cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Fire Barriers to Reduce Fire Hazards on large mining Equipment

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has developed and evaluated various fire barriers for their effectiveness in preventing the spraying of pressurized hydraulic fluids onto simulated turbocharger hot surfaces, and in preventing the ignition of flammable vapors and mists onto barrier outer surfaces. This initial study, however, needs to be followed by a larger investigation that deals with barrier effectiveness in preventing or reducing hydraulic fluid fires within compartments of operating equipment, and barrier physical endurance under hostile environments within compartments. Some of the barriers were also evaluated for their effectiveness in suppressing simulated turbocharger fast-developing fires (initial fires, 32 kW). For the evaluation, modeled engine compartments with simulated turbocharger surfaces of 600°C, initial fires of 32 kW, and a pressurized hydraulic fluid spray system, were used. Also, conceptualized designs of some of the fire barriers, set within the compartments of typical mining equipment, have been reported to provide further guidance toward barrier fabrication and installation. The fire barriers included a parachute silica cloth barrier lined with flexible stainless steel foil; a one-panel insulated stainless steel barrier with a water-spray system; a foldable multi-panel insulated stainless steel barrier; and, an open–close steel strip barrier. Results show that all four fire barriers were effective in preventing the spraying of pressurized hydraulic fluids onto simulated turbocharger hot surfaces. Most of the barriers were also effective in preventing the ignition of flammable vapors and mists onto barrier outer surfaces. Results also show that the parachute barrier and the one-panel barrier with a water-spray system were effective in suppressing simulated turbocharger initial fires of 32 kW.
Modeling and Analysis of an Airport Departure Process

This paper develops and implements an analytical queueing model for an aircraft departure process. The model is formulated using data collected at LaGuardia Airport in June 1994. Departure demand is represented by a nonhomogeneous Poisson process, and service times are modeled as appropriate mixtures of exponential stages. Transient analysis of the resulting Markovian system is performed to produce a time-dependent plot of anticipated departure delay. The model and analytical results yield useful insights for airport capacity estimation and departure delay prediction. ROWING congestion at major U.S. airports has created a need for better understanding of factors that can lead to aircraft departure delays. This article presents an analytical queueing model that captures key variables in the aircraft de- parture process and offers an approach toward airport capacity estimation and departure delay prediction. The model is de- veloped and demonstrated using data collected from New York City' s LaGuardia Airport (LGA) during a single week in June 1994. LGA was selected because the airport has characteristics common to many U.S. facilities, including the frequent occur- rence of signie cant departure delays. Like many airports, LGA is cone gured with two intersecting runways. Normal operating procedures assign a primary de- parture runway, which can be viewed as the single server in a queueing system. Several dee nitions are useful in formulating an appropriate queueing model. Departure is synonymous with service completion, which occurs when an aircraft completes takeoff and clears the runway environment sufe ciently for an- other aircraft to be granted takeoff clearance. Service demand occurs when an aircraft enters the departure queue after leav- ing a passenger gate (pushback) and taxiing to the runway. Departure delay is the difference between service demand time and the initiation of service (clearance for takeoff ). Roll-out time is the total time between pushback and takeoff clearance (sum of taxi time and departure delay ). Initial analysis of the LGA activity data reveals that roll-out time varies greatly with time of day, primarily because of time- dependent variation in the frequency of scheduled pushbacks. The queueing model is consequently designed to capture var- iability in pushback rates and runway service time to produce a time-dependent plot of expected roll-out time. While this type of transient analysis has been explored for some aspects of airport operation, the departure process has received rela- tively little attention. There are various published investiga- tions of airport arrival (landing) processes. 1 › 6
Revisional operations for marginal ulcer after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Marginal ulcer is a potentially serious complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). This study reviewed 1 surgeon's experience with 39 revisional operations for intractable marginal ulcer after primary RYGB. Methods A total of 2282 consecutive patients underwent RYGB by 1 surgeon from 1984 to 2006, of which 1621 were open and 661 laparoscopic. The stomach was transected in laparoscopic RYGB and was left undivided in the open group. All revisions included ulcer excision, revision of the gastrojejunostomy with gastric transection as needed. Six patients underwent vagotomy. Results Of the 2282 patients, 122 (5.3%) developed marginal ulcers (88 and 34 from the open and laparoscopic group, respectively). Of these 122 patients, 39 (32%) underwent revision for intractability (35 open and 4 laparoscopic). Of these 39 patients, 28 (71.7%) had gastrogastric fistulas. Risk factors for ulcer (medication, smoking) were present in 26 patients (66.6%). The primary indications of intractability included abdominal pain (66.6%), gastrointestinal bleeding (20.5%), stomal obstruction (10.2%), and perforation (2.5%). Early postoperative complications included 2 leaks (5.1%) and 2 wound infections (5.1%). Three smokers (7.7%) developed recurrent ulcers postoperatively. One patient died of acute respiratory distress syndrome 5 months postoperatively. Of the 39 patients, 34 (87%) remained asymptomatic after revision. The revision rate was significantly less after laparoscopic RYGB (.6%) than after open RYGB (2.1%; P ≤.0025). Conclusion The results of our study have shown that operations for intractable marginal ulcer after RYGB are highly successful in nonsmokers. Patients who undergo laparoscopic RYGB with gastric transection are less likely to require revision than patients who undergo RYGB with an incontinuity gastric partition. The rate of reoperation for marginal ulcer was greater than anticipated.
Molecular genetics in acute leukemia

