cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular simulation of binary mixture adsorption in buckytubes and MCM-41

MCM-41 and buckytubes are novel porous materials with controllable pore sizes and narrow pore size distributions. Buckytubes are carbon tubes with internal diameters in the range 1–5 urn. The structure of each tube is thought to be similar to one or more graphite sheets rolled up in a helical manner. MCM-41 is one member of a new family of highly uniform mesoporous silicate materials produced by Mobil, whose pore size can be accurately controlled in the range 1.5–10 nm. We present grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of single fluid and binary mixture adsorption in a model buckytube, and nonlocal density functional theory (DFT) calculations of trace pollutant separation in a range of buckytubes and MCM-41 pores. Three adsorbed fluids are considered; methane, nitrogen and propane. The GCMC studies show that the more strongly adsorbed pure fluid is adsorbed preferentially from an equimolar binary mixture. Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) is shown to give good qualitative agreement with GCMC when predicting binary mixture separations. The DFT results demonstrate the very large increases in trace pollutant separation that can be achieved by tuning the pore size, structure, temperature and pressure of the MCM-41 and buckytube adsorbent systems to their optimal values.
The distribution of eigenvalues of doubly cyclic Z+-matrices☆

Abstract It is shown that every matrix in a large class of n -by- n doubly cyclic Z + matrices with negative determinant has exactly one eigenvalue in the closed left half-plane. This generalizes a result for n = 4 used in a recent analysis of cancer cell dynamics. A further conjecture is made based on computational evidence. All work relates to the inertia of certain doubly cyclic circulants.
Resonant Scattering of Polaritons as Composite Particles

To calculate correctly the scattering of light by phonons or impurities in a crystal, the true asymptotic scattering states of the coupled system of crystal plus light (polaritons) should be used. When the light frequency is close to one exciton or optical-phonon frequency, the polariton is entirely excitonlike, and the polariton scattering can, in the Born approximation, be related to exciton scattering properties. If the exciton itself interacts strongly with an imperfection in the crystal, it is not permissible to treat either the exciton scattering or the exciton-photon interaction as perturbations. This problem of resonant scattering of polaritons is solved for short-range exciton-impurity interactions. Radiative damping and spatial dispersion appear in this solution in a natural fashion. Giant oscillator strengths of bound-exciton transitions are likewise automatically obtained. The proper inclusion of radiative damping and spatial dispersion keeps all cross sections finite. The relation between the theory and experiments is briefly discussed.
NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and its Potential Protective Role in Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Conditions

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) represents a family of flavoproteins that catalyze the two-electron reduction of quinones and their derivatives. In mammalian systems, there are two members of NQO, namely, NQO1 and NQO2. NQO1 utilizes NAD(P)H, whereas NQO2 employs dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) as the electron donors. In addition to the well-documented action in reducing quinone compounds and preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species, NQO enzymes, especially NQO1 also possess other important biological activities. These include anti-inflammatory effects, direct scavenging of superoxide anion radicals, and stabilization of p53 and other tumor suppressors. Recently, multiple studies in animal models demonstrated a potential role for NQO1 in protecting against cardiovascular injury and related conditions, including atherogenesis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Functional gene polymorphisms have been identified in human NQO1 gene. Studies on the association between NQO1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to disease development also suggested a possible involvement of NQO1 in human cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. This review is intended to summarize the recent development regarding the biochemical properties and molecular regulation of NQO1 and its potential beneficial role in cardiovascular diseases and related conditions, including metabolic syndrome.
The familiality of pelvic organ prolapse in the Utah Population Database

Introduction and hypothesis Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women is a common condition whose etiology is poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that POP is heritable. The aim of our study was to define and evaluate familial clustering of POP.
Adding and Subtracting Percentiles — How bad can it be?

When performing anthropometric analysis or design, it frequently happens that some particular anthropometric value is not tabulated although it would appear to be derivable by adding or subtracting two relevant and tabulated dimensions. Because percentile values are usually required, there is the temptation to add or subtract the relevant percentile values of the two tabulated dimensions. In some cases, this will produce minimal or no error between the actual percentile value and the result of adding/subtracting the tabulated values, while in other cases, the resulting percentile will be very seriously in error. The magnitude of the errors depends on the percentiles, correlation coefficient and ratio of the standard deviations of the two variates.This paper details the combinations of these three factors for which adding/subtracting two identical percentile values produces acceptable as well as grossly misleading results. Several tables, charts and equations are provided to aid in this common problem. The...
Comparative 5‐HT2‐Receptor Antagonist Activity of Amesergide and its Active Metabolite 4‐Hydroxyamesergide in Rats and Rabbits

