cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Details of a water target used in a high-current application for a neutrino-physics experiment and the direct measurement of the incident proton beam by the induced change in the water conductivity

Abstract A water target was constructed for use in a low-energy neutrino physics experiment at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. For 800 MeV incident protons, a water target may be close to optimal in the production of positive pions that subsequently decay in flight, yielding muon neutrinos, especially if used in conjunction with a pion-focusing device. We discuss the special features of the beam vacuum window, the target and water cooling system that were designed to withstand damage from radiation and mechanical stress caused by the large proton currents used in the experiment. Our target also included internal monitors to measure changes in water conductivity induced by the passage of the proton beam. This novel monitoring technique permitted a direct measure of the intensity of protons inside the target and gave a measure of the beam alignment.
A Contemporary Revitalization Movement in American Race Relations: The ‘Black Muslims’

The Black Muslim movement among Negro Americans is viewed as an in-process example of a revitalization movement-"a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture." Using this juxtapositional method,.our.knowledge about the movement is systematized, and the theory is clarified and further operationalized. Several directions for research are suggested, including (1) viewing the Muslims in Weberian terms as a twentieth-century case of this-worldly activism motivated by religiously sanctioned asceticism, and (2) proposal of a comparative study designed to show the Muslimhs emerging from the same kinds of acculturative pressures as the Peyote cult of American Indian tribes. arely do empirical cases seem so made-to-order for a particular sociological theory as does the Black Muslim movement for Anthony Wallace's formulation of the "revitalization movement."l The "Lost-Foundl Nation of Islam ill Nortlh America" is a mushrooming sect of Negro Americans led by some of the country's angriest young men. A politico-religious organiza
Cytoskeletal and adhesive structural polarizations accompany IL-13-induced human macrophage fusion.

During the inflammatory response to an implanted biomaterial, monocytes undergo a striking phenotypic progression of differentiation into macrophages, which may subsequently fuse to form foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). Taking advantage of an in vitro system of cytokine-induced FBGC formation together with the optical slicing capabilities of a confocal microscope, we investigated the cytoskeletal reorganization and adhesive structure development during this dramatic morphological progression. Human monocytes demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic staining of adhesive structural proteins. Punctate filamentous (F)-actin structures appeared along the ventral cell membrane of macrophages and were identified as the core of podosome adhesive structures by the distinctive ring staining of vinculin, talin, and paxillin around the F-actin. Cytokine-induced FBGCs were characterized by a restriction of podosomes to the extreme periphery of the ventral cell surface. Although macrophages and FBGC contained equivalent amoun...
BRCA1 mutations in familial ovarian cancer.

BRCA1 mutation research in ovarian and breast cancer 17q21-linked families has yielded a large number of germline sequence variations. Somatic mutations have been uncommonly reported. We screened 81 probands with primary ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube carcinoma for BRCA1 mutations. The study group was intentionally biased by the inclusion of 29 probands with a family history of ovarian and/or breast carcinoma, 13 probands diagnosed on or before age 45, seven individuals with a metachronous breast cancer and 51 tumors with BRCA1 LOH. Tumor and/or germline DNA was screened by modified techniques of single-strand confirmation polymorphism analysis, and abnormal banding patterns were sequenced to confirm mutations. Twenty-one (25.9%) BRCA1 sequence variations were identified. Eight mutations were somatic including seven null mutations. Apart from classical hereditary ovarian/breast cancer, a family history of ovarian/breast cancer defines a subset of ovarian cancer individuals with a significant likelihood of either a germline or a somatic BRCA1 gene sequence variation.
Panel of Serum Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Purpose Currently, a blood test for lung cancer does not exist. Serum biomarkers that could aid clinicians in making case management decisions would be enormously valuable. We used two proteomic platforms and a literature search to select candidate serum markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods We initially assayed six serum proteins, four discovered by proteomics and two previously known to be cancer associated, on a training set of sera from 100 patients (50 with a new diagnosis of lung cancer and 50 age- and sex-matched controls). Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis selected a panel of four markers that most efficiently predicted which patients had lung cancer. An independent, blinded validation set of sera from 97 patients (49 lung cancer patients and 48 matched controls) determined the accuracy of the four markers to predict which patients had lung cancer. Results Four serum proteins—carcinoembryonic antigen, retinol binding protein, α1-antitrypsin, and squamous cell carcinoma...
Study of the effects of various parameters on the transient current density at polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell start-up

