cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Validity of the IAT and the AMP as Measures of Racial Prejudice

Implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) have been hailed as promising methods for gauging subconscious or covert racial prejudice. However, their validity has been contested. Using data from the ANES 2008--2009 panel study and the 2008 ANES time series study, we demonstrate that: (1) although they purport to measure the same thing, the relationship between the IAT and the AMP in a high-quality nationally representative sample of white respondents is substantively indistinguishable from zero; (2) both the IAT and the AMP classify an improbable proportion of white Americans as having more positive attitudes toward Black Americans than white Americans; and (3) substantial numbers of white Americans that the IAT and the AMP classify as free of prejudice openly endorse explicitly negative stereotypes of Black Americans.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Messaging on TikTok: Social Media Content Analysis.

BackgroundThe human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is viewed as a critical tool to protect against six HPV-related cancers. Vaccination is recommended from early adolescence through age 26 years. As ...
Design of structured control policy for shared energy storage in residential community: A stochastic optimization approach

Abstract For energy storage shared by multiple residential consumers who are using electricity based on time-varying price and equipped with solar photovoltaic panels, this study is motivated to design an efficient control policy that allows individual consumers to determine operational decisions to realize economic and feasible energy sharing. Although shared energy storage has been considered a promising and practical solution for sharing energy, a proper control policy is required for realizing the expected benefits and advantages of energy sharing via shared energy storage because of the stochastic nature of fluctuated electricity demand load, intermittent solar power generation, and time-varying electricity price in addition to the complex dynamics existing in consumers’ behavior. This study intends to design a structured control policy that is uniquely designed to allow consumers to share energy with energy cost-saving and less solar power spillage. We develop a mathematical optimization model that can be formulated to efficiently find the designed control policy. Numerical experiments are conducted by simulating the derived control policy using real historical data comprising 14 residential houses in New York and 11 residential houses in Texas. Through the numerical experiments, we validate the feasibility and evaluate the performance of the proposed control policy to demonstrate the practicality. The results of the numerical experiments show that the proposed control policy enables consumers to cost-efficiently share energy while efficiently utilizing solar power generation to meet their electricity demand load without the excessive use of electricity from the grid to save energy costs.
Mixed Halide Bulk Perovskite Triplet Sensitizers: Interplay between Band Alignment, Mid-gap Traps and Phonons

Photon upconversion, particularly via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), could prove beneficial in expanding the efficiencies and overall impacts of optoelectronic devices across a multitude of technologies. The recent development of bulk metal halide perovskites as triplet sensitizers is one potential step toward the industrialization of upconversion-enabled devices. Here, we investigate the impact of varying additions of bromide into a lead iodide perovskite thin film on the TTA upconversion process in the annihilator molecule rubrene. We find an interplay between the bromide content and the overall device efficiency. In particular, a higher bromide content results in higher internal upconversion efficiencies, enabled by more efficient charge extraction at the interface, likely due to a more favorable band alignment. However, the external upconversion efficiency decreases, as the absorption cross section in the near infrared is reduced. The highest upconversion performance is found in our study for a bromide content of 5%. This result can be traced back to a high absorption cross section in the near infrared and higher photoluminescence quantum yield in comparison to the iodide-only perovskite, as well as an increased driving force for charge transfer.
Unix Tool Building

A step-by-step guide to tool development using existing tools and custom-written programs, subroutines, and shell scripts. This book traces the development of an actual tool, known as watcher, to illustrate how the principles of tool development are applied in real-world situations. Special attention is given to "modular" strategy to reduce coding and debugging time. Finally, the book presents information on implementing and maintaining newly-developed tools.
Friend in the Field: A Reflexive Approach to Being a Quaker Ethnographer

Eleanor Nesbitt University of Warwick Quaker Studies 4 (1999): 82-112 Acknowledgement of the significance of reflexivity in social research has generated numerous autobiographical references in introductions to reports of field studies of faith communities. In particular the relevance of the researcher's genderor at least female gender has been a subject for scholarly reflection. Moreover, the insider/outsider dichotomy has been invoked and contested, and the changing relationship between the ethnographer and the field during field work has been charted. In this article it is some ethnographers' religious context and orientation that is the focus. With particular reference to some contemporary British Quakers whose field work has had a religious focus, including the Society of Friends itself, this article suggests that insights and concerns that are characteristic of a researcher's faith community may find expression in the ethnographic research process. Both the mutual reinforcement and tension between the assumptions and practices underpinning being a Quaker and being an ethnographer are considered. Quakers' 'marginality', their concern for interfaith dialogue and understanding of listening are factors which receive attention. Aspects of this research process may in turn, it is suggested, contribute to the researcher's spiritual journey.
Copyright Back on Congressional Agenda

