cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrethroid insecticides in urban salmon streams of the Pacific Northwest

Urban streams of the Pacific Northwest provide spawning and rearing habitat for a variety of salmon species, and food availability for developing salmon could be adversely affected by pesticide residues in these waterbodies. Sediments from Oregon and Washington streams were sampled to determine if current-use pyrethroid insecticides from residential neighborhoods were reaching aquatic habitats, and if they were at concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive invertebrates. Approximately one-third of the 35 sediment samples contained measurable pyrethroids. Bifenthrin was the pyrethroid of greatest concern with regards to aquatic life toxicity, consistent with prior studies elsewhere. Toxicity to Hyalella azteca and/or Chironomus dilutus was found in two sediment samples at standard testing temperature (23 °C), and in one additional sample at a more environmentally realistic temperature (13 °C). Given the temperature dependency of pyrethroid toxicity, low temperatures typical of northwest streams can increase the potential for toxicity above that indicated by standard testing protocols.
METHYLMERCURY EXCRETION: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MOUSE AND MAN

During winter 1971-72 massive poisoning occurred throughout rural Iraq due to ingestion of homemade bread prepared from seed wheat treated with a methylmercury(CH3Hg) fungicide. Thousands of children and adults were poisoned and hundreds of deaths occurred (Science181:230,1973). Prenatal and early postnatal exposure were documented(Ped.54:5,1974!AJDC130:1070,1976)and long term followup studies of exposed fetuses and infants are in progress. Using a mouse model to determine potentially significant variables relating to CH3Hg toxicity in the developing mammal, we have observed that compared to adults, suckling mice excrete minimal amounts of their body burdens of mercury. Groups of young mice were exposed to a single non-toxic dose of CH3203Hg(0.4 mg/Kg. per os)at 2,4,6.., or 28 days of age. Whole body counts and urinary and fecal excretion were followed for each exposure group. From birth to 15 days, elimination half-times of mercury ranged from 2500 to 200 days. Between 16 and 18 days an abrupt increase to the adult elimination half-time of 8 days occurred. Decreases in whole body counts were accurately reflected in counts recovered in excreta. Studies are underway to determine whether a similar developmental change in excretion occurs in the exposed human infant. Since elimination half-time has been shown to be directly related to cumulative body burden as a function of duration of exposure, these observations are of importance in estimating exposure risks of human fetuses and infants.
Test of transferability in the exact effective valence shell Hamiltonian of quasi-degenerate many-body perturbation theory: O2+ calculation from O2 effective Hamiltonian

Abstract Electronic states of the O2+ ion are evaluated by diagonalization of the exact effective valence shall Hamiltonian Hv which has been previously calculated for O2. The present calculations are then essentially complete valence shall configuration interaction calculations using the same orbitals as for the O2 calculation, but including correlation contributions from all single and double excitations out of the valence shell. The computed results demonstrate the transferability of the Hv of O2 to the O2+ system.
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOREDOX CHEMISTRY OF ION-PAIRED COBALT(III) AM(M)INE COMPLEXES

Abstract The cationic cobalt(III) am(m)ine complexes, Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ , Co(en) 3 3+ (en is ethylenediamine) and Co(NH 3 ) 5 Br 2+ , form ion pairs with the tetraphenylborate anion in methanol and 1:9 methanol/dichloromethane solutions. These ion pairs display a tetraphenylborate-to-metal charge transfer absorption band at ∼ 320 nm that tails into the visible wavelength region. Irradiation into this band causes highly efficient redox decomposition of the ion pair owing to the rapid thermal reactions of the primary photoproducts: the corresponding cobalt(II) complex and the tetraphenylboranyl radical. The photoredox quantum yield depends upon complex concentration, excitation wavelength, solvent polarity and concentration of dissolved oxygen. Incorporation of cobalt(III) am(m)ine tetraphenylborate complexes into thin films of an epoxide-functionalized polymer affords photosensitive materials that undergo crosslinking upon irradiation and subsequent heating.
Computational neuroimaging: maps and tracts in the human brain

During the last decade, a number of remarkable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been developed for measuring human brain activity and structure. These MRI techniques have been accompanied by the development of signal processing, statistical and visualization methodologies. We review several examples of these methods, drawn mainly from work on the human visual pathways. We provide examples of how two methods- functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - are used. First, we explain how fMRI enables us to identify and measure several distinct visual field maps and measure how these maps reorganize following disease or injury. Second we explain how DTI enables us to visualize neural structures within the brain's wires (white matter) and measure the patterns of connectivity in individual brains. Throughout, we identify signal processing, statistical, and visualization topics in need of further methodological development.
A short review on jet identification

Jets can be used to probe the physical properties of the high energy density matter created in collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Measurements of strong suppression of inclusive hadron distributions and di-hadron correlations at high p T have already provided evidence for partonic energy loss. However, these measurements suffer from well-known geometric biases due to the competition of energy loss and fragmentation. These biases can be avoided if the jets are reconstructed independently of their fragmentation details—quenched or unquenched. In this paper, we discuss modern jet reconstruction algorithms (cone and sequential recombination) and their corresponding background subtraction techniques required by the high multiplicities of heavy ion collisions. We review recent results from the STAR experiment at RHIC on direct jet reconstruction in central Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\) GeV.
Carbon-Nanotube Optoelectronics

