cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Leukocytes VII. Metabolism of Glucose, Acetate, and Propionate by Human Plasma Cells

Plasma cells obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with multiple myeloma was incubated in serum and Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 14C-labeled glucose, acetate, and propionate. Glucose utilization by these cells amounted to 0.5 μmole per hr per 108 cells and was mainly via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and only 6% or less traversed the hexose monophosphate shunt. The presence of Krebs cycle activity was demonstrated by direct isolation of several labeled intermediates after incubation with either 14C-acetate or 14C-propionate. The distribution of 14C in lactate, succinate, fumarate, malate, aspartate, and glutamate indicate a complete Krebs cycle. Acetate was metabolized via the Krebs cycle to the extent of 0.15 μmoles per hr per 108 cells, and the rate of propionate utilization was 0.17 μmoles per hr per 108 cells.
Effects of prey type on specific dynamic action, growth, and mass conversion efficiencies in the horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli

To be most energetically profitable, predators should ingest prey with the maximal nutritional benefit while minimizing the cost of processing. Therefore, when determining the quality of prey items, both the cost of processing and nutritional content must be considered. Specific dynamic action (SDA), the increase in metabolic rate associated with feeding in animals, is a significant processing cost that represents the total cost of digestion and assimilation of nutrients from prey. We examined the effects of an invertebrate diet (earthworms) and a vertebrate diet (newborn mice) on mass conversion efficiencies, growth, and SDA in the Chacoan horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli .W e found the earthworm diet to be significantly lower in lipid, protein, and energy content when compared to the diet of newborn mice. Growth and mass conversion efficiencies were significantly higher in frogs fed newborn mice. However, mean SDA did not differ between frogs fed the two diets, a finding that contradicts many studies that indicate SDA increases with the protein content of the meal. Together, our results indicate that future studies evaluating the effect of meal type on bioenergetics of herpetofauna are warranted and may provide significant insight into the underlying factors driving SDA.
Living Modern in Mid-Century Houston

Philip Johnson’s house, designed for wealthy art patrons and social activists John and Dominique de Menil in 1948, Houston, introduced the culturally conservative city to the modern aesthetic of the international style. It stimulated a generation of mid-century Houston architects who promulgated the ideas of Johnson’s mentor, Mies van der Rohe. It also initiated a productive relationship between the architect and Houston where Johnson’s design interests evolved from the international style to the figural high-rise towers and the near-kitsch historicist inspiration at the University of Houston. Stern and Bucek Architects’ recent conservation project reflects on the role of the house, its owners, and its architect in a city’s cultural evolution.
60 nm gate length Al 2 O 3 / In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As gate-first MOSFETs using InAs raised source-drain regrowth

Given adequately low source/drain (S/D) access resistivity and dielectric interface trap density (R access &#60; 50 Ω-µ,1 and D it &#60; 2 · 1012 cm−2 eV−1,2 respectively), InGaAs MOSFETs will provide greater on-state current than silicon MOSFETs at the same effective oxide thickness (EOT). The access resistance must be obtained in a self-aligned structure with a contacted gate pitch ∼4 times the physical gate length (L g ), e.g. 116 nm at 32 nm L g ,3 while control of short channel effects demands that the S/D region depth be only a fraction of gate length; low-resistance, ultra-shallow fully self-aligned III-V MOS processes must therefore be developed. Here we report a 60 nm L g In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFET fabricated in a gate-first process with self-aligned raised InAs S/D access regions formed by MBE regrowth. The devices have a peak drive current of 1.36 mA/µm at V ds = 1.25 V and V gs = 3 V and an R on = 341 ohm-µm. To our knowledge this is the lowest R on and smallest L g reported to date for In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As surface channel MOSFETs.4
Strain-Dependent Vascular Remodeling The “Glagov Phenomenon” Is Genetically Determined

Background— Atherosclerosis of the carotid artery, called intima-media thickening (IMT), is a form of vascular remodeling that is an important predictor for cardiovascular events and has a strong genetic component. Methods and Results— Recently, we established a mouse model of vascular remodeling based on partial ligation of the carotid, which is relevant to the “Glagov phenomenon.” We hypothesized that there would be genetically determined differences in outward remodeling and IMT induced by carotid flow alterations. We compared vascular remodeling among 5 inbred strains of mice. Despite similar changes in flow among the strains in the left carotid artery (LCA), we observed dramatic differences in remodeling of the partially ligated LCA relative to control. The smallest IMT volume (26±3 μm3) was found in C3H/HeJ mice, and the largest were in SJL/J (59±10 μm3) and FVB/NJ (81±6 μm3). Shear stress did not differ after ligation among strains. Lumen area decreased only when stenosis was ≥55%. IMT correlated s...
Positive Selection and Expression Divergence Following Gene Duplication in the Sunflower CYCLOIDEA Gene Family

