cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic factors for the outcome of congenital omphalocele

Background: The clinical course and prognosis of children born with congenital omphaloceles (CO) is highly variable hampering clinical management. Literature is sparse regarding factors predicting outcome of CO. Methods: Analysis of retrospective data of all newborn patients with CO treated in our hospital between 1987 and 2013 (N=39). Chest configuration has been determined radiologically as previously published (Hershenson, M.B. et al. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1985; 20:348-353). Standard logistic regression models has been used to calculate odds ratios (OR) along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Death during hospitalisation has been defined as the primary outcome. Results: Seven of 39 (18.0%) children died during hospitalisation with a median survival of 27 days (range 3 to 184). Associated lung malformations (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.63 to 16.9), Apgar score 1 minute after birth (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.75), thoracic width to height ratio (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99) and a liver containing (giant) CO were associated with death during hospitalisation. An additive score derived from these variables showed a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI 80 to 100) for the low risk group and positive predictive value of 67% (95% CI 9 to 99) for the high risk group. Conclusion: Apgar 1 minute after birth, presentation with lung malformations, the size of the CO and chest configuration are associated with death during hospitalisation in children with CO.
Big Data Frequent Pattern Mining

Frequent pattern mining is an essential data mining task, with a goal of discovering knowledge in the form of repeated patterns. Many efficient pattern mining algorithms have been discovered in the last two decades, yet most do not scale to the type of data we are presented with today, the so-called “Big Data”. Scalable parallel algorithms hold the key to solving the problem in this context. In this chapter, we review recent advances in parallel frequent pattern mining, analyzing them through the Big Data lens. We identify three areas as challenges to designing parallel frequent pattern mining algorithms: memory scalability, work partitioning, and load balancing. With these challenges as a frame of reference, we extract and describe key algorithmic design patterns from the wealth of research conducted in this domain.
Clinical Outcomes of Mammographic BI-RADS 3 Lesions in the Community Hospital Setting:

Abstract Objectives Per the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) manual, a lesion designated as BI-RADS 3 should have less than a 2% chance of becoming malignancy. With this study, we evaluated the outcome of patients given a BI-RADS 3 designation in the community hospital. Specifically, whether our cancer detection rate for BI-RADS 3 lesions was less than 2% and comparable to rates obtained at other institutions. Methods The records of 1037 patients given a BI-RADS 3 on screening mammogram were reviewed over a 1-year period between May 2007 and May 2008. A total of 142 of these patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 885 patients. Some of these patients had more than 1 BI-RADS 3 lesion during this study period, yielding a total of 923 BI-RADS 3 lesions to evaluate out of the 885 patients remaining. Of these, 478 of the patients' lesions were biopsied. The pathology was then reviewed to determine whether the lesions were cancerous. Results Only 6 of the 882 lesions initially classified as a BI-RADS 3 were later diagnosed as cancer, or 0.65% of the study population. The positive predictive value of receiving a BI-RADS 3 was 99.3%, which demonstrates a high accuracy in predicting that a lesion is not cancerous. Conclusion Most lesions that are diagnosed as a BI-RADS 3 have a very low probability of eventually being diagnosed as cancer. The findings from this study are comparable to studies performed at other institutions.
A Polecat's View of Patrolling Monocytes

A major obstacle to intravital visualization of inflammatory processes within large arteries is the motion of vessels that occurs near the beating heart. In this issue, Quintar et al1 apply ILTIS, the German word for the European polecat that serves as an acronym for Intravital Live-cell Triggered Imaging System, to capture the most sophisticated images of inflammatory cell dynamics in the arterial vasculature to date, by timing data acquisition to a consistent point in every heartbeat. The authors show that patrolling nonclassical monocytes scan endothelium in plaque-prone areas, much as they have been described to elsewhere. The inability of these monocytes to patrol arteries leads to heightened endothelial damage within the artery. In this way, nonclassical monocytes safeguard against plaque development and progression. Article, see p 1789 As precursors for foam cells, monocytes are key mediators of atherosclerotic disease, making them suitable targets for clinical therapeutic intervention.2 In mice, monocytes come in 2 principal forms: classical defined as Ly6Chi CCR2hi CD43low that are CX3CR1-GFPdim or nonclassical defined Ly6Clow CCR2low CD43hi that are CX3CR1-GFPbright, with both sharing common monocyte lineage markers CD45, CD11b, and CD115.3,4 Analogous CD14+ CD16− classical and CD14dim CD16+ nonclassical monocyte subsets have also been described in humans and were shown to have similar gene expression profiles in the 2 species,5 although the nonclassical subset is rare in humans relative to mice. Classical monocytes are rather short-lived cells with an approximate half-life of 20 hours before they either enter tissue or mature into the nonclassical monocytes. Classical monocytes are the major cell infiltrating into the intimal wall,6,7 which are known to contribute to the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Research has primarily focused on the role …
Comparison of residual cancer burden, American Joint Committee on Cancer staging and pathologic complete response in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results from the I-SPY 1 TRIAL (CALGB 150007/150012; ACRIN 6657).

