cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Egg Yolk Color by Means of the Colorimeter

Abstract THE color of the yolk of egg has received considerable attention for it is known to affect the desirability of the egg. A yolk that is either too highly colored or too pale is objectionable. Palmer (1915) (1919) reported that specific feeds affected the color of the egg yolk and that the color was due almost entirely to the pigment, xanthophyll. A brief review of the methods devised for the measurement of this color indicates that Ridgway’s (1912) color standards were used as a basis for grading in the earlier work. Later, color standards were designed especially for yolk color [Parker, Gossman and Lippincott (1925); Sharp and Powell (1930)]. A more usable standard of comparison was offered by Heiman and Carver (1936) with the introduction of their Yolk Color Roter, but workers still found it difficult to get good color matches. For that reason more objective measurements were sought. Titus, . . .
A Lyapunov-based small-gain theorem for interconnected switched systems

Abstract Stability of an interconnected system consisting of two switched systems is investigated in the scenario where in both switched systems there may exist some subsystems that are not input-to-state stable (non-ISS). We show that, providing the switching signals neither switch too frequently nor activate non-ISS subsystems for too long, a small-gain theorem can be used to conclude global asymptotic stability (GAS) of the interconnected system. For each switched system, with the constraints on the switching signal being modeled by an auxiliary timer, a correspondent hybrid system is defined to enable the construction of a hybrid ISS Lyapunov function. Apart from justifying the ISS property of their corresponding switched systems, these hybrid ISS Lyapunov functions are then combined to establish a Lyapunov-type small-gain condition which guarantees that the interconnected system is globally asymptotically stable.
Comparison of wear and osteolysis in hip replacement using two different coatings of the femoral stem

We compared the clinical and radiographic results of two matched series of total hip arthroplasties, one with hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems, the other with a similar but porous-coated femoral stem. The prevalence of radiographic osteolysis was 16% in hips with hydroxyapatite-coated stems and 43% in hips with porous-coated femoral stems. In hips with hydroxyapatite-coated stems, osteolysis was always limited to Gruen zones 1 and 7. In contrast, distal osteolysis was present around 26% of the porous-coated stems. At 7 years, the survival-free rate of distal osteolysis was 100% in hips with hydroxyapatite-coated stems but 90% in hips with porous-coated stems (p=0.04). Circumferential hydroxyapatite coating of the femoral component reduced the occurrence of osteolysis and eliminated distal osteolysis at 5–10 years of follow-up. In addition, hydroxyapatite coating did not alter the wear rate.
The Preoperative Evaluation of the Patient With Cardiac Risk Factors for Noncardiac Surgery: Which Patients Need Further Cardiac Risk Stratification Tests?

Cardiac risk stratification tests should be pursued only in the subgroup of patients who have a moderate to high incidence of significant coronary artery disease and only in those who will gain long-term benefit from coronary revascularization if they are found to have significant coronary artery disease. Furthermore, car diac risk stratification tests should be pursued only if the perioperative mortality and morbidity from com bined coronary revascularization followed by noncar diac surgery is not significantly higher than proceeding straight to noncardiac surgery alone. Indentification of the subgroup of patients who will need cardiac strati fication tests should be based on integration of the patient's cardiac risk factors and functional capacity with the risk and stress of the particular surgery.
The Singing 'Vice': Music and Mischief in Early English Drama

The 'Vice' — a corrupt character frequent in early English drama — engages in mischief ranging from the benignly annoying to the outright wicked. His activities typically include subterfuge that results in the seduction of the dramatic hero, other characters, and even members of the audience. Music is a frequent device in the Vice's project. From the standpoints of Baudrillard's theory of seduction and of sixteenth-century and contemporary perspectives on theatrical music, improvisation, acting, and ethopoieia, this essay explores the role of singing in what Robert Weimann and Douglas Bruster term the Vice's 'personation'. The effect of the Vice's musicality in the representation and achievement of seduction in plays from Mankind to Shakespeare is also considered, with particular emphasis on three intervening interludes: John Heywood’s comedy A Play of the Wether , Bale’s history play King Johan , and Pickering’s pseudo-classical revenge tragedy Horestes .
Structure and dynamics of live cells Studied by Fourier transform light scattering (FTLS)

We studied static and dynamic light scattering from tissues and cells using Fourier transform light scattering (FTLS). And we also employed FTLS to measure actin-driven dynamics in live cells without fluorescence tagging.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Complex phenotype, simple genotype?

