cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity-Based Chameleon Hash and Applications

Chameleon signatures are non-interactive signatures based on a hash-and-sign paradigm, and similar in efficiency to regular signatures. The distinguishing characteristic of chameleon signatures is that their are non-transferable, with only the designated recipient capable of asserting its validity. In this paper, we introduce the first identity-based chameleon hash function. The general advantages of identity-based cryptography over conventional schemes relative to key distribution are even more pronounced in a chameleon hashing scheme, because the owner of a public key does not necessarily need to retrieve the associated secret key. We use the identity-based chameleon hashing scheme to build the id-based chameleon signature and a novel sealed-bid auction scheme that is robust, communication efficient (bidders send a single message), and secure under a particular trust model.
Macroeconomic Volatility after Trade and Capital Account Liberalization

What are the equilibrium effects of trade and capital liberalization on consumption smoothing? This question is addressed by studying the response to productivity shocks in a baseline two country, two goods, incomplete market model, where foreign borrowing is secured by collateral. The paper shows that international financial integration, modeled by relaxing a borrowing constraint a la Kiyotaki in the domestic country, worsens consumption smoothing; international trade integration, modeled by a reduction of non linear iceberg transportation costs, improves it. As a measure of consumption smoothing, the analysis uses the ratio between the simulated standard deviation of consumption growth and the simulated standard deviation of output growth. These results are qualitatively consistent with the empirical evidence provided by Kose, Prasad and Terrones (2003).
Inside and Outside Money, with an Application to the Russian Virtual Economy

We analyze the endogenous appearance of money substitutes, their interaction with outside money, and resulting distortions in the price system of an economy with large monopolies and wide-spread informal networks. The economy consists of productive, individually optimizing agents and less productive colluding agents who issue universally acceptable money substitutes. We distinguish equilibria by types of exchange both between agents of one type and between those of different types and show that for small trading frictions, only three types of equilibria can be sustained. A novelty of the analysis is that the agents issuing money substitutes survive by their collusion.
The Experimental Ecology of Education.

Ishall begin by stating three basic requirements that, in my judgment, must be met if we are to make progress in the scientific study of educational systems and processes. 1. Our researches cannot be reistricted to the laboratory; for the most part, they must be carried out in real-life educational settings. As will be indicated below, this does not mean that laboratory experiments cannot serve a useful and, indeed, essential purpose, but they must be carried out with explicit recognition of the delimiting and distorting nature of the laboratory as a setting and deliberately designed to articulate closely with and complement companion researches carried out in real-life situations. 2. Whether and how people learn in educational settings is a function of sets of forces, or systems, at two levels:
Deregulation, disintermediation, and agency costs of debt: evidence from Japan

Abstract Many Japanese firms reduced dependence on banks following financial deregulation in the 1980s. The financial architecture of Japanese firms after liberalization provides an opportunity to investigate the choice of financing with public bonds versus monitored bank loans. Examination of accounting and stock price data for a sample of Japanese firms in the late 1980s suggests that debt structure is related to variables that serve as proxies for agency costs of debt. In particular, we find that the proportion of bond debt is inversely related to growth opportunities, while the proportion of bank debt is positively related to growth opportunities.
Structural cut elimination

Abstract We present new variants of known proofs of cut elimination for intuitionistic and classical sequent calculi. In both cases the proofs proceed by three nested structural inductions, avoiding the explicit use of multi-sets and termination measures on sequent derivations. This makes them amenable to elegant and concise representations in LF, which are given in full detail.
Firms, jobs, and employment in Moldova

Despite low open unemployment, labor market outcomes are unsatisfactory in Moldova. Employment is low and job opportunities are scarce. The author examines labor market performance in Moldova by focusing on firm dynamics. He finds that the low level of employment in Moldova is due to the low rate of firm entry and the low rate of job creation in existing firms. Although the rate of job destruction is high, this is typical of transition economies, and is a problem only because it is not coupled with a commensurate rate of job creation. Firm exit is limited and thus is not an important factor behind job losses. The only sector of the economy that creates jobs on a net basis is that consisting of de novo private and small firms. However, in Moldova this sector is significantly smaller than in the most successful transition economies. The author argues that the primary factor behind the small size of the employment generating sector is the high cost of doing business in Moldova. These include numerous administrative barriers, intrusive and costly inspections, and associated corruption. These costs-extremely high even by regional standards-lower the expected returns to business activity and thus discourage firm formation and growth. The author hence recommends improvements in the investment climate as a primary policy aimed at increasing productive employment and lowering unemployment. Priority should be given to fostering job creation through facilitating the formation of new firms and to reducing the constraints on the expansion of existing firms. The government should avoid measures aimed at forestalling the destruction of unviable jobs and firm exit as these are not conducive to long-run productivity and employment growth. Enhancing labor market flexibility is a further priority, as currently the apparently stringent provisions of the Labor Code are not complied with and enforced. Given the unsatisfactory business environment, active labor market programs are unlikely to be effective unless carefully targeted at the most disadvantaged worker groups.
A parametrically-optimized morphing scheme of polygonal meshes