An unsteady two phase nonisothermal model is used to study the start-up characteristics of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The model is 3D in nature and a PEMFC with serpentine flow field and 9 channels is simulated. The base case is run with equilibrium or inflow initial conditions, i.e. the initial conditions inside the fuel cell are set to be equal to inflow conditions. The change in current density, at different potentials, with time is plotted. The effect of different parameters on the transient current density behavior is studied. Single phase and two phase models are compared to understand the effect of liquid water on the performance at start-up and is seen to affect the current undershoot. Isothermal and nonisothermal models are also compared to see the effect of temperature. Following this, the gas diffusion layer thickness and the porosity are varied and are seen to have a significant effect on the current density. While both have an immediate effect on the mass transport time scales, the current density is affected by both transport and liquid water formation. The time scales of the above two mentioned phenomenon determine how the current behaves at start-up.
Etiological Role of Estrogen Status in Renal Stone Formation

ABSTRACTPurpose: Estrogen may protect against kidney stone formation since nephrolithiasis is more common in men than in women. Moreover, the incidence of stones rises after menopause in women. We examined the contribution of estrogen to kidney stone risk by comparing outpatient evaluations in the 2 genders, and in estrogen treated and untreated postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the results of the initial evaluation of 1,454 adult calcium oxalate stone formers, including 1,050 men and 404 women. Of the postmenopausal women 39 and 50 were estrogen treated and untreated, respectively. Samples of urine and blood were collected 1 week after the imposition of a diet restricted moderately in sodium and calcium, and modestly in oxalate and animal protein.Results: Compared with men the daily excretion of urinary calcium, oxalate and uric acid was lower in women. Women had lower saturations of calcium oxalate and brushite as well as lower excretion of undissociated uric acid. Compared with me...
Site-Resolved Determination of Peptide Torsion Angle O from the Relative Orientations of Backbone N-H and C-H Bonds by Solid-State NMR

We describe a method for determining the torsion angle φ in peptides. The technique is based on the measurement of the relative orientation of the N−HN and Cα−Hα bonds, which is manifested in the rotational sideband spectrum of the sum and difference of the two corresponding dipolar couplings. The method exploits 15N−13C double-quantum and zero-quantum coherences, which evolve simultaneously under the N−H and C−H dipolar interactions. The magnitudes of these dipolar couplings scaled by the proton homonuclear decoupling sequence are directly extracted from control experiments that correlate the dipolar interactions with the isotropic chemical shifts. Applied to 15N-labeled N-acetyl-d,l-valine, the experiment yielded φ = −135°, which agrees well with the X-ray crystal structure. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of the measured angle φ is within ±10° when the N−HN and Cα−Hα bonds are approximately antiparallel and ±20° when they are roughly parallel. The technique is sufficiently sensitive to be applie...
TEXTURAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF IRISH POTATOES II.

Unprocessed steam-peeled potatoes exhibited lower apparent moduli of deformability and elasticity than unpeeled or abrasion-peeled potatoes. Both moduli decreased upon thermal processing and on storage of the processed product. The degree of elasticity and energy capacity decreased, while mechanical hysteresis increased, due to peeling prior to processing. The processed Sebago variety showed greater mechanical hysteresis than the Red LaSoda variety. The apparent elastic properties of processed potatoes exhibited varied trends due to the peeling method and storage as evidenced by the significant interaction of these two main variables. The results obtained suggest that apparent elastic moduli are not reliable indices of the degree of firmness of the peeled and processed Irish potatoes. Texture measurements on these potatoes should involve destructive forces and deformations to give true indications of differences in firmness.
Incidence and Management of Rash in Telaprevir-Treated Patients

Background: Telaprevir-induced rash is a common, therapy-limiting adverse drug event (ADE) for patients with hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection. Given the similarity between telaprevir and simeprevir, real-world management of rash during treatment with an NS3/4A protease inhibitor and its implications are important. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of rash in telaprevir-treated patients, its management, and the impact on sustained virological response and to identify any risk factors for rash development. Method: This was a retrospective study of adult patients who were treated with telaprevir in a hepatology clinic from July 1, 2011, to August 31, 2012. Pertinent information on demographics, past medical history, medications, laboratory data, outcomes of rash, other ADEs related to treatment, and physician grading of rash were collected. Result: Of 159 patients included, 44% (70/159) developed rash, and 4% (7/159) discontinued therapy because of rash. Median number o...
The glial antioxidant network and neuronal ascorbate: protective yet permissive for H(2)O(2) signaling.

