cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facile synthesis of nanostructured carbon through self-assembly between block copolymers and carbohydrates

A simple and direct wet chemistry method is reported to simultaneously synthesize nanostructured carbon films and particles through self-assembly of poly(styrene)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) and carbohydrate precursors (turanose, raffinose, glucose, etc.) in two fabrication processes—spin-coating and aerosol processing. Starting with a homogeneous solution containing PS-P4VP and carbohydrates, evaporation of solvent during either spin-coating or an aerosol process leads to the formation of ordered mesostructured films and particles. High temperature treatment in argon atmosphere removes PS fragments, carbonizes carbohydrates and partial PVP fragments, and results in ordered nanoporous carbon films and particles. SEM, TEM, and GISAXS characterization indicates that these nanostructured carbon materials exhibit large nanopores (> 20 nm), controlled 1–3 dimensional structures, and controlled surface chemistry. Nitrogen sorption isotherms and electrochemistry characterization indicates the accessibility of the carbon nanopores to both gas phase and aqueous phase. Results suggest that the nanostructured carbon films and particles can be tuned through solvent annealing, precursor concentration, and choice of block copolymers used. These carbon materials present varied practical applications for sorption and separation, sensors, electrode materials, etc.
Seasonal variations in 7Be activity in the sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina

The short-term sediment-accumulation rates in the interior of the Cape Lookout Bight (North Caroline) were determined using data on Be-7 activity distribution in the surface of sediments of the bight. Lack of a significant bioturbation in this lagoon made it possible to interpret variations in depth-integrated activity profiles of Be-7 as short-term accumulation events. The accumulation rates calculated from Be-7 activity profiles indicate that the delivery of particulate matter to the sediments of Cape Lookout Bight is not constant throughout an annual cycle, with the highest monthly accumulation rates being associated with north/northeast storm activity. Inputs were found to be highest during the late winter/early spring season, when the storm frequency is greatest.
Pilot Plant Activities with Concentrated Piperazine

Abstract Amine aerosol testing was conducted at the University of Texas at Austin CO 2 capture pilot plant using concentrated piperazine (3.7 molal) and high temperature flash with cold rich bypass (140 °C). Two methods of piperazine aerosols generation were tested: H2SO4 injection with a liquid vaporizer injector, and direct injection 20 ppm of SO2 into the synthetic flue gas. A Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI) analyzer from Artium Technologies was used to measure piperazine aerosol droplet sizes and distributions at the absorber gas outlet. A FTIR system with new upgraded heated probes was used to make measurements of total PZ concentrations at the absorber gas inlet and outlet. A manual sampling train method was used to provide secondary validation of FTIR and PDI measurements.
Online Communities of Practice to Support Collaborative Mental Health Practice in Rural Areas

The provision of quality mental health services in rural areas continues to be an ongoing challenge for nurses and the patients they serve. The use of computer mediated communication to construct collaborative learning environments similar to those suggested in Wenger's community of practice framework has the potential to mitigate a number of the difficulties faced by rural health care providers. The author presents a brief discussion of social learning theories, the communities of practice framework, and related concepts. Examples of current online communities of practice used as a means for knowledge construction in various professional disciplines are presented in building the case for the fit between online communities of practice and the needs of nurses in rural mental health. Nurses providing mental health care in rural areas have documented needs for interdisciplinary teamwork, access to a collaborative learning environment, and ongoing contact with expert resources. The construction of online comm...
Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quadrupole mass spectrometry for genotyping single nucleotide substitutions in intact polymerase chain reaction products in K-ras and p53.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations were genotyped for both homozygous and heterozygous PCR products of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, and K-ras, an oncogene, using electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and ESI-quadrupole MS analysis. Mass accuracy was adequate for both instruments to detect genetic changes in homozygous PCR products, including the most difficult to distinguish (adenine [A] --> thymine [T] transversion). However, for the detection of A --> T shifts (9.0 Da difference) in heterozygous PCR products, the increased resolution of ESI-Q-TOFMS proved essential. Although, greater mass differences in heterozygotes (e.g. cytosine [C] T or guanine [G] A) can be discriminated using ESI-quadrupole MS analysis.
Communications and inmate management: Interactions among jail employees

Abstract The analysis of local jails from an organizational perspective has received limited attention in the literature. Moreover, there has been very little study of the relationships or interactions between various types of jail employees. This analysis assessed the influence organizational communications have on inmate management. This study utilized a sample of correctional employees from a large jail in the Midwest. Descriptive and quantitative techniques allowed a concise examination of the data. The findings show that most employees believe that correctional officers are effective inmate managers while they concurrently report that communications with the administration and social service staff are ineffective. This analysis provides preliminary information about the relationship between organizational communications and its relevance to jail operations.
The Theology of Democracy

