cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How does running memory span work

In running memory span, a list ends unpredictably, and the last few items are to be recalled. This task is of increasing importance in recent research. We argue that there are two very different strategies for performing running span tasks: a low-effort strategy in which items are passively held until the list ends, when retrieval into a capacity-limited store takes place; and a higher-effort strategy in which working memory is continually updated using rehearsal processes during the list presentation. In two experiments, we examine the roles of these two strategies and the consequences of two types of interference.
RF technology enablers for software-defined radios

RF system and circuit approaches for cognitive radios, based on software defined radio technology, are discussed. The increasing use of digital techniques, combined with wideband data converters and tunable front-end technologies, will enable these systems to become cost effective in the coming years.
Comment on “Drosophila Dosage Compensation Involves Enhanced Pol II Recruitment to Male X-Linked Promoters”

Conrad et al. (Reports, 10 August 2012, p. 742) reported a doubling of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy at X-linked promoters to support 5' recruitment as the key mechanism for dosage compensation in Drosophila. However, they employed an erroneous data-processing step, overestimating Pol II differences. Reanalysis of the data fails to support the authors' model for dosage compensation.
Medical-legal aspects of neurologic problems.

Introduction Medical-Legal Issues and the Pediatrician Medical-legal issues have intruded into medical practice in a number of ways. The most obvious is that of the “malpractice crisis” that is never far from the thoughts of every physician. The ramifications of this concern are manifold, ranging from subtle or obvious changes in the nature of the physicianpatient relationship to modifications of practice itself. The practice of defensive medicine is a reality that cannot be escaped. An increasing number of physicians also find themselves involved in a second medical-legal area, that of being asked to testify as a witness in a lawsuit. This may require being an unwilling participant as a plaintiff or a neutral actor as a fact witness. The court appearance may also represent the physician’s willingness to serve as an expert witness. Pediatricians are not immune from medical liability suits. A survey of pediatricians in 1990 showed that 29% reported having had claims filed against them, and the average pediatrician has been sued 1.6 times.l There was an out-of-court settlement in 31.2% of the cases, the claim was dropped by the plaintiff in 29.8% of the cases, and the pediatrician won in court in 9.8% of the suits. The remainder were still in progress. No case in the recent survey period was lost in court, but this probably reflects the relative frequency of out-of-court settlements. The settlement was less than $115,000 in 71% of the cases that were settled, and was above $950,000 in 3.5% of them.
Sexually Transmitted Infections

1. Epidemiology of Bacterial STDs in the United States-2004 (Zenilman) 2. Syphilis and Increased STDs in Homosexual Men: Why? (Fenton) 3. Demographic Trends That Impact STD Risk (Aral) 4. Progress in STD Vaccines (Stanberry) 5. Behavioral Counseling Messages for HSV and HPV Diagnostic Testing (Ebel) 6. Managing Genital Herpes and Partners (Patel) 7. Diagnosis and Management of Cervical HPV Infection (Gravitt) 8. Bacterial Vaginosis and Trichomonas (Sobel) 9. STD Management and Approaches in Managed Care Organization Settings (Irwin) 10. NAAT Tests for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: Practice and Applications (Gaydos) 11. Developments in the STD/HIV Interactions (Reynolds) 12. Diagnostic Approach and Management of Cervicitis (Marrazzo) 13. Innovative Outreach Approaches to STD Intervention (Golden) 14. Mycoplasma Genitalium-Pathogen or Not? (Ross)
Sequence effects in estimating spatial location

Three experiments provide evidence for a primacy effect in judgments of spatial location. Participants viewed and immediately estimated a series of spatial locations that were serially ordered from left to right or from right to left. In a subsequent block, they judged the rightmost, leftmost, and center of the distribution or were shown dots at those locations, which they then estimated from memory. Both judgments and memories were biased toward locations that had been presented earliest in the sequence. The findings indicate that participants incorporate not only geometric categories, but also aspects of their prior spatial experience, when estimating locations. The results mirror recent evidence for a primacy effect in nonspatial category induction, suggesting that this effect generalizes across domains.
The calculation of matrix elements for valence bond functions

Pauling's formulas for the calculation of matrix elements for valence bond functions are derived using a simple substitutional process. The results generalize and simplify the formulas. In particular, the formulas do not depend upon orthogonality of atomic orbitals nor upon the nature of the choice of bond structures (canonical or not). The results are particularly adaptable to automatic computation.
Computed tomography evaluation of regional increases in microvascular permeability after reperfusion of locally ischemic myocardium in intact pigs

