cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architecture for single-chip ASIC processor with integrated floating point unit

An architecture for a single-chip processor with emphasis on ASIC (application-specific integrated-circuit) implementation is presented. The basic principles of RISC architecture are applied to the processor, and fast floating-point and serial I/O units are included on the chip. The limitation of the processor's complexity is the 50000-gate capacity of the chip and 600-pS-per-gate delay. These are the characteristics of vendor CMOS-ASIC technology currently available. The architecture is a tradeoff between the features desirable to make the processor attractive for a wide range of computational problems and the possibilities of the available technology. It takes advantage of the high level of integration and low power consumption that is achievable with CMOS technology. It also benefits from the elimination of clock skews and off-chip delay penalties associated with comparable implementations using several chips. >
Intercalation induced surface cracking in electrode particles

Degradation mechanisms in Li-ion batteries such as SEI formation, isolation of active material and reduction in electronic conductivity appear to correlate with the increase in surface area of electrode particles caused by particle fracture during charge/discharge cycles. The focus of this study is on the surface cracking of an electrode particle, as large tensile stresses operate on the surface during the delithiation process of charge/discharge cycling. The pre-existing surface flaws act as crack initiators under this scenario and we discuss the extension of these cracks under two different operating conditions. Approximate analytical expressions for the propensity for surface crack growth is derived in terms of stress intensity factor and fracture toughness of the material. Utilizing dimensional analysis, we arrive at fracture limit diagrams to determine fracture-free conditions as design guidelines for prescribed electrode particle size or diffusion boundary conditions related to the charging/discharging process. Another significant result of the fracture analysis is that smaller particles can withstand a wider range of fluctuations in concentration or flux at the boundary for surface fracture-free conditions. This result supplements the conventional understanding that smaller particles show higher structural integrity because of fewer pre-existing defects.
Modeling and risk assessment for soil temperatures beneath prescribed forest fires

Prescribed fire is a management tool used by wildland resource management organizations in many ecosystems to reduce hazardous fuels and to achieve a host of other objectives. To study the effects of fire in naturally accumulating fuel conditions, the ambient soil temperature is monitored beneath prescribed burns. In this study we developed a stochastic model for temperature profiles (values at 15 minute intervals) recorded at four depths beneath the soil during a large prescribed burn study. The model was used to assess the temporal fit of the data to particular solutions of the heat equation. We used a random effects model to assess the effects of observed site characteristics on maximum temperatures and to estimate risks of temperatures exceeding critical levels in future similar prescribed fires. Contour plots of estimated risks of temperatures exceeding 60°C for a range of fuel levels and soil depths indicated high risks of occurrence, especially when the moisture levels are low. However, the natural variability among sites seems to be large, even after controlling fuel and moisture levels, resulting in large standard errors of predicted risks.
Measuring Teaching Using Value-Added Modeling: The Imperfect Panacea

The use of value-added modeling (VAM) in school accountability is expanding. However, trying to decide how to embrace VAM can be rather nettlesome. Some experts claim it is “too unreliable,” causes “more harm than good,” and has “a big margin for error,” while other experts assert VAM is “imperfect, but useful” and provides “valuable feedback.” This article attempts to parse these statements by exploring the underlying statistical assumptions of VAM, the reliability of VAM’s estimates, and the validity of the inferences commonly made based on the estimates of VAM. It then goes on to discuss the perverse incentives, unintended consequences, and gaming that might accompany the misuse of VAM. The article concludes that while, in many cases, VAM may be preferable to other commonly used measurement modes, it should never be used as the sole indicator of teacher effectiveness. Rather, it should just be a piece of a larger accountability system.
Fomblin Multidentate Lubricants for Ultra-Low Magnetic Spacing

In this paper, we present an extension to functionalized end-groups. By introducing additional functional hydroxyl groups in the middle of the PFPE chain, one can achieve reduced clearance, while still achieving overall drive reliability is demostrated. We have described the synthesis of a Ztetraol multidentate, or ZTMD, whose structure is represented. This molecule is composed of two monomeric Ztetraol (1000 Daltons) units, coupled by a di-epoxy agent, leading to a structure similar to Ztetraol (2000 Daltons), but with four additional hydroxyl groups in the middle of the chain. In the full paper, a fuller experimental account, as well as a more detailed discussion of these results is presented.
Application of inhomogeneous diffusion to image and video coding

