cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous course of the left main coronary artery in tetralogy of Fallot

An extremely rare coronary artery anomaly where the left main coronary artery arose anteriorly from the right coronary sinus and coursed in front of the right ventricular outflow tract was present in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Preoperative angiocardiography was interpreted as normal. Operative recognition was prevented by dense adhesions and a partial intramural course. Division of the vessel at repair resulted in death of the patient. The angiographic pattern associated with this anomaly is very unusual, and in ninny views looks deceptively normal. Details are presented.
Enterococcal resistance to vancomycin and related cyclic glycopeptide antibiotics.

Enterococci belonging to various species resistant to vancomycin and related cyclic glycopeptide antibiotics have ben isolated from hospitalized patients in France, the UK and the USA. All such strains examined display inducible synthesis of a membrane protein associated with resistance. The mechanism by which the membrane protein acts has not been definitively established, but it may block the access of the antibiotic to its peptidoglycan target. That the protein could be a bypass enzyme has not been ruled out. Transfer of glycopeptide resistance by conjugation to eitherEnterococcus faecium orEnterococcus faecalis and by transformation ofStreptococcus sanguis Challis has been reported. The structural and regulatory genes encoding this resistance can be localized on plasmid and, apparently, chromosomal DNA. The plasmids encoding this resistance appear to differ from each other and have variable host ranges, but share at least some DNA sequence homology.
Residential education: Examining a new approach for improving outcomes for foster youth

Abstract This paper contains a description of the program design and implementation of a residential educational program for foster youth. This program was meant to provide an innovative long-term placement option for adolescent foster youth who did not have other placement options, and who would not likely return to their biological families. The program would provide a stable home and a comprehensive educational program in preparation for emancipation from the foster care system. Preliminary outcomes for the first three graduating classes are encouraging relative to other published reports of discharged foster youth. School completion and college attendance rates are higher than the rates reported in most other studies. However, non-college bound graduates on average are reporting low incomes and much flux in their housing and employment situations. Youth are also reporting higher rates of substance use than one would expect to find in the general population, but graduates are not reporting any of the criminal justice involvement or victimization found in other studies of discharged foster youth. These data suggest that residential education with supportive services providing placement stability may be a promising strategy for insuring school completion and more positive outcomes for foster youth.
The method of proof by example in interaction analysis

L'auteur tente de repondre a la question: «les methodes d'analyse interactionnelle utilisant des fragments de conversations sont-elles en accord avec le but central des recherches en interactions humaines?»
Implementation of a Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Control Technique

Flapping wing micro air vehicles continue to be a growing field, with ongoing research into unsteady, low Reynolds number aerodynamics, microfabrication, and fluid–structure interaction. However, research into flapping wing control of such micro air vehicles continues to lag. Existing research uniformly consists of proposed control laws that are validated by computer simulations of quasi-steady blade-element formulas. Such simulations use numerous assumptions and cannot be trusted to fully describe the flow physics. Instead, such control laws must be validated on hardware. In earlier work, a novel control technique, biharmonic amplitude and bias modulation, was proposed and analyzed with these same quasi-steady blade-element formulas. In this work, the biharmonic amplitude and bias modulation control technique was implemented on a flapping wing prototype (4 cm wing length) and tested on a six-component force/torque sensor. Experiments verified that the prototype can generate nearly uncoupled forces and mo...
Statistical Consequences of Attribute Misspecification in the Rule Space Method

The present study investigates the statistical consequences of attribute misspecification in the rule space method for cognitively diagnostic measurement. The two types of attribute misspecifications examined in the present study are exclusion of an essential attribute (which affects problem-solving performance) and inclusion of a superfluous attribute (which does not). Results of a simulation study show that exclusion of an essential attribute tends to lead to underestimation of examinees’ mastery probabilities for the remaining attributes, whereas inclusion of a superfluous attribute generally leads to overestimation of attribute mastery probabilities for the other attributes. In addition, order relations among attributes induced by superset/subset relationships affect the biases in the estimated attribute mastery probabilities in systematic ways. These results underscore the importance of correct attribute specification in cognitively diagnostic assessment and delineate some specific effects of using i...
Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer brain

We have observed dystrophic choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive processes surrounding the amyloid core of neuritic plaques in human neocortex, amygdala and hippocampus, using a polyclonal anti-human ChAT antiserum. These data, and those from studies of the aged monkey by other investigators, provide a morphologic counterpart for the biochemical abnormality of the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Murder in Black and White: The Newspaper Coverage of Homicide in Houston

Over the past 20 years there has been a wealth of research pertaining to newspaper coverage of crime and its potential effect on public perception and fear of crime. Although research has shown that crimes such as homicide are disproportionately chosen by newspapers as crime stories over other types of crime, there is little known about how accurately this coverage reflects the true reality of violent crime. Specifically, prior research concerning the newspaper coverage of homicide has failed to address issues relating to either prominence of coverage or yearly fluctuations in coverage. The purpose of this research is to explore the difference between the reality of homicide in Houston, Texas, between 1986 and 1994 and the socially constructed reality of homicide as portrayed by newspaper coverage of homicide incidents. Specifically, what differences are there between actual homicide incidents, those that receive cursory newspaper coverage, and those that receive celebrated newspaper coverage?
Lot Size Management in the Semiconductor Industry: Queueing Analysis for Cycle Time Optimization

