cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling Conscious Thought: Influences of Repression—Sensitization and Reporting Conditions

Because of growing evidence that persons classified psychometrically as repressors may be at risk in terms of physical as well as mental health this study explored the ongoing thought processes of ...
A visually grounded natural language interface for reference to spatial scenes

Many user interfaces, from graphic design programs to navigation aids in cars, share a virtual space with the user. Such applications are often ideal candidates for speech interfaces that allow the user to refer to objects in the shared space. We present an analysis of how people describe objects in spatial scenes using natural language. Based on this study, we describe a system that uses synthetic vision to "see" such scenes from the person's point of view, and that understands complex natural language descriptions referring to objects in the scenes. This system is based on a rich notion of semantic compositionality embedded in a grounded language understanding framework. We describe its semantic elements, their compositional behaviour, and their grounding through the synthetic vision system. To conclude, we evaluate the performance of the system on unconstrained input.
Coalescence and splitting of confined droplets at microfluidic junctions

The ability to merge two droplets is an important component of droplet-based lab-on-a-chip devices, yet flow-induced coalescence is difficult to achieve due to long film drainage times compared with relatively short residence times. We examine droplet collisions at a simple microfluidic T-junction and characterize the response for a wide range of droplet sizes and speeds. We find that three primary responses occur, where coalescence occurs easily at low collision speeds, smaller droplets traveling faster slip past one another without coalescing, and larger and faster droplets can break one another into multiple segments. The critical capillary number for coalescence agrees well with previously reported scaling for isolated droplet pairs when local curvature and speed are taken into account. The critical capillary number for splitting of droplets agrees well with a previously reported stability condition for individual droplets stretching in an extensional flow. Quantifying the necessary conditions for coalescence and non-coalescence behavior should enable the informed design of lab on chip devices based on discrete liquid segments.
A new genus and species of congrid eel (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Congridae) from Western Australia

A new genus and species of congrid eel, Castleichthys auritus, is described from a single specimen collected from 396 m off northwestern Australia. It belongs to the subfamily Congrinae and is characterized by a slender and flexible tail, a free flange on the upper lip, no plicae or other ornamentation on skin of head, large eye, uniserial maxillary and mandibular teeth, and conspicuous black pectoral fins. The vertebral formula is 15-36-128.
Comparison of Hardware Implementation of Transform Domain Communications to Theoretical Results

Research into the Transform Domain Communication System (TDCS) has been conducted for over a decade. The objective of the TDCS is to provide a secure digital communications architecture that can adaptively avoid interference in the frequency spectrum and transmit signals with a low probability of detection or intercept. Because of the adaptive, coexistent nature of TDCS signaling, the TDCS waveform is a candidate for use in cognitive radio-based software defined radios, and is within the framework for spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded signaling. A realization of TDCS in hardware now provides the means by which experimental bit error performance results can be compared with previously published simulation results. An acoustic channel that is laden with narrowband interference has been considered. The bit error performance of this design has been compared with previously published simulated performance results, and found to be comparable.
Channel noise in neurons

The probabilistic gating of voltage-dependent ion channels is a source of electrical 'channel noise' in neurons. This noise has long been implicated in limiting the reliability (repeatability) of neuronal responses to repeated presentations of identical stimuli. More recently, it has been shown to increase the range of spiking behaviors exhibited in some neural populations. Channel numbers are tied to metabolic efficiency and the stability of resting potential, and channel noise might be exploited by future cochlear implants in order to improve the temporal representation of sound.
Equity in School Computer Use: National Data and Neglected Considerations

Since schools began using computers for instruction, social critics have questioned the equity of the apportionment of computer resources by sex, race, and social status. Data from our national survey of schools describe how computers are used with different groups of students. We find that the use of school computers differs most dramatically by student interest and ability. Boys and “better” students tend to dominate computer use. But the evidence is weak on the actual consequences of differential uses of computers. We raise, without resolving, the issue of whether schools should reallocate computer resources toward girls and less able students. A fair policy depends upon the relative value of computer-based instruction to fill the educational needs of all children. We need more experimental research to assess the relative value of computer applications in education.
Hla antigens in whipple's disease

The prevalence of HLA-A and B antigen loci in patients with Whipple's disease was determined from data obtained in a review of the literature and from personal communications. Data on the HLA-A and B locus typing of 30 patients were available (with the exception that 1 of the patients was not typed for the HLA-B locus), and for an additional 18 patients, HLA-B27 data were available. Of the 47 patients typed for B27, 13 (28%) were B27 positive. Twelve of the 48 patients had sacroiliitis, and 2 (17%) of them were B27 positive. These data suggest that Whipple's disease may be associated with HLA-B27, even in the absence of concomitant sacroiliitis.
A Specific Gas Chromatographic Analysis for Cysteinyl-S-Sulfonate Residues in Physiologically Significant Proteins Treated With Sulfite

