cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program: A General Equilibrium Framework

This article uses a general equilibrium framework and econometric analyses to examine economic wide impacts of the Conservation Reserves Program. It determines direct and indirect factors which affect the economic efficiency of the program and shows their magnitudes. It shows that the interaction between the program and the tax system causes indirect efficiency costs but the interaction between the program and the agricultural support subsidies generate economic gains. The program has the potential to distort the labor market and cause efficiency losses form this channel. However the analytical model shows that trade can reduce social costs of the policy because a part of the burden of the policy can be passed on to foreign consumers of crop products through the world market. The numerical results show that at the current level of acreage reduction (34 millions acres), the marginal cost of spending one more dollar on the program is about $1.9 for the US economy. In addition, the numerical results illustrate that the program has the potential to generate different and significant unintended economic impacts. For example, depending on the parameters of the model, the program can raise the prices of land up to 10.6%, generate up to 20% land conversion, and raise the demand for nitrogen fertilizer up to 4.2% at the current level of acreage reduction. Finally, the empirical regression results demonstrate that the program has affected the production behavior of the crop industry significantly. In particular, the program has increased the demand for fertilizer and labor and has decreased the demand for land and capital.
Design and Control Methodology of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper systematically discusses the design and control methodologies of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Design methodology is focused on battery energy and power capacity design. Two kinds of typical batteries, namely, NiMH and Li-ion, are discussed. Control strategies focus on all electric range and charge depletion range operations. In addition, a constrained engine on and off control strategy is discussed for charge-sustained operation. Simulation has been performed for an example passenger car. The simulation results indicate that a significant amount of fuel can be displaced by electric energy in typical urban driving.
So you want to run an experiment, now what? Some simple rules of thumb for optimal experimental design

Experimental economics represents a strong growth industry. In the past several decades the method has expanded beyond intellectual curiosity, now meriting consideration alongside the other more traditional empirical approaches used in economics. Accompanying this growth is an influx of new experimenters who are in need of straightforward direction to make their designs more powerful. This study provides several simple rules of thumb that researchers can apply to improve the efficiency of their experimental designs. We buttress these points by including empirical examples from the literature.
CARDY'S FORMULA FOR CERTAIN MODELS OF THE BOND-TRIANGULAR TYPE

We introduce and study a family of 2D percolation systems which are based on the bond percolation model of the triangular lattice. The system under study has local correla- tions, however, bonds separated by a few lattice spacings act independently of one another. By avoiding explicit use of microscopic paths, it is first established that the model possesses the typical attributes which are indicative of critical behavior in 2D percolation problems. Subse- quently, the so called Cardy-Carleson functions are demonstrated to satisfy, in the continuum limit, Cardy's formula for crossing probabilities. This extends the results of S. Smirnov to a non-trivial class of critical 2D percolation systems.
Quality of gate oxides grown on state-of-the-art SIMOX and ZMR SOI substrates

The quality of 25-nm gate oxides formed on state-of-the-art SIMOX and ZMR silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates was studied using NMOSFETs. Circular, edgeless, and conventional island isolated devices were used. Devices fabricated on bulk silicon wafers were studied for comparison. I-V characteristics, breakdown voltages, charge trapping, and charge to breakdown were characterized. The results clearly demonstrated that the quality of SIMOX and ZMR wafers and especially of the top Si surface was as good as that of bulk silicon. The quality of the gate oxides formed on island isolated devices was poor due to defective oxide formed on the sidewalls. A comparison of circular, edgeless MOSFETs and island isolated MOSFETs can be used to optimize island etching, sidewall cleaning, and gate oxidation processes. >
Aeroheating Analysis for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter with Comparison to Flight Data

The aeroheating environment of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been analyzed using the direct simulation Monte Carlo and free-molecular techniques. The results of these analyses were used to develop an aeroheating database to be used for the preflight planning and the in-flight operations support for the aerobraking phase of the MRO mission. The aeroheating predictions calculated for the MRO include the heat transfer coefficient (CH) over a range of angles-of-attack, sideslip angles, and number densities. The effects of flow chemistry, surface temperature, and surface grid resolution were also investigated to determine the aeroheating database uncertainties. Flight heat flux data has been calculated from surface temperature sensor data returned to Earth from the MRO in orbit around Mars during the aerobraking phase of its mission. The heat flux data have been compared to the aeroheating database and agree favorably.
Towards a comprehensive strategy to recover river herring on the Atlantic seaboard: lessons from Pacific salmon