Improved techniques in identifying the chromosome changes and the affected genes that are involved in acute leukemias have led to improved treatments for these diseases. Identification of consistent chromosomal changes has allowed us to target the location of particular genes and has enabled us to focus our treatments more specifically to certain subtypes of leukemia. Translocations, in particular, are common cytogenetic abnormalities in human leukemia, and the prevalence of certain types of translocations varies with age. Cancers, lymphomas and leukemias are now known to be genetic diseases and it is recognized that genotype-specific therapies should be used that take into account the genetic alterations of the particular leukemia.
Endogenous Cycles and Chaos in a Capitalist Economy: A Circuit of Capital Model

This paper introduces a firm-level simulation model of the circuit of capital with financially extended Harrodian investment behavior. The model demonstrates that capitalist economies with heterogeneous firms can endogenously generate chaotic cycles. Stability and bifurcation analyses show that the (Harrodian) instability of the system is caused by the firm's ‘aggressiveness’ regarding the size of the ‘rent’ between investiments in the financial and the goods markets. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of firms results in a chaotic pattern of capital accumulation. Finally, a set of steady states around which the system fluctuates chaotically is found by solving the balanced growth problem.
On the Canonical Decomposition of Quiver Representations

Kac introduced the notion of the canonical decomposition for a dimension vector of a quiver. Here we will give an efficient algorithm to compute the canonical decomposition. Our study of the canonical decomposition for quivers with three vertices gives us fractal-like pictures.
Are clinical laboratories in California accurately reporting vancomycin-resistant enterococci?

In order to determine whether hospital-based clinical laboratories conducting active surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in three San Francisco Bay area counties (San Francisco, Alameda, and Contra Costa counties) were accurately reporting vancomycin resistance, five vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains and one vancomycin-susceptible beta-lactamase-producing enterococcus were sent to 31 of 32 (97%) laboratories conducting surveillance. Each strain was tested by the laboratory9s routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing method. An Enterococcus faecium strain with high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC, 512 microg/ml) was correctly reported as resistant by 100% of laboratories; an E. faecium strain with moderate-level resistance (MIC, 64 microg/ml) was correctly reported as resistant by 91% of laboratories; two Enterococcus faecalis strains with low-level resistance (MICs, 32 microg/ml) were correctly reported as resistant by 97 and 56% of laboratories, respectively. An Enterococcus gallinarum strain with intrinsic low-level resistance (MIC, 8 microg/ml) was correctly reported as intermediate by 50% of laboratories. A beta-lactamase-producing E. faecalis isolate was correctly identified as susceptible to vancomycin by 100% of laboratories and as resistant to penicillin and ampicillin by 68 and 44% of laboratories, respectively; all 23 (74%) laboratories that tested for beta-lactamase recognized that it was a beta-lactamase producer. This survey indicated that for clinically significant enterococcal isolates, laboratories in the San Francisco Bay area have problems in detecting low- to moderate-level but not high-level vancomycin resistance. Increasing accuracy of detection and prompt reporting of these isolates and investigation of cases are the next steps in the battle for control of the spread of vancomycin resistance.
Persons with Learning Disabilities in the Workplace: What We Know So Far in the Americans with Disabilities Act Era

Abstract. Since the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990 and implemented in 1992, there has been little research to discover the realities of the workplace for adults with learning disabilities. There is a body of knowledge, albeit sparse in scope, that provides guidance for learning disabilities professionals, employers, and individuals with learning disabilities. Empirical studies are synthesized from the past 12 years to convey the perspectives of employees with learning disabilities and their employers. Issues that require further research are outlined.
Oxidative Enzymopathies and Vascular Disease

In the vasculature, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by both mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic sources serve as integral components of cellular signaling and homeostatic mechanisms. Because ROS are highly reactive biomolecules, the cellular redox milieu is carefully maintained by small-molecule antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes to prevent the deleterious consequences of ROS excess. When this redox balance is perturbed, because of either increased ROS production or decreased antioxidant capacity, oxidant stress is increased in the vessel wall and, if not offset, vascular dysfunction ensues. A number of heritable polymorphisms of pro-oxidant enzymes, including 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase-3, and NAD(P)H oxidase, have been identified and found to modulate ROS production and, thereby, the risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease in individuals with these genetic polymorphisms. Similarly, heritable deficiency of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, heme oxygenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase favors ROS accumulation, and has been associated with an increased risk of vascular disease. Individually, each of these polymorphisms imposes a state of uncompensated oxidant stress on the vasculature and collectively comprise the oxidative enzymopathies.
A DFE coefficient placement algorithm for underwater digital acoustic communications

