cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Investigation of the Unsteady Flow Around a Parachute Model

The unsteady aerodynamics of parachutes have been a challenge to study for years due to the coupling between the aerodynamic forces and system dynamics. This paper presents results from a Navier-Stokes flow solver simulating a steady inflow around a parachute model at a Reynolds number of 365,000. The parachute model, rigid and hemispherical in shape, is similar to that of a ribbon parachute with four ribbons or rings. Pressure results are compared to experimental data to judge accuracy of the simulations. Additional results include pressure and vorticity contours, as well as computational oil-flow visualizations and streamlines. These results illustrate the complex unsteady flow pattern in and around the ribbon parachute model.
Measurement and subcellular distribution of choloyl-CoA synthetase and bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase activities in rat liver

An improved method for assaying choloyl-CoA synthetase activity (E.C. 6.2.1.7) and two methods for specific measurement of bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase activity (E.C. 2.3.1) are described. The methods are shown to be reproducible, linear with respect to time and enzyme protein, and result in estimates of enzymic activity that conform to the theoretical stoichiometry of the individual reactions. Utilizing these methods, the subcellular distribution of the rat liver enzymic activity catalyzing the formation of glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids is shown. Choloyl-CoA synthetase is associated with the microsomal membranes and bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase activity with the postmicrosomal supernatant. No significant amino acid N-acyltransferase activity is present in the lysosome fraction. These studies provide methods that will permit further study of the individual enzymic reactions involved in the intrahepatic conjugation of bile acids with amino acids.
Anabolic effects on rate, composition and energetic efficiency of growth in cattle fed forage and grain diets.

The effects of anabolic implants on rate, composition and energetic efficiency of growth were determined in steers fed diets varying in forage and grain content. Santa Gertrudis-cross steers averaging 337 kg were group-fed (n = 72) or individually fed (n = 45) ad libitum one of three diets and either not implanted or implanted (90-d intervals) with Ralgro or Synovex-S implants. Steers were fed to a similar empty body weight (463 kg). Initial empty body composition of individually fed steers was determined via D2O dilution, and final composition of all steers was determined by carcass specific gravity. Rate of empty body gain increased (P less than .05) from 695 g/d for nonimplanted steers to 798 and 844 g/d for Ralgro- and Synovex-implanted steers. Anabolic implants increased (P less than .01) daily empty body protein gain from 91 to 119 and 133 g for Ralgro and Synovex, an increase of 31 and 46%, respectively. The fraction of protein in empty body gain increased (P less than .01) from 13.8% to 15.6 and 15.9%, and the percentage of fat in empty body gain decreased (P less than .01) from 41.7% to 32.9 and 31.3% with Ralgro and Synovex, respectively. Daily rates of protein deposition increased at a decreasing rate, and rates of fat deposition increased at an increasing rate with increasing rate of empty body gain. Implanted steers deposited more protein and less fat at any rate of growth; the magnitude of this shift in nutrient partitioning from fat to protein growth increased with rate of growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Η συμβολή της αξιολόγησης στην αξιοποίηση των Διαρθρωτικών Ταμείων της ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης

Ο αναπροσανατολισμός της αποστολής των χρηματοδοτικών μέσων της eυρωπαϊκής πολιτικής συνοχής για την eπίτeυξη των στόχων της στρατηγικής ‘eυρώπη 2020 ’ συνοδeύeται από τη βαθμιαία ανάδυση eνός eυρωπαϊκού πλαισίου αξιολόγησης. Το πλαίσιο αυτό, το οποίο πeριλαμβάνeι κοινά πρότυπα ποιότητας, κοινούς δeίκτeς και μeθοδολογικούς κανόνeς που συμπυκνώνουν eμπeιρίeς καλών πρακτικών, υπαγορeύeται από τη λογική καθιέρωσης μιας πιο ομοιογeνούς προσέγγισης στα θέματα της αξιολόγησης σe eυρωπαϊκό eπίπeδο. Ο απώτeρος στόχος eίναι να καταστeί eϕικτή η ανάπτυξη eνός κοινού κώδικα eπικοινωνίας, μέτρησης και σύγκρισης των eπιδόσeων των παρeμβάσeων της πολιτικής συνοχής στα διάϕορα κράτη-μέλη.
Tracer Gas Measurements for Ventilation, Air Movement and Air Infiltration in a Four-Sided Atrium Office Building

AbstractThe research described in this paper is part of a project aimed at improving energy costs and the indoor environment of atrium buildings. Tracer gas techniques were used to assess the ventilation performance in terms of air distribution and contaminant migration patterns and to measure the air infiltration rate of a three-storey atrium. This atrium serves as an entrance to a large office-laboratory complex. The results indicate that even though the HVAC systems of the test atrium are connected to the building complex, tracer gas techniques were successfully used to determine the air distribution and contaminant migration patterns, and the air infiltration rate. A detailed description of the methods used and the test results are presented.
Detection of Occult Invasion in Melanoma In Situ.

