cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Demand for Pasture-Based Dairy: What Attributes and Images Do Consumers Want?

Pasture-based dairy farming in Michigan may be part of a solution to the dual problems of aging farmer populations and the disappearance of small- and medium-scale farms, as well as providing a host of ancillary benefits. Previous research has shown that many farmers lack effective promotional messages for this product, which is a significant barrier to bringing it to market. The goal of this research was to create and test promotional messages with potential consumers, while also investigating current perceptions and attitudes about milk and its attributes. Insights should ultimately be used to conduct an online survey, with the ultimate goal of expanding the demand for pasture-based dairy. Trained researchers conducted six focus groups dispersed geographically in Lower Michigan in May and June, 2010. Participants generated hand-drawn milk labels that represented attributes they seek while purchasing milk and answered oral questions about their milk purchases as well as evaluated images designed by a graphic artist. The most common themes to emerge in participant’s hand-drawn images included cows in pasture, blue skies, and sunshine. Words appearing on these same drawings indicated that participants generally wanted organic, local, and grass-fed milk products. Further discussion confirmed these same three themes as being the most important milk attributes. Reasons cited for desiring these attributes included a belief in improved human health, animal welfare, and environmental benefit. Opinions on potential milk labels varied, but most preferred an image that was both artistic and realistic and portrayed a cow actively feeding at pasture.
Association between proportion of US medical graduates and program characteristics in gastroenterology fellowships.

ABSTRACTBackground: Gastroenterology is one of the most competitive internal medicine fellowship. However, factors that associated with program competitiveness have not been documented.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between characteristics of gastroenterology fellowship programs and their competitiveness through the proportion of US medical graduates for the academic year 2016/17.Design: This study used a retrospective, cross-sectional design with data obtained from the American Medical Association. The proportion of US medical graduates in gastroenterology fellowships was used as an indicator of program competitiveness. Using both univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, we analyzed the association between the proportion of medical graduates in each program and 27 program characteristics based on a significance level of 0.05.Results: In total, 153 out of 171 gastroenterology fellowship programs satisfied the inclusion criteria. A multivariate analysis r...
a Terrace Habitat and Late Prehistoric Settlement in North-Central Texas: Pollen And Geological Evidence

Ecologically oriented studies in archaeology tend to suffer from over-generalized models. Pollen and geological data from the Cobb-Poole site in northcentral Texas illustrate how reconstruction of ...
Motor, Somatosensory, Viscerosensory and Metabolic Impairments in a Heterozygous Female Rat Model of Rett Syndrome

Rett Syndrome (RTT), an autism-related disorder caused by mutation of the X-linked Methyl CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2) gene, is characterized by severe cognitive and intellectual deficits. While cognitive deficits are well-documented in humans and rodent models, impairments of sensory, motor and metabolic functions also occur but remain poorly understood. To better understand non-cognitive deficits in RTT, we studied female rats heterozygous for Mecp2 mutation (Mecp2−/x); unlike commonly used male Mecp2−/y rodent models, this more closely approximates human RTT where males rarely survive. Mecp2−/x rats showed rapid, progressive decline of motor coordination through six months of age as assessed by rotarod performance, accompanied by deficits in gait and posture. Mecp2−/x rats were hyper-responsive to noxious pressure and cold, but showed visceral hyposensitivity when tested by colorectal distension. Mecp2−/x rats ate less, drank more, and had more body fat resulting in increased weight gain. Our findings reveal an array of progressive non-cognitive deficits in this rat model that are likely to contribute to the compromised quality of life that characterizes RTT.
High frequency callus formation from maize protoplasts.

A solid feeder layer technique was developed to improve callus formation of Black Mexican Sweet maize (Zea mays L.) suspension culture protoplasts. Protoplasts were plated in 0.2 ml liquid media onto a cellulose nitrate filter on top of agarose-solidified media in which Black Mexican Sweet suspension feeder cells were embedded. Callus colony formation frequencies exceeding 10% of the plated protoplasts were obtained for densities of 103–105 protoplasts/ 0.2 ml, which was 100- to 1,000-fold higher than colony formation frequencies obtained for conventional protoplast plating methods such as liquid culture or embedding in agarose media. Compared with conventional methods, the feeder layer method gave higher colony formation frequencies for three independently maintained Black Mexican Sweet suspension lines. Differences among the three lines indicated that colony formation frequencies might also be influenced by the suspension culture maintenance regime and length of time on different 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations. The callus colony formation frequency reported is an essential prerequesite for recovering rare mutants or genetically transformed maize protoplasts.
Managing Postblepharoplasty Lower Eyelid Malposition

