cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical brain imaging investigations of schizophrenia.

Abstract Neurochemical brain imaging methods developed over the past 20 years offer significant promise for elucidating the biochemical underpinnings of schizophrenia. The two general methodologies used for these studies have been: 1) radiotracer imaging: PET (positron emission tomography) and SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography); and 2) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) imaging: fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Despite conflicting findings, striatal D 2 receptor density may be elevated in some, but not all patients. Elevated synthesis, and increased release of dopamine after amphetamine challenge have also been reported. Imaging of cortical 5–HT 2A receptors suggests that this system is unaffected, in conflict with findings of postmortem studies. Although prior postmortem studies suggested an increase in cortical GABA A receptors, three SPECT studies have found no significant changes. MRS studies have shown decreased levels of NAA (N-acetyl-aspartate) moieties in hippocampus and frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients, which is consistent with the reported loss of neurons and neuropil in postmortem brains. In conclusion, developments in radiotracer and NMR imaging have provided promising leads to the biochemical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. Future significant understanding is likely to occur with the development of new probes and enhanced instrument technology, when applied with an appreciation of the heterogeneity of the disorder and the need for careful clinical assessment of patients.
Diffraction Grating Anomalies. II. Coarse Gratings

A preliminary study of the anomalies for coarse infrared reflection gratings (d=10.5μ) in the visible reveals the presence of many extremely strong anomalies for both the S and P polarization. The anomalies correspond, in some cases, to passing off orders as high as 42. Within experimental error the positions of the anomalies are given by the Rayleigh formula. The great strength of the P anomalies observed is in agreement with the author’s earlier hypothesis that, unlike S anomalies, P anomalies can occur only when the depth of the rulings is comparable to or greater than the wavelength. A total of about six echelette gratings all showed extremely strong anomalies for both polarizations.
The Search for Habit in Classical Liberalism

Using the Online Library of Liberty database, which is sponsored by the Liberty Fund, I explore the role played by the word habit in the history of classical liberalism. At the same time, I interrogate the usefulness of the Search function, the digital finding tool provided by the website. Simultaneously a survey of the changing uses of habit and a meditation on our scholarly research habits, this article investigates the intersections between ideas about free agency and habitual behaviors. It also tests the possibilities and limitations of digital archives, the increasing availability of which threatens to make conventional scholarly habits obsolete.
Closing the loop in primate prefrontal cortex: inter-laminar processing.

Prefrontal cortical activity in the primate brain emerging from minicolumnar microcircuits plays a critical role in cognitive processes dealing with executive control of behavior. However, the specific operations of columnar laminar processing in prefrontal cortex are not completely understood. Here we show via implementation of unique microanatomical recording and stimulating arrays, that minicolumns in prefrontal cortex are involved in the executive control of behavior in rhesus macaque nonhuman primates performing a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. Prefrontal cortical (PFC) neurons demonstrate functional interactions between pairs of putative pyramidal cells within specified cortical layers via anatomically oriented minicolumns. Results reveal target-specific, spatially tuned firing between inter-laminar (layer 2/3 and layer 5) pairs of neurons participating in the gating of information during the decision making phase of the task with differential correlations between activity in layer 2/3 and layer 5 in the integration of spatial vs. object-specific information for correct task performance. Such inter-laminar processing was exploited by the interfacing of an online model which delivered stimulation to layer 5 locations in a pattern associated with successful performance thereby closing the columnar loop externally in a manner that mimicked normal processing in the same task. These unique technologies demonstrate that PFC neurons encode and process information via minicolumns which provides a closed loop form of “executive function”, hence disruption of such inter-laminar processing could form the bases for cognitive dysfunction in primate brain.
NSAIDs activate PTEN and other phosphatases in human colon cancer cells: novel mechanism for chemopreventive action of NSAIDs.

Studies on chemoprevention of colorectal cancer have generated increasing interest. The mechanisms involved in NSAIDs chemopreventive action are not fully elucidated. In this study, we examined in human colon cancer cells the effect of indomethacin and NS-398 (a pre-clinical selective COX-2 inhibitor) on expression of 96 genes of the EGF/PDGF signaling pathways essential for cell proliferation, migration, and survival. We found that indomethacin and NS-398 treatment significantly upregulated expression of the tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, the MAP kinase phosphatase-3, MKP-3, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP2. Additionally, NS-398 treatment increased expression of apoptotic genes such as BAD, STAT1, and CASP3. These results suggest that as a consequence of increased expression of phosphatases such as PTEN and the resulting dephosphorylation of kinases, NSAIDs can negatively regulate the EGF/PDGF pathways in colon cancer cells—a novel mechanism for NSAIDs’ chemopreventive actions.
Skeletal Muscle Power: A Critical Determinant of Physical Functioning In Older Adults

