cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Beginning Composing An Orchestral Vision of Learning to Compose

This article draws upon data collected in a five-month study of primary grade writers to illustrate dimensions of variation in how young children orchestrate or manage the complex writing process. The observed children, all members of an integrated urban public school classroom, varied in the degree to which they focused on the diverse message forming and encoding demands of the writing activity and in when they maintained that focus. These differences may have existed, in part, because of differences in how the children made use of the available sources of support for their composing; that is, they differed in the degree to which other symbolic media (pictures and talk) and other children shaped their individual writing efforts. The children's composing behaviors were consistent with their apparent intentions and with their styles as symbolizers and socializers in their classroom. Viewing differences in children's ways of composing from the perspective of linear or uniform conceptions of writing growth m...
Predicting differential reactions to males' versus females' assertions, empathic-assertions, and nonassertions

This study hypothesized that the discrepant findings of past research examining differential reactions to males' versus females' assertions were due in part to an uncontrolled variable, subjects' attitudes towards females' roles in society (as assessed by the Attitude Towards Women Scale, ATW, Spence & Helmreich, 1972a ). After viewing standardized videotapes of male and female models portraying assertive, empathic-assertive, or nonassertive refusal behavior, college students evaluated the models on multiple indices of likability, competence, and desirability. As hypothesized, conservative, low-ATW participants devalued females' assertions and empathic-assertions. More liberal, high-ATW participants males' assertions and empathic-assertions. More liberal, high-ATW participants were not significantly affected by the gender of the assertive person. Implications for skills training and cognitive restructuring procedures are discussed.
The incidence of fever in US Critical Care Air Transport Team combat trauma patients evacuated from the theater between March 2009 and March 2010.

Introduction Most critically ill injured patients are transported out of the theater by Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATTs). Fever after trauma is correlated with surgical complications and infection. The purposes of this study are to identify the incidence of elevated temperature in patients managed in the CCATT environment and to describe the complications reported and the treatments used in these patients. Methods We performed a retrospective review of available records of trauma patients from the combat theater between March 1, 2009, and March 31, 2010, who were transported by the US Air Force CCATT and had an incidence of hyperthermia. We then divided the cohort into 2 groups, patients transported with an elevation in temperature greater than 100.4°F and patients with no documented elevation in temperature. We used a standardized, secure electronic data collection form to abstract the outcomes. Descriptive data collected included injury type, temperature, use of a mechanical ventilator, cooling treatment modalities, antipyretics, intravenous fluid administration, and use of blood products. We also evaluated the incidence of complications during the transport in patients who had a recorded elevation in temperature greater than 100.4°F. Results A total of 248 trauma patients met the inclusion criteria, and 101 trauma patients (40%) had fever. The mean age was 28 years, and 98% of patients were men. The mechanism of injury was an explosion in 156 patients (63%), blunt injury in 11 (4%), and penetrating injury in 45 (18%), whereas other trauma-related injuries accounted for 36 patients (15%). Of the patients, 209 (84%) had battle-related injuries and 39 (16%) had non–battle-related injuries. Traumatic brain injury was found in 24 patients (24%) with an incidence of elevated temperature. The mean temperature was 101.6°F (range, 100.5°F-103.9°F). After evaluation of therapies and treatments, 80 trauma patients (51%) were intubated on a mechanical ventilator ( P Conclusion Fever occurred in 41% of critically ill combat-injured patients evacuated out of the combat theater in Iraq and Afghanistan. Fewer than 20% of patients with a documented elevated temperature received treatments to reduce the temperature. Intubation of patients with ventilators in use during the transport was the only factor significantly associated with fever. Serious complications were rare, and there were no deaths during these transports.
An Overview of Biofunctional Membranes for Tunable Separations, Metal-Ion Capture, and Enzyme Catalysis Based on Research from the Laboratories of Allan Butterfield and Dibakar Bhattacharyya

Abstract At the 2007 North American Membrane Sciences (NAMS) National Meeting in Orlando, a session largely devoted to functionalized membranes was held in honor of Professor Dibakar Bhattacharyya of the University of Kentucky Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and the Center of Membrane Sciences. This review will highlight some of the newest developments in biofunctional membranes conducted collaboratively by the Butterfield and Bhattacharyya laboratories. Specific details or raw data can be accessed in the original papers; this review will highlight the functionalization processes, major results, and applications. Emphasis is placed on: preparation of polypeptide-functionalized polycarbonate, track-etched membranes that are used in tunable separations; polythiol-functionalized alumina membranes that are used for metal-ion capture; and layer-by-layer assembled biofunctional membranes that are used for enzyme catalysis.
Violence in the family: Policy and practice disparities in the treatment of children

While both domestic violence and child abuse are manifestations of family violence, the perpetrators and victims of family violence encounter disparate systems and consequences. The trend of addressing two forms of family violence in dichotomous ways is beginning to change. This paper explores the historical basis for addressing domestic violence through the criminal justice system and child abuse through the social service system, discusses the consequences of these differences, and proposes policy initiatives that will further protect abused children.
Sufficient enlargements of minimal volume for two-dimensional normed spaces