Eyelid retraction and ectropion are complications of lower eyelid blepharoplasty that are often cosmetically unacceptable and may be associated with ocular irritation, chronic tearing, and lagophthalmos with exposure keratitis. Most cases are due to either cicatrix formation or anterior lamellar shortage from excessive skin and muscle excision. A graded surgical approach should be taken when repairing the eyelid malposition. Since there are close anatomical relationships between the lower eyelids and midface, optimal functional and cosmetic results often require addressing both the eyelid and the midface during surgical repair. With successful midface lifting, eyelid spacer grafts and full thickness skin grafts are usually only required for severe postblepharoplasty lower eyelid malpositions.
Structure and Assembly of Intermediate Filaments: Multi- Faceted, Myosin-like (But Non-Motile) Cytoskeletal Polymers

Intermediate filament (IF) proteins, actin, and tubulin are the troika of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, in that fibrous polymers of these three classes of protein abound in virtually all kinds of cells. However, as our knowledge of their molecular properties grows, it is becoming increasingly apparent that IF proteins (Steinert & Roop, 1988) differ in many respects from actin (Pollard & Cooper, 1986) and tubulin (Kirschner & Mitchison, 1986), but have much in common with another important and long-studied component of the cytoskeleton, albeit one that is somewhat less ubiquitous - myosin (Harrington & Rodgers, 1984; Warrick & Spudich, 1987). It is the purpose of this contribution to summarize some recent lines of evidence emerging from biophysical and molecular biological experiments concerning both static and dynamic properties of IF proteins; to examine how far their resemblance to myosin extends; and to explore its implications for the functions - still rather vaguely defined - that are exercised by IF in cells.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms: an overview.

1. Kathleen Finnegan, MS, MT(ASCP)SHCM[⇑][1] 1. Stony Brook University Health Science Center, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook, NY 1. Address for Correspondence: Kathleen Finnegan, MS, MT(ASCP)SHCM, Chair, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Stony Brook University Health Science Center, School of Health Technology and Management, Level 2, Room 442, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8205, 631-444-3224, Kathleen.finnegan{at}stonybrook.edu INTRODUCTION The myleproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a closely related group of clonal stem cell hematologic blood disorders characterized by an increase in one or more cell lines of the bone marrow. The proliferation of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) or platelets is usually mature in morphology. The MPNs have overlapping clinical features but different etiologies. The original name of these disorders was the myeloid proliferative disorders or MPDs proposed by William Damashek in 1951;1 they were renamed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 to “myeloproliferative neoplasms”2 due to new findings. The 2008 WHO classification of MPNs has added new entities, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, Philadelphia chromosome-positive (CML); chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL); polycythemia vera (PV); primary myelofibrosis (PMF); essential thrombocythemia (ET); chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL/NOS); mastocytosis; and myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (MPN-U). The identification of numerous molecular mutations such as the “breakpoint cluster region/Abelson fusion 1 ( BCR/ABL1 ) mutation, Janus kinase 2 ( JAK2 ) mutation, ( JAK2 ), myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene homolog ( MPL ) and others,, has contributed to the further understanding of the genetic complexity of the MPNs. The current classification of the MPNs is based on clinical presentation, pathologic descriptions, histological information, and genetic mutations. The genetic mutations or molecular markers have become essential for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of these disorders. The MPNs are characterized by a hypercellular bone marrow due to unregulated cell proliferation. Usually one cell line is increased, but all may be elevated. The classification is based on which cell line is… [1]: #corresp-1
Pathophysiology-Based Approaches to Treatment

IgG4-related disease (IgG-RD) is capable of causing great morbidity and even mortality if the condition remains undiagnosed or poorly treated yet is typically a treatment-responsive disorder. Glucocorticoids have not been studied rigorously, and practices with regard to dosing and duration of treatment remain largely empiric. In addition, IgG4-RD patients are often particularly susceptible to and intolerant of the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid therapy. B cell depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies appears to be a rapid, effective means of obtaining disease control and limiting patients’ glucocorticoid exposure, but this option is frequently available. Other therapies targeting the B cell lineage may also be efficacious, and one is under study. The means by which depletion or inhibition of B cells and their progeny ameliorate IgG4-RD are coming into focus now through careful mechanistic studies of samples from treated patients.
Optomechanical design and manufacturing techniques for compact multimodal endoscopes (Conference Presentation)

Multimodal endoscopes are highly complex and difficult to miniaturize, thus packing multiple optical systems into them requires ingenuity, creativity and a special set of optical design and optomechanical skills. While multimodal and miniaturized endoscope systems are becoming a hot topic nowadays, few designs have been explained in enough detail for the scientific community to utilize this knowledge. We present our approach to the design and manufacturing of an endoscopic prototype that encapsulates Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM), Multi Photon Microscopy (MPM), and White Light navigation. In order to successfully encapsulate all three optical modalities in the endoscope, two optical paths were enabled in the same optical elements through the use of dichroic surfaces. One of the optical paths had to be bent to allow high resolution microscopy. The optics within the endoscope are aligned by the custom distal ferrule and a lens stacking technique. Additionally, a compact piezo actuator tube is used to scan the field of view for all imaging modalities, while 3D printed parts have been designed to accommodate the endoscope’s specific needs. To manufacture the prototype, custom 3D printed holders are used to facilitate the positioning, handling and cleaning of such small lenses and system parts. These holders were proven to be very beneficial and useful for the integration of the endoscope. While it is challenging to assemble such small endoscopes by hand, there are some techniques that can be used to facilitate the process, allowing encapsulation of multiple functionalities in the same optical system.
Putting out the fire - Efficacy of common beverages in reducing oral burn from capsaicin.

