cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal cognition and the rat olfactory system

Is smell a 'primitive' sense used primarily to guide biologically basic behaviors or might it be the sensory modality that allows some species to express complex learning and other forms of cognitive behavior? Historically, the olfactory system has been considered primitive and it is not surprising that, until recently, cognitive neuroscientists have ignored odor-guided behavior. However, we now know that the olfactory system has projections to the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, and that these connections support the acquisition of simple and higher-order instrumental tasks, as well as a robust memory for odors. It appears that animals with a well-developed sense of smell have the neural machinery to think with their noses.
Bankruptcy studies and ad hoc variable selection: a canonical correlation analysis

Purpose – To determine the relationship among covariates used in financial distress studies.Design/methodology/approach – The study selects four specific bankruptcy studies and employs canonical correlation analysis to determine the relationship among the different variable sets that these studies used as predictors of financial distress. Canonical correlation analysis identifies the relationship and provides an indication of the amount of redundancy that exists between two variable sets. The four studies are representative of the genre, similar as to choice of statistical technique, and frequently cited by researchers.Findings – The research findings indicate that the relationships between the alternative variable sets are very weak and alternative variable sets do not represent similar financial relationships. Redundancy coefficients suggest that, if one variable set is redundant to another variable set, it is because the redundant variable set, is much smaller than the predictor variable set.Research l...
Electronic Polarizabilities of the Alkali Atoms

The electronic dipole polarizabilities ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ of the alkali atoms have been recalculated with the inclusion of the shielding effect of the ion core in the perturbation equations. The resulting values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ are close to those obtained in a previous calculation, and are also in very good agreement with the recent experimental values of Hall and Zorn. The dipole polarizabilities ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ of the ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ ions have been recalculated, using the appropriate Hartree-Fock wave functions (including exchange), which have recently become available. The resulting values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{+})$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{+})$ are in much better agreement with experiment than those obtained in a previous calculation using Hartree wave functions (without exchange).
Hormonal requirements for pregnancy and mammary development in hypophysectomized rats

SummaryThe same daily doses of purified lactogenic hormone (60 I.U.) and estrone (10 I.U.) capable of inducing beginning lobulo-alveolar mammary growth in the hypophysec-tomized rat, also ensured successful implantation in rats hypophysectomized and injected from the day of sperm. Since only about one-half of the estimated number of implantations were found to have developed normally through mid-pregnancy it follows that these 2 pure substances in the doses used did not adequately substitute for the intact pituitary of a pregnant rat. When injected alone neither lactogenic hormone nor estrone permitted implantation to occur.
Tumors of lower hair sheath: Common histogenesis of certain so-called “sebaceous cysts,” acanthomas and “sebaceous carcinomas”

Under the terms “trichochlamydocyst” and “trichochlamydocarcinoma” is proposed a new unifying concept of the histogenesis of certain so-called sebaceous, keratinous and pilar cysts (cystic wens) and of proliferating epidermoid cysts and sebaceous carcinomas (solid wens). The majority of these lesions occur on the scalps of elderly women. Morphologically and histochemically their origin can be traced to the lower external root sheath of the terminal hair follicle rather than to sebaceous glands. In addition, a hitherto unrecognized lesion of the scalp, trichochlamydoacanthoma, is described for the first time and compared to its counterpart of other body regions, the keratoacanthoma. It, like keratoacanthoma, possesses a central keratin-filled crater but comprises instead lower external hair sheath epithelium as well as upper sheath or epidermal epithelium. Trichochlamydocarcinomas, the solid tumors of lower sheath origin, although usually non-aggressive, are occasionally capable of metastasis. It is not possible to predict by histologic or cytologic criteria their probable behavior so that a margin of normal tissue should accompany their excision.
Evaluation of pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic liver disease.

Study Objective To determine whether pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) was associated with a decrease in the incidence of VTE or an increased incidence of bleeding in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Design Single-center, retrospective cohort analysis. Setting University medical center. Patients A total of 1581 adults with CLD hospitalized over a 3-year period for longer than 24 hours. Measurements and Main Results Medical records were reviewed for the primary outcome of VTE and documented episodes of bleeding during hospitalization and were divided into two groups based on receipt of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. During the 1581 hospitalizations, 392 (24.7%) patients received pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. The incidence of VTE in the prophylaxis group was 0.5% compared with 1.8% in patients without prophylaxis (p=0.05). Documented bleeding rates were lower in the prophylaxis group (2.0% vs 10.3%, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified active malignancy (odds ratio [OR] 8.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56–29.58), trauma or surgery during hospitalization (OR 10.29, 95% CI 1.18–89.51), and history of VTE (OR 26.48, 95% CI 6.93–101.16) as risk factors of VTE. Use of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis was protective against VTE (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04–0.88). Conclusion Pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis was associated with a decreased incidence of VTE in patients with CLD without an increased rate of bleeding and should be routinely considered on admission to the hospital. Patients with CLD and active malignancy, trauma or surgery during hospitalization, or history of VTE appear to be at highest risk of VTE and thus warrant pharmacologic prophylaxis. Prospective studies must validate these findings.
The development of a turbulent boundary layer in high free-stream turbulence produced by a two-stream mixing layer

