cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic dynamic compression response of a directionally-cast silver–copper eutectic alloy

At the eutectic composition, the silver–copper bi-phase system can be produced such that the Cu phase forms as discontinuous reinforcements within a silver matrix. The reinforcements and matrix have a 101 growth direction along the axial direction of the produced material. This work examines the compressive deformation response of four such unidirectional Ag–Cu materials with nominal, bilayer thickness of 3.6 μm, 2.2 μm, 1.1 μm and 500 nm. From the cast material, specimens were machined to investigate the material response parallel (0°) to the 〈101〉〈101〉 growth direction, 45° to the growth direction, and perpendicular (90°) to the growth direction. Specimens were loaded dynamically under compression using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. The strength response of the unidirectional material was found to increase as the bilayer thickness decreased with the 0° orientation having the greatest strength followed by the 90° orientation then the 45° orientation. Deformation mechanisms were examined using postmortem microscopy. The orientation dependent strength and strain hardening are attributed to slip system orientations, deformation twinning, and the Ag–Cu interface structure.
Growth hormone normalizes pubertal onset in children with cystic fibrosis.

UNLABELLED Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high incidence of delayed puberty and poor growth. We retrospectively reviewed pubertal maturation data from 105 children with CF who had participated in studies on growth hormone (GH). As part of the GH study, participants were randomized into two cohorts, one of which was treated with GH for 1 year, and then followed off GH, and the other group was first followed off GH, and then treated with GH for 1 year. Pubertal staging was obtained throughout these studies and we have retrospectively analyzed the data. RESULTS In prepubertal females, GH treatment resulted in a normalized onset of breast development as compared to delayed onset in non-treated females. Females treated during puberty had a normal tempo of breast development. In prepubertal males, GH treatment resulted in a normalized onset of testicular volume compared to non-treated males. Testicular size progression was not accelerated in pubertal boys treated with GH. CONCLUSION GH treatment normalizes pubertal onset in prepubertal children with CF.
Statistics and Measurements

For more than 50 years, the Statistical Engineering Division (SED) has been instrumental in the success of a broad spectrum of metrology projects at NBS/NIST. This paper highlights fundamental contributions of NBS/NIST statisticians to statistics and to measurement science and technology. Published methods developed by SED staff, especially during the early years, endure as cornerstones of statistics not only in metrology and standards applications, but as data-analytic resources used across all disciplines. The history of statistics at NBS/NIST began with the formation of what is now the SED. Examples from the first five decades of the SED illustrate the critical role of the division in the successful resolution of a few of the highly visible, and sometimes controversial, statistical studies of national importance. A review of the history of major early publications of the division on statistical methods, design of experiments, and error analysis and uncertainty is followed by a survey of several thematic areas. The accompanying examples illustrate the importance of SED in the history of statistics, measurements and standards: calibration and measurement assurance, interlaboratory tests, development of measurement methods, Standard Reference Materials, statistical computing, and dissemination of measurement technology. A brief look forward sketches the expanding opportunity and demand for SED statisticians created by current trends in research and development at NIST.
Trans Citizenship: Marriage, Immigration, and Neoliberal Recognition in the United States:

This article examines the intersection of marriage and immigration law in the U.S. to consider how transgender subjects are normalized as legible legal subjects and incorporated as citizens through...
Mechanisms for actin reorganization in chemotactic factor-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Cytoskeletal structure in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is thought to reflect a simple equilibrium between two actin pools (globular [G]- and filamentous [F] actin). Recent description of two distinct F-actin pools in PMNs (Triton-insoluble [stable] and Triton- soluble [labile] F-actin pools) (Watts and Howard, Cell Motil Cytoskeleton, 21:25, 1992) suggest a tripartite equilibrium between these F-actin pools and G-actin and multiple possible mechanisms for polymerization. To study the contribution of each actin pool to actin dynamics in PMNs, changes in actin content of the Triton-soluble and - insoluble F-actin pools and G-actin in chemotactic factor (CTF)- activated PMNs were measured by NBDphallacidin binding and by gel scans of Triton-lysed PMNs. From 0 to 30 seconds after CTF activation, PMNs rapidly increase total (Triton-soluble + Triton-insoluble) F-actin content (maximum = 1.7- +/- 0.10-fold basal at 30 seconds). Concurrent measures of the actin content of individual actin pools (Triton-soluble and -insoluble F-actin and G-actin) show that at all times (0 to 30 seconds) only the Triton-insoluble F-actin pool grows (maximum = 2.81- +/- 0.73-fold basal at 30 seconds), whereas both the Triton-soluble and G-actin pools simultaneously decrease (50% decrease at 30 seconds). Concurrent growth of one F-actin pool (Triton-insoluble) and loss of another F-actin pool (Triton-soluble) emphasize the functional uniqueness of the F-actin pools and can occur only if the Triton- soluble F-actin anneals or cross-links filament-to-filament with the Triton-insoluble fraction or if the Triton-insoluble F-actin pool first depolymerizes to monomer, which is then added to the Triton-insoluble pool. Because from 0 to 30 seconds after FMLP activation G-actin never increases, but, like the Triton-soluble F-actin progressively decreases, the results suggest that F-actin growth results from simultaneous new filament growth by monomer addition to the Triton- insoluble F-actin and cytoskeletal remodelling by Triton-soluble F- actin annealing or cross-linking to Triton-insoluble F-actin. These findings offer important new insights into the mechanism(s) of actin polymerization in CTF-activated human PMNs.
Prevalence and characteristics of prematurely terminated cancer clinical trials.

