cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redistributing Income Back to European Community Consumers and Taxpayers through the Common Agricultural Policy

A multiple-policy-instrument generalization of Gardner's surplus transformation curve analysis is applied to an empirical model of the EC wheat sector to compare welfare effects of policy change proposals. A production quota/support price combination is estimated as the most efficient means of making relatively small transfers from EC agriculture to consumers/taxpayers. A coresponsibility levy/support price combination is estimated as the most efficient means of making larger transfers. The importance of accounting for income transfer size, distortions in related markets, and the structure of markets when comparing welfare effects of policy change proposals is demonstrated.
Maintaining and restoring hydrologic habitat connectivity in mediterranean streams: an integrated modeling framework

Hydrologic alterations designed to provide a stable water supply and to prevent flooding are commonly used in mediterranean-climate river (med-rivers) basins, and these alterations have led to habitat loss and significant declines in aquatic biodiversity. Often the health of freshwater ecosystems depends on maintaining and recovering hydrologic habitat connectivity, which includes structural components related to the physical landscape, functionality of flow dynamics, and an understanding of species habitat requirements for movement, reproduction, and survival. To advance our understanding of hydrologic habitat connectivity and benefits of habitat restoration alternatives we provide: (1) a review of recent perspectives on hydrologic connectivity, including quantitative methods; and (2) a modeling framework to quantify the effects of restoration on hydrologic habitat connectivity. We then illustrate this approach through a case study on lateral hydrologic habitat connectivity that results from channel restoration scenarios using scenarios with different historic and climate-change flows to restore fish floodplain habitat in a med-river, the San Joaquin River, California. Case study results show that in addition to the channel alterations, higher flows are required to recover significant flooded habitat area, especially given reductions in flows expected under climate change. These types of studies will help the planning for restoration of hydrologic habitat connectivity in med-rivers, a critical step for mediterranean species recovery.
Phosphorylation of Threonine 558 in the Carboxyl-terminal Actin-binding Domain of Moesin by Thrombin Activation of Human Platelets

The phosphorylation and localization of the membrane-linking protein moesin was analyzed during early activation of platelets with thrombin. Activated platelets elaborate filopodia and spread to assume flat pancake-like shapes, and moesin is localized in filopodia and cell body. In resting platelets, approximately 25% of moesin molecules are phosphorylated as shown by metabolic labeling with 32P(i) and by isoelectric focusing. Within seconds after exposure to thrombin, phosphorylation increases, reaching a maximum of 35% labeled molecules by 1 min, followed by a decrease to a new basal level within 5 min. This modification affects a single residue, Thr558, which is located within or close to a binding site for F-actin. Rapid shifts (0-100%) in the number of phosphorylated molecules are observed in the presence of inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases. Inhibitors affecting tyrosine phosphorylation also modulate phosphorylation at this site suggesting that the enzymes involved in the modification of Thr558 are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Platelets respond to both extremes of modification by forming extremely long filopodia and the absence of spreading on glass. Completely phosphorylated moesin is concentrated together with F-actin in the center of the cell. The rapid modification of moesin at or near its actin-binding domain suggests a model for regulated membrane-cytoskeleton interaction during cell activation.
Understanding the Relationship Between Information About College Prices and Financial Aid and Students’ College-Related Behaviors:

This article proposes a conceptual model for understanding the acquisition and use of information about college prices and financial aid. The model situates the process of acquiring and using information within several layers of context. Potential roles of four nested layers of context are discussed: habitus; the school and community context; the higher education context; and the broader social, economic, and policy context. Consideration of the model in light of available research suggests several potential explanations for differences across groups in the acquisition and use of information about college costs and financial aid.
An unusual case of elevated liver enzymes (2006: 10b)

HELLP syndrome is a form of severe pre-eclampsia with multisystem involvement. Laboratory markers include haemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelets (LP). We present a patient to our institution with HELLP syndrome complicated by liver necrosis. The patient underwent urgent Caesarian section prior to transfer.
Resilience in Sexually Abused Women: Risk and Protective Factors

The goal of this study was to evaluate the contribution of family characteristics (family conflict and cohesion) and abuse characteristics (age at which abuse occurred, abuse severity, and relationship to perpetrator) to resilience (self-acceptance, ability to engage in positive relationships with others, and environmental mastery) in a sample of one hundred and 77 university women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The respondents completed a questionnaire that focused on childhood experiences including family environment in childhood, characteristics of the abuse they had experienced in addition to degree of current resilience defined as their level of well-being (self-acceptance, ability to engage in positive relationships with others, and environmental mastery). The results indicated that family characteristics accounted for 13–22% of the variance in the well-being outcomes. In contrast, abuse characteristics accounted for 3% or less of the variance in the well-being outcomes. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
High-resolution simulations of gravity currents

