cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Mammals Just Furry Bugs with Fewer Legs? Convergences in Mammalian and Insect Chemical Ecology

The 2014 meeting of the International Society of Chemical Ecology (ISCE) was held on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The 30th annual meeting of the society, it was the first held in the United States since the 2008 meeting at Pennsylvania State University and the first ever held jointly with the Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (CSiV) group, which held its 13th triennial meeting. That these two groups have never before held co-located meetings is a bit surprising given that they share a lengthy common history. The meeting showcased the convergent similarities in chemical signal detection, processing, and production between vertebrates, particularly mammals, and invertebrates, particularly insects, likely the consequence of similarities in ecology brought about by adaptation to terrestrial environments.
Utility of Quasi-Static Gust Loads Certification Methods for Novel Configurations

The role of quasi-static methods for gust loads analysis in the design and certication process is well established for conventional aircraft. In recent years, many novel congurations have surfaced with unconventional and nonlinear behavior. These unique characteristics might not be captured with quasi-static analysis, so quasi-static methods should be re-evaluated before they are used to analyze any novel application. Two such applications are considered in this paper: a ying wing high altitude long endurance (HALE) aircraft, and a joined wing aircraft. Higher delity transient analysis provides a baseline for the evaluation. It will be shown that quasi-static methods may be useful for preliminary design of the joined wing aircraft, but will not be robust enough for detailed design or certication of the either application.
On superboom wavefield under vehicle acceleration

A mixed (hyperbolic-elliptic) type wavefield occurs in the sonic boom problem wherever the propagation speed of the wavefield in the flight direction becomes close to the ambient sound speed. This can occur near the ground when the aircraft velocity approaches a threshold value equal to the sea-level sound speed. The phenomenon has been referred to as the "superboom", on account of its increased wavefield intensity. This paper re-examines the problem in the frame work of an asymptotic theory, allowing vehicle acceleration with the specific purpose of amending the midfield breakdown, in which the acceleration influence proves to be crucial.
Rheology of cubic particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid

Many real-world industrial processes involve non-spherical particles suspended in a fluid medium. Knowledge of the flow behavior of these suspensions is essential for optimizing their transport properties and designing processing equipment. In the present work, we explore and report on the rheology of concentrated suspensions of cubic-shaped colloidal particles under steady and dynamic shear flow. These suspensions exhibit a rich non-Newtonian rheology that includes shear thickening and normal stress differences at high shear stresses. Scalings are proposed to connect the material properties of these suspensions of cubic particle to those measured for suspensions of spherical particles. Negative first normal stress differences indicate that lubrication hydrodynamic forces dominate the stress in the shear-thickened state. Accounting for the increased lubrication hydrodynamic interactions between the flat surfaces of the cubic particles allows for a quantitative comparison of the deviatoric stress in the shear-thickened state to that of spherical particles. New semi-empirical models for the viscosity and normal stress difference coefficients are presented for the shear-thickened state. The results of this study indicate that cubic particles offer new and unique opportunities to formulate colloidal dispersions for field-responsive materials.
Design and implementation of the RAKE receiver

This paper deals with the configuration of the RAKE receiver,and designs the implementation project,uses the VDHL to design the circuit input,then uses the emulate of the EDA software to validate the functions.The result shows that this receiver has a good signal inspection ability.
An excess dose of enoxaparin increased risk for death in the non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

Source Citation LaPointe NM, Chen AY, Alexander KP, et al. Enoxaparin dosing and associated risk of in-hospital bleeding and death in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes...
Protein phosphorylation in the corpus luteum

