cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scientific data management with navigational metadata

Abstract Modern science generates large complicated heterogeneous collections of data. In order to effectively exploit these data, researchers must find relevant data, and enough of its associated metadata to understand it and put it in context. This problem exists across a wide range of research domains and is ripe for a general solution. Existing ventures address these issues using ad hoc purpose-built tools. These tools explicitly represent the data relationships by embedding them in their data storage mechanisms and in their applications. While producing useful tools, these approaches tend to be difficult to extend and data relationships are not necessarily traversable symmetrically. We are building a general system for navigational metadata. The relationships between data and between annotations and data are stored as first-class objects in the system. They can be viewed as instances drawn from a small set of graph types. General-purpose programs can be written which allow users explore these graphs and gain insights into their data. This process of data navigation, successive inclusion and filtering of objects provides powerful paradigm for data exploration.
Purification of catechol siderophores by boronate affinity chromatography: identification of chrysobactin from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.

Catechols are co-planar cis-diols known to form stable, isolable complexes with borate under weakly basic conditions. We exploited this chemistry and developed a boronate affinity chromatography for isolating catechol siderophores. The method was applied to the isolation of chrysobactin, enterobactin, and an unknown catechol siderophore produce by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora W3C105. Yields of chrysobactin and enterobactin purified by boronate affinity chromatography were at least two-fold greater than those achieved through alternate methods. The unknown catechol produced by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora W3C105 was isolated by boronate affinity chromatography and shown to be identical to chrysobactin. Boronate affinity chromatography enabled separation of catechol from its rust-colored decomposition products, and simultaneous isolation of catechol and hydroxamate siderophores. Boronate affinity chromatography is a rapid and efficient method for purifying catechol siderophores from bacterial culture supernatants
Abstract Dynamic Frames

Based on a former relation-algebraic approach to separation logic we present an abstraction of the theory of dynamic frames and algebraically describe concepts, properties and behaviour of that theory in a pointfree fashion. Moreover, relationships to abstract concepts of separation logic are given to pave the way for a unified treatment of both approaches. In particular, we also sketch the main ideas within the framework of local actions.
Optic nerve sheath meningioma.

A 41‐year‐old Caucasian woman presented for a routine examination. She reported a gradual, two year decrease of vision in each eye, with an increase in left exotropia and diplopia awareness. Ocular...
Neurogenesis within the hippocampus after chronic methylphenidate exposure.

Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and can be altered by psychoactive medications; however, the impact of methylphenidate on neurogenesis is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of chronic low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneal doses of methylphenidate on neurogenesis in mouse hippocampus following 28 days and 56 days of treatment. Interestingly, methylphenidate, at both doses, increased neurogenesis. However, if methylphenidate treatment was not continued, the newly generated cells did not survive after 28 days. If treatment was continued, the newly generated neurons survived only in the mice receiving low-dose methylphenidate. To investigate the mechanism for this effect, we examined levels of proteins linked to cell proliferation in the hippocampus, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and beta-catenin. BDNF or GDNF levels were not significantly different between groups. However, hippocampal VEGF, TrkB, and beta-catenin were significantly increased in mice receiving low-dose methylphenidate for 28 days compared to controls. Interestingly, high-dose methylphenidate significantly decreased beta-catenin after 28 days and decreased VEGF, beta-catenin, and TrkB after 56 days compared to controls. Thus, low-dose methylphenidate appears to increase cell proliferation and cell survival in the hippocampus, and these effects may be mediated by increase in VEGF, TrkB, and beta-catenin. While high dose methylphenidate may initially increase neuronal proliferation, newly generated neurons are unable to survive long-term, possibly due to decrease in VEGF, TrkB and beta-catenin.
FOLFOX and FOLFIRI Use in Stage IV Colon Cancer: Analysis of SEER-Medicare Data.

Abstract Background Shortly after the year 2000, randomized trials demonstrated that patients with metastatic colon cancer treated with infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin with either oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or irinotecan (FOLFIRI) had a comparable progression-free survival benefit, superior to patients who received 5-FU/leucovorin alone. Factors associated with the initial receipt of the FOLFOX or FOLFIRI regimen are unknown. Our goal was to investigate the patterns and predictors of use for first-line FOLFOX and FOLFIRI. Patients and Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked data set to identify patients with newly diagnosed stage IV colon cancer between the years 2005 and 2013 who received either first-line FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. We used logistic regression to assess demographic and clinical predictors for FOLFOX versus FOLFIRI. Survival was compared by Kaplan-Meier models. Results Overall, 3000 patients (79.3%) received FOLFOX and 785 (20.7%) FOLFIRI. FOLFOX was associated with later year of diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.82 for 2011-2013 vs. 2005-2007), being female (OR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.98), and living in the southern region of the United States. FOLFIRI was associated with having a higher comorbidity index (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.67 for >1 comorbidity score vs. 0). There was no survival difference observed between the two treatments. Conclusion The majority of SEER-Medicare patients received FOLFOX and not FOLFIRI as a first-line treatment for stage IV colon cancer. Several demographic and clinical factors were associated with the use of each specific regimen. No survival difference was detected for the 2 groups.
Strain distribution in thin concrete pavement panels under three-point loading to failure with pre-pulse-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (Presentation Video)

