cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for Decreased Function of B Cells in Aged Mice and Humans

The immune system has been known for some time to be compromised in aged individuals, e.g., both mice and humans, and in both humoral and cellular responses. Our studies have begun to elucidate intrinsic B lymphocyte defects in Ig class switch recombination, activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and E47 transcription factor expression. These defects occur in both mice and humans. Our studies have also shown that tristetraprolin is one of the key players in regulating the decreased E47 mRNA stability in aged B lymphocytes. These and current studies should lead to improvements in B lymphocyte function in aged populations.
Global atmospheric sampling program - Prospects for establishing a tropospheric ozone budget from commercial aircraft data

A preliminary analysis of zonally averaged, ozone concentration data obtained from commercial (GASP) aircraft between the equator and 60 deg North indicates that ozone in the upper troposphere exhibits a primary maximum during the spring, and, in middle latitudes, a secondary maximum in the summer of both 1975 and 1976. A late-fall/early-winter minimum also appears and seems consistent with previous upper air measurements. The April ozone maximum has been well documented and appears at the time when the stratospheric ozone content is greatest and cyclogenetic activity is most vigorous. However, the secondary maximum in June has not been widely observed or quoted as a unique feature. It is hypothesized that the rapid ascent of the tropopause between midspring and summer could account for the incorporation of ozone-rich, stratospheric air into the upper troposphere with a subsequent dilution during the following months. This may explain certain aspects of the annual ozone cycle in the lower troposphere which occasionally exhibit a bimodal distribution during the warm season.
La renovación del medio como factor importante en la fertilidad de los suelos ecuatoriales

Tanto en America como en Europa perduran erroneos conceptos. sobre los suelos ecuatoriales, los cuales se han generalizado, especialmente en relacion con su extension geografica, fertilidad y potencialidad agricolas. Es comun oir entre algunos geografos comentarios pesimistas sobre el caracter "lateritico", poca fertilidad y omnipresencia de estos suelos en las regiones ecuatoriales, mientras que otros emiten conceptos elogiosos sobre la gran fertilidad de los suelos selvaticos suramericanos, en donde esta puesta la esperanza de la civilizacion".
The d-step conjecture for polyhedra of dimension d<6

Two functions Δ and Δb, of interest in combinatorial geometry and the theory of linear programming, are defined and studied. Δ(d, n) is the maximum diameter of convex polyhedra of dimensiond withn faces of dimensiond−1; similarly, Δb(d,n) is the maximum diameter of bounded polyhedra of dimensiond withn faces of dimensiond−1. The diameter of a polyhedronP is the smallest integerl such that any two vertices ofP can be joined by a path ofl or fewer edges ofP. It is shown that the boundedd-step conjecture, i.e. Δb(d,2d)=d, is true ford≤5. It is also shown that the generald-step conjecture, i.e. Δ(d, 2d)≤d, of significance in linear programming, is false ford≥4. A number of other specific values and bounds for Δ and Δb are presented.
Cyclic Perfluorocarbon Radicals and Anions Having High Global Warming Potentials (GWPs): Structures, Electron Affinities, and Vibrational Frequencies

Adiabatic electron affinities, optimized molecular geometries, and IR-active vibrational frequencies have been predicted for small cyclic hydrocarbon radicals C(n)H(2)(n)(-)(1) (n = 3-6) and their perfluoro counterparts C(n)F(2)(n)(-)(1) (n = 3-6). Total energies and optimized geometries of the radicals and corresponding anions have been obtained using carefully calibrated (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 231) density functional methods, namely, the B3LYP, BLYP, and BP86 functionals in conjunction with the DZP++ basis set. The predicted electron affinities show that only the cyclopropyl radical tends to bind electrons among the hydrocarbon radicals studied. The trend for the perfluorocarbon (PFC) radicals is quite different. The electron affinities increase with expanding ring size until n = 5 and then slightly decrease at n = 6. Predicted electron affinities of the hydrocarbon radicals using the B3LYP hybrid functional are 0.24 eV (C(3)H(5)/C(3)H(5)(-)), -0.19 eV (C(4)H(7)/C(4)H(7)(-)), -0.15 eV (C(5)H(9)/C(5)H(9)(-)), and -0.11 eV (C(6)H(11)/C(6)H(11)(-)). Analogous electron affinities of the perflurocarbon radicals are 2.81 eV (C(3)F(5)/C(3)F(5)(-)), 3.18 eV (C(4)F(7)/C(4)F(7)(-)), 3.34 eV (C(5)F(9)/C(5)F(9)(-)), and 3.21 eV (C(6)F(11)/C(6)F(11)(-)).
CAPTURING FAIR USE FOR THE YOUTUBE GENERATION: The Digital Rights Movement, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the user-centered framing of fair use

This article undertakes an analysis of strategic framing strategies in the Digital Rights Movement by the movement's central Social Movement Organization (SMO), the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Through analysis of a series of interviews with key members of the EFF and analysis of the EFF's ‘Endangered Gizmos’ campaign in response to the MGM vs Grokster case, this article shows how the organization strategically frames consumers as users' and fair use in user-centered fashion. In so doing the EFF develops a legitimizing rationale for expanding consumer privileges in copyrighted works. The analysis shows that the user-centered notion of fair use articulates with broader historical and emerging trends in media consumption/use and thus finds accepting audiences both within the movement and outside of it.
Ovarian pregnancy torsion.

