cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
631 THE USE OF TOTAL BODY IMPEDANCE TO DETERMINE BODY COMPOSITION IN INFANTS

Total body impedance (EMME or TOBEC instrument) has been introduced as a rapid, noninvasive device for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM) (J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 3:199, 1984). The instrument operates on the principle that organisms placed in an electromagnetic field perturb it to a degree that depends upon the amount and volume of distribution of electrolytes. The body composition of infants was studied by this method. Compositional changes occur during growth; therefore an infant animal standard using this method was required. (The infant miniature pig was selected, because its size and composition approximate those of the human infant.) Fifteen infants (age, 2 d to 13 mo; wt, 2 to 9 kg) were analyzed by the impedance method. Total body water (TBW) was determined by the isotope dilution technique using deuterated water. There was a good linear correlation between TBW and the ln of the impedance signal (r = .954). FFM of the infants was calculated by TBW (FFM = TBW/.82) and by the impedance method using a standard previously derived from mature rabbits. TBW appeared to overestimate FFM which was greater than total body wt in 4 of 15 infants. FFM by the impedance method ranged from 54 to 91% of total body wt. Five pigs (wt, 2.3 to 4.7 kg) have been studied by impedance and chemical analysis. There was good linear correlation between the ln of the impedance signal and TBW by desiccation (r = .995). Conclusions: 1) an infant miniature pig growth standard is expected to improve the predictive accuracy of the impedance method, and 2) the impedance method is highly suitable for use with human infants and determines body composition more accurately than other available methods.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Psychiatric Outpatients: Recognition, Prevalence, Comorbidity, Demographic, and Clinical Correlates

The prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), based on structured and unstructured clinical interviews, was compared in two samples of psychiatric outpatients drawn from the same practice setting. In the first sample, 500 patients were diagnosed according to a routine, unstructured clinical interview. In the second sample, 500 subjects were diagnosed according to information obtained by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). No patient was diagnosed with BDD in the clinical sample, whereas 16 (3.2%) patients were diagnosed with BDD in the SCID sample. Compared with patients without BDD, patients with BDD received significantly more current axis I diagnoses, and were more likely to be diagnosed with current obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobia. Both groups were diagnosed with major depression at similar rates. Patients with BDD, versus those without, tended to be sicker and more functionally impaired. It appears that BDD is an infrequent disorder in an outpatient setting, which is rarely recognized when clinicians conduct their routine diagnostic interview. Although it was not usually a patient's principal reason for seeking treatment, the majority of patients with BDD in this sample wanted their treatment to address these symptoms.
Polymer reactions—X thermal pyrolysis of poly(isoprene)☆

Abstract Poly(isoprene) (97% cis -1,4 and 3% 3,4) has been pyrolysed in a carrier stream of helium from 315 to 384°. The products were online identified and quantitatively analysed by an interfaced pyrolysis GC peak identification system. The first order rate constant for pyrolysis is 1.1 × 10 −2 sec −1 at 384° with an overall activation energy of 41 kcal mol −1 . The main products are isoprene and 1-methyl-4-isopropenyl cyclohexene. The dominant initiation process has been shown to be β chain scission leading to two allylic radicals. The former product is derived from an unzipping reaction, the latter together with 1.5-dimethyl-5-vinylcyclohexene are the main C 10 products from the allylic radicals. All the other minor products can be account for by simple chain propagation reactions with or without intramolecular hydrogen transfers.
Criteria for selecting replacements at weaning, before breeding, and after breeding.

At weaning, heifers should be considered for replacements based on their dam’s previous performance; heifer calving date, age, and weight; and previous exposure to implants. Before breeding, heifers should be selected as replacements based on whether they have attained puberty (determined by a prebreeding examination), do not have abnormal pelvic areas, or fail to meet temperament standards. After breeding, heifers should be selected as replacements if they conceive early in the breeding season, are capable of achieving 85% of their mature weight by calving, and calve at a body condition of 5.5 to 6.0. Selection of replacement heifers will be enhanced with the future commercial development of genetic selection tools for traits such as puberty and antral follicle count.
Growth And Optical Properties Of Single-Crystal Sapphire Fibers

Sapphire single-crystal fibers are very promising for applications in high power laser delivery systems operating in the mid-infrared, e.g. the Er:YAG line at 2.9 μm. The fibers are nontoxic and chemically resistant. Also, they are mechanically strong and can be bent to a radius of less than 10 mm without breaking. Fibers with diameters of 110 μm and lengths of up to 1 m were grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth method. The minimum loss of 0.5 dB/m was measured in the near infrared at 1064 nm. An absorption band centered at 400 nm resulted in losses of up to 20 dB/m. Absorption loss at the Er:YAG line is 0.88 dB/m for a fiber grown in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. A damage threshold higher than 1.2 kJ/cm2 was measured for 110 μs long pulses, making tissue ablation feasible with fibers several meters long.
Transactional Memory for Unstructured Mesh Simulations

