cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Blueprint for Social Cognitive Development

The field of social cognitive development (SCD) has historically failed to emerge as a dominant approach in developmental psychology. We take this opportunity to articulate the assumptions, goals, and contributions of SCD with the aim of invigorating research from this perspective. We begin by describing the current landscape of social and cognitive development, suggesting what they have and have not given us. We then outline major goals of the social cognitive developmental approach and walk through examples of successful SCD research. Finally, we examine the unique potential of the social cognitive approach to cross-fertilize social and cognitive development (as well as related fields such as social psychology and neuroscience) and to answer new questions about development.
Nonlinear Optical Probe of Biopolymer Adsorption on Colloidal Particle Surface: Poly-l-lysine on Polystyrene Sulfate Microspheres

A nonlinear optical technique--second harmonic generation (SHG)--has been applied to characterize the adsorption of poly-L-lysine on micrometer size polystyrene particles, whose surface is covered with negatively charged sulfonate groups, in aqueous solutions. Adsorption behavior of the biopolymer with two chain lengths (14 and 75 amino acid units; PL14 and PL75) has been examined. Centrifugation experiments were also performed to support the adsorption measurements made using SHG. The adsorption free energies of the two polymers PL75 and PL14 are determined as -16.57 and -14.40 kcal/mol, respectively. The small difference in the adsorption free energies of the two chain lengths, however, leads to dramatic difference in the concentration needed for saturated surface coverage: nearly 50 times higher concentration is needed for the smaller polymer. Under acidic colloidal conditions, polylysine is found to adsorb in a relatively flat conformation on the surface. The surface area that each polylysine molecule occupies is nearly 1 order of magnitude larger than the size of the molecule in its extended form. The low adsorption density is likely a result from Coulombic repulsion between the positive charges on the amino acid units of PL. The measurements demonstrate the utility of SHG as an efficient and sensitive experimental approach for measuring adsorption characteristics of bio/macromolecules on colloidal particles and define surface and colloidal conditions for achieving maximum surface coverage of a widely used biopolymer.
Learning to Solve a Visuospatial Problem: The Effect of Visual Cues on Overcoming Errors

It is important when solving visuospatial problems to attend to information that is relevant to the solution. One challenge for learning to solve visuospatial problems occurs when problem domain neophytes incorrectly focus on visual information that is irrelevant and may interfere with the solution strategy. Moreover, these directors of attentional focus often consume resources in themselves, which may increase the learner's cognitive load and hinder learning. The current study will investigate the influence of preattentive and focused-attention visual cues on learning in an effort to direct the learner's attention to salient information without impeding learning.
Comparison between brain and liver paste standards for quantitative autoradiography.

Abstract Tissue paste standards prepared with either bovine brain or liver paste can be used equally effectively in quantitative autoradiography using radionuclides with higher electron energy (> 50 keV).
Effects on lower trophic levels of massive fish mortality

PREDATION can be a potent force structuring ecological communities and affecting several trophic levels1–7. The cascading trophic interactions hypothesis predicts that lacustrine predators such as fish can have a strong effect on herbivorous zooplankton, which in turn can regulate phytoplankton8,9. Ascertaining the scale, scope and generality of this hypothesis is important for both development of ecological theory and aquatic ecosystem management10. Although small-scale tests of parts of this cascade are common11–15, whole-lake assessments are not, particularly in large, natural lakes9; also the influence of several trophic levels and nutrients, a requisite for unambiguous interpretation of predator effects, has not been considered. Here we present data from a natural experiment in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA, which support the cascading trophic interactions hypothesis. Massive mortality of fish greatly reduced prEdation on zooplankton, resulting in an increase in the abundance of large Daphnia, and a dramatic decrease in phytoplankton biomass. Physical factors and concentrations of limiting nutrients were unchanged before and after fish mortality, indicating that these factors probably did not cause the observed decrease in phytoplankton. Our results demonstrate strong food web influences on phytoplankton, and support the idea that food web interactions can be managed to reduce phytoplankton abundance.
Unsteady flow in an annulus between two concentric rotating spheres

An analysis is presented for the unsteady laminar flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in an annulus between two concentric spheres rotating about a common axis of symmetry. A solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is obtained by employing an iterative technique. The solution is valid for small values of Reynolds numbers and acceleration parameters of the spheres. In applying the results of this analysis to a rotationally accelerating sphere, a virtual moment of inertia is introduced to account for the local inertia of the fluid.
Residual vision in a scotoma: implications for blindsight

