cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient International Environmental Agreements for Correlated Transnational Pollutants in the Presence of Free Trade of Goods and International Transfers

Efficient International Environmental Agreements for Correlated Transnational Pollutants in the Presence of Free Trade of Goods and International Transfers
Promises, promises: Computer-assisted revision and basic writers

Abstract In general, promises that computer technology would assist students, particularly basic writers, in the process of composition have yet to be fully realized. At the very least, computer use adds an additional level of complexity to an already complex process, leading students to focus on the technology itself and not on their writing. More significantly, the online writing environment is marked by certain paradoxical tendencies that can lead basic writers to focus on the instrumental nature of language and technology, causing them to literalize rhetorical relationships, to construe writing as performance, and to see revision as error correction. A review of the results of a one-credit computer lab course instituted to explore computer use as an aid in the process of composition reveals the significant difficulties basic writers lacking in computer skills face in a technocentric environment.
An improved cubic Petrov-Galerkin method for simulation of transient advection-diffusion processes in rectangularly decomposable domains

Abstract A modified cubic Petrov-Galerkin method for solution of multidimensional unsteady advection-diffusion problems is proposed. The method is based on a weighted residual formulation in which the trial space is piecewise linear and the test space is a special piecewise cubic space. The test functions are formed by adding a symmetric cubic perturbation to the piecewise linear basis functions. A frequency-fitting algorithm is used to determine the appropriate magnitude of the cubic perturbation. With this frequency fitted parameter, the method is shown to be superior to standard Galerkin and Petrov-Galerkin methods. Both one- and two-dimensional numerical results are presented. The two-dimensional results are for a rotating flow field and demonstrate that the method performs very well in nonconstant velocity fields. The numerical results demonstrate that the accuracy of the cubic Petrov-Galerkin method is comparable to that of a quadratic basis function Galerkin method, with less than half the computational effort.
Do Heliconius butterfly species exchange mimicry alleles

Hybridization has the potential to transfer beneficial alleles across species boundaries, and there are a growing number of examples in which this has apparently occurred. Recent studies suggest that Heliconius butterflies have transferred wing pattern mimicry alleles between species via hybridization, but ancestral polymorphism could also produce a signature of shared ancestry around mimicry genes. To distinguish between these alternative hypotheses, we measured DNA sequence divergence around putatively introgressed mimicry loci and compared this with the rest of the genome. Our results reveal that putatively introgressed regions show strongly reduced sequence divergence between co-mimetic species, suggesting that their divergence times are younger than the rest of the genome. This is consistent with introgression and not ancestral variation. We further show that this signature of introgression occurs at sites throughout the genome, not just around mimicry genes.
Reverse Osmosis Filter Use and High Arsenic Levels in Private Well Water

Inorganic arsenic causes cancer, and millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated water. Regulatory standards for arsenic levels in drinking water generally do not apply to private domestic wells. Reverse osmosis (RO) units commonly are used by well own- ers to reduce arsenic concentrations, but may not always be effective. In a survey of 102 homes in Nevada, 19 used RO devices. Pre- and post-RO filtration arsenic concentrations averaged 443 � g/l and 87 � g/l, respectively. The average absolute and percent reductions in arsenic concentrations after filtration were 356 � g/l and 79%, respectively. Postfiltration concentrations were higher than 10 � g/l in 10 homes and higher than 100 � g/l in 4 homes. These findings provide evidence that RO filters do not guarantee safe drinking water and, despite regulatory standards, some people contin- ue to be exposed to very high arsenic concentrations.
Indirectly estimated adaptive detectors for code-division multiple-access signals

This paper presents the development of indirectly estimated adaptive (IDEA) detectors for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) signals in wireless communication systems. Multiuser CDMA detection is formulated as an inverse problem in the presence of noise, and the estimation of the detector parameters is accomplished using elements of regularization theory. The development of autonomous CDMA detectors that are capable of adjusting to the channel characteristics with the support of training sequences relies on data-dependent procedures designed to reduce the effect of noise and interfering users on the performance of the detector. The detector parameters can be computed by adaptive algorithms that require no matrix inversion. The proposed IDEA detector is evaluated and compared with existing multiuser CDMA detectors in terms of their robustness to noise, resistance to the near-far problem, and ability to handle multipath signals.
Meeting the Need for State‐Level Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage: Use of State and Federal Survey Data

Objective Critically review estimates of health insurance coverage available from different sources, including the federal government, state survey initiatives, and foundation-sponsored surveys for use in state policy research.
gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase-catalysed acyl-transfer to the added acceptor does not proceed via the ping-pong mechanism.