In this paper we study transactional memory (TM) as a new tool for threading codes in this new era of multi- and many-core computers. In particular, we investigate the features and study the applicability of transactional memory as an efficient and easy-to-use alternative for handling memory conflicts in unstructured mesh simulations that use shared memory. The software tool used for our preliminary analysis of this novel construct is IBM's freely available Software Transactional Memory (STM) system. For our studies, we developed the BUSTM benchmark which is a test code with state-of-the-art unstructured-mesh bookkeeping. The numerical algorithms are simplified yet still exhibit most of the salient features of modern unstructured mesh methods. We apply STM to two frequently used algorithm types used in multi-physics codes with realistic 3-D meshes. Our computational experiments indicate a good fit between these application scenarios and the TM features.
Women are less likely to be admitted to substance abuse treatment within 30 days of assessment.

The information gathered in a centralized intake unit (CIU) allows payers and administrators to examine if there are access issues for their population. For this study, the authors examined whether there were gender differences in the rate at which people are admitted to treatment within 30 days of assessment. Of the 5,004 individuals seeking publicly-funded substance abuse treatment in Detroit for the years 1996-97, 50.3% of those assessed at the CIU actually entered treatment. Women (31% of the people assessed) had a lower rate of admission (45% for women versus 53% for men) a difference that was maintained even after controlling for known risk factors. Women who were given priority for admission (i.e., those who were pregnant, had children, or injected drugs) had a higher rate of admission than other women (73% versus 39%), but only 17% of the women presenting were included in the priority groups. Men who were injecting drugs (a priority group) also had a higher rate of admission than other men (83% versus 49%). In multivariate analysis controlling for priority groups and known risk factors, women were still less likely to be admitted to treatment within 30 days of admission than men. Establishing priorities improves the rate of admission within 30 days of assessment for those groups, but more needs to be done to improve the admission rate for women. These results demonstrate that a CIU allows administrators to monitor for access issues.
Tailored Supplemental Screening for Breast Cancer: What Now and What Next?

OBJECTIVE. This article reviews breast cancer risk assessment and the rationale for current screening guidelines, including when to consider using supplemental screening with MRI or sonography in addition to mammography, and discusses other emerging technologies. Radiologists can help identify women who may benefit from supplemental screening and can help to recommend when and which techniques to perform for this additional screening.CONCLUSION. Mammography remains the mainstay of breast cancer screening. Mammography should be performed as digital imaging when possible in women with dense breasts. In women at high risk, particularly if they also have dense breasts, annual MRI is recommended, although further validation of outcomes is needed. In intermediate-risk women with dense breasts, especially those with other risk factors, and in high-risk women with dense breasts who are unable to tolerate MRI, supplemental sonography screening is an option at facilities with availability of qualified personnel. De...
Strategies for securing evidence through model criticism

Some accounts of evidence regard it as an objective relationship holding between data and hypotheses, perhaps mediated by a testing procedure. Mayo’s error-statistical theory of evidence is an example of such an approach. Such a view leaves open the question of when an epistemic agent is justified in drawing an inference from such data to a hypothesis. Using Mayo’s account as an illustration, I propose a framework for addressing the justification question via a relativized notion, which I designate security, meant to conceptualize practices aimed at the justification of inferences from evidence. I then show how the notion of security can be put to use by showing how two quite different theoretical approaches to model criticism in statistics can both be viewed as strategies for securing claims about statistical evidence.
The effects of lesions of superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe on temporal and vertex components of the human AEP

We recorded auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to 1 kHz tone bursts in controls and patients with unilateral lesions centered in posterior superior temporal gyrus and adjacent caudal inferior parietal lobule (STG) or in rostral inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Controls generated a vertex maximal N94 (N1b) and P200 (P2) and additional P45, N78 and N127 temporal AEP components (P45, N1a, N1c). Similar to prior reports, in controls the N1a was most prominent over the left temporal lobe and the P45 was largest over the right temporal lobe consistent with behavioral and anatomical data indicating differential organization of left and right human temporal lobe. The N1c was recorded equally from both T3 and T4 electrodes and was enhanced in the temporal site contralateral to the ear of stimulation. The patient groups had differential effects on AEPs. Unilateral STG lesions resulted in bilateral reductions of the N1b and P45 and marked unilateral reductions of the N1a and N1c over lesioned hemisphere. IPL lesions resulted in bilateral but non-significant reductions of the N1b and N1c. The scalp topography results in normal subjects combined with the effects of unilateral STG lesions provide supportive evidence that the temporal maximal components of the human AEP (P45, N1a, N1c) are generated by radially oriented neuronal dipole sources located in STG. The bilateral reduction of the N1b vertex response by unilateral STG lesions is compatible with a unilateral disruption of a vertically oriented dipole situated in the posterior superior temporal plane. The results emphasize the critical role of the superior temporal plane and lateral superior temporal gyrus in generation of human long latency AEPs.
The effect of thyroxin on gaseous exchange in white rats of various age groups

