cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance, 1917-1918: Class, Race, and Conscription in the Rural South

In the darkness of an early summer morning in 1918, a truck loaded with fifty soldiers lumbered up into the hills north of Atlanta, Georgia, part of a federal-state expedition into rural Cherokee County, a reported center of resistance to the World War I draft. After interrogating suspected deserters' families and intimidating a local antidraft activist, troops and law enforcement agents loaded up again and drove even deeper into the hills, in search of another deserter's home. At this point, what had been a successful raid took an unexpected turn. To reach the next target, the convoy had to pass over a wooden bridge spanning the Etowah River. The heavy truck carrying the soldiers crashed through the bridge and fell into the river below, killing three soldiers and seriously injuring eight. At the scene of the crash, an agent from the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation noted that farmers seemed to appear from nowhere to rescue the injured men. Suspicious, he investigated the timbers supporting the bridge and found that they had been sawed almost through. When he asked an elderly man at the scene about the bridge's condition, he was told that the timbers had been damaged during the Civil War. The agent discounted this possibility and recorded his suspicion of sabotage. 1 The agent's report wound up in the files of the Bureau of Investigation, one of scores of reports on draft resistance in the rural South. Those files, combined with information from the records of other agencies involved in World War I mobiliza-
DELETERIOUS MUTATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC LIFE CYCLES.

It is often proposed that the ability of diploids to mask deleterious mutations leads to an evolutionary advantage over haploidy. In this paper, we studied the evolution of the relative duration of haploid and diploid phases using a model of recurrent deleterious mutations across the entire genome. We found that a completely diploid life cycle is favored under biologically reasonable conditions, even when prolonging the diploid phase reduces a population's mean fitness. A haploid cycle is favored when there is complete linkage throughout the genome or when mutations are either highly deleterious or partially dominant. These results hold when loci interact multiplicatively and for synergistic epistasis. The strength of selection generated on the life cycle can be substantial because of the cumulative effect of selection against mutations across many loci. We did not find conditions that support cycles that retain both phases, such as those found in some plants and algae. Thus, selection against deleterious mutations may be an important force in the evolution of life cycles but may not be sufficient to explain all the patterns of life cycles seen in nature.
Developmental Threshold Temperature and Heat Unit Accumulation Required for Egg Hatch of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Developmental rates of the egg of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), were determined at various constant temperatures. The lower developmental threshold (12.8°C) and thermal constant were determined by regression analysis of temperature data and corresponding rates of egg development. A mean of 1,332 degree hours (°C) was required for the complete development of the egg. Laboratory and field validations of the temperature threshold for development were conducted.
Relationships between religion, spirituality, and socially responsible engineering

ABSTRACTThis research explored the social responsibility (SR) attitudes of engineering students with respect to their self-reported religious beliefs and the religious affiliation of their institution. The study measured SR attitudes using 50 items on a 7-point Likert metric. Over 1900 responses were received in spring 2014 from undergraduate engineering students attending 5 Christian-affiliated and 12 secular universities. On average, students attending Christian-affiliated institutions had more positive SR attitudes than students attending secular institutions. However, an individual's religious beliefs were more important than the institution in predicting SR attitudes. Students who stated that they were very active in an organized religion had more positive attitudes toward SR than students who self-characterized as spiritual, who were in turn more positive than students less active in their religious preference, indifferent, or atheist. College courses were reported to have impacted views of SR by 42...
Vibration properties of wood / rubber / HDPE composites based on modal analysis technology

‘Single-beam'vibration modal tests were conducted using FFT analyzer to explore the effect of rubber and its content on the vibration characteristics of wood / rubber / HDPE composites( WRPC). Time-domain method and envelope fitting method were used to obtain the logarithmic decrement ratio and damping ratio of composites. The results indicated that rubber had good damped cushion effect. The damping characteristics of the materials firstly increased then decreased with the increasing amount of rubber;optimal damping performance of materials was obtained when rubber adding amount was 10%.
Reliability and validity of Social Support Rating Scale in rural suicides

Objective:To test the reliability and validity of the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)in rural suicides and their controls.Methods:Data of 200 suicides happened from September 1,2008 to August 31,2009 were collected from 25 towns of 3 counties which were selected from disease surveillance points of Shandong Province.One informant of each suicide or paired control with same age(no more than 3 years),same gender and same district as suicide was interviewed by the trained interviewers.The Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)was used to test social support in this study,with the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Trait Anxiety Inventory(TAI)of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory as the criterion.Results:The Cronbach α of SSRS in suicides and controls were 0.734 and 0.633,respectively.Except the female controls group(n=85),the Cronbach α of other three groups were above 0.7 after the grouping of gender.Criterion validity analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between the scores of SSRS and Beck Hopelessness Scale(BHS),TAI(r=-0.43,-0.35,P0.001).The exploratory factor analysis was carried out in two groups(suicidal group and control group)and 3 factors and 4 factors were yielded from each group.The ownership of items 2 and 10 in the two groups were not uniform.In addition,factors yielded from the two groups were different from the hypothesis of the scale' s original designer.Conclusion:The Social Support Rating Scale has good reliability and validity and can be used in suicide researches.However,it needs to be improved in its structural validity to suit for rating social support in suicide studies.
Koch and His Postulates

