cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the DNA of our regions: classification of outputs from the SLEUTH model

The SLEUTH urban growth model is a cellular automata model that has been widely used by geographers to examine the rural to urban transition as a physical process and to produce forecasts of future urban growth [1] Previous SLEUTH applications have generally been limited to individual model applications, with little to no comparison of model results [2] Building upon research by Silva and Clarke [3], and borrowing from their metaphorical comparison of urban growth characteristics to genetic DNA, this research distills a combination of actual city and model behavior in a controlled environment to provide for comparisons between disparate model applications This work creates a digital “petri dish” capable of producing normalized model forecasts from previously incomparable results Results indicate that despite the inherent differences between actual model results, sufficient similarities were observed among the forecasts to warrant the creation of an urban behavioral taxonomy, providing for direct comparison of the results.
Transient response chemical discrimination module

This paper describes a broad-base portable chemical discrimination module capable of using combinations of homogenous or heterogeneous arrays of chemical sensors for evaluating chemical type. Several types of sensors can be added to or removed from the system in plug and play fashion. Using these sensors, the module supplies the user with real-time chemical discrimination information. Included in the module are signal conditioning circuits designed to process chemical sensor signals in such a way that the output of the conditioning circuits ensures similar dynamic and baseline range, regardless of sensor drift, type or fabrication variation. Baseline compensator circuits use a sensor calibration feedback loop to reduce the sensor dynamic range, and so reduce the number of bits required to process a given concentration resolution, thereby reducing power requirements. Additional signal processing is applied to homogenous sensors arrays to reduce the impact of corrupted sensors. Sensor outputs are displayed in principal component space in real-time enabling the user to evaluate the transient path of the sensors to their final position in principal component space for chemical discrimination purposes.
Chapter 1 Broad-Scale Distributional Patterns of Hydrographic Variables on the Washington/Oregon Shelf

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various hydrographic data from the Washington/Oregon shelf region. Hydrographic data collected over the past decades have provided a relatively coherent view of mean seasonal dynamics in the pelagic environment on the Washington/Oregon shelf. Surface waters are cold and nutrient-rich during winter months. Prevailing winds from the south result in general downwelling and cause the Columbia River effluent to lie to the north and along the Washington coast. The seasonal shift to upwelling winds causes the Columbia River influence to migrate from the Washington near shore to the Oregon offshore. Although periodic upwelling events affect the dynamics of both near-shore environments during summer, wind effects are strongest off Oregon. Maximum upwelling influences on nearshore temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrient levels, and chlorophyll concentration occur during June off Washington. A strong thermocline develops over the Washington shelf region during mid- to late summer, and northern excursions of low-salinity, river water during periodic wind reversals further contribute to water-column stability in the nearshore environment.
High-Resolution He Beam Scattering as a Tool for the Investigation of the Structural and Dynamical Properties of Surface Soliton Dislocations

We discuss the applicability of high-resolution-He-beam/surface scattering to the investigation of the structural and dynamic properties of soliton-like surface misfit dislocations and associated phase transitions. We present evidence, based on recent He diffraction measurements, for the existence of double-sine-Gordon soliton-like dislocations on the reconstructed Au(111) surface.
The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny

Studies of ontogenetic processes are fundamentally dependent on hypotheses of phylogeny. The model of Alberch et al. (1979) is reformulated in terms of phylogenetics and used to describe how heterochronic ontogenetic processes can be detected in nature. Heterochronic processes producing paedomorphosis can result in morphologies which resemble primitive (retained ancestral) traits; the conditions under which paedomorphic and primitive features can and cannot be distinguished are described. The utility of ontogeny for determination of evolutionary character transformations and character polarity and for detection of convergence and parallelism are considered. The ontogenetic criterion for assessing polarity is independent of hypotheses of phylogeny and may be as effective as outgroup comparison. Ontogenetic analysis may aid in the detection of convergence but not in the detection of parallelism.
Bounds related to projective equivalence classes of ideals

Let Z be a regular ideal in Noetherian ring R, and let (I), denote the integral closure of I. A situation which is often of interest is when there is an integer b(Z) 2 0 such that (I” + b(‘))a E I” for all n 2 1. (For instance, in an analytically unramified local ring, such a b(Z) exists for all I.) Now recall that the ideal H is projectively equivalent to I if there are positive integers r and s with (H’), = (I”),. In Section 1, we make the easy observation that the existence of b(Z) as above is an invariant of the projective equivalence class of I. That is, if such a b(Z) exists, and if the ideal H is projectively equivalent to Z, then there is a b(H) with (H” + bCH))n _C H” for all n 2 1. Of course it may happen that b(H) # b(Z). The main purpose of Section 1 is to study the stronger condition that there exist a fixed integer b 3 0 such that for all ideals H projectively equivalent to Z, (H” + ‘), c H” for all n > 1. We make use of a key result, namely that given Z, there exists an integer d such that for any ideal H projectively equivalent to Z, one can write (Hd), = (P), for some s. Let s 2 1 be an integer, and let the ideal K be a reduction of I”. This means there is an integer e 20 (depending on s and K) with K(Z’)’ = (Z’)‘+ ‘. In Section 2, we discuss a situation in which e can in fact
Relief of intractable pain from metastatic multiple myeloma using epidural phenol injections.