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are direct-gap materials thatprovide ideal systems for the study of photophysics in one-dimension. Whiletheir excited states involve strongly bound 1D excitons, their single atomiclayer structure makes their optical properties especially sensitive to theirenvironment and external fields, thus allowing for their controlled modification. Inthis chapter we review the properties of the excited states of nanotubes,the mechanisms of their production and detection, focusing particularly onelectrically-induced excitation by ambipolar electron-hole recombination and impactexcitation by hot carriers. Radiative decay of photo-excited and electron-excited(electroluminescence) emission as well as the non-radiative decay to free carriersleading to photoconductivity are discussed. The influence of external electricfields and of environmental interactions on excited nanotubes is considered.Finally, the possible technological uses of carbon nanotubes as nanometer scalelight sources and photocurrent and photovoltage detectors are discussed.
New York University/Hospital for Joint Diseases experience with intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment: efficacy in steroid unresponsive lupus nephritis.

The medical records of patients receiving cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis between 1987 and 1993 at the New York University/Hospital for Joint Diseases Lupus Study Group Institutions were retrospectively reviewed. We identified 45 patients (38 female, seven male) who received a mean of 9 ± 1 (range 2-23) pulses of intravenous cyclophosphamide for diffuse proliferative glomerulone phritis (n = 28), focal proliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 7), membranous nephropathy (n = 5), mesangial nephropathy with sclerosis (n = 1) or nephritis without biopsy (n = 4). Forty-two of the 45 patients received cyclophosphamide after failing steroid therapy. During a follow-up period of 52 ± 3 months, nine patients progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with three additional patients experiencing a doubling of the creatinine and two patients persistent nephrotic range proteinuria. There were no deaths directly attributable to cyclophosphamide and no patients developed hemorrhagic cystitis or malignancy. Ten of 37...
Decrease of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production in mouse lungs following dietary oleic anilide consumption: implications for the toxic oil syndrome.

A study was performed to examine the ability of dietary oleic anilide to alter 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) production. The structure of oleic anilide, synthesized by reacting oleic acid with aniline, was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The purity of oleic anilide, 75%, was measured by gas chromatography. Oleic acid, which constituted the remaining 25%, is a major component of the rapeseed oil vehicle. Balb/c mice were fed oleic anilide as 0.75% of their diet by weight for three weeks. Their lungs were excised and examined for 12-HETE production in vitro. The 12-HETE levels were significantly (p<0.01) lower in mice fed oleic anilide than in mice fed the oleic acid control diet. This result illustrates eicosanoid production as a target of fatty acid anilide toxicity. The fatty acid composition, including arachidonic acid, of mouse lungs from both dietary groups was not different. This confirms the availability of substrate for 12-lipoxygenase in both groups. Spleen weights were higher in mice fed oleic anilide than in control mice (p<0.005). These observations are relevant to immunoregulation and the autoimmune syndromes noted in patients of the Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS).
Sequence of the influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) virus neuraminidase gene as determined from cloned full-length DNA.

A complete nucleotide sequence was determined from cloned full-length DNA of the influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) neuraminidase gene. The neuraminidase DNA has a total length of 1466 bases, excluding G-C linker residues. The cloned segment retained the common sequences known to be present at the 3′ and 5′ termini of virion RNA. Also present was a nonviral oligonucleotide nine bases long at the 5′(+) end of the DNA which represents cellular sequences acquired during influenza mRNA synthesis. The sense strand of the DNA contained a single open-reading frame coding for 469 amino acids. A possible polyadenylation site was noted downstream from the termination codon. No mammalian gene splice sequences and no alternate open-reading frame were present. The deduced amino acid sequence displayed the features of other neuraminidase genes, including the conservation of a sequence of 12 amino acids at the NH2 terminus and the presence of a hydrophobic region from amino acid positions 7 to 34. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that this hydrophobic region of the surface glycoprotein represents the site for membrane insertion. When compared to the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) neuraminidase, the N2 sequence revealed conservation of the positions of cysteine residues and potential glycosylation sites. Regions of homology were detected between N1 and N2 amino acid sequences, if cysteine residues of the two polypeptides were aligned. Nucleotide sequence homology between N1 and N2 was evident to a lesser degree. The data suggest that the N2 gene sequence differs from that of the N1 gene by numerous point mutations, as well as by insertion/deletion, and that the antigenic “shift” in the human neuraminidase antigenic subtype in 1957 is most likely to have occurred by replacement of the human N1 gene with one from the animal reservoir of influenza A viruses through gene reassortment.
Interferometric-fiber-optic strain sensor

An interferometric-fiber-optic sensor and an efficient fringe-detection scheme are described. The fiberoptic interferometer consists of two fibers; they are labeled the reference fiber and the sensing fiber. The reference fiber is arranged in a circular pattern, whereas the sensing fiber is arranged in an ‘S’ pattern. These fibers are exposed to the same strain field and each experiences a strain-induced phase shift. A difference in the phase shift between the two fibers indicates a change in strain.
Studies of boranes XXXVIII. Preparation and characterization of 1,2-dicarbadecaborane(10) and 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-dicarbadecaborane(10)

