cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscosity-based numerical model for fault-zone development in drape folding

Abstract The propagation of a fault zone through homogeneous and layered sedimentary materials above a basement deflection was simulated using a finite-element solution for slow, incompressible viscous flow. The layered models represented a generalized stratigraphic section of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata of the Wyoming Province, U.S.A. Fractured elements within the models were determined for each increment of deformation using the Mohr-Coulomb fracture criterion and the viscosity of those elements was decreased prior to subsequent increments. In this manner the effects of local fracturing on subsequent deformation were included. In homogeneous models, failure begins near the basement deflection and propagates discontinuously upward. The length of the fault zone depends on the vertical velocity imposed on the bottom boundary and the width of the deflection. The resulting fault zone is a high-angle, rather straight, reverse fault which is in contrast to the curved, concave downward faults predicted by previous elastic analytical solutions. However, the analytical solutions were based on the initial stress field and do not take into consideration any changes that occur within the body during deformation. In contrast to this, the finite-element models can be used to study the changes in the state of a body that occur during deformation. Deformation rates determine the style of deformation and the location and intensity of fracturing. High gradients of mean pressure occur near the basement deflection and the fault zone is initiated in a region of anomalously low pressure produced by deformation. Faults develop as a consequence of the coalescense of fractured elements that occur during deformation. The width of the fault zone varied from layer to layer depending on its stiffness. Narrow fault zones develop in weak layers and wide zones in stiffer layers. In both homogeneous and layered models, extensional fractures occur near the surface on the upper block.
Older women track and field athletes have enhanced calcaneal stiffness

Vigorous weight-bearing exercise is recommended to women as a method of osteoporosis prevention. This study examined older women athletes to see if they indeed were less likely to develop osteoporosis than those in the general population, and to investigate which factors could have contributed to these results. One hundred and thirty-nine women 40–88 years old, all competitors in a USA National Masters Track and Field Championships, volunteered for the study. Masters refers to competitors ≥40 years old. Their calcaneal stiffness (SI) was measured by a Lunar Achilles+ ultrasonometer. Subjects were also measured for height and weight, and completed a questionnaire on exercise history, diet, lifestyle factors, medical and menopausal issues, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The women, mean age 57.3 years, had an overall average SI of 99.5 (T-score = 0.04) which is equivalent to that of a 20-year-old woman and 20.8% higher than expected for women of their age. Their median SI remained not different from expected peak bone SI until the age of 70. For analysis, this cohort of women was divided into two groups: premenopausal and postmenopausal athletes. The SI of both groups was correlated with the earliest age at which they had first participated in sports or exercises that impart moderate to high strain rates to the lower limbs and with current participation in high impact track and field events. Variables correlated with SI in the general population, such as weight, HRT, previous fracture, hysterectomy, and current menopausal status, did not predict SI in this cohort. In conclusion, women competing in Masters track and field at the national level had calcaneal stiffness substantially higher than expected for women of their age in the general population, and their participation in vigorous sports and activities, either currently or at a younger age, was predictive of this association.
The Dissection of Rectangles Into Squares

We consider the problem of dividing a rectangle into a finite number of non-overlapping squares, no two of which are equal. A dissection of a rectangle R into a finite number n of non-overlapping squares is called a squaring of R of order n; and the n squares are the elements of the dissection. The term “elements” is also used for the lengths of the sides of the elements. If there is more than one element and the elements are all unequal, the squaring is called perfect, and R is a perfect rectangle.
Infrared studies of chain folding in polymers. X. polycaprolactam

Abstract The 1210-, 1233-, and 1288—cm−1 infrared bands in the α form of nylon 6 are shown to result from a unique conformation in a tightly folded chain with adjacent reentry. The assignment of the 1210- and 1288-cm−1 bands to motions of a gauche nitrogen-methylene group in the fold and the 1233-cm−1 band to motions of a gauche carboxyl-methylene group in the fold is supported by the infrared studies of the α form of nylon 6, the γ form of nylon 6, poly-D(-)β-methyl- e -caproamide (PBCA), and the high- and low-temperature forms of the cyclic dimer of nylon 6. The γ- form of nylon 6 and PBCA do not exhibit a unique conformation in the fold. The 1198-cm−1 band can be assigned to the trans conformation of the amide group which exists in the normal planar zigzag conformation in the α-form crystal. A mechanism for the α to γ iodine-induced transition in nylon 6 is proposed showing the role of the fold in maintaining a minimum of molecular disordering during the transformation.
Li+ Transport Mechanism in Oligo(Ethylene Oxide)s Compared to Carbonates

