cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work-Family Interface for Men in Nontraditional Careers.

Men are choosing to enter nontraditional careers with greater frequency. In this article, the authors examine nontraditional career choices made by men and review current empirical literature relevant to this topic. Gottfredson's (1981, 1996) theory of circumscription and compromise and Holland's (1997) career choice theory are used as frameworks to examine factors that influence men to pursue nontraditional career choices. The impact of gender role socialization provides further understanding of career choice. The role strain and changing life and family roles that often accompany these nontraditional occupations are also examined. Implications for career counselors, suggestions for counseling interventions, and directions for future research are also discussed.
File system design using large memories

It is shown using experimental data that file activity is fairly stable over time, and the implications of this finding for file system design are examined. Several file access patterns and how they may be exploited to improve file system performance are shown. In particular, it is shown that current file temperature can be used to predict future file temperature. The design of the iPcress file system, which uses both a large disk cache and other techniques to improve file system performance is outlined. iPcress has a variety of cache staging algorithms and can choose the one most appropriate for each file. iPcress also stores access histories for each file to guide decisions such as file layout on DASD and caching. Preliminary performance figures for iPcress are presented. >
Intelligent telerobotic assistant for people with disabilities

The development of an assistive telerobotic system which integrates human-computer interaction with reactive planning is the goal of our research. The system is intended to operate in an unstructured environment, rather than in a structured workcell, allowing the user considerably freedom and flexibility in terms of control and operating ease. Our approach is based on the assumption that while the user's world is unstructured, objects within are reasonably predictable. We reflect this arrangement by providing a means of determining the superquadric shape representation of the scene, and an object-oriented knowledge base and reactive planner which superimposes information about common objects in the world. A multimodal user interface interprets deictic gesture and speech inputs with the goal of identifying the object that is of interest to the user. The multimodal interface performs a critical disambiguation function by binding the spoken words to a locus in the physical work space. The spoken input is also used to supplant the need for general purpose object recognition. Instead, 3D shape information is augmented by the users spoken word which may also invoke the appropriate inheritance of object properties using the adopted hierarchical object-oriented representation scheme. The underlying planning mechanism results in a reactive, intelligent and `instructible' telerobot. We describe our approach for an intelligent assistive telerobotic system (MUSIIC) for unstructured environments: speech-deictic gesture control integrated with a knowledge-driven reactive planner and a stereo-vision system.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pain Pathways Involved in Fear Conditioning Measured with Fear-Potentiated Startle: Lesion Studies

It is well established that the basolateral amygdala is critically involved in the association between an unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a foot shock, and a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a light, during classic fear conditioning. However, little is known about how the US (pain) inputs are relayed to the basolateral amygdala. The present studies were designed to define potential US pathways to the amygdala using lesion methods. Electrolytic lesions before or after training were placed in caudal granular/dysgranular insular cortex (IC) alone or in conjunction with the posterior intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (PoT/PIL), and the effects on fear conditioning were examined. Pretraining lesions of both IC and PoT/PIL, but not lesions of IC alone, blocked the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle. However, post-training combined lesions of IC and PoT/PIL did not prevent expression of conditioned fear. Given that previous studies have shown that lesions of PoT/PIL alone had no effect on acquisition of conditioned fear, these results suggest that two parallel cortical (insula–amygdala) and subcortical (PoT/PIL–amygdala) pathways are involved in relaying shock information to the basolateral amygdala during fear conditioning.
Towards a General Framework for Cross-Layer Decision Making in Multimedia Systems

In recent years, cross-layer multimedia system design and optimization has garnered significant attention; however, there exists no rigorous methodology for optimizing two or more system layers (e.g., the application, operating system, and hardware layers) jointly while maintaining a separation among the decision processes, designs, and implementations of each layer. Moreover, existing work often relies on myopic optimizations, which ignore the impact of decisions made at the current time on the system's future performance. In this paper, we propose a novel systematic framework for jointly optimizing the different system layers to improve the performance of one multimedia application. In particular, we model the system as a layered Markov decision process (MDP). The proposed layered MDP framework enables each layer to make autonomous and foresighted decisions, which optimize the system's long-term performance.
Perceptual limits for a robotic rehabilitation environment using visual feedback distortion