In this paper we propose a new parametric morphing scheme for polygonal meshes. The approach consists of three main ingredients: 1) surface partition of polygonal meshes into different patches; 2) a new parametric morphing scheme of constant surface normal flow and 3) parametric shape optimization. The uniqueness of our morphing scheme is that the shape evolving process is controlled by an optimization and by parameterization of surface patches. Numerical experiment indicates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in engineering applications.
LEARNING ABOUT EDUCATION

Limited human capital investment is a common characteristic of low-income countries despite the fact that estimated returns to educational investment in low-income countries are generally higher than those in high-income countries. Empirical evidence suggests that income and credit constraints can only account for a part of this underinvestment. Recent experimental evidence shows that families' misperceptions about the returns to education play a role in their low-investment levels. This paper builds a heterogeneous-agent model of human capital and growth that incorporates an adaptive learning mechanism to capture the way agents form perceptions about returns to education. We find natural conditions guaranteeing existence of stable equilibria. Along transition paths, agents' misperceptions about returns to education depress realized returns, which serves to reenforce and perpetuate low human-capital investment. If human capital investments have both private and public returns, we find multiple stable equilibria, including those which are characterized by low investment and low returns. (JEL D83, O10, I25)
Use of astronomical literature—A report on usage patterns

Abstract In this paper we present a number of metrics for usage of the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). Since the ADS is used by the entire astronomical community, these are indicative of how the astronomical literature is used. We will show how the use of the ADS has changed both quantitatively and qualitatively. We will also show that different types of users access the system in different ways. Finally, we show how use of the ADS has evolved over the years in various regions of the world.
THE MHD COLLAPSAR MODEL FOR GRBS: AN INFLOW PRODUCES AN OUTFLOW

RESUMEN Presentamos resultados recientes de simulaciones num ericas de ujos magnetizados sobre agujeros negros, en el contexto del modelo de colapsares para destellos de rayos gama. Despu es de un episodio transitorio, el ujo se relaja a una conguraci on con distintas componentes, bien denidas y variables en el tiempo. Estas incluyen un toro de acreci on con una estructura coronal y un ujo hacia el exterior, as como un embudo polar con ujos tanto hacia radios m as peque~ como m as grandes. Nos enfocamos en la naturaleza de estas estructuras, as como en posibles conexiones entre ellas. Los efectos de la rotaci on y la magneto hidrodin amica lanzan, aceleran y coliman estos ujos. Tambi en vemos como un ujo hacia el exterior se puede formar a un cuando la envolvente que colapsa tenga un campo magn etico inicialmente muy d ebil. Nuestra conclusi on m as importante es que a un para casos con rotaci on lenta y campos magn eticos poco intensos, el colapso gravitacional de una envolvente estelar puede producir un chorro muy r apido y muy intenso.
Addressing China’s Growing Water Shortages and Associated Social and Environmental Consequences

China has experienced a wide-scale and rapid transformation from an agricultural based economy to the manufacturing workshop of the world. The associated relocation of the population from relatively low density rural areas to very high density urban areas is having a significant impact on the quantity and quality of water available as inputs into the production and consumption process, as well as the ability of the water system to absorb and neutralize the waste byproducts deposited into it. Water shortages are most severe in the north of the country, where surface water diversion is excessive and groundwater is being depleted. In addition, the quality of water is deteriorating because of pollution, thereby aggravating existing water shortages. The biggest challenge ahead will be for national and local governments to craft policies and rules within China's complex cultural and legal administrative system that provide incentives for users to increase efficiency of water use, and for polluters to clean up the water they use and return clean water to stream flows. Using a standard public economics framework, water requirements for public goods-such as ecosystem needs-should be set aside first, before allocating property rights in water (to enable water markets to function and generate efficient allocation signals). Even then, water markets will have to be regulated to ensure public goods, such as public health, are not compromised. Until water markets are implemented, staying the course on increasing water and wastewater prices administratively and encouraging water conservation are necessary to reduce the wasting of current scarce water resources, as well as the new water supplies to be provided in the future.
Potential Topography and Mass Generation

We describe an approach to understanding exponential decay of correlation functions in asymptotically free theories. This approach is systematic; it does not start from any conjectured mechanism or picture. We begin by studying the metric on the space of configurations and the behavior of the potential-energy function on this space. We describe how these ideas fit in the framework of QCD, as discussed earlier by one of us (P.O.). We then consider the 1+1-dimensional O(2) and O(3) nonlinear sigma models and show that no gap exists in the former at weak coupling. In the O(3) model a new kind of strong/weak-coupling duality is realized. We briefly outline our proposals for understanding the spectrum.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