Seasonal variations of the BMR were established in rats; they were more pronounced in sexually immature than in adult or old animals. The sexually immature rats reacted less to thyroxin than did the adult or old animals. The reaction to thyroxin was greater in winter. In a number of experiments the response was diminished or even paradoxical when the initial metabolic rate was high.
Geologic consequences of plate reorganization: An example from the Eocene southern Alaska fore arc

Observation of relative timing of deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism in a high-temperature-low-pressure metamorphic belt in the eastern Chugach Mountains of Alaska leads to a model of ridge subduction followed by plate reorganization to account for the abnormally high geothermal gradients in the fore arc. Between 56 and 53 Ma, a change in the direction of the Kula-Farallon spreading halted the previous southward migration of the Kula-Farallon-North American triple junction. This forced the triple junction to migrate back north along the plate margin, enlarging the slab window beneath the accretionary margin. The expanded slab window produced a large-scale thermal manifestation now recognized as the Chugach metamorphic complex. The accretionary complex responded to plate reorganization by orogen-parallel extension associated with oblique subduction of the Kula plate. Contraction began again following passage of the triple junction and subduction of the Farallon plate.
Shortest paths in almost acyclic graphs

This paper presents an algorithm for the shortest-path problem on a directed graph having arbitrary arc weights. One feature of the algorithm is its ability to exploit a certain type of structure. Two examples of this feature are highlighted. The first example is when the given graph is ''almost'' acyclic in the sense that there exists a small subset T of nodes, the deletion of which yields an acyclic graph. In this case, a version of the algorithm solves the shortest-path problem in O(|T|m) time; this bound is at least as good as the O(mn) time bound of Bellman (Quart. Appl. Math. 16 (1958) 87-90). The second example is when the weight vector is ''almost'' nonnegative in the sense that only a small subset F of arcs of the given graph have negative weight. In this case, the algorithm runs in O(min{|F|,n}(m+nlogn)) time.
Predictors of retention among undergraduate students attending associate-degree nursing programs in Illinois

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine what the relationship is between emotional intelligence, motivation, demographic variables, and retention. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and the Assessing Emotions Scale garnered data submitted from 390 first-year students attending nine associate-degree nursing schools in Illinois. Statistically significant differences in the mean scores for several motivation subscales were noted. Age, race/ethnic background, and school were predictors with retention. Emotional intelligence was not predictive with retention.
The P∞ point-source solution of the neutron slowing-down problem in a sphere

Abstract The two-region transport equation is solved in closed form for the neutron distribution arising from a point, monoenergetic, isotropic, source at the centre of a spherical body. The body consists of a homogeneous, non-fissionable material surrounded by space. Neutron scattering is assumed elastic and isotropic in the centre-of-mass system and cross sections are assumed independent of energy. The position and energy-dependent solution is attained by the spherical harmonics method without resort to the Pn approximation and is applicable at points inside, on the surface of, and outside the sphere. It applies particularly well to moderators composed of light elements such as carbon or to hydrogenous media.
Experimental simulation of soil contamination by arsenolite

Abstract Column experiments were conducted to experimentally simulate the initial conditions at a field site where legacy As contamination was caused by application of arsenolite as a herbicide to the soil. The experiments were designed to investigate the influence of herbicide loading and carbonate gravel cover on the release of As to, and the As adsorption capacity of, the background soil. The results showed that the As release from the doubly spiked column was three times higher than for the singly spiked columns. The addition of gravel above the herbicide layer halved the leaching time needed for peak As release from the soil. Extrapolation of the experimental data predicted that the columns with carbonate gravel should retain more As (15.6 g for column FWAsG and 12.3 g for column F2AsG) than the column without gravel (0.13 g for column FWAs). The results also indicated the thickness of the arsenolite layer was not important in terms of the As retention capacity of the soil columns. Arsenate was detected and quantified in the effluent solutions by ion chromatography. The data indicated As(III) dominated in the effluents for the first 180 pore volumes (PVs). After 180 PVs, As(III) almost disappeared and As(V) dominated in the effluents. The unexpected high As peak release from the doubly spiked column FW2AsG indicated that solutions having higher As(III) concentrations had a higher capability to dissolve arsenolite, possibly through solute–solute interactions or polymerization. Effluent solution Eh–pH values indicated that As(V) was the thermodynamically stable form of As throughout the experiments. Therefore, As(III) dominance in the initial column effluent solutions was kinetically controlled.
INFLUENCE OF DIET AND IODINE-131 INJECTIONS ON THE SURVIVAL OF DYSTROPHIC MICE.

