cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Canine Stifle Kinematic Data Collected with Three Different Targeting Models

Objective: To model the kinematics of the canine stifle in 3 dimensions using the Joint Coordinate System (JCS) and compare the JCS method with linear and segmental models. Study Design: In vivo biomechanical study. Animals: Normal adult mixed breed dogs (n=6). Methods: Dogs had 10 retroreflective markers affixed to the skin on the right pelvic limb. Dogs were walked and trotted 5 times through the calibrated space and the procedure was repeated 5 days later. Sagittal flexion and extension angle waveforms acquired during each trial with all 3 models (JCS, Linear, and Segmental) were produced simultaneously during each gait. The JCS method provided additional internal/external and abduction/adduction angles. Comparison of sagittal flexion and extension angle waveforms was performed with generalized indicator function analysis (GIFA) and Fourier analysis. A normalization procedure was performed. Results: Each model provided consistent equivalent sagittal flexion–extension data. The JCS provided consistent additional internal/external and abduction/adduction. Sagittal waveform differences were found between methods and testing days for each dog at a walk and a trot with both GIFA and Fourier analysis. After normalization, differences were less with Fourier analysis and were unaltered with GIFA. Conclusions: Whereas all methods produced similar flexion–extension waveforms, JCS provided additional valuable data. Clinical Relevance: The JCS model provided sagittal plane flexion/extension data as well as internal/external rotation and abduction/adduction data.
Formulary Management of Eradication Therapies for Helicobacter pylori

Objective: To use the System of Objectified Judgement Analysis (SOJA) method for the rational selection of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies for formulary inclusion. Design: Drug selection for the eradication therapy of H. pylori is made by means of the SOJA method. In this formulary decision-making model, selection criteria for a given class of drugs are prospectively defined and weighted by a panel of experts. The following criteria (relative weight) were used: variability of pharmacokinetics; drug interactions; resistance to antibacterials; efficacy; general adverse effects; complexity of the regimen; acquisition cost and clinical documentation. Only published studies with at least 30 evaluable patients were considered, at least 3 studies had to be available per treatment regimen and efficacy had to be assessed on an intent-to-treat basis. Main outcome measures and results: The regimens containing clarithromycin and an imidazole antibacterial in combination with omeprazole or ranitidine bismutrex showed the highest scores for eradication of H. pylori. The combinations amoxicillin/clarithromycin and omeprazole or lansoprazole showed slightly lower eradication rates and were more costly. The eradication rates obtained with 2-drug regimens were low, resulting in a low overall SOJA score. No quadruple regimens could be included, as none of the regimens fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This was also true for the classical triple therapy with bismuth/metronidazole/tetracycline. Conclusion: The present score is specific for the Netherlands, as Dutch acquisition costs and data on resistance were used. In other countries, with different degrees of imidazole and clarithromycin resistance, other regimens may be more appropriate. The SOJA score will be regularly updated through the internet to include relevant new studies or new successful eradication regimens. The interactive program offers groups of physicians the opportunity to discuss the optimal H. pylori eradication regimen, based on their weighting of the criteria.
Human prostatic aldehyde dehydrogenase of heatlhy controls and diseased prostates

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) of the human prostate was the subject of investigation in this study. The possible physiological role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the human prostate might be to detoxify aldehydes arising from the oxidation of the polyamines via monoamine or diamine oxidases. The specific activity of the enzyme with 1 mM propionaldehyde as substrate and 0.5 mM NAD at pH 7.4 in the control normal prostates and prostates afflicted with the disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), was 26.06 +/- 2.96 and 5.17 +/- 0.48 nmol/g prostate per min, respectively. When 100 microM gamma-aminobutyraldehyde was used as a substrate, the specific activity in the normal controls and prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia was 19.80 +/- 1.33 and 2.95 +/- 2.46 nmol/g prostate per min, respectively. Upon isoelectric focusing of the extracts of the control prostates when the gels were developed for aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, there were three aldehyde dehydrogenase activity bands visible, pI 4.9 (mitochondrial), 5.4 (cytosolic) and about 6.0-6.5, on the IEF gels developed with gamma-aminobutyraldehyde as a substrate. With the extracts of prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia the pI 4.9 band was significantly reduced, the pI 5.4 band enhanced and the approx. pI 6.0 band was not detectable on the IEF gels with propionaldehyde as a substrate. There was no detectable aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the extract of the prostate with cancer on IEF gels nor in the activity assays with propionaldehyde or gamma-aminobutyraldehyde as substrates.
The relationship between preferred and optimal positioning during submaximal cycle ergometry