Importance It is unclear why some patients with in situ melanoma develop metastases. Few reports demonstrate occult invasion with immunohistochemistry staining, which were discordant with reports interpreting such staining as false-positive. Objective To investigate the occurrence of occult invasive disease within in situ melanoma by using methods to circumvent potential limitations in prior study designs. Design, Setting, and Participants Unequivocal in situ melanoma without associated nevi or regression was identified using a consecutive sample of 33 cases plus 1 index case in an academic medical center. After cutting deeper into the most representative tissue block, 3 sequential slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E), melanoma antigen (melan-A), and again with H-E. Melan-A–stained slides showing definitive invasion were double-stained with Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10 (SOX10) to confirm the melanocytic nature of the cells of interest. The study evaluated the possibilities of occult invasion detected by immunohistochemistry, sectioning deeper into the tissue block, or both. Slides were independently scored by 3 dermatopathologists with interrater reliability assessed. The study was conducted from January 1, 2012, to July 31, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Assessment of the occurrence of occult invasion, diagnosis of invasion by immunohistochemistry alone vs cutting deeper into the tissue block, and occurrence of false-positive results using immunohistochemistry alone. Results Occult invasive melanoma was detected in 11 of 33 consecutive cases (33%) of previously diagnosed unequivocal in situ melanoma. Six of 11 melanomas (55%) were diagnosable only by immunohistochemistry. The remaining 5 tumors (45%) were diagnosable by both melan-A and H-E staining, likely as a result of simply cutting deeper into the tissue block. Four cases (12%) showed a few melan-A–positive cells in the dermis, which was insufficient for a diagnosis of invasive melanoma and most consistent on a cytomorphologic basis with occult nevi. Conclusions and Relevance Although rare, in situ melanoma may metastasize. Occult microinvasion was demonstrated in up to one-third of the specimens in the present study, which provides a plausible explanation for this adverse event. Thus, history and physical examination including regional lymph nodes, education, and surveillance recommendations should be based on a very low, but not zero, risk of metastasis.
Improving value-add work and satisfaction in medical residents training: a resident-led quality improvement project employing the lean method to improve hospital supply usage

Purpose Our hospital has a Housestaff Quality Council that fosters education and mentorship of medical residents for quality improvement methodologies. Medical residents on our council identified non-standardised storage rooms as a source of medical resident inefficiency and dissatisfaction. To improve value-add work, medical residents implemented and evaluated a quality improvement project of storage room supplies using the lean method. Methods Using 5S principle and lean methodology, we designed and implemented a standardised supply cart with physician specific supplies. Between April 2014 and April 2015, 40 random observations (20 residents and 20 nurses) both before and after the standardised supply cart implementation were made. The duration time to locate an item was measured in seconds. The paths taken to locate items were drawn as spaghetti diagrams. Nurses served as our control group given that their supplies were not moved in the implementation. Fifty residents were surveyed to assess their satisfaction. Results Implementation of the standardised supply cart reduced the time for residents to locate an item per visit from 50.8 to 30.2 s in one unit (p Conclusions Residents applied the 5S principles and lean methodology to identify and solve a problem that created inefficiency and dissatisfaction.
Lateral-wave spurious-modes elimination in switchable ferroelectric BST-on-Si composite FBARs

This paper provides experimental results for elimination of lateral-wave spurious modes observed in switchable ferroelectric BST-on-Si composite FBARs using a frame design technique. This approach is used in piezoelectric FBAR design, however here it is applied for the first time to design intrinsically switchable ferroelectric BST acoustic resonators. The BST-on-Si composite FBAR presented here is a structure with the dispersion type-I characteristic, which requires a raised frame to eliminate any higher-order lateral-wave spurious modes. Based on 2-D Multiphysics simulations, FBARs with and without a frame are designed, verifying the utility of using a frame to improve device performance. Both FBARs are fabricated and measured, and then their performance is compared. Measurement results validate the effectiveness of a frame in the design of switchable BST FBARs, allowing for device performance improvement.
IMPS-35UNUSUAL TUMOR INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES IN DE NOVO GLIOBLASTOMA FOLLOWING PRE-TREATMENT WITH ANTI-PD-L1 THERAPY FOR PRECEDING METASTATIC NSCLC: CASE PRESENTATION WITH DISCUSSION.

