cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Veining substructure in single-crystal dimolybdenum carbide

Abstract Optical and electron microscopy on dimolybdenum carbide single crystals revealed a veining substructure on all planes of the as-grown crystals. Electron diffraction showed these veins to be hexagonal Mo 2 C, determined by chemical and electron microprobe analyses to be off-stoichiometric Mo 2 C 0.97 . Annealing in vacuum at 1600°–2000°C decreased the number of veins present. A substructure transition from veins to bands was observed after annealing at 2000°C, associated with γ'-MoC and Mo formation. Annealing at 2200°C or above caused the formation of bands found to be primarily Mo. The veining process is postulated to be due to a solidification and precipitation process. Polygonization of the veining substructure occurred during annealing below 2200°C. Room-temperature microhardness data on as-grown and annealed crystals further substantiated these findings.
The effect of land use on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen uptake in streams

Summary 1. Agricultural and urban land use may increase dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in streams and saturate biotic nutrient demand, but less is known about their impacts on the cycling of organic nutrients. To assess these impacts we compared the uptake of DIN (as ammonium, NH4+), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as acetate), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, as glycine) in 18 low-gradient headwater streams in southwest Michigan draining forested, agricultural, or urban land-use types. Over 3 years, we quantified uptake in two streams in each of the three land-use types during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). 2. We found significantly higher NH4+ demand (expressed as uptake velocity, Vf) in urban compared to forested streams and NH4+Vf was greater in spring compared to summer and autumn. Acetate Vf was significantly higher than NH4+ and glycine Vf, but neither acetate nor glycine Vf were influenced by land-use type or season. 3. We examined the interaction between NH4+ and acetate demand by comparing simultaneous short-term releases of both solutes to releases of each solute individually. Acetate Vf did not change during the simultaneous release with NH4+, but NH4+Vf was significantly higher with increased acetate. Thus, labile DOC Vf was not limited by the availability of NH4+, but NH4+Vf was limited by the availability of labile DOC. In contrast, neither glycine nor NH4+Vf changed when released simultaneously indicating either that overall N-uptake was saturated or that glycine and NH4+ uptake were controlled by different factors. 4. Our results suggest that labile DOC and DON uptake can be equivalent to, or even higher than NH4+ uptake, a solute known to be highly bioreactive, but unlike NH4+ uptake, may not differ among land-use types and seasons. Moreover, downstream export of nitrogen may be exacerbated by limitation of NH4+ uptake by the availability of labile DOC in headwater streams from the agricultural Midwestern United States. Further research is needed to identify the factors that influence cycling of DOC and DON in streams.
Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel

It is suggested that the high albedo of a desert contributes to a net radiative heat loss relative to its surroundings and that the resultant horizontal temperature gradients induce a frictionally controlled circulation which imports heat aloft and maintains thermal equilibrium through sinking motion and adiabatic compression. In the subtropics this sinking motion is superimposed on the descending branch of the mean Hadley circulation but is more intense. Thus the desert feeds back upon itself in an important manner. If one takes into account the biosphere, this feedback mechanism could conceivably lead to instabilities or metastabilities in desert border regions. It is argued that a reduction of vegetation, with consequent increase in albedo, in the Sahel region at the southern margin of the Sahara would cause sinking motion, additional drying, and would therefore perpetuate the arid conditions. Numerical integrations with the general circulation model of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies appear to substantiate this hypothesis. Increasing the albedo north of the ITCZ from 14% to 35% had the effect of shifting the ITCZ several degrees of latitude south and decreasing the rainfall in the Sahel about 40% during the rainy season.
A Pioneer-class Mars climatology mission

Preliminary studies of a Pioneer-class Mars-orbiter climatology mission are reviewed. The mission requirements and objectives are discussed, as are the program requirements, a mission profile, possible spacecraft designs, payload options, and mission costs. It is shown that existing earth-orbiting communication satellites can be adapted for the climatology mission and that the overall baseline cost should be between $133 million and &168 million in 1982 dollars.
Unconstrained and Constrained Global Optimization of Polynomial Functions in One Variable

In Floudas and Visweswaran (1990), a new global optimization algorithm (GOP) was proposed for solving constrained nonconvex problems involving quadratic and polynomial functions in the objective function and/or constraints. In this paper, the application of this algorithm to the special case of polynomial functions of one variable is discussed. The special nature of polynomial functions enables considerable simplification of the GOP algorithm. The primal problem is shown to reduce to a simple function evaluation, while the relaxed dual problem is equivalent to the simultaneous solution of two linear equations in two variables. In addition, the one-to-one correspondence between the x and y variables in the problem enables the iterative improvement of the bounds used in the relaxed dual problem. The simplified approach is illustrated through a simple example that shows the significant improvement in the underestimating function obtained from the application of the modified algorithm. The application of the algorithm to several unconstrained and constrained polynomial function problems is demonstrated.
Do Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) Eavesdrop on Prey Calls

