cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organophosphate pesticide levels in blood and urine of women and newborns living in an agricultural community

Organophosphate pesticides are widely used and recent studies suggest associations of in utero exposures with adverse birth outcomes and neurodevelopment. Few studies have characterized organophosphate pesticides in human plasma or established how these levels correlate to urinary measurements. We measured organophosphate pesticide metabolites in maternal urine and chlorpyrifos and diazinon in maternal and cord plasma of subjects living in an agricultural area to compare levels in two different biological matrices. We also determined paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genotypes (PON1(192) and PON1(-108)) and PON1 substrate-specific activities in mothers and their newborns to examine whether PON1 may affect organophosphate pesticide measurements in blood and urine. Chlorpyrifos levels in plasma ranged from 0-1,726 ng/mL and non-zero levels were measured in 70.5% and 87.5% of maternal and cord samples, respectively. Diazinon levels were lower (0-0.5 ng/mL); non-zero levels were found in 33.3% of maternal plasma and 47.3% of cord plasma. Significant associations between organophosphate pesticide levels in blood and metabolite levels in urine were limited to models adjusting for PON1 levels. Increased maternal PON1 levels were associated with decreased odds of chlorpyrifos and diazinon detection (odds ratio(OR): 0.56 and 0.75, respectively). Blood organophosphate pesticide levels of study participants were similar in mothers and newborns and slightly higher than those reported in other populations. However, compared to their mothers, newborns have much lower quantities of the detoxifying PON1 enzyme suggesting that infants may be especially vulnerable to organophosphate pesticide exposures.
L-electron capture decay of 194Hg

Abstract The isotope 194Hg has been produced through the 194Pt(α, 4n) reaction with 70 MeV alpha particles, separated chemically, and identified through the gamma-ray spectrum of the daughter activity 194Au. The 194Hg photon spectrum contains Au L X-rays. The absence of K X-rays and gamma rays of measurable intensity immediately after separation indicates that this isotope decays by L, M,… electron capture to the ground state of 194Au with an energy less than 81 keV. The half-life of 194Hg has been measured as 426±50 d. The first-forbidden transition is exceptionally fast with log fct≦ (5.8±0.1).
Differentiation of odontogenic keratocysts from nonkeratinizing cysts by use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and cytokeratin-10 staining.

Abstract Purpose: In this study, the efficacy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and cytokeratin 10 immunocytochemical staining to differentiate odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) from dentigerous and other nonkeratinizing cysts was evaluated. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study of 18 FNABs of odontogenic cystic lesions performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1995 and 1998. A consistent and standardized technique was used to obtain the cytologic material. Immunocytochemistry was performed on destained smears by using a monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin 10. Identical immunohistochemical methods were applied to the final surgical specimen, and results were compared. Results: Cells of 10 of 18 FNABs showed a markedly positive immunoreaction to anti-cytokeratin 10, supporting a diagnosis of OKC. In all 10 cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. Six of 18 cases showed an absence of staining and were interpreted as anti-cytokeratin 10 negative. In the 2 remaining cases, there were occasional squamous cells on the smear with weak anti-cytokeratin 10 uptake. The overall pattern was negative, and these were interpreted as nonkeratinizing cysts. In all 8 of these cases, the diagnosis of OKC was excluded based on the immunocytochemistry, and the final histologic diagnoses were: dentigerous cyst (n = 4) and radicular cyst (n = 4). Conclusions: The combination of FNAB with immunocytochemical determination of cytokeratin 10 expression by sampled epithelial cells was 100% accurate in distinguishing an OKC from a nonkeratinizing odontogenic cyst in this series. The technique allows for early diagnosis and rational surgical planning. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Runaway of energetic test ions in a toroidal plasma

Ion runaway in the presence of a large-scale, reconnection-driven electric field has been conclusively measured in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch (RFP). Measurements of the acceleration of a beam of fast ions agree well with test particle and Fokker-Planck modeling of the runaway process. However, the runaway mechanism does not explain all measured ion heating in the RFP, particularly previous measurements of strong perpendicular heating. It is likely that multiple energization mechanisms occur simultaneously and with differing significance for magnetically coupled thermal ions and magnetically decoupled tail and beam ions.
Long-term deficits in motion detection thresholds and spike count variability after unilateral vestibular lesion

The vestibular system operates in a push-pull fashion using signals from both labyrinths and an intricate bilateral organization. Unilateral vestibular lesions cause well-characterized motor deficits that are partially compensated over time and whose neural correlates have been traced in the mean response modulation of vestibular nuclei cells. Here we compare both response gains and neural detection thresholds of vestibular nuclei and semicircular canal afferent neurons in intact vs. unilateral-lesioned macaques using three-dimensional rotation and translation stimuli. We found increased stimulus-driven spike count variability and detection thresholds in semicircular canal afferents, although mean responses were unchanged, after contralateral labyrinth lesion. Analysis of trial-by-trial spike count correlations of a limited number of simultaneously recorded pairs of canal afferents suggests increased noise correlations after lesion. In addition, we also found persistent, chronic deficits in rotation detection thresholds of vestibular nuclei neurons, which were larger in the ipsilesional than the contralesional brain stem. These deficits, which persisted several months after lesion, were due to lower rotational response gains, whereas spike count variability was similar in intact and lesioned animals. In contrast to persistent deficits in rotation threshold, translation detection thresholds were not different from those in intact animals. These findings suggest that, after compensation, a single labyrinth is sufficient to recover motion sensitivity and normal thresholds for the otolith, but not the semicircular canal, system.
Antimotion sickness and antiemetic drugs.