When the 110th Congress began in January there seemed to be little interest in copyright legislation. The newly elected Democratic majority was focused on reviewing Bush Administration policies on terrorism and privacy. There was continuing interest in patent reform, but a flurry of copyright bills that had been proposed at the end of the 109th Congress-including orphan works proposals, digital fair use reform, and copyright modernization–failed to emerge in 2007. A couple of proposals were offered to harmonize copyright licensing and to clarify the DMCA’s fair use provisions, but there was no “buzz” about copyright. Until recently, that is. Quietly, in November, then with a bit of a bigger splash in December, bills providing for enhanced copyright enforcement provisions were introduced in the Senate and House respectively. Neither bill deals with digital fair use or orphan works, but hearings on the House bill raised the glimmer of broader copyright reform being in Congress’s future.
Linguistic archaeology of South Asia

Preface and Acknowledgments Illustrations Abbreviations Formulae and Symbols 1. The Scope of Linguistic Archaeology 2. The South Asian Linguistic Scene 3. Prehistoric Languages of South Asia 4. The Social Context of Linguistic Convergence 5. The Grierson Hypothesis Revisited: Subgroups of Indo-Aryan 6. Historical Implications of the Inner-Outer Hypothesis 7. Palaeobotanical and Etymological Evidence for the Prehistory of South Asian Crop Plants 8. Some Aspects of Dravidian Prehistory Based on Vocabulary Reconstruction 9. Maharashtrian Place Names and the Question of a Dravidian Substratum 10. Historical Linguistics and Archaeology in South Asia
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and TSH Receptor Mutations

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a syndrome characterized by variable tissue hypo-responsiveness to thyroid hormone. Classically, patients come to attention for a variety of reasons, particularly goiter. Biochemically, the syndrome is characterized by elevated thyroid hormone values in the setting of a non-suppressed thyrotropin (TSH) level. RTH can be further subdivided based on the distribution of tissue resistance: generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH) and pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone (PRTH). In GRTH, hypo-responsiveness occurs throughout the body, including both the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and peripheral tissues. The resistance in the pituitary leads to elevated thyrotropin levels and, in turn, increased thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland; however, the thyroid hormone produced has reduced activity in the periphery. Therefore, this condition is characterized by a variable degree of compensated thyroid hormone hypo-responsiveness throughout the body. Affected individuals do not exhibit classic signs and symptoms of myxedema even in the setting of reduced thyroid hormone action. Patients with GRTH manifest variable symptoms of delayed growth, hearing defects, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (1). Patients with PRTH, in contrast, exhibit thyroid hormone hypo-responsiveness mainly in the hypothalamus and pituitary, but less so in peripheral tissues. Therefore, the elevated thyroid hormone levels generated from central resistance lead to a state of systemic hyperthyroidism. PRTH is more accurately called central resistance to thyroid hormone (CRTH) (2), since the defect occurs in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary; the latter term will be used in this review. The majority of patients with RTH, both GRTH and CRTH, have autosomal dominantly-inherited mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene. A smaller fraction of patients have no recognized mutations to date. Patients have been identified in a wide range of racial and ethnic groups, but the exact geographic distribution of the disorder is not known. It has been estimated that RTH occurs in about 1 case per 50,000 live births (3). Therapeutic strategies for managing RTH are controversial, but in any case treatment must be individualized to the particular patient in question. Unfortunately, most studies of patients with RTH have been done in adults, so approaches for the pediatric population must be deduced in the absence of clear data.
A new approach to electrochemical simulations based on eigenvector-eigenvalue solutions of the diffusion equations. Part I. Potentiostatic boundary conditions

Abstract An alternative approach to the digital simulation of electrochemical systems based on an eigenvector-eigenvalue analysis of the linear diffusion equations is presented. This approach is made feasible by recent innovations in the Lanczos algorithm and the development of the recursive generation residue method. We demonstrate that reductions in computation time of one to two orders of magnitude over explicit simulation techniques are possible with this technique for arbitrary, linear problems with a fixed-electrode potential; these gains are achieved without a loss in the flexibility and convenience in formulating and coding problems characteristic of time-stepping schemes.
Recursive Methods for Computation of One-Dimensional Cumulants

One-dimensional cumulants are useful for solving a wide variety of system-theoretic and signal processing problems. How can 1D cumulants be calculated? This paper shows how to compute 1D third- and fourth- order cumulants for a single-input, single-output linear time-invariant system that is described by a state-variable model. Results are given for both stationary and nonstationary systems. Emphasis is placed on computational procedures that are recursive. For stationary systems, our algorithms are recursive with respect to the cumulant lag. Because the cumulant is nonsymmetric with respect to lag zero, different algorithms are needed for positive and negative lags. For nonstationary systems, our algorithms are recursive either in time or lag, or in both time and lag. Our recursive algorithms are presented in two ways, namely matix form or Kronecker product form. The Kronecker product form is especially useful for fourth-order cumulant calculations.
Mechanisms of Cerebral Arterial Relaxations to Hydrogen Peroxide

