cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Conventional and Teaching Clinic Supervision

This study compared the teaching clinic, a group form of supervision, to the conventional one-to-one method of supervision. Two matched groups of five clinicians participated in conventional supervision for four weeks and in teaching clinic supervision for four weeks. Two supervisors alternately supervised both groups. The supervisory conferences were videotaped at two-week intervals. Segments of the conferences were coded using the Multidimensional Observational System for the Analysis of Interactions in Clinical Supervision (M.O.S.A.I.C.S.). Talk behaviors in the supervisory conference changed as a function of time and type of supervision. The two supervisory methods, although statistically different, presented more similarities than differences. Descriptively, teaching clinic conferences contained more clinician verbal behaviors characteristic of direct supervision. Conventional conferences contained more instances of indirect behavior or those thought to be characteristic of self-supervision.
Photoluminescence of cellulose acetate and silica sphere composite

Abstract Strong blue and green light emission has been observed from the cellulose acetate (CA) and silica sphere composite. Two different amounts of silica spheres were mixed in the CA solution to fabricate large area super-hydrophobic films. The silica spheres and CA solution ratios were 0.07:4.0 (SSCA-A) and 0.14:4.0 (SSCA-B). The milky color solution of SSCA-A and SSCA-B slowly turned to light yellow and red, respectively, with the time passed. The colors became intense yellow and red for the SSCA-A and SSCA-B, respectively, after 38 days. FTIR spectra show more absorption at 3478 cm−1 corresponding OH stretching vibration, at 2963 cm−1 caused by CH stretching vibration, at 1746 and 1713 cm−1 representing the C O stretching vibration, and at 1100 cm−1 corresponding R OH and Si O Si stretching vibration for CA and silica. Therefore, aged SSCA-A and SSCA-B have more OH, CH, C O, and Si O Si groups than pure CA. UV–visible spectra show the absorption peaks at 410 nm for both SSCA-A and SSCA-B. Photoluminescence (PL) peaks were shifted toward longer wavelength with the increase of the excitation wavelength and became maximum at approximately 470 nm with excitation wavelength at 400 nm for the SSCA-A. There were two maximum luminescence peaks at 470 and 530 nm with the excitation wavelength at 400 and 470 nm, respectively, for the SSCA-B. The luminescence peak shift was due to the multiple emission center proved by the different excitation energy.
ABCs of Dietary Guidelines 2000 for Clinicians

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the ABCs for good health. They urge that all Americans Aim for fitness, Build a healthy base, and Choose sensibly. Action steps include the following: Aim for fitness: Aim for a healthy weight. Be physically active everyday. Build a healthy base: Let the food pyramid guide your food choices. Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily. Keep food safe to eat. Choose sensibly: Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars. Choose and prepare foods with less salt. If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.
Changes in Acid Resistance of Dentin Irradiated by a CW 10.6 μm CO2 Laser

The overall objective of our studies is to establish laser conditions that can be used clinically for the prevention or treatment of early carious lesions in dental enamel and dentin. Previous studies have shown that laser irradiation of dental enamel by specific carbon dioxide laser conditions can inhibit subsequent acid dissolution of the dental enamel surface. The purpose of this study was to determine whether irradiation of dentin by a continuous wave 10.6 µm carbon dioxide laser would inhibit acid dissolution. Blocks of human dentin roots (3x3 mm2) were irradiated at 10.6 µm wavelength with power settings of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 watts. A motion controller system was used to ensure uniform irradiation of the entire dentin surface. Surface acid dissolution profiles following irradiation were acquired for the irradiated groups and a non-irradiated control group. Dissolution rates for 0.5 and 0.75 watts were not statistically significant (p>0.05) from the control group, whereas irradiation at 1.0 watts and higher significantly (p<0.05) increased the acid dissolution rate. Considerable surface damage occurred at these higher powers. This study demonstrated that irradiation of dentin by a continuous wave 10.6 µm carbon dioxide but did not decrease the acid dissolution rate, and was detrimental at powers of 1.0 watts and above.
Creating Value Together: The Emerging Design Space of Peer-to-Peer Currency and Exchange

Paradigms for the collaborative creation of value through trade and exchange have developed over millennia. Thus, coins emerged in response to a set of challenges in barter and gift exchange. The development of paradigms for trade and exchange continues today, and is accelerating due both to crises in the mainstream global economy, and to new possibilities enabled by information technology. In this discussion paper, we consider alternative and complementary currency and exchange innovations, including local/community currencies, timebanks, crypto-currencies, and person-to-person collaborative economy microenterprises, as a technology design space for currency and exchange. We consider the consequences and trajectories of the rapidly evolving currency ecosystem, particularly with respect to research and development opportunities for CSCW.
Sensitivity Coefficients Utilized in Nonlinear Estimation With Small Parameters in a Heat Transfer Problem

