cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Target localization using scanner-acquired SPECT data

Target localization using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and planar imaging is being investigated for guiding radiation therapy delivery. Previous studies on SPECT-based localization have used computer-simulated or hybrid images with simulated tumors embedded in disease-free patient images where the tumor position is known and localization can be calculated directly. In the current study, localization was studied using scanner-acquired images. Five fillable spheres were placed in a whole body phantom. Sphere-to-background 99mTc radioactivity was 6:1. Ten independent SPECT scans were acquired with a Trionix Triad scanner using three detector trajectories: left lateral 180°, 360°, and right lateral 180°. Scan time was equivalent to 4.5 min. Images were reconstructed with and without attenuation correction. True target locations were estimated from 12 hr SPECT and CT images. From the 12 hr SPECT scan, 45 sets of orthogonal planar images were used to assess target localization; total acquisition time per set was equivalent to 4.5min. A numerical observer localized the center of the targets in the 4.5 min SPECT and planar images. SPECT-based localization errors were compared for the different detector trajectories. Across the four peripheral spheres, and using optimal iteration numbers and postreconstruction smoothing, means and standard deviations in localization errors were 0.90 ± 0.25 mm for proximal 180° trajectories, 1.31 ± 0.51 mm for 360° orbits, and 3.93 ± 1.48 mm for distal 180° trajectories. This rank order in localization performance is predicted by target attenuation and distance from the target to the collimator. For the targets with mean localization errors < 2 mm, attenuation correction reduced localization errors by 0.15 mm on average. The improvement from attenuation correction was 1.0 mm on average for the more poorly localized targets. Attenuation correction typically reduced localization errors, but for well-localized targets, the detector trajectory generally had a larger effect. Localization performance was found to be robust to iteration number and smoothing. Localization was generally worse using planar images as compared with proximal 180° and 360° SPECT scans. Using a proximal detector trajectory and attenuation correction, localization errors were within 2 mm for the three superficial targets, thus supporting the current role in biopsy and surgery, and demonstrating the potential for SPECT imaging inside radiation therapy treatment rooms.
Characterization of choline kinase in human endothelial cells

High choline kinase-α (Chk-α) expression is frequently observed in cancer cells, making it a novel target for pharmacological and molecular inhibition. As inhibiting agents are delivered systemically, it is important to determine Chk-α expression levels in endothelial cells that line both normal and tumor vasculature, and the effect of Chk-α downregulation on these cells. Here, we characterized Chk-α expression and the effect of its downregulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) relative to MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate Chk-α expression. Basal mRNA levels of Chk-α were approximately three-fold lower in HUVECs relative to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Consistent with the differences in Chk-α protein levels, phosphocholine levels were approximately 10-fold lower in HUVECs relative to MDA-MB-231 cells. Transient transfection with siRNA-Chk resulted in comparable levels of mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and HUVECs. However, there was a significant reduction in proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in HUVECs. No significant difference in CD31 immunostaining was observed in tumor sections obtained from mice injected with control luciferase-short hairpin (sh)RNA or Chk-shRNA lentivirus. These data suggest that systemically delivered agents that downregulate Chk-α in tumors will not affect endothelial cell proliferation during delivery, and further support the development of Chk-α downregulation as a cancer-specific treatment.
Reproductive ecology and early life history of a lacustrine sculpin, Cottus extensus (Teleostei, Cottidae)

Using a variety of sampling techniques and observations we describe aspects of the reproductive ecology and early life-history of Bear Lake sculpin, Cottus extensus, a species endemic to Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho. Adult sculpin spawned in shallow water (0.5–6.0 m depths) in cavities beneath large cobbles and boulders. During 1993, egg mass densities were highest (> 4.0 m2) at 1.0–2.0 m depths. Electivity indices verified substrate selection and also indicated an avoidance of s and- and gravel-embedded materials. During years of low water elevation, suitable spawning substrates were restricted to one or two limited areas of the lake and comprised < 0.004% of the total benthic area. Disturbance from turbulence, as would be produced by storm-induced waves, appeared to initiate hatching. After hatching, embryos passed through a pelagic interval that lasted for approximately one week. Laboratory experiments confirmed the short duration of this surface-swimming behavior. The pelagic behavior of free embryos appears to aid in dispersal of fish via currents from limited spawning habitats to areas throughout the 282 km2 lake.
A Fitting Vision of Science for the Courtroom

In Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, the First Circuit reversed a trial judge's exclusion of a plaintiff's expert testimony. The expert would have tetified that he concluded that exposure to benzene causes acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) based on the expert's analysis of the "weight of the evidence" in the scientific literature. This essay explores the meaning and implication of the Milward decision. It argues that (1) the outcome of the case is neither surprising nor outrageous in light of the way the issue was framed for the court; (2) the case is consistent with U.S. Supreme Court precedent on admissibility of expert testimony (Daubert, Joiner, and Kumho), and can be applied by future courts with appropriate guidelines; and (3) the case presages the increasing importance of mechanistic evidence in toxic tort cases that will require careful consideration by courts and nuanced use of the Bradford Hill causation guidelines.
The regenerative capacity of adult human hepatocytes: clonal expansion of hepatocytes producing albumin in culture

