cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated Design Results for the MSR DAC-0.0 Mars Ascent Vehicle

The NASA Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign endeavors to return Martian regolith, rock, and atmospheric samples to Earth for scientific study. One of many significant challenges to overcome in the return of these samples lies in transporting them from the Martian surface to space. In order to surmount this challenge, the Campaign has conceptualized the need for a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) to perform this function and deliver Martian samples to orbit. There, the samples will be ejected and captured by a separate spacecraft for return to Earth. Many concepts for a MAV have existed in the past, but it has not been until now that an integrated, detailed design solution has been developed and analyzed. Preliminary assessments of the initial architecture examined multiple methods of propulsion. The team ultimately determined that a Two Stage to Orbit (TSTO) solid propulsion vehicle would provide the most effective performance and be the most technologically ready to support this mission. Following the decision to adopt a TSTO solid propelled vehicle, the first official Design Analysis Cycle, DAC-O.O, was performed in Spring 2020 to formally advance the fidelity of the vehicle to a maturity level acceptable for NASA Key Decision Point A (KDP-A). This paper describes the resultant MAV design concept developed as part of the DAC-O.O study by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), in association with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The TSTO vehicle features two solid rocket motors, one powering each stage. Their thrust vectors are controlled with Thrust Vector Control (TVC) systems consisting of independent electromechanical actuators acting on gimballed nozzles. The vehicle is designed to deliver up to 0.47kg of Martian samples to a Mars circular orbit of 343km at 27° inclination. Due to the unique environmental conditions that this vehicle is required to operate in, the subsystem design teams were compelled to develop creative and unorthodox designs to ensure a successful mission. The detailed design and analysis of these subsystems are discussed in this paper and include topics on the MAV Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC); structures and mechanisms; integrated vehicle thermal; avionics and flight software; a hydrazine-based Reaction Control System (RCS); aerosciences; and vehicle assembly, integration, and test (AI&T) considerations, among others. Following the conclusion of the MAV DAC-0.0, additional alternative architecture concepts were also studied to further reduce the mass of the overall system.
Macroscale structural changes of thylakoid architecture during high light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

ABSTRACT Photoprotection mechanisms are ubiquitous among photosynthetic organisms. The photoprotection capacity of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is correlated with protein levels of stress-related light-harvesting complex (LHCSR) proteins, which are strongly induced by high light (HL). However, the dynamic response of overall thylakoid structure during acclimation to growth in HL has not been characterized. Here, we combined live-cell super-resolution microscopy and analytical membrane subfractionation to investigate macroscale structural changes of thylakoid membranes during HL acclimation in C. reinhardtii. Subdiffraction-resolution bioimaging revealed that overall thylakoid structures became thinned and shrunken during HL acclimation. The stromal space around the pyrenoid also became enlarged. Analytical density-dependent membrane fractionation indicated that the structural changes were partly a consequence of membrane unstacking. The analysis of both an LHCSR loss-of-function mutant, npq4 lhcsr1, and a regulatory mutant that over-expresses LHCSR, spa1-1, showed that structural changes occurred independently of LHCSR protein levels, demonstrating that LHCSR was neither necessary nor sufficient to induce the thylakoid structural changes associated with HL acclimation. In contrast, stt7-9, a mutant lacking a kinase of major light-harvesting antenna proteins, had a distinct thylakoid structural response during HL acclimation relative to all other lines tested. Thus, while LHCSR and the antenna protein phosphorylation are core features of HL acclimation, it appears that only the latter acts as a determinant for thylakoid structural rearrangements. These results indicate that two independent mechanisms occur simultaneously to cope with HL conditions. Possible scenarios for HL-induced thylakoid structural changes are discussed.
Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in People Living with HIV: Current Tools and Limitations.

To provide the current state of the development and application of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction tools in people living with HIV (PLWH). Several risk prediction models developed on the general population are available to predict CVD risk, the most notable being the US-based pooled cohort equations (PCE), the Framingham risk functions, and the Europe-based SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation). In validation studies in cohorts of PLWH, these models generally underestimate CVD risk, especially in individuals who are younger, women, Black race, or predicted to be at low/intermediate risk. An HIV-specific CVD prediction model, the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) model, is available, but its performance is modest, especially in US-based cohorts. Enhancing CVD prediction with novel biomarkers of inflammation or coronary artery calcification is of interest but has not yet been evaluated in PLWH. Finally, studies on CVD risk prediction are lacking in diverse PLWH globally. While available risk models for CVD prediction in PLWH remain suboptimal, clinicians should remain vigilant of higher CVD risk in this population and should use any of these risk scores for risk stratification to guide preventive interventions. Focus on established traditional risk factors such as smoking remains critical in PLWH. Risk prediction functions tailored to PLWH in diverse settings will enhance clinicians’ ability to deliver optimal preventive care.
Electrodialysis Simulation to Achieve Optimum Current Density

