cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies connecting IFN dysregulation with pathway dysregulation in 2 autoinflammatory diseases, SAVI and CANDLE (HUM1P.274)

Type I interferon dysregulation is associated with some autoinflammatory diseases. Gain-of-function mutations in TMEM173 encoding Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) lead to constitutive production of Type I IFN and the clinical syndrome, STING associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). In another IFN mediated disease, Chronic Atypical Neutrophilic Dermatosis with Lipodystrophy and Elevated Temperature (CANDLE), disease causing mutations cause global proteasome dysfunction and increase in IFN message. The cellular source of the IFNs in blood and the dominant isoforms remain unclear. We examined the expression of 5 type I IFN genes among FACS sorted PBMCs: T-, B-, NK cells and monocytes in SAVI (n=2) and total PBMCs from CANDLE patients (n=2) by qRTPCR. We found in SAVI that monocytes expressed the highest level of type I IFN message. Among the IFN genes tested and normalized to healthy monocytes, patients’ IFNβ is over 250-fold higher than IFNα; following the notion that STING pathway activation leads to IFNβ transcription. Depleting monocytes from SAVI PBMCs reduced 90% of the IFN message, confirming that monocytes not dendritic cells are the main source of IFNs. In contrast, CANDLE patients’ IFN alpha and beta genes are comparably upregulated. Although IFN dysregulation is identified in blood, determining the cellular origin of the IFN production and the pathways that drive IFN dysregulation will allow us to develop better targets for therapy.
Small Things Considered

The submersible's headlights shine brightly into the water, illuminating a patch of the seafloor with a hazy glow, like a car moving tentatively over a snowy mountain pass. In front of us, white patches of craggy rock extend upward, decorated with hardy corals and colorful microbial mats. In the distance, we spot a column of rising bubbles and move in for a closer look, the robotic arm poised and ready for some geobiological prospecting.
Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of furfural derived from the double complex salt [Pd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 on γ-Al2O3

Abstract The double complex salt [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](ReO 4 ) 2 was employed as precursor of supported bimetallic catalysts for selective hydrogenation of furfural. Direct reduction of [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](ReO 4 ) 2 on γ-Al 2 O 3 in flowing H 2 at 400 °C yields bimetallic nanoparticles 1–2 nm in size that exhibit significant interaction between the metals, as evidenced by temperature-programmed hydride decomposition (complete suppression of β-PdH x formation), extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the Pd K and Re L III edges (Pd Re distance = 2.72 A), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In contrast, calcination of [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](ReO 4 ) 2 on γ-Al 2 O 3 at 350 °C in air and subsequent reduction in H 2 at 400 °C results in metal segregation and formation of large (>50 nm) supported Pd particles; Re species cover the Pd particles and γ-Al 2 O 3 support. A PdRe 1:2 catalyst prepared by sequential impregnation and calcination using HReO 4 and [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](NO 3 ) 2 has a similar morphology. The catalyst derived by direct reduction of [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](ReO 4 ) 2 on γ-Al 2 O 3 exhibits remarkably high activity for selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FAL) at 150 °C and 1 atm. Suppression of H 2 chemisorption via elimination of Pd threefold sites, as evidenced by CO diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, correlates with increased FAL selectivity.
Characterization of high-voltage high-speed switching power semiconductors for high frequency cryogenically-cooled application

Cooling a converter to low temperatures, e.g. using cryogenic cooling, can significantly improve the efficiency and density of a power conversion system. For the development and optimization of a cryogenically-cooled converter, an understanding of power semiconductor characteristics is critical. This paper focuses on the characterization of high-voltage, high-speed switching, power semiconductors at cryogenic temperature. First, the testing setup for cryogenic temperature characterization is introduced. Three testing setups are established for cryogenic switch characterization, including: 1) on-state resistance and forward voltage drop of the body diode, 2) leakage current and breakdown voltage, and 3) switching characteristics. For each testing set up, the corresponding testing configurations, hardware setups, and practical considerations are summarized. Additionally, the test results at cryogenic temperature are illustrated and analyzed for 650-V Si CoolMOS. It is then demonstrated that when the cryogenic temperature test results are compared to that of room temperature, the device performance varies significantly; for example: on-state resistance reduces by 63%, breakdown voltage drops by 31%, switching time decreases and switching energy loss decreases by 26%. Furthermore, the peak dv/dt during transient switching at cryogenic temperature exceeds 100 V/ns which is comparable to the emerging wide bandgap Gallium Nitride devices.
Sociocultural Impacts of Roads

There is a paucity of empirical research on the sociocultural impacts of roads. Even though there is a growing acknowledgement by donors, INGOs, NGOs, and government institutions that this is an important component of infrastructure planning, development, and implementation, sociocultural impacts are hard to quantify. Some sociocultural impacts may not manifest until years after the project is complete. This situation is greatly exacerbated in culturally diverse countries such as Nepal. In Nepal this has lead to instances of theft, illegal trade and smuggling, violence, and community conflicts. This was documented on both the Marsyangdi Highway and Kali Ghandaki Highway where changes to cultural traditions, intentional road blockades, and social unrest were all observed.
Photonic Needles for Light Delivery in Deep Tissue-like Media.