DIET has been shown to influence the survival of mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy, since an increased lifespan and an extended period of growth have been recorded when a Semi-synthotic diet containing high-quality protein and lipid was used, and the further addition of glycine to the diet increased the growth rate still more1. Apparently, the vitamin content of the diet did not produce the effect, since other investigations using massive doses of vitamin mixtures did not prolong the survival of dystrophic mice2. Suppression of the thyroid gland activity by 131I (ref. 3), or surgical removal of the gland4, delayed muscular degeneration in vitamin E-deficient rabbits, indicating an influence of the thyroid hormone on this type of muscle pathology.
Over-the-counter medication and herbal or dietary supplement use in college: dose frequency and relationship to self-reported distress.

Objective: A growing number of researchers have examined the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and herbal or dietary supplements among college students. There is concern about the efficacy and safety of these products, particularly because students appear to use them at a higher rate than does the general public. Participants and Methods: The authors administered surveys to college students (N = 201) to assess the frequency of use in the past week. Results: A substantial percentage reported using OTC medications (74.1%), herbal or dietary supplements (70.6%), or both concurrently (61.2%). Dose frequency of OTC medications was the best predictor of self-reported emotional distress in the past week. Higher doses of products containing pseudoephedrine or valerian were associated with self-reported anxiety. Conclusions: These data further reflect an increasing trend toward self-medication among college students. Investigators must conduct reliability and validity studies to evaluate the clinical utili...
A micromechanical model for moisture-induced deterioration in fully biorenewable wood–plastic composites

Abstract Biobased wood–plastic composite materials were prepared using wood fibers as reinforcement in a microbial polyester matrix derived from poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)-co-poly(β-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). This paper discusses the influence of moisture on the morphological and flexural mechanical properties of PHBV/wood flour composites. The effect of two fiber–matrix chemical modifications on enhancing composite durability in wet environments was assessed. Physicochemical changes to the matrix microstructure were further investigated using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. A micromechanical analytical model is presented that predicts the onset of matrix cracking in wood–plastic composites upon exposure to moisture. The model is based on a hollow cylinder subjected to an internal pressure that is induced by the hydroexpansion of wood fiber reinforcement. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to account for statistical uncertainty in constituent mechanical properties as well as seasonal fiber variability. The model was validated using both optical microscopy techniques and experimental mechanical results.
The Influence of Young Adults' Sex, Gender Role Orientation, Ordinal Position and Time Spent with Infants on Their Knowledge of Infant Development.

The major purpose of the present study was to identify some characteristics of non at‐risk prospective parents which may contribute to more accurate knowledge of infant development in four domains: motor, personal‐social, cognitive, and language. It is evident that at‐risk groups of parents have inappropriate expectations for developmental milestones. Results from the present study indicate that non at‐risk adults also share this characteristic. In the present study male subjects’ knowledge of personal‐social and cognitive behaviors was significantly worse than female subjects. In addition, feminine subjects were more accurate in their knowledge of infant development than masculine and undifferentiated subjects. Furthermore, first born children were more accurate about infant development than were middle‐ and laterborns. Finally, subjects who spent more than six hours per week interacting with children were more knowledgeable than less‐experienced subjects. These results are discussed with respect to func...
New antenna with supercondutor at critical temperature of 212 K

A new planar superconducting rectangular microstrip antenna array, using the Sn 5 InBa4Ca2Cu 10 O y material, at use in the high critical temperature (Tc) of 212 K, is presented. In the analysis is used the concise full wave Transverse Transmission Line, (TTL) method. New results of the resonant frequency as functions of the temperature, for various antenna parameters, are presented.
The Homicidal Chauffeur Problem with Multiple Time Delayed Feedback

Abstract This paper studies a conventional pursuit-evasion game within a new perspective. The dynamics entail two rationally independent time delays in the otherwise traditional feedback controller. A pursuer (the homicidal chauffeur) tries to capture an evasive victim in a 2-dimensional space. When there are no time delays, capture is enabled using an LQR optimal control logic. When we introduce two delays in the measurement of position and velocity of the evader the performance of the pursuit changes dramatically. We explore the stability of the dynamics for a broad range of delay compositions. An exhaustive and exact determination of those stable delay combinations is achieved using The Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR) paradigm. Under those conditions the capture of the evader by the pursuer is guaranteed. As a paradoxical outcome of this work, it is shown that the stability of the system can be recovered by increasing the delays. The paper is accompanied by an interactive MATLAB demo which will be at the disposal of the attendees.
Synthesis, structure, and crystal growth of new potential NLO materials

