cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An aryl azide suitable for photoaffinity labeling of amine groups in proteins

Abstract An aryl azide, 2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenylazide, has been prepared and characterized with respect to the rate of nucleophilic displacement of the active fluorine by amine groups. This reaction occurs readily under mildly alkaline conditions and at temperatures below 30 °C, which makes it suitable for modifying free amine groups, even those of active enzymes. The resulting 2,4-dinitro-5-azidophenylamine derivative is a photoaffinity label. Absorption of light of wavelengths shorter than 450 nm causes generation of the highly reactive aryl nitrene that covalently inserts into its immediate environment.
Low doses of L-tryptophan are lethal in rats with adrenal insufficiency.

Abstract Adrenalectomy decreased the LD 50 value for L-tryptophan from >1000mg/kg in normal rats to 11.6 mg/kg. The LD 50 in adrenalectomized rats was restored to normal by corticosterone replacement therapy. Administration of metyrapone, which blocks the synthesis of adrenal steroids, to normal rats decreased plasma corticosterone levels by approximately 50% and decreased the LD 50 from >1000 mg/kg to 24.9 mg/kg. Neurochemical analysis revealed a large increase in tissue tryptamine levels following administration of L-tryptophan in rats with adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, it appears that death due to L-tryptophan in animals with adrenal insufficiency is due to formation of excess tryptamine and, consequently, an elevation in blood pressure and other cardiovascular dysfunctions.
THE EFFECT OF PURIFIED GROWTH HORMONE ON UREA FORMATION IN NEPHRECTOMIZED RATS

THE administration of a partially purified preparation of anterior pituitary growth hormone to nephrectomized rats was followed by a considerable decrease in the rate of urea production seen after the intravenous administration of protein hydrolysate (Russell and Cappiello, 1949). Highly purified growth hormone preparations have now been employed in similar circumstances. The previous observations have been confirmed in two series of experiments, and some information has been obtained on the relationship of dosage of growth hormone to the effect obtained.
Cytological changes in chloride cells following altered ionic media

The rock-eel, Pholis, and guppy, Lebistes, adapted to fresh or saltwater were exposed to low concentrations of unnatural ions or transport inhibitors including thiocyanate, potassium and ouabain, which caused cytological alterations in the chloride cells of the gills. Some of the other substances used caused generalized damage to intracellular membranes. Highly ordered geometric arrays of the tubular reticulum were produced under certain conditions. The conditions of the experiments suggest that the tubular reticulum plays a role in ionic segragation and that the normal configuration of the reticulum is dependent on the ionic composition of the intracellular milieu.
Use of antithrombin III in cancer patients with sepsis complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

Mortality rate from sepsis is estimated to be 20% to 60% with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) often accompanying sepsis. Replacement therapy with antithrombin III (ATIII) concentrate has been hypothesized to be a means for attenuating DIC, since ATIII is rapidly consumed during DIC. A reliable index of poor prognosis is an initial decrease of serum ATIII level. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of ATIII in patients sepsis complicated by DIC.
Deposition of Anal-Sac Secretions by Captive Wolves (Canis lupus)

Deposition of anal-sac secretions by captive wolves was investigated by a labelling technique using protein-bound iodine125 and food dye. Wolves deposited secretions on some but not all scats. Adult males, especially the alpha male, deposited anal-sac secretions more frequently while defecating than did females or juveniles. Secretions sometimes also were deposited independently of defecation, suggesting a dual role in communication by these substances.
Localization of dopamine receptor subtypes occupied by intra-accumbens antagonists that reverse cocaine-induced locomotion.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether blockade of either dopamine Dl-like or D2-1ike receptors by selective antagonist administration into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is sufficient to reverse cocaine-induced locomotion, and to develop a new technique that enables the population of receptors occupied by the antagonists to be quantified. Locomotor activity was assessed in rats that had received bilateral intra-accumbens injections of the Dl-selective antagonist SCH-23390 (0-3.0 ~g/0.5 /zl/side) or the D2/D3-selective antagonist sulpiride (0-1.0/~g/0.5 ~l/side), followed 15 min later by injections of saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). To assess receptor occupancy by the antagonists, 105 min prior to sacrifice the rats received intra-aceumbens injections of the antagonist, followed 15 min later by an injection of the non-selective irreversible antagonist, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-l,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ; 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Receptors were labeled with [3H]SCH-23390 or [3H]sulpiride in sections containing the NAc, and the autoradiograms allowed quantitation of receptors occupied (i.e. protected from EEDQ) by the antagonist given in vivo. Only a dose of 3 /.~g/side SCH-23390 reversed cocaine-induced locomotion, whereas a dose of 0.5/zg/side did not alter cocaine-induced locomotion despite occupying the same amount of [3H]SCH-23390 binding sites in the NAc. Intermediate doses of 0.1 and 0.3 /~g/side sulpiride reversed cocaine-induced locomotion, and also occupied the greatest number of [3H]sulpiride binding sites in the NAc. The results suggest that blockade of D2-1ike, but not Dl-like, receptors in the NAc is sufficient to reverse cocaine-induced locomotion, and also demonstrate the importance of quantifying receptors occupied by drugs administered intracranially.
Benzodiazepine binding varies with stage of estrous cycle in unwashed membranes from mouse brain