Imperceptible visual distortion, in the form of a disguised progression of performance goals, may be a helpful addition to rehabilitation after stroke and other brain injuries. This paper describes work that has been done to lay the groundwork for testing this hypothesis. We have constructed and validated an experimental environment that provides controllable visual distortion and allows precise force and position measurements. To estimate the amount of visual distortion that should be imperceptible, we measured the limits for force and distance/position perception in our rehabilitation environment for young and elderly unimpaired subjects and for a single traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient. We found the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for produced force to be 19.7% (0.296 N) and the JND for movement distance/finger position to be 13.0% (3.99 mm) for young subjects (ages 18-35). For elderly subjects (ages 61-80), the JND for force was measured to be 31.0% (0.619 N) and the JND for distance/position was 16.1% (5.01 mm). JNDs of 46.0% (0.920 N) and 45.0% (14.8 mm) were found for the motor-impaired individual. In addition, a subject's rating of effort was found to be profoundly influenced by visual feedback concerning the force magnitude. Even when this feedback was distorted, it accounted for 99% of the variance of the effort rating. These results indicate that substantial visual distortions should be imperceptible to the subject, and that visual feedback can be used to influence the subject's perceived experience in our robotic environment. This means that we should be able to use imperceptible visual distortion to alter a patient's perception of therapeutic exercise in a robotic environment.
A Segment of Human Vh Gene Locus is Duplicated

In humans, the kappa light chain variable region gene (Vk) locus evolved in part by duplications of four large segments. Similarly, some portions of the human heavy chain constant region gene locus are duplicated. Recently, we found that the Humhv3005 Vh gene is highly homologous to the reported 1.9III gene. Subsequently, restriction fragment length polymorphism study of the human Vh locus with a 1.6-kb EcoR1 fragment downstream of the hv3005 gene (termed hv3005/E1.6) suggested that the hv3005 and the 1.9III Vh loci might be generated by duplication from a common-ancestor Vh gene segment. To assess this possibility, we mapped the 15-kb region of the isolated hv3005 clone, beginning from 2 kb upstream, and sequenced the adjacent Vh4 gene (designated Humhv4005) located 10 kb downstream of the hv3005 gene. The result showed that hv4005 shared 99% homology with the 1.9II gene, located about 11 kb downstream of the 1.9III gene. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the hv3005-hv4005 region and the 1.9III-1.9II region arose by a duplication of a common ancestor Vh gene segment.
Direct Single-Stranded DNA Binding by Teb1 Mediates the Recruitment of Tetrahymena thermophila Telomerase to Telomeres

The eukaryotic reverse transcriptase telomerase copies its internal RNA template to synthesize telomeric DNA repeats at chromosome ends in balance with sequence loss during cell proliferation. Previous work has established several factors involved in telomerase recruitment to telomeres in yeast and mammalian cells; however, it remains unclear what determines the association of telomerase with telomeres in other organisms. Here we investigate the cell cycle dependence of telomere binding by each of the seven Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase holoenzyme proteins TERT, p65, Teb1, p50, p75, p45, and p19. We observed coordinate cell cycle-regulated recruitment and release of all of the subunits, including the telomeric-repeat DNA-binding subunit Teb1. Using domain truncation and mutagenesis approaches, we investigated which subunits govern the interaction of telomerase holoenzyme with telomeres. Our results show that Teb1 is critical for telomere interaction of other holoenzyme subunits and demonstrate that high-affinity Teb1 DNA-binding activity is necessary and sufficient for cell cycle-regulated telomere association. Overall, these and additional findings indicate that in the ciliate Tetrahymena, telomerase recruitment to telomeres requires direct binding to single-stranded DNA, unlike the indirect DNA recognition through telomere-bound proteins essential in yeast and mammalian cells.
SWIFT Aligner, A Multifunctional Tool for Parallel Corpora: Visualization, Word Alignment, and (Morpho)-Syntactic Cross-Language Transfer

It is well known that word aligned parallel corpora are valuable linguistic resources. Since many factors affect automatic alignment quality, manual post-editing may be required in some applications. While there are several state-of-the-art word-aligners, such as GIZA++ and Berkeley, there is no simple visual tool that would enable correcting and editing aligned corpora of different formats. We have developed SWIFT Aligner, a free, portable software that allows for visual representation and editing of aligned corpora from several most commonly used formats: TALP, GIZA, and NAACL. In addition, our tool has incorporated part-of-speech and syntactic dependency transfer from an annotated source language into an unannotated target language, by means of word-alignment.
Hispanic and Anglo Interviewer and Respondent Ethnicity and Gender: The Impact on Survey Response Quality:

The author applies a hierarchical regression model to analyze the simultaneous effects of Hispanic and Anglo interviewer and respondent ethnicity and gender on response quality in survey research. ...
An exploratory study of the use of advance directives by US oncologists.

