cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relation Between Early Parent Verb Input and Later Expressive Verb Vocabulary in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate if higher quantity, diversity, and grammatical informativeness of verb phrases in parent follow-in utterances (i.e., utterances that mapped onto child attentional leads) were significantly related to later expressive verb vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method We examined these associations in a sample of 31 toddlers with ASD and their parents in a longitudinal correlational study. Key aspects of parents' verb input were measured in 2 video-recorded 15-min parent-child free-play sessions. Child expressive verb vocabulary was measured using parent report. Results An aggregate variable composed of the quantity, diversity, and grammatical informativeness of parent verb input in follow-in utterances across the 2 parent-child sessions strongly and positively predicted later child expressive verb vocabulary, total R 2 = .25, even when early child expressive verb vocabulary was controlled, R 2 change = .17. Parent follow-in utterances without verbs were not significantly related to later child expressive verb vocabulary, R 2 = .001. Conclusions These correlational findings are initial steps toward developing a knowledge base for how strong verb vocabulary skills might be facilitated in children with ASD.
Another Lesson from the Outsider Within: The Transcendent Relevance of Black Feminist Thought

This article aims to illuminate the transcendent relevance of Patricia Hill Collins’ Black feminist thought (BFT) by explicating the role the theory plays in grounding the work of a student affairs...
Hyperfluorescence-Based Emission in Purely Organic Materials: Suppression of Energy-Loss Mechanisms via Alignment of Triplet Excited States

Hyperfluorescence has received significant attention as a promising strategy to design organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity and enhanced stability. In this approach, emitter...
Optoelectronic response of the type-I Weyl semimetals TaAs and NbAs from first principles

The linear optoelectronic responses of Weyl semimetals TaAs and NbAs are evaluated by ab initio calculation of the complex dielectric function and optical conductivity for variable frequency, polarization, and temperature. The results agree well with existing experimental data for TaAs, provide quantitative predictions for NbAs, and suggest certain design principles for both Weyl-based devices and experimental detection of Weyl signatures.
Questioning Aid for Rich, Real-Time Discussion (QARRD): A Tool to Improve Critical Thinking in Clinical Settings

Introduction Critical thinking skills are crucial for health professionals, especially in clinical settings. However, most health professions educators engage learners with only lower-level concept...
Frondienst und Mehrwert im der preußischen Gutswirtschaft

The contribution of the Junkerherrschaft, the Prussian manorial system east of the river Elbe, to the modernization of Germany in the late nineteenth century has been an ongoing subject of historical debate for decades. By discussing a series of articles by William Hagen, the author challenges Hagen's thesis, according to which landlords as well as their subject peasants benefitted from changes within the Prussian manorial system of the seventeenth century, a mutually satisfactory bargain, in the course of which the peasants accepted a higher rate of labour services for a reduction in rental dues. Hagen's argument, that the decrease in rents and the increase in labour services meant an advantage for both peasants and landlords is dismantled by Rebel, who by reevaluating and reinterpreting Hagen's own evidence sketches a picture of drastic disadvantages which the peasants had to face under the new arrangement of increased labor services. Applying Eric Wolf's model of historical social relations, Rebel then sets out to show the effect of these developments in the sphere of family formation of the aristocratic dynasty and the peasant household. Dictated by the labor need of the manorial estates the latter are forced to constitute themselves in pseudo- and ad-hoc-families, which have to make unending choices of exclusion and dispossession of „uneconomical" and marginal family members. According to Rebel a pattern is developing, a hidden war between those who like the aristocracy form dynastic families and those who like the peasants cannot form families that last.
The impact of policing styles on officers’ willingness to make referrals into pre-arrest diversion initiatives

Pre-arrest diversion programs rely on officers’ discretion to divert low-level offenders to outside services in lieu of arrest. Few studies have examined how officers’ policing orientations influen...
Herramientas que facilitan el aprendizaje colaborativo en entornos virtuales: nuevas oportunidades para el desarrollo de las ecologías digitales de aprendizaje

This contribution derives from a research project that analyzes a pedagogical and technological proposal for the design of CSCL (Computer Supported Collaborative Learning) learning processes. This work presents an analysis of the tools in collaborative learning based on the perception of the students participating in the study. It is based on an analysis of the main technological solutions applied in the field of CSCL, distinguishing between the collaborative use of technology and collaborative technology. The research entails an ex post facto non-experimental quantitative study based on the survey method conducted with 106 students of five subjects belonging to the degrees of Primary and Infant Education at Campus La Salle Madrid. Students developed project-based learning with a CSCL-based methodology; analysis are presented according to the age of the students and the years of experience working in virtual environments. Students value that the most useful technologies in CSCL are videoconferencing and instant messaging, such as WhatsApp, compared to other tools such as Wikis, Blogs or Social Networks. Aside from the situation derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, videoconferencing and instant messaging systems do not tend to be integrated into virtual platforms or incorporated into CSCL. However, students positively value their usefulness in collaborative processes. In this sense, higher education institutions should promote extensive reflection on the tools that favor interaction processes and collaborative learning, taking advantage of the great effort that has been made during the pandemic situation, which has largely been sustained by digital ecosystems.
Temperature and nutrients drive complex eco-phenotypic dynamics in a microbial food web

