cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffraction Scattering in Quantum Chromodynamics

The infrared problem in quantum chromodynamics is studied in order to elucidate aspects of high energy behavior. The integro-differential equation of Cornwall and Tiktopoulos is used to investigate quark-quark scattering in the limit λ → 0 (λ being the gluon regulator mass), s → ∞ with t fixed. The solution displays the infrared factors explicitly. When this formula is expanded in power series and the leading log is extracted one recovers the perturbation theory calculations to sixth order. Having argued that the infrared singular terms in the equation are independent of the renormalization mass M, asymptotic freedom can be used to evaluate the remainder. Some remarks are made on the scattering of color-singlet quark clusters with a view towards solving the physical problem.
The Economic Benefits of Nutrition Labeling: A Case Study for Fresh Meat and Poultry Products

New rules issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture requiring provision of nutrition information on raw meat and poultry products may encourage consumers to make healthier food choices. Reduced intake of fat and cholesterol may prevent future cases of stroke, heart disease, and cancer. The benefits of these rules are estimated to be $62 to $125 million annually.
Breathe Soft, What Bugs through Early Windows Break?

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Teo et al. (2018) explore the development of the upper airway microbiota over the first 5 years of life and provide evidence for a "critical window" of microbial exposure that contributes to chronic wheezing, a precursor to asthma.
Comparative Population Genetics of Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) at the University of Central Oklahoma and Lake Arcadia, Edmond, Oklahoma

The red imported fire ant is a well-studied pest in the southern United States, but investigations of invasions in the central region are relatively rare. We compared two central Oklahoma invasions: a newly observed urban invasion on the campus of the University of Central Oklahoma, and an established invasion around Lake Arcadia. We genotyped the General protein-9 (Gp-9) locus to determine social form and eleven microsatellites to evaluate population structure. We hypothesized that colonies were polygyne, that the repeated introductions required to reach central Oklahoma would lead to low genetic diversity, and that the two sites were independently colonized and, therefore, would be genetically isolated. As expected, the analysis of 33 sampled colonies showed that almost all were polygyne and exhibited low genetic diversity, although comparable to diversity found in previous studies. Contrary to our original hypothesis, we discovered that the two separate invasion sites of our study are not differentiated from each other. We found no evidence of distinct genetic clusters within or across sites. However, we did find evidence of two or more introductions that have become integrated. The potential for contemporary gene flow near the northern edge of the fire ant range is concerning as it allows for the maintenance of genetic variation that can lead to more effective adaptation to new environments.
Can addiction counselors be trained to deliver Mothering from the Inside Out, a mentalization-based parenting therapy, with fidelity? Results from a community-based randomized efficacy trial

This study evaluated methods for training community-based clinicians to deliver a mentalization-based parenting intervention in an addiction treatment setting. Mothering from the Inside Out (MIO) t...
Microstructure-deformation relationship of additive friction stir-deposition Al–Mg–Si

Abstract This research provides the first description of the process parameter relationship to the microstructure/nanostructure and mechanical properties of Aluminum Alloy 6061 AFS-D deposits. The solid-state, additive friction stir-deposition, process provides a new path for coating, joining, and additively manufacturing materials with high deposition rates (20–30 lb/hour) while avoiding liquid-solid phase transformation defects. As-deposited samples revealed the AFS-D process reduced the average grain size by an order of magnitude over a range of processing conditions. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atom Probe Tomography (APT) analysis established β″ precipitates were dissolved by the AFS-D process and re-precipitated as Mg–Si solute clusters.
Remarks on Dr. A. Bujakiewicz’ Paper, “The Correction of Lens Distortion with Polynomials”

Using the same data as Dr. Bujakiewicz, three questions posed in her paper were investigated further.
Use of a Mindfulness Smartphone App in an Advanced Psychiatry Elective for Pharmacy Students.

Background: There is a mental health crisis among US University students. Evidence supporting techniques to help students manage the stress are critically needed. Mindfulness meditation is one such strategy which may be helpful for pharmacy students. Innovation: Third-year pharmacy students enrolled in an Advanced Psychiatry elective course were invited to participate in the study. Students were given a 10-day assignment to participate in 10 free mindfulness sessions offered by the smart phone app, Headspace®. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was completed before and after the assignment. Student qualitative feedback was also obtained after utilization of the app. Findings: Seventy-six percent of students completed the mindfulness sessions daily. A small, non-statistically significant change in MAAS Total Score was observed in the students after use of the mindfulness app. The majority of students would recommend the mindfulness app to their patients, as well as 1st year pharmacy students. The students also reported that the assignment aided in their education about non-pharmacologic treatment options for depression and anxiety. Conclusion: This pilot study provides preliminary evidence for the further investigation of mindfulness meditation smartphone apps in pharmacy students both as a tool to aid in managing the stress of pharmacy school and as a teaching tool. Article Type: Note
PROPRANOLOL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA: CLINICAL RESPONSE, CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM AND LYMPHOCYTE β-RECEPTORS