6613 Background: Cancer clinical trials require a substantial investment of patient and financial resources. Trials that are terminated prematurely contribute little to the scientific knowledge base and divert resources from answering other critical questions. To our knowledge, the prevalence of prematurely terminated trials, and reasons for termination, has not been comprehensively assessed. Methods: The ClinicalTrials.gov database was queried to identify all phase II and phase III interventional trials for any neoplasm registered between 9/2005 and 11/2012. The disease type, enrollment status, phase, funding source, and number of study sites were collected for each trial. A ”prematurely terminated” trial was any trial with a status of “terminated,” “withdrawn,” or “suspended.” The reason for termination was collected for each prematurely terminated trial. Results: We identified 11,483 interventional cancer trials, of which 1,326 (11.5%) were terminated prematurely. The reasons for termination are shown ...
Spiral and S0 galaxies

The main feature of a spiral or S0 galaxy is its conspicuous extended stellar disk. Stars in the disk of a large spiral galaxy, like our Milky Way, follow nearly circular orbits with very little random motion. Ordered rotation accounts for almost all the energy of motion, with random speeds contributing less than ~5%: the disk is dynamically ‘cold’. In smaller galaxies, random motions are proportionally larger, but most of the disk's kinetic energy is still in rotation. Because the stars have little vertical motion perpendicular to the disk plane, the disk can be quite thin. Spiral galaxies are distinguished from S0 systems by the multi-armed spiral pattern in the disk. The disks of spiral galaxies still retain some gas, whereas S0 systems have lost their disk gas, or converted it into stars. Both S0 and spiral galaxies can show a central linear bar; in Figure 1.11, the sequence of barred galaxies SB0, SBa, …, SBm runs parallel to the ‘unbarred’ sequence S0, Sa, … Apart from the bar and spiral arms, the stellar disks of large galaxies are usually fairly round; but many smaller systems are quite asymmetric.
The C-terminal dimerization motif of cyclase-associated protein is essential for actin monomer regulation.

Cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is a conserved actin-regulatory protein that functions together with actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin to enhance actin filament dynamics. CAP has multiple functional domains, and the function to regulate actin monomers is carried out by its C-terminal half containing a Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) domain, a CAP and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 2 (CARP) domain, and a dimerization motif. WH2 and CARP are implicated in binding to actin monomers and important for enhancing filament turnover. However, the role of the dimerization motif is unknown. Here, we investigated the function of the dimerization motif of CAS-2, a CAP isoform in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , in actin monomer regulation. CAS-2 promotes ATP-dependent recycling of ADF/cofilin-bound actin monomers for polymerization by enhancing exchange of actin-bound nucleotides. The C-terminal half of CAS-2 (CAS-2C) has nearly as strong activity as full-length CAS-2. Maltose-binding protein (MBP)-tagged CAS-2C is a dimer. However, MBP-CAS-2C with a truncation of either one or two C-terminal β-strands is monomeric. Truncations of the dimerization motif in MBP-CAS-2C nearly completely abolish its activity to sequester actin monomers from polymerization and enhance nucleotide exchange on actin monomers. As a result, these CAS-2C variants, also in the context of full-length CAS-2, fail to compete with ADF/cofilin to release actin monomers for polymerization. CAS-2C variants lacking the dimerization motif exhibit enhanced binding to actin filaments, which is mediated by WH2. Taken together, these results suggest that the evolutionarily conserved dimerization motif of CAP is essential for its C-terminal region to exert the actin monomer-specific regulatory function. * ADF, : actin depolymerizing factor; CAP, : cyclase-associated protein; CARP, : cyclase-associated protein and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 2; DLS, : dynamic light scattering; HFD, : helical-folded domain; MBP, : maltose-binding protein; RP2, : retinitis pigmentosa 2; TBCC, : tubulin cofactor C; WH2, : Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein homology 2.
The Government and the Economy: 1783-1861

(1968). The Government and the Economy: 1783-1861. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 447-448.
Mitigating Future Avian Malaria Threats to Hawaiian Forest Birds from Climate Change.