Recent events suggest that “democracy” not only functions as a “God-term” in global discourse but carries with it theological assumptions about God's relation to human freedom and history. This essay investigates the theological origins and implications of Anglo-American democratic theory, drawing attention to the instability of the U.S. Christian-republican synthesis.
Small states and compliance bargaining in the WTO: an analysis of the Antigua–US Gambling Services Case

In recent years, studies have challenged the conventional power-based literature to show that a deficiency in resources does not limit a small state's bargaining leverage in international negotiations. However, few studies examine small state influence during compliance bargaining, the post-agreement bargaining to ensure that all signatories comply with the terms of an agreement. Using an interview with a key advisor to the small twin-island state of Antigua and Barbuda during compliance bargaining with the United States (US), and World Trade Organization (WTO) documents, this article examines how a small state can successfully attain bargaining leverage and win against a behemoth state. In this case, Antigua successfully challenged the US ban on cross-border internet gambling and betting services. The article argues that the strategies and tactics that Antigua used within the WTO dispute settlement framework contributed to the country's bargaining leverage and enabled it to punch above its weight.
VLA-FIRST/GB6 inverted-spectrum radio sources at 20 GHz

Abstract Until surveys at higher frequencies are performed, selecting sources with inverted spectra between 1.4 and 4.8 GHz is the most promising method of detecting Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources that peak above 4.8 GHz. Models of radio source evolution predict the existence of such sources as the precursors to other classes of radio sources. These sources might be a significant foreground for cosmic microwave background anisotropy satellites (such as MAP and Planck). A sample of 308 inverted-spectrum radio sources was selected from the cross-correlation of the VLA FIRST and GB6 surveys. These sources have 1.4–4.8 GHz spectral indices greater than +0.4, where S ν ∝ ν +α . Results from 20 GHz observations taken at the NRAO 140-foot are presented for this sample.
Publishing in the Journal Literature of Library and Information Science: A Survey of Manuscript Review Processes and Acceptance

The journal literature of library and information science is important because it not only enhances the ability of librarians to do their work, but also provides a major part of the scholarly underpinnings, both theoretical and applied, for the field. Many academic librarians are expected to publish in the journal literature as part of their faculty responsibilities. There is keen interest on the part of academic librarians in assessing the quality of library and information science journals, the methods used to review unsolicited manuscripts, and the acceptance rates for those manuscripts. This article reports on a survey of library and information science journal editors. The survey results show that thirty-four of the sixty-eight journals covered by the survey utilize some form of blind review for unsolicited manuscripts. The proliferation of new journal titles in the field has meant that there are many more publishing outlets for potential authors. This survey shows that the acceptance rates reported in earlier studies in 1978 and 1988 have risen for a majority of the journals reported in this study.
A self-tuning robust observer for marine surface vessels

The current work aims at developing a nonlinear, self-tuning, robust observer to estimate state variables pertinent to the control of under-actuated marine surface vessels. The state estimator combines the advantages of the variable structure systems theory with those of the self-tuning fuzzy logic algorithm. It does not require an exact knowledge of the system dynamics or the construction of a rule-based expert fuzzy inference system. However, the upper bounds of both modeling imprecision and external disturbances must be known. The convergence of the estimation process is guaranteed by forcing the tuning parameters to satisfy inequalities stemming from the sliding conditions. The observer has been implemented herein to provide accurate estimate of the state variables that are needed by an integrated guidance and control system for the autonomous operation of an under-actuated marine surface vessel. The observer along with the integrated guidance and control system have been tested on a six degree-of-freedom ship model that considers numerous uncertainties associated with wave excitation, nonlinear restoring forces, retardation forces, sea-current and wind resistive loads. The theoretical results prove that the proposed self-tuning observer can produce accurate estimates of the state variables in the presence of significant modeling imprecision and environmental disturbances. In addition, they illustrate the use of estimated state variables in the guidance and control system with minimal impact on the close-loop performance of the marine vessel.
Parents' beliefs about condoms and oral contraceptives: are they medically accurate?

