cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Status as a Social Resource

Status has been the focus of a large number of studies in sociology and social psychology. However, less attention has been devoted to systematic conceptual analyses of status. In this chapter, Kevin Binning and Yuen Huo apply social resource theory to gain insight into the meaning and uses of social status in everyday social experience. The authors present a taxonomy in which status is theorized to vary along the particularism and concreteness dimensions. Thus, status can be highly symbolic (e.g., politeness) or relatively concrete (e.g., military or societal ranking or position). It can also be held and distributed in universalistic fashion, without regard to personal or idiosyncratic features, or in a highly particular, targeted, and specific fashion. Combining the two dimensions, four distinct types of status are developed to understand status in a variety of manifestations: status as a symbolic recognition of human dignity, status as respect and social deference, status as a concrete ranking system in a group or organization, and status as a broad, societal hierarchy. This chapter illustrates the possibility of distinguishing resource subtypes along the same two dimensions that are used to distinguish among Foa’s six “major” resource classes.
A Six‐Year Longitudinal Study of Texting Trajectories During Adolescence

This study examined growth trajectories of texting (and other media) over a 6-year time period. Participants were 425 adolescents from Washington, USA (age 13 at Time 1, age 18 at Time 6; 48% male, 68% European American). Analyses suggested a curvilinear pattern for texting and social media use, with rates peaking during midadolescence. There was also considerable heterogeneity in trajectories of texting. A growth mixture model revealed four distinct classes of individuals: perpetuals (14%), decreasers (7%), moderates (68%), and increasers (11%). Higher levels of depression, being a male, and coming from a single-parent family predicted being a "perpetual" texter. Perpetuals had the most problematic outcomes compared to other classes, including higher depression, anxiety, aggression, and poor relationships with fathers.
Figure 1: Ranges of Selected Nannofossil Species in the Paleocene and Eocene

Figure 1 accompanies article by Stephan Gartner, Jr., "Calcareous Nannofossils from the Joides Blake Plateau Cores, and Revision of Paleogene Nannofossil Zonation."
Automatic cell identification and visualization using digital holographic microscopy with head mounted augmented reality devices.

We propose a compact imaging system that integrates an augmented reality head mounted device with digital holographic microscopy for automated cell identification and visualization. A shearing interferometer is used to produce holograms of biological cells, which are recorded using customized smart glasses containing an external camera. After image acquisition, segmentation is performed to isolate regions of interest containing biological cells in the field-of-view, followed by digital reconstruction of the cells, which is used to generate a three-dimensional (3D) pseudocolor optical path length profile. Morphological features are extracted from the cell’s optical path length map, including mean optical path length, coefficient of variation, optical volume, projected area, projected area to optical volume ratio, cell skewness, and cell kurtosis. Classification is performed using the random forest classifier, support vector machines, and K-nearest neighbor, and the results are compared. Finally, the augmented reality device displays the cell’s pseudocolor 3D rendering of its optical path length profile, extracted features, and the identified cell’s type or class. The proposed system could allow a healthcare worker to quickly visualize cells using augmented reality smart glasses and extract the relevant information for rapid diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the integration of digital holographic microscopy with augmented reality devices for automated cell identification and visualization.
Simulation in Nursing Education

Simulation usage in nursing education has been increasing over the past several years. Nursing educators should familiarize themselves with the necessary tools to incorporate simulation experiences in their nursing curriculum. National and international organizations have developed to advance and endorse simulation in healthcare. Nursing research has provided evidence that simulation contributes to student learning.
Planned fiscal adjustments: Do governments fulfil their commitments?:

This article analyzes the causes and consequences of fiscal consolidation promise gaps, defined as the distance between planned fiscal adjustments and actual consolidations. Using 74 consolidation ...
Bladder Emptying: Clinical Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Bladder outlet obstruction can be associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or can remain “silent” leading to secondary conditions such as urinary tract infections, bladder diverticulum, bladder stones or renal failure. Categorizing and understanding these entities is crucial when proceeding with a LUTS evaluation as specific diagnostic modalities may then be used to fully delineate the degree of BOO and any secondary issues. Urodynamic evaluation and pressure flow evaluation is the gold standard diagnostic tool. The AUA Guidelines on Urodynamics in Adults state that “the pressure flow study remains the only means of definitely establishing or ruling out the presence of BOO in men.” It is important for clinicians to recognize the urodynamic findings seen in both men and women with outlet obstruction due to variety of pathologic conditions and to be able to identify both the value and limitations of urodynamics in the evaluation of LUTS. This chapter provides a number of urodynamic tracings from patients who presented as outpatients with bothersome LUTS. Urodynamics were obtained as part of their evaluation and we review each of the tracings in the context of the particular patient’s history and physical exam findings.
Linear systems and half-line integral representations

