cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nurses' Knowledge of Opioids: Foundations for Clinical Practice

Background The opioid crisis has influenced practice changes to mitigate risks to patients receiving opioids. It is essential that nurses understand contemporary guidelines to provide safe patient care for patients receiving opioids. Purpose This study was designed to assess general knowledge of opioids among nurses in nonprescribing patient care roles. Methods A survey was developed, validated, and deployed to 564 nurses in a large hospital system. Results Nurses had strong knowledge of basic pharmacology, the conjunctive use of nonopioids for pain relief, and differences in analgesia for chronic versus acute pain. Opportunity for education included risk factors for opioid-related adverse events, medication combinations, differences in opioid tolerant and opioid-naive patients, and recognition and management of overdose. Conclusions Results of this study can be used to guide continuing education and academic curricula to ensure nurses are equipped with the key knowledge to provide safe quality clinical care and patient education.
Hybrid Low-Frequency Switch for Bridgeless PFC

Traditionally, for the bridgeless PFC, the low-Ron Si super-junction (SJ) mosfet s are utilized to reduce the loss on the low-frequency switches. However, the high cost of the low-Ron Si SJ mosfet is an issue. Therefore, this letter proposes a hybrid low frequency switch which hybrids a high-Ron and low-cost Si SJ mosfet and a high current and low-cost Si diode. This hybrid switch achieves the low conduction loss under light load conditions due to the internal mosfet and achieves the low conduction loss under heavy load conditions due to the parallel diode. This hybrid switch combines the benefits of the mosfet and the diode with very low cost. This switch is very suitable for the high-efficiency bridgeless PFC rectifiers. The analytical and the experimental results based on the implemented hybrid switch verify the performance of the hybrid switch.
A COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IMAGING

Electrical impedance imaging is a technique for determining the internal impedance (or conductivity) of a medium based on electrostatic boundary measurements. Applications for this imaging method include medical tomography and nondestructive inspection. In this paper, we describe an aparatus for data generation and a backprojection algorithm for imaging devised by D.C. Barber and B.H. Brown. We explain how their algorithm fits within the framework of inversion of generalized Radon transforms. A new computational method which improves upon Barber and Brown's algorithm is proposed. The effectiveness of the new method is demonstrated in numerical simulations.
Tides in the giant planets

Abstract Goldreich and Soter's ( Icarus 5 , 375–389, 1966) discussion of tidal dissipation in the Jovian planets is reexamined for planetary models which possess an appreciable internal heat source. The tidal torque produced in a fully liquid planet is calculated as a function of the average viscosity in the interior. Turbulent viscosity, which is produced by the convection of internal heat to the surface, seems to be capable of producing small (∼ few per cent) changes in the orbits of the innermost satellites of Jupiter over the age of the solar system. The basic regularity of many of the giant planet satellite systems is probably due to other, perhaps primordial, causes.
Reference Ability Neural Network-selective functional connectivity across the lifespan.

Previous studies have demonstrated that four latent variables, or reference abilities (RAs), can account for the majority of age-related changes in cognition: these being episodic memory, fluid reasoning, speed of processing, and vocabulary. In the current study, we focused on RA-selective functional connectivity patterns that vary with both age and behavior. We analyzed fMRI data from 287 community-dwelling adults (20-80 years) on a battery of tests relating to the four RAs (three tests per RA = 12 tests). Functional connectivity values were calculated between a pre-defined set of 264 ROIs (nodes). Across all participants, we (a) identified connections (edges) that correlated with an RA-specific indicator variable and, indexing only these edges; (b) performed linear regression analysis per edge, regressing indicator correlations (Model 1) and connectivity values (Model 2) on Age, Behavioral Performance, and the Interaction term; and (c) took the conjunction of significant edges between models. Results revealed a different subset of edges for each RA whose connectivity strength and domain-selectivity varied with age and behavior. Strikingly, the fluid reasoning RA was particularly vulnerable to the effects of age and displayed the most extensive connectivity and selectivity "footprint" for behavior. These findings indicate that different functional networks are recruited across RA, with fluid reasoning displaying a special status among them.
The Perfect Storm: Hidden Risk of Child Maltreatment During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

The Covid-19 pandemic upended the country, with enormous economic and social shifts. Given the increased contact from families living in virtual confinement coupled with massive economic disarray, the Covid-19 pandemic may have created the ideal conditions to witness a rise in children's experience of abuse and neglect. Yet such a rise will be difficult to calculate given the drop in official mechanisms to track its incidence. The current investigation utilized two studies conducted early in the pandemic to evaluate maltreatment risk. In the first cross-sectional study, parents (n = 405) reported increased physical and verbal conflict and neglect which were associated with their perceived stress and loneliness. In the second study, parents (n = 106) enrolled in a longitudinal study reported increased parent-child conflict, which was associated with concurrent child abuse risk, with several links to employment loss, food insecurity, and loneliness; findings also demonstrated increases in abuse risk and psychological aggression relative to pre-pandemic levels. Findings are discussed in the context of a reactive welfare system rather than a pro-active public-health oriented approach to child maltreatment, connecting with families through multiple avenues. Innovative approaches will be needed to reach children faced with maltreatment to gauge its scope and impact in the pandemic's aftermath.
Idealism, Integration or Illiberalism?: Global Futures for Immigration after Covid-19

