cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of reversible protein aggregate and crystal structure

We simulated the structure of reversible protein aggregates as a function of protein surface characteristics, protein-protein interaction energies, and the entropic penalty accompanying the immobilization of protein in a solid phase. These simulations represent an extension of our previous work on kinetically irreversible protein aggregate structure and are based on an explicit accounting of the specific protein-protein interactions that occur within reversible aggregates and crystals. We considered protein monomers with a mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface regions suspended in a polar solvent; the energetic driving force for aggregation is provided by the burial of solvent-exposed hydrophobic surface area. We analyzed the physical properties of the generated aggregates, including density, protein-protein contact distributions, solvent accessible surface area, porosity, and order, and compared our results with the protein crystallization literature as well as with the kinetically irreversible case. The physical properties of reversible aggregates were consonant with those observed for the irreversible aggregates, although in general, reversible aggregates were more stable energetically and were more crystal-like in their order content than their irreversible counterparts. The reversible aggregates were less dense than the irreversible aggregates, indicating that the increased energetic stability is derived primarily from the optimality rather than the density of the packing in the solid phase. The extent of hydrophobic protein-protein contacts and solvent-exposed surface area within the aggregate phase depended on the aggregation pathway: reversible aggregates tended to have a greater proportion of hydrophobic-hydrophobic contacts and a smaller fraction of hydrophobic solvent-exposed surface area. Furthermore, the arrangement of hydrophobic patches on the protein surface played a major role in the distribution of protein contacts and solvent content. This was readily reflected in the order of the aggregates: the greater the contiguity of the hydrophobic patches on the monomer surface, the less ordered the aggregates became, despite the opportunities for rearrangement offered by a reversible pathway. These simulations have enhanced our understanding of the impact of protein structural motifs on aggregate properties and on the demarcation between aggregation and crystallization.
Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of aortic subvalvular pseudoaneurysm with left ventricular fistula.

A 25-year old asymptomatic man was participating in a serial study of prosthetic valve function. A previously unsuspected subvalvular pseudoaneurysm located near the left sinus of V alsalva, communicating with the left ventricle by means of a fistula, was detected echocardiographically, and the patient was hospitalized for further evaluation. A 21 mm Ionescu-Shiley Low Profile prosthesis had been inserted 4 years previously following acute aortic valve endocarditis . . At operation a healed abscess was found in the left ventricular outflow tract just below the commissure between the right and left coronary cusps; it had partially destroyed the aortic valve anulus in this area. Specific repair of the abscess was not required. The prosthesis was inserted without difficulty in the anulus, and there were no complications during or after operation. The patient was doing well clinically, without symptoms or abnormal physical findings on regular serial examinations in the cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery clinics. At the time of presentation for a scheduled research examination the pulse was 64 beats I min, blood pressure was 150/80 mm Hg, and temperature was 36° C. Auscultation revealed the presence of a II/VI aortic outflow murmur, previously noted and unchanged. A diastolic murmur was not present. Imaging ultrasound revealed a saccular dilation near the left sinus ofValsalva in the parasternal shortaxis view (Figure 1). This was not present on two previous echocardiograms, which were done at 6-
Structural Underpinnings of Nitrogen Regulation by the Prototypical Nitrogen-Responsive Transcriptional Factor NrpR

Summary Plants and microorganisms reduce environmental inorganic nitrogen to ammonium, which then enters various metabolic pathways solely via conversion of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to glutamate and glutamine. Cellular 2OG concentrations increase during nitrogen starvation. We recently identified a family of 2OG-sensing proteins—the nitrogen regulatory protein NrpR—that bind DNA and repress transcription of nitrogen assimilation genes. We used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of NrpR regulatory domain. We identified the NrpR 2OG-binding cleft and show that residues predicted to interact directly with 2OG are conserved among diverse classes of 2OG-binding proteins. We show that high levels of 2OG inhibit NrpRs ability to bind DNA. Electron microscopy analyses document that NrpR adopts different quaternary structures in its inhibited 2OG-bound state compared with its active apo state. Our results indicate that upon 2OG release, NrpR repositions its DNA-binding domains correctly for optimal interaction with DNA thereby enabling gene repression.
FRACTURE OF TUNGSTEN SINGLE CRYSTALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES.