Members of the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1 (TB1) group of transcription factors have been implicated in the evolution of zygomorphic (i.e., bilaterally symmetric) flowers in Antirrhinum and Lotus and the loss of branching phenotype during the domestication of maize. The composite inflorescences of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae) contain both zygomorphic and actinomorphic (i.e., radially symmetric) florets (rays and disks, respectively), and the cultivated sunflower has evolved an unbranched phenotype in response to domestication from its highly branched wild progenitor; hence, genes related to CYC/TB1 are of great interest in this study system. We identified 10 members of the CYC/TB1 gene family in sunflower, which is more than found in any other species investigated to date. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these genes occur in 3 distinct clades, consistent with previous research in other eudicot species. A combination of dating the duplication events and linkage mapping indicates that only some of the duplications were associated with polyploidization. Cosegregation between CYC-like genes and branching-related quantitative trait loci suggest a minor, if any, role for these genes in conferring differences in branching. However, the expression patterns of one gene suggest a possible role in the development of ray versus disk florets. Molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that residues in the conserved domains were the targets of positive selection following gene duplication. Taken together, these results indicate that gene duplication and functional divergence have played a major role in diversification of the sunflower CYC gene family.
The need for a decision: the future of biological science and humanity.

“A decision has to be made – and soon – about whether to essentially cease all research on pathogenesis, molecular virology, molecular immunology, genetics, physiology and related fields. ”
Precipitation fronts and the reflection and transmission of tropical disturbances

This paper investigates the interactions between precipitation and the circulation in an idealized model for the tropical atmosphere where convection is represented by a quasi-equilibrium closure. When studying large-scale circulation in the Tropics, the governing equations can be further simplified by making the strict quasi-equilibrium assumption which considers that convection acts to instantaneously adjust the atmospheric temperature profile to a moist adiabatic lapse rate. It is shown here that, under this assumption, the interface between the precipitating and non-precipitating regions exhibits a discontinuity in the precipitation rate and vertical velocity. Furthermore, this interface, referred to as a precipitation front, moves at a velocity distinct from the propagation speed of dry and moist disturbances. The theory predicts the existence of three types of precipitation fronts: drying fronts, slow moistening fronts and fast moistening fronts. In previous studies, numerical simulations have demonstrated the existence of the three types of front, and have also confirmed that the precipitation front theory offers a good approximation for the behaviour of the interface between dry and moist regions for finite value of the convective adjustment time. A new framework is proposed here in which the encounter of an atmospheric disturbance and the edge of a precipitation region is recast as a Riemann problem. It is shown that, for any precipitation fronts, there are three incident characteristics but only two outgoing characteristics. This makes it possible to solve simultaneously for the intensity of the outgoing invariants and the propagation speed of the front. This also implies that atmospheric disturbances will be partially transmitted and partially reflected when encountering a precipitation front. For small perturbations, linear reflection and transmission coefficients can be computed analytically. These results also indicate that that disturbances can be amplified through over-transmission or over-reflection. These theoretical results are confirmed in numerical simulations of an idealized Walker circulation. A solution that includes a stationary precipitation front is perturbed by adding a small-amplitude gravity wave, convectively coupled gravity wave, or moisture disturbance. All numerical simulations exhibit reflection and transmission of the incoming signal, and one simulation shows a case of over-transmission of the incoming disturbance. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Evolving ant colony systems in hardware for random number generation

Using a genetic algorithm (GA) to evolve ant colony systems (ACS), we have succeeded at producing evolvable random number generators (RNG) that can be written to hardware. Although the simulated behavior of individual ants is limited to a small number of choices, "fit" colonies pass many stringent tests for randomness.
Global Surgical Care in the UN Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda

The 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) provided the global development community with an opportunity to reflect on the triumphs and challenges encountered over the last 15 years. Despite great strides in achieving maternal and child health targets, significant disparities in maternal surgical care persist [1]. Investments and scale-up of obstetric surgery and anaesthesia care are critical to close the gap in maternal mortality [2]. These and other essential surgical interventions address inequalities in health that remain outside the defined scope of the international global health agenda. Although the international community fell short of prioritizing surgical care as part of the MDGs, the post-2015 sustainable development agenda represented a rare opportunity for surgical care to be recognized as a global priority. As part of this multi-year agenda setting process, governments and members of civil society have been coming together through a number of processes to develop a core list of goals, targets, and indicators to guide development around the world (Fig. 1). Despite efforts to raise the profile of surgical care as a critical public health issue, it has remained conspicuously absent from post-2015 discussions [3]. This critical omission deserves further examination, and warrants the mobilization of stakeholders in surgical care and anaesthesia from around the world to unite in support of the neglected surgical patient.
Humidification During Noninvasive Respiratory Support of the Newborn: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation, and Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula

Various modes of noninvasive respiratory support have evolved in an attempt to minimize lung damage associated with invasive respiratory support of the neonate.
Phytoremediation of Contaminated Groundwater

Groundwater contamination is a problem facing many if not all nations. Most common engineering solutions are expensive and require dedicated personnel to set up and maintain. Phytoremediation offers a low cost, low technology approach to remediate groundwater. Phytoremediation has been shown to be affective for a variety of contaminants, with plants capable of degrading the chemicals to non-toxic metabolites. Ways are being developed to assist plants in reaching deep aquifer waters beyond the root zones of trees. Plant are being examined to determine the genes involved in the metabolism of the contaminants, as well as genetic engineering of plants for enhanced capabilities. Plant associated microbes are also being explored as a way to improve phytoremediation capabilities.
Immediate and Enduring Changes in Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in APNs Following Computer-Assisted Home Study of "The Pharmacology of Alcohol."

Background 18 advanced practice nurses (APNs) evaluated a two contact hour home-study computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program on the pharmacology of alcohol developed by the author. Changes in knowledge and self-efficacy were measured immediately following program use and 5 months later. Method The APNs were recruited from two seminar sections of a traditional lecture-based continuing education course for nurses enrolled in a primary care nurse practitioner program. Participants completed cognitive and self-efficacy instruments in class pre-program use and 5 months post-program use. The APNs completed immediate post-program evaluation instruments at home and returned them by mail. Results Significant gains in knowledge and self-efficacy with large effect sizes were achieved immediately following program use. Cognitive and self-efficacy scores decayed significantly 5 months post-program use but were still significantly greater than pre-program scores. Conclusion These findings indicate that continuing education in substance misuse or other pharmacology content may be effectively implemented at home via CAI.
The Challenges of Legal Education in the Neoliberal University

Neoliberalism, a business-oriented ideology promoting corporatism, profit-seeking, and elite management, has found its way into the modern American university. As neoliberal ideology envelops university campuses, the idea of law professors as learned academicians and advisors to students as citizens in training, has given way to the concept of professors as brokers of marketable skills with students as consumers. In a legal setting, this concept pushes law students to view their education not as a means to contribute to society and the professional field, but rather as a means to make money. These developments are especially problematic for minority students and faculty who wish to remain grounded in their communities.
Timing Is Everything Changing Norms of Minority Rights and the Making of a Polish Nation-State

There is broad agreement that states seeking to nationalize their minority populations require both capacity and intent. We argue that political opportunity is also important through a focus on Poland’s policy toward its Ukrainian minority during the first half of the twentieth century. The shift from international norms protecting minority group rights in the interwar period to the defense of individual human rights during the immediate postwar era gave Polish state elites new and devastating tools with which to create a Polish nation-state. Through forced expulsions, internal deportation, and the cultural homogenization of the public sphere, all practices that had been unfeasible during the interwar group rights era, Polish state elites denied Ukrainians sufficient means to perpetuate their culture. The postwar process was relatively quick and almost always brutal.
Synergistic Effects of Nanoparticles and Polymers on Depletion and Structural Interactions

An experimental study was performed to investigate the synergistic effects of two different solution components on the depletion and structural forces between colloidal particles. Using silica nanoparticles and anionic poly(acrylic acid) polymer, it was found that the depletion and structural forces measured between a 30 μm diameter silica sphere and a flat silica plate (obtained using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy) were substantially greater than the sum of the forces obtained in systems containing only nanoparticles and only polymer. This result arises because the anionic polymer chains adsorb to the nanoparticles, creating a complex that is over twice as large as either component. Although the number density of depletants decreases with such complexation, the larger size results in much greater forces at longer ranges. In addition, the measured force profiles could be well described using a force model in which all components were treated as hard, charged spheres. The results clearly indicate...
Faceting Simulation of Bulk Crystal Growth with 2d Nucleation and Screw Dislocation Theory

During directional solidification of semiconductor or oxide crystals, the appearance of facets along the meltcrystal interface is a common phenomenon with scientific and practical importance. In this paper, the computational simulation of faceting is carried out for Bridgman growth of YAG crystals. The mathematical models consider the coupling between kinetic undercooling and melt convection and thermal transport. Both the screw dislocation and the twodimensional nucleation theory are used, for facets with and without growth spirals, respectively. A linear relation between the growth velocity and undercooling is applied to atomic rough surfaces. The interface location is tracked, so as to record an initial timedependent evolution of the facet towards its timeindependent shape. The differences among the different growth theory are compared and discussed, and the effects of the undercooling coefficients on transient features during facet formation are also investigated.
Lifestyle and Complementary Medicine for Common Gastrointestinal Disorders in Pregnancy