Electrodialysis is used to remove salts from waste or other water streams, to yield a concentrated brine and a substatially deionized product water. During the electrodialysis process, the boundary layer adjacent to the ion selective membrane can become depleted of ions, resulting in severe pH changes sometimes accompanied by precipitation, and power losses, by a process known as water splitting. In order to optimize the applied electric current density, to achieve maximum deionization without exceeding the limiting current at any point along the path, a simulation program has been created to plot ion concentrations and fluxes, and cell current densities and voltages along the electrodialysis path. A means for tapering the current density along the path is recommended.
1Obesity—impact of the family

Children demonstrating the most success at weight loss appear to be from supportive, interactive families utilizing child-rearing techniques that develop responsibility and a positive self-image.
Can voltage security indices predict voltage collapse problems in large-scale power networks?

The authors give the necessary conditions needed for voltage collapse indicators (VCIs) to predict voltage collapse phenomena in a power system. At least two VCIs are needed: one for the static mechanisms and the other for the dynamic mechanisms. It is found that VCIs cannot correctly predict an impending voltage collapse. What type of voltage collapse phenomena can be predicted by the VCIs depends on whether the VCIs monitor the steady-state operating point or the dynamic operating point. >
Ribozymes in wonderland.

Robertson, Michael P. Bull, Jim On p. [614][1] of this issue, Wright and Joyce report the successful evolution of a catalytic ribozyme selected for its ability to perform ligation. In their Perspective, Ellington et al . comment on the advances in this study over previous efforts and what this work tells us about evolution. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/276/5312/614
Measuring students' scientific content and inquiry reasoning

Recently, several important documents have promoted inquiry-based science as the main way for science to be taught and learned. In addition, there have been advancements made in the measurement sciences that allow for sophisticated and complex ways to score and interpret student responses on assessment tasks. However, while many studies have shown the benefits of scientific inquiry in the classroom and others have described new types of psychometric models available for scoring analysis, few have combined the two to develop a better understanding of how students "know" science. This paper briefly describes an assessment system used to create items that systematically measure both students' content knowledge as well as two complex inquiry-reasoning skills. Then, using student responses to an assessment made using this system we employ multidimensional psychometric models to allow us to explain the nature of the types of knowledge students draw on when encountering scientific scenarios.
More BLAST for the Buck

Time and money—they are the essential, yet most often, the limiting factors in people’s lives. Sequence comparisons via computer searches are certainly no different. For the sequence similarity search, time is determined by how long it takes to compare your sequence of interest to the burgeoning sequence information available, whereas matches found are the currency. Of course, not just any sequence match is worthwhile—only matches that are likely to have biological significance; your money should be worth something. To obtain such matches requires a program that is both sensitive (able to pick up relevant matches of weak similarity) and selective (provide a list of matches that are all biologically relevant). The balance between these two can greatly increase the time it takes to run a program—too high a sensitivity and it will take too much time and produce too many nonbiologically relevant sequences; too low a sensitivity and the program will run much faster, but meaningful matches may be lost. The BLAST program has been the primary method for doing database searches to detect related sequences for the purpose of classifying proteins into functional families and identifying unknown functional units. Now, a paper by Altschul et al. (1997) provides modifications to the current algorithms in the BLAST program that save the user time and provide far greater return on the investment.
Effects of training on forced submersion responses in harbor seals.

SUMMARY In several pinniped species, the heart rates observed during unrestrained dives are frequently higher than the severe bradycardias recorded during forced submersions. To examine other physiological components of the classic ‘dive response’ during such moderate bradycardias, a training protocol was developed to habituate harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) to short forced submersions. Significant changes were observed between physiological measurements made during naive and trained submersions (3–3.5 min). Differences were found in measurements of heart rate during submersion (naive 18±4.3 beats min –1 versus trained 35±3.4 beats min –1 ), muscle blood flow measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry (naive 1.8±0.8 ml min –1 100 g –1 versus trained 5.8±3.9 ml min –1 100 g –1 ), change in venous P O 2 (naive –0.44±1.25 kPa versus trained –1.48±0.76 kPa) and muscle deoxygenation rate (naive –0.67±0.27 mvd s –1 versus trained –0.51±0.18 mvd s –1 , a relative measure of muscle oxygenation provided by the Vander Niroscope, where mvd are milli-vander units). In contrast to the naive situation, the post-submersion increase in plasma lactate levels was only rarely significant in trained seals. Resting eupneic (while breathing) heart rate and total oxygen consumption rates (measured in two seals) were not significantly different between the naive and trained states. This training protocol revealed that the higher heart rate and greater muscle blood flow in the trained seals were associated with a lower muscle deoxygenation rate, presumably secondary to greater extraction of blood O 2 during trained submersions. Supplementation of muscle oxygenation by blood O 2 delivery during diving would increase the rate of blood O 2 depletion but could prolong the duration of aerobic muscle metabolism during diving. This alteration of the dive response may increase the metabolic efficiency of diving.
Effects of ovariectomy and hindlimb unloading on skeletal muscle