Neurolytic techniques arc often not used until late in the course of the patient's disease due to fear of the potential complications. Ncurolysis may be vcry valuable, however, for the patient whose opioid dose has been escalated to levels that produce severe side effects without providing analgesia. Intrathecal neurolysis with alcohop and phenol 2-5 is a well-accepted means for thc trcatment of patients with intractahlc malignant pain, and cpidural neurolysis, either with alcohol6, 7 or phenol,a, 9 has also been used in the cancer population. Epidural neurolysis may allow bettcr localization of the affected region than the intrathecal route, a We report a case in which epidural phenol was used to treat intractable pain in a patient with multiple myeloma and paraplegia.
Bayesian calibration of a k-e turbulence model for predictive jet-in-crossflow simulations.

‡§ We propose a Bayesian method to calibrate parameters of a RANS model to improve its predictive skill in jet-in-crossflow simulations. The method is based on the hypotheses that (1) informative parameters can be estimated from experiments of flow configurations that display the same, strongly vortical features of jet-in-crossflow interactions and (2) one can construct surrogates of RANS models for certain judiciously chosen RANS outputs which serve as calibration variables (alternatively, experimental observables). We estimate three ke parameters (C∝, C 2 , C 1 ) from Reynolds stress measurements from an incompressible flowover-a-square-cylinder experiment. The k-e parameters are estimated as a joint probability density function. Jet-in-crossflow simulations performed with (C∝, C 2 , C 1 ) samples drawn from this distribution are seen to provide far better predictions than those obtained with nominal parameter values. We also find a (C∝, C 2 , C 1 ) combination which provides < 15% error in a number of performance metrics; in contrast, the errors obtained with nominal parameter values may exceed 60%.
Cost analysis for integrating cryopreservation into an existing fish hatchery.

Fish sperm cryopreservation is documented by a large body of technical research. However, there are no reports of the economic requirements for using this technology in aquatic species. This study establishes a generic analysis of the investment and operating costs required to integrate sperm cryopreservation into existing fish hatcheries and can serve as a template for implementation of cryopreservation programs. Equipment and supplies were identified in a species-independent description of sperm cryopreservation, and capital and operating costs were documented for private and public hatcheries at three production capacities (3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 0.5-mL straws). Compared to public hatcheries, investment costs were found to he 70% higher, and operating costs 20% higher for private hatcheries due primarily to interest on borrowed capital. Equipment costs were dependent on the scope of work. Investment in required equipment incurred costs of $5,460 to $10,458 (public) or $9,497 to $18,190 (private), depending on production level. Purchase of optional research equipment increased initial investment by 300% without increasing output. Per unit costs decreased at higher production levels for all scenarios, but greater economies of scale were associated with private research hatcheries. Production costs ranged between $6.13 and $1.86 per straw (private), to $1.59 to $1.18 per straw (public). Increased commercialization is expected to occur as research protocols for fish sperm cryopreservation are applied in the private sector and markets for cryopreserved sperm are established.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Open Reading Frame 31 Is Required for Viral Replication

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It has been proposed as a model for gammaherpesvirus infection and pathogenesis. Open reading frame 31 (ORF31) is conserved among the Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, and there is no known mammalian homologue of this protein. The function of MHV-68 ORF31 and its viral homologues has not yet been determined. We described here a primary characterization of this protein and its requirement for lytic replication. The native MHV-68 ORF31 was detected at peak levels by 24 h postinfection, and the FLAG-tagged and green fluorescent protein fusion ORF31 were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus in a diffuse pattern. Two independent experimental approaches were then utilized to demonstrate that ORF31 was required for lytic replication. First, small interfering RNA generated against ORF31 expression blocked protein expression and virus production in transfected cells. Then, two-independent bacterial artificial chromosome-derived ORF31-null MHV-68 mutants (31STOP) were generated and found to be defective in virus production in fibroblast cells. This defect can be rescued in trans by MHV-68 ORF31 and importantly by its KSHV homologue. A repair virus of 31STOP was also generated by homologous recombination in fibroblast cells. Finally, we showed that the defect in ORF31 blocked late lytic protein expression. Our results demonstrate that MHV-68 ORF31 is required for viral lytic replication, and its function is conserved in its KSHV homologue.
Acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal CA1 preferentially activates inhibitory-selective interneurons via α4β2* nicotinic receptor activation