As a recipient of the Robert Koch Prize from the German government for my research on cholera, I feel compelled to correct some of the inaccuracies in the D. J. Grimes article “Koch's Postulates—Then and Now,” which appeared in the May 2006 issue of Microbe, p. 223–228. Regardless of who was completely responsible for the precise wording of Koch's Postulates that we know, revere, and practice as much as possible still today, they did emerge from his school. My major issue is with Grimes' not acknowledging that the third postulate with regard to cholera was indeed established by Koch's producing the disease in healthy animals and reisolating the organism from the diseased animals. Although Brock did not discuss this in detail in his otherwise comprehensive book, Robert Koch: a Life in Medicine and Bacteriology, (cited by Grimes), it is noted (p. 182) that “treated animals (bile duct ligation and intra-duodenal inoculation) died in 1.5–3 days following the introduction of less than one-hundredth of a drop of pure culture.” Koch, as described and documented in my review [“Cholera enterotoxin (choleragen): a historical perspective,” (p. 155–187 in D. Barua and W. B. Greenough III, ed., Cholera, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York, 1992], also demonstrated the bactericidal and protective effect of gastric acid (which could be neutralized by carbonate of so-da—a phenomenon to be “rediscovered” by the Maryland Group when they tried to infect American volunteers) as well as the protective effect of peristaltic movement (which could be inhibited by tincture of opium, thus allowing the comma-bacilli to remain longer and gain a foothold in an unnatural host). The ligated rabbit ileal loop model, which Grimes used to revive “somnicells” of Escherichia coli H10407 which had been exposed to seawater, was to come later.
Situated instructional coaching: a case study of faculty professional development

Barriers to reforming traditional lecture-based undergraduate STEM classes are numerous and include time constraints, lack of training, and instructor’s beliefs about teaching and learning. This case study documents the use of a situated instructional coaching process as a method of faculty professional development. In this model, a geoscience education graduate student (the coach) assisted a faculty member in reforming and teaching an introductory geoscience course on dinosaurs using evidence-based teaching strategies. The revision process occurred in three phases to progressively transfer responsibility for lesson design from the coach to the instructor over the length of the course. Data on instructional practices were collected using the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP), and belief changes experienced by the instructor were captured using the Teacher Beliefs Interview (TBI) and Beliefs about Reformed Science Teaching and Learning (BARSTL) survey. RTOP data confirm that the instructor was successful in teaching the lessons as designed and also gained skills in designing reformed lessons. TBI and BARSTL were indicative of a shift in the instructor's beliefs toward a more student-centered perspective. Data collected on instructional practice and teaching beliefs indicate that this model served as an effective method of professional development for the instructor.
Computational Geology 11 – Uniformitarianism and the Inverse Problem

(2000). Computational Geology 11 – Uniformitarianism and the Inverse Problem. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 373-381.
ID3 Loss In Vivo Synergizes with MYC-Driven Oncogenesis in Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive cancer, characterized by the deregulation of the c-myc (MYC) gene. BL is a major model disease for molecular studies in many other malignancies. Treatment of BL requires long courses of intensive chemotherapy which extracts a disproportionate toll on patients. Previous studies using next generation sequencing have identified ID3 as a tumor suppressor gene, with silencing mutations in about 40% of BLs. However, relatively little is known regarding the biological role of ID3 in BLs. In this study, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are affected by ID3 loss in BL. We utilized two complementary strategies. First, we developed an in vivo approach through conditional knockout of Id3 in mice. Second, we utilized a CRISPR-based approach to genetically knockout ID3, to study the effects of ID3 loss in BL cell lines. We have successfully knocked out exon 1, including the functional helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain of ID3 in 4 BL cell lines (Namalwa, Ramos, BJAB, and Jijoye) that do not harbor mutations in ID3. Deletion of exon 1 causes complete deletion at the protein level. Transcriptome sequencing from ID3 mutated BL cases identified increase in the expression of MYC target genes, as well as proliferation-related genes. Cell cycle analyses revealed faster cell cycle progression in the ID3 knockdown cells (P=0.02). To study ID3 loss in vivo, we crossed Em-Myc+ mice with a standard Id3 knockout strain mice. We found that E m -Myc+;Id3-/+ mice demonstrated reduced latency to tumor development compared to Eµ-Myc+;Id3+/+ littermates (P Our data reveal that ID3 greatly potentiates the oncogenic role of the MYC gene and understanding the role of ID3 enables new insights into the pathogenesis of BL, and potentially other MYC-driven malignancies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bleeding and Thrombotic Complications in the Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used for >40 years to support lung and heart failure; however, bleeding and thrombosis remain serious complications. The known etiologies of bleeding include heparin effect or overdose, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and hyperfibrinolysis. Bleeding sites may include cannula insertion sites, recent surgical incisions, vascular access sites, lung, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, nose, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and brain. Massive bleeding in the brain, the most feared bleeding complication, can be rapidly fatal because it occurs in a rigid closed space, is difficult to drain, and cannot be stopped with direct pressure to the bleeding site. Pulmonary hemorrhage may cause irreversible lung damage. Management should be swift and precise to prevent fatal bleeding. In contrast, etiologies of thrombosis include high fibrinogen and factor VIII levels, heparin resistance, and platelet activation. Achieving the optimal anticoagulation balance to prevent bleeding and thrombosis in ECMO patients is extremely complex. Experts in hemostasis should be a part of an institutional ECMO team and continuously available for immediate management.
10 Partner violence victimisation and perpetration, alcohol use, and injury among drug-using young adults seeking emergency department care: a 2-year prospective study

