cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba

Chromite deposits In the Moa district, on the north coast of Oriente Province, Cuba, form one facies of the ultramafic complex in which they occur. Two planar structures, one a compositional layering due to variations in the relative proportions of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and chromite, and the other a foliation caused by the orientation of pyroxene crystals in peridotite, are in general parallel, but diverge in a few places. Dips are fairly constant, being moderate to the northwest over most of the area, but sharp reversals occur immediately adjacent to irregularities in the chromite deposits. Two prominent joint sets are present: (1) Cross joints striking parallel to the strike of the foliation and dipping approximately at right angles to it; and (2) longitudinal joints striking parallel to the direction of dip of the foliation and nearly vertical. Gabbro dikes follow the first set, chrysotlle veins the second. Within the ore bodies dikes are commonly coarser-grained, larger, and far more abundant than in peridotite; they enclose coarse, angular fragments of chromite.
Identification of early proteins induced by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12 during lytic infection and in hamster tumors

Abstract “Early” proteins (EP) induced by infection of cultured human KB cells with human adenovirus 12 (Ad12) were resolved by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide slab gels. Ad12 infected cells were incubated either in the presence of cycloheximide (CH) (to enhance the synthesis of early mRNA relative to cell mRNA) or cytosine arabinoside (ara C) (to prevent the expression of late viral genes) for 8 hr and the proteins were labeled with [ 35 S ] methionine (met) in an isotonic (110 mM NaCl) or hypertonic medium (210 mM NaCl) in the presence of ara C. Seven Ad12 induced EPs with apparent molecular weights of 60,000 (60K), 16.5K, 15K, 13K, 12.5K, 11K, and 10K (EP1 to EP7, respectively) have been identified when infected cells were labeled in an isotonic medium with CH pretreatment or in hypertonic medium with or without CH pretreatment. Sera from hamsters bearing Ad12 induced tumors (Ad12 T antisera) immunoprecipitated at least four of these polypeptides.
Multivariable flight control synthesis and literal robustness analysis for an aeroelastic vehicle

An integrated flight/aeroelastic control law is developed analytically for a hypothetical large supersonic transport aircraft in which the first aeroelastic mode frequency of the fuselage (6 rad/sec) is near the short-period mode (2 rad/sec). The approach employed is based on a linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR) formulation (yielding model-following state-feedback gains), followed by asymptotic loop-transfer recovery of LQR robustness (to produce an output-feedback control law). The derivation is outlined, and numerical results comparing the performance and multivariate stability robustness of the present controller with those of a classical controller are presented in graphs. The two controllers are shown to have similar characteristics, even with respect to the sources of limitations on robustness.
What is so tough about self-monitoring of blood glucose? Perceived obstacles among patients with Type 2 diabetes

AIMS: To identify patient-reported obstacles to self-monitoring of blood glucose among those with Type 2, both insulin users and non-insulin users, and to investigate how obstacles are associated with frequency of self-monitoring and use of self-monitoring data. METHODS: Patients with Type 2 diabetes (n = 886, 65% insulin users) who attended a 1-day diabetes education conference in cities across the USA completed a survey on current and recommended self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency, how they used self-monitoring results and perceived obstacles to self-monitoring use. Exploratory factor analysis examined 12 obstacle items to identify underlying factors. Regression analyses examined associations between self-monitoring of blood glucose use and the key obstacle factors identified in the exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: Three obstacle factors emerged: Avoidance, Pointlessness and Burden. Avoidance was the only significant independent predictor of self-monitoring frequency (β = -0.23, P < 0.001). Avoidance (β = -0.12, P < 0.01) and Pointlessness (β = -0.15, P < 0.001) independently predicted how often self-monitoring data were shared with healthcare professionals and whether or not data were used to make management adjustments (Avoidance: odds ratio = 0.74, P < 0.001; Pointlessness: odds ratio = 0.75, P < 0.01). Burden was not associated with any of the self-monitoring behavioural measures. Few differences between insulin users and non-insulin users were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Obstacles to self-monitoring of blood glucose use, both practical and emotional, were common. Higher levels of Avoidance and Pointlessness, but not Burden, were associated with less frequent self-monitoring use. Addressing patients' self-monitoring-related emotional concerns (Avoidance and Pointlessness) may be more beneficial in enhancing interest and engagement with self-monitoring of blood glucose than focusing on day-to-day, behavioural issues (Burden).
Ceramic honeycomb filters and catalysts

Abstract Ceramic honeycombs are widely used as catalyst supports and as particulate filters for vehicular emission control. New geometries and materials have been developed for both mobile and stationary applications. Some recent examples are zeolite and carbon honeycomb adsorbers, low expansion heat exchangers, membrane-coated gas filters and finned monolithic reactors.
Profile Patterns in the 16PF Questionnaire.