Summary The closo-carboranes, 1,2-B8C2H10 and 1,2-B8C2H8(CH3)2, are formed by pyrolyzing nido-5,6-B8C2H12 and nido-5,6-B8C2H10(CH3)2, respectively. Chemical and spectroscopic evidence support closo-bicapped Archimedian antiprism structures with vicinal carbon atoms in the 1,2-positons. A “twist-fold” mechanism for the nido → closo conversion is postulated. Further pyrolysis of 1,2-B8C2H10 or 1,2-B8C2H8(CH3)2 produces the known 1,6-and 1,10-B8C2H10 or 1,6-and 1,10-B8C2H8-(CH3)2 species, respectively. Closo-l,2-B8C2H10 and closo-1,2-B8C2H8(CH3)2 are also recovered as products from the disproportionation of nido-B7C2H11 and nido-B7C2H9(CH3)2, respectively.
Platelet reactivity and response to aspirin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome

Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a prothrombotic state and predicts the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that similar to diabetes, subjects with MS may have increased platelet reactivity, and reduced response to aspirin. We, therefore, compared platelet reactivity and response to aspirin among subjects with MS and healthy volunteers. Methods Fifty subjects with MS, defined by Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (age 44 ± 9 years, 80% women, body mass index 35 ± 8 kg/m 2 ) were compared to 50 healthy controls who met none of the MS criteria (age 40 ± 7 years, 80% women, body mass index: 24 ± 3 kg/m 2 ). Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after 325 mg aspirin (single dose). Platelet function was evaluated by aggregation in response to 1.5 mmol/L arachidonic acid, 1 μg/mL collagen, and 5 and 20 μmol/L adenosine diphosphate; the VerifyNow Aspirin assay (Accumetrics Inc, San Diego, CA); Impact-R Cone and Plate(let) Analyzer (shear-dependent test) (DiaMed, Cresier, Switzerland) and flow cytometric determination of P-selectin expression and activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression; and reticulated platelets (reflecting platelet turnover). Results Subjects with MS had higher baseline P-selectin levels (14.5 ± 5 vs 11.3 ± 4 mean fluorescence intensity, P = .002), reticulated platelets (2.8% ± 3% vs 1.2% ± 1%, P = .04) and platelet deposition under flow (Impact-R 7.5% ± 2% vs 5.9% ± 2%, P = .003). Subjects with MS also had lower response to aspirin, as evaluated by the change in all platelet aggregation assays and the VerifyNow score. Conclusions Subjects with MS appear to have increased baseline platelet reactivity and turnover and a lower antiplatelet response to aspirin. Further research is required to elucidate platelet properties in subjects with MS and find ways to modify them.
The contradictory definitions of heterochromatin: transcription and silencing

Eukaryotic genomes are packaged in two general varieties of chromatin: gene-rich euchromatin and gene-poor heterochromatin. Each type of chromatin has been defined by the presence of distinct chromosomal proteins and posttranslational histone modifications. This review addresses recent findings that appear to blur the definitions of euchromatin and heterochromatin by pointing to the presence of typically heterochromatic modifications (including H3K9me) in euchromatin and typically euchromatic enzymes (including RNA polymerases) in heterochromatin. We discuss the implications of these new findings for the current definition of heterochromatin.
Public Anthropology in the Field: Balancing Dual Identities as Researcher and Staff Member

I explore some of the challenges I have faced as a public anthropologist who fulfills multiple roles as researcher, staff member, and volunteer at a prison reentry organization. I discuss the strategies I used to establish my research agenda with the reentry program, the ethical challenges I face working as an anthropologist and as a staff member, and the benefits of working with an organization. This article may prove useful for students who are in the planning stages of research projects, or for anthropologists considering the rewards and challenges of working with a nonprofit organization.
Measurement of solar radiation at ground level in the region 1950–2150 Å using ammonia actinometry

The use of ammonia as an actinometer for measurement of the solar flux in the region 1950-2150 A is presented. The solar flux was found to be 270 million photons/sq cm per sec at ground level in this wavelength interval in an area with minimum overhead ozone concentration. The advantages of this method over previously used methods are discussed, and the results are related to the present estimates of the tropospheric photodissociation rates for the freons CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 by radiation in this wavelength region.
Naloxone does not antagonize PCP-induced stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat

Phencyclidine (PCP) has been shown to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether opiate receptors are involved in this effect by testing whether pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone can antagonize PCP-induced ACTH and corticosterone release. PCP (10.0 mg/kg) produced increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone 60 min after s.c. administration. Pretreatment with naloxone (2.0 mg/kg s.c.) did not reduce the rise in plasma levels of ACTH or corticosterone produced by PCP. These results indicate that naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors are not involved in the PCP-induced stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in rats.
Some pitfalls in testing the law of one price in commodity markets