Statement of purpose Partner violence (PV) is associated with long-term health consequences including alcohol and drug use. This study examines severe PV victimisation and perpetration among a sample of drug-using youth seeking emergency department (ED) care, and assesses baseline correlates of PV over 2 years. Methods/approach We consecutively sampled 14- to 24 year olds with past 6 month drug-use seeking care at an urban ED, proportionally sampling those with and without assault-related injury. Youth completed validated measures of PV, alcohol and drug use, gun possession, and community violence. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine baseline predictors of severe PV over 2 years. Results The 2 year follow-up prevalence was 264/487 (54.7%) and 209/467 (44.8%) for serious PV victimisation and perpetration, respectively. Severe PV victimisation correlates included female gender (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.21–3.08), mother’s education (AOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41–0.94), assault injury (AOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.10–4.84), alcohol or drug use disorder (AOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.02–2.41), gun possession (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.20–3.22), community violence (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.37–3.30), and PV victimisation (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.37–3.30). Severe PV perpetration correlates included female gender (AOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.59–4.16), mother’s education (AOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.97), assault injury (AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.08–2.69), community violence (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07–1.22), and PV perpetration (AOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27–3.21). Conclusions Nearly half of past 6 month drug-using youth seeking ED care were serious PV victims or perpetrators over 2 years. Female gender, mother’s education, assault injury, community violence, and baseline PV were predictive of severe PV victimisation and perpetration, while alcohol or drug use disorder and gun possession were predictive of severe PV victimisation. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Severe PV prevalence is high among drug-using youth seeking ED care. PV interventions should address gender, assault injury, and community violence. Mother’s education was a protective factor for preventing PV.
Barron's Complaint: A Response to ``Feminism, Aestheticism and the Limits of Law''

In academic contexts, it is always likely thatan author who criticises another's work – in abook review, or an article – will know theother author personally. They may well befriends. Reflecting upon the intimacy of thepublic sphere, this article responds to thetone of a recent critique of the style andpolitics of postmodern jurisprudence. Questionsof style, tone and scriptural face are anunconventional point of entry into a discussionof feminism, aesthetics and law. It is arguedhere that these issues are intrinsic to theembodiment of theory that Barron proposes.
The impact of family indifference on delinquency among American Indian youth: a test of general strain theory

Native American (NA) youth's delinquency is one of the major problems that have been overlooked by criminal justice researchers and practitioners. To examine if negative family environment influences their delinquency with the mediating effect of negative emotion, this study analyzed structural equation modeling based on the General Strain Theory (GST). Using data regarding NA adolescents, this study found much evidence supporting GST. The results of the model with anger showed that anger was a mediating variable between family indifferences and delinquency, and the model with depression indicated that family indifferences increased delinquency through depression. However, some results in the model with anger and depression were not in accordance with GST hypothesis.
Replenishing the “Fountain of Judaism”: Traditionalist Jewish Education in Interwar Poland

