cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation twinning in Zn, Sn and Bi single crystal whiskers

Abstract In ‘whiskers’ of Zn, Sn and Bi it is possible, by application of axial tension, to nucleate a twinned region and pass the twin boundaries the length of the crystal. Nucleation and propagation stresses for twinning in whiskers are found. The completely twinned crystal will withstand the large stresses characteristic of perfect whiskers.
Increased rates of donation with laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Objective To examine the impact of laparoscopic nephrectomy and recipient education on the proportion of kidney recipients who could identify a potential live donor, and on the live donor (LD) transplantation rate. Summary Background Data Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) results in less postoperative surgical pain, a shorter hospital stay, and quicker recovery than the standard open donor nephrectomy (ODN). The authors hypothesized that the availability of this less invasive surgical technique would enhance the willingness of family and friends to donate. Methods The study population consisted of 3,298 end-stage renal disease patients referred for kidney transplant evaluation between November 1991 and February 2000, divided into three groups. The first group received no formal LD education and had only ODN available. The second group received formal education about the LD process and had only ODN available. The third group had both formal LD education and LDN available. Records were examined to determine what proportion of each group had any potential donors tissue-typed, and the rate at which they received an LD transplant. Results Before LDN availability and formal LD education, only 35.1% of referrals found a potential donor, and only 12.2% received an LD transplant within 3 years. Institution of a formal education program increased the volunteer rate to 39.0%, and 16.5% received an LD transplant. When LDN became available, 50% of patients were able to find at least one potential donor, and within 3 years 24.7% received an LD transplant. Regression analysis indicated that availability of LDN was independently associated with a 1.9 relative risk of receiving an LD transplant. Kaplan-Meier death-censored 1- and 3-year graft survival rates for ODN transplants were 95.8% and 90.6%, versus 97.5% and 94.8% for LDN. Conclusions The availability of LDN and an LD family education program has doubled the live donor transplantation rate, and outcomes remain excellent.
The precise INS/GPS geolocation of a vehicle-towed UXO detection system

It is widely known fact that the precise position and orientation is necessary for the UXO detection and discrimination. The primary geolocation system is a dual-frequency GPS receiver integrated with a three dimensional inertial measurement unit (IMU). This study focused on the optimal data processing techniques (wavelet de-noising, nonlinear based filtering, post-processing smoothing) which have been developed and proposed for the high precise geolocation of IMU/GPS system. We mounted two IMUs (HG1700 and HG1900) and one GPS receiver on NRL's vehicle-towed system which already has three Trimble GPS and one IMU (Crossbow 400C). The positions from HG1700 and HG1900 are estimated between control points separated in time by 2 and 4 seconds and compared to 1 Hz GPS control.
Quantification of I-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine Heart-to-Mediastinum Ratios: Not So Simple After All

Heart failure (HF) affects over 5 million people in the United States, and while survival has improved, mortality remains high, with approximately 50% survival within 5 years of diagnosis. The American Heart Association estimates that prevalence of HF will increase 25% by 2030. Patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction are at risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and current guidelines on treatment of systolic heart failure recommend implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of SCD in a select group of patients. The decision-making regarding placement of ICD is complex because the therapy is invasive and associated with risks, is expensive, and is not suitable for every patient. A large proportion of patients (&80%) with HF and reduced EF never require an ICD shock, and in &15% of patients, inappropriate ICD therapy occurs. Thus, tools to help further risk stratify which HF patient is at high risk of SCD and is likely to benefit from an ICD placement would be invaluable. It has been shown that cardiac innervation is an important factor related to lethal arrhythmias. Myocardial scintigraphy performed with Iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an imaging technique developed over 3 decades ago, capable of assessing the sympathetic denervation of the heart. MIBG is a well-established analog of norepinephrine, and abnormal MIBG uptake indicates abnormal cardiac sympathetic activity. Several large studies have evaluated the relationship between MIBG and EF with respect to adverse cardiac outcomes. These studies have shown that MIBG provides incremental prognostic information over EF in predicting cardiac death. Further, results of MIBG imaging have been shown to correlate with the occurrence of appropriate ICD shocks—patients with appropriate device discharges had significantly lower MIBG uptake as measured by traditional planar techniques.
The nuclear disarmament movement: politics, potential, and strategy

Nuclear disarmament is a global ambition and requires collaboration, but who is collaborating, and what are their roles? This paper discusses the role of the American people in the path towards zero. Scholars have discussed at length the historical lessons of the global disarmament movement, and activists have worked to rekindle the movement after its doldrums in the 1990s. But the movement’s forward-looking strategy, in terms of its overarching role, deserves – and perhaps needs – more analytical clarity than it has received. My aim is to provide an overview that sheds light on the disarmament movement’s function and direction. More specifically, I argue that the disarmament movement can have a significant impact on nuclear-weapons policy in the USA, and to that end, I provide strategic recommendations for anti-nuclear-weapon organizations to help activate the public. My analysis is both predictive (about the potential success of the disarmament movement in affecting policy) and prescriptive (about the m...
On the mechanism of interaction between histone I and DNA and histone III and DNA

