cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Performance of Caged Turkeys as Affected by Age, Bird Density and Dietary Phosphorus

Abstract Reproductive performance of young Beltsville Small White hens, housed 1, 2 or 3 birds per cage and fed diets containing 0.38% phosphorus from plant sources only, was compared with hens similarly housed and fed diets with 0.75% total phosphorus. Two groups of older hens (22 months of age) were force-molted and fed diets with or without supplemental phosphorus. A significant improvement in egg production and hatch of fertile eggs was observed from the addition of supplemental phosphorus in the diet, but no significant effect was found as a result of age or bird density. Fertility was not affected by dietary phosphorus.
An automated statistical analysis approach to noise reduction for photon-counting lidar systems

Satellite-based and airborne lidar instrumentation has been demonstrated to be a strategic tool in increasing our understanding of Earth's polar cryosphere, specifically that of total mass balance, which is a significant factor in estimating sea level rise due to climate change. The Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) will provide accurate estimates of local glacial topographical changes with increased measurement precision and change detection capability. Measurements obtained from the airborne Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) instrument, an experimental photon-counting lidar - which uses multiple transmit/receive beams to resolve cross-track slope and elevation changes - are critical to project scientists to develop algorithms that will be used for the upcoming ICESat-2 mission. To aid in this effort, a new noise reduction technique has been developed. The general approach is to 1) divide the received photons into bins, 2) calculate the mode for each bin, and 3) compare each photon elevation to the mode for that bin, retaining only those photons that fall within a set threshold. Because the proposed technique uses statistical analysis to separate the surface elevation photons from the solar background photons, finding the surface return is computationally very light, making it ideal for large data sets, such as those associated with photon-counting lidars.
Screening tests for argininosuccinic aciduria, orotic aciduria, and other inherited enzyme deficiencies using dried blood specimens

Screening tests have been devised to detect the catalytic activities of at least 19 enzymes, primarily of the Emden-Meyerhof pathway, in normal blood specimens collected and dried on filter paper. Since these specimens can be mailed to a laboratory for assay, such screening tests may be useful in detecting individuals with inborn errors of metabolism among large populations or in certain types of genetic studies. Two new screening tests, for argininosuccinic aciduria and orotic aciduria, have been devised. These tests detect the normal enzyme activity in erythrocytes by means of a visible growth response of bacterial auxotrophs when nonutilizable substrates are converted by the enzymes into growth-promoting products. The use of the dried blood specimen in gel electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic procedures for genetic studies is also described.
Spatial‐Frequency‐Tuned Markers and Adaptive Correction for Rotational Motion

A common type of motion present in clinical magnetic resonance imaging examinations is rotational motion, such as that due to voluntary motion during head examinations. The correction scheme presented in this work offers a method for eliminating the effects of rotations within the imaging plane. Integral to the implementation of this technique is the concept and design of spatial-frequency-tuned markers, which are used to track the rotational motion. These studies showed that it is possible to accurately track the motion, measuring both axis and angle of rotation, and use this information to retrospectively correct the acquired images. These markers can also provide information about any translational motion present. The resulting images show a marked decrease in artifacts and improved clarity.
S/390 parallel enterprise server CMOS cryptographic coprocessor

As the Internet becomes the basis for electronic commerce, and as more businesses automate their data processing operations, the potential for unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data increases. On-line databases are becoming increasingly large and complex. Sensitive data is transmitted on communication lines and often stored off-line. As a result, the efficient, economical protection of enterprise-critical information is becoming increasingly important in many diverse application environments. The protection required to conduct commerce on the Internet, provide data confidentiality, and provide user authentication can be achieved only by cryptographic services and techniques. The high-speed, physically secure IBM S/390® CMOS Cryptographic Coprocessor for S/390 Parallel Enterprise Servers™, together with the IBM Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility (ICSF), an IBM licensed program for the OS/390® operating system, provides the ability to encrypt and decrypt data, generate and manage cryptographic keys, perform PIN operations, and perform other cryptographic functions dealing with data integrity, digital signatures, and key exchange.
A Graph-Based Method for Mechanical Product Family Modeling and Functional Tolerancing

To meet the needs for product variety, many companies are shifting from a mass production mode to mass customization, which demands quick response to the needs of individual customers with high quality and low costs. One of the key elements of mass customization is that the product family can share some modules. The multifunction nature of mechanical components necessitates designers to redesign them each time a component’s function changes. This is the main obstacle to the practical mechanical product family modeling. In this paper, a graph grammar based mechanical product family modeling method is proposed. The other issue that is studied in this paper is tolerancing, which is a critical part of the product design process because it is intimately related to a product’s quality and costs. A functional tolerance specification method, called the mirror method, is proposed to provide guidelines for the component’s datum reference frame construction and generic and uniform functional tolerance specifications.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Havardic acids A-F and havardiol, labdane diterpenoids from Grindelia havardii

