cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airport catchment and leakage in a multi-airport region: The case of Harrisburg International

Abstract This paper presents a spatial analysis of the market area of Harrisburg International Airport (MDT) in south-central Pennsylvania using a Zip-code level spatial database of a sample of airport customers. Using a Geographic Information System and regression techniques, a description of MDT’s market area is presented in relation to a variety of demographic and geographic variables. The results show clear patterns of possible airport substitution – particularly between MDT and Baltimore-Washington International Airport (BWI). These results are corroborated with a simple route-level regression analysis showing relative passenger levels at MDT versus BWI in relation to fare differences and other factors.
Effects of perfluorocarbon emulsions on microvascular blood flow and oxygen transport in a model of severe arterial gas embolism.

Abstract Background Arterial gas embolism (AGE) is a clinical problem that occurs directly in cardiopulmonary bypass machines in open-heart surgeries, or indirectly (through cardiac or pulmonary right to left shunts) in dive accidents, resulting in serious morbidity and even death. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions have been used for the treatment of AGE in an animal model. We hypothesized that PFC emulsions enhance microvascular blood flow, speed bubble resolution, and oxygenation in AGE compared with saline in a model of cremaster muscle from anesthetized rats. Materials and methods AGE was induced by direct air injection into the femoral artery ipsilateral to the studied cremaster muscle. Microhemodynamics, microvascular, and tissue oxygenation were determined before and after treatment with two different commercial PFC emulsions (C 10 F 20 , Oxycyte; Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc and C 10 F 18 , PHER-O 2 ; Sanguine Corporation, Inc) compared with saline in real time using brightfield and phosphorescence microscopy. Results Blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged. Systemic PO 2 , oxygen (O 2 ) content, and glucose were higher in PFC groups, whereas hematocrit dropped in all groups. Arteriolar blood flow went up 85% and 80% of baseline after C 10 F 20 and C 10 F 18 treatments, respectively, versus 11% after saline treatment. Arteriolar and tissue PO 2 , and O 2 delivery were higher in PFC groups compared with the control group. There was an increase in arteriolar blood flow, reduction in diffusional resistance of O 2 in the plasma, and improved tissue oxygenation. Conclusions Administration of PFC emulsions in AGE is superior to saline primarily because of surfactant properties along with air bubble reabsorption.
USA-USSR: Back to detente?

Since the beginning of detente in the sixties the United States’ economic policy toward the Soviet Union has steered a zig-zag course. The latest spectacular step was President Reagan’s lift—apparently without an adequate quid pro quo—of the embargo on grain and phosphates imposed by his predecessor in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Our author explains the interplay of different interests and schools of thought bearing on trade policy as an instrument for pursuing foreign policy objectives.
Initiation of Convective Storms at Radar-Observed Boundary-Layer Convergence Lines

Abstract The origin of 653 convective storms occurring over a 5000 km2 area immediately east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains from 18 May to 15 August 1984 was examined. Seventy-nine percent of the 418 storms that initiated within the study area occurred in close proximity to radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines. This percentage increased to 95% when only the more intense storms (≥60 dBZe) were considered. Colliding convergence lines initiated new storms or intensified existing storms in 71% of the cases. A new storm took a median time of 24 min to grow to 30 dBZ following line collision. The convergence lines ranged in length between ten and several hundred kilometers. Both radar and mesonet stations indicated that the primary convergence was concentrated in a zone 0.5 to 5 km in width. These lines were characterized on Doppler radar as thin lines of enhanced reflectivity between 0 and 20 dBZe and as a line of strong radial or azimuthal gradient in Doppler velocity. These lines were observed ev...
Antiviral Agents for Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections

Several new agents for treating viral infections have been developed in recent years. All available agents are virustatic, inhibiting specific steps in the process of viral replication. No agent is active against nonreplicating or latent viruses. Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of genital herpes, herpes simplex encephalitis, mucocutaneous herpetic infection, varicella infection in the immunosuppressed host, and herpes zoster infection in the normal and the immunosuppressed host. It can also be used for prevention of herpesvirus infection in immunocompromised patients. Ganciclovir is indicated for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is effective in the treatment and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in other immunocompromised patients. Famciclovir and valacyclovir are effective in the management of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infection. Amantadine and rimantadine are useful therapeutically and prophylactically in the management of influenza A virus infection. Chronic hepatitis B infection can respond to lamivudine therapy, and the optimal treatment of hepatitis C is the combination of interferon alfa and ribavirin. Despite pronounced toxic effects, foscarnet and cidofovir are effective antiviral agents in specific settings.
Event memory and moving in a well-known environment