Female rats (7–8 mo old, n = 40) were randomly placed into the intact control (Int) and ovariectomized control (Ovx) groups. Two weeks after ovariectomy, animals were further divided into intact 2-...
Benjamin Disrael's "Contarini Fleming" and "Alroy"

6 6 I ^ O E T R Y , " Disraeli confided to his diary in the autumn of 1833, "is the safety-valve of my passions, but I wish to act what I write. My works are the embodification of my feelings. In Vivian Grey I have portrayed my active and real ambition. In Alroy (1833) my ideal ambition. The P.R. [i.e., 'Psychological Romance/ the original title of Contarini Fleming] (1832) is a devolopm* of my Poetic character. This Trilogy is the secret history of my feelings—I shall write no more about myself."1 It is difficult to know how to assess this much-quoted statement. Disraeli apparently meant that in Vivian Grey (1826-27), with its detailed narrative of schemings and counter-schemings, he had foreshadowed his parliamentary ambitions 5 that in The Wondrous Tale of Alroy (1833), with its account of an ultimately self-sacrificing hero who seeks to reunite and restore to power a divided and humiliated people, he had projected forth his sense of personal idealism and national destiny ; and that in the highly autobiographical Contarini Fleming (1832) he had sought to record the development of his own artistic sensibilities. That he should at the same time have vowed to write "no more about myself" is in itself significant, for it suggests that since his visit to the East a change had come over his attitude towards novel writing. Certainly Contarini and Alroy have little enough in common with Pofanilla (1828) and The Young Duke (1831), nor can they be said in any general way to anticipate Henrietta Temfle (1836), Venetia (1837), Coningsby (1844), or Sybil (1845). Taken as a pair, they represent an interruption in the course of Disraeli's development as a novelist—indeed, a regrettable interruption but nonetheless a necessary one. Disraeli began work on Alroy late in the 1820's. A tightly-packed
Theory and laboratory study of a tall passive chamber for measuring gas fluxes at soil surface.

ABSTRACT A tall passive flux chamber with a height significantly greater than its horizontal dimensions is proposed for measuring fluxes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the soil surface. The main feature of this tall chamber is the presence of a vertical concentration gradient of the target gas in the chamber. The emission and transport behavior of the target gas in the soil-chamber system are analyzed using the diffusion theory. A mathematical model is developed to estimate the flux from the soil into the tall chamber, providing the target gas establishes a detectable vertical concentration gradient in the chamber. To obtain the data required for calculating flux, only two gas concentrations (C1 and C2) at two heights (h1 and h2) within the chamber need to be measured at the end of a short chamber placement time (tp). To evaluate the applicability of the tall chamber for measuring flux, several laboratory tests have been conducted, using CH2Cl2 and CH3Br as the target gases. The results indicate ...
Bayesian small area models for assessing wildlife conservation risk in patchy populations.

: Species conservation risk assessments require accurate, probabilistic, and biologically meaningful maps of population distribution. In patchy populations, the reasons for discontinuities are not often well understood. We tested a novel approach to habitat modeling in which methods of small area estimation were used within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Amphibian occurrence was modeled with logistic regression that included third-order drainages as hierarchical effects to account for patchy populations. Models including the random drainage effects adequately represented species occurrences in patchy populations of 4 amphibian species in the Oregon Coast Range (U.S.A.). Amphibian surveys from other locations within the same drainage were used to calibrate local drainage-scale effects. Cross-validation showed that prediction errors for calibrated models were 77% to 86% lower than comparable regionally constructed models, depending on species. When calibration data were unavailable, small area and regional models performed similarly, although poorly. Small area estimation models complement wildlife ecology and habitat studies, and can help managers develop a regional picture of the conservation status for relatively rare species. Resumen: Las evaluaciones de riesgo de conservacion de especies requieren de mapas precisos, probabilisticos y biologicamente significativos de la distribucion de la poblacion. En poblaciones fragmentadas, las razones de las discontinuidades a menudo no son bien entendidas. Probamos un nuevo metodo para modelar habitats en el que se usaron metodos de estimacion de areas pequenas en un marco Bayesiano jerarquico. La ocurrencia de anfibios fue modelada con regresion logistica que incluyo escurrimientos de tercer orden como efectos jerarquicos para explicar las poblaciones fragmentadas. Los modelos que incluyeron los efectos de los escurrimientos aleatorios representaron adecuadamente la ocurrencia de especies en poblaciones fragmentadas de cuatro especies de anfibios en la Cordillera Costera de Oregon (E.U.A.). Utilizamos muestreos de anfibios en otras localidades en el mismo escurrimiento para calibrar los efectos del escurrimiento a escala local. La validacion cruzada mostro que los errores de prediccion para los modelos calibrados fueron entre 77% y 86% menores que los modelos comparables construidos regionalmente, dependiendo de la especie. Cuando no se disponia de datos de calibracion, los modelos de areas pequenas y regionales funcionaron similarmente, aunque pobremente. Los modelos de estimacion de areas pequenas complementan los estudios de ecologia y habitat de vida silvestre, y pueden ayudar a que los manejadores desarrollen una vision regional del estatus de conservacion de especies relativamente raras.
Effect of secretagogues and pH on intestinal transport in guanylin-deficient mice.

