cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A deep boundary current in the Arabian Basin

Abstract Recently collected CTD data are supplemented by historical Nansen bottle data to examine the circulation of bottom water in the Arabian Basin. A deep western-boundary current is observed flowing southeastward below a mid-depth zero-velocity surface along the Carlsberg Ridge. A zero-velocity surface at potential isotherm 1.7°C in chosen on the basis of water-mass properties. However, the origin of the bottom water in the Arabian Basin cannot be determined in a like manner. The bottom water could enter from the Somali Basin through the Owen Fracture Zone, or from the Central Indian Basin through passages in the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge south of the equator. Application of the Stommel-Arons framework for deep-circulation dynamics to the basin suggests that the bottom water is supplied primarily through the Owen Fracture Zone.
Effects of administration of thioacetamide on chromosome-associated proteins in rat liver.

Abstract This report deals with the isolation and analysis of liver cell nuclei from rats receiving thioacetamide daily. After 11 days of treatment, there is a decrease in the bound saline-soluble protein, no change in the phosphate-soluble protein, and a substantial increase in the histone fraction, these protein fractions being extracted in that order from the isolated nuclei. There is also an increase in the residue protein remaining after these extractions.
Heat transfer between a fluidized bed and an immersed vertical U-tube

Abstract The design details of a 0.254 m stainless steel cylindrical fluidized bed pilot plant facility, whose fabrication, installation and testing have been recently completed, are described. It primarily consists of a fluidized-bed reactor, fluidizing air-supply system, solids feeder, off-gas cleaning and exhaust system, and cooling water-supply system for heat-transfer tubes provided in the bed and in the freeboard sections. The plant is operated at ambient pressure in the temperature range 300–600 K, both in the batch and continuous modes for solids feed. Bed-pressure drop measurements as a function of fluidizing velocity for two different bed heights reveal that the quality of fluidization is good. Similar experiments have been conducted with the continuous solids feed. The heat-transfer coefficient between the bed and an immersed stainless steel U-tube is measured as a function of fluidizing air velocity at five different temperatures. The effects on bed-to-tube heat-transfer rate of solids feed rate, bed height, air-flow rate, and bed temperature are examined. All of these observed variations are interpreted in terms of the solids mixing and bubble mechanics in the bed.
Closely spaced recurrent hippocampal seizures elicit two types of heightened epileptogenesis: a rapidly developing, transient kindling and a slowly developing, enduring kindling

Abstract Kindling is widely accepted as a model of chronic epilepsy as well as a model of plasticity in the nervous system. Conventional kindling studies have used infrequent stimuli (separated by many hours) to establish a fully kindled state in which enhanced responses (kindled motor seizures and protracted afterdischarges) are consistently triggered by stimuli that initially did not elicit such responses. The enhanced responses occur even after a prolonged stimulus-free interval. Whereas the establishment of a kindled state with traditional stimulus protocols takes several weeks, our previous work showed that kindling could take place much more quickly when the interstimulus interval was set at 30 min (rapid kindling). In this report we tested whether rapid kindling protocols share with traditional kindling protocols the ability to establish a fully kindled state. Using different stimulus protocols involving recurrent hippocampal seizures, we characterized two types of kindling. ‘Rapid kindling’ developed over hours, but was transient, with a decay rate of a few days so that a fully kindled state did not persist. In contrast, ‘slow kindling’ developed over several weeks and was enduring, apparently permanent, being associated with a fully kindled state. These findings suggest that, while having certain similarities, the two types of kindling arise from dissimilar mechanisms. The existence of these two types of kindling has implications for epileptogenesis in humans. Moreover, the protocols developed in this work provide a useful means to control for the effects of seizures that are not related to mechanisms underlying a fully kindled state.
Fluorescence spectra of bioaerosols exposed to ozone in a laboratory reaction chamber to simulate atmospheric processing

Laboratory measurements demonstrating the effects of ozone on aerosolized B. thuringiensis , as revealed by fluorescence spectra, are reported. The fluorescence emission peak around 330 nm (excited at 263nm) decreases somewhat in intensity and becomes slightly blue-shifted. Further, the fluorescence emission around 400 nm-550 nm is less affected by the ozone than is the 330 nm (tryptophan) peak.
Molecular Dynamics of Fluids: The Gaussian Overlap Model

Computer simulation results are reported for model Gaussian overlap molecules with orientation independent well depths (GOCE systems) at different anisotropies. A procedure is developed for the comparison of the thermodynamics of these systems with equivalent 12-6 site-site systems. Comparison of thermodynamic properties of prolate systems with those for site-site diatomics showed good agreement, especially at low anisotropies. The structures of these two systems indicated that relative molecular orientations around the T shape are more favored for site-site diatomics than in the GOCE case. The thermodynamics of the oblate benzene-like GOCE system (K = 0.50) were studied and results were obtained that do not agree well with the experimental data for liquid benzene. Comparison of the structure of this GOCE system with recent simulations using a six-centered site-site potential for benzene showed that the GOCE fluid is less structured than the site-site model.
The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation

Abstract This dual-task study examined the role of inner speech in task switching. Experiment 1 demonstrated that disrupting inner speech via articulatory suppression dramatically increases switch costs. The three subsequent experiments attempted to specify the role of inner speech in task switching by introducing additional manipulations (i.e., types of cues in Experiment 2, task difficulty in Experiment 3, and the number of tasks switched between in Experiment 4) and then examining whether these factors modulated the magnitude of the articulatory suppression effect on switch costs. Only the cue type manipulation—hypothesized to affect the degree to which participants rely on verbal self-instruction—modulated the articulatory suppression effect, suggesting that inner speech serves as an internal self-cuing device by retrieving and activating a phonological representation of the upcoming task.
Improved bounds on object support from autocorrelation support and application to phase retrieval

New methods are described for determining tighter upper bounds on the support of an object, given the support of its autocorrelation. These upper bounds are shown, in a digital experiment, to be useful as object-support constraints used with the iterative transform algorithm for solving the phase-retrieval problem.
The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton—I. Associations with Salpidae

Abstract Collection of live planktonic animals by divers has confirmed that hyperiid amphipods in the genera Vibilia and Lycaea are specific and obligate symbionts of salps. Species in the genera Brachyscelus, Parathemisto, Oxycephalus and Phronima are also sometimes associated with salps. Vibilia feed preferentially on the particulate food collected by the salp, whilst Lycaea consume the salp tissue directly. There are further differences in the distribution and life cycle of the two genera on their hosts. Our collections indicate specific host-parasite relationships exist in at least two species of Lycaea.
Carbon electrodes modified with ruthenium metallodendrimer multilayers for the mediated oxidation of methionine and insulin at physiological pH.

A pentaerythritol-based metallodendrimer with ruthenium(II) terpyridine units, RuIIDen, catalyzed the oxidation of l-methionine and insulin at pH 7.0. The RuIIDen was immobilized on a carbon surface through layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition; the negatively charged polymer, poly(styrene sulfonate), was its counterpart. These bilayers were assembled on a glassy carbon electrode that was first modified by deposition of a layer of the conjugate base of sulfanilic acid and then with quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine). Reversible voltammetry for the RuII/III redox couple was observed, the current for which increased linearly with layer number, n, of RuIIDen up to n = 12. Cyclic voltammetry was used to demonstrate the mediation of l-methionine oxidation by a RuIIDen-containing multilayer assembly. Flow injection amperometric determination of insulin at pH 7.0 at this modified electrode yielded a calibration curve with the following characteristics: linear dynamic range, 6 nM−0.4 μM; sensitivity, 225 nA μM-...
Paclitaxel Binding to Human and Murine MD-2

Paclitaxel (PTX) is an important cancer chemotherapeutic agent that binds to β-tubulin and prevents mitosis through microtubule overstabilization. Recent evidence also implicates PTX in the induction of apoptosis of cancer cells via the TLR4 innate immune pathway. The TLR4 accessory protein, MD-2, is an essential component for the species-specific proinflammatory activity of PTX on murine cells. However, whether PTX binds to human MD-2 and how MD-2 and TLR4 interact with PTX are not well defined. Recombinant human MD-2 (rhMD-2) was produced in a Pichia pastoris expression system, and the interaction between rhMD-2 and PTX was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to show that PTX binds rhMD-2. Formation of the latter complex was found to be dose-dependent and inhibited by anti-MD-2 antibody but not by an isotype control antibody. As measured by human tumor necrosis factor α production, human THP-1 monocytes expressing TLR4 and MD-2 were poorly responsive to the addition of PTX, but murine macrophages expressing TLR4 and MD-2 responded in a dose-dependent manner. Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transfected with both human TLR4 and human MD-2 or human MD-2 and murine TLR4 were also poorly responsive to PTX (10 μm). However, HEK293 cells transfected with murine MD-2 and human TLR4 or murine MD-2 and murine TLR4 were highly responsive to PTX (10 μm), indicating that the murine MD-2/PTX interaction is required for TLR4 activation. To further define the structural differences for MD-2/TLR4 activation, crystal structures of both murine and human MD-2 were subjected to PTX docking by computational methods. These models indicate that PTX binds in the pocket of both human and mouse MD-2 structures. The species-specific difference between human and murine MD-2 activation of TLR4 by PTX can be explained by alterations of surface charge distribution (i.e. electrostatic potential), binding pocket size, and the locus of PTX binding within the MD-2 pocket, which results in reorganization of the 123-130 amino acid loop. In particular, Phe126 appears to operate as a bridge for TLR4·MD-2 dimerization in the mouse but not the human protein.
The thermodynamics of pollutant removal as an indicator of possible source areas for arctic haze