An overview is given of high-resolution numerical simulation results for gravity currents in the lock exchange configuration. Results are provided for Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq flows, and for both horizontal and sloping bottom geometries. Furthermore, currents driven by fluid density differences are discussed along with those driven by differential particle loading.
The rorschach analysis of psychotics subjected to neurosurgical interruption of the thalamo-cortical projections

The Rorschach form-perception test was used preoperatively and postoperatively, whenever conditions permitted, in a series of 20 psychotic patients subjected to therapeutic bilateral prefrontal lobotomy. A continuing clinical followup was made on each patient for periods ranging up to one year. Because of the severe psychotic subjects with whom we were dealing, and other factors tending to reduce the number of cases available for reliable comparative studies, it was not possible to compute quantitative relationships on the basis of age, sex, or diagnosis. Qualitatively, the study revealed that the changes from preoperative records to postoperative records are not very large, in most cases, and that atypical signs present in the postoperative records are frequently anticipated in the preoperative records. In the postlobotomy course, Rorschach improvement may, or may not, run parallel with clinical improvement. An analysis of the postoperative scoring signs revealed the presence of several of Piotrowski’s criteria of intracranial damage, but since they frequently appeared in the preoperative picture, it was felt that they were more a function of the psychotic processes than of the lobotomy. In general, it appears that the neurosurgical transection of the frontal association areas plays a less important role in the reorganization of the Rorschach patterns than does the prepsychotic and preoperative personality structure.
Effects of Age and Sex on Reciprocal Tapping Performance

Using a reciprocal tapping task (Fitts's task), the speed and accuracy of small-amplitude motor movements of the hand were measured for 62 men and 84 women, 20 to 89 yr. of age. Men and women in their 20s and 30s performed similarly, although men in their 20s displayed a tendency to trade accuracy in favor of speed. Movement time increased noticeably for both men and women beginning with the 40s decade and continued to increase through the 80s decade. Error rates were lower for women than men and were relatively uniform for both men and women across all age decades past 30 yr. Older subjects of both sexes appeared to sacrifice speed (slowed down) to maintain accuracy on the task. The slope of the linear regression relating movement time to task difficulty was steeper for men than for women and increased more for men than women with advancing age, indicating that older men slowed down relatively more than older women on more difficult tasks.
An industry study for computer practices

Abstract Organizational information services have long been an important application of computer technology. The changes in hardware capabilities over four decades have increased the potential of the computer to supply information. Organizations adopt new technology and methods at different rates. The divergence between practice and potential is an important measure of the efficiency of information systems. The fundamental characteristic of information systems is the speed with which a system collects data and disperses reports. This study includes material on hardware and basic methods used to complete the information cycle. Some suggestion of the trend of change is given by the planned adoption of on-line practices and the desired skills of new programmers.
Concerted Synthesis of a Spirobicyclic Type-VI β-Turn Mimic of Pro-Pro-Pro-NH2

A highly concerted strategy for the synthesis of symmetrical type-VI β-turn mimics was formulated. A proof of concept is presented in the synthesis of a spirobicyclic peptidomimetic of Pro-Pro-Pro-NH2, compound 6. The formation of an unusual adduct that was encountered in the process also is reported. This approach is potentially general for type-VI β-turn mimics where the i + 1 and i + 2 residues are identical.
Solubility and iron release characteristics of iron chelates and sludge products

Abstract Iron deficiency is an important nutritional problem in the Florida citrus industry particularly under calcareous soils, and to some extent in acid soils. This study reports on iron supplying characteristics for LibFer SP (an alternative EDDHA chelated Fe) and Fe sludge‐unamended and modified‐products (industrial by‐products) in 4 Florida soils. In a batch‐ equilibration technique, the recovery of Fe from LibFer SP applied at rates varying from 15 to 120 mg Fe/kg soil, decreased from 95 to 43% and 95 to 63% in Holopaw (pH = 7.6) and Myakka (pH = 5.8) sand, respectively. Iron recovery was independent of rate of Fe application in Oldsmar sands sampled from a grove (pH = 6.2) or from an uncultivated natural vegetation site (pH = 4.2). However, Fe recovery was greater by 20% in the Oldsmar‐Grove than in the Oldsmar‐Natural sand. The recovery of Fe was negligible from unamended Fe sludge but improved slightly in the modified Fe sludge. In a moist soil incubation study, over 70 d, the recovery of Fe (by...
END-USER CUSTOMIZED CHEMISTRY JOURNAL ARTICLES