Abstract The fracture behavior of both strain-anneal grown and melt-grown tungsten single crystals of high purity was investigated in the temperature range of 77°K and room temperature. It was found that in the absence of surface defects and weak boundaries crystals of all orientations rupture at room temperature by thinning down to a knife edge. At 199°K a transition between rupture and cleavage fracture is observed in some orientations as a result of high strain concentrations at rupture notches. At 199°K and below twinning limits ductility by crack nucleation at the intersection of two twin bands with non-parallel twinning directions. It was observed also that interaction of non-coplanar twins of one family alone could give rise to cracks. The evidence is consistent with the formation of sub-critical size cracks before final fracture which have to await the fulfillment of a fracture propagation condition.
Studies of radio frequency interference in SMOS observations

ESA's SMOS mission has been providing L-band brightness temperature observations of the Earth since launch in Nov. 2009. Radio frequency interference (RFI) is clearly present in SMOS data, and RFI detection and mitigation remains a challenging problem. The interferometric nature of SMOS observations also causes some RFI artifacts in SMOS measurements that do not reflect the actual brightness temperature values. This paper reports on an analysis of SMOS RFI in North America, including a study of RFI artifacts and a method for their removal. Properties of the remaining RFI sources are then examined after artifact removal.
Separating Atrial Flutter From Atrial Fibrillation With Apparent Electrocardiographic Organization Using Dominant and Narrow F-Wave Spectra

Objectives The purpose of this study was to separate atrial flutter (AFL) with atypical F waves from fibrillation (AF) with “apparent organization.” Background We hypothesized that F-wave spectra should reveal a dominant and narrow peak in AFL, reflecting its single macro–re-entrant wave front, but broad spectra in AF, reflecting multiple wave fronts. Methods We identified 39 patients with electrocardiograms (ECGs) of “AFL/AF” or “coarse AF” from 134 consecutive patients referred for ablation: 21 had AFL (18 atypical, 3 typical), 18 had AF, and all were successfully ablated. Filtered atrial ECGs were created by cross-correlating F waves to successive ECG time points. Dominant peaks between 3 and 10 Hz were identified from power spectra of X (lead V5), Y (aVF), and Z (V1) axes, and for each, we calculated height (relative to two adjacent spectral points) and area ratio to envelopes of bandwidth 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 Hz (range 0 to 1, where higher ratios reflect narrower peaks). Results Dominant peaks had greater relative height for AFL than AF (three-axis mean: 14.2 ± 6.4 dB vs. 6.6 ± 2.1 dB; p Conclusions In ambiguous ECGs with atypical F waves, spectral evidence for a solitary activation cycle separates AFL from AF with “apparent organization.” This approach might improve bedside ECG diagnosis and shed light on intra-atrial organization of both rhythms.
Evidence for the degenerate dwarf nature of Cygnus X-2

Observations of Cygnus X-2 using the Copernicus satellite have revealed a novel relationship between the spectral hardness and the intensity of this source in the 3-8 keV band. This behavior is very similar to that predicted for a spherically accreting nonmagnetic degenerate dwarf. The data, interpreted in terms of this model, determine solar mass, luminosity, and the distance for Cyg X-2; these parameters are at variance with the values derived from optical observations of the system. The implications of this discrepancy for the understanding of the source are examined.
XAFS and crystallographic studies of Ni(II) porphyrins in single crystals and solution

Nickel porphyrins serve as models for the active sites of several biological processes. Crystallographic and EXAFS results for a Ni meso-tetrapropyl porphyrin (NiTPrP) yield different Ni-N distances in solution and in the solid State. The Ni-N distances determined by single crystal polarized XAS and X-ray diffraction agree well. Polarized XANES experiments further establish that the pre-edge feature observed in square planar Ni(II) complexes is a 1s-4pz transition. The single crystal and solution EXAFS results demonstrate that conformational variations of the porphyrin macrocycle can readily be imposed by environmental and/or packing forces and can thereby modulate the chemical and physical properties of porphyrinic chromophores and prosthetic groups.
Simultaneous analysis of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides in comfrey root by LC-ion trap mass spectrometry

The purpose of the current study was to develop a LC-MSn method for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in comfrey. Published data presents an extensive list of PAs and their N-oxides present in comfrey. However, standards are not commercially available for any of the PAs typically present in comfrey. Those PAs that are not stereoisomers were readily resolved on a C18 column using a water–acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase. The use of a selective technique, LC-MS/MS, allowed us to identify groups of PAs and their N-oxides, as well as identify the number of PAs present in each group, including those that were not completely resolved chromatographically.
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate Mediates the Interaction of Syndecan-4 with Protein Kinase C†

Recent studies have demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of syndecan-4, a widely expressed transmembrane proteoglycan, can activate protein kinase Calpha in vitro, in combination with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P(2)). Syndecan-4 is involved in growth factor binding as well as in adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, while PI-4,5-P(2) synthesis is modulated by growth factor and adhesion-generated signaling. The cooperative activation of PKCalpha by the proteoglycan and the phosphatidylinositol may constitute, therefore, an essential part of the cell's response to these extracellular signals. To characterize the activation mechanism of PKCalpha, we addressed here the nature of the interplay between syndecan-4, PI-4,5-P(2), and PKCalpha by measuring their mutual binding affinities and the specificity of their interactions. We found that the cytoplasmic tail of syndecan-4 is unlikely to bind directly to PKCalpha, and that this interaction critically depends on PI-4,5-P(2). The PI-4,5-P(2) specificity of the activation of PKCalpha is conferred by the cytoplasmic tail of syndecan-4, which has higher binding affinity for this phosphatidylinositol over phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate and the -3,4,5-trisphospate. The activation is specific to PKCalpha and does not encompass the novel protein kinase C delta isoenzyme.
Antibodies to carbonic anhydrase in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases.

