cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
c-Myc in Cellular Transformation and Cancer

The c-myc gene plays a central role in a wide diversity of cellular processes, including cell cycle, cell growth (including protein synthesis), DNA dynamics, and apoptosis. As one of the most common oncogenes in human cancer, c-myc is commonly gene amplified in solid tumors and deregulated by chromosomal translocation in hematologic malignancies. A significant body of work has already defined pathologic effects of deregulated c-myc on cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and immortality in cancer. However, recent studies have begun to shed light on two, key, additional processes in cancer: cell transformation (anchorage independent growth), and genomic instability (including loss of cell cycle DNA damage-dependent checkpoint control). This review first covers structure-function relationships of c-myc; it then focuses on the emerging aspects of transformation and genomic instability in the pathophysiologic function of this very important oncogene.
Improving Boston Nail Salon Indoor Air Quality Through Local Public Health Regulation, 2007–2019

In 2011, following years of outreach and training, Boston, Massachusetts, enacted regulations to improve health and safety in nail salons. These were amended in 2013 to require mechanical ventilation, including dedicated exhaust for each manicure and pedicure station. As of June 2019, 185 of 190 salons have satisfied the regulatory requirements. Regulations can help ensure that environmental health benefits are widespread and that small businesses' investment in occupational health does not result in a competitive disadvantage.
OFFICE: Optimization Framework For Improved Comfort & Efficiency

Buildings are responsible for a significant portion of energy consumption in the US, accounting for more than 40% of US primary energy consumption. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) accounts for nearly 50% of that use. Conditioning buildings is important since people spend 87% of their time in the place they live (residential) and the place they work (commercial). Despite this massive expense, many users are dissatisfied with the thermal conditions in buildings. Savings made in HVAC systems, therefore, have a major impact on energy consumption and cost, together with the reduction of greenhouse emissions for the nation. Equally critical is to provide thermal quality of service to their users, so people are comfortable in the place they reside and work.In this paper, we explore the tradeoff between commercial building HVAC energy consumption and the quality of thermal conditioning provided to users. We argue that optimal HVAC control cannot be achieved due to lack of critical information, namely where the users are inside the building, what do they want with respect to thermal comfort and how each zone responds to thermal changes. In this work, we present OFFICE, a model predictive control (MPC) framework for smart building HVAC control. The framework has several components that help to address the current HVAC control systems shortcomings, including (a) occupancy sensing in real-time, (b) occupancy prediction models based on historical occupancy data, (c) human-in-the-loop comfort feedback, (d) data-driven thermodynamic building models, and (e) weather forecasting data. All these components provide the necessary input to our model predictive control optimization framework that minimizes monetary costs in energy use while maintaining quality comfort bounds for the building’s users based on real-time user’s feedback. We developed a large system that involves all the above components, replacing the Building Management System control algorithms, taking over full control of the HVAC system. We tested OFFICE in a real LEED Gold certified university building with over 20 workers performing their daily tasks for 4 weeks, and we showed that we could obtain monetary costs savings of more than 10% while at the same time reducing the users’ dissatisfaction levels with thermal comfort from 25% to 0% dissatisfaction, significantly improving the quality of thermal service provided to the building’s users.
Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit.

Candida auris is a yeast that is difficult to eradicate and has caused outbreaks in health care facilities. We report a cluster of 5 patients in 1 intensive care unit who were colonized or infected in 2017. The initial 2 patients were recipients of liver transplants who had cultures that grew C auris within 3 days of each other in June 2017 (days 43 and 30 posttransplant). Subsequent screening cultures identified 2 additional patients with C auris colonization. Respiratory and urine cultures from a fifth patient yielded C auris. All isolates were fluconazole resistant but susceptible to echinocandins. Whole genome sequencing showed the strains were clonal, suggesting in-hospital transmission, and related but distinct from New York/New Jersey strains, consistent with a separate introduction. However, no source or contact was found. Two of the 5 patients died. C auris infection likely contributed to 1 patient death by infecting a vascular aneurysm at the graft anastomosis. Strict infection control precautions were initiated to control the outbreak. Our experience reveals that although severe disease from C auris can occur in transplant recipients, outbreaks can be controlled using recommended infection control practices. We have had no further patients infected with C auris to date.
Succinct Explanations with Cascading Decision Trees

Classic decision tree learning is a binary classification algorithm that constructs models with first-class transparency - every classification has a directly derivable explanation. However, learning decision trees on modern datasets generates large trees, which in turn generate decision paths of excessive depth, obscuring the explanation of classifications. To improve the comprehensibility of classifications, we propose a new decision tree model that we call Cascading Decision Trees. Cascading Decision Trees shorten the size of explanations of classifications, without sacrificing model performance overall. Our key insight is to separate the notion of a decision path and an explanation path. Utilizing this insight, instead of having one monolithic decision tree, we build several smaller decision subtrees and cascade them in sequence. Our cascading decision subtrees are designed to specifically target explanations for positive classifications. This way each subtree identifies the smallest set of features that can classify as many positive samples as possible, without misclassifying any negative samples. Applying cascading decision trees to new samples results in a significantly shorter and succinct explanation, if one of the subtrees detects a positive classification. In that case, we immediately stop and report the decision path of only the current subtree to the user as an explanation for the classification. We evaluate our algorithm on standard datasets, as well as new real-world applications and find that our model shortens the explanation depth by over 40.8\% for positive classifications compared to the classic decision tree model.
Dorsal Plating for Distal Radius Fractures