Background and Purpose—The role of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of cerebral arterial tone is not completely understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide causes vasodilation of small cerebral arteries. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms responsible for relaxations of large cerebral arteries to hydrogen peroxide. Methods—Rings of canine middle cerebral arteries without endothelium were suspended for isometric force recording in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution bubbled with 94% O2/6% CO2 (37°C, pH 7.4). Radioimmunoassay technique was used to determine the levels of cAMP and cGMP. Results—During contraction to UTP (3×10−6 or 10−5 mol/L), hydrogen peroxide (10−6 to 10−4 mol/L) caused concentration-dependent relaxations. Catalase (1200 U/mL) abolished the relaxations to hydrogen peroxide. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin (10−5 mol/L) significantly reduced relaxations to hydrogen peroxide. In arteries contracted by KCl (20 mmol/L), the...
Toward a common infrastructure for multimedia-networking middleware

Real-time multimedia streams like audio and video are now integral data types in modern programming environments. Although a great deal of research has investigated effective and efficient programming support for manipulating such streams and although the design of digital media "middleware" is fairly well understood, no widely available or commonly accepted programming model exists within the research community. The authors believe this lack of common practice impedes our collective progress because it prevents disparate research groups from easily leveraging each other's work. They propose a solution to this problem that combines the best features of a number of existing multimedia toolkits-Berkeley's Continuous Media Toolkit, MIT's VuSystem, and the LBL/UCB MBone tools-into a fine-grained, extensible, and high performance toolkit. They describe the convergence of these three toolkits into a common programming infrastructure and argue that the availability and acceptance of the middleware could potentially facilitate and accelerate breakthroughs in multimedia networking.
Vigilance and human attention under conditions of methylphenidate and secobarbital intoxication: an assessment using brain potentials.

Performance is known to fall-off with the time on a vigilance task. Treatment with methylphenidate attenuates this decrement while treatment with secobarbital enhances it. This experiment was designed to test whether this performance decrement and the drug effects on it are associated with changes in selective attention or in general state (i.e. motivation, alertness, or arousal). Subjects were treated with either 10 mg of methylphenidate, 100 mg of secobarbital, or a placebo in a double-blind cross-over design. Two event-related potentials (N1 and P3) were measured to four tone pips presented in a random sequence. Only two of the four tones could occur in each ear. The task during the vigil was to detect a designated target tone pip. The amplitude of N1 was larger to both target and non-target stimuli in the attended ear than to those in the unattended ear; P3 amplitude was larger only to the target stimuli. N1 amplitude decreased with time especially when secobarbital was administered. This decrement in N1 amplitude was comparable for both attended and unattended stimuli. The data support the view that the vigilance performance decrement and related drug effects on it are associated primarily with changes in general state.
Development of Wheelchair-Lift Prototype for Transit Buses

This paper describes the concept, design, and prototype fabrication of an innovative four-bar mechanism-based wheelchair-lift system, which can allow a wheelchair-, scooter-, or walker-bound passenger to be lifted from ground level to the bus floor level and back again. The new lift is designed to accommodate a passenger service load of 3,300 N (750 lbf). It has relatively few components. It consists of two four-bar mechanisms, a platform, and two hydraulic actuators to raise, lower, fold, and unfold the platform. The use of restraining pins enables the lift platform to pivot normal to the ground for stowage. When stowed away, it folds into a very compact space. The lift is designed with safety, human comfort, and ride stability in mind. Under full load conditions, the angular deflection of the lift platform is 0.8°, as opposed to nearly 3° in existing lifts. The lift provides a very smooth ride to the passenger, without any uncomfortable jerking or vibrations. The device represents a sound alternative to...
Action Research, Pedagogy, and Activity Theory: Tools Facilitating Two Instructors' Interpretations of the Professional Development of Four Preservice Teachers.

Abstract This paper explores the value of action research in the understanding of the professional development of 4 preservice secondary school mathematics (PSSM) teachers and their instructors in a teacher education program. It draws upon data collected from multiple cycles in a research project (2007–2010). The goal of the long term project was to explore how PSSM teachers combined knowledge from their content area and pedagogy courses with the action research course. This paper represents how activity theory facilitated the instructors' interpretations and understandings of the benefits and challenges of using action research as a professional development strategy with PSSM teachers.
Activation of energy-linked K+ accumulation in isolated heart mitochondria by non-ionic detergents.