Avian malaria, transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the Hawaiian Islands, has been a primary contributor to population range limitations, declines, and extinctions for many endemic Hawaiian honeycreepers. Avian malaria is strongly influenced by climate; therefore, predicted future changes are expected to expand transmission into higher elevations and intensify and lengthen existing transmission periods at lower elevations, leading to further population declines and potential extinction of highly susceptible honeycreepers in mid- and high-elevation forests. Based on future climate changes and resulting malaria risk, we evaluated the viability of alternative conservation strategies to preserve endemic Hawaiian birds at mid and high elevations through the 21st century. We linked an epidemiological model with three alternative climatic projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to predict future malaria risk and bird population dynamics for the coming century. Based on climate change predictions, proposed strategies included mosquito population suppression using modified males, release of genetically modified refractory mosquitoes, competition from other introduced mosquitoes that are not competent vectors, evolved malaria-tolerance in native honeycreepers, feral pig control to reduce mosquito larval habitats, and predator control to improve bird demographics. Transmission rates of malaria are predicted to be higher than currently observed and are likely to have larger impacts in high-elevation forests where current low rates of transmission create a refuge for highly-susceptible birds. As a result, several current and proposed conservation strategies will be insufficient to maintain existing forest bird populations. We concluded that mitigating malaria transmission at high elevations should be a primary conservation goal. Conservation strategies that maintain highly susceptible species like Iiwi (Drepanis coccinea) will likely benefit other threatened and endangered Hawai’i species, especially in high-elevation forests. Our results showed that mosquito control strategies offer potential long-term benefits to high elevation Hawaiian honeycreepers. However, combined strategies will likely be needed to preserve endemic birds at mid elevations. Given the delay required to research, develop, evaluate, and improve several of these currently untested conservation strategies we suggest that planning should begin expeditiously.
Computers: Pascal is a `natural¿: Its proponents find this high-level language well suited for microprocessor software programs

Most programmers at Texas Instruments feel that writing in a high-level language (HLL) is one effective way to cut costs and that this is particularly true of a language like Pascal, which lends itself to top-down structuring. When our programmers compare writing in Pascal with writing in native microprocessor assembly language, they find that programmer efficiency increases by a factor of 2.5 to 3 and that software development and maintenance time, after the problem has been analyzed, is reduced by a factor of 2. The switch from machine code to Pascal increases productivity for three reasons: Each program high-level statement creates several machine instructions that permit the programmer to solve the problem at an abstract level rather than deal in machine code. A structured HLL like Pascal allows problems to be solved the way the natural thought processes work-from the top down. Because Pascal is easier to read, it is easier to modify.
Sleep Disturbances Among Combat Military Veterans: A Comparative Study Using Subjective and Objective Sleep Assessments

The sleep characteristics of 37 military veterans and active-duty service members (17 with PTSD and 20 without PTSD) of recent wars were analyzed to determine if combat deployment, with its associa...
Evaluating deep learning in chum prediction for everything-as-a-service in the cloud

Cloud computing has seen rapid growth due to its massive scalability in storage and computing power. Leading the trend, IBM released a hybrid cloud development platform, based on infrastructure as a service. Although tens of thousands of customers visit the platform everyday, a large percentage of trial customers left as their free-trial access expired, and a high proportion of paying customers dropped their usage sharply or worse stopped their payment. Customer retention in marketing is critical for reduced cost in retaining temporary customers and higher profits from long-term customers. In this paper, we present a data-driven iterative churn prediction framework with a deep learning approach for everything as a service (XaaS) in the cloud, including a cloud platform or software. Moreover, to improve churn prediction analysis we propose a new temporal customer engagement analysis model, called Nascency, Intermediate, and Latest (NIL) analysis. The NIL analysis helps to capture the temporal changes from time-related usage features, obtaining the three standardized inputs from instances which have different lifetimes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to use deep learning for churn prediction with time-correlation features in cloud computing. Our experiments have revealed strengths and weaknesses of deep learning in churn prediction. We expect these insights to help us improve deep learning's performance in churn prediction, by exploiting its hierarchical abstraction capability.
Traveling wave solutions (u,v) to a generalized Drinfel’d–Sokolov system which satisfy u=a1vm+a0