We describe and evaluate an algorithm for determining decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) coefficient placements from an estimated channel response. Efficient tap placement is desirable to minimize equalizer computation in multichannel, underwater acoustic environments due to long, potentially sparse channel responses lasting hundreds of symbols or more. Although our algorithm relies on heuristics to simplify the placement search, it is based on taking advantage of the interaction between the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) optimal feedforward and feedback filters, rather than optimizing over each separately. Tests of the automated routine on two diverse sets of data gathered from an at-sea experiment of an underwater acoustic communication system demonstrate the algorithm's ability to provide complete automation of the tap placement process while maintaining performance.
Reproductive and immune responses to photoperiod and melatonin are linked in Peromyscus subspecies

The effects of photoperiod and melatonin treatment on reproductive and immune function were assessed in two subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus from different latitudes of origin. In experiment 1, P. m. bairidii (latitude = 42°51′ N) and P. m. luteus (latitude = 30°37′ N) were housed in either long (LD 16∶8) or short days (LD 8∶16) for 8 weeks. Short-day P. m. bairdii displayed reproductive regression and elevated splenocyte proliferation in response to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A, as compared to long-day mice. In contrast, P. m. luteus did not undergo reproductive regression or exhibit any increase in lymphocyte proliferation in short days. In experiment 2, individuals of both P. m. bairdii and P. m. luteus were implanted with empty capsules or capsules that contained melatonin. Individual P. m. bairdii implanted with melatonin underwent reproductive regression. Individuals of this subspecies also displayed elevated lymphocyte proliferation compared to control mice. Conversely, P. m. luteus implanted with melatonin did not undergo reproductive regression and displayed no significant changes in lymphocyte proliferation. These results suggest that reproductive responsiveness to melatonin mediates short-day enhancement of immune function in deer mice. These data also imply that melatonin may not possess universal immunoenhancing properties. Rather, the effectiveness of melatonin to influence immune responses may be constrained by reproductive responsiveness to this indole-amine.
Amyloidosis of the Islets of Langerhans in a Crab-Eating Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

A mature male crab-eating monkey (Macaca fmciculuris), killed in an acute toxic study, had idiopathic isolated amyloidosis in the pancreatic islets of LANGERHANS. Such a lesion has been reported previously only in man and the domestic cat. Amyloidosis is a degenerative metabolic disease of animals and man. The least common form of this disease, designated as isolated or localized amyloidosis, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid in a single isolated organ. Reports of this form of the disease are not numerous, but cases have been described in the cat (2) and in man (3). This report describes a case of isolated amyloidosis in the pancreatic islets of LANGERHANS in a ~ucucu fuscicularis.
Optimized reverse micelle surfactant system for high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of encapsulated proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in low-viscosity fluids

An optimized reverse micelle surfactant system has been developed for solution nuclear magnetic resonance studies of encapsulated proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in low viscosity fluids. Comprising the nonionic 1-decanoyl-rac-glycerol and the zwitterionic lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide (10MAG/LDAO), this mixture is shown to efficiently encapsulate a diverse set of proteins and nucleic acids. Chemical shift analyses of these systems show that high structural fidelity is achieved upon encapsulation. The 10MAG/LDAO surfactant system reduces the molecular reorientation time for encapsulated macromolecules larger than ∼20 kDa leading to improved overall NMR performance. The 10MAG/LDAO system can also be used for solution NMR studies of lipid-modified proteins. New and efficient strategies for optimization of encapsulation conditions are described. 10MAG/LDAO performs well in both the low viscosity pentane and ultralow viscosity liquid ethane and therefore will serve as a general surfactant system for initiat...
Growth of postimplantation mouse embryos cultured in a serum-supplemented, chemically defined medium.

The isolated mammalian embryo is a relatively unexploited developmental system for studying early somite stages: the embryonic period of greatest susceptibility to teratogenesis. The mouse embryo offers sufficient advantages for such studies that a short-term culture procedure was adapted for early postimplantation stages (Witschi stages 14 or 15 corresponding to one to 12 somites). Criteria for growth in vitro demonstrated that quantitative determinations of DNA, RNA and protein content consistently correlated with morphological end points. A medium comprising 20% rat serum in Waymouth's MB 752/1 supported better development and net macromolecular synthesis than did media containing 0, 10 or 100% rat serum. Embryos in the 20% serum-supplemented medium approximately doubled their nucleic acid and protein contents during 22 hours in culture. This increase corresponds to roughly 60% of the growth of embryos in vivo and should permit biochemical investigations to be made of the early effects of teratogenic treatments.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α regulates the expression of TRAIL receptor DR5 in renal cancer cells