Abstract Efficient foraging may be facilitated by attending to the signals produced by potential prey items. Such predatory eavesdropping is taxonomically widespread, yet there is currently a dearth of information for amphibians. Anuran amphibians, with their highly developed auditory system and robust phonotaxis toward advertisement calls when searching for mates, seem predisposed to use this hearing capability in other behavioral contexts such as foraging. We conducted playback experiments to test whether Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) eavesdrop on sexual signals of prey (House Cricket [Achaeta domesticus] song), or whether the presentation of acoustic prey stimuli in addition to a live cricket improved prey localization. We found that frogs did not use acoustic prey signals to guide their foraging movements. Frogs were not indifferent to acoustic stimuli, however, because they moved away from the sound source in some treatments.
From Poe to Rimbaud: A Comparative View of Symbolist Poetry

Though geographically isolated from each other in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century, Walt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, and their French contemporaries, Charles Baudelaire, and Arthur Rimbaud, worked analogously to revolutionize poetic representation. Baudelaire and Rimbaud worked in the Symbolist tradition, while Whitman and Poe stood together in the United States as revolutionary poetic thinkers. While French civilization created the social and artistic contexts for Symbolism, French Symbolists probably appropriated much of their formally artistic ideas from Poe and Whitman. Most critics agree Poe was most likely more influential to the formation of Symbolist thought, while Whitman’s force is a bit unclear. Aligning Baudelaire and Poe, as analogous artists, and Whitman and Rimbaud, From Poe to Rimbaud, a Comparative View of Symbolist Poetry will defend American importance in the formation and development of French Symbolist poetry.
Ensemble samplers with affine invariance

We propose a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods whose performance is unaffected by affine tranformations of space. These algorithms are easy to construct and require little or no additional computational overhead. They should be particularly useful for sampling badly scaled distributions. Computational tests show that the affine invariant methods can be significantly faster than standard MCMC methods on highly skewed distributions.
Calcyclin in the Mouse Decidua: Expression and Effects on Placental Lactogen Secretion

Placental lactogens are protein hormones produced by the placentas of many mammals. These hormones have diverse reproductive functions and are structurally similar to the pituitary hormones growth hormone and prolactin. Isolated decidual cells were previously shown to release a protein that stimulates mouse placental lactogen (mPL)-II release from mouse trophoblast cells in culture. Partial amino acid sequence data suggested that this protein shared sequence identity with mouse calcyclin. In the present study the sequence identity of this protein was determined by sequencing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products. The sequence matched that of mouse calcyclin. The distribution of calcyclin message was determined in the conceptus by in situ hybridization, and a gestational profile of calcyclin mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis. Calcyclin was localized primarily to cells that exhibited a uterine natural killer cell morphology within the decidua and to glycogen cells of the labyrinth and junctional zone. Although calcyclin was detectable by RT-PCR in midterm placentas, isolated trophoblast cells in culture did not contain detectable quantities of calcyclin by RT-PCR. Calcyclin stimulated secretion of mPL-II from isolated trophoblast cells in vitro but did not affect mPL-I secretion.
Epiglottic and Base‐of‐Tongue Prolapse in Children: Grading and Management

Objectives: A distinct entity of airway obstruction from epiglottic and base-of-tongue (EBT) prolapse in the pediatric population is defined. Laryngopharyngeal findings, swallowing dysfunction, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are described in a group of children with EBT prolapse. A new grading system is also presented. Study Design: A prospective study was conducted of laryngopharyngeal findings in children with EBT prolapse, a description of a new grading system, and review of the pediatric literature. Methods: Fourteen children with EBT prolapse were prospectively studied with flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. A new grading system for EBT prolapse was developed. Grade 0 is a normal airway. Grade 1 is prolapse of the epiglottis against the posterior pharyngeal wall but with normal position of the tongue. Grade 2 is prolapse of the epiglottis and base of tongue with only the epiglottic tip visible. Grade 3 is glossoptosis with no portion of the epiglottis visible. The diagnostic modalities and treatments for EBT prolapse are reviewed. Results: Of the 14 children studied, seven (50%) had grade 1, four (29%) had grade 2, and three (21%) had grade 3 EBT prolapse. Swallowing dysfunction (five of 14, 38%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (13 of 14, 93%) were also prevalent. Conclusion: The new grading system was applied successfully to describe the severity and sites of airway obstruction in 14 children with EBT prolapse. Swallowing dysfunction and gastroesophageal reflux disease occur in this population. Although surgical therapies are sometimes effective, lack of consistent success and the risk of aspiration with procedures other than tracheotomy may lead some to conclude that continuous positive airway pressure or tracheotomy are the safest options.
The Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of New Organically Templated Layered Vanadium Oxides by Methylamine

