cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aye, aye, aye, aye: orthography enhances rapid word reading in an exploratory study

Rapid Word Reading, a novel word-reading efficiency measure, was used to determine if articulations or processing times associated with reading the word ‘aye’ were enhanced through the phonological or orthographic qualities contained in the preceding word. In the experiment, ‘aye’ followed either an identical ‘aye’, the homophones ‘I’ or ‘eye’ or high-frequency (HF) unrelated English words. The words that preceded ‘aye’ were chosen to provide a graduated degree of phonological and orthographic information available to enhance the efficiency of recognising the following word. Semantically, phonologically, and orthographically independent high-frequency words preceded ‘aye’ and served as a baseline measure of the articulation and processing times of ‘aye’. ‘I’ preceded ‘aye’ to provide enhanced recognition through phonological association alone. Phonological and partial orthographic associations were provided by ‘eye’ before ‘aye’, and complete phonological and orthographic associations were provided by ‘aye’ before ‘aye’. Repeated measures analysis showed that ‘aye’ was processed fastest when it followed an identical ‘aye’. The processing time enhancement for this condition was significantly faster than all other conditions. Additionally, the mean articulation duration of ‘aye’ was significantly slower when ‘aye’ followed an identical ‘aye’ than when it followed HF words. The findings documented the importance of separating phonological and orthographic information in English homophones.
A solution to stripping problems caused by organophilic anion impurities in crown-ether-based solvent extraction systems: a case study of cesium removal from radioactive wastes

Abstract A problem related to stripping efficiency has been identified in the use of crown ether derivatives to extract alkali metal salts, and a simple solution is proposed. Focusing on the specific case of cesium extraction from simulants of alkaline nuclear waste by a calix-crown ether, calix[4]arene-bis( tert -octylbenzo-crown-6) (BOBCalixC6), it has been shown that low concentrations of a common surfactant, dodecylsulfonate, seriously impairs stripping. This surfactant has been identified as a trace component in laboratory simulants and was subsequently studied in experiments in which it was added in controlled amounts. Computer modeling of stripping behavior is consistent with the formation of a 1:1:1 organic-phase complex of the calix-crown with cesium and its nitrate counterion. In the presence of an organophilic surfactant anion, cesium ion can only effectively be stripped from the solvent until its organic-phase concentration becomes equivalent to that of the surfactant anion. Cleanup of nuclear waste requires a high decontamination factor for 137 Cs, and insufficient stripping therefore leads to process failure. This difficulty raises a generic issue for use of crown ethers for waste decontamination or for other hydrometallurgical applications. However, remediation is possible by simply adding an alkylamine to the solvent. The alkylamine in its ammonium form acts as a counterion of the organophilic anion, suppressing the deleterious effects of the organophilic anion and allowing the cesium cation to be stripped efficiently. Trioctylamine (TOA) at a concentration of only 1 mM was found effective at restoring stripping performance while not affecting extraction. Ultimately, this solvent amendment enabled the development of a robust solvent for the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) process and its successful demonstration on actual nuclear waste.
Studies comparing the kinetics of cysteine conjugation and protein binding of acetaminophen by hepatic microsomes from male mice

A large body of evidence indicates that acetaminophen toxicity is mediated through the formation of the reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NABQI). Two assays have been employed to monitor NABQI formation by hepatic microsomes: the conjugation with a thiol trap, such as cysteine or glutathione, and the binding of NABQI to microsomal proteins. Studies from our laboratory with rat hepatic microsomes have suggested that the two assays may not be equivalent. We now find with mouse hepatic microsomes that there are also marked differences between these two assays. Among these the rate of cysteine conjugation was almost three orders of greater than that of protein binding. Furthermore, ethanol feeding increased protein binding by 97%, but cysteine conjugation by only 33%. Protein binding was linear for 20 min while cysteine conjugation was linear for only 5 min. CO, imidazole and metyrapone inhibited cysteine conjugation much more than protein binding while SKF-525A and KCN had similar effects on both reactions. Both reactions increased linearly with increasing [NADPH] up to 0.32 mM. At higher concentrations, the rate of cysteine conjugation markedly decreased while the rate of protein binding plateaued. The addition of equimolar concentrations of NADH decreased protein binding, but had no effect on cysteine conjugation. NADPH reduced the protein binding of added NABQI while NADH had little effect. The reduction of NABQI back to acetaminophen was equal for NADPH and NADH. These data indicate that the formation of the cysteine conjugate of NABQI has markedly different kinetic characteristics than the microsomal protein binding. These data might suggest that the two reactions are catalyzed in part by different isoforms of cytochrome P-450.
A model for tracking inertial particles in a lattice Boltzmann turbulent flow simulation