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on oligo(ethylene oxide)s of various molecular weights doped with the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI) in order to explore the mechanism of Li+ transport in materials covering the range from liquid electrolytes to prototypes for high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolytes. Good agreement between MD simulations and experiments is observed for the conductivity of electrolytes as a function of molecular weight. Unlike Li+ transport in liquid ethylene carbonate (EC) that comes from approximately equal contributions of vehicular Li+ motion (motion together with solvent) and Li+ diffusion by solvent exchange, Li+ transport in oligoethers was found to occur predominantly by vehicular motion. The slow solvent exchange of Li+ in oligo(ethylene oxide)s highlights why high molecular weight amorphous polymer electrolytes with oligo(ethylene oxide)s solvating groups suffer from poor Li+ transport. Ion complexation and correlation of cation and anion motion is examined for oligoethers and compared with that in EC.
DRUG-ELUTING STENTS ARE STILL UNDERUSED IN GOVERNMENT INSURANCE AND UNINSURED: A META-ANALYSIS

Drug-eluting stents (DES) are better than bare-metal stents (BMS) in reducing restenosis. We determined if insurance influences the use of BMS or DES. We conducted a meta-analysis including all studies in PUBMED in which DES and BMS use were reported in Medicare and Medicaid, HMO insurance,
The Peer Assumption: A review of The Nurture Assumption

The Nurture Assumption. Judith Rich Harris, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 462 pages (Touchstone edition). Back when my son Adam was not yet 2 years old, it was a relatively easy matter to track...
High Cumulative Dose Exposure to Voriconazole is Associated with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Lung Transplant Recipients

Background Lung transplant recipients (LTR) have an increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) due to immunosuppressive therapy. Voriconazole, which is associated with phototoxic side effects in some patients, may be an additional risk factor for SCC in this population. Methods To test whether voriconazole is a risk factor for developing SCC in LTR, we evaluated cumulative exposure to voriconazole in 327 adults who underwent lung transplantation at one center between 1991 and 2010. Voriconazole exposure was assessed as a time-varying covariate. We used survival analysis methods to assess the risk of developing SCC over time. Results Exposure to voriconazole was associated with a 2.6-fold increased risk for SCC. This phenomenon was dose-dependent: the risk for SCC increased by 5.6% with each 60-day exposure at a standard dose of 200 mg twice daily. At 5 years after transplant, voriconazole conferred an absolute risk increase for SCC of 28%. Conclusions These results suggest that caution should be taken when using voriconazole in LTR because this drug increases the already high risk for SCC in this population.
Incomplete path expressions and their disambiguation

When we, humans, talk to each other we have no trouble disambiguating what another person means, although our statements are almost never meticulously specified down to very last detail. We “fill in the gaps” using our common-sense knowledge about the world. We present a powerful mechanism that allows users of object-oriented database systems to specify certain types of ad-hoc queries in a manner closer to the way we pose questions to each other. Specifically, the system accepts as input queries with incomplete, and therefore ambiguous, path expressions. From them, it generates queries with fully-specified path expressions that are consistent with those given as input and capture what the user most likely meant by them. This is achieved by mapping the problem of path expression disambiguation to an optimal path computation (in the transitive closure sense) over a directed graph that represents the schema. Our method works by exploiting the semantics of the kinds of relationships in the schema and requires no special knowledge about the contents of the underlying database, i.e., it is domain independent. In a limited set of experiments with human subjects, the proposed mechanism was very successful in disambiguating incomplete path expressions.
Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 1: For Jet Velocity Less Than or Equal to Gear Velocity

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or less than pitch line velocity. The analysis includes the case for the oil jet offset from the pitch point in the direction of the pinion and where the oil jet is inclined to intersect the common pitch point. Equations were developed for the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the pinion or gear and the optimum oil jet velocity to obtain the maximum impingement depth.
Examination of isoelectric focusing and electrophoretic methods for resolving acidic proteins

Highly acidic proteins are difficult to study using conventional electrofocusing and electrophoretic techniques. For example, the lysosomal enzymes from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum have isoelectric points (pI) around 3–4 due to extensive phosphorylation and sulfation. To assess differences in anionic modifications among these lysosomal enzymes, we required methods that resolved acidic proteins on the basis of their net charge. The separation procedures needed to be rapid and convenient, allowing parallel analysis of a large number of samples. Using these criteria, we developed two methods, isoelectric focusing in horizontal agarose gels and native electrophoresis in vertical polyacrylamide gels, which are more useful than other available techniques. Since the mechanism by which each system separates proteins is different, both methods give important information about acidic proteins.
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLAME LIFT-OFF IN DIESEL JETS