Parents are encouraged to be the primary sex educators for their children; however little is known about the accuracy of parents views about condoms and oral contraceptives. Telephone surveys using validated measures provided data on beliefs about the effectiveness safety and usability of condoms and the pill among 1069 parents of 13-17-year-olds in Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2002. Pearson chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare beliefs according to sex age race religion education income and political orientation. Substantial proportions of parents underestimated the effectiveness of condoms for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Only 47% believed that condoms are very effective for STD prevention and 40% for pregnancy prevention. Fifty-two percent thought that pill use prevents pregnancy almost all the time; 39% thought that the pill is very safe. Approximately one-quarter of parents thought that most teenagers are capable of using condoms correctly; almost four in 10 thought that most teenagers can use the pill correctly. Fathers tended to have more accurate views about condoms than mothers did; mothers views of the pill were generally more accurate than fathers. Whites were more likely than nonwhites to hold accurate beliefs about the pills safety and effectiveness; conservatives were less likely than liberals to hold accurate views about the effectiveness of condoms. Campaigns encouraging parents to talk with their teenagers about sexuality should provide parents with medically accurate information on the effectiveness safety and usability of condoms and the pill. (authors)
OMP: a RISC-based multiprocessor using orthogonal-access memories and multiple spanning buses

This paper presents the architectural design and RISC based implementation of a prototype supercomputer, namely the Orthogonal MultiProcessor (OMP). The OMP system is constructed with 16 Intel 1860 RISC microprocessors and 256 parallel memory modules, which are 2-D interleaved and orthogonally accessed using custom-designed spanning buses. The architectural design has been validated by a CSIM-based multiprocessor simulator. The design choices are based on worst-case delay analysis and simulation validation. The current OMP prototype chooses a 2-dimensional memory architecture, mainly for image processing, computer vision, and neural network simulation applications. The 16-processor OMP prototype is targeted to achieve a peak performance of 400 RISC integer MIPS or a maximum of 640 Mflops. This paper presents the architectural design of the OMP prototype at system and PC board levels. We are presently entering the fabrication stage of all the PC boards. The system is expected to become operational in late 1991 and benchmarking results will be available in 1992. Only hardware design features are reported here. Software and simulation results are reported elsewhere.
Moderate exercise in young female S5B/P1 rats does not reduce body fat.

Weanling S5B/Pl female rats were divided into four groups as follows: high fat diet, exercised (FE); high fat diet, unexercised (FU); high carbohydrate diet, exercised (CE); and high carbohydrate diet, unexercised (CU). After 25 days of progressive training, exercised rats ran on a motor-driven treadmill for 30 days at 25 m/min per 1 h at 0° grade for 6 days a week. Rats were weighed weekly throughout the experiment and food intakes were recorded for the last 3 weeks of the experiment. After euthanasia at 15 weeks of age, three muscles, liver, heart, kidney, 3 fat depots, and tibia-fibula were dissected out and weighed. The carcass, including weighed organs and fat depots, was analyzed for body fat. Exercised rats, regardless of diet, weighed slightly but significantly more than unexercised rats. They also tended to eat more food and to have a higher quantity of fat-free body mass than unexercised rats. Percent body fat was similar for exercised and unexercised rats. The tibia weighed significantly more (p < 0.05) in CU than in FU rats but the weight was similar in CE and FE rats. The density of the tibia was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in exercised than in unexercised rats.
Commentary on ‘Care delivery and self-management strategies for children with epilepsy’

This is a commentary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Lindsay B, Bradley PM. Care delivery and self-management strategies for children with epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006245. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006245.pub2. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
King's theory of goal attainment applied in group therapy for inpatient juvenile sexual offenders, maximum security state offenders, and community parolees, using visual aids

Group psychotherapy has been considered the treatment of choice by many therapists working with offenders within the criminal justice system. However, there has been little written by nurses regarding this special population. This article's purpose is to illustrate how King's theory of goal attainment may be used in conducting group psychotherapy with offender populations. The application of King's model is demonstrated in three milieus: an inpatient setting for juvenile sexual offenders, a state maximum security prison, and a halfway house for offenders involved in a work-release program. The methodology and use of visual aids in actualizing King's theory of mutual goal setting and goal attainment are discussed.
Shavian applications of phonetics

This article accounts for George Bernard Shaw's interest in phonetics by describing ways in which he used it and proposed that it could be used.
Current Dietary Practices and Stages of Change for Dietary Fat in Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify factors associated with the distribution of a sample of women from West Virginia across Prochaska & DiClemente's Stages of Change. To assist in developing nutrition interventions for reducing the risk of chronic disease in West Virginia women, 193 women were recruited from seven primary care sites throughout West Virginia for a study on health and nutrition. The study included a 24-hour diet recall, descriptive information and questions about beliefs, attitudes and knowledge of connections between diet and chronic disease. Women responded to a written survey including questions about dietary fat that allowed a staging algorithm based on Prochaska and DiClemente's stage model of change. Seventy six percent of the women were classified in the precontemplation, contemplation and preparation stages of change for dietary fat, while 24% of the women were in action or maintenance stages of change. Stage of change was significantly associated (χ 2 , p
Behavioural perceptions of design and construction engineers