Abstract A computationally inexpensive model for tracking inertial particles through a turbulent flow is presented and applied to the turbulent flow through a square duct having a friction Reynolds number of Reτ = 300. Prior to introducing particles into the model, the flow is simulated using a lattice Boltzmann computation, which is allowed to evolve until a steady state turbulent flow is achieved. A snapshot of the flow is then stored, and the trajectories of particles are computed through the flow domain under the influence of this static probability field. Although the flow is not computationally evolving during the particle tracking simulation, the local velocity is obtained stochastically from the local probability function, thus allowing the dynamics of the turbulent flow to be resolved from the point of view of the suspended particles. Particle inertia is modeled by using a relaxation parameter based on the particle Stokes number that allows for a particle velocity history to be incorporated during each time step. Wall deposition rates and deposition patterns are obtained and exhibit a high level of agreement with previously obtained DNS computational results and experimental results for a wide range of particle inertia. These results suggest that accurate particle tracking through complex turbulent flows may be feasible given a suitable probability field, such as one obtained from a lattice Boltzmann simulation. This in turn presents a new paradigm for the rapid acquisition of particle transport statistics without the need for concurrent computations of fluid flow evolution.
Silk maysin content and resistance of commercial corn [maize] hybrids to kernel contamination by aflatoxin

Several phenols and related compounds have been shown to have detrimental effects on insects while others have antibiotic activity against fungi which attack higher plants. Insects have also been implicated as contributors to preharvest contamination of corn [maize], Zea mays L, by aflatoxin. The objectives, therefore, were to determine (a) if commercial corn hybrids vary in their silk maysin content and aflatoxin contamination of the grain, and (b) if grain aflatoxin contamination is correlated with maysin and related compounds. During 4 years of testing, 16 corn hybrids varied significantly for silk maysin content and grain aflatoxin contamination. Based on correlations, grain aflatoxin content of the hybrids tested was not significantly associated with maysin, chlorogenic acid, and 3′-methoxymaysin contents. It was concluded that other untested phenolic compounds in the category of compounds analyzed in the present study could be involved in resistance to aflatoxin formation, and that other classes of compounds should also now be assessed to locate major chemical resistance components.
Remote Control of Diverse Cytoskeletal Motors using Light-Activated Gearshifting

Cytoskeletal motors perform critical force generation and transport functions in eukaryotic cells. Protein engineering has been used to modify cytoskeletal motors for dynamic control of activity and directionality, providing direct tests of structure-function relationships and potential tools for controlling cellular processes or for harnessing molecular transport in artificial systems. We have previously1 created myosin motors that can be signaled to switch directions in response to changes in [Ca2+]. Light is a more versatile control signal2 because it can be precisely modulated in space and time, and is generally orthogonal to cellular signaling. Here we report the design and characterization of a panel of cytoskeletal motors that reversibly change gears - speed up, slow down, or switch directions - when exposed to blue light. Our structural designs incorporate a photoactive protein domain to enable light-dependent conformational changes in an engineered lever arm. We have used in vitro motility assays to confirm robust spatiotemporal control over motor function and to characterize the kinetics of optical gearshifting. Our modular approach has yielded controllable motors for both actin-based and microtubule-based transport. Genetically encoded light-responsive motors will expand the optogenetics toolkit, complementing precise perturbations of ion channels and intracellular signaling with spatiotemporal control of cytoskeletal transport and contractility.1. Chen, L., Nakamura, M., Schindler, T.D., Parker, D. & Bryant, Z. Engineering controllable bidirectional molecular motors based on myosin. Nature nanotechnology 7, 252-6 (2012).2. Walter, W.J. & Diez, S. Myosin shifts into reverse gear. Nature nanotechnology7, 213-4 (2012).
Modeling Follicle Cell Length Oscillations During Tissue Elongation in Drosophila Egg Chamber

Periodic processes are an indispensable part of biological phenomena. Circadian rhythms, heart rhythms, neuronal oscillations, cell cycle, and cytoskeletal structures such as the axonemes of cilia are all examples of systems exhibiting oscillatory dynamics. The underlying mechanisms of several such processes can be explained by understanding the origins of these oscillations and characterizing them. One particular example is the follicle cell basal surface area oscillations observed in Drosophila egg chamber during oogenesis. It has been suggested that these oscillations restrict the egg chamber width, and thus help in elongation of the tissue. In this work, we attempt to model these oscillations in follicle cell length using a mechano-chemical model. Our model predicts an increase in oscillation period, upon removal of the basement membrane, which has been observed experimentally upon collagenase treatment of the egg chamber. The model also predicts an inverse relationship of maximum contractile force and oscillation period.
Chasing the association of single-pulse gamma-ray bursts and supernovae