We describe the properties of algorithms based on methods of inhomogeneous diffusion and their application to image and video coding. Filtering by inhomogeneous diffusion has the desirable property of reducing noise and other artifacts while preserving the image structure, maintaining or improving image quality. As a preprocessor, this filtering removes non-perceptible noise, leading to improved compression. As a postprocessor, it suppresses coding artifacts, such as the block impairments of DCT-based coders. Maintaining the basic structure of JPEG, MPEG, and other coders, we describe the improvements possible with inhomogeneous diffusion preprocessing and postprocessing.
The Process of Developing Personal Sovereignty in Women who Repeatedly Acquire Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory that illuminates the social psychological processes of women who are beginning to change their behavior after repeatedly contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Twelve in-depth interviews with 10 women provided data. Interviews and field notes were analyzed according to the grounded theory method. A substantive theory is proposed that describes the process of women moving from self-abdication to personal sovereignty as they recognize personal risk, piece together the puzzle, shed the veils of illusion, and develop self-protective strategies. Awareness of the importance of personal sovereignty and the necessary progression through its phases can help clinicians provide client focused care aimed to alter women's repetitive, self-destructive, sexual behavior.
The DARHT II Accelerator beam position monitor system

Accurate and reliable beam position measurements are required to commission and operate the DARHT II Accelerator. The beam position monitor (BPM) system developed for use on the DARHT accelerator consists of 31 electro-magnetic detector assemblies, a computer network based data acquisition system, and analysis software. During each "shot" each BPM uses arrays of b-dot detectors to intercept the electron beam's changing magnetic field. The detector outputs are individually recorded. Post shot analysis of the data provides the beam current and position information. This paper will provide an overview of the system and give details regarding its performance.
Schwannomas in the Craniocervical Region: Complete Surgical Removal

Schwannomas of the craniocervical region are rare and formidable surgical lesions. Most patients become symptomatic with vague symptoms of headache or neck pain although some show evidence of lower cranial nerve dysfunction, including dysphagia or hoarseness. In addition to complete resection, the primary surgical goals in the modern era include preservation and restoration of function of the lower cranial nerves and of hearing and facial nerve function. Achieving these goals requires a nuanced understanding of several skull base approaches and their combinations, including the far-lateral approach and its extensions. With improvements in preoperative planning, advanced imaging, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, modern surgical series have demonstrated improved postoperative morbidity profiles, with special attention to postoperative swallowing function, and successful clinical outcomes in this patient population.
Light and electron microscopic studies of a malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes featuring stromal cartilage and bone.

A case of malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes of the female mammary gland wherein the stroma featured the presence of neoplastic osteoid and cartilage as well as other poorly-differentiated mesenchymal elements is described. Electron microscopic observations of this tumor suggested a mesenchymal origin of the stromal sarcoma.
Dextran as a source of liver glycogen and blood reducing substance.

In earlier experiments in this laboratory it has been observed that dextran, fed to human subjects, is not recovered in the stools. Engstrom and Aberg1 have suggested that some of the dextran administered intravenously might be excreted into the gastrointestinal tract where it could be destroyed by bacterial action. Our own observations on dextran incubated with stools suggested that dextran disappears only very slowly, but Hehre2 has since shown that there are large numbers of anaerobic bacteria present in the intestinal flora, and that it is these, rather than the aerobes, that are capable of splitting dextran. Although ingested dextran may be in part degraded and consumed by the intestinal bacteria, it still seemed to us of interest to learn more about the disappearance of dextran fed by mouth. The following experiments show that dextran feeding leads to a sustained increase in blood sugar and a rise in liver glycogen in the fasted rat, and brings about an increase in the blood sugar of human subjects....
Subtalar distraction bone block fusion: an assessment of outcome.

Twenty-nine feet in 28 patients who underwent subtalar distraction bone block fusion for the treatment of subtalar deformities associated with symptomatic arthrosis were evaluated. All patients wer...
Cardiac resuscitation: from theory to practice.

Cardiac resuscitation requires immediate institution of chest compression and an airway, coordinated and prompt team effort, and instant availability of certain basic equipment. With these requirements in mind, the authors present a system of emergency treatment for cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients.
Effect of Strengthen Immunity of Attenuated Live Measles Vaccine in Ganzi Prefecture in 2008

Objective To evaluated the effect of strengthen immunity of attenuated live meales vaccine in Ganzi Prefectnre in 2008 so as to provide refperences for controlling measles. Method The data on strengthen immunity of measles reported by the 18 counties were comprehensively analysed. Results A total of 219 546 taget children were raccinated with attenuated live measles vaccine in Ganzi Prefecture in 2008. Totally 1 712 children were investigated,and the reported and investigated vaccination rates were all above 95%. Children without immunization card reached 19.85%(18 518/93 297),and the highes rate of children without immunizntion card reached 24.23% among children aged 8-12 months. Until now,90.15% children without immunization card were reissued. Conclusion Certain effect has been achived in strengthen immunity of measles in Ganzi Prefccture in 2008.
Factors affecting the separation and bioactivity of red clover (Trifolium pratense) extracts assayed against Clostridium sticklandii, a ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is rich in phenolic compounds. Both the crude phenolic extract and biochanin A, an isoflavonoid component of the extract, suppress growth of Clostridium sticklandii, a bovine, Gram-positive, ruminal hyper-ammonia producing bacterium (HAB). The purpose of this study was to determine if other components of red clover extract contributed to its anti-HAB activity. Extracts of the Kenland cultivar of red clover, collected 0 h and 24 h after cutting, were separated by normal-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in either ethyl acetate-hexanes (9:1, v/v) or ethyl acetate-methanol (4:1, v/v). Bands on TLC plates were assayed by either overlaying the plates with agar seeded with C. sticklandii, or setting the excised bands face-down onto plates of bacteria-seeded agar. Biochanin A inhibited C. sticklandii growth on TLC plates when as little as 8 nmol was present in the extract. An antimicrobial band, seen in a previous bioassay, was not found, suggesting that this second compound may be more labile than biochanin A.
Joint object recognition and pose estimation using a nonlinear view-invariant latent generative model