Complex genetic traits refer to those phenotypes not fitting patterns of Mendelian segregation and/or assortment but exhibiting a preferential familial clustering that cannot be explained by cultural or environmental causes. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and probably the most controversial. ADHD has been considered a complex genetic trait based upon the absence of a clear-cut boundary between affected and unaffected status. Furthermore, its high comorbidity with other disorders strongly suggests complex epistatic or pleiotropic effects acting in common with the environmental influences. This implies that the same gene or genes is or are associated with different and concurrently occurring phenotypes. In this study, we will review clinical and epidemiological aspects related to the ADHD phenotype, which are considered either as categorical or continuous traits. We also will discuss genetic models underlying the complexity of this behavioral phenotype and the probable role of epistatic interactions between major genes contributing to the ADHD phenotype.
LINKING CHANGES IN REVEALED CAUSAL MAPS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

This article explores the cognitive maps of the dominant coalition of one firm over time. It begins with an overview of the cognitive mapping literature and discusses ‘revealed cognitive maps’ as one strategy for measuring managerial cognitive structures. Next, the revealed cognitive maps from one company over a 20-year period are analysed for their fit with the company's environmental context. The data suggest that the fit between cognitive structures and the environment was less than perfect, and that decision-makers both under-identified and over-identified certain environmental factors. These and other data are discussed within the context of a cognitive approach to managerial thinking.
Open access: challenges and barriers to African scholars

The price of journals (referring here to e-journals as well as hard copies) has risen dramatically over the past three decades, to the point that they can hardly be afforded by academic libraries in rich countries such as the USA. This evidently has even worse implications for academic libraries in Africa, and most of Africa's scholarly community therefore remains marginalized in terms of access to the global body of knowledge. The introduction of the Internet, accompanied by the ability to digitize and manipulate information, has not only changed the knowledge and information landscape permanently, but also changed the publishing industry. It has, for the first time, become possible to reproduce and distribute information products and services at nearly zero marginal cost (Anderson, 2006). The only requirement is access to a computer, the Internet and relevant websites. This new model has led to the global Open Access (OA) movement, whose main aim is to distribute scholarly journals free of charge to its end users. For the first time, there is therefore a real opportunity for African scholars to gain, free of charge (or at least at a very affordable cost), access to digital scholarly journals and the scholarly works of others. The OA movement has, however, not led to the free flow of information on the African continent. While expectations have been raised, there are still many stumbling blocks prohibiting African scholars from fully participating in and benefiting from the OA movement. This paper will highlight some of these stumbling blocks, discussed within the moral framework of the right of access to information. The paper is structured in the following manner : First, the notion of OA will be discussed. Following this, I will elaborate on the right of access to information, thereby establishing the moral framework. The third and final part will address some of the challenges and obstacles facing African scholars regarding access to scholarly work via OA.
Molecular actions of calcineurin inhibitors.

The immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK-506, also called calcineurin inhibitors, have been useful for treating immune system-mediated diseases and have truly revolutionized allograft transplantation. Both drugs block T-cell proliferation by mechanisms that involve the inhibition of the key signaling phosphatase calcineurin, hence, the name calcineurin inhibitors. The inhibition of calcineurin activation by cyclosporin A and FK-506 blocks T-cell receptor-mediated production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), a growth factor critical for T-cell proliferation. Recent studies, however, suggest that the effects of the drugs are not limited to blocking calcineurin activation and IL-2 production. This review discusses the molecular actions of cyclosporin A and FK-506.
What do guests look for in a hotel? A multi-attribute approach.

ABSTRACT This study assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of a hotel, Holiday Inn, as viewed by two customer segments: business travelers and vacationers. The evaluation is based on the analytical framework of importance-performance analysis using 28 hotel attributes. Despite some differences, there are a number of similarities between the two segments in terms of the attributes they rely on when choosing a hotel and how they evaluate Holiday Inn on these attributes. These insights are important to the management in designing pointed strategies to better serve the needs of their guests.
Poetry on the Margins Ghetto Life 101, Remorse and the New Radio Documentary

A recent wave of radio documentaries has been credited with sparking a new approach to American journalism. This article critically examines two seminal documentaries, Ghetto Life 101 and Remorse: The 14 Stories of Eric Morse. They were co-created by independent producer David Isay and two African American teenagers from inner-city Chicago, LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman. While their work won a raft of awards, it also was criticized for irresponsibly perpetuating racist stereotypes. This article suggests that such documentaries are limited in the degree to which they counter stereotypes and demand accountability and justice. However, as a form of autoethnography, they make room for other voices in promoting social solidarity and empathy while serving as a model for journalism as a whole.
Abstract 3704: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin conjugated gold nanoparticles induce cell death in D1.1 leukemia cells when exposed to a radiofrequency field