Purpose This study sought to determine the rate of advance directive completion among US oncologists and factors influencing such a decision. Methods We surveyed 7590 members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology using a web-based questionnaire. Results The response rate was 8.1%. Most respondents (59%) had completed at least 1 document: 9% living will, 9% power of attorney for health care, and 41% both. Respondents who were older, men, married, with children, working in the community setting, radiation oncologists, and practicing general oncology were more likely than their counterparts to have an advance directive. Among those who had one, 95% and 36% had discussed their wishes with their loved ones and health care providers, respectively. Factors including experience at work, spouse, children, family, and religion had the most influence on respondents' decision. The majority of those without an advance directive reported either no reason or lack of time. Those who had them were more likely to report having a comprehensive review of their wishes with those closest to them, being more knowledgeable, having more routine discussions with their patients, and being more comfortable helping their patients complete one. Conclusion Only about half of US oncologists who responded to our survey have completed an advance directive.
On Musical Logarithms of An Qingqiao and Zhu Zaiyu

An Qingqiao,the scholar of Qing Dynasty,was the first person who used geometric proportion to the calculation of the rhythm of the sound.His method of the rhythm of the sound was essentially different from that of Zhu Zaiyu.An Qingqiao's thoughts of rhythm of sound represented the modernization of Chinese rhythm of the sound.
The Allied Studies on the Distribution of High-fluorine Water and Diseases on Fluorion in Huaiyuan County of Anhui Province

Objective To understand the distribution of high-fluorine water in rural drinking water of Huaiyuan County, the occurring of the diseases on fluorine and the interdependencies so as to offer effective supports to decrease the fluorine and improve water quality later.Method Investigation was conducted according to the technical scheme.Result High-fluorine water was distributed in 227 of 641 administrative villages, with the proportion of 35.41%. Among the 32050 children involved in the investigation, 3825 children suffered from the dental fluorosis. The incidence of fluorosis was 11.93%. There were significant correlation between high fluorine water and fluorosis. According to the investigation on 3174 wells with the depth of 50m or less, it is found out that the depth of the wells correlated negatively with the density of fluorine in water,r=-0.9496,t=5.264,P0.05. The difference of sex had little influence on the incidence of dental fluorosis,χ2=0.2795,P0.05. Whether the towns are along the Guo River or Huai River influenced? a lot on the quantity of the distribution of the high-fluorine villages,χ2=199.86,P0.01.Conclusion The proportion of the fluorine in water correlated positively with the incidence of dental fluorosis significantly,the difference of sex had little influence on the incidence of dental fluorosis. Guo River and Huai River played a determinative role of the distribution of high-fluorine water. The high-fluorine water of this county belonged to enriching shallow high-fluorine groundwater.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Over the past two decades the incidence of STDs has dramatically increased in the United States. Most patients with these infections present first to primary care physicians. All physicians must be familiar with the common STD syndromes and the indications for specific diagnostic tests in order to provide a comprehensive treatment plan. Primary prevention strategies based on patient education and secondary prevention through judicious use of screening tests in appropriate settings can also limit the morbidity associated with STDs.
Antigenic Heterogeneity of Human Mammary Carcinoma Cells Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract Murine monoclonal antibodies, reactive with human mammary tumor associated antigens, have been generated using membrane-enriched fractions of human metastatic mammary carcinomas as immunogens. Antigenic variation was observed in the expression of specific tumor-associated antigens among and within individual mammary tumor masses using these monoclonal antibodies. This diversity was also observed in human mammary tumor cell lines and clones of the MCF-7 mammary tumor cell line grown in-vitro . Antigenic drift was observed with continued passage of mammary tumor cell lines.
An approximate method for voltage sensitivity calculation in unbalanced distribution systems

Distribution systems in North America are typically radial and unbalanced, especially with the increasing penetration of single-phase distributed energy resources (DER). In the new technological environment, new modeling and analysis approaches need to be developed to study the reliability and economic impacts of DER on the electric distribution system operation. In this study, a novel method for approximating nodal voltage sensitivities is proposed, based on some important observations made about the radial distribution system. The proposed method can efficiently compute voltage sensitivities for all network nodes based on one topology search and one power flow solution. The results have been validated using the perturbation analysis performed on the IEEE 13-Bus Test Feeder model. The proposed method for voltage sensitivity approximation can be applied in the studies of large unbalanced radial distribution systems for supporting distribution system planning and operation decisions.
Spatial–temporal stability analysis of faceted growth with application to horizontal ribbon growth

Spatial–temporal stability analysis has been applied to a solidification model that includes both isotropic and non-isotropic kinetics. In agreement with previous temporal stability analyses, it was shown that the kinetics associated with the propagation of steps across a facet can stabilize solidification processes that would normally be thermally unstable. In cases where the solidification is unstable, it was also shown that pulling the solid with a tangential velocity can cause a transition from “absolute” instability where perturbations cause growth at all locations to “convective” instability where a perturbation grows as it propagates, but at any fixed location disturbances decay away after the perturbation passes. These results were applied to understand instabilities in the floating silicon method (FSM), which is a particular type of horizontal ribbon growth. It was shown that increasing pull-speeds in FSM leads to increasingly unstable thermal growth conditions, but the combination of the kinetics of faceted growth and the tangential pull velocity can stabilize the process. As the pull speed increases, however, the process becomes increasingly sensitive to perturbation.
An Internet Survey of Women with Unicornuate Uterus: Pregnancy Outcomes by Classification