Abstract The majority of papers on arctic haze have concentrated on chemistry, with some consideration of source areas, synoptic structures associated with transport, trajectory analysis and transport modeling. Very little has appeared on the basic thermodynamics of air with normal humidity, with or without pollutants, traveling into and through the Arctic. When physically reasonable constraints are placed on sources and sinks of heat and water mass and on the relative humidity of near-surface air, it becomes apparent that the assumption of isentropic (adiabatic) flow without precipitation is incompatible with observed water mixing ratios in arctic haze layers. Arctic haze at elevations below 3 km can be explained if precipitation has occurred during transport from the pollution source or if the pollutants were injected from tall stacks into a layer of dry, subsiding air. Haze layers at higher elevations require extreme dryness and relatively high temperatures at their sources, and may be suspected of being of desert origin.
A Test Specimen for Determining the Fracture Resistance of Bimaterial Interfaces

A finite element approach has been used to characterize trends in the stress intensities and center point displacement with specimen dimensions, elastic properties, and crack length
Methods of Assessment of Cortical Plasticity in Patients Following Amputation, Replantation, and Composite Tissue Allograft Transplantation

The brain is constantly adapting to new inputs from the environment. New noninvasive techniques are available to scrupulously study cortical plasticity. Several studies have proven that changes in neural pathways occur due to denervation from injury such as amputation. Changes that occur rapidly are likely due to unmasking of established synapses that are latent, while changes that occur over long periods of time are more likely due to establishment of new neural connections. Cortical reorganization that occurs from traumatic amputation has been shown to be reversible with replantation and transplantation. With the new field of composite tissue transplantation, such as hand or face, it is critical to be aware of these changes in order to choose potential patients and to modify their rehabilitation based on our understanding of the cortical reorganization that occurs over time.
Direct observation of the uncapping of capping protein-capped actin filaments by CARMIL homology domain 3.

Bulk solution assays have shown that the isolated CARMIL homology 3 (CAH3) domain from mouse and Acanthamoeba CARMIL rapidly and potently restores actin polymerization when added to actin filaments previously capped with capping protein (CP). To demonstrate this putative uncapping activity directly, we used total internal reflection microscopy to observe single, CP-capped actin filaments before and after the addition of the CAH3 domain from mouse CARMIL-1 (mCAH3). The addition of mCAH3 rapidly restored the polymerization of individual capped filaments, consistent with uncapping. To verify uncapping, filaments were capped with recombinant mouse CP tagged with monomeric green fluorescent protein (mGFP-CP). Restoration of polymerization upon the addition of mCAH3 was immediately preceded by the complete dissociation of mGFP-CP from the filament end, confirming the CAH3-driven uncapping mechanism. Quantitative analyses showed that the percentage of capped filaments that uncapped increased as the concentration of mCAH3 was increased, reaching a maximum of ∼90% at ∼250 nm mCAH3. Moreover, the time interval between mCAH3 addition and uncapping decreased as the concentration of mCAH3 increased, with the half-time of CP at the barbed end decreasing from ∼30 min without mCAH3 to ∼10 s with a saturating amount of mCAH3. Finally, using mCAH3 tagged with mGFP, we obtained direct evidence that the complex of CP and mCAH3 has a small but measurable affinity for the barbed end, as inferred from previous studies and kinetic modeling. We conclude that the isolated CAH3 domain of CARMIL (and presumably the intact molecule as well) possesses the ability to uncap CP-capped actin filaments.
Traumatic Amputation of a Supernumerary Digit: A 16‐Year‐Old Boy’s Perspective of Suture Ligation

Traditionally, the duplicated digit in an infant with polydactyly is managed by suture ligation and the digit is allowed to auto-amputate. However, painful neuromas may result from this commonly used technique and sharp excision has been suggested as a superior alternative. We present a case of a 16-year-old male who requested revascularization after a traumatic partial amputation of a supernumerary digit on his left hand. He requested revascularization because suture ligation of a duplicated digit on his right hand as an infant had resulted in a neuroma and considerable pain.
The first measurements of hydrothermal heat output at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise

Abstract Despite the importance of the heat output of seafloor hydrothermal systems for the Earth's energy budget, hydrothermal heat output measurements have been very limited. In this paper, we report the first measurements of hydrothermal heat output at the RIDGE 2000 Integrated Study Site on the East Pacific Rise. We focused our work on the Bio 9 complex, situated at 9°50′N, where there has been an extensive measurement and sampling program since 1991. This site is located along the eruptive fissure of the 1991/1992 event and the site of the 1995 earthquake swarm. We made direct measurements of advective heat output at several individual vents and at one site of diffuse flow (Tica). Although these data do not describe the complete heat flux picture at this vent field, the data yield a total hydrothermal heat output of ∼ 325 ± 160 MW with ∼ 42 ± 21 MW coming from high-temperature vents along this 2 km segment of ridge. This result assumes a diffuse flux similar to that measured at Tica occurs at each high-temperature vent site. Our initial measurements thus suggest that the heat output of the low-temperature diffuse venting is approximately 10 times that of the high-temperature vents, but may also be one or two orders of magnitude greater.
Simulation-based medical planning for cardiovascular disease: visualization system foundations.