This chapter explores possibilities for the future of migration given current trends. Predicting human future behavior is difficult, but probable outcomes can be outlined. In that spirit, this chapter examines a future of open borders, a future of lockdown, a future of illiberal democracy, a future of integration and a future of conflict. Each future will derive from existing trends. The future sketches establish premises for evaluating policies in the final chapter.
Examining the Relationship Between Roe v. Wade Knowledge and Sentiment Across Political Party and Abortion Identity

With the recent changes to the composition of the Supreme Court in the USA, speculation that Roe v. Wade may be overturned abounds. Research assessing people’s knowledge and sentiment toward Roe v. Wade is limited. As such, we assessed the relationship between knowledge and sentiment regarding Roe v. Wade and whether the relationship is moderated by political affiliation and abortion identity (e.g., “pro-life,” “pro-choice”). In 2018, after Justice Brett Kavanaugh was nominated to the Supreme Court, we distributed an online survey to a quota-based sample of English- and Spanish-speaking adults in the USA. Roe v. Wade knowledge was significantly related to sentiment; higher knowledge was generally associated with greater support for upholding Roe v. Wade. However, both political affiliation and abortion identity moderated this relationship. Specifically, higher baseline knowledge was associated with lower sentiment scores among those identifying as Republican and “pro-life.” Those who identified as neither or both “pro-life” and “pro-choice” and Independents responded similarly to those who identified as pro-choice and Democrats, respectively. Roe v. Wade knowledge is associated with sentiment; this relationship is moderated by political affiliation and abortion identity. People in subgroups without a clear stance on abortion (e.g., Independents; people who identify as neither or both “pro-life” and “pro-choice”) seem to hold sentiments similar to those more supportive of abortion (e.g., Democrats, “pro-choice”). In addition to other data, policymakers should consult comprehensive assessments of constituents’ attitudes toward Roe v. Wade when making decisions about abortion and reproductive health issues.
Quantifying the challenge of reaching a 100% renewable energy power system for the United States

Summary We simulate pathways for achieving up to 100% renewable energy (RE) electric power systems for the contiguous United States. Under base conditions, the least-cost buildout has RE penetration growing up to 57% in 2050. Relative to this base scenario, average CO2 abatement costs of achieving 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% RE are $25, $33, $40, and $61/ton, respectively, with system costs growing from $30 to $36/MWh at 95% (achieved in 2040) and $39/MWh at 100%. Incremental abatement costs from 99% to 100% RE reach $930/ton, driven primarily by the need for firm RE capacity. In addition to the base conditions, we also examined 22 alternative conditions for a buildout of up to 100%. These sensitivities capture different technology trajectories, compliance requirements, requirement timing, electrification, and transmission availability. Nonlinear marginal costs for the last few percent approaching 100% RE were found for all sensitivities, which might motivate alternative nonelectric-sector abatement opportunities.
Lesion Normalization and Supervised Learning in Post-traumatic Seizure Classification with Diffusion MRI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition, potentially causing seizures and other lifelong disabilities. Patients who experience at least one seizure one week after TBI (late seizure) are at high risk for lifelong complications of TBI, such as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Identifying which TBI patients are at risk of developing seizures remains a challenge. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods that probe structural and functional alterations after TBI are promising for biomarker detection, physical deformations following moderate-severe TBI present problems for standard processing of neuroimaging data, complicating the search for biomarkers. In this work, we consider a prediction task to identify which TBI patients will develop late seizures, using fractional anisotropy (FA) features from white matter tracts in diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI). To understand how best to account for brain lesions and deformations, four preprocessing strategies are applied to dMRI, including the novel application of a lesion normalization technique to dMRI. The pipeline involving the lesion normalization technique provides the best prediction performance, with a mean accuracy of 0.819 and a mean area under the curve of 0.785. Finally, following statistical analyses of selected features, we recommend the dMRI alterations of a certain white matter tract as a potential biomarker.
Proof-of-principle of high-fidelity coupled CRUD deposition and cycle depletion simulation