Abstract Flame lift-off heights are modeled in diesel jets by using diffusion flamelet extinction as a criterion for identifying the lift-off. It is shown that the axial distance in the jet where the stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate matches computed extinction scalar dissipation rate correlates with the lift-off height. The influence of injection pressures (40–138 MPa), chamber densities (14.8–58.5 kg/m3), chamber temperatures (1000–1300 K) and O2 molar concentrations (10–21%) are studied. N-heptane is chosen as a surrogate for diesel fuel. Two chemical kinetic mechanisms, a 37-species, 56-step mechanism and a 159-species, 1540-step mechanism, are employed. Consistent with experimental findings, the computed results indicate that the flame lift-off height decreases with increase in chamber temperature, chamber density and oxygen concentration and increases when the injection velocity is increased. It is observed that across the range of chamber conditions considered, the computed extinction scalar d...
Resistance to apoptosis, increased growth potential, and altered gene expression in cells that survived genotoxic hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure

Certain hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are known genotoxic respiratory carcinogens, which induce apoptosis as a predominant mode of cell death. Selection of cells that are resistant to apoptosis may be a factor in tumour progression. We developed sub-populations of telomerase-transfected human fibroblasts (BJ-hTERT) that survived a 99% clonogenically lethal exposure to Cr(VI) (B-5Cr). B-5Cr cells were markedly resistant to apoptosis induced by several agents and exhibited increased clonogenic survival, especially at apoptogenic doses. B-5Cr cells did not exhibit altered cellular uptake of Cr(VI) and retained a normal p53 response to Cr(VI) exposure. We conducted large-scale gene expression analysis at different time-points after a secondary genotoxic Cr(VI) insult in B-5Cr and BJ-hTERT cells using Affymetrix Genechip® human genome arrays. Cr(VI) exposure led to differential regulation of many genes, which affect a diverse set of cellular activities such as transcription, signal transduction, stress response, cell adhesion, DNA repair, apoptosis and cell cycle modulation. We compared Cr(VI)-induced altered gene expression in the B-5Cr cells to that in the parental cells and identified 223, 147 and 204 genes with at least a two-fold difference in expression at 4, 8 and 18 h after exposure, respectively. Cluster analysis by gene function revealed altered expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Our data suggest an alteration in gene expression that may favor cell survival and/or incomplete DNA repair after genotoxic exposure. Selection of cells with altered expression of these genes may constitute the early stages of tumour progression.
On Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Subharmonic Resonant Surface Waves in a Fluid: Part I—Theory

Etude d'ondes de surface tridimensionnelles dans un reservoir rectangulaire soumis a une excitation verticale. Etude des effets de tension superficielle, de dissipation d'energie et de profondeur critique
An application of a three-dimensional, simplified second-moment closure numerical model to study atmospheric effects of a large cooling-pond

Abstract Cooling ponds receive large amounts of waste heat from power generation or industrial sources and release sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere. These area sources of relatively warm, moist air may have significant inadvertent effects on the local environment. This paper is a preliminary step in the development of a method for estimating the atmospheric perturbations produced by a cooling pond. A three-dimensional numerical model based on turbulence second-moment closure equations and Gaussian cloud relations has been developed. A simplified version of the model, in which only equations for turbulence energy and a master length scale are solved prognostically, is used. Numerical simulations, using as boundary conditions the data from a cooling pond study conducted in northern Illinois, are compared qualitatively with observations.
Thermodynamics of p53 binding to hdm2(1-126): effects of phosphorylation and p53 peptide length.

Abstract Upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents, the p53 tumor suppressor protein is stabilized and activated, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. One of the major factors that regulates the level and the transcriptional activity of p53 is the hdm2 oncoprotein. hdm2 binds to the N-terminal transactivation domain of p53 to block the transcriptional activity of p53 directly. hdm2 also functions as the E3 ligase that ubiquitinates p53 for proteasome degradation. Fluorescence anisotropy was employed to measure directly the binding of hdm2(1–126) to a p53 N-terminal peptide labeled with Oregon Green (an analogue of fluorescein). Phosphorylation of Ser15 and Ser20 did not affect the binding of the p53 peptide to hdm2. Thr18 phosphorylation, on the other hand, reduced the binding by at least 20-fold. This suggests that phosphorylation of Thr18 could be a regulatory mechanism that disrupts the hdm2–p53 complex, thus activating p53 in response to DNA damage. The effect of p53 peptide length on binding to hdm2 was also measured quantitatively. Interestingly, p53(18–26) exhibits 10-fold higher affinity to hdm2 than do longer peptides (20- or 35-mer). This result may reflect a strong entropic barrier to binding for the longer peptides.
The impact of obesity on the diagnosis of prostate cancer using a modern extended biopsy scheme.

