cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of weight gain and hibernation onset in juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) in spite of long-term administration of naloxone

1. Sexual differences in body weight of juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) were significant (P < 0.05) at all weeks of age except weeks 0-4, 6, 7, 9, 20 and 24. 2. Hibernation onset between sexes did not differ significantly. 3. Naloxone administration did not alter weight gain nor onset of hibernation when compared to saline controls.
Evaluation of male and female applicants for sex-congruent and sex-incongruent jobs

The present study was designed to assess whether applicants for a sex-incongruent position would be evaluated less favorably by personnel administrators than applicants for a sex-congruent position. It was predicted that negative evaluations of sex-incongruent applicants would increase as a function of participants' reliance on sex-role stereotypes. Forty-four personnel administrators were asked to review the qualifications and evaluate one of four job applicants. Sex of the applicant and sex-orientation of the position were systematically varied. Participants were presented with credentials of a male or female applicant for a traditionally male- or female-oriented position. While results did not support Cohen and Bunker's contention that sex-incongruent job applicants would be viewed less favorably, the data did suggest that evaluations of the sex-incongruent applicants (especially the female applicant) varied as a function of sex-role stereotyping.
Aggregation of mycobacteria caused by disruption of fibronectin-attachment protein-encoding gene

The fibronectin-attachment protein (FAP) is conserved among several species of mycobacteria. Although this protein is associated with attachment and internalization of bacteria to host cells via fibronectin, the physiological role of the protein still remains unclear. To investigate this point, we generated FAP gene disruptant in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The gene disruption, verified by Southern blot and PCR analysis, induced changes on the bacteria, which are associated with strong aggregation and alteration of cell surface properties. Increased hydrophobicity and Congo red accumulation was observed in the FAP gene disruptant. In addition, the complementation experiment demonstrated that the corresponding gene restored wild type morphology in the disruptant. These results indicate that the FAP affects the cell surface properties, and its deletion lead to enhanced aggregation of the M. smegmatis.
Effects of age and nerve-repair grafts on reinnervation and fiber type distribution of rat medial gastrocnemius muscles

Aging is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle function. Previous research suggests that this decline in skeletal muscle function may, in part, be explained by an age-associated decline in the ability of skeletal muscle to reinnervate and/or age-associated changes in fiber types and distribution during reinnervation. This study used a nerve-repair graft model to investigate age-associated changes in the ability to reinnervate via expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a marker of denervated and recently reinnervated muscle fibers and changes in fiber type and Type I fiber grouping in medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles of 6-, 12- and 24-month-old male Fischer 344 rats. Age had no effect on total MG muscle fiber number. Aging and nerve-repair grafting led to an increase in percent Type I and a decrease in percent Type IIB fibers. Aging and nerve-repair grafting led to an increase in NCAM positive fibers and an increase in the percentage of enclosed Type I muscle fibers, which was greatest in the 24 month nerve-repair grafted group. Thus, we conclude that diminished contractile function of aged and/or nerve-repair grafted MG muscle may be explained, in part, by an increase in the percentage of denervated fibers.
Physical Properties and Metal Ion Specific Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of Metal(II) Tetraphenylporphyrins Deposited from Vapor onto Gold (111)

Thin films of vapor deposited Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes of tetraphenylporphyrin (CuTPP, NiTPP, and CoTPP) supported on gold are studied by Reflectance Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of ultrathin (submonolayer) thermally deposited films of CoTPP and NiTPP on Au(111) are reported. The constant current STM images show a remarkable bias dependence that allows for the selective identification of different metallotetraphenylporphyrins (MTPPs). High resolution STM data are presented that clearly show the individual MTPP molecules and allow easy differentiation between NiTPP and CoTPP, even when mixed monolayer structures are studied. The strong tunneling enhancement through the Co(II) dz2 orbital at intermediate bias values parallels what is observed in Co(II) phthalocyanines and is especially interesting since the cobalt ion in CoTPP is presumed to be located several Angstroms above the Au(111...
The Influence of Student Perceived Professors’ “Hotness” on Expertise, Motivation, Learning Outcomes, and Course Satisfaction

Recent research has indicated a noticeable increase in students who rate their professors as either “hot” or “not” on RateMyProfessors.com. The authors further explored this issue by examining the influence of professors’ perceived hotness in the classroom. Results indicate that when professors are perceived to be high in attractiveness, students view these professors as having more expertise. Furthermore, students are more motivated to learn, perceive that they learn better, are more satisfied, and give higher teaching evaluations. Additionally, there appears to be an interaction between the gender of the student and the influence of attractiveness; levels of attractiveness appear to affect female students more than male students.
PERSISTENT INVARIANTS OF TANGLES

