cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STRESS-HISTORY EFFECTS ON SHEAR MODULUS OF SOILS

ABSTRACT The effects of time duration of the confining pressure and stress-history patterns were studied through resonant column tests of soil samples. For each soil the dynamic shear modulus obtained at small shearing strain amplitudes was the quantity evaluated as the testing conditions were changed. Under uniform confining pressures an increase in shear modulus occurred which was approximately linear with log time after about 1000 minutes of pressure application. This rate of shear modulus increase per log cycle was expressed as a per cent of the numerical value of the shear modulus at 1000 minutes, to minimize the influence of the pressure magnitude for each test. For soils with median grain size larger than about 0.04 mm the per cent increase in shear modulus per log cycle was about 3% or less. For dry and saturated samples of kaolinite, this increase averaged about 6% to 13%. The effect of overconsolidation was to reduce slightly this rate of shear modulus increase per log cycle. Soils with median grain size of 0.04 mm or greater showed little change in the small amplitude shear modulus as the time of applied confining pressure increased, or little influence of previous preconsolidation. For finer soils (D50 ≪ 0.04 mm) the effects of time of loading and of preconsolidation were significant. Consequently, extrapolation of laboratory shear moduli of fine-grained soils to field applications requires careful study.
Extensive middle Miocene weathering interpreted from a well-preserved paleosol, Cricket Flat, Oregon, USA

Abstract The high-resolution marine isotope climate record indicates pronounced global cooling during the Langhian (16–13.8 Ma), beginning with the warm middle Miocene climatic optimum and ending with significant Antarctic ice sheet expansion and the transition to “icehouse” conditions. However, the timing and rate of cooling during the Langhian are uncertain. Terrestrial paleoclimate data from this interval is sparse and sometimes conflicting; in particular, there are gaps in the terrestrial record in the Pacific Northwest during the late Langhian and early Serravallian between about 14.5 and 12.5 Ma. New terrestrial paleoclimate data from this time and region could help reconcile these conflicting records. Paleosols are particularly useful for reconstructing paleoenvironment because the rate and style of pedogenesis are primarily a function of surface environmental conditions; however, complete and well-preserved paleosols are uncommon. Most soils form in erosive environments that are not preserved, or in environments such as floodplains that accumulate in small increments; the resulting cumulic soils are usually thin, weakly developed, and subject to diagenetic overprinting from subsequent soils. The paleosol at Cricket Flat in northeastern Oregon is an unusually complete and well-preserved paleosol from a middle Miocene volcanic sequence in the Powder River Volcanic Field. An olivine basalt flow buried the paleosol at approximately 13.8 ± 0.6 Ma, based on three 40Ar/39Ar dates on the basalt. We described the Cricket Flat paleosol and used its physical and chemical profile and micromorphology to assess pedogenesis. The Cricket Flat paleosol is an Ultisol-like paleosol, chemically consistent with a high degree of weathering. Temperature and rainfall proxies suggest that Cricket Flat received 1120 ± 180 mm precipitation year− 1 and experienced a mean annual temperature of 14.5 ± 2.1 °C during the formation of the paleosol, significantly warmer and wetter than today. This suggests slower cooling after the middle Miocene climatic optimum than is seen in the existing paleosol record.
Reactivity of TiO2 with hydrogen and deuterium

The reactivity of rutile phase TiO2 (110) and polycrystalline anatase surfaces with molecular and ionized deuterium and hydrogen was investigated. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS), following exposure to more than 100kL of molecular deuterium, showed a D2 desorption peak at ∼440K on both single crystal rutile and polycrystalline anatase surfaces. The desorption peak was observed following exposure only at surface temperatures between 140-270K. Ionized D2 is significantly more reactive with the titania surface and two desorption peaks at 380K and ∼550K were observed together with a small D2O peak observed at ∼440K. Dosing the surfaces with hydrogen and deuterium either in succession or as a mixture showed HD desorption with no change in the desorption peaks, consistent with dissociative adsorption of both ionized and molecular species. The experimental data was compared to Density Functional Theory calculations and modeled as a two-step process of hydrogen dissociation at oxygen vacancy sites on TiO 2.
Behavior of Infant Monkeys: Differences Attributable to Mode of Birth

A comparison of behavior of infant monkeys shortly after birth reveals differences in reactivity which can be related to the route of delivery, whether vaginal or cesarean section. The depression of behavior in the surgically delivered infants persists through day 5 postpartum and ultimately appears as lowered conditionability. Anesthetics or other drugs are not causal factors.
Methods for Translating an English-Language Survey Questionnaire on Tobacco Use into Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese:

This article reports research on procedures for translating a survey questionnaire on tobacco use from English into Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. The goal is to offer practical guidelines for researchers involved in translating questionnaires. The authors operationalize a five-step process for translation and evaluation based on the frameworks presented in Harkness, Van de Vijver, and Mohler (2003) and the U.S. Census Bureau (2004). Based on qualitative observations, the five-step process produced effective questionnaire translations. The iterative nature of the process and the team-based approach the process encourages were particularly important to the success. Based on documented experiences, the authors identify lessons learned and make recommendations to other researchers who need to translate questionnaires.
Comparison of potential bio-energy feedstock production and water quality impacts using a modeling approach.

