cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma with disseminated metastases: an aggressive and rare cancer.

A 48-year-old woman with medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension and chronic tobacco abuse. She presented to the emergency department with new-onset supraventricular tachycardia. She denied any urological symptoms. Physical examination revealed a cachectic woman but otherwise unremarkable. Her laboratory investigations showed hypercalcaemia at 1.58 (Ref: 1.1 to 1.3mmol/L) with low 25-Hydroxy low vitamin D 25-Hydroxy at 5.6 at 5.6 (Ref: 30 to 100 ng/mL), low parathyroid hormone level <6.3 (Ref: 14 to 72 pg/mL) and elevated Parathyroid-related protein 83 (Ref: 14 to 27 pg/mL). She had a chest, abdomen and pelvis CT scan to rule out any underlining malignancy. The results revealed significant enhancement and nodular urinary bladder wall with intraluminal hyperdensities. In addition, there were innumerable small cavitating lung nodules …
Teaching Medical Students About "The Conversation": An Interactive Value-Based Advance Care Planning Session.

Background:Advance care planning (ACP) promotes care consistent with patient wishes. Medical education should teach how to initiate value-based ACP conversations.Objective:To develop and evaluate a...
Palladium Catalysis for the Treatment of Contaminated Waters: A Review

The widespread contamination of waters by halogenated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g. solvents and pesticides) has spurred the investigation of a number of remediation technologies. Treatment via reductive dehalogenation and hydrogenation with Pd catalysts shows promise, offering a number of advantages over other processes. First, a broad range of compounds are reducible in aqueous solution at ambient temperatures by Pd catalysts: halogenated alkanes, ethylenes, and aromatics; PAHs; formate/carbonate; and oxidized nitrogen species. In addition, the halogenated compounds generally react to form the corresponding simple alkanes (or completely dehalogenated aromatics in the case of the halogenated aromatics), with few halogenated intermediates, if any. Finally, reactions are generally extremely rapid, which allows small, in-well reactors. This paper discusses each of these advantages in more detail, as well as some of the challenges encountered in the field. Topics include (i) intermediates and products of the Pd-catalyzed reactions; (ii) the reaction pathways and kinetics; (iii) the effects of the surrounding water matrix and the support on the reaction; and (iv) findings from laboratory columns studies and field tests.
Martin’s Problem for Volume-Surface Reaction-Diffusion Systems

We consider a question of global existence for two component volume-surface reaction-diffusion systems. The first of the components diffuses in a region, and then reacts on the boundary with the second component, which diffuses on the boundary. We show that if the first component is bounded a priori on any time interval, and the kinetic terms satisfy a generalized balancing condition, then both solutions exist globally. We also pose an open question in the opposite direction, and give some a priori estimates for associated m component systems.
Increasing Incidence of Colon Cancer in the Young: Assessing the Tumor Biology

Background The overall incidence of colon cancer (CC) is decreasing, but with increasing early-onset colon cancer (EOCC Study Design Cancer and matching noninvolved tissue blocks from 12 sporadic EOCC and late-onset colon cancer (LOCC) patients of 4 disease stages were obtained from pathology archives. Ribonucleic acid expression profiling of 770 cancer-related genes using nCounter platform was performed. The COMP levels from 16 EOCC and LOCC serum samples were measured by ELISA. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels from these 16 samples were taken at the time of diagnosis. Transwell assay was performed to elucidate the role of COMP in motility and metastases. Results Expression profiling revealed increased COMP levels in higher disease stage. There was 7-fold higher COMP expression (p ≤ 0.05) in stage III compare to stage I and its coexpression with GAS1, VEGFC, MAP3K8, SFRP1, and PRKACA. Higher COMP expression was seen in stage II compared with stage I (p = 0.07) and its coexpression withTLR2, IL8, RIN1, IRAK3, and CACNA2D2, and COMP was detectable in serum and showed significantly higher levels in EOCC compared with LOCC. Similar correlation was seen with CEA levels, but the difference was not significant. Transwell assay revealed significantly increased motility of HT-29 cells after treatment with recombinant COMP. Conclusions These findings suggest different tumor biology between EOCC and LOCC. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein plays a significant role in CC carcinogenesis and has potential as biomarker for CC, especially aggressive EOCC.
Power Grid Load State Information Perception Forecasting Technology for Battery Energy Storage System Based on Elman Neural Network

The key to effectively enhance the supporting and regulation capacity of battery energy storage system on power grid is to improve the accuracy of power grid load forecasting. In order to solve the problems in traditional forecasting mathematical models that they lack the ability of self-learning, self-adaptation and have weak robustness of the forecasting system, a new method of forecasting power load using the feedback neural network with the characteristic of input delay is proposed in this paper. The characteristics of Elman neural network model are studied, the experimental model of Elman neural network is established and then trained with real data in power system. The results show that the power grid load forecasting based on this model possesses a high accuracy, and has good adaptability and learning ability for power grid load.
A Scoping Review of the Relationship Between Grasp and Handwriting Performance in School-Age Children