— Amesergide is an orally active ergoline amide, 5-HT2-receptor antagonist with a long duration of action. Since a major metabolite of amesergide is 4-hydroxyamesergide, we questioned whether the formation of this metabolite might contribute to the pharmacological activity and long duration of action observed after oral administration of amesergide. 4-Hydroxyamesergide was a potent 5-HT2-receptor antagonist with an affinity equal to or greater than amesergide under in-vitro conditions as measured by blockade of vascular 5-HT2 receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-amplified ADP-induced rabbit platelet aggregation. Furthermore, 4-hydroxyamesergide, like amesergide, inhibited the pressor response to 5-HT after its intravenous administration to rats and was about 3-fold more potent than amesergide in this regard. 4-Hydroxyamesergide was also a potent inhibitor of vascular 5-HT2 receptors after oral administration to rats. After oral administration, 4-hydroxyamesergide had a similar or slightly greater duration of activity than the parent molecule. 4-Hydroxyamesergide, again like amesergide, also blocked central 5-HT2 receptors after its in-vivo administration to rats as measured by its ability to inhibit quipazine-induced increases in serum corticosterone. Thus, the formation of 4-hydroxyamesergide after oral administration of amesergide to animals and man may contribute to the potency and long duration of action of amesergide as a 5-HT2-receptor antagonist.
Patterns in shrinking gels

POLYMER gels can undergo a volume phase transition (either continuous or discontinuous) when an external condition, such as temperature or solvent composition, is altered1–3. During this transition, the volume may change by a factor of several thousand, and various patterns develop in the gel. The patterns arising from swelling and shrinking differ in both their appearance and their physical mechanisms. The mechanism for the formation and evolution of patterns on swelling gels has been established as being due to a single kind of mechanical instability4–7; in contrast, the shrinking patterns seem to be sensitive to both the initial and final states of the transition. Here we classify the various shrinking patterns in the form of a phase diagram, and explain the poly-morphism in terms of macroscopic phase separation.
Pseudo Pacemaker Stimuli

Current electrocardiographic technology is limited in its ability to detect pacemaker stimuli secondary to the use of 150 Hz low-pass bandwidth filters designed to block high-frequency interference. Software solutions to improve the sensitivity of pacemaker stimulus detection are associated with imperfect specificity. The following case reports include three patients who do not have a pacing device, but were identified by a computer-based preliminary interpretation of a routine 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) as having a paced rhythm.
X inactivation and dystrophin studies in a t(X;12) female: evidence for biochemical normalization in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers.

A 4-year-old girl was identified with high creatine kinase (CK) values, and mild muscle weakness in a limb-girdle distribution. Results of dystrophin analysis of the muscle biopsy were consistent with a manifesting heterozygote for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In peripheral lymphocytes she had a t(X;12) (p21.2;q24.33). Late DNA replication studies demonstrated inactivation of the normal X chromosome in 99.4% of cells. Dystrophin immunofluorescence showed 64% dystrophin-negative muscle fibers. Dystrophin content of muscle by immunoblot was approximately 5% of normal. The discordance between the percent of normal X inactivation and percent of dystrophin-negative cells may be explained by compensatory protection of dystrophin by rare nuclei with the normal X active in multinucleated muscle fibers with shared cytoplasm. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reproducibility of FCM DNA content from replicate paraffin block samples.

Fifty-five paraffin blocks of morphologically and clinically normal colon specimens were divided in half and the two halves treated as separate aliquots for determination of DNA content using propidium iodide staining and FCM analysis. Forty-five of the 55 samples showed a peak channel difference between the two aliquots from the same block of greater than 1 channel. Seven of the 55 specimens showed peak channel difference greater than or equal to 10 channels. Similar results were seen if the mean channel of the G0G1 peak was used in place of the peak channel, with 5 of the 55 specimens showing mean channel differences of greater than or equal to 10 channels. The seven samples with peak channel difference greater than or equal to 10 channels were reprocessed and five of the seven showed reduced peak channel difference on reanalysis. The mean peak channel difference of the 55 samples was 4.3 +/- 10.5 (mean +/- 2 S.D.) using the first analysis. These data suggest that caution should be used in interpreting ploidy of nuclei extracted from paraffin block material if the interpretation is based on comparing two aliquots from the same block, even if they are processed and analyzed in the same batch.
4-Nitrophenyl- and 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-carboxylates attached to Mo2 quadruple bonds: ground versus excited state M2δ-ligand conjugation.

