cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Ich bin die erste Sängerin’ Vocal profiles of two Mozart sopranos

In an oft-quoted passage concerning an aria composed for the tenor Anton Raaff, Mozart expresses unmistakable professional pride in his musical tailoring. There is a working copy of Le nozze di Figaro, now in Florence, that Alan Tyson has tentatively associated with the 1789 revival in Vienna, and therefore with Mozart himself. This source is one of many manuscripts of Viennese origin from the period that contains a revised version of 'Dove sono', the Countess's Act 3 aria. Transmitted in keyboard reduction, the aria seems to show Mozart tinkering, in effect, with Anfossi's original version. Mozart ultimately reworked both text and music in the final version of the aria, 'Vorrei spiegarvi, oh Dio', with optimum results. Mozart composed his music specifically for the singers: at the least, the vocal line was crafted to their needs; at the most, the singer could provide the inspiration that determined the character of the music.
The fusion illusion.

Abstract Four experiments were performed to test for the occurrence of perceived central fusion of vertically disparate stimuli. Two of these employed the method of Signal Detection Theory in order to measure the sensitivity of observers in discriminating disparate from non-disparate cyclofusional stimuli along the horizontal meridian. The other two experiments attempted to compare “fusion” thresholds with monocular control data. The fusion effect could not be differentiated from the limitations of monocular acuity. It was concluded that fusion is an illusion which may be attributed to the effects of suppression and failures of acuity.
Focal shift in focused truncated gaussian beams

Abstract It is known that under certain circumstances the point of maximum intensity in a focused aberration-free wave is not at the geometrical focus, but is closer to the focusing lens. In the present note such a focal shift is analyzed for the case of a gaussian beam, focused by a thin lens, which fills a circular aperture of any prescribed radius, the waist of the beam being assumed to be located in the aperture plane. Many previously known results follow as limiting cases of our analysis.
Circular dichroism of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract The circular dichroism spectrum of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been examined in the absence and presence of the substrates, protocatechuic acid and O 2 , and in the presence of the competitive inhibitors, protocatechualdehyde and p -hydroxybenzoic acid. The native enzyme has a low α-helical content ( 2 , spectral changes are evident in the side chain and visible regions. There is a shift in the aromatic-region maximum from 275 to 267 and in the visible region from 330 to 348 and from 480 to 555 nm. No spectral changes are observed upon the removal or addition of only O 2 . Different spectral changes in both the side chain and visible regions are observed in the enzyme with the two competitive inhibitors under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The spectral changes observed in the side chain region suggest the possible participation of aromatic residues in the binding process, but it is not yet established as to whether these residues play an active or passive role in binding and/or catalysis.
Primary bony and cartilaginous sarcomas of chest wall: Results of therapy

Primary bony and cartilaginous sarcomas of the chest wall are uncommon, and data concerning treatment and results are sparse. To assess the results of therapy, we reviewed our 40-year experience. Records of 38 patients with osteosarcoma and 88 with chondrosarcoma arising in chest wall admitted to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1949 to 1989 were reviewed. The 88 patients with chondrosarcoma ranged in age from 5 to 86 years (median age, 49 years); the male/female ratio was 1.3:1. Presenting complaint was mass, pain, or both in 93%. Primary therapy was resection (n = 84), radiation therapy (n = 3), or chemotherapy (n = 1). Overall 5-year survival was 64%. Significant adverse prognostic factors included metastases at initial presentation (n = 9), metastases at any time during the course of disease (n = 23), age greater than 50 years (n = 42), incomplete or no resection (n = 13), and local recurrence (n = 24). Sex, grade, and tumor size were not prognostic factors. The 38 patients with osteosarcoma ranged in age from 11 to 78 years (median age, 42 years); the male/female ratio was 1.5:1. Presenting complaint was mass, pain, or both in 95%. Primary therapy included resection (n = 31; alone in 13, with radiation therapy in 3, with chemotherapy in 15), radiation therapy (n = 3), radiation therapy and chemotherapy (n = 2), chemotherapy (n = 1), or no treatment (n = 1). Overall 5-year survival was 15%. Significant adverse prognostic factors included presence of synchronous metastases (n = 13) and metastases at any time during the course of disease (n = 26).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Calcium–phosphate treatment of contaminated soil for arsenic immobilization