Date Presented 04/05/19 Handwriting is a critical functional skill that impacts academic participation and progress. OT practitioners address components of grasp in their handwriting intervention as it is commonly assumed that grasp affects legibility, fluency, and endurance. This study used scoping review methodology to explore the relationship between grasp and handwriting performance. Findings suggest a lack of consensus regarding this relationship and a need for additional research. Primary Author and Speaker: Marcia Schneider Additional Authors and Speakers: Christine Myers, Jane Morgan-Daniel Contributing Authors: Orit Shechtman
Group Psychotherapy for Late-Life Depression

Depression is a common and disabling diagnosis in the elderly. Psychotherapy, both individual and group, has emerged as an important adjunctive treatment for late-life depression along with medications and neurostimulation therapies. This review seeks to summarize recent literature on group psychotherapy for late-life depression, define the type of therapies commonly used, and discuss both the theory and practice of group psychotherapy. Studies show that various group-based psychotherapies are effective for late-life depression, and there is increasing support for an integrated approach. Accommodations must be made to make therapy accessible and useful for the older adult. Our experience leading a geriatric psychotherapy group at University of Connecticut Medical Center is shared with the reader. Recent evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and other measures, published by the American Group Psychotherapy Association to assist the therapist, are briefly described as well. Group psychotherapy, in particular utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy and reminiscence therapy, is an effective intervention for late-life depression.
Constructing a composite Higgs model with built-in large separation of scales.

Experimentally the existence of a light 125 GeV Higgs boson is well established but so far no other heavier resonances have been observed. Viable models to describe the Higgs boson as composite particle require hence to exhibit a large separation of scales. This occurs naturally in systems located near a conformal fixed point irrespective whether the system lies outside or inside the conformal window. We demonstrate the latter case by investigating a mass-split model with four light and six heavy flavors. By construction mass-split models exhibit a large separation of scales and feature in addition a highly constrained hadron spectrum. We present results based on the low-lying connected meson spectrum. Although the light sector is chirally broken, we show that it exhibits hyperscaling which is typical for conformal systems.
Cigarette Prices in Rural and Urban Ohio: Effects of Census Tract Demographics:

The prevalence of smoking among rural Americans and Americans of lower socioeconomic status (SES) remains higher than among their urban and higher SES counterparts. Potential factors contributing to these disparities are area-based differences in the retail environment and tobacco control policies. We describe the association between neighborhood demographics and cigarette prices in rural and urban areas. Prices of one pack of Marlboro Reds, Newport menthols, and the cheapest cigarettes in the store were recorded from a stratified random sample of tobacco retailers in urban (N = 104) and rural (N = 109) Ohio in 2016. Associations between prices and census tract demographics (SES and race) were modeled separately in each region, controlling for store type. In the rural region, as the census tract income increased, the price of Marlboro and Newport cigarettes decreased, and the price of the cheapest pack of cigarettes increased. In the urban region, as the census tract income and percentage of White non-Hispanic people increased, the price of Marlboro decreased; there were no associations between census tract characteristics and the price of Newports or the cheapest cigarettes. Results describe a complex association between cigarette brand, prices, and area characteristics, where the cheapest brands of cigarettes can be obtained for the lowest prices in lower SES rural areas. Tobacco control policies that raise the price of cheap cigarettes, particularly minimum price laws, have the potential to reduce SES-related smoking disparities in both rural and urban populations.
Stabilization of Metastable Indomethacin α in Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogel Scaffolds

Indomethacin (IM) is a small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that exhibits polymorphism with the γ-form being the most thermodynamically stable form of the drug. The α-form is metastable, but it exhibits higher solubility, making it a more attractive form for drug delivery. As with other metastable polymorphs, α-IM undergoes interconversion to the stable form when subjected to certain stimuli, such as solvent, heat, pH, or exposure to seed crystals of the stable form. In this study, IM was crystallized into cellulose nanocrystal aerogel scaffolds as a mixture of the two polymorphic forms, α-IM and γ-IM. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy were used to quantitatively determine the amount of each form. Our investigation found that the metastable α-IM could be stabilized within the aerogel without phase transformation, even in the presence of external stimuli, including heat and γ-IM seed crystals. Because interconversion is often a concern during production of metastable forms of APIs, this approach has important implications in being able to produce and stabilize metastable drug forms. While IM was used as a model drug in this study, this approach could be expanded to additional drugs and provide access to other metastable API forms.
A PLL clock generator with 5 to 110 MHz of lock range for microprocessors