A system for delivering journal articles customized by the reader is described. The articles are marked-up with custom tags to identify portions of the document that can be modified to meet an individual's specification. These tags are interpreted by the Web server and converted into HTML that can be read by a Web browser. This system has been implemented within the Internet Journal of Chemistry. The relationship of this process with chemical markup language is detailed.
CDF CENTRAL MUON LEVEL-1 TRIGGER ELECTRONICS

Abstract We present the level-1 trigger module used for the CDF central muon drift chambers. Addressable registers select trigger mode for calibration, debugging, or data acquisition. A transverse momentum cut on muons exiting the solenoidal magnetic field region is made by using drift time differences between aligned pairs of anode sense wires. Cosmic ray results are presented and track angle selection is shown to be better than 5 mrad.
Pollution and perception: Social visibility and local environmental mobilization

Why does local environmental degradation lead some communities to rebel while others remain politically complacent? This comparative analysis seeks a partial answer to that question through examination of the impacts of the social visibility of local environmental problems on political mobilization in the Great Lakes Basin. The data upon which this paper is based is drawn from original field research conducted in six environmentally contaminated communities in both the U.S. and Canada. The paper examines the efforts of industry, government and environmental organizations to manipulate the visibility of contaminants in order to promote or prevent the emergence of grass roots political activism. However, the data indicates that socially visible environmental disorganization increases local awareness of contamination, but has little bearing on the definition of that contamination as a problem requiring political action. The transformation of awareness of environmental problems into local political mobilization is not determined primarily by the social visibility of contaminants, their sources, or their impacts on the environment.
A multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, multiple-dose, safety and pharmacokinetic study of AIT-082 (Neotrofin™) in mild Alzheimer's disease patients

A phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation study of the purine derivative, AIT-082 (Neotrofin, NeoTherapeutics) was conducted in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients to evaluate multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics. Possible short-term effects of AIT-082 on cognition and memory were preliminarily investigated. AIT-082 is currently being developed as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Pre-clinical studies indicate that AIT-082 has memory enhancing properties, stimulates neuritogenesis and the production of neurotrophic factors. Patients received an oral dose of AIT-082 or placebo daily for one week. Thirty-six AD patients were divided into three dose cohorts; each dose cohort consisted of twelve patients with 8 patients randomized to AIT-082 and 4 to placebo. The 3 doses of AIT-082 evaluated in this study were 100 mg/day, 500 mg/day, and 2,000 mg/day. There were no serious adverse events at any dose and the drug was well tolerated without significant side effects. AIT-082 was orally and rapidly absorbed, resulting in peak serum concentrations within 2 hours with an elimination half-life of approximately 20 hours. Higher doses resulted in corresponding increases in peak concentrations and areas under the curve (AUC). There was an approximate 2-fold accumulation in AIT-082 with daily dosing (as reflected by the AUC) at steady state. There were no significant differences by treatment arm on the clinical or neuropsychological evaluations. AIT-082 was rapidly absorbed by the oral route with a half-life suitable for dosing once or twice daily. No problems with tolerability or safety were found. AIT-082 appears suitable for testing in larger clinical trials for the treatment of AD and other neurologic disorders.
Short Communication: Teat Skin pH

Changes in teat skin surface pH were studied over 12 wk in 99 lactating Holstein cows. Half the udder of each cow routinely received postmilking disinfection, and the other half served as control. Measures of pH were made on all teats at weekly intervals. Teat skin pH was affected by treatment but not week. Mean teat skin pH measures were: 7.18 (+/- 0.64) and 7.53 (+/- 0.46) for treatment and control teats. In study II, pH teat skin measures were made hourly on 16 cows, starting 2 h before milking, immediately before a milking, immediately after a milking, and for 2 h postmilking. Teat skin pH was significantly lower for treatment teats and was lower for all teats postmilking.
Shear-lag analysis of notched laminates with interlaminar debonding

The fracture behavior of a debonded zone of finite width with no longitudinal damage in the unidirectional ply is predicted and the solution is then extended to include longitudinal matrix yielding and splitting in the unidirectional ply at the crack tip. The shear-lag assumption is used to describe the shear transfer between fibers. The fracture behavior of the laminate is studied as a function of initial crack length, constraint ratio, and width of the debonded zone. Results indicate that debonding can reduce the maximum fiber stress at the crack tip on the order of ten percent. This effect is maximum for a debond width of two or three fiber spacings and is independent of the initial crack length. As the debond width grows beyond this point, the maximum stress increases. For widths of about ten fiber spacings or more, the maximum fiber stress is larger than for the fully bonded case. In the presence of longitudinal matrix damage the same general behavior is found; however, the location of the maximum fiber stress is quite complex.
Macroscopic Quantum Uncertainty Principle and Superfluid Hydrodynamics