Objective. Autoantibodies to CA were demonstrated in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and some other rheumatic diseases. This study was undertaken to define the isoform and species specificity of these reactions, as well as to develop a method for detecting immune complexes. Methods. Antibodies to CA were sought by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by Western immunoblotting. Results. An increased prevalence of CA autoantibodies was detected, by both methods, in patients with SLE, scleroderma, and polymyositis, compared with controls. In SLE patients, CA autoantibodies occurred preferentially in those with anti—U1 RNP or anti-U1 RNP and Ro/SS-A. Some sera reacted with only the CA 1 or CA II isoform, while ˜50% of sera that were CA positive reacted with both isoforms. The autoantibodies reacted preferentially with the human enzymes, rather than the bovine CA, both on Western blot and by ELISA. Selected IgG F(ab')2 fragments from anti-CA—containing sera specifically inhibited the enzyme activity of CA, and the CA inhibitor acetazolamide partially inhibited the binding of anti-CA to CA. Thus, at least a part of autoanti-CA is directed toward the active site of CA. Finally, CA molecules were detected as immune complexes in sera from selected anti-CA-positive patients. Conclusion. Autoantibodies to CA represent a previously unrecognized autoantibody to an abundant intracellular protein of the human erythrocyte.
Up Versus Down: The Role of Intersensory Redundancy in the Development of Infants' Sensitivity to the Orientation of Moving Objects

According to the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (IRH), during early development, perception of nonredundantly specified properties is facilitated in unimodal stimulation as compared with bimodal stimulation. Later in development, attention becomes more flexible and infants can detect nonredundantly specified properties in both unimodal and bimodal stimulation. This study tested these predictions by assessing the development of infants' sensitivity to the orientation of an object striking a surface, information that is nonredundantly specified in visual and in audiovisual stimulation. Infants of 3, 5, and 8 months were habituated to unimodal visual or bimodal, synchronous, audiovisual films of a hammer tapping a rhythm in 1 of 2 orientations (upward vs. downward). Results demonstrated an Age × Condition interaction, where younger infants (3 and 5 months) detected the orientation change in unimodal but not bimodal stimulation, whereas older infants (8 months) detected the change in both types of stimulation. Further, in a control study, 3-month-olds detected the orientation change when bimodal stimulation was asynchronous, demonstrating that temporal synchrony impaired performance in the bimodal condition. These findings converge with those of prior studies and support predictions of the IRH.
Vibrometry-based vehicle identification framework using nonlinear autoregressive neural networks and decision fusion

This research considers simulated laser radar (LADAR) vibrometry for vehicle identification. Time sampled data is considered for developing multiple nonlinear autoregressive neural network (NARNet) classifier models. Emphasis is placed on robustness to sensor location and using small amounts of data. Decision level fusion is used to combine results from multiple classifiers. Results offer improved classification performance as compared to the literature.
Lymphangioma of the ankle region

The author presents a rare lower leg tumor that appeared on a pediatric patient. Clinical and histologic characteristics are discussed. Irradiation is not recommended due to the potential for inducing malignancy.
Gallium arsenide metal-semiconductor-metal photodiodes as optoelectronic mixers for microwave single-sideband modulation.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors have unique properties including high-bandwidth, linearity, and biphase response that make them suitable as mixers and programmable weights for microwave and communications applications. An optical technique for microwave single-sideband modulation that uses GaAs MSM photodiodes as mixers is reported. It uses MSM Schottky photodiodes formed in a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As materials system to detect microwave in-phase and quadrature signals on optical carriers. Modulation of the photodetector bias voltages results in a single-sideband modulation of the microwave signal. Radio frequency and undesired-sideband suppression of 36 and 27 dB, respectively, were achieved. The optical wavelength was 850 nm, and the bandwidth of the photodetectors was ≥29 GHz.
Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Abstract Our objective was to investigate the application of three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic volume rendering with perceptual colorization on preoperative imaging for malignant pleural mesothel...
An AFM-Based Stiffness Clamp for Dynamic Control of Rigidity