Abstract Several articles find no support for the LOP in commodity markets. A few articles find some support. Rejecting the LOP would strike at the heart of economic theory. Rejection would suggest that firms do not maximize wealth and households do not maximize utility. Our objective is to show how four common pitfalls can cause tests of the LOP to fail when in fact the LOP holds. All tests that fail to support the LOP fall in to at least two pitfalls. All of these pitfalls are the result of ignoring important practical implications of arbitrage.
A 10-Gb/s CMOS clock and data recovery circuit with a half-rate binary phase/frequency detector

A 10-Gb/s phase-locked clock and data recovery circuit incorporates a multiphase LC oscillator and a half-rate phase/frequency detector with automatic data retiming. Fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology in an area of 1.75/spl times/1.55 mm/sup 2/, the circuit exhibits a capture range of 1.43 GHz, an rms jitter of 0.8 ps, a peak-to-peak jitter of 9.9 ps, and a bit error rate of 10/sup -9/ with a pseudorandom bit sequence of 2/sup 23/-1. The power dissipation excluding the output buffers is 91 mW from a 1.8-V supply.
An overview of algae biofuel production and potential environmental impact.

Algae are among the most potentially significant sources of sustainable biofuels in the future of renewable energy. A feedstock with virtually unlimited applicability, algae can metabolize various waste streams (e.g., municipal wastewater, carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas) and produce products with a wide variety of compositions and uses. These products include lipids, which can be processed into biodiesel; carbohydrates, which can be processed into ethanol; and proteins, which can be used for human and animal consumption. Algae are commonly genetically engineered to allow for advantageous process modification or optimization. However, issues remain regarding human exposure to algae-derived toxins, allergens, and carcinogens from both existing and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as well as the overall environmental impact of GMOs. A literature review was performed to highlight issues related to the growth and use of algal products for generating biofuels. Human exposure and environmental imp...
The study of the interaction between point defects and dislocations through internal friction experiments

Abstract The interpretation of dislocation damping effects in terms of a pinning model is reviewed. The use of internal friction experiments for the study of the effect of plastic deformation on dislocations and of the phenomena of recovery, quench hardening and dislocation pinning by solute atoms and radiation-induced defects is discussed.
Capture Statistics of Short-Period Comets: Implications for Comet D/Shoemaker–Levy 9

Abstract Comet D/Shoemaker–Levy 9 orbited Jupiter for decades (P. W. Chodas and D. K. Yeomans 1995,Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.27, 1111–1112; L. A. M. Benner and W. B. McKinnon 1995,Icarus118, 155–168) and was tidally disrupted during the orbit before impact. To estimate the rate of such events and to infer the implications for the comet's previous orbit, we have performed numerical integrations of test particles with orbits similar to those of Jupiter-family comets. We follow the dynamical evolution of 49,000 synthetic comets for ∼105years and find 10,089 captures in which a comet completed more than one full orbit around Jupiter. Of these Jupiter-orbiting comets (“orbiters”), one in 112 undergoes a long capture, an event in which the comet orbits Jupiter for over 50 years. Captured bodies with mean orbital periods >3.5 years generally have jovicentric inclinations >120° and large perijove distances, while bodies with shorter orbital periods have smaller inclinations and are more likely to approach Jupiter closely. Long captures are more likely to include very close approaches to Jupiter. For example, long captures make up roughly one event in 15 in which an orbiter passes within 2.4RJ(Jupiter radii) of Jupiter's center (without immediately impacting the planet). Thus, if passage within ∼2.4RJmakes a comet observable by causing mass loss, the bias in favor of long capture events is a factor of eight over the general population of Jupiter-orbiting comets. About 15% of the comets that hit Jupiter are orbiting the planet at impact; approximately 1% impact after orbiting for more than 50 years. We infer that a 1-km comet impacts Jupiter once every 30–500 years, with a most probable interval of 240 years. Comets in orbit about Jupiter impact once every (0.2–3.5) × 103years; orbiting comets impact one orbit after tidal disruption once every (0.1–2) × 105years.
Mapping burn severity in a disease-impacted forest landscape using Landsat and MASTER imagery

Abstract Global environmental change has increased forest vulnerability to the occurrence of interacting disturbances, including wildfires and invasive diseases. Mapping post-fire burn severity in a disease-affected forest often faces challenges because burned and infested trees may exhibit a high similarity in spectral reflectance. In this study, we combined (pre- and post-fire) Landsat imagery and (post-fire) high-spectral resolution airborne MASTER data [MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)/ASTER (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer)] to map burn severity in a California coastal forest environment, where a non-native forest disease sudden oak death (SOD) was causing substantial tree mortality. Results showed that the use of Landsat plus MASTER bundle performed better than using the individual sensors in most of the evaluated forest strata from ground to canopy layers (i.e., substrate, shrubs, intermediate-sized trees, dominant trees and average), with the best model performance achieved at the dominant tree layer. The mid to thermal infrared spectral bands (3.0–12.5 μm) from MASTER were found to augment Landsat’s visible to shortwave infrared bands in burn severity assessment. We also found that infested and uninfested forests similarly experienced moderate to high degrees of burns where CBI (composite burn index) values were higher than 1. However, differences occurred in the regions with low burn severity (CBI values lower than 1), where uninfested stands revealed a much lower burn effect than that in infested stands, possibly due to their higher resilience to small fire disturbances as a result of higher leaf water content.
Cloning: a novel method for interactive parallel simulation