Several very stable imine derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with diaminomaleonitrile. These compounds include different donor groups connected to the acceptor by conjugated chains of different lengths. Another group of compounds that have been synthesized is chiral pyrrolidine derivatives with varying acceptor substituents. After crystallization, products were characterized by X-ray analysis and other physical methods. Most of these materials crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups that define their second harmonic generation. The molecules have almost planar structures, that is favorable for the strong conjugation between donor and acceptor fragments, and take part in the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Quantum calculations of molecular electronic properties (dipole moments, hyperpolarizabilities of first and second order) have been completed.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Why IT managers don't go for cyber-insurance products

Proposed contracts tend to be overpriced because insurers are unable to anticipate customers' secondary losses.
Effects of Vortex Generators on an Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers

A low-speed wind-tunnel investigation is presented detailing the effects of vortex generators on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers (80,000 and 160,000). Six different static vortex generator layouts were tested. In addition, an oscillatory (or active) vortex generator was designed and tested. Force balance measurements were recorded and interpreted with the aid of surface flow visualization. The data suggest that the static vortex generators function similarly to those at higher Reynolds numbers; increasing the maximum lift coefficient and increasing the stall angle. Different static vortex generator configurations appear preferable at the two tested Reynolds number ranges. The oscillating vortex generator did not appear effective in its present configuration.
A manpower levelling/project planning program

Abstract This paper presents the design of a program for monthly development of detailed daily schedules of manpower assignments. Scheduling is normally performed by a heuristic project scheduling routine. However, facilities for user intervention and overrides are incorporated. While actual limits are fixed by the availability of offline storage, the scheduler is designed to handle up to 40,000 activities, 200 resources and any number of different project networks. Through an extensive use of program overlays and linked data records on random access storage, core requirements are less than 17K 24 bit words for a compiled program. A multiple pass scheduling algorithm is used. Activities are partitioned into three sets depending upon their externally specified priority. Activities in the first set are scheduled first; the availability of resources is adjusted to reflect this schedule, the second set of activities is scheduled, etc. When properly used, this feature compensates for the common tendency of one-pass heuristic algorithms to schedule low priority, high slack activities as soon as excess resources are available, even if this ties up resources that in a few days are required to schedule more critical activities. This program is written in COBOL and is currently implemented on a Honeywell (GE) 465 computer as a subsystem of a larger management control system.
Catalytic pathways for the electroreduction of O2 at graphite electrodes on which a macrocyclic cobalt complex is adsorbed

The electroreduction of O2 at graphite electrodes on which the complex of Co(III) with the macrocyclic ligand C-meso-5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (hmc) is adsorbed proceeds in two steps that are well separated in potential. The first step consumes two electrons per molecule of adsorbed (hmc)Co3+ to yield adsorbed (hmc)CoOOH2+. The second step involves the reduction of the adsorbed (hmc)CoOOH2+ to (hmc)Co2+ + H2O2 followed by the reduction of O2 to H2O2 catalyzed by the adsorbed (hmc)Co3+/2+ complexes. A mechanistic scheme that accommodates the observed electrochemical responses is presented and tested by comparison with responses calculated by digital simulation methods. Differences between the electrochemical responses obtained with dissolved or adsorbed (hmc)Co3+ are exposed and discussed. In addition, the behavior of the adsorbed (hmc)Co3+/2+ system as it acts to electrocatalyze the reduction of O2 is compared and contrasted with that exhibited by analogous adsorbed cobalt porphyrin electrocatalysts.
Description of drug users in treatment: 1971-1972 DARP admissions.

