cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic characteristics of trastuzumab-resistant Her2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Resistance to trastuzumab therapy is linked to phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation. One key downstream effector and regulator of this pathway is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In 2011, a phase I/II study evaluated the combination of trastuzumab and everolimus (a mTOR inhibitor) for treatment of Her2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) for patients who had progressed on trastuzumab-based therapy. We retrospectively analyzed GeneChip microarray data from 22 of 47 patients included in the study. Using an unbiased approach, we found that mutations in BRAF, EGFR and KIT are significantly more common in this heavily treated population when compared with the cohort of invasive breast carcinoma patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Furthermore, 10 out of 22 patients had PIK3CA mutations (45.4%) but PI3KCA status was not predictive of PFS in our cohort. Finally, the use of OncoScantm has allowed us to detected mutations in five genes that have not been shown to be mutated in TCGA subset of Her-2 overexpressing breast cancer: CTNNB1, HRAS, KRAS, NF2 and SMARCB1. Mutational burden in heavily treated trastuzumab-resistant Her2-positive metastatic breast cancer is highly variable and not directly correlated with outcome. Activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway through mutations in EGFR, BRAF or KIT may mediate resistance to trastuzumab.
Platelet hyperactivation, apoptosis and hypercoagulability in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Changes in systemic redox balance can alter platelet activation and aggregation. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a systematic inflammatory disease associated with mechanical shear stress, increased thrombin, catecholamines, serotonin and hemolysis, which cumulatively can hyperactivate platelets and accelerate their turnover. We tested the hypothesis that platelets from patients with moderately severe PE will show hyperstimulation and a pre-apoptotic phenotype associated with microparticles (MPs) in plasma. Blood for platelet respiration and thromboelastography (TEG) was obtained at diagnosis and 24h later from patients (n=76) with image-proven PE, SBP>90mmHg and right ventricular dysfunction demonstrated by echocardiogram or elevated biomarkers. Controls (n=12) were healthy volunteers. At diagnosis, platelets from PE patients had significantly elevated baseline oxygen consumption compared with controls, explained primarily by accelerated electron transport and oxygen wasting with no measurable extramitochondrial oxygen consumption. On thromboelastography, unstimulated thrombin-independent maximum amplitude was increased with PE, 19±14.1 vs.10.5±7.8mm in controls (p=0.002). Compared with controls, platelets from PE patients showed elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with decreased mitochondrial Bcl-2 protein content and increased cytosolic cytochrome C, coincident with strong annexin V binding, P selectin release from lysed platelets and in plasma MPs compared to controls (p<0.05). These results show evidence of platelet hyperactivation and apoptosis in patients with acute PE, and provide preliminary theoretical basis for further exploration of platelet inhibition in patients with more severe PE.
High Polymeric Organophosphazenes — Macromolecules with a Difference

The discovery and development of a new polymer system is nearly always a stimulating event in macromolecular science. It opens up novel avenues for fundamental studies, yields additional opportunities to test established or developing theories and, at the same time, provides unusual materials for technology.
Optimal Strategy for ROP Screening

Nowadays it seems possible that cicatricial ROP will turn out to be a preventable condition; therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect individual cases at a moment when therapy can still be instituted appropriately. To reach this goal, ROP screening has to be carried out in such a way that the chance of detection is maximal. Clinicians should be aware of the incidence and course of ROP in certain patient population. The possible relation with chronological and postconceptual age and with clinical events in the postnatal period which influence the occurrence and extent of ROP should be carefully analyzed.
Evaluation of Neurotoxic Syndromes

Diagnosis and management of patients with neurotoxic syndromes can best be carried out by a specialized team of health care professionals. The respective contributions from physicians and neuropsychologists will obviously depend on the circumstances of toxic exposure. Individuals exposed to high concentrations of acutely toxic materials require immediate medical management to sustain life and, if possible, eliminate the toxicant from the body. In such a situation, neuropsychological evaluation can be a valuable follow-up procedure to assess recovery of cortical function. Alternatively, when the diagnostic issue is one of subclinical effects and/or low-level, chronic exposure, then neuropsychological evaluation can proceed in tandem with medical tests and become an important initial contribution to final diagnosis and subsequent management. In either case, the ideal strategy for either clinical or research evaluation of patients with claimed neurotoxic exposure is a multidisciplinary one (e.g., Becking, Boyes, Damstra, & MacPhail, 1993). A diagnostic decision tree of the typical sequence of clinical evaluation for neurotoxic syndromes at Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, is illustrated in Fig. 2.1. While the flowchart is specific to industrial neurotoxicity assessment, the flow of multidisciplinary, cooperative effort should be applicable to diagnosis of other types of neurotoxic syndromes.
Gene models of schizophrenia: DISC1 mouse models

