cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mantle upwelling and melting beneath slow spreading centers: effects of variable rheology and melt productivity

Abstract We examine the effects of non-uniform rheology and melting models on the 3D structure of mantle upwelling beneath spreading centers. Our numerical models identify a range of conditions for which 3D upwelling can be considered as a possible mechanism for magmatic segmentation of slow spreading ridges. In a highly viscous shallow region due to dehydration of the solid by melt extraction, flow results essentially from the plate spreading. This contrasts with a deeper, buoyant, low viscosity region, where melt is present but upwelling solid is not yet dehydrated, and where both solid and melt flows acquire their 3D nature. The thickness of this buoyant region, depending mainly on the temperature interval between the wet and dry solidi, results in a specific characteristic length scale for the upwelling. Smaller segmentation wavelengths occur for smaller values of this thickness. In contrast to isoviscous models where minimum segmentation wavelengths were large (>150 km), minimum wavelengths obtained in models with non-uniform rheology and melt production (40–70 km) are comparable to smallest observed segment lengths. A single wavelength may be preferred for a given set of parameters, but such a preferred wavelength is difficult to achieve because a range of initially prescribed wavelengths can persist for long times. The persistence of 3D solutions for tens of millions of years of model time indicate that segment lengths observed at slow mid-ocean ridges may be inherited from the initial stages of spreading.
Match-moving for area-based analysis of eye movements in natural tasks

Analysis of recordings made by a wearable eye tracker is complicated by video stream synchronization, pupil coordinate mapping, eye movement analysis, and tracking of dynamic Areas Of Interest (AOIs) within the scene. In this paper a semi-automatic system is developed to help automate these processes. Synchronization is accomplished via side by side video playback control. A deformable eye template and calibration dot marker allow reliable initialization via simple drag and drop as well as a user-friendly way to correct the algorithm when it fails. Specifically, drift may be corrected by nudging the detected pupil center to the appropriate coordinates. In a case study, the impact of surrogate nature views on physiological health and perceived well-being is examined via analysis of gaze over images of nature. A match-moving methodology was developed to track AOIs for this particular application but is applicable toward similar future studies.
Kinetics and equilibrium of cesium sorption and desorption by particulate nuclear graphite

Abstract Data and a consistent physical and mathematical model for the kinetic and equilibrium sorptive behavior of cesium with a particulate, nuclear-grade graphite (H-451) is given. The most important conclusions are: (1) The kinetics of absorption and desorption of cesium by H-451 graphite in particulate form (size range 44–74μm) is such that, in general, several days are required to reach a near equilibrium state. Accordingly, the radiometric isopiestic method, although time consuming, appears to be the best method for obtaining equilibrium data in the cesium vapor pressure range of about 10 down to 10−4 Pa. (2) The kinetics data of the isopiestic experiment with graphite powder was found to be very well represented mathematically by an equation which is based on the site activation energy being approximately equal to the sorbate-sorbent site interaction energy, χ. In accordance with a theory for modified-exponential sorption which fits the equilibrium data well, the sites are taken to be non-uniformly distributed having a number which decreases exponentially with an interaction energy, χ, that has a finite upper limit χL.
The Drinking Problems Index: a measure to assess alcohol-related problems among older adults.

Research on problem drinking among older adults has been hampered by the lack of specialized instruments to assess drinking problems. In this paper, we examine the psychometric properties of a 17-item measure specifically designed to assess drinking problems in this population. The Drinking Problems Index (DPI) exhibits excellent psychometric properties, with an internal consistency reliability estimate of .94, a cross-temporal correlation over a 1-year interval of .66, and cross-sectional correlations with alcohol consumption at two points a year apart of .37 and .42. In addition, the construct validity of the DPI is supported by significant concurrent correlations indicating that persons who have more drinking-related problems experience more depression, have less self-confidence, and participate in fewer social activities. Consistent with the high internal consistency reliability estimate, a factor analysis confirmed that the measure is largely unifactorial. Overall, the findings suggest that the DPI is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing problems associated with drinking in surveys of older persons.
Use of the Surface Forces Apparatus to Directly Measure the Influence of Self-Assembled Monolayers on the Adhesion and Deformation of Rough Solids

A contact mechanics approach is used to study the role of model sub-boundary lubricants on the deformation and adhesion between rough solids. Self-assembled monolayers of n-octadecanethiol and 1-hydroxylunicosanethiol adsorbed to microscopically rough gold are brought into contact with molecularly smooth mica using a surface forces apparatus. Deformations at the interface and concurrently those in the bulk were measured while controlling applied loads. The effect of the SAMs is deduced by comparing the behavior of these systems to that of uncoated gold as previously put forward. Most significantly, the presence of a self-assembled monolayer sharply defines the strength of adhesion as measured by precise pull-off forces for given loading conditions. As compared to uncoated gold, the coated gold also exhibits a lesser amount of microdeformation under equivalent loading. Moreover the microdeformations are reversible upon relief of the load. This elastic regime is used to estimate the compressibility of each ...
Sequence of the Region Coding for Virion Proteins C and E2 and the Carboxy Terminus of the Nonstructural Proteins of Rubella Virus: Comparison With Alphaviruses