Abstract A multiphysics framework for the high-fidelity simulation of CRUD deposition is developed to better understand the coupled physics and their respective feedback mechanisms. This framework includes the primary physics of lattice depletion, computational fluid dynamics, and CRUD chemistry. The three physics are coupled together via the operator-splitting technique, where predictor–corrector and fixed-point iteration schemes are utilized to converge the nonlinear solution. High-fidelity simulations may provide a means to predict and assess potential operating issues, including CRUD induced power shift and CRUD induced localized corrosion, known as CIPS and CILC, respectively. As a proof-of-principle, a coupled 500-day cycle depletion simulation of a pressurized water reactor fuel pin cell was performed using the coupled code suite; a burnup of 31 MWd/kgHM was reached. The simulation recreated the classic striped CRUD pattern often seen on pulled fuel rods containing CRUD. It is concluded that the striping is caused by the flow swirl induced by spacer grid mixing vanes. Two anti-correlated effects contribute to the striping: (1) the flow swirl yields significant azimuthal temperature variations, which impact the locations where CRUD deposits, and (2) the flow swirl is correlated to increased shear stress along the cladding surface and subsequent erosion of the CRUD layer. The CIPS condition of the core is concluded to be primarily controlled by lithium tetraborate precipitation, referred to as boron hideout, which occurs in regions experiencing subcooled nucleate boiling as soluble boron and lithium species reach their solubility limit within the CRUD layer. Subsequently, a localized reduction in power occurs due to the high neutron absorption cross section of boron-10.
Global resolution of the support vector machine regression parameters selection problem with LPCC

Support vector machine regression is a robust data fitting method to minimize the sum of deducted residuals of regression, and thus is less sensitive to changes of data near the regression hyperplane. Two design parameters, the insensitive tube size ( $$\varepsilon _\mathrm{e}$$ ) and the weight assigned to the regression error trading off the normed support vector ( $$C_\mathrm{e}$$ ), are selected by user to gain better forecasts. The global training and validation parameter selection procedure for the support vector machine regression can be formulated as a bi-level optimization model, which is equivalently reformulated as linear program with linear complementarity constraints (LPCC). We propose a rectangle search global optimization algorithm to solve this LPCC. The algorithm exhausts the invariancy regions on the parameter plane ( $$(C_\mathrm{e},\varepsilon _\mathrm{e})$$ -plane) without explicitly identifying the edges of the regions. This algorithm is tested on synthetic and real-world support vector machine regression problems with up to hundreds of data points, and the efficiency are compared with several approaches. The obtained global optimal parameter is an important benchmark for every other selection of parameters.
Dealing with the long tail: Providing uniformity to compound tags

In using social tags, it has been a challenge to deal with the long tail of the tag distribution. A good portion of tag distribution includes compound tags. Based on the observation that the various forms of compound tags exist in a tag data set, this study tests a way to process various compound tag forms into a uniformed form. The tag uniformity process is introduced with the decomposition algorithm by identifying forms of compound tags. With the tag uniformity process, this study explores the potential of better use of social tags by reducing tag noise and shortening the long tail of the tag distribution. In addition, it is expected that the uniformity process will enhance the effectiveness of the measurements for tag use such as tag frequency. The results demonstrate that the tag uniformity process can successfully shorten the long tail and make the tag frequency precise as a measurement. Although the uniformity process may not solve all the issues related to the long tail, it can be implicated for improving tag analysis and services using tags. The benefits and limitations as well as potential implications of the tag uniformity process for tag analysis and use are discussed.
Partial opening and subconductance gating of mechanosensitive ion channels in dystrophic skeletal muscle

Key points • Mechanosensitive (MS) channels in skeletal muscle are heteromeric proteins composed of TRPV4 and other subunits. Experiments investigated subconductance fluctuations associated with gating of independent subunits. • MS channels open by passing through subconductance states and fluctuate between at least four subconductance levels. • MS channels in mdx muscle spend ∼60% of the time at smaller subconductance levels; applying pressure to the membrane increases occupancy of the fully open state. Channels in wild-type muscle spend more time at the open state. • Recordings show partial opening of MS channels that fail to reach the open state. Partial openings occur ∼3–4 times more frequently in mdx than wild-type muscle. • During single activations, burst durations and charge/burst are greater in mdx than in wild-type muscle. • Partial opening and prolonged burst duration are distinct mechanisms contributing to excess Ca2+ entry through MS channels in dystrophic muscle Abstract We recorded the activity of single mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels in skeletal muscle from the mdx mouse, a deletion mutant that lacks the cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin. Experiments were designed to examine the influence of dystrophin, a major component of skeletal muscle costameres, on the behaviour of single MS channels. In the majority of recordings from cell-attached patches, MS channels have a conductance of ∼23 pS. Recordings from some patches, however, showed a smaller conductance channel of ∼7–14 pS. Large and small conductance channels were detected in a single patch and showed serial, non-random gating, suggesting different opening levels of a single channel. Analysis of the distribution of current amplitudes within the open channel showed MS channels fluctuate between subconductance levels. MS channels in dystrophic muscle spend ∼60% of the time at smaller subconductance levels, often failing to reach the fully open level. Applying pressure to the membrane of mdx fibres increases in a graded manner occupancy of the fully open state, while reducing occupancy of subconductance levels. Recordings also show partial openings of MS channels in both wild-type and mdx muscle that fail to reach the fully open state. Partial openings occur at a higher frequency in mdx muscle and reflect occupancy of subconductance levels seen during complete activations. In muscle from mdx/utrn−/− double knockout mice, MS channels also spend more time at subconductance levels than the fully open state. Conductance variability of MS channels may represent gating of a heteromeric protein composed of different channel subunits. The results also show that partial opening and prolonged burst duration are distinct mechanisms that contribute to excess Ca2+ entry in dystrophic muscle.
Fuzzy logic as a basis for a theory of hierarchical definability (THD)