Abstract Seven new labdane diterpenoids, designated as havardic acids A-F (as methyl esters) and havardiol, have been obtained from the dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Grindelia havardii , and their structures have been deduced on the basis of NMR, MS and IR data. Havardic acid E has lost carbons-14 and -15, whereas havardic acid F and havardiol have lost carbon-17.
Fragile X syndrome: The molecular picture comes into focus

Abstract Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common human genetic diseases. It is characterized by a fragile site on the X chromosome, and the DNA that gives rise to the fragile site has now been cloned and characterized. This has resulted in the discovery of a new genetic element, a heritable unstable DNA sequence, and a new genetic mechanism, dynamic mutation.
Josephson interference phenomena above Tc.

Superconducting fluctuations induce remnants of the Josephson effect above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. To explore this, we consider a paraconducting cylinder, composed of two thin films connected by tunnel junctions, and threaded by magnetic flux. The electrical conductance includes a component that is an oscillatory function of the flux, having an amplitude proportional to the square of the Josephson coupling, and decaying exponentially with the circumference over a length scale \ensuremath{\xi}(T). We estimate the typical magnitude of this effect, and contrast it with related mesoscopic effects in normal-metal systems.
Using self- and identity-regulation to promote health: Promises and challenges

Self/identity-regulation can have important consequences for a wide variety of health outcomes. In this paper, we review how self/identity-regulation can both promote and undermine health. We also discuss ways in which research and theory on self/identity-regulation can engage traditional models of health behavior, prompting new research questions as well as promising approaches to daunting health problems. Finally, we consider several challenges to extending the impact and application of self/identity-regulation processes to health (e.g., developing easy to implement interventions, testing of theories in different populations and with different diseases) and identify several important questions that are ripe for future consideration (e.g., the role of self/identity-regulation in chronic diseases and in understanding new platforms and tools for health interventions).
Succinct representation of general unlabeled graphs

Abstract We show that general unlabeled graphs on n nodes can be represented by (n2) − n log2 n + O(n) bits which is optimal up to the O(n) term. Both the encoding and decoding require linear time.
The Ombudsman Program: an overview of the history, purpose, and role of ombudsmen in long-term care facilities.

Long-term care ombudsman programs were established by Congress in the early 1970s to provide a community presence in long-term care facilities. Ombudsmen are advocates who identify, investigate, and resolve individual and systems level complaints that affect residents in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. This article provides an overview of the program and addresses ways in which ombudsmen can work with long-term care physicians and nurses as addressed by the following scenario. An elderly nursing home resident is anxious about the uncaring attitude and impatience shown by one of the nursing assistants providing care. She is afraid to say anything for fear of retaliation, but one day decides to talk to the local ombudsman who is visiting the facility. As an advocate for long-term care residents, the ombudsman assures her that anything she says is in confidence. In listening to more residents, the ombudsman learns that several are afraid of this particular aide, and the ombudsman meets with the charge nurse who assures her that she will follow up with the director of nursing. The in-service coordinator conducts sessions on stress reduction and abuse prevention, and the ombudsman talks to the resident council about resident rights. The ombudsman continues to monitor the situation until it improves. Events like this are happening every day with the help of the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program, as dedicated people volunteer their time to make a difference in the quality of care and lives of residents in long-term care facilities throughout the country. WHAT IS THE OMBUDSMAN PROGRAM?
Ferro tale: electromagnetic animation interface

In this video we demonstrate the idea and the prototype of an electromagnetic animation interface, ferro tale. Ferromagnetic particles, such as iron filings, have very fascinating characteristics. Therefore they are widely used in art, education and as toys. Besides their potential to enable visual and tactile feedback and to be used as a medium for high resolution tangible input, peoples natural desire to engage and explore the behavior of this material makes them interesting for HCI. Inspired by the expressiveness of sand drawing, we want to explore ways to use an electromagnetic array, camera feedback, computer vision, and ferromagnetic particles to produce animations. The currently used magnetic actuation device consists of a 3 by 3 coil array. Even with such a small number of actuators, we are able demonstrate several animation examples.
Bulk-sensitive XAS characterization of light elements: from X-ray Raman scattering to X-ray Raman spectroscopy

