cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A plasticity model for unidirectional composite materials and its applications in modeling composites testing

A simple three-dimensional plasticity model has been developed to describe the plastic response of unidirectional composite materials. The orthotropic parameters in the model were determined from the stress/strain responses of composites subjected to various experimental loading conditions. The plasticity models for several composite materials were obtained, the stress/strain responses under various loadings being generated by a micromechanics analysis instead of real experiments. A three-dimensional finite element analysis employing the plasticity model was used to model compression and short-beam shear tests of composite materials to demonstrate the application of the model.
Improved textured La2Zr2O7 buffer on La3TaO7 seed for all-MOD Buffer/YBCO coated conductors

Abstract The overall purpose of this research is to develop a potentially low-cost, high throughput, high yield, manufacturing process for buffer deposition, and to gain a fundamental understanding of buffer layers required for an all metal-organic deposition (MOD) based chemical solution approach. This understanding is critical to the development of a reliable, robust, low-cost, long-length manufacturing process of 2G wires. The standard RABiTS architectures consists of a starting template of biaxially textured Ni–W (5 at.%) substrate with a seed layer of Y 2 O 3 , a barrier layer of YSZ, and a CeO 2 cap. In this three-layer architecture, all the buffers are deposited using reactive sputtering. We have recently demonstrated that the barrier properties and the performance of MOD La 2 Zr 2 O 7 (LZO) match that of sputtered YSZ layers. In this work, the texture of MOD LZO was also improved by inserting a sputtered Y 2 O 3 seed layer on which LZO grows without any degradation of texture. Significant improvement in the texture of sputtered Y 2 O 3 seeds on NiW substrates is usually observed which is then transferred to the LZO layer. A key challenge for an all-solution approach is to replace the sputtered seed layer with a possible MOD seed layer with improved texture and on which no degradation of LZO texture occurs. Very recently, we have grown MOD La 3 TaO 7 (LTO) seeds directly on biaxially textured Ni–W (3 at.%) with improved texture. In this study, we report a systematic investigation of the growth MOD LZO barrier layer on MOD LTO seeds. Preliminary results show that it is possible to grow MOD LZO with improved texture on MOD LTO seeds. This approach could be potentially used for future all MOD buffer/YBCO coated conductors.
Expression of T-antigen on polyagglutinable erythrocytes and carcinoma cells: preparation of T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody.

. Recent interest has been revived in the human MN blood group system due to the discovery of the MN precursor substance (T-antigen) on certain malignant, but not benign or normal tissues. Methods for preparing T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody are described and should be useful not only to the researcher involved in this new line of investigation, but also to the routine blood bank faced with the occasional problem of erythrocyte polyagglitinability.
Inelastic neutron scattering from solid krypton at 10 °K

The phonon dispersion of fcc krypton has been measured along high-symmetry directions at 10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on a single crystal with an equilibrium lattice spacing of 5.646 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.002 A. The data can be fitted with a general three-neighbor-force-constant model of nine parameters with only slight depatures from central force axially symmetric conditions. Utilizing theoretical estimates of the weak additional forces due to the fourth- through eighth-nearest neighbors, the zero-sound elastic constants are determined to be ${c}_{11}=514\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$, ${c}_{12}=284\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6$, and ${c}_{44}=268\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The agreement of the measured dispersion curves with theoretical calculations by Barker etal. is excellent; the maximum deviation of \ensuremath{\cong}3% occurs near the zone boundary. A broadening of the neutron response for zone-boundary modes was observed that was comparable to the energy itself when the sample was near its melting point.
Absence of intrinsic antagonist actions of benzodiazepine antagonists on an exploratory model of anxiety in the mouse.

Recent reports suggest that antagonists of benzodiazepine receptors have intrinsic anxiogenic and convulsant properties. An exploratory model in the mouse, specific for anxiolytics, was employed to test further, the hypothesis that antagonists have intrinsic actions pharmacologically opposite to those of the benzodiazepines. The drugs Ro 15-1788 (ethyl-8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidiazo-[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate), CGS-8216 (2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3[5H]one),β-CCM (3-carbomethoxy-β-carboline) and FG-7142 (N1-methyl-β-carbo]ine-3-carboxamide) all effectively blocked the anxiolytic actions of diazepam. None of these antagonists demonstrated intrinsic or anxiogenic or anxiolytic activity in this model system. These findings suggest that both the species and paradigm employed will determine the pharmacological profile of drugs which act at the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.
Characterization and Modeling of Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Spiking

