cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superselection Rules for Philosophers

The overaraching goal of this paper is to elucidate the nature of superselection rules in a manner that is accessible to philosophers of science and that brings out the connections between superselection and some of the most fundamental interpretational issues in quantum physics. The formalism of von Neumann algebras is used to characterize three different senses of superselection rules (dubbed, weak, strong, and very strong) and to provide useful necessary and sufficient conditions for each sense. It is then shown how the Haag–Kastler algebraic approach to quantum physics holds the promise of a uniform and comprehensive account of the origin of superselection rules. Some of the challenges that must be met before this promise can be kept are discussed. The focus then turns to the role of superselection rules in solutions to the measurement problem and the emergence of classical properties. It is claimed that the role for “hard” superselection rules is limited, but “soft” (a.k.a. environmental) superselection rules or N. P. Landsman’s situational superselection rules may have a major role to play. Finally, an assessment is given of the recently revived attempts to deconstruct superselection rules.
Discovering Genetic Ancestry Using Spectral Graph Theory

As one approach to uncovering the genetic underpinnings of complex disease, individuals are measured at a large number of genetic variants (usually SNPs) across the genome and these SNP genotypes are assessed for association with disease status. We propose a new statistical method called Spectral-GEM for the analysis of genome-wide association studies; the goal of Spectral-GEM is to quantify the ancestry of the sample from such genotypic data. Ignoring structure due to differential ancestry can lead to an excess of spurious findings and reduce power. Ancestry is commonly estimated using the eigenvectors derived from principal component analysis (PCA). To develop an alternative to PCA we draw on connections between multidimensional scaling and spectral graph theory. Our approach, based on a spectral embedding derived from the normalized Laplacian of a graph, can produce more meaningful delineation of ancestry than by using PCA. Often the results from Spectral-GEM are straightforward to interpret and therefore useful in association analysis. We illustrate the new algorithm with an analysis of the POPRES data [Nelson et al., 2008].
Selecting variations in extent of surgical procedure for breast cancer.

Most breast cancers arise in multicentric areas of the breast parenc hyma and exist as silent innocuous in-situ entities for many years before the infiltrating stage develops. Most of the lymphatic drainage extends to the axillary lymphatic nodes but some to the internal mammary lymph node chain. Risk of spread to the internal mammary nodes increases as the primary tumor approaches the sternal margin as the size of the primary tumor increases and when axillary nodes are also involved. The primary operation should remove all disease present. Aggressive primary surgery and radiation therapy will salvage those without generalized disease. Systemic therapy should be reserved for those with systemic disease. Uninvolved regional lymph nodes do not add to the immune protective mechanism. Modified radical mastectomy in which axillary nodes are removed is adequate for early cases. Histological study at time of operation is essential. Only patients with negative axillary nodes do well with this less complete operation. More complete axillary dissection is preferable when disease is present in the axilla. Radical mastectomy is best for most infiltrating breast cancers. When metastases are found in the axillary nodes supervoltage radiation therapy is also given because of the risk of spread to the internal mammary lymph chain. Extended radical mastectomy which includes en bloc excision of the internal mammary nodes has been used for patients with a high risk of spread to these nodes. Almost 800 patients have been so treated with an operative mortality of less than .5%. Of these 33% had metastases to these nodes and 47% also had axillary node involvement. Of those with negative axillary involvement 15% had positive internal mammary nodes; this was found highest when the primary tumor was on the inner side of the breast. 5 years after surgery 500 patients 47% with axillary involvement and 30% with internal mammary involvement were evaluated. 72.4% were alive 65.8% were disease-free and 7% had local recurrence. 41% with involvement of both nodal areas were clinically disease free. Of 315 evaluated at 10 years 52% were clinically disease-free. Of 98 patients with internal mammary node metastases 27 were clinically disease-free and 28 survived at 10 years. Palliative mastectomies were done on 37 considered inoperable. With added radiation therapy local control was obtained in 29. In only 5 of 14 treated with radiation alone was local control obtained. Of the total 51 inoperable patients 21% were alive at 5 years and 14% were free of disease. None survived 10 years.
Carrier Separation Effects in Doping Modulated Amorphous Silicon

Doping modulated amorphous silicon films have been synthesized which exhibit photoconductivity decay times in excess of 1000 seconds at 78 K. The time and intensity dependence of the photoconductivity is described by a model in which photo-excited charge carriers are spatially separated to separate layers by the built-in pn junction fields and reside in band tail states.
Public and private provision for social service in New York city

Another article in our series on division of responsibility for public welfare between public and private agencies.
Correlation for blackbody radiation absorption by liquid fuel droplets