Muscle power declines earlier and more precipitously with advancing age compared to muscle strength. Peak muscle power has also emerged as an important predictor of functional limitations in older adults. Our current working hypothesis is focused on examining lower extremity muscle power as a more discriminant variable for understanding the relationships between impairments, functional limitations and resultant disability with aging.
Crithidia spp.: Structural comparison of polysaccharides for taxonomic significance

Abstract The chemical structures of polysaccharide components of cells of several Crithidia species have been partially elucidated. The structures have been used as criteria to evaluate evolutionary lines previously proposed for species of Crithidia and Herpetomonas and for Trypanosoma cruzi . In accord with the suggestion that Crithidia and Herpetomonas are closely interrelated, all species investigated synthesize a linear (1→2)-linked β- d -mannopyranan and a heteropolysaccharide. These differ from T. cruzi polysaccharide, which contains α- d -mannopyranosyl structures and likely indicates a separate evolutionary route for this flagellate. Crithidia fasciculata, Crithidia harmosae , and Crithidia luciliae form a closely knit group since they form arabinogalactans with related structures. The similarity is particularly close between arabinogalactans of C. fasciculata and C. harmosae whose 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra show a high degree of resemblance. An unnamed Crithidia sp. contains polysaccharides with fucose and xylose units, intermediate between those of Crithidia deanei , which gave glucose and fucose on hydrolysis, and Herpetomnas samuelpessoai , which gave glucuronic acid and xylose.
Relationship of Restoration Width, Tooth Position, and Alloy to Fracture at the Margins of 13- to 14-year-old Amalgams

The effect of width of the restoration, tooth position, and amalgam type on the fracture of the margins of 13- to 14-year-old, high-copper, amalgam restorations was evaluated. The evaluation assessed 193 photographs of restorations by use of ridit analysis and a rank-ordering test. The results indicated that the width of the restoration was the predominant factor and that tooth position and the different high-copper alloys were less significant. Interactions between tooth position and width indicated that lower premolars with conservative restorations exhibited the least fracture at the margins, and upper premolars with a wide preparation exhibited the most. It is postulated that tooth deflection under mastication may play a role in long-term fracture at the margins of amalgams.
The Value Dilemmas of Faculty Advising; Significant Issues in a Code of Ethics for Faculty Advisors

ABSTRACT Although frequently challenging, faculty advising continues to be a crucial component of social work education. Yet the current diversity of students, educational programs, and field placements present many ethical dilemmas to the faculty advisor. This paper explores the administrative, educational, and supportive roles of the faculty advisor, the inherent conflicts which develop and the effects of these conflicts on the ethical advising of social work students. Similar to the classroom teacher, the faculty advisor can positively model ethical social work practice to students. Case examples from faculty advisors are used to study ethical dilemmas which arise in promoting social work values of self-determination and confidentiality. Recommendations are made to promote ethical practice among faculty advisors.
A Framework to Improve Coordinated Action toward the Adoption and Implementation of Health Information Exchanges

The emerging healthcare model of accountable care requires sharing of patient health information within a network of care. Adoption and implementation of health information exchanges in support of accountable care organizations depends on a number of factors including value proposition, coordination between participants, and workflow. We examine these factors and propose a framework to improve coordinated action toward the adoption and implementation of health information exchanges. Implications to practice and research of this approach are discussed.
Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract caused by benign polypoid tumors: Report of cases

HEREAS the common Iesions of the stomach, uker and carcinoma, are recognized with a fair degree of certainty, the more unusua1 benign tumors commonIy pass unnoticed and very frequentIy are first discovered either at operation or necropsy. One of the reasons for this has been that because of their comparative rarity, benign tumors of the stomach are usuaIIy not considered in the differentia1 diagnosis; and when uIcer and cancer seem to be excluded from the cIinica1 picture, the cause for the anemia is usuaIIy sought for in other channeIs. UnfortunateIy, many cases of secondary anemia reach a severe state because of faiIure to thoroughIy investigate the stoo1 for bIood. AIthough commonIy the source of the bIeeding from the gastrointestina1 tract can be found, there are cases in which, after a most thorough and carefu1 study, even expIoratory operation faik to reveal the bIeeding point. These cases are of specia1 interest because the outcome is aImost entireIy dependent upon accurate diagnosis; the Iocation of the lesion having been found, the procedure is reIativeIy simpIe and Ieads to the compIete recovery of the patient. The Iocation of the bIeeding point must be determined by a process of excIusion. The unrecognized cases of severe secondary anemia deveIoping from bIeeding hemorrhoids are stiI1 too frequent. This source shouId be immediateIy excIuded. PoIyps in the rectum and sigmoid shouId be excIuded by proctoscopic and sigmoidoscopic examinations. The upper respiratory and digestive tract shouId be investigated and varices of the esophagus excIuded. YORK
Theoretical criteria for the production of long-lived populations of cytotoxic free radicals