We denote by $B_Y$ the unit ball of a normed linear space $Y$ . Definition . A symmetric, bounded, closed, convex set $A$ in a finite dimensional normed space $X$ is called a sufficient enlargement for $X$ if, for an arbitrary isometric embedding of $X$ into a Banach space $Y$ , there exists a linear projection $P{:}\,Y\,{\to}\,X$ such that $P(B_Y)\,{\subset}\,A$ . Minimal-volume sufficient enlargements are determined for two-dimensional spaces. The main results are: (i) Each minimal-volume sufficient enlargement for a two-dimensional space is a parallelogram or a hexagon. (ii) If a two-dimensional normed space $X$ has a minimal-volume sufficient enlargement that is not a parallelogram, then $B_X$ is linearly equivalent to the regular hexagon.
The Bauschinger and Hardening Effect on Residual Stresses in an Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Cylinder

Abstract : Most of the earlier solutions for residual stresses were based on the assumption of elastic unloading and only a few considered reverse yielding. In this report a new theoretical model for a high strength steel is proposed and a closed-form solution for calculating residual stresses in autofrettaged tubes has been obtained. The new results indicate that the influence of the combined Bauschinger and hardening effects on the residual stress distribution is significant.
Haloperidol competitively inhibits the binding of (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 to σ sites

Scatchard plots of equilibrium saturation binding data revealed that haloperidol inhibits the binding of (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 to σ sites in a competitive manner. In experiments using membranes from both guinea pig and rat brain the apparent Kd of (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 for σ sites was significantly increased, whereas the apparent Bmax was not altered by the addition of 10 nM haloperidol.
Flexibility in smart transmission planning

With the increasing level of variability and uncertainty in the electricity grid due to increased penetration of renewable energy and demand-side resources, the current electricity infrastructure needs to be enhanced to allow for a greater level of flexibility in the grid. The value of flexibility has been largely ignored in the operational, planning, and regulatory aspects of electricity transmission. Using simple models and case studies, this paper demonstrates the value of real power flow control devices for short-term operational flexibility and long-term investment flexibility. This paper reinforces the need to develop metrics for flexibility and to create computational tools to quantify flexibility in the transmission sector. Such tools and metrics will allow us to better design flexible, IT-enabled pricing, regulatory, and planning framework to support the development of a smart transmission system.
Development of Pyrene Photosensitizers for Cationic Photopolymerizations

This article describes the preparation of monomeric and oligomeric derivatives of pyrene and their use as electron-transfer photosensitizers for onium-salt-induced cationic photopolymerizations. The synthetic methods that were employed involved simple, straightforward, and high-yield routes to these derivatives. Using Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy, the photoinduced polymerizations of several model epoxide monomers and a vinyl ether monomer were examined in the presence and absence of the photosensitizers. It was observed that in all cases the pyrene derivatives markedly accelerated the rates of the UV-irradiation-induced photopolymerizations. Use of the pyrene derivatives also provided sensitivity to visible light so that photopolymerizations could be carried out in a short time by exposure to direct sunlight. The pyrene compounds investigated in this study are potentially attractive photosensitizers that may find use in many practical photocuring applications.
The preparation and properties of vapor-grown In/1-x/Ga/x/P

Single crystal indium gallium phosphide p-n junction preparation by epitaxial vapor phase growth technique, determining energy gap dependence on alloy composition
Student Usage of Streaming Video/DVD Electronic Media in a Basic Science Curriculum

Basic sciences at Mercer University School of Medicine are taught in 2 preclinical years at two campuses with a PBL curriculum supplemented by optional attendance at up to 10 hours per week of lecture-style resource sessions. These resource sessions are either faculty generated based upon difficulty of learning materials or derived from questions raised by students. The sessions originate at one campus and are teleconferenced to the other campus. All sessions are recorded with both DVD media placed in the library and streaming video with podcast uploaded to the school website. To better understand how the students apply these electronic recordings to their learning process, we designed a survey via voluntary anonymous questionnaire and e-mailed it to 90 preclinical students. Of 15 survey items regarding the amount and circumstances for usage of these recordings, 11 included open-ended questions soliciting comments.
Anti-inflammatory effects of LY221068 and LY269415.