This study was designed to determine how changes in oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during submaximal cycle ergometry were determined by changes in cycle geometry and/or lower-limb kinematics. Fourteen trained cyclists [Mean (SD): age, 25.5 (6.4) years; body mass 74.4 (8.8) kg; peak VO2, 4.76 (0.79) 1 x min(-1) peak] were tested at three seat-tube angles (70 degrees, 80 degrees, 90 degrees) at each of three trunk angles (10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees) using a modified Monark cycle ergometer. All conditions were tested at a power output corresponding to 95% of the VO2 at each subject's ventilatory threshold while pedalling at 90 rpm and using aerodynamic handlebars. Sagittal-view kinematics for the hip, knee, and ankle joints were also recorded for all conditions and for the subjects' preferred positioning on their own bicycles. No combination of seat-tube and trunk angle could be considered optimal since many of the nine conditions elicited statistically similar mean VO2 and HR values. Mean hip angle (HA) was the only kinematic variable that changed consistently across conditions. A regression relationship was not observed between mean VO2 or HR and mean hip angle values (P > 0.45). Significant curvilinear relationships were observed, however, between deltaVO2 (VO2 - minimum VO2) and deltaHA (mean HA - preferred HA) using the data from all subjects (R = 0.45, SEE = 0.13 1 x min(-1)) and using group mean values (R = 0.93, SEE = 0.03 1 x min(-1)). In both cases deltaVO2 minimized at deltaHA = 0, which corresponded to the subjects' preferred HA from their own bicycles. Thus, subjects optimized their VO2 cost at cycle geometries that elicited similar lower-limb kinematics as the preferred geometries from their own bicycles.
Perspective: A Review of Improved Ethical Practices in Environmental and Public Health Research: Case Examples From Native Communities

This article presents a review of 14 case studies and articles of research ethics issues in the conduct of environmental and public health research with Native American and other indigenous populations. The purpose of this review is to highlight new practices in the ethical conduct of research with native community populations. The findings from this review can promote more dialogue and policy development on the issue of community protections in research. Formal guidelines exist in ethical codes for individual rights as human subjects, but there is a lack of development on community rights in the ethics of research. This review illustrates how communitybased participatory research practices can provide working guidelines that can overcome past research harms. More important, the compilations of guidelines offer tested field methods for improving the ethical conduct of research with native community populations.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF HONG KONG: IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNING AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Changes in the ecological structure of Hong Kong since 1961 suggest the transformation of a typical colonial city structure dominated by a concentric-sectorial pattern of ecological areas into one with multicentered development and, by 1981, a closer integration between the old established Hong Kong-Kowloon urban core and the rural New Territories. This modern pattern of development reflects the government's policy of decentralization and greater central planning control. While the contrast between the “expatriate” and “local” population has waned since 1971, a factor analysis carried out using 1981 census data at the Tertiary Planning Unit level reveals an equal emphasis on socioeconomic status, family status, and ethnicity for differentiating the ecological structure of the Hong Kong-Kowloon core area but a strong bias on socioeconomic status for the New Territories. With the anticipated restoration of Hong Kong to China by Britain on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong has already oriented northwards with further ...
Neural correlates of categorical perception in learned vocal communication

The division of continuously variable acoustic signals into discrete perceptual categories is a fundamental feature of vocal communication, including human speech. Despite the importance of categorical perception to learned vocal communication, the neural correlates underlying this phenomenon await identification. We found that individual sensorimotor neurons in freely behaving swamp sparrows expressed categorical auditory responses to changes in note duration, a learned feature of their songs, and that the neural response boundary accurately predicted the categorical perceptual boundary measured in field studies of the same sparrow population. Furthermore, swamp sparrow populations that learned different song dialects showed different categorical perceptual boundaries that were consistent with the boundary being learned. Our results extend the analysis of the neural basis of perceptual categorization into the realm of vocal communication and advance the learned vocalizations of songbirds as a model for investigating how experience shapes categorical perception and the activity of categorically responsive neurons.
Riboflavin and Vitamin A and E Concentrations in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants Provided a New Nutritional Regime. 1415

INTRODUCTION: Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; BW <1500g) infants receive specific nutriture, parenteral multivitamins and preterm infant formula, which provide up to 18 fold more riboflavin (vitamin B2:B2 than human milk. We have shown that VLBW infants who received this nutriture developed plasma B2 to 50-fold cord B2 during their first postnatal month. B2 photodegrades with light exposure (e.g. phototherapy) to produce lipid peroxides (LP), compounds associated with development of ROP and BPD. The American Society of Clinical Nutrition has recommended lower daily B2 administration; however, simple nutriture dilution would diminish doses of vitamins A and E (VIT-A, VIT-E), lipid soluble vitamins with antioxidant effects. The hypothesis of this study was that a newly developed nutritional regime could provide lower daily B2 while supporting VIT-A and VIT-E administration. METHODS: Infants (BW <1000g) received control (C) nutrition, 0.75-0.91 mg/k/day of B2, or the revised (RV) protocol, 0.19-0.35 mg/k/d of B2. RV lipid soluble vitamins were admixed with the daily lipid administration. Blood was collected weekly during the first postnatal month. Plasma B2, VIT-A and VIT-E were measured by HPLC. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA for postnatal weeks 1-4. RESULTS: BW, gestational age and baseline B2 showed no difference between C (n = 10) and RV(n = 8). B2 rose in both groups (Figure) but was lower in RV (130.1±13.6 ug/L, n=31, mean±SEM) compared to C(194.9±19.8 ug/L, n=38, p < 0.01). Both VIT-A and VIT-E were elevated in RV compared to C, p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that decreasing the daily B2 dose decreased B2 proportionately in VLBW infants during their first postnatal month. Lipid soluble vitamins admixed with the lipid emulsion resulted in higher plasma VIT-A and VIT-E.
Predicting payment and nonpayment of direct mail obligations: Profiling good and bad credit risks