Acetylcholine (ACh) release onto nicotinic receptors directly activates subsets of inhibitory interneurons in hippocampal CA1. However, the specific interneurons activated and their effect on the hippocampal network is not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated subsets of hippocampal CA1 interneurons that respond to ACh release through the activation of nicotinic receptors and the potential downstream effects this may have on hippocampal CA1 network function. ACh was optogenetically released in mouse hippocampal slices by expressing the excitatory optogenetic protein oChIEF-tdTomato in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca cholinergic neurons using Cre recombinase-dependent adeno-associated viral mediated transfection. The actions of optogenetically released ACh were assessed on both pyramidal neurons and different interneuron subtypes via whole cell patch clamp methods. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons that selectively innervate other interneurons (VIP/IS) were excited by ACh through the activation of nicotinic receptors containing α4 and β2 subunits (α4β2*). ACh release onto VIP/IS was presynaptically inhibited by M2 muscarinic autoreceptors. ACh release produced spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) barrages blocked by dihydro-β-erythroidine in interneurons but not pyramidal neurons. Optogenetic suppression of VIP interneurons did not inhibit these sIPSC barrages suggesting other interneuron-selective interneurons were also excited by α4β2* nicotinic receptor activation. In contrast, interneurons that innervate pyramidal neuron perisomatic regions were not activated by ACh release onto nicotinic receptors. Therefore, we propose ACh release in CA1 facilitates disinhibition through activation of α4β2* nicotinic receptors on interneuron-selective interneurons whereas interneurons that innervate pyramidal neurons are less affected by nicotinic receptor activation.
Non-rigid registration using gradient of self-similarity response

Abstract Locally affine transformation with globally elastic interpolation is a common strategy for non-rigid registration. Current techniques improve the registration accuracy by only processing the sub-images that contain well-defined structures quantified by Moran's spatial correlation. As an indicator, Moran's metric successfully excludes noisy structures that result in misleading global optimum in terms of similarity. However, some well-defined structures with intensity only varying in one direction may also cause mis-registration. In this paper, we propose a new metric based on the response of a similarity function to quantify the ability of being correctly registered for each sub-image. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, we show that the proposed metric more accurately reflects such ability than Moran's metric. Incorporating the proposed metric into a hierarchical non-rigid registration scheme, we show that registration accuracy is improved relative to Moran's metric.
Nonlinear Dynamics of the Hybrid Rotary-Translational Energy Harvester

The analytical modeling and experimental investigation of a nonlinear electromagnetic rotational energy harvester, which can harvest power from rotary and translational excitations, are presented. Some application of energy harvesting such as energy harvesting for tire pressure sensing require an energy harvester which is efficient in generating power from rotational ambient vibrations. The majority of literature on vibration energy harvesting assumes that the ambient excitations are along a single axis. The vibrations from human motion or rotary machines have two components of translational motion as well as a strong rotary motion. The energy harvesting device studied in this paper is a pendulum like device. The base excitations result in rotations of a pendulum. The pendulum is connected to a direct current micro generator. The rotational vibrations of the pendulum generates electricity through the DC generator. Since the energy harvester is responsive to both translational and rotational base excitations, it is called Hybrid Rotary-Translational (HRT) generator.In this paper a small size HRT harvester is introduced and modeled. The model is used to investigate the relation between the frequency and the amplitude of base vibrations on the vibrations and power generation characteristics of the HRT system. For each frequency and amplitude of vibrations the coexistence of multiple solutions and their basin of attractions are investigated. Three types of ambient excitations are studied: rotational, translational along the direction of gravity, and translational normal to the direction of the gravity.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
FEASIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING NON-LINEAR VIBRATORY SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF UNKNOWN POLYNOMIAL FORMS

Abstract System identification techniques for non-linear systems may require a priori knowledge of the nature and mathematical form of the non-linearities. However, for practical systems this is not always possible. As a result, non-linearities are often approximated and questions remain as to whether a reasonably accurate model can be determined. Concurrently, under experimental conditions, some means of quantifying the amount of measurement noise present in the identification process must also be obtained. To resolve such issues, a discrete non-linear system problem is formulated in the presence of uncorrelated noise and critically examined from the standpoint of identification. Coherence functions are introduced which are based on a “reverse path” spectral approach recently developed by the authors for multi-degree-of-freedom systems. These coherence functions, as calculated from conditioned spectra, indicate the extent of uncorrelated noise present and the accuracy of assumed mathematical models employed for describing non-linear systems. Using several example simulation systems, including a system with a continuous non-linearity described by a non-integer exponent, both temporal and spectral identification techniques are employed to study the issues described above.
Respiratory Effects of Quazepam and Pentobarbital