LY221068, 5-[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy phenyl]methylene]-3-(dimethylamino)-4-thiazolidinone, and the monomethylamino analog, LY269415, are anti-oxidants and potent inhibitors of iron dependent lipid peroxidation and 5-lipoxygenase enzyme. Since oxygen radical species, lipid peroxides and products of the arachidonic acid cascade have been implicated as important mediators in a variety of inflammatory diseases including arthritis, LY221068 and LY269415 were studied in the Freund's Complete Adjuvant Induced Arthritis (FCA) model in rats. The compounds were administered orally and inhibition of bone damage and paw swelling of both the injected and uninjected paws was assessed. At 50 mg/kg p.o., LY221068 inhibited soft tissue swelling in the uninjected paw by 72% while LY269415 at 25 mg/kg p.o. exhibited 74% inhibition. Bone damage was also significantly inhibited by both compounds. In a dose response study, the minimum effective dose for LY221068 was 10 mg/kg p.o. for LY269415 was 5 mg/kg p.o. In the established FCA model in rats, LY221068 at 50 mg/kg p.o. inhibited the uninjected paw swelling by 71% while LY269415 at 25 mg/kg p.o. inhibited 70%. These results suggest that LY221068 and LY269415 may be useful in the treatment of arthritis.
Systematic review of emergency department central venous and arterial catheter infection

There is an extensive critical care literature for central venous catheter and arterial line infection, duration of catheterization, and compliance with infection control procedures. The emergency medicine literature, however, contains very little data on central venous catheters and arterial lines. As emergency medicine practice continues to incorporate greater numbers of critical care procedures such as central venous catheter placement, infection control is becoming a greater issue. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting baseline data of ED-placed central venous catheters and arterial lines using multiple search methods. Two reviewers independently assessed included studies using explicit criteria, including the use of ED-placed invasive lines, the presence of central line-associated bloodstream infection, and excluded case reports and review articles. Finding significant heterogeneity among studies, we performed a qualitative assessment. Our search produced 504 abstracts, of which 15 studies were evaluated, and 4 studies were excluded because of quality issues leaving 11 cohort studies. Four studies calculated infection rates, ranging 0–24.1/1,000 catheter-days for central line-associated and 0–32.8/1,000 catheter-days for central line-related bloodstream infection. Average duration of catheterization was 4.9 days (range 1.6–14.1 days), and compliance with infection control procedures was 33–96.5%. The data were too poor to compare emergency department to in-hospital catheter infection rates. The existing data for emergency department-placed invasive lines are poor, but suggest they are a source of infection, remain in place for a significant period of time, and that adherence to maximum barrier precautions is poor. Obtaining accurate rates of infection and comparison between emergency department and inpatient lines requires prospective study.
Development of an aeronautical Inmarsat D+ terminal

Inmarsat D+ service is a short measuring service that offers advantages allowing for a small transceiver design. SkyWave Mobile, Inc. was contracted to miniaturize their first generation D+ transceiver, the DMR-200, to produce a 20 cubic inch device. This device, designated the DMR-400, incorporates an Inmarsat D+ transceiver, GPS receiver, antennas, I/O lines, and advanced power management into a 14 cubic inch unit. The DMR-400 has received Inmarsat land- mobile certification and will soon enter an aeronautical approval phase packaged in a radome housing. The first step in the aeronautical certification phase was the design of a radome and mounting kit for external mounting on an aircraft fuselage. This housing also incorporates a heating element to extend the operational temperature range to -55 degree(s)C. The assembled unit will soon begin DO-160 testing to be followed by Doppler correction testing, FAA flight-testing, and Inmarsat Aeronautical testing. The key to the entire process is the successful implementation of Doppler compensation based on the GPS data. The expectation is an FAA and Inmarsat aeronautical certified unit.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Folic acid calls to poison centers in Texas, 1998–2003:

Folic acid (folacin, pteroylglutamic acid) is a monoglutamate form of the water-soluble B vitamin that is involved in the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids and the normal maturation of red blood cells. This study describes the folic acid calls received by Texas poison centers during 1998-2003. There were 650 calls involving folic acid as a single-ingredient product, of which 55.1% were human exposures. Children age <6 years accounted for 80.1% of the human exposures. Patients were managed outside of the health care facilities in 92.1% of the cases. Of those cases with a known medical outcome, 94.8% had no clinical effects. This study found folic acid exposures reported to poison centers were unlikely to have more than minor adverse affects.
Endoscopic management of acute cholecystitis after metal stent placement in patients with malignant biliary obstruction: a case series.

9. Chen YI, Barkun AN, Soulellis C, et al. Use of the endoscopically applied hemostatic powder TC-325 in cancer-related upper GI hemorrhage: preliminary experience (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2012;75: 1278-81. 10. Sung JJ, Luo D, Wu JC, et al. Early clinical experience of the safety and effectiveness of hemospray in achieving hemostasis in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Endoscopy 2011;43:291-5.
Early carotid endarterectomy after stroke.