Anthropogenic increases in temperature and nutrient loads will likely impact food web structure and stability. Though their independent effects have been well studied, their joint effects-particularly on coupled ecological and phenotypic dynamics-remain poorly understood. Here we experimentally manipulated temperature and nutrient levels in microbial food webs and used time-series analysis to quantify the strength and causality of reciprocal effects between ecological and phenotypic dynamics across species. We found that i) temperature and nutrients have more complex effects on ecological dynamics at higher trophic levels, ii) temperature and nutrients interact antagonistically to shift the relative strength of top-down vs. bottom-up control, iii) phenotypic dynamics have stronger impacts on ecological dynamics than vice versa (especially at higher temperature), and iv) rapid phenotypic change mediates observed ecological responses to changes in temperature and nutrients. Our results expose how feedbacks between ecological and phenotypic dynamics mediate food web responses to environmental change.
Socially distanced teaching: The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on special education teachers

Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on special education teachers. Of 468 surveyed across the United States, 38.4% met clinical criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, a rate 12.4 times greater than the U.S. population, and 37.6% for major depressive disorder, a rate 5.6 times greater than the population. Race/ethnicity, gender, or school funding was not related to mental health. The impact of the pandemic was moderate to extreme on stress (91%), depression (58%), anxiety (76%), and emotional exhaustion (83%).
Blocking primers reduce co-amplification of plant DNA when studying bacterial endophyte communities

A blocking primer set based on the technique described by Vestheim and Jarman (2008) was developed to reduce amplification of non-target plant DNA when conducting metagenomic studies on bacterial endophyte communities. Bacterial amplification efficiency was increased 300-fold compared to standard PCR in an Illumina-based study of Sorghastrum nutans leaves.
Vertical flanking sound transmission via the wall-floor junction in wood framed construction

The role of direct and flanking sound transmission paths in wood-framed construction that lead to manageable set of path attenuation to represent the effect of specific design tradeoffs was discussed. The flanking normalized impact sound pressure level (NISPL) depends on the joist orientation relative to the wall. An average over the wall-framing cases can be used to create an estimate of flanking for the design guide. The results show that the floor surface changes can alter impact sound transmission by changing the power injected into the floor by the impact, and also by changing transmission across the floor surface to the floor-wall junction.
Integrable planar photonic crystal devices in silicon using nonlinear effects

This paper is focused on nonlinear photonic crystal (PC) structures from theoretical, fabrication, and practical points of views. The material platform for these structures is Si photonic crystals (fabricated using electron beam lithography and dry etching) infiltrated with nonlinear optical polymers. A two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation tool based on a modification of the original Yee's FDTD algorithm is developed.
Placentophagia in weanling female laboratory rats

Placentophagia is common in parturient mammals and offers physiological and behavioral advantages for mothers. In natural environments, weanlings are often present during the birth of younger siblings, but it is unknown if weanling rats are placentophagic or prefer placenta over other substances. To examine this, primiparous rats were remated during the postpartum estrus and weanling females remained in the nest during their mother’s next parturition. Continuous observation revealed that 58% of weanlings were placentophagic. To determine if this placentophagia occurs away from parturient mothers, weanling females still living in their natal nest were offered placenta, liver, or cake frosting in a novel chamber. They ingested more placenta and liver than frosting. Thus, many weanling female laboratory rats are placentophagic during birth of younger siblings but do not selectively prefer placenta when tested outside their natal nest. Consequences of placentophagia by weanlings are unknown, but it may promote their alloparenting or postpartum mothering.
A survey of techniques for lossless compression of signals

Lossless compression of signals is of interest in a wide variety of fields such as geophysics, telemetry, nondestructive evaluation and medical imaging, where vast amounts of data must be transmitted or stored, and exact recovery of the original data is required. Nearly all lossless signal coding techniques consist of a decorrelation stage followed by an entropy coding stage. In this paper, fundamentals of lossless signal coding are introduced, and a wide variety of decorrelation and entropy coding techniques are discussed.
Weight changes and toxemia of late pregnancy