The influence of the stage of the estrous cycle on binding of [3H]diazepam was examined in membranes from brains of female mice. In order to conserve endogenous factors such as progesterone, other steroids, or GABA, the assay was performed without the extensive washing procedures typically employed in measurements of benzodiazepine binding. Significant variations in the apparent maximal numbers of binding sites (Bmax) were noted during the estrous cycle in both hypothalamus and cortex. The Bmax measured in membranes from proestrus female mice was significantly higher than in membranes from mice at other stages in the estrous cycle. Variations in apparent equilibrium binding dissociation constants (Kd) were not statistically significant by stage of the estrous cycle. The demonstrated variations in binding suggest the existence of a factor which varies with the estrous cycle in female mice and modulates the activity of the GABAA receptor complex.
Temperament characteristics in the third year of life and behavioral adjustment at school entry

The relationship between temperament characteristics at three years of age and adjustment at school entry was explored within a longitudinal design. Sixty‐five children drawn from a normal population were evaluated using the Parent Temperament Questionnaire (Thomas & Chess, 1977) at three, and again assessed at school entry using several instruments administered to mothers and teachers. In addition, a psychological assessment was completed in the school setting using standardized measures of intelligence, achievement, and self‐perception. Relatively conservative criteria were employed for establishing both atypical temperament patterns at three, as well as for determining maladjustment at follow‐up. Results indicate substantial predictive utility exists for several temperament dimensions measured at three, but that this pattern can change as a function of source of report at followup. While correlational analyses revealed generally low associations between preschool temperament characteristics and adjustm...
Living and loving with dementia: Negotiating spousal and caregiver identity through narrative

Abstract In this paper, we examine how Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) affect caregivers' perceptions of change in the identity of their afflicted spouse and the ways in which accompanying changes in caregiver identity influence intimate relations. We also explore how gender shapes the ADRD caregiving experience among married couples, specifically, the extent to which intimate relations are also gendered relations. The study group was comprised of spousal caregivers recruited from support groups in the two Midwestern states and from the Alzheimer's Disease Center (ADC) at a large Midwestern university hospital. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 men and 15 women whose spouses had ADRD. The intensive interviews confirmed that identity change on the part of sick spouses had important implications for intimacy, although not always in adverse ways. The majority of caregiver husbands and wives reported diminished intimacy as a result of the ADRD. Many men and women believed they would retain feelings of closeness to their afflicted spouses as long as they were alive. Wives were more likely than husbands to report that changes in their spouses' identity altered how they identified themselves within their marriage. This has important implications for intimate relations between people with ADRD and those who care for them. Our findings suggest that caregiving and intimacy are very different experiences for men and women, and point to the need for caregiver education and support.
Pictorial Review of the Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography Imaging in the Postoperative Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease

Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are the methods of choice for preoperative and postoperative assessments of most congenital heart diseases. However, multidetector computed tomographic angiography of the chest is a complementary imaging technique especially in postoperative evaluations. To accurately interpret those computed tomography examinations, an appropriate study protocol, knowledge of the details of surgical procedures, and their complications are essential. In this pictorial review, we discuss our computed tomography technique with a number of illustrative cases with varied postoperative appearances and complications after some of the commonly performed surgical procedures.
LGBT Faculty, Research, and Researchers: Risks and Rewards

ABSTRACT Self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) faculty along with heterosexuals with scholarly interests in these populations can face heterosexism, heterocentrism, homophobia, and hostility within and outside of social work programs. This article describes the risks and rewards of being an LGBT faculty based on the experiences of the authors. Myths and realities relating to coming out, promotion, and funding are discussed, along with the pitfalls of tokenism and the stress of being an LGBT faculty of color. Ways to endure and even thrive in spite of these potentially formidable burdens are also described.
Mantle and atmospheric-like argon in vesicles of MORB glasses

Glasses from two EPR and two MAR basalts were crushed sequentially to release argon in a stepwise fashion. The results show a variation in 40Ar36Ar ratios within each sample, indicating that the argon trapped in the vesicles has as much ‘air-contamination’ as that dissolved in the glass.
Dual formulations and subgradient optimization strategies for linear programming relaxations of mixed-integer programs

