cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species divergence in field crickets: genetics, song, ecomorphology, and pre‐ and postzygotic isolation

Studies that simultaneously estimate levels of species divergence in genetics, reproductive and ecological traits, and pre- and postzygotic isolation are relatively rare. Here we compare levels of divergence in three allopatric sister species of field crickets. We compare divergence in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, male song, female ovipositor length, levels of pre- and postzygotic isolation, and male versus female contributions to prezygotic isolation. Taken together, our data show the accumulation of a multitude of potential reproductive isolating barriers if secondary contact were to become established. Furthermore, ecological and behavioural prezygotic isolation appear significantly more advanced than postzygotic isolation, with prezygotic isolation due to female behaviour exceeding that due to male behaviour.
Long Work Hours and Family Life A Cross-National Study of Employees' Concerns

Work-family conflict is a pressing research and policy issue. The authors extend previous scholarship on this issue by studying elite employees’worries about the effects of longwork hours on those in their personal life. This issue is researched cross-nationally in a sample of managers and professionals based in the United States, London, and Hong Kong, all of whom work for one division of a high-commitment, global, financial services firm. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than those in the United States and in England to worry about work-family conflict when controlling for job and family characteristics. The authors argue that the meaning of family varies by national context, in part because of the emphasis in Hong Kong on the extended family as a robust institution with intense ties and obligations. In all three countries, women experience higher levels of work-family conflict than men do.
Selective edge removal for unstructured grids with Cartesian cores

Several rules for redistributing geometric edge-coefficient obtained for grids of linear elements derived from the subdivision of rectangles, cubes or prisms are presented. By redistributing the geometric edge-coefficient, no work is carried out on approximately half of all the edges of such grids. The redistribution rule for triangles obtained from rectangles is generalized to arbitrary situations in 3-D, and implemented in a typical 3-D edge-based flow solver. The results indicate that without degradation of accuracy, CPU requirements can be cut considerably for typical large-scale grids. This allows a seamless integration of unstructured grids near boundaries with efficient Cartesian grids in the core regions of the domain.
Hardening and Microstructure of Model Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel Alloys Using Proton Irradiation

As part of a broad effort to understand the mechanisms of irradiation embrittlement in reactor pressure vessels steels, irradiation hardening and microstructural evolution in simple model Fe-0.9Cu-1.0Mn, Fe-0.9Cu and Fe alloys irradiated with 3.2 MeV protons at 300°C are compared to the corresponding changes in hardening produced by neutron irradiation over a similar dose range of 0.0004 to 0.015 dpa. In the case of the proton irradiated samples, Vickers hardness was measured at a 25 g load and the microstructures were characterized using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In spite of the much higher dpa rate for protons (3 × 10−7 dpa/s compared to neutron rates of about 10−9 to 10−10 dpa/s) as well as very different primary recoil spectra, the observed hardening-dose response is very similar in both cases. The large increase in hardness in the alloys with 0.9% copper, and the SAXS data are consistent with precipitation of coherent copper-rich features accelerated by irradiation enhanced diffusion, as well as a much smaller contribution presumably from defect clusters that do not require the presence of copper.
Patterns of care for non-small-cell lung cancer at an academic institution affiliated with a national cancer institute-designated cancer center.

These data point toward the need for improved evidence-based use of resources in the third-line setting of stage IV NSCLC.
Beneficial effect of SPM-5185, a cysteine-containing nitric oxide donor, in rat carotid artery intimal injury.

We studied the effects of an organic nitric oxide (NO) donor SPM-5185 in a rat carotid artery intimal injury model. Seven days after injury, the two end segments of the injured carotid arteries were studied for endothelial release of NO, and the middle segments were used for histological measurement of the intimal-to-medial (I/M) ratio and scanning electron microscopy of the luminal surface. The NO donor SPM-5185 or its non-NO-donating control compound SPM-5267 were infused intravenously at 30 micrograms/d. Full vasorelaxant responses of rat carotid arterial rings were obtained with the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine (ACh), A23187, and the endothelium-independent vasodilator acidified NaNO2 in sham-operated control rings. Impaired relaxation occurred with 10 mumol/L ACh and 1 mumol/L A23187 in injured rings but not in rings infused with SPM-5185 for 7 days. Relaxation to 100 mumol/L acidified NaNO2 was not significantly different among any of the groups, indicating a normal vascular smooth muscle response after intimal injury. Morphometric analysis of injured carotid arteries given vehicle and SPM-5267 showed marked intimal thickening with an average I/M ratio of 0.78 +/- 0.03 and 0.74 +/- 0.05, respectively. SPM-5185 markedly attenuated intimal thickening, resulting in an I/M ratio of 0.13 +/- 0.03 (P < .01 from vehicle), representing an approximately 82% inhibition of intimal thickening. SPM-5185 infusion resulted in accelerated regeneration of endothelial cells on the intimal surface at 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Is Globalization What It’s Cracked Up to Be? Economic Freedom, Corruption, and Human Development