Several pathologic staging systems characterize residual tumor in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Pathologic complete response (pCR) is now accepted by the Food and Drug Administration as an endpoint for granting accelerated drug approval. Two other systems of post-neoadjuvant pathologic tumor staging—residual cancer burden (RCB) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer post-neoadjuvant therapy staging system (yAJCC)—have been developed to characterize residual tumors when patients do not achieve pCR. The optimal system and the ways in which these systems complement each other have not been fully determined. Using data from the I-SPY 1 TRIAL, we compared pCR, RCB, and yAJCC as predictors of early recurrence-free survival (RFS) to identify ways to improve post-neoadjuvant pathologic evaluation. Among 162 patients assessed, pCR identified patients at lowest risk of recurrence, while RCB and yAJCC identified patients at highest risk. Hormone-receptor (HR) and HER2 subtypes further improved risk prediction. Recursive partitioning indicated that triple-negative or HER2+ patients with yAJCC III or RCB 3 have the highest recurrence risk, with an RFS of 27%. Our analysis also highlighted discrepancies between RCB and yAJCC stratification: 31% of patients had discrepant RCB and yAJCC scores. We identified differential treatment of lymph node involvement and tumor cellularity as drivers of these discrepancies. These data indicate that there is benefit to reporting both RCB and yAJCC for patients in order to identify those at highest risk of relapse.
Sex Differences in Epigenetic Programming of Brain Differentiation: Implications for Mental Health and Disease

There are multiple contributing factors that can influence one’s vulnerability to disease; one of those factors is being a male or female. Specifically, disorders such as Rett syndrome, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism can differ in terms of age of onset, incidence, or severity based on the sex of the affected individual. As aberrant epigenetic processes are implicated in some of these disorders and emerging data indicate that there are sex differences in epigenetic processes during brain development, it is plausible that sexual differentiation of the epigenome may partly underlie sex-biased mental health disorders. This chapter will discuss recent data indicating that brief disturbances to some epigenetic processes during early neonatal brain development not only interfere with sexual differentiation of the brain but also result in atypical juvenile social behavior in a sex-specific manner. We will also discuss how the early social environment can shape sex differences in the epigenome and discuss recent data indicating that some epigenetic programming may be reversible in the adult brain. We propose that sexual differentiation of the epigenome produces a sex-biased vulnerability to mental health disorders, and understanding these differences will aid in understanding the biological pathways to resilience.
Gender Differences in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Choice and Outcome in Patients ≥75 Years of Age with Heart Failure.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for heart failure and can be delivered through a CRT pacemaker (CRT-P) or a CRT defibrillator (CRT-D). CRT-P devices are smaller and less expensive, have better battery longevity, and have been subject to fewer recalls and advisories but cannot deliver high-energy shocks to terminate potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. As published guidelines do not distinguish between CRT-P and CRT-D indications, we examined the practice of prescribing these devices in older women and men with heart failure. A total of 512 CRT recipients (age ≥75 years, 26% women, 21% CRT-P) were included in this analysis. Baseline characteristics were collected on all patients, and overall survival was compared by gender and type of CRT device implanted. Women were more likely to receive CRT-Ps than men (26% vs 19%). Men with CRT-Ps were significantly older than women with CRT-Ps and both men and women with CRT-Ds (p = 0.04). In addition, women had lower all-cause mortality compared with men (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75, confidence interval [CI] 0.58 to 0.99, p = 0.04), mainly among CRT-P recipients (HR 0.48, CI 0.26 to 0.8, p = 0.02), but this association was attenuated after adjusting for differences in patient characteristics (HR 0.56, CI 0.26 to 1.18, p = 0.13). In conclusion, women are more likely to receive CRT-Ps than men. Whether this difference is driven by patient preference or physician biases remains unclear. Women with CRT, particularly CRT-Ps, have a better overall survival than men. These differences, which may be driven by unbalanced baseline characteristics of patients or by differences in gender response to CRT, deserve further investigation.
Application of Cluster Analysis to Investigate Neuropsychological Heterogeneity in Psychiatric and Neurological Patients