Abstract Experiments were conducted to document the response of a turbulent boundary layer to a free-stream flow with high and approximately streamwise-uniform levels of turbulence intensity. Measurements were made in a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer that developed beneath a free stream produced by a two-stream mixing layer. A flat test surface was positioned downstream of, and orthogonal to, the splitter wall used to form the mixing layer. The gradient direction of the mixing layer was parallel to the span of the boundary layer. The free-stream turbulence intensity, as defined by streamwise velocity fluctuations, was approximately uniform in the streamwise direction. Profiles of mean and fluctuating streamwise velocity were recorded using hot-wire anemometry. Far above the plate, the free-stream flow exhibited the self-similar behavior of fully turbulent mixing layers. Free-stream turbulence intensity levels of up to 16% were produced that were uniform along a mean streamline to within ±5% of that level for turbulence intensities above 10%. An excess in streamwise momentum was formed in and above the outer region of the boundary layer due to an interaction between the vorticity fields of the boundary layer and the mixing layer. The secondary flows responsible for this excess were identified. Skin friction increased by up to 73% compared to the expected values based on the streamwise development length of the boundary layer. When the results were scaled on the peak velocity in the region of excess momentum, the skin friction enhancements agreed well with data from the literature at similar turbulence intensities.
The Investment Value Of The Frequency Of Analyst Recommendation Changes For The Ordinary Investor

We find that analysts who frequently revise their stock recommendations outperform those who do not. This result holds for portfolios formed on the basis of favorable changes in recommendations as well as unfavorable changes. The frequency of revision captures information incremental to factors known to identify superior recommendations. Although much of the frequently revising analysts' advantage follows events proxied by abnormally high returns or trading volume, it does not appear to derive from more public events such as earnings announcements. Further, these analysts outperform their counterparts even over the short-run, suggesting that this is not simply a “quantity over quality” phenomenon. In summary, our results imply that the superior profitability of frequently revising analysts emanates at least partly from their ability to generate private information using their superior skill. Overall, the ordinary investor is better off following the advice of analysts who revise their recommendations more frequently.
Dynamic Models of Biological Pattern Formation Have Surprising Implications for Understanding the Epigenetics of Development

The impact of epigenetic processes is elaborated, in a general developmental context and with respect Q1 to quantitative genetics. Then a class of mathematical models of self-organizing biological growth is considered. These so-called models of biological pattern formation give rise to variation in morphogenetic structures that is caused by self-organizing forces of diffusive origin. In the next section it is proved that the heterogeneity caused by biological pattern formation invalidates standard statistical analysis techniques used in quantitative genetics. The statistical techniques concerned all are based on analysis of interindividual variation, requiring homogeneous populations of subjects. In the penultimate section it is argued that application of quantitative genetic techniques to heterogeneous populations requires their adaptation in subject-specific ways. This is illustrated by the recently developed technique to determine subject-specific heritabilities based on intra-individual variation.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Two-Lobe Radiation Patterns Outside a Two-Mode Optical Fiber

Abstract The behaviors of the near- and far-field two-lobe radiation patterns from a two-mode fiber are investigated in both theory and experiment. The far-field two-lobe intensity distribution is quantitatively evaluated for different differential phase delay between the LP 01 and the LP 11 modes. The evolution of the relative phase shifts between the two lobes is analyzed and detected as the light propagates from near to far field.
Achievement, Self-Confidence, Personality Traits, and Leadership Ability: A Review of Literature on Sex Differences:

This manuscript reviews the adjustment of women managers to the managerial role. The primary focus of the paper is on sex differences in relation to self-confidence, achievement and fear of success, leadership ability, and personality characteristics. In addition, career tactics and career strategies managers utilize to achieve success are discussed. Deficiencies in research, the need for a systematic theoretical framework, and possible future trends are also presented.
Isoelectronic studies of the 5s 2 1 S 0 –5s5p 1,3 PJ intervals in the Cd sequence: errata

The 5s2 1S0–5s5p1,3PJ energy intervals in the Cd isoelectronic sequence have been investigated through a semiempirical systematization of recent measurements and through the performance of ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations. Screening-parameter reductions of the spin–orbit and exchange energies both for the observed data and for the theoretically computed values establish the existence of empirical linearities similar to those exploited earlier for the Be, Mg, and Zn sequences. This permits extrapolative isoelectronic predictions of the relative energies of the 5s5p levels, which can be connected to 5s2 using intersinglet intervals obtained from empirically corrected ab initio calculations. These linearities have also been examined homologously for the Zn, Cd, and Hg sequences, and common relationships have been found that accurately describe all three of these sequences.
Agropastoralism and archaeobiology: Connecting plants, animals and people in west and central Asia