In semiconductor manufacturing, production units (wafers) are transferred and processed in lots. While the current convention is a lot size of 25 wafers in semiconductor manufacturing, there has been much discussion about changing this standard to a smaller value. The principal motivation behind moving to smaller lot sizes is to decrease the average cycle time of a wafer. In this paper, we develop a simple queueing model to gain an insight into the relationship among cycle time, lot size, and the fab technology level. This analysis shows that, depending on the system parameters, moving to smaller lot sizes does not always yield cycle time improvements.
Temperature isotherms during pulmonary cryoablation and their correlation with the zone of ablation.

Purpose To determine the expected ablation zone size and associated isotherms when using clinically available percutaneous cryoprobes for pulmonary cryoablation in a porcine lung model. Materials and Methods Seven ablations were performed in the lungs of three adult pigs using clinically available 2.4-mm cryoprobes (Endocare, Inc, Irvine, California) and a 10-minute double-freeze protocol. Five 18-gauge thermocouples were positioned at 5-mm increments (ie, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm) from the cryoprobe. Real-time tissue temperatures were recorded during the cryoablation. The isotherms obtained during the ablation and the pathological ablation zones were measured. Results The pathologic zone of complete necrosis had a mean diameter of 2.4 ± 0.2 cm, with a mean area of 4.6 ± 0.6 cm 2 and a circularity of 0.95 ± 0.04. In comparison, the mean diameter (± standard deviation) of the 0°C, −20°C, and −40°C isotherms were 3.1 ± 0.2 cm, 2.3 ± 0.3 cm, and 1.8 ± 0.4 cm, respectively. The −20°C isotherm was most closely related to the pathologic zone of ablation. Conclusions This study establishes the temperature isotherms and associated ablation zone size that can be expected with modern percutaneous cryoprobes in an in vivo porcine lung model.
An easy to construct, economical, safe, high‐pressure magnetic pump for pressures to 140 MPa suitable for circulation of supercritical fluids

A simple new design for a high‐pressure magnetic pump is described. The pump requires minimal machining, requires no lubricant or seals, and uses no special alloys, resins or polymer components, internally. The pump described could circulate supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol mixtures satisfactorily and could achieve pumping rates of 200‐cm3/min water at atmospheric pressure and 30‐cm water head. The pump is assembled primarily from commercially available parts at a total 1989 cost of approximately $300 plus the cost of the motor and drive.
Screening for twin pregnancy

A group of 590 women who, 4 to 5 weeks after their last menstrual period, were confirmed to be pregnant, as measured by the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by radioreceptor assay. Nine of these women had serum hCG levels approximately twofold higher than the others and were suspected of having twin pregnancy. When these women were tested at 12 weeks of gestation, pelvic sonography confirmed twin pregnancies in all the nine cases. Serum hCG levels thus provide a simple, rapid, and easy method to detect twin pregnancy.
Thermogravimetry–Mass Spectrometry for Carbon Nanotube Detection in Complex Mixtures

In spite of the growth of the carbon nanotube (CNT) industry, there are no established analytical methods with which to detect or quantify CNTs in environmental matrices. Given that CNTs have relatively high thermal stabilities, we investigated the use of thermal techniques to isolate and quantify single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Test materials included ten types of commercial SWCNTs, representative biological macromolecules (bovine serum albumin and methylcellulose), soot, natural coastal sediments, and SWCNT-amended sediments. Different SWCNTs exhibited widely diverse degradation temperatures, and thermal analytical methods may require SWCNT-type specific parameters. To improve quantification capabilities, evolved gases were monitored by mass spectrometry. SWCNTs produced diagnostic ion ratios reflective of their high carbon and low hydrogen and oxygen contents. Current detection limits are roughly 4 μgSWCNT per sample (e.g., 100 μgSWCNT g–1sediment and 40 mg sample), controlled by interfering ion...
Los Hijos Bastardos De Evita, O La Literatura Bajo el Manto De Estrellas De La Cultura De Masas

ResumenEl presente articulo analiza el mito de Eva Peron bajo la perspectiva de la literatura. Se parte de las novelas Como me hice monja y La costurera y el viento de Cesar Aira. La dificultad presente en estos textos es leida a traves de la estetica de la recepcion de Wolfgang Iser. El aspecto autobiografico de las dos novelas se analiza con el auxilio de la propuesta desconstruccionista de Paul de Man. El trabajo se ocupa tambien de algunas obras de Copi, Manuel Puig y Lamborghini, por considerarlos como los formadores del grupo vanguardista en el cual se incluye Cesar Aira. Se muestra, sobre todo, como la figura de Eva Peron se integra en el proyecto estetico de estos autores como un artificio narrativo. Asimismo, se demuestra que tal punto de vista los distingue de otros contemporaneos suyos, que trataron a Evita como personaje epico. Por ultimo, se examina como la perspectiva de este grupo de autores escogidos, por derivarse de la Eva Peron actriz, y por construirse con los modelos retoricos de la c...
TRAVESTIR PARA RECLAMAR ESPACIOS: LA SIMULACIÓN SEX-/TEXT-UAL DE PEDRO LEMEBEL Y FRANCISCO CASAS EN LA URBE CHILENA