Abstract The sequence of the 3' 4508 nucleotides (nt) of the genomic RNA of the Therien strain of rubella virus (RV) was determined for cDNA clones. The sequence contains a 3189-nt open reading frame (ORF) which codes for the structural proteins C, E2 and E1. C is predicted to have a length of 300 amino acids (aa). The N-terminal half of the C protein is highly basic and hydrophilic in nature, and is putatively the region of the protein which interacts with the virion RNA. At the C terminus of the C protein is a stretch of 20 hydrophobic aa which also serves as the signal sequence for E2, indicating that the cleavage of C from the polyprotein precursor may be catalyzed by signalase in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. E2 is 282 aa in length and contains four potential N-linked glycosylation sites and a putative transmembrane domain near its C terminus. The sequence of El has been previously described [Frey et al., Virology 154 (1986) 228–232]. No homology could be detected between the amino acid sequence of the RV structural proteins and the amino acid sequence of the alphavirus structural proteins. From the position of a region of 30 nt in the RV genomic sequence which exhibited significant homology with the sequence in the alphavirus genome at which subgenomic RNA synthesis is initiated, the RV subgenomic RNA is predicted to be 3346 nt in length and the nontranslated region from the 5' end of the subgenomic RNA to the structural protein ORF is predicted to be 98 nt. In a different translation frame beginning at the 5' end of the RV nt sequence reported here is a 1407 nt ORF which is the C terminal region of the nonstructural protein ORF. This ORF overlaps the structural protein ORF by 149 nt. A low level of homology could be detected between the predicted amino acid sequence of the C-terminus of the RV nonstructural protein ORF and the replicase proteins of several positive polarity RNA viruses of animals and plants, including nsp4 of the alphaviruses, the protein encoded by the C-terminal region of the alphavirus nonstructural ORF. However, the overall homology between RV and the alphaviruses in this region of the genome was only 18%, indicating that these two genera of the Togavirus family are only distantly related. Intriguingly, there is a 2844-nt ORF present in the negative polarity orientation of the RV sequence which could encode a 928-aa polyprotein.
Investigation of the iron(II) complex of bis-3,3'-(5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine)

Abstract The reagent, bis-3,3'-(5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine) (BDMT), forms intensely colored complexes with selected transition metal ions. The reagent is water-soluble and easily prepared. An intense orange complex, Fe(BDMT)32+;is formed on reaction of iron(II) with the reagent in aqueous solution at pH 4.0–7.0. Nuclear magnetic resonance data show that chelation occurs between the 2,2'-nitrogens of the reagent. The complex exhibits absorption maxima at 408 mμ, with molar absorptivities of 12,000 and 15,000 respectively. The perchlorate salt of the complex is readily extracted into nitrobenzene. A proposed spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron is both accurate and precis
A Sensitive and Permanent Josephson Mixer for Millimeter Waves

A new method to construct permanent Josephson mixers for millimeter waves is described. In contrast to conventional point contacts which are mechanically unstable and require adjustments after each cooldown, these point contact junctions are set at room temperature, stay mechanically stable and can be temperature cycled without readjustments. The junctions are packaged in a modified Sharples mixer wafer and exhibit a single-sideband noise temperature of 71° K at 47 GHz. Based on these results system noise temperatures of less than 100° K are predicted for practical broadband radiometers, radar and communications receivers up to at least 100 GHz.
The dissociation of position and extent in Müller-Lyer figures.

Three experiments were designed to determine whether Muller-Lyer figures cause a misperception of the positions of their fins and, if they do, whether it is commensurate with the distortion of extent. Observers marked the visible intersection of shaft and fins either with their unseen hands or with their visible hands after the figure had been removed from view. In the former case, no systematic distortions of position were evident. In the latter case, there were small, systematic distortions of position, which were significantly smaller when the observers fixated the target vertex than when they fixated the center of the figure. These differences are discussed in terms of the probable similarities between the control of eye movements and the control of pointing responses. Of particular importance is the finding that even the largest distortions of vertex position were much smaller than the distortions of shaft extent. The results appear to provide evidence of the independence of perceived position from perceived extent in Muller-Lyer figures and to contradict all existing theories of the illusion.
Purification and structural properties of the precursors of the globin messenger RNAs

Abstract A three-step procedure is described for the purification of globin mRNAs and their precursors from nucleated mouse erythroid cells. The steps are affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose, electrophoresis in a 4.5% polyacrylainide gel containing 98% formamide, and hybridization to globin cDNA-cellulose. The β globin mRNA precursor (Mr, 600,000), its putative cleavage intermediate (Mr 280,000), and the α globin precursor (Mr, 280,000) have been purified from pulselabeled fetal mouse liver cells with recoveries of approximately 20%. The 280,000 Mr, β-specific RNA has not been separated from the α-precursor. The purity of each RNA fraction was estimated by hybridizing the fetal liver RNAs and authentic reticulocyte 10 S globin [125I]mRNA to excess, unlabeled globin cDNA and comparing the maximum extent of annealing of each RNA. The purities of the 600,000 Mr RNA (β-precursor) and the 280,000 Mr RNAs as calculated by this method are 78% and 100%, respectively. More than 90% of each RNA fraction is recovered intact following cDNA-cellulose hybridization. There is a single globin mRNA moiety in each precursor molecule.
Free boson realization of vector model scaling limits