Thin concrete panels reinforced with alloy polymer macro-synthetic fibers have recently been introduced to rapidly and cost-effectively improve the driving condition of existing roadways by laying down a fabric sheet on the roadways, casting a thin layer of concrete, and then cutting the layer into panels. This study is aimed to understand the strain distribution and potential crack development of concrete panels under three-point loading. To this end, six full-size 6ft×6ft×3in concrete panels were tested to failure in the laboratory. They were instrumented with three types of single-mode optical fiber sensors whose performance and ability to measure the strain distribution and detect cracks were compared. Each optical fiber sensor was spliced and calibrated, and then attached to a fabric sheet using adhesive. A thin layer of mortar (0.25 ~ 0.5 in thick) was cast on the fabric sheet. The three types of distributed sensors were bare SM-28e+ fiber, SM-28e+ fiber with a tight buffer, and concrete crack cable, respectively. The concrete crack cable consisted of one SM-28e+ optical fiber with a tight buffer, one SM-28e+ optical fiber with a loose buffer for temperature compensation, and an outside protective tight sheath. Distributed strains were collected from the three optical fiber sensors with pre-pulse-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis in room temperature. Among the three sensors, the bare fiber was observed to be most fragile during construction and operation, but most sensitive to strain change or micro-cracks. The concrete crack cable was most rugged, but not as sensitive to micro-cracks and robust in micro-crack measurement as the bare fiber. The ruggedness and sensitivity of the fiber with a tight buffer were in between the bare fiber and the concrete crack cable. The strain distribution resulted from the three optical sensors are in good agreement, and can be applied to successfully locate cracks in the concrete panels. It was observed that the three types of fibers were functional until the concrete panels have experienced inelastic deformation, making the distributed strain sensing technology promising for real applications in pavement engineering.
The Need for Words: Voice and the Text, 2nd Edition

Patsy Rodenburg’s 2018 publication of The Need for Words: Voice and the Text, 2nd Edition dives into the current dilemma in our world’s use of language and communication. Rodenburg, a prominent voi...
Virtual Reality and Correctional Rehabilitation: A Game Changer:

Virtual reality (VR) has been used for learning and treatment for decades. Few efforts have been made to incorporate this technology into correctional rehabilitation. Advances in VR systems, reduct...
Mars and Beyond: The Feasibility of Living in the Solar System

Mars has occupied a distinctive place in the popular imagination for a century. Science fiction and the wishful thinking of Percival Lowell primed us to think of Mars as a living world, but the first landers and orbiters witnessed a frigid and arid desert landscape. Now the pendulum has swung back toward habitability, with evidence of the red planet’s warmer and wetter history and hints of sub-surface aquifers. A Mars base with short-term occupants would be a first step toward eventual colonization. NASA is planning to send astronauts to Mars, subject to its limited and uncertain budget. Meanwhile, the private sector has ambitious plans for establishing a foothold on Mars, with the Mars One plans viewed more skeptically by experts than the plans of SpaceX. Mars colonists would face challenges caused by isolation, radiation, reduced gravity, and an unforgiving external environment. Over time, they would diverge culturally, psychologically, and genetically from the inhabitants of Earth.
Addressing the Failure of Anonymization: Guidance from the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation

It is common practice for companies to “anonymize” the consumer data that they collect. In fact, U.S. data protection laws and Federal Trade Commission guidelines encourage the practice of anonymization by exempting anonymized data from the privacy and data security requirements they impose. Anonymization involves removing personally identifiable information (“PII”) from a dataset so that, in theory, the data cannot be traced back to its data subjects. In practice, however, anonymization fails to irrevocably protect consumer privacy due to the potential for deanonymization—the linking of anonymized data to auxiliary information to re-identify data subjects. Because U.S. data protection laws provide safe harbors for anonymized data, re-identified data subjects receive no statutory privacy protections at all—a fact that is particularly troublesome given consumers’ dependence on technology and today’s climate of ubiquitous data collection. By adopting an all-or-nothing approach to anonymization, the United States has created no means of incentivizing the practice of anonymization while still providing data subjects statutory protections. This Note argues that the United States should look to the risk-based approach taken by the European Union under the General Data Protection Regulation. Their data protection laws utilize multiple tiers of anonymization, which vary in their potential for deanonymization. Under this approach, pseudonymized data—i.e., certain data that has had PII removed but can still be linked to auxiliary information to re-identify data subjects—falls within the scope of the governing law, but receives relaxed requirements designed to incentivize pseudonymization and thereby reduce the risk of data subject identification. This approach both strikes a balance between data privacy and data utility, and affords data subjects the benefit of anonymity in addition to statutory protections ranging from choice to transparency.
Heterogeneous skill distribution and college major: evidence from PIAAC