The hydrothermal reaction of vanadium pentoxide with methylamine leads to a series of new layered vanadium oxides by using different acids to adjust the initial pH. The structure of these layered vanadium oxides was established by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction. The new phases were also characterized by TGA and FTIR. The oxidation state of vanadium was determined. These materials are expected to exhibit catalytic activity and may be of interest as cathode materials for secondary lithium batteries.
An Architectural and Circuit-Level Approach to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Microprocessor Memory Structures

We present a combined architectural and circuit technique for reducing the energy dissipation of microprocessor memory structures. This approach exploits the subarray partitioning of high speed memories and varying application requirements to dynamically disable partitions during appropriate execution periods. When applied to 4-way set associative caches, trading off a 2% performance degradation yields a combined 40% reduction in L1 Dcache and L2 cache energy dissipation.
Harnessing horizontal parallelism and vertical instruction packing of programs to improve system overall efficiency

Multi-issue processors can exploit the instruction level parallelism (ILP) of programs to improve the performance greatly. How to reduce the energy consumption while maintaining the high performance of programs running on multi- issue processors remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to apply the instruction register file (IRF) technique from single-issue processor to VLIW architecture. Frequently executed instructions are selected to be placed in the on-chip IRF for fast access in program execution. Violation of synchronization among VLIW instruction slots is avoided by introducing new instruction formats and microarchitectural support. The enhanced VLIW architecture is thus able to orchestrate the horizontal instruction parallelism and vertical instruction packing for programs to improve system overall efficiency. Our experimental results show that the proposed processor architecture achieves both the performance advantage provided by the VLIW architecture and high energy efficiency provided by the IRF-based instruction packing technique (e.g., 71.1% reduction in the fetch energy consumption for a 4-way VLIW architecture with 8-entry IRFs).
Effect of Adrenal Steroids on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Various Animal Species

Effects of adrenal steroids on carbohydrate metabolism in several animal species have been studied. A single administration of a corticosteroid hormone induces elevations of blood sugar and total liver carbohydrate in guinea pigs; however, the responses are smaller and occur later than in rats. Adrenal cortical hormones do not alter blood glucose concentrations of dogs. The in vitro effect of triamcinolone on carbohydrate synthesis by liver of rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs was compared. The steroid induced a considerable increase in gluconeogenesis by rat liver; however, the hormone did not stimulate carbohydrate synthesis by guinea pig liver. There was increased carbohydrate production when rabbit and dog livers were incubated with triamcinolone, but the rise was less than that which occurred in rat liver. These results demonstrate that adrenal cortical hormones have a greater effect on gluconeogenesis in rats than in other animals, and it is suggested that in other species the primary effect of ad...
E Pluribus Unum: Isaac Babel's Red Cavalry As a Story Cycle

14ied Cavalry's form has perplexed critics since its first publication in 1926. The work has been described as an epic, a lyric poem, a baroque novel, a novel of stories, a loose collection of stories unified by a theme, and a series of anecdotes.' While each of these approaches illuminates a certain aspect of the work, a full appreciation of Red Cavalry's masterful design and its wealth and complexity of meanings requires an approach that will take the work for what it appears to be: a cycle of short stories, that is, a series of short narratives composed and arranged by the author to form a coherent whole. Despite acknowledgements of Red Cavalry's unified structure, the question of what exactly holds the cycle together has so far received only perfunctory treatment.2 In this article I will attempt a more comprehensive though by no means exhaustive analysis of Red Cavalry's basic patterns of cohesion. I also will demonstrate a close interdependence of formal structure and thematic developments in the work. In conclusion I will consider some implications of Mikhail Bakhtin's narrative theory for the genre of the story cycle and will discuss the cycle's differences from the novel form. Red Cavalry baffles its readers for what they take to be its unresolved tensions, stark juxtapositions, and ambiguities in the narrative voice. The work's open-endedness fully justifies this reaction. Yet an approach to Red Cavalry as a whole, as a work of a particular genre that generates meanings in ways peculiar to itself, is likely to dispel some of this bafflement.
The Relational Self: Views from Feminism on Development and Caring

Feminist scholarship describing women's relational self and its development can influence awareness of women's psychological development as occurring within the context of their relationships to others. Women's psychological maturation progresses in connection with others rather than only in separation from others, as traditional theories have espoused. The author argues that feminist scholarship emphasizes newer theories that elucidate the relational self describe its development, and clarify caring and relationships. Understanding the concept of the relational self can contribute to effective psychiatric nursing, and feminist scholarship can mist developing in psychiatric nursing's conceptualization of the relational self.
A Framework for Hand Gesture Recognition and Spotting Using Sub-gesture Modeling