Abstract It is shown that the theories in the double scaling limits of the O ( N ) vector models are closely related to the Feigin-Fuchs construction of conformal field theories. In particular the partition functions are written in terms of the charge screening operators. The boson is related to collective fields of the vector models.
Immunocytochemistry and Laser Capture Microdissection for Real-time Quantitative PCR Identify Hindbrain Neurons Activated by Interaction Between Leptin and Cholecystokinin

Current evidence suggests that leptin reduces food intake in part by enhancing the hindbrain neuronal response to meal-related gastrointestinal signals, including cholecystokinin (CCK), but the phenotypes of the relevant cells are not known. To identify neurons that participate in this interaction in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), we induced c-Fos gene expression in NTS neurons with leptin and CCK. We focused on NTS catecholamine neurons because these cells have been implicated in the feeding response to CCK. Hindbrain sections from rats that received CCK with or without leptin pretreatment were immunostained for c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by a double immunofluorescence procedure. Leptin pretreatment increased the number of NTS cells expressing c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (cFLI) 3-fold relative to CCK alone, but the number of TH-positive cells with cFLI was increased 6-fold. Next, cells detected by immunofluorescence for TH were collected by laser capture microdissection and pooled for real-time quantitative PCR of c-Fos mRNA. Here, neither le0ptin nor CCK alone affected the relative amount of mRNA in the TH cell–enriched samples, but leptin plus CCK substantially increased c-Fos mRNA content. These histochemical findings identify hindbrain catecholamine cells as potential mediators of the interaction between leptin and CCK. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:285–293, 2008)
A simple approach to predicting resonance levels

Abstract We propose a modification of Hazi and Taylor's stabilization method for calculating resonance energies by adding a positive definite operator to the hamiltonian. The purpose of this operator is to raise the energies of scattering states while not significantly affecting the bound or resonance states. The method has advantages over the ordinary stabilization techniques. We treat two model problems and discuss possible applications to atomic and molecular systems.
Ethrel (2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid) a Tool for Plant Hybridizers

HYBRID seed of monoecious cucurbits is costly because roguing staminate flowers from seed-parent lines and transferring pollen from male to female parents by hand is costly. The introduction of a new growth-regulating compound, ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) (Am-chem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pennsylvania), offers promise in significantly reducing the labour necessary for production of hybrid cucurbit seed.
Heat stability of endo‐polygalacturonases of Mucoraceous spoilage fungi in relation to canned fruits

The heat resistance of endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) of the strawberry spoilage fungi, Rhizopus sexualis, R. stolonifer and Mucor piriformis, was compared to that of isolates of R. arrhizus, R. stolonifer and R. oryzae known to cause breakdown of canned apricots. All species produced endo-PGs in culture medium which showed marked heat tolerance and a bimodal heat stability. Heating for 10 min at temperatures between 30–120°C indicated that maximum inactivation occurred at 50–60°C. Stability increased from 70°C to 100°C and then declined, but in some cases activity remained even after heating at 120°C for 10 min. Similar trends in heat resistance were recorded for endo-PGs in infected tissue of apricot, peach, tomato and cherry fruits, whereas those in infected tissue of strawberry, raspberry and plum were rapidly inactivated at all temperatures above 40°C. The possible reasons for differences between fruits are discussed.
Application of a Penrose Drain Guide for Vascular Stapling During Hepatic Surgery: How I Do It

The use of stapling devices to manage vascular pedicles during hepatic surgery has been a significant advance in the field. However, insertion and application of the stapler in vascular dissection planes can be associated with injury to adjacent structures. We describe a five-step technique using a silicone Penrose drain to aid in the positioning of an endovascular stapling device to obtain vascular control during hepatectomy. The use is described here for hepatic vein management during right hepatectomy. The technique can be also used for other applications when transecting major vessels during major liver surgery. The use of this silicone Penrose-guided endovascular stapler technique is a simple, cost-effective maneuver that can be used to improve control and prevent vascular injury during the division of major vascular structures when performing hepatic surgery.
Performance-based earthquake assessment of bridge systems including ground-foundation interaction

Abstract Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) assessment studies on highway bridges can only address post-earthquake repair fully when considering the response of the bridge-foundation-ground and the consequences of damage and repair to all system components. In this paper, nonlinear time history analysis of coupled bridge-foundation-ground systems is coupled with a PBEE framework to investigate a typical highway overpass bridge founded on different soil profiles. The prototype bridges are typical reinforced concrete highway overpass bridges with single-column bents founded on four sites of varying stiffness and strength profiles ranging from rigid rock to weak upper soil strata. Probabilistic repair cost and time response quantities are used to contrast performance of the four scenarios. Intensity-dependent repairs, repair hazard curves, and repairs disaggregated by performance groups indicate contributions to system repair for each scenario. A sensitivity study is presented that demonstrates the most important parameters to be the damage state and repair quantities related to the foundations and abutments.
Exposure to violence and victimization, depression, substance use, and the use of violence by young adolescents.