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool for measuring material properties in biology and imposing mechanical boundary conditions on samples from single molecules to cells and tissues. Constant force or constant height can be maintained in an AFM experiment through feedback control of cantilever deflection, known respectively as a ‘force clamp’ or ‘position clamp’. However, stiffness, the third variable in the Hookean relation F = kx that describes AFM cantilever deflection, has not been dynamically controllable in the same way. Here we present and demonstrate a ‘stiffness clamp’ that can vary the apparent stiffness of an AFM cantilever. This method, employable on any AFM system by modifying feedback control of the cantilever, allows rapid and reversible tuning of the stiffness exposed to the sample in a way that can decouple the role of stiffness from force and deformation. We demonstrated the AFM stiffness clamp on two different samples: a contracting fibroblast cell and an expanding polyacrylamide hydrogel. We found that the fibroblast, a cell type that secretes and organizes the extracellular matrix, exhibited a rapid, sub-second change in traction rate (dF/dt) and contraction velocity (dx/dt) in response to step changes in stiffness between 1–100 nN/µm. This response was independent of the absolute contractile force and cell height, demonstrating that cells can react directly to changes in stiffness alone. In contrast, the hydrogel used in our experiment maintained a constant expansion velocity (dx/dt) over this range of stiffness, while the traction rate (dF/dt) changed with stiffness, showing that passive materials can also behave differently in different stiffness environments. The AFM stiffness clamp presented here, which is applicable to mechanical measurements on both biological and non-biological samples, may be used to investigate cellular mechanotransduction under a wide range of controlled mechanical boundary conditions.
Fluctuating Shear Stress Effects on Stress Fiber Architecture and Energy Metabolism of Cultured Renal Cells

The project investigates the relationship between the external shear force and the actin cytoskeleton along with the metabolic changes occurring inside the cells due to this force. Anchorage-dependent Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were placed in spinner flasks with paddle-type stirrers agitated at 20 rpm, where they experienced shear stress fluctuations from 0.02 to 0.27 dyn/cm2 in magnitude. Following fixation, permeabilization, and staining with rhodamine-phalloidin, the relative amounts and distribution of F-actin stress fibers in the 1 micron basal layer of the cells were visualized by confocal microscopy. These structures disappeared after 12-15 h of exposure to shear stress. Previous results showed that the stress fibers disappear, leading to loss of epithelial attachment, after only 1 h of starvation-induced energy depletion. Therefore, in this study, the energy metabolism of the cells was established by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels at different time intervals. No statistical difference in ATP content was found between the shear-stressed cells and the controls, showing that shear stresses cause cytoskeletal reorganization by a mechanism other than ATP depletion.
DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS

Diagnosis of endometriosis requires careful interpretation of objective surgical and pathologic findings in the context of the patient's clinical presentation. Clinical assessment helps to identify patients at high risk of endometriosis and selects those who warrant further testing. Determination of the serum level of CA-125, and to a lesser extent, other proteins, may be helpful in evaluating selected population at risk and following the course of the disease. Selective use of imaging studies, especially ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, may also be helpful. Ultimately, the diagnosis of endometriosis is usually confirmed or refuted by laparoscopy, preferably performed in conjunction with histologic evaluation of excised lesions.
α-Secondary tritium isotope effects in the aqueous hydrolysis of glycopyranosides of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine

Abstract Secondary tritium isotope effects were used to study the aqueous hydrolysis of a series of α- and β-glycopyranosides of N -acetyl- d -glucosamine. The magnitude of the secondary tritium isotope effects, and their dependence on the structure of the aglycone, are compatible with the carbonium ion mechanism suggested for the specific acid catalysis of these compounds by Piszkiewicz and Bruice (1–3). The secondary tritium isotope effect determined for the spontaneous hydrolysis of the p -nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside is not consistent with an intramolecular, nucleophilic displacement mechanism. A mechanism involving the equilibrium formation of a carbonium ion-anion pair is proposed. The relevance of these model studies to hydrolysis of oligosaccharides of N -acetyl- d -glucosamine by lysozyme is discussed.
Risk, Time-Varying Second Moments and Market Efficiency

This paper addresses two topics. First, it nests the consumption and static capital asset pricing model in a unified framework. Second, it tests for market efficiency. The first test is based on the idea that different models price risk on the basis of the covariance with different benchmark portfolios. The test of market efficiency is based on the idea that excess returns should be predictable only if risk and, therefore, second moments are predictable. The empirical results show that the static capital asset pricing model performs better than the consumption capital asset pricing model and that the former model accounts for the effects of dividend yields on expected returns.
A Model of Industrial Buyer Behavior

Although industrial market research has generated large data banks on organizational buyers, very little from the existing data seems helpful to management. What is needed before more data is colle...
Mechanisms of Disease: cytokine and adipokine signaling in uremic cachexia