Atsmon et al. (1) and Yorkston et al. (2) have reported that high doses of the β-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol can be therapeutic in schizophrenia. In an effort to confirm this finding, 7 young chronic schizophrenic patients have entered an ongoing double-blind crossover study of their clinical and metabolic response to this drug. Of the 4 who have completed the protocol, only one is judged to have had important amelioration of his illness. There was no significant change in urine catecholamine (CA) or CA metabolite levels. Lymphocyte binding to l-alprenolol and cyclic-AMP (cAMP) response to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) also did not change, but lymphocyte cAMP response to isoproterenol was significantly inhibited. A possible relationship between some forms of schizophrenia and noradrenergic function is proposed.
Mercury Accumulation and Effects in the Brain of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae).

Few published studies have examined whether the elevated concentrations of the nonessential toxic metal mercury (Hg) often observed in shark muscle also occur in the shark brain or whether Hg accumulation affects shark neurophysiology. Therefore, this study examined accumulation and distribution of Hg in the shark brain, as well as effects of Hg on oxidative stress in the shark central nervous system, with particular focus on the Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae). Sharks were collected along the southeastern U.S. coast throughout most of this species’ U.S. geographical range. Total Hg (THg) concentrations were measured in and compared between shark muscle and brain, whereas known biomarkers of Hg-induced neurological effects, including glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, and concentrations of a protein marker of glial cell damage (S100b), were measured in shark cerebrospinal fluid. Brain THg concentrations were correlated with muscle THg levels but were significantly lower and did not exceed most published thresholds for neurological effects, suggesting limited potential for detrimental responses. Biomarker concentrations supported this premise, because these data were not correlated with brain THg levels. Hg speciation also was examined. Unlike muscle, methylmercury (MeHg) did not comprise a high percentage of THg in the brain, suggesting that differential uptake or loss of organic and inorganic Hg and/or demethylation of MeHg may occur in this organ. Although Hg accumulation in the shark brain generally fell below toxicity thresholds, higher THg levels were measured in the shark forebrain compared with the midbrain and hindbrain. Therefore, there is potential for selective effects on certain aspects of shark neurophysiology if brain Hg accumulation is increased.
Salesperson influence tactics and the buying agent purchase decision: Mediating role of buying agent trust of the salesperson and moderating role of buying agent regulatory orientation focus

Abstract Little is known about antecedents of salesperson influence tactic usage or how and which influence tactics impact buying agent purchase decisions. To aid such understanding, we draw from the relationship selling literature, and both regulatory fit and focus theories, to propose a novel theoretical framework and test hypotheses. The study's findings, derived by applying the critical incidence methodology to a heterogeneous dataset of buying agents (n > 200) representing small and medium enterprises and acting as key informants on salespeople, show that: (i) salesperson influence tactics heterogeneously explain the buying agent's trust of the salesperson, (ii) trust of the salesperson serves as a mechanism through which influence tactics impact the buying agent's purchase decision, (iii) buying agent's regulatory orientation moderates the relationship between salesperson influence tactics and buying agent's trust of the salesperson, and (iv) salesperson regulatory orientation predicts a salesperson's use of particular influence tactics. The article concludes with a discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of the research.
Reduction of waveguide vacuum trips in CEBAF accelerating cavities with a combination ion pump and non-evaporable getter pump

Abstract Pressure spikes in the fundamental power coupler waveguide are a significant source of trips during the operation of both original and refurbished superconducting radio-frequency cavities installed in the CEBAF accelerator. In its original configuration, two waveguides from a cavity-pair are connected to a single 32 l/s ion pump. In 2017 a new cavity-pair was installed in a refurbished cryomodule in which a NEXTorr® D200-5 combination ion pump and non-evaporable getter pump was installed for each waveguide. It is shown that hydrogen is the dominant residual gas in the waveguide and simulations with Molflow+ indicated that the new pumping scheme allows reducing the pressure at the end of the waveguide by a factor of ∼ 5 , compared to the original configuration. The new cavity-pair has been operating in CEBAF for a total of 431 days and it only had a total of 3 trips due to vacuum spikes in the waveguide.
Multimodal perioperative pain protocol for gynecologic oncology laparotomy is associated with reduced hospital length of stay and improved patient pain scores

The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of a multimodal perioperative pain regimen on length of hospital stay for patients undergoing laparotomy with a gynecologic oncologist.
Randomized trial of remote cancer symptom monitoring during COVID-19: Impact on symptoms, QoL, and unplanned health care utilization

