cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of wildland fire to terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in North America from 1990 to 2012

Burn area and the frequency of extreme fire events have been increasing during recent decades in North America, and this trend is expected to continue over the 21st century. While many aspects of the North American carbon budget have been intensively studied, the net contribution of fire disturbance to the overall net carbon flux at the continental scale remains uncertain. Based on national scale, spatially-explicit and long-term fire data, along with the improved model parameterization in a process-based ecosystem model, we simulated the impact of fire disturbance on both direct carbon emissions and net terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance in North America. Fire-caused direct carbon emissions were 106.55 ± 15.98 Tg C/yr during 1990-2012; however, the net ecosystem carbon balance associated with fire was -26.09 ± 5.22 Tg C/yr, indicating that most of the emitted carbon was re-sequestered by the terrestrial ecosystem. Direct carbon emissions showed an increase in Alaska and Canada during 1990-2012 as compared to prior periods due to more extreme fire events, resulting in a large carbon source from these two regions. Among biomes, the largest carbon source was found to be from the boreal forest, primarily due to large reductions in soil organic matter during, and with slower recovery after, fire events. The interactions between fire and environmental factors reduced the fire-caused ecosystem carbon source. Fire disturbance only caused a weak carbon source as compared to the best-estimate terrestrial carbon sink in North America owing to the long-term legacy effects of historical burn area coupled with fast ecosystem recovery during 1990-2012.
Evaluating Evidence of Mate Preference Adaptations: How Do We Really Know What Homo sapiens sapiens Really Want?

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, it is likely our species comes equipped with specialized psychological adaptations that influence the differing ways men and women pursue mating strategies. When short-term mating, men seem to preferentially desire easy sexual access and relax their mate preference desires so as to obtain large numbers of sexual partners. When women pursue short-term mates, they appear to increase their selectivity in mate choice and desire men who possess cues to “good genes.” In long-term mating, men preferentially emphasize fertility-related cues such as youth and physical attractiveness, whereas women desire a long-term mate who is able and willing to devote resources to her and their offspring. Overall, the empirical validity of most mate preference adaptations postulated by Sexual Strategies Theory (Psychological Review 100:204–232, 1993) is strong to moderate in evidentiary depth and breadth.
Disabling ideal theory

This article offers a critique of ideal theory from the perspective of disability. Specifically, I make the case that John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin’s idealized writings on disability incorporate ab...
Molecular mechanism of symmetry breaking in a 3D model of a human epiblast

Breaking the anterior-posterior (AP) symmetry in mammals takes place at gastrulation. Much of the signaling network underlying this process has been elucidated in the mouse, however there is no direct molecular evidence of events driving axis formation in humans. Here, we use human embryonic stem cells to generate an in vitro 3D model of a human epiblast whose size, cell polarity, and gene expression are similar to a 10-day human epiblast. A defined dose of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) spontaneously breaks axial symmetry, and induces markers of the primitive streak and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. By gene knockouts and live-cell imaging we show that, downstream of BMP4, WNT3 and its inhibitor DKK1 play key roles in this process. Our work demonstrates that a model human epiblast can break axial symmetry despite no asymmetry in the initial signal and in the absence of extraembryonic tissues or maternal cues. Our 3D model opens routes to capturing molecular events underlying axial symmetry breaking phenomena, which have largely been unexplored in model human systems.
Asian American ethnic identification by surname

Few data sources include ethnicity-levelclassification for Asian Americans. However, it isoften more informative to study the ethnic groupsseparately than to use an aggregate Asian Americancategory, because of differences in immigrationhistory, socioeconomic status, health, and culture. Many types of records that include surnames of personsoffer the potential for inferential ethnicclassification. This paper describes the developmentof surname lists for six major Asian American ethnicgroups: Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, AsianIndian, and Vietnamese. The lists were based on SocialSecurity Administration records that include countryof birth. After they were compiled, the lists wereevaluated using an independent file of census records.The surname lists have a variety of applications forresearchers: identification of individuals to targetfor study participation; inference of ethnicity indata sources lacking ethnic detail; andcharacterization of the ethnic composition of apopulation.
Drawing Conclusions Estimation

Survey results and other statistical reports are often presented in newspapers and magazines and on television news. Statistical studies show, among many varied results, what percentages of African Americans in a sample prefer “African American” to “Black” as a name for their race (26%; 1989 telephone poll taken by Yankelovich Partners, Inc., for Time/CNN); what percentage of white Americans say they do not have enough money to buy food (13%; 1989 Gallup poll); what the mean age of female gymnasts equals (12.3 years; G. E. Theintz, et al., “Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts,” Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 122 (1993), pp. 306–313); what percentage of their time people spend sleeping (30.9; The New York Times, Tuesday, September 6, 1995, p. C6).
A systematic study of earthquake detectability using Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide-Swath data