Invariants of virtual 2n-tangles t are defined using an analog of the Temperley-Lieb algebra. The invariants yield information about the bracket polynomial of any link in which t embeds.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia: An early, nonulcerative presentation

Abstract Necrotizing sialometaplasia usually presents clinically as a large, deeply excavating ulcer of the posterior hard palate that may be suggestive of a malignant neoplasm. A small number of cases described as nonulcerated swellings with the clinical appearance of an infectious process have been reported. A case illustrating an early presentation of a purulent swelling with progression to ulceration and then to healing is presented.
Electrochemistry of Electron Transfer Probes. Observation of the Transition from Activation to Counterdiffusion Control in the Fragmentation of α-Aryloxyacetophenone Radical Anions1a

The cleavage of radical anions of substituted α-phenoxyacetophenones, X-C6H4COCH2OPh, IIa−k, has been studied in DMF by voltammetric and coulometric techniques. The standard potentials (E°) for formation of and rate constants, k, for the cleavage of the radical anions were determined using linear sweep voltammetry, LSV, together with digital simulation and previously reported laser flash photolysis data. The rate constants cover a range of almost eight orders of magnitude (0.4 s-1 for X = p-MeCO- to 1.3·107 s-1 for X = p-MeO−). The relative driving forces, ΔΔG°het(RX•-), for the heterolytic cleavage of the radical anions (to give R• + X-) were estimated from thermochemical cycles. A combined plot of log(k) versus ΔΔG°het(RX•-) for the radical anions of IIa−k and of α-aryloxyacetophenones gave a curve with α = 0.5 at high driving forces and α = 1 at low driving forces, where α = ∂Δ /∂ΔG°. The plot was analyzed using a model in which reversible cleavage of the radical anions takes place inside the solvent c...
A midwest low-income weatherization program seen through PRISM

Abstract The application of the Princeton Scorekeeping Method (PRISM) to an evaluation of a low-income weatherization program in Wisconsin is described. Detailed profiles are presented of the weatherized houses and the work done. Savings are found to be on the order of 6% to 10%. Higher savings appear to be associated with higher initial consumption levels, with older and larger houses, and with greater weatherization investments, suggesting that a focus on houses with high savings potential may be cost-effective in planning future weatherizations.
Modification of lung tumor development in A/J mice.

Abstract Strain A mice were injected with urethan, 3-methylcholanthrene or dimethylnitrosamine and given repeated injections of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). This treatment significantly increased multiplicity of lung tumors induced by all 3 carcinogens. Two other antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or α-tocopherol (vitamin E) did not enhance tumor formation, nor did methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), an agen capable of producing cell proliferation in lung. Lungs were more susceptible to the carcinogenic action of urethan 2 weeks following BHT-induced injury, but not during the phase of acute cell proliferation in lung. It is concluded that the effects of BHT on lung tumor development in mice are not related to its properties as an antioxidant or to its capability to produce extensive cell proliferation in lung.
Children's understanding of biased interpretation : generality and limitations

Three experiments investigated children's understanding that an observer's opinion of another person may bias the observer's interpretation of that person's actions. In Expt 1, preschool, kindergarten, and second-grade children were asked to infer a biased observer's belief about another person's behaviour. Children were asked either to judge what action the observer would believe the other person was committing or to judge whether the observer would believe the other person's action was intended or accidental. In both conditions, kindergarten and second-grade children used information about the observer's like or dislike of the actor and the observer's knowledge about the event to infer the observer's perspective, but preschool children performed at chance. In Expts 2 and 3, kindergarten and second-grade children were told stories in which an observer held both a positive and a negative bias concerning an actor, but only one of the biases was relevant to interpreting the actor's action. Children in both age groups used the relevant bias to infer the observer's interpretation of the action, but made errors when the observer in the story did not have access to information about the event that was provided to children hearing the story.
Hierarchical Design and Evaluation of Processes To Generate Waste-Recycled Feeds

A methodology is described for the hierarchical design and evaluation of processes to make waste-recycled feeds that can be exchanged, thereby furthering efforts aimed at industrial ecology. The methodology consists of nine hierarchy levels that include identifying, transporting, handling, sorting, converting, and purifying the waste-recycled feeds. These levels provide the designer with a systematic procedure for developing waste-to-feed processes. Evaluations at each level show whether a process for recycling a waste is economically and/or environmentally beneficial, or if costs or environmental impacts are actually greater than those saved from using a waste stream. The systematic procedure for designs and evaluations allows one to look for other alternatives immediately when costs or impacts are found to be too high. An example for styrene tar waste shows how the method can be used to design and evaluate waste-to-feed processes. In addition, any part of the process that is currently yet to be designed...
Regulation of the renal microcirculation by ryanodine receptors and calcium-induced calcium release.