12000Background: Unplanned health care utilization due to poorly controlled cancer symptoms is common and important to avoid during the Covid-19 pandemic. In a randomized trial we evaluated whether...
Parental mental health screening in the NICU: a psychosocial team initiative

About 40–50% of parents with children admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) experience clinically significant levels of depression, anxiety, and trauma. Poor parental mental health can negatively influence parent–child interactions and child development. Therefore, early identification of parents at-risk for clinical distress is of paramount importance. To address this need, the psychosocial team, including psychology and psychiatry, at a large, level 4 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) developed a quality-improvement initiative to assess the feasibility of screening parents and to determine rates of depression and trauma in the unit. About 40% of mothers and 20% of fathers were screened between 2 weeks of their child’s hospitalization. About 40–45% of those parents endorsed clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Recommendations for enhancing the feasibility and effectiveness of this process are discussed and considerations for future clinical and research endeavors are introduced.
Volumetric Determination of Small Amounts of Uranium (Chromous Chloride as Reducing Agent)

Abstract A volumetric method is proposed for the rapid determination of small amounts of uranium. The hexavalent uranium is reduced to the quadrivalent state by chromous chloride, the excess of which is destroyed by air oxidation. A low potential redox indicator is used to follow the reduction and air oxidation. Ferric sulphate is added to the solution and the resulting ferrous ion titrated with dichromate solution.
Sensitivity to and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete spp.

This research measured mycelial extension rates of selected strains of Phanerochaete chrysorhiza, Phanerochaete laevis, Phanerochaete sanguinea, Phanerochaete filamentosa, Phanerochaete sordida, Inonotus circinatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the ability of these organisms to tolerate and degrade the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP) in an aqueous medium and in soil. Most of the tested species had mycelial extension rates in the range of ≤0.5 to 1.5 cm day−1, but there were large interspecific differences. A notable exception, P. sordida, grew very rapidly, with an average mycelial extension rate of 2.68 cm day−1 at 28°C. Rank of species by growth rate was as follows: P. chrysosporium > P. sordida > P. laevis > P. chrysorhiza = P. sanguinea > I. circinatus = P. filamentosa. There were also significant intraspecific differences in mycelial extension rates. For example, mycelial extension rates among strains of P. sordida ranged from 1.78 to 4.81 cm day−1. Phanerochaete spp. were very sensitive to PCP. Growth of several species was prevented by the presence of 5 ppm (5 μg/g) PCP. However, P. chrysosporium and P. sordida grew at 25 ppm PCP, albeit at greatly decreased mycelial extension rates. In an aqueous medium, mineralization of PCP by P. sordida 13 (ca. 12% after 30 days) was significantly greater than that by all other tested P. sordida strains and P. chrysosporium. After 64 days, the level of PCP had decreased by 96 and 82% in soil inoculated with P. chrysosporium and P. sordida, respectively. Depletion of PCP by these fungi occurred in a two-stage process. The first stage was characterized by a rapid depletion of PCP that coincided with an accumulation of pentachloroanisole (PCA). At the end of the first stage, ca. 64 and 71% of the PCP was converted to PCA in P. chrysosporium and P. sordida cultures, respectively. In the second stage, levels of PCP and PCA were reduced by 9.6 and 18%, respectively, in soil inoculated with P. chrysosporium and by 3 and 23%, respectively, in soil inoculated with P. sordida. PCA was mineralized by both P. chrysosporium and P. sordida in an aqueous medium.
Theory of atom-metal interactions. I. Alkali atom adsorption

Abstract The interaction of a metal with an alkali atom is considered from first principles. It is shown that treating the interaction of the metal with the alkali atom through perturbation theory is a meaningful approach. It is seen that the interaction causes a shift and broadening of the valence level of the alkali atom. Furthermore, it is seen that electron transitions between virtual atomic and metal states are formally equivalent to standard rearrangement processes. The first-order ns energy-level shift of the alkalis are calculated and the results given in standard form. The shift is found to be ∼ + 0.3 eV. The natural broadening of the originally discrete ns level is calculated in closed form by using time-dependent perturbation theory. The theoretical bandwidth for an alkali atom adsorbed on a metal is found to be ≲ 1 eV. These results are discussed in relation to previously suggested values for the shifted and broadened level. It is found that the position of the shifted and broadened level relative to the conduction band of the metal is such that ionic bonds are formed between adsorbate and substrate. The possibility and implications of localized electrons in the interior of the metal near the surface and also around the alkali ion cores are discussed. It is found that electrons do tend to localize at the surface in the presence of alkali ion cores. The resulting surface dipoles are then discussed in relation to their effects on electron emission properties of the surface. Temperature dependences are included in a semi-quantitative manner and the origin of thermal depolarization effects is displayed.
Controls concepts for next generation reusable rocket engines