Abstract A mechanism is suggested at the molecular level whereby histone IIB 2 can act as a cross-link between two (or possibly three) adjacent and parallel strands of DNA double helix some 40 A apart. Application of Prothero's rule and the Lewis probability functions indicate the probable locations of three a -helices and a number of β-turns. This, coupled with the requirement that the tertiary conformation of the histone be complementary to the DNA molecules and for as many basic groups as possible to bind to phosphate oxygens, allows us to suggest, on the basis of model building using accurate space-filling (CPK) models, a complex conformation that achieves this. A similar process applied to histone IIB 1 , whose complete amino acid sequence is also known, shows the location of five probable a -helices, a number of β-turns, and a segment of β-pleated sheet. The basic amino acids are gathered in four groupings. Model building experiments suggest that histone IIB 1 forms a complex strut joining four parallel strands of DNA double helix that form a diamond with diameters 100 and 40 A. In both these models the purpose and function of a fair proportion of the individual amino acids can be specified. This paper is the third and last of a series in this Journal in which models are presented for the tertiary conformation and function of all five histones of known (in whole or in part) amino acid sequence. This suggests that all five are concerned in packing the long DNA double helix, which may be in a “square helix” form, into the confined space of the chromosome. The hypotheses may be tested by a direct investigation of nucleoprotein in situ to see if these 40, 70, and 100 A interhelical distances can be detected by biophysical methods.
ε-Matching: event processing over noisy sequences in real time

Regular expression matching over sequences in real time is a crucial task in complex event processing on data streams. Given that such data sequences are often noisy and errors have temporal and spatial correlations, performing regular expression matching effectively and efficiently is a challenging task. Instead of the traditional approach of learning a distribution of the stream first and then processing queries, we propose a new approach that efficiently does the matching based on an error model. In particular, our algorithms are based on the realistic Markov chain error model, and report all matching paths to trace relevant basic events that trigger the matching. This is much more informative than a single matching path. We also devise algorithms to efficiently return only top-k matching paths, and to handle negations in an extended regular expression. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive experimental study to evaluate our algorithms using real datasets.
Testing of Blast Resistance in F2 Rice Seedlings in Different Doses of Nitrogen and Seasons

Blast resistance in parental rice varieties Zenith, Tetep, Tadukan, Ratna, Karuna and Co. 13 and F2 seedling derived from them were tested during kharif (October, 1981) and rabi (February-March, 1982) seasons applying high and low doses of nitrogen against C1, virulent and C3, less virulent isolates of Pyricularia oryzae. Zenith, Tetep and Tadukan were found resistant and Ratna, Karuna and Co. 13 were found susceptible to either isolates. Genetic constituent for blast resistance in Zenith and Tetep to C1 and C3 isolates was found to be digenic and monogenic, respectively. But in Tadukan two and three genes operate against both the isolates respectively for resistance. Resistant×resistant crosses produced some susceptible plants in F2 generation during both the seasons due to application of low and high doses of nitrogen to C1 isolate only. Susceptible×susceptible crosses could not produce a single resistant plant against C1 and C3 isolates. Variation in nitrogen doses and seasons did not affect the genetic status of the plants. Only we observed some shifting of ratios, i.e., from 13:3 to 9:7, 57:7 to 54:10, and so on due to high dose of nitrogn.
Electronic prescribing influence on calcium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether an electronic prescription for over-the-counter calcium supplements increases compliance. Study Design Two hundred forty-five patients from 19-50 years of age who underwent annual gynecologic examinations were assigned randomly to either verbal counseling about the use of a calcium carbonate with vitamin D supplement (n = 122) or verbal counseling and an electronic prescription (n = 123). Telephone interviews at 3 and 6 months determined compliance. Results Women who received the electronic prescription were significantly more likely to use calcium supplementation than control subjects at both 3 and 6 months. At 3 months, 66.0% of women who received an electronic prescription reported compliance ( P = .001). At 6 months, 57.0% of the participants were compliant ( P = .001). At 6 months, women who were given the electronic prescription were 2.2 times more likely to report having taken the calcium than were control subjects (95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.1). Conclusion An electronic prescription for over-the-counter calcium supplements is associated with a significant increase in compliance, compared with verbal counseling alone.
Real-time 3D TEE for the diagnosis of right-sided endocarditis in patients with prosthetic devices.

