cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 1-Versus-2 Queries Problem Revisited

The 1-versus-2 queries problem, which has been extensively studied in computational complexity theory, asks in its generality whether every efficient algorithm that makes at most 2 queries to a Σ k p -complete language L k has an efficient simulation that makes at most 1 query to L k . We obtain solutions to this problem for hypotheses weaker than previously considered. We prove that: For each k≥2, $\mathrm{P}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[2]}_{tt}\subseteq \mathrm{ZPP}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[1]}\Rightarrow \mathrm{PH}=\Sigma^{p}_{k}$, and PttNP[2]⊆ZPPNP[1]⇒PH=S2p. Here, for any complexity class $\mathcal{C}$and integer j≥1, we define $\mathrm{ZPP}^{\mathcal{C}[j]}$to be the class of problems solvable by zero-error randomized algorithms that run in polynomial time, make at most j queries to $\mathcal{C}$, and succeed with probability at least 1/2+1/poly(⋅). This same definition of $\mathrm{ZPP}^{\mathcal{C}[j]}$, also considered in Cai and Chakaravarthy (J. Comb. Optim. 11(2):189–202, 2006), subsumes the class of problems solvable by randomized algorithms that always answer correctly in expected polynomial time and make at most j queries to $\mathcal{C}$. Hemaspaandra, Hemaspaandra, and Hempel (SIAM J. Comput. 28(2):383–393, 1998), for k>2, and Buhrman and Fortnow (J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 59(2):182–194, 1999), for k=2, had obtained the same consequence as ours in (I) using the stronger hypothesis $\mathrm{P}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[2]}_{tt}\subseteq \mathrm{P}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[1]}$. Fortnow, Pavan, and Sengupta (J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 74(3):358–363, 2008) had obtained the same consequence as ours in (II) using the stronger hypothesis P tt NP[2]⊆PNP[1]. Our results may also be viewed as steps towards obtaining solutions to arguably the most general form of the 1-versus-2 queries problem: For any k≥1, whether $\mathrm{P}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[2]}_{tt}$can be simulated in $\mathrm{BPP}^{\Sigma^{p}_{k}[1]}$.
String duality, automorphic forms, and generalized Kac-Moody algebras

Abstract We review some recent work that has been done on the relation of BPS states, automorphic forms and the geometry of the quantum ground states of string compactifications with extended supersymmetry.
The impact of export crop production on nutritional status in Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract In exploring the implications of the commercialization of agriculture on nutrition in Cote d'Ivoire, this paper found that sales of export crops, combined with the domestic marketing of food crops, represent the most important sources of incomes for rural households, rich and poor alike. Increasing the price of the heavily taxed export crops, cocoa and coffee, will raise incomes throughout the income distribution. Increasing the profitability and productivity of cotton will not only raise rural incomes but will also have positive distributional consequences. A reduced-form nutrition model was estimated in order to examine the impact of income, as well as the allocation of land to the production of the major export crops rather than to food crops, on nutritional status. Results indicate that higher incomes improve long-term nutritional status, and that the share of land allocated to export crops does not affect the nutritional status of preschool-aged children, even when controlling for income. In combination, these facts suggest that raising incomes through exploiting comparative advantage in export crops, such as coffee, cocoa, and cotton, will have positive nutritional outcomes in Cote d'Ivoire.
Detection of Striped Superconductors Using Magnetic Field Modulated Josephson Effect

In this paper, I show how to use magnetic field modulated Josephson effect to probe the order parameter spatial structure of striped superconductors, proposed by Berg and coworkers. A possible example of this is La2−xBaxCuO4, where it was proposed that the superconducting order parameter oscillates within each Cu–O plane in a manner similar to the FFLO state, and the oscillation pattern is staggered from one layer to another.
ON A CONJECTURE OF AUSLANDER AND REITEN

Abstract In studying Nakayama's 1958 conjecture on rings of infinite dominant dimension, Auslander and Reiten proposed the following generalization: Let Λ be an Artin algebra and M a Λ -generator such that Ext i Λ ( M , M )=0 for all i ⩾1; then M is projective. This conjecture makes sense for any ring. We establish Auslander and Reiten's conjecture for excellent Cohen–Macaulay normal domains containing the rational numbers, and slightly more generally.
Rank one perturbations and the zeros of paraorthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

We prove several results about zeros of paraorthogonal polynomials using the theory of rank one perturbations of unitary operators. In particular, we obtain new details on the interlacing of zeros for successive POPUC.
The decoupling problem at RHIC

We investigate whether it is possible to dynamically generate from classical transport theory the observed surprising Rout ≈ Rside in Au+Au at $$\sqrt s = 130A$$ GeV at RHIC [1,2]. We obtained covariant solutions to the Boltzmann transport equation via the MPC technique [3], for a wide range of partonic initial conditions and opacities. We demonstrate that there exist transport solutions that yield a freezeout distribution with R out < R side for K ⊥ ≳ 1.5 GeV. These solutions correspond to continuous evaporation-like freezeout, where the emission duration is comparable to the source size. Naively this would mean R out > R side. Nevertheless, our sources exhibit R out < R side because they are narrower in the‘out’ than in the‘side’ direction and, in addition, a positive x out-t correlation develops reducing R out further.
Performance Study of a Solid Fuel-Pulsed Electric Microthruster

A study of the over-all operating characteristics of a parallel rail solid fuel-pulsed microthruster is presented. Specifically, the effect of several electrical circuit parameters (capacitance, inductance, resistance) on performance (impulse bit, specific impulse, efficiency) has been investigated. The experimental results, combined with a simple model for the mass ablation and the acceleration mechanisms, provide useful correlations between thruster geometrical and electrical circuit parameters and its performance. These results should be useful in improving the performance and optimizing the design of a thruster for a given mission.
Estrogen treatment in tall girls.