Three primary issues will drive the design and control used in next generation reusable rocket engines. In addition to steady-state and dynamic performance, the requirements for increased durability, reliability and operability (with faults) will dictate which new controls and design technologies and features will be brought to bear. An array of concepts which have been brought forward will be tested against the measures of cost and benefit as reflected in the above "ilities". This paper examines some of the new concepts and looks for metrics to judge their value.
Assessing the oxidative potential of isoprene-derived epoxides and secondary organic aerosol

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is known to contribute to adverse health effects, such as asthma, cardiopulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of PM2.5 and can be enhanced by atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide. However, whether biogenic SOA contributes to adverse health effects remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of isoprene-derived epoxides and SOA for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in light of the recent recognition that atmospheric oxidation of isoprene in the presence of acidic sulfate aerosol is a major contributor to the global SOA burden. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to characterize the ROS generation by the isoprene-derived epoxides, trans-β-isoprene epoxydiol (trans-β-IEPOX) and methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE), and their hydrolysis products, the 2-methyltetrol diastereomers (2-MT), 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG), their organosulfate derivatives, as well as an isoprene-derived hydroxyhydroperoxide (ISOPOOH). In addition, ROS generation potential was evaluated for total SOA produced from photooxidation of isoprene and methacrolein (MACR) as well as from the reactive uptake of trans-β-IEPOX and MAE onto acidified sulfate aerosol. The high-NOx regime, which yields 2-MG-, MAE- and MACR-derived SOA has a higher ROS generation potential than the low-NOx regime, which yields 2-MT, IEPOX- and isoprene-derived SOA. ISOPOOH has an ROS generation potential similar to 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), suggesting a significant contribution of aerosol-phase organic peroxides to PM oxidative potential. MAE- and MACR-derived SOA show equal or greater ROS generation potential than reported in studies on diesel exhaust PM, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive investigation of the toxicity of isoprene-derived SOA.
Total cycle time management by operational elements

Manufacturing cycle time (or turnaround time) is the measure of speed with which work in process moves through the production line. At IBM's semiconductor manufacturing plant in Essex Junction, Vermont, cycle time objectives are set in relation to raw process time (or tool time). Cycle time objectives are stated as a multiple of raw process time. Logic manufacturing cycle time objectives are met by the use of operational cycle time elements. These elements consist of cycle time through each individual operation in the process. By using computer analysis of these data, it is possible to identify and eliminate cycle time detractors. By managing cycle time by operational elements, overall product cycle time objectives are met. These objectives require a constant process of improved cycle time by identifying and eliminating detractors. The detractors can be eliminated by improved tool utilization, improved logistical flow, or modified staffing strategy. >
The reproducibility of isokinetic dynamometry data

Since its inception, isokinetic dynamometry has provided unique insights into muscle function evaluations for human performance and rehabilitation, thus they are commonly utilized in training and rehabilitative centers, as well as in exercise science laboratories. Because such devices are clinically relevant in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal health and assessment of athletic prowess, it is important that isokinetic dynamometry yield accurate performance values. Assuming no change in a person's exercise performance capabilities, multiple isokinetic dynamometry bouts should elicitdata values that are reproducible. Variability that results from test-retest research designs, and undermines data reliability, may be subdivided into mechanical and physiological sources of measurement error. The following paper offers a review of literature pertaining to the reproducibility of isokinetic dynamometry data. The literature is subdivided and categorizes a variety of test-retest study design papers according to the musculoskeletal segment under examination. While most papers describe their data reproducibility results as acceptable or better, a consistent outcome from the literature is greater variability at higher angular velocities. For isokinetic exercise, this is perhaps its most pressing concern, and future recommendation, that should be addressed with the advent of newer dynamometer models. Such improvements will continue to make isokinetic dynamometry a modality that offers the most unique insights on muscle function evaluations for athletic performance and clinical rehabilitation.
The assessment of potential threat: A second look

The assessment of dangerousness is not a diagnosis, but rather a clinical impression based on the individual's past history of violence and many other factors. With regard to the mental state, it has been noted that “the essence of dangerousness appears to be a paucity of concern for others'” (Roth, 1974). As a subjective opinion, predicting violence and future dangerousness bears the weight of much scrutiny and due diligence. Threat assessment evaluations have inherent social and legal ramifications, and the responsibility must be accepted with the knowledge that accuracy may not always be achieved. This paper discusses the various aspects of predicting future violence and dangerousness and the caveats that come with such tasks.
Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology

The measurement of steroid hormones in saliva presents a number of attractive opportunities to physical anthropologists and human biologists in areas including reproductive ecology, growth and development, behavioral physiology, and nutrition. Among the key advantages of salivary steroid assays, as opposed to plasma or urinary assays, are the noninvasive and nondisruptive nature of sample collection. Significant disadvantages exist as well, stemming from the increased level of assay sensitivity required and the need for carefully controlled sample collection. Methodological aspects of research design, sample collection and handling, and data analysis and interpretation in the use of salivary steroid assays are discussed in detail, with special attention given to commonly overlooked but potentially crucial considerations. A review of potential applications within physical anthropology includes the use of testosterone assays in studies of male reproductive function and aggressive behavior; the use of adrenal androgen assays in studies of human growth and maturation; the use of cortisol assays in studies of stress physiology and limbic system arousal; and the use of ovarian steroids in studies of female reproductive function.
Business Continuity Planning for Disasters is Just Good Planning

Business Continuity Planning has long been separated from day to day data center operations within the Federal Government. Since the beginning of the Federal mandates for Continuity of Operations IT departments have treated is as a forced requirement and sought only to do the minimum required. This paper examines what good Business Continuity planning requires and how integrating it with day to day data center operations can improve mission application availability and customer satisfaction.
The production of hypertension in male albino rats subjected to experimental stress

Abstract Male albino rats were subjected to a chronic variable stress program consisting of flashing lights, audiogenic stimulation, and oscillation. Animals of each experimental group were exposed to 4-hr stress sessions 3, 5, or 7 times per week for 16 weeks. Half the animals were housed in complete darkness except during the stress session. The blood pressures of all stressed groups reached a maximum of 142–148 mm Hg within 8 weeks and were maintained at that level for 16 weeks of stress exposure. There was a maximal increase in urinary catecholamine levels after a single stress exposure and a return to control levels within 8 weeks of stress. Adrenal epinephrine was initially depleted after a single stress exposure, but returned to control levels by the 8th week, followed by a moderate overcompensation within the 16th week of chronic stress exposure. Adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels both markedly increased after a single stress exposure and returned to control levels by the 8th week of stress. Unlike the apparent catecholamine adaptation, plasma corticosterone levels again increased significantly by the 16th week of stress, whereas the adrenal steroid levels remained at normal levels. These results suggest that the adrenal glands had become more efficient in the rate of synthesis and release of steroids after chronic exposure to the Stressors.
High-power, high-efficiency fiber-coupled multimode laser-diode pump module (9XX nm) with high reliability

We have developed a single-emitter multi-mode laser-diode-pump platform for high efficiency, brightness and high reliability in a small form factor. This next-generation package is scalable to higher optical power and offers a low-cost solution for industrial applications, such as fiber lasers, graphic arts and medical. The pump modules employ high coupling efficiency, >90%, high power-conversion efficiency, >50%, and low thermal resistance, 2.2°C/W, in an electrically-isolated package. Output powers as high as 18W have been demonstrated, with reliable operation at 10W CW into 105μm core fiber. Qualification results are presented for 0.15NA and 0.22NA fiber designs.
Potential for Ammonia Volatilization from Urea in Dryland Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production Systems

Urea replaced ammonium nitrate (AN) as a nitrogen (N) source for dryland Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the inland Pacific Northwest in the United States. This study assessed ammonia (NH3) volatilization, N recovery, and seed yield from urea as compared to AN. Laboratory incubations indicate NH3 volatilization is greater from soil covered by fresh residue than soil alone or covered by burned residue. Although pH of the fresh and burned residues exceeded 8.0, urease activity in burned residue was <15% of that in unburned residue or soil. Ammonia volatilization from dry urea and fluid urea AN was greater than AN at burned and unburned sites after a 5 October application. Ammonia volatilization was higher and N recovery and seed yield were lower for urea after a 15 November application at an unburned site. To reduce NH3 volatilization, apply urea to fields with low urease activity or moisture content and/or immediately before a significant rain event.
Synthesis of (O2CEPh)1- Ligands (E = S, Se) by CO2 Insertion into Lanthanide Chalcogen Bonds and Their Utility in Forming Crystallographically Characterizable Organoaluminum Complexes [Me2Al(μ-O2CEPh)]2

CO(2) inserts into the Sm-S and Sm-Se bonds of [(C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(mu-EPh)](2) (E = S, Se) to form the first crystallographically characterized (O(2)CEPh)(1-) complexes, [(C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(mu-O(2)CEPh)](2). These complexes are structurally analogous to [(C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(mu-O(2)CR)](2) complexes, but they are less soluble. This feature was utilized in the reaction of Me(2)AlCl with [(C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(mu-O(2)CEPh)](2), which forms crystallographically characterizable [Me(2)Al(mu-O(2)CEPh)](2) complexes. Such complexes could not be isolated from an analogous carboxylate reaction. [(C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(mu-O(2)CSePh)](2) decarboxylates in THF to form (C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(SePh)(THF). The loss of CO(2) rather than COSe with formation of (C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(OPh)(THF) was established by (13)CO(2) studies and independent synthesis of (C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm(OPh)(THF) from (C(5)Me(5))(2)Sm[N(SiMe(3))(2)] and PhOH.
The size of the yolk: Computations for odd and even-numbered committees