Author(s): Funning, Gareth; Garcia, Astrid | Abstract: The Sentinel-1 mission comprises two synthetic aperture radar satellites, each with a 12 day orbital repeat, orbiting 6 days apart within a narrow tube. The mission design promises the ability to respond quickly to earthquakes with InSAR, and to facilitate production of interferograms with good interferometric correlation globally. We report on our efforts to study global seismicity using Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide-Swath data between April 2015 and December 2016. We select 35 potentially detectable terrestrial earthquakes in the range 5.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.8 on the basis of their locations, depths and magnitudes, and process the first post-event interferogram with the shortest possible time-span for each using the ISCE software. We evaluate each interferogram for earthquake deformation signals by visual inspection. We can identify deformation signals attributable to earthquakes in 18 of these interferograms (51%); a further six interferograms (17%) have ambiguous interferometric phase affected by tropospheric noise. 11 events (31%) could not be identified from their interferograms. The majority of these failed detections were due to interferogram decorrelation, particularly apparent for earthquakes that occurred between 15°N and 15°S, where climate conditions promote dense vegetation. The majority of the ambiguous interferograms are affected by tropospheric noise, suggesting that techniques to mitigate such noise could improve detection performance. The largest event we do not detect with Sentinel-1 data is a Mw7.0 earthquake that occurred in Vanuatu in April 2016; we also fail to detect the 2016 Mw6.2 Kurayoshi earthquake in one out of two possible 24-day interferograms. We propose these as upper and lower estimates on the magnitude of completeness for earthquakes studied with Sentinel-1 data; to lower the magnitude of completeness we suggest that more frequent (e.g. six day) recurrence may be necessary in low latitude areas.
The effect of dams on river transport of microplastic pollution.

Abstract Dams are known to trap pollutants such as metals and PCBs in the sediment that accumulates within their reservoirs. As more attention is paid to microplastics, an emerging contaminant in waterways worldwide, and how they move along rivers, whether microplastic particles also accumulate behind dams is an important question for informing estimates of global river inputs to oceans. In this study, we measured microplastic concentrations above, below, and within the reservoirs of six dams near Ithaca, NY USA. Samples were processed following the wet peroxide oxidation method and visual counting, followed by Raman Spectroscopy validation. We found that microplastic concentrations in sediment within reservoirs was significantly higher than in sediment above the dams (p = 0.005), and in water samples, concentrations within reservoirs was significantly lower (p = 0.02). Plastic fibers were the dominant plastic type, but in within-reservoir sediment samples, less abundant plastic types such as plastic fragments were found in higher proportions. These results show that the sediment collecting behind dams is one sink for microplastics in river systems at long timescales, indicating that accounting for dams may be important when modeling global riverine microplastic transport.
Challenges and opportunities for heritage language learners in interpreting courses in the U.S. context

Recent studies indicate that heritage language speakers have professional opportunities in translation and interpreting (e.g., Carreira, 2014a) because of their unique linguistic and cultural background. In addition, heritage language speakers’ unique background and previous experiences as language brokers or non-professional interpreters or translators have also been suggested as an advantage in the context of translation and interpreting pedagogy (e.g., Valdes, 2003). The field of interpreting pedagogy, initially modeled and taught by professionals in the field based on their experience, has favored a more research-based interpreting pedagogy that draws on empirically-grounded studies focusing on interpreting competence and instructional strategies (e.g., Colina & Angelelli, 2015a). Despite the recent growth in research-based pedagogy, there is limited reflection on the challenges and opportunities heritage language speakers face in interpreting courses. Research has shown that heritage language and second language speakers exhibit a number of differences that have a direct impact on heritage language education (e.g., Potowski & Lynch, 2014; Carreira, 2016b); however, these differences have not been fully explored in the context of interpreter education. The present article contributes to this gap and encourages further work in this area by investigating the underexplored relationships among language for specific purposes, heritage language education, and translation and interpreting. In doing so, this work aims to understand the role and profile of heritage language learners in interpreting courses and how existing skillsets may be better exploited to guide interpreter education. First, the literature on heritage language learners and education is reviewed in conjunction with interpreting pedagogy. Then, challenges and opportunities for this subpopulation of students are discussed while identifying potential avenues for additional investigation.
A Retrospective View of the National Board Certification Process

AbstractNational Board Certification (NBC) is a voluntary yet advanced teaching credential that goes beyond the typical state licensure requirement (NEA, 2015). The purpose of this study is to dete...
Case 3: Abdominal Distention and Bloody Stools in a 2-week-old Term Neonate