such as a runway closure, the controller interacting with the simulation may want to evaluate the effect of activating different scheduling policies. This can be done by dynamically cloning (replicating) the simulation with different scheduling policies. The effect of each policy within each clone is monitored to determine which policy offers the most effective solution. Inefficiencies in the air traffic flow can be discovered by monitoring the simulation then allowing backward execution to evaluate cause and effect relationships.
Growth hormone therapy with norditropin (somatropin ) in growth hormone deficiency

Introduction: Growth hormone (GH) is indicated for therapy of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in pediatric and adult patients. Introduction of recombinant human GH (rhGH) improved access to GH therapy. Norditropin [somatropin (rDNA origin) injection] is rhGH, used for the replacement of endogenous GH in children and adults with GHD. Areas covered: The article reviews rhGH therapy in GHD indication with focus on Norditropin Nordiflex delivery system. The goals of therapy in children are to promote linear growth and restore normal body composition. In adults with GHD rhGH restores normal body composition, improves cardiac function and normalizes cardiovascular risk factors such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein. Expert opinion: Adverse reactions of rhGH therapy include intracranial hypertension, fluid retention, glucose intolerance, and children may experience worsening of scoliosis and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Increased risk for intracranial tumors has also been report...
Using in situ solid phase microextraction (SPME) for depth profiling in sediments treated with activated carbon

Sediment contamination in US waterways is an expensive and complicated issue, and as acceptance of nontraditional sediment remediation strategies broadens, novel and efficient methods to assess and monitor the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in contaminated sediments will play an important role. In this project, solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers inside perforated steel tubes were used as in situ passive samplers to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in sediment before and after treatment with activated carbon (AC). Two modes of waterjet amendment injection were used to apply the AC. In the first treatment, a single 2-min injection was shot into the center of a test vessel, and in the second treatment, multiple 7-s injections in a grid were placed in sediment. In the single injection, no treatment was observed 5 cm away from the injection, while at 2.5 cm, >90 % decrease of PAH pore water concentration was observed, indicating a similar bioavailability decrease. In the multiple injection experiment, >90 % PAH pore water level reductions were observed throughout the test vessel. Highly contaminated and less contaminated sediments were mixed with 0–5 % AC by weight to develop AC treatment curves. Over 99 % reduction in PAH pore water concentrations and bioavailability was observed in the less contaminated sediment at 3 % AC, while 99 % reduction was never reached even at 5 % AC addition in the highly contaminated sediment. Different treatment curves were observed for the different contaminated sediments. In situ equilibration times were 120, 215, and 250 h for phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo(a)anthracene, respectively. The results show that in situ SPME is a viable method to observe AC treatment and evaluate reductions in pore water concentrations and bioavailability.
High Prevalence of Obesity and Female Gender Among Patients With Concomitant Tibialis Posterior Tendonitis and Plantar Fasciitis

The link between increased body weight and hindfoot complaints is largely based on correlation to single foot pathology. We retrospectively reviewed 6879 patients with tibialis posterior tendonitis (TPT), plantar fasciitis (PF), or both. Among patients with either TPT or PF, 1 in 11 (9%) had both. We then compared age, gender, and body mass index among these groups. Patients with both diagnoses were neither statistically older nor more obese than patients with single diagnoses. However, they were statistically more female. Given the overall high prevalence of obesity in the study population, we feel these data support the link between obesity and multiple foot pathology.Levels of Evidence: Prognostic, Level IV: Case series
Impact of maternal substance use during pregnancy on childhood outcome.

The impact of maternal substance abuse is reflected in the 2002–2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Among pregnant women in the 15–44 age group, 4.3%, 18% and 9.8% used illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol, respectively. Maternal pregnancy complications following substance use include increases in sexually transmitted disorders, placental abruption and HIV-positive status. Effects on the neonate include a decrease in growth parameters and increases in central nervous system and autonomic nervous system signs and in referrals to child protective agencies. In childhood, behavioral and cognitive effects are seen after prenatal cocaine exposure; tobacco and alcohol have separate and specific effects. The ongoing use of alcohol and tobacco by the caretaker affects childhood behavior. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent and treat behavioral problems as well as to limit the onset of drug use by adolescent children born to women who use drugs during pregnancy.
Tissue specificity and systematics of a Nosema in some species of Aedes, Anopheles, and Cules