Quazepam is a new benzodiazepine that may provide good hypnotic action with negligible effect on motor coordination or respiration. Sleep laboratory studies on human volunteers have shown quazepam 15 mg to be an effective hypnotic dose, with the 30-mg dose being optimal. At these doses, there was no deterioration of motor performance, and the drug, when given nightly for two weeks, continued to exert hypnotic effects without serious adverse effects. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the respiratory effects of quazepam 15 and 30 mg to those of pentobarbital 50 and 150 mg and to placebo. Five adult male volunteers received each dose at separate times. A double-blind technique was employed for controlled rebreathing studies, to a ventilation of 40 L/min or a PETCO2 of 8%. Respiratory curves were compared with controls. The mean displacement curve at the 20-liter intercept showed a depressant effect for pentobarbital 150 mg at two hours and a stimulant effect for quazepam 15 mg at two hours but a slight depression effect for quazepam 30 mg at three hours compared with placebo. The slope of the respiratory curve was not affected.
An innovative approach to interdisciplinary occupational safety and health education.

Background The New York and New Jersey Education and Research Center (ERC) provides a range of graduate continuing education for occupational safety and health (OSH) professionals in training. A key element of the education is to provide interdisciplinary training to industrial hygienists, ergonomists, occupational medicine physicians and other health and safety trainees to prepare them for the collaboration required to solve the complex occupational health and safety problems they will face in their careers. Methods This center has developed an innovative interdisciplinary training approach that provides an historical aspect, while allowing the graduate students to identify solutions to occupational issues from a multi-disciplinary approach. The ERC developed a tour that brings students to sites of historical and/or contemporary significance in the occupational safety and health and environmental fields. Results The ERC has conducted five tours, and has included 85 students and residents as participants. 80% of participants rated the tour as providing a high amount of OSH knowledge gained. 98% of the participants felt the goal of providing interdisciplinary education was achieved. Conclusions This tour has been successful in bridging the OSH fields to better understand how occupational and environmental exposures have occurred, in order to prevent future exposures so that workplace conditions and health can be improved. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:515–520, 2011. 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Higgs-boson signals in superstring-inspired models at hadron supercolliders

In superstring-inspired ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ supergravity models, the mass of the lightest Higgs scalar (${H}_{L}$) is expected to be below \ensuremath{\sim}170 GeV if ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ is broken directly to a rank-5 subgroup and below \ensuremath{\sim}210 GeV if intermediate scales of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{10}$ GeV are allowed. We show that if the mass of the additional neutral gauge boson ${Z}^{0\mathcal{'}}$ is less than about 600 GeV, then \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{4}$\char21{}${10}^{5}$ ${Z}^{0\mathcal{'}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${Z}^{0}$${H}_{L}$ pairs may be expected per ${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{pb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, the annual integrated luminosity anticipated at the proposed 40-TeV pp supercollider. This large rate allows us to use the clean ${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ll\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} decays as a trigger for the Higgs-boson search. We find that even if ${H}_{L}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} decays dominate, a signal-to-background ratio substantially exceeding unity is expected for reasonable experimental resolutions on the measurement of ${Z}^{0}$tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} invariant masses. We further show that for a wide range of parameters, ${H}_{L}$ can decay into chargino and neutralino pairs. These decays lead to hadron-free ${Z}^{0}$+missing ${p}_{T}$ (p${?}_{T}$) events which may stand out over the ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$ background and also to spectacular ${Z}^{0}$+n lepton+p${?}_{T}$ events (n\ensuremath{\le}4) which are almost free of standard-model backgrounds.
Electrical impedance plethysmography; a physical and physiologic approach to peripheral vascular study.

The quantity of blood measured by electrical impedance plethysmography is defined by its resistive effect in parallel to the resistance of other tissue of the segment. By substitution of this parallel resistive value, together with data relative to the resistivity of blood and the length of the segment in the formula for the volume of an electrical conductor, we are able to derive the volume of the pulse in cubic centimeters. It follows that the volume displaced from the venous reservoir and the rate of refilling of the venous reservoir of an extremity may also be determined quantitatively.
A Commentary on "Differences Across Originators in CMBS Loan Underwriting"