The study goal was to identify the main clusters of 16PF score profiles to be found in a mixed sample of students and adults. The 300 subjects represented, half male and half female, were subdivided into three equal subsamples. To demonstrate replicability, the three subsamples were cluster analyzed by three procedures: Nonhierarchical average linkage, minimum variance, and K-means. Four profile clusters were identified and replicated across two or three samples and for all three methods. The results were compared with those reported by other investigators.
Prostaglandin E2–Induced Aldosterone Release Is Mediated by an EP2 Receptor

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an endogenous hormone of adrenal zona glomerulosa cells and is released in response to stimulation by agonists such as angiotensin II (Ang II). It stimulates the release of aldosterone from cultured bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. These studies were designed to determine whether this steroidogenic effect of PGE2 was mediated by an EP1, EP2, or EP3 receptor. Prostaglandin E2 and 11-deoxy PGE1, an EP2-selective agonist, stimulated aldosterone release in a concentration-related manner with an ED50 of 300 nmol/L for PGE2 and 2 micromol/L for 11-deoxy PGE1. The maximal effect of PGE2 was less than that of angiotensin II. 17-Phenyl trinor PGE2, an EP1-selective agonist, required concentrations of 100 micromol/L to stimulate aldosterone release and sulprostone, an EP3/EP1-selective agonist, failed to alter aldosterone release. The EP1-selective antagonist SC19220 failed to alter basal or PGE2-stimulated aldosterone release over a range of concentrations. PGE2 and 11-deoxy PGE1 also stimulated an increase in both intracellular and extracellular cAMP. This increase was time- and concentration-related. The ED50 for PGE2 was 9.8 micromol/L. 17-Phenyl trinor PGE2 and sulprostone were without effect. Using fura-2 loaded cells, PGE2 (2 micromol/L), dibutyryl cAMP (2 mmol/L), and Ang 11 (2 micromol/L) increased intracellular calcium over basal concentrations by 5.5-fold, 3-fold, and 6.2-fold, respectively. Like PGE2, dibutyryl cAMP also stimulated aldosterone release. PGE2- and dibutyryl cAMP-induced aldosterone release were blocked by the calcium channel inhibitor diltiazem. These studies indicate that PGE2 is a potent stimulus for aldosterone release and that the effect is mediated by EP2 receptors. Both cAMP and calcium appear to mediate the steroidogenic effect of PGE2 and calcium seems to be distal to cAMP.
Marketing to increase participation in a Web-based continuing medical education cultural competence curriculum.

Introduction—CME providers may be interested in identifying effective marketing strategies to direct users to specific content. The use of online advertisements to recruit participants for clinical trials, public health programs, and Continuing Medical Education (CME) has been shown to be
Flexible PCB grounding connections for hybrid systems

The connection of the logic ground to the chassis can influence a number of EMC factors such as emissions, RF immunity, and ESD immunity. Improper connections can turn the chassis into an unintended radiator. Historically, two different grounding strategies have been used. Printed circuit boards are either connected in many locations through low impedance paths, or a single point connection is used with any other connections using high-impedances. Both have been applied successfully in the past, but mixing the two could have unintended consequences. In order to adapt to such environments a designer may desire some flexibility, such as the ability to open or short a particular ground connection without major PCB changes. This paper discusses utilizing components such as 0-ohm resistors in place of direct short connections between logic ground and the chassis. The additional parasitic inductance incurred is quantified relative to direct connections for a number of configurations.
An auto-layering model for the granulation of iron ore fines

An auto-layering mechanism for the granulation of iron ore fines and similar materials is proposed. It is phenomenologically consistent in the sense that large particles are explicitly excluded from depositing in relatively thin layers around the nuclei. Given appropriate inputs, such as the feed size distribution and the moisture-layer thickness relationship, the model is capable of calculating size distributions of granules and of their constituent particles, as well as partition coefficients which classify feed particles into nuclei or layering material. In addition, the model elucidates and reconciles the controversial role of intermediate size particles in the granulation process. The model is implemented by a novel sequential size interval-by-size interval calculation scheme that is tailored for its structure. The theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with published data.
Power consumption of multiplexed liquid-crystal displays

Display power consumption is calculated as a function of the physical display parameters for a five-voltage, line-at-a-time drive scheme. It is found that at high multiplexing levels the power varies as the product of the number of columns and the square of the number of rows, assuming that the rows are strobed. Typical power for a small 128 character display multiplexed at 1/28 duty cycle is expected to be 140 µW.
Examination of Triacylglycerol Biosynthetic Pathways via De Novo Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses in an Unsequenced Microalga