Cellulosic and agricultural bio-energy crops can be utilized as feedstock source for bio-fuels production and provide environmental benefits such as hydrology, water quality. This study compared potential feedstock yield and water quality benefit scenarios of six bio-energy crops: Miscanthus (Miscanthus-giganteus), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Corn (Zea mays), and Soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} at the watershed scale using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SWAT model was calibrated (1998 to 2002) and validated (2003 to 2010) using monthly measured USGS stream flow data. Model was further verified using available monthly sediment yield, and county level NASS corn and soybean yield data within the watershed. The long-term average annual potential feedstock yield as an alternative energy source was determined the greatest when growing Miscanthus grass scenario (21.9 Mg/ha) followed by Switchgrass (15.2 Mg/ha), Johnsongrass (12.1 Mg/ha), Alfalfa (7 Mg/ha), Corn (5.9 Mg/ha), and Soybean (2.35 Mg/ha). Model results determined the least amount of average annual sediment yield (1.1 Mg/ha) from the Miscanthus grass scenario and the greatest amount (12 Mg/ha) from the corn crop scenario. About 11% less annual average surface water flow from the watershed could be anticipated when converting land areas from soybean to Miscanthus grass. The results of this study suggested that growing Miscanthus grass in the UPRW would have the greatest potential feedstock yield and water quality benefits. The results of this study may help in developing future watershed management programs.
Ionization Potentials and Probabilities for the Formation of Multiply Charged Ions in the Alkali Vapors and in Krypton and Xenon

A mass-spectrograph analysis has been made of the ions formed by electron impact in Na, K, Rb, Cs vapors and in Kr and Xe. The electron energy varied from zero to 700 electron-volts. Multiply charged ions were formed in all cases when the electron energy was sufficiently high. The ionization potentials for the various ions are given in the table. In general the curves showing likelihood of formation of these ions as a function of electron energy are of the usual shape. In the cases of ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{2+}$ there are evidences of additional mechanisms of formation which appear at the following potentials: for ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ at 15.5 and 150 volts; for ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ at 12.5 volts; for ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ at 10; 17.5, and 60 volts; for ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{2+}$ at 80 volts.
CONSENSUAL SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND ITS CORRELATES WITHIN THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN SOCIETY

Abstract The concepts of “false consciousness”, “the political formula”, and “ideological hegemony” have been around for some time, but have not been measurable. We present an operational definition of these related ideas, which we call “consensual” ideology. We measure consensual ideology with respect to social dominance orientation (SDO), which is defined as a general positive orientation towards group dominance. We define consensual SDO as that portion of SDO that is shared across social groups, such as different ethnic groups. We also test social dominance theory's ideological asymmetry hypothesis using Euro- and African-American university students. This hypothesis states that the relationship between support for group inequality and social ideologies and policies supportive of hierarchical group relations will be significantly more positive within high-status groups than within low-status groups. Consistent with theoretical expectations, even though, by operational definition, Blacks and Whites have the same mean level of consensual social dominance orientation, there was consistent evidence for the type of asymmetry assumed. The theoretical implications are discussed.
Expression of p27Kip1 in Osteoblast-Like Cells during Differentiation with Parathyroid Hormone

PTH is a major systemic regulator of bone metabolism and plays an important role in both bone formation and resorption. PTH either inhibits or stimulates osteoblastic cell proliferation depending on the model that is studied. We analyzed the cell cycle of the UMR-106 cell line, a relatively differentiated osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma line in which PTH is known to inhibit proliferation but the mechanism of action is unknown. PTH decreased the proportion of cells in S phase and increased the number of G1 phase cells. We examined the effect of PTH on the regulators of the G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinases and found that PTH increased p27Kip1, but not p21Cip1, levels. This effect was mimicked by 8-bromo-cAMP, but not by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The protein kinase A inhibitor KT5720 abolished the effect of PTH on the increase in p27Kip1 expression. PTH increased CDK2-associated p27Kip1 without affecting the levels of CDK2. CDK2 activity was down-regulated by both PTH and 8-bromo-cAMP treatment. These data suggest that PTH blocks entry of cells into S phase and inhibits cell proliferation as the consequence of an increase in p27Kip1, which is mediated through the protein kinase A pathway. The inhibition of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases by p27Kip1 could cause a reduction of phosphorylation of key substrates and inactivation of transcription factors essential for entry into S phase. The inhibition of cell cycle progression through PKA-mediated p27Kip1 induction might play an important role in PTH-induced differentiation of osteoblasts.
Somatosensory evoked potentials via lumbosacral pathways: A comment on naturalistic stimulation