From the reactions between Mo2(TiPB)4, where TiPB = 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoate and two equivalents of the carboxylic acid LH (LH = 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 4′-nitro[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid) the compounds trans-M2(TiPB)2L2 have been prepared: I (L = 4-nitrobenzoate and M = Mo), II (L = 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenylcarboxylate and M = Mo) and III (L = 4-nitrobenzoate and M2 = MoW). The compounds have been characterized by 1H NMR, UV-Vis and steady state emission spectroscopy, ns and fs transient absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These data are compared with predictions based on electronic structure calculations on model compounds where TiPB is substituted for formate. Together these data indicate stronger ground-state coupling of the Mo2δ and ligand π* systems in I relative to II but this order is reversed in the photo excited S11MLCT state. Attempts to prepare the W2 containing analogs were unsuccessful.
On-the-fly sampling of temperature-dependent thermal neutron scattering data for Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Temperature can strongly affect the probabilities of certain neutron interactions (fission, capture, scattering, etc.) with materials. These probabilities are referred to in the nuclear community as ‘cross sections’ and are used as inputs for computer simulations. During the lifetime of a nuclear reactor, the core and its surrounding materials will experience a wide range of temperatures. To simulate the neutronic behavior in a realistic core, it is required to pre-store a large amount of cross section data to encompass the entire temperature range a neutron may experience. In recent years, methods have been developed to reduce data storage and obtain the cross section at the desired temperature ‘on-the-fly’ during radiation transport simulations using Monte Carlo codes. At thermal energies, however, the scattering of neutrons is complicated by their relatively small wavelengths, making molecular binding and lattice effects significant. Current approaches typically require nuclear data file sizes of tens to hundreds of MB per temperature, which can be prohibitive for realistic reactor physics simulations. To reduce the storage burden, a fitting approach in temperature is investigated that allows for the efficient evaluation of the thermal neutron scattering physics at an arbitrary temperature within a predefined range. The physics for thermal neutron scattering in graphite and hydrogen in water are evaluated with this approach. In both cases, the functional fits are able to accurately reproduce the scattering probabilities. The data storage for the fitting approach requires only a few 100 kB, which is a significant memory savings over the existing methods. These data can be used to sample a neutron's outgoing energy and scattered angle at an arbitrary temperature with minimal errors.
Vulnerability of Redbelly Tilapia Fry to Bluegill Predation with Changes in Cover Availability

Abstract The successful use of redbelly tilapia (Tilapia zilli) to control aquatic plants in ponds with game fish depends on high survival of tilapia young. We tested the vulnerability of redbelly tilapia fry under parental care to predation by bluegill. Experiments were conducted for a 3-day period in 5.5-m diameter pools at three levels of artificial plant cover (25, 50, and 75%) and at two densities of predators (15 and 20 per pool). Predation rates on 14-day-old, unprotected fry also were determined. Fry survival was lowest with 25% cover (mean 40%) and highest with 75% cover (mean 72.5%). The survival of fry at 50% cover (mean 68.2%) was significantly higher than survival at 25% cover, but there was no significant difference in fry survival between 50 and 75% cover. Fry survival was poor without parental care, ranging from 6 to 34%. Extrapolation of the survival data indicated that too few Tilapia zilli, when stocked with predatory game fish, would survive to the size where they could adequately cont...
Estimating Errors in Satellite Retrievals of Bio-Optical Properties due to Incorrect Aerosol Model Selection

We examine the impact of incorrect atmospheric correction, specifically incorrect aerosol model selection, on retrieval of bio-optical properties from satellite ocean color imagery. Uncertainties in retrievals of bio-optical properties (such as chlorophyll, absorption and backscattering coefficients) from satellite ocean color imagery are related to a variety of factors, including errors associated with sensor calibration, atmospheric correction, and the bio-optical inversion algorithms. In many cases, selection of an inappropriate or erroneous aerosol model during atmospheric correction can dominate the errors in the satellite estimation of the normalized water-leaving radiances ( n L w ), especially over turbid, coastal waters. These errors affect the downstream bio-optical properties. Here, we focus on only the impact of incorrect aerosol model selection on the n L w radiance estimates, through comparisons between Moderate- Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data and in situ measurements from AERONET-OC (Aerosol Robotic NETwork - Ocean Color) sampling platforms.
PREDICTING ATTRACTING OUT-OF-PHASE STATES IN COUPLED JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS

Recent progress in understanding the dynamics and bifurcation of two coupled Josephson Junctions is numerically presented. The dependencies of the in-phase (IP) states and the anti-phase (AP) states on the parameters are shown when the coupling is symmetric. The connecting branches between the IP and AP are computed, and are found to be saddles which form the basin boundaries between the IP and AP states. A framework is presented based on a two oscillator model with asymmetric coupling which can predict the dynamics of higher dimensional systems. The behavior of out-of-phase (OP) states of n-junctions is examined using this asymmetric model when the oscillators are organized into two distinct groups.
Predicting the chemistry, corrosion potential and corrosion rate in a crevice formed between substrate steel and a disbonded permeable coating with a mouth

