cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of a JP8 Fuel Processor: Autothermal Reformer and CO-Cleanup Train

This paper presents an experimental investigation of a fuel processor consisting of a JP-8 autothermal reforming (ATR) reactor and a surrogate-fed CO-cleanup train. The CO-cleanup train, comprising a water−gas shift (WGS) and two preferential oxidation (PROX) reactors, was tested as an integrated reactor train. A finned-wall ATR reactor was examined for light-off behavior and for steady-state product distribution, upon which the CO-cleanup train was designed. The thermal and chemical transient analysis during catalyst ignition indicated that the fuel undergoes deep oxidation to CO2 and H2O until 80% of the catalyst bed is ignited, followed by a significant rise in synthesis gas production. The WGS and PROX reactors were tested individually with the objective of identifying operating regimes for maximum CO removal. The PROX reactor train, consisting of two identical reactors connected in series, reduced the CO concentration from 1% to less than 6 ppm. The PROX-1 and PROX-2 reactors were compared in order t...
Finite-state and reduced-parameter representations of protein backbone conformations

This article studies the representation of protein backbone conformations using a finite number of values for the backbone dihedral angles. We develop a combinatorial search algorithm that guarantees finding the global minima of functions over the configuration space of discrete protein conformations, and use this procedure to fit finite-state models to the backbones of globular proteins. It is demonstrated that a finite-state representation with a reasonably small number of states yields either a small root-mean-square error or a small dihedral angle deviation from the native structure, but not both at the same time. The problem can be resolved by introducing limited local optimization in each step of the combinatorial search. In addition, it is shown that acceptable approximation is achieved using a single dihedral angle as an independent variable in local optimization. Results for 11 proteins demonstrate the advantages and shortcomings of both the finite-state and reduced-parameter approximations of protein backbone conformations. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BRIEF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF TANTRUMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSITIONS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

A brief functional analysis was used to examine the influence of termination of prechange activities and initiation of postchange activities on tantrums exhibited by 2 preschool children. For 1 participant, tantrums were maintained by access to certain (pretransition) activities. For a 2nd participant, tantrums were maintained by avoidance of certain task initiations. Although advance notice of an upcoming transition was ineffective, differential reinforcement of other behavior plus extinction reduced tantrums for both participants.
Sexual dimorphism of the developing human brain

1. Sexual dimorphism of human brain anatomy has not been well-studied between 4 and 18 years of age, a time of emerging sex differences in behavior and the sexually specific hormonal changes of adrenarche (the predominantly androgenic augmentation of adrenal cortex function occurring at approximately age 8) and puberty. 2. To assess sex differences in brain structures during this developmental period volumes of the cerebrum, lateral ventricles, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus temporal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus, and midsagittal area measurements of the corpus callosum were quantified from brain magnetic resonance images of 121 healthy children and adolescent and examined in relation to age and sex. 3. Males had a 9% larger cerebral volume. When adjusted for cerebral volume by ANCOVA only the basal ganglia demonstrated sex differences in mean volume with the caudate being relatively larger in females and the globus pallidus being relatively larger in males. The lateral ventricles demonstrated a prominent sex difference in brain maturation with robust increases in size in males only. A piecewise-linear model revealed a significant change in the linear regression slope of lateral ventricular volume in males after age 11 that was not shared by females at that or other ages. 4. Amygdala and hippocampal volume increased for both sexes but with the amygdala increasing significantly more in males than females and hippocampal volume increasing more in females. 5. These sexually dimorphic patterns of brain development may be related to the observed sex differences in age of onset, prevalence, and symptomatology seen in nearly all neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood.
Computation of the NPMLE of distribution functions for interval censored and truncated data with applications to the Cox model

The iterative convex minorant (ICM) algorithm (Groeneboom and Wellner, 1992) is widely believed to be much faster than the EM algorithm (Turnbull, 1976) in computing the NPMLE of the distribution function for interval censored data. Our formulation of the ICM helps to explore its connection with the gradient projection (GP) method that is commonly used in the constrained optimization area. Difficulties in extending the ICM to left truncated and interval censored data are also explained. Simulations were conducted to assess the performance of these methods. In particular, the GP is shown to be much faster than the EM. Due to its generality and simplicity the GP method is easily applied to the Cox proportional hazards model with left truncated and interval censored data. The methodology is illustrated by using the Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study dataset.
Order versus symmetry in pinwheel tilings of the plane.