The unexpected revitalization of Polish Jewish traditionalism—Hasidic and non-Hasidic—is particularly visible in the realm of education. During the interwar period, a combined influx of pious refugees from the Soviet Union and generous American Jewish philanthropy bolstered traditionalist Jewish elementary schools (hadarim) and yeshivot. At the same time, traditionalists reformed those hitherto sacrosanct institutions in hopes of competing with emergent secularist Jewish movements while preserving an ostensibly authentic cultural core. Polish Jewish traditionalism was subtly transformed in the process, presenting a striking contrast with its more rigid “ultra-Orthodox” counterpart in neighboring Hungary and offering a viable alternative to secularist Jewish subcultures within Poland. This article highlights the surprising durability and flexibility of Poland’s traditionalist Jewish communities during a period usually conceived as one of secularist Jewish growth and traditionalist decline.
Muscle Stem Cells Give Rise to Rhabdomyosarcomas in a Severe Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Most human cancers originate from high-turnover tissues, while low-proliferating tissues, like skeletal muscle, exhibit a lower incidence of tumor development. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which induces increased skeletal muscle regeneration, tumor incidence is increased. Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs), a rare and aggressive type of soft tissue sarcoma, can develop in this context, but the impact of DMD severity on RMS development and its cell of origin are poorly understood. Here, we show that RMS latency is affected by DMD severity and that muscle stem cells (MuSCs) can give rise to RMS in dystrophic mice. We report that even before tumor formation, MuSCs exhibit increased self-renewal and an expression signature associated with RMSs. These cells can form tumorspheres in vitro and give rise to RMSs in vivo. Finally, we show that the inflammatory genes Ccl11 and Rgs5 are involved in RMS growth. Together, our results show that DMD severity drives MuSC-mediated RMS development.
Is There a Shortage of Primes for Cryptography

Cryptographic algorithms often prescribe the use of primes whose length in bits is a power of 2. Recently, we proved that for m ＞ 1, there is no prime number with 2^m significant bits, exactly two of which are 0 bits. Here we generalize this theorem to impose many more restrictions on primes whose length in bits is a power of 2. No similar restrictions apply to primes of other lengths. We consider whether the restrictions on primes with length 2^m bits are so great that one should choose other lengths for primes to be used in cryptography.
Should Desert Replace Equality? Replies to Kagan

Many people are moved by the thought that if A is worse off than B, then if we can improve the condition of one or the other but not both that it is better to improve the condition of A. Egalitarians are buoyed by the prevalence of such thoughts. But something other than egalitarianism could be driving these thoughts. In particular, such thoughts could be motivated, instead, by a combination of the belief that desert should determine how people fare and the belief that, for the most part, people are equally deserving. Shelly Kagan has pushed this line of argument, suggesting that desert should replace equality as a normative ideal. He argues that desert theory and egalitarianism often agree, and when they don’t intuition favors desert theory. A number of authors have offered responses to Kagan, including Serena Olsaretti, Fred Feldman, and Richard Arneson. However, I maintain that their responses are inadequate, primarily because they simply fail to capture the compelling intuitions that Kagan appeals to in making his case. There are other responses, however, and I consider three, each of which offers an egalitarian position that is compatible with Kagan’s most compelling intuitions. Thus, I maintain that Kagan has not sufficiently established that desert should replace equality as a normative ideal. There is still room for a genuinely egalitarian position, though Kagan’s reflections helpfully force egalitarians to further develop and refine their thinking.
Digital Humanities Application Development in the Cloud

This paper outlines an attempt to migrate some humanistic research into the cloud. This undertaking raises a number of questions, but it will be clarifying to focus on two: why would humanists want to use the cloud and why should the cloud have more active humanists on it? In order to properly answer these questions, the paper first examines what we mean by "the cloud" when we talk about it in our roles as academic research computing specialists; second, by laying out my particular use case's processes and products in this context; and finally, by reflecting on why this might be significant for both research computing and what is broadly called the digital humanities.
A Suppressive Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Induces Global Alteration of T and NK Cell Profiles - Evidence for Immune-Editing Effect By Leukemia

Abstract While chemotherapy is successful at inducing remission of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the disease has a high probability of relapse. Immune-surveillance of AML and susceptibility of leukemia cells to both T cell and natural killer (NK) cell attack justifies the application of immune strategies to control residual AML persisting after remission induction. It is critical to understand the immunological landscape of AML at presentation and during the course of treatment to develop a rational approach for the utilization of immunotherapy in improving outcomes in AML. However, the abnormalities of immune function and possible immune deficits in AML have not been fully characterized. To explore cellular immunity in AML, we prospectively collected the samples from 32 patients (median age 63 years; range 24-80) with newly diagnosed AML or high-risk MDS under an IRB approved protocol. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood and bone marrow at the onset of leukemia, 14-21 days (early phase) and 28-35 days (late phase) after the initiation of induction chemotherapy. Healthy donor blood from age and gender matched controls (n=31, median age 61 years) was concurrently analyzed. Extensive multi-color flow cytometry analysis was performed to characterize T cell subsets [regulatory T cells (Treg), natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and γδ T cells] with various functional markers representing T cell exhaustion (PD-1, LAG3, TIM-3, PDL-1), activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (KIR, Lir-1, NKG2A, NKG2D) and the effector molecule (TRAIL). Both CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets showed phenotypic evidence of exhaustion with elevated expression of PD-1 (CD4: 30.1± 9.4% and CD8 32.8±11.6%: P AML is associated with a global abnormality of both innate and adaptive immunity with an increased exhaustion and regulatory phenotype changes across CD4, CD8, NK cell, NKT cells, and γδ T cells. Thus myeloid leukemia cells might create microenvironment that protects them against immune surveillance which persists into early remission through an immune-editing effect. Effective immunotherapy for AML should include strategies to overcome this unfavorable milieu. Download : Download high-res image (138KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Disclosures Savona: Karyopharm Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Frequency Agile PMUT-Based Ultrasonic Communication Links