The antimotion sickness drugs protect a high percentage of individuals from becoming motion sick if the proper drug is given in sufficient dosage 1 to 2 hours before exposure, and an effective blood level is maintained throughout the required period. The stresses due to motion encountered in most civilian travel such as air, automobile and on moderate seas can be counteracted effectively by the antihistaminic group of antimotion sickness preparations. Dimenhydrinate 50mg, cyclizine 50mg, and meclozine 50mg are examples of this group. Doses can be given three times a day during prolonged exposure. If the conditions are more stressful, promethazine 25mg alone or combined with ephedrine 25mg can be given. Highly susceptible patients and very rough conditions may require hyoscine (scopolamine) 0.3 to 0.6mg with or without dexamphetamine 5 to 10mg. Promethazine or hyoscine in the above dose can be given IM as a therapeutic measure after motion sickness has developed, and both produce drowsiness which may be beneficial for the passengers but would be contraindicated for the crew. All of the antimotion sickness drugs with the exception of dextroamphetamine and ephedrine are effective antiemetics against vomiting of toxic origins. However, the most effective antiemetics in this situation are the phenothiazines such as perphenazine, prochlorperazine and thiethylperazine. Ranking next in effectiveness is trimethobenzamide which is followed by the antihistaminic antimotion sickness drugs. Promethazine ranks with other phenothiazines as an antiemetic and is the only phenothiazine also effective against motion sickness. Morning sickness usually is self limiting but if antiemetics are required, promethazine and dimenhydrinate may be used.
Measurement of the Raman gain coefficient via inverse Raman scattering

We report a new characterization technique of Raman gain materials through inverse Raman scattering (IRS). The technique is applied to silica glass optical fiber and several liquids in liquid-core optical fiber (LCOF). We obtain good quantitative agreement with a conventional technique that estimates the gain coefficient from steady-state Raman scattering measurements. Our results demonstrate that IRS is a viable tool to characterize new materials for ultralow-power nonlinear optics and all-optical switching.
Simulation of Shock-Induced Combustion Past Blunt Projectiles Using Shock-Fitting Technique

Two-dimensional axisymmetric, reacting viscous flow over blunt projectiles is computed to study shockinduced combustion at Mach 5.11 and 6.46 in hydrogen-air mixture. A finite difference, shock-fitting method is used to solve the complete set of Navier- Stokes and species conservation equations. In this approach, the bow shock represents a boundary of the computational domain and is treated as a discontinuity across which Rankine-Hugoniot conditions are applied. All interior details of the flow such as compression waves, reaction front, and the wall boundary layer are captured automatically in the solution. Since the shock-fitting approach reduces the amount of artificial dissipation, all intricate details of the flow are captured much more clearly than has been possible with the shock-capturing approach. This has allowed an improved understanding of the physics of shock-induced combustion over blunt projectiles and the numerical results can now be explained more readily with a one-dimensional wave-interacti on model.
Arbitrary scattering of an electromagnetic zero-order Bessel beam by a dielectric sphere

Arbitrary electromagnetic (EM) scattering of a zero-order Bessel beam by a homogeneous water sphere in air is investigated. The radial components of the electric and magnetic scattering fields are expressed using a partial wave series involving the beam-shape coefficients, scattering coefficients of the sphere, and half-conical angle of the wavenumber components of the beam. The 3D scattering directivity plots in the far-field region are evaluated using a numerical integration procedure. It is shown here that shifting the sphere off the axis of wave propagation breaks the symmetry in the directivity patterns. Moreover, the scattering strongly depends on the half-cone angle of the beam. This investigation could provide a useful test of finite element codes for the evaluation of EM scattering and radiation forces, which are important in optical tweezers and related particle manipulation applications.
Analysis of textual images using the Hough transform

The analysis of images of printed pages of text is considered. Since printed text can be viewed as textured line, the use of the Hough transform for detecting straight lines is proposed as an analysis tool. Methods for handling several discretization problems that arise in mapping the rectangular image space to the (ρ, Θ) accumulator array are described. Several applications of analyzing the accumulator array are proposed. They include detecting the text skew angle, determining the signature of a text line so as to accept or reject a block as containing only text, using profile analysis to segment text into lines, and determining whether a textual block is rightside-up or otherwise.
Chemical stability of conducting polymers: Friedel–Crafts reactions of alcohols with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)

