cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the rat Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE4 and localization in rat hippocampus.

The kinetics of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoform NHE4 were studied by measuring 22Na+ fluxes in stably transfected NHE-deficient fibroblasts. Unlike NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3, activation of this isoform is dependent on hyperosmolarity-induced cell shrinkage. It is virtually inactive at isosmolarity and most active at 490 mosM. When induced by cell shrinkage, NHE4 exhibits a sigmoidal response to increasing extracellular Na+ concentrations, suggesting allosteric or cooperative binding kinetics. In comparison, NHE1 and -3 exhibit hyperbolic velocity vs. extracellular Na+ concentration responses at both iso- and hyperosmolar conditions. Unlike NHE1 and NHE4, hyperosmolarity-induced cell shrinkage inhibits NHE3 activity in transfected fibroblasts, reducing maximum velocity by 40%, with no effect on binding affinity to extracellular Na+.NHE4 is relatively insensitive to inhibition by amiloride analogues in the order 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride > 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride ride > amiloride > 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride. Time-dependent inhibition of activity by cytochalasin D suggests a relationship between the actin cytoskeleton and regulation by cell shrinkage. By in situ hybridization of fixed tissues, NHE4 mRNA was found to be highly expressed in the cavi amnoni fields of rat hippocampus. The kinetics of this exchanger, when considered with its unusual tissue distribution in renal inner medullary collecting tubules and hippocampus, are-consistent with NHE4 having a specialized role in cell functions.
Gender: Anthropological Aspects

Having moved from the margins of anthropology to a position of centrality in the discipline, studies of gender now tend to focus on ethnographic and historical particularities and on interrelationships between gender and other aspects of society and culture, including prominently language and law, health and reproduction, religion, violence, and gender identity as a situated and performative accomplishment. The role of gender under conditions of regional and world historical change, such as postcolonial and postsocialist transformations, is a significant organizing principle in these lines of inquiry.
Mapping the Changes to a Health Information Service

ABSTRACTThis study used mapping software to assess the impact of changes made to a medical library’s outreach program, comparing the pattern of consumer and patient health information requests prior to and following the change. The study accomplished this by geocoding addresses of requests to the service from two time periods, importing these into Geographic Information Software, and then plotting the data on maps. Comparing the maps showed increased request density from specific geographic areas, an expanded geographic footprint from 20 to 38 counties, and evidence that outreach strategies pursued by the medical library increased patient and community engagement.
PPAR mRNA Levels Are Modified by Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid Restriction and Energy Restriction in the Brain and Liver of Growing Rats.

Background Without dietary sources of n-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) is the precursor for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). It is not known how energy restriction (ER) affects ALA conversion to DHA. Objective We tested the hypothesis that ER reduces n-3 LCPUFA concentrations in tissues of growing rats fed diets replete with and deficient in ALA. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (23 d old) were provided AIN93G diets (4 wk) made with soybean oil (SO; ALA sufficient) or corn oil (CO; ALA deficient) providing 16% of energy as fat. For each dietary oil, ER rats were individually pair-fed 75% of another rat's ad libitum (AL) intake. Fatty acid (FA) concentrations in brain regions, liver, and plasma were analyzed. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and mitochondrial DNA was analyzed in the brain and liver. Results AL rats consuming CO had a 65% lower concentration of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) and a 10% lower DHA concentration in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than did the SO-AL group. ER did not alter cerebral n-3 LCPUFA status. Liver n-3 LCPUFA concentrations were reduced in rats fed CO compared with SO. ER reduced hepatic linoleic acid (18:2n-6), ALA, and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) regardless of oil. ER and n-3 FA deficiency had independent effects on the mRNA levels of Pparα, Pparβ/δ, and Pparγ in the liver, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. ER reduced Ucp3 mRNA by nearly 50% in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and liver, and Ucp5 mRNA was 30% lower in the cerebellum of rats receiving the CO diet. Conclusions Small perturbations in PUFA concentration and ER modify the mRNA levels of Ppar and Ucp in the juvenile rat brain. More research is needed to identify the long-term physiologic and behavioral impacts of ER and PUFA restriction in the juvenile brain.
Abstract B64: CSF1R-dependent tumor-associated macrophages arise from bone marrow-derived monocytes and promote gastrointestinal stromal tumor development

