cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertically Stacked, Flip-Chip Wide Bandgap MOSFET Co-Optimized for Reliability and Switching Performance

Silicon carbide (SiC) wide-bandgap semiconductors (WBGs) offer a significant improvement in high voltage and high-temperature stability; however, their associated packaging often can impede electrical performance and reliability. In this study, a new flip-chip package, implementing a vertically oriented metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) was investigated to achieve co-optimized thermomechanical reliability with low parasitic inductance. The architecture improves upon wire-bonded packages by allowing for top-side cooling and reduced power loop inductance. Herein, the design effects of solder material and diameter as well as pitch size and drain connector geometry on thermal cycling reliability of the device were investigated using finite-element methods. Additionally, thermal resistance in association with a parasitic inductance of varying drain connector architectures is compared while utilizing symmetry to facilitate manufacturability. By considering the complex effects of geometry and material, the optimal architecture was selected and fabricated. When comparing to a prior flip-chip design effort, this simulation-based design optimization was able to improve the solder fatigue life up to 11 times while reducing parasitic inductance by 30 times. Experimentally, the associated electrical performance of the novel device showed improved switching behavior in double-pulse testing of a half-bridge module, with nearly negligible overshoot voltage on switching, where an equivalent discrete package exhibited ~100% overshoot and ~24% inductance improvement at the module level.
Regenerative rehabilitation with conductive biomaterials for spinal cord injury

The individual approaches of regenerative medicine efforts alone and rehabilitation efforts alone have not yet fully restored function after severe spinal cord injury (SCI). Regenerative rehabilitation may be leveraged to promote regeneration of the spinal cord tissue, and promote reorganization of the regenerated neural pathways and intact spinal circuits for better functional recovery for SCI. Conductive biomaterials may be a linchpin that empowers the synergy between regenerative medicine and rehabilitation approaches, as electrical stimulation applied to the spinal cord could facilitate neural reorganization. In this review, we discuss current regenerative medicine approaches in clinical trials and the rehabilitation, or neuromodulation, approaches for SCI, along with their respective translational limitations. Furthermore, we review the translational potential, in a surgical context, of conductive biomaterials (e.g., conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metallic nanoparticle-based materials) as they pertain to SCI. While pre-formed scaffolds may be difficult to translate to human contusion SCIs, injectable composites that contain blended conductive components and can form within the injury may be more translational. However, given that there are currently no in vivo SCI studies that evaluated conductive materials combined with rehabilitation approaches, we discuss several limitations of conductive biomaterials, including demonstrating safety and efficacy, that will need to be addressed in the future for conductive biomaterials to become SCI therapeutics. Even so, the use of conductive biomaterials creates a synergistic opportunity to merge the fields of regenerative medicine and rehabilitation and redefine what regenerative rehabilitation means for the spinal cord.
Spin-orbit torque switching of chiral magnetization across a synthetic antiferromagnet

The interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) holds promises for design and control of chiral spin textures in low-dimensional magnets with efficient current-driven dynamics. Recently, an interlayer DMI has been found to exist across magnetic multilayers with a heavy-metal spacer between magnetic layers. This opens the possibility of chirality in these three-dimensional magnetic structures. Here we show the existence of the interlayer DMI in a synthetic antiferromagnetic multilayer with both inversion and in-plane asymmetry. We analyse the interlayer DMI’s effects on the magnetization and the current-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of magnetization through a combination of experimental and numerical studies. The chiral nature of the interlayer DMI leads to an asymmetric SOT switching of magnetization under an in-plane magnetic field. Our work paves the way for further explorations on controlling chiral magnetizations across magnetic multilayers through SOTs, which can provide a new path in the design of SOT devices. Exchange interactions between spins in a magnetic system can be engineered using magnetic multilayer systems in order to investigate a rich variety of magnetic phenomenon. Here the authors investigate the nature and control of magnetization of a synthetic antiferromagnetic stack with built in planar asymmetry and find evidence of an asymmetric current-driven switching in the chiral magnetization across the magnetic multilayers.
Seismic anomalies in the southeastern North American asthenosphere as characterized with body wave travel times from high-quality teleseisms

