cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant specificity of serotonin transporter suggested by three LeuT–SSRI structures

Sertraline and fluoxetine are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that are widely prescribed to treat depression. They exert their effects by inhibiting the presynaptic plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT). All SSRIs possess halogen atoms at specific positions, which are key determinants for the drugs' specificity for SERT. For the SERT protein, however, the structural basis of its specificity for SSRIs is poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structures of LeuT, a bacterial SERT homolog, in complex with sertraline, R-fluoxetine or S-fluoxetine. The SSRI halogens all bind to exactly the same pocket within LeuT. Mutation at this halogen-binding pocket (HBP) in SERT markedly reduces the transporter's affinity for SSRIs but not for tricyclic antidepressants. Conversely, when the only nonconserved HBP residue in both norepinephrine and dopamine transporters is mutated into that found in SERT, their affinities for all the three SSRIs increase uniformly. Thus, the specificity of SERT for SSRIs is dependent largely on interaction of the drug halogens with the protein's HBP.
Production and evaluation of milk-sweet potato mixtures fermented with yogurt bacteria

Objectives were to establish conditions for making a fermented product with sweet potato as an ingredient and to determine the effect of sweet potato on color, texture and sensory attributes of the product.
Optimizing search by showing results in context

We developed and evaluated seven interfaces for integrating semantic category information with Web search results. List interfaces were based on the familiar ranked-listing of search results, sometimes augmented with a category name for each result. Category interfaces also showed page titles and/or category names, but re-organized the search results so that items in the same category were grouped together visually. Our user studies show that all Category interfaces were more effective than List interfaces even when lists were augmented with category names for each result. The best category performance was obtained when both category names and individual page titles were presented. Either alone is better than a list presentation, but both together provide the most effective means for allowing users to quickly examining search results. These results provide a better understanding of the perceptual and cognitive factors underlying the advantage of category groupings and provide some practical guidance to Web search interface designers.
A novel cache architecture with enhanced performance and security

Caches ideally should have low miss rates and short access times, and should be power efficient at the same time. Such design goals are often contradictory in practice. Recent findings on efficient attacks based on information leakage in caches have also brought the security issue up front. Design for security introduces even more restrictions and typically leads to significant performance degradation. This paper presents a novel cache architecture that can simultaneously achieve the above goals. Specifically, cache miss rates are reduced with dynamic remapping and longer cache indices, access-time overhead overcome with astute low-level circuit design, and information leakage thwarted by a security-aware cache replacement algorithm together with the performance enhancing mechanisms. We present both theoretical analysis and experimental results, using the SPEC2000 suite to evaluate the cache miss behavior, and CACTI and HSPICE to validate the circuit design. Our results show that the proposed cache architecture has low miss rates comparable to a highly associative cache and short access times and power efficiency close to that of a direct-mapped cache. At the same time it can thwart cache-based software side-channel attacks, providing both legacy and security-enhanced software a much higher degree of security. Additional benefits that the proposed cache architecture can bring, like fault tolerance and hot-spot mitigation, are also discussed briefly.
Differential expression of β2-integrins and cytokine production between γδ and αβ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The expression of beta 2-integrins on gammadelta T cells in naive mice or those with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains poorly characterized. We compared beta 2-integrin expression and cytokine production between gammadelta and alphabeta T cells over the acute course of EAE. We observed that unlike in alphabeta T cells, beta 2-integrin expression on gammadelta T cells increased significantly from baseline, peaked at Day 10, and remained unchanged in the draining lymph nodes or declined in the spleen and CNS by Day 15. In addition, IFN-gamma- and TNF-alpha-producing gammadelta T cells infiltrated the CNS rapidly and produced significantly more of these cytokines than alphabeta T cells throughout the course of EAE. These results suggest unique roles for beta 2-integrins in the trafficking of gammadelta versus alphabeta T cells during EAE and that gammadelta T cells infiltrate the CNS rapidly, producing cytokines, which modulate acute disease.
Effect of Atorvastatin (80 mg/day) versus Pravastatin (40 mg/day) on arterial remodeling at coronary branch points (from the REVERSAL study)

The effect of moderate and intensive lipid lowering on plaque progression and arterial remodeling at coronary branch points was investigated. Intensive (+1 ± 19.6%), but not moderate (+4.1 ± 15.1%), lipid lowering prevented an increase in plaque area at the branch points. The 2 strategies were associated with increased areas of the lumen (+7.6% to 9.4%) and external elastic membrane (+9.6% to 10.8%). In contrast, there was no significant change in plaque, lumen, and/or external elastic membrane areas at the nonbranch point site. These results suggest that intensive lipid lowering can have a dramatic effect on atheroma-prone regions and that remodeling in response to changes in plaque is a heterogenous process.
On the existence of smooth self‐similar blowup profiles for the wave map equation