Abstract A model developed in an earlier work was used in this work to investigate the effect of coating permeability on the evolution of solution chemistry, corrosion potential, and rate in a crevice formed between a steel surface and a coating disbonded from it. The crevice gap varies along distance from the mouth, and the coating is permeable to ions and/or oxygen (O 2 ). The earlier work focused specifically on modeling the effect of variable gap (on crevice corrosion) with the coating impermeable to either ions or O 2 . In both works, the crevice chemistry was an aerated, diluted sodium chloride solution, which at the mouth was set to be different from that initially in the crevice. The results of this work show that a permeable coating behaves like a membrane, which, under a cathodic polarization at the crevice mouth, tends to raise the in-crevice sodium ion concentration and pH more rapidly relative to an impermeable coating. Later, as the sodium ion concentration and pH in the crevice become greater than at the mouth, the permeable coating tends to reverse the transport direction for ions. At a mouth potential of −0.900 V vs. saturated Cu/CuSO 4 , the cathodic current is sufficient to suppress all O 2 penetrating the crevice both from the mouth and through the coating. The practical implication is that in the presence of sufficient cathodic polarization, a permeable coating, when disbonded, can still be capable of protecting the substrate steel from corrosion attack.
Time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions and cross-section ratios of two-colour two-photon above threshold ionization of helium

Time-resolved anisotropy parameters and cross-section ratios of the positive and negative sidebands from two-colour two-photon above threshold ionization of helium atoms are measured using photoelectron velocity map imaging with the selected 19th high-order harmonic at 29.1 eV in an 810 nm perturbative dressing field. The intensities of both the sidebands and the single-photon ionization depletion follow a Gaussian correlation function where the photoelectron angular distributions and cross-section ratios of the sidebands do not change as a function of the temporal delay between the extreme ultraviolet and infrared pulses. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions using the soft-photon approximation, showing poor agreement, and analytical expressions are derived using second-order perturbation theory to determine the relative magnitudes of the resulting S and D partial waves of the above threshold ionization features.
On the prediction of linear stochastic systems with a low-order model

Three methods for approximating the high-dimensional stochastic system with a low-dimensional model are examined, and the prediction error and predictability of the reduced-order models are evaluated. It is shown that during reduction both the normal modes of deterministic dynamics and the spatial structures of stochastic forcing need to be taken into account. In addition to stability, which determines the asymptotic behavior, non-normality, which controls the error growth at short lead times, should also be preserved. An experiment with tropical Atlantic variability illustrates that the empirical orthogonal function and balanced truncation are superior to modal reduction in capturing the predictable dynamics.
In Situ Diffusion Studies Using Spatially Resolved Infrared Microspectroscopy

Spatially resolved infrared microspectroscopy is used in conjunction with the contact method to conduct in situ diffusion experiments of photocured polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (LCs). The system analyzed consists of a low-molecular-weight liquid crystal (E7) diffusing into a photopolymerizable monomer (NOA65). The measured concentration profiles were generated by monitoring the hydroxyl band of the monomer as a function of time and spatial position. The diffusion coefficients were calculated from least-squares fitting of the data. The system followed Fick's second law of diffusion. The diffusion coefficient for this system is (1.97 ± 0.2)(10-8) cm2/s. The morphology of the system after polymerization exhibited three distinct regions: nematic LC molecularly mixed in the cross-linked network of the polymer, nematic LC droplet gradient in the polymer matrix, and polymer fibers scattered in the continuous nematic LC.
Development of a data mining and imaging informatics display tool for a multiple sclerosis e-folder system

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that damages axonal pathways through inflammation and demyelination. In order to address the need for a centralized application to manage and study MS patients, the MS e-Folder - a web-based, disease-specific electronic medical record system - was developed. The e-Folder has a PHP and MySQL based graphical user interface (GUI) that can serve as both a tool for clinician decision support and a data mining tool for researchers. This web-based GUI gives the e-Folder a user friendly interface that can be securely accessed through the internet and requires minimal software installation on the client side. The e-Folder GUI displays and queries patient medical records--including demographic data, social history, past medical history, and past MS history. In addition, DICOM format imaging data, and computer aided detection (CAD) results from a lesion load algorithm are also displayed. The GUI interface is dynamic and allows manipulation of the DICOM images, such as zoom, pan, and scrolling, and the ability to rotate 3D images. Given the complexity of clinical management and the need to bolster research in MS, the MS e-Folder system will improve patient care and provide MS researchers with a function-rich patient data hub.
Host Age and Major Histocompatibility Genotype Influence on Rous Sarcoma Regression in Chickens

