cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical Tips: Eye Movement Monitoring

ABSTRACT.Eye movement artifact can be monitored in many different ways. Placement of eye movement electrodes and montage construction are crucial factors in monitoring eye movements. The electroneurodiagnostic (END) technologist is responsible for verifying and proving without a doubt that a particular electrical activity is eye movement artifact. By knowing the advantages and disadvantages of different eye electrode placements, the END technologist can choose the best monitor placement for each situation.
REVEAL, A GENERAL REVERSE ENGINEERING ALGORITHM FOR INFERENCE OF GENETIC NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

Given the immanent gene expression mapping covering whole genomes during development, health and disease, we seek computational methods to maximize functional inference from such large data sets. Is it possible, in principle, to completely infer a complex regulatory network architecture from input/output patterns of its variables? We investigated this possibility using binary models of genetic networks. Trajectories, or state transition tables of Boolean nets, resemble time series of gene expression. By systematically analyzing the mutual information between input states and output states, one is able to infer the sets of input elements controlling each element or gene in the network. This process is unequivocal and exact for complete state transition tables. We implemented this REVerse Engineering ALgorithm (REVEAL) in a C program, and found the problem to be tractable within the conditions tested so far. For n = 50 (elements) and k = 3 (inputs per element), the analysis of incomplete state transition tables (100 state transition pairs out of a possible 10(exp 15)) reliably produced the original rule and wiring sets. While this study is limited to synchronous Boolean networks, the algorithm is generalizable to include multi-state models, essentially allowing direct application to realistic biological data sets. The ability to adequately solve the inverse problem may enable in-depth analysis of complex dynamic systems in biology and other fields.
Reaction of Methyl Iodide-Mercuric Iodide with Phenothiazines

Reaction of phenothiazine with methyl iodide in the presence of mercuric iodide did not yield a product with a methyl group attached to the sulfur atom. Instead, a quaternary ammonium salt was obtained. This paper is intended to provide correct information with supporting evidence for this raction.
Turbulent heating in the galactic diffuse ionized gas

The observed properties of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in our Galaxy are not easily reconcilable with simple photoionization models. This suggests that there are different or additional physical processes at work in the DIG. We have developed a model of the DIG whereby it is ionized by a relatively soft ionizing spectrum (T eff≤32, 000 K) and is also heated by an additional thermal mechanism: the dissipation of turbulence. This model predicts the same electron temperature, [N II] λ 6583/Hα ratio, [S II] λ 6716/Hα ratio and He I λ 5876/Hα ratio as observed in the DIG. Without the turbulent thermal heating term, this model will not reproduce the observed properties of the DIG. The dissipation of turbulence may also be important in other phases of the ISM.
FIBRIN IN THE ENDOMETRIAL STROMA: ITS RELATION TO UTERINE BLEEDING.

Abstract Fibrin in the endometrial stroma is found in a significant number of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. The relationship of endometrial fibrin to the pathogenesis of hemorrhage is not yet understood.
Synthesis of Boron–Nitrogen–Phosphorus Compounds from N -Silylphosphoranimines

Two modes of reactivity of N-silylphosphoranimines have been utilized to prepare the title compounds containing either B–N=P or Si–N=P–N–B linkages. First, silicon-nitrogen bond cleavage reactions of the N-silylphosphoranimines, Me3SiN=PMe(R)OCH2CF3 (1: R=Me, 2: R=Ph), with various chloroboranes gave the new N-borylphosphoranimines, Ph(Me2N)B–N=PMe2OCH2CF3 (2) and [(Me3Si)2N](Cl)B–N=PMe2OCH2CF3 (10). In other cases, however, the expected B–N=P products were unstable and cyclic phosphazenes [Me(R)P=N]3,4 were obtained. Second, deprotonation-substitution reactions of the aminophosphoranimines, Me3SiN=P(R)Me–N(R′)H, were used to prepare a series of novel (borylamino)-phosphoranimines, Me3SiN=P(R)(Me)–N(R′)–B(NMe2)2 (18: R=Me, R′=t-Bu; 19: R=R′=Me; 20: R=Ph, R′=t-Bu; 21: R=Ph, R′=Me) and Me3SiN=PMe2–N(t-Bu)–B(Ph)X (22: X=NMe2, 23: X=OCH2CF3). All of the new boron–nitrogen–phosphorus products were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 31P) spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos

Hirsch, Devaney, and Smale's classic "Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos" has been used by professors as the primary text for undergraduate and graduate level courses covering differential equations. It provides a theoretical approach to dynamical systems and chaos written for a diverse student population among the fields of mathematics, science, and engineering. Prominent experts provide everything students need to know about dynamical systems as students seek to develop sufficient mathematical skills to analyze the types of differential equations that arise in their area of study. The authors provide rigorous exercises and examples clearly and easily by slowly introducing linear systems of differential equations. Calculus is required as specialized advanced topics not usually found in elementary differential equations courses are included, such as exploring the world of discrete dynamical systems and describing chaotic systems. This is a classic text by three of the world's most prominent mathematicians. It continues the tradition of expository excellence. It contains updated material and expanded applications for use in applied studies.
Identification in models of biochemical reactions