Introduction: Unicornuate Uterus is a rare uterine anomaly that currently has very little scientific research on the reproductive possibilities and experiences of women with this condition, the majority of research is done on individual case studies. This article seeks to gain a wider look at all of the reproductive complications that women with Unicornuate uterus encounter, and also to investigate if there are statistically significant differences between subclasses in regards to reproductive outcomes. Literature review: Unicornuate uterus classifications have been found to have the poorest of reproductive outcomes. Studies have shown a live birth rate of only 29.2% in these women, a prematurity rate of 44%, and a 4% ectopic pregnancy rate. There are four subclasses of Unicornuate uterus. Methods: The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare responses to survey questions designed to explore the relationship between specific Unicornuate uterus conditions and a number of variables associated with the ability to conceive, whether naturally or with the use of fertility drugs, numbers of pregnancies, numbers of miscarriages, length of pregnancies, whether or not bed rest was recommended and, if so, its duration, whether or not a C-section was performed, whether or not infants needed NICU care, and, if so, the length of their stay. Results: Statistically significant differences between women with a communicating condition and those with a non-communicating condition were observed for four outcome variables: a) the ability to conceive naturally, b) numbers of pregnancies, c) numbers of births, and d) numbers of C-sections. Discussion: Communicating subtypes appear to need less medical intervention in obtaining pregnancy, report a higher number of pregnancies and subsequently a higher number of births. Interestingly the non- communicating subtypes report a lower C-section rate.
"Didn't I just say that?" Comparing parent report and spontaneous speech as indicators of grammatical development.

Abstract Background The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales use parental report to examine communication and social skills in children with typical and atypical development, and exhibit high reliability when compared against overall direct testing. However, findings are mixed comparing Vineland communication/language scores with experimenter-administered tests of language. Methods The current study breaks new ground in comparing Vineland reports with direct observation of children’s speech by (a) individual items and (b) level of child functioning, focusing on usage of wh-questions, verb tenses, negation, pronouns and noun-verb combinations. Both ‘high-verbal’ (HV) and ‘middle-verbal’ (MV) children with ASD are included, as well as a language-matched TD group. Results The results revealed that parent report on the Vineland varies in accuracy of capturing the production of grammatical items by young children with ASD and TD children. While parents’ assessment of their child’s production of noun-verb combinations and ‘who/why’ was highly accurate, children’s production of pronouns was under-rated by parents. Additionally, parents of HV children also under-rated their child’s production of past regular verbs. Conclusion Underestimation of these grammatical elements could lead to mistaken conclusions about their development in ASD or in individual children.
Dramaturgy of a Campaign: Viewing the Advertising Agency Process as a Theatrical Production

ABSTRACTThe creation of advertisements is the most widely researched topic in the advertising literature. However, the extant literature on advertising agency dynamics during campaign development remains vague and imprecise. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new framework that can be used in the practice of studying advertising agencies. Twelve face-to-face interviews were conducted with executives at an advertising agency. A qualitative discourse analysis revealed parallels that exist between the major skill areas of an advertising agency and a theatrical troupe. In particular, the roles of producer, director, designer, technical crew, house manager, actors, and audience are similar to roles in an advertising agency.
Science as a Strategy for Social Work

ABSTRACTFor more than one hundred years, various forms of science have been promoted to boost social work’s status as a profession. Evidence-based practice and talk about the science of social work are only the most recent manifestations of this pattern. Counter to this trend, this article argues that the latest upsurge of interest in scientific social work is no more likely than any of its predecessors to address the problems of the profession. Beginning with a linguistic analysis of the words science and scientific as positive signifiers, the article traces social work’s long history of science talk as a means of reassuring funding agencies and bolstering the profession’s status. Drawing on a critique of this discourse as the latest example of abstracted empiricism, it then contends that while scientific social work can only rarely capture what occurs in the field, its attempt to do so actually undercuts practitioners’ professional judgment and discretion. Last, after rejecting science talk as counterpr...
The Speaking Voice

Thus far we have considered the structure and function of the portions of the respiratory system involved in phonation, some of the basic principles of sound production, and the special adaptation of the breathing mechanism for the voice. It now remains for us to examine the processes by which vocal sound is converted into speech and further refined for song. In this chapter our attention will be turned especially upon a consideration of what is good speech, how teaching can be brought to bear on the improvement of speech, questions of special importance to those whose livelihood is more or less dependent upon speech, and finally a few speech problems.
Rights without Remedies: The Court That Cried 'Wolf'

