cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The history of emerald mining in Colombia: An examination of Spanish-language sources

Abstract This article presents a review of Spanish-Language sources on the history of emerald mining and trading in Colombia from colonial times to the present with a special focus on the late 20th century. Sources are drawn from academic history, anthropology and political science, but also from books produced by mining organizations, journalistic exposes and popular history and fiction. They chronicle the history of violence that characterized the mining area from the 1550s to the 1990s as well as the peace established among miners in 1991. The history of emeralds is intimately tied up with the history of the Colombian nation, its violent struggles and its hopes for a peaceful and prosperous future.
You Can't Judge a Measure by Its Label: Teaching the Process of Instrumentation

In this article, we describe an exercise in instrument selection applicable to both undergraduate and graduate courses. The exercise consists of 5 progressive steps that involve choosing and defining a theoretical construct (Steps 1 and 2), using computer-based technology to obtain 2 distinct instruments that measure this construct (Steps 3 and 4), and comparing and contrasting these 2 instruments along multiple dimensions (Step 5). This activity generates awareness of the issues involved in measuring latent constructs and teaches at least 3 lessons: (a) The 1st step to accurate instrumentation is precisely conceptualizing the construct of interest; (b) there is more than 1 way to measure latent constructs, and these multiple approaches should be compared; and (c) it is crucial to measure a construct in a way that best matches its underlying definition.
A COMPARISON OF TRANSIENT INFINITE ELEMENTS AND TRANSIENT KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL METHODS FOR FAR FIELD ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

Finite element analysis of transient acoustic phenomena on unbounded exterior domains is very common in engineering analysis. In these problems there is a common need to compute the acoustic pressure at points outside of the acoustic mesh, since meshing to points of interest is impractical in many scenarios. In aeroacoustic calculations, for example, the acoustic pressure may be required at tens or hundreds of meters from the structure. In these cases, a method is needed for post-processing the acoustic results to compute the response at far-field points. In this paper, we compare two methods for computing far-field acoustic pressures, one derived directly from the infinite element solution, and the other from the transient version of the Kirchhoff integral. We show that the infinite element approach alleviates the large storage requirements that are typical of Kirchhoff integral and related procedures, and also does not suffer from loss of accuracy that is an inherent part of computing numerical derivatives in the Kirchhoff integral. In order to further speed up and streamline the process of computing the acoustic response at points outside of the mesh, we also address the nonlinear iterative procedure needed for locating parametric coordinates within the host infinite element of far-field points, the parallelization of the overall process, linear solver requirements, and system stability considerations.
Theory of the Dissociation Kinetics of Diatomic Molecules

A general rate constant for the reaction of diatomic molecules is presented. The derivation directly includes nonequilibrium and non‐steady‐state [W. G. Valance and E. W. Schlag, J. Chem. Phys. 45, 216 (1966)] effects, unless these are explicitly excluded, which can be done readily. Collisional transition probabilities of any general form can be employed in the evaluation of the final rate constant. The specific case of a nearest‐neighbor model (one‐quantum transitions) is also investigated, since this leads to some great simplifications in the final rate constant. An upper and a lower bound to this rate constant are derived, and are shown to be usually extremely close to one another. The exact solution for this case is given in terms of an iteration of the lower‐bound solution. A value can be computed for the upper‐bound solution which lies above that computable from any specific transition probability model, and is independent of such models. In using this maximum value for a nearest‐neighbor rate constant it is shown that this value usually lies below the experimental values, hence indicating an inherent inadequacy in the nearest‐neighbor model for at least these reactions. These results are also compared with those from simple‐collisional theory and a non‐nearest‐neighbor model.
Der elektroneneinfang-zerfall des 140 d Lu174i

Abstract In the decay of Lu sources produced by the reactions Yb(d, 2n) and Lu(n, 2n) we found two new cascades 995-280-175-76.5 keV and 630-365-280-175-76.5 keV. The intensity ratio of the cascades 995-280 keV and 630-365 keV is I995−280/I630−365=41±5. The measurement of the half life time permits the attribution of the transitions to the electron capture decay of the isomeric state of Lu 174 (T 1 2 = 140 d ) . A level scheme is proposed which contains a level at 1526 keV with Iπ = 7− interpreted as a two quasiparticle state K, K+2 of the neutron system with the characteristic [624↑+512↑]. Coming from this state the 995 keV and 630 keV transitions populate a 532 keV level (6+) and a 897 keV level (8+), belonging to the ground state rotational band.
Certifying Accomplished Teachers: A Critical Look at the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.