The use of immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, is a rapidly emerging and evolving treatment modality for many solid tumor types. In this abstract, we describe a case of a 70 year old male with history of PD-L1 expressing metastatic poorly differentiated NSCLC treated with anti-PD-L1 therapy who was subsequently diagnosed with a glioblastoma with evidence of unexpected tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The lung cancer was initially treated with combination chemotherapy with excellent response. This regimen was stopped prematurely due to significant treatment-related side effects. He then received the investigational anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, MPDL3280A (Roche), under the Phase II Trial of MPDL3280A for PD-L1 positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC (NCT02031458). He experienced partial response without significant treatment-related side effects. Two weeks after completion of his 9th cycle of the study drug, he experienced altered mental status, personality changes, and confusion. A contrast brain MRI demonstrated a multifocal, rim-enhancing, left frontal lobe lesion with corpus callosal involvement. Of note, CT brain imaging prior to anti-PD-L1 study enrollment showed no evidence of abnormal enhancement. Stereotactic biopsy was performed with pathology showing glioblastoma with significant reactive lymphoid component noted (majority of lymphoid cells CD20 positive, scattered lymphocytes CD3 positive). He then underwent near image complete resection with pathology again demonstrating glioblastoma with 20-70% tumor necrosis, with 3 genomic alterations (CDKN2A/B loss; APCI1307K; TERT promoter – 124C > T) identified on Foundation One (Cambridge, MA) Next Generation Sequencing. This is the first reported case of a patient treated with anti-PD-L1 therapy for a high grade malignancy, who then developed a de novo glioblastoma with unusual biopsy findings of CD20 and CD3 positive TILs. Although more correlative studies are currently being performed, the immune implications for the use of immunotherapy for pre-treatment of glioblastomas may correspond to improved treatment response and patient outcomes.
Validity of Actigraphy in Measurement of Sleep in Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Study Objectives:Accurate objective measurement of sleep, an important health behavior, is needed. Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have altered sleep architecture and reduced sleep...
Antimicrobial activity of chitosan and a chitosan oligomer against bacterial pathogens of warmwater fish.

Aim The antibacterial activities of chitosan (CS) and its derivative chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (COL) were evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare, three highly pathogenic bacteria of warmwater finfish. Methods and Results The magnitude and mode of antimicrobial action on Gram-negative bacterial pathogens was investigated with an emphasis on examining the inhibition of bacterial growth and the weakening of barrier functions. Both CS and COL exhibited antibacterial activity against all three bacteria tested and their activity was dose-dependent. CS and COL completely inhibited growth of A. hydrophila at 0·8% and E. ictaluri and F. columnare at 0·4% or higher concentrations. COL was more effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. CS and COL molecules have the ability to interact with bacterial surfaces via adsorption. This was confirmed by initial decreases in the conductivity of CS or COL treated bacterial cell solutions. A marked re-increase in conductivity from 18 to 48 h was documented, which was due to the leakage of cellular ions into the solution through damaged bacterial cell membranes. Conclusion Both CS and COL exhibited antibacterial activity against all three bacterial species through a sequential process beginning with adsorption to bacterial surfaces culminating in the leakage of intracellular constituents and cell death. Significance and Impact of the Study These findings indicate that CS-based strategies are promising candidates for exploration as alternatives to antibiotics for mitigating disease outbreaks in cultured fish.
NF-κB Pathway in Autoinflammatory Diseases: Dysregulation of Protein Modifications by Ubiquitin Defines a New Category of Autoinflammatory Diseases

Autoinflammatory diseases are caused by defects in genes that regulate the innate immunity. Recently, the scope of autoinflammation has been broadened to include diseases that result from dysregulations in protein modifications by the highly conserved ubiquitin peptides. Thus far these diseases consist of LUBAC and OTULIN deficiencies, and Haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20). The Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex (LUBAC) is critical for linear ubiquitiation of key signaling molecules in immune response pathways, while deubiquitinase enzymes, TNFAIP3/A20 and OTULIN, reverse the effects of ubiquitination by hydrolyzing Lys63 (K63) and linear (Met1) ubiquitin moieties, respectively, from conjugated proteins. Consequently, A20 or OTULIN-deficient cells have an excess of K63 or Met1 Ub chains on NEMO, RIPK1, and other target substrates, which leads to constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway. Mutant cells produce elevated levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and respond to therapy with cytokine inhibitors. Patients with an impairment in LUBAC stability have compromised NF-kB responses in fibroblasts, while their monocytes are hyper-responsive to IL-1β. Discoveries of germline mutations in enzymes that regulate protein modifications by ubiquitin define a new category of autoinflammatory diseases caused by upregulations in the NF-kB signaling. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in our understanding of the etiology of autoinflammation.
Tuning Optical Signatures of Single- and Few-Layer MoS2 by Blown-Bubble Bulge Straining up to Fracture