The yolk is an important new concept for analysis of the instability of majority choice by committees. This paper reports a generalization of the definition of the yolk which extends its applicability to even-numbered committees and to supramajority choice. It also reports the results of computation of the location and size of the yolk for committees of different sizes. The results confirm earlier conjectures and findings that majority choice is likely to be confined to a centrally located subset of an issue space which is small and which decreases in size with increases in committee membership.
A multipurpose four-dimensional analysis of variance program*

A computer program is described for a four-dimensional analysis of variance using the IBM 360/40 OS, or larger, machine.
Microemulsions with excellent water solubilizing capacity at high hydrocarbon levels with quaternary ammonium salts as surfactants

In W/O microemulsions prepared by adding dry surfactant to a mixture of 85% heptane or toluene and 15% pentanol, then titrating with water, systems using quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to be capable of solubilizing much larger amounts of water than systems using the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate. In homologous series in the range C12 to C16 it would appear that, with one exception, longer chain length quaternary salts are more effective at solubilizing water than are shorter chain length compounds. With quaternary salts of equal chain length, pyridinium salts are more effective at solubilizing water at high surfactant concentrations than are corresponding trimethyl salts.
Numerical simulation of hypersonic, axisymmetric flowfields

Flow conditions corresponding to those of three previously conducted hypersonic axisymmetric flow experiments are presently treated by numerical solutions of the axisymmetric, thin layer Navier-Stokes equations with the Chemistry and Gasdynamic Implicit computer code's Version 2. While simulation and experimental results agree for ideal gas flows, the simulation for the case of a real gas flow reveals that the particular coupling of the gasdynamics and the chemistry used in the code degrades the convergence level obtainable, by comparison with ideal gas cases. The computed stagnation point heating is 60 percent lower than for the experiment.
Temporal Difference Error Prediction Signal Dysregulation in Cocaine Dependence

Cocaine dependence impacts drug-related, dopamine-dependent reward processing, yet its influence on non-drug reward processing is unclear. Here, we investigated cocaine-mediated effects on reward learning using a natural food reinforcer. Cocaine-dependent subjects (N=14) and healthy controls (N=14) learned to associate a visual cue with a juice reward. In subsequent functional imaging sessions they were exposed to trials where juice was received as learned, withheld (negative temporal difference error (NTDE)), or received unexpectedly (positive temporal difference error (PTDE)). Subjects were scanned twice in sessions that were identical, except that cocaine-dependent participants received cocaine or saline 10 min before task onset. In the insula, precentral and postcentral gyri NTDE signals were greater, and PTDE-related function was reduced in cocaine-dependent subjects. Compared with healthy controls, in the cocaine-dependent group PTDE signals were also reduced in medial frontal gyrus and reward-related function, irrespective of predictability, was reduced in the putamen. Group differences in error-related activity were predicted by the time as last self-administered cocaine use, but TDE function was not influenced by acute cocaine. Thus, cocaine dependence seems to engender increased responsiveness to unexpected negative outcomes and reduced sensitivity to positive events in dopaminergic reward regions. Although it remains to be established if these effects are a consequence of or antecedent to cocaine dependence, they likely have implications for the high-cocaine use recidivism rates by contributing to the drive to consume cocaine, perhaps via influence on dopamine-related reward computations. The fact that these effects do not acquiesce to acute cocaine administration might factor in binge-related escalated consumption.
Small bowel obstruction: A roentgenologic study

A study has been made of ninety-two cases in which the roentgenologic findings suggested the presence of small bowel obstruction, or in which obstruction of the colon was accompanied by dilatation of the small bowel, simulating small bowel obstruction. My attempt to differentiate the various obstructive lesions on the basis of the roentgenologic findings has met with failure. The importance of roentgenologic examination in the determination of the presence and approximate location of small bowel obstruction is again emphasized.
POSTCRITERION INSERTION OF A SECOND RELEVANT DIMENSION IN A SIMPLE DISCRIMINATION PROBLEM

Thirty-one human Ss participated in a discrimination problem having three stages. Stage I involved one relevant dimension and one irrelevant dimension. Ss were trained to a criterion of eight succe...
Damage assessment in cellulose–cement composites using dynamic mechanical characteristics