Biofuels derived from algal lipids represent an opportunity to dramatically impact the global energy demand for transportation fuels. Systems biology analyses of oleaginous algae could greatly accelerate the commercialization of algal-derived biofuels by elucidating the key components involved in lipid productivity and leading to the initiation of hypothesis-driven strain-improvement strategies. However, higher-level systems biology analyses, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, are highly dependent upon available genomic sequence data, and the lack of these data has hindered the pursuit of such analyses for many oleaginous microalgae. In order to examine the triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway in the unsequenced oleaginous microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, we have established a strategy with which to bypass the necessity for genomic sequence information by using the transcriptome as a guide. Our results indicate an upregulation of both fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthetic machinery under oil-accumulating conditions, and demonstrate the utility of a de novo assembled transcriptome as a search model for proteomic analysis of an unsequenced microalga.
Workers, Managers, and Technological Change

Robots, office automation and computer-aided design and manufacturing are among the many new technologies challenging traditional labor-management relations. Labor and management in diverse sectors of the U.S. economy are rethinking and rearranging the relationships which bound them throughout most of the post-World War II era. Along with technological change, the globalization of markets, government deregulation, the conglomeration of businesses, and other factors have affected profitability, job security, skill requirements, and the balance of power between labor and management. These changes have raised divergent issues for labor and management, compelling them to reexamine the issue of workplace control and to establish new arrangements for governing the workplace.
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) levels in hypophyseal stalk plasma of rats.

Abstract To determine the possible physiologic contribution of GABA to the tonic hypothalamic inhibition of adenohypophyseal prolactin secretion, we compared GABA levels in hypophyseal stalk plasma with those found in the peripheral circulation. Hypophyseal stalk blood was collected via a parapharyngeal approach from 8 urethane anesthetized diestrus rats. Peripheral blood was collected simultaneously from the external jugular vein of the same rat at a rate similar to hypophyseal stalk blood flow. Blood samples resulting from a single 4 hr collection per animal were centrifuged, and the plasma stored frozen before ethanol extraction and assay using a radioreceptor method. GABA levels in hypophyseal stalk plasma ( 909±171 pmol/ml ; X ± S.E.M. ) were not significantly higher than levels in peripheral plasma (845±182; p>0.05), indicating little or no secretion of GABA by the median eminence.
Motor Intentionality and its Primordiality

Is intentionality possible without representation? This paper considers the conditions under which intentionality without representation could occur and what sort of perceptual content such intentionality would have. In addition, it considers the constraints on non‐representational intentional content in organisms that have representation. The paper is divided into three parts. The first section compares and contrasts two opposed positions on non‐representational intentionality, those of Herbert Dreyfus and John Searle. The second section reviews a neurobiological model that accommodates the possibility of non‐representational perceptual content. The final section provides a puzzle for theories of non‐representational perceptual content, specifically in connection with the perception of representations. The puzzle of representation and perception illustrates a further need for all theories of perception, both philosophical and scientific: to provide a more finely developed definition of the notion of repr...
Characterization of Collagen and Its Precursors Synthesized by Rabbit‐Articular‐Cartilage Cells in Various Culture Systems

Rabbit articular cartilage synthesizes type II collagen, comprised of alpha1(II) chains, in vivo or in vitro. Chondrocytes from the same tissue have the ability to produce type I chollagen with the chain composition 2alpha(I)-alpha2 or type II collagen, depending upon the culture systems in which they are maintained. Type I collagen and its precursors have been identified in the medium of monolayer cultures. Upon transfer from monolayer to suspension cultures, the cells synthesize type II collagen in the medium devoid of CaCl2 and type I collagen and its precursors in the complete medium.
Function of the adrenal cortex in myxedema, with some observations on pituitary function.

AS OUR knowledge of thyroid and pituitary function developed, it became clear that there are two types of myxedema—one due to primary thyroid failure and the other due to pituitary failure with secondary thyroid atrophy. A differential diagnosis between these two conditions is always difficult and can be made only after careful evaluation of clinical and laboratory data. In the diagnosis of pituitary myxedema considerable weight is given to the concomitant absence or diminution of the various tropic hormones of the pituitary, or of adrenocortical failure. However, interpretation of data is made difficult by the knowledge that primary myxedema may of itself depress pituitary and adrenal function. Consequently, this study was initiated to determine to what degree the pituitary and adrenals are affected by primary myxedema. In the literature there is a limited amount of data on this subject. Friedgood (1) demonstrated low excretion of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of 10 patients with spontaneous and post-thyr...
Ain’t That a Shame? Trayvon’s Trauma Revealed Through the Theatre of TNT

