cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions of juxtacortical origin (surface lesions of bone)

A large variety of tumor and tumor-like conditions have been shown to originate from the surface of bone (Table 1). Most surface lesions are associated with periosteal reaction. The periosteum is a multipotential membrane. Its cellular composition may give rise to a variety of both neoplasms and tumor-like conditions. To avoid misinterpretation, the orthopedist, radiologist, and pathologist should be familiar with the entire spectrum of surface lesions. A better understanding of the natural history and biological behavior at different lesional maturity stages and correlation of the history with the radiographic and pathological findings is essential to establish the correct diagnosis. A history of injury or blunt trauma is very important. A stress fracture may produce a periosteal reaction acd callus that can be difficult to distinguish from osteosarcoma. In this review article, the authors wish to describe and define each term by its anatomy and radiographic features while discussing the entire spectrum of surface lesions. All the illustrative cases in this review article have been proven histologically.
The Struggle Against Sweatshops: Moving Toward Responsible Global Business

Today’s sweatshops violate our notions of justice, yet they continue to flourish. This is so because we have not settled on criteria that would allow us to condemn and do away with them and because the poor working conditions in certain places are preferable to the alternative of no job at all. In this paper, we examine these phenomena. We consider the definitional dilemmas posed by sweatshops by routing a standard definition of sweatshops through the precepts put forward in the literature on justice and virtue ethics. We conclude that fixing on definitions is pointless and misleading and that we are better off looking at whether or not a workplace violates the basic human rights of workers and whether or not the working conditions there cohere with situations on which we have already rendered judgments. In the end, we suggest guidelines for businesses that operate in the global workplace to help them avoid charges of running sweatshops. These recommendations account for the harsh living conditions in certain developing and emerging countries as well as the norms of societies in developed countries.
Marijuana: Current Concepts

Marijuana (cannabis) remains a controversial drug in the 21st century. This paper considers current research on use of Cannabis sativa and its constituents such as the cannabinoids. Topics reviewed include prevalence of cannabis use, other drugs consumed with pot, the endocannabinoid system, use of medicinal marijuana, medical adverse effects of cannabis, and psychiatric adverse effects of cannabis use. Treatment of cannabis withdrawal and dependence is difficult and remains mainly based on psychological therapy; current research on pharmacologic management of problems related to cannabis consumption is also considered. The potential role of specific cannabinoids for medical benefit will be revealed as the 21st century matures. However, potential dangerous adverse effects from smoking marijuana are well known and should be clearly taught to a public often confused by a media-driven, though false message and promise of benign pot consumption.
Random walk and the spread of cancer

Abstract A mathematical model is developed in order to examine the relationship between the spread of cancer and the movements of the constituent cells of the tumor. A distinction is made between the “visible” and the “invisible” spread of cancer in an area of tissue in terms of the number of tumor cells located in this area. The relevance of this distinction for the cure of cancer by surgical excision of the visible tumor is examined in some detail for the geometry of uterine cancer. The movements of the tumor cells are classified into (a) those which occur in the intercellular spaces (from ameboid movements, tumor pressure, etc.) and (b) those which are due to convection in the small vessels of the vascular system. The effect of these two types of movement on the spread of the cancer is examined by means of computer pictures generated from the mathematical model.
Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after resection of carcinoma of the lung

A prospective randomized trial was conducted by the Veterans Administration Surgical Adjuvant Group in an attempt to discern the value of prolonged intermittent courses of adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after a successful curative resection of a carcinoma of the lung in men. Four hundred and seventeen patients were randomized into three groups; 132 patients received cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), regimen A; 142 patients received cyclophosphamide alternating with methotrexate, regimen b; and 143 patients received no additional therapy, the controls. The patients in the two treatment groups received an average of 7.1 drug courses. No drug mortality was noted, but toxic symptoms of varying severity were seen after 43.6% of the drug courses. Five-year survival in the two treatment groups was 24.9% (regiment A) and 25.7% (regimen B), respectively, and 23.5% in the control group. No treatment benefit was associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in this trial.
Balancing User Priorities for Sustainability versus Security

In these times of global change, many facility emphases are competing for limited resources. Competing factors include, but are not limited to, sustainable design or green buildings; security, hardening or force protection; accessibility; historic preservation; aesthetics; and functionality. Yet, unlimited resources are seldom, if ever, available to fulfill all of these competing requirements in private or public construction. The Georgia Institute of Technology designed a decision matrix to allow owners and planners to balance these competing requirements on a project-by-project basis and to document the rationale.
Truncation of the Carboxyl Terminus of the DihydropyridineReceptor β1a Subunit Promotes Ca2+ Dependent Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Myotubes