One of the more intractable problems that archaeobiologists struggle with is how to characterise ancient subsistence systems when the plant and animal remains that we study are incommensurate in so many ways. Three examples from the upper Euphrates and Iran illustrate how changes in plant remains are associated with changes in animal exploitation. Two of them consider the agropastoral continuum on sites dating to the pre-pottery Neolithic (eighth to sixth millennium BC) and to the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (fourth to third millennium BC) in the dry-farming zone along the Euphrates. The third example considers how changes in woodland allow one to infer the presence of pastoralists in the southern Zagros even in the absence of nomad campsites.
Histocompatibility testing in intrafamilial renal transplantation.

The results of 25 intrafamilial renal allografts were compared with tissue typing and compatibility testing by the standard histocompatibility techniques of Amos, et al.1 The degree of consanguinity did not appear to matter in relation to rejection, since one half of sibling donors or parental-child donors did not elicit rejection. No correlation was noted with direction of parent-child allografts. Grade B allografts were more successful than C-D allografts. The one instance of hyperacute rejection occurred in a C-match, with disparate HL-A8 antigen. Patient survival was 76 per cent (19 of 25 allografts) with allogrqft survival of 83.6 per cent (16 of 19 allografts) for one year posttransplantation. The data underscore tissue typing as a necessity for intrafamilial renal allografting. Further evaluation is suggested of prognostic value of per cent serologic incompatibility of donorrecipient antigenic profiles for predicting success of allograft.
Communications: Prevalence of the Parasite Cystoopsis acipenseri (Nematoda) in Juvenile White Sturgeons in the Lower Columbia River

Abstract Juvenile white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus in the lower Columbia River (downstream from the lowermost dam) of Oregon and Washington were examined for the nematode parasite Cystoopsis acipenseri from 1987 through 199I. Prevalence of the parasite in juvenile white sturgeons varied annually, ranging from l% in 1989 to 14% in 1987. Fork lengths of infected white sturgeons ranged from 240 to 452 mm.
The effects of gonadal steroids on gonadotropin secretion in hamsters with a lesion of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to gonadal steroids in animals with a chemically induced lesion of the arcuate nucleus (ARC). A lesion of the ARC was induced by the administration of 8 mg monosodium glutamate (MSG)/g BW to hamsters on day 8 of the neonatal period; control animals received saline. Treatment with MSG resulted in a destruction of 85–92% of all of the neuron cell bodies in the ARC. All animals were ovariectomized or orchidectomized at 60 days of age and given daily sc injections of sesame oil, 5 μg estradiol benzoate (EB; to females), or 1 mg testosterone propionate (TP; to males) for 7 days. The plasma and pituitary levels of LH and FSH were measured by RIA. In the castrate male, elevated levels of plasma LH and FSH in both control and MSG-treated animals were suppressed after treatment with TP. Similarly, in the ovariectomized female, elevated levels of plasma LH in both groups were suppressed by EB. However, in contrast to LH, p...
Status of information systems accreditation

Accreditation standards have been developed for BS programs in Information Systems and have been widely reviewed. The standards drew heavily on the existing computer science accreditation standard and recent curriculum efforts in information systems. The effort was facilitated by support from the National Science Foundation (NSFDUE 9812278). Recently CSAB approved the process to accredit IS programs and that accreditation will begin in Fall 2002.
Dissociation of the analgesic and rewarding effects of brain stimulation in the rat.

Abstract Lateral hypothalamic stimulation in rats produces both rewarding and analgesic effects. In comparison to the rewarding effect, significantly higher current intensities were required to produce analgesia as measured by the hot-plate method. The analgesia did not outlast stimulation. Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (250 mg/kg) decreased self-stimulation rates but had no effect on stimulation-induced analgesia. It was concluded that the rewarding and analgesic effects of lateral hypothalamic stimulation involve separate neurochemical systems.
Lack of Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem for Excited States

For a given excited state there exist densities that arise from more than one external potential. This is due to a qualitatively different energy-density relationship from that of the ground state and is related to positive eigenvalues in the nonlocal susceptibility for excited states. Resulting problems with the generalization of the density functional methodology to excited states are discussed.
Metastatic unknown primary tumor presenting in pregnancy as multiple cerebral infarcts

Abstract Background Cancer presenting during pregnancy is a rare event. There are no reports of an unknown primary tumor presenting during pregnancy. Case A 35-year-old primigravida presented at 16 weeks’ gestation with multiple cerebral infarcts. After a negative workup she was discharged on anticoagulation therapy, only to return at 29 weeks with diffuse, metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin. After an elective 32-week delivery she received aggressive chemotherapy but ultimately died 5 months later. Conclusion Malignancy should be included in the differential diagnosis of unusual, unexplained cases of thromboembolism in pregnancy.
The use of cognitive-behavioral treatment including hypnosis for claustrophobia in cancer patients.