Increasing evidence implicates reactive oxygen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as intracellular and intercellular messengers in the brain. This raises the question of how the antioxidant network in the brain can be sufficiently permissive to allow messages to be conveyed yet, at the same time, provide adequate protection against oxidative damage. Here we present evidence that this is accomplished in part by differential antioxidant compartmentalization between glia and neurons. Based on the rationale that the glia-to-neuron ratio is higher in guinea-pig brain than in rat brain, we examined the neuroprotective role of the glial antioxidant network by comparing the consequences of H2O2 elevation in slices of guinea-pig and rat brain. The effects of exogenously applied H2O2 on evoked population spikes in hippocampal slices and on edema formation in forebrain slices were assessed. In contrast to the epileptiform activity observed in rat hippocampal slices after H2O2 exposure, no pathophysiology was seen in guinea-pig hippocampal slices. Similarly, elevated H2O2 caused edema in rat brain slices but not in guinea-pig brain tissue. The resistance of guinea-pig brain tissue to H2O2 challenge was lost, however, when glutathione (GSH) synthesis was inhibited (by buthionine sulfoximine), GSH peroxidase activity was inhibited (by mercaptosuccinate) or catalase was inhibited (by 3-amino-1, 2, 4, -triazole). Strikingly, exogenously applied ascorbate, a predominantly neuronal antioxidant, could compensate for the loss of any other single component of the antioxidant network. Together, these data imply significant roles for glial antioxidants and neuronal ascorbate in the prevention of pathophysiological consequences of the endogenous neuromodulator H2O2.
Five-Year Data and Prognostic Factor Analysis of Oxaliplatin and Irinotecan Combinations for Advanced Colorectal Cancer: N9741

Purpose In this report, we update survival (OS) and time-to-progression (TTP) data for the Intergroup trial N9741 after a median 5 years of follow-up by using risk-stratified and prognostic factor analyses to determine if treatment outcomes differ in specific patient subgroups. Patients and Methods A total of 1,691 patients were randomly assigned to one of seven fluorouracil-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-containing regimens. OS and TTP were calculated by treatment arm and baseline risk group (on the basis of WBC, performance status, number of sites of disease, and alkaline phosphatase). Multivariate prognostic factor analysis was used to assess clinical factors for their relationships to OS, TTP, response, and toxicity by using Cox and logistic regression models. Results The observed 5-year survival with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) of 9.8% was better than with irinotecan plus bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin (IFL; 3.7%; P = .04) or with bolus irinotecan/oxaliplatin (IRO...
Effects of high altitude and exercise on plasma erythropoietin in equids.

To help resolve the mechanistic bases for haematological adaptations (~28% increase in red blood cell volume) of equids to high altitude (3800 m, barometric pressure Pb, 487 mm Hg) and exercise, plasma erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]) was measured at rest and following exercise in six, moderately fit equids (four Arabians, one Quarter Horse and one Shetland Pony; four females and two males; age 9.0 ± 4.5 years (mean ± SD)). [EPO] was measured on 2 days at 225 m (i.e. ~sea level; Pb, 743 mm Hg), over the course of a 10-day altitude exposure, and then again for 2 days after return to sea level. A standard track exercise test (submaximal, speed set-to-heart rate of 110 (trot), 150 (canter), 180 (gallop) bpm) was performed 2 days pre-high-altitude exposure and on three separate days at high altitude. In addition, a maximal incremental exercise test was performed on a high-speed motor-driven treadmill at sea level and 2 days following return to sea level from high altitude. Resting [EPO] increased from 28 ± 29 at sea level to 144 ± 46 mU ml− 1 (P 0.05 vs. pre-high altitude) and did not change over the remaining 8 days at high altitude nor over the 2 days after return to sea level. [EPO] was not significantly altered by acute exercise at sea level or at 3800 m. These results indicate that [EPO] increases rapidly (though transiently) in response to hypobaric hypoxia but not to acute exercise, and that exercise does not appear to potentiate the altitude response. Thus, if any [EPO]-derived haematological adaptations to high altitude are present, these appear to result from a transient ~4-fold elevation of [EPO] rather than any sustained increase in this signalling mechanism, at least in the equid.
Moving Toward Greater Diversity: A Review of Interventions to Increase Diversity in Nursing Education

Purpose: To report the results of a comprehensive review of interventions used by nursing programs to increase the success of underrepresented minority nursing students graduating from prelicensure programs. Design/Method: This review used the five stages of review methodology described but Whittemore and Knafl to extract data, summarize, and synthesize findings of 11 studies included in this review. Intervention strategies were organized using concepts of Jeffreys’s Nursing Undergraduate Retention and Success model. Findings: Interventions were designed to improve recruitment, retention, and academic performance through a variety of innovative activities. Conclusions: This review highlighted the necessity for future researchers to report in-depth and detailed information about the implementation of interventions. Comprehensive information about the program, faculty, setting, interventions, and challenges faced during implementation were often missing from these reports, making replication difficult.
General properties of the interaction between animals and ELF electric fields