Blindsight, the ability of some blind patients to describe attributes of stimuli they have no conscious awareness of seeing, has been attributed to a secondary (retinotectal) visual pathway. However, it has also been proposed that blindsight could be due to residual function within the primary (geniculostriate) visual pathway. Data have now been obtained that support the second alternative. With an image stabilizer ensuring the accurate retinal placement of stimuli, dense visual field mapping was carried out with a hemianopic patient. This perimetry revealed, embedded in the patient's scotoma, an isolated 1-degree island of residual vision that was not disclosed by conventional perimetric methods. Stimuli presented to this island could be detected and discriminated, although the subject reported he did not see them. The existence of this island of vision implies a corresponding island of functioning cortex within the patient's lesion. Other instances of blindsight may be mediated by similar islands of functioning cortex.
Race, Culture, Politics, and Urban Renewal: An Introduction

When historians refer to “urban renewal,” they are not describing one singular policy. After 1945, as Andrew Highsmith, Irene Holliman, and Guian McKee show, leaders of renewal efforts in Flint, At...
Multiple Crystal Cross-Sectional Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

A new multiple crystal echocardiographic system was used to assess cross-sectional cardiac anatomy in real time in fifty infants and children with cyanotic heart disease, and the findings were compared to normals. Four standard transducer positions were employed to evaluate sagittal and transverse cardiac cross-sections. Studies in patients with tetralogy of Fallot demonstrated an enlarged aorta overriding the septum with preservation of mitral-aortic continuity. In the absence of pulmonary atresia the main pulmonary artery could be identified in all of these patients. The diagnosis of d-transposition of the great vessels was established by viewing great vessel orientation in transverse section at the second intercostal space and observing a rightward and anteriorly placed great artery. In sagittal projections a retrosternal aorta and mitral-pulmonic continuity was observed. In one patient with d-transposition, apposition in systole of the ventricular septum and anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was id...
A simulation of void linking during ductile microvoid fracture

Abstract A computer model has been developed in order to simulate the low temperature ductile fracture of metals which contain arrays of holes or voids. Based on two-dimensional arrays of holes, the simulation models the step-wise character of the strain-induced hole linking process assuming an initial hole microstructure, localized plasticity near holes, and a strain-based criterion for failure of ligaments between holes. Given the above, the analysis predicts failure strains for a range of hole distributions. A comparison of experimentally determined fracture strains of aluminum and brass sheets containing distributions of holes as well as of metals containing porosity agree well with those predicted from the computer model. he simulation may also be considered to be a simplified representation of the complex, three-dimensional void linking process in real materials, and as such, it illustrates the effects of non-uniform spatial distributions of voids on the linking.
Segmentation of the optic tracts using graph-based techniques

In DBS surgery, electrodes are implanted in specific nuclei of the brain to treat several types of movement disorders. Pre-operative knowledge of the location of the optic tracts may prove useful for pre-operative planning assistance or intra-operative target refinement. In this article we present a semi-automated method to localize the optic tracts in MR. As opposed to previous approaches presented to identify these structures, our methods are able to recover the eccentric shape of the optic tracts. This approach consists of two parts: (1) automatic model construction from manually segmented exemplars and (2) segmentation of structures in unknown images using these models. The segmentation problem is solved by finding an optimal path in a graph. The graph is designed with novel structures that permit the incorporation of prior information from the model into the optimization process and account for several weaknesses of traditional graph-based approaches. The approach achieved mean and maximum surface errors of 0.35 and 1.9 mm in a validation study on 10 images. The results from all experiments were considered acceptable.
The mechanics of subsurface damage in solid particle erosion

Abstract The mechanics of subsurface microvoid formation in solid particle erosion is analyzed. The analysis is performed by finding an approximate elastic-plastic solution to the stresses around subsurface inclusions or hard second-phase particles. The results indicate that void formation occurs in specific regions below the target surface. The effect of impact angle and velocity on the void formation process is also analyzed. The analysis shows that the formation of the greatest possible number of voids coincides with the impingement angle of peak erosion. It is found that void nucleation takes place deeper below the surface at higher impact velocities. The effect of subsurface damage on the erosion process is discussed. It is shown that the number and the interparticle spacings of hard second-phase particles or inclusions can control the erosion rate.
Effects of Procainamide and Lidocaine on Defibrillation Energy Requirements in Patients Receiving Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Devices