A 2-week-old female neonate is born via cesarean section at 39 2/7 weeks to a 34-year-old gravida 3, para 2 woman with adequate prenatal care and negative serologic findings. During pregnancy, the mother develops gestational diabetes that was both diet and insulin controlled. The infant is exclusively breastfeeding at home. At 17 days of age, the infant is brought to the emergency department (ED) with acute onset of bloody stools that occurred once, along with lime-yellow vomitus concerning for bilious emesis. The mother reports that the infant had been fussy the previous day with increased vomiting and nasal mucous discharge requiring bulb suction. She calls the pediatrician who recommends obtaining a rectal temperature, which is 98.6°F (37°C). Two hours later, the infant develops the rectal bleeding episode (Fig 1) and is brought to the ED at our institution. Figure 1. Bright red blood in the diaper of the patient. In the ED, the physical examination findings are significant for increased fussiness on abdominal palpation, moderately distended firm abdomen, increased tympany, absence of bowel sounds, bright red blood in the diaper, and no anal fissures. Admission vital signs include a temperature of 99.3°F (37.4°C), heart rate of 152 beats/min, respiratory rate of 48 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 100% in room air. Complete blood cell count in the ED shows no evidence of leukocytosis, bandemia, or eosinophilia (white blood cell count of 16,000/μL [16×109/L] with 1 band, platelets of 477×103/μL [477×109/L]). Coagulation profile is within normal limits (prothrombin time 12.6 seconds, partial thromboplastin time 28 seconds, international normalized ratio 1.0). Abdominal radiography in the ED shows “abnormal dilated bowel, without free air or pneumatosis. Ileus, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and enteritis should be considered. The appearance is less consistent with malrotation; however, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is recommended …
On-Field Removal of Large Anti-Concussive Football Helmets Using Current Guidelines Leads to Increased Passive Cervical Lordosis

Objectives:Recent emphasis has been placed on concussion safety in American football and has driven the development of new anti-concussive helmet designs which are becoming more popular in the Nati...
Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of High Concentration Intraurethral Lidocaine on Urodynamic Voiding Parameters.

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess whether intraurethral anesthesia decreased voiding efficiency (VE), reduced catheterization pain, and impacted urodynamic parameters in healthy adult females. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants received two 5mL doses of either intraurethral aqueous gel or 4% lidocaine gel. The primary outcome was voiding efficiency during randomized condition uroflow, defined as voided volume/(voided volume + residual volume). The secondary outcomes were pain during catheterization and to confirm previously reported pressure-flow changes. A sample size of 10 per group was planned to detect a clinically significant decrease in VE with a power (1-β) of 0.99. Results From October through December 2018, 23 women were screened and 18 were randomized to receive placebo (n=10) or lidocaine (n=8). Baseline uroflow VE was similar between the placebo and lidocaine groups (88±6.6% vs. 91±5.8%, p=0.33). After study drug administration, the changes in VE (post - pre) were similar between placebo and lidocaine groups (-5.4±14% vs. 1.7±6.4%, p=0.21). Visual analog scores (VAS) were similar following catheterizations (26.7±12.8 mm vs. 36.9±26.8 mm, p=0.34). The lidocaine group exhibited lower average flow rates per voided volume (0.04±0.02 s−1 vs. 0.02±0.01 s−1, p=0.04). Conclusions Intraurethral administration of 4% lidocaine did not decrease voiding efficiency compared to placebo and did not change pain scores following catheterization. In the lidocaine group, the average flow rate per voided volume was lower. The decrease in flow rate after local anesthesia to the urethra may indicate that urethral sensory feedback contributes to voiding in human micturition.
Possible Role of the Activation Loop Tyrosine Residue (Y842) in FLT3/ITD Signaling May Be Mediated by SHP-2.

Internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in the FLT3 juxtamembrane domain lead to constitutive activation of FLT3 tyrosine kinase activity and cooperate in the oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic cells. Although numerous signaling molecules are known to be involved in FLT3/ITD signaling, the sites of interaction and mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, FLT3/ITD protein was immunoprecipitated from TF-1/ITD cells and subjected to nanoLC-MS/MS analysis for determination of tyrosine phosphorylation sites. We found that tyrosine residue 842 (Y842) in the FLT3/ITD activation loop is constitutively phosphorylated. Mutation of this tyrosine residue to phenylalanine (FLT3/ITDY842F) reduces FLT3/ITD phosphorylation and activation of FLT3 downstream targets, including STAT5, AKT and ERK/MAPK. CEP-701, a selective FLT3 inhibitor, inhibits the proliferation of BaF3 cells expressing FLT3/ITD or FLT3/ITDY842F mutant with a similar potency. This implies CEP-701 targets FLT3/ITDY842F as effectively as FLT3/ITD. To identify the signaling pathway(s) initiated by FLT3/ITD Y842, SHP-2 and other molecules downstream of FLT3 were investigated. SHP-2 is known to be activated by FLT3 signaling and its interaction with Gab2 regulates the ERK/MAPK pathway. Previous studies also suggested that SHP-2 is possibly involved in STAT5 activation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that SHP-2 association with the FLT3/ITDY842F mutant was considerably diminished as compared to the FLT3/ITD receptor. In addition, the interaction of SHP-2 with Gab2 adaptor protein was greatly compromised in FLT3/ITDY842F expressing BaF3 cells. Taken together, our data suggests that SHP-2 binds FLT3/ITD, either directly or indirectly, and contributes to the signaling pathways activated by mutant FLT3.
In the trauma-informed care trenches: Teacher compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and intent to leave education within underserved elementary schools