An analysis is given of the interaction between extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric fields and animals of arbitrary body shape. This analysis is based on three approximations which are valid in the ELF range: In living tissues, capacitive (displacement) currents are negligible compared to conduction currents; effects resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of electromagnetic fields are negligible; skin effect in living tissues is negligible. Major conclusions of the analysis are: (a) The electric field outside the body, the induced charge on the surface of the body, and the total current crossing any section through the body (eg, through the neck or limbs) are completely determined by the characteristics of the applied ELF electric field, the shape of the body, its location relative to ground and other conductors, and any conduction currents from the body to ground or other conductors. (b) All of the quantities in (a) can be measured using conducting animal models. (c) The magnitudes of the electric field outside the body and the induced charge density on the surface of the body are independent of frequency, in the ELF range, when the body is either insulated from or shorted to ground (and any other conductors in the system). (d) The only quantities affected by the electrical properties of the tissues comprising the body are the current density and electric field inside the body. (e) The electric field outside and inside a body will be unchanged by a scaled change in its size.
SmartScale: Automatic Application Scaling in Enterprise Clouds

Enterprise clouds today support an on demand resource allocation model and can provide resources requested by applications in a near online manner using virtual machine resizing or cloning. However, in order to take advantage of an on demand resource model, enterprise applications need to be automatically scaled in a way that makes the most efficient use of resources. In this work, we present the SmartScale automated scaling framework. SmartScale uses a combination of vertical (adding more resources to existing VM instances) and horizontal (adding more VM instances) scaling to ensure that the application is scaled in a manner that optimizes both resource usage and the reconfiguration cost incurred due to scaling. The SmartScale methodology is proactive and ensures that the application converges quickly to the desired scaling level even when the workload intensity changes significantly. We evaluate SmartScale using real production traces on Olio, an emerging cloud benchmark, running on a ???-based cloud testbed. We present both theoretical and experimental evidence that comprehensively establish the effectiveness of SmartScale.
Overview of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission

Abstract. The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is a Canadian synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mission consisting of the design, construction, launch, and operation of three C-band SAR satellites as well as the design and build of an associated ground segment. RCM is currently being implemented by a Canadian industrial team led by MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) under contract to the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). This article provides an overview of the RCM. A description of how mission requirements drove the selection of key mission parameters is given, including number of satellites, orbit selection, and major radar parameters. Emphasis is placed on providing a description of those capabilities of RCM that are unique or innovative. These capabilities include a constellation optimized for coherent change detection (CCD), a compact polarimetry mode, special imaging modes optimized for ship detection, and a combined SAR and automatic identification system (AIS) capability. To support CCD, the syst...
Contagiousness of acute hepatitis B. Secondary attack rates in household contacts.

In order to define the hazard of household exposure to patients with acute hepatitis B, in the absence of persistent hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 98 household contacts of 42 patients with the acute disease were interviewed and tested for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and serum transaminases shortly after identification and at 3-month intervals for at least 12 months. Most of the index cases with acute hepatitis B were young men and many had used illicit drugs parenterally before the onset of illness. Three of the household contacts had HBsAg detected on initial testing, and 2 of these were carriers with elevated serum transaminase levels. The 3rd HB-Ag-positive contact developed acute hepatitis within 2 weeks. This appeared to represent a coprimary infection. Fourteen contacts had anti-HBs on initial evaluation and were considered immune as a result of prior experience with hepatitis B. Of 81 susceptible contacts (neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs on initial screening), 13 were spouses or sexual partners and 2 of these developed acute hepatitis B at 4 and 6 months after the onset of illness in their respective index cases; another developed anti-HBs at 6 months. Thus, 3 (23%) of 13 exposed spouses or sexual partners developed evidence of hepatitis B infection during the surveillance period. In contrast, no evidence of hepatitis B infection related to household exposure was found in 68 parents, siblings, and other domestic contacts. These data confirm the contagiousness of hepatitis B for household contacts of acute cases and suggest that the risk is confined to spouses and sexual partners. These persons appear to be prime candidates for prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin.
Insects found on Pea Fields in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, after Harvest

The numbers and kinds of insects found on pea fields after harvest in the Willamette Valley are considered in this paper. The average number of insects were found to decrease each day after harvest. Of the total number of insects other than pea weevils, 76 per cent were injurious, 22 per cent were beneficial and 2 per cent were of unknown economic importance.
ARISTARCHUS’ WORK IN PROGRESS: WHAT DID ARISTONICUS AND DIDYMUS READ OF ARISTARCHUS?*