A technique for visualizing computational models along with volumetric imaging data in a real-time, interactive, simulation-based medical planning system for cardiovascular disease treatment is described. This technique involves an ordered rendering of faceted geometry and volumetric image data. We have developed a software system based on this image-fusion technique that is capable of capturing and representing the inherent anatomic constraints of an individual patient. Such constraints must be represented accurately in a medical planning system to ensure the validity of a potential procedure. A hypothetical clinical scenario is described for which vascular treatment plans were constructed pre-operatively without reference to the physical anatomic smcture. These models were later embedded into patient-specific diagnostic MRA scans to establish the anatomic context for physiologic observations.
Efficient and Environmentally Safe Use of Micronutrients in Agriculture

Abstract Micronutrient deficiencies in plants are common throughout the world. Many inorganic and organic fertilizers are manufactured and applied to soils and plants to correct micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this article is to review current research and present our findings on factors that affect micronutrient fertilizer efficacy. In the United States, state laws regulate the “guarantee analysis” of fertilizers and essentially all states require that manufacturers meet a total analysis requirement. However, there is no consideration of micronutrient “availability” in this analysis. Our research has shown that Zn availability in granular fertilizer was related to water solubility (r2=0.92) and not total Zn content. The relative availability coefficients for organic and inorganic Zn fertilizers was also highly related to water solubility and independent of total Zn content. Because of this discrepancy, there are fertilizers in the marketplace that are very low in plant available micronutrien...
Relationship between preventative physical health care and mental health in individuals with schizophrenia: a survey of caregivers.

The relationship between preventative physical health care and mental health in individuals with schizophrenia was assessed retrospectively by questionnaires completed by 504 caregivers. Psychiatric symptom severity and quality-of-life data on 332 respondents were evaluable. Suboptimal preventative physical health care was defined as absence of ≥2 examinations within a specified time: physical and dental within 12 months, eye within 24 months. Findings revealed similar use of mental health care services for all individuals, but those in the suboptimal physical health care group (n = 93 [28%]) had a lower quality of life (p < .011), more negative symptoms (p < .009), less paid employment (p < .001), and more alcohol/drug abuse (p = .02). These findings suggest that mental health care providers should play a more active role in monitoring the basic physical health care of patients with schizophrenia.
N2 Monolayers on graphite: Specific heat and vapor pressure measurements — thermodynamics of size effects and steric factors☆

Abstract Calorimetric and vapor pressure measurements of N2 monolayers on Grafoil have been made in the regions recently explored by neutron scattering. The phase transition at T = 48 K involves approximately symmetric specific heat anomalies of 2 K FWHM, and the peak position shifts about 1 K from 1 3 to 2 3 of one monolayer. In spite of the peak width and temperature shift the transition is intrinsically first order, due to melting of the √3 registered structure into a disordered phase in the presence of 2D vapor. The shift and broadening are shown to be a consequence of size effects primarily due to large edge-to-area ratios of the ordered phase domains. A formula relating the domain size to the shift in transition temperature gives r = 50' A for the mean radius of the domains. At film densities above 2 3 monolayer the peak broadens and shifts to a higher temperature until a critical region is reached near T= 85 K. The combined heat capacity and vapor pressure data indicate that there is no two phase region at coverages near monolayer completion and that the transition near T = 85 K is higher than first order. Effects of molecular orientation and surface-normal vibration appear in certain regions of temperature and density. A phase diagram is constructed which is consistent with both calorimetric and neutron scattering results.
Ascorbate‐enhanced lipid peroxidation in photooxidized cell membranes: Cholesterol product analysis as a probe of reaction mechanism

Cholesterol was used as an in situ probe for studying mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in isolated erythrocyte membranes subjected to different prooxidant conditions. The membranes were labeled with [14C]cholesterol by exchange with prelabeled unilamellar liposomes and photosensitized with hematoporphyrin derivative. Irradiation with a dose of blue light resulted in thiobarbituric acid-detectable lipid peroxidation that was increased markedly by subsequent dark incubation with 0.5-1.0 mM ascorbate (AH-). Ascorbate-stimulated lipid peroxidation was inhibited by EDTA, desferrioxamine (DOX) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), suggesting that the process is free radical in nature and catalyzed by membrane-bound iron. Thin layer chromatography and radiometric scanning of extracted lipids from photooxidized membranes revealed that the major oxidation product of cholesterol was the 5 alpha-hydroperoxide (5 alpha-OOH), a singlet oxygen adduct. Post-irradiation treatment with AH-/Fe(III) resulted in an almost-total disappearance of 5 alpha-OOH and the preponderance of free radical oxidation products, e.g. 7-ketocholesterol, the epimeric 7 alpha-/7 beta-hydroperoxides (7 alpha-/7 beta-OOH) and their respective alcohols (7 alpha-/7 beta-OH). EDTA, DOX and BHT inhibited the formation of these products, while catalase and superoxide dismutase had no effect. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving 1-electron reduction of photogenerated hydroperoxides to oxyl radicals, which trigger bursts of free radical lipid peroxidation. Though generated in this system, partially reduced oxygen species, viz. superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, appear to be relatively unimportant in the autoxidation process.
Mechanistic Study of Competitive sp3-sp3 and sp2-sp3 Carbon−Carbon Reductive Elimination from a Platinum (IV) Center and the Isolation of a C−C Agostic Complex