Thirty-five states and more than 400 districts offer incentives to teachers who are certified as "accomplished" by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. However, the board's criteria for assessing teachers are not universally accepted and may conflict with criteria important to local authorities. The board relies on a very slender evidentiary basis for assessments. It is unable to authenticate or verify the accuracy of the materials it receives. The secrecy surrounding the board's assessments means teachers who fail do not know the reasons why. The involvement of teacher unions in the board constrains the uses to which board assessments can be put. These issues raise the question of whether it is cost-effective to rely on the board to identify accomplished teachers rather than improve local efforts.
Intraminiband plasmons in a superlattice within a parabolic well

Abstract A well defined collective plasma resonance corresponding to electrons tunneling back and forth through superlattice barriers is observed in a series of modulation doped AlGaAs heterostructures containing a superlattice within a parabolic potential. Due to occupation of a large fraction of the miniband, the resonance frequency decreases strongly with increasing superlattice barrier thickness.
The verse inscription from the deposition relief at Santo Domingo de Silos: word, image, and act in medieval art

This article analyzes the verse inscription on the relief depicting the Descent from the Cross found in the cloister of the Santo Domingo de Silos. It brings together image and text, relating them to the oral and written cultures. It argues that the Romanesque inscriptions of Silos function as mnemonic devices evoking larger liturgical and devotional texts. By integrating the visual image with the written word, this article underlines the performative dimension of this form of artistic expression.
Enzymatic synthesis of carotenes by cell-free preparations of fruit of several genetic selections of tomatoes☆

Abstract Several mutants of tomatoes are known in which the carotene content of the fruit is markedly altered qualitatively and quantitatively from that found in the standard red tomato variety. These selections are: rr (yellow flesh, low carotene); tt (tangerine, orange, proneurosporene and prolycopene); at at (apricot, low in acyclic carotenes); ogc ogc (crimson, high in lycopene); Verkerk 377-2αα (probably identical to vircscent orange vo vo, high in ζ-carotene); B B (Hi-β, high in β-carotene), and Del Del (Hi-δ, high in δ-carotenc). Studies of carotene synthesis from [1-14C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate, [14C]phytoene, and [14C]lycopcne by soluble enzyme systems obtained from fruits of these selections have shown unexpected enzyme activities. All selections evidence activity for the synthesis of phytoene. All mutants have also been found to contain an enzyme system for the synthesis of β-carotenefrom lycopene. Three of the selections analyzed (rr, at at, and ogc ogc) also contain an enzyme system for the conversion of lycopene to α-carotene and the variants rr and tt contain an enzyme for the synthesis of poly-cis-carotencs from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and phytocne. The reasons for the discrepancies that are observed between carotene composition of fruit of field-grown tomato selections and enzyme activities for carotene synthesis by cell-free preparations obtained from these fruits are not presently known. It is obvious, however, that either inhibitors are present, cofactors are missing, or there are permeability barriers to substrate or cofactor transport into plastids of selections in which enzyme activities are not expressed in field-grown fruit. Further investigations will be required for clarification of this problem.
Molten salts safety and hazards: An annotated bibliography

Abstract The present information was compiled as a guide to good practice and as an aid in discovering potentially dangerous situations with molten salts in research and technology, and is based on a survey of the primary, secondary, and tertiary scientific literature to December, 1976. The format of an annotated bibliography was selected for this communication; the results are reported with reference to nine categories: hazards; reactive chemical hazards; dangerous mixtures of inorganic compounds; potentially hazardous metal—molten salts mixtures; precautions; applications of molten salts in process design and technology; water in melts; water solubility data; and reviews. A systems index is included. Titles of selected publications are included in the list of references as an additional aid to the user (196 references).
Spectral image complexity estimated through local convex hull volume

Most spectral image processing schemes develop models of the data in the hyperspace by using first and second order statistics or linear subspace geometries applied to the image globally. However, it is simple to show that the data are typically not multivariate Gaussian or are not well defined by linear geometries when considering the entire image, particularly as the spatial resolution improves and the scene becomes more cluttered. Here, we use the concept of a convex hull that encloses the data to rank local regions within an image by an estimate of their complexity. The complexity as defined here is directly related to the volume of the hull in n dimensions that encloses the data under the assumptions that less complex data will have fewer distinct materials and more complex data will have more materials. They will also be more widely separated in the hyperspace. The method uses the Gram Matrix approach to estimate the volume of the hull and is applied to an image that has been tiled. The complexity of each tile is then estimated showing the relative changes in complexity over a large area spectral image. Results will be shown for reflective hyperspectral imagery over different scene contents with resolutions of ≈2–3 m. Ultimately this methodology can be used to develop localized models of an image and may provide insight into the large area search problem.
Isotopic investigation of infiltration and unsaturated zone flow processes at Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico

Abstract Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen together with tritium were used to investigate infiltration and unsaturated zone flow at Carlsbad Cavern. Water samples were collected from drips and pools every 4 months for a year. Seepage flow dominates infiltration at the cavern, homogenizing the isotopic composition of individual and seasonal precipitation events early along the vertical flowpath. Within the relatively narrow range in the stable isotopic ratios of cave drip water (σD of −53 tc −44%.σ18O of −8.3 to −85%.), isotopic changes on two different time-scales were identified. A longer-term variation, probably driven by changes in the relative amount of heavy-isotope-enriched summer precipitation, is evident in the slight enrichment of drips collected at shallower depths in the cavern (above 1100 m elevation). This suggests vertical travel times to the main cave rooms of the order of decades, consistent with observed tritium activities (from less than 4.6 to 16.9 tritium units (T.U.)). Given these residence times and the narrow range in isotopic composition, a seasonal trend in the isotopic composition of cave water (coincident at all levels in the cavern) is probably related to seasonal changes in the cave climate. Active air circulation driven by differences in air temperature between the cave and outside during the winter increases the evaporation rate from cave pools and causes enrichment in heavy isotopes. This signal may be transmitted to infiltrating water via isotope exchange before the water drips into the cave, consistent with the temporary storage of drip water in limited zones of saturation around the cave rooms. These zones may develop in response to capillary-driven surface tension before infiltrating water drips into the unsaturated-flow barriers represented by the large, air-filled cave passages.
Assessment of patients who have experienced anaphylaxis: a 3-year survey.

Design A quality-control retrospective review of medical records was conducted for cases of anaphylaxis encountered at Mayo Clinic Rochester during a 3 ½-year period. Patients For inclusion in the study, all patients had to manifest general symptoms of mediator release such as generalized pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, and flushing. Of the 179 patients with anaphylaxis (mean age, 36 years), 66% were female, 49% had atopy, and 37% had a previous history of immediate reactions to allergens. Of these study patients, 11 were receiving medications capable of exacerbating anaphylaxis (β-blockers in 7 of them). Results Consultation with an allergist was obtained in 142 cases, and a probable diagnosis was made after review of the medical records. Causes of anaphylaxis included foods in 59 patients, idiopathic in 34, Hymenoptera in 25, medications in 23, and exercise in 12; false-positive diagnoses were recorded in 18. Allergy prick tests were done in 104 patients, 71 of whom had positive results; allergen-specific IgE tests were done in 44 patients, 23 of whom had positive results. In 19 patients, only allergen-specific IgE testing was done, and results were positive in 12. Normal test results included C1 esterase inhibitor in 33 patients, metabisulfite challenge in 15, and dye or preservative challenge in 10. Food skin tests were graded on a relative value scale and revealed 15 highly allergic, 24 moderately allergic, and 39 weakly allergic food groups. Conclusion A standard protocol should be used for assessment of patients with anaphylaxis, and fresh food extracts should be used for prick skin testing. A national incidence study of anaphylaxis is needed. The public and school personnel should be educated about food anaphylaxis, and emergency treatment for anaphylaxis should be readily available for patients.
Biochemical Luteolysis: in Vitro DNA Metabolism by Luteizedin Ovaries of Immature Pseudopregnant Rats

SummaryPhysiological luteolysis is the abrupt, dramatic, and irreversible decrease in progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum-bearing ovary. Neither an acute decrease in the number of luteal cells nor an acutely decreased rate of cellular proliferation could be demonstrated to occur in temporal synchrony with physiological luteolysis.Financial support for this research was obtained from the National Science Foundation (GB-27118), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-05633), and the Population Council. We are also indebted to Ms. Paula Herbst for typing the manuscripts and to Dr. John Jewell, Ayerst Laboratories, for donating the PMS and HCG.
Pilot study using an Internet-based program in informed consent.

Abstract Purpose To examine the effect of an internet-based aid to informed consent on parent recall of potential surgical complications. Methods Parents of children scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair were assigned to a control group or were enrolled in an internet-based program designed to aid in the consent process. Nine potential surgical complications were presented to the parent(s) in the consent discussion and in the Internet program. Parent recall of potential surgical complications was assessed immediately after the consent discussion and on the day of surgery. Results Overall recall of complications was poor in both groups, both immediately and on the day of surgery. Parents in the control group (n = 13) recalled a mean of 2.9 complications immediately and 1.5 on the day of surgery, approaching statistical significance ( P = .056). The parents in the internet program group (n = 17) recalled a mean of 2.6 complications immediately and 2.9 on the day of surgery ( P = NS). There was no significant difference in immediate recall between the two groups, but there was a trend towards statistically significant improvement in recall in the study group the day of surgery vs. controls ( P = .06). Conclusion Although overall recall of potential surgical complications was poor in both groups, there was a trend towards a significant improvement in recall in the study group after viewing the Internet-based program.
The lutropin β-subunit N-terminus facilitates subunit combination by offsetting the inhibitory effects of residues needed for LH activity