Abstract This paper examines algorithmic strategies relating to the formulation of Lagrangian duals, and their solution via subgradient optimization, in the context of solving linear programming relaxations of mixed-integer programs. As in the current trend in integer programming, several researchers have found it beneficial to generate and add additional constraints to the model, prior to its solution, in order to tighten its linear programming relaxation. It becomes necessary, therefore, to be able to efficiently derive strong surrogate constraints and bounds based on such reformulations. This paper addresses the design and testing of the most viable technique available for exploiting such tight reformulations, namely, using Lagrangian relaxation in coordination with subgradient optimization. A computational study is conducted to test the efficiency of various Lagrangian dual formulations, and to investigate in the context of using subgradient optimization the effects of step size choices, problem scaling, conducting pattern moves, and projecting dual solutions onto subsets of violated dual constraints. Based on this study, certain recommendations are made regarding the manner in which one should implement such an approach.
Lifetime of the 0.119-Mev State of the N 16 Nucleus

The mean life of the 0.119-Mev state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ has been measured and is found to be 7.83(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ second. This state was produced by means of the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(d, p){N}^{16}$ reaction with deuterons having a laboratory energy of 1.76 Mev. The experiment involved periodically directing the deuteron beam onto and then away from the target. The lifetime was determined by measuring the decay rate of the 0.119-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray activity during the periods when the beam was off the target.
Another n-person bargaining game with a unique perfect equilibrium

Abstract We analyze another n-person bargaining game, and show that there exist a unique perfect equilibrium.
Contemporary Issues in Sexual Orientation and Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood presents a unique developmental milieu for sexual orientation and identity development. Over the past 10 years, a body of research has begun delineating contemporary emerging adu...
Dynamic analysis of a reverse-idler gear pair with concurrent clearances

Abstract Concurrent non-linearities may be defined as multiple local non-linearities which are linked kinematically to an inertial body in a multi-degree-of-freedom mechanical system. A practical example is found in the reverse-idler gear system which may rattle or undergo vibro-impacts under very light mean loads. Since very little is known about such torsional systems with two or more clearances, an analytical investigation has been undertaken to gain a better understanding of the resulting non-linear behavior. New coupling and scaling procedures are developed to reduce computational difficulties. In an attempt to quantify the average impact behavior in the concurrent gear meshes, the concept of effective stiffness is introduced and calculated from the non-linear response in several ways. Response-variant natural frequencies obtained from these effective stiffnesses are then used to study the spectral interaction in a system in which two non-linearities are present simultaneously. Results of the Galerkin method (multi-term harmonic balance) match well with predictions of the numerical integration techniques. Both methods are used to study periodic responses, while the Floquet theory is used to study the stability of such solutions. Techniques for embedding the concept of effective stiffness into each method are also examined. Although the emphasis is on periodic steady state solutions, quasi-periodic responses have been briefly examined due to their prevalence in a system with concurrent nonlinearities.
Problems in determination of the water content of rock-salt samples and its significance in nuclear-waste storage siting

The in situ water content of rock salt in beds or domes and the exact nature of its occurrence are of considerable importance for the safe design and operation of nuclear-waste storage facilities in salt deposits. Most published determinations of the “water content” of salt are not comparable. Many determinations contain serious, and in part systematic, errors. The multiplicity of water sources in salt samples, the methods of sample selection and preparation, and the analytical methods used are such that some of these results may be low by as much as an order of magnitude. There is no panacea, but most of the sources of error can be minimized.
UV Curing Effects of Low-k Materials under Reactive Conditions

This work describes the effect of addition of O2 and NH3 to the N2 ambient used during the UV cure process of low-k materials. The effects of O2 give an acceleration of the cure process, resulting in increased film modulus and shrinkage. The use of NH3 resulted in a retardation of UV cure, explained by the higher absorption cross section of NH3 at the wavelengths used.
Knowledge-informed Pareto simulated annealing for multi-objective spatial allocation