Abstract Profiles of prospect groups are developed in terms of their likelihood of fulfilling financial obligations to direct mail offers. An extensive database of individuals responding to a variety of direct mail offers is analyzed, and the variables that best differentiate the likelihood of defaulting or not defaulting on their financial commitments are identified. Two specific data-analytic models are presented. The first tests hypotheses pertaining to a limited set of demographic and credit-related variables. The second begins with a set of 271 variables and identifies the 11 that best predict default likelihood.
L12-type Ni-Al-Cr alloys processed by rapid solidification

A study of the effect of Cr additions (5, 10, and 12.5 at. pct) on the microstructure of melt-spun Ni3Al-base alloys has been carried out using analytical electron microscopy. The analyses showed that the formation of the β-NiAl phase could not be totally avoided at all three levels of Cr additions studied. However, its volume fraction, morphology, and distribution were affected by the Cr concentration as well as by changes in the rapid solidification conditions. The ordering structure of the matrix γ contains anisotropic antiphase boundaries or cube-plane-oriented thin layers of disordered γ, depending on the local chemistry. A series of microchemistry measurements along the radius of a grain was used to trace the route of Al and Cr segregation, and an unexpected reverse segregation with a partition coefficient greater than 1 was observed for Cr. The bend ductility and tensile properties of the melt-spun ribbons were also studied. It was shown that the Cr additions substantially increased the ribbon strength and modified the mode of failure toward transgranular fracture. The improved tensile properties were partially attributed to the fine matrix γdomains which had mixed interfaces of antiphase boundaries and y thin layers.
Acyclic-sugar nucleoside analogs. Thymine derivatives from acyclic d-galactose and d-glucose precursors☆☆☆

Abstract Fusion of 2,3,4,5,6-penta- O -acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-1- S -ethyl-1-thio- aldehydo - d -galactose aldehydrol ( 1 ) with bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine ( 2 ) gave a 1-epimeric pair of acyclic-sugar nucleoside derivatives ( 3a and 3b ), which were saponified to their O -deacetylated analogs 4a and 4b . Similarly, the 1-methoxy ( 5 ) and 1-benzyloxy ( 8 ) analogs of the bromide 1 were converted into the corresponding protected nucleoside analogs 6 and 9 , respectively; subsequent saponification gave the corresponding O -deacetylated derivatives 7 and 10 . In the same way, 2,3,4,5,6-penta- O -acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-1- S -ethyl-1-thio- aldehydo - d -glucose aldehydrol ( 11 ) was converted into the acyclic-sugar thymine nucleoside analog 13 by way of the pentaacetate 12 . Exposure of 1-deoxy-1- S -ethyl-1-thio-1-(thymin-1-yl)- aldehydo - d -galactose aldehydrol ( 4 ) to conditions of acetolysis led to the pentaacetate 3 , whereas similar treatment of the 1-(adenin-9-yl) analog ( 14 ) of 3 caused scission of the 1-substituents to give hepta- O -acetyl- aldehydo - d -galactose aldehydrol ( 15 ).
Computational aspects of simulating dynamically triangulated random surfaces

We briefly outline string theory, explain how it is formulated discretely on a computer in terms of dynamically triangulated random surfaces, and describe a computer program that simulates such surfaces with extrinsic curvature embedded in arbitrary dimension.
The chemical composition of Algol systems. V: Confirmation of carbon deficiencies in the primaries of eight systems

We use low-noise CCD spectra of the 4267-A C II line in the spectra of eight Algol-type eclipsing binaries to measure the C abundances of their primaries. A differential LTE analysis of the Algol binaries with respect to single standard stars of the same spectral type shows marginal, to moderate deficiencies of C in the primaries of the binaries. We find [C/H] abundances of −0.62 for U CrB, −0.34 for u Her, ≤+0.24 for δ Lib, −0.22 for β Per, −0.18 for U Sge, −0.48 for λ Tau, −0.35 for TX UMa and −0.16 for RS Vul with respect to the average C abundance of single B-type standard stars. These results confirm those of Cugier and Hardorp, who have used IUE observations of the 1300-A C II lines to determine C abundances in the same stars
Epidemiology of influenza A virus infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia

Influenze infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, but its importance in adult cancer patients is largely undescribed. We therefore conducted a prospective study of the incidence and clinical features of influenza infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. The cohort, which consisted of all adult leukemia patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy during the 1991–1992 influenza epidemic, was followed prospectively for development of signs and symptoms of acute infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. Of these 294 patients, 111 received chemotherapy as inpatients and 183 as outpatients. Throat swabs and nasal washes for viral culture were obtained from all symptomatic patients, who were then followed until all signs and symptoms resolved. Symptoms of respiratory tract infection developed in 37 leukemia patients (13%). Among these, influenza (A/Beijing/H3N2) caused 3 (21%) of the 14 infections that developed during hospitalization but only 1 (4%) of the 23 that developed in the community (P=0.14). Influenza patients presented with fever, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, headache, and myalgia; those with other infections presented with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (productive cough, rales, or rhonchi). Development of pneumonia was common in influenza patients, 1 of whom died from a secondary fungal and gram-negative pneumonia. Influenza A virus infections accounted for a substantial protion of acute respiratory infections among adult leukemia patients during a community epidemic. Most infections appeared to be nosocomial and the most likely sources were visitors or hospital personnel. Immunization of house-hold contacts and hospital staff may reduce the risk of influenza infection and its pulmonary complications in leukemia patients.
Effect of heating oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin on the oxidation of muscle microsomes.

Myoglobin (Mb) and its iron have been proposed to be major prooxidants in cooked meats. To understand the mechanisms and differentiate between the prooxidant and antioxidant potential of oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) and metmyoglobin (MetMb), their prooxidant activity, iron content, solubility, free radical scavenging activity, and iron binding capacity were determined as a function of thermal processing. The ability of native and heat denatured OxyMb and MetMb to promote the oxidation of muscle microsomes was different. MetMb promoted lipid oxidation in both its native and denatured states. Conversely, OxyMb became antioxidative when the protein was heated to temperatures ≥75 °C. The increased antioxidant activity of heat denatured OxyMb was likely due to a decrease in its prooxidative activity due to its loss of solubility. These data show that the impact on oxidative reactions of Mb is the result of the balance between its antioxidant and prooxidant activities.
Dynamics of vortex pairs in superfluid films

The linear response of a thermal ensemble of vortex pairs to an oscillating applied force is calculated by solving a Fokker-Planck equation. The result differs quantitatively but not qualitatively from an estimate given in the work of Ambegaokar, Halperin, Nelson, and Siggia.
Ruptured bronchial artery aneurysm associated with sarcoidosis

Clinical Summary A 50-year-old woman who underwent an uneventful coronary artery bypass 6 months previously had a 2-day history of back pain, nausea, and malaise. Then she experienced severe dizziness and was brought to the emergency department. She was found to be pale. Her vital signs included blood pressure of 188/88 mm Hg, heart rate of 105 beats/min, and respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min. Breath sounds were absent over the left side of the chest. There was no cardiac murmur. Peripheral pulses were all palpable. Chest radiography showed that the left side of the chest was completely opacified, with the mediastinum deviated to the right. The hemoglobin level was only 4.5 g/dL. Left-sided hemothorax was diagnosed, and placement of a tube in the left side of the chest yielded 1400 mL of frank blood. She had a history of renal artery stenosis, with a baseline serum creatinine level of 1.7 mg/dL. Acute renal failure developed, superimposed on chronic renal failure, with a creatinine level increasing to 3.1 mg/dL. As a result, the emergency physician ordered a computed tomographic (CT) chest scan without intravenous contrast material. It revealed a massive left-sided hemothorax and a large subcarinal mediastinal mass. She was resuscitated and given a transfusion. Chest tube drainage had slowed, and the creatinine level decreased to 2 mg/dL. A CT chest scan with intravenous contrast material showed no evidence of aortic aneurysm or dissection, but there was a small globular vascular structure below the carina with extravasation (Figure 1). The chest was then surgically explored. Through a left thoracotomy through the fifth intercostal space, 2000 mL of blood clot was evacuated from the pleural cavity. A large mediastinal hematoma was identified between the heart and descending aorta, corresponding to the large subcarinal mass seen on the noncontrast CT scan. When the mediastinal hematoma was explored, many enlarged subcarinal and inferior pulmonary ligament lymph nodes were found, and pathologic examination revealed noncaseating granuloma consistent with sarcoidosis. Among the enlarged subcarinal lymph nodes, an actively bleeding 8-mm–diameter bronchial artery aneurysm was found. The feeding bronchial artery was ligated, and the aneurysm was excised. Pathologic examination confirmed a true aneurysm. Both staining and culture of the lymph nodes showed no evidence From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radiology, Family Practice, and Pathology, St Elizabeth Hospital, Belleville, Ill.
Did you call the police? What did they do? an empirical assessment of black’s theory of mobilization of law

Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1992–1994), this study tests Donald Black's theory about the behavior of law, specifically the decision to mobilize social control through l...
The Giants of Modernity from Amadís to Don Quijote

Cervantes adapts and transforms the giant of the Iberian romance of chivalry three times in Part I of Don Quijote. The writers of the Amadis series, Cervantes' principal model, distance their giants from earlier versions of the monster through a proto-ethnographic, sympathetic depiction that renders ‘giantism’ a metaphor for marginality of religion, race or class. Both the Amadis series and Cervantes use their giants to work towards social inclusion. Cervantes abstracts from the monster of the libros de caballerias in order to argue for economic and social justice. In the windmills episode, Don Quijote himself is the giant; he fails because his actions damage his community's economy. In the Pandafilando and ‘cueros de vino’ episodes, Don Quijote is victorious because he works on behalf of the weak against the strong, as a knight who has defeated the monstrous impulses of pride and greed should. In both Amadis and Don Quijote, the dynamic figure of the giant points toward the modern, both in terms of the n...
Evaluation of loss of intimal compliance on resistance to flow in the common carotid artery.