The method of nonlinear estimation for determining parameters in differential equations is extended to treat more efficiently the problem of determining dominant and small parameters. Using the sensitivity coefficients, it is shown how to determine the dominant parameters first using nonlinear estimation and then using linear least squares to find the small parameters. This procedure can save a considerable amount of computer time. Even more important is the application to model-building (identification). The residuals for the difference of the temperatures calculated, assuming the small parameters are zero, and the measured temperatures are shown to yield information for discriminating between alternate mathematical models. A transient heat-conduction example is given to illustrate some of the concepts developed.
Implementation of two-state alignment system into CXrL aligner (Poster Paper)

We describe the implementation of the two-state alignment system into the CXrL aligner, which is developed at our Center for X-ray Lithography. The CXrL aligner is designed to expose sub 0.25 μm feature size integrated circuits. The aligner consists of a three-axes two-state alignment system for alignment error detection and a piezo based precision mechanical stage for alignment error correction. The wafer is held by a precision vacuum chuck, while the mask is held by three vacuum suction cups located around the glass ring. In the prototype, the mask to wafer relative positioning is achieved by 3 motorized stages (for gap setting) and 3 piezo-actuators (for lateral alignment). Since the optical system is designed to be located outside of the synchrotron radiation path, alignment can be performed during exposure. We present the results of the alignment system performance, such as noise equivalent displacement and alignment signal response time. An alignment signal repeatibility of much better than 3σ = 0.07μm is achieved. We also briefly describe the future evaluation of the system, such as overlay measurement of the system using verniers and SEM inspection of some specially designed patterns.
Genetic identification of a portion of the herpes simplex virus ICP8 protein required for DNA-binding.

The major DNA-binding protein or infected cell protein 8 (ICP8) encoded by herpes simplex virus exhibits multiple interactions with the cell nucleus in that it interacts with the host cell nuclear matrix and viral DNA molecules as sequential stages in its maturational process (M. P. Quinlan, L. B. Chen, and D. M. Knipe (1984), Cell 36, 857–868). To define the portion(s) of ICP8 required for DNA binding, we have fine-mapped and identified the sequence changes in mutant genes causing changes in the protein that affect DNA binding. These mutations lead to amino acid changes between residues 348 and 450 of ICP8. Construction of a mutant ICP8 gene specifically altered at residues 499 and 502 led to a gene product that was also defective in a nuclear function. Thus, at least part of the region of ICP8 from residues 348 to 4.50 is required for DNA binding by ICP8. This portion of the protein may be involved in binding to DNA or forming intermolecular contacts needed for cooperative DNA binding. If this region is directly involved in binding of the protein to DNA, the most likely structure predicted for this region involves folding of β-strands to form a channel for binding to a nucleotide chain.
Serotonin-containing, catecholamine-containing and dopamine-sequestering neurones in the ventral nerve cord of the Hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus

Abstract Histofluorescent and immunocytological methods were used to identify 6 sets of neurones which contain and/or sequester monoamine in whole mounts of the ventral nerve cord of the Hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. These studies reveal a cellular organization in the prothoracic ganglion which is modified in the cephalic suboesophageal ganglion and in the fused terminal thoracic ganglion. Several monoamine-handling cells in Rhodnius appear to correspond with monoamine-handling cells identified in other insect species. Comparison of identified monoamine-handling cell sets in insect ventral nerve cords may contribute to an understanding of how monoaminergic systems co-evolve.
Chemical Solution Deposition of Perovskite Thin Films

The use of chemical solution deposition for the fabrication of perovskite thin films is reviewed. A variety of approaches including sol−gel, chelate, and metalloorganic decomposition have all been employed with success in the preparation of these materials. For a number of perovskite compounds, thin-film properties that equal those of the bulk materials have been obtained. Various aspects of the solution chemistries for the three different routes are discussed, and the effects of solution precursor properties on the conversion of the as-deposited film to the desired perovskite phase are discussed. The roles that thermodynamic and kinetic factors have on this transformation process are also reviewed. Finally, some of the applications for solution-derived thin films currently under development are reviewed, and the inherent limitations of the deposition technique for device manufacture are considered.
Plasma and beam facility atomic oxygen erosion of a transition metal complex

Glassy residues of the complex bis(N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylenediamino)zirconium(IV), Zr(dsp)2, on glass slides were exposed to atomic oxygen in a plasma asher or an atomic beam facility for various amounts of lime in order to study the erosion process, determine the rate of erosion, and learn the chemical identity of the residue. The exposed films were characterized by weight loss, optical photography, profilometry, diffuse reflectance and total transmittance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry (WDS), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results indicate that these films erode much more slowly polyimide (Kapton™) film under identical conditions, that the erosion is very nonuniform, and that zirconium dioxide is the predominant product after extended exposure. This complex is currently being evaluated as a polymer additive.
Voice reaction time of stuttering and nonstuttering children and adults