Consider the equivariant wave map equation from Minkowski space to a rotationally symmetric manifold N that has an equator (e.g., the sphere). In dimension 3, this paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition on N for the existence of a smooth self-similar blowup profile. More generally, we study the relation between the minimizing properties of the equator map for the Dirichlet energy corresponding to the (elliptic) harmonic map problem and the existence of a smooth blowup profile for the (hyperbolic) wave map problem. This has several applications to questions of regularity and uniqueness for the wave map equation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electric, Hybrid, and Advanced Vehicles: Finding a Lane on the Road Ahead

Growing concern about the resource volatility and environmental impacts associated with the combustion of fossil fuels has accelerated efforts to diversify vehicle power plants by employing hybrid, electric, and other advanced technology strategies. Increasingly stringent efficiency and emissions regulations alongside efforts to reduce oil dependence have placed these technologies front and center in meeting mid- and long-term objectives to transform the profile of future automotive fleets. However, given the critical performance, range, cost, infrastructure, and convenience metrics set by internal combustion and petroleum fuels, the challenges to full market integration are as nontrivial as they are multifaceted. This article explores recent technological developments underlying advanced vehicles that are delivering a steady stream of promising innovations and new products to the proving grounds and showroom floors. It includes a discussion of current technologies, their advantages and tradeoffs, and potential breakthrough research that can improve the overall value proposition within a decade. A sensitivity analysis on alternative vehicle competitiveness is introduced that considers vehicle and battery life; capital, fuel, and electricity costs; increased efficiency from conventional technologies; and policy context among other relevant factors. The article concludes with a review of selected economic and regulatory considerations that can help put lower carbon vehicles in the passing lane to the future. Keywords: electric vehicles; hybrid vehicles; energy for transportation; internal combustion engine alternatives; fuel economy; vehicle emissions
Errors in finite difference solutions of Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract : This paper is concerned with the accuracy of numerical solutions with coarse meshes of nonlinear partial differential equations, such as the Navier-Stokes. By presuming smooth, convergent difference approximations, some first differential analyses of the computational errors are carried out and an upper error bound of 0.03 Re(Delta x-squared) is recommended for second order accurate conservative difference schemes, computed at Re(Delta x) somewhat 2.
A NEW FERN AND TWO FLORISTIC RECORDS FROM THE KARIUS LIMESTONE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Plesioneuron crassum subsp. chromeanum Takeuchi ( Thelypteridaceae ) is described as a new subspecies from one of Papuasia's most isolated karst districts. The subspecies is distinguished by bifacially glabrous pinnae with revolute lobes, conspicuously raised aerophores, and glandular-setiferous sporangia. Distributional records for Helicia acutifolia ( Proteaceae ) and Loranthus odoratus ( Loranthaceae ) are also reported with the new fern.
An overview of human papillomavirus infection for the dermatologist: disease, diagnosis, management, and prevention

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common, usually transient, dermatologic infection transmitted by genital contact that can cause a variety of anogenital diseases, including warts (condyloma), dysplasia (cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal), and squamous cell carcinoma. A number of treatment modalities are available to treat anogenital warts, both patient- and provider-applied. Treatment is efficacious, but lesions can recur. Bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are approved to prevent HPV infection. Both are indicated to prevent cervical cancer, while the quadrivalent vaccine is also approved to prevent vaginal/vulvar cancers as well as genital warts in males and females. Providers should clearly explain the natural history and potential sequelae of HPV disease, counsel patients on prevention strategies, and recommend vaccination as an effective method of prevention to their patients.
Multivalent documents: inducing structure and behaviors in online digital documents

Digital documents have advanced only slightly from their non-digital ancestors, incorporating a few such innovations as hypertext links and full text searching. Even the much heralded advent of multimedia, just as embedded images and video clips, are rather straightforward digital analogs of books and film. We believe that computer technology makes possible far more interesting and complex digital documents, and propose a new general paradigm that regards complex documents as "multivalent documents" comprising multiple "layers" of distinct but intimately related content. Small, dynamically-loaded program objects, or "behaviors", activate the content and work in concert with each other and layers of content to support arbitrarily specialized document types. Behaviors bind together the disparate pieces of a multivalent document to present the user with a single unified conceptual document. Examples of the diverse functionality in multivalent documents include: "OCR select and paste", where the user describes a geometric region on the scanned image of a printed page and the corresponding text characters are copied out; video subtitling, which aligns a video clip with the script and language translations so that on the one hand the playing video can be presented simultaneously in multiple languages, and on the other hand the video can be searched with text-based techniques; geographic information system (GIS) visualizations that compose several types of data from multiple datasets; and distributed user annotations that augment and may transform the content of the conceptual document. In general, a document management infrastructure built around a multivalent perspective can provide an extensible, networked system that supports incremental addition of content, incremental addition of interaction with the user and with other components, reuse of content across behaviors, reuse of behaviors across types of documents, and efficient use of network bandwidth. Multivalent documents exploit digital technology to enable new, more sophisticated document interaction.
Laser initiated, RF sustained air plasmas

