cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING STAGE-SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION IN THE STREAM SALAMANDER GYRINOPHILUS PORPHYRITICUS

In streams, reach-scale physical habitat (i.e., pool, run, riffle, cascade; hereafter mesohabitat) is viewed as an important control on the distribution of organisms. However, there is limited understanding of stage-specific mesohabitat associations in species with complex life histories and of associated causes and population-level implications of these distribution patterns. In intensive field surveys, I found that larvae and adults of the stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae) displayed similar associations with pools and riffles. However, larvae were negatively associated with cascades and adults were negatively associated with runs. Adults had no effect on the survival, growth, or activity of larvae in a controlled experiment, suggesting that stage-specific negative associations were not a function of intraspecific interactions. These negative mesohabitat associations may be related to the size-distribution of interstitial spaces in cascades and runs, which were biased against larval and adult body sizes, respectively. My results indicate that incorporating reach-scale habitat structure in sampling programs is critical for accurate assessments of stream amphibian populations, and that perturbations altering reach-scale habitat structure may differentially affect life history stages of G. porphyriticus.
PREDICTING HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT AND THE EFFECT OF' TEMPERATURE ON HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT

Air-water partitioning data for a wide range of organic chemicals are used to validate a three- variable quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for Henry's law constant, H. The predictive ability of the basic model, developed from a training set of 180 chemicals, is now demonstrated on 105 new chemicals of similar molecular structure. This basic model is then extended to cover additional chemicals ef diverse molecular features. The predictive ability of the final model is demonstrated on a new testing set of 70 chemicals featuring multiple structural components and polyfunctional groups. Spanning over 10 orders of magnitude, the log H values predicted by the QSAR model for 462 compounds are found to agree with the reported experimental values with r 2 > 0.95 at p = 0.0005. A new QSAR model for estimating H as a function of temperature, T, is also proposed. The predictive ability of this H-T model is demonstrated using experimental data for 18 chemicals over a temperature range of 1(~55~C. © 1997 El,;evier Science Ltd.
Evaluation of groundwater storage monitoring with the GRACE satellite: Case study of the High Plains aquifer, central United States

(450,000 km 2 area), which is subjected to intense irrigation. GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage (TWS) is highly correlated with the sum of soil moisture (SM) and groundwater storage (GWS) (R = 0.96 for in situ measured SM from 78 stations and R = 0.95 for simulated SM with the Noah land surface model with root-mean-square difference of 38 mm and 36 mm, respectively). Correlation between seasonal GWS changes calculated from GRACE TWS minus SM and measured GWS (� 1000 wells per season)isalsohigh(R=0.73forinsituSMandR=0.72forsimulatedSM).VariabilityinSM is mostly restricted to the upper 2 m of the soil. Monitored SM compared favorably with simulated SM (R = 0.82). Study results show the potential for using GRACE gravity measurements to monitor TWS and GWS over large semiarid regions subjected to intense irrigation.
What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat

We examine whether and how elite discourse shapes mass opinion and action on immigration policy. One popular but untested suspicion is that reactions to news about the costs of immigration depend upon who the immigrants are. We confirmthissuspicioninanationallyrepresentativeexperiment:newsaboutthecostsofimmigrationboostswhiteopposition far more when Latino immigrants, rather than European immigrants, are featured. We find these group cues influence opinion and political action by triggering emotions—in particular, anxiety—not simply by changing beliefs about the severity of the immigration problem. A second experiment replicates these findings but also confirms their sensitivity to the stereotypic consistency of group cues and their context. While these results echo recent insights about the power of anxiety, they also suggest the public is susceptible to error and manipulation when group cues trigger anxiety independently of the actual threat posed by the group.
Metal waveguides with uniform electric field distributions

This paper first addresses the behavior of a rectangular waveguide centrally loaded with a dielectric product. In order to have the product be exposed to uniformly distributed microwave energy, a TEM waveguide is introduced. But because the TEM waveguide is expensive, adds weight and is usually impractical for these applications, new methods are explored by changing the shape of the cross-section of a rectangular waveguide. HFSS simulation results show that the new methods can greatly widen the uniform electric field area and even lower the cutoff frequency.
Unusual Thermal Stability of Human Secreted Phospholipase A2 Enzymes