Purpose of review Emerging evidence highlights the importance of physiological participation of ryanodine receptors (RyR) and Ca2+-induced-Ca2+-release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in Ca2+ signaling and arteriolar contraction in the renal microcirculation. Recent findings Adenosine diphosphate -ribosyl (ADPR) cyclase and its endogenous metabolites cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate mobilize intracellular Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum stores in the renal vasculature via actions on RyR. The ADPR cyclase/cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose/RyR/CICR second messenger system mediates significant (>50%) changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and contractile function of preglomerular arteries/arterioles during angiotensin II and endothelin-1 stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors rapidly activate ADPR cyclase via stimulation of superoxide (O2−) production by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. Basal ADPR cyclase activity and RyR/CICR contribute to [Ca2+]i responses initiated by Ca2+ entry and by inositol trisphosphate receptor-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. Acute [Ca2+]i responses in isolated afferent arterioles and renal vasoconstriction in vivo are attenuated by more than 50% by pharmacological inhibition of ADPR cyclase or RyR. Similarly, renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and norepinephrine is attenuated by approximately 50% in mice lacking CD38, the main mammalian ADPR cyclase. Conclusion RyR and CICR are important regulations of Ca2+ signaling and contractile tone of renal resistance arterioles in healthy kidneys. The role of this novel-signaling pathway in pathophysiological mechanisms awaits investigation.
Emergent feature structures: harmony systems in exemplar models of phonology

Abstract In exemplar models of phonology, phonotactic constraints are modeled as emergent from patterns of high activation between units that co-occur with statistical regularity, or as patterns of low activation or inhibition between units that co-occur less frequently or not at all. Exemplar models posit no a priori formal or representational properties to the phonological units or sound patterns that emerge from the statistical regularities of speech, in contrast to analyses in the generative phonology tradition, including Optimality Theory, where sound patterns are determined by well-formedness constraints on phonological structures. This paper focuses on the analysis of long-distance assimilation, i.e., harmony systems, evaluating the predictions of generative analyses based on constraints on representation against typological and experimental evidence. Representational approaches model assimilation with constraints that favor extended feature structures. The question addressed here is whether and how the feature structures of harmony systems can be modeled as emergent structure. It is shown that an exemplar account can model the co-occurrence patterns of harmony systems in the transitional probabilities between segments that share the harmony feature, without invoking feature structure, but that the domain properties of harmony feature structures emerge due to the associations between phonological units (the harmonizing segments) and the morphological units that delimit harmony domains. This association grounds the sound pattern in the lexicon, and provides a “convergence of regularities” [Frisch, S., 2007. Levels of representation in acquisition (Commentary). In: Cole, J., Hualde, J.I. (Eds.), Laboratory Phonology, vol. 9. Mounton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 339–352] which facilitates learning.
Individual performance in distributed design groups: an empirical study

Today’s organizations face a dynamic and turbulent environment which imposes a requirement for flexible and fast responses to changing business needs. Many organizations have responded by becoming decentralized, team-based and distributed (DeSanctis and Jackson, 1994; Drucker, 1988). These distributed organizations have also been described in recent literature as virtual, network, or cluster organizations, employing selfmanaging teams and autonomous business units (Goldman, 1995; Beyerlein and Johnson, 1994; Camillus, 1993; Mills, 1991; Drucker, 1988). Advances in communication technologies have enabled organizations to acquire and retain such distributed structure by supporting interaction among people coordinating their efforts from different locations.
Canine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: is the comparative model relevant?

BACKGROUND Histologic sections from an archival collection of a veterinary teaching hospital were examined to determine the likelihood of detection of canine high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms (HGPIN), as a prelude to use of the canine model of prostatic carcinogenesis for chemopreventive strategies. METHODS Tissue specimens representing clinically healthy (normal) prostate glands, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatic carcinoma were examined in one tissue plane for histological evidence of HGPIN. RESULTS No histological evidence of HGPIN was detected in 20 normal prostate glands or 95 prostate glands with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Seven of 20 prostatic carcinomas had synchronous HGPIN. CONCLUSIONS Histological evidence of HGPIN is unlikely to be detected in the healthy or hyperplastic canine prostate gland with the clinically-procured biopsy. This might diminish the usefulness of canine HGPIN in temporal studies of chemoprevention of prostate cancer. HGPIN was found simultaneously with prostatic carcinoma in more than one-third of the carcinomas examined. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ab Initio Study of HOCl, HCl, H2O, and Cl2 Interacting with Four Water Molecules