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are densely infiltrated with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which we have previously shown to exhibit an M1, inflammatory phenotype in established, untreated tumors in mice and humans. Since TAMs in most tumors are reported to be M2, we sought to determine the role of TAMs in early GIST development and the mechanism of TAM recruitment. Methods: Genetically engineered KitV558del/+ mice that develop GIST were treated as adults and from birth with PLX5622, a small molecule inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Tumors were weighed and analyzed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Adoptive transfer experiments utilized tail vein injection of freshly harvested CD45.1+, CFSE-labeled bone marrow cells 2 days following withdrawal of CSF1R inhibition. Cell proliferation was determined by Ki67 staining. Results: Tumors from KitV558del/+ mice treated with PLX5622 from birth for 4 weeks showed an 85% reduction of TAMs and a 40% decrease in size (n=8/group, p Conclusion: Although TAMs infiltrating established GISTs in adult mice exhibit an M1-like, anti-tumor phenotype, newly recruited TAMs in tumor development or TAMs after CSF1R inhibition are relatively M2-like. Within the tumor, bone marrow-derived monocytes differentiate into CSF1R-dependent TAMs, which proliferate to fully repopulate the tumor. Citation Format: Michael J. Beckman, Michael Cavnar, Adrian Seifert, Juan Santamaria-Barria, Jennifer Zhang, Adam Levy, Ferdinand Rossi, Shan Zeng, Ronald P. DeMatteo. CSF1R-dependent tumor-associated macrophages arise from bone marrow-derived monocytes and promote gastrointestinal stromal tumor development. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B64.
In situ hydrodeoxygenation upgrading of pine sawdust bio-oil to hydrocarbon biofuel using Pd/C catalyst

Abstract Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is effective for upgrading bio-oil to biofuel. However, the upgrading cost increased due to the high consumption of external hydrogen. In this paper, the hydrogen generated from cheap water using zinc hydrolysis for in situ bio-oil HDO was reported. The effect of different temperatures (200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C) on bio-oil HDO over Pd/C catalyst was investigated in a batch reactor. The results show that 250 °C yielded biofuel with the highest heating value at 30.17 MJ/kg and the highest hydrocarbons content at 24.09%. Physicochemical properties including heating value, total acid number and chemical compositions of the produced biofuels improved significantly in comparison with that of the original bio-oil.
Lactate supplementation in severe traumatic brain injured adults by primed constant infusion of sodium L-lactate.

Carbohydrate fuel augmentation following traumatic brain injury may be a viable treatment to improve recovery when cerebral oxidative metabolism of glucose is depressed. We performed a primed constant sodium L-lactate infusion in 11 moderate to severely brain injured adults. Blood was collected before and periodically during the infusion study. We quantified global cerebral uptake of glucose and lactate and other systemic metabolites associated with energy metabolism. Our hypothesis was that cerebral lactate uptake, as measured by the arteriovenous difference of lactate (AVDlac), would increase in severely injured TBI patients in the neurocritical care unit. Infusion of sodium L-lactate changed net cerebral lactate release, where the arteriovenous difference of lactate is negative, to net cerebral lactate uptake. Results from a mixed effects model of AVDlac with the fixed effects of infusion time, arterial lactate concentration, arterial glucose concentration and arteriovenous difference of glucose shows that doubling arterial lactate concentration (from .92 to 1.84 mM) results in an increase in AVDlac from -.078 mM to .090 mM. We did not detect changes in systemic glucose during the course of the infusion study and observed significant changes in alanine (30% [20 39]), glutamine (34% [24 43]), acetate (87% [60 113]), valine (40% [28 51]), and leucine (24% [16 32]) from baseline levels. Further studies are required to establish the impact of lactate supplementation on cerebral and systemic flux of lactate, on gluconeogenesis, and on the impact on cerebral energetics following injury. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Design Hierarchy in a Linear Circuits Class to Illustrate the Scientific Method as a Human Invention

There are various ways to classify academic studies. One might make a “two cultures” division, separating academic studies into the humanities and sciences. Or one might have three divisions: humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Or one might choose to classify academic studies along the lines of traditional academic disciplines such as theology, law, art, music, economics, social studies, languages, political studies, history, psychology, biology, physics, chemistry, math, etc. In our era of global commerce, where does engineering fit in these types of classification? What should engineers study? In a 2008 presidential debate, candidate Barack Obama said that, “Ensuring that the U.S. continues to lead the world in science and technology will be a central priority for my administration.” Candidate John McCain said that public policy ought to be based upon sound science. (http://www.sciencedebate.org/debate08.html) Others might say they “believe in global warming” or “evolution,” or some other topic of current interest having a rather obvious basis in science. Why is there such agreement that science should be foundational in public policy? Specifically, how does science fit into an engineering education? Scientific theories are human formulations intended to describe and predict the behavior of the natural world around us. Engineering work relies on scientific theories to be sure, but also on many other academic disciplines. To train engineering students as “renaissance people” requires that our students understand engineering as a multidisciplinary subject and a human endeavor. Any engineering course ought to help students understand the breadth and depth of engineering. This paper illustrates some examples of how this can be done for a linear circuits class. Hopefully by seeing an example, the reader can generalize the ideas to other engineering courses. The hierarchical structure of engineering subjects, and specifically, linear circuits, naturally lends itself to an illustration of how the science of linear circuits is humanly constructed. The foundation of this science can be traced back to axioms. Some specific aspects of the scientific method that can be elaborated on in the context of linear circuits are the hierarchical nature of the scientific method, the axiomatic foundation of these hierarchies, the limited scope of scientific theories and its utilitarian goals, essentially to predict the future if given enough of the right information about the past and present. In contrast, the universe does not exist in hierarchies, it is wholistic, and always has unpredictable aspects. Linear circuits are also wholistic. When constructed and actually used they have limitations and even in some cases unpredicted behaviors which the scientific theories of linear circuits do not fully explain. Such understanding of the scientific method as a human invention is essential to relating ones engineering (or science) to the culture around us, so that our work is responsive to real needs and is recognizably beneficial.
Axonal Transport: The Mechanisms and Their Susceptibility to Derangement; Anterograde Transport