36 tall girls aged 10.3-15.5 years were treated with ethinyl estradiol (.5 mg/day) for the 1st 25 days of each cycle and norethisterone (15 mg/day) for Days 21-25 followed by 5 days without treatment to prevent excessive height. The treatment of 17 girls has been completed. Before therapy their bone age ranged from 11 to 13.5 years and their mean height prediction was 185.19 cm (181.4-193 cm) calculated according to the tables of Bayley and Pinneau. After 2 years of treatment their final height averaged 178.96 cm (171.6-183.5 cm). Predicted height was reduced by an average of 6.23 cm and was significantly greater when therapy was started before a bone age of 12 years. 13 girls had follow-up examinations for 1.5 years after treatment; all had regular menstrual bleeding within 6 months. There were no serious or irreversible side effects of estrogen therapy during the period of observation.
Phase space analysis of convection in a 3He-superfluid 4He solution

Abstract Observations have been made on thermal convection below 1 K in a dilute solution of 3He in superfluid 4He contained in a cylindrical cell of aspect ratio Γ=1.20. Complicated oscillatory phenomena were observed with a high degree of reproducibility using two temperature sensors. Phase space analysis suggests a description in terms of strange attractor dynamics.
Politics and Deficit Finance

The government faces both economic and political constraints on its ability to raise revenue. Political factors can limit the government's revenue-generating ability to levels below those dictated by economic constraints. Taxation is more directly constrained by the political process than deficit finance because taxes are voted on directly by the legislature. Deficits are a residual that results from the aggregation of all tax and expenditure bills. Increased electoral safety weakens the political constraint against deficit finance because the only electoral check on deficit finance occurs when representatives run for reelection. Empirical estimates show that the increased security of incumbents has contributed to increases in deficit finance and has increased the overall level of public expenditures.
On the Sum of L1 Influences

For a function f over the discrete cube, the total L1 influence of f is defined as the sum of the L1 norm of the discrete derivatives of f in all n directions. In this work, we show that in the case of bounded functions this quantity can be upper bounded by a polynomial in the degree of f (independently of dimension n), resolving affirmatively an open problem of Aaronson and Ambainis (ITCS 2011). We also give an application of our theorem to graph theory, and discuss the connection between the study of bounded functions over the cube and the quantum query complexity of partial functions where Aaronson and Ambainis encountered this question.
Low-temperature NOx removal for flue gas cleanup

NO x reduction with hydrocarbons is studied at temperatures around 150 °C to develop an easy retrofit NO x removal process to be located downstream of the particulate control device for flue gas cleanup. Acetone is the most active hydrocarbon reductant for NO reduction in the presence of O2 and H2O. At 150 °C, 35% NO reduction was obtained over 5% Cu-2% Ag/PCB. The activity, however, is greatly decreased by the presence of SO 2 . NO oxidation to NO 2 is studied for further improving the NO reduction activity because NO 2 is known to be more reactive than NO. Active carbon fibers and PCB active carbon are both active for NO oxidation at low temperature, but the activity decreased with temperature. Ten percent Co 3 O 4 /Al 2 O 3 and 5% Au/Co 3 O 4 are not active for NO oxidation in the absence of SO 2 and at 150 °C, but are very active in the presence of SO 2 and H2O. Five percent Au/Co 3 O 4 is especially stable for NO oxidation to N0 2 at temperatures from 120 to 150 °C for more than 15 h.
Spin dynamics and implications for superconductivity. Some problems with the d-wave scenario

We review the spin dynamics of the normal state of the cuprates with special emphasis on neutron data in both the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} and La{sub 2-x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} systems. When realistic models of the Fermi surface shapes are incorporated, along with a moderate degree of spin fluctuations, we find good semi-quantiative agreement with experiment for both cuprates. Building on the success of this Fermi-liquid-based scheme, we explore the implications for d-wave pairing from a number of vantage points. We conclude that our present experimental and theoretical understanding is inadequate to confirm or refute the d-wave scenario.
SYMPLE: a general syntax directed macro preprocessor

The subject of this paper is a general syntax directed macro preprocessor system. One of the suggested potential uses of this system is that of evaluating new or extended programming languages by the technique of syntax directed macros. This led to the association of the acronym SYMPLE (SYntax Macro Preprocessor for Language Evaluations) with this system.
Highly Efficient and Rapid Cs+ Uptake by the Layered Metal Sulfide K2xMnxSn3−xS6 (KMS-1)