Los textos narrativos de Pedro Lemebel y Francisco Casas --escritores y artistas visuales chilenos contemporaneos-- emplean el motivo del travestismo como arma para parodiar y criticar el sistema de valores que determinan el proceso de formacion de la identidad, sea individual o social. Utilizando el lenguaje exuberante y ornamentado del estilo neobarroco, estos autores destacan en sus cronicas urbanas y novelas la figura problematica del travesti, un ser androgino y transgresivo, para proponer una nueva perspectiva hacia las categorias tradicionales de lo masculino, femenino, blanco mestizo y latinoamericano occidental. El uso del artificio linguistico se asocia, aqui, con la simulacion, una tecnica artistica y discursiva empleada como una mascara que desenmascara la convencionalidad de las categorias que rigen la sociedad patriarcal, masculina-heterosexual y occidental.
Open-eye impression technique for orbital prostheses.

S culpting an orbital prosthesis which replaces the eyeball and contiguous soft tissues is a complicated and time-consuming procedure (Fig. 1) .le3 Traditional techniques have required the patient’s presence for repeated and prolonged sessions that are tiresome and costly. An alternative procedure is proposed which shortens the time spent in the office and laboratory and reduces the cost involved. The procedure is based on modifications of the open-eye impression technique first proposed by Brown.4 The iadvantage of this technique is that it provides a model of the nonaffected eye and ,adnexa for the reconstruction of the affected side. Thus, the folds and wrinkles of the eye are captured in their natural position, allowing a more realistic duplication. Guidelines for the orientation of the artificial eye in three planes of space are provided by comparison with the cast of the nona.ffected eye (Fig. 2). The availability of impression materials specifically designed for ophthalmologic use and safe topical anesthetics makes the open-eye impression technique a safe and convenient procedure.
Asthma and Suicide: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

The prevalence of asthma has risen dramatically, especially among youth, in recent years, and asthma is now among the most common chronic conditions. Recent studies suggest a relationship between asthma and suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and death by suicide. This paper reviews the literature, summarizes the weight of evidence, and discusses the clinical implications and future directions for research.
The management of optic nerve sheath meningiomas.

Thirty-eight patients (39 eyes) with optic nerve sheath meningiomas were entered into a treatment plan and were followed up for at least three years. Eighteen eyes were simply observed because they had minimal functional deficit or the eye was blind. Radiation was used on six eyes with documented progressive visual loss that still had useful vision. Surgery was initially used in an attempt to remove optic nerve sheath meningiomas but was abandonded except in exceptional cases. Total surgical removal of the tumor was carried out in ten eyes with loss of vision and in which the meningioma was growing. Surgery for subtotal or complete removal of the tumor followed by radiation was carried out in five eyes exhibiting aggressive growth of the tumor. This treatment plan has helped us to treat patients with optic nerve sheath meningiomas in an orderly way.
Numerical contact analysis of transversely isotropic coatings

Abstract Solid lubricant coatings are commonly used to reduce friction and wear in contacting surfaces. In this work, the contact characteristics of transversely isotropic coatings are investigated using the finite element method. A two-dimensional finite element model is presented for determining the maximum surface pressure, contact area, and approach distance for the line contact of coated cylinders. Using the model, contact behavior is evaluated over a diverse range of transversely isotropic coating materials and thicknesses. Verified numerical results are obtained at 297 distinct operating conditions by varying coating material (SiC, NbSe 2 , Graphite, Al 2 O 3 , Cadnium, Cobalt, GaS, GaSe 2 , InSe 2 , MoS 2 ), coating thickness (10–100 μm), normal load (200–20,000 N/m), and cylinder radii (0.005–0.015 m). Based on the finite element results, numerical expressions are derived as a function of a transversely isotropic coating parameter, ζ , for the maximum surface pressure, contact length, and approach distance. The importance of these expressions, as related to design and the selection of materials for reducing wear in contacting surfaces, is subsequently discussed.
Relevant traumatic injury of the knee joint—MRI follow-up after 7–10 years