Abstract Download : Download full-size image The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) facilitates a Friedel–Crafts reaction between benzylic or allylic alcohols and benzene or toluene, giving the arene and water as a by-product. Aliphatic alcohols gave poorer yields of coupling product, and elimination to the corresponding alkene is a competitive process in many cases. The results are consistent with an acid-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction, although we have not determined the mechanism with respect to the polymer as yet. However, it is clear that PEDOT facilitates this reaction, and the formation of water as a by-product may have implications in its commercial applications.
Negation and logic in psychological defenses: A biopsychological perspective☆

Vicissitudes sensorielles des structures logiques du langage a travers les concepts de la biopsychologie. Par l'approche biopsychologique comparative, il est possible d'identifier des jeux offensifs-defensifs dans toute une gamme d'organismes et d'esquisser leurs analogues dans la pensee et le comportement humains. L'exemple des mimiques est particulierement heureux pour illustrer les matrices de communication elementaires et les structures logiques «naturelles»
Cutaneous granular cell angiosarcoma.

The majority of cutaneous angiosarcomas display typical architectural features of irregular anastomosing vascular channels in the dermis and subcutis. Nuclei are usually hyperchromatic and pleomorphic but die volume of cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells is often small. Diagnosis can be made readily on an adequate biopsy. We recently experienced difficulty diagnosing an angiosarcoma composed predominantly of cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. We were able to compare the present case with sections obtained from the only other reported example. The architectural expression of an anastomosing vascular pattern in areas of tumor, combined with the positive staining for Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA1) enabled us to make a diagnosis of angiosarcoma. The tumor failed to stain for the other endothelial markers (CD31 and CD34) which were positive in the original case. A marker for lysosomes (CD68) stained the granules in both cases. The granular cell variant of cutaneous angiosarcoma is very rare. Diagnosis is possible by recognizing the typical anastomosing neoplastic vascular channels at the periphery of the lesion, and by use of a combination of lectin (UEA1) and immunohistochemical (FVIIIRAg, CD34 and CD31) endothelial markers.
Regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in resting and stimulated rat submandibular salivary gland acini.

To determine the range over which cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (Cai2+) is regulated, Cai2+ was measured in salivary acini loaded with Fura-2. With extracellular Ca2+ (Cao2+) = 2.5 mM, mean resting Cai2+ (±SD) was 103 ± 20 nM (n = 29). Carbachol increased Cai2+ immediately to 288 ± 81 nM, which then declined to a sustained level of 253 ± 58 nM. When Cao2+ was < 10 nM, the immediate response to carbachol was little affected but the sustained response was abolished. Atropine abolished all responses to carbachol. Changes in Cai2+ were not due to Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release or to Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent channels. With Cao2+ = 2.5 mM, epinephrine raised Cai2+ initially to 196 ± 57 nM (n = 6), which soon declined to stable levels of 178 ± 40 nM. When Cao2+ was < 10 nM the prolonged response to epinephrine was abolished but the initial increase was relatively unaffected. All epinephrine-induced changes in Cai2+ were abolished by prazosin. The range of Cai2+ measured corresponds to that over which non-mitochondrial Ca2+ transport is stimulated in permeabilized submandibular gland acini suggesting that such a Ca2+ transport system may regulate physiological changes in Cai2+ in these acini in the rat.
On the status of the study of invertebrate neurons in tissue culture--phyla Mollusca and Annelida.

Abstract 1. 1. The utilization of tissue culture in neurobiological studies is discussed for all phyla phylogenetically preceding Phylum Arthropoda. Only two phyla, Mollusca and Annelida, are represented in such studies. 2. 2. The members of Phylum Mollusca which have been so investigated are Aplysia, Helisoma and Lymnaea . 3. 3. The mollusc Aplysia has been used to investigate several processes, including neurosecretion, synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis. 4. 4. Helisoma was employed to study factors regulating neurite growth and the specificity of synapse formation; mechanisms of neurite growth were investigated in the snail Lymnaea . 5. 5. The only member of Phylum Annelida involved in appropriate studies has been the leech Hirudo . This organism was used to investigate axonal regeneration and synaptic mechanisms.
Reaction of soda lime silicate glass in isotopically labelled water

Abstract Soda lime silicate galss was leached in D 18 2 O at 25, 50, and 90°C up to 500 h and was examined using non-resonant nuclear reaction and Rutherford Backscattering analysis. Replacement of sodium by deuterium ( D / Na = 2.3 ±0.5) was consistent with earlier results, which have been cited as support for an ion-interdiffusion leaching mechanism. However, uptake of 18 O was in excess of D ( 18 O/D = 1.6±0.3 ), with 18 O penetrating to depths as great as those from which Na was extracted. Results indicate extensive hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the silicate matrix within the surface reaction layer while alkali is being extracted, an example of a “transformed” surface structure through which water has relatively easy access.
Comparison between Nonhandicapped and Mentally Retarded Workers: Why They Lose Their Jobs.