To understand the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2alpha in regulating sensitivity of renal cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, we transfected wild-type and mutant von Hippel Lindau (VHL) proteins into TRAIL-sensitive, VHL-negative A498 cells. We find that wild-type VHL, but not the VHL mutants S65W and C162F that do not degrade HIF proteins, cause TRAIL resistance. Knock down of the HIF-2alpha protein by RNA interference (short hairpin RNA) blocked TRAIL-induced apoptosis, decreased the level of TRAIL receptor (DR5) protein and inhibited the transcription of DR5 messenger RNA. By using luciferase constructs containing the upstream region of the DR5 promoter, we demonstrate that HIF-2alpha stimulates the transcription of the DR5 gene by activating the upstream region between -448 and -1188. Because HIF-2alpha is thought to exert its effect on gene transcription by interacting with the Max protein partner of Myc in the Myc/Max dimer, small interfering RNAs to Myc were used to lower the levels of this protein. In multiple renal cancer cell lines decreasing the levels of Myc blocked the ability of HIF-2alpha to stimulate DR5 transcription. PS-341 (VELCADE, bortezomib), a proteasome inhibitor used to treat human cancer, increases the levels of both HIF-2alpha and c-Myc and elevates the level of DR5 in renal cancer, sensitizing renal cancer cells to TRAIL therapy. Similarly, increasing HIF-2alpha in prostate and lung cancer cell lines increased the levels of DR5. Thus, in renal cancer cell lines expressing HIF-2alpha, this protein plays a role in regulating the levels of the TRAIL receptor DR5.
Replication interference between human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 mediated by heterologous E1 helicases

Background Co-infection of multiple genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is commonly observed among women with abnormal cervical cytology, but how different HPVs interact with each other in the same cell is not clearly understood. A previous study using cultured keratinocytes revealed that genome replication of one HPV type is inhibited by co-existence of the genome of another HPV type, suggesting that replication interference occurs between different HPV types when co-infected; however, molecular mechanisms underlying inter-type replication interference have not been fully explored.
The California REDD+ Experience: The Ongoing Political History of California's Initiative to Include Jurisdictional REDD+ Offsets within Its Cap-and-Trade System

For the last several years, California has considered the idea of recognizing, within its greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program, offsets generated by foreign states and provinces through reduced tropical forest destruction and degradation and related conservation and sustainability efforts, known as REDD . During their deliberations on the issue, state policymakers have heard arguments from stakeholders in favor of crediting REDD offsets, and those against. After years of planning and cooperative efforts undertaken with states in Brazil, Mexico, and elsewhere, California is still determining whether to embrace REDD offsets. The most salient and potentially persuasive arguments in favor stem from the opportunity to influence and reduce international forest-related emissions contributing to climate change, while simultaneously reducing the costs imposed by the state’s climate change law. The state is still grappling, however, with serious questions about the effectiveness of REDD in addressing climate change, as well as the impacts of REDD on other social and environmental objectives. The suitability of the state’s cap-and-trade program as a tool for reducing emissions outside the state, given the co-benefits that accrue to local communities from in-state reductions, remains another key area of debate. The outcome of this policy discussion will depend on interrelated questions of program design, future offset supply and demand, and the weight given to the importance of prioritizing in-state emissions reductions and co-benefits.
Interaction between phenotypic oxidative DNA damage biomarker and polymorphic DNA repair genes in high-risk population for liver cancer

1893 Oxidative stress plays important roles in viral and chemical carcinogenesis. 8-hydroxy-29-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a phenotypic biomarker for oxidative DNA damage. Genetic polymorphism of DNA repair genes can modify DNA damage, which is a major category of biomarkers for susceptibility. To investigate the interaction between genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 654 residents (412 males and 242 females) of southern Guangxi, one of the high-risk areas for liver cancer in China. DNA samples were extracted from peripheral leukocytes and polymorphic genotypes of hOGG1 and XRCC1 were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Urinary 8-OHdG was measured by HPLC-electrocoularray detection and adjusted by the concentration of creatinine (creat). The median 8-OHdG level among all study subjects was 7.09 ng/mg creat, ranged 0.13-94.11 ng/mg creat. The median 8-OHdG level in females was 8.36 ng/mg creat ranged 0.18-94.11 ng/mg creat, which was significantly higher than the median 8-OHdG level in males (6.22 ng/mg creat ranged 0.13-61.20 ng/mg creat, p Ser/Ser genotype had lower 8-OHdG level (median: 5.85 ng/mg creat) than those with heterozygous 326 Ser/Cys or homozygous 326 Cys/Cys (median: 7.49 ng/mg creat) (p=0.030, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Same trend of 8-OHdG level in hOGG1 genotypes was found in females (p=0.040, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Bivariate analysis also found that heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of hOGG1 (326 Cys ) could significantly increase 8-OHdG level in all study subjects (p=0.008, trend test). The median 8-OHdG level (6.79 ng/mg creat) in subjects with XRCC1 194 Arg/Arg genotype was significantly lower than the median level, 7.73 ng/mg creat, in those with heterozygous 194 Arg/Trp or homozygous 194 Trp/Trp (p=0.032, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Same trend of 8-OHdG level in XRCC1 genotypes was found in females (p=0.044, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Furthermore, 8-OHdG level increased with the increased number of the combined genotypes among hOGG1 326 variant type ( Ser/Cys or Cys/Cys ) or XRCC1 194 variant type ( Arg/Trp or Trp/Trp ) (p=0.006, trend test), especially in females (p=0.006, trend test). Results from this study indicate that polymorphic DNA repair genes may impact expression or biological activity of DNA repair enzymes, especially if multiple polymorphisms occur, that may result in deficient DNA repair for oxidative DNA damage induced by viral and chemical carcinogens, and therefore, increase individual susceptibility to liver cancer. (Supported by the NCI research grant CA90997)
Stanniocalcin stimulates phosphate reabsorption by flounder renal proximal tubule in primary culture