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationships among exposure to violence; tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use; depression; church attendance; and the use of violence among very young adolescents. Methods: An 86-item confidential questionnaire was administered to 722 sixth grade students (mean age=11.9 ± 0.8 years) attending 4 middle schools serving neighborhoods in and around public housing. Results: Boys had a higher mean violence scale score than girls ( P ≤.0001), and students living in public housing had higher violence scale scores than other students ( P ≤.0001). Self-reported use of violence was significantly associated with exposure to violence ( r =.45); age ( r =.28); frequency of church attendance ( r = –.14); depression ( r =.28); the probability of being alive at age 25 ( r = –.09); the frequency of use of cigarettes ( r =.39), alcohol ( r =.37), and multiple substances ( r =.38); and interest in a gang ( r =.37). When all of these variables were analyzed with multiple linear regression, multiple substance use, exposure to violence, interest in a gang, male gender, cigarette smoking, and depression level accounted for 49.7% of the variation in the use of violence scale. Conclusion: Recent multiple substance use and lifetime exposure to violence and victimization were the strongest correlates with the frequency that these youth reported using violence and carrying weapons. (J Pediatr 2000;137:707-13)
Commonly Used Preclinical Models of Pain

Pain cuts across gender, age, and disease and is the most common reason people seek health-related treatment. Certain pain states do not respond to standard therapies, leaving nurses with few options to successfully care for patients in pain. Preclinical studies use many models to investigate the mechanisms and treatments for pain states similar to those encountered in humans. Within Cervero and Laird's conceptual framework of experimental pain, the authors present several commonly used preclinical models. Phase 1 pain models measure responses to a brief, controlled stimulus that minimizes tissue damage. Phase 2 pain models use topical or injected irritants, which cause inflammation and persistent pain that change peripheral and central neuronal responses. Phase 3 pain models produce neuropathic pain through partial or complete ligation of peripheral nerves. The use of preclinical models of pain can lead to the development of better pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies that enhance nursing practice.
Temperature Effect on Activation Rate Constants in ATRP: New Mechanistic Insights into the Activation Process

Activation rate constants (kact) for a variety of initiators for Cu-mediated ATRP were measured with Cu(I)Br(PMDETA) at various temperatures (i.e., −40 to +60 °C). Reactions of less active alkyl halides were more accelerated by increased temperatures than reactions of more active initiators. Straight Eyring and Arrhenius plots were obtained, from which the activation parameters (i.e., ΔH⧧, ΔS⧧, Ea, and ln A) were determined. The activation enthalpies ΔH⧧ are in between 26.0 and 38.7 kJ mol−1 with highly negative activation entropies (ΔS⧧ = −156 to −131 J mol−1 K−1), which indicate greatly ordered structures of the transition states for these reactions.
Appendicitis secondary to metastatic melanoma: review of the National Institutes of Health experience.

IMPORTANCE Malignant melanoma has an unusual propensity to metastasize to the small bowel; however, malignant melanoma with metastatic spread to the appendix presenting as acute appendicitis has rarely been reported. We describe cases of melanoma of the appendix presenting with appendicitis and review our institutional experience with this entity. OBSERVATIONS Medical records were reviewed in patients with melanoma at the National Cancer Institute between January 1, 1953, and December 31, 2010, who underwent appendectomy. Of 5822 cases of melanoma treated at the National Institutes of Health, appendectomies were performed on 31 patients, 2 of whom had acute appendicitis secondary to malignant obstruction and presented with symptoms of vague abdominal pain. Both patients had been heavily pretreated for metastatic melanoma and had multiple sites of intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal disease. On exploratory laparotomy, both patients showed clinical evidence of acute appendicitis, and an appendectomy was performed. Both patients recovered fully from the operation and proceeded to further systemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although rare, the diagnosis of appendicitis should be considered in patients with melanoma and acute abdominal pain. Timely surgical intervention may allow palliation and the ability to pursue subsequent systemic treatment.
Low-grade primary cutaneous adenosquamous (mucoepidermoid) carcinoma. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A case of histologically low-grade primary cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma is reported. Dermal invasion was limited to the superficial dermis. This pattern contrasts sharply with the deeply infiltrating pattern of previously reported examples of cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma. Less aggressive b
Transcriptional regulation of human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1.