Object recognition and pose estimation are two fundamental problems in the field of computer vision. Recognizing objects and their poses/viewpoints are critical components of ample vision and robotic systems. Multiple viewpoints of an object lie on an intrinsic low-dimensional manifold in the input space (i.e. descriptor space). Different objects captured from the same set of viewpoints have manifolds with a common topology. In this paper we utilize this common topology between object manifolds by learning a low-dimensional latent space which non-linearly maps between a common unified manifold and the object manifold in the input space. Using a supervised embedding approach, the latent space is computed and used to jointly infer the category and pose of objects. We empirically validate our model by using multiple inference approaches and testing on multiple challenging datasets. We compare our results with the state-of-the-art and present our increased category recognition and pose estimation accuracy.
Eosinophils inhibit retroviral transduction of human target cells by a ribonuclease‐dependent mechanism

Human eosinophils contain a number of granule proteins for which specific physiological roles remain unclear. The combined ribonucleolytic and membrane disruptive properties of the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein, respectively, suggest the possibility that eosinophils might participate in host defense against enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. To test this hypothesis, stocks of a replication-defective retrovirus encoding the reporter gene beta-galactosidase were pretreated with isolated human eosinophils, then used to transduce human erythroleukemia (K-562) target cells. Histochemical staining for beta-galactosidase activity was used to detect and quantitate the transduced cells. Co-incubation of retrovirus with eosinophils (0.4 x 10[6]/mL) before target cell transduction resulted in a marked decrease in transduction efficiency corresponding to an approximately 20-fold dilution of viral stock (P < 0.01), an effect that was directly proportional to the concentration of eosinophils, and that was reversed in the presence of ribonuclease inhibitor. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated loss of the retroviral RNA genome as a result of eosinophil pretreatment, indicating that eosinophils are capable of mediating direct ribonucleolytic destruction of the isolated retroviral particles. Our results demonstrate that eosinophils function as effective anti-retroviral agents in vitro via the actions of their secreted ribonucleases, and suggest that eosinophils may represent an unrecognized arm of host defense against enveloped single-stranded RNA viral pathogens.
The use of fluoxetine in depression associated with anabolic steroid withdrawal: a case series.

Background Depression can result from the discontinuation of high-dose anabolic steroids. Whether this type of depression responds to antidepressants in a manner similar to other types of depression is not clear. Method Four patients suffering from anabolic steroid withdrawal depression were treated with fluoxetine. Results All four patients responded to fluoxetine in a time course consistent with the response of major depression to antidepressant medications. Conclusion Because of the widespread use of anabolic steroids, this type of depression may be more common than realized. Anabolic steroid withdrawal depression should be treated with antidepressant medications. Further study is encouraged.
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: A Review

Abstract Background: Soft tissue infections are a common reason for general surgical consultation. Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are a rapidly progressive form of this infection that account for significant morbidity and many deaths. Methods: Review of relevant English-language publications. Results: There are approximately 500–1,500 cases of NSTI annually in the United States, although accurate estimates of their frequency are difficult to obtain. These infections may be polymicrobial or monomicrobial, and substantial regional heterogeneity exists regarding anatomic location and the involved organisms. Source control with early surgical debridement and targeted anti-microbial therapy are the mainstays of treatment. Conclusion: Necrotizing soft tissue infections remain a common indication for general surgical consultation. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment are essential for effective control.
Glucocorticoid receptor control of transcription: precision and plasticity via allostery

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a constitutively expressed transcriptional regulatory factor (TRF) that controls many distinct gene networks, each uniquely determined by particular cellular and physiological contexts. The precision of GR-mediated responses seems to depend on combinatorial, context-specific assembly of GR-nucleated transcription regulatory complexes at genomic response elements. In turn, evidence suggests that context-driven plasticity is conferred by the integration of multiple signals, each serving as an allosteric effector of GR conformation, a key determinant of regulatory complex composition and activity. This structural and mechanistic perspective on GR regulatory specificity is likely to extend to other eukaryotic TRFs.
P.Harrauer 48 and the Problem of papas Heraiscus in P.Lond. VI 1914