Measurements and analysis of air breakdown processes by focusing a 193 nm, 200 mJ, 10 MW high power UV laser radiation to 20 – 60 µm spot sizes that produce maximum laser intensities of 1012 – 1013 W/cm2 are presented. Both classical quantum (multi-photon) and (collisional cascade) ionization processes affect the breakdown and plasma formation [1]. Observations are made for a wide range of pressures from 50 Torr to 5 atmospheres. Multi-photon ionization (n = 3) processes play a substantial role for lower pressures at 193 nm due to the high photon energy (6.4 eV). An extensive range of optical and spectroscopic diagnostics with 5 ns time scale gating and 13 µm ICCD resolution is utilized to characterize the plasma. The spatial and temporal evolution of the laser focused plasma is measured using shadowgraphy and two-color laser interferometry techniques with Abel inversion. The plasma temperatures are obtained by measuring the velocity of the shock wave front and by using optical emission spectroscopy. Optical emission spectroscopy is performed to diagnose the plasma temperature using nitrogen and oxygen emission lines. Measurements of the core laser plasma density (n e = 8×1017/cc) and electron temperature (10 eV) decay are made. A longer 18 cm focal length lens and its ionizing shock wave front are utilized to produce air seed plasma to instantaneously initiate a larger volume (500 cc) RF sustainment discharge coupled by means of a helical coil at up to 10 kW power levels. The RF system is matched to the inductive plasma impedance by a set of dual capacitors that can be switched during the rf pulse to obtain an optimal match [2]. Observations of the plasma densities and temperatures, plasma dynamics, RF matching and gas heating during the sustainment pulse utilizing mm wave interferometry and optical spectroscopy will be presented.
Protein Traffic from the Secretory Pathway to the Endosomal System in Pancreatic β-Cells

Constitutive-like secretion involves vesicular trafficking corresponding kinetically and biochemically with a post-trans-Golgi network (TGN) origin. In pancreatic β-cells, the budding of AP-1/clathrin-coated vesicles, a portion of which is derived from immature secretory granules, has been hypothesized to initiate constitutive-like trafficking. However, ∼30 min after release of a 20 °C intracellular transport block in pancreatic β-cells (to synchronize protein egress from the TGN), addition of brefeldin A (BFA) (which inhibits AP-1 recruitment) was reported not to block subsequent constitutive-like secretion. To further explore post-TGN trafficking in pancreatic β-cell lines, we have followed the fate of pulse-labeled procathepsin B (ProB, a lysosomal proenyzme) after postpulse wortmannin treatment or the BFA treatment described above. We find that continuous wortmannin treatment allows ProB to reach immature secretory granules but inhibits its egress from maturing granules. Remarkably, BFA treatment causes augmented unstimulated secretion of newly synthesized ProB that is not paralleled by insulin. This effect requires a delay of 25–35 min after release from the 20 °C block. Further, when ProB delivery to endosomes is inhibited, its BFA-augmented secretion is eliminated. We hypothesize that the constitutive-like pathway involves an endosomal intermediate.
Comparative effectiveness of endovascular and surgical revascularization for patients with peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia

Background For patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI), the optimal treatment to enhance limb preservation, prevent death, and improve functional status is unknown. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the comparative effectiveness of endovascular revascularization and surgical revascularization in patients with CLI. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for relevant English-language studies published from January 1995 to August 2012. Two investigators screened each abstract and full-text article for inclusion, abstracted the data, and performed quality ratings and evidence grading. Random-effects models were used to compute summary estimates of effects, with endovascular treatment as the control group. Results We identified a total of 23 studies, including 1 randomized controlled trial, which reported no difference in amputation-free survival at 3 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.22, 95% CI 0.84-1.77) and all-cause mortality (OR 1.07, 0.73-1.56) between the 2 treatments. Meta-analysis of the observational studies showed a statistically nonsignificant reduction in all-cause mortality at 6 months (11 studies, OR 0.85, 0.57-1.27) and amputation-free survival at 1 year (2 studies, OR 0.76, 0.48-1.21) in patients treated with endovascular revascularization. There was no difference in overall death, amputation, or amputation-free survival at ≥2 years. Conclusions The currently available literature suggests that there is no difference in clinical outcomes for patients with CLI treated with endovascular or surgical revascularization. There is a paucity of high-quality data available to guide clinical decision making, especially as it pertains to patient subgroups or anatomical considerations.
Is there a Möbius band in closed protein beta-sheets?

