cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Third-Party Selection of Subjects and Biased Samples

An instance of sample biasing casts doubt on the tenability of the frequently made, tacit assumption that third-party S selection results in an unbiased sample.
The second-law analysis of a recirculation cycle desiccant cooling system: Cosorption of water vapor and carbon dioxide

Abstract The second law, of thermodynamics is applied to a desiccant cooling system operating in the recirculation mode. In this study, the adsorbent is 13X molecular sieve, and the process air stream is assumed to contain only dry air, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. The second law efficiencies of a desiccant wheel are documented in terms of overall number of transfer units and the regeneration temperature. The results show that based on the first law and second law of thermodynamics, a solid desiccant adsorber using 13X molecular sieve can be optimally designed.
Giant Electroresistance in Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions

The interplay between the electron transport in metal-ferroelectric-metal junctions with ultrathin ferroelectric barriers and the polarization state of a barrier is investigated. Using a model which takes into account screening of polarization charges in metallic electrodes and direct quantum tunneling across a ferroelectric barrier, we calculate the change in the tunneling conductance associated with the polarization switching. We find the conductance change of a few orders of magnitude for metallic electrodes with significantly different screening lengths. This giant electroresistance effect is the consequence of a different potential profile seen by transport electrons for the two opposite polarization orientations.
Experimental Determination and Re-examination of the Effect of Initial Temperature on the Lower Flammability Limit of Pure Liquids

The lower flammability limits of 18 CxHyOzNw liquids were measured as a function of initial temperature in an ASHRAE 12 L style apparatus. Results indicate that the calculated adiabatic flame temperature is not constant, as previously reported but rather decreases with increasing temperature. Consequently, the modified Burgess−Wheeler law does not accurately predict the effect of temperature on the lower flammability limit. Though few direct comparisons are possible, previously reported data agree well with the values measured in this study.
Dodging cellular customs: Smuggling macromolecules into hepatocytes

The potential of reconstituted Sendai viral envelopes containing only the fusion protein (F-virosomes) was evaluated for a targeted cytosolic delivery of lysozyme to human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2) in culture. 125I-Lysozyme loaded into F-virosomes was used to monitor its fusion-mediated transfer to the HepG2 cells. Using fusion assay based on the transfer of water soluble probe, we have demonstrated the existence of aqueous connection between F-virosomes and target cells. Target specificity of the F-virosomes was ensured by the strong interaction between terminal β-galactose moiety of F protein and the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the membrane of HepG2 cells. Incubation of the loaded F-virosomes with cells resulted in fusion-mediated injection, as inferred from the ability of cells to internalize lysozyme in the presence of azide (an inhibitor of the endocytotic process). Binding as well as fusion of the F-virosomes to HepG2 cells was solely mediated by the F protein. Introduction of 125I-lysozyme into the HepG2 cells was confirmed by selective accumulation of acid and anti-body-precipitable radioactivity in the cytosolic compartment. The structural integrity of the internalized lysozyme was also assessed. The potential usefulness of F-virosomes with defined specificities as biological carrier for both in vitro and in vivo cytosolic delivery of macromolecules and drugs has been established.
Functional interaction between the basolateral amygdala and the nucleus accumbens underlies incentive motivation for food reward on a fixed ratio schedule.

Abstract The ability for incentive properties of reward stimuli to maintain motivated behavior in the absence of the rewards themselves may be reliant in part on a glutamatergic projection from the basolateral (BLA) amygdala to the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS). The present work examined this idea in regard to food reward. In the first part of this study, lever pressing by rats on a fixed ratio 16 (FR16) schedule of food reinforcement was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner following bilateral infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol to the BLA. Consumption of food when freely available was unaffected by the highest dose of muscimol, suggesting no change in the primary reward value of the food. Bilateral infusion of the broad-spectrum dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist flupenthixol to the NAS also resulted in a significant decrease in FR16 performance. As with the amygdala, consumption of freely available food was not affected by flupenthixol injections into the NAS. When unilateral injection of flupenthixol to the NAS was combined with contralateral injection of muscimol to the BLA, FR16 performance was suppressed. No significant change in lever press performance was observed following unilateral NAS injection of flupenthixol combined with ipsilateral injection of muscimol to the BLA. The results of this study support the idea that a functional connection between the BLA and NAS transmits incentive information necessary for the maintenance of responding in the absence of primary reward.
High-resolution x-ray spectroscopy of optically-thin sources

High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of optically thin sources is discussed. Based on a brief description of the general properties of highly ionized, optically thin sources and their spectra, and a set of specific examples drawn from the recent literature, I outline arguments for the importance of routine spectroscopy of faint sources as a science driver for future missions.
INDECOMPOSABLE INJECTIVE MODULES AND A THEOREM OF KAPLANSKY