Abstract An analysis of the coupled generalized Drinfel’d–Sokolov equations u t + α 1 uu x + β 1 u xxx + γ v δ x = 0 and v t + α 2 uv x + β 2 v xxx = 0 is performed in the case of traveling wave solutions u and v satisfying the condition u = a 1 v m + a 0 . We are able to classify all such solutions in terms of the model parameters, and we then discuss the planar dynamics of such solutions. Numerical solutions are obtained and discussed for a variety of parameter regimes. Such results are one possible generalization of those given by Wu et al. [L. Wu, S. Chen, C. Pang, Traveling wave solutions for generalized Drinfeld–Sokolov equations, Applied Mathematical Modeling 33 (2009) 4126–4130].
Anxiety and Insomnia in Young and Middle-Aged Adult Hip Pain Patients With and Without Femoroacetabular Impingement and Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Abstract Background In young and middle-aged adults with and without hip deformity, hip pain receives treatment focused primarily related to hip structure. Because this hip pain may be chronic, these patients develop other coexisting, modifiable disorders related to pain that may go undiagnosed in this young and active population, including insomnia and anxiety. Objective The objective of this study was to compare assessments of insomnia and anxiety in young and middle-aged adults presenting with hip pain with no greater than minimal osteoarthritis (OA) compared to asymptomatic healthy controls. Comparisons between types of hip deformity and no hip deformity in hip pain patients were performed to assess whether patients with specific hip deformities were likely to have insomnia or anxiety as a cofounding disorder to their hip pain. Design Prospective case series with control comparison. Setting Two tertiary university physiatry outpatient clinics. Participants A total of 50 hip pain patients aged 18-40 years and 50 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Methods Patients were enrolled if 2 provocative hip tests were found on physical examination and hip radiographs had no or minimal OA. Radiographic hip deformity measurements were completed by an independent examiner. Comparisons of insomnia and anxiety were completed between 50 hip pain patients and 50 controls and between patients with different types of hip deformity. Main Outcome Measures Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS). Results A total of 50 hip pain patients (11 male and 39 female) with mean age of 31.2 ± 8.31 years enrolled. Hip pain patients slept significantly less ( P = .001) per night than controls. Patients experienced significantly greater insomnia ( P = .0001) and anxiety ( P = .0001) compared to controls. No differences were found in insomnia and anxiety scores between hip pain patients with and without hip deformity or between different types of hip deformity. Conclusion Hip pain patients with radiographs demonstrating minimal to no hip arthritis with and without hip deformity experience significant cofounding yet modifiable disorders of sleep and anxiety. If recognized early in presentation, treatment of insomnia and anxiety ultimately will improve outcomes for hip patients treated either conservatively or surgically for their hip disorder. Level of Evidence II
Jackknife empirical likelihood for the difference of two volumes under ROC surfaces

The volume under a surface (VUS) is an effective measure for evaluating the discriminating power of a diagnostic test with three ordinal diagnostic groups. In this paper, we investigate the difference of two correlated VUS’s to compare two treatments for discrimination of three-class classification data. A jackknife empirical likelihood (JEL) procedure is employed to avoid the variance estimation in the existing methods. We prove that the limiting distribution of the empirical log-likelihood ratio statistic follows a $$\chi ^2$$ distribution. Extensive numerical studies show that the JEL confidence intervals outperform those based on the normal approximation method. The proposed method is also applied to the Alzheimer’s disease data.
Capillary Adhesion and Nanoscale Properties of Water

Water capillary bridges often condense at contact spots between small particles or asperities. The capillary adhesion force caused by these bridges is a major component of the attractive adhesion force, and thus it significantly affects the nanotribological performance of contacting surfaces. The capillary force is caused by Laplace pressure drop inside the capillary bridge which can be deeply negative (stretched water). In addition, the so-called disjoining pressure also plays a significant role in liquid-mediated nanocontacts. Recent atomic force microscope measurements indicate that phase behavior of water in the tiny capillary bridges may be different from macroscale water behavior. In particular, a metastable state with a deeply negative pressure, boiling at low temperatures, and ice at room temperature has been reported. Understanding these effects can lead to a modification of the traditional water phase diagram by creating a scale-dependent or nanoscale phase diagram.
A new measure of child vocal reciprocity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Children's vocal development occurs in the context of reciprocal exchanges with a communication partner who models "speechlike" productions. We propose a new measure of child vocal reciprocity, which we define as the degree to which an adult vocal response increases the probability of an immediately following child vocal response. Vocal reciprocity is likely to be associated with the speechlikeness of vocal communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Two studies were conducted to test the utility of the new measure. The first used simulated vocal samples with randomly sequenced child and adult vocalizations to test the accuracy of the proposed index of child vocal reciprocity. The second was an empirical study of 21 children with ASD who were preverbal or in the early stages of language development. Daylong vocal samples collected in the natural environment were computer analyzed to derive the proposed index of child vocal reciprocity, which was highly stable when derived from two daylong vocal samples and was associated with speechlikeness of vocal communication. This association was significant even when controlling for chance probability of child vocalizations to adult vocal responses, probability of adult vocalizations, or probability of child vocalizations. A valid measure of children's vocal reciprocity might eventually improve our ability to predict which children are on track to develop useful speech and/or are most likely to respond to language intervention. A link to a free, publicly-available software program to derive the new measure of child vocal reciprocity is provided. Autism Res 2018, 11: 903-915. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary Children and adults often engage in back-and-forth vocal exchanges. The extent to which they do so is believed to support children's early speech and language development. Two studies tested a new measure of child vocal reciprocity using computer-generated and real-life vocal samples of young children with autism collected in natural settings. The results provide initial evidence of accuracy, test-retest reliability, and validity of the new measure of child vocal reciprocity. A sound measure of children's vocal reciprocity might improve our ability to predict which children are on track to develop useful speech and/or are most likely to respond to language intervention. A free, publicly-available software program and manuals are provided.
Angle Trisections in Pappus and Arabic Parallels