Justice Scalia's majority opinion in Hudson v. Michigan resurrected arguments questioning the legitimacy of the exclusionary rule that had been employed by opponents of the suppression remedy half a century earlier. Although the narrow issue in Hudson was whether violation of the knock-and-announce rule should trigger the exclusionary rule, the majority and dissenting opinions crossed swords over the more fundamental issue of the exclusionary rule's continued viability in the twenty-first century. Ultimately the question they debated was nothing less than the future of constitutional judicial review of searches and seizures conducted by executive branch actors. That issue is the subject of this paper. It begins by examining Hudson's provocative dicta questioning the efficacy of the exclusionary rule. It then examines the theories employed by Supreme Court Justices in the seminal early opinions that established the suppression remedy in federal cases. This is followed by analysis of the arguments made during the mid-twentieth century in Wolf v. Colorado and Mapp v. Ohio (arguments revisited in Hudson). This discussion includes an analysis of the relationship between the exclusionary rule and the broader issue of constitutional judicial review. The final section examines Irvine v. California, and explains how this 1954 case transformed Chief Justice Warren's views about the need for the exclusionary rule in search and seizure cases. Chief Justice Warren's conversion on these issues provides a provocative example of why the exclusionary rule is an essential element of constitutional judicial review of police practices.
Fatty Liver, NASH, and Alcoholic Liver Disease

This article reviewed the histology, risk factors, and causes of steatosis in both alcoholic disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The biochemical mechanisms of hepatic injury in alcoholic liver disease and NASH were further thoroughly reviewed.
Coordinated platooning with multiple speeds

Abstract In a platoon, vehicles travel one after another with small intervehicle distances; trailing vehicles in a platoon save fuel because they experience less aerodynamic drag. This work presents a coordinated platooning model with multiple speed options that integrates scheduling, routing, speed selection, and platoon formation/dissolution in a mixed-integer linear program that minimizes the total fuel consumed by a set of vehicles while traveling between their respective origins and destinations. The performance of this model is numerically tested on a grid network and the Chicago-area highway network. We find that the fuel-savings factor of a multivehicle system significantly depends on the time each vehicle is allowed to stay in the network; this time affects vehicles’ available speed choices, possible routes, and the amount of time for coordinating platoon formation. For problem instances with a large number of vehicles, we propose and test a heuristic decomposed approach that applies a clustering algorithm to partition the set of vehicles and then routes each group separately. When the set of vehicles is large and the available computational time is small, the decomposed approach finds significantly better solutions than does the full model.
A Holistic Assessment of the Risks and Benefits of the Synthesis of Horsepox Virus.

ABSTRACT The re-creation of horsepox virus, an extinct orthopoxvirus with similarity to smallpox virus, has caused concerns in the biosecurity and biodefense communities that the technical capabilities achieved could advance the re-creation of smallpox virus by nefarious actors. The work is now published. While the authors went through due biosecurity diligence at their research institution and with the proper Canadian federal authorities, now that the experiments have been published, there is an opportunity to discuss the dual use risks and benefits of the research itself, as well as those associated with publication of such research—all of which challenge current policies. Here, an analytical framework is used to assess the risks and benefits of such dual use research, and relevant components of biosecurity policy and the biodefense enterprise (including the acquisition of medical countermeasures) in the United States are discussed. The authors emphasize the need to use such risk/benefit assessments at the onset of research and throughout its development, followed by an assessment for its responsible communication.
Complementing T Regulatory Cells to Combat Hypertension

With the recent updates to the definition of hypertension,1 it is expected that over half the adults in the United States will have elevated, stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension and may require blood pressure-lowering medication. Many of the current hypertension medications target the renin–angiotensin system and affect cells within the kidney and vasculature, but basic scientists are discovering new targets for the treatment of hypertension. Article, see p 970 There is now overwhelming evidence that inflammation and immunity promote the development and maintenance hypertension.2,3 The immune system is divided into 2 branches: the innate, which spontaneously responds to danger signals presented by foreign invaders, and the adaptive, which involves specific cell-mediated responses. It is inevitable that innate and adaptive processes work together to defend the host from pathogens and harm. In this issue of Circulation Research , Chen et al4 explains the intriguing relationship between complement activation (an innate response) and T regulatory (Tregs) cells (an important player in the adaptive response) and their roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The complement system is an intricate mechanism consisting of 3 different pathways (ie, classical, mannan-binding lectin, and alternative pathways) that use >30 blood-bound proteins that are instinctively activated in response to pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns.5–7 Within the classical pathway, complement activation products, …
Cytogenetics of hepatoblastoma