It has been shown in previous studies that when sulfite is absorbed by iabbits via either inhalation of SO 2 or oral exposure to s~Jlfite, the hydrated form, bisulfite, interacts with plasma disulfides where it is suspected to be in the form, cysteine-S-sulfonate. A rapid and specific gas chromatographic analysis procedure for cysteine-S-sulfonate has been developed to better n of sulfite in biological systems. are enzymatically hydrolyzed to ensure stability of the acid labile S-sulfonate disulfide. The hydrolysate is then applied to a 6 cm cation-exchange column and eluted with 0.1 N HCI, which elutes the acidic cysteine-S-sulfonate with the void volume of the column, leaving behind any remaining cysteine. moiety to conventional acid hydrolysis of proteins. Gunnison and Benton circumvented this problem by developing a colorimetric method for following the uptake of inorganic sulfite by disulfides and the subsequent displacement of the bound sulfite with alkaline cyanide. Adapting this indirect method to physiological samples, Gunnison was able to implicate the involvement of cysteine-S-sulfonate as a sink for bisulfite in mammalian plasma (4,5,6). However, the Gunnison method lacks specificity for cysteine-S-sulfonate and is subject to interferring plasma constituents which limit the sensitivity of the colorimetric assay (3). With these considerations, the main objective of our investigation was the development of a method utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis, ion-exchange column chromatography, and GLC to directly determine cysteine-S-sulfonate in sulfonated proteins.
Wellness within illness: Happiness in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is typically a chronic disorder and among the most severe forms of serious mental illnesses in terms of adverse impact on quality of life. Yet, there have been suggestions that some people with schizophrenia can experience an overall sense of happiness in their lives. We investigated happiness among 72 outpatients with non-remitted chronic schizophrenia with a mean duration of illness of 24.4 years, and 64 healthy comparison subjects (HCs). Despite continued treatment with antipsychotic medications, the individuals with schizophrenia manifested a mild to moderate level of psychopathology. People with schizophrenia reported lower mean levels of happiness than HCs, but there was substantial heterogeneity within the schizophrenia group. Level of happiness in persons with schizophrenia was significantly correlated with higher mental health-related quality of life, and several positive psychosocial factors (lower perceived stress, and higher levels of resilience, optimism, and personal mastery). However, level of happiness was not related to sociodemographic characteristics, duration of illness, severity of positive or negative symptoms, physical function, medical comorbidity, or cognitive functioning. Except for an absence of an association with resilience, the pattern of correlations of happiness with other variables seen among HCs was similar to that in individuals with schizophrenia. Although happiness may be harder to achieve in the context of a serious mental illness, it nonetheless appears to be a viable treatment goal in schizophrenia. Psychotherapies targeting positive coping factors such as resilience, optimism, and personal mastery warrant further investigation.
Mechanism of oxidation of alkyl and superoxo complexes of chromium (III) by aquamanganese(III) ions

The reaction between aqueous manganese(III) ions, , and (H2O)5CrOO2+ has a 1 : 1 stoichiometry and generates and O2 as products. The mixed second-order rate constant exhibits an [H+] dependence that identifies the hexaaquamanganese ion as the reactive form at 0.5 ≤ [H+] ≤ 3.0 mol L−1, k H = 350 ± 10 (mol L−1)−1 s−1. The reactivity of (H2O)5MnOH2+ is negligible under these conditions, most likely because the much lower reduction potential of this hydrolytic form results in unfavorable thermodynamics for the overall reaction. also oxidizes a benzylchromium ion, (H2O)5CrCH2Ph2+, with a rate constant k = 273 ± 13 (mol L−1)−1 s−1 in 3.0 mol L−1 HClO4. The reaction has a 2 : 1 [ ]/[(H2O)5CrCH2Ph2+] stoichiometry and generates benzyl alcohol as the sole organic product. The data are consistent with oxidative homolysis which generates benzyl radicals followed by rapid oxidation of the radicals with the second equivalent of . The unexpected similarity between the rate constants for the oxidation of (H2O)5CrOO2+ an...
The Importance of Being Equivalent: Newton’s Two Models of One-Body Motion