Abstract Previously-published tomographic images show low-velocity anomalies (shear velocity up to 5% slow relative to the AK135 Earth model) in the asthenosphere beneath the southeastern margin of North America, including the Northern Appalachian (New England), the Central Appalachian (Virginia), and the Northern Gulf (Texas-Louisiana coast) Anomalies. Travel time anomaly ratios and attenuation indicate that they are thermal anomalies associated with mantle upwelling. We use teleseismic P and S wave differential travel times, as determined by cross-correlation of USArray data, and ratios of compressional-to-shear wave travel time fluctuations to characterize the South Coastal Anomaly (SCA), a fourth, weaker anomaly (about half as strong as these others) that stretches from Georgia to Virginia. P-wave tomography indicates that the SCA is about 800 km long in its north-south dimension and at least 300 km wide in its east-west dimension (its eastern edge is not imaged) and it is strongest (∆VP ≈ − 0.1 km/s) in the 100–250 km depth range. Its western edge strikes north-south, parallel to the edge of the Laurentian Craton (LC). The maximum P and S wave travel time anomalies of the SCA are 1.09 ± 0.05 (95%) s and 4.20 ± 0.10 (95%) s, respectively, relative to the LC. The ratio of P-to-S wave differential travel time anomalies is 3.84 ± 0.10 (95%), a value close to the value of ~3.3 predicted for a thermal anomaly and very different from the value of ~1.8 predicted for a compositional anomaly. The compressional velocity is up to 0.41 km/s slower than the LC, which corresponds to a maximum temperature difference of about 700 °C, using a sensitivity of 1713 K-s/km. In the shallow asthenosphere, the SCA appears distinct from the Central Appalachian Anomaly, being weaker in magnitude and more tabular in shape, but the two anomalies may merge below ~250 km depth. Our findings support the notion of the vigorous edge convection along much of the eastern continental margin.
Reading the ACA’s Findings: Textualism, Severability and the ACA’s Return to the Court

This fall, in California v. Texas, the Supreme Court is being asked to invalidate the entire 2,000-page Affordable Care Act again, along with the ACA's insurance-purchase mandate. This time, the law’s challengers are trying to use a false textualism to implode it. But the challengers’ textualism is not real textualism. The challengers seize on a few words in one subparagraph of the ACA’s statutory findings taken entirely out of their location and context in the law. They now argue those findings are an explicit “inseverability clause” that applies to the statute as a whole and trumps the Court’s longstanding “strong presumption” of severability — meaning that if the insurance-purchase mandate is eliminated, the whole ten-title ACA goes down with it. The challengers argue this despite the fact that those findings are specific to one subsection, of one Part, in one subtitle, of the ten-title law, and also despite the fact that the language they seize on is boilerplate language that Congress has used in scores of other statutes, not for the purpose of severability, but to justify its commerce power. They argue this even though Congress expressly tells us, in the subsection itself and also in the subsections directly above and below it, that the findings are indeed directed at establishing congressional authority under the Commerce Clause. And, they argue this even though, reading the entire subsection literally as they ostensibly would have us do, it would mean that not only the ACA goes down but also the nation’s entire pensions and employee benefits regulatory system — the 1974 ERISA statute — goes down too. And most importantly, they argue that Congress has actually spoken to the issue, even though Congress’s established drafting practices, substantiated by its drafting manuals and examples throughout the U.S. Code, make clear that when Congress actually writes an inseverability clause, it is unmistakably explicit about it and writes with specific language — Congress used none of that language in the ACA. The Court deploys a “strong presumption” of severability because striking down whole statutes is the most destructive of statutory-case remedies. Inseverability is a nuclear bomb. Congress doesn’t hide it in mouse-holes. True textualists wouldn’t go looking for it by implication. There is a burgeoning movement among legal scholars and jurists of all interpretive stripes to better understand how Congress drafts laws. Those developments, this analysis should make clear, are as relevant, if not more relevant, for textualists as for anyone else.
Chicago Area Study 2012 Brief #1

The 2012 Chicago Area Study surveyed 229 center directors in 33 ZIP Codes on the West and North sides of Chicago. We prepared a set of initial research briefs to disseminate basic study findings. This CAS 2012 Research Brief #1 summarizes the study goals and design and describes how we classified the 33 ZIP Codes into five types.
What Is the Role of Oligodendrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by loss of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. There is growing evidence that astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes participate in the pathodynamics of ALS via both loss-of-function and toxic gain-of-function mechanisms.1 Whereas most studies have focused on the role of microglia and astrocytes,1,2 oligodendrocytes may also have a major pathogenic role in this disorder3-6 (Figure). A recent analysis applying a polygenic risk score approach indicated that variation in genes involved in neuronal morphogenesis and membrane trafficking are a major genetic risk for ALS.7 This study also showed that subtypes of oligodendrocytes, as well as parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in the motor cortex, were significantly enriched in ALS risk genes in humans.7 Oligodendrocytes are the targets of mutations affecting ALS-related genes and their dysfunction may affect motor neuron survival by several mechanisms. Experimental models of ALS indicate that the inability of oligodendrocyte precursors to fully differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes renders them unable to provide metabolic support and myelinate the axons.3-6 In vitro co-culture studies show that oligodendrocytes derived from induced pluripotent or neural progenitor cells from patients with familial ALS associated with superoxide dismutase 1 ( SOD1 ) or other mutations, as well as those from patients with sporadic ALS, may also have an active role in motor neuron death via cell-contact mechanisms.5 These findings expand the potential cellular targets for neuroprotection in ALS.6
Graceful interaction in man-machine communication