Introduction: Acute T-cell leukemia cells may express the marker CD33. Gemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against CD33, used clinically in combination with ozogamicin, a cytotoxic antibiotic, for treatment of acute leukemias. It has been previously demonstrated that gold nanoparticles delivered intracellularly and exposed to nonionizing radiofrequency (RF) fields induce hyperthermic cytotoxicity. RF fields are not cytotoxic without the presence of nanoparticles. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate cell death in cells treated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin conjugated to gold nanoparticles after RF field exposure. Methods: D1.1 (acute T-cell leukemia) cells were plated in 60mm cell culture dishes. Two groups (n=3 in each group) of plated cells were treated for two hours with gemtuzumab ozogamicin conjugated to 10nm solid gold nanoparticles in media. One group of cells was then exposed to a radiofrequency field for a total generator energy of 1500 W-minutes. The control cells were treated with the same gold conjugate, but were not exposed to an RF field. Two days later, cell viability, apoptosis, and death was determined by flow cytometry. The groups were compared with Student9s t-test. Results: RF fields induced apoptosis in 58.7% ± 3.95% of treated cells, compared with 8.66% ± 0.56% of the controls (p=0.002). The viability after RF exposure was 13.9% ± 6.11% while gemtuzumab ozogamicin gold conjugate alone decreased viability to 74.2% ± 0.85% (p=0.003). The temperature of the media was kept below 40°C to avoid nonspecific cell injury. Conclusions: Multimodality therapy (chemotherapy and nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia) induced significantly more death in acute T-cell leukemia cells than antibody-chemotherapy alone. Antibodies specific to molecular targets on cells permit targeting of the heat mediator (nanoparticles) while preventing non-specific delivery of both nanoparticles and chemotherapeutic agent. The use of non-invasive RF fields to specifically induce cell death by hyperthermia with nanoparticles may present new options for the treatment of leukemias. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3704.
Closed brain injuries: an engineering analysis.

Abstract Pressures developed inside a fluid filled cylinder during acceleration are computed taking into consideration the compressibility of the fluid and the extensibility of the cylinder. Results of these computations are presented in graphic form to indicate the influence of each of the various factors which affect the maximum positive and maximum negative pressures developed as a result of the acceleration. Some experimental results are presented which confirm that a ‘negative’ pressure does develop.
X-ray microradiography of tissue sections with magnesium radiation.

Abstract Excellent contrast revealing detail within and between cells can be obtained in X-ray microradiographs of standard 6 μ sections of soft tissues when a magnesium target is used and photographs are made in vacuum.
Cas protein Cmr2 full of surprises

The Cmr complex carries out target RNA degradation in organisms possessing the CRISPR-Cas system. In this issue of Structure, Cocozaki et al. present the crystal structure of Cmr2, providing insight into the architecture of the Cmr complex.
Causes of ethnic conflict and protest in Urban America, 1877–1889

Abstract Studies of ethnic conflict and protest find patterns of systematic “cycles of protest” in which minorities become the targets of concentrated attack or instigate protests against discrimination and prejudice. Such cycles have been linked to the persistence of economic exploitation and the occurrence of economic contractions, which exacerbate ethnic tensions. Proponents of competition theory claim that rising levels of ethnic competition over jobs, housing, and other resources increases the likelihood of ethnic collective action. This paper extends competition theory by specifying the effects of changes in immigration flows and economics on ethnic competition. It uses data on collective actions in 80 large cities in the United States from 1877 through 1889 to test propositions about competition and contagion. Analyses reported here support the contention that (a) high levels and rapid rates of immigration, (b) increases in the wages of common laborers, (c) increases in business failures, and (d) contagion, indicated by the recency of prior waves of events, all raise rates of ethnic collective action.
Reducing Turbidity of Construction Site Runoff: Coagulation with Polyacrylamide:

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing a nationwide standard for turbidity in construction site runoff. It is widely expected that conventional measures for erosion and sediment control cannot meet this standard; consequently, innovative practices for managing sediment on construction sites must be developed. One emerging practice is the use of polyacrylamide (PAM) to improve sediment control by promoting flocculation of particles in runoff. Effective use of this practice requires an understanding of how the properties of soil and PAM affect flocculation. The objective of this study was to develop such an understanding. A protocol for creating modified synthetic stormwater runoff from soil samples was developed, and synthetic runoff suspensions were created with soil from six Texas construction sites. Particle size distribution was used to compare the synthetic runoff suspensions with grab samples of stormwater from one site. Flocculation tests were performed on the synthetic runoff suspen...
DC trolley fires-a new solution to an old problem