Emerging atomic layer semiconducting crystals such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are promising candidates for flexible electronics and strain-tunable devices due to their ultrahigh strain limits (up to ∼20–30%) and strain-tunable bandgaps. However, high strain levels, controllable isotropic and anisotropic biaxial strains in single- and few-layer MoS2 on device-oriented flexible substrates permitting convenient and fast strain tuning, remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate a “blown-bubble” bulge technique for efficiently applying large strains to atomic layer MoS2 devices on a flexible substrate. As the strain increases via bulging, we achieve continuous tuning of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) signatures in single- and few-layer MoS2, including splitting of Raman peaks. With proper clamping of the MoS2 crystals, we apply up to ∼9.4% strain in the flexible substrate, which causes a doubly clamped single-layer MoS2 to fracture at 2.2–2.6% strain measured by PL and 2.9–3.5% strain measured by Raman spec...
Anatomy of the aortic root: implications for aortic root reconstruction

Since the introduction of valve-preserving root replacement and aortic annuloplasty, precise understanding of the aortic root anatomy has emerged as a key to successful aortic valve-preservation surgery. Fundamentally, surgeons need to know the precise anatomical definition and structure of the aortic root, including its normal dimensions, know the anatomy of the coronary arteries, and understand the cardiac conduction system. Surgeons must be able to clearly distinguish normal and abnormal structures, and recognize the effects of aortic valve regurgitation or root expansion on dimensions and geometric relationships within the aortic root. Possessing a detailed understanding of the aortic root, surgeons can select appropriately sized grafts and achieve optimum annular fixation. This review covers the essentials of aortic root anatomy and provides tips for correct and safe performance of aortic valve-preservation surgery with a view toward durable late outcomes.
Introduction: The Universality of Physical Principles in the Analysis of Health and Disease

All events in the universe involve energy potential differences. Whether it is the flow of light photons and other electromagnetic energy from the sun through the solar system, a lightning bolt, the bioenergetic proton motive force across the dynamic mitochondrial inner membranes within our cells, or interactions between individuals, energy potential differences drive the creation of order. Consequently, basic physical principles of energy resonate and operate at both biological and planetary scales. Our approach here seeks to demonstrate not only the application of physical principles to health research, but most importantly the need for consilience across the sciences. The task for the health researcher is to identify and apply these phenomena in measurements and models of human behavior and health conditions.
Optimal Term Structure in a Monetary Economy with Incomplete Markets

In a stochastic economy, the rebalancing of short and long term government debt positions can have real effects when markets are incomplete. This paper analyzes both stationary and dynamic policy rules for the term structure of interest rates. After proving the existence of a recursive representation of equilibrium, necessary conditions for Pareto efficiency are characterized. The necessary conditions are equivalent for both stationary and dynamic policy rules.
Abusive Supervision and Anxiety: Effects of Stability and Change

Abusive supervision has important implications for employees; this is especially true when the subordinate-supervisor relationship is characterized by both abusive and supportive behaviors. While t...
Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies.

In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix–coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non–liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
Chronic kidney disease measures and the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract Background and aims Despite its strong link to cardiovascular outcomes, the association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has not been explicitly and comprehensively investigated. Methods In 10,724 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (aged 53–75 years during 1996–1998), we evaluated the associations of two key CKD measures - estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) - with incident AAA (AAA diagnosis in outpatient, hospitalization discharge, or death records). Additionally, we performed a cross-sectional analysis for the CKD measures and ultrasound-based abdominal aortic diameter in 4258 participants during 2011–2013. Results During a median follow-up of 13.9 years, 347 participants developed AAA. The demographically-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 4.44 (95% CI 1.58–12.49) for eGFR Conclusions Reduced eGFR and elevated albuminuria were independently associated with greater incidence of AAA and greater abdominal aortic diameter. Our results suggest the potential usefulness of CKD measures to identify persons at high risk of AAA and the need to investigate pathophysiological pathways linking CKD to AAA.
Influence of terminal electron-accepting conditions on the soil microbial community and degradation of organic contaminants of emerging concern