X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful tool for element-specific characterization of local structure and chemistry. Although application of XAS in the hard X-ray region is now routine, the soft X-ray region (containing light-element K-edges) presents a number of experimental problems. Most of the difficulties, including surface sensitivity, restricted sample environments, and radiation damage, stem from the submicron path lengths of soft X-rays and/or electrons. X-Ray Raman scattering (XRS) provides a means for obtaining the information content of soft X-ray spectra while maintaining the experimental benefits of hard X-ray techniques. In the XRS process, an incident photon is inelastically scattered and part of its energy is transferred to excite an inner shell electron into an unoccupied state. Under the dipole approximation, the resulting features are identical to the corresponding XAS spectrum. In the past, the extremely low cross-section of XRS has made this technique impractical, but intense new X-ray facilities and improvements in X-ray optics have helped to put XRS on the brink of becoming a routine spectroscopic tool. At present, high-quality X-ray Raman spectra can be obtained in minutes to hours. X-Ray Raman spectroscopy thus represents a hard X-ray alternative to conventional XAS techniques in the study of systems with light elements, including C, N and O. In this review we describe the technique, present examples of recent work, and discuss the prospects for the future.
Seaward terminus of the Vashon continental glacier in the strait of Juan de Fuca

Abstract The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the major marine connection between the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound. The oldest sediments collected from the strait range from 21,000 to greater than 30,000 years B.P., and the texture and foraminifera indicate that these deposits were laid down in a quiet-water, shallow estuarine environment during the Olympia Interglaciation. Overlying these deposits are glaciomarine-like sediments consisting of ice-rafted pebbles in a fine-grained matrix, and foraminifera ranging from estuarine species at the base of the unit to marine species near the top. The age of this unit (17,000 to greater than 21,500 years B.P.) corresponds with the advance of Vashon continental ice into Puget Sound. The salinity change evidenced within the unit is related either to a relative rise in sea level or to an intrusion of salt water along the bottom of the strait as a result of increased fresh water outflow from the ice. There is no sedimentary evidence that the Vashon “Juan de Fuca” ice lobe penetrated to the Pacific Ocean as previously postulated. Instead it appears likely that the Vashon ice was halted in the easternmost portion of the strait and formed a series of terminal and recessional moraines. Later, as the Vashon ice retreated from the Puget Sound region, large isostatically depressed basins in this area were invaded by marine waters coming through the strait. These broad quiet basins received great quantities of glaciomarine sediment from the retreating ice. In the Strait of Juan de Fuca, however, the tidal currents were greatly increased as the larger tidal prism associated with the depressed basin area was forced to flush through the narrow strait. Consequently, in the strait, only the coarsest fraction of the sediment was deposited during the retreat of the ice.
Frequency aware economic dispatch

In this paper we propose a unified economic dispatch and frequency control framework for power systems with an increasing amount of intermittent resources such as wind and solar. While the conventional hierarchies of power system decision and control are based on the time-scale separation principles (e.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary control), the increasing penetration of variable and uncertain resources may render the assumption of time-scale separation invalid. Therefore, the decision and control obtained from the conventional hierarchies will be suboptimal in its nature. In this paper, a model-based joint economic dispatch and frequency control scheme is proposed to improve the efficiency of generation control under the new set of assumptions. Enabled by advances in faster and cheaper sensing, communication, and computing capabilities, the proposed frequency aware economic dispatch (FAED) is readily implementable for today's power system operations. In a two-area test system simulation, we illustrate that the proposed FAED complies with the present frequency performance criteria and reduces the total generation cost.
Paraeducators in Physical Education

Abstract The trend toward increased inclusion has created the need for greater instructor support. Paraeducators, long used in the classroom, can fill this need in physical education.
Stopping rate of negative cosmic-ray muons near sea level

A production rate of 0.065 + or - 0.003 Ar-37 atom/kg min of K-39 at 2-mwe depth below sea level was measured by sweeping argon from potassium solutions. This rate is unaffected by surrounding the solution by paraffin and is attributed to negative muon captures and the electromagnetic interaction of fast muons, and not to nucleonic cosmic ray component. The Ar-37 yield from K-39 by the stopping of negative muons in a muon beam of a synchrocyclotron was measured to be 8.5 + or - 1.7%. The stopping rate of negative cosmic ray muons at 2-mwe depth below sea level from these measurements and an estimated 17% electromagnetic production is 0.63 + or - 0.13 muon(-)/kg min. Previous measurements on the muon stopping rate vary by a factor of 5. Our value is slightly higher but is consistent with two previous high values. The sensitivity of the Ar-37 radiochemical method for the detection of muons is considerably higher than that of the previous radiochemical methods and could be used to measure the negative muon capture rates at greater depths.
RESPONSES FROM THE FIRST ORDER NEURONS OF THE HORIZONTAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL IN THE PIGEON