We give an expression for the most general input-output map associated with the members of a certain important large family of causal time-invariant linear systems. This expression is a uniform limit of a convolution. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the limit can be written as a convolution, and we relate this to the concepts of an impulse response and a q-response limit, and to the flawed concept of the Dirac impulse function.
Exit Systems and Applications

In this section we shall give several applications of the “exit system” associated with an exact terminal time. The first and most important of these is an unpublished asymptotic formula of Fitzsimmons that generalizes Spitzer’s formula [Sp64]. The nicest treatment to date of a “Spitzer’s formula” for (Borel) right processes is contained in [St87]. See also [GSt86] and [G84] for earlier versions. Exit systems are discussed in [S,§74] for a general right process X. However, there is an important simplification when X is a Borel right process. To keep the discussion as simple as possible we shall consider the case of a Borel right process first, and then indicate the extension to more general processes.
Family moderators of relation between community disadvantage and adolescent adjustment problems

iv CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 CHAPTER THREE. HYPOTHESES 23 CHAPTER FOUR. METHODS 29 CHAPTER FIVE. RESULTS 41 CHAPTER SIX. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 53
Ethno-ornithology in the Rat Islands: Prehistoric Aleut relationships with birds in the western Aleutians, Alaska

Abstract Aleuts who lived before the mid-1700s CE in the Aleutian Islands had complex relationships with birds. Resident and migratory avifauna were subsistence and raw material resources, and fellow sentient beings. Aleut narratives and non-Aleut historic period journals are paired with faunal remains from the region’s well-preserved midden archaeological sites to provide information about the intersection of humans and birds in this study. Ethnohistoric and oral historic data demonstrate that Aleuts preferred certain birds in different contexts. These data along with archaeological assemblages demonstrate that Aleuts were not exploiting birds in direct proportion to natural bird populations. Since Aleut relationships with birds are the foundational cause of the richness and abundance of species present in archaeological sites, long-term ecological history studies which rely on archaeological data must systematically consider the impact of cultural processes. This study offers insight into this complex problem by identifying specific human-bird intersections.
Noise in Mesoscale Magnetic Dots From Random Telegraph Noise to 1/ {f} Noise

The noise in permalloy magnetic square shaped dots and chains of dots has been investigated. With the application of a magnetic field to control the energy barriers, individual dots exhibit random telegraph noise (RTN). The noise spectrum of chains of dots, the superposition of the RTN of individual dots, exhibits a 1/f noise spectrum.
Effects of Ethanol Exposure on the Neurochemical Profile of a Transgenic Mouse Model with Enhanced Glutamate Release Using In Vivo 1 H MRS

Ethanol (EtOH) intake leads to modulation of glutamatergic transmission, which may contribute to ethanol intoxication, tolerance and dependence. To study metabolic responses to the hyper glutamatergic status at synapses during ethanol exposure, we used Glud1 transgenic (tg) mice that over-express the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase in brain neurons and release excess glutamate (Glu) in synapses. We measured neurochemical changes in the hippocampus and striatum of tg and wild-type (wt) mice using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the animals were fed with diets within which EtOH constituting up to 6.4% of total calories for 24 weeks. In the hippocampus, the EtOH diet led to significant increases in concentrations of EtOH, glutamine (Gln), Glu, phosphocholine (PCho), taurine, and Gln + Glu, when compared with their baseline concentrations. In the striatum, the EtOH diet led to significant increases in concentrations of GABA, Gln, Gln + Glu, and PCho. In general, neurochemical changes were more pronounced in the striatum than the hippocampus in both tg and wt mice. Overall neurochemical changes due to EtOH exposure were very similar in tg and wt mice. This study describes time courses of neurochemical profiles before and during chronic EtOH exposure, which can serve as a reference for future studies investigating ethanol-induced neurochemical changes.
Origin and Induction of the Flax Genotrophs

Flax has been selected for two different economic characteristics of yield, fiber and oil. These two forms are phenotypically different and have different agronomical practices associated with their cultivation. In particular, the plants for the fiber crop are grown at a high density. It has been observed for many centuries that subsequent generations of plants grown from seed of the fiber crop show rapid variations in phenotype in spite of the plants essentially being self-fertilizing and homozygous. One possibility for these observations was that the vigor of the seed from the fiber crop was reduced through the generations due to the restriction of available nutrients by the high-density plantings. This hypothesis was examined by Durrant by growing plants with various nutrient regimes and determining the phenotypes following repeated identical treatments or after a succession of different growth environments. It was observed that for a small number of nutrient regimes, some fiber flax varieties had a heritable change in their phenotype, irrespective of their subsequent growth environment. These stably altered inbred lines were termed genotrophs, as at that time it was not known that they were genetically distinct genotypes. The relationships between the various lines, especially those derived from the original variety Stormont cirus, and the timing of when these changes occur, are described. Their molecular comparisons are considered in the next chapter.
U.S. energy, climate and nuclear power policy in the 21st century: The primacy of national security