Abstract Better understanding of the fate and persistence of trace organic contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in agricultural soils is critical for assessing the risks associated with using treated wastewater effluent to irrigate crops and land application of wastewater biosolids. This study reports on the influence of prevailing terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs, i.e., aerobic, nitrate-reducing, iron(III)-reducing, and sulfate-reducing conditions) and exposure to a mixture of nine trace CEC (90 ng/g each) on both the microbial community structure and CEC degradation in agricultural soil. DNA analysis revealed significant differences in microbial community composition following establishment of different TEAPs, but no significant change upon exposure to the mixture of CEC. The largest community shift was observed after establishing nitrate-reducing conditions and the smallest shift for sulfate-reducing conditions. Two of the CEC (atrazine and sulfamethoxazole) showed significant degradation in both bioactive and abiotic (i.e., sterilized) conditions, with half-lives ranging from 1 to 64 days for different TEAPs, while six of the CEC (amitriptyline, atenolol, trimethoprim, and three organophosphate flame retardants) only degraded in bioactive samples, with half-lives ranging from 27 to 90 days; carbamazepine did not degrade appreciably within 90 days in any of the incubations. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from Firmicutes Hydrogenispora, Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadaceae, and Verrucomicrobia OPB34 soil group were identified as potentially responsible for the biodegradation of organophosphate flame retardants, and ASVs from other taxa groups were suspected to be involved in biodegrading the other target CEC. These results demonstrate that CEC fate and persistence in agricultural soils is influenced by the prevailing TEAPs and their influence on the microbial community, suggesting the need to incorporate these factors into contaminant fate models to improve risk assessment predictions.
Evaluating Effects of Environmental and Financial-Savings Messaging on Decision-Making Using Electrodermal Activity

Understanding how we make decisions has far-reaching practical implications from medicine to marketing as it is a fundamental cognitive construct intertwined in our everyday lives. Even though there is research on the influence of messaging on decision-making behavior, the effects from a psychophysiological perspective have not yet been fully understood. To assess the effects of environmental and financial-savings messaging on consumers’ decision-making behavior, we designed a study where participants made binary choices between different electricity plans before and after seeing a video message. Participants were given either a single environmental or financial-savings message, each also framed either positively or negatively. In this study, we used electrodermal activity (EDA), a wearable and non-invasive sensor that measures the electrical properties of the skin as an indicator of emotional arousal. We compared before and after-message EDA-based arousal levels and decision-making behavior around the messaging. Results show that messaging and framing seem to affect consumers’ emotional processes. Participants’ arousal levels significantly increased during decision-making after watching the message. Moreover, negative-framed messaging was significantly effective when in changing the arousal when two entirely different plans are being decided, while positive messages and financial-savings messages affected participants’ arousals significantly in the decisions between two plans that have the same structure, but different parameters. Moreover, watching an environmental message affected their plan preferences more than financial-savings messaging, regardless of the message’s framing. The findings indicate that EDA can provide supportive information related to consumers’ affective states, which can be valuable in social interaction and marketing research.
Cell Metallic Contact Resistance of Field-Retrieved PV Modules

It is well known that the series resistance of photovoltaic (PV) modules increases over time in the field. Depending on the stress level and duration of local field/climatic conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity), the extent of series resistance increase can vary. To reduce the overall increase of the series resistance, it is crucial to determine and understand the extent of resistance increase in the individual components (i.e., cell metallization and interconnect solder bonds) of the field exposed modules. The cell metallization resistance is caused by both line resistance of the gridlines and the contact resistance between gridlines and semiconductor. This paper analyzes the increase of gridline resistance and contact resistance of the cells in the PV modules of same construction/type retrieved from two different high stress level climatic conditions, hot-dry (Arizona) and hot-humid (Florida). To correlate the contact resistance data with other studies, both retrieved-modules and extracted-cells have been characterized by current-voltage, UV fluorescence, reflected light microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.
Multiple Sclerosis: A Practical Manual for Hospital and Outpatient Care

Affecting an estimated 2.5 million people worldwide, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological cause of debilitation in young adults. Incurable, and with the precise causes still unknown, both diagnosis and management of the condition is complicated. This book summarizes the latest understanding of the causes of the disease, using accessible, bullet-point text to describe key clinical features and diagnostic criteria. Disease-modifying therapies and management of symptoms, including fatigue, tremor and cognitive changes, are covered in detail. With a chapter focusing solely on presentations in the emergency room, the importance of recognizing these neurological emergencies is emphasised, along with indications for admission in MS patients. The impact of MS on women's reproductive health and the increasing recognition of MS in pediatric patients is also explored. An up-to-date and practical approach to the accurate diagnosis and management of MS, this is an invaluable resource for both hospital and outpatient settings.
Berms, Floodwalls, and Dunes - How High? Considering sea-level rise in coastal projects

