cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evangelical Christian parents’ attitudes towards abstinence-based sex education: ‘I want my kids to have great sex!’

AbstractWhile an overwhelming majority of people in the USA support some form of school-based sexual education, the specific content and context for that instruction varies widely, making it difficult to assess support for particular types of programmes. This is particularly the case for evangelical Christians, about whom there is a lack of scholarly consensus concerning support for sexual education. This paper addresses this gap, and examines the assumption that evangelical Christians uniformly support abstinence-only sexual education, using qualitative analysis among a group of evangelical Christians in a medium-sized Texas city. Respondents were asked during interviews to identify the types of sex education-related content they support, and where and how they believe these messages should be taught. Respondents were also asked to identify their rationales for supporting (or opposing) certain elements of sexual education. Interviews revealed a group of evangelical Christian parents who verbalised their ...
Regulation of the macrophage oxytocin receptor in response to inflammation.

It has been demonstrated that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in macrophages. In the current study, we examined the role of inflammation on the expressio...
Sex and Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Cause for Concern for Young Women and Those With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction?

Since the first reports describing mortality differences in women and men with acute myocardial infarction nearly 25 years ago,[1][1] there has been a plethora of information regarding sex differences in the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The
Planetary defense mission concepts for disrupting/pulverizing hazardous asteroids with short warning time

This paper presents an overview of space mission concepts for disrupting or pulverizing hazardous asteroids, especially with warning time shorter than approximately 10 years. An innovative mission concept, referred to as a nuclear hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) system, employs both a kinetic-energy impactor and nuclear explosive devices. A new mission concept of exploiting a multiple kinetic-energy impactor vehicle (MKIV) system that doesn’t employ nuclear explosives is proposed in this paper, especially for asteroids smaller than approximately 150 m in diameter. The multiple shock wave interaction effect on disrupting or pulverizing a small asteroid is discussed using hydrodynamic simulation results. A multi-target terminal guidance problem and a planetary defense mission design employing a heavy-lift launch vehicle are also brie y discussed in support of the new non-nuclear MKIV mission concept. The nuclear HAIV and non-nuclear MKIV systems complement to each other to effectively mitigate the various asteroid impact threats with short warning time.
Miscellaneous Methods for Increasing Power

In the last five chapters, I tried to organize the use of restricted tests into general categories. However, there are too many techniques for strengthening power by paying attention to the class of reasonable alternatives to allow for a neat method of classification that covers them all. So, in what follows, I describe a mixed bag of additional “tricks” that a good analyst should have available.
Contributions of recombination and repair proteins to telomere maintenance in telomerase‐positive and negative Ustilago maydis

Summary Homologous recombination and repair factors are known to promote both telomere replication and recombination-based telomere extension. Herein we address the diverse contributions of several recombination/repair proteins to telomere maintenance in Ustilago maydis, a fungus that bears strong resemblance to mammals with respect to telomere regulation and recombination mechanisms. In telomerase-positive U. maydis, deletion of rad51 and blm separately caused shortened but stably maintained telomeres, whereas deletion of both engendered similar telomere loss, suggesting that the repair proteins help to resolve similar problems in telomere replication. In telomerase-negative cells, the loss of Rad51 or Brh2 caused accelerated senescence and failure to generate survivors on semi-solid medium. However, slow growing survivors can be isolated through continuous liquid culturing, and these survivors exhibit type II-like as well as ALT-like telomere features. In contrast, the trt1Δ blmΔ double mutant gives rise to survivors as readily as the trt1Δ single mutant, and like the single mutant survivors, exhibit almost exclusively type I-like telomere features. In addition, we observed direct physical interactions between Blm and two telomere-binding proteins, which may thus recruit or regulate Blm at telomeres. Our findings provide the basis for further analyzing the interplays between telomerase, telomere replication, and telomere recombination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Research as Experience and the Experience of Research: Mutual Shaping in the Arts and in Qualitative Inquiry

This paper examines the experience of being a researcher and how this experience shapes who we are in a process of mutual shaping. The very engagement with research, the author suggests, parallels the engagement with music and the arts. In this engagement, problem setting and problem solving, the conceptual and the embodied, the analytic and the holistic, are interconnected and interdependent. Assuming the role of an animator, the communication of the research intensifies our engagement, contributing to the shaping of who we are.
Submental artery island flap with simultaneous level I neck dissection.