P.Harrauer 48 is a tax list from Heracleopolis from the late fourth or early fifth century. In column II, line 16 one of the taxpayers, a landowner called Thecla, pays tax es "in the name of' a bishop "through" another person.
Circulating Tumor Cells and Nucleic Acids for Tumor Diagnosis

After decades of glacial progress, important clinical roles for circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor nucleic acids (CNA) are coming into focus at an accelerating pace. Advances in immunohistochemistry, image cytometry, and molecular biology have converged to the point where circulating tumor cells can be analyzed by methods ranging from morphology through 10-color immunohistochemistry and FISH to whole genome/transcriptome analysis of single cells. Cell-free circulating tumor nucleic acids (genomic DNA, mRNA, miRNA) can also be quantified and comprehensively analyzed for changes like mutation and methylation. Circulating tumor cells and tumor nucleic acids can be found in most patients with gastrointestinal malignancy. One test for circulating tumor cells is already FDA approved for use in determining therapy in metastatic colon cancer. Exciting studies have shown the successful application of CTC and CNA analysis to monitor minimal residual disease by targeting tumor-specific mutations and gene rearrangements. This approach should expand dramatically as whole genome and whole transcriptome analysis of tumors becomes standard practice. MicroRNA profiling of plasma appears to be a promising way to screen for many epithelial malignancies. Measurement of circulating methylated DNA sequences has shown impressive specificity and sensitivity for detection of colon cancer. The role of circulating tumor cells in the cancer ecosystem (the primary, the stroma, the metastases, the disseminated tumor cells and immune cells) could remain elusive even as a clinical role is defined but the ability to fully characterize CTC and uncover detailed genomic relationships could also open a window onto tumor dormancy and metastasis.
Urologic Dermatology: a Review

Genital dermatology represents a challenge to many providers. Though dermatologic lesions involving the genitalia may present to any of a number of practices, ranging from primary care to urology, gynecology, and dermatology, few training programs provide significant training regarding the diagnosis and management of genital dermatologic lesions. The purpose of this review is to provide urologists with an overview of common genital dermatological lesions that may be encountered in a clinic. The review also provides a guide to how to approach these conditions. This manuscript summarizes the most common categories of genital dermatologic lesions, starting with normal variants and progressing to a review of contagious conditions, premalignant lesions, and malignant lesions. In cases in which a lesion does not definitively belong to one of these categories, an algorithmic approach to making a diagnosis may be helpful to narrow the differential diagnosis. The most common benign genital growths include cysts, syringomas, seborrheic keratosis, pearly papules, and Fordyce spots. Contagious lesions, such as herpes, syphilis, scabies, or molluscum contagiosum, should be treated immediately before complications or transmission can occur. Inflammatory genital lesions are very diverse in etiology and presentation but are the most common genital lesions in urological clinical practice. This category of lesions can be approached by dividing them into non-erythematous and erythematous (scaling and non-scaling) lesions. Given the potential evolution of the challenging category of premalignant genital lesions, proper recognition and early biopsy play an important role. Premalignant lesions can be broadly classified into two categories: those not related to HPV infection and those that are related to HPV, including erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ), Bowen’s disease, Bowenoid papulosis, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), and giant condyloma. Herein, contemporary nomenclature and proper evaluation and management of premalignant lesions are reviewed which provide safe and efficacious outcomes for patients. Finally, malignant genital lesions, though rare, must be recognized early and addressed correctly. Squamous cell carcinoma represents 95% of penile and approximately 90% of vulvar and vaginal malignancies, and diagnosis and management can be challenging and require proper referral to an oncologist. Genital dermatology is a challenging field marked by diagnostic difficulty and management challenges. This manuscript provides an overview of genitourinary dermatologic lesions in an effort to provide clinicians with a framework with which to approach the evaluation of these various conditions that will facilitate proper consideration of the differential diagnoses and help the urologist distinguish between normal, benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions.
Suicidal Behaviour Among Black Males Differ from Recognized Behaviour in Other High Risk Groups: A Review