Hemisphericity in behaviour studies is the role and dominance of right bran/left brain in the human brain, each side of which has varying roles and characteristics, thereby leading to different thinking orientations in the human. A study was conducted to measure the hemisphericity orientation of construction and design engineers in a large public construction organization. We know from literature that people of different hemisphericity orientations have unlike personalities and dissimilar perspectives of specific situations. The essential characteristics of hemisphericity as established in literature are presented and used in analysing the organization. From this study of engineers, it was seen that construction engineers in the organization, State Department of Engineering Construction (SDEC), are predominantly left‐brained while design engineers are predominantly right‐brained. This difference in orientation partially explains why the design and construction engineers at SDEC are unable to see eye‐to‐eye in issues concerning implementation of drawings. Left hemisphere dominant engineers are also seen to desire more organizational changes than their right hemisphere dominant counterparts. Ideally, researchers believe that a 50–50 distribution of hemisphericities in large organizations is desirable. Details, analysis, and recommendations are presented in the paper.
Calcaneal spurs: Examining etiology using prehistoric skeletal remains to understand present day heel pain

Abstract Background Calcanei are the most common sites for bony spurs. Although calcaneal enthesophytes have been extensively researched, many unknowns remain. Whether biological factors, such as age, weight and genetics, play a greater role in calcaneal spur etiology than activity is still unknown. Objectives The current study examines 121 adults from a prehistoric hunter-gatherer population to aid in understanding bony spur etiology. Methods Calcaneal spurs are scored as present or absent on the dorsal or plantar side; they are analyzed in regards to their relationships with age, sex, osteoarthritis, cortical index, femoral head breadth and muscle markers. Results Dorsal and plantar spurs frequencies increase with age (chi-squares = 16.90, 7.268, Ps Conclusions The data presented support that dorsal spurs are in part the result of activities, but plantar spurs may be a more modern phenomena resulting from long periods of standing and excess weight.
College counselors' use of informal language online: student perceptions of expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine language formality and informality in online counseling sessions. Specifically, the author compared undergraduate student (n = 224) perceptions of college counselors' use of informal language and mirroring of client's formality in four mock online counseling scenarios. A multivariate analysis of covariance found significant differences between conditions. Pairwise analyses revealed that counselors who used informal language following their client's formal expressions were perceived as having less expertise. However, language mirroring seemed to moderate perceptions of expertise when counselors followed their client's informal language use.
An analytical-experimental estimation of elastic linear zone for photoelastic mode I SIF extraction

Abstract The traction continuity condition is used to delineate the elastic linear zone (ELZ) for the extraction of the Mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) from photoelastic data. The procedure requires an estimation, with the aid of experimental data, of some non-dimensional quantities which are the ratios of unknown parameters of the LEFM equations and the corresponding ones for an infinite body problem. Furthermore, the crack tip nonlinear zone is assumed to admit of plastic deformation with small-scale yielding. The estimation of the ELZ thus obtained seems to predict well the experimentally observed one.
America's three electric grids: Are efficiency and reliability functions of grid size?

Abstract America's 48 contiguous states (and most of Canada's population) receive their bulk electricity from three separate electric grids: the huge Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the relatively small Texas grid (often called “ERCOT”). This threefold structure was never centrally planned but grew incrementally, especially during the period 1960–1990. Increasing interconnection has been justified by hopes for improved efficiency and reliability, but it also has downsides, most obviously the risk of widespread blackouts. For recent years, we compare the three grids on efficiency of delivering electricity from generating plants to end users, and on reliability as estimated by monthly customer-hours of power outage (normalized by number of grid customers). Over the period 1990–2010, the Eastern and Western Interconnections had similar efficiencies in transmitting and distributing electricity from generators to end users, both persistently better than the Texas grid (ERCOT). Comparisons of reliability were limited to 2007–2010 when outage reporting to the Department of Energy was apparently more valid than in earlier years. For this recent period, the Western Interconnection was freer of outages than the Eastern or Texas grids. Overall, efficiency and reliability were not linear functions of grid size.
Exploring perceptually similar cases with multi-dimensional scaling

Retrieving a set of known lesions similar to the one being evaluated might be of value for assisting radiologists to distinguish between benign and malignant clustered microcalcifications (MCs) in mammograms. In this work, we investigate how perceptually similar cases with clustered MCs may relate to one another in terms of their underlying characteristics (from disease condition to image features). We first conduct an observer study to collect similarity scores from a group of readers (five radiologists and five non-radiologists) on a set of 2,000 image pairs, which were selected from 222 cases based on their images features. We then explore the potential relationship among the different cases as revealed by their similarity ratings. We apply the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) technique to embed all the cases in a 2-D plot, in which perceptually similar cases are placed in close vicinity of one another based on their level of similarity. Our results show that cases having different characteristics in their clustered MCs are accordingly placed in different regions in the plot. Moreover, cases of same pathology tend to be clustered together locally, and neighboring cases (which are more similar) tend to be also similar in their clustered MCs (e.g., cluster size and shape). These results indicate that subjective similarity ratings from the readers are well correlated with the image features of the underlying MCs of the cases, and that perceptually similar cases could be of diagnostic value for discriminating between malignant and benign cases.
Purification of a heteromeric CCAAT binding protein from Neurospora crassa