Just days after the George Zimmerman verdict, the Truth N Trauma (TNT) Theatre Ensemble, comprised entirely of African American actors, performed the devised piece The Only Way Out Is the Way Through. Wearing a hoodie and holding a package of Skittles, the ensemble’s only male actor delivered a monologue that spoke eloquently about the threats that young Black men face. By briefly embodying the figure of Trayvon Martin, this performance interrogated the perceived dangers of Black masculinity to reveal that the deadly violence levied against Black men is not an aberration, but rather is the norm. This article seeks to locate the death of Trayvon Martin historically, tracking similarities in the murders and trials of Trayvon Martin and Emmett Till. It then focuses on the monologue, interrogating its themes, its creation, and its effect in performance to discuss the multiple narratives surrounding Black masculinity that emerge through it, narratives which speak truth to the dominant discourse that normalizes...
Corporate Governance and Firm Value: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

This study investigates the effects of internal and external corporate governance and monitoring mechanisms on the choice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement and the value of firms engaging in CSR activities. The study finds the CSR choice is positively associated with the internal and external corporate governance and monitoring mechanisms, including board leadership, board independence, institutional ownership, analyst following, and anti- takeover provisions, after controlling for various firm characteristics. After correcting for endogeneity and simultaneity issues, the results show that CSR engagement positively influences firm value measured by industry-adjusted Tobin’s q. We find that the impact of analyst following for firms that engage in CSR on firm value is strongly positive, while the board leadership, board independence, blockholders’ ownership, and institutional ownership play a relatively weaker role in enhancing firm value. Furthermore, we find that CSR activities that address internal social enhancement within the firm, such as employees diversity, firm relationship with its employees, and product quality, enhance the value of firm more than other CSR subcategories for broader external social enhancement such as community relation and environmental concerns.
Ab initio oscillator strengths for transitions between J=1 odd and J=1,2 even excited states of Ne I

Ab initio theory is developed for radiative transitions between excited states of neon. Calculations of energies for even excited states $J=1,$ $J=2$ supplement our previous calculations for $J=1$ odd excited states. Line strengths for transitions between $J=1$ odd and $J=1,2$ even states of Ne I are evaluated. A comparison with experiments and semiempirical calculations is given.
Isotope-dilution UPLC-MS/MS determination of cell-secreted bioactive lipids

Secreted bioactive lipids play critical roles in cell-to-cell communication and have been implicated in inflammatory immune responses such as anaphylaxis, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction. Analysis of secreted bioactive lipids can be challenging due to their relatively short lifetimes and structural diversity. Herein, a method has been developed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to quantify five cell-secreted, structurally and functionally diverse bioactive lipids (PGD2, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, PAF) that play roles in inflammation. Sample analysis time is 5 min, and isotopically labeled internal standards are used for quantification. This method was applied to an immortal secretory cell line (RBL-2H3), a heterogeneous primary cell culture containing peritoneal mast cells, and murine platelets. In RBL cell supernatant samples, intrasample precisions ranged from 7.32–21.6%, averaging 17.0%, and spike recoveries in cell supernatant matrices ranged from 88.0–107%, averaging 97.0%. Calibration curves were linear from 10 ng mL−1 to 250 ng mL−1, and limits of detection ranged from 0.0348 ng mL−1 to 0.803 ng mL−1. This method was applied to the determination of lipid secretion from mast cells and platelets, demonstrating broad applicability for lipid measurement in primary culture biological systems.
Fabrication of nanostructures with high electrical conductivity on silicon surfaces using a laser-assisted scanning tunneling microscope

Nanostructures with high electrical conductivity were fabricated on silicon surfaces using a laser-assisted scanning tunneling microscope (LA-STM). The nanostructures, dots and lines, were fabricated on H-passivated p-doped silicon (110) surfaces. By precisely controlling the experimental conditions such as pulse energy and tip-surface gap distance, feature sizes (dot diameters and line widths) and heights of the fabricated nanostructures could be controlled. For instance, a dot with a diameter of 30nm and a line with a width of 30nm were obtained. In addition, scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the structures revealed that their band gaps were changed during the LA-STM process. As a consequence, the local conductivity (more precisely the tunneling probability) was enhanced. Numerical simulations based upon the finite-difference-time-domain algorithm provide detailed insight into the spatial distribution of the enhanced optical field underneath the STM tip and associated physical phenomena. Po...
Color theory and design

This article, first published online on February 4, 2011 in Wiley Online Library (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been revised at the request of the Editors-in-Chief and the Publisher. References and links have been added to aid the reader interested in following up on any technique. Please follow the link to the Supporting Information to view the original version of this article. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.146/suppinfo In this article, we discuss color theory and design with emphasis on use in statistical, scientific, and data visualization. Color theory is inextricably linked to the physiology of the human visual system, and color design is similarly inextricably linked to human perception. We discuss color perception in the human visual system. We then quantify color perception in terms of the Munsell System and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color space. We continue to discuss color design with a perspective on individuals with defective color perception and finally conclude with a discussion of design of color usage in presentations. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 104–117 DOI: 10.1002/wics.146 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Factors Affecting the Duration of the First Annual Rest

Abstract THE period of non-production following the first laying year is frequently referred to as the annual molt. Although the close association of cessation of egg production with the process of shedding and replacement of feathers has been adequately demonstrated (Marble, 1930), certain differences in this respect exist between birds with different production characteristics. Marble has found that in cases of higher producing individuals molting begins before production has actually stopped, while in lower producing individuals little if any molt occurs before complete cessation of laying. Thus there is no complete coincidence of molting with the period of non-production between the first and second laying years. Since no molt observations were made on the birds considered in this paper, the period of nonproduction studied is termed here the annual rest. The methods followed in the determination of the duration of this period will be described later. The factors affecting the duration . . .
Allergic reaction to protamine: A late complication of elective vasectomy?,

Nucleoprotamines are a normal component of human sperm cells. Antibodies against these protamines develop in 22 to 33 per cent of patients undergoing elective vasectomy. These antibodies, in turn, have been shown to cross-react with medicinal protamines, which are extracted commercially from the testes of salmon and certain other fish. This cross-reactivity against protamines raises the possibility that patients who have undergone elective vasectomy may be at increased risk of an allergic reaction developing if they are later exposed to protamine as a medication. Since medicinal protamines currently enjoy widespread clinical use, this information should be borne in mind by those clinician using protamine and by urologists when counselling patients concerning elective vasectomy for sterilization.
The many sides of CIN.

Surveillance mechanisms, such as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) have evolved to ensure chromosome segregation fidelity. When these quality control mechanisms fail, aneuploidy ensues. This condition of an abnormal chromosome number has long been associated with death, disease and developmental abnormalities. Many spontaneous abortions are found to harbor single chromosome aneuploidies, indicating that aneuploidy compromises viability when present throughout the organism. However, most solid cancers also exhibit multiple aneuploidies. As cancer is defined by unrestrained cell proliferation, this implies that aneuploidy can confer fitness advantages at the cellular level. Clearly, the effects of aneuploidy on cells and organisms are complex and we must develop cell and animal models to fully understand their impact. To directly characterize the consequences of chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy, collectively called chromosome instability (CIN), Baker and colleagues induced chromosome missegregation in mice by disrupting the spindle assembly checkpoint. By generating mice homozygous for a hypomorphic mutation in the checkpoint component BubR1, Baker and colleagues obtained viable animals in which chromosomes were continuously missegregated. As a result, approximately one-third of cells harbored one or more whole-chromosome aneuploidies. One may have expected some of these cells to have a proliferative advantage and for the mice to develop tumors. However, quite the opposite occurred. Cells senesced prematurely and mice exhibited a progeroid phenotype. BubR1 hypomorphs developed cataracts, skeletal abnormalities, and tissue atrophy at a young age and the median lifespan was reduced to six months. Correspondingly, the same group subsequently found that reducing chromosome mis-segregation by overexpressing BubR1 was sufficient to delay signs of aging and extend lifespan. A paper is interesting when it changes your perspective—when you put it down (or press apple-quit) and say, “Hmm, did not see that coming.” This paper did this for us. The studies by Baker and colleagues implicate CIN and aneuploidy in yet another phenomenon—aging. They suggest that the majority of aneuploid cells can survive in somatic tissues, but they become senescent rather than precipitate transformation. We must now understand how CIN and aneuploidy can be associated with the disparate phenotypes of limitless proliferation and accelerated senescence. Further investigation into the genetic and cellular context in which aneuploidy occurs should help to resolve this paradox.
TGFβ regulates the expression and activities of G2 checkpoint kinases in human myeloid leukemia cells

Abstract Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) is known to be a negative regulator of G1 cyclin/cdk activity. It is not clear whether TGFβ has any effect on G2 checkpoint kinases. We have found that TGFβ downregulated the expression of several G2 checkpoint kinases including cdc2, cyclin B1, and cdc25c without causing cell accumulation in G2/M phases in two human leukemia cell lines. The inhibition was time-dependent with a maximal inhibition being observed by 24 h for cyclin B1 and cdc2 and by 48 h for cdc25c. The inhibition was not a result of G1 arrest but a direct effect of TGFβ which downregulates their expression at mRNA level. In proliferating cells, there was a significant formation of cdc2–pRb complexes, which was decreased to 30% of control levels by 48 h after initiating TGFβ treatment. Cdc2 showed a marked kinase activity on GST-Rb protein in proliferating cells detected by in vitro kinase assay, which was downregulated in response to TGFβ. In addition, TGFβ caused a rapid and transient dephosphorylation of cdc2 (Tyr15) and cdc25c (Ser216) for about 2–3 h before a dramatic decrease of both molecules by 48 h. Taken together, our data suggest that TGFβ has a direct inhibitory effect on G2 checkpoint kinases, which is regulated at mRNA level. The transient activation of cdc2 and cdc25c and subsequent inhibition of cdc2, cyclin B1, and cdc25c could amplify TGFβ-induced G1 arrest and growth inhibition.
Oxygen isotope partitioning between rhyolitic glass/melt and CO2: An experimental study at 550–950°C and 1 bar

Oxygen isotope partitioning between gaseous CO_2 and a natural rhyolitic glass and melt (77.7 wt% SiO_2, 0.16 wt% H_2O_(total)) has been measured at 550-950°C and approximately 1 bar. Equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors (α_((CO_2)-rhyoleit) = (^(18)O/^(16)O)_(CO_2)/(^(18)O/^(16)O)_(rhyolite)) determined in exchange experiments of 100-255 day duration are: T(°C) | 1000 ln α_((CO_2)-rhyolite) 550 | 5.08 ± 0.13 650 | 4.62 ± 0.14 750 | 3.99 ± 0.19 850 | 3.71 ± 0.19 950 | 2.95 ± 0.16 These values agree well with predictions based on experimentally determined oxygen isotope fractionation factors for CO_2-silica glass (Stolper and Epstein, 1991) and CO_2-albitic glass/melt (Matthews et al., 1994), if the rhyolitic glass is taken to be a simple mixture of normative silica and alkali feldspar components. The results indicate that oxygen isotope partitioning in felsic glasses and melts can be modeled by linear combinations of endmember silicate constituents. Rates of oxygen isotope exchange observed in the partitioning experiments are consistent with control by diffusion of molecular H_2O dissolved in the glass/melt and are three orders of magnitude faster than predicted for rate control solely by diffusion of dissolved molecular CO_2 under the experimental conditions. Additional experiments using untreated and dehydrated (0.09 wt% H_2O_(total)) rhyolitic glass quantitatively supporrt these interpretations. We conclude that diffusive oxygen isotope exchange in rhyolitic glass/melt, and probably other polymerized silicate materials, is controlled by the concentrations and diffusivities of dissolved oxygen-bearing volatile species rather than diffusion of network oxygen under all but the most volatile-poor conditions.
Thermal sensor allocation for 3DICs using three dimensional thermal sensors

Abstract Stacking active layers leads to increased power density and overall higher temperatures in a three dimensional integrated circuit (3DIC). Thermal sensors are therefore crucial for run-time thermal management of 3DICs. A thermal sensor allocation method customized for 3DICs that utilizes ring oscillator based 3D sensors is introduced in this paper. A new 3D thermal map modeling method that facilitates efficient and very fast analyses is embodied in this thermal sensor distribution algorithm. Our results indicate that for a 4-layer stacked 3DIC, consisting of two layers of quad-core processors and one layer of L2 cache and one layer of main memory, less than 3.58% in maximum sensor reading error can be accomplished with a 53× speedup in the thermal evaluation time and thermal sensor distribution algorithm implementation.
Hybrid wave models and their applications for steep ocean waves

Bound-wave components resulting from interactions among free-wave components have significant effects on resultant wave properties, especially in a steep ocean wave field. Hybrid Wave Models (HWM) distinguish the bound-wave from free-wave components in the decomposition of an irregular wave field as well as the prediction of its resultant properties. To ensure the convergence, the HWMs selectively use the conventional and phase modulation approaches to address the nonlinear interactions between free-wave components of different frequency ratios. The models are able to predict resultant wave properties accurately and deterministically based on the time-series measurements at fixed points. Four examples of their applications to the prediction of wave properties and wave-structure interactions are presented, which demonstrate the usefulness of HWMs to the studies of ocean surface waves.
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with phenytoin: an open-label pilot study.

Background: Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood but most likely involves modulation of glutamatergic transmission. The neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesized to involve, at least in part, alterations in glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus and possibly other brain regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of phenytoin on symptoms of PTSD. Method: Phenytoin was administered in an open-label fashion for 3 months to 9 adult male and female patients with DSM-IV PTSD related to a variety of traumas including childhood abuse, combat, and car accidents. Dosage was adjusted to maintain the therapeutic blood levels used in the treatment of epilepsy. Subjects were assessed before, during, and after treatment for PTSD with standardized dimensional measures of disease severity including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). Data were collected from November 2001 through June 2003. Results: Phenytoin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms as measured with the CAPS (mean score = 65 pretreatment vs. 38 posttreatment) with reductions in each of the symptom clusters of intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal (p <.05). There were no significant decreases in symptoms of depression severity as measured with the HAM-D or anxiety severity as measured with the HAM-A. Conclusions: These findings suggest that phenytoin may be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD, possibly mediated through its antiglutamatergic effects. Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trials are indicated to further evaluate this medication in the treatment of PTSD.
Raman Spectroscopy over Optical Fibers with the Use of a Near-IR FT Spectrometer

A commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer was modified for remote near-IR Raman spectroscopy. In one configuration, a single optical fiber was used to guide the excitation light to the specimen and to collect scattered light from the specimen. In an alternative configuration, separate fibers were used for excitation and collection. The optical fiber probes were used to record the Raman spectra of both liquid and solid specimens. The Raman scattering of the optical fibers interfered with the analyte signal. This fiber interference was affected by the optical properties of the specimen and the optical sampling configuration. These interferences were partially removed by subtracting a background spectrum. Potential applications and improvements are discussed.
Time-of-flight effects in MR imaging of flow

This article provides a brief overview of one of the two fundamental physical principles which lead to a modulation of the magnetic resonance signal of moving spins: the time-of-flight effect. It then discusses some of its characteristic manifestations in spin-echo imaging and reviews strategies for exploiting the effect to quantitate vascular flow. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
THE POLARIZED SORTING OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS EXPRESSED IN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS USING VIRAL VECTORS

Abstract One model of neuronal polarity (Dotti and Simons 1990) proposes that neurons and polarized epithelia use similar mechanisms to sort membrane proteins. To explore this hypothesis, we used viral vectors to express proteins in cultured neurons and assessed their distribution using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Basolateral epithelial proteins were polarized to dendrites; more significantly, mutations of sequences required for their basolateral targeting in epithelia also disrupted dendritic targeting. Unexpectedly, apical proteins were not polarized to axons but were expressed at roughly equal amounts in dendrites and axons. These data provide strong evidence that targeting of basolateral and dendritic proteins depends on common mechanisms. In contrast, the sorting of proteins to the axon requires signals that are not present in apical proteins.
Inhibition by lead of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. The enzyme, obtained from bovine adrenal gland, was incubated with PbCl2 at 23 degrees for various times prior to assay at 37 degrees. Inhibition developed slowly and reached a maximum after 45 min. In the presence of 4.5 nmoles PbCl2 (15 microM), 5.8 microgram protein was inhibited 50%, and inhibition was complete at 18 nmoles PbCl2 (60 microM). At maximum inhibition the PbCl2: protein ratio was 3.1 nmoles PbCl2/microgram protein. In the presence of PbCl2, the graph of enzyme activity versus protein concentration intercepted the abscissa to the right of the origin, indicating that lead is an irreversible or very slowly reversible inhibitor. The activity of PNMT which had been exposed to PbCl2 (2.6 or 5.2 nmoles PbCl2/microgram protein) was not restored by the addition of EDTA, DL-penicillamine or 1,3-dithiothreitol even when the concentration of the chelator was in 10 to 200-fold mole excess over PbCl2. DL-Penicillamine and 1,3-dithiothreitol were unable to prevent PbCl2 inhibition of the enzyme when combined with PbCl2 1 hr before addition of enzyme. EDTA could prevent 40% of PbCl2 inhibition but a decrease in total enzyme activity was noted in the presence of this chelator. Dialysis of the PbCl2-inhibited enzyme against buffer alone or buffer plus DL-penicillamine did not result in restoration of PNMT activity.
New oral anticoagulants: a practical guide for clinicians

The search for an oral anticoagulant with acceptable efficacy and safety in the treatment and prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolism, but with practical advantages over warfarin, has been a focus of drug development for many years. Three oral agents, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban, are nearing approval in the US. Their use in practice will be guided by the clinical trials available, as well as their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Practitioners need to be fully aware of these characteristics in order to use these agents appropriately in clinical practice. This review compares the results of the phase 3 trials investigating these agents in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, examines the reporting of bleeding complications in the trials, and highlights various practical considerations regarding their use in clinical practice.
Slope-Controlled Performance Testing

Abstract : Cognitive ability tests, though promising in other respects, often show pronounced practice effects and have weak test-retest reliabilities. One reason for the low reliabilities appears to be that practice effects themselves vary from individual to individual, so that subjects differ not only in the levels at which they are performing when testing ends but also in the slopes leading up to those levels. Since slope of the performance curve late in practice has been shown to affect performance at reacquisition (retest), uncontrolled variation in slope may lower test-retest reliability. A possible approach to this problem is experimentally to control slope during testing so that all subjects are improving at roughly the same rates when testing ends. Under this treatment testing (practice) is continued until an individual's improvement from the just-preceding to the last block of trials drops below a critical value; at this point testing stops. Individual subjects vary in both level of performance at the end of testing and number of test blocks, but they are all roughly comparable in the slopes of their performance curves at the end of testing (acquisition). Keywords: Standard deviation.
Characteristics of climate and landscape disturbance influence the dynamics of greater sage‐grouse populations