Suicidal behaviour among Black males that end in death is not considered suicides, leaving the rate of suicides among this population relatively low. This can be detrimental to this group if efforts towards suicide prevention are ignored due to the low rates. The efforts towards prevention tend to follow the media such as military suicides, suicides due to bullying, and suicides among LGBTQ. Often times, these suicides among the aforementioned populations are based on antidotes. Do corners actually record whether a suicide victim was gay? Not usually. Therefore, the indication that the suicides are high in that population is based on antidotes and reports on attempts. The same goes to those suicides in which the parents report that the child was being bullied which is largely based on antidotes. This chapter will discuss the efforts for suicide prevention in these populations and how the efforts for prevention in the Black communities are lacking. Black communities have very high rates of homicide and drug overdoses and many times those deaths are actually suicides. It is easy to put oneself in harm’s way when wanting to end your life, or overdose on drugs. These types of deaths are recorded as homicides and accidental overdoses, respectively. What is missing in the literature are efforts for suicide prevention in high-risk communities that are not recorded as actual suicides and many times that is the case.
Appendix: The Clinician’s Guide to Examination of the Diabetic Foot

This section outlines a detailed examination of one anatomical region as it is affected by one disease. It is meant to provide a format by which a periodic examination could be performed, that is, comprehensive and rapidly performed and that addresses complications. The approach takes issue with the concept that “the diabetic foot” is one of a sensory defect. On the contrary, it provides a more all-embracing conceptual framework. The examination proposed here covers all the systems in the foot that diabetes can affect in one way or another. These systems include the skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves (sensory and motor), connective tissue, and bones. Included is a checklist as a reminder and for recording details in an organized and succinct format.
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of the Bladder, Low Malignant Potential

There are various subtypes of bladder cancer, which can be classified into invasive and non-invasive neoplasms. Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) is a non-invasive bladder cancer that occurs predominantly in the lateral and posterior walls of the bladder, close to the ureteral orifices. It has characteristic MR features and does not uptake FDG due to its low malignant potential. PET/MR imaging is useful in detecting this neoplasm and excluding high-grade lesions, extravesical extension, and metastases.
Endoscopic closure of an anastomo-cutaneous fistula: Filling and shielding using polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue with easily deliverable technique.

Background and study aims Recently, endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal fistulas using polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets with fibrin glue (FG) has been attempted. A 70-year-old woman who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer suffered from a refractory anastomo-cutaneous fistula at the site of gastro-jejunostomy. We attempted endoscopic closure with filling and shielding using PGA sheets and FG. After introducing a guidewire into the fistula, a small piece of PGA sheet was skewered onto the guidewire and then pushed using a tapered catheter over the guidewire and delivered into the fistula. A total of 10 sheets were delivered via the same procedure. Next, the mucosa around the fistula was ablated, and the orifice of the fistula along with the surrounding mucosa was shielded with a piece of PGA sheet fixed with hemoclips and FG. After this procedure, the leakage disappeared and the fistula was undetectable on contrast radiograms. Endoscopic closure of anastomo-cutaneous fistula with filling and shielding using PGA sheets and FG is an effective, safe, low-invasive treatment, and the filling technique using a guidewire ensures a safe, smooth procedure.
Piezoelectric and Dielectric Characterization of MWCNT-Based Nanocomposite Flexible Films

PZT-epoxy-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) flexible thick film actuators were fabricated using a sol-gel and spin coat and deposition process. Films were characterized in terms of their piezoelectric and dielectric properties as a function of MWCNT volume fraction and polarization process. Correlations between surface treatment of the MWCNTs and composite performance were made. The surface morphology and filler distribution were observed with the aid of SEM and TEM images. The volume fraction of PZT was held constant at 30%, and the volume fraction of MWCNTs varied from 1% to 10%. Two forms of dielectric polarization were compared. Corona discharge polarization induced enhanced piezoelectric and dielectric properties by a factor of 10 in comparison to the parallel-plate contact method (piezoelectric strain coefficient and dielectric constant were 0.59 pC/N and 61.81, respectively, for the parallel-plate contact method and 9.22 pC/N and 103.59 for the corona polarization method, respectively). The percolation threshold range was observed to occur at a MWCNT volume fraction range between 5% and 6%.
An evaluation of memantine ER + donepezil for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and carries an immense societal burden. Unfortunately, no curative or disease-modifying treatment has y...
Venous thrombosis and breast cancer in older women: Racial differences in risk factors and mortality.

Abstract Background Risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women with breast cancer are not known by race. Objectives The purpose of our study was to determine risk factors for VTE and VTE associated mortality in white and black women with breast cancer. Patients and methods The SEER-Medicare merged database (2000 to 2011) was used for women 65 years and older diagnosed with breast cancer. Stratified by race, logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for VTE and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the effect of VTE on mortality. Results There were 276,028 women 65 years and older with breast cancer. Of those, 6.4% white and 10.1% black women with breast cancer had a diagnosis of VTE. In adjusted analyses by race, risk of VTE increased with each year of age in both white and black cohorts. VTE was independently associated with distant metastasis and coexisting medical conditions in white women and in black women, hypertension, heart failure and hyperlipidemia were determinants of VTE. VTE was not associated with distant metastasis in black women. Tumor size, grade, and receptor status were also not independently associated with VTE risk in either white or black women. VTE accorded a higher risk of death in both white (HR = 1.49, 95% CI, 1.34–1.65) and black women (HR = 1.57, 95% CI, 1.23–2.00) with breast cancer. Conclusion The study identified VTE risk factors and effect of VTE on mortality in white and black older women with breast cancer.
Drought in urban water systems: Learning lessons for climate adaptive capacity