Abstract Capsaicin is classically considered an irritant, due to the warming and burning sensations it elicits. Widespread consumption of chilis suggests many individuals enjoy this burn, but these sensations can be overwhelming if the burn is too intense. While substantial folklore exists on the ability of specific beverages to mitigate capsaicin burn, quantitative data to support these claims are generally lacking. Here, we systematically tested various beverages for their ability to reduce oral burn following consumption of capsaicin in tomato juice. Participants (n = 72, 42 women, 30 men) rated the burn of 30 mL of spicy tomato juice on a general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) immediately after swallowing, and again every 10 s for 2 min. On 7 of 8 trials, a test beverage (40 mL) was consumed after tomato juice was swallowed, including: skim milk, whole milk, seltzer water, Cherry Kool-Aid, non-alcoholic beer, cola, and water. Participants also answered questions regarding intake frequency and liking of spicy food. Initial burn of tomato juice alone was rated below “strong” but above “moderate” on a gLMS and continued to decay over the 2 min to a mean just above “weak”. All beverages significantly reduced the burn of the tomato juice. To quantify efficacy over time, area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated, and the largest reductions in burn were observed for whole milk, skim milk, and Kool-Aid. More work is needed to determine the mechanism(s) by which these beverages reduce burn (i.e., partitioning due to fat, binding by protein, or sucrose analgesia). Present data suggest milk is the best choice to mitigate burn, regardless of fat context, suggesting the presence of protein may be more relevant than lipid content.
IGBT Applications: Industrial

The enabling of adjustable speed drives for motors by using insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) is discussed. Pulse width modulation waveforms are described. Power losses in IGBTs are evaluated. Factory automation systems using complementary IGBTs for numerical controls are described. The IGBT circuits for robotics, welding machines, induction heating units, and milling/drilling machines are provided. The use of IGBT drives for metals processing, paper mills, and textile mills is discussed. Its use in mining/excavation and electrostatic precipitators is described.
NDE 4.0: Smart NDE

Current nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and testing practices are burdened by "conventional wisdom," which requires that the operator be involved in all aspects of the data collection, transfer, and analysis. Many of these shortcomings are rooted in inefficiency and can be addressed by updating standard practices to be more aligned with Industry 4.0 or Smart Manufacturing practices. In this document, we intend to delve deeper into the challenges for NDE and discuss how to take it to the next generation: "NDE 4.0" or "Smart NDE." Industry challenges, implementation aspects, and ethical considerations are discussed while recognizing the important influences by and on infrastructure, people, equipment, and data. This philosophy has a significant work-flow and behavioral impact in the laboratory and even a manufacturing environment, especially for research and advanced technology organizations.
Water Development, Consumptive Water Uses, and the Great Salt Lake

Great Salt Lake (GSL) covers 5500 km2 (2100 mi2) at its unimpacted elevation and is the eighth largest saline lake in the world. Its highly productive food web supports millions of migratory birds and the economic value of the lake is estimated at $1.5 billion US dollars in 2019. Droughts and wet cycles have caused huge fluctuations in lake level, area, and salinities, and this variation has masked anthropogenic impacts. Recent work, however, has determined that consumptive water uses in the watershed have depleted inflows by approximately 39%, with 63% used by agriculture, 11% by cities, 13% by solar ponds, and 13% by other uses. This has lowered the lake by 3.4 m, decreased its area by 51%, and reduced its volume by 64% as of 2019. Projected water development of the lake’s primary tributary could lower the lake approximately 1.5 m more. Climate change, to date, has not noticeably influenced lake level. Per capita water use in Utah is the second highest in the nation and is 2.6-fold higher than other semiarid nations. Potential solutions exist to reduce consumptive water uses and stabilize or increase the GSL water level. Water conservation is likely the most economical solution, with permanently mandated water cutbacks costing $14–96 million ($5–32 per person). Water conservation paired with water markets reduce costs further, costing between $2 and $16 per person. Descriptions of potential solutions to reduce consumptive water uses and stabilize GSL level are a starting point to encourage discussion. Strategies have yet to be prioritized or thoroughly evaluated. Quantifying water diversions from rivers that feed GSL and consumptive water uses will allow Utahns to make defensible decisions to manage water resources and the lake’s biology for long-term ecological, recreational, and economic benefit.
What one pandemic can teach us in facing another.