Abstract Two case studies are reported to illustrate the use of a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral approach to treat claustrophobia in cancer patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy. Hypnosis was an essential component of the cognitive-behavioral approach. Both patients responded favorably to the psychological intervention and completed the required external beam radiation therapy.
Why We Shouldn't Swallow Worm Slices : A Case Study in Semantic Accommodation

A radical metaphysical theory typically comes packaged with a semantic theory that reconciles those radical claims with common sense. The metaphysical theory says what things exist and what their natures are, while the semantic theory specifies, in terms of these things, how we are to interpret everyday language. Thus may we “think with the learned, and speak with the vulgar.” This semantic accommodation of common sense, however, can end up undermining the very theory it is designed to protect. This paper is a case study, showing in detail how one popular version of temporal parts theory is self-undermining. This raises the specter that the problem generalizes to other metaphysical theories. The traditional flavor of temporal parts theory, Worm Theory, claims that everyday objects are four-dimensional space-time worms. An alternative flavor, Slice Theory, claims that objects are not space-time worms but are instead momentary slices of these worms. The differences, we find, are not nearly as great as advertised. In fact, the differences in the two metaphysical theories are entirely masked by compensating differences in the accompanying semantic theories. As a result, the two theories generate exactly the same truth conditions. Common sense says that I was born years ago. Slice Theory adopts a semantic theory that accommodates such claims, but in doing so, it also endorses the claim that I, like other everyday objects, persist and thus do not exist for a mere moment. That is, the metaphysical claims constitutive of Slice Theory are denied by the very semantic theory Slice Theory adopts to accommodate common sense. Slice Theory thus undermines itself.
A Multistate Model Predicting Mortality, Length of Stay, and Readmission for Surgical Patients

Objective Simultaneously evaluate postoperative mortality, length of stay (LOS), and readmission. Data Source National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). Design Retrospective cohort. Methods Data from elective general surgical patients were obtained from the 2012 NSQIP Participant Use File. For each postoperative day, each patient's state was classified as index hospitalization, discharged home, discharged to long-term care (LTC), readmitted, or dead. Transition rates were estimated using exponential regression, assuming constant rates for specified time periods. These estimates were combined into a multistate model, simulated results of which were compared to observed outcomes. Findings Age, comorbidities, more complex procedures, and longer index LOS were associated with lower rates of discharge home and higher rates of death, discharge to LTC, and readmission. The longer patients had been discharged, the less likely they were to die or be readmitted. The model predicted 30-day mortality 0.38 percent (95 percent CI: 0.36–0.41), index LOS 2.85 days (95 percent CI: 2.83–2.86), LTC discharge 2.76 percent (95 percent CI: 2.69–2.82), and readmissions 5.53 percent (95 percent CI: 5.43–5.62); observed values were 0.39 percent, 2.82 days, 2.87 percent, and 5.70 percent, respectively. Conclusions Multistate models can simultaneously predict postoperative mortality, LOS, discharge destination, and readmissions, which allows multidimensional comparison of surgical outcomes.
Three dimensional solid-state supercapacitors from aligned single-walled carbon nanotube array templates

Abstract We demonstrate the fabrication of solid-state dielectric energy storage materials from self-assembled, aligned single-walled carbon nanotube arrays (VA-SWNTs). The arrays are transferred as intact structures to a conductive substrate and the nanotubes are conformally coated with a thin metal-oxide dielectric and a conductive counter-electrode layer using atomic layer deposition. Experimental results yield values in agreement with those obtained through capacitive modeling using Al 2 O 3 dielectric coatings ( C > 20 mF/cm 3 ), and the solid-state dielectric architecture enables the operation of these devices at substantially higher frequencies than conventional electrolyte-based capacitor designs. Furthermore, modeling of supercapacitor architectures utilizing other dielectric layers suggests the ability to achieve energy densities above 10 W h/kg while still exhibiting power densities comparable to conventional solid-state capacitor devices. This device design efficiently converts the high surface area available in the conductive VA-SWNT electrode to space for energy storage while boasting a robust solid-state material framework that is versatile for use in a range of conditions not practical with current energy storage technology.
Outlier Aversion in Subjective Evaluation: Evidence From World Figure Skating Championships