Among the nonimpulse-based mechanisms of the neuron, axoplasmic transport (or better termed neuroplasmic transport for it is not limited to axons) is one of the neuronal processes of potential significance to disease conditions. Further, axoplasmic transport is a special case of the general phenomena of intracellular movements — important to the normal functioning of all types of cells — and is not limited to neurons. Experimentation has shown that transport is vulnerable to derangement and such derangement may be the basis of certain neurological disorders.
Load-Sharing in Soft and Spiny Paws for a Large Climbing Robot

A novel end-effector is presented for a large climbing robot. The gripping surfaces are covered with sharp spines to achieve a high shear stress on rocky surfaces. Soft, flexure-based joints and the natural compliance of a particle-jamming pad in the palm allow the end-effector to conform to a variety of shapes without complex controls, while strong tendons and the application of vacuum to the palm create rigidity when applying loads of 250 N and greater. A differential mechanism distributes the force from a single actuator to the phalanges of the fingers, providing approximately equal tangential forces at each contact. The particle-jamming palm allows many spines to contact a rough surface, then becomes nearly rigid so that they share the load. Tests on instrumented surfaces confirm the predicted load-sharing of the fingers and performance of the palm.
Exercising with low muscle glycogen content increases fat oxidation and decreases endogenous, but not exogenous carbohydrate oxidation.

Abstract Background Initiating aerobic exercise with low muscle glycogen content promotes greater fat and less endogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. However, the extent exogenous carbohydrate oxidation increases when exercise is initiated with low muscle glycogen is unclear. Purpose Determine the effects of muscle glycogen content at the onset of exercise on whole-body and muscle substrate metabolism. Methods Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 men (mean ± SD, age: 21 ± 4 y; body mass: 83 ± 11 kg; VO2peak: 44 ± 3 mL/kg/min) completed 2 cycle ergometry glycogen depletion trials separated by 7-d, followed by a 24-h refeeding to elicit low (LOW; 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate, 3.0 g/kg fat) or adequate (AD; 6.0 g/kg carbohydrate, 1.0 g/kg fat) glycogen stores. Participants then performed 80 min of steady-state cycle ergometry (64 ± 3% VO2peak) while consuming a carbohydrate drink (95 g glucose +51 g fructose; 1.8 g/min). Substrate oxidation (g/min) was determined by indirect calorimetry and 13C. Muscle glycogen (mmol/kg dry weight), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, and gene expression were assessed in muscle. Results Initiating steady-state exercise with LOW (217 ± 103) or AD (396 ± 70; P 0.05) during exercise. Endogenous carbohydrate oxidation was lower and fat oxidation was higher in LOW (0.75 ± 0.29 and 0.55 ± 0.10) than AD (1.17 ± 0.29 and 0.38 ± 0.13; all P Conclusion Initiating exercise with low muscle glycogen does not impair exogenous carbohydrate oxidative capacity, rather, to compensate for lower endogenous carbohydrate oxidation acute adaptations lead to increased whole-body and skeletal muscle fat oxidation.
H∞ consensus synthesis of multiagent systems with nonuniform time-varying input delays: A dynamic IQC approach

Abstract In this chapter, we consider the problem of H ∞ consensus control of a class of weakly heterogeneous multiagent systems (MASs) subject to nonuniform time-varying input delays. The MAS is considered to be weakly heterogeneous in the sense that all the agents’ system matrices (except the “A” matrix) are nonidentical. A unifying scheme is proposed under the integral quadratic constraint (IQC) framework for both state- and output-feedback distributed control synthesis. Novel distributed observer-based delay control protocols are constructed using not only the relative estimation states from neighboring agents but also the local real-time information of time delays from the agent itself. It is shown that the consensus performance can be reached by solving the H ∞ stabilization problems for a set of independent linear fractional transformation systems, whose dimensions are equal to that of a single-agent plant plus the associated local IQC dynamics. Furthermore, the synthesis conditions guaranteeing optimal H ∞ consensus performance for both state- and output-feedback cases are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities, which can be solved effectively via convex optimization. A numerical example has been used to demonstrate the proposed approach.
The Many Roles of Empathy