The details of the ion-exchange properties of the layered sulfide material K2xMnxSn3−xS6 (x = 0.5−0.95) (KMS-1) with Cs+ and Rb+ cations are reported. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, and powder and single-crystal diffraction studies revealed that the Cs+ and Rb+ ion exchange of KMS-1 is complete (quantitative replacement of K+ ions) and topotactic. These data also revealed that the Cs+ exchange is accompanied with a rare topotactic oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ caused by atmospheric oxygen, while the Rb+ ion exchange only slightly alters the oxidation state of the layer manganese atoms. The absorption of Cs+ by KMS-1 follows the Langmuir model with a high exchange capacity of 226(4) mg/g (pH ≈ 7) and distribution coefficients as high as 2 × 104 mL/g. KMS-1 displays significant cesium uptake both under strongly acidic (pH 0.7−2.6) or basic conditions (pH 10−12). The kinetics of Cs+ capture by KMS-1 is fast (>90% removal of ∼1 ppm of Cs+ within only 5 min). KMS-1 was also found capab...
Naturally diverse: highlights in versatile synthetic methods enabling target- and diversity-oriented synthesis.

Covering: January 1993 to August 2008This Highlight describes synthetic methods that have enabled new strategic approaches to the synthesis of natural product targets as well as libraries of compounds for unbiased screening experiments. The structural differences of the compounds produced by both efforts are illustrated.
An effective neutrosophic set-based preprocessing method for face recognition

Face recognition (FR) is a challenging task in biometrics due to various illuminations, poses, and possible noises. In this paper, we propose to apply a novel neutrosophic set (NS)-based preprocesssing method to simultaneously remove noise and enhance facial features in original face images. We then employ the Tan and Triggs (TT) discriminant method, which applies kernel fisher linear discriminant analysis (KFDA) on the linear ternary pattern (LTP) features, on the NS-based preprocessed images to further improve FR accuracy. Our experiments on two databases (ORL and FEI) show that the NSbased preprocessing method is more effective than other preprocessing methods to improve FR accuracy of discriminative methods. It can also be integrated with other preprocessing methods to further improve FR accuracy.
An interactive tool for design, simulation, verification, and synthesis of protocols

We have developed a user-friendly CAD graphical tool for the design, verification, simulation, and synthesis of protocols based on an interactive tool for Petri net and state diagram designs. Special features of this tool are: the capability of modeling both control and data flows, reduction and analysis, simulation of network behavior and performance, coding (parametrized protocols and automatic implementation), synthesis (two party protocol and ordinary Petri nets), animation and flexible design. Since it is Petri-net based, it allows simulation during all design phases and has extensive applications such as parallel debugging and simulation, expert systems, etc. Future enhancements of this tool are also discussed.
Bid ask spread in a competitive market with institutions and order size

Large orders, particularly from institutions, are quite common these days and hence there is interest to know if institutional trading has any bearing on the price effect associated with large trades. Recent empirical studies contradict earlier evidence of negative price effect on selling large blocks and find no price effect associated with large trades. Existing theoretical framework suggests a monotonic and increasing adverse price effect for large trades, where the motivation for a large trade is private information. We model a trading system where pure information, information-liquidity, and pure liquidity traders trade small and large sizes. The pure information traders strategically choose an order size. Institutions trade only large sizes because of their low execution costs for large trades; they are information-liquidity traders whose ability to use an information signal to determine their trades is subject to a binding liquidity constraint. We show that in such a market a separating equilibrium where trade size is informative does not exist and hence there is no price effect for large trades. Trade size may be revealing only if there is a buy sell asymmetry (large buy size is not equal to large sell size) or the corresponding price effect is asymmetric (price effect due to a large buy is not equal to that of a large sell). Further for a pooling equilibrium to exist, where trade size is not informative, the width of the market denoted by the ratio of order size (large size/small size) needs to be small, while the shallowness (inverse depth) of the market denoted by the ratio between pure information and institutional trades and the information signal needs to be stronger (higher). Our results on bid and ask prices and spread confirm recent empirical evidence on price effect of large and institutional trades found in the literature.
Subperiosteal Inflammation of the Orbit: A Bacteriological Analysis of 17 Cases

• Seventeen cases of subperiosteal inflammation of the orbit secondary to sinusitis were analyzed from a bacteriological perspective. The recovered pathogens ranged from single aerobes to mixed aerobes and anaerobes. The bacteriology was not related to the duration of symptoms of sinusitis. Three cases with the diagnostic criteria for subperiosteal inflammation resolved with antibiotics alone. The most refractory infections had the most complex bacterial constituencies and persisted despite in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of individual organisms. In these cases, local physical conditions may be drastically altered in favor of the bacteria. Ventilation of the subperiosteal space and sinuses by surgical drainage can help to normalize the milieu in favor of the host.
A new synthesis of 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones

Abstract Exposure of 3-oxo dithioic acids to a solution of polysulfanes in liquid hydrogen sulfide gives 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones in yields varying from poor to exellent. The method tolerates the precence of functional groups which are problematical for the methods of synthesis.
Combined simulation and inversion of SP and resistivity logs for the estimation of connate-water resistivity and Archie's cementation exponent