We demonstrate a new platform for minimally invasive, light delivery probes leveraging the maturing field of silicon photonics, enabling massively parallel fabrication of photonic structures. These Photonic Needles probes have sub-10 μm cross-sectional dimensions, lengths greater than 3 mm–surpassing 1000 to 1 aspect ratio, and are released completely into air without a substrate below. We show the Photonic Needles to be mechanically robust when inserted into 2% agarose. The propagation loss of these waveguides is low–on the order of 4 dB/cm.
Thermal analysis of additive manufacturing of large-scale thermoplastic polymer composites

Abstract The incremental deposition process utilized by most additive manufacturing (AM) technologies presents significant challenges related to residual stresses and warping which arise from repeated deposition of hot material onto cooler material. These issues are magnified at larger scale, where even a small thermal strain can correspond to several millimeters of deformation. In this work we investigate the thermal evolution in thin walls of carbon fiber/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF/ABS) composite materials fabricated via Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM). We measure the thermal evolution of composite parts during the build process using infrared imaging, and develop a simple 1D transient thermal model to describe the build process. The model predictions are in excellent agreement with the observed temperature profiles and from the results we develop criteria to guide deposition parameter selection to minimize the likelihood of cracking during printing.
Improving STM performance with transactional structs

Software transactional memory (STM) has made it significantly easier to write correct concurrent programs in Haskell. Its performance, however, is limited by several inefficiencies. While safe concurrent computations are easy to express in Haskell's STM, concurrent data structures suffer unfortunate bloat in the implementation due to an extra level of indirection for mutable references as well as the inability to express unboxed mutable transactional values. We address these deficiencies by introducing TStruct to the GHC run-time system, allowing strict unboxed transactional values as well as mutable references without an extra indirection. Using TStruct we implement several data structures, discuss their design, and provide benchmark results on a large multicore machine. Our benchmarks show that concurrent data structures built with TStruct out-scale and out-perform their TVar-based equivalents.
Hyperspectral anomaly detection based on a generalization of the maximized subspace model

Detection of anomalous objects in a large scene is an important application of hyperspectral imaging in remote sensing. Current algorithms for anomaly detection are based on partialling out the main background structure from each spectral component of a pixel from a hyperspectral image. The Maximized Subspace Model (MSM) detector has the best probability of detection in comparison with the other anomaly detectors that are based on this model. This paper proposes an anomaly detection algorithm that is based on a more general model than the MSM detector. The anomaly detector is also defined as the Mahalanobis distance of the resulting residual. Experimental results show that the anomaly detector has a substantial improvement in detection over the conventional anomaly detectors.
Affective and physiological response to a novel parent-adolescent conflict stressor.

Few laboratory paradigms exist that expose adolescents to conflict that might commonly be experienced in parent–adolescent relationships. Given the continued importance of parent–adolescent relatio...
Elastic mismatch induced reduction of the thermal conductivity of silicon with aluminum nano-inclusions

We use aluminum nano-inclusions in silicon to demonstrate the dominance of elastic modulus mismatch induced scattering in phonon transport. We use time domain thermoreflectance to measure the thermal conductivity of thin films of silicon co-deposited with aluminum via molecular beam epitaxy resulting in a Si film with 10% clustered Al inclusions with nanoscale dimensions and a reduction in thermal conductivity of over an order of magnitude. We compare these results with well-known models in order to demonstrate that the reduction in the thermal transport is driven by elastic mismatch effects induced by aluminum in the system.We use aluminum nano-inclusions in silicon to demonstrate the dominance of elastic modulus mismatch induced scattering in phonon transport. We use time domain thermoreflectance to measure the thermal conductivity of thin films of silicon co-deposited with aluminum via molecular beam epitaxy resulting in a Si film with 10% clustered Al inclusions with nanoscale dimensions and a reduction in thermal conductivity of over an order of magnitude. We compare these results with well-known models in order to demonstrate that the reduction in the thermal transport is driven by elastic mismatch effects induced by aluminum in the system.
The Role of Prescription Drugs in REM Sleep (P1.109)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs on sleep, we hypothesized that patients taking these medications alone or in combination would achieve significantly less REM stage sleep. Background: Previous research has determined that humans spend 20% of their time sleeping in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage. Antidepressant medications have been shown to decrease time spent in REM sleep while the effects of antipsychotics have not been fully evaluated. Design/Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 258 polysomnograms from patients of the Wake Forest Department of Sleep Medicine from September 2012 to July 2017. Participants were included if they were over the age of 18 and had undergone a full night polysomnogram while on an antidepressant and/or an antipsychotic. Participants diagnosed with sleep apnea were excluded. Antidepressants included citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, bupropion, mirtazapine, and trazadone. Antipsychotics included haloperidol, aripiprazole, lurasidone, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. Patients were placed into one of four categories based on their medication: One Antidepressant (125 participants), Multiple Antidepressants (70 participants), Antidepressant and Antipsychotic (45 participants), or Antipsychotic Alone (18 participants). The average percent REM sleep for each category was compared to the 20% control value mentioned in the Background and to each other category using a t-test with unequal variances. Results: The average percent REM sleep for each category was calculated as follows: One Antidepressant:12.4% Multiple Antidepressants:12.5% Antidepressant and Antipsychotic: 8.2% Antipsychotic Alone: 8.8% All categories achieved statistically significant lower REM amounts than the control (p-value =.0001). Categories 3 and 4 achieved statistically significant lower REM amounts than categories 1 and 2 (p-value =.0002). Conclusions: Antidepressants and antipsychotics, alone and in combination, reduce REM sleep in humans with antipsychotics driving REM lower than antidepressants. These drugs may interrupt normal sleep architecture by increasing serotonin levels, which typically plummet during REM. Study Supported by: Clinical and Translational Science Institute Disclosure: Dr. Afkhamnejad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose.
Rhymes, Songs, Records, and Stories: Language Learning Experiences for Preschool Blind Children:

Traditional nursery literature can play a significant role in developing the language skills of preschool blind children. Also the concept of order, an important element in these tales, is presente...
Stress and inflammation among older adults: The moderating role of religiosity

ABSTRACTChronic stress weakens the immune system and leads to heightened bodily inflammation, which in turn is linked with serious health conditions. This study examined whether religiosity moderat...
Cortical activity underlying overt and covert language generation measured using high-density diffuse optical tomography

Using naturalistic language generation tasks (e.g. overt speech) to capture the neural correlates of speech production is important, as less naturalistic (but often used) tasks such as covert language generation are not a reliable substitute for accurately assessing cortical activation associated with naturalistic speech. fMRI poses challenges to implementing naturalistic language tasks, especially in clinical populations, because it is noisy, physically constraining, and contraindicated in populations with metal implants. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) is particularly well-suited for naturalistic language tasks because it is silent, wearable, portable, and metal-compatible. This study investigates cortical activity underlying naturalistic language generation using HD-DOT. Six adult subjects aged 20-26 years completed two scans on two separate days consisting of three different tasks: covert word reading (RW), covert verb generation (CV), and overt verb generation (OV). Cortical responses were apparent in expected anatomical areas for all tasks and RW, CV, and OV evoked responses of increasing strength (peak ∆HbO (μMol) = 7.58, 10.3, and 11.0, respectively). Notably, OV recruits additional activation in Broca’s area and right-lateralized primary motor cortex as compared to CV. These findings are consistent with those obtained using fMRI9,10,11 and underscore the need to use naturalistic language tasks when assessing the neural representations of natural speech. These results motivate extension to further investigations of naturalistic language processing of increased complexity, both receptive and productive, such as within-room conversation.
Trajectory of right ventricular indices is an early predictor of outcomes in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

BACKGROUND Children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have risk for mortality and/or transplantation. Previous studies have associated right ventricular (RV) indices in a single echocardiogram with survival, but none have related serial measurements to outcomes. This study sought to determine whether the trajectory of RV indices in the first year of life was associated with transplant-free survival to stage 3 palliation (S3P). METHODS HLHS patients at a single center who underwent stage 1 palliation (S1P) between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. Echocardiographic indices of RV size and function were obtained before and following S1P and stage 2 palliation (S2P). The association between these indices and transplant-free survival to S3P was examined. RESULTS There were 61 patients enrolled in the study with 51 undergoing S2P, 20 S3P, and 18 awaiting S3P. In the stage 1 perioperative period, indexed RV end-systolic area increased in patients who died or needed transplant following S2P, and changed little in those surviving to S3P (3.37 vs -0.04 cm2 /m2 , P = .017). Increased indexed RV end-systolic area was associated with worse transplant-free survival. (OR = 0.815, P = .042). In the interstage period, indexed RV end-diastolic area increased less in those surviving to S3P (3.6 vs 9.2, P = .03). CONCLUSION Change in indexed RV end-systolic area through the stage 1 perioperative period was associated with transplant-free survival to S3P. Neither the prestage nor poststage 1 indexed RV end-systolic area was associated with transplant-free survival to S3P. Patients with death or transplant before S3P had a greater increase in indexed RV end-diastolic area during the interstage period. This suggests earlier serial changes in RV size which may provide prognostic information beyond RV indices in a single study.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIP) is antigenically related with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus of swine, canine coronavirus, and human coronavirus 229E. The virus causes a variety of clinical manifestations from effusive peritonitis to noneffusive central nervous system (CNS) or visceral organ involvement. The hosts that are infected by feline infectious peritonitis virus include domestic cat (subfamily Felinae), lion, leopard, jaguar (subfamily Pantherinae), caracal, and lynx (subfamily Lyncinae); antibodies have also been found in cheetahs (subfamily Acinonychinae). The standard indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique of demonstrating antibodies against FIP virus uses either the cryostat sections of organ tissues from FIP affected cats or TGE virus-infected porcine cells as antigen preparations. High antibody titers in the sera/ascitic fluids of animals showing disease symptoms are taken as a confirmation of the clinical/pathological diagnosis.
Pre-Transplant Psychosocial Assessment Practices: A National Survey of Transplant Centers