Rationale and Objectives. I evaluated how well fast computed tomography (CT) scanning could quantify altered myocardial microvascular function resulting from transient ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Methods. A major epicardial coronary artery of anesthetized pigs was occluded for either 0, 15, 30, 60, or 120 min. Fast X-ray CT scan sequences were performed before and during occlusion and 30, 60, and 90 min after onset of subsequent reperfusion. Regional myocardial perfusion, intramyocardial blood volume, and myocardial microcirculatory permeability—surface area product were estimated from the CT scan sequences. Results. With the increasing duration of ischemia, the permeability—surface area product remained unchanged during reperfusion ( p > .05), but an index of myocardial microvascular permeability increased with the progressive duration of ischemia and of reperfusion ( p > .05). Conclusion. These CT-based findings are consistent with published, more invasive demonstrations that capillary permeability is increased during postischemic reperfusion in proportion to the duration of the preceding ischemia.
Identification of Functionally Important TonB-ExbD Periplasmic Domain Interactions In Vivo

In Gram-negative bacteria, the cytoplasmic membrane proton-motive force energizes the active transport of TonB-dependent ligands through outer membrane TonB-gated transporters. In Escherichia coli, cytoplasmic membrane proteins ExbB and ExbD couple the proton-motive force to conformational changes in TonB, which are hypothesized to form the basis of energy transduction through direct contact with the transporters. While the role of ExbB is not well understood, contact between periplasmic domains of TonB and ExbD is required, with the conformational response of TonB to presence or absence of proton motive force being modulated through ExbD. A region (residues 92 to 121) within the ExbD periplasmic domain was previously identified as being important for TonB interaction. Here, the specific sites of periplasmic domain interactions between that region and the TonB carboxy terminus were identified by examining 270 combinations of 45 TonB and 6 ExbD individual cysteine substitutions for disulfide-linked heterodimer formation. ExbD residues A92C, K97C, and T109C interacted with multiple TonB substitutions in four regions of the TonB carboxy terminus. Two regions were on each side of the TonB residues known to interact with the TonB box of TonB-gated transporters, suggesting that ExbD positions TonB for correct interaction at that site. A third region contained a functionally important glycine residue, and the fourth region involved a highly conserved predicted amphipathic helix. Three ExbD substitutions, F103C, L115C, and T121C, were nonreactive with any TonB cysteine substitutions. ExbD D25, a candidate to be on a proton translocation pathway, was important to support efficient TonB-ExbD heterodimerization at these specific regions.
Menstrual migraine with features of cluster headache. A report of 10 cases.

Ten patients with menstrually related migraine headaches and significant features of cluster headache are described. The mean age of onset of the headache was 29 years. The duration of the pain was more typical for migraine, with an average of 3 days. The pain was sharp with associated tear formation and nasal congestion. Eight of the women described significant nausea. Only one reported any type of cluster headache outside of the menstrual time. Four patients experienced tension headaches, and four also had migraines not related to menses (without cluster features). Preventive medications were generally not helpful. The abortive medications that did help included sumatriptan, Cafergot PB® suppositories, and corticosteroids. Oxygen was useful in two patients. While analgesics did help three patients, lidocaine nasal spray was ineffective in four of the women.
Pyrrolobenzimidazoles linked to heterocycles and peptides. design of DNA base pair specific phosphate hydrolyzing agents and novel cytotoxic agents

Work in this laboratory has been involved with the design of aziridinyl quinone-based cancer drugs (PBIs) capable of both recognizing the DNA major groove and cleaving the phosphate backbone upon reduction to the hydroquinone. The hydroquinone species recognizes the major groove of DNA at single base pairs by Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding. The present study extends recognition beyond a single base pair by adding amino acid residues to the 3-amino center of the PBI system. Thus, extension with proline or proline-glycine results in phosphate cleavage at 5'-AA-3' with insignificant N(7) guanine alkylation. Molecular models were used to validate the observed sequence specificity. This report also describes the design of PBIs not capable of DNA alkylation. Removal of major groove interactions by methylation or the presence of steric bulk prevented DNA alkylation reactions upon reductive activation. From these studies it was concluded that DNA alkyation was not necessary for PBI cytostatic and cytotoxic activity. For example, linkage of two phenylalanines to the PBI results in highly selective cytostatic and cytotoxic activity against melanoma, although this compound is a weak DNA alkylator.
Microsurgically-extracted metaphase chromosomes of the Indian muntjac examined with phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Metaphase chromosomes are extracted from Indian muntjac cultured fibroblasts either through the use of microneedles or by the application of a droplet of silicone oil onto the cell surface. Interconnecting fibers among the chromosomes allow the entire diploid complement to be extracted from the cell. The seven muntjac chromosomes are brought to the surface of a glass coverslip for analysis. Each chromosome can be identified on the basis of morphology, and particular chromosomes or chromosome parts can be isolated. Many of the fibers which interconnect the chromosomes may be attributed to adhesions formed between the sticky chromosome surfaces during extraction. However, when interchromosomal contacts are avoided during extraction, the chromosomes are found to be arranged radially with the centromeres near the center and interconnected by fibers. This arrangement is similar to that seen inside muntjac cells at metaphase. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the chromosome surfaces to consist of looping fibers, except for regions near the centromeres and the secondary constrictions. Chromosome fibers at these sites are organized into parallel bundles. Chromosome interconnections are strands composed of multiple fibers which seem to be continuous with chromosome fibers.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review and Update