Effects of Procainamide and Lidocaine on Defibrillation. intntduction: In acute canine studies, lidocaine. but not prucainamidc, increases defibrillation energy requirements. We evaluated the effects of lidocaine or procainamide on defihrillation energy requirements in 27 patients undergoing intraoperative testing fur implantable cardioverter dcfibrillator device placement. Methods and Results: Patients were tested off antiarrhythmic drugs and again following either lidocaine (200 to 250 mg loading and 3 mg/min maintenance infusions) or procainamide (1 gm loading and 3 to 4 mg/min maintenance infusions). The defibrillation testing protocol consisted of initial testing at 15 J, followed by higher or lower energies to determine the lowest energy producing three consecutive successful defibrillations. Overall, the mean defibrillation energy increased from 14 ± 5 J to 18 ± 7 J during lidocaine (plasma concentration 5.1 ± 1.6 μ/mL; P < 0.02) but were similar at baseline (12 ± 5 J) and during procainamide infusion (13 ± 6 J) (plasma concentration: procainamide 10.7 ± 7.2 μ/rnl.; N-acetyl procainamide 1.0 ± 0.4 μ/niL). A positive linear correlation was found between lidocaine plasma concentration and percent change in defibrillation energy (lidocaine: r = 0.61; P = 0.01). Procainamide raised the defibrillation energy in three patients, two with supra therapeutic plasma concentrations. The increase in defibrillation energy equaled or exceeded 25 J in four patients after lidocaine and in one patient after procainamide. Conclusion: The data suggest that at high plasma concentrations, lidocaine and procainamide adversely affect defibrillation energy requirements consistent with an adverse, concentration-dependent effect of sodium channel blockade on defibrillation energy requirements in patients.
HACE1: A Novel Repressor of RAR Transcriptional Activity

The diverse biological actions of retinoic acid (RA) are mediated by RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). While the coregulatory proteins that interact with the ligand-dependent AF-2 in the E region are well studied, the ligand-independent N-terminal AF-1 domain-interacting partners and their influence(s) on the function of RARs are poorly understood. HECT domain and Ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase (HACE1) was isolated as a RARβ3 AB region interacting protein. HACE1 interacts with RARβ3 both in in vitro GST pull-down and in cell-based coprecipitation assays. The interaction sites map to the N terminus of RARβ3 and the C terminus of HACE1. HACE1 functionally represses the transcriptional activity of RARα1, RARβ isoforms 1, 2, and 3, but not RARγ1 in luciferase reporter assays. In addition, HACE1 represses the endogenous RAR-regulated genes CRABP II, RIG1 and RARβ2, but not RAI3 in CAOV3 cells. Mutation of the putative catalytic cysteine (C876 of LF HACE1), which is indispensable for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, does not alter the repressive effect of HACE1 on the transcriptional activity of RARβ3. On the other hand, HACE1 inhibits the RA dependent degradation of RARβ3. It is possible that the repression of RAR-regulated transcription by HACE1 is due to its ability to inhibit the RA-dependent degradation of RARs. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 482–493, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soft-tissue fibrosarcoma in children.

Abstract Twenty-two children under the age of 16 had diagnosis of fibrosarcoma of the soft tissues between 1947 and 1966. All were diagnoses as low-grade fibrosarcoma. Histologic diagnosis is difficult. None of these children developed distant metastases, but showed a high rate of local recurrence. Ten children had their neoplasms controlled by wide local excision, but eight others required amputation of an extremity after failure of local excision. Two children with tumor invasion of nerves causing a useless extremity were cured by initial amputation. One patient died of uncontrollable disease in the neck and mediastinum; one other child is living 8 yr after diagnosis with uncontrolled disease in the head and neck. Twenty of 22 patients (90%) are living and free of tumor more than 5 yr after the last treatment.
Adverse selection, asymmetric information, and foreign investment policies

Abstract This paper explores the welfare consequences of foreign investment taxation in a small open economy, based on the notion that the true productivity of imported capital may be unknown to policy-makers. It is shown that while asymmetric information between capital importers and the host government precludes the use of a productivity specific policy measure, an across-the-board policy suffers from the problem of adverse selection among capital imports of differential productivities. Conditions under which a reversal of the optimal foreign investment policy in the face of asymmetric information are examined.
Combination of Goldman Risk and Initial Cardiac Troponin I for Emergency Department Chest Pain Patient Risk Stratification

Background Accurate identification of low-risk emergency department (ED) chest pain patients who may be safe for discharge has not been well defined. Goldman criteria have reliably risk-stratified patients but have not identified any subset safe for ED release. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values have also been shown to risk-stratify patients but have not identified a subset safe for ED release. Objective To test the hypothesis that ED chest pain patients with a Goldman risk of Methods A prospective cohort study was performed in which consecutive ED chest pain patients were enrolled from July 1999 to November 2000. Data collected included patient demographics, medical and cardiac history, electrocardiogram, and creatine kinase-MB and cTnI. Goldman risk stratification score was calculated while patients were still in the ED. Hospital course was followed daily. Telephone follow-up occurred at 30 days. The main outcome was death, AMI, or revascularization (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty/stents/coronary artery bypass grafting) within 30 days. Results Of 2,322 patients evaluated, 998 had both a Goldman risk Conclusions The combination of two risk stratification modalities for ED chest pain patients (Goldman risk
Applying a stepped-care approach to the treatment of obesity