Background Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is psychologically and socially demanding of patients. As such, they typically undergo psychosocial assessment pre-HCT to identify high risk factors that require intervention before, or close monitoring throughout transplant. Despite consensus that the assessment is a valuable component of the pre-HCT evaluation, there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines for it. This has led to practice variation among centers and fragmented psychosocial data that limit research. The objective of this study was to describe the content (what is assessed) and the process (who is assessed, by whom, when, and how) of the pre-HCT psychosocial assessment at U.S. transplant centers. Methods A survey was conducted with professionals who conduct pre-HCT psychosocial assessments with adult patients. The researchers developed and pre-tested a 22-item questionnaire with input from social workers. The questionnaire included transplant center characteristics, assessment items including standardized measures, and procedural aspects i.e. how high risk factors are handled. Results Of 139 eligible transplant centers, 92 (66%) had a psychosocial professional respond. The number of autologous transplants performed annually ranged from 15-300 and the number of allogeneic transplants ranged from 5-247. Approximately 81% of the centers reported having 1-2 psychosocial professionals who conduct assessments, while the remainder reported having 3-13. These professionals included licensed social workers with a master's degree (78% of centers), psychologists (21%), and psychiatrists (2%). The majority of centers (86%) reported that all patients undergo pre-HCT psychosocial assessment. Of the 3 psychosocial risk rating scales most commonly applied to HCT candidates, the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation was used most frequently (10 centers), followed by the Psychosocial Assessment of Candidates for Transplantation (5), and Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (4). Of the many psychometric measures reported, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used most frequently (20 centers). The majority (63%) reported that the assessment is considered most or all of the time when determining HCT eligibility. The majority (86%) also reported that patients have been declined for HCT based on psychosocial reasons such as active substance use, untreated mental illness, and no caregiver. Conclusion Pre-HCT psychosocial assessment practice varies among centers, particularly in standardized and psychometric measures used. Study results are being used to inform the development of an evidence-based assessment tool that would produce standardized, high-quality psychosocial data. The finding that one-third reported the assessment was not considered most of the time in determining HCT eligibility needs to be further studied.
Chapter 2 – Gas Phase Nanofication: A Strategy to Impart Fast Response in Sensors

Sensing mechanism is predominantly surface-dominated. Benign surface features in terms of small grain size, large surface area, high aspect ratio, and open and connected porosity are required to realize a successful sensor material. Such morphological artefacts could be incorporated in a number of promising semiconducting oxide-based gas sensors by employing a technique based on the thermodynamics of metal/metal oxide coexistence. By modulating the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure across the metal/metal oxide proximity line, renewed formulation and growth of an oxide surface on an atomic/submolecular level endowed with exotic morphology under oxygen ‘deprivation’ or ‘enrichment’ has been achieved in a number of potential ceramic sensor systems. In the case of oxides that are not amenable to such classical oxygen modulation, alternative techniques do exist. In such cases, a novel high temperature reductive etch process (HiTREP©) could be exploited to re-create the smart nanofeatures imparting the desired response accentuation effect. The microscopic results of these strategies as applied to the oxides of molybdenum, tungsten and titanium made via low-cost, thick-film fabrication and their effect on the sensing characteristics are discussed.
A new approach to capturing pain disclosure in daily life in-person and online:

This feasibility study employed a new approach to capturing pain disclosure in face-to-face and online interactions, using a newly developed tool. In Study 1, 13 rheumatoid arthritis and 52 breast cancer patients wore the Electronically Activated Recorder to acoustically sample participants' natural conversations. Study 2 obtained data from two publicly available online social networks: fibromyalgia (343,439 posts) and rheumatoid arthritis (12,430 posts). Pain disclosure, versus non-pain disclosure, posts had a greater number of replies, and greater engagement indexed by language style matching. These studies yielded novel, multimethod evidence of how pain disclosure unfolds in naturally occurring social contexts in everyday life.
Riociguat in the Treatment of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: An Evidence-Based Review of Its Place in Therapy

