the primary information source, 23% (n = 62) selected their urologist, 16% (n = 44) selected the intern...
Multiscale measurements for materials modeling.

X-ray Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI) provides an opportunity to connect the nanoscale world of crystalline lattice defects with the meso- and macroscale world of emergent materials behaviors. On page 739 of this issue, Yau et al. ( 1 ) demonstrate that BCDI measurements that are sensitive to individual lattice defects can be carried out on micrometer-scale crystalline grains in complex environments. Crystal defect motions and other structural changes can be tracked. Extending these measurements and combining them with existing and developing mesoscale probes will enable the connection of dynamics on vastly different length scales.
Danger signals in regulating the immune response to solid organ transplantation

Endogenous danger signals, or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are generated in response to cell stress and activate innate immunity to provide a pivotal mechanism by which an organism can respond to damaged self. Accumulating experimental and clinical data have established the importance of DAMPs, which signal through innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or DAMP-specific receptors, in regulating the alloresponse to solid organ transplantation (SOT). Moreover, DAMPs may incite distinct downstream cellular responses that could specifically contribute to the development of allograft fibrosis and chronic graft dysfunction. A growing understanding of the role of DAMPs in directing the immune response to transplantation has suggested novel avenues for the treatment or prevention of allograft rejection that complement contemporary immunosuppression and could lead to improved outcomes for solid organ recipients.
Poster Abstract: Toothbrushing Recognition using Neural Networks

Daily toothbrushing is essential for maintaining oral health. Recently, a wrist-watch based system was designed to monitor the effectiveness of toothbrushing at home. Since toothbrushing involves complex motions of the hand and the toothbrush, advanced machine learning techniques are needed for accurate recognition. In this paper, we design a neural network classifier to recognize toothbrushing surfaces based on wrist watch sensor data, including accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data. Experiments shows that our algorithm successfully recognized toothbrushing surfaces with a recognition precision of 91.2%, outperforming existing solutions.