Riverherring (alewife,Alosapseudoharengus, andbluebackherring,Alosa aestivalis) are anadromous alosines thatplay important ecological roles and comprised major US fisheries in the past. Stocks are at historically low levels Atlantic coast-wide and river herring are being considered for listing as threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. A comprehensive, linked freshwater and marine approach to restoring these important species is proposed, informed by a “life cycle” strategy for the recovery of an Endangered Pacific salmon species. The California coho salmon strategy entails identifying core populations stratified by biological units, assessing threats and developing sitespecific and range-wide recovery actions to restore habitat and abate threats to all life stages. Protecting and strengthening core populations, combinedwithmarine strategies, is likely key to the recoveryof the species at scale. A case study is presented fromtheTauntonRiver, a 1300-km watershed inMassachusetts (USA) that hosts one of the largest river herring runs in New England. This watershed and its river herring populations possess multiple characteristics that indicate resilience and thus it could be an example of a river herring core habitat, critical for the recovery of the species at scale. A watershed-wide protection and restoration initiative is underway. Site-based strategies including dam removal, low impact development retrofits, and land protection are linked to policy efforts such as establishing streamflow standards and easing permitting of restoration projects to protect and improve connectivity, flow, and water quality. These watershedbased strategies are linked to regional scale research and fisheries management to set sustainable directed harvest targets and reduce the bycatch of river herring in ocean fisheries. Core habitats for river herring need to be identified range-wide and investments in those places prioritized to secure resilient source populations.
First-principles study of bismuth films at transition-metal grain boundaries

Recent experiments suggest that Bi impurities segregate to form bilayer films on Ni and Cu grain boundaries but do not segregate in Fe. To explain these phenomena, we study the total energies of Bi films on transition metal (TM) $\Sigma$3(111) and $\Sigma$5(012) GBs using density functional theory. Our results agree with the observed stabilities. We propose a model to predict Bi bilayer stability at Ni GBs which suggests that Bi bilayer is not stable on (111) twist CSL GBs but is stable in most (100) twist CSL GBs. We investigate the interaction and bonding character between Bi and TMs to explain the differences among TMs based on localization of orbitals and magnetism.
Optimal Performance of Feedback Control Systems with Limited Communication over Noisy Channels

A discrete time stochastic feedback control system with a noisy communication channel between the sensor and the controller is considered. The sensor has limited memory. At each time, the sensor transmits encoded symbol over the channel and updates its memory. The controller receives a noisy version of the transmitted symbol, and generates a control action based on all its past observations and actions. This control action action is fed back into the system. At each stage the system incurs an instantaneous cost depending on the state of the plant and the control action. The objective is to choose encoding, memory updating and control strategies to minimize the expected total costs over a finite horizon, or the expected discounted cost over an infinite horizon, or the expected average cost per unit time over an infinite horizon. For each case we obtain a sequential decomposition of the optimization problem. The results are extended to the case when the sensor makes an imperfect observation of the state of the system.
Modular Synthesis of Functional Nanoscale Coordination Polymers

The coordination-directed assembly of metal ions and organic bridging ligands has afforded a variety of bulk-scale hybrid materials with promising characteristics for a number of practical applications, such as gas storage and heterogeneous catalysis. Recently, so-called coordination polymers have emerged as a new class of hybrid nanomaterials. Herein, we highlight advances in the syntheses of both amorphous and crystalline nanoscale coordination polymers. We also illustrate how scaling down these materials to the nano-regime has enabled their use in a broad range of applications including catalysis, spin-crossover, templating, biosensing, biomedical imaging, and anticancer drug delivery. These results underscore the exciting opportunities of developing next-generation functional nanomaterials based on molecular components.
Chromaticity tracking using a phase modulation technique

In the classical chromaticity measurement technique, chromaticity is measured by measuring the change in betatron tune as the the RF frequency is varied. This paper will describe a novel way of measuring chromaticity: we will phase modulate the RF with a known sine wave and then phase demodulate the betatron frequency. The result is a line in Fourier space which corresponds to the frequency of our sine wave modulation. The peak of this sine wave is proportional to chromaticity. For this technique to work, a tune tracker PLL system is required because it supplies the betatron carrier frequency. This method has been tested in the Tevatron and we will show the results here.
Display of surfaces from volume data