Volar locking plates have become the preferred treatment for most distal radius fractures with lower complication rates of extensor tendon ruptures and wrist stiffness, compared to dorsal plating. Advantages of a dorsal approach to the distal radius include ability to visualize the articular surface through a dorsal capsulotomy and provide buttress against dorsal shear fractures. Surgical indications for dorsal plating of distal radius fractures include dorsal Barton fractures, die-punch fragments, and dorso-ulnar articular fragments. The advent of newer lower profile anatomic dorsal plates allows for dorsal plating with lower complication rates.
Compassion Fatigue Among Animal Shelter Volunteers: Examining Personal and Organizational Risk Factors

Compassion fatigue (CF) is a prevalent issue in both human- and animal-care-related industries and is a concern due to its negative effect on mental health and retainment in the profession. Individ...
SUMO E2/E3 Enzyme Co-Recognize Substrates and Confers High Substrates Specificity

Although various technologies can determine protein-protein interaction affinity, Kd, current approaches require at least one interacting protein to be purified. Here, we present a development of high-throughput approach to determine protein interaction affinity for un-purified interacting proteins using quantitative FRET assay. We developed this approach first using SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, and SUMO substrate, RanGap1c. The interaction affinities from two purified proteins and two unpurified proteins in the presence of BSA, bacterial extracts or two mixtures are all in excellent agreement with that obtained from the SPR measurement. We then applied this approach to determine the interaction affinities of SUMO E3 PIAS1 and Ubc9 with a SUMO substrate, influenza virus protein, NS1, and, for the first time, the SUMO E3 ligase-substrate interaction affinity is determined, which enables us to provide a kinetics explanation for the two-enzyme substrate recognition mode. In general, our studies allow high-throughput determination of protein interacting affinity without any purification, and both the approach and scientific discoveries can be applied to proteins that are difficult to be expressed in general. O_LIProtein interaction dissociation constant, Kd, determination without any protein purification; C_LIO_LICo-recognition of substrates by two enzymes in one reaction; C_LIO_LIPotential affinity improvement mechanism of substrate recognition revealed with kinetics parameters in vivo. C_LI
Changes in Pain Catastrophizing and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs as Mediators of Early Physical Therapy on Disability and Pain in Acute Low-Back Pain: A Secondary Analysis of a Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE The Fear-Avoidance Model of chronic pain (FAM) posits that pain catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs are prognostic for disability and chronicity. In acute low-back pain, early physical therapy (PT) is effective in reducing disability in some patients. How early PT impacts short- and long-term changes in disability for patients with acute pain is unknown. Based on the FAM, we hypothesized that early reductions in pain catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs would mediate early PT's effect on changes in disability (primary outcome) and pain intensity (secondary outcome) over 3 months and 1 year. SUBJECTS Participants were 204 patients with low-back pain of < 16 days duration, who enrolled in a clinical trial (NCT01726803) comparing early PT sessions or usual care provided over 4 weeks. METHODS Patients completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ work and physical activity scales) and outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale) at baseline, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year. We applied longitudinal mediation analysis with single and multiple mediators. RESULTS Early PT led to improvements in disability and pain over 3 months, but not 1 year. In the single mediator model, four-week reductions in pain catastrophizing mediated early PT's effects on 3-month disability and pain intensity improvements, explaining 16% and 22% of the association, respectively, but the effects were small. Pain catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs did not jointly mediate these associations. CONCLUSIONS In acute low-back pain, early PT may improve disability and pain outcomes at least partly through reducing patients' catastrophizing.
Using genetic algorithms to identify deleterious patterns of physiologic data for near real-time prediction of mortality in critically ill patients