The 1971–1972 DARP patient sample can be generally described as follows: (1) males were the largest in number (76%), and most patients (73%) were in the age range of 18 to 30 at the time of admission; (2) ethnically, blacks and whites were predominant (46% and 36%, respectively), with smaller representations of Mexican-Americans and Puerto Ricans; (3) pretreatment drug use generally involved opiates daily (68%); (4) most patients began drug use with marihuana (57%) or heroin (21%), usually between the ages of 14 and 20 years old; (5) pretreatment alcohol consumption was generally low, with 68% of the sample reporting their average daily use was zero; and (6) the majority of the sample completed 10 to 12 years of education and had spent time in jail, while 40% were legally involved at the time of admission and almost one-third reported that their major source of support was illegal.
Stability and optimal design of laminated plates with internal supports

Abstract The stability of symmetrically laminated rectangular composite plates with internal line supports and point supports is analyzed using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Polynomial approximation functions are selected to satisfy both the boundary conditions along the edges and the zero displacement constraint along any number of internal line supports. Point supports are introduced using the Lagrange multiplier technique. The elastic and geometric stiffness matrices are obtained exactly, and the plate constitutive equations are expressed in terms of four lamination parameters to describe all symmetric laminates regardless of the number of plies. An exact solution for simply supported plates with equal length spans and no bending-twisting coupling is used to check the accuracy of the model. Extensive results are presented, and the effect of the number of plies, plate aspect ratio, material properties and lay-up are examined in detail. The lowest critical load is shown to be maximum when a symmetric angle-ply laminate is used, and the influence of the material properties on the optimal lay-up is small. The model developed is used to find which lay-ups maximize the first critical load for rectangular plates with internal supports and any combination of boundary conditions along the edges. For all the cases examined, the optimal design is a symmetric angle-ply laminate, and the optimal design is relatively unaffected by the elastic properties of the material.
Are cranial biomechanical simulation data linked to known diets in extant taxa? A method for applying diet-biomechanics linkage models to infer feeding capability of extinct species.

Performance of the masticatory system directly influences feeding and survival, so adaptive hypotheses often are proposed to explain craniodental evolution via functional morphology changes. However, the prevalence of “many-to-one” association of cranial forms and functions in vertebrates suggests a complex interplay of ecological and evolutionary histories, resulting in redundant morphology-diet linkages. Here we examine the link between cranial biomechanical properties for taxa with different dietary preferences in crown clade Carnivora, the most diverse clade of carnivorous mammals. We test whether hypercarnivores and generalists can be distinguished based on cranial mechanical simulation models, and how such diet-biomechanics linkages relate to morphology. Comparative finite element and geometric morphometrics analyses document that predicted bite force is positively allometric relative to skull strain energy; this is achieved in part by increased stiffness in larger skull models and shape changes that resist deformation and displacement. Size-standardized strain energy levels do not reflect feeding preferences; instead, caniform models have higher strain energy than feliform models. This caniform-feliform split is reinforced by a sensitivity analysis using published models for six additional taxa. Nevertheless, combined bite force-strain energy curves distinguish hypercarnivorous versus generalist feeders. These findings indicate that the link between cranial biomechanical properties and carnivoran feeding preference can be clearly defined and characterized, despite phylogenetic and allometric effects. Application of this diet-biomechanics linkage model to an analysis of an extinct stem carnivoramorphan and an outgroup creodont species provides biomechanical evidence for the evolution of taxa into distinct hypercarnivorous and generalist feeding styles prior to the appearance of crown carnivoran clades with similar feeding preferences.
Silicon and beryllium doping of OMVPE grown AlxGa1−xAs (x = 0−0.3) using silane and diethylberyllium

Abstract The doping of Al x Ga 1− x As with silicon and beryllium has been studied as a function of aluminum mole fraction x , dopant concentration and group V/III ratio. Silicon is a donor in this alloy system and its incorporation is controlled by thermodynamic factors depending upon the mole fraction of aluminum present. It is observed that in Al x Ga 1− x As for a given concentration of sila the net carrier concentration has a strong dependence on group V/III ratio and aluminum content x . This can be explained by the moderating role that carbon and group III vacancy acceptors play in these lattices. The role of aluminum on the mechanism of incorporation is also discussed. Beryllium is incorporated as an acceptor. Experimental results showing the nature of the beryllium incorporation in Al x Ga 1− x are presented.
Factors affecting the sensitivity and consistency of the Koelle-Friedenwald histochemical method for localization of acetylcholinesterase

Abstract Growing interest in cholinergic neuronal systems has caused a resurgence of thiocholine histochemical studies. Reports from different laboratories refer to “modified” Koelle-Friedenwald procedures for the histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) but the modifications are seldom specified. A glance at the literature suggests that there is considerable variability in results obtained in similar brain structures. We report a detailed thiocholine protocol and observations on several experimental factors which affect the sensitivity, consistency and the discreteness of localization of AChE in histological material. Attention to these factors and adherence to the protocol described here has yielded consistent results in several species, and in pre- and post-natal material. The value of AChE staining in conjunction with immunocytochemical localization of cholineacetyltransferase to study cholinergic neural structures is discussed.
Response of Alnus tenuifolia to inoculation with Valsa melanodiscus