Abstract Objective In a stepped-care (SC) approach to treatment, more intensive interventions are implemented when less intensive interventions prove to be insufficient. It was hypothesized that a behavioral weight loss program with SC (BWLP+SC) would evidence superior treatment outcomes when compared with a BWLP without SC (BWLP). Methods Forty-four obese, sedentary adults were randomly assigned to a BWLP+SC [i.e., problem-solving therapy (PST)] or a BWLP. Results Participants in the BWLP+SC lost significantly more weight and body fat, reported greater physical activity and greater improvements in diet, and were more likely to achieve their within-treatment weight loss goals than BWLP participants. Participants in the BWLP+SC who received PST (BWLP+SC [PST]) also evidenced superior treatment outcomes including superior weight loss maintenance (through 12 months posttreatment) compared with BWLP participants matched on SC eligibility [BWLP (SC matched)]. Conclusion BWLP+SC may improve treatment outcomes and participant motivation to achieve preestablished weight loss goals.
Mechanical Deformation of Field-Coupled Materials

This article describes remarkable similarities in the nonlinear mechanical response of different active/smart materials despite fundamental differences in the underlying mechanisms associated with each material. Active/smart materials (i.e., piezoelectric (PZT-5H), magnetostrictive (Terfenol-D), and shape memory alloys (NiTi)) exhibit strong non-linear mechanical behavior produced by changing non-mechanical internal states such as polarization, magnetization, and phase/twin configuration. In active/smart materials the initial deformation proceeds linearly followed by a jump in strain associated with the transformation of an internal non-mechanical state. After the transformation, the mechanical response returns to linear elastic. Upon unloading, a residual strain is observed which can be recovered with the application of a corresponding external field (i.e., electric, magnetic, or thermal). Due to coupling between applied fields and non-mechanical internal states, mechanical deformation is also a function of applied external fields. At a critical applied field, the residual strain is eliminated, providing repeatable cyclic characteristics that can be used in passive damping applications. Even though different intrinsic processes (i.e., polarization, magnetization, and phase/twin variant composition) govern the deformation of each material, their macroscopic behavior is explained using a unified volume fraction concept. That is, the deformation of piezoelectric material is described in terms of the volume fraction of ferroelectric domains with polarization parallel or orthogonal to the applied load; the deformation of magnetostrictive materials is described in terms of the volume fraction of magnetic domains with magnetization parallel or orthogonal to the applied load; and the deformation of shape memory material is described in terms of the volume fraction of twin variants that are oriented favorably to the applied load. Although the qualitative behavior of each material is similar, the average magnitude of stress required to induce non-linearity varies from ~10 MPa for Terfenol-D to ~65 MPa for PZT-5H to ~300 MPa for NiTi shape memory alloy. It is hypothesized that a composite material made of these materials connected in series would exhibit passive damping over a wide range of applied stress.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A STUDY OF TEXTUAL ENTAILMENT

In this paper we study a graph-based approach to the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment between a Text and a Hypothesis. The approach takes into account the full lexico-syntactic context of both the Text and Hypothesis and is based on the concept of subsumption. It starts with mapping the Text and Hypothesis on to graph structures that have nodes representing concepts and edges representing lexico-syntactic relations among concepts. An entailment decision is then made on the basis of a subsumption score between the Text-graph and Hypothesis-graph. The results obtained from a standard entailment test data set were promising. The impact of synonymy on entailment is quantified and discussed. An important advantage to a solution like ours is its ability to be customized to obtain high-confidence results.
Delgada Fan: Preliminary interpretation of channel development

The Delgada Fan, an irregularly shaped turbidite deposit extending more than 350 km offshore from northern California, consists of two large leveed-valley units each fed by a separate complex of coalescing submarine canyons and slope gullies. Although the leveed-valley units head within 25 km of each other, both appear to have developed independently during fan growth. The larger southern leveed-valley system has not developed middle-fan distributary channels and appears to illustrate a period of progressive valley abandonment. Although the lower-fan area is underlain by sandy sediments, little sand has been recovered in piston cores from the leveed-valley unit.
ATC ground communications system optimization techniques