Summary Sub-lytic concentrations of a non-ionic detergent such as Triton X-100 or Lubrol WX markedly activate energy-dependent ion accumulation and osmotic swelling of beef heart mitochondria suspended in media containing acetate or phosphate salts. Both the efficiency and the absolute amount of ion accumulation are increased by the detergent. The detergent-dependent increment in acetate or phosphate uptake is specific for K + and, like the spontaneous ion uptake reaction, is sensitive to and reversed by dinitrophenol and other uncouplers. These results suggest that mitochondrial ion accumulation is normally limited by the low permeability of the membrane to K + , and that in the presence of the detergent the membrane is altered so that this restriction is decreased.
Indifference to Hydrogen Bonding in a Family of Secondary Amides

N−H stretch region IR spectroscopy has been used to probe the hydrogen bond-donating properties of six structurally related secondary amides in which the amide group is flanked by sterically bulky groups. For three of the compounds, solid state IR analysis reveals N−H stretch bands >3400 cm-1, which suggests the absence of intermolecular N−H--OC hydrogen bonds. Crystallographic data for these three amides confirm the absence of a standard N−H--OC interaction. For the other three amides, N−H stretch bands in the range 3370−3290 cm-1 suggest the occurrence of intermolecular N−H--OC hydrogen bonds in the solid state, but high quality crystals could not be grown. Steric hindrance to hydrogen bond donation by these amides is manifested in IR data obtained in DMSO: although this solvent is a strong hydrogen bond acceptor, N−H stretch bands are observed for both solvent-hydrogen bonded and non-hydrogen bonded amide groups. The amides described here and related compounds should be useful for calibrating spectros...
Paget's disease of bone.

Abstract Paget's disease of bone is a common disorder of older patients that may sometimes cause a variety of signs and symptoms referable to the skeleton. An intrinsic bone-remodeling abnormality in this disease may lead to bone deformity, pain, and various arthritic or neurologic complications. Characteristic radiographic changes can be seen, and typically the serum alkaline phosphatase level and total urinary hydroxyproline excretion are elevated. Current therapies that interfere with excess osteoclast activity are helpful in many cases, but treatment choices and expected responses must be considered in the context of the individual patient.
The Great Migration to the North and the “Black Metropolis” of the early twentieth century: A reevaluation of the role of Black community size

Abstract By some accounts, large Black populations in northern cities aided Blacks’ employment in occupations of the “Black Metropolis” at the start of the Great Migration. Yet, the present study, analyzing Census data, refutes these accounts. Blacks’ odds of employment in such occupations – for example, mass media and cultural expression – were often greatest in major northern cities with the smallest Black populations, consistent with the proposition that small and stable minority communities avoid intense discrimination. Overall, however, there is little evidence that Black population size substantially affected Blacks’ employment in Black Metropolis occupations.
Cone antagonism along visual pathways of red/green dichromats

Abstract We have measured thresholds for bichromatic test-mixtures in red/green dichromats. Our results provide strong evidence for cone-antagonistic coding along the dichromats' detecting pathways. The threshold behavior of the isolated dichromatic pathways is consistent with that predicted by Opponent Colors Theory. We compare these threshold data with the dichromats' judgments of “blue yellow” hue equilibria, which we obtained in supra-threshold color-cancellation experiments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that both sets of data are mediated by the same dichromatic cone antagonistic pathway.
Delabeling, Relabeling, and Alcoholics Anonymous

Labeling theory implicitly assumes that deviant careers are relatively permanent. Little systematic effort has been devoted to consideration of delabeling and relabeling processes. Alcoholics Anonymous appears to be a unique agency for carrying out successful delabeling and relabeling of stigmatized deviants. This success appears to be accounted for largely by A.A.'s use of the repentant role available in American society, constructing a “comeback” for “repentant” alcoholics based on their apparently intense adherence to middle-class ideals coupled with their repudiation of the “hedonistic underworld” to which they “traveled” as alcoholics. The repentant role gains further strength from the status-enhancing effects of the “skid-row image,” and the congruence of A.A. with American value orientations. A.A. promulgates an “allergy” concept of alcoholism which is parallel to mental health agencies' emphasis on the illness concept of behavior disorders. The allergy concept appears to play a relatively minor role in the process of public reacceptance.
Projected performance advantage of multilayer graphene nanoribbons as a transistor channel material

The performance limits of a multilayer graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistor (FET) are assessed and compared with those of a monolayer GNRFET and a carbon nanotube (CNT) FET. The results show that with a thin high dielectric constant (high-κ) gate insulator and reduced interlayer coupling, a multilayer GNRFET can significantly outperform its CNT counterpart with a similar gate and bandgap in terms of the ballistic on-current. In the presence of optical phonon scattering, which has a short mean free path in the graphene-derived nanostructures, the advantage of the multilayer GNRFET is even more significant. Simulation results indicate that multilayer GNRs with incommensurate non-AB stacking and weak interlayer coupling are the best candidates for high-performance GNRFETs. Open image in new window
Behavioral diversity as multiagent cooperation

In many cases cooperation between robots is implemented using explicit, perhaps complex, coordination protocols. However, research in behavior-based multirobot systems suggest that effective cooperative teams can be composed of agents using simple individual agent behaviors with limited or no communication. In this paper we prose behavioral diversity as an alternative cooperative strategy. Behavioral diversity refers to the extent to which agents for various components of the task. It is not always the case, however, that diversity is advantageous. Results of experiments in robotics soccer and multirobot foraging tasks indicate that the utility of diversity depends on the task. This paper describes behaviorally diverse solutions to these task and provides a comparison that suggests why some tasks are suited for behavioral diversity and others are not.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of the autonomic nervous system in sudden cardiac death.