Purpose: The effect of obesity on prostate cancer detection and behavior remains uncertain. We evaluated the impact of obesity, as measured by body mass index, in a case series of 500 consecutive men who underwent a modern 10 to 12 core biopsy approach.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of a consecutive series of 500 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy using a 10 to 12 core biopsy scheme. Variables, including patient age, prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen density, digital rectal examination findings, transrectal ultrasound prostate volume and biopsy outcome, including grade, were compared to anthropometric measures, including body mass index.Results: Of the men 26% were obese according to body mass index (greater than 30 kg/m2). A total of 223 men (45%) had a positive biopsy. Obese men were younger (62.0 vs 63.8 years), had a larger prostate (57.7 vs 47.8 cc) and were less likely to have any abnormality on digital rectal examinatio...
The value of information in anticipated utility theory

A well-known property of expected utility theory is that the value of information is nonnegative. Given the widespread dissatisfaction with the expected utility hypothesis, a natural question to ask is whether competing theories of choice preserve this property. This article considers one widely discussed alternative to expected utility, anticipated utility theory. We show that, like expected utility, the anticipated value of perfect information is always nonnegative. The value of imperfect information, however, may be negative, though the precise valuation of information depends upon whether the reduction of compound lotteries axiom is used to derive the anticipated utility functional.
Inverted Teaching: Applying a New Pedagogy to a University Organic Chemistry Class

Inverted teaching, not to be confused with hybrid learning, is a relatively new pedagogy in which lecture is shifted outside of class and traditional homework is done in class. Though some inverted teaching (IT) designs have been published in different fields, peer-reviewed reports in university chemistry remain quite rare. To that end, herein is disclosed a sophomore organic chemistry course design in which two groups of students were each taught by one of two methods: Group 1 through traditional lecture (TL) and Group 2 through IT. Design rationale and objectives are discussed. Academic performances are compared, along with anonymous student feedback contrasting the two techniques (TL vs IT). Student attendance and viewership, instructor prep time, and total lecture time are also presented for both styles.
CeO2–MO x (M: Zr, Ti, Cu) mixed metal oxides with enhanced oxygen storage capacity

The effect of composition on the thermal stability and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of a series of CeO2–MOx (M: Zr, Ti, Cu) mixed oxides was investigated. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis (BET), transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to examine structural and microstructural properties. The total OSC of the fresh and aged mixed oxides were measured using thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis at 600 °C, under alternating reductive and oxidative environment. Ceria doping was found to be effective toward an enhancement of its redox properties. The addition of Zr4+ into the CeO2 lattice was found to have the least effect in enhancing the catalytic properties. In contrast with other studies in the literature [1, 2], increasing ZrO2 content led to an increase of the OSC of the samples of up to 522 μmol O2 g−1 for 75 % Zr4+ content. On the other hand, the CeO2–CuO with (1:3) molar ratio showed an almost three times higher OSC value than CeO2–ZrO2, which is deemed in the literature as one of the most promising OSC materials. In this work, the highest OSC values (1565 μmol-O2 g−1) were obtained for the fresh sample with CeO2–CuO (25:75) composition. The CeO2–CuO (25:75) mixed oxide still showed the highest OSC values with an only 6 % drop of OSC after aging at 900 °C for 6 h among all aged catalysts. On the other hand, ZrO2 containing samples showed the best thermal resistance against aging.
Exploiting Mobility for Trust Propagation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Trust plays an important role in protecting the security of mobile ad hoc networks. The node mobility brings challenge to trust propagation, where traditional graph-based propagation methods are difficult to apply. In this paper, we propose a trust establishment and propagation scheme by exploiting natural mobility of mobile ad hoc network nodes. We estimate the moving state of neighboring nodes, and select the group of nodes with higher movement diversity as the next hop. In this way, we expedite trust propagation with the help of mobility instead of treating it as a hurdle. Two classes of mobility models are considered: random direction model and cluster-based model. Extensive experiments are conducted on trust propagation performance using our scheme. Results show that the detection rate of highly untrustworthy node is improved by about 400% in random direction mobility model and about 300% in cluster-based mobility model compared to static case. Further, we observe that trust convergence time and communication overhead varies dramatically in different mobility models. Based on these observations, we discuss the usage of different mobility models and metrics in different trust applications in mobile ad hoc networks.
4-Hydroxynonenal, a Product of Lipid Peroxidation, Damages Cholinergic Neurons and Impairs Visuospatial Memory in Rats