Many neurological and psychiatric disorders are associated with heterogeneous levels and patterns of neuropsychological function. Efforts have been made to develop empirically based meaningful subtypes within that heterogeneity utilizing techniques such as cluster analysis. Identification of reliable subgroups may have important implications for treatment and management. In adults, major efforts have been made in the areas of schizophrenia and closed head injury, where clustering has produced stable subgroups with good external validity. Of particular interest in schizophrenia is a “neuropsychologically normal” subgroup consisting of individuals with definitive diagnoses of schizophrenia but who perform normally on most cognitive tests. Among adults with closed head injury, we have identified subgroups with near-normal cognitive function, a subgroup with moderate impairment with a pattern of normal and abnormal test scores, and a subgroup with generalized global impairment. In the case of schizophrenia, cluster membership has been associated with MRS-derived measures of membrane repair and neuron count, as well as with age, education, and neurological comorbidity, while in closed head injury it has been shown to be associated with various demographic factors including age at which injury occurred, employment status, and months between time of injury and assessment. Cluster analytic approaches have also been taken to classify adults with learning disability and health problems of homeless veterans. The findings attest to the external validity of different types for the cluster solutions involving these conditions and support the use of quantitatively based classification in their assessment.
EMEA Voice: Brexit: A Difference of Opinion

"With less than one year to go until the United Kingdom formally exits the European Union in March 2019, CFA Institute sought to gauge market perceptions of Brexit in its latest member survey. The results, published in March, reveal continued concern among investment professionals about the implications of Brexit for the UK investment management industry, including its impact on investment returns and market competitiveness."
Biomechanical-Based Approach to Data Augmentation for One-Shot Gesture Recognition

Most common approaches to one-shot gesture recognition have leveraged mainly conventional machine learning solutions and image based data augmentation techniques, ignoring the mechanisms that are used by humans to perceive and execute gestures, a key contextual component in this process. The novelty of this work consists on modeling the process that leads to the creation of gestures, rather than observing the gesture alone. In this approach, the context considered involves the way in which humans produce the gestures – the kinematic and biomechanical characteristics associated with gesture production and execution. By understanding the main "modes" of variation we can replicate the single observation many times. Consequently, the main strategy proposed in this paper includes generating a data set of human-like examples based on "naturalistic" features extracted from a single gesture sample while preserving fundamentally human characteristics like visual saliency, smooth transitions and economy of motion. The availability of a large data set of realistic samples allows the use state-of-the-art classifiers for further recognition. Several classifiers were trained and their recognition accuracies were assessed and compared to previous one-shot learning approaches. An average recognition accuracy of 95% among all classifiers highlights the relevance of keeping the human "in the loop" to effectively achieve one-shot gesture recognition.
State Minimization of Non-Deterministic FSMs

We have seen that PNDFSMs are a subclass of NDFSMs sufficient to capture the flexibility of an FSM at a node in a network of interacting FSMs. Therefore the extraction from a PNDFSM of a behavior corresponding to a DFSM with a minimum number of states is an important synthesis objective, that generalizes the problem of state minimization of ISFSMs.
A Distributed Model of Peritoneal Transport

A simplified distributed model of peritoneal solute transport is described, and found to agree with several observations in mammalian species. The model enables prediction of peritoneal transport from measurements of diffusivity in tissue, capillary permeability and capillary surface area.
Implicit and Explicit Ethics in Mindfulness-Based Programs in a Broader Context

In the contemporary debate over whether mindfulness-based programs need to incorporate explicit ethics or if there are already implicit ethics that obviate this obligation, rhetorical arguments present these two positions as polar extremes. What is generally missing from this discourse is awareness of how these two positions on human nature and ethical cultivation rehash historical debates with analogous positions within Buddhist contexts. I add a new comparison to the contemporary debates with historical Confucian debates on human nature and ethical cultivation that move beyond the two opposite views of innate human ethical goodness versus innate ethical blindness. I overview the positions of nine Chinese thinkers to show how the conversation on human nature and ethical cultivation can move beyond two positions along the axis of innate ethics and incorporate an axis of intellectual versus practical grasp of ethical cultivation. I argue that awareness of the broader historical debates concerning this issue can help illuminate contemporary positions. Finally, I suggest turning attention away from arguments about human nature and toward a more fruitful examination regarding if, and how, mindfulness-based programs may lead to ethical change.
Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair for Acute Papillary Muscle Rupture During Pregnancy.

Acute papillary muscle rupture during pregnancy is a rare cardiac condition with potential for 200% mortality. We describe a 28-year-old morbidly obese woman at 27 weeks gestation who presented with acute decompensated mitral regurgitation secondary to spontaneous papillary muscle rupture. After hemodynamic stabilization and caesarean delivery, we performed an emergent mitral valve repair through a minimally invasive right thoracotomy.
How children use accuracy information to infer informant intentions and to make reward decisions.