Abstract In this paper we examine current policies to combat drought in urban areas in the United States to illuminate lessons learned for building climate adaptive capacity. We conducted interviews with practitioners involved in drought management at urban water utilities across the U.S. to understand: 1) both short- and long-term actions taken in response to drought; 2) perceptions of what constitutes an ‘effective’ drought response and whether and how this was measured; and 3) limitations to drought response. We apply criteria from a theoretical framing of adaptive capacity and then 'reason by analogy' to understand how adaptive capacity may be built or constrained in the future by such responses, including how future actions may be otherwise limited by political, social, physical and other factors. We find that drought responses overall are seen as successful in reducing water demand and helping to maintain system reliability, but can also reduce flexibility and introduce other limitations. Public perception, the multi-purpose nature of water, revenue structures, expectations and other social factors play a dominant role in constraining drought response options. We also find that some urban water utilities face challenges in measuring the effectiveness of demand reduction strategies because it can be difficult to attribute water savings, especially those related to outdoor water use. The limitations in drought policies experienced by urban utilities offer important lessons for the ability of systems to innovate toward more sustainable water systems for the future.
Probing initial transient oligomerization events facilitating Huntingtin fibril nucleation at atomic resolution by relaxation-based NMR

The N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein, encoded by exon-1, comprises an amphiphilic domain (htt NT ), a polyglutamine (Q n ) tract, and a proline-rich sequence. Polyglutamine expansion results in an aggregation-prone protein responsible for Huntington’s disease. Here, we study the earliest events involved in oligomerization of a minimalistic construct, htt NT Q 7 , which remains largely monomeric over a sufficiently long period of time to permit detailed quantitative NMR analysis of the kinetics and structure of sparsely populated ( ≲ 2% ) oligomeric states, yet still eventually forms fibrils. Global fitting of concentration-dependent relaxation dispersion, transverse relaxation in the rotating frame, and exchange-induced chemical shift data reveals a bifurcated assembly mechanism in which the NMR observable monomeric species either self-associates to form a productive dimer (τ ex ∼ 30 μs, K diss ∼ 0.1 M) that goes on to form a tetramer ( τ ex ≲ 25 μs; K diss ∼ 22 μM), or exchanges with a “nonproductive” dimer that does not oligomerize further (τ ex ∼ 400 μs; K diss ∼ 0.3 M). The excited state backbone chemical shifts are indicative of a contiguous helix (residues 3–17) in the productive dimer/tetramer, with only partial helical character in the nonproductive dimer. A structural model of the productive dimer/tetramer was obtained by simulated annealing driven by intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data. The tetramer comprises a D 2 symmetric dimer of dimers with largely hydrophobic packing between the helical subunits. The structural model, validated by EPR distance measurements, illuminates the role of the htt NT domain in the earliest stages of prenucleation and oligomerization, before fibril formation.
Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Case Study

TBI rehabilitation case is a case example of traumatic brain injury (TBI) using neuropsychological (NP) and neurological evaluations and follow-ups to assist the patient in helping her reach her long-term rehabilitation goals. The largest obstacles to achieving success included the patient’s defensiveness and psychological reactions to her situation, fatigue, and higher-level cognitive challenges which were detected on neuropsychological assessment.
Case Studies of Contemporary, Sustainable Farms in the South

Many farmers in the South have adopted sustainable (energy saving) agricultural practices. Some of the practices include: Free Ranging Livestock – Energy is saved when they feed themselves Heritage Breeds – Breeds adapted to survive without energy subsidies Draft Animals – Powered by the sun; no petroleum subsidies needed Organic Vegetables – Nutrients recycled by energy of micro-organisms Cover Crops and Conservation Tillage – Conserves energy of the soil organic matter Composting and Manuring – Energetically expensive nitrogen fertilizer not needed Integrated Pest Management – Uses energy supplied by beneficial insects Adding Value – On-farm processing of produce yields energy gain Teaching and Research – Producing and teaching energy-saving techniques for future farmers
True Believer: The Uniqueness of Steven T. Katz

I would like to extend my thanks to the editors of the Journal of Genocide Research for offering me the opportunity to comment on Professor Katz’s criticism of a few passages from a book and an art...
Justifying Judicial Modesty