Attempts to formulate mathematically precise definitions of basic concepts such as causality, randomness and probability have a long history. The concept of hierarchical definability that is outlined in the following suggests that such definitions may not exist. Furthermore, it suggests that existing definitions of many basic concepts, among them those of linearity stability, statistical independence and Pareto-optimality, may be in need of reformulation.
Close surgical margins after radical prostatectomy mimic biochemical recurrence rates of positive margins

Abstract Introduction The significance of a “close” but negative surgical margin after radical prostatectomy (RP) is controversial. We evaluated the effect of a close surgical margin (CSM) on biochemical recurrence (BCR) compared to a negative margin after RP. Materials and methods Pathologic records of men who underwent RP from 2005-2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Margin status was classified as “positive” (PSM), “negative” (NSM), or “close” ( 0.2 ng/ml. Probability of BCR was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and stratified by margin status. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether close margin status was associated with an increased rate of BCR. Results A total of 609 consecutive patients underwent RP (93% robotic) and had complete pathologic data. A total of 126 (20.7%) had PSM, 453 (74.4%) had NSM, and 30 (4.9%) had CSM (mean P = 0.66) and significantly worse than those with NSM (90%, log rank P P P = 0.04). Conclusions BCR for patients with CSM at RP is tantamount to PSM patients. CSM
The citizens band boom

The Citizens Radio Service is defined by the Federal Communications Commission as a radiocommunication service of fixed, land and mobile stations intended for personal or business radio communications, radio signalling, control of remote objects or devices by means of radio, and other purposes not specifically prohibited. Its stated purpose is to provide for the use of radio facilities by any citizen of the United States for private shortdistance radiocommunications, radio signalling, or the control of remote objects or devices by means of radio. The author traces its beginning, its progress, and its present situation, - and makes some predictions on its possible future.
Aegean paleomagnetic inclination anomalies. Is there a tectonic explanation

Abstract More than a decade of paleomagnetic research in the Aegean area, mainly by French investigators (C. Laj C. Kissel and their colleagues), has provided a valuable data base for the evaluation of Cenozoic Aegean tectonics. Systematic rotations are documented and have been interpreted by the original investigators in the light of the evolution of the Hellenic arc. However, less attention has been paid to the significance of the paleomagnetic inclinations, which also are anomalous. Twenty one out of 22 paleomagnetic studies performed to date within the general Aegean region have yielded paleolatitudes that are too shallow when compared with reference curves for either Africa or Eurasia, suggesting northward relative transport with respect to both continents. Sedimentary, volcanic and plutonic units are involved; ages range from Oligocene to Pliocene. Some of these apparent paleolatitude anomalies may merely be the result of inclination flattening in certain kinds of clastic sedimentary rocks. However, shallow inclinations in igneous rocks cannot be so easily dismissed. The explanation for these anomalously shallow inclinations does not appear to lie with the reference curves, because several other reference curves calculated in several different ways yield essentially the same result. We suggest that the paleomagnetic pattern may reflect real northward displacement of crustal blocks within the Aegean region, measured with respect to both Europe and Africa. The amount of displacement appears to increase systematically to the west. The pattern of local block rotations noticed by earlier investigators argues that the displacement did not involve a single coherent Aegean block, but rather a collection of smaller blocks moving quasi-independently. Geological consequences of northward relative displacement of the Aegean block ought to include mid-Tertiary and/or later compressional structures in the north (e.g., Rhodope) and extensional structures in the leading edge of the African plate.
Facile Polymerization of dNTPs Bearing Unnatural Base Analogues by DNA Polymerase α and Klenow Fragment (DNA Polymerase I)

The high fidelity of DNA replication is largely dependent upon accurate incorporation of dNTPs by DNA polymerases. To study the mechanism underlying nucleotide selection, we synthesized four nucleotide analogues bearing the unnatural bases benzimidazole, 5-nitrobenzimidazole, 6-nitrobenzimidazole, and 5-nitroindole and analyzed their incorporation by three DNA polymerases. We have found that human DNA polymerase α (pol α) and the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (KF) incorporate all four nucleotide analogues opposite all four canonical bases up to 4000-fold more efficiently than an incorrect natural dNTP (i.e., rates that approach those of a correct, natural dNTP), even though the shape of any base pair formed between the analogue and the template likely does not resemble a normal base pair. While pol α preferentially incorporated the analogues opposite template pyrimidines, KF surprisingly preferred to polymerize them opposite template purines. Although neither pol α nor KF readily po...
Limitations of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Suggested by Molecular Simulations: Assessing the Dynamics of T cell Receptor Binding Loops

Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) has a rich history in evaluating protein dynamics. Yet as often employed, TRFA assumes that the motional properties of a covalently tethered fluorescent probe accurately portray the motional properties of the protein backbone at the probe attachment site. In an extensive survey using TRFA to study the dynamics of the binding loops of a αβ T cell receptor, we observed multiple discrepancies between the TRFA data and previously published results that led us to question this assumption. We thus simulated several of the experimentally probed systems using a protocol that permitted accurate determination of probe and protein time correlation functions. We found excellent agreement in the decays of the experimental and simulated correlation functions. However, the motional properties of the probe were poorly correlated with those of the backbone of both the labeled and unlabeled protein. Our results warrant caution in the interpretation of TRFA data and suggest further studies to ascertain the extent to which probe dynamics reflect those of the protein backbone. Meanwhile, the agreement between experiment and computation validates the use of molecular dynamics simulations as an accurate tool for exploring the molecular motion of T cell receptors and their binding loops.
Academic freedom and international standards in higher education: Contestation in journalism and political science at Moscow State University

Abstract Recently two new departments, the School of Broadcast Journalism and the Department of Political Science, were created at Moscow State University while leaving the two traditional departments that engendered them intact. The result has been a contestation over academic freedom, standards, and the very definition of both disciplines at Russia’s premier university. The new departments are both closely associated with United Russia, the dominant political party in Russian politics and the political movement designed to promote the priorities and policies of Prime Minister and former President Vladimir Putin. This paper examines the self-definition of each of the four departments by means of open-ended, semi-structured interviews with faculty and content-analytic examination of curricular materials, including syllabi and assigned readings. We conclude that the newer departments are somewhat more attuned to certain aspects of the international standards of both disciplines, but demonstrate little adherence to key ethical and pedagogical norms, leaving them more susceptible to political influence.
Globalisation and the Market for Team‐Mates

The globalisation of firms is explored at theoretical and empirical levels. The idea is that a global firm is a multi-cultural team. The existence of a global firm is somewhat puzzling. Combining workers who have different cultures, legal systems, and languages imposes costs on the firm that would not be present were all workers to conform to one standard. In order to offset the costs of cross-cultural dealing, there must be complementarities between the workers that are sufficiently important to overcome the costs. The search for the ‘best practice’ is analysed and empirical support from an examination of trading patterns is provided.
Use of oral budesonide in the management of protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation.

Background Intestinal inflammation is a component of the pathophysiology of protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation. Oral controlled-release budesonide is 90% metabolized at first pass through the liver, has high enteric anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic effects, and may be an ideal agent for use in treating this disease. Methods Budesonide was administered to 9 patients (4 male) with protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation. The median interval between the Fontan operation and diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy was 4 years (range, 0.1 to 13.3). Prior interventional therapy included pulmonary artery stent (1), fenestration (3), pacemaker placement (3) and Fontan revision (2). Prior medical therapy included oral prednisone (5), heparin (4), sildenafil (2), infliximab (1), and octreotide (1), all without persistent success. The starting daily dose of budesonide was 9 mg for patients 4 years old or older, and 6 mg for patients less than 4 years of age. Results Mean serum albumin level 3 months before starting budesonide was 1.9 g/dL (range, 1 to 2.4 g/dL). Serum albumin level improved in all patients within 6 months of starting budesonide (mean 2.9 g/dL; range, 2.2 to 3.8 g/dL). Albumin levels of 3 g/dL or more were achieved in 8 of 9 patients within a median of 4.3 months (range, 2 to 25). Side effects included Cushingoid features and osteoporosis (3), infection requiring antibiotic treatment (5), and acne exacerbation (1). Weaning from high initial dose to a lower dose was possible with sustained effect; however, discontinuation of budesonide resulted in recurrence of hypoalbuminemia. Conclusions Oral budesonide is an effective therapy for treating protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation. To maintain response, low-dose therapy must be continued.
Dividing the Rice: A Microanalysis of the Mediator's Role in a Northern Thai Negotiation.

Although there exists an extensive literature on mediation, little attention has been given to the close analysis of talk in actual mediations. This article applies various analytic techniques, particularly those of conversation analysis and sociolinguistics, to provide a culturally contexted account of a mediation. At issue is the division of a rice harvest between a sharecropper and the owner of a ricefield in a Northern Thai village. Practices with regard to accusation and criticism, defense and denial, expression of anger, formulation of parties, and perspectival shifting are central to the analysis.In order to understand what is taking place, it is necessary to have some knowledge of a variety of cultural and “contextual” matters, for example, genres and styles of local speech, traditional and current share-cropping practices, the national law regarding sharecropping, and local administrative practices, as well as the history of relations between the parties to the negotiation. On the other hand, a close analysis of the talk reveals a good deal about general cultural contexts, as well as about Northern Thai mediation. (Mediation, conversation analysis, Thailand)
Similarity considerations and conservation laws for magneto-static atmospheres

