cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETARY CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IN RATS

Dietary cirrhosis of the liver was produced in 223 rats, and then therapy of the condition attempted. Administration of lipotropic factors (casein, methionine, choline) was followed not only by reduction of fat infiltration and by regeneration of hepatic parenchyma but, by a reduction of the degree of the fibrosis. In one group of rats, comparison of sections obtained by biopsy, before treatment, with findings at necropsy, after completed therapy, indicated apparent reduction of the fibrosis and of the amount of ceroid and considerable restoration of architecture. This improvement, however, was obtained neither with complete regularity nor in a short time. In very severe cirrhosis, as a rule, the effect of a lipotropic diet was disappointing, even after prolonged treatment up to 200 to 240 days. It is assumed that factors determining prevention are beneficial only to a limited extent in treatment. The therapy of very severe cirrhosis may require the interaction of further beneficial factors (nutritional and hormonal). Best therapeutic results were obtained by the combination of an adequate amount of casein with methionine or liver extract, and by the combination of methionine with liver extract. Methionine and thiouracil, both of which, singly, are effective in the prevention of dietary hepatic cirrhosis in rats, have proved to be less effective for the therapy of cirrhosis, when administered together, than methionine given alone for the same purpose. Under identical conditions, female rats have shown greater resistance to the production of dietary hepatic cirrhosis and a more favorable response to therapeutic dietary factors, than male rats.
MESON PRODUCTION IN THE INTERACTIONS OF 26.7 GEV/C PROTONS WITH EMULSION NUCLEI

A sample of 133 interactions in nuclear emulsions initiated by 26.7 GeV/c protons has been examined. It was found possible to separate the events fairly well into two groups, one in which almost all of the shower particles were emitted in a single nucleon-nucleon collision in a target nucleus, the other (∼ 20%) in which the shower particles were produced in two or more successive collisions in a target nucleus. Analysis of the « effective target mass » distribution of the events and the distribution, where π is the laboratory emission angle of a shower particle, supported the above interpretation and indicated that an appreciable fraction of the events in the first group might be attributed to peripheral nucleon-nucleon collisions. The events interpreted as a single nucleon-nucleon collision have an average charged shower multiplicity of 4.6 ±0.2. If forward-backward symmetry of the secondary pions in the center of mass (c.m.s.) of the nucleon-nucleon system is assumed, it can be estimated that pions constituted about 70% of the charged shower particles, and their mean total energy in the laboratory was (2.0±0.2) GeV.
Inheritance of a Genetic Factor from the Copenhagen Rat and the Suppression of Chemically Induced Mammary Adenocarcinogenesis

Abstract Female rats of ten different inbred strains were tested for their susceptibility to 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary adenocarcinogenesis. Five of these strains (OM, NSD, WF, LEWIS, BUFF) were demonstrated to be highly susceptible to DMBA exposure developing >2 continuously growing, macroscopically detectable mammary adenocarcinomas/rat following gastric intubation with DMBA. In contrast, the COP female rat is completely resistant. Cross-breeding COP to any of the highly susceptible strains produced F 1 hybrids which are resistant to DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinogenesis. Cross-breeding the same highly susceptible strains to the Fischer strain ( i.e. , a strain only intermediately susceptible to DMBA) produced F 1 hybrids which were just as highly inducible as their highly susceptible non-Fischer parental strain. The resistance of the F 1 hybrids produced by cross-breeding these highly susceptible strains to the COP strain therefore is not due to a recessive lack of susceptibility but to an active process of suppression of the high susceptibility of these F 1 hybrids to DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinogenesis. To determine if the site of action of the COP gene responsible for this suppression is in the mammary gland itself or at the host systemic level, a series of factors ( i.e. , host growth rate, mammary gland growth rate, systemic hormone level during the estrus cycle, serum and tissue levels of DMBA and its metabolites) were compared between female rats of the highly susceptible NSD versus the resistant COP strain. These results suggested that host systemic factors are not involved. To test this directly, donor mammary glands from the highly susceptible NSD and the resistant COP strains were transplanted into F 1 hybrids produced by cross-breeding these two strains. The resultant donor glands were then directly exposed to DMBA, the animals were followed, and the incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was determined. Seventy % of the NSD donor glands developed continuously growing cancers while only 10% of COP donor glands did the same. These results are clearly incompatible with host systemic factors being the major determinant in the resistance of NSD × COP F 1 hybrids to DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinogenesis. Instead, these results directly demonstrate that it is the genetic makeup of the donor mammary gland itself which determines its response to DMBA exposure.
Motor Rotation Is Essential for the Formation of the Periplasmic Flagellar Ribbon, Cellular Morphology, and Borrelia burgdorferi Persistence within Ixodes scapularis Tick and Murine Hosts