A microprocessor clock generator based on an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) is described for deskewing the internal logic control lock to an external system lock. This PLL is fully generated onto a 1.2-million-transistor microprocessor in 0.8- mu m CMOS technology without the need for external components. It operates with a lock range from 5 to 110 MHz. The clock skew is less than 0.1 ns, with a peak-to-peak jitter of less than 0.3 ns for a 50-MHz system clock frequency. >
Molecular typing and epidemiologic profiles of human metapneumovirus infection among children with severe acute respiratory infection in Huzhou, China

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the important pathogens in infant respiratory tract infection. However, the molecular epidemiology of hMPV among children < 14 years of age hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is unclear. We investigated the hMPV infection status and genotypes of children hospitalized with SARI from January 2016 to December 2020 in Huzhou, China. A nasopharyngeal flocked swab, nasal wash, or nasopharyngeal swab/or opharyngeal swab combination sample was collected from children with SARI in Huzhou from January 2016 to December 2020. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect hMPV RNA. The hMPV F gene was amplified and sequenced, followed by analysis using MEGA software (ver. 7.0). Epidemiological data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS (ver. 22.0) software. A total of 1133 children with SARI were recruited from 2016 to 2020. Among them, 56 (4.94%) were positive for hMPV-RNA. Children < 5 years of age accounted for 85.71% of the positive cases. The hMPV incidence was high in spring and winter, especially in December and January to March. Phylogenetic analysis of the F-gene sequences of 28 hMPV strains showed that the A1, B1, and B2 genotypes were prevalent in Huzhou, and the dominant hMPV genotype varied according to surveillance year. HMPV is an important respiratory pathogen in children in Huzhou, with a high incidence in winter and spring in children < 5 years of age. In this study, genotypes A1, B1, and B2 were the most prevalent.
Rapid screening methods of potato cultivars for low glycemic traits

Abstract Potatoes are a dietary staple consumed by a significant portion of the world, providing valuable carbohydrates and vitamins with minimal fat. Most commercially produced potatoes have a high content of highly branched amylopectin starch, which generally results in a high glycemic index (GI). Consumption of foods with high levels of amylopectin elicit a rapid spike in blood glucose levels, which is undesirable for individuals who are pre-diabetic, diabetic, or obese. Some cultivars of potatoes with lower amylopectin levels have previously been identified and are commercially available in niche markets in some countries but are relatively unavailable in the United States and Latin America. Among Native communities in North America and in the high Andes countries of South America, some foods that include certain potato cultivars, may have been used to help people mitigate what is now defined as the effects of blood sugar and obesity. These cultivars are not widely available on a global market. This study utilizes three independent analyses of potato starch: microscopic examination of granule structure, water absorption, and spectrophotometry of iodine complexes to identify potato cultivars with low amylopectin that are thought to have low GI potential. Differences among cultivars tested were detected by all three types of analyses. Of the 60 potato cultivars evaluated the most promising are Huckleberry Gold, Muru, Multa, Green Mountain, and an October Blue x Colorado Rose cross. Further work is necessary to document the ability of these low amylopectin cultivars to reduce blood glucose spike levels in human subjects.
Constitutional Decision Rules for Juries

Recent scholarship on constitutional decision rules distinguishes courts from other constitutional decision makers, but has not explored distinctions - within the judicial institution - between judges and juries. Correlatively, social science literature on jury comprehension has proposed methods for improving jury instructions, but that literature has not considered in any detail the doctrinal complexities of constitutional law. This Article, drawing upon both fields, presents an agenda for crafting constitutional decision rules specifically for juries. Implementing this agenda will enhance the adjudication of constitutional tort claims, and could also render constitutional doctrine more accessible to non-lawyers.
Semiconductor Device Evaluation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the subject of semiconductor component evaluation. A p-n junction diode is indeed an elementary semiconductor device and yet the problem of evaluating its electrical characteristics can become exceedingly difficult. In 1957, several papers were published on the subject of excess reverse current in a p-n junction diode; each paper attributed this current to substantially different mechanisms. Through an application of Townsend's avalanche mechanism McKay developed a particularly simple expression characterizing the breakdown of a p-n junction. One of the first analytical investigations into the reverse transient characteristics of p-n junctions was in conjunction with the measurement of minority carrier lifetime. For transistors more than diodes, important differences should be noted between component characterization and component evaluation. The technique of transistor evaluation uses both experimental and theoretical information to detect the source of specific difficulties within a device. Although the investigation was qualitative, it is clear that the charge control technique has an inherent simplicity enabling us to investigate new approaches to increasing the switching speed of junction transistors.
Concurrent and interrelated stromal endometriosis (stromatosis; stromal sarcoma) and uterine adenomyosis; illustrative case.