Abstract The voice reaction time (VRT) of 5-yr old, 9-yr old, and adult stutterers and nonstutterers was investigated. Subjects initiated the sound / Λ / in response to fifty-five 1000-Hz tones of 1 sec duration. The tones were presented in five equal sets of 11 tones each with the silent intervals between the tones randomly selected to be 3, 4, 5, or 6 sec. Data analysis was based on responses 2–11 for each set. The VRTs for both the stutterers and the nonstutterers decreased significantly as an inverse function of age, with the largest decrease in reaction time occuring between 5 and 9 yr. The VRTs for the stutterers, however, were significantly slower than those of the nonstutterers at each of the three age levels. The results suggest that observed disruption in the laryngeal behavior for at least some stutterers may not result from the development of stuttering with age, but may contribute to early difficulty in the child's ability to produce fluent speech. Consideration of central factors are discussed.
Identification of candidate genes for psychiatric disorders on 18p11

Linkage studies have suggested a locus for bipolar disorder as well as schizophrenia in the pericentric region of chromosome 18. Several candidate genes have been identified in the region including ACTH, IMP, and G(olf), however no reports of mutations in families showing linkage to the 18p11 locus have been reported. Recently, mild linkage disequilibrium has been observed with a polymorphic marker that maps within the G(olf) gene and schizophrenia in families from Germany and Israel, suggesting that a gene mapping near G(olf) may be involved in psychiatric disorders. A BAC and cosmid contig around the G(olf) locus has been generated and BAC clones were used for cDNA selection experiments. Several novel genes have been identified which are expressed in the brain. These genes may be possible candidate genes for psychiatric illness.
Synthesis of a 6-Methyl-7-deaza Analogue of Adenosine That Potently Inhibits Replication of Polio and Dengue Viruses

Bioisosteric deaza analogues of 6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine, a hydrophobic analogue of adenosine, were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Whereas the 1-deaza and 3-deaza analogues were essentially inactive in plaque assays of infectivity, a novel 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine analogue, structurally related to the natural product tubercidin, potently inhibited replication of poliovirus (PV) in HeLa cells (IC50 = 11 nM) and dengue virus (DENV) in Vero cells (IC50 = 62 nM). Selectivity against PV over cytotoxic effects to HeLa cells was >100-fold after incubation for 7 h. Mechanistic studies of the 5′-triphosphate of 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine revealed that this compound is an efficient substrate of PV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and is incorporated into RNA mimicking both ATP and GTP.
Tensor products of mixed abelian groups

For any abelian group G, let tG denote the maximal torsion subgroup of G. Group G is said to be mixed if 0 # tG f: G and to be of rank one if G/tG is isomorphic to a subgroup of Q, the additive group of rational numbers. In [4], it is shown that a countable, rank-one mixed group G with tG reduced is determined up to isomorphism by its Ulm invariants and an invariant U(G), which we shall discuss in more detail below; in other words, a countable rank-one abelian group G is determined by tG and U(G). If G and K are both countable rank-one mixed groups with reduced torsion parts, then their tensor product G @ K = G & K also is easily seen to be such a group, Thus, if we can determine the Ulm invariants of G @ K and compute the invariant U(G @ K), we shall have determined the structure of G @ K. Also, let us mention that due to the fact that taking tensor products of torsion groups radically simplifies their structure, our results to some extent will be applicable to uncountable rank-one groups. Furthermore, the techniques we develop in computing U(G @ K) will probably be crucial to any future study of the structure of G @K for arbitrary mixed groups G and 2% Finally, we remark that taking tensor products of mixed groups does, as one would anticipate, lead to groups of simpler structure. Nonetheless, the groups G @ K remain rich enough in structure to make their determination nontrivial. Let p be an arbitrary prime. We define polG for all ordinals 01 by
Potassium-induced increases in oxygen consumption are diminished by age in rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract Previous reports showed that cytochromeα,α3 responded to heightened brain activity with shifts toward oxidation in adult rats but toward reduction in aged animals. To determine whether this change indicates an age-associated limitation in mitochondrial respiratory capacity, the present study compared oxygen consumption in hippocampal slices of young adult (6 month, control) and aged (26 month) rats. Slices were used to insure that results were independent of cerebrovascular factors. Age was without effect on oxygen consumption under ‘resting’ conditions (i.e. with slices bathed at 3.5 mM K+), but oxygen consumption was not increased as much in hippocampal slices from aged rats under heightened energy demands (produced by raising the extracellular potassium ion activity ([K+]o to 50 mM). This lesser oxygen consumption response to enhanced metabolic demand suggests that there are age-associated limits to the brain's ability to increase its metabolic rate.
An Integral Formula in Weighted Bergman Spaces