Abstract Objective To evaluate prospectively the history of relevant traumatic knee injuries at least 7 years after trauma by MRI focusing on the development of degenerative changes. Materials and methods Seventeen patients without baseline degenerative changes had a follow-up knee MRI several years after relevant knee injury (interval baseline—follow-up was 9.1 years, S.D. ±1.3 years). Relevant knee injury was defined as complete cruciate or collateral ligament rupture, traumatic meniscal tear or osteochondral injury. Baseline MRI examinations were evaluated for traumatic ligamentous, chondral, meniscal and osseous lesions. Follow-up MRIs were evaluated for ligamentous and meniscal status, articular surface and incidence of degenerative changes such as cartilage loss, osteophytes and bone marrow lesions. Results Among the 11 patients who had a complete rupture of the ACL at baseline, 3 (27.3%) presented with cartilage loss. Among the eight patients who had suffered a post-traumatic meniscal tear at baseline, four (50%) presented with cartilage loss at follow-up. Among the five patients who had an osteochondral fracture at baseline, two (40%) presented with cartilage loss at follow-up imaging. Cartilage loss in all cases was observed adjacent to the subregions where meniscal damage and/or osteochondral incongruence was/were present at follow-up imaging. Conclusion We hypothesize that the post-traumatic or postsurgical meniscal damage and the persistence of an irregular articular surface may have played a role in the subsequent loss of cartilage in our patient population.
A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation of a secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent and its receiving stream

A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation was conducted on a secondary wastewater treatment plant point—source discharge and the receiving system, a fourth—order freshwater stream in the Kentucky River basin. Biological, chemical, hydrological and on—site toxicological studies were performed at 10 monitoring stations, including reference sites. The principal objectives were to assess downstream persistence of aquatic contaminants, to quantify their effects on structure and function of aquatic communities and to evaluate the 8—d fathead minnow embryo—larval test for measuring instream toxicity and estimating chronic effects on aquatic biota. The principal ecological endpoints included species richness, diversity (H'), density and dominance (D) of macroinvertebrates and diversity of fish species. Macroinvertebrates were further analyzed by trophic groups. Marked downstream gradients existed for effluent dilution, decreasing concentration of selected chemicals, improvement in ecological conditions and decreasing toxicity, as measured in on—site static—renewal tests. A good predictive correlation was found between embryo—larval survival and independent ecological parameters, especially species richness of macroinvertebrates. In addition, static—renewal and flow—through toxicity tests were performed with effluent dilutions to determine LC50 and toxicity threshold values (LC1), expressed as percent effluent by volume. The estimated toxicity thresholds correlated closely with the actual percent instream effluent dilution observed at the first downstream station at which no ecological impact was discernible.
Educational Reflections on the “Ecological Crisis”: EcoJustice, Environmentalism, and Sustainability

There is a tendency by scholars arguing for a more just and sustainable future to position the “ecological crisis” as a fundamental reason for major educational reforms. Relying on crisis-talk to fuel social and environmental justice and environmentalism reinforces the thinking of the past, which inadvertently perpetuates the acceptance of present cultural attitudes which frame our relationships with others and the natural world. To evaluate previous cultural thinking and associated traditions of Euro-West society, Chet Bowers asserts that we ought to analyze how assumptions are carried forward as metaphors, which are associated with attitudes towards science, technology, and nature. This pedagogy is called ecojustice education and serves to conserve and sustain cultural diversity and the biodiversity of Earth’s ecosystems, which are threatened and vulnerable. But, also carried forward in the language of ecojustice philosophy (and other ecological works) is a presumption that feeds into scientifically proving that a crisis exists, which is associated with organizing schools around an implicit shock doctrine of fear and urgency. This paper explores these assumptions and others associated with a supposition of ecological crisis. The ecological crisis has the potential to marginalize many diverse people who are needed during these times of increasing ecological awareness and uncertainties. Situating education (and the world) in the frenzy associated with crisis, versus the assertion that schools should increase awareness around the belief that a more sustainable lifestyle is beneficial for the individual, the community and the environment is a worthwhile debate and is rich with respect to research opportunities in education.
Potential primary measurement tool for the quantification of DNA.

An automated sample introduction system, utilizing a demountable direct injection high-efficiency nebulizer (d-DIHEN), is successfully incorporated for the first time with an inductively coupled pl...
Notes on the Genus Leucochloridium Carus (Trematoda)

Adult trematodes belonging to the genus LeucocMoridium Carus are here reported for the first time from North America. These flukes are intestinal parasites of birds and proved to be previously undescribed species.In the present paper a key separating the species of the genus is given, and the following are described and figured as new species:Leucochloridium certhiae n. sp. from Certhia familiaris americana;Leucochloridium mniotiltae n. sp. from Mniotilta varia;Leucochloridium icteri n. sp. from Icterus galbula;Leucochloridium vireonis n. sp. from Vireo griseus griseus;Leucochloridium sorae n. sp. from Porzana Carolina.
CARBON DIOXIDE STANDARD EMISSIVITY BY MIXED GRAY-GASES MODEL