This article seeks to answer the question: what are the similarities and differences between the two pandemics? Are there lessons learned from confronting HIV that should guide the response to COVID-19 pandemic? Firstly, political leadership is critically important The early denial of the HIV epidemic in South Africa and the United States resulted in unnecessary loss of life Secondly, perhaps the most durable legacy of the HIV response is the recognition of the critical importance of engaging communities, whether through the early voices of gay advocates in the United States or the vibrant participation of people living with HIV as peer educators around the world Thirdly, it is widely acknowledged that the successful global response to the HIV epidemic was because of strengthening all pillars of the health system Fourthly, while during the early desperate years of the HIV epidemic, advocates reached for unproven treatment, they quickly became strong supporters of science-based interventions Fifthly, the HIV epidemic showed us the importance of using data to inform action COVID-19 data from New York City, as another example, point to specific zip codes with the highest burden of COVID-19 Lastly, epidemics thrive on mistrust and myths Conspiracy theories about HIV has jeopardized lives by provoking reluctance to get tested or to initiate treatment
DeepHazard: neural network for time-varying risks.

Prognostic models in survival analysis are aimed at understanding the relationship between patients' covariates and the distribution of survival time. Traditionally, semi-parametric models, such as the Cox model, have been assumed. These often rely on strong proportionality assumptions of the hazard that might be violated in practice. Moreover, they do not often include covariate information updated over time. We propose a new flexible method for survival prediction: DeepHazard, a neural network for time-varying risks. Our approach is tailored for a wide range of continuous hazards forms, with the only restriction of being additive in time. A flexible implementation, allowing different optimization methods, along with any norm penalty, is developed. Numerical examples illustrate that our approach outperforms existing state-of-the-art methodology in terms of predictive capability evaluated through the C-index metric. The same is revealed on the popular real datasets as METABRIC, GBSG, and ACTG.
Banking deregulation and homeownership

Abstract This paper studies how banking deregulation affects homeownership. Exploiting the U.S. intra-state and inter-state banking deregulations from 1980s to early 1990s, we find that an exogenous expansion of bank branches increases renters likelihood of becoming homeowners as much as 8.7 percentage points. In addition, the impact is larger on households with low income and high debt-to-income ratios. Our estimated impacts are larger than those estimated from state-level data, suggesting that the heterogeneous effects among households are important towards home ownership. Our findings are robust to potential sample selection bias and functional misspecifications.
Choices Matter: How Response Options for Survey Questions about Sexual Identity Affect Population Estimates of Its Association with Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use:

This study presents results from a randomized experiment in the 2015–2017 National Survey of Family Growth, where a large national sample of U.S. individuals aged 15–49 was randomly assigned to one...
Quantifying interfacial substrate interactions via surface energy analyses.

Summary Determination of a substrate’s surface energy profile is a facile and inexpensive method to indicate the substrate’s interfacial thermodynamics with another substance (e.g., microorganisms, biomacromolecules, medical devices, etc). The following protocol details a goniometric method to calculate a substrate’s surface energy profile which (1) directly correlates to a substrate’s interfacial Gibbs energy (ΔG) and (2) predicts the interfacial interactions with other substances. We also provide a calculation template using advanced mathematics to expedite surface energy profile determination. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cavitt et al. (2020) .
Focal Concerns and Intimate Partner Violence Case Processing: Predicting Arrest Using a Stratified Random Sample of Police Case File Data:

Focal concerns has utility for explaining criminal justice decisions, including among police. At present, there is no research that has examined focal concerns and arrest decisions in non-sexual, i...
Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells

3560 Abstract: Arsenic is a natural and ubiquitous element found in the environment that is both odorless and tasteless. Whether ingested or inhaled, arsenic induces both systemic and carcinogenic effects. Epidemiological findings show that exposure to arsenic results in vascular disorders, peripheral neuropathy, and various neoplastic diseases, such as, skin, lung, bladder, liver and kidney cancers. However, its molecular mechanisms of action are still largely unknown. In this study, we used HepG2 cells as a model to study the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress associated with exposure to arsenic trioxide (AT). We hypothesized that oxidative stress plays a key role in arsenic induced cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, we performed the MTT-assay for cell viability and the thiobarbituric acid test for lipid peroxidation. Data obtained from the MTT assay indicated that AT significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 cells, showing a LD50 value of 23.2 ± 6.4 μg/mL upon 24 hours of exposure, indicating a dose-dependent response. Data from the thiobarbituric acid test showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in MDA and HNE levels in AT-treated HepG2 cells compared to control cells. AT treatment significantly increased cellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as evidenced by the increase in lipid peroxidation by-products. However, the addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to AT-treated cells resulted in a gradual decrease of MDA plus HNE. Taken together, these results indicate that AT is highly cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. This cytotoxicity is found to be mediated by oxidative stress, and the antioxidant NAC has proved to be effective in blocking this oxidative stress and cellular damage. Keywords: arsenic trioxide (As2O3), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, HepG2 cells Acknowledgements: This research was financially supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (Grant # 1G12RR13459), through the RCMI-Center for Environmental Health at Jackson State University, and in part by the National Science Foundation’s Louis Stokes Mississippi Alliance for Minority Participation (LSMAMP) Bridge to the Doctorate Program (Grant # HRD-0115807) at Jackson State University.
TCL-309: Prognostic Role of CD30 From a Retrospective Review of 295 Patients with Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma

Objective The main aim of this single-institution retrospective study was to elucidate the prognostic significance of CD30 expression in AITL. Methods We analyzed patients newly diagnosed with AITL at our institution between 2000 and 2020. Along with CD30 receptor testing, variables, including date of diagnosis, age, gender, stage, LDH level, platelets, hemoglobin, bone marrow involvement, and EBV receptor positivity, were collected. Treatment and progression data, including response to frontline therapy, presence of consolidation stem cell transplant (SCT), and usage of brentuximab-based treatment, were collected. Endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate (MVA) Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the significance of variables at diagnosis on PFS and OS. Results Out of the 295 individuals diagnosed with AITL, 129 patients with CD30 testing who had both response and survival data were included. This group had a median age of 65 (range 29–83) years and a male predominance (51%). Median follow-up time was 40 (range 2–137) months, with three-year PFS and OS of 48% and 23%, respectively. Sixty-seven individuals died within the first three years of the study. The 3-year OS is 46% in CD30+ individuals and 55% in those who are CD30– (p=0.578). PFS is 20% in CD30+ individuals and 29% in those who are CD30– (p=0.675). SCT (p=0.0003) was statistically associated with improved survival. For OS, age >65 (HR: 3.131, 95%CI: 1.545–6.344, p=0.0015), BM involvement (HR: 2.134, 95% CI: 1.151–3.956, p=0.0161), incomplete remission (HR: 2.208, 95% CI: 1–4.876, p=0.0499), male gender (HR: 0.367, 95% CI: 0.199–0.678, p=0.0014), no SCT (HR: 4.085, 95% CI: 2.119–7.872, p≤0.0001), and positive CD30 (HR: 0.322, 95% CI: 0.158–0.656, p=0.0018) were associated with inferior OS. Conclusion Age
Gulf of Venezuela: Border Dispute

Two segments of the Gulf of Venezuela are the subject of serious controversy between Venezuela and Colombia. These areas represent a relatively small number of square miles, but the possibility of the existence of petroleum deposits appears to have created a potentially volatile situation. Efforts made by the two governments to arrive at a settlement through the traditional means of bilateral negotiations appear to have reached a stalemate.
Cointegration and stock prices: The random walk on wall street revisited

Abstract One of the more famous and empirically regular instances of unit roots occurs in stock price series, where they are consistent with rational expectations and efficient markets under certain assumptions. In this paper we investigate the dynamic behavior of five stock prices over the volatile period from January 1972 through December 1979, finding that the series are cointegrated with one dominant common trend, a component with an estimated root of 0.95. In addition, we find a lesser trend and two complex roots in the cycle model. These findings are validated by out-of-sample forecasts beginning in January 1980. In addition to mean squared error criteria, the forecasts are evaluated nonparametrically in two separate applications of a test due to Henriksson and Merton.
Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy

1 Introduction 2 Retroviral Vectors 3 Adenoviral Vectors 4 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Vectors 5 Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors 6 Conclusion Keywords: viral vectors for gene therapy; retroviral vectors; retroviridae-large group of viruses distributed throughout the vertebrates; nuclear import; feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV); equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV); self-inactivating (SIN) vectors; adeno-associated virus vectors
Hybridization among Arctic white-headed gulls (Larus spp.) obscures the genetic legacy of the Pleistocene.

We studied the influence of glacial oscillations on the genetic structure of seven species of white-headed gull that breed at high latitudes (Larus argentatus, L. canus, L. glaucescens, L. glaucoides, L. hyperboreus, L. schistisagus, and L. thayeri). We evaluated localities hypothesized as ice-free areas or glacial refugia in other Arctic vertebrates using molecular data from 11 microsatellite loci, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, and six nuclear introns for 32 populations across the Holarctic. Moderate levels of genetic structure were observed for microsatellites (FST= 0.129), introns (ΦST= 0.185), and mtDNA control region (ΦST= 0.461), with among-group variation maximized when populations were grouped based on subspecific classification. Two haplotype and at least two allele groups were observed across all loci. However, no haplotype/allele group was composed solely of individuals of a single species, a pattern consistent with recent divergence. Furthermore, northernmost populations were not well differentiated and among-group variation was maximized when L. argentatus and L. hyberboreus populations were grouped by locality rather than species, indicating recent hybridization. Four populations are located in putative Pleistocene glacial refugia and had larger τ estimates than the other 28 populations. However, we were unable to substantiate these putative refugia using coalescent theory, as all populations had genetic signatures of stability based on mtDNA. The extent of haplotype and allele sharing among Arctic white-headed gull species is noteworthy. Studies of other Arctic taxa have generally revealed species-specific clusters as well as genetic structure within species, usually correlated with geography. Aspects of white-headed gull behavioral biology, such as colonization ability and propensity to hybridize, as well as their recent evolutionary history, have likely played a large role in the limited genetic structure observed.
Cancellation of Biodynamic Feedthrough in Vehicle Control Tasks