Abstract The ability to assess the value of the information one receives and the intentions of the source of that information can be used to establish cooperative relationships and to identify cooperative partners. Across two experiments, 4- to 8-year-old children (N = 204) received a note with correct, incorrect, or no information that affected their efforts on a search task. Children were told that all informants had played the game before and knew the location of the hidden reward. In the no information condition, children were told that the informant needed to leave before finishing the note and, thus, was not intentionally uninformative. Children rated the note with correct information as more helpful than the note with no information; incorrect information was rated least helpful. When asked about the informant’s intentions, children attributed positive intentions when the information was correct and when they received unhelpful information but knew the informant was not intentionally uninformative. Children attributed less positive intentions to the informant when they received incorrect information. When given the chance to reward the informant, children rewarded the informant who provided correct information and no information equally; the informant who provided incorrect information received fewer rewards. Combined, these results suggest that young children assume that informants have positive intentions even when they provide no useful information. However, when the information provided is clearly inaccurate, children infer more negative intentions and reward those informants at lower rates. These results suggest that children tend to reward informants more based on their presumed intentions, placing less weight on the value of the information they provide.
Culture and Movements

Scholars have paid increasing attention to the role of culture in social movements' emergence, trajectories, and impacts. Culture is no longer conceptualized as a subjective lens through which people perceive objective structures, but rather as a key dimension of those structures. This has allowed researchers to shed new light on why certain areas of social life come to be contested when they do, as well as to understand the limitations on activists' ability to act strategically, and the sometimes surprising ways in which movements have influence. We focus on one vein of research: the role of institutional schemas in spurring mobilization and accounting for its effects. Schemas are accepted ways of doing things—doing business, obstetrics, race relations, or Internet protest. Research has investigated both the conditions in which institutionalized schemas become vulnerable to challenge and whether winning the acceptance of a new institutional schema counts as movement success. Keywords: social movements; culture; institutions; schemas; discourse; organizations; gay and lesbian movement; abortion; boycotts; global justice movement
LATIST: A Performance Support Tool for Integrating Advanced Learning Technologies into Course Design

This session will present a patent pending tool called LATIST which stands for Learning Asset Technology Integration Support Tool. This performance support tool enables faculty to integrate Advanced Learning Technologies (ALT) such as social media, mobile technologies, games, simulations, and virtual worlds into their course designs. Specifically LATIST has three components: (a) Explore Research which allows users to explore what the research says about a specific ALT and examine its advantages, disadvantages, and best practices in teaching and learning contexts; (b) Select Best Technology which allows users to select instructional strategies and technologies based on course objectives and factors such as bandwidth and budget; and (c) Apply Technology which allows users to view real world examples of ALT use in educational and training settings as well as practice using a selected technology. LATIST was developed as a result of funding provided by the US Army Research Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM) to support research on ALT for the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). The goals of LATIST are to facilitate decision making among DAU faculty and staff by providing (a) a pedagogically driven decision support tool; (b) a repository of research on technology use in government, business, and education; and (c) access to information on how to integrate technology within learning assets. LATIST is also designed as a method to raise awareness of technology options and provide a tool for faculty and staff to refer to when making learning technology decisions. As research and resources on ALT are constantly growing and evolving, LATIST is designed to be scalable and encourages user interaction by embedding capabilities such as tagging, saving, sharing, and uploading within the tool. This session will describe the usage centered design process that was used by GMU faculty and students to develop LATIST and will demonstrate the tool and its components. For more information on LATIST, please visit: http://cehd.gmu.edu/LATIST
Change Across Time in Cancer-Related Traumatic Stress Symptoms of Siblings of Children with Cancer: A Preliminary Investigation

This pilot study examined changes in cancer-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) across time for siblings of children with cancer. Siblings (N = 32; aged 8–18) completed a measure of anxiety, the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), and the PTSD section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) at twelve (SD = .9) and eighteen months (SD = 1.3) post-diagnosis. Moderate-to-severe PTSS was reported by 12 siblings (38%) at T1 and 7 (22%) at T2. Cluster analysis of PTSS data revealed five patterns: Few symptoms, stable across time (31%, n = 10); Mild symptoms, decreasing across time (16%, n = 5); Mild, stable symptoms (28%, n = 9); Moderate/severe symptoms, decreasing across time but remaining moderate (19%, n = 6); and Moderate/severe, stable symptoms (6%, n = 2). SCID data and anxiety scores distinguished siblings in the final two clusters from those with more favorable PTSS levels/trajectories. Additional research with larger samples is needed to validate these trajectories and examine factors that distinguish siblings with consistently elevated cancer-related PTSS from those with mild or significantly improving symptoms.
Safety incident reports associated with blood transfusions.