ABSTRACT In an unpublished result dating back to the middle 50's, Kaplansky proved the following: Kaplansky's Theorem. A commutative ring R is von Neumann regular iff every simple R-module is injective is a V-ring), and iff every local ring is a field. In 1972, the author [11] proved a generalization (Theorem 1.2 below), namely that every VNR with Artinian primitive factor rings is a V-ring. The main result of the present paper is related to a question following Corollary 9 of the author's paper [13] (for commutative rings) about the structure of indecomposable injective modules. Theorem. If R is a commutative ring, then R is a VNR, that is, a V-ring, iff every subdirectly irreducible injective R-module E has a skewfield endomorphism ring. The proof devolves into showing that R is VNR, hence a V-ring by Kaplansky's Theorem. The method is showing that every ideal I such that is subdirectly irreducible is prime, and hence by Birkhoff's Theorem, every ideal of R is semiprime, equivalently, idempotent. This i...
Effects of Pictures on the Organization and Recall of Social Information

The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for the previously obtained improvement in memory for semantic information when accompanied by pictorial information. Results indicated that pictures incremented recall of trait information in two distinct stages--once with the addition of pictorial information and again when the pictures became relevant to the traits. Clustering in free recall on the basis of person categories was unaffected by the experimental conditions. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that pictures enhance person memory by fostering elaboration on stimulus information at encoding.
LEED studies of thorium adsorption on tungsten

Abstract The structural arrangement of thorium atoms adsorbed on a tungsten (100) surface has been investigated by means of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) techniques. As the coverage of thorium is increased a series of three distinct surface structures are observed which exhibit a decreasing crystallographic relationship with the substrate lattice. Epitaxial growth appears to set in for coverages above one monolayer. The occurrence of these structures can be correlated with the observed changes in the work function of the system. Models for the surface structures are presented and are used to discuss the interaction between the surface atoms, as well as the appearance of disordered structures.
Structure of the coat protein-binding domain of the scaffolding protein from a double-stranded DNA virus.

Scaffolding proteins are required for high fidelity assembly of most high T number dsDNA viruses such as the large bacteriophages, and the herpesvirus family. They function by transiently binding and positioning the coat protein subunits during capsid assembly. In both bacteriophage P22 and the herpesviruses the extreme scaffold C terminus is highly charged, is predicted to be an amphipathic alpha-helix, and is sufficient to bind the coat protein, suggesting a common mode of action. NMR studies show that the coat protein-binding domain of P22 scaffolding protein exhibits a helix-loop-helix motif stabilized by a hydrophobic core. One face of the motif is characterized by a high density of positive charges that could interact with the coat protein through electrostatic interactions. Results from previous studies with a truncation fragment and the observed salt sensitivity of the assembly process are explained by the NMR structure.
POCK model simulations of pulmonary quartz dust retention data in extended inhalation exposures of rats.

In recent years, a physiology-oriented multicompartmental kinetics (POCK) model was developed to simulate pulmonary retention data of biopersistent, noncytotoxic aerosols in long-term inhalation exposures of rats. Experimental data were successfully simulated for submicrometer-sized aerosols like carbon black, diesel soot, and titanium dioxide and for a micrometer-sized xerographic toner aerosol (Stober et al., 1994, 1995). This article describes for various rat strains successful POCK model simulations of experimental pulmonary retention data of micrometer-sized aerosols of biopersistent cytotoxic SiO2 modifications like quartz and quartzite. In the past, the POCK model was not applied to cytotoxic aerosols and dusts. Cytotoxicity was considered incompatible with the model assumption of a constant macrophage lifetime independent of the macrophage aerosol load. The few relevant experimental retention studies with biopersistent silica found in the open literature showed particulate lung burdens up to some 15 mg per rat lung. Apparently, at these loads, pulmonary burdens could be simulated because the fraction of alveolar macrophages killed by the cytotoxic particles was possibly still small compared to the total number of viable macrophages. Of necessity, however, the classical alveolar clearance in these studies was exclusively performed by alveolar macrophages that were burdened with cytotoxic particles, and the cells appeared to suffer from a substantial initial decrease of their inherent mobility. Thus a sizeable reduction of the alveolar clearance rate coefficient in comparison to nontoxic aerosol was found. The results for the model parameters of several different exposure studies are shown and interpreted in comparison to nontoxic titanium dioxide retention parameters.
MIS ELECTROLUMINESCENT DIODES IN ZnTe.