Abstract 1.1. In a case clinically and pathologically typical of uterine adenomyosis it has been shown that an area of heterotopic endometrium has become, in part, transformed into equally typical stromal endometriosis. 2.2. There is histologic evidence that the cell of origin of stromal endometriosis is the interglandular supportive cell of endometrium. 3.3. The case offers additional evidence of the concept that adenomyosis and stromal endometriosis may stem from an obscure abnormality of growth and maturation of endometrium.
Suppression of growth hormone does not affect ongoing spermatogenesis in rats

Recent evidence suggests that growth hormone (GH) may enhance physiologic processes, such as spermatogenesis, in addition to causing classical anabolic effects. We have previously shown that testosterone restores spermatogenesis in rats that were made azoospermic by immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In this study, we investigated whether suppression of GH affects spermatogenesis and the ability of testosterone to restore spermatogenesis following immunization against GnRH and/or growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Twelve rats were actively immunized against GnRH (anti-GnRH), twelve rats were actively immunized against GHRH (anti-GHRH), six rats were immunized against both GnRH and GHRH (anti-GnRH/GHRH), and six rats served as controls. Two weeks after the second booster, six rats each from the anti-GnRH and anti-GHRH groups as well as the six anti-GnRH/GHRH rats received 24-cm testosterone-filled Silastic implants (T), and the remaining six rats from each of these groups received empty Silastic implants. All rats were euthanized 2 months later. Weights of testes and testicular sperm counts were determined. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. Serum GH and IGF-1 were suppressed in anti-GHRH rats. IGF-1 was partially restored by testosterone in anti-GHRH and in anti-GnRH/GHRH rats, but GH was restored to control value in anti-GnRH/GHRH rats. Serum LH and FSH were suppressed in anti-GnRH and anti-GnRH/GHRH rats, but only FSH was partially restored by testosterone. Suppression of GH did not affect maintenance of spermatogenesis. However, because T partially restored GH and IGF-1 levels in anti-GnRH/GHRH rats and because spermatogenesis was found to be restored in these rats, we conclude that GH does not play a role in the maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult rats, but it may be required for the replenishment of germ cells in experimentally induced regressed rat testes.
PALLADIUM/COPPER ALLOY COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION FROM COAL-DERIVED GAS STREAMS

Recent advances have shown that Pd-Cu composite membranes are not susceptible to the mechanical, embrittlement, and poisoning problems that have prevented widespread industrial use of Pd for high temperature H{sub 2} separation. These membranes consist of a thin ({approx}10 {micro}m) film of metal deposited on the inner surface of a porous metal or ceramic tube. Based on preliminary results, thin Pd{sub 60}Cu{sub 40} films are expected to exhibit hydrogen flux up to ten times larger than commercial polymer membranes for H{sub 2} separation, and resist poisoning by H{sub 2}S and other sulfur compounds typical of coal gas. Similar Pd-membranes have been operated at temperatures as high as 750 C. The overall objective of the proposed project is to demonstrate the feasibility of using sequential electroless plating to fabricate Pd{sub 60}Cu{sub 40} alloy membranes on porous supports for H{sub 2} separation. These following advantages of these membranes for processing of coal-derived gas will be demonstrated: High H{sub 2} flux; Sulfur tolerant, even at very high total sulfur levels (1000 ppm); Operation at temperatures well above 500 C; and Resistance to embrittlement and degradation by thermal cycling. The proposed research plan is designed to providing a fundamental understanding of: Factors important in membrane fabrication; Optimization of membrane structure and composition; Effect of temperature, pressure, and gas composition on H{sub 2} flux and membrane selectivity; and How this membrane technology can be integrated in coal gasification-fuel cell systems.
An Update on the Properties of the Top Quark

Properties of the top quark such as its mass, its decay properties, and the \( t\bar t\) production cross section, have been studied by the CDF and DO experiments at the Tevatron Collider. Currently, the observed characteristics conform to expectations from the standard model. Nevertheless, all conclusions are limited by statistical uncertainty, and with the anticipated improvement in quality of detectors and the increase by over a factor of 100 in data before the turn-on of the LHC, the enhanced sensitivity may finally reveal the presence of new particle interactions and phenomena.
Zinc-copper interactions in the pregnant rat: fetal outcome and maternal and fetal zinc, copper and iron.

The interaction between zinc and copper in the pregnant rat was investigated by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats, from mating to term, diets that varied in zinc and copper concentrations. A factorial design was used with diets containing 1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng zinc/gram and 0.5, 5, 10 or 100 fig copper/gram. Malformations were found only in fetuses from rats fed the zinc-deficient diets (1 ng/g), and the fre quency of malformed fetuses increased as the concentration of dietary copper in creased. Maternal and fetal tissues of rats fed diets deficient in either zinc or copper were significantly lower in these elements than were those of rats fed a control diet. An antagonistic effect of dietary zinc on maternal and fetal tissue copper concentra tion was observed. The concentration of fetal liver zinc from rats fed a copper-defi cient diet was significantly higher than controls. The concentration of iron in maternal and fetal tissues was significantly affected by the level of dietary zinc, with values highest in the zinc-deficient groups. Maternal plasma cholesterol and tri glycA©ride levels were significantly lower than normal in the zinc-deficient animals. These data show that when the concentration of zinc in the diet is deficient an inter action can occur between dietary zinc and copper such that high levels of copper potentiate the teratogenicity of zinc deficiency. J. Nutr. 114: 1266-1279, 1984.
Geometry and anomalies in superconnection space