Populations of cytotoxic semiquinone and ascorbyl free radicals with half-lives in excess of 103 seconds result from the interaction of 2, 6-dimethoxy-p-quinone with ascorbate at pH 7.4. Kinetics for these ascorbyl and semiquinone free radical populations have been determined experimentally by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Neither transition metals nor oxygen were found to be involved in the generation or decay of these free radicals and no evidence for the formation of other more reactive species such as OH radicals could be found by spin trapping. A theoretical model is presented that accounts for the observed production of free radicals and their kinetics. The formation and decay of semiquinone radicals can be explained by a conproportionation-disproportionation pseudoequifibrium existing between quinone and hydroquinone in the reaction mixture. The presence of ascorbyl radicals cannot be explained in this way, however, and these radicals apparently result from one electron reductions of quinone by ascorbate. Criteria for the selection of other pairs of electron donors and acceptors capable of synergistic production of long-lived free radical populations for applications such as chemotherapy are discussed.
Demonstration of inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity in rabbit neutrophils: absence of a role for protein kinase C.

Summary Rabbit peritoneal neutrophils, permeabilized with Triton X-100, contain inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity capable of converting [ 3 H]inositol, 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P 3 ) to [ 3 H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. This activity is found predominantly associated with the soluble component of fractionated neutrophils. It is comprised of specific and non-specific activities toward Ins-1,4,5-P 3 which can be separated by cation exchange chromatography. Treatment of neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) prior to permeabilization does not affect the rate of Ins-1,4,5-P 3 breakdown by these cells. In addition, activation of endogenous protein kinase C in a soluble fraction prepared from neutrophils does not affect the specific inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity of this fraction. Taken together, these results provide evidence that activation of protein kinase C in the neutrophil does not affect its 5-phosphomonoesterase activity. Unlike platelets, the phosphorylation of a 5-phosphomonoesterase, if it occurs, may not play a role in the inhibitory effects of PMA on neutrophil responsiveness.
A second report on the effect of agronomic practices on the incidence of rhizoctonia and scab of potatoes

The results obtained in three rotation experiments in New York State in 1939, confirm the report made in 1938. They are as follows: More potato tubers bore sclerotia ofRhisoctonia where potatoes were grown continuously than where they were grown in longer rotations. Where potatoes were grown continuously, the largest percentage of tubers were affected withRhizoctonia where they were grown without commercial fertilizer, manure or cover crop. The addition of fertilizing material in any of these forms reduced the percentage of tubers affected, and the greatest reduction was secured on plots where all of these fertilizing materials Were used together. At the only location where the pH of the soil was such as to favor scab, the largest amount occurred on plots which received no fertilizer, manure or cover crop. At the other locations small increases in scab occurred on plots Which had been previously limed for clover. The largest increases were obtained on plots which received both manure and lime. Manure alone has caused a small increase at Malone.
Teaching residents to communicate: the use of a telephone triage system in an academic ambulatory clinic.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the use of a telephone triage system in an academic primary care clinic and its impact on communication, patient management and satisfaction. Methods A “telephone clinic” was created using a triage nurse to answer patients’ calls to an academic primary care clinic, staffed by house staff physicians. Chart reviews were conducted of all medical records of patients who called and were referred to the telephone clinic during a six month period. A total of 1135 patient calls were monitored. Using a random selection process, 366 patient calls were studied and 42% of these patients were called back two weeks after the initial call and were interviewed. Results Of the 336 calls, 68% of the calls were serious enough to be referred to a house staff physician. Symptom complaints accounted for 64% of the telephone calls; 4% of patients were sent to the emergency room or admitted to the hospital directly based on the information from the call. Telephone calls enhanced patients’ access to specialty care consultative services and 14% of patients who called received a new medication prescription. Patients’ satisfaction with the communication and the overall care provided by the “telephone clinic” was highly rated. Conclusion The telephone contact initiated by the patients resulted in expedited access for patients whose symptoms were serious enough to require immediate referral to the emergency room or direct hospital admission. Practice implications In a primary care practice, the telephone can be a major source of communication for practitioners, office staff and patients. The creation of a “telephone clinic” which utilizes nurses and house staff physicians trained and dedicated to telephone communication directly with patients resulted in more efficient management and greater satisfaction for patients.
Fowler-Nordheim and hot carrier reliabilities of U-shaped trench-gated transistors studied by three terminal charge pumping