Empathy plays many roles that have not previously been discussed. It can directly acquaint us with other people’s feelings/attitudes, but that enables it also to help us understand the world that others are responding to. A child can empathically take in their parents’ fear of bears and thereby come to learn non-inferentially that bears are dangerous. Empathy is also sensitive to the moral motivation of others and arguably then can serve as the “moral sense” that Francis Hutcheson had such difficulty defending. Finally, empathy plays a role in felicitous speech acts that speech act theory has never recognized. For example, assertion typically works as well as it does because the speaker’s confidence conveys itself empathically to the hearer, a fact that the speakers themselves are typically aware of. Charles Stevenson said that the feelings of someone making a value judgment can spread by contagion to hearers, but any sincere assertion involves confidence that can spread in this empathic manner. Other speech acts involve empathy in other ways.
Mixing memory and desire: why literature can’t forget the Great War: by Brian Kennedy, Alberta, Canada, Folklore Publishing, 2017, 287 pp., $19.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-9266-7726-2

More than one hundred years after the First World War, how are we remembering the conflict? With no veterans of the Great War left alive on the planet, who shall do the telling? How should we think...
Online Environment–Product Congruence: The Role of Experience and Product Consumption Type on Product Liking: An Abstract

In today’s online landscape, many retailers focus their home pages, not on the products that they sell, but on the environment in which their products are used. For example, The North Face, Inc. shows an image of a user wearing their product in front of an image of a mountain range, indicating to potential buyers that these products would be suited for the worst weather. Patagonia, Inc. shows their products being used by mountain climbers in a similar fashion, while Hot Hands® places a snowy mountain behind their product to indicate a popular scenario to use them. This raises the question, why would a manager want to focus their home page design on the environment within which a product is used, rather than on the details (e.g., benefits, technical specs) of the product itself? Put in a broader scope, how do online environment–product interactions affect consumers’ purchasing habits?
Mathematical modeling of transdermal drug delivery

Abstract This chapter examines the application of mathematical modeling to transdermal drug delivery. Several robust mathematical models for describing and predicting percutaneous drug delivery have been developed with the aim of reducing animal experiments. Mathematical modeling can also accelerate transdermal product design and provide more reliable safety assessment. In addition, mathematical equations can assist researchers in elucidating transdermal transport mechanisms. Several methods, including analytical and numerical statistical techniques such as finite element modeling, finite difference modeling, finite volume modeling as well as quantitative structure–permeation relationship modeling, are routinely used to characterize transdermal permeation. Diffusion models typically use Fick’s second law of diffusion to predict drug concentrations locally and temporally. Drug diffusion through a transdermal device and the skin can be regarded as Fickian transport through a simple homogeneous membrane or a heterogeneous multilayer membrane. Macroscopic models view the skin as a homogeneous region while more complicated microscopic models focus on the stratum corneum and regard it as corneocytes embedded in anisotropic lipid bilayers or a brick-and-mortar structure with impermeable or permeable corneocyte “bricks” immersed in an isotropic, homogeneous lipid phase “mortar.” Artificial neural network can also be used in transdermal drug delivery research to deal with certain mathematical modeling challenges especially those that cannot be solved with analytical methods.
Reflections on Charlie Gard and the Best Interests Standard From Both Sides of the Atlantic Ocean

Charlie Gard (August 4, 2016, to July 28, 2017) was an infant in the United Kingdom who was diagnosed with an encephalopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome caused by a mutation in the RRM2B gene. Charlie’s parents raised £1.3 million (∼$1.6 million US) on a crowdfunding platform to travel to New York to pursue experimental nucleoside bypass treatment, which was being used to treat a myopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome caused by mutations in a different gene (TK2). The case made international headlines about what was in Charlie’s best interest. In the medical ethics community, it raised the question of whether best interest serves as a guidance principle (a principle that provides substantive directions as to how decisions are to be made), an intervention principle (a principle specifying the conditions under which third parties are to intervene), both guidance and intervention, or neither. I show that the United Kingdom uses best interest as both guidance and intervention, and the United States uses best interest for neither. This explains why the decision to withdraw the ventilator without attempting nucleoside bypass treatment was the correct decision in the United Kingdom and why the opposite conclusion would have been reached in the United States.
The effects of offline events on online connective actions: An examination of #BoycottNFL using social network analysis

Abstract The proliferation of social media usage has changed the way individuals express public discourse regarding social issues. These expressions and interactions form a digitally networked connective action, where actors share information and ideas about a specific social issue absent of hierarchical leadership. Previous studies have proposed these connective actions are influenced by associated offline events but have neglected to examine the actors in the network and how the composition of the networks change. Through the lens of connective action logic, this research seeks to explore the effects of offline events on connective action participation and interactions between communities. Using content and social network analyses, this research examined #BoycottNFL, a connective action created to discontinue support of the National Football League. Findings suggest associated offline trigger events affect the diversity of actors participating in connective action and fostering interactions between actors and communities of diverse backgrounds. Implications are discussed in the context of organizational strategies for addressing social issues and harnessing the power of social media to transform connective actions.
Tissue-specific deformable image registration using a spatial-contextual filter.