The effects of several hormones on transepithelial Pi transport were determined in primary monolayer cultures of winter flounder proximal tubule epithelium in Ussing chambers. Salmon stanniocalcin (STC) had a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on net Pi reabsorption within the normal plasma hormone concentration range, 12.5-50 ng/ml (0.25-1.0 nM). Net Pi transport was significantly altered by STC (200 ng/ml) within 30 min and progressively increased from slight net secretion (0.26 +/- 0.744 nmol.cm-2.h-1) in untreated controls to net reabsorption (1.96 +/- 0.729 nmol.cm-2.h-1) after 3 h. The STC effect was mimicked by 10 microM forskolin, whereas 10 microM H-89, a highly specific protein kinase A inhibitor, significantly decreased both STC- and forskolin-induced Pi reabsorption. The release of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) was increased more than twofold after a 1-h exposure to STC. This hormone had no effect on transepithelial Ca2+ transport. The results indicate that STC directly stimulates net renal Pi reabsorption by a cAMP-dependent pathway. In addition to STC, bovine parathyroid hormone (100 nM) and ovine prolactin (100 nM) significantly increased net Pi reabsorptive flux.
Further Evidence for Human A-Like Antigens on Marmoset Red Cells.∗

SummaryAbsorption and elution tests using immune heteroagglutinins produced in rabbits immunized with red cells of the marmoset Oedipomidas oedipus have further indicated the presence of an A-like antigen on the marmoset cells. In addition, the rabbit antiserum was found to have properties suggesting the presence of a “cross-reacting” type of antibody against human A and B cells. Although marmoset cells appear to have both A- and B-like red cell antigens, considerable differences in the reactions of these antigens compared to those of human A and B cells were seen.
Whirlpool: Improving Dynamic Cache Management with Static Data Classification

Cache hierarchies are increasingly non-uniform and difficult to manage. Several techniques, such as scratchpads or reuse hints, use static information about how programs access data to manage the memory hierarchy. Static techniques are effective on regular programs, but because they set fixed policies, they are vulnerable to changes in program behavior or available cache space. Instead, most systems rely on dynamic caching policies that adapt to observed program behavior. Unfortunately, dynamic policies spend significant resources trying to learn how programs use memory, and yet they often perform worse than a static policy. We present Whirlpool, a novel approach that combines static information with dynamic policies to reap the benefits of each. Whirlpool statically classifies data into pools based on how the program uses memory. Whirlpool then uses dynamic policies to tune the cache to each pool. Hence, rather than setting policies statically, Whirlpool uses static analysis to guide dynamic policies. We present both an API that lets programmers specify pools manually and a profiling tool that discovers pools automatically in unmodified binaries. We evaluate Whirlpool on a state-of-the-art NUCA cache. Whirlpool significantly outperforms prior approaches: on sequential programs, Whirlpool improves performance by up to 38% and reduces data movement energy by up to 53%; on parallel programs, Whirlpool improves performance by up to 67% and reduces data movement energy by up to 2.6x.
Caveolin-1 Increases Proinflammatory Chemoattractants and Blood–Retinal Barrier Breakdown but Decreases Leukocyte Recruitment in Inflammation

Purpose Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the signature protein of caveolae, modulates inflammatory responses, and innate immunity. However, Cav-1's role in retinal inflammation has not been rigorously tested. In this study, we examined the effect of Cav-1 ablation on the sensitivity of the retina to inflammation. Methods Cav-1 knockout (KO) mice were challenged by intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cell recruitment was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Leukostasis was assessed in retinal flatmounts after perfusion with FITC-labeled Concanavalin A (FITC-ConA). Chemoattractants were measured by multiplex immunoassays. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown was assessed quantitatively by a FITC-dextran permeability assay. The ratio of extravascular to total immune cells was determined by CD45 immunohistochemistry of retinal flatmounts. Results Inflammatory challenge resulted in significant blunting of proinflammatory cytokine (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1/CCL2], CXCL1/KC, IL-6, and IL-1β) responses as well as reduced inflammatory BRB breakdown in Cav-1 KO retinas. Paradoxically, Cav-1 deficiency resulted in significantly increased recruitment of immune cells compared with controls as well as increased leukostasis. A similar ratio of extravascular/total leukocytes were found in Cav-1 KO and wild-type (WT) retinas suggesting that Cav-1 deficient leukocytes were as competent to extravasate as those from WT mice. We found increased levels of circulating immune cells in naive (not challenged with LPS) Cav-1 KO mice compared with controls. Conclusions Caveolin-1 paradoxically modulates inflammatory signaling and leukocyte infiltration through distinct mechanisms. We hypothesize that Cav-1 expression may enhance inflammatory signaling while at the same time supporting the physical properties of the BRB.
Forest Carbon Calculators: A Review for Managers, Policymakers, and Educators