We introduce, analyze, and implement a new method for parameter identification for system of ordinary differential equations that are used to model sets of biochemical reactions. Our method relies on the integral formulation of the ODE system and a method of linear least squares applied to the integral equations. Certain variants of this method are also introduced in this paper.
“I'm Just Glad That I'm Here”

Abstract This article reports the experiences of seven African-American HIV-affected grandmothers who participated in a qualitative study in Chicago, Illinois in 1996. Showcasing their stories highlights the existence and concerns of a population which is frequently overlooked. These respondents' attitudes about caregiving were mixed: they experienced it as a mixture of burden and honor. In the face of multiple stressors, these grandmothers demonstrated remarkable resilience, spirituality, and a commitment to kin. Even though the African-American grandmothers were heroic and dedicated, they may still need support from social service and health care systems. Grandparent caregiving in the HIV epidemic will likely increase, and practitioners and policy makers should be prepared to better address the needs of this growing population.
Daily associations among self-control, heavy episodic drinking, and relationship functioning: an examination of actor and partner effects.

An emerging literature suggests that temporary deficits in the ability to inhibit impulsive urges may be proximally associated with intimate partner aggression. The current study examined the experience of alcohol use and the depletion of self-control in the prediction of relationship functioning. Daily diary data collected from 118 heterosexual couples were analyzed using parallel multi-level Actor Partner Interdependence Models to assess the effects of heavy episodic drinking and depletion of self-control across partners on outcomes of participant-reported daily arguing with and anger toward an intimate partner. Heavy episodic drinking among actors predicted greater arguing but failed to interact with either actor or partner depletion. We also found that greater arguing was reported on days of high congruent actor and partner depletion. Both actor and partner depletion, as well as their interaction, predicted greater partner-specific anger. Greater partner-specific anger was generally reported on days of congruent actor and partner depletion, particularly on days of high partner depletion. The current results highlight the importance of independently assessing partner effects (i.e., depletion of self-control), which interact dynamically with disinhibiting actor effects, in the prediction of daily adverse relationship functioning. Results offer further support for the development of prospective individualized and couples-based interventions for partner conflict.
The Effects of the Use of Analogy on Attitude Change and Source Credibility

This study examined the effects of two types of analogy on attitude change and source credibility. Subjects were exposed to either a literal, figurative, or no-analogy message. Comparison of attitude change scores and terminal source credibility ratings by message condition indicated that both the literal and figurative versions produced greater attitude change than the no-analogy version. Differences in source credibility ratings were not attributable to the use of analogy. The authors discuss the need for further research in the area and present two tentative explanations of their findings.
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: Review of pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common pigmentary disorder that is distressing to patients, particularly those with skin of color, and can be very difficult to treat. Part of this difficulty arises from the dermal melanosis in addition to the epidermal hyperpigmentation. This article reviews the mechanisms that induce the hyperpigmentation including inflammatory mediators such as metabolites of arachidonic acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and how these may influence prevention and treatment strategies. Treating the inflammatory cause and sun protecting are crucial to effective therapy. Although common, few studies have been done focusing on prevention and treatment of this disease. Topical therapies are the mainstay of treatment for PIH, but have shown poor efficacy for the dermal hyperpigmentation component. Hydroquinone in combination with topical steroids, retinoids, glycolic acid, and lactic acid have been augmented with numerous emerging natural therapies such as kojic acid, arbutin, ascorbic acid, soy, and niacinamide. Although efficacious for hyperpigmentation, most of the natural therapies have not been studied specifically for PIH. Salicylic acid and glycolic acid chemical peels, as well as the quality-switched (QS) neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG), QS Ruby, 1550 nm erbium fiber fractional thermolysis, and 1927 nm fractional thulium fiber lasers have shown good efficacy for the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation.
Canonical Coin Changing and Greedy Solutions

A natural, and readily computable, first guess at a solution to the coin changing problem is the canonical solution. This solution is a special case of the greedy solution which is a reasonable heuristic guess for the knapsack problem. In this paper, efficient tests are given to determine whether all greedy solutions are optimal with respect to a given set of knapsack objects or coin types. These results improve or extend previous tests given in the literature. Both the incomplete and complete cases are considered.
Multiobjective Load Management Techniques for Electrified Transportation Systems

This paper develops a methodology for managing electric-train-loads through the adjustment of their trajectories in the 3-dimensional space of speed, time and distance. The management process involves reconciling two conflicting objectives-the total energy, W, and the total time, T, required to complete each journey. A multiobjective approach is used. For a given hardware configuration, the approach generates a continuous curve (the "noninferior surface") that represents the best posible tradeoffs between W and T. By staying on this curve one can achieve energy savings with the least possible increase in T, and vice versa.
A prospective study of the efficacy of B-scan sonography in the detection of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities

Between 1 July and 31 December, 1985, 53 patients, clinically suspected of having deep venous thrombosis (DVT), were prospectively studied by B-scan ultrasound prior to lower-limb venography. Criteria for a positive ultrasound examination included visualization of frank clot, failure of the vein to collapse with compression, and absence of normal phasic flow with pulse Doppler sampling. All (100%) of the contrast venograms were considered of diagnostic quality. Fifty of the 53 ultrasound examinations (94%) were considered diagnostic. Of the 50 patients having venous ultrasound of diagnostic quality, contrast venography was positive in 25 and negative in 25 for DVT. Venous ultrasound was correct in 46 patients, for an accuracy of 92% (46/50). Sensitivity was 88% (22/25), specificity was 96% (24/25), the positive predictive value was 96% (22/23), and the negative predictive value was 89% (24/27). The single most useful sign of thrombosis in ultrasound examinations was the failure of the involved vein to collapse with compression. Venous ultrasound appears to be highly accurate in the detection of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.
Lexical Development in Bilingual Infants and Toddlers: Comparison to Monolingual Norms

This study compares lexical development in a sample of 25 simultaneous bilingual and 35 monolingual children for whom semilongitudinal data were collected between the ages of 8 and 30 months. A standardized parent report form, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (1989), was used to assess the children's receptive and productive vocabulary in English and/or Spanish. A methodology was devised to assess the degree of overlap between the bilingual children's lexical knowledge in one language and their knowledge in the other. Using the measures presented here, there was no statistical basis for concluding that the bilingual children were slower to develop early vocabulary than was the monolingual comparison group. The wide range of vocabulary sizes observed at these ages in normally developing children (Fenson et al., 1991) was observed in these bilingual children as well. The close correspondence of the pattern of the bilinguals' growth in two languages at once to monolinguals' growth in one suggests that norms for lexical development in bilinguals should be made with reference to the children's performance in two languages together.
Micro device design and fabrication for the experimental investigation of jet impingement on an array of micro pin fins

This work presents the design, fabrication, and demonstration of micro devices for the experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of jets impinging on an array of micro pin fins for high heat flux microelectronics and photonics cooling applications. The micro devices, fabricated using MEMS fabrication techniques, consist of an array of radially spaced micro pin fins with diameters ranging from 50 µm–125 µm, height of 230 µm, pitch of 250 µm, and a base area of 2 × 2 mm2. The micro pin fins are of different geometries, namely circular, elliptical, hydrofoil, square, and rectangular. Single-phase and boiling heat transfer experiments were carried out using refrigerant R134a. Enhancement of both the single-phase and the two-phase heat transfer coefficients were observed. Due to the presence of the micro pin fins, the boiling heat transfer was characterized by the suppression of boiling hysteresis. With a better heater design, the proposed micro device is an excellent platform for studying jet impingement heat transfer on micro pin fins.
Categories and Levels of Reality

The discussion of the relation of levels of reality to categories is important because categories have often been interpreted as constituting levels of reality. This article explores whether this view is correct, and argues it is not. Categories as such should not be understood to constitute levels of reality, although particular categories may. The article begins with a discussion of levels of reality and then turns to specific questions about categories and how they are related to these levels.
Central neural production of periodic respiratory movements

Abstract Over 80 scientists gathered at Lake Bluff, Illinois, U.S.A., on 14–18 April 1982 to discuss the most recent developments covering the neural generation of periodic respiratory movements in mammals 5 . The past 20 years have seen a marked expansion of knowledge in this field. Application of a variety of techniques including intracellular recording to study post-synaptic properties of cells; staining of single cells to investigate anatomical properties; cross-correlation analysis, spike-triggered averaging, and microstimulation to investigate connectivity are now all used routinely to investigate questions in this field. The use of these approaches was quite evident in many of the presentations at the meeting.
Automated Classification of Beaked Whales and Other Small Odontocetes in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas

Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events. Beaked whales have been the predominant species involved in a number of these strandings. Monitoring and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals are active areas of research. Key to both monitoring and mitigation is the ability to automatically detect and classify the animals, especially beaked whales. This paper presents a novel support vector machine based methodology for automated species level classification of small odontocetes. To date, the algorithm presented has been trained to differentiate the click vocalizations of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from the clicks produced by delphinids and from man-made sounds. The automated classification capability compliments the detection and tracking tools already developed through ONR funding for the monitoring and localization of whales at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center, Andros Island, Bahamas.
A method for growing stationary plant suspension cell cultures

Stationary culture of plant cell suspensions has been achieved. Slurries, produced when small amounts of agar (0.1–0.4%) were added to culture media, were used to suspend plant cells. Growth proceeded more slowly than in standard shake culture, but cells remained viable for months of culture. This method of growing plant cells in stationary culture should be useful for general applications including long-term cell culture, shipment of cultures, and physiological, molecular biological, and pathological studies.
Positive Effects in Detecting Lies from Training to Recognize Behavioral Anomalies