The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from asymptomatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Hepatic steatosis occurs when free fatty acids, released in the setting of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, are taken up by the liver. Additional biochemical insults, including oxidative stress, upregulation of inflammatory mediators, and dysregulated apoptosis, can result in inflammation (producing NASH) and fibrosis. Noninvasive methods (e.g., abdominal ultrasonography) are safe ways to support a diagnosis of hepatic steatosis, but advanced liver histopathologic findings including NASH and fibrosis cannot be identified without pursuing liver biopsy. Recent advances in serologic and imaging methods aim to determine severity of inflammation and fibrosis noninvasively. Currently, therapeutic options for NAFLD are limited to medications that reduce risk factors, but the future holds promise for therapies that might slow the progression of this increasingly prevalent disorder.
Seismic Response of Unanchored Bodies

Abstract This paper is concerned with the response of a rigid body subjected to base excitation. Using analytical and numerical methods of investigation, the results are presented in a series of graphs giving (1) the criteria for initiation of various modes (rest, slide, rock and slide‐rock) of response and, using an ensemble of 75 real earthquake acceleration records, (2) the mean plus standard deviation of the distance of sliding relative to the base and (3) the probability of overturning during rocking. Based on the results in (3), two tables are prepared which give, corresponding to probability of overturning equal to 0.16 and 0.5, allowable peak base acceleration.
Accuracy and Reliability of Bulge Test Experiments

In this paper we address possible causes for inconsistencies in bulge test results and describe methods by which the bulge test technique can be made to produce accurate and reliable results. Experiments have been conducted on a variety of materials: polyimide (PIQ13) and polycarbonate (Lexan), silver and silver-palladium multilayers, and silicon nitride. All the materials tested yield biaxial moduli that are in the range of expected values for the bulk material. In addition, the tests show that the technique can be used to differentiate between the elastic properties of materials throughout the range of elastic stiffnesses, with even crystallo-graphic texture having a notable impact on the measured modulus. These results will be presented along with the methods used for preparing bulge test samples.
On the use of commercial FEM electromagnetic software in an undergraduate curriculum

We explore the use of finite element method software as an enabling tool for an undergraduate electromagnetic curriculum. The software is used in upper level undergraduate courses taken after the basic electromagnetics courses. The advantages and disadvantages discovered during the implementation of this software are discussed and the driving factors for the design of "virtual labs" are introduced.
Digitalis use in children: an uncertain future

The therapeutic indications for digoxin in the treatment of children with large left-to-right shunts continue to be reassessed. New insights into the alterations in cardiac function imposed by this hemodynamic burden have shown preserved systolic performance. Pharmacological interventions that improve cardiac output by afterload reduction or other modalities have proven useful and potentially have low risk for serious toxicity. Early and successful surgical treatment of most conditions causing pulmonary overcirculation has shortened the duration of medical management and prevented many of the untoward complications of this pathology. As new agents are forthcoming to treat various cardiac conditions, use-by-tradition of cardiac glycosides has appropriately diminished. While the understanding of complicated molecular aspects of cation transport have been enhanced by the unique actions of cardiac glycosides, their clinical utility has decreased. This report summarizes studies on the use of cardiac glycosides in the treatment of large left-to-right shunts in children.
Death and the Left Hand: Islam, Gender, and “Proper” Mandinga Funerary Custom in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal

This article explores Islam, gender, and "proper" Mandinga funerary "custom" in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal, specifically the contradictions and debates between men and women about Mandinga custom and Islam as they play out in the ritual of shaking with the left hand, wailing at funerals, and visiting healers to investigate the nature of particular deaths. It suggests that far from constituting a "crisis of modernity," these contradictions and debates have long been central to how Mandinga imagine themselves in a changing world. They have become intensified, however, in the transnational era, in which continuity among identity, place, and death has been ruptured.
Global and Local Viewing Experiences in the Age of Multichannel Television: The Israeli Experience

This article takes a critical look at the discourse of globalization in the realm of television, suggesting that the dichotomy between national and global television is unduly simplistic. It proposes that a better understanding of how global television content enters local broadcasting is achieved by examining three variables: who selects the content and for whom, the proportion of local to foreign content, and how foreign content is adapted to local viewing. Based on these features and an analysis of the Israeli case, the author presents a typology of six types of television channels—a typology that focuses on the various viewing positions offered by various channels.
Investigating Ceramic Technology During Archaeological Field Seasons