Abstract Studies of the host-parasite relationships of a Nosema in four species of mosquitoes showed that the primary sites of infection were: (1) Anopheles quadrimaculatus —accessory glands, brain, fat body, gut, Malpighian tubules, muscle, nerve ganglia, rectum, ventral diverticula, and the ventriculus; (2) Culex quinquefasciatus —fat body, gut, and Malpighian tubules; (3) Culex salinarius —fat body, gut, Malpighian tubules, and muscle; and (4) Aedes aegypti —brain and nerve ganglia. The variation in susceptibility of tissues in host species is interesting and illustrates the danger of differentiating Microsporidia solely on the basis of the sites of the infection in hosts. Since anopheline mosquitoes appear to be the primary hosts, the parasite might be useful in control programs for anopheline mosquitoes and/or the interruption of development of plasmodia in the female mosquito. The taxonomic placement is also discussed.
Increased adrenocortical responsiveness to exogenous ACTH in oral contraceptive users

To evaluate the effects of changing steroid milieu on adrenocortical function, basal levels and responses of cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17PO), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone to exogenous synthetic ACTH were investigated in six normal women during the early follicular (EF) and midluteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle and in five women on an oral contraceptive (OC) agent (35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg ethynodiol diacetate, Demulen). Baseline serum steroid and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) levels were measured on days 3-7 and 21-23 of the menstrual cycle in the normal subjects and on days 3-7 of OC treatment cycles. ACTH stimulation (10 micrograms m-2 i.v. bolus) was performed following dexamethasone suppression (0.5 mg p.o. q 6 h X 4). Basal levels of cortisol and CBG as well as cortisol responses to ACTH were increased in OC users relative to normal women tested during both the EF and ML phases of the cycle. In addition, 17PO levels were increased during the ML phase both before and following dexamethasone suppression compared to levels present in the EF phase and in OC users, no doubt because of increased ovarian steroidogenesis.
Pharmacokinetic and Safety Evaluation of a Pediatric Formulation of Pentoxifylline for Treatment of Acute Kawasaki Disease

PURPOSE: Pentoxifylline (PTX) may decrease coronary artery damage in Kawasaki Disease (KD) by inhibiting TNF-α production. This study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a new pediatric oral syrup preparation of PTX as an adjunct to intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin in the treatment of KD in children. METHODS: Six patients were enrolled/cohort (Cohorts A, B, C, and D- 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg/day; divided TID). TNF-α levels (Days 1 and 6) were evaluated by ELISA. Six PK sera collected around the first dose were measured by HPLC and evaluated by non-compartmental analysis for PTX and its active metabolite (M-I). RESULTS: The most common adverse events were vomiting and fever, each reported in 5 of 18 patients. No toxicities were dose-related. For Cohorts A and B, the mean age ± SD was 33 ± 21 months. The median baseline TNF-α level was 9.51 pg/mL. Of 8 patients with day 6 TNF-α levels, six had an average decrease in TNF-α of 28%. The PTX mean areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC, a measure of drug exposure) were 559 (range, 216-1886) and 1786 (range, 286-9199) ng*hr/mL, and the M-I mean AUCs were 950 (range, 363-1826) and 3162 (range, 1069-12055) ng*hr/mL for Cohorts A and B, respectively. The overall apparent clearances (Cl/F) were 5.9 (range, 1.7-15.9) and 2.8 (range, 0.9-17.5) L/hr/kg. The M-I/PTX ratio was 1.7 and 1.8 in Cohorts A and B, respectively. No evidence of accumulation or saturation of absorption was noted. CONCLUSIONS: PTX was well tolerated. Gastrointestinal symptoms may have been due to high dose aspirin, PTX, or the combination of the two medications. The pharmacokinetic parameters were highly variable and similar to those seen in other populations. After analysis of Cohorts C and D, we will determine the optimal dose of PTX in KD.
No Surrender! No Retreat! African American Pioneer Performers of the Twentieth-Century American Theater . By Glenda E. Gill. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000; pp. 230. $49.95 hardcover

At the beginning of No Surrender! No Retreat! African American Pioneer Performers of Twentieth-Century American Theater , Glenda E. Gill asks, “What shall the Negro dance about?” She poses the question as a “metaphor for all African American performing artists who faced . . . overwhelming discrimination” and lets it drive her passion and admiration for her chosen subjects. Her admiration for these theatrical heroes began through her early childhood contact with prominent African Americans on the campus of Alabama A. & M. College. Gill's palpable enthusiasm, germinated from the life-altering performances she saw as a youth, is the clear source of the power behind her scholarship and writing style. The chief value of the book lies in the balance Gill achieves between her quests to document and to celebrate these “pioneer performers,” people who have made her “dance” intellectually and inspirationally. She features the stories of Rose McClendon, Paul Robeson, Ethel Waters, Marian Anderson, Canada Lee, Pearl Bailey, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, James Earl Jones, and Morgan Freeman.
PHOTOEMISSION AND PHOTOABSORPTION INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF YTTERBIUM-DOPED STRONTIUM FLUOROAPATITE

X-ray photoemission and X-ray photoabsorption were used to study the composition and the electronic structure of ytterbium-doped strontium fluoroapatite (Yb:S-FAP). High resolution photoemission measurements on the valence band electronic structure were used to evaluate the density of occupied states of this fluoroapatite. Element-specific density of unoccupied electronic states in Yb:S-FAP was probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Yb 4d (N4,5-edge), Sr 3d (M4,5-edge), P 2p (L2,3-edge), F 1s and O 1s (K-edges) absorption edges. These results provide the first measurements of the electronic structure and surface chemistry of this material.
Overcoming stroma-mediated treatment resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia through BCL-2 inhibition.