Reasons why 133 competitively employed nonhandicapped and 8 mentally retarded food service workers lost their jobs were examined. Reasons for termination were analyzed in terms of the social and production categories provided by Greenspan's (1981) social competence model. The majority of mentally retarded workers lost their jobs for productivity reasons, with some associated secondary social problems. The nonhandicapped workers lost their jobs for both social and production problems. When more than one reason was provided for termination, the impact of social problems increased. Results are discussed in terms of previous studies and in relation to their possible impact upon employment training and placement issues with mentally retarded workers.
Sublethal effects of atrazine and glyphosate on life history traits of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Although exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural chemicals such as herbicides is common and widespread, our understanding of how these chemicals affect mosquito ecology and behavior is limited. This study investigated how an environmentally relevant concentration of two herbicides, atrazine and glyphosate, affects mosquito life history traits. One hundred and fifty (150) first instar Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) or Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) larvae were reared in 1.6 L of live oak leaf (Quercus virginiana) infusion in the presence (5 mg/L) or absence (0 mg/L) of atrazine or glyphosate. The containers were monitored daily to determine the emergence rates, sex ratio, male and female emergence times, and female body size. Emergence rates of A. aegypti from atrazine treatment were significantly higher relative to either glyphosate or control treatments (A. aegypti: atrazine = 93 ± 6 % (±95 % CI), glyphosate = 82 ± 5 %, control = 78 ± 5 %), while emergence rates of A. albopictus in atrazine treatments were significantly higher than in glyphosate treatments but not in controls (A. albopictus: atrazine = 84 ± 5 %, glyphosate = 76 ± 4 %, control = 78 ± 4 %). For both mosquito species, a sex ratio distortion with male bias was observed in control and glyphosate treatments, but not in atrazine treatments (A. aegypti: atrazine = 0.90 ± 0.17 (±SE), glyphosate = 1.63 ± 0.21, control = 1.69 ± 0.26; A. albopictus: atrazine = 1.09 ± 0.08, glyphosate = 1.88 ± 0.12, control = 1.37 ± 0.11). Emergence times for both sexes of the two mosquito species were significantly longer in atrazine treatments compared to glyphosate or control treatments (A. aegypti: females: atrazine = 11.20 ± 0.50 (days ± 95 % CI), glyphosate = 9.71 ± 0.23, control = 9.87 ± 0.21; males: atrazine = 9.46 ± 0.27, glyphosate = 8.80 ± 0.25, control = 8.85 ± 0.24; A. albopictus: females: atrazine = 17.40 ± 1.70, glyphosate = 12.4 ± 0.40, control = 12.5 ± 0.30; males: atrazine = 12.96 ± 0.41, glyphosate = 10.48 ± 0.24, control = 10.64 ± 0.37). For A. albopictus but not A. aegypti, adult females from atrazine treatment had significantly longer wing lengths compared to those from glyphosate or control treatments (A. albopictus: atrazine = 3.06 ± 0.07 (mm ± 95 % CI), glyphosate = 2.80 ± 0.07, control = 2.83 ± 0.06). These results demonstrate the potential for atrazine, a widely used herbicide, to influence epidemiologically relevant life history traits of mosquitoes.
Position, guidance, and mapping in the developing visual system

Positional identity in the visual system affects the topographic projection of the retina onto its central targets. In this review we discuss gradients and positional information in the retina, when and how they arise, and their functional significance in development. When the axons of retinal ganglion cells leave the eye, they navigate through territory in the central nervous system that is rich in positional information. We review studies that explore the navigational cues that the growth cones of retinal axons use to orient towards their target and organize themselves as they make this journey. Finally, these axons arrive at their central targets and make a precise topographic map of visual space that is crucial for adaptive visual behavior. In the last section of this review, we examine the topographic cues in the tectum, what they are, when, and how they arise, and how retinal axons respond to them. We also touch on the role of neural activity in the refinement of this topography. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhanced acquisition of purine nucleosides and nucleobases by purine-starved Crithidia luciliae.

Abstract The effects of purine starvation on the ability of the trypanosomatid Crithidia luciliae to accumulate purines were determined. Kinetic studies showed that the uptake of the nucleoside adenosine by purine-starved organisms was ∼ 7-fold faster than by nutrient-replete cells. Further, these studies demonstrated that purine-starved organisms accumulated the nucleobases hypoxanthine and adenine at a rate >100-fold faster than organisms cultivated under replete conditions. Activities of several intracellular purine-salvage enzymes were measured in organisms from both culture conditions. Of those measured, the activities of adenine deaminase and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase were elevated ∼ 4-fold and ∼ 11-fold, respectively, in purine-starved organisms. Competitive substrate specificity studies suggested that these elevated enzyme activities were not responsible for the increased rates of uptake by purine-starved cells. The results are consistent with the induction of novel surface membrane purine transporters expressed in response to purine starvation. These studies using C. luciliae may provide insights into the mechanisms of trypanosomatid adaptation to altered environments encountered during the course of the life cycle.
A numerical seismic 3-D migration model for vector multiprocessors