We explore the hypothesis, similar to one recently suggested by Bloom and colleagues, that some nearby supernovae are associated with smooth, single-pulse gamma-ray bursts, possibly having no emission above 300 keV. We examine BATSE bursts with durations longer than 2 s, fitting those which can be visually characterized as single-pulse events with a lognormal pulse model. The fraction of events that can be reliably ascertained to be temporally and spectrally similar to the exemplar, GRB 980425 – possibly associated with SN 1998bw – is 4/1573 or 0.25%. This fraction could be as high as 8/1573 (0.5%) if the dimmest bursts are included. Approximately 2% of bursts are morphologically similar to GRB 980425 but have emission above 300 keV. A search of supernova catalogs containing 630 detections during BATSE's lifetime reveals only one burst (GRB 980425) within a 3-month time window and within the total 3 σ BATSE error radius that could be associated with a type Ib/c supernova. Thus we find no further evidence to support a single-pulse GRB and SN Ib/c connection. We also find no tendency for any set of single-pulse GRBs to fall near the Supergalactic Plane, whereas SNe of type Ib/c do show this tendency – evidence that the two phenomena are not related.
Participating in the evolution of transfusion medicine from a dispensary into a discipline.

Collecting, processing and dispensing blood for hemotherapy has evolved into transfusion medicine (TM), a newly recognized discipline. Joining my efforts to those of collaborators all over the world during this period of transformation, my scientific career spanned from the investigation of the immunogenetics of Bombay ( OhOh ) blood to the establishment of the academic TM program at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (San Francisco, Calif). The twin discoveries of class-specific antibodies against immunoglobulin A (IgA) causing anaphylactic transfusion reactions and of anti-IgA of limited specificity defining A2m(1) as the first genetic marker of IgA led to the award of the Julliard Prize. My precocious appointment as the head of the Bombay Municipal Blood Center in India launched my academic career in 1969 as the Chief of the blood bank at UCSF Medical Center. Viral hepatitis, then the principal risk of transfusion, engaged me in the molecular analyses of purified hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its surface antigen. Consequently the first HBV vaccine, derived from infected plasma (superseded by cloned HBV envelope protein) and hepatitis B immune globulin were developed for clinical trials that led to Food and Drug Administration–licensed biologic products for prophylaxis and therapy. The advent of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s raised renewed concern about transfusion safety and led me to push for hepatitis B core antibodies blood screening for improved transfusion safety. The triennial International Symposia on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, which I started in 1972, continue to be the foremost forum for the contemporary assessment of hepatitis prevention and treatment. Besides viral hepatitis, I undertook multiplexed flow cytometric analyses for markers of infection by blood-borne viruses and their polymerase chain reaction–amplified gene products, kinetics of HIV replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes, leukocyte depletion for safer transfusion, and removal/inactivation of blood-borne viruses. The TM training and research programs I initiated at UCSF in the 1980s with National Institutes of Health support enabled me to recruit new faculty members who continue to foster the worldwide advancement of transfusion safety.
Dieless drawing of metals

Abstract The conventional method of producing items of small cross section is to cast an ingot, hot and cold work by forging or rolling, and finally produce the desired shape by extrusion or drawing through a die. This paper discusses a dieless drawing operation that converts liquid metal to final shape in one step with controlled solidification that produces a product with a structure more closely resembling a wrought material than a cast one.
Optical Network Security: Channel Signature ID

Network security concerns have recently been increased due to the vast amount of information that flows in a single fiber. At the application layer, data security relies on end-user encryption algorithms, many of which are known to be vulnerable, and authentication algorithms are not fool-proof as the sophistication of eavesdroppers and unauthorized bad actors increases. As a result, the communications link may be attacked by eavesdroppers to access data, to mimic the source, or to cause service denial. To accomplish this however, the transmission link must be compromised. Therefore, if an a priori link and channel signature has been established at the receiver, then an unauthorized intervention is possible to be detected, reported and counteracted. In this paper we provide an analysis of the link and channel parameters that affect the signal performance, which also constitute the identification signature of the optical channel. When the medium is compromised, the channel parameters are affected and thus the channel performance. We also develop a model and we simulate conditions of channel attack.
Reflections on the XVII International AIDS Conference