The addition of methyl triflate to an [NCN]PtCH3 pincer complex 1 ([NCN] = 2,6-bis(diethylaminomethyl)phenyl) results in kinetically controlled competitive reductive eliminations to generate both sp3-sp3 coupling products (ethane and [NCN]Pt(OTf), 3) and an sp2-sp3 coupling product, [[NC(CH3)N]PtCH3][OTf] (4). The last is a cationic complex that could either be formulated as an arenium species or, more likely, as a C−C agostic complex. The addition of CD3OTf to 1 affords 3, CH3CD3, and 4-d3, with the deuterated label in 4-d3 distributed between the arene methyl group and the platinum-bound methyl group, implicating the intermediacy of the five coordinate intermediate [[NCN]Pt(CH3)(CD3)]+ (I-d3).
Inhibition of polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid-induced depression of mouse hepatic mixed function oxidases by actinomycin D or cycloheximide.

Abstract Administration of a single dose of the potent interferon inducer poly rI:rC to Swiss Webster mice depressed hepatic cytochrome P-450 to 75% of control, ethylmorphine N-demethylase to 56% of control and DMN N-demethylases I and II to about 80% of control. Although each enzyme responded in a unique manner, maximum depression occurred at 24 hours after poly rI:rC administration and the concurrent administration of inhibitors of protein synthesis (actinomycin D or cycloheximide) prevented this depression. These data suggest that poly rI:rC effects on the mixed function oxidases are not species specific although depression follows a time course shorter than that reported in the rat (maximum depression at 40 hours after poly rI:rC administration) and that depression occurs through the stimulation of a protein responsible for degrading cytochrome P-450.
Lessons from pharmacogenetics and metoclopramide: toward the right dose of the right drug for the right patient.

In this issue of the journal, Parkman et al. reviewed the efficacy and adverse effects in a cohort of 100 patients with gastroparesis (32% with normal gastric emptying) treated with metoclopramide.(1)
Perceptions of university recruitment strategies by female students in STEM

As Caucasian, middle class women growing up in suburban areas, we never looked at ourselves as outside the majority. But the moment we decided to enter the field of engineering, we became part of a minority: women who pursue degrees in STEM. In this paper we discuss our experiences of the common societal misconceptions about women in STEM disciplines that girls and young women must face as they make decisions about their future career paths, such as “engineering does not benefit humanity”, “you must be a genius”, and that “there are no women in engineering”. We describe our experiences of college recruitment activities for STEM programs, and as incoming students in engineering. We review activities by colleges that positively influenced our degree path decisions, or served as deterrents, and our experiences are compared with the recommendations of other authors.
Identification and mutagenesis of the TACE and γ-secretase cleavage sites in the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor

Stimulation of macrophages with phorbolesters, bacterial DNA, or lipopolysaccharides causes regulated intramembrane proteolysis or RIPping of the CSF-1 receptor. This process involves TACE-mediated cleavage in the extracellular domain, followed by γ-secretase-mediated cleavage within the transmembrane region. In the current study, we have identified the TACE cleavage site, which is present twelve residues from the carboxy-terminal end of the extracellular domain. Replacement of fourteen residues at the end of the extracellular domain blocked TACE cleavage. In addition, we identified the γ-secretase cleavage site, which is present four residues from the carboxy-terminal end of the transmembrane region. Replacement of six residues surrounding this site strongly reduced intramembrane cleavage. Our results provide new insights into the molecular physiology of the CSF-1 receptor and contribute to our understanding of substrate selection by TACE and γ-secretase.
DST nonsuppressor status: relationship to specific aspects of the depressive syndrome.

Using a conservative definition of suppressor status in hospitalized depressives, we found a relationship between abnormal endocrine function and certain kinds of depressive symptoms, i.e., melancholic symptoms, delusions, and memory deficit. Normal suppressor status is related to an early age of onset, absence of delusions, absence of memory deficit, absence of melancholia symptoms, and a presence of a diagnosis of secondary depression or a family history of alcoholism in depressives. The data suggest the distinction between neurotic-reactive depression and endogenous depression. It is equally important to note that these specific symptoms and characteristics possibly are associated with suppressor status independently of each other.
Evaluation of ROI methods for quantitative FDOPA PET images

Issues about the accuracy of ROI definition methods for FDOPA PET studies were investigated. An MRI-based ROI method and manually defined ROI method were compared using a computer simulated brain phantom and four real PET studies. The results indicate the error or discrepancy between MRI-based ROI and manually defined ROI is small (< equals 5%) at different head orientations and different noise levels. The VOI is not sensitive to the orientation, but the mid-plane ROI is also fairly reliable.
Detection of SO in Io's exosphere.