Abstract Regression models for characterizing the absorption of incident blackbody radiation in liquid droplets are developed for three typical fuels, hexane, decane, and iso-octane. The calculation of absorption efficiencies is based on the Mie solution and geometrical optics approximation. The droplet radius and blackbody radiation temperature are varied from 50 to 500 microns and from 600 to 2000 K, respectively. The heat transfer contribution by radiation can be as high as 25 percent of that by diffusion under the same radiation and surrounding-gas temperatures.
Response of Drosophila embryonic cells to tumor promoters

Several recent observations on tumor promoters point to the many developmental and embryonic characteristics associated with their mode of action. These observations have led us to investigate the effects of a series of tumor promoters on Drosophila embryonic cultures at both the morphological and molecular levels. The cultures have been used with some success by us to assess the teratogenic potential of a large number of molecules, including drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. In this culture system, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), the most potent of the tumor promoters tested, disrupted normal muscle and neuron differentiation at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm; 4-O-methylphorbol 12-myristate a weak stage I promoter, used at concentrations the same as or higher than those of TPA had no inhibitory effect on cell differentiation. A selected group of tumor promoters was also investigated at the molecular level for their effects on differentiating Drosophila cells. All tumor promoters tested induced synthesis of three heat shock proteins. On the basis of these two levels of effects (morphological and molecular) it is apparent that the tumor promoters tested act similarly as teratogens do in the Drosophila embryonic cultures. This finding confirms some recent published reports suggesting that a large number of tumor promoters act as teratogens if the exposure interval is during the embryonic rather than the adult stage. We suggest that this system can be usefully employed to investigate some of the common mechanisms involved in tumor promotion and teratogenesis.
The Harbinger and New England Transcendentalism: A Portrait of Associationism in America

This is the first comprehensive scholarly account of the journal that was the official organ of Associationism and Fourierism in America in the 1840s, as well as a major forum for Transcendentalist writers. The author traces the journal's history, examines its handling of important contemporary social, political, and economic questions, evaluates its literary and musical criticism, and considers The Harbinger's role in the reform-minded Associationist and Transcendentalist movements.
Experimental Design for the Synthesis of Polyacrylamide Superporous Hydrogels

An experimental design, based on L-18 Taguchi matrix, was used to examine the influence of formulation ingredients on a variety of aspects of gel formation during the synthesis of polyacrylamide hydrogels. Although a vast variety of formulations could lead to reasonable hydrogel networks, attempts were made to design a basic formulation that could be used to generate strong and elastic superporous hydrogels. The final properties of the hydrogels, especially when prepared in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, depended on events during their gel formation. Gelation features, including inhibition period, exothermic period and temperature increases, observed during the gelation, are dependent on the type and concentration of ingredients within the preparatory formulation. For this study, seven variables were chosen and their effects were examined within the frame of a L-18 Taguchi matrix. The parameters examined were inhibition period, exothermic period, maximum temperature due to exothermic reaction, and so...
A damaged microcirculation contributes to neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease☆

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves multiple etiologic factors and a complex pathogenesis. Vascular factors are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. In this paper we review evidence that AD brain microvessels are biochemically altered and contribute to neuronal injury and death by release of factors directly injurious to neurons. Our data show that when brain microvessels are “injured” by anoxia they produce high levels of reactive oxygen species. Comparisons of isolated brain microvessels from AD and age-matched controls show specific abnormalities in α 1 and β receptors and in protein kinase C and protein kinase A signaling pathways. In AD but not in controls, the cerebral microcirculation expresses the inflammatory mediator CAP37 and over produces nitric oxide. Finally, we demonstrate that AD microvessels secrete toxic factors that cause neuronal cell death in vitro. These latter experiments showing that AD brain microvessels, in co-culture or vessel-conditioned media, cause lethal injury to neurons in culture, establish a direct link between endothelial cell products and neuronal cell death in this disease.
Wear Behavior of Ceramic Sliders in Sliding Contact with Rigid Magnetic Thin-Film Disks

This study identifies factors that affect slider performance and reports the effect of the nature of slider materials on wear behavior. Three factors relating to wear behavior are discussed: slider shape, wear data reproducibility and patterns of wear behavior. First, the performance of various sliders shows a strong correlation to the slider crown shape. Second, wear behavior is more reproducible when unlubricated disks replace lubricated disks. With lubricated thin-film disks, slider failure is reasonably reproducible, but when the failure occurs it is erratic. Although unlubricated disks show more reproducible wear data, the wear life of the disks is roughly an order of magnitude shorter than lubricated disks. It is important to recognize these factors before evaluating material differences in slider performance. Finally, multi-phase slider materials have more variation in failure patterns than single-phase slider materials; the difference is attributed to more flaws present in the multi-phase material...
Nonsurgical management of penetrating uterine trauma inpregnancy: A case report

Summary A woman at 30 weeks' gestation with stab wounds entering the uterus was managed nonsurgically byserial examinations and continuous fetal monitoring. Delivery occurred 4 weeks later with good maternal and fetal outcome
Vertical Structure of Thunderstorm Outflows

