cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eval begone!: semi-automated removal of eval from javascript programs

Eval endows JavaScript developers with great power. It allows developers and end-users, by turning text into executable code, to seamlessly extend and customize the behavior of deployed applications as they are running. With great power comes great responsibility, though not in our experience. In previous work we demonstrated through a large corpus study that programmers wield that power in rather irresponsible and arbitrary ways. We showed that most calls to eval fall into a small number of very predictable patterns. We argued that those patterns could easily be recognized by an automated algorithm and that they could almost always be replaced with safer JavaScript idioms. In this paper we set out to validate our claim by designing and implementing a tool, which we call Evalorizer, that can assist programmers in getting rid of their unneeded evals. We use the tool to remove eval from a real-world website and validated our approach over logs taken from the top 100 websites with a success rate over 97% under an open world assumption.
Evaluation of a new design of tracheal tube cuff to prevent leakage of fluid to the lungs

A new design of tracheal tube cuff was compared with two types of high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) cuffed tracheal tube for leakage of fluid from the subglottic space into the trachea. Spontaneous and positive-pressure ventilation were simulated using a mechanical lung, an intubated model trachea and a ventilator. Excised human tracheas were intubated and leakage past the cuff assessed. Distention of the tracheal wall was measured. HVLP cuffs leaked rapidly in the model during all modes of ventilation, and also in the excised human tracheas. This leakage occurred preferentially down longitudinal folds that occur in the HVLP cuff wall. The new design completely prevented leakage in the model during all modes of ventilation, during tracheal suctioning, and with tube movement. The new cuff also prevented leakage in the excised human tracheas. Tracheal wall distention and tracheal wall pressures were similar for all cuffs tested.
Subverting the fundamentals sequence: using version control to enhance course management

Instructors of introductory courses face many challenges, not the least of which is dealing with a large volume of course materials and students with differing backgrounds. There are often too many administrative demands to have as much time for creative pedagogy as one would like. Team projects, and complex realistic projects in general, increase psychic demands, and conflicting schedules make creative collaboration with other instructors impossible. In order to address these issues, we need to find ways to increase effective handling of course development, to free up time for creative pedagogical efforts. This paper reports on an exploratory project in which two instructors and an undergraduate teaching assistant used the Subversion version control system to collaborate remotely on developing and running two CS1 classes. We focus on the ease and efficiency of course management using Subversion, providing a new perspective on how version control can enhance teaching.
Influence of Coastal Proximity on Evapotranspiration Rates and Crop Coefficients of Maine Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Supplemental irrigation can be a viable means of increasing lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) crop yields in humid environments. To best utilize this management technique, Maine growers require accurate knowledge of regional crop water demands. Meteorological data and weighing lysimeters were used to determine Penman–Montieth grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo) rates and actual evapotranspiration rates of the lowbush blueberry at five irrigated and two nonirrigated fields of varying distance from the Maine coast. Mean daily values of air temperature, relative humidity range, and solar flux were all found to increase with increasing distance from the coast. The frequency of growing season fog hours increased from 3.7% of all hours at a distance of 22.5 km from the coast, to 11.1% of all hours at a distance of 0.8 km from the coast. Water equivalent inputs from fog per growing season at these two sites averaged 7.2 cm and 18.3 cm, respectively. These geographic climatic differences were refle...
Impact of terminal cleaning and disinfection on isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii complex from inanimate surfaces of hospital rooms by quantitative and qualitative methods

Quantitative broth cultures were obtained from hospital rooms newly vacated by patients positive for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex (ABC) before and after terminal cleaning and disinfection. Of 10 ABC-positive precleaned room surfaces, 6 (60%) remained culture-positive after terminal cleaning and disinfection. Of a total of 16 room surfaces with detectable ABC by the quantitative method, 5 (31.2%; 95% confidence interval, 13.9%-55.8%) were also culture-positive by the qualitative technique.
Noise Correction using Bayesian Multiple Imputation

This work presents a novel procedure to detect and correct noise in a continuous dependent variable. The presence of noise in a dataset represents a significant challenge to data mining algorithms, as incorrect values in both the independent and dependent variables can severely corrupt the results of even robust learners. The problem of noise is especially severe when it is located in the dependent variable. In the worst case, severe noise in one of the independent variables can be handled by eliminating that attribute from the dataset, provided that the practitioner knows that noise is present. In the setting of supervised learning, the dependent variable is the most critical attribute in the dataset and therefore cannot be eliminated even if significant noise is present. Noise handling procedures in relation to the dependent variable are therefore absolutely critical to the success of a supervised learning initiative. In contrast to a binary dependent variable or class, noise in a continuous dependent variable presents many additional difficulties. Our procedure to detect and correct noise in a continuous dependent variable uses Bayesian multiple imputation, which was initially developed to combat the problem of missing data. Our case study considers a real-world software measurement dataset called CCCS, which has a numeric dependent variable with inherent noise. The results of our experiments show very encouraging results and clearly demon-strate the utility of our procedure.
Cochlear implants in deaf children