In order to establish that extremal functions in the Bergman space A p act as both expansive multipliers and contractive divisors, Duren, Khavinson, Shapiro and Sundberg made use of an integral formula involving the biharmonic Green function. Using a weighted biharmonic Green function, we derive an analogous integral formula in the standard weighted Bergman space \(A_{\alpha}^{p}\ {\rm when}\ \alpha =1\), and we also discuss how the formula can be established for general α. Moreover, we show that each \(A_{\alpha}^{p}\) inner function acts as a contractive divisor on the invariant subspace which it generates.
Methods in the Madness: Integrative Approaches to Methodology in Introductory Comparative Politics

This paper outlines an integrative approach to teaching (qualitative) comparative methods at the introductory undergraduate level. The integrative approach does not view methodological instruction as a topic to be treated cursorily at the outset of a course, but rather one to be intertwined throughout an academic term as students simultaneously learn to work with theories and evidence. Syllabi and writing assignments can be structured to emphasize methodological understandings of social science principles. As preliminary evidence, I offer a comparison of two courses in consecutive years. In the first year, the course did not integrate methodology with theory and evidence, and learning outcomes with respect to social science were poor. The following year, the integrative approach dramatically altered student self-reports of their learning about how social science is practiced. Moreover, integrative approaches lend themselves to continued efforts to teach analytical skills for those faced with accreditation...
Development of an optimised papaya pulp nectar using a combination of irradiation and mild heat

Abstract Papaya does not sufficiently maintain desired fresh fruit quality when shipped long distances due to an easily bruised soft skin and a short shelf life. This leads to both a large supply of pulp from unsightly fruit that is never shipped and low sales due to blemished fruit. Unfortunately, traditional preservation methods (pasteurisation) negatively alter papaya’s fresh flavour. Thus to effectively utilise available papaya pulp, processing requires an approach that enables retention of papaya’s natural flavours without excessive heat. Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L., var.’s Rainbow (yellow-fleshed) and SunUp (red-fleshed)) were pulped, diluted, and processed with mild heat (80 °C, 5 min), irradiation (5 kGy or 7.5 kGy) or combinations of both. Irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in ascorbic acid content. Mild heat treatment significantly reduced pectinesterase activity and microbiological viability. Irradiation followed by heat further enhanced destruction of Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes and retained the flavour and a nutritional profile closest to untreated controls. The product was microbiologically safe with acceptable enzyme levels and would be shippable under refrigeration.
Study of integral equation methods for transonic flow calculations

Abstract An integral equation method based on the full-potential equation for transonic flow calculations is presented. The full-potential equation is written in the moving frame of reference, in the form of the Poisson's equation. The integral equation solution in terms of the velocity field is obtained by the Green's theorem. The numerical solutions are obtained by a time-marching (if unsteady flows), iterative procedure. The computational examples presented in the present paper include steady and unsteady, two-dimensional (airfoil) and three-dimensional (wing) flows. The methodof combining the integral equation solution with the finite-volume Euler solution is also presented. Through studying the method and computational examples, the capabilities and limitations of the transonic integral equation method are discussed. Finally, the need for further research is addressed.
Hepatic expression of hepatitis C virus RNA in chronic hepatitis C: a study by in situ reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates at a low rate and this makes its detection and intrahepatic localization difficult. To evaluate the clinical implications and effect of interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) therapy on hepatic expression of HCV RNA, HCV RNA was detected by in situ reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (IS-RT-PCR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver sections from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Results were compared with RT-PCR of HCV RNA extracted from liver sections/tissue. Twenty-four paired post-IFN-alpha treatment biopsy specimens were also assessed. Using RT-PCR of the extracted RNA as a positive standard and non-HCV liver sections as the negative standard, the sensitivity and specificity of IS-RT-PCR were 69% and 100%, respectively. HCV RNA was detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (median, 5% hepatocytes positive; range, 0 to 35%) and very occasionally in infiltrating mononuclear cells. There was no correlation between hepatic expression of HCV RNA and the clinical, biochemical parameters, total and activity scores of histology activity index. Presence of HCV RNA in liver as detected by IS-RT-PCR was associated with higher serum HCV RNA levels (4.9 x 106 vs. 0.4 x 106 genome Eq/mL, P < .01). There was no difference in the pretreatment proportion of HCV RNA-positive hepatocytes among patients with different biochemical responses to IFN-alpha therapy. In the posttreatment samples, HCV RNA was undetectable by IS-RT-PCR in 16 of 24 patients (P < .01), including all 4 patients who had complete and sustained response (SR). We conclude that HCV RNA was detected by IS-RT-PCR in 0 to 35% of hepatocytes in patients with chronic HCV infection, detection of HCV RNA in liver by IS-RT-PCR was associated with higher viremia levels and IFN-alpha therapy reduced hepatocytic expression of HCV RNA. (Hepatology 1996 Jun;23(6):1318-23)
Participation and Activity Rates: Monitoring Exposure Potential for Native Americans and Others in the United States