The authors sought to determine if patients with stroke and a high-grade carotid stenosis benefited from a delay before carotid endarterectomy. A retrospective study of 45 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy after stroke is presented. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (early group, n = 20), composed of patients who had carotid endarterectomy less than 6 weeks after stroke. and group II (late group, n = 25). comprised of patients who had carotid endarterectomy more than 6 weeks after stroke. As assessed by cerebral angiography, 100% of patients in group I and 64% of patients in group II had carotid artery stenoses > 76% (P < 0.001). The median interval from stroke to carotid endarterectomy was 14 days in group I and 129 days in group II. There was no mortality in either group. No patients in either group demonstrated any neurological deterioration. The authors conclude that, in select patients, carotid endarterectomy may be done safely less than 6 weeks after stroke in order to avoid new events or carotid occlusion while awaiting surgery. (C) 2000 The International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development and pilot of a low-literacy diabetes education book using social marketing techniques

Introduction The primary objective of this work was to develop a diabetes education book, to pilot its use, and to evaluate its impact on patient care. The secondary objective was to compare the value of providing only the book to patients versus providing the book along with a brief tutorial given by a nurse on how to use the book.
Towards Understanding Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Molybdenum in the Critical Zone

Molybdenum (Mo) is a redox-sensitive element that has been used to constrain paleo-oxygen conditions in marine sediments and could potentially be used similarly in soils. Sedimentary Mo ultimately comes from the terrestrial weathering of rocks during soil development (pedogenesis), but the mechanisms controlling Mo loss and mobility in soils are not well known. Here we present Mo concentration data from soils and specific soil pools across two climatic gradients on the Hawaiian Islands, the Maui climate gradient (MCG) and the Kona climate gradient (KCG). The MCG is a well-established precipitation gradient that exhibits a decrease in soil Eh and Fe content and an increase in organic matter (OM) content with increasing rainfall. We expected to find lower Mo concentrations and lower Mo mobilization in highly reducing (greater rainfall) soils as a result of Fe reduction and near complete loss of Fe-oxyhydroxides. However, we observe higher weak acid leachable Mo concentrations at higher rainfall sites. Since high rainfall coincides with a loss of Fe by reductive dissolution and the accumulation of OM, suggesting a shift from Fe-oxyhydroxide control of Mo at low rainfall sites to predominately OM-control of Mo at high rainfall sites. Selective chemical extractions indicate that Mo concentrations are two orders of magnitude higher in the OM bound pool versus the Fe(Al) bound pool, corroborating the importance of Mo-OM interactions on overall soil Mo pools. We also find evidence for increasing Mo retention in wetter soils along the KCG, which may be a result of increasing OM and Fe and Al oxyhydroxide content. An alternate explanation is that higher rainfall contributes sufficiently greater marine-derived atmospheric input of Mo. The fact that there are consistent patterns with rainfall on both climate gradients illustrate the potential for Mo as a tracer of pedogenic and redox processes in soils and highlight the importance of constraining controls on Mo fluxes.
Kinetics of the Formation and Decomposition of 1,1‘-Ethylidenebis[l-tryptophan], an Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome-Associated Compound

1,1‘-Ethylidenebis[l-tryptophan] (EBT), an impurity found in l-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS), has been suggested as one of the causative agents for EMS. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to study the kinetics of EBT formation and decomposition in buffer systems. Initial EBT decomposition was first-order with respect to EBT and strongly pH-dependent. The pH profile suggested that decomposition involved the addition of one proton. The value of the critical pH, above which the rate of EBT decomposition remained constant, was determined to be 4.8. The rate of EBT decomposition increased with increasing temperature, and the activation energy was calculated to be 12.5 kcal/mol. The rate of EBT formation decreased with increasing pH and decreasing temperature. The presence of excess acetaldehyde increased EBT formation to a lesser extent than did the presence of excess l-tryptophan. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that EBT was formed dur...
The management of clinical stage I endometrial carcinoma

A retrospective analyses of 307 cases with clinical Stage I endometrial carcinoma was done in an attempt to determine the role of radiation therapy in the optimal treatment of this disease. A review of the modern literature with over 9000 cases served as a useful tool to corroborate inferences and conclusions. The present series has 155 patients (51%) treated with preoperative mega.voltage external pelvic radiation with a variation in doses of less than 6%. Fiveyear survival estimates (79%-83%) in clinical Stage I endometrial carcinoma are similar among the several main treatment combination that are employed; they become a useless parameter for any comparison. The pelvic failure rate constitutes a more useful guideline in assessing the most adequate therapy. The pathologic grade of the tumor is the main prognosticator in endometrial carcinoma. Intimately related to the tumor grade is the depth of myometrial invasion of the carcinoma. The size of the uterus and/or its cavity carry less prognostic significance than traditionally thought. For grade I lesions, there is little error in diagnosis, few pelvic failures and excellent survival (96%) ; they could be approached with initial surgery and postoperative radiation reserved for selected patients. For grade 2 tumors, the error in diagnosis and the failure rate increases with an overall survival of 87%. For grade 3 tumors, the error in diagnosis and failure rates are quite high with a 5 year survival of only 70%. Preoperative radiation, especially external beam therapy, is suggested for grades 2 and 3 Stage I tumors. The use of this treatment modality yields only 3% pelvic failure and an overall 5 year survival of almost 90%. Cancer 41~1016-1026, 1978.
An electrophoretic comparison of hemoglobins from American and European eels

