cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Integral Backstepping Control for Unified Model of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Exponential decrease in oil and natural gas resources, increasing global warming issues and insufficiency of fossil fuels has shifted the focus to fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FHEVs). FHEV model used in this work consists of fuel cell, ultracapacitor and battery. Non-linearities present in the vehicle model dominate because of extreme driving conditions like rough terrains, slippery roads or hilly areas. Behavior of components like energy sources, induction motors and power processing blocks deviate significantly from their normal behavior when driving in highly demanding situations. To tackle these shortcomings, non-linear controllers are preferred because of their efficiency. In literature, different controllers have been proposed for either the energy sources or the induction motor separately, whereas this research work focuses on a unified hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) model to simultaneously control the energy sources and the induction motor. The model used is a complete representation of electric system of FHEV and increases the performance of the vehicle. This unified model provides improved DC bus voltage regulation along with speed tracking when subjected to European extra urban drive cycle (EUDC). In this work, Robust Integral Backstepping and Robust Backstepping controllers have been designed. Lyapunov based analysis ensures the global stability of the system. Performance of proposed controllers is validated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A comparative analysis is also given to illustrate the importance of the unified model proposed in this work.
Basaloid follicular hamartoma of the eyelid in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Purpose We report a case a pediatric patient with an eyelid lesion found to be a basaloid follicular hamartoma. Observations A six-year-old female with juvenile diabetes who presented with a benign eyelid lesion harboring an aberrant eyelash. Conclusions and Importance Basaloid follicular hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm arising from hair follicles. These lesions can resemble basal cell carcinomas and require complete excision.
In honor of Peter Narin's retirement: Frogs and morse code operators

Acoustic communication between animals runs the gamut of simple to complex in its dynamic time and frequency structure. Narrow bandwidth codes are often used in noisy environments wherein simple filters can be used to recover the signal under poor signal to noise ratios. Tree frogs in the genus Eleutherodactylus use essentially single and double tones to attract mates in very noisy environments with many males calling mostly silent females. Over the last 40 years, Peter Narins has been studying these simple frog codes. He has shown that these frogs have evolved behaviors to avoid acoustic interference with their neighbors, both in time (by call suppression) and by changing their dominant frequencies across species. Radio amateurs using Morse code mimic frog behavior when trying to communicate with highly desired, weak-signal DX (distant) stations, where many strong signals are calling simultaneously. In this scenario, termed a “DX Pileup,” the calling operators use strategies similar to those of frogs to successfully contact the DX station. Peter (K2IXQ) has been an avid radio amateur for most of his life, using Morse code to chase DX around the world. Clearly, there is an overlap between his scientific research and his personal hobby.
Inelastic electron scattering from O 18

Inelastic electron scattering from the low-lying even-parity states of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ has been performed. The measurements span a range in momentum transfer from 0.6 to 2.7 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Form factors have been determined for the two lowest ${0}^{+}$ excitations, the three lowest ${2}^{+}$ excitations, and the three lowest ${4}^{+}$ excitations. Transition densities for the ${2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ excitations have been obtained from a Fourier-Bessel analysis of these data. Comparisons were made with the predictions of various theoretical calculations and the agreement was found generally to be poor. A coexistence model was used to decompose the measured form factors into their single-particle and collective components, which in turn were compared with their counterparts in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{17}\mathrm{O}$. The results indicate that this model provides a useful framework within which to understand the structure of the oxygen isotopes. Transition densities also were obtained within the context of this model.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{18}\mathrm{O}$($e$,${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) low-lying even-parity excited states; measured form factors at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, $0.6\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}2.7$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; comparison to shell and coexistence models; transition densities extracted.
Law Enforcement and the Size of the Informal Sector

I assemble new cross-country evidence showing that contrary to the standard view, the relationship between the size of the informal sector and tax rates is, at best, ambiguous. Law enforcement and informality also show no clear relation. Motivated by these findings, I augment a standard two-sector (formal and informal) small open economy model with endogenous law enforcement that depends on the size of the informal sector (measured by its assets) and government expenditure. I use a micro-dataset from Colombia to show that both taxes and law enforcement are necessary to match the the size of the informal sector observed in the data. In the absence of law enforcement, tax evasion incentives imply a counterfactually large informal sector. However law enforcement motivates households to reduce the supply of capital to the informal sector, decreasing the probability of detection. The dependence of the latter on government expenditure creates a non-linearity between tax rates and the size of the informal sector through a Laffer curve. The model implies that lowering tax rates would not necessarily reduce the size of the informal sector since there is a trade-off with law enforcement capability.
70759 Jaw-specific control of Msx1-dependent odontogenesis by Dkk2 and Sostdc1