Abstract This paper analyzes global and regional energy and CO2 trends and concludes: 1) Domestic U.S. policies alone will not insulate the U.S. from the impacts of climate change; 2) The U.S. should triage climate change as a global threat by focusing on regions where CO2 emissions are most acute; and 3) The U.S. civilian nuclear enterprise should be elevated in U.S. energy and climate policy in order to meet global climate and national security objectives.
Construct Validity of Computer Scored Constructed Response Items in Undergraduate Introductory Biology Courses

“Psychometrically sound” assessments possess the ability to make valid inferences of students’ conceptual understanding. However, there is a lack of validated assessments in college biology education. This study assesses the psychometric properties of the constructed response (CR) biology questions to establish construct validity and reliability. We used a polytomous Rasch Partial Credit Model to validate the eight CR items. Responses from 437 students were scored by automated scoring models that were trained on data scored by experts. All items reflected unidimensional construct of biology and local independency. The findings suggest that the instrument is a promising and valid tool to assess undergraduates’ biology concepts from introductory biology courses, but needs further revision to strengthen the psychometric properties, adding more items for low performing students and improving person reliability. The significance of this study lies in its potential to contribute to creating more valid and reliable CR assessments through Rasch calibration.
Sociodemographic and health correlates of sleep in U.S. Hispanic older adults.

Abstract Background This project aims to understand the sociodemographic and health correlates of poor sleep in U.S. Hispanic older adults. Methods Data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP): Wave 2 were analyzed to understand the prevalence of poor sleep among Hispanic older adults, sociodemographic predictors of sleep patterns, and the association between sleep quality and chronic disease. Only the data from Hispanic participants (n = 345) were used in the present study. Self-reported demographic, self-reported and actigraphy-measured sleep, and self-report health measures were used. Results Results of regression analyses indicated that self-reported restless sleep significantly predicted self-rated physical and mental health, hypertension, pain, and self-rated general happiness. Feeling rested was significantly associated with self-rated physical health and mental health, pain, and self-rated happiness. Neither restless sleep nor feeling rested were significant predictors of diabetes. Actigraphy-measured sleep duration was not significantly associated with health outcomes. Conclusions While sleep deprivation has serious physical and mental health consequences for Hispanics, sleep disorders in Hispanic older adults have been overlooked in research. This study sheds some light on the associations between sleep and health in Hispanic older adults. Examination of potential mechanisms linking poor sleep with mental and physical health in Hispanic older adults is a critical next step.
Palliative Care in Dysphagia and Dementia

Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to discuss palliative care for patients with dysphagia who also have a comorbid condition of dementia. It reviews the nature of palliative care...
Mitochondrial genomes and thousands of ultraconserved elements resolve the taxonomy and historical biogeography of the Euphonia and Chlorophonia finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae)

Relationships of the Neotropical finches in the genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia (Fringillidae: Euphoniinae) have been clarified by recent molecular studies, but species-level relationships within this group have not been thoroughly addressed. In this study, we sampled specimens representing every recognized species of these genera, in addition to 2 outgroup taxa, and used target enrichment to sequence thousands of ultraconserved element (UCE) loci, as well as mitochondrial DNA reconstructed from off-target reads, from each specimen to infer these relationships. We constructed both concatenation and coalescent-based estimates of phylogeny from this dataset using matrices of varying levels of completeness, and we generated a time-scaled ultrametric tree using a recently published fossil-based external calibration. We found uniformly strong support for a monophyletic subfamily Euphoniinae and genus Chlorophonia, but a paraphyletic Euphonia across UCEs and mitochondrial genomes. Otherwise, our inferred relationships were largely concordant with previous studies. Our time-tree indicated a stem divergence time of 13.8 million years ago for this lineage, followed by a relatively young crown age of only 7.1 myr. Reconstructions of biogeographic history based on this tree suggest a South American origin for crown Euphoniinae, possibly resulting from a transoceanic dispersal event from the Eastern Hemisphere, followed by 2 dispersal events into the Caribbean and as many as 6 invasions of North America coinciding with recent estimates of the age at which the Isthmus of Panama had completely formed. We recommend splitting Euphonia and resurrecting the genus Cyanophonia for the 3 blue-hooded species more closely related to Chlorophonia. Based on our results, we suspect that there is undescribed species-level diversity in at least one, possibly many, widespread and phenotypically diverse species.
Effect of depression on health behavior among myocardial infarction survivors in the United States.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of depression on health behavior among myocardial infarction (MI) survivors. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study used publicly available 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. Our study sample includes adults aged 50 years or older who completed the 2015 BRFSS survey and reported having MI. The BRFSS participants with a yes response to the question, Has a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional ever told you that you had a heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction? were identified as MI survivors. The presence or absence of depression among MI survivors was identified using a similar question. Health behaviors, the dependent variable of this study, included physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, last flu immunization, last physical checkup, last blood cholesterol check, heavy drinking, and vegetable and fruit consumption. Univariate (χ2 tests) and multivariable (binomial logistic regression) analyses were used to assess the differences in health behaviors between MI survivors with or without depression. Results Our final study sample consists of 20 483 older adults with MI among whom 5343 (26.19%) reported having depression. Multivariable analyses reveal MI survivors with depression are more overweight, have less physical activity, and have higher likelihood of smoking but less odds of consuming alcohol compared to MI survivors without depression. Discussion In this nationally representative sample of adults aged over 50 years in the United States, MI survivors with depression exhibited poorer health behaviors compared to those without depression.
Synthesis and thermal transport properties of high-surface area hexagonal boron nitride foam structures