Abstract We have observed that proton bombardment can be used to create high resistivity layers in p -ZnTe and have used this technique to fabricate avalanching MIS electroluminescent diodes. The breakdown voltages for these diodes ranged from approximately 6V for 50 keV proton bombardments to 80V for 400 keV proton bombardments. Diodes with a red spectral output as well as diodes emitting in the green luminescent band of ZnTe have been obtained. The red electroluminescence appears to be due to an oxygen isoelectronic trap. The external quantum efficiency of the green diodes is 2×10 −4 at room temperature and 10 −3 at 77°K. That of the red diodes is 3×10 −3 at room temperature and 4×10 −3 at 77°K.
A novel atherothrombotic model of ischemic stroke induced by injection of collagen into the cerebral vasculature.

Background Most ischemic strokes in humans are caused by ruptured arterial atheroma, which activate platelets and produce thrombi that occlude cerebral vessels.
Synthetic studies on furanosteroids: construction of the viridin core structure via Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder and vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol-type reaction.

The synthesis of the viridin class of furanosteroids core skeleton from the readily available 2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxyinden-1-one (6) is described. Our strategy was broken down into three parts: (1) Synthesis of functionalized alkyne oxazoles of type 5; (2) intramolecular Diels–Alder/retro-Diels–Alder reaction of 5 followed by tautomerization and elaboration of R to give silylated furanonaphthols 4 bearing an aldehyde side chain; and (3) annulation of ring A by intramolecular vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol-type cyclization. Two major challenges were faced in the last step: (i) furanonaphthol derivatives bearing a β-hydroxyaldehyde functionality (R1 = OH) suffered from dehydration to the E-enal, which is geometrically incapable of cyclization, and (ii) the functionality at C17 had a strong influence on the conversion of 4 to 3, as exemplified by the failure of the free ketone (X = O) or its derivatives (X = H, OH; X = H, OAc) to cyclize. In the end, success was realized with the analogous C17-norketone (X = H, H).
On the alleged incompatibility of presentism and temporal parts

I In a recent paper in Mind, Trenton Merricks argued for the rather depressing thesis that no possible universe can contain both things that have temporal parts and things that don't. 1 A world in which there are perduring, but no enduring, entities is one in which the only (relevant) things that exist are things with temporal parts; to the extent that I can make sense of such a world, it is a world in which no thing really changes; it is, rather, a world in which things go out of existence and other things come into existence; it is a world in which the idea that things change is simulated but is not realized. Such a world is, I think, Heraclitean. 2 A world in which there are enduring entities, but in which no entities with temporal parts exist, is a world in which, since events have temporal parts, no events occur. And, since a world without events is a world in which, it seems to me, nothing happens, a world populated only by enduring things is also a world in which nothing changes. But, in this case, the world would be Parmenidean. 3 So, Merricks is arguing that the world must be changeless in either a Heraclitean or a Parrnenidean way. This is depressing. I think that it is beyond any doubt that there are physical objects, and that it is beyond any reasonable doubt that they endure. I also think that physical objects change and that, by and large, their changes are events, which are things that have temporal parts. The world I think there is, therefore, is a victim of Merricks' argument, and it is incumbent upon me to meet the challenge posed by it. Merricks' thesis is the conclusion of the following argument which involves theses about the nature of time:
Genomic instability: environmental invasion and the enemies within

Deleterious alterations in cellular DNA result from endogenous sources of damage, as well as from external radiations and genotoxic chemicals in the environment. Although it is often difficult to ascertain the relative contributions to biological endpoints from endogenous vs. environmental sources of genomic instability, such determinations are highly relevant to risk estimates based upon perceived toxic levels of environmental agents. Of particular concern are the DNA lesions caused by reactive oxygen species that are generated both as a byproduct of oxidative metabolism and as a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation and some other toxicants. We need to better understand the sequence of biochemical events that occurs between the initial formation of a DNA lesion and the biological outcome. These events may include transcription, replication, and cell cycle regulation, as well as DNA repair. Heterogeneity in the intragenomic distribution of lesions and their repair must also be taken into account. Expressed genes are unusually susceptible to alteration by some agents, and preferential repair of some lesions is targeted to transcribed DNA strands. An arrested RNA polymerase at a lesion may block access of repair enzymes, and it may also serve as a signal for upregulation of repair enzymes, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Our current understanding of the role of transcription in lesion processing and biological outcomes will be summarized, with particular emphasis upon the information gained from characterization of human genetic diseases expressing defects in the processing of damaged DNA. In some cases, the clinical features of these diseases might be understood in terms of deficiencies in the repair of lesions that arrest transcription.
Directly Observed Transmetalation from Boron to Rhodium. β-Aryl Elimination from Rh(I) Arylboronates and Diarylborinates