As an undergraduate at Cambridge, Newton entered into his ‘Waste Book’ an assumption that we have named the Equivalence Assumption (The Younger): ‘‘ If a body move progressively in some crooked line [about a center of motion] ..., [then this] crooked line may bee conceived to consist of an infinite number of streight lines. Or else in any point of the croked line the motion may bee conceived to be on in the tangent.’’ In this assumption, Newton somewhat imprecisely describes two mathematical models, a ‘‘polygonal limit model’’ and a ‘‘tangent deflected model,’’ for ‘‘one-body motion,’’ that is, for the motion of a ‘‘body in orbit about a fixed center,’’ and then claims that these two models are equivalent. In the first part of this paper, we study the Principia to determine how the elder Newton would more carefully describe the polygonal limit and tangent deflected models. From these more careful descriptions, we then create Equivalence Assumption (The Elder), a precise interpretation of Equivalence Assumption (The Younger) as it might have been restated by Newton, after say 1687. We then review certain portions of the Waste Book and the Principia to make the case that, although Newton never restates nor even alludes to the Equivalence Assumption after his youthful Waste Book entry, still the polygonal limit and tangent deflected models, as well as an unspoken belief in their equivalence, infuse Newton’s work on orbital motion. In particular, we show that the persuasiveness of the argument for the Area Property in Proposition 1 of the Principia depends crucially on the validity of Equivalence Assumption (The Elder). After this case is made, we present the mathematical analysis required to establish the validity of the Equivalence Assumption (The Elder). Finally, to illustrate the fundamental nature of the resulting theorem, the Equivalence Theorem as we call it, we present three significant applications: we use the Equivalence Theorem first to clarify and resolve questions related to Leibniz’s ‘‘polygonal model’’ of one-body motion; then to repair Newton’s argument for the Area Property in Proposition 1; and finally to clarify and resolve questions related to the transition from impulsive to continuous forces in ‘‘De motu’’ and the Principia.
New Method for Joint Network Analysis Reveals Common and Different Coexpression Patterns among Genes and Proteins in Breast Cancer.

We focus on characterizing common and different coexpression patterns among RNAs and proteins in breast cancer tumors. To address this problem, we introduce Joint Random Forest (JRF), a novel nonparametric algorithm to simultaneously estimate multiple coexpression networks by effectively borrowing information across protein and gene expression data. The performance of JRF was evaluated through extensive simulation studies using different network topologies and data distribution functions. Advantages of JRF over other algorithms that estimate class-specific networks separately were observed across all simulation settings. JRF also outperformed a competing method based on Gaussian graphic models. We then applied JRF to simultaneously construct gene and protein coexpression networks based on protein and RNAseq data from CPTAC-TCGA breast cancer study. We identified interesting common and differential coexpression patterns among genes and proteins. This information can help to cast light on the potential dise...
Intersubband Transitions in P-Type SiGe/Si Quantum Wells for Normal Incidence Infrared Detection

The study of intersubband transitions in both quantum wells and superlattices have rapidly developed to the point where intersubband photodetectors are becoming attractive for a number of applications. This is particularly significant for Si-based heterostructures due to its advantage of monolithic integration with the conventional silicon signal processing electronics. In this paper, experimental observations of intersubband and intervalence band transitions in SiGe/Si quantum wells will be described. The use of polarization dependence measurement for the identification of different transitions will be illustrated. Finally, the application of SiGe/Si multiple quantum well structures for the fabrication of infrared detectors operating in both the 2–5 μm and 8–12 μm ranges will be described.
Increased pressor responsiveness to enkephalin in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of vasopressin.

1. The cardiovascular effects of an enkephalin analogue were examined in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. (D-Ala 2 )-methionine enkephalin caused a biphasic increase in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate after intracerebroventricular injection. 2. The initial pressor response to (D-Ala 2 )-methionine enkephalin was greater in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. No difference was noted between groups during the secondary pressor response. Heart rate increases paralleled the secondary increase in blood pressure. 3. Naloxone pretreatment abolished the secondary increase in blood pressure and the tachycardia, but did not blunt the initial pressor response in female Wistar-Kyoto rats. 4. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin were depressed during the plateau phase of the pressor response in hypertensive rats given intracerebroventricular (d-Ala 2 )-methionine enkephalin. 5. The results suggest that the cardiovascular effects of central enkephalin are not due to vasopressin, but may involve activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Minimally invasive hysterectomy at a university teaching hospital.

Background and objectives To evaluate the feasibility of a minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy for benign disease at a university teaching hospital. Methods Five hundred thirty-seven consecutive patients underwent hysterectomy for benign disease at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in 2010. No cases were excluded. Minimally invasive approaches included total vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, total laparoscopic hysterectomy, and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. All surgeries were completed with the resident as the primary surgeon or first assistant. Results The median age was 45 years, the median body mass index was 30 kg/m2, the median estimated uterine size was 11 cm, and 22% of patients had a prior cesarean section. Of the 537 hysterectomies, 526 (98%) were started with a minimally invasive approach and 517 (96%) were completed in that fashion; thus only 9 conversions (2%) were required. Of the cases in which a minimally invasive approach was used, 16% were vaginal and 84% were laparoscopic. The median operative time was 86 minutes, the median blood loss was 95 mL, the median hospital stay was 1 day, and the median uterine weight was 199 g. For the minimally invasive hysterectomies, there was a 5% major complication rate. Conclusion Our residency training institution completed 96% of 537 hysterectomies using a minimally invasive approach while maintaining an acceptable operative time, amount of blood loss, hospital stay, and complication rate. Thus our study supports that a minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy for benign disease at an academic resident teaching facility is feasible.
Preparation of S,S'-dibenzyloxytocin and its reconversion to oxytocin.