Knowledge of initial water saturation is necessary to estimate original hydrocarbon in place. A reliable assessment of this petrophysical property is possible when rock-core measurements of Archie’s parameters, such as saturation exponent n and cementation exponent m , are available. In addition, chemical analysis of formation water is necessary to measure connate-water resistivity Rw . Such measurements are seldom available in most applications; if they are available, their reliability may be questionable. We describe a new inversion method to estimate Rw and Archie’s cementation exponent from the combined use of borehole spontaneous-potential (SP) and raw array-induction resistivity measurements acquired in water-bearing depth intervals. Combined inversion of resistivity and SP measurements is performed assuming a piston-like invasion profile. In so doing, the reservoiris divided into petrophysical layers to account for vertical heterogeneities. Inversion products are values of invaded and virgin format...
VOC source–receptor relationships in Houston during TexAQS-II

During the TRAMP field campaign in August–September 2006, C2–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured continuously and online at the urban Moody Tower (MT) site. This dataset was compared to corresponding VOC data sets obtained at six sites located in the highly industrialized Houston Ship Channel area (HSC). Receptor modeling was performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) at all sites. Conditional probability functions (CPF) were used to determine the origin of the polluted air masses in the Houston area. A subdivision into daytime and nighttime was carried out to discriminate photochemical influences. Eight main source categories of industrial, mobile, and biogenic emissions were identified at the urban receptor site, seven and six, respectively, at the different HSC sites. At MT natural gas/crude oil contributed most to the VOC mass (27.4%), followed by liquefied petroleum gas (16.7%), vehicular exhaust (15.3%), fuel evaporation (14.3%), and aromatics (13.4%). Also petrochemical sources from ethylene (4.7%) and propylene (3.6%) play an important role. A minor fraction of the VOC mass can be attributed to biogenic sources mainly from isoprene (4.4%). Based on PMF analyses of different wind sectors, the total VOC mass was estimated to be twofold at MT with wind directions from HSC compared to air from a typical urban sector, for petrochemical compounds more than threefold. Despite the strong impact of air masses influenced by industrial sources at HSC, still about a third of the total mass contributions at MT can be apportioned to other sources, mainly motor vehicles and aromatic solvents. The investigation of diurnal variation in combination with wind directional frequencies revealed the greatest HSC impact at the urban site during the morning, and the least during the evening.
The influence of double bonds on the Raman active longitudinal acoustical model (LAM) in trans‐alkenes

Raman measurements on a series of trans‐alkenes having the double bond at various locations along the backbone have been obtained. Compared to the n‐alkanes, a dramatic decrease in the intensity of LAM‐1 has been observed, while that of LAM‐3 and LAM‐5 remains relatively unchanged. Normal coordinate calculations indicate that in the trans‐alkenes there is a significant long‐range coupling between longitudinal and transverse motion in LAM‐1 due to the presence of the double bond which effectively diminishes its intensity. In LAM‐3 and LAM‐5 the longitudinal/transverse coupling is less, and much more localized about the double bond, preserving both the longitudinal character and intensity of these modes. Raman intensity variations in the –CH2– bending region have been utilized to study the lateral packing of methylene groups in the crystalline subcell, and the trans‐alkenes have been found to crystallize in structures analogous to their polyalkenamer counterparts.
Electric polarizability of hadrons

Abstract The electric polarizability of a hadron allows an external electric field to shift the hadron mass. We try to calculate the electric polarizability for several hadrons from their quadratic response to the field at a = 0.17 fm using an improved gauge field and the clover quark action. Results are compared to experiment where available.
Hypoxanthine nucleoside counterparts of the antibiotic, cordycepin

Abstract Analogues of 3'-deoxyinosine, although of potential RNA antiviral interest, are virtually unknown. This paper reports on approaches to the synthesis of base-modified hypoxanthine 3'-deoxynucleosides. All of the target compounds are new and contain functionality at the 2-position that can be further elaborated for the synthesis of a variety of other novel analogues of 3'-deoxyinosine. Intact natural guanosine was used as the precursor and the key transformations utilized were regioselective bis- silylation thermal radical deoxygenation, regiospecific radical halogenation, metal-mediated functionalization, and selective ozonolysis. The synthetic approaches described have considerable generality in terms of entry to novel analogues of 3'-deoxyinosine. fa]1.Presented in part at the 9th International Round Table conference on Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Their Biological Applications, Uppsala, Sweden,1990.
Characterization of the physical properties of model biomembranes at the nanometer scale with the atomic force microscope.