Ovarian-cyst torsion is often seen in early pregnancy due to progesterone stimulation. It is the fifth-most-common gynecological emergency, with a reported incidence of 3%. An ectopic pregnancy implanted in the ovary is rare, occurring in only 0.5–1% of such pregnancies. We presented a case of ovarian pregnancy with concomitant ipsilateral side tubal torsion managed by laparoscopy. Varying density distribution in the ovary can predispose to ovarian torsion. Emergency surgery may offer the possibility of avoiding the ablation of functional ovarian tissue. Early detection and prompt management can preserve fertility and ovarian function. The etiology, presenting syndrome and management are discussed.
Basic design guidelines for embedded piezoactuators in a layered composite structure

The effect of the location and thickness of twin collocated piezoelectric actuators embedded in a composite structure is analytically studied. An expression for the effective moment induced by the actuators is derived using a static analysis assuming perfect bonding (i.e., zero bonding thickness). The optimal actuator position and thickness which maximizes piezoactuator/substructure coupling is investigated for various actuators/substructure combinations. Results of this study show that the optimal actuator location is at the surface of the composite when the Young's modulus of the actuator is less than approximately 3 to 5 times the modulus of the substructure. However, when the modulus of the actuator is much greater than the substructure, the optimal location of the actuators is within the composite rather than at the surface.
Protein Ligation of the Photosynthetic Oxygen-Evolving Center

Abstract Photosynthetic water oxidation is catalyzed by a unique Mn4Ca cluster in Photosystem II. The ligation environment of the Mn4Ca cluster optimizes the cluster's reactivity at each step in the catalytic cycle and minimizes the release of toxic, partly oxidized intermediates. However, our understanding of the cluster's ligation environment remains incomplete. Although the recent X-ray crystallographic structural models have provided great insight and are consistent with most conclusions derived from earlier site-directed mutagenesis studies, the ligation environments of the Mn4Ca cluster in the two available structural models differ in important respects. Furthermore, while these structural models and the earlier mutagenesis studies agree on the identity of most of the Mn4Ca cluster's amino acid ligands, they disagree on the identity of others. This review describes mutant characterizations that have been undertaken to probe the ligation environment of the Mn4Ca cluster, some of which have been inspired by the recent X-ray crystallographic structural models. Many of these characterizations have involved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy because of the extreme sensitivity of this form of spectroscopy to the dynamic structural changes that occur during an enzyme's catalytic cycle.
Preliminary outcomes and cost-benefit analysis of a community hospital emergency department screening and referral program for patients aged 75 or more.

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to report preliminary outcome and cost‐benefit results for a patient safety quality improvement program intended to improve outcomes for patients aged 75 or more visiting the Emergency Department (ED). The program uses the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) scale to screen, and refers patients at high risk for appropriate intervention.Design/methodology/approach – The Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act improvement cycle was used as a framework. Simple outcomes have been assessed by comparing patient sub‐groups based on risk status and interventions received. Cost and benefits were assessed based on estimated program outcomes and average costs. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test alternate assumptions.Findings – The screening tool appears to be accurate, and screening and referral appears to have a positive impact, reducing length of stay, returns to the ED, and subsequent admissions to hospital. However, most results are not statistically significant at the 95 percent ...
Interfacing devices with cells

Cells are the fundamental unit of life, and as such, understanding how they function and exploiting their features has garnered intense interest. From basic biologists trying to understand how cells work to clinicians trying to detect the presence of tumor cells during cancer therapy, many communities have intense interest in manipulating and measuring cells. Cells are difficult to interrogate, however. They are soft, fragile materials, and are small (~μm). Further, there are many cells in the body (~ 1013 to 1014 cells/human), yet small numbers of cells can be profoundly important (~100 circulating tumor cells per ml of blood). Microfabrication, because it allows for the creation of systems that are size-matched to cells while enabling integration of sensing and actuation, provides a potential solution to some of these manipulation challenges.
Analytical approach to mass transfer in laminar flow in reactive hollow fibers and membrane devices with nonlinear kinetics

An analytical approach for solving for concentration profiles in channels with laminar flow and reactive (or diffusive) walls are presented. The method has been demonstrated by application to two examples (Mass transfer between reactive planar membranes or in a reactive hollow fiber)
Validation of the Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) for discrete periods