The cytogenetics of hepatoblastoma demonstrate recurring events which include whole chromosome trisomies, most commonly trisomy of chromosome 2, 8, or 10. In addition, unbalanced translocations involving a breakpoint on the proximal short arm of chromosome 1 are observed which result in a duplication of the long arm of chromosome 1q. The most commonly involved reciprocal chromosomal arm is 4q, although the reciprocal chromosome is highly variable and always results in a loss of chromosomal material. The full significance of these chromosomal changes has yet to be confirmed in large studies, however a suggestion of an association of duplication of regions of 2q with a poor prognosis. A rare sub-type of hepatoblastoma, known as the small cell undifferentiated variant, is associated with deletion or translocation of 22q, the locus of the rhabdoid tumor gene, SMARCB1.
A VASOPRESSIN HYPOTHESIS OF AFFECTIVE ILLNESS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

A number of lines of evidence suggest that the central nervous system peptide vasopressin deserves study for its role in major affective illness. For instance, vasopressin can influence several processes of significance in the symptom complex of affective illness, including alterations in the consolidation of memory, the modulation of pain sensitivity, the synchronization of biological rhythms, the timing and quality of REM sleep, and the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. In addition, vasopressin is functionally linked to monoamine neurotransmitter systems, and along with these systems is altered by pharmacological agents which affect mood. To study central vasopressin function in patients with affective illness, we measured the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vasopressin and the centrally mediated plasma vasopressin response to hypertonic saline in depressed and manic subjects during a placebo period and following treatment with psychoactive agents. The results of these preliminary studies are compatible with the overall hypothesis (1) that central vasopressin function is diminished in depression and augmented in mania.
Influence of water antimicrobials and storage conditions on inactivating MS2 bacteriophage on strawberries

Abstract Foodborne illnesses caused by norovirus contaminated fresh produce remain a food safety concern worldwide. In the present study, the impacts of commercial and home processing conditions of strawberries were evaluated for inactivation of the MS2 bacteriophage. MS2 was used as a surrogate of norovirus and was spot inoculated onto strawberries to achieve 6.6 log PFU/g. The inoculated strawberries were washed with tap water, electrolyzed water, or 50 ppm chlorine for 90 s prior to and after storage. After initial washing, the strawberries were separately stored at −20 °C and −80 °C for 30 days. Change in MS2 populations on strawberries was evaluated by plaque assay method on day 1, 15, and 30 for −20 °C and −80 °C groups. The results showed that washing strawberries prior to storage resulted in a significant decrease (approximately 1 log PFU/g) of MS2 population regardless of the treatment (p
Identification of Ribosome Pause Sites Using a Z-Score Based Peak Detection Algorithm

During protein synthesis, the speed of ribosomes as they move along mRNAs can vary based on multiple biological factors. It has been reported that pausing of ribosomes can influence gene expression through multiple mechanisms, such as facilitating protein folding and triggering translational abandonment. However, a deeper understanding of ribosomal pausing and its’ regulation is still missing. Ribosome profiling is a rapidly emerging technique for capturing a global "snap-shot" of ribosome position and activity. The method shows great potential for investigating many aspects of translating ribosomes. In particular, pause sites can be found by identifying peaks in ribosome profiling data. Here we present riboSmoothR, a novel method for identifying such peaks. Our algorithm utilizes the smoothed z-score method to identify anomalous ribosome footprint counts along a transcript. We show that riboSmoothR identifies a larger number of conserved peak sites than other commonly used peak finding methods. Additionally, we describe sequence-based features associated with peak sites identified by our method, such as codon and amino acid biases.
Conversion of lignin into renewable carboxylic acid compounds by advanced oxidation processes

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate formation of possible carboxylic acids from oxidation of lignin by Fenton and UV-Fenton advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The study was performed with model lignin monomers (syringaldehyde (SA), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA), 2-methoxyphenol (2-MP) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP)) and also with lignin isolated from eastern red cedar. Products in samples withdrawn from the reactor mixture at different oxidation stages were determined by GC-MS. Oxidation of one of lignin monomer (2-MP) was also performed with a different AOPs (UV/TiO2) for comparison of oxidation products. Depending on the oxidation stages, various carboxylic acids having aromatic and non-aromatic structures with mono- or di-carboxyl functional groups were determined. Performing oxidation of 2-MP with UV/TiO2 led to formation of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid as a low-carbon chain monocarboxylic acid which was not formed in Fenton and UV-Fenton. Oxidation products from the lignin fraction had mono- and di-carboxylic acid products in low percentages.
Cell-Free DNA Release by Mouse Fetal Membranes.