We examined whether training in both the verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying would have positive effects on Law Enforcement Officers’ (LEOs) ability to evaluate truths from lies. College course-level training on empirically validated verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying was provided to mid- to advanced-career level LEOs, whose accuracy in detecting lies from truths was assessed pre- and post-training using truthful and deceptive videos of mock crimes and opinions. A marginally significant truth bias existed at pre-test; training, however, resulted in a significant improvement in accuracy rates for both truth and lie videos, and the truth bias that existed at pre-test was eliminated. Additional analyses indicated that accuracy rates improved for videos of mock crimes but not for opinions. These findings add to a small but growing literature that indicates that training on validated verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying has positive benefits.
Endocrinology: some growing pains.

Since Endocrinology is universally recognized as a prestigious and flourishing journal and shifts to a new Editor-in-Chief every fifth year, it would be a mistake to assume that these two circumstances have always existed. When I came aboard in 1952 at the invitation of Warren Nelson on behalf of the Society the fortunes of Endocrinology were at a low ebb. Gaps between the mailing of two or even three issues at one time ranged up to 6 months. The Publisher, C C Thomas, was threatening to pull out and many leading investigators were seeking other outlets for their important papers. As to term of service, Roy Hoskins, the first editor, served 25 yr, E. B. Astwood 2, Ed Dempsey 7, and myself 10. Whatever low points may be noted in the 75-yr history of this journal none can compare with its neonatal period when Hoskins had to pad the pages of what was then a quarterly with book reviews, abstracts from the world's literature, and Society news.
Residential mobility during pregnancy for mothers of infants with or without congenital cardiac anomalies: a reprint.

Maternal residence at time of delivery is sometimes used as a proxy for residence during early pregnancy to estimate environmental exposures. Residential addresses during time of conception through...
Low Total Lymphocyte Count Is Associated with Poor Survival in Patients with Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Receiving a GM-CSF Secreting Pancreatic Tumor Vaccine

Background Low total lymphocyte count (TLC) and lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio have been found to be poor prognostic indicators in several different tumor types at various stages. Although immune-based therapies are under rapid development, it is not known whether baseline complete blood counts, particularly lymphocytes, are associated with the clinical outcomes of patients receiving immunotherapies.
Isoprene production by Prochlorococcus, a marine cyanobacterium, and other phytoplankton

Abstract The oceans are a small source of light (C2–C6) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), which influence the photo-oxidant chemistry of the remote marine atmosphere. Previous work has shown that water column sources of alkenes include photochemical processes, and that various phytoplankton species can produce isoprene. However, only a few phytoplankton species have been studied, and no assessment has been performed of the effects of other pelagic microorganisms on NMHC cycling. The dependence of phytoplanktonic isoprene production on light, temperature, and organism size has also not been investigated. In this work, laboratory cultures of five different marine phytoplankton species (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, Micromonas pusilla, Pelagomonas calceolata, and Emiliania huxleyi) were examined for NMHC production capabilities. All species were found to produce isoprene at constant rates during the balanced exponential growth phase; rates ranged from 1×10−21 to 4×10−19 mol cell−1 day−1 over all cell species and growth conditions tested. No other NMHC was consistently produced or consumed by these cells. The presence of heterotrophic bacteria in phytoplankton cultures had no effect on isoprene production rates per phytoplankton cell. A positive allometric relationship was observed between isoprene production rate and cell volume; highest production rates were found for the largest cell, E. huxleyi, and lowest rates for Prochlorococcus, the smallest cell. Isoprene production was a function of light intensity and temperature in Prochlorococcus, with patterns that were similar to those between growth rate and these environmental variables. The maximum production with light intensity occurred in the photoinhibited regime, and the maximum with temperature was at the maximum of growth rate for this species, near 23 °C. Nanoflagellate grazing by Cafeteria roenbergensis on, and phage infection of, Prochlorococcus controlled total isoprene produced in the flask by controlling cell abundances. Phage infection also decreased the isoprene production rate per cell during latent period of infection as compared to healthy cells. With certain assumptions, combining the measured laboratory isoprene production rates with observed water column phytoplankton abundances resulted in a maximum estimated sea-to-air flux of isoprene that was on the same order of magnitude as previously reported values determined using in situ measured seawater and atmospheric measurements.
Calpain and caspase proteolytic markers co-localize with rat cortical neurons after exposure to methamphetamine and MDMA