SummaryThe benzylation of oxytocin by reduction with metallic sodium in liquid ammonia and subsequent treatment with benzyl chloride has been found to result in the formation of an S,S'-dibenzyl derivative which is biologically inactive. The activity has been regenerated by reduction of the benzylated oxytocin with sodium in liquid ammonia and a comparison of the material after oxidation with oxytocin itself has led to the conclusion that the biologically active material so formed represents oxytocin.
Abstract A48: The role of the cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene in development of pancreatic cancer.

Introduction: The cancer-associated Smlike (CaSm) oncogene is overexpressed in 87% of human pancreatic tumor samples and its expression is necessary for in vivo tumor formation. Evidence supports the notion that CaSm modulates mRNA decapping and degradation and CaSm overexpression in cancer cell lines altered several gene pathways including cell cycle, cytokine-signaling, and apoptosis. Our previous studies have shown that reduced CaSm RNA decreased tumor burden and additively enhanced the therapeutic effects of gemcitabine in a xenograft model of pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that CaSm overexpression promotes neoplastic development by altering several hallmarks of cancer – including proliferation, invasion/ migration, and apoptosis. Methods and Results: Human CaSm was overexpressed in Panc1 cells (tet-on CaSm Panc1) using the Clontech Retro-X doxycycline inducible system with tet-on Driver Panc1 cells used as controls. After 4 days in culture with and without 1ug/mL doxycycline, trypan blue cell counts presented a 2-fold increase in cellular proliferation following CaSm overexpression compared with Driver and noninduced tet-on CaSm controls (P These genes, Bcl-xL in particular, have been implicated in gemcitabine resistance in multiple types of cancer and provide a possible mechanism behind CaSm-mediated chemoresistance. To analyze migration, tet-on CaSm and tet-on Driver Panc1 cells were plated in serum-free DMEM onto fibronection-coated Boyden chambers, using DMEM+10% FBS as the chemoattractant. After 4 hours, CaSm overexpression significantly increased transwell migration by more than 2-fold (P Conclusions: Induced CaSm expression results in increased proliferation, decreased chemotherapeutic sensitivity, and enhanced migration/invasion in pancreatic cancer cells. CaSm upregulation altered the gene expression of several critical mediators within these pathways, which supports CaSm’s proposed role in mRNA regulation and provides a likely mechanism for CaSmmediated neoplastic development and progression. Citation Format: Elizabeth C. Little, E. Ramsay Camp, Cindy Wang, Patricia M. Watson, Dennis K. Watson, David J. Cole. The role of the cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene in development of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A48.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AND INTROGRESSION BETWEEN NOTROPIS CORNUTUS AND NOTROPIS CHRYSOCEPHALUS (FAMILY CYPRINIDAE): COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGY, ALLOZYMES, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Hybrid zones in fluvial fishes may be heterogeneous from drainage to drainage. The comparison of data from morphology, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates variability in the causes and degree of restriction of gene flow between Notropis cornutus and Notropis chrysocephalus. Allozyme marker loci show frequency-dependent introgression; i.e., the rarer species, whichever it is at a particular locality, tends to exhibit a higher proportion of introgressed alleles. Unlike allozymes, introgression of mtDNA haplotypes varies geographically. In westward-flowing Michigan drainages, N. cornutus mtDNA haplotypes are more common in F1 hybrids and backcrosses, independent of parental frequencies. In eastward-flowing Michigan drainages, N. chrysocephalus mtDNA is more common in F1 hybrids and backcrosses; this pattern may be due to local ecological effects or frequency-dependent introgression. Morphological data alone are not sufficient to distinguish all classes of hybrids. The lack of concordance of morphological, allozymic, and mtDNA introgression patterns implies operation of one or two factors: 1) geographically variable patterns of selection against different hybrid and backcross combinations or 2) genetic differences between Michigan populations inhabiting eastward- and westward-flowing drainage systems accumulated during historical isolation.
Effect of invasive EEG monitoring on cognitive outcome after left temporal lobe epilepsy surgery