Compared to humans, current natural language dialogue systems often behave in a rigid and fragile manner when their conversations deviate from a narrowly conceived mainstream, e.g. when faced with ungrammatical, unclear, or unrecognizable input, ambiguous descriptions, or requests for clarification of their own output. We believe that the time is now ripe to construct systems which can interact gracefully with their users when such contingencies arise. Graceful interaction is not a single skill, but a combination of several diverse abilities. We list these components, and describe one of them - the ability to communicate robustly. Detailed descriptions of all the components appear in [4], along with details of a system architecture for their integrated Implementation.
Energy shifts of K. cap alpha. x rays from highly stripped sulfur ions traveling in solids

The energies and intensities of the $2^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1^{1}S_{0}$, and $2^{1}P_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1^{1}S_{0}$ transitions in He-like sulfur ions, and of the $2^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1^{2}S$ transition in H-like sulfur ions have been studied as a function of the thickness and electron density of the solid through which the ions travel. The thickness dependence of the x-ray intensities was analyzed in terms of a three-component model description of $K$-shell vacancy production and decay. Cross sections for electron excitation or ionization and capture deduced from this analysis were used to establish the energies of the x-ray peaks for complete emission in vacuum (i.e., outside the target). Energy shifts were obtained by comparing the peak energies for emission in thick targets to those for emission in vacuum. The results show that the energy shifts increase approximately linearly with the square root of the valence electron density of the target and are in good agreement with theoretical expectations.
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY CONJUGATES.

A comparison was made of (NH4)2SO4, HCl, ethodin, and ethanol for fractionation of rabbit antiserum prior to conjugation with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Fractionation with the salt was found to be the method of choice from the standpoints of simplicity and recovery of antibody effective in conjugates prepared from the fractions. Effects of pH, temperature, dye-protein ratio, and molarity and type of buffer upon conjugation were studied. These technical factors were adjusted to produce conjugates for Corynebacterium diphtheriae which possessed higher specific titers than did reagents obtained by previously employed techniques.
The work–family interface among school psychologists and related school personnel: a test of role conflict and expansionist theories

The purpose was to test of the utility of role conflict and expansionist theories in explaining the work–family interface using psychometrically sound instruments. Participants (n = 74) responded to measures of work–family conflict, work-related stress, and role quality. In support of the expansionist theory, results indicated that the quality of the life roles was a better predictor of both work–family conflict and work-related stress than was the number of life roles. For both, results indicated that as quality of the work role increased, work–family conflict and work-related stress decreased. The implications for the research on the work–family life interface and attracting and retaining the most qualified school psychologists are discussed.
T.H. Huxley's criticism of German cell theory: an epigenetic and physiological interpretation of cell structure.

In 1853, the young Thomas Henry Huxley published a long review of German cell theory in which he roundly criticized the basic tenets of the Schleiden-Schwann model of the cell. Although historians of cytology have dismissed Huxley’s criticism as based on an erroneous interpretation of cell physiology, the review is better understood as a contribution to embryology. “The Cell-theory” presents Huxley’s “epigenetic” interpretation of histological organization emerging from changes in the protoplasm to replace the “preformationist” cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann (as modified by Albert vonKolliker), which posited the nucleus as the seat of organic vitality. Huxley’s views influenced a number of British biologists, who continued to oppose German cell theory well into the twentieth century. Yet Huxley was pivotal in introducing the new German program of “scientific zoology” to Britain in the early 1850s,championing its empiricist methodology as a means to enact broad disciplinary and institutional reforms in British natural history.
Water Temperature and Drowning

To the Editor.— We read with interest the report by Quan et al.1 The authors described normal or near-normal neurologic outcomes after cardiopulmonary arrest in 8 of 38 victims. We are encouraged by these results and agree that early, effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the most effective treatment for pediatric submersion victims. Several additional factors, however, must be considered when interpreting the results of this study. Quan et al describe the King County, Washington climate as "temperate" and note that "submersion victims in this region did not receive the potentially beneficial rapid cooling that icy waters may provide."
Legal Literacy and Immovable Property: Laws, Norms and Practices in Colombia