The quality of subjective performance evaluation is dependent on the incentive structures evaluators face. Figure skating competitions provide a unique opportunity to study subjective evaluation. Using scoring data from World Figure Skating Championships between 2001 and 2003, I test for the existence of “outlier aversion” in which subjective evaluators avoid submitting outlying judgments. I find that judges manipulate scores to achieve a targeted level of agreement with the other judges. Agreement may not be a good criterion for the validity of an evaluation system, consistent with the recent applied psychology and management literature.
Constant envelope OFDM phase modulation: spectral containment, signal space properties and performance

A class of constant envelope OFDM phase modulated (OFDM-PM) signals is studied. The motivation behind OFDM-PM is to alleviate the high peak-to-average power ratio of conventional OFDM systems. Power density spectrum plots and fractional out-of-band power curves are given. For small modulation indices, the OFDM-PM signals are shown to be more spectrally contained than conventional OFDM. The signal space is studied by considering the correlation properties of the OFDM-PM signals. A performance bound on the optimum OFDM-PM receiver is compared to simulation results. Also, a sub-optimum phase demodulator receiver is analyzed and an AWGN performance approximation is compared to simulation results. It is shown that for a small modulation index and high signal-to-noise ratio, the sub-optimum receiver performs close to the optimum receiver.
Extending the cardioprotective window using a novel δ-opioid agonist fentanyl isothiocyanate via the PI3-kinase pathway

Selective δ-opioid agonists produce delayed cardioprotection that lasts for 24–48 h in rats; however, the maximum length of the cardioprotective window is unclear. In this study, we attempted to pr...
Clinical benefit of palliative radiation therapy in advanced gastric cancer.

Background. Local progression of advanced gastric cancer often manifests as bleeding, dysphagia/obstruction, or pain. We evaluated the magnitude and durability of palliation with radiotherapy (RT). Material and methods. From 1996 to 2004, 37 gastric cancer patients were treated with palliative RT (median dose 35Gy in 14 fractions). Nearly two-thirds of all patients received concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Index pre-treatment symptoms were gastric bleeding, dysphagia/obstruction, and pain in 54%, 43%, and 19% of patients, respectively. Results. The rates of control for bleeding, dysphagia/obstruction, and pain were 70% (14/20), 81% (13/16), and 86% (6/7), respectively. These symptoms were controlled without additional interventions for a median of 70%, 81%, and 49% of the patient's remaining life, respectively. Patients receiving CRT had a trend towards better median overall survival than those receiving RT alone (6.7 vs. 2.4 months, p=0.08). Lower (<41 Gy) biologically effective dose (BED, assumi...
Towel clip reduction of the depressed zygomatic arch fracture.

F c ince the first description of a surgical reduction of a ygoma fracture by Duverney in 1751, many varying ethods of treatment have been described. Both inraoral and extraoral methods have become commonlace. The transoral approach was popularized by Keen n 1909, with later modifications by Goldthwaite and uinn. These techniques offer the advantages of avoidng any skin incision, thereby avoiding any visible scarng. Additionally, they allow for minimal dissection and n excellent vector for reduction; however, they may esult in increased rates of infection by introducing oral ora into the infratemporal fossa. Gilles et al described he temporal fossa approach in 1927, and this became a ery popular method for the treatment of isolated arch ractures around the world. Similarly, Dingman and atvig described the supraorbital approach as an exraoral alternative in 1964. All of these techniques have n common the use of a Rowe zygoma elevator, urethral ound, Kelly hemostat, or similar instrument placed beween the arch and coronoid process to achieve reducion. Others have described several percutaneous methds meant to be less invasive. These include passing ire beneath the arch or using a towel clip to directly rasp the bone fragments and allow for lateral force to e applied. The use of a towel clip passed beneath the rch percutaneously has been described previously in a ase series by Hwang and Lee, but little description of he procedure was offered. Fractures of the zygoma are common maxillofacial njuries second only to nasal fractures. While many of hese are of minimal clinical significance, those that
Development of Computer-Based Training to Enhance Resident Physician Management of Inpatient Diabetes

Background Treating hyperglycemia promotes better outcomes among inpatients. Knowledge deficits about management of inpatient diabetes are prevalent among resident physicians, which may affect the care of a substantial number of these patients.
Convulsive activity in gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Convulsive activity observed in the mongolian gerbil following carotid artery occlusion is of extracerebral origin. The clinical discharge is demonstrated to be primarily in the spinal cord.
Dispersion and Recruitment of Crab Larvae in the Chesapeake Bay Plume: Physical and Biological Controls