Abstract Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 ( DISC1 ) is one of the most likely susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (SZ). DISC1 is being established as a hub protein with various functions in the pre- and postnatal development of the nervous system. Since generation of a knockout (KO) mouse has proved challenging, various alternative approaches have been taken. Seven DISC1 mouse models have been described to date. All of them display neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities relevant to SZ, although most of them have not been fully characterized yet, requiring further analysis. NRG1 and ErbB4 , also highly promising susceptibility genes for SZ, share many features with DISC1. They are involved in various aspects of pre- and postnatal neurodevelopment. The NRG1 and ErbB4 mouse models also display neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities similar to the DISC1 mouse models. In the future, four main directions need further study. First, further characterization of the seven DISC1 mouse models, especially in light of basic research findings. Second, more extensive employment of the inducible models. Third, generation of a DISC1 KO. Fourth, combination of the DISC1 mouse models with other risk factors: crossing with other genetic models such as NRG1/ErbB4 mutants and exposure to environmental risk factors.
Will destination therapy be limited to large transplant centers

Circulatory support with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a bridge to transplantation or as destination therapy has progressed in recent years because of improvements in patient care and in technology. When compared with medical therapy, LVAD support provides both survival and quality-of-life benefits. The 1-year survival rate for bridge to transplantation is as high as 90%1; the 1-year survival rate for destination therapy is 68%, and the 2-year survival rate is 58%.2 Estimates of the number of patients in the United States who could benefit from LVAD support vary from 35,0003 to as many as 150,000.4 However, in 2010, fewer than 3,000 patients will have these devices implanted. Most heart-failure patients do not have access to this therapy; therefore, expanding access to more patients is essential.
QuantifyMe: An Automated Single-Case Experimental Design Platform

We designed, developed, and evaluated a novel system, QuantifyMe, for novice self-experimenters to conduct proper-methodology single-case self-experiments in an automated and scientific manner using their smartphones. In this work we evaluate its use with four different kinds of personalized investigations, examining how variables such as sleep duration and regularity, activity, and leisure time affect personal happiness, stress, productivity, and sleep efficiency. We describe lessons learned developing the system, and recommendations for its improvement, as well as its potential for enabling personalized insights to be scientifically evaluated in many individuals.
Learning the Right Lessons from Iraq

Foreign policy experts and policy analysts are misreading the lessons of Iraq. The emerging conventional wisdom holds that success could have been achieved in Iraq with more troops, more cooperation among U.S. government agencies, and better counterinsurgency doctrine. To analysts who share these views, Iraq is not an example of what not to do but of how not to do it. Their policy proposals aim to reform the national security bureaucracy so that we will get it right the next time. The near-consensus view is wrong and dangerous. What Iraq demonstrates is a need for a new national security strategy, not better tactics and tools to serve the current one. By insisting that Iraq was ours to remake were it not for the Bush administration's mismanagement, we ignore the limits on our power that the war exposes and in the process risk repeating our mistake. The popular contention that the Bush administration's failures and errors in judgment can be attributed to poor planning is also false. There was ample planning for the war, but it conflicted with the Bush administration's expectations. To the extent that planning failed, therefore, the lesson to draw is not that the United States national security establishment needs better planning, but that it needs better leaders. That problem is solved by elections, not bureaucratic tinkering. The military gives us the power to conquer foreign countries, but not the power to run them. Because there are few good reasons to take on missions meant to resuscitate failed governments, terrorism notwithstanding, the most important lesson from the war in Iraq should be a newfound appreciation for the limits of our power.
Decompression Surgery No More Effective Than Exercise for Shoulder Impingement Syndrome.

Despite being one of the most common orthopedic surgeries performed, subacromial decompression is not significantly better than physical therapy to treat patients with pain and limited function caused by shoulder impingement.
StoryBlocks: A Tangible Programming Game To Create Accessible Audio Stories

Block-based programming languages can support novice programmers through features such as simplified code syntax and user-friendly libraries. However, most block-based programming languages are highly visual, which makes them inaccessible to blind and visually impaired students. To address the inaccessibility of block-based languages, we introduce StoryBlocks, a tangible block-based game that enables blind programmers to learn basic programming concepts by creating audio stories. In this paper, we document the design of StoryBlocks and report on a series of design activities with groups of teachers, Braille experts, and students. Participants in our design sessions worked together to create accessible stories, and their feedback offers insights for the future development of accessible, tangible programming tools.
A User-adaptive Modeling for Eating Action Identification from Wristband Time Series