Abstract The discharge patterns of the primary vestibular afferents of the anesthetized pigeon were studied. The mean resting discharge of these cells is similar to that reported for mammals. Neurons varied with respect to rate and regularity of resting discharge. It was found that the higher the mean rate the more regular the resting discharge. Depolarizing currents directly applied to the ampulla of the horizontal canal decrease the coefficient of variation (C.V.), indicating greater regularity of response, while hyperpolarizing currents increase the C.V. indicating greater irregularity of the response. Similar results were obtained with caloric stimulation directly applied to the canal. Rotational stimulation was used to study changes in sensitivity of the cells when its discharge level was biased by means of caloric or galvanic stimulation. Some cells showed an increase in sensitivity as the biased rate was increased by galvanic stimulation and a decrease as the biased rate was decreased. The same relationship held for caloric stimulation. Other cells showed the reverse relationship.
Contrasting genotypes, soil amendments, and their interactive effects on short-term total soil CO2 efflux in a 3-year-old Pinus taeda L. plantation

Intensively managed pine forests in the southeastern United States are considered an important C sink and may play a critical role in offsetting increased global CO2 emissions. The combination of improved silvicultural methods and the use of superior genotypes are estimated to result in future volume gains of up to 60 percent. However to date, no work has looked at whether selection of elite genotypes could influence soil C dynamics, which could decrease the time necessary for the stand to function as a C sink. We evaluated the effects of contrasting loblolly pine genotypes on total soil surface CO2 efflux (FS) and heterotrophic respiration (RH) under two soil amendment treatments: 1.) fertilization and 2.) logging residue (LR) incorporation. We found an immediate and sustained difference in FS (p ¼ 0.05) and RH (p < 0.01) among our two genotypes throughout the first two years of stand development. Our soil amendment treatments did not significantly change FS, but did influence RH. LR increased (p ¼ 0.05) RH while N and P fertilization induced a slight (p ¼ 0.06) decrease throughout the study. Our genotypes differed (p ¼ 0.05) in their temperature response of FS, which resulted in an 11% difference in total cumulative C loss from the soil over the duration of the study. We hypothesize that observed treatment effects in FS and RH are largely due to differences in belowground C allocation among genotypes, which is supported by others that have looked at fine-root standing crop and turnover on these same genotypes. This work underscores the importance of accounting for differences among genotypes when developing stand-level C estimates.
Awakening Spirits: The Ontology of Spirit, Self, and Society in Ndau Spirit Possession Practices in Zimbabwe

In the Ndau communities of southeastern Zimbabwe people are born with a variety of spirits, thus spirit possession itself is a public manifestation of this relationship that is profoundly affected by local understandings of the Ndau self. There has often been an implication in the study of African (and Zimbabwean) spirit practices that the spirits themselves are actually something else, reflecting the agnostic assumptions of contemporary social sciences. By approaching spirit possession in relation to the Ndau sense of self, I offer an approach that reconciles the seemingly contradictory evaluations of spiritual truth inherent in local explanations of mediums and these scholarly explanations. Approaching possession as an intersubjective habit of the self accommodates local regimes of truth and explanations while simultaneously allowing for an agent-oriented psychology and semiotics that recognizes the obvious power that such experiences have for people.
Capital Ideas Evolving

Preface. A Note on Usage. Acknowledgments. PART I. THE BEHAVIORAL ATTACK. Chapter 1. Who Could Design A Brain... PART II: THE THEORETICIANS. Chapter 2. Paul A. Samuelson: The Worldly Philosopher. The Institutionalists. Chapter 3. Robert C. Merton: Risk Is Not An Add-On. Chapter 4. Andrew Lo: The Only Part Of Economics That Actually Works. Chapter 5. Robert Shiller: The People's Risk Manager. The Engineers. Chapter 6. Bill Sharpe: It's Dangerous To Think Of Risk As A Number. Chapter 7. Harry Markowitz: You Have A Little World. Chapter 8. Myron Scholes: Omega Has A Nice Ring To It. PART III. THE PRACTITIONERS. Chapter 9. Barclays Global Investors: It Was an Evangelical Undertaking. Chapter 10. The Yale Endowment Fund: Uninstitutional Behavior. Chapter 11. The Alpha Merry-Go-Round: We Don't See Expected Returns. Chapter 12. Making Alpha Portable: A More Efficient Alpha Engine. Chapter 13. Martin Leibowitz: CAPM In A New Suit Of Clothes. Chapter 14. Goldman Sachs: I Know The Invisible Hand Is Still There. PART IV. CAPITAL IDEAS TOMORROW. Chapter 15. Capital Ideas Tomorrow. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Modeling and Inversion of Magnetic Anomalies Caused by Sediment–Basement Interface Using Three-Dimensional Cauchy-Type Integrals

This letter introduces a new method for the mod- eling and inversion of magnetic anomalies caused by crystalline basements. The method is based on the 3-D Cauchy-type inte- gral representation of the magnetic field. Traditional methods use volume integrals over the domains occupied by anomalous susceptibility and on the prismatic representation of the volumes with an anomalous susceptibility distribution. Such discretization is computationally expensive, particularly in 3-D cases. The tech- nique of Cauchy-type integrals makes it possible to represent the magnetic field as surface integrals, which is particularly significant in solving problems of the modeling and inversion of magnetic data for the depth to the basement. In this letter, a novel method is proposed, which only requires discretizing the magnetic contrast surface for modeling and inversion. We demonstrate the method using several synthetic models. The results show that the new method is fast and capable of providing high-resolution depth estimation for the sediment-basement interface. Index Terms—Basement depth, Cauchy-type integral, inversion, magnetic.
Race and gender variation in the QT interval and its association with mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease (DDCD).