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our proposed jaw-specific control mechanism of tooth development is expected to address the site-specific prevalence of tooth agenesis in humans. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To determine the molecular mechanisms that control jaw-specific tooth development. To identify the molecular basis of the site-specific prevalence of humans tooth agenesis cases. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used three different genetically engineered mouse lines: Msx1 ^’/ ^’, Dkk2 ^’/ ^’, and Sostdc1 ^’/ ^’ mice. We used developmental mouse genetics approaches, basically generating different combinations of compound mutant mice. We examined their tooth development by using gross, histology, and mRNA expression analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We identified that Sostdc1, a secreted Wnt inhibitor, also plays an important role in regulating the Msx1-dependent odontogenic pathway. Sostdc1 mRNA showed similar expression patterns in the developing tooth germs between control and Msx1-null molar buds. Remarkably, by deleting the Sostdc1 gene, as well as the Dkk2 gene, in the Msx1-null background mouse, molar tooth development was rescued in the maxillary jaw, but not in the mandibular jaw. Furthermore, tooth developmental rescue could be achieved in both the maxillary and mandibular molars by combinedly deleting Dkk2 and Sostdc1 in Msx1-null mice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Our study demonstrates that secreted Wnt inhibitors Dkk2 and Sostdc1 synergistically regulate the Msx1-dependent odontogenic pathway and further control early tooth morphogenesis. These mouse model will be used to further address the site-specific prevalence of tooth agenesis in humans.
Laparoscopic Low Anterior Resection

Preoperative management of the rectal cancer patient is complex and requires expert multidisciplinary care under the guidance of the National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC). A standardized preoperative evaluation is key to optimize the patient for resection and offer the best possible oncologic and functional outcomes. Regardless of minimally invasive technique, the goal of the operation is complete total mesorectal excision (TME) to reduce local recurrence. This is a high-risk procedure that is best performed in the hands of an experienced surgeon and specific steps of the operation are necessary to ensure adequate oncologic resection. In addition, minimally invasive low anterior resection when paired with an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program improves postoperative outcomes with reduced morbidity, decreased length of stay and readmission.
Increase in Child Abuse Injuries during the COVID-19 Pandemic in West Texas

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a rapid increase in unemployment and business closures, leaving many families in psychosocial distress, and putting the well-being and healthy development of children at risk. There has been a sharp increase in cases of child abuse presenting to our institution during the year 2020. Thus, we sought to quantify whether the confluence of pandemic-related social changes would result in an increase in child abuse cases severe enough to warrant emergency medical attention in the West Texas region. Through this report, we hope to underscore the need for continued vigilance by healthcare providers and educators in identifying cases of child abuse, as well as the need for additional initiatives to mitigate child maltreatment during times of socioeconomic stress.
The classification of convex polygons with triangular area or perimeter bisecting deltoids

We classify all convex polygons whose area-bisecting deltoids or perimeter-bisecting deltoids are similar to those for a triangle, that is, they are tri-cusped and tri-concave-out closed curves. The additional condition that these two kinds of deltoids are segment-free makes no difference to the first classification and restricts the second to one that is much more similar to the first. We show that, up to similarity, the restricted second class is a complete system of representatives for the first class modulo affine equivalence.
Anemic hypoxemia reduces myoblast proliferation and muscle growth in late-gestation fetal sheep.

Fetal skeletal muscle growth requires myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion into myofibers in addition to protein accretion for fiber hypertrophy. Oxygen is an important regulator of ...
Streptococcus Intermedius as the cause of sphenoid sinusitis & associated extensive skull base and neck thrombophlebitis & thrombosis.

Abstract Acute bacterial sinusitis may be complicated by orbital and intracranial involvement and by thrombophlebitis. Its spread across multiple anatomic compartments is facilitated by the interconnected venous anatomy of the head and neck and the virulence of the primary pathogen. We present a rare case of Streptococcus Intermedius (S. Intermedius) acute bacterial sinusitis complicated by extensive skull base involvement including cavernous sinuses and neck vein thrombophlebitis and thrombosis.
4 – An Introduction to the Evolutionary Ecology of Viruses

This chapter provides an introduction to the evolutionary ecology of viruses. It deals with condition and capacity of the selective environment in determining the evolutionary path of viruses. This selective environment is partitioned into many compartments, each of which has a role in shaping the overall adaptive landscape. This chapter demonstrates the extreme range of virus adaptability that allows these beings to parasitize genomes in essentially any of their possible manifestations and to subsequently exhibit overwhelming diversity. This chapter presents the mechanisms that are employed in diversification: adaptation, genetic exchange, mutation, niche segregation, and cospeciation. These mechanisms contribute fundamentally to the broad range of viruses' variation. This chapter illustrates the evolutionary history of imaginary virus taxa in relation to their hosts. The existence of viruses also induces evolutionary responses in their hosts, which in turn feeds back as changes in the virus adaptive landscape.
Pursuit eye movements