Background The purpose of this study was to illustrate the submental island flap elevation technique with simultaneous level I neck dissection followed by the inset and reconstruction of an oropharyngeal defect. Methods A 63-year-old patient with a T2N1M0 human papillomavirus-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil was treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cisplatin + 66 Gy). A local recurrence 2.5 years after treatment was treated surgically and reconstructed with a submental island flap. Results There were no complications and oral diet was initiated at 2 weeks and the gastrostomy tube was removed 1 month postoperatively. A video demonstration of the submental island flap elevation is included with a focus on how levels 1A and 1B can be dissected safely and this can be viewed online on Head & Neck's home page at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Conclusion The submental island flap can be performed safely with a level I neck dissection for head and neck reconstruction.
Correlation of infarct size with invasive hemodynamics in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Objectives To identify invasive hemodynamic parameters that correlate with infarction size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background Invasive hemodynamics obtained during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) are predictive of mortality in STEMI, but which parameters correlate best with the size of the infarction are unknown. Methods This is a single-center study of 405 adult patients with STEMI who had left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) measured during PPCI. Size of infarction was estimated by peak troponin I level and ejection fraction (LVEF) determined by echocardiography. Results The average (±SD) age was 61 ± 14 years, TIMI STEMI risk score was 3.5 ± 2.7 and Grace score was 157 ± 42. Hemodynamic parameters that correlated best with EF were LVEDP (r = -0.40), PP (r = 0.24), and SBP/LVEDP ratio (r = 0.22) and with peak troponin were SBP/LVEDP ratio (r = -0.41), LVEDP (r = 0.31), and PP (r = -0.29). SBP/LVEDP (AUC = 0.76) and SBP (AUC = 0.77) had a stronger association with in-hospital mortality than did LVEDP (AUC = 0.66) or PP (AUC = 0.64). Door-to-balloon time did not affect the correlations between hemodynamic parameters and infarct size. Conclusions In this sample of 405 patients undergoing PPCI, SBP/LVEDP ratio had the strongest correlation with peak troponin levels and LVEDP with EF, whereas SBP/LVEDP and SBP had a strong association with in-hospital mortality. These results suggest that measurement of LVEDP as well as SBP may help risk stratify patients during PPCI.
Vagal Nerve Stimulator Malfunction with Change in Neck Position: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Vagal nerve stimulation is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Complications and failure of the device can result from lead fracture, device malfunction, disconnection, or battery displacement and can result in a variety of symptoms. We present an interesting case of stimulator malfunction with increased impedance change seen only with a change in head position. Case Description The patient is a 25-year-old male with a vagal nerve stimulator (VNs) placed for medically refractory epilepsy who presented with neck pain and an electrical pulling sensation in his neck whenever he turned his head to the right. Initial interrogation of the VNs showed normal impedance. Subsequent interrogation with the patient's head turned found increased impedance only when the head was turned to the right. The patient had successful removal and replacement of the device with resolution of his preoperative complaints. Partial lead fracture was seen at explant. Conclusion VNs malfunction can present in atypical ways. Positional maneuvers may help with its timely diagnosis.
Intensive Care Unit Management of the Adult Open Abdomen

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), the pathophysiologic manifestations of elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), are commonly encountered but under-appreciated causes of organ dysfunction, organ failure, and patient mortality in the ICU. Due to its detrimental physiologic effects, every attempt should be made to minimize the development of elevated IAP in the critically ill. Serial IAP measurements, optimization of systemic perfusion and end-organ function, institution of multimodality medical management strategies to minimize IAP, and prompt surgical decompression for refractory IAH/ACS are essential to reducing patient morbidity and mortality in the ICU setting.
Techniques to Negotiate the Tortuous Ureter

AbstractA tortuous ureter can prevent successful retrograde ureteral access. Forceful attempts at catheterizing a ureteral kink may result in perforation and urinary extravasation. We review the currently recommended techniques to negotiate the tortuous ureter and present an additional endourological maneuver to bypass those kinks refractory to conventional methods.
Rotation and Potential Vorticity

For motions whose time scales are of the order of a day or greater, or more precisely when the frequency of the wave motion is of the order of the Coriolis parameter or less, the effects of the Earth’s rotation can no longer be ignored. Such waves are evident in both oceanic and atmospheric observational spectra. Figure 11.1 taken from the article of Garrett and Munk (1979) shows a power spectrum of vertical displacement of an isotherm. We see a great deal of variance at frequencies less than N (as we might expect) with a peak near the Coriolis frequency f= 2Ω; sin θ.
Properties of a Viral Fusion Protein

The mechanisms by which proteins mediate biological membrane fusion are not clearly understood. We have analyzed acid-induced changes in influenza hemagglutinin (HA), a viral membrane fusion factor, and correlated them with its acid-triggered fusion activity. Our results, some of which are reported here for the first time, indicate that the extramembraneous domain of HA acquires amphiphilic properties when converted to the fusion active form by mild low pH treatment. We show that each HA subunit acquires the ability to bind approximately 10 additional molecules of Triton X-100. A fusion inactive precursor of HA, termed HAO, does not acquire this property. The trimeric ectodomain fragment of HA tends, moreover, to dissociate after acid treatment into dimers and trimers. A model for the acid-induced changes in HA and the mechanism of fusion are discussed.
Motivation, Evaluation, and Educational Testing Policy