The results to date with the 3M/House cochlear implant in children have been extremely encouraging. Statistically and clinically significant changes show that the implant can provide improvements in auditory detection and discrimination as well as in speech production. As with any intervention, results range from outstanding for some children (open-set speech discrimination and/or intelligible speech) to minimal for others (no stimulation or little improvement in speech). Until long-term studies can be completed, the implant will undoubtedly remain controversial. However, professionals involved in the care of a child who is hearing-impaired should be informed that the field of cochlear implantation is rapidly expanding. A number of different cochlear implants are currently undergoing clinical trials in adults. Besides the 3M/House device, the FDA has recently approved a second device, the Nucleus Multichannel Cochlear Implant, for investigation in children. The treatment of profound deafness is changing in children with the cochlear implant as an option for those not benefiting significantly from hearing aids. However, some important aspects of a deaf child's management have not changed and will not change: the need for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management. The first five years of life are the language acquisition years. Proper management during these years is critical if the hearing-impaired child's handicap is not to dominate his or her future and limit potential for a successful, happy life.
Overwhelming the medium: Fiction and the trauma of pandemic influenza in 1918

Few illness narratives have been published about the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. This essay links this silence to representational problems posed by mass trauma that happened before response to the Holocaust began our present era of attention to the narrative testimonies of suffering. In a pandemic, the collective replaces the individual as protagonist, and the health of the public takes precedence over the particular and subjective. History turns to statistics. Beginning with Katherine Anne Porter's Pale Horse, Pale Rider , her novella about her experience during the pandemic, and speculating on the entanglement of Virginia Woolf's accounts of influenza with Porter's strategies for recounting her sickness, the essay then examines two 2006 novels—Thomas Mullen's The Last Town on Earth , and Myla Goldberg's Wickett's Remedy —to show how narrative representations of the 1918 flu grapple with recounting the experience of sickness, a struggle repeatedly troped as waking from and remembering a nightmarish sleep. The value of these fictional accounts lies less in their historical accuracy than in the attention they draw to the representational demands that pandemic disease makes as it threatens to overwhelm the narrative medium.
The Protease Inhibitor Lopinavir-Ritonavir May Produce Opiate Withdrawal in Methadone-Maintained Patients

This study examines the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions between (1) lopinavir-ritonavir (L/R), a fixed combination of protease inhibitors used for the treatment of HIV disease, and (2) ritonavir alone at the same dosage as that in the L/R formulation, with methadone, an opiate frequently used in substance abuse pharmacotherapy for opioid (heroin)-dependent injection drug users, many of whom are infected with HIV. L/R was associated with significant reductions in the methadone area under the concentration-time curve (P<.001), maximum concentration (P<.001), and minimum concentration (P<.001), as well as increased methadone oral clearance (P<.001) and increased opiate withdrawal symptoms (P=.013), whereas ritonavir use alone modestly and nonsignificantly increased methadone concentrations. Lopinavir is a potent inducer of methadone metabolism, and treatment with L/R requires clinical monitoring and increased methadone doses in some patients, whereas ritonavir has no significant effect on methadone metabolism.
Measurement and analysis of noise sources in giant magnetoresistive sensors up to 6 GHz

Describes the electrical and magnetic noise sources prevalent in giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors. At lower frequencies (<1 MHz), 1/f noise is generally dominant. Electrical (Nyquist-Johnson) and magnetic thermal fluctuation noise are dominant above 1 MHz. Because the GMR sensor resistance is current dependent (i.e., nonlinear), its electrical noise is higher than would be expected from its dc resistance. Noise measurements on saturated GMR sensors indicate that the ac small-signal resistance is a better indicator of electrical noise. A thermal-electric model is presented for the GMR sensor that is useful for interpreting the ac resistance and electrical noise. Along with midfrequency (1-100 MHz) magnetic thermal noise data, noise spectra (up to 6 GHz) show a magnetic noise resonance around 4-5 GHz. A simple single-domain, Landau-Lifshitz model to explain the resonance behavior is given. In some cases, two significant resonance peaks appear; we believe this stems from nonuniform free-layer magnetization caused by insufficient hard bias.
We can Relate Hip-Hop Culture, Critical Pedagogy, and the Secondary Classroom