This paper examines the effect of economic globalization on human development and argues that the relation between economic globalization and human development is mediated by economic freedom and corruption. Findings suggest that economic globalization affects economic freedom positively and corruption negatively. In turn, economic freedom has a positive effect and corruption has a negative effect on human development. All relations are in the hypothesized directions and significant. Research, business, and public policy implications as well as directions for future research are presented.
The shape of health to come: prospective study of the determinants of 30-year health trajectories in the Alameda County Study

Methods Prospective study of a representative, population-based cohort studied on four occasions over 30 years. Trajectories of health over this period, combining self-rated health and date of death, were related to behavioural, psychosocial and socio-economic risk factors. Results Trajectories of health were associated with behavioural, socioeconomic, and psychosocial risk factors, the strongest predictors being household income and physical activity. Those with an income 1 SD above the mean were � 25% more likely to die having previously consistently reported excellent health (Men: relative risk (RR) ¼1.27, 95% CI ¼1.10–1.46; Women: RR ¼1.25, 95% CI ¼1.06–1.47), were more likely to remain ‘Alive in Excellent Health’ (Men: RR ¼1.35, 95% CI ¼1.21–1.51; Women: RR ¼1.30, 95% CI ¼1.19–1.43) and were less likely to have shown an ‘Unremitting Decline’ (Men: RR ¼0.72, 95% CI ¼0.49–1.05; Women: RR ¼0.71, 95% CI ¼0.48–1.04). Those with low physical activity were � 50% less likely to die having consistently reported excellent health (Men: RR ¼0.54, 95% CI ¼0.39–0.76; Women: RR ¼0.48, 95% CI ¼0.33–0.71), and were five-times more likely to show an ‘Unremitting Decline’ (Men: RR ¼5.05, 95% CI ¼1.75–14.56; Women: RR ¼5.00, 95% CI ¼1.48–16.92). They were also less likely to be ‘Alive in Excellent Health’ (Men: RR ¼0.41, 95% CI ¼0.29–0.57; Women: RR ¼0.44, 95% CI ¼0.33–0.57).
Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes

A band of seismicity transects the southern Sierra Nevada range between the northeastern end of the site of the 1952 M W (moment magnitude) 7.3 Kern County earthquake and the site of the 1946 M W 6.1 Walker Pass earthquake. Relocated earthquakes in this band, which lacks a surface expression, better delineate the northeast-trending seismic lineament and resolve complex structure near the Walker Pass mainshock. Left-lateral earthquake focal planes are rotated counterclockwise from the strike of the seismic lineament, consistent with slip on shear fractures such as those observed in the early stages of fault development in laboratory experiments. We interpret this seismic lineament as a previously unrecognized, incipient, currently blind, strikeslip fault, a unique example of a newly forming structure.
Early Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of their Relationships with their Fathers:: A Qualitative Investigation

In response to the lack of research on father/daughter relationships in ethnic minority, low-income families, a qualitative, exploratory study was conducted with 20 early adolescent girls to examine their perceptions of relationships with their fathers. The girls predominantly were Latina or African American and came from low-income, two-parent or single-parent households. They participated in one-to-one, semistructured interviews in which they were asked about their relationships with their fathers. The analysis of the interviews revealed four themes: (a) girls had, or expected to have, activity-oriented relationships with their fathers that involved conversations focused on school, sports, or “the world”; (b) girls wanted “more” from their fathers; (c) girls perceived their fathers as “overprotective”; and (d) girls protected their fathers. With the exception of the fourth theme, each theme was detected in more than three-fourths of the girls’ interviews. The findings indicated a need to examine further...
Mathematical Problem-Solving Profiles of Students with Mathematics Disabilities With and Without Comorbid Reading Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to describe the mathematical problem-solving profiles of students with mathematics disabilities (MD) with and without comorbid reading disabilities (RD). The disability status of fourth-grade students was verified through testing (n = 18 MD; n = 22 MD + RD). Then a hierarchy of mathematics problem-solving tasks was administered. The results demonstrated large deficits for both groups; however, the differences between students with MD and those with MD + RD were mediated by the level of problem solving (arithmetic story problems vs. complex story problems vs. real-world problem solving) and by performance dimension (operations vs. problem solving). On arithmetic story problems, the differences between the disability subtypes were similar for operations and problem solving. By contrast, on complex story problems and real-world problem solving, the differences between the subtypes were larger for problem solving than for operations.
Magnetic Material Test by Waveform Sampling

