cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Beam Sweeping Algorithms and Initial Access Protocols for Millimeter-Wave Networks

5G millimeter-wave (mmW) systems rely on electronically steerable antenna arrays to support directional communications. Directionality complicates the initial access (IA) process, whereby a base station (BS) announces itself to nearby user equipments (UEs), giving them the opportunity to associate with this BS. Existing approaches for IA suffer from long discovery time and/or nonnegligable probability of missing UEs. In this paper, we propose FastLink, an efficient IA protocol for mmW systems, in which discovery beacons are transmitted/received using the narrowest possible beams, allowing for high beamforming gains and low misdetection rate, while maintaining low discovery time. Fastlink executes a unique algorithm, called 3-dimensional peak finding (3DPF), to find the best beam in logarithmic time. We formulate the beam-finding process as a sparse problem and use compressive sensing to determine the minimum number of measurements needed for this process. We first study FastLink for the discovery of a single UE and then extend our analysis to a multi-user scenario. Both simulations and over-the-air experiments based on a custom mmW testbed are used to evaluate FastLink. Our results verify its efficiency, and show that it can reduce the search time by 90% compared to the scanning approach used in 802.11ad systems.
Nonlinear energy dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles in oscillating magnetic fields

Abstract The heating of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions subjected to alternating magnetic fields enables a variety of emerging applications such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia and triggered drug release. Rosensweig (2002) [25] obtained a model for the heat dissipation rate of a collection of non-interacting particles. However, the assumptions made in this analysis make it rigorously valid only in the limit of small applied magnetic field amplitude and frequency (i.e., values of the Langevin parameter that are much less than unity and frequencies below the inverse relaxation time). In this contribution we approach the problem from an alternative point of view by solving the phenomenological magnetization relaxation equation exactly for the case of arbitrary magnetic field amplitude and frequency and by solving a more accurate magnetization relaxation equation numerically. We also use rotational Brownian dynamics simulations of non-interacting magnetic nanoparticles subjected to an alternating magnetic field to estimate the rate of energy dissipation and compare the results of the phenomenological theories to the particle-scale simulations. The results are summarized in terms of a normalized energy dissipation rate and show that Rosensweig's expression provides an upper bound on the energy dissipation rate achieved at high field frequency and amplitude. Estimates of the predicted dependence of energy dissipation rate, quantified as specific absorption rate (SAR), on magnetic field amplitude and frequency, and particle core and hydrodynamic diameter, are also given.
Strong Social Distancing Measures In The United States Reduced The COVID-19 Growth Rate.

State and local governments imposed social distancing measures in March and April 2020 to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). These measures included bans on large socia...
Ventilator Allocation for Pediatrics during COVID-19 - How We Avoided Drawing Lots for Tots.

It took millennia for the medical community to recognize that the Hippocratic insistence on “the physician knows best” was an inadequate approach to medicine. During a pandemic of unprecedented pro...
Digital Twin Enabled Smart Control Engineering as an Industrial AI: A New Framework and Case Study

In Industry 4.0, the increasing complexity of industrial systems introduces unknown dynamics that affect the performance of manufacturing processes. Thus, Digital Twin appears as a breaking technology to develop virtual representations of any complex system design, analysis, and behavior prediction tasks to enhance the system understanding via enabling capabilities like real-time analytics, or Smart Control Engineering. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed for the design and implementation of Digital Twin applications to the development of Smart Control Engineering. The framework involve the steps of system documentation, Multidomain Simulation, Behavioral Matching, and real-time monitoring, which is applied to develop the Digital Twin for a real-time vision feedback temperature uniformity control. The obtained results show that Digital Twin is a fundamental part of the transformation into Industry 4.0.
Rod pathway and cone pathway retinal dysfunction in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

To characterize rod- and cone-pathway function in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using the full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Dark-adapted (DA; rod-pathway) and light-adapted (LA; cone-pathway) ERGs were recorded from three-month-old 5xFAD and wild type (WT) mice. ERGs were elicited by achromatic flashes (0.01–25 cd-s-m−2). Amplitude and implicit time (IT) of the a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were calculated according to convention. In addition, the amplitude and IT of the photopic negative response (PhNR) were measured from the LA recordings. Amplitude and IT differences between the 5xFAD and WT groups were evaluated using quantile regression models. Under DA conditions, there were significant differences between the 5xFAD and WT groups in post-receptor function, whereas photoreceptor function did not differ significantly. Specifically, the DA a-wave amplitude did not differ between groups (p = 0.87), whereas the b-wave amplitude was reduced in the 5xFAD mice (p = 0.003). There were significant OP (p < 0.001) and a-wave (p = 0.04) delays, but the a-wave delay may be attributable to a post-receptor abnormality. Under LA conditions, the only 5xFAD abnormalities were in the PhNR, which was reduced (p = 0.009) and delayed (p = 0.04). The full-field ERG can be abnormal in the 5xFAD model of AD, with the greatest effects on post-receptor rod pathway function. These results indicate that retinal electrophysiology may be a useful tool for evaluating neural dysfunction in AD.
Multiresolution modeling techniques in CAD