Eating activity monitoring using wearable sensors can potentially enable interventions based on eating speed to mitigate the risks of critical healthcare problems such as obesity or diabetes. Eating actions are poly-componential gestures composed of sequential arrangements of three distinct components interspersed with gestures that may be unrelated to eating. This makes it extremely challenging to accurately identify eating actions. The primary reasons for the lack of acceptance of state-of-the-art eating action monitoring techniques include the following: (i) the need to install wearable sensors that are cumbersome to wear or limit the mobility of the user, (ii) the need for manual input from the user, and (iii) poor accuracy in the absence of manual inputs. In this work, we propose a novel methodology, IDEA, that performs accurate eating action identification within eating episodes with an average F1 score of 0.92. This is an improvement of 0.11 for precision and 0.15 for recall for the worst-case users as compared to the state of the art. IDEA uses only a single wristband and provides feedback on eating speed every 2 min without obtaining any manual input from the user.
The Evolution of Adjuvant Therapy for Melanoma

The past decade has been a time of remarkable advancement in the field of adjuvant therapy for patients with resected high-risk melanoma. Here, we review the data for adjuvant melanoma and raise questions about the best choice of therapy for an individual patient. There have been several new adjuvant approvals including immunotherapy and targeted therapy approaches. Nivolumab is approved for patients with nodal involvement or metastatic disease after resection. Pembrolizumab is approved for patients with nodal involvement after resection. In addition, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib is approved in patients’ nodal involvement after resection whose tumors harbor BRAFV600E/K mutations. New therapeutic opportunities have provided promising options for patients with high-risk disease. These advances have significantly challenged the previous standard-of-care for this population of patients. Data is still forthcoming regarding durability of benefit and safety of these new treatments.
A Rational Approach to Managing Prostate Cancer in an Irrational Time

The chairman of the Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute at the Cleveland Clinic provides commentary and an adjacent perspective to the Duke Cancer Institute report.
More Revenue from Two Samples via Factor Revealing SDPs

We consider the classical problem of selling a single item to a single bidder whose value for the item is drawn from a regular distribution F, in a "data-poor'' regime where Fis not known to the seller, and very few samples from Fare available. Prior work [Dhangwatnotai et al '10] has shown that one sample from Fcan be used to attain a 1/2-factor approximation to the optimal revenue, but it has been challenging to improve this guarantee when more samples from Fare provided, even when two samples from Fare provided. In this case, the best approximation known to date is 0.509, achieved by the Empirical Revenue Maximizing (ERM) mechanism Babaioff et al. '18]. We improve this guarantee to 0.558, and provide a lower bound of 0.65. Our results are based on a general framework, based on factor-revealing Semidefinite Programming relaxations aiming to capture as tight as possible a superset of product measures of regular distributions, the challenge being that neither regularity constraints nor product measures are convex constraints. The framework is general and can be applied in more abstract settings to evaluate the performance of a policy chosen using independent samples from a distribution and applied on a fresh sample from that same distribution.
Drug prohibition and the criminalization of immigrants: The compounding of drug war disparities in the United States deportation regime

Abstract Background While recent years have seen moderate progress toward more humanistic drug policy in the United States, the well-documented disproportionate incarceration of Black and Latino Americans continues largely unabated, and non-citizens are still frequently detained and deported based on drug-related crimes and violations. These processes draw from a long history of targeted drug enforcement that has served to scapegoat, punish, and exclude immigrants and native-born racial minorities, culminating in a modern War on Drugs intimately intertwined with processes of immigration and deportation. Drawing on the concept of “crimmigration”—which captures how the intertwining of criminal and immigration policy and enforcement enhances the punitive and exclusionary potential of both systems—this article examines the enduring effects of drug prohibition in the contemporary U.S. immigration and deportation regime. Methods Primary data is drawn from my qualitative research on criminal deportation—including a year of ethnographic observation of removal proceedings in New York City immigration court, as well as 39 interviews with immigration lawyers, criminal lawyers, and advocates. These are supplemented by a review of relevant policy, as well as existing research on drug-crime-based deportation. Results I argue that drug-related deportation from the United States is a key example of a “crimmigration” connection bolstered by the ongoing societal scapegoating of immigrants for the social problems of drugs and crime. Drug-related deportation, and the immigration court policies and processes that surround it, serve to reproduce and intensify racial and ethnic inequalities inherent to the domestic War on Drugs, while also sending uniquely vulnerable migrants to countries rife with violence attributable to the international apparatuses of that same War. Conclusion Findings suggest a need for concurrent reforms to drug and immigration policy in order to truly mitigate the drastic impacts of the enduring U.S. War on Drugs.
Complexities and pitfalls in analyzing and interpreting mitochondrial DNA content in human cancer.