Abstract Cold air outflow from thunderstorms has been observed from a multi-level 461 m tower in central Oklahoma. Four life-cycle stages are determined from 20 outflows sampled. Each outflow is affected by the behavior and character of the parent thunderstorm and by the flow and stratification in both the warm ambient air and the cold outflow air. This produces much variation from case to case and makes difficult the description of a representative outflow model. However, cases believed to depict each of the outflow stages are chosen and discussed in detail. The study is confined to the tower layer depth and concentrates on the characteristics of the outflow's leading edge. Outflow origin is not discussed. The leading edge of the outflow is characterized by strong shears in horizontal and vertical winds. Updrafts, which occur in a 1.5 km wide band ahead of the outflow, often exceed 6 m s−1. Maximum low-level horizontal wind gusts are found to be directly related to the translational speed of the front. F...
Investigation of Metallic and Metallic Glass Hollow Spheres for Fusion Target Application

High quality metallic and metallic-glass microballoons (MMB and MGMB) are of considerable interest for fusion target applications on account of the intrinsic properties of these materials such as high density, high strength and high atomic number. We report the first successfully formed submillimeter and millimeter spherical shells of tin and of a gold-lead-antimony alloy by means of the hollow-jet instability technique developed by one of us (JMK). Examination of tin specimens by means of SEM has revealed that surface quality varied from poor to excellent. Whereas this metal has been employed only as a convenient and inexpensive material, the gold alloy is important because it is hard, has high atomic number, and may be solidified into the amorphous state through the provision of a modest cooling rate. We have produced AuPbSb spherules up to 1.5 mm in diameter using LN 2 or chilled methanol as a coolant, and have found that these amorphous samples possess a superb surface smoothness compatible with fusion target requirements. Hollow spheres currently made of this alloy have an average O.D. of 2000 μm.
Dichotomy of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopamine Regulation between Somatodendritic and Terminal Field Areas of Nigrostriatal and Mesoaccumbens Pathways

Measures of dopamine-regulating proteins in somatodendritic regions are often used only as static indicators of neuron viability, overlooking the possible impact of somatodendritic dopamine (DA) signaling on behavior and the potential autonomy of DA regulation between somatodendritic and terminal field compartments. DA reuptake capacity is less in somatodendritic regions, possibly placing a greater burden on de novo DA biosynthesis within this compartment to maintain DA signaling. Therefore, regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity may be particularly critical for somatodendritic DA signaling. Phosphorylation of TH at ser31 or ser40 can increase activity, but their impact on L-DOPA biosynthesis in vivo is unknown. Thus, determining their relationship with L-DOPA tissue content could reveal a mechanism by which DA signaling is normally maintained. In Brown-Norway Fischer 344 F1 hybrid rats, we quantified TH phosphorylation versus L-DOPA accumulation. After inhibition of aromatic acid decarboxylase, L-DOPA tissue content per recovered TH protein was greatest in NAc, matched by differences in ser31, but not ser40, phosphorylation. The L-DOPA per catecholamine and DA turnover ratios were significantly greater in SN and VTA, suggesting greater reliance on de novo DA biosynthesis therein. These compartmental differences reflected an overall autonomy of DA regulation, as seen by decreased DA content in SN and VTA, but not in striatum or NAc, following short-term DA biosynthesis inhibition from local infusion of the TH inhibitor α-methyl-p-tyrosine, as well as in the long-term process of aging. Such data suggest ser31 phosphorylation plays a significant role in regulating TH activity in vivo, particularly in somatodendritic regions, which may have a greater reliance on de novo DA biosynthesis. Thus, to the extent that somatodendritic DA release affects behavior, TH regulation in the midbrain may be critical for DA bioavailability to influence behavior.
Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile Reduce Homicide?