The evaluation of magnetic steel for electric motor applications has been most effectively done with ring samples rather than Epstein samples. However, the tests required skilled technicians and considerable time to wind magnetizing and excitation coils and to compute required magnetic variables. A test system is presented that is fast and requires no special skills. Yet the controls and calculations required by standard magnetic testing are performed. A simple three-turn fixture replaces toroidal windings, and the necessary flux waveform control is achieved by a power amplifier and feedback control. Calculations and the test report are supplied by a microcomputer that also replaces meters by data sampling. The tester can also be used to evaluate the yokes of stator cores, and losses can be separated into hysteresis and eddy current by the two-frequency method.
Type I interferon signaling in hematopoietic cells is required for survival in mouse polymicrobial sepsis by regulating CXCL10

Type I interferon (IFN) alpha/beta is critical for host defense. During endotoxicosis or highly lethal bacterial infections where systemic inflammation predominates, mice deficient in IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) display decreased systemic inflammation and improved outcome. However, human sepsis mortality often occurs during a prolonged period of immunosuppression and not from exaggerated inflammation. We used a low lethality cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis to determine the role of type I IFNs in host defense during sepsis. Despite increased endotoxin resistance, IFNAR(-/-) and chimeric mice lacking IFNAR in hematopoietic cells display increased mortality to CLP. This was not associated with an altered early systemic inflammatory response, except for decreased CXCL10 production. IFNAR(-/-) mice display persistently elevated peritoneal bacterial counts compared with wild-type mice, reduced peritoneal neutrophil recruitment, and recruitment of neutrophils with poor phagocytic function despite normal to enhanced adaptive immune function during sepsis. Importantly, CXCL10 treatment of IFNAR(-/-) mice improves survival and decreases peritoneal bacterial loads, and CXCL10 increases mouse and human neutrophil phagocytosis. Using a low lethality sepsis model, we identify a critical role of type I IFN-dependent CXCL10 in host defense during polymicrobial sepsis by increasing neutrophil recruitment and function.
Diversity and novelty of the gut microbial community of an herbivorous rodent (Neotoma bryanti)

Mammalian herbivores host diverse microbial communities to aid in fermentation and potentially detoxification of dietary compounds. However, the microbial ecology of herbivorous rodents, especially within the largest superfamily of mammals (Muroidea) has received little attention. We conducted a preliminary inventory of the intestinal microbial community of Bryant’s woodrat (Neotoma bryanti), an herbivorous Muroidea rodent. We collected woodrat feces, generated 16S rDNA clone libraries, and obtained sequences from 171 clones. Our results demonstrate that the woodrat gut hosts a large number of novel microorganisms, with 96% of the total microbial sequences representing novel species. These include several microbial genera that have previously been implicated in the metabolism of plant toxins. Interestingly, a comparison of the community structure of the woodrat gut with that of other mammals revealed that woodrats have a microbial community more similar to foregut rather than hindgut fermenters. Moreover, their microbial community was different to that of previously studied herbivorous rodents. Therefore, the woodrat gut may represent a useful resource for the identification of novel microbial genes involved in cellulolytic or detoxification processes.
High lift force with 275 Hz wing beat in MFI

The Micromechanical Flying Insect (MFI) project aims to create a 25 mm (wingtip to wingtip) flapping wing micro air vehicle inspired by the aerodynamics of insect flight. A key challenge is generating appropriate wing trajectories. Previous work showed a lift of 506 muN at 160 Hz using feedforward control. In this paper, refinements to the MFI design including those in [2] increased wing beat frequency to 275 Hz and lift to 1400 muN using pure sinusoidal drive for a fixed benchtop experiment. We show through simplified aerodynamic models that not only do sinusoidal actuator drives produce close to maximal lift, but significantly improved wing trajectories due to non-sinusoidal actuator drives are practically unobtainable due to actuator limitations.
The Political Theory of a Compound Republic: Designing the American Experiment

Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Preface Chapter 3 Two Different Approaches to the Design of Public Order Chapter 4 Chapter 1. Introduction: Seeking to Understand Principles of Governance Part 5 Part I. A Political Theory of a Compound Republic Chapter 6 Chapter 2. Point of Departure, Basic Assumptions, and First Principles Chapter 7 Chapter 3. Constitutional Choice Chapter 8 Chapter 4. Some Rudiments of Political Design Chapter 9 Chapter 5. A Republican Remedy for the Republican Disease Chapter 10 Chapter 6. Federal Structures and Their Implications Chapter 11 Chapter 7. The Distribution of Authority in the Organization of the National Government Part 12 Part II. More Than Two Centuries Later: Reflections on the American Experiments in Constitutional Choice Chapter 13 Chapter 8. Constitutional Choice and Constitutional Development Chapter 14 Chapter 9. The Twentieth-Century Break withThe Federalist Tradition Chapter 15 Chapter 10. The Constitutional Level of Analysis: A Challenge
Nonrigid registration combining global and local statistics