Abstract Intensity-based deformable registration with spatial-invariant regularization generally fails when distinct motion exists across different types of tissues. The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a new regularization approach for deformable image registration that is tissue-specific and able to handle motion discontinuities. Our approach was built upon a Demons registration framework, and used the image context supplementing the original spatial constraint to regularize displacement vector fields in iterative image registration process. The new regularization was implemented as a spatial-contextual filter, which favors the motion vectors within the same tissue type but penalizes the motion vectors from different tissues. This approach was validated using five public lung cancer patients, each with 300 landmark pairs identified by a thoracic radiation oncologist. The mean and standard deviation of the landmark registration errors were 1.3 ± 0.8 mm, compared with those of 2.3 ± 2.9 mm using the original Demons algorithm. Particularly, for the case with the largest initial landmark displacement of 15 ± 9 mm, the modified Demons algorithm had a registration error of 1.3 ± 1.1 mm, while the original Demons algorithm had a registration error of 3.6 ± 5.9 mm. We also qualitatively evaluated the modified Demons algorithm using two difficult cases in our routine clinic: one lung case with large sliding motion and one head and neck case with large anatomical changes in air cavity. Visual evaluation on the deformed image created by the deformable image registration showed that the modified Demons algorithm achieved reasonable registration accuracy, but the original Demons algorithm produced distinct registration errors.
Salmonella Infection Blocks GC Development Via IL-12 Dependent Inhibition of T FH Differentiation

Germinal centers (GC) are crucial for the formation of long-lived humoral immunity. Many pathogens suppress GC, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), but the mechanisms driving suppression remain unknown. Using a mouse model of infection, we report that neither plasmablasts, nor even STm-specific B cells were required for GC suppression. Rather, we uncovered a failure in TFH differentiation preceding GC suppression. We identified that IL-12, but not IFN-γ, suppressed TFH differentiation T cell intrinsically. Administering recombinant IL-12 during NP-CGG immunization also suppressed TFH differentiation and GC B cells, indicating that IL-12 is sufficient to suppress TFH differentiation independent of STm infection. Therefore, IL-12 induced during STm infection in mice contributes to GC suppression via suppression of TFH differentiation. More broadly, these data suggest that IL-12 can tailor the proportions of humoral (TFH) and cellular (TH1) immunity to the infection, with implications for IL-12 targeting therapies in autoimmunity and vaccination.
On the CCA Compatibility of Public-Key Infrastructure

In this work, we put forth the notion of compatibility of any key generation or setup algorithm. We focus on the specific case of encryption, and say that a key generation algorithm \(\mathsf {KeyGen}\) is \(\mathsf {X}\text {-compatible}\) (for \(\mathsf {X} \in \{\mathsf {CPA},\mathsf {CCA1},\mathsf {CCA2}\}\)) if there exist encryption and decryption algorithms that together with \(\mathsf {KeyGen}\), result in an \(\mathsf {X}\)-secure public-key encryption scheme.
Swing: 2D and 3D Animation in Virtual Reality

Swing is a narrative film in virtual reality space combining 2D, 3D and 2.5D animation techniques. The story unfolds in overlapping acts that depict the internal and external struggles of a frustrated girl who is attempting and failing to swing on a playground swing. As she struggles with the swing, she imagines the demise of the children swinging successfully around her, and anger builds until she ends up taking it out on herself. When she finally hits rock bottom, she lets go, leans back and swings. A new perspective is found.
Chasing convex bodies with linear competitive ratio (invited paper)

The problem of chasing convex functions is easy to state: faced with a sequence of convex functions f t over d-dimensional Euclidean spaces, the goal of the algorithm is to output a point x t at each time, so that the sum of the function costs f t (x t ), plus the movement costs ||x t − x t − 1 || is minimized. This problem generalizes questions in online algorithms such as caching and the k-server problem. In 1994, Friedman and Linial posed the question of getting an algorithm with a competitive ratio that depends only on the dimension d. In this talk we give an O (d)-competitive algorithm, based on the notion of the Steiner point of a convex body.
The Penalty Clause & the Fourteenth Amendment’s Consistency on Universal Representation

