cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Catalyzed Z-Selective Hydroboration of Terminal Alkynes and Elucidation of the Origin of Selectivity

A bis(imino)pyridine cobalt-catalyzed hydroboration of terminal alkynes with HBPin (Pin = pinacolate) with high yield and (Z)-selectivity for synthetically valuable vinylboronate esters is described. Deuterium labeling studies, stoichiometric experiments, and isolation of catalytically relevant intermediates support a mechanism involving selective insertion of an alkynylboronate ester into a Co–H bond, a pathway distinct from known precious metal catalysts where metal vinylidene intermediates have been proposed to account for the observed (Z) selectivity. The identity of the imine substituents dictates the relative rates of activation of the cobalt precatalyst with HBPin or the terminal alkyne and, as a consequence, is responsible for the stereochemical outcome of the catalytic reaction.
Experimental Study of an A+B→C Reaction-Diffusion System in a Capillary: Crossovers from Reaction to Diffusion-Limited Regimes

Continuing work on elementary A+B→C reactions in capillaries, we study the reaction front dynamics of xylanol orange with Cr 3+ in an effectively one-dimentional system with initially separated reactants. This reaction, in contrast to previously studied systems, is not strictly in the diffusion limited regime. i.e. the probability of reaction between species is not unity. Anamalous behavior not seen in the diffusion-limited case has been observed experimentally for the reaction rate, boundary motion, reaction zone width, and local reaction rate. The observed behavior is consistent with recent theoretical studies.
Coal Mining in China's Economy and Society 1895-1937

This book provides an important contribution to the economic history of modern China. It examines the history of the coal-mining industry - one of China's largest and most important - from the beginnings of modernisation around 1895 to the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937. It addresses questions of both economic and socio-political history and contributes to our knowledge of many aspects of early twentieth-century Chinese history. It examines the slow growth of the modem sector of the Chinese economy and considers the effects of foreign investment and ownership, the supply of capital, the technology of production, the availability of local entrepreneurship, and compares the evolution of the Chinese coal industry with development elsewhere. Other chapters look at the experience of different regions of China, and give a detailed picture of the life and activities of the mine workers.
Secondary cleft nasoplasty at primary school age: quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of resorbable plates.

BACKGROUND: Secondary cleft nasal deformity in children of primary school age can result in permanent impact to a child's self-esteem. The ideal technique and timing of addressing the deformity remain controversial, as harvest of septal cartilage affects nasal growth and limits future options. METHODS: Fifty-three patients underwent secondary cleft nasoplasty with resorbable plate placement as a columellar strut. All patients had standardized preoperative and postoperative photographs. Basilar photographs were analyzed for height and width of each nostril, height and width of the nose, and deviation of the nasal tip from midline. RESULTS: In unilateral clefts, improvements in nostril width, nostril height, tip height, and tip deviation were found to be statistically significant in early postoperative photographs; improvements in nostril height, tip height, and tip deviation remained statistically significant in late photographs. In patients with bilateral clefts, improvements in nostril height and tip height were found to be significant in early postoperative photographs, with improvement in nostril height remaining significant in the long term. Partial plate exposure limited to the columellar base occurred in five patients (9.4 percent), successfully treated in the clinic setting with no loss of nasal tip support. CONCLUSIONS: The authors provide quantitative data regarding nasal outcomes following secondary cleft nasoplasty using resorbable plates for tip support. Significant long-term improvements in nasal appearance are possible using this technique with minimal complications. In those patients presenting with cleft nasal deformity at primary school age, the use of resorbable plates can improve nasal symmetry and spare native cartilage and thereby reduce the potential for nasal growth disturbance. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
The Efficacy of Shareholder Voting: Evidence from Equity Compensation Plans

This study examines the effects of shareholder support for equity compensation plans on subsequent CEO compensation. Using cross-sectional regression, instrumental variable, and regression discontinuity research designs, we find little evidence that either lower shareholder voting support for, or outright rejection of, proposed equity compensation plans leads to decreases in the level or composition of future CEO incentive compensation. We also find that, in cases where the equity compensation plan is rejected by shareholders, firms are more likely to propose, and shareholders are more likely to approve, a plan the following year. Our results suggest that shareholder votes for equity pay plans have little substantive impact on firms� incentive compensation policies. Thus, recent regulatory efforts aimed at strengthening shareholder voting rights, particularly in the context of executive compensation, may have limited effect on firms� compensation policies
N‑Substituted 2‑Aminobiphenylpalladium Methanesulfonate Precatalysts and Their Use in C−C and C−N Cross-Couplings

