cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of permanent magnet and wound rotor synchronous machines for portable power generation

Permanent magnet and wound rotor synchronous machines (PMSMs and WRSMs) are often used in diesel engine-based portable power generation systems. In these applications, there is a growing desire to improve machine efficiency in order to reduce fossil fuel requirements. In addition, there is a desire to reduce mass to improve mobility. To attempt to address these competing performance objectives, a system analyst is confronted with numerous choices, including machine type (PM or WR), converter architecture (active/passive), and control. Herein, to assist the analyst, design tools capable of performing automated multi-objective optimization of PMSMs and WRSMs connected to both active and passive rectifiers are described. The tools are then used to derive tradeoffs between mass and efficiency for a 3 kW application.
Sustaining a Dual Language Immersion Program: Features of Success

The promise of dual language education has spurred a movement in the field of bilingual education to shift from remedial programs to enrichment forms of bilingual education. Although research supports the effectiveness of such programs, many programs do not maintain their level of implementation and quickly revert to their original remedial form. This research looks at one elementary campus that has implemented a 2-way dual language program for more than a decade. Findings indicate that pedagogical equity, qualified bilingual teachers, active parent–home collaboration, and knowledgeable leadership contributed to the program's success.
A model potential for a dilute alloy of gold in silver

Abstract A brief discussion is given of a phenomenological model potential for a dilute alloy of Au in Ag, the parameters of which were determined from electrical resistivity and Mossbauer-effect measurements. This potential is compared with a model potential for the alloy calculated in a relativistic apw approximation.
Predicting First Grade Reading Achievement for Spanish-Speaking Kindergartners: Is Early Literacy Screening in English Valid?

This study explored the viability of using kindergarten measures of phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, and orthographic knowledge, administered in English, to predict first grade reading achievement of Spanish-speaking English language learners. The primary research question was: Do kindergarten measures of early literacy skills in English predict first grade reading achievement for Spanish-speaking students as effectively as they do for English speakers? Participants were 3,448 economically disadvantaged students (50% spoke Spanish at home) from 243 schools. Regression analyses demonstrated that kindergarten variables accounted for similar percentages of variance in first grade reading for both Spanish speakers (43% in fall, 46% in spring) and non-Spanish speakers (49% in fall, 46% in spring) and that fall and spring variables were equally effective in predicting later achievement for both groups.
Vascular differences detected by MRI for metastatic versus nonmetastatic breast and prostate cancer xenografts.

Several studies have linked vascular density, identified in histologic sections, to “metastatic risk.” Functional information of the vasculature, not readily available from histologic sections, can be obtained with contrast-enhanced MRI to exploit for therapy or metastasis prevention. Our aims were to determine if human breast and prostate cancer xenografts preselected for differences in invasive and metastatic characteristics established correspondingly different vascular volume and permeability, quantified here with noninvasive MRI of the intravascular contrast agent albumin-GdDTPA. Tumor vascular volume and permeability of human breast and prostate cancer xenografts were characterized using MRI. Parallel studies confirmed the invasive behavior of these cell lines. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the cell lines was measured using ELISA and Western blots. Metastasis to the lungs was evaluated with spontaneous as well as experimental assay. Metastatic tumors formed vasculature with significantly higher permeability or vascular volume (P<.05, two-sided unpaired t test). The permeability profile matched VEGF expression. Within tumors, regions of high vascular volume usually exhibited low permeability whereas regions of low vascular volume exhibited high permeability. We observed that although invasion was necessary, without adequate vascularization it was not sufficient for metastasis to occur.
Orthodontic force characteristics of open coil springs

Applications of open coil springs in orthodontic tooth movement are many and varied. Current descriptions of force production by open coil springs are based upon force values produced in series of discrete compression tests. It was the purpose of this study to analyze and compare open-coil-spring force production from continuous load-deflection curves, thereby assisting the clinician in the selection of the ideal spring for a given application. Load-deflection curves were generated for open coil springs of various wire diameters and lumen sizes, as well as four wire alloys from three manufactures. Testing was performed on an Instron test machine using 0.016 inch round and 0.018 by 0.022 inch rectangular arch wires. With a constant lumen size, an increase in wire size produced an increase in force at a given activation. With a constant wire size, an increase in lumen size produced a decrease in force at a given activation. The effect of the arch wire size and shape was not significantly different for the coil springs with the smaller lumen sizes. For the larger lumen sizes, the springs used with the rectangular arch wire manifested a greater linear range than those used with the smaller arch wire. The difference between the load-deflection characteristics of the coil springs from different manufacturers was attributed to the difference in the pitch of the coils.
Interpersonal Touch, Social Labeling, and the Foot-in-the-Door Effect