Research in narrative comprehension has repeatedly shown that when people read about characters moving in well-known environments, the accessibility of object information follows a spatial gradient. That is, the accessibility of objects is best when they are in the same room as the protagonist, and it becomes worse the farther away they are see, e.g., Morrow, Greenspan, & Bower, (Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 165-187, 1987). In the present study, we assessed this finding using an interactive environment in which we had people memorize a map and navigate a virtual simulation of the area. During navigation, people were probed with pairs of object names and indicated whether both objects were in the same room. In contrast to the narrative studies described above, several experiments showed no evidence of a clear spatial gradient. Instead, memory for objects in currently occupied locations (e.g., the location room) was more accessible, especially after a small delay, but no clear decline was evident in the accessibility of information in memory with increased distance. Also, memory for objects along the pathway of movement (i.e., rooms that a person only passed through) showed a transitory suppression effect that was present immediately after movement, but attenuated over time. These results were interpreted in light of the event horizon model of event cognition.
Predictive OS Modeling for Host-Compiled Simulation of Periodic Real-Time Task Sets

With the increasing complexity of embedded software, host-compiled simulators have been introduced to address the need for a fast simulation environment. However, designers pay the price for higher performance with a loss in timing accuracy. In this letter, we introduce a novel predictive OS model to provide fast software simulation with accurate scheduling of periodic real-time tasks. The OS model predicts the next preemption point by monitoring system state, and automatically and optimally adjusting the granularity of back-annotated delays. We evaluated our simulator on a range of periodic task sets. Our observations show that we can achieve the same 99% accuracy as a simulation at 1 μs granularity with an average 230× speedup.
GENDER ROLE IDENTITY AMONG KOREAN AND AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS: LINKS TO GENDER AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

Gender role identity (androgyny, masculinity, femininity), and its link to gender and academic achievement were examined across a sample of Korean and American college students. Results indicate that the androgyny group represented the largest proportion in the American sample, while the femininity group was the largest in the Korean sample. Korean students with masculinity achieved the highest score in Korean Sooneung Examination, followed by the androgyny group. In contrast, American students in the femininity group scored highest in the American College Testing examination. Academic performance in Korean male students differed across socioeconomic status but that of the American male students was influenced more by gender role identity than by socioeconomic status.
Predicting Globe Control Valve Performance—Part II: Experimental Verification

An experimental study was undertaken to verify an axisymmetric numerical model of a control valve flow field. The numerical model, which utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), was formerly developed to be used as a design tool by manufacturers of control valves. In this work the model was first tested by comparing its results to data taken on an axisymmetric flow field experiment. Then the model's application to actual three-dimensional control valves was tested by studying the pressure and flow field through a three-dimensional control valve
Toluene Diffusion and Reaction in Unsaturated Pseudomonas putida Biofilms

Biofilms are frequently studied in the context of submerged or aquatic systems. However, much less is known about biofilms in unsaturated systems, despite their importance to such processes as food spoilage, terrestrial nutrient cycling, and biodegradation of environmental pollutants in soils. Using modeling and experimentation, we have described the biodegradation of toluene in unsaturated media by bacterial biofilms as a function of matric water potential, a dominant variable in unsaturated systems. We experimentally determined diffusion and kinetic parameters for Pseudomonas putida biofilms, then predicted biodegradation rates over a range of matric water potentials. For validation, we measured the rate of toluene depletion by intact biofilms and found the results to reasonably follow the model predictions. The diffusion coefficient for toluene through unsaturated P. putida biofilm averaged 1.3 x 10(7) cm(2)/s, which is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than toluene diffusivity in water. Our studies show that, at the scale of the microbial biofilm, the diffusion of toluene to biodegrading bacteria can limit the overall rate of biological toluene depletion in unsaturated systems. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 656-670, 1997.
Lack of pineal β-adrenergic receptor alterations in suicide victims with major depression

Abstract Noradrenergic function may be altered in depressive illness and thereby contribute to decreased pineal production of melatonin levels, as previously described in some depressed subjects. In the present study, the hypothesis was tested that pineal β-adrenergic binding would be increased in persons committing suicide with evidence of depressive disorders, reflecting diminished noradrenergic input. Initially, post-mortem human pineal glands were obtained at autopsy. Diagnostic and symptomatic information was then systematically collected from family members using standardized interview techniques. Seven subjects who committed suicide and suffered from major depression, and without exposure to treatment for depressive symptoms were age- and sex-matched with control subjects. Pineal β-adrenergic binding was assessed by quantitative autoradiography employing four concentrations of [125I]pindolol. Because of possibly complex adrenergic regulation of the pineal, β-adrenergic receptor binding were subtyped using the selective blocker ICI 89406. No differences in β-adrenergic receptors were detected between subjects with major depression compared to the matched controls.
Threshold-autoregressive, median-unbiased, and cointegration tests of purchasing power parity