BACKGROUND Patient safety remains a critical issue in health care. Adverse events related to blood transfusion constitute a threat to patient safety. The aim of this study is to compare and contrast reporting trends of patient safety events that occur during the transfusion of blood components in pediatric and adult hospital care settings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This is a multicenter analysis of reported patient safety incidents occurring during the administration of blood components for four children's and 21 adult hospitals from January 2010 through September 2017. Denominators were pediatric or adult transfusions per year for a subset of two pediatric and two adult hospitals able to provide denominators for the complete reporting period. Rates were calculated on the subset of four hospitals per 100,000 components transfused with Pearson's chi square for comparison (p < 0.05 as significant). RESULTS There were 1902 reports for an estimated 1.1 million transfusions: 358 reports from pediatric hospitals and 1544 reports from adult hospitals. From hospitals able to provide denominator data; there were 192 reports for 128,560 pediatric transfusions and 183 reports for 377,563 adult transfusions. The reporting rate per 100,000 components from these four hospitals was 149 for pediatric and 48 for adult reports (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrates the continued need for transfusion safety practices. The type of incident reports differed in the pediatric setting compared to the adult setting. Understanding patient safety event reporting trends related to blood transfusion will help target hemovigilance education and interventions to the appropriate patient populations.
Insular cortex: Functional complexity and clinical correlations.

The insular cortex is a cytoarchitectonically complex and richly connected structure that functions as a cortical hub involved in interoception, multimodal sensory processing, autonomic control, perceptual self-awareness, and emotional guidance of social behavior. The human insula is subdivided into a posterior and an anterior lobe and includes posterior, middle, and anterior subdivisions based on different cytoarchitectonics (granular, dysgranular, and agranular), connectivity, and functions. The posterior (granular) insula receives inputs from pain, temperature, visceral, vestibular, and other sensory pathways; this multimodal sensory representation is further elaborated in the midinsular (dysgranular) cortex and then conveyed to the anterior (agranular) insula, which further processes this information and interacts with areas involved in cognitive and emotional control. The insula thus provides an interface between bodily sensation and emotion and may have a key role in perceptual awareness, social behavior, and decision making. fMRI and cortical microstimulation studies in patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery have provided further insight into the functional complexity of the insula in humans. Acute lesions, seizures, or degenerative disorders affecting the insula result in a wide range of sensory, autonomic, motor, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations. There are several reviews on the anatomic and functional organization of the insula1–6 and the clinical manifestation of focal lesions, seizures, or degenerative processes involving this complex area7–10
Hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy use and survival in older adults with Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (RAEB) in the United States (USA): a large propensity score-matched population-based study†.

Hypomethylating agents (HMA) showed overall survival (OS) benefits in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) in clinical trials. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of S...
Interaction of Neutrons with He 3

Spectra of the $n$+${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ reactions were obtained for monoenergetic neutron fluxes of 0.95, 2.67, 5.00, 8.07, and 17.5 Mev using a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-filled proportional counter. Analysis of these spectra yielded the ratios to the total cross section of the total elastic, the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}(n, p){\mathrm{H}}^{3}$, and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}(n, d)\mathrm{D}$ reaction cross sections. Absolute cross sections were obtained by normalization to the known total cross section. Differential elastic-scattering cross sections for neutrons on ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ were obtained through the relationship between the scattering angle of the neutron and the observed energy of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ recoil in the counter filling. These angular distributions are compared with the theoretical angular distributions as calculated by Bransden, Robertson, and Swan. The present experiment was intended to discriminate between their assumed two special cases for the potential interaction, the symmetrical exchange force and the Serber exchange force. The experimental results favor the Serber exchange force. This experiment also was intended to make possible the analysis of more complex neutron spectra by providing knowledge of $n$+${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ reaction cross sections and the spectra obtained when only monoenergetic neutrons are present. A comparison is made of the results of this experiment with cross sections calculated from inverse reactions and direct measurements of other investigators, where such data are available.
Tgfb3 collaborates with PP2A and notch signaling pathways to inhibit retina regeneration.

Neuronal degeneration in the zebrafish retina stimulates Muller glia (MG) to proliferate and generate multipotent progenitors for retinal repair. Controlling this proliferation is critical to successful regeneration. Previous studies reported that retinal injury stimulates pSmad3 signaling in injury-responsive MG. Contrary to these findings, we report pSmad3 expression is restricted to quiescent MG and suppressed in injury-responsive MG. Our data indicates that Tgfb3 is the ligand responsible for regulating pSmad3 expression. Remarkably, although overexpression of either Tgfb1b or Tgfb3 can stimulate pSmad3 expression in the injured retina, only Tgfb3 inhibits injury-dependent MG proliferation; suggesting the involvement of a non-canonical Tgfb signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of Alk5, PP2A or Notch signaling rescues MG proliferation in Tgfb3 overexpressing zebrafish. Finally, we report that this Tgfb3 signaling pathway is active in zebrafish MG, but not those in mice, which may contribute to the different regenerative capabilities of MG from fish and mammals.
Momentary associations between stress and physical activity among children using ecological momentary assessment.