We present an ab initio study of the interaction of the stratospherically significant compounds HOCl, HCl, H2O, and Cl2 with four water molecules representing an adsorption site on the surface of hexagonal ice. Using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and geometries optimized at the MP2 level of theory, the interaction energies of HOCl, HCl, H2O, and Cl2 with the water tetramer were found to be −37, −26, −17, and −11 kJ/mol, respectively. Results indicate that when a small foreign molecule interacts with a water adsorption site in these systems, both adsorbed molecule and adsorption site maintain their original geometric and electronic structure. Optimized geometries of the test molecules at the prototypical ice adsorption site are reported.
Poincaré's conventionalism and the logical positivists

The logical positivists adopted Poincare’s doctrine of the conventionality of geometry and made it a key part of their philosophical interpretation of relativity theory. I argue, however, that the positivists deeply misunderstood Poincare’s doctrine. For Poincare’s own conception was based on the group-theoretical picture of geometry expressed in the Helmholtz-Lie solution of the “space problem”, and also on a hierarchical picture of the sciences according to which geometry must be presupposed be any properly physical theory. But both of this pictures are entirely incompatible with the radically new conception of space and geometry articulated in the general theory of relativity. The logical positivists’s attempt to combine Poincare’s conventionalism with Einstein’s new theory was therefore, in the end, simply incoherent. Underlying this problem, moreover, was a fundamental philosophical difference between Poincare’s and the positivists concerning the status of synthetic a priori truths.
Strategies for the management of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare but serious complication of heparin therapy. The diagnosis of HIT is difficult because its signs are non-specific and the heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibody test used to confirm the diagnosis is imprecise. Drugs used to treat HIT are costly and may carry an increased risk of bleeding. Objective: To evaluate the cost effectiveness, from a societal perspective, of four treatment approaches for patients with suspected HIT within a US critical care setting. Methods: A decision-tree was constructed for the management of a hypothetical cohort of critical care patients with possible evidence of HIT. The management strategies were: (i) no antibody testing, continue heparin (No Test and Wait); (ii) antibody testing, continue heparin while test results pending (Test and Wait); (iii) antibody testing and switch to a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) while test results pending (Test and Switch); and (iv) no antibody testing but switch to a DTI (No Test and Switch). We used argatroban as the DTI in our analysis. The outcomes were direct medical costs ($US; 2004 values), QALYs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Results: Assuming an HIT prevalence of 3%, relative to less costly strategies, ordering an antibody test and switching patients to argatroban if the result was positive (Test and Wait) had an ICER of $US163 396/QALY. Pre-emptive switching to argatroban without antibody testing (No Test and Switch) was the most effective strategy but had an ICER of >$US1 million/QALY relative to the Test and Switch option. These results were highly sensitive to HIT prevalence among patients presenting with thrombocytopenia. Assuming a willingness to pay of $US50 000 per QALY, the Test and Wait strategy became cost effective when the prior probability of HIT was 8%. At a prior probability of 12%, Test and Switch was cost effective, and at probabilities of HIT in the 60–75% range, No Test and Switch was cost effective. In two-way analysis, the probability of developing a thrombotic event was a key driver of treatment choice at specific HIT probabilities. Conclusions: Testing for HIT in all typical critical care patients with thrombocytopenia is unlikely to represent a cost-effective management strategy. With increasing probability of HIT, strategies that include testing and a more rapid switch to a DTI appear more desirable. Accurate clinical judgment of the prior probability of HIT has a critical influence on the cost-effective management of HIT.
Multiscale Variability of the Flow during the North American Monsoon Experiment

Abstract The 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) provided an unprecedented observing network for studying the structure and evolution of the North American monsoon. This paper focuses on multiscale characteristics of the flow during NAME from the large scale to the mesoscale using atmospheric sounding data from the enhanced observing network. The onset of the 2004 summer monsoon over the NAME region accompanied the typical northward shift of the upper-level anticyclone or monsoon high over northern Mexico into the southwestern United States, but in 2004 this shift occurred slightly later than normal and the monsoon high did not extend as far north as usual. Consequently, precipitation over the southwestern United States was slightly below normal, although increased troughiness over the Great Plains contributed to increased rainfall over eastern New Mexico and western Texas. The first major pulse of moisture into the Southwest occurred around 13 July in association with a strong Gulf of Californi...
High-acceleration mass drivers

After testing an early, simplified mass-driver (35 gravity acceleration) a second, designated MD2, was designed and is now operating. MD2 is of axial geometry, with individually powered drive coils of 13.1 cm diameter. Timing is derived through the interruption of light beams by the moving armature (bucket). Electric power is provided by the resonant discharge of sector capacitor banks through silicon-controlled rectifiers in a two-phase, quadrature circuit. The bucket flies in vacuum, guided by passive dynamic eddy-current magnetic forces, those currents flowing in strip conductors lining the inside of a nonconducting vacuum pipe. The initial length of MD2 is 2.5 m, divided equally into acceleration and deceleration. Nominal acceleration is 5000 m/sec2. For routine testing an ohmic bucket is used. Quantitative measurements are obtained with a solid bucket carrying two superconducting coils with a current density of 25 kA/cm2. A cryogenic station for cooling the bucket to liquid helium temperature is connected to the vacuum pipe. The test program, now begun, will concentrate on guidance and acceleration forces, measurement of drive shielding losses, and possible couplings of drive forces into modes of oscillation.
Single vibronic level emission spectroscopy of the A∼1A″→X∼1A′ system of bromochlorocarbene