AbstractDespite recent advances in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with chemoimmunotherapy, many patients with CLL are older or frail and cannot tolerate aggressive chemotherapy. Even those who can inevitably develop resistance due to factors such as deletion of pro-apoptotic factors like TP53 or the support of pro-survival signals from the stromal microenvironment. Using BH3 profiling, we found that CLL cells co-cultured with stroma are less primed to undergo apoptosis in response to BCL-2 inhibition. Currently, several approaches to BCL-2 inhibition with well-tolerated oral agents are in development in the clinic. Dosing of navitoclax (ABT-263) was complicated by thrombocytopenia due to BCL-XL inhibition, but the BCL-2 specific inhibitor ABT-199 (GDC-0199) should avoid this issue, and may overcome stroma-mediated resistance to apoptosis. We are developing BH3 profiling as a biomarker to predict response to novel therapies such as ABT-199, and to identify resistance mechanisms to new ...
In Vitro Activities of Voriconazole, Itraconazole, and Amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis,Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum

The in vitro activity of voriconazole was compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against the mold forms of 304 isolates of three dimorphic fungi, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. MICs were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A procedure. RPMI 1640 medium was used for tests with voriconazole and itraconazole, whereas Antibiotic Medium 3 with 2% glucose was used for amphotericin B. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were also determined. Amphotericin B was active against all three dimorphic fungi, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited (MIC(90)s) of 0.5 to 1 microg/ml. Itraconazole had MIC(90)s of 0.06 microg/ml for H. capsulatum, 0.125 microg/ml for B. dermatitidis, and 1 microg/ml for C. immitis. The MIC(90)s of voriconazole were 0.25 microg/ml for all three fungi. Amphotericin B was fungicidal for B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum with MFCs at which 90% of strains tested are killed (MFC(90)s) of 0.5 and 2 microg/ml, respectively. It was less active against C. immitis, with MFCs ranging from 0.5 to >16 microg/ml. Voriconazole and itraconazole were lethal for most isolates of B. dermatitidis, with MFC(50)s and MFC(90)s of 0.125 and 4 microg/ml, respectively. Both azoles were fungicidal for some isolates of H. capsulatum, with MFC(50)s of 2 and 8 microg/ml for itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively; neither had a lethal effect upon C. immitis. Our results suggest that voriconazole possesses promising activity against these important human pathogens.
INDEPENDENT AXIOM SCHEMATA FOR VON WRIGHT'S M

In this paper we show how a modification of results due to Simons ([6]) yields a set of independent axiom schemata for von Wright's M ([8], p. 85), with a single primitive rule of inference. We first describe a system M *, then show its equivalence with M , and finally show that our schemata are independent. 1. Axiomatization of M *. We adopt the notational conventions of McKinsey and Tarski ([4], p. 2), as amended by Simons ([6], p. 309), except that we take “(α ⊰ β)” as an abbreviation for “˜◇˜(α 0→ β)”, rather than for “˜◇(α ∧ ˜β)”. Our only rule of inference is: Rule. If ⊦ α and ⊦ (˜◇˜α → β). then ⊦ β. We have six axiom schemata: We require a number of theorems for the proof of equivalence of M * with M . Theorem 1. If ⊦ α and ⊦ (α → β), then ⊦ β. Theorem 2. If ⊦ α and ⊦ (α ⊰ β), then ⊦ β. Proof by hypothesis, A 5, and Theorem 2 (twice). Theorem 3. If ⊦ (α ⊰ β), then (˜◇β → ˜ ◇α). Proof by hypothesis, A6, and Theorem 2. Theorem 4. If ⊦(α ⊰ β), then ⊦[˜˜(γ ∧ α) ⊰ ˜˜(β ∧ γ)].
“How Does that Itsy Bitsy Spider Do It?”: Severely Traumatized Children’s Development of Resilience in Psychotherapy

This article explores the ways in which traumatized children make use of a treatment relationship to develop their resilience. First, the concept of resilience is deepened by synthesizing elements from two theories: 1) Self-Determination Theory’s emphasis on the importance for a person’s well-being of her/his choices of goals of relatedness, autonomy, and competence (Ryan & Deci, 2008) and 2) Hope Theory’s formulation that central constituents of hope are the ability to conceptualize pathways towards goals and a conviction of competence in goal attainment (Snyder, 2002). Applying this understanding of resilience to long-term child-centered psychotherapy, this study describes how the therapist and eight children in long-term psychotherapy co-identified treatment contracts and goals. By listening to children’s presentation of their concerns, the therapist communicated to the children her understanding of the children’s priorities. The children affirmed and/or revised the goals. This process continued throug...
The complex EGI: a new representation for 3-D pose determination