Abstract The application of As-based herbicides at several industrial sites has resulted in numerous localized areas of As-contaminated soil. In this study, an As-contaminated soil (As = 278 mg/kg) collected from an industrial site located in the southeastern USA was subjected to inorganic phosphate (Pi) treatments. Although Pi treatments have been previously used for flushing As from contaminated soils, in this study, contaminated soil was amended with Pi to study the possible immobilization of As through a co-precipitation mechanism. Specifically, the Pi amendment was aimed at simultaneous flushing of As from the soil with orthophosphoric acid and co-precipitating it as Ca–phosphate–arsenate phases. Bench-scale Pi treatment experiments were performed at different pH conditions, with and without the addition of Ca. Sorption of Pi on BH soil in the presence or absence of additional Ca was determined, along with the associated mobilization of As from the soil. A significant amount of the HNO3-digestible As (up to 55% at pH 4, 10–15% at pH 8, and ∼30% at pH 11) was released from the contaminated soil during the Pi sorption experiments. This increased mobility of As after the addition of Pi resulted from the competitive desorption of As from the soil. Although Pi sorption at high pH (>8) was largely controlled by precipitation, As did not co-precipitate with Pi. Aqueous geochemical modeling indicated that the lack of As co-precipitation during Pi-only treatment primarily resulted from the deficiency of Ca in the system. When additional Ca (16.9 mmol) was supplied along with Pi (3.38 mmol), the mobility of As decreased significantly at circum-neutral to high solution pH. Geochemical modeling suggested that the leachable As in the soil was potentially precipitated as As-bearing Ca–Pi phases. X-ray diffraction analysis of precipitates separated from the treated soil and from the synthetic leachate confirmed that the formation of a poorly crystalline carbonate apatite phase occurred as a consequence of the treatment. The results of this study support the potential application of Ca–Pi treatment for remediation of As-contaminated soil at environmentally relevant pH conditions.
Curing "moral disability": brain trauma and self-control in Victorian science and fiction.

While, historically, the disabled body has appeared in literature as “monstrous,” burgeoning psychological theories of the Victorian period predicated an unusual shift. In a culture of sexual anxiety and fears of devolution and moral decay, the physically disabled and “weak” are portrayed as strangely free from moral corruption. Unlike the cultural link between deviance and disability witnessed in the medical literature and eugenic approach to generation, authors of narrative fiction—particularly Charles Dickens, but Wilkie Collins, Charlotte Yonge, and others as well—portray disabled characters as “purified,” and trauma itself as potentially sanitizing. This present paper argues that such constructions were made possible by developments in the treatment of insanity. “Curing ‘Moral Disability’: Brain Trauma and Self-Control in Victorian Fiction,” examines the concept of trauma-as-cure. Throughout the Victorian period, case studies on brain trauma appeared in widely circulated journals like the Lancet, concurrently with burgeoning theories about psychological disturbance and “moral insanity.” While not widely practiced until the early twentieth century, attempts at surgical “cures” aroused curiosity and speculation—the traumatic event that could free sufferers from deviance. This work provides a unique perspective on representations of disability as cure in the nineteenth century as a means of giving voice to the marginalized, disabled, and disempowered.
Synthesis of rat liver mitochondrial proteins after the administration of a nonlethal dose of cycloheximide.

SummaryFollowing in vivo treatment of rats with a nonlethal dose of cycloheximide (2 mg/kg body wt), analysis of the newly synthesized liver mitochondrial polypeptides by SDS-PAGE system showed: (i) sublethal levels of cycloheximide did transiently suppress synthesis and/or incorporation of large cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into mitochondria; (ii) synthesis and/or incorporation of this material was stimulated during the recovery phase. The differential labeling patterns of these mitochondrial proteins observed in vivo during cycloheximide treatment substantiate the cooperative nature of the cytoribosomal protein synthetic system to the formation of functional mitochondrion observed with mammalian cells in culture.Fig. 3. Radioactivity profiles of soluble proteins extracted with acidic buffers from control and cycloheximidetreated (2 and 24 hr) mitochondria. For details see the legends to Figs. 1 and 2.Fig. 4. Radioactivity profiles of soluble proteins extracted with alkaline buffers from control ...
Constrained predictive control of helicopters

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the feasibility of constrained model predictive control (MPC) for sophisticated helicopter models which are derived by physical considerations.Design/methodology/approach – Physics‐based modeling is used to create control‐oriented helicopter models. Advanced constrained controllers are designed and tested for these sophisticated models.Findings – The helicopter models are valid and constrained MPC shows considerable promise for robust tracking.Practical implications – MPCs can be implemented for highly constrained helicopter flights.Originality/value – A complete process of control‐oriented, physics‐based model development for helicopters followed by MPC design is developed. It is also proved that constrained MPC can be used and implemented online to robustly track discontinuous helicopter trajectories with heterogeneous constraints, even when the models are sophisticated and physics based.
Planning under topological constraints using beam-graphs