A series of phosphine-ligated palladium precatalysts based on N-methyl- and N-phenyl-2-aminobiphenyl have been developed. Substitution at the nitrogen center prevents the presence of traces of aminobiphenyls that contain a free −NH2 group from contaminating cross-coupling products. These precatalysts produce N-substituted carbazoles upon activation, which cannot consume starting materials. These precatalysts were efficiently generated from 2-aminobiphenyl with minimal purification and found to be highly effective in Suzuki–Miyaura and C–N cross-coupling reactions.
Copper-Mediated Perfluoroalkylation of Heteroaryl Bromides with (phen)CuRF

The attachment of perfluoroalkyl groups onto organic compounds has been a major synthetic goal over the past several decades. Previously, our group reported phenanthroline-ligated perfluoroalkyl copper reagents, (phen)CuRF, which react with aryl iodides and aryl boronates to form the corresponding benzotrifluorides. Herein the perfluoroalkylation of a series of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuCF3 and (phen)CuCF2CF3 is reported. The mild reaction conditions allow the process to tolerate many common functional groups. Perfluoroethylation with (phen)CuCF2CF3 occurs in somewhat higher yields than trifluoromethylation with (phen)CuCF3, creating a method to generate fluoroalkyl heteroarenes that are less accessible from trifluoroacetic acid derivatives.
Alkyne Hydroacylation: Switching Regioselectivity by Tandem Ruthenium Catalysis

By using tandem Ru-catalysis, internal alkynes can be coupled with aldehydes for the synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated ketones. The catalyst promotes alkyne transformations with high regioselectivity, with examples that include the differentiation of a methyl vs ethyl substituent on the alkyne. Mechanistic studies suggest that the regioselectivity results from a selective allene formation that is governed by allylic strain.
Activation of alcohols with carbon dioxide: intermolecular allylation of weakly acidic pronucleophiles.

The direct coupling of allyl alcohols with nitroalkanes, nitriles, and aldehydes using catalytic Pd(PPh3)4 has been accomplished via activation of C–OH bonds with CO2. The in situ formation of carbonates from alcohols and CO2 facilitates oxidative addition to Pd to form reactive π-allylpalladium intermediates. In addition, the formation of a strong base activates nucleophiles toward the reaction with the π-allylpalladium electrophile. Overall, this atom economical reaction provides a new C–C bond without the use of an external base and generates water as the only byproduct.
Arterial Stiffness Is Associated With Increase in Blood Pressure and Hypertension Severity Over Time in Treated Hypertensives

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the principal risk factor for death and disability worldwide, and less than 50% of hypertensives achieve optimal blood pressure (BP) control. Arterial stiffness is associated with risk of developing hypertension in the community. We hypothesized that measures of arterial stiffness would be predictive of increases in systolic (SBP), mean (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) over time in treated hypertensives. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 414 non-Hispanic white hypertensives (mean age 60 8 years, 91% treated, 55% women). Measures of BP and arterial stiffness were obtained a mean of 8.5 0.9 years apart. The average of 3 right brachial BPs, measured with a sphygmomanometer, was recorded. Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [cfPWV], aortic augmentation index [AIx] and central pulse pressure [CPP]) were assessed using applanation tonometry. Stepwise multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, time interval, sex, BMI, baseline SBP and DBP, renal function, use of anti-hypertensives and statins, and history of diabetes, smoking, myocardial infarction and stroke were performed to assess the independent associations of baseline arterial stiffness measures with changes in BP over time and with the presence of hypertension progression, respectively.
Poor Performance Status Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis.

Background & Aims Functional status (a patient's ability to perform activities that meet basic needs, fulfill usual roles, and maintain health and well-being) has been linked to outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and can be measured by the Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scale. We investigated the association between KPS score and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Methods We used the United Network for Organ Sharing database to perform a retrospective cohort study of patients listed for liver transplantation in the United States between 2005 and 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards and competing risk regression analyses to examine the association between KPS and mortality and transplantation. Results Of 79,092 patients, 44% were in KPS category A (KPS, 80%–100%), 43% were in category B (KPS, 50%–70%), and 13% were in category C (KPS, 10%–40%). Between 2005 and 2015, the proportion of patients in category A decreased from 53% to 35%, whereas the proportions in categories B and C increased from 36% to 49% and from 11% to 16%, respectively. KPS was associated with mortality: compared with patients in KPS category A, the KPS B adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–1.18) and the KPS C adjusted HR was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.55–1.72). KPS was also associated with liver transplantation; compared with patients in KPS category A, the KPS B adjusted HR was 1.08 (95% CI, 1.06–1.11) and the KPS C adjusted HR was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.30–1.40). In competing risk analysis, only the relationship between KPS and mortality maintained significance and directionality. These relationships were most pronounced in patients without hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions Among patients with cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation, poor performance status, based on the KPS scale, is associated with increased mortality. In this population, performance status has decreased over time.
Intermodulation effect of detecting two subjects within antenna beamwidth of a CW Doppler radar