Abstract Background School-based trauma-informed care (TIC) represents a novel way of supporting children with trauma histories. However, minimal research has focused on how TIC impacts teacher wellbeing, which is concerning given the relationship between occupational stress and turnover from education. Objective This study investigated teacher characteristics associated with perceived effectiveness of TIC and intent to leave education. Participants and setting The study included 163 teachers in underserved elementary schools serving a high percentage of low-income, English-language learner Latinx students. Methods Teachers completed a survey regarding an ongoing TIC program and quality of life for helping professionals. Results Higher compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress (STS), as well as lower burnout, were associated with perceived effectiveness of TIC. Older teachers, and those with lower compassion satisfaction and higher burnout, were more likely to report intentions to leave education. STS and perceived effectiveness of TIC were not associated with turnover intent. Conclusions Results suggest that teacher occupational wellbeing, particularly compassion satisfaction, plays a role in buy-in to TIC and retention among teachers.
Food insecurity associated with elevated eating disorder symptoms, impairment, and eating disorder diagnoses in an American University student sample before and during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the association between food insecurity and eating disorder (ED) pathology, including probable ED diagnosis, among two cohorts of university students before and during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Students (n = 579) from a large Midwestern American university completed self-report questionnaires assessing frequency of ED behaviors, ED-related impairment, and individual food insecurity as measured by the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale 5, Clinical Impairment Assessment, and Radimer/Cornell, respectively. Chi-square tests and MANOVA with post-hoc corrections were conducted to compare demographic characteristics, ED pathology, and probable ED diagnosis prevalence between students with and without individual food insecurity. RESULTS: Partially supporting hypotheses, MANOVA indicated significantly greater frequency of objective binge eating, compensatory fasting, and ED-related impairment for students with food insecurity compared with individuals without food insecurity. Chi-squared tests showed higher prevalence of ED diagnoses among individuals with food insecurity compared with those without food security (47.6 vs. 31.1%, respectively, p < .01, NNT = 6.06), specifically bulimia nervosa and other specified feeding and eating disorder. There were no differences in food insecurity before or during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. DISCUSSION: Consistent with prior literature, food insecurity was associated with elevated ED psychopathology in this sample. Findings emphasize the importance of proper ED screening for college students vulnerable to food insecurity and EDs.
Jacques Derrida and the Autobiographical (Non-human) Animal: An Analysis of (False) Animal Autobiographies

What if animals could voice their own stories? In The Animal That Therefore I Am, Derrida (2008) describes the autobiographical animal as, “the sort of man or woman, who, as a matter of character, chooses to indulge in or can’t resist indulging in autobiographical confidences” (p. 49). He argues only humans are autobiographical animals because, by recording their own histories and lives, they are defining themselves as s separate from animals and thus denying non-human animals the right to define themselves. Here, I analyze Derrida’s autobiographical animal by examining two human-written animal autobiographies (or life writings from an animal perspective), Gowdy’s The White Bone (1998), and Murray’s Translations from the Natural World (1992). I focus on exploring the following questions: does writing from an animal’s perspective allow the non-human animal to merge with humans into Derrida’s autobiographical animal? Or, does writing from an animal’s perspective simply reinforce the boundary between human and non-human animals? By analyzing these works through a Derridean lens, I argue that false animal life stories transcend against traditional thinking about the human/non-human animal divide and give readers a glimpse of a world in which animals are no longer denied stories, language, and life.
Can otolith microchemistry identify the natal origin of larval lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in the waters of Green Bay

Abstract Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis play a key role in the socioeconomics of the Laurentian Great Lakes region and serve as an important conduit of energy among trophic levels. Lake wide declines in adult abundance creates the need for improved understanding of population dynamics, currently hampered by a lack of early life history information and resolution of subpopulation structure. We predicted that otolith microchemistry had the potential to broaden our understanding of lake whitefish ecology by determining the natal origin of larvae at a resolution (e.g., spawning location) unachievable with other techniques. To test this prediction, in 2017 and 2018, recently hatched, pelagically-drifting lake whitefish larvae were collected from the open waters of Green Bay, Lake Michigan and four large tributaries (Menominee, Fox, Oconto and Peshtigo Rivers), where spawning activity has been recently documented. Linear discriminant function analyses conducted at the broadest level of resolution (i.e., river vs. open-water origin) correctly assigned 80.5% and 75.0% of individuals to their natal location in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Reclassification success at a finer resolution (i.e., specific rivers) ranged from 75.9% in 2017 to 42.1% in 2018. We discuss these promising results with respect to underlying variation in geological features, water chemistry and interannual river conditions that eggs and larvae experience during incubation and before prolonged drift.
Bibliography of Atomic Wave Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a bibliography of atomic wave functions. In many problems of atomic and solid state physics, quantitative predictions from theory rest on knowledge of wave functions of free atoms or ions. One-electron atomic functions were first obtained by Hartree in 1928, and the equations that he developed were derived shortly thereafter by an application of the variational principle with a single unsymmetrized wave function. These equations are referred to as the Hartree equations. Wave functions are found by solving the Fock equations. These equations are better than those obtained from the Hartree equations and are in many respects similar to Hartree equations. These equations are also obtained by applying the variational principle and include electron exchange terms because of the use of an antisymmetrized trial function.
Mean Wake Characteristics of an Aerodynamically Loaded Fan