Transmetalation from boron to rhodium in the absence of basic activators is reported to proceed by β-aryl elimination from a series of triethylphospine-ligated rhodium(I) arylboronates and diarylborinates. [Rh(PEt3)3OB(OH)Ar] were prepared by treating {Rh(PEt3)2[N(SiMe3)2} with the corresponding arylboronic acid, ArB(OH)2, in the presence of added PEt3. One example of these complexes was characterized by X-ray diffraction. [Rh(PEt3)3OB(mesityl)2] and [Rh(PEt3)2OB(mesityl)2] were prepared by analogous methods from dimesitylborinic acid in the presence and absence of added PEt3. Heating of the trisphosphine boronate complexes in cyclohexane generated the rhodium aryl complexes, [(PEt3)3RhAr] and boroxin in good to high yields. [Rh(PEt3)3OB(mesityl)2] also underwent aryl migration to form [(PEt3)3Rh(mesityl)] and a cyclic boroxine. Kinetic studies showed that migration of more electron-poor aryl groups from the boronate complexes was slightly faster than migration of more electron-poor aryl groups and that m...
Characterization study of polycrystalline tin oxide surfaces before and after reduction in CO

Polycrystalline tin oxide surfaces have been examined before and after reduction in 40 Torr of CO at 100 and 175 C using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and electron stimulated desorption (ESD). The changes in the surface composition and chemical states of the surface species generally are subtle for the reductive conditions used. However, significant changes do occur with regard to the amounts and the chemical forms of the hydrogen-containing species remaining after both the 100 and 175 C reductions.
In vitro hepatic drug metabolism and microsomal enzyme induction in genetically obese rats

Abstract Genetically obese Zucker-strain rats were used to determine if obesity produced alterations in in vitro drug metabolism in hepatic microsomes or cytosol. Adult homozygous obese rats of both sexes had significantly less active drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro than homozygous lean Zucker rats or Sprague-Dawley rats. Specific activities of aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) from male obese rats were only 25–30 percent of control activities, while glutathione S-aryltransferase, biphenyl 4-hydroxylase, and cytochrome P-450 activities were 50–70 percent of control activities. Km and Vmax values for aminopyrine demethylation were significantly less in obese rats than in lean rats. Enzyme activities in weanling obese rats were nearly equivalent to activities in weanling lean rats. Pretreatment of obese and lean rats with 3-methylcholanthrene produced expected increases in activities of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase, AHH and cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbital (PB), however killed half of the PB-treated obese rats at 60 mg/kg, but killed no lean rats. At lower doses, PB pretreatment produced only marginal increases in specific activities of aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase and cytochrome P-450 in obese rats, while producing larger increases in activities in lean controls. When genetically obese rats were pair-fed to body weights that were equal to lean rats, the deficiency in in vitro drug metabolism between lean and fat rats was qualitatively as great as in ad lib. fed rats. Testosterone treatment of obese rats produced no significant increase in in vitro drug metabolism. Heterozygous lean Zucker rats responded to all treatments in a manner similar to that of homozygous lean Zucker rats. The explanation for these results is complex and they cannot be accounted for by a simple increase in body weight.
Aplysinopsin analogs: Synthesis and anti-proliferative activity of substituted (Z)-5-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)imidazolidine-2,4-diones

A series of substituted (Z)-5-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3) analogs structurally related to aplysinopsin, and that incorporate a variety of substituents in both the indole and N-benzyl moieties have been synthesized under microwave irradiation and conventional heating methods These analogs were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-231 breast cancer cell lines, and A549 and H460 lung cancer cell lines. Two analogs, 3f and 3j had IC(50) values of 4.4 and 5.2microM, respectively, compared to 5-fluorouracil (IC(50)=15.2microM) against MCF-7 cells.
Guidelines for application of learning/cost improvement curves

The differences between the terms learning curve and improvement curve are noted, as well as the differences between the Wright system and the Crawford system. Learning curve computational techniques were reviewed along with a method to arrive at a composite learning curve for a system given detail curves either by the functional techniques classification or simply categorized by subsystem. Techniques are discussed for determination of the theoretical first unit (TFU) cost using several of the currently accepted methods. Sometimes TFU cost is referred to as simply number one cost. A tabular presentation of the various learning curve slope values is given. A discussion of the various trends in the application of learning/improvement curves and an outlook for the future are presented.
Older adult psychiatric inpatients with non-cognitive disorders should be screened for vitamin B12 deficiency.