Abstract A series of 100 private patients with definite toxemia of late pregnancy had an average gain in weight of 17 pounds during the last four lunar months of pregnancy, as compared to 15.7 pounds for normals. Sixty-one of these 100 toxemia patients gained at least twice the normal averages at one or more observation periods during this time, while 39 at no time showed such excessive gains. The presence or absence of excessive weight increases bore little or no relationship to the severity or to the type of the toxemia. In 37 patients, excessive weight gain preceded definite signs of toxemia, but in the remaining 63 it appeared along with or after these signs, or not at all. Moreover, it was also present in about 45 per cent of the normals. Sudden or abrupt weight increase was somewhat more frequent with toxemia than among normal patients but was far from the rule. The occurrence of excessive weight gains in pregnancy would appear to be of doubtful significance in predicting impending toxemia and of secondary value, at most, in the diagnosis of the actual disease.
The Utility of Superoxide Dismutase in Studying Free Radical Reactions I. RADICALS GENERATED BY THE INTERACTION OF SULFITE, DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, AND OXYGEN

The superoxide dismutase (dismutase) which has already been found to be useful in detecting the role of O2·- in certain enzymic reactions has here been shown to be applicable to the study of nonenzymic reactions, as well. The aerobic oxidation of sulfate, which proceeds by a free radical chain mechanism, has been investigated with the aid of superoxide dismutase. The "spontaneous" oxidation of sulfite, which is catalyzed by traces of heavy metals, was unaffected by superoxide dismutase in the absence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate yet was inhibited by 1 ng per ml levels of the dismutase in the presence of EDTA. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been found to be a powerful catalyst of the aerobic oxidation of sulfite. This is a complex reaction with a mechanism which appears to change with changes in the relative concentrations of sulfite and of DMSO. When the ratio of [sulfite] to [DMSO] was high, sulfite oxidation was inhibited by dismutase. In contrast, when the ratio of [sulfite] to [DMSO] was low, dismutase stimulated the oxidation of sulfite. The effects of variation of the concentrationn of sulfite, DMSO, and oxygen on the DMSO-induced sulfite oxidation have been explored. DMSO was found to contain approximately 0.2% of an impurity which was a very effective radical scavenger. This impurity could not be eliminated by treatment with charcoal and vacuum distillation, but it could be destroyed by treatment with H2O2. The reduction of cytochrome c by sulfite and the effects of EDTA, DMSO, oxygen, and dismutase on this reduction have also been studied. The results, which have permitted clarifying deductions concerning these very complex reactions, could not have been achieved, were the superoxide dismutase not available.
The nature of plasma antithrombin activity.

In plasma antithrombin studies it is essential to recognize two separate effects on thrombin. One is concerned with thrombin disposal, and the magnitude of this effect is determined by finding how much thrombin remains after the antithrombin reaction has gone to completion. The other effect is concerned with interference with the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction, there being no thrombin activity destroyed by this mechanism. In the disposal of thrombin, plasma antithrombin is not influenced by heparin. The amount of thrombin destroyed is constant for a given amount of defibrinated plasma and is independent of the initial thrombin concentration, provided the initial quantity of thrombin is above the antithrombin capacity of the plasma. For bovine plasma, the antithrombin capacity is about 710 units of thrombin. In contrast, if the initial quantity of thrombin is less that the antithrombic capacity of the plasma, some thrombin may remain after equilibrium conditions have been reached. In addition to plasma antithrombin, fibrin may remove certain quantities of thrombin activity from solution by adsorption. Heparin increases the amount of thrombin adsorbed on fibrin whereas albumin decreases the amount of thrombin adsorbed. The adsorbed thrombin can be recovered by lysis of the fibrin with fibrinolysin. The general concept that heparin has an antithrombic effect in conjunction with a plasma cofactor is explained on the basis that this mechanism interferes in the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. No thrombin is destroyed by this mechanism.
Distributed decision-making with learning threshold elements

The authors discuss the application of networks of learning threshold elements in decision making for systems with distributed sensors. A data fusion center receives the decision of n independent sensors regarding a set of hypotheses and makes a 'global' decision. The authors use results of studies by R.R. Tenney and N.R. Sandell (1981) and Z. Chair and P.K. Varshney (1986) of the optimal 'local' and 'global' decision rules. However, the authors do not assume a priori knowledge of the hypothesis and the communication-channel statistics. A simple updating rule is used to estimate the unknown probabilities and to tune the weights of the threshold elements. Using a simple two-hypothesis example, the authors demonstrate how the learning system approximates the optimal performance and how it can partially recover from sensor failure. >
A Review of “Scientific Communication for Natural Resource Professionals.”