Abstract Upon injury, the liver has the capability to replace lost hepatocytes by at least two processes. In the unipotential model hepatocytes exit quiescence after injury and replicate, while in the multipotential model non-parenchymal epithelial cells replicate and differentiate into mature hepatocytes. To test the former process, we cloned normal adult human hepatocytes expressing differentiated function, and monitored the continued expression of these differentiated functions as they proliferated and expanded in cell culture. Fifty-eight cell clones, derived from two different normal adult human liver primary cell lines, expressing albumin and cytokeratin 18, but not cytokeratin 19, as markers of hepatocyte differentiation, were isolated. These cell clones were serially subpassaged, five to eight times, and the expression of hepatocyte markers was determined using immunocytochemistry. Of the 58 clones isolated, 56 (96%) were positive for both albumin and cytokeratin 18, and two were negative for albumin but positive for cytokeratin 18. Upon subpassage of the clones, the cells continued to expand before senescence at a cumulative population doubling of 27.1±0.8. All of the cell strains, originating from clones producing albumin and cytokeratin 18, continued to express these two markers through senescence. The data indicate that mature normal human hepatocytes are capable of producing progeny hepatocytes, supporting the unipotential model for replacement of hepatocytes in the human liver.
Presumptive cocaine toxicosis in 19 dogs: 2004–2012

Objective To characterize the incidence, signalment, presenting complaint, history, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, complications, treatment, length of hospitalization, and outcome of dogs presenting with presumptive cocaine toxicosis. Design Retrospective study from March 1, 2004 to March 1, 2012. Setting Twenty-four hour urban university veterinary teaching hospital. Animals Nineteen dogs presenting with clinical signs consistent with cocaine toxicosis and having a positive urine cocaine test. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results All dogs had neurological abnormalities including bilateral mydriasis (11/19 [58%]), hyperexcitability/hyperesthesia (10/19 [53%]), ataxia (8/19 [42%]), focal or generalized muscle tremors (8/19 [42%]), reduced mental awareness (6/19 [32%]), and seizures (3/19 [16%]). Other signs included weakness (7/19 [37%]), vomiting (6/19 [32%]), and lethargy (3/19 [16%]). Tachycardia was apparent in 10/19 (53%) dogs, hypertension in 4/19 (21%), and hyperthermia in 5/19 (26%). Sinus tachycardia was the only reported cardiac arrhythmia. Bloodwork findings included hyperglycemia in 4/19 (21%) dogs, and increased plasma lactate concentration in 9/19 (47%). Most dogs (16/19 [84%]) were hospitalized for supportive care, which generally included isotonic crystalloid fluid administration, and treatment with sedative or anxiolytic drugs including diazepam, midazolam, acepromazine, and chlorpromazine. Two dogs required further anticonvulsant therapy (phenobarbital and propofol) and 1 dog was treated with a constant rate infusion of esmolol. All dogs survived to discharge, and the median length of hospitalization was 15 hours (10–30 h). Conclusions Cocaine toxicosis was infrequently suspected. Neurological signs predominated, but cardiovascular alterations were also frequently reported. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care is recommended given the potential for life-threatening complications such as seizures, hypertensive crisis, and tachyarrhythmias. The prognosis for survival to hospital discharge can be good with the appropriate supportive care.
Controlled Environment Crop Production: Hydroponic VS. Lunar Regolith

The potential of controlled environment crop production in a lunar colony is discussed. Findings on the effects of optimal root-zone and aerial environments derived as part of the NASA CELSS project at Utah State are presented. The concept of growing wheat in optimal environment is discussed. It is suggested that genetic engineering might produce the ideal wheat cultivar for CELSS (about 100 mm in height with fewer leaves). The Utah State University hydroponic system is outlined and diagrams of the system and plant container construction are provided. Ratio of plant mass to solution mass, minimum root-zone volume, maintenance, and pH control are discussed. A comparison of liquid hydrophonic systems and lunar regoliths as substrates for plant growth is provided. The physiological processes that are affected by the root-zone environment are discussed including carbon partitioning, nutrient availability, nutrient absorption zones, root-zone oxygen, plant water potential, root-produced hormones, and rhizosphere pH control.
Essay #2: Scales of Epistemic Appraisal

This essay is a discussion of Roderick M. Chisholm’s system of a scale of distinct levels of evidential appraisal. In a series of articles over two decades Chisholm developed and continually refined a conceptual scheme and an axiomatic system embodying a system of levels of evidential appraisal. My essay begins with a discussion of how criminal and civil courtroom situations require different levels of appraisal in reaching their verdicts. The scale that Chisholm develops has nine distinct levels of appraisal, with the top four levels representing positive appraisals of a proposition p, and the bottom three representing negative appraisals of the denial of the proposition p. At the middle of this scale is the appraisal “counter-balanced”, which represents the situation in which neither p nor not-p is appraised more than the other. The specific scale that this essay explores is as follows: certain, evident, reasonable, has some presumption, counter-balanced, has no presumption, unreasonable, and gratuitous.
Individual Differences in the Reinforcing Effects of d -Amphetamine

This study was designed to replicate the finding that individuals who choose to self-administer a drug in a laboratory-based drug choice procedure tend to experience stimulant-like subjective drug effects. We wished also to identify groups of subjects, differing on this variable, who would be studied further to define neurobiological correlates of drug choice. Of 29 subjects tested in a 9-session choice procedure (10 mg d-amphetamine vs. placebo), 11 chose the drug consistently, 11 chose placebo consistently, and 7 did not show any clear preference. ANOVA revealed significant Choice Group x Drug x Time interactions for the Addiction Research Center Inventory subscale PCAG (a measure of sedation), the Profile of Mood State (POMS) subscale Fatigued, and the Visual Analog Scale subscales Sedated and Stimulated. There was a trend toward a significant 3-way interaction for the POMS subscales Vigor and Arousal. These results are consistent with those of previous studies in that individuals who chose to self-administer d-amphetamine experienced stimulant-like drug effects, peaking at 3 hours, whereas individuals who chose to self-administer placebo experienced sedative rather than stimulant d-amphetamine effects. We are now testing the hypothesis that groups defined by their drug choice can be differentiated on the basis of their electrophysiological response to d-amphetamine.
Religion and Federal Republicanism: Cases from India's Struggle

The end of the Cold War has released tribal, ethnic, religious, and regional conflicts from the East-West struggle that had repressed many of the world's peoples for much of the century. A world supposedly divided between communism and capitalism has revealed itself once again to be rent by conflicts between groups that appeal to their biolog ical roots for legitimation and those that appeal to reason, public de bate, and compromise. Henry Maine, after serving many years in India, called this funda mental conflict the clash between "status" and "contract," between a social order based on position within a clearly graded community and one based on the conjunction of individual wills entering into agree ments.1 It is the clash between liberal democracy and traditional society. On the democratic side, people attempt to establish and maintain a legitimate constitutionalism that enables them to carry on a public life of self-governance. As a process embedded in the depths of a people's culture, legitimating this constitutionalism is finally a religious matter. But for many people, religion leads them back to the web of traditional order embedded in ethnicity, gender, and race. The religious tradi tions that often empower the republican struggle also contain the most powerful sources of resistance to it.
Two upstream cysteines and the CAAX motif but not the polybasic domain are required for membrane association of Xlcaax in Xenopus oocytes

We have analyzed the role of several protein motifs in controlling the membrane association of the xlcaax-1 protein in Xenopus oocytes. Xlcaax-1 is a maternally expressed protein that during development is associated with the basal lateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells. It is enriched in the tubule cells of the adult kidney and several other organs that are involved in osmoregulation. Xlcaax-1 has a C-terminal CAAX sequence (CVVM) identical to that of N-ras, followed by two cysteines that are potential palmitoylation sites and a polybasic domain. Mutants were constructed that either deleted specific domains or changed specific amino acids of the consensus sequences in or near the CAAX motif. Synthetic mRNAs were injected into Xenopus oocytes and their protein products analyzed for their ability to associate with the oocyte plasma membrane. A mutation changing cysteine-588 of the CAAX box to serine or the inhibition of prenylation by lovastatin eliminated the membrane association of the protein. Mutation of either of the upstream cysteines (either 585 or 587) also inhibited the association of xlcaax-1 with the membrane. Unlike Ras, however, deletion of the polybasic domain had no effect on membrane binding. In addition, we show that xlcaax-1 binds ATP but not GTP.
Detection of contour continuity and closure in three-month-olds

The present study used an operant conditioning procedure and contour integration stimuli to test three-month-olds' sensitivity to both contour continuity and contour closure. The data demonstrate an immaturity of continuity detection and a lack of closure detection at that age, relative to a previous finding of a heightened sensitivity to closed contours in adult observers. This finding modifies the general view of infant visual perception that has been more focused on the quantitative development of various aspects of visual perception, including contrast sensitivity, binocular disparity processing, perceptual completion, and other perceptual skills. These results suggest qualitative change in terms of the organization of visual information during development, and implications of this finding for visual maturation of mechanisms suggested to underlie these detection abilities are discussed.
Patterns of GABAergic immunoreactivity define subdivisions of the mustached bat's medial geniculate body.

The anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). The principal findings are that: 1) most GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal and ventral divisions with few, if any, in the medial division; 2) only a small fraction, about 1% or less, of auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventral division being medium-sized and comparatively simple, those in the medial division predominantly large, coarse, and complex, while dorsal division endings were finer and more delicate. These patterns recapitulate, with some significant exceptions, those found in the rat and cat. The puncta could originate from several sources; while many may arise from intrinsic GABAergic Golgi type II local circuit neurons, these cells may not be the only or even the principal source. Thus, the dorsal division contains comparatively many immunopositive cells though fewer puncta than might be expected if the bulk of these were to arise from auditory thalamic interneurons. This suggests that other, extrinsic sources, such as the thalamic reticular nucleus, may be the source of such endings. A second point is that the form and density of the puncta is regionally specific within the medial geniculate complex. These local patterns might have a significant and regionally specific role in controlling the differential excitability of auditory thalamic neurons. The distribution of presumptive synaptic endings also has implications for the number and arrangement of glomeruli or synaptic nests. Thus, these circuit elements, which are common to the thalamic nuclei in other species, might play an important role in local synaptic circuits between different types of cells. If so, then the structural variations embodied in these patterns could subserve functional arrangements that differ among species. Such patterns might reflect concomitant physiological differences in the organization of local circuits within the microchiropteran medial geniculate body. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Pros And Cons Of Various Optical Media For The Soldier's Interfacility Radiographic Record (SIRR) In The Combat Casualty Care System

Ongoing research and evaluation projects sponsored by the Army Medical Research and Development Command are leading towards filmless radiography in the combat casualty care system of the 1990s. With the elimination of film, the question arises as to the most appropriate medium for archiving and transporting x-ray images and related patient data with the wounded between facilities. This paper considers the pros and cons of the various candidate media in relation to their specifications, availability, and appropriateness under simulated combat casualty care conditions.
A new CBF-generation algorithm for an efficient analysis of microwave circuits and antennas etched on layered media

Summary form only given. Increasing competition in the communication market has fueled the development of increasingly efficient Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools for simulating the performance of microwave circuits. One approach to accelerating the design process is to use a circuit simulator where the microstrip discontinuities are modeled as lumped elements. However, such a network-theory-type of simulator produces accurate results only at low frequencies, and their accuracy degrades rapidly as the operating frequency is increased to the point where the parasitic coupling effects cannot be neglected. One of the most widely employed full-wave algorithms is the Method of Moments (MoM). Though numerically rigorous and accurate, the MoM requires memory and Central Processing Unit (CPU) resources that are orders of magnitude greater than those associated with conventional circuit simulators. Recently, the Characteristic Basis Function Method (CBFM) has been successfully applied for the analysis of Monolithic Microwave Integrate Circuits (MMICs) and antennas etched on layered media. In the original version of this method, the analyzed geometry is decomposed into smaller regions, called blocks, for which high-level basis functions, the Characteristic Basis Functions (CBFs), are generated. Typically, two types of CBFs are calculated, the Primaries (PCBFs) and the Secondaries (SCBFs). The generation of the PCBFs is started by defining appropriate interfaces, i.e., inner ports, between adjacent blocks and considering each section in isolation. To generate accurate results by using the conventional CBFM, it is important to ensure that the inner ports (see Fig. 1) be defined at locations where the effect of the higher-order modes is negligible and the current distribution can be expressed as a linear combination of a forward and a reflected wave. We have developed a new algorithm for an efficient generation of the Primary CBFs which enables us to generalize the decomposition procedure. The partition scheme is user-independent, and allows the interface locations to be arbitrary (see Fig. 1).
A comparative study of atomic layer deposition of Al 2 O 3 and HfO 2 on AlGaN/GaN

The atomic layer depositions of Al2O3 and HfO2 on AlGaN/GaN were systematically studied. The band alignments of Al2O3/AlGaN and HfO2/AlGaN were investigated using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A conduction band offset of 1.8 and 1.1 eV were observed for Al2O3/AlGaN and HfO2/AlGaN, respectively. The Al2O3 and HfO2 dielectric layers were found to reduce the leakage current as expected with respect to metal/AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes, but neither changes the surface states of AlGaN. The positive ionized surface donor states density and average interface state density (D it ) below the AlGaN conduction band edge (0.34 < E C − E T < 0.50 eV), extracted from capacitance voltage (C–V) curves, were ~5 × 1013 cm−2 and 1.1 × 1014 cm−2 eV−1, respectively.
On the structure of potential vorticity in baroclinic instability

The structure of baroclinic modes is examined in terms of their potential vorticity. Baroclinic instabilities may be viewed as mutually reinforcing interactions between the disturbance potential vorticity at different levels in the atmosphere. A technique is introduced for diagnosing quantitatively which levels of potential vorticity are important in the growth of the instability. Both Charney and Green modes are found to depend on the interaction between the surface thermal anomalies and a thin layer of potential vorticity anomalies centered on the steering level. In the Green modes, the growth is retarded by the influence of the eddy potential vorticity at higher levels. The inclusion of a tropopause in the basic state does not modify the fundamental dynamics of the baroclinic modes in the presence of linear shear.
Look good when you’re googled: creating and optimizing your digital identity

Purpose – This paper aims to describe techniques librarians can use to enhance their online presence, so that students, patrons, researchers and prospective employers can locate them easily. It is an extension of a presentation given at the Association of College and Research Libraries New England Chapter Annual Conference held in Worcester, MA on May 9, 2014. Design/methodology/approach – The presentation focused on a number of established and emerging tools to share professional contact information and professional output, such as Google, Google+, Twitter, LinkedIn, SlideShare and ImpactStory, among others. Findings – The audience of library faculty and staff from across the Northeastern USA examined the results that appeared when they searched for themselves in major search engines (Google, Bing and DuckDuckGo) and learned strategies and tools for optimizing the results that come up when others search for their contact information. Practical implications – Librarians who focus on enhancing their profes...
Adrenal cortical secretion by the golden hamster.

A study of hamster adrenal venous blood as collected by cannulation from the left adrenal has shown that this species secretes hydrocortisone (Cpd. F) and no detectable “trace” steroids. The rate of blood flow through the adrenal, calculated on a body weight basis, is comparable to that of other species; however, the steroid concentration of this blood is 4–10 times less than that reported for other species. A calculated secretion rate of 0.5 mg. F/kg./24 hr./ animal in the hamster is 3-–10 times smaller than secretion rates of the monkey, dog, cat, ox, ferret and rabbit, and 16–48 times smaller than that of the rat. This is the lowest secretion rate of corticoids of any animal reported in the literature.
Raloxifene treatment is associated with increased serum estradiol and decreased bone remodeling in healthy middle-aged men with low sex hormone levels.

In healthy middle-aged men, raloxifene treatment was associated with increased serum estradiol and decreased biochemical markers of bone turnover in subjects with estradiol levels below a threshold of 101.8 pM. Introduction: We investigated the effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene on bone remodeling in healthy middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: Forty-three healthy eugonadal men (mean age, 56 years; range, 49-70 years) were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-sequence crossover study. The subjects received either raloxifene 120 mg/day or placebo for 6 weeks, followed by a 2-month washout period, before crossing over. To predict changes of urinary total deoxypyridinoline/creatinine on raloxifene treatment, we used a logistic regression model to determine cut-off values of sex hormones for highest sensitivity and specificity. Results: In the whole group, raloxifene treatment was associated with an increase in serum sex hormones, that is, total testosterone (+13%, p < 0.01), bioavailable testosterone (+11%, p = 0.02), total estradiol (+11%, p < 0.002), and bioavailable estradiol (+11%, p = 0.035), and with a decrease in serum osteocalcin (−13%, p < 0.05) and serum total alkaline phosphatase (−6%, p < 0.05). Other biochemical markers of bone turnover remained unchanged. Using a logistic regression model to predict changes in urinary deoxypyridoline, we calculated thresholds for total (101.8 pM) and bioavailable (4.79 pM) estradiol, as well as for total (19.4 nM) and bioavailable (0.35 nM) testosterone. Raloxifene treatment was associated with an increase in serum estradiol and decrease in biochemical markers of bone turnover in men with estradiol values below these estradiol thresholds, without any significant change in subjects with values above them. Similarly, raloxifene treatment was associated with an increase in serum testosterone and a decrease in biochemical markers of bone turnover in those with baseline testosterone values below the testosterone thresholds. The association between antiresorptive effects of raloxifene and low sex hormone levels was more pronounced for estradiol than for testosterone. Conclusions: The antiresorptive effect of raloxifene was only detectable in men with low baseline estradiol levels. Unlike in postmenopausal women, the increase of estradiol may contribute to the antiresorptive effect of raloxifene in men.
Epitaxial growth of RuO2 thin films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Conductive RuO2 thin films were epitaxially grown on LaAlO3(100) and MgO(100) substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The deposited RuO2 films were crack-free, and well adhered to the substrates. The RuO2 film is (200) oriented on LaAlO3 (100) substrates at deposition temperature of 600°C and (110) oriented on MgO(100) substrates at deposition temperature of 350°C and above. The epitaxial growth of RuO2 on MgO and LaAlO3 is demonstrated by strong in-plane orientation of thin films with respect to the major axes of the substrates. The RuO2 films on MgO(100) contain two variants and form an orientation relationship with MgO given by RuO2(110)//MgO(100) and RuO2[001]//MgO[011]. The RuO2 films on LaAlO3(100), on the other hand, contain four variants and form an orientation relationship with LaAlO3 given by RuO2(200)//LaAlO3(100) and RuO2[011]//LaAlO3[011]. Electrical measurements on the RuO2 thin films deposited at 600°C show room-temperature resistivities of ∼40 and ∼50 μΩ cm for the films deposited on the MgO and LaAlO3 substrates, respectively.
Increased gamma-range activity in human sensorimotor cortex during performance of visuomotor tasks.

Abstract Objective : We documented changes in spectral power of human electrocorticograms (ECoG) during performance of sensorimotor tasks. Methods : In 6 human subjects, ECoGs were recorded simultaneously from 14 subdural cortical sites in forearm sensorimotor cortex. The subjects performed 3 visuomotor tasks: tracking a moving visual target with a joystick-controlled cursor, threading pieces of tubing, and pinching the fingers sequentially against the thumb. Control conditions consisted of passive resting and active extension of the wrist. For each site the spectral power of the ECoG during these behaviors was computed for 5 10 Hz ranges between 10 and 60 Hz. Results : All subjects showed power decreases in the range of 11–20 Hz and power increases in the 31–60 Hz range during performance of the visuomotor tasks, at sites in forearm sensorimotor cortex and adjacent areas. Simple wrist movements often produced little change in power. Three subjects showed episodes of explicit gamma oscillations during the visuomotor tasks. Different sites showed increases in gamma-range power for different tasks, indicating that the spatial distribution of the gamma activity is specific to the tasks. Cross-spectra showed that gamma activity could become synchronized between separate sites during particular tasks. Conclusions : Synchronized gamma-range activity in human sensorimotor cortex increases with performance of manipulative visuomotor tasks, supporting the hypothesis that coherent gamma oscillations may play a role in sensorimotor integration or attention.
An implementation base for efficient data structuring

The specification of data structure in higher-level languages is isolated from the related specifications of data allocation and binding of names. Structure specification is claimed to be the definition of the accessing (addressing) function for items having the structure. Conventional techniques for data structure isolation in higher-level languages are examined and are found to suffer from a lack of clarity and efficiency. The means by which data structure accessors may be defined in Bliss, the specification of their association with named, allocated storage, and their automatic invocation by reference to the named storage only, are discussed. An example is presented which illustrates their efficient implementation and their utility for separating the activities, of data structure programming and algorithmic programming.
The implications of the FTC's clear and conspicuous standards for the communication of credit card information to young consumers

College students are an important target market for credit card companies and are substantial users of this form of credit, even though they may not have the appropriate knowledge to make informed decisions regarding credit cards. Specific to financial services marketing, the focus of this study is to ascertain whether college-age students recall and understand disclosed information in credit card commercials. This study analyzes the effectiveness of three disclosure standards advocated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which are intended to ensure that consumers (such as college students) are appropriately informed. Specifically, this study focuses on: (1) modality, (2) audience consideration and (3) distraction level present during the disclosure presentation. Tests of the impact of these standards on consumer recall and comprehension of disclosed information have been mixed and the extant research has failed to test all of the standards in combination. An important contribution that this research makes is the reconciliation of differences found in previous research, while revealing the effects that implementing multiple FTC standards has on college students’ recall and comprehension, perceptions of recall and comprehension, and attitudes and behavioral intentions.
Sharps Injury Prevention Program: Root Cause Analysis of Sharps Injury or near Miss Event at a Multi-Facility Medical Center

ISSUE: The Detroit Medical Center implemented a Safer Sharps Committee in 1999 to reduce sharps injuries in healthcare personnel. Primary goals included improvement of work practices and evaluation and implementation of safety sharps devices. Procedures for reporting and documenting employees' exposure to blood and body fluids have been standardized. Root cause analysis is a quality tool utilized after an event in order to prevent future occurrences. A root cause analysis was performed after events or near misses that lead to sharps injuries. PROJECT: The Detroit Medical Center was awarded a CDC Foundation Grant to assess its sharps injury prevention program utilizing the tools provided in the CDC Workbook. A root cause analysis was performed by the institutions utilizing the CDC sample form for performing a root cause analysis. The events analyzed included safety butterfly injury, Huber needle leak and disconnect, safety insulin syringe injury and hand passing sharps in the OR. RESULTS: The multidisciplinary teams were led by a facilitator to assist the group in identifying causation and a leader who was clinically familiar with the event. Staff were able to verbalize their thoughts without judgement in a no fault environment. Each question relatiing to contributing factors in the sample form was reviewed by the team to deterimine if they were related to the event. Risk factors were identified and action plans were developed for risk reduction strategies. LESSONS LEARNED: Root cause analysis is an effective tool to use when evaluating sharps injuries. The CDC Workbook form is a short concise tool for initiating a root cause analysis. Further expansion of the contributing factors in more detail and use of a fishbone diagram may be useful in facilitating a more in depth analysis. Healthcare worker participation in discussion of the events may lead to increased awareness of the importance of safety in their clinical practice and improved compliance with safety devices.
The Foundations of Verse: A Commentary:

This commentary discusses the present state of verse studies and the contributions found in the articles in Empirical Studies of the Arts (Vol. 10:2). Present problems in French metrics and in the study of French and English rhymes are reviewed; the scope of instrumental studies of verse is examined and their role in the analysis of meter is evaluated.
Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF receptor in the porcine oviduct.