The fatigue team-ANAC members Les Harmon Naima Salahuddin and I-had the great privilege of attending the 17th International AIDS Conference in Mexico City in August. We presented three posters about our work with the HIV-related fatigue study. It was the first time any of us had attended an International AIDS Conference. The first day we were at the conference we felt overwhelmed. There were about 25000 attendees and the venue was enormous. It was difficult trying to decide which sessions we wanted to attend because there was often more than one enticing session offered at the same time. By the end of the day as we shared a cab back to our hotel we would talk about everything we learned and saw. It was simultaneously exhausting and exhilarating. We were so happy to see other ANAC members; anytime we see ANAC members anywhere it is like coming home. We were very proud of the presence ANAC had at the conference. Our favorite area was the Global Village. At the main conference venue all of the scientific talks were conducted and then there was the Global Village- a place for people living with HIV to express themselves through artwork interpretive theater and dance mime and storytelling. Goods made by people with HIV from around the world were also sold there. It almost reminded us of the Thanksgiving "adult table" (the main conference venue) and "kids table" (the Global Village).and the most fun was to be had at the kids table! We thoroughly enjoyed the Global Village and were grateful the conference organizers recognized the need to make the conference about the people affected by HIV not just the presenters. Our other impression was that there seems to be something-some sort of prevention activity some effort to get antiretroviral medications out to those who need them-happening in many many places around the world. Certainly these efforts may not be enough but they are a start. Where there are people of good will great things can happen and we saw that in Mexico City. (full-text)
THE EQUATIONS OF GROWTH.

An application of a bifurcation theorem shows the existence of periodic solutions of a system of differential equation used to describe competition between two species. It is then shown that the results are more general than those previously established.
‘I help her, she helps me:’ Mexican men performing masculinity through transactional sex

Prior research shows that people assert diverse, context-dependent identities through ‘transactional sex’. Focusing on an urban Mexican setting where both companionate partnering and virility are v...
Anthracene-Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Direct Electron Transfer Scaffolds for Enzymatic Oxygen Reduction

The development of new methods to facilitate direct electron transfer (DET) between enzymes and electrodes is of much interest because of the desire for stable biofuel cells that produce significant amounts of power. In this study, hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were covalently modified with anthracene groups to help orient the active sites of laccase to allow for DET. The onset of the catalytic oxygen reduction current for these biocathodes occurred near the potential of the T1 active site of laccase, and optimized biocathodes produced background-subtracted current densities up to 140 μA/cm2. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic stability measurements of the biocathodes revealed losses of 25% and 30%, respectively, after 24 h of constant operation. Finally, the novel biocathodes were utilized in biofuel cells employing two different anodic enzymes. A compartmentalized cell using a mediated glucose oxidase anode produced an open circuit voltage of 0.819 ± 0.022 V, a maximum power density o...
On achievable performance over spatial diversity fading channels

Channel time-variation and frequency selectivity [causing intersymbol interference (ISI)] are two major impairments in transmission for a wireless communication environment. Spatial diversity on the transmitter or the receiver side has been traditionally used to combat multipath fading. Previous results indicate significant gains in using multiple transmitter and receiver antenna diversity. By deriving the mutual information and cutoff rate we characterize the gains on these channels. We show that gains linear in the number of antennas can be achieved either when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) becomes very large or when the number of antennas becomes large. We show that some of these gains can be achieved by lower complexity linear receiver structures. By evaluating the cutoff rate for phase-shift keying (PSK) constellations we further quantify the gains of using spatial diversity at both the transmitter and the receiver. Next, we examine the expected mutual information for slowly fading ISI channels where the channel is assumed to be block time-invariant. We then examine the impact of fast channel time variation (time variation within a transmission block) on multicarrier transmission schemes. We derive the average mutual information for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in time-varying ISI environments. Using this we examine the impact of transmitter and receiver diversity on OFDM transmission over time-varying ISI channels. We also study the effect of time variation on OFDM packet-size design.
Stress and development: Behavioral and biological consequences.

Childhood abuse is an important public health problem; however, little is known about the effects of abuse on the brain and neurobiological development. This article reviews the behavioral and biological consequences of childhood abuse and places them in a developmental context. Animal studies show that both positive and negative events early in life can influence neurobiological development in unique ways. Early stressors such as maternal separation result in lasting effects on stress-responsive neurobiological systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and noradrenergic systems. These studies also implicate a brain area involved in learning and memory, the hippocampus. in the long-term consequences of early stress. Clinical studies of patients with a history of abuse also implicate dysfunction in the HPA axis and the noradrenergic and hippocampal systems; however, there are multiple questions related to chronicity of stress, developmental epoch at the time of the stressor, presence of stress-related psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. and psychological factors mediating the response to trauma that need to be addressed in this field of research. Understanding the effects of abuse on the development of the brain and neurobiology will nevertheless have important treatment and policy implications.
PARADISE-style Evaluation of a Human-Human Library Corpus

We apply a PARADISE-style evaluation to a human-human dialogue corpus that was collected to support the design of a spoken dialogue system for library transactions. The book request dialogue task we investigate is informational in nature: a book request is considered successful if the librarian is able to identify a specific book for the patron. PARADISE assumes that user satisfaction can be modeled as a regression over task success and dialogue costs. The PARADISE model we derive includes features that characterize two types of qualitative features. The first has to do with the specificity of the communicative goals, given a request for an item. The second has to do with the number and location of overlapping turns, which can sometimes signal rapport between the speakers.
Tsunamis: Their Science and Engineering