Abstract Using the concepts of gauge and supersymmetry orbits in superconnection space we give a geometrical derivation of the consistency condition for both gauge and supersymmetry anomalies. A relationship between supersymmetry anomalies in different approaches is established. An application is studied.
Two-population model for the sources of γ-ray bursts

It is shown here that no single class of gamma-ray bursts, either Galactic or cosmological in origin can explain recent observations which suggest that the distribution of gamma-ray burst sources is isotropic about the earth's position but also radially nonuniform. It is argued that the constraints can be reconciled if there are at least two distinct classes of bursts. Two kinds of burst are considered which both originate on Galactic neutron stars but which differ in intrinsic luminosity by a factor of 10 exp 5.
Service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in the service factory

Purpose – This study seeks to investigate, through the development of an operationalized service quality construct in the context of a service factory, whether the typology to which a service belongs may explain the nature of the service quality (SQ) construct and its relationship to customer satisfaction (SAT) and behavioral intentions (BI).Design/methodology/approach – An exploratory factor analysis used a sample from undergraduate student respondents. Then, a more representative sample of hotel guests was used, in a second‐order confirmatory factor analysis.Findings – The dominant dimensions of SQ construct in the service factory were found to be: Tangibles, Recovery, Responsiveness, and Knowledge. Further results indicate that, although the direct effect of SQ on BI is significant, the indirect effect (with SAT playing a mediating role) is a stronger driver for BI in the context of the service factory.Research limitations/implications – A notable limitation is that the present study focuses only on th...
State-of-the-art reconstructive surgery for bladder exstrophy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

• Bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly that has been difficult to correct. Advances in reconstructive surgery, some of which have originated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md, have impacted on the care of these patients. We reviewed the progress made in patient care and the results of state-of-the-art treatment. (AJDC. 1989;143:1475-1478)
Primary gastric lymphoma following renal transplantation.

A renal allograft recipient was diagnosed as having a primary gastric lymphoma 11 years following transplant. Pathology showed a large cell diffuse (histiocytic) lymphoma with lymph node metastases. Pulmonary metastases developed despite curative resection and adjuvant radiation therapy. An aggressive approach to the evaluation of abdominal symptoms following transplantation is indicated to attempt early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies and to allow prompt treatment.
Electrochemical Machining—Prediction and Correlation of Process Variables

Electrochemical machining, discussing relationship between total current, applied potential, electrolyte flow rate, electrolyte conductivity and electrode gap
Cattle call for gene targeting.

The discovery that a differentiated somatic cell can give rise to a new organism through nuclear transfer cloning touched off a revolution in genetics. A new study outlining how to target genes serially in cows ushers in a new era in large-animal genetics.
Recent Breakthroughs in Phased Arrays and Radar

This paper describes some of the recent breakthroughs in phased arrays and radar, including the sea-based X-band (SBX) radar, the 35 GHz active phased array, and the low cost MEMS phased array. It also discusses recent developments in GaN and SiC, digital beam forming, and tubes
Is C4 bent

Cheung and Graham have recently obtained high resolution ESR spectra of the C4 molecule which show splittings of the perpendicular lines into separatex andy components [1]. Their interpretation of these new spectra is that triplet C4 is not linear, but is slightly bent. This is contrary to numerous ab initio calculations.
OIL SPILL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM FOR FIXED FACILITIES

ABSTRACT Mobil's oil spill capability assessment program is used to determine improvements needed in oil spill prevention and response in Mobil's worldwide terminals, blend plants, and offshore facilities. The rationale for this program and its development, including the protocol and methodology used during the assessments, are presented here. The assessment process includes two to five days to conduct the survey, depending on the size of the facility, and three to five days of preparation and follow-up work. A detailed checklist, personnel interviews, records review, and walk-around surveys of the facility and its equipment and local cooperatives are used in conducting an assessment. To date, 163 assessments have been completed—the majority outside the United States, with most, 85, conducted in Asia and the Pacific Rim. The process of conducting an assessment and the general types of findings and recommendations is discussed. Recommendations are divided into five categories: facility, equipment, procedur...
Incorporation of 14C labeled glycine into yeast protein

Abstract Torula utilis incorporates labeled carbon into its protein fractions by an enzymatic process. The ratio of this uptake is influenced by time, temperature, p H and disinfectants. This enzymatic uptake might be an expression of protein synthesis operating as an exchange reaction.
Intracategory Rehearsal in List Learning.