precise assessment of location of vegetation may be challenging in the presence of pacemaker and intracardiac defibrillator leads as well as tricuspid annuloplasty ring or bioprosthetic tricuspid valve by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), due to
On the Solution of the Equations Obtained from the Investigation of the Linear Distribution of Galvanic Currents

An English translation is given of Kirchhoff's classic paper: "Ueber die Auflosung der Gleichungen, auf welche man bei der Untersuchung der linearen Vertheilung Galvanischer Strome gefuhrt wird," Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 72, pp. 497-508, 1847.
Phenology and demography of a marine specialist herbivore: Placida dendritica (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) on the central coast of Oregon

The occurrence of small specialist herbivores in marine rocky intertidal communities has been largely ignored. From 1984 to 1989, the phenology and demography of the common oligophagous ascoglossan opisthobranch Placida dendritica A.& H. was documented at several sites along the central coast of Oregon, USA. P. dendritica was found on the low intertidal green algae Codium setchellii Gardn., C. fragile (Sur.) Har. and Bryopsis corticulans Setch. during spring and summer. Ascoglossan abundance on Codium spp. varied spatially and temporally. Peak density usually occurred in May or June. Maximum ascoglossan live mass was 4 to 6 mg on Codium spp. and ∼ 100 mg on B. corticulans. Larval recruitment of P. dendritica to algal hosts was continuous during spring and summer. Rapid recruitment (200 to 400 sea slugs thallus-1mo-1) of newly metamorphosed ascoglossans to C. setchellii in wave-protected areas suggests that high densities of competent larvae occurred in nearshore waters and/or that larvae were efficient at locating algal hosts. Ascoglossan growth was rapid, with less than one month elapsing from larval settlement to adult sexual maturity. Therefore, populations of P. dendritica were composed of many overlapping generations. Movement of adult ascoglossans among thalli of C. setchellii was rapid. Continuous larval settlement and adult movement enabled P. dendritica not only to locate and colonize its algal hosts quickly but also to maintain a persistent association with algal hosts during spring and summer.
Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of sustained-release theophylline dosage forms

We compared the kinetics of a single daily dosage form of theophylline (Theo-24) with the kinetics of a twice daily dosage form (Theo-Dur) while we controlled for intrasubject variation in theophylline clearance by use of stable isotope-labeled intravenous theophylline. The stable isotope methodology allowed correction for changes in patient clearance, which allowed more precise estimates of the bioavailability characteristics of these sustained-release theophylline products.
Investigation of escalating and large bolus doses of a novel, nano-droplet, aqueous 1% propofol formulation in cats.

Abstract Objective Identify, describe, and quantitate effects of an escalating dose of a nano-droplet formulation of 1% w/v propofol in telemetered cats. Study design Prospective two-period parallel design with one treatment procedure per period. Animals Four female intact, purpose-bred domestic short-hair cats. Methods Each animal served as its own control in each period. Telemetered cats were anesthetized on two separate occasions. In Phase I, cats received propofol (8 mg kg −1 ) over 90 seconds. Unless a severe adverse event (SAE) had occurred by this time, repeated doses of 4 mg kg −1 intravenous (IV) propofol were administered every 3 minutes until the onset of an SAE. In Phase 2, the IV dose of propofol required to produce at least one SAE in Phase I was administered unless an SAE occurred before the dose was completed. Propofol infusion ceased after development of the first SAE. Heart rate, heart rhythm, respiratory rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, SpO 2 and body temperature were continuously recorded before, during and after propofol administration. The incidence and time to onset of an SAE and dose of propofol required to produce an SAE were recorded. The response criteria included time to lateral recumbency, times to orotracheal intubation and extubation, time to sternal recumbency during recovery, time to and duration of first adverse event(s), and total dose of propofol administered. Results The dose of propofol required to produce an SAE in Phase I was 16.6 and 15.2 mg kg −1 in Phase 2. Hypotension was the first and most frequently observed SAE. Conclusions Larger doses of a novel, nano-droplet propofol formulation can produce SAEs similar to those reported for lipid emulsion formulations. Clinical relevance Systemic arterial blood pressure should be monitored in cats administered IV propofol.
CTH03-2: Balancing Pilot and Data Power for Adaptive MIMO-OFDM Systems

Pilot symbols reduce the transmit energy for data symbols per orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol under a fixed total transmit power constraint, while they facilitate channel estimation. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the pilot-to-data power ratio (PDPR) on symbol error rate (SER) and spectral efficiency of multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) OFDM systems with adaptive modulation and a linear receiver. We derive the optimal PDPR to minimize the average SER of multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M- QAM) MIMO-OFDM systems. Wishart matrix analysis can be used to analyze the effect of channel estimation error on the average SER performance of the M-QAM spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM systems with zero-forcing (ZF) receiver. By using the optimal PDPR in the MIMO-OFDM system with adaptive modulation, about 2.5dB gain can be obtained. It is quite practical to use the results to design the PDPR for typical cases, since there is a fairly broad range of PDPR which minimizes the SER.
Synthesis of potential antifilarial agents 2 . methyl 2‐substituted purine 8‐carbamates and related compounds

A series of methyl 2-substituted purine 8-carbamates was prepared and evaluated for antifilarial activity. These purines were synthesized as aza congeners of benzimidazole carbamates which have shown significant anthelminthic activity to determine the effect that this modification might have on anthelmintic activity. The compounds were tested against the filarial infection, B. pahangi, in jirds. None of the compounds prepared in this study demonstrated antifilarial activity
Biorhythmic patterns of victims of mountain climbing accidents.