The autonomic nervous system exerts a modulating effect on the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the setting of ischemic heart disease. The mechanism by which sympathetic tone increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmias is not known, though regional sympathetic denervation at and apical to the site of transmural infarction may result in regional supersensitivity to circulating catecholamines and play a role in ventricular arrhythmogenesis. [(123)I]MIBG scintigraphy enables noninvasive determination of regional cardiac denervation and may be a useful tool for probing the role of sympathetic nervous system in SCD. Increased vagal tone is generally protective against SCD. Newer tests such as baroreflex slope testing and various techniques for determination of heart rate variability, which provide indices of vagal tone, may have greater predictive value and are powerful tools in assessing the role of autonomic nervous system in SCD.
Woody tissue analysis using an element ratio technique (DRIS)

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to describe the variation of 12 elements in woody tree tissue of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), and aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, United States. DRIS indices of elemental balance for the growth decades 1956–1965 and 1966–1975 were compared with standards developed from the growth decade 1976–1985. The DRIS analysis indicated that older wood of most species was relatively depleted of N, P, K, S, Fe, Cu, and Al. In at least one of the five species, however, K, S, Cu, or Al was relatively more abundant in older than in younger wood. The older wood of all species was relatively enriched in Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Zn. Sulfur in older wood became relatively more enriched from west to east across a gradient of wet sulfate deposition; the trend was strongest for hardwood species. These results suppo...
Cooperative erythropoietic assay of several steroid metabolites in polycythemic mice.

Abstract A blinded cooperative assay of several androstane and pregnane steroid metabolites has been carried out in order to determine whether 5β-H derivatives are as active as testosterone in stimulating in vivo erythropoiesis. The steroids tested were: testosterone, 5α-dihvdrotestosterone, 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3α-dihydroxy -5β-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one. The incorporation of radioactive iron into newly formed red cells in exhypoxic polycythemic mice was used to compare the effects of the steroids. Testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone both produced significant increases in 59Fe incorporation. 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one were all devoid of significant erythropoietic activity in polycythemic mice in almost all instances. Thus, under the conditions chosen, this study failed to demonstrate that 5β-steroids increase radioactive iron incorporation in red cells of exhypoxic polycythemic mice.
Case Reports: Angiosarcoma Following Treatment of Testicular Seminoma: Case Report and Literature Review

ABSTRACTWe report a case of paravertebral angiosarcoma 10 years after treatment for testicular seminoma. The patient underwent irradiation treatment to areas including the mediastinum. Tumor induction by therapeutic irradiation remains the most likely etiology. Other possibilities include a natural association between seminoma and angiosarcoma, and perhaps the use of chemotherapy.
Infrared emission spectroscopy of CO on Ni

Abstract We report the first observation of thermally emitted infrared radiation from vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on clean, single crystal metal surfaces. The observation of emission from CO adsorbed on Ni demonstrates the surface sensitivity of a novel apparatus for infrared vibrational spectroscopy, with a resolution of 1 to 15 cm −1 over the frequency range from 330 to 3000 cm −1 . A liquid helium cooled grating spectrometer measures the thermal radiation from a room temperature, single crystal sample, which is mounted in an ultrahigh vacuum system. Measurements of frequencies and linewidths of CO on a single crystal Ni sample, as a function of coverage, are discussed.
A family of conserved repetitive DNA elements from the fungal plant pathogenGlomerella cingulata (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)

Glomerella cingulata (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) was transformed with the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene and the DNA flanking the site of integration in one transformant was isolated for analysis. This flanking DNA was found to contain a nucleotide sequence which was repeated many times and dispersed in the fungal genome. Genomic locations of the repeats were conserved among different isolates of the fungus. The repetitive element did not hybridize to mitochondrial or ribosomal DNA and therefore appears to be nuclear. The nucleotide sequence of the repeated element consists of tandemly arranged CAX triplets, in which X is most commonly G or A. Nucleotide sequences of three independently isolated copies of the repeated element indicated that it represents a family of repeats, each varying in length, genomic location, and the nucleotide representing X in the CAX triplet. A probe representing this family of repeats was found to hybridize in distinct patterns with genomic DNAs of several different fungal genera and that of a higher plant. A DNA minipreparation procedure which is rapid and economical, allowing for 90 samples to be processed in an 8-h period is described. This procedure typically yielded between 200 and 500 μg DNA from a 100-ml fungal culture and the DNA could be digested with a variety of restriction enzymes.
Free Association as a Bridging Concept between Dynamic and Cognitive Processes and the Nature of Psychotherapeutic Change