Clinical wasting is an important risk factor for mortality in uremic patients and is reported to have a prevalence of 30-60%. 'Malnutrition' is often inappropriately used to describe a group of nutritional abnormalities in uremic patients, which are characterized by anorexia, increased basal metabolic rate, loss of lean body mass, and declining levels of serum proteins. This syndrome--more accurately described as 'cachexia'--manifests as growth failure in children with uremia. Acidosis and inflammation are important causes of uremic cachexia but the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Concentrations of circulating cytokines, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, are elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease and correlate with the degree of cachexia in these individuals. Other energy-modulating hormones such as ghrelin, and adipokines such as adiponectin and resistin, are also perturbed in uremia and could contribute to nutritional abnormalities. We recently showed that elevated levels of circulating cytokines might be an important contributor to uremia-associated cachexia via signaling through the central melanocortin system. Small-molecule melanocortin antagonists, which are biologically active when administered orally or intraperitoneally, are now available and have been used successfully to ameliorate experimental cachexia. These findings could form the basis of a novel therapeutic strategy for uremic cachexia.
LICK-TRADING BY RATS: ON THE SUBSTITUTABILITY OF DRY, WATER, AND SACCHARIN TUBES

Thirsty rats licked two metal tubes: a water tube paired with another water tube, with saccharin, or with a dry tube. For each pair, a multipoint baseline function was measured by offering free access to one tube throughout each session, and free or restricted access to the other. The three resulting baseline functions showed the members of each pair to be mutual substitutes: When access to either tube was restricted, the rats made more licks at the other. A linear function identified the two water tubes as perfect substitutes. Convex functions identified the members of the saccharin-water and the dry-water pair as imperfect substitutes. Each pair was also tested under several reciprocal fixed-ratio schedules that required instrumental licking of either tube for contingent access to the other. The resulting schedule functions showed the members of each pair to be perfect substitutes: Water licks decreased linearly as licks at the other water tube, the saccharin, or the dry tube increased, in agreement with a conservation model of instrumental performance. Baseline and schedule functions, indistinguishable in the water-water pair, indicated a schedule facilitation of dry-tube licking in the dry-water pair and of water-tube licking in the saccharin-water pair.
Psychosocial implications of computer software development and use: Zen and the art of computing

This paper considers both software development and computer system use from the viewpoint of the human effort involved. It attempts to identify various factors contributing to the successful development and use of computer programs and systems. For example, the "software factory" notion itself can become a large part of the problem unless considered thoughtfully. Various recommendations are made for increasing human productivity in this context.
Orai1-NFAT signalling pathway triggered by T cell receptor stimulation

T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation plays a crucial role in development, homeostasis, proliferation, cell death, cytokine production, and differentiation of T cells. Thus, in depth understanding of TCR signalling is crucial for development of therapy targeting inflammatory diseases, improvement of vaccination efficiency, and cancer therapy utilizing T cell-based strategies. TCR activation turns on various signalling pathways, one of the important one being the Ca2+-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signalling pathway. Stimulation of TCRs triggers depletion of intracellular Ca2+ store and in turn, initiates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), one of the major mechanisms to raise the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in T cells. Ca2+-release-activated-Ca2+ (CRAC) channels are a prototype of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels in immune cells that are very well characterized. Recent identification of STIM1 as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor and Orai1 as the pore subunit has dramatically advanced the understanding of CRAC channels and provides a molecular tool to investigate the physiological outcomes of Ca2+ signalling during immune responses. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of CRAC channel activation, regulation, and downstream calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway.
Effect of temperature on separation efficiency for high-speed size exclusion chromatography

Theoretical relationships for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation efficiency as a function of temperature are presented for the high-speeed separation regime. The high-speed regime is experimentally determined via asymptotic behavior of a plot of the height equvalent to a theoretical plate (H) divided by the linear flow velocity (v) versus the linear flow velocity for polystyrene polymers and toluene used as test mixtures
Do interpersonal and achievement vulnerabilities interact with congruent events to predict depression? Comparison of DEQ, SAS, DAS, and combined scales

Interpersonal but not achievement scales of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), and Sociotropy/Autonomy Scale (SAS) were substantially correlated. Factor analysis of items from all instruments yielded two stable factors: Dependency f and Performance Evaluation f.All interpersonal scales except that of the DAS showed interactions with frequency of interpersonal but not achievement life events in predicting depression symptoms. Strongest support for the predicted interaction was obtained using Dependency f.The Achievement vulnerability scales yielded no significant interactions with life event frequencies.
Development and organization of the Drosophila olfactory system: an analysis using enhancer traps.

Drosophila uses different olfactory organs at different developmental stages. The larval and adult olfactory organs are morphologically dissimilar and have different developmental origins: the antenno-maxillary complex (AMC), which houses the larval olfactory organ, is histolyzed during metamorphosis; the third antennal segment—the principal adult olfactory organ—derives from an imaginal disc. A screen for genes expressed in both larval and adult olfactory organs, but in relatively few other tissues, has been carried out. Seven enhancer trap lines showing reporter gene expression in both the larval AMC and in certain subsets of the adult antenna are described. The antennal staining pattern of one line shows a striking change over the first few days of adult life, with a time course comparable to that of the development of sexual maturity. A pronounced sexual dimorphism in antennal staining pattern is seen in another line. Some staining patterns resemble the patterns of certain classes of antennal sensilla; others show expression restricted to only a small number of cells. Some lines also show expression associated with other chemosensory organs at either the larval or adult stage, including the maxillary palps, labellum, and anterior wing margin. One line, which also shows staining in the male reproductive tract, is male sterile. The significance of these results is considered in terms of (1) the molecular organization of the olfactory system; (2) the recruitment of olfactory genes for use in two developmental contexts; (3) the sharing of genes among different sensory modalities; (4) the role of olfaction in sexual behavior; and (5) posteclosional changes in the olfactory system. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of d -amphetamine, scopolamine, chlordiazepoxide and diphenylhydantoin on self-stimulation behavior and brain acetylcholine

The effects of d-amphetamine (0.25–8), scopolamine (0.25–8), chlordiazepoxide (2.5–40), and diphenylhydantoin (25–75), given i.p. or s.c. on a mg/kg basis, were studied on self-stimulation behavior in the male albino rat. The dose-effect relationships, the role of baseline rates of responding and their effects on brain acetylcholine (ACh) were determined in rats trained to self-stimulate for electrical reward in the lateral posterior hypothalamus. The effects of d-amphetamine were both dose and baseline-rate dependent. Low-moderate doses (0.5–2.0 mg/kg inclusive) facilitated self-stimulation and larger doses (2.0 to 8.0 mg/kg) depressed responding. Baseline rates before d-amphetamine administration were extremely important in the effect observed. Low rates of responding were facilitated and high rates were depressed by this agent. The effects of scopolamine in a wide range of dosage were less consistent. A small dose (0.5 mg/kg) facilitated only transiently self-stimulation and larger doses (1–8 mg/kg) tended to depress this behavior. Baseline rate effects were less important but high-rate responders were usually depressed by scopolamine. The effects of chlordiazepoxide were dose-dependent. A dose of (5 mg/kg) caused facilitation but larger doses (10–40 mg/kg) produced depression of selfstimulation irrespective of baseline rates. However, high-rate stimulators showed the most dramatic increases with 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide. In contrast, diphenylhydantoin (25–75 mg/kg) usually depressed self-stimulation. Low rate self-stimulators showed the most marked depressant effects. Brain ACh was progressively reduced by handling of naive animals, injection of saline, and 1/2 h of self-stimulation and escape behavior. Animals not allowed to self-stimulate but given d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg), scopolamine (2.0 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in brain ACh. Self-stimulation, in addition to medication with the various drugs, showed a trend for further reduction in brain ACh but the differences were not statistically significant.
Spontaneous synchronization in a Josephson transmission line.

School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332~Received 26 April 2002; published 23 September 2002!At high frequencies, the dynamics of a Josephson array shows fundamental differences from its low-frequency behavior. We consider a simple array where the high-frequency effects are dominant, a currentbiased series array without any external load. Despite the absence of a load, the oscillators are dynamicallycoupled at high frequencies, and synchronized states can be attracting. We investigate the character andstability of the synchronized states.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.036215 PACS number~s!: 05.45.Xt, 84.40.Az, 74.50.1rI. INTRODUCTION
Examining the correlation between placental and serum placenta growth factor in preeclampsia

Objective Decreased levels of serum placenta growth factor (PlGF) are associated with preeclampsia. We sought to determine whether serum and placental levels of PlGF (sPlGF and pPlGF) are associated with preeclampsia and whether there is a correlation between serum and placental PlGF levels. Study Design These analyses were part of a larger, prospective, case-control study. Cases were women with preeclampsia. Controls were women without preeclampsia who delivered at term. Analyses included nonparametric tests to compare medians, logistic regression to estimate odds, and calculation of correlation coefficients. Results Twenty-four cases (10 preterm, 14 term) were compared with 14 controls. Median levels of PlGF were significantly lower in cases than controls (pPlGF: 232.6 vs 363.4 pg/mL, P = .02; sPlGF: 85.5 vs 274.4 pg/mL, P P = .006; cases with preterm preeclampsia and growth restriction: 87%, P = .02). Conclusion Serum and placental PlGF are independently associated with preeclampsia and correlated with each other.
Cognitive Mode and Asymmetry in Cerebral Functioning

Summary Male graduate students from the fields of sculpture, psychology, and law were used to test the assumption that an individual's cognitive mode (verbalanalytic vs. spatial-holistic) is related to actual laterality in cerebral functioning. A measure of asymmetry of cognitive mode for each student, based on relative performance on three verbal-analytic tests compared to three spatial-holistic tests, successfully discriminated occupational groups. Laterality in cerebral functioning was indexed by relative reaction times to discriminate visual stimuli presented unilaterally to the left or right hemisphere. Reaction times to discriminate faces were less for the right hemisphere, while letters were discriminated faster by the left hemisphere. However, measures of cerebral laterality were not related to occupational group membership nor to asymmetry of cognitive mode. Asymmetry in performance on tests of cognitive mode may reflect an individual's general approach to problem solving, but is not closely related to laterality in cerebral functioning.
In-store nutrition information programs