The influence of host age and B (major histocompatibility complex) genotype on the fate of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors was investigated. White Leghorn lines 61 and 151, developed at the Regional Poultry Research Laboratory (RPRL) at East Lansing, MI, and their crosses (F3 to F5) segregating for the B genotype were used. Preliminary experiments with noninbred White Leghorns showed that chickens RSV-inoculated at 4 weeks of age had a significantly lower incidence of tumor regression than chickens RSV-inoculated at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks of age. The (61 X 151) F5B2/B2 and B5/B5 chickens inoculated at 6 weeks of age had a lower incidence of tumor regression than (61 X 151)F3 and F4, B2/B2 and B5/B5 chickens RSV-inoculated between 58 and 88 weeks of age, respectively. Some (61 X 151) B2/B2 chickens inoculated between 58 and 88 weeks of age regressed their tumors while all chickens of corresponding genotype inoculated at 6 weeks of age died with tumors. the (61 X 151) B2/B2 chickens had a higher incidence of tumor regression than B5/B5 chickens regardless of age. The genetic RSV-inoculation on the fate of RSV-induced tumors.
Thermal stability of a diathermanous fluid in a multi-layer system with partially transparent radiating boundaries

Abstract The thermal stability of a diathermanous, thermally-expansive fluid, divided into parallel horizontal layers by partially transparent barriers, and heated from below is considered. The effects of horizontal conduction within and radiative coupling between the intermediate barriers as well as the ratios of individual fluid layer thicknesses on critical Rayleigh number are predicted using linear stability theory. The results of the analysis are confirmed experimentally for double and triple air layers separated by plastic sheets.
Study of Diethyl Ether Adsorption on Activated Carbons Using IGC at Finite Concentration

Two samples of activated carbon of wood origin were oxidized using ammonium persulfate. The samples were characterized using sorption of nitrogen and Boehm titration. Then, the adsorption of diethyl ether was studied on the initial samples and their oxidized counterparts by means of inverse gas chromatography at finite concentration. Adsorption isotherms were obtained from the chromatographic peaks using a characteristic-peak elution method. Then, the isotherms at temperatures between 393 and 433 K were used to calculate the isosteric heats of adsorption. The results showed a difference in the uptake of diethyl ether depending on the porosity of the sample and its surface chemistry. Analysis of the heats of adsorption revealed that the diethyl ether molecules are adsorbed on the carbon surface via two different adsorption mechanisms. First, hydrogen bonding to functional groups in narrow pores significantly contributes to the adsorption. Second, pore sizes govern the adsorption uptake as a result of inter...
Measurement of Temperament in Infancy

RoTHBABT, MABY KLEVJOHD Measurement of Temperament m Infancy CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 569-578 Development of a caretaker-report instrument of the assessment of infant temperament is descnbed, and longitudinal findmgs are reported Temperament dimensions were selected for mvestigation from the work of Thomas, Chess et al, Escalona, Diamond, and others Conceptual analysis of scale definitions was earned out to eliminate conceptual overlap of scales, and item analysis was performed for 463 Infant Behavior Quesbonnaires filled out for 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old subjects Scales widi adequate psychometnc and conceptual properbes were developed for the following dimensions activity level, soothabilih', fear, distress to limitabons, smiling and laughter, and duration of orienting In longitudinal analyses, acbvity level and smiling and laughter scales revealed stability from 3 through 12 months, durabon of onenting and soothabihty showed less general stability, and fear and distress to limitabons showed stability only beyond the age of 6 months
Mixed layer development in a double-diffusive, thermohaline system

A double-diffusive, thermohaline system has been studied under laboratory conditions involving uniform heating from below. Shadowgraph visualization has been used with temperature and salt concentration measurements to investigate mixing layer development and the onset of diffusion layer instabilities. Such instabilities were observed to occur in two of the experiments and were approximately predicted by an existing stability criterion. 17 refs.
Changes in the exposure of tryptophyl and tyrosyl residues in thrombin due to diisopropylphosphorofluoridate and benzamidine inhibitions.

Abstract Chemical modifications of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in diisopropylphosphoryl-thrombin (DIP-thrombin) and benzamidine-inhibited thrombin (BA-thrombin) by N-acetylimidazole and hydrogen peroxide-dioxane mixture indicate the burial of two tyrosyl and two tryptophyl residues relative to the active enzyme. During inhibition the circular dichroism spectra in the peptide-absorbing region is apparently unchanged while small detectable changes are observed in the aromatic region. It is concluded that tryptophan and tyrosine residues are part of the structural features of the active center of thrombin but they do not play active roles in the catalytic process.
Ecological Correlates of Alcoholism

In the pursuit ,of this objective, it is important at ithe outset to observe that the concept of concomitant indices is employed very deliberately. A concomitant of a condition or a phenomenon goes along with it, but does not necessarily "cause" ilt or grow out of it. It may not be a factor in, or dependent upon, an event it accompanies, but may codepend with that event on other variables ,in the situation to which both belong. Thus, various socioeconomic characteristics or traits of given populations have been selected for comparison with indices of alcoholism in a
The Politics of Inequality in Globalizing Cities: How the Middle Classes Matter in the Governing of Buenos Aires