Hand gesture interpretation is an open research problem in Human Computer Interaction (HCI), which involves locating gesture boundaries (Gesture Spotting) in a continuous video sequence and recognizing the gesture. Existing techniques model each gesture as a temporal sequence of visual features extracted from individual frames which is not efficient due to the large variability of frames at different timestamps. In this paper, we propose a new sub-gesture modeling approach which represents each gesture as a sequence of fixed sub-gestures (a group of consecutive frames with locally coherent context) and provides a robust modeling of the visual features. We further extend this approach to the task of gesture spotting where the gesture boundaries are identified using a filler model and gesture completion model. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art Hidden Conditional Random Fields (HCRF) based methods and baseline gesture spotting techniques.
Pharmacologic Disruption of Base Excision Repair Sensitizes Mismatch Repair-deficient and -proficient Colon Cancer Cells to Methylating Agents

Previously we showed that a mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cell line, HCT116 (hMLH1 mut), unlike a MMR wild-type cell line, SW480, was more resistant to the therapeutic methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), because the MMR complex fails to recognize TMZ-induced O 6 -methylguanine DNA adduct mispairings with thymine that arise after replication. TMZ also produces N 7 -methylguanine and N 3 -methyladenine adducts that are processed efficiently by the base excision repair (BER) system. After removal of the methylated base by methylpurine glycosylase, which creates the abasic or apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) site, the phosphodiester bond is hydrolyzed immediately by AP endonuclease, initiating the repair of the AP site. Methoxyamine (MX) reacts with the abasic site and prevents AP endonuclease cleavage, disrupting DNA repair. MX potentiated the cytotoxic effect of TMZ with a dose modification factor (DMF) of 2.3 ± 0.12 in SW480 and 3.1 ± 0.16 in HCT116. When combined with O 6 -benzylguanine (BG), MX and TMZ dramatically increased TMZ cytotoxicity (65.8-fold) in SW480, whereas no additive effect was seen in HCT116. This suggests that N 7 -methylguanine and N 3 -methyladenine adducts are cytotoxic lesions in MMR-deficient and wild-type cells when BER is interrupted. Because poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) aids in processing of DNA strand breaks induced during MMR and BER, we asked whether PARP inhibitors would also affect BER-mediated cell killing. We found that PARP inhibitors PD128763, 3-aminobenzimide, and 6-aminonicotinamide increased the sensitivity to TMZ in both HCT116 MMR-deficient cells and SW480 MMR wild-type cells. In HCT116 cells, PD128763 remarkably decreased resistance to TMZ, with a DMF of 4.7 ± 0.2. However, the combination of PD128763, BG, and TMZ had no greater effect, indicating that persistent O 6 -methylguanine had no effect on cytotoxicity. In SW480, the DMF for TMZ cytotoxicity was 3.1 ± 0.12 with addition of PD128763 and 36 with addition of PD128763 and BG. Synergy analysis by median effect plots indicated a high degree of synergy between TMZ and MX or PD128763. In contrast, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea combined with either MX or PD128763 showed little if any potentiation observed in the absence of BG in either cell line, suggesting that BER pathway has little impact on cytotoxic processing of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-induced adducts. These studies indicate that targeting BER with MX or PARP inhibitors enhances the cytotoxicity of methylating agents, even in MMR-deficient cells.
Evaluation of the influence of intermolecular electron-nucleus couplings and intrinsic metal binding sites on the measurement of 15N longitudinal paramagnetic relaxation enhancements in proteins by solid-state NMR.

Magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR measurements of 15N longitudinal paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) in 13C,15N-labeled proteins modified with Cu2+-chelating tags can yield multiple long-range electron-nucleus distance restraints up to ~20 A (Nadaud et al. in J Am Chem Soc 131:8108–8120, 2009). Using the EDTA-Cu2+ K28C mutant of B1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G (GB1) as a model, we investigate the effects on such measurements of intermolecular electron-nucleus couplings and intrinsic metal binding sites, both of which may potentially complicate the interpretation of PRE data in terms of the intramolecular protein fold. To quantitatively assess the influence of intermolecular 15N-Cu2+ interactions we have determined a nearly complete set of longitudinal 15N PREs for a series of microcrystalline samples containing ~10, 15 and 25 mol percent of the 13C,15N-labeled EDTA-Cu2+-tagged protein diluted in a matrix of diamagnetic natural abundance GB1. The residual intermolecular interactions were found to be minor on the whole and account for only a fraction of the relatively small but systematic deviations observed between the experimental 15N PREs and corresponding values calculated using protein structural models for residues furthest removed from the EDTA-Cu2+ tag. This suggests that these deviations are also caused in part by other factors not related to the protein structure, such as the presence in the protein of intrinsic secondary sites capable of binding Cu2+ ions. To probe this issue we performed a Cu2+ titration study for K28C-EDTA GB1 monitored by 2D 15N-1H solution-state NMR, which revealed that while for Cu2+:protein molar ratios of ≤ 1.0 Cu2+ binds primarily to the high-affinity EDTA tag, as anticipated, at even slightly super-stoichiometric ratios the Cu2+ ions can also associate with side-chains of aspartate and glutamate residues. This in turn is expected to lead to enhanced PREs for residues located in the vicinity of the secondary Cu2+ binding sites, and indeed many of these residues were ones found to display the elevated longitudinal 15N PREs in the solid phase.
Improved methods for thin, surface boundary layer investigations