In this paper we exploit normalized mutual information for the nonrigid registration of multimodal images. Rather than assuming that image statistics are spatially stationary, as often done in traditional information-theoretic methods, we take into account the spatial variability through a weighted combination of global normalized mutual information and local matching statistics. Spatial relationships are incorporated into the registration criterion by adoptively adjusting the weight according to the strength of local cues. With a continuous representation of images and Parzen window estimators, we have developed closed-form expressions of the first-order variation with respect to any general, nonparametric, infinite-dimensional deformation of the image domain. To characterize the performance of the proposed approach, synthetic phantoms, simulated MRIs, and clinical data are used in a validation study. The results suggest that the augmented normalized mutual information provides substantial improvements in terms of registration accuracy and robustness.
A Proposed Definition for Vector Correlation in Geophysics: Theory and Application

Abstract A universally accepted definition for vector correlation in oceanography and meteorology does not presently exist. To address this need, a generalized correlation coefficient, originally proposed by Hooper and later expanded upon by Jupp and Mardia, is explored. A short history of previous definitions is presented. Then the definition originally proposed by Hooper is presented together with supporting theory and associated properties. The most significant properties of this vector correlation coefficient are that it is a generalization of the square of the simple one-dimensional correlation coefficient, and when the vectors are independent, its asymptotic distribution is known; hence, it can be used for hypothesis testing. Because the asymptotic results hold only for large samples, and in practical situations only small samples are often available, modified sampling distributions are derived using simulation techniques for samples as small as eight. It is symmetric with respect to its arguments a...
Cor pulmonale parvus: patting the elephant.

The right ventricle has historically been poorly understood terra incognita in adult cardiovascular imaging. Neither invasive angiography, first-pass radionuclide imaging, nor 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography proved sufficiently robust or widely applicable to provide an adequate understanding of
Biomass Fractionation by Hot Compressed Liquid Water

Samples of six woody and four herbaceous biomass species were washed with compressed, liquid water for 0 to 15 minutes at 200°–230°C. Between 40 and 60% of the sample mass was solubilized. In all cases, 100% of the hemicellulose was solubilized, of which 90% (on average) was recoverable as monomeric sugar. Concurrently, between 4–22% of the cellulose and 35–60% of the lignin were also solubilized. The solvolysis process is so facile that the results are practically independent of temperature and time within the range studied. The observed variations occurred primarily as a function of species. High lignin solubilization apparently reduced the ability to recover hemicellulose sugar.
Understanding digital-altered photographs through photographers' views of reality: Matt Siber as an example

Digital-altered photographs are now popular among artists due to advancements in digital technology. Manipulating or gathering pieces of images and combining them into one in computers, artists who produce digital-altered photographs not only deliver impressive technological effects for shock value, but also, and perhaps more importantly, capitalize on the style's ability to express their particular messages. To understand digital-altered photographs and the messages behind them, I propose that we start with investigating artists' worldviews, or what artists value as knowledge. This inquiry can be achieved by asking about artists' views of reality and by examining how their views of reality manifest in their digital-altered photographs. Contemporary photographer Matt Siber and his digital projects, Floating Logos and The Untitled Project, provide an example of how investigating digital photographers' views of reality and interpreting these views through theories can help us identify and clarify the valuable knowledge provided by their work.
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN POPULATION STRUCTURE AND RATE OF INBREEDING.

Historically, the theory and practice of population genetics has been based on either the assumption that in natural populations generations are discrete or that they overlap continuously. Neither of these assumptions provides an accurate representation of the structure of most populations. Charlesworth and Giesel ( 1971 ) have shown that the age structure of a population which has overlapping generations and discrete age classes can have important effects on the course of natural selection and on the genetic structure of such populations and that the field results of many evolutionists might be profitably reinterpreted on the basis of age distributed selection. Recently, Levin et al. (1969) calculated the effective deme size of some populations of Mus musculus using the common discrete generation definition. It is likely that their interpretation of their results would have been significantly different had they considered the age distribution of their populations. Nei (pers. comm.) feels tentatively that discrete generation definitions of effective size should be adequate for most population types. In this paper, I show that effective size is an important function of the age distribution of the population and that, because of this, evolutionary biologists who are concerned with small natural populations should consider the population's breeding structure in their analyses of the genetics of the populations. Rates of inbreeding in randomly mating populations characterized by overlapping generations and discrete age classes, and age specific fecundity are investigated using
Binding affinity and cooperativity control U2B″/snRNA/U2A' RNP formation.