Abstract Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were averaged from several scalp derivations in 3 subjects (1 M, 2 F) for transcutaneous electrical stimulation of toes and perineum. These lumbosacral SEPs were amplitude-focal at vertex for 40–300 msec components. Peak latencies in the 40–120 msec time segment were significantly later for perineal stimulation of equivalent subjective magnitude, contrary to expectation from relative afferent pathway lengths. One subject (M) showed a monotonic latency retardation of an intermediate component (SP50-SN75) for equivalent stimuli at lips, fingers, toes, genitalia, and perianum. Vertex potentials (SN140-SP200) did not show this temporal sequence. Though interpretation of such data is currently ambiguous, systematic application of comparative evoked potential/magnetic field techniques could yield data useful to clinical neurologists.
Acute hypoxia prolongs the apnea induced by right atrial injection of capsaicin

Inspiratory central drive is augmented by acute hypoxia that leads to a hyperventilation, but it is inhibited by capsaicin (Cap)-induced stimulation of pulmonary C fibers (PCFs) that produces an ex...
A new method for modulating traumatic brain injury with mechanical tissue resuscitation.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injuries remain a treatment enigma with devastating late results. As terminally differentiated tissue, the brain retains little capacity to regenerate, making early attempts to preserve brain cells after brain injury essential. OBJECTIVE To resuscitate damaged tissue by modulating edema, soluble cytokines, and metabolic products in the "halo" of damaged tissue around the area of central injury that progressively becomes compromised. By re-equilibrating the zone of injury milieu, it is postulated neurons in this area will survive and function. METHODS Mechanical tissue resuscitation used localized, controlled, subatmospheric pressure directly to the area of controlled cortical impact injury and was compared with untreated injured controls and with sham surgery in a rat model. Functional outcome, T2 magnetic resonance imaging hyperintense volume, magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy metabolite measurement, tissue water content, injury cavity area, and cortical volume were compared. RESULTS There were significant differences between mechanical tissue resuscitation treated and untreated groups in levels of myoinositol, N-acetylaspartate, and creatine. Treated animals had significantly less tissue swelling and density than the untreated animals. Nonviable brain tissue areas were smaller in treated animals than in untreated animals. Treated animals performed better than untreated animals in functional tests. Histological analysis showed the remaining viable ipsilateral cerebral area was 58% greater for treated animals than for untreated animals, and the cavity for treated animals was 95% smaller than for untreated animals 1 month after injury. CONCLUSION Mechanical tissue resuscitation with controlled subatmospheric pressure can significantly modulate levels of excitatory amino acids and lactate in traumatic brain injury, decrease the water content and volume of injured brain, improve neuronal survival, and speed functional recovery.
A flexible Monte Carlo tool for patient or phantom specific calculations: Comparison with preliminary validation measurements

The Dose Planning Method (DPM) is one of several 'fast' Monte Carlo (MC) computer codes designed to produce an accurate dose calculation for advanced clinical applications. We have developed a flexible machine modeling process and validation tests for open-field and IMRT calculations. To complement the DPM code, a practical and versatile source model has been developed, whose parameters are derived from a standard set of planning system commissioning measurements. The primary photon spectrum and the spectrum resulting from the flattening filter are modeled by a Fatigue function, cut-off by a multiplying Fermi function, which effectively regularizes the difficult energy spectrum determination process. Commonly-used functions are applied to represent the off-axis softening, increasing primary fluence with increasing angle ('the horn effect'), and electron contamination. The patient dependent aspect of the MC dose calculation utilizes the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) leaf sequence file exported from the treatment planning system DICOM output, coupled with the source model, to derive the particle transport. This model has been commissioned for Varian 2100C 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams using percent depth dose, dose profiles, and output factors. A 3-D conformal plan and an IMRT plan delivered to an anthropomorphic thorax phantom were used to benchmark the model. The calculated results were compared to Pinnacle v7.6c results and measurements made using radiochromic film and thermoluminescent detectors (TLD).
Evidence for contemporary evolution of behavioural responses to introduced fish

Introduced predators are a major driver of worldwide biodiversity loss. However, if endemic prey are not rapidly extirpated by invaders, they may evolve antipredator traits that promote coexistence with invaders. We studied antipredator behaviours in fish-naive and fish-exposed populations of Cascades frog tadpoles, Rana cascadae, to test the hypothesis that fish-exposed populations have evolved stronger defensive behaviours. We raised tadpoles from field-collected eggs in fish-free aquaria, and performed behaviour assays to quantify their behaviours with and without fish scent cues. Fish scent induced strong decreases in activity and increases in refuge use in both population types, potentially indicating a persistent ancestral response to fish. Populations co-occurring with fish were constitutively less active and in refuges more than naive populations in the absence of cues, but had a smaller plastic decrease in activity and a smaller increase in refuge use when exposed to cues. Weakening of the antipredator response in fish-invaded populations may be a signal of contemporary evolution towards optimization of time spent foraging versus the fitness costs of time spent avoiding predation.
Effects of omapatrilat on cardiac nerve sprouting and structural remodeling in experimental congestive heart failure.

Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) results in decreased cardiac sympathetic innervation. Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that therapy with the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat (OMA) attenuates cardiac neuronal remodeling in CHF. Methods We induced CHF in dogs with rapid ventricular pacing for 5 weeks with (CHF+OMA group, n=8) or without (CHF group, n=10) concomitant OMA treatment (10 mg/kg twice daily). Cardiac catheterization and echocardiography were performed to determine cardiac structure and hemodynamic parameters. Myocardial nerve density was determined by immunocytochemical staining with anti-growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies. Seven normal dogs were used as histologic controls. Results In the CHF group, ascites developed in 3 dogs and 4 dogs died, compared with no ascites or death in the CHF+OMA group ( P = .07). In the 6 CHF dogs that survived, all had atrial fibrosis, severely depressed left ventricular systolic function, and increased atrial and ventricular chamber size. OMA treatment decreased the atrial and ventricular chamber sizes and the degree of atrial fibrosis. Most CHF dogs showed severe myocardial denervation, although some showed normal or abnormally high nerve counts. OMA treatment prevented heterogeneous reduction of nerve density. The left ventricular TH-positive nerve densities were 128 ± 170 μm 2 /mm 2 , 261 ± 185 μm 2 /mm 2 , and 503 ± 328 μm 2 /mm 2 ( P 2 /mm 2 , 305 ± 368 μm 2 /mm 2 , and 1,278 ± 1,479 μm 2 /mm 2 ( P Conclusion CHF results in heterogeneous cardiac denervation. Long-term OMA treatment prevented the reduction of nerve density and promoted beneficial cardiac structural remodeling.
Effect of Counterion Binding on Micellar Solution Behavior: 2. Prediction of Micellar Solution Properties of Ionic Surfactant−Electrolyte Systems

A molecular−thermodynamic theory of micellization of ionic surfactants, developed in paper 1 of this series, is applied here to specific ionic surfactant−electrolyte systems in order to test its ability to quantitatively predict various micellar solution properties, including the effect of the counterion hydrated size, valence, and lipophilicity. With this goal in mind, the theory is utilized to model surfactant solutions containing (i) monovalent counterions (specifically, the alkali metal dodecyl sulfate series, MDS), (ii) multivalent counterions (specifically, the sodium dodecyl dioxyethylene sulfate surfactant, SDE2S, with added AlCl3 + NaCl and CaCl2 + NaCl), and (iii) organic counterions (specifically, the alkyl trimethylammonium salicylate series, CnTASal). The predicted micellar solution properties include (i) the optimal degree of binding of each counterion species onto the charged micelle surface, (ii) the surfactant critical micelle concentration, and (iii) the optimal micelle shape and average...
Effect of linoleic acid on endothelial cell inflammatory mediators.

Abstract Selected lipids may influence the inflammatory cascade within the vascular endothelium. To test this hypothesis, endothelial cells were treated with linoleic acid (18:2, n − 6) for 12 hours and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) for 4 hours. For a combined exposure to 18:2 and TNF (18:2 + TNF), cells were first preenriched with 18:2 for 8 hours before exposure to TNF for an additional 4 hours. Exposure to 18:2 increased cellular oxidative stress, activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) production, and elevated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels. A combined exposure to 18:2 + TNF resulted in decreased NF-κB activation compared with TNF treatment alone. In addition, preexposure to 18:2 altered TNF-mediated IκB-α signaling. Within the first 15 minutes of a 90-minute period, cytoplasmic levels of IκB-α decreased more rapidly in cells treated with 18:2 + TNF compared with TNF, suggesting translocation and activation of NF-κB in cultures that were pretreated with 18:2 before TNF exposure. A combined exposure to 18:2 + TNF had various effects on IL-8 production and ICAM-1 levels depending on the time of exposure. For example, 18:2 + TNF treatment increased ICAM-1 levels at 12 hours but decreased ICAM-1 levels at 24 hours compared with treatment with TNF alone. These data suggest that selected fatty acids such as 18:2 can exert proinflammatory effects and, in addition, may markedly alter TNF-mediated inflammatory events.
Capsule-mediated immune evasion: a new hypothesis explaining aspects of typhoid fever pathogenesis.

The genus Salmonella contains a group of closely related organisms that are pathogenic for humans and other vertebrates. The human disease manifestations caused most frequently by Salmonella serotypes worldwide are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis (reviewed in reference [102][1]). Both illnesses
Applications of the pharmacologic challenge strategy in panic disorders research

Abstract The pharmacologic challenge has proven useful in panic disorder research because of its ability to stress neurobiologic systems theorized to be involved in panic anxiety and thereby to reveal possible neurobiologic dysfunction within those systems. Data from pharmacologic challenges in panic patients are reviewed. These data provide strong support for abnormal regulation of noradrenergic function and some or no support for abnormal regulation of other neuronal systems in panic disorder. Further applications of the pharmacologic challenge in panic disorder are discussed.
ON THE BREMMER SERIES DECOMPOSITION: EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES*