Gastrointestinal disorders including nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and constipation are common in pregnancy. While safe and effective pharmacotherapy exists to ameliorate the symptoms of these conditions, many women prefer a more natural approach through lifestyle modifications or complementary medicine. Evidence concerning some of the most commonly used lifestyle or complementary medicine interventions is discussed, as well as their associated adverse effects and safety in pregnancy.
An Examination of the Convergent, Discriminant, and Predictive Validity of Fishbein's Behavioral Intention Model:

In this research, multiple measures are obtained for variables said to constitute the normative and attitudinal components of Fishbein's behavioral intention model. The convergent, discriminant, an...
General method to synthesize ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticle suspensions for hole contact layers in organic photovoltaic devices

Solution-processed hole contact layers (HCLs) of metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) films improve performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs), but have thus far required harsh post-deposition thermal or plasma treatments. Here, we describe a general method to synthesize suspensions of ultrasmall (1–2 nm) MoO3, WO3, NiOx, and CoOx NPs in n-butanol. Spin-coated metal oxide NP films with no post-deposition treatment exhibit high work function and ionization energy consistent with the oxidation states of the metal cations. Metal oxide NP HCLs demonstrate performance matching those of reference conventional and inverted OPVs containing PEDOT:PSS and evaporated MoO3.
Structural and proximity-induced ferromagnetic properties of topological insulator-magnetic insulator heterostructures

The spontaneously broken time reversal symmetry can lead to the formation of an energy gap in the Dirac spectrum of the surface states of a topological insulator (TI) which can consequently give rise to a variety of interesting phenomena potentially useful for spintronics. In this work, we couple a non-magnetic TI to a high Curie temperature TC magnetic insulator to induce strong exchange interaction via the proximity effect. We have successfully grown 5 quintuple layer thick ternary TI (BixSb1-x)2Te3 films on atomically flat yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film with the combination of molecular beam epitaxy and pulsed laser deposition, in which the Fermi level position relative to the Dirac point is varied by controlling the Bi:Sb ratio. The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and suppressed weak antilocalization (WAL) measured under out of plane magnetic fields reveal that the TI surface in contact with YIG is magnetized. Our high-quality (BixSb1-x)2Te3/Y IG heterostructure provides a tunable system for exploring the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) at higher temperatures in TI-based spintronic devices.
Trace-element partitioning between immiscible lunar melts: An example from naturally occurring lunar melt inclusions

Evidence for liquid immiscibility on the Moon has been documented in melt inclusions in minerals that crystallized from mare basalts, within mesostasis in mare basalts and in at least one sample of a lunar plutonic rock. This study focuses on trace-element partitioning between immiscible melt pairs occurring as inclusions in plagioclase. These inclusions are blade-like in shape and range in length from 2 to 150 μm. They consist of two coexisting glasses separated by a sharp meniscus. The colorless, low-index glass (felsite) is spherical and immersed in a dark-brown, high-index glass (high-Fe basalt). The Fe-rich basaltic component of the inclusion is quartz + hypersthene normative with low Mg/(Mg + Fe) and variable SiO2 content (between 34 and 45 wt%). The felsic component has a SiO2 content between 72 and 82 wt% and variable K2O (4.4 to 8.5 wt%) In most cases, the partitioning behavior of the trace elements agrees with behavior either predicted or measured in experimental and natural systems. The high charge density elements preferentially partition into the basaltic component. High P2O5 and a wider solvus increase the D basalt/felsite for these elements. In contrast to many experimental studies and in agreement with studies of natural silicate liquid immiscibility, the D basalt/felsite for Ba indicates a preference for the felsic component. This difference in Ba behavior between experimental and natural samples has been attributed to differences in melt polymerization and compensation for charge unbalance within the polymerized melt structure. The apparent differences in D basalt/felsite for Sr and divalent Eu between the Apollo 11 high-Ti basalts and Apollo 12 low-Ti basalts may be a result of either subtle differences in bulk composition or the extent of plagioclase plating on inclusion walls. Based on our partitioning data from melt inclusions and the chemical characteristics of lunar felsites, the latter cannot be a product of simple fractional crystallization. Silicate liquid immiscibility can account for fractionation of Ba/ La, K/U, and Ba/U in the lunar felsites and the limited variation in Zr/La. However, it cannot account for the REE pattern of the lunar felsites or the fractionation of U/La. These characteristics must be attributed to whitlockite crystallization prior to the onset of liquid immiscibility.
Release of reactive oxygen species by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro.