Abstract In two experiments on free and cued recall, the spacing between categorically related items, presentation rate, and category size were varied and the effects of these variables on the recall of items as a function of their serial order within a category were studied. Recall probability was a decreasing function of both the spacing and serial order variables, and presentation rate did not alter the forms of these functions. Recall of the first item in a category improved as category size increased from one to five, but recall of the last item decreased. The results suggest that subjects organize the material during acquisition by retrieving and rehearsing previously studied items when subsequent related items are presented. Quantitative models were developed.
The Comparative Effects of Didactic-Correction and Self-Contradiction on Fallacious Scientific and Personal Reasoning

Summary The relative power of two methods of changing fallacious reasoning was investigated in 160 male and female undergraduate university students. Ss were randomized among three experimental conditions: didactic-correction method, self-contradiction method, control. Resistance to committing the fallacies of affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent was studied in an experimental reasoning task. The didactic-correction method was significantly (p < .001) more effective than the self-contradiction method for both types of logical fallacies and for both scientific reasoning problems and personal reasoning problems. On a transfer task concerned with a reduction of errors in drawing logical inferences, the didactic-correction method was significantly (p < .01) more effective than the self-contradiction method. It was concluded that the didactic-correction method, based on repetitive cognitive information feedback procedures, was more effective in reducing fallacious reasoning than the self-...
Capsular contracture and steroid-related complications in augmentation mammoplasty

An analysis of the data obtained in 91 of 161 patients (57%) who had undergone augmentation mammoplasty between 1973 and 1978 demonstrates that corticosteroids should be used with caution and that more data are needed before their efficacy is assured. Moreover, the authors believe that a better understanding of the breast contracture mechanism and specific pharmacologic agents is necessary in order to control the process of capsular contracture.
TH-E-218-01: Dual-Energy CBCT Imaging for Metal Artifact Reduction and Contrast Enhancement

Purpose: To develop dual‐energy CBCTimaging techniques for potential applications in metal artifact reduction and contrast enhancement. Methods: Metal artifact reduction using virtual monochromatic (VM) technique was evaluated with a bench‐top CBCT system. Low‐ and high‐energy projections were acquired at 80kVp and 150kVp (with an additional 0.8mm tin filtration). These projections were then decomposed into acrylic and aluminum basis material projections to synthesize VM projections. VM projections were then reconstructed to generate VM CBCTs. The effect of VM CBCT on the metal artifact reduction was evaluated with an in‐house titanium‐BB phantom. Optimal energy to maximize contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in VM CBCT was determined using a water phantom containing two iodine concentrations.The effect of contrast enhancement using linearly‐mixed‐image technique was evaluated using a kV on‐board imager at 80kVp and 125kVp. The dose partitioning between low‐ and high‐energy CBCTs was varied while keeping total dose approximately equal to single‐energy CBCTs, measured using an ion chamber. Noise level and CNR for six tissue types were investigated for dual‐energy CBCTs in comparison with single energy CBCTs at 100kVp. Results: Metal artifacts were substantially reduced using VM CBCT and quantitative analysis showed about 70% improvement in CNR in the titanium‐BB phantom study. Optimal energy selection to maximize CNR was 50keV for both iodine concentrations. A maximum noise reduction of 4% was achieved for linearly‐mixed dual‐energy CBCTs compared with that of equivalent‐dose single‐energy CBCTs. Linearly‐mixed CBCTs showed an improvement of CNR ranging from 3‐14% when 60% and 80% dose was partitioned to low‐energy projections. Conclusions: Dual‐energy CBCTimaging techniques were developed and shown to be effective in metal artifact reduction. Linearly‐mixed dual‐energy CBCT has the potential to improve noise and CNR depending on the dose‐partitioning scheme compared with single‐energy CBCT with equivalent dose. This work is partially supported by a research grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Mobilizing Religion for Democracy: Explaining Catholic Church Support for Democratization in South America

This article explores the conditions under which religious organizations push for democratization by addressing variation in support for democracy among Catholic Church authorities in South America. It argues that this can be best explained by leveraging key concepts used in the study of social movements: cultural frames, mobilizing resources, and political opportunity structures. This approach yields counter-intuitive insights about the role played by the Second Vatican Council, the size of national churches, and the crucial role of political parties. The empirical argument is formulated in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, and tested using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis.
Why hospital patients do and do not execute an advance directive.