New techniques are developed to improve the velocity flow-field measurement capability within a free-surface boundary layer region on which progressive capillary-gravity waves are present. Due to the extremely thin but rather vortical characteristics of the aforementioned boundary layer, conventional particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods fail to estimate velocity (and vorticity) vectors at an acceptable detection rate. This failure is a direct consequence of optimal PIV parameters that are difficult to achieve in practice for such flow situations. A new technique, Sub-pattern PIV, is developed. This method has features similar to both the super-resolution PIV (Keane et al. 1995) and the particle image distortion (PID) technique (Huang et al. 1993), but is predicated upon a very differential philosophy. Another difficulty that arises in experiments to investigate surface boundary layer flows is that the oscillating and deforming air–water interface has a mirror-like behavior that affects the images, and generates very noisy data. An alternative experimental setup that utilizes the Brewster angle phenomenon is adopted and the specular effects of the free-surface are removed successfully. This Brewster angle imaging, along with the Sub-pattern PIV technique, is used for the target application – a free-surface boundary layer investigation. It proved to be very effective. The methodology of both techniques is discussed, and the modified PIV procedure is validated by numerical probabilistic simulations. Application to the capillary-gravity wave boundary layer is presented in a subsequent paper.
Adaptive user-specified control of movements with functional neuromuscular stimulation

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) systems can provide a person with thoracic level spinal cord injury the ability to stand, with limited maneuverability. The authors aim to develop a system that enhances maneuvering ability by providing the user with control of stimulation to adjust limb position, but nonlinear system properties make it difficult for the user to control limb position. In this work, the authors have implemented an adaptive neural network controller to linearize the system input/output properties as seen by the user. They have tested their controller on a model of a swinging lower leg that is controlled via stimulation. The results of a series of simulations indicate that the adaptive controller can successfully linearize input/output properties for a wide range of model parameters and also that the controller performs well over a wide range of values of learning rate and network size.
Effect of cationic charge localization on DNA structure.

DNA is normally considered to be a stiff rod-like molecule, but proteins and small molecules, which either equilibrium bind to, or covalent bond with, DNA, can overcome the barrier(s) to non-linearity by changing the local hydrophobic and electrostatic environment at specific DNA sequences. The deformation of DNA by proteins has been shown to be a critical event in transcriptional regulation. In this review, we have focused on how the introduction of cationic charge, and its location, can affect DNA structure. To study the effect of charge, we have used DNA modified with 3-aminopropyl substitutions at the 5-position of deoxyuracil that mimic basic lysine-like sidechains, and which place the cationic charge in the major groove. Previous gel mobility studies with these sidechains have shown that they bend DNA. The location of the cationic sidechains and how they bend DNA is discussed.
A Novel Method to Obtain Wires Distribution Considering the Shape of Generated Electromagnetic Field

This paper proposes a method to calculate the wires distribution for generating required electromagnetic field. Instead of solving the distribution of wires directly, we formulate the problem into zero-one programming form. By applying the proposed algorithm to solve the zero-one programming problem, a practical solution can be obtained. Two practical examples are proposed to illustrate detailed calculation steps of the novel method. The comparison between binary particle swarm optimization searching algorithm and the pro-posed algorithm is provided and discussed. All the design results are validated with FEM calculation results.
Selling the Federal Lands

Uncle Sam's vast land holdings, six times the size of France, are up for grabs in one of the nation's most important political battles. On one front, the philosophical descendants of America's founders are fighting a host of corporate and environmental special interests over returning much of the public lands to private ownership. On the other, the special interests - cattlemen, large timber and mining companies, conservationists, environmentalists, recreationists, and developers - are battling one another to control the use of the existing public domain. And all are seeking to influence the self-proclaimed steward of our public lands, Interior Secretary James Watt.
On the Design of a Cold Neutron Source

Two major parts of the design study for a cold source for the cold neutron beam facility under construction at the Cornell University 500-kW TRIG A reactor are presented. The reasons are discussed ...
The association of congenital heart disease with necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a birth cohort study.