The target article is a subtle, but important, step in the direction of weakening two persisting barriers in psychoanalytically relevant research. First, the authors’ investigation of free association through a verbal fluency task and their discovery of the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in this process demonstrate that “cognitive” concepts such as executive function, attention, and working memory and “analytic” concepts such as free association, defense, and resistance all belong in a single category of mental functions. Second, by understanding free association through its effect on executive function and the DLPFC, one can see that the therapeutic action of psychodynamic, cognitive, and interpersonal treatments may not be fundamentally different.
Linkage of viral sequences among HIV-infected village residents in Botswana: estimation of linkage rates in the presence of missing data.

Linkage analysis is useful in investigating disease transmission dynamics and the effect of interventions on them, but estimates of probabilities of linkage between infected people from observed data can be biased downward when missingness is informative. We investigate variation in the rates at which subjects' viral genotypes link across groups defined by viral load (low/high) and antiretroviral treatment (ART) status using blood samples from household surveys in the Northeast sector of Mochudi, Botswana. The probability of obtaining a sequence from a sample varies with viral load; samples with low viral load are harder to amplify. Pairwise genetic distances were estimated from aligned nucleotide sequences of HIV-1C env gp120. It is first shown that the probability that randomly selected sequences are linked can be estimated consistently from observed data. This is then used to develop estimates of the probability that a sequence from one group links to at least one sequence from another group under the assumption of independence across pairs. Furthermore, a resampling approach is developed that accounts for the presence of correlation across pairs, with diagnostics for assessing the reliability of the method. Sequences were obtained for 65% of subjects with high viral load (HVL, n = 117), 54% of subjects with low viral load but not on ART (LVL, n = 180), and 45% of subjects on ART (ART, n = 126). The probability of linkage between two individuals is highest if both have HVL, and lowest if one has LVL and the other has LVL or is on ART. Linkage across groups is high for HVL and lower for LVL and ART. Adjustment for missing data increases the group-wise linkage rates by 40–100%, and changes the relative rates between groups. Bias in inferences regarding HIV viral linkage that arise from differential ability to genotype samples can be reduced by appropriate methods for accommodating missing data.
Racialization in a ‘homogenous’ society? The case of Buraku people in Japan

This paper examines the puzzling status of Buraku people in Japan through the methodological prism of historical sociology. I develop a theoretical approach that emphasizes the concept of racialization to illuminate the historical and social construction of Buraku status. I propose this approach as a complementary alternative to prior analytic perspectives. Two major perspectives have dominated research on the status of Buraku people. First, an earlier approach that focused on the legacy of caste discrimination. The second framework focuses on Buraku people as part of the struggle for universal human rights. This article raises three basic, but interrelated questions about the historical development of Buraku status in Japan. Why did the Buraku people become subject to such overt discrimination in local community life, and through government policy? How was the state involved in the social construction of Buraku people? How did the Buraku liberation struggles challenge formalized discrimination?
Simulating content in traffic for benchmarking intrusion detection systems

Deep-packet inspection Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) compare the headers and payload of network packets against a set of known malicious signatures. The composition of the packets combined with the number of known signatures determines the time required by the IDS for matching. Most IDS evaluation techniques employ on/off models where a packet is either malicious or not. Such evaluation ignores the case where the content of a benign packet partially intersects with one or many signatures, causing more processing for the IDS. To address this hole in evaluation we propose a traffic model that uses the target IDS signature set to create partially-matching traffic. This partially-matching traffic then allows the systematic examination of the IDS across multiple scenarios. Such evaluation provides insight into the idiosyncrasies of an IDS that would remain hidden if evaluated under current methodologies.
Trace-element and isotopic constraints on the source of magmas in the active volcano and Mariana island arcs, Western Pacific