Objective Vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is most prevalent among older adults. Practice guidelines recommend screening older adults with symptoms of cognitive disorder for B12 deficiency. However, guidelines for non-cognitive psychiatric disorders typically do not mention screening older adults for B12 deficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine whether routine screening of older adult psychiatric inpatients for B12 deficiency, regardless of cognitive symptoms, is clinically justified.
Boundary integral/spectral element approaches to the Navier-Stokes equations

Numerical algorithms are presented which combine spectral expansions on elemental subdomains with boundary integral formulations for solving viscous flow problems. Three distinct algorithms are described. The first demonstrates the use of spectral elements for the classic boundary integral method for steady Stokes flow. The second extends this algorithm to include domain integrals for solution of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. The third algorithm explores the use of boundary integrals as a means of consolidating uncoupled elemental solutions in a domain decomposition approach. Numerical results demonstrating high-order convergence are presented in each case.
Note on the formulation of gauge-invariance conditions inS-matrix theories

Gauge-invariance of theS-matrix is formulated in terms of a functional derivative condition with respect to a vanishing classical 4-vector field depending on macroscopic space-time co-ordinates (or a family of such fields for the case of non-Abelian gauge groups). This condition can be used to derive identities of the Ward-Takahashi type for the coefficient functions of expansions of theS-matrix in terms of asymptotic field operators. The connection of gauge theories (especially electrodynamics) with macroscopic space-time and with the asymptotic momentum-space behaviour of scattering amplitudes is briefly discussed.
Bacterial Cell Cycle: Completing the Circuit

Recent advances in understanding bacterial cell-cycle regulation suggest circuit control mechanisms that operate analogously to those in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Individuals versus pairs in hierarchical inferences

Abstract This study examined the performance of subjects in a cascaded inference task where two subjects worked together, one subject having diagnosticity information and the other having reliability information. This was compared to a condition in which a single subject received both types of information. Additionally, the effect of different “experts” having the power to make the final decision in the two-person conditions was explored. Seventy-two subjects made inferences about the probability of success vs failure of hypothetical job applicants presented in a personnel manager scenario. Subjects were paid bonuses according to their performance on the task. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no between conditions differences. Single subjects performed just as well as subjects working together. This study replicates previous work using single subjects in the general pattern of responses: subjects were somewhat radical in comparison to the normative model.
BRAIN PHOSPHATE IN FASTING RATS.

SummaryIn the brains of fasted rats, the 24-hour uptake of radiophosphate (P32O4), the total phosphate content, and the phos-pholipid phosphate content were all decreased. In the liver, radiophosphate uptake increased for 3 days, then decreased to less than control values. Muscle uptake decreased slightly.
Multitracer PET imaging of bone metastases from paraganglioma: peripheral halo of uptake on 18F-FLT PET mismatching with central uptake of 18F-FDOPA, 18F-fluorodopamine, and 18F-FDG.

A 70-year-old man with a history of a right adrenal paraganglioma (24 cm) surgically removed 2 years before was referred for lower back pain, palpitations, and increased plasma catecholamine levels suspicious for recurrent paraganglioma. The patient underwent a multi-tracer PET imaging evaluation consisting of four different radiopharmaceuticals, each performed on different days in the same week: 18F-Fdopamine and 18F-FDOPA to specifically detect the presence of paraganglioma [1], 18F-FDG to assess glycolytic activity, and 18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) to assess cell proliferation [2]. The scans revealed retroperitoneal masses, bilateral lung lesions, and bone lesions, with high and variable avidity for 18F-Fdopamine (A), 18F-FDOPA (B), and 18F-FDG (C). The inter-lesion and inter-tracer tracer avidity variability illustrates the metastatic metabolic heterogeneity. All lesions had low 18F-FLT uptake (D), suggesting a low rate of cellular proliferation. However, the bone lesions (green arrows) showed an interesting pattern on 18F-FLT PET. High 18F-FLT uptake is known to occur in normal bone, due to hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow compartment that are continually replacing circulating peripheral blood cells and are highly proliferative [3]. In this patient, bone lesions detected and delineated by T2-weighted MRI (E) and CT (F) showed low cellular proliferation, contrasting with their high catecholamine metabolism and high glycolytic activity. High non-specific peri-tumoral 18F-FLT uptake was seen (higher than the normal bone), most likely corresponding to the reactive proliferation of hematopoietic cells around the lesion. This should elicit caution when interpreting focal uptake (higher than the constitutively high bone marrow background uptake) of 18F-FLT in bone.
HEURISTIC FOR MINIMIZING THE NUMBER OF LATE JOBS ON TWO PROCESSORS

The problem of nonpreemptively scheduling a set of n independent jobs with identical release times so as to minimize the number of late jobs is considered. It is known that the problem can be solved in O(n log n) time, by an algorithm due to Moore, for a single processor, and that it becomes NP-hard for two or more identical processors, even if all jobs have identical due dates. In this paper we give a fast heuristic, based on Moore’s algorithm, for the multiprocessor case. Like Moore’s algorithm, our heuristic also admits an O(n log n) implementation. It is shown that the performance ratio of the heuristic is 4/3 for two identical processors, where the performance ratio is defined to be the least upper bound of the ratio of the number of on-time jobs in an optimal schedule versus that in the schedule generated by the heuristic.
Rainfall Patterns and U.S. Migration from Rural Mexico.