The U1A and U2B″ proteins are components of the U1 and U2 snRNPs, respectively, where they bind to snRNA stemloops. While localization of U1A and U2B″ to their respective snRNP is a well-known phenomenon, binding of U2B″ to U2 snRNA is typically thought to be accompanied by the U2A′ protein. The molecular mechanisms that lead to formation of the RNA/U2B″/U2A′ complex and its localization to the U2 snRNP are investigated here, using a combination of in vitro RNA–protein and protein–protein fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry binding experiments. We find that U2A′ protein binds to U2B″ with nanomolar affinity but binds to U1A with only micromolar affinity. In addition, there is RNA-dependent cooperativity (linkage) between protein–protein and protein–RNA binding. The unique combination of tight binding and cooperativity ensures that the U2A′/U2B″ complex is partitioned only to the U2 snRNP.
Mechanism of Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis in the Rat. III. Kidney Mitochondrial Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Activity.

SummaryResults of time-course studies of the development of a significant reduction in disappearance of inorganic phosphate, associated with oxidation of succinate in kidney mitochondria of aminonucleoside-nephrotic rats, clearly indicate the establishment of this effect as early as the 4th day during the induction of the nephrotic syndrome, and prior to onset and development of massive proteinuria. Oxygen uptake was not similarly altered until the 6th day of aminonucleoside administration and occurred in parallel with onset of proteinuria. Under experimental conditions closely resembling those employed in the oxidative phosphorylation studies, no significant differences were noted in dephosphorylation of ADP, ATP, and G-6-P by kidney mitochondria of either normal or aminonucleoside-nephrotic rats. These findings, and the additional observation of aminonucleoside-inhibition of kidney mitochondrial ATPase activity, appear to justify the conclusion that induction of aminonucleoside-nephrosis in the rat resu...
Fault diagnosis and tolerant control for non-Gaussian stochastic distribution control systems based on the rational square-root approximation model

Stochastic distribution control (SDC) systems are a group of systems where the outputs considered are the measured probability density functions (PDFs) of the system output whilst subjected to a normal crisp input. The purpose of the control algorithm design of such systems is to choose a control input such that the output PDF of the system output can follow a pre-specified PDF as close as possible. Using the rational square-root B-spline model to represent the dynamics between the output PDF and the input,a nonlinear adaptive observer based fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed to diagnose the fault in the dynamic part of the system in this paper. Through the controller reconfiguration.a good output PDF tracking can still be realized when fault occurs,which has been shown to be able to enhance the reliability of the SDC system.
Contrastive Analysis on Related Indicators After the Operation of Special Measles Surveillance System and Direct Disease Surveillance Reporting System in Puyang

OBJECTIVE In order to improve the work of direct disease surveillance renortiniz system and special measles surveillance system. METHODS We comparatively analyzed the data of Puyang from the special measles surveillance system and the national disease reporting information system. RESULTS It showed that the sensitivity of special measles surveillance system was higherthan of direct network reporting system from 2000 to 2004. The sensitivity of special measles surveillance system was 163.16% in 2004. The average time for various infectious disease of direct network reporting system was only 0.6 day; However, the special measles surveillance system was near 10 days. In 2004 the measles cases of direct network reporting system were 19, and the special measles surveillance system were 50. The data of the two systems was reciprocally independent, of all these cases only 14 were uniform, and 4 of the 14 cases were diagnosed accordantly. CONCLUSION We should assort with the work of related departments and section office, and establish a suit of standardized communication system. When condition allows, we also recommend that the current two measles surveillance reportinp- systems should be combined intoone system.
Rising Moon: The Geopolitical Significance of Japan’s First Moon Shot in 2018

This study examines the geopolitical context of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) announcement of its first moon shot in 2018 and how the mission connects to Japan’s national competitive strategies against its neighbors. After discussing the current space competition in Asia and the security challenges that Japan confronts in the post-Cold War era, the study surveys how a lack of cooperation in space among Asian countries due to unresolved historical issues have led to a redundancy among space programs. The study then considers how Japan has adapted the foreign dimension of its space policy to this environment and how the nation can create opportunities for greater regional cooperation in space. The study concludes that Japan (with support from the U.S.) can create new forms of multilateralism via transparency and confidence building measures (TCBMs), which would serve as stepping stones for Asian nations to ensure that access to space remains safe and secure.
Chemical and Genetic Approaches to Study Histone Modifications

In order to fit a large amount of genetic material in the small volume of the cell nucleus, eukaryotic DNA is packaged as repeating units of mononucleosomes. Each mononucleosome consists of about 147 bp of DNA wrapped tightly around a protein spool comprised of the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Reversible posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones play critical roles in regulating gene function and their dysregulation underlies several acute human diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanistic roles for histone PTMs and to identify the biochemical relationships (crosstalk) between various PTMs. This chapter highlights chemical and genetic tools that have yielded access to homogeneously site-specifically modified histones for mechanistic investigations. Results from the biochemical and biophysical characterization of mononucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays reconstituted with precisely modified histones are discussed, and the extension of current technologies to probe the crosstalk between histone PTMs at a system-wide level is presented.
Examination of parental dieting and comments as risk factors for increased drive for thinness in men and women at 20-year follow-up