The mechanisms that underlie cholinergic neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD) are unclear, but recent data suggest that oxidative stress plays a role. We report that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, damages and kills basal forebrain cholinergic neurons when administered intraparenchymally. Examination of Nissl-stained brain sections following unilateral HNE infusion revealed widespread neuronal loss in basal forebrain ipsilateral to the injection, but not on the contralateral side. Levels of choline acetyltransferase activity and immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral basal forebrain and hippocampus were significantly rcduced by 60-80% seven days following HNE administration. Performance in Morris water maze tasks of visuospatial memory was severely impaired in a dose-dependent manner seven days following bilateral administration of HNE. Bilateral infusion of FeCl 2 (an inducer of membrane lipid peroxidation) into the basal forebrain caused neuron loss and decreased choline acetyltransferease immunoreactivity and deficits in visuospatial memory. Additionally, FeCl 2 infusion increased HNE immunoreactivity, implicating HNE in iron-induced oxidative damage. Because recent studies have demonstrated HNE adducts in degenerating neurons in AD brain, the present findings suggest a role for HNE in damage to cholinergic neurons in AD.
Peace for Kashmir: A Worldview, Psychological Intervention

This paper reviews the current situation in Kashmir, the historical roots of the conflict and considers the possibilities for peace in the region. Given the nuclear arms proliferation in the region, war can have devastating outcomes not just for the people in the region but also for the people and the ecology of our planet. It is imperative that a peaceful solution to the crisis in the region is sought. Further, the situation in Kashmir must be resolved from a human rights perspective and the people of Kashmir must be assisted in achieving peace and safety in their own homeland. It is noted that counselors and psychologists can play a role in bringing about peace using worldview research, and Carl Rogers’ model of conflict resolution.
Microorganisms Associated with Commercially Processed Turkeys

Abstract INFORMATION on the numbers and types of microorganisms ordinarily encountered during commercial processing of poultry has dealt mainly with operations wherein chickens are dressed and eviscerated. Such studies on chicken have been reported by Drewniak et al. (1954), Gunderson et al. (1954) and Walker and Ayres (1956). A search of the literature reveals that no systematic study has been reported on the numbers and types of bacteria found in turkey processing plants. Although the conditions under which turkeys and chickens are processed are similar, it is unwise to assume that the same bacteriological conditions prevail in both processes. The present study was undertaken to determine the total numbers of organisms that could be recovered from turkeys and also to determine the presence and prevalence of coliform bacteria, staphylococci, fecal streptococci and Salmonellae. METHODS AND MATERIALS Bacteriological samples were obtained from the processing lines of five plants eviscerating turkeys. The surfaces …
Location of the disulfide bonds of the sweetness-suppressing polypeptide gurmarin

The sweetness-suppressing polypeptide gurmarin has been isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and consists of 35 amino acid residues including three intramolecular disulfide bonds. The primary structure has already been determined. The positions of the disulfide bonds were located, by a combination of mass spectrometric analysis and sequencing of cystine-containing peptides obtained by thermolysin-catalyzed hydrolysis of gurmarin, to be at Cys3-Cys18, Cys10-Cys23, and Cys17-Cys33.
News from On-Line

Obtaining useful information from the Internet, including Rasmol, a molecular modeling program.
Optimization of object relational rules for sensor networks

This paper presents an approach to optimizing object relational rules constructed for sensor networks. An OR (object-relational) rule network is introduced to process large number of rules. Optimization of an OR rule network is based on the cost of condition matching. Given a set of OR rules, different access paths are generated, and the cost of these access paths are evaluated in order to determine an optimal configuration for the OR rule network.
Evaluation of the VITUS Smart Laser Scanner for Accuracy, Resolution and Repeatability for Clinical Assessment of Pectus Deformities and Scoliosis

This study will determine if the VITUS smart laser scanner can produce three-dimensional surface topographies for pre- and post-surgical analysis of patients with chest wall deformities and scoliosis. This analysis will determine the accuracy, resolution and repeatability of the VITUS smart laser scanner with the use of two imaging phantoms. One phantom will determine the accuracy and repeatability of the scanner and the other will determine the scanner's resolution. Data from these phantoms will be collected by the laser scanner and analyzed with use of a tecmath AG computer program from Human Solutions. This research will help determine if the laser scanner's accuracy, resolution and repeatability are appropriate for these clinical applications.
Selective growth of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater using acriflavine-supplemented mannitol salt agar