A large literature documents the uneven distribution of labor market outcomes across majors. Students in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) can earn more than their peers. Thi...
Assessing the impact of injector included angle and piston geometry on thermally stratified compression ignition with wet ethanol

Abstract Recent results have concluded that the efficacy of compression stroke injections in enhancing natural thermal stratification are dependent on the injector’s included angle. Therefore, there is a need to further understand how different hardware affects the efficacy of thermally stratified compression ignition. In this study, three injector included angles are considered: 150°, 118°, and 60°. Compression stroke injection timing sweeps are performed with these three injectors using two distinct piston geometries: a re-entrant bowl piston geometry found in a production, light-duty diesel engine, and a custom-made open, shallow bowl piston geometry, designed to reduce surface-to-volume ratio. Using an equivalence ratio of 0.5 and a split fraction of 80%, it was found that, with the re-entrant bowl piston geometry, the 150° injector displayed high controllability over the burn duration and was able to elongate the burn duration by a factor of 1.8×. The 118° injector displayed slight controllability over the burn duration, while the 60° injector displayed no controllability. With the open bowl piston geometry, the 150° maintained high controllability over the burn duration, albeit with less efficacy. The 60° injector still had no controllability and now the 118° injector had no controllability. The low surface-to-volume ratio of the shallow bowl piston led to less natural thermal stratification than the re-entrant bowl piston geometry, which impacted the compression stroke injection’s ability to control the burn rate. Therefore, the hardware setup that achieves the highest efficacy is a re-entrant bowl-like piston geometry with a wide spray angle injector.
Wild toxicity, cultivated safety: aflatoxin and kōji classification as knowledge infrastructure

ABSTRACTIn 1960, the trajectory of aflatoxin as one of the earliest and best studied cases of a naturally occurring carcinogen in food intersected with the trajectory of an industrial microbe known...
Discrimination Toward Physicians of Color: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Purpose To systematically review published research exploring workplace discrimination toward physicians of color with a focus on discrimination from patients. Method The authors searched PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science from 1990 through 2017 and performed supplemental manual bibliographic searches. Eligible studies were in English and assessed workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color practicing in the U.S. including physicians from ethnic/racial groups underrepresented in medicine, Asians, and international medical graduates. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, 3 reviewers read the full text of eligible studies, and 2 reviewers extracted data and appraised quality using Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for qualitative research or the AXIS tool for quality of cross-sectional studies. Results Of the 19 eligible studies, 6 conducted surveys and 13 analyzed data from interviews and/or focus groups; most were medium quality. All provided evidence to support the high prevalence of workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color, particularly black physicians and women of color. Discrimination was associated with adverse effects on career, work environment, and health. In the few studies inquiring about patient interactions, discrimination was predominantly refusal of care. No study evaluated an intervention to reduce workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color. Ethnic/racial groups were inconsistent across studies, and some samples included physicians in Canada, non-physician faculty, or trainees. Conclusion With physicians of color comprising a growing percentage of the U.S. physician workforce, healthcare organizations must examine and implement effective ways to ensure a healthy and supportive work environment.
Multiple Caregivers, Many Minds: Family Discord and Caregiver Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Family caregivers often have other family members helping to provide care. The purpose of our study was to examine relationships between care coordination quality among family members and the following caregiver outcomes: caregiver mental health (depressive symptoms, anxiety), social activity restrictions, and caregiver burden. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2017 Pittsburgh Regional Caregivers' Survey. Six hundred and fifty-five caregivers who had other family members helping with care reported discordance in care coordination, depressive symptoms, anxiety, social activity restrictions, caregiving burden, and covariates such as demographics and known risk factors for negative caregiver outcomes. We used multiple logistic regression and negative binominal expansion models in the analysis. RESULTS Discordant care coordination was associated with higher levels of caregiver depressive symptoms (p < .001), anxiety (p < .01), social activity restriction (p < .001), and caregiver burden (p < .001) after controlling for known risk factors. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS We found that lower quality of family care coordination was associated with negative caregiver outcomes. Future research should further investigate the dynamics of family care coordination and impacts on both caregivers and care recipients. The results suggest that caregiver interventions attempting to understand and decrease care coordination discord should be a priority.
Post-Citizens United: Using Shareholder Derivative Claims of Corporate Waste to Challenge Corporate Independent Political Expenditures