Spatial allocation is the process of assigning different attributes (e.g., land-use or land-cover) to spatial entities (e.g., map polygons or grid cells). It is an exercise that often requires the analysis of multiple, sometimes conflicting, objectives. Multi-objective spatial allocation problems often exhibit substantial computational complexity, especially when spatial pattern characteristics are specified as the allocation objectives. Optimization techniques that incorporate heuristics or knowledge-informed rules have been found to be more effective in solving spatial allocation problem. In this article, we (1) develop and demonstrate a knowledge-informed Pareto simulated annealing approach to tackle specifically multi-objective allocation problems that consider spatial patterns as objectives and (2) determine whether the knowledge-informed approach is more effective than standard Pareto simulation annealing in solving multi-objective spatial allocation problems. Four multi-objective spatial allocation problems were formulated in a gridded two-dimensional discrete space to benchmark the performance of our knowledge-informed algorithms and a standard Pareto simulated annealing algorithm. These four problems, each with two objectives, represent all combinations of cases in which there are (1) conflicting or concordant objectives and (2) two pattern objectives or one pattern objective and one non-pattern objective, representing objectives with similar or different degrees of difficulty. We generated 1200 sets of solutions, represented as allocation maps. Performance indices that measure the computational effectiveness and efficiency were developed for evaluation. The results suggest that the solutions generated by the knowledge-informed approach are more effective in approximating the set of Pareto optimal solutions than those generated by the standard Pareto simulated annealing.
Deleterious Effects of Hydralazine in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

Thirteen consecutive patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension who had normal left ventricular function were treated with hydralazine in an effort to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and clinical symptoms. Despite marked decreases in systemic vascular resistance (40 per cent; P less than 0.001), hydralazine produced only moderate decreases in pulmonary arteriolar resistance (21 per cent), without improving stroke volume or pulmonary-artery pressure. Instead, mean arterial pressure fell markedly (17.5 mm Hg, P less than 0.01) in association with a reflex increase in heart rate (11 beats per minute, P less than 0.01). Four patients became symptomatically hypotensive within 24 hours of the initiation of treatment; two of these four required pressors for circulatory support, and one died. Progressive renal insufficiency developed in one patient, and a symptomatic decrease in systemic arterial oxygen saturation occurred in another; both changes were reversed upon discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, hydralazine fails to produce consistent hemodynamic and clinical benefits in patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, and it frequently causes serious adverse reactions.
Effects of glucagon and cyclic AMP on ion fluxes in the perfused liver

Abstract In the isolated perfused rat liver administration of glucagon, or cyclic AMP, is followed by a biphasic response of K+ and Na+ movement. There is an initial uptake of these cations; during this period perfusate pH drops slightly. Subsequently an efflux of K+ and Na+ and a rise in pH of the perfusate occur. This alkalinization is associated with a decrease of intracellular pH. On the other hand, administration of tetracaine, a local anesthetic, is followed by a sharp drop of perfusate pH and intracellular alkalinization. This agent also interferes with the hormone of cyclic nucleotide-induced ion movements and metabolic effects. If the Na+ in the perfusate is replaced with an equimolar concentration of choline, glucagon or cyclic AMP-induced glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are inhibited. On the other hand, substitution of perfusate K+ by Na+ does not interfere with the glucagon or cyclic AMP-induced increase in glycogenolysis. Omission of either Na+ or K+ from the perfusate does not interfere with the glucagon-induced increase in cyclic AMP levels.
Immersion hypothermia: effect of glycine.

SummaryThe intravenous administration of a 5% glycine solution caused a significant increase of 34.6 minutes in the time required to lower the rectal temperature of dogs from 38°C to 26°C. Total rewarming time was decreased by 34.3 minutes in the glycine treated group. The differences in cooling and rewarming rates between the treated and non-treated animals was due to the increased heat production observed in the dogs receiving glycine. The possible applicability of thermogenic agents in accidental hypothermia is discussed.
THE ROLES OF HINTERLAND COMPOSITION, EXTERNALITIES, AND VARIABLE SPACING AS DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE IN SMALL TOWNS

(1974). THE ROLES OF HINTERLAND COMPOSITION, EXTERNALITIES, AND VARIABLE SPACING AS DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE IN SMALL TOWNS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 152-158.
Antipsychotics in the elderly

Neuroleptics are commonly prescribed medications in the geriatric population and have a broader spectrum of indications than in younger patients. In spite of the frequent use of neuroleptics in elderly patients with organic brain syndromes, there are relatively few studies that use double-blind, placebo-controlled methodology. The results of these studies are conflicting; however, there is sufficient evidence that symptoms of agitation, behaviourial dyscontrol, and psychosis are often responsive to neuroleptic treatment. Elderly patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders may also benefit from neuroleptic treatment. As there is a potential for overuse of these medications among the elderly, clear definition of checklist symptoms is imperative. Furthermore, periodic reduction of dose and possible discontinuation of the drug should be considered since many of the checklist symptoms in this age group are environmentally related and time-limited. There has so far been little evidence to support the use of one neuroleptic over another. Side-effect profiles suggest that low doses of the high potency agents are safer and better tolerated in the elderly. Both therapeutic effects and side effects should be assessed at regular intervals.
A Study of the 0.1-EV Conversion Acceptor in GaAs