Expression of the Neurospora crassa am (NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase) gene is controlled by two upstream enhancer-like elements designated URSamα and URSamβ. URSamα is localized between − 1.3 and − 1.4 kb with respect to the major transcriptional start site. Deletion of a 90 by sequence containing this element resulted in the loss of approximately 50% of normal glutamate dehydrogenase expression. Gel mobility shift analysis indicated that a nuclear protein from Neurospora binds in a specific manner to sequences within the 90 by fragment. We have now used a combination of ion-exchange and affinity chromatography to purify this nuclear protein, which we call AmAlpha Binding protein (AAB). The activity was monitored by gel shift analysis. The protein was purified more than 14 000-fold with a yield of approximately 7%. The purified protein appears as a heteromer on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with only two strong bands visible in silver-stained preparations. One band has an apparent molecular mass of 40 kDa, the other appears as a doublet with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. DNAse I protection analysis indicated a protected region consisting of 30 bp, which contains a CCAAT pentanucleotide motif. Mutagenesis of the CCAAT motif abolished the binding of AAB to the DNA fragment.
Reinforcement value of gustatory stimuli determined by progressive ratio performance.

The progressive ratio schedule provides a means to determine reinforcement value that is independent of response rate. This is achieved by increasing the number of lever presses for each successive reinforcement until, eventually, the subject fails to respond within a designated time limit. The number of responses in the final completed ratio defines the break point. When tested with appetitive gustatory stimuli (sucrose and saccharin), rats showed a concentration-dependent increase in break point when food deprived (Experiment 1A and, for sucrose only, Experiments 1B and 1C) but not when water deprived (Experiment 1A). For aversive gustatory stimuli (sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine) break point declined as concentration increased (Experiment 1A). In Experiment 1C, reinforcement duration had a significant, although relatively small, influence on break point for each of three concentrations of sucrose. Experiment 2 found a dose-dependent effect of the neuroleptic drug haloperidol (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) on break point for sucrose reinforcement. The present study demonstrates that the progressive ratio schedule provides a valuable method to assess the influence of manipulations that might affect the perceived reinforcement value of gustatory stimuli.
Structural basis for activation of trimeric Gi proteins by multiple growth factor receptors via GIV/Girdin

A long-standing issue in the field of signal transduction is to understand the cross-talk between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G proteins, two major and distinct signaling hubs that control eukaryotic cell behavior. Although stimulation of many RTKs leads to activation of trimeric G proteins, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain elusive. We discovered a unifying mechanism that allows GIV/Girdin, a bona fide metastasis-related protein and a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Gαi, to serve as a direct platform for multiple RTKs to activate Gαi proteins. Using a combination of homology modeling, protein-protein interaction, and kinase assays, we demonstrate that a stretch of ∼110 amino acids within GIV C-terminus displays structural plasticity that allows folding into a SH2-like domain in the presence of phosphotyrosine ligands. Using protein-protein interaction assays, we demonstrated that both SH2 and GEF domains of GIV are required for the formation of a ligand-activated ternary complex between GIV, Gαi, and growth factor receptors and for activation of Gαi after growth factor stimulation. Expression of a SH2-deficient GIV mutant (Arg 1745→Leu) that cannot bind RTKs impaired all previously demonstrated functions of GIV-Akt enhancement, actin remodeling, and cell migration. The mechanistic and structural insights gained here shed light on the long-standing questions surrounding RTK/G protein cross-talk, set a novel paradigm, and characterize a unique pharmacological target for uncoupling GIV-dependent signaling downstream of multiple oncogenic RTKs.
P-V-T properties of fluids in the system H2O ± CO2 ± NaCl: New graphical presentations and implications for fluid inclusion studies

