cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Curtain Falls

Before adjourning the last session of the Congress on December 14, Metternich, Nesselrode, and Bernstorff signed a circular dispatch, drafted by Gentz, to be sent to their ministers at the various courts of Europe. This circular gave a resume of the results of the Congress as well as a commentary on them which took the form of declarations on Italy, the Near East and Greece, and Spain. These pronouncements clearly illustrate the contempt with which the three eastern courts regarded liberal movements and representative politica l institutions.2
Phase transitions, interfaces, and morphogenesis in a network of protein fibers.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results obtained in a model tissue system. The system consists of liquid drops containing assembling fibers of type I collagen, which under appropriate conditions exhibit the phenomenon of matrix-driven translocation (MDT). This system is based, in part, on materials from the extracellular matrix of mesenchymal tissues and may provide a model for shape change in such tissues. Although tissues are organized on a larger scale than single cells, the results also provide some insight into the network-based properties of the cytoskeleton. A gel is the result of a geometrical phase transition in the course of which the internal connectivity of the system changes markedly. Such phase transitions can be studied by means of percolation theory, which is an analytical tool to describe clustering and network formation. It is widely used to study systems in which connectivity plays an essential role. In addition to gel formation in solutions of polymers, examples of which are the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix, percolation theory is used to model diverse phenomena such as continent formation, galaxy formation, a number of important properties of water, spread of infectious diseases, forest fires, dielectric breakdown in conductive networks, and the conductive properties of random resistor networks.
Interleukin-1 stimulates glucose transport in rat adipose cells: Evidence for receptor discrimination between IL-1β and IL-1α

The effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on glucose transport activity in isolated rat adipose cells was examined. IL-1β stimulated 3-O-methylglucose (3OMG) transport in a time and dose dependent manner. This effect appears to be due to increased maximal transport velocity (Vmax of the carrier. Addition of insulin and IL-1β resulted in an additive stimulation of transport, suggesting different mechanisms. IL-1α had no effect on glucose transport. Glu-4, a relatively inactive IL-1β analogue in most cells, stimulated glucose uptake in a time and dose dependent manner with kinetics indistinguishable from those of IL- 1β.
Abstract 15297: A Bundled Approach to Improving Code Team Response for In-hospital Cardiac Arrest to Decrease Overcrowding and Improve Role Clarity and Leadership

Background: Little is known about how non-technical factors such as inadequate role definition and overcrowding may impact in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) outcomes. Using a bundled intervention, we sought to decrease overcrowding while improving provider role ambiguity and leadership at IHCA events. Objective: To examine interventions targeted at decreasing overcrowding, improving role ambiguity and leadership during IHCA. Methods: As part of a performance improvement initiative, a multidisciplinary team implemented four countermeasures to improve IHCA code response: an MD/RN leadership dyad, assigned optimal team composition, scripted role definitions, and visual (stickers)/verbal (role-checks) cues. Between 4/2013-4/2014, the number and discipline of providers responding to ICHA events were recorded at each pulse check, and a 10-point Likert scale survey assessing communication and leadership was performed pre- and post-intervention. The primary outcome was the number of providers present after the role checks. Secondary outcome examined communication and leadership performance. Mann-Whitney test was used for continuous variables and chi-squared or Fischer’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: 20 pre-intervention and 34 post-intervention IHCA events were captured. During both periods, MDs and RNs comprised the majority of the total providers present (61%, 57%). The median number of MDs present in the post-intervention group was lower than in the pre-intervention group (4 (IQR 4-5) vs. 7 (IQR 5-9), p= 0.004), as was the number of total overall providers (14 (IQR 12-16) vs. 18 (IQR 14-22), p=0.04). The number of RNs did not differ post-intervention (data not shown). Survey results showed no significant differences in perceptions of communications or physician leadership post-intervention. However, the overwhelming majority of both the MD code leaders (90%) and primary nurses (97%) identified that there was a clear RN leader and rated the leadership provided by RN lead consistently high with a median score of 9 out of 10 possible points. Conclusions: Using an innovative bundle can decrease overcrowding and improve role ambiguity and leadership during non-ICU IHCA events.
Method for secure RESTful web service

Recently, majority of environmental monitoring systems use Internet of Things devices [1]. The Nevada Solar Energy-Water-Environment Nexus project collects a large amount of environmental data from various remote sensors. In the previous research, we introduced REST API for communication and web service between senor and server [2]. However, current RESTful web service has several issues for authentication system. We developed an ID-based authentication algorithm to achieve a secure RESTful web service. ID-based authentication is based on Boneh-Franklin ID-based encryption and REST URI. Such process enabled server to handle client's request by acknowledging client's URI rather than storing client's entire status for stateless REST. Also, such process resolves current problems generated by implementing REST authentication.
Estimating the Number of Heterosexual Persons in the United States to Calculate National Rates of HIV Infection.