O NE of the main mechanisms responsible for the generation of turbofan noise in flight is the interaction of the unsteady rotor wake field with the fan stators. Analysis of the strength of this interaction noise source requires a knowledge of the rotor-produced flow disturbances as a function of radius and downstream distance. Thus the validity of noise-related design choices such as rotor-stator spacing and the determination of the position of the blade span most responsible for noise generation depend on the rotor wake flow field characterization/The parameters usually described are the magnitude of the wake defect and its width. The purpose of the present experiment is to determine these parameters along with the harmonic content of the rotor wakes in order to provide wake parameters of interest to acousticians and fan designers. Contents Existing rotor wake data were primarily obtained from lowspeed laboratory fans.1'2 The present study was conducted to measure wake properties under conditions that are more representative of practical turbofan operation. The experiments were performed on a 0.5-m-diameter fan with a 1.2 pressure ratio in the NASA Lewis 9x15 ft anechoic wind tunnel.3 The fan was tested at a tip speed of 197 m/s, equal to 96% of the design speed (8020 rpm.) Rotor wake properties under static (£7=0) and forward velocity conditions (£7=41 m/s) were measured with a stationary cross-film anemometer circumferentially located midway between two stator vanes and oriented to measure the streamwise and upwash components of the velocity downstream of the rotor, as indicated in Fig. 1. The anemometer signals were analyzed in a Fast Fourier analyzer, utilizing an ensemble averaging technique in which the analyzer was triggered by a once-per-revolution signal. Data from radial locations at the midspan and near the fan tip are presented for three downstream locations ranging from 0.54 to 1.77 rotor
NEW EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COMETARY ATMOSPHERES

New experimental methods for studying photochemical reactions are given and the strength and weakness are briefly discussed. References and bibliographies for these photochemical studies are presented. A case study of carbon disulfide (CS2) that uses vacuum ultraviolet lasers, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular beams and ion velocity imaging to measure and characterize the products is described. These results are compared with previous studies and the difficulties involved in understanding these results are pointed out.
Sufficiently rich families of planar rings.

It has been conjectured that if G is a negatively curved discrete group with space at infinity ∂G the 2 -sphere, then G has a properly discontinuous, cocompact, isometric action on hyperbolic 3 -space. Cannon and Swenson reduced the conjecture to determiningthat a certain sequence of coverings of ∂G is conformal in the sense of Cannon's combinatorial Riemann mapping theorem. In this paper it is proved that, in this setting, the two axioms of conformality can be replaced by a single axiom which is implied by each of them.
Unions on the Rebound: Social Embeddedness and the Transformation of Building Trades Locals

This paper seeks to understand how US labor unions - once key institutions in American political and economic life - can re-emerge as important and viable organizations. Building on the extensive literature on the "social embeddedness" of economic activity as well as on union revitalization, we hypothesize that where local unions are able to rebuild linkages to other local groups, they should be successful at revitalizing themselves organizationally. Where unions fail to embed themselves in their broader communities - notwithstanding genuine efforts at launching new strategies and rebuilding their own organizations - they are likely to stagnate. The paper reports the results of two matched pair case studies of building trade locals in Boston, Massachusetts, and Portland, Oregon. One set of cases focuses on Pipetrades in the two cities. The other set of cases focuses on the cities' Carpenters unions. To gain more objective information on the unions' embeddedness in local networks we employed a survey that identified approximately 100 industry stakeholder organizations including builders, architects, engineers, major property owners, neighborhood and environmental groups, local and state governments, and banks and lenders. We received responses from 46% of the organizations we contacted from which we were able to conduct a series of network analyses that complement our qualitative research.
NIDDESC -- Enabling Product Data Exchange for Marine Industry

Abstract : The use of Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology in the U.S. Navy and Marine industry has evolved from a drafting-based design tool to a 3-Dimensional (3D) product-oriented information base, used for design, production and service life support. One of the most significant enhancements to current CAD technology has been the incorporation or integration of non-graphic attribute information with traditional graphics data. This expanded information base or product model has enabled the marine industry to expand CAD use to include such activities as engineering analysis, production control, and logistics support. While significant savings can be achieved through the exchange of digital product model data between different agents, current graphics-based CAD data exchange standards do not support this expanded information content. The Navy/Industry Digital Data Exchange Standards Committee (NIDDESC) was formed as a cooperative effort of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the National Shipbuilding Research Program to develop an industry consensus on product data and to ensure these industry requirements are incorporated into national and international data exchange standards.
Use of tolylene diisocyanate for the preparation of a peroxidase-labelled antibody conjugate. Quantitation of the amount of diisocyanate bound.