An equitable gender distribution of property ownership may be enhanced or limited by family law, individual knowledge of the law, and social norms. South America's laws of equal inheritance by sex and birth order and equal distribution of property upon divorce provide the basis of a gender-equitable distribution of property ownership. This report of a qualitative case study exploring the gendered knowledge of immovable property laws and the practice of patterns of property ownership in central Colombia provides insights into the gap between law and practice caused by lack of information, social norms, gendered access to legal titles, a complex legal system and high transaction costs. It argues for greater attention to titling, legal procedures, legal education and legal advice to secure effective immovable property ownership for women.
XAMM: a high-performance automatic memory management system with memory-constrained designs

Automatic memory management has been prevalent on memory / computation constraint systems. Previous research has shown strong interest in small memory footprint, garbage collection (GC) pause time and energy consumption, while performance was left out of the spotlight. This fact inspired us to design memory management techniques delivering high performance, while still keeping space consumption and response time under control. XAMM is an attempt to answer such a quest. Driven by the design decisions above, XAMM implements a variety of novel techniques, including object model, heap management, allocation and GC mechanisms. XAMM also adopts techniques that can not only exploit the underlying system's capabilities, but can also assist the optimizations by other runtime components (e.g. code generator). This paper describes these techniques in details and reports our experiences in the implementation. We conclude that XAMM demonstrates the feasibility to achieve high performance without breaking memory constraints. We support our claims with evaluation results, for a spectrum of real-world programs and synthetic benchmarks. For example, the heap placement optimization can boost the system-wide performance by as much as 10%; the lazy and selective location bits management can reduce the execution time by as much as 14%, while reducing GC pause time on average by as much as 25%. The sum of these techniques improves the system-wide performance by as much as 56%.
Nymphomania: the historical construction of female sexuality

L'A. etudie la sexualite feminine au cours de la seconde moitie du 19 e siecle et demele l'histoire medicale de la nymphomanie durant cette periode et au debut du 20 e siecle. Il decrit les concepts originels de la nymphomanie et examine l'evolution du traitement de cette maladie et de la perception de la sexualite feminine au 19 e siecle. Il montre comment la nymphomanie, consideree initialement comme une maladie biologique, s'est transformee par l'evolution de son diagnostic et de son traitement en maladie psychologique
Strain Measurement in a Shape Memory Alloy with Strain Gauges

: The recovery of shape due to temperature-induced martensite to austenite phase transformation in shape memory alloys (SMA), such as nickel titanium alloys, has been investigated and utilised in applications for many years. One of the problems in incorporating SMA in host materials, such as composites, is the poor bonding characteristics of the SMA. A closely related problem in experiments is the measurement of strains in SMA specimens; as thin wires have been used in many of the experimental investigations, strains have been deduced from length measurements. In the current work, electrical resistance strain gauges have been bonded on SMA strips. Tensile strains up to 8% during tensile loading as well as compressive strains during strain recovery due to subsequent heating have been measured. Strains determined by other methods, such as extensometer and length measurements, are also reported and compared. The major contribution of this work is the successful bonding of strain gauges on SMA and the measurement of large strains (up to 8%).
Analysis of Wave Plus Current-Induced Forces on Cylinders

The numerical experiments, carried out through the use of the vorticity-stream function equations and their finite difference form on wave plus current flow are described. A third-order in time, second-order in space, three-level predictor-corrector finite-difference scheme has been used. The results have revealed, for the first time, the existence of a very interesting wake comprised of three rows of vortex pairs at certain Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and relative current ratios. The existence of such a street has been vindicated by physical experiments.
Reducing Health Care's Carbon Footprint—The Power of Nursing:

Global warming and environmentalism continue to be national and international issues as their complexities and implications become better understood. One ironic contributor to the degradation of th...
Anesthetic Technique and Acute Kidney Injury in Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Objective Prior studies suggest that general anesthesia (GA) is associated with worse cardiopulmonary outcomes after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Patients undergoing EVAR are at a high risk of developing perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI), and the relationship between anesthetic technique and AKI in these patients is not well-characterized. The authors sought to determine if anesthetic technique affected the risk of AKI in patients undergoing EVAR. Design Retrospective, observational cohort study analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model to assess the effects of anesthetic technique on renal outcome. Setting Multiple institutions, mainly in North America. Participants Patients in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2005-2010 undergoing EVAR. Interventions The authors investigated the association between anesthetic techniques, comparing GA to alternative (non-GA) techniques, and AKI. Measurements and Main Results AKI was defined as an increase in the creatinine level of>2 mg/dL and/or dialysis. Of 13,026 patients, 84.4% underwent GA and 15.6% underwent non-GA techniques. AKI developed in 2.0% of the GA group and 1.4% of the non-GA group (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.43, p = 0.075; adjusted OR [aOR] 1.00, p = 0.99). Risk factors for AKI include ASA class, ruptured aneurysm, preoperative renal dysfunction, symptomatic cardiovascular disease, and perioperative blood transfusion. Conclusions Anesthetic technique is not independently associated with the risk of AKI in patients undergoing EVAR.
An Observer Based Framework to Improve Fidelity in Internet-Distributed Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations

Co-simulating distributed hardware-in-the-loop systems in real time over the Internet entails communication delays that can lead to significant loss of fidelity and even instability in the system. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an observer based framework that, unlike previously reported efforts, does not require the observer to know and model the observed system dynamics. This is achieved by deriving the closed-loop dynamics of the observer based on a sliding surface. Even though the resulting error system does not necessarily stay on a sliding surface, its asymptotic convergence to zero is still guaranteed. First, this idea is developed for a generic networked system simulation framework and its stability is established. Then, it is applied to a mass-spring-damper system to illustrate the mechanics of the approach on a simple, linear example and demonstrate that the approach can stabilize the system that is otherwise unstable due to delay. Finally, a vehicle-engine-driver system simulation is considered to evaluate the performance of the approach on a more realistic, nonlinear example. An improvement of up to 33% is observed in the fidelity of the simulation. The conclusion is that the approach holds a significant potential to alleviate the negative impact of delay and improve the stability and fidelity of networked system simulations. Its benefits become more pronounced as the delay increases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Application and performance evaluation of a vision-based automated measurement system

Applications such as dimensional inspection, positioning and tracking of objects, and reverse engineering require highly accurate measurement systems. A vision-based coordinate measurement system (VCM) developed at the National Research Council of Canada, targeted for these applications, will be described. In order for a vision system to be considered for such applications, its performance and design parameters must be well understood. Therefore, a performance evaluation procedure and accuracy analysis, along with test results, will also be presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Discharge Education Improves Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Background— Although interventions combining patient education and postdischarge management have demonstrated benefits in patients with chronic heart failure, the benefit attributable to patient education alone is not known. We hypothesized that a patient discharge education program would improve clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods and Results— We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of 223 systolic heart failure patients and compared the effects of a 1-hour, one-on-one teaching session with a nurse educator to the standard discharge process. Subjects were contacted by telephone at 30, 90, and 180 days to collect information about clinical events, symptoms, and self-care practices. The primary end point of the study was the total number of days hospitalized or dead in the 180-day follow-up period. Subjects randomized to receive the teaching session (n=107) had fewer days hospitalized or dead in the follow-up period (0 and 10 days, median and 75th percentiles) than did con...
12(S)-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) increases mitochondrial nitric oxide by increasing intramitochondrial calcium

12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is one of the metabolites of arachidonic acid involved in pathological conditions associated with mitochondria and oxidative stress. The present study tested effects of 12-HETE on mitochondrial functions. In isolated rat heart mitochondria, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial ionized calcium concentration that stimulates mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (mtNOS) activity. mtNOS-derived NO causes mitochondrial dysfunctions by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential. mtNOS-derived NO also produces peroxynitrite that induces release of cytochrome c and stimulates aggregation of mitochondria. Similarly, in HL-1 cardiac myocytes, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial calcium and mitochondrial NO, and induces apoptosis. The present study suggests a novel mechanism for 12-HETE toxicity.
A deep-sea community, including Lophelia pertusa , at unusually shallow depths in the western North Atlantic Ocean off northeastern Florida

Living colonies of the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa and other typically deep-water organisms were discovered in unusually shallow depths (180–250 m) off northeastern Florida. Observations of L. pertusa on rocky substrata and coral-built mounds represent the shallowest records of large colonies of this coral in the western Atlantic Ocean. Bioherms up to 30 m tall, extensive areas of eroded L. pertusa rubble, and a well-developed cold-water community indicated that these sites are long-term features, rather than short-term opportunistic responses to temporary shifts in environmental conditions. Species that are commonly observed on deeper reefs off the southeastern USA were abundant at the shallow sites. The most abundant fishes on reef habitats were Helicolenus dactylopterus, Laemonema barbatulum, Dysommina rugosa, and Anthias spp. In addition to L. pertusa, the most common macroinvertebrates on hard substrata were Eumunida picta, Chaceon fenneri, octocorals, cup corals, and glass sponges. Bottom and near-bottom temperatures (7–10 °C) and nutrient concentrations at the shallow sites were similar to those normally encountered at 500–600 m in this region. The shallow reef sites occur in an area known for frequent Gulf Stream-driven upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water. However, the upwelling must be persistent or permanent in order to maintain deep-sea communities at such shallow depths. Based on these data, this area is under final review by the US Department of Commerce for inclusion in one of the regional Coral Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Scientific Visualization In Two PowerPoint Delivery Strategies on Science Learning for Preservice Science Teachers