Managers and regulators are concerned about potential human health effects from exposure on lands contaminated by chemicals and radionuclides. Determining target cleanup levels is partly dependent upon future land use, and potential exposure from human use. This paper provides data from surveys of activity patterns of people attending festivals in four states, located in the vicinity of Department of Energy facilities. There were significant differences in both participation rates, and activity rates as a function of both location and ethnicity that can be used by managers to track exposure, land use, and preferred activities on natural lands. In general, 1) a higher percent of Native Americans engaged in consumptive activities than others, 2) a higher percent of Caucasians engaged in some non-consumptive activities than Native Americans, 3) a higher percentage of Native Americans engaged in activities on sacred grounds, 4) activity rates were generally higher for Native Americans for consumptive activities and religious/cultural than for Caucasians, 5) fishing rates were higher than other consumptive activities, and camping/hiking were higher than other non-con- sumptive activities, and 6) hunting rates were higher in subjects from Idaho than elsewhere. Baseline human use is critical for monitoring potential exposure, and provides the basis for monitoring, risk assessment and future land use, and these data can be used by managers for assessment and management. Tracking changes over time will reflect changing recreational, subsistence, and cultural/religious trends that relate to land use, public perceptions, and exposure.
NSAID exposure and risk of Alzheimer disease Is timing everything

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a large and growing public health problem and disease prevention represents the best long-term strategy for reducing its human and economic toll. Presently no curative therapies exist, but even a small delay in disease onset would have significant public health implications. Thus, the search for modifiable risk factors for AD is a significant public health priority. The relation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use on AD risk has been studied for many years. Some studies report a reduction of risk,1 whereas other studies have found no association.2 It had been hoped that the AD Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial would clarify the association, but it was discontinued early due to adverse events. The results failed to show a reduction in AD risk.3 In analyses of cognitive decline, which generally provide greater power for associations, there was evidence of worsening cognition associated with assignment to celecoxib or naproxen compared to placebo.4 Thus, the trial suggested an increased rather than decreased risk. In this issue of Neurology ® , Breitner et al.5 turn once again to data from an observational study to shed new light on the potential association of …
Association between utility and treatment among patients with prostate cancer.

Purpose To analyze the association between utility, treatment, and generic and prostate-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with prostate cancer.
SU-F-BRCD-02: Activity Assay of a Y-90 Microsphere Sample Using a Coincidence Detection System.

Purpose: This work takes advantage of a newly‐determined, low‐uncertainty branching ratio of the internal pair production component of Y‐90 decay to spectroscopically assay the activity of a Y‐90 microsphere sample with a coincidence detection system (CDS). Methods: The CDS pairs a HPGe detector with a large NaI detector. The system is able to electronically filter the bremsstrahlung continuum from the photon spectrum by gating the energy signal from the HPGe with the coincidence signal. This reduces the uncertainty in the spectra measurement compared to measurements with a single HPGe detector. A series of pulsers were used to correct for counting losses. A geometric characterization was completed to find the optimal source position for measurements. An efficiency calibration of the CDS was completed using a Na‐22 standard source. To validate the measurement accuracy of the CDS, the activity of a Y‐90 standard activity solution from the NIST SRM program was determined and compared to the value given by NIST. The CDS was then used to determine the activity of a Y‐90 microsphere sample. This value was compared to the 3.0 GBq value given by the manufacturer. Results: The activity determined with the CDS was within 2.6% from the given activity of the NIST SRM source, which is within the expanded uncertainty associated with the CDS measurement. The activity of the Y‐90 microsphere sample was determined to be 3.72 GBq +/− 1.9%. This is 19% higher than the manufacturer‐stated activity of 3 GBq. This is outside the manufacturer‐stated uncertainty of +/−10%. Conclusions: The ability of CDS to determine the activity of a Y‐90 source has been validated with comparison to a NIST Y‐90 standard activity solution. The use of the CDS has been extended to determine the activity of a Y‐90 microsphere sample.
Eigenvalue assignment for linear time-varying systems with disturbances

This study presents an eigenvalue assignment control architecture for a class of linear time-varying (LTV) systems in the presence of time-varying disturbances. Eigenvalue assignment architecture is presented as a way to achieve feedback stabilisation for LTV disturbed systems. With an input compensator design, the output of slowly LTV systems with disturbances can practically track the reference. Moreover, the implementation of the proposed eigenvalue assignment technique in practice has been demonstrated by using adaptive estimation of time-varying disturbances.
Modeling the stress field in laminated composite plates near discontinuities