This article calculates the Fourier transform of a quasicrystalline solid, the pinwheel tiling, proposed by Conway and Radin. The solid is isotropic, but the Fourier transform has large fluctuations as a consequence of correlations.
Reduced substrate supply limits the temperature response of soil organic carbon decomposition

Abstract Controls on the decomposition rate of soil organic carbon (SOC), especially the more stable fraction of SOC, remain poorly understood, with implications for confidence in efforts to model terrestrial C balance under future climate. We investigated the role of substrate supply in the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in laboratory incubations of coarse-textured North American soils sampled from paired native pine and hardwood forests located across a 20 °C gradient in mean annual temperature (MAT). In this study we show that for this wide range of forest soils, the supply of labile substrate, controlled through extended incubation and glucose additions, exerts a strong influence on the magnitude of SOC decomposition response to warming. When substrate supply was high, either in non-depleted soils or in soils first depleted of labile C through extended incubation but then amended with glucose, SOC decomposition rates responded to increased temperature with a mean Q10 of 2.5. In contrast, for the depleted soils with no substrate added, SOC responded to varying temperature with a mean Q10 of 1.4. Our laboratory study shows for upland forest soils that substrate supply can play a strong role in determining the temperature response of decomposing SOC. Previous studies have described the effect of substrate availability of temperature responses on soil respiration, but few have described the effect on decomposition of more stable SOC. Because substrate supply is likely to vary strongly – both spatially and temporally, these findings have important implications for SOC processing in natural systems.
Analyzing Politics and Change in Women's Organizations

Research on women's political action too often passes over women's organizations that do not officially adopt a feminist ideology and do not explicitly set out to change gender power relations. Based on implicit notions that such women's organizations are nonpolitical (or less interesting), the research often supports a false dichotomy between feminist and nonfeminist organizations rather than illuminates women's common political ground. This study addresses women's collective action, politics and change by focusing on the case of Nicaraguan Mothers of Heroes and Martyrs - women who lost a son or daughter in the revolution or Contra War. Although some members in Matagalpa critiqued male domination, the organization itself did not set out to challenge the gendered division of labor; indeed, their collective demands relied upon and in many ways reinforced traditional gender identities. I argue that such movements are important to feminist political analysis. As I demonstrate in this article, an organization...
Renal Oxygen Utilization of Dogs with Experimental Hypertension.

SummaryThe variability of renal arterio-venous oxygen difference in fasting dogs with partial constriction of the renal artery with and without hypertension is similar to that of normal dogs.
A retrospective study to classify surgical indications for infantile hemangiomas.

Summary Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) spontaneously involute, but some leave contour deformities necessitating surgical correction. There is a paucity of data reviewing predictive risk factors associated with a need for surgery to guide clinicians when counseling parents. Patients undergoing IH resection by a single surgeon from August 2004 to August 2011 were reviewed to determine patient (age, gender, birth history) and IH characteristics (size, location) associated with surgical intervention. Data were compared to published data from the Hemangioma Investigator Group (HIG). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t -test, odds ratio, and logistic regression analysis. Out of 196 referred patients, 112 underwent surgery. There was a female preponderance (3.5:1). Two-thirds of patients (64.9%) first presented to the surgeon at ≤2 years of age, but most underwent surgery between 2 and 3 years (52.7%; average lag time, 11 months). 18 patients underwent surgery at ≤1 year of age. IH patients with preterm birth history had increased risk for needing surgical intervention (odds ratio 2.124, CI 1.31–3.44; p p 2 vs. 22.35 cm 2 , p = 0.017). Preterm birth is associated with higher risk for requiring surgical intervention. IHs on the head and neck are more likely to be removed when compared to those below the neck, and at a smaller size threshold.
On finite deformation of viscoelastic rotating disks

Abstract The governing equations for a rotating disk under large elastic or viscoelastic deformations, are formulated in terms of two coupled first-order ordinary differential-integral equations with explicit derivatives. The constitutive equations developed by Christensen are used for the formulation. A recurrent formula for the hereditary integrals is obtained. This recurrent formula makes it possible for the same governing equations and numerical methods to be applied to both elastic and viscoelastic problems.
Batch Pyrolysis of Acid-Treated Rice Straw and Potential Products for Energy and Biofuel Production

Rice straw is an abundant but largely unutilized biomass. If rice straw’s ash content could be reduced by pretreatment, it could be pyrolyzed into energy-dense, soil-enriching products. This paper investigates if acid-pretreatment of rice straw before pyrolysis could improve the char, bio-oil or gas products of pyrolysis. Rice straw was sonicated in a 5 % HCl by volume bath, and the acid-treated straw was slowly pyrolyzed in batches at 500 °C. Its products were compared with those of untreated rice straw. FTIR analysis showed that both oils were mixtures of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and aromatics. Less bio-oil was produced after acid pretreatment. After acid pretreatment, the char decreased in ash percentage, increased in acidity and increased in heating value. The gas was rich in CO2 but low in combustible gases like CO, CH4 and H2. This pretreatment did not improve the pyrolysis char, bio-oil, or gas. However, water pretreatment has been reported to remove the alkali ash metals and might improve pyrolysis products. If rice straw is pyrolyzed, the bio-oil can be upgraded to refinery-grade crude oil and the char can improve soil nutrient quality, potentially helping rice farmers in the developing world.
Planning prospects for industry followers