Abstract 1. 1. Hemoglobins from the American (Anguilla rostrata) and European (Anguilla anguilla) eels were compared electrophoretically. 2. 2. In continous and discontinous starch-gel systems, hemoglobins from both species produced identical patterns. 3. 3. A single variant pattern was observed in the electrophoretic pattern of the American species.
Oxidative Decarboxylation of UDP-Glucuronic Acid in Extracts of Polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli ORIGIN OF LIPID A SPECIES MODIFIED WITH 4-AMINO-4-DEOXY-l-ARABINOSE

Addition of the 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N) moiety to the phosphate groups of lipid A is implicated in bacterial resistance to polymyxin and cationic antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system. The sequences of the products of the Salmonella typhimurium pmrE and pmrF loci, both of which are required for polymyxin resistance, recently led us to propose a pathway for l-Ara4N biosynthesis from UDP-glucuronic acid (Zhou, Z., Lin, S., Cotter, R. J., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 18503-18514). We now report that extracts of a polymyxin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli catalyze the C-4" oxidation and C-6" decarboxylation of [alpha-(32)P]UDP-glucuronic acid, followed by transamination to generate [alpha-(32)P]UDP-l-Ara4N, when NAD and glutamate are added as co-substrates. In addition, the [alpha-(32)P]UDP-l-Ara4N is formylated when N-10-formyltetrahydrofolate is included. These activities are consistent with the proposed functions of two of the gene products (PmrI and PmrH) of the pmrF operon. PmrI (renamed ArnA) was overexpressed using a T7 construct, and shown by itself to catalyze the unprecedented oxidative decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to form uridine 5'-(beta-l-threo-pentapyranosyl-4"-ulose diphosphate). A 6-mg sample of the latter was purified, and its structure was validated by NMR studies as the hydrate of the 4" ketone. ArnA resembles UDP-galactose epimerase, dTDP-glucose-4,6-dehydratase, and UDP-xylose synthase in oxidizing the C-4" position of its substrate, but differs in that it releases the NADH product.
Manufactured solutions for the P1 radiation-hydrodynamics equations

Abstract For the purposes of testing numerical methods, we develop two manufactured solutions to the P 1 radiation-hydrodynamics system. One solution is designed to test numerical methods in the equilibrium diffusion limit, while the other solution is valid in the streaming (small absorption) regime. We then use these solutions to test a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretization of the radiation-hydrodynamics system. We demonstrate that DG with linear elements, with either the double minmod slope limiter or no limiter, is second-order accurate and preserves the equilibrium diffusion limit. On the other hand, DG fails to obtain the equilibrium diffusion limit for the step method (i.e., DG with piecewise constant elements), or with linear elements using the minmod limiter. We also show that when the relativistic terms are lagged at the previous time step, the DG method converges at a first-order rate in the streaming regime for both piecewise constant and linear elements.
Heat capacity of α-cerium between 2.5 and 20°K☆

Abstract The low temperature heat capacity of α-cerium free from other allotropic modifications has been determined for the first time at standard pressures. The low-temperature data is represented by the equation: C = 9.79 T + ( 12 5 ) π 4 R( T 117 ) 3 where C is in mJ mole−1 deg−1.
Emulsifiers: Processing and quality control

I. Characterization and Processing Emulsifiers are surface-active agents (surfactants) which are added to an emulsion to increase its stability by interfacial action. They are divided into two broad categories, ionic or nonionic, according to the character of their colloidal solutions in water. As an eclectic guide to emulsifiers considered pertinent to the AOCS, greatest emphasis is placed on the description and processing of the nonionic type and only representative examples of the three classes of ionic surfactants, i.e., anionic, cationic, and amphoteric will be considered. Nonionic types discussed in more detail include: polyol-fatty acid esters of glycol, glycerol, polyglycerol, tetritol and pentitol, hexitol, anhydro hexitols, and sugar, as well as the polyethanoxy and polylpropanoxy esters and ethers. II. Controls Common analytical procedures, i.e. acid number, saponification number, hydroxyl number, etc. and their significance are described. A combined statistical-chemical control program plays an important role in assuring batch to batch emulsifier uniformity. Consistent emulsifier performance is obtained by mating raw material acceptance plans, in-process control, and final product qualification. All of these elements are required for an effective program. Statistical Q.C. techniques maximize control benefits of chemical analysis. Newer analytical methods such as automated GLC increase the sensitivity of control decisions.
Performance recovery and optimization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) transistors by thermal cycling

Abstract We present the results of studies on the electrical and physical modifications to poly(3-hexylthiophene), upon thermal annealing. Thermally induced performance enhancements and thermal stability of polythiophene thin film transistors (TFTs) are explored. We observe substantial mobility improvements in devices annealed at low temperatures (
Nitrogen Fertilizer Recovery by Corn in Monoculture and Rotation Systems