Abstract Continuous and porous foam structures of thermally conducting and electrically insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have been synthesized for heat dissipation and other applications. However, the volume fraction and effective thermal conductivity of existing h-BN foam structures are still limited by the large pore size and small specific surface area of the sacrificial reticular nickel foam templates used for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of h-BN. Here we report experiments for increasing the volume fraction and effective thermal conductivity of CVD h-BN foams with the use of sintered nickel powder templates with reduced pore sizes. The volume fraction of the obtained high-surface area h-BN foam sample HS1 reaches 0.34 ± 0.06 %, which is an increase by a factor of 2.8 compared to a baseline h-BN foam grown on a reticulated nickel foam with the same growth time. Increasing the growth time by a factor of 3 results in a further increase of the volume fraction by an additional factor of 2 for sample HS2. With poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled into the pore space of the h-BN foam, the room-temperature effective thermal conductivity of the composite increases from 0.31 ± 0.02 W m−1 K−1 for the baseline structure to 0.70 ± 0.05 W m−1 K−1 for HS2. Based on numerical analysis of the measured effective thermal conductivity, the solid thermal conductivity of the h-BN struts of the baseline structure is 580 ± 150 W m−1 K−1, which is comparable to a prior first principles calculation. The increases in the volume fraction and effective thermal conductivity are accompanied by a reduction of the h-BN solid thermal conductivity to 410 ± 80 W m−1 K−1 for HS1 and 250 ± 30 W m−1 K−1 for HS2 due to increased defect concentrations and surface curvature. The numerical simulation reveals that the thermal interface resistance between h-BN and PMMA plays only a small role on the effective thermal conductivity due to the dominant thermal transport contribution from the continuous high-thermal conductivity struts.
Lateralized neonatal EEG coherence during sleep predicts language outcome.

Enriched language exposure may benefit infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. We hypothesized that changes in neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence during sleep, in response to maternal voice exposure, predict language development. Convalescent neonates underwent 12-h polysomnography. A recording of the mother’s voice was randomized to continuous playback in the first or second 6 h. We calculated the imaginary coherence (ICOH—a measure of functional connectivity) between EEG leads. Spearman correlations were computed between ICOH and 18-month Bayley-III language scores. Thirty-five neonates were included (N = 18 33-to-<35 weeks gestation; N = 17 ≥ 35 weeks). Predictive value of ICOH during neonatal non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was left lateralized, and varied with gestational age and voice playback. ICOH in the left-hemispheric (C3-Cz; T3-Cz) channels across multiple EEG frequency bands was associated with 18-month language scores (rho = −0.34 to −0.48). The association was driven by neonates born at 33–34 weeks gestation, and a trend suggested a possible effect of maternal voice at some EEG frequencies. Right hemisphere ICOH (C4-Cz; T4-Cz) was not associated with language outcome. Left-hemispheric EEG functional connectivity during neonatal NREM sleep shows early signs of physiologic asymmetry that may predict language development. We speculate that sleep analyses could have unique prognostic value.
Association between estrogen receptor status and Oncotype Dx breast recurrence score.

e12519Background: The 21 gene assay Oncotype Dx Breast Recurrence Score (RS) is currently the standard of care to determine if adjuvant chemotherapy is needed in early stage node negative, hormone ...
The 'Wicked Problem Construct' for Organizational Leadership and Development