Soluble luteal extracts were incubated with putative second messengers or regulators of protein kinases in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. There was a novel phosphorylation of a protein of Mr 80,000 which was stimulated by phospholipid and 1,2-diacylglycerol but, unlike classical C-kinase phosphorylating activity, was increased by EGTA and reduced by Ca2+. This phospholipid/diolein-stimulated phosphorylation of a Mr 80,000 protein was detectable in rat and pig luteal extracts and was enhanced 2-fold in rabbit CL by administration of oestradiol-17 beta in vivo. These results suggest that the luteotrophic functions of oestradiol in rabbit CL are mediated in part by regulating either the kinase and/or the Mr 80,000 substrate.
Thoracolumbar Realignment Surgery Results in Simultaneous Reciprocal Changes in Lower Extremities and Cervical Spine.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective, clinical, and radiographic single-center study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess simultaneous cervical spine and lower extremity compensatory changes with changes in thoracolumbar spinal alignment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Full-body stereoradiographic imaging allows better understanding of reciprocal changes in cervical and lower extremity alignment in the setting of thoracolumbar malalignment. Few studies describe the simultaneous effect of alignment correction on these mechanisms. METHODS Patients aged ≥18 years undergoing instrumented thoracolumbar fusion without previous cervical spine fusion, hip, knee, or ankle arthroplasty were included. Spinopelvic, lower extremity, and cervical alignment were assessed from full-body standing stereoradiographs using validated software. Patients were matched for pelvic incidence and stratified on the basis of baseline T1-pelvic angle (TPA) as: TPA-Low 22°. Perioperative changes between baseline and first postoperative visit <6 months in lower extremity alignment (pelvic shift: P Shift, sacrofemoral angle: SFA, knee angle: KA, ankle angle: AA, global sagittal axis: GSA) and cervical alignment (C0-C2 angle, C2-slope, C2-C7 lordosis and C2-C7 SVA:cSVA) were correlated with change in magnitude of TPA and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) correction. RESULTS After matching, 87 patients were assessed. Increasing baseline TPA severity was associated with a progressive increase in all regional spinopelvic parameters except thoracic kyphosis, in addition to increased SFA, P Shift, KA, GSA, and C2-C7 lordosis. As TPA correction increased, there was a reciprocal reduction in SFA, KA, P Shift, GSA, and C2-C7 lordosis. Change in SVA correlated most with change in GSA (r = 0.886), P Shift (r = 0.601), KA (r = 0.534), and C2-C7 lordosis (r = 0.467). Change in TPA correlated with change in SFA (r = 0.372), while SVA did not. CONCLUSION Patients with thoracolumbar malalignment exhibit compensatory changes in cervical spine and lower extremity simultaneously in the form of cervical hyperlordosis, pelvic shift, knee flexion, and pelvic retroversion. These compensatory mechanisms resolve reciprocally in a linear fashion following optimal surgical correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Shaing Code Among Academic Researchers: Lessons Learned

Academic researchers have been collecting data and pro- gramming scripts to process and analyze them for years. Re- searchers have studied the difficulty in sharing data alone, but sharing the scripts required to reproduce results has been discussed less often. At the Collective Action and So- cial Media (CASM) Lab at the Illinois Institute of Technol- ogy, we study how people use social media to engage with their communities. Our interdisciplinary team consists of students with various technical backgrounds. Since everyone in the lab needs to run code, we have developed a standard repository structure. We will share the structure definition and explain the reasoning behind our design decisions. We aim to make our data and code accessible to social scientists not trained in information retrieval, so we frame this paper from that perspective. By publicizing our approach we invite researchers with similar goals to build on our work, collab- orate on the design and implementation of modern tools to share code and data, and to suggest improvements to our process.
Induced Packaging of Cellular MicroRNAs into HIV-1 Virions Can Inhibit Infectivity

Analysis of the incorporation of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) into highly purified HIV-1 virions revealed that this largely, but not entirely, mirrored the level of miRNA expression in the producer CD4+ T cells. Specifically, of the 58 cellular miRNAs detected at significant levels in the producer cells, only 5 were found in virions at a level 2- to 4-fold higher than that predicted on the basis of random cytoplasmic sampling. Of note, these included two miRNAs, miR-155 and miR-92a, that were reported previously to at least weakly bind HIV-1 transcripts. To test whether miRNA binding to the HIV-1 genome can induce virion incorporation, artificial miRNA target sites were introduced into the viral genome and a 10- to 40-fold increase in the packaging of the cognate miRNAs into virions was then observed, leading to the recruitment of up to 1.6 miRNA copies per virion. Importantly, this high level of incorporation significantly inhibited HIV-1 virion infectivity. These results suggest that target sites for cellular miRNAs can inhibit RNA virus replication at two distinct steps, i.e., during infection and during viral gene expression, thus explaining why a range of different RNA viruses appear to have evolved to avoid cellular miRNA binding to their genome. Importance The genomes of RNA viruses have the potential to interact with cellular miRNAs, which could lead to their incorporation into virions, with unknown effects on virion function. Here, it is demonstrated that wild-type HIV-1 virions essentially randomly incorporate low levels of the miRNAs expressed by infected cells. However, the specific incorporation of high levels of individual cellular miRNAs can be induced by insertion of cognate target sites into the viral genome. Of note, this results in a modest but significant inhibition of virion infectivity. These data imply that cellular miRNAs have the potential to inhibit viral replication by interfering with not only viral mRNA function but also virion infectivity.
Electro-Thermal Model of Threshold Switching in TaOx-Based Devices

Pulsed and quasi-static current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of threshold switching in TiN/TaOx/TiN crossbar devices were measured as a function of stage temperature (200–495 K) and oxygen flow during the deposition of TaOx. A comparison of the pulsed and quasi-static characteristics in the high resistance part of the I–V revealed that Joule self-heating significantly affected the current and was a likely source of negative differential resistance (NDR) and thermal runaway. The experimental quasi-static I–V’s were simulated using a finite element electro-thermal model that coupled current and heat flow and incorporated an external circuit with an appropriate load resistor. The simulation reproduced the experimental I–V including the OFF-state at low currents and the volatile NDR region. In the NDR region, the simulation predicted spontaneous current constriction forming a small-diameter hot conducting filament with a radius of 250 nm in a 6 μm diameter device.
VIAJE TERMINADO, VIAJE INEVITABLE, VIAJE IMPOSIBLE: LA SUPERACIÓN LITERARIA DEL VIAJE A EUROPA EN MEMORIAL DE AIRES DE MACHADO DE ASSIS