Analysis of the thermal stability of proteins in general and enzymes in particular is important for understanding their molecular mechanisms and for their analytical or industrial exploitations. While enzymes with extreme thermostability (resistance to irreversible inactivation at high temperatures) have been identified in hyperthermophilic microorganisms, their occurrence in mammals is rare. Here, we have studied the thermostability of two human secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, namely, group IB PLA2 and group IIA PLA2. In both cases, the enzymes exhibited maximum phospholipid hydrolyzing activity between 60 and 70oC. [The target membranes contained 70% phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 30% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and the buffer contained 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, and 2 mM CaCl2).] Parallel circular dichroism (CD) measurements identified sigmoidal temperature dependencies of the ellipticity at 222 nm with “melting” transition temperatures around 90-95oC. The activity rapidly declined at higher temperatures and was practically absent between 85 and 100oC. However, when the sample containing the enzyme and the substrate (PC/PG membranes) was “cooked” at 100oC for up to 30 minutes and then cooled to favorable temperatures (e.g., 40-50oC), the activity of the enzyme was gradually recovered, reaching even higher levels than those initially measured at those temperatures. This was accompanied with partial restoration of the CD spectra, hence the secondary structure of PLA2s. These facts indicate an unusual thermostability of human group IB and IIA PLA2s, which may be supported by a high content of intramolecular disulfide bonds in these enzymes (7 disulfides per 124-126 residues). We interpret these data in terms of partial thermal dissociation of the disulfides at near-boiling temperatures and their restoration upon cooling. Experimental verification of this hypothesis, as well as quantitative characterization of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the thermostability of the enzymes, are in progress.
Only one of the two DNA-bound orientations of AP-1 found in solution cooperates with NFATp

The transcription factor AP-1 activates the expression of numerous genes in response to mitogenic stimuli. AP-1 regulates gene expression both through solitary binding to independent recognition sites and, in cooperation with various heterologous transcription factors, through targeting to composite response elements. The two subunits that make up the AP-1 heterodimer, Fos and Jun, possess identical residues at positions that make sequence-specific contacts to DNA. This degeneracy leaves the protein with no apparent way of orienting itself uniquely on DNA by differentially recognizing its two non-identical half-sites. Here, we have analyzed the orientation of the AP-1 basic-leucine-zipper (bZip) domain on a cognate site, both alone and in the cooperative complex formed together with the 'nuclear factor of activated T cells' (NFATp).
A nonerythroid isoform of protein 4.1R interacts with the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein.

Red blood cell protein 4.1 (4.1R) is an 80- kD erythrocyte phosphoprotein that stabilizes the spectrin/actin cytoskeleton. In nonerythroid cells, multiple 4.1R isoforms arise from a single gene by alternative splicing and predominantly code for a 135-kD isoform. This isoform contains a 209 amino acid extension at its NH2 terminus (head piece; HP). Immunoreactive epitopes specific for HP have been detected within the cell nucleus, nuclear matrix, centrosomes, and parts of the mitotic apparatus in dividing cells. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, in vitro binding assays, coimmunolocalization, and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we show that a 135-kD 4.1R isoform specifically interacts with the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein. NuMA and 4.1R partially colocalize in the interphase nucleus of MDCK cells and redistribute to the spindle poles early in mitosis. Protein 4.1R associates with NuMA in the interphase nucleus and forms a complex with spindle pole organizing proteins, NuMA, dynein, and dynactin during cell division. Overexpression of a 135-kD isoform of 4.1R alters the normal distribution of NuMA in the interphase nucleus. The minimal sequence sufficient for this interaction has been mapped to the amino acids encoded by exons 20 and 21 of 4.1R and residues 1788–1810 of NuMA. Our results not only suggest that 4.1R could, possibly, play an important role in organizing the nuclear architecture, mitotic spindle, and spindle poles, but also could define a novel role for its 22–24-kD domain.
Chemical strategies to understand the language of ubiquitin signaling

Ubiquitin (Ub) is a small 76 amino acid long protein that is highly conserved in all eukaryotes studied to date. In humans, more than 600 ligases are involved in the reversible modification of specific lysine side-chain amines in substrate proteins by conjugation with the C-terminal carboxylate of Ub. Initially monoubiquitylated proteins can undergo repetitive ubiquitylation starting from one of seven lysine residues or the α-amine in the first Ub to generate a variety of polyUb chains with different topologies and functions. The most well known role for protein ubiquitylation is in targeting substrates for proteolytic destruction by 26S proteasomes. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that both mono- and polyubiquitylation play proteasome-independent roles in modulating the structure, function, and localization of protein substrates. Understanding the complexity of Ub-mediated functions in our cells is a major challenge for modern biology. In addition to well-established in vivo genetic methods, biochemical and biophysical investigations of ubiquitylated proteins in vitro can shed light on the direct mechanistic roles for Ub in different contexts. Such studies have traditionally been limited by the ability to obtain sufficient quantities of homogenously ubiquitylated proteins with precisely defined linkages. This review focuses on recent advances in both synthetic and recombinant protein-based methods that have yielded access to homogenously site-specifically ubiquitylated proteins. Mechanistic studies of the roles for protein ubiquitylation and of the enzymes involved in protein deubiquitylation that are enabled by these chemical tools are highlighted.
Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician sequence, Saratoga Springs, New York