Objectives: The objective of this cohort study was to compare neuropsychological outcomes following left temporal lobe resection (TLR) in patients with epilepsy who had or had not undergone prior invasive monitoring. Methods: Data were obtained from an institutional review board–approved, neuropsychology registry for patients who underwent epilepsy surgery at Cleveland Clinic between 1997 and 2013. A total of 176 patients (45 with and 131 without invasive EEG) met inclusion criteria. Primary outcome measures were verbal memory and language scores. Other cognitive outcomes were also examined. Outcomes were assessed using difference in scores from before to after surgery and by presence/absence of clinically meaningful decline using reliable change indices (RCIs). Effect of invasive EEG on cognitive outcomes was estimated using weighting and propensity score adjustment to account for differences in baseline characteristics. Linear and logistic regression models compared surgical groups on all cognitive outcomes. Results: Patients with invasive monitoring showed greater declines in confrontation naming; however, when RCIs were used to assess clinically meaningful change, there was no significant treatment effect on naming performance. No difference in verbal memory was observed, regardless of how the outcome was measured. In secondary outcomes, patients with invasive monitoring showed greater declines in working memory, which were no longer apparent using RCIs to define change. There were no outcome differences on other cognitive measures. Conclusions: Results suggest that invasive EEG monitoring conducted prior to left TLR is not associated with greater cognitive morbidity than left TLR alone. This information is important when counseling patients regarding cognitive risks associated with this elective surgery.
TGFα enhances locomotion of cultured human keratinocytes

Abstract A cDNA sequence coding for the full-length human transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) precursor protein was introduced into and transcribed in cultured human keratinocytes, using a high-titer, high-expression, murine amphotropic retrovirus. Keratinocytes were shown capable of posttranslationally modifying the TGFα primary translation product, with the subsequent formation of several cell-associated and secreted forms of TGFα, at least five of which, including the 50 amino acid mature species, can potentially bind and activate the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cells overexpressing the TGFα gene assumed a spindled morphology with long, bipolar filamentous processes and displayed increased locomotion. The soluble, mature form of TGFα alone also could induce the observed changes in cell shape and motility when added to keratinocyte cultures exogenously. The effects were dose dependent, and up to fourfold increases in locomotion were caused by TGFα in the absence of bovine pituitary extract (BPE). The addition of BPE to high concentrations of TGFα further enhanced keratinocyte motility to eightfold over baseline, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the two factors. These experiments demonstrate that keratinocytes can synthesize several forms of TGFα and that TGFα, besides being mitogenic, may have other important regulatory functions in keratinocytes.
Subjectivities in the Sandbox: Discovering Biases Through Visual Memo Writing

Having insider status at an organization under study can present a researcher with benefits and challenges. Insider researchers may have access to honest dialogue with study participants but may also be vulnerable to uncomfortable conversations and organizational conflicts. Insider researchers also have to contend with their own biases they bring to a study. By using the reflexive practice of memo writing, insider researchers can be mindful of their own subjectivities during data collection and analysis. The purpose of this article is to share one approach to memo writing that incorporates visuals into the analysis and reflection. Through my use of visual memo writing during an evaluation of an educational development activity offered through my institution's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL), I was able to navigate and acknowledge my own subjectivities as an insider researcher that came to the surface during the research process. These reflexive activities allowed me to be mindful of what was happening at my institution and through the CTL and think about how I could take the data gathered as an insider researcher and make alterations to future CTL programming.
Identification of the high SNR frequency band for bearing fault signature enhancement

Enhancement of the vibration signals measured from faulty bearings is the major step towards a successful fault detection and diagnosis. Bandpass filtering has shown to be an effective de-noising approach. Though simple, this method requires prior knowledge of the dominant resonance frequencies excited by the fault impacts. In this paper an on-line resonance frequency estimation algorithm is presented. This approach exploits the effect of variable shaft rotational speed on the measured vibration and applies a reliable wavelet based instantaneous frequency calculation method to find the proper center frequency for the bandpass filter. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using the vibrations measured from a faulty bearing and further validated with the results obtained based on the bearing impact analysis.
Synthesis of Illudinine from Dimedone

A total synthesis of the illudalane sesquiterpene illudinine was realized in eight steps and 14% overall yield from commercially available dimedone. The approach features tandem fragmentation/Knoevenagel-type condensation and microwave-assisted oxidative cycloisomerization to establish the isoquinoline core. Completion of the synthesis involves a recently reported cascade SNAr/Lossen rearrangement on a densely functionalized aryl bromide and an optimized procedure for O-methylation of 8-hydroxyisoquinolines. The oxidative cycloisomerization proceeds by way of a novel inverse-demand intramolecular dehydro-Diels–Alder cycloaddition, which has a potentially broader appeal for preparing substituted isoquinolines.
Faces of Frailty in Aging with HIV Infection