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity is a primary source of cardiovascular control in humans. Traditional analyses smooth away the fine temporal structure of the sympathetic recordings, limiting our understanding of sympathetic activation mechanisms. We use multifiber spike trains extracted from standard microneurography voltage trace to characterize the sympathetic spiking at rest and during sympathoexcitation. Our analysis corroborates known features of sympathetic activity, such as bursting behavior, cardiac rhythmicity, and long conduction delays. It also elucidates new features such as large heartbeat-to-heartbeat variability of firing rates and precise pattern of spiking within cardiac cycles. We find that at low firing rates, spikes occur uniformly throughout the cardiac cycle, but at higher rates, they tend to cluster in bursts around a particular latency. This latency shortens and the clusters tighten as the firing rates grow. Sympathoexcitation increases firing rates and shifts the burst latency later. Negative rate/latency correlation and the sympathoexcitatory shift suggest that spike production of the individual fibers contributes significantly to the control of the sympathetic bursts strength. Access to fine scale temporal information, more physiologically accurate description of nerve activity, and new hypotheses about the nervous outflow control establishes sympathetic spiking as a valuable tool for the cardiovascular research.
The impact of ground plane size upon the performance of Field-induced Charged Device Model ESD testing systems

Experimental measurements of peak stressing current in a laboratory prototype Field-induced Charged Device Model (FCDM) ESD testing system have revealed a nonlinear dependence upon ground plane area and test module capacitance. This dependence is explained by an expanded equivalent circuit model for the testing system that takes explicit account of the parasitic capacitance between the ground plane on the test head and the underlying field plate. The results of this work underscore the importance of ensuring that the ground plane is sufficiently large to cover the device under test.
Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations

M.B. KIRKHAM. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA. Hardback, 500 pp. ISBN 0-12-409751-0. This new text, Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations , is unique in various ways, and above all is a pleasure to read or browse through. As the title suggests, the book treats both soil and plants,
Cytologic diagnosis of low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasms (low malignant potential and low-grade carcinoma) in the context of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification.

The 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) classification of urothelial neoplasms introduced a category called papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential (LMP) and separated it from low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (LGPUC), which was thought to yield abnormal cells in cytology specimens. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of urine cytology in diagnosing these lesions. Eighty-six paired transurethral surgical biopsy and corresponding urine cytology specimens representing the spectrum of urothelial papillary lesions were examined. Consensus diagnosis on each biopsy was made, and the distribution was as follows: 16 benign urothelium, 27 LMP, 28 LGPUC, and 15 high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGPUC). This was followed by a blinded independent review of the urine cytology specimens by three observers. Each cytology case was marked as negative, atypical, suspicious, or positive for malignant cells by using previously published cytologic criteria. When the negative and atypical diagnoses were grouped together as "benign" and the suspicious and malignant diagnoses as "malignant," the detection rate of "malignancy" of the lesions was as follows: LMP, 37%; LGPUC, 25%; and HGPUC, 53%. The false positive rate was 6%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 94%. Detection rates of cells that were at least "atypical" were as follows: LMP, 74%; LGPUC, 79%; and HGPUC, 100%. While most of the LMP and LGPUC cases yielded cells that were at least "atypical," there was no significant difference in the distribution of cytologic diagnoses for LMP and LGPUC cases (P > 0.05). Urine cytology in the context of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification appears to be useful as a screening tool but does not appear to discriminate LMP effectively from LGPUC.
Towards Computationally Tractable Simulations of Metal Forming Processes With Evolving Microstructures

Performing microstructure sensitive metal-forming simulations is widely recognized as a computational challenge because of the need to store large sets of state variables related to microstructure data. We present a rigorous methodology for the compaction of microstructural data associated with a material point and show that the statistical distributions of microstructure of any size can be compacted to several hundred grains. The methodology is based on the spectral representation of microstructure distribution functions through the use of generalizes spherical harmonics. Subsequently, we present a computational framework aimed at dramatically reducing time needed for microstructure sensitive simulations of metal forming processes. The framework is based on a combination of the recently developed numerical implementations of crystal plasticity models in the spectral representation for obtaining the response of single crystals and specialized computer hardware that integrates a graphics-processing unit. We apply these two methodologies on a plane strain compression case study and obtain speedup factors exceeding three orders of magnitude.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Use of Chemotherapy in the Resection of Liver Metastases of Colorectal Cancer

R0 resection has proved curative in a subset of patients with colorectal liver metastases. Unfortunately, the incidence of recurrence is high. For this reason, chemotherapy has been used at the preoperative and/or postoperative settings in clearly resectable disease in an attempt to eradicate micrometastasis and, hopefully, increase the oncological benefit of resection. For patients whose disease is not resectable but would become resectable as a result of a substantial response to treatment, chemotherapy is used to “convert” unresectable to resectable disease. This paper will review the use of perioperative chemotherapy, discuss issues regarding administration of chemotherapy before or after surgery, and review evidence regarding the use of specific cytotoxic and targeted agents.
Integrating external biological knowledge in the construction of regulatory networks from time-series expression data

Inference about regulatory networks from high-throughput genomics data is of great interest in systems biology. We present a Bayesian approach to infer gene regulatory networks from time series expression data by integrating various types of biological knowledge.
Plant-closing decisions and the market value of the firm☆