Abstract Objective Contemporary predictive models of mortality for adult critically ill patients are not suitable for use at the bedside. Almost all have been developed and then tested using retrospective, cleansed data, which does not give an accurate assessment of how the models will function under actual situations. We previously reported on a promising predictive model called SIGNIPHY that used genetic algorithms to identify patterns that were precursors of patient decline in an intensive care unit (ICU). But it was based on retrospective data that had been post-processed. This study looked at how genetic algorithms could partition streaming physiologic data into patterns that translated into a near real-time, accurate, prediction of mortality in adult ICUs. Methods Patients admitted to six ICUs had their vital signs data collected continuously and in near real-time for three months in 2020. A genetic algorithm partitioned the distribution of each vital sign into bins that conferred the greatest variation in mortality rate. “Letters” were assigned to each bin, which were then mapped to a patient's median value for each vital sign during a 10-min time segment. Concatenating letters from three time segments resulted in “words” that were proxies for unique physiologic trends over 30 min. Weights were assigned to these physiologic trends, as well as whether or not the patient was receiving mechanical ventilation, to give each patient a rolling score for every time period: rSIGNIPHY. A genetic algorithm optimized the randomly assigned weights into those that maximized the association between a patient's highest rSIGNIPHY score and risk of death. Results 1810 patients had data collected and an rSIGNIPHY score computed at each 30-min time segment. A patient's highest rSIGNIPHY score was strongly associated with future mortality, with an R2 of 0.981 for a second-order polynomial model. We then partitioned the maximum rSIGNIPHY score into three “risk bins”, labelled low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. The respective morality rates for those three groups were 3.2%, 18.8%, and 33.3%. Conclusion The use of genetic algorithms to identify specific physiologic patterns associated with mortality was tested using live, real-time data collected from critically ill patients. Although retrospectively analyzing the data, rSIGNIPHY proved successful in assigning patients to risk groups: low, moderate, and high. The high-risk group had a mortality rate that was 10.5-fold higher than that seen in the low-risk patient group, and increasing values of a patient's maximum rSIGNIPHY score were strongly associated with increasing mortality. Moving forward, implementation of rSIGNIPHY to prospectively assign mortality risk to patients in near real-time could lead to improved treatment of critically ill patients in a timely manner.
Multi-View Meets Average Linkage: Exploring the Role of Metadata in Document Clustering

Inspired by the success of a recently developed algorithm MVSC-IR, the authors embed the idea of Multi-Viewpoint Based Similarity Measure for clustering MVSC into a hierarchical clustering method, i.e., average linkage clustering, to overcome the problem of initiation with random seeds, resulting in a new algorithm, referred to as MVSC-HAC. The improved performance of this new algorithm encouraged us to further explore the impact of metadata in document clustering. In this paper, after reviewing two existing algorithms, the authors describe their new algorithm and present experimental results on various sizes of data sets at two different levels: the one using the entire context of documents and the one using existing meta tags of the documents. The result shows MVSC-HAC excels at both levels. The authors analyze the results, and provide a discussion based on other observation on the role of metadata in document clustering.
An Efficiency Argument for Sustainable Use

Sustainability is often viewed as a moral obligation to future generations. Robert Solow (1993), for example, writes: The way I have put this, and I meant to do so, emphasizes that sustainability is about distributional equity. It is about who gets what. It is about the sharing of well-being between present people and future people. (p.182) Sustainability is an injunction not to satisfy ourselves by impoverishing our successors. (p.181) On the other hand, Solow finds the destruction of natural resources acceptable as long as it is compensated by investment in other assets, because ‘goods and services can be substituted by one another’ (p.181).
An analysis of the optimum node density for ad hoc mobile networks

An ad hoc mobile network is a collection of nodes, each of which communicates over wireless channels and is capable of movement. Wireless nodes have the unique capability of transmission at different power levels. As the transmission power is varied, a tradeoff exists between the number of hops from source to destination and the overall bandwidth available to individual nodes. Because both battery life and channel bandwidth are limited resources in mobile networks, it is important to ascertain the effects different transmission powers have on the overall performance of the network. This paper explores the nature of this transmission power tradeoff in mobile networks to determine the optimum node density for delivering the maximum number of data packets. It is shown that there does not exist a global optimum density, but rather that, to achieve this maximum, the node density should increase as the rate of node movement increases.
Retirement Migration Streams: Trends and Implications for North Carolina Communities

This article focuses on North Carolina, examining its emergence as a regional destination center for older migrants. It traces the indicators of this trend in the numbers, origins, and characteristics of its migrants. It also addresses the forces that produce diversity in the characteristics of North Carolina's older in-migrants, particularly the stream “traditions” from differing origin states coming to North Carolina and the changing pattern of in-migrant characteristics over 3 decades. Finally, the article discusses the impact of retirement migration on host communities. Retired migrants do not perpetuate themselves in the community. Lacking the ability to develop family alliances through marriage and business relationships, it is hypothesized that migrants float in a relatively rootless community, building their important social ties with other migrants in neighborhoods, churches, and voluntary associations, thus perpetuating their separateness.
Approximating the X-ray spectrum emitted from astrophysical charge exchange

Charge exchange (CX), both onto ions in the solar wind and potentially in other astrophysical contexts, can create X-ray emission lines largely indistinguishable from those created in collisional or photoionized plasmas. The prime distinguishing characteristic is in the distinctly different line ratios generated by the CX process. A complete astrophysical model of the process would require a vast number of atomic calculations; we describe here an approximate approach that will allow astronomers to evaluate the likely contribution of CX to an observed spectrum. The method relies upon an approximate calculation of the CX cross section paired with detailed atomic structure calculations used to determine the emission lines. Simulated spectra based on observed solar wind CX data are shown for both current (Suzaku) and near-term (Astro-H) missions (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clonal Propagation of Conifers Via Somatic Embryogenesis