The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Citizens United v. FEC allows companies to spend unlimited sums from their treasuries on advertisements that promote or oppose political candidates. This issue has taken the main stage in American politics, especially with the current Republican primary race and the Presidential election in November. This article discusses how shareholders may use derivative claims of corporate waste to challenge independent political expenditures that they believe are detrimental to the corporation. The article begins by discussing the history of the corporate waste doctrine and looks at the standard for pleading a claim of corporate waste. The article then transitions into a discussion of statutory and case law defining corporate discretion to refrain from profit-maximizing activity, primarily looking at charitable donations. The article then discusses the issue of the lack of transparency of a corporation’s political expenditures and the evolution of case law concerning shareholders using the corporate waste doctrine to invalidate corporate political expenditures. The article suggests that shareholders file a request for corporate records as a prerequisite to filing a derivative action and provides arguments shareholders should make when challenging corporate independent political expenditures. The article concludes by discussing approaches that courts may use to determine the “benefit” and “business purpose” of these independent political expenditures and proposes a model corporate political expenditure program and the formation of a Political Spending Compliance Committee.
Better Than Our Biases: Using Psychological Research to Inform Our Approach to Inclusive, Effective Feedback

As teaching faculty, we are obligated to create an inclusive learning environment for all students. When we fail to be thoughtful about our own bias, our teaching suffers – and students from under-represented backgrounds are left behind. This paper draws on legal, pedagogical, and psychological research to create a practical guide for clinical teaching faculty in understanding, examining, and mitigating our own biases, so that we may better teach and support our students. First, I discuss two kinds of bias that interfere with our decision-making and behavior: cognitive biases (such as confirmation bias, primacy and recency effects, and the halo effect) and implicit biases (stereotype and attitude-based), that arise from living in our culture. Second, I explain how our biases negatively affect our students: both through the stereotype threat that students experience when interacting with biased teachers, and by our own failure to evaluate and give feedback appropriately, which in turn interferes with our students’ learning and future opportunities. The final section of this paper details practical steps for reducing our bias, including engaging in long-term debiasing, reducing the conditions that make us prone to bias (such as times of cognitive fatigue), and adopting processes that will keep us from falling back on our biases, such as the use of rubrics. Acknowledging and mitigating our biases is possible, but we must make a concerted effort to do so in order to live up to our obligations to our students and our profession.
A second order multirate scheme for the evolutionary Stokes–Darcy model

Abstract A second order multirate scheme for the evolutionary coupled Stokes–Darcy problem is proposed and analyzed. The scheme decouples the problem into two smaller subproblems at each time step by exploiting the mismatch in flow activity between the domains. Specifically, the slower Darcy subproblem is integrated with a larger time step compared to the more active Stokes subproblem. This avoids expending unnecessary computational effort on sampling the slow changing Darcy solution. The slow varying Darcy solution is extrapolated/interpolated onto the fine grid for the integration of the Stokes subproblem. The long-time stability and convergence of the method is proved under a time step restriction that depends on physical parameters and the ratio of the time steps in each subdomain. The scheme includes a stabilization term that relaxes the time step restriction. Numerical experiments confirm convergence of the method and the effectiveness of the stabilization technique at relaxing the stability time step restriction.
Grafted Fetal Astrocytes Migrate from Host Thoracic Spinal Cord to Lumbar Cord and Medulla

Transplantation of fetal central nervous system [CNS] into adult host CNS ameliorated lesion-induced behavioral and learning deficits (Bernstein and Goldberg, 1987, 1988b; Deckel et al, 1986; Dunnett et al, 1983a, b; Gage et al, 1986) and neuronal atrophy (Bregman et al, 1986; Sharp et al, 1986). Transplants were also efficacious in the treatment of Parkinson-like symptoms (Kamo et al, 1986; Sladek et al, 1987) produced by MPTP [l-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6–tetrahydropyridine] in monkeys and behavioral abnormalities resulting from chemical lesions of the nigrostriatal system in rats (Dunnett et al, 1983a; Dunnett et al, 1983b; Freed, 1983). The initial view of the mechanisms by which transplants affected the injured CNS focused on the formation of new neuronal circuits and release of transmitter substances by grafted neurons. It was recently demonstrated, however, that grafts of cultured astrocytes alone and transplants of Gelfoam removed from a wound cavity in the adult CNS were as efficacious in reversing a lesion-induced learning deficit as were grafts of fetal cerebral cortex (Kesslak et al, 1986). This is of interest since astrocytes in culture have been shown to produce a number of growth factors which support or enhance the survival and/or sprouting of neurons in culture (Assouline et al, 1987). Given this new avenue of research, we felt it was of considerable importance to determine whether transplant derived astrocytes could migrate more than the 1–3 mm previously reported by other investigators (Jacque et al, 1986; Raisman et al, 1985). If migration on the order of centimeters rather than millimeters was possible, then a significant role for astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factors could be envisioned in the regeneration/repair process after CNS injury by transplantation of these cells.
Using Second-Order Power Analysis to Attack DPA Resistant Software