In Book IV of the Collection Pappus presents a series of methods for trisecting the given angle. In several respects this is a correlate to his survey of cube duplications in Book III. Both sections begin with the same preface on the tripartite classification of problems, although the two accounts diverge on certain interpolated details.1 Most notably, in the version in Book III (chap. 7) the “ancient (palaioi) geometers” were not able to solve the cube duplication “geometrically” (geometrikoi logoi) because it is a solid problem, and they had difficulty drawing the conic sections in a plane; but they met success by resorting to mechanical means.2 In Book IV (chap. 36) the “former (proteroi) geometers” could not solve the angle trisection “by means of planes” (dia ton epipedon), because it is a solid problem and they were not well versed in the conic sections; but later they found solutions by means of conics.3
Preventive oral health care for the infant, child, and adolescent

Although we have the knowledge and technology necessary to prevent it, most children experience dental disease, and a few children continue to experience high rates of decay. The appropriateness and effectiveness of preventive measures vary throughout the life of a child, and recommendations should be tailored to the needs of the individual. Water fluoridation continues to be the most cost-effective preventive measure available. For patients who do not have access to fluoridated water, dietary supplementation offers similar benefits. A wide variety of professionally applied and home use topical fluoride products such as dentrifrices, gels, and rinses can also reduce the risk of dental caries, particularly on the smooth surfaces of the teeth. The most common site of decay in children is the fissures of the molar teeth. These areas can be protected by the professional application of plastic sealants. Dietary practices influence caries rates, and patients should be advised to limit the frequency of carbohydrate exposures rather than the total amount of carbohydrates consumed. Parents of infants should be advised to discontinue bottle feeding around the age of 12 months to avoid nursing caries. Although oral hygiene practices are not as effective in reducing caries rates as is generally believed, daily toothbrushing and flossing are unquestionably effective in preventing periodontal disease. In order to be maximally effective, preventive efforts should be initiated early in the life of the child. Although most children experience dental disease, a mouth free of caries and periodontal disease is a potentially attainable goal for all children when they use currently available techniques.
Heating of Milky Way disc stars by dark matter fluctuations in cold dark matter and fuzzy dark matter paradigms

Although highly successful on cosmological scales, Cold Dark Matter (CDM) models predict unobserved over-dense `cusps' in dwarf galaxies and overestimate their formation rate. We consider an ultra-light axion-like scalar boson which promises to reduce these observational discrepancies at galactic scales. The model, known as Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM), avoids cusps, suppresses small-scale power, and delays galaxy formation via macroscopic quantum pressure. We compare the substructure and density fluctuations of galactic dark matter haloes comprised of ultra-light axions to conventional CDM results. Besides self-gravitating subhaloes, FDM includes non-virialized over-dense wavelets formed by quantum interference patterns which are an efficient source of heating to galactic discs. We find that, in the solar neighborhood, wavelet heating is sufficient to give the oldest disc stars a velocity dispersion of $\sim 30 \: \mathrm{km} \: \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ within a Hubble time if energy is not lost from the disc, the velocity dispersion increasing with stellar age as $\sigma_D \propto t^{0.4}$ in agreement with observations. Furthermore, we calculate the radius-dependent velocity dispersion and corresponding scale height caused by the heating of this dynamical substructure in both CDM and FDM with the determination that these effects will produce a flaring that terminates the Milky Way disc at $15 - 20 \: \mathrm{kpc}$. Although the source of thickened discs is not known, the heating due to perturbations caused by dark substructure cannot exceed the total disc velocity dispersion. Therefore, this work provides a lower bound on the FDM particle mass of $m_a > 0.6 \times 10^{-22} \mathrm{eV}$. Furthermore, FDM wavelets with this particle mass should be considered a viable mechanism for producing the observed disc thickening with time.
Structure-Based Evolution of Low Nanomolar O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors

Reversible glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is an important regulatory mechanism across metazoans. One enzyme, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), is responsible for all nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation and there is a well-known need for potent, cell-permeable inhibitors to interrogate OGT function. Here we report the structure-based evolution of OGT inhibitors culminating in compounds with low nanomolar inhibitory potency and on-target cellular activity. In addition to disclosing useful OGT inhibitors, the structures we report provide insight into how to inhibit glycosyltransferases, a family of enzymes that has been notoriously refractory to inhibitor development.
Enriching home language environment among families from low-SES backgrounds: A randomized controlled trial of a home visiting curriculum