Two semi‐insulating liquid‐encapsulated Czochralski GaAs cyrstals, one Cr‐doped and the other undoped, were annealed at 750 °C for 15 min in flowing H2. Each sample converted to conducting p type in the near‐surface region, due to the formation of acceptors at Ev+0.1 eV. We have studied this phenomenon by electrical, optical, and analytical profiling techniques, and have determined conclusively that the acceptors in our samples are not related to Mn accumulation, a commonly accepted explanation. It is argued that the 0.1‐eV center may arise from several possible sources, each exhibiting a VGa ‐like state at this energy.
Effective ablation of pancreatic cancer cells in SCID mice using systemic adenoviral RIP-TK/GCV gene therapy.

Background Studies have demonstrated that adenovirus subtype 5 mediated rat insulin promoter directed thymidine kinase (A-5-RIP-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) gene therapy resulted in significant enhanced cytotoxicity to both PANC-1 and MIA PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells in vitro . However, little is known about the effect in vivo . In this study we examine the in vivo safety and efficacy of intravenous A-5-RIP-TK/GCV gene therapy. Materials and methods 1×10 6 Mia PaCa2 cells were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into SCID mice to create a mouse model of human pancreatic cancer. A-5-RIP-TK gene construct was administered intravenously (i.v.), followed by i.p. GCV administration. Intravenous injection of A-5-RIP-lacZ reporter gene constructs was used for evaluation of Ad-RIP-gene expression in tumors and other tissues. Optimal adenoviral and GCV doses and treatment duration were determined. Tumor volume, serum insulin, and glucose levels were measured. Immunohistochemical staining of pancreata and tumors were performed to assess morphology and hormone expression and apoptotic rates were determined. Results All A-5-RIP-TK/GCV-treated mice had reduced tumor volume compared with controls, but maximal tumor volume reduction was observed with 10 8 vp followed by GCV treatment for 4 wk. A-5-RIP-TK/GCV gene therapy contributed to significant survival advantage in MIA PaCa2 bearing mice, and the greatest survival benefit was observed with 10 8 vp and was not affected by length of treatment of GCV. A-5-RIP-TK/GCV therapy increased PDX-1 expression and tumor cells apoptosis, and altered islet morphology. However, A-5-RIP-TK/GCV gene therapy caused diabetes associated with islet cell apoptosis, increased δ-cells and reduced pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-cell numbers. Conclusions Systemically administered A-5-RIP-TK/GCV is an effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. A-5-RIP-TK/GCV cytotoxicity to malignant cells varies with adenoviral dose and length of GCV treatment. However, A-5-RIP-TK/GCV is associated with islet cell toxicity and diabetogenesis. The type of diabetes observed is distinct from Types 1 and 2 and is associated with islet cell apoptosis and reduced δ- and PP-cells.
Multinucleated giant cell formation exhibits features of phagocytosis with participation of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Macrophage fusion leading to formation of multinucleated giant cells during chronic inflammation is poorly understood in mechanism and physiological significance. To address this, we developed a system of human macrophage fusion that utilizes IL-4, IL-13, or α-tocopherol to generate large foreign body-type giant cells (FBGC). Extending our previously demonstrated requirements for F-actin and mannose receptor (MR) activity, we find that macrophage fusion exhibits further features of a phagocytic process. Pharmacological inhibition of IL-4-induced FBGC formation indicates critical roles for vacuolar-type ATPase, microtubules, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), but not calcium-dependent PLA2 (cPLA2), secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), cyclooxygenase, or lipoxygenase. Immunocytochemistry confirms iPLA2 expression and absence of cPLA2 or sPLA2 expression in macrophages/FBGC. As markers of ER-mediated phagocytosis, calnexin and calregulin are detectable on non-permeabilized fusing macrophages and also concentrated at fusion interfaces where they co-localize with actin in permeabilized macrophages/FBGC. Furthermore, ER markers co-localize with concanavalin A reactivity on non-permeabilized fusing macrophages, suggesting that the ER may present MR ligand during fusion events. These data demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of macrophage fusion leading to formation of multinucleated giant cells exhibits multiple features of phagocytosis with potential participation of the ER.
Within-lodge interactions between two ecosystem engineers, beavers (Castor canadensis) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