Crop rotations including legumes have increased in importance because of their potential to reduce large inorganic N fertilizer needs for corn [ L.] and other crops. This study was conducted to determine N fertilizer recovery by corn in monoculture and rotational systems. Corn was grown under rainfed conditions on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillinitic, mesic, Typic Argiudoll) in four cropping systems: (i) continuous corn monoculture, (ii) a 2-yr soybean [ (L.) Merr.]-corn rotation, (iii) a 4-yr rotation of oat [ (L.)] + clover [80% (L.) and 20% ]-grain sorghum [ (L.)]-soybean-corn, and (iv) a 4-yr rotation of soybean-grain sorghum-oat + clover-corn at Mead, NE. Broadcast applications of N-depleted NHNO were made at 90 and 180 kg N ha in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate N fertilizer recovery by corn in each cropping system using isotopic methods. Nitrogen recovery determined by isotopic methods was significantly higher for corn in rotation vs. corn in monoculture, averaging 58.6 vs. 52.3% and 49.8 vs. 43.4% at the 90 and 180 kg N ha rates, respectively. In contrast, fertilizer N recovery estimated by the difference method was much greater in continuous corn vs. N recovery in corn following oat + clover in the 4-yr rotation. These differences indicated that N fertilizer applied to corn in each cropping system appeared to be entering different sizes and types of organic soil N pools, resulting in apparent differences in N immobilization. Our results demonstrate problems exist in estimating fertilizer N recovery with both methods (isotope or difference) and before accurate N recovery estimates by corn or any other crop can be made in complex soil and crop management systems, procedures must be developed to explicitly follow N fertilizer pathways (immobilization, denitrification, volatilization, leaching, etc.). Until that time, correct interpretations with either method can be obtained within a system if all available information is used regarding both soil and crop factors.
Moving Up by Moving Out? Planned Developments and Residential Segregation in California:

Individuals are increasingly opting to live in common interest developments (CIDs) such as condominiums, co-operatives and planned developments. Several commentators have linked this trend to increasing neighbourhood homogeneity and residential segregation. This paper investigates these claims for planned developments in California in 1990. Results indicate that planned developments are, on average, less diverse with respect to race but more diverse with respect to income due to greater representation among higher-income categories. The contribution of planned developments to overall metropolitan segregation, however, is minor. This finding is perhaps unsurprising in light of the relatively small proportion of the population living in planned developments as of 1990. As recent trends continue, it is conceivable that the effects of these communities on residential segregation will become more pronounced. Nevertheless, eliminating planned developments would not necessarily diminish segregation because these...
A Two-network thermomechanical model of a shape memory polymer

The aim of this work is to demonstrate a Helmholtz potential based approach for the development of the constitutive equations for a shape memory polymer undergoing a thermomechanical cycle. The model is able to simulate the response of the material during heating and cooling cycles and the sensitive dependence of the response on thermal expansion. We notice that the yield-stress of the material controls the gross features of the response of the model, and suggests that the material yields differently depending on not just the current value of the temperature but also on whether the temperature of the material dropped or increased from the previous time-step somewhat similar to the Bauschinger effect in plasticity, except that here the controlling parameter is the rate of temperature change rather than rate of plastic strain. The results of the simulation are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experiments performed on two different shape memory polymer samples: polyurethane and epoxy resin. We find that modeling the hysteresis of the yield stress of the material during temperature changes is the key to the results.
The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism

The rise of the Tea Party movement follows a period during which many scholars have focused on "popular constitutionalism": the involvement of public opinion and popular movements in influencing constitutional interpretation. Most of the previous scholarship on popular constitutionalism analyzed movements identified with the political left. Although the Tea Party movement is primarily composed of conservatives and libertarians, it has much in common with previous popular constitutional movements.Part I of this Essay describes some of these similarities, focusing on the ways in which popular constitutional movements have arisen in response to social or economic crises, or major policy initiatives instituted by their opponents. Part II explains how the Tea Party movement shares key strengths and weaknesses of other popular movements. Public opinion on constitutional and policy issues is often influenced by widespread political ignorance and irrationality. The Tea Party is no exception to these trends. The evidence suggests, however, that Tea Party supporters are no more likely to be ignorant than public opinion generally, or their opponents on the political left.Part III explains two possible advantages of one unusual feature of the Tea Party: the fact that it is the first popular constitutionalist movement in many years whose main focus is the need to limit federal power. The enormous size and scope of modern government undercuts meaningful democratic control over government policy because "rationally ignorant" voters cannot keep track of more than a small fraction of government activity. Strengthening democratic accountability is one of the main objectives of advocates of popular constitutionalism. The imposition of stricter limits on government power might make that goal easier to achieve. The Tea Party’s focus on limiting government also makes it less likely that we will see the emergence of a right-wing populist movement that is primarily focused on intolerance and xenophobia, of the kind that often arose during previous economic downturns.
The African prostitute: an everyday 'debrouillard' in reality and African fiction