The production, secretion, and localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the distribution of the EGF receptor (EGF-R) were examined in the isthmus (I) and ampulla (A) of the oviducts from cyclic (C) and early-pregnant (P) gilts. Sexually mature gilts (n = 20) were divided equally into two groups : C and P. P gilts were bred twice (at 0 and 24 h), and all gilts were killed 48 h after onset of estrus. After removal of reproductive tracts, oviducts were isolated, flushed, opened longitudinally, divided by anatomical region, cut into 1-3-mm 3 pieces, and placed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Essential medium (DMEM : F-12 + ITS [insulin, 5 μg/ml ; transferrin, 5 μg/ml ; and selenious acid, 5 ng/ml] + antibiotic). Half the tissue and medium were immediately homogenized and centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed. The remaining tissue was cultured in the medium for 24 h at 37°C and 5% CO 2 , then prepared similarly for analysis. EGF was measured in the supernatant by a heterologous RIA. Concentration of EGF was expressed as nanogram/milliliter of EGF per milligram of protein in wet tissue. EGF concentrations were present in both regions of the oviducts of C and P gilts. It was greater in I than in A tissues for both C (I = 16.21 ng/ml vs. A = 13.91 ng/ml ; p < 0.05) and P gilts (I = 14.27 ng/ml vs. A = 12.53 ng/ml ; p < 0.10). Higher concentrations of EGF were found in I tissue of C gilts than in P gilts (C = 16.21 ng/ml vs. P = 14.27 ng/ml ; p < 0.05). The media assayed from cultured explants of I and A sections from C and P gilts gave results that were highly correlated with those of immediately prepared tissue sections. Localization of EGF in frozen oviductal tissue sections was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The primary site of EGF immunostaining occurred in the epithelial cells (with highest intensity at the apical border) of both C and P gilts. A and I tissue sections from C gilts showed localization of EGF immunostaining mainly in epithelial cells and lamina propria cells, while those from P gilts stained less intensely. The presence of EGF-R was shown by incubating tissue imprints and frozen sections with EGF-erythrosin isothiocyanate, which revealed that EGF-R were distributed mainly on the membranes of epithelial cells. The study indicates that EGF and EGF-R are present in oviductal epithelial cells in both C and P gilts, with the highest concentration of EGF in C gilts. These results suggest that EGF performs an autocrine/paracrine role in the porcine oviduct.
In the Ellison Tradition: In/Visible Bodies of Adolescent and YA Fiction.

When Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was published in 1952, he could not have known the impact his metaphor of invisibility would have on adolescent and YA literature. However, upon closer inspection, the importance and prevalence of his metaphor becomes evident. Authors of adolescent and YA literature routinely use the metaphor as an intertextual shortcut to discuss issues that shape adolescent subjectivity, which is demonstrated through an examination of Sapphire’s Push, Virginia Hamilton’s The Planet of Junior Brown, and Robert Cormier’s Fade.
Carcinogenic effects of scattered dose associated with radiation therapy

Ionizing radiation has long been recognized as a weak carcinogen, and the risk of developing a radiation induced neoplasm after exposure to therapeutic radiation has been established. In the case of therapeutic radiation for treatment of existing malignancies, concomitant risk factors for second malignancies can confound the effect of radiation alone. This study presents a model for evaluating the isolated contribution of ionizing radiation to the induction of second malignancies in cancer patients, and presents estimates of the expected number of second malignancies induced in selected sensitive sites by scatter radiation during radiotherapy for cancer. The study focused on the year 1987, during which it was estimated that 192,761 new cancer patients received radiotherapy as part of their initial treatment plan. The model predicted that radiation may induce 63-84 secondary breast cancers, 64-72 secondary thyroid cancers, 94-157 secondary lung cancers, and 489-707 secondary leukemias over the remaining lifetime of this patient population. This represents a lifetime incidence of 0.7% for leukemia, and 0.3% for the solid tumors. This incidence must be placed in perspective with the current concepts of cancer management, such as combined modality therapy that may carry a risk of carcinogenesis greater than either modality alone, and when the alternatives to radiotherapy may be nonexistent or may be cosmetically or functionally undesirable. The information presented may be used in weighing the risks and benefits of alternative treatments for cancer.
Weather Sensitivity Analysis of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems

In the scientific literature, various weather models have been proposed and used for the simulation of solar thermal systems. The problem of the sensitivity of solar thermal systems to random fluctuations and persistent patterns in weather have been a source of concern and discussion for a long time. A general solution to this problem has proved to be elusive. This paper presents the results of weather sensitivity analyses performed on solar-assisted heat pump systems used in large buildings. The type of systems modeled usually incorporate relatively small collector areas (approximately equal to 5 to 15 percent of the building floor area). A detailed computer program was used for conducting hour-by-hour, zone-by-zone simulations of the buildings and the energy systems. Truncated Fourier series were used to represent weather data. It is concluded that various unusual weather sequences and perturbations do not affect the long-term energy consumption of the building so long as the average value of these variations is constant. Short-term energy consumption was found to be much more sensitive to these variations. It was also found that a uniform change in the average value of the weather functions, does, in fact, substantially influence building energy use.
Subunit structure of the tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli

Abstract In order to determine the subunit composition of the tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli , the molecular weights of the β 2 subunit and of the (α + β) complex have been measured by ultracentrifugation. The weight ratio in which the α and β 2 subunits combine has been determined by sedimentation velocity and by amino acid analysis. The results agree very well with an α 2 β 2 structure. The possibility of forming an αβ 2 structure has been examined and conditions have been found in which this structure is stable.
Ultrasound in pregnancy.

Goal-directed pelvic sonography in pregnant women is one of the primary indications for emergency department ultrasound. It can be used to confirm the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) in a woman with a positive BHCG who presents with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding, thus making the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy extremely unlikely in most cases. After an IUP has been confirmed, fetal age may be estimated. IN the absence of IUP visualization of free fluid in the pelvis, and/or an adnexal mass may aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Bedside ultrasound may also be used in the initial evaluation of the fetus and placenta in the pregnant trauma patient to look for an abruption and signs of fetal cardiac activity and fetal movement. Fetal movement and cardiac activity can easily be visualized and occasionally an abruption may be identified.
Dynamic dopaminergic regulation of neuropeptide Y systems in discrete striatal and accumbens regions

In this study we evaluated the effects of multiple administrations of selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists and antagonists on striatal, nigral, accumbens, pallidal and cortical neuropeptide Y systems. Treatment with the D1 receptor agonist, SKF 38393, decreased, while that with the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, increased neuropeptides Y-like immunoreactivity in the globus pallidus and several regions within the caudate-putamen. SCH 23390 did not change accumbens neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity levels but SKF 38393 increased neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity levels in anterior and decreased neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity levels in the posterior nucleus accumbens. Interestingly, reductions in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity content occurred in response to administrations of both D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, or antagonist, sulpiride, in all identified regions of eacj structure at some time point. These data suggest that the neuropeptide Y systems studied may be regulated by selective activity at postsynaptic or presynaptic dopamine receptors. They further suggest that within structures such as the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens are multiple distinct neuropeptide Y systems which are uniquely influenced by dopamine receptors.
Metabolism of rubella virus-infected BHK21 cells Enhanced glycolysis and late cellular inhibition

When BHK21/13S cell monolayer cultures are infected with rubella virus at a high-exposure multiplicity (M = 10–20), the earliest detectable morphologic change, an increase in the refractility of the cells, develops within two days after infection and well after the virus has been released. No inhibition of cell replication occurs during the first 24 hours post-infection; a partial inhibition of cell division occurs thereafter and continues even after sub cultivation. This inhibition of cell division correlates with a decrease in DNA synthesis and an increased rate of aerobic glycolysis.
On Comparing Precision Orbit Solutions of Geodetic Satellites Given Several Ocean Tide and Geopotential Models

Abstract : The ability to successfully perform many aspects of a satellite mission is directly impacted by the ability to precisely determine and predict the satellite's orbit through high precision orbit determination. The orbit determination process relies on numerical procedures, satellite measurements, and force modeling to generate the orbit solution and prediction. As a foundation for detailed force modeling, gravity forces due to the distribution of the Earth's mass must be accurately modeled. In prior research, a number of geopotential models and ocean tide models have been developed for use in orbit determination. This paper examines current and historically recommended geopotential and ocean tide models using the Naval Research Laboratory's Orbit Covariance Estimation and ANalysis tool. Geodetic satellites with high precision satellite laser ranging measurements are used as test cases to evaluate the solution accuracy and predictive capabilities of the geopotential and ocean tide models. Orbit fit and prediction comparison metrics are generated for multiple geopotential and ocean tide model combinations. Results show that use of the EGM2008 geopotential model combined with the GOT4.8 ocean tide model generally results in predictive orbit solutions that more closely follow the definitive orbit solution. However, these results vary for different satellite orbits and time past the initial fit span.