Investigation of many aspects of ancient ceramic production technologies is feasible during an archaeological field season, and requires little equipment. Descriptive variables such as color, inclusions ( temper ), variable textures within the paste, surface finish, hardness, and decorative techniques and style provide technological as well as stylistic or typological data. Residual surface traces, the surfaces of breaks themselves, and their overall patterning relative to both the vessel shape and size provide forming and finishing data. Subsequent laboratory analysis of samples complements the field data.
An introduction to computational nanomechanics and materials

Many arenas of research are rapidly advancing due to a combined effort between engineering and science. In some cases, fields of research that were stagnating under the exclusive domain of one discipline have been imbued with new discoveries through collaboration with practitioners from the second discipline. In computational mechanics, we are particularly concerned about the technological engineering interest by combining engineering technology and basic sciences through modeling and simulations. These goals have become particularly relevant due to the emergence of the field of nanotechnology, and the related burst of interest in nanoscale research. In this introductory article, we first briefly review the essential tools used by nanoscale researchers. These simulation methods include the broad areas of quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics and multiple-scale approaches, based on coupling the atomistic and continuum models. Upon completing this review, we shall conclusively demonstrate that the atomistic simulation tools themselves are not sufficient for many of the interesting and fundamental problems that arise in computational mechanics, and that these deficiencies lead to the thrust of multiple-scale methods. We summarize the strengths and limitations of currently available multiple-scale techniques, where the emphasis is made on the latest perspective approaches, such as the bridging scale method, multi-scale boundary conditions, and multi-scale fluidics. Example problems, in which multiple-scale simulation methods yield equivalent results to full atomistic simulations at fractions of the computational cost, are shown. We conclude by discussing future research directions and needs in multiple-scale analysis, and also discuss the ramifications of the integration of current nanoscale research into education.
The effect of inhibiting thromboxane production on early postburn lung dysfunction

Abstract We studied the effect of inhibiting thromboxane synthetase using dazmegrel on the early pulmonary changes which have been described after a 40% of total body surface third-degree burn in an anesthetized sheep model. Dazmegrel pretreatment prevented the early postburn increase in plasma and lung lymph thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and also produced a significant increase in plasma and lymph 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α over the 12-hour study period. However, dynamic compliance (CDYN) decreased by 40%, a value identical to that seen with a burn alone. In addition, dazmegrel resulted in an increase in A-a DO2 from 50 ±9 to 110 ±40, which corresponded to a significant increase in plasma 6-keto-PGFα and to a marked pulmonary and systemic vasodilatation. Lung lymph flow was increased by two to three fold, not different from burn alone, and lung water was not increased. There was also a significant increase in plasma-conjugated dienes .55 ± .04 baseline to .90 ± .15 after burn and dazmegrel, while levels were not increased with burn alone. Lung tissue malondialdehyde, another marker of lipid peroxidation, was increased in both groups to a comparable degree. Postmortem histology revealed pulmonary congestion. We conclude that neither TxA2 (TxB2) nor a change in lung water is responsible for the early decrease in lung compliance after burn. Selective inhibition of TxA2 leads to a further impairment in gas exchange as well as signficant hemodynamic instability. These changes may be due to increased prostacyclin production. The increase in conjugated dienes is most likely due to increased production of other arachidonic acid metabolites with TxA2 inhibition rather than oxidant-induced lung injury.
Modified Pfannenstiel approach for radical retropubic prostatectomy: a 3-year experience.

A modified Pfannenstiel approach for radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) has been described previously. We present our experience with this approach for performing a RRP over the past 3 years. Between January 2003 and July 2006, 544 consecutive RRPs by modified Pfannenstiel approach between January 2003 and July 2006 were performed. We analyzed blood loss, transfusions, use of drain, pain score, analgesia and hospital stay. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks, three monthly for a year and six monthly thereafter. All clinical and operative variables were entered into a database and analyzed. A total of 544 men underwent RRP with median follow-up of 11 (s.d.±10.5) months. The mean age was 60 (s.d.±7) years. About 83, 91 and 95% of patients had nerve sparing, bladder neck preservation and a lymph node dissection, respectively. Fifty-three patients had a concurrent inguinal hernia repair through the same incision. Mean estimated blood loss was 431(s.d.±267) ml. The pathological staging distribution was T2, 82%; T3a, 9%; and T3b, 9%. The mean pain score at days 1 and 7 were 3.7 (s.d.±2.5) and 3.3 (s.d.±3), respectively. The median hospital stay was 36 h (s.d.±24). About 5.5% have had biochemical recurrence. At 12 months 97% were continent and 46% potent. RRP using a modified Pfannenstiel approach offers safety and efficacy. It facilitates repair of associated inguinal hernia through the same incision.
Subband coding with multistage VQ for wireless image communication