Mutations in the human mitochondrial genome have been observed in all types of human cancer, indicating that mutations might contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, or drug response. This possibility is appealing because of the known shift from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, that occurs in malignancy. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations could either be maternally inherited and predispose to cancer (germ line mutations) or occur sporadically in the mtDNA of specific tissues (tissue- or tumor-specific somatic mutations) and contribute to the tumor initiation and progression process. High-throughput sequencing technologies now enable comprehensive detection of mtDNA variation in tissues and bodily fluids, with the potential to be used as an early detection tool that may impact the treatment of cancer. Here, we discuss insights into the roles of mtDNA mutations in carcinogenesis, highlighting the complexities involved in the analysis and interpretation of mitochondrial genomic content, technical challenges in studying their contribution to pathogenesis, and the value of mtDNA mutations in developing early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for cancer.
Phase transformation of hydrous ringwoodite to the lower-mantle phases and the formation of dense hydrous silica

Author(s): Chen, H; Leinenweber, K; Prakapenka, V; Kunz, M; Bechtel, HA; Liu, Z; Shim, SH | Abstract: To understand the effects of H2O on the mineral phases forming under the pressure-temperature conditions of the lower mantle, we have conducted laser-heated diamond-anvil cell experiments on hydrous ringwoodite (Mg2SiO4 with 1.1 wt% H2O) at pressures between 29 and 59 GPa and temperatures between 1200 and 2400 K. Our results show that hydrous ringwoodite (hRw) converts to crystalline dense hydrous silica, stishovite (Stv) or CaCl2-type SiO2 (mStv), containing 1 wt% H2O together with Brd and MgO at the pressure-temperature conditions expected for shallow lower-mantle depths between approximately 660 to 1600 km. Considering the lack of sign for melting in our experiments, our preferred interpretation of the observation is that Brd partially breaks down to dense hydrous silica and periclase (Pc), forming the phase assembly Brd + Pc + Stv. The results may provide an explanation for the enigmatic coexistence of Stv and Fp inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds.
Interleukin-6 Blockade Abrogates Immunotherapy Toxicity and Promotes Tumor Immunity

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for cancer is associated with high response rates but also high rates of adverse events. To elucidate the underlying immunobiology, we profiled gene expression in intestinal, colitis, and tumor tissue from ICB-treated patients, with parallel studies in preclinical models, and validated our findings in a review of clinical cohort treated with interleukin-6 blockade. Expression of interleukin-6, neutrophil and chemotactic markers was higher in colitis than in normal intestinal tissue. The genes upregulated in colitis were not upregulated in responding tumors from patients receiving ICB. In murine models, interleukin-6 blockade was associated with improved tumor control and a higher density of CD4/CD8 effector T-cells, with reduced Th17, macrophages, and myeloid cells. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model with tumors, combined interleukin-6 blockade and ICB enhanced tumor rejection while simultaneously mitigating EAE symptoms versus ICB alone. Interleukin-6 blockade with ICB could de-couple autoimmunity from antitumor immunity.
Alternate harvest: Lessons in openness and connection

This tribute remembers a dear friend and valued colleague through a project that we did together.
Identifying Preoperative Predictors of Operative Time and Their Impact on Outcomes in Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy.

Objective: To identify preoperative characteristics in patients with renal masses that influence operative time during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and evaluate the relationship betwee...
Raw Ideas in the Fuzzy Front End: Verbosity Increases Perceived Creativity

At the “fuzzy front end” of an innovation process, organizations typically consider dozens, or even hundreds, of raw ideas. Selecting the best ones is a double challenge: evaluating so many ideas i...
Democracy's Ancient Ancestors: Mari and Early Collective Governance

Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. The Mari texts 2. A survey of Mari history 3. The Mari archives and political history 4. A text-based study: comments on methodology Part II. The Tribal World of Zimri-Lim: 5. Tribally organized pastoralists and the Amorrites 6. The primary constituents of the confederacies: Sim'alite gayum and Yaminite li'mum 7. The local leader of tribe and town: the Sugagum in service to the Mari kingdom 8. The chief of pasture: the Merhum 9. The 'Hana' tent-dwellers 10. The other confederacy: the Yaminites Part III. The Archaic State and the Matum 'Land': 11. Urbanism and archaic states 12. The matum: the basic unit of regional politics in the early second millennium 13. Subdividing the major matums: the halsum district 14. Population terminology not tied to political entity 15. Zimri-Lim and the land of the tent-dwellers (mat Hana) Part IV. The Collective and the Town: 16. The towns of the Mari archives 17. The collective face of town or land 18. Elders 19. Heads 20. Words for assembly 21. Imar, Tuttul, and Urgis: old towns with strong collective traditions 22. Mari in third-millenium towns 23. On explaining corporate power Part V. Conclusions: 24. The political world of the Mari archives 25. Before democracy Bibliography Glossaries Indices.
Kinds of Variability and Uncertainty Affecting Fisheries

for the exploitation of all living natural resources, management involves a large element of uncertainty. As an initial simplification, the uncertainty can be attributed to a) variability in the external forces acting on the set of resources, and b) the internal complexity of the system in its response to external variations. Both aspects have one feature in common. The external variability and the internal interactions occur across a very wide range of space and time scales — from questions of initiation of larval feeding (hours/meters) to the appearance and disappearance of regional breeding stocks (102 years/103 kms).
A Decentralized Minimum State Error Variance Controller for Large Flexible Space Structures