It is asserted by some that individuals possess biorhythmic cycles which begin at birth and continue through life. Further, these cycles and their interrelationships are hypothesized to affect human performance. Information on climbing accidents at Grand Teton National Park was collected and analyzed to test these possible influences. The data did not support predictions derived from biorhythm charts.
Comparison of dynamic contour tonometry and goldmann applanation tonometry in African American subjects.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained by dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in African Americans and to assess whether these measures were influenced by ocular parameters including corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and axial length. Design Observational clinical study. Participants The study included 176 eyes of 94 African Americans. Methods All participants underwent IOP evaluation with DCT and GAT, as well as measurements of central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, spherical equivalent, and axial length. Main Outcome Measures Univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between IOP (as measured with DCT and GAT) and CCT, corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, spherical equivalent, axial length, and age. Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between IOP measurements obtained by DCT and GAT. Results In multiple regression analysis, GAT IOP measurements were significantly associated with CCT ( P P = 0.003), whereas DCT IOP measurements were associated only with age ( P = 0.027). The difference between DCT and GAT IOP measurements was significantly influenced by corneal thickness ( P P = 0.004). Patients with thick corneas tended to have higher GAT IOP measurements compared with DCT, whereas in patients with thin corneas, GAT IOP measurements tended to be lower than DCT measurements. Larger values of OPA were associated with a decrease in the difference between DCT and GAT measurements, whereas smaller values of OPA were associated with an increase in the difference between DCT and GAT measurements. Conclusions Dynamic contour tonometry measurements in African Americans seem to provide an estimate of IOP that is less influenced by corneal properties than those provided by GAT.
Three-dimensional osseo-ligamentous model of the thorax representing initiation of scoliosis by asymmetric growth

A biomechanical model of the human thorax was constructed to investigate how asymmetric growth of the thorax might initiate spinal lateral curvature and axial rotation as seen in scoliosis deformities. Geometric data specifying nodal points of the model were taken from stereo-radiographs of an adolescent subject. An initially symmetrical geometry was created by 'mirroring' measurements of a hemi-thorax and spine. Published data provided cross-sectional measurements of the ribs, material properties of tissues and global flexibilities of the intervertebral motion segments. The ribs, sternum, intervertebral motion segments and intercostal ligaments were represented by elastic elements. Model deformations were calculated by the direct stiffness finite element method, with growth represented by an initial strain term in the constitutive law. Non-linear behavior was accommodated by running the model recursively, with updated node locations at each step. Both stress relaxation and stress modulation of growth in the component tissues were simulated. Thoracic growth of 20% with asymmetric growth of the ribs was simulated to give rib length asymmetries of 11%. similar to that observed in a previous study of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. This resulted in the model having a small thoracic scoliosis curvature convex toward the side of the longer ribs. Variations of the model which permitted free motion at the costo-vertebral joints or produced changes in the curvature of the posterior parts of the ribs resulted in axial rotation of the vertebrae similar to that observed clinically. The model supports the idea that growth asymmetry could initiate a small scoliosis during adolescence.
Theoretical model for fast bubble growth in small channels with reference to startup of capillary pumped loops used in spacecraft thermal management systems

A capillary pumped loop (CPL) is a closed two-phase loop in which capillary forces developed in a wicked evaporator passively pump the working fluid over long distances to dissipate heat from electronic and power sources. Because it has no moving parts and requires minimal power to sustain operation, the CPL is considered an enabling technology for thermal management of spacecraft. While the steady-state operation of a CPL is fairly well understood, its thermal response during startup remains very illusive. During the startup, initial vapor bubble growth in the evaporator is responsible for liquid acceleration that results in a differential pressure spike. A large pressure spike can deprime the evaporator by forcing vapor into the evaporator’s liquid-saturated wick, which is the only failure mode of a CPL other than fluid loss or physical damage to the loop. In this study, a numerical transient 3D model is constructed to predict the initial bubble growth. This model is used to examine the influence of initial system superheat, evaporator groove shape and size, and wick material. A simplified model is also presented which facilitates the assessment of parametric influences by analytic means. It is shown how these design parameters may be optimized to greatly reduce the bubble growth rate and therefore help prevent a deprime.
From a Whisper to a Roar: Adaptation to the Mean and Variance of Naturalistic Sounds