A subband multistage vector quantization (SB-MSVQ) coding technique is proposed for wireless image communication. The Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) system has been used as a wireless communication environment. The impact of channel fading on the SB-MSVQ coding technique is investigated and its performance is compared with that of the baseline JPEG standard. Simulation results show that the proposed technique, SB-MSVQ, is very robust to channel fading errors even at a very low channel power, whereas the baseline JPEG suffers from channel fading errors which are visually very annoying. Due to the inherent structure of SB-MSVQ, the important low frequency information of an image is packed into a small portion of the encoded data. If this portion is received intact by the SB-MSVQ decoder, the overall quality degradation of the reconstructed image is marginal. >
An experimental study on wireless security protocols over mobile IP networks

Security protocols have emerged as a vital issue to support secure and reliable communications over wireless networks. Many works have discussed security services from a functional perspective; however, there is a lack of quantitative results demonstrating the impact of security protocols on system performance that can be affected dramatically by applying security policies in combination with mobility. Therefore, we conduct an experimental study on a wireless IP testbed, and analyze the interaction of security protocols at different layers with respect to data streams, delay and throughput. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of performance measurements and the overhead associated with several most widely used protocols such as WEP, IPSEC, 802.1x and SSL.
Vegetative plant development and seed production in cool-season perennial grasses.

The literature suggests that the establishment of seed yield potential in cool-season perennial grasses is based on developmental processes that take place before floral induction. The relationship between vegetative plant development to flowering and seed yield can be influenced by numerous factors, such as genotype, stand age, post-harvest regrowth environment, pests, management practices and juvenility. The objectives of our investigations and survey of literature were to identify characteristics of vegetative plant development present before floral induction (autumn regrowth period) that were related to flowering (yield potential) and seed yield (utilization of seed yield potential). The number of fertile tillers present at anthesis is a function of the number and developmental state (or biological age) of vegetative tillers present prior to floral induction. The number and size of vegetative tillers before induction was correlated with flowering and seed yield in young stands of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) (r = 0.93 and 0.95 for first-year stands of orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively), but older stands did not exhibit this relationship. The basal diameter of vegetative tillers in autumn was related to flowering and seed yield in young stands of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (F. rubra L) As stands aged, basal diameter was not a primary indicator of subsequent flowering and seed yield. Tiller height at the end of the regrowth period was consistently related to flowering and seed yield in Kentucky bluegrass(r = −0.81, P < 0.01) and creeping red fescue (r = −0.87, P < 0.01), regardless of stand age. Increasing the rhizome:root ratio caused reduction of flowering in creeping red fescue. Vegetative characteristics were not related to flowering and seed production in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and dryland bentgrass (Agrostis castellana Boiss. and Reut.). Green leaf number was a poor indicator of flowering and seed yield potential in all species tested. Ethylene production during autumn vegetative development has been implicated as a potential cause of reduced flowering in creeping red fescue. As much as 92% of the seed yield potential in several cool-season perennial grasses is set before the onset of conditions favouring vernalization of the crop. An increased understanding of developmental gateways in the formation of flowering and seed yield potential may be key to enhancing the economic and environmental sustainability of seed production enterprises.
Genotypic variation in the expression of guarding behavior and the role of guards in the defensive response of honey bee colonies

This study was conducted to identify genotypic variation in the expression of guarding behavior between defensive and gentle backcross colonies and to determine the role of guards in the defensive response of a colony. No differences were found between backcross types for the average time that a bee behaves as a guard. Differences were found between backcross types and between colonies for the number of bees that guard for at least one day and for at least two days. Variation between colonies for these two variables was partially genetic in origin. A small proportion of the bees that stung during stinging assays were guards, and only a small proportion of the guards stung. Positive correlations were found between the number of stings and both the number of guards in the colony and the proportion of guards that stung in relation to the total number of guards in the colony. Colonies responded with fewer stings when guards were removed in comparison to when guards were present in the colonies. guarding behavior / stinging behavior / defensive behavior / Apis mellifera
Generalizing policy advice with Gaussian process bandits for dynamic skill improvement

We present a ping-pong-playing robot that learns to improve its swings with human advice. Our method learns a reward function over the joint space of task and policy parameters T×P, so the robot can explore policy space more intelligently in a way that trades off exploration vs. exploitation to maximize the total cumulative reward over time. Multimodal stochastic polices can also easily be learned with this approach when the reward function is multimodal in the policy parameters. We extend the recently-developed Gaussian Process Bandit Optimization framework to include exploration-bias advice from human domain experts, using a novel algorithm called Exploration Bias with Directional Advice (EBDA).
ELEMENTS OF GROUP THEORY