The technology to initiate, maintain, and develop somatic embryos and emblings of conifer species via somatic embryogenesis (SE) is now well established. ABA and osmolality of the medium are important factors controlling embryo development. Good quality embryos have been produced on fibrous pads imbibed with liquid medium containing a combination of polyethylene glycol (MW 4,000–8,000), ABA and activated charcoal. High osmolality of the medium in the pad has been maintained by adding a second pad (soaked with higher osmolality medium) beneath the first. This method yields 10–60 cotyledonary embryos/ml settled embryonal suspensor masses (ESM). We have grown emblings from several genotypes of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in soil for field testing, and established over 1100 emblings of Norway spruce (P. Abies) and 600 emblings of Douglas-fir from several genotypes on typical Weyerhaeuser forest regeneration sites. The emblings exhibit uniform growth and phenology within a clone, compared with seedlings. The morphology of all trees appears normal.
Depth profiling of phosphorus using resonances in the reaction

Abstract Several resonances in the 31 P α , p 34 S reaction were investigated for their use in depth-profiling 31 P in solids. Targets with uniform 31 P concentrations as well as those containing Gaussian depth distributions resulting from implantation at 30 and 200 keV were measured using a resonance at 3640 keV. Computer simulation of yield curves was used to treat cases where more than one resonance contributed.
Unconference Professional Development: Edcamp Participant Perceptions and Motivations for Attendance.

‘Unconferences’ are a non-traditional form of professional activity defined by the absence of many conventional conference structures. One example of the unconference model is the ‘Edcamp,’ a voluntary, participant-driven form of grassroots educator professional learning. More than 600 of these events have been held worldwide since the first in 2010. This exploratory study situates Edcamps in relationship to the literature on educator professional development and teacher collaboration, and reports on data gathered from 95 participants in an Edcamp in the United States. Respondents indicated diverse motivations for their Edcamp participation, including colleagues’ recommendations, anticipated learning and the desire to network and collaborate. Respondents generally rated their Edcamp experiences highly, and overwhelmingly reported intentions to attend future Edcamps. The positive environment, participant autonomy and integration of technology were highlighted. Most participants, however, also identified wa...
Proteoglycan synthesis by hematopoietic progenitor cells.

The synthesis of proteoglycans (PG) by hematopoietic stromal cells has been reported. But PG synthesis by hematopoietic progenitor cells has not been explored. We have studied synthesis, cellular distribution, and molecular characteristics of PG by a cloned interleukin-3 (IL-3)- dependent hematopoietic progenitor cell line, FDCP-1, which is cloned from murine long-term marrow cultures. Under appropriate conditions the cell can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages, and therefore, can be considered CFU-GM equivalent. The pattern of PG synthesis was studied by 35SO4 labeling. FDCP-1 cells actively synthesize PG, which are distributed in the intracellular, membrane- associated (MP), and extracellular pools. After purification of the 35S- labeled material by ion-exchange and gel filtration techniques, a single chondroitin sulfate-PG (CIS-PG) was observed to be present in the three studied pools. By Sepharose CL-4B chromatography, this PG has a Kav of 0.47, which after alkaline treatment is shifted to a Kav of 0.67. This indicates the proteoglycan nature of the 35SO4-labeled material. The MP CIS-PG is not stable. It is released to the culture medium where it is subsequently processed. However, in the presence of hematopoietic stromal cells D2X, the stability of MP proteoglycan of FDCP-1 cells is enhanced, suggesting that the synthesis of PG by progenitor cells and its accumulation in the membrane may have a role in the interaction between progenitor and stromal cells.
Fusion of AIRSAR and TM data for parameter classification and estimation in dense and hilly forests

Radar and optical remote sensing data are used to develop a parameter classification algorithm based on nonlinear estimation theory. The study site is the H. J. Andrews forest in Oregon, USA, which has significant topography and several old-growth conifer stands with biomass values sometimes exceeding 1000 tons/hectare. Polarimetric C-band, C-band, and P-band AIRSAR data, interferometric C-band TOPSAR data, and six channels of Landsat TM data are used in a regression analysis that relates them to several measurements of one or more forest parameters. Parametric expressions are derived and used to estimate the same parameter(s) at other locations from the combination of AIRSAR and TM data. Statistical characteristics of the parameter estimates are derived and used to define parameter classes. These classes are the basis for future analytic parameter estimation algorithms.
Stress Jump at the Inception of Shear and Elongational Flows of Dilute Polymer Solutions due to Internal Viscosity