Variability associated with climate change will most likely increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes (Trenberth et al. 2007) and more prolonged, lower-intensity events such as droughts (Kundzewicz 2007). Both of these phenomena might alter patterns of human migration (e.g., Gutmann and Field 2010), an issue that has increasingly garnered attention among the public as well as in policy and academic realms (Hartmann 2010). Our analytical focus is on Mexico-U.S. migration, one of the largest and longest-sustained international flows of people in the world (Massey and Sana 2003) and the main source of both legal and undocumented migration into the U.S. (Passel and Cohn 2011). Even so, only a handful of peer-reviewed studies exist on potential environmental factors shaping Mexico-U.S. migration. Most scholars contend that climate change will likely increase mobility within a nation’s borders rather than create a wave of international “climate refugees” (e.g., Bardsley and Hugo 2010; Hartmann 2010). Yet, the association between climatic variability and migration distance is contingent on factors such as household socioeconomic status (Gray 2009, Gray and Mueller 2012a, 2012b). Further, internal or international migrant networks play a key role in determining whether people move within or across national boundaries in response to economic conditions (Lindstrom and Lauster 2001). In the Mexican setting, a strong association has been identified between migrant networks and migration (Massey and Riosmena 2010) especially from rural areas (Fussell and Massey 2004). Likewise, prior migration experience within the household decreases the uncertainty surrounding, and costs associated with, subsequent migration thereby facilitating mobility (e.g., Massey and Espinosa 1997). As such, we argue migrant networks and prior migration experience will be important mediators on whether migration is used as an adaptation strategy to economic and social vulnerability associated with climatic stress and variability. To test the association between broad availability of migrant networks, U.S.-bound migration and environmental stress and variability, we model the association between variation in state-level rainfall and U.S.-bound migration from Mexico’s historical sending regions as contrasted with other regions. We use data from 66 rural communities surveyed by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). Although substantial research has examined the social, economic, and policy drivers of Mexican migration to the U.S. (e.g., Angelucci, forthcoming; Hamilton and Villarreal 2011; Lindstrom and Lauster 2001; Massey et al. 1987; Massey and Espinosa 1997), less is known about the environmental dimensions of migration streams.
Sneaking in extra material (panel session)

Did you ever wish you could sneak some extra material into a course but it just doesn't fit with the syllabus and there's not enough time to add another unit to an already crowded calendar? In this Tips and Techniques I described how I snuck some computing history into an introductory programming course.
Comparison of species-specific oxygen isotope paleotemperature equations: Sensitivity analysis using planktonic foraminifera from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

Abstract The oxygen isotope compositions of seven species of planktonic foraminifera ( Globigerinoides ruber (pink), Globigerina bulloides , Globorotalia menardii , Globigerinoides sacculifer , Orbulina universa , Globorotalia crassaformis , and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ) were measured from biweekly sediment trap samples collected in Cariaco Basin, Venezuela between 2003 and 2008. Sixteen published paleotemperature equations were used to estimate calcification temperatures from this δ 18 O data. As part of the CARIACO time series, routine in situ water column chemistry measurements and hydrographic monitoring has occurred since 1995. The calcification temperature estimates were compared with these monthly water column temperature measurements to ascertain species depth habitats and to determine which equations yielded the most realistic temperature estimates. No single equation provided accurate temperature estimates for all species. Rather, the equations yielded temperature estimates that varied by 2–4 °C for each species. Overall species-specific paleotemperature equations based on plankton tow samples yield the coldest temperature estimates, while generic equations produce the warmest temperatures. Our results indicate that when using planktonic foraminiferal δ 18 O to make paleotemperature estimates, equations must be carefully selected on a species by species basis. Here we provide general guidelines for selecting paleotemperature equations. We also evaluated how well the δ 18 O difference between the surface dwelling G. ruber and the deeper dwelling N. dutertrei estimates the surface to thermocline temperature gradient. The Δδ 18 O is small (0.61‰) during winter due to upwelling and increases (1.37‰) during summer as upwelling ceases and surface waters become thermally stratified.
The Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