The authors address the optimization of three major components of the US Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) hybrid leased/owned ground communications system supporting air traffic control (ATC). The optimizations are performed with respect to cost, performance, and reliability. First, optimization of the radio communications link (RCL) backbone microwave transmission system is discussed. A heuristic optimization procedure that minimizes cost subject to capital cost and availability constraints is presented. Second, two levels of user access network (UAN) optimization are discussed. The first level is optimization of the selection of RCL sites to open as drop-and-insert points for access by private leased-line UANs. The second level is optimization of the selection of transmission media used for implementing UANs. A dynamic programming method is presented for identifying FAA facilities where low-density microwave UANs are cost-effective. Third, optimization of the National Airspace Data Interchange Network (NADIN) II packet data switching system is discussed. Because this network will use the FAA-owned RCL transmission resources, the primary measures for optimization are performance and reliability instead of cost. Two methods are presented for this problem: an analytic method and a simulation method. >
From Shaw v. Reno to Miller v. Johnson: Minority Representation and State Compliance with the Voting Rights Act

In 1994, four federal district courts applied the tests set forth in Shaw v. Reno in order to rule on the constitutionality of congressional districting schemes that were comprised, in part, of "majorityminority" districts. The difference of opinion that arose among the lower courts indicated that Shaw had set forth unclear standards for determining (1) what role the federal courts should play in monitoring state redistricting practices, and (2) whether a remedial redistricting plan is a racial gerrymander. Also, the disagreements exposed the weakness of some of the assumptions on which voting rights analysis is grounded. In Miller v. Johnson, the Supreme Court sought to address the lower courts' concerns. Nonetheless, voting rights jurisprudence remains unclear regarding (1) what constitutes a valid claim of vote-dilution, and (2) whether voting should be perceived as a group or individual right.
Effect of Adrenocorticotropin and Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity to Phytohemagglutinin in Chickens

Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) in chickens. Broiler chicks received AA at levels of 0, 150, or 300 mg/kg of feed (ppm) continuous from hatching. At 6 to 7 wk of age, birds from each AA group received either 2 IU ACTH/100 g of body weight, 4% gelatin, or no ACTH or gelatin injections. Injections were given 12 h prior to, at the time of, and at 12 and 24 h after an intradermal wattle injection with PHA-P. Responses to PHA-P were determined as wattle indices. Injections of ACTH reduced body weight gain in both trials and decreased relative bursa weight in Trial 1. Injections of ACTH and dietary AA increased plasma cholesterol in both trials. Peak CBH wattle response occurred at 24 h post PHA-P injection. Injections of ACTH decreased mean wattle index at 18 and 36 h post PHA-P injection in Trial 1 and 18 and 24 h post PHA-P injection in Trial 2. The addition of AA ameliorated the ACTH-mediated suppression of CBH in a dose-related manner.
Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the mouse meprin beta subunit.

Abstract Meprins are plasma membrane homo- or hetero-oligomeric metalloendopeptidases that contain glycosylated alpha and/or beta subunits. This paper reports the cloning and sequencing of the mouse kidney beta subunit. The primary translation product is composed of 704 amino acids which includes a transient signal sequence of 20 amino acids at the NH2 terminus. The protease domain (Asn-63 to Leu-260) contains the putative zinc-binding motif characteristic of metalloendopeptidases of the "astacin family." The COOH terminus contains an epidermal growth factor-like domain, a potential membrane-spanning domain, and an additional 26 amino acids. The beta subunit has an overall 42% identity to the alpha subunit, however, a 56-amino acid segment near the COOH terminus of alpha is missing in beta, and the putative transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the subunits share no significant sequence similarity. NH2-terminal analyses of detergent-solubilized mature forms revealed that, unlike alpha, the prosequence (Leu-21 to Lys-62) is not removed from the beta subunit. Northern blot analysis revealed a 2.5-kilobase message for the beta subunit in the kidney and intestine of C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. The gene for the beta subunit was localized to mouse chromosome 18. These studies indicate that alpha and beta probably derived from a common ancestral gene, but have evolved so that their genes are on two different chromosomes, and their tissue-specific expression and post-translational processing differ.
Internet policy and diffusion in China, Malaysia and Singapore

The Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, communication and economic development around the world. In their efforts of using this powerful technology as a means for leapfrogging and bridging the gaps with developed nations, developing countries face challenges of poor telecommunications infrastructure and difficulties in utilizing the Internet's full potential and managing its information flow. By studying and comparing China, Malaysia and Singapore's practices, this article attempts to examine how a national Internet policy can address these challenges and realize the benefits the Internet offers, and to explore what lessons developing countries can draw from a comparative approach to policy analysis.
Expanding Military, Shrinking Citizenry and the New Constitution in Burma

For some two decades, the military regime in Burma has described itself as a transitional government that will lead Burma to democracy and national reconsolidation. With a new constitution in hand,...
A fuzzy set framework for ontological similarity measures