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of test methods that can detect damage in cement composites, incorporating cellulose macro-nodule fibers, subjected to freezing/thawing and immersion in hot water. Conventional methods of ascertaining damage, such as porosity and flexural strength testing, were carried out, along with dynamic mechanical testing for determination of elastic modulus and damping capacity. Increase in porosity and reduction in flexural strength (as compared to normally cured specimens) were observed for low fiber volume composites subjected to freezing and thawing, whereas no significant changes were observed for specimens with higher fiber volumes. Determination of dynamic elastic modulus and specific damping capacity at regular intervals of exposure showed that the high volume of porous macro-nodules in the mixture prevented damage due to freezing and thawing by acting as stress release sites. No appreciable change in porosity and flexural strength was observed for specimens continuously exposed to hot water; however, reduction in relative modulus and increase in damping capacity was observed. The changes in these system properties suggest that a certain degree of damage might be occurring under sustained hot water exposure, which the determination of porosity and flexural strength could not capture. Using a stiffness-loss map, it is shown in this paper that the damping characteristic is more sensitive than the stiffness in detecting damage as a result of continuous exposure to hot and wet conditions.
Generating d-sequences

An algorithm is described that generates d-sequences using feedback shift register that allow carry. The hardware is shown to be no more complex than for the generation of m-sequences.
Adenosine 3–,5–-monophosphate-binding capacity in small and large ovine luteal cells

The photoaffinity analog [32P]8-azidoadenosine cAMP ([32P]8-N3cAMP) was used to study available cAMPbinding sites on cAMP-dependent protein kinases in homogenates of ovine small (12-22 μm) and large (>22 fim) luteal cells. Binding of the analogs to specific proteins was detected by autoradiography after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and was quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. In homogenates of untreated small and large cells, only the type I isoenzyme of the regulatory subunit (Ri) of protein kinase had a measurable number of available cAMPbinding sites. Small luteal cells were incubated for 2 h with increasing concentrations of ovine LH (oLH), cholera toxin, or forskolin, and media were collected for quantification of cAMP and progesterone. Cells were harvested and homogenized, and intraceilular cAMP content and photoincorporation of [32P]8- N3cAMP into Ri were measured. Treatment of small luteal cells with oLH, cholera toxin, and forskolin resulted in dose-depe...
Effect of gender on the emergency department evaluation of patients with chest pain.

Objective: To assess chest pain evaluation as reflected in the documentation of the evaluation process for women vs men in one emergency department (ED). Methods: In this retrospective case series, patient charts were reviewed for documentation in accordance with a clinical policy for chest pain evaluation. Patient demographics and the frequencies of inclusion of the following items were determined: five descriptors of chest pain, associated symptoms, risk factors for coronary artery disease, receipt of physical examination, and receipt of ECG. Results: Over a three-month period, 132 men and 150 women were evaluated for chest pain and entered in the study. There was no significant difference in age between the men and the women overall, but in the subgroup of patients who were admitted to the hospital, the women were significantly older than the men by an average of five years (p = 0.04). Fifty-five percent of all the patients were admitted to the hospital. The men were admitted to the hospital significantly more often than were the women (p = 0.01), with a relative risk of admission for women vs men of 0.76 (95% CI = 0.62–0.94). There was no significant difference between the men and the women for any of the process of evaluation items in the overall group or in the hospital-admission and release-home subgroups. Conclusion: The authors' findings do not support the existence of a gender difference in ED chest pain evaluations, as reflected by documentation of the evaluation process. However, men were more likely to be admitted to the hospital for evaluation of coronary artery disease than were women.
A Grassroots Developmental Strategy for Africa: Towns as Agents of Growth Through Financial Credit

Since independence, governmental leaders in Africa have not pursued the policy option of making towns, represented as incorporated units, borrowers of commercial credit. To improve the quality of life among rural populations, governments in Africa should pursue the development strategy of making financial credit available to the towns located in those communities, because there is a high distribution of managerial expertise and material resources among the population. This article considers how African governments may adopt a development strategy that will encourage towns to borrow financial credit to engage in various economic and social activities, just like private companies. If these activities become viable, they may be a useful start in reversing the deterioration in economic and social well-being that several rural communities in Africa have suffered.
Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century

Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century. Edited by T. V. Paul, James J. Wirtz, and Michel Fortmann. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 400p. 27.95 paper.The end of the Cold War and the advent of the post–9/11 era altered the strategic context of international relations irrevocably. In the wake of these changes, it is useful to reexamine our traditional theoretical understandings of the system in order to determine the direction international relations scholarship should take. While theory should evolve independently from the empirical realities of world politics, periodically taking stock of where we are and where we should go is extremely helpful. This book is a welcome collection that takes on that task.
Modulation of slow postsynaptic potentials by dopamine, in rabbit sympathetic ganglion.