The harmonics and intermodulation products generated by two subjects simultaneously present in a system is studied. Utilizing the intermodulation products, an algorithm with 12 possible output states is proposed to classify the detected spectrum under different test scenarios. The two-subject detection algorithm is experimentally verified to detect the existence of two subjects versus one subject. The technique can be implemented in a microstrip patch antenna system with broad beamwidth without using directional phased-array antenna.
Methylation of histone H4 lysine 20 by PR-Set7 ensures the integrity of late replicating sequence domains in Drosophila

The methylation state of lysine 20 on histone H4 (H4K20) has been linked to chromatin compaction, transcription, DNA repair and DNA replication. Monomethylation of H4K20 (H4K20me1) is mediated by the cell cycle-regulated histone methyltransferase PR-Set7. PR-Set7 depletion in mammalian cells results in defective S phase progression and the accumulation of DNA damage, which has been partially attributed to defects in origin selection and activation. However, these studies were limited to only a handful of mammalian origins, and it remains unclear how PR-Set7 and H4K20 methylation impact the replication program on a genomic scale. We employed genetic, cytological, and genomic approaches to better understand the role of PR-Set7 and H4K20 methylation in regulating DNA replication and genome stability in Drosophila cells. We find that deregulation of H4K20 methylation had no impact on origin activation throughout the genome. Instead, depletion of PR-Set7 and loss of H4K20me1 results in the accumulation of DNA damage and an ATR-dependent cell cycle arrest. Coincident with the ATR-dependent cell cycle arrest, we find increased DNA damage that is specifically limited to late replicating regions of the Drosophila genome, suggesting that PR-Set7-mediated monomethylation of H4K20 is critical for maintaining the genomic integrity of late replicating domains.
HIP RESURFACING TO TREAT END-STAGE ARTHRITIS IN PATIENTS WITH HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD HIP DISEASE

Introduction Patients presenting with osteoarthritis as late sequelae following pediatric hip trauma have few options aside from standard Total Hip Replacement (THR). For younger more active patients, Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty (HRA) can be offered as an alternative. HRA has been performed in the United States over the past decade and allows increased bone preservation, decreased hip dislocation rates versus THR, and potential to return to full activities. Patients presenting with end-stage hip arthritis as following prior pediatric trauma or disease often have altered hip morphology making HRA more complicated. Often Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) patients present with short, wide femoral necks, and femoral head distortion including coxa magna or coxa plana. There often can be acetabular dysplasia in conjunction with the proximal femoral abnormalities. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) patients have an alteration of the femoral neck and head alignment, which can make reshaping the femoral head difficult. In particular, the femoral head is rotated medially and posteriorly, reducing the anterior and lateral offset. We present a cohort of 20 patients, with history of a childhood hip disorder (SCFE or LCP), who underwent HRA to treat end-stage arthritis. Fifty percent had prior pediatric surgical intervention at an average age of 11. Method After Institutional Review Board approval, data was reviewed retrospectively on patients with pediatric hip diseases of SCFE and LCP who underwent HRA using the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) by a single orthopaedic surgeon at a teaching institution. Harris Hip Scores (HHS), plain radiographs and blood metal ion levels were reviewed at routine intervals (12 months and annually thereafter). Those who had not returned for recent follow-up were contacted via telephone survey for a modified HHS. Results Twenty patients had mean follow up of 2.8 years (range 1–7 years). Twelve had LCP and 8 SCFE. Median implant duration was 2.4 years. One-year metal ion testing revealed median chromium level of 2.3 ppb and median Cobalt level of 1.5 ppb. At one-year follow up, plain radiographs demonstrated all patient implants to be well-fixed, without radiolucent lines or osteolysis. Two patients at three and five-year follow-up exhibited heterotopic ossification. Mean HHS for LCP at 6 weeks post-operative was 88, and 98 at one year. Mean HHS for SCFE at 6 weeks post-operative was 77.5, and 98.6 at one year. LLD was significantly improved with an average pre-operative LLD of 12.6 mm and post op of 2.6 mm (p-value Conclusion At minimum of one-year following HRA, an increase in functional outcomes is found in patients who underwent HRA for osteoarthritis associated with LCP and SCFE with a mean HHS of 98. No increase was found in complications including femoral neck fracture or implant loosening despite technical challenges of the procedure related to proximal femoral morphologic abnormalities, or presence of acetabular dysplasia [Fig 1].
Mapping growth-factor-modulated Akt signaling dynamics.