Abstract Low specific on-resistance, high packing densities, and large blocking voltage capabilities have all made U-shaped trench-gated metal-oxide–Si field-effect transistor (UMOSFET) the leading candidate in power electronic applications. However, hot carrier and Fowler Nordheim stresses are major reliability concerns for UMOSFETs. In studying the effects of these stresses on device lifetime, charge pumping (CP) has proven to be a versatile transistor characterization technique. For its application “conventional” CP, however, needs four terminal transistors and features the substrate current as its main output. Often a UMOSFET has only three terminals and no substrate contact is included in the device. We report on an adaptation of the CP technique, which renders it applicable on three-terminal UMOSFETs and other three-terminal transistors. The three-terminal CP is applied to n-channel UMOSFETs, and is used to evaluate the effects of electrical stresses applied to the UMOSFETs.
Interactive MR image guidance for neurosurgical and minimally invasive procedures

Advantages of MR imaging for guidance of minimally invasive procedures include exceptional soft tissue contrast, intrinsic multiplanar imaging capability, and absence of exposure to ionizing radiation. Specialized imaging sequences are available and under development which can further enhance diagnosis and therapy. Flow-sensitive imaging techniques can be used to identify vascular structures. Temperature-sensitive imaging is possible which can provide interactive feedback prior to, during, and following the delivery of thermal energy. Functional MR imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequences can provide additional information for guidance in neurosurgical applications. Functional MR allows mapping of eloquent areas in the brain, so that these areas may be avoided during therapy. Dynamic contrast enhancement techniques can be useful for distinguishing active tumor from tumor necrosis caused by previous radiation therapy. An open-configuration 0.5T MRI system (GE Signa SP) developed at Brigham and Women's Hospital in collaboration with General Electric Medical Systems is described. Interactive navigation systems have been integrated into the MRI system. The imaging system is sited in an operating room environment, and used for image guided neurosurgical procedures (biopsies and tumor excision), as well as minimally invasive thermal therapies. Examples of MR imaging guidance, navigational techniques, and clinical applications are presented.
Neonatal nodular fasciitis of the larynx

We want to describe a case of neonatal laryngeal nodular fasciitis. A 5-day-old female presented with stridor. Fiberoptic transnasal laryngoscopy identified a smooth ball-valving mass obstructing the glottis. Direct microlaryngoscopy demonstrated a lesion originating from the right laryngeal ventricle. Endoscopic therapeutic and diagnostic subtotal biopsies relieved the airway obstruction. Pathologic analysis established nodular fasciitis as the diagnosis. Follow-up endoscopy showed complete resolution of this reactive lesion, and normal laryngeal function. Nodular fasciitis, rarely described in children's head and neck region, has never been reported in the larynx of a neonate. This patient's successful outcome suggests that conservative resection may be both diagnostic and curative.
Magnetic resonance elastography: evaluation of new inversion algorithm and quantitative analysis method

Purpose To assess mean shear hepatic stiffness calculations using various region of interest (ROI) techniques, a new inversion algorithm, and a confidence threshold mask.
Charter Schools and Race: A Lost Opportunity for Integrated Education

Segregation patterns in the nation's charter schools are studied. After reviewing state charter legislation that directly addresses issues of racial and ethnic balance of student enrollment, we briefly examine the racial composition and segregation of the charter school population nationally. School-level analyses, aggregated by state constitute the primary method of studying segregation in charter schools. First, we look at racial composition and segregation of charter schools by state. Then, we consider the differences in segregation between non-charter public schools (or simply "public schools" for convenience) and charter schools, as well as segregation within the charter school sector. We conclude with a discussion of the article's findings and recommendations to promote further racial equity in this growing sector of public schools.
Unique factorization in invariant power series rings

Abstract Let G be a finite group, k a perfect field, and V a finite-dimensional kG-module. We let G act on the power series k 〚 V 〛 by linear substitutions and address the question of when the invariant power series k 〚 V 〛 G form a unique factorization domain. We prove that for a permutation module for a p-group in characteristic p, the answer is always positive. On the other hand, if G is a cyclic group of order p, k has characteristic p, and V is an indecomposable kG-module of dimension r with 1 ⩽ r ⩽ p , we show that the invariant power series form a unique factorization domain if and only if r is equal to 1, 2, p − 1 or p. This contradicts a conjecture of Peskin.
Ordering author and work records: an evaluation of collocation in online catalog displays

To investigate the extent to which online catalogs arrange together, or collocate, records representing particular authors and works, a survey compared the displays resulting from five author and five work queries in 18 online catalogs. Dependent variables to measure collocation included the number of times irrelevant records were interfiled among relevant records. Searches for worst-case authors and works associated with large retrieval sets, including Homer and Paradise Lost, revealed the effects of Boolean versus string matching, query type, and catalog size on the collocation of relevant records. Results of the survey showed that string matching collocated relevant records more successfully than Boolean matching, that author records were collocated more successfully than work records, and, surprisingly, that catalog size had only a small effect on collocation.
Use of subcarrier multiplexing/multiple access for multipoint connections in all-optical networks