Background In several studies, prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval has been associated with an increased risk of cardiac events. However, data on race and gender variation in the QTc and its associated risk of death are lacking. Methods We prospectively followed 19,252 subjects who underwent cardiac catheterization and had at least 1 native coronary artery stenosis ≥75%. Automated QTc measurements were obtained from a baseline electrocardiogram. Results The mean age of the population was 62.4 years, with 35% being female and 20% being black. The QTc varied by gender and race (417.9 ± 34.4 ms in men and 433.4 ± 33.6 ms in women, 422.1 ± 34.3 ms in whites and 428.1 ± 36.9 ms in blacks; P P P = .004) and slightly greater for blacks compared with other races (5.0% vs 3.3%, P = .057). Conclusions Among patients with coronary artery disease, QTc prolongation is independently associated with all-cause mortality. The increased mortality risk is higher for men than for women, with a trend toward higher mortality in blacks.
Versican and brevican are expressed with distinct pathology in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury.

The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to injury after exposure to hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). Lecticans are developmentally regulated in formative white matter and exert growth-inhibitory effects in several adult injury models, yet little is known regarding their role in neonatal H-I injury. The main objectives of this study were to examine the expression profiles of brevican and versican in rat using a standard H-I model and to determine whether altered expression was associated with distinct components of white and gray matter pathology. The H-I procedure in postnatal day 7 rats produced progressive injury limited to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Cresyl violet staining revealed severe cavitary infarctions at 14 and 21 days that were absent at 4 days. Cellular damage, as measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein and fractin immunoreactivity, occurred in cortical and subcortical gray matter at all end points. O4 sulfatide immunoreactivity was reduced in the external capsule, hippocampal fimbria, and corpus striatum at 4 days relative to that contralaterally, suggesting the loss of preoligodendrocytes. Brevican expression was reduced in the cortex and hippocampus at 4 days but was markedly elevated at later end points, localizing to regions of cellular damage both in and proximal to the lesion core. However, versican was reduced in the external capsule 4 days after H-I, a reduction that was sustained up to 21 days in white matter. These data demonstrate unique expression profiles for lecticans after neonatal H-I, suggesting brevican deposition is elevated in response to progressive gray matter injury, whereas diminished versican expression may be associated with deep cerebral white matter injury. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hepatic cylic AMP generation and ornithine decarboxylase induction by glucagon and beta adrenergic agonists

Abstract The relationship of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity to cyclic AMP levels and nutritional status was studied in the preweanling rat. Previous studies demonstrated that 2 hr without food causes a loss of hepatic ODC induction after glucagon or catecholamine injection. Isoproterenol or glucagon administration produced increased hepatic cyclic AMP and tyrosine aminotransferase activity which were not prevented by nutritional deprivation. Blockade of hepatic β 2 receptors by the selective antagonist ICI 118, 551 prevented increased cAMP levels and ODC activity after isoproterenol administration. Blockade of β 1 receptors by atenolol did not prevent increased cAMP levels or ODC induction by isoproterenol although it did block activation of cardiac ODC. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor R020-1724 increased hepatic cAMP levels as well as ODC and TAT activities, although the increase in ODC activity was attenuated by nutritional deprivation. R020-1724 also potentiated the induction of hepatic ODC after glucagon or isoproterenol administration. Administration of 8-bromo cAMP elevated hepatic ODC activity regardless of nutritional status but also elevated serum levels of growth hormone and corticosterone. Hepatic ODC induction by glucagon or β 2 agonists can be dissociated from changes in cAMP levels during nutritional deprivation.
Degradation of binary and ternary mixtures of s‐triazines by a soil bacterial isolate

Abstract An atrazine‐degrading bacterial isolate (M91–3) was able to utilize simazine and cyanazine as N sources for glucose‐dependent growth. The degradation of these three 5‐triazine herbicides was also investigated in binary and ternary mixtures. The organism used atrazine and simazine indiscriminately, whereas cyanazine degradation was slow and delayed until the depletion of the two other herbicides. There was no apparent effect of other commonly used herbicides on the rate of atrazine degradation by M91–3.
Positive real derivatives of driving point functions