Abstract The small and large intestine secrete guanylin, a peptide homologous to heat stable enterotoxin (STa) elaborated by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Guanylin's role in intestinal electrolyte transport was investigated in guanylin-deficient knockout mice and heterozygous littermate controls. Segments of mid-jejunum, distal ileum, and proximal and distal colon were studied in Ussing chambers in HCO3− Ringer under short circuit conditions. We found that (1) under basal conditions, all segments in control and knockout mice absorb Na+, and the knockout mouse proximal colon secretes Cl−; (2) all segments except the jejunum of knockout mice respond by increasing absorption in response to reductions in pH from 7.6 to 7.1; (3) all segments exhibit decreased absorption in response to 1 mM cAMP; (4) the jejunum and ileum of knockout and control mice, and the proximal colon of control mice (but not knockout mice) respond to the mucosal addition of 50 nM STa with decreases in absorption; and (5) mucosal guanylin caused similar decreases in proximal colon absorption in control and guanylin-deficient mice. These findings suggest that guanylin deficiency causes basal Cl− secretion and reduced responsiveness to STa in mouse proximal colon. The effectiveness of guanylin in this segment suggests a difference in the intestinal secretory actions of STa and guanylin.
Optical design of an imaging spectrometer utilizing an acousto-optic tunable filter as a disperser

Designing an imaging spectrometer using and AOTF can be a difficult task since there is no software that can simulate the bulk diffraction that takes place in the AOTF material.
Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin in the frog (Rana pipiens)

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) and ionic calcium ([Ca]i) were measured in intact frogs ( Rana pipiens ) within complete 24 hr light-dark cycles over an 18 month period. 2. 2. Plasma iCT exhibits an annual periodicity about the annual mean of 10.0ng/ml, with an amplitude of 5.4 ng/ml that peaks in October. 3. 3. Within an annual cycle, a significant inverse association exists between the basal monthly levels of plasma iCT and [Ca]i for animals maintained in freshwater control conditions. 4. 4. When subjected to a high calcium environment during the latter half of the year, plasma [Ca]i and iCT were elevated above control levels but exhibited independent cyclic patterns. 5. 5. A distinct seasonal response of increased iCT in a high calcium environment may be related to the secretory activity of the ultimobranchial glands and physiological responsiveness to other calcemie hormones; e.g. parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
Repair strength of dental amalgams.

Clinical Relevance The proper technique of condensing amalgam to the surface of an old amalgam is critical to establishing a bond between the new and old amalgams.
The pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine-induced drowsiness and changes in mental performance

The time course of diphenhydramine concentrations and effects on both mental performance and subjective feelings of drowsiness were assessed in 15 healthy men. Subjects received single oral doses of diphenhydramine, 50 mg, and placebo in this double-blind crossover study. Diphenhydramine plasma concentrations and central nervous system actions were assessed for 24 hours after each treatment. Cognitive impairment was assessed with an automobile driving simulator and digit symbol substitution scores, whereas drowsiness was self-assessed on a visual analog scale. Diphenhydramine produced significant feelings of drowsiness for up to 6 hours after the dose, whereas significant mental impairment was apparent for only 2 hours. Despite the difference in duration of these effects, drowsiness and mental impairment have parallel slopes when effects are related to diphenhydramine concentrations. These data suggest that although the apparent diphenhydramine concentration thresholds to produce drowsiness are lower (30.4 to 41.5 ng/ml) than those needed to produce mental impairment (58.2 to 74.4 ng/ml), these effects have profiles consistent with their being manifestations of the same pharmacologic effect.
Characterization of HOCl Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry

HOCl is an important intermediate in stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry. Although it can be readily measured in laboratory systems at low pressures ({le}20 Torr) using conventional electron impact ionization mass spectrometry, there is a need for a measurement technique that can operate at higher pressures, up to 1 atm in air. One such technique seeing increasing use is atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The authors report here studies of the API-MS of {approximately}0.5--50 ppm HOCl at a total pressure of 1 atm and room temperature. Major peaks from the ion-adducts with Cl{sup {minus}} and OCI{sup {minus}} were observed. The Br{sup {minus}} adduct of HOCl can also be generated using bromoform in the discharge region of the ion source. At the lower range of HOCl concentrations studied in air, the O{sub 2}{sup {minus}} adduct and small parent peaks assigned to HOCl{sup {minus}} were observed. The species present as minor impurities in the HOCl source (Cl{sub 2}, Cl{sub 2}O and HCl) can be readily distinguished through identification of the parent ion for Cl{sub 2}, or as their adducts with Cl{sup {minus}} and Br{sup {minus}} for Cl{sub 2}O and HCI. The identification of HOCl was confirmed using electron impact ionization time-of-flight massmore » spectrometry (El-MS). HOCl was quantified using EI-MS to measure the Cl{sub 2} generated when the HOCl reacted heterogeneously on a water-ice/HCl surface and independently by photolysis of the HOCl to generate atomic chlorine, which was trapped using propene and measured as chloroacetone. The implications for the use of API-MS for measuring HOCl in laboratory systems and in ambient air are discussed.« less
Sampling to Detect Economic Infestations of Limonius Spp.

The recent shift to nonpersistent insecticides for control of wire worms, Limonius spp., increased the need for a reliable method of sampling to detect and estimate economic populations (> 0.1 per ft2). When homogeneous populations of < 3 per ft2 were sampled by using sub samples ¼-ft2 or smaller, sampling data followed a Poisson distribution; therefore. Poisson confidence limits were applied to results of sampling. Even when infestations were not uniform, the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval for sample means provided an economically prudent estimate of the population in soil to be planted to susceptible crops. A nomograph was constructed from which the upper confidence limit for a range of sample means can be obtained without computation. The nomograph has several practical uses that probably could be adapted to sampling for other insects that have low economic thresholds and that might, therefore, be found in a Poisson distribution.
Secondary Mutations M36I and A71V in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Can Provide an Advantage for the Emergence of the Primary Mutation D30N

Development of resistance mutations in enzymatic targets of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) hampers the ability to provide adequate therapy. Of special interest is the effect mutations outsi...
Substructural strengthening in molybdenum and Mo-33Re

Abstract Strengthening from defect substructures has been studied in Mo-33Re deformed in tension and by cold rolling, and in shock-loaded molybdenum and Mo-33Re. In cold-rolled and tensile-deformed Mo-33Re, strengthening arises from dislocation-dislocation interactions for smaller strains (less than 0.3), while at larger strains by rolling there is additional strengthening from dislocation cell formation and texture development. In shock-loaded molybdenum, dislocation-dislocation interactions are the primary source of strengthening, while in shock-loaded Mo-33Re dislocations and twin boundaries both contribute to strengthening. The coefficients for dislocation strengthening in both shock-loaded molybdenum and shock-loaded Mo-33Re are consistent with the values for the cold-rolled Mo-33Re and with published values for a wide range of other materials, indicating that the strengthening mechanism is similar for conventional and shock deformation.
Identification of an amino terminal domain required for the transforming activity of the Rous sarcoma virus src protein

Abstract Transformation of chicken cells by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) requires the functional expression of the viral src protein, a tyrosine protein kinase, pp60 src . Variants of RSV containing deletions within the amino terminal one-third of the src protein have been identified that exhibit either temperature-sensitive or transformation-defective phenotype when used to infect chicken embryo cells. To define the regions within the amino terminal portion of pp60 src that influence morphological transformation, a series of overlapping deletion mutations in the src gene of Prague RSV (Pr A RSV) were constructed and their biological and biochemical properties were analyzed. Deletions within the src gene which remove amino acid residues 38 to 142 had minimal effects on the ability of the mutant viruses to induce cellular transformation. However, deletions, which impinged upon the region of the src gene encoding residues 142 to 169, inhibited cellular transformation. A variant containing a deletion of amino acid residues 169 to 225, was temperature sensitive for transformation. Structurally altered src proteins recovered from cells infected with transformation-defective variants exhibited a somewhat reduced tyrosine protein kinase activities when assayed in the immune complex kinase assay. Analysis of the in vivo phosphorylation of a pp60 src substrate, the 36-kDa protein, revealed virtually wild-type levels of phosphorylation in cells infected with the transformation-defective mutants. These studies suggest that the region of the Pr A RSV src protein delineated by amino acid residues 142 to 169 is essential for initiation and maintenance of morphological transformation of chicken cells in culture.
Dielectric Light-Trapping Structures for Ultrathin Silicon and Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells

We show that superlattice photonic crystals introduce new optical modes that contribute to enhanced absorption, with greatest improvements obtained by combining a superlattice with a randomly textured dielectric incoupler layer. Layers 1-4 microns in thickness, have absorbed currents competitive with conventional thick solar cells.
Detection of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in bovine mesenteric blood vessels.