In Rationing the Constitution, Andrew Coan offers a largely convincing theory of judicial behavior centered on the idea of judicial capacity. In this article, I first briefly discuss some of the main elements of Coan’s argument in Part I, and then grapple with the status of judicial capacity concerns as a type or modality of judicial argument in Part II. In line with some of Coan’s comments throughout his book, my starting assumption is that judicial capacity concerns have not figured prominently in judicial defenses of judicial modesty. My first substantive task, however, is to provide some tentative support for this by cataloging some of the arguments that Supreme Court justices have offered in this regard in several of the Court’s key voting rights opinions. This is the focus of Part III. However, if it is the case that judicial capacity concerns figure less prominently in judicial defenses of judicial modesty relative to some other themes, this leads to a related question: why are judicial capacity concerns not more commonly invoked in this context? In Part IV, I set forth some tentative answers. In short, I believe that the more conventional judicial defenses of judicial modesty tend to be more appealing to judges because they either invoke common underlying assumptions — among judges and within the broader polity — about the nature of the judicial role, or because they reference significant threats to judicial institutional prestige as informed by prevailing historical narratives. Given this, judicial capacity concerns are unlikely to figure prominently in judicial defenses of judicial modesty.
Functional behaviour and microscopic analysis of ammonium sensors subject to fouling in activated sludge processes

Fouling is an issue associated with all sensor instrumentation deployed in wastewater that causes a loss in sensitivity and reproducibility of the sensor elements, thus requiring frequent re-calibration. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the fouling development in activated sludge processes with a case study on ammonium sensor and ion-selective electrode technology. The response time of the electrodes is found to be the most impacted by fouling. By analysing step-change experiments with a diffusion model, after one week of fouling the response time is demonstrated to increase exponentially with time. The performance of the sensor is also affected in terms of measurement accuracy, showing a negative drift of the fouled sensor (−0.11 mg NH4+ l−1 d−1). Scanning electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping were performed over new and used sensor membranes to study the irreversible fouling composition and morphology. Fouling appears as a thick coating with different agglomerates and crevasses, which reveal damage on the PTFE protective layer of the membrane. Fe, P, Ca, Mn, S, K and Cl were the main elements detected, in decreasing order. The high content of Fe in the fouling layer originates from the addition of ferric salts to the primary treatment of the plant, which becomes a major contributor to the inorganic fouling of the sensor. This study also quantifies the increase in total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and total Fe in the reversible fouling layer over time as described using a saturation model. However, the relative composition remains stable: 84% for VSS/TSS and 20% for Fe/iSS, on average.
THC Regulates Tearing via Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors.

Purpose Aqueous deficiency dry eye (ADDE) is a chronic condition affecting millions, with symptoms ranging from a dry itchiness to blurred vision and accompanied by an increased risk of eye infections. ADDE typically arises from disorders of the lacrimal gland that produces tears necessary for eye lubrication. Cannabis users frequently report dry eye, but the basis for this is unknown. If the effects occur via the endogenous cannabinoid signaling system, then this may represent a novel mechanism for the regulation of tearing. Methods We examined expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the lacrimal gland using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and PCR and tested tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) regulation of tearing in wild-type and CB1-null mice. Results We now report that CB1 receptors are expressed in the axons of cholinergic neurons innervating the lacrimal gland. Little if any staining is seen in lacrimal gland epithelial cells (acinar and ductal) or myoepithelial cells (MECs). Activation of CB1 receptors by THC or the cannabinoid agonist CP55940 reduces tearing in male mice. In female mice, THC has no effect, but CP55940 increases tearing. In both sexes, the effect of CP55940 is absent in CB1 knockout mice. CB1 mRNA and protein levels are approximately four- to fivefold higher in males than females. In male knockouts, THC increases tearing, suggesting that THC also acts through different receptors. Conclusions Our results suggest a novel, albeit sex-dependent, physiologic basis for the dry eye symptoms experienced by cannabis users: activation of neuronal CB1 receptors in the lacrimal gland reduces tearing.
Linking Political TV Shows with Female Lead Characters to Political Engagement: The Roles of Parasocial Processes and Gender Identity

This study tests the relationship between viewing political TV shows with female lead characters and political engagement. It argues that parasocial processes provide the necessary link and gender ...
PERFORMANCE OF PROMIS-29 (PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES MEASUREMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM-29) IN PATIENTS OF RHEUMATIOD ARTHRITIS

Objective: To determine the performance of patient reported outcome measurement information system inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis in our setup. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Division of Rheumatology, Fatima memorial hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from May2019 to Jul 2019. Methodology: A total of 191 patients of either gender, aged more than 16 years with sero +ve rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study. Results: Majority of patients 156 (81.67%) were female and male 35 (18.32%) with mean age 38 ± 12.19 years.Diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis and compliant with csDMARDs. Out of all these, majority were in low diseaseactivity (LDA) 72 (38%), remission 62 (32%), moderate 42 (22%) and high disease activity 16 (8%). Mean T-score of all measures showed variations of scores as disease progresses. For all measures, mild change was noted between low disease activity and moderate disease activity whereas high difference was seen in remission and high disease activity. Highest correlations were seen among similar constructs of physical health, mental health, and social health. Fatigue was strongly correlated with social role and social activity. Conclusion: There was a considerable impact of rheumatoid arthritis on physical, social and mental healthcalculated with patient reported outcomes measurement information system-29 (PROMIS-29).
Effects of 16O charged-particle irradiation on cognition, hippocampal morphology and mutagenesis in female mice