Abstract The foot-in-the-door procedure increases compliance for a desired request by preceding that request with an easier first request. Labeling and touch have been shown to affect compliance. This study examined whether these variables would influence the “foot” procedure. Subjects for the study were 120 individuals who were approaching a university library. The results showed that, in comparing individuals receiving a positive label and touch or a negative label without touch, compliance increased with touch and no label, positive label and no touch, or negative label and touch.
A face-to-face porphyrin-sapphyrin pseudo dimer

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a new, β-to-meso-linked cofacial porphyrin-sapphyrin pseudo dimer ([por]-[sap], 3) is described. This system is the first example in which an expanded porphyrin has been conjugated covalently to a porphyrin and one of the few examples wherein an expanded porphyrin has been incorporated into any type of larger supramolecular array. The first excited singlet state of the free-base porphyrin in 3 was found to lie ca. 0.19 eV higher in energy than that of the metal-free sapphyrin subunit. Excitation of 3 at 408 nm, where only porphyrin subunit absorbs, gives rise to virtually no porphyrin-like fluorescence, but instead, gives fluorescence characteristic of the sapphyrin. This is attributed to very efficient intramolecular singlet energy transfer from the porphyrin subunit to the sapphyrin subunit. From time-resolved fluorescence studies the rate of energy transfer must exceed 2 × 1010 sec−1. Studies with the isolated compounds indicated that the rate of Forster e...
Effect of active and passive fatigue on performance using a driving simulator

The present study investigated the effects of active fatigue (e.g., elevated distress) and passive fatigue (e.g., decreased task engagement) on driving performance. The study used similar manipulat...
Coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute-onset idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to determine whether coronary endothelial dysfunction exists in patients with acute-onset idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and to explore its relation t...
Upland Erosion Modeling in a Semihumid Environment via the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

The major water quality impairment in the midwest United States is sediment eroded from agricultural lands. Yet, few understand the spatial and temporal variability of erosion, or soil erosion dynamics, in relation to precipitation, topography, land management, and severe events. The objectives of this paper are to (1) develop a methodology for estimating long-term spatial soil erosion and water runoff losses and (2) explore issues in applying an established physical-based process model, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), to a large area by establishing a prototype system for the state of Iowa. This study for the first time provides a comparison of the model predictions against long-term measurements of the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) in the South Amana Catchment of the Clear Creek Watershed (CCW), a heavily instrumented watershed that is roughly 10 times the maximum WEPP fold size. To further examine the performance of WEPP in a semihumid environment, such as the CCW, where runoff and raindrop impact to erosion may be significant, the SDR was plotted as a function of the runoff coefficient, defined as the runoff/rainfall ratio. In addition, the WEPP predictions are compared against the statistical relation of SDR vs. runoff coefficient developed by Piest et al. in 1975) for watersheds in Iowa. It is shown that WEPP follows the trend shown by Piest et al. quite closely and performs well for continuous simulations extended up to 300 years.
From crisis to growth at midlife: Changes in personal paradigm

Adult development is becoming a critical component of an organization's effectiveness in our rapidly changing world (Torbert, 1987). While transitions in adulthood have been shown to be inevitable and patterned, they do not necessarily result in personal growth. In this exploratory study, data were collected from 64 men and women experiencing midlife transitions. Several factors were identified (scope of transition, progression through a transition sequence, ego development, inner directedness, and commitment to learning) which enabled growth during the midlife transition in the form of a personal paradigm shift. Positive emotional tone as well as enthusiasm for career were found to be consequences of these paradigm shifts. Implications for organizations are discussed.
Evaluating the Role of π-Donor Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry. Applications of Fenske-Hall Molecular Orbital Calculations and Mulliken Population Analyses

Abstract Fenske-Hall molecular orbital calculations are used to probe the electronic structure and bonding of amide and alkoxide ligands bound to a transition metal. A “frozen π-orbital” method is introduced and used to separate σ and π-bonding effects of these ligands to the metal. Mulliken population analyses are used as a relative measure of π-donor ability of the alkoxide ligand with varying M-O distance, M-O-C(H) angle, and dn electron count. Population analyses are also used to gauge the effect of π-donor ligands on the π-acceptor role of ancillary ligands such as carbonyl and isocyanide.
Acrosome reaction and concentration of prostaglandin E2 in semen of rams treated with flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the effect of Banamine on the seminal concentration of PGE2 and 2) the ability of sperm cells from treated rams to undergo acrosome reaction in vitro as an indirect measure of their fertilizing capacity. Seven rams, approximately 55 kg bodyweight and 2 to 5 yr of age, were divided into two groups: Group 1, treated (n = 4) and Group 2, controls (n = 3). Treatment consisted of administration of 75 mg i.m. Banamine twice daily, 6 to 8 h apart, for 45 d. On Day 0 (first day of treatment) and on Days 2, 9, 11, 16, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 39, 43 and 46 semen samples were collected from both groups using an electroejaculator. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum levels of Banamine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Semen samples were examined for motility and morphology. Highly motile (≥85%), normal-appearing semen samples were pooled on each day of collection and 25 ul of the pooled sample (1×106/ml) of each group were induced to undergo acrosome reaction in vitro using ionophore A23187. Acrosome reaction was demonstrated using a staining technique designed for demonstrating the process in bull sperm cells. The percentage of acrosome-reacted and non-acrosome-reacted sperm was determined by random microscopic examination of 100 sperm cells using a double-blind approach. The supernatants of the remainder of the semen samples were assayed for levels of PGE2 using RIA. Values for acrosome-reacted sperm cells and PGE2 levels on the first day of treatment from both groups were compared with corresponding values from each day of sampling using Wilcoxon Rank Sums test (P<0.05). In Group 1, the mean serum level of Banamine was 3.02±0.58ug/ml. There was a significant increase in the ability of sperm cells from rams in Group 1 to undergo acrosome reaction as treatment progressed compared with the sperm cells from rams in Group 2. However, there was a significant decrease in concentration of PGE2 in semen from rams in Group 1 compared with those from Group 2. The results of this study suggest an inverse relationship between the capacity of sperm cells to undergo acrosome reaction and concentration of PGE2 in semen of rams treated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
The application of Gaussian beam. Formalism to optical propagation in nonlinear media