Abstract Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) contains a β-subunit N-terminal amino acid extension that contacts the α-subunit and is needed for efficient α and hCG β-subunit combination. Here we report that an hCG β-subunit analog, lacking residues 2–8, combined with the α-subunit more efficiently when positively charged residues between β-subunit cysteines 10 and 11 were replaced with negatively charged residues found in the corresponding portion of follitropin. Residues 2–8 had no influence on binding of hCG to lutropin receptors. Positive charges between cysteines 10 and 11 are essential for high affinity binding of lutropins to their receptors. Therefore, the N-terminal extension found in all lutropin β-subunits appears to have evolved to offset the inhibition of subunit combination by β-subunit residues that are essential for lutropin activity. This β-subunit extension is not found in follitropins or thyrotropins, hormones that have negatively charged residues between cysteines 10 and 11.
Use of quantitative modelling in methylene chloride risk assessment

Abstract The benefits of basing quantitative risk assessment on measures of ‘internal dose’, i.e. target organ exposures as estimated, for instance, by pharmacokinetic models, have been extensively discussed. Recasting risk assessment methods at the level of internal dose raises novel issues, however, some of which are explored by examining the 1987 revision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of its cancer risk assessment for inhaled methylene chloride, which was based on the 1987 pharmacokinetic model results of Andersen and coworkers. The internal dose measure was the daily amount of methylene chloride metabolized by a glutathione-S-transferase pathway per 1 of target organ (liver and lung). Owing to high-dose saturation of a competing detoxification reaction, this metabolic activation is less-than-proportionally active at low exposure levels. For a given inhalation exposure, humans have relatively less metabolic activation than do mice, but this is shown to be a foreseeable consequence of their relatively lower breathing rate, a cross-species difference already accounted for in standard EPA methodology. Indeed, many species differences in the rates and tempos of physiological processes evince regular ‘scaling’ relationships across differently sized mammals. EPA's practice of scaling carcinogen doses by body surface area for cross-species extrapolation, often viewed as a correction for metabolic activation, is shown to be more reasonably regarded as an accommodation for the more general species variation in the pace of physiological processes underlying both pharmacokinetics and the carcinogenic response to internal doses. Under this view, the issue of cross-species dose scaling is not obviated by the use of pharmacokinetics.
A program for excellence in physics and physical science teaching

It seems reasonable to conclude that the impact of these projects has been extensive and that we have met our basic objectives regarding the improvement of science education for the target teachers and students. The long-term goal of improved scientific literacy of at least a part of the citizens of this country and world can only be assessed by some form of longitudinal study that is beyond the scope and funding for these projects. But our assessment of what has been accomplished in the short term efforts seems to indicate very positive gains in those areas of knowledge, confidence, and pedagogical capability that we believe will enable the participants to make contributions to the improvement of scientific literacy for the students with whom they work.
CyberKnife Frameless Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Extracranial Benign Tumors

Limited data exists for the use of radiosurgery for benign extracranial tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, toxicity, and local control of patients with benign extracranial lesions treated with the CyberKnife Frameless Radiosurgery System. From September 2001 thru January 2004, 59 benign tumors in 44 patients were treated using the CyberKnife a frameless image-guided radiosurgery system. Of these tumors, there were 21 neurofibromas, ten schwannomas, eight meningiomas, eight hemangioblastomas, seven paragangliomas, two hemangiopericytomas, one pseudotumor, one ependymoma, and one arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The anatomic locations of these tumors were spinal (25 cervical, four thoracic, 14 lumbar, and two sacral), neck (eight), orbital (three), brainstem (one), and foramen magnum (one). All patients were treated in a single fraction except three lesions were treated in a fractionated manner. The median treatment delivery time per fraction was 59 minutes (range 11-194). Twenty three lesions initially underwent surgical resection. Ten lesions received prior external beam radiation with a median dose 48 Gy (range 40-54 Gy), and one lesion received two prior CyberKnife treatments for a total dose of 32 Gy to the 80% isodose line. The median follow-up was eight months (range 1-25 months). Acute and late toxicity was graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) scale. Symptomatic response was documented as "improved," "stable," or "progression". The median tumor dose delivered was 16.0 Gy to the 80% isodose line (range 10-31 Gy). The median tumor volume was 4.3 cc (range 0.14-98.6 cc). The median spinal cord volume receiving more than 8 Gy was 0.035 cc (range 0-2.5 cc) and the median maximum spinal cord dose 11.5 Gy (range 0-19.8 Gy). There were no patients that suffered a significant (Grade 3, 4, or 5) acute toxicity. There was no observed late toxicity. 78% of patients experienced an improvement of their pre-treatment symptoms while only one patient experienced symptom progression. Of the 26 patients who underwent follow-up imaging, the local control rate was 96%. This study suggests that CyberKnife Radiosurgery is a safe and efficacious treatment modality for benign tumors, even for those patients with recurrent previously irradiated lesions.
Ambulatory Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