The recognition of tensions, contradictions and paradoxes in theory, research, and practice within organizations is important for effective organizational Leadership (EOL). The extent to which managers and policy makers currently have adequately come to terms with such complexity still remains open to discussion. The wicked problem construct (WPC) is a concept, process and a framework that can be used in identifying the reasons for these tensions and contradictions, explaining how they can be managed, and pointing out the limits they create for what is needed for effective organizational leadership. This paper examines the conceptual literature on ‘Wicked Problems’, identifying the critical dimensions of the proposed construct, and exploring the lack of attention to non-linear epistemology of practice and systems thinking by managers and policy makers. The challenges of traditional management approaches to address complexity and to increase effectiveness in dealing with wicked problems are explained. The implication for practice of the WPC as a framework for organizational effectiveness in public, private, and the third sectors is described.
Left liberalism and race in the evolution of Colombian popular national identity.

Though a nation of discordant regionalism and historically weak central institutions, Colombia can paradoxically claim strong currents of popular national identity. It is well known that long centuries of relative economic isolation, coupled with Colombia's largely subsistence internal economy and torturous topography, provided few opportunities to integrate the nation's different regions. Such conditions resulted in fractured regional identities and racial compositions. What few links to the world market Colombia enjoyed before the late nineteenth century came from the mining of gold, with short episodes of tobacco and quinine exportation. Only in the 1880s and later did coffee production finally reorient the nation's economy and introduce new questions of land tenure and social relations. Colombia's fiercely partisan political system evolved during the nineteenth century, therefore, when the country was still overwhelmingly rural, inward-looking, and little more than a collection of semi-autonomous regions. Keith Christie noted that before the 1950s, regionalism was so strong that “Bogota was essentially just another provincial capital.” As a consequence, the national army in the nineteenth century seldom proved more powerful than the many rebel armies it faced. Indeed, according to the basic Weberian definition of the “state” as the entity that controls a monopoly on the legitimate use of force, and evidenced by the fact that the national government still does not control large portions of the country's territory, Colombia's central state structures continue to be glaringly weak at the end of the twentieth century.
A simple and efficient FDTD/PBC algorithm for scattering analysis of periodic structures

[1] An efficient finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm with a simple periodic boundary condition (PBC) is developed to analyze reflection and transmission properties of general periodic structures with arbitrary incident angles. In this new approach, the FDTD simulation is performed by setting a constant horizontal wave number instead of a specific incident angle. The principle of the FDTD/PBC algorithm is discussed and two important implementation issues are addressed, namely, the excitation of plane wave and the suppression of horizontal resonance. The validity of the approach is demonstrated through several numerical examples on dielectric slabs and frequency selective surfaces.
Connectivity and spectral analysis of finite state machines

Representing finite state systems by means of finite state machines is a common approach in VLSI circuit design. BDD-based algorithms have made possible the manipulation of FSMs with very large state spaces; however, when the representation of the set of reachable states grows too much, the original FSM is no longer manageable as a whole, and it needs to be decomposed into smaller sub-machines. Structural analysis of the circuit from which the FSM has been extracted has shown to be very effective to determine good state variable partitions which induce FSM decomposition for logic synthesis and formal verification applications. In this paper we propose FSM analysis techniques based on connectivity and spectral characteristics of the state machine which take into account the mutual dependency of the state variables, but which are no longer dependent on the structure of the underlying circuit; therefore, they may be used in a context different from sequential logic optimization and FSM verification.
Three-dimensional axisymmetric model for convection in laser-melted pools

AbstractA three-dimensional axisymmetric model of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a laser-melted pool is developed. The model corresponds to the limiting case when the scanning velocity is small compared with the recirculating velocity. This model is also valid for spot welding. Non-dimensional forms of the governing equations are derived, from which four dimensionless parameters are obtained: the Marangoni number, the Prandtl number, the dimensionless melting temperature, and the radiation factor. Their effects and significance are discussed, and numerical solutions are obtained. The position and shape of the solid/liquid interface are obtained by an iterative scheme. The quantitative effects of the dimensionless parameters on pool shape are presented. In the presence of the flow field, the heat transfer becomes convection dominated. The effect of convection on isotherms within the molten pool is discussed, and experimental results are presented.MST/535
Pars intermedia Electrical Potentials: Changes in Spike Frequency Induced by Regulatory Factors of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Secretion

Spontaneous action potentials recorded from pars intermedia (PI) cells of frog pituitaries are correlated with spontaneous melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion from that gland. Those agents known to induce hormone release (e.g., serotonin, isoproterenol) increase the rate of electrical activity, whereas those which inhibit secretion (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA) reduce the frequency of spikes. MSH secretion appears to involve cellular depolarization while inhibition of release is associated with cell membrane polarization.
Energy density in the Casimir effect