Chronic and acute stress may have a detrimental effect on children's physical activity. Research on stress as a predictor of children's physical activity has mostly focused on stress between children, rather than how children's within-day variation in stress may predict physical activity. The current study assessed the within- and between-effects of stress on subsequent physical activity in three different time windows using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and accelerometry. Children (N = 190; MBaseline Age =10.1±0.9, 53% female, 56% self-identified Hispanic/Latino) completed six semi-annual assessment bursts across three years. During each burst, participants responded to up to seven (weekend) or three (weekday) randomly prompted EMA surveys on smartphones for seven days and wore a waist-worn accelerometer. Multi-level structural equation modeling examined within- and between-subjects effects of stress as a predictor of children's subsequent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the 15, 30, and 60 minutes following the EMA prompt. Latent variables were created for within- and between-subjects stress were comprised of three EMA stress items. Higher than average levels of stress (within-subjects) significantly predicted lower MVPA in the subsequent 15, 30 and 60 minutes (ps .05). Results indicate that elevated momentary stress predicts less subsequent MVPA. These findings suggest that within-day fluctuations in stress may be a barrier for children engaging in physical activity. Childhood physical activity promotion and interventions should consider the role of children's stress, aim to reduce the stress children experience throughout the day, and incorporate stress coping strategies.
The Interactive Effect of Punishment and Communication on Trust and Reciprocity: An Experimental Examination in a Gift-Exchange Setting

A “gift-exchange” contract is a contract in which employers’ trust (by offering a generous wage) and employees’ reciprocity (by reacting to the wage with high effort) is a commonly studied contract in the accounting and economics literatures. In this study, we use a controlled lab experiment to examine how two important organizational features impact the effectiveness of the gift-exchange contract: A managerial control which punishes employees for shirking on effort, and a free-form communication between employers and employees. Building on motivational-crowding theory, we hypothesize that a punishment control makes employers feel trust is no longer necessary, as a result, reduces employers’ wage offers. Consequently, we predict that punishment does not foster employees’ reciprocity as employers no longer signal trust. However, when an informal communication channel is present between employers and employees, we predict that communication restores trust and reciprocity when punishment is in place. Our experimental results support our predictions that punishment controls reduce both trust and reciprocity. We also find that communication helps improving trust-reciprocity when punishment is present. Furthermore, the two-way communication (in which both parties communicate with each other) is superior to the one-way communication in increasing employers’ trust and employees’ reciprocity. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
In situ Al2O3 incorporation enhances the efficiency of CuIn(S,Se)2 solar cells prepared from molecular-ink solutions

We report an efficiency enhancement of solution-processed CuIn(S,Se)2 (CISSe) thin film solar cells via in situ incorporation of Al2O3. These films were produced using inks containing CuCl, InCl3, AlNO3 (Al/Al + In: 0.1) and thiourea dissolved in methanol. After spin coating of these solutions in air, samples were subjected to a selenization process. Auger electron spectroscopy depth-profiling analysis showed that Al is evenly distributed throughout the bulk of the film. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that AlNO3 precursor reacted with oxygen to form nanosized amorphous Al2O3 grains located within the bulk and grain boundaries of CISSe, as well as at both the top and bottom interfaces. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 11.6% (JSC: 35.8 mA cm−2, VOC: 518 mV, FF: 62.2%, no anti-reflection coating) was achieved with Al–CISSe solar cell devices integrated with CdS (chemical bath deposition, thickness: 80 nm) and ZnO/ITO bilayers (sputtered, thickness: 300 nm). The average PCE (10.1%, 〈JSC〉: 34.5 mA cm−2, 〈VOC〉: 491 mV, 〈FF〉: 59.8%) was nearly 4% (absolute) higher than that measured on CISSe baseline cells fabricated from solutions without Al (〈PCE〉 = 6.4%, 〈JSC〉: 32.8 mA cm−2, 〈VOC〉: 410 mV, 〈FF〉: 47.3%). This in situ Al2O3 incorporation is speculated to play a role in the enhancement of the VOC and FF of the devices through passivation of defects in CISSe reducing interface and bulk recombination, as evidenced by a reduced defect density and an increased activation energy of the dominant recombination mechanism from capacitance and temperature-dependent VOC measurements, respectively.
The evaluation of a Nurturing parenting program implemented by child welfare workers