Abstract A structural model is developed using Reissner's variational principle to analyze stress gradient problems in laminated composite plates. A statically admissible stress field, which has explicit dependence on the thickness coordinate, is selected for each layer. Both interlaminar traction and displacement continuity are enforced between layers. This model is similar to an earlier one developed by Pagano, but has four dependent variables less per layer than Pagano's model. It is shown that the model can duplicate Pagano's results for the same number of subdivisions through the thickness. The uniform axial extension of a [0/90] s laminate is used as the example problem for comparison to Pagano's theory and to illustrate the methodology.
Unconventional systems analysis problems in molecular biology: a case study in gene regulatory network modeling

Abstract The broad conceptual postulate that systems engineering techniques developed for complex chemical processes may be applicable to complex cell biological processes is very compelling. However, a naive, “direct” application of systems engineering techniques to biological problems of practical significance may be rendered virtually ineffective by fundamental differences between cell biology and chemical processes. These differences and the problems they pose are illustrated in this paper with an example problem: modeling a gene regulatory network involved in the yeast cell cycle. We demonstrate how the biological essence complicates a straightforward “process modeling/identification” problem and subsequently recommend an alternative approach. The approach—a middle ground between a direct, “off the shelf” application of systems engineering tools and a “one-at-a-time” ad-hoc development—incorporates fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms and constraints intrinsic to biological systems. The principles and implementation details of the approach are illustrated with the case study.
Productivity, Profitability, and Economic Insecurity

For some time, economists have taken note of a reversal in the historic rise in living standards in the USA and its serious consequences. Namely, for some persons and families, living standards of late have not improved at all and, worse yet, for others their financial fortunes have actually deteriorated. One reason commonly assigned for this economic malaise is a low rate of productivity improvement since 1973. Aims not to pursue this matter along customary lines in an attempt to unravel the “mystery” behind the sluggish productivity figures; rather, to suggest three other lines of investigation. The first points to productivity data which indicate that the aggregate data on productivity conceal important differences in productivity from one industrial sector to another. The second introduces entrepreneurship, which is at the very core of the ongoing industrial revolution, as a critical factor in interpreting productivity information and in accounting for stagnant or falling living standards since 1973. The third calls attention to the various revolutions centring on a redefinition of the meaning of personal rights that have swept across the USA over the past 40 years and how those revolutions have undermined the traditional social values that are foundational as to how economic affairs are organized and therefore how well the economy actually performs.
Reduction of nitric oxide on the carbon pretreated Rh{331} single crystal surface; evidence for molecular CN− formation

Abstract The chemisorption of NO on the carbon pretreated Rh{331} single crystal surface has been investigated by XPS, LEED and SIMS. The carbon overlayer was prepared by dehydrogenation of chemisorbed C2H4. Results of NO adsorption at room temperature show that surface carbon blocks adsorption sites that normally coordinate molecular NOADS and its dissociated products, NAds and OAds, as determined by comparing to experiments performed on clean Rh{331}. Heating the surface which contains NOAds, nAds, OAds and CAds, induces a series of chemical reactions starting with the dissociation of molecular NOAds. Above 400 K, the CAds and NAds atoms combine to form CN−. The formation of the latter species is confirmed by the temperature evolution of the Rh2CN+ and CN− SIMS ion yields. The CAds species also reacts with OAds to produce CO and/or CO2. These processes occur preferentially over the desorption of N2 and O2. In general, it is demonstrated that by using the XPS and SIMS methods, it is possible to identify the reaction species present on the surface at any given temperature and to unravel rather complex reaction pathways.
Color Doppler sonography of uterine disorders

Color Doppler sonography (CDS) of uterine disorders has clinical applications for the evaluation of uterine fibroids, polyps, and vascular malformations. This review describes and illustrates these applications as well as the use of 3D CDS.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of vapor-phase grown nanotubes of carbon

Abstract Nanotubes of carbon can be produced by vapor condensation of carbon on a flat graphite surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed the presence of tubes with very small diameters from 10 to 70 A, and up to several hundred nanometers in length. Most of the tubes are terminated by hemispherical caps and some are well aligned, forming bundles. Atomic resolution images of the tubes show that they have a helical graphitic nature.
Time, Space, and the Question of Heroism in Sertorius

This article examines the exceptional role Corneille gives to the dimensions of time and space in Sertorius, one of the playwright’s later tragedies. In contrast to Corneille’s general dramatic practice, in which the two dimensions are relatively neglected, here they are foregrounded and serve as a framework for Sertorius’s tragedy. His relationship to time—he is essentially a man of the past to whom the future will be denied—and to space—immobilized in Nertobridge while aching to return to Rome—restricts him and prevents forward movement in either realm. Furthermore, time and space provide a vital key for unraveling the thorny issue of heroism as it pertains to both Sertorius and Pompee.
Skinned ventricular fibres: troponin C extraction is species-dependent and its replacement with skeletal troponin C changes Sr2+ activation properties.