The present work reports on the generation of distinct ultrasonic communication frequency bands by using a single Piezoelectric Micro-Machined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) array. In contrast to the common use of these transducers within their resonance band, off-band operation is enabled through the use of specially designed broadband matching networks. By harnessing the capacitive nature of a fabricated PMUT array and its good matching with the medium, transmission improvements of up to 15 dB over 0.2 fractional bandwidths around 2 and 3 MHz center frequencies were achieved on a transducer resonating at 1.1 MHz. The resulting sharp roll-off and good off-band rejection for the acoustic channels are crucial features for the implementation of intra-body networks with multiple, simultaneously transmitting nodes with different bandwidth requirements (fig. 1).
OPTIMIZATION OF MOLECULAR DETECTION FOR Vibrio cholerae and PATHOGENIC Escherichia coli USING MULTIPLEX PCR

Vibrio cholerae and pathogenic Escherichia coli were considered as main causative agent foodborne diseases especially in many developing countries, such as Indonesia. Thereby, rapid detection of these pathogenic bacteria is necessary to treat food-borne related diseases causing by these bacteria. In this case, multiplex PCR allows multiple genes amplification in one reaction thereby enable to perform rapid detection of these pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study is to optimize uniplex and multiples PCR of V. cholerae and pathogenic E. coli detection and determine the sensitivity and specificity of this assays. We used various virulence genes for each pathogenic bacterium as markers for uniplex and multiplex PCR detection. Based on this research, the optimum results of V. cholerae and pathogenic E. coli were obtained with a primer concentration of 16 µM for ctxA and ompU, 30 µM for ace, and 50 µM for zot, and toxR; 2 µM for elt and 5 µM for stx, respectively. Finally, based on the standardization method by ISO/TS 20836 these assays had 0% false positive, 0% false negative, 100% specificity, and 100% sensitivity; 0% false positive, 4% false negative, 100% specificity, and 96% sensitivity for V. cholerae and pathogenic E. coli respectively. The optimized method was qualified to be used as a molecular detection for V. cholerae as well as EHEC and ETEC detection according to ISO/TS 20836 (2017) from drinking water samples.
Exposure to Workplace Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Intern Physicians.

Importance Physicians are exposed to traumatic events during their work, but the impact and outcomes of these exposures are understudied. Objective To determine the prevalence and associations of work-related trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a cohort of resident physicians in their internship year of training. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study involved physicians entering internship at US residency programs nationwide in 2018. Participants completed a baseline survey 1 to 2 months before commencing internship, as well as follow-up surveys at 4 time points during internship. Statistical analysis was performed from April 2020 to January 2021. Exposures Twelve months of internship. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of work-related trauma and prevalence of PTSD among those who experienced work-related trauma. Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Primary Care PTSD Screen forDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition) (PC-PTSD-5). Risk factors assessed included depression, anxiety, early family environment, stressful life experiences, medical specialty, hours worked, and concern about medical errors. Results Among 1134 interns who completed the PC-PTSD-5 at month 12 of internship, 665 (58.6%) were female and 695 (61.6%) were non-Hispanic White; the mean (SD) age was 27.52 (2.50) years. There were 640 interns (56.4%) who reported work-related trauma exposure; among these interns with trauma exposure, 123 (19.0%) screened positive for PTSD. Overall, 123 of 1134 training physicians (10.8%) screened positive for PTSD by the end of internship year, as compared with a 12-month PTSD prevalence rate of 3.6% in the general population. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for demographic characteristics, indicated that risk factors associated with trauma exposure included non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 1.51 [95% CI, 1.14-2.01];P = .004), more hours worked (OR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00-1.03];P = .03), early family environment (OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01-1.05];P Conclusions and Relevance This study found that work-related PTSD was 3 times more prevalent among intern physicians than the general population. These findings suggest that effective interventions to reduce trauma exposure and mitigate the effects of trauma are needed.
A mixed-methods protocol for identifying successful sustainability strategies for nutrition and physical activity interventions in childcare.