This study estimated the proportions and numbers of heterosexuals in the United States (U.S.) to calculate rates of heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Quantifying the burden of disease can inform effective prevention planning and resource allocation.Heterosexuals were defined as males and females who ever had sex with an opposite-sex partner and excluded those with other HIV risks: persons who ever injected drugs and males who ever had sex with another man. We conducted meta-analysis using data from 3 national probability surveys that measured lifetime (ever) sexual activity and injection drug use among persons aged 15 years and older to estimate the proportion of heterosexuals in the United States population. We then applied the proportion of heterosexual persons to census data to produce population size estimates. National HIV infection rates among heterosexuals were calculated using surveillance data (cases attributable to heterosexual contact) in the numerators and the heterosexual population size estimates in the denominators.Adult and adolescent heterosexuals comprised an estimated 86.7% (95% confidence interval: 84.1%-89.3%) of the U.S. population. The estimate for males was 84.1% (CI: 81.2%-86.9%) and for females was 89.4% (95% CI: 86.9%-91.8%). The HIV diagnosis rate for 2013 was 5.2 per 100,000 heterosexuals and the rate of persons living with diagnosed HIV infection in 2012 was 104 per 100,000 heterosexuals aged 13 years or older. Rates of HIV infection were >20 times as high among black heterosexuals compared to white heterosexuals, indicating considerable disparity. Rates among heterosexual men demonstrated higher disparities than overall population rates for men.The best available data must be used to guide decision-making for HIV prevention. HIV rates among heterosexuals in the U.S. are important additions to cost effectiveness and other data used to make critical decisions about resources for prevention of HIV infection.
Cultural and functional diversity in the elementary classroom: strategies for teachers

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss current issues and provide suggestions for solutions. Today’s classrooms across schools in the USA are increasingly diverse. This diversity encompasses students from a myriad of cultural and linguistic and backgrounds’ academic performance levels. Teacher training programs and schools are making efforts to enhance teacher knowledge in regards to this cultural and functional diversity. Problems continue to exist because it is challenging to clearly perceive the connections between the two and identify cultural basis for school performance. Design/methodology/approach – This article provides suggestions for teachers to enhance their own understanding of how cultural and ethnic diversity affects student performance and improve classroom practice in inclusive settings. Findings – The author argues there is a need for a systemic effort that encourages an ongoing debate over cultural and functional diversity, improves teacher knowledge in the area of best practices in teaching children from diverse cultural and functional backgrounds and fosters collaboration among schools and families. Originality/value – This article is an original look at teacher training for cultural and functional classroom diversity in the USA.
Human Rights Protection to Women in Times of natural Disasters in the Frame of ASEAN Regulations

In the last decade, the occurrences of natural disasters in ASEAN Association South East Nations) regions have intensified. ASEAN was prone natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis which frequently hit the region and as we know natural disasters can happen anytime. Natural disaster has happened in some ASEAN regions, for example Nargis Storm in Myanmar on 3- 4 May 2008, Fengsen Storm in Philipine, and an Earthquake of 7.2 Scale Richter and Tsunami in Mentawai Island Indonesia at 2010 which has caused material and immaterial loss to the people, including the death of hundreds of people. An enthusiasm of disaster management only takes place during the time of disaster, in the forms of humanitarian aid mobilization such as money collecting, food aid, voluntaries aid, etc. However, after the disaster ends, the government’s and society’s attention also slowly ends. In relation to the aforementioned, the enactment and understanding of law have not been prioritized in a disaster management. On the other hand, in a disaster management process, an understanding of law especially in the context of human rights protection is crucially needed, including in the prior disaster phases, in the emergency-disaster phase, and in the after-disaster phase. If such elements are excluded, it may postpone the implementation of humanitarian aid program and may even be a threat to the victims’ rights. This situation is more concretely illustrated in the after disaster phase , where law is needed to protect the vulnerable societies, namely in handling the problem of illegal adoption of an orphan child, child and women trafficking, and violation to marginal groups and discrimination in humanitarian aid distribution. The understanding human rights law in disaster situation will be tested in the field, as it often occurs that the law is not compatible with the situation, or that it is not complete or contrary to the system of law, or the lack of understanding regarding the law. Human rights are the basic rights which must be conferred to everyone. The international law and human rights posted the obligation to the state to protect, respect, and fulfill those rights without discrimination. ASEAN as a Regional International Organization has had the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response and also The ASEAN Coordination Center for Humanitarian in related with disaster management.
The Role and Value of the Symmetry Principles and Einstein’s Contribution to their Recognition

It is not good to receive applause ahead of the speech because it indicates that a good speech is expected. But it is a pleasure to speak to you and it is a particular pleasure to speak after dinner, because people are less critical after dinner than before.
Diminished Acid Tolerance of Plaque Bacteria Caused by Fluoride