The use of subcarrier multiplexing/multiple access (SCM/SCMA) is a simple and cost effective alternative to time division multiplexing/multiple access (TDM/TDMA) for creating multipoint connections in lightwave networks. The SCM/SCMA technique can be used in all- optical networks to produce a significant increase in throughput and connectivity. However, when the signals from two or more lasers operating in a WDM/SCM system are combined at a detector, optical beat interference (OBI) occurring at a frequency equal to the difference in optical frequencies of the lasers can potentially severely interfere with the information being transmitted. Thus, to achieve satisfactory performance, the optical carriers must have the correct spacing, their individual wavelengths must be precisely controlled and the subcarrier frequencies carefully selected to minimize OBI. Our experimental work focuses in studying the OBI and its effect as the optical carriers are moved closer in frequency. Our results provide the minimum spacing needed to achieve a 10-9 Bit Error Rate at both 3 Mbps and 200 Mbps. We also discuss an interesting application for the above scheme on the Optical Network Technology Consortium's all-optical testbed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Emerging Risk Factors in Women

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability and death for women in the United States, with recent evidence suggesting a higher rate of stroke in midlife women than men, as well as higher lifetime risk of stroke for older women. Several recent studies highlight emerging areas of interest for research on risk factors for stroke in women. This article reviews data published in the last year, focusing on 3 potential risk factors that may partially explain these differences between men and women: central adiposity and related adipocytokines, endogenous sex hormones, and depression.
Practical engagement: Drawing a fine line for U.S.‐China trade

Today's economic realities recommend relaxing advanced commercial technologies controls toward China while maintaining an embargo on military items and a small handful of crucial dual‐use items—identified here—to help preserve U.S. technological superiority and engage Beijing.
Nonvenomous Bite Injuries of the Foot: Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Animal bite injuries to humans are relatively common, however, bite injuries to the lower extremity and more specifically the foot are relatively uncommon. Foot injuries, once infected, may lead to further complications, such as soft tissue loss, bone loss, and the need for amputation. Patients with preexisting medical conditions, such as peripheral vascular disease and diabetes, are especially at risk for such complications. In this article, 2 recent cases are detailed and the literature to examine these injuries of the foot is reviewed.
Distributed pointing for multimodal collaboration over sketched diagrams

A problem faced by groups that are not co-located but need to collaborate on a common task is the reduced access to the rich multimodal communicative context that they would have access to if they were collaborating face-to-face. Collaboration support tools aim to reduce the adverse effects of this restricted access to the fluid intermixing of speech, gesturing, writing and sketching by providing mechanisms to enhance the awareness of distributed participants of each others' actions.In this work we explore novel ways to leverage the capabilities of multimodal context-aware systems to bridge co-located and distributed collaboration contexts. We describe a system that allows participants at remote sites to collaborate in building a project schedule via sketching on multiple distributed whiteboards, and show how participants can be made aware of naturally occurring pointing gestures that reference diagram constituents as they are performed by remote participants.The system explores the multimodal fusion of pen, speech and 3D gestures, coupled to the dynamic construction of a semantic representation of the interaction, anchored on the sketched diagram, to provide feedback that overcomes some of the intrinsic ambiguities of pointing gestures.
Measuring grade inflation: A clinical grade discrepancy score

Abstract Grade inflation presents pedagogical and safety concerns for nursing educators and is defined as a "greater percentage of excellent scores than student performances warrant" (Speer et al., 2000, p. 112). This descriptive correlational study evaluated the relationship of licensure exam-style final written exams and faculty assigned clinical grades from undergraduate students ( N = 281) for evidence of grade inflation at a private undergraduate nursing program in the Northeast of the United States and developed a new measurement of grade inflation, the clinical grade discrepancy score. This measurement can be used in programs where clinical competency is graded on a numeric scale. Evidence suggested grade inflation was present and the clinical grade discrepancy score was an indicator of the severity of grade inflation. The correlation between licensure-style final written exams and faculty assigned clinical grades was moderate to low at 0.357. The clinical grade discrepancy scores were 98% positive indicating likely grade inflation. Some 70% of clinical grade discrepancy scores indicated a difference of student licensure-style final written exams and faculty assigned clinical grades of at least one full letter grade (10 points out of 100). Use of this new measure as a tool in exploring the prevalence of grade inflation and implications for patient safety are discussed.
CUSTOMS UNION AND THE ESTIMATION OF THE IMPORT LEAKAGE EFFECT