We investigated the contribution of the carboxyl terminus region of the β1a subunit of the skeletal dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) to the mechanism of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. cDNA-transfected β1 KO myotubes were voltage clamped, and Ca2+ transients were analyzed by confocal fluo-4 fluorescence. A chimera with an amino terminus half of β2a and a carboxyl terminus half of β1a (β2a 1-287/β1a 325-524) recapitulates skeletal-type EC coupling quantitatively and was used to generate truncated variants lacking 7 to 60 residues from the β1a-specific carboxyl terminus (Δ7, Δ21, Δ29, Δ35, and Δ60). Ca2+ transients recovered by the control chimera have a sigmoidal Ca2+ fluorescence (ΔF/F) versus voltage curve with saturation at potentials more positive than +30 mV, independent of external Ca2+ and stimulus duration. In contrast, the amplitude of Ca2+ transients expressed by the truncated variants varied with the duration of the pulse, and for Δ29, Δ35, and Δ60, also varied with external Ca2+ concentration. For Δ7 and Δ21, a 50-ms depolarization produced a sigmoidal ΔF/F versus voltage curve with a lower than control maximum fluorescence. Moreover, for Δ29, Δ35, and Δ60, a 200-ms depolarization increased the maximum fluorescence and changed the shape of the ΔF/F versus voltage curve, from sigmoidal to bell-shaped, with a maximum at ∼+30 mV. The change in voltage dependence, together with the external Ca2+ dependence and additional controls with ryanodine, indicated a loss of skeletal-type EC coupling and the emergence of an EC coupling component triggered by the Ca2+ current. Analyses of d(ΔF/F)/dt showed that the rate of cytosolic Ca2+ increase during the Ca2+ transient was fivefold faster for the control chimera than for the severely truncated variants (Δ29, Δ35, and Δ60) and was consistent with the kinetics of the DHPR Ca2+ current. In summary, absence of the β1a-specific carboxyl terminus (last 29 to 60 residues of the control chimera) results in a loss of the fast component of the Ca2+ transient, bending of the ΔF/F versus voltage curve, and emergence of EC coupling triggered by the Ca2+ current. The studies underscore the essential role of the carboxyl terminus region of the DHPR β1a subunit in fast voltage dependent EC coupling in skeletal myotubes.
The major heat-modifiable outer membrane protein CD is highly conserved among strains of Branhamella catarrhalis.

Summary The outer membrane of Branhamella catarrhalis contains a major, heat-modifiable outer membrane protein called CD which has epitopes on the surface of the intact bacterium. The gene encoding CD was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein migrates in gels as a doublet, indicating that CD is encoded by single gene whose gene product has two stable conformations. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding CD was determined and shows homology with the OprF outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas species. The CD protein contains a proline-rich region, which appears to account for its aberrant migration in gels. Restriction fragment-length analysis of 30 isolates of B. catarrhalis with oligonucleotide probes corresponding to sequences in the CD gene produced identical patterns in Southern blot assays. The major heat-modifiable outer membrane protein CD shares homology with the OprF protein and is highly conserved among strains of B. catarrhalis.
Experimental infection of adult axenic rats with Parker's Rat Coronavirus

The pathogenesis of Parker's Rat Coronavirus (PRCV) was studied in axenic CD rats. Three to four 9 to 10 week old rats were euthanized daily for eight days after intranasal inoculation. Rats remained free of clinical disease. Virus was recovered from the nasopharynx and trachea after twenty-four hours and from the lung by day three but was not detected in respiratory tract after seven days. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in the mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory tract and in pulmonary alveolar septae from day two to six postinoculation. Acute rhinitis developed by day two and was associated with mild focal necrosis of respiratory mucosal epithelium. Mild nonsuppurative tracheitis and multifocal interstitial pneumonia appeared by day five and persisted through day eight. Dacryoadenitis did not occur, sialoadenitis was detected in only three rats and virus was recovered from only one submaxillary salivary gland. This experiment indicates that PRCV can be a primary pathogen for the respiratory system of adult rats. In contrast to sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus the tropism of PRCV for salivary and lacrimal glands is low.
Meiosis and fertility of F1 hybrids between hexaploid bread wheat and decaploid tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum)