Abstract The Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) is currently used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to ensure compliance with government guidelines for soil loss from agricultural land. The model uses inputs of soil texture, annual mean climate data, statistically derived wind energy apportionment tables, and field management options to predict soil loss on a management period and annual basis. In this study, we compared estimates of wind erosion derived from the sums of field measurements at seven locations, two of which had multiple years of observations (a total of 14 periods of comparison), with the predictions of WEQ. WEQ under-predicted the observed estimates of 11 of the 14 periods by as much as a factor of nine. For the three periods that WEQ over-predicted observed erosion estimates, the factor was less than 1.5. Across all sites and periods considered in this investigation, WEQ only predicted about 53% of the observed estimated erosion. Analysis of two average years at Big Spring, TX, indicated that WEQ could be locally calibrated by use of increased climatic (C′) and soil erodibility (I) values as well as combinations of the two.
Electric utility experience with solar photovoltaic generation

A review of electric utility experience with solar photovoltaic (PV) generation is presented, covering both central stations and smaller commercial and residential systems. Design and operational difficulties and their solutions are included. The author summarizes the experiences of PV power plant operations in the Carolinas, Georgia, California, Texas, New England, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Alabama and by the Tennessee Valley Authority. >
Karyotypes of tragopogon (Compositae: Lactuceae)

Karyotypes of 24 diploid (2n=12)Tragopogon species are similar with one long pair of chromosomes (A), two medium-length pairs (B and C), and three short pairs (D, E, and F). These species may be divided into three karyotypic groups: 1) seven species with a satellite on A and on D; 2) 14 species with a satellite on A only; and 3) three species with a satellite on D only. Most species within karyotype groups may be separated from each other either by distinctive features of certain chromosomes or by statistical differences in length of chromosome arms or long arm: short arm ratios of chromosome A. Three tetraploid (2n=24) species had two long pairs (A,A′), four medium-length pairs (B,B′;C,C′), and six short pairs (D,D′;E,E′;F,F′). Suggestions are made as to the putative diploid parents of these presumed allotetraploids.
How can we trick the immune system into overcoming the detrimental effects of oncolytic viral therapy to treat glioblastoma

Although China approved the use of the H101 adenovirus for the treatment of various solid cancers in 2005, similar viruses have not obtained clinical approval in the USA [1]. While there are severa...
Nematogenic block copolymers of rigid and flexible aromatic units. I. Synthesis and characterization

Abstract : The phosphorylation reaction of Yamazaki and Higashi was used to prepare wholly aromatic block copolymers containing the rigid units poly(p-benzamide) (PBA) or poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) (PPD-T) and the flexible units poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (MPD-I) or the polyterephthalamide of p-aminobenzhydrazide (PPD-T). Three synthetic procedures were investigated: A) monomers of the flexible block were added to the rigid prepolymer, B) monomers of the flexible block were added to the carboxy terminated rigid prepolymer, and C) the reaction of the carboxy terminated prepolymer of the rigid block with amine terminated prepolymer of the flexible block. Extraction of the copolymer with a non-solvent for the rigid homopolymer indicates that method B) gives the smallest amount of the flexible homopolymer. The extract from the PBA/MPD-I block copolymer was shown to be the flexible MPD-I homopolymer by NMR. The extract from the PBA/PABH-T copolymer could not be characterized by NMR due to overlapping of the spectra, but differential scanning calorimetry was used to identify the extract as PABH-T.
Role of solvent in alkyl substituent effects

Abstract From the energies of electronic transitions that place a high electron demand on alkyl substituents (e.g., the “principal” transition of p -alkylnitrobenzenes in the gas phase) it is concluded that the inherent order of electron release is: Bu t > Pr i > Et > Me. For RCH 2 groups larger spreads are found, in the release order: Pe neo > Bu i > Pr > Et > Me. A Baker-Nathan effect has been found in the principal electron-transition energies of p -alkylnitrobenzenes and p -alkylacetophenones in basic solvents. This effect is attributed to steric hindrance to solvation of the electron-deficient aromatic ring in the vicinity of the alkyl substituent. In electronic transitions of the type in which a substituent is called upon strongly to accept negative charge (e.g., the “principal” transition of p -alkylphenols in the gas phase) it has been found that alkyl groups are apparently better electron acceptors than a hydrogen. Rate constants and heats and entropies of activation obtained in the solvolysis of 3,5-dimethyl- and 3,5-di- tert. -butyl-benzhydryl chlorides are compared with corresponding results on mono m - and p -alkylbenzhydryl chlorides. The assumption that the Baker-Nathan effect in this system is due to a CH hyperconjugative order of electron release by alkyl groups does not satisfactorily account for the results. On the other hand, the results are completely consistent with the viewpoint that the Baker-Nathan effect is due to steric hindrance to solvation of electron-deficient sites in the near vicinity of the alkyl substituent.
New e‐sources, new models: reinventing library approaches to providing access