Abstract The bifunctional acylating reagent, tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate, was used for the preparation of intermolecular crosslinked conjugates of horseradish peroxidase and goat gamma globulin. Conjugates of approx. 200 000 mol. wt. were prepared in about 4% yield and identified by enzyme activity, gel filtration and sucrose density gradient measurements. Intermolecular crosslinking with retention of activity was demonstrated by coincidence of enzymatic and immunochemical activity on immunoelectrophoresis. The amount of the crosslinking reagent monofunctionally and bifunctionally substituted on each protein and the conjugate was quantitated by monodiazotization of the protein product and bis-diazotization after hydrolysis of the protein adduct. This assay was sensitive to microgram levels of the diisocyanate making measurement on mg quantities of protein feasible. A variation of the assay was developed which was specific and quantitative for the diaminotolylene form of the reagent. Using these quantitative procedures the amount of reagent bound to peroxidase in the first stage of the crosslinking procedure was studied and found to be dependent upon the manner of reagent addition and the temperature. In general, under mild conditions approx. 1 mole of reagent bound per mole of peroxidase and this resulted in little change in the enzymatic activity. Addition of more reagent to the enzyme under conditions of higher temperature, pH and diisocyanate concentration resulted in its polymerization.
Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall

This book presents a new theory for why political regimes emerge, and why they subsequently survive or break down. It then analyzes the emergence, survival, and fall of democracies and dictatorships in Latin America since 1900. Scott Mainwaring and Anibal Perez-Linan argue for a theoretical approach situated between long-term structural and cultural explanations and short-term explanations that look at the decisions of specific leaders. They focus on the political preferences of powerful actors � the degree to which they embrace democracy as an intrinsically desirable end and their policy radicalism � to explain regime outcomes. They also demonstrate that transnational forces and influences are crucial to understand regional waves of democratization. Based on extensive research into the political histories of all twenty Latin American countries, this book offers the first extended analysis of regime emergence, survival, and failure for all of Latin America over a long period of time.
Some mathematical and algorithmic challenges in the control of quantum dynamics phenomena

The theory and practice of control over quantum mechanical phenomena is receiving increasing attention, underscored by striking experimental successes. Nevertheless, many questions of fundamental and practical relevance to the field remain unresolved. With the aim of stimulating further development, this paper formulates a number of theoretical questions, divided into three categories. First, questions related to control law design are discussed, with an emphasis on controllability and optimal control theory. This leads to the second category of open problems relevant to closed loop laboratory implementation of quantum control, including learning and feedback methods. The sensitive dependence of control on basic quantum mechanical interactions motivates the third section, which treats coherent dynamical techniques for identifying the system Hamiltonian. An open issue overarching all of these directions is the need to discover general rules for the control of quantum systems. Although the list of issues raised in this paper is extensive, it should be viewed not as a complete menu for exploration, but rather as a springboard to new challenges as the field evolves.
Liver transplantation in recipients receiving renal replacement therapy: outcomes analysis and the role of intraoperative hemodialysis.

The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) system has dramatically increased the number of recipients requiring pretransplant renal replacement therapy (RRT) prior to liver transplantation (LT). Factors affecting post-LT outcomes and the need for intraoperative RRT (IORRT) were analyzed in 500 consecutive recipients receiving pretransplant RRT, including comparisons among recipients not receiving IORRT (No-IORRT, n = 401), receiving planned IORRT (Pl-IORRT, n = 70), and receiving emergent, unplanned RRT after LT initiation (Em-IORRT, n = 29). Despite a median MELD of 39, overall 30-day, 1-, 3- and 5-year survivals were 93%, 75%, 68% and 65%, respectively. Em-IORRT recipients had significantly more intraoperative complications (arrhythmias, postreperfusion syndrome, coagulopathy) compared with both No-IORRT and Pl-IORRT and greater 30-day graft loss (28% vs. 10%, p = 0.004) and need for retransplantation (24% vs. 10%, p = 0.099) compared with No-IORRT. A risk score based on multivariate predictors of IORRT accurately identified recipients with chronic (sensitivity 84%, specificity 72%, concordance-statistic [c-statistic] 0.829) and acute (sensitivity 93%, specificity 61%, c-statistic 0.776) liver failure requiring IORRT. In this largest experience of LT in recipients receiving RRT, we report excellent survival and propose a practical model that accurately identifies recipients who may benefit from IORRT. For this select group, timely initiation of IORRT reduces intraoperative complications and improves posttransplant outcomes.
Cooling atoms in far-detuned optical lattices