Abstract Analytical results of the relative and absolute abundance of LIL-incompatible trace elements (K, Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba) and isotopic compositions ( 18 O 16 O , 87 Sr 86 Sr , and 143 Nd 144 Nd ) are summarized for fresh samples from active and dormant volcanoes of the Volcano and Mariana island arcs. The presence of thickened oceanic crust (T ∼ 15–20 km) beneath the arc indicates that while hybridization processes resulting in the modification of primitive magmas by anatectic mixing at shallow crustal levels cannot be neglected, the extent and effects of these processes on this arc's magmas are minimized. All components of the subducted plate disappear at the trench. This observation is used to reconstruct the composition of the crust in the Wadati-Benioff zone by estimating proportions of various lithologies in the crust of the subducted plate coupled with analyses from DSDP sites. Over 90% of the mass of the subducted crust consists of basaltic Layers II and III. Sediments and seamounts, containing the bulk of the incompatible elements, make up the rest. Bulk Western Pacific seafloor has 87 Sr 86 Sr ∼ 0.7032 , δ 18 O ∼ +7.2 , K/Rb ∼ 510, K/Ba ∼ 46, and K/Cs ∼ 13,500. Consideration of trace-element data and combined δ 18 O − 87 Sr 86 Sr systematics limits the participation of sediments in magmagenesis to less than 1%, in accord with the earlier results of Pb-isotopic studies. Combined 143 Nd 144 Nd − 87 Sr 86 Sr data indicate little, if any, involvement of altered basaltic seafloor in magmagenesis. Perhaps more important than mean isotopic and LIL-element ratios is the restricted range for lavas from along over 1000 km of this arc. Mixtures of mantle with either the subducted crust or derivative fluids should result in strong heterogeneities in the sources of individual volcanoes along the arc. Such heterogeneities would be due to: (1) gross variations of crustal materials supplied to the subduction zone; and (2) lesser efficiency of mixing processes accompanying induced convection between arc segments (parallel to the arc) as compared to that perpendicular to the arc. The absence of these heterogeneities indicates that either some process exists for the efficient mixing of mantle and subducted material parallel to the arc or that subducted materials play a negligible role in the generation of Mariana-Volcano arc melts. Consideration of plausible sources in the mantle indicates that (1) an unmodified MORB-like mantle cannot have generated the observed trace-element and isotopic composition of this arc's magmas, while (2) a mantle similar to that which has produced alkali-olivine basalts (AOB) of north Pacific “hot spot” chains is indistinguishable in many respects spects from the source of these arc lavas.
Role of the Fas pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often associated with keratitis, especially in users of extended-wear contact lenses,1–3 with disease outcome largely determined by the host inflammatory response. In fact, we propose that although an intense response may be needed to eradicate the bacteria, if left uncontrolled, it is often detrimental, favoring bystander tissue damage and in turn providing nutrients for bacterial growth and replication. Thus, tight regulation of inflammation and a balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory factors is requisite for disease resolution, including restoration of tissue homeostasis.4 Whether cells undergo necrosis and when they undergo apoptosis also may contribute to disease outcome. In this regard, previous studies5 have shown that apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is delayed until 3 days p.i. in the corneas of susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice, whereas in resistant BALB/c mice, cells undergo apoptosis at 1 day p.i. The importance of earlier apoptosis in disease resolution was further confirmed in B6 mice by blocking interaction of the antiapoptotic neuropeptide substance P with its receptor (NK-1R), which resulted in earlier apoptosis and improved disease outcome. Apoptosis can be initiated by a variety of interactions, including the interaction between Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL), the well-documented death ligand and its receptor,6,7 leading to the subsequent activation of downstream caspases and the induction of cell lysis. It has been suggested that the Fas-FasL system may play an important role in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases.8 Evidence shows that P. aeruginosa infection induces lung epithelial cell apoptosis through the activation of endogenous Fas and FasL in vitro and in vivo, leading to improved disease outcomes in C3H mice.8 Others have reported that ExoS of P. aeruginosa triggers apoptosis in various cultured cell lines through clustering membrane Fas and activating the Fas-FasL pathway.9 Evidence has also suggested a direct regulatory role of the Fas-FasL system on local cytokine/chemokine production.10 For example, it was reported that C3H/HeJgld mice, which bear a nonfunctional mutation in FasL, showed significantly reduced Borrelia burgdorferi–specific cytokine response and reduced severity of arthritis.10 However, whether Fas-FasL interaction functions in P. aeruginosa–induced keratitis and has a similar impact on disease outcome remain to be determined. Our studies provide evidence that compared with WT mice, FasL−/− mice have a delayed onset of apoptosis and an exacerbated production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and nitric oxide (NO) after P. aeruginosa corneal challenge, subsequently leading to worsening of disease. We also document in vitro that LPS-stimulated Mφ from FasL−/− mice compared with WT BALB/c mice showed decreased apoptosis, increased production of TNF-α, MIP-2, and IL-1β, and decreased production of IL-10, consistent with our in vivo findings.
Ascospore Release of Togninia minima, Cause of Esca and Grapevine Decline in California

Esca and grapevine decline are important diseases affecting both young and mature grapevines worldwide. In California, these diseases are caused primarily by the fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum. Perithecia of Togninia minima, the newly-described teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, were produced by mating different strains in culture. Using a video camera, the process of emerging asci and release of ascospores from perithecia was filmed and presented herein for review. Furthermore, naturally occurring perithecia were discovered in infected California vineyards. These studies provide video documentation of the method of ascospore release of Togninia minima and suggest the importance of ascospore release in the disease cycle of esca in California vineyards.
Vibrational Energy Transfer from DF(1) to Toluene. Competition between the Benzene Ring CH and Methyl Group CH Stretches