The equations of magnetohydrostatic equilibria for a plasma in a gravitational field are investigated analytically. For equilibria with one ignorable spatial coordinate, the equations reduce to a single nonlinear elliptic equation for the magnetic potential. Similarity solutions of the elliptic equation are obtained for the case of an isothermal atmosphere in a uniform gravitational field. The solutions are obtained from a consideration of the invariance group of the elliptic equation. The importance of symmetries of the elliptic equation also appears in the determination of conservation laws. It turns out that the elliptic equation can be written as a variational principle, and the symmetries of the variational functional lead (via Noether's theorem) to conservation laws for the equation. As an example of the application of the similarity solutions, a model magnetostatic atmosphere is constructed in which the current density J is proportional to the cube of the magnetic potential, and falls off exponentially with distance vertical to the base, with an 'e-folding' distance equal to the gravitational scale height. The solutions show the interplay between the gravitational force, the J x B force (B, magnetic field induction) and the gas pressure gradient.
Blood-gas, acid-base and catecholamine responses to lactic acid infusion in larval and adult Ambystoma tigrinum

Larval and adult Ambystoma tigrinum were subjected to acidosis by infusing lactic acid (2 μM·g-1) into the peritoneal cavity. Blood was sampled at intervals to establish the time-course of the ensuing acidosis. Both larvae and adults became significantly acidotic after 1 h. The larval acidosis was more pronounced (-4 pH units versus-2 pH units) than adults due to greater extracellular buffering capacity (higher [HCO3-]) in adults. Both forms recovered in about 8 h. Larvae showed a typical increase in circulating norepinephrine during the initial stages of the acidosis; adults did not, having significantly lower norepinephrine titer than larvae during the acidosis. Both larvae and adults showed transient increases in PO2 during the acidosis. The β1 and β2 antagonists, timolol and butoxamine respectively, (0.2 μg·g-1) were administered to separate groups of larvae. Butoxamine (β2) delayed the recovery from the acidosis by prolonging the increase in arterial PCO2 and reversing the recovery of [HCO3-]. Timolol (β1) did not delay recovery. We conclude that β2 receptors are involved in the catecholamine responses to acidosis in larvae. Catecholamines appear not to play the same role in adult acid-base disturbances as they seem to in larvae.
AES investigation of the composition of polar {0001} surfaces of CdS

The composition of polar {0001} surfaces of CdS was investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. Both the A (0001) or cadmium face and the B (000¯1) or sulphur face showed sulphur enrichment. This enrichment is attributed to the forward scattering of sulphur below the surface and the subsequent exposure of these atoms through continued sputtering. The effect of carbon contamination on the S/Cd ratio on both faces was investigated. The decrease of this ratio with increased carbon contamination is explained in terms of differences in the escape depths of the sulphur and cadmium Auger electrons.
Characterization of oxide impurities on Pt and their effect on the adsorption of CO and H2

The interactions between oxide support materials and Pt have been studied by incorporating silica, alumina, titania, and niobia into the surface of a clean Pt foil. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO and H2 were used for surface characterization. For all of these oxides, TPD indicated no change in the adsorption properties of CO and H2. Peak temperatures were unaffected by the presence of oxide impurities. For silica and alumina, AES results indicated that suboxides could be formed after oxidation at 400 and 800 K respectively. Al2O3 and SiO2 were formed at higher temperatures. Relatively large quantities of these oxides were required to substantially decrease the saturation coverages of CO and H2, indicating that these oxides probably form clusters on the metal surface. For titania and niobia, AES indicated that these oxides dissolved into the Pt above 1300 K, but segregated back to the surface below 500 K. These segregated layers cover the Pt evenly and both oxides completely suppress H2 and CO adsorption at an oxygen coverage of 1 × 1015/cm2. These results are used to discuss the possible reasons for differences in the catalytic properties of Pt on these four oxide supports.
U(g)-GALOIS EXTENSIONS

This paper studies the structure of U(g)-Galois extensions. In particular, we use a result of Bell to construct a “PBW-like” free basis for faithfully flat U(g)-Galois extensions. We then move to non-faithfully flat extensions and propose a possible equivalent condition for a U(g)-extension to be Galois. We get a partial result for this.
Simple model describes error-causing defects in recording disks