This chapter discusses certain portions of group theory that enter into the description of atoms and molecules. A matrix representation of a group is defined as a set of square, nonsingular matrices—matrices with nonvanishing determinants—that satisfy the multiplication table of the group when the matrices are multiplied by the ordinary rules of matrix multiplication. There are other representations, but unless there is a specific statement to that effect, it will be understood that a representation means a matrix representation. The chapter presents a one-dimensional representation (l × l matrices) that satisfies the group multiplication table. Group theoretical considerations are often helpful in establishing selection rules—that is, conditions under which a particular matrix element must vanish.
Balancing the Existing and the New in the Context of Annotating Non-Canonical Language

The importance of balancing linguistic considerations, annotation practicalities, and end user needs in developing language annotation guidelines is discussed. Maintaining a clear view of the various goals and fostering collaboration and feedback across levels of annotation and between corpus creators and corpus users is helpful in determining this balance. Annotating non-canonical language brings additional challenges that serve to highlight the necessity of keeping these goals in mind when creating corpora.
The Diffusion of Differences: The Role of Blocking Coalitions in Policy Diffusion

When agents whose activities stretch across unit boundaries are able to play a role in influencing debates among policymakers within each unit, debates will unfold according to a different path than would have occurred in a world in which each debate was kept separate. The literature has hitherto entirely understood the role that pro-innovation policy entrepreneurs have played in shaping policy diffusion. Like bees distributing pollen among flowers, policy entrepreneurs are able to spread policy ideas from one state capital to another. Yet it is clear that advocates are not the only group of trans-unit actors with an agenda of their own. The inherently linked nature of units who are subject to the possibility of policy diffusion makes the generation of contrary pressure inevitable. Such pressures will be made manifest as blocking coalitions that mobilize across-unit and within-unit interest groups to block or re-shape policy innovations.
TNF-α Modulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by NIK/IKK-α Axis Activation of the Canonical NF-κB Pathway

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a key mediator of intestinal inflammation, causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability by activating myosin light chain kinase (MLCK; official name MYLK3 ) gene. However, the precise signaling cascades that mediate the TNF-α–induced activation of MLCK gene and increase in TJ permeability remain unclear. Our aims were to delineate the upstream signaling mechanisms that regulate the TNF-α modulation of intestinal TJ barrier function with the use of in vitro and in vivo intestinal epithelial model systems. TNF-α caused a rapid activation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway. NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEKK-1) were activated in response to TNF-α. NIK mediated the TNF-α activation of inhibitory κB kinase (IKK)-α, and MEKK1 mediated the activation of IKK complex, including IKK-β. NIK/IKK-α axis regulated the activation of both NF-κB p50/p65 and RelB/p52 pathways. Surprisingly, the siRNA induced knockdown of NIK, but not MEKK-1, prevented the TNF-α activation of both NF-κB p50/p65 and RelB/p52 and the increase in intestinal TJ permeability. Moreover, NIK/IKK-α/NF-κB p50/p65 axis mediated the TNF-α–induced MLCK gene activation and the subsequent MLCK increase in intestinal TJ permeability. In conclusion, our data show that NIK/IKK-α/regulates the activation of NF-κB p50/p65 and plays an integral role in the TNF-α–induced activation of MLCK gene and increase in intestinal TJ permeability.
Response of a Ramped Cavity to Shock-Induced Distortions in a Mach 3 Freestream

The effects of inlet distortions on a ramped cavity in a Mach 3 freestream were experimentally investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). A wall-mounted shock generator produced oblique shock waves, consistent with the inlet distortions expected from a vehicle forebody. Mean-flow results from three different shock impingement locations, as well as a baseline undistorted case, show that the location of the impinging shock wave has a profound effect on the height of the cavity shear layer, as well as the position of the primary recirculation. A statistical analysis of the flow directionality indicates that the cavity flowfield is predominantly unsteady when the shock generator is in the furthest upstream position, while the region of unsteady streamwise velocity is reduced when the shock wave impinges on the cavity. The displacement of the shear layer was amplified by the presence of the upstream distortion, exhibiting a broadband behavior over the cavity center. Finally, lower-order approximations of instantaneous images suggested that the mean velocity field is able to capture the salient features of the flow, despite the possible biasing effects of local flow reversal.
Variation in seed and seedling charactes of smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermisLeyss, in relation to environment

Soil type, seedling depth, soil moisture, nitrogen and seed lot all affected seedling stand and early vigor. The first two aspects caused significant variations only when other factors were limiting.
The Humiliation of King Mindon