The end result of securitization is simple enough. The risks of a bundle of loans are pooled, and the pooled risk is allocated across securities. The paper Black et al. (2012) is about the process of getting to that end result, a process that was highly lucrative for a while. In particular, the paper addresses the ‘hot potato’, or ‘warehousing’, risk of securitization—the hopefully brief moment of risk-bearing between acquiring and sending on the loans’ risk. Should the market for the end product shut down during this moment, the risk becomes the problem of whatever institution was financing the loans at that moment. The focus of the paper is on the contrast between commercial real-estate (CRE) loans securitized by financial institutions and those securitized by conduits. The idea is that conduits defended originators from the hot-potato risk. This idea rests on two impressions. First, that the warehousing period in conduits tended to be short, so if the market was there when the loans went in, it was likely still there when it was time to leave. Second, that the financing of conduit loans tended not to be on the originators’ balance sheet, so if the market did shut down, it was more likely to be somebody else’s problem. It is worth noting that it is difficult, if not impossible, at this point, to quantify either of these impressions. As the process has since broken down, it is no longer possible to observe its operation, and as market participants rebuild the process, they likely manage risks differently than they did before. Furthermore, even in its heyday the process was very far from the public eye, and it could easily be that the J Financ Serv Res (2012) 42:135–137 DOI 10.1007/s10693-012-0133-3
Metal: ATP characteristics of insulin- and epidermal growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation in detergent extracts of rat liver plasma membranes.

Abstract The metal : ATP characteristics of insulin- and epidermal growth factor-(EGF)-stimulated protein kinase activities were examined in Nonidet P40 extracts of rat liver plasma membranes. The two kinase activities were capable of utilizing either manganese or magnesium, although differences were observed. Insulin-stimulated 32 P incorporation into an M r 95000 protein exhibited a higher affinity for ATP in the presence of manganese compared to magnesium. At 200 μM ATP, insulin stimulated 32 P incorporation into the M r 95000 protein 3- to 5-fold after 5 min in the presence of either metal. At 1 mM ATP, insulin-stimulated 32 P incorporation was significantly greater in the presence of magnesium. In contrast, EGF-stimulated 32 P incorporation into an M r 170000 protein exhibited similar ATP dependencies in the presence of magnesium or manganese. Basal phosphorylation of the M r 170000 protein was 2- to 3-fold higher in the presence of manganese, however. Since the higher basal phosphorylation persisted after chromatography on wheat germ lectin-Sepharose, it may represent an inherent activity of the receptor kinase. In the presence of magnesium : ATP, low concentrations of manganese enhanced both insulin- and EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of angiotensin II suggesting involvement of a second metal binding site which regulates the kinase activity. The results presented show major differences in the metal : ATP properties of the two major hormonally regulated protein kinase activities observed in detergent-extracted liver membranes.
A Statistical Study of Solar Type-III Bursts and Auroral Kilometric Radiation Onsets.

Simultaneous occurrences of type III solar radio bursts and auroral kilometric radiation were observed by Calvert (1981) using ISEE 1 spectrograms. Calvert presented evidence suggesting that the incoming type III burst stimulates the onset of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR). This paper presents a statistical study of the correlation between type III bursts and auroral kilometric radiation. A superposed epoch analysis was performed on as many as 186 type III events. The type III bursts were detected by the ISEE 3 spacecraft on the sunward side of the earth. At the same time the IMP 8 spacecraft was used to detect onsets of kilometric radiation on the nightside of the earth. For each event the intensities measured by ISEE 3 (type III intensities) were subtracted from the intensities measured by IMP 8 (type III and possible AKR intensities). The resulting intensities for each event were then added to determine if kilometric radiation was preferentially observed following a type III burst. This analysis was performed at frequencies of 100, 178, and 500 kHz. The results of this study show that a statistically significant correlation exists between incoming type III bursts from the sun and kilometric radiation from the earth.
Loss inclusion via dyadic Green's function modifications for microstrip structures with complex media: Interfacial exponential field behavior within conductor *

2-D field behavior within a metal strip is used to correct the dyadic Green's function for a microstrip structure containing complex-layered media so that the attenuation constant can be determined. In the x-direction, the field is built to display exponential dependence. The strip width is explicitly taken into account, along with the metal thickness and conductivity. New Green's function expressions of the structure are found consistent with a full-wave electromagnetic code employing zero thickness extent conductors for the guiding metal. Implications for numerical implementation are covered. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 54–60, 2001.
The influence of ethical fit on employee satisfaction, commitment and turnover

This study examines the influence of ethical fit on employee attitudes and intentions to turnover. The results of this investigation provides support for the conjecture that ethical work climate is an important variable in the study of person-organization fit. Ethical fit was found to be significantly related to turnover intentions, continuance commitment, and affective commitment, but not to job satisfaction. Results are discussed in regard to some of the affective and cognitive distinctions among satisfaction, commitment, and behavioral intentions.
Strongly Bounded Partial Sums

If λ is a scalar sequence space, a series P Zj in a topological vector space Z is λ multiplier convergent in Z if the series P ∞J =1 tj Zj converges in Z for every t = {tj} ∈ λ-If λ satisfies appropriate conditions, a series in a locally convex space X which is λ multiplier convergent in the weak topology is λ multiplier convergent in the original topology ofthe space (the Orlicz-Pettis Theorem) but may fail to be λ multiplier convergent in the strong topology of the space. However, we show under apprpriate conditions on the multiplier space λ that the series will have strongly bounded partial sums.
Genetically encoded multispectral labeling of proteins with polyfluorophores on a DNA backbone.