Research Summary: Police officials across the United States often claimed credit for crime reductions during the 1990s. In this article, we examine homicide trends in three cities that mounted widely publicized policing interventions during the 1990s: Boston's Operation Ceasefire, New York's Compstat, and Richmond, Virginia's Project Exile. Applying growth-curve analysis to data from the 95 largest U.S. cities and controlling for conditions known to be associated with violent crime rates, we find that New York's homicide trend during the 1990s did not differ significantly from those of other large cities. We find some indication of a sharper homicide drop in Boston than elsewhere, but the small number of incidents precludes strong conclusions. By contrast, Richmond's homicide reduction was significantly greater than the decline in other large cities after the implementation of Project Exile, which is consistent with claims of an intervention effect, although the effect may have been small. Policy Implications: Criminologists gave police and other public officials something of a free ride as they claimed credit for the 1990s crime drop. We propose that researchers employ comparable data and methods to evaluate such claims-making, with the current analysis intended as a departure point for ongoing research. The use of common evaluation criteria is especially urgent for assessing the effects of the multiple interventions to reduce violent crime launched under the nation's primary domestic crime-control initiative, Project Safe Neighborhoods.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for benign cavernous sinus tumors: quantitative analysis of treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: We review our 8-year experience with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for the treatment of patients with benign cavernous sinus tumors and present a quantitative analysis of factors relevant to treatment outcomes. METHODS: From 1994 to 2002, a total of 139 patients with benign cavernous sinus tumors were treated in 145 sessions. Their median age was 53 years, and the median follow-up was 3.5 years. The tumors included 57 meningiomas, 76 pituitaty tumors (49 nonfunctional adenomas, 15 prolactinomas, 5 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors, 6 growth hormone-secreting tumors, and 1 plurihormone-secreting tumor), 4 schwannomas, 1 hemangioma, and 1 paraganglioma. Sekhar tumor grades were as follows: I, n = 28 (20%); II, n = 42 (30%); III, n = 42 (30%); IV, n = 19 (14%); and V, n = 8 (6%). The median tumor volume was 3,4 cm 3 , and the median prescribed dose was 15 Gy defined to the 50% isodose line. RESULTS: A total of 136 treated tumors (97.8%) were well controlled by GKRS, with low morbidity. For meningiomas, 29 tumors (51%) were unchanged and 26 (46%) were smaller at a median of 15.2 months. For pituitary tumors, 50 (66%) were unchanged and 25 (33%) were smaller at a median of 20.6 months. Improvement in cranial nerve (CN) function was seen in 19 (36.5%) of 52 patients with pre-GKRS deficits, and 3 patients (2.2%) developed new stable CN deficits after GKRS: 1 patient developed IVth CN palsy at 9 months, and 2 developed persistent VIth CN palsies at 43 and 45 months, respectively, that required surgical correction. Two patients developed transient VIth CN palsies at 48 months that self-resolved after another year. Endocrine function normalized for all 6 treated patients with a growth hormone-secreting lumor at a median of 18 months. One of the 5 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors required retreatment after 17 months becaese of continued cortisol elevation. Thirteen (87%) of 15 prolactinoma patients had normalized prolactin levels within 2 years of the procedure; 2 patients relapsed by endoctine criteria at 18 and 22 months after GKRS. Two patients with normalized prolactin levels completed three normal pregnancies within 3 years of treatment. Six patients (4.3%) with median tumor volume of 8 cm 3 developed radiation-induced injury at a median of 36 months after GKRS. Five of these patients also underwent external beam radiotherapy and received a median dose of 52.2 Gy in 30 fractions. Quantitative analysis revealed that the radiation dose to critical structures (optic apparatus and pons) is correlated with their distance from tumor margins. Underdosed tumor volume, tumor volume, and total treated volume are correlated with treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION: GKRS is a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with benign cavernous sinus tumors and is an important adjunct for treating postoperative tumor residual and/or recurrent tumor. Continued analysis of treated patients over a extended time is needed to evaluate long-term disease control and potential late GKRS complications.
Determining organizational structure choices in advanced manufacturing technology management

The implementation of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) has been viewed as a powerful competitive weapon. Manufacturing plants that have adopted these technologies have the potential, inter alia, to gain earlier entrance to markets, to respond more quickly to changing customer needs, and to improve the quality of their products. In this study, using an advanced manufacturing technology intensity index, we first examine the variations in company performance as a function of the simultaneous effect of the dimensions of manufacturing technology intensity and structure. Secondly, using the moderator hypothesis, we propose that the more organizational structure complemented AMT's competencies, the higher the performance impact of AMT. Data from this study indicate that decentralization, described as complementary to AMT strengths, interacts positively with AMT, whereas formalization and mechanistic structure interact negatively with AMT.
Amino acid uptake in isolated, perfused liver: Effect of trauma and sepsis

Abstract To examine alterations in amino acid metabolism after trauma and sepsis, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent no operation (control, CON), celiotomy (trauma, TRA), or cecal ligation and puncture (sepsis, CLP). After 16 hr, plasma amino acid concentrations were determined. A second group of similarly prepared animals underwent isolated liver perfusion, and net amino acid uptake or release was determined over 30 min. Sepsis significantly decreased total amino acid concentration in portal plasma (CON, 3486 ± 156 nmole/ml; TRA, 3407 ± 150 nmole/ml; CLP, 2738 ± 148 nmole/ml). Glutamine concentrations were uniformly lower in portal plasma than in arterial plasma in all states. There were depressed concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (BCAA) in portal plasma after trauma but not sepsis. In the isolated liver perfusion model, a marked increase in amino acid uptake was induced by sepsis (CON 39.9 ± 7.9 μmole/g liver protein; TRA, 49.5 ± 17.3 μmole/g liver protein; CLP, 124 ± 11 μmole/g liver protein). In addition, there was significantly greater uptake of threonine, asparagine, proline, methionine, tyrosine, and arginine. Although the BCAA isoleucine and valine were taken up to a greater extent in sepsis, the overall BCAA uptake was not significantly greater in sepsis than in control (CON 6.92 ± 2.15 μmole/g liver protein vs CLP 15.8 ± 1.9 μmole/g liver protein). The greatest increase in uptake following sepsis was among the gluconeogenic precursor amino acids alanine, glycine, threonine, and serine (CON, 27.0 ± 4.2 μmole/g liver protein, TRA, 38.8 ± 8.9 μmole/g liver protein; CLP, 62.8 ± 6.0 μmol/g liver protein). The results suggest that sepsis significantly alters hepatic amino acid uptake and release, particularly among certain amino acid groups.
Four years of good SpeX