Slideware applications (e.g., PowerPoint) have become more prevalent in instruction across disciplines. This is especially true at post secondary institutions where many instructors are using slideware as a sole instructional tool. This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of scientific visualization in two PowerPoint delivery strategies on science learning for preservice teachers. Twenty-five preservice teachers enrolled in an undergraduate introduction to science education class were stratified into two PowerPoint delivery strategies. The strategies were: PowerPoint with instructor voiceover narration and PowerPoint without voiceover. Post-test Mann-Whitney U suggested no differences (p > 0.05) in science learning across the two strategies. Further, eye tracking analysis suggests voiceover guides the PowerPoint user to graphics and text, but voiceover does not significantly affect learning. Results suggest immediacy with technology doesn't necessarily produce meaningful learning. Good teaching still is the key component of meaningful learning.
Vanadium(V) complexes of sulfonated 1,5,10-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1,5,10-triazadecane as catalysts for the Stretford process

Abstract The reaction of the V(V) complex of sulfonated 1,5,10-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1,5,10-triazadecane (3,4 LICAMS) with H 2 S has been studied as a model for the Stretford process. Oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide is found to occur in two steps. The first involves the pH dependent formation of a V(V) LICAMS-H 2 S intermediate while the second is a pH independent electron transfer to produce elemental sulfur and V(IV) LICAMS. Rate constants have been measured and the significance of these data to the design of new catalysts is discussed.
Humanistic and phenomenological advances in environmental design

(2000). Humanistic and phenomenological advances in environmental design. The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 28, No. 1-3, pp. 353-368.
Efficient algorithms for automatic construction and compactification of parsing

Several computational problems about grammars are studied. Efficient algorithms are presented for the problems of (1) determining, for a given semantic grammar, if there exists a related parsing grammar in some specified grammar class, and (2) finding such a related parsing grammar when one exists. The two grammars are to be related by mergers of nonterminals and/or terminals. Efficient algorithms are presented for most of the grammar classes used in compilers. We also study the problem of (3) determining which terminals of a grammar are good candidates for merger into common lexical tokens of the corresponding parsing grammar.
Decoding Chromatin Goes High Tech

Identifying proteins that recognize histone methylation is critical for understanding chromatin function. Vermeulen et al. (2010) now describe a cutting-edge strategy to identify and characterize several nuclear proteins and complexes that recognize five major histone trimethyl marks.
“Thin-wall” approximations to vacuum decay rates

Abstract We examine the validity of Coleman's “thin-wall” approximation to the euclidean action of the bounce solution by comparing its predictions with exact numerically integrated actions for potentials which yield thin-and thick-wall bubbles. In both cases, the original thin-wall approximation is found to be poor, rapidly diverging from the exact action as the difference in energy of the two vacuum states is increased from zero. We introduce a new approximation scheme, calculationally similar to the original thin-wall scheme, which gives greatly improved accuracy.
IgE-Independent Mast Cell Activation Augments Contractility of Nonpregnant and Pregnant Guinea Pig Myometrium

Background: We have previously shown that in sensitized guinea pigs premature labor can be induced by a type I hypersensitivity reaction. We further hypothesize that premature labor
Child Labor and Schooling in a Globalizing World: Some Evidence from Urban India

Trade influences child time allocation in developing countries through its effects on the returns to education, labor demand, and poverty. We examine how India's dramatic 1991 trade liberalization influenced child labor and schooling in urban areas of India that differ in the extent to which employment lost tariff protection. In general, urban India experienced large increases in schooling and decreases in child labor over the 1990s. We find that these improvements are attenuated in Indian cities where employment experienced larger reductions in tariff protection. Girls are particularly affected. We argue that the observed changes in child time allocation are consistent with differential declines in poverty across regions, but changes in the economic opportunities of children might also play a role in our findings. (JEL: F15, F16)
Head trauma and neurodegeneration in veterans: an additional piece of the puzzle.

Since the beginning of the last century, it has been known that repetitive brain trauma associated with certain sports or activities may cause a progressive neurodegenerative disease later in life. The first observation was reported in 1928 in 23 boxers by Dr. Martland.1 More recently, it has become evident that the consequences of repetitive brain injury are limited not only to boxers but also participants in other sports and activities. The pathologic entity associated with repetitive head trauma (HT) is currently referred to as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).2 Age at initial exposure, duration of exposure, genetic predisposition, and additional environmental factors have been invoked as contributing to the development of CTE.2 Recent pathologic studies performed on athletes with a history of repetitive head injuries have revealed widespread neuronal loss associated with tau-positive protein deposition in neurons, described as characteristic neuropathologic findings in CTE.2 CTE cannot, however, be diagnosed with confidence antemortem, and clinically may have features that resemble Alzheimer disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease (PD), PD with dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).2
A practical mimicry attack against powerful system-call monitors