Genetically encoded methods for protein conjugation are of high importance as biological tools. Here we describe the development of a new class of dyes for genetically encoded tagging that add new capabilities for protein reporting and detection via HaloTag methodology. Oligodeoxyfluorosides (ODFs) are short DNA-like oligomers in which the natural nucleic acid bases are replaced by interacting fluorescent chromophores, yielding a broad range of emission colors using a single excitation wavelength. We describe the development of an alkyl halide dehalogenase-compatible chloroalkane linker phosphoramidite derivative that enables the rapid automated synthesis of many possible dyes for protein conjugation. Experiments to test the enzymatic self-conjugation of nine different DNA-like dyes to proteins with HaloTag domains in vitro were performed, and the data confirmed the rapid and efficient covalent labeling of the proteins. Notably, a number of the ODF dyes were found to increase in brightness or change color...
Volatile amines in brain.

WE have reported previously the isolation and identification of the volatile amine 2-dimethyl-aminoethanol in the brain of man and pig and in other biological material1,2. Bremer and Greenberg's3 report on its presence in rat-liver phospholipids has substantiated our findings. During our investigation several volatile amines—besides the previously identified volatile bases ammonia4 and 2-amino-ethanol5—were isolated from brain tissue and we became interested in analysing the brain for other normally occurring volatile amines.
Rapid detection of bioavailable heavy metals in sediment porewaters using acid-volatile sulfide gel probes

The acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) pool in anoxic sediments is believed to play an important role in the sequestration of heavy metals, forming less soluble mineral sulfides via replacement and coprecipitation reactions. In this study, novel sediment gel probes containing immobilized FeS or MnS particles were evaluated for their ability to concentrate and detect reactive heavy metals in solution. MnS-containing gels were more effective than FeS gels at concentrating most metals in solution external to the gels, but they were more difficult to prepare and use. Copper reacted with FeS in gel probes to form one or more secondary sulfide minerals insoluble in 1 N HCl. The pixel density of digital images of these gels was highly correlated with the concentration of copper in gels and total copper in solution, suggesting a method for rapid screening of bioavailable heavy metals. Copper added to Youghiogheny River (PA, USA) sediments could be detected using this approach.
Increased Implementation of Emergent Literacy Screening in Pre-Kindergarten

The recent emphasis on universal prekindergarten programs, coupled with ongoing concern about children’s’ early literacy development in the first years of school, carry significant implications for how preschool educators program for literacy and assess literacy growth. We discuss the evolving role of literacy development in expanded preschool, examine key features of literacy assessments with particular attention to the content that might be assessed in preschool, and provide as an example one preschool literacy assessment tool that is in widespread use in the United States. We discuss the policy and practice implications of the growing emphasis on literacy assessment in preschoolers.
Phagocytes and oxidative stress

Neutrophils and other phagocytes manufacture O(2)(-) (superoxide) by the one-electron reduction of oxygen at the expense of NADPH. Most of the O(2)(-) reacts with itself to form H(2)O(2) (hydrogen peroxide). From these agents a large number of highly reactive microbicidal oxidants are formed, including HOCl (hypochlorous acid), which is produced by the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of Cl(-) by H(2)O(2); OH(*) (hydroxyl radical), produced by the reduction of H(2)O(2) by Fe(++) or Cu(+); ONOO(-) (peroxynitrite), formed by the reaction between O(2)(-) and NO(*); and many others. These reactive oxidants are manufactured for the purpose of killing invading microorganisms, but they also inflict damage on nearby tissues, and are thought to be of pathogenic significance in a large number of diseases. Included among these are emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, malignancy and rheumatoid arthritis.
Fluid intake and risk of stress, urgency, and mixed urinary incontinence

Objective We investigated the relation between total fluid intake and incident urinary incontinence in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts. Study Design We measured daily fluid intake using food frequency questionnaires among 65,167 women, who were 37-79 years old, without urinary incontinence at study baseline (2000-2001). Women reported incontinence incidence on questionnaires during 4 years of follow-up evaluation. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with Cox proportional hazards models. Results We found no association between total fluid intake and risk of incident incontinence (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.10; comparing top vs bottom quintile of fluid intake). In analyses of incontinence type, total fluid intake was not associated with risks of incident stress, urgency, or mixed incontinence. Conclusion No significant risk of incident urinary incontinence was found with higher fluid intake in women. These findings suggest that women should not restrict their fluid intake to prevent incontinence development.
Identification of a new class of steroid hormone receptors