ABSTRACT Core-sample and outcrop studies of the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician section reveal new thickness and stratigraphic data for the Saratoga Springs region. Gradationally overlying the Potsdam (Keeseville) Sandstone, the (Upper Cambrian) Galway Formation consists of 47.6 m (157 feet) of quartzo-feldspathic dolostones and minor silicified oolites; the Mosherville Sandstone is recognized as a member of the upper part of the formation. The Hoyt Formation (Upper Cambrian) is 11.8 m (39 feet) of dolomitic limestone that apparently is conformable with overlying and underlying dolostones. The Gailor Formation (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) consists of a minimum of 77.6 m (256 feet) of quartzo-feldspathic dolostones and includes the Ritchie (10.3 m) and Slade Creek (18.8 m) Members; the lat er unit had been unrecognized in the area. Four carbonate depositional environments are recognized in the Galway and Gailor Formations, including a range from shallow marine to subaerial sea-marginal flats. Studies of depositional cycles in these units suggest the local, restricted development of individual sedimentation zones in this area, and the existence of a shoreline complex of peritidal shoals of varying energy regimes interrupted by shallow subtidal shelves. The carbonate shelf environments recognized in this area can be correlated to similar shelf deposits along the southern and eastern margins of the ancestral Adirondack Mountains in New York.
A robust system for lineament analysis of aero-magnetic imagery using orientation analysis and edge linking

This paper presents a robust system for the detection, enhancement, and symbolic description of linear features in imagery. The system consists of two separate sub-systems: an orientation analysis engine based on the steerable filters, and an edge linking scheme which utilizes local orientation information. >
Limited margins using modern radiotherapy techniques does not increase marginal failure rate of glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVE:: We investigate the patterns of failure in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) based on clinical target volume (CTV) margin size, dose delivered to the site of initial failure, and the use of temozolomide and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). METHODS:: Between August 2000 and May 2010, 161 patients with GBM were treated with radiotherapy with or without concurrent temozolomide. Patients were treated with CTV expansions that ranged from 5 to 20 mm using a shrinking field technique. Patterns of failure and time to progression and overall survival were compared based on CTV margin, use of temozolomide, and use of IMRT. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to estimate survival times, and χ test was used for comparison of cohorts. RESULTS:: For patients treated with 5-, 10-, and 15- to 20-mm CTV, 79%, 77%, and 86% experienced failures in the 60 Gy volume, respectively. Forty-eight percent, 55%, and 66% of patients with 5-, 10-, and 15- to 20-mm CTV experienced failures in the 46 Gy volume, respectively. There was no statistical difference between patients treated with 5-, 10-, 15- to 20-mm margins with regard to 60 Gy failure (P=0.76), 46 Gy failure (P=0.51), or marginal failure (P=0.73). Eighty percent of patients receiving temozolomide experienced failures in the 60 Gy volume. There was no increased likelihood of marginal failures in patients receiving IMRT (P=0.97). CONCLUSIONS:: Modern treatment techniques including use of concurrent temozolmide, limited CTV margin size, and IMRT have not greatly changed the patterns of failure of GBM.
On argumentation in Old English philology, with particular reference to the editing and dating of Beowulf

If poststructuralist literary and cultural theory does not pervade Anglo-Saxon literary studies as thoroughly as it does scholarship in later periods, as it has sometimes been said, to a considerable extent the cause is surely the field's dependence on philology. Some see this as cause for regret. It may be, however, that philology is the field's greatest asset. Given the high value that recent literary studies accord textual alterity, Old English texts are of unparalleled worth in the English canon, since they are culturally the most removed. Philology is the set of protocols designed to mediate the cultural difference, making the language accessible and putting texts into a form that modern readers can comprehend. In making Old English studies resistant to the homogenization of critical methods apparent in later periods, philology perhaps represents the respect in which this field has most to offer literary studies at large, embodying a methodology for dealing with texts of a high degree of alterity.
Test-re-test reliability of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Primary objective: To determine test–re-test reliability of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) in a group of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research design: Single-group repeated measures design.Methods and procedures: Seventy-five individuals with TBI were administered the HVLT-R twice, with 6–8 weeks between the two test sessions.Main outcomes and results: Test–re-test reliability on HVLT-R scoring parameters ranged from 0.537–0.818, with seven of the eight scoring parameters exhibiting r > 0.6. At re-test, scores did not significantly change on any of the eight HVLT-R scoring parameters.Conclusions: HVLT-R use with individuals with TBI is supported. Test–re-test reliability of total recall and delayed recall sub-scores was particularly high.
The Impact Of Internally Generated Goodwill On Financial Performance Of Firms