System-call monitoring has become the basis for many host-based intrusion detection as well as policy enforcement techniques. Mimicry attacks attempt to evade system-call monitoring IDS by executing innocuous-looking sequences of system calls that accomplish the attacker's goals. Mimicry attacks may execute a sequence of dozens of system calls in order to evade detection. Finding such a sequence is difficult, so researchers have focused on tools for automating mimicry attacks and extending them to gray-box IDS1. In this paper, we describe an alternative approach for building mimicry attacks using only skills and technologies that hackers possess today, making this attack a more immediate and realistic threat. These attacks, which we call persistent interposition attacks, are not as powerful as traditional mimicry attacks --- an adversary cannot obtain a root shell using a persistent interposition attack --- but are sufficient to accomplish the goals of today's cyber-criminals. Persistent interposition attacks are stealthier than standard mimicry attacks and are amenable to covert information-harvesting attacks, features that are likely to be attractive to profit-motivated criminals. Persistent interposition attacks are not IDS specific -- they can evade a large class of system-call-monitoring intrusion-detection systems, which we call I/O-data-oblivious. I/O-data-oblivious monitors have perfect knowledge of the values of all system call arguments as well as their relationships, with the exception of data buffer arguments to read and write. Many of today's black-box and gray-box IDS are I/O-data-oblivious and hence vulnerable to persistent interposition attacks.
Habitat characteristics can influence fish assemblages in high latitude kelp forests

Kelp forests are patchy fish-associated habitats, which can vary greatly in their size, foundation species, and several physical habitat attributes. The structure of fish assemblages can vary with these characteristics and with the location of the assemblage within the forest, i.e. edges versus interiors. This study quantified the biological and physical heterogeneity within different sized kelp forests and identified which factors are important in structuring the associated fish assemblages. Fish and habitat surveys were conducted at the edge and interiors of ten kelp forests of varying sizes in Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska. Fish assemblage structure was not correlated with the species composition of surface canopy forming foundation kelps (Nereocystis leutkeana and Eualaria fistulosa) or with kelp forest size. Instead, it correlated with the abundances of two understory foundation kelps (Agarum clathratum and Saccharina latissima), substratum rugosity, and water depth. Together these benthic attributes explained 53.6 % of the fish assemblage variability. Additionally, significantly different fish assemblages were found at edge compared to interior locations with the relative abundance of seven species (Artedius fenestralis, Ammodytes hexapterus, Blepsias cirrhosis, Gadus macrocephalus, Hexagrammos stelleri, Pholis laeta, and Sebastes melanops) explaining 91.4 % of the variability. This study highlights the importance of habitat characteristics such as understory foundation species, substratum rugosity, water depth and location within a patch on the variability of fish assemblages in high latitude kelp forests.
Dibutyryl cAMP induction of type II 5′deiodinase activity in rat brain astrocytes in culture

Summary Dibutyryl cAMP treatment of cultured rat astrocytes results in the rapid appearance of T4 to T3 conversion catalyzed by type II iodothyronine 5′deiodinase, without altering other deiodinating pathways. Induction of enzyme activity was time-dependent with a lag period of 60 min, reaching plateau levels after 6–8 hours, and required continued synthesis of mRNA and new protein. Isoproterenol also induced T4 to T3 converting activity through β-adrenergic receptor mediated interactions. These data suggest that dibutyryl cAMP stimulated astrocytes provide an excellent model for the study of the molecular and cellular events modulating T4 to T3 conversion in the brain.
Structure/function studies of human decay-accelerating factor.

The decay-accelerating factor (DAF) contains four complement control protein repeats (CCPs) with a single N-linked glycan positioned between CCPs 1 and 2. In previous studies we found that the classical pathway regulatory activity of DAF resides in CCPs 2 and 3 while its alternative pathway regulatory activity resides in CCPs 2, 3 and 4. Molecular modelling of the protein predicted that a positively charged surface area on CCPs 2 and 3 (including KKK125–127) and nearby exposed hydrophobic residues (L147F148) on CCP3 may function as ligand-binding sites. To assess the roles of the N-linked glycan and the above two sets of amino acids in the function of DAF, we mutated N61 to Q, KKK125–127 to TTT and L147F148 to SS. Following expression of the mutated cDNAs in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mutant proteins were affinity purified and their functions were assessed. In initial assays, the proteins were incorporated into sheep and rabbit erythrocytes and the effects of the mutations on regulation of classical and alternative C3 convertase activity were quantified by measuring C3b deposition. Since DAF also functions on C5 convertases, comparative haemolytic assays of cells bearing each mutant protein were performed. Finally, to establish if spatial orientation between DAF and the convertases on the cell surface played any role in the observed effects, fluid-phase C3a generation assays were performed. All three assays gave equivalent results and showed that the N-linked glycan of DAF is not involved in its regulatory function; that L147F148 in a hydrophobic area of CCP3 is essential in both classical and alternative pathway C3 convertase regulation; and that KKK125–127 in the positively charged pocket between CCPs 2 and 3 is necessary for the regulatory activity of DAF on the alternative pathway C3 convertase but plays a lesser role in its activity on the classical pathway enzyme.
Neoplasia of the colon over a long segment