Abstract The nonlinear propagation problem of optical beams in media with an intensity dependent indices of refraction is solved in the case of a fundamental gaussian beam. This solution is made possible by assuming everywhere along the propagation path a quadratic index profile. The quadratic constant is obtained self-consistently from the second term in a Taylor expansion of the local gaussian intensity. The solution constitutes an extension of the well known ABCD formalism to nonlinear propagation.
Bedside termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia by transesophageal atrial pacing.

Transesophageal atrial pacing was used to terminate hemodynamically stable sustained mono-morphic ventricular tachycardia in two patients. The procedure was performed at the bedside, no anesthesia was required, there were no complications, and one of the patients went home after the procedure was performed. This method should be considered prior to using direct current cardioversion in patients with hemodynamically stable sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.
To Extend or Not to Extend: Success Determinants of Line Extensions:

The authors study the determinants of line extension success using data on 75 line extensions of 34 cigarette brands over a 20-year period to investigate the relative effects of brand, extension, a...
Cardiokymographic wall motion pattern in patients with acute myocardial infarction

We studied 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction by cardiokymography to record anterior left ventricular wall motion. Systolic outward motion was observed in 46 of 50 patients (92%). Holosystolic outward motion was characteristic of acute anterior infarction (93%) and acute subendocardial infarction (89%) but was less common in acute inferior infarction (29%). Partial systolic outward motion was seen in 8 of the 14 patients with acute inferior infarction, but only in 2 of 36 patients with acute anterior and subendocardial infarction. Cardiokymographic abnormalities were seen in more precordial locations in acute anterior (80%) and subendocardial infarction (97%) than in inferior infarction (74%). Holosystolic outward motion was seen in 75% of all locations in acute anterior and subendocardial infarction and only in 23% in acute inferior infarction. Thus both the extent and the severity of abnormal systolic outward motion clearly separated inferior infarction from anterior and subendocardial infarction. Dynamic changes in wall motion contraction patterns were observed during the course of acute myocardial infarction; both improvement and deterioration were observed. Cardiokymography is a simple, non-invasive method to assess changes in left ventricular segmental wall motion in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
An analogue system displaying all the important processes of the catalytic cycles involving monooxomolybdenum(VI) and desoxomolybdenum(IV) centers.

The mononuclear monooxomolybdenum(VI) complex hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borato(bis-4-ethoxyphenolato)oxomoylybdenum(VI) cation, [LMoVIO(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2]+, where L- = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate, has been synthesized by chemical and electrochemical oxidation from the corresponding neutral oxomolybdenum(V) species, LMoVO(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2. The molybdenum(VI) species has been characterized by NMR, IR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, and electronic spectroscopy. Acetonitrile solutions of cationic [LMoVIO(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2]+ react with tertiary phosphines (PR3) to generate phosphineoxide-bound adducts, [LMoIV(OPR3)(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2]+, which subsequently generate the cationic desoxo species, [LMoIV(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2]+ and OPR3. In the presence of water and an oxidizing agent the desoxo species generates the monooxomolybdenum(V), LMoVO(p-OC6H4−OC2H5)2, and completes the catalytic cycle. The oxygen atom transfer reaction has been probed by isotope-labeling experiments, vibra...
Aspect Ratio Requirements for Nanotube-Reinforced, Polymer-Matrix Composites

A fiber’s efficiency in a short-fiber composite can be accurately solved by shear-lag methods, which can account for fiber geometry, an imperfect interface (or interphase), and extend to low volume fractions. Such an analysis was used to evaluate the aspect ratio requirements for single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) in a polymeric composite and contrast it to conventional fibers. The aspect ratio requirements are indistinguishable among all stiff fibers, except at low volume fractions where stiffer fibers require higher aspect ratios. The required aspect ratio decreases significantly at higher volume fractions. A scaling effect in the interphase term implies the interphase is more important for nano-fibers than for larger fibers. If the interface between nano-fibers and the matrix is not excellent, those fibers will not provide effective reinforcement. The most promising SWNT composites should use higher volume fractions and focus on systems where the fiber can stiffen the matrix in the interphase region.
Lower fidelity of RecA protein catalysed homologous pairing with a superhelical substrate.