Coal mine trolley fires remain a serious threat to miner safety. Over the past twenty years, nearly 70 such fires have been reported to MSHA, and of these, most were due to the inability of the circuit breaker to discriminate between a legitimate load and an illegitimate fault current. Despite the extensive research into this area in the 1970s and early 1980s, it is still a problem. The problem also persists in rail transit systems used for mass transportation. This paper reviews the problem, summarizes past work, and presents two viable techniques, one passive and one active, for discriminating between load and fault currents. >
Effects of conservation practices on wetland ecosystem services in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Restoration of wetland ecosystems is an important priority for many state and federal agencies, as well as nongovernmental conservation organizations. The historic conversion of wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) has resulted in large-scale implementation of a variety of conservation practices designed to restore and enhance wetland ecosystem services. As a consequence, the effectiveness of multiple approaches in achieving desired conservation goals varies depending on site conditions, practices employed, and specific ecosystem services. We reviewed government agency programs and the scientific literature to evaluate the effects of conservation practices on wetlands in the MAV. There were 68 different conservation practices applied to a combined total of 1.27 million ha in the MAV between 2000 and 2006. These practices fell into two categories: Wetland Conservation Practices and Upland Conservation Practices. Sixteen different practices accounted for nearly 92% of the total area, and only three of these are directly related to wetlands: Wetland Wildlife Habitat Management, Wetland Restoration, and Riparian Forest Buffer. All three of these practices involve reforestation, primarily planting hard-mast species such as Quercus sp. and Carya sp. These plantings are likely to develop into even-aged stands of low tree diversity with little structural heterogeneity, which will impact future wildlife habitat. Since hydrology is a critical driver of wetland processes, the ability of a given conservation practice to restore wetland hydrology is a key determinant of how well it can restore ecosystem services. However, there is little to no follow-up monitoring of projects, so it is difficult to know how much variability exists for any given practice or the efficacy of specific practices. Conservation practices that only plant trees without reconnecting the wetland to the hydrologic and nutrient fluxes in the watershed may restore some wildlife habitat but will do little for regulating services such as nitrogen retention. While conservation practices have overall beneficial effects on many ecosystem services in the MAV, the most effective are those with a direct link between the actions associated with a given practice and controls over ecosystem processes and services.
The dual effects of methyl salicylate on ripening and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes in tomato fruit

Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Sun Bright) at three ripening stages (mature green, breaker and turning) were treated with three different concentrations of methyl salicylate (MeSA) vapor to investigate the impact on ripening and ethylene production. The tomato ripening process, including the development of red color, ethylene production and respiration rate, was enhanced by 0.1 mM of MeSA during the mature green stage and 0.01 mM of MeSA during the breaker stage. But in fruit at the turning stage, even a low concentration of MeSA (0.01 mM) retarded the ripening process. High concentration (0.5 mM) of MeSA prevented red color development, ethylene production and respiration in all maturity stages. Northern hybridization experiments on mature green fruit, involving four cDNAs encoding ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, showed that the abundance of LE-ACS2 and LE-ACS4 mRNAs increased during storage concomitant with a burst in ethylene production. These increases in mRNAs of LEACS2 and LE-ACS4 with ripening were suppressed by treatment with 0.5 mM of MeSA. But in 0.1 mM MeSA treated fruit, the transcript of LE-ACS2 had a large increase at day 1 and day 3 compared with untreated fruit. The abundance of LE-ACS4 was undetectable in untreated fruit at day 0, but accumulated with 0.1 mM MeSA treated fruit. Transcripts for the LE-ACS6 gene were undetectable after day 1 in the mature green stage. The transcripts for the LE-ACO1 gene, which were present at harvest in mature green fruit, increased greatly during ripening in storage. These increases in LE-ACO1 mRNA with ripening were delayed by treatment with both 0.1 and 0.5 mM MeSA. The results suggest that increased ethylene production by 0.1 mM MeSA in tomato fruit is possibly mediated by depressing the negative feedback regulation of the LE-ACS6 genes and increasing the expression of LEACS2 and LE-ACS4 through positive feedback regulation. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
SOME EFFECTS OF 2537 Å ON GREEN ALGAE AND CHLOROPLAST PREPARATIONS