Abstract Understanding the role of fluids in geologic processes requires a knowledge of the P-V- T properties of fluids over a wide range of conditions. Comparisons of several published equations of state with available experimental data for fluids composed of H2O and CO2 lead to the conclusion that the hard-sphere modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state of Kerrick and Jacobs (1981) most accurately predicts the P-V- T properties in this binary system. To model the volumetric properties in the H2OCO2NaCl system a formulation is presented involving a linear (ideal) interpolation between a pure-CO2 isochore predicted by the equation of state of Kerrick. and Jacobs (1981) and an H2O-NaCl isochore predicted by an empirical equation derived from the regression of available P-V-T data for the H2O-NaCl system. This formulation is applicable over a wide range of temperatures (>350°C) and pressures (2–10 kbars) and is especially suitable for high pressures and low-to-moderate temperatures (fluid densities ≥ 1.0 cm3). Determination of the appropriate isochore for an H2OCO2NaCl fluid inclusion requires (1) the relative salinity (NaCl/H2O + NaCl), (2) bulk density of the combined gas and liquid CO2 phases, and (3) volume percent estimate of the aqueous p the total homogenization temperature. The commonly encountered problem of estimating the volume percents of phases in inclusions may be avoided in some applications, and several new P-X(CO2) diagrams have been constructed and contoured with (a) the solvi in the mixed volatile system and (b) the measured density of the CO2 phase. The effects of H2OCO2 clathrates during microthermometric observations in the laboratory are evaluated and in most instances can be minimized or avoided. Application of these results to fluid inclusion studies have led to improved determinations of (1) pressures and temperatures of fluid entrapment in a variety of geologic settings and (2) pressures and temperatures of cooling and uplift following the peak of metamorphism. Proper interpretation of fluid inclusion data (from the literature) for two granulite fades terranes suggests that the uplift P-T-t path is more nearly initially isobaric than has sometimes been presented.
Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

The amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis is a small crustacean found in intertidal marine habitats worldwide. Over the past decade, Parhyale has emerged as a promising model organism for laboratory studies of development, providing a useful outgroup comparison to the well studied arthropod model organism Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to the syncytial cleavages of Drosophila, the early cleavages of Parhyale are holoblastic. Fate mapping using tracer dyes injected into early blastomeres have shown that all three germ layers and the germ line are established by the eight-cell stage. At this stage, three blastomeres are fated to give rise to the ectoderm, three are fated to give rise to the mesoderm, and the remaining two blastomeres are the precursors of the endoderm and germ line respectively. However, blastomere ablation experiments have shown that Parhyale embryos also possess significant regulatory capabilities, such that the fates of blastomeres ablated at the eight-cell stage can be taken over by the descendants of some of the remaining blastomeres. Blastomere ablation has previously been described by one of two methods: injection and subsequent activation of phototoxic dyes or manual ablation. However, photoablation kills blastomeres but does not remove the dead cell body from the embryo. Complete physical removal of specific blastomeres may therefore be a preferred method of ablation for some applications. Here we present a protocol for manual removal of single blastomeres from the eight-cell stage of Parhyale embryos, illustrating the instruments and manual procedures necessary for complete removal of the cell body while keeping the remaining blastomeres alive and intact. This protocol can be applied to any Parhyale cell at the eight-cell stage, or to blastomeres of other early cleavage stages. In addition, in principle this protocol could be applicable to early cleavage stage embryos of other holoblastically cleaving marine invertebrates.
Circular RNAs Are the Predominant Transcript Isoform from Hundreds of Human Genes in Diverse Cell Types

Most human pre-mRNAs are spliced into linear molecules that retain the exon order defined by the genomic sequence. By deep sequencing of RNA from a variety of normal and malignant human cells, we found RNA transcripts from many human genes in which the exons were arranged in a non-canonical order. Statistical estimates and biochemical assays provided strong evidence that a substantial fraction of the spliced transcripts from hundreds of genes are circular RNAs. Our results suggest that a non-canonical mode of RNA splicing, resulting in a circular RNA isoform, is a general feature of the gene expression program in human cells.
Some thoughts on emancipation in comparative perspective: Russia and the United States South

(1990). Some thoughts on emancipation in comparative perspective: Russia and the United States South. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 351-367.
The Lavender Ceiling Atop the Global Closet: Human Resource Development and Lesbian Expatriates

This literature review will examine international assignments as career development opportunities and uncover multiple issues and considerations with respect to lesbians and international assignmen...
A photoelectric Colorimetric Assay for Digitoxin by Comparison with a Standard Powder

Abstract The so‐called Keller‐Kiliani reaction consists of a series of characteristic colors which develop when 1 to 2 mg. of digitoxin dissolved in glacial acetic acid containing a trace of ferric chloride is underlaid with concentrated sulfuric acid. After a few seconds the acetic acid layer turns to a green color and later to a blue. Optimal conditions for this color reaction were determined, and a photoelectric‐colorimetric assay for digitoxin by comparison with a standard powder was developed.
Novel Regenerable Magnesium Hydroxide Sorbents for CO2 Capture at Warm Gas Temperatures