When viewing objects, primates use a combination of saccadic and pursuit eye movements to stabilize the retinal image of the object of regard within the high-acuity region near the fovea. Although these movements involve widespread regions of the nervous system, they mix seamlessly in normal behavior. Saccades are discrete movements that quickly direct the eyes toward a visual target, thereby translating the image of the target from an eccentric retinal location to the fovea. In contrast, pursuit is a continuous movement that slowly rotates the eyes to compensate for the motion of the visual target, minimizing the blur that can compromise visual acuity. While other mammalian species can generate smooth optokinetic eye movements - which track the motion of the entire visual surround - only primates can smoothly pursue a single small element within a complex visual scene, regardless of the motion elsewhere on the retina. This ability likely reflects the greater ability of primates to segment the visual scene, to identify individual visual objects, and to select a target of interest.
Effect of cis-Platinum(II)Diamminodichloride on Wild Type and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair-Deficient Mutants of Escherichia coli

The anti-tumor drug cis-platinum(II)diamminodichloride (PDD) induced extensive filamentation in wild-type Escherichia coli and in mutants lacking certain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair functions (uvrA, recB, recC, and polA); viability of repair-deficient mutants treated with PDD was significantly less than that of wild-type cells. PDD was highly toxic to lex1, lex1 uvrA6 (where its effect was cummulative), and recA13 mutants, all of which were killed without formation of filaments. (3)H-thymine incorporated into DNA of cells subsequently treated with PDD became trichloroacetic acid-soluble at rates similar to those observed after exposure to comparable doses of ultraviolet light (UV) or mitomycin C. PDD, like UV, induced extensive degradation of DNA in recA organisms. After a 30-min lag, PDD inhibited significantly the synthesis of DNA but not of ribonucleic acid or protein in E. coli. However, the relative differences between rates of DNA synthesis observed in PDD-treated and control cells decreased substantially when the duration of pulses ((3)H-thymine) was prolonged from 2 to 5 min. These observations suggest that PDD-induced damage to DNA is reversible, possibly by defined mechanisms of excision and recombination repair.
Impact of Smoke Exposure on Digital Instrumentation and Control

Smoke can cause interruptions and upsets in active electronics. Because nuclear power plants are replacing analog with digital instrumentation and control systems, qualification guidelines for new ...
The arginine-rich domain of hepatitis B virus precore and core proteins contains a signal for nuclear transport.

Abstract Precore and core proteins are two related co-carboxy-terminal proteins of hepatitis B virus. Precore protein contains the entire sequence of core protein plus an amino-terminal extension of 29 amino acid residues. Both proteins can display a common antigenic determinant known as core antigen (HBcAg). Clinically, HBcAg is detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or both of hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes. In order to understand the mechanism that regulates nuclear transport of HBcAg, various portions of precore and core proteins were linked to a reporter protein, human alpha-globin, and expressed in mammalian cells. Our results indicate that the precore protein-specific sequence, although important for nuclear transport, does not contain a nuclear localization signal. Instead, a signal for nuclear transport is located near the carboxy termini of precore and core proteins in the arginine-rich domain. This signal is made up of a set of two direct PRRRRSQS repeats and is highly conserved among mammalian hepadnaviruses.
Block copolymers with stable radical and fluorinated groups by ATRP

Polymers with stable radical groups are promising materials for organic electronic devices due to their unique redox activity. Block copolymers with one redox active block could be used in nanostructured devices for electronic applications. We report on the synthesis and characterization of such multifunctional block copolymers in which phase separation on the 10 nm (half pitch) scale is achieved by using fluorinated blocks. Fluorination of one block increases the degree of phase separation and leads to smaller accessible domain sizes. Block copolymers with 60%, 80% and 90% of a stable radical containing block and either fluorinated or non-fluorinated second blocks were made by atom transfer radical polymerization, and their microstructure formation as a function of fluorine content is described after solvent vapor or thermal annealing. Electrical characterization of such a partly fluorinated block copolymer shows their potential for electronic devices.
Pseudo AV block secondary to concealed premature His bundle depolarizations.

Van Praagh R, LaCorte M, Fellows KE, Bossina K, Busch HJ, Keck EW, Weinberg PM, Van Praagh R. Supero-inferior ventricles. Anatomic and angiocardiographic findings in ten postmortem cases. In: Van Praagh R, and Takao A, eds. Etiology and morphogenesis of congenital heart disease. Mt Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co, 1980217-78. Anderson RH, Shinbourne EA, Gerlim IM. Criss cross atrioventricular relationship producing paradoxical atrio-ventricular concordance and discordance. Circulation 1974;50:176-80. Galinanes M, Chartrand C. Nicholaas H, Doesburg V, Gemin R, Staneley P. Surgical repair of supero-inferior ventricles: experience of 3 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;40:353-9. Freedom RM, Culham JAG, Moes CAF. Supero-inferior ventricles. In: Angiography of congenital heart disease. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc, 1984:629-48.
Reset and partial-reset-based functional broadside tests