To test the hypothesis that congenital heart disease (CHD) in preterm infants with severe CHD (cyanotic or left-sided obstructive lesions, or congestive heart failure) is independently associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, stage II or greater). Single-institution retrospective birth cohort of preterm infants with gestational age 230/7 to 346/7 weeks delivered between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2011, excluding infants who received comfort care. Patients were classified into severe CHD, mild CHD and control groups. Among 4678 infants, 170 (3.6%) had CHD and 118 (2.5%) developed NEC. The risk for NEC increased with severe CHD (adjusted relative risk (RR)=3.72; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.37 to 10.10) but not with mild CHD (RR=0.65; CI=0.27 to 1.55). In this cohort, severe but not mild CHD was independently associated with increased risk for NEC. This finding, if confirmed by other studies, may help identify patients at risk for NEC.
Development and Application of Parallel Agglomerated Multigrid Methods for Complex Geometries

We extend previous serial developments of agglomerated multigrid techniques for fully unstructured grids in three dimensions to parallel computations. We demonstrate a robust parallel fully-coarsened agglomerated multigrid technique for the Euler, the Navier-Stokes, and the RANS equations for 3D complex geometries, incorporating the following key developments: consistent and stable coarse-grid discretizations, a hierarchical agglomeration scheme, and line-agglomeration/relaxation using prismatic-cell discretizations in the highly-stretched grid regions. A signicant speed-up in computer time over state-of-art large-scale computations is demonstrated.
A Cationic Metal–Organic Solid Solution Based on Co(II) and Zn(II) for Chromate Trapping

We report the synthesis and characterization of a solid solution series of cationic metal–organic materials with full compositional range from pure Co(II) to Zn(II) end-members. The materials consist of [ZnxCo1–x(H2O)4(4,4′-bipy)2]2+ metal–organic clusters that π–π stack into 2-D positively charged layers, with the metal ratio tunable by molar ratio under hydrothermal conditions. The interlamellar α,ω-alkanedisulfonate serves as an anionic template and noncovalently interacts with the cationic layers. The weak interaction allows anion exchange for toxic oxometal anions, such as chromate, CrO42–. The highest chromate adsorption capacity was 68.5 mg/g (0.43 mol/mol) for the as-synthesized 50 mol % Co(II)-incorporated material. Our cationic material can also selectively trap these toxic oxo-anions when nontoxic anions (e.g., nitrate, sulfate) were present in an over 50-fold excess concentration.
Pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer in patients with prior spinal cord injury.

Background/Objective: We sought to determine the clinical course of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who subsequently developed bronchogenic carcinoma and underwent pulmonary resection.
Food habits of obese and nonobese adolescents.

Eating practices of adolescents, both obese and nonobese, vary highly among groups and individuals. Data representative of the United States as a whole are not yet available. Evidence indicates that the obese may eat fewer calories than the nonobese and that their nutrient intakes are likely to be lower. The overall physical activity level of adolescents appears to be low.
Use of a Prototype 3F Electrohydraulic Electrode with Ureteroscopy for Treatment of Ureteral Calculous Disease

A 3F electrohydraulic electrode was used with flexible ureteroscopy to treat upper urinary tract calculi in 18 patients. Of 21 procedures performed 10 involved retrograde passage of the ureteroscope and 11 consisted of antegrade procedures with percutaneous nephrostomy access. Complete fragmentation was achieved in 19 of the 21 procedures. In 1 patient bilateral renal caliceal diverticular calculi were treated with the electrohydraulic electrode used to open initially the diverticular orifice. Minor complications included retained stone fragments and small ureteral perforations. No serious complications resulted from the lithotripsy and no patient required an open operation. Flexible ureteroscopy, retrograde or antegrade, appears to offer access to upper tract stones not treated reliably with rigid ureteroscopy. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with this small 3F probe appears to be a safe and effective means to treat upper urinary tract stones.
Critical care of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Critical care of a patient with SAH should focus on the prevention or immediate treatment of the common sequelae of this disorder that adversely affect outcome: vasospasm, rebleeding, hydrocephalus, seizures, and associated medical problems. The frequency of rebleeding can be lessened by early surgical or endovascular intervention. The extent of SAH on the CT scan can identify those patients at highest risk for vasospasm, and all patients must be closely monitored in the ICU with serial neurological examinations and transcranial Doppler studies. Regional CBF examinations and continuous EEG may also be helpful. Calcium channel blocking agents and volume expansion are recommended prophylatically for all patients. Aggressive hypertensive, hemodilutional, hypervolemic therapy (including pulmonary artery catheter placement) is indicated for symptomatic vasospasm. Transluminal angioplasty can be used in selected patients with vasospasm refractory to these measures. Hydrocephalus can occur in the days, weeks, or months following SAH and is treated effectively with external (acute hydrocephalus) or internal cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Seizures, which can cause intracranial and systemic hypertension, high cerebral metabolic demand, and delayed neurological injury, should be prevented with prophylactic use of anticonvulsants. In addition, early recognition and treatment of associated medical complications are critical. Novel endovascular approaches, meticulous surgical technique, and aggressive ICU care will undoubtedly lead to improved outcome following aneurysmal SAH.
Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Inoculated in Ground Beef, Chicken Carcass, and Lettuce Samples with an Immunomagnetic Chemiluminescence Fiber-Optic Biosensor