Abstract We use Dickey-Fuller tests, threshold autoregressive unit-root tests, median unbiased estimators, and cointegration tests for I(1) and I(2) variables to examine the validity of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The within-sample tests generally lead to the rejection of long-run PPP. Long-term out-of-sample forecasts assuming various forms of long-run PPP are not especially better than those assuming that real rates contain a unit-root. We show that no one method emerges as the “best” in the sense that it provides the smallest out-of-sample forecast errors.
Measurements of Sc I gf-Values

Absolute gf-values were obtained for 98 transitions in neutral scandium by the hook method using an inductively coupled heat-pipe oven. Of the 98 lines, 51 are classified, 33 are unclassified lines that occur in pairs with the lower energy level identified, and 14 are unclassified but are believed to originate from one of the two lower levels of the ground state. The results are compared with semiempirical and other measurement results in the literature.
The journalism of opinion: Network news coverage of U.S. presidential campaigns, 1968–1988

This essay expands the research on sound bites in U.S. presidential campaign coverage by looking at the speech of journalists rather than sources. Using the metaphor of the election report as apolitical conversation among journalists and their sources, the authors apply Bales's categories to discover that journalists have become more dominant, increasing their share of air time in more tightly controlled, faster paced reports. A significant shift toward expressing opinions and judgments of campaign events confirms previous qualitative observations that newscasts have become more journalist‐centered. The focus on journalists and their opinions may turn anchors into celebrities and attract larger audiences, but it provides information less often about the election.
A regression approach for comparing field resistance of peanut cultivars to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus

Relationships between one TSWV susceptible peanut cultivar (Georgia Runner), one moderately resistant peanut cultivar (C-99R), and the current standard cultivar (Georgia Green) in the southeastern United States were examined. Both moderately resistant cultivars had greater field resistance and higher yields than the susceptible cultivar, Georgia Runner, regardless of the level of disease pressure. Linear regression revealed that under heavy disease pressure, C-99R appears to exhibit greater disease resistance than has been previously reported for Georgia Green and other currently available cultivars. Only 13% and 33% of the variation in yield difference between cultivars could be explained by differences in TSWV incidence for C-99R and Georgia Runner, respectively, when compared by linear regression with Georgia Green. Although the correlations were weak for these relationships, the relationships were still significant (P<0.05). Linear regression equations allow us to designate TSWV risk assesment index scores for cultivars relative to scores for the standard Georgia Green. Such a comparison allows for an examination of the relative levels of resistance observed among cultivars under varying levels of disease pressure. This type of analysis would be most useful under heavy disease pressure situations, when the predictive power of this analysis is greater and differences in field resistance between cultivars would be most significant.
Cardiac complications of cocaine abuse

Cardiac complications of cocaine abuse and a rational approach to evaluating and managing them are described. Cardiac abnormalities reported among asymptomatic cocaine abusers include echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and segmental wall motion abnormalities. Electrocardiogram may reveal increased QRS voltage, ST-T changes, and pathologic Q waves. Episodes of ST elevation may be seen during Holter monitoring. The management of cocaine-abusing patients who present to an emergency room with acute chest pain is controversial because the two reported studies yielded conflicting results regarding the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). Even in the absence of infarction, electrocardiographic abnormalities are common among these patients, which complicates the decision-making regarding hospitalization. Pathophysiology of cocaine-related MI is discussed. Distinct clinical features of cocaine-related MI make it clear that the association between the two is not just temporal. However, considering the number of persons abusing cocaine, it is a rarity. Beta-adrenergic blockers should be avoided in the treatment of cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia which is best treated with nitrates and calcium-channel blockers. Reports of cocaine-induced myocarditis and cardiomyopathy are reviewed. Experimental studies and clinical case reports suggest that cocaine may cause lethal arrhythmias. Cocaine prolongs repolarization by a depressant effect on potassium current and may generate early afterdepolarizations. It is possible that cocaine-associated arrhythmias are secondary to vasospasm-related ischemia and reperfusion as well.
Phenylpropanoids in chlorination

are abundant in plants in free and conjugated forms. The presence of phydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives in rivers has been reported. Chlorine not only works oxidatively but also reacts with organic compounds to form chlorinated compounds which may be hazardous to human health, and also many have impact upon ecological systems. In order to clarify this problem, phenylpropanoids which are likely to exist in water systems polluted with organic materials have been treated with various concen-
Renormalization-group study of high-spin Heisenberg antiferromagnets.