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that librarians consider new ways of working in order to manage new types of electronic sources.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a literature survey, readings outside the literature, and observations in the field.Findings – Librarians need to think out of the box, change how they structure their organizations and work, and cede more control to users. Research limitations/implications – This is an opinion piece urging librarians to think differently.Practical implications – If librarians could think out of the box, give up their traditional organizational lines, and cede more control to users, managing new forms of electronic resources would be easier.Social implications – Changing ways of thinking is a long, difficult process.Originality/value – This paper was originally presented at the IFLA conference in Milan in August 2009.
Multi-fractal aspects of the fine-scale structure of temperature fluctuations in isotropic turbulence

Abstract The multi-fractal aspects of the fine-scale structure of temperature fluctuations in isotropic turbulence are discussed. The characteristic exponent \ gz for the temperature structure function and the generalized fractal dimension D q of the scalar-variance dissipation field are calculated and are shown to compare satisfactorily with experimental measurements.
Is prefrontal cortex necessary for the storage and acquisition of relational concepts

The ability to make analogies requires building higher order relations and so keeping track of multiple independently varying dimensions of the concepts being compared. Frontal cortex may be well suited to support this type of function, as Speed's review makes clear. However, Speed goes further in arguing that PFC neurons necessarily support the storage and acquisition of relational concepts. This claim is evaluated in the context of broader perspectives on storage and acquisition of semantic knowledge.
Household Composition and Headship as Related to Changes in Mode of Production: São Paulo 1765 to 1836

The relationship of household and family organization to changes in the larger economy (e.g., commercialization, industrialization) has long fascinated and baffled scholars. Data that specifically link the household and/or family unit to economic change have proved elusive, and most studies do little more than note temporal crosscultural coincidences of demographic and residential characteristics with those of economic development. The means by which the household interacted with the economy, what the patterns of interaction were and how they were determined in a given time and place are significant questions which are seldom addressed. Even less accessible are the changes in the dynamics of household organization in conjunction with economic development in terms of informal economic and social exchanges and household and family formation.
The Design of a Station-Centric Network Model for Evaluating Changes to the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standard

Local area networks allow multiple computers to com municate within a single building or area. The IEEE 802.3 standard defines Ethernet, the most widely used LAN technology. The IEEE 802.3 working ...
Hypnosis and Human Development: Interpersonal Influence of Intrapersonal Processes

This article revisits the too-long-forgotten relation between hypnosis and development, illuminating common processes underlying both, and using research on one to provide insights into the other. Hypnosis is defined within a communicatons framework, and essential features of hypnosis are identified in the communicative exchanges of the first months of life. This forces a reconsideration of our understanding of the ontogenesis of hypnosis. Hypnosis, in turn, offers important insights into development. Four key features of hypnosis are identified and their developmental implications examined.
Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Potent, Ethylenediamine-Based, Mammalian Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents

A potent class of anticancer, human farnesyltransferase (hFTase) inhibitors has been identified by "piggy-backing" on potent, antimalarial inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum farnesyltransferase (PfFTase). On the basis of a 4-fold substituted ethylenediamine scaffold, the inhibitors are structurally simple and readily derivatized, facilitating the extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reported herein. Our most potent inhibitor is compound 1f, which exhibited an in vitro hFTase IC(50) value of 25 nM and a whole cell H-Ras processing IC(50) value of 90 nM. Moreover, it is noteworthy that several of our inhibitors proved highly selective for hFTase (up to 333-fold) over the related prenyltransferase enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I). A crystal structure of inhibitor 1a co-crystallized with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the active site of rat FTase illustrates that the para-benzonitrile moiety of 1a is stabilized by a π-π stacking interaction with the Y361β residue, suggesting a structural explanation for the observed importance of this component of our inhibitors.
The electronic medical record: perspective from Mayo Clinic

On 1 January 1993, the Electronic Medical Record Task Force at Mayo Clinic published its report. Charged by the Mayo Foundation to define the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) for Mayo, the task force mapped the goals, strategies and time-lines for implementation of the EMR in that institution. The task force was composed predominantly of caregivers (physicians and nurses) with assistance from members of Mayo's information systems and administrative departments. The focus of the effort was care of the patient with the consensus belief that the EMR will improve that process and, if designed robustly, will serve the other information needs of claims, research, education and practice management. The recommendations of this report have been accepted by the Mayo Foundation leadership resulting in the generation of a master plan and the creation of the governance structure for implementation at Mayo. This paper abstracts key portions of the report.
A generalized cumulant method for generation capacity reliability evaluation

Abstract A generalized cumulant model for generation capacity reliability evaluation has been developed. This model can express the discrete probability distribution associated with the generation system in terms of a given continuous probability distribution. The well-known Edgeworth expansion is shown to be a special case of the general model.
Amniotic fluid ingestion enhances opioid-mediated but not nonopioid-mediated analgesia