Abstract Valsa melanodiscus (anamorph Cytospora umbrina) has been associated with cankers, dieback, and death of alder (Alnus) stems in western North America. To determine the ability of this fungus to induce these symptoms, the responses of thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia) stems to inoculation with V. melanodiscus were studied in field locations in Alaska and on plants in a greenhouse. In the field, woody stems were wounded to expose both inner bark and sapwood and inoculated in early May 2007 or September 2007 by placing a colonized agar plug over the wound. Sunken, elongated cankers that developed on inoculated stems in the field closely resembled those attributed to natural infection of thinleaf alders by V. melanodiscus. In contrast, wounded control stems exhibited strong callus production and wound closure. In the greenhouse, actively growing lateral shoots were inoculated by placing a colonized agar plug over a fresh leaf scar. Inoculation in the greenhouse resulted in development of cankers, and ...
Neurotensin modulates autoreceptor mediated dopamine effects on midbrain dopamine cell activity.

Abstract Interactions of neurotensin (NT) with midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons were studied in rats using microiontophoretic techniques. Local ejection of NT significantly increased (30%) the firing rate of a few DA cells (12/106). In most cases, however, iontophoretic NT produced no significant change in spontaneous activity. On the other hand, in these same cells, NT significantly attenuated the inhibition induced by either DA or quinpirole, a specific D2 agonist. Inhibition induced by DA was not attenuated by either glutamate or cholecystokinin, although both of them increase the firing rate of DA cells. The effect of NT appears to be selective as NT attenuated DA-induced inhibition without a measurable effect on either GABA-induced inhibition or glutamate-induced excitation of the same DA cells. Combined, these results suggest that NT's effect on DA cell activity is primarily a neuromodulatory one. As both NT and D2 receptors in midbrain DA cell areas are primarily located on DA cells, the above results also suggest that the observed interaction between NT and DA occurred at the DA cell level.
Byzantine generals in action: implementing fail-stop processors

A fail-stop processor halts instead of performing an erroneous state transformation that might be visible to other processors, can detect whether another fail-stop processor has halted (due to a failure), and has a predefined portion of its storage that will remain unaffected by failures and accessible to any other fail-stop processor. Fail-stop processors can simplify the construction of fault-tolerant computing systems. In this paper, the problem of approximating fail-stop processors is discussed. Use of fail-stop processors is compared with the state machine approach, another general paradigm for constructing fault-tolerant systems.
When exemplification fails: hypocrisy and the motive for self-integrity.

Two experiments investigated how the dissonance that follows a hypocritical behavior is reduced when 2 alternatives are available: a direct strategy (changing behavior to make it less hypocritical) or an indirect strategy (the affirmation of an unrelated positive aspect of the self). In Experiment 1, after dissonance was aroused by hypocrisy, significantly more participants chose to reduce dissonance directly, despite the clear availability of a self-affirmation strategy. In Experiment 2, participants again chose direct resolution of their hypocritical discrepancy, even when the opportunity to affirm the self held more importance for their global self-worth. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that influence how people select among readily available strategies for dissonance reduction.
Differential expression of galectin‐1 and its interactions with cells and laminins in the intervertebral disc

Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous β-galactoside-binding protein, binds to laminins, which are highly expressed in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of Gal-1 protein in IVD tissues during aging and the effect of Gal-1 on IVD cell adhesion to laminins. Tissues from rat, porcine, and human (scoliosis or disc degeneration) IVDs were used to evaluate Gal-1 expression via immunostaining, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Attachment of isolated IVD cells (porcine and human) on select laminin isoforms (LM-111 and LM-511) was compared with/without pre-incubation with exogenous Gal-1. A biotinylated Gal-1(B-Gal-1) was used to evaluate for binding to IVD cells and to select for IVD cells by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). NP cells expressed high levels of Gal-1 protein as compared to anulus fibrosus (AF) cells in immature tissues, while exogenous Gal-1 increased both NP and AF cell attachment to laminins and exhibited a similar binding to both cell types in vitro. With aging, Gal-1 levels in NP tissue appeared to decrease. In addition, incubation with B-Gal-1 was able to promote the retention of more than 50% of IVD cells via MACS. Our results provide new findings for the presence and functional role of Gal-1 within IVDs. Similar staining patterns for Gal-1 and LM-511 in IVD tissue suggest that Gal-1 may serve as an adhesion molecule to interact with both cells and laminins. This MACS protocol may be useful for selecting pure IVD cells from mixed cells of pathological tissue.
Presidential Address: Immigrant Counseling Psychologists