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of the six-month 3Ts Home Visiting (3Ts-HV) curriculum, designed to empower socioeconomically disadvantaged caregivers with evidence-based knowledge and strategies in order to enrich the home language environment for their young children’s cognitive and language development. Using a matched pairs randomized controlled trial design, caregiver–child dyads were randomized into the 3Ts-HV intervention (n = 79) or Healthy Lifestyle control (n = 78) condition. Analyses of covariance revealed that compared with their control counterparts, the 3Ts-HV caregivers were more knowledgeable about early childhood cognitive and language development, and provided more language exposure for and engaged in more conversational turn-takings with their child. The 3Ts-HV caregivers also utilized more praise, explanations, and open-ended questions but less criticism, physical control, and intrusiveness than their control counterparts when interacting with their child. Findings provided empirical evidence supporting the immediate efficacy of the 3Ts-HV intervention in enhancing caregiver knowledge, the quantity of linguistic inputs, and the quality of caregiver interactions in the context of low-SES households, controlling for caregiver education level, language skills, and marital status.
Analysis of Knowledge of Menstruation, Hygiene Practices, and Perceptions in Adolescent Girls in India

Introduction: Unsafe water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene affects many communities around the world. Without access to clean water, proper waste management, or knowledge of basic hygiene practices, the risk for disease is greatly increased. The menstrual cycle can be hard to manage without access to clean products. Additionally, poor knowledge can perpetuate unhygienic practices. Girls are often not taught about menstruation before it occurs leaving them with feelings of fear, disgust, and uncertainty. Methods: This paper analyzes data from adolescent girls in both rural and urban communities in India concerning their knowledge, perceptions, and hygiene practices regarding menstruation. Results from pre and posttests indicate change in knowledge following an educational intervention. Results: The knowledge and practices of adolescent Indian girls regarding menstrual hygiene were greatly lacking. In fact, 53.8% of girls did not know anything about menstruation prior to their first period. Overall, knowledge and practices improved significantly after the educational intervention. Discussion and Conclusion: Education of girls on menstrual hygiene management is effective. The results of this study are generally consistent with other literature. Further educational and environmental interventions as well as research are needed.
Enantioselective Bromocycloetherification by Lewis Base/Chiral Broensted Acid Cooperative Catalysis.

The reaction of the (Z)-configurated substrates (I) proceeds with nearly complete regio- and stereoselectivity to afford the biologically relevant substructures (II).
Drafting Agent-Based Modeling Into Basketball Analytics

The growth of sports analytics (SA) has raised numerous research topics across a variety of sports, including basketball. Agent-based modeling (ABM) has great potential to assist and inform SA, but to date it has not been utilized. To support the use of ABM in SA, a model of a basketball game, which considers most fundamentals of play, is presented. Additionally, player behavior is partially predicated on assessing the length of a player’s shooting streak (testing the “hot-hand” effect) and the consideration a team gives to a streak and their franchise player. The model’s output is used to calibrate and validate it against statistics from the National Basketball Association (NBA). Via a set of experiments, the model indicates that an increased belief in the franchise player leads to increased scoring action, but a belief in the hot-hand a minor effect. Thereby, demonstrating the utility of ABM to SA, thus opening a new research field.
Intermolecular Carbene S—H Insertion Catalyzed by Engineered Myoglobin-Based Catalysts.

Engineered variants of sperm whale myoglobin are found to efficiently catalyze C—S bond forming transformation across a diverse set of aryl and alkyl mercaptan substrates and α-diazoester carbene donors, providing high conversions (60—99%) and catalytic turnover numbers.
The Kansas Water Appropriation Act - A Fifty-Year Perspective

In 1945, the Kansas Legislature enacted the Kansas Water Appropriation Act, which changed Kansas water allocation law from the common law riparian doctrine for streams and the absolute ownership ownership for groundwater. This article begins with the precursors to the Act–nineteenth legislation and cases, a major 1944 Kansas Supreme Court case, and a governor’s committed appointed to recommend changes in the law. The Act changed water law from the common law rules to the doctrine of prior appropriation–first in time, first in right–for both groundwater and streams. Persons using water under common law claims in 1945 were protected with vested rights. Other people with water rights who were not using the water in 1945 simply lost their rights. All new users would have to obtain permits from the state to receive appropriation rights. The article describes the Act and various amendments to the Act from 1945 to 1995 as well as other relevant water legislation such was water planning statutes, groundwater management districts legislation, and the Water Transfer Act. The several court cases unsuccessfully challenging the constitutionality of the Act are mentioned. The main administrator of the Act is the chief engineer of the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas Department of Agriculture. The article provides information about the several people who served as chief engineer during the fifty-year period as well as developments during their tenures.
Patents and Innovation Among Neurosurgeons from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons

Objective Neurosurgeons have taken on the role of innovators, continuing to move the field forward over the centuries. More recently, innovation has taken the form of new technological devices and therapeutics, which require patenting. The aim of this study is to identify major areas of innovation in the field of neurosurgery by evaluating patent records. Methods This study quantifies the number of patents the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) neurosurgeons hold across different subspecialties. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent database was queried using the names of 7,293 AANS members who filed patents between 1976 and 2019. Results A total of 346 (4.7%) AANS neurosurgeons hold a total of 1,025 patents. The number of patents held by each neurosurgeon ranged from one to 109. The areas that patents were filed under include cellular and genetic science (40), drug delivery (45), image guidance (82), neuromodulation (52), pain (7), peripheral nerve stimulation (24), spine (398), surgical devices (148), trauma (16), tumor (78), vascular (67), and other (68). No patents were filed under pediatrics (0). The fields with the greatest number of filed patents are spine, instruments/devices, and image guidance. Conclusion Given the technical nature of the field of neurosurgery, instruments and devices that improve localization, visualization, targeting, and spinal reconstruction are often in demand. Furthermore, since the rates of spinal procedures and implants continue to increase, higher patenting may be motivated by the opportunity to develop new products that can result in royalty payments to neurosurgeons. The advent of new technologies undoubtedly continues to push the field of neurosurgery forward.
Time-Limited Eating in Pediatric Patients with Obesity: A Case Series.

Background: Time Limited Eating (TLE) is an effective strategy for management of obesity in adults, but there is a paucity of data that have examined its use in the clinical management of children with obesity. A TLE approach involves interspersing normal daily caloric intake with periods of prolonged calorie restriction several times per week. TLE may actually be more feasible, non-stigmatizing, flexible and effective in children, especially for adolescents, compared to alternatives like daily caloric or macronutrient restriction. This is because TLE removes the need for intensive counting of daily calorie intake or macronutrient content and focuses on a straightforward task of consuming food during a pre-specified time period. Also it avoids periods of extended caloric restriction which may interfere with growth and/or risk evoking development of eating behaviors. This case series describes four patients who trialed a TLE approach in a clinical weight management clinic and describes BMI reduction at 4 months. Case Presentation: To date, 4 patients, ages 5-15, with varying underlying pathologies (i.e. Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS), previously healthy, craniopharyngioma and epilepsy) have tried a TLE type approach (16-hour fast/8-hour feed for 3-5 days per week) for 4 months and have demonstrated an average decrease in their BMI z-score compared to baseline of -0.24 SD. Patients and their families reported high degrees of satisfaction with this dietary approach. Conclusions: Families were very satisfied with the TLE intervention and reported it was feasible, flexible and sustainable to implement in a real life setting and associated with decreased zBMI. Further investigation is required to determine if this approach is effective in both the short and long term as a weight management technique.
Wavelength-Controlled Synthesis and Degradation of Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Intrinsically Photoresponsive Phenyl Vinyl Ketone

Phenyl vinyl ketone (PVK) is known for its responsiveness to light, with initiation promoted under visible light and degradation of poly(PVK) promoted under UV radiation. Thus, expensive radical so...
Practical Design and Evaluation of a High-Efficiency 30-kVA Grid-Connected PV Inverter with Hybrid Switch Structure

Photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected inverter exposes strong challenges to its efficiency, power density and reliability. This paper presents the system-level design and test of a 30 kVA grid-connected inverter. The designed inverter achieved peak efficiency of 99.3% and a specific power of 2 kW/L by using a hybrid switch based three-level (3-L) T-type neutral point clamped (TNPC) topology. The hardware prototype presents excellent dynamic current sharing and thermal distribution during the continuous test at rated voltage and power.
A Combined Super-Resolution Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Technique Applied to Tumor Microvasculature

Correlating data acquired using different ultrasound imaging techniques provides the opportunity to discover complementary diagnostic information. The aim of this study was to develop a combined imaging technique that correlated ultrasound detected molecular markers to super-resolved microvessels to enable pairing of the diagnostic utility of both ultrasound molecular imaging (USMI) and ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) over common tissue. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated in a murine model to image both tumor tissue and control (tumor free) tissue. The microvessel density (VI) and molecular signature index (MSI) were both quantified. Furthermore, a new metric, ratio of endothelial molecular signature area to vessel area (MVR) specifically obtained by the proposed correlation method, was calculated. Statistical differences in MVR values were found between the control leg tissue and tumor tissue ( $p ), which validated the feasibility of the proposed method in evaluating evolving diseased vessels.
The Crosstalk of Epigenetics and Metabolism in Herpesvirus Infection