Acyl-transfer catalysed by gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from bovine kidney was studied using gamma-L- and gamma-D-Glu-p-nitroanilide as the donor and GlyGly as the acceptor. The transfer of the gamma-Glu group to GlyGly was shown to be accompanied by transfer of the gamma-Glu group to water (hydrolysis). The results were compared with acyl-transfer catalysed by the representative serine protease, alpha-chymotrypsin. The main difference between the kinetic mechanism of the acyl-transfer reactions catalysed by these enzymes, which contain an active-site serine and form an acyl-enzyme intermediate but belong to different enzyme classes, was found to consist in the role of the enzyme-donor-acceptor complex. This complex is not formed at any acceptor concentrations in the acyl-transfer reactions catalysed by the serine proteases. In contrast, in the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-catalysed acyl-transfer the pathway going through the ternary enzyme-donor-acceptor complex formed from the enzyme-acceptor complex becomes the main pathway of the transfer reaction even at moderate acceptor concentrations. As a result, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase catalysis follows a sequential mechanism with random equilibrium addition of the substrates and ordered release of the products. The second distinction concerns the inhibitory effect of the acceptor. In the case of alpha-chymotrypsin this was the result of true inhibition, i.e. a dead-end formation of the enzyme-acceptor complex. A salt effect caused by the acceptor was the rationale of a similar effect observed in acyl-transfer catalysed by gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.
Teaching Community Survival Skills To Mentally Retarded Adults: A Review and Analysis:

A revolution in providing residential alternatives for mentally retarded (MR) individuals has made in vivo training a part of the deinstitutionalization process. The literature indicates that institutional teaching programs may not be as effective as in vivo community training. MR adults can acquire a variety of community survival skills — the skills curriculum developers must address when they devise new and innovative community integration experiences. This paper reviews the training procedures and results of studies in 10 community survival skills: travel, money management, meal preparation, clothing and personal care, telephone use, housekeeping, self-medication, leisure, social skills, and conversation. Several suggestions are made for future research into training MR citizens for community living.
Adaptive suppression of periodic disturbances in MIMO linear systems

Suppression of unknown periodic disturbances with time-varying characteristics has many industrial applications. The purpose of this paper is to propose a robust adaptive control scheme to suppress noise-corrupted disturbances with unknown and possibly time-varying characteristics in multi-input multi-output LTI systems. First, by considering the ideal (non-adaptive) case when complete information about the characteristics of the disturbance is available, the level of the performance that can be achieved in the case of known disturbances is demonstrated. Then, the adaptive case (unknown disturbance) is examined. It is shown under what conditions the unknown periodic disturbances can be suppressed and what parameters contribute to the performance of the overall adaptive control scheme. The stability and performance of the adaptive schemes is analyzed, and finally numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Feedback Control Real-Time Scheduling: Framework, Modeling, and Algorithms*

We develop Feedback Control real-time Scheduling (FCS) as a unified framework to provide Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in unpredictable environments (such as e-business servers on the Internet). FCS includes four major components. First, novel scheduling architectures provide performance control to a new category of QoS critical systems that cannot be addressed by traditional open loop scheduling paradigms. Second, we derive dynamic models for computing systems for the purpose of performance control. These models provide a theoretical foundation for adaptive performance control. Third, we apply established control methodology to design scheduling algorithms with proven performance guarantees, which is in contrast with existing heuristics-based solutions relying on laborious design/tuning/testing iterations. Fourth, a set of control-based performance specifications characterizes the efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of QoS guarantees. The generality and strength of FCS are demonstrated by its instantiations in three important applications with significantly different characteristics. First, we develop real-time CPU scheduling algorithms that guarantees low deadline miss ratios in systems where task execution times may deviate from estimations at run-time. We solve the saturation problems of real-time CPU scheduling systems with a novel integrated control structure. Second, we develop an adaptive web server architecture to provide relative and absolute delay guarantees to different service classes with unpredictable workloads. The adaptive architecture has been implemented by modifying an Apache web server. Evaluation experiments on a testbed of networked Linux PC's demonstrate that our server provides robust relative/absolute delay guarantees despite of instantaneous changes in the user population. Third, we develop a data migration executor for networked storage systems that migrate data on-line while guaranteeing specified I/O throughput of concurrent applications.
Host Suitability Affects Odor Association in Cotesia marginiventris: Implications in Generalist Parasitoid Host-Finding

Insect herbivores often induce plant volatile compounds that can attract natural enemies. Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a generalist parasitoid wasp of noctuid caterpillars and is highly attracted to Spodoptera exigua-induced plant volatiles. The plasticity of C. marginiventris associative learning to volatile blends of various stimuli, such as host presence, also has been shown, but little is known about how this generalist parasitoid distinguishes between host species of varying suitability. Spodoptera exigua is an excellent host that yields high parasitoid emergence, while Trichoplusia ni serves as a sub-optimal host species due to high pre-imaginal wasp mortality. We have found that S. exigua and T. ni induce different volatile blends while feeding on cotton. Here, wind tunnel flight assays were used to determine the importance of differentially induced volatiles in host-finding by C. marginiventris. We found that, while this generalist parasitoid wasp can distinguish between the two discrete volatile blends when presented concurrently, a positive oviposition experience on the preferred host species (S. exigua) is more important than host-specific volatile cues in eliciting flight behavior towards plants damaged by either host species. Furthermore, wasps with oviposition experience on both host species did not exhibit a deterioration in positive flight behavior, suggesting that oviposition in the sub-optimal host species (T. ni) does not cause aversive odor association.
Pulmonary volume recruitment restores pulmonary compliance and resistance in anaesthetized young children