By application of a macroscopic quantum uncertainty principle to the flow of superfluid helium, one can understand the onset of third sound in thin helium films, and the large excess absorption of third sound in thick helium films.
Generation of DNA photolesions by two-photon absorption of a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser

The formation of spatially localized regions of DNA damage by multiphoton absorption of light is an attractive tool for investigating DNA repair. Although this method has been applied in cells, little information is available about the formation of lesions by multiphoton absorption in the absence of exogenous or endogenous sensitizing agents. Therefore, we have investigated DNA damage induced in vitro by direct two-photon absorption of frequency-doubled femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser. We first developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to measure DNA damage, and determined that the quantum yield of lesions formed by one-photon absorption of 254 nm light is 7.86×10(-4). We then measured the yield of lesions resulting from exposure to the visible femtosecond laser pulses, which exhibited a quadratic intensity dependence. The two-photon absorption cross section of DNA has a value (per nucleotide) of 2.6 GM at 425 nm, 2.4 GM at 450 nm, and 1.9 GM at 475 nm. A comparison of these in vitro results to several in vivo studies of multiphoton photodamage indicates that the onset of DNA damage occurs at lower intensities in vivo; we suggest possible explanations for this discrepancy.
Phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase-to-rutile via combined interface and surface nucleation

The kinetics of phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase samples was studied using x-ray diffraction at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1150 °C. Kinetic data were analyzed with an interface nucleation model and a newly proposed kinetic model for combined interface and surface nucleation. Results revealed that the activation energy of nucleation is size dependent. In anatase samples with denser particle packing, rutile nucleates primarily at interfaces between contacting anatase particles. In anatase samples with less dense particle packing, rutile nucleates at both interfaces and free surfaces of anatase particles. The predominant nucleation mode may change from interface nucleation at low temperatures to surface nucleation at intermediate temperatures and to bulk nucleation at very high temperatures. Alumina particles dispersed among the anatase particles can effectively reduce the probability of interface nucleation at all temperatures.
The Right to Dissent and Its Implications for Schooling.

In this article Sarah Stitzlein highlights an educational right that has been largely unacknowledged in the past but has recently gained significance given renewed citizen participation in displays of public outcry on our streets and in our town halls. Dissent is typically conceived of as a negative right—a liberty that guarantees that the government will not interfere with one's public self-expression. Stitzlein argues that, insofar as the legitimacy of the state depends on obtaining the consent of the governed, the state must allow the lively proliferation of dissent. Attending to this negative rights perspective, Stitzlein explores the educational implications of reframing the right to dissent as a positive right. This includes discussing the state's obligation to cultivate the skills of dissent in its young citizens and, correspondingly, student entitlement to this training. These educational implications, especially for civics education, are far more substantial than the thinner implications of the negative right to dissent.
Using Dynamic Programming to Optimally Rebalance Portfolios

The authors propose a different framework that quantifies the cost of a rebalancing strategy in terms of risk-adjusted returns net of transaction costs. They then derive an optimal rebalancing strategy that actively seeks to minimize that cost. Certainty equivalents and the transaction costs associated with a policy to define a cost-to-go function are used, with the expected cost-to-go minimized using dynamic programming. They apply Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate that their method outperforms traditional rebalancing strategies like monthly, quarterly, annual, and 5% tolerance rebalancing. They also show the robustness of our method to model error by performing sensitivity analyses.
Bounding the Number of Geometric Permutations Induced byk-Transversals

We prove that a suitably separated family ofncompact convex sets inRdcan be met byk-flat transversals in at mostO(k)d2 ((2k+1?2 k)(nk+1))k(d?k), or for fixedkandd,O(nk(k+1)(d?k)) different order types. This is the first non-trivial upper bound for 12.
Neoadjuvant Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Therapy Combined With Docetaxel and Androgen Ablation for High Risk Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Platelet derived growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy improves the efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in preclinical models of prostate cancer. Men with high risk localized prostate cancer were treated with platelet derived growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy, docetaxel and hormone ablation in the preoperative setting, and clinicopathological outcomes were evaluated.Materials and Methods: A total of 36 men with cT2 or greater disease, Gleason grade 8–10, serum prostate specific antigen more than 20 ng/ml or cT2b and prostate specific antigen more than 10 ng/ml and Gleason 7 disease, without radiological evidence of metastases, were scheduled to receive intramuscular leuprolide, 600 mg daily oral imatinib and 30 mg/m2 weekly docetaxel × 4 every 42 days for 3 cycles before radical prostatectomy (β [0.02, 1.98] prior on the possibility of pathological complete remission). Unresectable disease, postoperative prostate specific antigen 0.2 ng/ml or greater, or administration of postoperative radi...
Facies control on the petrographic composition of inertitic coals