1. The kinetics of the inactivation of photosynthesis by 2537 A in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus D1 indicate that, while the destruction process is largely a first order effect, higher order effects also occur, which become evident at low exposures. In agreement with previous observations, endogenous respiration is insensitive to exposures which inactivate photosynthesis. 2. In Scenedesmus D1 a solid dose of ultraviolet has no more effect on the photosynthetic apparatus than a dose of equal total duration interrupted by periods of photosynthesis. Nor is any difference noted if the cells are in a different buffer, e.g. 0.05 M KH2PO4, or carbonate-bicarbonate buffer 9. 3. In C. pyrenoidosa, a solid dose and an interrupted dose cause equal effects on photosynthesis when neutral phosphate buffer is used. If the ultraviolet exposure schedules are identical, equal effects are also noted in cells suspended in buffer 9, and in 0.05 M phosphate (pH 6.2). Solid exposures are, however, much more effective than interrupted exposures, when buffer 9 is used. 4. Oxygen evolution (Hill reaction), photosynthesis, and photoreduction in Scenedesmus D1 are equally sensitive to a given dose of ultraviolet. The mechanism responsible for adaptation to hydrogen metabolism is not more sensitive to ultraviolet than is the photosynthetic mechanism. The O2/H2/CO2 reaction in darkness is less sensitive to ultraviolet than any of the above reactions. 5. Glucose oxidation by C. pyrenoidosa, and colony formation in Scenedesmus D1 are far more sensitive to a given dose of ultraviolet than photosynthesis in these organisms. 6. The photosynthetic apparatus of C. pyrenoidosa is more sensitive to ultraviolet than that of Scenedesmus D1. 7. The Hill reaction in chloroplast fragments is also inactivated by 2537 A by a first order process. Exposures which inactivate this reaction completely have no effect on polyphenol oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, or catalase in the same chloroplast preparation. 8. After irradiation, the survival of photosynthesis in Scenedesmus D1 and of the Hill reaction in chloroplast fragments are independent of the light intensity used to measure these processes. 9. No significant changes occur in the ultraviolet absorption of chloroplasts after an exposure to 2537 A, which completely inactivates the Hill reaction.
Immune Reactivation by Cell-Free Fetal DNA in Healthy Pregnancies Re-Purposed to Target Tumors: Novel Checkpoint Inhibition in Cancer Therapeutics

The role of the immune system in cancer progression has become increasingly evident over the past decade. Chronic inflammation in the promotion of tumorigenesis is well established, and cancer-associated tolerance/immune evasion has long been appreciated. Recent developments of immunotherapies targeting cancer-associated inflammation and immune tolerance, such as cancer vaccines, cell therapies, neutralizing antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have shown promising clinical results. However, despite significant therapeutic advances, most patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer still succumb to their malignancy. Treatments are often toxic, and the financial burden of novel therapies is significant. Thus, new methods for utilizing similar biological systems to compare complex biological processes can give us new hypotheses for combating cancer. One such approach is comparing trophoblastic growth and regulation to tumor invasion and immune escape. Novel concepts regarding immune activation in pregnancy, especially reactivation of the immune system at labor through toll like receptor engagement by fetal derived DNA, may be applicable to cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes mechanisms of inflammation in cancer, current immunotherapies used in the clinic, and suggestions for looking beyond oncology for novel methods to reverse cancer-associated tolerance and immunologic exhaustion utilizing mechanisms encountered in normal human pregnancy.
Effect of plant maturity and preservation method on in vitro protein degradation of forages

The influence of maturity and method of conservation on protein degradation was determined for four different forage species. Alfalfa, smooth bromegrass, and reed canarygrass were harvested at three maturities, and whole plant corn was harvested at two maturities. Samples of each forage were freeze-dried or wilted and then ensiled in mini silos at two DM contents. Additional samples of all forages except corn were field-dried to hay. Ground sample was incubated for 0, 2, and 24 h with crude enzyme extract from ruminal contents. Degraded protein as a percentage of total CP was determined as the amount of protein that was soluble in TCA (80 g/L) after degradation. Increased maturity resulted in lower protein degradation for alfalfa, bromegrass, and canarygrass. For example, the most mature alfalfa or bromegrass, respectively, had 77 or 63% as much N that was soluble in TCA after 2 h of incubation with ruminal enzyme than the least mature forage of the same species. Although protein degradation was higher for ensiled than for dried forage, silage DM content had no consistent effect. Freeze-dried material generally had less degraded protein than hay, but protein degradation of bromegrass at 24 h was lower for hay than for freeze-dried samples. Protein degradation of forages was highly variable and depended on plant maturity and conservation method.
A case study to demonstrate a Pareto Frontier for selecting a best response surface design while simultaneously optimizing multiple criteria

Experimenting with limited resources often means that we are trying to get more out of a single experiment and balance competing goals. Selecting a best response surface design when simultaneously optimizing multiple criteria requires carefully choosing measures and scales of different design criteria and then balancing the trade-offs between the criteria. This paper illustrates a decision-making process using a Pareto frontier to identify good design candidates and a Utopia point approach for selection of an optimal design based on several competing criteria. The Pareto approach shows substantial improvement over the classic desirability function method by offering the user greater flexibility in quantifying the robustness of designs to weight specifications and the sensitivity of the solutions to different choices of weights, scales, and metrics. Graphical methods are used for summarizing and extracting useful information for improved decision-making. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-term hypoxia increases calcium affinity of BK channels in ovine fetal and adult cerebral artery smooth muscle