First page of article Keywords: wireless application protocol (WAP); wireless markup language
Foreign job opportunities and internal migration in Vietnam

This paper investigates the role of employment opportunities created by foreign-owned firms as a determinant of internal migration and destination choice using the Vietnam Migration Survey 2004 and the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2004. Multinomial logit and conditional logit models are estimated to study both origin and destination-specific characteristics of migrants. The paper finds that the migration response to foreign job opportunities is larger for female workers than male workers; there appears to be intermediate selection in terms of educational attainment; and migrating individuals on average tend to go to destinations with higher foreign employment opportunities, even controlling for income differentials, land differentials, and distances between sending and receiving areas.
Dipeptidyl Arylamidase III of the Pituitary PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Abstract An aminopeptidase has been demonstrated in the bovine anterior pituitary which hydrolyzes dipeptidyl residues from the amino terminus of peptides containing a minimum of 4 residues. Tetraalanine and hexaalanine are completely hydrolyzed to dialanine, whereas pentaalanine is cleaved to dialanine and trialanine. N-Acetyltetraalanine is not hydrolyzed. Similarly, tetralysine and tetraphenylalanine are hydrolyzed to the respective dipeptides; tetraglutamic acid and tetraglycine are not attacked. Of the dipeptidyl-β-naphthylamides (βNA), only Arg-Arg-βNA is readily hydrolyzed, yielding Arg-Arg and β-naphthylamine, and appears to serve as a relatively specific substrate since Ala-Ala-βNA, Lys-Lys-βNA, Gly-Arg-βNA, Ser-Tyr-βNA, Leu-Ala-βNA, and Lys-Ala-βNA are not attacked. The optimum for the hydrolysis of the susceptible substrates lies at pH 8.5 to 9.0. The maximal rate of hydrolysis of Arg-Arg-βNA occurs at 0.04 mm; greater concentrations of substrate as well as the product, Arg-Arg, are inhibitory. The enzyme is inhibited by thiol reagents and activated by thiol compounds. A 500-fold purification can be achieved by fractionation with (NH4)2SO4 and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose.
Detection and segmentation of pathological structures by the extended graph-shifts algorithm

We propose an extended graph-shifts algorithm for image segmentation and labeling. This algorithm performs energy minimization by manipulating a dynamic hierarchical representation of the image. It consists of a set of moves occurring at different levels of the hierarchy where the types of move, and the level of the hierarchy, are chosen automatically so as to maximally decrease the energy. Extended graph-shifts can be applied to a broad range of problems in medical imaging. In this paper, we apply extended graph-shifts to the detection of pathological brain structures: (i) segmentation of brain tumors, and (ii) detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. The energy terms in these tasks are learned from training data by statistical learning algorithms.We demonstrate accurate results, precision and recall in the order of 93%, and also show that the algorithm is computationally efficient, segmenting a full 3D volume in about one minute.
Taming light with cold atoms

As Anyone who uses the Internet will know, the last ten years have seen some incredible developments in communication. We can now e-mail colleagues thousands of miles away and download research papers from distant servers in seconds. Much of this extraordinary progress has been due to improvements in optical communication. And, despite recent reports of a financial downturn in the optical-technology sector, we are now at a very exciting stage as far as the technology itself is concerned.
Status functions, collective intentionality: matters of trust for geospatial information sharing

A GIS coordinator for a U.S. city complains about data sharing metadata with a single word: “headaches.” He underscores the function of metadata in supporting the process of finding a collective understanding of what the data can be reliably used for. In John Searle's philosophical work on social reality, this coordinator articulates the struggle to create and maintain the status functions and collective intentionality required for successful data sharing. Each technical solution to data sharing can fail to ensure that the meaning of the shared data is understood. Data sharing must move one rung higher and become information sharing, which requires the collective recognition of status functions and the creation of collective intentionality. Integral to successful information sharing is the creation of an environment of trust that ensures that function recognition occurs. In this paper I examine cases that highlight trust as a measure of status function recognition.
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Organic Chemicals with O2

Selective oxidation of organic materials is one of the grand challenges facing chemists today. One class of oxidation reactions based on palladium catalysts led to excitement in the 1950s but ran into roadblocks in subsequent decades and research attention turned elsewhere. In his Perspective, Stahl discusses recent renewed interest in palladium-containing catalysts for selective oxidation. The latest generation of catalysts share common features with fuel cells and biological enzymes, and they may provide new opportunities for industrially relevant reactions.
Spin-dependent Transport of Carriers in Semiconductors