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is classified as group-4 pulmonary hypertension caused by organized thrombi in pulmonary arteries and vasculopathy in nonoccluded areas leading to right heart failure and death. In addition to chronic anticoagulation therapy, each patient with CTEPH should receive treatment assessment starting with evaluation for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), which is the guideline recommended treatment. There is increasing experience with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for inoperable patients; this option, like PEA, is reserved for specialized centers with expertise in this treatment method. Inoperable patients are candidates for targeted drug therapy. Riociguat remains the only approved medical therapy for CTEPH patients deemed inoperable or with persistent pulmonary hypertension after PEA. The role of riociguat therapy preoperatively or in tandem with BPA is currently under investigation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of riociguat in the treatment of CTEPH.
Reducing Power Consumption in Asynchronous MTNCL Circuits through Selective Sleep

The conventional synchronous approach for designing digital integrated circuits (ICs) requires large clock trees to effectively coordinate the operation of the circuit. These clock trees consume a substantial amount of power. Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is an ultra-low power quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) asynchronous circuit design paradigm utilizing local handshaking signals instead of a global clock for harmonized circuit communication. Traditional MTNCL circuits require full sleep trees, i.e., the sleep signal is connected to every logic gate to generate NULL waves during operation, which limit their power reduction compared to the synchronous counterparts. This paper presents a technique named Selective Sleep to reduce the size of sleep trees in MTNCL circuits for power saving while maintaining proper asynchronous handshaking. Transistor-level schematic simulations in the TSMC 65nm process show that Selective Sleep reduces the active energy and leakage power in MTNCL circuits with minimal throughput overhead. These results indicate that Selective Sleep is well-suited for applications with strict power constraints and long idle time such as the Internet of Things (IoT).
Phase-field model for diffusion-induced grain boundary migration: An application to battery electrodes

Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is a phenomenon in which a grain boundary moves in response to the driving forces generated by diffusing solute species. For example, diffusing solute species change the atomic volume in the host material, either by filling a vacancy with a misfitting solute atom or by expanding host lattices through interstitial diffusion. These volume changes are inhomogeneous and are stored as elastic energy in the material that drives grain boundaries. In this paper, we introduce our previously developed Cahn-Hilliard--phase-field-crystal model (CH-PFC) as a computational tool to investigate diffusion-induced grain boundary migration in crystalline materials. This multiscale phase-field model couples the composition field of a diffusing species with the crystallographic texture of a host material. We apply the CH-PFC model to battery electrodes and investigate whether interstitial solute diffusion induces grain growth in ${\mathrm{FePO}}_{4}/{\mathrm{LiFePO}}_{4}$ electrodes. To this end, we compute grain growth in 60 ${\mathrm{FePO}}_{4}$ electrodes by conducting two parallel trials: In the first trial, we cycle the electrode and calculate diffusion-induced grain growth. In the second trial, we do not cycle the electrode and calculate curvature-driven grain growth. We find a statistically significant grain growth in the cycled electrodes and negligible grain growth in the noncycled electrodes. Overall, we show that the CH-PFC model not only predicts electrode microstructures as a function of the Li composition, but also predicts the crystallographic features of an electrode during battery operation.
Living with Herbert: Mediating Survival and Resilience

In my second year of my doctoral program I was struck by a debilitating bout of vertigo. Not certain of what was happening or why my body suddenly seemed to be in a spinning room that no one else was experiencing, I consulted trusted family and friends in the medical field for an explanation. Most of my friends dismissed my concern as the stress of a new school year or just the circumstances that befall someone who has always been clumsy. I, however, was not swayed in my concern and paying attention to the material realities of my body, I went to the doctor. Over the next several weeks I went from specialist to specialist until an MRI was ordered and a cause was identified. A large benign brain tumor was found, growing off of my hearing and balance nerves and pushing against my brain stem. I was told that though the tumor was benign, it had grown larger than the space available to it, that I was losing my hearing and balance and without treatment I would most certainly die in a few years because of the way the tumor was growing in the space my brainstem required.
Fighting the First Wave: Why the Coronavirus Was Tackled So Differently Across the Globe

COVID-19 is the biggest public health and economic disaster of our time. It has posed the same threat across the globe, yet countries have responded very differently and some have clearly fared much better than others. Peter Baldwin uncovers the reasons why in this definitive account of the global politics of pandemic. He shows that how nations responded depended above all on the political tools available - how firmly could the authorities order citizens' lives and how willingly would they be obeyed? In Asia, nations quarantined the infected and their contacts. In the Americas and Europe they shut down their economies, hoping to squelch the virus's spread. Others, above all Sweden, responded with a light touch, putting their faith in social consensus over coercion. Whether citizens would follow their leaders' requests and how soon they would tire of their demands were crucial to hopes of taming the pandemic.
Finding Open Content in the Library Is Surprisingly Hard