The availability of a multiprocessor vector machine, such as the CRAY X-MP, along with large, fast secondary memory such as the CRAY SSD, opens new frontiers to numerical algorithm design for 3-D simulations. The 3-D seismic migration, which is of crucial importance in exploration seismology, will be studied as a model problem. The numerical model discussed in this paper employs an alternating direction implicit (ADI) Crank-Nicolson scheme which takes full advantage of the parallel architecture of the underlying machine. It is demonstrated that careful algorithm design can lead to a significant speedup of the calculation when more than one processor is used. The throughput times obtained in this study are an order of magnitude faster than some conventional approaches.
Somatostatin receptors are lost early in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis

Abstract Background. Somatostatin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by interacting with five different somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). We hypothesize that functional SSTRs are lost during the progression of pancreatic cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of SSTR subtype 1 and 2 proteins in normal pancreas, preneoplastic lesions, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We also examined the expression of functional SSTRs in 9 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Methods. Sixty male Syrian golden hamsters (50 g) were given weekly subcutaneous injections (50 mg) of the pancreatic carcinogen N -nitrosobis (2-oxypropyl) amine (BOP). Pancreatectomy was performed under anesthesia and any metastatic disease was excised. All tumor samples were snap-frozen using liquid nitrogen for later analysis of SSTR expression. A portion was placed in fixative for histology. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed and the lesions were categorized using specific histologic criteria. The SSTR status of nice human pancreatic cancer cells was determined by classic competitive binding techniques on whole-cell preparations. Results. Fifty-eight percent of the animals treated by BOP developed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by 30 weeks and a portion of these had metastatic disease. The lesions were categorized as metastatic adenocarcinoma, invasive adenocarcinoma, or preneoplastic lesion (adenoma, tubular ductal complex, intraductal hyperplasia, and papillary hyperplasia). Immunohistochemistry results indicate that SSTR 1 and 2 protein is present in the normal pancreas but is lost early in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis and is absent in invasive cancers. Our cell line data demonstrate that among the nine human pancreatic cancer cells tested, only the MIAPaCa-2 cell line has cell-surface SSTR proteins which bind to somatostatin-14. Conclusion. Expression of functional SSTRs is lost in most pancreatic cancers and appears to be an early event in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Down regulation of SSTRs may result in loss of tumor suppression and contribute to pancreatic cancer progression.
Mechanics and Cosmology in the Medieval and Early Modern Period

M. Bucciantini, M. Camerota, and S. Roux, editors. Mechanics and Cosmology in the Medieval and Early Modern Period. Biblioteca di Nuncius, Studi e Testi, LXIV. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2007. xv+21...
Developments in psychiatric postgraduate training in the United States.

THE REDISCOVERY during the Second World War of the psychiatric lessons of the Firstnamely, that neuropsychiatric disorders were major sources of disability among the civilian population and of casualties in the armed forces-led to a major national commitment to psychiatric training in the United States, symbolized by the creation of the National Institute of Mental Health in 1946. Under its training grant support program, the number of psychiatrists in training rose steadily to a peak of 4000 by 1970; the cumulative impact of this growing training program was an increase by an order of magnitude in the number of U.S. psychiatrists, from 3000 in 1946 to more that 25,000 currently. The Office of Management and Budget in the Nixon Administration has announced a decision to phase out federal support for psychiatric training over a 3-year period; a change in the rate of manpower training appears likely. When the upsurge of national interest in psychiatry began at the end of the War, disenchantment with the limited achievements of biologic psychiatry and with the static orientation of descriptive psychiatry led University departments to turn increasingly for leadership to psychoanalysts. By 1962, half the chairmen of the departments of psychiatry in the U.S. were members of psychoanalytic institutes [I]. I have elsewhere set forth my objections to psychoanalytic theory [2,3]. There is no convincing evidence of any greater effectiveness for its therapeutic methods when compared with briefer and socially less costly interventions [4,5]. What is relevant to our present topic are the organizational consequences of the ascendence of psychoanalysis on the practice and the teaching of psychiatry. Intensive individual psychotherapy became the touchstone by which psychiatric competence was to be judged and the criterion by which the desirability of psychiatric residencies was to be determined. Attention to psychiatric nosology all but disappeared in the preoccupation with psychodynamics. Professional interest was restricted to articulate middle and upper class patients deemed suitable for intensive psychotherapy [6]. Widespread conviction of the psychogenic etiology of the psychoses created a climate hostile to the investigation of organic factors. Whatever its presumptive didactic benefits for the psychotherapeutic skills of the trainee, analytic training necessarily restricted his occupational mobility for the 4-7 years required by the Institute. Its costs, both personal and monetary, forced trainees into private practice and foreclosed research careers. The loss to general psychiatry was not inconsiderable. Although formal psychoanalytic practice attracted not more than one in ten, it was often the most promising who chose that route in the climate of those times: commitment td analytic theory led to premature closure of curiosity about other bases for the understanding of human behavior. During the first decade of expanded training, the state hospital population was continuing
Classroom teachers’ efficacy in teaching healthy behaviour content