As is well known, the work of Aristarchus on Homer is not preserved by direct tradition. We have instead many fragments preserved mainly in the Homeric scholia, the Byzantine Etymologica and the Homeric commentaries by Eustathius of Thessalonica. These fragments go back to the so-called Viermannerkommentar (abbreviated VMK), the ‘commentary of the four men’, a commentary that is dated to the fifth-sixth century c.e. and collects the works of Aristonicus, Didymus, Nicanor and Herodian. In the first century b.c.e. Aristonicus explained the meaning of Aristarchus’ critical signs in a treatise called Πeρὶ τῶν σημeίων τῶν τῆς ᾿Ιλιάδος καὶ ᾿Οδυσσeίας, while in the Πeρὶ τῆς ᾿Αρισταρχeίου διορθώσeως Didymus studied Aristarchus’ Homeric recension. In the second century c.e. two more scholars, Herodian and Nicanor, dealt with Aristarchus while analysing questions of prosody in the Homeric language (Herodian) or the punctuation of the Homeric text (Nicanor). Not all of these four ‘men’ are equally important, however, as sources for Aristarchus. In fact, Herodian and Nicanor had aims that were quite independent of Aristarchus’ enterprise: the former was concerned with problems of prosody, accentuation and aspiration in Homer, whereas the latter had developed a new system of punctuation to elucidate the Homeric text from a syntactic point of view. Although both Herodian and Nicanor did take an interest in Aristarchus, their focus was thus different from that of their Alexandrian predecessor. The goal of Aristonicus and Didymus, on the other hand, was specifically to reconstruct Aristarchus’ work on Homer; it is for this reason that they are considered the most trustworthy witnesses for Aristarchus’ fragments.
AUV behaviors for collection of bistatic and multistatic acoustic scattering data from seabed targets

Characterization of seabed targets using networks of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is of great interest for harbor security. The imaging sensors generally used for target localization and classification are expensive for outfitting multiple AUVs and produce data that is difficult to use for real-time onboard classification. An approach to this problem has been developed in which an acoustic source insonifies targets and AUVs with inexpensive hydrophone nose arrays are used to sample the resulting scattered fields. These scattered fields consist of distinctive radiation patterns, where the amplitude sampled by a receiving AUV for a particular target is determined by source frequency, aspect angle between source and target, and bistatic angle between source and receiver. AUV behaviors were developed to control the bistatic angles relative to a localized target between source and receiver vehicles and aspect angle between a target and the source. Two configurations were explored: bistatic, where the source is fixed and receiver moving, and multistatic, where both source and receiver are located on mobile autonomous vehicles. Design considerations for behaviors to sample different combinations of bistatic angle and aspect angle included keeping receiving arrays broadside to a target for uniform-quality data collection and obeying vehicle dynamics constraints. Behaviors for the bistatic configuration were demonstrated in AUV experiments, and behaviors for the multistatic case were demonstrated in simulation, including collaboration between source and receiver vehicles for controlling bistatic versus aspect angle.
Light and electron microscopic evaluation of canine hearts orthotopically transplanted after 24 hours of extracorporeal preservation

The hearts of 19 dogs were subjected to in vitro, moderately hypothermic, whole blood perfusion through the aorta for 24 hours. Sixteen of the hearts were reimplanted into recipient animals in the conventional orthotopic fashion and three were subjected to histologic study without reimplantation. Fourteen of the 16 reimplanted hearts successfully supported the recipients. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of the reimplanted hearts 24 hours and 7 days after implantation demonstrated good preservation of cellular and ultracellular structures. Some mild widening of the interstitium was noted.
Educational Perspectives: Personal, Professional, and Practice—A Framework for Ethics Education

Health care professionals commonly encounter ethical issues in neonatology as part of their clinical practice. How they approach different situations that require ethical and legal consideration depends on the interaction among their personal values, their profession’s values and obligations, and the conduct of their profession’s practice as a whole. This relationship between the personal, the professional, and the practice provides a framework for learning about ethics and the law. In this article, this framework is used to present a sample curriculum on the Baby Doe regulations, which draws on several different educational strategies for teaching ethics.
The Development of the Inner Layer of Backfat in Fetal and Young Pigs

The development of the innermost layer of backfat was studied histologically and histochemically in fetuses from Yorkshire sows at 45, 60, 65, 75, 85, 90, 105, 110, and 112 d of gestation. Samples were also obtained from fetuses at 110 d of gestation from Ossabaw sows and from sows selected for high (obese) or low (lead) backfat thickness. Fetuses from some sows were decapitated at 45 d of gestation and samples were obtained from these fetuses at 110 d of gestation. The inner layer develops before 75 d of gestation and has stromal-vascular characteristics that clearly distinguish it from the middle layer of backfat. For instance, a well organized and dense collagen matrix immediately surrounds small fat cell clusters in the inner layer. Most fat cell cluster capillaries (in the inner layer) reacted strongly for ATPase histochemically and are histologically immature. The inner layer morphology and cell size was similar in Ossabaw, obese and lean fetuses. The number of PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) positive cells were dependent on fetal strain. The number was highest in obese fetuses and lowest in Ossabaws. Comparison of decapitated fetuses and weight-matched controls indicated that the inner layer was most affected by decapitation. A decreased organization and amount of collagen was associated with larger fat cell clusters in decapitated fetuses, and most fat cell cluster capillaries reacted little for ATPase histochemically and were histologically mature. The range in inner-layer fat cell diameter was wider in decapitated fetuses (11 to 55 micron) than in control fetuses (11 to 30 micron). These results demonstrate that the characteristics of the inner layer are clearly different from the other layers and that the amount and organization of collagen was inversely associated with the size of fat cell clusters and fat cells and with the maturity of the adipocyte-associated capillaries.
Clarification of the name-bearing type for “Mesohippus” validus Osborn (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)