Ingestion of amniotic fluid or placenta by rats has been shown to enhance several types of opioid-mediated analgesia: that induced by morphine, footshock, vaginal/cervical stimulation, and late pregnancy. This enhancement has also been blocked by administration of opioid antagonists. The present study was designed to examine further the specificity of the enhancement effect for opioid-mediated analgesia by testing for enhancement following administration of aspirin, a nonopioid analgesic. The formalin test was used as the pain threshold assay. Amniotic fluid or beef bouillon was administered by orogastric tube to rats that were treated either with morphine sulfate or saline, or pretreated with naltrexone, then treated with aspirin or vehicle. Both morphine and aspirin treatments produced analgesia. Amniotic fluid significantly enhanced the analgesia produced by morphine, but did not enhance the analgesia produced by aspirin, further suggesting that the enhancing effect of amniotic fluid ingestion is specific for opioid-mediated analgesia, such as that existing at the start of parturition.
Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: Vowel intelligibility for normal-hearing listeners

Several studies have shown that when a talker is instructed to speak as though talking to a hearing-impaired person, the resulting "clear" speech is significantly more intelligible than typical conversational speech. While variability among talkers during speech production is well known, only one study to date [Gagne et al., J. Acad. Rehab. Audiol. 27, 135-158 (1994)] has directly examined differences among talkers producing clear and conversational speech. Data from that study, which utilized ten talkers, suggested that talkers vary in the extent to which they improve their intelligibility by speaking clearly. Similar variability can be also seen in studies using smaller groups of talkers [e.g., Picheny, Durlach, and Braida, J. Speech Hear. Res. 28, 96-103 (1985)]. In the current paper, clear and conversational speech materials were recorded from 41 male and female talkers aged 18 to 45 years. A listening experiment demonstrated that for normal-hearing listeners in noise, vowel intelligibility varied widely among the 41 talkers for both speaking styles, as did the magnitude of the speaking style effect. While female talkers showed a larger clear speech vowel intelligibility benefit than male talkers, neither talker age nor prior experience communicating with hearing-impaired listeners significantly affected the speaking style effect.
Financial Arrangements and Relationship Quality in Low-Income Couples

This study explored the association between household financial arrangements and relationship quality using a representative sample of low-income couples with children. We detailed the banking arrangements couples utilize, assessed which factors relate to holding a joint account versus joint and separate, only separate, or no account, and analyzed the association between fiscal practices and men's and women's relationship quality. The majority of couples held joint accounts, though over one-quarter also have separate accounts; nearly one-tenth have no account. Joint bank accounts were associated with higher levels of relationship quality on numerous dimensions, though more consistently for women than men. Individualistic arrangements appeared to undermine women's relationship satisfaction and reduce feelings of intimacy, sexual compatibility, and satisfaction with conflict resolution.
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the TGFβ type II receptor extracellular domain

Isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) are 25 kDa homodimeric polypeptides that signal by binding and bringing together two related, functionally distinct cell surface receptors designated as TbetaR1 and TbetaR2. Here, we report the solution structure of the 13.8 kDa extracellular domain of human TbetaR2 (ecTbetaR2) as calculated from N(N)-H(N), C(alpha)-H(alpha), and C(alpha)-C(O) residual dipolar coupling restraints in conjunction with NOE distance, dihedral angle, and scalar coupling restraints. Comparison of the free ecTbetaR2 solution structure with the TGFbeta3-bound ecTbetaR2 crystal structure reveals backbone conformations that superimpose with RMSDs of 1.0 A over the regions of regular secondary structure and 1.4 A overall. The differences in structure fall mainly in loop regions that are either poorly defined by the available NMR data or are involved in crystal contacts. The noted similarities between the NMR structure of the free form and the crystal structure of the TGFbeta-bound form are also consistent with the close correspondence, 0.16 A RMSD for regions of secondary structure and 0.51 A RMSD overall, for the crystal structure of free ecTbetaR2 as compared to the crystal structure of TGFbeta3-bound ecTbetaR2. Despite the apparent similarities between the free and the bound forms, there appears to be small but significant differences in structure involving the interfacial contact region of the receptor. Measurements of backbone (15)N relaxation times and interpretation of these by the model-free formalism with axial diffusional anisotropy further reveal significant ms to micros time scale motions centered about two of the conserved disulfide bonds and in several residues that comprise the TGFbeta binding surface. Together, these observations indicate that binding likely occurs through a mechanism with a small component of induced fit character, whereby flexibility within the receptor facilitates the transition to the TGFbeta-bound state.
Mixing studies during hepatic artery infusion in an in vitro model.