The number of adults who are aging successfully and have HIV infection is increasing. More effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are preventing individuals infected with HIV from reaching end stages of the HIV infection and developing AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). However, even at lower viral loads, chronic HIV infection appears to have consequences on aging processes, including the development of frailty. Frailty is a term used to describe vulnerability in aging. Frailty indices such as the Fried Frailty Index (FFI), the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), an index of emotional frailty, associate with or predict clinical outcomes and death. However, even among existing frailty definitions, components require rigorous and consistent standardization. In the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), we have shown that frailty does not exist in isolation, even in midlife, and we use frailty to predict death. Frailty indices should be systematically used by health professionals to evaluate health and future risks for adverse events. Frailty prevention efforts, especially among those with HIV infection, appear to be essential for “successful aging” or aging without disability or loss of independence and may prevent HIV transmission. Taking care of elderly people is one of the major challenges of this century, and we must expect and be prepared for an increase in the number of aging adults, some of whom are patients with many co-morbidities and HIV infection.
The Current Practice of Performance-Based Budgeting in The Largest U.S. Cities: An Innovation Theory Perspective

This article provides new insights into our understanding of the adoption and implementation of performance-based budgeting (PBB) in the largest U.S. cities. Addressing PBB from an innovation theor...
Childhood abuse in adults in primary care: Empirical findings and clinical implications.

In the healthcare setting, adult patients with histories of childhood abuse are of significant concern and are frequently encountered in the primary care setting. However, there is a dearth of stud...
Loneliness Mediates the Relationship Between Pain During Intercourse and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Women

Previous research suggests that women who experience pain during intercourse also experience higher rates of depressive symptoms. Loneliness might be one factor that contributes to this relationship. We hypothesized that women who experience more severe and interfering pain during intercourse would report higher rates of loneliness and higher rates of depressive symptoms. Further, we hypothesized that loneliness would mediate the relationship between pain during intercourse and depressive symptoms. A total of 104 female participants (85.6% white, 74.03% partnered, 20.9 [3.01] years old) completed an online survey including demographic information, PROMIS Vaginal Discomfort Measure, PROMIS Depression Measure, and Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Pearson correlations and bootstrapped mediation analysis examined the relationships among pain during intercourse, loneliness, and depressive symptoms. Pain during intercourse, loneliness, and depressive symptoms were all significantly correlated (p < .05). Results of the mediation analysis indicated that loneliness was a significant mediator of the relationship between pain during intercourse and depressive symptoms (indirect effect = 0.077; 95% CI 0.05–0.19). After accounting for loneliness, pain during intercourse was not significantly related to depressive symptoms, suggesting that loneliness fully mediated the relationship between pain during intercourse and depressive symptoms. These findings are consistent with previous studies highlighting that pain during intercourse is related to depressive symptoms. The current study adds to that literature and suggests that more frequent and severe pain during intercourse leads to more loneliness, which then leads to increased depressive symptoms. This line of work has important implications for treating women who experience depressive symptoms and pain during intercourse.
Screening options for diabetic retinopathy

Purpose of reviewThis review assesses the current status of the different methods used in screening for diabetic retinopathy. This update is particularly timely because the incidence of diabetes is rising rapidly and the number of patients with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy is increasing.R
Effect of mobile phase composition on the binding kinetics of chiral solutes on a protein-based high-performance liquid chromatography column: interactions of D- and L-tryptophan with immobilized human serum albumin.

This work examined the kinetic interactions of chiral solutes on immobilized protein columns, using the binding of d- and l-tryptophan to human serum albumin as a model. Based on band-broadening studies and previous measurements of the association equilibrium constants (Ka) for this system, estimates were obtained for the dissociation and association rate constants (kd and ka) for d- and l-tryptophan under a variety of operating conditions. The relative importance of ka versus kd in creating changes in the overall binding affinity was then considered. For example, an increase in temperature from 4 to 45°C gave a large change in ka for l-tryptophan that was due both to an increase in kd and to a decrease in ka, while ka and kd for d-tryptophan showed a parallel increase that led to a much smaller temperature dependence for Ka. Similar comparisons between ka, kd and Ka were performed over a range of pH values, ionic strengths and solvent polarities. It was also possible from these studies to examine the changes in enthalpy and entropy that accompanied the formation of the activated complex between human serum albumin and each solute. The results from this work were then used to illustrate the importance of kinetics and band-broadening in protein-based chiral separations, and an example was provided showing how this type of kinetic data might be used to help optimize such separations.
Adolescent Pregnancy in Sweden