Under a simple power leakage model based on Hamming weight, a software implementation of a data-whitening routine is shown to be vulnerable to a first-order Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attack. This routine is modified to resist the first-order DPA attack, but is subsequently shown to be vulnerable to a second-order DPA attack. A second-order DPA attack that is optimal under certain assumptions is also proposed. Experimental results in an ST16 smartcard confirm the practicality of the first and second-order DPA attacks.
Infrared and X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy of Adsorbates on La2CuO4 to Determine Potentiometric NO x Sensor Response Mechanism

Tightening standards for gas-phase environmental pollution necessitate further improvements on the potentiometric NO x sensor. A key component in these improvements involves an analysis of the surface species formed by NO x exposure. Possible NO x adsorption mechanisms on p-type semiconducting La 2 CuO 4 were explored by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy was used to identify charged and uncharged complex formation on the surface of La 2 CuO 4 powder following NO and NO 2 adsorption in the presence of oxygen. Subtraction spectra calculated by comparison of adsorbed and unadsorbed KBr/La 2 CuO 4 samples revealed the presence of nitrate and nitrite species as the major product for both adsorptions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examined the difference in bonding between the NO and NO 2 adsorption by examination of the O Is electron orbital. NO was observed to induce oxygen vacancies and reduce the charge carriers in the material by electron injection. NO 2 adsorption resulted in the creation of electron holes, which increased charge carrier concentration.
12th WVU International Mining Electrotechnology Conference

The isolation of chemical and radioactive contaminants from groundwater supplies is a topic of increasing concern and urgency. Contamination of groundwater supplies has already occurred in hundreds of sites in this country and is a threat in many more. Remediation strategies have typically involved one of two techniques: excavation and retrieval, or in-situ containment. Excavation is a slow and dangerous job. The contents of containers are often unknown, and may be flammable, explosive, and toxic. Excavation equipment may puncture rusting containers spreading the contents. Excavation usually generates airborne contamination in the form of dust and vaporized volatiles. Large volumes of soil must generally be removed and treated along with the waste materials, adding to the cost and complexity. In-situ containment of hazardous wastes is preferable if it can be reliably and safely accomplished. A wide variety of techniques have been considered, ranging from steam or chemical injection, to implantation of biological agents to vitrification of the soil by massive electric currents. This paper presents a novel approach to the strategy of in-situ containment by employing langwall mining technology. Longwall mining equipment would be adopted to allow tunnelling under and around a waste site, and construction of an inert, law-permeability harrier. The barrier will prevent the horizontal and vertical spread of leachates from the waste site by isolating them from ground water flows. A leachate collection system placed along the bottom of the containment would pump collected liquid to the surface for treatment. The hazardous waste containment application however, poses challenging control issues on the longwall system employed. Shield alignment, mine surface texture, contaminate detection, remote operation, integration with liner transport and placement, and backfill efficiency are only a few of the complications associated with this application. In the paper, we identify the key electronic control issues derived from these complications and discuss proposed modifications to the longwall system design and operation. For example, to adequately control both the position and attitude of shields, additional actuators and sensors must be installed on the shield and incorporated in the control scheme.
A Rational Procedure for Evaluating the Behavior of Impact-Driven Piles

A numerical solution has been developed using a finite difference formulation to simulate the one-dimensional impact wave propagation behavior and subsequent static load test performance. Based on this solution, the importance of residual driving stresses in properly interpreting pile behavior under axial loads is examined. This paper (1) briefly describes the analytical procedure developed by the authors to incorporate residual stresses explicitly, (2) applies the procedure to a documented pile load test to demonstrate the concepts developed, (3) examines the consequences of ignoring residual driving stresses in interpreting/predicting pile behavior under axial loads, and (4) demonstrates the influence of various parameters on the predicted pile performance.
Somatostatin modulates cholinergic neurotransmission in canine antral muscle

Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit antral motility in vivo. To examine the effect of somatostatin on cholinergic neurotransmission in the canine antrum, we studied the mechanical response of and the release of [3H]acetylcholine from canine longitudinal antral muscle in response to substance P, gastrin 17, and electrical stimulation. In unstimulated tissues, somatostatin had a positive inotropic effect on spontaneous phasic contractions. In tissues stimulated with substance P and gastrin 17, but not with electrical stimulation, somatostatin inhibited the phasic inotropic response dose dependently. This inhibitory effect was abolished by indomethacin. Somatostatin stimulated the release of prostaglandin E2 radioimmunoreactivity, and prostaglandin E2 inhibited the release of [3H]acetylcholine induced by substance P and electrical stimulation. Somatostatin increased the release of [3H]acetylcholine from unstimulated tissues by a tetrodotoxin-sensitive mechanism but inhibited the release induced by substance P and electrical stimulation. These results suggest that somatostatin has a dual modulatory effect on cholinergic neurotransmission in canine longitudinal antral muscle. This effect is excitatory in unstimulated tissues and inhibitory in stimulated tissues. The inhibitory effect is partially mediated by prostaglandins.
Polynomial time synthesis of Byzantine agreement