A glass model of the hepatic artery network was used to study the effect of infusion rate on the degree of mixing from an end hole catheter placed in the gastroduodenal artery. Red dye solutions were infused at rates ranging from 1 ml/hour to 20 ml/minute. Effluent samples from each of 16 branch arteries were collected and dye concentrations were analyzed by means of a spectrophotometer. Low infusion rates, e.g., up to 5 ml/minute, showed streaming of the dye solutions and a nonhomogeneous dye distribution in the distal branches. At 20 ml/minute, dye distribution was much more uniform. These experiments are designed to simulate intrahepatic infusion of chemotherapeutic drug solutions. Theoretical considerations suggesting a pharmacokinetic advantage of intraarterial delivery implicitly assume uniform distribution of drug solutions to all perfused tissue. The in vitro data in this study suggests that this assumption may not be operative under certain infusion conditions. Slow infusion can lead to streaming and nonuniform distribution of infused drug solutions, which may in part explain the variability in tumor response in different tissue regions and also some observed toxicities, such as bile duct stricturing and fibrosis after intrahepatic infusions.
Growth Rate of Marked Juvenile Atlantic Croakers, Micropogon undulatus, and Length of Stay in a Coastal Marsh Nursery in Southwest Louisiana

Abstract To estimate the growth rate of the Atlantic croaker 113,670 juveniles were marked and released between 23 January and 23 March 1975. The experiment was divided into five tests; in each, the fish were marked with a different fluorescent pigment. Recapture efforts produced 110 usable returns. Individual croakers appear to have had an average maximum stay of 1.8 months in the nursery. Growth rate was estimated by the regression of length of recaptured juveniles on time; estimates ranged from 0.51 to 0.99 mm/day, all of which were considerably higher than most estimates in the literature. There was a trend of increasing growth rate through the five tests. Length frequencies of 159,381 croakers taken in a trap at the study area outlet could not be interpreted in a reliable manner for growth rate estimates. Future attempts to estimate young-of-the-year croaker growth rates should use methods other than length frequency.
Estimation of Fixed and Random Effects in the Functional Nonlinear Errors-in-Variable Model

Consider an experiment where a nonlinear continuous functional relationship exists between y and X. Assume that this relationship has been measured at n replicated points of X from each of t treatments or populations. Assume further that the X are fixed unknown vectors and that the location parameter v is either a fixed unknown vector or a vector of random variables. In the first case various linear hypotheses are to be tested about v, such as tests for main effects and interaction; in the second case, the mean and variance of the random variable v are to be estimated. A two-step procedure based on asymptotic theory is presented to test hypotheses or develop estimates for the fixed effects or random effects functional errors-in-variable model. An example of a one-way random effects model is given.
Intracranial pressure waveform indices in transient and refractory intracranial hypertension

Analysis of data obtained by continuous computerized monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 109 adult patients with severe head trauma was performed to examine the pattern of change in indices of the ICP waveform. Indices derived from direct measurement of the ICP wave and obtained from a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) were examined. Concurrent physiologic measurements were made. Two types of intracranial hypertension (ICH) were defined for comparison. 'Transient intracranial hypertension' occurred when an abrupt rise in ICP was followed by a return to below 25 mm Hg (n = 63). Increases in ICP that were progressive and led to neurologic deterioration and death were termed 'refractory intracranial hypertension' (n = 18). During transient ICH heart rate, arterial pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide and jugular venous oxygen saturation all increased, while these measures either were unchanged or decreased during refractory ICH. The pulse amplitude of the ICP wave increased in both types of ICHtn. Other changes in the waveform indices were consistent with this change in pulse amplitude. HFC responded differently to the two types of changes, with an increase during the transient changes and a decrease during the refractory changes. The differences in changes in physiologic measurements as ICH occurred in the 2 groups suggest that in refractory ICH cerebral blood flow is maintained against the mounting ICP, while in transient ICH the hypertension is caused by an increase in cerebral blood flow. The waveform indices do not discriminate between the two types of changes.
MMPI Correlates of the Degree of Generalized Impairment Based on the Halstead-Reitan Battery

The relationship between personality, as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and neuropsychological status as measured by subtests from the Halstead-Reitan Battery was explored for 63 male veterans. Multiple regression analysis indicates only Ego Strength and Masculinity-Femininity contributed significantly to the regression equation. Results suggest less cognitive impairment is correlated with greater emotional stability. The amount of variance accounted for is small, however, indicating limited clinical significance.
Limited intermaxillary opening—An inherited trait

Abstract A kindred showing limitation of intermaxillary opening (maximum 8.0 mm.) with no other apparent musculoskeletal defects is described. The inheritance pattern of the syndrome in this family is consistent with autosomal dominant transmission.
Community Mobilization and Participation in the Zoning Process

Models used to explain levels of community participation often incorporate demographic and contextual factors. Among empirical findings, the most consistent have been that participation rates are negatively associated with community affluence, and that a sense of community identity increases participation. This article examines community participation and influence in zoning decisions before and after implementation of a neighborhood planning system that facilitated community identification and information dissemination. Findings suggest that relatively innocuous changes in city governments' decision-making processes can increase equity in both community access and influence.
Reaction kinetics of nanometric aluminum and iodine pentoxide