The gonads and adrenal glands produce steroids classified into five major groups which include the oestrogens, progestins, androgens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Gonadal steroids control the differentiation and growth of the reproductive system, induce and maintain sexual characteristics and modulate reproductive behaviour. Adrenal steroids also influence differentiation as well as being metabolic regulators. The effects of each steroid depend primarily on its specific receptors, the nature of which could therefore provide a basis for classification of steroid hormone action. The successful cloning, sequencing and expression of the human glucocorticoid (hGR) (ref. 1), oestrogen (hER), progesterone (hPR), and mineralocorticoid (hMR) receptors, complementary DNA, plus homologues from various species, provides the first opportunity to study receptor structure and its influence on gene expression. Sequence comparison and mutational analysis show structural features common to all groups of steroid hormone receptors. The receptors share a highly conserved cysteine-rich region which functions as the DNA-binding domain. This common segment allows the genome to be scanned for related gene products: hMR cDNA for example, was isolated using an hGR hybridization probe. In this study, using the DNA-binding domain of the human oestrogen receptor cDNA as a hybridization probe, we have isolated two cDNA clones encoding polypeptides with structural features suggestive of cryptic steroid hormone receptors which could participate in a new hormone response system.
The anesthetic effectiveness of lidocaine-adrenaline-tetracaine gel on finger lacerations.

Objectives To determine the effectiveness of lidocaine-adrenaline-tetracaine (LAT) in providing adequate anesthesia for the repair of finger lacerations and to monitor the risk of digital ischemia following application of LAT gel to finger lacerations. Methods A prospective case series. Children aged 5 to 18 years with a simple finger laceration-requiring repair were eligible for enrollment. The primary outcome measure was LAT success/failure. Failure was defined as any sharp sensation reported by the patient either before or during suturing. Enrolled patients had LAT gel applied to their laceration for 45 minutes, followed by an examination for signs of digital ischemia and standard laceration repair. Infiltration anesthesia (local subcutaneous injection/digital block) was provided for all LAT failures. Patients were followed up by phone within 3 to 5 days from discharge. Results Sixty-seven patients were analyzed in the study. The mean age was 11.9 years. Forty-four (65.7%) of 67 patients were male and 46 (68.7%) were white. Locations of the lacerations were equally distributed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. The overall LAT success rate was 53.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.1% to 66.0%; 36/67). The success rate for dorsal surface lacerations was 68.6% (95% CI, 50.7% to 83.1%; 24/35) versus 37.5% (95% CI, 21.1% to 56.3%; 12/32) for ventral surface lacerations. The difference in success rates between dorsal and ventral surface lacerations was significant (Delta 31.1% [95% CI, 8.3% to 53.8%]). There were no differences in success rates for age, sex, or race. No signs of digital ischemia were noted in any of the 67 cases (0% [95% CI, 0.0% to 5.4%]). Conclusions LAT gel appears to be a safe and effective means of providing anesthesia for the repair of simple finger lacerations in children. It was most effective on the dorsal surface of the finger.
Local-density theory of multiplet structure

In order to obtain multiplet energies and therefore energies of excited states of atoms and molecules, the local-density theory of Hohenberg, Kohn, and Sham has recently been extended to give the lowest energy of a specified angular momentum and spin symmetry. It is explained why this method does not work if the exchange correlation functional is taken to be symmetry independent. Instead it is shown how the local-density theory can be used to estimate the energies of states of mixed symmetry and how the multiplet splittings are obtained from these estimates. The new method is tested on light atoms and the local-density theory with exchange only reproduces the Hartree-Fock results within 0.1 eV. With correlation included, the error in the local-density approach is typically a factor of 3 less than in the Hartree-Fock approach.
LPA protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway.

We previously showed (Gastroenterology 123: 206–216, 2002) that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) protects and rescues rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) from apoptosis. Here, we provide evidence fo...
THE EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS ON JAIL STAFF JOB SATISFACTION

ABSTRACT Jails, with their unique and ever-changing mix of inmates, play a critical role in the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, despite their uniqueness, jail staff are chronically understudied relative to police and prison staff. This study seeks to fill a gap in the literature related to jail studies by surveying staff at a large county jail system in Florida in order to determine the effects of work stressors and demographic characteristics on job satisfaction. Role ambiguity was the most significant antecedent of job satisfaction, followed by dangerousness, incentive programs, age, pay perceptions, and race. Similar results were found when a subsection of custody officers was analyzed; however, satisfaction with mandatory overtime requirements became significant, while incentive programs, age, and dangerousness failed to reach statistical significance.
EMG remains fractionated in Parkinson's disease, despite practice-related improvements in performance