Despite the importance of sustainability for nutrition and physical activity in public health interventions, limited studies have explored the factors that promote and inhibit evidence-based program sustainment in the childcare setting. This study protocol describes a mixed-methods approach to develop novel sustainability strategies based on real-world settings and stakeholder feedback, with the goal of providing support for future obesity prevention programs and related studies on intervention sustainability. Two interventions, Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE) and The Food Friends’ (FF) Fun with New Foods and Get Movin’ with Might Moves, are studied to this end. The study will deploy an explanatory, sequential mixed-methods design. First, the research team will collect a quantitative survey to assess rates of sustainment among WISE and Food Friends sites. We expect to collect 150 surveys from WISE and FF sites combined. Data from these surveys will be used to purposively sample sites for 12 to 18 site visits. Specifically, we will purposively sample low, partial, and high sustaining sites where we will conduct key informant interviews and focus groups as well as validate self-reports on sustainability. Survey content, qualitative interviews, and coding will be based on the Dynamic Sustainability Framework. We will draw on findings from the quantitative survey on predictors of sustainment and the qualitative site visits to understand varying levels of program sustainment. Then, we will utilize evidence-based quality improvement sessions to engage stakeholders in developing a multi-component sustainability strategy. This study will provide a stakeholder-informed sustainability strategy ready for testing in a full-scale trial examining effects on sustainment of evidence-based nutrition and physical activity practices in childcare. We expect this strategy to be relevant for educators and consistent with the views of administrators as a guide for future practice for the targeted nutrition and physical activity interventions and beyond.
Nanofluid Oscillating Heat Pipe

For a typical OHP, forced convection plays a key role in the heat transfer from the evaporator to the condenser sections. In other words, most of the heat transferred from the evaporator to the condenser is by sensible heat. Thermal conductivity, viscosity, and heat capacity of the working fluid play more important roles in an OHP than the surface tension and latent heat in a conventional wicked heat pipe. Many working fluids, such as water (Ma et al., Appl Phys Lett 88:143116, 2006a; Lin et al., Appl Therm Eng 28:1312–1317, 2008), acetone (Qu et al., Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 37:111–115, 2010; 42nd AIAA thermophysics conference, Honolulu, Hawaii), 134a (42nd AIAA thermophysics conference, Honolulu, Hawaii), and nanofluids (Ma et al., Appl Phys Lett 88:143116, 2006a, J Heat Transf 128:1213–1216, 2006b; Qu et al., Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 37:111–115, 2010; Wannapakhe et al., J Mech Sci Technol 23:1576–1582, 2010; Qu and Wu, Int J Therm Sci 50:1954–1962, 2011), have been investigated. Among these working fluids, nanofluids significantly affect the heat transport capability in an OHP.
La enseñanza de los ritmos acentual y silábico

El autor presenta primero las dos nociones basicas para la ensenanza de los ritmos de las lenguas; una; que considera el espanol como lengua de ritmo silabico y la otra; que contempla el ingles como lengua de ritmo acentual; sistematizacion a la que podria adherirse otras lenguas al colocar unas en el orden de las lenguas silabicas; afines al espanol y otras; como acentuales; agrupandose estas con el ingles. Analiza primero la posicion que; segun esto; corresponderia al portugues y llega a la conclusion que esta lengua en sus modalidades principales; la europea y la americana; comparte caracteristicas con ambos sistemas ritmicos y que; finalmente; este analisis resulta insuficiente en la ensenanza de lenguas; pues habra que atender; dandoles igual importancia; a los procesos reductivos de las vocales y la tension articulatoria; maxime si consideramos que los ritmos varian dentro de una misma lengua por lo que habra que remitirse a la pragmatica en cuanto al ritmo; pero; ante todo; considera que las lenguas no son clasificables segun su ritmo. En la practica; no habria que utilizarse un solo modelo teorico; pero para la investigacion se recomienda utilizar una sola teoria. Combina; ademas; de manera novedosa; los principios de la linguistica estructural y funcional; siendo estos distantes; para sus planteamientos.
Ambient energy harvester design for a wireless sensor network

The self-powered wireless sensor network (WSN) is an appealing approach for structural health monitoring applications. We present a solar energy harvesting hardware to store energy in supercapacitors that supply power to the wireless sensor nodes in a WSN based bridge monitoring system. A control circuit with the ultra-low power consumption components is designed to prevent further energy loss when the voltage dropped below a given cutoff voltage and to make sure the super capacitor charging circuit works close to the maximum power point of a solar panel and to the operating voltage of wireless sensor node. Design goals of the energy harvesting and storage circuit include low-cost, low-power consumption, and a simple design. The performance of the proposed circuit has been evaluated on the basis of the simulation and data logging through the deployed self-powered system prototype on the bridge. Results show that the designed harvesting hardware can achieve self-sustainability during the fluctuating light conditions and able to swift back to operation above cutoff voltage.
Big Eight Firms and the Accounting Literature: The Falloff in Advocacy Writing:

The author marshals evidence that partners in Big Eight firms, as well as the firms themselves, have engaged significantly less in advocacy writing in the accounting literature during the last decade compared with the output of articles and firm publications on controversial topics that appeared in the 1960s. He suggests several likely explanations for this trend in the literature, including the increasing competitiveness of public accounting and the transfer of standards-setting authority from a part-time board in which the Big Eight firms played a major role to the full-time Financial Accounting Standards Board. Other explanatory factors are the litigious climate and congressional oversight.
Derivation and characterization of porcine vocal fold extracellular matrix scaffold.