An even-site block renormalization-group method is applied to the spin-1 and spin-(3/2 anisotropic or alternating Heisenberg antiferromagnets. In the spin-1 case it shows an energy gap \ensuremath{\Delta} \ensuremath{\simeq}0.368 166 and ground-state energy ${E}_{0}$/NJ\ensuremath{\simeq}1.449 724, which are in good agreement with the recent Monte Carlo results. In the spin-(3/2 case it shows an energy excitation behavior similar to that in the spin-(1/2 case. Therefore, our study tends to support Haldane's conjecture. In addition, a possible novel property of the spin-1 Heisenberg antiferromagnet has been predicted.
Phase transition and thermodynamics of quantum XY model in two dimensions.

The two-dimensional spin-1/2 XY model is investigated via an extensive quantum Monte Carlo simulation on square lattices as large as 128\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}128. The transverse susceptibility and correlation length show precise thermodynamic scaling behaviors of a phase transition of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type at ${\mathit{kT}}_{\mathit{c}}$/J=0.353(3). The correlation functions near the transition point exhibit a universal scaling behavior. Various critical exponents are determined and our results demonstrate that the universality class of the two-dimensional quantum system with continuous symmetry is the same as its classical analog. The specific heat exhibits a finite peak around kT/J=0.45, decreases very rapidly near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and falls off as ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$ near T=0, validating the spin-wave treatment. The ground-state energy is -0.5543(1)J per spin.
Occurrence of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide as a pentose derivative.

IT is becoming increasingly evident that 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide occurs as a riboside and ribotide, and that these pentose derivatives are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of purines and their derivatives. Greenberg1 has provided evidence that in the biosynthesis of inosinic acid a ribotide is formed before the completion of the purine ring occurs. Schulman and Buchanan2 showed that the specific activity of isolated inosinate was considerably greater than that of inosine or hypoxanthine after incubation of labelled 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide with pigeon liver extracts, and that inosinate could undergo an exchange reaction at the 2 position involving ribotide of the carboxamide and formate. Greenberg3,4 has isolated both the riboside and ribotide of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide from culture fluids of Escherichia coli under conditions of sulphonamide bacteriostasis5. The enzymatic conversion of the carboxamide to its deoxyriboside has been reported with Lactobacillus6 and E. coli7.
STAKEHOLDER-ASSISTED MODELLING AND POLICY DESIGN PROCESS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING

Environmental planning and policy analysis, design and implementation are complicated by the fact that environmental problems are almost always part of a complex sociotechnical system, the behaviour of which is not intuitive. The complexity of the problem necessitates a technical and scientific analysis process, which by its nature excludes the majority of the stakeholders in the given problem. To overcome these challenges, this research proposes the engagement of stakeholders from very early on in the process using computer-assisted visualisation and representation of complex sociotechnical systems. Specifically it proposed the use of system dynamics simulation in illustrating the complex interactions of the different sociotechnical system elements. Using computer simulation of the system, stakeholders can then decide on the best strategies to address the issue on a more objective basis. Ubiquitous computing enables the assessment of a vast number of strategies in a relatively short time.
Enoxaparin-metformin and enoxaparin alone may safely reduce pregnancy loss

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and spontaneous abortion (SAB). In 28 Caucasian women, 21 women with PCOS (4 with previous thrombosis, 18 with 1 SAB or more, and 20 with 1 coagulation disorder or more), and 7 women with coagulation disorders-thrombi, we speculated that prospective treatment with enoxaparin-metformin or enoxaparin alone would successfully and safely promote healthy live births compared with previous untreated pregnancies. In 21 women with PCOS, metformin (1.5-2.55 g/day) was given before and during pregnancy with concurrent enoxaparin (60 mg/day). Of 21 PCOS women, 19 women had 40 previous untreated pregnancies, 7 had live births (18%), 3 had elective abortions (ABs) (8%), and 30 had SABs (75%). On enoxaparin-metformin, these 19 women had 24 pregnancies, 20 live births (83%), and 4 SABs (17%); the SAB rate was 4.4-fold lower than previous untreated pregnancies (McNemar's s = 20.8, P < 0. 0001). Two women with PCOS without previous pregnancies, but with previous thrombosis, had 2 pregnancies on enoxaparin-metformin and 2 live births. Of the 7 women with coagulation disorders-thrombi, 4 had 15 previous pregnancies without enoxaparin, with 6 live births (40%), 8 SABs (53%), and 1 elective AB (7%). On enoxaparin, these 4 women had 4 pregnancies, with 4 (100%) live births (McNemar's s = 8.0, P = 0.005). The other 3 women with coagulation disorders-thrombi had 4 pregnancies on enoxaparin with 4 live births. No adverse maternal-fetal side effects were reported on enoxaparin alone or enoxaparin-metformin. Enoxaparin-metformin reduces pregnancy loss in women with PCOS-coagulation disorders and in women with coagulation disorders-thrombi.
How the state of the art can inform the art of the practice

Advanced Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Techniques. George A. Marcoulides and Randall E. Schumacker (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996, 376 pages, $79.95
Early olfactory enrichment enhances later consumption of novel substances