A Bremmer Series decomposition of the solution y(t) to the lossless wave equation in layered media is where the yj(t) are physically meaningful constituents (i.e., y1(t) are primaries, y2(t) are secondaries, etc.). This paper reviews Mendel's state space models for generating the constituents; reviews Bremmer's integral equation models for generating the constituents; and demonstrates how Mendel's state space models can be obtained by a careful decomposition of Bremmer's integral equation models. It shows that Mendel's equations can be viewed as approximate numerical solutions of Bremmer's integral equations. In a lossless homogeneous medium, the approximations become exact.
Does perceptual learning in speech reflect changes in phonetic category representation or decision bias

Recent studies show that perceptual boundaries between phonetic categories are changeable with training (Norris, McQueen, & Cutler, 2003). For example, Kraljic and Samuel (2005) exposed listeners in a lexical decision task to ambiguous /s-∫/ sounds in either s-word contexts (e.g., legacy) or ∫-word contexts (e.g., parachute). In a subsequent /s/-/∫/ categorization test, listeners in the /s/ condition categorized more tokens as /s/ than did those in the /∫/ condition. The effect—termed perceptual learning in speech—is assumed to reflect a change in phonetic category representation. However, the result could be due to a decision bias resulting from the training task. In Experiment 1, we replicated the basic Kraljic and Samuel (2005) experiment and added an AXB discrimination test. In Experiment 2, we used a task that is less likely to induce a decision bias. Results of both experiments and signal detection analyses point to a true change in phonetic representation.
Widowed Young Parents: Changing Perspectives on Remarriage and Cohabitation Rates and Their Determinants

This study investigated the incidence and determinants of remarriage and cohabitation among a sample of 35 widowed parents of school-aged children. Data from a U. S. longitudinal study of parentall...
PLASMA INSULIN IN ORGANIC HYPERINSULINISM: COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TOLBUTAMIDE, LEUCINE AND GLUCOSE.

Concentrations of plasma insulin were determined in peripheral blood before and after the administration of tolbutamide, leucine, glucose and glucagon to 13 patients with insulinoma. Content or concentration, or both, of extractable insulin was determined in the tumors of 11 patients. The means of maximal increases in plasma insulin were excessive after tolbutamide (576 μU/ml), after leucine (211 μU/ml) and after glucose (384 μU/ml). Small increases in concentrations of plasma leucine effected excessive increases in concentrations of plasma insulin in some of the patients with insulinoma. Concentrations of insulin in 11 tumors ranged from 0.02 to 60.75 U/g. Patients whose tumors contained smaller amounts of insulin had lesser increments in plasma insulin after administration of tolbutamide, leucine and glucose and were more likely to have “falsely negative” blood glucose responses to tolbutamide. Hyperglycemia occurring after removal of an insulinoma was associated with hypoinsulinism and disappeared in t...
Test Particle Injection In The Relativistic Plasma Waves Excited By Two Co-Propagating Laser Beams

We report on a series of experiments aimed at the demonstration of controlled acceleration of externally injected test particles (electrons) by a relativistic plasma wave. The plasma wave is excited resonantly by beating two co-propagating laser beams at the plasma frequency. The first part of the paper describes the electron linear accelerator and the beam transport system, as well as the particle detection system. The electron macropulse energy spectrum and beam emittance are measured and are shown to be consistent with the requirements of the experiment. The electron beam is passed through a 0-pinch plasma. Although Raman scattering of the incident CO2 laser has shown the plasma to be reproducible in density to within 15% from one shot to the next at peak compression, direct evidence of localized density inhomogeneities due to trapped magnetic fields is found via the deflection of the injected electron beam. The trapped fields persist even as the plasma disassembles following the compression up to the second B=0 point in the 0-pinch cycle.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
OFIRMEV: A Recently Introduced Drug

s/48thPDFs/48thMaxwellapap2.pdf Memis, D., Inal, M., Kavalci, G., Sezer, A., & Sut, N. (2010). Intravenous paracetamol reduced the use of opioids, extubation time, and opioidrelated adverse effects after major surgery in intensive care unit. Journal of Critical Care, 25, 458–462. Moller, P., Sindet-Pedersen, S., Petersen, C., Juhl, G., Dillenschneider, A., & Skoglund, L. (2005). Onset of acetaminophen analgesia: Comparison of oral and intravenous routes after third molar surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 94, 642–648. Smith. (2011). Cadence pharmaceuticals: A rising star. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from. http://www.seekingalpha.com/article/257953-cadencepharmaceuticals-a-rising-star Wilson-Smith, E., & Morton, N. (2009). Survey of i.v. paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in neonates and infants under one year of age by UK anesthetists. Pediatric Anesthesia, 19, 329–337. Wininger, S., Miller, H., Minkowitz, H., Royal, M., Ang, R., Breitmeyer, J., et al. (2010). A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicenter, repeat-dose study of two intravenous acetaminophen dosing regimens for the treatment of pain after abdominal laparoscopic surgery. Clinical Therapeutics, 32, 2348–2369. Vadivelu, N., Mitra, S., & Narayan, D. (2010). Recent advances in postoperative pain management. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine,
M1 muscarinic receptor‐induced facilitation of ACh and noradrenaline release in the rat bladder is mediated by protein kinase C.