Abstract The corporate headquarters of 83 grocery store chains were contacted to determine whether these chains used in-store nutrition information programs. Thirty of the chains (36%) were using such programs, which focused primarily on using shelf labels to identify foods that were low or lower in calories, sodium, fat, cholesterol, or sugar, or that had favorable ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fat. Most of the programs used color-coded shelf tags to identify the foods. The product labels and manufacturers' data were the primary sources of the programs' nutrient information. Although the programs used similar techniques, nutrients selected for tagging and the terminology and criteria for tagging were different.
Atypical ezrin localization as a marker of locally advanced breast cancer.

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) was initially characterized as a large primary tumor (≥5 cm), associated with or without skin or chest-wall involvement, fixed axillary lymph nodes, or disease spread to the ipsilateral internal mammary or supraclavicular nodes. Since 2002, LABC has been reclassified to include smaller stage IIB tumors (2 to 80 % of traditional (T3) invasive ductal LABC tumors (≥5 cm). Cytoplasmic ezrin is very strongly associated with a single characteristic in breast cancer—large tumor size. In contrast, in large non-malignant fibroadenomas, ezrin staining was similar to that of normal breast epithelium. Small (T1, 1 cm) invasive ductal carcinomas displayed largely apical membrane and perinuclear ezrin localization with weak cytoplasmic staining. Cytoplasmic ezrin localization was also associated with positive lymph node status, but no other clinical–pathological features, including hormone receptor status, histological or nuclear grade of tumor cell. The cytoplasmic relocalization of ezrin may therefore represent a novel marker for large malignant tumor size, reflecting the unique biology of LABC.
Strangers in Strange Lands: Biblical Models of Exile in Early Modern England

For the many sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English men and women who found themselves in states of exile, physically, socially, or spiritually, the expressions of sorrow and hope by those in similar conditions in the Bible provided a crucial consolation. Exploring the various complex ways in which writers represented their conditions of exile by biblical allusions, paraphrase, and adaptation, especially to The Lamentations of Jeremiah and Psalm 137, "By the waters of Babylon," demonstrates the central role of the Bible in this area of early modern thought and culture. A broad spectrum of English writers, including the earl of Clarendon, John Donne, John Quarles, James Forsyth, and John Saltmarsh, wrestled with problems of exile, and they tried to solve them, or at least understand them, in terms of biblical models.
An anatomical evaluation of the mini-supraorbital approach and comparison with standard craniotomies.

OBJECTIVE: To compare anatomically the surgical exposure provided by pterional (PT), orbitozygomatic (OZ), and minisupraorbital (SO) craniotomies. METHODS: Seven sides of six fixed cadaver heads injected with silicone were used. The mini-SO craniotomy followed by the PT and OZ approaches were performed sequentially. The bony flaps were attached with miniplates and screws, allowing easy conversion between the approaches. A frameless stereotactic device was used to calculate an area of surgical exposure and the angles of approach for six different anatomic targets. An image guidance system was used to demonstrate the limits of the surgical exposure for each technique. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the total area of surgical exposure when comparing the mini-SO (A = 1831.2 ± 415.3 mm 2 ), PT (A = 1860.0 ± 617.2 mm 2 ), and OZ approaches (A = 1843.3 ± 358.1 mm 2 ; P> 0.05). Angular exposure was greater for the OZ and PT approaches than for the mini-SO approach, either in the vertical and horizontal axes, considering all of the six targets studied (P < 0.05). Except for the distal segment of the ipsilateral sylvian fissure, no practical differences in the limits of the exposure were detected. CONCLUSION: The mini-SO approach may offer a similar surgical working area compared with that provided by standard craniotomies and constitutes an excellent alternative to the OZ and PT craniotomies in selected patients. Selection should not be based primarily on the area to be exposed, but rather on the working angles that are anticipated to be required. The key point is to use the most adequate technique for a particular patient, rather than using a one-size-fits-all approach for all patients.
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of viral infections.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of viral infections causes significant morbidity and mortality among children. Our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of viral infections transmitted from mothers to children has improved tremendously in recent years. The objectives of this review are to address the epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of MTCT of specific viral infections, specifically, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Volterra dendritic stimulus processors and biophysical spike generators with intrinsic noise sources.