Sea-level rise (SLR) is a hazard multiplier already impacting coastal communities and ecosystems across all sectors including transportation, utilities, health, community planning, emergency management, and natural resource management [1]. Fortunately, our ability to understand future conditions and how they may exacerbate hazards has been rapidly increasing (e.g., [1]–[5]). Unfortunately, this rapid advancement in the science has led to gaps among the generation, access, and application of information for coastal decision-making [6]–[8]. Coastal professionals including engineers, environmental consultants, floodplain managers, and natural resource stewards are often challenged when it comes to integrating SLR into planning and project design [6], [7], [9], [9]–[11]. The professional community lacks transparent, repeatable, science-based approaches for determining how much SLR to consider that also specifically integrate the community’s values. Further, related data and data products such as where to find locally relevant projections of future conditions and impacts remain woefully underutilized [7], [8]. This presentation will review the availability of locally-relevant SLR projections, a risk-based framework for how to narrow the available projections to a planning range, and how that information can be translated into relevant information about future conditions. The presentation will also demonstrate how the selected amount of RSLR for a project can be translated into relevant information about future conditions that could potentially impact the project. This includes how to assess future areas regularly inundated by high tide, frequency of high tide flooding in the future, and projections of future storm surge. Finally, examples from projects in Jackson County, MS and Dauphin Island, AL will be used to demonstrate how RSLR can be integrated into projects across timelines while considering adaptability and scale. At the conclusion of this presentation, attendees will understand how to find and integrate RSLR projections to enhance coastal resilience for more robust communities and ecosystems.
LIMK2-NKX3.1 Engagement Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

NKX3.1’s downregulation is strongly associated with prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, progression, and CRPC development. Nevertheless, a clear disagreement exists between NKX3.1 protein and mRNA levels in PCa tissues, indicating that its regulation at a post-translational level plays a vital role. This study identified a strong negative relationship between NKX3.1 and LIMK2, which is critical in CRPC pathogenesis. We identified that NKX3.1 degradation by direct phosphorylation by LIMK2 is crucial for promoting oncogenicity in CRPC cells and in vivo. LIMK2 also downregulates NKX3.1 mRNA levels. In return, NKX3.1 promotes LIMK2’s ubiquitylation. Thus, the negative crosstalk between LIMK2-NKX3.1 regulates AR, ARv7, and AKT signaling, promoting aggressive phenotypes. We also provide a new link between NKX3.1 and PTEN, both of which are downregulated by LIMK2. PTEN loss is strongly linked with NKX3.1 downregulation. As NKX3.1 is a prostate-specific tumor suppressor, preserving its levels by LIMK2 inhibition provides a tremendous opportunity for developing targeted therapy in CRPC. Further, as NKX3.1 downregulates AR transcription and inhibits AKT signaling, restoring its levels by inhibiting LIMK2 is expected to be especially beneficial by co-targeting two driver pathways in tandem, a highly desirable requisite for developing effective PCa therapeutics.
Neural basis of approximate number in congenital blindness.

Abstract Although humans are unique among animals in their ability to manipulate symbolic numbers, we share with other species an approximate number sense that allows us to estimate and compare the number of objects or events in a set, such as the number of apples in a tree. Our ability to discriminate the numerosity of two sets decreases as the ratio between them becomes smaller (e.g., 8 vs 16 items is harder to discriminate than 8 vs 32 items). The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) plays a key role in this numerical approximation. Neuronal populations within the IPS code for numerosity, with stimuli of different numerosities eliciting discriminable spatial patterns of activity. The developmental origins of these IPS number representations are not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that representations of number in the IPS require visual experience with object sets, by working with individuals blind from birth. While undergoing fMRI, congenitally blind (n = 17) and blindfolded sighted (n = 25) participants judged which of two sequences of beeps was more numerous. In both sighted and blind individuals, patterns of activity in the IPS discriminated among different numerosities (4, 8, 16 vs 32), with better discrimination in the IPS of the blind group. In both groups, decoding performance decreased as the ratio between numerosities decreased (e.g., 8 vs 16 was less discriminable than 8 vs 32). These findings suggest that number representations in the IPS either have innate precursors, or that auditory or tactile experience with sets is sufficient for typical development.
Vibration of Flanged Beams and Panels

Considerable attention has been given in recent years to the dynamic performance of structural elements. The dependence of fatigue strength on stress range is well known. Test results on welded plate girders indicate a correlation between tensile fatigue strength and web boundary stress, which in turn is a function of several variables, such as frequency, nature of dynamic load, and girder proportions. This note presents an approximate analysis of the dynamics of a built-up girder, based on the realization that a flanged section behaves essentially like a rectangular composite beam, whose facing layers, representing the flanges, have a higher mass density and flexural stiffness than the web material. The analysis in this note is limited only to free flexural motion of simply supported symmetrical sections
Solar-Powered Production of Biofuels and Other Petroleum Substitutes by Cyanobacteria: Stoichiometries of Reducing Equivalents and Chemical Energy, and Energy Conversion Efficiency