1. [3H]Noradrenaline (NA) AND [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) released by electrical field stimulation were measured simultaneously in strips from the body of rat urinary bladder. 2. [3H]NA and [14C]ACh release was greater during continuous stimulation (CS; 10 Hz, 100 shocks) or in the presence of eserine than during intermittent train stimulation (IS; 10 Hz, 10 shocks every 5 s, 10 times). Atropine (1 microM) or pirenzepine (0.05-0.1 microM) blocked the CS- or eserine-facilitated release. 3. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol dibutyrate (PDB; 0.05 and 0.5 microM) increased the release of both [3H]NA and [14C]ACh in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine blocked the PDB-induced facilitation of ACh release but not the facilitation of NA release. 4. The protein kinase A (PKA) activator 8-Br-cAMP did not affect ACh release but enhanced NA release. 5. The PKC inhibitor H-7 (50-100 microM) inhibited the CS- or eserine-facilitated release of both ACh and NA, but did not affect the non-facilitated release evoked by IS. H-7 also inhibited 0.5 microM PDB-induced facilitation of ACh release but not NA release. 6. Down-regulating PKC by pretreatment for 30 min with 5 microM PDB decreased the facilitated release of ACh and the eserine-induced facilitation of NA release. 7. Electrically evoked contractions of the bladder strips exhibited a biphasic response to PDB (2.5 microM), which consisted of an initial enhancement of the peak amplitude and area followed after 20 min by an inhibition of contractions. H-7 inhibited the electrically evoked contractions in a dose-dependent fashion. 8. It is concluded that a phospholipase C-PKC signal transduction pathway is essential for muscarinic receptor-induced facilitation of ACh and NA release but is not involved in the non-facilitated release of transmitters in the rat urinary bladder.
High channel count connector for optical interconnect

We evaluated the precision fabrication of multichannel optical connector for computer communication. Molded ferrules and precision cut polymer films are used to fabricate a high channel count connector in a simple and cost effective manner.
Dynamic space limits for Haskell

We describe the semantics and implementation of a space limits system for Haskell, which allows programmers to create resource containers that enforce bounded resident memory usage at runtime. Our system is distinguished by a clear allocator-pays semantics drawn from previous experience with profiling in Haskell and an implementation strategy which uses a block-structured heap to organize containers, allowing us to enforce limits with high accuracy. To deal with the problem of deallocating data in a garbage collected heap, we propose a novel taint-based mechanism that unifies the existing practices of revocable pointers and killing threads in order to reclaim memory. Our system is implemented in GHC, a production-strength compiler for Haskell.
Invariant domains for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation☆

have global solutions. Results of Saari [9] and Sperling [II] imply, however, that the basic problem in proving this classical result would be the proof that, for almost every initial condition, x(t)” = XL, xj(t>” cannot become infinite in finite time. Interestingly enough, while Kato’s result “solves” the dynamical existence question in the quantum case, it says nothing about the question of x(t)” remaining finite in time! From its physical interpretation, proof of such a regularity property is clearly desirable. The problem to which we address ourselves here is, therefore, that of finding a dense set of physically reasonable states, f, such that (exp(-iHi)f, xz exp(-iiNt)f:> remains finite in finite time. The solution of this problem is not
Interfacial deep levels responsible for schottky barrier formation at semiconductor/metal contacts

The following facts, and many others, concerning III–V (e.g., GaAs, InP) Schottly barriers can be understood in terms of Fermi-level pinning by interfacial antisite defects (sheltered by vacancies) at semiconductor/metal contacts: (i) the barrier heights are almost independent of the metal in the contact; (ii) the surface Fermi levels can be pinned at sub-monolayer coverages and the pinning energies are almost unaffected by changes of stoichiometry or crystal structure; (iii) the schottky barrier heigh for n-InP with Cu, Ag, or Au is ⋍0.5 eV, but changes to ⋍0.1 eV when reactive metal contacts (Fe, Ni, or Al) are employed because the antisite defects are dominated by P vacancies; and (iv) the dependence on alloy composition or alloys of AlAs, GaAs, GaP, InAs, and GaAs is extremely complex — owing to the dependence of the binding energy for the cation-on-anion-site deep level on alloy composition. Fermi-level pinning by Si dangling bonds at Si/transition-metal silicide interfaces accounts for the following facts: (i) the barrier heights are independent of the transition-metal, to within ⋍0.3 eV; (ii) on the 0.1 eV scale there are chemical trends in barrier heights for n-Si, with the heights decreasing in the order Pt, Pd, and Ni; (iii) barriers form at low metallic coverage, (iv) barrier heights are independent of silicide crystal structure or stoichiometry to ± 0.1 eV; and (v) the barrier heights for n-Si and p-Si add up to approximately the energy of the band gap.
Effect of temperature on the expression of wild-type and thermostable mutants of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase in Escherichia coli