Ecosystem engineers are frequently observed to increase local biodiversity through their effects on resource flows. While promotion of successional processes and increased biodiversity may occur without direct interaction between ecosystem engineers and sympatric species, many cases exist where interactions are common. Under such conditions, it is unclear whether direct interactions serve to facilitate or inhibit coexistence of ecosystem engineers and the species attempting to use engineered habitats. We used remote videography within lodges of an ecosystem engineer, beavers (Castor canadensis), to quantify the taxonomic diversity of lodge use by non-beaver fauna and to characterize interactions between beavers and a second engineering species that commonly uses beaver-manipulated habitats, muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Beaver lodges were used by eleven types of vertebrates and invertebrates. Although no increased aggression was displayed by resident beavers towards intruding muskrats, the temporally partitioned patterns of muskrats’ and beavers’ entrances and exits to and from lodges, respectively, and altered behavior among both species during cohabitation, indicates that lodge use by muskrats represents an exploitative behavior as opposed to a mutualistic or even commensalistic relationship. We hypothesize that the ecological similarities between these species promotes competitive interactions, and the observed relationship highlights the tradeoffs faced by ecosystem engineers wherein constructed objects intended to exclude competitors are simultaneously associated with habitat modifications that promote the persistence of those same competitors.
Effect of cyclosporine on adrenocortical response to injury and infection

The effects of cyclosporine administration on the adrenocortical response to the severe stress of burn wound sepsis were studied in Wistar rats. Animals were treated with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) or saline by gavage for 10 days, then subjected to 30% scald burns with wound inoculation with Pseudomonas. Animals were sacrificed on Postburn Days (PBDs) 1, 4, and 7 for determination of serum corticosterone and ACTH levels and adrenal weights and histology. Adrenal glands from animals sacrificed on PBD 7 were also analyzed for DNA, RNA, and protein content. Cyclosporine treatment without injury had no significant effect on body weight gain, adrenal mass, or baseline ACTH or corticosterone levels. During sepsis, cyclosporine-treated animals demonstrated a significantly diminished adrenocortical response compared to those given only saline. Serum corticosterone levels in the cyclosporine group were 45, 53, and 62% lower on PBDs 1, 4, and 7, respectively, than in saline-treated controls (P < 0.01 on each day). ACTH levels were 43 and 36% lower in cyclosporine-treated animals on PBDs 4 and 7, respectively, compared to the saline-treated group (P < 0.05 on each day). Adrenal hyperplasia occurred in both groups by PBD 7, but increases in adrenal mass and in histologic changes associated with hyperplasia (lipid depletion, vascular dilation) were less pronounced in cyclosporine-treated animals compared to those receiving saline, while adrenal composition remained similar between the two groups. Thus, cyclosporine administration is associated with an attenuated adrenocortical response to the stress of sepsis due to diminished circulating levels of ACTH.
The Development of a Framework for Investigating the Effectiveness of Capstone Course Curricular Changes

Capstone courses are an integral part of the educational experience in undergraduate engineering programs. However, such courses tend to be challenging in nature for course instructors as many of the features of the capstone course contrast starkly with typical courses in the engineering curriculum. As in any field, communication of effective strategies is crucial as the capstone course community seeks to better their practices. With this goal in mind, the question arises: How does one instructor convince her or his colleagues that a teaching practice implemented at the home university is (i) truly effective, and (ii) can be transferred to other universities with similar results? While effectiveness may be measured in other more traditional courses by simply looking at assignment and test grades, the complexity associated with the capstone course adds ambiguity and complex interrelations that require a more thoughtful and detailed inquiry. This work explains such a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of capstone course changes implemented over the past seven years at Oregon State University. The evaluation framework relies on results from faculty, sponsor, and student surveys as well as sponsor participation data, student work products, course evaluations, and student grades over the period of the past seven years. This work outlines the framework and discusses future plans of implementation of the research project.© 2011 ASME
Girls teach themselves, and boys too: peer teaching in a computer-based design and construction activity

Abstract In this study, we investigated the use of female students as peer experts in a workshop introducing an interactive, computer-based learning environment called LEGO/Logo. In LEGO/Logo, children design, construct and program computer-controllable machines using specialized parts such as motors, sound elements, and sensors. The eighty-five students who participated in the study attended 6th grade (age 12) at a middle-class elementary school in the United States. The LEGO/Logo workshops were approximately 15 hours each, and the students worked primarily in pairs or groups of three. The findings indicate that the students were successful in building a wide range of LEGO/Logo machines, from simple to complex models, and that the peer teachers were utilized as experts by the other students and benefited from this experience. Certain gender-related differences were observed in the students' interactions and in working with the LEGO/Logo system.
A polarographic and coulometric study on diphosphopyridine nucleotide.

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of diphosphopyridine nucleotide was studied at the dropping Hg electrode. The half-wave potentials and the diffusion current constant were measured, and the effect of the pH and the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the current-voltage curves were also studied. The irreversibility of the electrode reaction was established. Overvoltages were observed for the cathodic and anodic waves. The number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction was determined by direct coulometry. Controlled potential electrolysis was suggested as a preparative method for reduced DPN.
Age and nortriptyline concentrations in plasma ultrafiltrate.