Regulatory and stimulatory mechanisms of H2O2 release from guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells were investigated. Cells in primary culture maintained in a previously described air-liquid interface system released H2O2 to the extracellular space only from the apical side of the cells. The rate of release was 0.044 +/- 0.003 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1. H2O2 release could be stimulated significantly during a 30-min incubation period with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). A stimulatory effect of PAF was achieved at concentrations greater than 100 nM and with PMA at concentrations greater than 10 ng (16 nM). When protein kinase C was inactivated with staurosporine, the responses to both PAF and PMA were abolished, whereas the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, did not affect H2O2 generation. When guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of extracellular H2O2 (30 microM), H2O2 was detoxified from both apical and basal sides, H2O2 removal being significantly more rapid from the apical side of the cells. These results suggest that tracheal epithelial cells can be stimulated to generate reactive oxygen species into the airway lumen and that this occurs in response to inflammatory mediators that act through protein kinase C. Luminal H2O2 release may have developed as a defense mechanism against microbes, and, similarly, luminal detoxification of H2O2 could represent an important mechanism of modulation of airway inflammation in response to oxidant stress.
Teaching catheterization to children.

SUMMARY Children can learn to perform self-catheterization as early as their preschool years with the aid of newly developed teaching techniques. Clean self-catheterization is widely accepted and allows the child to remain dry, without infection, and independent in the management of the lower urinary tract.
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), originally identified as an inflammation-associated cytokine, is synthesized throughout the female reproductive tract as well as in placentas and embryos. Development, female sex steroid hormones, and lipopolysaccharide influence expression of this gene. The functions of TNF may be determined in part by differential expression of the two species of TNF receptors, both of which seem to be regulated by female sex steroid hormones. Evidence has accumulated that supports a role for this potent, pleiotropic cytokine in autocrine and paracrine processes central to reproduction, including gamete and follicle development, steroidogenesis, uterine cyclicity, placental differentiation, development of the embryo, and parturition.
Old Hegemons, New Challenges and the Limits of Traditional Responses

Policymakers and academics live in a world of foreign policy “isms:” isolationism, unilateralism, bilateralism, imperialism and multilateralism are regarded as the menu from which states choose as they attempt to effect foreign relations. For the United States, while the options have varied, each choice has been conditioned by the assumption that it must act decisively and lead, even when collaborating with other states. According to realist scholars, hegemony implies dominance — expressed through a unilateral or imperialist foreign policy; for liberals who prefer a multilateralist approach, it entails leadership — albeit a “first among equals.”
Knowledge and Belief

This chapter describes the different aspects of knowledge and belief. People find it useful to attribute beliefs to others, and beliefs help to make predictions about what other people will do. It is not too relevant whether beliefs have any kind of real existence somewhere in minds. One observes merely that reasoning processes seem to make use of these abstractions. To represent ideas about the beliefs of agents, one must first describe what one think these beliefs are. This conceptualization will then form the foundation for the semantics of logical sentences about knowledge, and belief. One will describe two alternative conceptualizations. In the sentential conceptualization, one associate with each agent a set of formulas called the agents base beliefs. In the possible world's conceptualization, one associate with each agent sets of possible worlds. The chapter also presents the full semantic account for each of these conceptualizations.
The Influence of Wastewater Flocculation-Filtration on Subsequent Disinfection by Chlorine

Abstract Several factors governing the chemical disinfection of wastewater are favourably changed by incorporating a flocculation-filtration process before applying chlorine for killing the micro-organisms. It is very well known that the rate of destruction of microbes has been expressed by the Chick's law, a first-order relation-ship, where the terms “initial number” and “number of the remaining organisms” take part. Using flocculation-filtration before disinfection, we were able to retain a very high percentage of the pathogenic microbes in the filter. We have found that several micro-organisms or certain living forms could survive the disinfection by chloride at usual concentrations and reaction times. The flocculation-filtration process allowed at our trials to retain these organisms in the filter media and to keep the disinfection concentration at a lower level. Other factors affecting the chemical disinfection are the suspended solids and the substances capable of undergoing a reaction with chlorine. The flocculation-filtration eliminates the suspended solids which may protect the organisms covered against disinfection. The removal of organics contaminants from the wastewater has a double function: it avoids the chemical reduction of chlorine and it diminishes the concentration of precursors of trihalomethanes. We obtained much better results when we worked with an inorganic macromolecular aluminium salt as coagulant instead of aluminium sulphate not only regarding the elimination of microbes but also what concerns the reduction of organic substances which absorb the ultraviolet light. The flocculation-filtration in a deep granular filter allows also a nitrification and a retention of phosphor.
88: Reassessment of Anion Gap Reference Range Following Implementation of New Chemistry Analyzers: The Fairview Experience