Abstract Sulfonation, which is essential for normal growth, development and maintenance of the internal milieu, requires the universal sulfonate donor molecule 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) produced from ATP and inorganic sulfate by two bifunctional PAPS synthase isozymes. The gene for PAPS synthase 1 containing neither a TATA nor a CCAAT box was found to be under the influence of the Sp1 family of transcription factors. Multiple GC/GT boxes are present in the proximal promoter region and deletion analysis implicated their involvement in transcription, a finding supported by mutational analysis of specific GC/GT boxes. Nuclear extract of SW13 cells, which highly express PAPS synthase 1, contains proteins that bind to probes possessing specific GC/GT boxes; furthermore, the presence of Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 proteins in nuclear extracts was confirmed by supershift analysis. Cotransfection experiments using SL2 cells yielded additional support for the involvement of Sp1 in transcriptional regulation of the PAPS synthase 1 gene; the involvement of Sp2 and/or Sp3 is presently unclear.
How does immune challenge inhibit ingestion of palatable food? Evidence that systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment modulates key nodal points of feeding neurocircuitry

Immune challenge induces behavioral changes including reduced ingestion of palatable food. Multiple pathways likely contribute to this effect, including viscerosensory pathways controlling hypothalamic feeding circuits or by influence on "reward" circuitry previously established to control ingestive behavior. To investigate whether the effects of immune challenge may influence this network, we compared brain activation patterns in animals trained to drink a palatable sweetened milk solution and treated systemically with either the immune stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. Brain sections were processed for localization of the activation marker c-Fos in neurons of regions implicated in regulation of feeding behavior. Sweetened milk ingestion was associated with increased numbers of c-Fos positive neurons in the caudal core and shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), the basal lateral amygdala (BLA), in orexin-A containing neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and in cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus. In LPS-treated animals sweetened milk consumption was significantly reduced, as was c-Fos induction in the hypothalamic orexin-A and CART neurons, and in the BLA. In addition, induction of c-Fos in the rostral regions of the NAc, the PVT, and CEA was increased following LPS treatment, compared to controls. The findings from this study point to a network of brain regions (LH, PVT, NAc, and BLA) previously implicated in the modulation of feeding behavior, reward, and arousal that may also contribute to neural substrates involved in the reorganization of behavioral priorities that occurs during sickness.
A simple and convenient synthesis of β-haloketones

Abstract A new rapid quantitative method to synthesize β-halo-ketones is described (eqn 2) which utilizes the reaction of an enone with a tetraalkyl ammonium halide in anhydrous trifluoro acetic acid. The method is especially convenient for the preparation of β-iodoketones.
Pathogenesis of arthritis following the intravenous injection of staphylococci in the adult rabbit

Abstract The pathogenesis of the purulent arthritis following the intravenous injection of a broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus into the adult rabbit is discussed. It is suggested that the bacteria pass directly through the blood stream to the synovial membranes. The articular cartilage is eroded subsequently to the formation of the purulent exudate. Staphylococci may invade the epiphysis secondarily through the erosions in the articular cartilage. The number of joints involved and the frequency of arthritis in the normal and immune rabbit apparently is influenced by the number of bacteria circulating in the blood stream. The arthritis which develops following the intravenous inoculation of staphylococci is similar to the lesion that occurs after the intra-articular injection of the same organism. There is apparently no association between the strain of staphylococci used in this study and the development of lesions in bone. It is suggested that there is insufficient evidence at this time to warrent a classification of “osteomyelitic strains of staphylococci.”
Study of in situ 1-butanol pervaporation from A-B-E fermentation using a PDMS composite membrane: Validity of solution-diffusion model for pervaporative A-B-E fermentation

In this study, the application of a new polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/dual support composite membrane was investigated by incorporating the pervaporation process into the A-B-E (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation. The performance of the A-B-E fermentation using the integrated pervaporation/fermentation process showed higher biomass concentrations and higher glucose consumption rates than those of the A-B-E fermentation without pervaporation. The performance of the membrane separation was studied during the separation of 1-butanol from three different 1-butanol solutions: binary, model, and fermentation culture solutions. The solution-diffusion model, specifically the mass transfer equation based on Fick's First Law, was shown to be applicable to the undefined A-B-E fermentation culture solutions. A quantitative comparison of 1-butanol separation from the three different solutions was made by calculating overall mass transfer coefficients of 1-butanol. It was found that the overall mass transfer coefficients during the separation of binary, model, and fermentation culture solutions were 1.50, 1.26, and 1.08 mm/h, respectively.
Infertility among low-income Latinos.