Borrelia burgdorferi must migrate within and between its arthropod and mammalian hosts in order to complete its natural enzootic cycle. During tick feeding, the spirochete transmits from the tick to the host dermis, eventually colonizing and persisting within multiple, distant tissues. This dissemination modality suggests that flagellar motor rotation and, by extension, motility are crucial for infection. We recently reported that a nonmotile flaB mutant that lacks periplasmic flagella is rod shaped and unable to infect mice by needle or tick bite. However, those studies could not differentiate whether motor rotation or merely the possession of the periplasmic flagella was crucial for cellular morphology and host persistence. Here, we constructed and characterized a motB mutant that is nonmotile but retains its periplasmic flagella. Even though ΔmotB bacteria assembled flagella, part of the mutant cell is rod shaped. Cryoelectron tomography revealed that the flagellar ribbons are distorted in the mutant cells, indicating that motor rotation is essential for spirochetal flat-wave morphology. The ΔmotB cells are unable to infect mice, survive in the vector, or migrate out of the tick. Coinfection studies determined that the presence of these nonmotile ΔmotB cells has no effect on the clearance of wild-type spirochetes during murine infection and vice versa. Together, our data demonstrate that while flagellar motor rotation is necessary for spirochetal morphology and motility, the periplasmic flagella display no additional properties related to immune clearance and persistence within relevant hosts.
Defection detection: predicting search engine switching

Searchers have a choice about which Web search engine they use when looking for information online. If they are unsuccessful on one engine, users may switch to a different engine to continue their search. By predicting when switches are likely to occur, the search experience can be modified to retain searchers or ensure a quality experience for incoming searchers. In this poster, we present research on a technique for predicting search engine switches. Our findings show that prediction is possible at a reasonable level of accuracy, particularly when personalization or user grouping is employed. These findings have implications for the design of applications to support more effective online searching.
Aristotle and Theories of Justice

Today it is all the rage for political theorists and even philosophers to have theories of justice. Looking back on the history of political thought, we cannot help but notice that not all previous philosophers have taken justice and theories of justice so seriously. Among those who did not was Aristotle. To be sure, he had a theory of justice, and from this fact we might infer that he thought it necessary to have one. But I shall presently argue, primarily from Aristotle's treatment of the problem in the Nicomachean Ethics, that Aristotle thought all theories of justice, including his own, to be unsatisfactory. In his opinion, a politics that understands its highest purpose as justice and a political science that attempts to comprehend all political phenomena within a theory of justice are practically and theoretically unsound.
How frames present BMW as embracing an aging workforce

Abstract As the population begins to age, organizations are starting to plan for an influx of older employees. Since the workforce is “graying,” the question now becomes how to best utilize this growing segment of the population within an organizational context. This case study applied framing analysis to the BMW Today for Tomorrow program in order to understand how BMW built support for its efforts to create a more age diverse workforce. This initiative was intended to redesign the production lines at BMW in order to become more age-appropriate for BMW's increasingly older employees. The Today for Tomorrow program included the implementation of over 70 small changes that improved the efficiency of an experimental production line (e.g., magnifying glasses, stretching station, wooden floors, and ergonomic standing chairs). Several texts were analyzed including media stories, the organizational website, and the BMW Sustainability Report. Based on this case study, BMW's Today for Tomorrow program contained two overarching frames that aided in the attempt to highlight its age appropriate workplace initiatives. These frames are age as a valuable resource and BMW as a responsible organization. In addition, BMW incorporated both episodic (specific examples) and thematic (general context) framing techniques in order to localize and globalize the issue of an aging workforce simultaneously.
Body Mass Index, percent body fat, and regional body fat distribution in relation to leptin concentrations in healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in a feeding study.

Background The relationship between BMI and leptin has been studied extensively in the past, but previous reports in postmenopausal women have not been conducted under carefully controlled dietary conditions of weight maintenance using precise measures of body fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between serum leptin concentration and adiposity as estimated by BMI and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measures (percent body fat, central and peripheral fat, and lean mass) in postmenopausal women.
Learning, Forgetting, and Relearning for Keystroke-and Mouse-Driven Tasks: Relearning Is Important

We investigate performance change arising through learning, forgetting, and relearning. Participants learned a spreadsheet task with either keystroke-driven (keyboard, n = 30) or mouse-based menu-driven (mouse, n = 30) commands. Their performance confirmed the power law of practice. The keyboard users learned to complete the task faster than the mouse users on the last learning session (Day 4). At a 6-day retention interval, the mouse users were observed to forget more—they took more time to complete the task than the keyboard users. Of interest, the participants in the two modality groups showed no reliable differences in their forgetting under the retention of 12 and 18 days. With additional practice, the mouse group users with the 6-day retention relearned more—they reliably reduced the time to complete the task in comparison to the paired keyboard group. These results help understand why people may choose to use a mouse-driven graphical user interface rather than a keystroke-driven interface: People c...
Induction of the MMP-14 Gene in Macrophages of the Atherosclerotic Plaque: Role of SAF-1 in the Induction Process