ABSTRACT Growth factors alter cellular behavior through shared signaling cascades, raising the question of how specificity is achieved. Here, we have determined how growth factor actions are encoded into Akt signaling dynamics by real-time tracking of a fluorescent sensor. In individual cells, Akt activity was encoded in an analog pattern, with similar latencies (∼2 min) and half-maximal peak response times (range of 5–8 min). Yet, different growth factors promoted dose-dependent and heterogeneous changes in signaling dynamics. Insulin treatment caused sustained Akt activity, whereas EGF or PDGF-AA promoted transient signaling; PDGF-BB produced sustained responses at higher concentrations, but short-term effects at low doses, actions that were independent of the PDGF-α receptor. Transient responses to EGF were caused by negative feedback at the receptor level, as a second treatment yielded minimal responses, whereas parallel exposure to IGF-I caused full Akt activation. Small-molecule inhibitors reduced PDGF-BB signaling to transient responses, but only decreased the magnitude of IGF-I actions. Our observations reveal distinctions among growth factors that use shared components, and allow us to capture the consequences of receptor-specific regulatory mechanisms on Akt signaling.
Controlling Selection Bias in Causal Inference

Selection bias, caused by preferential exclusion of units (or samples) from the data, is a major obstacle to valid causal inferences, for it cannot be removed or even detected by randomized experiments on the study population. This paper highlights several algebraic and graphical methods capable of mitigating and sometimes eliminating this bias. These nonparametric methods generalize and improve previously reported results, and identify the type of knowledge that need to be available for reasoning in the presence of selection bias.
Restricting the sale of "deadly poisons". Pharmacists, drug regulation, and narratives of suffering in the Gilded Age.

This article examines the origins of state-level regulations controlling the practice of pharmacy and the manufacture and consumption of dangerous drugs in the Gilded Age. The passage of laws regulating the market in pharmaceuticals grew out of both the precarious economic position of practicing pharmacists and widespread concern for the suffering of individual consumers. As a result, pharmacy laws and other regulations controlling the buying, selling, and use of dangerous drugs during this period should be understood as part of the effort by pharmacists to establish a professional identity for themselves. At the same time, these laws should also be understood as part of the process through which reformers sought to rationalize society toward the goal of protecting the individual consumer. Ironically, however, such efforts were intertwined with the bifurcation of consumer culture into legitimate and illegitimate realms, and with it the creation of the economic and social conditions in which new stories of individual suffering took place.
Retrolabyrinthine selective posterior root section of the trigeminal nerve for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

Patients frequently consult otolaryngologists for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Retrolabyrinthine selective posterior root section of the fifth cranial nerve effectively and permanently eliminates pain from areas supplied by this nerve without the production of annoying anesthesia dolorosa. The procedure is performed by the neurotologist and causes minimum morbidity. The results of this surgery in 106 patients are reviewed and demonstrate that the procedure provides lasting relief from intractable pain from a variety of conditions whose innervation is the Vth cranial nerve as well as trigeminal neuralgia. The surgical technique and long-term results are described.
DUAL MOBILITY IN PRIMARY THA: YET TO BE JUSTIFIED – AFFIRMS

Dual mobility components for total hip arthroplasty provide for an additional articular surface, with the goals of improving range of motion, jump distance, and overall stability of the prosthetic hip joint. A large polyethylene head articulates with a polished metal acetabular component, and an additional smaller metal head is snap-fit into the large polyethylene. New components have been released for use in North America over the past four years. In some European centers, these components are routinely used for primary total hip arthroplasty. Some surgeons in USA suggest routine use in primary hip arthroplasty. However, their greatest utility is to manage recurrent dislocation in the setting of revision total hip arthroplasty. Recent biomechanical data suggests that, in a 3D CT scan-cadaver hip model, there is no difference in range of motion between a 36mm head and an ADM dual mobility component sizes 50–56mm. There is little wear data on dual mobility components, except from one implant manufacturer. It is feared that there is a “3rd articulation” in dual mobility components—the routine impingement of the femoral neck against the polyethylene femoral head. Several retrospective series have shown satisfactory results for these dual mobility components at short- to medium-term follow-up times. There are important concerns with polyethylene wear, late intra-prosthetic dislocation, and the lack of long-term follow-up data. Big femoral heads (36mm and 40mm) articulating with highly cross-linked, e-beam, remelted, polyethylene are a better choice in primary total hip arthroplasty, to decrease the frequency of dislocation in “high risk” patients. Although the risk of early dislocation was 4% in “high risk” patients, there was no recurrence, no revision, and no late first dislocation. Until further long-term results are available, caution is advised in the routine use of dual mobility components in primary total hip arthroplasty.
Fractures of the tibial plateau involve similar energies as the tibial pilon but greater articular surface involvement