Functional broadside tests were defined to avoid overtesting that may occur under scan-based tests because of non-functional operation conditions created by unreachable scan-in states. Functional broadside tests were computed assuming that functional operation starts after the circuit is initialised by applying a synchronising sequence. This study discusses the definition of functional broadside tests for the case where hardware reset is used for bringing the circuit into a known state before functional operation starts. This study shows that the set of reachable states for a circuit with hardware reset contains the set of reachable states based on a synchronising sequence. Consequently, the set of functional broadside tests and the set of detectable faults for a circuit with hardware reset contain those obtained based on a synchronising sequence. In addition, there are differences between different reset states in the sets of reachable states and the sets of detectable faults. This study also discusses the case where hardware reset is provided only for a subset of the state variables (referred to as partial reset).
A summary of program and progress under the U.S.-Japan cancer research program.

The initial purpose of the Radiation Oncology. Program was to promote studies of high linear energy transfer (Hi-LET) particulate radiations in the treatmen~ of cancer. Interest in Hi-LET radiotherapy was based on several Factors. First, when the program was initiated in 1975 there was an extensive radiobiological ]}terature demonstrating that in numerous experimental cell systems, a level of hypoxia compatible with cell viabi|ity protects against Low-LET photon irradiation. With most in vilro systems, it requires about 3 dmes the photon dose to kill hypoxic cells as is reqtfired for a similar degree of cell kill under fully aerated conditions. Second, there was evidence that a significant degree of hypoxia actually exists in certain anima.l and human tumors. It had been shown that a band of hypoxic but viable cells can exist at a distance of about 100-200 [am t~rom blood capillaries. Oxygen consumption in the intervening tissue lowered the oxygen tension to levels barely compatible w~th cell viability. A greater distance resulted in non-viable cells and necrosis. Third, certain high energy particles (neutrons, pions and heavy-charged stripped nuclei such as necm and carbon) laave lower oxygen enhancement ratios (OER), a measure of hypo×ic protection, than does conventional photon irradiation. Fourth, although the initial clinical neutron studies in the late 1930s at the University of California in Berkeley were unsuccessful because of a lack of understanding of the applicable radiobiology, preliminary clinical investigations at Hammersmith Hospital in London, suggested that neutron therapy might be zuperior to photon therapy at least for selected neoplasms. Thus, in the early to mid1970s, there was strong motivation for undertaking investigations to determine the clinical value of Hi-LET irradiations. The cost of instal|ation and continuing support t~f clinical Hi-LET facilities, however, is very great and only a few such £acilities exist or are likely to be installed in any one country. Thus, the need for international cooperation exists in this area of research. The first meeting of the U.S.-Japan Hi-LET Radiation Therapy Program was held in Tokyo in July 1975. Physicists, radiobiologists and radiation oncologists from both countries attended. The primary purpose of that meeting was to exchange information
Celiac Steal Resulting in Chronic Intestinal Ischemia

There is considerable controversy regarding the existence of celiac axis compression syndrome. Despite this, there is clearly a subset of patients with extrinsic compression of the celiac axis who ...
InchBot: A novel swarm microrobotic platform

Collective behavior in swarm robotics explores various scenarios involving many robots communicating, sensing, and running simultaneously. This strategy aims to reduce the time and energy required and to improve the efficiency of completing complex tasks which are typically difficult to accomplish individually. This paper presents InchBot, a novel swarm microrobotic platform, which is highly modular, rechargeable, and capable of sensing and communicating with each other wirelessly. InchBot features a new stackable hardware structure allowing customization in the embedded sensors and a novel flexible wheel design suitable for omnidirectional motions. A detailed analysis on the deformation characteristics of the flexible spoke wheels due to centrifugal force was performed using the finite element method. Preliminary experiments demonstrated the utility of flexible spoke wheels for generating forward, diagonal, and turning motions.
Image Algebra and Automatic Shape Recognition

Shape recognition can be carried out with set theory operations. In addition to the usual set theory operations of union, complement, etc., the operation of erosion between two sets (or images) is incorporated. Then it is shown that these operations between sets serve as a basis for representation theorems for all, generally nonlinear, translation invariant transformations, (i.e., transformations which commute with translations). By treating images and shapes as point sets in n-dimensional Cartesian space (n = 2 for binary images, n = 3 for gray scale images, and larger n for images that incorporate color, polarization, and the like), the problem of shape or pattern recognition is converted to the problem of detecting the occurrences of specific sets within an image. This problem is closely related to the operation of erosion. By introducing complement images and complement shapes, a generic computer for automatic shape recognition is found which provides a constructive proof of the representation theorem and related results.
From inverse agonism to ‘Paradoxical Pharmacology’