Defects causing extra-bit errors on a magnetic storage disk can be represented by a simple model. An experiment supporting the validity of the model is described.
The allometry of brooding in Transennella tantilla (Gould) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Abstract Transennella tantilla (Gould), a small protandric brooding marine bivalve (Veneridae) from the eastern Pacific, was studied to test hypotheses of the relationship between brooding and adult size. Other studies on brooding invertebrates suggested that allometric constraints on the brooding space limited the fecundity of larger individuals. In T. tantilla , the number of brooded embryos increases in proportion to adult length cubed. Hence the brood area (maternal gill surface area) does not act as a morphological constraint on reproductive output. The three-dimensional structure of the brood mass avoids the limitations of gill surface area on brood capacity. The sequential (asynchronous) development of the brood mass results in a graded sequence of embryos in each adult, which arises from the temporal spacing of egg production and of juvenile release.
Parental spanking of 1-year-old children and subsequent child protective services involvement

a b s t r a c t The majority of U.S. parents spank their children, often beginning when their children are very young. We examined families (N = 2,788) who participated in a longitudinal community-based study of new births in urban areas. Prospective analyses examined whether spanking by the child's mother, father, or mother's current partner when the child was 1-year-old was associated with household CPS involvement between age 1 and age 5. Results indicated that 30% of 1-year-olds were spanked at least once in the past month. Spanking at age 1 was associated with increased odds of subsequent CPS involvement (adjusted odds ratio = 1.36, 95% CI (1.08, 1.71), p < .01). When compared to non-spanked children, there was a 33% greater probability of subsequent CPS involvement for children who were spanked at age 1. Given the undesirable consequences of spanking children and a lack of empirical evidence to suggest positive effects of physical punishment, profession- als who work with families should counsel parents not to spank infants and toddlers. For optimal benefits, efforts to educate parents regarding alternative forms of discipline should begin during the child's first year of life. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Production of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) over-expressing piglets.

Vascular function, vascular structure, and homeostasis are thought to be regulated in part by nitric oxide (NO) released by endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and NO released by eNOS plays an important role in modulating metabolism of skeletal and cardiac muscle in health and disease. The pig is an optimal model for human diseases because of the large number of important similarities between the genomic, metabolic and cardiovascular systems of pigs and humans. To gain a better understanding of cardiovascular regulation by eNOS we produced pigs carrying an endogenous eNOS gene driven by a Tie-2 promoter and tagged with a V5 His tag. Nuclear transfer was conducted to create these animals and the effects of two different oocyte activation treatments and two different culture systems were examined. Donor cells were electrically fused to the recipient oocytes. Electrical fusion/activation (1 mM calcium in mannitol: Treatment 1) and electrical fusion (0.1 mM calcium in mannitol)/chemical activation (200 µM Thimerosal for 10 min followed by 8 mM DTT for 30 min: Treatment 2) were used. Embryos were surgically transferred to the oviducts of gilts that exhibited estrus on the day of fusion or the day of transfer. Two cloned transgenic piglets were born from Treatment 1 and low oxygen, and another two from Treatment 2 and normal oxygen. PCR, RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the pigs were transgenic, made message, made the fusion protein and that the fusion protein localized to the endothelial cells of placental vasculature from the conceptuses as did the endogenous eNOS. Thus both activation conditions and culture systems are compatible with development to term. These pigs will serve as the founders for a colony of miniature pigs that will help to elucidate the function of eNOS in regulating muscle metabolism and the cardiorespiratory system.
High-Yield Purification and Characterization of Human Asialoglycoprotein Receptor

Abstract The human asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) represents a major component of the hepatocellular membrane. To study its native composition, approximately 30% of receptor activity from liver specimens was recovered in highly purified ASGPR preparations. Discontinuous, denaturing SDS-gel electrophoresis based on Tris-Tricine buffer indicated the presence of a multimeric ASGPR corresponding to H1 and H2 polypeptides as confirmed by peptide-specific immunoblotting. FPLC-gel filtration of ASGPR preparations revealed a molecular mass for receptor complexes at 150 and 95 kDa, suggesting functional heterotrimers and dimers of H1/H2 subunits. Gel filtration of SDS-denatured protein indicated a single peak at 50 kDa apparently corresponding to dissociated subunits H1 and H2. β-Mercaptoethanol treatment followed by affinity chromatography separated functionally active and inactive receptors. The H2 subunit was strikingly enriched in the inactive fraction of receptors. Both active and inactive ASCPR preparations consistently showed peaks at 150 and 95 kDa by gel filtration. Receptor activity retained in such heteromers was linked to a lower glycosylation state of ASGPR. These results suggest that native human ASGPR consists of sulfide-and noil sulfide-linked heterotrimers and -dimers from H1 and H2 subunits with a functional restriction to their glycosylation states.
An NMR Spectroscopic Determination of an Equilibrium Isotope Effect on the Hydration of Cobalt(II)

Abstract A recently reported NMR method for the measurement of deuterium equilibrium isotope effects is applied to the hydration of the paramagnetic cobalt(II) ion. An isotope effect of about 1.3% is measured. A substantial difference between the intrinsic shift of H2O and D2O when coordinated to cobalt is also measured.
Holliday Junction Mechanics Studied Using an Angular Optical Trap