Internally generated goodwill comes from the intangibles not recognized in the financial statements. This paper examines the impact of internally generated goodwill on financial performance of firms. Data are collected from Compustat database for twenty years from 1991 to 2010. The final sample consists of 84,515 firm-year observations. The empirical results indicate that the firms with positive internally generated goodwill have significant better liquidity, profitability, and leverage ratios than those with negative internally generated goodwill. The results also show that positive internally generated goodwill firms have a stronger price-earnings association than negative internally generated goodwill firms. The findings are useful for standard setters, government regulators, practitioners, analysts, and academics to understand internally generated goodwill.
Question ordering in mixed initiative program specification dialogue

It would be nice if a computer system could accept a program specification in the form of a mixed initiative dialogue. One capability such a system must have is the ability to ask questions in a coherent order. We will see a number of reasons it is better if such a system produces all the questions it can and has a "dialogue moderator" choose which to ask next, than if the system asks the first question it thinks of. DM [9], the dialogue moderator of PSI [5], chooses questions by searching a network model of a program, under control of a set of heuristic rules. This technique is simple and flexible.
Addressing the Problem of Impatient, Impulsive and Other Imperfect Actors in 401(K) Plans

Neoclassical economists argue that the 401(k) plan is superior to the defined benefit pension plan as a retirement savings vehicle precisely because it gives an individual the freedom necessary to make rational decisions which maximize his or her welfare. This article argues that many individuals do not, contrary to the assumptions made by neoclassical economic theory, behave rationally when making savings decisions within 401(k) plans. The article begins by identifying two common types of imperfect actors, the impatient and the impulsive, and describing the behavioral characteristics common to each. Relying on several studies of savings behavior in 401(k) plans, the author describes four common mistakes that imperfect actors are likely to make in 401(k) plans that may endanger their retirement wealth. The author then proposes a multi-part legislative solution to the common problems identified, in order to better protect imperfect actors in 401(k) plans. The author has structured her reform proposal in a way that protects imperfect actors, while not interfering with the choices available to those who make rational decisions. Because rational actors are largely unaffected by the reform proposals, the author argues that her reforms, although paternalistic, are economically efficient.
Embracing a Socialist Vision: The Evolution of Catholic Social Thought, Leo XIII to John Paul II

John Paul II used the occasion of his first detailed statement on economic justice (On Human Work, 1981) to point the way to a new relationship between Roman Catholic social thought and socialism. While the primary intent of the encyclical was to examine the nature of human work and the rights of workers, John Paul took this opportunity to call for the transformation of the present day economic order. In the context of this challenge, he outlined the possibility of a new collaboration between Catholic thought and socialism as a means of overcoming the serious limitations of the collectivist economies of the East and the capitalist economies of the West.1 In light of the new directions, the pope proposed that there may be a tendency among Catholics to look upon his economic thought as a fundamental break from the teachings of his predecessors. This judgment is hasty and unfounded. Although John Paul breaks new ground, his thought must be interpreted within a papal tradition characterized by an increasing openness to humanistic socialism in recent years. The interaction between Catholic thought and socialism has important religious, political, and economic implications. Although there has been obvious intellectual development during the past century in the Church's attitude toward socialism, this shift has often been ignored or minimized, especially in the West. As a result, many Catholics, including members of the hierarchy, have been unable to move beyond the Church's attitude toward socialism as it was articulated almost a century ago. This is unfortunate for a number of reasons. First, many members of the Church are denied an
Comparative analysis of mathematical models of cell death and thermal damage processes

AbstractThe standard method for assessing hyperthermia treatment has been calculation of cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C, CEM43 and its variations. This parameter normalises treatment thermal histories rather than predicts treatment results. Arrhenius models have been widely used in analysing higher temperature thermal treatments and successfully employed to predict irreversible thermal alterations in structural proteins. Unfortunately, in many, but not all cases they fail to represent thermally induced damage or cell death at hyperthermic temperatures, 43–50 °C, exhibiting significant over-prediction of the initial ‘shoulder’ region. The failure arises from the simplifying assumptions used to derive the irreversible reaction format that has been used in thermal damage studies. Several successful multi-parameter fit methods have been employed to model cell survival data. The two-state statistical thermodynamic model was derived from basic thermodynamic principles. The three-state model results from...
Intrusion Detection and Response Based on Data Mining and Intelligent Agents