Cell-free “fetal” DNA is released from the placenta. Because the fetal membranes also arise from the trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst, these studies sought to test the hypothesis that the membranes also release cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Fetal membranes were harvested from pregnant CD-1 mice and cultured in 12-well plates containing media alone or with staurosporine and thapsigargin (apoptosis stimulators), Q-VD-OPh (caspase inhibitor), Trolox (vitamin E analog), and lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; inflammatory mediators). The cfDNA in the media was extracted, quantified, and normalized for tissue weight. Media was used for a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Membrane homogenates were used to assess activated caspase levels and the expression of DNA fragmentation factor B (DFFB) and BAX proteins. 5-Methylcytosine was assessed using a 5-mC DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cfDNA was used to stimulate interleukin 6 (IL6) release by J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells. Increased cfDNA release at 6 and 21 hours occurred in parallel with increasing LDH levels. The cfDNA concentrations were significantly suppressed by Q-VD-OPh and Trolox and increased by thapsigargin and TNFα. Increased caspase activity was suppressed by Q-VD-OPh and increased by TNFα, thapsigargin, and staurosporine. The expression of BAX and DFFB proteins significantly increased by 21 hours. 5-Methylcytosine levels were significantly lower in fetal membranes and placentas and below detectable in the cfDNA released by the explants. The cfDNA-stimulated IL6 release by macrophage cells was suppressed by chloroquine, a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibitor. These studies have confirmed cfDNA release by the mouse fetal membranes; cfDNA was markedly hypomethylated and a robust stimulator of TLR9.
Correction to: The Big 5 Personality Traits and Willingness to Justify Unethical Behavior—A Cross-National Examination

The name of the second author was incorrect in the initial online publication. The original article has been corrected.
Advances in polymer-anchored carbon nanotube foam: a review

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotube-based foams are three-dimensional macroscopic assemblies. This review emphasizes essential types of carbon nanotube-based foams including (i) neat carbon nanotube foam; (ii)...
Characterizations of A2 matrix power weights

Abstract In the scalar setting, the power functions | x | γ , for − 1 γ 1 , are the canonical examples of A 2 weights. In this paper, we study two types of power functions in the matrix setting, with the goal of obtaining canonical examples of A 2 matrix weights. We first study Type 1 matrix power functions, which are n × n matrix functions whose entries are of the form a | x | γ . Our main result characterizes when these power functions are A 2 matrix weights and has two extensions to Type 1 power functions of several variables. We also study Type 2 matrix power functions, which are n × n matrix functions whose eigenvalues are of the form a | x | γ . We find necessary conditions for these to be A 2 matrix weights and give an example showing that even nice functions of this form can fail to be A 2 matrix weights.
Administering Artificial Intelligence

As AI increasingly features in everyday life, it is not surprising to hear calls to step up regulation of the technology. In particular, a turn to administrative law to grapple with the consequences of AI is understandable because the technology’s regulatory challenges appear facially similar to those in other technocratic domains, such as the pharmaceutical industry or environmental law. But AI is unique, even if it is not different in kind. AI’s distinctiveness comes from technical attributes—namely, speed, complexity, and unpredictability—that strain administrative law tactics, in conjunction with the institutional settings and incentives, or strategic context, that affect its development path. And this distinctiveness means both that traditional, sectoral approaches hit their limits, and that turns to a new agency like an “FDA for algorithms” or a “federal robotics commission” are of limited utility in constructing enduring governance solutions. This Article assesses algorithmic governance strategies in light of the attributes and institutional factors that make AI unique. In addition to technical attributes and the contemporary imbalance of public and private resources and expertise, AI governance must contend with a fundamental conceptual challenge: algorithmic applications permit seemingly technical decisions to de facto regulate human behavior, with a greater potential for physical and social impact than ever before. This Article warns that the current trajectory of AI development, which is dominated by large private firms, augurs an era of private governance. To maintain the public voice, it suggests an approach rooted in governance of data—a fundamental AI input—rather than only contending with the consequences of algorithmic outputs. Without rethinking regulatory strategies to ensure that public values inform AI research, development, and deployment, we risk losing the democratic accountability that is at the heart of public law.
Air Racing in America

GREAT things had been expected of the American National Air Races this year, with many new racing machines to the fore. The Hughes high‐wing monoplane, equipped with a 1,000 h.p. twin‐row Wasp engine and built at a cost of $120,000 in Los Angeles, California, was expected, from wind tunnel tests, to achieve a speed of 367 miles per hour, but, unfortunately, was completed too late for participation in the races. Actually, the competing aeroplanes and the pilots were in the end the same that had gained prominence in former years. The records established by J. Doolittle in 1932—a landplane speed record of 294·38 miles per hour and an average of 252·686 miles per hour in the closed circuit Thompson Trophy race, secured in a Gee Bee Sportster—were not even approached, as can be seen from Table I. The difficulty in aeroplane racing in the United States lies in the fact that the well‐established manufacturers do not regard it as worth their while to participate. Racing machines are built by small adventurous groups of pilots and individualistic constructors, and these groups in the lean depression years have generally found it difficult to secure financial backers.
Where There Is No School: A New Transactional Model of Radio Instruction