The best possible known treatments for pulmonary hypertension are: 1. Correction of an operable lesion. 2. The adequate use of oxygen and other vasodilating drugs while the disease is in the vasoconstrictive stage. 3. Prevention of pulmonary tract infections or clearing such adequately using the indicated antibiotic after culture and sensitivity studies. 4. The prevention of obstructive changes in the pulmonary arteries by maintenance of a good cardiac output and the prevention of multiple thrombi. 5. Since all medical management is disappointing, prophylaxis is the best therapy.
Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Segment of Human Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α

Abstract Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a member of the eIF2 heterotrimeric complex that binds and delivers Met-tRNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit in a GTP-dependent manner. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of eIF2α at Ser-51 is the major regulator of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the first structural analysis on eIF2, the three-dimensional structure of a 22-kDa N-terminal portion of human eIF2α by x-ray diffraction at 1.9 A resolution. This structure contains two major domains. The N terminus is a β-barrel with five antiparallel β-strands in an oligonucleotide binding domain (OB domain) fold. The phosphorylation site (Ser-51) is on the loop connecting β3 and β4 in the OB domain. A helical domain follows the OB domain, and the first helix has extensive interactions, including a disulfide bridge, to fix its orientation with respect to the OB domain. The two domains meet along a negatively charged groove with highly conserved residues, indicating a likely site for protein-protein interaction.
The alderflies of Kansas (Megaloptera: Sialidae)

Abstract The alderflies occurring in Kansas are summarized and figured. A key for the identification of adult males and females of the five species of Sialis occurring in the area is provided. County records are reviewed for each species, with Sialis infumata Newman newly recorded for Bourbon County.
Structural Separation and Access in Telecommunications Markets

This paper presents a basic framework to assess whether structural (vertical) separation is desirable. It is discussed within the setting of fixed telecommunications markets. From an economist's perspective, the key question that underlies the case for structural separation is: is there a persistent bottleneck? The obvious candidate is the local loop, or local access network. If yes then it makes sense to compare the costs and benefits of structural separation. The framework provides a set of options that the regulator can use strategically, by using the threat of a break-up to influence an incumbent's competitive stance in the wholesale market.
Comparison of measurement methods for radium-226 on manganese-fiber

Acrylic fibers impregnated with MnO 2 (Mn-fiber) have become a valuable tool for concentrating dissolved radium for oceanographic applications. With four naturally-occurring radium isotopes ( 223 Ra, 224 Ra, 226 Ra, and 228 Ra) of vastly different half-lives (3.6 days to 1600 years), radium can be a powerful tool for tracing terrestrial water discharges into the ocean and studying coastal mixing processes. Several techniques have been outlined in the literature describing the measurement of 226 Ra on Mn-fiber via its gaseous daughter, 222 Rn. We present a proven, air-tight cartridge design that allows one to use these measurement techniques. We then review the procedures for three radon-based nondestructive measurement techniques for 226 Ra on Mn-fiber (via RAD7, RaDeCC, and Rn emanation line systems) and perform an intercomparison among them, using the standard technique of γ-spectrometry as a reference. We find that all methods statistically agree in terms of measured activity. The Rn emanation line and the RaDeCC systems (both based on Lucas cell counting) provide the lowest measurement uncertainties and minimum detectable activities (MDAs) for a given counting time. The RAD7 technique, on the other hand, offers the advantage of being an automated system, thus requiring minimal user interaction. The standard γ-spectrometry technique, while more time-consuming and sample destructive, has the advantage of providing a simultaneous measurement for 228 Ra.
Field Evaluation of the New FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-Referenced Standards

Background: The Cooper Institute established new criterion-referenced standards for the body composition and cardiovascular fitness standards for the FITNESSGRAM ® program. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in the achievement of standards and classification agreement between the old and new standards. Methods: Fitness data were collected during the 2009 -2010 school year from 1686 youth (grades 3-12) from six schools (two districts) in a small Midwestern town. Data analyses were completed during the 2010 and 2011 school year. Descriptive statistics were computed to determine the percentage of students classified into the various fitness classifications using both the old and new standards. Classification agreement was examined for alternative tests of cardiovascular fitness (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and 1-mile run) and body composi- tion (skinfold determination of body fat and BMI) using both the old and new standards. Results: The descriptive results reveal important age and gender differences in reported levels of fitness levels in school-aged youth. For body composition, the percentage of youth achieving the healthy fitness zone (HFZ) was about 10% lower with the new standards than the old ones. For aerobic capacity, a larger percentage of young boys and a smaller percentage of older boys achieved the new HFZ for aerobic capacity. However, a smaller percentage of girls achieved the new HFZ at all ages. The use of test-equating in the revised standards led to significant improvements in the classification agreement between 1-mile run and the PACER. Conclusions: The large data set provided a useful sample to examine the impact of the new fitness standards on the documentation of youth fitness levels in schools. The new standards address a number of measurement issues with the old standards and provide a more appropriate way to evaluate levels of health-related fitness in youth.
System-level design of specialized VLSI hardware for computing relative orientation