In 1904 Osborn named a new species of Mesohippus, M. validus, based on a specimen consisting of a skull, jaws, and portions of the limbs. Osborn identified this specimen as American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) catalog number 680 and provided a brief description, some measurements, and an illustration.
Dietary carbohydrate intake, insulin resistance and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a pilot study in European- and African-American obese women.

SummaryBackground Although obesity rates are higher in African-American than European-American women, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its comorbidities are more prevalent in European-American women. A common denominator for increased adiposity, and consequent insulin resistance, is excess dietary macronutrient intake – which may promote greater prevalence and severity of GERD in women. Aim To investigate whether GERD is more robustly associated with dietary carbohydrate intake, particularly dietary simple carbohydrate intake, and insulin resistance in European-American women. Methods About 144 obese women were assessed at baseline and 16 weeks after consuming a high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet. GERD diagnosis and medication usage was confirmed in medical records with symptoms and medications assessed weekly. Results About 33.3% (N = 33) of European-American and 20.0% (N = 9) of African-American women had GERD at baseline. Total carbohydrate (r = 0.34, P < 0.001), sugars (r = 0.30, P = 0.005), glycaemic load (r = 0.34, P = 0.001) and HOMAIR (r = 0.30, P = 0.004) were associated with GERD, but only in European-American women. In response to high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet, reduced intake of sugars was associated with reduced insulin resistance. By the end of diet week 10, all GERD symptoms and medication usage had resolved in all women. Conclusions GERD symptoms and medication usage was more prevalent in European-American women, for whom the relationships between dietary carbohydrate intake, insulin resistance and GERD were most significant. Nevertheless, high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet benefited all women with regard to reducing GERD symptoms and frequency of medication use.
The Blood-Nerve Barrier and the Pathologic Significance of Nerve Edema

Edema occurs in peripheral nerves when excessive fluid accumulates either in the interstitium or within the myelin sheath, creating a disturbance in the endoneurial microenvironment. Nerve edema is concomitant with many peripheral neuropathies and can alter the endoneurial microenvironment by increasing pressure, reducing blood flow, or altering electrolyte concentrations in the endoneurial fluid (EF). Not only is it a complication of several diseases of peripheral nerve, but it can independently injure the nerve fiber. This is due to the vulnerability of the vasa nervorum to internal and external pressure. These vessels are characterized by numerous anastomoses that form the epineural and perineurial vascular plexuses (Figs. 1 and 2). Since they pierce the perineurium, pressure at this point causes ischemia, damaging nerve fibers. This chapter reviews new findings concerning the physiology of the endoneurial environment, mechanisms of increased endoneural fluid pressure (EFP), and their pathologic complications.
Heteroglossic Practices in the Online Publishing Process: Complexities in Digital and Geographical Borderlands

This chapter explores the multilingual, multidialectal, and multimodal interaction of adult immigrants in the context of digital media composition in the US Southwest. The analysis draws on the notions of heteroglossia, multimodality, and translanguaging, to examine interactions between adult learners of English and the values they attach to different languages, varieties of language, and semiotic systems. With a focus on talk about the challenges and possibilities of creating websites in Spanish (and certain varieties of Spanish), the analysis illuminates the productive coexistence of multiple meaning-making resources; the ways that social, historical, and ideological forces shape available resources and interactional negotiations; and the varied ways that individuals take up or manipulate such influences.
Is Telemetry Monitoring Useful in Patients Admitted With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome

Patients with a chief complaint of chest pain are frequently monitored by telemetry for evaluation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, there is insufficient evidence to support this practice in younger patients without coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective is to assess outcomes of patients younger than 50 years of age and monitored by telemetry. Consecutive medical records of patients admitted for chest pain between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2010, were reviewed. Patients were excluded who had a CAD history, an abnormal initial troponin, or an abnormal initial electrocardiogram. The remaining patients' charts were evaluated for adverse events such as death, dysrhythmias, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, or upgrade to a higher level of care. Ultimately, 814 patients were selected for study. No study participants suffered a significant adverse event. When being evaluated for ACS, patients younger than 50 without a history of CAD may not benefit from telemetry monitoring.
The Saudi air war in Yemen: A case for coercive success through battlefield denial