Patients with tibial pilon fractures have a higher incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis than those with fractures of the tibial plateau. This may indicate that pilon fractures present a greater mechanical insult to the joint than do plateau fractures. We tested the hypothesis that fracture energy and articular fracture edge length, two independent indicators of severity, are higher in pilon than plateau fractures. We also evaluated whether clinical fracture classification systems accurately reflect severity. Seventy-five tibial plateau fractures and 52 tibial pilon fractures from a multi-institutional study were selected to span the spectrum of severity. Fracture severity measures were calculated using objective CT-based image analysis methods. The ranges of fracture energies measured for tibial plateau and pilon fractures were 3.2-33.2 Joules (J) and 3.6-32.2 J, respectively, and articular fracture edge lengths were 68.0-493.0 mm and 56.1-288.6 mm, respectively. There were no differences in the fracture energies between the two fracture types, but plateau fractures had greater articular fracture edge lengths (p < 0.001). The clinical fracture classifications generally reflected severity, but there was substantial overlap of fracture severity measures between different classes. Similar fracture energies with different degrees of articular surface involvement suggest a possible explanation for dissimilar rates of post-traumatic osteoarthritis for fractures of the tibial plateau compared to the tibial pilon. The substantial overlap of severity measures between different fracture classes may well have confounded prior clinical studies relying on fracture classification as a surrogate for severity. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:618-624, 2017.
Multimode Bolometer Development for the PIXIE Instrument

The Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE) is an Explorer-class mission concept designed to measure the polarization and absolute intensity of the cosmic microwave background. In the following, we report on the design, fabrication, and performance of the multimode polarization-sensitive bolometers for PIXIE, which are based on silicon thermistors. In particular we focus on several recent advances in the detector design, including the implementation of a scheme to greatly raise the frequencies of the internal vibrational modes of the large-area, low-mass optical absorber structure consisting of a grid of micromachined, ion-implanted silicon wires. With approximately 30 times the absorbing area of the spider-web bolometers used by Planck, the tensioning scheme enables the PIXIE bolometers to be robust in the vibrational and acoustic environment at launch of the space mission. More generally, it could be used to reduce microphonic sensitivity in other types of low temperature detectors. We also report on the performance of the PIXIE bolometers in a dark cryogenic environment.
Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria.

Sterols are essential components of eukaryotic cells whose biosynthesis and function has been studied extensively. Sterols are also recognized as the diagenetic precursors of steranes preserved in sedimentary rocks where they can function as geological proxies for eukaryotic organisms and/or aerobic metabolisms and environments. However, production of these lipids is not restricted to the eukaryotic domain as a few bacterial species also synthesize sterols. Phylogenomic studies have identified genes encoding homologs of sterol biosynthesis proteins in the genomes of several additional species, indicating that sterol production may be more widespread in the bacterial domain than previously thought. Although the occurrence of sterol synthesis genes in a genome indicates the potential for sterol production, it provides neither conclusive evidence of sterol synthesis nor information about the composition and abundance of basic and modified sterols that are actually being produced. Here, we coupled bioinformatics with lipid analyses to investigate the scope of bacterial sterol production. We identified oxidosqualene cyclase (Osc), which catalyzes the initial cyclization of oxidosqualene to the basic sterol structure, in 34 bacterial genomes from 5 phyla (Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia) and in 176 metagenomes. Our data indicate that bacterial sterol synthesis likely occurs in diverse organisms and environments and also provides evidence that there are as yet uncultured groups of bacterial sterol producers. Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and eukaryotic Osc sequences confirmed a complex evolutionary history of sterol synthesis in this domain. Finally, we characterized the lipids produced by Osc-containing bacteria and found that we could generally predict the ability to synthesize sterols. However, predicting the final modified sterol based on our current knowledge of sterol synthesis was difficult. Some bacteria produced demethylated and saturated sterol products even though they lacked homologs of the eukaryotic proteins required for these modifications emphasizing that several aspects of bacterial sterol synthesis are still completely unknown.
A Re-Examination of Rating Shopping and Catering using Post-Crisis Data on CDOs

Abstract We re-examine rating shopping and catering among CDOs by replicating a portion of Griffin et al. (2013) using post-crisis data. Our results are consistent with continued rating shopping and diminished rating catering behavior after the great financial crisis.
Direct synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid in acidic water

Abstract Herein is reported the selective transformation of aldehydes to nitriles in the presence of hydroxylamine- O -sulfonic acid (NH 2 OSO 3 H) as a source of the N atom and acidic water. The reaction works with high yields for a large array of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, as well as hindered aldehydes and conjugated aldehydes without purification. The reaction conditions are very mild and tolerate a wide array of functional groups. In principle, the reaction can be completed in vinegar.
Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology

Factors governing aerosol deposition and targeting in the lung - physiology of the airways, Anthony J. Hickey and David C. Thompson, pharmacology of therapeutic aerosols, David C. Thompson, targeting by deposition, Igor Gonda, drug targeting to the lung - chemical and biochemical considerations, Peter A. Crooks methods of generation, administration, and characterization of aerosols - theoretical principles and devices used to generate aerosols for research, Keng H. Leong, the design and development of inhalation drug delivery systems, Paul J. Atkins, et al, aerosol-filling equipment for the preparation of pressurized pack pharmaceutical formulations, Christophe Sirand, et al, methods of aerosol particle size characterization, Anthony J. Hickey, summary of common approaches to pharmaceutical aerosol administration, Anthony J. Hickey clinical aspects of aerosol administration and future perspectives - therapeutic aerosols - an overview from a clinical perspective, F. Charles Hiller, aerosolized pentamidine for treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, A. Bruce Montgomery, modulated drug therapy with inhalation aerosols, Ralph W. Niven.
Area Bounds for Minimal Surfaces that Pass Through a Prescribed Point in a Ball

Let $${\Sigma}$$ be a k-dimensional minimal submanifold in the n-dimensional unit ball B n which passes through a point $${y \in B^{n}}$$ and satisfies $${\partial \Sigma \subset \partial B^{n}}$$ . We show that the k-dimensional area of $${\Sigma}$$ is bounded from below by $${{|B^{k}| (1-|y|^{2})}^{\frac{k}{2}}}$$ . This settles a question left open by the work of Alexander and Osserman in 1973.
Speaker-Targeted Audio-Visual Models for Speech Recognition in Cocktail-Party Environments.

Speech recognition in cocktail-party environments remains a significant challenge for state-of-the-art speech recognition systems, as it is extremely difficult to extract an acoustic signal of an individual speaker from a background of overlapping speech with similar frequency and temporal characteristics. We propose the use of speaker-targeted acoustic and audio-visual models for this task. We complement the acoustic features in a hybrid DNN-HMM model with information of the target speaker's identity as well as visual features from the mouth region of the target speaker. Experimentation was performed using simulated cocktail-party data generated from the GRID audio-visual corpus by overlapping two speakers's speech on a single acoustic channel. Our audio-only baseline achieved a WER of 26.3%. The audio-visual model improved the WER to 4.4%. Introducing speaker identity information had an even more pronounced effect, improving the WER to 3.6%. Combining both approaches, however, did not significantly improve performance further. Our work demonstrates that speaker-targeted models can significantly improve the speech recognition in cocktail party environments.
Hybrid Optical–Thermal Antennas for Enhanced Light Focusing and Local Temperature Control

Metal nanoantennas supporting localized surface plasmon resonances have become an indispensable tool in bio(chemical) sensing and nanoscale imaging applications. The high plasmon-enhanced electric field intensity in the visible or near-IR range that enables the above applications may also cause local heating of nanoantennas. We present a design of hybrid optical–thermal antennas that simultaneously enable intensity enhancement at the operating wavelength in the visible and nanoscale local temperature control. We demonstrate a possibility to reduce the hybrid antenna operating temperature via enhanced infrared thermal emission. We predict via rigorous numerical modeling that hybrid optical–thermal antennas that support high-quality-factor photonic-plasmonic modes enable up to 2 orders of magnitude enhancement of localized electric fields and of the optical power absorbed in the nanoscale metal volume. At the same time, the hybrid antenna temperature can be lowered by several hundred degrees with respect to...
Faster sublinear algorithms using conditional sampling

A conditional sampling oracle for a probability distribution D returns samples from the conditional distribution of D restricted to a specified subset of the domain. A recent line of work [7, 6] has shown that having access to such a conditional sampling oracle requires only polylogarithmic or even constant number of samples to solve distribution testing problems like identity and uniformity. This significantly improves over the standard sampling model where polynomially many samples are necessary.Inspired by these results, we introduce a computational model based on conditional sampling to develop sublinear algorithms with exponentially faster runtimes compared to standard sublinear algorithms. We focus on geometric optimization problems over points in high dimensional Euclidean space. Access to these points is provided via a conditional sampling oracle that takes as input a succinct representation of a subset of the domain and outputs a uniformly random point in that subset. We study two well studied problems: k-means clustering and estimating the weight of the minimum spanning tree. In contrast to prior algorithms for the classic model, our algorithms have time, space and sample complexity that is polynomial in the dimension and polylogarithmic in the number of points.Finally, we comment on the applicability of the model and compare with existing ones like streaming, parallel and distributed computational models.
External adjustment in oil exporters: The role of fiscal policy and the exchange rate

After the decline in oil prices, many oil exporters face the need to improve their external balances. Special characteristics of oil exporters make the exchange rate an ineffective instrument for this purpose and give fiscal policy a sizeable role. These conclusions are supported by regression analysis of the determinants of the current account balance and of the trade balance. The results show little or no relationship with the exchange rate and, especially for the less diversified oil exporters, a strong relationship with the fiscal balance or government spending.
On the Composition of Young, Directly Imaged Giant Planets