The expression of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase (KNTase) in Escherichia coli results in different forms of the protein, depending on the temperature; soluble active enzyme is synthesized at 23°C but the protein is mostly aggregated and inactive in inclusion bodies when made at 37°C. However, active enzyme can be recovered by solubilization of the inclusion bodies with 8 m urea followed by dilution of the denaturant, indicating that the polypeptide is not damaged covalently but is present in a misfolded state. The availability of thermostable mutants of KNTase allows a test of the hypothesis that formation of inclusion bodies when proteins are highly expressed in E. coli is due to the accumulation of a folding intermediate that is prone to temperature-dependent aggregation. Because these mutants were isolated by cloning the KNTase gene into the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus and selecting for kanamycin resistance at high growth temperatures, they must be thermostable for both synthesis and activity and must have folding intermediates that are less susceptible to the formation of aggregates. Indeed, whereas decreasing the temperature from 37 to 23°C increased the KNTase specific activity 10-fold in cells expressing the wild-type enzyme, this change resulted in only a 2.1-fold increase for the TK1 (Asp80 → Tyr) Tyr) mutant and a 1.7-fold increase for the TK101 (Asp80 → Tyr and Thr130 → Lys) double mutant. The strategy of cloning in thermophiles and selecting or screening for mutants that fold correctly to yield biological activity at high growth temperatures may be useful in overcoming the problem of the insolubility of some proteins when expressed in heterologous hosts.
Human rhomboid family-1 gene RHBDF1 participates in GPCR-mediated transactivation of EGFR growth signals in head and neck squamous cancer cells

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an activated oncogene in many cancers. It can be transactivated by ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We show here that a novel gene, human rhomboid family-1 (RHBDF1), which was recently reported to have a pivotal role in epithelial cancer cell growth in culture and in xenograft tumors, participates in the modulation of GPCR-mediated EGFR transactivation. The RHBDF1 protein localizes mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Silencing the RHBDF1 gene in head and neck squamous cancer cell line 1483 cells with siRNA causes an inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) -induced phosphorylation of EGFR and EGFR-dependent signaling proteins p44/42 MAPK and AKT, accompanied by an inhibition of GRP-induced survival, proliferation, and invasion of the cells. The EGFR signaling pathway itself remains intact, however, as the cells remain responsive to exogenous EGF. In addition, RHBDF1 gene silencing disrupts GRP-stimulated secretion of EGFR ligand TGF-α, but not the production of latent TGF-α, whereas engineered overexpression of RHBDF1 markedly accelerates the secretion of TGF-α. These findings are consistent with the view that RHBDF1 is critically involved in a GPCR ligand-stimulated process leading to the activation of latent EGFR ligands.—Zou, H., Thomas, S. M., Yan, Z.-W., Grandis, J. R., Vogt, A., Li, L.-Y. Human rhomboid family-1 gene RHBDF1 participates in GPCR-mediated transactivation of EGFR growth signals in head and neck squamous cancer cells.
Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome

Conventional behavioral testing of hearing shows that children with Down syndrome have a high prevalence of hearing deficits. However, most young (
The Literary Effect of Gender Discord in the Book of Ruth

In the book of Ruth there are numerous instances of disagreement in gender between a pronoun and its antecedent. Without discounting the various philo logical explanations that have been given for this disagreement, this article argues that the gender discord is also a literary device that makes an important contribution to the book's narrative design and its development of characters. The laconic style of Hebrew narrative usually offers no glimpse of characters' inner lives, but by recognizing the concentration of discordant forms in Naomi's speech, we can appreciate how they characterize her grief and her ambivalence toward Ruth. The discord also highlights the theme of gender reversal in the book of Ruth. However the examples of gender discord might be explained grammatically, they also play an integral role in the characterization of Naomi and her relationship with Ruth. Disagreement in gender between a pronoun and its antecedent is common enough in Biblical Hebrew that it has been treated in the fields major reference grammars. Most often, the gender discord consists of a masculine pronoun stand ing for a feminine noun, and the grammars agree that this replacement is related to "a weakening in the distinction of gender" by which the feminine plural suffix was subsumed under its masculine counterpart.1 Furthermore, such disagreement has been regarded as a late phenomenon that is especially prevalent in the later books of the Hebrew Bible and also in the Dead Sea Scrolls.2
The Effect of Digoxin in the Splanchnic Circulation in Ventricular Failure

Splanchnic hemodynamics were examined in 22 patients with heart disease, 16 of whom had evidence of ventricular insufficiency at the time of study. The response of the splanchnic vasculature to the exhibition of intravenous digoxin was also studied in nine of these subjects. Ventricular insufficiency was associated with splanchnic vasoconstriction proportional to a generalized increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Splanchnic blood volume was disproportionately increased with respect to total blood volume in patients having visceral congestion with right ventricular failure and combined ventricular failure. A significant relationship between central venous pressure and splanchnic blood volume was demonstrated in these cases. The greater elevation of the former than of the latter suggested the presence of splanchnic venoconstriction. The vascular readjustment to digoxin resulted in a relative intensification of the already existing vasoconstriction of the splanchnic bed as compared to the diffuse systemic vasodilatation which occurred at the same time as the consequence of the inotropic action of the drug: estimated splanchnic blood flow and splanchnic blood volume diminished at a time when systemic flow rose and peripheral vascular resistance decreased. The ultimate distribution of the volume of blood translocated out of the splanchnic bed during this process remains to be determined.
A graph-theoretic analysis of relationships among ecosystem stressors