A driver's body functions as a pathway that transmits vehicle motion and inertia forces to the vehicle's manual control interface, producing unintended commands and degrading driver/vehicle performance. In this paper, we apply a model-based cancellation controller to mitigate this effect, called biodynamic feedthrough. Using measurements of vehicle acceleration and hand/interface interaction force, we first construct a model of the body transmittance. In operation, the controller processes vehicle acceleration measurements through a regression model of the biodynamic transmittance and a motor imposes the result as a torque on the manual interface. We tested individually fit cancellation controllers by quantifying the tracking performance of 12 human subjects using a joystick to control displacements of a single-axis motion platform. The addition of the cancellation controller reduced the root mean square tracking error by 45%, significantly reduced spectral energy in the 1-7 Hz band, and had a marked effect on the ability of the driver to reject exogenous disturbances.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): A Pilot Study to Measure Hemoglobin Concentration Changes in the Brains of Persons who Stutter and Typically Fluent Speakers☆

Abstract Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a diffuse optical technique that has been used to measure oxy-, de-oxy, and total hemoglobin concentration changes in real-time at the surface of the brain. NIRS relies on neuro-vascular coupling—Blood-Oxygenation–Level-Dependent (BOLD) response—and measures hemoglobin concentration changes through the use of a light source (infra-red) in a safe region of the electromagnetic spectrum. We conducted a pilot study with NIRS to determine whether there were hemoglobin concentration changes in the brains of persons who stutter and typically fluent speakers during reading, counting, and free speech. Results indicate that as the complexity of the task increased, the magnitude of the hemoglobin concentration change increased.Overall, these three speech tasks caused hemoglobin concentration changes in Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and other areas of the brain.
Protein aggregation kinetics in an Escherichia coli strain overexpressing a Salmonella typhimurium CheY mutant gene.

The tendency of recombinant protein in bacteria to partition into soluble and insoluble forms is attributed, in general, to a kinetic competition between protein folding and aggregation. However, little experimental work has actually been performed in vivo on the kinetics and mechanisms of protein folding and aggregation. Results are presented here from radiolabeling experiments which monitored the kinetics of recombinant protein aggregation in actively growing cultures. The strain used was an Escherichia coli strain overexpressing a Salmonella typhimurium CheY mutant gene. The rate of CheY aggregation was found to be time dependent in that the tendency of CheY to aggregate was greater for newly translated molecules, i.e., those translated within the previous several minutes, than for molecules translated less recently. CheY protein molecules that were translated less recently continued to aggregate for several hours but at a lower rate. The movement of soluble CheY to the insoluble form was enhanced at elevated growth temperatures and inhibited by the presence of chloramphenicol. The latter observation suggests that ongoing translation facilitates the movement of soluble CheY to the insoluble form. The implications of these results for the mechanism of protein aggregation in vivo, i.e., inclusion body formation, are discussed.
Integrated design and simulation for millimeter-wave antenna systems

Several instruments operating in the microwave and millimeter-wave bands are to be developed over the next several years at JPL or in conjunction with various other companies and laboratories. The design and development of these instruments requires an environment that can produce a microwave or millimeter-wave optics design, and can assess sensitivity of key design criteria (beamwidth, gain, sidelobe levels, etc.) to thermal and mechanical operating environments. An integrated design tool has been developed to carry out the design and analysis using software building blocks from the computer-aided design, thermal, structural and electromagnetic analysis fields. The capability to simultaneously assess the effects of design parameter variation resulting from thermal and structural loads can reduce design and validation cost and generally lead to more optimal designs, hence higher performing instruments. In this paper the development and application of MODTool (Millimeter-wave Optics Design), a design tool that efficiently integrates existing millimeter-wave optics design software with a solid body modeler and with thermal and structural analysis packages is discussed. The design tool is also directly useful over other portions of the spectrum, though thermal or dynamic loads may have less influence on antenna patterns at the longer wavelengths. Under a common interface, interactions between the various components of a design can be efficiently evaluated and optimized. One key component is the use of physical optics analysis software for antenna pattern analysis.
Three-nucleon experiments and $sup 2$S defects