Forests play a critical role sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, partially offsetting greenhouse gas emissions, and thereby mitigating climate change. Forest management, natural disturbances, and the fate of carbon in wood products strongly influence carbon sequestration and emissions in the forest sector. Government policies, carbon offset and trading programs, and sustainable forestry certification programs make it increasingly important that carbon dynamics are incorporated into forest management decisionmaking. Many analytical tools (which we refer to as forest carbon calculators) have been developed to quantify carbon stores and dynamics in the forest sector, but it can be difficult for potential users to know which carbon calculator(s) may be best for any given application. We review 12 forest carbon calculators, providing a classification and synthesis to assist forest managers, policymakers, and educators. Additionally, we discuss key characteristics missing in existing forest carbon calculators that are needed for current and future forest management decisionmaking.
Survivorship care plans and adherence to lifestyle recommendations among breast cancer survivors.

Purpose The effectiveness of survivorship care plans has not been widely tested. We evaluated whether a one-time brief lifestyle consultation as part of a broader survivorship care plan was effective at changing diet and lifestyle patterns.
Analysis about main healthy actions and factors which influence the health of townsmen and countrymen in Weihai

Objective:To observe and analyze the main healthy actions and factors which influence the health of townsmen and countrymen in Weihai city,and provide evidence for the government to institute corresponding health policy. Methods: Investigated the objects through questionnaires and analyzed the results with multi-stage cluster random sampling. Results: Milk intake of Weihai resident was obviously less than the average level of the country,while the rates of drinking and smoking were higher in males. Resident paid little attention to the medical examination and exercises,and the phenomenon of overweight was serious in both male and female. Conclusion: The resident of Weihai has a reasonable dietetic composing and has a good hygeian habit. The relational department should constitute feasible hygienic policy about the factors of chronic noninfective diseases.
A new challenge for pediatric audiology: Public Law 99-457.

When fully implemented, the most recent amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act will have a substantial impact on expanding services to infants and toddlers with handicapping conditions and their families. Audiologists in many settings will be called upon to participate in the implementation of this new mandate . It is imperative that audiologists be well informed about Public Law 99-457 as state and local policies are being developed and implemented . This article reviews the new law with emphasis on its implications for young hearing-impaired children, their families, and the audiologists who serve them .
A New Provocative Test for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia

A new provocative test for chronic mesenteric ischemia is described, based upon the demonstration of a fall in the intramural pH of the small bowel after introduction of a test meal into the stomach. Intramural pH (pHI) is determined indirectly by tonometry, utilizing a tonometer passed per os. Postoperative assessment of revascularization procedures is also possible by the same technique. Application of the test in an 84-yr-old woman showed good correlation between a preoperative fall in jejunal intramural pH and abdominal pain, and the absence of a fall postoperatively after successful revascularization.
Association of Antegrade Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Velocity with Spontaneous Closure of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Objective This study aims to determine echocardiographic parameters associated with spontaneous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. Study Design Retrospective demographic review and analysis of echocardiograms from 189 ELBW infants with suspected and confirmed hemodynamically significant PDA identified on an initial echocardiogram was performed. Comparison of echocardiographic parameters was made between infants with spontaneous closure versus those who received treatment. Results The mean birth weight (787 ± 142 vs. 724 ± 141 g, p = 0.04) and gestational age (27.4 ± 2.8 vs. 26.2 ± 1.6 weeks, p = 0.03) were higher in the spontaneous closure versus the treatment group. Antegrade pulmonary artery (PA) diastolic velocity was lower in infants with spontaneous PDA closure versus those who received treatment (0.15 ± 0.06 vs. 0.22 ± 0.12 m/s, p = 0.009). Conclusion Heavier and more mature ELBW infants with a lower antegrade PA diastolic velocity were likely to have spontaneous closure of the PDA.
Investigation of adult stainless steel crown longevity as an interim restoration in pediatric patients.