After schools were re-opened in Chibok, Borno State of Northeast Nigeria, two years after they were shut down, Nigeria’s Cable newspaper, in its July 27, 2016 issue, reported that the students had “become academically poor,” after being away from school for so long.
Educating Parents About Corporal Punishment and Effective Discipline: Pediatricians' Preparedness, Motivation, and Barriers.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess U.S. pediatricians’ preparedness, motivation, and barriers related to educating parents about corporal punishment (CP) and effective child discipline. Methods A random sample of 1,500 pediatricians was drawn from a nationwide database in the U.S. A self-administered questionnaire was sent via mail in 2016. The response rate (53%; n = 787) was maximized via repeated survey mailings and use of cash incentives. Results The majority of respondents were White (69%), female (59%) and were members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (85%). Most pediatricians felt somewhat prepared to advise parents about child discipline, particularly CP, and perceived their colleagues to be slightly less prepared than themselves. Although most (72%) respondents believed it was “extremely/very” likely that parents valued their advice about child discipline, only 36% believed parents were “extremely/very” likely to follow their advice. Most respondents were highly motivated to participate in activities designed to change norms regarding CP. The most common strategy pediatricians identified for improving child behavior was being consistent with rules (71%). Perceived barriers to providing child discipline advice to parents included lack of time (90%), lack of insurance reimbursement (48%) and lack of training and educational resources (47%). Conclusions Pediatricians are a key source of professional advice for parents about how to discipline children safely. Given this, along with strong approval and use of CP in the U.S. and its harm for children, the current findings suggest a strong need for pediatricians to receive additional training on how to advise parents about child discipline along with removal of barriers to providing such advice.
Sex and chronic stress alter delta opioid receptor distribution within rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells following behavioral challenges.

Abstract Following oxycodone (Oxy) conditioned place preference (CPP), delta opioid receptors (DORs) differentially redistribute in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells in female and male rats in a manner that would promote plasticity and opioid-associative learning processes. However, following chronic immobilization stress (CIS), males do not acquire Oxy-CPP and the trafficking of DORs in CA3 pyramidal neurons is attenuated. Here, we examined the subcellular distribution of DORs in CA1 pyramidal cells using electron microscopy in these same cohorts. CPP Saline (Sal)-females compared to Sal-males have more cytoplasmic and total DORs in dendrites and more DOR-labeled spines. Following Oxy-CPP, DORs redistribute from near-plasmalemma pools in dendrites to spines in males. CIS Control females compared to control males have more near-plasmalemmal dendritic DORs. Following CIS, dendritic DORs are elevated in the cytoplasm in females and near-plasmalemma in males. CIS plus CPP CIS Sal-females compared to CIS Sal-males have more DORs on the plasmalemma of dendrites and in spines. After Oxy, the distribution of DORs does not change in either females or males. Conclusion Following Oxy-CPP, DORs within CA1 pyramidal cells remain positioned in naive female rats to enhance sensitivity to DOR agonists and traffic to dendritic spines in naive males where they can promote plasticity processes. Following CIS plus behavioral enrichment, DORs are redistributed within CA1 pyramidal cells in females in a manner that could enhance sensitivity to DOR agonists. Conversely, CIS plus behavioral enrichment does not alter DORs in CA1 pyramidal cells in males, which may contribute to their diminished capacity to acquire Oxy-CPP.
STXBP1 encephalopathies: Clinical spectrum, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies

Mutations in Munc18-1/STXBP1 (syntaxin-binding protein 1) are linked to various severe early epileptic encephalopathies and neurodevelopmental disorders. Heterozygous mutations in the STXBP1 gene include missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice site mutations, as well as intragenic deletions and duplications and whole-gene deletions. No genotype-phenotype correlation has been identified so far, and patients are treated by anti-epileptic drugs because of the lack of a specific disease-modifying therapy. The molecular disease mechanisms underlying STXBP1-linked disorders are yet to be fully understood, but both haploinsufficiency and dominant-negative mechanisms have been proposed. This review focuses on the current understanding of the phenotypic spectrum of STXBP1-linked disorders, as well as discusses disease mechanisms in the context of the numerous pathways in which STXBP1 functions in the brain. We additionally evaluate the available animal models to study these disorders and highlight potential therapeutic approaches for treating these devastating diseases.