cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared spectroscopic determination of methyl-chlorosilanes from the direct process reaction

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the distribution of products from a flow reactor. Gas-phase methylchlorosilanes, which were formed in the copper-catalyzed reaction of methyl chloride with silicon, flowed through a gas cell used for the infrared measurements. The silanes could be determined simultaneously at pressures of 1–100 Torr in the presence of methyl chloride at atmospheric pressure. The calculated results were similar to those obtained by standard gas chromatographic techniques; however, the infrared method required only 15 s for data collection.
Technology development plans for the Mars Sample Return mission

Mars Sample Return (MSR), a technology-rich mission, is being planned for possible launch in 2013. Project guidelines dictate all technology be at Technology Readiness Level (TRL)-6 by the PDR scheduled for mid-2009. Funding for MSR focused technology development starts in FY05. Over the last year, a MSR technology planning board has assessed technology needs and developed a plan to be implemented over the next 4 years. This paper describes this plan and how we arrived at it. The plan includes needed technologies that are being developed in other Mars Exploration Program (MEP) technology areas, and flight demonstrations that are required to reduce overall project risk.
The trend in the income status of children in female-headed families

Abstract This article presents a comparative study of the income status of children in female-headed families, married-couple families, and male-headed families in 1969, 1979, and 1989. The study found that from 1969 to 1989, children in female-headed families gained ground economically to children in marriedcouple families at the point of pretransfer income distribution, but it lost at the point of posttransfer income distribution. In comparison to children in maleheaded families, these children gained ground economically at both points of income distribution, but to a lesser degree at the point of posttransfer income distribution. The findings point to the conclusion that female heads of families increased economic capabilities during the past two decades—a manifestation of their greater work efforts. Policy implications are discussed.
Prospective study of inner ear radiation dose and hearing loss in head-and-neck cancer patients.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between the radiation dose to the inner ear and long-term hearing loss. Methods and Materials: Eligible patients included those receiving curative radiotherapy (RT) for head-and-neck cancer. After enrollment, patients underwent three-dimensional conformal RT planning and delivery (180–200 cGy/fraction) appropriate for their disease site and stage. The inner ear was contoured on axial CT planning images. Dose-volume histograms, as well as the mean and maximal dose for each structure, were calculated. Patients underwent pure tone audiometry at baseline (before treatment) and 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after RT. The threshold level (the greater the value, the more hearing loss) in decibels was recorded for 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz. For patients receiving predominantly unilateral RT, the contralateral ear served as the de facto control. The differences in threshold level between the ipsilateral and contralateral ears were calculated, and the temporal pattern and dose-response relation of hearing loss were analyzed using statistical methods that take into account the correlation between two ears in the same subject and repeated, sequential measurements of each subject. Results: Of the 40 patients enrolled in this study, 35 qualified for analysis. Four patients who received concurrent chemotherapy and RT were analyzed separately. The 31 unilaterally treated patients received a median dose of 47.4 Gy (range, 14.1–68.8 Gy) to the ipsilateral inner ear and 4.2 Gy (range, 0.5–31.3 Gy) to the contralateral inner ear. Hearing loss was associated with the radiation dose received by the inner ear (loss of 210dB was observed in ears receiving ≥45 Gy) and was most appreciable in the higher frequencies (≥2000 Hz). For a 60-year-old patient with no previous hearing loss in either ear, after receiving 45 Gy, the ipsilateral ear, according to our clinical model, would have a 19.3-dB (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.5–23.0) and 5.4-dB (95% CI, 3.5–7.5) hearing decrement compared with the contralateral ear for 8000 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. Age and an initial hearing difference within an ear pair also affected hearing loss. The baseline hearing threshold was inversely related to radiation-induced hearing loss. The degree of hearing loss was dependent on the frequency tested, age, baseline hearing, and baseline difference in hearing between a patient's two ears. Conclusion: High-frequency (≥2000 Hz) hearing acuity worsens significantly after RT in a dose-dependent fashion. A larger number of patients needs to be studied to validate these results. This knowledge can be applied to create guidelines regarding future dose limits to the auditory apparatus for patients undergoing head-and-neck RT.
Ring-puckering combination band spectra of 1,3-disilacyclobutane in the SiH2 stretching region

Abstract Three sets of sum bands and two sets of difference bands arising from the combination of the ring-puckering vibration with SiH 2 stretching modes have been observed between 2060 and 2260 cm −1 in the infrared spectrum of 1,3-disilacyclobutane. An unusual feature of the spectrum is that there is little correlation in intensity between corresponding sum and difference bands. An additional sum band and a difference band were also observed in the Raman spectrum. The spectra confirm the low-frequency ring-puckering assignment and verify the position of the weak 2–3 transition near 31 cm −1 . The puckering levels in the excited states of the SiH 2 stretching modes are virtually unshifted relative to the ground state demonstrating that negligible coupling exists between these vibrations. In addition, sum and combination bands have been observed off an SiD 2 stretching mode for 1,3-disilacyclobutane-1,1,3,3- d 4 .
Viral transcripts in cells infected with defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus type 1.