Aims: To investigate the use of mannitol salt agar (MSA) supplemented with acriflavine for selective growth and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater (FDMW). Methods and Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations of acriflavine in MSA were determined by comparing the growth of S. aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33591) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155) in pure culture. Acriflavine concentrations of 1AE3, 1AE4 and 1AE 5m g l )1 reduced CFU of S. epidermidis by 43%, 55% and 87%, respectively, while CFU of S. aureus subsp. aureus were only reduced by 15%, 20% and 26% at the respective concentrations of acriflavine. MSA supplemented with 1AE 5m g l )1 acriflavine was tested for selective growth of indigenous S. aureus from three grab samples of FDMW. Acriflavine concentrations of 1AE 5m g l )1 reduced background flora without significantly reducing (P <0 AE05) indigenous S. aureus counts. Conclusions: Acriflavine-supplemented MSA provides an effective media for selective growth and quantification of indigenous S. aureus from FDMW in the presence of high levels of background microflora. Significance and Impact of the Study: S. aureus is implicated for mastitis infections in dairy cows. Therefore, a reliable means for monitoring and detecting the organism in FDMW provides a tool for measuring the effectiveness of treatment for reducing S. aureus levels and implementing flushwater recycling without affecting herd health.
Pentecostalization, Politics, and Religious Change in Guatemala: New Approaches to Old Questions

Reflecting on survey data on religion and politics collected in Guatemala in the 1990s, this article argues that broad claims about the links between Pentecostalism, politics, and development are over-stated. A focus on Pentecostalized religion offers more nuanced findings by highlighting the religious beliefs, practices, doctrines, and discourses that are the most salient factors impacting political, social, and economic outcomes. Pentecostalized religion in Guatemala has identifiable tendencies, but it is not the same everywhere and it can have fundamentally different and even contradictory trajectories even within the same context (i.e. patriarchy/gender equality, civil society/uncivil society, economic mobility/levelling mechanism). Furthermore, as a conversionist religion, Pentecostalism presents social scientists with a moving target, as we attempt to interpret the impact of ongoing religious changes. The impact of these religious changes is less likely to be measurable at the level of politics and society than it is in the day-to-day lives of converts. Pentecostalized religion is certainly political in the sense of mobilizing opinions and impacting discourse, but its impact is not easily characterized in sweeping terms as good (or bad) for democracy or development in the context of Latin America.
Euler equations and money market interest rates: A challenge for monetary policy models

Standard macroeconomic models equate the money market rate targeted by the central bank with the interest rate implied by a consumption Euler equation. We use U.S. data to calculate the interest rates implied by Euler equations derived from a number of specifications of household preferences. Correlations between these Euler equation rates and the Federal Funds rate are generally negative. Regression results and impulse response functions imply that the spreads between the Euler equation rates and the Federal Funds rate are systematically linked to the stance of monetary policy. Our findings pose a fundamental challenge for models that equate the two.
Evaluation of Select Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Escherichia coli in Water Distribution Systems

ABSTRACT This study evaluated real-time sensing of Escherichia coli as a microbial contaminant in water distribution systems. Most sensors responded to increased E. coli concentrations, showing that select sensors can detect microbial water quality changes and be utilized as part of a contaminant warning system.
Non-Linear Stacking Effects in Microfluidic Temperature Gradient Focusing

Temperature gradient focusing (TGF) is a promising type of field gradient focusing that simultaneously concentrates and separates charged species according to their electrophoretic mobilities. TGF focuses samples by balancing local electrophoretic and advective fluxes for each analyte species. The technique utilizes buffers whose ionic strength vary with temperature to induce conductivity gradients appropriate for this electrophoretic focusing. In most cases, the contribution of the focused species to the ionic strength is negligible, and linear focusing is observed. In this work, we investigate experimentally non-linear stacking effects that occur when the conductivity of the stacked sample approaches that of the background buffer.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An Experimental Investigation of Trust and Sequential Trade

The trust game has been widely studied in the laboratory and is often presented as a model of exchange with incomplete contracting. The standard presentation of the game differs in three potentially important ways from the naturally occurring transactions it represents: buyer-seller framing, payoff privacy, and price setting. Two sets of experiments look at the combined effect of these three features while varying the order of moves, an aspect of the problem that previous research has found significantly affects the likelihood of a successful trade. In both cases high levels of trust and low levels of trustworthiness are observed. Further experimental investigation suggests that the framing effect generates the increased trust but that payoff privacy reduces trustworthiness.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human brain

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) can provide detailed images of human brain that reflect localized changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation induced by sensory, motor, or cognitive tasks. This review presents methods for gradient-recalled echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Also included is a discussion of the hypothesized basis of FMRI, imaging hardware, a unique visual stimulation apparatus, image post-processing and statistical analysis. Retinotopic mapping of striate and extrastriate visual cortex is discussed as an example application. The described echo-planar technique permitted acquisition of an image in 40 ms with a repetition rate of up to 2 per second. However, FMRI responses are slow compared to changes in neural activity. Onset of a visual checkerboard test pattern evoked a response that was delayed by 1–2 s and reached 90% of peak in 5 s. Return to baseline following stimulation was slightly slower. Alternating control (blank) and test (checkerboard) patterns every 20 s induced a cyclic response that was detected in the presence of noise using a cross-correlation technique that was verified by parametric statistics. FMRI revealed retinotopically organized patterns of visually evoked activity in response to annular stimuli that increased in visual field eccentricity. Retinotopy was also observed with test patterns rotated around the fixation point (center of gaze). Results from repeated tests 1 week apart were highly similar. Compared to passive viewing, an active visual discrimination task enhanced responses from extrastriate association cortex.
Critical transition between cohesive and population-dividing responses to change