Abstract It is proved that the derivative of an RC driving-point admittance is positive real under certain coefficient conditions. Conditions are then given such that a rational function is the derivative of some RC driving-point admittance. A number of rational functions which are functions of the derivatives of RC driving-point immitances are established as always positive real, and other such rational functions as positive real provided specified coefficient conditions are satisfied. It is shown that some of the types of positive real functions considered are realizable as RLC networks by the method of partial fraction expansion, a synthesis method which generally has been used only for two-element-kind network functions.
Is there a role for surgery beyond colonic aganglionosis and anorectal malformations in children with intractable constipation

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess benefit of surgery in the treatment of childhood constipation in children without aganglionosis or anorectal malformations. Methods Retrospective chart review and follow-up questionnaire of 19 children (10 girls, age 7.6 ± 3.9 years) who underwent surgery after colonic and anorectal manometry had documented abnormal motility. Children at the time of manometric evaluation had symptoms of intractable constipation a mean of 5.1 ± 2.5 years. Follow-up questionnaires were administered to caregivers a mean of 11.4 ± 9.3 months after surgical intervention. Results Proximal colonic abnormalities were seen in 2 patients, abnormalities involving the distal colon and rectosigmoid region in 13 patients, pancolonic abnormalities in 2 patients, and incomplete relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in 2 patients. Surgery led to increase in frequency of bowel movements per week (8.1 v 1.9; P Conclusions Surgery may be beneficial in the management children with chronic intractable constipation and documented abnormalities in motility.
Dominant mutations affecting muscle structure in Caenorhabditis elegans that map near the actin gene cluster.

By examining F1 progeny of mutagenized Caenorhabditis elegans larvae, we recovered several dominant mutations which affect muscle structure. Five of these new mutations resulted in phenotypes unlike the previously recognized unc-54 and unc-15 dominant alleles. Mapping studies placed all five mutations in the same small region of linkage group V. Polarized light, fluorescence and electron microscopic studies showed that a prominent feature of the disorganized myofilament lattice is the abnormal placement of thin filaments within the body wall muscle cells. Pharyngeal musculature is also affected by three of the mutations when homozygous. Of the five mutations only three are homozygous viable. All three of these have unusually high intragenic reversion rates either spontaneously (~10−6) or after ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis (2 × 10−5), suggesting that reversion occurs through loss of function mutations. No unlinked suppressor mutations were found. The dominance of the mutations, the effect on thin filaments and the reversion properties suggested that these new dominant mutations lie in a gene or genes specifying a structural component of the thin filament. The positioning of a set of three actin sequences in the same region (Files et al., 1983) led us to speculate that these mutations lie in actin genes.
Max Barry's Jennifer Government and NationStates: neo-liberalism and the cultural public sphere

In the United States, many people point to the corporatization of the media and the impoverishment of the public sphere as symptomatic of a crisis in democracy. While the mainstream media has not given much attention to popular anger against corporate globalization, literary works have started to explore this terrain, suggesting that the cultural public sphere is a parapolitical site for debates about economic neo-liberalism and its effects on people. This essay analyzes the representation of neo-liberalism, corporate power, and resistance in Max Barry’s novel Jennifer Government and computer simulation game NationStates in the context of debates over globalization and the cultural public sphere.
An innovative single-stage repair of severe asymmetric pectus excavatum defects using substernal mesh bands

An internally supported technique employing selective subperichondral cartilage resection and wedge sternal osteotomy reinforced with multiple transverse nonabsorbable mesh bands was performed in 52 patients undergoing surgical repair of severe asymmetric pectus excavatum chest wall deformity. The short-term structural and cosmetic results were excellent, the length of hospital stay was short (3.1 days), and complications were few. The long-term results were also excellent at 5 to 161 months (mean, 79 months) after repair. The procedure is well accepted by patients and families as a treatment for the severe variants of this chest wall lesion and as such is recommended as a satisfactory alternative to current techniques.
Immunofluorescence Studies of Reactions at the Cryptococcal Capsule

A nonprotective hyperimmune state characterized by high serum titers specific for cryptococcal capsular substance can be stimulated in mice by injections of soluble cryptococcal polysaccharide coupled to bovine gamma globulin. When the nonprotective quality of the antibody became apparent, we sought to learn whether the humoral anticryptococcal polysaccharide was reactive in vivo for cryptococcal capsules after an experimental infection. For this purpose homogenates of organs from infected mice were examined by immunofluorescence techniques for detecting mouse immunoglobulins on the capsules of tissue fungi. In vivo specific and pseudo-immune reactions between humoral constituents and the capsular substance were observed and differen-
Correlations, Fluctuations, and Flow Measurements from the STAR Experiment

Abstract New measurements of short-range and long-range two-particle correlations, azimuthal anisotropy, and event-by-event fluctuations from the STAR experiment for S N N = 130 and 200 GeV Au+Au collisions are summarized. Striking evidence is presented for large, non-statistical fluctuations in mean transverse momentum. Descriptions of the data in terms of phenomenological source function models are also presented.
Effect of Level of Problem Description on Problem Discovery Rates: Two Case Studies