Objective Popular beliefs suggest that parents influence children's eating disorder risk through modeling pathological behaviors and attitudes, and this history may contribute to disordered eating in adulthood. However, the empirical basis for this popular thinking is limited by a reliance on cross-sectional designs that do not distinguish between maternal and paternal influences and use primarily child and adolescent samples. To address these limitations, the present study examined the impact of maternal and paternal dieting and comments about weight and eating, as reported by late adolescents, on the eating pathology of those late adolescents at 20-year follow-up. Method Data were drawn from a longitudinal epidemiological study of health and eating patterns in a cohort of randomly sampled college students established in 1992 (N = 799; mean age: 19.87 [±1.64] years; 70.8% women) and followed 20 years later in 2012 (N = 539). Results At baseline, there were no gender differences in reported rates of maternal or paternal dieting. Both men and women reported higher levels of maternal versus paternal dieting. Further, women endorsed higher levels of maternal and paternal comments on their own weight and eating. A multivariable model in women supported that maternal dieting and paternal comments significantly predicted drive for thinness at follow-up. No parental variables predicted drive for thinness in men at follow-up. Discussion While our study supports parental influence on children's eating attitudes, it suggests a need to consider gender and mode of influence. Prevention efforts focused on challenging cultural standards of appearance may benefit from incorporation of parents. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:490–497)
Enhancement of fog-collection efficiency of a Raschel mesh using surface coatings and local geometric changes

Abstract In a few countries, such as Chile, Raschel meshes are widely used in the field to collect fog. In this work, we explored the possibility of enhancing fog-collection efficiency of typical Raschel meshes. We found that a superhydrophobic coating resulted in about 50% enhancement in the collection efficiency, and that the reduction of pore size, together with the increase of the distance between two inclined filaments, yielded another 50% enhancement. After the surface modification and local geometric changes, the resulting mesh has collected water about 2 times that of a typical Raschel mesh.
Design of low-power ultra-high voltage gain differential cascode stages

ABSTRACTThe conventional cascode circuit has long been used as the basis for the differential input stage to an op amp. The voltage gain of this stage can be maximised by operating the MOS devices in the moderate inversion region rather than the strong inversion region. In so doing, the voltage gains of the differential stage can reach values of over 120 dB and the power dissipation is minimised due to the low currents required. Harmonic distortion is also minimised by moderate inversion operation. Although the composite cascode or self-cascode has been successfully used as an op-amp differential stage, the conventional cascode differential circuit offers additional advantages and is compared to the composite cascode differential circuit in this work. A design procedure is also reported in this work for low-power, high voltage gain differential stages.
The Fastest Flights in Nature

If you were a fungus growing on dung and if, for propagation, you depended on having your spores ingested by an animal, you’d have a problem. Few animals graze near their poop. The solution would be to evolve a powerful discharge mechanism that ensured that your spores traveled far afield. In the words of a pioneer in this area, Nik Money: “Evolution has overcome this obstacle by producing an array of mechanisms of spore discharge whose elegance transforms a cow pie into a circus of microscopic catapults, trampolines, and squirt guns.”
Why Are Orphaned Adolescents More Likely to Be HIV Positive? Distinguishing Between Maternal and Sexual HIV Transmission Using 17 Nationally Representative Data Sets in Africa.

Abstract Purpose Why do orphans have higher rates of HIV infection than nonorphaned peers? Research consistently assumes that orphans acquire HIV primarily through sexual behavior, but infections may instead be due to maternal transmission. Although these two pathways have very different implications for HIV programs and policies, their relative contribution has not been previously examined. In this research, we compare the contribution of maternal and sexual transmission to HIV infection among orphans in Africa. Methods We use Demographic and Health Survey data for 21,463 women and 18,359 men from 17 countries. We propose a conceptual framework linking orphanhood to HIV, and use mediation analysis and structural equation modeling to compare the potential contribution of maternal transmission (measured through direct pathways from orphanhood to HIV) and sexual transmission (measured through reports of risky sexual behavior) to orphan HIV infection. Results Our results suggest that maternal transmission is the predominant pathway of HIV infection among orphaned adolescents: there is strong evidence for a direct pathway from maternal (odds ratio [OR]: 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–3.51 for females and OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.53–3.90 for males) and double orphanhood (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.97–3.66 and OR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.68–3.82, respectively) to HIV; greater excess HIV risk in maternal versus paternal orphans. The contribution of sexual behavior is largely not significant. We do not observe correspondingly high orphan disparities in other sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusions Maternal transmission is a more likely explanation than sexual transmission for heightened HIV infection among orphans. These results suggest that programs designed to address HIV infection among adolescents should focus on reducing maternal transmission and on identifying and testing undiagnosed HIV among orphans.
A prediction model of radiation-induced necrosis for intracranial radiosurgery based on target volume.