Determining the relative orientation between the coordinate systems of two cameras is central to binocular stereo, as well as to the long range motion vision. The author proposes a system-level design for specialized hardware to compute relative orientation in real-time. The problem is difficult for two reasons: one is the nonlinearity of the equations which must be solved, and which may possess multiple solutions or local minima; the other is the difficulty of finding point correspondences. The major contribution of the paper is the theoretical analysis and simulation of simple methods, which map well to analog and digital hardware, for resolving both difficulties. >
Stress and Shear Fracture (Fault) Patterns Resulting from a Suite of Complicated Boundary Conditions with Applications to the Wind River Mountains

The Airy stress function is used, via the Principle of Superposition and the series summation concept, to obtain stress states in a static, self-gravitating elastic beam subjected to boundary stresses. The boundary conditions investigated are more complicated than those previously published and include cases with sawtooth-, step-, and sinusoidally-shaped lower-boundary loads, with and without additional tectonic end leads. Potential shear fracture (fault) patterns derived from the calculated stress fields indicate co-existing (simultaneous) regions of lateral shortening and extension. Application of one of the cases to the study of the structural geometry of the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming yields a good ‘fit’ and forms a possible explanation for the observed rotations and zones of shortening and extension.
Quantifying high-resolution impervious surfaces using spectral mixture analysis

Impervious surface distribution and its temporal changes are considered key urbanization indicators and are utilized for analysing urban growth and influences of urbanization on natural environments. Recently, urban impervious surface information was extracted from medium/coarse resolution remote sensing imagery (e.g. Landsat ETM+ and AVHRR) through spectral analytical methods (e.g. spectral mixture analysis (SMA), regression tree, etc.). Few studies, however, have attempted to generate impervious surface information from high resolution remotely sensed imagery (e.g. IKONOS and Quickbird). High resolution images provide detailed information about urban features and are, therefore, more valuable for urban analysis. The improved spatial resolution, however, also brings new challenges when existing spectral analytical methods are applied. In particular, a higher spatial resolution leads to reduced boundary effects and increased within-class variability. Taking Grafton, Wisconsin, USA as a study site, this paper analyses the spectral characteristics of IKONOS imagery and explores the applicability of SMA for impervious surface estimation. Results suggest that with improved spatial resolution, IKONOS imagery contains 40-50% of mixed urban pixels for the study area, and the within-class variability is a severe problem for spectral analysis. To address this problem, this paper proposes two approaches, interior end-member set selection and spectral normalization, for SMA. Analysis of results indicates that these approaches can reasonably reduce the problems associated with boundary effects and within-class variability, therefore generating better impervious surface estimates.
GLYCOGEN IN THE UTERUS OF ALLOXANDIABETIC RATS1

The effect of estrogen on the concentration of glycogen was determined in tissue samples from the uterus, liver, diaphragm and urinary bladder of spayed, alloxan-diabetic rats. Uterine glycogen was significantly increased in the alloxan-diabetic animals. Furthermore, uterine glycogen was significantly higher in the estrogen-treated alloxan-diabetic rats than it was after either alloxan treatment or estrogen treatment alone. These increases appeared to be related to the elevated blood sugar. The glycogen content of the urinary bladder was not altered.
Executive Power and Republican Principles at the Founding of the Fifth Republic

This article examines the understanding of executive power in the debates at the founding of the Fifth Republic in 1958. The examination discovered a concept of executive power quite different from the real executive power revealed in the history of the Fifth Republic. The framers of the constitution intended to place the prime minister at the head of the executive power and to shield him from removal by the President of the Republic. The direct election of the president, brought about by the problematic constitutional amendment of 1962, provided the legitimacy for the de facto dominant role of the president apart from the two cohabitation periods.
A new frequency-dependent-model for cables

This paper deals with the inclusion of frequency effects (skin effect) in an enhanced transport delay model for electric cables of arbitrary length connected to a PWM-IGBT variable frequency drive (VFD), to better predict overvoltage peaks in the line during transient.The problem and the importance of predicting peak overvoltages to determine the appropriate insulation to be used by cables is addressed. Frequency-domain characterization of cables is considered. A function in the Laplace-s-domain is fitted to such characterized behavior by using genetic algorithms. From the step response of the cable, and using genetic algorithms (GA), an impulse function (propagation function) is derived. Such a function is used to predict frequency-dependent voltage and current in longer cables. Simulation and experimental results are provided.