Abstract The constitutive or spontaneous activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and compounds acting as inverse agonists is a recent but well-established phenomenon. Dozens of receptor subtypes for numerous neurotransmitters and hormones have been shown to posses this property. However, do to the apparently low percentage of receptors in the spontaneously active state, the physiologic relevance of these findings remains questionable. The possibility that the reciprocal nature of the effects of agonists and inverse agonists may extend to cellular signaling is discussed, and that this may account for the beneficial effects of certain β-adrenoceptor inverse agonists in the treatment of heart failure.
Endosonographic Evaluation of the Patient With Esophageal Cancer

The prognosis for patients with carcinoma of the esophagus remains poor despite the recent use of aggressive combination therapies and radical surgical resection. Attempts to improve the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma have been confounded by a lack of effective therapeutic options in the later stages of the disease and an inability to accurately identify the early disease stages. Endoscopic ultrasound is a novel technique that affords close-proximity imaging of the esophageal wall and its adjacent structures. Endosonography is superior to CT scan for assessing depth of tumor penetration (T stage) and lymph node status (N stage). Recent advances in endoscopic ultrasonography include the ability to perform ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal masses and lymph nodes. Therefore, endosonography is ideally suited for staging esophageal cancers.
Extended least squares nonlinear regression: A possible solution to the “choice of weights” problem in analysis of individual pharmacokinetic data

It is often difficult to specify weights for weighted least squares nonlinear regression analysis of pharmacokinetic data. Improper choice of weights may lead to inaccurate and/or imprecise estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters. Extended least squares nonlinear regression provides a possible solution to this problem by allowing the incorporation of a general parametric variance model. Weighted least squares and extended least squares analyses of data from a simulated pharmacokinetic experiment were compared. Weighted least squares analysis of the simulated data, using commonly used weighting schemes, yielded estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters that were significantly biased, whereas extended least squares estimates were unbiased. Extended least squares estimates were often significantly more precise than were weighted least squares estimates. It is suggested that extended least squares regression should be further investigated for individual pharmacokinetic data analysis.
Defining Leadership: Can We See the Forest for the Trees?

The leadership forest of literature is growing and tangled. Teachers and students, like most scholars, tend to identify with a particular leadership theory or definition, often at the expense of excluding other good ideas. Joseph Rost and Ronald Heifetz have written recent books which forward important new ideas about leadership. This paper examines the leadership definitions forwarded by these two scholars as well as the definition offered by James MacGregor Burns, in order to identify their commonalties instead of emphasizing their differences. Exploration of these common ideas uncovers an important new path to explore in the leadership forest: applied civics.
DNA Topoisomerase II Modulates Insulator Function in Drosophila

Insulators are DNA sequences thought to be important for the establishment and maintenance of cell-type specific nuclear architecture. In Drosophila there are several classes of insulators that appear to have unique roles in gene expression. The mechanisms involved in determining and regulating the specific roles of these insulator classes are not understood. Here we report that DNA Topoisomerase II modulates the activity of the Su(Hw) insulator. Downregulation of Topo II by RNAi or mutations in the Top2 gene result in disruption of Su(Hw) insulator function. This effect is mediated by the Mod(mdg4)2.2 protein, which is a unique component of the Su(Hw) insulator complex. Co-immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid experiments show that Topo II and Mod(mdg4)2.2 proteins directly interact. In addition, mutations in Top2 cause a slight decrease of Mod(mdg4)2.2 transcript but have a dramatic effect on Mod(mdg4)2.2 protein levels. In the presence of proteasome inhibitors, normal levels of Mod(mdg4)2.2 protein and its binding to polytene chromosomes are restored. Thus, Topo II is required to prevent Mod(mdg4)2.2 degradation and, consequently, to stabilize Su(Hw) insulator-mediated chromatin organization.
Contact inhibition of overlapping: one of the factors involved in deep cell epiboly of Nothobranchius korthausae.

Abstract Living eggs of the annual fish Nothobranchius korthausae were studied during epiboly either by direct observation or with time-lapse cinematography. Before epiboly the deep cells are tightly packed on top of each other between the enveloping cell layer and the periblast and they are stationary. From stage 17a (half-epiboly) to stage 21, deep cells build up a monolayer of moving and colliding cells. In the course of epiboly all the deep cells acquire the ability to show contact inhibition of overlapping. This was demonstrated directly by recording the outcomes of many cellular collisions. Neither cellular overlapping nor nuclear overlapping was observed. The dispersion of the deep cells during epiboly over the yolk is due both to contact inhibition and to the fact that the deep cells are attached to the undersurface of the spreading enveloping cell layer.
Dissipative particle dynamics simulations of liquid nanojet breakup