While library discovery systems offer great promise for delivering open access materials, they often fall short. Discovery tools merge multiple records together, and in the process show a preferenc...
Profiles of Violent Radicalization: Challenging Key Premises on Root Causes Leading to Terrorism

This study challenges the key premises of the current debate on radicalization's root causes, leading to predatory mass-violence. The current debate's three key premises are that there are only two radicalization templates: top-down (fishermen) or bottom-up (swarm). Additionally, these templates of radicalization are more useful to understand terrorism than regional or violent ideology. Finally, there is only one primary dynamic, a trade-off of prevalence, between the two templates. These premises arose from case analysis of a sample set of terrorist incidents. We used the University of Maryland START Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to create a total population sample of 4,646 terrorist incidents in Western Europe (WEUR) and the United States (US) from 1995-2018. We classified them into seven different violent ideologies: Anti-Government, Crime & Hate Crimes, Left-Wing, Right-Wing, Separatism, Takfiri, and Unknown and then categorized them for indications of swarm or fishermen suspected radicalization. From this data, we assembled a catalog of profiles, which we then subjected to statistical testing using a total population sample rather. We found that regional and violent ideologies had significant differences. Even though radicalization templates in aggregate had some differences when tested to control for the region and violent ideology, those statistical differences disappeared—suggesting that region and violent ideology, as system-level contingencies, have more influence than the radicalization template. We also found evidence suggesting a third kind of radicalization template, that of copycats or wannabe. Furthermore, we found evidence that the interaction between the three templates varied from the presumption of a trade-off of prevalence. We suggest that radicalization templates are manifestations of contingencies within a general system of radicalization. The system structure and contingencies are the root causes of radicalization, not the manifestations that emerge from it. This evidence establishes a starting point for a new path of systems sciences research to bear on the important questions of predatory mass-violence and radicalization, which leads to it.
Literacy and Literacies: Texts, Power, and Identity

Literacy and Literacies is an engaging account of literacy and its relation to power. The book develops a synthesis of literacy studies, moving beyond received categories, and exploring the domain of power through questions of colonialism, modern state formation, educational systems and official versus popular literacies. Collins and Blot offer in-depth critical discussion of particular cases and discuss the role of literacies in the formation of class, gender, and ethnic identity. Through their analysis of two domains - those of literacies and power, and of literacies and subjectivity - they challenge received assumptions about literacy, intellectual development and social progress and argue that neither 'universalist' nor 'particularist' accounts offer satisfactory approaches to the phenomenon. This is a sustained exploration of the domain of power in relation to literacy. It will be welcomed by students and researchers in anthropology, linguistics, literacy studies and history.
Anderson and Belnap, and Lewy on Entailment*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the notion of a “partial tautology,” and the dual notion of a “partial contradiction.” It explains a theorem that A → B is a first-degree entailment of Anderson and Belnap's system E, if A entails B according to the L Criterion. The chapter also discusses how to define the key notions in the L Criterion of “partial tautology” and “partial contradiction.” It uses no notion of “equivalence” whatsoever, and so, a fortiori, no such notion that is open to the charge of being ad hoc.
Strain-Rate Effect in Rapid Triaxial Loading of Concrete

Presented is a generalization of time-independent nonlinear triaxial constitutive relations for concrete to model short-time viscoelastic effects. The effect of strain-rate magnitude upon the initial elastic modulus, the peak stress, and the sharpness of the stress peak is taken into account. To obtain a model that also exhibits short-time rapid creep and stress relaxation, the incrementally linear constitutive law fully characterized by tangential moduli is replaced by a nonlinear first-order differential equation in stress, strain, stress rate and strain rate. This requires introduction of the (apparent) instantaneous modulus, the relaxation time and retardation time. The irreversibility at unloading, caused by the short-time viscoelastic mffects, is also analyzed. The model allows more realistic dynamic finite element analysis of concrete structures.
H+ transport by a non-electrogenic gastric ATPase as a model for acid secretion.

It would appear, therefore, that hog gastric mucosa contains a particularly interesting system which in many respects is compatible with a model for H+ secretion. It is quite different, at current levels of analysis, from the H+ ATPase of mitochondria. Indeed the stomach appears to have developed a unique method of developing H+ gradients. The magnitude of this gradient is such that perhaps this ATPase is only partially responsible, and that a second pump, in series with the one discussed in some detail here, is required for the complete process.
Guided symbolic universal planning

Symbolic universal planning based on the reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) has been shown to be an efficient approach for planning in non-deterministic domains. To date, however, no guided algorithms exist for synthesizing universal plans. In this paper, we introduce a general approach for guiding universal planning based on an existing method for heuristic symbolic search in deterministic domains. We present three new sound and complete algorithms for best-first strong, strong cyclic, and weak universal planning. Our experimental results show that guiding the search dramatically can reduce both the computation time and the size of the generated plans.
Give Me a Paradigm Shift But Not Yet: Adaptive Change on Fiscal Policy at the International Monetary Fund