The tsunami (or “tidal wave,” as it is most commonly and incorrectly known) is a surface ocean wave disturbance generated by a seismic source such as a shallow, coastal earthquake of magnitude greater than six on the Richter scale or a volcanic eruption. The term “tidal wave” has always evoked images of awesome power and unbelievable destruction and has often been used by newspapers and television and radio commentators to describe the much more frequently destructive storm surge generated by intense low pressure centers. In fact, more than a decade ago, a well-respected dean of the television nightly news incorrectly described (in his somber and well-known voice) the immense loss of life and extensive lowland flooding from storm surge generated by a 200-mile-per-hour (∼8.9 mls) cyclone that came ashore at Bangledesh as having been the result of a “massive tidal wave.” It also is generally understood by those scientists and engineers working in the field of tsunami research and its application that many of the characteristics of these waves are not well known.
B-Mode Ultrasound: A Noninvasive Method for Assessing Atherosclerosis

Prior to the general development of B-mode ultrasound in the early 1980s, the only population-based approaches to evaluation of the pathogenesis, prevalence, and prognosis of atherosclerosis involved autopsy or investigation of symptomatic individuals undergoing coronary or peripheral angiography for stenotic disease. The strong relation of carotid atherosclerosis to both risk factors and clinical outcome has prompted consideration of this as a link to cardiovascular disease. The extent of atherosclerosis can be quantified with individual wall thicknesses or composite measures based on measurements across multiple sites. With implementation of quality control measures, the quantification of intimal-medial thicknesses (IMTs) in the carotid system is highly reproducible. B-mode imaging of the artery wall correlated best with the combined intimal-medial-adventitial thickness as measured from histologic sections. A normal thickness may be represented by the median values of participants in their mid-40s (i.e., in the common carotid artery—0.60 mm for men and 0.54 mm for women). Since IMT is an index of chronic stable disease, associations with risk factors represent lifetime exposure. Other population-based studies generally agree that traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events are related to IMT progression and that progression in healthy individuals is approximately 10µm/year. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has long accepted effects of pharmacologic intervention on rate of progression of coronary stenosis as a marker for demonstration of clinical benefit. More recently, the agency has similarly accepted change in progression of IMT measured by B-mode ultrasound. Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis has been independently associated with prevalent coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Increased IMT as identified by B-mode ultrasound of the extracranial carotid arteries is also a predictor of incident coronary events and stroke or the combined end point as well as incident white matter lesions. Increased IMT of the common carotid is associated with increased rather than decreased lumen diameter. Use of IMT to evaluate the influence of heredity and/or genetic variables on atherosclerosis is appealing. The noninvasive nature of this technology makes it ideal for use in large asymptomatic populations, while its reliability and its validity both as a faithful representation of underlying tissue and as a marker for increased vascular risk provide an opportunity to test associations. Use of this technology has provided hitherto unimagined new insights about risk factors for arterial disease and relations of asymptomatic arterial disease to symptomatic illness, as well as relations of underlying atherosclerosis to incident coronary heart disease and stroke. The potential for B-mode ultrasound to identify individuals who will benefit most from lifestyle modification or pharmacologic intervention has not yet been fully realized. The stability of IMT makes it an ideal marker for response of the arterial wall to long-term risk factor exposure.
The ins and outs of sporozoite biology in the dermis

Plasmodium sporozoites are inoculated by infected mosquitoes into the dermis of the mammalian host. Once in the skin, sporozoites use gliding motility to move within the dermis and find a blood vessel. They then breach the endothelial barrier, enter the bloodstream and go to the liver. Several mutants that we have generated as well as recent antibody-inhibition studies suggest that the skin is a bottleneck for the parasite and possibly one of our best opportunities to intervene. Using the rodent malaria model, we have begun to analyze sporozoite movement in the skin and the innate immune response to sporozoites delivered by mosquito bite. These data and their relevance to the malaria vaccine effort will be discussed.
Improving aluminum recycling: A survey of sorting and impurity removal technologies

Aluminum recycling has a number of key environmental and economic benefits. With these energy and cost savings in mind, many producers now have targets of increasing their usage of secondary materials. However, the accumulation of impurities in these recycled material streams may provide a significant compositional barrier to these goals. A growing number of studies and literature suggest that accumulation of unwanted elements is a growing problem; for the case of aluminum, the list of problematic impurities is quite large, including but not limited to Si, Mg, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe, Cu, V, and Mn. The removal of unwanted elements in the scrap stream is dictated by the energy considerations of the melt process. Compared to many metals, it is challenging to remove tramp elements from aluminium. Therefore, with no simple thermodynamic solution, producers must identify strategies throughout the production process to mitigate this elemental accumulation. There are a variety of solutions to deal with accumulation of undesired elements; each presents a trade-off between cost and efficacy (tramp removal). Dilution with primary is the most common solution used in industry today; this has a negative impact on recycling as the required dilution results in a compositionally determined cap to recycling rates. This article provides an overview of the expanse of upgrading technologies available at both the industrial and lab-scale to improve aluminum scrap purity and facilitate recycling.
Pilgrim Apparition Work Symbolization and Crowd Interaction when the Virgin Mary Appeared in Georgia