A biosensor was evaluated with regard to its usefulness in the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated in ground beef, chicken carcass, and romaine lettuce samples. The biosensor consisted of a chemiluminescence reaction cell, a fiber-optic light guide, and a luminometer linked to a personal computer in conjunction with immunomagnetic separation. The samples inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 were first centrifuged and suspended in buffered peptone water and then incubated with anti-E. coli 0157 antibody-coated magnetic beads and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-E. coli roll 0157 antibodies to form antibody-coated bead-bacterium-HRP-labeled antibody sandwich complexes. Finally, the sandwich complexes were separated from the samples in a magnetic field and reacted with luminol in the reaction cell. The number of E. coli O157:H7 cells was determined by collecting the HRP-catalyzed chemiluminescence signal from the bead surface through a fiber-optic light guide and measuring the signal with a luminometer. The chemiluminescence biosensor was specific for E. coli O157:H7 in samples containing other bacteria, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes. The chemiluminescence signal was linear on a log scale from 10 2 to 10 5 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per ml in samples. Detection could be completed within 1.5 h without any enrichment. The detection limits for ground beef, chicken carcass, and lettuce samples were 3.2 × 10 2 , 4.4 × 10 2 , and 5.5 X 10 2 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per ml, respectively.
Quantitative in vitro studies on the nerve growth factor (NGF) requirement of neurons: I. Sympathetic neurons

Abstract Quantitative studies on the nerve growth factor (NGF) requirement of chick embryo sympathetic neurons in dissociated cell culture revealed the following. (i) The minimum concentration of 2.5 S NGF required for survival of maximal numbers of neurons is about 0.5 ng/ml (∼2 × 10−11 M). In culture, this concentration of NGF appears not to be stable for more than 24 hr. Long-term neuronal maintenance with medium changes twice weekly requires a minimum of 5 ng/ml of NGF. (ii) At 24 hr after plating in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, neuronal survival is less than optimal at NGF concentrations above 5 ng/ml; in medium with 5% horse serum, survival is constant with up to 5000 ng/ml of NGF. (iii) Survival of neurons after 1 week in culture was less than optimal at NGF concentrations greater than 50 ng/ml, even in medium containing horse serum. (iv) No correlation was observed between the level of NGF (0.5–500 ng/ml) and the estimated neuronal somatic volumes up to 1 month in vitro. (v) Withdrawal of NGF, even after 4 weeks of culture, resulted in degeneration of nerve cell bodies and processes.
Abstract P52: Epidemiology of Heart Valve Repair and Replacement Procedures in the United States: A 15-Year Perspective

Open heart valve repair/replacement is widely used to treat various valvular pathologies. The development of percutaneous valve replacement technology may pave the way for less invasive treatment options. This study characterized the epidemiology of valvular repair and replacement procedures in the U.S. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify closed and open heart valvotomy, heart valve replacement, annuloplasty, and percutaneous valvotomy procedures between 1993 and 2007. NIS is an annual survey of ∼1,000 hospitals and contains 20% of the U.S. inpatient hospitalizations. The prevalence of these procedures was calculated as a function of age, gender, race, census region, and type of hospital. 3,342 closed heart valvotomy, 191,141 closed heart valvotomy, 1,078,388 heart valve replacement, 106,110 annuloplasty, and 35,071 percutaneous valvotomy procedures were identified. Heart valve replacements included 302,932, 89,249, 13,828, and 4,680 aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid valve procedures with tissue graft, respectively, and 479,168, 253,804, 3,904, and 7,494 prosthetic aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid valve procedures, respectively. In contrast to valvotomy procedures, the majority of heart valve replacements (64.0%) and annuloplasty (57.7%) were performed on elderly patients (>=65 years). Most repair/replacement procedures were performed on men, except for percutaneous valvotomy (41.9%). Regional variations were found; for example, closed valvotomy were disproportionately performed in South (44.2%). The vast majority of procedures were performed in urban, non-teaching and large hospitals. Databases such as the NIS allow the characterization of the epidemiology for heart valve repair/replacement patients in a large, nationally representative patient sample. Our study demonstrates that these procedures vary considerably by patient demographics and geographic region. Additional research will help assess if the epidemiology will change over time, as the use of new technologies such as percutaneous heart valve devices grows. In the future, longitudinal administrative databases, such as Medicare, provide a mechanism to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of these procedures.
Lactadherin Enhances the Adhesion of Sickle Cells to Vascular Endothelial Cells.