Acclimatization to high-altitude, long-term hypoxia (LTH) reportedly alters cerebral artery contraction-relaxation responses associated with changes in K+ channel activity. We hypothesized that to maintain oxygenation during LTH, basilar arteries (BA) in the ovine adult and near-term fetus would show increased large-conductance Ca2+ activated potassium (BK) channel activity. We measured BK channel activity, expression, and cell surface distribution by use of patch-clamp electrophysiology, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy, respectively, in myocytes from normoxic control and LTH adult and near-term fetus BA. Electrophysiological data showed that BK channels in LTH myocytes exhibited 1) lowered Ca2+ set points, 2) left-shifted activation voltages, and 3) longer dwell times. BK channels in LTH myocytes also appeared to be more dephosphorylated. These differences collectively make LTH BK channels more sensitive to activation. Studies using flow cytometry showed that the LTH fetus exhibited increased BK ...
Variability of the Columbia River plume observed in visible and infrared satellite imagery

Variability of the Columbia River plume in coastal waters off the northwestern United States, 1979-1985, was observed in sea surface temperature and phytoplankton pigment images derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Coastal Zone Colour Scanner data. The orientation, shape, intensity and relative temperature of the plume vary in response to coastal winds and wind-driven surface currents. From October to April, plume water is oriented northward along the coast. Following the spring transition in April or May, the plume is oriented southward, either adjacent to the coast or offshore. Transition between the winter and summer forms can be observed in the satellite imagery. Brief reversals of the prevailing seasonal winds cause rapid changes in the orientation and shape of the plume. Remote sensing of the Columbia River plume offers valuable information for oceanographic studies and fisheries management in the region. Derivation of an appropriate visible-infrared signature for plume waters and tracking of tidal pulses in the plume is suggested as a promising direction for future research.
Tetrandrine and thapsigargin release arachidonic acid from cells in culture and stimulate prostacyclin production in rat liver cells, but may do so by different pathways.

Tetrandrine inhibits tumor cell proliferation and demonstrates chemoprevention in cancer models. Speculation on the association between its effects on K+ and Ca2+ channels and cancer chemoprevention has been made. Thapsigargin also affects K+ and Ca2+ conductance. Thapsigargin, however, is a weak tumor promoter in the two-stage model of mouse skin carcinogenesis, yet it can induce apoptosis in androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells. I have postulated that arachidonic acid release from cells in culture is associated with cancer chemoprevention. The effects of tetrandrine and thapsigargin on arachidonic acid release from human colon carcinoma and rat liver cells and prostacyclin production by rat liver cells are compared in the current studies. Tetrandrine and thapsigargin stimulate arachidonic acid release from human colon carcinoma and rat liver cells and prostacyclin production in rat liver cells. The stimulation by tetrandrine is not affected by incubation with actinomycin D, 100 mM KCl, the [Ca2+]i chelator, 1,2-bi s (o-amino-5-fluorophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethylester (BAPTA/AM) or in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. In contrast, stimulation by thapsigargin is inhibited by incubation with actinomycin D, 100 mM KCl, BAPTA/AM or in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Both tetrandrine and thapsigargin stimulate arachidonic acid release, but based on the different results obtained in the presence of actinomycin D, the [Ca2+]i chelator, 100 mM KCl and in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the mechanisms leading to this release and pathways leading to apoptosis and/or cancer chemoprevention may be different. Stimulations by tetrandrine may be mediated by activation of a secretory phospholipase A2, whereas thapsigargin's stimulations may be mediated by the cytoplasmic Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2.
Overreliance on Symptom Quality in Diagnosing Dizziness: Results of a Multicenter Survey of Emergency Physicians

OBJECTIVE To assess emergency physicians' diagnostic approach to the patient with dizziness, using a multicenter quantitative survey. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We anonymously surveyed attending and resident emergency physicians at 17 academic-affiliated emergency departments with an Internet-based survey (September 1, 2006, to November 3, 2006). The survey respondents ranked the relative importance of symptom quality, timing, triggers, and associated symptoms and indicated their agreement with 20 statements about diagnostic assessment of dizziness (Likert scale). We used logistic regression to assess the impact of "symptom quality ranked first" on odds of agreement with diagnostic statements; we then stratified responses by academic rank. RESULTS Of the 505 individuals surveyed, 415 responded for an overall response rate of 82%. A total of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90%-95%) agreed that determining type of dizziness is very important, and 64% (95% CI, 60%-69%) ranked symptom quality as the most important diagnostic feature. In a multivariate model, those ranking quality first (particularly resident physicians) more often reported high-risk reasoning that might predispose patients to misdiagnosis (eg, in a patient with persistent, continuous dizziness, who could have a cerebellar stroke, resident physicians reported feeling reassured that a normal head computed tomogram indicates that the patient can safely go home) (odds ratio, 6.74; 95% CI, 2.05-22.19). CONCLUSION Physicians report taking a quality-of-symptoms approach to the diagnosis of dizziness in patients in the emergency department. Those relying heavily on this approach may be predisposed to high-risk downstream diagnostic reasoning. Other clinical features (eg, timing, triggers, associated symptoms) appear relatively undervalued. Educational initiatives merit consideration.
Posterolateral Structures of the Knee in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency

BackgroundIn vitro data suggest that injury to the posterior cruciate ligament stresses the posterolateral structures of the knee, placing them at greater risk of secondary injury. However, it is not known how isolated posterior cruciate ligament deficiency affects these soft tissue stabilizers of the knee joint in vivo.HypothesisPosterior cruciate ligament deficiency will alter the apparent length patterns of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and popliteus.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsThe apparent length changes in the lateral collateral ligament and popliteus muscle-tendon unit during weightbearing knee flexion were studied in 14 patients with isolated, unilateral posterior cruciate ligament deficiency using magnetic resonance imaging, dual-orthogonal fluoroscopy, and 3-dimensional modeling. Data of the injured and uninjured contralateral sides were compared.ResultsPosterior cruciate ligament deficiency caused significant increases in the apparent length of both posterolateral stru...
Performance of feminine discourse in designing women

The performance of feminine discourse in the television situation comedy Designing Women blurs distinctions between public discourse and the often devalued “private talk” of women. Through narratives that are driven by the talk among four women, Designing Women emphasizes the potential of women's talk for challenging patriarchal definitions and attitudes and for empowering women who participate in it. As a public text, Designing Women also contains the potential to empower its female viewers through its positive depiction of typically female modes of communication and its sometimes radical analysis of women's issues. The feminist import of Designing Women, however, is tempered by hegemonic elements embedded within the program, illustrating the negotiation between hegemonic and progressive elements that is common for commercial television programming. Such negotiation can function positively as a strategic device that may augment the appeal of Designing Women’s empowering message for a diverse audience.
Assessing the Impact of Parental Depressive Symptoms on Offspring Temperament and Development in Infancy

The study prospectively followed 135 women during their pregnancy and their offspring till 6 months of age, to examine the roles of maternal and paternal depression during pregnancy on offspring neurobehavioral development as measured by their early temperament. Maternal and paternal depression statuses were ascertained during the third trimester, and infant temperament was evaluated at 6 months, via mothers self-report. Multivariable general linear model was used to assess 1) the main effects of maternal and paternal depression on infant temperament and 2) the interaction effect between maternal and paternal depression on infant temperament. Results show that maternal depression, but not paternal depression, was directly associated with greater neurobehavioral impairment in offspring as evident by more difficult temperament, including lower Smiling and Laughter (p= .006), lower Soothability (p= .02), elevated Sadness (p= .04) and lower Vocal Reactivity (p= .001). Moreover, only in the presence of maternal depression, was paternal depression significantly associated with signs of offspring neurobehavioral impairment, including lower Smiling and Laughter (p= .01) lower High Pleasure Seeking (p= .03), lower Soothability (p= .05), lower Cuddliness (p= .05) and lower Vocal Reactivity (p< .0001). These findings suggest that maternal, but not paternal, depression was directly associated with infant neurobehavioral impairment. Significant interaction effect suggests that in the presence of maternal depression, paternal depression amplifies its negative valence on infant neurobehavioral development. Providing intervention services not only for depressed mothers but also their partners during pregnancy may prove to be an effective prevention strategy for suboptimal neurobehavioral development in offspring.
Intersegmental Coordination of Rhythmic Motor Patterns

The study of the neural basis of motor patterns that underlie wavelike behaviors such as undulatory swimming has contributed to our general understanding of coordination in the nervous system. Numerous studies have shown that the isolated nervous system is capable of producing rhythmic motor output
Mechanisms of preferred orientations of olivine in tectonite peridotite

Preferred orientations of olivine have been produced by syntectonic recrystallization in dunite samples that have been deformed moderately in a general stress field at high temperatures and pressures: X -olivine maxima ( X = [010]) developed parallel to σ 1 and Z -olivine maxima ( Z = [100]) developed parallel to σ 3 . Similar fabrics are expected to form by mechanical rotation due to translation gliding on (010)[100], but much larger strains are required. The experimental results indicate that the orientation patterns are caused by preferred growth of newly formed nuclei that have low coefficients of resolved shear stress for slip on (010)[100].
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening and Health Beliefs Among African American Women Attending Educational Programs