Supported by the results of recent theoretical calculations of nucleon-deuteron scattering, it is suggested that most parts of the calculated three-nucleon scattering and breakup amplitudes are model-independent at low energies and, furthermore, that the $^{2}S$-state amplitudes are the important exception to this rule. On the basis of the assumption that it is only differences between theoretical and physical $^{2}S$ amplitudes which will remain substantial as calculations improve, a new approach to the experimental three-nucleon problem is proposed. According to this approach, experiments would be chosen on the basis of the sensitivity to $^{2}S$ amplitudes and would be analyzed by using theoretical predictions for the amplitudes and empirically adjusted $^{2}S$ defects. Experiments expected to be sensitive to the $^{2}S$ amplitudes are discussed including angular distributions, spin-correlation measurement, and experiments of the triple-scattering type. Formulas for these parameters are given in terms of amplitudes having the simple structure predicted by the Amado model and it is shown how the $^{2}S$ defects will modify such predictions.
Design, conditioning, and performance of a high voltage, high brightness dc photoelectron gun with variable gap

A new high voltage photoemission gun has been constructed at Cornell University which features a segmented insulator and a movable anode, allowing the cathode-anode gap to be adjusted. In this work, we describe the gun's overall mechanical and high voltage design, the surface preparation of components, as well as the clean construction methods. We present high voltage conditioning data using a 50 mm cathode-anode gap, in which the conditioning voltage exceeds 500 kV, as well as at smaller gaps. Finally, we present simulated emittance results obtained from a genetic optimization scheme using voltage values based on the conditioning data. These results indicate that for charges up to 100 pC, a 30 mm gap at 400 kV has equal or smaller 100% emittance than a 50 mm gap at 450 kV, and also a smaller core emittance, when placed as the source for the Cornell energy recovery linac photoinjector with bunch length constrained to be <3 ps rms. For 100 pC up to 0.5 nC charges, the 50 mm gap has larger core emittance than the 30 mm gap, but conversely smaller 100% emittance.
Inbreeding Depression, Environmental Stress, and Population Size Variation in Scarlet Gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata)

Despite a large body of theory, few studies have directly assessed the effects of variation in popu- lation size on fitness components in naturalpopulations of plants. We conducted studies on 10 populations of scarlet gilia Ipomopsis aggregata, to assess the effects of population size and year-to-year variation in size on the relative fitness of plants. We showed that seed size and germination success are significantly reduced in smallpopulations (those I1OOfloweringplants) of scarletgilia Plants from smallpopulations are also more susceptible to environmental stress. When plants from small and large populations were subjected to
Subjective effects and changes in steroid hormone concentrations in humans following acute consumption of alcohol

GABAA receptors are an important site of action of endogenous neurosteroids and an important mediator of several behavioral effects of alcohol. This study examined the effects of alcohol on plasma steroid hormone concentrations on the hypothesis that the endocrine effects mediate some of the subjective effects of alcohol. Thirty-two healthy subjects (17 men) with no history of a substance use disorder participated in this human laboratory study. All subjects consumed three standard drinks of grain alcohol. Subjective measures and blood samples for steroid concentrations were collected at baseline and 40 min after alcohol consumption. Alcohol increased self-reported stimulation, alcohol liking, and desire for more alcohol. Alcohol also increased pregnenolone (PREG) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations, while it decreased progesterone (PROG) and allopregnanolone (ALLO) concentrations, as well as ALLO/PREG and PROG/PREG ratios. In men, the change in PREG concentration was significantly correlated with alcohol liking, while the alcohol-induced change in ALLO concentration correlated significantly with both alcohol liking and desire for more alcohol. These findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that endogenous neurosteroids mediate some of the subjective effects of alcohol. Efforts to replicate these findings should aim to specify more clearly the nature and time course of the effects.
The actions of avermectin on crayfish nerve and muscle.

Abstract Avermectin is a potent anthelmintic, insecticide and acaricide, which is thought to act by opening GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-mediated chloride channels. The effects of avermectin on a crayfish nerve cell (stretch receptor neuron) were compared with those on a muscle (dactyl abductor). Concentrations above 10 −7 M caused a conductance increase and a slight reduction in GABA sensitivity in both nerve and muscle. Lower concentrations potentiated the effect of GABA in muscle, but not in the nerve cell.
Effects of Surgically and Gastrically Implanted Radio Transmitters on Growth and Feeding Behavior of Juvenile Chinook Salmon