Summary form only given. Our approach to high lattice occupancy requires a way to cool atoms trapped in a far off-resonance lattice (FORL) and an adiabatic compression sequence to increase the spatial density. For the laser cooling to work, the FORL polarizations must be set so that all magnetic sublevels see the same potential due to the FORL. With this condition satisfied, polarization gradient cooling with independent light works at least as well in the FORL at very high atomic density as it does in free space at low density. The 3D FORL is made from three orthogonal standing waves. After cooling Cs atoms in the 3D FORL, we shut off the horizontal lattice beams adiabatically, so that a 1D FORL trap remains. The atoms are left stacked in pancake-shaped distributions, confined to 50 nm in the vertical direction and 0.4 mm horizontally. The trap depth is 200 /spl mu/K, but the atoms have less than 1 /spl mu/K initial kinetic energy, so they are all near the top of their trajectories in the transverse, Gaussian-shaped potential. The atoms collapse toward the center of the trap. At the moment of peak density we turn the horizontal lattice beams back on adiabatically, trapping 84% of the atoms at lattice sites. We finally laser cool the atoms again in the 3D FORL. The final laser cooling causes collisional loss from lattice sites with more than one atom. Ultimately, 44% of the sites have a single atom cooled to near its vibrational ground state. A theoretical model of site occupation based on Poisson statistics agrees well with our experimental results.
A spectrally clean transmitting system for solid-state phased-array radars

Navy radar operations are being curtailed in a littoral environment. This is due to two factors: the encroachment of cell phone systems into the naval radar bands; in-band interference from other radars. The spectral width of most pulsed radars is significantly wider than necessary with present modulation schemes. Most radars utilize some form of constant envelope pulse with phase or frequency modulation. This causes the spectrum to broaden to several times the information bandwidth. If both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal are allowed to change, a significantly narrower bandwidth can be achieved. The paper presents a method to create waveforms with instantaneous bandwidths of 20 MHz confined within -100 dB. The theoretical spectral results of three popular phase modulation schemes (phase shift keying, minimum phase shift keying and derivative phase shift keying) are compared with the spectrally clean results. In addition, the Chireix out-phasing method is presented as an alternative to generating amplitude and phase modulated waveforms. The Chireix method provides a way of improving the efficiency compared to the conventional class A power amplifier. Preliminary results are shown for a spectrally clean waveform.
Tangled in a Complex Web of Relationships: Athletic/Academic Advisors Negotiating Privacy Disclosure Warnings With College Student-Athletes

To investigate privacy management in the relationship between athletic/academic advisors and college student-athletes, I interviewed 37 advisors to address the following questions: What type of pri...
Sun Tzu and Salami Tactics? Vladimir Putin and Military Persuasion in Ukraine, 21 February–18 March 2014

Vladimir Putin used a composite of ancient and modern methods of military persuasion in first destabilizing, and then annexing, Crimea in February and March of 2014. Putin’s use of military persuasion through Russian and proxy forces enabled him to annex Crimea and to set the stage for further imposition of Russia’s will on Ukraine’s eastern provinces. Russia’s determination to resist excessive Westernization by Ukraine, especially the possibility of Ukrainian membership in NATO, exceeded the willingness of the U.S. and its allies to reverse Putin’s gains in Crimea.
Space Telescope Sensitivity and Controls for Exoplanet Imaging

Herein we address design considerations and outline requirements for space telescopes with capabilities for high contrast imaging of exoplanets. The approach taken is to identify the span of potentially detectable Earth-sized terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of the nearest stars within 30 parsecs and estimate their inner working angles, flux ratios, SNR, sensitivities, wavefront error requirements and sensing and control times parametrically versus aperture size. We consider 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16-meter diameter telescope apertures. The achievable science, range of telescope architectures, and the coronagraphic approach are all active areas of research and are all subject to change in a rapidly evolving field. Thus, presented is a snapshot of our current understanding with the goal of limiting the choices to those that appear currently technically feasible. We describe the top-level metrics of inner working angle, contrast and photometric throughput and explore how they are related to the range of target stars. A critical point is that for each telescope architecture and coronagraphic choice the telescope stability requirements have differing impacts on the design for open versus closed-loop sensing and control.
Peanut allergy: An increasingly common life-threatening disorder

Allergic reactions to peanuts in children have become a significant medical and legal concern worldwide, with a rising incidence of this potentially fatal condition. Peanut allergy represents an immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated hypersensitivity reaction to peanut proteins and is responsible for the majority of cases of food-induced anaphylaxis. Even trace quantities of peanut in a sensitized individual can be fatal, with rapid onset of symptoms often including the cutaneous findings of urticaria, angioedema, or a diffuse nonspecific dermatitis. Peanut allergy is usually a lifelong condition, since only about 20% of affected individuals outgrow it. Some schools ban peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, once a common dietary option, as fear of medical and legal consequences is escalating. Children with peanut allergy and their families should be knowledgeable about management strategies, including carrying and properly administering self-injectable epinephrine. New immunotherapeutic options are being investigated and appear promising.
Hepatic metabolism of oxidatively modified apo E-free high-density lipoproteins.