This chapter reviews spin-dependent transport of carriers in homogenous three-dimensional and two-dimensional semiconductors. We begin with a discussion of optical orientation of electron spins, which allows both the creation and detection of spin-polarized carriers in semiconductors. Then we review nonequilibrium spin flow including spin drift and diffusion caused by electric fields and concentration gradients. A controlled spin precession is possible both in external magnetic fields and in effective magnetic fields due to a broken inversion symmetry. Although the Coulomb interaction does not couple to the spin degree of freedom, it affects the spin-dependent transport via the spin Coulomb drag. In gyrotropic media, the optical creation of spin-oriented electrons gives rise to spin photocurrents, which reverse their direction when the radiation helicity is changed from left-handed to right-handed. The reverse process is possible, too, that is, an electric current in a gyrotropic medium gives rise to a spin polarization in the bulk of the sample. Keywords: spin transport; semiconductors; spintronics; spin precession; spin splitting; spin diffusion; spin drift; optical orientation
Lower Bounds for Structuring Unreliable Radio Networks

In this paper, we study lower bounds for randomized solutions to the maximal independent set (MIS) and connected dominating set (CDS) problems in the dual graph model of radio networks—a generalization of the standard graph-based model that now includes unreliable links controlled by an adversary. We begin by proving that a natural geographic constraint on the network topology is required to solve these problems efficiently (i.e., in time polylogarthmic in the network size). In more detail, we prove that in the absence of this constraint, for a network of size n: every MIS algorithm now requires Ω(n 1 − e ) rounds to solve the problem, for any constant e, 0 < e ≤ 1, and every CDS algorithm that provides a reasonable approximation of a minimum CDS now requires \(\Omega(\sqrt{n}/\log{n})\) rounds. We then prove the importance of the assumption that nodes are provided advance knowledge of their reliable neighbors (i.e, neighbors connected by reliable links). In more detail, we prove that in the absence of this assumption, for any CDS algorithm that guarantees a g(n)-approximation of a minimum CDS in f(n) rounds, it follows that g(n) + f(n) = Ω(n). This holds even if we assume the geographic constraint and the weakest possible adversary controlling the unreliable links. Finally, we show that although you can efficiently build an MIS without advance neighborhood knowledge, this omission increases the problem’s dependence on the geographic constraint. When both constraints are missing, every MIS algorithm now requires Ω(n) rounds, even if we assume the weakest possible adversary. Combined, these results answer an open question by proving that the efficient MIS and CDS algorithms from [2] are optimal with respect to their dual graph model assumptions. They also provide insight into what properties of an unreliable network enable efficient local computation.
Skyrmionic spin Seebeck effect via dissipative thermomagnonic torques

We derive thermomagnonic torque and its ``$\ensuremath{\beta}$-type'' dissipative correction from the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$-type dissipative correction describes viscous coupling between magnetic dynamics and magnonic current and it stems from spin mistracking of the magnetic order. We show that thermomagnonic torque is important for describing temperature gradient induced motion of skyrmions in helical magnets while dissipative correction plays an essential role in generating transverse Magnus force. We propose to detect such skyrmionic motion by employing the transverse spin Seebeck effect geometry.
A Hybrid Analysis for Security Protocols with State

Cryptographic protocols rely on message-passing to coordinate activity among principals. Many richly developed tools, based on well-understood foundations, are available for the design and analysis of pure message-passing protocols. However, in many protocols, a principal uses non-local, mutable state to coordinate its local sessions. Crosssession state poses difficulties for protocol analysis tools.
Microbial degradation of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in soils and sediments.

[14C]ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was shown to be slowly biodegraded to 14CO2 in soils and sediments under aerobic conditions and by microorganisms in mixed liquid culture. EDTA chelates of Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ca, and Fe added to soil were equally degraded, while Ni-EDTA was degraded more slowly.
A Treasure Trove of Information for Justice Reform

This article is a review of European Judicial Systems – Edition 2014 (2012 Data): Efficiency and Quality of Justice , European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, available online in full and summary versions at www.coe.int/cepej .
Small Farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart World: Welfare Effects of Supermarkets Operating in Nicaragua

Despite more than a decade of NGO and government activities promoting developing world farmer participation in high-value agricultural markets, evidence regarding the household welfare effects of such initiatives is limited. This paper analyzes the geographic placement of supermarket supply chains in Nicaragua between 2000 and 2008 and uses a difference-in-difference specification on measures of supplier and non-supplier assets to estimate the welfare effects of small farmer participation. Though results indicate that selling to supermarkets increases household productive asset holdings, they also suggest that only farmers with advantageous endowments of geography and water are likely to participate.
Super-fast distributed algorithms for metric facility location