This was a Presidential Address for the Society of Counseling Psychology delivered at the 2012 American Psychological Association Annual Convention in Orlando, Florida. It was based on interviews with 10 informants, as well as my own experience, regarding our personal and professional journeys as immigrant counseling psychologists in the United States. The purpose of the presentation was to increase awareness of the obstacles, triumph, and contributions of immigrant counseling psychologists. I discussed our upbringing experience, family support for career decisions, obstacles and sources of strength, influential persons, relation between immigrant experience and work as counseling psychologists, contributions to counseling psychology, and wisdom to share with the counseling psychology profession.
No effect of folic acid supplementation on cardiovascular events, cancer or mortality after 5 years in people at increased cardiovascular risk, although homocysteine levels are reduced

Commentary on: R Clarke, J Halsey, S Lewington, et al..; B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists9 Collaboration. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. Arch Intern Med2010;170:1622–31.
A Comparison of Estimators of the Population Recombination Rate

Three new estimators of the population recombination rate C = 4Nr are introduced. These estimators summarize the data using the number of distinct haplotypes and the estimated minimum number of recombination events, then calculate the value of C that maximizes the likelihood of obtaining the summarized data. They are compared with a number of previously proposed estimators of the recombination rate. One of the newly proposed estimators is generally better than the others for the parameter values considered here, while the three programs that calculate maximum-likelihood estimates give conflicting results.
Wavelet analysis of masseter muscle EMG during emotional provocation

It is believed that emotion plays an important part in jaw muscle mediation. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are thought to have an origin in stress induced muscle fiber damage. This article details the results of a wavelet analysis performed on electro-myography (EMG) signals recorded from the cat masseter (jaw) muscle during hypothalamic stimulation. This stimulation induces the rage response and serves as the emotional provocation condition. These data were then compared to EMG recordings taken from the masseter muscle during mastication (eating), which simulates the voluntary, nonstress behavioral state muscle activity. The results indicate that the normal safety mechanism that controls muscle fiber recruitment is absent in subjects experiencing emotional stimulation. This finding supports the theory that TMD pain is the result of muscle fiber damage due to hyper-stimulation of fast-fatiguing muscle fiber during a stress state.
Concentration-controlled zidovudine therapy.

Background Heterogeneity in the response to antiretroviral therapy has been attributed to pharmacologic, immunologic, and virologic differences between patients. Currently available antiretroviral agents used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adults are administered in standard fixed doses. The active moiety of nucleoside anti-HIV drugs is the intracellular anabolite. Therefore the heterogeneity in response to nucleoside agents may arise as a result of pharmacologic variability at both the systemic and cellular level. Objectives To determine whether a novel concentration-controlled zidovudine regimen could improve anti-HIV response compared with the standard fixed-dose approach. Design At the Outpatient Clinic of the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Minnesota, 20 persons with HIV infection received an oral regimen of zidovudine designed to achieve a target concentration in plasma of 0.7 μmol/L and the 500 mg/day standard dose in a randomized, crossover 24-week study. Results The concentration-controlled regimen achieved overall higher systemic concentrations with reduced interpatient variability: steady-state average zidovudine plasma concentrations were 0.76 μmol/L (coefficient of variation, 12%) versus 0.62 μmol/L (coefficient of variation, 32%) for the standard regimen. There was no difference in safety and tolerance between regimens. Intracellular zidovudine triphosphate concentrations averaged 160 fmol/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with concentration-controlled versus 92 fmol/106 PBMCs for standard therapy. The percentage change from baseline in CD4 cells was a 22% increase for the concentration-controlled regimen versus a 7% decrease with standard therapy. Conclusions These data indicate that pharmacologic variability affects antiretroviral response. Furthermore, these findings provide a framework to characterize the pharmacologic determinants of effect and quantitate their contribution to the heterogeneity in clinical response to optimize therapeutic benefit. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998) 64, 331–338; doi:
Intensional Interpretations of Functionals of Finite Type I

T0 will denote Godel's theory T[3] of functionals of finite type (f.t.) with intuitionistic quantification over each f.t. added. T1 will denote T0 together with definition by bar recursion of type o, the axiom schema of bar induction, and the schemaof choice. Precise descriptions of these systems are given below in §4. The main results of this paper are interpretations of T0 in intuitionistic arithmetic U0 and of T1 in intuitionistic analysis is U1. U1 is U0 with quantification over functionals of type (0,0) and the axiom schemata AC00 and of bar induction.
A media synchronization survey: reference model, specification, and case studies

Researchers have addressed multimedia synchronization from various perspectives. The major issues include how to specify and how to implement synchronization. Especially in the specification area a variety of techniques have been published and implemented. This survey summarizes briefly synchronization requirements, presents a multimedia synchronization reference model, shows details of various specification approaches and applies the reference model to compare existing prominent approaches as case studies.