As part of the Microbial Exchanges and Coupling in Coastal Atlantic Systems (MECCAS) Project, crab larvae were collected in the shelf waters off Chesapeake Bay in June and August 1985 and April 1986. We conducted hydrographic (temperature, salinity, nutrients) and biological (chlorophyll, copepods) mapping in conjunction with Eulerian and Lagrangian time studies of the vertical distribution of crab larvae in the Chesapeake Bay plume. These abundance estimates are used with current meter records and drifter trajectories to infer mechanisms of larval crab dispersion to the shelf waters and recruitment back into Chesapeake Bay. The highest numbers of crab larvae were usually associated with the Chesapeake Bay plume, suggesting that it was the dominant source of crab larvae to shelf waters. Patches of crab larvae also were found in the higher salinity shelf waters, and possibly were remnants of previous plume discharge events. The distribution of crab larvae in the shelf waters changed on 1–2 d time scales as a consequence of both variations in the discharge rate of the Chesapeake Bay plume and local wind-driven currents. Downwelling-favorable winds (NW) intensified the coastal jet and confined the plume and crab larvae along the coast. In April during a downwelling event (when northwesterly winds predominated), crab zoeae were transported southward along the coast at speeds that at times exceeded 168 km d−1. During June and August the upwelling-favorable winds (S, SW) opposed the anticyclonic turn of the plume and, via Ekman circulation, forced the plume and crab larvae to spread seaward. Plume velocities during these conditions generally were less than 48 km d−1. The recruitment of crab larvae to Chesapeake Bay is facilitated in late summer by the dominance of southerly winds, which can reverse the southward flow of shelf waters. Periodic downwelling-favorable winds can result in surface waters and crab larvae moving toward the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 27% of the larval crabs spend at least part of the day in bottom waters, which have a residual drift toward the bay mouth. There appears to be a variety of physical transport mechanisms that can enhance the recruitment of crab larvae into Chesapeake Bay.
Changes and Significance of Glucocorticoid Receptor β and Heat Shock Proteins 90 in Peripheral Blood in Children with Primary Nephritic Syndrome

Objective To investigate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor β(GRβ) and heat shock proteins 90(HSP90) in children with primary nephritic syndrome(PNS) and explore the relationship between GRβ,HSP90 expression and the therapeutic effect of steroids.Methods Thirty children with PNS were researched in this study,which were divided into the steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome group(the SRNS group) and the steroid sensitive nephrotic synrome group(the SSNS group) and ten healthy children were taken as the control's group.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was applied to detect the expression of GRβmRNA and HSP90mRNA.The relationship between these two index and renal pathology,24 h UTP were also analyzed.Results(1) The expression of GRβmRNA and HSP90 mRNA in the SSNS group was both higher than the controls(P0.05).(2) The expression of GRβmRNA,HSP90mRNA in the SRNS group was both higher than that in the SSNS group(P0.01).(3) There were positive correlation between GRβmRNA expression and renal pathology(r=0.496,P0.05),24 h UTP(r=0.458,P0.05) in the SRNS patients.(4) There was no significant correlation between the expression of GRβmRNA and 24 h UTP in the SSNS group(P0.05).Conclusion GRβ and HSP90 may take part in the development and progression of SRNS and GRβmRNA may be used as one immunology index to monitor the condition of PNS and assess the prognosis.
Microscopic features and biologic behavior of eyelid tumors

A review of some of the more important microscopic and biologic characteristics of the most common malignant eyelid neoplasms is presented. These are: intraepithelial spread, subepithelial spread, multicentric origination, dermal or stromal involvement. Also presented are factors influencing local recurrence, local invasion, metastasis, and mortality. It is emphasized that an eyelid tumor may not be clinically defined by visual means as to its extent of invasion. The above characteristics must be identified and considered in the course of treatment of these lesions and must be brought to mind when evaluating forms of therapy for eyelid neoplasms which rely primarily on clinical means to determine the extent of tissue involvement.
Balancing Scalar and Vector Execution on GPU Architectures

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have evolved to become high performance processors for general purpose data-parallel applications. Most GPU execution exploits a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) model. Typically, little attention is paid to whether the input data to the SIMD lanes are the same or different. We have observed that a significant number of SIMD instructions demonstrate scalar characteristics, i.e., they operate on the same data across their active lanes. Treating them as normal SIMD instructions results in redundant and inefficient GPU execution. To better serve both scalar and vector operations, we propose a novel scalar-vector GPU architecture. Our specialized scalar pipeline handles scalar instructions efficiently with only a single copy of the data, freeing the SIMD pipeline for normal vector execution. We propose a novel synchronization scheme to resolve data dependencies between scalar and vector instructions. With our optimized warp scheduling and instruction dispatching schemes, the scalar-vector GPU architecture achieves performance improvements of 19% on average in the Parboil and Rodinia benchmarks suites. We also examine the effects of varying warp sizes on scalar-vector execution and explore subwarp execution for power efficiency. Our results show that, on average, power is reduced by 18%.
Alternative Sources of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This chapter discusses two alternative approaches to yielding genetically unmodified human embryonic stem (ES) cells that do not interfere with the developmental potential of human embryos. One of the approaches is single blastomere biopsy, which is successfully used as a source of material to derive ES cell lines. Human ES cells are created from a single blastomere that is removed from the embryo utilizing a technique originally developed for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Another approach uses organismically dead embryos, which involves the derivation of human ES cells from irreversibly arrested, nonviable human embryos that have died during the course of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for reproductive purposes. A retrospective analysis of the morphological progression from ED5 to ED6 in 2,480 embryos that are rejected for clinical use is carried out in order to define morphological criteria that can be used to predict the capacity of discarded, irreversibly arrested, nonviable embryos to give rise to a human ES cell line. Embryos are given a morphological category, commonly used for clinical grading as per standard IVF practice such as single-celled embryo, multicell, morula, and blastocyst. If an embryo has reached the blastocyst stage, it is given an overall grade of good, fair, or poor and is also scored for inner cell mass and trophectoderm quality. The analysis shows that nonviable embryos defined as poor do not improve with extended in vitro culture and yet retain the capacity to yield human ES cell lines despite arrested development.
Analysis of Practice Settings for Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship Graduates in North America