In this issue of Neuron, Nagel and Doupe make a quantitative assessment of temporal adaptation in the avian auditory forebrain, capturing seemingly complex responses with a simple linear-nonlinear (LN) model of kinetics and gain. A comparison of these findings with similar results in the early visual system shows an important unifying picture of efficient sensory processing and adaptation.
Model for late Neogene deformation in Panama

Previous workers, mostly using earthquake data, have postulated both discrete faults and complex, diffuse zones for the Caribbean-Nazca plate boundary in Panama. We have better resolved the location and character of late Neogene plate-boundary structures by using satellite imagery and a compilation of existing geologic map data. On the basis of these results, we propose that Panama is moving northwestward away from a zone of active convergence along the continental margin of South America toward more easily subducted areas of the Colombian Basin. Movement is accommodated across a diffuse zone by a complex interaction of oroclinal bending, left-lateral strike-slip faulting, and subduction.
HIGH RESOLUTION SECOND DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS OF PHOTONUCLEAR YIELD CURVES

Abstract A critical evaluation of the problems involved in the high resolution analysis of photonuclear cross sections from bremsstrahlung yield curves is presented. In particular, the effect of the analysis bin width and the shape of the x-ray spectrum are considered. A method is presented which circumvents the need to know the shape of the spectrum at the high energy tip; the latter information is contained in an effective energy resolution function that does not enter in the analysis, but for a normalization factor. The method, which is an iterative one, is based on taking the second difference of the photonuclear yield curve and is applicable to measurements made with bremsstrahlung in energy intervals less than 200 keV. An analytic smoothing procedure is used. The satisfactory performance of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of three synthesized yield curves.
Cultural Preservation of the Sea Island Gullah: A Black Social Movement in the Post-Civil Rights Era

Abstract Historians have long noted the existence of many rural Souths in lieu of the single rural monolith noted by Cash. Analysis, then, must be done on local and not solely on regional issues. Morris (1984) chronicled the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. His thesis is that indigenous community groups were linked together by black church leadership and were recruited by national movement organizations (e.g., NAACP, SCLC). The thesis of this article is that after the Civil Rights Movement, small black social movements emerged to address issues in local areas. These new, emerging social movement organizations differed with the Civil Rights Movement in terms of leadership, formalization, goals, and tactics. We treat the emergence of the Sea Island Gullah in South Carolina and Georgia as an example of one such movement. From Reconstruction to the Depression, the descendents of slaves lived in isolated settlements on the remote sea islands. During this time, they reestablished a culture with authentic African components and developed mechanisms to transmit the culture to other islands. By the late 1970s, the land base for the culture (small farming and fishing) was threatened by land developers. A social movement organization was formed by movement entrepreneurs with the help of white and black volunteers. This movement has aided small farmers who have lost their land to tax reassessments. It has also sought to reestablish agriculture in the Sea Islands and promote the Gullah culture.
Oceanic dynamic height anomaly from Geosat: A conceptual model for short collinear orbit segments

Abstract A method is derived for extracting oceanic dynamic height anomaly from collinear (exact repeat mission) GEOSAT short (∼ 1,000 km long) orbit segments. The procedure requires at least 1 year of simultaneous in situ observations and involves: (1) computing with respect to the ellipsoid, a mean sea surface height (SSH) profile solely from altimetry, (2) linear least‐squares removal of tilt and bias from individual SSH profiles with respect to the mean profile, (3) determining an independent mean dynamic height anomaly profile from hydrographic data along the orbit segment, (4) demeaning the tilt‐and‐bias removed individual SSH profiles and addition of the mean in situ dynamic height anomaly, and (5) correcting for concurrently observed dynamic height anomaly at two or more suborbital points during satellite transit. Analysis of the concept suggests root sum squared errors of ±5 cm, which can be reduced by smoothing and longer term measurements along the same orbit segment. A 1‐year comparison betwee...
Antiviral carbohydrates from marine red algae

It is possible that heparin-like sulfated polysaccharides from red algae, or fractions thereof, might be found to be low-cost, broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The prevailing view among virologists has been that sulfated polysaccharides inhibit viral action by acting only at the surfaces of cells. This perception now is changing with the finding that both the herpes virus (containing DNA) and human immunodeficiency virus (containing RNA) are inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides that act within the cell as well as external to it. Aqueous extracts of many red algae are active against retroviruses. Carrageenan, a common cell wall polysaccharide from red algae, is co-internalized into infected cells with the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), inhibiting the virus. Carrageenan also interferes with fusion (syncytium formation) between cells infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and inhibits the specific retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase.
100. Effects of waking drug, modafinil on cognitive function and neuro-immune interaction in mice with sleep deprivation