We consider a class of neural circuit models with internal noise sources arising in sensory systems. The basic neuron model in these circuits consists of a nonlinear dendritic stimulus processor (DSP) cascaded with a biophysical spike generator (BSG). The nonlinear dendritic processor is modeled as a set of nonlinear operators that are assumed to have a Volterra series representation. Biophysical point neuron models, such as the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron, are used to model the spike generator. We address the question of how intrinsic noise sources affect the precision in encoding and decoding of sensory stimuli and the functional identification of its sensory circuits. We investigate two intrinsic noise sources arising (i) in the active dendritic trees underlying the DSPs, and (ii) in the ion channels of the BSGs. Noise in dendritic stimulus processing arises from a combined effect of variability in synaptic transmission and dendritic interactions. Channel noise arises in the BSGs due to the fluctuation of the number of the active ion channels. Using a stochastic differential equations formalism we show that encoding with a neuron model consisting of a nonlinear DSP cascaded with a BSG with intrinsic noise sources can be treated as generalized sampling with noisy measurements. For single-input multi-output neural circuit models with feedforward, feedback and cross-feedback DSPs cascaded with BSGs we theoretically analyze the effect of noise sources on stimulus decoding. Building on a key duality property, the effect of noise parameters on the precision of the functional identification of the complete neural circuit with DSP/BSG neuron models is given. We demonstrate through extensive simulations the effects of noise on encoding stimuli with circuits that include neuron models that are akin to those commonly seen in sensory systems, e.g., complex cells in V1.
Enhanced gain dynamics in photorefractive polymers

The complexity of photorefractive polymers arises from multiple contributions to the photo-induced index grating. Analysis of the time dynamics of the two-beam coupling signal is used to extract information about the charge species responsible for the grating formation. It has been shown in a commonly used photorefractive polymer at moderate applied electric fields, the primary charge carriers (holes) establish an initial grating which, however, are followed by a subsequent competing grating (electrons) that decreases the two-beam coupling efficiency. We show by upon using higher applied bias fields, gain enhancement can be achieved by eliminating the electron grating contribution and returning to hole gratings only.
What are the structural determinants of Cr transport regulation

Phosphocreatine (PCr) and Creatine Cr play key roles in energy metabolism by replenishing ATP levels via creatine kinases and ADP. The sole source of Cr to skeletal and cardiac myocytes is transport by the Cr transporter (CrT), a membrane protein belonging to the neurotransmitter transporter family (SLC6) that also includes the serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Previous work suggests that Cr transport is modulated by AMPK and PKC. For example, Cr transport in HL-1 cardiomyocytes expressing the human CrT is decreased when the cells are treated with β-PMA, or incubated in culture media enriched for Cr. Cr transport increases if these cells are incubated in culture media depleted of Cr or supplemented with AICAR, an AMPK activator. To identify phosphorylation sites that regulate CrT function, we created single and multiple site mutants lacking putative intracellular phosphorylation sites that scored highly (greater than 0.7) when the transporter protein sequence was evaluated by the NetPhos 2.0 algorithm (CBS, Technical University of Denmark). These sites tended to cluster at the beginning of the N-terminus and the end of the C-terminus of the protein. Ablation of these potential phosphorylation sites had no effect on transport capacity, or the ability to respond to β-PMA, AICAR or substrate availability. We also generated mutants with incremental deletions of the N-or C-termini of the CrT protein. Deletions that remove the entire N or C-terminus resulted in the expression of an inactive transporter protein, while smaller truncations yielded functional Cr transporters that still responded to PKC and AMPK activation and Cr availability like the phosphorylation mutants. Therefore, either low-probability phosphorylation site(s) modulate CrT activity and/or a yet to be identified signalling molecule or interacting protein(s) are responsible for modulation of Cr transport by AMPK, PKC and substrate availability.
High power inductor design for pulsing applications

Inductors are indispensable components in several radio frequency (RF) devices such as power amplifiers that are used in pulsing applications. For instance, inductors are one of the most critical components of RF power amplifiers where they are used as filter component, a resonating element or as RF choke. The design and implementation of inductor depends on the application including operating frequency and power level. In addition, it maybe required to have larger inductance values in a space restricted areas. Toroidal cores are commonly used due to their several benefits including low profile in comparison to air core inductors and the ability to keep flux density within the magnetic material. This provides self-shielding capability, which is very important for high power pulsing applications. However, there seems to be no analysis available in the literature on the characteristics of the toriodal inductors when they are used in RF power amplifiers during high power pulsing.
Renal rehabilitation: Effecting improvement through the team approach

Summary: Renal rehabilitation involves a team effort. Assessment is critical to provide a comprehensive treatment plan. the treatment plan should include the five ‘E's’of renal rehabilitation.
Higgsino cold dark matter motivated by collider data.

Motivated by a supersymmetric interpretation of the CDF {ital ee}{gamma}{gamma}+{ital E}/{sub {ital T}} event and the reported {ital Z}{r_arrow}{bar {ital bb}} excess at LEP, we analyze the implied Higgsino-like lightest supersymmetric partner as a cold dark matter candidate. We examine constraints and calculate its relic density, obtaining 0.05{lt}{Omega}{ital h}{sup 2}{lt}1. Thus it is a viable cold dark matter candidate, and we discuss its favorable prospects for laboratory detection. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}