The application of volume-rendering techniques to the display of surfaces from sampled scalar functions of three spatial dimensions is discussed. It is not necessary to fit geometric primitives to the sampled data; images are formed by directly shading each sample and projecting it onto the picture plane. Surface-shading calculations are performed at every voxel with local gradient vectors serving as surface normals. In a separate step, surface classification operators are applied to compute a partial opacity of every voxel. Operators that detect isovalue contour surfaces and region boundary surfaces are examined. The technique is simple and fast, yet displays surfaces exhibiting smooth silhouettes and few other aliasing artifacts. The use of selective blurring and supersampling to further improve image quality is described. Examples from molecular graphics and medical imaging are given. >
Well-posedness of measurement error models for self-reported data

a b s t r a c t This paper considers the widely admitted ill-posed inverse problem for measurement error models: estimating the distribution of a latent variable X ∗ from an observed sample of X , a contaminated measurement of X ∗ . We show that the inverse problem is well-posed for self-reporting data under the assumption that the probability of truthful reporting is nonzero, which is supported by empirical evidences. Comparing with ill-posedness, well-posedness generally can be translated into faster rates of convergence for the nonparametric estimators of the latent distribution. Therefore, our optimistic result on well-posedness is of importance in economic applications, and it suggests that researchers should not ignore the point mass at zero in the measurement error distribution when they model measurement errors with self-reported data. We also analyze the implications of our results on the estimation of classical measurement error models. Then by both a Monte Carlo study and an empirical application, we show that failing to account for the nonzero probability of truthful reporting can lead to significant bias on estimation of the latent distribution.
A motor vehicle accident causal system: the human element.

A motor vehicle accident causal system, from a human factors viewpoint, is presented. The system, or model, is based upon a cause and effect relationship: the“effect”being the primary failure or be...
New and Fringe Residential Development and Emergency Medical Services Response Times in the United States

Much has been written over the years about longer emergency medical services (EMS) response times in rural areas as opposed to urban areas. Yet within urban areas, outside of case studies of certain cities, not much has been written about longer EMS response times in newer, fringe suburban or ex-urban areas. Examining first the largest county within each metro area and next the municipalities and unincorporated areas of all of the counties of metropolitan areas, the findings of this exploratory research note show that the density and age of different residential areas or jurisdictions explain some of the variation in average EMS response times between urban and suburban or ex-urban locations. Holding other things constant, those who live in more sparsely settled and newer developments tend to have longer waiting times for EMS. The implications for regional growth management are discussed.
DNA polymerase V activity is autoregulated by a novel intrinsic DNA-dependent ATPase

DNA polymerases are enzymes that copy the genetic material within a cell using a strand of an existing double helix as a template to guide the synthesis of a new DNA strand. Since DNA is continuously exposed to damaging agents, and damaged DNA can derail the DNA replication machinery; a cell must either repair or bypass (via a process called translesion synthesis) this damage to copy its genome. Most living things, from bacteria to humans, have specific DNA polymerases for translesion synthesis that can copy past damaged DNA, such as DNA Polymerase V in the bacterium E. coli. However, DNA polymerase V will also often introduce mistakes when it copies DNA that is not damaged—and cells will subsequently switch to use a different polymerase to accurately copy undamaged DNA. DNA polymerase V is activated by binding to a protein called RecA and a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP for short). ATP stores energy, which cells release by breaking down the molecule into simpler chemicals: but how do ATP and RecA work together to activate this polymerase? Now, Erdem, Jaszczur et al. have addressed this question using biochemical techniques on purified polymerases, proteins and DNA fragments in a test tube. These experiments reveal that DNA polymerase V must bind to an ATP molecule before it can attach to the DNA template, and must remain bound to ATP while synthesizing the new DNA strand. After the activated polymerase has attached to the DNA, it will break down the molecule of ATP to free itself from the DNA. Furthermore, although the RecA protein can also break down ATP, Erdem, Jaszczur et al. found that a mutant RecA without this ability could still activate DNA polymerase V to break down this molecule itself. Binding to and breaking down a molecule of ATP by a DNA polymerase has not been observed before as a method of directly regulating these enzymes' activity. Erdem, Jaszcuzur et al. suggest that, in living cells, this extra level of control would limit how long the DNA polymerase V spends attached to the DNA. As such, this polymerase would only be used to copy stretches of damaged DNA, but would not continue on to copy neighboring stretches of undamaged DNA where it would likely introduce new errors.
Predictability of the Earth's polar motion

A comprehensive, experimental study of the predictability of the polar motion using a homogeneous BIH (Bureau International de l'Heure) data set is presented. Based on knowledge of the physics of the annual and the Chandler wobbles, the numerical model for the polar motion is constructed by allowing the wobble periods to vary. Using an optimum base length of 6 years for prediction, this floating-period model, equipped with a non-linear least-squares estimator, is found to yield polar motion predictions accurate from 0.012 to 0.024 inches depending on the prediction length up to one year, corresponding to a predictability of 91-83%. This represents a considerable improvement over the conventional fixed-period predictor, which does not respond to variations in the apparent wobble periods. The superiority of the floating-period predictor to other predictors based on critically different numerical models is also demonstrated.
Skill-Biased Structural Change