The Galileo orbiter's close pass by Io in 1995 produced evidence for extensive mass loading of the plasma torus through the ionization of SO2. On 11 October 1999, Galileo passed even closer to Io, this time across the upstream side relative to the flow of magnetospheric plasma that corotates with Jupiter. On the first flyby, ion cyclotron waves gave direct evidence for the production of SO2 + ions. On the second flyby, ion cyclotron waves associated with SO+ were stronger and more persistent. Moreover, SO+ emissions were seen closer to Io than SO2 + emissions, suggesting that the exosphere was spatially inhomogeneous. The location of the waves suggests a fan-shaped region of ion pickup extending in the anti-Jupiter direction. Because the wave spectra were different even where the 1995 and 1999 trajectories crossed, we infer that Io's exosphere is temporally variable.
Ewe luteal function influenced by pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH.

The influence of repetitive administration of synthetic LHRH⁄FSHRH or saline (S) on 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced precocious luteal regression in the ewe was examined. Ewes were pre-treated on days 10 and 11 of the estrous cycle with either 750 μg E2 (total dose = 1.5 mg) in oil or with oil (O) alone. Treatment involved im delivery of 10 μg of synthetic LHRH⁄FSHRH in saline or an equal volume of saline only, administered at 2-h intervals beginning on day 12 of the estrous cycle and continuing through the succeeding 72 hours. During the period of LHRH administration, the serum LH patterns in the O-LHRH and E2-LHRH groups were characterized by rhythmic fluctuation, rising in response to LHRH and falling prior to the subsequent treatment injection. Throughout the course of the treatment period, the serum LH levels in the O-LHRH group were consistently higher than those in the E2-LHRH group. No increase in serum LH concentration was observed in the saline-treated animals. The mean luteal weight and mean luteal p...
Optical distortions and birefringence in high power laser windows: model and computer code

A general optical model is given which predicts optical wave front distortions and birefringence due to stress and temperature variations in laser heated and pressure loaded windows for cubic lattice window materials. A computer code is described that integrates stress and thermal computations with an optical model to predict the wave front distortions. Restrictive approximations, which have been used previously to predict window temperature and stress distributions, are avoided by using stress and thermal codes to predict these distributions within the windows. Comparisons between code predictions and experimental results are given.
The Hippocampo-Neocortical Dialogue

In gross anatomical terms, the hippocampal archicortex can be conceived as an "appendage' of the large neocortex. In contrast to neocortical areas, the main output targets of the hippocampus are the same as its main inputs (i.e., the entorhinal cortex). Highly processed information about the external world (the content) reaches the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex, whereas information about the "internal world' (the context) is conveyed by the subcortical inputs. Removal of the context makes the content illegible, as demonstrated by the observation that the behavioral impairment following surgical removal of hippocampopetal subcortical inputs is as devastating as removing the hippocampus itself. From its strategic anatomical position and input-output connections, it may be suggested that the main function of the hippocampal formation is to modify its inputs by feeding back a processed "reafferent copy' to the neocortex. I hypothesize that neocortico-hippocampal transfer of information and the modification process in neocortical circuitries by the hippocampal output take place in a temporally discontinuous manner and might be delayed by minutes, hours, or days. Acquisition of information may happen very fast during the activated state of the hippocampus associated with theta/gamma oscillations. Intrahippocampal consolidation and the hippocampal-neocortical transfer of the stored representations, on the other hand, is protracted and carried by discrete quanta of cooperative neuronal bursts during slow wave sleep.
The performance of multi-reference ACPF-like methods for the dipole moment of FeO

Abstract We compare the performance of the multi-reference formulations of averaged coupled-pair functional (ACPF), averaged quadratic coupled-cluster (AQCC), and the novel ACPF-2, together with configuration interaction, CI(SD), on the difficult case of the dipole moment of FeO. AQCC and ACPF-2 give the same results and the stability of these two methods is dramatically better than that of ACPF. Since ACPF-2 is generally close to ACPF when the zeroth-order wavefunction, Ψ 0 , is good approximation to the total wavefunction, ACPF-2 combines the favorable features of AQCC (stability) and of ACPF (accuracy) without having the drawbacks of these latter two methods. Thus, regardless on the quality of Ψ 0 , the novel ACPF-2 is the method to be preferred among the ACPF-like functionals.
Computer-Aided Regional Planning: A Study in Rural Sri Lanka

A progress report is given on the development of a software concept for decentralized regional planning in a district of Sri Lanka. The idea was to provide capabilities in map drawing and data-base management by linking existing popular, off-the-shelf, commercial software. The reasoning was to take advantage of the software expertise and infrastructure that is already in place. Programs are described for a regional planning which link a computer-aided design package and a data-base package.
A Social Educator's Guide to Teaching Writing

Abstract Social scientists have shown a healthy research interest in writing in their fields, but little of this research interest has carried over into pedagogy. This article argues that since writing functions to disseminate knowledge in all fields, it ought to be part of instruction in all disciplines. The article sets out four approaches to incorporating writing in social education fields and describes specific writing activities in each of the approaches.
Clinical Significance of Incidental Focal Versus Diffuse Thyroid Uptake on FDG-PET Imaging