The heteroduplex joint, a splice containing paired strands from each of two DNA molecules is a key feature of homologous genetic recombination1,2. The formation of such a lap joint ensures that heterologous chromosomes do not recombine; presumably the degree of homology determines the frequency of crossing over between related but non-identical chromosomes. On the other hand, according to the current ideas on recombination, the formation of heteroduplex joints is not a stringent process. Genetic evidence supports the view that the classical phenomena of meiotic gene conversion and aberrant meiotic segregation result in part from the inclusion of mismatched base pairs in heteroduplex joints, and the subsequent correction of some of these mismatched pairs before replication3–5. Thus meiotic gene conversion signals one kind of departure from perfectly faithful pairing. The association of increased mutation frequencies with crossing-over is another kind of departure from fidelity in recombination6–8. Little is known about the effect of imperfect homology either on the initial pairing of DNA molecules, or on the formation and extension of heteroduplex joints. The nucleotide sequences of phages 3ΦX174 and G4 are related, but differ by 33% of bases in the coding regions. Here we show using combinations of 3ΦX174 and G4 DNA, that Escherichia coli RecA protein catalyses the formation of joint molecules with many mismatched base pairs, but only if one of the molecules is superhelical. By contrast, in the absence of RecA protein, superhelicity does not cause ΦX174 and G4 DNA to form D-loops spontaneously at any temperature between 37 and 75°C. These observations focus attention on the role of RecA protein in unwinding DNA, and on superhelicity as a factor that can lessen the fidelity of homologous pairing.
Spatio-temporal polygonal clustering with space and time as first-class citizens

Detecting spatio-temporal clusters, i.e. clusters of objects similar to each other occurring together across space and time, has important real-world applications such as climate change, drought analysis, detection of outbreak of epidemics (e.g. bird flu), bioterrorist attacks (e.g. anthrax release), and detection of increased military activity. Research in spatio-temporal clustering has focused on grouping individual objects with similar trajectories, detecting moving clusters, or discovering convoys of objects. However, most of these solutions are based on using a piece-meal approach where snapshot clusters are formed at each time stamp and then the series of snapshot clusters are analyzed to discover moving clusters. This approach has two fundamental limitations. First, it is point-based and is not readily applicable to polygonal datasets. Second, its static analysis approach at each time slice is susceptible to inaccurate tracking of dynamic cluster especially when clusters change over both time and space. In this paper we present a spatio-temporal polygonal clustering algorithm known as the Spatio-Temporal Polygonal Clustering (STPC) algorithm. STPC clusters spatial polygons taking into account their spatial and topological properties, treating time as a first-class citizen, and integrating density-based clustering with moving cluster analysis. Our experiments on the drought analysis application, flu spread analysis and crime cluster detection show the validity and robustness of our algorithm in an important geospatial application.
The clinical and theoretical structures of adult phobias

(1991). The clinical and theoretical structures of adult phobias. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 11, Recent Developments in the Concept and Treatment of Phobias and Panic States, pp. 333-350.
Chronic drug use and crime

This paper used bivariate and multivariate analyses to estimate the relationships between chronic drug use and various measures of criminal activity. The data for these analyses were derived from the 1993 (1) and 1995 (2) National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Measures of criminal justice system contact and criminal activity included ever arrested, arrested during the previous year, commission of a predatory crime (e.g., assault, fighting) during the previous year, and commission of a property crime (e.g., theft, property damage, car theft, breaking and entering) during the previous year. The analysis was conducted separately for males, females, and age groups, and it distinguished between chronic drug users, nonchronic drug users, and nondrug users. The results consistently showed a significant linear relationship between criminal activity and frequency of drug use. These findings have implications regarding the potential reduction in predatory and property crime that could occur from a decrease in drug use. Significant differences in criminal behavior between chronic drug users and other cohorts may signal a critical need to develop targeted interventions for this particular type of drug user.
Fiber based entangled photon-pair source

We present a fiber based source of entangled photon-pairs in the 1550 nm telecom band that can be integrated into the existing fiber network and is well suited for quantum information processing. With this source we have demonstrated the generation, storage, and long-distance distribution of polarization entanglement in standard optical fiber. We have also investigated the origin of the large number of accidental coincidences in the experiments, which has been proved to be Raman scattering, and discussed how to suppress the Raman scattering to improve the quality of the fiber source.
British Conservatism and American Liberalism in Mid-Twentieth Century: Burkean Themes in Niebuhr and Schlesinger

This article looks at how Reinhold Niebuhr and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. drew on themes in Edmund Burke’s conservative writings to express ambivalence about equality and populism on behalf of progressive goals, and how they offered an alternative understanding of liberalism as the pursuit of progressive values restrained by respect for conservative virtues. The article pays particular attention to Niebuhr’s and Schlesinger’s views on successful leadership. Like Burke, these mid-century liberal theorists advocated the adoption of the virtues of the British aristocratic ruling class to check leftist populism. On the surface, their praise of aristocratic virtues may seem incompatible with their undeniable celebration of American democracy during the mid-twentieth century. Closer examination suggests, though, that their praise of democracy has a Burkean tinge.
Disappearing x: When solving does not mean finding the solution set

Abstract This study deals with preservice elementary teachers’ responses to linear equations and inequalities that had infinite solution sets. In particular, these tasks dealt with situations where the variable is eliminated during standard symbolic manipulation. The results reveal that infinite solution sets proved difficult for the participants, particularly when prompted to solve the linear equations and inequalities. When the direction prompt was changed, there was increased success in finding the correct solution set. The directional prompts changed the types of solution strategies as well as the nature of responses. In addition, participants stated the belief that different, mathematically equivalent prompts required different, non-equivalent, types of solutions and allowed for different solution strategies.
Patient and Provider Attitudes towards Monitored Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Dependence in Schizophrenia

Objective: To describe the attitudes of patients and their mental health providers regarding participation in a controlled trial of directly monitored naltrexone (NTX) treatment for alcohol dependence in schizophrenia. Method: Ninety participants with schizophrenia and their providers were asked to report opinions of treatment with oral NTX or placebo 3 times per week for 12 weeks, motivational counseling (MI), and voucher-based incentives (VBI) for attendance. Results: Seventy-nine percent of participants “liked the study a lot,” and 94% reported that it was helpful. Study components rated as helpful by participants were: VBI (95% of participants), meeting with staff 3 times per week (84%), reporting alcohol use (82%), MI (82%), reporting psychiatric symptoms (73%), breath alcohol testing (72%), and study medication (57%). Benefits reported by patients were: feeling better mentally (67%), drinking less (52%), feeling better physically (49%), and stopping drinking (27%). Seventy percent of providers repor...
Profactor IX propeptide and glutamate substrate binding sites on the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase identified by site-directed mutagenesis.

Abstract The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, a constituent of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the conversion of reduced vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide and the concomitant conversion of glutamic acid to γ-carboxyglutamic acid. To study structure-function relationships in the enzyme, seventeen clusters of charged residues of the bovine γ-glutamyl carboxylase were substituted with alanines using site-specific mutagenesis. Wild-type and mutant carboxylase species were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with an immunodetectable octapeptide inserted at their amino-terminal ends. Out of 17 mutant carboxylase species that contain a total of 41 charged residue to alanine substitutions, K217A/K218A (CBX217/218), R234A/H235A (CBX234/235), R359A/H360A/K361A (CBX359/360/361), R406A/H408A (CBX406/408), and R513A/K515A (CBX513/515) had impaired carboxylase activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. The vitamin K epoxidase activities of these mutants were reduced in parallel with the carboxylase activities. CBX217/218 appears to be inactive. High propeptide concentrations were required for stimulation of carboxylation of FLEEL by CBX234/235, CBX406/408, and CBX513/515, suggesting defects in the propeptide binding site. CBX359/360/361 showed normal affinity for the propeptide, FLEEL, proPT28, and vitamin K hydroquinone but exhibited a low catalytic rate for carboxylation. These results suggest that residue 217, residue 218, or both are either critical for catalysis or for maintaining the structure of a catalytically active enzyme. Regions around residues 234, 406, and 513 define in part the propeptide binding site, while the regions around residue 359 are involved in catalysis.
Effect of hydration on some orthostatic and haematological responses to head-up tilt

Experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of hydration status on: (1) orthostatic responses, and on (2) relative changes in intravascular volume and protein content, during 70 deg head-up tilt (HUT). Six men underwent 45 min of HUT, preceded by 45 min supine, first dehydrated, and again 105 min later after rehydration with water. Heart rate was consistently lower following rehydration (p less than 0.01), while supine diastolic pressure was higher (p less than 0.02). Systolic pressure fell during dehydrated HUT (p less than 0.01), but not during rehydrated HUT. Postural haemoconcentration, which was reduced after rehydration (p less than 0.001), was accompanied by a decrease in intravascular albumin content (p less than 0.05). Two subjects experienced severe presyncopal symptoms during dehydrated HUT, but not during rehydrated HUT. Thus, it appears that rehydration after fluid restriction improves orthostatic tolerance. Furthermore, extravascular hydration status may be more important than intravascular hydration status in determining orthostatic tolerance.
Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures, land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore, MD

Urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that ambient air and surface temperatures in urban areas are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. Higher temperatures not only impact the comfort of urban dwellers, but also increase energy use, ozone production, and the risk of death for humans in a heat wave. Our research focuses on the variation in land surface temperature in the Gywnns Fall Watershed, Maryland. We found that land surface temperature is highly variable spatially, resulting in "hotspots" within the heat island. We further explore how this temperature variation relates to social factors on the scale of the census-based block group. We show that land surface temperature is statistically higher in block groups that are characterized by low income, high poverty, less education, more ethnic minorities, more elderly people and greater risk of crime. These variables were mapped to evaluate the spatial relationship of land surface temperatures to social factors. This spatially explicit approach facilitates identification of specific areas to prioritize for heat prevention and intervention efforts. We demonstrate, through an exercise, how incorporating data on land surface temperature and social factors into heat intervention strategies could contribute to efficient allocation of limited resources and services. The exercise also indicates where heat prevention efforts, such as tree-planting programs, are most needed to help reduce heat exposure and moderate the urban heat island effect.
Evaluation of the correspondence between Holland's vocational personality typology and the five-factor model of personality.

Abstract We investigated the correspondence between two of the most prominent and heuristic models of personality structure: Holland′s (1985a) vocational personality typology and the five-factor model. Participants were 146 male and 213 female employed adults with well-defined Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1985b) profiles; they completed the SDS and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Form S) (NEO-FFI [Form S]; Costa & McCrae, 1992). Results of discriminant analyses revealed that two NEO-FFI (Form S) functions differentiated among Holland groups for samples of each gender. For males, the Big-Five dimensions which discriminated Holland types were Openness and Extraversion; for females, Openness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness constituted the functions which discriminated Holland groups. Results also revealed significant associations of Prediger′s (1982) Data/Ideas and Things/People dimensions with the Big-Five dimensions of Openness and a combination of Extraversion and Agreeableness, respectively. We conclude that Holland′s typology, as measured by the SDS, may correspond with a portion of the five-factor model; the dimensions of Openness and Extraversion seem particularly relevant. Finally, our results provide additional empirical support for the validity of Holland′s trait characterizations of the six vocational personality types.
Liquid Chromatographic-Electrochemical Measurement of Dopamine in Hypophysial Stalk Blood of Rats*

Evidence is accumulating that dopamine is the hypothalamic PRL-inhibiting factor, but the quantitative relationship between its secretion and that of PRL has not been established. To this end, we have developed a liquid chromatographic-electrochemical assay for measurement of dopamine and other catecholamines in hypophysial stalk plasma. Dopamine in plasma was adsorbed onto alumina, eluted with 0.5 M HClO4 and injected into a cation exchange column (1000 × 2 mm id). Elution of dopamine occurred in 17 min using a citrate-acetate buffer (pH 5.2) at a flow rate of 20-30 ml/h (500 psi). Detection resulted from oxidation of dopamine at the surface of a carbon paste electrode, with the resulting electrochemical current being linearly related to dopamine from 20 pg to 10 ng. With a 50% extraction loss of dopamine, the limit of detection using 100 μl plasma was 0.4–0.6 ng/ml. Specificity is provided by the limited number of compounds having oxidation potentials similar to dopamine, by alumina adsorbing only catec...
Scripts and checkerboards: The influence of ordered visual information on remembering locations in infancy

Five-month-old infants were trained to fixate 4 event locations, and memory for sequential locations was assessed following training. Results of two studies reveal that ordered visual information influences young infants' memory for sequential events.
Widowhood, Social Participation and Life Satisfaction:

The study is an analysis of the relation between widowhood, social participation and life satisfaction as measured by the Havighurst Life Satisfaction Scale-Form A. The study compared the level of participation and LSIA scores of married and widowed males and females residing in sixty-one small towns of Missouri in 1966. Females were found to be more activity oriented than males, whether with children, relatives, friends or in formal organizations. There were no changes in activity patterns after widowhood among females. Males show a linear decline in most types of participation with length of widowhood. Association with friends appears to be more closely associated with LSIA score than is association with children and relatives. Participation in formal groups, primarily the church, correlated more closely with LSIA scores than does either participation with family or friends. Widowhood produces a more drastic change in life style and in satisfaction of small town elderly males than it does for females.
Excitation of zinc oxide phosphors by low-energy electrons

The phenomenon of excitation of ZnO phosphors by electrons when the applied voltages are equal to or less than the equivalent ev of the observed photons has been investigated. The results suggest that in ZnO phosphors the energy level distribution is such that any electron accepted by the crystal lattice, regardless of how small was its velocity in vacuum, has the ability to produce luminescence.
Maillard reaction products inhibit apple polyphenoloxidase