Objectives. Since plasma protein binding of tricyclic antidepressants may be relevant to treatment effects and can be influenced by age-associated factors, we examined both plasma ultrafiltrate and total concentrations of nortriptyline (NT) in patients and compared these to age. We hypothesized negative associations with age of both ultrafiltrate NT and the ratio of ultrafiltrate NT to total plasma NT. Methods. Patients with major depression at a psychiatric service treated with a stable dose of NT were studied. Trough plasma ultrafiltrate NT concentrations and total plasma NT concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations were corrected for dose. Results. Eighty-seven patients aged 26-88 years were studied. Ultrafiltrate NT concentrations and the ratio of ultrafiltrate NT to total NT concentrations were both significantly negatively associated with age. Total NT concentrations were not significantly associated with age. Conclusions. Relatively low ultrafiltrate NT concentrations in older patients may reflect lower tissue exposure at a given total plasma NT concentration. This could be relevant to toxic and therapeutic effects. Studies of relationships between non-bound drug concentrations and NT treatment outcomes across the age span are needed.
MICROBIAL, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES IN CHILL WATER TREATED WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD

A three-zone (anode, neutral, and cathode) electrochemical treatment chamber was designed and built to evaluate the inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry chill water. The chill water in the three-zone chamber containing ∼ 10 6 CFU/mL S. typhimurium and 0.5% or 1.0% NaCI was treated at 15 or 25 mA/cm 2 , and a temperature of 5-10C for up to 10 min. The Salmonella were inactivated within 0. 5 to 4 min in the anode zone depending on the salt concentration and current density, slower inactivation rate in the cathode zone, and almost no inactivation in the neutral zone. The pH decreased to ∼ 2 in anode zone, but increased to -10 in the cathode zone. Temperature increased by 2-6.5C in the three zones depending on current density and salt concentration. The conductivity increased in the anode and cathode zones but little change in the neutral zone. The generated chlorine was proportional to the current density and the treatment time.
New Communications Approaches in Marketing: Issues and Research Directions

Abstract In the early part of the 21st century, the media landscape has been dramatically affected by the introduction of new, largely digital media. This increase in the number of media has been driven largely by improvements in technology and how customers interact with the technology and each other. In this paper, I describe the kinds of new media that companies are using to engage customers and the challenges that these media present from the perspective of the marketing manager. In addition, using the management challenges as a framework, I describe the research opportunities posed by these media and where marketing academics can make the greatest contributions.
ON THE TIME DEPENDENCE OF SIZE EFFECT IN POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE

Nanoindentation tests at the nano-micrometer scales are conducted to investigate the depth and time dependent deformation mechanisms of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Astonishing indentation size effects observed in these experiments are analyzed with an existing theoretical hardness model, and the effects of loading time on the hardness and indentation stiffness of PDMS are studied. The change in the indentation recovery with respect to indentation depth and loading time are analyzed. Furthermore, it is shown that the stiffness of PDMS obtained at the maximum applied force can be efficiently applied to validate the applied theoretical hardness model with the experimental results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Introduction to Digital Forensics--Education, Research and Practice Minitrack

The field of digital forensics has evolved to allow security professionals to examine evidence from the increasing plethora of digital devices to help determine what individuals might have done in the past. The evidence collected is used in a wide variety of settings: from corporate server farms to police raids on criminals' houses to the modern battlefield, and now to international cloud environments. This year, we accepted three papers for presentation in the Digital Forensics -- Education and Research Minitrack which should promote some interesting discussions in some emerging areas of digital forensics. The papers in this session represent much of the ongoing work in the forensics community and are an exciting representation of a larger body of work dedicated to ensuring that digital evidence remains available and useful for the good of the public.
Spatial cueing in time-space synesthetes: An event-related brain potential study.