ABSTRACTThe present-day conflict in Yemen is a valuable case study in the coercive use of airpower. The Saudi-led bombing campaign demonstrates the challenges inherent in applying a punishment-based strategy in a civil war, where coercive mechanisms operate differently than in interstate conflict. The audit from Yemen vindicates the effectiveness of a denial-based strategy and offers insights on the relative utility of interdiction and close air support in advancing that strategy. This examination dissects the campaign, assesses its effectiveness, and extracts insights useful both to the analysis of similar conflicts and to the evaluation of U.S. foreign policy alternatives.
Robust topology optimization of frame structures under geometric or material properties uncertainties

A robust topology optimization algorithm is proposed for frame structures in the presence of geometric or material properties uncertainties. While geometric uncertainties were modeled with uncorrelated random variables expressing the node locations of the structure, material properties uncertainties were modeled with a correlated random field of the material Young’s modulus with an exponentially decaying correlation structure throughout the domain. The proposed algorithm uses stochastic perturbation method for propagating these uncertainties to the structural response level, measured in terms of compliance, and optimizes the expected value plus multiple factors of the standard deviation of the response. A comparison between the resulting robust designs and deterministic designs is made, and changes to the final topologies are discussed. Moreover, using Monte Carlo simulation, it was shown that the robust designs outperform the deterministic designs under real-world situations that are accompanied with uncertainties.
Mismatch repair deficient hematopoietic stem cells are preleukemic stem cells

Whereas transformation events in hematopoietic malignancies may occur at different developmental stages, the initial mutation originates in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), creating a preleukemic stem cell (PLSC). Subsequent mutations at either stem cell or progenitor cell levels transform the PLSC into lymphoma/leukemia initiating cells (LIC). Thymic lymphomas have been thought to develop from developing thymocytes. T cell progenitors are generated from HSCs in the bone marrow (BM), but maturation and proliferation of T cells as well as T-lymphomagenesis depends on both regulatory mechanisms and microenvironment within the thymus. We studied PLSC linked to thymic lymphomas. In this study, we use MSH2-/- mice as a model to investigate the existence of PLSC and the evolution of PLSC to LIC. Following BM transplantation, we found that MSH2-/- BM cells from young mice are able to fully reconstitute multiple hematopoietic lineages of lethally irradiated wild-type recipients. However, all recipients developed thymic lymphomas within three and four months post transplantation. Transplantation of different fractions of BM cells or thymocytes from young health MSH2-/- mice showed that an HSC enriched fraction always reconstituted hematopoiesis followed by lymphoma development. In addition, lymphomas did not occur in thymectomized recipients of MSH2-/- BM. These results suggest that HSCs with DNA repair defects such as MSH2-/- are PLSCs because they retain hematopoietic function, but also carry an obligate lymphomagenic potential within their T-cell progeny that is dependent on the thymic microenvironment.
Ice Detection for Satellite Ocean Color Data Processing in the Great Lakes

Satellite remote-sensing data are essential for monitoring and quantifying water properties in the Great Lakes, providing useful monitoring and management tools for understanding water optical, biological, and ecological processes and phenomena. However, during the winter season, large parts of the Great Lakes are often covered by ice, which can cause significant uncertainties in satellite-measured water quality products. Although some developed radiance-based ice-detection algorithms for satellite ocean color data processing can eliminate most of the ice pixels in a region, there are still some significant errors due to misidentification of ice-contaminated pixels, particularly for the thin ice-covered regions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the ice-detection methods for satellite ocean color data processing in the Great Lakes. In this paper, impacts of ice contamination on satellite-derived ocean color products in the Great Lakes are investigated, and a refined regional ice-detection algorithm which is based on the radiance spectra and normalized water-leaving radiance at the wavelength of 551 nm, ${nL}_{{{w}}}$ (551), is developed and assessed for satellite ocean color data processing in the Great Lakes. Results show that this proposed ice-detection method can reasonably identify ice-contaminated pixels, including those in very thin ice-covered regions, and provide accurate satellite ocean color products for the winter season in the Great Lakes.
Can there be a Quantitative Theory for the History of Life and Society

Might there be universal laws of society analogous to those of physics and of life? This question can be addressed by identifying coarse-grained, quantitative variables for human phenomena, and placing these within a proven mathematical framework. It is assumed frequently that human intention, coupled to the purposeful human modification of the environment, renders humanity immune to this kind of atemporal, scientific analysis. On the other hand, human collectives struggle with the same basic energetic and informational needs and constraints that we observe at multiple scales of physical and biological organization. These general requirement for life, give us the confidence to attempt to include elements of human history within the framework of a quantitative, natural scientific theory.
Next-Generation DNA Sequencing of V H /V L Repertoires: A Primer and Guide to Applications in Single-Domain Antibody Discovery