Modafinil is a waking drug, which enhances alertness. Modafinil is known to have no or less adverse effects those found in traditional psychostimulants, although exact mechanism is not clear. Here in, we investigate modafinil effects on neuro-immune interaction in sleep-deprived (SD) mice. Modafinil attenuated significantly memory loss caused by sleep deprivation stress and maintained learning ability in SD mice (both p p p p p Listeria infection ( p
In vitro immunization as an adjunct to the production of hybridomas producing antibodies against the lymphokine osteoclast activating factor

Abstract A system is described for production of hybridomas which secrete antibodies against the lymphokine osteoclast activating factor (OAF). The system consists of immunization of mouse spleen cells in vitro with purified or semipurified human OAF, followed by hybridization of the immunized cells with a mouse plasmacytoma cell line. The system for in vitro immunization includes conditioned medium from mouse thymus cells, which was shown to be a substantial aid to production of antigen-specific hybridomas, although the specific factors responsible for this enhancement were not determined. Using the system described, we were able to produce hybridomas with the desired antibody specificity using nanogram quantities of OAF as antigen. This system should allow greater flexibility and speed for the hybridoma technique, especially when applied to antigens which are scarce or impure, such as lymphokines.
Phosphate Removal Capacity of Palustrine Forested Wetlands and Adjacent Uplands in Virginia

We examined the ability of soils in six nontidal palustrine forested wetlands (PFOs) in Virginia's Piedmont (PD) and Coastal Plain (CP) (n = 3 per physiographic province) to remove dissolved inorganic P from solution, and we compared the P sorption capacities of wetlands with those of streambanks (within wetlands) and adjacent uplands. We hypothesized that wetland soils would have higher P sorption capacities than streambank and upland soils due to the higher concentration of noncrystalline (oxalate-extractable) Al and Fe (Al 0 and Fe 0 ) favored by periodic flooding. We found that P sorption capacities varied both as a function of landscape position and soil depth. Wetlands had higher P sorption capacities than uplands in surface soils (0-15 cm), while below 50 cm the relationship was reversed. Streambank areas within wetlands generally had the lowest P sorption capacities. As hypothesized, Al o was correlated with P sorption capacity in wetland soils (r 2 = 0.80), but so was soil organic matter (as estimated by mass loss on ignition [LOI]) (r 2 = 0.78); in fact, Al 0 and organic matter were positively correlated in wetland soils (r 2 = 0.84). In contrast, clay and silt content were the two soil parameters most highly positively correlated with P sorption capacity in upland soils (r 2 = 0.87). Overall, these results suggest that differences in soil chemistry exist among landscape positions (wetland, streambank, upland) that have important implications with regard to P sorption capacity. Since wetlands and uplands may remove P from different hydrologic sources (i.e., surface runoff in wetlands and groundwater in uplands), hydrology may be a key factor in determining water quality functioning.
Fluctuating local thermoelectric heat in dirty metals

Using a recently developed multilead theory of dephasing in mesoscopic conductors, the mean-squared magnitude of the local Peltier heat in a uniform disordered metal is calculated diagrammatically. A heuristic estimate based on conductance fluctuation theory is also developed, and gives the same results. The generation and absorption of local thermoelectric heats require both phase-coherent elastic scattering to produce local conductance fluctuations and phase-breaking inelastic scattering to transport heat to and from the reservoirs. This phenomenon can cause substantial spatial variations in the electron temperature of low-carrier-density, clean, quasi-two-dimensional metals.
Looking for Solutions: Gender Differences in Relationship and Parenting Challenges Among Low‐Income, Young Parents

The need for parenting and relationship strengthening programs is important among low-income minority parents where the burden of relational and parental stressors contributes to relationship dissolution. We examine these stressors among young parents. Data were collected from four focus groups (N = 35) with young parents. Data were audio-recorded and transcribed. Inductive coding was used to generate themes and codes, and analysis was completed using NVivo. Relationship and parenting challenges, values, and areas of need were the three major themes that emerged. Women's relationship challenges were family interference and unbalanced parenting, and men reported feeling disrespected and having limited finances. Common relationship challenges for women and men were family interference and unbalanced parenting. Both genders valued trust, communication, and honesty in relationships. Areas of need for women and men included: improving communication and understanding the impact of negative relationships on current relationships. Parenting challenges for women were unbalanced parenting, child safety, and feeling unprepared to parent; men reported limited finances. Both genders valued quality time with child to instill family morals. Areas of need for women and men included learning child discipline techniques and increasing knowledge about child development. Finally, women and men have relationship and parenting similarities and differences. Young parents are interested in learning how to improve relationships and co-parent to reduce relationship distress, which could reduce risk behaviors and improve child outcomes.
Selecting indicator portfolios for marine species and food webs: a Puget sound case study.