Aims/background The metabolism of rat apo E-free high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was contrasted with oxidatively modified apo E-free high-density lipoproteins (OX-HDL) in the rat hepatoma cell, Fu5AH. Results When 10-100 microg/ml [125I]-HDL or [125I]-OX-HDL were incubated with cells for 4 h at 37 degrees C, cellular uptake of oxidized lipoproteins was twice control. In contrast, protein degradation was equal. [125I]-HDL or [125I]-OX-HDL were incubated with the cells for 4 h followed by a 4 h chase with unlabeled HDL and OX-HDL, respectively. In these experiments, 80% of [125I]-HDL was resecreted from the cell within 30 min while 50% of [125I]-OX-HDL was retained by the cell after 2 h. Electron microscopy was used to determine if the OX-HDL was retained in lysosomes. Cells were incubated with gold-labeled OX-HDL, and lysosomes were stained with acid phosphatase. Gold-labeled OX-HDL was abundant in intracellular vesicles that were not reactive to acid phosphatase. However, vesicles with a high content of OX-HDL frequently stained positively for 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, a stain that reacts with catalase and is used to detect peroxisomes. Conclusions The present evidence indicates that the cellular metabolism of OX-HDL is different from that of unmodified HDL.
Comparison of logistic regression and neural network analysis applied to predicting living setting after hip fracture

Abstract Purpose Describe and compare the characteristics of artificial neural networks and logistic regression to develop prediction models in epidemiological research. Methods The sample included 3708 persons with hip fracture from 46 different states included in the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation. Mean age was 75.5 years (sd = 14.2), 73.7% of patients were female, and 82% were non-Hispanic white. Average length of stay was 17.0 days (sd = 10.6). The primary outcome measure was living setting (at home vs. not at home) at 80 to 180 days after discharge. Results Statistically significant variables (p Conclusions Follow-up therapy and independent bowel and/or bladder function were strong predictors of living at home up to 6 months after hospitalization for hip fracture. No practical differences were found between the predictive ability of logistic regression and neural network analysis in this sample.
Performance of Thermal Enhancement Materials in High Pressure Metal Hydride Storage Systems

Over the past two years, key issues associated with the development of realistic metal hydride storage systems have been identified and studied at Purdue University’s Hydrogen Systems Laboratory, part of the Energy Center at Discovery Park. Ongoing research projects are aimed at the demonstration of a prototype large-scale metal hydride tank that achieves fill and release rates compatible with current automotive use. The large-scale storage system is a prototype with multiple pressure vessels compatible with 350 bar operation. Tests are conducted at the Hydrogen Systems Lab in a 1000 ft2 laboratory space comprised of two test cells and a control room that has been upgraded for hydrogen service compatibility. The infrastructure and associated data acquisition and control systems allow for remote testing with several kilograms of high-pressure reversible metal hydride powder. Managing the large amount of heat generated during hydrogen loading directly affects the refueling time. However, the thermal management of hydride systems is problematic because of the low thermal conductivity of the metal hydrides (∼ 1 W/m-K). Current efforts are aimed at optimizing the filling-dependent thermal performance of the metal hydride storage system to minimize the refueling time of a practical system. Combined heat conduction within the metal hydride and the enhancing material particles, across the contacts of particles and within the hydrogen gas between non-contacted particles plays a critical role in dissipating heat to sustain high reaction rates during refueling. Methods to increase the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride powders include using additives with substantially higher thermal conductivity such as aluminum, graphite, metal foams and carbon nanotubes. This paper presents the results of experimental studies in which various thermal enhancement materials are added to the metal hydride powder in an effort to maximize the effective thermal conductivity of the test bed. The size, aspect ratio, and intrinsic thermal conductivity of the enhancement materials are taken into account to adapt heat conduction models through composite nanoporous media. Thermal conductivity and density of the composite materials are measured and enhancement metrics are calculated to rate performance of composites. Experimental results of the hydriding process of thermally enhanced metal hydride powder are compared to un-enhanced metal hydride powder and to model predictions. The development of the Hydrogen Systems Laboratory is also discussed in light of the lessons learned in managing large quantities of metal hydride and high pressure hydrogen gas.Copyright © 2008 by ASME