All versions of the internal viscosity (IV) model for polymer chain dynamics lead to the prediction that the inception of flow from a rest state is accompanied by a stress jump at t=0. For the general case of long chains (large number of submolecules, N), the jump is predicted here for the onsets of simple shear flow and elongational flow at constant deformational rate. The exact model formulation (i.e., following Booij and van Wiechen) is used, without the need to approximate deformational velocities in the Cerf/Peterlin sense, and rigorous closed‐form solutions are presented. This is apparently the only rheological prediction now available for the large N IV model using the rigorous formulation. Intermediate steps in the analysis demonstrate the extent to which the motions of beads are correlated with those of neighbors at various distances in the linear sequence; the effect is small and depends slightly on φ/f. Final results show that viscosity jumps are independent of deformational rate and depend on both φ and φ/f, where φ is the IV coefficient and f the bead/solvent friction coefficient. Experiments on stress jumps and subsequent transients are thus potentially able to evaluate φ alone, unlike steady‐state experiments which respond only to φ/f. Predictions for shear flow are also compared with those made using the Cerf/Peterlin linearization approximation, showing that the two diverge severely at high values of φ/f.
Measurement of isotope shifts of two-photon transitions in beryllium

We have measured $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$${:}^{9}$Be isotope shifts in the $^{1}\mathrm{S}$ and $^{1}\mathrm{D}$ Rydberg series by resonance-ionization mass spectrometry. Pronounced interference of exchange and correlation contributions to the isotope shift is observed in the $^{1}\mathrm{D}$ series, reflecting strong interaction of 2snd and 2pnp channels. The finite-mass correction to the ionization energy of $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$ is inferred to be 270\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 MHz.
Making a long story short: noncoding RNAs and chromosome change.

As important as the events that influence selection for specific chromosome types in the derivation of novel karyotypes, are the events that initiate the changes in chromosome number and structure between species, and likewise polymorphisms, variants and disease states within species. Although once thought of as transcriptional ‘noise', noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now recognized as important mediators of epigenetic regulation and chromosome stability. Here we highlight recent work that illustrates the influence short and long ncRNAs have as participants in the function and stability of chromosome regions such as centromeres, telomeres, evolutionary breakpoints and fragile sites. We summarize recent evidence that ncRNAs can facilitate chromosome change and present mechanisms by which ncRNAs create DNA breaks. Finally, we present hypotheses on how they may create novel karyotypes and thus affect chromosome evolution.
Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Syndrome. Diagnostic Criteria

Background— Existing diagnostic classification systems for cerebrovascular disease are based primarily on clinical impression of temporal features, clinical syndrome, inferred localization, or ischemic mechanism. Diagnostic certainty of the ischemic pathology based on supportive or refuting laboratory or radiological evidence has been of secondary importance. Summary of Comment— Acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome (AICS) describes a spectrum of clinical presentations that share a similar underlying pathophysiology: cerebral ischemia. Diagnostic criteria for AICS incorporate prior classification systems and currently available information provided by neuroimaging and laboratory data to define 4 categories ranging from “definite AICS” to “not AICS,” which define the degree of diagnostic certainty. Conclusions— Clinical trials testing new treatments for acute ischemic stroke or secondary stroke prevention should limit enrollment to patients with “definite” AICS whenever feasible.
Aromatic substitution of 4‐phenylisothiazole

Aromatic substitutions on 4-phenylisothiazole by nitric acid, halogens, chlorosulfonic acid and acetic anhydride take place under relatively mild conditions to give predominantly para and ortho substitution on the benzene ring. By contrast, the 3-isothiazolyl group has been shown to be meta directing. Several derivatives of 4-phenylisothiazole are described.
Synthesis of the monomeric HBTrip2 (Trip=2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2) and the X-ray crystal structures of [HBMes2]2 (Mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2) and HBTrip2

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of HBTrip{sub 2} (1) and the X-ray crystal structures of 1 and the dimeric species (HBMes{sub 2}){sub 2} (2) are described. The synthesis of 1 was carried out by treatment of Me{sub 2}S{center dot}BHCl{sub 2} with 2 equiv of TripMgBr in THF solution. Standard workup gave 1 as a colorless crystalline material that exhibited a broad singlet at 73.5 ppm downfield in the {sup 11}B NMR spectrum. X-ray data confirmed a monomeric structure with a planar boron center and a wide CBC angle of 128.0 (4){degree}. The less sterically encumbered 2 was prepared according to a literature procedure. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a dimeric structure with the expected bridging hydrogens. The compounds of 1 and 2 are the first diorganoboranes to be structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. In addition, the structure of 1 represents the first structural characterization of a monomeric diorganoborane. Crystal data at 225 K for 1 or 140 K for 2, with Mo K{alpha} ({lambda} = 0.71069 {angstrom}) radiation: 1, monoclinic, a = 11.116 (4) {angstrom}, b = 14.869 (5) {angstrom}, c = 17.321 (6) {angstrom}, {beta} = 100.19 (3){degree}, Z = 4, space group P2{sub 1}/c, R = 0.093; 2,more » monoclinic, a = 12.254 (6) {angstrom}, b = 7.768 (2) {angstrom}, c = 16.785 (6) {angstrom}, {beta} = 109l.43 (3){degree}, Z = 2, space group P2{sub 1}/n, R = 0.047.« less
Localization of fatty acid double bonds by gas chromatography of intermediate aldehydes as 1,3-dioxane

A semi-micro quantitative method has been developed for the determination of double bond positions in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters differing in position, number of double bonds and chain length. This method involves ozonolysis in methylene chloride in the presence of 1,3-propanediol, reduction of the hydroperoxides with dimethyl sulfide and conversion of aldehyde and aldester fragments to stable dioxanes, followed by gas chromatographic analysis under programmed temperature. Propanediol acts as a proton donor for the generation of hydroperoxides as well as a reactant for the formation of dioxanes. All the steps are carried out in a culture tube without any transfers. The absence of unoxidized ester and unreduced hydroperoxide or ozonide has been shown by thin layer chromatography. The method has been tested with pure esters and their binary mixtures. Experimental values for mole percentage composition in the mixtures agreed with the actual values. This method enabled us to isolate and estimate malondialdehyde for the first time as a stable bis-dioxane derivative.
The Synoptic and Subsynoptic Structure of a Long-Lived Severe Convective System

Abstract A long-lived severe convective system in the southern United States from 2–4 May 1978 is documented. The distinguishing feature of the convection was its origin in a region of deep synoptic scale ascent and its subsequent steady motion away from that ascent toward increasingly warmer and more moist, unstable boundary layer air. On 2 May 1978 a north-south oriented squall line originated above and within a shallow cold air mass in west central Texas north of a quasi-stationary east-west oriented frontal boundary. Potential instability was generated by a warm, moist airmass from the Gulf of Mexico that advected westward beneath a warm, dry plume of air moving northward ahead of the trough aloft. Convection first appeared along an inverted cough in western Texas that separated southward-flowing cool air, dammed up against the New Mexico mountains, from slightly warmer northeasterly and easterly flow to the east. Frontogenetical processes associated with the inverted trough played a crucial role in t...
LINKING BIOGEOGRAPHY AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY: LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN PLANT–HERBIVORE INTERACTION STRENGTH

Ecological interactions may vary geographically as a function of diversity, density, or per capita interaction strengths, but we know little about the relative importance of these three mechanisms. We examined variation in species richness, abundance, and interactions among leaf-chewing herbivores and the dominant salt-marsh plant Spartina alterniflora along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. High-latitude S. alterniflora plants are more palatable to herbivores than are low-latitude plants. Within this range of latitude, diversity and density of the dominant leaf-chewing consumers, snails and grasshoppers, in Spartina-dominated portions of the marsh varied little. Low-latitude plants, however, experienced much greater levels of leaf damage from consumers than did high-latitude plants. Per capita feeding rates of low-latitude snails (Littoraria irrorata) and grasshoppers (Orchelimum fidicinum) in the laboratory were greater than feeding rates of high-latitude snails (Melampus bidentatus) and grasshoppers (Conocephalus spartinae). In field experiments, low-latitude snails strongly suppressed S. alterniflora growth, but high-latitude snails had no effect on primary production. Thus, latitudinal differences in the effect of herbivores on plants (i.e., interaction strength), driven by differences in per capita effects among species, rather than differences in diversity or density, may contribute to selection for latitudinal differences in plant palatability. Because geographical differences in interaction strength can occur in the absence of differences in diversity or density, linking biogeography with community ecology will require experimental studies that explicitly measure interaction strength at multiple geographic locations.
The ups and downs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

The synthesis and secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is absolutely required for intact thyroid function in humans and rodents. Furthermore, feedback regulation of TRH production by thyroid hormone allows for tight maintenance of circulating thyroid hormone levels and thus establishes the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (H-P-T) axis. Although the TRH gene is expressed in many regions of the brain, its regulation by thyroid hormone is restricted to neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) (1). This discrete set of neurons in the PVH, termed hypophysiotropic, project to the median eminence where mature TRH peptide is released into the portal capillary system bound for TRH-receptors present in the anterior pituitary (Fig. 1​1).). Whereas it is clear that thyroid hormone regulates TRH production in the PVH both at the level of gene expression and posttranslational processing, in this issue of Endocrinology, Sanchez et al. (2) provide evidence that thyroid hormone also controls TRH peptide degradation by regulating the enzyme pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII). This enzyme is expressed in tanycytes; glial cells that line the third ventricle in the hypothalamus whose cytoplasmic processes extend into the median eminence. Thus, PPII appears to regulate TRH peptide bioavailability upstream of the pituitary.
Thought experiments rethought—and reperceived

Contemplating imaginary scenarios that evoke certain sorts of quasi‐sensory intuitions may bring us to new beliefs about contingent features of the natural world. These beliefs may be produced quasi‐observationally; the presence of a mental image may play a crucial cognitive role in the formation of the belief in question. And this albeit fallible quasi‐observational belief‐forming mechanism may, in certain contexts, be sufficiently reliable to count as a source of justification. This sheds light on the central puzzle surrounding scientific thought experiment, which is how contemplation of an imaginary scenario can lead to new knowledge about contingent features of the natural world.
Synthesis and properties of fully conjugated indacenediselenophene and diindenoselenophene derivatives

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of indacenediselenophene (IDS) and diindenoselenophene (DIS), the selenophene-containing analogues of indacenedithiophene (IDT) and diindenothiophene (DIT), respectively, are described. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that IDS and DIS both undergo two one-electron reductions and a one-electron oxidation and have narrower HOMO/LUMO energy gaps when compared to their thiophene-containing counterparts. The UV–Vis spectrum of IDS exhibits a red-shifted absorbance maximum with respect to the sulfur-containing IDT, and single crystal XRD shows close C–Se contacts of 3.407 A (IDS) and close C–C contacts of 3.358 A (DIS).
Validation of intracerebral hemorrhage-specific intensity of care quality metrics.

Background Given the considerable variation in care of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among centers that results in differences in outcome among these patients, a new intensity of care quality metrics has been proposed. This study aimed to validate the new ICH-specific intensity of care quality metrics. Methods A total of 50 consecutive patients with ICH who were admitted within 24 hours of symptom onset were identified. Twenty-six quality indicators related to 18 facets of care were incorporated into a metric providing the variable, definition of the variable, and quality parameter. A score of 1 point was assigned if the quality parameter met the threshold for appropriate performance or if the parameter was not applicable, creating a total score of up to 26 points. The predictive validity of the classification scheme was tested by using the bootstrap method. Results Fourteen of the 50 patients with ICH died during hospitalization (28%). The intensity of care quality metric score ranged from 17 points to 26 points. The mean score was higher in those who survived compared with those who died (23 ± 3 vs 21 ± 2; P = .02). Survival increased with tertile based on higher scores (100%, 67%, and 55%; P = .017). The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated a high discriminating ability of intensity of care quality metrics for in-hospital mortality (0.730, 95% confidence interval, 0.591-0.869) and a C-statistic of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.92). Conclusions Correlation of the new ICH-specific intensity of care quality metric with in-hospital mortality supports its broader use for improving and standardizing medical care among patients with ICH.
A Modest Proposal: Reframing the Frontispieces of Madeleine de Scudéry’s Conversations (1680–1692)

This paper focuses on the last of five frontispieces from Madeleine de Scudery’s ten-volume set of works known collectively as the Conversations (1680–1692). At first glance, these frontispieces appear to simply flatter the royal patrons to whom the works are dedicated. However, closer attention reveals that the ‘horizon of expectations’ set by the last image prepares readers to enter in to a new kind of cultural space, largely defined by a (necessarily oblique) challenge to sovereign forms of literary production and consumption. I argue that the object of the final volumes of the Conversations is twofold: to persuade the royal reader of his desire for self-renewal, and to convince him that the singular space of that self-renewal lies within the pages of the book itself. Occurring at the intersection of the verbal and the visual, the final frontispiece figures Louis XIV as an integral part of the book. He is both royal dedicatee, and the ideal, exemplary interlocutor in the type of conversations the volum...
A cluster-variational investigation of static density waves in nuclear matter

Abstract A detailed comparison of the energy of the uniform phase and of phases exhibiting periodic density fluctuation is presented for extended nuclear systems. The short-range correlations are taken to be of Jastrow type and the calculations are carried through two-body cluster order. With semi-realistic central potentials containing hard cores, no energetic advantage of a non-uniform state is detected, either in symmetrical nuclear matter or in pure neutron matter. However, the analysis gives useful information on the conditions favoring an instability of the homogeneous phase and points to the essential role of the tensor force in the formation of spin-(isospin-) density waves.
Dark Eden: The Swamp in Nineteenth-Century American Culture

List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. The Matrix of Transformation: 1. To the lake of the dismal swamp: Porte Crayon's inward journey 2. The elusive Eden: the mid-Victorian response to the swamp 3. Mid-Victorian cultural values and the amoral landscape: the swamp image in the work of William Gilmore Simms and Harriet Beecher Stowe Part II. The Phenomenology of Disintegration: 4. Frederic Church in the tropics 5. The penetration of the jungle 6. American nature writing in the mid-Victorian period: from pilgrimage to quest 7. A loss of vision: the cultural inheritance 8. A loss of vision: the challenge of the image 9. Infection and imagination: the swamp and the atmospheric analogy Part III. The Circuit of Death and Regeneration: 10. Immersion and regeneration: Emerson and Thoreau 8. The identification with desert places: Martin Johnson Heade and Frederick Goddard Tuckerman 12. Religion, science, and nature: Sidney Lanier and Lafcadio Hearn Conclusion: Katherine Anne Porter's Jungle and the Modernist idiom Appendix Notes Selected Bibliography Index.
Is bipolar II a unique disorder

Abstract The authors investigated differences between 27 outpatients who met RCD “definite” criteria for bipolar II disorder and 188 unipolar patients on several dimensions: clinical characteristics, response to acute treatment, personality profiles after recovery, and family history. The bipolar II group was found to have a higher morbid risk for depression among fathers, a greater incidence of past suicidal attempts, and a greater frequency of psychomotor retardation. A high degree of selectivity for protocol inclusion may account for the similarity seen between the bipolar II group and the unipolars on the other variables examined. The present findings suggest these two groups can be successfully combined in the treatment of recurrent depressive episodes.
On Optimal Commodity Taxes When Consumption Is Time Consuming

This paper studies the problem of optimal taxation of commodities when consumption is a time-consuming activity. This is done under two distinct preference separability assumptions: between goods and labor supply, and between goods and leisure. It argues that with the labor separability, the traditional uniform taxation results of optimal tax theory continue to hold. With leisure separability, on the other hand, consumption time is a major ingredient of optimal tax rates. However, the relationship between consumption time and optimal tax rates depends crucially on the representation of the economy. In representative consumer economies, time differences determine the pattern of optimal tax rates so that goods whose consumption take more time are subjected to higher tax rates. When individuals have different earning abilities, redistributive, incentive, and efficiency considerations also come into play resulting in a complex relationship. The paper derives formulas for optimal commodity taxes in this case on the basis of three different tax structures: linear commodity taxes in combination with linear and nonlinear income taxes, and nonlinear commodity taxes in combination with nonlinear income taxes.
The senseable city

The real-time city is now real! The increasing deployment of sensors and hand-held electronics in recent years is allowing a new approach to the study of the built environment. The way we describe and understand cities is being radically transformed - alongside the tools we use to design them and impact on their physical structure. This presentation will address some of these changes from a critical point of view through the work of the SENSEable City Laboratory, a new research initiative at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Brief scale measuring patient preparedness for hospital discharge to home: Psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND: Adverse events occur when patients transition from the hospital to outpatient care. For quality improvement and research purposes, clinicians need appropriate, reliable, and valid survey instruments to measure and improve the discharge processes. OBJECTIVE: The object was to describe psychometric properties of the Brief PREPARED (B-PREPARED) instrument to measure preparedness for hospital discharge from the patient's perspective. METHODS: The study was a prospective cohort of 460 patient or proxy telephone interviews following hospital discharge home. We administered the Satisfaction with Information about Medicines Scale and the PREPARED instrument 1 week after discharge. PREPARED measured patients' perceptions of quality and outcome of the discharge-planning processes. Four weeks after discharge, interviewers elicited emergency department visits. The main outcome was the B-PREPARED scale value: the sum of scores from 11 items. Internal consistency, construct, and predictive validity were assessed. RESULTS: The mean B-PREPARED scale value was 17.3 ± 4.2 (SD) with a range of 3 to 22. High scores reflected high preparedness. Principal component analysis identified 3 domains: self-care information, equipment/services, and confidence. The B-PREPARED had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.76) and construct validity. The B-PREPARED correlated with medication information satisfaction (P < 0.001). Higher median B-PREPARED scores appropriately discriminated patients with no worry about managing at home from worriers (P < 0.001) and predicted patients without emergency department visits after discharge from those who had visits (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The B-PREPARED scale measured patients' perceptions of their preparedness for hospital discharge home with acceptable internal consistency and construct and predictive validity. Brevity may potentiate use by patients and proxies. Clinicians and researchers may use B-PREPARED to evaluate discharge interventions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3(6):446–454. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
New Nitrosyl Derivatives of Diiron Dithiolates Related to the Active Site of the (FeFe)-Hydrogenases

Nitrosyl derivatives of diiron dithiolato carbonyls have been prepared starting from the precursor Fe2(S2CnH2n)(dppv)(CO)4 (dppv = cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinoethylene). These studies expand the range of substituted diiron(I) dithiolato carbonyl complexes. From [Fe2(S2C2H4)(CO)3(dppv)(NO)]BF4 ([1(CO)3]BF4), the following compounds were prepared: [1(CO)2(PMe3)]BF4, [1(CO)(dppv)]BF4, NEt4[1(CO)(CN)2], and 1(CO)(CN)(PMe3). Some of these substitution reactions occur via the addition of 2 equiv of the nucleophile followed by the dissociation of one nucleophile and decarbonylation. Such a double adduct was characterized crystallographically in the case of [Fe2(S2C2H4)(CO)3(dppv)(NO)(PMe3)2]BF4. This result shows that the addition of two ligands causes scission of the Fe−Fe bond and one Fe−S bond. When cyanide is the nucleophile, nitrosyl migrates away from the Fe(dppv) site, yielding a Fe(CN)2(NO) derivative. Compounds [1(CO)3]BF4, [1(CO)2(PMe3)]BF4, and [1(CO)(dppv)]BF4 were also prepared by the addition of N...