Abstract In a search for transitions to the low-lying a ˜ 3 A ″ state, we have recorded single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectra of bromochlorocarbene, CBrCl, which probe the vibrational structure of the X ∼ 1 A ′ state up to ∼5500 cm−1 above the vibrationless level. These spectra reveal many previously unassigned levels, and a complete set of vibrational parameters was determined for the X ∼ 1 A ′ state. The derived parameters are compared with recent ab initio predictions.
Bounded-degree minimum-radius spanning trees in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we study the problem of computing a spanning tree of a given undirected disk graph such that the radius of the tree is minimized subject to a given degree constraint @D^@?. We first introduce an (8,4)-bicriteria approximation algorithm for unit disk graphs (which is a special case of disk graphs) that computes a spanning tree such that the degree of any nodes in the tree is at most @D^@?+8 and its radius is at most [email protected]?OPT, where OPT is the minimum possible radius of any spanning tree with degree bound @D^@?. We also introduce an (@a,2)-bicriteria approximation algorithm for disk graphs that computes a spanning tree whose maximum node degree is at most @D^@[email protected] and whose radius is bounded by [email protected]?OPT, where @a is a non-constant value that depends on M and k with M being the number of distinct disk radii and k being the ratio of the largest and the smallest disk radius.
Regulating Water: A Naturological Analysis of Competing Interests Among Company, Town, and State

This article analyzes, through Frederick’s (1995) naturological lens, the General Rate Case (GRC) process to regulate a private water utility in California. Golden State Water Company is the utility. The GRC concerned is Ojai, California. The authors conclude that (a) Frederick’s conceptual framework proves useful to understand antecedents of effective common-pool resource management, and (b) the GRC process encourages economizing values more than it does ecologizing ones. In essence, short-term needs overshadow long-term needs, and the economizing interests of a single member of the GRC network overshadow the ecologizing interests of diverse stakeholders. By focusing only on whether the private utility’s requests are economically justified, and not on the needs of the larger ecosystem, the GRC is unable to ensure long-term protection of either (a) the ratepayer or (b) the natural environment and community.
Implementation and design of a low cost laser diode temperature controller

It has become apparent that many commercial products and military applications require high-endurance laser diodes. Testing the life cycles of laser diodes currently requires large and expensive equipment that is overreaching in terms of the overall goal. Finding a cheap and minimalistic solution will provide a large sample size and allow for rapid testing of hundreds of lasers. This paper aims to log the process of designing and implementing a temperature controller system for laser diodes. This system will use a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) to harness control of the Peltier effect to maintain a constant temperature on a laser diode. The system will contain a combination of hardware and software that work intimately to provide an intuitive and simple method of testing the life cycle of a laser diode. The hardware will consist of a cooling fan, heat sink, TEC, and metal plate that constitute the testing apparatus. The software will work with a number of peripherals to provide a steady temperature during testing and rapid transition between different temperature set points. The software will need to control the drive current to the TEC using a software-based PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential) controller and function as a watchdog, capable of giving error messages and raising alarms. The primary purpose of the temperature controller is to perform endurance testing on laser diodes. It will also free up high cost equipment for precision needs, rather than endurance testing. This system aims to maintain a constant temperature within 0.5°C of the set point. This will guarantee a relatively stable and consistent light-intensity on the laser diode. The basic model of this temperature controller can be scaled and/or modified for applications other than laser diodes. This expands the potential impact of this system to be more consumer-friendly and will provide individuals with their own low cost temperature controller.
Deleted in oral cancer-1 expression upregulates proapoptosis elements in microsatellite-unstable human colorectal cancer.