Cyanobacteria are a promising platform for solar-powered, CO2-consuming production of biofuels, petroleum substitutes, and other useful products using photosynthesis. Efficient production of such compounds requires that the stoichiometry of reducing equivalents (NADPH) and chemical energy (ATP) produced as a result of photosynthetic electron transport is well-matched by the stoichiometry of reducing equivalents and chemical energy required for production of the desired compounds. Here it is shown that stoichiometry requirements are met when producing compounds generated via the fatty acid or isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways. In the case of fatty acid production, the amount of energy stored in the fatty acid can be up to 28% of the energy of the light if one were to excite with 680 nm light and all absorbed light was used for fatty acid production. Making adjustments for solar illumination (only ∼50% of the energy can be used for photosynthesis), blue-photon utilization, and losses due to non-photochemical quenching and the requirements for maintenance energy, the solar energy conversion efficiency may still be in the range of ∼7%, which is superior to most other bio-based approaches. However, photohydrogen production that directly uses reducing equivalents from photosynthetic electron transfer for H2 production does not require ATP and thereby is not properly stoichiometrically balanced. An additional complexity of H2 production in relatively small cyanobacterial cells at somewhat alkaline pH is that the number of free protons in a cell is extremely limited (a few protons per cyanobacterial cell of 1 fL at pH 8.0). However, regardless the inherent difficulties of light-driven H2 production in cyanobacteria, the utilization of cyanobacteria for light-driven generation of carbon-based biofuels and related products can be efficient and is very promising.
Mammalian Cells in High Throughput Screening

High Throughput Screening (HTS) is the process of testing large numbers molecules for their effect on model biological systems. These targets can be roughly divided into two classes; whole cell assays and biochemical assays. In an arena where hundreds of thousands of compounds are tested in a few months, the robustness, ease, and relevance of an assay become increasingly critical to success. A long standing question in the field has been the relative utility and merit of using mammalian cells as targets in HTS.
Small Cancellation Theory

In 1911 M. Dehn posed the word and conjugacy problems for groups in general and provided algorithms which solved these problems for the fundamental groups of closed orientable two-dimensional manifolds. A crucial feature of these groups is that (with trivial exceptions) they are defined by a single relator r with the property that if s is a cyclic conjugate of r or r-1, with s ≠ r-1, there is very little cancellation in forming the product rs. Dehn’s algorithms have been extended to large classes of groups possessing presentations in which the defining relations have a similar small cancellation property. At first, investigations were concerned with the solution of the word problem for groups G presented as small cancellation quotients of a free group F. The theory was subsequently extended to the case where F is a free product, a free product with amalgamation, or an HNN extension. Moreover, strong results were obtained about algebraic properties; for example, one can classify torsion elements and commuting elements in small cancellation quotients.
Publication Rates of Undergraduate Social Work Programs in Selected Journals

Abstract Scholarship is receiving an ever-increasing emphasis within social work education, particularly at the undergraduate level. Decisions on recruitment, reappointment, tenure, salary, and promotion often are influenced by publication productivity. The authors extend previous research on publication activity of graduate faculty by reporting the journal article production of undergraduate social work faculty over a 7-year period in seven major social work journals. As expected from earlier studies, relatively few faculty produced a sizable proportion of the articles. However, articles written by only one author were less common than previous research suggested. The majority of articles appeared in three of the journals reviewed: Social Work, Journal of Social Work Education, and Families in Society (formerly Social Casework). The most prolific undergraduate faculty were likely to come from programs located in combined bachelor of social work/master of social work settings in relatively large public un...
Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials

This paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters. Margaret Maurer introduces the cluster which offers papers by the three editors and seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway’, Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x. ‘“Apparitions, and Ghosts”: H(a)unting Donne's Letters’, M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x. ‘“Only in Obedience” to Whom? – The Identity of a Donne Correspondent’, Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x. ‘Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials’, Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x. *** This essay examines some of the difficulties in producing the kind of edition of Donne's prose letters that everyone would like – one that establishes the canon, dates, recipients, and texts that accurately represent what Donne wrote. By examining the texts of the two Donne letters that survive in holograph as well as in various seventeenth-century printings (letters to Edward Herbert and Lady Kingsmill) as well as one to the Duke of Buckingham that survives in holograph and in a nineteenth-century transcription and printings, I show how editorial intervention and physical degradation have so compromised the texts of some of the letters in Donne's Letters to Severall Persons of Honour (1651) and A Collection of Letters, Made By Sr Tobie Mathews (1660) and even in the holograph to Buckingham that the surviving texts (including their dates and recipients) of nearly all of Donne's letters are problematical. Worse, the evidence shows that the changes to the originals would not have been recoverable had these few holographs not survived. Any edition of Donne's prose letters, then, will have to attend to risk assessment as well as to the traditional features of an edition.
Prediction of electromagnetic pulse generation by picosecond avalanches in high-pressure air