The Holliday junction is a four-way DNA structure which plays a crucial role during homologous recombination and double-stranded DNA break repair. In vivo, the branch point can migrate spontaneously or with the assistance of helicase-like motor proteins. In this work, we mechanically migrate a Holliday junction using an angular optical trap. While applying a constant tension to the DNA molecule, we simultaneously measure the extension change and torque as the junction is torsionally driven to a new position. We determine that there exists a simple thermodynamic relationship between the torque required to stabilize the junction and the force working to destabilize it. We propose that this assay can have important uses in single molecule studies of motor proteins, particularly as a calibrated nano-torque wrench.
Nuclear Longitudinal Relaxation in Hexagonal Close-Packed H 2

Measurements of the nuclear-longitudinal relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ in hcp ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are presented. The experiments were performed mainly on solid samples with mole fractions $X$ of molecules with rotational angular momentum $J=1$ equal to or less than $X=0.5$. Pulsed techniques were used at NMR frequencies of 5.5 and 29 MHz. The temperature range was between 0.4 and 13.8 K. The recovery of the NMR signal after saturation was always exponential as a function of time for all samples above $T\ensuremath{\approx}7$ K, and could then be characterized by a single relaxation time ${T}_{1}$. For $Xl0.2$ and $Tl7$ K, the recovery gradually departed from exponential behavior, indicating a more complex relaxation which was studied and discussed in some detail. From the initial slope of the signal recovery at small times, an average value $〈\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}〉$ was obtained that might characterize the relaxation rate of the entire NMR line. At temperatures below the onset of thermally activated diffusion, the relaxation mechanism is believed to be caused by the nuclear-spin flips induced by modulation from the electric quadrupole-quadrupole coupling between $J=1$ molecules, and the results are compared with theories that predict the dependence of ${T}_{1}$ on $X$ in its high-temperature limit. As $X$ decreases, the temperature variation of ${T}_{1}$ between 10 and 4 K becomes surprisingly large and an extrapolation to the limiting high-temperature value ${T}_{1}(\ensuremath{\infty})$, which is of theoretical interest, becomes rather uncertain. Results for ${T}_{1}(\ensuremath{\infty})$ for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ are found to scale in their dependence on the $J=1$ mole fraction down to $X\ensuremath{\approx}0.15$. The departures from scaling below this mole fraction are tentatively attributed to the difficulty in extrapolating the data to ${T}_{1}(\ensuremath{\infty})$. Approximate scaling of ${T}_{1}$ data for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ in their temperature dependence for $X=0.5 \mathrm{and} 0.3$ was demonstrated. In the region above 10 K where diffusion affects ${T}_{1}$, the time $\ensuremath{\tau}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}{e}^{+\frac{E}{{k}_{B}T}}$ between diffusion jumps could be determined from data at 5.5 MHz and compared with that from transverse relaxation measurements (${T}_{2}$) by Hass et al. Excellent agreement is obtained for the activation energy which is found to be $\frac{E}{{k}_{B}}=200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ K in both experiments. This energy and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ from both experiments are discussed in relation to the prediction of Ebner and Sung.
Complete remission of nodular pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesions induced by 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in a non-smoker

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon cause of interstitial lung disease. Corticosteroids and chemotherapeutic agents are frequently used to treat symptomatic patients but their efficacy is unclear. We describe a 66-year-old with biopsy-proven pulmonary and systemic LCH, whose pulmonary abnormalities responded dramatically to treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA). We propose that, in selected cases, 2-CdA should be considered in the management of pulmonary LCH.
A strongly magnetic neutron star in a nearly face-on binary system

THE first example of a new type of transient X-ray source recently appeared in the direction of the Galactic Centre1. During the peak of its outburst, the new source, GRO J1744 – 28, was very bright in X-rays2 and produced both 2.1-Hz periodic pulsations3 and intense bursts lasting tens of seconds1,4. Before the discovery of this source, it was thought that X-ray stars could not display these different types of activity simultaneously. Here we discuss the nature of the source, which seems to be a strongly magnetic neutron star accreting matter from a low-mass companion star in a low-inclination orbit. The dipole component of its magnetic field is ≲ 1011 G. When the source was at its brightest, its X-ray luminosity between bursts was close to the Eddington critical luminosity5, at which the outward force of the escaping radiation balances the inward force of gravity. The X-ray bursts probably occur when matter that has accumulated in the inner part of the accretion disk briefly overcomes the forces that oppose its inflow, and the gas falls onto the neutron star.
Intraspecific interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana and the stomatal mutants tmm1-1 and sdd1-2

Competition is a major density-dependent factor structuring plant populations and communities in both natural and agricultural systems. Seedlings of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, and the Columbia-derived stomatal mutants sdd1 and tmm1, were grown under controlled conditions at increasing densities of 1, 10, 20, and 50 plants per pot. We demonstrate significant effects of time (days after planting), density, genotype, density and genotype, and the three-way interaction with time upon several fitness components (plant height, silique number, leaf biomass and flowering stalk biomass) in Columbia and these mutants.