While the strategic planning process of leaders is well understood, firms in lower market share ranks tend to have a planning process of a follower. Instead of trying to influence their environment, they normally copy the strategies of the industry leader or even serve niches neglected by the leader. Outlines, through numerous examples, the changes followers can make in their competitive profiles to become alternative leaders. The smaller firms may thrive serving a limited demand which would normally be unattractive to the leading firms; the larger company could do well by concentrating on products for market niches that are neglected by the industry leaders. Discusses several implications for small as well as large firms which wish to be followers in their industry. Also examines approaches to attaining long‐term economic viability such as forge linkages, protective factors, geographical parameters, personnel policies, product offerings, customer selection, purchasing, production and marketing.
A toolkit for analyzing corporate cultural toolkits

The cultural and discursive underpinning of industries and markets has received growing attention in recent years. I use Ann Swidler’s conceptualization of culture as toolkit, and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus as the starting point to further this enterprise. The article illustrates a strategy for measuring and comparing the cultural toolkits in use by different actors in a larger field. The strategy allows quantitative comparisons of similarity at the level of large comprehensive toolkits instead of selective elements or inferred deeper dimensions. It also takes into account the embeddedness of actors’ cultural toolkits in the structures of larger social fields and the specificity of toolkits to communication contexts. While this analytic strategy is potentially applicable to any actor’s toolkit in a recurring communication context, I use as an illustration the repertoires that different corporations in the pharmaceutical industry employ to account for their activities in their annual reports. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Transcurrent Faulting in the Ethiopian Rift System

THE African rift system is usually considered to be a continental extension of the mid-oceanic ridge–rift system, a connexion being made through the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tajura. The detailed connecting pattern, complicated by the convergence of the Red Sea structures, shows that in terms of seismic epicentre distribution (unpublished work of P. Gouin), volcanism1 and crustal tectonics2 the transition from oceanic to continental rift is not made as smoothly as many previous hypotheses supposed.
Modeling of evolving damage in high temperature polymer matrix composites subjected to thermal oxidation

This paper describes mechanism-based modeling of damage evolution in high temperature polymer matrix composites (HTPMC) under thermo-oxidative aging conditions. Specifically, a multi-scale model based on micro-mechanics analysis in conjunction with continuum damage mechanics (CDM) is developed to simulate the accelerated fiber–matrix debond growth in the longitudinal direction of a unidirectional HTPMC. Using this approach, one can relate the behavior of composites at the micro-level (representative volume element) to the macro-level (structural element) in a computationally tractable manner. Thermo-oxidative aging is simulated with diffusion-reaction model in which temperature, oxygen concentration, and weight loss effects are considered. For debond growth simulation, a model based on Darcy’s laws for oxygen permeation in the fiber–matrix interface is employed, that, when coupled with polymer shrinkage, provides a mechanism for permeation-controlled debond growth in HTPMC. Benchmark of model prediction with experimental observations of oxidation layer growth is presented, together with a laminate thermo-oxidative life prediction model based on CDM to demonstrate proof-of-concept.
Metal Isotope Effect on Raman Spectrum of [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 ]I 2 Crystals

The Raman spectra of [64Zn(NH3)4]I2 and its 68Zn analog have been measured in the crystalline state. The Zn–N stretching vibrations have been assigned based on the observed metal isotope shifts. These shifts have been compared with theoretical values obtained from a complete normal coordinate analysis on the [Zn(NH3)4]2+ ion.
Pulsed laser atom-probe study of clean and oxygen-covered silicon

Abstract The adsorption of oxygen on clean silicon surfaces has been studied with the pulsed laser atom-probe (PLAP). The primary objective was to identify the adsorption state (molecular versus dissociated) of the adsorbed oxygen. Pulsed laser atom-probe mass spectra were obtained for both clean and oxygen-covered surfaces. Clean silicon in ultra-high vacuum was found to field evaporate as Si 2+ and Si + at field strengths near 1.0 V/A. At lower field strengths (0.75 V/A) and higher surface temperatures (obtained by increasing the laser power) only Si + was detected. Further lowering the applied field (0.55 V/A) and increasing the temperature during desorption resulted in the reappearance of Si 2+ and, suprisingly, the formation of silicon clusters, Si + n , with n =2, 3, 4 and 5. The primary species detected from the oxygen-covered surface was O + 2 at surface temperatures from 50–625 K indicating that oxygen adsorbs on Si in molecular form. Field ion microscopy of silicon was also carried out, and examples of Si field ion images from this study are presented.
Suicidal ideation and social exchanges among at-risk veterans referred for a behavioral health assessment.

The current study examined the independent association between positive (e.g., emotional and instrumental support) and negative (e.g., insensitive behavior, unwanted advice from others) social exchanges and suicidal ideation among veterans referred for a behavioral health assessment. The sample included 606 veterans [mean age = 54.96 (SD = 14.96)] referred by primary care for a clinical mental health/substance abuse (MH/SA) assessment following a positive MH/SA screen. Data on sociodemographics, MH/SA conditions (e.g., depression, PTSD, anxiety, and alcohol abuse), the self-reported frequency of positive and negative social exchanges, and suicidal ideation were extracted from clinical interviews and evaluated. Veterans were primarily male, non-married, and had adequate financial resources, and approximately half were White. 74.4 and 20.3 % met criteria for a MH/SA condition and suicidal ideation, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that, adjusting for sociodemographics, physical functioning, and comorbid MH/SA conditions, veterans reporting more frequent negative exchanges with network members were significantly more likely to report suicidal ideation. Positive exchanges, in contrast, were not significantly related to the outcome. Inadequate finances and MH/SA conditions also were significantly related to suicidal ideation. Findings highlight the value of exploring the quality of social exchanges among veterans in primary care who screen positive for behavioral health issues, as such information has the potential to inform screening and intervention efforts aimed at reducing suicidal ideation.
Prior degree status of student pharmacists: Is there an association with first-year pharmacy school academic performance?

Abstract Objective To examine whether prior degree status during pharmacy school is associated with first-year academic success, as measured by first-year pharmacy school grade point average (GPA). Methods Baseline data including pre-pharmacy GPA, Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) score, prior degree status, and end of first-year pharmacy school GPA were collected for 118 first-year student pharmacists. Results Sixty-three students (53.4%) had earned a degree prior to pharmacy school. After pre-pharmacy GPA, prior degree status was the second strongest predictor of first-year pharmacy school GPA (β = 0.23, p = 0.009). Those with a prior degree attained a higher mean first-year pharmacy school GPA compared to those without (3.04 vs. 2.81, p = 0.03). Conclusion Our findings suggest an association between prior degree and higher first-year pharmacy school GPA. This finding may be relevant to pharmacy school admission committees.
Prior induced affect and sex differences in attraction.

Male (N = 90) and female(N = 90) Ss were shown either 12 humorous or 12 serious TV commercials and were asked to rate each commercial on six 7-point personal feelings scales as well as on a 6-point evaluative (like-dislike) scale. The Ss were then shown the purported evaluative responses of a same-sex stranger which were .17, .50, or .83 similar to their own. Analysis of the personal feelings scales indicated expected differences (p < .001) in affect associated with the two sets of commercials. Females who viewed the serious commercials evidenced greater attraction toward the stranger than did females who saw the humorous commercials (p < .05). The similarity attraction function for males in the humorous condition had a greater slope and a lower y intercept than the similarity attraction function for males in the serious condition. A factor analysis of female affective responses to five socially relevant commercials in the serious set suggested the operation of two affective dimensions, one of which appeared to reflect feelings of social concern.
Morphine induced exacerbation of sepsis is mediated by tempering endotoxin tolerance through modulation of miR-146a

Development of tolerance to endotoxin prevents sustained hyper inflammation during systemic infections. Here we report for the first time that chronic morphine treatment tempers endotoxin tolerance resulting in persistent inflammation, septicemia and septic shock. Morphine was found to down-regulate endotoxin/LPS induced miR-146a and 155 in macrophages. However, only miR-146a over expression, but not miR-155 abrogates morphine mediated hyper-inflammation. Conversely, antagonizing miR-146a (but not miR-155) heightened the severity of morphine-mediated hyper-inflammation. These results suggest that miR-146a acts as a molecular switch controlling hyper-inflammation in clinical and/or recreational use of morphine.
Diacetylene-terminated diacetylene-containing polysiloxanes

The presence of terminal diacetylenes in a diacetylene-containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) is demonstrated to emphasize their use as an alternative to other thermally reactive end groups for polymer cross-linking.
Effect of long-term, alternate day feeding on renal function in aging conscious rats.

Effect of long-term, alternate day feeding on renal function in aging conscious rats. To examine the renal effects of lifelong intermittent feeding, we performed clearance and pathologic studies in 86 week old, awake male Sprague-Dawley rats fed on alternate days (N = 9) or ad libitum (N = 8) since the age of four weeks. Alternate day-fed rats were studied on both feeding and fasting days, and the values averaged. In the alternate day group the clearances of inulin (C inulin ) and PAH (CPAH), factored by body wt, were higher by 23% and 27%, respectively (P alb V) was two orders of magnitude lower (P inulin and CPAH were similar while U alb V was higher (P alb V was much higher (P
Exchange rates and ‘news’: A multi-currency approach

Abstract In this paper a multi-currency model is used to investigate the relationship between spot exchange rates, forward rates, market efficiency, and new information. It is shown that in a world with more than two countries the error term in the standard market efficiency tests will be correlated across rates. It is also shown that the exchange rate can be expressed as a function of factors known in advance, which are captured by the forward rate determined in the previous period, and ‘news’. The empirical results presented in the paper tend to support the model's implications.
Reflections And Transmissions of Plane Waves On an Interface Between Dissimilar Fluid-saturated Porous Media

The reflection and transmission coefficients for plane P/SV waves at an interface between two dissimilar fluid-saturated porous media have been determined in this study. By eigen-decomposing the Biot equations, the governing equations for wave propagation in fluid-saturated porous media, we express the displacement/stress vector in terms of an upgoing-/downgoing-wave vector. Then the boundary conditions on the interface are used to relate the upgoing and downgoing waves in the media above and below the interface. The reflection coefficients are obtained from the ratios of upgoing waves and downgoing waves in any one medium, and the transmission coefficients from the ratios of upgoing waves and downgoing waves in different media. We calculated the reflection and transmission coefficients and corresponding reflection and transmission angles for the interface between a Teapot sandstone and a Foxhills sandstone. For conventional (fast) P and SV waves, the variations of reflection and transmission coefficients with incident angles are very similar to those for single-phase elastic media. The main differences between them occur near the critical angles. For the other type of wave existing in porous media (that is, the slow P wave), the reflection and transmission coefficients are smaller than those for the fast P and SV waves and very sensitive to the frequency of the wave.
Size-Selective Transport of Uncharged Solutes through Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Membranes

Several recent studies demonstrated highly selective ion transport through multilayer polyelectrolyte membranes. This paper examines the transport of neutral molecules through multilayer polyelectrolyte films and shows significant size-based discrimination among organic analytes. Simple 7-bilayer poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) films deposited on porous alumina exhibit a glucose/sucrose selectivity of ∼150 in both diffusion dialysis and nanofiltration. However, selectivity among smaller solutes is fairly low (methanol/glycerol ≈ 2 and glycerol/glucose ≈ 8). Because inorganic ions are generally smaller than glycerol, these results suggest that size-based selectivity in ion transport through PSS/PAH films is minimal. High selectivity in nanofiltration by PSS/PAH membranes is accompanied by relatively high solute rejections. For example, 7-bilayer PSS/PAH membranes exhibit a methanol rejection of 70% and a sucrose rejection of >99.9%. Although such high rejections will prec...
SOURCE–SINK DYNAMICS FOR A GENERALIST INSECT PREDATOR IN HABITATS WITH STRONG HIGHER-ORDER PREDATION

The functional importance of higher-order predators in terrestrial ecosystems is currently an area of active inquiry. In particular, an understanding of the relative influences of prey availability and higher-order predation on predator populations is of immediate relevance to the theory of biological control of herbivorous arthropods. Biological control workers have repeatedly speculated that one cause of failure to establish predators and parasitoids in novel environments is the strong mortality imposed on released agents by higher-order predators. Nevertheless, the ability of higher-order predators to create a habitat where mortality exceeds natality (a “sink” habitat) has never been tested experimentally with a biological control agent in nature. Although in isolation the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea can consistently produce strong suppression of populations of the aphid Aphis gossypii, the full community of predators when tested together exerts minimal aphid control. The age structure of Chrysoperla spp. populations in cotton fields harboring low to intermediate densities of aphid prey is characterized by a sharp drop in densities from the egg to the first larval instar; this observation is consistent with heavy mortality during either the egg or first larval stage. Egg cohorts followed under unmanipulated field conditions showed relatively high rates of successful hatch, suggesting that the vulnerable developmental stage is the young larva. Larval survival is relatively high in the absence of hemipteran predators, suggesting that prey availability is not the primary limiting factor. Depressed survival is observed in the presence of Geocoris spp., Nabis spp., and Zelus renardii, all common hemipteran predators in cotton. Predation on lacewing larvae appears to disrupt the strong top-down control of aphid populations in cotton. Chrysoperla spp. densities declined in fields harboring intermediate aphid densities when lacewing subpopulations were experimentally caged to block immigration and emigration. In one year (1993) Chrysoperla spp. densities fell to very low levels, suggesting that the field was either a true sink habitat or a pseudosink with a very low equilibrium density. In a second year (1994), densities declined to what appeared to be a lower but stable density, suggesting that the habitat was a pseudosink. Thus, in both years, declines in Chrysoperla spp. densities were observed following caging, suggesting that Chrysoperla spp. populations are spatially subsidized. Aphid prey availability and higher-order predation interacted strongly in their influence on C. carnea survival: larval survival in the presence of higher-order predators was 5.6% when prey availability was intermediate and 40.5% when prey were superabundant. Spatial heterogeneity in aphid prey densities modulates the intensity of higher-order predation and thereby appears to produce source–sink dynamics of Chrysoperla spp. in cotton fields.
Viscous dissipation with fluid inertia in oscillatory shear flow

Abstract For liquids with high viscosity and low thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation can cause appreciable errors in rheological property measurements. Here, the influences of both viscous dissipation and fluid inertia on the property measurements in oscillatory sliding plate rheometry are investigated. For Newtonian fluids, Bird (1965) solved the combined problem analytically, but only for high frequencies. Here his solution is extended to any frequencies. Also, the equations of motion and energy are solved for linear viscoelastic fluids, and new analytical solutions for the velocity and temperature profiles are given. In both Newtonian and linear viscoelastic fluids, the temperature rise in the gap increases with frequency. The location of the maximum temperature shifts from the mid-plane at low frequency towards the moving wall at high frequency. The fluid inertia increases the viscous dissipation in both fluids. By solving the combined problem, this paper simplifies rheometer design by providing one unified criterion for avoiding measurement errors. Operating limits are presented graphically for minimizing the effects of both fluid inertia and viscous dissipation in oscillatory sliding plate rheometry.
Actions of ketamine on synaptic transmission in frog sympathetic ganglia

Abstract The effects of ketamine, a clinically used general anaesthetic, on isolated paravertebral sympathetic ganglia were investigated with extracellular and intracellular techniques. Ketamine, in concentrations of 10 −5 M –10 −3 M , reversibly blocked orthodromically induced action potentials. In concentrations which completely abolished the nicotinic response, ketamine did not entirely depress the muscarinic and noncholinergic components of ganglionic transmission. Ketamine depressed the postsynaptic membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine which was determined by comparing the responses to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine before and after ketamine. Concentrations of ketamine less than 10 −3 M , which effectively blocked ganglionic transmission, did not significantly alter the passive membrane properties of the postsynaptic membrane. At 10 −3 M , ketamine acted to simultaneously depolarize the postsynaptic membrane and increase the effective membrane resistance by decreasing the membrane conductance to potassium. In concentrations greater than 10 −3 M , ketamine acted non-selectively to block reversibly the nicotinic, muscarinic and non-cholinergic ganglionic responses. These results demonstrate that ketamine. in addition to its strong central action, also has a direct depressant action upon peripheral synaptic transmission.
Feedback distortion for rehabilitation: gauging perceived physical effort

We examined subjects' perceptions of physical effort in the presence of feedback distortion as they were asked to resist forces produced by a haptic device. Subjects pressed against a simulated spring with the index finger until they reached a target force, which they held for a designated time duration. Visual feedback of the target force level and the designated time duration was provided. On some trials, the visual feedback of force was distorted by 7% to 22% so that subjects produced that much more force to get to the same visual target force. Subjects rated their perceived physical effort for each trial. Our regression analyses showed that rated effort was strongly predicted by the visual feedback of force regardless of the actual force produced. The length of time the force was produced only weakly predicted the rated effort. These results will be used to construct virtual rehabilitation environments.
The relationship between watching professional wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting among high school students.

CONTEXT. Previous research has found that exposure to violence in the home, community, and electronic media are associated with children9s and adolescents9 normative expectations concerning the use of violence and with other indicators of the violent behaviors by youth. OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this study was to examine the relationships between the frequency that high school students reported watching wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting, weapon carrying, and other fighting behaviors. DESIGN. The initial analysis consisted of a cross-sectional study of a simple random sample of high school students, which was followed by a longitudinal analysis of these students over a 6- to 7-month period. SETTING. The setting was all public high schools in 1 city/county system. PARTICIPANTS. We used a simple random sample (N = 2228) of students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. The primary outcome variables included the frequency of date fighting during the previous 12 months and alcohol or other drug involvement associated with the last date fight. RESULTS. There were significant correlations between frequency of watching wrestling on television during the previous 2 weeks and engaging in date fighting, fighting in general, and weapon carrying for both males and females, although the relationships were stronger among females than among males. The frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students reporting date fighting when either the victim or perpetrator had been drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs. When analyzed using logistic regression, the strongest relationships were observed between the frequency of watching wrestling and date-fight perpetration among females in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings persisted after adjusting for multiple other factors. CONCLUSIONS. For males and females, the frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students who fought with their dates when alcohol or other drugs were involved. The association between watching wrestling and date fighting was stronger among females than males. The relationship between watching wrestling on television and being the perpetrator of dating violence was also stronger among females and remained consistent over a 6- to 7-month time period.
Biotypic Variation Among North American Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Populations

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has been a major economic pest of small grains in the western United States since its introduction in 1986. Recently, a new Russian wheat aphid biotype was discovered in southeastern Colorado that damaged previously resistant wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Biotype development jeopardizes the durability of plant resistance, which has been a cornerstone for Russian wheat aphid management. Our objective was to assess the relative amount of biotypic diversity among Russian wheat aphid populations collected from cultivated wheat and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. We conducted field surveys from May through June 2002 and August 2003 from seven counties within Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Based upon a foliar chlorosis damage rating, three new Russian wheat aphid biotypes were identified, one of which was virulent to all characterized sources of Russian wheat aphid resistance. The future success of Russian wheat aphid resistance breeding programs will depend upon the continual monitoring of extant biotypic diversity and determination of the ecological and genetic factors underlying the development of Russian wheat aphid biotypes.
Relationships between batch sizes, scheduling policies, and lead times in manufacturing systems

In this paper, we examine the impact of scheduling policies on batch sizing decisions in a multiproduct manufacturing system. We also investigate the joint effect of scheduling policies and batch sizing decisions on manufacturing lead times. In particular we compare the performance of a first come-first-served (FCFS) policy with a group scheduling (GS) policy and study the effect of both on the optimal batch size.
Analyzing and correlating instrumental and sensory data : A multivariate study of physical properties of cooked wheat noodles

The physical characteristics and sensory properties of eight wheat noodles formulated with wheat gluten (0, 3 and 6%) and glyceryl monostearate (0, 1.4 and 2.8%) were investigated. Color parameters and texture attributes were instrumentally characterized. Four visually observed appearance attributes and four manually or orally assessed textural attributes, were sensorially profiled quantitatively. Glyceryl monostearate, at 1.4% and 2.8% fortification levels, had more profound influences than wheat gluten, at 3% and 6% fortification levels, and exhibited different behaviors in most of the physical and sensory properties of cooked noodles. These two additives well separated the eight noodle products along two independent dimensions. As to instrumental-sensory relations, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares regression (PLS) and Procrustes analysis (PA) confirmed that the instrumental and sensory analysis procedures reached a true consensus.
A numerical study of the flow of Bingham-like fluids in two-dimensional vane and cylinder rheometers using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) based method

In this paper, a Lagrangian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach, was applied to determine how well rheological parameters such as plastic viscosity can be determined from vane rheometer measurements. First, to validate this approach, a Bingham/Papanastasiou constitutive model was implemented into the SPH model and tests comparing simulation results to well established theoretical predictions were conducted. Numerical simulations for the flow of fluids in vane and coaxial cylinder rheometers were then performed. A comparison to experimental data was also made to verify the application of the SPH method in realistic flow geometries. Finally, results are presented from a parametric study of the flow of Bingham fluids with different yield stresses under various applied angular velocities of the outer cylindrical wall in the vane and coaxial cylinder rheometers. The stress, strain rate and velocity profiles, especially in the vicinity of the vane blades, were computed. By comparing the calculated stress and flow fields between the two rheometers, the validity of the assumption that the vane could be approximated as a cylinder for measuring the rheological properties of Bingham fluids at different shear rates was tested.
Implications of Olfactory Stimulation in Activities for Adults with Age-Related Dementia

Abstract Group interventions for adults with age-related dementia often utilize olfactory stimulation. The olfactory component is used in reality orientation, reminiscence therapy, and evolving activities and treatments. Contrary to its use, numerous neurological studies show cell death in the olfactory bulb and perception studies indicate that adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia perform poorly on tests of smell detection and identification. Therefore, current approaches that use olfactory stimulation for adults with dementia must be reexamined to determine their value in both group and individual activity therapy.
Development and validation of ELISA and GC-MS procedures for the quantification of dextromethorphan and its main metabolite dextrorphan in urine and oral fluid.

The development of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmation method for the detection of dextromethorphan and its major metabolite dextrorphan in urine and oral fluid is described. For the screening assay, the intraday precision was less than 8% for urine and less than 5% for oral fluid. The interday precision was less than 10% for both drugs in urine and oral fluid. For the confirmatory procedure, both inter- and intraday precision was less than 5% for both matrices. The detection limit for both methods was 1 ng/mL. The quantifying ions chosen from the full scan mass spectra were m/z 271 for dextromethorphan, m/z 329 for dextrorphan, and m/z 332 for tri-deuterated dextrorphan-d 3 . A high recovery yield (> 93%) from the Quantisal™ oral fluid collection device was achieved, and the drugs were stable in the collection device for at least 10 days at room temperature. The extracted drugs from both matrices were stable for at least 48 h while kept at room temperature. Both screening and confirmatory procedures were applied to authentic urine and oral fluid specimens obtained from volunteers following therapeutic ingestion of dextromethorphan.
High and Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Differentially Regulate Human Fibrocyte Differentiation

Background Following tissue injury, monocytes can enter the tissue and differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes, but little is known about what regulates this differentiation. Extracellular matrix contains high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA; ∼2×106 Da). During injury, HMWHA breaks down to low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA; ∼0.8–8×105 Da). Methods and Findings In this report, we show that HMWHA potentiates the differentiation of human monocytes into fibrocytes, while LMWHA inhibits fibrocyte differentiation. Digestion of HMWHA with hyaluronidase produces small hyaluronic acid fragments, and these fragments inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Monocytes internalize HMWHA and LMWHA equally well, suggesting that the opposing effects on fibrocyte differentiation are not due to differential internalization of HMWHA or LMWHA. Adding HMWHA to PBMC does not appear to affect the levels of the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44, whereas adding LMWHA decreases CD44 levels. The addition of anti-CD44 antibodies potentiates fibrocyte differentiation, suggesting that CD44 mediates at least some of the effect of hyaluronic acid on fibrocyte differentiation. The fibrocyte differentiation-inhibiting factor serum amyloid P (SAP) inhibits HMWHA-induced fibrocyte differentiation and potentiates LMWHA-induced inhibition. Conversely, LMWHA inhibits the ability of HMWHA, interleukin-4 (IL-4), or interleukin-13 (IL-13) to promote fibrocyte differentiation. Conclusions We hypothesize that hyaluronic acid signals at least in part through CD44 to regulate fibrocyte differentiation, with a dominance hierarchy of SAP>LMWHA≥HMWHA>IL-4 or IL-13.
Utilization of microwaves in the study of reaction kinetics in liquid and semisolid media

An apparatus, referred to as the microwave kinetics reactor (MWKR), incorporating a microwave-transparent pressure vessel with mechanical mixing together with a microwave temperature controller, was developed and tested. Experiments were performed to determine a safe and practical operating envelope for the MWKR. Temperatures measured at the center and at the top surface of varying viscosity solutions in the MWKR were used to determine the adequacy of mixing when the solutions were heated from room temperature to 120 °C and held for a prescribed period of time. The viscosities of the solutions were adjusted by adding (carboxymethyl)cellulose (CMC) to distilled water. A 2% CMC solution represented the upper viscosity limit to be heated homogeneously in the apparatus (approximately 2000 cP). To illustrate the usefulness of this apparatus in obtaining kinetic parameters, thiamin hydrochloride degradation kinetics in pea puree were determined at 100, 120, and 130 °C and compared to those obtained from the literature. The MWKR offers an attractive, efficient, convenient, and accurate alternative for the study of reaction kinetics in viscous fluids and semisolids because of its short come-up time and mixing capability. Experimentally determined kinetic parameters compared very well to those obtained from the literature. As expected the kinetics was first-order, with an activation energy, Ea, of 27.0 kcal/mol.
Maximum likelihood face detection

We present a visual learning approach that uses non-parametric probability estimators. We use entropy analysis over the training set in order to select the features that best represent the pattern class of faces, and set up discrete probability models. These models are tested in the context of maximum likelihood detection of faces. Excellent results are reported in terms of the correct-answer-false-alarm tradeoff as well as in terms of the computational requirements of the systems.
Transfusion insurgency: practice change through education and evidence-based recommendations

Abstract Background In 2000, we implemented an evidence-based guideline in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) using a transfusion threshold of hemoglobin Methods We analyzed 2-month samples of admissions in even-numbered years from 1998 to 2006. Any infusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) was included. Results We analyzed data from 2,138 patients resulting in 5,130 transfusions. Thirty-six patients received >20 U of blood. The only difference between groups occurred in 2006 when renal failure increased. Transfusions decreased from 3.2 ± 0.34 (SE) to 1.7 ± 0.2. The number of patients who received blood also decreased. Mortality and length of stay (LOS) were not different among the groups. Every unit of blood transfused increased the mortality risk by 14%. Conclusions Implementation of an evidence-based transfusion guideline reduced the number of infused units and patients transfused without an increase in mortality.