Life in the city requires a measure of debrouillardise. Several African writers have examined the plight of the prostitute as a form of resistance entwined with a daily struggle for survival. Through a cultural and historical background on transactional sex practices in sub-Saharan Africa, the paper examines the role of the prostitute in Cyprian Ekwenski's Jagua Nana and Okot p'Bitek's Song of Malaya as an individual utilizing de Certeauian tactical opposition to counteract victimization. The prostitute in these two works cannot be viewed as solely a victim. She uses – and is used by society. Close examination of the role of the prostitute in these two works will reveal an individual with a unique position in society – an individual who epitomizes the art of debrouillardise, and marks it with a connection to the city.
PC-based medical data acquisition and analysis

Biomedical signals are frequently complex waveforms that occur in a very noisy environment. Although the information content and the best way to present this information is under constant study in the medical and research community, advanced signal processing techniques have proven to be invaluable to the analysis of biomedical signals. With the increased capability of personal computers (PCs), the acquisition and analysis of biomedical signals is becoming practical at the individual physician level. The paper describes an inexpensive PC based system for both data acquisition and analysis. The objective is to provide advanced signal processing tools in an easy to use, inexpensive format. >
Optimal databased complex demodulation for evolutionary spectra

Complex demodulation of evolutionary spectra is formulated as a two-dimensional kernel smoother in the time-frequency domain. A tapered Fourier transform is calculated, and the log-spectral estimate is smoothed. As the characteristic widths of the kernel smoother increase, the bias from temporal and frequency averaging increases while the variance decreases. The demodulation parameters are chosen by minimizing the expected error using the plug-in approximation. >
Complications of laparoscopic surgery: How to avoid them and how to repair them

Reduction of medical errors has become a mantra of organized medicine. Consequently, complication rates and their severity are of increasing importance in hospital credentialing, legal liability issues, and financial reimbursement. Procedure-specific credentialing outside of a core is common for most advanced laparoscopic procedures. A significant complication rate or increased severity of complications associated with a particular advanced procedure can lead to revocation of privileges, as well as health insurance carriers altering the level of reimbursement. Quality surgeons might receive higher fees for a procedure than those with poor outcomes. Consumer groups increasingly want outcome statistics for all surgeons. Causation review, methods of injury prevention, early recognition of complications, and treatment modes by laparoscopists are extremely important. Laparoscopic surgery is marketed as safer, less disabling, and having better outcomes than laparotomy. Consumers find complications unacceptable. In truth, laparoscopy provides only a minimally invasive means of surgical access. The pathologic condition, the anatomy, and the surgical solutions do not change, but certainly laparoscopy creates some unique risks. Rapid recognition of these complications during or after surgery is essential. More importantly, learning procedural and dissection techniques to help avoid maloccurrence is paramount.
The role of polydispersity in the lamellar mesophase of model diblock copolymers

High-resolution small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were performed on two series of poly(ethylene-alt -propylene)-b-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEP-PLA) diblock copolymer materials exhibiting differences in the widths of the poly(D,L-lactide) block molecular mass distributions as measured by their polydispersity indices (PDI PLA ). At symmetric compositions of PEP-PLA (f PLA ≈ 0.5), all SAXS data were successfully fit to an established model describing the small angle scattering from lamellar mesostructures. According to this model, the increase in the PDI PLA negligibly affected the amount of lattice disorder. The apparent asymmetry of the poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-block lamellae (∅)), also determined by the fitting procedure, were more substantially affected; increasing the PDI PLA resulted in a decrease in ∅. At asymmetric compositions of PEP-PLA (f PLA ≈ 0.67), only the data at the highest values of the PDI PLA could be reasonably fit to this model.
Increased formation of early-labeled bilirubin in rats with iron deficiency anemia: evidence for ineffective erythropoiesis.

The production of early-labeled bilirubin and erythrocyte hemoglobin heme was measured in rats with iron deficiency anemia, using glycine-2-14C as precursor. The erythropoietic component of the early pigment fraction was significantly augmented and the formation of labeled hemoglobin depressed in the anemic animals, findings characteristic of ineffective erythropoiesis. By contrast, the hepatic component of early-labeled bilirubin was substantially enlarged during the acute response to iron therapy. These experiments illustrate that overproduction of bilirubin may originate from both erythropoietic and hepatic sources of the early-labeled fraction of bile pigment, as well as from hemolysis of circulating red blood cells.
Coupled hidden Markov models for complex action recognition