Immunogenetic analyses of expressed antibody repertoires are becoming increasingly common experimental investigations and are critical to furthering our understanding of autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technologies have now made it possible to interrogate antibody repertoires to unprecedented depths, typically by sequencing of cDNAs encoding immunoglobulin variable domains. In this chapter, we describe simple, fast, and reliable methods for producing and sequencing multiplex PCR amplicons derived from the variable regions (VH, VHH or VL) of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes using the Illumina MiSeq platform. We include complete protocols and primer sets for amplicon sequencing of VH/VHH/VL repertoires directly from human, mouse, and llama lymphocytes as well as from phage-displayed VH/VHH/VL libraries; these can be easily be adapted to other types of amplicons with little modification. The resulting amplicons are diverse and representative, even using as few as 103 input B cells, and their generation is relatively inexpensive, requiring no special equipment and only a limited set of primers. In the absence of heavy-light chain pairing, single-domain antibodies are uniquely amenable to NGS analyses. We present a number of applications of NGS technology useful in discovery of single-domain antibodies from phage display libraries, including: (i) assessment of library functionality; (ii) confirmation of desired library randomization; (iii) estimation of library diversity; and (iv) monitoring the progress of panning experiments. While the case studies presented here are of phage-displayed single-domain antibody libraries, the principles extend to other types of in vitro display libraries.
Fabrication of anode-supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells by sequential dip-coating and reduced sintering steps

Abstract The expensive and time-consuming fabrication of microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFCs) is one of the main barriers for their commercialization. In this study, a sequential dip-coating coupled with co-firing process was developed to fabricate anode-supported MT-SOFCs using carbon rods as a sacrificial template. Both anode and electrolyte layers underwent co-firing at 1400 °C rather than conventional pre-sintering and co-sintering steps. The whole cell structure was fabricated through sequential dip-coating and drying cycles that are flexible to various tube sizes and fast in turnaround time. The fabricated MT-SOFCs were comprised of Ni–yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) anode support, scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte, Ni-ScSZ anode functional layer, strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM)–ScSZ cathode functional layer, and LSM cathode current collector layer, respectively. The electrochemical performance of the fuel cell was measured at temperatures between 650 and 800 °C. The MT-SOFC delivered stable performance for more than 50 h operation at 700 °C. The fabricated fuel cell also exhibited excellent thermal cycling stability. The results demonstrated that the sequential dip-coating coupled with co-firing is a simple, flexible and cost-effective fabrication process to produce reliable and robust MT-SOFCs.
Zero tolerance, social control, and marginalized youth in U.S. schools: a critical reappraisal of neoliberalism’s theoretical foundations and epistemological assumptions

This article critically examines the socio-historical currents and the political economic forces that shaped neoliberalism’s underlying theory and presumptive epistemology. One example of this theo...
Self-directed Transport on Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors

Analytical sensors using varying detection strategies have been widely and successfully employed for advances in areas such as drug discovery, disease diagnosis and study of biological systems. Many of these sensors utilize plasmonic metallic nanostructures which can concentrate electromagnetic fields in nanoscale regions leading to many fold enhancement in optical signal obtained from the molecules. They employ techniques including fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based refractive index sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and other forms of vibrational spectroscopy for molecular characterization. However, the performance of these devices relies on effective transport of the target molecules to these nanoscale detection sites. Guided transport is extremely important for fast detection in cases where the concentration of molecules is really low and for accurate measurements of protein–protein binding kinetics. In this chapter, we discuss nanostructured biosensing substrates which can spontaneously direct the flow of molecules in solution towards the sensing hotspots. These devices demonstrate improved detection sensitivity, while minimizing the limitations and complexity imposed upon the system. Additionally, they can trap biological particles such as organelles and liposomes on the sensor surface, facilitating on-chip analysis of single particles. This chapter discusses a few methods which have been utilized for concentration of molecules on plasmonic sensing surfaces, without the application of external power sources.
Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors and novel immunotherapies in uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) is one of the rare malignancies, which can be lethal despite local treatment. Treatment options available now can control UM in early stages, but once it metastasized to distant organs especially liver, prognosis is poor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the new revolutionary treatment in management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. UM and cutaneous melanoma are similar as both of them derived from melanocytes but in terms of mutational load and expression of antigens they are distinct. In most of clinical trials of melanoma, UM patients were excluded and up till now there are only few studies regarding role of ICIs in metastatic UM. Most of these studies showed poor outcome and low survival benefit. Currently, research is going on combinational therapies and novel immunotherapy options. Here in this article we will discuss results of studies regarding ICIs in UM, ongoing trials and new immunotherapeutic options of UM.