Abstract This paper investigates new wavelet-based multiresolution modeling techniques in CAD. Models in the system are represented by endpoint-interpolating B-spline functions. Wavelet deformation techniques are extended to include synthesis editing and detail blending from previous sweep editing and fractional editing methods. Application of multiresolution editing to multiple patches of complex topology is investigated. An algorithm for multi-patch deformation is developed by enforcement of G0 continuity between adjacent patches. After editing G1 continuity may be recaptured by numerical optimization of the error vectors along boundary seams. A simple CAD interface is implemented for B-spline patch acquisition based on reverse engineered data and layer based modeling and a moving cursor plane is used for three-dimensional (3D) editing. Design examples are presented to illustrate the 3D wavelet editing capability. The developed wavelet deformation techniques can be a useful complement to current CAD systems by providing powerful new modeling and editing capabilities.
Predictors of social functioning and quality of life in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Schizophrenia (SZ) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show overlap in social cognitive and functioning impairments. Proposed predictors of social functioning (SF) and quality of life (QL) have been symptom severity, IQ and social cognition. Empathy has rarely been compared between ASD and SZ and its predictive power on functional outcomes is unclear. We investigated general, affective, and cognitive empathy in 46 SZ, 30 ASD and 51 healthy controls (HC) and examined their relationship to SF and QL in addition to IQ and symptoms. SZ and ASD shared deficits in general and cognitive empathy, and personal distress, but only SZ showed deficits in affective empathy. Both groups showed lower performance-based empathy scores and only ASD showed slower responses compared to HC. Negative symptoms predicted QL in both groups, the more negative symptoms the worse QL (ASD t=-3.22; SZ t= -3.43; p
The Annual Meeting and Collective Action

I care a lot about climate change, or so I tell myself. I don’t commute by car; I convinced my meat-loving Tibetan in-laws to give up beef; we try our best to avoid buying plastic packaging. As an ...
Structure and evolution of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in chordates.

Publisher Summary The hormone insulin is one member of a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones found in vertebrates and invertebrates, and members of this superfamily include insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, and the ovarian hormone, relaxin. This chapter focuses on the structure and evolution of the insulin and IGF genes among the chordates and describes the evidence, which demonstrates that insulin and the IGFs have maintained separate gene lineages throughout vertebrate evolution. The primary structure of insulin consists of two polypeptide chains (B and A chain), which are linked by two disulfide bonds; the A chain also contains an intrachain disulfide bond. A comparison of insulin sequences from various species reveals that there are residues in the molecule, which are highly conserved, whereas others are more variable. The results are consistent with the possibility that a single gene of the insulin/IGF family is present in amphioxus, and this subsequently expanded into the three insulin and IGF genes found in humans and other higher vertebrates. However, the details of this evolutionary expansion remain obscure. Further work will be necessary to more fully characterize amphioxus insulin-like peptide (ILP), and it will be of particular interest to determine whether ILP has biological activities similar to insulin and/or IGF.
Constraints on mantle convection from seismic tomography

Since the advent of global seismic tomography some 25 years ago, advances in technology, seismological theory, and data acquisition have allowed spectacular progress in our ability to image seismic heterogeneity in Earth's mantle. We briefly review some concepts of seismic tomography, such as parameterization.
Discourse, Anthropology of

Although the concept of discourse has played a significant role in anthropological research since the 1980s, competing framings as an analytic concept or object of research have sometimes given rise to nonoverlapping, or even acrimonious conversations. Beginning in the 1990s, interest in ideologies of language, practice theory, and issues of scale prompted increasingly productive exchanges across subdisciplines and perspectives. Recent respositionings of discourse both as analytical concept and a focus of research on shifts of capital, culture, and language in contemporary landscapes sparked a proliferation of research on discourse and its frequent assimilation as a mundane component of research frameworks.
Combinatorial genetic analysis of a network of actin disassembly-promoting factors.