Life histories determine how organisms interact with their environment and predict how populations respond to environmental change. Understanding relationships between life histories and environmental variability is therefore crucial for effective conservation under changing environmental conditions. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a species of major conservation concern in western North America following widespread disturbance of the sagebrush ecosystems to which they are endemic. Using robust design and Pradel capture-mark-recapture models, we evaluated the influence of climatic processes and disturbance associated with post-wildfire exotic grass invasion on annual survival, per-capita recruitment, and population growth of breeding male sage-grouse in eastern Nevada, USA. Climatic processes, indexed by annual rainfall and maximum summertime temperatures, had a strong relationship with recruitment and adult survival, respectively. The range of variation in recruitment during the study was greater than the range of variation in survival, consistent with a life-history strategy that features lengthened lifespan to capitalize on periodically favorable reproductive conditions. Annual variation in precipitation variables (e.g., rainfall or snow depth) explained as much as 75% of the annual variance in population size during the study. Our results are consistent with bottom-up regulation of sage-grouse populations, where abundance is determined in large part by climate-driven variation in resource availability. Exotic grasslands had a negative influence on recruitment that was interactive with annual rainfall; recruitment was consistently low in areas with a substantial exotic grassland footprint even following years of favorable rainfall. We found males breeding at leks with substantial exotic grassland impacts had lower annual survival compared to males at leks surrounded by native sagebrush habitats. However, models containing an interaction between exotic grasslands and maximum summer temperature were not clearly superior to models that considered only additive effects of the two variables. This research has significant implications for sage-grouse persistence in a changing climate, where more frequent drought and increased spread of exotic grasslands will have negative impacts on sage-grouse populations.
Cryotherapy for inoperable rectal cancer.

Cryotherapy was used for palliation of symptoms in seven patients with inoperable rectal cancer and in one with perineal recurrence of cancer after abdominoperineal resection. Bleeding was controlled, obstruction was relieved and colostomy was not required. These benefits were related to reduction of tumor bulk. It appears that cryotherapy can compete successfully with irradiation and electrocoagulation in the management of selected cases of inoperable rectal cancer. Ease of administration, relief of symptoms, lessened risk, and avoidance of colostomy are advantages which indicate the general suitability of cryotherapy for the patient with inoperable cancer who cannot tolerate major operations.
Electrical interconnect potential and limits

Electrical signaling rates and efficiency have scaled aggressively over the last two decades, contrary to the long-standing pessimism regarding the potential for scaling. This talk explores electrical opportunities and limits regarding performance, power and cost.
6 keto prostaglandin F1α plasma levels in aminonucleoside nephrosis in the rat

Abstract Levels of 6 keto Prostaglandin F 1α were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats with nephrotic syndrome induced by the intraperitoneal administration of aminonucleoside of puromycin. The plasma levels were found to be significantly elevated in nephrotic as compared to control rats (p
Tobacco and its trendy alternatives: implications for pediatric nurses

Although acute and critical care pediatric nurses may not rank tobacco prevention and cessation among their top patient-care priorities, the importance of providing health education, especially during vulnerable moments, cannot be overlooked. This article provides an overview of trendy tobacco alternatives, such as bidis, clove cigarettes, hookah pipes, and smokeless tobacco, that entice youth. The significant health consequences of these tobacco products and the implications for pediatric acute and critical care nursing practice are also discussed.
Skilling the Unskilled: Access to work-based learning and the lifelong learning agenda

European and national policy debates are emphasising the need to establish a culture of lifelong learning in order to promote workers' adaptability and employability. The emphasis on the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own learning fails to address patterns of inequality in access to work-based learning. Unskilled workers are least likely to receive formal training in the workplace and they are often those whose experience of formal schooling has been poor and are unlikely to access learning outside the workplace on their own initiative. The article has a dual focus: on the nature of work which is considered to have a low skill content and on the individuals who occupy these positions in the organisation of production because of their low level of educational qualification and/or their status as subordinate members of society. The extent to which access to learning is seen as linked to problems faced by the individual or the context of the work environment has consequences for the wa...
Couples, money, and expectations: negotiating financial management roles to increase relationship satisfaction

How couples handle money has become a popular subject among scholars, practitioners, and the popular press. However, little is known about how finances should be treated within a clinical context. This study examined the financial management roles in which couples participate and their satisfaction level with these roles as well as couples' communication tactics surrounding money and their impact on relationship and financial satisfaction. Results suggested that having shared goals and values about money were a stronger predictor of relationship satisfaction than were communication strategies. In addition, satisfaction with one's financial management role participation may be more important than self-reported financial management roles each partner performs. In this study, financial management roles included 19 areas, including responsibilities such as bookkeeping, financial decision-making, and taxes.