Abstract The development of strategies to reduce risk to ecosystems has been proposed as a centerpiece for environmental protection. An essential prerequisite to the development of such strategies is the identification and evaluation of those factors (called stressors) which cause stress to ecosystems. Stress refers to external forces which threaten an ecosystem's viability or integrity, that is, the ability to maintain its organizational structure and function. New analytical tools are needed to assist with the difficult task of ecosystem risk assessment. These tools must be sophisticated enough to enable an analyst to do more than focus on single stressor–single assessment endpoint pairs. By an assessment endpoint is meant an environmental value or ecosystem service to be protected or restored. In this paper we develop and describe analytical tools based on the mathematical subdiscipline of graph theory which can be used to gain insights into the interactive relationships which exist among the stressors themselves. The manner in which these stressors are connected to each other and interactive paths among the stressors which tend to augment or diminish the impacts of certain stressors upon the ecosystem can be delineated. When used in conjunction with analytical methods which deal more directly with the impacts of stressors upon the ecosystem itself, the results derived with the aid of these tools can be used to more clearly identify clusters of stressors which should be the focus of environmental protection activities. Applications of these analytical tools to Green Bay, Lake Michigan and the St Croix National Scenic Riverway ecosystems in the United States are discussed.
Creep-rupture strength of annealed 214 Cr1 Mo steel

Etude experimentale de l'effet de la precipitation de carbures sur les proprietes mecaniques par des tests de rupture par fluage a longue duree sur l'acier ferritique 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo
Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Pelleting of Wheat Straw: A Designed Experimental Investigation on Pellet Quality and Sugar Yield

Increasing demands and concerns for the reliable supply of liquid transportation fuels make it important to find alternative sources to petroleum based fuels. One such alternative is cellulosic biofuels. However, several technical barriers have hindered large-scale, cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels, such as the low density of cellulosic feedstocks (causing high transportation and storage costs) and the low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis process (causing longer processing time and low sugar yield). Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase the density of cellulosic materials by compressing them into pellets. UV-A pelleting can also increase the sugar yield of cellulosic biomass materials in hydrolysis. At present, the effects of process variables in UV-A pelleting on pellet quality (density, durability, and stability) and sugar yield have not been adequately investigated. This paper reports an experimental investigation on UV-A pelleting of wheat straw. A 24 factorial design is employed to evaluate the effects of process variables (moisture content, particle size, pelleting pressure, and ultrasonic power) on output variables (pellet density, durability, stability, and sugar yield).© 2010 ASME
Laser ionization measurements of gaseous gallium atom desorption from GaAs(100) during molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The desorbed fluxes of gallium atoms from a GaAs(100) substrate during GaAs growth in the temperature range 550 to 1015 K are directly measured with laser single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS). At substrate temperatures above 900 K, Ga atoms desorb from the bulk GaAs wafer. The activation energy for this desorption under neither an incident As nor Ga flux is 4.7 ± 0.2 eV. Under an incident As 4 flux, the measured activation energy for Ga desorption from the bulk is 5.2 ± 0.2 eV. At substrate temperatures between 600 K and 900 K, scattered gallium atoms are detected during GaAs homoepitaxy with incident As 4 and Ga fluxes. The flux of Ga atoms increases with increasing GaAs surface temperature, but no flux is observed when the Ga oven shutter is closed. Simultaneous measurements of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) specular beam intensity oscillations and scattered As 2 and As 4 mass signals are recorded. The sticking probability of Ga atoms during GaAs homoepitaxy derived from the RHEED results is found to decrease from unity to 0.92 ± 0.02 with increasing temperature. The desorbing flux of Ga atoms linearly increases with incident Ga flux and is not appreciably affected by changes in the incident As 4 flux. A precursor mediated adsorption model for Ga atoms on GaAs(100) is discussed to interpret the results.
The Relationship Between Cumulative Risk and Promotive Factors and Violent Behavior Among Urban Adolescents

Resiliency theory posits that some youth exposed to risk factors do not develop negative behaviors due to the influence of promotive factors. This study examines the effects of cumulative risk and promotive factors on adolescent violent behavior and tests two models of resilience—the compensatory model and the protective model—in a sample of adolescent patients (14–18 years old; n = 726) presenting to an urban emergency department who report violent behavior. Cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors consist of individual characteristics and peer, family, and community influences. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test the two models of resilience (using cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors) for violent behavior within a sample of youth reporting violent behavior. Higher cumulative risk was associated with higher levels of violent behavior. Higher levels of promotive factors were associated with lower levels of violent behavior and moderated the association between risk and violent behaviors. Our results support the risk-protective model of resiliency and suggest that promotive factors can help reduce the burden of cumulative risk for youth violence.