The patterning of actin cytoskeleton structures in vivo is a product of spatially and temporally regulated polymer assembly balanced by polymer disassembly. While in recent years our understanding of actin assembly mechanisms has grown immensely, our knowledge of actin disassembly machinery and mechanisms has remained comparatively sparse. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal system to tackle this problem, both because of its amenabilities to genetic manipulation and live-cell imaging and because only a single gene encodes each of the core disassembly factors: cofilin (COF1), Srv2/CAP (SRV2), Aip1 (AIP1), GMF (GMF1/AIM7), coronin (CRN1), and twinfilin (TWF1). Among these six factors, only the functions of cofilin are essential and have been well defined. Here, we investigated the functions of the nonessential actin disassembly factors by performing genetic and live-cell imaging analyses on a combinatorial set of isogenic single, double, triple, and quadruple mutants in S. cerevisiae. Our results show that each disassembly factor makes an important contribution to cell viability, actin organization, and endocytosis. Further, our data reveal new relationships among these factors, providing insights into how they work together to orchestrate actin turnover. Finally, we observe specific combinations of mutations that are lethal, e.g., srv2Δ aip1Δ and srv2Δ crn1Δ twf1Δ, demonstrating that while cofilin is essential, it is not sufficient in vivo, and that combinations of the other disassembly factors perform vital functions. © 2015 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consistency of host responses to parasitic infection in the three‐spined stickleback fish infected by the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus

Among populations of the three-spined stickleback fish in Alaska, females appear to show two forms of sterility tolerance to infection by the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus. In contrast to sticklebacks in other regions of the northern hemisphere, female fish are capable of producing clutches of eggs despite supporting large parasite burdens. Nonetheless, nutrient loss to the parasite, coupled with the energetic demands of host reproduction, eventually curtails spawning among infected females. Host females in Walby Lake experience ‘fecundity reduction’ resulting from nutrient theft as a side effect of infection. In Scout Lake, infected females show ‘fecundity compensation’, an adaptive, inducible response allowing them to increase current fecundity to compensate for reduction or loss of future reproduction. This multi-year study of sticklebacks from each lake addresses two empirical questions for a better understanding of the dynamic interplay between host and parasite. First, is there is any annual variation within the two responses to parasitism in each host population; and, if so, is it related to parasite burden? Second, do the two host responses show consistent differences between the populations of sticklebacks despite any yearly variation in them? We found annual, intra-population variation within the response shown by each population of stickleback which appears to have been influenced by the parasite : host mass ratio and possibly by unknown environmental conditions affecting the reproductive physiology of stickleback females. Moreover, the data support the hypothesis that ovum mass is more sensitive to parasitism (parasite burden) than clutch size in females from Walby Lake which exhibit fecundity reduction. Notwithstanding the intra-population variation within each host response, the responses to infection occurred consistently within each respective stickleback population and appear to reflect stable, fundamental characteristics of the populations. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 958–968.
Resolution of the Cytochrome P-450-containing ω-Hydroxylation System of Liver Microsomes into Three Components

Abstract The enzyme system in liver microsomes which catalyzes the ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of molecular oxygen and a reduced pyridine nucleotide has been solubilized and resolved into fractions containing cytochrome P-450, a cytochrome P-450 reductase, and a heat-stable factor. The apparent Km values of TPNH and DPNH are 2.0 x 10-5 m and 6.3 x 10-4 m, respectively. As a further indication of the role of cytochrome P-450, ω-hydroxylation is enhanced in microsomes prepared from animals previously treated with phenobarbital and is inhibited in the presence of carbon monoxide, with partial reversal of the inhibition by exposure to light. The soluble preparation of cytochrome P-450 exhibits a carbon monoxide difference spectrum, an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, and substrate difference spectra similar to those previously attributed to the microsome-bound form. The difference spectrum obtained in the presence of laurate, with a peak at about 388 mµ and a trough at 419 mµ, is of the type given by hexobarbital rather than aniline. The Ks of laurate, determined from difference spectra, is 6.3 x 10-4 m, and the Km, determined in the complete hydroxylation system, is 4.4 x 10-5 m. The partially purified reductase was shown to catalyze electron transfer from TPNH to cytochrome P-450 under anaerobic conditions. The TPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity of the enzyme preparations was found to be unrelated to their ability to reduce cytochrome P-450, and therefore to function in the hydroxylation system. The activity of the heat-stable fraction is attributed to a lipid component which enhances the rate of the hydroxylation reaction.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Exponential Growth and Microcyst Formation in Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus in exponential phase with a generation time of 270 min contained a period of 50 min during which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis did not take place. After induction of microcysts by the glycerol technique, the DNA content increased 19%. Autoradiographic experiments demonstrated that the DNA made after glycerol induction was not evenly distributed among the microcysts. The distribution of grains per microcyst fits the following model of chromosome replication: in exponential phase, each daughter cell receives two chromosomes which are replicated sequentially during 80% of the divison cycle; after microcyst induction, no chromosomes are initiated. Mathematical formulas were derived which predict the kinetics and discrete probability distribution for several chromosome models.
Diversity of movements by individual anadromous coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii.