This paper presents a distributed O(1)-approximation algorithm in the $\mathcal{CONGEST}$ model for the metric facility location problem on a size-n clique network that has an expected running time of O(loglogn ·log*n) rounds. Though metric facility location has been considered by a number of researchers in low-diameter settings, this is the first sub-logarithmic-round algorithm for the problem that yields an O(1)-approximation in the setting of non-uniform facility opening costs. Since the facility location problem is specified by Ω(n2) bits of information, any fast solution in the $\mathcal{CONGEST}$ model must be truly distributed. Our paper makes three main technical contributions. First, we show a new lower bound for metric facility location. Next, we demonstrate a reduction of the distributed metric facility location problem to the problem of computing an O(1)-ruling set of an appropriate spanning subgraph. Finally, we present a sub-logarithmic-round (in expectation) algorithm for computing a 2-ruling set in a spanning subgraph of a clique. Our algorithm accomplishes this by using a combination of randomized and deterministic sparsification.
CEO Servant Leadership: Exploring Executive Characteristics and Firm Performance

This study offers an examination of the relationships between chief executive officer (CEO) servant leadership, the executive characteristics of narcissism, founder status, and organizational identification, and firm performance in a sample of 126 CEOs in technology organizations. Analysis of data gathered over multiple periods revealed a negative relationship between CEO narcissism and servant leadership, and a positive relationship between founder status (i.e., founder or nonfounder) and servant leadership. Furthermore, CEO organizational identification served as a partial mediating mechanism linking narcissism and founder status to servant leadership. In turn, CEO servant leadership predicted subsequent firm performance (measured as return on assets). The results of this study have implications for researchers interested in better understanding the predictors and consequences of servant leadership and for practitioners concerned with combating negative or selfish executive leadership behaviors and employing servant leadership for the organization's benefit.
Battling Arrow’s Paradox to Discover Robust Water Management Alternatives

AbstractThis study demonstrates how Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, a theory of social choice, is of direct concern when formulating water-resources systems planning problems. Traditional strategies for solving multiobjective water resources problems typically aggregate multiple performance measures into single composite objectives (e.g., a priori preference weighting or grouping-like measures by category). Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, commonly referred to as Arrow’s Paradox, implies that a subset of performance concerns will inadvertently dictate the properties of the optimized design alternative in unpredictable ways when using aggregated objectives. This study shows how many-objective planning can aid in battling Arrow’s Paradox. Many-objective planning explicitly disaggregates measures of performance while supporting the discovery of planning tradeoffs, using tools such as multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). An urban water portfolio planning case study for the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex...
Regular black holes in de Sitter universe: Scalar field perturbations and quasinormal modes

The purpose of this paper is to study quasinormal modes (QNMs) of a regular black hole with a cosmological constant due to scalar perturbations. A detailed study of QNMs frequencies for the massless scalar field was done by varying the parameters of the theory such as mass, magnetic charge, cosmological constant and the spherical harmonic index. We have employed the sixth-order WKB approximation to compute the QNMs frequencies. We have also proved analytically that the l = 0 mode for the massless field reaches a constant value at late times. We have approximated the near-extreme regular-de Sitter (dS) black hole potential with the Poschl–Teller potential to obtain exact frequencies. The null geodesics of the regular-de Sitter black hole is employed to describe the QNMs frequencies at the eikonal limit (l ≫ 1).
QCD Structure of Nuclear Interactions

OF THE DISSERTATION QCD STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS by Carlos G. Granados Florida International University, 2011 Miami, Florida Professor Misak Sargsian, Major Professor The research presented in this dissertation investigated selected processes involving baryons and nuclei in hard scattering reactions. These processes are characterized by the production of particles with large energies and transverse momenta. Through these processes, this work explored both, the constituent (quark) structure of baryons (specifically nucleons and ∆-Isobars), and the mechanisms through which the interactions between these constituents ultimately control the selected reactions. The first of such reactions is the hard nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering, which was studied here considering the quark exchange between the nucleons to be the dominant mechanism of interaction in the constituent picture. In particular, it was found that an angular asymmetry exhibited by proton-neutron elastic scattering data is explained within this framework if a quark-diquark picture dominates the nucleon’s structure instead of a more traditional SU(6) three quarks picture. The latter yields an asymmetry around 90 center of mass scattering with a sign opposite to what is experimentally observed. The second process is the hard breakup by a photon of a nucleon-nucleon system in light nuclei. Proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) breakup in 3He, and ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup were analyzed in the hard rescattering model (HRM), which in conjunction with the quark interchange mechanism provides a Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) description of the reaction. Through the HRM, cross sections for both channels in 3He photodisintegration were computed without the need of a fitting v parameter. The results presented here for pp breakup show excellent agreement with recent experimental data. In ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup, HRM angular distributions for the two ∆∆ channels were compared to the pn channel and to each other. An important prediction from this study is that the ∆++∆− channel consistently dominates ∆+∆0, which is in contrast with models that unlike the HRM consider a ∆∆ system in the initial state of the interaction. For such models both channels should have the same strength. These results are important in developing a QCD description of the atomic nucleus.
The impact of culture on national prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship

This cross-cultural study empirically investigates the cultural determinants of macro-level social and commercial entrepreneurship from a new institutional theory perspective. This study investigates if cultural shifts in cultural values, operationalized through the World Values Survey (WVS), impact the prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship at the national level. Social and commercial entrepreneurship rates are drawn from the 2009 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and aggregated for 53 countries in this cross-sectional analysis using multivariate regression. Findings indicate that traditional societal values positively impact commercial entrepreneurship prevalence rates, but negatively impact social entrepreneurship rates. Furthermore, self-expression societal values positively impact social entrepreneurship prevalence rates.
Transfer learning for device fingerprinting with application to cognitive radio networks

Primary user emulation (PUE) attacks are an emerging threat to cognitive radio (CR) networks in which malicious users imitate the primary users (PUs) signals to limit the access of secondary users (SUs). Ascertaining the identity of the devices is a key technical challenge that must be overcome to thwart the threat of PUE attacks. Typically, detection of PUE attacks is done by inspecting the signals coming from all the devices in the system, and then using these signals to form unique fingerprints for each device. Current detection and fingerprinting approaches require certain conditions to hold in order to effectively detect attackers. Such conditions include the need for a sufficient amount of fingerprint data for users or the existence of both the attacker and the victim PU within the same time frame. These conditions are necessary because current methods lack the ability to learn the behavior of both SUs and PUs with time. In this paper, a novel transfer learning (TL) approach is proposed, in which abstract knowledge about PUs and SUs is transferred from past time frames to improve the detection process at future time frames. The proposed approach extracts a high level representation for the environment at every time frame. This high level information is accumulated to form an abstract knowledge database. The CR system then utilizes this database to accurately detect PUE attacks even if an insufficient amount of fingerprint data is available at the current time frame. The dynamic structure of the proposed approach uses the final detection decisions to update the abstract knowledge database for future runs. Simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the performance with an average of 3.5% for only 10% relevant information between the past knowledge and the current environment signals.
A LOCAL NEUROVASCULAR FLAP TO REPAIR LOSS OF THE DIGITAL PULP.

Summary 1.The anatomical basis for a dorsal neurovascular flap based on the palmar digital vessels is described. 2.Its value in completely resurfacing the digital pulp with intact sensory cover by one operation is discussed. 3.The failure of return to tactile gnosis in grafts is discussed. The value of the introduction of a neurovascular flap is emphasised.
Application of combinatorial catalysis to the selective reduction of NO by C3H6

Abstract Selective catalytic reduction of NO by C 3 H 6 was investigated using the tools of combinatorial chemistry under both stoichiometric and fuel-lean conditions. Fifty six quaternary Pt–Pd–In–Na combination catalysts were prepared by impregnating γ-Al 2 O 3 pellets with precursor solution mixtures prepared automatically using a micro-jet liquid dispensation system. Performances of the catalysts were evaluated in array microreactors using mass spectrometry in the temperature range 200–550°C. A number of multi-metallic combinations showed excellent NO reduction activities under stoichiometric conditions and over a broad temperature range. However, the performance of the entire library under fuel-lean conditions was poor.
Performance characteristics of an adaptive mesh refinement calculation on scalar and vector platforms

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a powerful technique that reduces the resources necessary to solve otherwise intractable problems in computational science. The AMR strategy solves the problem on a relatively coarse grid, and dynamically refines it in regions requiring higher resolution. However, AMR codes tend to be far more complicated than their uniform grid counterparts due to the software infrastructure necessary to dynamically manage the hierarchical grid framework. Despite this complexity, it is generally believed that future multi-scale applications will increasingly rely on adaptive methods to study problems at unprecedented scale and resolution. Recently, a new generation of parallel-vector architectures have become available that promise to achieve extremely high sustained performance for a wide range of applications, and are the foundation of many leadership-class computing systems worldwide. It is therefore imperative to understand the tradeoffs between conventional scalar and parallel-vector platforms for solving AMR-based calculations. In this paper, we examine the LibraryHyperCLaw AMR framework to compare and contrast performance on the Cray X1E, IBM Power3 and Power5, and SGI Altix. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that investigates and characterizes the performance of an AMR calculation on modern parallel-vector systems.
Assessment of environmental health risks is feasible by secondary use of administrative registers.