National Aeronautics and Space Administration through NASA Exoplanet Research Program [NNX15AN82G, NNX16AC64G]
Orthogonal samples for estimators in time series

Inference for statistics of a stationary time series often involves nuisance parameters and sampling distributions that are difficult to estimate. In this paper, we propose the method of orthogonal samples, which can be used to address some of these issues. For a broad class of statistics, an orthogonal sample is constructed through a slight modification of the original statistic such that it shares similar distributional properties as the centralized statistic of interest. We use the orthogonal sample to estimate nuisance parameters of the weighted average periodogram estimators and L2â€ type spectral statistics. Further, the orthogonal sample is utilized to estimate the finite sampling distribution of various test statistics under the null hypothesis. The proposed method is simple and computationally fast to implement. The viability of the method is illustrated with various simulations.
Flame surface density and burning rate in premixed turbulent flames

The flame surface density has been measured in hydrocarbon/air stagnation point and v-shaped premixed turbulent flames. A method is proposed to determine the flame surface density from the data obtained by laser sheet tomography. The average flame length and flame zone area as a function of the progress variable are calculated from a map of progress variable and a set of flame edges obtained from the tomographs. From these results a surface density estimate in two dimensions is determined. By this technique it is possible to avoid the difficulties which arise when using an algebraic model based on the measurement of the flame front geometry and a scalar length scale. From these results the burning rate can be obtained which compares well with estimates calculated using the fractal technique. The present method, however, is not constrained by a minimum window size as is the case for the fractal determinations.
In situ characterization of nanoparticles using rayleigh scattering

We report a theoretical analysis showing that Rayleigh scattering could be used to monitor the growth of nanoparticles under arc discharge conditions. We compute the Rayleigh scattering cross sections of the nanoparticles by combining light scattering theory for gas-particle mixtures with calculations of the dynamic electronic polarizability of the nanoparticles. We find that the resolution of the Rayleigh scattering probe is adequate to detect nanoparticles as small as C60 at the expected concentrations of synthesis conditions in the arc periphery. Larger asymmetric nanoparticles would yield brighter signals, making possible to follow the evolution of the growing nanoparticle population from the evolution of the scattered intensity. Observable spectral features include characteristic resonant behaviour, shape-dependent depolarization ratio, and mass-dependent line shape. Direct observation of nanoparticles in the early stages of growth with unobtrusive laser probes should give insight on the particle formation mechanisms and may lead to better-controlled synthesis protocols.
An electrostatic vidicon with high resolution

Modern space technology with its emphasis on weight reduction has enhanced the interest in a high quality vidicon with fully electrostatic electron optics. Previous experience seemed to indicate that the electrostatic vidicon is more limited than its electro-magnetic counterpart in three main aspects including: 1. Picture resolution, 2. Background uniformity, and 3. Signal output capability. A development just completed in the Cathode Ray Tube Department of the General Electric Company proves that all three handicaps may be overcome by design. An electrostatic vidicon has been developed which yields 800 line TV resolution on a uniform background, it needs only 35 volts transistorized sweep per plate and does not require a well regulated power supply. Beam current and signal output are comparable to standard vidicons over a wide range of illumination.
Some requirements for new electron tube devices

Recent advances in active network theory and in the theory of voltage variable systems, have been based on and have resulted in several new concepts of "ideal" circuit elements. These concepts and the revolutionary circuit behavior for processing and generating signals, that they make possible are reviewed. A critical examination of the essential element-properties required for the realization of active filters and voltage variable transfer functions suggests two new classes of devices. The requirements are entirely different from those involved for amplification, oscillation and detection. The development of non-conventional space-charge control tube structures to meet these requirements is then discussed.
Quantum entanglement, sum of squares, and the log rank conjecture

For every constant e>0, we give an exp(O(∞n))-time algorithm for the 1 vs 1 - e Best Separable State (BSS) problem of distinguishing, given an n2 x n2 matrix ℳ corresponding to a quantum measurement, between the case that there is a separable (i.e., non-entangled) state ρ that ℳ accepts with probability 1, and the case that every separable state is accepted with probability at most 1 - e. Equivalently, our algorithm takes the description of a subspace 𝒲 ⊆ 𝔽n2 (where 𝔽 can be either the real or complex field) and distinguishes between the case that contains a rank one matrix, and the case that every rank one matrix is at least e far (in 𝓁2 distance) from 𝒲. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first improvement over the brute-force exp(n)-time algorithm for this problem. Our algorithm is based on the sum-of-squares hierarchy and its analysis is inspired by Lovett's proof (STOC '14, JACM '16) that the communication complexity of every rank-n Boolean matrix is bounded by O(√n).
Equation Level Matching: An Extension of the Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansion for Problems of Wave Propagation