SpeX is a cross-dispersed medium-resolution 0.8-5.5 micron spectrograph in operation at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The instrument uses prism cross-dispersers and gratings to provide resolving powers of up to R~2000 simultaneously across 0.8-2.4 micron or ~2-5.4 micron. An autonomous infrared slit-viewer is used for object acquisition, guiding, and scientific imaging. The spectrograph employs a 1024x1024 Aladdin 3 InSb array and the imager a 512x512 Aladdin 2 InSb array. Since it was commissioned in June 2000, SpeX has been used for about 45% of all telescope time. We give an overview of the design, followed by details of the use and performance of the Aladdin arrays, observing techniques, maintenance issues and lessons learned.
A THEORY FOR THE REPUBLIC

Is it better to know something about everything, or everything about something? Randall Collins, like illustrious predecessors as Parsons, Cooley, or William James, is willing to take the world as his oyster. The oyster will never be his world. Like other generalists, Collins must recognize that there is always someone who knows more than he, but about much less. Those who treasure the nuances of interactionist intellectual history will find much to critiqu+sources unexplored, details misinterpreted, and facts elided. Without endorsing Collins’ contention that our Mead needed a good course in “est,” the theoretical issues of this remarkable article transcend the question of who was Mead,, what did he know, and when did he know it. I will address Collins’ extensions of Mead, his Goffmanesque vision of ritual, and the relevance of this approach as an American theory of community organization. Despite dismissing Simmel as “shallow” (1985, p. 112), Collins’ description of ritual has the formal qualities of a Simmelian definition; that is, it as a definition without content. For Collins ritual is but a shared focus, and as a consequence more is covered by the term than we reasonably know to be there. However, ritual, as the term is used, refers to behavior that is seen as set apart, meaningful within the conditions of the group. Although Collins suggests that the mood that is produced in ritual is crucial (along with a recognition of group belonging and a common center of attention), a ritual will remain a ritual even when individuals have other things on their minds. The preoccupations of mourners at a funeral, inauguration, marriage, or investiture will not change the ritualistic quality of these events. Are we to believe that the minister, the bride, the mother of the bride, and the photographer have a common mood. Within limits they obey rules of decorum, but even so it would seem strange to watch a crying photographer, a quaking minister, or a mother-of-the-bride who dispassionately wanders around the ceremony. In circumcision rituals, the cutter does not share emotion with the cuttee, even though there may be a recognized decorum. It is not the mood, but the portrayal of the mood within a circumstance that is “set apart” from normal interaction with a recognized division of emotional labor that is crucial to the concept of ritual.
The Birth of the East Ender: Neighborhood and Local Identity in Interwar East London

Until the interwar period, the term "the East End" functioned largely as a metaphor, symbolizing problems of urban poverty and crime. The term had little meaning for the residents of the area, whose horizons were limited to the immediate surroundings of street and neighborhood. These surroundings provided a localized sense of community, and formed the basis of working-class networks of reciprocity. The Jewish residents of the East End were not part of these communities—they formed their own localized communities that were also based on territory and exchange. In the interwar period, however, a new community was created. Due to a series of developments in work patterns, leisure, and politics, the horizons of the East End's residents began to expand, to encompass the entire East End. For the first time they began to see themselves as East Enders, a local identity which included both the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the area.
Improved algorithm for analysis of the least-squares treatment of titration data

Abstract In least-squares data-processing, previous investigators have reported the evaluation of partial derivatives that show the effect on the parameters, from errors in individual data points. By replacing the finite difference method used earlier, an increase in the speed of the computations by a factor of 40 or greater can be achieved.
Neurotrophic agents may exacerbate the pathologic cascade of Alzheimer's disease

The thesis is advanced that Alzheimer's disease is triggered by alterations in the regulatory mechanisms governing the patterns of cytoskeletal protein expression in structurally plastic neurons in the mature nervous system. As a consequence, polypeptide species acting to stabilize the cytoskeleton are preferentially affected, and neuronal architecture becomes increasingly determined by proteins involved in labile structural states. A cascade of interdigitating pathologies is then postulated to develop characterized by nerve terminal aberrancies, subsequent extrusion of atypical polypeptide species and their conjugates, reactive gliosis, abnormal neuronal growth, and degeneration. Within this context, growth factors promote and accelerate the pathologic cascade. Based on this model, a treatment strategy is suggested that the most effective management of Alzheimer's disease, particularly during earlier stages, is to delay its projected normal onset and to control the aberrant neuronal growth that is a hallmark of the malady.
Tuning error sensitivity of stabilized linear accelerator tanks with full cell terminations