Research on religious apparitions tends to focus on characteristics of the participants, needs of the believers, functions of the events, and biographies of the leaders. In contrast, this article f...
Global bus route optimization with application to microarchitectural design exploration

Circuit and processor designs will continue to increase in complexity for the foreseeable future. With these increasing sizes comes the use of wide buses to move large amounts of data from one place to another. Bus routing has therefore become increasingly important. In this paper, we present a new bus routing algorithm that globally optimizes both the floorplan and the bus routes themselves. Our algorithm is based on creating a range of feasible bus positions and then using Linear Programming to optimally solve for bus locations. We present this algorithm for use in microarchitectures and explore several different optimization objectives, including performance, floorplan area, and power consumption. Our results demonstrate that this algorithm is effective for efficiently generating feasible routes for complex modern designs and provides better results than previous approaches.
Unconditioned and Conditioned Suppression in Two Closely Related Genetic Lines of Chickens

Abstract White Plymouth Rock chickens, bidirectionally selected for weight, were trained to keypeck for water. No between-line differences in rate of acquisition or asymptotic level of performance were apparent. Subjects from both weight lines were then assigned to either a forward- or backward-conditioning group, with a white noise CS and a shock UCS. No line or conditioning group showed unconditioned suppression. Forward-conditioning groups of both lines showed significantly more conditioned suppression than backward-conditioning groups. Furthermore, the high-weight subjects from both conditioning groups suppressed more than their low-weight counterparts in the presence of the CS.
The influence of dose constraint point placement on optimized radiation therapy treatment planning

To efficiently use linear and quadratic programming for treatment planning optimization on a routine basis, automated methods are needed for placing dose constraint points. We have investigated, for linear programming optimization, the minimum number of constraint points needed to achieve an acceptable approximation to the desired (ideal) solution. Seven different constraint point placement algorithms were evaluated for a given objective function. One of these algorithms was chosen for routine clinical use at our institution. This algorithm places constraint points on the perimeter of the target volume and on the perimeter and in the interior of each normal structure. Additional points are placed on the perimeter of a constant thickness buffer region surrounding the target volume. Excellent optimization results are obtained with 40-70 constraint points per treatment planning slice.
Patient-centeredness and its correlates among first year medical students.

Objective:This research was performed to study the attitudes that medical students hold concerning their relationships with patients, and whether such attitudes are gender-related, affect career plans, and influence their evaluation of psycho-social and biomedical issues.Methods:One hundred fifty-three first year students at the Boston University School of Medicine completed the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS), a scale that differentiates between a patient-centered vs. doctor-centered orientation toward medical practice, indicated their interest in community and primary care practice, and rank ordered psycho-social and biomedical clinical issues in terms of their perceived relative importance.Results:The data revealed that female medical students were more patient-centered, and that (across sexes) patient centeredness was positively associated with an interest in community and primary care practice and the ranking of psycho-social issues.Conclusions:These findings indicate that differences i...
Degradation effects in a-Si:H thin film transistors and their impact on circuit performance

Amorphous silicon thin film transistors degrade with electrical stress. In particular, the threshold voltage increases significantly with positive gate voltages. The characteristics and mechanisms of the degradation are reviewed. The implications for various types of circuitry including active matrix backplanes, integrated drivers and general purpose digital circuitry are examined. A circuit modeling tool that enables the prediction of complex circuit degradation is presented. Finally, the similarity of degradation in amorphous silicon to negative bias temperature instability in crystalline PMOS is discussed along with potential approaches to reducing the degradation effects.
Sniffing Behavior of Mice during Performance in Odor-Guided Tasks

Sniffing, a rhythmic inhalation and exhalation of air through the nose, is a behavior thought to play a critical role in shaping how odor information is represented and processed by the nervous system. Although the mouse has become a prominent model for studying olfaction, little is known about sniffing behavior in mice. Here, we characterized mouse sniffing behavior by measuring intranasal pressure transients in behaving mice. Sniffing was monitored during unstructured exploratory behavior and during performance of 3 commonly used olfactory paradigms: a habituation/dishabituation task, a sand digging-based discrimination task, and a nose poke-based discrimination task. We found that respiration frequencies in quiescent mice ranged from 3 to 5 Hz--higher than that reported for rats. During exploration, sniff frequency increased up to approximately 12 Hz and was highly dynamic, with rapid changes in frequency, amplitude, and waveform. Sniffing behavior varied strongly between tasks as well as for different behavioral epochs of each task. For example, mice performing the digging-based task showed little increase in sniff frequency prior to digging, whereas mice performing a nose poke-based task showed robust increases. Mice showed large increases in sniff frequency prior to reward delivery in all tasks. Mice also showed increases in sniff frequency when nose poking in a nonodor-guided task. These results show that mouse sniffing behavior is highly dynamic, varies with behavioral context, and is strongly modulated by olfactory as well as nonolfactory events.
“Miguel es un artista”—and Luisa is an excellent student: Seeking time and space for children’s multimodal practices:

This paper draws data from a 5-year ethnographic study of young multilingual (Mixteco/Spanish/English) children in their early childhood classrooms. In this paper, we focus on two of the children a...
The Bee Genus Andinaugochlora in Central America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Abstract A new species of the neotropical bee genus Andinaugochlora (Halictinae: Augochlorini) is described and figured. Andinaugochlora centralpina, new species, is the first species of the genus discovered outside of northern South America. The new species was discovered at altitudes ranging from 1250–1510 m in central Costa Rica.
Safety of Dairy Products

This chapter gives a summary of the trends in dairy-related pathogen outbreaks over the last 100 years and discusses the importance of pasteurization and its impact on dairy product safety. Thereafter, the major milkborne pathogens along with some newly emerging pathogens, including Enterobacter sakazakii and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, are covered in this review in terms of their importance in raw milk, pasteurized milk, cheese, butter, and a range of other dairy products.
NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 activate cardiac fibroblasts: an effect enhanced by genetic hypertension and inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Cardiac sympathetic nerves release neuropeptide Y (NPY)1-36, and peptide YY (PYY)1-36 is a circulating peptide; therefore, these PP-fold peptides could affect cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). We examined the effects of NPY1-36 and PYY1-36 on the proliferation of and collagen production ([(3)H]proline incorporation) by CFs isolated from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Experiments were performed with and without sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [DPP4; an ectoenzyme that metabolizes NPY1-36 and PYY1-36 (Y1 receptor agonists) to NPY3-36 and PYY3-36 (inactive at Y1 receptors), respectively]. NPY1-36 and PYY1-36, but not NPY3-36 or PYY3-36, stimulated proliferation of CFs, and these effects were more potent than ANG II, enhanced by sitagliptin, blocked by BIBP3226 (Y1 receptor antagonist), and greater in SHR CFs. SHR CF membranes expressed more receptor for activated C kinase (RACK)1 [which scaffolds the Gi/phospholipase C (PLC)/PKC pathway] compared with WKY CF membranes. RACK1 knockdown (short hairpin RNA) and inhibition of Gi (pertussis toxin), PLC (U73122), and PKC (GF109203X) blocked the proliferative effects of NPY1-36. NPY1-36 and PYY1-36 stimulated collagen production more potently than did ANG II, and this was enhanced by sitagliptin and greater in SHR CFs. In conclusion, 1) NPY1-36 and PYY1-36, via the Y1 receptor/Gi/PLC/PKC pathway, activate CFs, and this pathway is enhanced in SHR CFs due to increased localization of RACK1 in membranes; and 2) DPP4 inhibition enhances the effects of NPY1-36 and PYY1-36 on CFs, likely by inhibiting the metabolism of NPY1-36 and PYY1-36. The implications are that endogenous NPY1-36 and PYY1-36 could adversely affect cardiac structure/function by activating CFs, and this may be exacerbated in genetic hypertension and by DPP4 inhibitors.
The United States health centers initiative: a state by state status report.

In 2001, the United States federal government began a 5-year initiative to expand services offered by health centers to people who live in area designated “underserved” because there are insufficient primary care medical practitioners. There were national targets for expansion. How the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) reviewed and monitored State plans to expand health centers is presented. These early results suggest that collectively the States would meet the target. Several States would require major efforts to move toward the national average and they were examined more closely.
Daily Affect and Intimacy in Emerging Adult Couples

We investigated individual- and couple-level associations between daily intimacy and affective states (N = 2211 observations) in 20 heterosexual emerging adult couples (age 18–25 years, M = 23) who had been in a sexual relationship with one another for at least 3 weeks (M = 12 months). Individual analyses revealed that emerging adults’ feelings of intimacy varied from day to day and that there were no gender differences in daily intimacy. Affect and intimacy were positively associated within day for women, but not for men. Time-lagged individual-level analyses revealed that prior-day positive or negative affect did not predict present-day intimacy for men or women. However, prior-day intimacy positively predicted present-day positive affect in men and negatively predicted present-day negative affect in women. Time-lagged couple-level analyses revealed that men’s prior-day positive affect positively predicted their female partner’s present-day intimacy. Women’s prior-day intimacy negatively predicted their male partner’s present-day negative affect. Implications of the day-to-day associations of intimacy with positive and negative affect within emerging adult couples are discussed.
Enhancing Awareness of the Diagnostic Medical Sonography Professions A High School Outreach Program