Interaction forces and topography of mixed phospholipid–glycolipid bilayers were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in aqueous conditions with probes functionalized with self-assembled monolayers terminating in hydroxy groups. Short-range repulsive forces were measured between the hydroxy-terminated probe and the surface of the two-dimensional (2-D) solid-like domains of distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG). The form and range of the short-range repulsive force indicated that repulsive hydration/steric forces dominate the interaction at separation distances of 0.3–1.0 nm after which the probe makes mechanical contact with the bilayers. At loads <5 nN the bilayer was elastically deformed by the probe, while at higher loads plastic deformation of the bilayer was observed. Surprisingly, a short-range repulsive force was not observed at the surface of the 2-D liquid-like dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) film, despite the identical head groups of DOPE and DSPE. This provides direct evidence for the influence of the structure and mechanical properties of lipid bilayers on their interaction forces, an effect which may be of major importance in the control of biological processes such as cell adhesion and membrane fusion. The step height measured between lipid domains in the AFM topographic images was larger than could be accounted for by the thickness and mechanical properties of the molecules. A direct correlation was observed between the repulsive force range over the lipid domains and the topographic contrast, which provides direct insight into the fundamental mechanisms of AFM imaging in aqueous solutions. This study demonstrates that chemically modified AFM probes can be used in combination with patterned lipid bilayers as a novel and powerful approach to characterize the nanometer scale chemical and physical properties of heterogeneous biosurfaces such as cell membranes.
Trade and insecure resources

We construct a model of conflict and trade to study the consequences of interstate disputes over contested resources (land, oil, water or other resources) for arming, welfare and trade flows. Different trade regimes imply different costs of such disputes in terms of arming. Depending on world prices, free trade can intensify arming to such an extent that the additional security costs it brings swamp the traditional gains from trade and thus render autarky more desirable for one or all rival states. Free trade, though, is always an equilibrium, and sometimes is a dominant one with features of a prisoner's dilemma outcome. Furthermore, contestation of resources can reverse a country's apparent comparative advantage relative to its comparative advantage in the absence of conflict. And, where such conflict is present, comparisons of autarkic prices to world prices could be inaccurate predictors of trade patterns.
Metal-free, aerobic ketooxygenation of alkenes using hydroxamic acids

A metal-free, radical-mediated alkene ketooxygenation is described. This four-electron alkene oxidation delivers α-oxyketones directly from simple alkenes with high levels of regio- and stereocontrol. The aerobic process capitalizes on the unique reactivity of amidoxyl radicals in intra- and intermolecular alkene additions.
Laser flash photolysis of ozone - O/1D/ quantum yields in the fall-off region 297-325 nm

The wavelength dependence of the quantum yield for O(1D) production from ozone photolysis has been determined between 297.5 nm and 325 nm in order to resolve serious discrepancies among previous studies. The results of this investigation are compared to earlier work by calculating atmospheric production rate constants for O(1D). It is found that for the purpose of calculating this rate constant, there is now good agreement among three studies at 298 K. Furthermore, it appears that previous data on the temperature dependence of the O(1D) quantum yield fall-off is adequate for determining the vertical profile of the O(1D) production rate constant. Several experimental difficulties associated with using NO2(asterisk) chemiluminescence to monitor O(1D) have been identified.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Conia-Ene Reaction of β-Ketoesters with Alkynes

The intramolecular addition of β-ketoesters to unactivated alkynes under neutral conditions and at room temperature is described. The method employs triphenylphosphinegold(I) cation as a catalyst for the formation of exo-methylenecycloalkanes. Both monocyclic and bicyclic cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes can be formed in excellent yields and with good diastereoselectivity.
Error analysis of finite element results on plates with nonuniform grids

D ISCRETE Dirac delta functions in two dimensions and the governing plate differential equations are used to produce continuous approximations from discrete finite-element data on nonuniform grids. The continuous approximation can be differentiated to compute continuous stresses/moments at any point in the plate and, when substituted in the differential equations, provides a residual error. The paper presents application examples of the procedure and studies the use of the "smoothed" solution in a Zienkiewicz-Zhu error estimator to assess the performance of the present analysis. In an example involving the linear response of a clamped square plate under uniform transverse load, the present procedure dramatically corrected and smoothed the discrete finite element results. Contents The finite element method is a powerful tool that provides approximate solutions to engineering problems. Hence a reliable estimate of the accuracy of stresses and deflections computed by the method is necessary for efficient and dependable designs. An earlier paper1 outlined a general approach to the error analysis and correction of results from the finite element method (FEM). The approach suggested using Newton's method for solving the Euler equations of shell theory for components of shell structures. Continuity of stresses and deformations between shell components are enforced by using substructuring. References 2 and 3 addressed and corrected an oscillatory behavior of the continuous solution between boundary nodes of rectangular plate sections (caused by a Gibbs' phenomenon in the Fourier sine series used in the numerical analysis) and applied the general approach of Ref. 1 to postbuckled, stiffened, rectangular, composite plates with initial imperfections. The continuous smoothed solution obtained from the error analysis1'3 when substituted back into the governing differential equations yields a "residual error." This residual error provides a measure of how well the smoothed solution, and by extension, the finite element solution, satisfies shell theory. Earlier work1'3 was limited to the error analysis of FEM results from uniform rectangular grids. In general, the discretization of structural members for analysis with the finite element method can involve nonuniform grids and is often the case when adaptive refinement is used in the finite element analysis. The present paper extends the approach of earlier work on error analysis of finite element results for postbuckled plates to the general case of nonuniform grids. As in earlier work, the continuous solution for the transverse deflection W consists of two series solutions JT/and WE, W=W!+WE (la)
Cycloaddition reaction on 3-vinylemeraldins: formation of unexpected porphyrins with seven-membered exocyclic ring systems