National register systems include detailed individual-level information. In the Nordic countries, these data sources include personal identification number, which can be used for linkages between registers. A case study on the effects of possible hazardous waste on the former and current residents of Myllypuro in Helsinki, Finland, is presented to assess if the utilisation of pre-collected official health register information is feasible in environmental health research. National register information was used as the primary data source, since large-scale health examination studies are seldom feasible and the use of surveys may result in biased information. The exposure data were based on residence information from the Central Population Register and the outcome data came from three national population and health registers. No evidence of health problems was found. The use of administrative register data was feasible, since the main prerequisites of epidemiological studies – the enumeration of exposed popu...
Renormalized S -Matrix for Scalar Electrodynamics

By a consistent use of the concepts of mass and charge renormalization Dyson has demonstrated the possibility of constructing a divergence-free $S$-matrix for scattering problems in spinor-electrodynamics, valid to all orders in the fine-structure constant. In this paper a proof is given of the possibility of renormalizing theories of charged scalar (or pseudoscalar) particles in the presence of the electromagnetic field. It is found that in addition to the renormalization of mass and charge, an infinite constant of direct interaction $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ has to be introduced in a term $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{*2}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$ added to the Hamiltonian, in order to cancel consistently all divergences arising from the M\o{}ller scattering of one spinless particle by another. This, combined with the fact that theories of charged scalar and pseudoscalar mesons in scalar interaction with the nucleons can be renormalized with the same additional term in the Hamiltonian, seems to be of some significance.
Radio occultation measurements of transient eddies in the northern hemisphere of Mars

[1] We have characterized the behavior of transient eddies in the northern hemisphere of Mars through analysis of Radio Science (RS) occultation data from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). The “weather” in the lowest scale height above the surface at 55°N–80°N is dominated by shallow, eastward moving baroclinic eddies distinguished by their intensity and coherence. The vertical structure of these eddies is fully resolved by the RS measurements, which also yield unique estimates of the near-surface meridional winds implied by geostrophic balance. We identified and characterized the most prominent eddies through space-time analysis of RS measurements of geopotential height at 610 Pa, a few kilometers above the surface. Eddy activity appears as well-defined modes with zonal wave numbers 1–3, and variations in the amplitudes of these modes tend to be anticorrelated so that a large amplitude in one mode is often accompanied by a small amplitude in the others. The wave number and period of the dominant mode shift at intervals of 30–50 sols. Eddy winds near the surface vary distinctively with season in response to changes in eddy amplitude and zonal wave number. The meridional winds peak sharply in two seasonal windows, one in early-to-middle autumn and the other in middle-to-late winter, separated by a lull around winter solstice. Comparisons with previous results reveal close connections with the transient eddies observed by the Viking Landers and with distinctive southward moving frontal dust storms observed by the MGS Mars Orbiter Camera.
The Challenge of Protocols for Reflux Disease: A Review and Development of a Critical Pathway

Objectives. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are very common and controversial diseases. The authors have previously reviewed clinical practice guidelines (...
Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Thiols to N-Acyl Imines: Access to Chiral N,S-Acetals

The first catalytic asymmetric method to prepare enantioenriched N,S-acetals using chiral BINOL phosphoric acids is reported. The reaction combines N-acyl imines with thiols to generate products in excellent yield and enantioselectivity. The addition reaction could also be achieved with an exceptional substrate to catalyst (S/C) molar ratio. Electron-rich and electron-deficient aromatic N-acyl imines, as well as a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic thiols, showed excellent reactivity.
On uniqueness of differential structures on orbifolds

Abstract It is known that every C r -orbifold, 1 ≤ r ≤ ∞ , has a compatible C s -differential structure, for every s , where r s ≤ ω . We prove that if two reduced C r -orbifolds, 2 ≤ r ≤ ω , are C 2 -diffeomorphic, then they are C r -diffeomorphic. It follows that the compatible C s -differential structure on a reduced C r -orbifold, 2 ≤ r s ≤ ω , is unique up to a C s -diffeomorphism.
A New Anomaly Matching Condition

Abstract We formulate “Witten” matching conditions for confining gauge theories. The conditions are analogous to 't Hooft's, but involve Witten's global SU(2) anomaly. Using a group theoretic result of Geng, Marshak, Zhao and Okubo, we show that if the fourth homotopy group of the flavor group H is trivial (Π4(H)=0) then realizations of massless composite fermions that satisfy the't Hooft conditions also satisfy the Witten conditions. If Π4(H) is nontrivial, the new matching conditioms can yield additional information about the low energy spectrum of the theory. We give a simple physical proof of Geng et al.'s result.
Optical flow sensing and the inverse perception problem for flying bats