Abstract Level of education was found to be the most important factor differentiating between patients who did and did not execute an advance directive in a study in which the extent to which race, education, language spoken, and income are associated with reasons for executing or not executing a directive. Nurs Outlook 2000;48:165–71.
Management of traumatic tracheobronchial separation in a teenager using a fabricated extra-long endotracheal tube

Tracheobronchial separation (TBS) due to blunt chest trauma in children is extremely rare. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who fell 20 feet and developed respiratory distress, bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema. Computed tomography imaging at the initial institution failed to detect tracheobronchial disruption, and the patient was managed conservatively. The patient's worsening condition prompted bronchoscopic examination which revealed complete separation of the right main bronchus from the trachea. Single-lung ventilation was instituted using a fabricated extra-long nasotracheal tube due to the patient's large size and mandibular fracture, and the airway was primarily anastamosed with an open thoracotomy approach. The clinical features of tracheobronchial separation as well as anesthetic, clinical and surgical management of this rare but life-threatening injury are described.
Thermal environment of cotton irrigated using canopy temperature

The threshold canopy temperature method for controlling a drip irrigation system includes a physiologically based threshold temperature and irrigation application rate that responds to the environment. Energy input from the environment causes canopy temperature to exceed the threshold value and irrigation is then applied. This study evaluated temperature distributions, amount of optimum time, and the amount of irrigation control time for cotton where irrigation scheduling was controlled by different threshold temperatures during the years 1988 to 1991. Optimum time for cotton growth was defined as the accumulated time that canopy temperatures were between 25 and 31 °C and the time accumulated above different threshold temperatures was designated as irrigation control time. Threshold temperatures over a 26 to 32 °C range altered the frequency distribution of temperature within the optimum temperature range (25–31 °C) by reducing temperatures above the threshold. Frequency of canopy temperatures of a 28 °C threshold temperature treatment decreased in the 28 to 29 °C increment and then remained below air temperature. Irrigation control time was more sensitive than optimum time to changes in threshold temperature between 26 and 31 °C. Optimum time and irrigation control time of the 28 °C threshold temperature varied by 37% and 29%, respectively. Lint yields in 1988 and 1990 were high while those in 1989 and 1991 were low because of unfavorable weather. Irrigation amounts applied during DOY 198–273 that were above 20 cm in high yield years or 12 cm in low yield years did not increase yield.
Induction of clinical autoimmune disease by therapeutic interferon-alpha.

(2003). Induction of Clinical Autoimmune Disease by Therapeutic Interferon-α. Autoimmunity: Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 511-518.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT CORRELATIONS WITH SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS.

Correlations and lack of correlations of dielectric constants (DEC's) with solubility and solubility parameters are discussed. By restricting various solvent systems to solvents exhibiting similar bonding characteristics, such as by using members of homologous chemical series or by using solvent blends, essentially linear relationships were obtained for plots of log mole fraction of solute versus the DEC of the solvent or solvent system. Relationships of this type were demonstrated for ( a ) a nonpolar liquid in a series of polar polyethylene glycols, ( b ) a nonpolar liquid in a series of semipolar polypropylene glycols, ( c ) nonpolar liquids in blends of polar and semipolar solvents, ( d ) polar liquids in blends of nonpolar and semipolar solvents, and ( e ) a solid organic solute in blends of polar solvents. A ternary phase diagram for the system methyl salicylate/isopropanol/water is presented and resolved into a straight line by this procedure. This approach is presented as a means for the quantitative evaluation of solubility in homologous solvent series and solvent blends.
A thyrotropin-releasing hormone-containing system in the rat dorsal horn separate from serotonin.

Abstract In this study, we report the identification of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing system in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. This system is distinct from the TRH and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) cotransmitter supraspinal system that has projections to the intermediolateral (IML) and ventral columns. Spinal cord sections from untreated rats, and those treated with colchicine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) were processed using peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry with nickel intensification. Results of the 5,7-DHT treatment were verified by quantifying TRH and 5-HT by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Prominent immunocytochemical staining for TRH in the dorsal horn was seen in varicose fibers mainly in lamina II and superficial lamina III of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of control rats. A few fibers were seen ascending into lamina I. A moderate number of fibers that were immunoreactive for 5-HT were primarily in laminae I and II. The distribution of TRH- and 6-HT-containing neurites in the IML and the ventral horn agreed with previously published reports. Rats treated with colchicine showed many small round TRH immunoreactive cells that were limited to laminae II/III of the dorsal horn. TRH immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn and IML was resistant to the effects of the selective serotonin neurotoxin, 5,7-DHT, while the ventral horn was depleted of TRH staining. Serotonin was almost completely eliminated in all spinal cord laminae. Quantitative biochemical studies showed significant, but non-parallel reductions of TRH and 5-HT in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. These studies demonstrate the existence of TRH-containing cell bodies and terminals in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. These findings (1) provide evidence that a TRH-containing system exists in the dorsal horn of the rat and that it is distinct from the descending medullary raphe system that contains 5-HT; (2) suggest that a population of TRH-containing fibers that project to the IML may not contain 5-HT; and (3) confirm previously published results that 5-HT and TRH coexist in terminals in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
The ratio of entropy to enthalpy for thermal transitions in biological cells, tissues and materials, and its implications for biology