A novel sorbent consisting of Mg(OH)2 was developed for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture at 200−315 °C suitable for CO2 capture applications such as coal gasification systems. Thermodynamic analysis conducted with the FactSage software package indicated that the Mg(OH)2 sorbent system is highly favorable for CO2 capture up to 400 °C at 30 atm. MgCO3 formed during sorption decomposes to release CO2 at temperatures as low as 375 °C up to 20 atm. MgO rehydroxylation to form Mg(OH)2 is possible at temperatures up to 300 °C at 20 atm. The experimental data show that the sorbent is regenerable at 375 °C at high pressure and that steam does not affect the sorbent performance. A multicycle test conducted in a high-pressure fixed-bed flow reactor at 200 °C with 28% CO2 showed stable reactivity during the cyclic tests. The capture capacity also increased with increasing pressure. The sorbent is unique because it exhibits a high CO2 capture capacity of more than 3 mol/kg at 200 °C and also is regenerable at a low temper...
Dietary Patterns and the Odds of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Women: The Framingham Nutrition Studies

Abstract Background. We prospectively examined the relationship between dietary patterns, assessed using cluster analysis and a food frequency questionnaire, and the presence of carotid artery stenosis, a subclinical marker of atherosclerotic disease. Methods. Analyses were conducted among 1,423 Framingham Study women without cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline (1984–1988). Carotid atherosclerosis (stenosis ≥25%) was measured by ultrasound 12 years later. Results. Baseline differences in risk factor profiles were notable across five dietary subgroups. Compared to the more desirable profiles of women with Heart Healthy eating patterns, women who had Light Eating, High Fat, or Empty Calorie diets had higher rates of dyslipidemia and smoking and lower levels of physical activity. At follow-up, the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis ranged from 6.8% in the Heart Health group to 17.8% in the Empty Calorie group. Compared with Heart Health women, all other groups displayed higher age-adjusted odds for carotid stenosis. In multivariate analyses, those with Empty Calorie diets had more than twofold increased odds of carotid atherosclerosis compared to Heart Health women (OR 2.28, 95% CI [1.12, 4.62]; P Conclusion. The association among unique dietary patterns, CVD risk factor profiles, and the presence of subclinical atherosclecosis identifies candidates and strategies for preventive behavioral interventions to promote the primary prevention of heart disease.
Demographic and Behavioral Factors Associated with Daily Sugar-sweetened Soda Consumption in New York City Adults

The objective of the study was to assess the relations of socioeconomic and behavioral factors to frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soda among New York City (NYC) adults and the relation of frequent consumption to body mass index (BMI; kg/m2). Data from the 2005 NYC Community Health Survey, a population-based telephone survey, were analyzed. Frequent consumption was defined as drinking one or more 12-oz servings of sugar-sweetened soda on an average day; 9,865 adults, aged 18 years and older, provided valid responses. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with frequent consumption, and linear regression models were used to assess the relation of frequent consumption to BMI. An estimated 27.5% of NYC adults are frequent sugar-sweetened soda consumers. Frequent consumption is independently associated with low household income (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–2.1 for <200% vs. ≥600% federal poverty level) and with ethnic group and nativity (e.g., OR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.6–3.7 for U.S.-born blacks vs. whites). Men report more consumption then women, but an association of less education with frequent consumption is stronger among women. Adjusting for demographics, frequent consumption is associated with more television viewing and with less physical activity. Adjusting for demographics and behaviors, frequent consumption was associated with higher BMI among women (0.7 BMI units, 95% CI 0.1–1.2) but not among men. Disparities in sugar-sweetened soda consumption mirror obesity disparities. Improved surveillance and interventions are needed to better quantify and reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in groups most impacted by obesity.
Operations effectiveness for a successful implementation of CIM

Abstract This paper looks at the important question of whether Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a concept applicable to all manufacturing concerns. This question arises in the context of more than 15 years of struggle with CIM as a very promising strategic weapon. After the introduction to the paper, the first section discusses the role of CIM as a strategic weapon available for the operations function of any manufacturer. Although this is in fact not the case with many, perhaps most, US companies, this concept presumes that operations is considered a strategic function by the company. The benefits of using CIM as a strategic operations weapon are outlined, with particular reference to the global environment that actually necessitates its use. Thus, the importance of CIM as a response to environmental threats is emphasized. The next section examines the factors that are critical to the successful implementation of CIM, based on the observation that not every firm that tried CIM was successful. Even more disconcerting was the fact that, while effective firms can benefit from CIM, firms that are not effective to start with can actually suffer under CIM. The next section briefly summarizes four stages of operations effectiveness and examines the main supposition of this paper: the successful implementation of CIM requires that firms be in Stage 3 or 4 of operations effectiveness. In particular, many of the factors considered to be critical for success with CIM are only present in Stage 3 and Stage 4 firms and noticeably absent in Stage 1 and Stage 2 firms. In conclusion, the paper notes that all factors seem to indicate that the Stages of Operations Effectiveness (SOE) concept may provide an important guide as to which manufacturing concerns may benefit from CIM, and which firms should get control of other operational aspects of their business before trying CIM.
Activation of both Group I and Group II metabotropic glutamatergic receptors suppress retinogeniculate transmission