As the first step in the transfer of barely yellow dwarf virus resistance and salt tolerance from decaploid tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) into hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), octoploid intergeneric hybrids (2n = 8x = 56) were synthesized by crossing the tall wheatgrass cultivar ‘Alkar’ with wheat cvs. ‘Fukuhokomugi’ (‘Fuko’) and ‘Chinese Spring’. (‘Fuko’ x ‘Alkar’) F1 hybrids were studied in detail. The F1 hybrids were perennial and generally resembled the male wheatgrass parent with regard to morphological features and gliadin profile. Most hybrids were euploid with 56 chromosomes and showed high chromosome pairing. On an average, in 6 hybrids 83.6% of the complement showed chiasmatic association, some between wheat and wheatgrass chromosomes. Such a high homoeologous pairing would be obtained if Ph1, the major homoeologous pairing suppressor in wheat, was somehow inactivated. Some of the ‘Fuko’ x ‘Alkar’ hybrids had high pollen fertility (18.5–42.0% with a mean of 31.5%) and high seed fertility (3–29 seeds wtih a mean of 12.3 seeds per spike), offering excellent opportunities for their direct backcrossing onto the wheat parent.
Changes of Endogenous Antioxidants and Fatty Acid Composition in Irradiated Rice Bran during Storage

The effects of γ-irradiation (5, 10, and 15 kGy) on antioxidants and lipid composition of rice bran were studied. The free fatty acid (FFA) level in rice bran irradiated at 5 kGy was not significantly different from that of raw rice bran. Increases in irradiation doses to 10 and 15 kGy resulted in an increase in FFA levels. γ-Irradiation at 15 kGy resulted in greater (p ≤ 0.05) loss of phospholipids in rice bran during storage. Also, γ-irradiation had deleterious effects on lipid stability, E vitamers, and oryzanol in rice bran during irradiation and subsequent storage. The decomposition of individual E vitamers increased with an increase in irradiation level. The loss of total E vitamers and oryzanol occurred in two stages: 50−82% and 12−33% immediately following irradiation and a further 10−35% and 39−42% during storage. Keywords: Rice bran; γ-irradiation; vitamin E vitamers; fatty acids
Simultaneous Relaxation of Nuclear Geometries and Electric Charge Densities in Electronic Structure Theories

A simple formalism is presented, within the density-functional approach, which constitutes a powerful scheme for directly calculating the ground-state energy of systems with arbitrarily located nuclei and their accompanying electrons. The method permits simultaneous relaxation of both the atomic geometries and the electronic charge densities of polyatomic systems towards equilibrium. It circumvents the far less efficient indirect (consecutive) approach in which the equilibrium geometry is determined after calculation of energies on the Born-Oppenheimer surface.
Dermatology Independent Practice Associations

The American health care system is undergoing a profound reorganization and realignment that is primarily driven by a free-market corporatization of health care. 1 Physicians are extremely concerned that these changes will affect their ability to be autonomous, to retain the free use of their clinical judgment, and finally to be paid adequately. 2 In some instances the changes are already affecting the free choice of ancillary specialties such as dermatopathologists. 3 Indeed, in many areas of the country, managed care is quickly becoming the dominant vehicle for health care delivery and appears in many ways to be affecting physician autonomy for both private practice and academic physicians. 4 Independent practice associations (IPAs) have been developed across the country to meet the needs of managed care costeffectiveness while attempting to preserve both clinical and financial physician autonomy. 5 This article focuses on dermatology-specific IPAs, including functional models, the potential advantages and disadvantages for individual physicians, and for the specialty, antitrust implications, and finally introduces an IPA model that may benefit dermatologists and the dermatologic community as a whole.
Studies of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide methemoglobin reductase activity in a jewish population

In the original study of the deleterious effects of oxidant drugs on persons heterozygous for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase (NADH MetHb R) deficiency, several Jewish physicians used as controls had decreased enzyme activity. We collected blood samples from 555 Jewish persons to 1) estimate the heterozygote frequency for NADH MetHb R deficiency; and 2) determine if external variables such as age, gender, and ingested medications may alter the NADH MetHb R activity and thereby alter estimates of heterozygosity. Two persons possibly heterozygous for the deficiency were identified (carrier incidence = 1/309,000 jewish births). A difference in enzyme activity was found between males and females (P less than 0.03). We have examined the influence of the mean red cell age on the activity of erythrocyte NADH MetHb R and found it not to be materially influenced by mean red cell age; thus the possible intersex differences of mean red cell age cannot explain this observation. No significant difference (P greater than 0.1) was seen between persons ingesting the following drugs and those not: Dilantin; antidepressants/sedatives; cardiac, antineoplastic, or antigout/antiinflammatory drugs; thyroid supplements, estrogen-containing preparations, and antihistamines. NADH MetHb R activity did not correlate with age or spontaneous abortion. We conclude that heterozygosity for NADH MetHb R deficiency is not prevalent among Ashkenazic Jewish persons, and that external variables should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of NADH MetHb R activity for correct estimation of heterozygosity.
Charge dynamics of ionic polymer metal composites in response to electrical bias