Many judges and scholars have read Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment as evidence of the Constitution’s commitment to universal representation — the idea that representation should be afforded to everyone in the political community regardless of whether they happen to be eligible to vote. Typically, this analysis starts and stops with Section Two’s first clause, the Apportionment Clause, which provides that congressional seats are to be apportioned among the states on the basis of “the whole number of persons in each State.” Partly on this basis, the lead opinion in Evenwel v. Abbott rejected the argument that “One Person, One Vote” requires states to equalize the number of adult citizens when drawing legislative districts, affirming that states can draw districts with equal numbers of persons. But skeptics of the universal representation theory of the Fourteenth Amendment, most notably Justice Samuel Alito, have complained that this analysis is flawed because it ignores Section Two’s less-known and never-enforced second clause: the Penalty Clause. Under the Penalty Clause, states that deny or abridge the right to vote of otherwise qualified citizens are penalized with a reduction of their congressional representation. Any theory of representation from the Fourteenth Amendment, the skeptics argue, must grapple with all of Section Two. This Essay takes up that call and explains how the Penalty Clause is not only consistent with but reinforces the Fourteenth Amendment’s broader commitment to universal representation. Contrary to common misconceptions about the Penalty Clause, the Clause is structured so that the state as a whole loses representation in Congress, but no individual within the state is denied representation. In other words, the Penalty Clause does nothing to upend Section Two’s advancement of universal representation. If anything, the Penalty Clause actually reinforces Section Two’s commitment. By reducing a state’s representation proportionally, it contemplates the representational interests of nonvoters, a key feature of the universal representation theory. The Evenwel majority’s reading of Section Two is correct. Section Two counts and represents everyone — and the Penalty Clause does nothing to change that.
Conservation of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum of light in second-harmonic generation

By generating the second-harmonic of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum light, conservation of transverse orbital angular momentum is observed, while the topology of such second-harmonic pulses can be modified by complex spatiotemporal astigmatism.
Using systemic interventions to reduce intimate partner violence or child maltreatment: A systematic review of publications between 2010 and 2019.

This systematic review seeks to understand the effectiveness of systemic interventions to reduce Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or child maltreatment published between January 2010 and December 2019. We found nine studies reviewing systemic interventions for IPV and 12 studies reviewing systemic interventions for child maltreatment. In our discussion, we added relevant articles published before 2010 to determine the overall state of the evidence for these interventions. We determined that parent training programs with in vivo coaching components for child maltreatment meet the criteria for well-established interventions. Relationship education approaches are probably efficacious. Parent education and family therapy programs to reduce child maltreatment, and cognitive behavioral couples treatment to reduce IPV are possibly efficacious interventions. Programs based on "naturalistic" couples therapy for IPV are experimental interventions. This review also highlights limitations in this research in addressing the needs of marginalized couples and families.
Aspects of the Theory of Systems

System theory is a premier application of linear algebra. It is concerned with developing, applying, and understanding the properties of mathematical models of dynamic systems. Although “multidimensional systems” have been an important and rich object of study, system theory has historically maintained a mathematical perspective that ignores the complexities of true physical dimensionality. The expression multidimensional system has been used to signify the quantity, not quality, of the signal components.
The Therapeutic Interaction in Psychotherapy Integration

In this chapter, I will examine the ways in which the relationship between therapist and patient has been studied and understood within the context of the progress in psychotherapy integration which has been reported by the contributors to this handbook. In particular, this discussion will be centered upon the commonalities within the discrete approaches to the therapeutic interaction which are overt or implicit. Such convergence in theory and practice concerning this central aspect of psychotherapy may point the way at some time in the future to an integrated psychotherapy or group of therapies. It is the rare student of therapy who would disagree with the notion that the interactive or interpersonal aspect of psychotherapy is critical at the levels of theory, observation, clinical understanding, and intervention.
Reading Motion: Coleridge's “Free Spirit” and its Medical Background

This essay examines Coleridge's concern for the free and continuous motion of the mind in the act of reading, placing that concern in relation to its background at the intersection of Enlightenment medicine and empiricist aesthetics. While these overlapping sciences shared the same therapeutic-aesthetic ideal of an equilibrium between the external forces acting upon the body and the internal motions at work within it – or what Kames's Elements of Criticism called the “happy adjustment of the internal nature of man to his external circumstances” – medicine in particular was alert to the precarious ecology between persons and their external environments, which included their cultural, political, and social history as much as their spatial surroundings. Disease, which for the doctor manifested as a disturbance of corporeal motion, signaled the difficulty of accommodating men to their circumstances, the point at which historicity clashed with physiology and became perceptible in it. Analyzing Coleridge's inhe...
Group II Introns