The performance of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in an ambulatory setting is controversial. However, most current studies show that with adequate criteria for patient selection and careful postoperative observation, these procedures can be safely done as outpatient surgery. This study was undertaken to reassess the safety of outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy surgery and to reevaluate the current recommendations for postoperative care. A prospective study was undertaken to relate the incidence of significant complications, including hemorrhage, protracted emesis, and fever, to each postoperative hour. The study included 534 pediatric patients (age 14 or less) undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. All 534 patients were observed for 5 postoperative hours, and 175 of the 534 patients were observed for 6 postoperative hours. To assess complications occurring in the first postoperative week, all attending surgeons involved in this study were asked to anonymously report the occurrence of hemorrhage, protracted emesis, and/or fever from the time of discharge through the seventh postoperative day. In this study, no complications were encountered during the fifth or sixth postoperative hours. These results indicate that it is both safe and appropriate to perform tonsil and adenoid surgery in the ambulatory setting. Furthermore, the current recommendation that patients remain under postoperative recovery room observation for 6 hours appears to be excessive. This observation period may be safely reduced to 4 hours.
Optimal dynamos in the cores of terrestrial exoplanets: Magnetic field generation and detectability

Abstract A potentially promising way to gain knowledge about the internal dynamics of extrasolar planets is by remote measurement of an intrinsic magnetic field. Strong planetary magnetic fields, maintained by internal dynamo action in an electrically conducting fluid layer, are helpful for shielding the upper atmosphere from stellar wind induced mass loss and retaining water over long (Gyr) time scales. Here we present a whole planet dynamo model that consists of three main components: an internal structure model with composition and layers similar to the Earth, an optimal mantle convection model that is designed to maximize the heat flow available to drive convective dynamo action in the core, and a scaling law to estimate the magnetic field intensity at the surface of a terrestrial exoplanet. We find that the magnetic field intensity at the core surface can be up to twice the present-day geomagnetic field intensity, while the magnetic moment varies by a factor of 20 over the models considered. Assuming electron cyclotron emission is produced from the interaction between the stellar wind and the exoplanet magnetic field we estimate the cyclotron frequencies around the ionospheric cutoff at 10 MHz with emission fluxes in the range 10 −4 –10 −7 Jy, below the current detection threshold of radio telescopes. However, we propose that anomalous boosts and modulations to the magnetic field intensity and cyclotron emission may allow for their detection in the future.
Temperatures from intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract We propose a statistical model with complete equipartition among fragmentation and internal excitation degrees of freedom, but not with respect to the fragment's kinetic energy. The resulting internal temperature is very insensitive to the initial total energy in agreement with experiment.
A characterization of systolic binary tree automata and applications

This paper has two main contributions. The first is a natural and useful characterization of systolic binary tree automata (BTA's) in terms of a simple class of Turing machines. The second is a proof technique for showing that a language is not accepted by a BTA. Various closure properties of languages accepted by BTA's are easily obtained from these two results.
TA90-IC, a new marker for advanced colon cancer.

Background: Although carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the most frequently used marker for colon cancer, it is elevated in only 70% of patients with advanced disease and in even fewer patients with earlier stages of disease. We previously identified a 90-kDa glycoprotein, TA90, which is present in serum in the form of circulating immune complexes. TA90 is found in a variety of solid neoplasms but rarely in healthy controls (3.2%). We hypothesized that this new tumor-associated antigen may be a useful marker for colon cancer.
Addressing the Sexualization of Girls through Comprehensive Programs, Advocacy, and Systemic Change: Implications for Professional School Counselors:

While today's girls are learning that they can achieve at the highest educational and professional levels, they also receive strong cultural messages that portray girls and women according to limiting sexual stereotypes. The trend toward the sexualization of girls is increasing in contemporary culture and can negatively impact girls' academic, career, and personal development. In this article, we describe the impact of these trends on girls' development and provide interventions for use in comprehensive school counseling programs.
Understanding bioactivity and polarizability of hydroxyapatite doped with tungsten.

This study investigates the use of hydroxyapatite (HAp) doped with hexavalent tungsten to improve its interaction with bone cells and to influence the polarizing capacity of HAp. Increases in dopant concentration increased the β-TCP phases and decreased the HAp phases in sintered samples. Results of thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements suggested that doped HAp had stored fewer charge compared with pure HAp. However, the decrease in stored charge was related to fraction of HAp or β-TCP phases present in sintered samples. Activation energy of dipole relaxation and stored charge was used to examine the mechanism of polarization. The charge stored in doped samples due to polarization was attributed to the migration of H+ ions in HAp phases and O2− or Ca2+ ions in β-TCP phases. Hindrance of ion migration due to the presence of different phases appeared to lower charge storage ability in doped samples. In vitro study revealed an increase in bioactivity of doped HAp when compared with pure HAp. Polarization further improved the bioactivity of doped HAp. Results of our study provide evidence for the use of higher valent cations to improve biological performance of HAp ceramics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Normal-mode calculation for methylated Z-DNA poly(dG-m5dC).(dG-m5dC).