Intrusion Detection is an issue that computer scientists try to tackle without complete success. This paper introduces data mining and intelligent agent technology, presents an architecture consisting of sensors, detectors, data warehouse, model generators and analysis engines. This architecture facilitates the sharing and storage of audit data, automates the generation and distribution of new models, intelligentizes the handling of large, heterogeneous data, and improves the accuracy, efficiency and usability.
To globalise or not—a managerial decision framework

Globalisation of marketing strategy is attractive to international marketers because it offers the opportunity for large scale economies in marketing and production. Yet, experts disagree markedly as to the extent to which a global strategy can be implemented in specific situations. This paper introduces some elements of objectivity into the choice between globalisation and individualisalion by evaluating five elements; the environment, market characteristics, the product, cost and financial factors, and the internal corporate environment. Although the decision on globalisation will always be fairly subjective, a careful attempt to weigh various factors will add elements of reason to the decision.
Steam blowouts in California Oil and Gas District 4: Comparison of the roles of initial defects versus well aging and implications for well blowouts in geologic carbon storage projects

Abstract Unplugged, abandoned wells are the greatest concern for potential open leakage pathways to groundwater and the atmosphere from geologic reservoirs storing CO2. Such wells will blow out when encountered by a buoyant fluid. Historical data on well blowouts during steam-enhanced oil recovery in California’s Oil and Gas District 4 provides perspective on blowout frequency during immiscible fluid injection. Well blowout rates are often characterized as events-per-well years. This implies that well integrity decreases with well age. This is at odds with an alternative conceptual model that suggests well leakage is predominantly due to initial well integrity defects. The rate of inactive well blowouts releasing injected steam in California Oil and Gas District 4 on a well-years basis declines contrary to the aging model. In contrast, the rate on the basis of wells intersected by steam is relatively constant. This is more consistent with initial defects rather than subsequent degradation creating the integrity defects that allow a blowout to occur. The initial defect hypothesis is further supported by the observation that blowouts typically occur one year or less after well shut in, plugging or the start of steam injection nearby. The well defect perspective implies that risk assessments for buoyant injected fluids, such as steam and CO2, should use a blowout rate per wells encountered by a plume rather than per well years to characterize acute well leakage risk. The predominance of inactive well blowouts due to initial defects rather than aging implies that blowout events are likely to occur earlier at the plume edge rather than later toward the plume center.
Biomedical engineering in the early U.S. aerospace program.

Much of the bioinstrumentation in the early U.S. aerospace program in the 1950's was undertaken by the U.S. Air Force, first at Randolph Field, TX, and then at Brooks AFB, TX. We document here some of the equipment and some of the experiences encountered by the early experimenters. This period coincided with the introduction of solid-state circuitry into biomedical instrumentation and also strongly influenced research into the electrochemical interface between metal electrodes and the ionic body environment. The author recalls much of his own early work, as well as his recollections of some of the other early researchers.
Roles of Chromium(III), Vanadium, and Zinc in Sports Nutrition

Chromium, vanadium, and zinc are first-row transition metals in the periodic table. Chromium has been accepted as an essential trace element for three decades; however, this status has received serious challenge such that chromium will probably be removed from the list of essential elements for mammals. While chromium(III) apparently can amplify insulin sensitivity at pharmacological doses, overwhelming data indicate it has no effect on body composition and muscle mass of healthy individuals despite claims in the popular literature. Vanadium has never been formally recognized as essential and probably has no role in normal mammalian biology. While vanadium appears to serve as an insulin mimetic, its toxicity prevents its use as a nutritional supplement. Zinc is essential for cellular growth, division and differentiation. Although the highest concentrations of Zn are found in muscle and bone and some evidence exists suggesting that Zn is needed for optimal muscle function, effects of Zn supplementation on sports performance are equivocal.
Suppression and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Patients with an Intermittently Catheterized Neurogenic Bladder

We evaluated the optimal means of prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections in 46 patients with an intermittently catheterized neurogenic bladder. Suppression with nightly 160 mg. trimethoprim and 800 mg. sulfamethoxazole compared to placebo showed no difference in the rate of symptomatic or total urinary tract infections. Symptomatic urinary tract infections occurred at the same rate whether routine asymptomatic infections were treated or not. Three-day antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections showed no decrease in the frequency of symptomatic or total urinary tract infections compared to 10-day therapy. The frequency of post-treatment urinary tract infection persistence, relapse and cure was identical in both groups. Suppressive antibiotics, treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infections and full course antibiotic therapy offered no advantage over placebo, treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection only and short course therapy in the management of urinary tract infection in patients with an intermittently catheterized neurogenic bladder.
Slaves and persons