We introduce an alternative to the method of matched asymptotic expansions. In the “traditional” implementation, approximate solutions, valid in different (but overlapping) regions, are matched by using “intermediate” variables. Here we propose to match at the level of the equations involved, via a “uniform expansion” whose equations enfold those of the approximations to be matched. This has the advantage that one does not need to explicitly solve the asymptotic equations to do the matching, which can be quite impossible for some problems. In addition, it allows matching to proceed in certain wave situations where the traditional approach fails because the time behaviors differ (e.g., one of the expansions does not include dissipation). On the other hand, this approach does not provide the fairly explicit approximations resulting from standard matching. In fact, this is not even its aim, which is to produce the “simplest” set of equations that capture the behavior.
Generalized Stability Control for Open-Loop Operation of Motor Drives

This paper proposes a general approach to designing a stability control for open-loop operation that can be used for either induction motor, permanent magnet synchronous motor, or any other motor drives. A speed or frequency set point is adjusted by a frequency compensation value to provide the stability control to mitigate hunting or motor stoppage. The proposed method can be utilized in either conventional motor drives or motor drives with an output filter and a transformer used for oil pump applications.
The Effects of "Bias Based Bullying" (BBB) on Health, Education, and Cognitive-Social-Emotional Outcomes in Children with Minority Backgrounds: Proposed Comprehensive Public Health Intervention Solutions.

“Bias Based Bullying” is defined as physical, verbal, social, or cyber-based threats directed toward a minority population based upon race, ethnicity, religious belief, gender, or sexual orientation and includes a “systematic abuse of power that is characterized by intentionality, frequency, and imbalance of power. Implicit and explicit Bias Based Bullying are associated with several negative health outcomes for adolescents and adults from minority backgrounds including: (1) depressive symptoms, (2) decreased quality of life, (3) anxiety, (4) low self-esteem, and (5) conduct disorders. Children who experience bullying report significantly more negative externalization and internalization of problems with some indication of links to poor academic functioning (Vaillancourt, et al, 2013). The extreme economic cost to the public for Bias Based Bullying (BBB) can be measured by considering the long term health and education effects of BBB, which reached over $2 trillion dollars in 2015, according to one large scale estimate from cumulative academic studies across the nation. Overall, an early intervention, public health, Bias Based Bullying program with comprehensive investment from all levels of stakeholders in public and private platforms should be explored further through research intensive programs that identify the specific needs of vulnerable subgroup populations, with intention to positively affect child health, cognitive-social-emotional wellbeing, and academic performance for children subjected to BBB and to reduce the overall culture and tolerance of those who perpetrate BBB.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Impairments: A Systematic Review

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a major subtype of diabetes and is usually diagnosed at a young age with insulin deficiency. The life expectancy of T1DM patients has increased substantially in comparison with that three decades ago due to the availability of exogenous insulin, though it is still shorter than that of healthy people. However, the relation remains unclear between T1DM and dementia as an aging-related disease. We conducted a systematic review of existing literature on T1DM and cognition impairments by carrying out searches in electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. We restricted our review to studies involving only human subjects and excluded studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus or non-classified diabetes. A meta-analysis was first performed on the relationship between T1DM and cognitive changes in youths and adults respectively. Then the review focused on the cognitive complications of T1DM and their relation with the characteristics of T1DM, glycemic control, diabetic complications, comorbidities, and others. First, age at onset, disease duration, and glycemic dysregulation were delineated for their association with cognitive changes. Then diabetic ketoacidosis, angiopathy, and neuropathy were examined as diabetic complications for their involvement in cognitive impairments. Lastly, body mass index and blood pressure were discussed for their relations with the cognitive changes. Future studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of T1DM-related cognitive impairments or dementia.
Local spectral statistics of the addition of random matrices

We consider the local statistics of $$H = V^* X V + U^* Y U$$ where V and U are independent Haar-distributed unitary matrices, and X and Y are deterministic real diagonal matrices. In the bulk, we prove that the gap statistics and correlation functions coincide with the GUE in the limit when the matrix size $$N \rightarrow \infty $$ under mild assumptions on X and certain rigidity assumptions on Y (the latter being an assumption on the convergence of the eigenvalues of Y to the quantiles of its limiting spectral measure which we assume to have a density). Our method relies on running a carefully chosen diffusion on the unitary group and comparing the resulting eigenvalue process to Dyson Brownian motion. Our method also applies to the case when V and U are drawn from the orthogonal group. Our proof relies on the local law for H proved in Bao et al. (Commun Math Phys 349(3):947–990, 2017; J Funct Anal 271(3):672–719, 2016; Adv Math 319:251–291, 2017) as well as the DBM convergence results of Landon and Yau (Commun Math Phys 355(3):949–1000, 2017) and Landon et al. (Adv Math 346:1137–1332, 2019).