Conventional fossil fuels are of carbon-hydrogen composition. A number of alternative fuels, e.g., coal, lignite, are carbon-based fuels. The high temperature combustion of such fuels would generate carbon dioxide, and if hydrogen is present, water vapor. The knowledge of the emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapor is very important in burner design and thermal efficiency calculations. The present work utilizes a gray-plus-clear gas model to approximate standard carbon dioxide emissivities. The model developed covers a temperature range of 300-1800 K and a pL range of 0.05 to 1000 cm atm. The results indicated that a mixture of six gray gases was adequate to cover the whole range. Comparison of calculated and tabulated results showed that in the range of industrial application, the present model has an error range of —4.2 to 5.9 percent. Comparison with Leckner's model shows the superiority of the present work.
Is there a special association between self judgements and conscious recollection

Dual-process models of recognition memory posit a rapid retrieval process that produces a general sense of familiarity and a slower retrieval process that produces conscious recollections of prior experience. The Remember–Know paradigm has been used to study the subjective correlates of these two processes with Remember judgements assumed to index conscious recollection and Know judgements assumed to index familiarity. In this paper we examine Conway and Dewhurst's recent finding that judgements of self during encoding produce more Remember responses than alternative semantic judgements. While one might interpret this result to suggest a special association between self judgement and conscious recollection, we consider the possibility that it occurs because of greater discriminability in this condition. The results of four experiments demonstrate that a self judgement condition produces more, fewer, or an equal number of Remember responses relative to a control condition depending on whether overall discriminability in the self judgement condition is greater than, less than, or equal to that in the control condition. The implications of these results for conceptions of self judgement and the use of the Remember–Know paradigm are detailed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boyz N the Hood: A Colonial Analysis

Although several issues of consequence are addressed by John Singleton's Boyz N The Hood (1991), mainstream, capitalist media inquiry has emphasized the peripheral, sensational events surrounding the film, failing to provide the necessary structural and contextual analyses that Boyz merits. The raw human tragedy and triumph depicted by Singleton sears and energizes the consciousness of the viewer. In order that this energy not be squandered, it must be channeled into a holistic understanding of the psychological/political! economic/cultural matrix within which the phenomenology portrayed in the film is played out. This article will attempt to provide the structural and contextual analyses that have heretofore been lacking, further enhancing the didactic value of Boyz long after its run in the theaters has drawn to a close. Three interwoven factors lay at the roots of the crises treated in the film:
Conversion to sirolimus in solid organ transplantation: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND Calcineurin inhibitors are associated with adverse events, including nephrotoxicity and diabetes that might reduce the benefits of long-term graft survival. We report our experience in converting kidney (K), kidney-pancreas (KP), pancreas (P), and (L) recipients from a calcineurin inhibitor/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)/prednisone dose-induced nephrotoxicity (K = 9, KP = 5, P = 1, L = 5), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (K = 7, KP = 5), chronic allograft nephropathy (K = 12, L = 1), and glucose intolerance (K = 9, KP = 6, P = 2, L = 2). METHODS The conversion protocol consisted of an abrupt discontinuation of the calcineurin inhibitor with sirolimus (8-12 mg, PO loading dose) initiated 24-72 hours after stopping the calcineurin inhibitor. Sirolimus was titrated to target trough levels of 12-16 ng/mL. Daclizumab 2 mg/kg IV was given to all KP and P recipients on days 0 and 14 postconversion. RESULTS Resolution of HUS occurred in 12 of 12 patients (100%) with a drop in serum creatinine from 3.3 +/- 1.5 to 1.8 +/- 0.9 mg/dL (P =.04). Sirolimus conversion due to nephrotoxicity, HUS, and chronic allograft nephropathy improved serum creatinine from 2.9 +/- 1.4 to 2.2 +/- 0.9 mg/dL (P =.01). Eleven of 19 patients (58%) resolved glucose intolerance. Two patients suffered rejection due to noncompliance. Increases in cholesterol (208 +/- 70 to 243 +/- 77 mg/dL, P <.05) and triglycerides (232 +/- 145 to 265 +/- 148 mg/dL, P = NS), and minimal reduction in platelet values (243 +/- 85 to 237 +/- 85, P = NS) occurred. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive regimen with sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids preserves graft function in patients with clinical indications warranting calcineurin inhibitor discontinuation.
The effects of articulation on the perceived loudness of the projected voice.

Summary Arthur Lessac developed a voice training approach that concentrated on three energies: structural action, tonal action, and consonant action. In Lessac-Madsen Resonant Voice Therapy (LMRVT), speech-language pathologists help patients achieve a resonant voice through structural posturing and awareness of tonal changes. However, LMRVT many not necessarily include the third component of Lessac's approach: consonant action.This study examines the effect that increased effort on consonant production has on the speaking voice—particularly regarding vocal loudness and projection. Methods Audio samples were collected from eight actor participants who read a monologue using three distinct styles: normal articulation, poor articulation (elicited using a bite block), and overarticulation (elicited using a Lessac-based training intervention). Twenty graduate students of speech-language pathology listened to speech samples from the different conditions and made comparative judgments regarding articulation, loudness, and projection. Results Group results showed a strong correlation between the articulatory condition and the level of perceived loudness and projection. That is, as precision of articulation increased, the ratings of perceived loudness and projection increased, as well. Conclusions These findings indicate that articulation treatment may have a positive influence on the perception of vocal loudness and projection. This has implications for future directions in expanding voice therapy modalities.
Development of a lipoprotein based molecular imaging MR contrast agent for the noninvasive detection of early atherosclerotic disease.