Recently, our institution transitioned from a chemistry analyzer that was based on dry slide technology (OCD Vitros) to a system employing wet chemistry-based assays (Siemens Vista 1500). For all measured analytes, reference ranges were verified for assays on the new instruments with at least 40 healthy individuals before going live as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (C28-A3). However, following the implementation of the Vista instruments, clinicians began reporting an increase in low anion gaps without clinical …
Society for Health Psychology (APA Division 38) and Society of Behavioral Medicine joint position statement on the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program

Beginning in January 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) plans to cover the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), also referred to as Medicare DPP. The American Psychological Association Society for Health Psychology (SfHP) and the Society for Behavioral Medicine (SBM) reviewed the proposed plan. SfHP and SBM are in support of the CMS decision to cover DPP for Medicare beneficiaries but have a significant concern that aspects of the proposal will limit the public health impact. Concerns include the emphasis on weight outcomes to determine continued coverage and the lack of details regarding requirements for coaches. SfHP and SBM are in strong support of modifications to the proposal that would remove the minimum weight loss stipulation to determine coverage and to specify type and qualifications of "coaches."
Key Recovery Attack for All Parameters of HFE

Recently, by an interesting confluence, multivariate schemes with the minus modifier have received attention as candidates for multivariate encryption. Among these candidates is the twenty year old HFE\(^-\) scheme originally envisioned as a possible candidate for both encryption and digital signatures, depending on the number of public equations removed.
Descriptive texture analyses of cooked patties made of chicken breast with the woody breast condition.

Abstract The woody breast (WB) condition negatively influences the texture characteristics and quality of intact broiler breast fillets (Pectoralis major). But the impact of WB on ground meat is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of WB on the texture and cook loss of ground meat made of broiler breast fillets. Broiler breasts (deboned 3 h postmortem) were collected on 3 separate trial d from the commercial deboning line and classified into normal and severe WB fillet categories. Individual fillets were either ground and formed into patties or left intact prior to being stored for 7 d at −20°C. Samples were then cooked directly from the frozen state to an endpoint temperature of 76 °C for cook loss, instrumental (patties: Allo-Kramer shear; fillets: Warner-Bratzler shear), and descriptive sensory analysis of texture. Cook loss was greater (P 0.05) between WB and normal patties. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in shear force between normal and WB samples regardless of meat type. Sensory analysis showed that average scores of springiness and hardness of intact WB fillets were greater than those of normal fillets (P 0.05) in average scores for sensory attributes cohesiveness, hardness, juiciness, fibrous, and rate of breakdown between WB and normal patties. WB patties exhibited lower springiness and chewiness scores (P
Rigid-Flexible Multibody Equations of Motion Suitable for Vehicle Dynamics and Crash Analysis

In this paper several formulations for automatic generation of the equations of motion for rigid and flexible multibody systems are reviewed. These formulations are of special interest for vehicle dynamics and crash analysis. We first discuss a so-called body-coordinate formulation to construct the Newton-Euler equations of motion for constrained rigid multibody systems. Then we review a nonconventional point-coordinate formulation. An easy-to-use method for deriving the equations of motion for flexible bodies in a multibody environment is also presented. Several ideas on how a body-fixed frame can be attached to a flexible body are discussed. It is shown how these formulations for rigid and flexible bodies could be mixed in order to construct the complete set of equations of motion. The constructed equations are normally a large set of mixed differential-algebraic equations. The method of joint-coordinates for transforming these equations to a smaller set is briefly discussed. Two application examples for ride/handling and crash analyses are also presented.
The Experience of Family Members of ICU Patients Who Require Extensive Monitoring : A Qualitative Study

A mixed methods study using family research with a phenomenological approach (n = 5 families) was conducted to explore family members' perceptions about the extensive monitoring technology used on their critically ill family member after cardiac surgery, as experienced when family members initially visited the patient in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Five relevant themes emerged: overwhelmed by all of the machines; feelings of uncertainty; methods of coping; meaning of the numbers on the machines; and need for education.
Blood loss mitigation and replacement in facial surgery: a review.