Since slavery systematically negates the fundamental ideals of liberal political theory – in particular the ideals of autonomy, individual consent, equality before the law, the protection of personal property, etc. – it has long stood as the archetypical antithesis of liberalism. Indeed, ever since John Locke, who is conventionally considered the principal theorist of classic liberal theory, the institution of slavery has marked the historical and theoretical limits of liberalism, representing the tyranny against which liberalism is articulated and measured. Establishing this foundational opposition at the beginning of his First Treatise of Government , Locke stated, “Slavery is so vile and miserable an Estate of Man, and so directly opposite to the generous Temper and Courage of our Nation; that 'tis hardly to be conceived that an Englishman , much less a Gentleman , should plead for't.” The general claim that slavery is the litmus test of liberalism, however, has not been as perspicuous and straightforward as one might expect. What might seem a singularly neat opposition has, in fact, proven remarkably untidy. Thus, Locke – despite championing liberty, demonizing slavery, and being an English Gentleman – not only “pled for” slavery and invested in the colonial slave trade, but also, as secretary to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, helped write the Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas , a piece of legislation that declared that “every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves.”
Chapter 12 – Animal Tissue Culture: Principles and Applications

Animal cell culture technology in today's scenario has become indispensable in the field of life sciences, which provides a basis to study regulation, proliferation, differentiation, and to perform genetic manipulation. It requires specific technical skills to carry out successfully. This chapter describes the essential techniques of animal cell culture as well as its applications.
Pauson-Khand cyclopentenone synthesis

Formal [2 + 2 +1] cycloaddition of an alkene, alkyne, and carbon monoxide mediated by octacarbonyl dicobalt.
Scalable Optical Coupling between Silicon Photonics Waveguides and Polymer Waveguides

We present a silicon photonics optical I/O interfacing solution based on adiabatic optical coupling between silicon waveguides in a silicon photonics chip and polymer waveguides. Three different assembly methods were investigated for the evaluation of the coupling loss. A coupling loss as low as 0.9 dB was found at 1310 nm.
21st Century Parent–Child Sex Communication in the United States: A Process Review

Parent–child sex communication results in the transmission of family expectations, societal values, and role modeling of sexual health risk-reduction strategies. Parent–child sex communication’s po...
Role of hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy in the management of early-stage borderline ovarian tumors.

Abstract Objective To examine survival of women with stage T1 borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) stratified by hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy status at surgery. Methods This is a retrospective study examining The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program to identify surgically-treated stage T1 BOTs between 1988 and 2003 (n=4943). Association of surgery patterns and cause-specific survival (CSS) was examined in multivariable analysis. Results Mean age was 48.7. The majority had stage T1a disease (75.3%). Median follow-up was 15.6years and 159 (3.2%) women died of BOTs. Hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed in 1909 (38.6%) and 1295 (26.2%) cases, respectively. Most commonly, neither procedure was performed (46.5%), followed by hysterectomy alone (27.3%), lymphadenectomy alone (14.9%), and both procedures (11.3%). Surgery patterns for hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy significantly differed across age, ethnicity, marital status, registry area, year at diagnosis, histology type, sub-stage, and tumor size (all, P P >0.05). Age≥50, T1b-c stages, and mucinous histology remained independent prognostic factors for decreased CSS (all, P P =0.14) and 1608 women aged ≥50 ( P =0.48). Conclusion Our study suggests that both hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy may be omitted in the surgical management of women with stage T1 BOTs, especially for those with T1a disease regardless of age.
Radiosensitizing Silica Nanoparticles Encapsulating Docetaxel for Treatment of Prostate Cancer.

The applications of nanoparticles in oncology include enhanced drug delivery, efficient tumor targeting, treatment monitoring and diagnostics. The ‘theranostic properties’ associated with nanoparticles have shown enhanced delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs with superior imaging capabilities and minimal toxicities. In conventional chemotherapy, only a fraction of the administered drug reaches the tumor site or cancer cells. For successful translation of these formulations, it is imperative to evaluate the design and properties of these nanoparticles. Here, we describe the design of ultra-small silica nanoparticles to encapsulate a radiosensitizing drug for combined chemoradiation therapy. The small size of nanoparticles allows for better dispersion and uptake of the drug within the highly vascularized tumor tissue. Silica nanoparticles are synthesized using an oil-in-water microemulsion method. The microemulsion method provides a robust synthetic route in which the inner hydrophobic core is used to encapsulate chemotherapy drug, docetaxel while the outer hydrophilic region provides dispersibility of the synthesized nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Docetaxel is commonly used for treatment-resistant or metastatic prostate cancer, and is known to have radiosensitizing properties. Here, we describe a systematic approach for synthesizing these theranostic nanoparticles and preparing them for use in prostate cancer.
Electrical Stimulation for Strengthening