The gas avalanche switch is a laser-activated, high-voltage switch, consisting of a set of pulse-charged electrodes in a high-pressure gas.1–4 Induced electrons from a picosecond-scale laser pulse initiate an avalanche discharge between high-voltage and grounded electrodes. If the voltage, pressure, and dimensions are correct, the rapid avalanche, fueled by the immense number of electrons available in the gas, collapses the applied voltage in picoseconds and generates electromagnetic pulses with widths as short as 1–10 ps and 3 dB bandwidths of 20–120 GHz. With proper voltage or pressure detuning, wider pulses and lower bandwidths occur. In addition to picosecond electromagnetic pulse generation, application of this switch should result in ultra-fast Marx bank pulsers.5
On the reaction of diazoacetyl compounds with pepsin.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that diazoacetyl--dl-norleucine methyl ester inactivates pepsin, that Cu(II) greatly facilitates the reaction, and that in the presence of Cu(II) substitution occurs specifically at the carboxyl group of an aspartic acid residue in the enzyme. The present experiments were designed to establish the reasons for the speed and specificity of the reaction and the role of the metal ion. Ag(I) proves to be as effective as Cu(II) in promoting the reaction, whereas Cd(II), Co(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) are not effective. Au(III) inactivates pepsin in the absence of a diazo compound. If Cu(II) and the diazo compound are mixed prior to the addition of pepsin, the rate of inactivation is increased, suggesting that a reactive complex is formed. The pH optimum for inactivation in the presence of Cu(II) is pH 5.5 to 5.8, whereas with Ag(I) it is pH 4.9. If the diazo compound and Cu(II) are mixed prior to the addition of pepsin, the pH optimum is reduced to about pH 5.0. The diazotized inhibitor need not be a substrate analogue, for diazoacetylglycine ethyl ester serves as well as the norleucine derivative. Diazoacetic acid methyl ester also inactivates pepsin rapidly in the presence of Cu(II), but more than 1 eq of reagent is incorporated. Although the rates of inactivation of pepsin prepared from pepsinogen and of commercial pepsin are similar, the stoichiometry of the reaction is not. More diazoacetyl compound is incorporated into commercial pepsin, which is known to be heterogeneous, than into pepsin prepared from pepsinogen. It is suggested that a copper-complexed carbene is the reactive species. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that dimethylsulfonium phenacylide, which is known to form such a complex, rapidly inactivates pepsin in the presence of Cu(II). Reaction of a carbene is thought to occur at a protonated carboxyl and the specificity is determined by the proximity of an ionized carboxyl which serves to orient the positively charged inhibitor molecule. The proposed mechanism of inactivation is compatible with the presence at or near the active site of pepsin of two carboxyl groups of markedly different pK values. One of these carboxyl groups has a pK higher than either of the two groups which previous kinetic studies have implicated in the activity of the enzyme. It thus appears that there may be at least three carboxyl groups involved in the active site of pepsin.
Eastern Orthodox Bioethics

This survey of Eastern Orthodox bioethical writings for the period 1990–1992 will begin some supplementary bibliographical material that has come to the attention of the author since the publication of the first bibliography two years ago ([24], pp. 857–101). That material will be followed by bibliographical entries for the 1990–1992 period. During this period, books consisting of collections of articles by various authors and at least one significant journal edition on a single theme have been published. Many authors have also dealt with multiple topics in articles.
A comparison of the bactericidal effectiveness of hydrochloric and acetic acid on Staphylococcus aureus in silver carp during a pH-shift protein recovery process

The bactericidal effectiveness of a pH-shift protein recovery process was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Protein from ground silver carp inoculated with S. aureus was solubilized at pH 2.5, 3.0, 11.5, or 12.5 with the addition of glacial acetic acid (AA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide. Lipid and other insoluble components (bone, skin and so on) were removed by centrifugation. Solubilized protein was brought to the isoelectric point (pH 5.5) with the addition of acid or base. Microbial analysis was performed on all fractions and survivors were enumerated on Baird Parker and Tryptic Soy Agar media. No significant differences in recovery were observed (P > 0.05) between media in the protein, lipid and water fractions. The main effect of acid type did not have a significant (P > 0.05) impact on microbial reductions for any fraction; however, significant reductions occurred as a function of protein solubilization pH (P < 0.0001) with basic solubilization strategies being most effective. The greatest reductions (P < 0.05) occurred in the protein fraction when protein was solubilized at pH 12.5 and precipitated with acetic acid for a 2.50 log reduction in the protein fraction. These results show that the pH-shift protein recovery process will significantly reduce S. aureus.