Troponin C (TnC) was extracted from bundles of rat and mouse skinned cardiac ventricular cells by a method similar to that previously used to extract TnC from skinned rabbit skeletal muscle cells (Kerricket al., J. biol. Chem.260, 15687-93, 1985) and replaced with either bovine cardiac or rabbit fast-twitch skeletal TnC. In contrast, the same TnC extraction conditions will not extract TnC from either bovine or rabbit cardiac skinned fibres. When the extracted TnC was replaced by bovine cardiac TnC the Sr2+-activated tension relationship was not altered from control values. In contrast, replacement of the endogenous TnC with exogenous rabbit fast-twitch TnC caused the relationship between Sr2+ concentration and tension to shift towards higher concentrations of Sr2+. The Sr2+-activated tension of rat fibres with fast-twitch TnC was identical to that of rabbit fast-twitch skinned fibres. Partial skeletal TnC substitution in skinned cardiac cells gradually shifted the relationship between tension and [Sr2+] to higher Sr2+ concentrations and caused the cells to be activated over a wider range of Sr2+ concentrations. Thus it appears that the activation of rat cardiac skinned cells by Sr2+ is determined by characteristics of the TnC. In contrast, the Sr2+ activation of skinned rabbit fast-twitch skeletal fibres containing either cardiac or skeletal TnC is identical, strongly suggesting that protein-protein interactions determined the Sr2+-activation properties in these fibres.
Human Growth Hormone Release: Relation to Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Waking Cycles

Release of human growth hormone during sleep is significantly related to slow, synchronized stages of sleep and therefore would seem to be controlled by related neural mechanisms. When sleep-waking cycles are reversed by 12 hours, the release of growth hormone with sleep is reversed; thus release does not follow an inherent circadian rhythm independent of sleep.
A Reexamination of the Origin of Forest Differences at a Subalpine Location in Colorado

Abstract Baker (1991) proposed that forest differences observed on either side of a fence were attributable to differences in grazing. The study location is in a subalpine forest on the Pike National Forest adjacent to the fenced boundary of Colorado Springs watershed land. Grazing on the watershed land has been excluded for over a century, and U.S. Forest Service land has had moderate grazing over the same time period. The Forest Service land supports a relatively dense forest comprised primarily of Pinus aristata. The watershed land has a less dense cover composed primarily of Picea engelmannii. Baker (1991) attributed vegetation differences to differential grazing pressure. Additional information suggests an alternate explanation for the vegetation characteristics of this site. In the 1930's, the Forest Service began a program of monitoring areas where trees had been planted or where forest health was a concern. Included in these photographic records is a 1960 photograph of the study area that document...
Remote memory as affected by aging

Abstract Memory for past public events that occurred between 1930–1972 was assesseed in subjects of average education aged fifty to eighty-nine years. With increasing age, performance declined similarly for all time periods sampled. No evidence for the selective preservation of remote memory was obtained. Similar results were found in a group of highly educated subjects aged sixty to eighty-nine years. The results are taken to mean that aging produces a deficiency in recall that can extend to much, if not all, of remote memory.
Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas: correlation with digital subtraction angiography findings.

Purpose The purpose of this prospective study was to utilize contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography to evaluate the enhancement characteristics of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas and correlate them with the tumor vascularity observed on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Methods Twenty consecutive patients with ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma underwent power Doppler sonography and DSA. Tumor vascularity was assessed using unenhanced and contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography. The contrast agent Levovist was administered intravenously by bolus injection of a dose of 2.5 g at a concentration of 350 mg/mL; saline was administered immediately thereafter. The patients were asked to hold their breath for 30 seconds (for the period 15–45 seconds after saline injection) while the early phase of enhancement was studied; the delayed phase of enhancement was observed between 60 and 120 seconds after saline administration, while patients breathed gently. Results None of the 20 pancreatic carcinomas showed any color signals on power Doppler sonography before administration of the contrast medium. Seventeen (85%) of the 20 pancreatic carcinomas also showed no enhancement in the early and delayed phases of contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography. However, in the early phase of contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography; 1 lesion showed pronounced enhancement and 2 showed mild enhancement. On DSA, the 17 carcinomas showing no enhancement on power Doppler sonography were found to be hypovascular, whereas the remaining 3 carcinomas with contrast enhancement on power Doppler sonography were found to be hypervascular. Conclusions The enhancement characteristics of the ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas correlated well with the tumor vascularity observed on DSA. However, further study is needed to determine the accuracy of contrast-enhanced sonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:179–185, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20018
Feeder unit environmental factors associated with partial carcass condemnations in market swine