Based on epidemiological and pathological studies, it is becoming increasingly clear that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by participating in vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration, and plaque disruption. MMP-14, because of its unique ability to cause pericellular degradation, its broad substrate specificity, its synthesis in an active form, and its ability to activate other matrix metalloproteinases, is recognized as a prominent member of this family. MMP-14 is detected at high levels in the atherosclerotic plaque. To understand the induction mechanism of MMP-14 under atherogenic conditions, we examined its expression pattern in response to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) that are believed to play an important role in atherogenesis. We report that in macrophages, ox-LDLs markedly elevate the levels of MMP-14 mRNA and protein. The cis-acting elements supporting this increase were identified to be present within -213 and -1 nucleotides of the MMP-14 promoter. DNase I protection assay revealed, within this region, two major elements, of which one serves as the DNA-binding site for SAF-1 transcription factor. Increased binding of SAF-1 to the MMP-14 promoter correlated with the transcriptional upregulation of MMP-14 gene. Furthermore, induction of endogenous MMP-14 gene, MMP-14 promoter driven reporter gene expression and MMP-2 processing activity during overexpression of SAF-1 and coexpression of SAF-1 and MMP-14 in the macrophages present in the atherosclerotic plaque implicate SAF-1 as a key regulator of MMP-14 gene induction in macrophage cells.
Randomized Space-Time Coding for Distributed Cooperative Communication: Fractional Diversity

We study the problem of designing distributed space-time codes for cooperative communication. A major challenge in distributed cooperative transmissions is to find a way to coordinate the relay transmissions without requiring extra control information overhead. Most of the previous works on the subject assume each node emulates a predetermined antenna of a multiple-antenna system. However, this requires a centralized "antenna allocation" procedure. Here, we introduce randomized strategies that decentralize the transmission of a space time code from a set of distributed relays. The simple idea we propose is to let each node transmit a random linear combination of the codewords that would be transmitted by all the antennas in a centralized space time coding scheme. We provide different code designs that achieve the diversity order (min(N, L)) when number of nodes N is different than the number of virtual antennas L. In this paper, we focus on the case when N = L and we show that under certain designs the achieved diversity order is fractional
Preovipositional Behaviors of Tiphia pygidialis and Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae), Parasitoids of White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The events leading to oviposition by Tiphia pygidialis Allen and Tiphia vernalis Rohwer on their host Cyclocephala spp. and Popillia japonica Newman grubs, respectively, were compared and quantiÞed using videotaped recordings. Mean (SE) duration of the oviposition process was 49.3 2.9 min for T. pygidialis and 31.5 2.2 min for T. vernalis. Behaviors included stinging, moving soil from around grubs, host kneading, host examination, host feeding, and scraping of the grubOs cuticle. Sequence of behavioral events was translated into a Þrst-order (Markovian) contingency table to construct sow charts of the oviposition process for both species. T. pygidialis spent more time kneading and scraping the cuticle of grubs than did T. vernalis, whereas T. vernalis performed more stinging and soil-moving events. These behaviors most likely serve to move the grubs into a suitable position for oviposition. Scraping of the hostOs cuticle where an egg was to be laid took more time than any other behavior. Compared with nonparasitized grubs, cuticle from parasitized grubs contained numerous grooves Þlled with cement used to anchor the parasitoid egg. Scanning electron microscopy revealed peg-like structures, similar in size to the grooves made in the cuticle of parasitized grubs, on the ovipositor sheath of female wasps. These structures are thought to be used in making the grooves in the cuticle, whose postulated function is to increase the surface area of the host cuticle to facilitate egg attachment. This is the Þrst study to implicate such use of the ovipositor sheath by a parasitoid.
Establishing reliable procedures for rating ell students’ reading comprehension using oral retellings

Abstract Oral retellings are strongly recommended as a way to measure reading comprehension for second language learners (Bernhardt, 1985, 1990, 1991). However, the reliability of such ratings is a matter of concern for a variety of reasons (Aiken, 1996; Cooper, 1981; Saal, Downey, & Lahey, 1980). The purpose of this study was to establish reliable rating procedures to assess the reading comprehension of college‐age second language learners using oral retellings. A three‐facet (passage, rater, and rating occasion) generalizability study was conducted using oral retellings of expository passages. Retellings of three passages provided by 24 ELL students were rated by two trained raters on two occasions. The largest sources of error variance identified were the passages and the student‐by‐passage interaction. Results showed that the most important step that could be taken to reduce measurement error and increase generalizability would be to use at least four and preferably six passages to assess ELL students...
Water/hydrocarbon co-condensation and the influence on top-of-the-line corrosion

Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a great concern in wet gas transportation where temperature gradient between the internals of the pipeline and the outside environment leads to the condensation of water vapor and a lighter fraction of hydrocarbons. Liquid water from the condensation is greatly corrosive as it is saturated with the acid gases; e.g. CO2, H2S, HAc, etc. Extensive work has been previously focused primarily on the hydrocarbon-free systems. In reality, the presence of condensable hydrocarbons affects the overall condensation process as two immiscible liquids with different wettability will form on the steel surface. As a result, less corrosion would be expected if hydrocarbons condense on the steel surface together with water. This work investigates the influence of hydrocarbon co-condensation (n-heptane) on top of the line corrosion. The wettability of water and n-heptane on carbon steel (X65) was determined and corrosion tests under co-condensation were conducted. The results show that following condensation water has higher affinity towards carbon steel than n-heptane in all cases. In a hydrocarbon-free system, corrosion rate increased with the water condensation rate whereas the presence of n-heptane provides some degree of protection in the co-condensation scenario. Under the condition tested where the steel temperature was relatively low (less than 30 ° C), iron carbonate scale was detected in a co-condensation system but not in a pure water system, suggesting different chemistry in the water condensate phase.
The Monitoring of Information Channels as a Means of Addressing Potential Liquidity Problems

“The monitoring of useful data - such as market-wide data on asset prices and liquidity, institution related information such as credit default swap (CDS) spreads and equity prices, additional institution-specific information related to the ability of the institution to fund itself in various wholesale funding markets, and the price at which it can do so, will be vital in obtaining a source of instantaneous data on potential liquidity problems.”This paper comprehensively investigates and addresses vital means whereby the monitoring of information channels could be achieved.
Strengthening Porous Skeletons by Metal Deposition from a Nanoparticle Suspension

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes such as three-dimensional printing (3DP) and selective laser sintering (SLS) produce porous bodies that must be densified for many applications. New homogenous infiltration techniques can produce dense, homogenous parts of selected standard alloys, but the increased infiltration temperature dramatically increases creep deflection under self-weight. This paper reports on a method that improves dimensional stability by reducing creep deflection rates at high temperature. This method is applicable to all metal skeletons that must be strengthened without increasing shrinkage. In this method, the skeletons are reinforced by the addition of nanometer-sized particles dispersed in a liquid. The liquid is applied to the structure either during 3DP printing or after forming (3DP, SLS, pressing). The liquid is then evaporated, depositing the metal in the skeleton. The metal nanoparticles are sintered to density below the sintering temperature of the micron-scale skeleton particles. This concept is demonstrated using a suspension of 8–10 nm iron particles infiltrated into lightly sintered porous steel skeletons. When heated with an unsupported overhang to a typical infiltration temperature, creep deflection was reduced 50–80% with 0.5–1 wt% added metal.
A randomized trial of ticarcillin and clavulanate versus gentamicin and clindamycin in patients with complicated appendicitis.

Abstract Secondary bacterial peritonitis is usually a polymicrobial infection of facultative gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Treatment consists of operation and broad-spectrum antibiotic administration. The antibiotic treatment of choice in these infections has been the combination of gentamicin and clindamycin. However, this combination can have toxic side effects and necessitates frequent monitoring of serum levels. Beta-lactam antibiotics provide broad-spectrum coverage and low toxicity, but can be inactivated by species of bacteria producing beta-lactamase enzymes. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of beta-lactamases and has been shown to extend the efficacy of ticarcillin to bacteria producing these enzymes. This combination was compared with gentamicin and clindamycin in 99 consecutive patients with complicated appendicitis. Eradication of identified pathogens was greater in the ticarcillin and clavulanate group (98 per cent) than in the gentamicin and clindamycin group (92 per cent), even for the subgroup of organisms producing beta-lactamases (97 versus 90 per cent eradication). Complications and clinical response were not significantly different between the two treatment groups. Ticarcillin and clavulanic acid is a safe and effective alternative to gentamicin and clindamycin in the treatment of secondary bacterial peritonitis and offers advantages in dosing simplicity and freedom from ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects.
Anti-calreticulin segregates anti-Ro sera in systemic lupus erythematosus: anti-calreticulin is present in sera with anti-Ro alone but not in anti-Ro sera with anti-La or anti-ribonucleoprotein.

Objective. To examine a well characterized group of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for anti-calreticulin. Methods. The sera of 77 patients with SLE were studied by immunodiffusion, solid phase immunoassay, and immunoblot for antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (RNP) autoantigens and calreticulin. Results. Thirty-five had anti-calreticulin and 40 had anti-60 kDa Ro. There was no association of anti-60 kDa Ro and anti-calreticulin. However, among anti-60 kDa Ro positive sera that also contained either anti-La or anti-RNP. none of 18 had anti-calreticulin. All the remaining sera with anti-60 kDa Ro had anti-calreticulin and anti-52 kDa Ro. Conclusion. Anti-60 kDa Ro patients with SLE can be divided into those with anti-60 kDa Ro and either anti-La or anti-RNP or those with anti-60 kDa Ro, anti-52 kDa Ro, and anti-calreticulin.
Classification and staging of gestational trophoblastic tumors