We document for a broad panel of advanced economies that increases in GDP per capita are associated with a shift in the composition of value added to sectors that are intensive in high-skill labor. It follows that further development in these economies leads to an increase in the relative demand for skilled labor. We develop a two-sector model of this process and use it to assess the contribution of this process of skill-biased structural change to the rise of the skill premium in the US over the period 1977 to 2005. We find that these compositional demands account for between 25 and 30% of the overall increase of the skill premium due to technical change.
Effect of wing fins on lift-generated wakes

A theoretical and experimental study has been made of the effect of wing-mounted fins on the vortex wakes of subsonic aircraft. The lateral lift on the fins injects vortices into the wake and redistributes the lift on the wing. The revised wake vorticity then interacts convectively to form a new configuration with low rotational velocities. The theory is used 1) to gain an understanding of wake alleviation by vortex injection and 2) to guide the experimental investigation. Wind-tunnel tests were used to evaluate the alleviation achievable and to find the optimum values for the various fin parameters. It was found that vertical fins mounted on the upper surface of a wing could lower the wake-induced rolling moments on an encountering wing by a factor of 3 or more. The most promising fin configuration found for the Boeing 747 model is a fin positioned 48% outboard from the centerline to the wingtip with a height equal to 0.014 wingspan, a chord equal to 0.085 wingspan, and an 18-deg angle of attack. This fin configuration caused a 10% increase in drag but no lift penalty.
Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Infrared Luminous Galaxies at z ~ 2. I. The Spectra

We present the mid-infrared spectra obtained with the Spitzer IRS for 52 sources, selected as infrared luminous, z ≳ 1 candidates in the Extragalactic First Look Survey. The sample selection criteria are f_(24 μm) ≳ 0.9 mJy, νf_ν(24 μm)/νf_ν(8 μm) ≳ 3.16, and νf_ν(24 μm)/νf_ν(0.7 μm) ≳ 10. Of the 52 spectra, 47 (90%) produced measurable redshifts based solely on the mid-IR spectral features, with 35/47 (74%) at 1.5 ≲ z ≲ 3.2. Keck spectroscopy of a subsample (17/47) agrees with the mid-IR redshift measurements. The observed spectra fall into three categories: (1) 33% (17/52) have strong PAH emission and are probably powered by star formation with total IR luminosity roughly a factor of 5 higher than the local starburst ULIRGs; (2) 33% (17/52) have only deep silicate absorption at 9.8 μm, indicatiing deeply embedded dusty systems—these data alone cannot determine the energetic nature of the heating sources in these systems; and (3) the remaining 34% are mid-IR continuum-dominated systems with weak PAH emission and/or silicate absorption. This subsample is probably AGNs. We derived monochromatic, rest-frame 5.8 μm, continuum luminosities (νL_ν), ranging from 10^(10.3) to 10^(12.6) L_☉. Our spectra have mid-IR slope α_(5-15 μm) ≳ 2.1, much redder than the median value of 1.3 for the optically selected PG quasars. From the silicate absorption feature, we estimate that roughly two-thirds of the sample have optical depth τ_(9.8 μm) > 1. Their L_(1600 A) and L_(IR) suggest that our sample is among the most luminous and most dust-enshrouded systems of its epoch. Our study has revealed a significant population of dust-enshrouded galaxies at z ~ 2, whose enormous energy output, comparable to that of quasars, is generated by AGNs, as well as starbursts. This IR-luminous population has very little overlap with submillimeter and UV-selected populations.
Evidence on the Employer Size-Wage Premium From Worker-Establishment Matched Data

In spite of the large and growing importance of the employer size-wage premium, previous attempts to account for this premium using observable worker or employer characteristics have had limited success. The problem is that, while most theoretical explanations for the size-wage premium are based on the matching of employers and employees, previous empirical work has relied on either worker surveys with little information about the employer, or establishment surveys with little information about the workers. In contrast, this study uses the newly created Worker-Establishment Characteristic Database, which contains linked employer-employee data for a large sample of U.S. manufacturing workers and establishments, to examine seven explanations for the employer size-wage premium. A number of the explanations can account for some of the observed cross-sectional variation in worker wages. However, none of the explanations can fully account for the employer size-wage premium. In the end there remains a large, sig...
Dipyrrolyl quinoxalines with extended chromophores are efficient fluorimetric sensors for pyrophosphate

2,3-Di(pyrrole-2-yl)quinoxaline anion sensors with extended chromophores display dramatic enhancement in fluorescence intensity (sensing output), increased affinity for inorganic anions as well as strong selectivity for pyrophosphate over phosphate anion.
High speed optical tomography for flow visualization

A novel optical architecture (based on holographic optical elements) for making high speed tomographic measurements is presented. The system is designed for making density or species concentration measurements in a nonsteady fluid or combusting flow. Performance evaluations of the optical system are discussed, and a test phase object has been successfully reconstructed using this optical arrangement.
A new protocol and lower bounds for quantum coin flipping

We present a new protocol and two lower bounds for quantum coin flipping. In our protocol, no dishonest party can achieve one outcome with probability more than 0.75. Then, we show that our protocol is optimal for a certain type of quantum protocols.For arbitrary quantum protocols, we show that if a protocol achieves a bias of at most epsilon, it must use at least \Omega(\log \log \frac{1}{\epsilon}) rounds of communication. This implies that the parallel repetition fails for quantum coin flipping. (The bias of a protocol cannot be arbitrarily decreased by running several copies of it in parallel.)
Identification of a Ca2+-ATPase in cerebellar Purkinje cells.

The expression of a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-like Ca2+-ATPase was studied in the adult chicken cerebellum. A monoclonal antibody, CaS/Cl-IgG, specific for the cardiac/slow-twitch skeletal muscle SR Ca2+-ATPase, was used as a probe of protein expression. An immunoblot analysis showed that CaS/Cl-IgG recognized similar size polypeptides in adult chicken heart and cerebellum. CaS/Cl-IgG recognized fragments of similar size after limited tryptic digestion of cardiac and cerebellar membranes. A two-dimensional α-chymotryptic peptide map analysis demonstrated that the cardiac and cerebellar Ca2+-ATPases were structurally very similar. Immunofluorescence microscopy localized the cerebellar Ca2+-ATPase to Purkinje cell bodies and dendritic trees. These results suggest that the well-known Ca2+ uptake system of skeletal and cardiac muscle SR has a remarkably similar counterpart in some neurons.
The C. elegans F-spondin family protein SPON-1 maintains cell adhesion in neural and non-neural tissues

The F-spondin family of extracellular matrix proteins has been implicated in axon outgrowth, fasciculation and neuronal cell migration, as well as in the differentiation and proliferation of non-neuronal cells. In screens for mutants defective in C. elegans embryonic morphogenesis, we identified SPON-1, the only C. elegans member of the spondin family. SPON-1 is synthesized in body muscles and localizes to integrin-containing structures on body muscles and to other basement membranes. SPON-1 maintains strong attachments of muscles to epidermis; in the absence of SPON-1, muscles progressively detach from the epidermis, causing defective epidermal elongation. In animals with reduced integrin function, SPON-1 becomes dose dependent, suggesting that SPON-1 and integrins function in concert to promote the attachment of muscles to the basement membrane. Although spon-1 mutants display largely normal neurite outgrowth, spon-1 synergizes with outgrowth defective mutants, revealing a cryptic role for SPON-1 in axon extension. In motoneurons, SPON-1 acts in axon guidance and fasciculation, whereas in interneurons SPON-1 maintains process position. Our results show that a spondin maintains cell-matrix adhesion in multiple tissues.
Ontology-driven, unsupervised instance population

The Semantic Web's need for machine understandable content has led researchers to attempt to automatically acquire such content from a number of sources, including the web. To date, such research has focused on ''document-driven'' systems that individually process a small set of documents, annotating each with respect to a given ontology. This article introduces OntoSyphon, an alternative that strives to more fully leverage existing ontological content while scaling to extract comparatively shallow content from millions of documents. OntoSyphon operates in an ''ontology-driven'' manner: taking any ontology as input, OntoSyphon uses the ontology to specify web searches that identify possible semantic instances, relations, and taxonomic information. Redundancy in the web, together with information from the ontology, is then used to automatically verify these candidate instances and relations, enabling OntoSyphon to operate in a fully automated, unsupervised manner. A prototype of OntoSyphon is fully implemented and we present experimental results that demonstrate substantial instance population in three domains based on independently constructed ontologies. We show that using the whole web as a corpus for verification yields the best results, but that using a much smaller web corpus can also yield strong performance. In addition, we consider the problem of selecting the best class for each candidate instance that is discovered, and the problem of ranking the final results. For both problems we introduce new solutions and demonstrate that, for both the small and large corpora, they consistently improve upon previously known techniques.
Do Rich Countries Choose Better Governments

We analyze public investment in social infrastructure using a two-period model in which a government must intermediate all infrastructure investment. Voters choose a government from two alternative types, high quality and low quality. A high quality government obtains higher returns on infrastructure but also demands a bigger consumption payoff for intermediating investment, implying higher taxes for the voting public. We find that these intermediation costs cause threshold effects in the electoral process -- closed economies above a critical level of first period income elect high quality governments while economies below that level elect low quality ones. Thresholds vanish when voters can borrow abroad; capital mobility reduces the current consumption cost of infrastructure investment and favors better quality governments.
Constructing Disjoint Paths for Secure Communication