Abstract : Much attention has focused in the past on the relationship between resistance to the flow of blood and vascular distensibility. In addition to the importance of vascular distensibility and its influence on internal diameter, flow resistance might also be altered by a compliant effect from the soft intimal lining. This compliant effect could be characterized by an ability of the arterial wall to change in thickness under varying conditions of blood volume and pressure, thus altering the internal geometry of the vessel and possibly damping out velocity fluctuations in the blood. The damping out of these velocity fluctuations would then add to the reduction in flow resistance. Based upon these considerations, we inquired whether a physiological analogy to this compliant-surface effect exists in the wall of an artery. An attempt was made to evaluate the role of the soft intimal lining in providing a more efficient vessel for pulsatile flow, since pathological stiffening of the arterial wall is associated with an increased resistance to flow in man. Pressure drop measurements made on the canine common carotid artery encased in hard plastic indicated no significant difference in resistance to flow between the normal internal lining and the artificially hardened intima. It appears that the compliant-surface effect does not occur during laminar pulsatile flow in large arteries.
The heuristics of war: scientific method and the founders of operations research

This paper explores the relationship between operations research (OR) as practised during the Second World War and the claims of many of its proponents that it constituted an application of scientific method. It begins with an examination of the pre-war work of two of the most notable leaders in wartime OR, the British experimental physicist Patrick Blackett and the American theoretical physicist Philip Morse. Despite differences in their scientific work, each saw science as an essentially creative act relying on the skill and judgement of the individual scientist in the deployment of rational methods for the development of legitimate conclusions. When scientists began to study military operations, their investigations were defined by the technically sophisticated heuristic practices already surrounding military planning. They did not seek to replace these practices with their own rational methods. Rather, they became scholars of the military's methods and adapted their pre-war experience by shifting their self-disciplined attitude to their own work to bodies of military knowledge. Thus scientists learned so well to navigate an alien heuristic system that investigations they conducted within it took on the characteristics that they judged defined scientific work.
Dislocation motion accompanying cleavage in zinc

Abstract A theory was proposed for the motion of basal dislocations in the stress field of a propagating basal cleavage crack. The essential elements are that the dislocations move laterally along the crack front and recombine until the Burger's vectors are perpendicular to the crack propagation direction. The parameters which describe dislocation velocity which was considered to be linear in the applied stress, do not appear in total fracture surface energy. In addition the fracture surface energy has a singularity which implies that with certain material constants cleavage will not occur. Experimentally, dislocation structures in cleavage surfaces of zinc appear in X-ray topography to be aligned parallel to the crack propagation direction with total Burger's vectors perpendicular to the dislocation lines as predicted by the theory.
How "proficient" is proficient? comparison of English and relative proficiency rating as a predictor of bilingual listeners' word recognition.

Purpose The current study attempted to validate that English proficiency self-ratings predict bilinguals' recognition of English words as reported in Shi (2011) and to explore whether relative prof...
Margy the “outlaw” goes straight

Students can experience transformations that defy a teacher's early and often pessimistic expectations.
The rise (and sometimes fall) of guerrilla governments in Latin Asmerica

Guerrilla governments arise where landlord or central government authority has decayed. In such situations, the guerrillas often establish a new “implicit social contract” with the peasantry, replacing the previous social contract, the abrogation of which has reduced the traditional authorities from legitimate to predatory powers in their relationships with peasants. Guerrillas build up their authority by carrying out three “contractual obligations” of authority: (1) defense of the people from external enemies; (2) maintenance of internal peace and order; and (3) contributions to the material security of the populace, the last by increasing peasant incomes and by providing health services, literacy training, and sometimes land to rural cultivators. As a result of such activities, peasants often come to perceive guerrillas as the new legitimate authorities in the region. Such authority has decayed, however, where the guerrillas in turn fail to fulfill the obligations of the social contract. Loss of authority can appear when guerrillas fail to defend the peasantry against military attackers, or when guerrillas themselves come to employ terror against the rural populace, thus violating the social contract uniting legitimate authorities and their subjects. This paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the study of guerrillas to social movement theory.
Effect of different aspirin doses on arterial thrombosis after canine carotid endarterectomy: A scanning electron microscope and indium-111-labeled platelet study