Abuse of the club drugs Methamphetamine (Meth) and Ecstasy (MDMA) is an international problem. The seriousness of this problem is the result of what appears to be programmed cell death (PCD) occurring within the brain following their use. This follow up study focused on determining which cell types, neurons and/or glial cells, were affected in the brains of drug-injected rats. Two proteolytic enzyme families involved in PCD, calpains and caspases, were previously shown to be activated and to degrade the brain cytoskeletal associated protein alphaII-spectrin. Using methods employed and confirmed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, rat brain tissues were examined, 24 and 48 h after Meth and MDMA exposure, for the activation of calpain-1 and caspase-3, and their subsequent alphaII-spectrin cleavage breakdown products (SBDPs), SBDP145, and SBDP120, respectively. Based upon our previous studies we know that activated calpain-1 and caspase-3 were up-regulated after drug use as were the levels of their cleaved SBDPs, SBDP145, and SBDP120, respectively, which is indicative of PCD. Here we show that activated calpain-1 and caspase-3 increases could be localized to neurons in the cortex where the products of their cleaved targets were found to be concentrated, particularly, to the axonal regions. These findings support the hypothesis that calpains and caspases mediate PCD in cortical neurons following club drug abuse and, more importantly, appear to contribute to the neuropathology suffered by abusers.
A taste of ‘modernity’: Working in a western restaurant in market socialist China

What does working in a western restaurant mean to people in urban China? This article, based on ethnographic research at three western food places in the northeastern Chinese city of Harbin, argues that for Harbiners at the turn of the century, working in western restaurants was meaningful for two reasons. First, these workplaces were seen as connected to the global capitalist economy and the world of cosmopolitan consumerism, in contrast to the local, provincial, and backward. Second, these workplaces were seen as distinct, and indeed oppositional, to state socialist workplaces and to the socialist understanding of work where individual contribution was rewarded by state paternalism. People who worked in western food restaurants understood work through the concept of development – people should develop themselves by acquiring skills and experiences through work. In other words, for those who worked in western food places, jobs were something to be ‘consumed’ like courses in a self-designed training progr...
A 'shock-ing' endoscopic finding on esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Black esophagus is a rare clinical entity, first described in 1990 by Goldenberg et al ,1 the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood,2 but is believed to arise as a result of ischaemic insult seen in haemodynamic compromise and low-flow states, corrosive injury from gastric contents in the setting of esophagogastroparesis and gastric outlet obstruction, and decreased function of mucosal barrier systems and reparative mechanisms present in malnourished and debilitated physical states. We present a case of 55-year-old woman with stage-IV metastatic lung adenocarcinoma on tarceva (erlotinib) who was admitted with coffee-ground emesis, sepsis and multiorgan failure. She was on …
Secular trends in cranial morphological traits: a socioeconomic perspective of change and sexual dimorphism in North Americans 1849–1960

AbstractBackground: The human body has undergone significant changes in stature and other areas, which reflect secular trends associated with socioeconomics.Aim: To analyse cranial morphological traits for deciphering if they are subject to secular trends.Subjects and methods: Two documented skeletal collections were sampled for a total of 525 individuals from 1849–1960. Cranial morphological traits were scored and input into time series statistics (logistic regression).Results: In females, nuchal crests have enlarged, while glabella has decreased. In males, supraorbital margins have dulled, while glabella decreased. Sexual dimorphism increased in supraorbital margins.Conclusion: The patterns in the data here reflect those found in other areas of the skeleton, namely height, as regards to secular trends. These findings can be extended to stature and cranial changes that parallel socioeconomic trends during the Industrial Revolution, antebellum period and after.
Transient Growth of Damped Baroclinic Waves

A solution of the linear initial value problem for the model of Eady with the inclusion of Ekman damping is presented. This model exhibits large transient growth of perturbations for synoptic cyclone spatial scales and a realistic value of the vertical turbulent viscosity coefficient despite the fact that all normal modes are exponentially decaying. Similar results are found for the model of Charney, implying that exponential instability cannot, in general, serve to explain the occurrence of cyclone scale disturbances in midlatiudes. Rather these are seen to arise additionally and perhaps predominantly from the release of mean flow potential energy by favorably configured initial perturbations. The Petterssen criterion for midlatitude cyclogenesis results naturally from this development as does its extension to the formation of subtropical monsoon depressions. Implications for the maintenance of midlatitude temperature gradients are discussed.
Bamboo coral Ba/Ca: Calibration of a new deep ocean refractory nutrient proxy