Vibrational energy transfer from DF(1) to toluene has been studied by use of the WKB semiclassical procedure in the distorted-wave approximation. Both methyl stretches (ν4, ν17, ν28) and benzene ring CH stretches (ν1, ν2, ν3) are within 200 cm-1 of the DF vibrational frequency. Transfer of this energy mismatch from translation to toluene accompanies the vibration-to-vibration energy exchange step (i.e., VVT). Energy transfer to these two groups of CH modes is treated in both long-range and short-range interactions. At 300 K, the most favored VVT channel is the energy transfer pathway from DF(1) to the ν4 mode of the methyl CH stretch taking place at long interaction range. The ring CH modes suffer stronger perturbation by DF, but their excitation is not very efficient because they proceed with a larger energy mismatch. However, when the ring mode vibrational frequencies are changed to alter the energy mismatch toward the resonant case, energy transfer to the ring modes at long range becomes the principal ...
The Effect of Harvest Moisture and Bale Wrapping on Forage Quality, Temperature, and Mold in Orchardgrass Hay

Abstract Effects of harvest moisture and bale wrapping on forage quality and mold formation in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay have not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of initial bale moisture and plastic wrapping on temperature, forage quality (protein, fiber components, and digestible energy), and mold formation in large round-baled orchardgrass hay. In all, 40 round bales of mature orchardgrass hay measuring 1.2 × 1.5 m2 were baled at three different moisture ranges (eight bales per treatment): 124 to 166 g/kg (low moisture); 180 to 232 g/kg (intermediate moisture); and 259 to 337 g/kg (high moisture). Selected bales within each moisture range were individually wrapped in plastic (16 bales), and temperature sensors were placed in each bale for up to 10 weeks. The lowest (P ≤ .01) maximum temperature and heating degree-day accumulations were observed when initial bale moisture content was 124 g/kg or when hay was wrapped, regardless of initial moisture content. In 2008 and 2009, all wrapped hays resulted in similar forage quality (P ≤ .14) and mold counts (P = .94) compared with 124 g/kg moisture hay. Hay baled at 166 g/kg resulted in fiber (P ≥ .82) and mold (P = .21) components similar to higher moisture bales. Mold counts for hay baled at 166 g/kg and 124 g/kg moisture were 24.8 × 106 and 2.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively, demonstrating that large round bales are prone to molding at relatively low moisture concentrations. Maintenance of forage quality and reduction in mold growth were achieved by baling dry (124 g/kg moisture) or wrapping round bales of orchardgrass hay up to 337 g/kg moisture.
Classification-based melody transcription

The melody of a musical piece--informally, the part you would hum along with--is a useful and compact summary of a full audio recording. The extraction of melodic content has practical applications ranging from content-based audio retrieval to the analysis of musical structure. Whereas previous systems generate transcriptions based on a model of the harmonic (or periodic) structure of musical pitches, we present a classification-based system for performing automatic melody transcription that makes no assumptions beyond what is learned from its training data. We evaluate the success of our algorithm by predicting the melody of the ADC 2004 Melody Competition evaluation set, and we show that a simple frame-level note classifier, temporally smoothed by post processing with a hidden Markov model, produces results comparable to state of the art model-based transcription systems.
The electron edge of low latitude boundary layer during accelerated flow events

Magnetosheath plasma entering the earth's magnetosphere to populate the low latitude boundary layer, LLBL, is often accelerated to speeds considerably greater than are observed in the adjacent magnetosheath. Measurements made during such accelerated flow events reveal separate electron and ion edges to the LLBL, with the electron edge being found earthward of the ion edge. Plasma electron velocity distributions observed at the earthward edge of the LLBL are often highly structured, exhibiting large asymmetries parallel and antiparallel, as well as perpendicular, to the local magnetic field. These features can consistently be interpreted as time-of-flight effects on recently reconnected field lines, and thus are strong evidence in support of the reconnection interpretation of accelerated plasma flow events.
A 3D XML-based customized framework for dynamic models

There are numerous forms for dynamic models, which specify how an object or scene behaves over time. Discrete state automata, Petri nets, and data flow graphs are only a few samples of model types available, which aid modelers in capturing dynamics. Whereas most modeling frameworks employ rigidly defined textual or 2D symbols for representing such abstract entities as state, event, and function, we present a system called rube that allows the modeler to craft models in 3D, and with personalized metaphors. The advantages of this system lie in the education of modeling dynamic systems, and in the exploitation of customization in the user interface. We use extensible 3D (X3D), and XML technology, to demonstrate rube, along with an example.