The process of irreversible thermal denaturation of macromolecules involves cooperative bond breakage. Many bonds must break at the same time to allow denaturation. Hence, molecules are stabilized against thermal damage. However, these multiple bonds enforce a structural order on the macromolecule. A review of the literature on the entropy DS (J/(mole K)) and enthalpy DH (J/mole) of various endpoints of irreversible thermal denaturation (eg., whitening, contraction, loss of birefringence, necrosis, onset of heat shock proteins) indicate that the ratio DS/DH is constant at a value of 31.47x10-4 K-1, or 1/Tcrit where Tcrit a 44.6°C. The free energy of denaturation is DG = DH - TDS. At temperatures below Tcrit, more cooperative bonds yield more stability because DH dominates over TDS, but at temperatures above Tcrit more bonds yield less stable structure because TDS dominates over DH. Only one free parameter describes the kinetics of irreversible denaturation of macromolecules involving simultaneous breakage of multiple cooperative bonds, the DH of the transition.
Reconstruction of anterior iliac crest after bone graft harvest decreases pain: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Objective A substantial number of patients report persistent pain after graft harvest from the anterior iliac crest. There have been several retrospective case series published that suggest that iliac crest reconstruction using a variety of techniques may decrease graft site pain. This study, a randomized, controlled clinical trial at a university hospital, tested the hypothesis that reconstruction of the iliac crest will reduce graft harvest site pain. Methods A randomized, controlled clinical trial using the McGill Pain Inventory as the primary outcome measure was performed to evaluate the effect of anterior iliac crest reconstruction after graft harvest. Thirty patients who were treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion or cervical corpectomy and fusion with autologous iliac crest graft were randomized to one of two groups. Patients in Group 1 were treated with reconstruction of the iliac crest with commercially available tricalcium phosphate bone void filler after graft harvest. Patients in Group 2 were treated without graft site reconstruction. Graft site pain was assessed immediately after surgery, 6 weeks after surgery, and 3 months after surgery. Results Treatment groups were well matched with regard to patient age, sex, and smoking history. Although patients in each group reported persistent pain 6 weeks and 3 months after graft harvest, patients in the reconstruction group reported significantly less severe pain at 6 weeks and tended to have less pain at 3 months after surgery. Conclusion Reconstruction of the iliac crest with tricalcium phosphate bone void filler significantly decreases the severity of postoperative pain 6 weeks after surgery.
The Springs of Action: Affective and Analytical Information Processing in Choice

Affective processes were predicted to play a critical role in choices among complex stimuli. As hypothesized, self-report measures of individual differences in affective information processing were associated with choices in a task designed by Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, and Anderson (1994) to mimic the gains, losses, and uncertainties of real life decisions. The results were stronger when the processing of losses was considered separately from the processing of gains. Greater negative affectivity was associated with more avoidance of high-loss options; greater positive affectivity was associated with more choices from high-gain options. Both measures of affectivity added unique explanatory power to the prediction of choices among the decks over and above conscious knowledge about the decks. Affect appears to play an important role in guiding decisions and judgments.
Influenza virus–glycan interactions

It has been known for many years that influenza viruses bind by their hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein to sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) on the surface of the host cell, and that avian viruses most commonly bind to sialic acid linked α2-3 to galactose while most human viruses bind to sialic acid in the α2-6 configuration. Over the past few years there has been a large increase in data on this binding due to technological advances in glycan binding assays, reverse genetic systems for influenza and in X-ray crystallography. The results show some surprising changes in binding specificity that do not appear to affect the ability of the virus to infect host cells.
Molecular cloning and analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9, a gene involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis

The mutant allele rad9-192 renders Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells sensitive to ionizing radiation and UV light. We have isolated from a S. pombe genomic DNA library a unique recombinant plasmid that is capable of restoring wild-type levels of radioresistance to a rad9 192-containing cell population. Plasmid integration studies using the cloned DNA, coupled with mating and tetrad analyses, indicate that this isolated DNA contains the wild-type rad9 gene. We inactivated the repair function of the cloned fragment by a single insertion of the S. pombe ura4 gene. This nonfunctional fragment was used to create a viable disruption mutant, thus demonstrating that the rad9 gene does not encode an essential cellular function. In addition, the rad9-192 mutant population is as radiosensitive as the disruption mutant, indicating that rad9 gene function is severely if not totally inhibited by the molecular defect responsible for the rad9-192 phenotype. DNA sequence analysis of rad9 reveals an open reading frame of 1,278 bp, interrupted by three introns 53 bp, 57 bp, and 56 by long, respectively, and ending in the termination codon TAG. This gene is capable of encoding a protein of 426 amino acids, with a corresponding calculated molecular weight of 47,464 daltons. No significant homology was detected between the rad9 gene or its deduced protein sequence and sequences previously entered into DNA and protein sequence data banks.