We present algorithms for coupling and training hidden Markov models (HMMs) to model interacting processes, and demonstrate their superiority to conventional HMMs in a vision task classifying two-handed actions. HMMs are perhaps the most successful framework in perceptual computing for modeling and classifying dynamic behaviors, popular because they offer dynamic time warping, a training algorithm and a clear Bayesian semantics. However the Markovian framework makes strong restrictive assumptions about the system generating the signal-that it is a single process having a small number of states and an extremely limited state memory. The single-process model is often inappropriate for vision (and speech) applications, resulting in low ceilings on model performance. Coupled HMMs provide an efficient way to resolve many of these problems, and offer superior training speeds, model likelihoods, and robustness to initial conditions.
Stem-like Tumor-Initiating Cells Isolated from IL13Rα2 Expressing Gliomas Are Targeted and Killed by IL13-Zetakine–Redirected T Cells

Purpose: To evaluate IL13Rα2 as an immunotherapeutic target for eliminating glioma stem–like cancer initiating cells (GSC) of high-grade gliomas, with particular focus on the potential of genetically engineered IL13Rα2-specific primary human CD8 + CTLs (IL13-zetakine + CTL) to target this therapeutically resistant glioma subpopulation. Experimental Design: A panel of low-passage GSC tumor sphere (TS) and serum-differentiated glioma lines were expanded from patient glioblastoma specimens. These glioblastoma lines were evaluated for expression of IL13Rα2 and for susceptibility to IL13-zetakine + CTL-mediated killing in vitro and in vivo . Results: We observed that although glioma IL13Rα2 expression varies between patients, for IL13Rα2 pos cases this antigen was detected on both GSCs and more differentiated tumor cell populations. IL13-zetakine + CTL were capable of efficient recognition and killing of both IL13Rα2 pos GSCs and IL13Rα2 pos differentiated cells in vitro , as well as eliminating glioma-initiating activity in an orthotopic mouse tumor model. Furthermore, intracranial administration of IL13-zetakine + CTL displayed robust antitumor activity against established IL13Rα2 pos GSC TS-initiated orthotopic tumors in mice. Conclusions: Within IL13Rα2 expressing high-grade gliomas, this receptor is expressed by GSCs and differentiated tumor populations, rendering both targetable by IL13-zetakine + CTLs. Thus, our results support the potential usefullness of IL13Rα2-directed immunotherapeutic approaches for eradicating therapeutically resistant GSC populations. Clin Cancer Res; 18(8); 2199–209. ©2012 AACR .
Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide mutants: biochemical and genetic analyses and symbiotic behavior on three hosts.

Ten independently generated mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CFN42 isolated after Tn5 mutagenesis formed nonmucoid colonies on all agar media tested and lacked detectable production of the normal acidic exopolysaccharide in liquid culture. The mutants were classified into three groups. Three mutants harbored Tn5 insertions on a 3.6-kilobase-pair EcoRI fragment and were complemented to have normal exopolysaccharide production by cosmids that shared an EcoRI fragment of this size from the CFN42 genome. The Tn5 inserts of five other mutants appeared to be located on a second, slightly smaller EcoRI fragment. Attempts to complement mutants of this second group with cloned DNA were unsuccessful. The mutations of the other two mutants were located in apparently adjacent EcoRI fragments carried on two cosmids that complemented those two mutants. The latter two mutants also lacked O-antigen-containing lipopolysaccharides and induced underdeveloped nodules that lacked nitrogenase activity on bean plants. The other eight mutants had normal lipopolysaccharides and wild-type symbiotic proficiencies on bean plants. Mutants in each of these groups were mated with R. leguminosarum strains that nodulated peas (R. leguminosarum biovar viciae) or clovers (R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii). Transfer of the Tn5 mutations resulted in exopolysaccharide-deficient R. leguminosarum biovar viciae or R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii transconjugants that were symbiotically deficient in all cases. These results support earlier suggestions that successful symbiosis with peas or clovers requires that rhizobia be capable of acidic exopolysaccharide production, whereas symbiosis with beans does not have this requirement. Images
Assessment of true worst case circuit performance under interconnect parameter variations

The complicated manufacturing processes dictate that process variations are unavoidable in today's VLSI products. Unlike device variations, which can be captured by worst/best case corner points, the effects of interconnect variations are context-dependent, which makes it difficult to capture the true worst-case timing performance. This paper discusses an efficient method to explore the extreme values of performance metrics and the specific parameters that will create these extreme performances. The described approach is based on a iterative search technique which facilitates its proper search direction by calculating an explicit analytical approximation model.
Novel Therapies on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

All patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and abnormal liver biochemistry should be considered for specific therapy. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only FDA-approved drug for treating PBC. Approximately 40% of patients with PBC respond incompletely to treatment with UDCA, thus having increased risk of death or need for liver transplantation. No second-line therapies for patients with inadequate response to UDCA therapy have been approved. This review provides a current perspective on potential new approaches to treatment in PBC, and highlights some of the challenges we face in evaluating and effectively implementing those treatments.
The Camera as Historian: Amateur Photographers and Historical Imagination, 1885-1918

Elizabeth Edwards's well-researched and illuminating book takes its title, The Camera as Historian, from an earlier book with an identical title published in 1916 by three members of the Photograph...