Objective In North America, the number of craniofacial surgery fellowship graduates is increasing, yet an analysis of practice settings upon graduation is lacking. We characterize the practice types of recent graduates of craniofacial fellowship programs in the United States and Canada. Design A 6-year cohort of craniofacial fellows in the United States and Canada (2010-2016) were obtained from craniofacial programs recognized by the American Society of Craniofacial Surgery. Practice setting was determined at 1 and 3 years of postgraduation, and predictors of practice setting were determined. Results A total of 175 craniofacial surgeons were trained at 35 fellowship programs. At 1 year of postgraduation, 33.6% had an academic craniofacial position and 27.1% were in private practice (p = 0.361). A minority of graduates pursued additional fellowships (16.4%), nonacademic craniofacial positions (10.0%), academic noncraniofacial positions (5.7%), and international practices (7.1%). At 3 years of postgraduation, the percentage of graduates in academic craniofacial positions was unchanged (34.5% vs 33.6%, p = 0.790). The strongest predictors of future academic craniofacial practice were completing plastic surgery residency at a program with a craniofacial fellowship program (odds ratio = 6.78, p Conclusions A minority of craniofacial fellowship graduates practice academic craniofacial surgery. A strong academic craniofacial surgery background during residency and fellowship is associated with a future career in academic craniofacial surgery. These data may assist trainees choose training programs that align with career goals and educators select future academic surgeons.
An improved glycerol biosensor with an Au-FeS-NAD-glycerol-dehydrogenase anode

An improved glycerol biosensor was developed via direct attachment of NAD+-glycerol dehydrogenase coenzyme-apoenzyme complex onto supporting gold electrodes, using novel inorganic iron (II) sulfide (FeS)-based single molecular wires. Sensing performance factors, i.e., sensitivity, a detection limit and response time of the FeS and conventional pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-based biosensor were evaluated by dynamic constant potential amperometry at 1.3V under non-buffered conditions. For glycerol concentrations ranging from 1 to 25mM, a 77% increase in sensitivity and a 53% decrease in detection limit were observed for the FeS-based biosensor when compared to the conventional PQQ-based counterpart. The electrochemical behavior of the FeS-based glycerol biosensor was analyzed at different concentrations of glycerol, accompanied by an investigation into the effects of applied potential and scan rate on the current response. Effects of enzyme stimulants ((NH4)2SO4 and MnCl2·4H2O) concentrations and buffers/pH (potassium phosphate buffer pH 6-8, Tris buffer pH 8-10) on the current responses generated by the FeS-based glycerol biosensor were also studied. The optimal detection conditions were 0.03M (NH4)2SO4 and 0.3µm MnCl2·4H2O in non-buffered aqueous electrolyte under stirring whereas under non-stirring, Tris buffer at pH 10 with 0.03M (NH4)2SO4 and 30µm MnCl2·4H2O were found to be optimal detection conditions. Interference by glucose, fructose, ethanol, and acetic acid in glycerol detection was studied. The observations indicated a promising enhancement in glycerol detection using the novel FeS-based glycerol sensing electrode compared to the conventional PQQ-based one. These findings support the premise that FeS-based bioanodes are capable of biosensing glycerol successfully and may be applicable for other enzymatic biosensors.
Initial clinical experience of postmastectomy intensity modulated proton therapy in patients with breast expanders with metallic ports.