In this work, we use a dissipative-particle-dynamics (DPD)-based two-phase model to study the breakup of liquid nanojets. We show that the breakup of nanojets is accelerated by the presence of thermal fluctuations. Satellite drops, which are undesirable from an application viewpoint, are not observed in our simulations. We find that the presence of a repulsive wall enclosing the DPD liquid is necessary to prevent clogging of nanojets. We are able to recover the time evolution of minimum jet radius as given by prior theoretical analysis. This study shows that DPD is able to capture the thermal induced breakup phenomena at the sub-micron level. The coarse-grained nature of DPD along with its flexibility to allow for the modeling of complex fluids in combination with the results from this study show that DPD is a useful tool for sub-micron fluid flow simulations.
Lunar asymmetry and palaeomagnetism

The compositional asymmetry between the nearside and farside of the Moon and the natural remanent magnetism (NRM) of lunar rocks are poorly understood. The compositional asymmetry is indicated by the 2-km offset towards the Earth of the centre of mass relative to the centre of figure and the concentration of both KREEP and mare basalts on the nearside. Wasson and Warren recently noted that these asymmetries may be better explained by an asymmetric crystallization of a primordial magma ocean than by the often proposed greater thickness of farside anorthositic crust. The NRM5 has been attributed to an ancient lunar dynamo. I propose here a model for the early lunar evolution in which the preferred gravitational energy state consisted of an asymmetric accumulation of a liquid iron alloy (Fe–Ni and a small amount of sulphur) which displaces upwards the cold, primordial, undifferentiated core. The resulting depth asymmetry of the outer partially molten zone leads eventually to the subcrustal accumulation of light, magnesium-rich pyroxenes and olivine, preferentially in one hemisphere, sufficient to explain the offset and also indirectly providing a possible explanation for the nearside concentration of KREEP and mare basalt. Meanwhile, slow downward migration of the iron releases gravitational energy sufficient for convection and dynamo generation in an iron layer for about 10^9 yr. The proposed present state of the Moon has a symmetrically placed iron core (radius ≃ 500 km), unlike a previous model for the lunar asymmetry.
Prestige versus socioeconomic status in the attainment processes of American men and women

This paper demonstrates the consequences to the researcher of choosing to analyze social mobility data with a prestige scale rather than with a socioeconomic index. First, the low intergenerational correlations reported for the International Prestige Scale are rejected when they are shown to be compatible with inadequate models of the processes of status inheritance. Second, the Duncan socioeconomic index is shown to be the preferred measure of status transmission in that it suffers from less random error than does the International Prestige Scale, particularly among men. Third, the occupational attainment processes of American men and women are described with socioeconomic scoring, and these findings are contrasted with those which obtain with prestige coding.
The determinants of foreign banking activity in the United States

Abstract The recent rapid growth of foreign banking activity in the United States has led to major changes in the regulation of foreign banks. This paper seeks to determine the factors causing this growth of foreign banks. Empirical tests were conducted employing quarterly time series data from 1972 through 1979. It is shown that the most important factors determining foreign bank growth were (i) the size of interest differentials between U.S. and foreign deposits and loans, (ii) the falling P/E ratios for U.S. bank stocks, (iii) the increased size of (net) foreign direct investment in the U.S., (iv) the persistent depreciation in the dollar, and (v) expectations that the International Banking Act of 1978 would have a restrictive affect on foreign bank activity in the U.S.
The involvement of non-B DNA structures in gross chromosomal rearrangements

Non-B DNA conformations adopted by certain types of DNA sequences promote genetic instabilities, especially gross rearrangements including translocations. We conclude the following: (a) slipped (hairpin) structures, cruciforms, triplexes, tetraplexes and i-motifs, and left-handed Z-DNA are formed in chromosomes and elicit profound genetic consequences via recombination-repair, (b) repeating sequences, probably in their non-B conformations, cause gross genomic rearrangements (translocations, deletions, insertions, inversions, and duplications), and (c) these rearrangements are the genetic basis for numerous human diseases including polycystic kidney disease, adrenoleukodystrophy, follicular lymphomas, and spermatogenic failure.
A Study of the Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Horizontal Flame Propagation

An experimental study is performed on the magnitude of the different mechanisms by which heat is transferred from the flaming region to the unburnt fuel ahead of the flame for flames propagating horizontally over the surface of a solid fuel. Measurements of the gas velocity field, temperature fields and radiant flux distribution in a particular case of laboratory scale flame spread over a thick fuel are used to determine the magnitude of the heat fluxes ahead of the flame. The results show that, for this particular case, although heat conduction through the solid is dominant, radiation from the flame contributes significantly to the heat transfer process. An analysis of the development of the fire indicates that there is a transition in the mechanisms of heat transfer as the fire grows. While in the early stages of the fire, heat conduction through the solid is dominant, radiation from the flame becomes of increased importance as the size of the fire increases.
Eyesight, insight, incite