This study, grounded in Self-Efficacy Theory, investigated classroom teachers’ self-efficacy changes related to teaching healthy behaviour content after participating in ongoing workshops. Participants were 50 male and female teachers at the primary (n = 17) and secondary (n = 33) levels from two schools in one Native American community. Teacher participants completed two previously validated teaching efficacy instruments. Results showed that student healthy behaviour knowledge scores were linearly related to increases in teacher efficacy. Teacher efficacy increased in a linear pattern (education efficacy) or fluctuated (healthy behaviour content). Classroom teachers can help to create develop healthy and active schools.
Abstract P5-04-06: Loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HACE1 plays a critical role in transformation of mammary cells and clinical progression of human breast cancer via accumulation of active Rac1

Invasive ductal breast cancer arises when the immediate precursor, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), breaches the basement membrane of the ductal lumen and invades into the surrounding tissue. Although this transition has been implicated as a crucial step in the progression of breast cancer, the specific alterations responsible for this transition have yet to be identified. HER2/ neu , a member of the epidermal growth family receptor (EGFR) family, is frequently overexpressed in non-invasive lesions (50-60%) but is significantly less common in invasive breast cancer (20-30%). This suggests that while HER2/ neu may be partially transformative, additional alterations are required for mammary epithelial cells to achieve full malignant transformation. To identify novel genes capable of cooperating with HER2, we performed an insertional mutagenesis screen for genes whose alteration induces anchorage-independent growth on primary mouse mammary epithelial cells isolated from MMTV- neu transgenic mice. We identified HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (HACE1) as a putative breast tumor suppressor gene whose loss contributes to the transformative process. Loss of HACE1 expression is commonly seen in publicly available breast cancer patient data sets as well as in established breast cancer cell lines supporting the role of HACE1 as a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene. Knockdown of HACE1 in HER2 overexpressing human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) enhanced colony formation over HER2 overexpressing HMEC controls cells. Moreover, knockdown of HACE1 alone was sufficient to allow anchorage-independent growth in soft agar in the HMECs while the overexpression of HACE1 in breast cancer cell lines diminishes clonogenic capacity in soft agar. We confirmed recent studies that have shown that HACE1 is capable of tagging the Rho GTPase Rac1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. In mammary epithelial cells, the loss of HACE1 leads to enhanced levels of active Rac1 resulting in increased clonogenicity, migration and invasion. Importantly, we show that targeting Rac1 can rescue the effects of HACE1 loss in mammary epithelial cells. Our results establish HACE1 as a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene by attenuating active Rac1 signaling. Our work supports the role of Rac1 as a critical signaling node in breast cancer and that loss of HACE1 leads to enhanced Rac1 signaling resulting in driving cancer progression. Furthermore, our results suggest the role of HACE1 loss as a biomarker for tumor progression and may identify patients vulnerable to Rac1 or Rac effector targeted therapies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-04-06.
Two New Sampling Plans for European Red Mite Surveys on Apple Utilizing the Negative Binomial Distribution

The results from 2 orchard experiments are combined to derive a method for determining minimum sample sizes for surveying the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in apple orchards. Both the required number of trees and number of leaves per tree are considered. Also given is a method for estimating mite density from an estimate of the percent mite-infested leaves. The negative binomial distribution with common K parameter accurately described mite aggregation among the leaves of a single apple tree. This enabled the functional form of the distribution to be estimated from the sample mean mite density. The spatial distribution of mites among trees was described by the variance of individual tree means. This statistic was highly dependent on the orchard wide average mite density.
The structure of production in South Korea's manufacturing sector

Abstract This paper estimates a model of producer behavior for South Korean manufacturing that simultaneously identifies substitution elasticities and scale economies. A non-homothetic translog function is employed which takes on various other functional forms (i.e., Cobb–Douglas, Homothetic, Homogeneous) as special or limiting cases. Four significant conclusions are: (a) there is potential scale economies in each subsector of South Korean manufacturing, (b) the substitutabilities between factor inputs are relatively low, (c) factor demands are price elastic, (d) the scale economies are correlated with the factor intensity.
Short-circuiting transference using implementation intentions