In this paper, we analyze the charge dynamics of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) in response to voltage inputs composed of a DC bias and a small AC voltage. IPMC chemoelectrical behavior is described through the Poisson-Nernst-Planck framework. The physics of charge build up and mass transfer at the electrodes are modeled through metal particle layers. Perturbation methods are used to establish an equivalent circuit model for the IPMC electrical response. The proposed approach is validated through comparison with finite element results.
GRASP—a new search algorithm for satisfiability

This paper introduces GRASP (Generic seaRch Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem), an integrated algorithmic framework for SAT that unifies several previously proposed search-pruning techniques and facilitates identification of additional ones. GRASP is premised on the inevitability of conflicts during search and its most distinguishing feature is the augmentation of basic backtracking search with a powerful conflict analysis procedure. Analyzing conflicts to determine their causes enables GRASP to backtrack non-chronologically to earlier levels in the search tree, potentially pruning large portions of the search space. In addition, by "recording" the causes of conflicts, GRASP can recognize and preempt the occurrence of similar conflicts later on in the search. Finally, straightforward bookkeeping of the causality chains leading up to conflicts allows GRASP to identify assignments that are necessary for a solution to be found. Experimental results obtained from a large number of benchmarks, including many from the field of test pattern generation, indicate that application of the proposed conflict analysis techniques to SAT algorithms can be extremely effective for a large number of representative classes of SAT instances.
The Role of Standardized Patient and Trainer Training in Quality Assurance for a High-Stakes Clinical Skills Examination

For over 30 years, medical educators have used standardized patients (SPs), laypersons trained to portray a patient case in a realistic manner, to teach and to assess clinical skills. All medical schools in the US have SP programs in place, and the US and Canada require national examinations using SPs to assess the competency of those wishing to obtain licensure to practice medicine in these countries. To ensure a valid and reliable examination, unwanted variance that can be introduced by SP performance must be addressed. The goal of SP training is to imbue the SP with the characteristics, mannerisms and history of a real patient so that the portrayal is consistent and accurate. The challenge is to ensure consistent portrayal of each case with sufficient realism to elicit the expected clinical performance and to ensure standardized SP performance across multiple examinees. This paper considers the quality assurance methods applied to training the SP trainers and the protocols used to train the SPs, to ensure that the SP performances are sufficiently accurate and standardized, and that the evaluators completing the checklists and scales used for scoring do so correctly and consistently.
Tapered Pressure Swing Adsorption Columns for Simultaneous Air Purification and Solvent Vapor Recovery

The performance of a tapered pressure swing adsorption (PSA) column is investigated on the basis of rigorous nonisothermal numerical modeling, for simultaneous nitrogen purification and butane vapor recovery. The results indicate that the tapered column improves the process performance when feeding from the wider end of the column and purging from the narrower end. An optimum taper angle (5°) is also found for the constant length and volume system investigated with an order of magnitude increase in the light product purity. The favorable effects are manifested through complex temperature variations and corresponding local concentration wave velocity variations associated with heating and cooling effects that are caused by adsorption and desorption of the butane vapor. The favorable effects of a tapered PSA column also improve as the heat effects become more pronounced.
Brown Adipose Tissue: Thermic Response Increased by a Single Low Protein, High Carbohydrate Meal

The weight of interscapular brown fat in the rat and its rate of respiration increased in response to a single meal. These data suggest that brown adipose tissue plays a role in the thermic effect of meals and that diet-induced thermogenesis may reflect the summation of the thermic effects of single meals during prolonged overeating.
Covariant boundary conditions in gravitational radiation theory: A new covariant definition of spatially asymptotically flat space-times

It is shown that the existence or absence of gravitational radiation from a spatially limited physical system can be determined and its magnitude calculated provided that the solution of Einstein's gravitational field equations obeys certain covariantly described boundary conditions. These boundary conditions are given on spacelike hypersurfaces, and space-times which satisfy them may be considered to be asymptotically flat.
Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO3 −:NH4 +) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO3 − as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH4 + as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO3 − as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH4 +. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO3 −‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), c...
Functional Organization of Intramembrane Particles of Mitochondrial Inner Membranes

It is generally assumed that the high efficiency of electron transport and energy coupling in primary energy transducing membranes is the result of a special spatial arrangement of the interacting components within the membrane. Indeed, in recent years much evidence has been accumulated for an assymmetrical organization of the electron transport components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus, cytochrome c appears to be localized at the outside surface of the inner membrane; ATPase at the inside surface; and cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b within the hydrophobic membrane center. These concepts accord with the known sidedness of cytochrome c and ATPase reactivity and extractability; and with the disruption of the membrane structure upon extraction of cytochrome oxidase or cytochrome b (cf. ref. 1).
Effect of attractive forces on the solid- superfluid transition in He super 4 at absolute zero.