The purpose of this paper is to present estimates of the maximum potential import leakage effect (decrease in the multipliers) as a result of the U.K.'s joining the E.E.C. The 1970 U.K. input‐output model was used. As a first step the domestic input coefficient matrix was adjusted for changes in the relative price of domestic inputs under the assumption that all import duties on competitive imports from the E.E.C. were eliminated. Considerable variation in the ranking of each endogenous sector according to its leakage coefficient for output, income, and employment was found.
Study of the permanent conjecture and some of its generalizations. II

In this paper, for some of the results which were announced in we define, for every convex polytope, a function generalizing the permanent; we study the growth of the function, the behavior of its minimum and determine a lower bound for the minimum. Some of the results are new even for the permanent. A related function whose properties are strongly linked to the permanent is also studied, and will be described in greater detail in a sequel to this paper.
Treatment of Gram-Positive Infections: Past, Present, and Future

The need for strategic planning for antimicrobial use has reached a critical point. The rise in resistant nosocomial and community gram-positive bacteria mandates appropriate antibiotic selection and dosing. The development of new compounds is not the answer, because many are based off existing structures to which bacteria have already developed resistance. New antimicrobial agents are falling to the resistant mechanisms developed by the bacteria, after only limited clinical exposure. Judicious use of antimicrobial agents and applying pharmacokinetic principles when dosing can help slow the rate of resistance.
Choosing informative actions for manipulation tasks

Autonomous robots demand complex behavior to perform tasks in unstructured environments. In order to meet these expectations efficiently, it is necessary to organize knowledge of past interactions with the world in order to facilitate future tasks. With this goal in mind, we present a knowledge representation that makes explicit the invariant spatial relationships between sensorimotor features comprising a rigid body and uses them to reason about other tasks and run-time contexts.
Permanent Staining with Iodine Vapor

Sections of cooked rice have been stained with iodine vapor, and the method has given greater permanency than any heretofore reported. The method, which permits the use of a counter-stain, has been applied also to starches, starch pastes, uncooked rice flour, and cooked rice flour. The resulting color is of moderate intensity, so that structure is revealed and the birefringence of ungelatinized starch is not impaired. Preparations made more than a year ago have retained their characteristic blue or lavender color.
Analysis of the full-length genome of a novel strain of the H7N9 avian influenza virus

The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution and variation of a novel strain of the avian influenza virus. The virus-positive specimens [A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9)] from a patient infected with the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and the full genome was sequenced. The sequencing results were submitted to GenBank and then analyzed by phylogenetic tree analysis using BioEdit and Mega5 software. The phylogenetic tree of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes revealed that A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9) and all the new H7N9 viruses in 2013 were in a large cluster, and their nucleotide evolutionary distances were closely associated. Phylogenetic tree analyses of the nucleoprotein and nonstructural genes demonstrated two main branches. One branch contained novel H7N9 viruses isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. The other branch contained three novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from environmental sources in Shanghai. All the phylogenetic trees of the matrix protein, polymerase acidic, polymerase basic protein 1 and polymerase basic protein 2 genes also showed two branches, with each branch including the novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. Molecular characterization demonstrated that 52 novel H7N9 viruses sequenced to date contain the G228S and G186V mutations in the receptor binding site of the HA protein. The full-genome sequences of A/Changsha/2/2013 and analyses of its molecular characteristics suggest that the A/Changsha/2/2013 H7N9 virus strain has molecular characteristics that may facilitate adaptation of the virus to mammalian hosts and may even bind to human receptors.
Conflict management in online relationships.

Abstract With the diffusion of networked technology, personal relationships can be easily formed and maintained online today. Similar to a face-to-face situation, conflict is also seen in these online relationships. Early theories suggested that computer-mediated communication (CMC) tends to increase conflicts because of the lack of social-context cues, and CMC is not rich enough to manage conflict. As CMC has become part of our daily life, we often face conflict online, and thus we need to understand how people manage conflict online. This study explored how online users manage interpersonal conflict. Self-report survey data from 159 university students were analyzed to examine their conflict-management styles in association with the perceived closeness of the online relationship and a future intention toward the relationship. The results indicated that online users select cooperative management styles to handle conflict in their close relationships. In addition, online users avoid less cooperative style...
Hydrological consistency using multi-sensor remote sensing data for water and energy cycle studies

Abstract A multi-sensor/multi-platform approach to water and energy cycle prediction is demonstrated in an effort to understand the variability and feedback of land surface and atmospheric processes over large space and time scales. Remote sensing-based variables including soil moisture (from AMSR-E), surface heat fluxes (from MODIS) and precipitation rates (from TRMM) are combined with North American Regional Reanalysis derived atmospheric components to examine the degree of hydrological consistency throughout these diverse and independent hydrologic data sets. The study focuses on the influence of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) over the southwestern United States, and is timed to coincide with the SMEX04 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME). The study is focused over the Arizona portion of the NAME domain to assist in better characterizing the hydrometeorological processes occurring across Arizona during the summer monsoon period. Results demonstrate that this multi-sensor approach, in combination with available atmospheric observations, can be used to obtain a comprehensive and hydrometeorologically consistent characterization of the land surface water cycle, leading to an improved understanding of water and energy cycles within the NAME region and providing a novel framework for future remote observation and analysis of the coupled land surface–atmosphere system.
Detection of occult micrometastases in the bone marrow of patients with prostate carcinoma

A panel of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane and cytoskeletal antigens expressed by epithelial cells (T16′ C26′ and AE-1) was used in a sensitive immunohistochemical assay to detect tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates from 20 patients with prostate cancer. Bone marrow aspirates from 2/9 (22%) patients with localized prostate cancer (stage B, 0/5; Stage C, 2/4), and 4/11 (36%) patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Stage D1′ 0/7 patients; Stage D2′ 4/4 patients) had antigen-positive cells in their bone marrow. The patients with localized disease had conventional examinations for metastases, including radioisotope bone scans and examination of bone marrow cytology, which were negative. The serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level appeared to correlate with the presence of micrometastases. Those patients with localized disease and antigen-positive cells in the bone marrow had an average serum PSA level of 26.6 ng/ml, while the average serum PSA level in patients without antigen-positive cells was 12.3 ng/ml. In addition, the number of antigen-positive cells detected appeared to correlate with the stage of disease; patients with Stage C prostate cancer had an average of 10 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements, while patients with Stage D2 disease had an average of 25 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements. We have demonstrated that immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow aspirates can detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Further follow-up of these and a larger number of patients will be required to determine the potential clinical significance of this finding. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A British Firm on the American West Coast, 1869–1914

The success of Balfour, Guthrie and Company in mobilizing British and American capital for productive investment contributed importantly to the economic development of the Pacific-coast region of the United States. The changing economic patterns of that region emerge through Professor Rothstein's analysis of the firm and its managers' actions and responses, from which a broader understanding of the problems and direction of foreign investment in the American West is possible.
Integrated (Ba,Sr) TiO 3 (BST) films on copper and alumina for monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) applications

For development of tunable dielectric microwave devices, the ability to integrate ferroelectric and paraelectric films with low loss dielectric substrates, such as alumina, and with high conductivity metal top and bottom electrodes and vias, such as copper, is of interest. Reducing atmosphere processing has been developed to enable tunable dielectric monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) devices including tunable capacitors, phase shifters, distributed transmission line true time delay (TTD) elements, and combline filters on alumina substrates. Process and integration details of tunable BST circuit fabrication with novel copper-tungsten vias and semiconducting TaN biasing electrodes are presented.
Adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto a hydrophobic carbonaceous geosorbent in the presence of surfactants

The adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs; atrazine and diuron) onto lampblack was studied in the presence of nonionic, cationic, and anionic surfactants (Triton® X-100), benzalkonium chloride [BC], and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS]) to determine the effect of the surfactant on HOC adsorption onto a hydrophobic carbonaceous geosorbent. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate showed an adsorption capacity higher than that of BC but similar to that of Triton X-100, implying the charge property of a surfactant is not a useful indicator for predicting the surfactant's adsorption onto a hydrophobic medium. The results also indicated that the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of a surfactant is not a good predictor of that surfactant's sorption onto a hydrophobic medium. Under subsaturation adsorption conditions (i.e., before sorption saturation is reached), surfactant adsorption reduced HOC adsorption to a significant extent, with the reduction in HOC adsorption increasing monotonically with the amount of surfactant adsorbed. Among the three surfactants, Triton X-100 was the most effective in reducing HOC adsorption, whereas BC and LAS showed similar effectiveness in this regard. Under the same amount of the surfactant sorbed, the reduction in atrazine adsorption was consistently greater than that for diuron because of atrazine's lower hydrophobicity. No significant difference was observed in the amount of the HOC adsorbed under different adsorption sequences. Our results showed that the presence of surfactant can significantly decrease HOC adsorption onto hydrophobic environmental media and, thus, is important in predicting HOC fate and transport in the environment.
Metabolic Clearance Rates, Production Rates and Concentrations of Progesterone in Pregnant Rhesus Monkeys