Background: We previously reported differential expression of the growth suppressor, deleted in oral cancer-1 (DOC-1), in microsatellite-unstable (MSI+) versus microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. MSI+ CRC cell lines demonstrated decreased DOC-1 expression and decreased apoptosis. Transfection of wild-type DOC-1 into an MSI+ cell line (SW48) resulted in increased apoptosis. We undertook our current experiment to identify specific elements modulated by DOC-1 expression that result in increased apoptosis.
A lineage-restricted and divergent β-tubulin isoform is essential for the biogenesis, structure and function of blood platelets

Abstract Background: Mammalian megakaryocytes release blood platelets through a remarkable process of cytoplasmic fragmentation and de novo assembly of a marginal microtubule band. Cell-specific components of this process include the divergent β-tubulin isoform β1 that is expressed exclusively, and is the predominant isoform, in platelets and megakaryocytes. The functional significance of this restricted expression, and indeed of the surprisingly large repertoire of metazoan tubulin genes, is unclear. Fungal tubulin isoforms appear to be functionally redundant, and all mammalian β-tubulins can assemble in a variety of microtubules, whereas selected fly and worm β-tubulins are essential in spermatogenesis and neurogenesis. To address the essential role of β1-tubulin in its natural context, we generated mice with targeted gene disruption. Results: β1-tubulin −/− mice have thrombocytopenia resulting from a defect in generating proplatelets, the immediate precursors of blood platelets. Circulating platelets lack the characteristic discoid shape and have defective marginal bands with reduced microtubule coilings. β1-tubulin −/− mice also have a prolonged bleeding time, and their platelets show an attenuated response to thrombin. Two alternative tubulin isoforms, β2 and β5, are overexpressed, and the total β-tubulin content of β1-tubulin −/− megakaryocytes is normal. However, these isoforms assemble much less efficiently into platelet microtubules and are thus unable to compensate completely for the absence of β1-tubulin. Conclusions: This is the first genetic study to address the essential functions of a mammalian tubulin isoform in vivo. The results establish a specialized role for β1-tubulin in platelet synthesis, structure, and function.
A histochemical study of testosterone-induced changes in the submandibular and sublingual gland of mice.

Prior studies have established a definite interrelationship between the salivary glands and the endocrine system. This study was designed to histochemically characterize testosterone-induced changes in the submandibular and the sublingual glands of male and female Ajax strain mice. In addition to morphologic stains, histochemical procedures included the demonstration of tryptophan, tyrosine, and sulfhydryl groups. Alcian blue, PAS, and toluidine blue staining was also employed. The Gomori and azo dye coupling procedures were both utilized for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase.
Characterization of Conditioning Factors that Increase Colony Formation from «Black Mexican Sweet Corn» Protoplasts

Summary Colony-formation frequency of protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of «Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) corn» ( Zea mays L.) is increased about ten-fold when conditioned medium (CM) isolated from BMS suspension cultures is supplied to protoplasts plated at 50,000 protoplasts/ml. The objective of this study was to characterize the factor(s) (CMF) from conditioned medium responsible for the increased colony formation. Colony-formation frequency was a linear function of the amount of CM, indicating that either a single CMF is present in CM or that several CMF are present but each acts independently. Removal of polyvalent cations stabilized CMF at elevated temperatures. CMF was most stable at pH 5, losing activity rapidly at pH = 8 or pH = 2. Based on its partitioning between water and ethyl acetate or butanol, and its solubilities in mixtures of water and isopropanol, CMF is very hydrophilic. Neither anion-exchange (NO 3 - form, in H 2 O) nor cation-exchange (Na + form, in H 2 O) resins at pH 5 retained CMF, suggesting that CMF is uncharged. Ultrafiltration showed that the molecular weight of CMF is slightly less than 1350. Subsequent gel filtration with Biogel P-2 and Biogel P-6 resolved CMF into a major peak with an apparent molecular weight of ca. 1200. Thus, CM appears to contain a single major CMF, which has characteristics similar to that of an oligosaccharide. Although the final structure of CMF is unresolved, CMF is chemically unlike the reported conditioning factor(s) of either Hordeum vulgare anther cultures or of dicot suspension cultures, or the cell-division-inducing phytohormones typically used in the culture of protoplasts.
The effect of autocorrelation length on the real area of contact and friction behavior of rough surfaces

Autocorrelation length (ACL) is a surface roughness parameter that provides spatial information of surface topography that is not included in amplitude parameters such as root-mean-square roughness. This paper presents a relationship between ACL and the friction behavior of a rough surface. The influence of ACL on the peak distribution of a profile is studied based on Whitehouse and Archard’s classical analysis [Whitehouse and ArchardProc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 316, 97 (1970)] and their results are extended to compare profiles from different surfaces. The probability density function of peaks and the mean peak height of a profile are given as functions of its ACL. These results are used to estimate the number of contact points when a rough surface comes into contact with a flat surface, and it is shown that the larger the ACL of the rough surface, the less the number of contact points. Based on Hertzian contact mechanics, it is shown that the real area of contact increases with increasing of number of co...
Values gone wild

Wilderness valued as mere resource for human‐interest satisfaction is challenged in favor of wilderness as a productive source, in which humans have roots, but which also yields wild neighbors and aliens with intrinsic value. Wild value is storied achievement in an evolutionary ecosystem, with instrumental and intrinsic, organismic and systemic values intermeshed. Survival value is reconsidered in this light. Changing cultural appreciations of values in wilderness can transform and relativize our judgments about appropriate conduct there. A final valued element in wildness is its idiographic historical particularity, and most surprising is the emergence of a novel morality when humans learn to let values go wild.
Chromoendoscopy-targeted biopsies are superior to standard colonoscopic surveillance for detecting dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective endoscopic trial.