Cell model of attractive interactions between helium atoms and effect on solid-superfluid transition in He 4 at absolute zero
Obesity misclassification and the metabolic syndrome in adults with functional mobility impairments: Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to estimate the degree of obesity misclassification between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage in adults with functional mobility impairment, and to determine cardiometabolic risk profiles. Methods Data from the combined 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were incorporated. The representative sample included 852 individuals, aged 20–85 years, reporting at least one major physical limitation related to mobility or lower body function, and 4724 individuals reporting no impairments. Body mass index, percent body fat (%BF) as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), objectively measured sedentary behavior and activity, and markers of cardiometabolic risk were compared between adults with and without functional mobility impairments. Among functional mobility impaired individuals, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the performance of BMI as a continuous variable, as well as various BMI thresholds to detect obesity defined by sex-specific %BF cutoffs. Results Adults with functional mobility impairments were older, had larger waist circumferences (WC), had greater prevalence of obesity according to BMI and %BF, were more sedentary, had less physical activity, and had higher overall cardiometabolic risk. The standard BMI cutoff for obesity had excellent specificity in both men (100%) and women (98.4%) with functional mobility impairment, but sensitivity was poor ( Conclusions Obesity misclassification and cardiometabolic risk are prevalent among individuals with functional mobility impairments, and thus diagnostic screening for obesity should be modified to account for %BF and/or waist circumference. Behavioral interventions to decrease sedentary behavior, increase activity, and reduce abdominal obesity are warranted.
Quasi-Rayleigh waves in butt-welded thick steel plate

This paper discusses theoretical and experimental analyses of weld guided surface acoustic waves (SAW) through the guided wave propagation (GWP) analyses. The GWP analyses have been carried out by utilizing piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) for in situ structural inspection of a thick steel plate with butt weld as the weld bead is ground flush. Ultrasonic techniques are commonly used for validation of welded structures in many in-situ monitoring applications, e.g. in off-shore structures, in nuclear and pressure vessel industries and in a range of naval applications. PWAS is recently employed in such ultrasonic applications as a resonator as well as a transducer. Quasi-Rayleigh waves a.k.a. SAW can be generated in relatively thick isotropic elastic plate having the same phase velocity as Rayleigh waves whereas Rayleigh waves are a high frequency approximation of the first symmetric (S0) and anti-symmetric (A0) Lamb wave modes. As the frequency becomes very high the S0 and the A0 wave speeds coalesce, and both have the same value. This value is exactly the Rayleigh wave speed and becomes constant along the frequency i.e. Rayleigh waves are non-dispersive guided surface acoustic waves. The study is followed with weld-GWP tests through the pitch-catch method along the butt weld line. The tuning curves of quasi-Rayleigh wave are determined to show the tuning and trapping effect of the weld bead that has higher thickness than the adjacent plates on producing a dominant quasi-Rayleigh wave mode. The significant usage of the weld tuned and guided quasi-Rayleigh wave mode is essentially discussed for the applications in the in-situ inspection of relatively thick structures with butt weld such as naval offshore structures. The paper ends with summary, conclusions and suggestions for future work.
Professional Development to Increase Problem-solving Skills in a Response to Intervention Framework

With the latest re-authorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004), states are allowed to use a Response to Intervention (RtI) framework to determine whether students qualify for special education services. Although RtI has promise and has been implemented well with documented results, further research is needed to bring RtI to scale and to address implementation challenges surrounding the skills and knowledge needed by educators. Overall, results of the current study reveal that teacher perceptions of their ability to use data-based decision making increased after participating in the professional development. The results of this study add to the limited literature base surrounding professional development and content knowledge for successful RtI implementation.
Field water relations of a wet-tropical forest tree species, Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosaceae).