This article seeks to locate hip-hop in the realm of popular culture in education. Through the use of song lyrics, the author suggests the use of rap music to provide context for the humanities and social sciences in secondary curriculum. Using a theoretical and practical lens, the article argues for the use of hip-hop and other elements of popular culture to be utilized to develop relevant curriculum. Although the article highlights one aspect of hip-hop culture, it seeks to advocate for other creative techniques seeking to provide relevance for high school youth.
Retardation and repair of fatigue cracks in a microcapsule toughened epoxy composite—Part II: In situ self-healing

Successful arrest and retardation of fatigue cracks is achieved with an in situ self-healing epoxy matrix composite that incorporates microencapsulated dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) healing agent and Grubbs first generation Ru catalyst. Healing agent is released into the crack plane by the propagating crack, where it polymerizes to form a polymer wedge, generating a crack tip shielding mechanism. Due to the complex kinetics of healing a growing crack, the resulting in situ retardation and arrest of fatigue cracks exhibit a strong dependence on the applied range of cyclic stress intensity DKI. Significant crack arrest and life-extension result when the in situ healing rate is faster than the crack growth rate. In loading cases where the crack grows too rapidly (maximum applied stress intensity factor is a significant percentage of the mode-I fracture toughness value), a carefully timed rest period can be used to prolong fatigue life up to 118%. At moderate DKI, in situ healing extends fatigue life by as much as 213%. Further improvements in fatigue life-extension are achieved by employing a rest period, which leads to permanent arrest at this moderate DKI. At lower values of applied stress intensity factor, self-healing yields complete arrest of fatigue cracks providing infinite fatigue life-extension. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Corporate Governance and Performance in the Wake of the Financial Crisis: Evidence from US Commercial Banks

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: Does corporate governance explain US bank performance during the period leading up to the financial crisis? We adopt the factor structure by Larcker, Richardson, and Tuna (2007) to measure multiple dimensions of corporate governance for 236 public commercial banks. Research Findings/Insights: Findings reveal corporate governance factors explain financial performance better than loan quality. We find strong support for a negative association between leverage and both financial performance and loan quality. CEO duality is negatively associated with financial performance. The extent of executive incentive pay is positively associated with financial performance but exhibits a negative association with loan quality in the long-run. We find a concave relationship between financial performance and both board size and average director age. We provide weak evidence of an association of anti-takeover devices, board meeting frequency, and affiliated nature of committees with financial performance. Theoretical/Academic Implications: We apply agency theory to the banking industry and expect that the governanceperformance linkage might differ due to the unique regulatory and business environment. Results extend Larcker et al. (2007), especially regarding the concave relationship between board size and performance, and the role of leverage. Given the lack of support for our agency theory predictions, we suggest that alternative theories are needed to understand the performance implications of corporate governance at banks. Practitioner/Policy Implications: We offer contributions to regulators, especially for ongoing financial reforms of capital requirements and executive compensation. Specifically, we show a consistent negative association between leverage and performance, which supports the current debate on Tier I capital limits for banks.
Multi-targeted antifolates aimed at avoiding drug resistance form covalent closed inhibitory complexes with human and Escherichia coli thymidylate synthases.

Abstract Crystal structures of four pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-based antifolate compounds, developed as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) in a strategy to circumvent drug-resistance, have been determined in complexes with their in vivo target, human thymidylate synthase, and with the structurally best-characterized Escherichia coli enzyme, to resolutions of 2.2-3.0 A. The 2.9 A crystal structure of a complex of human TS with one of the inhibitors, the multi-targeted antifolate LY231514, demonstrates that this compound induces a “closed” enzyme conformation and leads to formation of a covalent bond between enzyme and substrate. This structure is one of the first liganded human TS structures, and its solution was aided by mutation to facilitate crystallization. Structures of three other pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-based antifolates in complex with Escherichia coli TS confirm the orientation of this class of inhibitors in the active site. Specific interactions between the polyglutamyl moiety and a positively charged groove on the enzyme surface explain the marked increase in affinity of the pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine inhibitors once they are polyglutamylated, as mediated in vivo by the cellular enzyme folyl polyglutamate synthetase.
An equity management and planning tool for cooperatives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an equity management and planning tool used by rural electric cooperatives (RECs) and based on the times-interest-earned ratio (TIER). The objectives of the paper are to construct a mathematical model that provides a rigorous foundation for the TIER approach, modify the approach so the rate of return on equity is a function of the cooperative’s equity position, demonstrate how elements of the model can be used by RECs in setting electric rates that will enable them to accelerate the retirement of member equity, and derive a generalized form of the “modified Goodwin formula” that can be used by both RECs and agricultural cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach – Mathematical and graphical expressions of the TIER approach are developed. Simulations are used to demonstrate how RECs can set electric rates according to a target revolving period. The modified Goodwin formula is generalized to include the payment of cash patronage refunds through use of a grow...
Bioavailability of atmospheric organic nitrogen deposition to coastal phytoplankton