Communication is the lifeblood of science. However, it can also be a daunting task, especially for students and young professionals. Recognizing this, the Southern New England Chapter of the Americ...
Balloon valvuloplasty treatment of an infolded CoreValve

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is an approved treatment for select patients with severe aortic stenosis. A rare complication of self-expanding transcatheter heart valves (THVs) is infolding of the valve stent frame, which results in a malopposed segment, perivalvular aortic insufficiency, and possibly leaflet dysfunction. We report here a successful case of balloon valvuloplasty treatment for severe infolding of a self-expandable THV in the aortic position, restoring stent frame geometry and leaflet function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A technique for the study of steady-state short term memory

Steady-state STM was studied by a method in which S was required to keep track of the randomly changing response member of each of 5 stimulus words. On each of 220 consecutive presentations, S had to recall the response last paired with a given stimulus and then had to learn a (possily) new response to the same stimulus. A measure of S’s STM was his proportion of correct recalls as a function of the number of items intervening between successive appearances of a given item. Results suggest that the method gives a stable measure of STM. Specifically, proactive effects appeared to be constant throughout the sequence of presentations.
A sequence motif within chromatin entry sites directs MSL establishment on the Drosophila X chromosome

The Drosophila MSL complex associates with active genes specifically on the male X chromosome to acetylate histone H4 at lysine 16 and increase expression approximately 2-fold. To date, no DNA sequence has been discovered to explain the specificity of MSL binding. We hypothesized that sequence-specific targeting occurs at "chromatin entry sites," but the majority of sites are sequence independent. Here we characterize 150 potential entry sites by ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq and discover a GA-rich MSL recognition element (MRE). The motif is only slightly enriched on the X chromosome ( approximately 2-fold), but this is doubled when considering its preferential location within or 3' to active genes (>4-fold enrichment). When inserted on an autosome, a newly identified site can direct local MSL spreading to flanking active genes. These results provide strong evidence for both sequence-dependent and -independent steps in MSL targeting of dosage compensation to the male X chromosome.
Fast food, automobiles, television and obesity epidemic in Chinese children.

Childhood obesity shows an alarming increase in prevalence in China in recent years [1–3]. Owing to the efficient advertisements of such fast food restaurants as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut, the Chinese children are devouring the Western fast food faster than ever [1,3,4]. On the basis of an eight-province survey, the fat intake of urban Chinese boys aged 12–15 years rose from about 17% of their total energy intake in 1989 to nearly 30% in 1993 [5]. On the other hand, decreased physical activity also plays an important role [6]. People, young and old, in China used to ride bicycles but now travel in automobiles [1]. With increased motorization and continued economic growth, it is predicted that, within two decades, China would surpass the United States as the world’s biggest automobile market [7]. Although such a rapid growth will bring further prosperity to China, it also will present its social, environmental, economic and, last but not the least, healthcare systems with serious challenges. As the Chinese rely more on automobiles and less on bicycles, they no longer derive the health benefits from bicycling. It is indeed sad news that Shanghai is contemplating on banning bicycles from all major roads to ease congestion brought on by a wave of private car ownership (personal communication, Penny Murphy, Editor, World Update, BBC News, May 20, 2004). No wonder coronary artery disease in China has climbed from the fifth commonest form of heart disease in 1948–1957 to the most common in 1980–1989 where it remains till the present day [1].
Influence of TMJ dysfunction on Bennett movement as recorded by a modified pantograph. Part I: Literature review☆

This review has pointed out the difficulties in studying the lateral side shift of the mandible (Bennett movement) as well as the many contradictory results that have evolved from investigations. Based on the studies reported, it seems reasonable to conclude that Bennett movement accompanies most subject's lateral jaw movements, but its amount and "timing" varies between individuals and may be influenced by muscle incoordination and TMJ dysfunction. Furthermore, the axis around which all lateral movements occur may be oblique rather than vertical and perpendicular to the subject's hinge axis. The importance of Bennett movement has often been emphasized. Disagreement and controversy still exist regarding (1) the immutability of its magnitude throughout the occlusal therapy and (2) the possible relationship between TMJ dysfunction and Bennett movement. A clinical study has been completed and will be reported in subsequent articles to give insight into the possible influence of the neuromusculature on the lateral side shift of the mandible.
PDGF and FGF2 regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor responses to demyelination.