Purpose This study aims to extend the observation that the 12Gy-radiosurgical-volume (V12Gy) correlates with the incidence of radiation necrosis in patients with intracranial tumors treated with radiosurgery by using target volume to predict V12Gy. V12Gy based on the target volume was used to predict the radiation necrosis probability (P) directly. Also investigated was the reduction in radiation necrosis rates (ΔP) as a result of optimizing the prescription isodose lines for linac-based SRS. Methods Twenty concentric spherical targets and 22 patients with brain tumors were retrospectively studied. For each case, a standard clinical plan and an optimized plan with prescription isodose lines based on gradient index were created. V12Gy were extracted from both plans to analyze the correlation between V12Gy and target volume. The necrosis probability P as a function of V12Gy was evaluated. To account for variation in prescription, the relation between V12Gy and prescription was also investigated. Results A prediction model for radiation-induced necrosis was presented based on the retrospective study. The model directly relates the typical prescribed dose and the target volume to the radionecrosis probability; V12Gy increased linearly with the target volume (R2>0.99). The linear correlation was then integrated into a logistic model to predict P directly from the target volume. The change in V12Gy as a function of prescription was modeled using a single parameter, s (= -1.15). Relatively large ΔP was observed for target volumes between 7 and 28 cm3 with the maximum reduction (8-9%) occurring at approximately 18 cm3. Conclusions Based on the model results, optimizing the prescription isodose line for target volumes between 7 and 28 cm3 results in a significant reduction in necrosis probability. V12Gy based on the target volume could provide clinicians a predictor of radiation necrosis at the contouring stage thus facilitating treatment decisions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Overview of Self-Reported Measures of Fatigue

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this article is to provide a quick summary of existing measures with reliability and validity data to help researchers select a subjective measure appropriate for their application.Background: Currently, fatigue is measured through self-rating (asking individuals if they are experiencing fatigue, tiredness, or sleepiness), and calculation of fatigue from self-reported sleep and work patterns.Method: Self-rated measures of fatigue are summarized.Results: Extant fatigue scales include the Brief Fatigue Inventory, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Checklist Individual Strength, Chronic Fatigue Scale, Crew Status Survey (also known as the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Scale), Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue, Anergy, Consciousness, Energized and Sleepiness, Fatigue Assessment Inventory, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Maslach Burnout ...
Hydrophilic Phage-Mimicking Membrane Active Antimicrobials Reveal Nanostructure-Dependent Activity and Selectivity

The prevalent wisdom on developing membrane active antimicrobials (MAAs) is to seek a delicate, yet unquantified, cationic–hydrophobic balance. Inspired by phages that use nanostructured protein devices to invade bacteria efficiently and selectively, we study here the antibiotic role of nanostructures by designing spherical and rod-like polymer molecular brushes (PMBs) that mimic the two basic structural motifs of bacteriophages. Three model PMBs with different well-defined geometries consisting of multiple, identical copies of densely packed poly(4-vinyl-N-methylpyridine iodide) branches are synthesized by controlled/“living” polymerization, reminiscent of the viral structural motifs comprised of multiple copies of protein subunits. We show that, while the individual linear-chain polymer branch that makes up the PMBs is hydrophilic and a weak antimicrobial, amphiphilicity is not a required antibiotic trait once nanostructures come into play. The nanostructured PMBs induce an unusual topological transitio...
A basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula in glaucoma.

Purpose It has been recognised that the 24-2 grid used for perimetry may poorly sample the macula, which has been recently identified as a critical region for diagnosing and managing patients with glaucoma. We compared data derived from patients and controls to investigate the efficacy of a basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) bundles. Methods We used SD-OCT en face montages (www.heidelbergengineering.com) of the RNFL in 10 patients with glaucoma (ages 56-80 years, median 67.5 years) and 30 age-similar controls (ages 47-77, median 58). These patients were selected because of either the absence of perimetric defect while glaucomatous damage to the RNFL bundles was observed, or because of perimetric defect that did not reflect the extent and locations of the glaucomatous damage that appeared in the RNFL images. We used a customised blob stimulus for perimetric testing (a Gaussian blob with 0.25° standard deviation) at 10-2 grid locations, to assess the correspondence between perimetric defects and damaged RNFL bundles observed on en face images and perimetric defects. Data from the age-similar controls were used to compute total deviation (TD) and pattern deviation (PD) values at each location; a perimetric defect for a location was defined as a TD or PD value of -0.5 log unit or deeper. A McNemar's test was used to compare the proportions of locations with perimetric defects that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of ganglion cell bodies. Results All patients but one had perimetric defects that were consistent with the patterns of damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images. We found six abnormal perimetric locations of 2040 tested in controls and 132 abnormal perimetric locations of 680 tested in patients. The proportions of abnormal locations that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of the ganglion cell bodies were 0.08 and 0.07, respectively. The difference between the two proportions did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.5 for a one-tailed test). Conclusions We demonstrated that it is effective to customise perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of the RNFL bundles. The perimetric losses found with a 10-2 grid demonstrated similar patterns as the damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images.
Synthetic biology with an all E. coli TXTL system: Quantitative characterization of regulatory elements and gene circuits