Abstract Some people report that they consistently and involuntarily associate time events, such as months of the year, with specific spatial locations; a condition referred to as time–space synesthesia. The present study investigated the manner in which such synesthetic time–space associations affect visuo-spatial attention via an endogenous cuing paradigm. Reaction times and ERPs were recorded as 12 time–space synesthetes and 12 control participants did a peripheral target detection task, cued by three different types of centrally presented cues: arrows pointing left or right, direction words “left” or “right”, and month names associated with either the left or the right side of the synesthete’s mental calendar (e.g., “October” or “May”). Cues were followed by probes on the left or right side of the screen, and participants responded to the probes with button presses. Behavioral and ERP data suggested that for synesthetes, month words functioned more effectively as cues to direct attention in space. In synesthetes but not controls, a comparison of ERPs to probes cued by months revealed effects of cue validity on the P3b component peaking 370 ms post-onset and on the subsequent positive slow wave (pSW) observed 600–900 ms post-onset (both larger for invalid probes). No effects of cue validity were observed on early visual potentials (N1) for probes cued by months. The findings suggest that in these time–space synesthetes cue validity influenced post-perceptual processes, such as stimulus evaluation and categorization, with no evidence for enhanced visual processing.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE ADOPTION OF PSYCHOLOGY‐BASED PERSONNEL PRACTICES: LESSONS FROM ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION

Surveys of organizational personnel practices often indicate that techniques advocated by industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists are used with less frequency than might be expected given their technical merit. This article attempts to explain this phenomenon by viewing the adoption of I/O-type personnel practices as organizational innovations that are subject to the mechanisms and processes described in the innovation-diffusion literature. It is argued that the adoption of I/O-type personnel practices constitutes administrative innovation and that such innovation is not strongly influenced by technical merit. Rather, imitation processes, environmental threat, government regulation, and political influence often dominate highly uncertain adoption processes. Recommendations are made for enhancing the adoption rate for psychology-based personnel innovations.
Precipitation scrubbing of aerial plankton: inferences from bird behavior.

I conducted direct visual observations of aerial insect-eating birds concurrently with remote radar observations of aerial plankton before, during, and after the passage of an intense thunderstorm gust front in east-central Florida. Clear skies and convective conditions predominated in the area prior to local passage of the gust front. Shortly after passage, weather conditions shifted to a stratiform regime, with continuous low cloud cover and intermittent drizzly rain. Insectivorous birds appeared in the area briefly at the time of gust front passage, and became common following the onset of the drizzly rain. These birds remained in the area after the cessation of precipitation, feeding actively and very low, until mid-afternoon the following day, when the transition from stratiform back to convective conditions finally occurred. Almost immediately after this transition, the altitude of bird flight began increasing rapidly, and the birds quickly dispersed. I interpreted these observations together with radar data as indicating that (a) large quantities of aerial plankton were entrained by the gust front, “leaked” into the storm outflow, and were subsequently “scrubbed” out of the atmospheric boundary layer by precipitation; (b) after the rain ended, the insect species involved were prevented from reascending by stratiform sky conditions that inhibited thermal convection, and (c) the insects rapidly reascended at the first possible opportunity (i.e., almost immediately following the transition from stratiform back to convective conditions). This detailed case study showed that an individual convergence event in the atmospheric boundary layer caused a spatial redistribution of the aerial plankton which subjected the insects involved to locally intensified predation by avian consumers. However, despite the dramatic short-term effects, the apparently rapid reascent of the aerial plankton suggests that this particular scrubbing event probably had little impact on the local population dynamics of the insect species affected. Data on track directions of a large sample of summer gust fronts in east-central Florida suggest that the potential for net directional displacements of insect populations over seasonal time scales via the cumulative effects of individual convergence events and subsequent scrubbing is probably low.
A Similarity Law for Stressing Rapidly Heated Thin-Walled Cylinders

When a thin cylindrical shell of uniform thickness is very rapidly heated by hot high-pressure gas flowing inside the shell, the temperature of material decreases steeply from a high temperature at the inside surface to ambient temperatures at the outside surface. Young's modulus of material thus varies. The purpose of the present paper is to reduce the problem of stress analysis of such a cylinder to an equivalent problem in conventional cylindrical shell without temperature gradient in the wall. The equivalence concept is expressed as a series of relations between the quantities for the hot cylinder and the quantities for the cold cylinder. These relations give the similarity law whereby strains for the hot cylinder can be simply deduced from measured strains on the cold cylinder and thus greatly simplify the problem of experimental stress analysis.
The empirical characterization of financial markets in developing countries

Summarizes the characteristics of financial markets in developing countries, posing eight questions about them. Defines developing countries, and pinpoints those with stock markets, principally those with a good risk index score and a comparatively high growth rate as well as higher income levels. Explains the method of comparing risk and return factors, finding that emerging markets have only marginally higher returns but very much more volatility than developed ones. Traces capital market differences to fundamental macroeconomic differences, concluding that country income classification is the best predictor of a functioning stock market, and that macroeconomics can explain 40 per cent of the variability in capital markets data.
Skeletal and chronological ages in American adolescents: current findings in skeletal maturation

Purpose This study was designed to assess the relationship between skeletal and chronological ages among current American adolescents using the Greulich and Pyle atlas for skeletal age determination.