Abstract Relay cells of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive a Class 1 glutamatergic input from the retina and a Class 2 input from cortical layer 6. Among the properties of Class 2 synapses is the ability to activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), and mGluR activation is known to affect thalamocortical transmission via regulating retinogeniculate and thalamocortical synapses. Using brain slices, we studied the effects of Group I (dihydroxyphenylglycine) and Group II ((2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine) mGluR agonists on retinogeniculate synapses. We showed that both agonists inhibit retinogeniculate excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) through presynaptic mechanisms, and their effects are additive and independent. We also found high-frequency stimulation of the layer 6 corticothalamic input produced a similar suppression of retinogeniculate EPSCs, suggesting layer 6 projection to LGN as a plausible source of activating these presynaptic mGluRs.
FUNCTIONS FOR PS INTEGRINS IN TISSUE ADHESION, MIGRATION, AND SHAPE CHANGES DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA

Abstract The position-specific (PS) integrins of Drosophila are a family of cell surface heterodimers that function as receptors for extracellular matrix molecules. In this study we used time-lapse videomicroscopy to examine living embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic expression of the genes that encode the α PS1 , α PS2 , and β PS integrin subunits. We demonstrate roles for these molecules as early as gastrulation. Abnormalities in mutant embryos include: separation and twisting of the embryonic germband, abnormal shape and migration of midgut primordia, irregular visceral mesoderm, detachment or amnioserosa cells, rupture of the cuticle along the dorsal midline, lack of midgut constriction, and detachment of somatic muscles. These observations suggest multiple roles for PS integrins in the adhesion of cells and in the formation, organization, and migration of embryonic tissues. We also show that although α PS1 β PS and α PS2 β PS are often expressed in adjacent embryonic tissues, this distribution does not necessarily reflect equivalent requirements. Furthermore, the complete loss of both α subunits does not produce all of the phenotypes observed in embryos lacking β PS . This suggests that α PS1 β PS and α PS2 β PS are not required in all embryonic processes utilizing PS integrins.
THE β‐N‐ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY OF EGG WHITE. 1. Kinetics of the Reaction and Determination of the Factors Affecting the Stability of the Enzyme in Egg White

SUMMARY– Enzymatic activity of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which occurs naturally in chicken egg white, was characterized to establish conditions suitable for routine assay for this enzyme in egg products. A variation in enzyme content of approximately 3-fold was observed in individual fresh eggs. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 3.0 and 3.4, and a Km of approximately 0.6 mM for the substrate p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide. Activation energy for hydrolysis of this substrate is 10.7±0.8 kcal/mole. The enzyme is stable for at least several hours at ambient temperature from pH 6.8 to approximately 8.8. Above pH 8.8, inactivation is first order with respect to time. Enzyme activity in shell eggs decreases fairly rapidly at ambient temperature; loss of activity probably results from increase in pH of egg white, which occurs normally upon loss of carbon dioxide. Eggs held at 4°C retain activity much longer.
Energy restriction and immunocompetence in overweight women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of energy restriction on human immune functions and the mechanisms involved. Eight overweight (30–50%) women, 28–41 y, were fed a weight stabilization diet for 3 weeks; for the next 15 weeks their energy intake was reduced by 50%, while still providing adequate protein, vitamins and minerals. Indices of immune response were determined twice at the end of each metabolic period. Energy restriction caused a mean weight loss of 13.2 Kg, 25% decrease in NK cells numbers, and a 20–30 % decrease in their In vitro activity determined at different effector to target cell ratios (p In vitro secretion of IL1, IL2, and IL2R by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with LPS or PHA were not altered by energy restriction. There was a 38% increase in the concentration of serum cortisol associated with energy restriction (p=0.001), which may have lead to the decline in immune functions. Although, there were no obvious health risks to participants of this study, potentially they could be at increased risk for viral infections and tumor growth.
Synaptinemal complexes (cores) in primary spermatocytes of mouse under elevated temperature.

WE have observed in the electron microscope and determined statistically the synaptinemal complexes or cores in primary spermatocytes of male mice, C57 B1, exposed to an environment of 34.5° C. and 60 per cent humidity. To avoid confusion from the presence of two generations of spermatocytes in the same section we have evaluated only stages I–VI of the spermatogenic cycle.