Abstract This study assessed Nurturing Parenting Program (NPP) for parents at-risk or currently involved with child welfare services. NPP was implemented with 74 caregivers by trained local child welfare workers with support from community providers. Changes in parenting attitudes and knowledge were assessed pre-post. Child welfare administrative data measured the outcome of NPP on maltreatment investigations and out-of-home placements post NPP. Findings from this study showed improved parenting knowledge and attitudes as well as low rates of subsequent investigations. Findings suggest the feasibility and utility of NPP implementation by the child welfare workforce.
Increasing persistence through scattering environments by using circularly polarized light.

We present simulation results that show circularly polarized light persists through scattering environments better than linearly polarized light. Specifically, we show persistence is enhanced through many scattering events in an environment with a size parameter representative of advection fog at infrared wavelengths. Utilizing polarization tracking Monte Carlo simulations we show a larger persistence benefit for circular polarization versus linear polarization for both forward and backscattered photons. We show the evolution of the incident polarization states after various scattering events which highlight the mechanism leading to circular polarization’s superior persistence.
Neurodegenerative Disease and Oxidative Stress: Insights from an Animal Model of Parkinsonism

Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are severe neurological diseases which collectively affect one of every five individuals. At first glance these disorders seem to have little in common. However, we will briefly review some of the reasons to believe that the diseases are interrelated and, thus, that insights from one can lead to a better understanding of the others. We then will explore a particular hypothesis regarding the mechanisms underlying the neuropathology of the disorders — that they involve an excess of reactive metabolites, including free radicals, which promote specific patterns of degeneration in different groups of individuals. Our discussion will focus on data that we have collected in our attempt to understand the basis of the selective vulnerability of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in PD.
Center tapped wye-delta transformer bank test case

On many distribution feeders one or more customers require single-phase and three-phase service. The single-phase service consist of two 120 volts circuits and one-240 volt circuit. This provides service to the "lighting" load. A typical three-phase load is an induction motor. The most common transformer bank connection for providing this combination service is the ungrounded wye-delta with a center tap on the "lighting" transformer. The other two transformers are referred to as the "power" transformers. The resulting secondary is four-wire with the center tap on the lighting transformer grounded. The unbalanced loading and unequal impedances of the transformers lead to an unbalanced three-phase voltage supply to the induction motor. It is important that the distribution engineer be able to accurately calculate the unbalanced voltages resulting from a particular combination of loading and transformer ratings. This paper presents a new IEEE test feeder with the required data for the analysis of the center tapped wye-delta transformer bank. The results of the analysis of the test feeder are included.
Moral‐Character Education

The moral-character formation of children and adolescents is an imposing challenge for parents and educators, and it has attracted significant research interest for decades. We review orienting assumptions that guide moral-character education (MCE) and the centrality of values in schools and classrooms. The moral and character education paradigms are contrasted in terms of underlying ethical theory, tradition of liberal education and preferred pedagogical strategies. Three theoretical approaches that guide moral-character programs are reviewed: moral stage theory, domain theory and moral self-identity. Next we summarize recent systematic reviews of “what works” in MCE. We note that when MCE is defined narrowly so that moral character is an explicit target of a program or intervention, evidence in favor of MCE is slight. But when MCE is defined broadly to include interventions that target a wide range of psychosocial competencies, risk reduction, health promotion, or achievement outcomes, then positive evidence is more availing. Third, we review cautionary evidence on effective delivery mechanisms of social interventions. We argue that the how of moral character education—including decisions such as explicit, transparent instruction versus more subtle and “stealthy” methods—may be as important in efforts to produce morally functioning adults as the what of moral character education—that is, moral reasoning versus character traits. We conclude with implications for classroom practice and for teacher education. Keywords: moral development; domain theory; character; self-identity; social-emotional learning; interventions; education
The Locality Rule Lives! Why? Using Modern Medicine to Eradicate an 'Unhealthy' Law

Despite predictions and proclamations of its demise, the locality rule – applying a geographical dimension to the professional medical standard of care – lives on in a minority of states. This paper proposes a recipe for the eradication of the locality rule through an examination of locality rule jurisprudence and modern medicine – undergraduate medical education, graduate medical education, state medical licensure, board certification, continuing medical education and practice guidelines.
CD4 T Cell Depletion Substantially Augments the Rescue Potential of PD-L1 Blockade for Deeply Exhausted CD8 T Cells.