Abstract : Normal modes of methylated deoxyribonucleic acid Z-DNA poly(dG-m5-dC) (dG-m5dC) are computed by helix lattice dynamics. Good agreement with Raman spectral data is obtained. We discuss improvements in the formulation of the problem which allow us to greatly reduce the size of the matrix used. This leads to greatly reduced calculation times. The improvements come from using knowledge of the C2 and time reversal symmetries. Theoretical Formalism: Let us consider an infinite double-helical molecule. The helical symmetry axis is taken as Z axis in cartesian coordinates. Helical symmetry implies that each unit cell is transformed geometrically into the next by the operation H(p, psi) where p is the pitch along Z-axis and psi is the pitch angle about Z-axis.
Universal screening for intimate partner violence in the emergency department: Importance of patient and provider factors

Study objective : Screening for intimate partner violence has been widely advocated in the health care setting, but efforts to assess effectiveness and ensure adequacy of universal screening are largely untested. We sought to identify barriers to screening of female emergency department patients for intimate partner violence during the first year of implementation of a screening protocol. Methods : A retrospective, structured medical chart review of 1,638 randomly identified visits included demographic factors of age, race, marital status, employment status, insurance status, arrival mode, mechanism of presenting complaint, severity of condition, presentation time, and nurse gender. The study was conducted an an inner-city Level I trauma center with 43,000 annual ED visits and universal procedures for screening for intimate partner violence in place since February 1994. The participants were a cohort of 1,509 female patients, 18 years of age or older, who were discharged from the ED between July 1994 and June 1995. The main outcome measure was the odds of being screened as a function of patient and provider variables. Statistical analyses involved univariate and multivariate logistic regression on screening rates (Yes/No) as derived from universal screening instrument variables. Results : Of 1,638 records reviewed, 483 patients (29.5%) were screened for intimate partner violence. Univariate analyses revealed that women presenting with nonpsychiatric, less acute complaints and those who presented during daylight hours were more likely to be screened than women who presented with psychiatric or more acute complaints, or during the night shift. Male and female nurse providers were equally likely to screen for intimate partner violence. Step-down multivariate analyses agreed with these findings. Conclusion : In this random sample of female patients, screening rates varied by severity of the patient's condition, type of presenting complaint, and presentation time.
A hierarchical procedure for the conceptual design of solids processes

Abstract A systematic procedure for the conceptual design of vapor—liquid—solid processes has been developed. In an evolutionary manner, it leads the user to select process units, to identify the equipment configurations and to determine the important design variables and the associated economic trade-offs. At present, the procedure is limited to low-molecular-weight solids and does not handle vapor—solid processes. This hierarchical procedure has been implemented in a computer code to aid in the development of preliminary process flowsheets for solids processes. A number of case studies have been analyzed, including the manufacture of bis (α-hydroxy ethyl)terephthalate from terephthalonitrile—selected for reporting in this article. Design variables unique to this solids plant—dilution ratio, wash ratio and crystallizer temperature—have been identified and their effect on overall plant economics quantified.
ADAPTIVITY AND JUDGMENT IN RULE VERIFICATION TASKS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Recent studies of decision making have suggested that the poor performance typically demonstrated by traditional decision making research is due not to failures on the part of the human, but failures of the empirical studies to test performance in representative situations. In particular, some researchers have studied how experience in an uncertain environment can improve performance. We describe research designed to test the effect of explicit environmental experience on performance on a rule verification task. Participants performed a rule verification task after receiving related experience in the task environment. Results indicated that performance was very similar to that on traditional tasks of this type, in contrast to research which suggested that knowledge of uncertainty should impact performance.
Early Stages in the Differentiation of Gametocytes of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse

SYNOPSIS The sexes of mature gametocytes of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse circulating in the blood of the domestic pigeon can be identified in the electron microscope by the same criteria that distinguish them in the light microscope. The microgametocyte has a large nucleus and pigment granules restricted to the 2 extremities of its halter-shaped cells. The macrogametocyte has dense granular cytoplasm with scattered pigment granules and a small central nucleus. The sex of young gametocytes cannot yet be recognized. When blood containing mature gametocytes is cooled outside the body of the host visible signs of gametogenesis appear within 30 seconds. The earliest signs are increasing electron lucidity of the cytoplasm and separation of the outer membrane from the body of the parasite. The membrane may form vesicles or whorls or lie free in the erythrocyte's cytoplasm. The middle membrane of the parasite becomes the plasma membrane. Axonemes and microtubules appear in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the microgametocyte. The macrogametocyte lags slightly behind the microgametocyte in development. With the first signs of differentiation, the host cell cytoplasm begins to disappear. The fate of the outer membrane and the erythrocyte's cytoplasm suggests the release of a lytic substance by the parasite.
Lymphosarcoma in the Terminal Ileum