Abstract We investigate the underlying causes and the announcement effects of plant closings. The closing in our sample do not appear related to takeover activity. Instead, they appear motivated by declining firm profitability. Firms announcing closings have lower earnings than market or industry medians; earnings typically improve slightly after the announcement. We find a negative stock-market reaction to plant-closing announcements.
Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations

Ambient aerosol samples were collected over the Arabian Sea during the month of March 1997, aboard the German R/V Sonne, as part of the German JGOFS project (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study). This is the third study in a series of analogous measurements taken over the Arabian Sea during different seasons of the monsoon. Dichotomous high volume collector samples were analyzed for anions and cations upon return to the laboratory. Anthropogenic pollutant concentrations were larger during the first part of the cruise, when air masses originated over the Indian subcontinent. Total NSS-SO_4^(2−) concentrations amounted to 2.94 ± 1.06 μg m^(−3) of which 92.1 ± 4.5% was present in the fine fraction. NSS-SO_4^(2−) source apportionment analysis with multivariate linear regression models revealed that in the coarse fraction half is biogenically and half anthropogenically derived, while in the fine fraction only 6% seemed of biogenic origin and 84% anthropogenic and 10% crustal in nature. Chloride deficits up to 99.1% in the fine fraction were observed. The average Cl^− deficit in the fine fraction was 89.0 ± 9.4%, potentially related to NSS-SO_4^(2−) acid displacement and Cl reactive species formation, while in the coarse fraction it was 25.6 ± 21.3%, with NO_3^− being the preferred species for acid displacement.
Predicting Cigarette Use Among Hawai`i Adolescents

The aim of the study was to determine rates and correlates and to predict cigarette use for Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian adolescents in Hawai`i. Data were collected on a multi-ethnic adolescent sample of 7,317 students in five high schools from three islands in the state of Hawai`i from 1992—1996. Psychopathology symptoms, school measures, environment and suicide/self injury accounted for the most variance in cigarette use. Non-Hawaiians (especially immigrant groups), females, speaking non-standard English, lower socioeconomic status and higher rates of suicide/self injury were related to cigarette use. Hawaiian culture was a small, but significant risk factor. For adolescents, psychopathology, school, environmental factors, the role of culture and the growing ethnic diversity of youth should be considered in smoking prevention and cessation interventions.
Psychophysiological correlates of anisocoria.

Abstract The fact that some individuals have bilateral differences in the diameter of their pupils, a condition known as anisocoria, has long been recognized by opthalmologists and neurologists. While anisocoria is generally considered to be a diagnostically important correlate of ocular lesion or aberration, there is much less agreement on its reported relationship to other clinical states, which include diabetes, multiple sclerosis, epidemic encephalitis, frontal lobe tumor [1], tumors creating pressure on the third nerve, prefrontal lobectomy, tuberculosis meningitis, cerebral beriberi, mumps [2], neural dysfunction of the diencephalon [3], altered thyroid function [4], impaired tendon reflexes [5], insufficiency of the post-ganglionic cholinergic parasympathetic fibers [6–8], palperpral fissure inequality [9], hysteria, schizophrenia, migraine, scleroderma, cardiac arrhythmia, vasomotor instability, dermography, asymmetric sweating, anhidrosis in the arms and hands [10], mental troubles in association with endocrine and vasomotor problems [11] and emotion associated with the death of a loved one [12,13]. Some authors, most prominently Lowenstein and Lowenfield [10], who support a “disease or injury” causal view of anisocoria, point out that very little research is available and that most of the relationships reported, especially with psychological states, might be spurious or at best secondary. They admit, however, that ocular injury or disease correlates in many cases of anisocoria have not yet been adequately documented, and a more systematic research approach to the phenomenon of anisocoria is needed. The series of studies reported here were intended to be an intial step towards the systematic exploration of variables associated with anisocoria. Specifically, attempts were made to identify physiological correlates of the anisocoric state and to determine whether pupillary inequality and its directionality (right pupil larger than the left or vice versa) correspond to inequality and directionality of other autonomic variables. Such an investigation of related automonic variables was deemed pertinent in view of the multitude of previously reported clinical correlates of anisocoria suggestive of autonomic imbalance.
HISTOLOGY OF PUSTULE FORMATION AFTER INOCULATING LEAVES OF PHASEOLUS WITH UROMYCES APPENDICULATUS

SUMMARY Histological studies of bean rust colonization revealed that mesophyll colonization accelerates abruptly on the sixth day following inoculation corresponding to (a) the time of development of the first visible symptoms and (b) the often reported manifold increase in respiration of diseased leaves. There is an accompanying hypertrophy of mesophyll cells. These observations are considered as further evidence that much of the respiratory increase may be ascribed to the fungus but they do not discount host contributions. With scanning electron micrography and standard histological techniques, new observations made on the early stages of pustule development cast doubt on the (assumed) role of tactile pressure in uredial opening.
Watering Up the Curriculum for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities-Part 2 Goals of the Affective Dimension

This article addresses issues associated with common pedagogical practices that impede affective development of adolescents with learning disabilities. It also outlines goals, principles, and techniques for “watering up” curriculum and instruction so that intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, academic and social self-concept, self-esteem, a sense of competence and confidence, an “attack” attitude about challenging tasks, willingness to take risks, and sense of personal potency are fostered.
Studies on the toxicity of two alkyl aryl sulfonates.

Results of acute toxicity tests in rodents indicated that the two alkyl aryl sulfonates studied may be classified as only moderately toxic. Acutely poisoned animals showed evidence of stimulation and irritation of the digestive tract. The mechanism of death is obscure, since the tissue lesions were neither extensive nor pathognomonic; both compounds, however, showed more hemolytic activity in vitro than sodium stearate. No noticeable systemic effect followed cutaneous application, nor were there local reactions of significance. Continued feeding of the compounds to rodents resulted in no evidence of cumulative toxicity. The ingestion of small quantities would seem to be harmless.
Does Neighborhood Matter? Family, Neighborhood, and School Influences on Eighth-Grade Mathematics Achievement

Abstract This paper explores ways by which neighborhoods and schools may influence the mathematics achievement of eighth grade students. We use data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS: 88) and combine it with U.S. Census data at the level of students' residential zip codes. These data allow us to analyze simultaneously all aspects of students' lives: their families, neighborhoods, and schools. Our findings suggest that “bringing neighborhood in” makes sense for this line of research. Disadvantages at the neighborhood and school level may place students at risk, by influencing students and their achievement in mathematics directly and indirectly. We find that both disadvantaged neighborhoods and disadvantaged schools are directly associated with lower levels of mathematics achievement, even after controlling for individual level background variables. Disadvantaged neighborhoods are also indirectly associated with students' mathematics achievement, by weakening parents' ability to help c...
Identification of a new platelet aggregating factor released by sensitized leukocytes.

Abstract Sensitized mononuclear cells from the spleen of nephritic New Zealand white rabbits will, on re-exposure to the sensitizing antigen, produce a substance capable of inducing platelet aggregation. The reaction producing the platelet aggregating factor (PAF) is antigen specific. This factor has several characteristics of the lymphokines, including molecular weight, rate of synthesis, and thermal stability. The mechanism by which PAF produces aggregation appears to be by induction of the platelet release reaction. The effect of PAF on platelets is inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid and heparin. PAF had no effect by tests used on purified fibrinogen. This factor may be responsible for the platelet aggregates seen in the glomeruli of both animals and patients with various types of glomerulonephritis.
Displacement of Bilirubin from Albumin by Indomethacin

The primary albumin binding site of indomethacin is remote from the bilirubin binding site. Indomethacin is, at most, a weak displacer of bilirubin at low serum drug concentrations. When administered at dosages less than 1 mg/kg, indomethacin would appear to be safe with respect to serum binding of bilirubin in premature infants.
Vitrinite secondary fluorescence: Its chemistry and relation to the development of a mobile phase and thermoplasticity in coal

Abstract Coal fractions obtained by a progressive solvent extraction scheme and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) fractionation have been examined by fluorescence microscopy. The results show that aromatic oligomers, polar compounds and a small portion of aliphatics in the mobile phase are actively and highly fluorescent. It is concluded that these compounds are fluorophors responsible for the secondary fluorescence displayed by some vitrinite. The overall secondary fluorescence of vitrinite is a complex overlapping of the fluorescence signals of these compounds with intermolecular and interphase interactions. These interactions cause a certain degree of fluorescence quenching through radiationless processes. The aromatic network system within the vitrinite is apparently too condensed to display a visible fluorescence at a rank higher than subbituminous C/B as a result of self-quenching. It is suggested that the development of a ‘mobile phase’ during the bituminous stage of coalification is responsible for the secondary fluorescence of the vitrinite, as well as its thermoplastic behavior.
Esthetics and Anterior Tooth Position: An Orthodontic Perspective Part III: Mediolateral Relationships

This article has discussed the medio-lateral relationship of the maxillary anterior teeth relative to esthetics. In this dimension, common problems include asymmetric crown widths, inadequate pontic width, midline deviation, and improper angulation of the maxillary incisors. In all four of these situations, the proper solution depends on a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach involving well-planned and well-choreographed orthodontics and restorative dentistry.
STUDIES OF A LATENT CLASS SIGNAL DETECTION MODEL FOR CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE SCORING II: INCOMPLETE AND HIERARCHICAL DESIGNS

A basic consideration in large-scale assessments that use constructed response (CR) items, such as essays, is how to allocate the essays to the raters that score them. Designs that are used in practice are incomplete, in that each essay is scored by only a subset of the raters, and also unbalanced, in that the number of essays scored by each rater differs across the raters. In addition, all of the possible rater pairs may not be used. The present study examines the effects of these factors on parameter recovery and classification accuracy using simulations of a latent class model based on signal detection theory (SDT). Many tests also include more than one CR item, which introduces a nested or hierarchical structure into the design, in that raters are nested within essays (i.e., there are multiple raters per essay) and essays are nested within examinees (i.e., each examinee provides two or more essays). A hierarchical rater model (HRM) has previously been developed to recognize the nested structure. A version of the HRM that incorporates a latent class signal detection model in the first level, referred to as the HRM-SDT model, is presented. Parameter recovery in the HRM-SDT model is examined in simulations. The model is applied to data from several ETS tests.
Calculated Small Signal Characteristics for Iradiated PN Junctions

Numerical calculations have been used to study small signal trapping effects in neutron-irradiated pn junctions as a function of frequency. Good agreement has been obtained between the calculations and experimental data in n-type silicon using two acceptor centers to model the trapping centers produced by neutron irradiation. A single level donor center has been used for p-type material. These calculations indicate that complex changes in the carrier distributions within the device can be responsible for a rather simple change in the terminal capacitance and conductance. Although good agreement has been obtained between the calculated and experimental results, the calculations suggest that another deep acceptor level (consisting of about 10% of the total trap density) may be present in n-type material which provides a more gradual change in the terminal capacitance with frequency than that noted using the two acceptor centers.
Protein farnesyltransferase isoprenoid substrate discrimination is dependent on isoprene double bonds and branched methyl groups.

Farnesylation is a posttranslational lipid modification in which a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid is linked via a thioether bond to specific cysteine residues of proteins in a reaction catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase). We synthesized the benzyloxyisoprenyl pyrophosphate (BnPP) series of transferable farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) analogues (1a−e) to test the length dependence of the isoprenoid substrate on the FTase-catalyzed transfer of lipid to protein substrate. Kinetic analyses show that pyrophosphates 1a−e and geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) transfer with a lower efficiency than FPP whereas geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) does not transfer at all. While a correlation was found between Km and analogue hydrophobicity and length, there was no correlation between kcat and these properties. Potential binding geometries of FPP, GPP, GGPP, and analogues 1a−e were examined by modeling the molecules into the active site of the FTase crystal structure. We found that analogue 1d displaces approxima...
Amyloid Fibrils: the Eighth Wonder of the World in Protein Folding and Aggregation

Protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation are among the central topics of molecular biology in the postgenome era. Increasing evidence indicates that protein aggregation plays a vital role in a variety of biological processes. Specifically, fibrillar aggregates, i.e., filamentous assemblies of peptides and proteins that possess a common cross-β sheet structure, have been found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to mammals, and have been shown to possess different physiological functions.
Modern Education in Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods

Historical writing on modern education in Iran has changed in the past few decades. Earlier works that focused on the top-down feature of modern education were very much influenced by modernization theory, nationalist historiography, and the dichotomous notion of reform and reaction. First, this article suggests that one should analyze the view of specific individuals or groups on modern education rather than simply dividing them into reformists and reactionaries with clear-cut attitudes. Then it surveys the shift from these earlier approaches to new ones that have taken various directions with generally more attention to state-society relations and culture, including such issues as modern education as a site of nation-building and constructing the new social order.
Thermal magnetic fluctuations and anomalous electron diffusion

We investigate electron transport for a thermal plasma using a magnetostatic plasma model. Three cases are investigated; (1) fixed ions, only magnetic fluctuations; (2) fixed ions, magnetic and electrostatic fluctuations; (3) mobile ions, magnetic, and electrostatic fluctuations. For (1), magnetic islands as well as many unclosed field lines occurred; for (2) and (3) electrostatic convective cells occurred along with magnetic islands giving a much more turbulent situations. Generally the transport due to electrostatic convective cells dominated.
Peripheral aromatization: Studies on controlling factors

Abstract Using constant infusions of 3H-labeled androgens and 14C-labeled estrogens with measurements of radiolabeled estrogens in blood and/or urine we have carried out studies on the peripheral aromatization of androgens in humans, nonhuman primates, sheep, and rabbits. In the human, aromatization is increased in women as they become post-menopausal, although the mechanism remains uncertain. In humans and cynomolgus monkeys the administration of ACTH and/or glucocorticoids does not increase peripheral aromatization, but results in a slight decrease in the aromatization of androstenedione. The administration of e -thyroxine to cynomolgus monkeys increases peripheral aromatization of androstenedione from basal, 1.16 + 0.15%, to 1.71 ± 0.14% probably due to increased tissue blood flow. The aromatization of testosterone is not affected, probably due to an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin. Peripheral aromatization occurs to a similar degree in humans, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, and baboons, but is much lower in sheep and rabbits. The compound 10-(2-propynyl)-estr-4-ene-3,17-dione is an effective inhibitor of the peripheral aromatization of both androstenedione and testosterone.
Heat treated martensitic steels: microstructural systems for advanced manufacture

This paper describes the microstructure, deformation, and fracture of low-temperature-tempered (LTT) martensitic steels. The microstructural reasons for the ability of these steels to achieve ultrahigh strengths and the factors controlling ductility and toughness are described for low-carbon, medium-carbon, and high-carbon LTT martensitic steels. The key strengthening mechanism of LTT martensitic steels is the strain hardening provided by the transition carbide/dislocation substructure of the martensite crystals. In low- and medium-carbon steels, LTT microstructures fail by ductile fracture mechanisms, and ductility decreases as strain hardening rates increase with increasing carbon content. In high-carbon LTT steels, quench embrittlement associated with phosphorus segragation and cementite formation at austenite grain boundaries limits toughness and fatigue resistance. Approaches which permit the application of the high strengths of high-carbon LTT steels and minimize the effects of quench embrittlement are discussed.
Late effects of hematoma on brain morphology and memory in closed head injury

In order to examine the late effects of prior hematoma on brain morphology and memory in closed head injury (CHI), 16 patients with a history of hematoma and craniotomy following injury were matched with CHI patients without prior hematoma. Volumetric estimates of cortical atrophy and ventricle size computed from CT scans were obtained in addition to Wechsler Memory scale (WMS) scores. Patients with a history of hematoma demonstrated significantly greater cortical atrophy than nonhematoma CHI patients irrespective of hematoma location. The hematoma group also was found to have greater ventricular dilation, although this difference only approached significance. In terms of memory abilities, the hematoma group was more impaired on WMS Memory Quotient (MQ) and the Associate Learning subtest in particular. Results suggest that hematoma following head injury may promote additional detrimental effects on brain morphology and memory status.
The myxophyceae of the marshes of Southern Delaware

Thirty-six species of blue-green algae were observed in collections from the marshes of southern Delaware. All major vegetational zones support a single myxophycean association dominated by the three primary oscillatoriaceous species (sensu Drouet, 1968)Microcoleus lyngbyaceus (Kutzing) Crouan,Schizothrix calcicola (Agardh) Gomont andSchizothrix arenaria (Berkeley) Gomont. All three species contribute to the formation of coherent mats over the marsh sediments in bare areas subject to alternate periods of inundation by salt water and exposure. Firm mats are not produced unlessS. arenaria is present in abundance. Pannes and pools support the largest populations of blue-green algae in the summer. Significant but reduced populations overwinter in mats of macroscopic green algae and among the dead, lodged culms of the grasses of the high and low marshes. The availability of light at the sediment surface and the extent to which it is attenuated by the marsh angiosperms are the major factors determining the distribution of the algae on the marshes. When synonymy is taken into account, there is considerable agreement among the various published accounts of the myxophycean floras of marshes in the temperate North Atlantic region. It is suggested that the myxophycean association found on the marshes of southern Delaware may, with certain reservations, be taken as the type of a single ubiquitous, endemic temperate North Atlantic blue-green algal association. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00BY066 00005
Surface plasmon relaxation energies for CO adsorbed on jellium

Abstract Substrate induced screening or extra-atomic relaxation energies are calculated for molecular orbital (MO) hole states of CO adsorbed on jellium surfaces, within a previously elucidated linear response model. For realistic adsorbate-substrate spacings, screening energies of ∼2 eV and differential shifts amongst the MO's of ∼ a few tenths eV are obtained. The classical expression for the screening energy E = e 2 4(s + k −1 ) gives a reasonable estimate when s is taken as the distance between the image plane and the MO charge centroid and k −1 is the Fermi-Thomas screening length.
Prevalence and persistence of sleep complaints in a rural older community sample: the MoVIES project.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and 2-year persistence of subjective sleep complaints in a rural older population. DESIGN: A prospective epidemiological study of an age-stratified random community sample. SETTING: The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural area of Southwestern Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1050 individuals with a mean age of 74.4 years (range, 66–97; SD = 5.5); 57.2% were women. MEASUREMENTS: Subjective responses to questions about sleep complaints, classified as “never” experienced versus “sometimes” or “usually”; these questions reflected difficulty falling asleep (DFA), sleep continuity disturbance (SCD), early morning awakening (EMA), and uncontrollable daytime somnolence (DaSom). Subjects were also asked about snoring. Frequencies of these complaints were used to calculate their prevalence; those who remained in the study 2 years later were asked the same questions again to determine the persistence of sleep complaints. On the first occasion, subjects were also asked for “usual” estimates of how long they took to fall asleep, how many times they wakened during the night, and how many hours of sleep they obtained per night. RESULTS: With regard to prevalence, 385 (36.7%) subjects reported DFA, 301 (28.7%) reported SCD, 201 (19.1%) reported EMA, and 198 individuals (18.9%) reported DaSom. Of those who knew whether they snored, 334 (40.0%) reported snoring loudly during sleep. Within the age range of this group, age was not associated with complaints of insomnia or somnolence; however, older age was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of snoring (P < .001). All three insomnia complaints were significantly more common among women (P < .001). Snoring was significantly more common among men (P < .005), but there was no gender difference in DaSom. With regard to subjective estimates, of those reporting DFA, 49.2% reported that sleep latency exceeded an hour; of those reporting SCD, 26.2% reported waking three or more times per night; and of the entire sample, 11.8% reported 5 hours or less, whereas 12.7% reported 9 to 12 hours, of sleep per night. Approximately 2 years later, among those who had reported insomnia previously and participated in the follow-up wave, the persistence of DFA was 74.9%, that of SCD 68.9%, that of EMA 47.3%, and that of known snoring was 59.6%. The persistence of DaSom, however, was only 5.7%; only DaSom was significantly (P = .049) associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep complaints were common among these older individuals. Because these data were collected prospectively, they also provide objective evidence that insomnia is relatively persistent or chronic among older adults. This finding has implications for the diagnosis and long-term management of sleep disorders in older people. Derivation from a random community-based sample rather than from samples of patients or volunteers makes these data more generalizable to the general older population. Finally, these data describe a rural older population, a group which, in general, is medically underserved and understudied.
Solution ENDQR from dispersion mode ESR

Abstract The Bloch equations are used to obtain an expression for the magnitude of the ENDOR enhancement of a dispersion mode ESR signal. The maximum predicted dispersion mode enhancement is 1.79 times greater than that predicted for adsorption mode ESR signals. Experimentally, a ratio of 2.0 ± 0.4 is found when γ 2 H 1 2 T 1 T 2 is set equal to 1.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions and the diffuse interstellar bands.

Neutral naphthalene (C10H8), phenanthrene (C14H10), and pyrene (C16H10) absorb strongly in the ultraviolet and may contribute to the extinction curve. High abundances are required to produce detectable structures. The cations of these Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) absorb in the visible. C10H8(+) has 12 discrete absorption bands which fall between 6800 and 5000 A. The strongest band at 6741 A falls close to the weak 6742 A diffuse interstellar band (DIB). Five other weaker bands also match DIBs. The possibility that C10H8(+) is responsible for some of the DIBs can be tested by searching for new DIBS at 6520, 6151, and 5965 A, other moderately strong naphthalene cation band positions. If C10H8(+) is indeed responsible for the 6742 A feature, it accounts for 0.3% of the cosmic carbon. The spectrum of C16H10(+) is dominated by a strong band at 4435 A in an Ar matrix and 4395 A in a Ne matrix, a position which falls very close to the strongest DIB, that at 4430 A. If C16H10(+), or a closely related pyrene-like ion is indeed responsible for the 4430 A feature, it accounts for 0.2% of the cosmic carbon. We also report an intense, very broad UV-to-visible continuum which is associated with both ions and could explain how PAHs convert interstellar UV and visible radiation into IR.
Spin-state control of thermal and photochemical Bergman cyclization

Thermal Bergman cyclization of Pt(II) dialkynylporphyrins reveals a marked reduction in the cyclization temperature relative to the free base and Zn(II) derivatives. In contrast, photogenerated 3ππ* population produces no detectable Bergman photocyclization, suggesting that the photoreactivities of the related free base and Zn(II) derivatives occurs via the 1ππ* state.
SAA, AN APOPROTEIN OF HDL: ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The putative precursor of amyloid protein AA appears in serum as an apoprotein (apoSAA) of heavier HDL fractions of lipoproteins found in humans and mice. ApoSAA is found by precipitation with specific anti-AA antibodies to be on a particle that also carries apoA-I and some C-apoproteins. In endotoxin-treated mice a lipoprotein fraction with about 2 moles of apoSAA to 1 mole of apoA-I can be isolated, an apoSAA-carrying subset of HDL being thus suggested. In mice, rapid clearance from plasma of native apoSAA compared to apoA-I suggests a special function for apoSAA. The C-terminal amino acid portion of apoSAA may play a role in this function.
Note on a conjecture of Kojima and Saigal

Abstract We prove there exist a finite set of (real) matrices of order n with positive determinant that, collectively, “see” all such matrices.
A viral coat glycoprotein (gp52muMTV) has detergent-sensitive and detergent-resistant epitopes in the same molecule

Two monoclonal antibodies (IIB5 and IC12) specific for the gp52 coat glycoprotein of mouse mammary tumor virus are directed against epitopes on the gp52 that are sensitive to a non-ionic detergent, Nonidet P-40. There are other epitopes on this molecule that are stable in the detergent, as seen in immunoprecipitation studies with other anti-gp52 monoclonal antibodies (VE7, IIIA1, IVC11).
Radiofrequency Ablation for Dysplasia in Barrett’s Esophagus Restores β-Catenin Activation Within Esophageal Progenitor Cells

Endoscopic therapies for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) associated dysplasia, particularly radiofrequency ablation (RFA), are popular alternatives to surgery. The effect of such therapies on dysplastic stem/progenitor cells (SPC) is unknown. Recent studies suggest that AKT phosphorylation of β-Catenin occurs in SPCs and may be a marker of activated SPCs. We evaluate the effect of RFA in restoring AKT-mediated β-Catenin signaling in regenerative epithelium. Biopsies were taken from squamous, non-dysplastic BE, dysplastic BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Also, post-RFA, biopsies of endoscopically normal appearing neosquamous epithelium were taken at 3, 6, and 12 months after successful RFA. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis was performed for Pβ-Catenin552 (Akt-mediated phosphorylation of β-Catenin), Ki-67 and p53. There was no difference in Pβ-Catenin552 in squamous, GERD, small bowel and non-dysplastic BE. There was a fivefold increase in Pβ-Catenin552 in dysplasia and EAC compared to non-dysplastic BE (P < 0.05). Also, there was a persistent threefold increase in Pβ-Catenin552 in neosquamous epithelium 3 months after RFA compared to native squamous epithelium (P < 0.05) that correlated with increased Ki-67. Six months after RFA, Pβ-Catenin552 and Ki-67 are similar to native squamous epithelium. Enhanced AKT-mediated β-Catenin activation is seen in BE-associated carcinogenesis. Three months after RFA, squamous epithelial growth from SPC populations exhibited increased levels of Pβ-Catenin552. This epithelial response becomes quiescent at 6 months after RFA. These data suggest that elevated Pβ-Catenin552 after RFA denotes a repair response in the neosquamous epithelium 3 months post-RFA.
Fertilization impacts on Swiss needle cast disease severity in western Oregon

Abstract The influence of fertilization on disease severity is unknown in most forest pathosystems. Fertilization treatments were randomly applied to 0.01 ha plots centered on individual dominant or co-dominant Douglas-fir trees in ten Douglas-fir stands from coastal Oregon to the foothills of the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. This region is affected by Swiss needle cast, caused by the fungal pathogen Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. Selected stands represented a range of Swiss needle cast disease severity, and 10 replications of each fertilization treatment were applied in each stand. The six treatments included nitrogen (urea), calcium as lime (calcium carbonate), calcium as calcium chloride, phosphorus (monosodium phosphate), a site-specific blend (Kinsey) and an unfertilized control. Fertilization took place from February–April 2007, and single branches were collected from treated trees for disease severity assessment of foliage in May 2010. Disease severity of 1- and 2-year-old needles was evaluated by counting the frequency of infected needles and the density of P. gaeumannii fruiting bodies (pseudothecia) on a random subset of needles from each tree and needle age class. Fertilization treatment effects on infection index (mean fruiting body density) were tested by mixed-effects models that accounted for site as a blocking factor. Treatment effects on infection index at each of the study locations were also tested by ten separate ANOVAs. Across and within sites, fertilization treatment did not significantly affect infection index of 1- or 2-year old needles (p > 0.05). Small differences in mean fruiting body density (⩽3%) between fertilization and control treatments across sites were not statistically significant, nor are they believed to be biologically or economically significant. Decisions regarding fertilization should be based on site-specific attributes, such as soil chemistry. There is no evidence that fertilization directly ameliorates or exacerbates Swiss needle cast severity in western Oregon.
Potential Mineral and Energy Resources at Submerged Plate Boundaries

The theory of plate tectonics is briefly reviewed with reference to the recognized association between types of mineral (metals) and energy (hydrocarbons, geothermal) resources that may occur at sites along plate boundaries submerged beneath the oceans. An immense gap in knowledge, technology and economics exists between the potential for mineral or energy resources to occur and the development of the resource as a commercial prospect. The real benefit of mineral discoveries such as polymetallic sulfides at submerged plate boundaries is to feed back information from the seabed to guide exploration for analogous deposits on land. A world map is presented showing the location of submerged plate boundaries and a 200 nautical mile-wide offshore zone. La theorie de la tectonique en plaques est examinee brievement a la lumiere d'associations connues entre les types de mineraux (metaux) et les ressources energetiques (hydrocarbures, geothermie) qui peuvent se manifester sur des sites au long des plaques submergees par les oceans. Il existe une lacune importante en matiere de connaissances et de donnees techniques et economiques entre, d'une part, la presence potentielle de ressources minerales ou energetiques, et d'autre part, la developpment de ces ressources dans une perspective de commercialisation. Le benefice reel de decouvertes de mineraux tels que les sulfures polymetalliques au long des plaques est celui de fournir des donnees en provenance du fond de la mer pour l'orientation d'explorations de gisements analogues sur terre ferme. La teoria de placas tectonicas son revisadas brevemente con referencia a la conocida asociacion que existe entre tipos de minerales (metales) y energia (hidrocarburos, geotermia) que puedan existir a lo largo de los bordes de placas sumergidas bajo los oceanos. Existe un gran vacio de conocimiento, tecnologico y economico, entre el potencial de recursos que pueden existir y el desarrollo comercial de estos recursos. Se espera que los descubrimientos de minerales tales como el de los sulfuros polometalicos en placas sumergidas proveera informacion para la exploracion de depoAsitos analogos en tierra firme.