Abstract Two types of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD + and NADP + dependent) were demonstrated in bovine mesentric arteries and veins. The 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was found in the high-speed supernatant, suggesting that these enzymes are associated with the cytoplasmic fraction of the blood vessels. The levels of activities of both NAD + - and NADP + -dependent dehydrogenases were similar in mesentric blood vessels. Prostaglandin F 2α was preferred to the prostaglandin E 2 as subtrate by both NAD + and NADP + dependent enzymes. The presence of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in blood vessels may play a siginificant role in the regulation of intracellular levels of prostaglandins of the E and F series in blood vessels.
Occupational and Industry Sex Segregation and the Work–Family Interface

This study examines how gender interacts with the extent of occupational and industry sex segregation to affect family-to-work conflict, work-to-family conflict, coworker support, and supportive work-family culture. Using a theoretical framework that highlights the negative ramifications of working in a sex-atypical occupation or industry, we hypothesized that men and women would be impacted differently by the percentage of women in an occupation or industry. The data (N = 2,810) are from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce (a US sample). Findings suggest that gender interacts with the percentage of women in an industry in significantly predicting coworker support and supportive work–family culture. Gender also interacts with the percentage of women in an occupation in significantly predicting family-to-work conflict.
Extra-Fibrilar Matrix Properties of Human Annulus Fibrosus are Location and Age Dependent

Aging and degeneration of the intervertebral discs are cell mediated processes that include biochemical, mechanical and structural changes. Although these processes are similar, disc degeneration is defined as an accelerated aging process that results in a detriment in the function of the disc. Biochemical changes include protein cross-linking, proteoglycan depletion and changes on collagen type. These compositional changes are related to changes in the mechanical properties of the disc and its tissues. For instance, it has been shown that an increase of protein cross-linking by glycation or genipin treatment causes an increase of the stiffness in disc tissues [1,2]. On the other hand, a decrease on the amount of proteoglycan has been shown to cause a decrease on tissue stiffness due to a reduction of the osmotic pressure [3,4]. However, during aging and degeneration, these two processes occur simultaneously with opposing effects on the mechanical properties of the tissue. Consequently, it is important to analyze these effects separately. Additionally, many multiphasic models for soft charged tissues, such articular cartilage and intervertebral disc, also consider the ionic phases separately from non-charged solids. Although multiphasic models for the disc have been used in the past, the mechanical properties of the non-charged extra-fibrillar matrix (EFM) have not been measured directly.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
ELECTROSTATIC INSTABILITIES IN A PLASMA WITH ANISOTROPIC VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

An anisotropic magnetized plasma, in which the distribution of particle velocities is a bi-Maxwellian characterized by the temperatures ${T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{II}}$, is considered in order to delimit as much as possible the location of possibly unstable roots to the dispersion equation. We find that marginally unstable roots of the dispersion equation can occur only if both $[l+\frac{1}{2}]l\ensuremath{\omega}l[l+1\ensuremath{-}(\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{II}}}{{T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}})]$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}l\frac{({T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{II}})}{{T}_{\mathrm{II}}}$, where $l$ is an integer and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the real part of the frequency in units of the cyclotron frequency. Thus, in particular, the system is stable if ${T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}l2{T}_{\mathrm{II}}$.
Determination of bone mineral density by dual x-ray absorptiometry in patients with uncemented total hip arthroplasty.

Bone remodeling is an expected sequela with total hip arthroplasty (THA). Although there are several methods of estimating bone response in THA patients from radiographs, there are no accurate and generally accepted methods for quantitative determinations in vivo. In this study, we describe an application of dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring bone mineral content and bone mineral density in the proximal femur following THA. DXA is a noninvasive technique with minimal radiation exposure ( 5%) not previously measurable.
Heat transfer to saturated mist flowing normally to a heated cylinder

A flow of steam/air containing a fraction ƒ (0.5–20% by weight) suspended mist was swept across a roughened heated tube. The average heat-transfer coefficients were characterized by a “dryness parameter”, φ, defined as; φ=qwo(Ao. (qwo, heat flux, Ao, area/width ratio, G, mass velocity, and d, diameter). The measured average Nusselt number was independent of moisture content for φ ⪡ 1, the “fully wet” state, but dependent on the vapor/liquid density ratio and the Reynolds number; Likewise in the “fully dry” state, φ >$1, characteristic convective heat transfer was observed; NDNu = 0.250 No.647ReN2Re. Finally in the “partially wetted” state, $0.7 > φ > 0.1, heat transfer was a strong function of moisture content; NNu-ND __ __ = tanh(0.015φ2) nwnu-ndnu at a given NRe.
Current brachytherapy quality assurance guidance: does it meet the challenges of emerging image-guided technologies?

In the past decade, brachytherapy has shifted from the traditional surgical paradigm to more modern three-dimensional image-based planning and delivery approaches. The role of intraoperative and multimodality image-based planning is growing. Published American Association of Physicists in Medicine, American College of Radiology, European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, and International Atomic Energy Agency quality assurance (QA) guidelines largely emphasize the QA of planning and delivery devices rather than processes. These protocols have been designed to verify compliance with major performance specifications and are not risk based. With some exceptions, complete and clinically practical guidance exists for sources, QA instrumentation, non–image-based planning systems, applicators, remote afterloading systems, dosimetry, and calibration. Updated guidance is needed for intraoperative imaging systems and image-based planning systems. For non–image-based brachytherapy, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group reports 56 and 59 provide reasonable guidance on procedure-specific process flow and QA. However, improved guidance is needed even for established procedures such as ultrasound-guided prostate implants. Adaptive replanning in brachytherapy faces unsolved problems similar to that of image-guided adaptive external beam radiotherapy.
Quantitative rapid scan EPR spectroscopy at 258 MHz

Experimental data obtained with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) rapid scan spectrometer were translated through the reverse transfer functions of the spectrometer hardware to the sample position. Separately, theoretical calculations were performed to predict signal and noise amplitudes at the sample position for specified experimental conditions. A comparison was then made between the translated experimental values and the calculated values. Excellent agreement was obtained.
The gene for the major cuticular wax-associated protein and three homologous genes from broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and their expression patterns.

The gene for the major protein (WAX9) found in surface wax of broccoli, designated wax9D, and three homologous genes (wax9A, B and C) were isolated from a genomic library using the previously isolated cDNA encoding the WAX9 protein as the probe; all four genes were sequenced. Genomic Southern blot analysis using the WAX9 cDNA as a probe showed the presence of at least four homologous genes in broccoli genome. The sequence of the originally isolated WAX9 cDNA matched with that of gene D. All four genes have an intron two codons before the stop codon. The putative promoter regions of the four genes, beyond the first 200 bp immediately 5′ to the translation start sites, are quite different. Essential elements such as TATA and CAAT boxes and several regions homologous to the promoter regions of other plant ltp genes were identified. The expression patterns of the genes were determined by RT-PCR with gene-specific primers and sequencing of the PCR products. All the genes were expressed in leaves and flower buds. While genes A, B and D also were expressed in stems and open flowers, expression of gene C was not detected in these organs. None of them were expressed in roots. The 972 bp 5′-flanking region of wax9D when fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, directed tissue-specific GUS expression in transgenic tobacco plants; GUS expression was found in the epidermis of leaves, stems and flower petals, sepals, trichomes, and ovules but not in roots.
Integrated-Optical Interferometric 2 X 2 Switches

An integrated-optical 2 x 2 switch consisting of an electrooptic interferometric modulator and asymmetric Y-branch mode splitters/combiners has been demonstrated. This device design offers the important advantages of low crosstalk, fast switching speed, low switching voltage, and ease of fabrication. In this initial device we have demonstrated switching at a wavelength of 1.15 pm with crosstalk of less than -15 dB.
The Impact of Community-Level Variables on Individual-Level Outcomes Theoretical Results and Applications

The authors study alternative estimators of the impacts of higher level variables in multilevel models. This is important since many of the important variables in social science research are higher level factors having impacts on many lower level outcomes such as school achievement and contraceptive use. While the large sample properties of alternative estimators for these models are well known, there is little evidence about the relative performance of these estimators in the sample sizes typical in social science research. The authors attempt to fill this gap by presenting evidence about point estimation and standard error estimation for both two-and three-level models. A major conclusion of the article is that readily available commercial software can be used to obtain both reliable point estimates and coefficient standard errors in models with two or more levels as long as appropriate corrections are made for possible error correlations at the highest level.
Beta‐carotene supplementation of Laying Hen Diets

The possibility of beta-carotene affecting production of hens or hatchability of eggs was studied over 252 d with diets based on white maize containing 0, 1.5, 6.75 or 15 mg added beta-carotene/kg. Egg production, food intake, food utilisation, egg weight, and egg specific gravity were not affected significantly by beta-carotene. Egg fertility, hatchability and final body weights of hens were also not significantly influenced. Reflectance measurements showed that dietary beta-carotene resulted in increased deposition and more intense pigmentation in the egg yolk.
Analysis of Variance: Repeated-Measures

R can be used to calculate univariate and multivariate statistics for repeated-measures ANOVA. This chapter covers a few examples on how to carry out these calculations. In experimental psychology, a repeated-measures design typically refers to collecting multiple data points from the same subject. These repeated assessments are made under different experimental conditions. We are interested in the within-subject effects – to what extent the experimental conditions affected the subjects’ responses. We are also interested in between-subject effects (e.g., gender differences) and the potential interactions between within- and between-subject effects (e.g., effects of experimental manipulations differed across males and females). These effects can be approached using univariate and multivariate statistics. The univariate statistics can be calculated by the function aov() with within-subject Error() terms. Multivariate statistics can be found using several methods. We will cover two, the manova() function and lm() function when Y is a matrix. The multivariate solution using lm() generates the Greenhouse–Geisser and Huynh–Feldt epsilons. The statistics theory behind the syntax can be found in the references, so detailed explanations are not provided here.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis A measure of the contribution of hydrogenolysis using a doubly promoted iron catalyst in a continuous stirred tank reactor

Abstract Hydrogenolysis of a high carbon number alkane, octacosane, does not occur to a significant extent either under Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) conditions nor under a 8 atm hydrogen (1 atm=1.01325 × 10 5 Pa) at 262°C using a carbided doubly-promoted fused-iron catalyst manufactured by United Catalyst, Inc. (C-73). Thus, the data show that the higher carbon number alkanes used in continuous stirred tank reactor studies do not undergo hydrogenolysis at a significant rate in comparison to the rate of hydrocarbon synthesis. This finding suggests that the two or more alphas needed for the Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) plot for promoted iron FTS catalysts cannot be explained by the hydrogenolysis of higher hydrocarbons.
John I. Ewing (1924–2001)

John I. Ewing died on 15 November 2001, in Falmouth, Massachusetts. An AGU Fellow and a recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal (1982), he had been a member since 1958 (Seismology). He contributed significantly to key developments in marine seismology for more than two decades. Near the entrance to the Houston Area Research Center (HARC), where John Ewing worked for many years in the 1980s and 1990s, there is a statue of Isaac Newton that bears his familiar quotation: “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.”
An extended law of corresponding states for the equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases

Abstract This paper proposes a new law of corresponding states which provides us with a thermodynamically consistent and accurate correlation of the properties B , μ, k , b , D , μ 12 , k 12 , D 12 , B 12 for the monatomic gases and their binary mixtures. The law of corresponding states, based on the hypothesis that all monatomic gases obey the same two-parameter pair potential, leads to the empirical determination of a number of universal functionals which replace the corresponding integrals of the Chapman-Enskog theory. The use of these functionals together with a list of empirically determined scaling factors for pure gases and binary mixtures allows us to compute the above quantities over an unusually large range of temperatures and a modest range of pressures, thus making it possible to employ measurements of a limited class of properties in a limited range of states to compute all others over wider ranges of states, as well as utilizing data on one gas, to generate them for another. Judged from the practical point of view of a user, the correlation is accurate and complete as far as monatomic gases and their binary mixtures are concerned, except for the evaluation of the pressure effect on the transport properties of mixtures. Taking into account the fact that the specific heat, c v , (or, equivalently, c v ) is a constant, and that it together with the equation Pv = RT + BP [or, equivalently, Pv = RT (1 + B/v )] fully determines all equilibrium properties of a monatomic gas in a reasonable range of pressures and a wide range of temperatures, the paper provides the basis for a thermodynamically consistent formulation of equilibrium as well as transport properties of the monatomic gases and their binary mixtures. The law of corresponding states provides us also with a sharp criterion which permits us to disqualify guessed analytic forms of the pair potential. It turns out that no member of the ( n -6) family of potentials is adequate, but that the (11-6-8) potential proposed by Klein and Hanley is acceptable as a correlator of data (for 1 ≤ T ∗ ≤ 20), even though it leads to considerably more complex numerical calculations. Even this potential fails for helium at high reduced temperatures.
Rivalry, Retribution, and Religion: The Art of Paul Pfeiffer

Abstract Drawing on the work of literary critic Rene Girard, this paper considers the work of contemporary digital artist Paul Pfeiffer, arguing that his work establishes compelling parallels between various biblical narratives and aspects of contemporary-culture as defined (and dominated) by technology’s omniscient and all-seeing eyes. Fleshing out the comparison Pfeiffer seems to make between the vengeful eye of an all-seeing, Old Testament God and our own culture’s relentless surveillance by mass and new media, I suggest that Pfeiffer also aligns various biblical sacrifices—namely, the Old Testament sacrifice of the world by flood, and subsequently, in the New Testament, the sacrifice of Jesus by God—with the contemporary sacrifice of the world (or more accurately, reality) by new technologies that have radically restructured our relation to both time and space. Pfeiffer thereby reinterprets new media, treating it as if an enactment of dynamics at the very heart of the Judeo-Christian tradition, perhaps performed for the purpose of decatheting the primal trauma described therein. Moreover, although not expressly referenced by Pfeiffer, the Fall, as wrought by man’s rivalrous consumption of the apple in the Garden of Eden, is everywhere present in Pfeiffer’s oeuvre, whether in the form of athletic hubris or (see the sacrifice of Larry Johnson in Pfeiffer’s Fragment of a Crucifixion), or in the quintessential form of man’s desire to acquire information known only by an (announcer’s) authoritative and disembodied male voice (see Pfeiffer’s Desiderata, a work made with raw footage from the well-known game show The Price is Right). That these rivalries necessitate some form of compensatory sacrifice is a fact that brings together the various components of Pfeiffer’s work, comprised as it is of various rivalries alongside originary sacrifices and the rituals designed to recall their significant and, for Girard, palliative effects.