Protein beta-strands can form beta-barrels and other complicated structures. This paper defines bifurcations and pseudobifurcations of beta-sheets. They are important structural elements for protein folding. This paper also presents a characteristic number that can be used to test whether the surface of a closed beta-sheet is one- or two-sided. Searching the whole Protein Data Bank released in April 1997 with the definition of beta-structures given by the DSSP program, we do not find any one-sided beta-Mobius band. However, there are interesting structures such as beta-bands with odd number of antiparallel ladders and odd number of bifurcations. There are also beta-structures that are closed only at a singular point. Adding a small patch near the singular point in different ways can make it a one- or two-sided surface. The catalytic triad of a GMP synthetase (1GPM) is near the singular point of such a beta-sheet.
Who Values the Social Security Annuity? New evidence on the Annuity Puzzle

We examine individuals' self-reported willingness to exchange part of their Social Security inflation-indexed annuity benefit for an immediate lump-sum payment, using an experimental module in the 2004 Health and Retirement Study. Our first finding is that nearly three out of five respondents favor the lump-sum payment if it were approximately actuarially fair, a finding that casts doubt on several leading explanations for why more people do not annuitize. Second, there is some modest price sensitivity and evidence consistent with adverse selection; in particular, people in better health and having more optimistic longevity expectations are more likely to choose the annuity. Third, after controlling on education, more financially literate individuals prefer the annuity. Fourth, people anticipating future Social Security benefit reductions are more likely to choose the lump-sum, suggesting that political risk matters. Other factors such as sex, marital status, income, wealth, or the presence of children are not associated with respondents' relative preferences for the annuity versus the lump-sum.
Reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides by Pseudomonas sp. 200.

The kinetics and mechanism of reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides were examined in pure, batch cultures of Pseudomonas sp. 200. Primary factors controlling hematite dissolution kinetics were mineral surface area (or concentration of high-energy surface sites), ligand concentration, and cell number. In the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), saturation kinetics were apparent in the relationship governing reductive dissolution of hematite. A kinetic expression was developed in which overall iron-reduction rate is functionally related to the concentrations of both NTA and Fe(III). Addition of NTA resulted in a 20-fold increase in the microbial rate of mineral (reductive) dissolution. Mechanisms in which NTA served as a bridging ligand, shuttling respiratory electrons from the membrane-bound microbial electron transport chain to the metal center of the iron oxide, or accelerated the departure of Fe(II) centers (bound to ligand) from the oxide surface following reduction have been postulated. Experimental results indicated that cell–mineral contact was essential for reductive dissolution of goethite.
The Physics of Ohmic Contacts to SiC

The specific contact resistance of an ohmic contact will be discussed including ways to calculate and measure this parameter. Ohmic contacts to n- and p-type hexagonal SiC will then be detailed. Low resistance n-type ohmic contacts are predominately fabricated by annealing a refractory metal, thereby forming a silicide with a lowered Schottky barrier height at the metal-SiC interface. P-type contacts on the other hand generally use Al or Al alloys which upon annealing enable Al to diffuse into the SiC thus resulting in ohmic properties. Aluminium alloys however suffer from many problems which will be discussed. Other novel contacting schemes to p-type SiC will also be reviewed.
Soyasaponin I, III, and Soyasapogenol B Inhibit Proliferation and Modulate PKC Expression in Caco-2 Human Colon Cancer Cells

Group B saponins, the predominant form of saponins in heat-treated soy products, have been shown to possess hypocholesterolemic, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. Previous studies have evaluated crude mixtures of soyasaponins, but studies evaluating a single purified soyasaponin as an anticarcinogenic agent are limited. The goal of this study is to examine the effects of purified soyasaponins I and III as well as their aglycone form, soyasapogenol B, as anticarcinogenic agents on the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of purified soyasaponins on cell proliferation, Protein Kinase C (PKC) activity, and cell morphology in Caco-2 cell cultures. Treatment of cells with soyasaponins I and III at concentrations of 0.3-0.9 mg/ml significantly reduced viable cell numbers after 48 and 72 hours of exposure by 8.6-65.3% (p < 0.05). Soyasapogenol B at a concentration of 0.15 mg/ml significantly reduced viable cell numbers after 24 hours by 62.4% (p < 0.05). Cell morphology changes demonstrated that as concentrations and lipophilicity of soyasaponins increased, cell membranes became rougher and more irregular. Treatment of cells for 72 hours significantly reduced the amount of PKC activity by 9-40% (p < 0.05). Results indicate that purified soyasaponins I, III and soyasapogenol B can suppress Caco-2 colon cancer cell proliferation. These findings suggest that purified group B soyasaponins and their final metabolite soyasapogenol B may be a colon-cancer suppressive component of soy that warrants further examination as a potential nutraceutical or functional food.
Transforming children's health care quality and outcomes-a not-so-random non-linear walk across the translational continuum.