Reaction of 3-vinylemeraldin with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) produced a benzoporphyrin derivative via [4+2] Diels-Alder adduct and an unexpected porphyrin containing a seven-membered ring system (yield 15%) fused at the 3- and 5-positions of the macrocycle. The benzoporphyrin derivatives containing N-alkylated fused imide ring system exhibit long wavelength absorptions near λmax 725 nm. In preliminary in vivo screening some of these analogs were found to be more effective than the related protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX) based benzoporphyrin derivative (BPDMA).
Multi-resolution boosting for classification and regression problems

Various forms of additive modeling techniques have been successfully used in many data mining and machine learning–related applications. In spite of their great success, boosting algorithms still suffer from a few open-ended problems that require closer investigation. The efficiency of any additive modeling technique relies significantly on the choice of the weak learners and the form of the loss function. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-resolution approach for choosing the weak learners during additive modeling. Our method applies insights from multi-resolution analysis and chooses the optimal learners at multiple resolutions during different iterations of the boosting algorithms, which are simple yet powerful additive modeling methods. We demonstrate the advantages of this novel framework in both classification and regression problems and show results on both synthetic and real-world datasets taken from the UCI machine learning repository. Though demonstrated specifically in the context of boosting algorithms, our framework can be easily accommodated in general additive modeling techniques. Similarities and distinctions of the proposed algorithm with the popularly used methods like radial basis function networks are also discussed.
Zn-Catalyzed Enantio- and Diastereoselective Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Involving Two Electron-Deficient Partners: Asymmetric Synthesis of Piperidines from 1-Azadienes and Nitro-Alkenes

We report a catalytic asymmetric synthesis of piperidines through [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1-azadienes and nitro-alkenes. The reaction uses earth abundant Zn as catalyst and is highly diastereo- and regioselective. A novel BOPA ligand (F-BOPA) confers high reactivity and enantioselectivity in the process. The presence of ortho substitution on the arenes adjacent to the bis(oxazolines) was found to be particularly impactful, due to limiting the undesired coordination of 1-azadiene to the Lewis acid and thus allowing the reaction to be carried out at lower temperature. A series of secondary kinetic isotope effect studies using a range of ligands implicates a stepwise mechanism for the transformation, involving an initial Michael-type addition of the imine to the nitro-alkene followed by a cyclization event. The stepwise mechanism obviates the electronic requirement inherent to a concerted mechanism, explaining the successful cycloaddition between two electron-deficient partners.
Cleavage of aldehyde hydrazonium iodides under mild conditions. A convenient route to chiral nitriles of high enantiomeric purity

A convenient procedure for conversion of methiodide derivatives to nitriles under mildly basic conditions with absolute stereocontrol has been developed. Dimethyl hydrazones treated with excess methyl iodide, followed by an elimination reaction in the presence of mild base, produced nitriles in yields ranging from 76-96%.
Combinatorial independence in measurable dynamics

Abstract We develop a fine-scale local analysis of measure entropy and measure sequence entropy based on combinatorial independence. The concepts of measure IE-tuples and measure IN-tuples are introduced and studied in analogy with their counterparts in topological dynamics. Local characterizations of the Pinsker von Neumann algebra and its sequence entropy analogue are given in terms of combinatorial independence, l 1 geometry, and Voiculescu's completely positive approximation entropy. Among the novel features of our local study is the treatment of general discrete acting groups, with the structural assumption of amenability in the case of entropy.
A variational analysis of anisotropic, inhomogeneous dielectric waveguides

The authors derive a variational formulation for anisotropic, dielectric waveguides using only the (E/sub x/, E/sub y/) or (H/sub x/, H/sub y/) components of the electromagnetic field. They show that the (E/sub x/, E/sub y/) formulation is completely equivalent to the (H/sub x/, H/sub y/) formulation. In fact, they are the transpose problems of each other. Given the variational formulation, one can derive the finite-element solution quite easily. The authors also show how to derive a variational expression where the natural boundary conditions are incorporated as an optimal solution of the variational expression. The theory is illustrated with a simple implementation of a finite-element solution. The solutions agree with previous results, and there is no occurrence of spurious modes. >
Intersection homology of stratified fibrations and neighborhoods

We derive spectral sequences for the intersection homology of stratified fibrations and approximate tubular neighborhoods in manifold stratified spaces. These neighborhoods include regular neighborhoods in PL stratified spaces.
CORONAL SHOCKS AND SOLAR ENERGETIC PROTON EVENTS