Advances in biotechnology have given rise to rapid production of biomedical data and the creation of a wide variety of biomedical and bioinformatics ontologies which serve as a primary impetus for the creation of new ontological similarity measures. A new IC ontological similarity measure, a variation of a standard fuzzy set similarity measure, is presented. This new IC ontological similarity measure has never been used in bioinformatics studies. It is compared with two standard IC ontological similarity measures, Resnik and Lin, and also an existing modification of Lin's measure by analyzing the results when used on a set of concepts pairs selected from the cellular component sub-ontology of the Gene Ontology. As part of this experiment, several different methods of calculating IC for an ontological concept are also investigated. These results for the cellular component sub-ontology confirm the results of a previous study on WordNet showing that ontology-based IC measures corresponded closely with corpus-based IC measures.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Costello Syndrome

Costello syndrome (CS) was initially described by Costello in 1971; it is caused by a germline mutation in HRAS proto-oncogene. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the respiratory activity during sleep in a group of subjects with CS. We studied 10 consecutive patients, 4 males and 6 females, aged 3-29 years, affected by CS. All patients underwent clinical, neurological, otholaryngologic and radiologic evaluation, and a full-night polysomnography in the sleep laboratory. Polysomnography showed that seven patients presented a relevant number of respiratory events of obstructive type during sleep. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ranged from 0 to 19.2 events per hour (mean index = 7.5 +/- 6.9 events/hr). In one patient AHI was not evaluable because of tracheostomy. Apnea induced mild or moderate hemoglobin desaturations (mean of lowest SpO2 values = 85.4 +/- 5.5%). Only sporadic respiratory pauses of central type were observed (mean number of central apnea per study: 7.2 +/- 6.8 events/hr). Sleep structure was fragmented, with a high number of awakenings (mean number of awakenings was 13.2 +/- 8.1; of these, 4.8 +/- 2.5 lasted longer than 2 min). In all patients, otolaryngologic and radiologic observations revealed one or more sites of narrowing in the upper airways. Our results suggest that Costello patients have a high prevalence of obstructive sleep-related respiratory disorders, which need to be assessed by means of polysomnography.
How surgical faculty and residents assess the first year of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty-hour restrictions: results of a multi-institutional study.

Abstract Background This study examined how surgical residents and faculty assessed the first year of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty-hour restrictions. Methods Questionnaires were administered in 9 general-surgery programs during the summer of 2004; response rates were 63% for faculty and 58% for residents (N = 259). Questions probed patient care, the residency program, quality of life, and overall assessments of the duty-hour restrictions. Results include the means, mean deviations, percentage who agree or strongly agree with the hour restrictions, and significance tests. Results Although most support the restrictions, few maintain that they improved surgical training or patient care. Faculty and residents differed (P ≤ .05) on 16 of 21 items. Every difference shows that residents view the restrictions more favorably than faculty. The sex of the resident shaped the magnitude of the gap for 11 of 21 items. Conclusions Few believe that duty-hour restrictions improve patient care or resident training. Residents, especially female residents, view the restrictions more favorably than faculty.
Representation of Letter Position in Spelling: Evidence from Acquired Dysgraphia

The graphemic representations that underlie spelling performance must encode not only the identities of the letters in a word, but also the positions of the letters. This study investigates how letter position information is represented. We present evidence from two dysgraphic individuals, CM and LSS, who perseverate letters when spelling: that is, letters from previous spelling responses intrude into subsequent responses. The perseverated letters appear more often than expected by chance in the same position in the previous and subsequent responses. We used these errors to address the question of how letter position is represented in spelling. In a series of analyses we determined how often the perseveration errors produced maintain position as defined by a number of alternative theories of letter position encoding proposed in the literature. The analyses provide strong evidence that the grapheme representations used in spelling encode letter position such that position is represented in a graded manner based on distance from both-edges of the word.
Term dependence: truncating the Bahadur Lazarsfeld expansion

Abstract The performance of probabilistic information retrieval systems is studied where differing statistical dependence assumptions are used when estimating the probabilities inherent in the retrieval model. Experimental results using the Bahadur Lazarsfeld expansion suggest that the greatest degree of performance increase is achieved by incorporating term dependence information in estimating Pr( d ¦ rel ). It is suggested that incorporating dependence in Pr( d ¦ rel ) to degree 3 be used; incorporating more dependence information results in relatively little increase in performance. Experiments examine the span of dependence in natural language text, the window of terms in which dependencies are computed, and their effect on information retrieval performance. Results provide additional support for the notion of a window of ± 3 to ± 5 terms in width; terms in this window may be most useful when computing dependence.
Mechanism design for dynamic settings

We provide a brief summary of dynamic mechanism design: what it is, what purpose it serves, and some of the main results to date. We then describe work that applies the theory to an auction setting with deliberative agents and, briefly, work that extends the theory to settings where the population of agents changes over time. We conclude with a discussion of directions for future research.
Binary nonlinear joint transform correlation with median and subset median thresholding