Abstract It is poorly understood how intermediate water masses are affected by decadal scale climate via biogeochemical cycling, export production, and changes in circulation/ventilation. To this end, a geochemical nutrient proxy from deep-sea bamboo corals would provide decadal to centennial scale records of deep and intermediate-water nutrient dynamics. Seawater barium (BaSW) has a nutrient-like distribution in the water-column (similar to silicate), so Ba/Ca records in foraminifera, shallow water surface corals, and other deep-sea corals have been used to trace refractory nutrients. Here we present the first calibration of a nutrient proxy from skeletal barium preserved in the calcitic internodes of deep-sea bamboo corals, collected from intermediate water depths. A calibration was calculated from a broadly distributed suite of Isidella and Keratoisis corals spanning a silicate and BaSW gradient (n = 33 corals; 300–2800 m): Ba / Ca b a m b o o c o r a l μmol/mol = 0.079 ± 0.008 ∗ Ba SW nmol/kg + 4.205 ± 0.870 r 2 = 0.77 ; n = 33 The strong linear correlation between Ba/Cabamboo coral and BaSW suggests that coral Ba/Ca is a reliable recorder of seawater barium (and, therefore, silicate). We find a distribution coefficient (DBa) for Ba/Cabamboo coral of 1.3 ± 0.2, similar to that of other corals (surface and deep-sea dwelling) and inorganic calcium carbonate precipitation experiments (DBa = 1.2–1.5). This suggests that Ba incorporation is primarily driven by cationic substitution in bamboo corals and holds promise as a globally applicable refractory nutrient proxy. We find interannual–decadal scale variability in a Ba/Cabamboo coral timeseries from a California Margin coral (San Juan Seamount; 1295 m). These data suggest that additional high-resolution Ba/Cabamboo coral records may reveal a connection between regional-scale intermediate water biogeochemistry and low-latitude surface ocean/atmospheric climate.
How not to Privatise

The outright gift of shares in formerly state-owned industries would both deprive government of revenue with which it could cut taxes and delude new shareholders that their acquisitions do not entail risk os well as the prospect of profit, argues Anthony Sampson, Lecturer in Economics at Sheffield University.
Making Connections in Introductory Political Science

Historically, political science has been plagued by disagreements over the purposes it serves, the basic questions it should be addressing, and the methods of analysis by which we gain knowledge of politics.1 These quarrels have affected the political sci ence curriculum, especially Introduc tion to Political Science. One result is that the course is not even offered at some American colleges and universi ties. Based on nationwide surveys, John Wahlke (1992,1) reports that only 60 percent of four-year institutions of fer it. In contrast, Introduction to American Government is a required course at 80 percent of these schools. Furthermore, one finds very little uniformity among the introductory po litical science courses that are taught. In this course, students should learn about the basic nature of political sci ence and the connections between the sub-divisions of the field. Instead, we find a wide array of different ap proaches, including the "great issues" of politics, "classics" of political sci ence, comparative political systems (generally confined to Europe), and in troduction to empirical analysis. Al though courses of this nature are valu
Tunneling spectroscopy of an electron waveguide.

On an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure, we have implemented a unique ``leaky'' electron waveguide with a thin tunneling barrier as one of its confining boundaries. The current flowing through the waveguide as well as the 1D to 2D tunneling current leaking out the thin side barrier were independently measured as the electron density in the waveguide was modulated. The tunneling current shows very strong oscillations lined up with the 2${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/h conductance steps for the waveguide current. A proposed explanation is that the oscillations are a result of the 1D density of states sweeping through the Fermi level.
High frequency percussive ventilation and low FiO2

Abstract Background High-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) is an effective rescue therapy in ventilated patients with acute lung injury. High levels of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) are toxic to the lungs. The objective of this study was to review a low FiO 2 (0.25)/HFPV protocol as a protective strategy in burn patients receiving mechanical ventilation greater than 10 days. Methods A single-center, retrospective study in burn patients between December 2002 and May 2005 at the LAC + USC Burn Center. Demographic and physiologic data were recorded from time of admission to extubation, 4 weeks, or death. Results 32 subjects were included in this study, 1 patient failed the protocol. 23 of 32 (72%) patients were men and mean age was 46 ± 15 years. Average TBSA burn was 30 ± 20 with 9 of 32 (28%) having >40% TBSA involved. Average burn index was 76 ± 21. 22 of 32 (69%) had inhalation injury and 23 of 32 (72%) had significant comorbidities. Average ventilator parameters included ventilator days 24 ± 12, FiO 2 0.28 ± 0.03, PaO 2 107 ± 15 Torr, PaCO 2 42 ± 4 Torr, and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio 395 ± 69. 16 of 32 (50%) patients developed pneumonia and 9 of 32 (28%) died. No patient developed ARDS, barotrauma, or died from respiratory failure. There was no association between inhalation injury and mortality in this group of patients. Conclusion A low FiO 2 /HFPV protocol is a safe and effective way to ventilate critically ill burn patients. Reducing the oxidative stress of high inspired oxygen levels may improve outcome.
Stimulation of glucose oxidation by liver homogenates with hexose 6-phosphates.