Over the past decade, a new generation of cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) systems has been devised for emerging multidisciplinary applications. The DNA-dependent in vitro protein synthesis technology has been developed to tackle applications in synthetic biology, biological and chemical engineering, as well as quantitative disciplines such as biophysics. In addition to being convenient at the biosafety level, the new TXTL platforms are user-friendly; more affordable; more versatile at the level of transcription, with a TX repertoire covering hundreds of parts; and more powerful, with protein production reaching a few mg/mL in batch and continuous modes. As a consequence, TXTL is rising up as a popular research tool and is used by a growing research community. While TXTL is proving reliable for an increasing number of applications, it is important to gain appropriate TXTL skills, especially for quantitative applications. TXTL has become particularly useful to rapidly prototype genetic devices , from single regulatory elements to elementary circuit motifs . In this chapter, we describe the basic procedures to develop appropriate TXTL practices for the characterization of such genetic parts. We use an all E. coli TXTL system developed in our lab, now commercialized by Arbor Biosciences under the name myTXTL.
Trauma and Development: A Faith Perspective

This essay describes the relationship between psychological trauma, psychosocial development and faith. I delineate four phases of development, each possessing particular psychosocial needs, achievements, and capacities. In addition, each phase includes specific ways of organizing experience and relating to objects in terms of the dynamics of trust-distrust and loyalty-disloyalty. Thus, trust-distrust and loyalty-disloyalty hold different meanings and functions in each phase. Throughout these phases, primary and secondary transitional objects provide persons with safe objects to recognize and work through the meanings and affects associated with changes in beliefs about and experiences of trust-distrust and loyalty-disloyalty. I suggest that trauma impacts phase specific capacities and achievements consequently disrupting one's ability to organize and relate to objects in terms of the dynamics of faith.
Engagement with Pluralism: A New Way of Understanding and Fostering a Catholic Culture within Catholic Universities.

This article engages in a critical dialogue with Melanie N. Morey and John J. Piderit, S.J.’s Catholic Higher Education: A Culture in Crisis . It proposes a fifth model, the Catholic Engagement model. It elaborates that model by examining a working paper, “Catholic Identity and the DePaul Student Experience,” that has been used in workshops at DePaul University which explore seven “deep structures” in the Catholic tradition that can form bridges linking people in a pluralistic campus culture.
Discrete-Time Spread Processes: Analysis, Identification, and Validation

Models of spread processes over non-trivial networks are commonly motivated by modeling and analysis of biological networks, computer networks, and human contact networks. However, identification of such models has not been explored in detail, and the models have not been validated by real data. In this paper, we present several different spread models from the literature and explore their relationships to each other; for one of these processes, we present a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the healthy equilibrium, show that the condition is necessary and sufficient for uniqueness of the healthy equilibrium, and present necessary and sufficient conditions for learning the spread parameters. Finally, we employ data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to validate an approximation of a well-studied network-dependent susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model by viewing the enrollment in subsidy programs by farmers as a spread process.
HCU400: an Annotated Dataset for Exploring Aural Phenomenology through Causal Uncertainty

The way we perceive a sound depends on many aspects– its ecological frequency, acoustic features, typicality, and most notably, its identified source. In this paper, we present the HCU400: a dataset of 402 sounds ranging from easily identifiable everyday sounds to intentionally obscured artificial ones. It aims to lower the barrier for the study of aural phenomenology as the largest available audio dataset to include an analysis of causal attribution. Each sample has been annotated with crowd-sourced descriptions, as well as familiarity, imageability, arousal, and valence ratings. We extend existing calculations of causal uncertainty, automating and generalizing them with word embeddings. Upon analysis we find that individuals will provide less polarized emotion ratings as a sound’s source becomes increasingly ambiguous; individual ratings of familiarity and imageability, on the other hand, diverge as uncertainty increases despite a clear negative trend on average.