This paper contributes to the literature on the new politics of social inclusion and spatial justice in globalizing cities. My main argument is that accounts of such politics should focus on the multiple intervening social actors without neglecting or assuming the roles played by the urban middle classes. Focusing on the case of the City of Buenos Aires (CBA) after Argentina's neoliberal crisis of 2001, I show the importance of mobilized middle-class social actors in shaping institutional and territorial outcomes in a globalizing city that is highly polarized and fragmented. This study is based on participant observation, in-depth interviews, and archival research focused on (a) subscribers of state-sponsored citizen participation processes and (b) neighborhood activists with middle-class profiles—middle incomes, relative housing stability, and residency in neighborhoods with middle levels of development. Findings show that, although middle-class politics in the city evidenced a primary concern with place...
Hot spots and hot moments of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a semiarid riparian zone

[1] Riparian ecosystems are characterized by spatial and temporal heterogeneity in physical and biological attributes, with consequences for nutrient cycling. We investigated the responses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling processes to the hydrogeomorphic template in the riparian zone of the San Pedro River, Arizona, a large (catchment area ∼11,500 km2), free-flowing, semiarid river. Over an annual period we documented spatial and temporal patterns in soil, shallow groundwater, and stream nutrient chemistry as well as rates of N-transforming processes in soils of the surface (0–17 cm) and region of seasonal saturation (RoSS). A hot moment of N retention and removal was indicated by elevated rates of microbial processes during the summer monsoon season. At the same time, elevated C was observed in soil microbial biomass for both surface soils and soils in the RoSS. Analyses of C-use profiles for soil microbes, coupled with trends in stream and shallow-groundwater chemistry, further suggest that this hot moment of N removal was fueled by newly available, labile organic material. In a spatial context, patchiness in soil resources, microbial biomass, and potential denitrification were best explained by variation in microtopography; low-elevation landscape positions were hot spots of resource availability and microbial activity. Vertical heterogeneity also corresponded with variation in the factors influencing N transformation rates. Organic matter was more frequently a significant factor explaining N transformation rates in RoSS soils whereas soil water content was more often important in surface soils. Together, these patterns suggest that understanding the points on the hydrogeomorphic template, both in space and in time, that bring together water and labile organic matter will lead to greater predictive capability regarding C and N cycling in semiarid river-riparian corridors.
Markers of angiogenesis in high-risk, early-stage cervical cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Objectives To determine whether markers of tumor angiogenesis were associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in women with high-risk, early-stage cervical cancer treated on a phase III trial.
A peptide-reactive antibody to a Balbiani ring gene product: immunological evidence that a 6.5-kb RNA in Chironomus tentans salivary glands is mRNA for a 180-kDa nonfibrous component of larval secretion.

Abstract An immunological approach was utilized to demonstrate that a tissue-specific Balbiani ring (BR) transcript in Chironomus tentons is the mRNA for a secreted 180-kDa polypeptide. Balbiani ring 1 (BR1) on the polytene chromosome IV of larval salivary glands contains a gene comprised of tandemly duplicated nucleotide sequences that are transcribed into a salivary gland-specific, 6.5-kb poly(A) + RNA for which a partial cDNA sequence exists [Dreesen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 11824–11830]. A nonapeptide was synthesized so that its amino acid sequence corresponded to an open reading frame in the cDNA. This peptide was used to raise rabbit polyclonal antisera and to purify the peptide-reactive antibody by affinity chromatography. The affinity-purified antibody bound specifically to a 180-kDa polypeptide on Western blots containing extracts of total salivary gland protein. Western blot analysis of microdissected cellular vs. lumenal fractions of salivary glands indicated that this 180-kDa polypeptide was primarily localized in the lumen. Consequently, this polypeptide was designated a secretory polypeptide (sp180). Finally, the peptide-reactive antibody was used to localize sp180 in a nonfibrous component of salivary gland secretion by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.
Reconfiguration of surgical, emergency, and trauma services: recommendations are useful for configuring emergency services in the developing world.

Editor—The editorial by Black on reconfiguration of emergency services in the United Kingdom is also important for the developing world.1 Emergency services and acute care constitute a major gap in the focus of the health sector in the developing world, and several issues need to be considered to promote a global dialogue on how best to configure (rather than reconfigure) such services.
Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of projections from entorhinal cortex to striatum in the rat.