The movements of birds, bats, and other flying species are governed by complex sensorimotor systems that allow the animals to react to stationary environmental features as well as to wind disturbances, other animals in nearby airspace, and a wide variety of unexpected challenges. The paper and talk will describe research that analyzes the three-dimensional trajectories of bats flying in a habitat in Texas. The trajectories are computed with stereoscopic methods using data from synchronous thermal videos that were recorded with high temporal and spatial resolution from three viewpoints. Following our previously reported work, we examine the possibility that bat trajectories in this habitat are governed by optical flow sensing that interpolates periodic distance measurements from echolocation. Using an idealized geometry of bat eyes, we introduce the concept of time-to-transit, and recall some research that suggests that this quantity is computed by the animals' visual cortex. Several steering control laws based on time-to-transit are proposed for an idealized flight model, and it is shown that these can be used to replicate the observed flight of what we identify as typical bats. Although the vision-based motion control laws we propose and the protocols for switching between them are quite simple, some of the trajectories that have been synthesized are qualitatively bat-like. Examination of the control protocols that generate these trajectories suggests that bat motions are governed both by their reactions to a subset of key feature points as well by their memories of where these feature points are located.
Distribution and Kinematics of O VI in the Galactic Halo

Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of 100 extragalactic objects and two distant halo stars are analyzed to obtain measures of O VI λλ1031.93, 1037.62 absorption along paths through the Milky Way thick disk/halo. Strong O VI absorption over the velocity range from -100 to 100 km s-1 reveals a widespread but highly irregular distribution of O VI, implying the existence of substantial amounts of hot gas with T ~ 3 × 105 K in the Milky Way thick disk/halo. The integrated column density, log [N(O VI) cm-2], ranges from 13.85 to 14.78 with an average value of 14.38 and a standard deviation of 0.18. Large irregularities in the gas distribution are found to be similar over angular scales extending from 45°) range from -46 to 82 km s-1, with a high-latitude sample average of 0 km s-1 and a standard deviation of 21 km s-1. High positive velocity O VI absorbing wings extending from ~100 to ~250 km s-1 observed along 21 lines of sight may be tracing the flow of O VI into the halo. A combination of models involving the radiative cooling of hot fountain gas, the cooling of supernova bubbles in the halo, and the turbulent mixing of warm and hot halo gases is required to explain the presence of O VI and other highly ionized atoms found in the halo. The preferential venting of hot gas from local bubbles and superbubbles into the northern Galactic polar region may explain the enhancement of O VI in the north. If a fountain flow dominates, a mass flow rate of approximately 1.4 M⊙ yr-1 of cooling hot gas to each side of the Galactic plane with an average density of 10-3 cm-3 is required to explain the average value of log [N(O VI) sin |b|] observed in the southern Galactic hemisphere. Such a flow rate is comparable to that estimated for the Galactic intermediate-velocity clouds.
Comparative Efficacy of Alternative Hand-Washing Agents in Reducing Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units

Abstract Background. Effective hand-washing can prevent nosocomial infections, particularly in high-risk areas of the hospital. There are few clinical studies of the efficacy of specific hand-cleansing agents in preventing the transmission of pathogens from health care workers to patients. Methods. For eight months, we conducted a prospective multiple-crossover trial involving 1894 adult patients in three intensive care units (ICUs). In a given month, the ICU used a hand-washing system involving either chlorhexidine, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, or 60 percent isopropyl alcohol with the optional use of a nonmedicated soap; in alternate months the other system was used. Rates of nosocomial infection and hand-washing compliance were monitored prospectively. Results. When chlorhexidine was used, there were 152 nosocomial infections, as compared with 202 when the combination of alcohol and soap was used (adjusted incidence-density ratio [IDR], 0.73; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.90). The l...
Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions on the Lattice

Abstract We consider the nucleon–nucleon potential in quenched and partially-quenched QCD. The leading one-meson exchange contribution to the potential is found to fall off exponentially at long-distances, in contrast with the Yukawa-type behaviour found in QCD. This unphysical component of the two-nucleon potential has important implications for the extraction of nuclear properties from lattice simulations.
Controlling surface dust in a tokamak

Methods to measure the inventory of dust particles and to remove dust if it approaches safety limits will be required in next-step tokamaks. A novel electrostatic dust detector, based on a fine grid of interlocking circuit traces, biased to 30 or 50 V, has been developed for the detection of dust on remote surfaces in air and vacuum environments. Impinging dust particles are detected when they create a short circuit between the traces, however this short circuit is temporary suggesting the device may be useful for the removal of dust from specific areas. The fate of the dust particles has been tracked by measurements of mass gain/loss. Heating by the current pulse caused up to 90% of the particles to be ejected from the grid or vaporized, the removal efficiency depending on the experimental geometry. We also report the first attempt at real-time dust detection in NSTX.