Abstract (1) Temporary exposure of rabbit's superior cervical ganglion (SCG) to dopamine (DA), in the presence of an inhibitor of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is consistently followed by a potentiation of the slow (s)-EPSP and s-IPSP, lasting for some hours. The fast (f)-EPSP is not significantly increased, but it is better maintained than in control ganglia. (2) Exposure to the COMT-inhibitor U-0521 alone induces less but substantial potentiations of both s-PSPs. This effect is explained as due to protection of DA released intraganglionically at rest. (3) This evidence suggests that COMT may significantly limit the access of catecholamines to postsynaptic receptors, for at least certain types of neuron-to-neuron synaptic actions. (4) The potentiation of both s-PSPs, whether induced by DA in the presence of U-0521 or by U-0521 alone, is depressed by DA-1 antagonists that have been found to depress DA-stimulation of adenyl cyclase in rabbit SCG; these are spiroperidol, butaclamol and, to a lesser extent, bromocriptine. The specific ‘DA-2’ antagonists metaclopramide and sulpiride, and the α-adrenergic antagonist dihydroergotamine, did not depress potentiation. (5) Potentiation of s-EPSP is viewed as identical in nature to the previously discovered DA-modulatory enhancement of direct muscarinic depolarizing actions (by acetylcholine or its agonists). Potentiation of s-IPSP may be due to a similar DA-modulation of other muscarinic response(s) involved in mediating the s-IPSP. The consistency and comparative ease with which these DA-modulatory effects can be induced, under presently described experimental conditions, should facilitate future study of this mode of synaptic action.
Prognostic Factors in Relation to Racial Disparity in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Survival

Abstract Introduction Colorectal cancer mortality rates are significantly greater in AA than in EA individuals, and the disparity is worsening. We investigated the relationship between race and metastatic CRC (mCRC) survival in younger and older patients. Patients and Methods Using data from the Hollings Cancer Center (Charleston, SC), we studied the role of clinical, pathologic, and treatment-related factors on the disparity in survival. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 82 mCRC patients (26 AA, 56 EA). The data source was medical record data from June 1, 2004 through May 31, 2008 with follow-up through June 30, 2010. Using Kaplan-Meier methods, we generated median survival time according to race and age ( Results The median age was 56.7 years for AA and 61.6 years for EA patients. Compared with EA, median survival in AA patients was 59% worse in younger patients (12.7 vs. 31.0 months) and 29% worse in older patients (11.7 vs. 16.4 months). The risk of death among younger AA compared with EA patients was 2.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-5.23) and among older patients was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.49-2.73). Conclusion Our results highlight the importance of considering younger age, clinical prognostic markers, and tumor phenotypes as potential sources of the disparity in advanced stage CRC.
Treatment of a Patellar Chondral Defect Using Juvenile Articular Cartilage Allograft Implantation

Focal articular cartilage defects of the knee commonly occur. Various arthroscopic and open procedures have been developed to address these lesions when they are symptomatic, all aimed at defect filling. Juvenile cartilage transplantation procedures have recently been described as an option for managing symptomatic cartilage lesions. We present a technique using transfer of juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation into the defect with subsequent second-look arthroscopy and biopsy results after implantation.
Molecular genetics and mechanism of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Abstract Considerable progress toward understanding pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD) has been made during the past 15 years. ADPKD is a heterogeneous human disease resulting from mutations in either of two genes, PKD1 and PKD2. The similarity in the clinical presentation and evidence of direct interaction between the COOH termini of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, the respective gene products, suggest that both proteins act in the same molecular pathway. The fact that most mutations from ADPKD patients result in truncated polycystins as well as evidence of a loss of heterozygosity mechanism in individual PKD cysts indicate that the loss of the function of either PKD1 or PKD2 is the most likely pathogenic mechanism for ADPKD. A novel mouse model, WS25, has been generated with a targeted mutation at Pkd2 locus in which a mutant exon 1 created by inserting a neo r cassette exists in tandem with the wild-type exon 1. This causes an unstable allele that undergoes secondary recombination to produce a true null allele at Pkd2 locus. Therefore, the model Pkd2 WS25/− , which carries the WS25 unstable allele and a true null allele, produces somatic second hits during mouse development or adult life and establishes an extremely faithful model of human ADPKD.
Interaction of low-level flow with the Western Ghat mountains and offshore convection in the summer monsoon

Abstract Seven-year averaged values of percent frequency of occurrence of highly reflective cloud for the months June, July, and August indicate that offshore convection is a major component of the cloudiness of the southwest monsoon. Principal areas of convection occur off of the western coats of India, Burma, Thailand, and the Philippines. This study concentrates on the area upstream of the Western Ghats Mountains of India. Analysis of a special boundary layer mission flown during the WMO/ICSU Summer Monsoon Experiment leads us to believe that partial deceleration of the monsoon flow by upstream blocking effects of the mountains initiates and maintains a vertical and horizontal motion field that could support the observed convection. Data obtained on this mission allow a large-scale momentum budget computation for the subcloud layer, which shows pressure deceleration to be significant. The budget, dominated by advection, predicts an increase of average wind speed which is observed. The pressure decelera...