Standard terminology for the gestational trophoblastic diseases has been defined by the World Health Organization. An anatomic staging system has also been adopted by FIGO, but it has not yet been widely utilized by American and European centers which prefer to determine therapy and report results based on risk grouping or prognostic scoring. Appropriate work-up of gestational trophoblastic tumors should be based on an understanding of the biology and natural history of the disease, that allows for efficient and cost-effective determination of the extent of spread and optimal therapeutic decisions.
Evaluating Free Energies of Dimerization of Short Polyglutamine Peptides with Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Huntington's disease is a member of a group of neurodegenerative diseases called polyglutamine diseases, which are characterized by mutations that cause elongated polyglutamine repeats in proteins. Mutated proteins misfold and aggregate into amyloid-like fibrils in the neuron. Experimental techniques are used to analyze the structure of polyglutamine systems, but these methods lack the sensitivity to reveal the behavior of individual peptides on the atomic scale. For this reason, computer simulations are used to fully characterize the structure, dynamics, and energetics of these systems. In the field, short polyglutamine peptides, Q<30, are commonly used as models for study due to their simple sequence and the fact that they form fibrils similar to longer polypeptides. In previous research, we successfully used metadynamics MD simulations to identify low energy structures for the peptide D2Q10K2. Stable -hairpin, PPII-rich, and collapsed random coil structures populate this peptide's conformational free energy landscape. The process by which D2Q10K2 polypeptides dimerization, and subsequently polymerize, into aggregates is unknown. Elucidating this process will shed light on the aggregation scheme of polyglutamine peptides and will also aid in the study of other amyloidoses. In This work, we sought to investigate the free energy and conformation of D2Q10K2 dimerization, designing simulations based on what we know about the monomeric structure of these peptides. Utilizing adaptive biasing force and umbrella sampling MD simulations, we calculated the potential of mean force (PMF) of dimerization for various conformations of monomer. -hairpin structures have been proposed in multiple studies as the nucleating unit for fibril formation. We will use these simulations to test this hypothesis; results from these simulations will be presented.
Association of Immunosuppression with DR6 Expression during the Development and Progression of Spontaneous Ovarian Cancer in Laying Hen Model

Ovarian cancer (OVCA) mainly disseminates in the peritoneal cavity. Immune functions are important to prevent OVCA progression and recurrence. The mechanism of immunosuppression, a hallmark of tumor progression, is not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine the immune system's responses and its suppression during OVCA development and progression in hens. Frequencies of CD8+ T cells and IgY-containing cells and expression of immunosuppressors including IRG1 and DR6 in OVCA at early and late stages in hens were examined. Frequencies of stromal but not the intratumoral CD+8 T cells and IgY-containing cells increased significantly (P < 0.01) during OVCA development and progression. Tumor progression was associated with increased expression of IRG1 and DR6 and decreased infiltration of immune cells into the tumor. Frequency of stromal but not intratumoral immune cells increases during OVCA development and progression. Tumor-induced IRG1 and DR6 may prevent immune cells from invading the tumor.
Techniques for resilient real-world IoT

In this paper, we focus on two methods that can be used to increase the resilience of remotely-deployed and unattended IoT devices that must operate without direct human intervention. The methods include adaptive messaging rates for power-constrained devices where the most energy intensive process involves the transmission and reception of data via wireless means, and data caching and replay for extended network connectivity outages. In this paper, we discuss how these techniques were applied in a real-world wireless IoT sensor network in Dublin, Ireland. Specifically, we show that: 1) The operating lifetime of a power-constrained device can be extended through the use of adaptive messaging rates 2) Sensor data backfilling following extended periods of network outages is a feasible method of preventing sensor data loss. We provide a example demonstrating that the operating lifetime of a power-constrained IoT device can be extended using the adaptive message rate approach. Additionally, we demonstrate how extended network connectivity outages can be recovered from using an elastic message cache approach. Finally, we conclude that the combination of both of these techniques are feasible methods to increase the resilience of real-world IoT devices operating in volatile power and wireless communications environments.
Exposing the Three-Dimensional Biogeography and Metabolic States of Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum via Hydrogel Embedding, Clearing, and rRNA Labeling