The water relations of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze, a dominant, shade-tolerant, tree species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, were examined within the forest canopy. Pressure-volume curves and diurnal courses of stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were measured in order to assess differences in water relations between understory, mid-canopy and canopy leaves. Leaves in the canopy had the smallest pinnules but the largest stomatal frequencies and stomatal conductances of the three forest levels. Osmotic potentials at full turgidity decreased with height in the forest; in the canopy and midcanopy they were reduced relative to those in the understory just enough to balance the gravitational component of water potential. Consequently, maximum turgor pressures were similar for leaves from all three canopy levels. Bulk tissue elastic modulus increased with height in the canopy. Leaf water potentials were lowest in the canopy and highest in the understory, even when the gravitational component was added to mid-canopy and canopy values. As a result, minimum turgor pressures were also lowest in the canopy compared to those at lesser heights, and approached zero in full sunlight on clear days.Osmotic potentials at each canopy level were similar for both wet and dry season samples dates suggesting that seasonal osmotic adjustment does not occur. Despite lowered predawn water potentials during the dry season, turgor was maintained in the understory by reduced stomatal conductances.
Party Formation and Development in Jacksonian America: the Old South

Ante-bellum southern history has undergone extensive revision in recent decades. Now that the hoary myths of Cavalier aristocracies, monolithic sectionalism, and Confederate chauvinism have receded, historians are better able to evaluate the ante-bellum political history of the South. Only recently, however, have scholars begun to examine the question of party formation in the Jacksonian South, a development of the 1830s, without the conceptual blinders of economic or sectional determinism. In this essay on party formation and development in Jacksonian America, the political structure in four Southern states will be emphasized. I shall present both an institutional view, which stresses party structure, organization and leadership, and a behavioural view, which emphasizes the politics of masses of voters and the interaction of social groups.
A MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SPORE MATURATION IN THE MYXOMYCETE DIDYMIUM IRIDIS

A B S T R A C T Ultrastructure of spore maturation in the myxomycete Didymium iridis was investigated using morphometric analytical techniques. Changes in actual volume (,xm3) and relative volume (Vv) of nuclei, autophagic vacuoles, mitochondria, microbodies, lipid droplets, and spore wall were described for spores in three stages of development. Stage I spores were newly formed, surrounded only by the cell membrane. Stage II spores were approximately 1 hr older than Stage I spores and possessed surface spines, but little if any additional wall material. Stage III spores were 24 hr old and possessed a fully formed, multilayered wall. The results of this study indicate that spore maturation in D iridis is a multistep process involving a decrease in spore volume and coordinated changes in specific organelle compartments. From Stage I to Stage III, mean spore volume decreased by more than 50%. Percent volume data (Vv) showed that Stage I spores allocated volume equally to all measured organelles except microbodies and the spore wall, the latter of which had not yet begun to develop. By Stage II, only the nucleus and spore wall showed significant changes in Vv values, both increasing. In terms of actual volume, the nucleus, autophagic vacuole and spore wall increased by Stage II. Between Stages II and III the cell wall was the only component to increase in volume, all others decreased in volume. Our data indicate a close relationship between a decrease in organelle volume and an increase in cell wall volume in the Stage III spore. The autophagic vacuole and the cell wall dominated the volume of the Stage III spore while the remaining volume was allocated unequally to the other components.
First Results From a High-Resolution Full Waveform Airborne Bathymetric LiDAR System

An airborne LiDAR system that integrates design characteristics of terrestrial and bathymetric sensors to enable high-resolution mapping of land and shallow bathymetry simultaneously is discussed. We also present early test results and outline future work.
A practical approach to docking of zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors

Forty zinc-dependent metalloproteinase/ligand complexes with known crystal structures were re-docked using five docking/scoring approaches (DOCK, FlexX, DrugScore, GOLD, and AutoDock). Correct geometry of the coordination bonds between the ligand's zinc binding group (ZBG) and the catalytic zinc is important for docking accuracy and scoring reliability. More than 75% of docked poses with RMSD less than 2A were found to have appropriate ZBG binding, but for poor ZBG binding, about 95% of poses failed to dock correctly. Elimination of poses with inappropriate zinc binding resulted in better binding energy predictions that were further improved by dividing the ligands into subsets according to the ZBG (carboxylates, hydroxamates, and phosphorus containing groups). After a subset re-scoring using the regression functions obtained for individual subsets, DrugScore was able to explain 77% and the consensus scoring scheme X-CSCORE even 88% of variance in binding energies. The approach combining ZBG-based pose selection and subset re-scoring improved the hit rate in virtual screening for metalloproteinase inhibitors for all tested methods by 4-16%.
Imaging observations of the extended sodium atmosphere of the Moon

Pilot ground-based optical imaging observations of the extended lunar environment were conducted at McDonald Observatory in February 1991. One set of images taken on February 20 revealed emission at the combined D1 (5896 A) and D2 (5890 A) lines of neutral sodium extending out to about 5 lunar radii from the center of the moon on the sunward side and much fainter emission extending out to about 15-20 lunar radii on the antisunward side. Peak emission (D1 + D2) above the moon's limb at a distance of 1.8 lunar radii along the lunisolar axis was measured to be 900 Rayleighs, decreasing with distance as r exp -4. The morphology of the emitting region is qualitatively that of a comet, i.e., a bright coma centered on the moon and an extended tail trailing away in the antisunward direction.
An intermediate-sensitivity survey at high Galactic latitude with HEAO A-1