To the Editor: I read with interest, in the May 1985 issue of Physical Therapy, the article by Mohr et al entitled “Comparison of Isometric Exercise and High Volt Galvanic Stimulation on Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strength” and the follow-up commentary by Barr. Mohr et al stated in the literature review section that no published studies have evaluated the effect of high voltage electrical stimulation (HVS) on strengthening muscles. I expected Barr to correct this erroneous impression in his commentary (which I presume was written recently), but he alluded to the same mistake when he restated that “no previous investigation has used HVS.” Recent studies that used ElectroStim 180-2 myostimulator noted gains in muscle strength following 12 or more treatment sessions.1–3 ElectroStim 180-2 is a high-frequency (2,500 Hz) electrical stimulator with a voltage output of 400 V1; therefore, it meets the criteria of a high-voltage stimulator.4… [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/65/606?iss=5 [2]: /lookup/volpage/65/609?iss=5
Embodied Conversational Agent-based Deception Detection

An Embodied Conversational Agent-based human deception detection system was tested in a laboratory experiment during which some subjects had committed a mock crime and had guilty knowledge of that crime. Sensor signals were analyzed for their ability to discriminate between guilty/deceptive and innocent/truthful examinees and suitability for conducting automated agent-based deception interviews. Electrodermal activity confirmed the presence of arousal during the agent-based interviews.
Actigraphy findings and cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in advanced cancer patients treated with methylphenidate (MP) and nursing telephone intervention (NTI).

e20528 Background: There are limited studies about actigraphic sleep, wakefulness, activity and fatigue and treatment in advanced cancer patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ch...
Digital fabrication of textiles: an analysis of electrical networks in 3D knitted functional fabrics

Digital fabrication methods are reshaping design and manufacturing processes through the adoption of pre-production visualization and analysis tools, which help minimize waste of materials and time. Despite the increasingly widespread use of digital fabrication techniques, comparatively few of these advances have benefited the design and fabrication of textiles. The development of functional fabrics such as knitted touch sensors, antennas, capacitors, and other electronic textiles could benefit from the same advances in electrical network modeling that revolutionized the design of integrated circuits. In this paper, the efficacy of using current state-of-the-art digital fabrication tools over the more common trialand- error methods currently used in textile design is demonstrated. Gaps are then identified in the current state-of-the-art tools that must be resolved to further develop and streamline the rapidly growing field of smart textiles and devices, bringing textile production into the realm of 21st century manufacturing.
Spatial distribution of uranium in mice kidneys detected by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The aim of the study is to better understand where uranium deposits in mice kidneys. The spatial distribution of uranium was examined in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Mice were exposed to varying levels of uranyl nitrate in their drinking water. Calibration standards were developed to allow for semi-quantitative measurement of uranium in the cortical and medullary regions of mice kidney by LA-ICP-MS. Scanning electron microscopy was used to image the ablation patterns on the kidney. Uranium levels were observed to increase in kidney tissue as uranyl nitrate treatment exposure levels increased. A trend towards a higher uranium concentration in the medullary versus cortical region of the kidneys was observed. These results show the usefulness of LA-ICP-MS in toxicity studies by providing a quantitative, spatial assessment of uranium deposition in a target organ.
Avoiding population exposure to heat-related extremes: demographic change vs climate change

Heat waves are among the most dangerous climate-related hazards, and they are projected to increase in frequency and intensity over the coming century. Exposure to heat waves is a function of the spatial distribution of physical events and the corresponding population distribution, and future exposure will be impacted by changes in both distributions. Here, we project future exposure using ensembles of climate projections that account for the urban heat island effect, for two alternative emission scenarios (RCP4.5/RCP8.5) and two alternative population and urbanization (SSP3/SSP5) outcomes. We characterize exposure at the global, regional, and grid-cell level; estimate the exposure that would be avoided by mitigating future levels of climate change (to RCP4.5); and quantify the dependence of exposure on population outcomes. We find that climate change is a stronger determinant of exposure than demographic change in these scenarios, with a global reduction in exposure of over 50% under a lower emissions pathway, while a slower population growth pathway leads to roughly 30% less exposure. Exposure reduction varies at the regional level, but in almost all cases, the RCP remains more influential than the SSP. Uncertainty in outcomes is dominated by inter-annual variability in heat extremes (relative to variability across initial condition ensemble members). For some regions, this variability is large enough that a reduction in annual exposure is not guaranteed in each individual year by following the lower forcing pathway. Finally, we find that explicitly considering the urban heat island effect and separate urban and rural heat extremes and populations can substantially influence results, generally increasing projected exposure.
Use of high speed stereo radiography to assess the foot orthoses effectiveness in controlling midfoot posture during walking: A pilot study.