Globalization and global climate change will probably be accompanied by rapid social and biophysical changes that may be caused by external forcing or internal nonlinear dynamics. These changes often subject residing populations (human or otherwise) to harsh environments and force them to respond. Research efforts have mostly focused on the underlying mechanisms that drive these changes and the characteristics of new equilibria towards which populations would adapt. However, the transient dynamics of how populations respond under these new regimes is equally, if not more, important, and systematic analysis of such dynamics has received less attention. Here, we investigate this problem under the framework of replicator dynamics with fixed reward kernels. We show that at least two types of population responses are possible—cohesive and population-dividing transitions—and demonstrate that the critical transition between the two, as well as other important properties, can be expressed in simple relationships between the shape of reward structure, shift magnitude and initial strategy diversity. Importantly, these relationships are derived from a simple, yet powerful and versatile, method. As many important phenomena, from political polarization to the evolution of distinct ecological traits, may be cast in terms of division of populations, we expect our findings and method to be useful and applicable for understanding population responses to change in a wide range of contexts.
Autonomous, high-resolution observations of particle flux in the oligotrophic ocean

Abstract. Observational gaps limit our understanding of particle flux attenuation through the upper mesopelagic because available measurements (sediment traps and radiochemical tracers) have limited temporal resolution, are labor-intensive, and require ship support. Here, we conceptually evaluate an autonomous, optical proxy-based method for high-resolution observations of particle flux. We present four continuous records of particle flux collected with autonomous profiling floats in the western Sargasso Sea and the subtropical North Pacific, as well as one shorter record of depth-resolved particle flux near the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) sites. These observations illustrate strong variability in particle flux over very short (~1-day) timescales, but at longer timescales they reflect patterns of variability previously recorded during sediment trap time series. While particle flux attenuation at BATS/OFP agreed with the canonical power-law model when observations were averaged over a month, flux attenuation was highly variable on timescales of 1–3 days. Particle fluxes at different depths were decoupled from one another and from particle concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence in the immediately overlying surface water, consistent with horizontal advection of settling particles. We finally present an approach for calibrating this optical proxy in units of carbon flux, discuss in detail the related, inherent physical and optical assumptions, and look forward toward the requirements for the quantitative application of this method in highly time-resolved studies of particle export and flux attenuation.
When coherent light interacts with coherent atoms-optical properties of Bose-Einstein condensates

Summary form only given. Bose-Einstein condensed atomic gases are a new class of quantum fluids with many novel properties. We have studied collective modes and dissipation by perturbing the condensate with focused laser beams. The scattering of photons imparts momentum to the condensate and creates excitations. Consequently, the coherence and collective behavior of the condensate can strongly affect optical properties. We used light scattering to demonstrate that the coherence length of a condensate is equal to its physical size, and obtained dramatic evidence for the presence of correlated momentum excitations in the many-body condensate wavefunction. At higher laser intensity, a new form of superradiance was found which provided a gain mechanism for the generation of directed beams of atoms and light. This process amplified matter waves in a phase coherent way.
An integer programming algorithm for portfolio selection with fixed charges

A mean-variance portfolio selection model with limited diversification is formulated in which transaction and management costs are incorporated as the sum of a linear cost and a fixed cost. The problem is a fixed charge integer programming problem solved by hypersurface search using dynamic programming. Fathoming is performed in the forward pass of dynamic programming so that values of the state variable which correspond to infeasible solutions are eliminated from the tables. This logic permits the solution of problems with 20–30 possible investments.
Transcription Activation by the Orphan Nuclear Receptor, Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor I (COUP-TFI): DEFINITION OF THE DOMAIN INVOLVED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE OF THE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE GENE