Abstract A slightly lossy biperiodic multicoupled resonator model is used to analyze the sensitivity of the fields to tuning errors in a standing wave linac tank. Perturbations of the 1 2 π- mode are used to represent the field behavior of stabilized or near-stabilized linac structures. The effects of couplings to cells beyond the nearest neighbor and the effects of an error in the average coupling resonator frequency are shown. Tables of error effects are given.
Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide, by Karen Mossberger, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Mary Stansbury. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003. xvi + 192 pp. $19.95/£14.25 (paper). ISBN: 0-87840-999-8

In this book, Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury argue for an information technology policy debate that moves beyond the digital divide. For these authors, the digital divide has been narrowly arti...
Carbon dioxide production by individual mice as an index of behavioral and metabolic activity

Abstract A noninvasive method for simultaneous real-time determination of spontaneous locomotor activity (LA) and CO2 production (as minute volume expired CO2, or VECO2) in mice is described. As an apical measure of overall metabolic activity, VECO2 proved sensitive to changes in many physiological processes, including behavioral activity. In normal mice, LA (as photobeam breaks) and VECO2 were positively correlated (r = 0.73), and stable over repeated daily tests. Food deprivation for 18 hr overnight increased LA while decreasing VECO2. Stimulation of peripheral sympathetic activity, either by exposure to cold air or by injection of epinephrine, increased VECO2 without affecting LA. Intoxication with pentobarbital produced a biphasic change in both measures: anesthetic doses increased LA and VECO2 during induction and recovery, and reduced them during the period of anesthesia itself. These results characterize VECO2 as an easily quantifiable, composite index of behavioral and metabolic activity in mice. This measure, along with its covariation with LA, may provide better information about toxic effects than any single screening test.
Validity and Fairness of State Standards-Based Assessments for English Language Learners

English language learners (ELLs) constitute one of the fastest growing subpopulations of students in the United States. It is important to determine whether the assessments used by states in determining students' proficiencies are valid and fair for ELLs. This study focused on several standards-based assessments in mathematics and science administered to 5th and 8th graders. In assessing construct validity, all of the assessments were found to be essentially unidimensional in their underlying factor structure for native English speakers and for several ELL examinee groups. The use of translation glossaries/word lists as a testing accommodation was effective for supporting the unidimensionality of some of these assessments, specifically for the one at the 8th-grade level.
Founding Editorial – Forensics and TheScientificWorld

At the beginning of a new millennium it seems a good idea to stop for a moment and take stock of the current state of forensic science. As a field of scientific research and scientific application, forensic science is a little more than a century old. Forensic science may be said to have begun in 1887 with the simultaneous publication of A. Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet and Hans Gross’s Handbuch fur Untersuchungsrichter. Conan Doyle’s novel introduced to the world the character of Sherlock Holmes, whose literary career would popularize the use of physical evidence in criminal investigations. Gross’s manual for examining magistrates suggests ways in which the expertise of chemists, biologists, geologists, and other natural scientists could contribute to investigations. Gross’s book was translated into a number of languages and went through various updated editions during the course of the century. The intervening century saw the development and application of fingerprinting, firearm and tool mark identification, forensic chemistry, forensic biology, forensic toxicology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and forensic engineering. Increasingly, the judicial systems of the industrial nations of the world have come to rely upon the expertise of scientists in a variety of disciplines. In most advanced countries, virtually all criminal prosecutions now involve the presentation of scientific testimony. This has had the beneficial effect of diminishing the reliance of courts on eyewitness testimony and defendant confessions.
How does a symmetric dimer recognize an asymmetric substrate? a substrate complex of HIV-1 protease

The crystal structure of an actual HIV-1 protease-substrate complex is presented at 2.0 A resolution (R-value of 19.7 % (Rfree 23.3 %)) between an inactive variant (D25N) of HIV-1 protease and a long substrate peptide, Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu-Ala-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser, which covers a full binding epitope of capsid(CA)-p2, cleavage site. The substrate peptide is asymmetric in both size and charge distribution. To accommodate this asymmetry the two protease monomers adopt different conformations burying a total of 1038 A2 of surface area at the protease-substrate interface. The specificity for the CA-p2 substrate peptide is mainly hydrophobic, as most of the hydrogen bonds are made with the backbone of the peptide substrate. Two water molecules bridge the two monomers through the loops Gly49-Gly52 (Gly49′-Gly52′) and Pro79′-Val82′ (Pro79-Val82). When other complexes are compared, the mobility of these loops is correlated with the content of the P1 and P1′ sites. Interdependence of the conformational changes allows the protease to exhibit its wide range of substrate specificity.
Chromaffin cell tymor simulating malignant hypertension; report of a case with surgical cure.