Objective To explore the experience of infertility among low-income Latinos. Design Ethnographic qualitative interview study. Setting Academic research environment. Patient(s) One hundred eighteen Latinos who sought medical care for infertility. Intervention(s) Tape-recorded interviews with 88 women and 30 men were transcribed and analyzed for emergent themes. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cultural beliefs regarding fertility and infertility, the value placed on having children, access to and use of health care resources, and non-biomedical approaches to having children. Result(s) Latino women and men believed that children were the basis of the marital relationship and that childless marriages were considered a failure. No couples had the economic resources to pursue medical treatment beyond a basic level. A difference was found in approaches to infertility treatment between women raised in the United States and those raised elsewhere, with those raised in the United States being more assertive in seeking care. Women frequently saw practitioners of Western biomedicine and humoral medicine. Women reported that they would continue trying to conceive until they reached menopause. Conclusion(s) Infertility is a devastating experience for Latinos that has far-reaching effects, both on women and men individually and on the couple relationship.
A combinatorial algorithm for MAX CSP

We consider the problem MAX CSP over multi-valued domains with variables ranging over sets of size si ≤ s and constraints involving kj ≤ k variables. We study two algorithms with approximation ratios A and B. respectively, so we obtain a solution with approximation ratio max (A, B).The first algorithm is based on the linear programming algorithm of Serna, Trevisan, and Xhafa [Proc. 15th Annual Symp. on Theoret. Aspects of Comput. Sci., 1998, pp. 488-498] and gives ratio A which is bounded below by s1-k. For k = 2, our bound in terms of the individual set sizes is the minimum over all constraints involving two variables of (1/2√s1+ 1/2√s2)2, where s1 and s2 are the set sizes for the two variables.We then give a simple combinatorial algorithm which has approximation ratio B, with B > A/e. The bound is greater than s1-k/e in general, and greater than s1-k(1 - (s - 1)/2(k - 1)) for s ≤ k - 1, thus close to the s1-k linear programming bound for large k. For k = 2, the bound is 4/9 if s = 2, 1/2(s - 1) if s ≥ 3, and in general greater than the minimum of 1/4S1 + 1/4s2 over constraints with set sizes s1 and s2, thus within a factor of two of the linear programming bound.For the case of k = 2 and s = 2 we prove an integrality gap of 4/9 (1 + O(n-1/2)). This shows that our analysis is tight for any method that uses the linear programming upper bound.
Molecular imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor in live cells with refractive index sensitivity using dark-field microspectroscopy and immunotargeted nanoparticles

We present a study using plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) to image epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in live cells. Through detailed analysis of the NP scattering spectra, we determine the intracellular refractive index (RI) within attoliter volumes inside of the living cells. Molecular imaging is demonstrated using anti-EGFR labeled gold nanospheres delivered to cancer cells that overexpress EGFR, with targeted binding confirmed by appropriate control experiments. RI determination is achieved by measurement of the bound NPs' scattering spectra, acquired using a precision dark-field microspectroscopy system and through careful characterization of the NP properties throughout the immuno-labeling procedure. To demonstrate the effect of receptor-mediated uptake, the data are compared to similar spectral measurements using antibody-free NPs, taken up by the cells through nonspecific mechanisms. In these experiments, NP aggregation introduces interparticle effects in the scattering spectra, suggesting that EGFR-mediated internalization of NPs may provide an advantage for maintaining NP isolation upon uptake. The results of this study show the potential utility of dark-field microspectroscopy and labeled NPs for live cell imaging. By demonstrating RI sensitivity over nanometer length scales, this study also presents a potential new avenue for assessing the structure and dynamics of live cells.
The coiled-coil protein shrub controls neuronal morphogenesis in Drosophila.

Summary The diversity of neuronal cells, especially in the size and shape of their dendritic and axonal arborizations, is a striking feature of the mature nervous system. Dendritic branching is a complex process, and the underlying signaling mechanisms remain to be further defined at the mechanistic level [1–3]. Here we report the identification of shrub mutations that increased dendritic branching. Single-cell clones of shrub mutant dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae showed ectopic dendritic and axonal branching, indicating a cell-autonomous function for shrub in neuronal morphogenesis. shrub encodes an evolutionarily conserved coiled-coil protein homologous to the yeast protein Snf7, a key component in the ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) complex that is involved in the formation of endosomal compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) [4]. We found that mouse orthologs could substitute for Shrub in mutant Drosophila embryos and that loss of Shrub function caused abnormal distribution of several early or late endosomal markers in DA sensory neurons. Our findings demonstrate that the novel coiled-coil protein Shrub functions in the endosomal pathway and plays an essential role in neuronal morphogenesis.
ALTERNATE PROCESSES FOR USE IN SOY PROTEIN ISOLATION BY INDUSTRIAL ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES

Two alternative procedures have been developed for use in soy protein isolation with industrial membrane systems. These are (1) membrane processing soy extract at a higher pH (pH 11) and temperature (74°C) than previously done to produce a hydrolyzed product, (2) extracting soy protein with Ca(OH)2 (instead of NaOH) and membrane processing at pH 7. Hydrolyzed products were found to possess different physical and functional properties than previous products. Extracting soy protein with Ca(OH)2 produced a high-calcium, low-sodium product having unusually high nitrogen solubility over a wide pH range.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound examination of the fetal hands: normal and abnormal