In various models of chronic infections and cancers, blockade of the inhibitory programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway has been shown to be promising at restoring immune function. However, there is not a complete understanding of the factors that influence responsiveness to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. In particular, it is currently unclear whether the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade is dependent on the stage of disease. In a model of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice, we show that exhausted CD8 T cells during the late stage of infection are refractory to rescue by PD-L1 blockade. Interestingly, PD-L1 blockade during the late stage of infection resulted in a biased expansion of PD-1+ CTLA-4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) over antiviral CD8 T cells. Although previous studies have shown that Treg ablation can enhance the immune rescue by PD-L1 blockade, this regimen may induce lethal autoimmunity. In this report, we show that PD-L1 blockade together with CD4 T cell depletion effectively rescued deeply exhausted CD8 T cells and enhanced antiviral control during the late stage of chronic infection without any associated mortality. These data demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of anti–PD-L1 therapy on both virus-specific CD8 T cells and Tregs, and suggest a novel strategy for effectively rescuing deeply exhausted CD8 T cells.
Single neuron computation

Computation in dendrites and spines electronic models of neuronal dendrites and single neuron computation, W. Holmes and W. Rall canonical neurons and their computational organization, G. Shepherd computational models of hioopcampal neurons, B. Claiborne, et al hebbian computations in hippocampal dendrites and spines, T. Brown, et al synaptic integration by electro-diffusion in dendritic spines, T. Sejnowski and N. Qian dendritic morphology, inward rectification and the functional properties of neostriatal neurons, C. Wilson analog and digital processing in single nerve cells - dendritic integration and axonal propagation, I. Segev, et al ion channels, synapses and patterned discharge ionic currents governing input-output relations of betz cells, P. Schwindt synchronized multiple bursts in the hippocampus - a neuronal population oscillation uninterpretable without accurate cellular membrane kinetics, R. Traub and R. Miles physiological models with temporal integration of synaptic inputs, P. Anton, et al multiplying with synapses and neurons, C. Koch and T. Poggio a model of the direction selectivity in vertebrate reetina - transformations by neurons singly and in concert, L. Borg-Graham and N. Grzywacz exploring cortical microcircuits - a combined anatomical, physiological and computational approach, R. Douglas and K. Martin evolving analog VLSI neurons, M. Mahowald functions of synapses on very distal dendrites - layer 1 inputs to layer 5 pyramidal cells in neocortex, L. Cauller and B. Connors relations between the dynamical properties of single cells and their networks in piriform (olfactory) cortex multistate neurons and stochastic models of neuron dynamics determination of state dependent processing in thalamus by single neuron properties and neuromodulators, D. McCormick, et al single processing in multi-threshold neurons, D. Tam critical coherence and characteristic times in brain stem neuronal discharge patterns, K. Selz and A. Mandell stochastic neuron models, C. Smith fractal neuronal firing patterns, M. Teich co-operative stochastic effects in a model of a single neuron, A. Bulsara, et al.
The Politics of Travel: Blaise Diagne's Visits to Senegal, 1920s-Early 1930s

Blaise Diagne is known as the first African deputy of the French National Assembly and for the recruitment of African troops for the First World War. Much less is known about his later career as a deputy and his short time as an Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. This paper examines a number of trips he conducted during the 1920s and early 1930s to Senegal, travelling throughout almost the whole country from Saint Louis to Ziguinchor. The paper first interrogates the role he played during these trips as a deputy and later under-secretary on the one hand and African political leader on the other. Second, it analyses how power was represented, negotiated and contested during these trips, arguing that travels of political leaders often serve as a platform for embodying and visualizing power, but also an outlet for protesting against it. Third, the paper considers how these trips were utilized to represent and foster a specific idea of Senegal by traveling throughout the country and producing different forms of social and political relations. The paper is part of a project on travelling politicians in French West Africa and based on Senegalese and French archival documents and newspaper cuttings.
Comprehensive Income: How Is It Being Reported And What Are Its Effects?

SFAS No. 130 allows three format choices for reporting comprehensive income (CI); two involve reporting CI in a performance-based financial statement, while the third option incorporates it into a statement of changes in stockholders' equity (SCSE). Prior research suggests that reporting CI in the latter option results in less useful information for investors. This study examines CI reporting for a sample of financial service firms and demonstrates that a majority (63%) of them chose a SCSE format. In addition, a significant association existed between both the direction and size of the components of other comprehensive income and the format chosen.
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Power quality laboratory testing usually serves one of three purposes: to test electrical devices for their performance in the presence of power quality disturbances; to test power quality mitigation devices for their ability to mitigate disturbances; or to determine the magnitude and types of power quality disturbances produced by a device connected to the power system. The power quality lab must, therefore, be able to recreate operating conditions, both disturbed and undisturbed, that a device will experience in the field.