Fluoride acts to reduce acid tolerances of plaque bacteria by upsetting normal proton currents across cell membranes. Streptococcus mutans was found to be unusually sensitive to fluoride, in part because its F1F0, proton-translocating ATPase is directly inhibited by fluoride at plaque levels. Thus, not only does fluoride serve in the HF form to bring extruded protons back into the cell, but it also reduces the capacity of the cell to extrude protons. Reductions in acid tolerance caused by fluoride would be expected to result in concomitant reductions in cariogenic potential.
Asymmetric spite in auctions

In many auctions, agents bid more aggressively than self-interest would prescribe. This can be explained by spite, where the agent's utility not only increases in the agent's surplus but also decreases as the other bidders' surpluses increase. Spite can stem from long-term benefits from making competitors worse off and from inherent psychological effects. There have been important recent game-theoretic analyses of spiteful bidding assuming all agents are equally spiteful. We present, to our knowledge, the first auction analysis in the more realistic setting where bidders may be spiteful to different extents. We show that the equilibrium bidding function can still be written in the same form—except that the spite factor is replaced by an 'expressed' spite factor. This leads to bidders expressing spites that are higher or lower than their true spite depending on others' spite. Perhaps surprisingly, in the two-bidder case, the mapping from true spite to expressed spite is the same across all common auction mechanisms. Furthermore, even with two bidders, important properties of symmetric-spite settings cease to hold: the allocation can be inefficient and the revenue ranking may reverse between first- and second-price auctions. We also show that in sealed-bid auctions under asymmetric valuation distributions, there can be a "bargaining problem" in selecting bids. Finally, we study the generalization where agents can have different extents of spite toward different other bidders.
Quantitative analysis of Li contents in Li x CoO 2 cathodes via Rietveld refinement

Rietveld refinement of LixCoO2-type cathodes (where x=0.59–1.00) has been demonstrated to yield quantitative information about the Li occupancy with an error of about ∼10%. With careful X-ray diffraction (XRD) data collection, refinement, and proper calibration, accurate values can be obtained. Rietveld refinement tends to under-predict the Li occupancy values in charged (de-lithiated) cathodes as compared to ICP measurements. A Li-gradient model that assumes a decreasing concentration of Li from the particle core to its surface is discussed to explain this observation. The observed lattice parameters for the fully lithiated LiCoO2 standard phase (R-3m symmetry) were a=2.8155(1) A, c=14.052(1) A. The error convention used in this paper is 3σ of standard deviations obtained from Rietveld refinement output.
Characteristics and restriction analysis of the 4-chlorobiphenyl catabolic plasmid, pSS50

The plasmid pSS50 is a 53-kilobase self-transmissible plasmid of broad host range that has been isolated from several Alcaligenes and Acinetobacter species. This plasmid has previously been shown to mediate the mineralization of 4-chlorobiphenyl to carbon dioxide and water. Physical characterization of this plasmid by restriction analysis indicates that most hexanucleotide cleavage sites are clustered in a 5-kilobase region, leaving large regions without restriction sites. The paucity of restriction sites is not due to DNA methylation.
CD28–B7 Interaction Modulates Short- and Long-Lived Plasma Cell Function

The interaction of CD28, which is constitutively expressed on T cells, with B7.1/B7.2 expressed on APCs is critical for T cell activation. CD28 is also expressed on murine and human plasma cells but its function on these cells remains unclear. There are two types of plasma cells: short-lived ones that appear in the secondary lymphoid tissue shortly after Ag exposure, and long-lived plasma cells that mainly reside in the bone marrow. We demonstrate that CD28-deficient murine short- and long-lived plasma cells produce significantly higher levels of Abs than do their wild-type counterparts. This was owing to both increased frequencies of plasma cells as well as increased Ab production per plasma cell. Plasma cells also express the ligand for CD28, B7.1, and B7.2. Surprisingly, deficiency of B7.1 and B7.2 in B cells also led to higher Ab levels, analogous to Cd28−/− plasma cells. Collectively, our results suggest that the CD28–B7 interaction operates as a key modulator of plasma cell function.
Children of battered women : Impact of emotional abuse on adjustment and development

Abstract Information related to factors which influence the adjustment and development of children of battered women is discussed, and evidence for these youngsters experiencing emotional abuse is presented. Research regarding the children's psychological adjustment is reviewed, with mediating variables identified that play a role in the heterogeneity seen in the children's psychological functioning and development. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Case-based reasoning approach for heuristic search

Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is one of the recently emerging paradigms for designing intelligent systems. The preliminary studies indicate that the area is ripe for theoretical advances and innovative applications. Heuristic search is one of the most widely used techniques to solve many real world problems for obtaining optimal solutions. In this paper we identify some necessary properties of the heuristic functions to be solved in the CBR paradigm. We designed a CBR system based on these observations and performed several experiments for a heuristic search problem. We also provide an analysis to compare the performance of the CBR system with the A* search algorithm.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primary lung tumors in mice as an aid for understanding, preventing, and treating human adenocarcinoma of the lung

Primary lung tumors in mice have morphologic, histogenic, and molecular features similar to human lung adenocarcinoma, and in particular, the bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma subtype. Because of this, and because of the genetic homology between man and mouse and the ease of genetic manipulations in mice, this model system is receiving intense research attention. This review is intended to be informative to clinical investigators, and describes features of this model, how it is being used for translational research, and points out additional avenues of study that could have practical benefits, such as application for identifying novel therapeutic strategies.
Kinetic studies of the effect of muscle fiber type and tripolyphosphate on the aggregation of porcine salt-soluble proteins.

Abstract The kinetics of thermal aggregation of salt-soluble proteins (SSP) isolated from porcine Longissimus dorsi (75% white fiber, Serratus ventralis (43% red fiber, and Vastus intermedius (76% red fiber) muscles were studied in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). SSP solutions containing 0–2·0% TPP were heated at constant temperatures between 40° and 70°C, and protein aggregation was monitored using turbidity measurements. SSP aggregation followed first-order kinetics, and the rate and extent of aggregation increased with the red fiber content. Addition of TPP generally increased the aggregation temperature for both white and red muscle SSP, but the changes in the aggregation rate varied depending on the specific temperature and muscle type. Arrhenius plots revealed 10·2–11·5% reduction in the activation energy for SSP aggregation caused by 0·5% TPP. These results indicate that SSPs from red and white muscle types differ in thermal properties and response to phosphate treatments.
Measurement of functional cholinergic innervation in rat heart with a novel vesamicol receptor ligand

Regional differences in cholinergic activity in the cardiac conduction system have been difficult to study. We tested the utility of (+)-m-[125I]iodobenzyl)trozamicol(+)-[125I]MIBT), a novel radioligand that binds to the vesamicol receptor located on the synaptic vesicle in presynaptic cholinergic neurons, as a functional marker of cholinergic activity in the conduction system. The (+)-[125I]MIBT was injected intravenously into four rats. Three hours later, the rats were killed and their hearts were frozen. Quantitative autoradiography was performed on 20-micron-thick sections that were subsequently stained for acetylcholinesterase to identify specific conduction-system elements. Marked similarities existed between (+)-[125I]MIBT uptake and acetylcholinesterase-positive regions. Optical densitometric analysis of regional (+)-[125I]MIBT uptake revealed significantly greater (+)-[125I]MIBT binding (nCi/mg) in the atrioventricular node (AVN) and His bundle regions compared with other conduction and contractile elements (AVN: 3.43 +/- 0.37; His bundle: 2.16 +/- 0.30; right bundle branch: 0.95 +/- 0.13; right atrium: 0.68 +/- 0.05; right ventricle: 0.57 +/- 0.03; and left ventricle: 0.57 +/- 0.03; p < 0.05 comparing conduction elements with ventricular muscle). This study demonstrates that (+)-[125I]MIBT binds avidly to cholinergic nerve tissue innervating specific conduction-system elements. Thus, (+)-[125I]MIBT may be a useful functional marker in studies on cholinergic innervation in the cardiac conduction system.
Marine biology in the 21st century: do we need to look at the past?

Abstract The 36th European Marine Biology Symposium was held in Mao, Minorca, from 17 to 23 September 2001.
The Timing of Visual Object Categorization

An object can be categorized at different levels of abstraction: as natural or man-made, animal or plant, bird or dog, or as a Northern Cardinal or Pyrrhuloxia. There has been growing interest in understanding how quickly categorizations at different levels are made and how the timing of those perceptual decisions changes with experience. We specifically contrast two perspectives on the timing of object categorization at different levels of abstraction. By one account, the relative timing implies a relative timing of stages of visual processing that are tied to particular levels of object categorization: Fast categorizations are fast because they precede other categorizations within the visual processing hierarchy. By another account, the relative timing reflects when perceptual features are available over time and the quality of perceptual evidence used to drive a perceptual decision process: Fast simply means fast, it does not mean first. Understanding the short-term and long-term temporal dynamics of object categorizations is key to developing computational models of visual object recognition. We briefly review a number of models of object categorization and outline how they explain the timing of visual object categorization at different levels of abstraction.
Two structures of a lambda Cro variant highlight dimer flexibility but disfavor major dimer distortions upon specific binding of cognate DNA.