Atmospheric dissolved organic nitrogen has re cently gained attention as a significant additional source of “new” N loading to the oceans. The effect of atmospheric N on marine productivity depends on the biological availability of both inorganic and organic N forms. Event-based measurements for coastal North Carolina showed that ~30% of rainwater N concentration and deposition was organic N. Enrichment bioassay results suggested that ~20–30% of atmospheric organic N is available to primary producers on short (hours to days) time scales. Atmospheric N loading estimates, therefore, should include all available N inputs to properly assess the impact of N deposition on coastal and oceanic primary productivity.
Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review

Scientific reports concerning chemical and microbiological contaminant levels of rainwater runoff from rooftop collection in both urban and rural areas are reviewed. This alternative source of water has been documented to often contain substantial amounts of contaminants. Studies describing levels of heavy metal contamination specific to runoff from rooftop catchment areas containing exposed metal surfaces are discussed. Depending upon the intended use, scientific evidence is also accumulating that various treatments and disinfections will be required prior to release of roof-runoff water either into surface waters or for more direct consumer usage. For microbial contamination, current proposed standards and guidelines regarding this type of water source are shown to vary widely worldwide. Scientific literature reveals a lack of clarity regarding water quality guidelines and health related standards for certain types of rooftop runoff. Studies suggests that rainwater collection systems which are properly designed, maintained, and treated may provide a valuable supplement to existing water supplies by reducing demand on community water supplies/infrastructure costs, enhancing effective management of storm water runoff, and increasing restoration of underground reservoirs through controlled infiltration.
Derivative component analysis for mass spectral serum proteomic profiles.

Background As a promising way to transform medicine, mass spectrometry based proteomics technologies have seen a great progress in identifying disease biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. However, there is a lack of effective feature selection methods that are able to capture essential data behaviors to achieve clinical level disease diagnosis. Moreover, it faces a challenge from data reproducibility, which means that no two independent studies have been found to produce same proteomic patterns. Such reproducibility issue causes the identified biomarker patterns to lose repeatability and prevents it from real clinical usage.
Peabody: the time travelling disk

Disk drives are now available with capacities on the order of hundreds of gigabytes. What has not become available is an easy way to manage storage. With installed machines located across the enterprise, the backup, management of application installation, and maintenance of systems have become a nightmare. An increasing trend in the storage industry is to virtualize storage resources, maintaining a central repository that can be accessed across the network. We have designed a network block storage device, Peabody, that exposes virtual disks. These virtual disks provide mechanisms to: recover any previous state of their sectors and share backend storage to improve cache utilization and reduce the total amount of storage needed. Peabody is exposed as an iSCSI target, and is mountable by any iSCSI compatible initiator Using our implementation of Peabody, we show that for our workloads, up to 84% of disk sectors written, contain identical content to previously written sectors, motivating the need for content-based coalescing. The overhead for writing in a simple implementation is only 20 percent of the total write speed. This paper describes our early experiences with the Peabody implementation. We quantify how rapidly storage is consumed, examine optimizations, such as content-based coalescing and describe how recovery is currently implemented. We conclude with future plans based on these measurements.
Adoption of Security Systems by Dairy Farms to Address Bioterrorist Threats in the Intermountain United States

Data generated from a survey of western dairy farms was used to determine the characteristics of dairy farmers who have undertaken to improve security measures on their farms during the past 2 or 3 yr. The findings suggest that decisions to improve on-farm security are influenced by the producer's awareness of how to develop a security policy, and by the size of the dairy operation. The results also support the notion that farms may be vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks because most farmers do not believe it is important to establish on-farm security policies.
Modeling gross primary production of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest using satellite images and climate data

Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems is determined by gross primary production (GPP) of vegetation and ecosystem respiration. CO2 flux measurements at individual CO2 eddy flux sites provide valuable information on the seasonal dynamics of GPP. In this paper, we developed and validated the satellite-based Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), using site-specific CO2 flux and climate data from a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. The VPM model is built upon the conceptual partitioning of photosynthetically active vegetation and non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) within the leaf and canopy. It estimates GPP, using satellite-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Multi-year (1998–2001) data analyses have shown that EVI had a stronger linear relationship with GPP than did the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Two simulations of the VPM model were conducted, using vegetation indices from the VEGETATION (VGT) sensor onboard the SPOT-4 satellite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Terra satellite. The predicted GPP values agreed reasonably well with observed GPP of the deciduous broadleaf forest at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. This study highlighted the biophysical performance of improved vegetation indices in relation to GPP and demonstrated the potential of the VPM model for scaling-up of GPP of deciduous broadleaf forests.
Ethical analysis of withdrawal of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator support at the end of life.

Objective: To describe a series of terminally ill patients who requested (or whose surrogates requested) withdrawal of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) support and the ethical issues pertaining to these requests. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, between January 1996 and June 2002 and identified 6 terminally ill patients who requested (or whose family members requested) withdrawal of pacemaker or ICD support. Potential interventions were an ethics consultation and subsequent withdrawal of pacemaker or ICD support. The study's main outcome measures were death and the context in which it occurred. Results: The mean age of the 6 patients (3 men, 3 women) was 75.5 years. Five had pacemakers, and 1 had an ICD. Five patients had advance directives that indicated a desire to withdraw medical interventions if death was inevitable. Two patients and 4 surrogates requested withdrawal of pacemaker or ICD support. One patient died without withdrawal of support despite an ethics consultation that endorsed its permissibility. Another died while an ethics consultation was in progress. The request to withdraw support was granted in 4 patients, all of whom died within 5 days of withdrawal of support. Conclusions: Granting terminally ill patients' requests to withdraw unwanted medical support is legal and ethical. Death after withdrawal of support is attributable to the patient's underlying pathology and is not the same as physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia. Clinician familiarity with these concepts may lead to more expeditious withdrawal of unwanted medical support from terminally ill patients.
Enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold through phase control of multitone phase modulation

We show that controlling the phase difference among the various tones of a multitone phase modulator can substantially increase the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold during optical fiber transmission. We present detailed modeling and experimental validation of the effect. This result should be especially useful for optical networks requiring high signal launch power.
Effect of Decreasing County Mental Health Services on the Emergency Department.

Study objective We evaluate the effect of decreasing county mental health services on the emergency department (ED). Methods This is a retrospective before-and-after study at a Level I academic university hospital adjacent to the county mental health treatment center. On October 1, 2009, the county decreased its inpatient psychiatric unit from 100 to 50 beds and closed its outpatient unit. Electronic health record data were collected for ED visits for the 8 months before the decrease in county services (October 2008 to May 2009) and the 8 months after the decrease (October 2009 to May 2010). Data for all adult patients (≥18 years) evaluated for a psychiatric consultation by a licensed clinical social worker were included. Outcome measures included the number of patients evaluated and the ED length of stay for those patients. Results One thousand three hundred ninety-two patient visits included a psychiatry consultation for the study period. The median age was 38 years (interquartile range [IQR] 27, 49), with no difference in age between periods. The mean number of daily psychiatry consultations increased from 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 1.5) before closure to 4.4 (95% CI 4.1 to 4.7) afterward, with a difference in means of 3.0 visits (95% CI 2.7 to 3.3 visits). Average ED length of stay for psychiatry consultation patients was 14.1 hours (95% CI 13.1 to 15.0 hours) before closure and 21.9 hours (95% CI 20.7 to 23.2 hours) afterward, with a difference in means of 7.9 hours (95% CI 5.5 to 10.2 hours). Conclusion The number of visits and length of stay for patients undergoing psychiatric consultation in the ED increased significantly after a decrease in county mental health services. This phenomenon has important implications for future policy to address the challenges of caring for patients with psychiatric needs in our communities.
Symmetry and Prime Divisibility Properties of Partitions of n into Exactly m Parts

Let p(n, m) denote the number of partitions of n into exactly m parts. In this paper we uncover new congruences for the function p(n, m) and give an alternate proof to a known theorem in addition to extending it. The methods of proof rely on identifying generating functions to polynomials and then using the symmetric properties of those polynomials. The theorems proved here provide further motivation and description for a full characterisation of Ramanujan-like divisibility statements about the partition numbers p(n, m).
Ophthalmic survey of a community. 1. Abnormalities of the ocular fundus.