Abstract Male rats were exposed to conditions of either postweaning olfactory enrichment or standard laboratory rearing. In later tests, rats exposed to olfactory enrichment consumed more of novel substances (sucrose and milk)_than did laboratory-reared controls. Animals presented with milk and then sucrose drank more of both substances than animals presented with the substances in the reverse order. The results suggest that the variety of odors to which the weanling rat is exposed affects its later preference for dietary variability.
Evolution of the Gouge Particle Size Distribution: A Markov Model

—The hydrologic and mechanical properties of faults are determined by their internal structures and zoning due to fracturing, grain breakage and diagenesis. The proposed model in this study is a first step in the development of a more complete model of fault internal structure. It describes the evolution of the gouge particle size distribution (PSD) with shear induced grain breakage within a small, assumed uniform volume element. A Markov formalism is applied for binary breakage within each time step over the many time steps constituting the evolution. The particle size, strain- and stress-dependent breaking probability is constructed based on physical arguments and data on natural and simulated gouge PSDs. The model is calibrated by using the results of on Ottawa sand PSD experiments. A perfect fit is obtained between experimental and numerically simulated PSDs for a range of normal effective stress (NES). Results of the numerical simulations capture the bimodal form of gouge PSD and also clearly define two different breakage mechanisms. The gouge development behavior makes a dramatic transition as the normal effective stress exceeds the grain crushing stress of the gouge mineral.¶For a more complete intrafault structure analysis, the interplay of diagenesis and the mechanics of grain breakage can be integrated into a single mechano-chemical model of the type presented here. The model proposed here has great potential for predicting the complex roles of faults as seals or fluid conduits.
Predictors of children in foster care being adopted: A classification tree analysis

Abstract When returning home is not a viable option, adoption is the primary means by which youth in substitute care achieve permanency. Therefore, understanding the factors that impact adoption is critical to both evaluating and improving the child welfare system. Prior research has mostly studied “main effects” in regard to adoption rates and has not explored the ways in which youth and foster family variables might interact in complex ways to predict adoption. This study uses a classification tree analysis approach known as Optimal Data Analysis (ODA) to predict probability of adoption in 2003 using Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) data. 30,000 adopted youth and 30,000 non-adopted youth were randomly selected for participation in the study. Similar to previous studies, univariate analyses revealed that age, foster parent race/ethnicity, foster parent marital status, and number of previous placements all predicted probability of adoption. However, going further, several combinations of individual variables (multivariate ODA) improved prediction accuracy (e.g., age × structure of foster family × number of previous placements). Results also suggested that the impact of the state on adoption rates varied when essentially controlling for youth and family variables, supporting concerns regarding the crude use of AFCARS data when comparing states.
A structural investigation of GeSe2-Tl2Se glasses by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Glasses in the GeSe 2 -Tl 2 Se system containing up to 40 mol% Tl 2 Se have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of Tl 2 Se produced a shoulder on the lower binding energy side of the selenium 3d peak and the intensity of this shoulder increased with the Tl 2 Se content. This shoulder has been attributed to the presence of non-bridging selenium atoms in the same formalism as non-bridging oxygens in modified silicate glasses. The percentage of non-bridging selenium in these glasses has been determined and agrees favourably with the proposed model. The non-bridging selenium atoms have a pronounced tendency to shift the electronic binding energies of the Ge 3d and the bridging Se 3d levels to lower values. This has been attributed to a non-localised interaction between the non-bridging selenium and the vitreous network. Far-infrared data suggest that the non-bridging selenium is homogenously distributed amongst the GeSe 4 tetrahedra.
Recombinant activated factor VII effectively reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, argatroban, and bivalirudin ex vivo as measured using thromboelastography.

Bleeding is the major adverse reaction to anticoagulants, leading to significant morbidity and even mortality. Protamine is a specific antidote for heparin yet is only partially effective for enoxaparin, and the activated factor X inhibitor fondaparinux and the direct thrombin inhibitors argatroban
A Network-based Approach for Predicting Missing Pathway Interactions

Embedded within large-scale protein interaction networks are signaling pathways that encode response cascades in the cell. Unfortunately, even for well-studied species like S. cerevisiae, only a fraction of all true protein interactions are known, which makes it difficult to reason about the exact flow of signals and the corresponding causal relations in the network. To help address this problem, we introduce a framework for predicting new interactions that aid connectivity between upstream proteins (sources) and downstream transcription factors (targets) of a particular pathway. Our algorithms attempt to globally minimize the distance between sources and targets by finding a small set of shortcut edges to add to the network. Unlike existing algorithms for predicting general protein interactions, by focusing on proteins involved in specific responses our approach homes-in on pathway-consistent interactions. We applied our method to extend pathways in osmotic stress response in yeast and identified several missing interactions, some of which are supported by published reports. We also performed experiments that support a novel interaction not previously reported. Our framework is general and may be applicable to edge prediction problems in other domains.
French “As She Is Spoke”