We investigate the performance of the binary joint transform correlator (JTC) for three types of thresholding used to binarize the joint power spectrum. The first thresholding method uses the median of the joint power spectrum of the reference image, which is independent of the effect of input scene noise. The second thresholding method uses the median of the joint power spectrum of the input scene and the reference image. The third method is the subset median thresholding. The subset median is computed for each segment of the joint power spectrum and is used to threshold the same segment. The threshold computed by the second or third method is dependent on the effect of the input scene noise. The correlation performance of the binary JTC is determined for each thresholding method and is compared with the linear (conventional) JTC. Computer simulation is used to determine the correlation peak intensity, peak-to-sidelobe ratio, and correlation width for various thresholding techniques. The results indicate that the thresholding of the joint power spectrum using the methods that take into account the input scene noise produces a reasonably good correlation performance.
Structural studies of supramolecular β-cyclodextrin complexes with butyrophenone and valerophenone: an explanation for photochemical reaction modification

X-Ray crystallographic studies of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes with butyrophenone and valerophenone characterize these complexes as 2∶2 β-CD/guest systems with the alkyl chains of the included guest molecules conformationally restricted; the structures explain the reported observation of the modification of the Norrish type II photoreaction for the included aryl alkyl ketones in crystalline β-CD complexes.
Prodromal symptoms and atypical affectivity as predictors of major depression in juveniles: implications for prevention

Background: Given the long‐term morbidity of juvenile‐onset major depressive disorder (MDD), it is timely to consider whether more effort should be dedicated to its primary and secondary prevention. Methods: We reviewed studies of prodromal symptoms that may herald a first episode pediatric MDD and considered whether that literature has made an impact on secondary prevention (efforts to prevent progression from symptoms to full disorder). We also reviewed studies of children at familial risk for MDD that addressed atypical affectivity and the regulation of sad, dysphoric affect (mood repair) and related physiological systems, and considered whether research in those areas has made an impact on primary prevention of pediatric MDD (efforts to prevent the disorder). Results: A compelling body of literature indicates that depressive symptoms in youngsters predict subsequent MDD across the juvenile (and early adult) years and that any combination of several symptoms for at least one week is informative in that regard. These findings are echoed in the case selection criteria used by many secondary prevention programs. Convergent findings also indicate that (compared to typical peers) young offspring at familial risk for depression manifest low positive affectivity and compromised mood repair, along with signs of dysfunction in three intertwined physiological systems that contribute to affectivity and mood repair (the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, cerebral hemispheric asymmetry, and cardiac vagal control). While all these affect‐related parameters are suitable for case selection and as intervention targets, they have not yet made an impact on primary prevention programs. Conclusions: According to recent meta‐analyses, attempts to prevent pediatric depression have not lived up to expectations. Based on our review, possible reasons for this include: (a) the use of case selection criteria that yield samples heterogeneous with regard to whether the symptoms are truly prodromal to an episode of MDD or are trait‐like (which could affect response to the intervention), (b) failure to fully capitalize on the broad‐ranging literature on vulnerability to pediatric MDD, as evidenced by the infrequent use of family history of depression (a robust index of vulnerability) or combined indices of vulnerability for case selection, and (c) lack of synchrony between dimensions of vulnerability and the content of the prevention program, as indicated by the overwhelming use of cognitive‐behavioral interventions, irrespective of subjects’ age, developmental readiness, and whether or not they evidenced the relevant cognitive vulnerability. Prevention trials of pediatric MDD could benefit from new approaches to case selection that combine various indices of vulnerability, more effective use of existing findings, and new or modified interventions that are developmentally sensitive.
Case Study of Drought Frequency and Risk Analysis in the Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming

AbstractThe limited length of instrumental streamflow data impacts the true magnitude of natural interdecadal variability of water delivered from the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB). This limited period of instrumental record can be expanded by utilizing proxy records (reconstructed streamflow) derived from tree rings. Recent research has resulted in the development of nine streamflow reconstructions spatially located throughout the UGRB. This paper utilizes four of those nine reconstructed streamflow records and instrumental records to compare and analyze differences between the two streamflow records—human and natural. Three approaches were used for comparison and analysis: (1) Weibull distribution, (2) compound renewal, and (3) drought risk using bivariate probability distribution functions. This analysis has resulted in magnitude-duration-frequency curves for UGRB drought. Such probability curves and stochastic analysis can then be utilized in light of compact agreements and system storage to answer qu...
From Heroes to Organizers: Principals and Education Organizing in Urban School Reform.