Abstract Previously reported crystal structures of free and DNA-bound dimers of λ Cro differ strongly (about 4 A backbone rmsd), suggesting both flexibility of the dimer interface and induced-fit protein structure changes caused by sequence-specific DNA binding. Here, we present two crystal structures, in space groups P3221 and C2 at 1.35 and 1.40 A resolution, respectively, of a variant of λ Cro with three mutations in its recognition helix (Q27P/A29S/K32Q, or PSQ for short). One dimer structure (P3221; PSQ form 1) resembles the DNA-bound wild-type Cro dimer (1.0 A backbone rmsd), while the other (C2; PSQ form 2) resembles neither unbound (3.6 A) nor bound (2.4 A) wild-type Cro. Both PSQ form 2 and unbound wild-type dimer crystals have a similar interdimer β-sheet interaction between the β1 strands at the edges of the dimer. In the former, an infinite, open β-structure along one crystal axis results, while in the latter, a closed tetrameric barrel is formed. Neither the DNA-bound wild-type structure nor PSQ form 1 contains these interdimer interactions. We propose that β-sheet superstructures resulting from crystal contact interactions distort Cro dimers from their preferred solution conformation, which actually resembles the DNA-bound structure. These results highlight the remarkable flexibility of λ Cro but also suggest that sequence-specific DNA binding may not induce large changes in the protein structure.
The new F-Tag 315.

In this issue, Johnson and Ouslander tackle one of the most costly, enduring, and vexing problems in long-term care: urinary incontinence (UI) management. Since 1988 when a consensus statement on the state of the science was drafted by an interdisciplinary expert panel (National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on UI) and in 1996, when the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, formerly AHCPR) published UI clinical practice guidelines, the dissemination and adoption of UI technologies has lagged well behind other geriatric syndrome initiatives such as fall prevention, restraint reduction, and pain assessment. In their opening comments describing a symposium covering recent changes in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) guidelines for management of UI, the authors note with incredulity and alarm that among the 500 attendees, not one was a medical director or physician. Tempering this observation with the suggestion that this might be an isolated incident, they question whether medical directors in long-term care (LTC) have abdicated leadership in this domain of care. In this thoughtful and comprehensive paper, the authors describe the new CMS interpretive guidelines and their evidence base, and suggest how medical directors can fulfill new obligations related to the quality of care of residents with UI or catheters in the current LTC context that amplifies their leadership role in developing and implementing resident care policies and practices. The new CMS guidelines combine former tags F-315 and F-316 into one (revised) tag, F-315, which contains interpretive guidelines, a new investigative protocol, and compliance and noncompliance criteria for residents with UI, urinary tract infection, or a urinary catheter. As a certified continence care specialist, I approached this paper with great interest and expectancy. Johnson and Ouslander provide a succinct summary of the key recommendations in the CMS UI guideline and compare the guideline with other evidencebased guidelines from AHRQ and the American Medical Directors Association (AMDA), and quality indicators from the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders Study (ACOVE). They also provide Web links to direct the reader to the CMS site on the new UI guidelines, to view the original text, as well as other Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) sites, and give directions on how to navigate. The authors provide a cogent summary of the current evidence for practice and concordance with other CPGs, and make recommendations for
Document delivery and full text from OCLC

OCLC offers its online users access to documents and full text in a variety of formats. This article focuses on the document delivery options offered by OCLC within FirstSearch, its end‐user online service. It also features NetFirst, a database from OCLC designed to direct users to quality resources on the Internet, as well as Electronic Journals Online. OCLC's Electronic Journals Online programme offers users access to the full text of a variety of STM journals, complete with full colour images, math‐sci notation, tables, charts, figures and hypertext links to references in bibliographic databases. A sidebar discusses the highlights of some recent OCLC market research on document delivery in academic, public and special libraries in the United States.
Thatcher's rise and fall: An institutional analysis of the Tory leadership selection process

Abstract In 1975 a relatively unknown Margaret Thatcher defeated then party leader Edward Heath, despite the predictions of observers who said that she possessed little support among the Conservative MPs. In 1990, Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, resigned her position as leader of the British Conservative Party, although she had received a majority of MP support in her party's leadership selection contest. In my study I show that two factors can account for these paradoxical outcomes: the electoral system and Hobbesian loyalty. Through its 15% rule and run-off procedure, the electoral system (a three-ballot run-off contest) seeks consensus candidates, or in other words, candidates who meet the Condorcet criterion. It also encourages ‘stalking horse’ candidates to run on the first ballot in an attempt to unseat the party leader. Second, a strand of Hobbesian loyalty exists among the MPs. Ministers with this Hobbesian trait vote for the party leader on the first ballot out of loyalty, causing an overstating of support for the party leader. This ‘rallying’ around the leader is quite ephemeral, and these Hobbesian MPs desert the leader after the first ballot. As such the party leader can achieve first-ballot majorities, which are not indicative of the true preferences of the MPs. The combination of these two factors is that, while the institutional rules favor a challenge to the party leader, the normative actions of the MPs favor the reelection of the party leader. The counter-intuitive finding of this analysis is that early majorities for the party leader (as for Thatcher in 1990) may actually hide the lack of a majority of support.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGGRESSION AND MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS

Summary.-The relationship between aggression and managerial effectiveness was investigated using a sample of 86 middle managers. Aggression was measured using the Personality Research Form, and superiors were asked to rate 86 middle-managers' effectiveness on five dimensions. Aggression of middle managers was positively correlated with group task accomplishment and managers' over-all effectiveness and negatively correlated with their potential for advancement to a top management position. The latter might indicate that superiors perceive a greater need for aggression at the middle-management level than at the executive level. Ability to lead and motivate subordinates was not related to aggression. The relationship between aggression and managerial effectiveness has never been resolved. It is still unclear whether aggression is a trait which enhances managerial effectiveness or impedes it. Porter and Ghiselli ( 1957) and Porter (1961) found that successful managers did not generally perceive themselves as being aggressive. In a study by Rosen and Jerdee ( 1973) using both undergraduate business students and bank supervisors, the effectiveness of an aggressive style of leadership was not upheld. Wollowick and McNamara (1969) found that aggressiveness was relatively unimportant in relation to managerial promotions. Bentz ( 1967 ) , in describing successful Sears executives, concluded that "Their strong power motive is tempered somewhat by consideration for other people, so that they are not likely to run roughshod over others in their efforts to gain success and renown." Brenner ( 1977) studied the relationship between managerial rank and the traits of aggression, achievement, dominance, and nurturance. Of the four traits, only aggression did not show any difference between managers and non-managers. On the other hand, Rawls and Rawls ( 1968), using the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, found that successful managers and executives made significantly higher scores on aggression than did less successful managers. Rawls and Rawls (1974) later showed that successful executives, successful college students, and successful child leaders were more aggressive than their less successful counterparts. Male students in management have been shown to perceive aggression as being an important trait for managerial success (Cecil, et al., 1973). Gaudreau (1975) found that female managers are more 'Request reprints from 0. C. Brenner, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
Effects of Elevated CO2 Atmosphere on Storage of Freshwater Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)

The effects of elevated CO2 levels on the keeping quality of cooked, freshwater crayfish was investigated. Experiments were conducted using an enriched atmosphere of 80% CO2:20% air compared to air storage at 4°C. Chemical and microbial changes were correlated with sensory panel evaluations of flavor, odor and texture. After 28 days of storage, the concentrations of ammonia and trimethylamine and total plate counts were lower in crayfish stored under carbon dioxide as compared to samples stored in air. The sensory panel found no significant difference between the odors of the samples stored in CO2 atmosphere for 21 days and fresh cooked crayfish, whereas samples stored in air were found to have significantly more fishy flavor and odor after 14 days of storage.
The establishment of an e-business strategy model from traditional theories

The growth of e-business presents companies with both opportunities and challenges. In this environment organisations need timely and sound e-business strategies. This paper, as a part of a research project, offers an e-business strategy model from long-standing traditional economic, accounting, and other related theories. This model can provide quantitative support for strategic decision making in an e-business. A short example of an empirical study is also given to show the potential use of the strategy model.
Measurements of the f-Values of the Resonance Transitions of Ni II at 1317.217 and 1370.132 Å

We have retrieved high-resolution UV spectra of 69 hot stars from the HST archive and determined the strengths of the interstellar Ni II absorption features at 1317.217 A arising from the ground 3d9 2D5/2 electronic state to the 3d8(1G)4p 2F excited level. We then compared them to absorptions to either the 3d8(3F)4p 2D or 3d8(3P)4p 2P upper levels occurring at, respectively, λ = 1741.553 A (covered in the spectra of 21 of the stars) and 1370.132 A (seen for the remaining 48 stars). All spectra were recorded by the either the E140M, E140H, or E230H gratings of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. By comparing the strengths of the two lines in each spectrum and evaluating a weighted average of all such comparisons, we have found that the f-value of the 1317 A line is 1.34 ± 0.019 times the one at 1741 A, and 0.971 ± 0.014 times the one at 1370 A. We adopt as a comparison standard an experimentally determined f-value for the 1741 A line (known to 10% accuracy), so that f(1317 ) = 0.0571 ± 0.006. It follows from this f-value and our measured line-strength ratios that f(1370 ) = 0.0588 ± 0.006. As an exercise to validate our methodology, we compared the 1317 A transition to another Ni II line at 1454.842 A to the 3d8(1D)4p 2D level and arrived at an f-value for the latter that is consistent with a previously measured experimental value to within the expected error.
Kinetics of sulfur labeling of Escherichia coli: formation of disulfide bonds and free N termini in the cellular proteins.