Summary A 4-year-old girl with a lymphosarcoma of the terminal ileum with a nonobstructing ileocolic intussusception is presented. 1.Small bowel tumors are rare, especially in children. 2.In children, small bowel tumors should be considered lymphosarcoma until proved otherwise. 3.Lymphosarcoma of the ileum tends to be of a polypoid variety and frequently intussuscepts. 4.The presence of persistent ileocolic intussusception without obstruction is very unusual. 5.Patients with lymphosarcoma of the small bowel should receive postoperative x-ray therapy.
Productivity Shocks And Real Exchange Rates In The Long-Run: Evidence For The G3 And EU Economies

This paper analyses the relationship between productivity and real exchange rates in Japan, United States, Germany and the European Union. Prior studies have revealed that productivity shocks have a minimum effect on real exchange rate fluctuations. This paper shows that productivity shocks account for most of the long-run fluctuations in the real exchange rates when long-run equilibrium relationships of the fundamental variables are considered. This would support empirical support of the Balassa Samuelson model where the main sources of long-run deviations for purchasing power parity are the differences in relative productivity.
End-host architecture for QoS-adaptive communication

Proliferation of communication-intensive real-time applications with "elastic" timeliness constraints such as streaming stored video, requires a new design for end-host communication subsystems. The design should (i) provide per-flow or per-service-class guarantees, (ii) maximize the aggregate utility of the communication service across all clients, (iii) gracefully adapt to transient overload, and (iv) avoid, if possible, starving lower-priority service classes during the period of sustained overload. The authors propose a QoS-optimization algorithm and communication subsystem architecture that satisfy the above requirements. It provides each client its contracted QoS, while adapting gracefully to transient overload and resource shortage. A new concept of flexible QoS contract is introduced, specifying multiple acceptable levels of service (or QoS levels for short) and their corresponding rewards for each client. Allowing clients to specify multiple QoS levels permits the server to perform QoS-optimization and degrade client's QoS under transient overload predictable, as specified in the QoS contract. Clients receive a money-back guarantee if the contracted QoS is violated by the server. The proposed resource-management mechanism maximizes server's total reward under resource constraints. They implemented and evaluated the architecture on a Pentium-based PC platform running under The Open Group (TOG) MK7.2 kernel, demonstrating the capability of the communication subsystem in meeting its design goals.
In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a new tool for molecular imaging

Cerenkov radiation is a phenomenon where optical photons are emitted when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light for the medium in which it travels. Recently, we and others have discovered that measurable visible light due to the Cerenkov effect is produced in vivo following the administration of β-emitting radionuclides to small animals. Furthermore, the amounts of injected activity required to produce a detectable signal are consistent with small-animal molecular imaging applications. This surprising observation has led to the development of a new hybrid molecular imaging modality known as Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI), which allows the spatial distribution of biomolecules labelled with β-emitting radionuclides to be imaged in vivo using sensitive charge-coupled device cameras. We review the physics of Cerenkov radiation as it relates to molecular imaging, present simulation results for light intensity and spatial distribution, and show an example of CLI in a mouse cancer model. CLI allows many common radiotracers to be imaged in widely available in vivo optical imaging systems, and, more importantly, provides a pathway for directly imaging β−-emitting radionuclides that are being developed for therapeutic applications in cancer and that are not readily imaged by existing methods.
Glioblastoma: Molecular Analysis and Clinical Implications

Glioblastoma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor, carries an invariably poor prognosis. Targeting underlying biological foundations of the disease will be crucial to developing more effective treatment strategies. Although increasing evidence clearly indicates that glioblastoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disorder, recent large-scale expression profiling has provided a framework for categorizing the tumor into 3 to 4 distinct subclasses, each with its own characteristic genomic alterations. As such, there remains the enticing possibility that glioblastoma subclasses themselves might represent predictive biomarkers, particularly in the context of specific targeted agents. This review focuses on how best to ascertain the functional relevance of molecular subclass in glioblastoma through both preclinical and clinical investigations. The availability of appropriate mouse modeling systems along with expanded molecular profiling capabilities in the clinical setting should aid such efforts. However, significant systematic challenges remain, particularly in the setting of clinical trials.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the TerraNova Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills/5