A 314 square degree region of sky at high galactic latitude was mapped in 0.5-20 keV X-rays using summed data from the HEAO A-1 experiment. 21 sources are detected above a 5 sigma threshold corresponding to a limiting flux of about 0.2 UFU. This limit is at a decade intermediate to those achieved in the full-sky surveys, Uhuru, Ariel 5, and the HEAO A-2 experiment, and to those achieved in the Einstein partial-sky surveys. The HEAO A-1 detectors also complement these other instruments in terms of spectral response characteristics. A table of source intensities and positional error boxes for the 21 source detections is presented. A graphical representation of the positional error boxes is also presented. Identifications for 14 sources are proposed. A number-flux curve representing all high galactic latitude X-ray sources detected with HEAO A-1 has been constructed. The number-flux curve appears to be consistent with d log N/d log S = -1.5.
Recent Suicidal Ideation among Patients in an Inner City Emergency Department.

The rates and associated features of suicidal ideation among 5,641 patients seeking routine, nonsuicide related care in an inner-city emergency department were examined. Approximately 8% of patients seeking routine care in the emergency department reported some form of suicidal ideation within the past 2 weeks. Suicidal ideation was common in individuals who were single with poorer mental health, had higher depression, and had received some drug or alcohol treatment in the past 3 months or had used cocaine or marijuana in the past 30 days. Improved screening procedures could help to identify routine care patients who are at risk for suicide.
New CW lines from a submillimeter waveguide laser

Sixty-one new CW laser lines with wavelengths between 0.1 and 1.5 mm have been observed with a waveguide laser optically pumped by a CO 2 laser.
On the developments of Sklyanin's quantum separation of variables for integrable quantum field theories

We present a microscopic approach in the framework of Sklyanin's quantum separation of variables (SOV) for the exact solution of 1+1-dimensional quantum field theories by integrable lattice regularizations. Sklyanin's SOV is the natural quantum analogue of the classical method of separation of variables and it allows a more symmetric description of classical and quantum integrability w.r.t. traditional Bethe ansatz methods. Moreover, it has the advantage to be applicable to a more general class of models for which its implementation gives a characterization of the spectrum complete by construction. Our aim is to introduce a method in this framework which allows at once to derive the spectrum (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) and the dynamics (time dependent correlation functions) of integrable quantum field theories (IQFTs). This approach is presented for a paradigmatic example of relativistic IQFT, the sine-Gordon model.
Human Matching Behavior in Social Networks: An Algorithmic Perspective

We argue that algorithmic modeling is a powerful approach to understanding the collective dynamics of human behavior. We consider the task of pairing up individuals connected over a network, according to the following model: each individual is able to propose to match with and accept a proposal from a neighbor in the network; if a matched individual proposes to another neighbor or accepts another proposal, the current match will be broken; individuals can only observe whether their neighbors are currently matched but have no knowledge of the network topology or the status of other individuals; and all individuals have the common goal of maximizing the total number of matches. By examining the experimental data, we identify a behavioral principle called prudence, develop an algorithmic model, analyze its properties mathematically and by simulations, and validate the model with human subject experiments for various network sizes and topologies. Our results include i) a -approximate maximum matching is obtained in logarithmic time in the network size for bounded degree networks; ii) for any constant , a -approximate maximum matching is obtained in polynomial time, while obtaining a maximum matching can require an exponential time; and iii) convergence to a maximum matching is slower on preferential attachment networks than on small-world networks. These results allow us to predict that while humans can find a “good quality” matching quickly, they may be unable to find a maximum matching in feasible time. We show that the human subjects largely abide by prudence, and their collective behavior is closely tracked by the above predictions.
Developing Biosensors for Monitoring Orthopedic Tissue Growth