The primary purpose of this analysis was to investigate the effect of changing the level of description of usability problems on the estimate of the problem discovery rate (p). A secondary purpose was to describe a method for using p to estimate the number of problems remaining available for discovery given the constraints associated with a particular participant population, application, and set of tasks. The level of problem description influenced estimates of p, and the direction of influence was predictable, with higher levels of description producing higher estimates of p. Practitioners need a level of description that flows easily into recommendations for redesigning products, but to keep usability studies as efficient as possible, practitioners also need to seek a level of description that takes advantage of common patterns in observed usability problems. Managing this tradeoff is only one of the challenges of usability evaluation, but it is an important one.
Archaeal DNA binding proteins and chromosome structure

Summary Small, basic, abundant DNA-binding proteins have been isolated from many different prokaryotes. Proteins of this type that have been characterized from Archaea are reviewed here, and their structural and functional relationships to bacterial histone-like proteins and eukaryal histones are discussed. Members of the HMf family of archaeal DNA-binding proteins are considered most similar to eukaryal histones and it is proposed that in Methanothermus fervidus cells, which normally contain a high internal salt concentration and grow at temperatures above 80 °C, that HMf both compacts the genomic DNA and facilitates its replication and expression.
Conduction‐dominated heat transport of the annual temperature signal in soil

[1] Conductive heat transport of temperature signals into the subsurface is a central assumption of ground surface temperature (GST) reconstructions derived from presentday temperatures in deep boreholes. Here we test this assumption and its implications for annual relationships between GST and surface air temperature (SAT) by analyzing two decades of shallow soil temperature (0.01–11.7 m) and SAT time series measured at Fargo, North Dakota. We spectrally decompose each of these temperature time series to determine the amplitude and phase of the annual signal at each depth. Conductive heat transport of a harmonic temperature signal in a homogeneous medium is characterized theoretically by exponential amplitude attenuation and linear phase shift with depth. We show that transport of the annual signal in the soil at Fargo follows these theoretical characterizations of conduction closely: the depth dependence of both the natural logarithm of the amplitude and the phase shift are highly linear. Interval wave velocities and thermal diffusivities calculated as functions of depth suggest a diffusivity gradient in the upper meter of the soil. We estimate the annual signal at the ground surface by extrapolating amplitude and phase shift regression lines upward to the surface. We compare this estimate of the annual signal at the ground surface to the annual signal contained in the SAT and show the ground surface signal to be attenuated � 20% and negligibly phase shifted relative to the SAT. INDEX TERMS: 1645 Global Change: Solid Earth; 1875 Hydrology: Unsaturated zone; 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; 3367 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Theoretical modeling; KEYWORDS: paleoclimate, soil temperature, conductive heat transport
Linear Extrapolation Results in Erroneous Overestimation of Plausible Stressor-Related Yearly Weight Changes.

We appreciate Kiecolt-Glaser and colleagues’ enthusiasm for investigating depression and daily stressors as putative contributors to obesity (1). However, the use of the linear extrapolation known as the “3500 kcal rule” erroneously estimates the expected weight change contribution of these factors to obesity. The "3500 kcal rule" is an estimation of the calorie amount required to cause 1 lb of weight change that is frequently, but erroneously, used to calculate weight loss or gain from changes in energy intake and expenditure(2).
GODLESS CAPITALISM: AYN RAND AND THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT

This essay examines the relationship between the novelist/philosopher Ayn Rand (The Fountainhead, Atlas Shrugged) and the broader conservative movement in the twentieth-century United States. Although Rand was often dismissed as a lightweight popularizer, her works of radical individualism advanced bold arguments about the moral status of capitalism, and thus touched upon a core issue of conservative identity. Because Rand represented such a forthright pro-capitalist position, her career highlights the shifting fortunes of capitalism on the right. In the 1940s, she was an inspiration to those who struggled against the New Deal and hoped to bring about a new, market-friendly political order. As a second generation of conservatives built upon these sentiments and attempted to tie them to a defense of Christian tradition, Rand's status began to erode. Yet by the late 1960s, Rand's once-revolutionary defense of capitalism had become routine, although she herself remained a controversial figure. The essay traces the ways in which Rand's ideas were assimilated and modified by key intellectuals on the right, including William F. Buckley, Jr, Whittaker Chambers, and Gary Wills. It identifies the relationship between capitalism and Christianity as a fundamental dilemma for conservative and right-wing thinkers. By treating Rand as an intellectual and cultural leader of significant import, the essay broadens our understanding of the American right beyond the confines of “mainstream” conservatism, and re-establishes the primacy of the 1930s, and 1940s, to its ideological formation. Responding to a paucity of scholarship on Rand, the essay offers an analysis and summary of Rand's ideas, and argues that despite her outsider status, Rand's work both embodied and shaped fundamental themes of right-wing thought throughout the century.
Chemokines Released from Astroglia by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: Mechanism of Neuroprotection from HIV Envelope Protein Toxicity