Abstract Prior relationships readily play out in present ones, often without awareness and even when problematic for an individual, and yet little is known about how individuals might be able to prevent this influence, if at all. The social-cognitive process of transference is a mechanism by which past relationships emerge in the present, i.e., through the relatively automatic use of significant-other (SO) representations in judging and remembering others. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that this process can be strategically regulated by the use of implementation intentions, which can automatize desired goal pursuit. Participants motivated to prevent transference learned about three individuals, one subtly resembling their own SO, and were provided either with no-additional strategy or with a goal intention to prevent transference, or crucially, with an implementation intention to prevent it. Across both experiments, the evidence strongly supported our hypothesis. Response latencies in a primed lexical decision task showed that, regardless of strategy, the SO representation was activated with the relevant new person, and yet, in terms of recognition memory, only those participants in the no-additional strategy and the goal-intention conditions showed the transference effect—i.e., the application of the knowledge that was activated by SO‐resemblance. As predicted, those randomly assigned to the implementation-intention condition did not. In short, participants in the implementation-intention condition effectively prevented transference. The experiments provide the first evidence we know of that individuals can be trained to use a regulation strategy with which to effectively regulate transference, when needed, using a strategy that itself can be relatively automatic.
Phase-field modeling of droplet movement using the discontinuous finite element method

In this paper, a discontinuous finite element method is presented for the fourth-order nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard equation that models multiphase flows together with the Navier-Stokes equations. A flux scheme suitable for the method is proposed and analyzed together with numerical results. The model is applied to simulate the droplet movement and numerical results are presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MERRF): Genetic, pathophysiological, and biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial DNA disease

A large MERRF pedigree permitted the direct testing of the predictions for a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation. A mtDNA mutation was demonstrated by proving maternal inheritance and by identifying specific deficiencies in muscle energetics and mitochondrial respiratory complexes I and IV. mtDNA heteroplasmy (a mixture of mutant and wild-type mtDNAs) was demonstrated by showing variation in the mitochondrial energetic capacity between family members. The phenotypic consequences of differential tissue-specific reliance on mitochondrial ATP was shown by correlating individual respiratory deficiency with the nature and severity of patients' clinical manifestations. The observed spectrum of clinical manifestations resulting from this heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation implies that mtDNA disease may be much more prevalent than previously anticipated.
Differential effects of placental lactogen, growth hormone and prolactin on rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity in the perinatal period

Abstract Ovine placental lactogen, (oPL), ovine growth hormone, (oGH), and ovine prolactin, (oPRL) are present in high concentrations in the fetal circulation late in gestation. To determine if these hormones stimulate the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme widely implicated in the control of cellular growth, rat fetuses were injected in utero with 100 μg of oPL, oGH, oPRL, rat growth hormone (rGH) or rat prolactin (rPRL) and ODC activity in the livers, hearts, and brains of the fetuses was measured 2, 4, and 6 hours after injection. OPL stimulated fetal liver ODC activity by 282 ± 45% (mean ± SEM) as compared to litter mates injected with buffer alone but oGH, oPRL, rGH and rPRL had no effect on fetal liver ODC activity. However, in neonatal rats 24–48 hours old all five hormones significantly increased liver ODC activity. ODC activities in the hearts and brains of the fetuses and neonates were unaffected by any of the five hormones. In other experiments 50 μg of oPL significantly stimulated fetal liver ODC activity while 250 μg of oGH were without effect. However 25 μg of oGH significantly stimulated liver ODC activity in rat pups 1–2 days after birth. These results suggest that oPL, by its stimulation of ODC activity, has somatotropic effects in the fetus and that rat liver ODC activity becomes responsive to growth hormone and prolactin in the perinatal period.
IR photodissociation spectroscopy of gas phase Pt+(CO)n (n = 4–6)

Abstract Platinum carbonyl complexes, Pt+(CO)n, are generated using laser vaporization and probed with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the C–O stretching region. No fragmentation is observed for the n = 1–3 complexes, indicative of their high binding energies. Pt+(CO)4 has enhanced abundance in cluster growth and is difficult to fragment, producing a noisy spectrum. The Pt+(CO)5,6 complexes fragment efficiently, producing the n = 4 ion. Their spectra, with carbonyl absorptions blue-shifted ∼10 cm−1 with respect to free CO, represent the resonances of Pt+(CO)4 detected by elimination of weakly bound external ligands. Pt+(CO)4 is indicated to have filled coordination and a high symmetry structure.
Prevention of erectile dysfunction after radiotherapy for prostate cancer

With increasing scrutiny of prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment, much attention has been given to the morbidity caused by radical prostatectomy (RP) and/or radiotherapy (RT). One of the most common side-effects of either treatment is erectile dysfunction (ED). [1] Approximately, 40% of patients will experience ED after RT for PCa. The post-RT ED causes significant patient dissatisfaction with cancer treatment as well as decrease in patient and partner psychosocial function. [2] To address this issue in patients undergoing RT, Pisansky et al. [3] conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a phosphodiesterase enzyme-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), tadalafil, as a preventive measure for patients undergoing RT for PCa and found no difference in erectile function between the control and treatment groups.
Surface Adsorption and Photochemistry of Gas-Phase Formic Acid on TiO2 Nanoparticles: The Role of Adsorbed Water in Surface Coordination, Adsorption Kinetics, and Rate of Photoproduct Formation