SummaryBackground: Oxygenation and gas exchange are impaired after induction of general anaesthesia. A timed re-expansion inspiratory manoeuvre (TRIM) improves pulmonary compliance and reverses haemoglobin oxygen desaturation rapidly in lambs. Methods: Twenty children of less than 2 years of age were given a standardized ventilated general anaesthetic. After 15 min of anaesthesia they were randomized to receive either a TRIM or 100% oxygen for 3 min. Dynamic pulmonary compliance and airway resistance were measured. Results: Pulmonary compliance fell by 12% and airway resistance rose by 12% during 15 min of ventilated general anaesthesia. 100% oxygen caused a further fall of 9% in compliance (P=0.016), whilst TRIM resulted in a 30% increase in compliance (P < 0.01). The changes in airway resistance with 100% oxygen and TRIM were not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study shows that TRIM increases pulmonary compliance during standardized ventilated general anaesthesia.
The los Alamos Free-Electron Laser (FEL) RF Sysiem

The FEL rf system was designed for 3.6-MW rf pulses from two klystrons to drive two linacs and one deflection cavity at 1300 MHz. Two 108.33-MHz subharmonic buncher cavities and one fundamental buncher were also built, each powered by a 5-kW amplifier. A single phase-coherent source drives the various amplifiers as well as the grid of the electron gun, which is pulsed at 21.67 MHz. The initial buncher system did not work as well as expected, and the first linac tank required more rf power than anticipated. The light output was extremely sensitive to amplitude and phase errors. More powerful klystrons were developed and installed, and a method was discovered for operating a single subharmonic buncher and allowing the first linac to complete the bunching process. This paper shows the actual configuration used to operate the laser and discusses future improvements.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analyses of Amino Acids and Carbohydrates in Adults of Echinostoma caproni

Thin layer chromatography was used to analyze the amino acids and carbohydrates present in the adults of Echinostoma caproni removed from the intestines of experimentally infected laboratory mice, Mus musculus. Visual observation of the amino acid chromatograms confirmed the presence of histidine, proline, alanine, leucine, and valine. Several unknown ninhydrin-positive zones were also detected. Quantification of the histidine, proline, alanine, leucine, and valine zones in adult samples by densitometry gave mean percent values of 0.0921, 0.146, 0.0751, 0.00601, and 0.00756, respectively. Visual observation of the carbohydrate chromatograms showed the presence of glucose and raffinose. Quantification of the glucose and raffinose zones in adult samples by densitometry gave mean percent values of 0.0157 and 0.0136, respectively. Previous studies on amino acid and carbohydrate analyses in trematodes are discussed.
From weakest-link to best-shot: The voluntary provision of public goods

It has traditionally been assumed that the socially available amount X of a public good is the simple sum of the separate amounts x i produced by the i = 1, ..., I members of the community. But there are many other possibilities of practical importance. Among them are: (i) Weakest-link rule, where the socially available amount is the minimum of the quantities individually provided, and (ii) Best-shot rule, where the socially available amount is the maximum of the individual quantities. The former tends to arise in linear situations, where each individual has a veto on the total to be provided (e.g., if each is responsible for one link of a chain); the latter tends to arise when there is a single prize of overwhelming importance for the community, with any individual's effort having a chance of securing the prize.
Integrated production-inventory-distribution optimisation in a multi-echelon, multi-product, multi-carrier, multi-period system

In today's competitive business environment, companies face enormous pressure and thus they must continuously search for ways to design and manufacture new products, and distribute them in an efficient and effective manner. After years of focusing on reduction in production and operation costs, companies are beginning to look into distribution activities as the last frontier for cost reduction. In this paper, we propose an integrated production, inventory and distribution optimisation model that considers important and interrelated decisions simultaneously. For example, the model assumes that carriers have finite truckload and drivers for both inbound and outbound shipments. The integrated model is solved via modified Benders decomposition, which is a combination of Benders decomposition and a genetic algorithm. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with the general Benders decomposition as well as a commercial-off-the-shelf software package – LINGO. Computational results on test problems of various sizes are provided to show the effectiveness of the modified Benders decomposition algorithm.
Resonance, stabilizing feedback controls, and regularity of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations

It is shown that no resonance and small time local controllability imply many standard necessary conditions for the existence of a continuous, asymptotically stabilizing (state) feedback control (ASFC) for ann-dimensional, real analytic, single input affine control system. Furthermore, no resonance means there exist local coordinates in which the drift vector field is linear, yielding a canonical form for the study of sufficient conditions and construction of an ASFC. The roles of resonance and the Kawski necessary condition are examined in detail, together with their implications on regularity of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations.
Single-breathhold, four-dimensional, quantitative assessment of LV and RV function using triggered, real-time, steady-state free precession MRI in heart failure patients†

Purpose: To validate a novel, real-time, steady-state free precession (SSFP), single-breathhold technique for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in heart failure patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 heart failure patients (mean age 59 17 years) underwent scanning with our new, real-time, spiral SSFP sequence in which each cardiac phase was acquired in 118 msec at a resolution of 1.8 1.8 mm. Each cardiac slice (1-cm thick) was automatically advanced based on a cardiac trigger, allowing complete coverage of the heart in a single breathhold. The patients also underwent LV and RV assessment with the gold standard: multiple breathhold, cardiac-gated, segmented k-space strategy. LV and RV end-systolic volume (ESV) and enddiastolic volume (EDV) and LV mass were compared between the two imaging techniques. Results: The new real-time strategy was highly concordant with the gold standard technique in the assessment of LVEDV (r 0.98), LVESV (r 0.98), RVESV (r 0.86), RVEDV (r 0.91), LVMASS (r 0.95), RVEF (r 0.70), and LVEF (r 0.94). The mean bias (95% confidence interval [CI]) for each parameter is LVEDV: 10.6 cc (cm 3 ) (3.8 –17.4 cc), LVESV: – 0.8 cc (–5.3 to 3.7 cc), RVEDV: 3.7 cc (–5.6 to 13.2 cc), RVESV: –3.1 cc (–11.1 to 4.9 cc), LVMASS: 26 g (12.4 –39.8 g), RVEF: –2.9% (1.3 to –7.2 %), LVEF: 1.9% (5 to –1.1%). In addition, data acquisition was only nine two seconds with the real-time strategy vs. 312 41 seconds for the standard technique. Conclusion: In patients with heart failure, real-time, spiral SSFP allows rapid and accurate assessment of RV and LV function in a single-breath hold. Using the same strategy, increased temporal resolution will allow real-time assessment of cardiac wall motion during stress studies.
The L-Type Cyclin CYL-1 and the Heat-Shock-Factor HSF-1 Are Required for Heat-Shock-Induced Protein Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans

In a screen for suppressors of activated GOA-1 (Gαo) under the control of the hsp-16.2 heat-shock promoter, we identified three genetic loci that affected heat-shock-induced GOA-1 expression. The cyl-1 mutants are essentially wild type in appearance, while hsf-1 and sup-45 mutants have egg-laying defects. The hsf-1 mutation also causes a temperature-sensitive developmental arrest, and hsf-1 mutants have decreased life span. Western analysis indicated that mutations in all three loci suppressed the activated GOA-1 transgene by decreasing its expression. Heat-shock-induced expression of hsp-16.2 mRNA was reduced in cyl-1 mutants and virtually eliminated in hsf-1 and sup-45 mutants, as compared to wild-type expression. The mutations could also suppress other transgenes under heat-shock control. cyl-1 and sup-45, but not hsf-1, mutations suppressed a defect caused by a transgene not under heat-shock control, suggesting a role in general transcription or a post-transcriptional aspect of gene expression. hsf-1 encodes the C. elegans homolog of the human heat-shock factor HSF1, and cyl-1 encodes a cyclin most similar to cyclin L. We believe HSF-1 acts in heat-shock-inducible transcription and CYL-1 acts more generally in gene expression.
Code-Empowered Lightwave Networks

In this paper, an architecture for code-empowered optical CDMA (OCDMA) lightwave networks is presented. The architecture is based on reconfigurable optically transparent paths among users of the network to provide high-bandwidth optical connections on demand over small areas such as local area networks or access networks. The network operates on the transmission of incoherent OCDMA codes, each network station being equipped with an OCDMA encoder and decoder. The routing at a network node is based on the OCDMA code itself. The destination address, as well as the next node on the path, is given by the code as in a code-empowered network. A node consists of an OCDMA router built from parallel code converter routers that perform switching, routing, and code conversion. The latter enables a virtual code path for increased scalability. Commonly available delay lines enable the tunability of the encoder, decoder, and router for a reconfigurable and flexible network. Flexibility and granularity are also accentuated by OCDMA encoding. An OCDMA lightwave network can therefore respond to changes in traffic load, traffic conditions, failure, and other network impairments. We describe the possible architectures and the routing constraints of such OCDMA lightwave networks. We present a power analysis and focus on the performance issues of dynamic routing. The effect of coding, topology, load condition, and traffic demand is analyzed using simulations. The obtained results show that the flexibility of OCDMA and the large offered cardinality can be a solution to the needs of local area and access networks.
Alternative Tracks: The Constitution of American Industrial Order, 1865-1917

"Gerald Berk's Alternative Tracks is a lean but provocative, timely, insightful, and forcefully written challenge to the conventional wisdom about industrial America's political economy". -- Review of Politics At the heart of Alternative Tracks is the historical relationship between democracy. and the modern corporation. Gerald Berk uses the case of the railroad industry to show that industrial centralization and corporate hierarchy did not follow a course solely determined by the efficiency imperatives of modern technology. Rather, collective choice and the state had lasting influence on the development of corporate capitalism. Moreover, the role of government depended less on the exercise of interest-group or class power than it did on the protracted struggle over constitutional norms of fairness and justice relating to corporation and the market. Mediated through the court, Congress, and the bureaucracy, this struggle had profound effects on the organization of railroads, the pattern of urbanization, and the practice of business regulation. "A very impressive work ...Offers the reader real insight into the technical factors and financial arrangements involved in the development of American railroads". -- Perspectives on Political Science "Berk has offered some powerful questions for future scholars to keep in mind, and no student of railroad history or the history of business can afford to overlook this book". -- American Historical Review "An ambitious effort to make sense of how the modern American state was fashioned". -- American Political Science Review
Managing incidents of work-family conflict: A decision-making perspective

The present study proposed a decision process that people follow in incidents of work-family conflict and offered an initial test of factors that may influence their decisions. It distinguished between decisions regarding the mobilization of social support to avoid conflict and decisions regarding participation in a work and/or family activity if the conflict was not avoided. According to analyses of critical incidents provided by managers and professionals employed in full-time jobs, decisions were influenced by internal cues reflecting the individual’s priorities in the conflict situation, role sender cues reflecting the priorities of involved parties in the individual’s work and family roles, and role activity cues reflecting characteristics of the specific activities in conflict. Moreover, our findings suggest that the utilization of these cues often represents an attempt to preserve positive relationships with important role senders in the work and family domains.
Incorporation of solvation energy contributions for energy refinement and folding of proteins

Protein structures determined from X-ray or NMR data are generally refined by including empirical energy terms for intramolecular interactions [1–3]. A good stereochemical quality of an experimentally determined protein structure is a necessary requirement for a high-resolution structure [4–7]. Several force fields for intra-molecular interactions in proteins are nowadays in widespread use [8–14]. However, a low intramolecular energy of an experimentally determined structure does not prove that this structure is correct, as the analysis of incorrectly determined experimental and deliberately misfolded protein structures shows [15,16]. It is necessary to include the protein—solvent interaction in the refinement process.
Isolation of the LHC I complex of Barley Containing Multiple Pigment-Proteins

Photosystem I (PS I) in higher plants can be conceived to be composed of two pigmented parts: The reaction center-containing core complex (CC I); The bulk of the antenna of PS I (LHC I). Whereas CC I has been obtained as a multi-protein complex (1–3) free of the LHC I light-harvesting pigment-proteins, LHC I itself has been obtained from higher plants only as a series of individual pigment-proteins, LHC Ia, b, c and d (4–9, see ref. 10 for review). In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, however, a single, green complex (CP0) that is essentially that alga’s LHC I complex, has been isolated (11). CP0 is of a higher apparent molecular weight than CC I and has some five polypeptide subunits that are distinct from those of CC I (11,12).
American Catholic Interpretations of Church and State: John Gilmary Shea, Peter Guilday, Thomas T. McAvoy, and John Tracy Ellis

Historical studies of church-state relationships in the United States frequently focus on either the philosophical background of religious toleration or the environmental circumstances in early America that combined to produce the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Protestant writers have typically viewed Roman Catholics suspiciously because of medieval teach ings regarding church-state cooperation and because of the pat tern of church-state relationships in Catholic European coun tries. For over a century, however, major American Catholic historians have used actual events in America to discuss church
Interfacial Fracture Strength Measurement of Tissue-Biomaterial Systems

The interfacial mechanics at the bone-implant interface is a critical issue for implant fixation and the filling of bone defects created by tumors and/or their excision. The present study is based on the hypothesis that the differences of the surface roughness at bone/ implant interface due to incorporation of micro and nano nanoparticle additives may have significant influence on the quality of bone/implant union. This research studied poly Methyl MethAcrylate (PMMA) bone cement with and without MgO additives as different implant materials. The aims of this research were to determine the influences of a magnesium oxide (MgO) additive particle size to PMMA bone cement on the bonding strength between bone and bone cement specimens. The scope of work for this study were: (1) to quantify elastic properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) of bone cement specimens, (2) to determine whether inclusion of MgO particles with PMMA has any influence on the interface strength between bone and PMMA, and (3) to quantify the effect of surface roughness on the interface fracture strength between bone and PMMA. This study found that the mean interface strength for bone-PMMA is significantly less than the mean interface strengths of bone-PMMA with microsize MgO particles and bone-PMMA with nanosize MgO particles.© 2011 ASME
Tensile Strength of Amorphous Gum Rubbers

Abstract A new molecular theory of tensile strength has been formulated for amorphous gum vulcanizates at temperatures well above the glass temperature and found to be in agreement with recent experimental data. It is shown that the stress on the rubber at break will consist of two parts, the normal kinetic theory stress on the network and the highly rate dependent stress held by the fully extended chains. The fraction of the chains in the fully extended state at the instant of break is greater for a lightly crosslinked rubber than for a highly vulcanized rubber under nonequilibrium test conditions. The theory allows the molecular weight of the freely orienting unit to be calculated. Reasonable values are obtained for EPR and SBR which lend support to the validity of the ideas involved. The kinetic-theory stress contributes the major portion of the stress at break in highly crosslinked amorphous gum rubbers. However, the stress at break for low degrees of crosslinking is largely the result of stresses in ...
Canonical Placement of Simplices

(1968). Canonical Placement of Simplices. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 150-152.
Course of Depression in a 10-year Prospective Study: Evidence for Qualitatively Distinct Subgroups

The course of depressive disorders can vary considerable, with some individuals exhibiting a chronic course and poor outcomes, while others have a more episodic course and better outcomes. However, it is unclear whether degree of chronicity is continuous or reflects qualitatively distinct subgroups. Using data from a 5-wave, 10-year, naturalistic study of 127 depressed outpatients, we examined whether depression chronicity lies on a continuum or manifests natural boundaries. Spline regression was used to test 7 continuous and discontinuous models of the relationship between depression during the first follow-up interval and multiple outcomes at subsequent follow-ups. In order to further validate the findings, we also created empirically derived subgroups based on the results of the spline regression analyses and compared them on baseline clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes. There was a clear and consistent discontinuity indicating that for higher levels of chronicity during the first 30-month period, depression was linearly related to outcome; in contrast, for lower levels of chronicity, depression in the initial interval was unrelated to subsequent outcomes. The findings were strikingly consistent across the 4 follow-up evaluations using multiple outcomes and goodness-of-fit indices. In addition, the chronic group--as defined by the first follow-up period--exhibited more baseline chronic depression, anxiety and personality disorders, family history of dysthymia, and childhood adversity, and was more likely to attempt suicide and be hospitalized during follow-up, than the nonchronic group. Results suggest that there are qualitatively distinct classes of patients with more and less chronic depressions, and support the utility of longitudinal course as a means of parsing depression into more homogeneous subgroups.
Poking Counterfactual Holes in Covering Laws: Cognitive Styles and Political Learning

The philosopher of science Carl Hempel (1965) advanced the controversial thesis that history, properly understood, is a prime candidate for reduction to the laws of social science. Events can only be considered “explained” when they have been assimilated into syllogisms that meet three conditions: (1) causally efficacious covering laws serve as major pre¬mises, (2) carefully abstracted antecedent conditions that prevail at given times and places serve as minor premises, and (3) the conclusions follow as the inexorable or at least likely result of the hypothesized laws operating on the specified antecedents. For better or for worse, and many historians believe the latter (Dray 1989), this covering-law model captures the approach of many social scientists to the explanation of historical trends and patterns (Goldstone 2006; Mokyr 2006). This kind of disciplinary tension is familiar: between idiographic and nomothetic camps, between particularizers who complain that theorists neglect critical complexities in their eagerness to assimilate history into their favorite explanatory templates, and generalizers who complain that particularizers are so immersed in idiosyncratic detail that they miss the big theoretical picture.
Processing of crack-free high density polycrystalline LiTaO3 ceramics

This work has successfully achieved high density (99.9%) polycrystalline LiTaO3. The keys to the high density without cracking were the use of LiF-assisted densification to maintain fine grain size as well as the presence of secondary lithium aluminate phases as grain growth inhibitors. The average grain size of the hot pressed polycrystalline LiTaO3 is less than 5 μm, limiting residual stresses caused by the anisotropic thermal expansion. Dilatometry results clearly indicate liquid phase sintering via the added LiF sintering aid. Efficient liquid phase sintering allows densification during low temperature hot pressing. Electron microscopy confirmed the high-density microstructure. Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction data revealed the presence of LiAlO2 and LiAl5O8 minority phases and negligible substitutional defect incorporation in LiTaO3.
Extensive Ex Vivo Expansion of Functional Human Erythroid Precursor Cells From Reprogrammed Post-Natal Blood Mononuclear Cells by Defined Factors

Abstract 975 Every second, a healthy human body produces ∼2 million red blood cells (RBCs), an impossible feat for patients suffering from certain anemias not alleviated by erythropoietin (EPO) therapy. Instead, they rely on blood transfusions. Currently, all blood supplies are from donors, with inherent infection risks and supply uncertainty. Furthermore, some patients (such as those with sickle cell anemia) need frequent transfusion of RBC concentrates from best-matched donors, which are difficult to find. The production of cultured human RBCs in the quantities required for transfusion therapy (about 2 trillion RBCs in one transfusion unit of blood) will have great potential for improving healthcare worldwide. Large-scale production of cultured RBCs from isolated human CD34 + post-natal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) has achieved some success in the past decade. However, many challenges remain, such as determining the best method to enhance the cell number expansion and improve the efficiency of terminal maturation. CD34 + mononuclear cells (MNCs) contain HSPCs that have high proliferative capacity, but are very rare ( 22 fold in a period of at least 5 months. They resemble pro-basophilic erythroblasts that had a large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. The iE cells express immature erythroblast cell surface markers (CD235 + CD36 + CD45 + ) and intracellular fetal hemoglobin in either culture flasks or a spin and high-density culture system. The vastly expanded iE cells are karyotypically normal, growth-factor dependent, and non-leukemic. We also developed a co-culture system with stromal cells to induce the terminal maturation and enucleation of iE cells. After switching to the termination culture condition, iE cells gradually stopped growing, decreased cell size and condensed nuclei, after 2 weeks we detected enucleated erythrocytes (CD235 + DRAQ5 − ) at about 10% to 30% of the final maturated iE cells by FACS and fluorescence microscope. Coupled with about 5 to 10 fold expansion of cell number during terminal maturation, we can get approximately the same number of enucleated erythrocytes as the input cell number of iE cells. Since mature and enucleated RBCs are devoid of DNA, the genetic modification or potential genomic alterations in the iE cells are not likely to be a main concern for clinical uses. Our result may ultimately lead to the development of unlimited sources of cultured RBCs for optimally-matched or personalized transfusion medicine. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
RISK PROFILES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH NON-OBSTRUCTIVE, LABILE AND OBSTRUCTIVE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Background: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular outflow (LVOT) obstruction. We examined risk profiles and clinical outcomes across different subgroups. Methods: Patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for HCM were recruited. Speckle tracking strain analysis was
Fear of retaliation and citizen willingness to cooperate with police

ABSTRACTQualitative research has shown that fear of retaliation influences an individual’s willingness to cooperate with the police. This research has shown that those who are fearful of being retaliated against are less likely to cooperate with the police (Clayman, C. and Skinns, L., 2012. To snitch or not to snitch? An exploratory study of the factors influencing whether young people actively cooperate with the police. Policing and society: an international journal of research and policy, 22 (4), 460–480; Rosenfeld, R., Jacobs, B., and Wright R., 2003. Snitching and the code of the street. British journal of criminology, 43, 291–309; Whitman, J. and Davis, R., 2007. Snitches get snitches: youth, gangs, and witness intimidation in Massachusetts. Washington, DC: National Center for Victims of Crime). This study examined this topic quantitatively so as to gain an understanding of the influence of fear of retaliation relative to other known correlates of cooperation with the police. Data for this study were...
Rewriting a Discursive Practice: Atheist Adaptation of Coming Out Discourse.

Coming out is a powerful way for individuals to disclose, constitute, and perform membership in stigmatized identity categories. The practice has now spread far beyond its LGBTQ origins. In this es...
Implicit-Explicit Strong Stability Preserving Runge-Kuta Methods with High Linear Order

High order strong stability preserving (SSP) time discretizations have been extensively used with spatial discretizations with nonlinear stability properties for the solution of hyperbolic PDEs. Explicit SSP Runge--Kutta methods exist only up to fourth order, and implicit SSP Runge--Kutta methods exist only up to sixth order. When solving linear autonomous problems, the order conditions simplify and this order barrier is lifted: SSP Runge--Kutta methods of any linear order exist. In this work, we extend the concept of varying orders of accuracy for linear and non linear components to the class of implicit-explicit (IMEX) Runge--Kutta methods methods. We formulate an optimization problem for implicit-explicit (IMEX) SSP Runge--Kutta methods and find implicit methods with large linear stability regions that pair with known explicit SSP Runge--Kutta methods of orders plin = 3, 4, 6 as well as optimized IMEX SSP Runge--Kutta pairs that have high linear order and nonlinear orders p = 2, 3, 4. These methods are then tested on sample problems to verify order of convergence and to demonstrate the sharpness of the SSP coefficient and the typical behavior of these methods on test problems.
The grimace scale reliably assesses chronic pain in a rodent model of trigeminal neuropathic pain

The limited success in translating basic science findings into effective pain management therapies reflects, in part, the difficulty in reliably assessing pain in experimental animals. This shortcoming is particularly acute in the field of chronic, ongoing pain. Quantitative analysis of facial expressions-the grimace score-was introduced as a promising tool, however, it is thought to reliably assess only pain of short or medium duration (minutes to hours). Here, we test the hypothesis that grimace scores are a reliable metric of ongoing neuropathic pain, by testing the prediction that chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) will evoke significant increases in grimace scale scores. Mice and rats were subjected to CCI-ION, and tested for changes in mechanical hypersensitivity and in grimace scores, 10 or more days after surgery. Both rats and mice with CCIION had significantly higher grimace scores, and significantly lower thresholds for withdrawal from mechanical stimuli applied to the face, compared to sham-operated animals. Fentanyl reversed the changes in rat grimace scale scores, suggesting that these scores reflect pain perception. These findings validate the grimace scale as a reliable and sensitive metric for the assessment of ongoing pain in a rodent model of chronic, trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Assumptions and Ambiguities in Mechanistic Mental Models

Our long-range goal is to develop a model of how one acquires an understanding of mechanistic devices such as physical machines, electronic and hydraulic de­ vices, or reactors. We focus on two aspects of this problem. First, we lay out a framework for investigating the structure of people’s mental models of physical devices, which we call mechanistic mental models. This involves developing a precise notion of a qualitative simulation and the kinds of “ work” one expects it to do. The concept of qualitative simulation derives from the common intuition of “ simulating the machine in the mind’s eye.” One of the goals of this chapter is to put this common intuition on a more solid theoretical base.
Use of Biomarkers in Quantitative Risk Assessment

This paper is about the use of biological markers in the quantitative analysis of the health risks that may follow from exposure to environmental contaminants. That is, it emphasizes the application of data on biomarkers to address questions that arise in the context of quantitatively relating exposures to their toxic effects. To provide the context for these comments, a brief review of the general framework of risk assessment is in order.
6.7 – The Great Oxidation Event Transition

The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) was an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels from less than 1 ppm to 0.2–2% by volume 2.4–2.2 billion years ago. In atmospheric chemistry, hydrogen-bearing reduced gases, such as methane and hydrogen, are adversaries of O 2 . When the concentration of hydrogen-bearing reduced gases goes up, O 2 declines, and vice versa. Thus, the pre-GOE atmospheric redox chemistry should have been dominated by methane and hydrogen. Before the GOE, oxygen was driven to trace levels by reactions with volcanic and metamorphic reductants, including dissolved cations (e.g., Fe 2 + ) in surface waters and reducing gases (H 2 , CH 4 , CO, SO 2 , and H 2 S). Rapid escape of hydrogen to space from such an atmosphere would have slowly oxidized the Earth. A ‘tipping point’ was reached when the flux of O 2 associated with the burial of organic carbon exceeded O 2 losses. Oxidative weathering then became significant. Models suggest that methane level fell before the GOE and such loss of greenhouse gases plausibly caused global cooling. Multiple glaciations during 2.45–2.22 Ga hint that the climate and atmospheric composition oscillated until permanent oxygenation was established. Subsequent levels of O 2 were sufficient to protect the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet with a stratospheric ozone layer.
Terrestrial Ecosystems and Interannual Variability in the Global Atmospheric Budgets of 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2

Several recent ecosystem studies provide evidence that plant discrimination against 13 C during photosynthesis is highly variable on synoptic to interannual timescales. Critical axes of variation include the response to drought stress in temperate and tropical forests and shifts in the abundance of C 3 and C 4 vegetation both in response to land use and climate. This chapter aims to place this variability in the context of the global carbon cycle. First, it presents equations describing the global atmospheric budget for 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 in graphical form, using “Robin Hood” diagrams. Robin Hood diagrams provide an intuitive means for comparing isotopic fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems with those from the oceans and fossil fuels, and for partitioning ocean and land carbon sinks using atmospheric δ 13 C and CO 2 observations. Second, it critically reviews the mechanisms by which terrestrial ecosystems are thought to impart isotopic anomalies to the atmosphere on interannual timescales.
Effect of Chain Length Dispersity on the Mobility of Entangled Polymers.

While nearly all theoretical and computational studies of entangled polymer melts have focused on uniform samples, polymer synthesis routes always result in some dispersity, albeit narrow, of distribution of molecular weights (${\DJ{}}_{M}={M}_{w}/{M}_{n}\ensuremath{\sim}1.02--1.04$). Here, the effects of dispersity on chain mobility are studied for entangled, disperse melts using a coarse-grained model for polyethylene. Polymer melts with chain lengths set to follow a Schulz-Zimm distribution for the same average ${M}_{w}=36\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{mol}$ with ${\DJ{}}_{M}=1.0$ to 1.16, were studied for times of $600--800\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ using molecular dynamics simulations. This time frame is longer than the time required to reach the diffusive regime. We find that dispersity in this range does not affect the entanglement time or tube diameter. However, while there is negligible difference in the average mobility of chains for the uniform distribution ${\DJ{}}_{M}=1.0$ and ${\DJ{}}_{M}=1.02$, the shortest chains move significantly faster than the longest ones offering a constraint release pathway for the melts for larger ${\DJ{}}_{M}$.