Wild, downstream-migrating cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, smolts and adults were captured at a weir in Big Beef Creek, Hood Canal, Washington, surgically implanted with acoustic tags and tracked to identify spring and summer movements using stationary receivers in order to test the assumption that the species moves little while in marine waters. Overall, 93-96% migrated from the stream into the east side of the long narrow fjord, where they dispersed north and south along the shoreline. Most O. c. clarkii were detected nearshore within 10 km of the release site, with declining detection rates to 77 km. Over one-third (36%) crossed c. 2-4 km of deep water to the other side but only one O. c. clarkii left the Hood Canal basin. Movements and behaviour patterns did not differ between smolts and adults but cluster analysis revealed two modes of distribution, here categorized as residents and migrants. Within these categories of overall distribution, a range of finer-scale behaviour patterns was observed, including sedentary individuals, daily moving between proximate sites and more continuous long-distance travel. Diel movement patterns varied markedly among individuals but overall activity increased near dawn, peaked around mid-day and declined but continued at night. These patterns contrast with sympatric and closely related steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, providing new insights into the diversity of salmonid behaviour.
Speciation and Quantitative Mapping of Metal Species in Microbial Biofilms Using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy

A scanning transmission X-ray microscope illuminated with synchrotron light was used to investigate the speciation and spatial distributions of metals in a microbial biofilm cultivated from river water. Metal 2p absorption edge signals were used to provide metal speciation (through shapes of the absorption spectra) and quantitative spatial distributions of the metal species. This paper presents sample data and describes methods for extracting quantitative maps of metal species from image sequences recorded in the region of the metal 2p edges. Comparisons were made with biochemical characterization of the same region using images recorded at the C 1s and O 1s edges. The method is applied to detailed quantitative analysis of ferrous and ferric iron in a river biofilm, in concert with mapping Ni(II) and Mn(II) species in the same region. The distributions of the metal species are discussed in the context of the biofilm structure. These results demonstrate that soft X-ray STXM measurements at the metal 2p abs...
Noncompaction of the left ventricle in a patient with dextroversion

Noncompaction of the left ventricle is a rare, congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by excessive trabeculation of the myocardium. Dextrocardia with situs solitus, commonly referred to as dextroversion, is associated with additional congenital heart disease. We report a case of noncompaction of the left ventricle in a patient with dextroversion, an association of which has not been previously described.
Scene decomposition of MPEG-compressed video

This paper presents the video processing techniques for indexing MPEG video sequences. Parameters encoded in P- and B-pictures are used to detect scene changes. In the MPEG format, P- and B-pictures consist of two types of information: difference matrix and motion vector(s) for every macroblock (MB). Different types of MBs indicate the relationship between the current picture and its reference picture(s). The proposed techniques take advantage of those parameters encoded in the MPEG video streams to detect some changes. Since motion information in the MPEG format is used, these novel techniques are reliable, accurate, and fast. Those techniques and algorithms are presented in detail and examples are provided.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mean Motions in Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses

In the Planetary Hypotheses, Ptolemy summarizes the planetary models that he discusses in great detail in the Almagest, but he changes the mean motions to account for more prolonged comparison of observations. He gives the mean motions in two different forms: first, in terms of ‘simple, unmixed’ periods and next, in terms of ‘particular, complex’ periods, which are approximations to linear combinations of the simple periods. As a consequence, all of the epoch values for the Moon and the planets are different at era Philip. This is in part a consequence of the changes in the mean motions and in part due to changes in Ptolemy’s time in the anomaly, but not the longitude or latitude, of the Moon, the mean longitude of Saturn and Jupiter, but not Mars, and the anomaly of Venus and Mercury, the former a large change, the latter a small one. The pattern of parameter changes we see suggests that the analyses that yielded the Planetary Hypotheses parameters were not the elegant trio analyses of the Almagest but some sort of serial determinations of the parameters based on sequences of independent observations.
Diffeomorphic real-analytic maps and the Jacobian Conjecture

It is shown that if the real-analytic map f(x) : R^2->R^2 has a Jacobian matrix whose eigenvalues are always both one, then the map is a diffeomorphism. An explicit form of the inverse is given. The proof relies on a result which says that the only global solutions to the quasi-linear partial differential equation (cosu)u"x - (sinu)u"y = 0 are constant functions. The main result is put into a context concerning the Jacobian Conjecture.
Introduction: Sexual Violence: Current Perspectives on Prevention and Intervention

Whether we turn to the news media or scientific research articles, the evidence is all around us that sexual violence is a problem for our communities. The National Violence Against Women Survey fo...
Gender and emotional labor in public organizations: An empirical examination of the link to performance

Scholars of public organizations have begun to emphasize emotional labor in studies of gender in the workplace, finding that the skills women bring to organizations are often overlooked and undercompensated even though they play a vital role in the organization. Emotional labor is an individual’s effort to present emotions in a way that is desired by the organization. The authors hypothesize that employers with greater emotional labor expectations of their employees will have more effective interactions with clients, better internal relationships, and superior program performance. This article tests the effects of emotional labor in a bureaucratic workforce over time. Multiple regression results show that organizations with more women at the street level have higher overall organizational performance. Additionally, emotional labor contributes to organizational productivity over and above its role in employee turnover and client satisfaction.
Decreased neutrophil beta adrenergic receptors in the neonate.