Mark is a 4th grade student in the Jefferson Elementary School in a middle-size American community. His school is integrated and due to changing neighborhood residential patterns has a good mix of children from various socioeconomic backgrounds. The Jefferson Elementary School student population in many ways mirrors the larger community.
Local Measurement of Janus Particle Cap Thickness

Janus particles have anisotropy in surface chemistry or composition that will effect dynamics and interactions with neighboring surfaces. One specific type of Janus particle is that consisting of a native micrometer-scale particle with a cap of gold, platinum, or another metal deposited with a typical thicknesses of ∼10 nm. A key characteristic of metal-capped Janus particles prepared with glancing angle deposition is the cap thickness. The nominal thickness is usually assumed to be uniform across the cap for modeling or interpretation of data, but the vapor deposition fabrication process likely does not produce such a cap because of the particle's curvature. These nonuniformities in the cap thickness may have a profound impact on Janus particle dynamics at equilibrium and in response to external fields. Herein, we summarize an experimental technique that utilizes focused ion beam slicing, image analysis, and results for the direct and local measure of cap thickness for 5 μm polystyrene spheres with a gold cap of nominal thicknesses of 10 or 20 nm. We found the cap varied in thickness continuously along the perimeter of the particle and also that the deposition rate, varying between 0.5 and 2.0 A/s, did not significantly alter the way in which the thickness varied. These data support the hypothesis that cap thickness of a Janus sphere will vary across the gold surface contour, while demonstrating a feasible route for direct measurement of Janus particle cap thickness.
Factors associated with recurrence and mortality in central line-associated bloodstream infections: a retrospective cohort study

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are associated with increased mortality, hospital length of stay, and cost. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for CLABSIs are primarily based on expert opinion. We hypothesized that shorter antimicrobial treatment duration is associated with decreased 60-day recurrence-free survival. A retrospective cohort study of all adults with hospital-acquired CLABSIs (HA-CLABSIs) over 5 years at a single tertiary care academic hospital was performed. The time from the end of effective antimicrobial treatment until recurrence of infection or mortality, censored at 60 days after the end of antimicrobial treatment, represented the primary outcome. Effective antimicrobial treatment was defined as the administration of at least one antimicrobial to which the causative organism was sensitive. A total of 366 cases met eligibility criteria. The median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 6 (interquartile range (IQR) 4–8). Patients were treated for a median of 15 (IQR 10–20) days with effective antimicrobials. The incidence of 60-day mortality or recurrence after completion of the antimicrobial course was 22.1% (81 patients). In a Cox proportional-hazards model, antimicrobial treatment duration (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.48), SOFA score (HR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.09–1.22), and age (HR = 1.021; 95% CI = 1.004–1.037) were associated with mortality or recurrence. The effect of antimicrobial treatment duration appeared to plateau after 15 days. Longer antimicrobial treatment duration in patients with HA-CLABSIs is associated with improved recurrence-free survival during the first 60 days after infection. This effect appears to plateau after 15 days of treatment. Prospective studies are needed to definitively determine the optimal antimicrobial treatment duration for CLABSIs.
The Fourier Engine

Each combustion chamber of the Fourier engine is open to multiple cylinders, which have pistons connected to crankshafts that rotate at different rates. The displacements of the individual cylinders and the relative phases of the pistons are selected according to a Fourier approximation of a prescribed time dependence of the volume of the combustion chamber. The parameters are selected so that the duration of the intake and ignition strokes is greater than the duration of the compression and exhaust strokes. As the speed of an engine increases, the power curve initially climbs approximately linearly, but it levels off as intake and ignition become less efficient at high rpm. By increasing the duration of these strokes relative to the duration of the other strokes, it may be possible to allow the power curve to climb higher before leveling off.
CFD–DEM–PBM coupled model development and validation of a 3D top-spray fluidized bed wet granulation process

Abstract In pharmaceutical manufacturing, fluidized bed granulation is one of the common processing options available to achieve better flowability of powders through size enlargement of primary particles. In fact over the last 50 years, various fluidized bed operations including freezing, drying, impregnation, coating, etc. have become a common place in the chemical processing industry due to the high level of contacts between fluids and solids attainable in a fluid bed system. These complex interactions between the fluid and particles also mean that simulating fluidized beds are still a challenging endeavor. Generally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) packages are employed to model the pressure drops in fluids; however, the presence of high concentration of solids and the complexity of granulation behavior require more advanced particle models than are available with CFD software. As a result, coupled frameworks that utilize the strength of particulate simulations such as Discrete Element Method (DEM) and bulk granulation modeling such as Population Balance Model (PBM) in conjunction with CFD information are the next steps to developing practical fluid bed granulation models. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive description of the development and validation of a coupled CFD–DEM–PBM framework for a fluidized bed wet granulation operation. A two-way coupled CFD–DEM model is developed for a 3-dimensional, lab-scale, top spray fluid bed granulator to study the effects of process parameters such as inlet air flow rate and inlet air temperature on the particle flow dynamics and the residence time in the spray zone. A one-way transfer of data from CFD–DEM to PBM is then applied to relate the effects of particle-fluid interactions to granulation behavior occurring within the fluidized bed system. Mechanistic rate expressions were developed in the PBM to create links between CFD–DEM results and PBM rate kernels which can express the effect of critical process parameters (CPPs) such as air flow rate, inlet air temperature, binder spray rate, etc. to experimentally measured critical quality attributes (CQAs) including granule size distribution and liquid content values. From comparison with experimental results, the framework presented shows good accuracy at capturing the dynamics of the system. The presented framework demonstrates a practical process model development methodology by efficiently coupling multi-phase simulation techniques which can be used for effective process design, development and scale-up purposes.
Ontology-driven multilevel sequential pattern mining: mining for gold in event logs of photovoltaic plants