The complex extended Gaussian image (CEGI), a 3D object representation that can be used to determine the pose of an object, is described. In this representation, the weight associated with each outward surface normal is a complex weight. The normal distance of the surface from the predefined origin is encoded as the phase of the weight, whereas the magnitude of the weight is the visible area of the surface. This approach decouples the orientation and translation determination into two distinct least-squares problems. The justification for using such a scheme is twofold: it not only allows the pose of the object to be extracted, but it also distinguishes a convex object from a nonconvex object having the same EGI representation. The CEGI scheme has the advantage of not requiring explicit spatial object-model surface correspondence in determining object orientation and translation. Experiments involving synthetic data of two polyhedral and two smooth objects are presented to illustrate the feasibility of this method. >
Safe Operating Current Density and Failure modes of Carbon doped base AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs

The HBTs used in this study were grown by OMVPE. The base was carbon doped to 3×1019 cm?3 with a thickness of 500A. Several 3?×10? HBTs were biased at I c =2,4 and lOmA (V CE =2V) and maintained at T A =125°C. Based on 1000 hours of operation at 125°C , I c =2mA is safe, 4mA is marginal and 10mA is fatal.
Responses of pigment composition of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii to silicate availability during dark survival and recovery

Responses of light-harvesting and photoprotective pigments to the length of dark storage and silicate avail- ability were determined for the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii during dark survival and recovery. During 14- day's darkness, no significant changes in the concentration of silicate were observed, whereas the cell density increased by 34% for 8 days and decreased afterward. All cellular pigment contents decreased sharply between days 3 and 5 and stayed at relatively constant levels on days 11 and 14. Once the cells were exposed to a light:dark cycle on days 3, 8, and 14 of the dark storage experiments, there was a significant loss of all cellular pigment contents during the first 24 h of the light:dark cycle, which corresponded to the log-phase of growth. Cellular photoprotective pigment levels then started to recover to levels similar to those observed on days 11 and 14 in the dark storage experiments. When the dark- acclimated cells were exposed to light:dark cycle conditions, cell growth was immediately restored. The growth rate de- creased significantly with increasing length of dark storage but not with silicate availability. This observation may sug- gest that T. weissflogii trapped in ballast water are able to survive in total darkness and to restore cell division once they are released into ambient coastal waters within two weeks.
Dynamical Systems Revisited: Hybrid Systems with Zeno Executions

Results from classical dynamical systems are generalized to hybrid dynamical systems. The concept of ω limit set is introduced for hybrid systems and is used to prove new results on invariant sets and stability, where Zeno and non-Zeno hybrid systems can be treated within the same framework. As an example, LaSalle's Invariance Principle is extended to hybrid systems. Zeno hybrid systems are discussed in detail. The ω limit set of a Zeno execution is characterized for classes of hybrid systems.
The Practice of Compassion in Supervision in Residential Treatment Programs for Clients with Severe Mental Illness

ABSTRACT Clinical supervision for residential care staff is essential and yet has rarely been studied. Drawing from the reflective practice tradition, we interviewed residential care supervisors about their clinical decision-making processes and analyzed the data qualitatively to identify common themes and distill their beliefs and reported practices. We found that supervisors prioritized a compassion-based model of supervision characterized by fostering staff self-care, developing staff's empathy and responsiveness to clients, helping staff with disappointments in their relationships with clients, accurately evaluating client progress, preserving safety, and nurturing teamwork. A supervisor's subjective experience of his caregiving of staff could be explained using a second-level analytic concept we termed a caregiving heuristic—one's beliefs, values, and guidelines for action as a caregiver—of which compassion was, for these supervisors, a foundational element. The supervisors envisioned compassion as a...
Simulations of three dimensional feedback control of a circular cylinder wake

*† ‡ + § Three-dimensional feedback controlled simulations of the wake behind a circular cylinder were performed. Feedback control was achieved by using a low dimensional model based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) in conjunction with least square sensor based estimation to estimate the flow state. At a Reynolds numbers of 100, experimental and computational investigations have shown that although the vortex shedding is weakened by the introduction of closedloop control, spanwise phase variations eventually lead to an instability which results in the loss of control. In the current simulations, a three-dimensional sensor array was placed in the wake to estimate the flow state based on two dimensional POD Modes, which were applied at multiple spanwise locations. A linear stochastic estimator was used to map sensor readings to the temporal coefficients of the POD modes. The simulations were aimed at investigating the efficacy of threedimensional flow sensing to improve feedback control. Because the control input had only one degree of freedom (1 DOF), the mode amplitudes had to be combined into one actuator signal. The effect of selecting various spanwise sensing locations for feedback flow control was investigated.
Telerobotic macros for remote handling of protein crystals

A combined University/Industry team has developed a prototype system for handling protein crystals aboard the space station. This system uses a miniature direct drive robot, CCD television cameras, and a client-server computing system using Internet protocols to support the capture of protein crystals from aqueous growth solutions. The system was demonstrated between Huntsville AL, and Seattle WA. An operator in Huntsville controlled the mini robot by invoking predefined relative and absolute macro files. A set of movement macros (a predefined sequence of multi-device movement commands) were developed to support precision motion between task locations in the glovebox. The operator can invoke the macros by clicking icons in the remote control interface. The system is a promising start for the development of a space-station based remote protein crystal analysis facility.