The self-splicing group II introns are among the largest naturally occurring ribozymes and have been found primarily in organellar genomes of plants, fungi, bacteria, proteobacteria, and blue algae. More recently, a group II intron was found in a primitive metazoan. More than 200 different group II introns have been identified to date. All group II introns have a conserved secondary structure composed of six stem-loop structures termed domains D1–D6, which are arranged around a central wheel and provide distinct contributions to intron function. Group II introns catalyze their own excision from pre-RNA by two consecutive transesterifications and concomitant splicing of the flanking exons. The reaction requires Mg2+ ions, which are directly involved in catalysis and are also needed for proper folding of the intron. Intriguingly, group II introns share several mechanistic and structural features with the eukaryotic spliceosome, which suggests an evolutionary relationship. In vivo, group II intron splicing is generally assisted by proteins. With the help of proteins, some group II introns can also reverse the splicing reaction and integrate themselves into target genomes; this process resembles transposition of non-LTR retrotransposons and can be exploited for biotechnological applications.
Comparison of the Amino Acid Sequence of Bovine α-Lactalbumin and Hens Egg White Lysozyme

A partial sequence for α-lactalbumin, one of the two proteins of lactose synthetase, has been established. This sequence includes the exact position of all but 15 of the 123 residues in the molecule, and two of the four disulfide bonds. This partial structure shows that α-lactalbumin has a close structural similarity to hens egg white lysozyme. When the sequences of the two proteins are aligned, 40 residues in α-lactalbumin are identical with corresponding residues in lysozyme. An additional 27 residues at corresponding positions are chemically similar. From these observations it is concluded that the genes for α-lactalbumin and egg white lysozyme are derived from a common ancestor. It is proposed that an ancestral gene which controlled the sequence of a lysozyme-like enzyme duplicated, and the duplicate genes evolved independently giving rise to the genes for α-lactalbumin and the lysozymes.
Merging of cubes of distinct weights to minimize a multivalued logic function

A method amenable to computer programming is presented for minimizing the total amount of hardware required for realizing a partially specified multivalued logic function. The method modifies the Pomper-Armstrong algorithm (1981) for obtaining a direct cover for the function in three distinct ways. Then it extends each extendable cube in the cover toward every one of its vertices, whenever possible, so as to excite it maximally. Finally, instead of realizing a cube in the cover individually, it attempts to realize a number of cubes collectively whenever they have some specified properties. The proposed method yields an almost-minimal circuit. >
TWO EXAMPLES CONCERNING EXTENDABLE AND ALMOST CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

The main purpose of this paper is to describe two examples. The first is that of an almost continuous, Baire class two, non-extendable function $f\colon[0,1]\to[0,1]$ with a $G_\delta$ graph. This answers a question of Gibson [15]. The second example is that of a connectivity function $F\colon\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}$ with dense graph such that $F^{-1}(0)$ is contained in a countable union of straight lines. This easily implies the existence of an extendable function $f\colon\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ with dense graph such that $f^{-1}(0)$ is countable. We also give a sufficient condition for a Darboux function $f\colon[0,1]\to[0,1]$ with a $G_\delta$ graph whose closure is bilaterally dense in itself to be quasi-continuous and extendable.
BioPortal: an integrated infectious disease information sharing and analysis environment

We present the BioPortal system, an integrated cross-jurisdictional data sharing and analysis environment to facilitate detection, prevention, and management of infectious disease outbreaks.
Gaps in Guideline-Concordant Use of Diagnostic Tests Among Lung Cancer Patients

Background Practice guidelines recommend routine use of pulmonary function tests (PFTs), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) for the workup of resectable lung cancer patients. Little is known about the frequency of guideline concordance in routine practice. Methods A cohort study (2007 to 2013) of 15,951 lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy or pneumonectomy was conducted with MarketScan, a claims database of individuals with employer-provided health insurance. Guideline concordance was defined by claims for PFT within 180 days of resection and for CT and PET within 90 days of resection. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate temporal trends, patient characteristics, and costs associated with guideline-concordant care. Results Overall, 61% of patients received guideline-concordant care, increasing from 57% in 2007 to 66% in 2013 ( p p p p p Conclusions Forty percent of lung cancer patients treated with surgical procedures did not receive recommended noninvasive cancer staging and physiologic assessment before resection. Guideline concordance was associated with repeat testing, and repeat testing was associated with higher costs. These findings support the need for quality improvement interventions that can increase guideline concordance while curbing potential excess use of diagnostic tests.
International politics: as it is, as it might be

I imagine an IR that (1) begins with conquest and the colonial experience, instead of Westphalia, (2) focuses attention on thinking and feeling IR; and (3) sees contemporary neo–neo debates as trapped within fractures in the enlightenment vision that we need to move beyond.
Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling for Microbial Food Safety Applications in the Meat Industry: A Review