At the Court of Ava, Prince Mindon deplored the loss of Burmese lives in the counter-attacks, and wanted to ask for terms from the British. He won support from some of the ministers and also from his fiery younger brother, the Prince of Kanaung, one of the senior commanders of the armies. The King ordered the arrest of his two younger brothers, who, however, managed to escape to Shwebo, the ancestral home of the Alaungpaya dynasty, a few days before Dalhousie’s proclamation of annexation of Pegu. The Hluttaw at the prompting of Magwe Mingyi, the senior minister, deposed Pagan Min and elected Mindon in his place. The Hluttaw also recalled all troops fighting the British. Mindon (1853–1878) returned to the capital and ascended the throne in early February. The first action of Mindon was to release all European prisoners, and he sent a deputation of these Europeans led by two Italian priests, members of the Roman Catholic mission at the Burmese capital, to contact the commander of the British expeditionary force and to tell him that the King was sending immediately a peace mission. The two priests met the British commander who informed them that the peace overtures were too late as, by a proclamation made at Rangoon on December 20, 1852, Pegu had been annexed by the British.
Bringing the Simple View of Reading to the clinic: Relationships between oral and written language skills in a clinical sample.

Abstract Purpose The Simple View of Reading (SVR) predicts subtypes of reading disorder based on weaknesses in word recognition, listening comprehension, or both. This practice-based research study explores predictions of the SVR within a clinical practice setting. Method The study is a retrospective analysis of 112 assessment records from school-aged children (aged 6.0–16.7) referred for speech-language evaluation. Available scores within four areas (listening comprehension, word recognition, reading comprehension, and oral expression) were extracted and then converted to composites. Composite scores were used to categorize children into SVR subtypes. We examined the distribution of children across subtypes and the relationships among the four constructs. Results Children were distributed across all SVR subtypes, but few had impairments only in word recognition. Children with impairments in listening comprehension or word recognition showed poorer reading comprehension than those that did not, but there was imperfect prediction of reading comprehension impairment at an individual level. There were more significant correlations among constructs for younger children. Oral expression and listening comprehension were closely related across analyses. Conclusions The SVR is a clinically useful model for capturing variation and explaining relationships among oral and written language in school-age children.
Learning and Problem Solving: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR GAGNÉ'S PAPER11The preparation of this discussion was facilitated by a grant from the National Science Foundation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses learning and problem solving. The science consists of continuous explorations of new and hitherto mysterious phenomena to render them familiar and understandable. One of the devices in common use is to relate the unexplained events to some process that is better understood. Although, in the more optimistic moments, it seems that some progress is evident, nevertheless the problem solving is still, largely, an engrossing mystery. The attempt to relate learning and problem solving seems such an eminently sensible thing to do, that it bears little discussion. The ultimate justification for reconciling problem solving with learning depends upon whether the research and theorizing it produces will make either process better understood. The behavioral differentiation does not mean that there need be an abrupt schism between the methodology of learning and of problem solving. To fully understand problem-solving behaviour, the discovery of new variables or new relationships among old variables is required.
Structural Analysis of a Rat Renal Kallikrein Gene

A renal kallikrein gene has been isolated, sequenced and characterized from a rat genomic library using a kallikrein cDNA probe. The kallikrein gene is 4160 bases in length and consists of 5 exons and 4 introns. The deduced sequence of the gene encodes an 18 amino acid (a.a.) signal peptide, a 6 a.a. propeptide and a 237 a.a. active enzyme with an N-terminal valine. A sequence comparison of this and tissue kallikrein (pancreatic kallikrein) indicates the key a.a. residues for serine protease activity (HIS-ASP-SER) and cleavage specificity at basic a.a. Northern blot analysis using a specific oligonucleotide probe reveals that this gene is expressed specifically in the kidney but not in the pancreas. This gene is also expressed non-specifically in the submandibular gland which expresses all kallikrein family genes. The expression of this kidney-specific kallikrein gene is regulated by steroid hormones.
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions

This chapter discusses the general questions of whether the problem has a solution, and if it does, whether there can be more than one solution. That is, it has to be known whether a solution exists, and if it does, whether the solution is unique. The proof of the existence of a solution involves the construction of a sequence of functions, which can be shown to converge to a solution of the problem. The functions of the sequence are sometimes called successive approximations. The study of the theory of systems of differential equations is facilitated by the use of vector notation. An n -dimensional vector function is a rule that associates with every number of an interval an n -dimensional vector.
Delayed Cognitive Abnormalities and Frontal Lobe Damage

The consequences of early frontal lobe damage, restricted to the polar and mesial portion of the left prefrontal cortex and deep white matter, on higher cognitive and psychologic development are reported in a 33-year-old woman who sustained injury at 7 years of age and was evaluated at the Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City.
Assessment of Hydrogeochemical Equilibrium in the Sulphurous Water - Rock Environment in the Solec-Zdrój Area☆