Adolescent pregnancy in Sweden is currently not a major concern, either socially or medically. Few adolescents in Sweden become parents and there is little debate or discussion about adolescent pregnancy as an urgent social problem. Adolescents become pregnant, of course, but they are unlikely to carry the pregnancies to term. The low number of teen births does not mean, however, that the issue is of no concern. On the contrary, the sexual practices of young people are subject to extensive discussion and scrutiny by an array of public actors, including schools, organizations, agencies, and professionals. However, do current approaches that are designed to instill in youths a foundation of healthy sexual practices and attitudes that they can carry with them into adulthood do what they are designed to do? It is still an unanswered question. Available evidence on outcome is mixed. On the one hand, a large portion of adolescents take advantage of available resources and act fairly responsibly when it comes their sexual lives (by using contraceptives, for example). Then, on the other hand, there is also persistent evidence of the failures to reach all young people, as well as, to counteract social practices that foster “risky” sexual behaviors. Public involvement in adolescent sexuality is almost exclusively devoted to making sure that adolescent sex is safe, healthy, and devoid of coercion. Due to the persistence of gender inequity, the safety of adolescent girls is of particular concern, but the official approach—in schools, information materials, adolescent centers, data gathering, etc.—encompasses boys’ sexuality as well. The efforts to eliminate gender inequalities in the area of sex and intimate relations, however, as part of a more general effort to reach gender parity have only been partially successful, thus signaling that more work needs to be done.
Verifying linear temporal properties of data insensitive controllers using finite instantiations

Data insensitive controllers (DICs) are systems where the datapath consists of assignment gates moving the integer data around, and latches storing the data. Memory controllers and communication systems are examples of DICs. In [HB95], it is proved that for DICs the property “when binary variable b becomes true, integer variables x and y are equal” can be proved by down-scaling the integer variables x and y to single-bit binary variables. In this paper, we generalize this notion and consider the problem of verifying properties of DICs in a linear temporal logic whose atomic propositions are finite variables and integer equalities. We show that for this temporal logic, one can always use finite instantiations, although the number of required bits varies with the complexity of the property.
Correlations between parents' academic achievements, emerging adult children's perception of their parents' socio-economic status and the educational attainment of the emerging adult children

It has been well-documented by researchers that having a higher socio-economic status (SES) enables one to have greater access to an array of materials, goods, and services to promote or support academic achievement (Sirin, 2005). Education is stressed as the most consistent and reliable means to achievement. The investment in one’s higher education benefits not only the individual but also broader society and the fundamental well-being of our nation. Given that vital educational decisions are made during the span of years characterized by adolescent becoming emerging adults, research is needed to explore the basis or association of these decisions, measured by the potential connection between parental SES and emerging adults’ educational attainment. The present study, using Forward Selection Step-wise Linear Regression and Chi-square analysis, examined the correlations between parents’ academic achievement, emerging adult children’s perception of their parents’ socio-economic status, and the educational attainment of the emerging adult children. The Family Investment Model (FIM), which outlines the positive correlation between SES and parental investments in children, served as the conceptual framework for this study due to the later prediction of educational attainment of emerging adults by the SES-dependent parental investment. The data for this study were gathered using preexisting data from a national, longitudinal data set, Panel Study of Income Dynamic Study (PSID) 2011 Main Family. The sample consisted of emerging adult respondents (N =1,134) who were between 25 and 29 years old. The emerging adult respondents completed questionnaires through detailed interviews in person or by telephone. Findings of the study indicated that there was a
Proof Strategies and Diagrams

In this chapter we present the key proof and assumption strategies that are used in mathematical proofs. Each proof strategy is presented as a proof diagram and specifically responds to the logical form that a given mathematical statement may have. Furthermore, each strategy is carefully illustrated by a variety of mathematical theorems concerning the natural, rational and real numbers.
Preparing Education Professionals for K-12 Online Learning Programs

This chapter discusses the need for preparing all education professionals, including teachers, school psychologists, school counselors, administrators, school media specialists, and education technologists for virtual schools and other K-12 online learning programs. It provides some base information about what preparatory programs can do to help candidates understand the needs of the growing number of K-12 students who are enrolled in online learning programs, whether they are 100 % online, hybrid, or blended. This chapter serves as a call-to-action for preparatory programs to start thinking critically about what they are doing (or not doing) to prepare their candidates for this new learning environment.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Augments Allograft Arterial Disease: Paradoxical Effects of IL-10 in Vivo