Although it is widely accepted that aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation in arterial thrombosis, the appropriate dosage of aspirin remains quite controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of aspirin (0.5 mg/kg vs. 10 mg/kg) on mural thrombus formation after carotid endarterectomy. Eighteen hours after oral aspirin administration, 20 endarterectomies were performed on mongrel dogs with the use of the operating microscope. Blood flow was then restored for 3 hours and the vessels were prepared for investigation with the scanning electron microscope. Ten endarterectomies were also performed on unmedicated dogs as controls. Five minutes before vessel unclamping, autologous indium-111-labeled platelets were administered intravenously, and the endarterectomized portions of the vessels were studied with a gamma counter system after harvesting. Group 1, the control group, revealed extensive mural thrombus consisting of platelet aggregates, fibrin, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Six of the 10 vessels in Group 2, premedicated with 0.5 mg of aspirin per kg, demonstrated varying amounts of mural thrombus. Group 3 (10 vessels), premedicated with 10 mg of aspirin per kg, revealed a platelet monolayer completely covering the exposed vessel wall media, with scattered white blood cells and infrequent fine fibrinmore » strands overlying the platelet surface. The mean (+/- SD) radioactivity per group expressed as counts/minute/mm2 was: Group 1--2055.3 +/- 1905.5, log . 7.253 +/- 0.926; Group 2--1235.6 +/- 1234.3, log . 6.785 +/- 0.817; Group 3--526 +/- 433.06, log . 5.989 +/- 0.774.« less
Does reduction of cognitive dissonance reinforce an instrumental response

The reinforcing effects of delay of both positive reinforcement, (positive information feedback) and negative reinforcement (dissonance reducing information feedback) upon the speed of an instrumental response were investigated. Although no dissonance reduction effect occurred, significant acquisition, delay of positive reinforcement, and Delay of Positive Reinforcement by Acquisition interactions were found.
Conversion of atriopeptin II to atriopeptin I by atrial dipeptidyl carboxy hydrolase.

Abstract We are examining the substrate specificity of atrial dipeptidyl carboxyhydrolase, a membrane-bound metallo enzyme that we isolated from bovine atrial tissue homogenates. This enzyme readily removes the dipeptide, Phe-Arg, from Bz-Gly-Ser-Phe-Arg, a stand-in substrate for atriopeptin II, one of several atrial natriuretic factors. We now report that the atrial enzyme cleaves the C-terminal dipeptide, Phe-Arg, from atriopeptin II to form atriopeptin I. The km (pH 7.5) is 25 μM and the ratio of relative Vmax/km as a measure of substrate specificity indicates that atriopeptin II is a 240-fold better substrate than Bz-Gly-His-Leu. Only Phe-Arg was detected as a hydrolysis product, indicating that sequential cleavage of Asn-Ser from atriopeptin II does not occur, and that atriopeptin I is not a substrate. Bz-Gly-Asn-Ser was as good a substrate for the atrial enzyme as Bz-Gly-His-Leu, but Bz-Cys(bzl)-Asn-Ser was not hydrolyzed. This result suggests that the presence of an intact disulfide bond or an S-alkylated residue in the P 1 position of a substrate (as in atriopeptin I) prevents hydrolysis by the atrial enzyme. Comparative studies were made with the angiotensin I converting enzyme. Atriopeptin II was not a substrate. The stand-in substrates for atriopeptin I, Bz-Cys(bzl)-Asn-Ser and Bz-Gly-Asn-Ser were barely hydrolyzed, which by itself suggests that atriopeptin I is not a substrate of the angiotensin converting enzyme. Our results strongly suggest that atriopeptin II is converted to atriopeptin I and that hydrolysis is mediated by the atrial enzyme. The angiotensin I converting enzyme plays no role in processing these peptides. We suggest that the atrial enzyme be named atrial peptide convertase.
Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity prevents anchorage-independent ovarian carcinoma cell growth and tumor progression

Recurrence and spread of ovarian cancer is the 5th leading cause of death for women in the United States. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase located on chromosome 8q24.3 (gene is Ptk2), a site commonly amplified in serous ovarian cancer. Elevated FAK mRNA levels in serous ovarian carcinoma are associated with decreased (logrank P = 0.0007, hazard ratio 1.43) patient overall survival, but how FAK functions in tumor progression remains undefined. We have isolated aggressive ovarian carcinoma cells termed ID8-IP after intraperitoneal (IP) growth of murine ID8 cells in C57Bl6 mice. Upon orthotopic implantation within the peri-ovarian bursa space, ID8-IP cells exhibit greater tumor growth, local and distant metastasis, and elevated numbers of ascites-associated cells compared to parental ID8 cells. ID8-IP cells exhibit enhanced growth under non-adherent conditions with elevated FAK and c-Src tyrosine kinase activation compared to parental ID8 cells. In vitro, the small molecule FAK inhibitor (Pfizer, PF562,271, PF-271) at 0.1 uM selectively prevented anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell growth with the inhibition of FAK tyrosine (Y)397 but not c-Src Y416 phosphorylation. Oral PF-271 administration (30 mg/kg, twice daily) blocked FAK but not c-Src tyrosine phosphorylation in ID8-IP tumors. This was associated with decreased tumor size, prevention of peritoneal metastasis, reduced tumor-associated endothelial cell number, and increased tumor cell-associated apoptosis. FAK knockdown and re-expression assays showed that FAK activity selectively promoted anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell survival. These results support the continued evaluation of FAK inhibitors as a promising clinical treatment for ovarian cancer.
Dynamic taxes and quotas with learning