Este ensayo propone una aproximacion a Memorial de Aires de Machado de Assis (1908). Esta novela recoge las reflexiones que el consejero Aires, un diplomatico retirado en Rio de Janeiro, hace a proposito de una historia de amor entre dos jovenes que, despues de varias deliberaciones, deciden abandonar Brasil para vivir en Portugal en contra del deseo de sus protectores. El ensayo examina la relevancia de la abolicion de la esclavitud en la decision que toman los jovenes y como ese evento produce una reconsideracion tanto de las relaciones entre metropoli y periferia como de las causas de la tristeza
Postwar play and petroleum: tourism and energy abundance in Rocky Mountain National Park

ABSTRACTFew historians have focused on the centrality of petroleum to tourism in the post-Second World War United States. We argue that oil, as a source of motive power that facilitated a certain style of travel and consumption, has been central to the cultural and physical construction of tourist spaces, especially national parks. We use Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) as our case study, analysing automobile tourism, urbanisation, and globalised mass consumerism, highlighted by its former ski resort and the array of petroleum byproducts consumed there. We examine the ways in which petro-fuelled cultures have been inscribed upon the park’s landscape, becoming central to its history as a tourist destination. We suggest that rethinking tourism and protected areas within a world of fossil fuel-induced climate change necessitates an intimate understanding of how places like RMNP were made through oil abundance.
Rethinking Practice: Using Faculty Evaluations to Teach Statistics

This article explains why and how a course in general linear models was restructured. This restructuring resulted from a need to more fully understand traditional teaching evaluations, coupled with a desire to introduce more meaningful data into the course. This led to the incorporation of a longitudinal dataset of teaching evaluations into the lecture material and assignments. The result was a deeper appreciation of how students perceive my teaching, specifically, and a greater understanding of how statistics courses, in general, can be taught more effectively.Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher's website.
TREATING LIPOPROTEIN(A)-HYPERPROTEINEMIA AND PROGRESSIVE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WITH LIPID-APHERESIS IN NORTH AMERICA

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, found in more than 20% of the world's population. Presently no appropriate pharmacotherapy exists for lowering Lp(a). In Germany, lipid-apheresis (LA) therapy, acutely lowers Lp(a) >60%, is approved for Lp(a)-hyperproteinemia and
Indexed Left Atrial Adipose Tissue Area Is Associated With Severity of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Among Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been associated with adverse left atrial (LA) remodeling and atrial fibrillation (AF) outcomes, possibly because of paracrine signaling. Objectives: We examined factors associated with a novel measure of EAT i.e., indexed LAEAT (iLAEAT) and its prognostic significance after catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 274 participants with AF referred for CA. LAEAT area was measured from a single pre-ablation CT image and indexed to body surface area (BSA) to calculate iLAEAT. Clinical, echocardiographic data and 1-year AF recurrence rates after CA were compared across tertiles of iLAEAT. We performed logistic regression analysis adjusting for factors associated with AF to examine relations between iLAEAT and AF recurrence. Results: Mean age of participants was 61 ± 10 years, 136 (49%) were women, mean BMI was 32 ± 9 kg/m2 and 85 (31%) had persistent AF. Mean iLAEAT was 0.82 ± 0.53 cm2/m2. Over 12-months, 109 (40%) had AF recurrence. Participants in the highest iLAEAT tertile were older, had higher CHA2DS2VASC scores, more likely to be male, have greater LA volume, and were more likely to have persistent (vs. paroxysmal) type AF than participants in the lowest iLAEAT tertile (p for all < 0.05). In regression analyses, iLAEAT was associated with higher odds of AF recurrence (OR = 2.93; 95% CI 1.34-6.43). Conclusions: iLAEAT can quantify LA adipose tissue burden using standard CT images. It is strongly associated with AF risk factors and outcomes, supporting the hypothesis that EAT plays a role in the pathophysiology of AF.
Endomorphism Algebras and Representation Theory

Endomorphism algebras figure prominently in group representation theory. For example, if G is a finite group of Lie type, the representation theory of the endomorphism algebra EndG( \( \mathop {\left. \mathbb{C} \right|}\nolimits_B^G \))—sometimes known as the Hecke algebra over \( \mathbb{C} \) of G—plays a central role in unraveling the complex unipotent characters on G [2, 7]. Another example arises in the modular representation theory of the finite general linear group G = GL n (q) over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p not dividing q. In this so-called non-describing characteristic representation theory, the Hecke algebras H over k associated with symmetric groups provide a link between the representation theory of G and that of quantum groups. In fact, if T denotes the direct sum of the various “transitive” q-permutation modules for H, then the endomorphism algebras End H (T) are Morita equivalent to q-Schur algebras over k. In work of Dipper and James (see [8, 10, 11]) the decomposition numbers for kG are proved to be completely determined by the decomposition numbers for certain of these “quantized Schur algebras”. In turn, the representation theory of these latter algebras relates closely to that of the quantum linear group GL n,q (k) over k.
Quasi-naturally Occurring Experiments With Electronic Markets and Digital Products