Abstract Purpose The feasibility of proton postmastectomy radiation therapy in patients reconstructed with expanders has not been previously reported, limiting treatment options. We analyzed the dosimetric impact of the metallic port contained within expanders on intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and report our techniques and quality control for treating patients in this setting. Methods and materials Twelve patients with the same expander model underwent 2-field IMPT as part of a prospective registry. All planning dosimetry was checked with an in-house graphic processing unit--based Monte Carlo simulation. Proton ranges through the expander were validated using a sample implant. Dosimetric impact of setup metallic port position uncertainty was evaluated. Pre- and posttreatment photographs were obtained and acute toxicity was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Results Nine patients had bilateral skin-sparing mastectomy with bilateral tissue expander reconstruction, and 3 patients had unilateral skin-sparing mastectomy and reconstruction. The left side was treated in 10 patients and the right side in 2. Target coverage and normal tissue dose uncertainties resulting from the expander were small and clinically acceptable. The maximum physician-assessed acute radiation dermatitis was grade 3 in 1 patient, grade 2 in 5 patients, and grade 1 in 6 patients. Conclusions Postmastectomy IMPT in breast cancer patients with expanders is feasible and associated with favorable clinical target volume coverage and normal tissue sparing, even when taking into account treatment uncertainties; therefore, these patients should be eligible to participate in clinical trials studying the potential role of proton therapy in breast cancer. We caution, however, that institutions should carry out similar analyses of the physical properties and dosimetric impact of the particular expanders used in their practice before considering IMPT.
The Particularity of Tribal Allegiance in SSA

Chapter 3 sheds light on the particularity of tribal allegiance in SSA in contradistinction to that in other regions. In order to answer the two core questions of whether SSA has ethnicities rather than tribes and whether colonial rule created tribes and tribal identity, the chapter first determines whether tribal allegiance in SSA resembles that which prevails in other regions. The chapter surveys the manifestations of tribal allegiance and conflicts in SSA and compares them with the situation in the former Soviet bloc and in the three developing regions of North Africa, Asia, and South America. Based on these comparisons, the chapter concludes that tribal allegiance in SSA displays particular and peculiar features that are not shared with these other regions.
Topology of \(\mathbb{R}\) and Continuity

Roughly speaking, a quantity y is said to depend continuously on a quantity x if “small” changes in x result in small changes in y. Our goal in this chapter is to make this statement mathematically precise.
Uncertain soil moisture feedbacks in model projections of Sahel precipitation

Given the uncertainties in climate model projections of Sahel precipitation, at the northern edge of the West African Monsoon, understanding the factors governing projected precipitation changes in this semi-arid region is crucial. This study investigates how long-term soil moisture changes projected under climate change may feedback on projected changes of Sahel rainfall, using simulations with and without soil moisture change from five climate models participating in the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE)-CMIP5 experiment. In four out of five models analyzed, soil moisture feedbacks significantly influence the projected West African precipitation response to warming; however, the sign of these feedbacks differ across the models. These results demonstrate that reducing uncertainties across model projections of the WAM requires, among other factors, improved mechanistic understanding and constraint of simulated land-atmosphere feedbacks, even at the large spatial scales considered here.
Synthesis and C–H Functionalization Chemistry of Thiazole-Semicoronenediimides (TsCDIs) and -Coronenediimides (TCDIs)

Coronenediimide (CDI) derivatives have a planar structure, a reasonably high electron affinity, and a rigid and extended delocalized π-system. Therefore, this core and variants thereof may be promising building blocks for the synthesis of electron transport materials. Herein, we have synthesized thiazole-semicoronenediimides (TsCDIs) and -coronenediimides (TCDIs) by a two-step process from a perylenediimide (PDI) precursor. Conditions for C–H arylation and heteroarylation of the thiazole moiety of this core were developed and were successfully used for the synthesis of dimer, triad, and polymeric materials. The optical and electrochemical properties of these materials and their monomers were examined as a function of side-chain modification and π-extension. With their broad optical absorption and low reduction potentials, these materials could be candidates as organic semiconductors for applications in OFETs and as nonfullerene acceptors.
Nonlinear-RANSAC parameter optimisation for dynamic molecular systems and signalling pathways

Vigorous mathematical modelling and accurate parameter estimation of the models are indispensable for building reliable models that represent dynamic characteristics of the biological systems. A challenging task in modelling complex biological systems is the accurate estimation of the large number of unknown parameters in the mathematical modelling. To tackle this problem, we develop a data-driven optimisation method, nonlinear RANS AC, based on linear RANdom SAmple Consensus (a.k.a. RANSAC). Conventional RANSAC method is sound and simple, but it is oriented from linear system models. Our proposed nonlinear RANSAC extends its capability to nonlinear systems, while preserving the strengths of RANSAC. We applied nonlinear RANSAC to the dynamic molecular systems of phagocyte transmigration and signalling pathways. The parameters of mathematical equations for the phagocyte transmigration system were estimated by the proposed nonlinear RANSAC and compared the performance with ordinary least squares. Nonlinear RANSAC was also applied to signalling pathways, where mathematical equations are formulated using ordinary differential equations that represent molecular interactions between two biological components.