What authority should be adopted for the pronunciation of French? Great divergence of pronunciation not only among classes of society but among individual “authorities.” Divergence from all acknowledged standards of the great mass of Parisians. Mutual derision of each other's pronunciation by bourgeois and purists. Conclusion: There is no inviolable standard of Parisian pronunciation. Value, however, in phonetic training. Inadequacy of Grammont's description of phonemes. The student of French should be better informed of these facts
Normative systems of discovery and logic of search

New computer systems of discovery create a research program for logic and philosophy of science. These systems consist of inference rules and control knowledge that guide the discovery process. Their paths of discovery are influenced by the available data and the discovery steps coincide with the justification of results. The discovery process can be described in terms of fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence such as heuristic search, and can also be interpreted in terms of logic. The traditional distinction that places studies of scientific discovery outside the philosophy of science, in psychology, sociology, or history, is no longer valid in view of the existence of computer systems of discovery. It becomes both reasonable and attractive to study the schemes of discovery in the same way as the criteria of justification were studied: empirically as facts, and logically as norms.
PLASMA FIBRONECTIN LEVELS IN NORMAL PREGNANCY

Fibrinonectins are glycoproteins with important biological functions in host defense. Human plasma fibronectin levels were assayed longitudinally in 22 normal, low risk pregnant women (first and second trimesters, delivery, 4-8 weeks postpartum, cord plasma on each baby) utilizing a rapid immunoturbidometric procedure. Total plasma protein levels were determined simultaneously. Mean fibronectin levels rose significantly throughout pregnancy (p < 0.01) and at delivery maternal levels (315.6 ± 21.2) significantly (p < 0.01) exceeded cord levels (137.9 ± 11.9). Four to 8 weeks postpartum fibronectin levels remained at delivery levels (309.6 ± 11.9) while total protein levels had returned to normal (7.8 ± 0.1). No significant ethnic differences in fibronectin levels were observed during pregnancy or between postpartum lactating and nonlactating mothers.
Ubiquitination of the PEST-like Endocytosis Signal of the Yeast a-Factor Receptor

A 58-residue-long, PEST-like sequence within the yeast a-factor receptor (Ste3p) specifies the ubiquitination, endocytosis, and consequent vacuolar degradation of the receptor protein (Roth, A. F., Sullivan, D. M., and Davis, N. G. (1998) J. Cell Biol. 142, 949-961). The present work investigates three lysyl residues that map within this sequence as the potential ubiquitin acceptor sites. Lys --> Arg substitution mutants were tested for effects on both ubiquitination and endocytosis. Results indicate that the three lysines function redundantly; a severe blockade to both ubiquitination and endocytosis is seen only for receptors having all three lysines replaced. Of the three, Lys(432) plays the predominant role; ubiquitination and turnover are significantly impaired for receptors having just the K432R mutation. CNBr fragmentation of the receptor protein, used for the physical mapping of the ubiquitin attachment sites, showed PEST-like sequence lysines to be modified both with single ubiquitin moieties as well with short multi-ubiquitin chains, two or three ubiquitins long. Thus, in addition to being the signal for ubiquitination, the Ste3p PEST-like sequence also provides the site for ubiquitin attachment. To test if this endocytosis signal functions solely for ubiquitination, we have asked if the requirement for the PEST-like sequence in endocytosis might be bypassed through pre-attachment of ubiquitin to the receptor protein. Indeed, Ste3-ubiquitin translational fusions that have a ubiquitin moiety fused to the receptor in place of the PEST-like signal do undergo rapid endocytosis and vacuolar turnover. We conclude that ubiquitin alone, with no required contribution from receptor sequences, provides the sufficient signal for initiating uptake. In addition, our results confirm conclusions originally drawn from studies with the alpha-factor receptor (Terrell, J., Shih, S., Dunn, R., and Hicke, L. (1998) Mol. Cell 1, 193-202), namely that mono-ubiquitin, and not multi-ubiquitin chains provide the primary recognition determinant for uptake. Although mono-ubiquitination suffices, our results indicate that multi-ubiquitination serves to augment the rate of uptake.
Instrument Boom Mechanisms on the THEMIS Satellites; Magnetometer, Radial Wire, and Axial Booms