Summary: Using cord blood neutrophils (PMN) the maturity of the beta adrenergic receptor has been assessed. [3H]-Dihydroalprenolol binding was utilized to determine receptor number and affinity and isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP generation to characterize receptor function. Data from six neonates and six adult controls revealed that neonatal PMN had significantly (P < 0.001) fewer receptor sites (728 ± 43 receptors/cell) compared to the adult (1302 ± 68 receptors/cell); however, the affinity constants (KD) were very similar (0.78 ± 0.14 nM compared to 0.61 ± 0.05 nM). Neonatal PMN also generated less isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP than adult cells at all concentrations, reaching significance (P < 0.005) at 10−4–10−6 M isoproterenol concentrations. No difference in the isoproterenol concentrations stimulating 50% of the maximal cyclic AMP generation (EC50) was found between the two populations. These data indicate that the neonatal PMN has decreased beta adrenergic receptor sites. No evidence of a receptor—adenylate cyclase coupling defect was detcted. These findings could reflect ontogenic differences between the neonate and adult PMN. The effect of increased catecholamine secretion during the stress of delivery resulting in ‘down regulation’ of the beta adrenergic receptor cannot presently be ruled out. Speculation: The ontogenesis of the beta adrenergic receptor has been shown in several animal species. Our data suggest that human neonatal neutrophils may have an immature beta adrenergic system with reduced number of receptor sites resulting in decreased beta adrenergic-induced adenylate cyclase activation. This might explain impaired adrenergic responsiveness reported in the human neonate.
Radiation response of artificial pulmonary metastases of the EMT6 tumor.

Abstract A method for studying the response of artificially produced pulmonary metastases of a mouse mammary tumor to treatment in situ is described. Cells grown and irradiated in small lung metastases appeared more radiosensitive in that their dose response curve had smaller shoulder and D 0 values than those of cells grown in large Bank tumors and irradiated in situ or in vitro .
Easily determining which urns are ‘favorable’

Abstract The optimal sampling strategy for an urn, containing known numbers of plus and minus ones, can be simply described with the use of an empirically justified rule, based upon what appears to be a legitimate third-order asymptotic expansion of “the optimal stopping boundary” as the urn size goes to infinity performs exceedingly well. There is a known first-order asymptotic expansion due to Shepp. The reader is invited to try to justify a second-order asymptotic expansion of a type described by Chernoff and Petkau. The evidence presented in its support is very persuasive.
How Do Individuals with Fragile High Self-esteem Cope with Intrusive Thoughts Following Ego Threat?

Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with fragile (defensive, unstable, or contingent) self-esteem are more likely to engage in defensive, self-promoting or self-protective behavior than are individuals with secure high self-esteem. The current study is the first to examine how well all three fragile self-esteem markers predict coping with negative intrusive thoughts following an ego threat. Consistent with the hypothesis, fragile self-esteem was associated with suppressing negative test-related thoughts, punishing the self for experiencing such thoughts, and downplaying the importance of the threat. The results add to the growing body of evidence documenting the maladaptive nature of fragile self-esteem, and suggest a mechanism by which these individuals may be vulnerable to anxiety and depression.
Prenatal alcohol use among teenagers: effects on neonatal outcomes.

Background:This longitudinal study examines the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy on the growth and gestational age at birth of 413 offspring of adolescents. Methods:Data were collected during 1990 to 1994. The adolescents were from a prenatal clinic in Pittsburgh, PA. They were interviewed at mid-pregnancy and at delivery to obtain information on alcohol and other substance use before and during pregnancy. Infants were examined 24 to 36 hr after birth. Results:The average maternal age was 16.3 (12-18) years; 68% were African American. Prenatal exposure to alcohol during the second trimester was significantly related to decreases in head circumference, birthweight, and chest circumference. There was also a significant relationship between alcohol exposure in each trimester and lower Apgar scores. All of the analyses controlled for other prenatal substance use and covariates of drinking during pregnancy. Conclusion:Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with decreases in fetal growth and in APGAR scores in the offspring of adolescents.
Encephalitogenicity for rats of myelin basic protein without the aid of water-in-oil emulsions.

The induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with purified myelin basic protein (MBP) has, heretofore, required its incorporation in a water-in-oil emulsion or adsorption on paniculate adjuvants. In the present work, the absorption of a saline solution of MBP from the peritoneal cavity into the mediastinal lymph nodes was increased by giving repeated inoculations or by pretreating rats with a peritoneal irritant. Under these conditions, the only adjuvant needed for production of EAE was aqueous pertussis vaccine which was injected separately a few hours or one day after the MBP. Pertussis vaccine was also necessary for production of EAE with intradermal injection of aqueous MBP. By injecting the aqueous MBP directly into pre-enlarged popliteal lymph nodes, it was possible to produce EAE without the pertussis vaccine. Thus, EAE can be induced in rats using MBP without the addition of Freund's adjuvant or pertussis vaccine.
Cold bottom water events observed in the Hawaii Ocean Time-series: implications for vertical mixing

Abstract During 1991–1999 six near-bottom, cold water anomaly events occurred at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series deep-ocean hydrographic station (22°45′N, 158°W), situated on the northern flank of a seafloor basin known as the Kauai Deep. Cold anomalies of at least 0.01°C, and as much as 0.024°C, were observed in near-bottom CTD profiles during each event. The anomalies relaxed towards more typical conditions over a period of several months. On the basis of water mass properties, we infer that the cold anomalies in the Kauai Deep originated when colder, saltier water from the adjacent Maui Deep spilled over the sill that separates these abyssal basins. The cause of these cold overflow events is not yet known, but inverted echo sounder observations and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data suggest that they might be associated with eddies entering the region of the Maui Deep. The transport across the sill and the vertical structure of the eddy diffusivity parameter were estimated with a one-dimensional advection–diffusion model, considering the evolving shape of the anomalous potential temperature profile during the third event onset and the apparent overflow duration. The best subjective fit to the observations yields a transport across the sill of 0.18 Sv, and a constant vertical eddy diffusivity of 7×10 −4 m 2 s −1 . The observations during the recovery of the anomalous temperatures for four of the events were used to calculate the terms of a one-dimensional diffusion model, yielding the vertical and temporal variability of the turbulent diffusivity. The results show a consistent picture of the eddy diffusivity reaching median values of 40×10 −4 m 2 s −1 near the region of the sill depth and decreasing above and below it. This maximum increase seems to be due to enhanced levels of turbulence near the depth of the controlling sill. The diffusivities also peak at the beginning of the relaxation period, decreasing by one order of magnitude by the end of each event. The fifth event's overflow was apparently captured in progress with two full-depth CTD profiles obtained 46 h apart, during which the near-bottom temperature decreased 0.035°C, the salinity increased 0.003, and the dissolved oxygen increased 7 μmol kg −1 . A seiching motion or deep baroclinic basin mode resulting from the event could explain this and other large differences in near-bottom temperatures observed between deep casts taken a few days apart.
Scaling with body mass of mitochondrial respiration from the white muscle of three phylogenetically, morphologically and behaviorally disparate teleost fishes.

White muscle (WM) fibers in many fishes often increase in size from 250 μm in adults. This leads to increases in intracellular diffusion distances that may impact the scaling with body mass of muscle metabolism. We have previously found similar negative scaling of aerobic capacity (mitochondrial volume density, V(mt)) and the rate of an aerobic process (post-contractile phosphocreatine recovery) in fish WM. In the present study, we examined the scaling with body mass of oxygen consumption rates of isolated mitochondria (VO(2mt)) from WM in three species from different families that vary in morphology and behavior: an active, pelagic species (bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix), a relatively inactive demersal species (black sea bass, Centropristis striata), and a sedentary, benthic species (southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma). In contrast to our prior studies, the measurement of respiration in isolated mitochondria is not influenced by the diffusion of oxygen or metabolites. V(mt) was measured in WM and in high-density isolates used for VO(2mt) measurements. WM V(mt) was significantly higher in the bluefish than in the other two species and VO(2mt) was independent of body mass when expressed per milligram protein or per milliliter mitochondria. The size-independence of VO(2mt) indicates that differences in WM aerobic function result from variation in V(mt) and not to changes in VO(2mt). This is consistent with our prior work that indicated that while diffusion constraints influence mitochondrial distribution, the negative scaling of aerobic processes like post-contractile PCr recovery can largely be attributed to the body size dependence of V(mt).
Bounds on the dominant eigenvalue of a population projection model