We compare dynamic taxes and quotas when a regulator and non-strategic firm have asymmetric information. The regulator learns by using either a tax or a quota that can be slack. With a tax, the information asymmetry is resolved in one period. Optimal learning using a quota is less transparent, but we show that learning never takes place gradually. In the first period, the regulator either acts myopically, or he tries to improve his information, but he never experiments in subsequent periods. We use this result to assess the informational advantage of taxes compared to quotas under asymmetric information.
Expression of connective tissue growth factor in bone: its role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted, extracellular matrix-associated signaling protein that regulates diverse cellular functions. In vivo, CTGF is expressed in many tissues with highest levels in the kidney and brain. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to localize CTGF in normal bone in vivo during growth and repair, and second, to examine CTGF expression and function in primary osteoblast cultures in vitro and test its effect on bone formation in vivo. Northern and Western blot analyses confirmed that CTGF is expressed in normal long bones during the period of growth or modeling. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated intense staining for CTGF mRNA and protein in osteoblasts lining metaphyseal trabeculae. Examination of CTGF expression in the fracture callus demonstrated that it was primarily localized in osteoblasts lining active, osteogenic surfaces. In primary osteoblast cultures, CTGF mRNA levels demonstrated a bimodal pattern of expression, being high during the peak of the proliferative period, abating as the cells became confluent, and increasing to peak levels and remaining high during mineralization. This pattern suggests that CTGF may play a role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation as previously demonstrated for fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Treatment of primary osteoblast cultures with anti-CTGF neutralizing antibody caused a dose-dependent inhibition of nodule formation and mineralization. Treatment of primary osteoblast cultures with recombinant CTGF (rCTGF) caused an increase in cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition, thereby establishing a functional connection between CTGF and osteoblast differentiation. In vivo delivery of rCTGF into the femoral marrow cavity induced osteogenesis that was associated with increased angiogenesis. This study clearly shows that CTGF is important for osteoblast development and function both in vitro and in vivo.
A More Perfect Union? Christian Nationalism and Support for Same-sex Unions:

How do overlapping social identities shape Americans’ views toward contemporary social and moral issues? Drawing upon national-level data and employing the theoretical construct of social identity complexity, we examine the link between Christian nationalism–representing a convergence of national and religious identities–and Americans’ views toward same-sex marriage and civil unions. Multivariate analyses reveal that greater adherence to Christian nationalism is strongly and negatively related to support for both same-sex marriage and civil unions, even after controlling for political ideology, religious controls, attribution of homosexuality, and other relevant correlates. We argue that Christian nationalists, who by definition internalize a high degree of overlap between political and religious identities, are more likely to see gays and lesbians as out-groups and same-sex unions as a threat to their sense of self and community. We conclude by discussing the implications of this study for future researc...
The development of an artefactual language ideology: Utterance, event, and agency in the metadiscourse of the excited utterance exception to hearsay

Abstract In this paper I argue that a particular type of Anglo-American legal discourse treats spoken language as a text artifact and discuss the effects on the person to whom the text artifact is attributed. I do this by historicizing the language ideology that generally prohibits the use of hearsay in in-court testimony, but admits ‘excited utterances,’ or declarations made spontaneously in response to an event ‘startling enough to cause nervous excitement’ ( Haggins vs. Warden, Fort Pillow State Farm, 1984, p. 1057 ). The language ideology mobilized and circulated in this discourse assumes that some utterances are by their very nature artefactual, and as artifacts, they are the property of the event, not the speaker. This rule and language ideology have roots in early modern English common law. I trace the history of this language ideology back through the definitions of the excited utterance exception to hearsay, historically called the spontaneous exclamation exception. This particular discourse highlights the ways ideas about language are historically saturated, the ways that history is embedded in metadiscourses, and the effects of metadiscursive evaluation on the people whose utterances are in question.
Use of high flow nasal cannula on a pediatric burn patient with inhalation injury and post-extubation stridor.

Use of high flow nasal cannula on a pediatric burn patient with inhalation injury and post-extubation stridor Faera L. Byerly , John A. Haithcock , Ian B. Buchanan , Kathy A. Short , Bruce A. Cairns d,* NC Jaycee Burn Center, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA Department of Respiratory Care, UNC Hospitals, NC, USA Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Associate Director, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burns, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, NC Jaycee Burn Center CB#7600, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
On Runge approximation in a Banach space

Abstract We show that on some open sets, more general than balls, Runge approximation is possible in certain Banach spaces, and also in certain complex Banach manifolds. We also show that there is an entire holomorphic curve in Hilbert space on which there is a bounded holomorphic function on the trace of a ball that has no bounded holomorphic extension to even a smaller concentric ball. Using the same technique we also prove that a form of Runge approximation better than an error function is not always possible.
Migraine with and without headache.