Physiological resistance to antibiotics confounds the treatment of many chronic bacterial infections, motivating researchers to identify novel therapeutic approaches. To do this effectively, an understanding of how microbes survive in vivo is needed. Though much can be inferred from bulk approaches to characterizing complex environments, essential information can be lost if spatial organization is not preserved. Here, we introduce a tissue-clearing technique, termed MiPACT, designed to retain and visualize bacteria with associated proteins and nucleic acids in situ on various spatial scales. By coupling MiPACT with hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to detect rRNA in sputum samples from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, we demonstrate its ability to survey thousands of bacteria (or bacterial aggregates) over millimeter scales and quantify aggregation of individual species in polymicrobial communities. By analyzing aggregation patterns of four prominent CF pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus sp., and Achromobacter xylosoxidans, we demonstrate a spectrum of aggregation states: from mostly single cells (A. xylosoxidans), to medium-sized clusters (S. aureus), to a mixture of single cells and large aggregates (P. aeruginosa and Streptococcus sp.). Furthermore, MiPACT-HCR revealed an intimate interaction between Streptococcus sp. and specific host cells. Lastly, by comparing standard rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization signals to those from HCR, we found that different populations of S. aureus and A. xylosoxidans grow slowly overall yet exhibit growth rate heterogeneity over hundreds of microns. These results demonstrate the utility of MiPACT-HCR to directly capture the spatial organization and metabolic activity of bacteria in complex systems, such as human sputum.
Reproductive health rights and survival: The voices of mothers experiencing homelessness

ABSTRACTWomen experiencing homelessness report higher rates of reproductive health-related traumas, including unplanned pregnancy, miscarriage, and abortion than their non-homeless peers. Using phenomenological hermeneutic methods, we sought to understand the reproductive health histories of women currently experiencing homelessness (N = 20, 25–61 years old, Mage = 38.33, SDage = 9.33) analyzing data collected between June 2014 and July 2015 in north central Texas. Three key themes highlight the essence of the women’s experiences: (1) unexpected pregnancy—pregnancy just happened, (2) loss of reproductive health rights—I was broken, and (3) resilience—giving back and looking forward to good things. Many of the women became mothers through unexpected pregnancies, and overnight found that their lives were transformed irrevocably. Often unexpected pregnancy was the result or cause of a lack of ownership over their reproductive health and led to prolonged health-related traumas. Over time, though, many of the ...
High quality depth map estimation of object surface from light-field images

Light-field imaging provides a novel solution to the passive 3D imaging technology. However the dense multi-view sub-aperture images decoded from the light-field raw image have extremely narrow baselines, which lead to inconsistent matching with terrible blurriness and ambiguities. This paper presents an accurate depth estimation algorithm for object surface using a lenslet light-field camera. The input data for depth estimation can be both light-field videos and images under indoor and outdoor environment. To tackle the continuously changing outdoor illumination and take full advantage of rays, rendering enhancement is performed through denoising and local vignetting correction for obtaining high-fidelity 4D light fields. The novel sub-aperture image pair selection and stereo matching algorithm are proposed for disparity computation. Then we apply the disparity refinement for recovering high quality surface details and handling disparity discontinuities. Finally both commercial and self-developed light-field cameras are used to capture real-world scenes with various lighting conditions and poses. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm are evaluated both on synthetic light-field datasets and real-world scenes by comparing with state-of-the-art algorithms. The experimental results show that high quality depth maps are recovered with smooth surfaces and accurate geometry structures.
Developmental expression of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit mRNA in the rat brain

Recent studies have suggested that the GABAA, receptor complex, the site of action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma amino-butyric acid (GABAA) and the anxiolytic benzodiazepines, is heterogeneous. Moreover, its composition may change during development. To better understand the molecular basis of receptor heterogeneity, the levels and distribution of the mRNA encoding the alpha 1 receptor subunit were examined in the developing and adult rat brain with quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. Our studies demonstrate that alpha 1 subunit mRNA expression changes during ontogeny. At late embryonic stages and in the first postnatal week, low levels of the mRNA were detected in the cortex, inferior colliculus, and hippocampus. The mRNA levels in these regions increased during the second and third postnatal weeks. Furthermore, a dramatic change in the distribution of the alpha 1 subunit mRNA was seen in the second postnatal week when the message first became detectable in the cerebellar cortex. During subsequent development and in the mature brain, the alpha 1 subunit mRNA was most abundant in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and inferior colliculus, although the absolute levels of mRNA varied by as much as sixfold in selected brain regions. The mature distribution of alpha 1 subunit mRNA, along with its temporal appearance in the cerebellum, suggests that this subunit is a constituent of the Type 1 benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor complex. Furthermore, the onset of alpha 1 subunit mRNA expression in the cerebellar cortex coincides with a period of extensive synapse formation, raising the possibility that synaptic interactions modulate the appearance of this GABAA receptor subunit in the cerebellum.
Criminal background checks and recidivism: Bounding the causal impact

Abstract This paper estimates the effect of employment denial based on a criminal background check on recidivism outcomes for individuals with convictions who are provisionally hired in the New York State healthcare industry. Using institutional knowledge about the New York State Department of Health’s screening process, I build structural assumptions on potential outcomes for different subsamples in my data, which partially identifies the Average Treatment Effects. I find a 0–2.2 percentage-point increase in the likelihood of subsequent arrests caused by employment denial, with substantial heterogeneity across the sample. Specifically, I find that the a priori highest risk individuals are most likely to be impacted by a loss of employment opportunity based on their criminal background. Policy implications of these results are discussed.
Identification of self-specific CD4+ T cell subsets resistant to PD-1 blockade (BA11P.130)

The inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD)-1 and its ligand PD-L1 regulate T cell function to limit autoimmunity. PD-1 is highly expressed on exhausted T cells, limiting their antiviral or antitumor activity. Even though PD-1 pathway blockade has gained momentum in cancer treatment, it is unclear how PD-1/PD-L1 blockade impacts different T cell subsets. We examined the effects of PD-1 blockade on self-reactive CD4 + T cells in mouse models of varying autoimmune susceptibilities. We used insulin-peptide/MHC Class II tetramers to track endogenous insulin-specific CD4 + T cells in diabetes-prone (NOD), and diabetes-resistant (NOR and B6.g7) mice. PD-1 was expressed at lower levels on insulin-specific cells in diabetes-resistant mice compared to cells from NOD mice. Moreover, PD-1 pathway blockade accelerated autoimmunity in all NOD mice and 30% of NOR mice, but B6.g7 mice remained protected from disease. By transferring congenically marked islet-specific CD4 + T cells into pre-diabetic NOD mice, we asked whether anti-PD-L1 reinvigorates anergic cells. Surprisingly, anergic cells remained functionally blunted compared to effector cells after anti-PD-L1, suggesting that established anergic cells were not dependent on PD-1 signaling to maintain their unresponsive state. This work highlights how the differentiation status of a T cell may predetermine its susceptibility to PD-1 blockade, and influence autoimmunity or antitumor responses that ensue.
“It Was Kind of a Dream Come True”: Undocumented College Students’ Testimonios of Cultural Wealth in the College Choice Process:

Using community cultural wealth as a theoretical framework, this qualitative study examined the college choice process of eight undocumented Mexican college graduates. Through interviews, participa...
Deckman, Melissa. 2018. Tea Party Women: Mama Grizzlies, Grassroots Leaders, and the Changing Face of the American Right. New York, NY: New York University Press, 384 pp., $35.00 (paperback). ISBN: 9781479866427.

Feminists have a history of dismissing conservative women as suffering from false consciousness. The most famous example is probably Andrea Dworkin’s Right-Wing Women (1983), which argues that such...
Concrete Implementation of an Audio Desktop

In chapter 3 we introduced the concept of an audio desktop and outlined the basic building blocks that go to make up a fluent auditory interface. The focus was on designing an audio desktop independent of any specific implementation. An audio desktop was characterized in terms of the basic user-level functionality such an environment needs to enable and the tools and techniques that can be used in achieving these goals.
Colonization and infection with Moraxella catarrhalis in childhood

In a prospective clinical study, rates of isolation ofMoraxella catarrhalis in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 122 children with respiratory tract infection and 72 healthy controls were compared. In the patient group,Moraxella catarrhalis andStreptococcus pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated pathogens (38% and 42%, respectively). Monocultures of each pathogen were equally distributed in patients and controls (41% vs. 42%), whereas mixed infections were found more frequently in the patient group (42% vs. 14%; normal flora, 17% vs. 44%).Moraxella catarrhalis appears to be a relevant respiratory pathogen. The isolation of two or more pathogens in nasopharyngeal aspirates seems to be as indicative of relevant infection as is monoculture.
Milling bifurcations for strongly asymmetric, symmetric, and weakly asymmetric system dynamics

Abstract This paper uses time domain simulation to predict milling behavior for three distinct dynamic system configurations: 1) strongly asymmetric; 2) symmetric; and 3) weakly asymmetric. These correspond to physical setups that include: 1) a single degree-of-freedom flexure used to simplify in-process metrology for model validation; 2) long, flexible endmill dynamics; and 3) tool or workpiece-dominated dynamics with weak asymmetry in the plane of the cut. The time domain simulation displacement and velocity outputs are sampled at the tooth period to produce Poincare maps and subharmonic sampling is combined with a numerical stability metric to produce stability maps. These Poincare and stability maps are used to characterize the milling behavior and identify period-n bifurcations. Experimental validation is provided for the flexure-based setups.
Effect of isolated left bundle-branch block on biventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment.