The number of incidentally detected thyroid lesions found with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is increasing. Malignant cases incidentally found with this technique are mainly primary thyroid cancers, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma, which tend to harbor a higher rate of unfavorable prognostic features than routinely diagnosed primary thyroid cancers. The significance of standardized uptake values in predicting malignancy of incidental thyroid fluorodeoxyglucose uptake is controversial, and more studies are needed to establish its role in differentiating benign and malignant incidental thyroid fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. In this article, we review recent publications regarding incidental thyroid lesions found on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and their differential diagnosis, including the risk for malignancy.
Effect of quinidine and bretylium on defibrillation energy requirements

Abstract We examined the effect of bretylium and quinidine on the energy requirements for internal defibrillation in 14 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Bretylium, 6 or 10 mg/kg (n = 6), did not affect the relation between energy and the likelihood of successful defibrillation. The mean energy required to achieve 50% success (E 50 ) or 90% success (E 90 ) in defibrillation was not significantly altered; E 50 was 5.3 ± 1.9 J (x ± s.d) before and 6.1 ± 3.5 J after bretylium (n.s.), and E 90 was 7.2 ± 2.1 J before and 8.6 ± 3.3 J after drug (n.s.). Quinidine was administered in a series of two loading and maintenance infusions to achieve mean plasma concentrations of 2.4 ± 0.63 and 2.95 ± 0.88 μg/ml, respectively (n = 8). No significant effect on defibrillation energy requirement was observed; mean E 50 before and after treatment was 6.3 ± 3.3 J and 6.2 ± 2.9 J, respectively, and mean E 90 was 8.3 ± 4.4 J and 8.3 ± 4.1 J, respectively. Similarly, saline administration to control dogs (n = 12) resulted in no change in E 50 or E 90 . At concentrations or doses similar to those in patients with serious arrhythmias, neither quinidine nor bretylium appears to have consistent effects on the energy requirements for internal defibrillation in our dog model.
Repeat silica extraction: a simple technique for the removal of PCR inhibitors from DNA extracts

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors are often co-extracted with ancient DNA (aDNA) and when present make the analysis of aDNA difficult, if not impossible. In this study we review previous research on PCR inhibitors and techniques that address their co-extraction with DNA from sub-optimal samples. Additionally, we introduce a simple extraction technique, ‘‘repeat silica extraction,’’ that effectively removed PCR inhibitors from extracts of 7000e8000-year-old human skeletal remains from the Windover archaeological site in Florida and 700e2000-yearold human coprolites excavated from Fish Slough Cave in southern California. A series of tests on these same samples demonstrates that N-phenacylthiazolium bromide is largely ineffective, despite previously reported success using this compound as part of the DNA extraction process. We also describe a method for demonstrating the presence as well as successful removal of PCR inhibitors by use of a ‘‘positive aDNA control,’’ a test necessary to conclude that negative PCR amplification is the result of the absence of preserved DNA. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of Deformation Processing on Mechanical Properties of Nb-10 a/o Si In-Situ Composite

Nb-10 a/o Si alloy is an in-situ composite. The microstructure of the cast alloy consists of pro-eutectic Nb dendrites distributed in a matrix of eutectic Nb3Si + Nb phases. The microstructure of the as-cast alloy was modified by multiple hot extrusions producing an oriented composite. Extensive grain size refinement occurred in both the Nb and Nb3Si phases. The ductile primary (pro-eutectic) Nb particles were aligned along the extrusion direction. Bend strength and fracture toughness measured by three point bend and four point bend tests, respectively, showed that both the yield strength and fracture toughness of the alloy increases considerably following this thermomechanical processing. These improvements have been attributed to the changes in size, morphology and spacing of the constituent phases and their microstructural refinement.
Primary care for adults with Down syndrome: adherence to preventive healthcare recommendations.

Background Due to significant medical improve- ments, persons with Down syndrome now live well into adulthood. Consequently, primary care for adults with Down syndrome needs to incorporate routine care with screening for condition-specific comorbidities.This study seeks to evaluate the adherence of primary care physicians to age- and condition-specific preventive care in a cohort of adults with Down syndrome. Methods In this retrospective observational cohort study, preventive screening was evaluated in patients with Down syndrome aged 18-45 years who received primary care in an academic medical centre from 2000 to 2008. Comparisons were made based on the field of patients' primary care provid- ers (Family or Internal Medicine). Results This cohort included 62 patients, median index age = 33 years. Forty per cent of patients received primary care by Family Physicians, with 60% seen by Internal Medicine practices. Patient demographics, comorbidities and overall screening patterns were similar between provider groups. Despite near universal screening for obesity and hypothyroidism, adherence to preventive care recommendations was otherwise inconsistent. Screening was 'moderate' (50-80%) for cardiac anomalies, reproductive health, dentition, and the combined measure of behaviour, psychological, or memory abnormalities. Less than 50% of patients were evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea, atlanto- axial instability, hearing loss or vision loss. Conclusions We observed inconsistent preventive care in adults with Down syndrome over this 8.5- year study.This is concerning, given that the adverse effects of many of these conditions can be ameliorated if discovered in a timely fashion. Further studies must evaluate the implications of screening practices and more timely identification of comorbidities on clinical outcomes.
Attitudes toward telecommuting: implications for work-at-home programs