Purpose of review To provide a comprehensive overview of the predisposing factors that contribute to a risk of excess bleeding for surgical therapy in the head and neck regions, provide a thorough overview of techniques and tools for managing blood loss complications, and provide intervention algorithms to help guide clinical decision making. Recent findings With the current landscape of medications and reversal agents, protocols for intervention in a variety of situations, and new tools for blood loss management all rapidly changing and being developed it is critical to stay up to date to provide patients the best care in the most critical of situations. Summary With the risk of blood loss complications in head and neck surgery ranging from minimal to extreme surgeons require a comprehensive understanding risk factors, patient evaluation tools, and proper management algorithms. The first opportunity to prevent unnecessary blood loss and blood loss complications is the health history and physical appointment where a clinician can identify any medications, conditions, or other predisposing factors that would elevate a patient's risk of excess bleeding and the necessity for treatment augmentation. Although not all complications can be prevented because of the natural physiological variation that occurs from patient to patient, despite proper and proper diagnostics, a full working knowledge of most likely complications, hemostatic tools, and concise communication with team members can prevent a lot of blood loss and the complications associated.
The effects of anodal tDCS over the supplementary motor area on gait initiation in Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait: a pilot study

We investigated if anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (A-tDCS), applied over the supplementary motor areas (SMAs), could improve gait initiation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with freezing of gait (FOG). In this double-blinded cross-over pilot study, ten PD with FOG underwent two stimulation sessions: A-tDCS (1 mA, 10 min) and sham stimulation. Eight blocks of gait initiation were collected per session: (1) pre-tDCS, with acoustic cueing; (2) pre-tDCS, self-initiated (no cue); and (3–8) post-tDCS, self-initiated. Gait initiation kinetics were analyzed with two-way repeated measures ANOVAs for the effects of A-tDCS. A-tDCS did not significantly improve the magnitude or timing of anticipatory postural adjustments or the execution of the first step during self-initiated gait compared with baseline measures (p > .13). The lack of significant change was not due to an inability to generate functional APAs since external cueing markedly improved gait initiation (p < .01). A single dose of A-tDCS over the SMAs did not improve self-initiated gait in PD and FOG. Alternative approaches using a different dose or cortical target are worthy of exploration since individuals demonstrated the capacity to improve. Neuromodulation strategies tailored to facilitate SMA activity may be ineffective for the treatment of gait initiation impairment in people with PD and FOG.
Mathematics of blood analysis

Eastman Kodak produces a variety of immuno-assays, chemical tests that indicate the amounts of certain species in human blood. They are used to regulate drug dosage levels, or to detect the presence of viruses. They are based on chemical systems in which any one of some collection of m types of hormones bind to any one of n types of proteins. The hormones are called ligands and the proteins are called binding molecules. On March 13, 1992 David S. Ross from Eastman Kodak presented a dynamical system model of ligand-binding kinetics which has been developed and studied by Rich Dempsey, John Hamilton, Kam—Chuen Ng and himself (all from the Kodak Applied Mathematics and Statistics Group) and Jack Daiss and Bill Sutherland (at Clinical Product Division of Kodak); this work is in progress [1].
AnalyzeD: A Virtual Design Observatory, Project Launch Year

This chapter describes the launch year activities of the analyzed project where we aim to quantify engineering design behavior to such an extent that use statistical algorithm to discover, describe and model fundamental design thinking behavior paradigm. It is a joint research endeavor with the EPIC chair of Prof. Hasso Plattner at the Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI), University of Postdam. As main result from the Stanford side, we were able to generate several proofs of concepts on gathering and analyzing design process data from various sources and in various data quality. Especially noteworthy is the analysis of CAD data in a novel and comprehensive way. Collaborating with a leading CAD software supplier, we are able to firstly extract every single engineer-system interaction and secondly, using genetic algorithms, we are able to statically identify patterns without an a priori model assumption.
Five Capabilities for Mastering Environmental Turbulence

The purpose of this paper is to offer an integrative framework for developing agility and resiliency together in order to master environmental turbulence. Previous research revealed that greater ag...
DC Bus Regulation in Cascaded Three Phase AC Power Converters with only Decoupling Capacitors

Cascaded power conversion systems with a dc link are used in electric traction applications, industrial motor drives, renewable energy systems, uninterruptible power supplies, etc. The voltage across the intermediate dc bus is typically maintained at a nearly constant level and is a critical prerequisite for classical pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques used to synthesize the desired power conversion with adequate fidelity and dynamic performance. This is typically realized using a bulky dc link capacitance with a large amount of energy storage across the dc bus. The inspiration behind this work is to maintain a stiff dc bus, but without a large amount of energy storage, and still realize high quality waveform synthesis. The proposed approach determines switching intervals of the various solid state switching devices in an integrated fashion and places them within each switching period in a particular sequence determined by the desired voltage and current waveforms such that the stiffness and the charge of the dc link can be maintained without large amounts of energy storage during steady state and transient conditions. This paper presents the analytical and the design development of the proposed approach along with circuit simulation and experimental results of a prototype dc to three phase ac converter.
Using Incentives to Reduce Bycatch and Discarding: Results Under the West Coast Catch Share Program

Catch share management was implemented in the bottom trawl sector of the West Coast Groundfish fishery in 2011 to address a range of issues including high bycatch and discard rates. The catch share...
Layerless Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloy Lattices Using Immiscible-Interface Assisted Direct Metal Drawing