We present a polynomial time algorithm for automatic synthesis of fault-tolerant distributed programs, starting from fault-intolerant versions of those programs. Since this synthesis problem is known to be NP-hard, our algorithm relies on heuristics to reduce the complexity. We demonstrate that our algorithm is able to synthesize an agreement program that tolerates a Byzantine fault.
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in 2-(2′,6′-dihydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole: effect of dual hydrogen bonding on the optical properties

Abstract 2-(2′,6′-Dihydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (DHBO) has been synthesized by using palladium-catalyzed oxidative cyclization. The compound utilizes both O–H···N and O–H···O bonds to ensure a coplanar structure between the benzoxazole and phenol fragments. Optical comparison with the parent compound 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) reveals that the dual hydrogen bonding in DHBO plays an essential role in raising the desirable keto emission for ESIPT and tuning the polarity sensitivity toward the molecular environment. DHBO also exhibits a higher quantum yield (ϕfl = 0.108 in methanol) than HBO (ϕfl = 0.0025) in the same solvent.
Ursachen und Auswirkungen der Subprime-Krise

Auf Basis der Finanzmarktkrise seit Juli 2007 untersucht dieser Beitrag die Strukturen und Merkmale des Handels mit amerikanischen Immobilienkrediten, welche zur Subprime-Krise fuhrten. Hierbei werden die Finanzinstrumente, die eine Verbindung zwischen Kredit- und Kapitalmarkten herstellen, dargestellt und einer okonomischen Analyse unterzogen. Anhand der Analyse von Ertrags- und Risikopositionen konnen asymmetrische Verteilungen identifiziert werden. Darauf aufbauend werden die Ursachen und Zusammenhange der Subprime-Krise aufgearbeitet.
Total Quality Management in a College of Business: Operations and Administration

Although Total Quality Management (TQM) hasrecently become the often cited “panacea” for the ails of production and service industries, until recently, little thought seems to have been given to the application of TQM to the field of education. There are many signs of incipient interest in applying TQM to campus operations. Examples include a limited number of journal articles and professional papers, promotional flyers, and a few job vacancy notices for individuals to head up TQM operations on college campuses. The application of TQM in the education sector has two dimensions: (1) design and curriculum issues and (2) operations and administration issues. The purpose of this article is to address some of the issues relating to installing and administering a TQM approach in a business school and to give specific guidelines and suggestions to operationalize a TQM program.
INTEGRATION OF EVACUATED TUBULAR SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH LITHIUM BROMIDE ABSORPTION COOLING SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT By surrounding the absorber-heat exchanger component of a solar collector with a glass-enclosed evacuated space and by providing the absorber with a selective surface, solar collectors can operate at efficiencies exceeding 50% under conditions of δT/HT = 75°C·m2/Kw (δT = collector fluid outlet temperature minus ambient temperature, HT = incident solar radiation on a tilted surface). The high performance of these evacuated tubular collectors thus provides the required high temperature inputs (70–88°C) of lithium bromide absorption cooling units, while maintaining high collector efficiency. This paper deals with the performance and analysis of two types of evacuated tubular solar collectors integrated with the two distinct solar heating and cooling systems installed on CSU Solar Houses I and III.
Group Composition Models for Laboratory Design

The purpose of this paper is to develop a prescriptive model for the composition of groups to maximize the interpersonal exploration and learning of their members. Research, experience, and theory from several areas of inquiry are drawn upon to this end.A learning model is proposed in which interpersonal exploration and growth of the individual take place through (1) commitment to and expression of his preferred ways of perceiving and relating to others; (2) confrontation with perceptions and behaviors of others which stimulate; (3) exploration of meaningful alternatives to this individual's preferred style.Personal style and learning are considered in the light of research and experience. These suggest that the growth of persons who are relatively passive or inaccessible to their own emotions may be inhibited by the incompatibility between their personal styles and the learning model.The effects of group climate on the opportunity to follow the learning model are examined for persons of differing persona...
Copper silicide nanocrystals on hydrogen-terminated Si(001)

Abstract In this paper we describe the surface characterization of Cu deposited onto nominally-flat and roughened hydrogen-terminated Si(001) surfaces in ultra-high vacuum using scanning tunneling microscopy. Cu forms Cu 3 Si 3D-islands with markedly different geometries depending on the surface roughness of the underlying H-terminated silicon surface. Anisotropic islands oriented perpendicular to the dimer-rows are observed on the nominally-flat H-terminated surface, while mostly isotropic islands are observed on the rough-engineered H-terminated surface. These results could have implications with respect to both surface-templated growth of nanostructures and Cu-based microelectronics.
Effect of prolonged illumination on concentration of FSH and prolactin in human neonates