I n this special supplement celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of The Blue Journal, the focus is on our patients and updates on a range of conditions that affect them. How has our knowledge expanded since the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD) was first published? What therapeutic approaches, evaluations, or molecular advances have occurred in the last twenty-five years, and what might be on the horizon? Let no patient or support group feel left out! Only page limitation restricted the number of conditions covered. Dermatology is a visual specialty; the skin is an accessible organ. Eyesight is our most important equipment. Dermatology is a descriptive specialty. The shade of erythema, the pattern of livedo, the subtle scale at a lesion’s border are nuances of physical examination important to the dermatologist’s eye. The experts in this supplement concisely share with you the advance of our specialty from a visual, descriptive one from past centuries to a specialty more firmly based on an understanding of the molecular basis of disease. As we listen to our patients we often gain diagnostic clues. But we should gain insight, too. How does their skin condition affect them, their families, their ability to relate to others, their work or ability to work? Quality of life is an assessment about
Structural analysis of cell: Matrix association during the morphogenesis of atrioventricular cushion tissue☆

Abstract Translocation of an endocardially seeded cushion cell progeny across a broad acellular expanse of extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a fundamental morphogenetic event in the development of atrioventricular (AV) cushion pads, the primordia of membraneous septa and cardiac valves. Transmission, scanning, and high-voltage electron microscopy together with light microscopic examination of living or fixed tissues were utilized to determine if (1) one component of the ECM more than any other interacted with the motility-like appendages of cushion cells in such a manner as to suggest a physical substratum; (2) any ECM components were organized into polarized “tracks” which could serve to guide cells centrifugally; and (3) cell:ECM associations varied among the cells comprising the migratory wave. Results indicated that two morphologically identifiable matrix components, microfibrils and a continuum of solid pleomorphic strands of heterogeneous composition called cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCL)-dependent matrix, comprised the bulk of the premigratory ECM. Contact of the premigratory matrix by cushion cells at the leading edge (pioneer cells) of the migratory wave coincided with modification in composition of the CPCL matrix and alignment of microfibrils into polarized tracks (an event seemingly dependent on motility appendage formation, since cells lacking processes after cytochalasin B treatment had altered track associations). Trailing cushion cells uniformly populated the ECM, never piled up against the myocardium, had no track associations, formed numerous cell to cell associations, and were coated with a granular remnant of disrupted CPCL-dependent matrix. The foregoing data suggest that active in vivo translocation and subsequent stabilization of cushion cells involve alignment and compositional changes in the premigratory ECM, events linked temporally with the passage of pioneer cells.
Studies on hypoxia V. Effects of anoxia on developing connective tissue cells in rats

The effect of anoxia on protein synthesis of developing connective tissue cells was studied by radioautography. Neonatal rats were subjected to anoxia for 20 minutes and were immediately injected with 3 μc/gm body weight of leucine-H3intraperitoneally. They were sacrificed at different intervals after injection. Control animals were handled identically, except that atmospheric air was made available. The heads of the animals were prepared for radioautography in the standard manner. The number of grains was counted over individual fibrobalsts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes of histologically comparable regions, and the data were statistically evaluated. The number of grains per cell was significantly lower in experimental animals sacrificed at one hour after the anoxic treatment and leucine-H3administration. At this time, the average grain number per cell in the experimental animal was less than 50% of the control. The difference was about 20% by four hours and was negligible after 24 hours. The result is interpreted to indicate that the overall protein synthesis in connective tissues is immediately but temporarily suppressed by anoxia and that such suppression might lead to a later functional disturbance among these cells.
Study of metallopeptidase isozymes from malted barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex).

It has been reported that germinated barley contains peptidases that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents; however, none of these enzymes have been isolated, nor have their roles in germinated barley been investigated. Anion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing have been used to isolate a group of peptidases from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex) green malt that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents. Their activities were studied using one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When analyzed on two-dimensional PAGE gels that contained gelatin as substrate, the enzymes separated into three major and approximately six minor activity spots with acidic pi values. The enzymes were optimally active against the gelatin substrate at pH 8.0 and were completely inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, indicating that they belonged to the metallopeptidase class (EC 3.4.24.x). After the enzymes were inhibited with EDTA, the activities were recovered in the presence of low concentrations of metal ions. The hydrolysis of gelatin substrate was also impaired by the presence of reducing agents. The metallopeptidases readily digested, in vitro, the barley prolamine D hordein, indicating that they may be involved in degrading storage proteins during barley germination.
A Model-Based Evaluation of Sorptive Reactivities of Hydrous Ferric Oxide and Hematite for U(VI)