Abstract 1. An estimate has been made of the speed of protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli using disulfide bond formation as an index of the attainment of final protein conformation. After a period of starvation, the flow of replenished 35 SO 2− 4 was followed into cysteine associated with transfer RNA, and then into protein, initially in a reduced, alkylatable form. An average time period of approx. 30 sec is required for the attainment of stable SH:SS ratios in cellular protein, and includes in initial crest of unusually rapid maturation which is attributed to the completion of a backlog of partly completed protein. The average time period for attainment of final protein conformation concluded to be about 20 sec would also appear to encompass the time for polypeptide assembly. The results are consistent with the interpretation that proteins coil in their final conformation while the polypeptide is being elongated. 2. Other sources for the variation of SH:SS ratios of cellular protein have been examined. Towards the late stages of bacterial growth, the ratios rise appreciably, due to contributions of highly reduced proteins from the cell membranes. Although the reductive level of the cellular protein of growing cultures is unaffected by physiological perturbations during and after biosynthesis, the protein synthesized in old cultures can be transiently oxidized with cystine. 3. In a study of sulfur labeling of both the cysteine and methionine of cellular protein, a 30-sec lag period was observed for the initiated N termini of the cell protein to become unmasked and susceptible to alkylation. This is presumed to indicate excision of the N -formyl group of the methionine terminus, approximately within the time required for complete protein synthesis.
Rubens flap in salvage breast reconstruction

Not all patients presenting for breast reconstruction are candidates for the TRAM flap procedure. Patients requesting autologous reconstruction may have already had an abdominoplasty or TRAM flap and may be unsuitable for an autologous latissimus flap. Many of these women have lipodystrophy of the flank or hip areas, which provide suitable donor tissue for breast reconstruction. Taylor described the iliac crest composite flap for tibial reconstruction two decades ago. Hartrampf described the Rubens flap as a modification of this procedure, which provided a robust skin and fat flap suitable for microsurgical breast reconstruction. The learning curve for this procedure is fairly steep and carries relatively few complications once the pit falls have been mastered. Although experience with this flap has been limited primarily to a few centers, it does provide a very useful alternative to the gluteal free flaps for autologous breast reconstruction. The donor sight is aesthetically pleasing to patients and requires contralateral balancing procedures relatively infrequently.
Resident training level and quality of anesthesia care in a university hospital.

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between resident training and patient safety in anesthesia. A retrospective quality improvement database review was used to calculate the relative risk of any quality problem and specific types of quality problems (injury, escalation of care, or operational inefficiency) between anesthesia teams with CA1, CA2, and CA3 residents. It was expected that teams with less experienced residents (CA1) would have more frequent quality problems than teams with more experienced residents (CA2 and CA3 teams). Data showed that risk of injury did not differ between CA1, CA2, and CA3 teams. CA2 teams had higher rates of critical incidents and escalation of care than CA1 and CA3 teams and higher rates of operational inefficiency than CA3 teams. The CA2 yr is when residents move into specialty training, requiring more advanced skills and a larger knowledge base. Their higher relative risk for critical incidents, escalation of care, and operational inefficiencies may reflect lack of experience, uncertainty, and less skill mastery compared with CA3 residents. The higher inefficiency and escalation of care rates associated with CA2 teams may translate into larger costs for the institution.
Leadership: A synthesis of social skills, creativity, and histrionic ability?

Leadership is often conceptualized as social and cognitive skills. Histrionic or dramatic skill is also recognized by some researchers as fundamental to leadership. Leadership behavior, creative ability, and dramatic skill of 54 students were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between leadership and dramatic skills and between creativity and dramatics skills, but not between leadership and creativity.
Processor Allocation and Checkpoint Interval Selection in Cluster Computing Systems

Performance prediction of checkpointing systems in the presence of failures is a well-studied research area. While the literature abounds with performance models of checkpointing systems, none addresses the issue of selecting runtime parameters other than the optimal checkpointing interval. In particular, the issue of processor allocation is typically ignored. In this paper, we present a performance model for long-running parallel computations that execute with checkpointing enabled. We then discuss how it is relevant to today's parallel computing environments and software, and present case studies of using the model to select runtime parameters.
Systems analysis of alternative splicing and its regulation.