We present a framework based on graph search for navigation in the plane with a variety of topological constraints. The method is based on modifying a standard graph-based navigation approach to keep an additional state variable that encodes topological information about the path. The topological information is represented by a sequence of virtual sensor beam crossings. By considering classes of beam crossing sequences to be equivalent under certain equivalence relations, we obtain a general method for planning with topological constraints that subsumes existing approaches while admitting more favorable representational characteristics. We provide experimental results that validate the approach and show how the planner can be used to find loop paths for autonomous surveillance problems, simultaneously satisfying minimum-cost objectives and in dynamic environments. As an additional application, we demonstrate the use of our planner on the PR2 robot for automated building of 3D object models.
Modeling Respiration of Apple Slices in Modified‐Atmosphere Packages

Modified-atmosphere packaging was used to provide respiratory data for apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) slices at 0, 5, 10 and 15°C. The maximum rate of O 2 uptake increased with increasing temperature. The lowest O 2 partial pressure to which fruit could be exposed without fermentation also increased with increasing temperature. A mathematical model of film permeability data characterized the effect of fruit mass, film permeability to O 2 , activation energy of O 2 permeation, temperature, and the film type, area, and thickness on O 2 partial pressure for hermetically packaged apple slices. The model identified a minimum (fruit mass ◊ film thickness)/(film area) ratio for apple slices, which would simplify package design calculations.
HEMATOGENOUS METASTASIS OF NONSEMINOMATOUS GERM CELL TESTICULAR CANCER

A case is reported of a twenty-five-year-old man in whom paraplegia developed due to spinal metastasis from a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor immediately after retroperitoneal node dissection in which all nodes were found to be negative. This case emphasizes deficiencies in knowledge concerning the routes of metastasis of testicular tumor and points out that retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is not an infallible staging procedure in patients with this disease.
Exploring Social Connectivity through the Use of Adolescent Queer Literature.

In order for adolescents to undergo a healthy maturation into adulthood, they must be given common opportunities to reinvent themselves and to progress along stages of psychosocial development. Due to heterosexual conditioning and a lack of awareness of the need for social connectivity that may lead to intimacy, gay and lesbian adolescents lapse into social isolation which could lead to arrested psychosocial development. The introduction of literature circles concerning carefully chosen adolescent queer literature is one positive opportunity that can and should be made accessible to gay and lesbian adolescents in order to offset barriers to social connectivity.
Echocardiographic assessment of interventricular and intraventricular mechanical synchrony in normal dogs.

Abstract Objectives The aims of this prospective study are to (1) generate normal ranges for interventricular and intraventricular mechanical synchrony in dogs, and (2) generate normal ranges for tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) velocity imaging and speckle tracking strain imaging assessment of segmental intraventricular mechanical synchrony in dogs. Animals 10 prospectively recruited healthy dogs. Methods Dogs were excluded if they had abnormal historical, physical examination, echocardiographic, ECG or systolic blood pressure findings. Interventricular mechanical synchrony was assessed using time difference between left and right ventricular pre-ejection periods. Intraventricular mechanical synchrony was assessed using both M-mode and color M-mode septal to posterior wall mechanical delay (SPWMD). Intraventricular segmental mechanical synchrony was assessed using both color TDI and speckle tracking strain analysis of segmental myocardial motion during systole and diastole. Results All synchrony measures were found to be independent of age or body weight. Normal range for mechanical interventricular synchrony was found to be −10.2 to 12.6 ms. Assessment of mechanical intraventricular synchrony using either M-mode or color M-mode SPWMD was found to be associated with an extremely wide normal range, limiting clinical applicability. Normal ranges for segmental intraventricular mechanical synchrony assessed using either color TDI or speckle tracking were found to be comparable to those published for human subjects. Conclusions Interventricular and intraventricular mechanical synchrony in dogs is independent of age and body weight. The normal ranges identified in this study form a basis for assessment of normal versus abnormal mechanical synchrony in canine cardiovascular disease patients.
Flight Test of Active Structural Acoustic Noise Control System

A flight test is described in which an active structural/acoustic control system reduces turboprop induced interior noise on a Raytheon Aircraft Company 1900D airliner. Control inputs to 21 inertial force actuators were computed adaptively using a principal component domain version of the multichannel filtered-x least mean square algorithm to minimize the mean square response of 32 microphones. A tabu search algorithm was employed to optimize placement of the force actuators on the aircraft frame. Both single-frequency and multifrequency control results are presented. Noise reductions of up to 15 dB were obtained at the blade passage frequency (BPF) during single-frequency control tests. Simultaneous noise reductions of 10 dB, 2.5 dB, and 3.0 dB, at the BPF and next 2 harmonics, were obtained in a multifrequency test.
Medulloblastoma (?) with epithelioid features.

A midline cerebellar tumor in an 18-year-old male, on light microscopy composed of closely packed, small featureless cells with little cytoplasm, under electron microscopic examination showed distinct epithelial features. The cells were closely apposed and joined by zonula adherentes, puncta adherentia and classical desmosomes. The latter structure has not been described in unequivocal glial or neuronal tumors or in normal cells dervied from the neural tube in vertebrates, not even in ontogenesis. In many areas the tumor cells abut on extensive basement membranes. Although the majority of the cells were undifferentiated, we occasionally observed elements containing dense core vesicles, microtubules and cilia. In addition, typical astrocytes were identified. The presence of these features strongly favors the neuroectodermal origin of this neoplasm.
Quantum Theory of the Smectic Metal State in Stripe Phases

We present a theory of the electron smectic fixed point of the stripe phases of doped layered Mott insulators. We show that in the presence of a spin gap three phases generally arise: (a) a smectic superconductor, (b) an insulating stripe crystal, and (c) a smectic metal. The latter phase is a stable two-dimensional anisotropic non-Fermi liquid. In the absence of a spin gap there is also a more conventional Fermi-liquid-like phase. The smectic superconductor and smectic metal phases (or glassy versions thereof) may have already been seen in Nd-doped La{sub 2-x}Sr {sub x}CuO{sub 4} . (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
An empirical analysis of state and local tax structure in the context of the Leviathan model of government

This paper has investigated the ability of an extreme and relatively simple model of political behavior to explain the level of revenues generated by state and local governments. In general, the behavior of these governments appears to be at least consistent with many of the fiscal outcomes predicted by the Leviathan theory. Several, although not all, of the specific Leviathan theory hypotheses considered received empirical support. The evidence was consistent with the hypothesis that states utilizing comprehensive tax bases, especially a personal income tax, can be expected to generate higher levels of aggregate revenues. Strong support was also observed for the contention that intergovernmental competition by general-purpose substate governments may serve as a substitute for constitutional constraints in limiting the revenue generating power of local governments.
Dairy Diet Phosphorus Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from Land-Applied Manure

Phosphorus losses from land-applied manure can contribute to nonpoint source pollution of surface waters. Dietary P forms and levels influence P concentrations in animal manures and may affect P losses from land-applied manure. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dairy diet P concentration on P losses in runoff from land-applied manure. Dairy manures from two dietary P levels were applied (24 May 1999) at 56 wet Mg ha -1 to a silt loam soil, to provide 40 and 108 kg P ha -1 , respectively. The high P diet manure was also applied at 21 wet Mg ha -1 (40 kg P ha -1 ) to provide a P rate equivalent to the low P diet manure. Plots were subjected to simulated rainfall (75 mm h -1 ) just prior to corn (Zea mays L.) planting in June and again after harvest in October 1999. Runoff was analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), bioavailable P (BAP), total P (TP), and sediment concentration. Natural runoff from the same plots was collected from November 1999 through July 2000 and analyzed for DRP. At equivalent manure rates, DRP concentration in June runoff from the high P diet manure was =10 times higher (2.84 vs. 0.30 mg L -1 ) than the low P diet manure, and four times higher (1.18 vs. 0.30 mg L -1 ) when applied at equivalent P rates. Phosphorus concentrations in October runoff and November to July natural runoff were lower (0.02 to 1.69 mg L -1 ), but treatment effects were the same as for the June runoff. These results show that excessive addition of inorganic P to dairy diets increases the potential for P loss in runoff from land-applied manure, even at the same P application rate. Diet P effects on potential losses in runoff from land-applied manure should be considered in P-indexing and nutrient management planning.
Induction and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing by synthetic autoinducer analogs.

Abstract We synthesized a library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer analogs with variation targeted to the homoserine lactone (HSL) moiety and discovered a new agonist, 3-oxo-C 12 -(2-aminocyclohexanol), capable of activating LasR as a transcription factor. We reconstructed two sets of focused libraries against the quorum-sensing transcription factors LasR and RhlR, respectively. Opposing the prediction that both proteins should have the same binding site for HSL, it was surprising to find that these two related proteins respond to different structural motifs. This suggests that the HSL binding site differs in these proteins. We also found that subtle structural modifications to the agonists yielded compounds with antagonist activity. We performed a series of assays to show that inhibition of quorum sensing by these antagonists significantly reduced the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation.
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Human Lung: In Vitro Metabolism of Tritium-Labeled Progesterone and Pregnenolone*

In this investigation, the metabolism of [7-3HN]pregnenolone and [7-3HN]progesterone by slices of normal human lung tissue was evaluated. Employing a combination of chromatographic techniques and crystallization to either constant specific activity or constant 3H to 14C ratio, the identity of metabolites was established. The metabolites of radiolabeled pregnenolone identified in incubations of lung tissue were: pro-gesterone (6.3 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 20α-hydroxy-4-preg-nen-3-one (2.0 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (16 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 3β-hydroxy-5a-pregnan-20-one (6.4 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 5-pregnene-3β6,20α-diol (21 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1) 5-pregnene-3β,20β-diol (2.7 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 7α-hydroxypregnenolone (8.0 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), and 7α-hydroxypregnenolone (0.7 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1). The metabolites of radiolabeled progesterone identified were: 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (260 pmol 100 mg–1 protein h–1), 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (97 pm...
Genomic meta-analysis of growth factor and integrin pathways in chronic kidney transplant injury

Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (CAN) is a clinical entity of progressive kidney transplant injury. The defining histology is tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis (IFTA). Using a meta-analysis of microarrays from 84 kidney transplant biopsies, we revealed growth factor and integrin adhesion molecule pathways differentially expressed and correlated with histological progression. A bioinformatics approach mining independent datasets leverages new and existing data to identify correlative changes in integrin and growth factor signaling pathways. Analysis of CAN/IFTA Banff grades showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathways are significantly differentially expressed in all classes of CAN/IFTA. MAPK-dependent pathways were also significant. However, the TGFβ pathways, albeit present, failed to differentiate CAN/IFTA progression. The integrin subunits β8, αv, αμ and β5 are differentially expressed, but β1, β6 and α6 specifically correlate with progression of chronic injury. Results were validated using our published proteomic profiling of CAN/IFTA. CAN/IFTA with chronic kidney injury is characterized by expression of distinct growth factors and specific integrin adhesion molecules as well as their canonical signaling pathways. Drug target mapping suggests several novel candidates for the next generation of therapeutics to prevent or treat progressive transplant dysfunction with interstitial fibrosis.
A missing piece of the transtheoretical model applied to exercise: Development and validation of the temptation to not exercise scale

Abstract Building upon previous research examining the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986), this paper presents two studies on the development and validation of a Temptation To Not Exercise Scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses results showed evidence of two factors, labeled Affect and Competing Demands, which had adequate internal consistency scores. Additional validity of the temptation constructs was demonstrated by the significant decrease of the Affect and Competing Demands scores across the stages of change and the negative relationship between self-efficacy and the Affect and Competing Demands scores. The Temptation to Not Exercise Scale may represent a useful component in the application of the Transtheoretical Model to help understand, predict, and explain exercise behavior.
The nootropic concept and dyslexia

A review is presented of controlled studies using intensive teaching intervention to improve dyslexics’ reading ability. The results of eight controlled studies reveal only one showing the superiority of teaching. Taking this as a background, the work on Nootropics is reviewed. Both animal and clinical work with Piracetam (the first of the Nootropics) seems to indicate that this medication lacks significant or serious side effects and appears to promote memory and learning. Many double-blind studies of Piracetam have now been conducted on dyslexic children. These studies suggest that Piracetam improves the reading ability of dyslexics. In addition electrophysiological studies support the notion that Piracetam may be “left hemisphere active.” Such encouraging trends will doubtless lead to further research in this interesting area.
Patient mobile telephone 'text' reminder: a novel way to reduce non-attendance at the ENT out-patient clinic.

Background Non-attendance at out-patient clinics is a seemingly intractable problem, estimated to cost 65 pounds sterling (97 euros) per incident. This results in under-utilisation of resources and prolonged waiting lists. In an effort to reduce out-patient clinic non-attendance, our ENT department, in conjunction with the information and communication technology department, instigated the use of a mobile telephone short message service ('text') reminder, to be sent out to each patient three days prior to their out-patient clinic appointment. Objective To audit non-attendance rates at ENT out-patient clinics following the introduction of a text reminder system. Study design Retrospective review. Methods Non-attendance at our institution's ENT out-patient clinics was audited, following introduction of a text message reminder system in August 2003. Rates of non-attendance were compared for the text message reminder group and a historical control group. Results Before the introduction of the text message reminder system, the mean rate of non-attendance was 33.6 per cent. Following the introduction of the system, the mean rate of non-attendance reduced to 22 per cent. Conclusion Sending text message reminders is a simple and cost-effective way to improve non-attendance at ENT out-patient clinics.
Classroom assessment techniques (CATs): Tools for improving accounting education

Abstract Classroom assessment techniques (CATs) are ungraded anonymous instruments and techniques used throughout the semester for ongoing micro-assessments of teaching and learning. CATs have the dual mission of promoting learning of subject matter while providing feedback on teaching effectiveness. This paper introduces classroom assessment techniques and gives three examples of CATs that were adapted for use in Principles of Accounting. Teachers of the first course in accounting should put a priority on their interaction with students and on interaction among students. (The First Course in Accounting: AECC Position Statement No. Two)
Urinary macromolecular inhibition of crystal adhesion to renal epithelial cells is impaired in male stone formers.

Urinary macromolecular inhibition of crystal adhesion to renal epithelial cells is impaired in male stone formers. Background Retention of microcrystals that form in tubular fluid could be a critical event in kidney stone formation. This study was performed to determine if urinary macromolecules from stone-forming (SF) individuals have reduced ability to inhibit crystal adhesion to renal cells. Methods A first morning whole urine (WU) sample was obtained from 24 SF subjects (17 males and 7 females) and 24 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls (C). An aliquot of urine was centrifuged and an ultrafiltrate (UF) free of macromolecules >10 kD and 10× concentrate (U conc ) were prepared. Results Supplementing UF with increasing amounts of U conc to return the macromolecule concentration to 0.25×, 0.5×, or 1× of baseline progressively decreased crystal binding to cells. This effect was blunted in the male SF group compared to controls ( P conc and adherent proteins then released and probed by Western blot. Coated COM crystals from male controls contained 3.5-fold more Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) than SF subjects ( P P P = 0.09) correlated with decreased crystal binding to cells, whereas coating with osteopontin (OPN) correlated with increased adhesion tendency ( P Conclusion Urinary macromolecules >10 kD coat COM crystals and block their adhesion to renal cells. This capacity appears to be blunted in male but not female SF individuals. Multiple urinary proteins may play a role in renal cell-urinary crystal interactions, and THP appears to be one of the more important ones.
In vivo inhibition of veratridine-evoked release of striatal excitatory amino acids by the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in rats

In vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats was used to investigate the presynaptic mechanisms by which LY354740, a novel, potent, selective, and systemically active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), alters glutamate neuronal transmission. Basal levels of glutamate and aspartate in striatal dialysates of LY354740 (10 mg/kg i.p.)-treated animals were not significantly different from the saline-treated control animals. In the saline treated controls, veratridine (100 μM) induced a 6-fold increase in glutamate and 9-fold increase in aspartate. However, following LY354740 administration the veratridine-evoked release of glutamate and aspartate was completely prevented. These data demonstrate that LY354740 blocks the evoked release of endogenous excitatory amino acids, and indicate a role for group II mGluRs in presynaptic modulation of glutamate neuronal transmission in vivo.
Organizational Environments, Framing Processes, and the Diffusion of the Program to Address Global Climate Change Among Local Governments in the United States

Few researchers have examined how organizational environments and framing processes simultaneously influence the diffusion of organizational practices. This article combines insight from major perspectives on the diffusion of organizational innovations and from social movement studies, and shows that the adoption of a program to address global climate change by U.S. municipalities is shaped by social contagion and organizational linkages, as well as by the actions of change-promoting agents. The findings emphasize the potential as well as the limitation of the strategic efforts on the part of innovation promoters to frame adoption in a way that will appeal to potential adopters.
Free volume theory for viscosity of simple nonpolar liquids. Part II. Mixtures

The free volume equation for liquid viscosities is generalized to multicomponent mixtures. No experimental mixture data are needed in order to use the correlation. Calculated viscosities for liquid mixtures composed of molecules which approximately obey the Lennard-Jones 6, 12 potential law show very good agreement with experimental data for eight binary systems.
Recent advances in the physiology of latex

Aside from the commercial importance of latex as a source of rubber, gutta percha, opium, papain, and even chewing gum, its widespread occurrence in so many families of plants has aroused the curiosity of many botanists. For not only Hevea, Palaquium, Papaver and Achras contain latex, but also such remotely related genera and species as Lactaria and Russula, Acer platanoides, Asclepias, Lactuca, Taraxacurm, Ficus and many others. The production of latex may assume no inconsiderable part in the metabolism of the plant; for instance, it has been noted by Bobilioff (23) that there are trees of Hevea which yield 80 kg. (175 lbs.) of rubber over a ten-year period. The literature of this subject is scattered through many rather inaccessible journals; the present paper will attempt to select some of the most important recent work from the standpoint of plant physiology. Several helpful reviews of the subject are found in the works of Bobilioff (23), Memmler (60), Frey-Wyssling (41), and Hauser (48),
Biology and life cycle of Atelocauda koae, an unusual demicyclic rust

Atelocauda koae, a rust of the native HawaiianAcacia koa, is considered as a demicyclic species, having spermogonial, aecial, and telial states, but is unusual in production of aeciospores simultaneously with teliospores rather than consecutively. Host inoculation with spores of each state separately confirmed that the life cycle was perpetuated by the telial state, but the aeciospores, while capable of germination and stomal penetration, did not produce detectable infection. This rust therefore behaves as a microcyclic species, and appears to be in evolutionary transition toward this reduced state. Teliospores produced vestigial, permanently attached basidiosopores which germinated to produce infective hyphae. The hyphae entered the host either through stomata or penetrated the epidermis directly, with the latter method being more common. Unusual nuclear associated with teliospore germination, in which meiosis occurs in more than one diploid nucleus was observed, in confirmation of an earlier study.
Cooperation between gene encoding p53 tumour antigen and ras in cellular transformation