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine that modulates Th1-type cytokine production. Graft arterial disease (GAD) is a vascular obliterative process mediated via the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); allografts in IFN-gamma-deficient animals do not develop GAD. We investigated the effect of IL-10 and anti-IL-10 on GAD in murine heart transplants and whether anti-IL-10 reestablishes GAD in IFN-gamma-deficient hosts. Major histocompatibility complex class II-mismatched hearts were transplanted for 8 weeks into wild-type or IFN-gamma-deficient mice. In one set of experiments, wild-type hosts received daily administration of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or increasing IL-10; in a subsequent set of experiments, wild-type hosts received weekly PBS, rat IgG, or anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody; IFN-gamma-deficient recipients received weekly PBS or anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. Explanted allografts were assessed for parenchymal rejection and GAD, cytokine profiles, and adhesion/costimulatory-molecule expression. Exogenous IL-10 resulted in increased Th2-like cytokine production; nevertheless, it exacerbated parenchymal rejection and GAD and increased CD8(+) infiltration. Anti-IL-10 did not significantly affect the extent of rejection or GAD, cytokine profiles, or immunohistology of the allografts in wild-type hosts. Adhesion molecule (CD54 and CD106) expression was not diminished by IL-10 treatment, and costimulatory-molecule (CD80 and CD86) expression was augmented by administration of exogenous IL-10. Allografts in IFN-gamma-deficient recipients showed mild rejection and no GAD, regardless of anti-IL-10 treatment. IL-10 in vivo thus has markedly different effects than predicted from in vitro experience. Although allografts develop Th2-like cytokine profiles treatment with IL-10 causes exacerbated rejection and GAD.
A Qualitative Investigation of Californian Youth Interests in the Outdoors

Prior research has found connections between youth participation in recreational activities and academic achievement, civic involvement, and improved health. To investigate California youth outdoor recreation attitudes, behaviors, and constraints, eight focus groups were conducted with community recreation center youth participants. Youth answered 10 questions about their experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of outdoor recreation. Data were analyzed using grounded theory. Three to seven axial codes were identified for each question. Results showed that youth want to have more access to outdoor recreational activities. However, there are frequently considerable constraints for the youth to overcome including draws of technology, family obligations, and laziness. Safety was a recurring concern among participants. Understanding youth attitudes and perceptions allows managers to meet youth needs, program for youth interests, and provides a strong foundation for marketing and as a rational for funding grants.
Generalized approach to the thermal analysis of orbiting spacecraft.

Explorer 40 satellite mathematical model and verification testing for close spacecraft flight temperature predictions
A Solution to Multiple Problems: The Origins of Affirmative Action in Higher Education around the World.

How and when does affirmative action emerge in different national contexts? This paper is the first to analyze the emergence of affirmative action in higher education across national contexts. We f...
Formation of the depurinating N3adenine and N7guanine adducts by reaction of DNA with hexestrol-3′,4′-quinone or enzyme-activated 3′-hydroxyhexestrol. Implications for a unifying mechanism of tumor initiation by natural and synthetic estrogens

1564 The nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen hexestrol (HES), which is diethylstilbestrol hydrogenated at the C-3 –C-4 double bond, is carcinogenic. Its major metabolite is the catechol, 3′-OH-HES, which can be metabolically converted to the catechol quinone, HES-3′,4′-Q. Study of HES was undertaken with the scope to substantiate evidence that natural catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones are endogenous carcinogenic metabolites. HES-3′,4′-Q was previously shown to react with deoxyguanosine to form the depurinating adduct 3′-OH-HES-6′-N7Gua by 1,4-Michael addition. The depurinating adduct 3′-OH-HES-6′-N3Ade is formed by reaction of HES-3′,4′-Q with Ade. The structure of the N3Ade adduct was established by NMR and MS. The depurinating 3′-OH-HES-6′-N7Gua and 3′-OH-HES-6′-N3Ade adducts were also formed by reaction of HES-3′,4′-Q with DNA or by activation of 3′-OH-HES by tyrosinase, lactoperoxidase, prostaglandin H synthase or 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes at 37°C in the presence of DNA. The N3Ade adduct was released instantaneously from DNA, whereas the N7Gua adduct was released with a half-life of approximately 3 h. Much lower (
Dual inoculation of pretransplant stage Oryza sativa L. plants with indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.

This study examined the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants at the pretransplant/nursery stage to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., singly or in combination. The VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants. In the plants grown in soil inoculated with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. alone, I found increases in shoot growth, and in root length and fine roots, and decreases in root growth, and P and N concentrations. In contrast, in the plants colonized by VAM fungi alone, the results were the reverse of those of the pseudomonad treatment. Dual inoculation of soil with VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded plants with the highest biomass and nutrient acquisition. In contrast, the plants of the control treatment had the lowest biomass and nutrient levels. The dual-inoculated plants had intermediate root and specific root lengths. The precentages of mycorrhizal colonization and colonized root lengths were significantly lower in the dual-inoculated treatment than the VAM fungal treatment. Inoculation of plants with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. suppressed VAM fungal colonization and apparently reduced photosynthate loss to the mycorrhizal associates, which led to greater biomass and nutrient levels in dual-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with VAM fungi alone. Dual inoculation of seedlings with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and VAM fungi may be preferable to inoculation with VAM alone and may contribute to the successful establishment of these plants in the field.