From the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MdThe views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Agency for Healthcare Researchand Quality or the US Department of Health and Human Services.The authors have no conﬂicts of interest to disclose.Publication of this article was supported by the US Department of Health and Human Services or the Agency for Healthcare Researchand Quality.Address correspondence to Denise Dougherty, PhD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Rd., Rockville Maryland20850 (e-mail: denise.dougherty@ahrq.hhs.gov).
On the Question of Heritage and Hierarchy in British Social Anthropology

On Durkheim's Elementary Forms of Religious Life. N. J. Allen. W. S. F. Pickering. and W. Watts Miller. eds. New York: Routledge, 1998. 224 pp. Marcel Mauss:. Centenary Tribute. Wendy James and N. J. Allen. eds. New York: Berghahn Press, 1998. 260 pp. Taboo, Truth, and Religion: Franz Baermann Steiner Selected Writings, vol. 1. Jeremy Adler and Richard Fardon. eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999. 279 pp. Orientpolitik, Value, and Civilisation: Franz Baermann Steiner Selected Writings, vol. 2. Jeremy Adler and Richard Fardon. eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999. 296 pp.
Formal and Empirical Arguments concerning Phonological Acquisition

Smolensky (1996a) has proposed an ingenious solution to the well-known “comprehension/production” dilemma in phonological acquisition. In this article we argue that Smolensky's model encounters serious difficulties with respect to the parsing algorithm proposed and the learnability of underlying representations. Drawing on the generative literature in phonological acquisition, as well as the work of phoneticians and psycholinguists, we offer alternative parsing algorithms and examine their implications for learnability and the initial ranking of Optimality Theory constraints. Finally, we propose that the resolution of the comprehension/production dilemma lies not in the phonological domain (linguistic competence), but in the domain of the implementation of linguistic knowledge (performance).
Response of elastomeric blocks during large compression strains

Abstract An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the response of rubber blocks under large compressive loadings. Quantitative measurements of the nonlinear behavior of two rubber compounds were tested over compressive strains ranging from 17 to 74 percent. Three distinct phenomena were observed in the deformation behavior of both materials. The first was a dramatic increase in contact area (over 130 percent) between the rubber and the platens, beginning at strains above approximately 33 percent. This increased surface area is used to provide stress corrections in several quantitative models, and appears to physically represent a rolling flow phenomenon, similar to fountain flow in observed in polymer melts. The second and third phenomena are associated with a nonlinear normal stress distribution across the sample's surface. These two phenomena are stress maxima and minima associated with stress singularities predicted by nonlinear elastic models. Deviations in stresses across the spec...
Strength and Stress-Strain Characteristics of Cemented Deep-Sea Sediments

It has become increasingly apparent that the engineering properties of ocean sediments differ significantly from land sediments. The suspicion is that interparticle bonding may be the major cause of the difference.
The Other Side of Africa Rising: Cultural Counter-Narratives

This panel gathers papers that examine the ways in which contemporary African literature, art, film, music, and (social) media challenge and complicate the narrative of "Africa rising" that has become so popular in mainstream media. We are interested in works that explore the ways that this / rosy narrative depends on the erasure of forms of social, political, and environmental violence. But, at the same time, we want to ask what it means to still insist on the "unflattering" images of Africa at a time when many African countries are trying to re-brand. How do authors, artists, and other cultural producers refuse to comply with and celebrate the coercions of neo-liberalism in Africa? Papers might therefore also wish to examine / the following questions: What is the role of the African artist in the 21st century? How do forms of technology change what is being said by and about Africans? How are development narratives being re-imagined today? The papers address a cross-section of African regions from Nigeria to Kenya to South Africa and methodologies from literary, cultural and ethnographic studies. Individual paper titles include: "Nollywood films and the 'happy ending'"; "Abuja Rising?"; "The literary underbelly of Kenyan crime fiction" ; "Neo-colonizing the Global South: Elite Indians in Africa" and "Africa Rising, Africa Driving, and the Violence of Automobility".
Development of Dendrosoter protuberans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Larvae of the Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle Being Reared on an Artificial Medium

While developing laboratory rearing procedures for Dendrosoter protuberans (Nees), a braconid parasite introduced from France in 1964 (Kennedy 1970), we reared the parasite on its host, the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), developing in an artificial medium. This observation is unique, because the female parasite is able to locate and oviposit on the bark beetle larva burrowing beneath the surface of the artificial medium. For mass-rearing purposes, D. protuberans is reared from elm bark beetle larvae developing in bolts of elm (Kennedy 1970). Spradbery (1968) reported a technique for culturing several ichneumonid parasites (Rhyssa persuasoria L., R. amoena Gravenhorst, and Pseudorhyssa sternata Merrill) of siricid wood wasps, using the frass from the host tunnel to induce oviposition.
IT-07COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF pDCs AND mDCs FOR DENDRITIC CELL BASED VACCINE STRATEGY FOR MALIGNANT GLIOMA