In a previous study (Science 199:1229, 1978) we found that prolonged illumination alters LH secretion in human neonates.In the present study serum FSH and prolactin were measured from day 3 to 18 in 20 jaundiced newborns who underwent phototherapy for 48–72 hours (PH).Twenty newborns without phototherapy served as controls (C).In boys,serum FSH concentration showed similar changes in PH and C groups throughout the study period.In girls on phototherapy,an increase in FSH was observed earlier and mean peak value was significantly higher (56 mIU/ml) than in C (18.5 mIU/ml) with p < 0.01. Prolactin levels decreased with progress of age similarly in the two groups.Hence, light affects LH and FSH but not prolactin secretion, in the neonatal period.This effect is probably mediated through the pineal gland.
Effect of moderate hypocapnic ventilation on nuclear DNA fragmentation and energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Previous studies have shown that severe hypocapnic ventilation [arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (Paco2) 7–10 mm Hg] in newborn animals results in decreased cerebral blood flow and decreased tissue oxidative metabolism. The present study tests the hypothesis that moderate hypocapnic ventilation (Paco2 20 mm Hg) will result in decreased cerebral oxidative metabolism and nuclear DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of normoxemic newborn piglets. Studies were performed in 10 anesthetized newborn piglets. The animals were ventilated for 1 h to achieve a Paco2 of 20 mm Hg in the hypocapnic (H) group (n = 5) and a Paco2 of 40 mm Hg in the normocapnic, control (C) group (n = 5). Tissue oxidative metabolism, reflecting tissue oxygenation, was documented biochemically by measuring tissue ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels. Cerebral cortical nuclei were purified, nuclear DNA was isolated, and DNA content was determined. DNA samples were separated, stained, and compared with a standard DNA ladder. Tissue PCr levels were significantly lower in the H group than the C group (2.32 ± 0.66 versus 3.73 ± 0.32 μmol/g brain, p < 0.05), but ATP levels were preserved. Unlike C samples, H samples displayed a smear pattern of small molecular weight fragments between 100 and 12,000 bp. The density of DNA fragments was eight times higher in the H group than the C group, and DNA fragmentation varied inversely with levels of PCr (r = 0.93). These data demonstrate that moderate hypocapnia of 1 h duration results in decreased oxidative metabolism that is associated with DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. We speculate that hypocapnia-induced hypoxia results in increased intranuclear Ca2+ flux, which causes protease and endonuclease activation, DNA fragmentation, and periventricular leukomalacia in newborn infants.
Allied economic intelligence and strategy during the ‘Phoney War’

This article examines the efforts of French and British intelligence services to assess the German economy before and during the opening stage of World War II. The French and British, attached to a long‐war strategy based on the assumption time worked in their favour, looked to economic intelligence to indicate whether this was in fact the case. Yet for a variety of reasons clear and consistent assessments were impossible. Rather than accept uncertainty, the French and British chose to impose certainty by assuming the worst, a decision which contributed to the abandonment of a long‐war strategy as the Allies began to search for some way to win a short war.
Risk factors associated with delayed thyrotropin elevations in congenital hypothyroidism.

Abstract Objectives To identify risk factors associated with delayed thyrotropin elevations in cases of congenital hypothyroidism. To determine whether routine rescreening of babies who have very low birth weight (VLBW) and babies in the neonatal intensive care unit is justified. Study design Retrospective review of the New England Newborn Screening database (January 1989-June 2002) of newborns screened for hypothyroidism to determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism associated with delayed thyrotropin elevations and to characterize features associated with delayed thyrotropin elevations in newborns with VLBW and non-VLBW (NVLBW). Results The incidence of hypothyroidism was 14-fold higher for newborns with VLBW (1:250) compared with newborns with NVLBW (1:3500). Of the newborns with VLBW, two thirds were not detectable on the initial screening specimen. Among newborns with VLBW with delayed thyrotropin elevation, iodine exposure was found in 23%. Among newborns with NVLBW, 45% had congenital cardiac anomalies. For every 20 NVLBW cases of congenital hypothyroidism detectable by initial screening specimen, one additional case was detected with delayed thyrotropin elevation. Conclusions Routine rescreening of babies with VLBW and babies in the neonatal intensive care unit is justified, and particular attention to follow-up testing of newborns known to have cardiac disease is warranted.
Fermi-level oscillation in n-type δ-doped Si : A self-consistent tight-binding approach

We have used the empirical tight-binding method within the antibonding orbital model to compute the self-consistent potential profile and Fermi level position in $n$-type $\ensuremath{\delta}$-doped $\mathrm{Si}$. This model describes the six valleys in the $\mathrm{Si}$ conduction band adequately. We include exchange-correlation effects under the local density approximation. The comparison of our results to empirical pseudopotential calculations shows very good agreement, while effective mass approximation calculations agree only in the low doping regime. At ultra high densities, an oscillatory behavior of the Fermi-level position as a function of the doping concentration is predicted.
SAFETY OF VARICELLA VACCINE: RESULTS OF POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE IN 32,947 RECIPIENTS OF VARIVAX (MSD). † 987

SAFETY OF VARICELLA VACCINE: RESULTS OF POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE IN 32,947 RECIPIENTS OF VARIVAX (MSD). † 987
Comments on Yuta-Okubo η Asymmetry Mechanism

The asymmetry generated by the interference between the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and nonresonant background $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ amplitudes has been calculated for previously reported data in the decay $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. An upper limit of 0.23% has been found for the effect in this sample of data.
Security patterns and evolution of MTA architecture

In this paper, we describe the evolution of architecture of Mail Transfer Agents(MTA). We consider the design of MTA as a sequence of design decisions [10]. Many of the design decisions are examples of security patterns. Thus, this paper is another example of how patterns generate architecture [5].
SU-FF-T-424: Benchmark Investigation of MCNP5, EGSnrc, and PENELOPE Monte Carlo Codes for Calculating the Emitted Photon Spectrum From An Electronic Brachytherapy Source

Purpose: To perform a benchmark investigation of three general‐purpose Monte Carlo codes used to calculate the emitted photonspectrum from the Xoft Axxent® electronic brachytherapy source. Method and Materials: Three different Monte Carlo codes, MCNP5, EGSnrc, and PENELOPE were benchmarked for parameters relevant to simulation of the Axxent® source. The tested parameters were electron backscatter from a high atomic number slab, electron impact ionization and bremsstrahlung production in tungsten, and yttrium fluorescent photon production. A full model of the Axxent® source was constructed in each code, and the differences in the emitted photonspectra were explained based on the results of the simple benchmarks. Results: The three electron transport algorithms in MCNP5 produced up to 48% differences in electron backscatter, but the best agreement with EGSnrc, PENELOPE, and experimental data was with the ITS‐style energy indexing. The choice of electron transport cutoff energy in PENELOPE had a large effect on the number of backscattered electrons, but less of an effect on the total backscattered energy. Bremsstrahlung production in tungsten was in good agreement for all three codes, but large differences in the production of tungsten L‐shell fluorescent photons were observed. The yttrium K.. fluorescent photon production in MCNP5 was 35% low compared to PENELOPE when executed with full photon/electron transport, but it was within 3% of PENELOPE when executed using photontransport only. The simulation results for the full model of the Axxent® source were consistent with the results from the individual benchmarks, with significant differences in the tungsten L‐shell fluorescent photons and yttrium fluorescent photons.Conclusion: The three Monte Carlo codes produced differences in the calculated photonspectrum for the Axxent® source, and these differences will have an effect on the corrections applied for air‐kerma strength measurements. Conflict of Interest: This study was funded in part by Xoft, Inc.
Theory of Proton-Proton Bremsstrahlung

The proton-proton bremsstrahlung cross section is derived to first order in the electromagnetic interaction and the nucleon-nucleon $t$ matrix. The cross section is expressed in terms of the nucleon-nucleon phase shifts and the quasi-phase parameters needed to describe $t$ off the energy shell. The formulas are given in a form suitable for calculation.
Evidence that the monoclonal antibodies SMI-31 and SMI-34 recognize different phosphorylation-dependent epitopes of the murine high molecular mass neurofilament subunit

Abstract The monoclonal antibodies SMI-31 and SMI-34 react with phosphate-dependent epitopes of the high molecular mass (200 kDa) neurofilament protein (Hphos). Determination of whether or not these monoclonals react with different epitopes would assist in interpretation of post mortem immunocytochemical analyses in neurodegenerative disorders and in normal aging. We therefore examined the relative immunoreactivity of these antibodies against Triton-insoluble (cytoskeleton-associated) and Triton-soluble Hphos variants in NB2a/d1 neuroblastoma and post-natal mouse brain in immunoblot analysis. Densitometric analysis yielded a ‘reactivity ratio’ (soluble Hphos/insoluble Hphos) for each antibody. This ratio was approximately 44% and 87% less for SMI-34 than for SMI-31 in neuroblastoma and brain, respectively. These findings confirm that the SMI-34 epitope is distinct from that recognized by SMI-31, and, in these systems, is preferentially associated with the cytoskeleton.
Influence of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on the As-Cast Structure of Cu-10%Sn-2%Zn Alloys

In this paper, the effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the as-cast structure of Cu-10%Sn-2%Zn alloys and inverse segregation of Sn had been investigated. It is found that macrostructure and δ phase was refined, columnar-to-equiaxed transition was promoted, and inverse segregation of Sn was inhibited by applying electromagnetic field during the solidification of Cu-10%Sn-2%Zn alloys. The width of eutectoid structure (α-Cu+δ) becomes smaller, and the morphology of eutectoid δ changes from coarse acicular and massive shape to fine dotlike shape. The above mentioned effects become more obvious with the increasing of current intensity.