Abstract The petrography of lignitic, subbituminous and bituminous inertinitic coals (i.e. coals containing > 30 modal percent inertinite on a mineral-matter-free basis) derived from limnic and paralic facies in the Upper Silesian coal basin of Poland was investigated. Paralic coals were observed to contain small amounts of telinite and abundant pyrofusinite compared to limnic coals. The ratio of oxysemifusinite and oxyfusinite to pyrosemifusinite and pyrofusinite is lower in paralic coals as compared to limnic coals. The statistical analysis of the reflectances of the inertinite group macerals and of vitrinite shows that paralic coals are more heterogeneous than limnic coals. This greater degree of heterogeneity may explain the differences in reactivity among coals that otherwise have the same rank and elemental and petrographic composition.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Requirement of Streptococcal Lactic Dehydrogenases

The lactic dehydrogenase of a strain of Streptococcus bovis specifically requires fructose-1,6-diphosphate for activity. Phosphate or fructose-1-6-diphosphate prevents inactivation of the dehydrogenase, but phosphate and other compounds cannot be substituted for the fructose-1,6-diphosphate required for activity. Lactic dehydrogenases of other species of Streptococcus show a similar requirement for fructose-1,6-diphosphate.
Simulating US Foreign Policy Crises: Uses and Limits in Education and Training

Crisis policy simulations can provide instructors with valuable tools for (1) increasing student awareness of the complexities of the real-life policy environment; (2) enhancing their empathy for the challenges faced by actual policymakers; and (3) providing vivid illustrations of difficult theoretical concepts associated with individual or group decision making and crisis management. This article explores the value of classroom simulations and the requirements for their successful construction and use.
Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle

Israel is a democracy, and its Palestinian Arab citizens enjoy full legal and political rights. Yet Israel is also a Jewish state, and a state that, in addition, has long been at war with the Arab world. The circumstances of Israel's Arabs have also been shaped by the conditions under which the country gained independence, following a war that left in Israel a Palestinian remnant that was impoverished, fragmented, and leaderless. Within this context, Israel's Palestinian citizens have been struggling since the early days of statehood for development, equality, and a strategy of political mobilization that would enable them to defend their interests and exercise meaningful political influence. They have made gradual but increasingly significant progress toward these objectives, particularly in recent years. Nevertheless, on balance, they remain on the margins of Israeli political life and are not yet sufficiently mobilized or united to play a political role commensurate with their demographic importance.
Competition among four Hymenopterous parasites of an endemic insect host.

Four species of Hymenoptera comprising a portion of a natural complex of species parasitizing the endemic gall midge, Rhopalomyia californica Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were tested under laboratory conditions to obtain an indication of their relative reproductive potentials, their relations with each other when competing in species pairs for the same hosts, and the effectiveness of each species by itself and in various combinations in parasitizing caged host populations. When each species was introduced by itself to a caged host population, the effectiveness of the parasite as measured by percent parasitism roughly correlated with its innate capacity for increase. When various combinations of parasite species were introduced to host populations, the success of each in percent parasitism was often, but not always, predictable on the basis of its reproductive potential and competitive characteristics. The most effective species appeared to parasitize as high a percent of the host population by itself in about the same period of time, as any combination of species tested.
Behind : In Response to Drs. Mavroidis and Lind

We appreciate Drs. Mavroidis and Lind's interest on our short article about the EUD concept [1], and also appreciate their great effort in developing biological measures to evaluate the effectivene...
Implementing modular adaptation of scientific software

Abstract Scientific software often needs to be adapted for different execution environments, problem sets, and available resources to ensure its efficiency and reliability. However, for existing programs, implementing adaptations by directly modifying source code can be time-consuming, error-prone, and difficult to manage for today's complex software. In this paper, we present a modular approach to realizing adaptation for existing scientific codes. By treating adaptation as a separate concern, our approach supports the development of application-specific, context-aware adaptation schemes without directly modifying the original code. Our approach uses a compositional framework that offers language-neutral mechanisms to integrate separately written adaptation code with existing code. Using our approach, scientific programmers can focus on the design and implementation of adaptation schemes separately from the original code development, and then compose an adaptive application whose original capabilities are enhanced in diverse aspects such as performance and stability. Our compositional approach enables fine-grained adaptation, so that an application's program behavior is controlled at the function or algorithm level by adaptation code plugged into the application. By applying our approach to real-world scientific applications to implement various adaptation scenarios, we demonstrate applicability and effectiveness for adapting scientific software.
Contact mechanics of simulated meniscal tears in cadaveric canine stifles.