We studied projections from the entorhinal cortex (Ent) to the striatum in anesthetized rats using extra- and intracellular recording and multibarrel iontophoresis. The majority of recordings were from the caudate-putamen (CPu) and core of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC). Electrical stimulation of the Ent evoked synaptic responses in 77% of tests with AcbC neurons and 48% of tests with CPu neurons. In the case of AcbC neurons, 61% of these tests proved to be excitatory and were often followed by inhibitory phases. In contrast to this, only 18% of tests from CPu neurons were excitatory. Intracellular HRP labeling showed that responsive cells were medium spiny neurons. During iontophoretic experiments, application of the glutamatergic AMPA antagonist DNQX could selectively decrease or block excitatory responses. The GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide increased cellular firing rates and could reveal excitatory responses, suggesting block of a short-latency, short-duration inhibitory component. Ejection of the GABAB antagonist CGP-35348 could attenuate a later, longer-duration component of inhibition. The results indicate that the Ent excites striatal neurons at least in part by glutamatergic receptors and suggest that this excitation is followed by secondary prolonged GABAergic inhibition.
The meaning of the vector Laplacian

Abstract The increasing use of Maxwell's equations necessitates a careful consideration of the best formulation for electromagnetic problems. Advance in the past has been hindered by an unfortunate notation that employs the same symbol ▿2 for two entirely different operators—the vector Laplacian and the scalar Laplacian. A general equation is developed in this paper for the vector Laplacian in any orthogonal, curvilinear coordinate system; and this equation allows the simple formulation of all electrodynamic problems by means of the vector Helmholtz equation, ★E ∗ +γ 2 E ∗ =0 .
Pluto’s solar wind interaction: Collisional effects

Exospheric neutral atoms and molecules (primarily N2, with trace amounts of CH4 and CO according to our current understanding of Pluto’s atmosphere) escape from Pluto and travel into interplanetary space for millions of kilometers. Eventually, the neutrals are ionized by solar EUV photons and/or by collisions with solar wind electrons. The mass-loading associated with this ion pick-up is thought to produce a comet-like interaction of the solar wind with Pluto. Within a few thousand kilometers of Pluto the solar wind interaction should lead to a magnetic field pile-up and draping, as it does around other “non-magnetic” bodies such as Venus and comets. The structure of plasma regions and boundaries will be greatly affected by large gyroradii effects and the extensive exosphere. Energetic plasma should disappear from the flow within radial distances of a few thousand kilometers due to charge exchange collisions. An ionosphere should be present close to Pluto with a composition that is determined both by the primary ion production and ion-neutral chemistry. One question discussed in the paper is whether or not the ionosphere has a Venus-like sharply defined ionopause boundary or a diamagnetic cavity such as that found around comet Halley. Simple physical estimates of plasma processes and structures in the collision-dominated region are made in this paper and predictions are made for the New Horizons mission.
A call for national policy research on information and communication

The demand for a sound national fiscal policy, the conflict over the abort ion question, the disputations regarding social and welfare questions, and the many items such as the tax and trade issues are familiar as some of the main planks of national debates over the last decades, especially during the presidential elections. A similar demand for a national information and communicat ion order is less known among the national leaders and the general public, mainly due to the erroneous perception that it is less important . In fact, the United States as a major industrial and information power is the only country in the West where information and communication issues have not been singled out and selected as a national priority, and no public and private funds have been allocated for nationwide research on the process and effects of modern communicat ion technologies and their impact on individual and public policies. Although there have been at tempts on the part of academia and industry to isolate and forecast specific issues of an information and communicat ion nature, the result has been fragmentary at best with industry doing its own investigation based on profitability and expansion of market. The result is that people generally tend to perceive the accouterments of the economic d e b a t e t r a d e figures, gross national products, energy prices, and so f o r t h a s concrete aspects directly affecting their lives. Informat ion is seen as a comparatively abstract or nonmaterial good, rather low in national priorities. Yet f rom the Cold War to the U.S.Soviet detente, f rom the Vietnam War to the AIDS controversy, from the Watergate to the I ran-Cont ra affair, and in almost every presidential election in modern times, information and the way it is communicated has been a central issue. This vital research area for a variety of reasons has never been treated as a national agenda nor has there been any congressional appropriat ion for thorough investigation into the subject. The point is not only simple but indeed urgent. Informat ion is a national resource and must be studied on a nationwide scale.
Fostering Self-Determination is a Developmental Task

The field of special education recognizes the need to foster self-determination among students with disabilities; here we argue that support for self-determination must begin long before students leave schools to assume adult responsibilities of work, independent living, and community participation. We begin by describing developmental investigations of metacognition, self-perception, social problem solving, and autonomous decision making. Because development occurs within the context of interpersonal relationships, we discuss critical attributes of the social environment that must be considered if efforts to support self-determination are to be successful. Our examination of the developmental underpinnings of self-determination leads us to conclude that attention must shift to (a) supporting basic research on the emergence of self-determined behaviors in young children; (b) promoting policies that draw attention to elementary and middle school contributions to self-sufficiency; and (c) ameliorating aspec...
Effects of prenalterol on beta adrenergic responsiveness and receptors in the cerebral cortex of the rat