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this project was to develop a presentation that can be used to increase the number of high school students who recognize diagnostic medical sonography (DMS) professions as career alternatives and will consider pursuing DMS careers. METHODS An interactive program was developed that includes a digital presentation, question-and-answer session, and scanning demonstration. The program was presented to students at their high schools. Handout materials were provided, and a questionnaire was distributed to obtain feedback regarding the program's content and effectiveness. Refinements to the program were made based on feedback. A Student t test was used to determine the statistical significance of changes in students' level of knowledge about DMS and their interest in pursuing a DMS career before and after the program. The student-preferred component of the program was assessed by 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Six programs were provided to a total of 148 high school students. Of 120 students who returned questionnaires, 90% indicated that their level of knowledge of DMS increased after the program, and 60% indicated that their level of interest in pursuing a DMS career had increased. The increases in both knowledge and interest were statistically significant (P < .0001). Forty-nine percent of students indicated that the scanning demonstration was the most interesting aspect of the program. CONCLUSIONS This program was very well received by students and teachers. It significantly improved students' knowledge about DMS and their interest in pursuing a DMS career. Presentation materials used in this program are available to DMS professionals who would like to provide similar programs to students in their geographic areas. The PowerPoint presentation and related documents can be downloaded from the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine's website at http://www.aium.org/misc/dms.aspx.
Change in the Feminist Movement: From Freedom to Puritanism

The early days of the feminist movement supported freedom, but contemporary feminism presents a strong puritanical streak, fostered by emphasis on sexual harassment and pornography
LOCAL ADAPTATION AND AGENTS OF SELECTION IN A MOBILE INSECT.

The deme-formation hypothesis states that selection can produce adaptive genetic variation within and among phytophagous insect populations. We conducted three field experiments and tested this prediction by transferring eggs and measuring performance of a mobile leafmining insect, Stilbosis quadricustatella. In Experiment 1, we com- pared the rate of mine initiation of leafminers transferred to natal and novel sites. In Experiment 2, we compared mine-initiation rate of leafminers transferred to natal and novel host-plant species. In Experiment 3, we compared the mine-initiation rate, mine-completion rate, and sources of mortality of miners transferred to neighboring natal and novel Quercus geminata trees. In the first, second, and third experiments, leafminer larvae initiated significantly more mines at the natal site, on the natal plant species, and on the natal Q. geminata tree, evidence for adaptive differentiation. Furthermore, plant-mediated mortality was significantly lower among miners transferred to natal Q. geminata trees. This result supports a key assumption of the deme-formation hypothesis: insects adapt to the defensive phenotypes of individual trees. However, natural-enemy mortality was significantly higher among miners transferred to natal trees, essentially reversing the plant effect. Therefore, rates of successful mine completion were similar on natal (19%) and novel (17%) trees. This experiment suggests that host plants and natural enemies may represent opposing forces of selection. Leafminers adapted to individual trees may realize a selective advantage only when natural-enemy densities are low.
Results of HIV voluntary counseling testing in somewhere from 2007 to 2011

Objective To analyze the base situation of the consultants to VCT(HIV Voluntary Counseling Testing) section,to know the present situation of HIV-positve people in order to improve the health promotion and control spreading of HIV.Methods Did retrospective analysis of 1 264 VCT consultants of the year 2007～2011.Results ① Male consultants were more than female consultants every year,the ratio was 8.23:1;② 28 HIV-positive conultants in total,occupies 2.23% of all;③ Most of the consulting types were heterosexual(58.39%) and homosexual(21.44%) behaviors;④ Secondary test and self-awareness of HIV were also parts of consulting types,which occupied 7.52% and 5.62%.Conclusion VCT is a important way to find out and intervene HIV infection,health promotion and behavior intervention should be improved for the consultants.
Persistence of Bleed-Air Contaminants on High-Efficiency Particulate Arrestance Filters

Citation: Omana, M. A., Mann, G. W., Jones, B. W., & Eckels, S. J. (2016). Persistence of Bleed-Air Contaminants on High-Efficiency Particulate Arrestance Filters. Journal of Aircraft, 53(5), 1574–1577. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C033762
Pattern of Urinary Symptoms in Patients with Metastatic Bladder Cancer

AbstractIn an attempt to assess the development or progression of symptoms in patients with metastatic bladder cancer we reviewed 41 patients who died of the disease but who did not undergo cystectomy. Therapy for the local tumor was used when indicated. Of the 41 patients 9 experienced worsening of symptoms, while the others were either stable or improved. Only 1 of 10 asymptomatic patients suffered symptoms during the course of the illness.