Alternative splicing (AS) has emerged as a key mechanism that accounts for gene expression diversity in metazoan organisms. Splicing is tightly regulated by a repertoire of RNA and protein factors and RNA sequence elements that function in a cooperative manner. Systems-level experimental and computational approaches have been instrumental in establishing comprehensive profiles of transcript variants generated by AS. In addition, systems biology approaches are starting to define how combinatorial splicing regulation shapes the complex splicing phenotypes observed in different tissue types and developmental stages and under different conditions. Here, we review recent progress in these areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Assessing technological productivity gains: Benson and Parker revisited

Organizations are constantly seeking productivity improvements through technology. But how do you define productivity and, most importantly, how is it measured in the information workplace? In today’s cost‐effective environment, it is often difficult to justify the implementation of technology without an adequate measure of its effectiveness. Prior to the information age, a simple cost‐benefit analysis was adequate justification for the purchase and implementation of new technology. In 1988 Benson and Parker devised a tool that can assist measuring information output (productivity). This paper reviews the methodology of the authors and the value added to performance with the implementation of technology to achieve productivity gains. The author also found that there is a strong correlation that exists between technology implementation, people and productivity. The paper concludes with a view of the importance of understanding risk factors involved in the implementation of technology to achieve added productivity gains.
Variance Component Testing in Unbalanced Nested Designs

Abstract The commonly used approximate F test for variance component testing in unbalanced nested designs was adapted from procedures developed for balanced cross classifications. However, in the unbalanced case, the analysis of variance mean squares generally are not independent or chi-square type variables, as assumed by the test procedure. Estimates of the test size disturbance introduced by employing the approximate procedure for selected unbalanced three-level nested designs indicate that the disturbances are small for a wide range of variance component ratios for extremely unbalanced design situations. Extensions to higher level unbalanced nested designs are discussed.
Requirements for growth and IL-10 expression of highly purified human T regulatory cells.

Human regulatory T cells (TR) cells have potential for the treatment of a variety of immune mediated diseases but the anergic phenotype of these cells makes them difficult to expand in vitro. We have examined the requirements for growth and cytokine expression from highly purified human TR cells, and correlated these findings with the signal transduction events of these cells. We demonstrate that these cells do not proliferate or secrete IL-10 even in the presence of high doses of IL-2. Stimulation with a superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody (clone 9.3) and IL-2 partially reversed the proliferative defect, and this correlated with reversal of the defective calcium mobilization in these cells. Dendritic cells were effective at promoting TR cell proliferation, and under these conditions the proliferative capacity of TR cells was comparable to conventional CD4 lymphocytes. Blocking TGF-β activity abrogated IL-10 expression from these cells, while addition of TGF-β resulted in IL-10 production. These data demonstrate that highly purified populations of TR cells are anergic even in the presence of high doses of IL-2. Furthermore, antigen presenting cells provide proper co-stimulation to overcome the anergic phenotype of TR cells, and under these conditions they are highly sensitive to IL-2. In addition, these data demonstrate for the first time that TGF-β is critical to enable human TR cells to express IL-10.
Identification and distribution of actin in spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa of the rabbit

Using a monoclonal antibody as a highly specific probe and a seminal particle-free fraction of rabbit ejaculated spermatozoa, actin has been localized in the postacrosomal region of mature rabbit spermatozoa. The sperm actin has been extracted and identified on two-dimensional PAGE immunoblots as a single spot of pI = 5.45 and Mr = 43,000. Rabbit sperm actin is present in a nonfilamentous form and is not removed by removing the plasma membrane. Unlike mature spermatozoa, however, filamentous actin is present in spermatogenic cells, as determined by rhodamine phalloidin staining. Starting as diffusely distributed in spermatocytes, actin accumulates in the subacrosomal space and appears as a band in conjunction with the developing acrosome. This band lengthens throughout the spermatid stage and becomes continuous with the postacrosomal region staining in testicular spermatozoa. Actin may therefore function during spermatogenesis to both shape the acrosome to the nucleus and to anchor inner acrosomal membrane proteins.
Correlation of manual screening and automated (AutoPap 300) analysis of conventional cervicovaginal smears with HPV typing using Digene HC II assay.

Efforts to improve the accuracy and efficacy of diagnosis of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions have prompted the development of new technologies, including several automated screening systems and human papillomavirus (HPV) hybrid capture assay. In this study of 89 conventional cervicovaginal (Papanicolaou [Pap]) smears, diagnoses based on manual screening are correlated with analyses by the AutoPap 300 primary screening system and results of the Digene HPV hybrid capture II assay. We found that (1) the AutoPap system did not “miss” (place in the “no further review” category) any of the high-risk HPV DNA positive cases, (2) quintile assignments by the AutoPap system did not reliably predict the presence or absence of high-risk HPV DNA, (3) cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) were associated with high-risk rather than low-risk HPV genotypes, (4) diagnoses of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and above were more frequent in smears from patients whose cervicovaginal specimens tested positive rather than negative for high-risk HPV DNA (37 of 45 vs 14 of 44) by the Digene HPV hybrid capture II assay, and (5) there was a high incidence of high-risk HPV DNA among women whose smears did not show cytomorphologic changes of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL). These findings emphasize that high-risk HPV DNA is an indication of risk for HGSIL, not the equivalent for it. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:256–261. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.