Purpose To assess particular features of fetal hand evaluation using three-dimensional ultrasound, and to determine whether any advantage is offered by three-dimensional over two-dimensional ultrasound in fetal hand evaluation. Methods Three-dimensional fetal data were collected prospectively from 44 hands in 40 fetuses from a predominantly high-risk patient population. All had a concurrent two-dimensional ultrasound examination of the hands. Diagnoses from two- and three-dimensional ultrasound examinations were compared and additional information from the three-dimensional volume assessment was noted. Three-dimensional assessment of distal forearm bones, wrist position, finger configuration and number of metacarpals and digits was recorded. Results Hands were appropriately identified as normal (32/32) or abnormal (12/12) by both two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Three-dimensional ultrasound provided additional information when compared to two-dimensional ultrasound in both normal and abnormal hands, including the provision of three orthogonal planes with one volume acquisition, allowing rotation of the volume so that hands could be evaluated in planes not possible during two-dimensional imaging, assessment of a hand with loosely curled fingers as normal, the ability to evaluate thumb and fingers simultaneously, and improved assessment of abnormal hands. Conclusions Three-dimensional ultrasound offers the potential to provide greater information in fetal hand evaluation for both normal and abnormal hands. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Generation of 17-electron organometallic radicals in aqueous solution; chemical and electrochemical oxidation of Fe(CO)3(TPPTS)2

Abstract The water-soluble iron–carbonyl complex Fe(CO) 3 (TPPTS) 2 ( 2 ) (TPPTS=triphenylphosphine trisulfonate, sodium salt) was prepared and its molecular structure was determined by X-ray crystallography to be distorted bipyramidal. The oxidation chemistry of 2 to the 17-electron organometallic radical 2 + was studied. Thus, complex 2 was oxidized chemically with Ce(IV) in H 2 O, resulting in rapid disproportionation of the intermediate 2 + to 2 and Fe(II) aq , with concomitant loss of both the CO and the TPPTS ligands. The oxidative disproportionation of 2 with AgNO 3 proceeded through formation of a linear [{(TPPTS) 2 (CO) 3 Fe} 2 Ag] + intermediate. Electrochemically, complex 2 was oxidized irreversibly at E p =466 mV (vs. Ag ∣ AgCl, 100 mV s −1 ) in H 2 O.
Optimal Control of Surface Acoustic Wave Actuated Sorting of Biological Cells

The sorting of biological cells using biological micro-electro-mechanical systems (BioMEMS) is of utmost importance in various biomedical applications. Here, we consider a new type of devices featuring surface acoustic wave (SAW) actuated cell sorting in microfluidic separation channels. The SAWs are generated by an interdigital transducer (IDT) and manipulate the fluid flow such that cells of different type leave the channel through designated outflow boundaries. The operation of the device can be formulated as an optimal control problem where the objective functional is of tracking type, the state equations describe the fluid-structure interaction between the carrier fluid and the cells, and the control is the electric power applied to the IDT.
Dynamically substructured system frameworks with strict separation of numerical and physical components

SUMMARY A dynamically substructured system (DSS) consists of both physical and numerical components. It is used for the testings of the dynamics of some systems arising from engineering problems to overcome the drawbacks of conventional testing methods. One of the key issues influencing the DSS testing accuracy is from the synchronization of the physical and numerical components. This synchronization can be achieved by a controller (called DSS controller). To facilitate the DSS controller design, this paper develops a sophisticated DSS framework with its variations to further enhance the analysis and design of DSS. The main feature of the proposed DSS framework is that it has a strict separation of numerical and physical substructures, which can enable one to explicitly identify the relations of the substructures and signals within a DSS and thus greatly facilitate more elegant treatments of DSS problems, such as DSS establishment, conversion of different DSSs, and uncertainties and measurement noise incorporation in robust control. The proposed framework and its variations unify many DSS problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizing for Academic Reporting: A Large-University Perspective.

Organizing for compliance with academic reporting requirements presents a large university with many management challenges and data base demands.
Long-term Care Financing in the United States: Sources and Institutions

This paper reviews the financing of long-term services and supports (LTSS) in the United States. I characterize existing payment arrangements as incomplete insurance. The paper organizes existing literature on U.S. financing of LTSS and uses it to analyze the economic, policy and behavioral forces that underpin the observed equilibrium. I assess several sources of market failure and consider policy directions that are viable within the U.S. political environment. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Turning off the cameras: Red light running characteristics and rates after photo enforcement legislation expired

In 2005 the Virginia legislature allowed the law permitting automated enforcement for red light running violations to expire. An opportunity presented itself to evaluate what would happen to red light running behavior at formerly enforced locations. Using intersections previously studied to document one city's deployment and use of photo enforcement (see Martinez and Porter, 2006), we mobilized multiple pre-expiration, immediate post-expiration, and one year post-expiration observations at camera-enforced intersections as well as two control groups consisting of same-city and a different city's non-camera locations. More than 2700 direct observations were made in these time periods, documenting the near-immediate increase in red light running at previously camera-enforced intersections. These intersections had a rate that nearly tripled immediately after the law expired, and more than quadrupled one year later. Further, within a year of the law's expiration, the low red light running rates at the previous-camera locations had recidivated to red light running rates of the control locations. Driver characteristics were not significant predictors of these rates once intersection group and traffic volume (and their interaction) were controlled, meaning red light running in this study was not linked to a particular driver type. Our results are important for scholars of intersection safety, as this is the first known peer-reviewed study documenting estimates of what could happen when automated enforcement is removed.
On foreign aid, pollution and abatement