Chromoendoscopy-Targeted Biopsies Are Superior to Standard Colonoscopic Surveillance for Detecting Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Prospective Endoscopic Trial
Investigating the Role of Interfacial Residues in Mediating the Interdomain Allostery of Hsp70

The heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family serves as molecular chaperones that play several critical roles in the cell, such as quality control of protein folding and regulation of intracellular trafficking. The versatile functions of Hsp70 rely on the allosteric interaction between its two domains: nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and substrate binding domain (SBD). They undergo very large conformational changes as the systems performs its functions, going through open/closed conformations of the SBD upon unbinding/binding of a substrate, and coupling/uncoupling of the two domains upon ATP hydrolysis.Understanding the interdomain allostery of Hsp70 is key to rational design of inhibitors, yet the mechanism of allostery remains a challenging problem. The Perturbation Response Scanning, PRS, method provides a graph theoretical approach to investigate the dynamical basis of signal transduction in proteins. This method involves the study of the response of each aminoacid to a perturbation on a given aminoacid of the system. In the present study we build upon our previous examination of the system1 and discuss the application of PRS, via elastic network models, to investigate allosteric interactions between the two domains of Hsp70. Here we analyze the covariance in the movements of different structural elements, to show how the perturbation of the interfacial interactions propagates across the two domains. The analysis sheds light on pathways that dynamically mediate the allosteric communication between the highly conserved or co-evolving sites. An all-atom molecular dynamics study shows the differences between the ATP- and ADP-bound structures of Hsp70, and provides insight into the physical forces that underlie those pathways, thus reconciling the predictions based on network connectivity considerations and the simulations performed with full atomic potentials.1Liu, Y. Gierasch, L. M. and Bahar, I. Plos Comp Biol 6:1-15 (2012)
Trends in child maltreatment in the us army, 1975–1997

Abstract Objective: To examine trends by year in reports of victims of child maltreatment in the US Army Central Registry (ACR) during the period 1975–97. We report the rates/1,000 children of Army families of initial substantiated cases from 1988–97 and the number of cases of maltreatment as a percentage of total victims for each year from 1975–97. Army data are compared to published reports from military service child abuse registries. Methods: Numbers of cases of child maltreatment for each year were obtained from the ACR for major, minor, and total physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Population figures for numbers of children were obtained from the Defense Manpower Data Center. Results: The rates/1,000 for neglect have decreased by 24% from 1991–97, although the decrease has not been steady. The rates/1,000 of minor physical abuse declined 28% from 1993–97. The rates/1,000 of major physical abuse were basically unchanged from 1988–96, although the highest rate was recorded in 1997. The rates/1,000 of sexual abuse were also basically unchanged with the exception of increases in 1992–94 after which time the rates/1,000 returned to the pre-1992 levels. The rates/1,000 of emotional abuse cases more than doubled from 1988–97. Conclusions: While minor physical abuse and neglect have shown decreases over the past decade, major physical abuse has remained virtually unchanged and sexual and emotional abuse have shown fluctuations. All these forms of maltreatment are challenges to the Army Family Advocacy Program.
Opportunistic spectrum access in unslotted primary systems

Abstract We consider the design of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) strategies that allow secondary users to search for and exploit spectrum opportunities in unslotted primary systems. The traffic of the primary system in each channel is modeled by a continuous time Markov process. We formulate the joint design of OSA as a constrained discrete-time partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). A separation principle for the joint design of OSA is established under certain conditions on the probability of false alarm of the spectrum sensor. This result extends the separation principle for OSA in slotted primary systems to unslotted primary systems. Furthermore, we show that the myopic sensing policy has a simple and robust structure under certain conditions on the probability of false alarm.
Communal Stereotypes Prime Men's Benevolent Sexism: Implications for Romance and Family

Previous work suggests that men holding benevolent sexist views also hold favorable attitudes toward traditional women (Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner, & Zhu, 1997). This study examined whether priming heterosexual men (n = 47) with traditional views of women (e.g., the stereotype that women are more communally oriented than men) engenders more benevolent sexist views, as well as greater relational motivation. The authors predicted that the communal prime would activate a complementary view of gender relations and increase men's endorsement of benevolent sexism. In turn, activating benevolent sexism would increase men's desire to appeal to women, as evidenced by greater investment in romance and family. Results of a preliminary study suggested that men's benevolent sexism was associated with greater relationship motivation and greater investment in romantic ideals and family. Results from the priming experiment confirmed the authors' hypotheses: The communal prime led men to invest in romance and family, and the effect of the prime was mediated by benevolent sexism.
Determination Of Organ Volume With S.P.E.C.T.