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factors (COUP-TFs), orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a key role in the regulation of organogenesis, neurogenesis, and cellular differentiation during embryogenic development. COUP-TFs are also involved in the regulation of several genes that encode metabolic enzymes. Although COUP-TFs function as potent transcription repressors, there are at least three different molecular mechanisms of activation of gene expression by COUP-TFs. First, as we have previously shown, COUP-TF is required as an accessory factor for the complete induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription by glucocorticoids. This action is mediated by the binding of COUP-TF to the glucocorticoid accessory factor 1 (gAF1) and 3 (gAF3) elements in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene glucocorticoid response unit. In addition, COUP-TF1 binds to DNA elements in certain genes and transactivates directly. Finally, COUP-TF1 serves as a coactivator through DNA-bound hepatic nuclear factor 4. Here we show that the same region of COUP-TFI, located between amino acids 184 and 423, is involved in these three mechanisms of transactivation by COUP-TFI. Furthermore, we show that GRIP1 and SRC-1 potentiate the activity of COUP-TFI and that COUP-TFI associates with these coactivators in vivo using the same region required for transcription activation. Finally, overexpression of GRIP1 or SRC-1 does not convert COUP-TFI from a transcriptional repressor into a transcriptional activator in HeLa cells.
Accessibility under sampling

This note addresses the following problem: Find conditions under which a continuous-time (nonlinear) system gives rise, under constant rate sampling, to a discrete-time system which satisfies the accessibility property.
Mineral Redox Buffers and The Stability of Organic Compounds Under Hydrothermal Conditions

Organic compounds play an integral role in numerous geochemical process in subsurface environments. To evaluate factors that regulate the stability of ethane, ethene, propane, and propene in hydrothermal systems a series of experiments were conducted at 300 to 325°C and 350 bars. The experiments contained the mineral assemblages pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite, hematite-magnetite-pyrite, and hematite-magnetite to buffer fO2, aH2(aq) and aH2S(aq) at geologically reasonable values. Results of the experiments suggest that under appropriate physical and chemical conditions, metastable redox dependent thermodynamic equilibrium involving liquid water and inorganic iron-bearing mineral assemblages may regulate the relative abundance of short chain alkanes and their corresponding alkenes. In addition, alkenes represent an important intermediary in the conversion of n-alkanes to methane and oxidized species such as carbon dioxide, ketones alcohols, and organic acids. The rates of redox dependent organic reactions during the experiments were strongly influenced by the presence of sulfur. Under relatively oxidizing conditions greater catalytic activity due to the presence of dissolved sulfur species was observed. Fluid speciation calculations suggest that oxidized aquous sulfur compounds represent the catalytically active species. These results suggest that redox conditions and the presence or absence of dissolved sulfur species in natural sedimentary environments may strongly influence the stability of hydrocarbons. Accordingly, models used to predict the stability of oil and the formations of natural gas need to account for chemical processes that involve both organic and inorganic sedimentary components.
Writing for Learning to Improve Students’ Comprehension at the College Level

This literature review will illustrate how writing could improve students’ comprehension. Writing is one of the most important skills that students need to master for college level work. Therefore, students should be prepared with these skills before moving to the college level because they are required to write numerous papers that tend to be used for learning assessment. Writing not only helps professors to assess students, but it also helps students to enhance their reading comprehension; this is because students’writing is formedbased on what they have read. Therefore, this means thatreading comprehension is a critical skill for college level success. Reading comprehension is a complex process. In order to understand a text, the reader needs to recognize its words and access their meaning, the reader needs to activate related knowledge must be activated, and the reader needs to generate inferences as information is integrated during the time of reading. Thus, students’ writing is affected by their reading, and how they understand what they have read. In this paper on the reading comprehension, the connection between reading and writing and the effects of writing on how students learn content will be discussed in light of the literature to illustrate importance in preparing students for writing they will do in their college classes.
Exposure to Movie Smoking: Its Relation to Smoking Initiation Among US Adolescents

Objective. Regional studies have linked exposure to movie smoking with adolescent smoking. We examined this association in a representative US sample. Design/Methods. We conducted a random-digit-dial survey of 6522 US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. Using previously validated methods, we estimated exposure to movie smoking, in 532 recent box-office hits, and examined its relation with adolescents having ever tried smoking a cigarette. Results. The distributions of demographics and census region in the unweighted sample were almost identical to 2000 US Census estimates, confirming representativeness. Overall, 10% of the population had tried smoking. Quartile (Q) of movie smoking exposure was significantly associated with the prevalence of smoking initiation: 0.02 of adolescents in Q1 had tried smoking; 0.06 in Q2; 0.11 in Q3; and 0.22 in Q4. This association did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity or census region. After controlling for sociodemographics, friend/sibling/parent smoking, school performance, personality characteristics, and parenting style, the adjusted odds ratio for having tried smoking were 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 2.7) for Q2, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.9) for Q3, and 2.6 (95% CI: 1.7, 4.1) for Q4 compared with adolescents in Q1. The covariate-adjusted attributable fraction was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.56), suggesting that exposure to movie smoking is the primary independent risk factor for smoking initiation in US adolescents in this age group. Conclusions. Smoking in movies is a risk factor for smoking initiation among US adolescents. Limiting exposure of young adolescents to movie smoking could have important public health implications.