Photovoltaic (PV) event log data are typically underexploited mainly because of the heterogeneity of the events. To unlock these data, we propose an explorative methodology that overcomes two main constraints: 1) the rampant variability in event labelling, and 2) the unavailability of a clear methodology to traverse the amount of generated event sequences. With respect to the latter constraint, we propose to integrate heterogeneous event logs from PV plants with a semantic model of the events. However, since different manufacturers report events at different levels of granularity and since the finest granularity may sometimes not be the right level of detail for exploitable insights, we propose to explore PV event logs with Multi-level Sequential Pattern Mining. On the basis of patterns that are retrieved across taxonomic levels, several event-related processes can be optimized, e.g. by predicting PV inverter failures. The methodology is validated on real-life data from two PV plants.
Dual Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Patients With Systemic AL Amyloidosis and Cardiac Involvement

Abstract Background Systemic AL amyloidosis (AL) is a rare disease in which clonal immunoglobulin light chains produced by monoclonal plasma cells circulate and misfold, resulting in direct toxicity and fibrillar deposition of amyloid in numerous tissues. Early mortality from cardiac damage remains high. As depth of organ response carries a prognostic significance, combining anti-plasma cell and anti-amyloid therapies might hold the key to achieving long lasting responses. We report a series of patients who received 2 monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD38 and anti-amyloid, simultaneously. Materials and Methods We describe the characteristics and outcomes of 19 patients who received daratumumab (anti-CD38) on progression with front-line therapy for AL, 9 of whom were on concurrent dual monoclonal antibody treatment with daratumumab and NEOD001 (anti-amyloid), and also provide data on the schedule, safety, and tolerability of intravenous infusions of these monoclonal antibodies. Results The 9 patients who received treatment with dual monoclonal antibodies achieved a high rate (100%) of hematologic response in a median of 33 days. There was no significant toxicity to dual monoclonal antibody therapy. Seven of the 8 met criteria for cardiac response, achieved in less than 3 months of combined therapy. Ten patients who received daratumumab alone also had high rates of hematologic and organ responses. Conclusions Monoclonal antibodies with distinctly different targets can be safely combined in patients with AL and cardiac involvement. Patients experienced high rates of hematologic and cardiac response with combined anti-CD38 and anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody therapies. Further study of this combined approach is warranted.
Vertebrate Carrion in Land Snail Diets: First Observation of Amphibian (Plethodontid Salamander) Consumption by a Terrestrial Snail in Southern Appalachia

The diet of land snails that are detritivores usually consists of decaying plant material and fungi. Animal carrion is also consumed, and is usually composed of invertebrates like earthworms and other snails. However, while working at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in southwestern North Carolina in 2017, I observed a land snail (most likely Cepaea nemoralis [Grove Snail]) feeding on the carcass of a Desmognathus aeneus (Seepage Salamander), a vertebrate. This is the first report of a land snail feeding on an amphibian carcass in the United States. The Erratum for this article can be found in Southeastern Naturalist 19(3).
Investigating Dynamic Minor Loop of Ferroelectric Capacitor

In-memory computing with emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) can accelerate the deep neural networks (DNNs) by parallelizing vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) operations in the analog domain. Hafnium Zirconium Oxide (HZO) based ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) shows great promise as a synaptic device for neuromorphic computing. The FeFET channel conductance could be tuned to map the weights in the neural network. DNNs’ weight update rules require that the weight of each synapse can be increased and decreased with multilevel states, which can be realized by applying positive or negative voltage pulses to change the polarization states of the HZO material. Therefore, HZO is expected to work on the minor loop instead of only working on the saturation loop of the ploarizion-voltage (P-V) hysteresis loop. To investigate the minor loop and partial switching dynamics, a TiN/HZO (10 nm, Hf:Zr=1:1)/TiN capacitor structure was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with post-annealing. We established a testing protocol to measure the real-time polarization response corresponding to the voltage sequence applied. The results show that the polarity change increases by increasing the pulse amplitude and pulse width. Therefore, tuning the gate pulse amplitude and width could achieve multi-states of FeFET channel conductance.
Weak inertial effects on arbitrarily shaped objects in the presence of a wall

Analytic approaches have been previously applied to compute the weak inertial lift on spheres above a plane wall by using an asymptotic expansion in terms of the Reynolds number. By building on these approaches and combining the method of regularized Stokeslets, a numerical method that computes the weak inertial lift on arbitrarily shaped objects in the presence of a plane wall is developed.
Hybrid Discriminative-Generative Training via Contrastive Learning

Contrastive learning and supervised learning have both seen significant progress and success. However, thus far they have largely been treated as two separate objectives, brought together only by having a shared neural network. In this paper we show that through the perspective of hybrid discriminative-generative training of energy-based models we can make a direct connection between contrastive learning and supervised learning. Beyond presenting this unified view, we show our specific choice of approximation of the energy-based loss significantly improves energy-based models and contrastive learning based methods in confidence-calibration, out-of-distribution detection, adversarial robustness, generative modeling, and image classification tasks. In addition to significantly improved performance, our method also gets rid of SGLD training and does not suffer from training instability. Our evaluations also demonstrate that our method performs better than or on par with state-of-the-art hand-tailored methods in each task.
Location and direction dependence in the 3D MTF for a high-resolution CT system

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to quantify location and direction-dependent variations in the 3D modulation transfer function (MTF) of a high-resolution CT scanner with selectable focal spot sizes and resolution modes. METHODS The Aquilion Precision CT scanner (Canon Medical Systems) has selectable 0.25 mm or 0.5 mm detectors (by binning) in both the axial (x-y) and detector array width (z) directions. For the x-y and z orientations, detectors are configured (x-y) = 0.5 mm/(z) = 0.5 mm for normal resolution (NR), 0.25/0.5 mm for high resolution (HR), and 0.25/0.25 mm for super high resolution (SHR). Six focal spots (FS1-FS6) range in size from 0.4 (x-y) × 0.5 mm (z) for FS1 to 1.6 × 1.4 mm for FS6. Phantoms fabricated from spherical objects were positioned at radial distances of 0, 4.0, 7.5, 11.0, 14.5, and 18.5 cm. Axial and helical acquisitions were utilized and reconstructed using filtered back projection with the FC18 "Body," FC30 "Bone," and FC81 "Bone Sharp" kernels. The reconstructions were used to measure a 1D slice of the 3D MTF by oversampling the 3D ESF in the axial plane [MTF(fr ); φ = 0°)], 45° out of the axial plane [MTF(fr ); φ = 45°)], in the longitudinal direction [MTF(fr ); φ = 80°)], and along the radial and azimuthal directions within the axial plane. RESULTS The MTF(fr ); φ = 45°) drops to 10% (f10 ) at 1.20, 1.45, and 2.06 mm-1 for NR, HR, and SHR, respectively, for a helical acquisition with FS1, FC30, and r = 4 cm from the isocenter. The MTF(fr ); φ = 45°) includes contributions of both the axial-plane MTF (f10 = 1.10, 2.04, and 2.01 mm-1 ) and the longitudinal MTF (f10 = 1.17, 1.18, and 1.82 mm-1 ) for the NR, HR, and SHR modes, respectively. For SHR, the axial scan mode showed a 15-25% improvement over helical mode in the longitudinal resolution. Helical pitch, ranging from 0.569 to 1.381, did not appreciably affect the 3D resolution (<2%). The radial MTFs across the axial field of view (FOV) showed dependencies on the focal spot length in z; for example, for SHR with FS2 (0.6 × 0.6 mm), f10 at r = 11 cm was within 17% of the value at r = 4 cm, but for SHR with FS3 (0.6 × 1.3), the reduction in f10 was 46% from 4 to 11 cm from the isocenter. The azimuthal MTF also decreased as r increased but less so for longer gantry rotation times and smaller focal spot dimensions in the axial plane. The longitudinal MTF was minimally affected (<11%) by position in the FOV and was principally affected by the focal spot length in the z-dimension. CONCLUSIONS The 3D MTF was measured throughout the FOV of a high-resolution CT scanner, quantifying the advantages of different resolution modes and focal spot sizes on the axial-plane and longitudinal MTF. Reconstruction kernels were shown to impact axial-plane resolution, imparting non-isotropic 3D resolution characteristics. Focal spot size (both in x-y and in z) and gantry rotation time play important roles in preserving the high-resolution characteristics throughout the field of view for this new high-resolution CT scanner technology.
Migration As Reparation: Climate Change and the Disruption of Borders