Few surveys have been conducted in this country to determine the prevalence of ocu­ lar diseases in the general population. A community-wide survey in a small town in Maryland, conducted to identify and charac­ terize the peripheral lesions of presumed ocular histoplasmosis, presented an oppor­ tunity to record other fundus abnormalities found in this population. These abnormali­ ties form the basis of this report.
Deep Sedation and GA

The use of deep sedation and general anesthesia (DS/GA) to permit the completion of high-quality dental care for young children and patients with intellectual, emotional, or physical challenges is recognized as indispensable for a subset of these patients. The combination of behavioral techniques, minimal and moderate sedation, and even prolonged restraint, which some practitioners still provide, is not uniformly successful in achieving dental surgical goals. DS/GA can be safely provided in the dental office, ambulatory surgery center, or hospital provided that well-trained anesthesia providers are utilized. Airway management can include intubated, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or natural airway techniques in any of these venues. Either dentist or physician anesthesiologists can be used; however, only dentist anesthesiologists have specific training requirements in office-based anesthesia management. In some states where it is legal, certified registered nurse anesthetists can also provide anesthesia in the dental office. It is critical for the pediatric dentist to understand what the pediatric anesthesia training is between these various providers and to ensure that emergency protocols are well thought out and prepared for by the anesthesia provider. Fortunately, the safety record of office-based anesthesia by well-trained dentist and physician anesthesiologists is exemplary allowing cost-effective care for these children with special needs.
Communication and Family Resilience

Family resilience describes the coping and adaptation processes by which families function competently after stressful or adverse experiences. A relatively new area of study, this article provides a historical overview of resilience inquiry, illustrates why families serve as a unique context for the development of resilience, summarizes recent research surrounding the role of communication in the resilience process, and concludes by articulating the unique challenges of advancing family resilience through communication. Keywords: coping; family communication; resilience; social support
Calcipotriol/calcipotriene (Dovonex/Daivonex) in combination with phototherapy: a review.

Background: Calcipotriol/calcipotriene (Dovonex/Daivonex) ointment plus phototherapy has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. Objective: We will attempt to clarify two issues: First, is there any benefit to combining the above treatment modalities? Second, is there any increased risk associated with the use of the combination? Methods: A complete review of the literature revealed four studies dealing with the combination of calcipotriol with UVB phototherapy and three studies dealing with the combination of calcipotriol with PUVA phototherapy. Results: These studies showed an advantage to the use of the combination compared with the use of either treatment alone. Conclusion: Topical calcipotriol enhances the effect of UVB and PUVA phototherapy.
Introduction to CAD

This chapter summarizes the concept of design as a process. It also discusses about CAD technology emphasizing its benefits over manual drawing.
The Oxygen Dependence of Cellular Energy Metabolism

It is well known that supply of oxygen to the heart is equal to the rate of oxygen utilization over a wide range of physical work loads (see Eckenhoff et al., 1947; Alella et al., 1955; Neely et al., 1967; Nuutinen et al., 1982). This precise regulation of oxygen delivery is expressed in the fact that the arterial venous difference in oxygen tension remains essentially constant when the heart work rates increase from minimal to near maximal levels. However, such precise regulation requires a tissue “oxygen sensor” i.e. an oxygen dependent metabolic system which detects changes in tissue oxygen tension in the physiological range and transduces this information into a form which regulates vascular resistance. In the present communication we will summarize data which indicate that the oxygen sensor for regulation of coronary flow is mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We will then demonstrate that this metabolic pathway is oxygen sensitive in the physiological range of oxygen tensions both in vivo and in vitro and thus fulfills the requirements for the tissue “oxygen sensor”.
Evaluating the mechanical properties of commercial DRA

An extensive multilaboratory testing program has been carried out to characterize the properties of commercially available discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) composites fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques. The results demonstrate that these materials can be evaluated reliably using standard techniques and highlight the consistent properties now available from these emerging materials.
Relation of Sexual Dimorphism in the Wings, Potential Stridulation, and Illumination to Mating of Oriental Fruit Flies, Melon Flies, and Mediterranean Fruit Flies in Hawaii

The wings of male oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; melon flies, D. cucurbitac Coquillett; and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), all have deeper and more sharply incised wing margins at the distal tip of Cu1+1A than the females. However, the difference is most evident in melon flies and least evident in Mediterranean fruit flies. In addition, the male Mediterranean fruit fly has an emargination at the terminus of M3+M4 that is not found in the female. Any supposed mating call of male oriental fruit flies or melon flies resulting from stridulation of the wings on the abdominal cilia (or produced in any other manner) was not necessary for mating and insemination, judged from the percentages of egg hatch for females paired in an ambient laboratory environment with males with the wings removed. Male Mediterranean fruit flies do not have abdominal cilia.
Surgical Management of Necrotizing Mediastinitis With Large Aortic Pseudoaneurysm

We report a patient with necrotizing mediastinitis complicated by a giant retrosternal mycotic pseudoaneurysm and prosthetic valve endocarditis successfully managed with a redo sternotomy under hypothermic circulatory arrest. The approach then included extensive debridement of the mediastinum, replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic arch with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion, redo aortic valve replacement, and wound closure with omental flap and myocutaneous flap. After a 2-year survival, the patient suffered reinfection from hemodialysis. Our approach is also applicable to more common presentations of mediastinitis.
Targeting Fibronectin To Disrupt In Vivo Candida albicans Biofilms

New drug targets are of great interest for the treatment of fungal biofilms, which are routinely resistant to antifungal therapies. We theorized that the interaction of Candida albicans with matricellular host proteins would provide a novel target. Here, we show that an inhibitory protein (FUD) targeting Candida-fibronectin interactions disrupts biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo in a rat venous catheter model. The peptide appears to act by blocking the surface adhesion of Candida, halting biofilm formation.
Emerging markets: Is the trend still your friend?

Abstract Using an extensive sample consisting of 30 emerging countries and 38 years of data, we examine the profitability of two momentum and two trend following strategies. Over the entire sample, we find excess returns that are economically and statistically significant for all four strategies. Furthermore, we show that the significance of the excess returns remains after adjusting for macroeconomic risk factors. In addition, we find that in spite of their relative neglect, trend strategies frequently demonstrate superior performance, compared to momentum strategies. However, contrary to previous research, we do not find that time series momentum strategies outperform cross-sectional momentum strategies. Finally, we show that the effectiveness of the alternative strategies is largely diminished once transactions costs and liberalizations in emerging markets are considered.
Bioarchaeology: Masticatory and nonmasticatory functions: craniofacial adaptation

Introduction The influence of environment and behavior on skull morphology was discussed quite early. In the fifth century BC, Herodotus remarked on apparent differences in cranial robusticity between Persians and Egyptians: ‘The skulls of Persians are so weak that if you so much as throw a pebble at one of them, you will pierce it; but the Egyptian skulls are so strong that a blow with a large stone will hardly break them.’ He interpreted these differences as being related to the lifelong exposure of the head to the sun and increased cranial thickening as a result in Egyptians but not in Persians. The influence of environment and behavior, no matter how specious the interpretation, has been only minimally considered in discussions of cranial morphology in archaeological remains since Herodotus drew the above conclusions about cranial robusticity. Beginning in the eighteenth century, osteologists relied on craniofacial variation for determining population history and classification, with little attention given to the biological significance of observed patterns (see Armelagos, 1968; Armelagos et al ., 1982; Carlson, 1976a, 1976b; Carlson & Van Gerven, 1977, 1979). As in investigations of long bone morphology, there has been a gradual reorientation from typological/historical to processual analyses. This new emphasis focusses on underlying processes that influence cranial morphology, revealing the adaptive and behavioral significance of variation.
Buzz: urban beekeeping and the power of the bee

Buzz is an ethnography that explores the complex and changing relationship between humans and bees, particularly in urban spaces. In their comprehensive look at urban beekeeping, sociologist author...
The Commission’s Puzzling and Powering over the Revision of the Emissions Trading Scheme

The revision of the ETS was foreseen for 2008. The Commission’s work to publish its proposal is a perfect example of a purposeful adjustment of existing policies. It therefore combines instances of learning and — rather than learning for adaptation — of planned ‘instrument sequencing’, where a more interventionist option follows an unsuccessful softer policy option (Gunningham et al. 1998, p. 35). In the introductory paragraphs of this chapter, I will introduce the reform pressure that the Commission had to react to.
Intergenerational Effects of PTSD on Offspring Glucocorticoid Receptor Methylation

Posttraumatic stress disorder is precipitated by the experience of extreme stress in a subset of vulnerable individuals. Data now suggest that PTSD in parents confers vulnerability to PTSD in offspring. This is underlined by the observation that offspring born to individuals with PTSD exhibit low baseline cortisol levels, a neuroendocrine risk factor for PTSD. Several mechanisms have been proposed to mediate intergenerational inheritance of PTSD, including genetics and social learning. However, there is also the possibility that biological changes associated with PTSD in parents directly impact offspring, potentially via changes to gametes, fetuses in utero, or via changes in early postnatal care. The exact mechanism of this form of “intergenerational transmission” is unknown; however changes in epigenetic signatures, including DNA methylation, provide an appealing candidate. Animal studies have prompted investigation into methylation of the NR3C1 promoter, which regulates transcription of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Here, we review evidence of NR3C1 methylation alterations in offspring of parents exposed to extreme stress and offspring of parents who developed PTSD in response to extreme stress. We propose several hypotheses based on the current evidence and suggest future directions related to these interpretations.
Estimating Willingness to Pay for Online Health Services with Discrete-Choice Experiments.

Background Research has outlined the benefits and costs of online health services, but these studies have typically focused on a specific geographic region or disease. Very few studies have estimated consumer demand for online health services.
LVC Timing in Infant Pig Swallowing and the Effect of Safe Swallowing

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury in neonates, a complication of head and neck surgeries, leads to increased aspiration risk and swallowing dysfunction. The severity of resulting sequelae range from morbidity, such as aspiration pneumonia, to mortality from infection and failure to thrive. The timing of airway protective events including laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) is implicated in aspiration. We unilaterally transected the RLN in an infant pig model to observe changes in the timing of swallowing kinematics with lesion and aspiration. We recorded swallows using high-speed video-fluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) and scored them using the Infant Mammalian Penetration and Aspiration Scale (IMPAS). We hypothesized that changes would occur in swallowing kinematics (1) between RLN lesion and control animals, and (2) among safe swallows (IMPAS 1), penetration swallows (IMPAS 3), and aspiration swallows (IMPAS 7). We observed numerous changes in timing following RLN lesion in safe and unsafe swallows, suggesting pervasive changes in the coordination of oropharyngeal function. The timing of LVC, posterior tongue, and hyoid movements differed between pre- and post-lesion in safe swallows. Posterior tongue kinematics differed for post-lesion swallows with penetration. The timing and duration of LVC and posterior tongue movement differed between aspiration swallows pre- and post-lesion. After lesion, safe swallows and swallows with aspiration differed in timing of LVC, laryngeal vestibule opening, and posterior tongue and hyoid movements. The timing of thyrohyoid muscle activity varied with IMPAS, but not lesion. Further study into the pathophysiology of RLN lesion-induced swallowing dysfunction is important to developing novel therapies.
Data vocalization: optimizing voice output of relational data

Research on data visualization aims at finding the best way to present data via visual interfaces. We introduce the complementary problem of "data vocalization". Our goal is to present relational data in the most efficient way via voice output. This problem setting is motivated by emerging tools and devices (e.g., Google Home, Amazon Echo, Apple's Siri, or voice-based SQL interfaces) that communicate data primarily via audio output to their users.We treat voice output generation as an optimization problem. The goal is to minimize speaking time while transmitting an approximation of a relational table to the user. We consider constraints on the precision of the transmitted data as well as on the cognitive load placed on the listener. We formalize voice output optimization and show that it is NP-hard. We present three approaches to solve that problem. First, we show how the problem can be translated into an integer linear program which enables us to apply corresponding solvers. Second, we present a two-phase approach that forms groups of similar rows in a pre-processing step, using a variant of the apriori algorithm. Then, we select an optimal combination of groups to generate a speech. Finally, we present a greedy algorithm that runs in polynomial time. Under simplifying assumptions, we prove that it generates near-optimal output by leveraging the sub-modularity property of our cost function. We compare our algorithms experimentally and analyze their complexity.
A Model‐Based Cluster Analysis of Maternal Emotion Regulation and Relations to Parenting Behavior

In a diverse community sample of mothers (N = 108) and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 3.50 years), this study conducted person-oriented analyses of maternal emotion regulation (ER) based on a multimethod assessment incorporating physiological, observational, and self-report indicators. A model-based cluster analysis was applied to five indicators of maternal ER: maternal self-report, observed negative affect in a parent-child interaction, baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and RSA suppression across two laboratory tasks. Model-based cluster analyses revealed four maternal ER profiles, including a group of mothers with average ER functioning, characterized by socioeconomic advantage and more positive parenting behavior. A dysregulated cluster demonstrated the greatest challenges with parenting and dyadic interactions. Two clusters of intermediate dysregulation were also identified. Implications for assessment and applications to parenting interventions are discussed.
Measuring Spatial Data Fitness-for-Use through Multiple Criteria Decision Making

This article presents a new methodology for data fitness-for-use assessment. Most current measures of data quality rely on metadata and other data producer-derived information. This creates a void ...
Pemberton’s sign in SVC syndrome from metastatic renal cell carcinoma

A 52-year-old man with no medical history presented to the emergency department after a syncopal episode. The patient reported reaching over his head to lift an object at work when he felt transiently light-headed, lost consciousness and fell to the floor. He denied any preceding palpitations or chest pain. He reported intermittent light-headedness and nausea for the past week, facial and neck swelling for several weeks, and an unintentional 20-pound weight loss over the past 3 months. On physical exam, his temperature was 37.0° C, heart rate was 105/min, respiratory rate was 14/min and blood pressure was 137/84 mm Hg. He had mild neck and facial erythema and oedema, which became significantly more pronounced on elevation of the arms over …
More on Matrices

Before we go on to other techniques, we need to develop some more ideas in matrix algebra. Again, patience is in order.