Abstract For many animal populations, the age structure of a matrix projection model is obvious. Other populations, for example sea turtles, do not fall so neatly into this format. Among other things, the number of age groups that should be used is not clear. The issue is one of modeling. We examine the question of the effects on the dominant eigenvalue of the projection matrix. Since the dominant eigenvalue governs the intrinsic growth rate of the population, we would like to have some idea of its behavior as the dimension of the projection matrix is expanded. For several types of population projection models, including that of sea turtles, we found that expanding the dimension of the matrix in a regular manner leads to predictable behavior of the dominant eigenvalue. For such matrices, the sequence of dominant eigenvalues generated by the expansion process is monotonic increasing but convergent. Moreover, the limit of the sequence can be expressed in general as a root of a polynomial whose order is less than that of the characteristic polynomial of the expanded matrix.
Women in Jail: A Brief Insight into the County Jail Experience

Changes in US social policy over the past several decades have resulted in increasing numbers of women being incarcerated in county jails (Greenfield 1999). Greenfield (1999) and Freudenberg (2002) report that the proportion of women in jails during the 1990's has grown at a faster rate than that for males.
Migrating Birds Respond to Project Seafarer's Electromagnetic Field

Radar tracking of individual migrating birds flying over a large alternating-current antenna system showed that the birds turned or changed altitude more frequently when the antenna system was operating than when it was not. These results suggest that birds sense low-intensity alternating-current electromagnetic fields during nocturnal migratory flight.
Magnetic charge and the charge quantization condition

Two viewpoints concerning magnetic charge are distinguished: that of Dirac, which is unsymmetrical, and the symmetrical one, which embodies invariance under charge rotation. It is pointed out that the latter is not in conflict with the empirical asymmetry between electric and magnetic charge. The discussion is based on an action principle that uses field strengths and the vector potential $A$ as independent variables; a second vector potential $B$ is defined nonlocally in terms of the field strengths. This nonlocality is described by an arbitrary vector function ${f}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}(y)$, subject only to the restriction ${\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}{f}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}(y)=\ensuremath{\delta}(y)$ and the additional requirement of oddness, in the symmetrical formulation. The charge quantization conditions for a pair of idealized charges, $a$ and $b$, are inferred by examining the dependence of the action $W$ on the choice of the arbitrary mathematical function $f$, and requiring the uniqueness of $\mathrm{exp}[\mathrm{iW}]$. For the unsymmetrical viewpoint the half-integer condition of Dirac is obtained, $\frac{{e}_{a}{g}_{b}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=\frac{1}{2}n$, while the symmetrical formulation requires the integer condition $\frac{({e}_{a}{g}_{b}\ensuremath{-}{e}_{b}{g}_{a})}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=n$. The Dirac injunction, "a string must never pass through a charged particle," is criticized as unnecessarily restrictive, owing to its origin in a classical action context. As simplified by a restriction to small momentum transfers, permitting the neglect of form-factor and vacuum-polarization effects, the dynamics of a realistic system of two spin- \textonehalf{} dyons is shown to involve the same interaction structure used in the idealized discussion.
Remote Heat Pipe Based Heat Exchanger Performance in Notebook Cooling

Remote heat pipe based heat exchanger cooling systems are becoming increasingly popular in cooling of notebook computers. In such cooling systems, one or more heat pipes transfer the heat from the more populated area to a location with sufficient space allowing the use of a heat exchanger for removal of the heat from the system. In analsysis of such systems, the temperature drop in the condenser section of the heat pipe is assumed negligible due to the nature of the condensation process. However, in testing of various systems, non linear longitudinal temperature drops in the heat pipe in the range of 2 to 15 °C, for different processor power and heat exchanger airflow, have been measured. Such temperature drops could cause higher condenser thermal resistance and result in lower overall heat exchanger performance. In fact the application of the conventional method of estimating the thermal performance, which does not consider such a nonlinear temperature variations, results in inaccurate design of the cooling system and requires unnecessarily higher safety factors to compensate for this inaccuracy. To address the problem, this paper offers a new analytical approach for modeling the heat pipe based heat exchanger performance under various operating conditions. The method can be used with any arbitrary condenser temperature variations. The results of the model show significant increase in heat exchanger thermal resistance when considering a non linear condenser temperature drop. The experimental data also verifies the result of the model with sufficient accuracy and therefore validates the application of this model in estimating the performance of these systems. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Formal definition of the Lower Jurassic McCoy Brook Formation, Fundy Rift Basin, eastern Canada