The mechanism through which VIP prevents neurotoxicity associated with HIV envelope protein has been shown to involve the release of a beta-chemokine, MIP-1 alpha. Astrocytes stimulated with subnanomolar concentrations of VIP caused the release of MIP-1 alpha and RANTES, both of which have been shown to prevent neuronal cell death associated with gp120. It is further proposed that gp120 causes neuronal cell death, in part, by competing with endogenous chemokines at various chemokines receptors in the brain that are necessary for neuronal survival. Although the chemokines are known to be mediators of inflammation, our studies suggest that these compounds have additional roles as neuroprotective agents that depend on the concentration of chemokine, cellular microenvironment, and stage of development of target neurons. Our studies further imply that in a developing system, stimulation with a MIP-1 alpha like substance is necessary for neuronal survival and interference with this action results in neuronal cell death.
BLACK RADICALIZATION AND THE FUNDING OF CIVIL RIGHTS: 1957-1970"*

A neglected topic in social movement theory is the effect of factionalism within movements, particularly the role of “radical” activists in shaping responses to “moderates.” This paper investigates the effect of black radicalization during the 1960s on the ability of moderate civil rights organizations to attract financial contributions from outside supporters. Trends in donations to seven major black organizations are analyzed. It is concluded that the activities of relatively radical black organizations, along with the urban riots, stimulated increased financial support by white groups of more moderate black organizations, especially during the late 1960s. This finding partially contradicts the widely-held belief that black militants only brought on a white “backlash.” On the contrary, the task of fundraising by moderate civil rights organizations was apparently made easier, not more difficult, by the racial turmoil of the 1960s.
Microbial Contamination of Enteral Feeding Sets Used in the Home of Pediatric Patients

Bacterial contamination of enteral feeding sets has been well documented in studies of patients. Much of the literature on this subject validates problems with manipulations of the feeding sets such as mixing formula and handwashing by the caregiver. Rinsing and storing of the set could also have serious implications in the amount of contamination. There is currently no standard recommending the length of time for use of enteral feeding sets for home care patients, particularly in children. Nine homecare patients with ages ranging between 1 and 15 years participated in this study. Cultures of the formula in the feeding set were obtained at zero hours with a new set, and after 24 and 48 hours. The caregivers prepared and administered the formula in their usual manner. Clinical data were collected for 10–14 days before the samplings and for 7 days afterward. Data included weights before, during, and after the culture collection period. Medications, stools, and emesis were recorded during this timeframe. It ...
Interleukin 13 Mutants of Enhanced Avidity Toward the Glioma-Associated Receptor, IL13Rα2

Interleukin 13 (IL13) binds a receptor that is highly overexpressed in malignant gliomas, IL13Ralpha2. IL13 protein is composed of four helices: alpha-helix A, B, C, and D, and we found a new "hot spot" in alpha-helix D that is crucial for the binding of IL13 to IL13Ralpha2. Lys-105 plus Lys-106 and Arg-109 represent this hot spot. In the current study, we have made substitutions at these three positions in IL13. We examined both neutralization of an IL13-based cytotoxin's glioma cell killing and direct receptor binding of the new IL13 mutants. We observed that Lys-105 and Arg-109 are critical for IL13 binding to IL13Ralpha2, indeed. However, new mutants of important properties were identified with regard to tumor targeting. IL13.K105R mutant, in which lysine was substituted by arginine, neutralized the killing of IL13Ralpha2-positive cells by IL13-based cytotoxin more efficiently than wild-type IL13. However, IL13.K105L or IL13.K105A was deprived of any such activity. Furthermore, IL13.K105R and IL13.R109K competed 77- and 27-fold better, respectively, with the binding of [(125)I]IL13 to the IL13Ralpha2 binding sites when compared with wild-type IL13. Thus, we have uncovered the first forms of IL13 of higher avidity toward IL13Ralpha2. These mutants should prove useful in the further design of anticancer diagnostics/therapeutics.
Nonmetabolic functions of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 in controlling cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis.

Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the rate-limiting final step of glycolysis, generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and pyruvate. The M2 tumor-specific isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) promotes glucose uptake and lactate production in the presence of oxygen, known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. As recently reported in Nature, PKM2, besides its metabolic function, has a nonmetabolic function in the direct control of cell cycle progression by activating β-catenin and inducing expression of the β-catenin downstream gene CCND1 (encoding for cyclin D1). This nonmetabolic function of PKM2 is essential for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation-induced tumorigenesis.