The objective of this in vitro present study was to create a biosensor which can monitor in situ orthopedic tissue growth juxtaposed to a newly implanted orthopedic material. This biosensor has unique properties including the ability to sense, detect, and control bone regrowth. Such a biosensor is useful not only in regenerating tissue necessary for orthopedic implant success, but also to aid in informing an orthopedic surgeon whether sufficient new bone growth occurred. If the sensor determines that insufficient new bone growth occurred, the sensor can also act in an intelligent manner to release bone growth factors to increase bone formation. The primary biomaterial in this biosensor is anodized Ti, developed by chemical etching and passivation treatments. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their electrical and mechanical properties, are essential to consider when designing such biosensors since they will be used to apply and measure conductivity changes as new bone grows next to the implant. For this, parallel multiwall CNTs were grown from the pores of the anodized Ti by a chemical vapor deposition process. Lastly, these sensors will be composed of a conductive, biodegradable, polymer layer that degrades when bone grows and, consequently, undergoes a change in conductivity that can be measured by the CNTs grown out of the anodized Ti. This conductive, biodegradable polymer consists of polypyrrole (which is conductive) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (which is biodegradable). Preliminary in vitro results suggest that osteoblast functions (specifically alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition) on CNTs grown on anodized Ti are significantly enhanced when compared to anodized Ti and currently-used Ti; thus, it is anticipated that bone growth could be enhanced on these novel biomaterial sensors.
Geographic Inequalities in the Availability of Government-Subsidized Rental Housing for Low-Income Older Persons in Florida

Purpose: This article investigates the extent to which government-subsidized affordable rental units available to low-income older persons are unequally and unfairly distributed throughout Florida’s counties. Design and Methods: Primary data sources from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census were analyzed using two location inequality statistical measures: quintile analysis and the Dissimilarity Index. Three comparison standards measuring the county locations of the community-wide low-income elderly and nonelderly populations were used to judge whether these patterns are geographically unfair. Results: Compared with the overall locations of Florida’s low-income older population, elder-occupied government-subsidized rental housing units are concentrated in fewer counties. On the basis of several standards, these affordable housing units are judged to be unfairly located, resulting in most of the state’s low-income elderly population living in counties that are underserved by these accommodations. Implications: The findings offer other states and local areas guideposts to assess and compare the extent of geographic inequality and unfairness in the availability of their affordable senior housing opportunities. Why these inequalities exist and their implications for older persons are researchable questions.
Was it an explosion? Using population genetics to explore the dynamics of a recent radiation within Protea (Proteaceae L.).

Adaptive radiations likely underlie much of the world’s diversity, especially that of hyper-diverse regions. They are usually characterized by a burst of speciation early in their evolutionary history, a pattern which can be detected using population genetic tools. The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of southwestern South Africa is home to many spectacular plant radiations. Here, we investigate the white proteas (Protea section Exsertae), a typical CFR radiation, to determine if it demonstrates the burst of speciation associated with adaptive radiations in recent models. Inferences from individual assignment, tree-based population relationships, and pairwise F-statistics based on 10 microsatellite loci reveal that while the white proteas radiated recently they did not radiate explosively. In addition, we found evidence that there is little gene flow between sampled populations of most species. Taken together, these results demonstrate that within a small clade, the processes underlying the radiation are different from those envisioned by current models of adaptive radiation and suggest that geographical isolation could have played a role in the diversification of the group. Our study implicates both adaptive and non-adaptive processes in the evolution of botanical diversity of the CFR.
UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIAN AS A FUSION OPERATOR

Our concern is with the problem of finding the fused value of a collection of observations. A number of properties associated with a fusion operator are discussed. We consider the idea of using the minimization of a penalty function as a method for obtaining the fused value. A number of different penalty functions are considered, among these is the absolute difference between the observed value and the fused value. It is shown in this case that the fused value is the median value of the observations. We extend this approach to the situation in which we have weights associated with the observations and obtain a formulation for the weighted median. Finally we consider cases in which we allow for the possibility of having solution.
Reducing Sampling Clock Jitter to Improve SNR Measurement of A/D Converters in Production Test

Random jitter, present in the clock that is used for sampling the input signal, applied to the A/D converter results in noise that is added to the output of the device. For high-resolution A/D converters (low quantization noise), a very low-jitter clock is needed to measure accurate signal-to-noise ratio. Low jitter constraints on the clock signal increases with the test stimulus frequency. This paper implements a board-level, low-cost, phase-locked-loop (PLL) based approach to reduce the jitter present in the sampling clock provided by a low-cost tester. A small loop bandwidth PLL, a low-noise voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) and a low-cost (higher jitter) reference clock are used to synthesize a low-jitter clock. The proposed approach was simulated using Simulink and validated using hardware measurements. The results show significant improvement in RMS jitter that improves the SNR measurement of the A/D converter by 3dB
Double-Cantilever Infrared Detector: Fabrication, Curvature Control and Demonstration of Thermal Detection

This paper reports the recent progress on the development of double-cantilever infrared (IR) detectors, including the fabrication using a low-temperature surface micromachining module with two sacrificial layers of polyimide, the post-process curvature control using rapid thermal annealing (RTA), and also the first-time demonstration of thermal detection using capacitive-based IR FPAs.