This article examines the legal and moral basis for migration as a form of reparation for the harms inflicted on the states and peoples of the Global South through climate change and through centuries of predatory economic policies. Using Central American migration to the United States as a case study, the article explains that susceptibility to climate change is a function of two variables: exposure and social and economic vulnerability. High-emitting affluent states are disproportionately responsible for Central America’s exposure to climate change due to their historic and current greenhouse gas emissions, their unwillingness to curb these emissions, and their failure to provide adequate adaptation assistance. The United States is responsible for Central America’s social and economic vulnerability due to its history of invasions, coups, military occupations, support for brutal dictatorships, and imposition of damaging economic policies. Climate law scholars have proposed that high-emitting states accept climate-displaced persons into their territory in proportion to each country’s historic contribution to climate change. Migration law scholars have advocated for the admission of so-called “economic migrants” as a form of compensation for the North’s exploitation and domination of the South from the colonial era to the present. This article combines the insights of both group of scholars and argues for migration as a form of reparation for the environmental, social, and economic harms inflicted on the Global South that have undermined its resilience to climate change and have disrupted the lives and livelihoods of its inhabitants. Re-conceptualizing migration as one form of reparation challenges traditional notions of bounded autonomous sovereign states by highlighting the political, ecological, and economic interconnectedness of states and peoples and by calling for policies that recognize this interdependence.
Development of infants' representation of female and male faces.

Abstract We examined development of 5- and 10.5-month-old infants’ face representations, focusing on infants’ discrimination and categorization of female and male faces. We tested for gender-based preferences and categorization of female and male faces by presenting infants with pairs of faces and then habituating them to a series of majority female or male face ensembles. We then tested for gender preferences with new face pairs (one female and one male; Study 1) or new face ensembles (majority female and majority male; Study 2). We found that both 5- and 10.5-month-old infants discriminated female from male faces in face pairs, and both age groups looked more at female faces during habituation. Neither age group, however, provided evidence of gender-based categorization. We interpret these findings within a theoretical framework that stresses environmental exposure to different social categories, and infants’ ability to detect commonalities of features within categories. We conclude that infants’ gender-based categorization of faces is constrained by the set of features available in the input.
Phytoremediation of azoxystrobin and imidacloprid by wetland plant species Juncus effusus, Pontederia cordata and Sagittaria latifolia

Azoxystrobin (strobilurin fungicide) and imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) have been detected in surface waters near treated agricultural, urban, and mixed landscapes. The hazards of pestici...
Neuromuscular synapse

Diverse biological data may be used to create illustrations of molecules in their cellular context. I describe the scientific results that support a recent textbook illustration of the neuromuscular synapse. The image magnifies a portion of the synapse at one million times, showing the location and the form of individual macromolecules. Results from biochemistry, electron microscopy, and X-ray crystallography were used to create the image.
Photochemical synthesis of an epigenetic focused tetrahydroquinoline library

Discovery of epigenetic chemical probes is an important area of research with potential to deliver drugs for a multitude of diseases. However, commercially available libraries frequently used in drug discovery campaigns contain molecules that are focused on a narrow range of chemical space primarily driven by ease of synthesis and previously targeted enzyme classes (e.g., kinases) resulting in low hit rates for epigenetic targets. Here we describe the design and synthesis of a compound collection that augments current screening collections by the inclusion of privileged isosteres for epigenetic targets.
Gezamenlijke sessies met kind en ouder

Het TF-CBT-model voorziet ook in gezamenlijke sessies waarin het kind en de ouder samen met de therapeut voorlichtingsmateriaal doornemen, het traumaverhaal van het kind lezen en opener met elkaar proberen te communiceren. Deze sessies zijn bedoeld om ouder en kind de gelegenheid te geven samen vaardigheden te oefenen, wat hun onderlinge relatie ten goede komt, en te bevorderen dat het kind zich langzaam maar zeker steeds beter op zijn of haar gemak voelt als het rechtstreeks met de ouder over de traumatische ervaring praat of eventuele andere problemen bespreekt waar het kind (of de ouder) iets aan wil doen. Gezamenlijke sessies moeten zorgvuldig worden gestructureerd en ouders moeten zeer goed voorbereid zijn. Dit vergroot de kans dat de in deze sessies optredende interacties tussen ouder en kind als veilig, vruchtbaar en positief worden ervaren.
VideoCut: Removing Irrelevant Frames by Discovering the Object of Interest

We propose a novel method for removing irrelevant frames from a video given user-provided frame-level labeling for a very small number of frames. We first hypothesize a number of candidate areas which possibly contain the object of interest, and then figure out which area(s) truly contain the object of interest. Our method enjoys several favorable properties. First, compared to approaches where a single descriptor is used to describe a whole frame, each area's feature descriptor has the chance of genuinely describing the object of interest, hence it is less affected by background clutter. Second, by considering the temporal continuity of a video instead of treating the frames as independent, we can hypothesize the location of the candidate areas more accurately. Third, by infusing prior knowledge into the topic-motion model, we can precisely follow the trajectory of the object of interest. This allows us to largely reduce the number of candidate areas and hence reduce the chance of overfitting the data during learning. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by comparing it to several other semi-supervised learning approaches on challenging video clips.
The neo-holothurinogenins—III