Abstract Objective : We studied the ability of patients with Parkinson's disease to improve their performance in a motor task requiring both speed and accuracy in the execution of elbow flexion movements. Our goal was to investigate the changes in electromyographic activity associated with the changes in movement performance. Methods : Eleven patients on anti-Parkinsonian medication were tested. The patients were selected for being bradykinetic, having little or no resting tremor or dyskinesias, and being in stages II or III of the Hoehn and Yahr rating scale. Results : The untrained patients displayed multiple bursts of agonist activity, characteristic of Parkinsonian EMG recordings. All patients improved their performance by increasing peak velocity while maintaining movement accuracy within strict boundaries. With practice, the patients' performance changed in a manner similar to that which has been previously observed for performance curves in neurologically normal subjects. As movement duration decreased (i.e. peak velocity increased), we observed a slight decrease in the number of agonist bursts and an increase in the average burst duration. However, the patients continued to generate a fractionated, multi-burst agonist pattern. Conclusions : We conclude that Parkinsonian patients benefit from practice by improving their performance but remain fundamentally impaired in the generation of muscle activation patterns. This study has shown that the generation of fractionated, multiple short bursts of EMG activity that is characteristic of movements made by Parkinsonian patients is not normalized by practice.
A heuristic Lagrangean algorithm for the capacitated plant location problem — A comment

Abstract This is a comment on the paper “A heuristic Lagrangean relaxation algorithm for the capacitated plant location problem” by J. Barcelo and J. Casanovas. The authors have a single source version of the problem where they provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the feasibility of the problem. We show that the condition as shown by the authors is only a necessary condition and not a sufficient condition using an example.
Organosoluble polypyrrole nanotubes from core–shell bottlebrush copolymers

Well-defined, organosoluble polypyrrole nanotubes were synthesized by single-molecule templating of multicomponent bottlebrush copolymers with triblock terpolymer side chains.
Distributions of available potential and kinetic energy budget quantities associated with wintertime cyclone activity along the eastern coasts of Asia and North America

Available potential energy and kinetic energy budget quantities are examined during a two-week period of the Global Weather Experiment (GWE) winter season (14–28 February 1979) for regions encompassing the cyclogenetically active eastern coasts of Asia and North America. Twice daily values of vertically integrated available potential energy generation, kinetic energy generation, and kinetic energy boundary flux are produced using gridded isentropic data derived from the National Meteorological Center's Level IIIa set of global analyses. Available potential energy generation is found on average to be positive in the North American study region but negative in the East Asian domain, indicating net destruction of baroclinicity by the diabatic heating distribution in that sector of the northern hemisphere during the period. Spatial distributions of time-averaged available potential energy generation show little relationship to cyclone tracks in the North American or Asian study regions. However, the patterns of time-averaged kinetic energy generation correspond quite well to areas of rapid cyclone deepening and cyclone decay. In addition, temporal changes in regionally integrated kinetic energy generation values indicate that a strong rise in kinetic energy production accompanied each major cyclogenesis event within the study regions. Time series of the kinetic energy boundary flux reveal that the North American region is a net exporter of kinetic energy during the two-week study period. The Asian region is found to import more kinetic energy than it exports, thus representing a sink of kinetic energy for the northern hemisphere as a whole during the latter half of February 1979. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1990.t01-4-00002.x
Two Morphologically Distinct Blood-Brain Barriers Preventing Entry of Cytochrome c into Cerebrospinal Fluid

After intravenous injection, cytochrome c does not enter the cerebrospinal fluid. In most areas of the brain, the marker is prevented from leaving cerebral vessels by the capillary endothelium. In the choroid plexus, the marker passes freely out of capillaries into the extracellular space. However, it does not traverse tight junctions between epithelial cells and is rapidly incorporated into mnembrane-bound vesicles within the cell cytoplasm. Thereafter, cytochrome c is apparently removed by lysosomal degradation. These data suggest that there are at least two morphologically distinct blood-brain barriers to cytochrome c and that pinocytosis may be a mechanism for intracellular degradation rather than transcellular transport.
Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life Among Disabled Elderly Adults

This paper investigates predictors of life satisfaction and quality of life among severely disabled elderly adults. Markides and Martin's (1979) path analysis model was adapted specifically to elderly persons with severe disabilities. The study group comprised 97 patients discharged from three medical rehabilitation facilities in metropolitan Boston during 1984. The adapted model explained about 40% of the variance in quality of life among both men and women, with functional capacity being the most important predictor.
Philosophical perspectives on metaphor

Abstract In this article, I offer a survey of the contributions of recent philosophy of language to the study of metaphor. I shall not discuss the ways in which metaphor has been treated in other branches of recent philosophy, for example the philosophy of science, nor, of course, the contributions of linguistics proper. Occasionally, I shall put forward a few ideas of my own, which have been suggested by the philosophical literature on the topic.