Transient visual and neurological episodes are relatively common and can occur for the first time in middle and old age. In many cases these transient events are migraine auras. An aura is a transient, stereotypical, visual or neurological episode usually lasting 4 to 60 minutes in duration. Migraine is usually, but not always, associated with headache and can be accompanied by systemic and autonomic symptoms. Diagnosis is dependent on International Headache Society criteria. The pathophysiology is believed to involve neurovascular mechanisms. There is a hereditary component to migraine. When migraine auras occur in the absence of headache they are termed acephalgic migraines. Late onset migraine accompaniment is an acephalgic migraine that presents in middle-aged and older adults. It is usually benign. Migraines can be mimicked by other more serious conditions. Most patients with a stable migraine pattern and normal neurological evaluation do not require further testing. Some patients with atypical prese...
Effect of reaction path curvature and dimensionality on the accuracy of classical transition state theory

Using a simple dynamical approximation based on the reaction path Hamiltonian of Miller, Handy, and Adams [J. Chem. Phys. 72, 99 (1980)], it is shown how reaction path curvature and dimensionality affect the accuracy of classical transition state theory. Specifically, an explicit expression is obtained for the critical energy up to which classical transition state theory is exact, and this critical energy is seen to vary inversely with the curvature of the reaction path. The model also shows that for energies above this critical energy transition, state theory deviates less from the correct result the larger the dimensionality (i.e.,the number of degrees of freedom) of the system. Finally, for the canonical (i.e.,thermally averaged) rate constant, as opposed to the microcanonical case, the fractional error in transition state theory (i.e.,the transmission coefficient) is found in certain cases to be independent of dimensionality.
Position-space renormalization for elastic percolation networks with bond-bending forces.

We develop a three-parameter position-space renormalization-group method and study the percolation properties of a two-dimensional elastic network in which both central and rotationally invariant bond-bending forces are present. The critical exponent f, which describes the power-law behavior of the elastic moduli near the percolation threshold, is estimated for a square network and is found to be consistent with recent estimates obtained by other methods.
Bio-inspired tactile sensor with arrayed structures based on electroactive polymers

We reported some work on flexible tactile sensors based on Flemion ionic polymer metal composites previously. In this work, we compared the signals in both voltage and current with the signals obtained from a giant nerve fiber reported previously by other researchers. We found some similarities between the artificial tactile sensor and the nerve fiber, in both of which ionic movement play a very important role. This bio-inspired Flemion based ionic polymer metal composites would be a good candidate for bio-related sensors especially for prosthetic limb socket interface applications.
Sequence-specific 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments of GRP1 PH domain

The carboxy-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain recruits GRP1 to the plasma membrane through the specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. Here, we describe backbone and side chain assignments of the GRP1 PH domain determined by triple resonance experiments.
Multimodel design of a Nash strategy

For interconnected systems with slow and fast modes, we analyze a multimodel design of a Nash equilibrium strategy. Decision makers use different models of the same system to obtain a composite strategy that approximates the exact Nash strategy. It is discussed in what sense this approximation holds.
Factors influencing the composition of respiratory gases in mammal burrows

1. 1. The relative importance of burrow morphology, edaphic properties, and biological variables on the respiratory gases in mammal burrows was examined using artificial burrows occupied by 13-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. 2. 2. Oxygen decreased with decreased temperature, increased soil moisture, and decreased size of the nest chamber. 3. 3. Gas composition was unaffected by changing burrow length or plugging burrow entrances. 4. 4. Deep (70 cm) burrows had lower oxygen and higher carbon dioxide than shallow (30 cm) burrows. 5. 5. The respiratory environment reached steady-state conditions rapidly (within 2hr) after animals entered their burrows. 6. 6. The results generally support the mathematical models of gas exchange developed by Withers (1978) and Wilson & Kilgore (1978).
Exact boundary controllability of the linear advection equation

An exact controllability result for the linear advection equation in the space is proved for sufficiently large time T > 0, where X is a compact set with and as the smooth and disjoint inflow and outflow boundaries, respectively. The advection is governed by a smooth vector field giving rise to dynamics which advects material from Γ i to Γ o in time T 0.
On the nonexistence of a hypersurface of prescribed mean curvature with a given boundary

A general method is developed for finding necessary conditions for a given codimension-two submanifold Γ of a riemannian manifold to be the boundary of an immersed hypersurface of prescribed mean curvature. In the simplest case the condition is a comparison of the magnitude of the mean curvature with the ratio of the volume of the projection of Γ into a hyperplane to the volume of the interior of that projection. The method is applied to show that certain recent existence results for surfaces of prescribed mean curvature may not be quantitatively improved.