Acute demyelination of adult CNS, resulting from trauma or disease, is initially followed by remyelination. However, chronic lesions with subsequent functional impairment result from eventual failure of the remyelination process, as seen in multiple sclerosis. Studies using animal models of successful remyelination delineate a progression of events facilitating remyelination. A universal feature of this repair process is extensive proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPs) in response to demyelination. To investigate signals that regulate OP proliferation in response to demyelination we used murine hepatitis virus-A59 (MHV-A59) infection of adult mice to induce focal demyelination throughout the spinal cord followed by spontaneous remyelination. We cultured glial cells directly from demyelinating and remyelinating spinal cords using conditions that maintain the dramatically enhanced OP proliferative response prior to CNS remyelination. We identify PDGF and FGF2 as significant mitogens regulating this proliferative response. Furthermore, we demonstrate endogenous PDGF and FGF2 activity in these glial cultures isolated from demyelinated CNS tissue. These findings correlate well with our previous demonstration of increased in vivo expression of PDGF and FGF2 ligand and corresponding receptors in MHV-A59 lesions. Together these studies support the potential of these pathways to function in vivo as critical factors in regulating remyelination.
A bio-inspired system for spatio-temporal recognition in static and video imagery

This paper presents a bio-inspired method for spatio-temporal recognition in static and video imagery. It builds upon and extends our previous work on a bio-inspired Visual Attention and object Recognition System (VARS). The VARS approach locates and recognizes objects in a single frame. This work presents two extensions of VARS. The first extension is a Scene Recognition Engine (SCE) that learns to recognize spatial relationships between objects that compose a particular scene category in static imagery. This could be used for recognizing the category of a scene, e.g., office vs. kitchen scene. The second extension is the Event Recognition Engine (ERE) that recognizes spatio-temporal sequences or events in sequences. This extension uses a working memory model to recognize events and behaviors in video imagery by maintaining and recognizing ordered spatio-temporal sequences. The working memory model is based on an ARTSTORE 1 neural network that combines an ART-based neural network with a cascade of sustained temporal order recurrent (STORE) 1 neural networks. A series of Default ARTMAP classifiers ascribes event labels to these sequences. Our preliminary studies have shown that this extension is robust to variations in an object's motion profile. We evaluated the performance of the SCE and ERE on real datasets. The SCE module was tested on a visual scene classification task using the LabelMe 2 dataset. The ERE was tested on real world video footage of vehicles and pedestrians in a street scene. Our system is able to recognize the events in this footage involving vehicles and pedestrians.
Gene–culture interactions: a multi-gene approach

Previous studies have identified genetic variants linked to increased susceptibility to socio-cultural influences. These studies typically show that individuals with the more susceptible variant of a specific polymorphism exhibit social behavior more in accordance with surrounding cultural norms. Given limitations of the single gene approach, we propose to assess genetic susceptibility with a multi-gene index, composed of polymorphisms previously identified in gene–culture interaction studies. Specifically, we are interested in whether the combined susceptibility index moderates cultural differences in self-expression. In the present study, Americans and Koreans completed psychological and behavioral assessments of self-expression tendencies and provided DNA samples, which were genotyped for preselected OXTR, 5HTR1A, SERT, and DRD4 polymorphisms. Results show that the genetic susceptibility index predicts a wider range of self-expression outcomes than what is predicted by individual polymorphisms. The findings underscore the importance of developing biologically and functionally informed models of genetic influence. Further the work demonstrates a model for examining the effects of multiple genes simultaneously and advances our understanding of how genetic and socio-cultural factors jointly contribute to shape social behaviors.
New mechanism of defect production in metals: A molecular-dynamics study of interstitial-dislocation-loop formation in high-energy displacement cascades.

We present molecular-dynamics computer-simulation studies of 25-keV displacement cascades in Cu at low temperature. We observe the splitting of a cascade into subcascades and for the first time show by molecular dynamics that cascades in metals may lead to the formation of both vacancy and interstitial dislocation loops. We propose a new mechanism of defect production based on interstitial prismatic dislocation-loop formation and discuss its consequences regarding the primary state of damage in irradiated metals.
Control and Diabetes

For almost 50 years, since insulin therapy was initiated, proponents of "rigid," "tight" or "chemical" control have quoted retrospective evidence of decreased or delayed nephropathy and retinopathy...
Food Cariogenicity in Americans Aged from 9 to 29 Years Assessed in a National Cross-sectional Survey, 1971-74

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the probability of having high DMFT scores and reported consumption of eight food groups. The sample included Americans (aged from 9 to 29 years) examined during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1971 and 1974. Analysis was restricted to comparing those individuals having DMFT scores equal to or above the 80th percentile of the DMFT distribution with those having scores equal to or below the 20th percentile of the distribution.The strongest discriminator between the low- and high-DMFT groups was the between-meal consumption of table sugars and syrups. The between-meal consumption of sugary desserts was also significantly associated with high DMFT scores. Foods to which table sugars are usually added before consumption, such as coffee, chocolate, and tea drinks, were associated with high DMFT scores in the bivariate analysis. When the same-day consumption of table sugars and syrups was accounted ...
Modeling helical proteins using residual dipolar couplings, sparse long-range distance constraints and a simple residue-based force field

We present a fast and simple protocol to obtain moderate-resolution backbone structures of helical proteins. This approach utilizes a combination of sparse backbone NMR data (residual dipolar couplings and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements) or EPR data with a residue-based force field and Monte Carlo/simulated annealing protocol to explore the folding energy landscape of helical proteins. By using only backbone NMR data, which are relatively easy to collect and analyze, and strategically placed spin relaxation probes, we show that it is possible to obtain protein structures with correct helical topology and backbone RMS deviations well below 4 A. This approach offers promising alternatives for the structural determination of proteins in which nuclear Overhauser effect data are difficult or impossible to assign and produces initial models that will speed up the high-resolution structure determination by NMR spectroscopy.
Reflector Problem in $${\mathbb R^n}$$ Endowed with Non-Euclidean Norm

In this paper, we establish existence and uniqueness up to dilations for the reflector problem in a nonisotropic medium in \({\mathbb R^n}\) for which light wavefronts are described by non-Euclidean norm spheres, through approaches of paraboloid approximation and optimal mass transport.
MAKO: a high-performance, airborne imaging spectrometer for the long-wave infrared

We report progress on a high-performance, long-wavelength infrared hyperspectral imaging system for airborne research. Based on a f/1.25 Dyson spectrometer and 128x128 arsenic doped silicon blocked impurity band array, this system has significantly higher throughput than previous sensors. An agile pointing/scanning capability permits the additional signal to be allocated between increased signal-to-noise and broader area coverage, creating new opportunities to explore LWIR hyperspectral phenomenology.
Games Played on Boolean Algebras

In this paper we consider the special case of the Banach-Mazur game played on a topological space when the space also has an underlying Boolean Algebra structure. This case was first studied by Jech [2]. The version of the Banach-Mazur game we will play is the following game played on the Boolean algebra: Players I and II alternate moves playing a descending sequence of elements of a Boolean algebra ℬ. Player II wins the game iff Π i ∈ ω b i ≠ 0. Jech first considered these games and showed: Theorem (Jech [2]). ℬ is ( ω 1 , ∞)- distributive iff player I does not have a winning strategy in the game played on ℬ. If ℬ has a dense ω -closed subset then it is easy to see that player II has a winning strategy in this game. This paper establishes a partial converse to this, namely it gives cardinality conditions on ℬ under which II having a winning strategy implies ω -closure. In the course of proving the converse, we consider games of length > ω and generalize Jech's theorem to these games. Finally we present an example due to C. Gray that stands in counterpoint to the theorems in this paper. In this section we give a few basis definitions and explain our notation. These definitions are all standard.
Young workers, learning, and agglomerations

Since the 90s densely populated locations, such as urban areas, have attracted a disproportionate share of young college-educated workers. We explain this stylized fact as a result of colocation due to learning externalities among educated workers. Workers learn from each other when young, increasing their skills and their productivity. Once they grow mature and their learning decreases, some of them choose to move out of densely populated areas. As skills grew more transferable thanks to computerization and flexibility in the 80s and 90s, urban areas became learning grounds for educated young workers.
Between Subimperialism and Globalization A Case Study in the Internationalization of Brazilian Capital

A synthesis of the thesis of subimperialism developed by the Brazilian economist Ruy Mauro Marini with more dynamic theories of global capitalism sheds light on the international relations of South...
INTENSITY OF THE SOFT X-RAY BACKGROUND FLUX: REPLY TO BOWYER AND FIELD.

Bowyer and Field1 have disputed the diffuse background flux of soft X-rays reported by us2. They object to our calculation of field of view (in a paper at the December 1968 meeting of the American Astronomical Society); to our allowance for “background” counts; and to our use of 21 cm hydrogen measurements, and corresponding X-ray absorption coefficients, rather than the substantially lower effective absorption coefficient which they deduced3 from measurements of the galactic soft X-ray absorption. We wish to reply to these criticisms.
Bounding the firing synchronization problem on a ring

In this paper we improve the upper and lower bounds on the complexity of solutions to the firing synchronization problem on a ring. In this variant of the firing synchronization problem the goal is to synchronize a ring of identical finite automata. Initially, all automata are in the same state except for one automaton that is designated as the initiator for the synchronization. The goal is to define the set of states and the transition function for the automata so that all machines enter a special fire state for the first time and simultaneously during the final round of the computation. In our work we present two solutions to the ring firing synchronization problem, an 8-state minimal-time solution and a 6-state non-minimal-time solution. Both solutions use fewer states than the previous best-known minimal-time automaton, a 16-state solution due to Culik. We also give the first lower bounds on the number of states needed for solutions to the ring firing synchronization problem. We show that there is no 3-state solution and no 4-state, symmetric, minimal-time solution for the ring.
Sources of error associated with self-repots of food intake

Abstract Many dietary assessment methods are based largely upon self-reports of food intake. One method of collecting dietary intake data is the diet record. Because diet records may be burdensome to maintain, it is likely that adherence to dietary assessment instructions varies among subjects. If subjects rely upon memory to record food items, the accuracy of the diet record is compromised. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy with which subjects recalled their diet and to identify meal items most frequently omitted from recall. Gender differences in diet recall accuracy as well as the influence of the number of food items consumed were also assessed. This study indicates that the overall number of food items consumed does not influence recall accuracy. However, some food items are more accurately recalled than others. Recall accuracy did not differ by gender, although females were significantly more likely than males to accurately recall desserts. Results of this study indicate that foods most frequently undereported are those less central to a meal.
A precise method of measuring fixational eccentricity using the Maxwell spot centroid

An improved version of a method which uses the Maxwell spot to measure eccentricity of fixation is described and discussed. The method determines the centroid of the macula psychophysically and locates the position of this centroid with respect to the point the O uses for fixation. The distance between these two points is a measure of eccentricity of fixation. It is estimated that the present method has an instrumental error of about 0.1 deg.
Repair in haploid male germ cells occurs late in differentiation as chromatin is condensing.

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is one of eight progressive neurodegenerative disorders in which the underlying mutation is a CAG expansion encoding a polyglutamine tract. The mechanism of trinucleotide expansion remains poorly understood. We have followed heritable changes in CAG length in male transgenic mice. In germ cells, expansion is limited to the post-meiotic, haploid cell and therefore cannot involve mitotic replication or recombination between a homologous chromosome and a sister chromatid. Expansion occurs by gap filling synthesis when DNA loops comprising the CAG trinucleotide repeats are sealed into the DNA strand. Our data support a model in which expansion occurs late in male germ cell development as spermatids are entering the epididymis at a time when chromatin is condensing. These data indicate that repair can be carried out in germ cells as long as the DNA is accessible. The capacity for repair of germ cells may have important implications for future gene therapy.
Lateral nasal proboscis: antenatal diagnosis and counseling

Abstract Background: Lateral nasal proboscis is a rare anomaly resulting in incomplete formation of one side of the nose and other variable abnormalities in the adjoining regions of the face, without associated brain malformations. We report a case diagnosed antenatally and confirmed after birth of the infant. Case: A 32-year-old white gravida 2 para 1 was referred for a comprehensive fetal ultrasound at 30.5 weeks to evaluate a facial anomaly seen on an ultrasound done to evaluate decreased fetal movements. A fingerlike projection was seen in the left inner eye area with visualization of one nostril and a small nose. After a spontaneous delivery at term, a 3845-g healthy female infant with lateral nasal proboscis and other locally associated anomalies was born and is doing well at 9 months. Reconstructive surgery was done at 3 and 6 months. Conclusion: Accurate antenatal diagnosis of lateral nasal proboscis is possible with ultrasound, which is important because its prognosis and management are different from other types of proboscides.
Agreement in Ibibio: From Every Head to Every Head

Abstract. The Ibibio language has the special property that agreement with a single grammatical subject can appear multiple times in the same clause. After showing that this is a general phenomenon in the language, we argue that every verbal functional head in Ibibio—Aspect, Auxiliary, Mood, and Participle, as well as Tense—acts as a probe, capable of initiating an Agree relationship. Furthermore, a close comparison of agreement in indicative, subjunctive, negative, and infinitival clauses shows that these functional heads do not agree with the subject directly; rather each agrees with the next highest functional head within the extended projection. The facts of Ibibio thus point toward a version of Chomsky’s theory of Agree in which any functional head can be the probe in an agreement relation, and any functional head can be the goal in such a relation.
Second generation adeno-associated virus type 2-based gene therapy systems with the potential for preferential integration into AAVS1.

Abstract Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) is a non-pathogenic human parvovirus that is being developed as a gene therapy vector for the treatment of numerous diseases. One property of wild-type AAV-2, that is highly desirable in a gene therapy vector, is its ability to preferentially integrate its DNA into a 4 kilobase region of human chromosome 19, designated AAVS1. One disadvantage of AAV-2 is its relatively small packaging capacity, approximately 4.7 kilobases. Because of this size limitation, the AAV-2 rep and cap genes were removed from first-generation AAV-2-based gene therapy vectors to make room for the therapeutic or marker gene. It was later discovered that the rep gene, or at least one of its products, the Rep68 or Rep78 protein, is required for preferential integration of AAV-2. Recent developments in AAV-2 gene therapy vector construction allow the inclusion of the rep gene into a second generation of AAV-2-based gene therapy systems. These new systems fall into four major categories: plasmid-based systems, co-transduction with multiple AAV-2 vectors, incorporation of the AAV-2 vector into a larger virus, and in vitro packaging. These systems not only allow the inclusion of the rep gene, they also allow the delivery of larger therapeutic genes.
Bacon (bleomycin, adriamycin, CCNU, oncovin and nitrogen mustard) in squamous lung cancer. Experience in fifty patients

Fifty patients with inoperable squamous carcinoma of the lung. 38 with extensive, and 12 with limited disease, were treated with BACON. Tumor regression greater than 50% was observed in 17 patients (45%) with extensive, and four patients (33%) with limited disease. Stabilization of disease for greater than or equal to 8 weeks was seen in four extensive and eight limited patients, and had the same prognostic importance with regard to survival as response: in extensive disease, responding and stable patients had median survival (MST) of 26 weeks from start of therapy, while MST for non-responders was 9 weeks. MST in limited disease (all patients responding or stable) was 32 weeks. Analysis of survival in extensive disease by performance status showed improvement in each category over historical control results for supportive care alone. BACON was better tolerated and probably more effective when CCNU was given every 8 weeks, rather than every 4 weeks.
The Joint Replenishment Problem with a Powers-of-Two Restriction

Abstract In this paper we consider the joint replenishment problem in the light of recent work by the second and third authors concerning the selection of realistic and consistent reorder intervals in production/ distribution systems. After stating a general dynamic programming formulation of the joint replenishment problem, we present its usual statement which assumes constant reorder intervals. We then restrict the problem further by assuming the constant reorder intervals are powers-of-two multiples of some base planning interval. We present an algorithm based on concepts we developed that solves the joint replenishment problem with the powers-of-two restriction. Like other algorithms proposed for this problem, it is a simple sorting algorithm. Finally, we establish that the algorithm yields a solution whose average annual cost is within 6% of the general problem's long-run minimum average annual cost.
Rupture of a Papillary Muscle of the Heart; Report of Two Cases

The paper presents clinical and pathological data on 33 cases of ruptured papillary muscle of the heart as revealed by review of the literature. All of the known causes of this event are listed and the characteristic clinical features are emphasized by including two additional typical case reports.
Persistent site-specific defects after reconstructive pelvic surgery.

Our objective was to determine the persistence rates of site-specific defects after reconstructive pelvic surgery. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the post-operative outcome for 77 patients with pelvic support defects. Forty-five patients in the abdominal group underwent a Burch procedure, paravaginal repair and sacral colpopexy when indicated; 32 patients in the vaginal group had a sacrospinous vault fixation with or without colporrhaphy. A χ2 test, Wilcoxon’s two-sample test, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test and multivariate logistic regression model were used for data analysis. The two groups were similar in age, weight, parity and menopausal status. There was significant improvement of all defects except in the vaginal group, which showed a higher rate of persistent paravaginal defects (68.7 vs. 13.3%, P= 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no difference in the rates of apical and anterior wall defects between the two groups. The odds ratio for persistent paravaginal defects in the vaginal group was 8.9 (95% CI: 2.3–34). The choice of surgical procedure is the most important factor determining the rate of persistent pelvic support defects. Lateral wall defects must be addressed at the time of reconstructive surgery.
Beclin 1 and UVRAG Confer Protection from Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Maintain Centrosome Stability in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Beclin 1 interacts with UV-irradiation-resistance-associated gene (UVRAG) to form core complexes that induce autophagy. While cells with defective autophagy are prone to genomic instability that contributes to tumorigenesis, it is unknown whether Beclin1 or UVRAG can regulate the DNA damage/repair response to cancer treatment in established tumor cells. We found that siRNA knockdown of Beclin 1 or UVRAG can increase radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), shown by pATM and γH2Ax, and promote colorectal cancer cell death. Furthermore, knockdown of Beclin 1, UVRAG or ATG5 increased the percentage of irradiated cells with nuclear foci expressing 53BP1, a marker of nonhomologous end joining but not RAD51 (homologous recombination), compared to control siRNA. Beclin 1 siRNA was shown to attenuate UVRAG expression. Cells with a UVRAG deletion mutant defective in Beclin 1 binding showed increased radiation-induced DSBs and cell death compared to cells with ectopic wild-type UVRAG. Knockdown of Beclin 1 or UVRAG, but not ATG5, resulted in a significant increase in centrosome number (γ-tubulin staining) in irradiated cells compared to control siRNA. Taken together, these data indicate that Beclin 1 and UVRAG confer protection against radiation-induced DNA DSBs and may maintain centrosome stability in established tumor cells.