Abstract State-of-the-art metal alloy additive manufacturing (AM) techniques construct a three-dimensional structure through sintering or melting dry metal powders in a layer-by-layer fashion, which typically results in several AM-specific issues in the final structure, such as staircase effect, residual stress and highly-orientated microstructures. In this paper, we present a new extrusion-based metal AM process, named Immiscible-interface assisted Direct Metal Drawing (II-DMD), which fabricates metal alloy structures, in particular lattice structures, in a layerless manner. In the II-DMD process, metal lattice structures are fabricated by continuously extruding a metal colloidal suspension within a second immiscible matrix colloidal suspension. The shape of the metal colloidal suspension is stabilized due to the presence of an immiscible interface between the two colloidal suspension systems. Dense metal lattice structures can be achieved via post-consolidation of the self-stabilized metal-matrix systems, including liquid-phase drying and metal-phase sintering. The II-DMD process is presented and the immiscible-interface-assisted self-stabilization mechanism is studied. The post-consolidation processes are discussed. Several test cases were fabricated and characterized.
“It meant you were in trouble:” White teachers, race, and White shame

The author relates and develops Thandeka’s notion of White shame to demonstrate how White teachers’ early experiences with race can inhibit White racial identity development and work against racial...
Drinking behaviors and water balance in marine vertebrates

Acquisition of fresh water is important to animals, and is both difficult and critical for species residing in marine environments. Adaptive radiations to fully marine habitats were constrained by the need for fresh water and the capacity of various taxa to adapt physiology to reliance on sources of water other than free drinking water. Here, we review the water relations of marine vertebrates, with an emphasis on drinking and the need to procure fresh water. Numerous marine teleost fishes drink seawater, but some do not, and drinking is more variable and complex than suggested by textbooks. The mechanisms by which fishes and other vertebrates regulate water balance involve the renin–angiotensin and aldosterone endocrine systems, but plasma osmotic and ionic concentrations as well as other chemical signals can also be involved. Multiple mechanisms for stimulation of drinking are operative and diverse among species. Clearly, evolutionary adaptations to environmental salinities can alter drinking behaviors. Marine elasmobranchs do not characteristically drink seawater, but euryhaline species drink upon returning to more concentrated seawater, as with teleosts. Hagfish are osmoconformers, and there is no evidence for drinking. In general, marine reptiles and most marine mammals and seabirds do not drink seawater. Exceptions include sea turtles, cetaceans, and some pinnipeds. Some marine species (e.g., sea snakes) require fresh water that can be acquired from ephemeral rainwater lenses, while others are adapted to utilize dietary and metabolic water. Regardless of drinking behaviors, numerous forms have evolved varied strategies for conserving water while reducing its losses to the surrounding sea.
Why do we care

Our genes are naturally selfish, and morality must be forced upon us. That is the established view – but a look inside our mammalian brains tells a different story, says neurophilosopher Patricia Churchland
AvrRpm1 Functions as an ADP-Ribosyl Transferase to Modify NOI Domain-Containing Proteins, Including Arabidopsis and Soybean RPM1-Interacting Protein4

The Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrRpm1 activates the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) intracellular innate immune receptor protein RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS MACULICOLA1 (RPM1) via modification of a second Arabidopsis protein, RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (AtRIN4). Prior work has shown that AvrRpm1 induces phosphorylation of AtRIN4, but homology modeling indicated that AvrRpm1 may be an ADP-ribosyl transferase. Here, we show that AvrRpm1 induces ADP-ribosylation of RIN4 proteins from both Arabidopsis and soybean (Glycine max) within two highly conserved nitrate-induced (NOI) domains. It also ADP ribosylates at least 10 additional Arabidopsis NOI domain-containing proteins. The ADP-ribosylation activity of AvrRpm1 is required for subsequent phosphorylation on Thr-166 of AtRIN4, an event that is necessary and sufficient for RPM1 activation. We also show that the C-terminal NOI domain of AtRIN4 interacts with the exocyst subunits EXO70B1, EXO70E1, EXO70E2, and EXO70F1. Mutation of either EXO70B1 or EXO70E2 inhibited secretion of callose induced by the bacterial flagellin-derived peptide flg22. Substitution of RIN4 Thr-166 with Asp enhanced the association of AtRIN4 with EXO70E2, which we posit inhibits its callose deposition function. Collectively, these data indicate that AvrRpm1 ADP-ribosyl transferase activity contributes to virulence by promoting phosphorylation of RIN4 Thr-166, which inhibits the secretion of defense compounds by promoting the inhibitory association of RIN4 with EXO70 proteins.