Background Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is associated with abnormal left ventricular (LV) contraction, and is frequently associated with co-morbid cardiovascular disease, but the effect of an isolated (i.e. in the absence of cardiovascular dissease) LBBB on biventricular volumes and ejection fraction (EF) is not well characterized. The objective of this study was to compare LV and right ventricular (RV) volumes and EF in adults with an isolated LBBB to matched healthy controls and to population-derived normative values, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.
Mechanical properties of supersonic-impacted Al6061 powder particles

Abstract The cold spray process utilizes a high-pressure gas jet to accelerate metallic particles to supersonic velocities, causing bonding to the substrate upon impact. The mechanical characterization of impacted particles is of great interest as their mechanical properties are strongly related to those of bulk cold-sprayed coatings. Here, in-situ micro-compression and tension results are presented from impacts in single-pass cold spray trials of as-atomized and heat-treated Al6061 powders. The effects of powder microstructure on the yield strength and ductility of individual impacts are discussed. Such observations contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of impacted metallic materials.
P139 Student Use and Perceptions of a Campus Food Pantry at Appalachian State University

Background Food insecurity is a public health problem among US college students. Over 640 campuses have established food pantries as temporary solutions to improve this food deficit. A pantry was opened at Appalachian State University (App State) in 2016 that has not been assessed for student use and perceptions. Objective Measure student use and assess perceptions of the physical environment, food offerings, and customer service at the campus food pantry. Study Design, Settings, Participants Cross-sectional online survey of 40 App State students. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive procedures measured food security status, pantry use, and perceptions of pantry services, and identified associations between variables. Significance was P Results One thousand students were recruited, and 215 (21.5%) submitted complete questionnaires. Food insecurity affected 91 (42.3%) of students, of whom 35 (38.4%) used the pantry. Pantry users were 28.9% males and 68.4% females and 34.2% freshmen/sophomores and 52.6% juniors/seniors. Reasons given by food insecure students for not using the pantry were “Others need it more” (65.9%), “I have regular adequate access to food” (58.2%), and “I feel embarrassed asking for help accessing food” (40.7%). Frequency of pantry use ranged from only once (28.9%) to once or twice/week (18.4%). Products most frequently accessed were grain/cereal foods (n = 26), vegetables (n = 22), and snacks (n = 18). Benefits of pantry use included “Able to spend on other necessities” (60%) and “Able to perform better on the job” (15%). Pantry users perceived the physical environment and customer service most favorably and food offerings less favorably. Feelings when using the pantry included “Thankful” (65.8%), “supported” (47.4%), “Guilty” (47.4%), and “anxious” (31.6%). Conclusion Food insecure students appreciate and are benefited by the pantry and should be encouraged to use it until long-term solutions are implemented. Funding None.
Metal-metal bonding in the KSbO 3 -type oxides La 4 Ru 6 O 19 and La 3 Ru 3 O 11 : A mechanism for band gap formation in t 2 g states

The electronic structures of ${\mathrm{La}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{19}$ were calculated using a LMTO-ASA-TB method. Although both compounds have similar conduction networks, ${\mathrm{La}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ was found to have a very normal band structure while ${\mathrm{La}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{19}$ showed many striking features. The ${t}_{2g}$ band is split into three portions of clearly defined orbital origin. The two highest-energy portions are extremely narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}0.15 eV), and each have a capacity of only 1 electron per Ru atom. The highest portion of the ${t}_{2g}$ band is separated from the remainder of the band by a gap of 0.5 eV. All these features occur in the absence of Jahn-Teller distortions. The origin of the gap is instead found to lie in metal-metal bonding due to the unusually short Ru-Ru distance in ${\mathrm{La}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{19}$ $(2.5\AA{}$ vs $3.0\AA{}$ for ${\mathrm{La}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}).$
The Physical Structure and Behavior of the California Current System

Abstract This paper is the first of two that present a 16-year reanalysis solution from a coupled physical and biogeochemical model of the California Current System (CCS) along the U. S. West Coast and validate the solution with respect to mean and seasonal fields and, to a lesser degree, eddy variability. Its companion paper is Deutsch et al. (2019a). The intent is to construct and demonstrate a modeling tool that will be used for mechanistic explanations, attributive causal assessments, and forecasts of future evolution for circulation and biogeochemistry, with particular attention to the increasing oceanic stratification, deoxygenation, and acidification. A well-resolved mesoscale (dx = 4 km) simulation of the CCS circulation is made with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System over a reanalysis period of 16 years from 1995 to 2010. The oceanic solution is forced by a high-resolution (dx = 6 km) regional configuration of the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) atmospheric model. Both of these high-resolution regional oceanic and atmospheric simulations are forced by lateral open boundary conditions taken from larger-domain, coarser-resolution parent simulations that themselves have boundary conditions from the Mercator and Climate Forecast System reanalyses, respectively. We first show good agreement between the simulated atmospheric forcing of the ocean and satellite observations for the spatial patterns and seasonal variability of the cloud cover and for the surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater. The simulated oceanic physical fields are then evaluated with satellite and in situ observations. The simulation reproduces the main structure of the climatological upwelling front and cross-shore isopycnal slopes, the mean current patterns (including the California Undercurrent), and the seasonal and interannual variability. It also shows agreement between the mesoscale eddy activity and the wind-work energy exchange between the ocean and atmosphere modulated by influences of surface current on surface stress. Finally, the impact of using a high frequency wind forcing is assessed for the importance of synoptic wind variability to realistically represent oceanic mesoscale activity and ageostrophic inertial currents.