Purpose: Educational leadership is key to addressing the persistent inequities in low-income urban schools, but most principals struggle to work with parents and communities around those schools to create socially just learning environments. This article describes the conditions and experiences that enabled principals to share leadership with teachers and low-income Latino parents to improve student learning. Methods: This study used interviews, observations, and documents to examine the perceptions and experiences of the principals of three small autonomous schools initiated by a community organizing group in California. Data analysis was conducted in iterative phases using shared leadership, social capital, and role theories as lenses to identify themes, triangulate across data sources, and examine alternative hypotheses. Findings: Findings illuminate how a design team process initiated principals into a model of shared leadership with teachers and empowered parents that focused on deep relationships an...
Radial Basis Function Network for Multi-task Learning

We extend radial basis function (RBF) networks to the scenario in which multiple correlated tasks are learned simultaneously, and present the corresponding learning algorithms. We develop the algorithms for learning the network structure, in either a supervised or unsupervised manner. Training data may also be actively selected to improve the network's generalization to test data. Experimental results based on real data demonstrate the advantage of the proposed algorithms and support our conclusions.
Exploiting multiple modalities for interactive video retrieval

Aural and visual cues can be automatically extracted from video and used to index its contents. The paper explores the relative merits of the cues extracted from the different modalities for locating relevant shots in video, specifically reporting on the indexing and interface strategies used to retrieve information from the Video TREC 2002 and 2003 data sets, and the evaluation of the interactive search runs. For the documentary and news material in these sets, automated speech recognition produces rich textual descriptions derived from the narrative, with visual descriptions and depictions offering additional browsing functionality. Through speech and visual processing, storyboard interfaces with query-based filtering provide an effective interactive retrieval interface. Examples drawn from the Video TREC 2002 and 2003 search topics and results using these topics illustrate the utility of multiple-document storyboards and other interfaces incorporating the results of multimodal processing.
Binding of exogenous DNA to marine sediments and the effect of DNA/sediment binding on natural transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell in sediment columns

The capacity of marine sediments to facilitate natural transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell was investigated. The role of DNA/ sediment binding on transformation frequency was also explored. While transformation frequencies increased as a function of DNA concentrations from 0 to 1.0 μg of DNA from rifampin-resistant strains for filter transformations, transformation in autoclaved sediment columns displayed a reduction in transformation frequency in response to low DNA concentrations (0–1.0 μg/cm3 sediment). Maximum transformation frequencies were obtained on filters at 1.0 μg exogenous DNA, however, maximum frequencies were not reached in sediments until a DNA concentration of 3.0 μg/cm3 sediment was added. When autoclaved sediments were pre-loaded with excess calf thymus DNA, this reduction in response of transformation frequency (cf. filter transformation) was eliminated, i.e., transformation frequencies reached saturation in the preloaded sediments at 1.0 μg DNA/cm3. Autoclaved sediments were shown to bind DNA at a concentration of about 3.6 μg/cm3 sediment, and maximum transformation frequencies were only obtained when these sediments were saturated with DNA. These data indicate that autoclaved marine sediments have the capacity to bind DNA in a form that prevents its availability for natural transformation and only after sediments are saturated with DNA does exogenous DNA become biologically active for natural transformation.
Systemic pH modifies ketone body production rates and lipolysis in humans.

To investigate whether changes in systemic pH influence ketone body production or utilization, total ketone body (TK) kinetics were measured with [3-14C]acetoacetate and D-beta-[1,3-13C2]hydroxybutyrate tracers in overnight fasted subjects during metabolic alkalosis (NaHCO3 infusion) or acidosis [NH4Cl ingestion or arginine (Arg)-HCl infusion]. Somatostatin, with insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone replacement, was infused in all studies. Blood pH and HCO3- (mM) increased from baseline (0-30 min) to 180-210 min by 0.08 +/- 0.02 and 7 +/- 1 with NaHCO3 and decreased by 0.08 +/- 0.2 and 7 +/- 1 or 5 +/- 1 with NH4Cl or Arg-HCl (all P less than 0.005). Over this period blood TK (microM) differed between the NaHCO3 (+198 +/- 65) and both NH4Cl (-90 +/- 53) and Arg-HCl (-154 +/- 55) (P less than 0.05). These changes resulted from parallel alterations in TK production rate of appearance (Ra TK, mumol.kg-1.min-1), because changes from baseline in Ra 14C TK also differed between NaHCO3 (+1.9 +/- 0.8) and NH4Cl (-1.0 +/- 0.6) and Arg-HCl (-2.0 +/- 0.5) (P less than 0.05). Ra TK calculated with single- or dual-tracer techniques were similar. Blood free fatty acids (FFA) increased with NaHCO3, and FFA and glycerol decreased with NH4Cl and Arg-HCl, suggesting that FFA availability mediated the pH effects on hepatic ketogenesis. These results demonstrate that modest changes in systemic pH modify FFA availability and TK production rates.