Abstract The enzymatic hydrolysis of desulfated holothurin A has been investigated. The products 12α-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-17-desoxy-22,25-oxidoholothurinogenin (IVA), 12β-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-22,25-oxidoholothurinogenin (III), 12β-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-24,25-dehydroholothurinogenin (V), 12α-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-22-hydroxyholothurinogenin (VII), and the 3β-xyloside of 12β-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-24,25-dehydroholothurinogenin (VII) have been identified. Their structures and relationships to the new-holothurinogenins, the aglycone moieties as they exist in holothurin A and the holothurinogenins, obtained on strong acid hydrolysis of holothurin A, are discussed. The NMR spectra of the neo-genins in chloroform and pyridine are reported.
Are the New U.S. Composite Leading Economic Indicators More Informative

This paper uses a normative method to compare the performance of the composite leading economic indicators (CLI) after the measure was revised by the Conference Board in 1996 and 2001 with its prior design to check for a claim that the new design improves its performance in predicting a downturn in the U.S. economy. A comparison of the Bayesian probability forecasts of a downturn for these two designs has shown that the two consecutive post-1996 CLls have the same amount of information as the four consecutive CLIs of the prior design for correctly predicting/detecting a recession in the U.S. economy, with no false alarm. This finding supports the Conference Board's claim.
Operant conditioning of large magnitude, 12-hour duration, heart rate elevations in the baboon.

Two baboons were prepared with arterial and venous catheters and their heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously thereafter. Following a 2 to 3 week interval during which baseline cardiovascular levels were determined, the animals were exposed to daily 12 hr conditioning sessions (alternating with 12-hr “rest” or “Conditioning Off’ sessions) during which food reward and shockavoidance were programmed as contingent consequences of pre-specified increases in heart rate. Initially, the criterion heart rate was set at 10–15 bpm above the animal’s pre-experimental resting baseline level, with progressive increases programmed to occur at a rate approximating 7 bpm per week over a period of 8–10 weeks. Within this 2–3 month interval, heart rate doubled, reaching levels maintained above 160 bpm for more than 95 per cent of each daily 12-hour “Conditioning On” period. Propranolol selectively eliminated the conditioned heart rate increase but not the blood pressure elevation, indicating the contribution of sympathetic nervous activity to these operantly conditioned cardiovascular changes.
Microsystems in Health Care: Part 8. Developing People and Improving Work Life: What Front-Line Staff Told Us

Article-at-a-Glance Background The articles in the Microsystems in Health Care series have focused on the success characteristics of high-performing clinical microsystems. Realization is growing about the importance of attracting, selecting, developing, and engaging staff. By optimizing the work of all staff members and by promoting a culture where everyone matters, the microsystem can attain levels of performance not previously experienced. Case Study At Massachusetts General Hospital Downtown Associates (Boston), a primary care practice, the human resource processes are specified and predictable, from a candidate's initial contact through each staff member's orientation, performance management, and professional development. Early on, the new employee receives materials about the practice, including a practice overview, his or her typical responsibilities, the performance evaluation program, and continuous quality improvement. Ongoing training and education are supported with skill labs, special education nights, and cross-training. The performance evaluation program, used to evaluate the performance of all employees, is completed during the 90-day orientation and training, quarterly for one year, and annually. Conclusion Some health care settings enjoy high morale, high quality, and high productivity, but all too often this is not the case. The case study offers an example of a microsystem that has motivated its staff and created a positive and dynamic workplace.
CSP-based object-oriented description of parallel reconfiguration architectures

An approach to object-oriented description of reconfigurable parallel architectures based on an extended communicating sequential processes (CSP) model of communication is presented. A workbench called OODRA (object-oriented design of reconfigurable architectures), has been designed and implemented, based on this approach which is suitable for the development of highly concurrent, special-purpose, reconfigurable architectures. Intended uses of OODRA include parallel algorithm/architecture functional simulation and reconfiguration algorithm simulation, with an interactive graphical interface for parallel architecture design. Visual programming and parameterized architecture family approaches to design are supported. >
Ambiguity function properties of frequency-hopped radar/sonar signals

Properties of the ambiguity function for frequency-hopped radar/sonar signals with firing orders based on Costas arrays are analyzed. The locations of range-Doppler coincidence values are obtained using ambiguity function plots of long-duration signals containing large numbers of cycles per subpulse. The general shape of the ambiguity function for short-duration signals containing small numbers of cycles per subpulse is deduced from that of the corresponding long-duration signal. Costas sequences with closely spaced coincidence locations are shown to produce slightly higher sidelobe levels than Costas sequences with more widely spaced coincidence distributions. >
Double-layer effects on simple electrode reactions I. The reduction of Eu3+ and Cr3+ in the absence of specific adsorption of the supporting electrolyte☆