Dendritic cells (DC) constitute a family of antigen-presenting cells defined by their unique capacity to process antigens and to present them to naive T cells and activate specific type of immune response. This decisive role in inducing immunity was the rationale for DC–based immunotherapy, in which DC loaded with tumor antigens were injected into patients with cancer to stimulate T cells to eradicate various tumors, including gliomas. Because of the limited number of naturally circulating DC, virtually all vaccination studies have used DCs differentiated ex vivo from monocytes or CD34+ progenitors. However, these artificial DCs are less effective than their natural counterparts in mounting effective anti-tumor immunity. Two major subsets of natural circulating DCs are: plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). In a GL261ova mouse model of glioma we compared the ability of mDCs and pDCs to generate effective anti-glioma immunity and characterized the type of immune response generated by the two distinct sets of DCs. We show that mature pDCs and mDCs isolated from naive mice can be effectively activated and loaded with siinfekl antigen in vitro. Upon intra-dermal infection in the hind leg, a fraction of both type of DCs migrate to the brain in tumor bearing mice. Compared to mice vaccinated with pDC or control mice, mice vaccinated with mDCs generated a robust Th1 type immune response, characterized by high frequency of CD4 + Tbet+ T-cells and CD8 + Siinfekel+ T-cells in the brain of the tumor bearing mice. This robust anti-tumor T-cell response resulted in tumor eradication and long-term survival in 90% of the animals. Thus we show that mDCs are better at generating effective anti-glioma response compared to pDCs and thus vaccine based on naturally occurring mDCs can significantly improve the efficacy of DC based immunotherapy.
A Unified Equivalent-Circuit Model for Coplanar Waveguides With Silicon-Substrate Skin-Effect Modeling

In this paper, a novel unified equivalent-circuit model with silicon (Si)-substrate skin-effect modeling is demonstrated to describe the performance of coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines with a wide range of dimensions and substrate resistivities, up to 110 GHz. HFSS is used to simulate the CPWs on 8000-, 15-, and ${\text {0.015-}}\Omega \cdot {\text {cm}}$ resistivity Si substrates. The electric field distributions of the CPWs are analyzed and compared, to demonstrate that the operation mode of the line on the ${\text {0.015-}}\Omega \cdot {\text {cm}}$ resistivity Si substrate is the skin-effect mode and is different compared to the commonly used quasi-TEM mode in high-resistivity substrates. A novel unified equivalent circuit is developed to model all the three operation modes for CPWs (the slow-wave mode, the skin-effect mode, and the dielectric quasi-TEM mode). Agilent Momentum is used to compare with the model up to 110 GHz. CPWs with different substrate resistivities and geometries are then fabricated for verification. The results show that this model can be applied to CPWs with various geometries on different resistivity substrates. Since the model is physics based and analytical, it can be easily included with other device models for RF applications.
A sign of the times: To have or to be? Social capital or social cohesion?

Among various social factors associated with health behavior and disease, social cohesion has not captured the imagination of public health researchers as much as social capital as evidenced by the subsuming of social cohesion into social capital and the numerous studies analyzing social capital and the comparatively fewer articles analyzing social cohesion and health. In this paper we provide a brief overview of the evolution of the conceptualization of social capital and social cohesion and we use philosopher Erich Fromm’s distinction between “having” and “being” to understand the current research focus on capital over cohesion. We argue that social capital is related to having while social cohesion is related to being and that an emphasis on social capital leads to individualizing tendencies that are antithetical to cohesion. We provide examples drawn from the literature where this conflation of social capital and cohesion results in non-concordant definitions and subsequent operationalization of these constructs. Beyond semantics, the practical implication of focusing on “having” vs. “being” include an emphasis on understanding how to normalize groups and populations rather than providing those groups space for empowerment and agency leading to health.
Problems and Countermeasures in Implementing National Basic Medicine System

Implementing the national basic medicine system reduces the expenditure to go see a doctor,brings the actual benefit to the people.But when implementing the system,we meet some problems,for example partial drugs centralized purchase price are more expensive than the former purchase price,the finance compensation measures and channels are undefined,the basic medicine variety cannot fulfill the requirement of the basic medical institutions,the delivery of basic medicine is not in time,the government regulation is in low degree and so on.In view of these problem,some resolution strategies are put forward,in order to provide reference for implementing the national basic medicine system better.
Adverse drug reactions/interactions in maintenance therapy