Abstract Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) preparations enriched in defective interfering particles (DIPs) have previously been demonstrated to mediate the coestablishment of persistent infection and oncogenic transformation in primary hamster embryo fibroblasts. In this study, it was demonstrated that infection of a rabbit kidney (RK) cell line with EHV-1 DIP-enriched preparations also results in the establishment of persistent infection. Viral transcription was characterized in RK cells infected with DIP-enriched stocks and compared to viral transcription in RK cells infected with standard (STD) EHV-1. During the first 8 hr of infection with the DIP-enriched EHV-1 preparation, viral DNA sequences which are conserved in the DIP genome were predominantly expressed. Thus, these transcripts originate from DNA sequences that contain the components of the defective genome which originates from DNA sequences mapping at 0.00–0.04 of the Long region terminus and within two portions of the Short region inverted repeats (IR), 0.78–0.79 and 0.83–0.865 of the internal IRs and 0.99–1.00 and 0.915–0.95 of the terminal IRs. The overwhelming majority of viral transcripts that were synthesized in the DIP-enriched infections appeared to correspond to transcripts expressed in STD infection as assessed by Northern hybridization analysis but the synthesis of transcripts originating from sequences not conserved in the defective genome was significantly delayed. However, some high molecular weight RNA species that were synthesized in STD infections were not detected in DIP-enriched infections. Studies utilizing metabolic inhibitors indicated that viral transcription in DIP-enriched infections, like that of STD cytocidal infection, is regulated in an immediate early, early, and late manner.
The isolation of anti-gum arabic antibodies by affinity chromatography.

Abstract Antibodies directed at gum arabic have been induced in rabbits immunized with gum arabic in Freund's complete adjuvant. These antibodies have been isolated in pure form by affinity chromatography on AH-Sepharose 4B containing gum arabic ligands. Oxidation of the susceptable carbohydrate residues of gum arabic with periodate or reduction of the glucuronic acid moieties with carbodiimide and borohydride converted the polysaccharide to products which no longer yielded precipitin reactions with the antibodies. The antibodies are therefore anti-carbohydrate antibodies with specificity for certain carbohydrate units of the gum arabic. Results of chemical modification and inhibition experiments indicate that 4-α- L -arabinofuranosyl- D -glucuronic acid units of the polysaccharide are the major immunodeterminant groups.
VEP development in infancy and early childhood. A longitudinal study.

Abstract Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to light flashes were obtained from 16 normal children who were tested repeatedly during daytime sleep between the ages of 2 weeks and 3 years. A mid occipital-mastoid derivation was used. Changes with age in the incidence, amplitude and latency of VEP components were analyzed as was the influence of such factors as sleep stage and sex. Individual differences in response characteristics were also examined. Although inspection of the 194 VEPs studied revealed considerable variability in response characteristics, it was usually possible to label homologous peaks. Confidence in the labeling was increased by the fact that plots of the frequency distributions for the latencies of positive and negative components resulted in discrete and non-uniform distributions. Successive positive and negative deflections of the 1 sec VEP were labeled N 1 through P 7 . Grand means (to the nearest 5 msec) for the 3 year period under study for the more frequently occurring components were for P 1 30, N 2 55, P 2 60, N 3 80, P 3 115, N 4 140, P 4 175, N 6 330, P 6 460, N 7 500, and P 7 680. An occipital VEP was obtained at every test session of every subject. Major VEP changes associated with increasing age included: (1) A significant increase in the number of VEP components, i.e., in response complexity. (2) A significant decrease in latency of all components subsequent to N 2 . Age accounted for up to 30% of the variability in latency depending on the component. (3) An inverted ‘U-shaped’ function for the relationship of age to VEP amplitude, i.e., a tendency for EP amplitude to increase in the first 6 months of life and then decrease. Compared to age, other factors which included stage of sleep, sex and a race-rearing factor appeared to have little influence on EP amplitudes and latencies. Individual subjects often showed ‘signature responses’, i.e., VEPs which were similar from recording to recording. The components which were the most useful in characterizing the VEP were those with relatively high incidence and low variability from subject to subject. In the neonatal period, these criteria were best fulfilled by components P 4 and N 6 . By 3 months of age, however, P 2 , N 3 , P 3 and N 4 as well as P 4 and N 6 were commonly present, and, at any given age, showed relatively low variability in latency among subjects.
Interrelationship of H+ and K2+ excretion in the toad urinary bladder

1. 1. Excretion of H+ by the toad urinary bladder is increased by loading the animal with NH4C1 or with NH4Cl and KC1. 2. 2. Combined K+ and NH4Cl loading produces an increase in plasma [K+] that is greater than the sum of the effects of loading with these salts separately. 3. 3. NH+4 excretion in the toad bladder was increased by a combined KCl-NH4Cl loading but not by NH4C1 loading, indicating a relationship between K+ and NH4+ excretion. 4. 4. There is a K+-H+ exchange between cells and extracellular fluid in the toad during metabolic acidosis.
Life in the tropics

Journal of Tropical Ecology. Editor Adrian G. Marshall. Cambridge University Press. 4/yr. UK £49 (institutional), £19.50 (individual); elsewhere $99 (institutional), $39 (individual).
Magnetic hysteresis and ac response of YBa2Cu3Oz films

Abstract The dc magnetic hysteresis and audio-frequency ac susceptibility were studied for YBa 2 Cu 3 O x films of different epitaxial orientations on SiTiO 3 . The apparent critical current density deduced from the ac susceptibility is in reasonable agreement with that deduced from the slowly-swept-field dc result, but not with the quasistatic dc hysteresis. Both the ac-voltage waveform from the mutual inductance bridge and the slow decay of magnetic moment in a static applied field show magnetic flux creep.
A Laboratory Study of Chemical Reactions With Reservoir Sand in the Recovery of Petroleum by Alkaline Flooding

Resultats d'une etude de laboratoire des reactions chimiques entre des solutions alcalines et les sables provenant de 2 reservoirs Pliocene-Miocene de Californie
Simultaneous Multiwavelength Detection System for Liquid Chromatography

A simultaneous multi-wavelength detection system for liquid chromatography is described. The system consists of a rapid scan sectrometer with a uv silicon vidicon target as radiant energy detector, a minicomputer, a programming language, and the requisite chromatographic hardware. Algorithms required for a real-time data processing capability are described. Multi-wavelength data retained during a chromatographic separation are summarized as an absorbance-wavelength-time surface. The ability to identify components unresolved by the chromatographic column is demonstrated. Solutes unresolved by the column can be quantitated with a precision and accuracy equal to that observed for solutes resolved by the column. The use of this detection system to qualitatively assess compositional changes in a coal derived oil as a function of process, as well as the limitations of the system and required improvements are discussed. 11 figures, 4 tables.
Extraction of signals of a phase transition from nuclear multifragmentation.

We use a percolation model of nuclear fragmentation to study the possibility of observing a phase transition of nuclear matter in collisions of high-energy (> 10 GeV) protons with heavy targets. It is shown that the model is able to reproduce experimental results for inclusive mass yields, while only using very simple physical assumptions. By employing event by event analysis of the moments of the mass distributions it is shown how to extract possible signals of a phase transition and information on its specific nature. Special attention is focused on the influence of the size of the fragmenting system on our ability to observe the phase transition.
Napoleon Bonaparte, Political Prodigy

The multiple roles, images and interpretations of Napoleon make it difficult to develop a scholarly consensus about the nature of his rule. The essence of Napoleonic rule derives from a triangular relationship between Napoleon Bonaparte, the post-revolutionary French state and the Napoleonic Empire. Recent scholarship highlights the nature of the post-revolutionary French state and the impact of the Grand Empire on Europe. Even so, Napoleon remains central. His relentless warmongering required massive conscription, the cutting edge of the modern state, and produced the main contradictions of the Empire. No wonder the nature of his rule remains controversial.
The Effects of Cytokines on Intracellular Calcium in Isolated, Adult Guinea Pig Myocytes. † 197

The Effects of Cytokines on Intracellular Calcium in Isolated, Adult Guinea Pig Myocytes. † 197
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of urinary cortisol suppression after inhalation of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate

What is already known about this subject • Mometasone furoate (MF) is a new inhaled glucocorticoid for which the first reports suggested a low degree of systemic side-effects and low systemic availability. • Recent studies of Fardon and colleagues have shown that MF's cortisol suppression is similar to that of fluticasone. • Pharmacokinetic/dynamic evaluations of MF's systemic side-effects, probing whether systemic side-effects can be explained by systemic availability, plasma protein binding and receptor binding affinity, are lacking in the literature. What this study adds • This study shows that the systemic availability of MF and fluticasone propionate (FP) are similar and that systemic availability is directly related to the dose. • It also shows that the metabolites of MF are present only in very low concentrations at most, contrary to results in rats. • The observed cortisol suppression of FP and MF is related to the trough plasma concentrations and seems to be in agreement with its observed systemic availability, plasma protein binding and receptor binding affinity. Aim Fluticasone propionate (FP) and mometasone furoate (MF) are inhaled corticosteroids that possess a high ratio of topical to systemic activity. The systemic bioavailability of MF has been claimed to be minimal (1%). FP has been shown to exhibit the same degree of systemic effects, but its systemic availability is between 13 and 17%. We hypothesize that FP and MF have comparable systemic availabilities that can explain their potential to cause systemic effects. Methods Steady-state FP and MF trough plasma samples were determined from a clinical study by Fardon et al. in patients with persistent asthma (forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 91%). The percent plasma protein binding of FP and MF was measured using ultracentrifugation. Free FP plasma concentrations were normalized for their differences in receptor binding affinity compared with MF and linked to overnight urinary cortisol/creatinine with an inhibitory Emax. Results A plot of steady-state FP and MF total trough plasma concentrations vs. dose showed that both drugs exhibit dose linearity. MF has comparable bioavailability to FP based on the steady-state concentrations observed for the different doses. The free plasma concentration producing 50% of urinary cortisol suppression (IC50) for MF was not statistically different from the free, normalized IC50 for FP. Conclusion FP and MF have similar pulmonary deposition and the same potential to cause systemic side-effects due to their similar IC50 values. The observed urinary cortisol suppression of FP and MF is in agreement with their systemic availability, their differences in plasma protein binding and receptor binding affinity.
HISTORY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES RECONSIDERED

SUMMARY The historian assumes the obligation to make a synthesis of all of man's activities and has therefore a larger responsability than the social scientists in their various fields of knowledge. It is difficult to identify a social science approach to history or a distinctive social science method or procedure. At least the report of the Committee on Historiography which contains a lengthy discussion of the proper method in the social sciences does not successfully differentiate it from the method of the so-called exact sciences. One of the serious problems confronting the historian is how to acquire the best current knowledge available in the social sciences. Indeed to do so necessitates learning the technical languages which have been developed in these complex and rapidly expanding fields of knowledge, especially since one of the languages now regularly employed is mathematics on a higher level than is normally reached by historians. There also remains the more fundamental problem of whether or not the findings and procedures in one highly developed branch of knowledge can be fruitfully or justifiably applied in another field. Disastrous examples to the contrary are easy to locate. Two types of historical problem on which the historian needs and would welcome assistance from the social scientist are (I) what has been the effect in history of the change in psychological experience that occurred when so large a proportion of the population grew up in a one or two child family instead of a five or six child family? (2) What are the changes in political and social history resulting from the fact that so large a proportion of the population are now employees instead of being independent economic units? The danger of social science history is that if abused or distorted it may dehumanize history. There is poetry in life. And the history, or science, that omits the poetry from life is both untrue and dangerous.
D6.1, A Murine Antimelanoma Monoclonal Antibody from Congenitally Athymic Nude Mice Immunized with Purified Melanoma Tumorassociated Antigen

An IgM monoclonal antibody, D6.1, has been obtained by fusion of P3 × 63Ag8.653 with spleen cells from congenially athymic nu/nu mice immunized with partially purified human melanoma TAA bound to insolubilized lens culinaris lectin. The D6.1-defined antigen is present on the cell membrane of melanoma cells maintained in tissue culture but is not detected in spent culture media. Eighteen of twenty-three melanoma cell lines tested were found to react with D6.1, in contrast to only 17% of nonmelanoma tumor cell lines. Among those reactive nonmelanoma tumor lines were 3/3 colon adenocarcinomas tested. Melanoma cells, in general, express greater quantities of this antigen than do reactive nonmelanomas. Similar data were obtained using immunoperoxidase techniques on frozen sections of fresh tumor. All melanomas tested (8/8) stained intensely, although there was tumor cell heterogeneity. D6.1 reacted, but generally less intensely, with 42% (18/42) of the nonmelanoma tumors tested, including 7/8 colon carcinomas,...
Loss from Approximations to Square-Law Detectors in Quadrature Systems with Postdetection Integration

The trend toward digital processing of radar and sonar signals has ledto the use of ?baseband? or bipolar video signals. The processingof both the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels generally allows an exact representation of the signals, and no loss of sensitivity need occur. However, for reasons of economy or weight only one channel is often implemented. This correspondence shows that the sensitivity loss for this case often deviates considerably from the 3-dB rule of thumb.
Comparison of spectral estimation methods in reconstruction of parametric ultrasound images

The application of inverse scattering methods to diagnostic ultrasound echo signals has provided us with detailed information about renal microstructure and function. In particular, the average scatterer size has been used to follow changes in microvascular perfusion that occur early in many renal disease processes. This paper shows that by introducing prior knowledge of the tissue state into the process, uncertainty in the spectral estimate is reduced for low SNR situations, and the contrast and range-resolution in scatterer size images can be improved without increasing the noise. Prior information used in the estimation technique is obtained from the histology of biological tissue. Maximum a posteriori and constrained least squares estimators are designed to obtain images for different levels of noise and for different gate-durations. Prior knowledge about the noise properties and the nature of the echo spectrum is used to obtain the order of an autoregressive model for estimating the power spectral density.
Purification and characterization of the MβRsrI DNA methyltransferase from Escherichia coli

The gene (rsrIM) encoding the RsrI DNA methyltransferase (M.RsrI) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Under the control of a bacteriophage T7 promoter, 2% of the total protein in a crude extract was M.RsrI. This level of expression represents an approximately 50-fold increase over that present in the natural host. Chromatography using DNA cellulose and the S-adenosylmethionine analogue, sinefungin, was useful in purifying the enzyme to homogeneity. The purification yielded 100 times more enzyme than was obtained from the same quantity of R. sphaeroides cell paste. M.RsrI deposits one methyl group per productive DNA-binding event, as does its functional but sequence-nonhomologous analogue, M.EcoRI. Unlike M.EcoRI, the R. sphaeroides enzyme is a dimer at micromolar concentrations.
Past, present, and future concentrations of tropospheric ozone and aerosols: Methodology, ozone evaluation, and sensitivity to aerosol wet removal

[1] Tropospheric ozone and aerosols are radiatively important trace species, whose concentrations have increased dramatically since preindustrial times and are projected to continue to change in the future. The evolution of ozone and aerosol concentrations from 1860 to 2100 is simulated on the basis of estimated historical emissions and four different future emission scenarios (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2, A1B, B1, and A1FI). The simulations suggest that the tropospheric burden of ozone has increased by 50% and sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol burdens have increased by factors of 3 and 6, respectively, since preindustrial times. Projected ozone changes over the next century range from −6% to +43%, depending on the emissions scenario. Sulfate concentrations are projected to increase for the next several decades but then to decrease by 2100 to 4–45% below their 2000 values. Simulated ozone concentrations agree well with present-day observations and recent trends. Preindustrial surface concentrations of ozone are shown to be sensitive to the assumed anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, but in all cases they overestimate the few available measurements from that era. Simulated tropospheric burdens of aerosols are sensitive by up to a factor of 2 to assumptions about the rate of aerosol wet deposition in the model. The concentrations of ozone and aerosols produced by this study are provided as climate-forcing agents in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model to estimate their effects on climate. The aerosol distributions from this study and the resulting optical depths are evaluated in a companion paper by P. Ginoux et al. (2006).
Regulation of Neuronal Function by Choline and 4OH-GTS-21 Through α7 Nicotinic Receptors

A unique feature of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor physiology is that, under normal physiological conditions, α7 receptors are constantly perfused with their natural selective agonist, choline...
Globalization and Race: Structures of Inequality, New Sovereignties, and Citizenship in a Neoliberal Era

Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable anthropological investigation into the processes that many have come to label globalization. Although attempts within the social sciences have considered globalization processes in relation to articulations among ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, processes of racialization have only recently been taken up as central issues. In this article, we observe several new strategies of governance that emerged in the late twentieth century and onward and their implications for approaches to and understandings of race in the twenty-first century. These strategies have created new institutional spheres through which processes of racialization have proliferated, while still recalling earlier organizations of social division and classifications of human value. We reflect on significant spatial and temporal moments in an attempt to reanimate the way that economic and political processes not only have been managed through ideas about race but also have played out in rel...
Scaling-Up of Affinity Chromatography By Radial-Flow Cartridges

Although affinity chromatography is an efficient separation method, impediments to its large scale applications include difficulty in predicting column behavior after scaling-up and lack of suitable solid matrix support for fast flow operations. The introduction of radial-flow chromatography and a modified cellulose support has overcome the impediments. Radial chromatography has advantages in low pressure drop at fast flow rate and in linear scaling-up. The performances of the cellulose support is studied by attaching two bioaffine ligands to it and observing the efficiency in enzyme purification. Application of a radial-flow affinity cartridge to remove proteases in human plasma shows 70% efficiency after one-pass treatment.
Cultures of (Un)happiness: teaching, schooling, and light and dark humor

The author explores humor during a time of increasingly hostile accountability measures directed toward educators. Drawing on incongruity and other theories of humor, he explores both light and dark humor and some aspects of the educational potential and power of humor. Noting how humor is related to creativity and problem management, the argument is that humor has an important place not only in producing educator well-being but for student learning and school renewal.
1139 Pulmonary vascular resistance estimated by echocardiography is elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during daytime

s S201 Eur J Echocardiography Abstracts Supplement, December 2006 1139 Pulmonary vascular resistance estimated by echocardiography is elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during daytime A. Romero-Corral 1 ; V.K. Somers 1 ; P.A. Pellikka 1 ; E.J. Olson 1 ; K.R. Bailey 1 ; F. Lopez-Jimenez 1 1Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Dept., Rochester, United States of America Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been related to an increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) measured invasively. Objective: To determine if daytime Doppler derived pulmonary systolic pressure (PSP) and PVR estimated by echocardiography is associated with severity of OSA. Methods: A cross-sectional design of 85 subjects with suspected OSA who had their first overnight polysomnography (PSG) and a complete echocardiographic study performed within 2 months of the PSG without primary pulmonary hypertension, severe left ventricular dysfunction (EF 15 even after adjusting for PSP measured during daytime. Table 1. Pulmonary vascular resistance in OSA AHI Mean nocturnal PO2 sat % 15 CrudeAdjusted>92 <92 CrudeAdjusted n=14 n=8 n=22 P value For trendP value For trendn=34 n=10 P value P value PVR 1.79 2.14 2.31* 0.05 0.01? 2.11 2.21 0.86 0.40? (Wood units) ±0.71 ±0.89 ±0.80 ±0.83 ±0.85 PSP 37.2 37.1 35.6 0.71 0.10 37 36 0.86 0.83 (mm Hg) ±12 ±13 ±10 ±13 ±6 p values adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, coronary artery disease, smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; †previous adjustments + PSP; *p value <0.01 when compared to AHI<5.
The anti‐inflammatory effects of adiponectin are mediated via a heme oxygenase‐1–dependent pathway in rat Kupffer cells

Altered expression and activity of immunomodulatory cytokines plays a major role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Chronic ethanol feeding increases the sensitivity of Kupffer cells, the resident hepatic macrophage, to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. This sensitization is normalized by treatment of primary cultures of Kupffer cells with adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine. Here we tested the hypothesis that adiponectin-mediated suppression of LPS signaling in Kupffer cells is mediated via an interleukin-10 (IL-10)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway after chronic ethanol feeding. Knockdown of IL-10 expression in primary cultures of Kupffer cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented the inhibitory effect of globular adiponectin (gAcrp) on LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression. gAcrp increased IL-10 mRNA and protein expression, as well as expression of the IL-10 inducible gene, HO-1; expression was higher in Kupffer cells from ethanol-fed rats compared with pair-fed controls. Although IL-10 receptor surface expression on Kupffer cells was not affected by ethanol feeding, IL-10–mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of HO-1 was higher in Kupffer cells after ethanol feeding. Inhibition of HO-1 activity, either by treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin or by siRNA knockdown of HO-1, prevented the inhibitory effect of gAcrp on LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression in Kupffer cells. LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression in liver was increased in mice after chronic ethanol exposure. When mice were treated with cobalt protoporphyrin to induce HO-1 expression, ethanol-induced sensitivity to LPS was ameliorated. Conclusion: gAcrp prevents LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression in Kupffer cells through the activation of the IL-10/STAT3/HO-1 pathway. Kupffer cells from ethanol-fed rats are highly sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of gAcrp; this sensitivity is associated with both increased expression and sensitivity to IL-10. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)
Design of manufacturing plant layouts with queueing effects

We present a formulation of the plant layout problem where the objective is to minimize work-in-process. We show that the choice of layout has a direct impact on work-in-process accumulation, manufacturing lead time, achievable throughput rates, and required material handling capacity. More importantly, we show that layouts generated using a queueing-based model can be very different from those obtained using conventional layout procedures.
Overview of Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure is a common and invariably serious clinical syndrome which can be caused by a multiplicity of etiologic factors. An operational definition might be an abrupt, frequently reversible reduction in renal function usually associated with oliguria. Yet, even this simplistic definition is not totally adequate, since a nonoliguric form of the syndrome is being more frequently recognized.
Mitigating the Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Employment

This article reviews the employment status of people with MS, the importance of employment, key barriers to employment, and compensatory and accommodation strategies to enhance employment. Resources and recommendations for health care providers to assist their patients in maintaining, securing, or leaving employment are presented.
H-Spillover through the Catalyst Saturation: An Ab Initio Thermodynamics Study.

The spillover phenomenon, which essentially involves transfer of H from a metal catalyst to a graphitic receptor, has been considered promising for efficient hydrogen storage. An open question about the spillover mechanism is how a H atom binds to graphene instead of forming the thermodynamically preferred H2. Usingabinitiocalculations,weshowthatthecatalystsaturationprovidesawaytotheadsorptionofhydrogenon the receptor by increasing the H chemical potential to a spillover favorable range. Although it is energetically unfavorable for the spillover to occur on a pristine graphene surface, presence of a phase of hydrogenated graphene facilitates the spillover by significantly improving the CH binding. We show that thermodynamic spillover can occur, both from the free-standing and from the receptor-supported clusters. Further, the computed energy barrier of the motion of a H from the catalyst to the hydrogenated graphene is small (0.7 eV) and can be overcome at operational temperatures.
THE IMAGE OF DENTISTRY IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE

The multimedia portrayals of dentists and dentistry have expanded in scope. Prevention and esthetics have replaced drilling and extraction in the public perception of dental practice. According to the author, dentists themselves are no longer treated exclusively as buffoons or sadists. Instead, he writes, they are more apt to be seen as solid citizens, occasionally as romantic figures and even as complex, realistic human beings.
Tandem mass spectrometric analysis for amino, organic, and fatty acid disorders in newborn dried blood spots: a two-year summary from the New England Newborn Screening Program.

Background: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is rapidly being adopted by newborn screening programs to screen dried blood spots for >20 markers of disease in a single assay. Limited information is available for setting the marker cutoffs and for the resulting positive predictive values. Methods: We screened >160 000 newborns by MS/MS. The markers were extracted from blood spots into a methanol solution with deuterium-labeled internal standards and then were derivatized before analysis by MS/MS. Multiple reaction monitoring of each sample for the markers of interest was accomplished in ∼1.9 min. Cutoffs for each marker were set at 6–13 SD above the population mean. Results: We identified 22 babies with amino acid disorders (7 phenylketonuria, 11 hyperphenylalaninemia, 1 maple syrup urine disease, 1 hypermethioninemia, 1 arginosuccinate lyase deficiency, and 1 argininemia) and 20 infants with fatty and organic acid disorders (10 medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies, 5 presumptive short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies, 2 propionic acidemias, 1 carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, 1 methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, and 1 presumptive very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). Approximately 0.3% of all newborns screened were flagged for either amino acid or acylcarnitine markers; approximately one-half of all the flagged infants were from the 5% of newborns who required neonatal intensive care or had birth weights <1500 g. Conclusions: In screening for 23 metabolic disorders by MS/MS, an mean positive predictive value of 8% can be achieved when using cutoffs for individual markers determined empirically on newborns.
Maternal constraint on fetal growth patterns in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): the intergenerational link between mothers and daughters

The gestational experience of a mother can influence the intrauterine environment she provides her own offspring, allowing prenatal events to affect pregnancy outcomes across several generations. Using a multigenerational database, we determined the reproductive consequences for rhesus monkeys descended from small-for-date and large-for-date birth weight matrilines. Both the maternal half-brothers and -sisters of large-for-date infants exhibited enhanced fetal growth, but for small-for-date probands, only the maternal half-sisters experienced significant intrauterine growth constraint. In addition, the growth-restricted females were at higher risk of poor reproductive outcomes in adulthood, and they perpetuated the matrilineal birth weight pattern by selectively constraining the fetal development of their daughters. Collectively, these findings suggest a mechanism for the intergenerational persistence of suboptimal pregnancy outcomes.
A counterexample on continuous coprime factors

In Georgiou and Smith (1992), the following question was raised: Consider a linear, shift-invariant system on L/sub 2/[0, /spl infin/). Let the graph of the system have Fourier transform (MN)H/sup 2/ (i.e., the system has a transfer function P=N/M) where M, N are elements of C/sub A/={f/spl isin/H/sup /spl infin//: f is continuous on the compactified right-half plane}. Is it possible to normalize M and N (i.e., to ensure |M|/sup 2/+|N|/sup 2/=1) in C/sub A/? The author shows by example that this is not always possible. >
Homologous versus Heterologous Immune Responses to Norwalk-Like Viruses among Crew Members after Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks on 2 US Navy Vessels

Host immune responses to human caliciviruses are difficult to study because of the lack of a clear definition of antigenic or serological types. This report describes antibody responses to several Norwalk-like viruses in large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on 2 US Navy ships. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were used to measure antibody responses. To understand the antibody response to a homologous strain causing the outbreaks, the viral capsid gene of one isolate (C59) was expressed in baculovirus and included in the EIAs. Significantly greater seroresponses were detected in patients against the homologous strain than against the heterologous strains. Strains within genogroups reacted more strongly than did strains between genogroups. Significantly higher antibody titers against the outbreak strain were detected in acute serum samples from control subjects than in those from case patients. These results indicate that recombinant EIAs are useful for outbreak investigation and that the homologous antibody might be protective against reinfection.
A Viral Platform for Chemical Modification and Multivalent Display

The ability to chemically modify the surfaces of viruses and virus-like particles makes it possible to confer properties that make them potentially useful in biotechnology, nanotechnology and molecular electronics applications. RNA phages (e.g. MS2) have characteristics that make them suitable scaffolds to which a variety of substances could be chemically attached in definite geometric patterns. To provide for specific chemical modification of MS2's outer surface, cysteine residues were substituted for several amino acids present on the surface of the wild-type virus particle. Some substitutions resulted in coat protein folding or stability defects, but one allowed the production of an otherwise normal virus-like particle with an accessible sulfhydryl on its surface.
On finitely strained magnetorheological elastomers

Abstract Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are ferromagnetic particle impregnated rubbers whose mechanical properties are altered by the application of external magnetic fields. Due to their strong magnetoelastic coupling response MREs are finding an increasing number of engineering applications, thus necessitating appropriate theoretical descriptions which is the objective of this work. Two different continuum formulations for MREs are presented: an Eulerian (current configuration) based approach using the second law of thermodynamics plus the conservation laws method of mechanics and a new, Lagrangian (reference configuration) based formulation based on the unconstrained minimization of a potential energy functional. It is shown that both approaches yield the same governing equations and boundary conditions. Following a discussion of general properties of the free energy function of MREs, we use a particular such function to illustrate the magnetoelastic coupling phenomena in a cylinder subjected to traction or torsion under the presence of external magnetic fields.
Mapping Differences in Consumer Perception of Sharp Cheddar Cheese in the United States

There is tremendous variability in flavor profiles of sharp or aged U.S. cheddar cheese due to varied practices among commercial facilities and the lack of legal definitions for these terms. This study explored U.S. consumer perception and liking of commercial sharp or aged cheddar cheese profiles. Flavor profiles of 29 representative sharp cheddar cheeses were documented by descriptive sensory analysis with a trained panel. A total of 9 representative cheddar cheeses were selected and evaluated by consumers in 3 regional locations: east coast (Raleigh, N.C.; n = 150), midwest (Champaign, Ill.; n = 75), and west coast (Pullman, Wash.; n = 100). Consumers assessed the cheeses for overall liking and other consumer liking attributes. External preference mapping revealed 5 distinct consumer segments. The segment membership distribution between east coast and midwest consumers was similar while the west coast distribution was distinct (P < 0.05). A larger proportion of west coast consumers were present in segment 3, which consisted of consumers with specific likes for cheeses characterized by intense flavors of free fatty acid, brothy, and nutty flavors and salty and sour tastes. Consumer preferences in other segments differed from segment 3 due to their liking of at least 1 sensory attribute generally associated with young or mild cheddar cheese flavor. Key drivers of liking for these segments included whey flavor for segments 1 and 4 and milkfat flavor for segment 5. Segment 2 consumers liked most of the cheeses tested except those with dominant whey flavor. A sharp or aged cheddar cheese label means different things to different consumers and liking profiles are not defined by consumer location.
Temporal-DHT and Its Application in P2P-VoD Systems

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) based Video-on-Demand (VoD) streaming services are gaining popularity. Meanwhile, the technical barriers of P2P-VoD systems still exist because of asynchronous and dynamic user interactivity where any user can jump to random locations in the video stream along with the support for Fast-Forward/Fast-Backward operations. An important component to address these issues lies in efficient neighbor discovery mechanism for searching and receiving desired data in a peer-to-peer fashion with less burden of the server. We advocate a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based overlay for efficient lookup with its desirable features of provable scalability, robustness and decentralization for supporting Internet-scale P2P applications. However, one big challenge associated with a DHT-based overlay is how to accommodate a large number of update operations with the continuous change of peers’ playing position. To solve this inadequacy, we propose a novel concept of temporal-DHT which exploits the temporal dynamics of the content to estimate the playing position of peers, thereby greatly reducing the update overhead. We also propose a new content management and discovery scheme by the skillful integration of: (1) random/out-of-order/static caching to support interactive operations and (2) playing/in-order/dynamic caching to maintain streaming efficiency and playback continuity. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that our mechanism achieves low messaging overhead with high streaming quality for P2P-VoD systems in a dynamic environment where peers asynchronously join/leave the network.
Effect of Ion Implantation on YBCO Superconductor Thin Film

The effects of the H+. C+. N+, F+, and Ne+ (25–200 keV)ion irradiations have been investigated by means of SEM, room temperature resistance measurement and aqueous degradation test. The room temperature resistance increases exponentially with irradiation doses. At lower dose, the annealing process is dominent, while at higher dose, the resistance increasing process is dominent. A reduction in the thickness induced by ion irradiation has been observed. The aqueous experiment shows that passing current will speed up the degredation and N+ implantations can increase the resistance of the YBCO thin film against attack by water.
Investigation of Thermoelectric Materials: Substitution effect of Bi on the Ag1-xPb18MTe20 (M = Sb, Bi) (x = 0, 0.14, 0.3)

We performed comparative investigations of the Ag1-xPb18MTe20 (M = Bi, Sb) (x = 0, 0.14, 0.3) system to better understand the roles of Sb and Bi on the thermoelectric properties. In both systems, the electrical conductivity nearly keeps the same values, while the Seebeck coefficient decreases dramatically in going from Sb to Bi. Compared to the lattice thermal conductivity of PbTe, that of AgPb18BiTe20 is substantially reduced. The lattice thermal conductivity of the Bi analog, however, is higher than that of AgPb18SbTe20 and this is attributed largely to the decrease in the degree of mass fluctuation between the nanostructures and the matrix (for the Bi analog). As a result the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of Ag1-xPb18MTe20 (M = Bi) is found to be smaller than that of Ag1-xPb18MTe20 (M = Sb).