The five “Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms” (THEMIS) micro-satellites launched on a common carrier by a Delta II, 7925 heavy, on February 17, 2007. This is the fifth launch in the NASA MeDIum class EXplorer (MIDEX) program. In the mission proposal the decision was made to have the University of California Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory (UCB-SSL) mechanical engineering staff provide all of the spacecraft appendages, in order to meet the short development schedule, and to insure compatibility. This paper describes the systems engineering, design, development, testing, and on-orbit deployment of these boom systems that include: the 1 and 2 meter carbon fiber composite magnetometer booms, the 40 and 50 m tip to tip orthogonal spin-plane wire boom pairs, and the 6.3 m dipole stiff axial booms.
The importance of dye chemistry and TiCl4 surface treatment in the behavior of Al2O3 recombination barrier layers deposited by atomic layer deposition in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to fabricate Al2O3 recombination barriers in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSSCs) employing an organic hole transport material (HTM) for the first time. Al2O3 recombination barriers of varying thickness were incorporated into efficient ss-DSSCs utilizing the Z907 dye adsorbed onto a 2 μm-thick nanoporous TiO2 active layer and the HTM spiro-OMeTAD. The impact of Al2O3 barriers was also studied in devices employing different dyes, with increased active layer thicknesses, and with substrates that did not undergo the TiCl4 surface treatment. In all instances, electron lifetimes (as determined by transient photovoltage measurements) increased and dark current was suppressed after Al2O3 deposition. However, only when the TiCl4 treatment was eliminated did device efficiency increase; in all other instances efficiency decreased due to a drop in short-circuit current. These results are attributed in the former case to the similar effects of Al2O3 ALD and the TiCl4 surface treatment whereas the insulating properties of Al2O3 hinder charge injection and lead to current loss in TiCl4-treated devices. The impact of Al2O3 barrier layers was unaffected by doubling the active layer thickness or using an alternative ruthenium dye, but a metal-free donor-π-acceptor dye exhibited a much smaller decrease in current due to its higher excited state energy. We develop a model employing prior research on Al2O3 growth and dye kinetics that successfully predicts the reduction in device current as a function of ALD cycles and is extendable to different dye–barrier systems.
Norepinephrine-induced expression of the K99 pilus adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

This study examined whether the provision of norepinephrine, as would be encountered within the highly innervated gastrointestinal system, affected the growth rate of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) and the expression of the K99 pilus adhesin virulence-related factor. The addition of norepinephrine to serum-containing medium resulted in a 3- to 7-fold increase in the growth rate of the K99+ETEC strain B44 as compared to growth in vehicle supplemented medium or medium supplemented with normetanephrine, a norepinephrine metabolite that contains one more methyl group than norepinephrine. ELISA analysis revealed that K99 pilus adhesin expression was increased in norepinephrine supplemented culture as compared to normetanephrine and vehicle supplemented controls. This increase occurred from 9 to 15 hours of incubation which represented the exponential growth phase for the norepinephrine supplemented culture. These results indicate that addition of norepinephrine affects both ETEC growth and expression of a specific virulence factor.
Service representatives, job control, and white‐collar blues

Telephone service representatives in a communications company took part in a study investigating perceived job control and work strain. The representatives worked in a controlled environment, where tasks were automated by a sophisticated information system. Although most of the relevant research has occurred in the goods‐producing sector, it was hypothesized that job control impacted workers in a service setting as well. Results support the hypothesis. Higher levels of perceived job control were associated with lower levels of work strain. These findings have implications for management practices and job design in service centers.
Toward a Pluralistic Vision of Methodology

Both data-set observations (DSOs) and causal-process observations (CPOs) are important for causal inference. DSOs – located in the standard “rectangular data set” of statistical analysis – make their contribution through a quantitative logic of comparison, frequently using different forms and extensions of regression analysis. They are deservedly a major research tool in political science. Yet when based on observational data, they must be analyzed with great care. Problems such as cofounders, for example, can be hard to address. DSOs are therefore valuable, but serious limitations must be recognized. CPOs provide a different form of analytic leverage. They are carefully selected “nuggets of data” that are a foundation of qualitative research and can have great probative value in evaluating hypotheses. Achieving rigorous inference with CPOs depends on exact specification both of the inferences to be evaluated, and of standards of evaluation. If such specification is inadequate, CPOs likewise have serious limitations. A more powerful option – which can help address limitations on both sides – is to use DSOs and CPOs together in a single study. As our examples show, major studies have indeed adopted this multi-method approach, thereby achieving strong inferential leverage.
Understanding Unmet Need: History, Theory, and Measurement

During the past two decades, estimates of unmet need have become an influential measure for assessing population policies and programs. This article recounts the evolution of the concept of unmet need, describes how demographic survey data have been used to generate estimates of its prevalence, and tests the sensitivity of these estimates to various assumptions in the unmet need algorithm. The algorithm uses a complex set of assumptions to identify women: who are sexually active, who are infecund, whose most recent pregnancy was unwanted, who wish to postpone their next birth, and who are postpartum amenorrheic. The sensitivity tests suggest that defensible alternative criteria for identifying four out of five of these subgroups of women would increase the estimated prevalence of unmet need. The exception is identification of married women who are sexually active; more accurate measurement of this subgroup would reduce the estimated prevalence of unmet need in most settings.
A One-Armed Bandit Problem with a Concomitant Variable