Temperature is an important factor affecting microbial growth in meat products, and hence the most controlled and monitored parameter for food safety in the meat industry. In the last few decades, modeling of heat and mass transfer in products has gained special attention in the meat industry as it can be integrated with predictive microbial models, and eventually with risk assessment models. Thus, heat and mass transfer models can be used as practical tools to assess microbial safety of meat products quantitatively, especially in the event of unexpected processing issues such as thermal processing deviations. This manuscript reviews research efforts related to heat and mass transfer modeling in meat products that have been published in recent years. It synthesizes the main ideas behind modeling of thermal processing in the meat industry encompassing common considerations and techniques. This review specially emphasizes in research efforts that have been oriented to industrial applications, and can be potentially integrated with food safety tools. Literature indicates that despite great advances in the field, there are several challenges that persist and the scientific community must address them to develop models applicable to the meat industry.
Identification and characterization of a novel OCA-B isoform. implications for a role in B cell signaling pathways.

Abstract OCA-B is a B lymphocyte–specific transcription coactivator that mediates tissue- and stage-restricted transcription of immunoglobulin genes. Earlier genetic studies revealed that OCA-B is essential for germinal center formation and production of secondary immunoglobulin isotypes. Biochemically purified OCA-B contains p35 and p34 isoforms, and a further analysis has now revealed that p35 is derived from a newly found isoform, p40. More importantly, it has been found that p35 is myristoylated in vivo and that this leads to dramatic changes (including localization to membrane compartments) in its properties. These results suggest that the p35 isoform of OCA-B has functions distinct from those of the nuclear p34 and that it might be a component of a signaling pathway that is required for late-stage B cell development.
TNF-α/NF-κB/Snail pathway in cancer cell migration and invasion

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an important inflammatory factor that acts as a master switch in establishing an intricate link between inflammation and cancer. A wide variety of evidence has pointed to a critical role of TNF-α in tumour proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. The function of TNF-α as a key regulator of the tumour microenvironment is well recognised. We will emphasise the contribution of TNF-α and the nuclear factor-κB pathway on tumour cell invasion and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying inflammation-mediated metastasis will reveal new therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
Managing Bluetooth risks in the workplace

Bluetooth technology (BT) and the inherent security vulnerabilities it introduces into business domains are often overlooked when security policies are developed. While organizations spend the lion's share of their IT budgets on Intrusion Prevention/Detection Systems (IPS/IDS) to protect their wired networks and Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology to secure wireless data in motion (DIM), Bluetooth security is often disregarded. However, the International Data Corporation (IDC) projected that global Bluetooth short-wave wire semiconductor revenue will triple from $1.7 billion in 2007, to $3.3 billion by 2012 [1]. After a brief history of Bluetooth technology, researchers will examine how Bluetooth works, its vulnerabilities, and how these vulnerabilities can be exploited.
Vibrational spectra of transition metal complexes of tetraphenylporphine

Abstract The far i.r. spectra of tetraphenylporphine complexes of Pd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ag(II) and Zn(II) have been obtained. In order to aid in the assignment of the metal-nitrogen vibrations the metal isotope technique has been applied to the Ni, Cu, and Zn complexes. Vibrations containing contributions from the metal-nitrogen stretching coordinate have been assigned based on these metal isotope data and the results of a normal coordinate analysis of Zn(II)-porphine. The variation of the frequencies of the major bands is shown to be dependent upon the number of d electrons and is explained on the basis of ligand field stabilization energy.
Designer-level verification: an industrial experience story

Designer-level verification (DLV) is now widely accepted as a necessary practice in the hardware industry. More than ever, logic designers are held responsible for the initial validation of modules they develop, before these are released to systematic verification. DLV requires specific tools and methods adapted for designers, who are not full-time verification experts. We present user experience stories and usage statistics, describing how DLV has been practiced in our company, using a dedicated tool developed for this purpose. A typical pattern that emerges is of designers devoting short, fragmented time periods to DLV work, interleaved with other logic development tasks. We observe that the deployed DLV tool supports this mode of work, since it is simple and intuitive. This demonstrates that a suitable tool can help DLV become an integral part of a logic design project.
The sequence of human caveolin reveals identity with VIP21, a component of transport vesicles.

Abstract Caveolin is a protein present in membrane specializations termed caveolae where it may play a structural role. Previous studies on the cDNA sequence of chicken caveolin demonstrated that it is an integral membrane protein without significant homology to any known protein. The cDNA sequence of human lung caveolin is presented here. A striking sequence homology is observed with the chicken protein, as well as a very recently reported protein termed VIP21 [(1992) J. Cell Biol. 118, 1003–1014], a putative vesicle transport protein isolated from MDCK cells. Genomic Southern blots suggest that caveolin is present in a single copy, and Northern blots confirm that the caveolin mRNA is elevated in muscle.