The volume of various organs in the body, including the liver and spleen, have been measured from image data obtained by the S.P.E.C.T. technique. Organ volumes were obtained by applying a semi-automated edge detection algorithm to each tomographic slice image in the stack of slices encompassing the organ. The technique was validated by applying it to images of phantoms of known volume.
Deuterium NMR study of structure and motion in LuD 3

Deuterium NMR spectra of ${\mathrm{LuD}}_{3}$ were obtained at 8.0 and 8.4 T from 163 to 398 K, revealing only minor changes with temperature. The resonance has an outer, uniaxially symmetric quadrupolar doublet, arising from ${\mathrm{D}}_{m}$ atoms in the unit cell. An inner resonance with quadrupolar asymmetry $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.68$ and approximately twice the intensity is assigned to the nominally tetrahedral ${\mathrm{D}}_{t}$ atoms. Using partial alignment of the powder particles in the magnetic field and subsequent freezing in wax, the NMR line shape has been studied as a function of field direction, allowing the orientation of the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ electric-field-gradient tensor to be partly determined. In addition, the agreement of the aligned line shapes with simulations confirms that the spectrum has only two components, from ${\mathrm{D}}_{m}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{t}$ atoms; specifically, there is no evidence for two subgroups of ${\mathrm{D}}_{t}$ atoms. The decays of two-pulse echoes and three-pulse spin-alignment echoes indicate fluctuations in the quadrupole splittings due to atomic motions. The spin-lattice relaxation rate ${R}_{1}$ above 300 K is an approximately thermally activated function of temperature; in this region ${R}_{1}$ is determined by atomic diffusion to relaxation centers. Comparisons are made between the ${}^{2}\mathrm{D}$ NMR behaviors of ${\mathrm{LuD}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{YD}}_{3}.$
Albumin-associated lipids regulate human embryonic stem cell self-renewal.

Background Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise as a source of differentiated cells to treat several human diseases, many obstacles still need to be surmounted before this can become a reality. First among these, a robust chemically-defined system to expand hESCs in culture is still unavailable despite recent advances in the understanding of factors controlling hESC self-renewal. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we attempted to find new molecules that stimulate long term hESC self-renewal. In order to do this, we started from the observation that a commercially available serum replacement product has a strong positive effect on the expansion of undifferentiated hESCs when added to a previously reported chemically-defined medium. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the active ingredient within the serum replacement is lipid-rich albumin. Furthermore, we show that this activity is trypsin-resistant, strongly suggesting that lipids and not albumin are responsible for the effect. Consistent with this, lipid-poor albumin shows no detectable activity. Finally, we identified the major lipids bound to the lipid-rich albumin and tested several lipid candidates for the effect. Conclusions/Significance Our discovery of the role played by albumin-associated lipids in stimulating hESC self-renewal constitutes a significant advance in the knowledge of how hESC pluripotency is maintained by extracellular factors and has important applications in the development of increasingly chemically defined hESC culture systems.
Green polyurethane from lignin and soybean oil through non-isocyanate reactions

Abstract Here we report the synthesis route to produce non-isocyanate polyurethane elastomer with significantly high biomass contents (85 wt%) prepared from two different biomasses, i.e., lignin and soybean oil, for the first time. Carbonated soybean oil was reacted with coupling agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, to form urethane bridges, and then lignin was introduced to produce sustainable polyurethane. All samples were studied by the FT-IR spectra which showed typical linkages of polyurethane. The increase in lignin content resulted in the increase of tensile strength, reaching as high as 1.4 MPa.
Development of the Rational Behavior Inventory: Initial Validity and Reliability

The purpose of the study was to develop a brief and efficient instrument for assessment, treatment planning, and evaluation of clients by counselors who use Rational Emotive Therapy (RET). Subjects were 235 undergraduate students. Eleven Guttman scales were developed following factor analysis. Each factor is measured by a Guttman scale with a coefficient of reproducibility of 0.90 or greater and with a coefficient of scalability of 0.60. Pre- and posttest scores were obtained for 40 mental health professionals attending an all-day workshop on RET. Over-all test scores were significantly different at the 0.025 level in the predicted direction. There was also a significant difference in the predicted direction between pretest scores of the professionals and the college students. In another study, 87 professionals attending a two day workshop on RET were tested before and after the workshop. There were significant differences in the predicted direction at the 0.025 level or beyond for the overall test scores...