Soon after the Lehman crisis, the International Monetary Fund surprised its critics with a recalibration of its research and advice on fiscal policy. But the selective incorporation of Keynesian ideas and rejection of some elements of neoclassical economics that this paper uncovers are very limited and could be seen as part of an effort to reprogram the instruments and settings of neoliberalism for the context of the Great Recession. This paper argues that this limited change was facilitated by the convergence of two factors: growing divisions in mainstream macroeconomics and internal entrepreneurship at the Fund, with the latter process bringing to the fore the importance of staff reshuffles, conceptual layering and methodological framing in both the success and the limits of this revisionist thinking. These findings contribute to the emerging debate on the internal sources of intellectual and policy change in international economic organizations.
Pressure Sore Anemia: Response to Erythropoietin

Anemia in patients with grade IV pressure sores is usually refractory to therapy with iron salts, and red cell transfusions are commonly required when reconstructive surgery is performed. The anemia is characterized by hypoferremia, reticulocytopenia, and normal-to-increased serum ferritin. Five patients with this anemia were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in doses of 50 to 100 U/kg, given subcutaneously three times per week. The hemoglobin increased in every patient; the mean (+/- SD) value at the initiation of treatment was 8.8 +/- 1.0 g/dL, and after a median of 4 weeks of therapy, it was 12.4 +/- 1.6 g/dL (p less than .001). No adverse effects of treatment were observed. It is concluded that rHuEPO is a promising new agent for pressure sore anemia, but randomized, controlled clinical trials will be required to firmly establish its place in the management of patients with this type of anemia.
Evolution strategies for multivariate-to-anything partially specified random vector generation

Multivariate-to-anything methods for partially specified random vector generation work by transforming samples from a driving distribution into samples characterized by given marginals and correlations. The correlations of the transformed random vector are controlled by the driving distribution; sampling a partially specified random vector requires finding an appropriate driving distribution. This paper motivates the use of evolution strategies for solving such problems and compares evolution strategies to conjugate gradient methods in the context of solving a Dirichlet-to-anything transformation. It is shown that the evolution strategy is at least as effective as the conjugate gradient method for solution of the parameterization problem.
Approximate radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) to learn smooth relations from noisy data

In this paper a novel RBFNN scheme is presented introducing the idea of strongly delocalized neural receptive fields. Based on delocalization, a robust deterministic annealing procedure is proposed for determining the RBF centers. It is shown that highly overlapped receptive fields exhibit good noise rejection capability. A real world sensor application of this RBFNN is described. By approximating the exact gaussian fields with a suitable radial function (RF), the forward step of the RBFNN can be efficiently implemented in a single digital chip for real time sensor applications.
Race and Ethnicity, Obesity, Metabolic Health, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women

Methods and Results-—We identified 14 364 postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative who had data on fasting serum lipids and serum glucose and no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes at baseline. We categorized women by body mass index (in kg/m 2 ) as normal weight (body mass index 18.5 to <25), overweight (body mass index 25 to <30), or obese (body mass index ≥30) and by metabolic health, defined first as the metabolic syndrome (metabolically unhealthy: ≥3 metabolic abnormalities) and second as the number of metabolic abnormalities. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to assess associations between baseline characteristics and cardiovascular risk. Over 13 years of follow-up, 1101 women had a first cardiovascular disease event (coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke). Among black women without metabolic syndrome, overweightwomenhadhigheradjustedcardiovascularriskthannormal weightwomen(hazardratio[HR]1.49),whereasamongwhite women without metabolic syndrome, overweight women had similar risk to normal weight women (HR 0.92, interaction P=0.05). Obese black women without metabolic syndrome had higher adjusted risk (HR 1.95) than obese white women (HR 1.07; interaction P=0.02). Among women with only 2metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular riskwas increased in black women who were overweight (HR 1.77) or obese (HR 2.17) but not in white women who were overweight (HR 0.98) or obese (HR 1.06). Overweight and obese women with ≤1 metabolic abnormality did not have increased cardiovascular risk, regardless of race or ethnicity. Conclusions-—Metabolic abnormalities appeared to convey more cardiovascular risk among black women. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001695 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001695)
Die Lichtreaktionen der Photosynthese

Auf unserem Planeten leben Organismen, die elektromagnetische Energie aus dem sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums sammeln und in chemische Energie umwandeln konnen. Die prominentesten Vertreter dieser Organismen sind zwar die grunen Pflanzen, doch haben Algen und Bakterien einen Anteil von etwa 60 Prozent. Diese Energieumwandlung ist vermutlich die bedeutendste von allen Energieumwandlungen, die wir bei unseren Studien der Biochemie besprechen werden; ohne sie ware das Leben auf der Erde, wie wir es heute kennen, nicht moglich.
Measuring input substitution in thrifts: morishima, allen-uzawa, and cross-price elasticities