The activity of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, prenalterol, at beta adrenoceptors in the cerebral cortex of the rat and the effect of chronic intraperitoneal infusion of prenalterol on the biochemical responsiveness and density of cerebral cortical beta adrenoceptors was studied. Whereas isoproterenol caused a four-fold rise in the content of cyclic AMP in slices of cerebral cortex, prenalterol did not produce a significant increase in cyclic AMP. However, prenalterol inhibited the isoproterenol-stimulated increase in cyclic AMP in cortical slices in a concentration-dependent manner. Using an in vivo binding technique, prenalterol (3.8 mg/kg/hr) infused intraperitoneally through osmotic minipumps, penetrated the brain and significantly inhibited the binding of the beta adrenoceptor antagonist, [125I]iodopindolol (125I-IPIN), to cortical beta adrenoceptors. Infusion of prenalterol (3.8 mg/kg/hr) for 7 days resulted in a small (20%), but significant, reduction in the ability of isoproterenol to stimulate maximally the accumulation of cyclic AMP in slices of cerebral cortex. No alteration in the Bmax or KD of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol was observed in homogenates of cortex obtained from prenalterol-treated rats. Furthermore, no change was observed in the binding of the hydrophilic ligand [3H]CGP-12177 in homogenates of cortex. In this study, then, prenalterol exhibited properties in vitro of a beta adrenoceptor antagonist, but did cause modest desensitization of beta adrenoceptor responsiveness when administered continuously in vivo.
A graticule for evaluation of megavolt X ray port films

Simulator films and port films are important documents of quality assurance of treatment delivery. Graticules have been constructed for linear accelerators which project mutually perpendicular arrays of equi-spaced dots on X ray films, similar to those projected by a graticule on the simulator. The spacing corresponds to 2 cm at the isocentric distance. The projected dot arrays function as built-in rulers in the films and greatly facilitate quantitative comparison of simulator films and treatment verification films, regardless of film magnification.
A special anatomic preparation for teaching central venous catheterization.

Catheterization of the subclavian and internal jugular veins is a commonly performed procedure for monitoring the hemodynamic, respiratory, and fluid status of patients as well as for delivery of special potent drugs and nutritive solutions. In inexperienced hands, this procedure can carry significant morbidity. A comprehensive central line placement teaching program has been developed at our institution centered upon an anatomy and catheterization skills workshop. A dedicated anatomic specimen has been prepared to emphasize key anatomical concepts about the subclavian and internal jugular veins. A design with easily reflectable flaps allows quick and simple visualization of needle position after supervised cannulation attempts. Workshop preparation and teaching sessions benefit from close collaboration between anatomists and clinicians. This should help standardize residents' exposure to central venous cannulation techniques and ensure basic procedure skills prior to actual cannulation in patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhanced Genetic Tools for Engineering Multigene Traits into Green Algae

Transgenic microalgae have the potential to impact many diverse biotechnological industries including energy, human and animal nutrition, pharmaceuticals, health and beauty, and specialty chemicals. However, major obstacles to sophisticated genetic and metabolic engineering in algae have been the lack of well-characterized transformation vectors to direct engineered gene products to specific subcellular locations, and the inability to robustly express multiple nuclear-encoded transgenes within a single cell. Here we validate a set of genetic tools that enable protein targeting to distinct subcellular locations, and present two complementary methods for multigene engineering in the eukaryotic green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The tools described here will enable advanced metabolic and genetic engineering to promote microalgae biotechnology and product commercialization.
Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics

All breakdown in solid dielectrics is ultimately thermal in the sense that the discharge track involves at least the melting and probably the vaporization of the dielectric. In common usage, the classification of a breakdown process as thermal means that it can be satisfactorily explained using reasonable extrapolations of the electrical and thermal conductivities from values that obtain substantially below breakdown. Conversely we classify breakdown as purely electrical when it cannot be explained as due to processes that are not in evidence until very close to breakdown.
Identification of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Based on a Four-Point Pharmacophore

The rapid emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains resistant to available drugs implies that effective treatment modalities will require the use of a combination of drugs targeting different sites of the HIV life cycle. Because the virus cannot replicate without integration into a host chromosome, HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an attractive therapeutic target. Thus, an effective IN inhibitor should provide additional benefit in combination chemotherapy. A four-point pharmacophore has been identified based on the structures of quinalizarin and purpurin, which were found to be potent IN inhibitors using both a preintegration complex assay and a purified enzyme assay in vitro. Searching with this four-point pharmacophore in the 'open' part of the National Cancer Institute three-dimensional structure database produced 234 compounds containing the pharmacophore. Sixty of these compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against IN using the purified enzyme; 19 were found to be active against IN with IC50 values of less than 100 microM, among which 10 had IC50 values of less than 10 microM. These inhibitors can further serve as leads, and studies are in progress to design novel inhibitors based on the results presented in this study.