Background Preformed metal crowns, also known as stainless steel crowns (SSC), are utilized for providing full coverage to young permanent teeth and have been used extensively as restorations of primary teeth for approximately 65 years. Aim Evaluate permanent tooth SSC longevity as an interim restoration for teeth requiring full coverage restoration in pediatric patients. Design Retrospective chart review from 2006 through 2014 in a hospital-based dental clinic for permanent tooth pre-fabricated crown longevity. One hundred and fifty-five SSCs were evaluated with regard to: age of patient at restoration placement, diagnoses, and duration of crown service. Duration service was further categorized as successful or failed. Results Of 155 SSCs, 137 were considered successfully functioning. Total failures were 18. The overall combined success rate for the study group was observed to be 88% with an average service period of 45.18 months. Significant success was noted in patients less than 9 years of age, and significant failure was observed in patients 12 years and older. Conclusions Stainless steel crowns are a viable option for interim restoration needs, with an 88% overall success rate during an average service period of 45.18 months.
Processing of stimulus content but not of emotional valence is altered in persons with Williams syndrome.

Background Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit hypersociability and may respond atypically to emotional information in social and nonsocial stimuli. It is not yet clear whether these difficulties are specific to emotional content or stimulus type. This study examined the neural processes supporting social and emotional information processing in WS. Method Visual event-related potentials were recorded in 19 adults with WS and 10 typical peers during a picture-viewing task requiring detection of smiling faces among other social and nonsocial images with positive and negative emotional content. Results The participant groups were not significantly different in affective processing of positive and negative stimuli and perceived faces as different from nonsocial images. Participants with WS showed subtle differences in face-specific perceptual processes (e.g. face inversion, N170 lateralisation), suggesting a more feature-based processing. They also demonstrated reduced attention and arousal modulation (P3, late positive potential) in response to faces vs. nonsocial images. These differences were independent of intelligence quotient. Conclusions There was no evidence of greater than typical perceptual, attentional or affective processing of social information in WS. The results support the idea that altered face perception processes and not the increased salience of social stimuli or difficulties with emotion discrimination may contribute to the hypersocial phenotype in WS.
Purchasing Information to Reduce Uncertainty in Trajectory Prediction

Previous studies show people underestimate the amount of uncertainty in predictive states. This experiment tested an implication of such findings: that people will be less likely (than optimal) to ...
Connecting Research and Policy to Reduce Inequality

Why did the Coleman Report and the decades of education research that it influenced not result in greater reductions in educational inequality? What can be done to ensure that future education research is more effective in this respect? This paper describes the significant disconnect between education researchers and policymakers, characterized by three problems: (1) researchers do not inform policymakers about the results of their research, (2) policymakers do not inform researchers about their policy goals, and (3) when policymakers and researchers do exchange information, they often do so in a highly political context in which many interests supersede the interests of students. However, important changes since the Coleman Report have created a context more conducive to effective collaboration, including a nationwide movement among researchers, policymakers, and funders to create more meaningful and effective partnerships. These changes present a unique opportunity for improving the connection between r...
Do more guns lead to more crime? Understanding the role of illegal firearms

Abstract Using a detailed jurisdiction-quarter level dataset, I create a proxy for illegal firearm flows: the number of firearms reported stolen in each police jurisdiction, and map their effect on crime in the U.S. Estimates show a strong, positive impact of increased stolen firearms, in the previous quarters, on firearm aggravated assaults, homicides, and robberies in the current quarter. However, no statistically significant relationship is estimated between firearm flows and non-firearm offenses, providing a crucial falsification test. Various other robustness checks, including an analysis of potential spillovers in illegal firearm flows, find no evidence of a spurious relationship driving the results.
Personnel Protection, Protection Guides, and Standards

Although protective clothing and eye shields have been developed and demonstrated as providing effective shielding in some circumstances (Glaser and Heimer, 1971; Christianson and Rutkowski, 1967; Wadey, 1956), their use is not recommended. Reflections can increase the hazard to other people, and faults, such as open circuits, can act as secondary sources to actually increase the hazard to the wearer. In high-radiation fields, arcing problems may arise (Klascius, 1971).
Building Spectacles Through Bricolage

This chapter examines two cases in which spectacles have been deployed in order to generate and sustain ideas regarding identities through the spectacular strategy of bricolage. In both cases, existing practices and ideas are woven into spectacles intended to promote identity. In the case of the comic book figure Wonder Woman, the foundations of her character are shown to be rooted in nineteenth-century American feminism and the suffragette movement, which themselves emerged from utopian novels. These strains are then introduced into the emerging popular cultural milieu of comic books, allowing these ideas to reach a wide audience. The second case, that of emerging Russian nationalism, explores the conflicts that have arisen in the development of a post-Soviet Russian identity following the collapse and formal legal liquidation of the Soviet Union. In this case, Ostrovsky (2014) argues persuasively that these new forms of identity are created and circulated within mediated spectacles—especially through television—that benefit Russia’s current ruler, Vladimir Putin.
Peripheral retinal hemorrhages: a literature review and report on thirty-three patients

Background Peripheral retinal hemorrhages are often asymptomatic and are detected during routine dilation. The incidence of peripheral retinal hemorrhages is unknown and there is a paucity of information on the subject available in the literature. Methods This article reports on 33 patients with peripheral retinal hemorrhage detected during routine fundus examination. The possible etiologies and pathophysiology of peripheral retinal hemorrhages are discussed and a management plan for the primary care clinician is presented. The ophthalmic literature was reviewed and reports of peripheral retinal hemorrhages were included. For each etiology, the ocular and systemic sequelae, symptoms, testing, treatment, and followup are delineated. Results Various proposed etiologies of peripheral retinal hemorrhages include senescence, systemic and retinal vascular disease, hematologic disorders, infectious disease, hypoxia, and mechanical and iatrogenic causes. Conclusion Despite their asymptomatic nature, peripheral retinal hemorrhages have a variety of potential etiologies and risk factors. Causes associated with serious ocular or systemic complications must be identified so that appropriate treatment and followup can be instituted.
Integration of Smooth Operator Lie Algebras

In this chapter, we formulate and prove an infinite-dimensional operator-theoretic version of the well-known classical theorem stating that every finite-dimensional Lie algebra is, in fact, associated to a Lie group as the infinitesimal (derived) Lie algebra. A number of applications to infinitedimensional representations of Lie algebras and Lie groups are given in Chapters 9. 10 and 12.
Zylinderepithel des Darms

Die Zylinderepithelzelle ist der vorherrschende Zelltyp innerhalb des Epithels, welches den Darm auskleidet. Diese schlanke Zelle ist ebenso hoch wie das Epithel selbst und erstreckt sich von der Basalmembran (BM) bis zum Lumen (Lu) des Darmes. Seit langem ist bekannt, das die apikale Oberflache der resorptiv tatigen Zellen spezielle Einrichtungen besitzt, aber die Natur dieser Einrichtungen war nicht klar, bis das Gewebe mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht wurde. Der „gestreifte Saum“ der lichtmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wurde als eine Reihe von fingerformigen zytoplasmatischen Fortsatzen oder Mikrovilli (Mv) erkannt, von denen jede durch die Zellmembran der Darmzellen begrenzt wird. Die freie Oberflache der Mikrovilli wird durch einen Belag (wahrscheinlich von Mukopolysacchariden) bedeckt und enthalt ein Enzym, die ATP-ase. Sowohl der Belag als auch das Enzym sind wahrscheinlich in den biochemischen Anfangsprozes der Absorption eingeschaltet. Das Material innerhalb der Mikrovilli geht kontinuierlich in eine fibrillare ektoplasmatische Zone uber, das sogenannte terminale Netzwerk (TN), das nicht die gewohnlichen zytoplasmatischen Organellen enthalt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Zytoplasma unterhalb des terminalen Netzwerks dicht angefullt mit den gewohnlichen Zellbestandteilen, wie zum Beispiel den Mitochondrien (M). Ebenso ist die Zone unterhalb des Zellkerns (N), wenn auch weniger ausgepragt, mit Mitochondrien (M) und Lipoidtropfen (L) angefullt.
Desired Security Features

Here we describe a set of features intended to enable secure execution on mobile devices. This can be interpreted as the wish-list for a security-conscious application developer. The strength of these features can typically be measured by the size, complexity, and attack surface of the components that must be relied upon for a given security property to hold. This is often referred to as the trusted computing base (TCB).
On the performance of the electrical aerosol analyzer

Abstract The electrical aerosol analyzer has been studied using monodisperse aerosols. The aerosols were generated by the electrostatic classification principle described by Liu and Pui (1974a) and by the photo-chemical conversion of gaseous SO2 into sulfuric acid droplets. The measuring range of the instrument was found to be from 0·006 to 1·0 μm in particle dia. and the sensitivity was found to vary from 0·01 to 400 pA/(106 particles/cm3) over the range of the instrument. Data are presented showing the performance of the device as a function of particle size and as a function of the operating conditions of the diffusion charger.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Palladium Proazaphosphatrane Complexes Invoked in C–N Cross-Coupling

The preparation and reactivity of elusive palladium proazaphosphatrane complexes that represent putative intermediates in C–N cross-coupling reactions are described. Variable transannulation in these compounds, as determined by X-ray crystallography, validates the previously untested hypothesis that proazaphosphatranes undergo conformational changes to stabilize catalytic intermediates. The competence of these complexes as catalytic intermediates is supported through stoichiometric and catalytic coupling reactions, providing the first examples of discrete proazaphosphatrane complexes employed in cross-coupling.
Chapter 2 - Stellar and Solar Chromospheres and Attendant Phenomena

Abstract This chapter describes several aspects of stars that inform us about the Sun, especially characteristics that might have changed significantly on our star's journey to its present evolutionary state. The focus is on stellar “chromospheres,” an important byproduct of magnetic “activity,” because this is a key area in solar physics today and one in which the stars can be most informative. The main topic is why chromospheres exist: the warm, extensive outer atmospheres of cool stars, a consequence of nonradiative heating mainly devolving from magnetic effects. Ancillary topics consider two different aspects of the underlying magnetic activity: the rotation–age–activity connection, primary signature of magnetic evolution over time; and activity cycles, outward manifestations of an enigmatic, poorly understood, and perhaps equally poorly synchronized magnetic clock deep in the stellar interior.