Owing to increasing threats of biological attacks, new methods for the neutralization of spore-forming bacteria are currently being examined. Thermites may be an effective method to produce high-temperature reactions, and some compositions such as aluminum (Al) and iodine pentoxide (I2O5) also have biocidal properties. This study examines the thermal degradation behavior of I2O5 mixed with micron and nanometer scale aluminum (Al) particles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were performed in an argon environment on both particle scales revealing a non-reaction for micron Al and a complex multistep reaction for the nanometer scale Al. Results show that upon I2O5 decomposition, iodine ion sorption into the alumina shell passivating Al particles is the rate-controlling step of the Al–I2O5 reaction. This pre-ignition reaction is unique to nano-Al mixtures and attributed to the significantly higher specific surface area of the nanometric Al particles which provide increased sites for I− sorption. A similar pre-ignition reaction had previously been observed with fluoride ions and the alumina shell passivating Al particles.
Pulmonary vasculitis: clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management

This review focuses on vasculitides with prominent pulmonary manifestations and discusses key contributions from the recent literature. Pulmonary vasculitis should be considered when clinical findings include alveolar hemorrhage, nodular and cavitary lung disease, airway stenosis, pulmonary artery aneurysms, or pulmonary artery stenosis. The differential diagnostic considerations for common clinical presentations of vasculitis in the lung are important, and several recent additions are discussed. Treatment for established pulmonary vasculitis is effective and has decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases while introducing an increased risk of infectious complications. Advances in immunosuppressive therapy have improved treatment of refractory disease and are likely to change initial treatment strategies in the future.
An Undergraduate Course in Psychology and the Law.

This article describes a course that bridged the disciplines of clinical and experimental psychology and the law. The course included discussion of issues in criminal law, such as the psychology of policing, the reliability of confessions, victimization, plea bargaining, jury decision making, and alternative dispute resolution, and in civil law, such as civil commitment, predicting dangerousness, and child custody. Course objectives, requirements, and teaching aids are outlined, and some thoughts on integrating these diverse topics are included.
Immunoglobulin cleavage by the streptococcal cysteine protease IdeS can be detected using protein G capture and mass spectrometry.

Abstract The immunoglobulin degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes , IdeS, is an unusual cysteine protease produced by group A streptococci for which the only known substrate is immunoglobulin G (IgG). To date, IdeS has not been found to cleave any of the known synthetic substrates that other cysteine proteases hydrolyse, thus making the development of an IdeS detection assay difficult. Furthermore, at high doses of substrate, product generation is inhibited potentially due to the need for a dimeric enzyme complex with IgG. In this study we have developed a mass spectral assay for IdeS activity based on the detection of an Mr∼25,300 Fc fragment that retains the ability to bind streptococcal protein G. Using this assay procedure, evidence for a multimeric enzyme–substrate complex was obtained as well as identifying isolated heavy chains as a non-substrate inhibitor of IdeS activity. Under appropriate experimental conditions the assay could be used to detect IdeS activity in bacterial culture media or in human plasma without a requirement for purified reactants. The availability of a rapid and sensitive assay for IdeS should facilitate the detailed biochemical characterization of this unusual bacterial cysteine protease.
Petrogenesis of alkalic and calcalkalic volcanic rocks of Mormon Mountain Volcanic Field, Arizona

The Cenozoic Mormon Mountain Volcanic Field (MMVF) of northern Arizona is situated in the transition zone between the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau. It is composed of alkalic to sub-alkalic basalts and calcalkalic andesites, dacites, and rhyodacites. Despite their spatial and temporal association, the basalts and the calcalkalic suite do not seem to be co-genetic. The petrogenesis of primitive MMVF basalts can be explained as the result of different degrees of partial melting of a relatively homogenous, incompatible element-enriched peridotitic source. The variety of evolved basalt types was the result of subsequent fractional crystallization of olivine, spinel, and clinopyroxene from the range of primitive basalts. Crustal contamination seems to have occurred, but affected only the highly incompatible element abundances. The formation of MMVF calcalkalic rocks is most readily explained by small to moderate amounts of partial melting of an amphibolitic lower crust. This source is LREE-enriched but depleted in Rb and relatively unradiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr ∼0.7040). Calcalkalic rhyodacites may also be derived from andesitic parents by fractional crystallization. The overall petrogenesis of the MMVF complex is the result of intra-plate volcanism where mantle-derived magmas intrude and pass through thick continental crust.
Seats and votes: A generalization of the cube law of elections

Abstract The empirical “cube law” applies to parliamentary elections in Anglo-Saxon countries. It says that the ratio of assembly seats of two major parties is approximately the cube of the ratio of votes. This paper presents a more general semi-empirical “seat-vote equation” which includes the cube law as a special case but which also applies to the U.S. Electoral College, labor union, direct presidential, and proportional representation elections. The paper defines “constituency” as the smallest unit within which the party with plurality wins all the seats. The smaller the number of such constituencies is, the more dramatic is the attrition of minority party representation. Thus changes in the number of constituencies can be used to bring about a desired degree of minority representation. The prediction of the average long-range effects of such changes could be an important practical application of the seat-vote equation.
Miscibility of poly(methyl methacrylate) blends with halogen-containing polycarbonates and copolymers