Abstract We consider a Bayesian sequential allocation problem that incorporates a concomitant variable in the model. Although the model is highly simplified, our results do have some mildly surprising aspects: (a) the approximate solution to the allocation problem is simpler in the presence of concomitant information than in its absence, (b) the exact value of the discount factor is less important than in previous work, and (c) the myopic procedure is asymptotically optimal.
An investigation into fraud prevention and detection of small businesses in the United States: responsibilities of auditors, managers, and business owners

Previous studies of fraud prevention and detection in American companies have primarily targeted a general business audience and were published before Statement on Auditing Standard No. 82, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, was issued in early 1997. No post SAS No. 82 published studies were found that directly addressed the issues of fraud in the context of small business. The main objectives of this study were to identify: (1) the issues of fraud in the context of small U.S. businesses, (2) the fraud prevention and detection procedures used by CPAs specializing in small business engagements, and (3) the perceived impact of SAS No. 82 on audits of small businesses. It was found that CPAs specializing in small business engagements believe the three most effective fraud detection procedures are observing how cash receipts are processed, evaluating management overrides of computer controls, and testing physical inventories. They rate segregation of duties as the most effective fraud prevention measure while having a written code of ethics is viewed as the least effective measure. Most small business practitioners believe the severity of a fraud problem is a function of the effectiveness of the control system that management has implemented and the level of management monitoring. Sixty-six percent of small business practitioners believe it is too soon to determine if SAS No. 82 will enhance the likeli-hood of detecting fraud in small businesses, but implementing the new standard will require more work on the auditor’s part to evaluate internal controls and plan the audit accordingly.
Attribution of mental illness in relation to sex of respondent and sex of rated stimulus person.

Summary.-108 undergraduates rated the degree of mental illness of 10 case descriptions on a 5-point scale. Two forms were used, matched for the 10 case problems but varied for case sex. Analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for sex of the respondent and case sex. Male respondents attributed more mental illness than female respondents to the cases. The mean rating of case sex for male items was significantly higher than female items. However, 6 of the 7 items which varied sex betareen forms failed to differ significantly using t tests. Phillips (1963, 1964) investigated the rejection of individuals who are mentally ill and seek help for their disorder. He reported that men are rejected more strongly than women who manifest the same behavior (1964). He used -. five case descriptions ranging from a normal individual to a paranoid schizophrenic. In an attempt to replicate Phillips' study, Yamamoto and Dizney (1967) also varied the sex of the respondent. They did not find that men were rejected more than women who manifest the same behavior, but they did find that the men merited more serious consideration for treatment than women. The present investigation aimed to study (1) an earlier phase in the response process-the attribution of mental illness and (2) a larger and somewhat different set of case descriptions. We varied the sex of the respondent and of the stimulus person in the case descriptions. METHOD The entire class in a cosrse on abnormal psychology (N = 128) was administered a series of questionnaires, among which was the case description form. Data analysis was conducted for 108 Ss who completed all the questionnaires. There were 31 males and 77 females; they were mostly juniors and psychology majors. Two 10-item case description forms were constructed, matched for case behavior but varied for the sex and socio-economic stanis of the stimulus person. The 10 case descriptions were selected with permission of author and publisher1 from a larger number of such cases developed by Elinson, Padilla, and Perkins (1967). We selected and revised 10 cases which their data showed to extend 'Although we compared the revised and original versions of the case vignettes, we did not expect the comparison to be valid since the populauons were quite different (theirs, a cross-section of New York City; ours, a college class) and since the answer scales were different (yes-no versus a 5-point scale). In the comparison 3 items were within 10% of each other, 3 within 20%, 1 within 30%, and 1 within 40%.
Serum androgens during the annual reproductive cycle of the male mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.

A technique for the simultaneous detection of serum concentrations of testosterone (T), 17β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,11-dione (11-KT), and 11β,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (11β-HT) was established using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography separation and radioimmunoassay. In the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, serum concentrations of T, 11-KT, and 11β-HT varied from 11.3, 10.1, and 27.9 ng/ml, respectively, during the breeding season to 0.2, 0.3, and 0.9 ng/ml, respectively, during the nonbreeding season. The changes in serum androgen levels, determined weekly, did not coincide with changes in the gonosomatic index or measurement of sperm/gram testes. Increases in serum androgen levels did coincide with the rise in sperm index, but the decreases in serum concentrations of androgens preceded the fall in sperm index by more than a month. A model is proposed to explain the reproductive cycle of male mummichogs.