Abstract The impact of feeder pig finishing unit environment on partial carcass condemnations was evaluated in two studies. In a case-control study, monitoring data from 40 farms were used in the analysis. The average partial carcass condemnation percentage of 23 case farms in 1987 was 6.7%, and that of 17 control farms was 1.3%. The following factors differed (P In a follow-up study, a multiple regression model was developed to explain the impact of environmental factors on partial carcass condemnations in swine. Farms were selected by simple random sampling. The analysis included environmental data from 103 farms. Nine variables were significant (P
Fluctuation Superconductivity in Mesoscopic Aluminum Rings

Fluctuations are important near phase transitions, where they can be difficult to describe quantitatively. Superconductivity in mesoscopic rings is particularly intriguing because the critical temperature is an oscillatory function of magnetic field. There is an exact theory for thermal fluctuations in one-dimensional superconducting rings, which are therefore expected to be an excellent model system. We measured the susceptibility of many rings, one ring at a time, by using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device that can isolate magnetic signals that are seven orders of magnitude smaller than applied flux. We find that the fluctuation theory describes the results and that a single parameter characterizes the ways in which the fluctuations are especially important at magnetic fields where the critical temperature is suppressed.
Georneys joins AGU's blog network

[1] A blog on geological musings, wanderings, and adventures, called Georneys, has joined AGU's network of Earth and space science blogs. With the addition of Georneys, on 11 July, the AGU Blogosphere (http://blogs.agu.org), as the network is known, has grown to showcase eight independent blogs since its launch last fall. “One reason I write this blog is to maintain my sanity as I finish up my Ph.D. In the midst of much stress, long days in lab, and long nights writing thesis chapters, I write to remind myself of why I love geology,” says Georneys blogger Evelyn Mervine. “I also write to document some of my geological adventures and to share my love of geology with others.”
Dual-Arm Z-scan for measuring nonlinearities of solutes in solution

Performing identical and simultaneous Z-scans on two samples (solvent and solvent plus solute), the effects of solvent n2 can be essentially eliminated, thus overcoming a longstanding problem in organic dye nonlinear characterization.
Semiclassical Skyrmion equation of motion.

The Euler-Lagrange equation for the quantized Skyrmion with definite spin and isospin is derived. It turns out to be the operator equations for the conservation of the axial-vector current in the massless-pion case and the partial conservation of axial-vector current relation in the massive-pion case. Contrary to earlier claims, it admits stable rotating soliton solutions. Furthermore, it is shown that the classical equation in the Skyrme model with rigid-body quantization is a good approximation.
Three-Dimensional Atomic Spectra in Flames Using Stepwise Excitation Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectroscopy

Stepwise excitation laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy utilizes two independently tunable dye lasers to populate high-lying excited states of atoms in flames. Two atomic resonances are required, with the upper level of the first-step transition coinciding with the lower level of the second-step transition. Efficient population of a high-lying atomic level is achieved, from which a high rate of collisional ionization can take place. The double-resonance aspect of such excitation adds an extra dimension of spectroscopic selectivity to the measurement. A computer-controlled dual-wavelength LEI spectrometer, including a Fizeau wave-meter for wavelength verification, is used to record three-dimensional spectra—ionization signal as a function of both first- and second-step wavelengths. Examples illustrate the accuracy advantage accorded by the three-dimensional survey.
Catalytic dehydrogenation and oxidation of propanol-2 on platinum

Abstract The relative rates of various pathways for the dehydrogenation and oxidation of propanol-2 on a platinum foil catalyst were determined by means of ultrahigh vacuum techniques. A clean platinum surface, which is an active and specific catalyst for dehydrogenation of propanol-2 to acetone, is rapidly poisoned by preferential sorption of CO. Addition of oxygen has no effect on the catalyst dehydrogenation activity, but at sufficiently high pressures leads to heterogeneous oxidation of the propanol-2. The results indicate that development of a selective propanol-2 dehydrogenation catalyst hinges on the capability of limiting the poisoning effect of CO.
Modeling Biodegradation of Nonylphenol

Nonylphenol is the primary breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, a certain class of nonionic surfactants. Nonylphenol has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms and has been suspected of being harmful to humans due to its xenoestrogenic properties. Although there are known releases of nonylphenol to the environment, there is a lack of data describing the extent of biodegradation. This study thus focuses on much needed information on the biodegradation kinetics of nonylphenol. Oxygen uptake, cell growth and nonylphenol removal data were collected using batch reactors in an electrolytic respirometer. Nonylphenol removal, cell growth and substrate removal rates were modeled by the Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Webb, and Yano equations. The differential equations were solved by numerical integration to simulate cell growth, substrate removal, and oxygen uptake as a function of time. All models provided similar results with the Haldane model providing the best fit. The values of the kinetic parameters and the activation energy for nonylphenol were determined. These values can be used for predicting fate and transport of nonylphenol in the environment. The validity of applying each model to the biodegradation of nonylphenol was analyzed by computing the R 2 values of each equation.