Abstract The effects of Maillard reaction products (MRP) on apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 400 nm after oxidation of 4-methylcatechol. MRP, synthesized under different conditions including heating time, type of amino acids, pH and concentration of both amino acid and glucose, showed different effects on apple PPO. The inhibitory effects of MRP. heated for 7 h at 90 °C and synthesized from various amino acids with glucose, were as follows: arginine = histidine > ysteine > lysine. The MRP synthesized from glutamic acid or valine enhanced rather than inhibited PPO activity. Increasing the heating time of histidine-glucose solutions also enhanced the inhibitory effect. However, a slight decrease in the inhibitory effect was observed in the cysteine-glucose solutions after 3 h of heating. The MRP synthesized at low pH levels was a more effective inhibitor than the MRP synthesized at higher pH levels.
G protein activation elicits cerebrovasodilation through interaction with KATP and KCa channels

Abstract This study was designed to characterize the vascular activity of two activators of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, mastoparan and mastoparan-7, on pial artery diameter and their interaction with the ATP sensitive K (KATP) and calcium sensitive K (KCa) channel in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Mastoparan (10−8, 10−6 M) elicited pial artery dilation that was blunted by the KATP channel antagonist glibenclamide (10−6 M) and attenuated by the KCa channel antagonist iberiotoxin (10−7 M) (10±1 and 17±1 vs. 3±1 and 6±1 vs. 6±1 and 10±2% for mastoparan in the absence and presence of glibenclamide or iberiotoxin, respectively). Similar results were observed for mastoparan-7 but the inactive analogue mastoparan-17 had no effect on pial artery diameter. These data show that G protein activation elicits cerebrovasodilation through interaction with KATP and KCa channels.
Orthonormal polynomials on the unit circle and spatially discrete PainlevéII equation

We consider the polynomials n(z) = n(zn+bn-1zn-1+...) orthonormal with respect to the weight exp(()1/2(z+1/z)) dz/2iz on the unit circle in the complex plane. The leading coefficient n is found to satisfy a difference-differential (spatially discrete) equation which is further proved to approach a third-order differential equation by double scaling. The third-order differential equation is equivalent to the Painleve II equation. The leading coefficient and second leading coefficient of n(z) can be expressed asymptotically in terms of the Painleve II function.
A RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF GLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS IN VIVO DURING INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF FATS AND LABELED GLUCOSE

Radioautography was used to detect the synthesis of labeled glycerides in intestinal absorptive cells following injections of fatty chyme and glucose-6-H3 into ligated segments of upper jejunum of fasting rats. Absorption intervals ranged from 2 to 20 min. Labeling is evident throughout the cells in as short a time as 2 min. Most grains are present over droplets of absorbed fat beginning with those in the endoplasmic reticulum immediately subjacent to the terminal web. With longer absorption periods, frequent grains are present over accumulations of fat droplets in the Golgi cisternae and intercellular spaces. A similar pattern of grains is seen following absorption of either linoleic acid or safflower oil. By comparison, considerably less label is present in the cells when the fat is extracted with alcohol prior to radioautographic procedures, or when labeled glucose alone is absorbed. A significant incorporation of glucose label into newly synthesized glycerides is indicated and confirmed by scintillation counts on saponified lipid extracts. The grain distribution implies an involvement of the extreme apical endoplasmic reticulum in this synthesis.
Exposure of sheep scrapie brain homogenate to rumen-simulating conditions does not result in a reduction of PrPSc levels

Aims: Experiments were designed to evaluate the potential of rumen-simulating conditions to reduce PrPSc levels. Methods and Results: Scrapie-positive brain material was incubated under rumen-simulating conditions. Time points were taken over a 24-h period and PrPSc levels were analysed by Western blot. No loss of PrPSc was observed over a 24-h time period. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a fully developed rumen fermentation does not provide significant protection against prion infection via the oral route. Developmental changes including senescence of immune system function or other developmental changes in the gastrointestinal tract are potential mechanisms by which relative bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility might vary with age. Significance and Impact of the Study: Epidemiology of the BSE outbreak in the United Kingdom indicates that younger animals were at higher risk of infection. The rumen undergoes pronounced developmental changes early in life, coinciding with the introduction of fibre into the diet. The timeframe of highest risk of infection overlaps the time in life prior to full rumen development. This work indicates that a fully developed rumen does not provide significant protection against prion infection via the oral route of infection. This result implicates other developmental changes that are responsible for the age-dependent susceptibility of cattle to BSE.
Electroacoustic contingency management of the acoustic spectra of speech.

Abstract Three studies involving the manipulation of the acoustic spectrum of speech are described. An array of electronic equipment was set up which signaled the presence or absence of certain frequency characteristics of speech. Subjects (Ss) were given feedback for production of speech containing targeted frequency characteristics. The Ss had to alter speech acoustic spectrum to include the targeted frequencies. The studies demonstrated that acoustic spectrum is amenable to modification by electroacoustic contingency management. It was indicated that the modified spectra are predictable and related to the phonetic structure of the language. Also, it was demonstrated that a sequence of spectra could be modified.
Role of the sterol carrier protein-2 N-terminal membrane binding domain in sterol transfer.