Objectives/Hypothesis To optimize decellularization of porcine vocal folds (VF) and quantify human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) interactions with this matrix to provide a foundation for regenerative approaches to VF repair. Study Design and Methods Vocal folds were dissected from porcine larynges and three decellularization protocols were compared, each consisting of washes and mechanical agitations with different combinations of reagents. DNA content was analyzed via Quant-iT Picogreen assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were then seeded onto the decellularized VF matrices. Morphology, metabolic activity, DNA content, and gene expression were assessed using LIVE/DEAD Cell Viability, alamarBlue Cell Viability Assay, Quant-iT Picogreen assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results The most successful decellularization protocol removed 95% DNA content within 1 day, compared to several days required for previously described protocols. Histology confirmed the retention of extracellular matrix (ECM) and its components, including glycosaminoglycans, collagen, and fibrin, while void of nuclear/cellular content. Decellularized scaffolds were then seeded with BM-MSCs. Similar DNA quantities were observed after 24 hours of seeding within the VF-ECM scaffold when compared to cells on tissue culture plastic (TCP). LIVE/DEAD staining of the seeded VF-ECM confirmed excellent cell viability, and the metabolic activity of BM-MSCs increased significantly on VF-ECM compared to TCP. Endoglin gene expression decreased, suggestive of differentiation. Conclusion Porcine VFs can be efficiently decellularized within 5 hours using a combination of sodium deoxycholate and peracetic acid. Decellularized VF-ECM supported attachment and growth of human BM-MSCs, with evidence of differentiation. Level of Evidence N/A Laryngoscope, 2015
RECONNECTION IN THREE DIMENSIONS: THE ROLE OF SPINES IN THREE ERUPTIVE FLARES

In order to better understand magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in solar flares, we compare the RHESSI hard X-ray (HXR) footpoint motions of three flares with a detailed study of the corresponding topology given by a Magnetic Charge Topology model. We analyze the relationship between the footpoint motions and topological spine lines and find that the examined footpoint sources move along spine lines. We present a three-dimensional topological model in which this movement can be understood. As reconnection proceeds, flux is transferred between the reconnecting domains, causing the separator to move. The movement of the separator's chromospheric ends, identified with the HXR footpoints, is along those spine lines on which the separator ends.
Mutation and expression of the TP53 gene in early stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objective . The early natural history of epithelial ovarian carcinoma remains poorly understood. Mutation of the TP53 gene is common in advanced-stage (III–IV) ovarian cancers, but less well described in early stage (I–II) tumors. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of TP53 mutation and p53 expression status in early stage ovarian carcinomas. Methods . Seventy-three cases of various histologic types, including 46 stage I and 27 stage II tumors, were subjected to direct sequence analysis of the entire TP53 coding region and exon–intron junctions as well as immunohistochemical assessment of p53 expression. Results . Overall, mutations were identified in 24 of 73 (34%) cases. However, a significant difference in the distribution of mutations among histologic types was observed; TP53 mutations were present in 14 of 21 (67%) serous cancers and 11 of 52 (21%) non-serous cancers ( P = 0.0002). Mutations were equally common between stage I and stage II tumors of serous histology. With respect to the correlation between TP53 mutation and p53 immunopositivity, the sensitivity (58%), specificity (71%), positive predictive value (64%), and negative predictive value (83%) were not sufficiently robust to justify use of p53 expression as a surrogate or screen for mutation. Conclusions . These data indicate that TP53 mutation is common in early stage ovarian carcinomas of serous histology, with a mutation frequency comparable to that reported for advanced-stage tumors, and is therefore likely to occur early in the progression of the most common histologic variant of ovarian carcinoma.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LAYERED ZINC BIPHENYLYLENEBIS(PHOSPHONATE) AND THREE MIXED-COMPONENT ARYLENEBIS(PHOSPHONATE)/PHOSPHATES