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore the internal validity of scores on the TerraNova Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills/5 using samples from a southwestern school district and standardization samples reported by the publisher. One of the strengths claimed for battery-type achievement tests is provision of reliable and valid samples of student achievement in specific content areas. Results of the present study showed that specific content areas may not be clearly represented in the test structure as there was little difference in goodness of fit between two- or three-factor structures of subtest scores. In addition, a nested series of invariance tests showed that all parameters of the three-factor model cross-validated across samples. Together with large intercorrelations between the latent achievement factors and large subtest uniquenesses, these results raise questions about the differentiation among subtest scores as well as how scores should be used and interpreted.
Vibro-acoustography for modal analysis of arterial vessels

In order to apply vibro-acoustography for imaging of arteries, a theoretical model of vibro-acoustics of thick arterial vessels is presented. The arterial wall is modeled with the first order shear deformation theory. The fluids outside and inside the artery are modeled with acoustic wave theory. The coupled vibration of arterial tubes is analyzed with the wave propagation approach. The experiments were carried out on a silicone rubber tube in a water tank with a vibro-acoustography system. This system uses the radiation force of ultrasound to vibrate the tube at low frequency and records the resulting response by a laser vibrometer. Both the excitation and measurement are remote and noncontact. The theory has been evaluated against those available in the literature. The measured fundamental frequency is in good agreement with the present theory.
Staff Development and the Process of Teacher Change

This article presents a model that describes the process of teacher change, particularly through staff development programs. The model suggests a temporal sequence of events that is hypothesized to typify the process front staff development to enduring change in teachers’ perceptions and attitudes. Research evidence supporting the model is summarized and the conditions under which change might be facilitated are described. Several principles for enhancing the change process to improve staff development efforts are also outlined.
Control of Coronary Blood Flow by an Autoregulatory Mechanism

Control of the coronary circulation has been investigated in an experimental preparation in which coronary flow was suddenly increased or decreased by the imposition of sudden changes in coronary perfusion pressure during periods of constant cardiac performance. The transient response to these changes in coronary perfusion pressure was an initial abrupt change in flow in the same direction, followed by a prompt return of flow toward the previous level. The response was completed in 10 to 15 sec, and was followed by a few cycles of damped oscillation having a period of 10 to 12 sec. Steady-state pressure-flow curves demonstrated a range of perfusion pressures over which coronary blood flow was relatively independent of pressure. Below this pressure range the coronary bed appeared to be fully dilated, and the blood flow was directly dependent upon perfusion pressure. Elevation of the level of cardiac function resulted in autoregulation of coronary flow at a higher level of flow, and decreasing the level of cardiac function resulted in regulation of coronary flow at a lower flow rate. Instantaneous pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary bed, exclusive of compensatory influences, were also determined. The experiments demonstrated an intrinsic mechanism that regulated blood flow to the myocardium. In the physiologic range of arterial pressure, coronary perfusion pressure did not appear to be a major determinant of coronary blood flow. Coronary flow appeared to be autoregulated at a level related to myocardial effort.
Ranging through Shallow Semitransparent Media with Polarization Lidar

A new approach to shallow depth measurement (,2m) using polarization lidar is presented. The transmitter consists of a 532-nm linearly polarized laser coupled with conditioning and polarization optics. The prototypelidar evaluates the differingpolarization attributes of signalsscattered fromsemitransparent media surfaces, simultaneously receiving signals polarized in the planes parallel and perpendicular to the transmitted laser signal via dual photomultiplier tubes. In the event the first surface nearly preserves the incident polarization and the second surface depolarizes the incident energy, signals scattered from the second surface are isolated from the first by a polarization analyzer in the receiver. This approach translates depth measurements into the conditions of single surface range measurements, giving the ability to resolve extremely shallow depths (e.g., 1cm) independent of laser or detector pulse widths. This approach can circumvent dead time issues in photon-counting systems and can be applied to extremely shallow and deeper waters for depth
CenceMe: injecting sensing presence into social networking applications

We present the design, prototype implementation, and evaluation of CenceMe, a personal sensing system that enables members of social networks to share their sensing presence with their buddies in a secure manner. Sensing presence captures a user's status in terms of his activity (e.g., sitting, walking, meeting friends), disposition (e.g., happy, sad, doing OK), habits (e.g., at the gym, coffee shop today, at work) and surroundings (e.g., noisy, hot, bright, high ozone). CenceMe injects sensing presence into popular social networking applications such as Facebook, MySpace, and IM (Skype, Pidgin) allowing for new levels of "connection" and implicit communication (albeit non-verbal) between friends in social networks. The CenceMe system is implemented, in part, as a thin-client on a number of standard and sensor-enabled cell phones and offers a number of services, which can be activated on a per-buddy basis to expose different degrees of a user's sensing presence; these services include, life patterns, my presence, friend feeds, social interaction, significant places, buddy search, buddy beacon, and "above average?".