This paper begins with a brief review of the early onset, recidivism, and multiple consequences of recurrent major depressions. Increasing attention to these factors underscores the importance of long-term maintenance therapy. Successful maintenance rests on optimizing the risk:benefit profile for the patient. Literature is reviewed that the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors exhibit a significantly lower discontinuation rate due to adverse events than do other conventional antidepressants. Adverse events clearly detract from patient compliance and, in turn, ultimately contribute to the risk of depressive recurrence. An overview of adverse events, in both short- and long-term anti-depressant trial experience is provided. In addition, extended pharmacotherapy carries an increased probability of concomitant drug therapy. Relevant drug:drug interaction issues are reviewed, including specific attention to those mediated by the hepatic isoenzyme cytochrome P450 IID6. Lastly, long-term clinical trial experience with fluoxetine relative to short- and long-term emergence of adverse events and adverse event experience following drug discontinuation is presented. Overall fluoxetine adverse events do not increase with chronic administration. When side effects occur, they typically emerge early in the course of acute treatment and wane in the face of continued treatment. Upon drug discontinuation, these events usually reverse at a much faster pace than the drug's half-life. In conclusion, the importance of maintenance therapy in recurrent major depression is increasingly recognized as a critical care issue. To optimize a therapeutic outcome, the clinician is challenged to maximize patient compliance through depression awareness education, regular follow-up, minimization of adverse drug events, and sensitivity to other intercurrent psychosocial events.
Biochemistry and pharmacology of the myometrium and labor: Regulation at the cellular and molecular levels

This review presents the essentials of cell biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of the myometrium and labor, especially as they relate to premature labor. The aim is to explore the neuroendocrine and pharmacologic regulation of myometrial muscle cells in the context of cell membrane function and contractile processes. In the first section, smooth muscle protein structure and interactions are described, the central roles of myosin light-chain kinase, calcium, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are reviewed. Subsequently, events relating to hormone/drug receptor function and implications for pharmacologic applications are discussed. Finally, the processes of information transfer via hormones and drugs are incorporated into a model which explains how the hormones and drugs used in clinical practice may mediate myometrial contractility. The reader is introduced to current concepts of the cellular, molecular, and pharmacologic aspects of labor in order to facilitate the understanding of medical augmentation of labor and tocolytic therapy.
Possible effects of smoke-free inpatient units on psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.

Background The author undertook to review the effects of abstinence from smoking and how those effects might influence the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders when patients are required to temporarily refrain from smoking (e.g., on inpatient wards) or when patients decide to stop smoking permanently. Method Computerized data bases and reference lists of existing articles were searched for prior publications from three areas: (1) the association of smoking and psychiatric disorders, (2) the effects of nicotine withdrawal, and (3) the role of nicotine in psychiatric disorders. Results Withdrawal-induced increases in anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, restlessness, and weight and decreases in heart rate could affect the ability to evaluate alcohol/drug withdrawal, anxiety disorders, etc. Withdrawal effects could mimic medication side effects or increase the blood levels of several psychiatric medications. Whether these effects occur frequently or are of clinical magnitude has not been tested in studies of psychiatric patients. Conclusion Psychiatrists should consider the effects of abstinence from smoking when diagnosing and treating patients who enter smoke-free inpatient units or who stop smoking during outpatient treatment.
Anchor Bolts and Baseplates

Compressive stresses for structural steel members are much higher than the corresponding values of masonry or reinforced concrete on which the steel members may be supported. In order to avoid crushing of the concrete or masonry from bearing stresses that are imposed by the steel members, an intermediate material is used to spread the compressive stresses in the steel to an acceptable level for the concrete of masonry. The analysis for the determination of the stress bearing on the support under a column or beam is a very complex problem. Instead, a simple assumption is used in which the stress is considered to spread uniformly on the support.
...Because It's Not Just About Money

When lawyers represent their clients in party-decided dispute resolution processes such as negotiation or mediation, lawyers have a unique opportunity to work with their clients to help shape a comprehensive settlement beyond just a monetary settlement. This column explains how this is also an opportunity to address the client’s human and core concerns and to help the client secure their personalized sense of justice.
ON ERRORS AND BIAS OF FOURIER TRANSFORM METHODS IN QUADRATIC TERM STRUCTURE MODELS

We analyze and compare the performance of the Fourier transform method in affine and quadratic term structure models. We explain why the method of the reduction to FFT in dimension 1 is efficient for ATSMs of type A0(n), but may lead to sizable errors for QTSMs unless computational errors are taken into account properly. We suggest a certain improvement and generalization which make FFT more accurate and, for the same precision, faster than the Leippold and Wu [M. Leippold and L. Wu, Option pricing under the quadratic class, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis37(2) (2002) 271–295] method. We deduce simple general recommendations for the choice of parameters of computational schemes for QTSMs, which ensure a given precision, and an approximate formula for the bias which FFT produces.
Sudden versus gradual pressure wean from Nasal CPAP in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.