Abstract The effects of radiation in space on human cognition are a growing concern for NASA scientists and astronauts as the possibility for long-duration missions to Mars becomes more tangible. Oxygen ( 16O) radiation is of utmost interest considering that astronauts will interact with this radiation frequently. 16 O radiation is a class of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation and also present within spacecrafts. Whole-body exposure to high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation has been shown to affect hippocampal-dependent cognition. To assess the effects of high-LET radiation, we gave 6-month-old female C57BL/6 mice whole-body exposure to 16O at 0.25 or 0.1 Gy at NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory. Three months following irradiation, animals were tested for cognitive performance using the Y-maze and Novel Object Recognition paradigms. Our behavioral data shows that 16O radiation significantly impairs object memory but not spatial memory. Also, dendritic morphology characterized by the Sholl analysis showed that 16 O radiation significantly decreased dendritic branch points, ends, length, and complexity in 0.1 Gy and 0.25 Gy dosages. Finally, we found no significant effect of radiation on single nucleotide polymorphisms in hippocampal genes related to oxidative stress , inflammation, and immediate early genes . Our data suggest exposure to heavy ion 16O radiation modulates hippocampal neurons and induces behavioral deficits at a time point of three months after exposure in female mice.
“I Actually Have to Decide What I’m Doing:” How Youth Maintain Active Lifestyles in the Transition to Young Adulthood

Even formerly active people can struggle to engage in leisure time physical activity (LTPA) throughout life. Although predictors of LTPA are widely studied, experiences of change in LTPA trajectori...
A Budding Yeast Model and Screen to Define the Functional Consequences of Oncogenic Histone Missense Mutations

Somatic missense mutations in histone genes turn these essential proteins into oncohistones, which can drive oncogenesis. Understanding how missense mutations alter histone function is challenging in mammals as the changes occur in a single histone gene. For example, described oncohistone mutations predominantly occur in the histone H3.3 gene, despite the human genome encoding 15 H3 genes. To understand how oncogenic histone missense mutations alter histone function, we leverage the budding yeast model, which encodes only two H3 genes, to explore the functional consequences of oncohistones H3K36M, H3G34W, H3G34L, H3G34R, and H3G34V. An analysis of cells that express each of these variants as the sole copy of H3 reveals that H3K36-mutants show different drug sensitivities compared to H3G34 mutants. This finding suggests that changes to proximal amino acids in the H3 N-terminal tail alter distinct biological pathways. We exploited the caffeine sensitive growth of H3K36 mutant cells to perform a high copy suppressor screen. This screen identified genes linked to histone function and transcriptional regulation, the histone H4/H2A acetyltransferase, Esa1, a forkhead-associated domain-containing gene expression regulator, Tos4, an m6A RNA binding protein, Pho92, and a cyclin-dependent kinase, Sgv1/Bur1. We show that the Esa1 lysine acetyltransferase activity is critical for suppression of the caffeine sensitive growth of H3K36R mutant cells while neither of the characterized binding interactions of Tos4 nor Pho92 are required for suppression. Finally, Sgv1/Bur1-mediated suppression may occur through a dominant negative mechanism. This screen identifies pathways that could be altered by oncohistone mutations and highlights the value of yeast genetics to identify pathways altered by such mutations.
Enterprise Backend as a Service (EBaaS)

In the world where we have computers and World Wide Web, web applications have become more and more popular. There has been a constant decrease in installed applications with people mostly relying on web applications to get their work done. With constant innovations in the field of computer, we see tons of start-ups every day and what better option do they have than reaching to million people with a web application of their own. Talking about web applications, we usually have (1) Frontend: what a user can see on their screen while accessing that web application and (2) Backend: what front-end communicates with to process the users’ requests. Since the invention of RESTful web services, developers have relied on APIs to which front-end sends request to in order to get an appropriate response. RESTful APIs have become more of a standard in developing the back-end and more often than not, they are pretty basic with only queries changing to get data from the database. This paper provides a solution to automate the development of back-end and thus does not need any expert knowledge other than the knowledge of the underlying database and hence even a nondeveloper or a developer with no prior experience in developing back-end can easily get access to the back-end. The solution discussed here will ask user to provide database details and will create the database along with the downloadable code for back-end which will be ready to use to interact with the front-end and the database.