The kinetics of the reduction of Eu3+ and Cr3+ at mercury electrodes in various sodium and lanthanum perchlorate supporting electrolytes have been studied over as large a potential range as possible by using both chronocoulometry and d.c. polarography. The objective was to determine the effect of the diffuse double layer upon the reduction rates of these members of the simplest class of electrode reactions in the absence of specific adsorption. Possible additional influences from perchlorate specific adsorption, ion-pairing, and ionic strength-dependent formal potentials, and differences between the site of reaction and the o.H.p. were also considered. The effects of specific adsorption of an uncharged molecule were assessed by noting the changes in the reduction kinetics of Eu3+ caused by the adsorption of thiourea. The classical Gouy-Chapman-Stern model of the double layer was found to give an adequate account of the behavior in relatively dilute lanthanum perchlorate solutions, but it failed badly in more concentrated sodium perchlorate media. Better agreement resulted if the statistical theory due to Krylov and Levich was employed but some discrepancies remained. The diffuse-layer properties evaluated here represent a useful basis for comparisons with systems where specific ionic adsorption of components of the supporting electrolyte adds a second component to the electrode surface charge density which determines the diffuse-layer potential.
Increase in mesolimbic electrical self-stimulation after chronic haloperidol: reversal by L-DOPA or lithium

Abstract After chronic neuroleptic drug treatment an increase in electrical intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) rate is seen from electrodes in the A10 dopaminergic nucleus. This increase, which persists for approximately 3 weeks following drug withdrawal is believed to represent a behavioral manifestation of drug-induced dopaminergic synaptic supersensitivity. Chronic l -DOPA caused a partial reversal of haloperidol-induced ICSS increase. Lithium carbonate, given concurrently with the haloperidol, partially prevented the development of ICSS supersensitivity. It is concluded that dopaminergic synaptic sensitivity has a two-way modulatory capability.
Brandeis and Lamont on Finance Capitalism

Professor Abrahams edits a record of a 1913 conversation between reformer Louis Brandeis and Thomas W. Lamont of J. P. Morgan & Co. In the wake of the Pujo investigation of the “money trust,” the two discussed the nature and extent of economic power wielded by investment bankers as well as some specific issues such as interlocking directorates, competitive bidding for security issues, and greater publicity about securities transactions. This document reflects the long-run, fundamental conflict between social critics fearful of the concentration of economic power in America and businessmen who disclaim power because they believe their behavior is controlled by objective business considerations which operate for the good of society as a whole.
Molecular Stiffness of Individual Hyperbranched Macromolecules at Solid Surfaces

The elastic properties of dendritic (hyperbranched) molecules with dimensions below 3 nm have been probed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows for the micromapping of the surface stiffness with nanoscale resolution. To anchor dendritic molecules with hydroxyl terminal groups and reduce tip−molecule interactions, a modification of the silicon surface with an amine-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and AFM tips with methyl-terminated SAMs was used. The nanomechanical response was analyzed in the terms of sequential deformation of dendritic molecules and alkyl-silane monolayers. We observed higher elastic modulus of individual dendritic molecules of the fourth generation in comparison with the corresponding third generation (350 vs 190 MPa). This difference is caused by more shape persistent properties of dendritic molecules with denser shells. Higher stiffness was also revealed for molecules within long-chain aggregates as compared to individual molecules and small aggregates. We specula...
Hippocampal volume in healthy controls given 3-day stress doses of hydrocortisone.

In animal models, corticosterone elevations are associated with hippocampal changes that can be prevented with phenytoin. In humans, Cushing’s syndrome and long-term prescription corticosteroid use are associated with a reduction in the hippocampal volume. However, little is known about the effects of short-term corticosteroid administration on the hippocampus. The current report examines changes in the hippocampal volume during a brief hydrocortisone exposure and whether volumetric changes can be blocked by phenytoin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover study was conducted in healthy adults (n=17). Participants received hydrocortisone (160 mg/day)/placebo, phenytoin/placebo, both medications together, or placebo/placebo, with 21-day washouts between the conditions. Structural MRI scans and cortisol levels were obtained following each medication condition. No significant difference in the total brain volume was observed with hydrocortisone. However, hydrocortisone was associated with a significant 1.69% reduction in the total hippocampal volume compared with placebo. Phenytoin blocked the volume reduction associated with hydrocortisone. Reduction in hippocampal volume correlated with the change in cortisol levels (r=−0.58, P=0.03). To our knowledge, this is the first report of structural hippocampal changes with brief corticosteroid exposure. The correlation between the change in hippocampal volume and cortisol level suggests that the volume changes are related to cortisol elevation. Although the findings from this pilot study need replication, they suggest that the reductions in hippocampal volume occur even during brief exposure to corticosteroids, and that hippocampal changes can, as in animal models, be blocked by phenytoin. The results may have implications both for understanding the response of the hippocampus to stress as well as for patients receiving prescription corticosteroids.