A hydrogeochemical study was completed in the south-eastern part of Poland on treatment waters. Waters occur in the region of city Solec-Zdroj. In brief, the hydrogeochemical characteristics of waters from boreholes (Szyb Solecki, Solec 2B, Solec II Karol, Dobrowoda, Welnin) and springs (Senislawice, Gadawa, Szczerbakow, Piestrzec) are summarized. Types of therapeutic waters available in this area include: Ca-SO4-HCO3,H2S, Na-Cl-SO4,H2S to Cl-Na,H2S. These waters are found in the Cretaceous and Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Hydrogeochemical equilibrium of water - rock interactions in this environment in the area of Solec-Zdroj was assessed using the PHREEQC program.
Lung nodule segmentation using deep learned prior based graph cut

We propose an automated framework for lung nodule segmentation from pulmonary CT scan using graph cut with a deep learned prior. The segmentation problem is formulated as a hybrid cost function minimization task, which combines a domain specific data term with a deep learned probability map. The proposed segmentation framework embodies the robustness of deep learning in object localization, while retaining the hallmark of traditional segmentation models in addressing the morphological intricacies of elaborate objects. The proposed solution offers more than 20% performance improvement over a contemporary data driven model, and also outperforms traditional graph cuts especially in situations where model initialization is slightly inaccurate.
A Measurement Preprocessing Approach for Target Tracking

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel tracking algorithm which explicitly employs the knowledge available about target motion and its trajectory. Received measurements are preprocessed and are provided to the Kalman filter for further processing. For the cluttered environment, weighted measurements are employed in the preprocessing algorithm. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm
Nutrition Education and Body Mass Index in Grades K-12: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND Overweight and obese body mass index (BMI) status affects an increasing number of children in the United States. The school setting has been identified as a focus area to implement obesity prevention programs. METHODS A database search of PubMed, Education Search Complete, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was conducted for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 pertaining to programs offered in the school setting to grades K-12 in the United States with a nutrition education component and measured BMI percentile or BMI z-score as an outcome. RESULTS Seven studies focused on elementary (K-5) populations and 2 studies focused on grades 6-8. Among the 9 identified studies, those with long-term (greater than 1 year) implementation showed more pronounced results with positive impact on reducing overweight/obese BMI measures. CONCLUSIONS This set of studies suggests that long-term nutrition education delivered in the school setting can provide children with tools to attain a healthy weight status. Additional studies examining participants' BMI status years after the initial study, and studies examining programs in grades 9-12 are needed to determine the most effective delivery time and methods.
Rifampin vs. rifapentine: what is the preferred rifamycin for tuberculosis?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: One-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.). Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can progress to tuberculosis disease, the leading cause of death by infection. Rifamycin antibiotics, like rifampin and rifapentine, have unique sterilizing activity against M.tb. What are the advantages of each for LTBI or tuberculosis treatment?Areas covered: We review studies assessing the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), drug interaction risk, safety, and efficacy of rifampin and rifapentine and provide basis for comparing them.Expert commentary: Rifampin has shorter half-life, higher MIC against M.tb, lower protein binding, and better distribution into cavitary contents than rifapentine. Drug interactions for the two drugs maybe similar in magnitude. For LTBI, rifapentine is effective as convenient, once-weekly, 12-week course of treatment. Rifampin is also effective for LTBI, but must be given daily for four months, therefore, drug interacti...
Towards A Framework for Mobile Behavior Change Research

Behavior change is one of the most important problems faced by people and researchers today. Behavioral researchers have begun adopting smartphones as data-collection tools in psychological and behavioral science because these devices can study people in their everyday life, objectively measure behavior (using mobile sensing), and implement interventions. From a literature review of recent research on mobile behavior change, we identify three design components: mobile sensing, user contexts, and digital nudges. Informed by these components, we designed three example mobile research applications and propose a solution-focused, conceptual framework for deploying behavior change studies using mobile phones. We discuss future directions for research in psychological and behavioral science as these fields embrace mobile technology.
CLEAR: Cumulative LEARning for One-Shot One-Class Image Recognition

This work addresses the novel problem of one-shot one-class classification. The goal is to estimate a classification decision boundary for a novel class based on a single image example. Our method exploits transfer learning to model the transformation from a representation of the input, extracted by a Convolutional Neural Network, to a classification decision boundary. We use a deep neural network to learn this transformation from a large labelled dataset of images and their associated class decision boundaries generated from ImageNet, and then apply the learned decision boundary to classify subsequent query images. We tested our approach on several benchmark datasets and significantly outperformed the baseline methods.