We propose a bandwidth-efficient algorithmic solution for perfectly-secure communication in the absence of secure infrastructure. Our solution involves connecting vertex pairs by a set of k edge-disjoint paths (a structure we call a k-system) where k is a parameter determined by the connectivity of the network. This structure is resilient to adversaries with bounded eavesdropping capability. To ensure that bandwidth is efficiently used we consider connection requests as inputs to the k-Edge Disjoint Path Coloring Problem (k-EDPCOL), a generalization of the Path Coloring Problem, in which each vertex pair is connected by a k-system, and each k-system is assigned a color such that two overlapping k-systems do not have the same color. The objective is to minimize the number of colors. We give a distributed and competitive online algorithm for k-EDPCOL. Additionally, since security applications are our focus we prove that a malicious adversary which attacks the algorithm during the process of construction of a k-system cannot learn anything more than if it had attacked the k-system once it was built.
State-Transition Programming Techniques and Their Use in Producing Teleprocessing Device-Control Programs

A method of using state-transition diagrams for writing and implementing control programs for teleprocessing devices is presented. Currently used techniques are briefly compared with this method. The simple example of reading a teletype is discussed. The technique is evaluated solely upon ease of program preparation and resource optimization is not considered. Generalizations and extensions of the technique are suggested. A detailed example of a state-transition program controlling an IBM S/360 channel-to-channel adapter is presented in the Appendix.
The Nash-threats folk theorem with communication and approximate common knowledge in two player games

Abstract We show that the use of communications to coordinate equilibria generates a Nash-threats folk theorem in two-player games with “almost public” information. The results generalize to the n-person case. However, the two-person case is more difficult because it is not possible to sustain equilibria by comparing the reports of different players, and using these “third parties” to effectively enforce contracts.
Tense as discourse anaphor

In this paper, I consider a range of English expressions and show that their context-dependency can be characterized in terms of two properties:1. They specify entities in an evolving model of the discourse that the listener is constructing;2. The particular entity specified depends on another entity in that part of the evolving "discourse model" that the listener is currently attending to.Such expressions have been called anaphors. I show how tensed clauses share these characteristics, usually just attributed to anaphoric noun phrases. This not only allows us to capture in a simple way the oft-stated but difficult-to-prove intuition that tense is anaphoric, but also contributes to our knowledge of what is needed for understanding narrative text.
Database for real-time loading path prediction for tube hydroforming using multidimensional cubic spline interpolation

Abstract Tube hydroforming (THF) is a metal-forming process that uses a pressurized fluid in place of a hard tool to plastically deform a given tube into a desired shape. In addition to the internal pressure, the tube material is fed axially toward the die cavity. This process has various applications in the automotive, aerospace, and bicycle industries. Accurate coordination of the fluid pressure and axial feed, collectively referred to as a loading path, is critical to THF. Workable loading paths are currently determined by trial and error, which can be time consuming. This study discusses an innovative technique for developing an interactive, real-time database that would be able to predict loading paths for many THF components and hence reduce the computational time required. By classifying most of the commercial THF parts into families, parameters such as material properties, part geometry, and tribological factors were simulated by category and stored in the database. Multidimensional cubic spline interpolation was implemented to enable an end user to request from the database a loading path for a wide range of conditions. Test results from the database for different THF families were shown to approximate the simulated results. In addition to reducing the computation time, the use of interpolation techniques eliminates the need for carrying out multiple simulations for similar THF parts.
Payment for Environmental Services: Hypotheses and Evidence

The use of payment for environmental services (PES) is not a new type of contract, but PES programs have become more in vogue because of the potential for sequestering carbon by paying to prevent deforestation and degradation of forestlands. We provide a framework utilizing transaction costs to hypothesize which services are more likely to be provided effectively. We then interpret the literature on PES programs to see the extent to which transaction costs vary as predicted across the type of service and to assess the performance of PES programs. As predicted, we find that transaction costs are the least for club goods like water and greatest for pure public goods like carbon reduction. Actual performance is difficult to measure and varies across the examples. More work and experimentation are needed to gain a better outlook on what elements support effective delivery of environmental services.
Improved loss calculations at an ATM multiplexer

In this paper we develop a simple and accurate analytical technique to determine the loss probability at an access node to an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. This is an important problem from the point of view of admission control and network design. The arrival processes we analyze are the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) and the Markov-modulated fluid (MMF) process. These arrival processes have been shown to model various traffic types, such as voice, video, and still images, that are expected to be transmitted by ATM networks. Our hybrid analytical technique combines results from large buffer theories and quasi-stationary approaches to analyze the loss probability of a finite-buffer queue being fed by Markov-modulated sources such as the MMPP and MMF. Our technique is shown to be valid for both heterogeneous and homogeneous sources. We also show that capacity allocation based on the popular effective-bandwidth scheme can lead to considerable under-utilization of the network and that allocating bandwidth based on our model can improve the utilization significantly. We provide numerical results for different types of traffic and validate our model via simulations.
Fragmentation reactions of an oxafluorodiazirine

3-α-Bromobenzyloxy-3-fluorodiazirine (5) readily undergoes substitution/fragmentation reactions with methanol, ethylene glycol, or piperidine.
The deep structure of the Australian continent from surface wave tomography

Abstract We present a new model of 3-D variations of shear wave speed in the Australian upper mantle, obtained from the dispersion of fundamental and higher-mode surface waves. We used nearly 1600 Rayleigh wave data from the portable arrays of the Skippy project and from permanent stations (from Agso , Iris and Geoscope ). Agso data have not been used before and provide better data coverage of the Archean cratons in western Australia. Compared to previous studies we improved the vertical parameterization, the weighting scheme that accounts for variations in data quality and reduced the influence of epicenter mislocation on velocity structure. The dense sampling by seismic waves provides for unprecedented resolution of continental structure, but the wave speed beneath westernmost Australia is not well constrained. Global compilations of geological and seismological data (using regionalizations based on tectonic behavior or crustal age) suggest a correlation between crustal age and the thickness and composition of the continental lithosphere. However, the age and the tectonic history of crustal elements vary on wavelengths much smaller than have been resolved with global seismological studies. Using our regional upper mantle model we investigate how the seismic signature of tectonic units changes with increasing depth. At large wavelengths, and to a depth of about 200 km, the inferred velocity anomalies corroborate the global pattern and display a progression of wave speed with crustal age: slow wave propagation prevails beneath the Paleozoic fold belts in eastern Australia and wave speeds increase westward across the Proterozoic and reach a maximum in the Archean cratons. The high wave speeds associated with Precambrian shields extend beyond the Tasman Line, which marks the eastern limit of Proterozoic outcrop. This suggests that parts of the Paleozoic fold belts are underlain by Proterozoic lithosphere. We also infer that the North Australia craton extends off-shore into Papua New Guinea and beneath the Indian Ocean. For depths in excess of 200 km a regionalization with smaller units reveals that some tectonic subregions of Proterozoic age are marked by pronounced velocity highs to depths exceeding 300 km, but others do not and, surprisingly, the Archean units do not seem to be marked by such a thick high wave speed structure either. The Precambrian cratons that lack a thick high wave speed “keel” are located near passive margins, suggesting that convective processes associated with continental break-up may have destroyed a once present tectosphere. Our study suggests that deep lithospheric structure varies as much within domains of similar crustal age as between units of different ages, which hampers attempts to find a unifying relationship between seismic signature and lithospheric age.
d-Wave to s-wave to normal metal transitions in disordered superconductors

We study suppression of superconductivity by disorder in d-wave superconductors, and predict the existence of (at least) two sequential low-temperature transitions as a function of increasing disorder: a d-wave to s-wave, and then an s-wave to metal transition. This is a universal property of the system which is independent of the sign of the interaction constant in the s-channel.
Carboxylmethylation of Calmodulin in Cultured Pituitary Cells

: We have used fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and reverse-phase HPLC to rapidly resolve carbox-ylmethylated proteins in cultured pituitary GH3 cells. This procedure preserves labile carboxylmethyl esters, which are lost under the usual procedures employed for protein frac-tionation. GH3 cells were incubated with [methyl-3H]-methionine in culture and incorporation of label into the soluble fraction, total cell protein, and protein carboxylmethyl esters was determined; protein carboxylmethyl ester formation was shown to be resistant to cycloheximide. Fractionation of protein carboxylmethyl esters from GH3cells by gel permeation FPLC, anion-exchange FPLC, and reverse-phase HPLC in the presence of calcium and in the presence of EGTA identified two proteins that are major substrates for protein carboxylmethyltransferase and indicated that one of these proteins is calmodulin. Similar results were obtained when a cytosolic fraction from GH3cells was incubated with S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-3H] methionine. These results indicate that rapid chromatography at low temperature and low pH is useful for the analysis of eucaryotic carboxylmethylated proteins and that contrary to reports obtained in other systems, calmodulin is carboxylmethylated in intact pituitary cells.
Higher Dimensional Moore Bounds

Upper bounds on the face numbers of simplicial complexes are proven in terms on their girths, in analogy with the Moore bound from graph theory. Our definition of girth generalizes the usual definition for graphs.
Energy dissipation in graphene field-effect transistors.

We measure the temperature distribution in a biased single-layer graphene transistor using Raman scattering microscopy of the 2D-phonon band. Peak operating temperatures of 1050 K are reached in the middle of the graphene sheet at 210 kW cm -2 of dissipated electric power. The metallic contacts act as heat sinks, but not in a dominant fashion. To explain the observed temperature profile and heating rate, we have to include heat flow from the graphene to the gate oxide underneath, especially at elevated temperatures, where the graphene thermal conductivity is lowered due to umklapp scattering. Velocity saturation due to phonons with about 50-60 meV energy is inferred from the measured charge density via shifts in the Raman G-phonon band, suggesting that remote scattering (through field coupling) by substrate polar surface phonons increases the energy transfer to the substrate and at the same time limits the high-bias electronic conduction of graphene.
Moral emotions and moral behavior

AbstractMoral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior. This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions. We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced “self-conscious” emotions—shame, guilt, and embarrassment. As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt. We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions. Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or “collective” experiences of shame and guilt. In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions—elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience o...
Design of Fault-Tolerant and Dynamically-Reconfigurable Microfluidic Biochips

Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis, DNA sequencing, and other laboratory procedures involving molecular biology. Most microfluidic biochips are based on the principle of continuous fluid flow and they rely on permanently-etched microchannels, micropumps, and microvalves. We focus here on the automated design of "digital" droplet-based microfluidic biochips. In contrast to continuous-flow systems, digital microfluidics offers dynamic reconfigurability; groups of cells in a microfluidics array can be reconfigured to change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of bioassays. We present a simulated annealing-based technique for module placement in such biochips. The placement procedure not only addresses chip area, but it also considers fault tolerance, which allows a microfluidic module to be relocated elsewhere in the system when a single cell is detected to be faulty. Simulation results are presented for a case study involving the polymerase chain reaction.
Impact of Licensing on Investment and Financing of Technology Development

Technology innovations continue to be one of the greatest drivers of economic growth. Realizing the value of such innovations, however, requires substantial follow-on investments in development and commercialization. The value of these investments is difficult to capture because of uncertain demand and potential competition. This often leads to difficulties in obtaining outside financing for these investments. In this paper, we explore how licensing contracts can both dissuade other firms from developing alternative technologies and alleviate the financing problem. We develop a model in which a firm that invests in the development efforts of an innovation can license its technology to a potential competitor. A variety of licensing possibilities is considered, including fixed fees, royalty schedules, and two-part licenses consisting of an up-front payment and a capped royalty schedule. When the firm has no financial constraint, a royalty schedule that depends on realized demand dominates a fixed fee per license. When investment funds are constrained, a royalty cap license with an up-front payment can serve as a source of financing. We also study the investment problem conditional on the licensing and financing decisions.
An analytic result for the two-loop seven-point MHV amplitude in N = 4 SYM

We describe a general algorithm which builds on several pieces of data available in the literature to construct explicit analytic formulas for two-loop MHV amplitudes in N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory. The non-classical part of an amplitude is built from A3 cluster polylogarithm functions; classical polylogarithms with (negative) cluster X - coordinate arguments are added to complete the symbol of the amplitude; beyond-the- symbol terms proportional to � 2 are determined by comparison with the dierential of the amplitude; and the overall additive constant isxed by the collinear limit. We present an explicit formula for the seven-point amplitude R (2) as a sample application.
Mathematical Modeling of Evolution of Horizontally Transferred Genes

We describe a stochastic birth-and-death model of evolution of horizontally transferred genes in microbial populations. The model is a generalization of the stochastic model described by Berg and Kurland and includes five parameters: the rate of mutational inactivation, selection coefficient, invasion rate (i.e., rate of arrival of a novel sequence from outside of the recipient population), within-population horizontal transmission ("infection") rate, and population size. The model of Berg and Kurland included four parameters, namely, mutational inactivation, selection coefficient, population size, and "infection." However, the effect of "infection" was disregarded in the interpretation of the results, and the overall conclusion was that horizontally acquired sequences can be fixed in a population only when they confer a substantial selective advantage onto the recipient and therefore are subject to strong positive selection. Analysis of the present model in different domains of parameter values shows that, as long as the rate of within-population horizontal transmission is comparable to the mutational inactivation rate and there is even a low rate of invasion, horizontally acquired sequences can be fixed in the population or at least persist for a long time in a substantial fraction of individuals in the population even when they are neutral or slightly deleterious. The available biological data strongly suggest that intense within-population and even between-populations gene flows are realistic for at least some prokaryotic species and environments. Therefore, our modeling results are compatible with the notion of a pivotal role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes.