cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of C14-Labeled Substrates to Volatile Fatty Acids by the Rumen Microbiota

The fermentation of uniformly labeled glucose-C14, glucose-1-C14, -2-C14, and -6-C14, xylose-1-C14, cellulose-1-C14, -2-C14, and -6-C14, and lactate-2-C14 by rumen fluids from cows fed all-hay, hay and concentrate (50:50), and all-concentrate diets was investigated. The results obtained suggested that the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway is the major pathway of hexose utilization, that the major pathway of xylose fermentation involves hexose synthesis, and that the contributions of the nonrandomizing (acrylate) pathway of propionate formation during glucose, xylose, and cellulose fermentations are 4.5, 8.0, and 10.5%, and 24.6, 25.8, and 17.2%, respectively, by rumen fluids from the cows fed all-hay and all-concentrate rations.
Pulse oximetry: an alternative method for the assessment of oxygenation in newborn infants.

Continuous monitoring of oxygenation in sick newborns is vitally important. However, transcutaneous PO2 measurements have a number of limitations. Therefore, we report the use of the pulse oximeter for arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) determination in 26 infants (birth weights 725 to 4,000 g, gestational ages 24 to 40 weeks, and postnatal ages one to 49 days). Fetal hemoglobin determinations were made on all infants and were repeated following transfusion. SaO2 readings from the pulse oximeter were compared with the SaO2 measured in vitro on simultaneously obtained arterial blood samples. The linear regression equation for 177 paired measurements was: y = 0.7x + 27.2; r = .9. However, the differences between measured SaO2 and the pulse oximeter SaO2 were significantly greater in samples with greater than 50% fetal hemoglobin when compared with samples with less than 25% fetal hemoglobin (P less than .001). The pulse oximeter was easy to use, recorded trends in oxygenation instantaneously, and was not associated with skin injury. We conclude that pulse oximetry is a reliable technique for the continuous, noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation in newborn infants.
Synthesis and aldose reductase-inhibitory activities of structural analogues of WF-3681, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor.

Various analogues of WF-3681 (1a), a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, were synthesized and examined for aldose reductase-inhibitory activity. It was found that the carboxylic acid function is necessary and the side-chain length is important for the activity. Furthermore, the lipophilicities of the benzene ring and the enol ether group are significant for increasing the activity.
A Biomass Flow Approach to Population Models and Food Webs.

The dominant differential equation paradigm for modeling the population dynamics of species interacting in the framework of a food web retains at its core the basic prey-predator and competition models formulated by Alfred J. Lotka (1880–1945) and Vito Volterra (1860–1940) nearly nine decades ago. This paradigm lacks a trophic-level-independent formulation of population growth leading to ambiguities in how to treat populations that are simultaneously both prey and predator. Also, this paradigm does not fundamentally include inertial (i.e., change resisting) processes needed to account for the response of populations to fluctuating resource environments. Here I present an approach that corrects both these deficits and provides a unified framework for accounting for biomass transformation in food webs that include both live and dead components of all species in the system. This biomass transformation formulation (BTW) allows for a unified treatment of webs that include consumers of both live and dead material—both carnivores and carcasivores, herbivores and detritivores—and incorporates scavengers, parasites, and other neglected food web consumption categories in a coherent manner. I trace how BTW is an outgrowth of the metaphysiological growth modeling paradigm and I provide a general compact formulation of BTW in terms of a three-variable differential equation formulation for each species in the food web: viz., live biomass, dead biomass, and a food-intake-related measure called deficit-stress. I then illustrate the application of this new paradigm to provide insights into two-species competition in variable environments and discuss application of BTW to food webs that incorporate parasites and pathogens.
Genetics of Obesity and Diabetes

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are two disease states with significant morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of which is reaching the point of an international epidemic, with continuously increasing numbers of affected individuals (1). Full elucidation of the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus and, thus, the development of preventative and therapeutic approaches require delineation of the genetic defects associated with these disease states and clarification of the molecular mechanisms that lead from genotype to phenotype. This chapter focuses on recent advances in the field and, by presenting data from several large-scale human studies and a wide range of animal models, outlines researchers’ current knowledge on the genetics of obesity and diabetes (with an emphasis on type 2 diabetes). A good understanding of the mutations and molecular pathways involved in the development of disease could allow presymptomatic diagnosis and more accurate prognosis and could eventually reveal better therapeutic targets.
Leaving the “peer” out of peer-editing: Online translators as a pedagogical tool in the Spanish as a second language classroom.

If you can not beat them, join him [sic] (Google Translation of Si no puedes con tu enemigo, unete a el). Academic dishonesty is widespread in schools and colleges across the world, and with the advent of technology, cheating is easier than ever: While computers and the internet provide students with all the tools they need to plagiarize from the comfort of their own home, instructors find themselves playing “forensic linguist” in order to gather evidence of cheating. Academic dishonesty in the foreign language classroom is not that different from academic dishonesty in other disciplines except for two areas: unauthorized editing by a proficient/native speaker and the use of online translators (OTs). While these two are not usually an issue for assignments in chemistry or psychology, they are two well-known types of academic dishonesty in the foreign languages. In this paper, I examine the use of OTs: how are they different from an online dictionary? How can they be detected? How can their use be prevented? Finally, I propose using them as part of the class in order to discourage/minimize academic dishonesty and raise metalinguistic awareness.
The real value of FracFocus as a regulatory tool: A national survey of state regulators

Abstract Over the last decade, domestic oil and gas production has increased dramatically because of advancements in the technologies associated with hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. This boom generated a wave of new state laws and regulations, especially addressing disclosure of fracturing chemicals. In 2011 the chemical disclosure registry FracFocus.Org was launched to provide well-by-well chemical information to the public. Many states adopted FracFocus for chemical reporting. In 2013, Harvard Law School researchers issued a report concluding that FracFocus “fails as a regulatory compliance tool.” The report made serious criticisms regarding the utility of the registry; however, the report was incomplete because its authors never interviewed state regulators. This paper remedies that oversight. We surveyed regulators in twenty oil and gas producing states to determine how they view and are using FracFocus. The results contradict the most crucial claims of the Harvard report and indicate that states are quite positive about FracFocus and are using it in novel ways that go beyond the registry's original purpose. This paper represents the first comprehensive survey of state regulators and the first attempt to obtain a data-driven analysis of how FracFocus is being used and whether it is effective as a regulatory tool.
The Gamma Network

The Gamma network is an interconnection network connecting N = 2n inputs to N outputs. It is a multistage network with N switches per stage, each of which is a 3 input, 3 output crossbar. The stages are linked via "power of two" and identify connections in such a way that redundant paths exist between the input and output terminals. In this network, a path from a source to a destination may be represented using one of the redundant forms of the difference between the source and destination numbers. The redundancy in paths may thus be studied using the theory of redundant number systems. Results are obtained on the distribution of paths connecting inputs and outputs, and the permuting capabilities of the Gamma network. Frequently used permutations and control mechanisms are discussed briefly. We also perform a detailed terminal reliability analysis of the Gamma network, deriving expressions for the reliability between an input and output terminal.
Lessons from “Around the world with Oprah”: Neoliberalism, race, and the (geo)politics of beauty

On 6 October 2004, viewers went “Around the world with Oprah” and received a rare glimpse inside the lives of 30-year-old women from 17 different countries. When Oprah turned her gaze (and that of middle-class American housewives) eastward, she highlighted South Korean women's penchart for plastic surgery. Oprah's “trip” to South Korea is emblematic of Western discourse surrounding South Korean Women's plastic surgery consumption, most of which focuses on cosmetic eyelid surgery or the sangapul procedure as it is called in South Korea. Given its widespread popularity, the sangapul procedure has come to signify South Korean women's acquiescence to not only patriarchal oppression but racial oppression as well. This essay goes beyond the psychologization of South Korean women in order to ask what such psychological musings obscure about the very political nature of beauty itself. Using “Around the world with Oprah” as a starting point, then, this essay examines beauty at the intersection of race, technology,...
An active Neoproterozoic margin: evidence from the Skelton Glacier area, Transantarctic Mountains

Metamorphosed supracrustal rocks in the central Ross Sea sector of the Transantarctic Mountains are of Neoproterozoic age and not Cambrian. They include pillow basalts with a mantle separation age of 700–800 Ma. In the Skelton Glacier area, these rocks experienced two strong phases of deformation that produced folds and associated foliations. Both rocks and structures are cut by a 551 ± 4 Ma unfoliated quartz syenite (late Neoproterozic). The deformation and limited geochemical data suggest an active Antarctic plate margin whose late Neoproterozoic history is markedly different from that of the temporally equivalent rift to drift transition recorded along the autochthonous western margin of Laurentia. If these two cratons were ever contiguous, separation occurred by c. 700–800 Ma.
Sulfur Fertilization of Cool Season Grasses and Effect on Utilization of Minerals, Nitrogen, and Fiber by Steers

Abstract Two studies were to ascertain effects of sulfur fertilization on intake and nutrient utilization of Kenhy tall fescue and orchardgrass hay by steers. Hay was harvested in vegetative stage in mid-July from paddocks that had been fertilized with 0 or 132kg sulfur/ha as gypsum. Forage sulfur was increased by sulfur fertilization from .33 to .40% in tall fescue and from .29 to .37% in orchardgrass. The increased forage sulfur resulted from an increase of nonprotein sulfur. Hay intake was not affected by sulfur fertilization during 28-day intake. Sulfur fertilization of orchardgrass increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and permanganate lignin by 5.1, 12.9, 11.9, and 67.2% but decreased protein digestibility by 5.7%. Dry matter and fiber digestibility of tall fescue were not affected by sulfur fertilization, but protein digestibility was increased. Apparent absorption of sulfur and urinary sulfur excretion were increased by sulfur fertilization of both grasses. Increasing sulfur in orchardgrass through fertilization reduced apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium. Sulfur fertilization of tall fescue tended to decrease apparent absorption of magnesium and calcium but increased forage potassium and absorption and retention of potassium by steers.
Telescoping Solar Array Concept for Achieving High Packaging Efficiency

Lightweight, high-efficiency solar arrays are required for future deep space missions using high-power Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP). Structural performance metrics for state-of-the art 30-50 kW flexible blanket arrays recently demonstrated in ground tests are approximately 40 kW/cu m packaging efficiency, 150 W/kg specific power, 0.1 Hz deployed stiffness, and 0.2 g deployed strength. Much larger arrays with up to a megawatt or more of power and improved packaging and specific power are of interest to mission planners for minimizing launch and life cycle costs of Mars exploration. A new concept referred to as the Compact Telescoping Array (CTA) with 60 kW/cu m packaging efficiency at 1 MW of power is described herein. Performance metrics as a function of array size and corresponding power level are derived analytically and validated by finite element analysis. Feasible CTA packaging and deployment approaches are also described. The CTA was developed, in part, to serve as a NASA reference solar array concept against which other proposed designs of 50-1000 kW arrays for future high-power SEP missions could be compared.
Increased susceptibility of cells to inducible apoptosis during growth from early to late log phase: an important caveat for in vitro apoptosis research

The physiologic mode of cell death known as apoptosis has become a major focus of scientific research due to its biologic importance. Much of this research involves cells grown in culture, where induction of apoptosis is achieved through a variety of agents. We report that cell cultures in late log growth phase exhibit an increased susceptibility to apoptosis compared with cultures in early log growth phase when apoptosis is induced by sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC), anti-Fas antibody and cytosine-b-D-arabino-furanoside (Ara-C), three agents which induce apoptosis through different upstream mechanisms. We show that this phenomenon occurs in Jurkat lymphocytes, HT-29 and HCT-116 colon epithelial cells. We also present evidence that cell density alone does not affect NaDOC-induced apoptosis, but rather that the growth media plays a key role in increased susceptibility of cells in late log growth phase to NaDOC-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that growth phase is a variable that must be controlled in order to obtain reliable apoptosis data.
On the effects of implantation of ions in the MeV energy range into silicon

Abstract The effects of MeV phosphorus implantation and subsequent process steps on the electrical characteristics of p-channel field-effect transistors (FET), Schottky barrier diodes and p-n junctions were studied. The observed I–V characteristics can be explained in terms of spatially localized defects induced by the high-energy implantation and correlate well with the results using Monte Carlo simulation and C–V profiling techniques.
Solid state chemistry of organic polyvalent iodine compounds. IV. Topotactic transformations of 2-iodo-3′-chlorodibenzoyl peroxide and the crystal structure of m-chlorobenzoic acid

Abstract Single crystals of 2-iodo-3′-chlorodibenzoyl peroxide (P) undergo several competitive and consecutive topotactic transformations: upon standing in the laboratory atmosphere or during X-ray photography at ∼22°C, crystalline P is transformed to pseudomorphs containing preferentially oriented single crystal phases of o-iodosobenzoic acid (E), m-chlorobenzoic acid (D), and an as yet unidentified novel phase, “X.” (Topotactic rearrangement of P to the known acicular polymorph of its benzoxiodole isomer, 3-oxo-3H,2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl m-chlorobenzoate, occurs only at elevated temperatures, ∼55°C.) In a much slower, consecutive transformation, during further continuous exposure to X-rays, “X” is photochemically reduced to o-iodobenzoic acid (C), which also is formed as a single crystal phase. The resulting single crystal domains of D and E in decomposed pseudomorphs of P are mutually oriented in a manner which reflects their strikingly similar crystal structures. The structure of D has been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis in order to compare the aligned molecular packing arrangements of D and C, and P and D. The mutual alignment of P and E is also presented in this report. All of these topotactic products are aligned so as to conserve the point group symmetry of the parent crystal, P (conservative twinning.) The essentially flat molecular structure of D, C7H5ClO2, crystallizes in centrosymmetric hydrogen bonded “dimer” units in a monoclinic cell with a = 3.845, b = 16.038, c = 11.203 A, β = 94.88°, Z = 4, P2 1 c . All hydrogen atoms, including the acidic proton, were located during the analysis which converged to R = 0.10 for the 1083 observed intensities. The X-ray diffraction pattern of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (a = 4.035, b = 5.969, c = 30.55 A, β = 91.70°, Z = 4, P2 1 c ) is different from that of “X.”
Monitoring a three-armed clinical trial with survival endpoints: Fisher's least significant difference approach.

Abstract Researchers have long recognized the importance of monitoring trials to determine whether to terminate a trial early or change a trial because of a substantial treatment effect. Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) procedure has been suggested by Proschan et al. [Proschan, M. A., Follmann, D. A., Geller, N. L. (1994). Monitoring multi-armed trials. Stat. Med. 13:1441–1452] to control the overall type I error rate for trials with three or more arms and survival endpoints. In this paper we propose an alternative Fisher's LSD interim monitoring procedure that uses the same adjusted significance levels for the pairwise tests as for the global test; it continues performing a global hypothesis test at looks subsequent to a look where a global null hypothesis was rejected. We also examine revised Proschan et al. approach that uses the O'Brien–Fleming two-armed trial boundaries for pairwise tests. A simulation study shows that compared to the approach proposed by Proschan et al., the procedure we ...
Small angle scattering studies of protein folding

Abstract Small angle scattering experiments can be used to monitor transitions between the folded and denatured states of proteins, or between two different non-native states. These experiments can probe the type of transition, whether two-state or continuous, provide accurate values for the radius of gyration of the states involved, and can signal conformational changes or unusual molecular shapes. The technique is particularly powerful when global changes in size or shape are involved, or when the variety of conformations present precludes the use of crystallography or NMR.
Non-Abelian adiabatic statistics and Hall viscosity in quantum Hall states and p(x) + ip(y) paired superfluids

Many trial wave functions for fractional quantum Hall states in a single Landau level are given by functions called conformal blocks, taken from some conformal field theory. Also, wave functions for certain paired states of fermions in two dimensions, such as ${p}_{x}+i{p}_{y}$ states, reduce to such a form at long distances. Here we investigate the adiabatic transport of such many-particle trial wave functions using methods from two-dimensional field theory. One context for this is to calculate the statistics of widely separated quasiholes, which has been predicted to be non-Abelian in a variety of cases. The Berry phase or matrix (holonomy) resulting from adiabatic transport around a closed loop in parameter space is the same as the effect of analytic continuation around the same loop with the particle coordinates held fixed (monodromy), provided the trial functions are orthonormal and holomorphic in the parameters so that the Berry vector potential (or connection) vanishes. We show that this is the case (up to a simple area term) for paired states (including the Moore-Read quantum Hall state) and present general conditions for it to hold for other trial states (such as the Read-Rezayi series). We argue that trial states based on a nonunitary conformal field theory do not describe a gapped topological phase, at least in many cases. By considering adiabatic variation in the aspect ratio of the torus, we calculate the Hall viscosity, a nondissipative viscosity coefficient analogous to Hall conductivity, for paired states, Laughlin states, and more general quantum Hall states. Hall viscosity is an invariant within a topological phase and is generally proportional to the ``conformal spin density'' in the ground state.
Advanced platform technologies for earth science

Abstract Historically, Earth science investigations have been independent and highly focused. However, the Earth's environment is a very dynamic and interrelated system and to understand it, significant improvements in spatial and temporal observations will be required. Science needs to document the need for constellations to achieve desired spatial and temporal observations. A key element envisioned for accomplishing these difficult challenges is the idea of a distributed, heterogeneous, and adaptive observing system or sensor web. This paper focuses on one possible approach based on a LEO constellation composed of 100 spacecraft. A cost analysis has been done to indicate the financial pressures of each mission phase and conclusions are drawn suggesting that new technology investments are needed, directed toward lowering production costs; that operations costs will need to be reduced through autonomy; and that, of the on-board subsystems considered, advanced power generation and management may be the most enabling of new technologies.
The human blood‐brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT1) is a glucose transporter of gray matter astrocytes

Human and monkey brain sections were examined by immunohistochemical light and electron microscopy to determine the distribution of GLUT1, a glucose transporter isoform associated with erythrocytes and endothelial cells of the human blood-brain barrier. Protein immunoblotting of fractionated human brain membranes was performed to determine the distribution of molecular forms of the transporter. GLUT1 staining was abundant in erythrocytes and cerebral endothelium of gray and white matter but was also present diffusely in gray matter neuropil when viewed by light microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the gray matter and vascular localization of GLUT1, with specific GLUT1 staining seen in erythrocytes, gray and white matter endothelial cells, astrocyte foot processes surrounding gray matter blood vessels, and in astrocyte processes adjacent to synaptic contacts. No astrocytic staining was identified in white matter. Astrocyte GLUT1 staining was identified only in mature gray matter regions; undifferentiated regions of preterm (22-23 weeks gestation) cortex had GLUT1 staining only in blood vessels and erythrocytes, as did germinal matrix. Immunoblots of adult human frontal cortex revealed that two forms of GLUT1 (45 and 52 kDa) were present in unfractionated brain homogenates. Immunoblots of vessel-depleted frontal lobe revealed only the 45 kDa form in gray matter fractions, and depleted in membranes prepared from white matter regions. We conclude that the GLUT1 isoform of glucose transporter is present both in endothelium of the blood-brain barrier and in astrocytes surrounding gray matter blood vessels and synapses. Furthermore, the form present in astrocytes is likely to have a lower molecular weight than the form found in cerebral endothelium. The GLUT1 transporter may play an important role not only in astrocyte metabolism, but also in astrocyte-associated pathways supporting neuronal energy metabolism.
Is Thermosensing Property of RNA Thermometers Unique

A large number of studies have been dedicated to identify the structural and sequence based features of RNA thermometers, mRNAs that regulate their translation initiation rate with temperature. It has been shown that the melting of the ribosome-binding site (RBS) plays a prominent role in this thermosensing process. However, little is known as to how widespread this melting phenomenon is as earlier studies on the subject have worked with a small sample of known RNA thermometers. We have developed a novel method of studying the melting of RNAs with temperature by computationally sampling the distribution of the RNA structures at various temperatures using the RNA folding software Vienna. In this study, we compared the thermosensing property of 100 randomly selected mRNAs and three well known thermometers - rpoH, ibpA and agsA sequences from E. coli. We also compared the rpoH sequences from 81 mesophilic proteobacteria. Although both rpoH and ibpA show a higher rate of melting at their RBS compared with the mean of non-thermometers, contrary to our expectations these higher rates are not significant. Surprisingly, we also do not find any significant differences between rpoH thermometers from other -proteobacteria and E. coli non-thermometers.
Spatial fidelity in photorefractive image amplification

Abstract The spatial fidelity of amplified images in photorefractive materials due to spatial gain variations with computation and experiment based on BaTiO 3 is investigated. The results will indicate how the spatial fidelity of the amplified images decreases as the relative aperture of the Fourier transform lens used in the system increases, and varies with the angle between the pump beam and the axis of the signal converging wave.
Effects of orbital symmetries in dissociative ionization of molecules by few-cycle laser pulses

We have measured angular distributions of ion fragments produced in dissociative double ionization of CO, CO{sub 2}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 2} by intense ultrashort laser pulses. This report extends similar recent studies of O{sub 2} and N{sub 2} to a wider set of molecules. We found that for sub-10-fs pulses of sufficiently low intensity the fragments' angular distributions for all studied molecules are determined by angular dependence of the first ionization step. Those experimental angular distributions were in good agreement with angular dependent ionization probabilities calculated with the molecular tunneling ionization theory. The measured angular distributions directly reflect the symmetry of the corresponding molecular orbitals. For higher laser intensities and longer pulse durations, dynamic alignment and postionization alignment start to affect the angular distributions and ion fragments are preferentially ejected along the laser-polarization direction.
Aortic intramural course of the left coronary artery in dextro-transposition of the great arteries

Abstract Three patients with dextro-transposition of the great arteries and an aortic intramural left coronary artery are described. A review of our patients with dextrotransposition of the great arteries and those reported in the literature suggests that an aortic intramural course of the left coronary artery or left anterior descending coronary artery must be assumed when the artery arises from the right (posterior) sinus of Valsalva, distal to the right sinotubulur junction, or at the commissure between the right and left (anterior) sinuses and courses between the great arteries.
High Strength Consumables for High Dilution Submerged Arc Welding

Current requirements for high strength pipelines are placing extreme demands on welding consumables. These applications include strain based pipelines using X80 as well as traditionally designed pipelines using X100 and even X120 base materials. Traditional procedures used in the pipemills for both the seam weld and the jointer weld utilize a SAW process with very high dilution and high heat inputs. Existing consumables are not able to meet the minimum strength requirements under these conditions. A project was undertaken to develop an alloy system that could meet these requirements while still allowing the use of traditional welding processes. Testing results with this new consumable are presented and future work is described. This alloy system may also prove useful in other high dilution applications where high strength is required.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Improved noise model for the US Army sensor performance metric

Image noise, originating from a sensor system, is often the limiting factor in target acquisition performance. This is especially true of reflective-band sensors operating in low-light conditions. To accurately predict target acquisition range performance, image degradation introduced by the sensor must be properly combined with the limitations of the human visual system. This is modeled by adding system noise and blur to the contrast threshold function (CTF) of the human visual system, creating a combined system CTF. Current U.S. Army sensor performance models (NVThermIP, SSCAMIP, IICAM, and IINVD) do not properly address how external noise is added to the CTF as a function of display luminance. Historically, the noise calibration constant was fit from data using image intensifiers operating at low display luminance, typically much less than one foot-Lambert. However, noise calibration experiments with thermal imagery used a higher display luminance, on the order of ten foot-Lamberts, resulting in a larger noise calibration constant. To address this discrepancy, hundreds of CTF measurements were taken as a function of display luminance, apparent target angle, frame rate, noise intensity and filter shape. The experimental results show that the noise calibration constant varies as a function of display luminance. To account for this luminance dependence, a photon shot noise term representing an additional limitation in the performance of the human visual system is added to the observer model. The new noise model will be incorporated in the new U.S. Army Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM), allowing accurate comparisons over a wide variety of sensor modalities and display luminance levels.
Segmented Hippocampal Volume in Children and Adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Background Although many studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have reported smaller hippocampal volume compared with control subjects, comparable studies of children and adolescents have failed to replicate these findings or have noted opposite trends suggesting a larger hippocampus. We therefore performed a secondary analysis combining data from prior studies to examine the hypothesis that hippocampus would be larger in pediatric subjects with PTSD compared with non-maltreated control subjects. We also hypothesized that differences in PTSD subjects would be observed between boys and girls. Methods Sixty-one subjects (31 boys, 30 girls) with maltreatment-related PTSD and 122 control subjects matched on age and gender underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Results As hypothesized, we observed a significantly larger hippocampus controlling for cerebral volume in PTSD subjects compared with control subjects. Segmented hippocampal white-matter volume was greater in PTSD subjects but not gray-matter volume. Hippocampal volume was positively related to age of trauma onset and level of psychopathology, particularly externalizing behavior. No interactions with group were observed for age or gender. Conclusions Future longitudinal studies with trauma control subjects and neuropsychological measures are indicated to further elucidate the relationship between hippocampus and behavioral abnormalities in young PTSD subjects.
High-tech entrepreneurs: Serious competitors or troublemakers?

Abstract Technological startup companies, usually viewed as sources of innovation, have received criticism lately as possible contributors to the decline of U.S. competitiveness. Critics suggest that new companies fragment industries, but fail to become major competitors themselves. The net effect is to weaken an industry, leaving it unable to compete against global rivals. Most of the critics have relied principally on examples to support their positions. This study uses a sample of 49 startup companies from nine industries to consider the impact of technological entrepreneurs on their industries. It examines their circumstances at the times of formation and their longer term impact. It finds few cases in which the startup might be judged as competing with, or damaging, a former employer. In many cases, both the startups and the former employer became leading firms in their industries. Overall the benefits from startups are considerable while the negative effects are minor.
Thermal interactions of a molten tin drop with water triggered by a low-pressure shock

Abstract Thermal interactions of a molten tin drop with water were studied with a dropping contact mode in a shock tube geometry. The interaction was triggered by collapsing the initial vapor/gas bubble with a low-pressure (s
Apparent predation of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by prickly sculpins (Cottus asper) is an artefact of trapping methodology

Freshwater sculpins often inhabit the same waterways as juvenile salmonids and may impact the survival of juvenile salmonids through predation on early life-history stages. In the present study, the stomach contents of 2302 individual Cottus asper, a freshwater sculpin, collected from Auke Lake, Alaska, were examined during the boreal summer of 2000 to determine if C. asper are important natural predators of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and to explore possible trap bias of gear used in preliminary diet studies. The diet of sculpins collected in confining traps was compared with the diet of sculpins collected in nets. Significant predation on pre-smolt coho salmon by trapped sculpins, but none by netted sculpins, was observed. This result provides strong evidence of trap bias in the observed diet of C. asper. The remainder of the diet of trapped sculpins also differed significantly from that of netted sculpins. Significantly more trapped sculpins had eaten plant material and fish, whereas significantly more netted sculpins had consumed molluscs. Finally, sculpin diet was correlated with sculpin size, which may influence predation on other salmonid life-stages. These results expand our understanding of prickly sculpin diet and show that they are not important predators of juvenile coho salmon. These findings also demonstrate the importance of assessing the potential bias of collection gear and sampling techniques.
Who searches the internet for health information

Objective. To determine what types of consumers use the Internet as a source of health information. Data Sources. A survey of consumer use of the Internet for health information conducted during December 2001 and January 2002. Study Design. We estimated multivariate regression models to test hypotheses regarding the characteristics of consumers that affect information seeking behavior. Data Collection. Respondents were randomly sampled from an Internet-enabled panel of over 60,000 households. Our survey was sent to 12,878 panel members, and 69.4 percent of surveyed panel members responded. We collected information about respondents' use of the Internet to search for health information and to communicate about health care with others using the Internet or e-mail within the last year. Principal Findings. Individuals with reported chronic conditions were more likely than those without to search for health information on the Internet. The uninsured, particularly those with a reported chronic condition, were more likely than the privately insured to search. Individuals with longer travel times for their usual source of care were more likely to use the Internet for health-related communication than those with shorter travel times. Conclusions. Populations with serious health needs and those facing significant barriers in accessing health care in traditional settings turn to the Internet for health information.
The Value of a Bounding Box: Moving Historical Charts beyond the Image Browser

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Historical Map and Chart Collection is a showcase of the Office of Coast Survey's (OCS's) rich and lengthy history. It is a digital collection of scanned maps and charts, including OCS's early scientific publications, as well as more modern nautical chart products. Its contents are freely available for searching, previewing, and downloading over the Internet. This article will explore our recent experiences managing the collection, which has been growing in stages since 1997. In order to move the access point for these charts beyond simple keyword searching and image browsing, we had to grapple with past practice and improve upon prior methods of collecting and managing geographic information. This process required a thorough understanding of the collection's contents, as well as the ability to consistently interpret geographic information from various cartographic representations. Once the geographic information was transitioned to an object-...
Recent advances in lateral field excited and monolithic spiral coil acoustic transduction bulk acoustic wave sensor platforms

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used extensively as a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) platform for applications such as chemical and biological sensors and rate monitors in thin film deposition systems. Although the QCM is capable of measuring mechanical property changes critical in many thin film deposition systems, it cannot measure electrical property changes that can occur in many sensor applications. In this paper we review the recent developments of two novel transducer configurations for BAW sensors. In the first sensor, called the lateral field excited (LFE) sensor, the transverse shear mode (TSM) in AT-cut quartz is excited by two electrodes on the reference surface, resulting in a bare sensing surface which allows both electrical and mechanical properties of target analytes to be measured. In the second sensor, called the monolithic spiral coil acoustic transduction (MSCAT) sensor, the TSM is excited by a photolithographically deposited spiral antenna on the reference surface which can excite high-order harmonics in the substrate, and potentially lead to increased sensitivity. The responses of both the LFE and MSCAT sensors to electrical and mechanical property changes of liquids have been examined and compared to the response of the standard QCM. In addition, results relating to the detection of chemical and biological target analytes using the LFE and MSCAT sensor platforms are presented.
Pachytene Exit Controlled by Reversal of Mek1-Dependent Phosphorylation

During yeast meiosis, a checkpoint prevents exit from pachytene in response to defects in meiotic recombination and chromosome synapsis. This pachytene checkpoint requires two meiotic chromosomal proteins, Red1 and Mek1; Mek1 is a kinase that phosphorylates Red1. In mutants that undergo checkpoint-mediated pachytene arrest, Mek1 is active and Red1 remains phosphorylated. Activation of Mek1 requires the initiation of meiotic recombination and certain DNA damage checkpoint proteins. Mek1 kinase activity and checkpoint-induced pachytene arrest are counteracted by protein phosphatase type 1 (Glc7). Glc7 coimmunoprecipitates with Red1, colocalizes with Red1 on chromosomes, and dephosphorylates Red1 in vitro. We speculate that phosphorylated Red1 prevents exit from pachytene and that completion of meiotic recombination triggers Glc7-dependent dephosphorylation of Red1.
Evolutionary activism: Stephen Jay Gould, the New Left and sociobiology

2 Edward O. Wilson. Sociobiology: the New Synthesis. (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1975). 3 Ibid, p. 4–6. 4 Nina McCain, Sociobiology: New theory on man’s motivation, Boston Globe, July 13, 1975. 5 The sociobiology debate, which erupted out of Cambridge, Massachusetts in the mid-1970s, captured all the most potent issues of the day: racial tension, gender relations and the trustworthiness of science. Its proponents were often surprised to find themselves lumped in with more conservative elements of American culture, after all the point of sociobiology was to stress the universality of human nature based on the evolutionary patterns laid down by our immediate ancestors, not to emphasize human difference. This image, though separated from the events of the sociobiology controversy by more than a decade, captures the primary issues of the sociobiology controversy and Stephen Jay Gould’s participation in the debate. It was taken in 1964 at a sit-in Gould participated in to integrate an Ohio barbershop (Figure 1). Gould was part of a generation of college students actively involved in the Civil Rights and student protest movements, whose frustrations with conventional racial and gender relations found expression in acts of social activism. Largely comprised of white, middle-class college students, the New Left movement centered around personal fulfillment, questioning traditional racial and gender dynamics, and criticizing the involvement of the United States in foreign conflicts, particularly Vietnam. It was new, in that it contrasted with earlier leftist movements that had focused mostly on labor unionization and issues of social class. Sociobiology proponents argued that human social behavior was largely genetic and derived from evolutionary patterns set by prehistoric human conditions. Critics of sociobiology believed this view of social relationships made it impossible (or at the least very difficult) to effect social progress and disrupt traditional racial, class and gender hierarchies. For people of Gould’s generation and social background, whose intellectual orientation had been largely formed by an activist culture, this apparent use of biology was unacceptable. No matter that its theorists insisted over and over again that the nuanced versions of the theory did not promote uncompromising genetic determinism for human societies. Gould and other critics of sociobiology believed strongly that the existing conditions in American society were unfair, and more, that they could be changed. They did not want a biology that purported to describe the universal reasons for human behavior, for human action and human social relations in such a way as to validate the status quo.
IL-4 induces IL-13–independent allergic airway inflammation

Background The related TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are produced during allergic responses, signal through receptors that contain IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) α, and promote allergic inflammation by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. IL-4 promotes TH2 response induction, and IL-13 is necessary and sufficient to induce airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and goblet cell hyperplasia in some mouse models of asthma. The nonredundant role of IL-13 could reflect unique IL-13 activation of a signaling pathway, inhibitory effects induced by IL-4 but not IL-13, or greater production-potency of IL-13 than IL-4. Objectives We sought to distinguish among these possibilities by determining whether IL-4 inhalation can induce acute allergic airways disease in the absence of IL-13. Methods Mice were inoculated intratracheally with IL-13 or a long-acting formulation of IL-4. Responses of IL-13–deficient and IL-13–sufficient mice were compared, as were responses in mice treated with a potent IL-13 antagonist, anti–IL-4Rα antibody, or control reagents. Results IL-4 inhalation stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia, AHR, and goblet cell hyperplasia. These responses were similar in IL-13–deficient and IL-13–sufficient mice and were not inhibited by an IL-13 antagonist but were blocked by anti–IL-4Rα antibody. Conclusion IL-4 can induce IL-13–independent AHR and goblet cell hyperplasia. Thus the greater role for IL-13 than IL-4 in the induction of these acute allergy-related changes reflects increased production, potency, or both of IL-13 relative to IL-4 rather than a unique IL-13–signaling pathway or a suppressive effect of IL-4. Clinical implications Dual IL-4/IL-13 inhibition might be more effective than selective IL-13 inhibition at suppressing allergic inflammation in some circumstances.
Freezing-nucleation in aqueous solutions of clathrate forming gases

Experiments were performed to determine the extent to which the nucleating abilities of artificialand natural freezing nuclei are influenced by the presence of clathrate-forming gases dissolved inwater. Changes in the supercooling requirement of water saturated with argon, or propane weredetermined for several nucleant-gas combinations using the drop freezing technique. Thenucleants responded differently indicating that the influence of these clathrate-forming gases onheterogeneous freezing nucleation is not due to changes in the bulk water structure, but resultsfrom modifications at the nucleant-embryo interface. The measurements revealed an irreversibleimprovement in nucleating ability for some combinations and demonstrated that these gases canreduce the supercooling requirement of certain nuclei by as much as 3°C. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00229.x
The Effect of Violating the Assumption of Equal Item Means in Estimating the Livingston Coefficient.

The validity of five methods of estimating the reliability of criterion-referenced tests was evaluated: one method based on the binomial expansion; two based on Kuder and Richardson's formulae 20 and 21; and two methods based on the analysis of variance. The methods were compared across nine conditions of variability among item means. Within each condition the number of test items, number of testees, the value of the criterion, the population mean, and variance of true scores were varied to form 1024 cases. The results were analyzed by means of a conditions-by-methods analysis of variance, the Newman-Keuls test, and a nonparametric multiple comparison procedure. There was a tendency for all of the methods to be conservative. The KR-21 method tended to be more valid given low variability among item means, and the KR-20 method given high variability.
Study of microstructural evolutions in phosphorus-doped ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition

The microstructure of P-doped ZnO films grown on the c-plane sapphire substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was investigated. ZnO films were highly textured along c-axis with two different in-plane orientations. The textured domain was surrounded by the threading dislocations, resulting in the formation of low-angle grain boundary. It was found that the degree of texture and crystalline quality of P-doped ZnO films decreased with increasing the phosphorus atomic percent. For the microstrain study, X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (LPA) was performed. The 0.5 at% P-doped ZnO film showed much higher microstrain than the 1.0 at% P-doped ZnO film as well as as-grown film, which indicated that the phosphorus in former film was effectively incorporated into ZnO film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the phosphorus in 1.0 at% P-doped ZnO film tended towards segregation, which was well consistent with XRD results.
Discriminating projections for estimating face age in wild images

We introduce a novel approach to estimating the age of a human from a single uncontrolled image. Current face age estimation algorithms work well in highly controlled images, and some are robust to changes in illumination, but it is usually assumed that images are close to frontal. This bias is clearly seen in the datasets that are commonly used to evaluate age estimation, which either entirely or mostly consist of frontal images. Using pose-specific projections, our algorithm maps image features into a pose-insensitive latent space that is discriminative with respect to age. Age estimation is then performed using a multi-class SVM. We show that our approach outperforms other published results on the Images of Groups dataset, which is the only age-related dataset with a non-trivial number of off-axis face images, and that we are competitive with recent age estimation algorithms on the mostly-frontal FG-NET dataset. We also experimentally demonstrate that our feature projections introduce insensitivity to pose.