This paper provides a Ricardian general equilibrium model to study the effect of foreign aid aimed at abating pollution in a small southern recipient economy. The government faces a dynamic problem as it chooses the emission level and abates pollution. The stock of pollution damages consumers and its law of motion is influenced by emission level and the stock of pollution as well as the level of abatement. We show that such type of aid increases emissions, but its effect on pollution stock is ambiguous in the absence of trade. With trade, aid reduces both pollution and emissions given that the recipient country has comparative advantage in the pollution-intensive good. Moreover, such type of aid can be immiserizing with or without trade.
Scoliosis in a Case of Schinzel–Giedion Syndrome

Schinzel–Giedion syndrome (SGS) is a rare disorder characterized by midface retraction, hypertrichosis, and multiple skeletal anomalies with severe mental retardation. Various skeletal manifestations of the disease have been previously described. We present the first case of SGS developing scoliosis. The patient presented with scoliosis at the age of 8 years which rapidly progressed to severe thoraco-lumbar scoliosis. Survival beyond 2 years is rare in this syndrome. The objective of this report is to describe the possibility of development of scoliosis in SGS due to the neuromuscular nature of the syndrome, especially in long survivors.
Lattice Parameters and Densities of Rare‐Earth Oxide Doped Ceria Electrolytes

Lattice parameters and densities of various rare-earth oxide doped ceria were measured. For the calculation of lattice parameters, the concept of the oxygen vacancy radius was introduced. The estimated oxygen vacancy radius was 1.164 {angstrom} for trivalent, rare-earth oxide doped ceria and 0.993 {angstrom} for zirconia. The modeling of the lattice parameter and density based on the oxygen vacancy radius generally agreed with experimental results. The density measurements illustrate that oxygen vacancy formation is the predominant defect reaction. Evidence of some interstitial contribution was also noted for smaller-sized dopant cations such as Yb{sup 3+} and Er{sup 3+}.
Wafer-Scale Packaged RF Microelectromechanical Switches

This paper presents results of fully packaged RF microelectromechanical (RF-MEM) switches including capacitive series, series-shunt, and single-pole-four-throw (SP4T) switch nodes. The RF-MEM capacitive switches are packaged using recently developed wafer scale low-loss and broadband packaging technology developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA. A packaged series capacitive switch with 0.11-dB insertion loss and better than 19-dB isolation, a series-shunt packaged capacitive switch with 0.3-dB insertion loss and better than 54 dB isolation, and an SP4T switch with less than 0.26-dB insertion loss and better than 25-dB isolation at 20 GHz are reported. Detailed reliability, radiation, cryogenic, and power-handling data are also presented.
Responses to Acute Changes in Arterial Pressure on Renal Medullary Nitric Oxide Activity in Dogs

Abstract —A direct relationship between renal arterial pressure (RAP) and cortical tissue nitric oxide (NO) activity in the canine kidney was reported earlier. We have conducted further experiments to evaluate medullary NO responses to alterations in RAP with the use of a NO-selective microelectrode inserted into the renal medulla of 6 anesthetized, sodium-replete dogs. Graded reductions in RAP (from 140 to 80 mm Hg) elicited decreases in medullary tissue NO concentration, with a slope of 10.2±4.5 nmol · L −1 · mm Hg −1 . These changes in NO levels were associated with decreases in urinary excretion rate of nitrate and nitrite (U NOx V; control value, 1.7±0.03 nmol · min −1 · g −1 ; slope, 0.02±0.004 nmol · min −1 · g −1 · mm Hg −1 ) and sodium excretion (U Na V; control, 3.2±0.7 μmol · min −1 · g −1 ; slope, 0.06±0.02 μmol · min −1 · g −1 · mm Hg −1 ) without changes in glomerular filtration rate control (0.84±0.06 mL · min −1 · g −1 ). Intra-arterial administration of the NO synthase inhibitor N ω -nitro-l-arginine (NLA; 50 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) decreased medullary NO concentration by 218±55 nmol · L −1 (n=5) and attenuated the relationship between RAP and NO concentration (slope, 2.7±2.2 nmol · L −1 · mm Hg −1 ). NLA infusion decreased U NOx V (0.8±0.06 nmol · min −1 · g −1 ) and U Na V (1.1±0.2 μmol · min −1 · g −1 ) without changes in glomerular filtration rate and attenuated RAP versus U Nox V and U Na V relationships. Total and regional blood flows, as measured by electromagnetic and laser Doppler needle flow probes, respectively, remained autoregulated both before and during NLA infusion. These data support the hypothesis that acute changes in RAP elicit changes in intrarenal NO production, which may participate in the mediation of pressure natriuresis.