This article assessed the relationship between breast and cervical cancer screening rates and health beliefs in African American women participating in Witness Project of Harlem (WPH) education sessions. WPH is a culturally sensitive, faith-based breast and cervical cancer screening education program targeting African American women in medically underserved New York City communities. A questionnaire administered to women participating for the first time in a Witness Project education session collected demographics, adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening, and information about health beliefs related to cancer worry, medical mistrust, and religious faith. Screening adherence guidelines applied were as per the American Cancer Society recommendations. No statistically significant relationship was found between worry about getting breast or cervical cancer and screening adherence, or between screening adherence and agreement with statements about medical mistrust and religious beliefs. The low screening mammography and monthly breast self-exam rates emphasize the utility of programs like WPH that teach the importance of screening mammography and breast self-exam and point to the need for increased access to quality health care and cancer screening in underserved populations.
The distant gardener: what conversations in the Telegarden reveal about human-telerobotic interaction

We investigated human interaction with a specific telerobotic installation: The Telegarden, a community garden that allows users to plant and tend seeds in a remote garden by controlling a robotic arm through a Web-based interface. Based on an analysis of 3 months of associated online chat (347 participants, 16,504 postings), results showed the following: (t) conversations focused on nature (13%), technology (22%), and human relationships (69%); (2) patterns of conversation appeared to follow patterns of physical activity in the telegarden; (3) as individual participation in the chat room increased, conversation decreased about nature and technology within the Telegarden and increased about nature and technology beyond the Telegarden; and (4) users did not personify the robot arm (or robotic installation). Discussion focuses on the emerging possibilities in human-robotic interaction of using telerobotics instrumentally to help foster healthy, life-affirming relationships with the natural world.
Public service as a calling: An exploration of a concept

Several years ago, the public administration faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University issued their famous “Blacksburg Manifesto” the public Administration and the Governance Process: Refocusing the American Dialogue. In this document they call for a substantive change in the American Dialogue regarding the role of the public administrator. Nothing that the founding fathers viewed public service as a “calling”, as did the populists, Progressives, and New Dealers, they suggest that today’s government officials should percive themselves as “trustees” with a sense of a calling in serving for a cause. This call for a renewed convenant stimulated this researcher to speculate on the nature of the calling, its origins, definitions, applications, and its applicability as a psychological motivator for effective. productive performance in the public sector. Our exploration for understanding starts with an examination of Western society’s earliest written record of man’s behaviour, the Bible, wh...
The relative stabilities ofCis andTrans isomers

Eine Neufassung der von-Auwerschen Regel ist vorgeschlagen worden. Die neue Regel ist aufcis- undtrans-Isomeren gewohnlicher zyklischer Systeme sowie auch auf mehrfach substituierte zyklische Verbindungen, polyzyklische Verbindungen und Olefine anwendbar Das Bestehen einer solchen Regel ist begrundet, und ihre Begrenzungen und praktischen Auswertungen sind unter Betracht gezogen worden.
Li Uptake in Carbon Nanotube Systems: A First Principles Investigation

Carbon nanotube systems can substantially increase their capacity for Li ion uptake, provided that the nanotube interiors become accessible to the ions. We examine theoretically, with ab initio simulations, the ability of Li ions to enter a nanotube interior. While our calculations show that it is quite unlikely for the ions to pass through pristine nanotubes, they are much more likely to enter via large-sized topological defects consisting of at least 9- or more membered rings. It is unlikely that such defects are formed spontaneously, but it may be possible to induce such topological defects by violent non-equilibrium means such as ball milling, chemical means and/or ion bombardment. Indeed, recent experiments on ball milled nanotube samples do report an important increase in the Li ion uptake.
TTFV-based molecular tweezers and macrocycles as receptors for fullerenes.

Hybrids of tetrathiafulvalene vinylogues (TTFVs) and planar arenes were synthesized via the click reaction to form tweezer-like and macrocyclic structures. These compounds were investigated as receptors for fullerenes (C60 and C70) by UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy.
High-Efficiency Stacked Shorted Annular Patch Antenna Feed for Ku-Band Satellite Communications

Reflector-based satellite communication (SatCom) terminals require high sensitivity to minimize overall antenna size, and in view of their simplicity and high radiation efficiency, horn antennas are used almost exclusively as reflector feeds. As these terminals become more complex, smaller and more compact feeds that can be directly integrated with microstrip circuits are desirable. Standard microstrip antennas (MSAs) have unacceptably low radiation efficiency for use as reflector feeds. We show that the stacked shorted annular patch (SSAP) can be used as a replacement for horn feeds and achieves higher radiation and spillover efficiencies than conventional patch antennas due to the absence of distribution networks and dielectric substrates. Using a half-wavelength stacked patch as a director realizes a pattern that achieves high illumination efficiency with standard parabolic reflector geometries. Simulation and measurements show that the compact SSAP may be the first reported nonwaveguide feed antenna to achieve sensitivity comparable to that of a conventional horn feed.