It has been reported of rhesus monkeys that uterine vein levels of progesterone decrease by 75% during the 2nd half of pregnancy while maternal peripheral vein levels remain fairly constant. Whether this difference could be explained by declining placental and/or ovarian progesterone production rates (PRs) occurring along with declining metabolic clearance rates (MCRs) of progesterone was investigated in 8 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Values for PR MCR and peripheral levels of progesterone on Day 151 of pregnancy were not markedly different from those on Day 72 of gestation. Others have reported a 22-fold increase in uterine blood flow in pregnant macaques over nonpregnant control values. Thus as PR and MCR did not change during late pregnancy it is concluded that declining uterine vein levels of progesterone near term reflect increased uterine blood flow which delivers to the peripheral blood an unchanged amount of progesterone in an increased amount of blood which accounts for declining concentrations.
Patterns in verb use by preschoolers with normal language and specific language impairment

Preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) and two groups of children developing language normally (age-equivalent and MLU-equivalent) described motion and change-ofstate scenes while viewing a video program in a controlled experimental setting.Patterns of verb use were then analyzed across the three groups of children. Two findings were of particular interest. First, while the children with SLI relied heavily on the use of general all-purpose (GAP) verbs while describing the video scenes, the normally developing children produced an even higher percentage of CAP verbs. Second, the children with SLI made significantly more semantic errors in verb use. Unlike the normally developing children, the children with SLI were much more likely to produce a change-of-state verb. Hence, they produced cross-domain errors for motion-eliciting scenes (e.g., a moving figure was said to be “cracking” or “changing color”) and within-domain errors for change-of-state-eliciting scenes (e.g., a figure changing shape was said to be “changing to green”).
Potential mechanisms linking low-fat diet to inflammation and metabolic syndrome.

In our study, results showed that change in CRP was significantly greater in the low-fat diet group compared with the exercise group, but only in women classified with metabolic syndrome 1 . The positive effects of a low-fat diet on inflammation were not found in men overall, women overall, men with or without the metabolic syndrome, or in women without the metabolic syndrome 1 . We agree with Dr. Kawada that dietary intake may be important for reducing inflammation, though the exact physiological mechanism relating low-fat diet to CRP is poorly understood. Increased intake of dietary fat can induce a pro-inflammatory profile increasing circulating levels of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α 2 . Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a type of fat common in low-fat foods, can inhibit cytokine release directly from the endothelium in a vascular model of atherosclerosis 3 . The lower levels of cytokines may result in lower circulating CRP levels. Low-fat foods also may simultaneously change macronutrient intake and quality 4 . Individuals who consume low-fat diets also tend to increase intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains 4 . Increased fruit and vegetable consumption can induce anti-inflammatory effects which may also lower CRP levels 5 . Meals that cause a rise in insulin and epinephrine output are associated with higher levels of CRP 6 . IL-6 release is also hypothesized to be stimulated by the amount of insulin and catecholamine in the bloodstream 7 . Thus, meals that limit the increase in postprandial glucose may also reduce levels of cytokines and CRP in the bloodstream 8 . In fact, consumption of meals which limit the rise in insulin and glucose, such as low glycemic diets, reduce CRP levels 9 . Our study does not allow us to comment if any of these potential mechanisms played a role in our results. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism linking low-fat diet to inflammation.
Abnormal In Vitro Proliferation and Differentiation of T Cell Colony-forming Cells in Patients with Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/Human T Lymphocyte Virus Type I (HTLV-I)-associated Myeloencephalopathy and Healthy HTLV-I Carriers

T cell colonies were generated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 10 patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/human T lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myeloencephalopathy (TSP/HAM), two healthy HTLV-I carriers, and 17 healthy HTLV-I-seronegative subjects. PBMC were cultured in methylcellulose in the absence of added growth factors (spontaneous T cell colonies), or in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate and interleukin 2 (induced T cell colonies). PBMC T cell colony-forming cells (T-CFC) from all TSP/HAM patients and HTLV-I carriers were able to grow in the absence of added growth factors and/or mitogenic stimulation. Pooled spontaneous and induced colonies were composed of cells bearing CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD1+ antigens. Colonies from normal HTLV-I-seronegative subjects displayed mature cells bearing the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD1- surface phenotype. In addition, spontaneous and induced T cell colonies expressed HTLV-I antigens in 18-38% of the cells from TSP/HAM patients and HTLV-I carriers. These results demonstrate that HTLV-I infection is associated with an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of T cell progenitors in vitro and that the T-CFC from HTLV-I-seropositive individuals are infected, suggesting that T-CFC abnormalities may play a predominant role in the pathophysiology of HTLV-I.
De Viaje: Elite Views of Modernity and the Porfirian Railway Boom

This study examines representations of the railroad in art, poetry, and literature printed in publications targeting middle- and upper-class audiences. It uses these sources to investigate how elite groups viewed the process of change spurred by the rapid modernization that defined the Porfiriato. It argues that the elite used this literature and art to define themselves as modern citizens and diffuse ideas about the benefits of progress, the success of the regime, and the ways civilized individuals should behave. It also shows that these groups shared anxieties about the social and cultural changes spurred by modernization.