The protein p53 is highly expressed in a large variety of transformed cell types originating from diverse species. These include cells transformed by Simian virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus and Abelson virus, as well as a variety of chemically transformed cells. Substantial amounts of p53 are also present in certain non-transformed cells, for example, some embryonic tissues. The protein may be localized in different cellular compartments in normal and transformed cells. The strong correlation between tumorigenicity and high levels of p53 suggests an important role of p53 in tumorigenesis. We report here experiments in which we have co-transfected the murine cellular gene encoding for p53 with a ras gene into primary rat embryo fibroblasts. Our results indicate that the p53-encoding gene can play a causal role in the conversion of normal fibroblasts into tumorigenic cells.
Effect of Counterion Binding on Micellar Solution Behavior: 1. Molecular−Thermodynamic Theory of Micellization of Ionic Surfactants

A molecular−thermodynamic theory is developed to model the micellization of ionic surfactants with added electrolytes in aqueous solution, by combining a thermodynamic description of the micellar solution free energy with a molecular model of the micellization process. The molecular model of micellization, which accounts for the various free-energy contributions associated with assembling the charged micelle from its constituent surfactant ions, allows for a fraction of the counterions, released by the surfactant heads and/or any added electrolytes, to bind onto the micelle surface and effectively induce a partial reduction of the micelle surface charge. The bound counterions are modeled as being intercalated among the surfactant heads on the micelle surface of charge. The remaining counterions are distributed according to the Boltzmann equation in the diffuse region, which lies beyond the Stern layer of steric exclusion adjacent to the micelle surface of charge. Expressions for the various free-energy co...
VARIATION IN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF MURINE TYPHUS INFECTION IN MICE WITH CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

Murine typhus rickettsiae injected intraperitoneally in mice of the dba strain caused a uniformly fatal rickettsial peritonitis if the animals were kept at a room temperature ranging from 65-73 degrees F. or from 70-80 degrees F. With an environmental temperature range of 85-98 degrees F., a mortality of less than 25 per cent was observed. By utilizing different strains of mice and controlling the environmental temperature, conditions may be created under which murine typhus will have any desired degree of mortality. Such conditions have obvious advantages for the evaluation of therapeutic measures in typhus infection.
Acute effects of an arginine-based supplement on neuromuscular, ventilatory, and metabolic fatigue thresholds during cycle ergometry

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of an arginine-based supplement on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT), lactate threshold (LT), ventilatory threshold (VT), and peak oxygen uptake during incremental cycle ergometry. This study used a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, within-subjects crossover design. Nineteen untrained men (mean age ± SD = 22.0 ± 1.7 years) were randomly assigned to ingest either the supplement (3.0 g of arginine, 300 mg of grape seed extract, and 300 mg of polyethylene glycol) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) and performed an incremental test on a cycle ergometer for determination of PWCFT, LT, VT, and peak oxygen uptake. Following a 1-week period, the subjects returned to the laboratory and ingested the opposite substance (either supplement or placebo) prior to completing another incremental test to be reassessed for PWCFT, LT, VT, and peak oxygen uptake. The paired-samples t tests indicated there were signi...
A clustering method for web data with multi-type interrelated components

Traditional clustering algorithms work on "flat" data, making the assumption that the data instances can only be represented by a set of homogeneous and uniform features. Many real world data, however, is heterogeneous in nature, comprising of multiple types of interrelated components. We present a clustering algorithm, K-SVMeans, that integrates the well known K-Means clustering with the highly popular Support Vector Machines(SVM) in order to utilize the richness of data. Our experimental results on authorship analysis of scientific publications show that K-SVMeans achieves better clustering performance than homogeneous data clustering.
International Institutions and Civil War Prevention

We examine the potential of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (HSIGOs) to prevent the escalation of low-level, domestic armed conflicts in member states to civil wars. A state’s membership in HSIGOs alters the bargaining game between the government and rebels by increasing the costs of escalation (e.g., via sanctions) and decreasing the amount of benefits the state hoped to receive from future international cooperation. The anticipation of such consequences provides the government with an increased interest in settling the conflict before it escalates. This in turn also mitigates an important aspect of uncertainty associated with bargaining failure, including enhancing the credibility of commitments. Empirical analyses and follow-up tests of all domestic armed conflicts from 1945 to 2000 provide robust support for the hypothesized conflict-management function of HSIGO memberships.
Lung cancer in HIV-infected patients: the experience of an urban clinic.

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common non-AIDS-defining malignancies among HIV-infected patients. Recent studies suggest that lung cancer risk is 3 to 4 times higher in HIV-infected patients than in uninfected persons after adjusting for other factors such as smoking intensity and duration. Methods: A retrospective chart review (2002-2009) was conducted in our institution. An abstraction form was used to compile data that included demographics, T-cell count, and viral loads before and at the time of diagnosis, comordibities, smoking, and use of alcohol and drugs. Results: A total of 16 patients were found. Of these, 11 (69%) patients were male and 5 (31%) female. The average age at diagnosis was 49 years (range 36-54). The Majority of patients were African American (90%). Their average CD4 counts before and at the time of diagnoses were 241 and 211 cells/mm 3, respectively. Their viral loads before and at the time of diagnosis ranged from <48 to 437 000 and <48 to 590 760 copies/mL, respective...
Effect of undercut placement on crown retention after thermocycling

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of undercuts in castings and/or tooth structure on the retention of crowns luted with glass ionomer cement. After routine full-crown preparations had been made in 48 human premolars, wax patterns were fabricated for each tooth. Retentive coves were then produced with a round bur in either the tooth structure or the wax patterns, or in both. One group of teeth and patterns did not receive any undercuts; this was the control group. Castings were made in non-precious metal. All crowns were luted with glass ionomer cement. Half of the samples were thermocycled, and the remainder were kept at 37 degrees C. Crowns were removed using tension (0.012 cm min-1) and the mean bond strengths calculated. The differences in retentive strengths were tested for statistical significance using ANOVA and Scheffe's test. The presence of coves in castings and/or tooth structure significantly increased the retentive strength of castings cemented with glass ionomer, as compared with conventional crown preparations without retentive undercuts. The effect of thermocycling on the retentive strength of castings cemented with glass ionomer was not statistically significant.
East Asian Culture and Democratic Transition, With Special Reference to the Case of Taiwan

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors contributing to recent democratic transitions in East Asia with special reference to the case of Taiwan. The study of Taiwan's democratization process provides us with interesting theoretical implications. Despite its Confucian heritage, Taiwan decided to move toward democratization. Attitudinal change on the part of both the general public and the political elites was certainly an important factor, but the emergence of a (quasi-)pluralistic social order may have been more consequential. The study concludes that a political culture with strong group consciousness is not necessarily detrimental to democratization.
Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction during Acute Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Natural killer (NK) cells provide one of the initial barriers of cellular host defense against pathogens, in particular intracellular pathogens. The role of these cells in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is unknown. Previously, we characterized the phenotype and function of NK cells from swine (F. N. Toka et al., J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 29:179-192, 2009). In the present study, we report the analysis of NK cells isolated from animals infected with FMDV and tested ex vivo and show that NK-dependent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells as targets was impaired. More relevantly to this infection, the killing of target cells infected with FMDV also was inhibited. Further, the proportion of NK cells capable of producing gamma interferon and storing perforin was reduced. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from infected animals are not productively infected, but virus exposure in vivo resulted in the significant induction of NKp30 and Toll-like receptor 3 expression and the moderate activation of SOCS3 and interleukin-15 receptor mRNA. However, there was little alteration of mRNA expression from a number of other receptor genes in these cells, including SH2D1B and NKG2A (inhibitory) as well as NKp80, NKp46, and NKG2D (activating). These data indicate that this virus infection influences the ability of NK cells to recognize and eliminate FMDV-infected cells. In addition, a reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity coincided with the increase in virus titers, indicating the virus blocking of NK cell-associated innate responses, albeit temporarily. These effects likely culminate in brief but effective viral immune evasion, allowing the virus to replicate and disseminate within the host.
Prebunched High Harmonic Gyrotron

A prebunched beam has been used to further increase the efficiency of our axis-encircling high harmonic gyrotron. The experiment was performed at the third harmonic with a TE312 mode at 27.7 GHz. The conversion power was 6.7 kW which was significantly greater than that of a non-prebunched comparison experiment. Also, mode competition was substantially reduced. The dependence of the output power on the square of current has been verified. The start of oscillation current is effectively zero.
A new paradigm in teletraffic analysis of communication networks

A large class of teletraffic analysis problems encountered in communication networks are based on Markov chains of M/G/1 and G/M/1 type, the study of which require numerically efficient and reliable algorithms to solve the nonlinear matrix equations arising in such chains. The traditional transform approach to solve these chains which requires root finding is known to cause problems when some roots are close or identical. The alternative iterative schemes based on matrix analytic methods have in general low linear convergence rates yielding a computation time bottleneck in solving large-scale probability models. We develop a novel algebraic theory for the solution of these chains based on which we propose numerically efficient algorithms. The key to our approach is an invariant subspace computation implemented using the matrix sign function iterations. These algorithms have high convergence rates unlike the linear convergence rates of existing algorithms, they are amenable to parallelization and can easily be implemented using standard linear algebra software packages.