Abstract Background The intent of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of using high-speed stereo radiography (HSSR) to assess the effectiveness of footwear and foot orthoses in controlling the change in the position of the midfoot during walking in individuals with a flexible pes planus foot type. Methods Four individuals (1 female; 3 male) with a mean age of 25 years (range 22–29) and a bilateral flexible pes planus foot type participated in the study. The HSSR system was used to measure 3-dimensional changes in the longitudinal arch angle (LAA) with each participant walking barefoot, shoe only and shoes with orthoses. Results The HSSR system was found to be highly effective in measuring the change in the position of the midfoot, as measured using the LAA, when wearing footwear with or without foot orthoses. Based on an assessment of mean values, three out of the four participants demonstrated a change in the LAA as a result of using either shoes only or shoes with orthoses. The methodology used in this pilot study for assessing the effect of footwear and foot orthoses on the posture of the midfoot was highly effective with no side-effects noted by any of the study participants. Conclusions Future studies using the HSSR will require modifications to participant inclusion criteria as well as alterations to the data collection methodology. The HSSR system used in this study is feasible for use in larger cohort studies assessing footwear and foot orthosis effectiveness with the described modifications.
Black Girls Matter: Black Feminisms and Rita Williams-Garcia's One Crazy Summer Trilogy.

Media platforms frequently report on “Black Lives Matter” in order to raise awareness about institutional racism. However, these platforms often focus on African American male teenagers (Trayvon Martin in a hoodie and “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot” for Michael Brown). Noticeably absent are images of Black girls. As a response to these male-focused images, the hashtag movement #BlackGirlsMatter draws attention to the injustices Black girls face. Unfortunately, the reach of this hashtag movement is limited; only select outlets mention the significance of #BlackGirlsMatter. This limited reach is problematic given that many public schools—where many Black girls experience oppression—are still unaware of the institutional racism within their own policies and procedures. In order for educators and children to become cognizant of the systematic oppression at the intersection of race and gender, they must read texts that clearly align with cultural theories, such as Critical Race Theory and Black feminism, in order to potentially empower young readers. This article demonstrates how Black feminist theory can provide a useful framework for exploring the nuances of children’s novels, using Rita Williams-Garcia’s One Crazy Summer trilogy as an example. One Crazy Summer (Amistad, New York, 2010), P.S. Be Eleven (Amistad, New York, 2013), and Gone Crazy in Alabama (2015) contain representations of Black women and girls that assist readers in recognizing and naming systematic racism and sexism so that they may become more aware of paths for social justice.
Seed Production Practices

The goal in plant breeding is to develop better varieties. To reach this goal, extensive breeding programs are conducted with many crop species by both publicly and privately supported research organizations. The returns from the investment in breeding research and variety development are manifested through the increased production and superior quality of the crop grown from the new varieties. Before the potential benefits from an improved variety can be realized, the variety must be distributed widely, and sufficient seed or vegetatively propagated materials must be produced so that the variety can be grown on the farms in the area in which it is adapted.
Solution of a conjecture of Langlands

We present in this paper the solution of Langlands' conjecture on the multiplicity of an integrable discrete series representation in L2(Γ/G). We show that the conjecture is true in fact for infinitely many non-integrable discrete classes.
Advanced Experimental Techniques in Crack Tip Mechanics

The experimental techniques for crack tip mechanics of the 1970’s were governed by the practical requirements for determining accurately 2- and 3-D stress intensity factors in linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The extensive applications of three-dimensional frozen-stress photoelasticity [1], interferometry [2] and moire method [3] yielded static stress intensity factors for complex boundary value problems, such as a corner flaw at a nozzle-cylinder junction and at a through hole [4] and a compact specimen [5]. Dynamic stress intensity factors determined by the extensive use of dynamic photoelasticity [6,7] and dynamic caustics [8,9] provided considerable insight to the controversial criteria for dynamic fracture and crack arrest. Dynamic photoelasticity and dynamic caustics were also used to establish dynamic crack curving and branching criteria [10,11], which are also applicable to static and quasi-static crack problems, and to repudiate the proposed fracture mechanics interpretation of the V-notched Charpy data [12]. These experimental techniques, which are constantly being improved to determine well-defined physical quantities, i.e., the stress intensity factors, have contributed to the credibility which linear elastic fracture mechanics commands, in postmortem failure analysis and life-time prediction of structural components.
Learning Race to Unlearn Racism: The Effects of Ethnic Studies Course-Taking

Over the past two decades, higher education research has built a consensus that engaging with coursework on race is beneficial to students’ socioemotional and cognitive development. Paradoxically, ...
Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap through Effective Professional Development for Teachers Working with Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) experience a variety of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, gaps in academic achievement, and increased rates of dropping out o...