ALTHOUGH every patient with a functioning chromaffin cell tumor L probably has paroxysmal attacks of hypertension, a history of such attacks is not always readily obtainable (1), or their paroxysmal nature maV be masked by the more chronic phase of the disease. It becomes necessary, therefore, to revise our concepts of the clinical picture, lest the correct diagnosis be missed in those cases which do not conform to the previously defined “paroxysmal hypertensive” syndrome. Any or all of the effects of the “adrenal-sympathetic syndrome” may be found in these patients and are presumably due to the release of an excessive amount of epinephrine or epinephrine-like substance from the hormone-producing tumor. The many symptoms of these tumors are too numerous to list here (1–19), but may be found in the excellent reviews by Belt and Powell (2), Linder and Tyler (3), and Green (4). For clinical application, however, the diagnosis should be considered for the following groups of patients:
Management of Interdisciplinary Research in Universities: The State of The Art

lished under land-grant provisions has been accepted only recently as another specified role of a university. In the early eras of research in universities, much of the research was performed by individuals operating essentially independently. For universities, the research efforts tended to be relatively small projects with few, if any, outside funds to support such efforts. After World War II, and particularly in the 1960's with the emphasis on the social reform and space programs, research became a very large portion of many universities' activities. As universities increased their role in research, team efforts became important. Large projects that required team efforts were developed often at the request of the external research sponsor. Within the past 10 to 15 years, emphasis has been directed toward interdisciplinary research (IDR) and its contribution to the solution of increasingly complex societal problems. With IDR, individuals of differing expertise and backgrounds work together in conducting a research project. Thus, the decision-making process related to the conduct of research is not left to one individual but often must be made in
Retinotectal Connexions of a Heterotopic Eye

THE mechanisms which cause the formation of specific synaptic connections in the nervous system are rather obscure. The development of specific connexions between eye and brain indicates a stage-dependent functional specification of the retina1 which allows the retina to form predictable, specific connexions with the optic tectum, but the manner in which optic nerve fibres terminate in the tectum and the mechanisms which restore the visual projection after optic nerve regeneration are as yet not fully determined2.
Peripheral blood monocytes derived from HIV+ individuals mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Abstract Monocytes/macrophages serve a number of immunologic functions and play a major role in the host defense against infection. Abnormal functions of monocytes have been reported in AIDS and HIV+ individuals. A recent report from our laboratory demonstrated that peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) derived from AIDS patients were de novo “activated” as assessed by direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and secretion of cytotoxic factors and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Thus, both the direct cytotoxicity as well as the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) exerted by the monocytes may contribute to the destruction of HIV-infected/coated cells and the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. The present study investigated the ability of HIV+ PBM to mediate ADCC against antibody-coated target cells in an 18-hr 51Cr release assay. Initial studies examined ADCC using a macrophage resistant target Raji and rabbit anti-Raji serum. The results show that the majority of PBM from HIV+ individuals mediate ADCC activity while the majority of PBM from normal healthy controls was not cytotoxic. While activation of PBM with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) enhances the ADCC activity of normal PBM, treatment of HIV+ PBM with IFN-γ resulted in significant enhancement of ADCC. Both untreated and treated PBM from HIV+ individuals had significantly higher ADCC than PBM from normal individuals. Of interest, a significant ADCC activity was found by PBM derived from two HIV− high risk individuals whether untreated or treated with rIFN-γ. The ADCC results with RAJI target cells prompted us to investigate whether ADCC can also be obtained using HIV-infected T4+ cells. We selected a macrophage and TNF resistant T4+ CEM cell line as target for ADCC. The target was coated with inactivated HIV and pooled human anti-HIV serum was used. Studies with a few HIV+ individuals demonstrate that significant ADCC is obtained with PBM from HIV+ individuals but little or no ADCC by normal PBM and the ADCC was specific for HIV. The ADCC was also significantly enhanced by treatment of PBM with rIFN-γ. The results of this study clearly indicate that PBM from HIV+ individuals are endowed with the capacity to mediate ADCC against HIV-infected/coated cells and thus, we postulate that PBM may play a direct role in vivo in lysis or suppression of HIV-coated/infected cells and in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
The direct involvement of hydrogen peroxide in indoleacetic acid inactivation.

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide appears to mask the chemical characteristics of indoleacetic acid. This was demonstrated by the Salkowski and Fluorescence tests. Stem elongation and root initiation were inhibited as a result of adding H2O2 to nutrient media containing IAA, however, upon the addition of purified catalase, most of the symptoms of IAA inactivation were reversed. It is suggested that in vivo IAA may be regulated partially by its conjugation with H2O2, and catalase may have a role in the IAA reactivation process. The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cells as a result of catalase inhibition may lead to a temporary IAA inactivation, therefore effecting plant growth.
Cytological effects of protoanemonin on the root tip of Zea Mays.