Abstract Telecommuting, or working at home through use of telecommunications systems, is receiving increasing attention in the popular literature. MIS managers interested in improving the productivity and job satisfaction of their technical personnel are beginning to consider work alternatives made possible by declining costs of data communications and the influx of microcomputers into homes and offices. Though interest is high, there is little material available which can serve to guide organizations when implementing remote work programs. The research discussed here examines the attitudes of 51 managers and 129 programmers toward working at home. Survey data were collected from 3 divisions in 2 locations of a computer services firm which had experimented with work at home. Results suggest more interest in telecommuting among programmers than project managers; surprisingly, the two groups tend to identify the same benefits and problems. In general, programmers express support for any alternative which would add variability and autonomy to their work, whether it is a change in work location or simply a change in scheduling. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Interval training guidance system with music and wireless group exercise motivations

Interval training is a well known exercise protocol which helps strengthen and improve one's cardiovascular fitness. It interleaves high intensity exercises with rest periods. Despite the known benefits, proper scheduling and completion of interval training routines are not easy to perform. For example, without expensive equipment such as a treadmill, there is almost no way to figure out one's speed for proper imitation of a given exercise protocol, and thus interval training is heavily dependent on individual motivation levels. In this work, we use behavioral cueing using music and performance feedback to provide motivation during interval training exercise sessions. We have developed an application program on the popular iPhone platform. Our game-like and social networking application guides the user using exercise music. By measuring performance of the user through sensor readings, specifically accelerometers embedded in the iPhone, we are able to play the right song to match the user's workout plan. A hybrid of a collaborative, content, and context-aware filtering algorithm incorporates the user's music preferences and the exercise speed that will enhance performance. Additionally, adherence to an exercise protocol and the amount of calories burned is translated into a score that is sent to the user's social network group.
p-form electromagnetism on discrete spacetimes *

We investigate p-form electromagnetism—with the Maxwell and Kalb– Ramond fields as lowest-order cases—on discrete spacetimes, including not only the regular lattices commonly used in lattice gauge theory, but also more general examples. After constructing a maximally general model of discrete spacetime suitable for our purpose—a chain complex equipped with an inner product on (p +1 )-cochains—we study both the classical and quantum versions of the theory, with either R or U( 1) as gauge group. We find results—such as a ‘p-form Bohm–Aharonov effect’—that depend in interesting ways on the cohomology of spacetime. We quantize the theory via the Euclidean path integral formalism, where the natural kernels in the U( 1) theory are not Gaussians but theta functions. As a special case of the general theory, we show that p-form electromagnetism in p + 1 dimensions has an exact solution which reduces when p = 1 to the Abelian case of 2D Yang–Mills theory as studied by Migdal and Witten. Our main result describes p-form electromagnetism as a ‘chain field theory’—a theory analogous to a topological quantum field theory, but with chain complexes replacing manifolds. This makes precise a notion of time evolution in the context of discrete spacetimes of arbitrary topology.
ARCS motivational model: Theoretical concepts and its use in online courses

This paper discusses Keller's ARCS motivational model, its theoretical concepts, and strategies that can be used in an online learning environment. The acronym ARCS stands for Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. The concepts behind the Attention component of the model discussed in the paper are the ones of curiosity, sensation seeking, and the theory of cognitive dissonance. McClelland's theory of needs, White's competence theory, and the flow theory are the concepts behind the Relevance component. Locus of control, the attribution theory, learned helplessness, and self-efficacy are discussed as a theoretical background of the Confidence component. The theoretical bases of the Satisfaction component are behaviorism, and the theory of equity.
High-Fructose Feeding Elicits Insulin Resistance Without Hypertension in Normal Mongrel Dogs

This study was undertaken to characterize blood pressure (by continuous blood pressure recording), renal hemodynamics, and excretory function in high-fructose-fed insulin-resistant dogs. We fed 10 mongrel dogs for 28 days with a normal sodium diet containing 60% of the calories either as fructose (n = 6) or dextrose (n = 4). Fructose-fed dogs developed insulin resistance by the 21st day of the experimental diet, as estimated by the mean glucose concentrations (in arbitrary units, AU) during the final hour of the insulin suppression test (640.3 +/- 57 AU fructose-fed dogs upsilon 397.5 +/- 24.7 AU dextrose fed dogs; P < .05). Neither of the groups showed any change in body weight, or in fasting plasma levels of glucose or insulin. There was no difference in mean arterial pressure between the groups before or during either diet, nor did we find any important alterations in renal function in these animals. We conclude that insulin resistance can be induced by a high-fructose diet in the dog. However, it is not accompanied by either hypertension or alteration in renal function. These findings emphasize the importance of continuously recording blood pressure under resting conditions and suggests that in the fructose-fed dog, insulin resistance does not appear to lead directly to hypertension.