Neoplastic lesions may involve a long segment of the colon producing areas of stricture which may be confused with an inflammatory process such as granulomatous colitis or the late sequelae of mesenteric thrombosis. Given the radiographic pattern of a segmental zone of narrowing with tapered margins and, at least in part, preserved mucosal pattern, one must consider diffuse infiltrating adeno-carcinoma, a perforating carcinoma with a pericolic mass of inflammatory or neoplastic origin or metastases to the colon, either via direct extension from an adjacent viscus such as, for example, from carcinoma of the ovary, or secondary to haematogenous or peritoneal seeding. Other considerations include scirrhous carcinoma of the colon, which may be primary or secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the breast or stomach, carcinoid tumours of the colon which occasionally may present as bulky invasive lesions with large extra-colonic components, and lymphoma of the colon which may present as a bulky intramural mass with extensive infiltration of the colon wall over a long segment. A tumour can erode a vessel early in the course of its growth with resultant haemorrhage into the wall over a long segment, simulating mesenteric thrombosis. Finally, in any patient with chronic ulcerative colitis, a strictured area should be held highly suspicious of neoplastic disease.
Kinetic studies in mass spectrometry—VIII: Competing [M ? CH3] and [M ? CH2O] reactions in substituted anisoles. Approximate activation energies from ioniziation and appearance potentals

Ionization and appearance potentials have been determined for apparently competing [M CH3] cleavage and [M CH2O] rearrangement reactions in a series of m- and p-X substituted anisoles. Approximate activation energies AP–IP for most substituents are found not to differ by more than approximately 0.20 eV for m- and p-X compounds with the same substituent. This finding implies either common rearranged molecular ions and/or transition states for the [M CH3] and [M CH2O] reactions; or simply rather similar activation energies in unrearranged molecular ions. Assuming no rearrangment, we have found plots of AP–IP against σ+ to give reasonable linear correlations of positive slope for both reactions. To account for this, it is suggested that in the activated complexes for both cleavage and rearrangement, an additional degree of positive charge is developed at the reaction site, and concordant mechanisms are proposed. These conclusions have been compared to those obtained by application of peak relative intensity methods such as Z-values and their modifications.
Purification and amino acid composition of constituents of rat neurophysin.

Abstract Fractionation of an extract of rat posterior pituitary lobes by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and G-75 followed by preparative disc-gel electrophoresis has resulted in the isolation of three neurohypophysial proteins. They have been designated Proteins I, II and III in order of their electrophoretic mobilities at pH 8.3 and consist of one major (II) and two minor (I and III) components. The minimum molecular weights of Proteins I, II, and III, determined by amino acid analysis of their hydrolysates, were 9715, 10 250 and 7950, respectively. Each of the components contained one residue of methionine per molecule and lacked histidine.
Congenital hemangioendothelioma of the hand—Case report

This is a case report of a congenital hemangioendothelioma—a rare vascular tumor of the hand. The literature concerning hemangioendothelioma has numerous conflicting statements as to histologic definition, malignant potential, and optimal treatment. A newborn found to have a hemangiomatous type of lesion on the index finger of the right hand was operated upon at 7 days of age. An intraoperative brachial arteriogram identified the radial digital artery as the major arterial supply to the lesion. The operating microscope allowed precise dissection and preservation of the digital nerves and the flexor and extensor tendons. The defect was covered with a full-thickness skin graft providing optimal follow-up for local recurrence.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation coil with electronically switchable active and sham modes

Blinded studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) require a valid sham condition. A wide range of sham approaches have been implemented but they have various limitations including residual electric field in the brain, inadequate reproduction of auditory and cutaneous sensations, and/or need for electrical stimulation with scalp electrodes. We propose a quadrupole TMS coil configuration that can be electronically switched between active and sham modes. In active mode, the quadrupole coil has electric field characteristics similar to a conventional figure-8 coil. In sham mode, the quadru-pole coil compared to the reverse-current sham figure-8 coil has 50% less electric field penetration depth, is 97% more focal, produces 35% less intense field in the brain, and induces scalp electric field characteristics closer to those of active TMS.