We compute the expectations of the squares of the electric and magnetic fields in the vacuum region outside a half-space filled with a uniform dispersive dielectric. We find a positive energy density of the electromagnetic field which diverges at the interface despite the inclusion of dispersion in the calculation. We also investigate the mean squared fields and the energy density in the vacuum region between two parallel half-spaces. Of particular interest is the sign of the energy density. We find that the energy density is described by two terms: a negative position independent (Casimir) term, and a positive position dependent term with a minimum value at the center of the vacuum region. We argue that in some cases, including physically realizable ones, the negative term can dominate in a given region between the two half-spaces, so the overall energy density can be negative in this region.
Assessment of Recovered Cotton Fibre and Trash Contents in Lint Cotton Waste by Ultraviolet/Visible/Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Lint cleaning at cotton processing facilities is performed in order to reduce the non-lint materials to the lowest level with minimal fibre damage. The resultant waste contains some degree of cotton fibre having equal quality to the fibre in the bale and, hence, is of great concern for operating cost and profit. Traditional methods for measuring the non-lint material, or trash, in the cotton industry, including the Shirley Analyzer and high volume instrumentation, are labour intensive and time consuming. Ultraviolet (UV)/visible/near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, a rapid and easy sampling technique, was examined for its feasibility in determining the relative proportions of recovered cotton fibre and trash in lint cotton waste. Cotton waste was scanned in the region of 220–2500 nm and the reference value was measured by a Shirley Analyzer. Partial least squares regression models were developed in various spectral ranges and then compared. Although there were obvious spectral differences in the visible and ...
Prenatal ethanol effects and dopamine systems of adult C57 male mice

Abstract Behavioral, pharmacological, and neurochemical studies indicate that prenatal ethanol exposure can alter dopamine (DA) systems of developing rats. In addition, some of the behavioral changes described for prenatal-ethanol-exposed rats and mice (e.g., reduced responding for food and other rewards) as well as their response to various psychoactive drugs (e.g., amphetamines, methylphenidate, haloperidol) suggest that the DA system changes might extend into adulthood. Neurochemical studies on the effects of prenatal ethanol on DA systems of adults have not been reported for either species. The present study provides a neurochemical assessment of prenatal ethanol effects on DA systems of fully mature mice. Compared to chow and sucrose controls, adult offspring of mice fed a diet containing 25% ethanol derived calories had preadolescent growth deficits as observed in previous studies which also showed long-term behavioral deficits. Prenatal ethanol exposure in the present study, however, did not alter the concentration of DA or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) nor the progressive decline in the concentration of these compounds in either striatum or nucleus accumbens of mature mice at intervals after synthesis inhibition by α-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine. Thus, the present study provides no neurochemical confirmation of altered DA systems resulting from prenatal ethanol exposure under conditions previously observed to alter adult behavior.
Fragmentation function for heavy quarks

Abstract The recent conjecture that ν-produced new particles carry most of the energy of the fragmenting heavy quarks is examined in comparison with neutrino dilepton data. The e+ spectrum in νN → μ−e+X and the μ−μ+ azimuthal correlation in νN → μ−μ+X events discriminate against this conjecture for charmed quark fragmentation, but agree with an exponential fall-off of the fragmentation function.
Microtubule assembly mutant

WE report here a new maternal effect mutation (nc, for no cleavage) in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. This mutation involves a defect in the assembly of microtubules in the fertilised egg. There is a large literature describing the molecular and biochemical events which accompany the in vitro self-assembly of microtubules; the nc mutant is the first known system with a genetic lesion in the regulation of these events in vivo. This mutant will provide a means to examine directly the control of microtubule assembly, and may also be useful in the identification of the events which trigger initiation of cleavage after activation of the egg at fertilisation.
Bipolar tunneling field‐effect transistor: A three‐terminal negative differential resistance device for high‐speed applications

Carrier injection across a tunnel homojunction is suggested as a new mechanism for a high‐speed three‐terminal device. The novel feature is the two‐dimensional homojunction tunneling within a bipolar modulation doping structure. Negative differential resistance characterized by large peak‐to‐valley current ratios and high transconductance is anticipated. Estimates of the relevant time constants of the tunnel structure suggest the possibility of very high frequency operation.
Optimal Design of Passive Flow Control for a Boundary-Layer-Ingesting Offset Inlet Using Design-of-Experiments