Abstract Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) having high molecular weights do not form homogeneous mixtures at equilibrium above the glass transition temperature. In this paper, the possibility of developing blends of PMMA with polycarbonates that can be melt processed into homogeneous materials was examined by adding a comonomer to the polycarbonate. Hexafluorobisphenol-A appears to be an extremely effective comonomer for this purpose. The phase behaviour of PMMA blends with hexafluorobisphenol-A polycarbonate (HFPC) and with PC-HFPC copolycarbonates containing various amounts of hexafluorobisphenol-A was determined. The blends of PMMA and HFPC are miscible and do not phase separate prior to thermal decomposition. The phase separation temperatures of PMMA blends with the copolycarbonates increase dramatically as the hexafluorobisphenol-A content increases. Blends of PMMA with copolycarbonates containing 15 wt% hexafluorobisphenol-A or higher have phase separation temperatures above the temperature range required for melt processing. Additionally, the interaction energies for blends of PMMA with PC, bisphenol chloral polycarbonate and PC-HFPC copolymers were calculated from the phase boundaries using the lattice fluid theory and binary interaction model.
Impact of ultrafiltration on blood use for atrial septal defect closure in infants and children.

Abstract Background . Infants and children undergoing open cardiac operations have a high incidence of blood product transfusion. Ultrafiltration has been shown to reverse hemodilution and improve myocardial function and hemodynamics after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods . The effect of ultrafiltration on the amount of blood transfusion and hospital charge in 39 consecutive patients who underwent elective atrial septal defect repair was examined. Patients in group I (n = 26) had a conventional cardiopulmonary circuit prime with blood, whereas 13 patients had bloodless prime (group II). Ultrafiltration was used immediately after weaning from CPB in group II. The patients in group I received blood products after discontinuation of CPB to achieve a hematocrit of 30%. The amount of blood product used, hematocrit immediately after CPB and on arrival in intensive care unit, postoperative hemodynamics and saturations, total operating room charge, blood charge, hospital stay, and hospital charge were compared. Results . Mean body weight (15.8 kg in group I versus 17.5 kg in group II) and preoperative hematocrit values (35.6% in group I versus 34.2% in group II) were similar. Mean hematocrit immediately after CPB was 22% and 14% in group I and II, respectively ( p p p Conclusions . Elective atrial septal defect repair was performed with no blood product transfusion without increased morbidity or hospital stay. Ultrafiltration can be used to reverse hemodilution resulting from a bloodless CPB prime without an increase in hospital charge.
Estimation of source range using horizontal multipath in continental shelf environments

A method to estimate source range in environments that exhibit three-dimensional propagation effects is presented. A hybrid modeling technique using vertical modes and horizontal rays is employed. Results are obtained in a computationally efficient manner and require limited knowledge of the environment. The method is applied to data recorded on a horizontal line array located 12 km east of the southern coast of Florida. The results show an average error of 3.7% in estimating the range of an acoustic source located 20 to 63 km away from the array.
Inequalities for the Tails of Some Elementary Series

We prove that if Dn, k(x) = Γ(n − k + 2) Γ(n + k + 2) In−k(x) In+k(x) − [Γ(n + 2) In(x)]2 with [formula] then we have for all x > 0, Dn, k(x) k ≥ 0), and [Dn+1, k(x)]2 < Dn, k(x) Dn+2, k(x) (n ≥ k − 1 ≥ 0)
Woody biomass outreach in the southern United States: A case study

Woody biomass is one potential renewable energy source that is technically feasible where environmental and economic factors are promising. It becomes a realistic option when it is also socially acceptable. Public acceptance and support of wood to energy proposals require community education and outreach. The Wood to Energy Outreach Program provides science-based information, tools, and resources for fostering informed community discussions about using wood for energy in the southern United States. The development of this program involved three research activities. (1) A small survey of the general public suggests that a lack of information and misconceptions will challenge biomass outreach programs. (2) Focus group discussions about text written to be memorable and interesting reveal that participants' mistrust and misconceptions might contribute to perceptions of bias in text, even when the text contains factual information. (3) Surveys of participants in community forums suggest that interacting with the public can increase knowledge, address misconceptions, and may be necessary to establish trust. This case study summarizes these research findings and evaluation findings for the Wood to Energy Outreach Program and suggests ways to increase the effectiveness of bioenergy outreach efforts.
The Energy Levels of the Nitric Oxide Molecule

IN a recent letter to NATURE (July 4, 1925, vol. 116, p. 15) R. T. Birge and J. J. Hopfield record the observation of a system of emission bands in nitrogen in the region of λ1854–λ1250. They found a formula for these bands that did not fit into the known level-scheme of nitrogen. This was a peculiar fact because the bands arising from the normal state of the N2 molecule are to be expected in this region. The apparent discrepancy can now be explained by the discovery that these bands do not belong to the N2 but to the NO molecule. This is quite possible, as the nitrogen used was not completely free from oxygen.