Abstract Liver homogenates incubated with labeled glucose yield increasing values of 14CO2 as the concentration either of D -glucose 6-phosphate, 2-deoxy- D -glucose 6-phosphate, or D -glucosamine 6-phosphate is increased. The maximal stimulation of 14CO2 production with increasing hexose phosphate concentration comes from systems with added NADP+; added NAD+ does not significantly change values of expired 14CO2 relative to the controls, while added ATP caused dilution in the CO2 labeling. 2-Deoxy-glucose 6-phosphate was the most effective of the hexose phosphates stimulating 14CO2 production, followed by glucosamine 6-phosphate. The former was found to stimulate the production of an unidentified lactone, which, however, was not 6-phosphogluconolactone. 6-Phosphogluconate caused some 14CO2 increase, but this was less than that due to glucose 6-phosphate. None of the non-phosphorylated compounds tested, such as 2-deoxy- D -glucose, causes the stimulation of 14CO2 production, nor does inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate. D -Gluconate addition results in a slight dilution of the CO2 labeling. Time studies on the rate of 14CO2 production indicate that the phosphate esters themselves are the cause of the increased 14 CO2 values. [I-14C]glucose, when used as substrate, gives about twice the value of expired 14CO2 relative to control as [6-14C]glucose in the presence of increasing concentrations of of glucose 6-phosphate, glucosamine 6-phosphate, or 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. The stimulation of 14CO2 production by 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate in the presence of NADP+ was also found using kidney homogenates. Stimulation was not observed using homogenates prepared from heart, spleen or brain. The enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase (β- D -glucose:NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC i.i.i. 47), has been found in kidney and, previously, in hepatic microsomes. No glucose dehydrogenase activity could be demonstrated in preparations from brain, spleen and heart. The results obtained are the opposite to those predicted on the basis of isotopic dilution by a metabolic intermediate, in addition to those predicted by enzyme inhibition caused by the phosphate esters employed in these experiments. This suggests the involvement of a pathway of glucose oxidation which does not involve glucose 6-phosphate as an intermediate. This pathway, under the conditions employed, is stimulated by NADP+ and certain hexose phosphates and inhibited by ATP.
John C. P. Williams of Williams-Beuren syndrome

John C.P. Williams of New Zealand, whose name is associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome, spent his known professional career primarily in cardiovascular research. His disappearance in the mid-1970s and his later life remain a mystery.
Significance of fever in hospital employees.

Abstract Hospital employees are exposed to a variety of occupationally related hazards that can be categorized as infectious or noninfectious. Lost work time often results from these problems. Infection control practitioners receive many telephone calls of inquiry about these employees in terms of their transmissible infections. Little has been written concerning fever in the employee health setting. To determine the frequency of febrile illness in hospital employees, we conducted a prospective study of the employee health service from January to December 1987. Winthrop-University Hospital is a 533-bed community teaching hospital with approximately 2400 employees. During 1987, 2974 visits were made to the employee health service. Of these, 879 (30%) were for occupationally related illness or injury. Oral temperatures of ≥100° F were noted in 25 (2.8%) of the 879 visits. Fever occurred predominantly in employees with infections. Upper respiratory tract infection accounted for 268 of 544 (49%) visits for infection. In addition, 11 of 22 (50%) febrile episodes were related to upper respiratory tract infections. A total of 963 work days were lost because of illness or injury. Of these, 743 (77%) were related to an infectious illness; 67 sick days (7%) were attributed to infections with a febrile response. We conclude that fever is uncommon in our employee health care population and that upper respiratory tract infections were the single most common cause of fever. When an employee had a febrile illness, the lost work time was 9% of the the total time lost because of infection.
On the hydrogen lubrication mechanism(s) of DLC films: An imaging TOF-SIMS study

Abstract In this study, we explored the effect of hydrogen on sliding friction and wear behavior of a hydrogen-free DLC film in dry nitrogen. More specifically, we subjected this film to a very brief (~ 3 min) hydrogen plasma treatment in a sputter ion plating system to determine if the friction and wear behavior would change. All tests were performed in dry nitrogen using a pin-on-disk machine under a 0.5 N load and at 0.1 m/s sliding velocity. The friction coefficient of as-deposited DLC film was high and unsteady (varying between 0.1 and 0.8) and it could only last for a sliding distance of ~ 12 m. However, after the hydrogen plasma treatment, the same film was able to provide a friction coefficient of less than 0.01 and lasted for a sliding distance of more than 450 m. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was used to elucidate the nature and extent of the chemical changes that occurred during hydrogen plasma treatment. 2- and 3-D TOF-SIMS images of such surfaces revealed the formation of a hydrogen-rich top surface layer during the hydrogen-plasma treatment. Based on the combined results of tribological and surface analytical studies, we provided a mechanistic explanation for the very critical role of hydrogen on friction and wear of DLC films.
Nonlocal advection equations

Nonlocal problems are largely ignored in graduate and undergraduate texts on partial differential equations. Yet, nonlocal advection equations are important in many applications, and their solution provides an excellent illustration of the method of characteristics and how careful one must be to apply it.
522 QUANTITATIVE FECAL ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN TO MEASURE GASTROINTESTINAL PROTEIN LOSS

Excessive protein loss through the gastrointestinal tract is difficult to diagnose and quantitate because of the nonavailability of radiolabelled proteins and the disadvantages of their administration to children. Alpha-l-antitrypsin (α1AT) is an endogenous protein which is resistant to proteolytic digestion in the intestine, not found in the diet and as suggested by others should reflect plasma protein loss into the GI tract. We investigated its usefulness by measuring the fecal α1AT concentration in 24 patients with no malabsorption, 12 patients with cystic fibrosis (high fecal nitrogen), 10 patients with fat malabsorption only and 3 patients with protein-losing enteropathies. Stool aliquots were taken from 48-72 hour homogenized stool collections which had been evaluated for fecal fat. Five lambda samples were directly applied to and quantitated by radial immunodiffusion plates specific for anti-human αlAT (Boehringer-Mannheim). “Normal” daily αlAT loss expressed in mg/kg body wt/day was 1.70 ± 1.32 with similar values for cystic fibrosis (0.99 ± 0.68, p>0.05) and isolated fat malabsorption (1.51 ± 1.03, p>0.05). The α1AT loss for the 3 patients with protein-losing enteropathies (two with lymphangectasia, one undiagnosed) varied from 4.4-48 mg/kg per day and correlated with clinical criteria for protein loss. Conclusion: Fecal α1AT quantitation may be specific for measuring protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract.
Fault-Tolerant Operation of Delta-Connected Scalar- and Vector-Controlled AC Motor Drives

Operation and analysis of delta-connected ac motor-drive systems under fault-tolerant open-phase mode of operation is introduced in this paper for both scalar- and vector-controlled motor-drive systems. This technique enables the operation of the three-phase motor upon a failure in one of its phases without the need of a special fault-detection algorithm. It is mainly used to significantly mitigate torque pulsations, which are caused by an open-delta configuration in the stator windings. The performance of the fault-tolerant system was verified using a detailed time stepping finite element simulation as well experimental tests for a 5-hp 460-V induction motor-drive system and the results are presented in this paper This paper also compares the operation of this fault-tolerant mode of operation for the cases of scalar-controlled and closed-loop vector-controlled motor-drive systems.
Increased musculoskeletal stiffness during load carriage at increasing walking speeds maintains constant vertical excursion of the body center of mass.

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine changes in body and joint stiffness parameters and kinematics of the knee and body center of mass (COM), that result from wearing a backpack (BP) with a 40% body weight load at increasing speeds of walking. It was hypothesized that there would be speed and load-related increases in stiffness that would prevent significant deviations in the COM trajectory and in lower-extremity joint angles. Three independent biomechanical models employing kinematic data were used to estimate global lower-extremity stiffness, vertical stiffness and knee joint rotational stiffness in the sagittal plane during walking on a treadmill at speeds of 0.6–1.6 m s−1 in 0.2 m s−1 increments in BP and no backpack conditions. Kinematic data were collected using an Optotrak, three-dimensional motion analysis system. Knee angles and vertical excursion of the COM during the compression (loading phase) increased as a function of speed but not load. All three estimates of stiffness showed significant increases as a function of both speed and load. Significant interaction effects indicated a convergence of load-related stiffness values at lower speeds. Results suggested that increases in muscle-mediated stiffness are used to maintain a constant vertical excursion of the COM under load across the speeds tested, and thereby limit increases in metabolic cost that would occur if the COM would travel through greater vertical range of motion.
Irrigation and debridement in the management of prosthetic joint infection: traditional indications revisited

Irrigation and debridement (I and D) is a procedure commonly used for the treatment of acute periprosthetic infection. This study retrospectively reviewed clinical records of patients with periprosthetic infection of the hip or knee who underwent I and D with retention of their prostheses between 1997 and 2005 at a single institution. One hundred four patients (44 males and 60 females) were identified. Mean age at time of initial debridement was 65 years. Average follow-up was 5.7 years. Treatment failure was defined as the need for resection arthroplasty or recurrent microbiologically proven infection. According to these criteria, I and D was successful in 46 patients (44%). Patients with staphylococcal infection, elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and purulence around the prosthesis were more likely to fail. The high failure rate of this procedure implies that it should be preferably limited to select healthy patients with low virulence organisms and equivocal intraoperative findings.
“This Is Not a Biodiversity Hotspot”: The Power of Maps and Other Images in the Environmental Sciences

Maps and images have power; they are neither neutral nor unproblematic with respect to issues of representation. Representation is not reality; to conflate the two is to risk naturalizing the assumptions silently embedded within these images. This article begins by reviewing the literature that explores the uneasy relationship between maps and the reality they are said to represent, with particular focus placed on those works examining maps within the environmental sciences. From here, attention turns to critically examining a conservation image familiar to many: a map of earth's biodiversity “hotspots.” This analysis is not to argue that such spaces do not exist. Rather, it is to emphasize how, as representations of biodiversity, they provide only a partial view of the world. The article concludes by arguing for greater transparency in the production of such images: a move that will, in turn, make us all more critical consumers of these artifacts.