DRUGS AND other chemicals which block mitosis and cell division are of interest in such diverse practical fields as cancer therapy and plant breeding. They are also of interest from a theoretical point of view since they should provide a useful tool for investigation of cytological and growth problems. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of action of such a substance, a general cytological survey of its effect on dividing cells appears to be one of the first steps. This paper is a description of the cytological effects of protoanemonin on the meristematic cells of the root of Zea Mays. Protoanemonin is a lactone of low molecular weight, whose structural formula is:
Stepwise Mobilization of Focused Proteins in Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Mass Spectrometry

A stepwise mobilization strategy has been developed for the elution of complex protein mixtures, separated by capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) for detection using on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Carrier polyampholytes are used to establish a pH gradient as well as to control the electroosmotic flow arising from the use of uncoated fused-silica capillaries. Elution of focused protein zones is achieved by controlling the mobilization pressure and voltage, leaving the remaining protein zones focused inside the capillary. Protein zones are stepwise eluted from the capillary by changing the mobilization conditions. Stepwise mobilization improves separation resolution and simplifies coupling with multistage MS (i.e., MSn) analysis since it allows more effective temporal control of protein elution from the CIEF capillary. We also describe a modified configuration for coupling CIEF with ESI-MS using a coaxial sheath flow interface that facilitate the automation of on-line CIEF-ESI...
Near-infrared absorption and semimetal-semiconductor transition in 2 nm ErAs nanoparticles embedded in GaAs and AlAs

We report strong near-infrared absorption peaks in epitaxial films of GaAs and AlAs containing approximately 0.5–5% of the semimetal ErAs. The energy of the resonant absorption peak can be changed from 0.62to1.0eV (2.2–1.4μm) by variation of the ErAs volume fraction and the substrate temperature. We interpret the infrared absorption in terms of transitions across an energy gap caused by a confinement-induced semimetal-semiconductor transition. An effective mass model relates the changes in nanoparticle diameter observed in transmission electron microscopy to the energy gap.
Visualization of data for the debugging of concurrent systems

Debugging concurrent systems has been shown to be much more complex than for serial systems; this is further complicated by the number of processors that may be involved in any operation. The correctness of such systems are equally as important as serial systems. This places a considerable amount of extra demand on the debugging environment. Additional capability must be provided with the debugging environment to offset the complexity. We describe work related to the visualization of data associated with concurrent systems to aid users in comprehending the operation and correctness of their concurrent applications.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of long-range transport and clouds on cloud condensation nuclei in the springtime Arctic

[1] Variations in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration vertical profiles during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment/Arctic Clouds Experiment (FIRE/ACE) flights over the Arctic Ocean were investigated using back trajectories and satellite photos. In contrast with CCN measurements over other oceans, concentrations over the Arctic generally increased with altitude. Although land masses did not seem to have as much of an immediate effect on concentrations over the Arctic as over other oceans, the small size of the Arctic Ocean may leave it open to greater overall continental/anthropogenic influences. Cloud scavenging seemed to be the most likely cause of decreased CCN concentrations. More efficient scavenging by liquid clouds, because of their higher concentrations and surface areas than cirrus clouds, probably accounted for decreasing concentrations at lower altitudes.
More is better: evidence that joint patenting leads to quality innovation

Joint ownership of a patent is most often viewed by firms as a second-best option compared to single, monopoly ownership. However, the results of this article suggest that there may be reason for businesses and policymakers to incentivize joint patenting behaviour. This is because, joint patent ownership is found to positively impact the quality of an innovation (as measured by forward patent citations). In addition, the degree of quality increases with the number of patent owners. Since past research confirms the important links between patent quality and ongoing innovation, and between innovation and growth, those factors that impact patent quality are deserving of attention. Economic research on joint patenting is currently limited, but we hope to shed light on the importance of expanding dialogue on this topic.
Current Research and Recent Breakthroughs on the Mental Health Effects of Disasters

A large existing academic disaster mental health literature provides a foundation to help guide disaster mental health response. Recent studies, however, have indicated that reconceptualization of certain mental health aspects of disasters may be indicated to guide further research to inform the planning and implementation of disaster mental health interventions. In particular, there is need to more carefully measure specific postdisaster disorders and syndromes using full diagnostic assessments, differentiate pre-existing from incident (new) postdisaster psychopathology, appropriately consider disaster trauma exposure groups in assessing psychopathology, and conduct prospective follow-up assessments over time from the acute postdisaster period to the long term. Further descriptive and longitudinal research is needed to better characterize the occurrence and course of fully-assessed psychiatric disorders after different disasters, clarify the role of disaster trauma exposures in the development of postdisaster psychopathology, and deconstruct confounding effects in determination of causalities in mental health consequences of disasters.