Introduction: Currently there are no clinically available means of noninvasively detecting early atherosclerotic disease because these lesions are characterized by an accumulation of extracellular lipid and foam cells, but a lack of significant wall thickening or architectural distortion. Objective: We hypothesize that a paramagnetically labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) could serve as a functional probe to detect sites of abnormal lipid metabolism in the vessel wall that represent sites of early disease. Methods: Isolated LDL was first incubated with manganese–mesoporphyrin, a hydrophobic MR contrast agent (MnMeso). Size exclusion chromatography and absorption mass spectroscopy were performed on the resulting samples to prove that an association between the two occurred. Subsequently, foam cell cultures (n=7) were incubated (10–30 μg/ml for 48 h) with these labeled lipoproteins and the T1 relaxivity of centrifuged pellets of these cells was determined by using an inversion recovery sequence on a 1.5T scanner. These results were compared to control measurements made from foam cell cultures fed unlabeled lipoproteins (n=7). Results: Measured T1 relaxation times of the cells fed the MnMeso–LDL (443.3 ± 51.8 ms) was significantly different from the T1 relaxivity obtained from cells fed unlabeled lipoproteins (661.3 ± 60.9 ms). These findings indicate that the amount of contrast bound to the constructed lipoproteins is sufficient to produce measurable MR signal changes noninvasively. Conclusions: The study results support the feasibility of future in vivo MR experiments with labeled lipoproteins to assess lipoprotein kinetics in the vessel wall, which will hopefully provide a means of detecting early atherosclerotic disease.
Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: TGFβ and the road to scar

Abstract Few diseases exemplify the integration of research from bench to bedside as well as neonatal lupus (NL), often referred to as a model of passively acquired autoimmunity. The signature histologic lesion of autoimmune congenital heart block (CHB) is fibrosis of the conducting tissue and, in some cases, the surrounding myocardium. It is astounding how rapid, and in most cases, irreversible, the fibrotic response to injury is. The mechanism by which maternal anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies initiate and finally eventuate in atrioventricular (AV) nodal scarring is not yet defined. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that one pathologic cascade leading to scarring may be initiated via apoptosis, resulting in the translocation of SSA/Ro-SSB/La antigens and surface binding by maternal autoantibodies. Subsequently, the Fc portion of the bound immunoglobulin engages Fcγ receptors on tissue macrophages, resulting in the release of TGFβ at a threshold that favors a pro-fibrotic milieu and irreversible scarring. This cascade also involves a tissue-specific activation of TGFβ, which promotes the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a scarring phenotype. Phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cardiocytes is distinct from macrophage pathways engaged in physiologic clearance of dying tissue, which also results in the release of TGFβ but in the latter case appropriately serves to dampen inflammation. Downregulation of TGFβ (activation/secretion pathway) may provide the basis of a novel approach to treatment of CHB in the future.
Witness to hypocrisy: Reacting to ingroup hypocrites in the presence of others

How is one's reaction to a fellow ingroup member's normative hypocrisy affected by the presence of a third party observer who is an ingroup member or an outgroup member? To investigate this question we experimentally manipulated the group membership and reaction of a third party to ingroup hypocrisy in a 2 × 2 design (N = 78) and measured participants’ personal endorsement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors that were normative of the ingroup. As predicted from a social identity analysis of the function of norms and prototypes in social influence processes, personal endorsement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors was strongest when an outgroup member remarked negatively on the hypocrisy, and weakest when an outgroup member did not appear to notice the hypocrisy. We would like to extend our gratitude to Christopher Aberson and the psychology department at Humboldt State University where these data were collected. In addition we thank our actors, Jacob Crummey, Kimberly Altic, and Katrin B...
Grain Yield, Kernel Weight, and Disease Responses of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Chloride Fertilization

Wheat yields in the Great Plains are frequently improved by potash (0-0-60 N-P-K) application on soils with seemingly abundant supplies of available K. The CI component in this fertilizer may cause many of the observed yield responses. Field research was undertaken to determine the effects of CI on grain yield, plant CI, kernel weight and growth rate, and foliar disease and/or disease-like symptoms of winter wheat cultivars. Two sites with five CI levels (0, 22, 45, 90, and 135 kg ha⁻ˡ) and two cultivars (Redwin, Cree) were used in 1988. Seven sites with two CI levels (0 and 45 kg ha⁻¹) and six cultivars (Redwin, Cree, Weston, Manning, QT542, Neeley) were used from 1991 to 1992. Chloride increased yield by an average of 267 kg ha⁻¹ (7%) at seven responsive sites. Size of yield response to CI was generally not affected by cultivar selection, but differed greatly with location. Whole-plant CI analyses were useful in discriminating between yield responsive (≤ 3.0 g kg⁻¹) and nonresponsive (>3.0 g kg⁻¹) sites to CI fertilization. Improved CI nutrition enhanced plant development, increase immature kernel weights, and accelerated kernel growth during the grain-fill period. Fertilizer CI increased mature kernel weights, up to 17%, at eight sites. Kernel weight was the most important yield component affected by CI. Physiological leaf spot in Redwin and Manning, flag leaf senescence in Weston and QT542, powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. f. sp. tritici) were suppressed by fertilizer CI. These phenomena may explain in part the yield responses to CI; however, yield response to CI occurred even without foliar disease and disease-like suppression. Contribution from the Montana State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., Journal no. J2886.
A comparison of Greenland ice-sheet volume changes derived from altimetry measurements

We compare rates of surface-elevation change on the Greenland ice sheet derived from European Remote-sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) radar-altimeter data with those obtained from laser-altimeter data collected over nearly the same time periods. Radar-altimeter data show more rapid thickening (9 ± 1 cm a -1 above 1500 m elevation in the north, and 3 ± 1 cm a -1 above 2000 m in the south) than the laser estimates, possibly caused by a lifting of the radar-reflection horizon associated with changes in the snowpack, such as those caused by progressively increased surface melting, as summer temperatures rise. Over all the ice sheet above 2000m, this results in an ERS-derived volume balance ∼75±15 km 3 a -1 more positive than that from laser data. This bias between laser and radar estimates of elevation change varies spatially and temporally, so cannot at present be corrected without independent surveys such as those presented here. At lower elevations, comparison of detailed repeat laser surveys over Jakobshavn Isbrae with ERS results over the same time interval shows substantial ERS underestimation of ice-thinning rates. This results partly from missing data because of 'bad' radar waveforms over the very rough surface topography, and partly from the tendency for large radar footprints to sample preferentially local high points in the topography, thus missing regions of most rapid thinning along glacier depressions.
Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold atoms

We report an experimental observation of third-order nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in 87Rb atoms cooled and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates the EIT system proposed by Harris Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in the dressed-state picture.
Effect of specific dietary fatty acids on lipogenesis in the livers and mammary glands of lactating mice

The effects of linoleic, linolenic and columbinic acids fed as 4% of a high carbohydrate (50% glucose) diet on the activities and the amounts of several enzymes associated with fatty acid synthesis in livers and mammary glands of lactating mice were compared with those for stearic and oleic acids. Fatty acid synthesis, measured in vivo, was significantly lower in livers of mice ingesting all 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas in mammary glands synthesis was lower only in mice receiving columbinic acid. The activities of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase were significantly reduced in liver by all 3 PUFA, as were activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (ME) and citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE), also associated with lipogenesis. In mammary gland, on the other hand, the activities of these enzymes were unaffected by dietary PUFA. The tissue contents of FAS, ME and CCE, measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, were found to be significantly reduced in liver by linoleate, linolenate and columbinate but were not significantly altered in mammary gland. The decrease in hepatic lipogenesis observed was principally due to a decrease in the amounts of these enzymes induced by the dietary PUFA but the inhibition in mammary gland caused by columbinate could not be accounted for by a reduction in enzyme contents and therefore may be due to allosteric effects which occur when fatty acid synthesis is measured with3H2O. The fatty acid composition in liver and mammary gland of dams and in liver and kidney of pups completely reflected dietary fatty acids. Columbinate made up ca. 20% of the total fatty acids in both tissues of the columbinic acid-fed mice and ca. 15% in the pup tissues. This suggests that columbinate is incorporated into milk lipids of dams and is easily absorbed by pups. The elevated ratios of 16/16∶1 and 18/18∶1 in liver and mammary gland of dams and liver and kidney of the pups from dams fed linoleate, linolenate and columbinate suggest that each of these polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet can inhibit the activity of Δ9 desaturase.
Polyadenylic acid segment in mRNA becomes shorter with age

POLYADENYLIC acid, poly (A), which was discovered some time ago in mammalian cells1,2, originates in the cell nucleus as part of HnRNA* and is also found in mRNA in the cell cyto-plasm3–7. These findings have focused interest on the possible nuclear role of poly (A) in the biogenesis of mRNA8. It might also be anticipated that the poly (A) sequences have a cytoplasmic function because certain RNA viruses that replicate independently of the nucleus have a poly (A) segment as part of the viral mRNA4,9,10. Therefore we have investigated the fate of poly (A) sequences during the course of the functioning of mRNA in the cytoplasm.
A conceptual design for an exoplanet imager