Previous studies showed that the N-terminal 32 amino acids of sterol carrier protein-2 ( 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 ) comprise an amphipathic α-helix essential for SCP 2 binding to membranes [Huang et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 13231].However, it is unclear whether membrane interaction of the 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 portion of SCP 2 is in itself sufficient to mediate intermembrane sterol transfer, possibly by altering membrane structure. In this study a fluorescent sterol exchange assay was used to resolve these issues and demonstrated that the SCP 2 N-terminal peptide 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 did not by itself enhance intermembrane sterol transfer but potentiated the ability of the SCP 2 protein to stimulate sterol transfer. Compared with SCP 2 acting alone, 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 potentiated the sterol transfer activity of SCP 2 by increasing the initial rate of sterol transfer by 2.9-fold and by decreasing the half-time of sterol transfer by 10-fold (from 11.6 to 1.2 min) without altering the size of the transferable fractions. The ability of a series of SCP 2 mutant N-terminal peptides to potentiate SCP 2 -mediated sterol transfer was directly correlated with membrane affinity of the respective peptide. N-Terminal peptide 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 did not potentiate intermembrane sterol transfer by binding sterol (dehydroergosterol), altering membrane fluidity (diphenylhexatriene) or membrane permeability (leakage assay). Instead, fluorescence lifetime measurements suggested that SCP 2 and 1 - 3 2 SCP 2 bound to membranes and thereby elicited a shift in membrane sterol microenvironment to become more polar. In summary, these data for the first time showed that while the N-terminal membrane binding domain of SCP 2 was itself inactive in mediating intermembrane sterol transfer, it nevertheless potentiated the ability of SCP 2 to enhance sterol transfer.
Effects of Behavioral and Pharmacological Therapies on Peer Reinforcement of Deviancy in Children With ADHD-Only, ADHD and Conduct Problems, and Controls

Objective: This study compared the unique and combined effects of evidence-based treatments for ADHD— stimulant medication and behavior modification—on children’s rates of reinforcement for deviant peer behavior (RDPB). Method: Using a within-subjects design, 222 elementary school-age children attending a summer treatment program, including 151 children with ADHD (127 male), with and without comorbid conduct problems, and 71 control children (57 male), received varying combinations of behavior modification (no, low-intensity, and high-intensity) and methylphenidate (placebo, 0.15 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg, and 0.60 mg/kg). RDPB was measured through direct observation and compared across all behavior modification and medication conditions. Results: Children with ADHD reinforced the deviant behavior of their peers at a significantly higher rate than control children in the absence of either intervention. However, that difference largely disappeared in the presence of both behavior modification and medication. Both low and high-intensity behavior modification, as well as medium (0.30 mg/kg) and high (0.60 mg/kg) doses of methylphenidate, significantly reduced the rate of ADHD children’s RDPB to levels similar to the control group. Conclusions: Results indicate that although untreated children with ADHD do engage in RDPB at a greater rate than their non-ADHD peers, existing evidence-based interventions can substantially decrease the presence of RDPB, thereby limiting potential iatrogenic effects in group-based treatment settings. What is the public health significance of this article? This study found that children with behavior disorders reinforced their peers’ deviant behaviors much more than typically developing children. However, behavior modification and medication treatments both reduced reinforcement rates, indicating that peer contagion can easily be managed in groupbased treatments for children.
Estimation of tissue optical parameters with hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing

Early detection of oral cancer and its curable precursors can improve patient survival and quality of life. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) holds the potential for noninvasive early detection of oral cancer. The quantification of tissue chromophores by spectral unmixing of hyperspectral images could provide insights for evaluating cancer progression. In this study, non-negative matrix factorization has been applied for decomposing hyperspectral images into physiologically meaningful chromophore concentration maps. The approach has been validated by computer-simulated hyperspectral images and in vivo tumor hyperspectral images from a head and neck cancer animal model.
Cyclodextrin retinylidene: a biomimetic kinetic trap model for rhodopsin.

Abstract All trans retinal was attached to both the primary face and the secondary face of β-cyclodextrin via a Schiff base linkage, analogous to that in rhodopsin. The new models were evaluated and compared with n -butylamine retinylidene Schiff base for their rates of hydrolysis, and factors that influence such rates. Competition studies using adamantane carboxylate demonstrated the kinetic trap theory by diminishing the binding of retinal in the cyclodextrin, thereby augmenting the rate of hydrolysis. NMR experiments indicate that the retinylidene is most probably bound in the form of a dimer.
Comparison of Speech Perception in Background Noise With Acceptance of Background Noise in Aided and Unaided Conditions

Background noise is a significant factor influencing hearing-aid satisfaction and is a major reason for rejection of hearing aids. Attempts have been made by previous researchers to relate the use ...