Objective— To evaluate the biomechanical effects of 5 types of meniscal lesions on contact mechanics in the canine stifle. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Cadaveric canine stifles (n=12 pair). Methods— Medial meniscal lesions (radial, vertical longitudinal, nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears) were simulated in cadaveric stifles. A contact map was recorded from each tear type and contact area (CA) and peak contact pressure (PCP) from each tear type were compared. Results— A significant difference in PCP was detected between control and nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears. PCP increased by >45% in nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex meniscal tears when compared with control. No significant difference was found in PCP between control and radial and vertical longitudinal tears. No significant difference was found in CA between any of the meniscal conditions. Conclusions— Nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears cause a significant increase in PCP. Radial and vertical longitudinal tears had a minimal impact on the contact pressures of the medial compartment of the stifle. Clinical Relevance— Based on this ex vivo model, we support the clinical recommendation of debriding nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears because the injured portion of the meniscus no longer contributes significantly to the function of the meniscus. Radial and vertical longitudinal tears do not cause a change in contact mechanics allowing consideration of nonsurgical treatment and meniscal repair, respectively. Future experimental and clinical studies should aim to refine the treatment of specific meniscal injuries.
The National Institutes of Health Microphysiological Systems Program focuses on a critical challenge in the drug discovery pipeline

The National Institutes of Health has partnered with the US Food and Drug Administration and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to accelerate the development of human microphysiological systems (MPS) that address challenges faced in predictive toxicity assessment and efficacy analysis of new molecular entities during the preclinical phase of drug development. Use of human MPS could provide better models for predicting the efficacy of new molecular entities in clinical trials. It is also anticipated that improvements in predicting drug toxicities early in the drug development process through the use of MPS or human organs-on-a-chip will decrease the need to withdraw new therapies from the market and minimize or eliminate deaths due to unidentified drug toxicities.
Assessing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Preferences for Same-Day Discharge After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results From a Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background—Same-day discharge after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be safe for some patients. Few data are available on patient-reported outcomes and preferences for same-day discharge after PCI. Methods and ResultsBetween March 2008 and March 2010, a total of 298 patients undergoing elective PCI via femoral access at 2 medical centers (Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, and Baylor Medical Center, Dallas, TX) were randomized to same-day (n=150) or next-day (n=148) discharge. The primary outcome was high patient coping during the 7 days after discharge defined as scores <20 on the validated postdischarge coping difficulty scale. Safety outcomes, clopidogrel adherence, and patient preferences were secondary outcomes. Before discharge, patients randomized to same-day and next-day discharge were similar with respect to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. High-coping ability, assessed 7 days after PCI, was present for 79% of patients randomized to same-day discharge and for 77% of pat...
Structural Estimation of the Stochastic Dynamic Decision Problems of Resource Users: An Application to the Timber Harvest Decision

Abstract This paper examines a method for structural estimation of the stochastic dynamic decision problems of resource users. The method involves nesting a stochastic dynamic programming algorithm within a maximum likelihood routine. An application to the timber harvest decision indicates that owners of slash pine plantations in southeast Georgia use a low discount rate and treat timber price as a random walk. Moreover, the harvest decision is apparently dominated by profit shocks overlooked in the usual models of the harvest decision.
RACE, RIGHTS, AND HIGHER LAWS IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

Susan M. Ryan, The Grammar of Good Intentions: Race and the Antebellum Culture of Benevolence, Cornell University Press, 2003Gregg D. Crane, Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature, Cambridge University Press, 2002Moral sympathy does not necessarily imply condescension. Try to do something about sympathy, cross the line to benevolence, try to improve someone else's lot in life, and that can too easily change. Reform can become coercion and intolerance. The needy can come to seem permanently debased. They can also trick or manipulate the benevolent. These ambiguities pose severe problems for anyone who wants to imagine a democratic politics based on morality. Does neediness make the needy incapable of self-reliance and citizenship? Does benevolence corrupt the giver? Who gets to decide what laws are moral? According to literary scholars Mary Ryan and Gregg Crane, antebellum American literature perceived these problems and in many cases quite self-consciously tried to resolve them.
Reaction dynamics in an ergodic system: the siamese stadium billiard

Abstract A simple classical dynamical system with measure preserving non-ergodic flow is devised in order to better understand reaction dynamics in isolated molecules. This model gives rise to rate constants for activated barrier crossing that are larger than the RRKM rate constants for the system. This behavior is discussed in the light of recent theoretical work which generalizes the statistical theory of reaction rates to chaotic but non-ergodic dynamical systems.
Natural language in computer human-interaction: a CHI 99 special interest group

Fifty-three people from accross the world participated in the CHI 99 special interest group on Natural Language in Computer Human-Interaction. The SIG's main goal was to provide an opportunity for CHI 99 attendees from two research communities, natural language processing (NLP) and human-computer interaction (CHI), to discuss issues of mutual interest. The SIG embraced natural-language interfaces of all kinds, inlcuding text, spoken and multi-modal interaction. This report inlcudes the results of e-mail discussions following up on the SIG itself.
Two Efficient Representations for Set-Sharing Analysis in Logic Programs

Set-Sharing analysis, the classic Jacobs and Langen’s domain, has been widely used to infer several interesting properties of programs at compile-time such as occurs-check reduction, automatic parallelization, finite-tree analysis, etc. However, performing abstract unification over this domain implies the use of a closure operation which makes the number of sharing groups grow exponentially. Much attention has been given in the literature to mitigate this key inefficiency in thi s otherwise very useful domain. In this paper we present two novel alternative representations for the traditional set-sharing domain, tSH and tNSH, which compress efficiently the number of elements into fewer el ements enabling more efficient abstract operations, including abstract unification, without any loss of accuracy. Our experimental evaluation supports that both representations can reduce dramatically the number of sharing groups showing they can be more practical solutions towards scalable set-sharing.
The PhyLoTA Browser: Processing GenBank for Molecular Phylogenetics Research

As an archive of sequence data for over 165,000 species, GenBank is an indispensable resource for phylogenetic inference. Here we describe an informatics processing pipeline and online database, the PhyLoTA Browser (http://loco.biosci.arizona.edu/pb), which offers a view of GenBank tailored for molecular phylogenetics. The first release of the Browser is computed from 2.6 million sequences representing the taxonomically enriched subset of GenBank sequences for eukaryotes (excluding most genome survey sequences, ESTs, and other high-throughput data). In addition to summarizing sequence diversity and species diversity across nodes in the NCBI taxonomy, it reports 87,000 potentially phylogenetically informative clusters of homologous sequences, which can be viewed or downloaded, along with provisional alignments and coarse phylogenetic trees. At each node in the NCBI hierarchy, the user can display a "data availability matrix" of all available sequences for entries in a subtaxa-by-clusters matrix. This matrix provides a guidepost for subsequent assembly of multigene data sets or supertrees. The database allows for comparison of results from previous GenBank releases, highlighting recent additions of either sequences or taxa to GenBank and letting investigators track progress on data availability worldwide. Although the reported alignments and trees are extremely approximate, the database reports several statistics correlated with alignment quality to help users choose from alternative data sources.
The Arabidopsis Adh gene exhibits diverse nucleosome arrangements within a small DNase I-sensitive domain.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene from Arabidopsis shows enhanced sensitivity to DNase I in cells that express the gene. This generalized sensitivity to DNase I is demarcated by position -500 on the 59 side and the end of the mRNA on the 39 side. Thus, the gene defined as the promoter and mRNA coding region corresponds very closely in size with the gene defined as a nuclease-sensitive domain. This is a remarkably close correspondence between a sensitive domain and a eukaryotic transcriptional unit, because previously reported DNase I-sensitive domains include large regions of DNA that are not transcribed. Nucleosomes are present in the coding region of the Adh gene when it is expressed, indicating that the transcriptional elongation process causes nucleosome disruption rather than release of nucleosomes from the coding region. In addition, the regulatory region contains a loosely positioned nucleosome that is separated from adjacent nucleosomes by internucleosomic DNA segments longer than the average linker DNA in bulk chromatin. This specific array of nucleosomes coexists with bound transcription factors that could contribute to the organization of the nucleosome arrangement. These results enhance our understanding of the complex interactions among DNA, nucleosomes, and transcription factors during gene expression in plants.
A LISP-based controller for free-ranging automated guided vehicle systems

Abstract This paper describes the development of an intelligent controller for a fleet of free-ranging automated guided vehicles. The vehicle controller will operate in real-time. Once a transportation request is received, the location where the demand is generated and the nature of the demand is sent to the vehicle controller. Based on this information and the current status of the system, the vehicle controller will perform dispatching, routing, and scheduling tasks for the free-ranging vehicles. For the selected vehicle, the vehicle controller finds a route and then it will schedule the vehicle along that route in a non-conflicting manner. The vehicle controller is capable of detecting and preventing collisions before they occur. Once a collision is detected, the vehicle controller will explore different solutions to prevent the collision. The alternative which will result in the least delay time is the solution which will be selected by the vehicle controller. The inputs to the system are the layout t...
TEM Arrays, Design and Implementation

In this article, the theoretical and empirical limits and restrictions are discussed for a singular TEM element. The physical dimensions, namely, the conductor width and shape, the dielectric height and relative permittivity, and ground plate conductor are discussed with respect to their effect on the magnetic and electrical fields in a TEM resonator. Finally, practical consideration, such as channel count and decoupling techniques are discussed as a matter of optimizing the TEM array for a specific application. Keywords: TEM array; high field imaging; arrays; optimization; transceiver arrays
Patient ethics and evidence-based medicine--the good healthcare citizen.

Should patients request antibiotics from their physicians for common upper respiratory infections? I am grateful to Drs. Richard Bukata and Jerome Hoffman and the staff of Primary Care Medical Abstracts for retrieving and analyzing some of the references used in this paper.
Spatial and temporal variation in invertebrate consumer diets in forested and herbaceous wetlands

Macroinvertebrates have important functional roles in wetland ecosystems, but these roles are not always well understood. This study assessed which foods invertebrate consumers assimilate within a set of wetland habitats. During 2006 and 2007, non-Tanypodinae chironomid larvae and select crustaceans (Crangonyx amphipods, Caecidotea isopods, Simocephalus cladocerans) were sampled, along with their potential food sources, from forested and herbaceous areas in wetland habitats (depression, floodplain, swamp complex) across the southeastern U.S.A. Invertebrate and food source samples were processed for carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures. These data were analyzed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s IsoSource mixing model, to estimate the potential relative contributions of different food items and to highlight both important and unlikely food sources. In the forested habitats, litter from trees (leaves, wood, fruit), epiphyton, detrital FPOM (fine particulate organic matter), sediment, and macrophyte litter were found to be major foods for midges and crustaceans, although considerable spatial and temporal variation existed in consumption. In the herbaceous habitats, algae (epiphyton, periphyton, metaphyton, phytoplankton), sediment, and macrophyte litter were important food resources. Comparisons between forested and herbaceous wetlands suggested that algal resources were widely consumed by midges and crustaceans, and that detrital sources were also important in forested wetlands.
A proposed linac cavity rf drive system for the Los Alamos extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser☆

Abstract Since 1979, scientists and engineers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have designed, constructed and operated a radiofrequency (rf) linac free-electron laser (FEL) at wavelengths from 9 to 45 μm. Coupled with the success of other research centers investigating wavelengths from the visible to far-infrared, Los Alamos is now proposing a vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray [referred to henceforth as extreme ultraviolet (XUV)] FEL oscillator/self-amplified spontaneous-emission amplifier with beam energies ranging from 100 MeV to 1 GeV. This paper will focus on the first milestone of the proposed Los Alamos XUV project, i.e., a 250 MeV linac with approximately 50 mA of average current, producing photons with wavelengths below 1000 A.
A Comparative Analysis of State and Federal Judicial Behavior: The Reapportionment Cases

The literature discussing the responses of lower court judges to decisions of the United States Supreme Court is limited, and the few comparative analyses of state and federal judicial behavior have tended to be speculative rather than empirical. It has been suggested that a controversial Supreme Court decision is likely to be supported more strongly by federal judges than by state judges, that state courts will probably construe a Supreme Court mandate more narrowly than will federal courts, and that federal courts can be expected to move in a direction hinted at by the Court more aggressively than state courts. Since all federal judges are appointed for life, it is only logical that they should be more independent of local pressures than state judges, many of whom are elected, or appointed for limited periods. The fact that state and federal judges owe their appointments to different levels of the political party hierarchy, and the historical fact that federal judges are less likely to seek future political office than are state judges, suggest a similar conclusion. Finally, the very fact of being a federal judge may produce a sense of identification with the Supreme Court which state judges would not share.
A multichip module design for portable video compression systems

The multichip module (MCM) design of standard video compression algorithms is presented based on the currently available known good dies. The CCITT H.261 chip sets include chips for motion estimation, DCT and IDCT, forward and inverse quantization, Huffman coding and decoding, error correction, and loop filtering. The data compression standard is implemented in several separate chips instead of a giant chip to achieve high manufacturing yields. To realize a compact hardware design, the MCM approach is most suitable. The designs are focused on chip sets that are based on the data compression standard for videophone and video-conferencing applications. >
AN EVALUATION OF THE SINGLE ORIENTATION METHOD FOR TEXTURE DETERMINATION IN MATERIALS OF MODERATE TEXTURE STRENGTH

New microscopy technology has made it feasible to consider using single orientation measurements to obtain Orientation Distribution Functions (ODF). Single orientations are preferred over pole figure data in ODF calculations because the odd terms of the series expansion are not directly accessible when pole figures are used. However, the number of single orientation measurements required to calculate a statistically reliable ODF has generally been considered too large to practically obtain. This study found that the location of the major features of the ODF in rolled aluminum sheet were identifiable after only 100 measurements. However, the heights of the peaks and the secondary features required many more measurements to stabilize. Unless the orientation measurements can be automated or orientation correlation data is needed the pole figure method remains a more efficient means of obtaining the data necessary to measure texture.