Organizational design includes the technology infrastructure, business processes, decision rules, incentive systems and control mechanisms. However, a key question facing managers and researchers alike is whether many of the theories regarding traditional markets, products and services are applicable to digital product businesses as well. Digital products are unique in that they can be instantly delivered to the customer and they also exhibit significant economic, marketing, production and technology related differences from their physical analogs. Thus, what can be a pragmatic yet conceptually sound basis for assessing alternative design of digital product companies? To address these issues, we developed a new approach at the Center for Research in Electronic Commerce at the University of Texas under the guidance of Prof. Andrew Whinston, that we call “quasi-naturally occurring experiments” and make the case that in the absence of well-developed and tested theories in the area of digital products and markets, such experiments will be critical to testing underlying design assumptions and rationale. This chapter presents our experience during two semesters.
Validity of Pap smear and mammogram self-reports in a low-income Hispanic population.

This study measures the validity of self-reported mammography and Pap smear usage in Mexican-American women. We compared Pap smear and mammography reports in medical records to self-reports obtained in a household survey of 450 women in El Paso, Texas. The women were generally low-income, older, and Spanish-speaking. Forty-six percent of self-reported Pap smears in the previous year were verified (60.8% within previous two years, 67.1% within previous three years). Forty-nine percent of self-reported mammograms within the previous year were verified (74.7% within previous two years). For both Pap smears and mammograms, twice as many tests in the past five years were reported as were documented. Self-reports of Pap smears at a public health clinic were more valid than those at other sites. Denials of mammography within the past five years were more accurate (97.5%) than denials of Pap smears (81.8%). We conclude that self-reports of mammograms and Pap smears in Mexican-American women greatly overestimate the prevalence of screening. Intensive cancer prevention activities in this population are needed to approach the Year 2000 Objectives set by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Enhanced Acidity of Acetic and Pyruvic Acids on the Surface of Water.

Understanding the acid–base behavior of carboxylic acids on aqueous interfaces is a fundamental issue in nature. Surface processes involving carboxylic acids such as acetic and pyruvic acids play roles in (1) the transport of nutrients through cell membranes, (2) the cycling of metabolites relevant to the origin of life, and (3) the photooxidative processing of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions in aerosols and atmospheric waters. Here, we report that 50% of gaseous acetic acid and pyruvic acid molecules transfer a proton to the surface of water at pH 2.8 and 1.8 units lower than their respective acidity constants pKa = 4.6 and 2.4 in bulk water. These findings provide key insights into the relative Bronsted acidities of common carboxylic acids versus interfacial water. In addition, the work estimates the reactive uptake coefficient of gaseous pyruvic acid by water to be γPA = 0.06. This work is useful to interpret the interfacial behavior of pyruvic acid under low water activity conditions, typically f...
Maternal Complications of Regional Analgesia

The maternal complications that can follow regional anesthesia are reviewed. Methods of managing the physiologic aftereffects, hypotension and headache, are summarized. Iatrogenic side effects, cardiovascular collapse and prolonged sensory/motor deficit, are discussed, with the conclusion that such complications are avoidable.
Increased mortality risk associated with serum sodium variations and borderline hypo- and hypernatremia in hospitalized adults

Background This study aimed to evaluate short-term and long-term mortalities in a cohort of unselected hospitalized patients with serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) variations within and outside of reference range. Methods All adult patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA from January 2011 to December 2013 (n = 147358) were retrospectively screened. Unique patients admitted during the study period were examined. The main exposure was serum [Na+] variation. Outcome measures were hospital and 1-year all-cause mortalities. Results A total of 60944 patients, mean age 63 ± 17 years, were studied. On admission, 17% (n = 10066) and 1.4% (n = 852) had hypo- and hypernatremia, respectively. During the hospital stay, 11044 and 4128 developed hypo- and hypernatremia, respectively, accounting for 52.3 and 82.9% of the total hypo- and hypernatremic patients. Serum [Na+] variations of ≥6 mEq/L occurred in 40.6% (n = 24 740) of the 60 944 patients and were significantly associated with hospital and 1-year mortalities after adjusting potential confounders (including demographics, comorbidities, estimated glomerular filtration rate, admission serum [Na+], number of [Na+] measurements and length of hospital stay). Adjusted odds ratios for hospital and 1-year mortalities increased with increasing [Na+] variations in a dose-dependent manner, from 1.47 to 5.48 (all 95% confidence intervals >1.0). Moreover, in fully adjusted models, [Na+] variations (≥6 mEq/L) within the reference range (135-145 mEq/L) or borderline hypo- or hypernatremia (133-137 and 143-147 mEq/L, respectively) compared with 138-142 mEq/L were associated with increased hospital and 1-year mortalities. Conclusion In hospitalized adults, [Na+] fluctuation (≥6 mEq/L) irrespective of admission [Na+] and borderline hypo- or hypernatremia are independent predictors of progressively increasing short- and long-term mortality burdens.
Improved resolution of mixed STR profiles using a fully automated differential cell lysis/DNA extraction method