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of U.S. thrifts in the 1990s, and compares the less known, but theoretically appropriate, Morishima elasticity of substitution to the more common Allen-Uzawa elasticity. The Morishima estimates show substitution between all inputs, are clearly asymmetric, and suggest that inputs are most responsive to changes in the price of capital. In comparison, the Allen-Uzawa estimates substantially overstate substitution between capital and labor. Despite large changes in the thrift industry, the input substitution parameters varied little in the 1990s. Estimation of a thick cost frontier for 1996, however, shows important differences across efficiency levels as low-cost thrifts are more responsive to input price changes.
Biochemical parameters of normal rabbit serum

An attempt was made to establish the normal range of 27 different parameters in the serum of 45 healthy, purebred, New Zealand White rabbits (3-5 kg). The reproducibility of the results was acceptable. Sensitive isoenzyme patterns (LDH, CK) could change, however, significantly if different methods were used in the bleeding procedure. Isoenzyme patterns (LDH and CK) of rabbit sera were different from that of human sera. All obtained results were compared with earlier data sporadically published in literature on rabbits.
THE REACTION BETWEEN DIMETHYLMAGNESIUM AND LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE IN DIETHYL ETHER AND TETRAHYDROFURAN

Abstract The reactions between lithium aluminum hydride and dimethylmagnesium in diethylether and THF have been studied in detail. Magnesium hydride as an insoluble solid was formed when (CH3)2− Mg and LiAlH4 were allowed to react in molar ratios varying from 4:1 to 1:2 in diethyl ether. The identity of the soluble bi-products, LiAlHn− (CH3)4−n(n = 0,1,2,3,4), was established by infrared and NMR spectral comparison with the products formed on redistribution of LiAlH4 with LiAl(CH3)4. On the other hand, a clear solution containing a mixture of CH3MgH and LiAl(CH3)4 was found in the reaction of (CH3)2Mg with LiAlH4 in THF in ratio 4:1. The reaction in 2:1 ratio yielded a mixture of CH3Mg2H3 and LiAlH(CH3)3 in THF solution. Further addition of LiAlH4 to (CH3)2Mg in THF produced insoluble MgH2. The course of these reactions has been justified by the help of IR and NMR analysis.
Shared Medical Appointments: Facilitating Interdisciplinary Care for Midlife Women

Shared medical appointments (SMAs) are a new way to deliver woman-focused interdisciplinary care for midlife women. SMAs are a series of one physician to one patient encounters with other patient observers. The women's health physician addresses each woman's unique medical needs individually but in the context of a shared setting. The major focus is on delivering individual medical care with the benefits of additional time spent educating women patients and answering questions.
Prolonged QTc interval in children and young adults with sickle cell disease at steady state

Background Prolongation of the QTc interval may be more common than previously believed among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). The clinical associations and natural history of QTc prolongation remain unclear in this population. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of prolonged QTc and evaluate its relationship to clinical factors in children and young adults with SCD. Procedures We analyzed data from subjects 10 to 25 years old with SCD enrolled in our pulmonary hypertension screening protocol. Screening included echocardiography (ECHO), 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and laboratory testing at steady state. QTc interval >440 msec was considered prolonged. Results ECG data from 76 subjects (57% male, mean age 14.2 ± 3 years old, range 10–24) were analyzed. We observed prolonged QTc in 29/76 (38%) subjects. Despite evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 50/76 (66%) subjects, the frequency of LVH was not significantly different in subjects with and without QTc prolongation. When compared to subjects with normal QTc, subjects with prolonged QTc had higher mean tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (2.51 ± 0.27 m/sec vs. 2.33 ± 0.26 m/sec, P = 0.010) as well as higher mean lactate dehydrogenase (433 ± 142 IU/L vs. 343 ± 142 IU/L, P = 0.000) and aspartate aminotransferase (48 ± 20 IU/L vs. 39 ± 15 IU/L, P = 0.026). A larger proportion of subjects with prolonged QTc also had a history of recurrent acute chest syndrome (66% vs. 38%, P = 0.038). Conclusions We conclude that QTc prolongation is a frequent finding in SCD not associated with LVH. Elevated pulmonary pressures, hemolysis and acute chest syndrome may represent risk factors for prolonged QTc in this population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:842–846. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Marc Riboud in North Vietnam: Seeing the war from the other side

(2000). Marc Riboud in North Vietnam: Seeing the war from the other side. Visual Communication Quarterly: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
Partial deferminization by administration of androstenedione to neonatal female rats

Abstract The repeated administration of 500 μg androstenedione to neonatal female rats at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after birth results in the inhibition of corpora lutea production and cyclic vaginal cornification. However, unlike the defeminization produced by high doses of testosterone propionate these females have essentially normal female-like sexual behavior.