Epigenetics is a versatile player in manipulating viral infection and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of viral-induced diseases. Both epigenetics and metabolism are crucial in establishing a highly specific transcriptional network, which may promote or suppress virus infection. Human herpesvirus infection can induce a broad range of human malignancies and is largely dependent on the status of cellular epigenetics as well as its related metabolism. However, the crosstalk between epigenetics and metabolism during herpesvirus infection has not been fully explored. Here, we describe how epigenetic regulation of cellular metabolism affects herpesvirus infection and induces viral diseases. This further highlights the importance of epigenetics and metabolism during viral infection and provides novel insights into the development of targeted therapies.
Abstract 17006: Reversing Membrane Clock Remodeling (MCR) Associated With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) in the Sinoatrial Node (SAN) Eliminates Chronotropic Incompetence (CI)

Introduction: While CI, or the inability of heart rate (HR) to adequately respond to exercise, is a strong indicator of mortality in HFpEF, treatment options remain limited as its mechanisms remain...
Re: Can we predict which COVID-19 patients will need transfer to the intensive care within 24 hours of floor admission?

We were very interested to read the study by Wang et al. on predicting which ED patients with COVID-19 will require escalation to intensive care unit (ICU) within 24 hours of admission. They identified risk factors and developed triage models for the ED physician based on presenting history, signs, and symptoms. Their analysis and modeling ultimately determined that history of heart failure, initial SpO2 < 93%, and either GFR £ 46 or WBC £ 6.4 had the highest OR for risk of escalation of care (EOC).
A Potential Role and Contribution of Androgens in Placental Development and Pregnancy

Successful pregnancy requires the establishment of a highly regulated maternal–fetal environment. This is achieved through the harmonious regulation of steroid hormones, which modulate both maternal and fetal physiology, and are critical for pregnancy maintenance. Defects in steroidogenesis and steroid signaling can lead to pregnancy disorders or even fetal loss. The placenta is a multifunctional, transitory organ which develops at the maternal–fetal interface, and supports fetal development through endocrine signaling, the transport of nutrients and gas exchange. The placenta has the ability to adapt to adverse environments, including hormonal variations, trying to support fetal development. However, if placental function is impaired, or its capacity to adapt is exceeded, fetal development will be compromised. The goal of this review is to explore the relevance of androgens and androgen signaling during pregnancy, specifically in placental development and function. Often considered a mere precursor to placental estrogen synthesis, the placenta in fact secretes androgens throughout pregnancy, and not only contains the androgen steroid nuclear receptor, but also non-genomic membrane receptors for androgens, suggesting a role of androgen signaling in placental function. Moreover, a number of pregnancy disorders, including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, are associated with abnormal androgen levels and androgen signaling. Understanding the role of androgens in the placenta will provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of pregnancy disorders associated with androgen elevation and its consequences.
We Are Nobody’s Fools: The Radicalization of the Hampton Script from 1930–1959 to Advance Black Activism

At Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Virginia, student journalists continued the tradition of publishing the Hampton Script. During this time, the Script covered race, politics, and com...
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor -β and Connective Tissue Growth Factor

Cell-to-cell communication determines the compostition and hence function of the airways of the lung in health. Conversely, altered balances of cytokines, either primary or secondary are thought to play a determining role in acute and chronic pathological disorders. The protein cytokines are a unique group of extracellular signalling molecules with critical roles in these processes. Cytokines (also termed growth factors) are pleiotrophic molecules produced ubiquitously and which act on a wide array of target cells. They modulate a wide array of cellular functions including growth (stimulation or inhibition), differentiation, survival and a wide range of phenotypic expression. Although generally small multimeric proteins, the cytokines are considerably larger than other signalling molecules such as the kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and other molecules involved in modulating cell phenotype.
Carbon supported Pd-based bimetallic and trimetallic catalyst for formic acid electrochemical oxidation

Abstract The electronic structure and electrochemical performance of carbon supported Pd-based bi- and trimetallic nanoparticles are investigated. Pd/C, PdNi/C, PdCu/C, and PdNiCu/C alloys with face centered cubic crystal structure are synthesized by the one-step salt reduction method. The activities for these alloys toward the formic acid electrochemical oxidation measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) display significant current density increase compared to that of Pd/C. An improvement in activity by a factor of 2 and 4 is measured when the data is normalized by electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and by Pd mass, respectively. A downward shift of the averaged d-band center relative to the Fermi level is observed for Pd-based alloys compared to Pd/C by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The relationship between activity and the average d-band center displays a volcano shape for these alloys. Among the samples that we prepared for this study, PdNiCu/C alloy shows the best activity with the d-band center of 2.64 ± 0.10 eV. From CO stripping measurements the PdCu/C and PdNiCu/C alloys show less CO adsorption than Pd/C with PdCu/C showing the best stability toward the formic acid electrochemical oxidation.