Abstract We examined the effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters (representing 2.3–5.5% of body weight) on the growth and feeding behavior of 192 juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (114–159 mm in fork length). Throughout the 54-d study, the 48 fish with transmitters in their stomachs (gastric fish) consistently grew more slowly than fish with surgically implanted transmitters (surgery fish), fish with surgery but no implanted transmitter (sham-surgery fish), or fish exposed only to handling (control fish). Growth rates of surgery fish were also slightly impaired at day 21, but by day 54 they were growing at rates comparable with those of control fish. Despite differences in growth, overall health was similar among all test fish. However, movement of the transmitter antenna caused abrasions at the corner of the mouth in all gastric fish, whereas only 22% of the surgery fish had inflammation around the antenna exit wound. Feeding activity was similar among groups, bu...
Nonstrategic Delay in Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation

Abstract The practice of bargaining is strongly affected by procedural features. Procedures matter because they affect each party's bargaining power and, consequently, the negotiation outcome. The extent and nature of delay between offers and counteroffers are an example of procedural specification in bargaining. Bargaining models consider delay only as a strategic screening device to build a reputation for toughness, the logic being that the party with the smaller cost of delay obtains all the gain from trade. In reality, however, delay between offers is common because of imperfect player control over the duration of the offers for reasons other than strategic, namely, transactional, timing, and interruptions. This delay, in essence, limits the number of rounds of offers and counteroffers in a fixed-period negotiation compared to when there is no delay and, in turn, is expected to affect negotiation outcome. The objective of the current research is to experimentally explore the implications of nonstrategic delay between offers and counteroffers in a finite-horizon alternating-offer bargaining game with incomplete information but without discounting. Specifically, this study examines the effect of nonstrategic time delay during negotiation on (1) the effect of risk preference on negotiator effectiveness, (2) deadline effect, (3) first-mover advantage, and (4) conflict between the negotiating partners. As hypothesized, the results show that delay dilutes the effect of negotiators’ risk preference, eliminates the deadline effect, negates the first-mover advantage, and enhances dyadic conflict.
A Method for Determining Feasible Master Production Schedules for Material Requirements Planning Systems

Abstract This paper examines the applied problem of determining a master schedule to drive an order launching production plan. A linear approximation to the scheduling problem is formulated and optimized. In practice, the feasibility of the model is shown.
The expressive power of circumscription

Abstract Circumscription is a form of nonmonotonic reasoning, introduced by McCarthy (1997) as a way of characterizing defaults using second order logic. The consequences of circumscription are those formulas true in the minimal models under a pre-order on models. In the case of domain circumscription the pre-order was the sub-model relation. Formula circumscription (McCarthy, 1980, 1986) is characterized by minimizing a set of formulas—one model is preferred to another model when the extensions of the minimized formulas in the first are subsets of the extensions in the second. We show that the propositional version of formula circumscription can capture all pre-orders on valuations of finite languages. We consider the question of infinite languages, and give the corresponding representation theorems. We further show that there are natural defaults (inertia in temporal projection), captured by inductive definitions, that cannot be captured by circumscription in the first order case. Finally, contrary to previous claims, we show that propositional formula circumscription can capture all preferential consequence relations over finite propositional languages, as defined by Kraus et al. (1990). Thus, in the finite propositional case, there is no restriction on the kinds of preferential defaults that circumscription can describe.
Fabrication of GaP disk resonator arrays coupled to nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers coupled to scalable optical networks have the potential to realize solid-state quantum information processing platforms. Toward this goal, we demonstrate coupling of near-surface NV- centers to an array of GaP optical resonators. The use of GaP as the optical waveguiding materials is appealing due to the possibility of realizing integrated photonic switches based on the linear electro-optic effect. We explore large-area integration of GaP on diamond through two routes: molecular beam deposition directly onto diamond substrates and layer transfer of single-crystalline sheets. While the direct deposition benefits from simpler, monolithic processing, the layer transfer route benefits from higher material quality. In the latter approach, we demonstrate the transfer of submicrometer thick, mm2-sized GaP sheets from a GaP/AlGaP/GaP substrate to a diamond sample prepared with near-surface NV- centers. We fabricate large arrays of GaP disk resonators with varying diameters (1 to 20 μm) on the diamond substrate via electron beam lithography and dry etching, and show coupling of the NV- center emission to the cavity structures. Quality factors above 10,000 were observed in 5 μm diameter disks on the non-etched diamond substrate. Similar quality factors in smaller sized devices are expected with diamond substrate etching to further confine the optical mode. This approach opens a path towards the integration of coupled optical components in the hybrid GaP/diamond system, an essential step towards large-scale photonic networks utilizing NV- centers in diamond.
ANOMALOUS ELECTRIC AND HEAT CURRENT IN CHARGE- AND SPIN-DENSITY WAVES

Etude theorique des courants electrique et thermique associes aux ondes de densite de charge (CDW) et aux ondes de densites de spins (SDW)/ Dans la limite propre on trouve de fortes contributions des CDW (ou SDW) a ces courants. Le present resultat est compatible avec la prediction d'Artemenks fondee sur une equation cinetique et decrit une variation thermique particuliere de la densite observee dans les CDW de NbSe 3 par Richard et Chen