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has emerged as a promising approach for maintaining the benefits humans want and need from the ocean, yet concrete approaches for implementing EBM remain scarce. A key challenge lies in the development of indicators that can provide useful information on ecosystem status and trends, and assess progress towards management goals. In this paper, we describe a generalized framework for the methodical and transparent selection of ecosystem indicators. We apply the framework to the second largest estuary in the United States – Puget Sound, Washington – where one of the most advanced EBM processes is currently underway. Rather than introduce a new method, this paper integrates a variety of familiar approaches into one step-by-step approach that will lead to more consistent and reliable reporting on ecosystem condition. Importantly, we demonstrate how a framework linking indicators to policy goals, as well as a clearly defined indicator evaluation and scoring process, can result in a portfolio of useful and complementary indicators based on the needs of different users (e.g., policy makers and scientists). Although the set of indicators described in this paper is specific to marine species and food webs, we provide a general approach that could be applied to any set of management objectives or ecological system.
Heritabilities for antler characteristics and body weight in yearling white-tailed deer

Heritabilities for two body weights and five antler characteristics were estimated for a captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd maintained by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Single male breeding pens with 10-14 female deer were used for five consecutive generations. To minimize selection and maintain a broad genetic base, different sets of sires and as many different dams as possible were randomly assigned as breeders each generation. All deer were accurately predigreed by sire and dam and, except for birth weight, traits were measured at 1.5 years of age. Heritabilities were estimated utilizing (1) sire and within-sire components of variance, and (2) regression of male progeny performance on sire performance. Theoretically, these procedures estimate the amount of additive genetic variance present in a population without indication of non-additive genetic (dominance and epistasis) and maternal effects. Heritabilities ranged from 0.00-0.17 (birth weight), 0.58-0.64 (body weight), 0.22-0.56 (antler points), 0.47-0.70 (main beam length), 0.03-0.43 (antler spread), 0.80-0.89 (basal circumference) and 0.71-0.86 (antler weight). These heritabilities, except for birth weight, suggest that substantial genetic change could be expected from individual selection if realistic selection differentials were used.
Volunteered geographic information, urban forests, & environmental justice

Abstract Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and urban forests have recently become topics of increasing interest in the social sciences. While social and environmental justice concerns have been applied to each of these topics individually, this paper addresses VGI, urban forests, and social justice simultaneously. VGI has often been hailed as an empowering and democratic new form of citizen science that allows data collection tasks to be distributed to a large group of people; however, concerns have emerged about whose geographies will be volunteered, and for what purpose. This research addresses these concerns, with an understanding that VGI has the potential to strengthen, rather than dissolve the digital divide. This is accomplished by determining the completeness of coverage of user-generated urban forest mapping on the interactive website PhillyTreeMap ( http://www.phillytreemap.org/ ) by comparing it with high resolution remotely sensed canopy coverage data. These coverage levels are then regressed against Census demographic data at the block group level to determine if there are inequities in the coverage of this urban forest VGI project based upon socioeconomic status. Results indicate that sociodemographic variables influence the likelihood of increased coverage of the VGI urban forest data, presenting equity concerns surrounding the coverage of this VGI urban forest data. The presence of these social and environmental justice concerns indicates the need for expanded research into this new frontier of geographic data. Geographically weighted general linear models show non-stationarity in the relationships between VGI coverage and sociodemographic predictors, demonstrating the importance of incorporating local models.
Shared Decision Making, Preoperative Expectations, and Postoperative Reality: Differences in Physician and Patient Predictions and Ratings of Knee Surgery Outcomes

Purpose: The present study was performed to determine the extent to which physicians and patients rate preoperative and postoperative knee pain and function differently, and to determine whether physicians or patients more accurately predict postoperative knee pain and function. Type of Study: Longitudinal, prospective study. Methods: Ninety-eight patients requiring either anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery or meniscectomy and related surgery were interviewed 1 week before surgery, as well as 3 and 24 weeks postoperatively. Patients and their physicians completed ratings on knee pain and function at each time point. In addition, at their preoperative visit, patients and physicians completed ratings predicting their postoperative pain and functional status. Results: Physicians rated patients as having less pain and greater knee function preoperatively and at 24 weeks postoperatively. Patients had more significant differences between predicted and actual ratings. Conclusions: Physicians tended to underestimate knee pain and overestimate knee function compared with patients. However, physicians better predicted postoperative knee pain and function ratings than did patients. These findings suggest that physician-patient discussions about preoperative expectations and postoperative reality might be an important part of clinical care. Level of Evidence: Level II, Prospective Longitudinal Study.
Some comments on the relativistic Thomas-Fermi model