From 1996 July through 2001 June, less than half (43/98) of all favorably located (from solar western hemisphere sources) metric type II radio bursts were associated with solar energetic proton (SEP) events observed at Earth. When western hemisphere metric type IIs were accompanied by decametric-hectometric (DH; 1-14 MHz) type II emission (observed by Wind/WAVES) during this period, their association with ~20 MeV SEP events (with peak fluxes ≥10-3 protons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 MeV-1) was 90% (26/29), versus only 25% (17/69) for metric IIs without a DH counterpart. Overall, 82% (63%) of all SEP events with visible disk origins were associated with metric (DH) type II bursts, with the percentage associations increasing with SEP event size to 88% (96%) for ~20 MeV SEP events with peak intensities of ≥10-1 protons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 MeV-1. Our results are consistent with the following possibilities (which are not mutually exclusive): (1) large ~20 MeV SEP events result from strong shocks that are capable of persisting well beyond ~3 R☉ (the nominal 14 MHz plasma level); (2) shock acceleration is most efficient above ~3 R☉; and (3) shocks that survive beyond ~3 R☉ are more likely to have broad longitudinal extents, enabling less well connected shocks to intercept open field lines connecting to Earth.
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA STUDIED BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC METHODS

Soluble plasma antigens in 53 Liberian patients with P. falciparum malaria were analyzed in double diffusion using plasma from 27 immune adults. One immune plasma reacted with 17% of the plasma samples and was used in subsequent quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) studies as antiserum. By fused rocket IE 2 antigens were found in samples with parasitaemia (P) above 0.6% and above 4.5% P the antigens had grossly increasing concentration. In 22 samples of 0.6% P or more, 7 antigens were demonstrated by crossed IE. Two electrophoretically heterogeneous antigens. Ag-1 and Ag-2, were found most frequently. Ag-1 was partly heat-stable and was in some samples amphiphilic as shown by charge shift crossed IE. Ag-1 and Ag-2 did not contain integral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and Ag-1 is suggested to be a structural protein of P. falciparum. Twenty-six immune plasma samples were screened for antibodies against 4 antigens in crossed IE with intermediate gel. It is suggested that an index for protective immunity may be obtained by summation of semiquantitative titers obtained by crossed IE with intermediate gel using an antigen pool representing e.g. 20--30 soluble antigens.
An observational search for large-scale organization of five-minute oscillations on the Sun

The large-scale solar velocity field has been measured over an aperture of radius 0.8 solar radii on 121 days between April and September, 1976. Measurements are made in the line Fe I 5123.730 A, employing a velocity subtraction technique similar to that of Severny et al. (1976). Comparisons of the amplitude and frequency of the five-minute resonant oscillation with the geomagnetic C9 index and magnetic sector boundaries show no evidence of any relationship between the oscillations and coronal holes or sector structure.
FC-families and improved bounds for Frankl's conjecture

A family of sets A is said to be union-closed if {A∪B : A, B ∈ A} ⊂ A. Frankl's conjecture states that given any finite union-closed family of sets, not all empty, there exists an element contained in at least half of the sets. Here we prove that the conjecture holds for families containing three 3-subsets of a 5-set, four 3-subsets of a 6-set, or eight 4-subsets of a 6-set, extending work of Poonen and Vaughan. As an application we prove the conjecture in the case that the largest set has at most nine elements, extending a result of Gao and Yu. We also pose several open questions.
Characterization of the Human LPIN1-encoded Phosphatidate Phosphatase Isoforms*

The human LPIN1 gene encodes the protein lipin 1, which possesses phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase (3-sn-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.4) activity (Han, G.-S., Wu, W.-I., and Carman, G. M. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 9210–9218). In this work, we characterized human lipin 1 α, β, and γ isoforms that were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. PA phosphatase activities of the α, β, and γ isoforms were dependent on Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions at pH 7.5 at 37 °C. The activities were inhibited by concentrations of Mg2+ and Mn2+ above their optimums and by Ca2+, Zn2+, N-ethylmaleimide, propranolol, and the sphingoid bases sphingosine and sphinganine. The activities were thermally labile at temperatures above 40 °C. The α, β, and γ activities followed saturation kinetics with respect to the molar concentration of PA (Km values of 0.35, 0.24, and 0.11 mm, respectively) but followed positive cooperative (Hill number ∼2) kinetics with respect to the surface concentration of PA (Km values of 4.2, 4.5, and 4.3 mol %, respectively) in Triton X-100/PA-mixed micelles. The turnover numbers (kcat) for the α, β, and γ isoforms were 68.8 ± 3.5, 42.8 ± 2.5, and 5.7 ± 0.2 s−1, respectively, whereas their energy of activation values were 14.2, 15.5, and 18.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The isoform activities were dependent on PA as a substrate and required at least one unsaturated fatty acyl moiety for maximum activity.
Vertex Operator Algebras and Associative Algebras

LetVbe a vertex operator algebra. We construct a sequence of associative algebrasAn(V) (n = 0, 1, 2,…) such thatAn(V) is a quotient ofAn + 1(V) and a pair of functors between the category ofAn(V)-modules which are notAn − 1(V)-modules and the category of admissibleV-modules. These functors exhibit a bijection between the simple modules in each category. We also show thatVis rational if and only if allAn(V) are finite-dimensional semisimple algebras.
On Radii of Spheres Determined by Subsets of Euclidean Space