The name McCoy Brook Formation, presently in informal use, is formally proposed to designate outcrops of Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian) strata overlying the North Mountain Basalt in the structural Minas Subbasin of the Fundy Rift Basin. It is also proposed that this designation be extended to include stratigraphically equivalent strata beneath the Bay of Fundy throughout the entire Fundy Rift Basin. It is further recommended that use of the name Scots Bay Formation, the current designation for post-basalt Jurassic sediments outcropping on the south side of the Minas Subbasin, be discontinued. The name Scots Bay Member of the McCoy Brook Formation is used here to designate distinctive lacustrine strata at the base of the McCoy Brook Formation outcropping on both sides of the Minas Subbasin. RESUME On propose officiellement le nom de Formation de McCoy Brook, qui est presentement utilise de maniere officieuse, pour designer les affleurements ou les strates du Jurassique inferieur (Hettangien-Pliensbachien) recouvrant le basalte du mont North dans le sous-bassin structurel Minas du bassin d'effondrement Fundy. Il est en outre propose que l’on etende ce nom pour qu'il cnglobe les strates stratigraphiquement equivalentes sous la baie de Fundy dans l'ensemble du bassin d'effondrement Fundy. Il est par ailleurs recommande que l'on cesse d'utiliser le nom de Formation de Scots Bay, nom actuel de l'affleurement de sediments du Jurassique posterieur au basalte sur la rive sud du sous-bassin Minas. On utilise ici le nom de membre Scots Bay de la Formation de McCoy Brook pour designer les strates lacustres caracteristiques a la base de l'affleurement de la Formation de McCoy Brook sur les deux rives du sous-basin Minas. [Traduit par la redaction]
Prediction in the Processing of Repair Disfluencies

Imagine a speaker who says "Turn left, uh I mean…" Before hearing the repair, the listener is likely to anticipate the word "right" based on the context, including the reparandum "left." Thus, even though the reparandum is not intended as part of the utterance, the listener uses it as information to predict the repair. The issue we explore in this article is how prediction operates in disfluency contexts. We begin by describing the Overlay model of disfluency comprehension, which assumes that the listener identifies a reparandum as such only after a repair is encountered which creates a local ungrammaticality. The Overlay model also allows the reparandum to influence subsequent processing, because the reparandum is not deleted from the final representation of the sentence. A somewhat different model can be developed which assumes a more active, anticipatory process for resolving repair disfluencies. On this model, the listener might predict the likely repair when the speaker becomes disfluent, or even identify a reparandum if the word or word string seems inconsistent with the speaker's intention. Our proposal is that the prediction can be made using the same mechanism involved in the processing of contrast, in which a listener uses contrastive prominence to generate likely alternates (the contrast set). We suggest that these two approaches to disfluency processing are not inconsistent: Successful repair processing requires listeners to use statistical and linguistic evidence to identify a reparandum and to integrate the repair, and the lingering of the reparandum is due to the coexistence in working memory of the reparandum, the repair, and unselected members of the contrast set.
Platinum Dissolution in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Under Mechanical Vibrations

One of the factors that affect the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is the loss of electrochemically active surface area of the Platinum (Pt) based electrocatalyst due to platinum dissolution and sintering. The intent of the current research is to understand the effect of mechanical vibrations on the Pt particles dissolution and overall PEMFC performance. This study is of great importance for the automotive application of fuel cells, since they operate under a vibrating environment. Carbon supported platinum plays an important role as an electrocatalyst in PEMFC. Pt particles, typically a few nanometers in size, are distributed on both cathode and anode sides. Pt particle dissolution and sintering is accelerated by a number of factors, one of which is potential cycling during fuel cell operation. To study the effect of mechanical vibrations on Pt dissolution and sintering, an electrocatalyst (from cathode side) was analyzed by SEM/EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). The performance, dissolution and sintering of the Pt particles of 25 cm2 electrocatalyst coated membrane were studied during a series of tests. The experiment was conducted by running three accelerated tests. Each test duration was 300 hours, with different parameters of oscillations: one test without vibrations and remaining two tests under vibrations with frequencies of 20 Hz and 50 Hz (5g of magnitude) respectively. For each of the three tests a pristine membrane was used. The catalyst of each membrane was analyzed by ESEM/EDS in pristine state and in degraded state (after 300 hours of accelerated test). In order to specify the same area of observation on a catalyst before and after accelerated test, a relocation technique was used.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
On the grid dependence of lateral mixing parameterizations for global ocean simulations

Abstract Using an ice–ocean coupled model on an eddy-admitting, global, 0.4° mesh, we find that simulations of tracer properties and kinetic energy differ much more at high latitudes than at mid-to-low latitudes under different choices for the lateral tracer mixing parameterization, particularly between Gent and McWilliams (GM) mixing, which is Laplacian in form, and biharmonic tracer diffusion. Besides the more physical, rotated diffusivity used in GM, the differences in these two formulations can be traced to two effects, (1) scale selectivity, in which Laplacian forms damp wave energy more quickly than biharmonic mixing formulations, and (2) grid dependence of the diffusion coefficient, which is particularly important at high latitudes where the grid scale decreases dramatically on the sphere. This study explores some effects of these parameterization choices at high latitudes, including the anisotropic GM formulation. Regardless of the mixing parameterization chosen, future global simulations should take into account variations in grid cell area, in order to prevent diffusion from dominating advection in the evolution of high latitude tracers and circulation.