Abstract It is argued that the results of Ferreirinho et al. on the screening of supercharged nuclei are well known from the literature. Some further consequences of the screening are discussed.
Born Series for Potential Scattering

The Born series for the $T$ matrix is considered with the class of potentials $V(\mathcal{r})={V}_{0}\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\mathrm{dtA}(t)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}t{r}^{2}}$. An explicit knowledge of $A(t)$ is not necessary since the resulting scattering amplitude can be expressed in terms of $V$. The exact expressions for the first and second Born approximations are utilized to approximate the general $n\mathrm{th}$-order term in the series. The series is explicitly summed to yield an expression for the scattering amplitude which reduces at high energy to the previous impact-parameter amplitude of Blankenbecler and Goldberger. The continuation of the series beyond its radius of convergence is discussed and exemplified with an exponential potential $V={V}_{0}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{r}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$. A few specific numerical examples are considered to illustrate the behavior of the resulting scattering cross section. Improvement of low-energy total cross sections is noted, particularly for repulsive or weakly attractive potentials.
An assessment of the perceptions of policing as a profession among two-year and four-year criminal justice and law enforcement students

The purpose of this study was to assess the occupational views of criminal justice and law enforcement students as they considered police work. In particular, the study attempted to determine if associations could be detected between the level of post-secondary education pursued by the students and a professional view of policing. The study involved the administration of a survey to over 500 students enrolled in 2-year and 4-year criminal justice and law enforcement college programs and indicated that 2-year students demonstrated a slightly greater propensity toward a professional orientation of police work than did 4-year students.
Effects of high-dose fentanyl on renal haemodynamics in conscious dogs.

The renal haemodyrumic effects of high doses of fentanyl were examined in 17 unanaesthethed, chronically implanted dogs, in order to avoid the confusing effects of superimposed anaesthesia and acute surgical procedures. Ten to fourteen days prior to the study, a Doppler flow probe was positioned around the left renal artery and u Tygon catheter was placed into the lower abdominal aorta through a lumbar arterial side branch. During the experiments, the trained animals were lying quietly on their right side. Following steady-state awake baseline measurements, an intravenous fentanyl infusion, 25µg-kg (lower dose), or50µg.kg (higher dose) was administered over a ten-minute period. Arterial pressure, renal blood flow, calculated renal vascular resistance and arterial blood gases were measured for 20 minutes following the infusion. Observations were made during spontaneous and controlled ventilation, with FIO2 = 0.21 or 1.0. Fentanyl increased arterial pressure 10–40 per cent in all groups and did not, as a rule, significantly affect renal blood flow. Thus renal vascular resistance was increased. There were no significant differences between effects of the 25 µg.kg and the 50 µg- kg doses of fentanyl. It is concluded that these doses of fentanyl, given to the conscious, normovolaemic dog, result in renal vasoconstriction. Renal blood flow does not decrease, however, implying that autoregulation remains intact. These changes are a result of fentanyl, per se, rather than secondary to changes in oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and do not appear to have a dose response relationship in the dosage range studied.
Cl(-)-ATPases: Novel primary active transporters in biology.

Five widely documented mechanisms of chloride transport across plasma membranes are anion-coupled antiport, sodium and hydrogen-coupled symport, Cl(-)channels, and an electrochemical coupling process. No genetic evidence has yet been provided for primary active chloride transport despite numerous reports of cellular Cl(-)-stimulated ATPases co-existing, in the same tissue, with uphill chloride transport that could not be accounted for by the five common chloride transport processes. Cl(-)-stimulated ATPase activity is a common property of practically all biological cells with the major location being of mitochondrial origin. It also appears that plasma membranes are sites of Cl(-)-stimulated ATPase activity. Recent studies of Cl(-)-stimulated ATPase activity and active chloride transport in the same membrane system, including liposomes, suggest a medication by the ATPase in net movement of chloride up its electrochemical gradient across plasma membranes. Further studies, especially from a molecular biological perspective, are required to confirm a direct transport role to plasma membrane-localized Cl(-)-stimulated ATPases. J. Exp. Zool. 289:215-223, 2001.
Global and domestic trends “Imperil” Future U.S. Science Workforce

The U.S. science and engineering workforce of the future “is imperiled” by increased global competition for talent and by flat or reduced domestic student interest in the physical sciences and other areas, according to a 19 November report by the U.S. National Science Board (NSB). Citing U.S. census data, the report indicates that the percentage of the foreign-born who are filling U.S. science and engineering occupations has risen sharply from 14% in 1990 to 22% in 2000. Awards of doctorates to the foreign-born jumped from 24% to 28%, while those with master's degrees increased from 19% to 29%, and the bachelor's degree share rose from 11% to 17%. The census data reflects immigration patterns and the numbers of foreign specialists working in the U.S. with visas.