A decentralized approach is considered for developing the solution of the motion control problem of Large Flexible Space Structures. A minimum state error variance control philosophy has been used to develop a decentralized state feedback controller that minimizes a single-step quadratic performance index at each control location. The resulting controller uses a decentralized Kalman predictor and it is relatively simple to implement.
On Two Skeletons of Dicynodontia from Sinkiang

Since the details of the Theromorpha-bearing beds of Sinkiang have as yet not been fully outlined, we feel that it is too early to draw any reliable stratigraphical and palaeontological conclusions now, but we mention the wealth of the fauna. The two specimens here described are all well preserved and nearly complete. According to the information supplied by Yuan, there are still a considerable number of boxes unpacked. We hope to find more interesting finds so as to obtain a general view of the fauna in Sinkiang. Palaeontologically speaking, the genera of the fauna so far recognized are Dicynodon, Lystrosaurus and Chasmatosaurus (a Pelcosimia) (to be described in the near future). No Cynodontia or other interesting forms are recorded. This strongly suggests that, as in the Karroo formation, Dicynodon and Lystrosaurus also represent the most common and widely distributed animals among the other Theromorphan reptiles in Sinkiang. As far as the known forms in Sinkiang are concerned, no remarkable anatomical characters are found. All three genera are known in S. Africa. It therefore seems, that either a land connection between both existed or that the conditions between both during the Permo-Triassic time were extremely similar.
Mirrored: Crisis in the Congo

Summary Set on a hillside in the Congo, a woman hoes her cassava garden. She is interrupted by the arrival of western UN and other NGO officials (represented by the audience) who have come to assess conditions in the land. Tumaini (her name means “hope”) tells her story of rape, pregnancy, stigma, and social shunning that she has endured. In the process of caring for the child that resulted from the rape by Interhamure militia, Tumaini discovers that her only hope rests in renouncing the stigma that the village has put on her and her child. By seeing herself in her child, as a freshly-harvested cassava root, she regains the love she needs to nurture her child—and herself—and names her Tumaini.
Endogeneous regulatory delay and the timing of product innovation

This paper endogenizes the interplay between innovation by a regulated firm and regulatory delay. When product innovation costs fall over time, an extra day of regulatory delay increases time to introduction by more than a day. In the signaling model, the firm therefore times its innovation to communicate its private information about the marginal cost of delay to the regulator. Successful signaling leads the regulator to reduce regulatory delay. The model places testable restrictions on the empirical relationship between innovation delay and regulatory delay. The model is consistent with data gathered from a large U.S. telecommunications provider.
In Search of the Correlation Potential

Abstract Recent developments in density-functional theory (DFT) provide a new way of thinking about the effective correlation potential in atoms and molecules. In reference-state DFT the kinetic energy and exchange functionals take the same form as in Hartree-Fock theory, and the correlation potential is expressed as a nonlocal operator of known form, evaluated for a ground state. An equivalent local correlation potential is determined by the functional derivative of an implicitly defined density functional. An approximation to this local potential is needed for practical applications. While a useful short-range form of this potential is given by the local-density approximation, the long-range form requires a nonlocal theory, since it is asymptotically equal to the dipole polarization potential. It has recently been shown that a local-response model provides systematically good results for the van der Waals interaction, given only the local density as specified by DFT. Application of these ideas to the generalized polarization potential (bound-free correlation potential) is discussed here. 1. Introduction 2. Reference-state density functional theory 3. Local response theory 4. The bound-free correlation potential 5. Conclusions
Asymptotic packing and the random greedy algorithm

Let H be an r-uniform hypergraph satisfying deg(x) = D(1 + o(1)) for each vertex xϵ V(H) and deg(x, y) = o(D) for each pair of vertices x, y ϵ V(H), where D infinity. Recently, J. Spencer [5] showed, using a branching process approach, that almost surely the random greedy algorithm finds a packing of size at least n/r(1 − o(1)) for this class of hypergraphs. In this paper, we show an alternative proof of this via “nibbles.” Further, let Tα be the number of edges that the random greedy algorithm has to consider before yielding a packing of size [n/r · (1 − α)]. We show that almost surely Tα ∼ (1/α)r−1 · n/r(r − 1) as α 0+ holds. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding How Intimate Partner Violence Impacts School Age Children’s Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: a Secondary Analysis of Hawaii Healthy Start Program Evaluation Data

We examined the role of maternal depression and parenting stress in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and child internalizing and externalizing problems, and explored whether child gender modified these pathways. This secondary analysis used data from the Hawaii Healthy Start Program. Logistic regression models examined the associations between IPV in 1st grade and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades. Mediation models used bootstrapping methodology and stratified models examined effect modification. Adjusted models with 214 mothers demonstrated associations between IPV and internalizing (adjusted odds ratios (aOR)=2.62; 95% CI 1.11, 6.21) and externalizing (aOR=4.16; 95% CI 1.55, 11.19) behaviors. The association with externalizing behaviors was mediated by maternal depression and parenting stress, while internalizing behaviors was mediated by depression only. Stratified models found the association between IPV and externalizing behaviors was significant for girls only. Our results support the importance of multicomponent maternal IPV interventions.
Debugging Logic Programs Using Specifications

We show how executable specifications may be used to generate test cases for bug discovery, locate bugs when test data cause a program to fail, and guide deductive and inductive bug correction.
Split-Plot Designs

When the levels of some treatment factors are more difficult to change during the experiment than those of others, split-plot designs are necessary. In a split-plot design, the experimental units are called split plots, and are nested within whole plots, which themselves may or may not be nested within blocks. The split plots within each whole plot are assigned at random to the levels of one or more of the treatment factors. The levels of other treatment factors are assigned to whole plots and remain constant for all split plots within a whole plot. A typical model for the split-plot type of designs and the associated analysis are introduced in this chapter through examples. Designs with an extra level of nesting (split-split-plot designs) are briefly described as well. The concepts introduced in this chapter are illustrated through the use of SAS and R software.
O/sub 2/ metabolism in blood vessel walls with stenoses

Vascular tissue O/sub 2/ partial pressure (PO/sub 2/) measurements with recessed cathode O/sub 2/ microelectrodes were made in the walls of isolated rabbit abdominal aortas during saline perfusion in vitro. Three months prior to the experiments, the aortic lumen was reduced by approximately 50% using a tantalum metal clip. A 2- to 3-cm segment of the abdominal aorta including the stenosis was removed and mounted in a chamber maintained at 19.9 kPa. With constant perfusion, the minimum tissue PO/sub 2/ in the wall varied axially along the segment. The minimum wall PO/sub 2/ (+or-SE) was 13.5+or-0.4 kPa at the location 5 mm upstream and 14.2+or-0.8 kPa at the location 5 mm downstream. The lowest value, 11.6+or-0.8 kPa, was found 1 mm downstream. O/sub 2/ disappearance rates (dPO/sub 2//dt) at each location were also measured after stopping perfusion to the segment. The disappearance rates varied axially, with the fastest rate, -4.1+or-0.6 kPa/min, found 1 mm upstream. At 4 and 5 mm upstream and downstream from the stenosis, the rates were essentially the same, at 2.8+or-0.3 kPa/min. The average value for O/sub 2/ metabolism at the upstream and downstream ends is 5.0*10/sup -4/ mL O/sub 2//mL tissue/min. >
Network based optimization model for pin-type flow field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Abstract The flow field of a bipolar plate distributes reactants for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and removes the produced water from the fuel cells. It greatly influences the performance of fuel cells, especially the concentration losses. Pin-type design, as one of the widely utilized flow field configurations, has the advantage of low pressure drop but the disadvantage of uneven flow distribution and stagnant areas. In this paper, a network-based optimization model was developed to optimize the pin-type flow field configuration. Two optimization cases, uniform flow distribution with and without considering reactant consumption along flow channels, were investigated and the corresponding optimized designs were developed. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of PEM fuel cell were conducted to validate the proposed optimization model and also to compare the performance of the fuel cells using the optimized designs and the regular pin-type design. The numerical results verified the designs generated with the present optimization model. Both the optimized designs exhibited substantially higher fuel cell performance compared to the regular pin-type configuration. Moreover, the optimized design with considering reactant consumption performed even better than the one without considering the consumption, emphasizing the significance of reactant consumption in the flow field optimization model.
Venice and the Islamic World 828–1797

Venice and the Islamic World 828–1797 Stefano Carboni (Ed.), 2007 New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven & London: Yale University Press 375 pp., ill. US$75.00 (hardback) ISBN 978030012430...
In vitro susceptibility of gentamicin and/or tobramycin resistant gram-negative bacilli to seven aminoglycosides

The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin was tested simultaneously by the agar dilution method against 584 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli that were resistant to gentamicin and/or tobramycin. About half of the gentamicin-resistantPseudomonas were susceptible to tobramycin but cross-resistance was virtually complete between gentamicin and tobramycin forEnterobacteriaceae. Sisomicin was much more active than gentamicin againstKlebsiella, Escherichia andCitrobacter species. Only 18.9%, 27.4% and 27.9% ofKlebsiella, Enterobacter andSerratia respectively were resistant to netilmicin. Amikacin was the most effective aminoglycoside with an overall resistance of 15.6%. Kanamycin was effective against 40% ofProteus andProvidencia species. Surprisingly, more than half ofKlebsiella andEnterobacter species and 85.3% ofSerratia species were susceptible to streptomycin.
The Need for Marketing Management Techniques in Pharmacy Practice

The new definition of marketing as an exchange process stresses that marketing involves ideas, services, or products. This process of exchange is evident in pharmacy practice, yet little marketing effort takes place in pharmacy to make consumers aware of the offerings. Marketing practices are essential to the success of every organization that has a product, service, or information to provide to a group of clients. Successful pharmacists of the future must learn to apply effective and efficient marketing management techniques to thelr practices.
Mispricing vs risk premia in R&D-intensive firms

Abstract We utilize the NBER's patent database to reevaluate relationships between R&D on the one hand and firm fundamentals and stock returns on the other. Patent counts and patent citations are used to measure R&D quantity and quality respectively. Our R&D variables are all positively associated with growth and negatively associated with profitability. Using R&D spending and citations intensities to form stock portfolios, we are able to distinguish winners from losers. Investors who can effectively evaluate the quality of the R&D performed, may be able profitably to exploit the risk premium applied to the stock of R&D-intensive companies.
Detection of Differential Proteomes of Human β-Cells During Islet-Like Differentiation Using iTRAQ Labeling

A human β-cell line, RNAKT-15, was recently established from human pancreatic islets, whereby its differentiation into islet-like β-cells (islet-like RNAKT-15) increased its expression of insulin 2-fold compared with RNAKT-15 cells. To characterize the differentiation of RNAKT-15 cells into islet-like RNAKT-15, microarray and quantitative proteomics were performed. Our analysis of differential proteomic and mRNA expression has resulted in a greater understanding of the molecular functions that are involved in β-cell differentiation and insulin synthesis and release.
Rethinking Flood Protection Options and Opportunities for New Orleans

Flood protection is often presumed to be a public good and hence a government responsibility. Unfortunately, the full costs of publicly-funded flood control efforts are often obscured. Moreover, reliance on government protection can create false impressions that individual risks have been minimized, thus encouraging more personal and business investment in disaster-prone regions. Reimbursing these losses after a disaster perpetuates a cycle in which resources spent to protect communities from flood damage can instead increase vulnerability and create a climate of "moral hazard" where people fail to take appropriate actions to reduce risk. As New Orleans continues to rebuild from the damage of Hurricane Katrina, there is a need to consider comprehensive approaches that will provide decision makers at all levels with incentives to manage flood risk more effectively. This paper offers guidance for developing more rational, risk-based government policies for flood protection, approaches that could be less costly and place fewer people and their livelihoods at risk.
Trajectory Estimation of Human Mass Center Based on an Inertia Identification Approach

Mass center of a human body is not a fixed point on the human body because the inertia distribution of the human body changes with body posture. Real-time estimation of the location of human mass center is often required for many biomechanical or biomedical applications. This is not an easy task if the inertia properties of the human’s body segments are unknown. This paper presents a technique for estimating the trajectory of the human mass center based on a recently developed inertia properties identification technology which was derived based on the impulse-momentum principle. The proposed technique assumes a human body as a general treelike multibody system, such that the mass center of the human is predictable with the knowledge of the barycentric parameters of the human. The latter can be identified using inertia identification method. This technique is advantageous because it requires only the 3D motion capture data as its primary input and does not need to know the inertia and geometric parameters of individual body segments of the human. The paper presents a dynamic simulation based study of the proposed estimation technique and also describes an ongoing experimental testing.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nitro-PDI incites toxic waste accumulation.

In Parkinson disease and related disorders, nitric oxide may disable PDI, an enzyme critical for proper protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in the accumulation of damaged proteins and eventually neuronal death.
Radioactive contamination of atmospheric dust over southeastern New Mexico

Abstract Aerosol particle samples were collected at three sites located near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a deep underground nuclear waste-storage facility, and they were analyzed to investigate the spatial and temporal variations in the concentrations of selected radionuclides and inorganic substances. The activities of 238Pu, 239,240Pu,241Pu and 241Am were determined by alpha spectrometry following a series of chemical separations, and the concentrations of Al, U and Th were determined in a separate set of samples by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. There was no evidence for impacts of the WIPP on radionuclide activity concentrations. Rather, the activities of both naturally-occurring (U and Th) and man-made (241Am and 239,240Pu) radionuclides in the aerosols peaked in spring and tracked the loadings of Al, an indicator of mineral dust. More than half of the variability in the 239,240Pu at the sampling site closest to the WIPP could be explained by the seasonal cycles of atmospheric dust. For U and Th, the predictive value of Al was even higher: 66% to over 90% of the variance in these nuclides could be explained by their relationship to dust. Extrapolation of the data to a global scale suggests that ∼0.02% of the total 239,240Pu from nuclear weapons’ fallout currently recirculates between the earth and atmosphere each year. In terms of monitoring releases from nuclear facilities, the results presented here demonstrate that elemental data provide information directly relevant to understanding causes for variability in the activities of atmospheric radionuclides.
Cyclic AMP-resistant mutants of S49 mouse lymphoma cells hemizygous for expression of regulatory subunit of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

For use in studies of the functional organization of regulatory (R) subunit of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase, 84 independent cyclic AMP-resistant mutants were isolated from sublines of S49 mouse lymphoma cells that are hemizygous for expression of the R subunit. Mutants were characterized by two-dimensional gel analysis of the R subunits, assays of kinase activation, and assays of cAMP-binding. All but eight of the mutants had kinases with increased apparentKas for cAMP-dependent activation, and studies with site-selective cAMP analogs revealed considerable phenotypic diversity among these mutants. Forty-nine of the mutants had “charge-shift” lesions that mapped to regions of the R subunit polypeptide implicated in cAMP-binding. Twenty-five of the “charge-shift mutants” expressed only mutant R subunits, and the lesions in most of these isolates inhibited binding of cAMP to mutated cAMP-binding sites. The remainder of the charge-shift mutants expressed both mutant R subunit and R subunit with wild-type gel mobilities. The origin of these “heterozygous” mutants from parental “hemizygous” cells remains a puzzle.
Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias.

Abstract Background: Colon vascular ectasias are a common cause of lower intestinal bleeding among the elderly. The lesions may be difficult to diagnose at colonoscopy because they are small and their appearance may be influenced by the patient's blood pressure, blood volume, and narcotic sedation during the procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether naloxone influenced the appearance of colon vascular ectasias at colonoscopy. Methods: One hundred forty-four patients older than 60 years undergoing complete colonoscopy participated in the study. Medications were given in the usual doses. After a 2-minute inspection of the cecum and ascending colon, naloxone was given, followed by another 2-minute observation period. Photographic documentation of areas of interest was obtained before and after administration of naloxone. Results: One hundred fourteen patients (79%) had no ectasias before or after administration of naloxone. Fourteen (9.7%) initially had normal vessels, and the vessels became more prominent; 4 (2.7%) initially had no ectasias, but ectasias later developed. Four patients (2.7%) had ectasias before administration of naloxone that did not change; 8 (5.4%) had ectasias before administration of naloxone that increased in size (3 patients), number (7 patients), or both (2 patients). Conclusions: Naloxone can enhance the appearance of normal colonic vasculature and ectasias. Naloxone is an important adjunctive medication for patients undergoing examinations for lower intestinal bleeding. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:79-83.)
Examination of “Species Specificity” of Avian Interferons

INTERFERON preparations usually show some degree of species specificity in their antiviral effects, exerting their greatest effect on growth of viruses in cells of the species which produced the interferon, and being less active or totally inactive in cells of other species1–3. Recent studies have shown that species specificity is far from absolute: certain human and primate interferons have proved active in rabbit cells4; the activity of monkey interferon in human cells was first noted by Isaacs et al.5, and cross-reactivity of human and monkey interferon systems at the level of the taxonomic family has been demonstrated6. Mouse serum interferon expresses one-twentieth of its mouse cell activity on other rodent cells7.
Universal Cosmic Rays and Harrison's Inhomogeneity Postulate

Harrison baryon inhomogeneity postulate of galactic evolution critically analyzed for universality of cosmic rays
PAPAVERINE: ITS EFFECTS ON CYCLIC AMP IN VITRO AND PSORIASIS IN VIVO

Psoriatic epidermis shows excessive cell proliferation, incomplete morphogenesis, and glycogen accumulation. These three features may result from coordinate misregulation by the previously reported abnormal lesional ratio of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP. If so, it is possible that psoriasis might improve by topical application of an agent known to alter cellular levels of cyclic nucleotides. In the present study papaverine (3.0 × 10 ‒4 M) produced a 210% increase (.02 ‒2 M papaverine) was chosen to establish whether a cyclic AMP elevating agent could improve a psoriatic lesion. A double-blind comparison of 1% papaverine cream versus cream alone was conducted on matched lesions in 45 patients. Of those patients showing differential improvement (i.e., only one lesion of the pair improved), 81% (p = 0.011) of those showing a response in the center of the lesion and 77% (p = 0.046) of these improving at the edge had applied papaverine. Although no attempts were made to develop a papaverine formulation with immediate therapeutic utility, the numerically significant papaverine results suggest future therapeutic developments.