This paper reports the results of a design study for an exoplanet imaging system. The design team consisted of the students in the "Electromagnetic Sensing for Space-Bourne Imaging" class taught by the principal author in the Spring, 2005 semester. The design challenge was to devise a space system capable of forming 10X10 pixel images of terrestrial-class planets out to 10 parsecs, observing in the 9.0 to 17.0 microns range. It was presumed that this system would operate after the Terrestrial Planet Finder had been deployed and had identified a number of planetary systems for more detailed imaging. The design team evaluated a large number of tradeoffs, starting with the use of a single monolithic telescope, versus a truss-mounted sparse aperture, versus a formation of free-flying telescopes. Having selected the free-flyer option, the team studied a variety of sensing technologies, including amplitude interferometry, intensity correlation imaging (ICI, based on the Brown-Twiss effect and phase retrieval), heterodyne interferometry and direct electric field reconstruction. Intensity correlation imaging was found to have several advantages. It does not require combiner spacecraft, nor nanometer-level control of the relative positions, nor diffraction-limited optics. Orbit design, telescope design, spacecraft structural design, thermal management and communications architecture trades were also addressed. A six spacecraft design involving non-repeating baselines was selected. By varying the overall scale of the baselines it was found possible to unambiguously characterize an entire multi-planet system, to image the parent star and, for the largest base scales, to determine 10X10 pixel images of individual planets.
Isolation of ribosomes from pollen.

Ribosomes have been isolated from lily pollen. The size distribution on sucrose gradients is similar to ribosomes from vegetative plant material. Some fractions in ungerminated pollen seem to be resistant to ribonuclease. With progressing germination the sucrose gradient profiles of ribosome preparations undergo changes, indicating changes in the translation process in correlation to a developmental process. Aus Pollen von Lilien konnten Ribosomen isoliert werden. Das Profil am Zuckergradienten ist ahnlich dem Polysomen-Profil, wie es fur vegetatives Pflanzenmaterial beschrieben ist. In ungekeimtem Pollen erscheinen einige Fraktionen besonders stabil gegenuber Ribonuklease. Mit fortschreitender Keimung andert sich das Profil am Zucker-Gradienten. Dies kann als Ausdruck der Anderungen im Translation-Prozes im Zusammenhang mit einem Entwicklungsprozes angesehen werden.
Papaya Pectinesterase inhibition by Sucrose

SUMMARY Pectinesterase (PE) was inhibited by sucrose at the same concentrations that delayed gelation of papaya puree. The inhibitory effect was linear with sucrose concentration throughout the range investigated (up to 50% sucrose). Conditions for optimum PE activity, pH 7.5 and 0.21M NaCl, were not affected by inhibitory concentrations of sucrose. Evidence was obtained against competitive inhibition, transferase activity, and an effect on the binding of PE as possible mechanisms for inhibition. Other sugars tested, including glucose, maltose, and corn syrups of varying degrees of hydrolysis, as well as glycerol were also inhibitory.
Hydrogen and deuterium in iron, 49–506°C

Abstract The permeability coefficients and effective diffusivities of hydrogen and deuterium in iron were measured from 49 to 506°C by an ultra high vacuum, monopole gas analyzer technique. The permeation activation energies for hydrogen and deuterium were nearly equal at 8520 ± 670 and 8780 ± 650 cal/mol, respectively, and the diffusion activation energies were respectively 1690 ± 430 and 1930 ± 480 cal/mol. The solubilities calculated from the permeability coefficient and effective diffusivity measurements were therefore also equal. Analyses of the permeability coefficients and effective diffusivities indicate an isotope effect that is slightly greater than the classical ratio, 1.41, at low temperatures but gradually decreases with increasing temperature to a value just less than 1.41.
A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types

summary We analyzed observed daily evapotranspiration (DET) at 18 sites having measured DET and ancillary climate data and then used these data to compare the performance of three common methods for estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET): the Turc method (Tc), the Priestley–Taylor method (PT) and the Penman–Monteith method (PM). The sites were distributed throughout the State of Florida and represent a variety of land cover types: open water (3), marshland (4), grassland/pasture (4), citrus (2) and forest (5). Not surprisingly, the highest DET values occurred at the open water sites, ranging from an average of 3.3 mm d � 1 in the winter to 5.3 mm d � 1 in the spring. DET at the marsh sites was also high, ranging from 2.7 mm d � 1 in winter to 4.4 mm d � 1 in summer. The lowest DET occurred in the winter and fall seasons at
Performance enhancement of a compact radio frequency ion source by the injection of supplemental electrons

A versatile, high brightness, volume type, RF source, capable of producing positive ion beams with intensities as high as 1 mA from gaseous feed materials and microamperes of negative ion beams has been characterized. The source can also be operated as a plasma sputter negative ion source to generate up to 1 mA of a selected species. The performance of the source in the positive and negative volume modes of operation can be greatly enhanced by addition of a removable, water cooled filament assembly in place of the negative sputter probe. For example, the material utilization efficiencies of gaseous feed species can be more than doubled, total current intensities increased up to 40%, N/sub 2/ molecular dissociation fractions increased by 20% and minimum operating pressures reduced by a factor of four when operated in the volume mode. These added electrons also favorably effect, as a consequence of lower pressures, the emittance apparently through a reduction of scattering in the beam through the transport system. A brief description of the source and performance data for the positive volume mode of operation will be presented.