In preterm infants, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is widely used for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. However, the strategies for successfully weaning infants off NCPAP are still not well defined and there remains considerable variation between the methods. The objective of this study is to determine whether gradual weaning of NCPAP pressure is more successful than sudden weaning off NCPAP to room air. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit on 70 preterm neonates who were born between 26 and 32 weeks gestation and required NCPAP for at least 48 h. When infants were stable on NCPAP at 0.21 FiO2 and 5 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure, neonates were randomized to the gradual wean group (reduction in pressure by 1 cm every 8 h until 3 cm H20 was reached) or to sudden wean group (one time NCPAP removal to room air). The primary outcome was a success at the first trial to wean to room air. Secondary outcomes were a number of trials, and weight and postmenstrual age (PMA) at the time of successful wean. Total number of days on NCPAP and length of stay (LOS) in the hospital were also compared between the groups. Of the 70 infants included in the study, 35 were randomized to sudden group and 33 infants to gradual group (2 excluded for protocol deviation). In sudden and gradual groups, 14 and 22 infants, respectively, were weaned successfully in the first attempt (P=0.03). The infants were successfully weaned at 32.7±1.7 weeks versus 33.1±2.4 weeks (P=0.39) PMA and at a weight of 1651±290 g versus 1589±398 g (P=0.46) in the sudden and gradual groups, respectively. The total number of days on NCPAP was 27±19 days versus 32±24 days (P=0.38) and LOS was 63±25 days versus 63±22 days (P=0.99) in the sudden and gradual groups, respectively. Gradual weaning method was more successful as compared to sudden weaning method in the initial trial off NCPAP. There was no difference in the PMA, weight at the time of successful wean, total days on NCPAP and LOS between the two groups.
Description of an establishment event by the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in a suburban landscape in the northeastern United States

The establishment of non-native species is commonly described as occurring in three phases: arrival, establishment, and dispersal. Both arrival and dispersal by the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), a xylophagous Cerambycid native to China and the Korean peninsula, has been documented for multiple locations in both North America and Europe, however the transitional phase, establishment, is not well understood for this species due to the need to rapidly remove populations to prevent dispersal and assist eradication, and the evident variation in the behavior of populations. Here we describe the dynamics of an establishment event for the Asian longhorned beetle in a small, isolated population within the regulated quarantine zone near Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. These data were collected during an opportunity afforded by logistical limits on the Cooperative Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program administered by state, federal, and local government partners. Seventy-one infested red maple (Acer rubrum) trees and 456 interspersed un-infested trees were surveyed in an isolated, recently established population within a ~0.29 ha stand in a suburban wetland conservation area in which nearly 90% of the trees were host species, and nearly 80% were Acer rubrum. Tree-ring analyses show that within this establishing population, Asian longhorned beetles initially infested one or two A. rubrum, before moving through the stand to infest additional A. rubrum based not on distance or direction, but on tree size, with infestation biased towards trees with larger trunk diameters. Survey data from the larger landscape suggest this population may have generated long-distance dispersers (~1400 m), and that these dispersal events occurred before the originally infested host trees were fully exploited by the beetle. The distribution and intensity of damage documented in this population suggest dispersal here may have been spatially more rapid and diffuse than in other documented infestations. Dispersal at these larger spatial scales also implies that when beetles move beyond the closed canopy of the stand, the direction of dispersal may be linked to prevailing winds.
Clonal Propagation of Quercus Spp. Using a Container Layering Technique

Abstract Clonal propagation of two oak species, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. and Quercus bicolor Willd. was accomplished using a modified container layering technique. The effects of gibberellin (GA4+7) application on stock plant budbreak, as well as the effect of shoot position, stock plant age, and the role of indole butyric acid (IBA) solvents on rooting were investigated. Five hundred parts per million of GA4+7 applied once every fourth day increased budbreak in both Q. macrocarpa and Q. bicolor stock plants. Basal shoots of Q. bicolor from ontogenetically juvenile portions of the stock plant stem rooted 35.7% compared with 1.8% for shoots arising in more distal parts of the stock plant stem. In addition, stock plant age (2-6 years) had no effect on rooting. The effect of the various IBA solvents on rooting in Q. bicolor was 84.3% (98% ethanol), 81.3% (50% acetone), 100% (100% acetone), 28.6% (5% dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO) and 65% in 10% DMSO respectively; all shoots in this experiment were treated with 1...
Do bank failure rates reflect state banking and economic conditions? An analysis across US states

Understanding the determinants of bank failures is extremely important in the post financial crisis-era for both bank managers as well as regional banking regulatory authorities. Using state-level data spanning the period 1980–2014 across all 50 states and District of Columbia, the present study examines the impact of state-banking and economic conditions on bank failure rates (BFRs) for both commercial banks and savings institutions. Using both fixed effects and GMM estimations, I find greater capitalisation, overhead costs, liquidity and bank profits to lower BFRs while inferior credit quality, diversification, industry size, net charge-offs and non-performing loans increase BFRs. Moreover increases in commercial and industrial loans, individual and single-family residential loans reduce BFRs. On the other hand, multi-family residential, non-farmland, construction and land development loans increase BFRs. Finally, increases in state housing prices, state personal income and reduction in state unemployment rates lower BFRs.