Layered zinc 4,4‘-biphenylylenebis(phosphonate), Zn2(O3PC12H8PO3)·2H2O (I), has been synthesized and its structure solved and refined by using X-ray powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the space group Pnn2 with a = 27.904(1) A, b = 4.8273(3) A, c = 5.6450(2) A, and Z = 2. The zinc atoms in this compound have distorted octahedral geometry. The phosphonate oxygens bind to zinc through chelation and bridging similar to those found in zinc phenylphosphonate and zinc phenylenebis(phosphonate) reported earlier. The water oxygen atom occupies the sixth coordination site. This paper also reports three mixed zinc arylenebis(phosphonate)/phosphate compounds, Zn2(O3PC6H4PO3)0.75(HPO4)0.5·2.5H2O (II), Zn2(O3PC12H8PO3)0.75 (HPO4)0.5·2.5H2O (III), and Zn(HO3PC12H8PO3H)0.82(HPO4)0.18 (IV). Their structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, solid state 31P NMR spectroscopy, and TGA. It was found that the structures of compounds II and III are similar to those of their correspondi...
Skeletal muscle arteriolar reactivity in SS.BN13 consomic rats and Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Previous studies have demonstrated that angiotensin II is a crucial factor in maintaining normal vascular reactivity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that altered reactivity to vasoactive stimuli in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats on a high salt diet could be prevented by introgression of chromosome 13 from the normotensive Brown Norway strain, which carries a normally functioning renin gene. Dahl S and consomic SS.BN13 rats were fed a low salt (0.4%) or high salt diet (4%) for 4 to 6 days or 4 weeks. Arteriolar responses to elevated superfusion solution PO2, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were assessed by videomicroscopy in the cremaster muscle. Arteriolar dilation to sodium nitroprusside was normal in both strains. Arteriolar constriction to elevated PO2 was enhanced in Dahl S and SS.BN13 rats on a high salt diet compared with responses in rats on a low salt diet. Arterioles of Dahl S rats on a high salt diet had an impaired dilation to acetylcholine, whereas dilator responses to acetylcholine were restored in SS.BN13 rats regardless of elevated salt intake. These data suggest that (1) restitution of normal renin control mechanisms by chromosomal transfer contributes to the recovery of dilator responses in SS.BN13 rats versus Dahl S rats but does not affect constrictor responses to oxygen, and (2) factors in the Dahl S genetic background contribute to an enhanced sensitivity of arterioles to elevated PO2 independent of elevated blood pressure.
Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Enterococcus faecalis and Contribution of CpsF to Capsule Serospecificity

Many bacterial species produce capsular polysaccharides that contribute to pathogenesis through evasion of the host innate immune system. The gram-positive pathogen Enterococcus faecalis was previously reported to produce one of four capsule serotypes (A, B, C, or D). Previous studies describing the four capsule serotypes of E. faecalis were based on immunodetection methods; however, the underlying genetics of capsule production did not fully support these findings. Previously, it was shown that capsule production for serotype C (Maekawa type 2) was dependent on the presence of nine open reading frames (cpsC to cpsK). Using a novel genetic system, we demonstrated that seven of the nine genes in the cps operon are essential for capsule production, indicating that serotypes A and B do not make a capsular polysaccharide. In support of this observation, we showed that serotype C and D capsule polysaccharides mask lipoteichoic acid from detection by agglutinating antibodies. Furthermore, we determined that the genetic basis for the difference in antigenicity between serotypes C and D is the presence of cpsF in serotype C strains. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection analysis of serotype C and D capsules indicated that cpsF is responsible for glucosylation of serotype C capsular polysaccharide in E. faecalis.
Clinical survey of 1643 melanocytic and nonmelanocytic conjunctival tumors.

Abstract Objective To report the spectrum and frequency of melanocytic and nonmelanocytic conjunctival tumors in an ocular oncology practice. Design Retrospective noninterventional case series. Participants One thousand six hundred forty-three consecutive patients with a conjunctival mass evaluated at an ocular oncology department. Methods A chart review was conducted to obtain the clinical features of the patient and tumor and to tabulate and categorize the diagnoses. Main outcome measures Tumor diagnosis overall and relative to patient age, race, and gender and relative to tumor location and laterality. Results In 1643 consecutive patients, the tumor was classified as melanocytic in 872 cases (53%) and nonmelanocytic in 771 cases (47%). The nonmelanocytic categories included congenital choristomatous (n = 40 [2%]), epithelial (n = 219 [13%]), vascular (n = 63 [4%]), fibrous (n = 7 [ 60. Of the 219 patients with epithelial tumors, 80% occurred in males, whereas the incidence of melanocytic lesions was equal in males and females. African-American patients represented only 7% of epithelial tumors, Conclusion Conjunctival tumors were of melanocytic origin in 53% of cases and nonmelanocytic origin in 47%. Overall, melanocytic tumors, epithelial tumors, and lymphoid tumors accounted for 74% of all cases. These tumors were far more common in Caucasian patients, and epithelial tumors were found more frequently in men.