The sorption of uranyl onto hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) or hematite was measured by discontinuously titrating the suspensions with uranyl at pH 5.9, 6.8, and 7.8 under PCO2 = 10-3.5atm (sorption isotherms). Batch reactors were used with equilibration times up to 48 days. Sorption of 1 μM uranyl onto HFO was also measured versus pH (sorption edge). A diffuse double layer surface complexation model was calibrated by invoking three sorption species that were consistent with spectroscopic evidence for predominance of bidentate complexes at neutral pH and uranyl−carbonato complexes: >SOH:UO2OH+1, (>SO)2:UO2CO3-2, and (>SO)2:(UO2)3(OH)5-1. The model was consistent with previously published isotherm and edge data. The model successfully predicted sorption data onto hematite, only adjusting for different measured specific surface area. Success in application of the model to hematite indicates that the hydrated surface of hematite has similar sorptive reactivity as HFO.
Formation of γ-Lactones through CAN-Mediated Oxidative Cleavage of Hemiketals

The generation of substituted gamma-lactones can be accomplished through application of a tandem chain extension-aldol reaction, followed by CAN-mediated oxidative cleavage of the aldol product. The oxidative cleavage requires the intermediacy of a hemiketal and the presence of an alpha-heteroatom. Formation of the gamma-lactone through the oxidative cleavage is used to assign stereochemistry of the aldol reaction and as the final step in a short synthesis of members of the phaseolinic acid family of natural products.
The structure and electrical properties of Nb8PtSe20

Abstract The new layered ternary chalcogenide Nb 8 PtSe 20 has been synthesized and structurally characterized. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system in space group C 3 2h C2 m with cell dimensions a = 20.096(12), b = 3.433(2), c = 19.289(11), A, and β = 107.1(5)°. This structure contains four unique Nb atoms, two in trigonal prismatic environments, one in a monocapped trigonal prismatic site, and one in a bicapped trigonal prism of Se atoms. The bicapped trigonal prism contains an SeSe bond ( d = 2.36(2), A). The Pt atoms exhibit square-planar coordination. Electrical conductivity measurements over the temperature range 110–300 K indicate that this material is a metal ( σ RT = 1.5 × 10 3 Ω −1 , cm −1 ).
New applications for the stable xenon/CT method

The stable xenon/CT method has been expanded to study in addition to the tissue flow the flow of the vessels in the brain. This method was then applied to a series of baboon experiments to measure the flow and diameters of vessels and their dependence on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PACO2). The method uses the value of the flow to distinguish vessels from tissues. The results from an experimental animal study show that (1) the location of the vessels with a diameter larger than 0.3 mm can be detected, (2) the vessel flow follows a Poiseuilles type law, (3) the average of the vessel flow is much higher near the skull at low PaCO2, whereas at high PaCO2 the average vessel flow is nearer the center.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interpreting data dispersion and “inverted” dates in apatite (U–Th)/He and fission-track datasets: An example from the US midcontinent

Abstract New apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) and apatite fission-track (AFT) data were acquired for cratonic basement samples from an 80 m span of drillcore in northeastern Kansas. The short depth interval over which the samples were collected indicates that they should have undergone thermal histories that would be indistinguishable using low temperature thermochronometry techniques. Individual AHe dates from four samples range from 99 to 464 Ma. Three samples yield dates 300 Ma, higher eU (39–113 ppm), and substantial data dispersion uncorrelated with eU and grain size. These apatites have strong and variable eU zonation. AFT dates for five samples range from 242 to 291 Ma. The sample with the highest eU apatites and oldest AHe dates yields the youngest AFT results. These results are “inverted”, with AHe dates distinctly older than the corresponding AFT date. We explore both the causes of data dispersion and the overall compatibility of this cratonic dataset. We find that geologically reasonable thermal histories can (1) explain the distribution of the moderate eU AHe data when accounting for the influence of radiation damage, grain size, and eU zonation on apatite He diffusivity, (2) reproduce the observed dispersion in the high eU AHe data when using a viable range of eU zonation and grain size, and (3) explain the AFT data for the same samples. The AHe and AFT data are mutually consistent, and viable thermal histories successfully predict the observed pattern of older AHe than AFT dates for the high eU apatites. Together these results suggest that appropriately accounting for the known controls on apatite He diffusivity can explain the observed dispersion and “inverted” AHe and AFT results in some thermochronometry datasets. A range of AHe dates should be especially common in cratonic data, because small differences in apatite He diffusivity are amplified by the thermal histories that typify cratonic settings. We use these results to develop some guidelines for interpreting dispersed AHe datasets. First, date–eU and date–grain size correlations should be evaluated, and if these patterns occur they can be used to better resolve the thermal history. Second, for samples that yield inexplicably large dispersion of AHe dates uncorrelated with eU and crystal size, the appropriate strategy is either to reject these samples from the suite used for thermal history interpretation or to acquire additional data to help decipher the significance of the age distribution.
Postoperative venous thromboembolism rates vary significantly after different types of major abdominal operations.

Background Venous thrombolism (VTE) is a significant cause of morbidity for surgical patients. Comparative risk across major procedures is unknown.