Abstract Adherence of red blood cells to the endothelium initiates vaso-occlusion in sickle cell anemia. The increased adhesiveness of sickle erythrocytes is accompanied by several changes in the lipids of the erythrocyte membrane, including increased expression of phosphatidylserine (PS). One important PS-binding protein is lactadherin (also known as milk fat globule-EGF factor 8), a 45-kDa glycoprotein containing an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. Lactadherin is secreted by many cell types, including macrophages, and is known to have a role in the clearance of apoptotic lymphocytes by binding PS on the cell surface and thus presenting a binding site for macrophage integrins, including αvβ3. We recently showed that lactadherin, added exogenously to both normal and sickle erythrocytes, enhances phagocytosis of these cells by macrophages. Here, we investigated the effect of bovine lactadherin on the adhesion of sickle erythrocytes to the endothelium in flowing blood. Lactadherin (100 nM) promoted the adhesion of sickle erythrocytes to histamine-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at shear stresses from 2.5 to 10 dyne/cm2. Adhesion was inhibited significantly by abciximab (10μ g/ml), an antibody against αvβ3 (P
Pilot study of secondary causes of osteoporosis/osteopenia in adults with breast cancer.

e20587 Background: Osteoporosis is a concern for older adults diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) due to treatment induced bone loss. There is limited data on the prevalence of 2ndary causes of osteo...
Camera Canvas: Photo Editing and Sharing App for People with Disabilities

We are motivated to make the interaction between a computer and people with disabilities better with more flexible interactions in their activities. Camera Canvas, the existing photo drawing and editing desktop software for motor-impaired individuals to operate a computer mouse, has been integrated well in the mouse-replacement interface, Camera Mouse. Therefore, our approach is to optimize Camera Canvas for the sake of helping gain a better experience in tailoring local photos/images. With more image filtering designed in computer vision techniques, Camera Canvas enhances better user experience. We conducted user studies with a few users without disabilities, who didn’t operate or operated Camera Canvas with Camera Mouse. We have initiated features of social media sharing in the software, and evaluation of social media integration is planned for future work. Our ongoing work includes conducting additional user studies and optimizing the software based on feedback or survey.
Examples of What Fusion Energy Can Contribute to the Near Term Needs of Society Before We Build the First Fusion Power Plant

AbstractIt will be several decades before the first commercial fusion power plant is placed on the electricity grid. However, there are many non-electricity uses for fusion energy that can be realized in the next 5–10 years when the Q value (energy out/energy in) obtained in fusion systems is ≪1. This paper explores those possibilities dividing them into 3 categories: 1) Commercial Products, 2) Applications for Academia and Utilities, 3) Applications for Military/Governmental uses. At the present time, over 20 near term applications have been identified but it is expected that there could be many more once the fusion community focuses on the near term time frame. Since the near term applications do not require Q > 1, all fusion reactions can be considered. This means, for example, that one can consider fusion reactions that not only emit neutrons (from DT and DD) but also other reactions such as D3He that emit high-energy (14 MeV) protons because they can be used to make short half life Positron Emission ...
Guilt and hurt: Similarities, distinctions, and conversational strategies.

Publisher Summary Guilt and hurt are two emotions that are often closely linked. This chapter reviews some of the similarities and differences between guilt and hurt. The chapter then discusses a number of characteristics that define the interaction experience of these two emotions.. One of the reasons guilt and hurt involve negative feelings is that both occur as a consequence of a perceived transgression. Whether conceptualized as an enduring condition or a temporary state, guilt is typically described as a response to having violated a moral imperative or social standard. Similarly, hurt is engendered because someone perceives a breach has occurred. People usually feel hurt when they believe they were injured or harmed. Transgressions associated with these two emotions often involve another individual. Both guilt and hurt occur in, and are influenced by, interpersonal contexts. Given that hurt, like guilt, is an unpleasant feeling, people may use hurt strategically to influence or persuade others. Ignoring social conventions that prevent hurt offers interactants the opportunity to wield a great deal of interpersonal power.
Suicide and HIV

Suicidal ideation, attempts, and completions are common among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Recent cohort studies have found that the rate of suicide completion among PLWHA in Switzerland is three times that of the general population, and, in the USA, one in five HIV positive patients report having had suicidal ideation in the previous week. Many factors contribute to this phenomenon, including highly prevalent comorbid depression, substance use disorders, social isolation, stigma, and chronic pain and fatigue associated with the disease. During the early years of the HIV epidemic, suicide rates in the USA and Western Europe were extremely high, particularly among men. With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and resultant prolonged life expectancy, suicide rates have declined and are now similar to those of other populations living with chronic medical illnesses such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, end-stage renal disease, and spinal cord injury. However, even with the decline in suicide rates since the 1990s, suicidal ideation and behaviors remain alarmingly high among PLWHA, and it is urgent for providers caring for this population to evaluate and address suicide risk in routine clinical practice.
Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability of Shales and Seismic Coda

This chapter discusses the characteristics of porous media and seismic coda waves. One of the important examples of a porous medium is oil shale. One is the permittivity and conductivity of the porous medium as given by Archie's law. The other is the flow of liquid such as oil through the porous medium as given by Darcy's law and "fluid" permeability, which is different from the "magnetic" permeability concept we commonly use in electromagnetic studies. The study of porous media is closely related to the "percolation theory" and the "fractal". The permeability of a porous medium such as shale is a measure of the resistance to the flow of a fluid through the medium. The chapter shows typical seismic waves observed at the receiver. The study of the P‐coda, S‐coda, and Rayleigh‐coda is critical to the understanding of the total seismic radiation.