Sexual assault evidence often contains sperm cells, which are typically separated from nonsperm cells using manual differential lysis procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the automated QIAGEN QIAcube for this purpose and to compare it to manual QIAGEN and manual organic differential methods using DNA yields and STR profile data for assessment. DNA yields were determined by qPCR, followed by multiplex STR amplification, CE analysis, and mixture interpretation. The automated method was capable of effective cell separation, producing DNA yields sufficient for STR amplification. Further, sperm fraction human:male DNA ratios from the QIAcube samples were consistently closer to the desired 1:1 and STR profiles were less likely to result in mixtures, with 6-8× fewer female alleles detected (median 1.5 alleles). Ultimately, using the QIAcube for automated differential processing of semen-containing mixtures reduces the need for downstream mixture interpretation and improves STR profile quality with substantially less hands-on time.
Strong and Weak Hydrogen Bonds in Protein–Ligand Recognition

The hydrogen bond has justifiably been termed the ‘master key of molecular recognition’. It is an interaction that is weaker than the covalent bond and stronger than the van der Waals interaction. The ubiquity and flexibility of hydrogen bonds make them the most important physical interaction in systems of biomolecules in aqueous solution. Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in many chemical and biological processes, including ligand binding and enzyme catalysis. In biological processes, both specificity and reversibility are important. Weaker interactions can be made and broken more easily than stronger interactions. In this context, it is of interest to assess the relative significance of strong and weak interactions in the macromolecular recognition processes. Is protein–ligand binding governed by conventional, that is, electrostatic N–H…O and O–H…O hydrogen bonds, or do weaker interactions with a greater dispersive component such as C–H…O hydrogen bonds also play a role? If so, to what extent are they significant? Most proteins, involving as they do, main chains, side chains, and differently bound forms of water, do not really have a static fixed structure, but rather have a dynamic, breathing nature. This tendency may to some extent be lessened by the ligands which are small molecules, but in the end, it is reasonable to expect that the strong and weak hydrogen bonds inside the protein and also at the protein–ligand interface will also have dynamic character; arguably, the weaker the hydrogen bond, the greater its dynamic character. These are often central to the much debated mechanisms of binding such as conformational selection and induced fit. All protein–ligand interactions must compete with interactions with water; both the protein and the ligand are solvated before complexation and lose their solvation shell on complex formation. Conversely, the entropic cost of trapping highly mobile water molecules in the binding site is large. However, in favorable cases, these losses are suitably compensated by the enthalpic gain resulting from water-mediated hydrogen bonds. In effect, the enthalpy–entropy balance is a fine one, and for a water molecule to be able to contribute to binding affinity, it has to be in a binding site that provides the maximum number of hydrogen-bond partners at the optimum distance and orientation. In summary, hydrogen bonds are crucial to the recognition of ligands by proteins. Integration of knowledge gained from more high-quality protein–ligand structures into theoretical and computational molecular models will be an exciting challenge in the coming years.
Utilization and Costs by Primary Care Provider Type: Are There Differences Among Diabetic Patients of Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Physician Assistants?

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare health care utilization and costs among diabetes patients with physician, nurse practitioner (NP), or physician assistant (PA) primary care providers (PCPs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cohort study using Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic health record data to examine the relationship between PCP type and utilization and costs over 1 year in 368,481 adult, diabetes patients. Relationship between PCP type and utilization and costs in 2013 was examined with extensive adjustment for patient and facility characteristics. Emergency department and outpatient analyses used negative binomial models; hospitalizations used logistic regression. Costs were analyzed using generalized linear models. RESULTS PCPs were physicians, NPs, and PAs for 74.9% (n=276,009), 18.2% (n=67,120), and 6.9% (n=25,352) of patients respectively. Patients of NPs and PAs have lower odds of inpatient admission [odds ratio for NP vs. physician 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.87-0.93; PA vs. physician 0.92, 95% CI=0.87-0.97], and lower emergency department use (0.67 visits on average for physicians, 95% CI=0.65-0.68; 0.60 for NPs, 95% CI=0.58-0.63; 0.59 for PAs, 95% CI=0.56-0.63). This translates into NPs and PAs having ~$500-$700 less health care costs per patient per year (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Expanded use of NPs and PAs in the PCP role for some patients may be associated with notable cost savings. In our cohort, substituting care patterns and creating similar clinical situations in which they practice, NPs and PAs may have reduced costs of care by up to 150-190 million dollars in 2013.
Photonic Doppler velocimetry of ohmically exploded aluminum surfaces

Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) was used to investigate the exploding surface of coated metal driven by lineal current density increasing at 3 × 10 15 A/m/s. Aluminum-6061 rods were coated with three thicknesses ( 5 , 17, and 41 μ m) of Parylene-N and driven to 850 kA in approximately 100 ns, with the metal thicker than the skin depth. According to PDV, the metal surface melts at 85 ± 13 T and expands with a constant acceleration. Then, at a surface magnetic field of 140– 180 T, the metal acceleration begins to increase in time. Later, plasma forms on, and is correlated with PDV signal loss from, uncoated aluminum rods, 5- μ m-coated rods, and 17- μ m-coated rods, while no evidence suggests that plasma forms on 41- μ m-coated metal.
Facet-selective asymmetric functionalization of anisotropic gold nanoprisms for Janus particle synthesis

Janus particles, which possess asymmetric structures and/or multiple surface chemistries, have attracted intense interest due to their capability of multiple distinct interactions with their environment. Most Janus particles synthesis techniques rely on applying coating molecules on isotropic particles. Herein, we demonstrate a method to controllably functionalize both major facets of geometrically anisotropic triangular gold nanoprisms in the size range of 100–200 nm with two distinct molecular coatings (hexadecane thiol or thiolated poly (ethylene) glycol and thiol-modified oligonucleotide), giving rise to the formation of Janus gold nanoprisms. Janus particles orient themselves on the interface of water-chloroform mixture and exhibit variable interaction with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces due to their amphiphilicity and undergo asymmetric self-assembly behavior with other nanoparticles.
NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO INJURY AND SHOCK

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses neuroendocrine responses to injury and shock. The drenal venous corticoid output is the product of corticoid concentration and blood flow. Flow decreases as blood pressure drops, but concentration increases so that up to a point, the output remains constant. Below a mean blood pressure of approximately 4.5 kPa, the flow is no longer adequate to transport glucocorticoids to the periphery. Increased secretion of ACTH is associated with an increase in the secretion of β-lipotropin. This hormone is released in a quantal fashion with ACTH because it is formed from a common precursor and occupies the same secretion granules. The secretion of vasopressin is also increased by stress, and particularly by shock, with hemorrhage producing a much higher plasma vasopressin concentration than osmotic stimulation. This increase helps increase extracellular fluid volume by retaining water. The volume expansion produced by water retention is relatively inefficient, because two of every three ml of water retained goes into cells.
Rectal Acquisition of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) SIVmac239 Infection despite Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses against the Entire SIV Proteome.

Given the complex biology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its remarkable capacity to evade host immune responses, HIV vaccine efficacy may benefit from the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses of maximal breadth, potency, and longevity. Guided by this rationale, we set out to develop an immunization protocol aimed at maximizing the induction of anti-Envelope (Env) antibodies and CD8+ T-cells targeting non-Env epitopes in rhesus macaques (RMs). Our approach was to deliver the entire simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteome by serial vaccinations. To that end, 12 RMs were vaccinated over 81 weeks with DNA, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), adenovirus type-5 (Ad5), rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), and DNA again. Both the RRV and the final DNA boosters delivered a near-full-length SIVmac239 genome capable of assembling noninfectious SIV particles and inducing T-cell responses against all nine SIV proteins. Compared to previous SIV vaccine trials, the present DNA-MVA-VSV-Ad5-RRV-DNA regimen resulted in comparable levels of Env-binding antibodies and SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Interestingly, one vaccinee developed low titers of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SIVmac239, a tier-3 virus. Following repeated intrarectal marginal-dose challenges with SIVmac239, vaccinees were not protected from SIV acquisition but manifested partial control of viremia. Strikingly, the animal with the low-titer vaccine-induced anti-SIVmac239 nAb response acquired infection after the first SIVmac239 exposure. Collectively, these results highlight the difficulties in eliciting protective immunity against immunodeficiency virus infection.IMPORTANCE Our results are relevant to HIV vaccine development efforts because they suggest that increasing the number of booster immunizations or delivering additional viral antigens may not necessarily improve vaccine efficacy against immunodeficiency virus infection.
What is Good for Christ is Good for the Cosmos: Affirming the Resurrection of Creation:

Many churches and scholars affirm that God renews the cosmos at the eschaton. Some scholars have begun to say the cosmos is resurrected in Christ, without much warrant for that discourse. With a fo...
Bordering politics of Latina/o/x mental health: discourse of family separation and intergenerational transmission of trauma

Given the call to examine the U.S.-Mexico border as both discursive and material, I focus on the enactments of migrant-rights violations and immigration-related trauma creating mental health concer...
Early life interactions with aquatic insects elicit physiological and behavioral stress responses in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)

Predator encounters during early life can elicit behavioral and physiological responses that have fitness consequences during subsequent prey life stages. In threatened lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and other lithophilic-spawning fishes, newly hatched larvae (free embryos) are exposed to abundant predators including aquatic insect larvae that co-occupy stream substrates. We investigated stress effects on lake sturgeon larvae after encounters with common aquatic insect predators by quantifying mortality, body size, cortisol levels, and swimming behavior. Free embryos were exposed to either Perlidae (stonefly obligate predators) or Isonychiidae (mayfly filterers and facultative predators) or to no predators (controls). Free embryos that encountered perlids experienced high mortality, elevated cortisol levels, and exhibited cortisol reactivity when subsequently exposed to an acute stressor. Free embryos that encountered isonychiids exhibited elevated mortality, and elevated cortisol and cortisol reactivity relative to controls. Findings indicate that lake sturgeon free embryos are stressed by exposure to members of benthic stream communities during early life stages (predation of nearby conspecifics), and that metrics of stress exhibited threat sensitivity. Data are consistent with predictions that individuals modulate antipredator behavior in response to the intensity of perceived predation threat in the environment. We determined that behavioral outcomes associated with encounters with aquatic insects altered future behavioral trajectories, potentially as an adaptive response that can affect predation rates in subsequent life stages. Results contribute to a broader understanding of how interspecies interactions among co-occurring predator and prey communities may impact individual fitness and fish population recruitment.
The significant places of African American adults and their perceived influence on cardiovascular disease risk behaviors.

Background AA living in rural areas of the southeastern U.S. experience a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Neighborhood environmental factors contribute to this disparity and may decrease the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions aimed at preventing CVD. Furthermore, the influence of neighborhood factors on AA CVD risk behaviors (i.e. physical activity) may be obscured by the use of researcher-defined neighborhoods and researcher-defined healthy and unhealthy places. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of neighborhood environments on AA CVD risk behaviors among AA adults who recently completed a lifestyle intervention. We specifically sought to identify AA adults' self-perceived places of significance and their perceptions of how these places impact CVD risk behaviors including diet, physical activity and smoking. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with AA adults (N = 26) living in two rural North Carolina counties (Edgecombe and Nash, North Carolina, USA). Participants were recruited from a community-based behavioral CVD risk reduction intervention. All had at least one risk factor for CVD. Participants identified significant places including where they spent the most time, meaningful places, and healthy and unhealthy places on local maps. Using these maps as a reference, participants described the impact of each location on their CVD risk behaviors. Data were transcribed verbatim and coded using NVivo 12. Results The average age of participants was 63 (SD = 10) and 92% were female. Places participants defined as meaningful and places where they spent the most time included churches and relatives' homes. Healthy places included gyms and parks. Unhealthy places included fast food restaurants and relatives' homes where unhealthy food was served. Place influenced CVD risk behaviors in multiple ways including through degree of perceived control over the environment, emotional attachment and loneliness, caretaking responsibilities, social pressures and social support. Conclusions As we seek to improve cardiovascular interventions for rural AA in the American South, it will be important to further assess the effect of significant places beyond place of residence. Strategies which leverage or modify behavioral influences within person-defined significant places may improve the reach and effectiveness of behavioral lifestyle interventions.
Expert Systems: applications to urban planning

***e FACHGEBIET*** Mathematical Geology, Computer Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Urban Economics and Regional Economics ***INTERESSENTENGRUPPE*** Of interest to Urban and Regional planners, civil engineers, geographers; computer scientists; operations researchers; landscape architects; and advanced students in the above disciplines.- Level: Technical Book, Monograph ***URHEBER*** T.J. Kim, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL; L.L. Wiggins, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; J.R. Wright, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN (Eds.) ***TITEL*** Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning ***BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE-ANGABEN*** 1990. XIV, 268 pp. 48 figs. Hardcover DM 78, - ISBN 3-540-97171-8 ***LANGTEXT*** While expert systems have become a popular topic in the computing, medical and engineering fields, the expert system is still a new technology in urban planning. This book introduces expert systems for problem solving in urban planning and describes the way in which heuristic knowledge and rules of thumb of expert planners can be represented through computer programs. The book presents practical applications of expert systems for solving many important urban planning problems, particularly those issues that many practicing planners face in their daily operations. Problems and issues discussed are grouped in the following categories: - Land Use Planning - Transportation Planning - Site Selection and Analysis - Environmental Planning - Conflict Mediation and Legal Disputes - Future Developments and Directions Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning will benefit both urban planners who wish to learn how this new technology might be applied to their daily work as well as researchers in expert systems seeking new ideas for systems design.
Habermas and Bateson in a World Gone M.A.D.: Metacommunication, Paradox, and the Inverted Speech Situation

This study compares the applicability of 2 normative theories, Habermas's theory of communicative action and Bateson's ecology of communication, by applying them to the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Habermas's theory of communicative action observes how communication is strategically distorted into an extreme version of what we call the inverted speech situation. This paradoxical form of systematically distorted communication does not explain the successful outcome of a deterrence situation such as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Bateson's ecology of communication shows how metacommunicative messages can affect the relations between nations, generating potentially catastrophic relational dynamics but also opportunities for constructive change. Bateson's theory explains the communicative dynamics and ultimate resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis in terms of metacommunication, paradox, and schismogenesis.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Disease Overview

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common form of the human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, also known as prion diseases. This is a rare neurological disorder which ultimately results in death. Technologists must familiarize themselves with the clinical symptoms and EEG patterns of this disease since appropriate precautions must be taken. This is especially important when running electroneurodiagnostic (END) studies on patients with rapidly progressive dementia or a suspected or known case of CJD. An overview of the various forms of CJD, clinical symptoms, characteristic EEG results, transmission modes, diagnostic tests, and prevention methods are addressed.
Cognitive and motor symptoms in dementia: focus on dementia with Lewy bodies.

Purpose To describe the clinical syndrome called dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and highlight its common and unique characteristics with respect to diagnosis and management. Data Sources Review of the scientific literature including psychiatric literature, reports of clinical trials, and clinical practice guidelines. Conclusions DLB is a clinical and histopathologic disease, which is second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a cause of dementia in older adults. The clinical syndrome of DLB includes cognitive and motor deterioration reminiscent of symptoms associated with AD and Parkinson's disease (PD) respectively. Implications for Practice The late life intersection of cognitive and motor symptoms can present significant challenges in the primary care setting. Recognizing key features of common neurodegenerative disorders is essential to accurately diagnosing and appropriately treating the growing population of older adults who suffer from AD, PD, and DLB.
Degradation of polymers and morphology: Photo‐oxidative degradation of isotactic polystyrene in presence of sulfur dioxide as function of polymer crystallinity

The photo-oxidative chain scission of isotactic polystyrene films has been studied as a function of the degree of crystallinity, SO2, and NO2 pressures, and temperature. The rate of chain scission increases in the presence of SO2 with extent of crystallinity. It is assumed to be faster due to strain in and near the folds in the crystalline areas than in the amorphous regions. In the presence of NO2, chain scission increases up to about 8% crystallinity but subsequently becomes constant with further increase in crystallinity. It is suggested that the diffusion rates of oxygen and nitrogen dioxide into the films decrease with increasing crystallinity. These two processes compensate each other.
A Facile Method to Improve the Photocatalytic and Lithium‐Ion Rechargeable Battery Performance of TiO2 Nanocrystals

Author(s): Xia, T; Zhang, W; Murowchick, JB; Liu, G; Chen, X | Abstract: TiO2 has been well studied as an ultraviolet (UV) photocatalyst and electrode material for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Recent studies have shown that hydrogenated TiO2 displayed better photocatalytic and lithium ion battery performances. Here it is demonstrated that the photocatalytic and battery performances of TiO2 nanocrystals can be successfully improved with a facile low-temperature vacuum process. These TiO2 nanocrystals extend their optical absorption far into the visible-light region, display nanometer-scale surface atomic rearrangement, possess superoxide ion characteristics at room temperature without light irradiation, show a 4-fold improvement in photocatalytic activity, and has 30% better performance in capacity and charge/discharge rates for lithium ion battery. This facile method could provide an alternative and effective approach to improve the performance of TiO2 and other materials towards their practical applications. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH a Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Pre-emptive virology screening in the pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant population: a cost effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are at a uniquely high risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections. The pre-emptive treatment model whereby asymptomatic post-transplant patients are routinely screened with treatment initiated if found viremic has recently been shown to be superior in terms of patient mortality when compared to deferring laboratory assessment and treatment until symptoms emerge. This study analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the pre-emptive therapy model in patient care dollars per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). PATIENTS AND METHODS Utilization and outcome data were compiled as a retrospective cohort study of 96 pediatric patients receiving HSCT at University of California Los Angeles Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department between the years 2006 and 2010. Two-decision tree models were constructed for each the pre-emptive model and the deferred model wherein costs and probability assumptions were based on either previously published literature or calculated from this study cohort. RESULTS The pre-emptive model resulted in a five-year survival of 71%, during which time 4% of patients were found to be EBV viremic, while 33% were found to be CMV viremic. The average actual cost of EBV/CMV virology screening per patient in the cohort following the pre-emptive model was $9699 while the expected cost following the deferred model was $19,284. This results in an incremental cost effectiveness ratio illustrating pre-emptive model cost-savings of $2367/QALY. CONCLUSION These results support the financial viability and prudence of scheduled screening for subclinical viremia for achieving optimal outcomes in a cost-effective manner in the pediatric HSCT population.