Formic acid adsorption and photooxidation on TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces at 296 K have been investigated using transmission FTIR spectroscopy. In particular, the role of adsorbed water in surface coordination, adsorption kinetics, and photoproduct formation is examined. Gas-phase formic acid adsorbs on the surface at low exposures to yield adsorbed bridged bidentate formate and, at higher exposures, molecularly adsorbed formic acid as well. Upon exposure to water vapor, adsorbed formate becomes solvated by coadsorbed water molecules, and the coordinatin mode changes as indicated by shifts in the vibrational frequencies. Adsorbed water also impacts the adsorption kinetics for formic acid on TiO2 and increases the adsorption rate, potentially by providing a medium for facile ionic dissociation. Ultraviolet irradiation of adsorbed formate on TiO2 in the presence of molecular oxygen results in the formation of gas-phase carbon dioxide, which increases in yield in the presence of adsorbed water on the surface. ...
Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation

Effective mean annual precipitation is related to sediment yield from drainage basins throughout the climatic regions of the United States. Sediment yield is a maximum at about 10 to 14 inches of precipitation, decreasing sharply on both sides of this maximum in one case owing to a deficiency of runoff and in the other to increased density of vegetation. Data are presented illustrating the increase in bulk density of vegetation with increased annual precipitation and the relation of relative erosion to vegetative density. It is suggested that the effect of a climatic change on sediment yield depends not only upon direction of climate change, but also on the climate before the change. Sediment concentration in runoff is shown to increase with decreased annual precipitation, suggesting further that a decrease in precipitation will cause stream channel aggradation.
VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS OF DRY MILK.

Abstract Vapor equilibrium data have been used to predict and explain water-binding properties of spray-dried milk. Equilibrium moisture contents for nonfat products with low, medium, and high preheat treatment and low-heat product with 1, 13, and 26% of milk fat were obtained at storage temperatures of 35, 60, 86, and 100F. Based on proposed water sorption mechanisms for proteins, a similar mechanism has been proposed for dry milk. Adsorption isotherms indicate a combination of sorption by lactose in the glass state and sorption on polar sites in proteins at relative vapor pressures less than 0.4. At higher relative vapor pressures, moisture sorption is by proteins, since the lactose crystallization is completed. Application of the B-E-T multimolecular adsorption theory provided information on the relative number of moisture sorption sites. Results indicated that lactose in spray-dried milk provides approximately 25% of the moisture sorption sites. An influence of preheat treatment on the relative number of polar sites in the protein was revealed. Since dry milk with high preheat treatment consistently demonstrated the largest number of polar sites for water sorption, results tend to confirm and explain the water-binding properties of high-heat nonfat dry milk. The presence of increased percentages of fat in the product reduced the number of water sorption sites, since the fat did not provide additional sites.
Inactivation of α2-antiplasmin by limited reaction with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)

Abstract α 2 -Antiplasmin (α 2 AP), a serpin proteinase inhibitor with two methionine residues in its reactive center, was treated with cis -dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) ( cis -DDP). This compound has been utilized previously to specifically modify methionine residues. After reaction, the α 2 AP demonstrated decreased inhibitory activity against plasmin, miniplasmin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The reduction in activity depended on the concentration of cis -DDP; however, the amount of activity retained by the treated α 2 AP was equivalent with each of the four proteinases. α 2 AP that was incubated with 1.0 mM cis -DDP for 3 h at 37°C was 90% inactivated. These same conditions resulted in the binding of only 1.0–1.5 mol of platinum per mol of inhibitor. In experiments with lower concentrations of cis -DDP, the amount of incorporated platinum directly correlated with the amount of inactivated α 2 AP (1:1 stoichiometry). Reactions and functions of α 2 AP that do not result in proteinase inhibition were not affected by cis -DDP. Cleavage of α 2 AP by elastase, which occurs near the proteinase inhibition site, was unaffected. In addition, the affinity of α 2 AP for the K1–3 region of plasminogen remained unchanged after treatment. These data strongly suggest that the reaction of α 2 AP with cis -DDP involves principally a single site on the inhibitor and that this site is critical for proteinase inhibitory activity. The most likely candidate is the P′ 1 methionine which is adjacent to the peptide bonds cleaved in the proteinase inhibitory reactions but not in the elastase reaction.
Parental Wealth and Adult Children's Welfare in Marriage

Abstract Many studies find that parental resources importantly determine children's human capital, schooling returns, and earnings. The collective household approach suggests that, in addition, parental resources of marital partners may importantly affect resource distributions within marriage. This paper presents empirical results consistent with this framework. They suggest that parental wealth continues to play roles in augmenting welfare of children into adulthood beyond provision of human capital in early life-cycle stages or direct financial aid during adulthood, and that actual transfers from parents to adult children do not fully measure influences of parental wealth on behaviors and welfare of adult children.