In this paper the author considers the problem of how large the Hausdorff dimension of \(E\subset \mathbb {R}^d\) needs to be in order to ensure that the radii set of \((d-1)\)-dimensional spheres determined by \(E\) has positive Lebesgue measure. The author also studies the question of how often can a neighborhood of a given radius repeat. There are two results obtained in this paper. First, by applying a general mechanism developed in Grafakos et al. (2013) for studying Falconer-type problems, the author proves that a neighborhood of a given radius cannot repeat more often than the statistical bound if \(\dim _{{\mathcal H}}(E)>d-1+\frac{1}{d}\); In \(\mathbb {R}^2\), the dimensional threshold is sharp. Second, by proving an intersection theorem, the author proves that for a.e \(a\in \mathbb {R}^d\), the radii set of \((d-1)\)-spheres with center \(a\) determined by \(E\) must have positive Lebesgue measure if \(\dim _{{\mathcal H}}(E)>d-1\), which is a sharp bound for this problem.
National Impact of Pulsatile Perfusion on Cadaveric Kidney Transplantation

Background The simplicity and success of cold storage of cadaveric kidneys have led to the infrequent use of pulsatile perfusion. However, there may be advantages to pulsatile perfusion for less optimal donors. Methods. United Network for Organ Sharing data were analyzed retrospectively to determine the impact of pulsatile perfusion on initial function and 1-year graft survival. The analysis included 60,827 cadaveric kidney transplants performed between 1988 and 1995. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effect of preservation method on both early kidney function (need for first-week dialysis after transplant) and 1-year graft survival, after adjusting for other known risk factors. Results. The preservation method exhibited a highly significant impact on the need for first-week dialysis. Ice-preserved kidneys were associated with a 2.13-fold increase in the odds of requiring dialysis compared with perfused kidneys. If the donor age was <55 years, the odds were 2.33-fold higher for ice-preserved as compared with perfused. If cold ischemic time was <24 hr, there was a 2.19-fold increase in the odds of dialysis for ice-preserved kidneys. African-American recipients of cold-stored kidneys had a 2.29-fold greater odds of first-week dialysis. Conclusions. Based on there findings, it was estimated that the increased cost of perfusing kidneys from all donors <55 years of age would be balanced by the decreased need for posttransplant dialysis if the cost related to dialysis were $14,700 or greater per patient. These facts, coupled with the ability to assess an older donor kidney before transplant, could make pulsatile perfusion for the expanded donor financially as well as medically desirable.
The synthesis, characterization and some properties of new quasi-aromatic main group ring systems

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of several previously unknown ring systems that involve heavier main grop elements are described. Four new types of potentially delocalized six-membered ring compounds that comprise the cyclic arrays (RBPR′)3, (RAINR′)3, (RZnSR′)3 and (GenR)3, are considered. The synthetic routes to these rings are straightforward and require only one or two steps to give the respective products in good yield. All the rings have been structurally characterized. The structures, in conjunction with spectroscopic data, indicate considerable variation with ring type. Quasi-aromaticity in the case of the (RBPR′)3 ring is well supported by the experimental data and, indirectly, by the non-planar structure that was observed for the `anti-aromatic' four-membered (RBPR′)2 rings. Further support comes from recent calculations at the SCF level using the basis set 6-31G* which indicate that the (HBHP)3 system has a similar stabilization to that seen in borazine, whereas the (HAINH)3 ring exhibits only a minor degree of delocalization of the π electrons.
Total synthesis of 3',5'-C-branched nucleosides.

A novel total synthesis of 3‘,5‘-C-branched uridine azido acid has been accomplished using stereoselective aldehyde alkynylation, Ireland−Claisen rearrangement, and iodolactonization as the key reactions. Compared to traditional routes that start from carbohydrates, the present methodology is more efficient, flexible for future optimization, and provides access to both enantiomers of the products. Because the key chemistry does not involve the 3‘- and 5‘-C substituents, our route is a general approach to 3‘,5‘-C alkyl nucleoside analogues.
Boundary Ambiguity in Gay Stepfamilies: Perspectives of Gay Biological Fathers and Their Same-Sex Partners

Gay stepfamilies have their own unique stressors that impact the individual member's ability to form a family. Through in-depth interviews, gay biological fathers and their same-sex partners described their experiences in their stepfamilies. The conceptual framework of boundary ambiguity is used to frame the experiences of institutional and interpersonal stressors that influence these family members.
A COMPARISON OF THE CONTACT IONIZATION OF CESIUM ON TUNGSTEN WITH THAT OF MOLYBDENUM, TANTALUM, AND RHENIUM SURFACES

Evaluation of the surface ionization of cesium on four porous refractory materials regarding ionization efficiency and critical temperatures is reported. Results from the porous materials are compared with solid surface data. The ionization efficiency of the porous material depends upon the flow rate per pore and, therefore, is directly related to the number of pores per unit area. An optimized emitter has more than 3.106 pores/cm2. In this case the neutral flux at 10 ma/cm2 does not exceed 2.6% under clean surface conditions. The ion engine power efficiency depends upon the critical temperature and current density. Comparison of porous tungsten, rhenium, molybdenum, and tantalum indicates the superiority of tungsten. Power efficiencies for clean and oxygenated porous tungsten at 10 ma/cm2 reach between 80 and 90%. At higher current densities the critical temperature is of less importance, and porous rhenium with its higher ionization efficiency becomes more interesting.