This research will investigate the use of Design-of-Experiments (DOE) in the development of an optimal passive flow control vane design for a boundary-layer-ingesting (BLI) offset inlet in transonic flow. This inlet flow control is designed to minimize the engine fan-face distortion levels and first five Fourier harmonic half amplitudes while maximizing the inlet pressure recovery. Numerical simulations of the BLI inlet are computed using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver, OVERFLOW, developed at NASA. These simulations are used to generate the numerical experiments for the DOE response surface model. In this investigation, two DOE optimizations were performed using a D-Optimal Response Surface model. The first DOE optimization was performed using four design factors which were vane height and angles-of-attack for two groups of vanes. One group of vanes was placed at the bottom of the inlet and a second group symmetrically on the sides. The DOE design was performed for a BLI inlet with a free-stream Mach number of 0.85 and a Reynolds number of 2 million, based on the length of the fan-face diameter, matching an experimental wind tunnel BLI inlet test. The first DOE optimization required a fifth order model having 173 numerical simulation experiments and was able to reduce the DC60 baseline distortion from 64% down to 4.4%, while holding the pressure recovery constant. A second DOE optimization was performed holding the vanes heights at a constant value from the first DOE optimization with the two vane angles-of-attack as design factors. This DOE only required a second order model fit with 15 numerical simulation experiments and reduced DC60 to 3.5% with small decreases in the fourth and fifth harmonic amplitudes. The second optimal vane design was tested at the NASA Langley 0.3- Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel in a BLI inlet experiment. The experimental results showed a 80% reduction of DPCP(sub avg), the circumferential distortion level at the engine fan-face.
Toward risk-based control of nuclear power plant configurations

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of risks associated with component outage configurations during power operation of a nuclear power plant and discusses approaches and strategies for developing a risk-based configuration control system. A configuration, as used here, is a set of component states. The objective of risk-based configuration control is to detect and control plant configurations using a risk perspective. The configuration contributions to core-melt frequency and core-melt probability are studied for two plants. Some equipment configurations can cause large core-melt frequency increases and there are a number of such configurations that are not currently controlled by technical specifications. However, the expected frequency of occurrences of the impacting configurations is small and the actual core-melt probability contributions are also generally small. Effective strategies and criteria for controlling configuration risks are presented. Such control strategies take into consideration the risks associated with configurations, the nature and characteristics of the configuration risks, and also the practical considerations such as adequate repair times and/or options to transfer to low risk configurations. Alternative types of criteria are discussed that are not overly restrictive to result in unnecessary plant shutdown, but rather motivate effective test and maintenance practices that control risk-significant configurations to allow continued operation with an adequate margin to meet challenges to safety.
Mechanisms of attentional selection: temporally modulated priority tags.

When a single abrupt onset appears in a multielement display, it captures attention. When multiple onset elements occur, they have conditional priority over no-onset elements such that a limited number of onsets can be serviced with high priority in visual search (Yantis & Johnson, 1990). We report three experiments in which we assess two possible mechanisms for attentional prioritization: a priority queue into which a fixed number of high-priority elements are placed for early servicing during search, and a mechanism that temporarily tags all high-priority elements for early servicing or more frequent sampling. We manipulated the visual quality or interletter confusability of the stimuli to prolong encoding and/or comparison operations; this manipulation led to a decrease in the estimated number of elements serviced with high priority. We conclude that a mechanism incorporating temporally decaying priority tags is implicated in servicing multiple abrupt onsets in visual search.
Relativistic model of secondary-electron energy spectra in electron-impact ionization.

A relativistic model for differential electron-impact-ionization cross sections that allows the energy spectrum of secondary electrons to be calculated over a wide range of primary-electron energies is presented. The semiempirical method requires only experimental total ionization cross sections and optical oscillator strengths for the target species of interest, but other information, if available, can be incorporated to make the formulation still more accurate. Results for ionization of helium indicate that the lower limit on primary-electron energy for application of the model is about 100 eV. The simple analytic form of the model facilitates investigation of the regions of the secondary-electron energy spectrum where relativistic effects are important.
The effect of aging on constitutive mRNA levels and lipopolysaccharide inducibility of acute phase genes.

This review examines the current medical disciplinary process in New York State and assesses whether it protects the public and is fair to respondent physicians. Clearly there is urgent need for reform. Results of 1,036 disciplinary actions over the years 1982-1989 have been reviewed, with special attention to the 878 cases during 1985-89. The types of misconduct and their incidences among these physicians represent but a small segment of the more than 40,000 licensed practising physicians in this state. Extrapolations concerning their incidence should not be made from these limited data to the general population of physicians. The many flaws in the present system have been noted. A brief review of the process in 32 other states, Ontario, and Great Britain has shown that New York's is the most cumbersome and lengthy. Changes are suggested to modify the present system preserving some features of the current process but eliminating others. Licensing and disciplinary processes should be included in a single agency within the Health Department and this must be kept independent.
Luminal and basolateral mechanisms involved in the renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury

The principle aim of the present study was to provide evidence for the existence of both a luminal and a basolateral mechanism involved in the renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury. To accomplish this aim, we examined individually and collectively the effects of a “stop‐flow” technique designed to reduce glomerular filtration to negligible levels and pretreatment with the organic anion p‐aminohippurate (PAH) on the renal uptake and disposition of administered inorganic mercury. More specifically, we compared the disposition of inorganic mercury in groups of surgical control rats, rats that underwent a unilateral ureteral ligation, and rats that underwent a bilateral ureteral ligation that were pretreated with either normal saline or a 7.5 mmol/kg intravenous dose of PAH 5 min prior to receiving a nontoxic 0.5‐μmol/kg intravenous dose of mercuric chloride. The disposition of mercury was evaluated at both 1 h and 24 h after the dose of inorganic mercury had been administered. In brief, the “stop‐flow” c...
THE OPTIMAL DIVISION OF A CONTAINER INTO N COMPARTMENTS BY CONVEX PROGRAMMING

SUMMARY This paper develops a method for computing the optimal division of a container into any number (N) of compartments when each compartment contains an item which is subjected to an independent demand over some time period. Each of the N compartments is filled at the beginning of the period and the objective is to minimise total runout cost during the demand period.
Separating vectors and reflexivity

Abstract There is a close connection between separating vectors and reflexivity. But the existence of a separating vector does not guarantee reflexivity. This paper clarifies the relation. We first find that every subspace of linear transformations whose dimension is less than the cardinality of the scalar field and having a “disjoint” pair of separating vectors is algebraically reflexive. Then we refine the result and conclude that a finite-dimensional subspace of operators having a two-dimensional subspace of separating vectors is algebraically reflexive if its scalar field is algebraically closed. Examples are provided to show that these results are sharp. An application of the first result shows that finite-dimensional spaces of operators of large rank are reflexive.
Beta spectroscopy of short-lived radionuclides using in-cocktail neutron activation

Low-flux, in-cocktail neutron activation analysis was used to quantify atmospheric tracer aerosols. Liquid scintillation was necessary to reduce the experimental uncertainty due to low sample activity. Activation of the tracers was performed in-cocktail since the short half lives of the nuclides did not allow time for sample preparation. Most of the tested cocktails proved inadequate for such analysis because of activation of their components. Neutron and gamma induced luminescence, and neutron generated bubbles in suspensions introduced further difficulties. Only a few cocktails showed activity levels after irradiation comparable to background. This method allowed substantial cost reduction by eliminating the need for irradiation in a research reactor.
Molecular genetics of avian proteins—IV. The egg-white proteins of the golden pheasant, Chrysolophus pictus L., and Lady Amherst's pheasant, C. amherstiae leadbeater, and their possible evolutionary significance

Abstract 1. 1. Egg whites from twenty-two Golden pheasants and ten Lady Amherst's pheasants have been compared by vertical starch-gel electrophoresis. The electrophoresis patterns obtained from Chrysolophus egg white were different from the electrophoretic pattern of egg white from any of the other species of galliform birds examined, including five other species of pheasants. It was not possible to differentiate between the two species of Chrysolophus using the electrophoretic patterns of egg white as a criterion. 2. 2. In the present study Chrysolophus egg white was resolved into sixteen components. Histochemical techniques and partial purification of egg white by salting out with ammonium sulphate led to the identification of “catalase”, esterase, conalbumin, the globulin fraction and the albumin fraction. 3. 3. Individual variation, common to both species, was seen in several fractions. 4. 4. The variation in the albumin fraction fall into three categories: a fast type, a slow typed and third type comprising the components of both fast and slow types. Observation of the three types in several buffer systems confirmed that each type was a real and not an artefact caused by pH, gel texture or other factors. 5. 5. It is suggested that each type is the phenotypic expression of a different genotype, the fast and slow types being homozygotes and the composite type the heterozygote. 6. 6. Some of the evolutionary implications of the above findings are discussed.
The relationship between witnessing arrests and elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Findings from a national study of children involved in the child welfare system

Abstract This study used data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being to test the hypothesis that witnessing the arrest of a household member is significantly associated with elevated PTS symptoms. Analyses are based on data on 1869 children ages 8 and up who were subjects of reports of maltreatment. Results show that the children child welfare authorities encounter who have witnessed arrests are significantly more likely to have also (1) witnessed multiple types of violence in their homes, (2) been victims of multiple types of violence, (3) witnessed non-violent crimes, and (4) lived in families having problems meeting children's basic needs. Results of multivariate analyses indicate that, all else being equal, witnessing the arrest of a household member either alone or in conjunction with the recent arrest of a parent is predictive of elevated posttraumatic symptoms. Approximately 1 in 4 children who witnessed an arrest and also had a recently arrested parent had elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress.