cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Observations on Lewis Mumford’s “The City in History”

For a number of years I have not had any time to undertake book reviews but I feel so keenly the importance and excitement of Mumford's work, and my own personal debt to that work, that I wanted to contribute to this symposium even if I could not begin to do justice to the task. What follows are my only slightly modified notes made on reading selected chapters of The City In History notes which I had hoped to have time to sift and revise for a review. I hope I can give some flavor of the book and of its author and invite readers into the corpus of Mumford's work on their own. 1. Lewis Mumford correctly says in the book that he is a generalist, not a specialist; indeed he has not had (or perhaps wanted to have) a full-time academic position. There are generalists faute de mieux, who cannot make the grade in a specialty; there are other generalists, of whom Mumford is one, who transcend the specialties indeed whose legacy is often one of more specialties. Mumford was one of the early rediscoverers of Herman Melville; one of the first to write critically and thoughtfully about founders of American city planning; one of the revivers of Utopian thought, not yet a specialty (just as there are no professors of the future, a category Mumford has helped pioneer); a synthesiser in urban ecology; and now a prophet of arms and the man warning that the combination of nuclear techniques and civilized deracinations may change not only the face of the earth but its very course and possibilities. Mumford is one of those rare men of letters who is not, in C. P. Snow's sense, confined to the literary culture; one of those not so rare social scientists who is a humanist; and one of those rare humanists who knows a good deal about man as a biological and tool-using species and not only about man as a symbol-making and record-keeping one.
Immunohistochemical study of expression of biglycan and decorin in iliac crest of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Objective:To detect expression of biglycan and decorin in the iliac crest of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS).Method:Ten girls with AIS undergoing surgical correction and posterior instrumentation with autograft fusion were included in the study.Six sex-matched patients without scoliosis and any known bone metabolic disease undergoing orthopaedic surgery and iliac crest bone graft were recruited as controls.The specimens were fixed in buffered formalin for 6 hours and then decalcified in formic acid for 3 weeks.Samples were embedded in paraffin and then sectioned at a thickness of 5滋m.Immunostain procedure followed the protocol of HRP-DAB system(The Cell and Tissue Staining Kit,RD Systems,Inc,USA).For a thorough evaluation of biglycan and decorin immunoreactivities in bone cells and matrix,staining was scored semi-quantitatively in each section.Result:The mean age of AIS group at the time of surgery was 14.9 years (range:11.9~19.1),with a mean Cobb′s angle of 55°(range:45°~61°).The mean age of the normal control group was 40.8 years.In the iliac crest specimen of AIS,positive decorin expression in osteocytes of trabecular bone were found in 60% cases(610),positive expression in trabecular bone matrix were 60%(610).In the iliac crest specimen of AIS,biglycan was found positive in 60%(610) of the trabecular osteocytes and in 60%(610) of the trabecular bone matrix.All trabecular bone 100%(66) in the iliac crest bone of control showed positive biglycan expression in bone matrix and 83%(56) showed positive staining in osteocytes. Decorin expression was also positive in 100%(66) of the trabecular bone matrix and in 100%(66) of the trabecular osteocytes.There was statistically signficance of expression of these materials between the test group and the control(P0.05).Conclusion:The expression of both two small proteoglycans,decorin and biglycan,is lower in iliac crest specimens from patients with AIS than those from normal.Further studies on the temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the non-collagen proteins in adolescent skeletal tissues would provide more insights into the possible disturbances in the molecular aspects of bone mineral density,bone development and etiopathogenesis of AIS.
The therapeutic role of sulfated polysaccharides in the urinary bladder

Polysaccharide therapy for bladder disease is a novel therapy based on the model of bladder mucus activity and the belief that mucus and exogenous glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have protective properties. Interstitial cystitis is the first disease explored for the potential use of polysaccharide therapy, which appears to be effective in some patients with this syndrome.
History of the scientific relationships of veterinary public health.

The origin of veterinary public health (VPH), as the term is understood today, dates back to the late 1940s and early 1950s with the creation of new responsibilities and a broader range of career openings for veterinarians within some public health agencies, especially in disease intelligence aspects of the newly developing science of epidemiology. Other well-established scientific relationships of veterinary medicine to human health (e.g. food safety, pathogenic microbiology, comparative pathology) experienced renewed vigour as a result of these innovations, the latter also in connection with VPH-facilitated development and support of a new veterinary clinical practice specialty of laboratory animal biology and medicine. Through these expanded interprofessional and intersectoral communication, liaison and cooperation channels, new academic programmes arose within veterinary schools. These programmes brought a number of innovations to the world of veterinary medicine, including newly developed methodologies. A variety of new biomedical research career roles for veterinarians within both veterinary and other medically oriented institutions were identified and filled during this overall process. Also related to these developments was the identification of new roles for veterinarians in environmental science research and practice, beyond those traditionally associated with veterinary food hygiene. Proposals have since been made for significant new intersectoral functions for agriculture-based governmental Veterinary Services in connection with these new aspects of environmental science and with the aims of recent primary health care programmes within public health.
Evaluation of Structural Possibilities for the Mn Centers of the OEC

The great diversity of structural proposals for metal association in the OEC can be organized in three broad categories as single, dual or multiple centers. In the single center proposal, a tetranuclear assembly of manganese accumulates oxidizing equivalents and oxidizes water directly. The cubane proposal of Brudvig (1) and the double pivot mechanism of Christou (2) are two examples. These models have structural analogy to the Fe4S4 clusters. The multiple center idea (3) invokes a mononuclear Mn(IV) in an electron transfer equilibrium with a dinuclear center and a fourth, redox inactive manganese segregated from the other metal atoms. This is reminiscient of cytochrome oxidase where a dinuclear center reduces oxygen to water and two single site metal ions (copper and heme iron) contribute reducing equivalents. Two dual center possibilities are are two sets of dimers or, what we suggested (4), a monomer/trimer organization. The latter is consistent with Fe3S4 centers. A possible trinuclear structure is shown in figure 1. Three manganese are arranged in a distorted triangular orientation with the terminal manganese separated from the central manganese ion by 2.7 A. The two terminal manganese ions are separated by either 3.3 A or 4.3 A. A mononuclear center is located at a distance >5 A.
A Precis of Intentionality and the Myths of the Given

Intentionality and the Myths of the Given (Sachs, 2014; hereafter IMOG) addresses the problem of how best to understand ‘intentionality’, or the aboutness of thought and language, especially in the...
Direct Position Estimation Utilizing Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) GPS Signals

We propose Direct Position Estimation (DPE) utilizing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) GPS signals for urban navigation. In urban environments, buildings reflect GPS signals, leading to reception of NLOS GPS signals. In addition, buildings obstruct GPS signals, resulting in reduced GPS signal availability. We treat NLOS GPS signals as additional line-of-sight (LOS) GPS signals to virtual satellites at mirror-image positions. We calculate these satellite mirror-image positions and velocities using knowledge of building reflection surfaces estimated from available three-dimensional (3D) maps. We then create expected signal receptions to include NLOS GPS signal information at multiple potential navigation candidates. Following that, we use Direct Position Estimation (DPE) to obtain the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) navigation solution. The MLE navigation solution is the navigation candidate with the expected signal reception that produced the highest overall correlation against the actual received signal. We implemented DPE utilizing NLOS GPS signals on our software platform - PyGNSS. We conducted experiments in front of the 53 m by 40 m wind tunnel located at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The surface of the wind tunnel’s air intake valve is a dense metal mesh of grid size 1.8 cm, a reflector of GPS signals. We demonstrated through our experiment, an improvement in horizontal positioning accuracy by 40 m in comparison to conventional GPS positioning using scalar tracking.
Multidimensional assessment of self-regulated learning with middle school math students

This study examined the convergent and predictive validity of self-regulated learning (SRL) measures situated in mathematics. The sample included 100 eighth graders from a diverse, urban school district. Four measurement formats were examined including, 2 broad-based (i.e., self-report questionnaire and teacher ratings) and 2 task-specific measures (i.e., SRL microanalysis and behavioral traces). Convergent validity was examined across task-difficulty, and the predictive validity was examined across 3 mathematics outcomes: 2 measures of mathematical problem solving skill (i.e., practice session math problems, posttest math problems) and a global measure of mathematical skill (i.e., standardized math test). Correlation analyses were used to examine convergent validity and revealed medium correlations between measures within the same category (i.e., broad-based or task-specific). Relations between measurement classes were not statistically significant. Separate regressions examined the predictive validity of the SRL measures. While controlling all other predictors, a SRL microanalysis metacognitive-monitoring measure emerged as a significant predictor of all 3 outcomes and teacher ratings accounted for unique variance on 2 of the outcomes (i.e., posttest math problems and standardized math test). Results suggest that a multidimensional assessment approach should be considered by school psychologists interested in measuring SRL. (PsycINFO Database Record
An Expanding Universe

Shortly after completing the general theory of relativity, Einstein went on to apply his new theory to the universe as a whole.
Mumbai’s Marathi modernists: A memoir from the margins

AbstractThis memoir offers a personal account of the author’s engagement with the process of translating modernist Marathi poetry. The memoir prefaces a representative portfolio of the author’s English translations of post-1935 Marathi modernism, which brings together 16 poems by six important postcolonial poets: B.S. Mardhekar, P.S. Rege, Indira Sant, Vinda Karandikar, Mangesh Padgaonkar and Arun Kolatkar.
An Efficient Approach for Instance Selection

Nowadays, the volume of data that is produced challenges our capabilities of converting it in useful knowledge. Due to this, data mining approaches have been applied for extracting useful knowledge from this big data. In order to deal with the increasing size of datasets, techniques for instance selection have been applied for reducing the data to a manageable volume and, consequently, to reduce the computational resources that are necessary to apply data mining approaches. However, most of the proposed approaches for instance selection have a high time complexity and, due to this, they cannot be applied for dealing with big data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for instance selection called XLDIS. This approach adopts the notion of local density for selecting the most representative instances of each class of the dataset, providing a reasonably low time complexity. The approach was evaluated on 20 well-known datasets used in a classification task, and its performance was compared to those of 6 state-of-the-art algorithms, considering three measures: accuracy, reduction, and effectiveness. All the obtained results show that, in general, the XLDIS algorithm provides the best trade-off between accuracy and reduction.
Transparent side channel trigger mechanism on analog circuits with PAAST hardware Trojans

A transparent side channel trigger mechanism triggering Power/Area/Architecture and Signature Transparent (PAAST) analog hardware Trojans is discussed in this paper. By applying this trigger mechanism through normal supply bus, the circuit can be triggered to the Trojan state. Same as the stealth nature of PAAST Trojans, it doesn't require any additional area, any additional power, any structure modifications and it doesn't leave any signatures in either power domains or signal paths. This trigger mechanism can be applied on circuits with static Trojans or circuits with dynamic Trojans.
Relationships between cerebral structure and cognitive function in African Americans with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Background Relationships between cognitive function and brain structure remain poorly defined in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methods Cognitive testing and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in African Americans from the Diabetes Heart Study Memory IN Diabetes (n = 480) and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes MIND (n = 104) studies were examined for associations. Cerebral gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV) and white matter lesion volume (WMLV) and cognitive performance (Mini-mental State Exam [MMSE and 3MSE], Digit Symbol Coding (DSC), Stroop test, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) were recorded. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, scanner, intracranial volume, education, diabetes duration, HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, hypertension and cardiovascular disease assessed associations between cognitive tests and brain volumes by study and meta-analysis. Results Mean(SD) participant age was 60.1(7.9) years, diabetes duration 12.1(7.7) years, and HbA1c 8.3(1.7)%. In the fully-adjusted meta-analysis, lower GMV associated with poorer global performance on MMSE/3MSE ( β = 7.1 × 10−3, SE 2.4 × 10−3, p = 3.6 × 10−3), higher WMLV associated with poorer performance on DSC ( β = −3 × 10−2, SE 6.4 × 10−3, p = 5.2 × 10−5) and higher WMV associated with poorer MMSE/3MSE performance ( β = −7.1 × 10−3, SE = 2.4 × 10−3, p = 3.6 × 10−3). Conclusions In African Americans with diabetes, smaller GMV and increased WMLV associated with poorer performance on tests of global cognitive and executive function. These data suggest that WML burden and gray matter atrophy associate with cognitive performance independent of diabetes-related factors in this population.
Random processes in random environments

We shall give a brief survey of some random processes in random environments. Roughly speaking, our examples arise from models in which a phenomenon is described by a Markov process or chain. The Markov process in question is specified by a (usually infinite) number of parameters. Instead of assuming the parameters to be constant, we assume that the parameters themselves are subject to random fluctuations. In such situations it is conceptually helpful to describe the model in two stages. In the first stage the values of the parameters are chosen. Each realization of the parameter values constitutes a choice of the “random environment”. Once the environment has been fixed, it stays fixed forever. The second stage describes the evolution of the random process given the environment. In all our examples, the conditional behavior of the process, given the environment, is that of an inhomogeneous Markov process. In sections 3, 4 and 6 this Markov process actually has no random element left in it, but is deterministic.
Activity recognition for agent teams

Proficient teams can accomplish goals that would not otherwise be achievable by groups of uncoordinated individuals. This thesis addresses the problem of analyzing team activities from external observations and prior knowledge of the team's behavior patterns. There are three general classes of recognition cues that are potentially valuable for team activity/plan recognition: (1) spatial relationships between team members and/or physical landmarks that stay fixed over a period of time; (2) temporal dependencies between behaviors in a plan or between actions in a behavior; (3) coordination constraints between agents and the actions that they are performing. This thesis examines how to leverage available spatial, temporal, and coordination cues to perform offline multi-agent activity/plan recognition for teams with dynamic membership. In physical domains (military, athletic, or robotic), team behaviors often have an observable spatio-temporal structure, defined by the relative physical positions of team members and their relation to static landmarks. We suggest that this structure, along with temporal dependencies and coordination constraints defined by a team plan library, can be exploited to perform behavior recognition on traces of agent activity over time, even in the presence of uninvolved agents. Unlike prior work in team plan recognition where it is assumed that team membership stays constant over time, this thesis addresses the novel problem of recovering agent-to-team assignment for team tasks where team composition, the mapping of agents into teams, changes over time; this allows the analysis of more complicated tasks in which agents must periodically divide into subteams. This thesis makes four main contributions: (1) an efficient and robust technique for formation identification based on spatial relationships; (2) a new algorithm for simultaneously determining team membership and performing behavior recognition on spatio-temporal traces with dynamic team membership; (3) a general pruning technique based on coordination cues that improves the efficiency of plan recognition for dynamic teams; (4) methods for identifying player policies in team games that lack strong spatial, temporal, and coordination dependencies.
Formación docente: ¿Qué conocimiento distingue a los buenos maestros de química ?

Los resultados de la investigacion educativa desarrollada en los ultimos treinta anos han transformado nuestras concepciones mas elementales sobre el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje. Las teorias constructivistas del aprendizaje, que enfatizan el rol central de los alumnos en la construccion del conocimiento en el aula, se han convertido en el paradigma dominante ( Jenkins, 2000; Gil-Perez et al., 2002), y su influencia se ha extendido al proceso mismo de formacion del profesorado. Los planteamientos constructivistas no solo han puesto en la mesa del debate el que deben saber y saber hacer los profesores de ciencia (Brooks, 1999), sino tambien el como crear las condiciones para preparar buenos docentes (Richardson, 1997.)
Treatment of Corners in the Complex Variable Boundary Element Method

The treatment of corners in the complex variable boundary element method for simply-connected domains is considered. A methodology is developed for all possible combinations of Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions at the corner. It is shown that no special augmentation of the resulting matrix equations is necessary when one follows the guidelines set forth in this paper. The methodology is successfully applied to four example problems with available analytical solutions, and comparisons are also made with published results from a specialized real variable boundary element method corner-handling formulation.
Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women.

Background Immune Activation (IA) has been previously documented in both pregnant (PG) and non-PG HIV-1 infected (HIV+) women as well as in HIV- uninfected PG women; the latter as a result of the fetal allograft. To determine whether the combined effects of HIV and pregnancy result in increased IA and whether IA is associated with Microbial Translocation (MT), we performed a prospective, longitudinal, controlled study during pregnancy and the postpartum (PP) period. Methods HIV+ PG women had biomarkers of IA and MT tested at 12-20 weeks (T1), and 24-36 weeks (T2) of pregnancy and at 6-8 weeks Postpartum (T3). HIV+, non-PG women were tested at comparable time points. HIV- PG women were tested at T1 only. HIV+ women were not started on antiretroviral therapy (ART) until T1. Biomarkers of IA assessed included: CD4DR+, CD4CD38+, CD4DR+CD38+, CD8DR+, CD8CD38+, and CD8DR+CD38+. Biomarkers of MT included LPS, sCD14, and 16SrDNA. Results 30 HIV+PG women, 18 HIV+ non-PG and 10 HIV-PG were enrolled. In the HIV+ women, there were no differences in median age, viral load, % or absolute CD4 at entry. Significant differences between T1 and T2 and between T1 and T3 were noted in CD8DR+CD38+ in HIV+PG women after ART. CD4DR+, CD4DR+CD38+, and CD8DR+ decreased post ART in HIV+PG women but a decline in IA was less evident in HIV+ non-PG. LPS decreased post ART by T3 in both HIV+PG and HIV+ non-PG groups; 16SrDNA was elevated at all time points in both groups when compared to control values, and declined post ART in the HIV+PG group. A subgroup of HIV-PG at T1 had IA and MT as evidenced by several IA markers and increased LPS. Conclusion The degree of IA and MT was similar among HIV+PG and HIV+ non-PG women followed longitudinally. There was no incremental increase due to the combined effects of HIV and pregnancy. Several markers of IA and MT (LPS, 16SrDNA) decreased post ART. IA and MT occurred in a subgroup of HIV-PG women during the 1st trimester. Further study must be done to confirm whether MT consistently occurs in some healthy women during PG.
Agency and Insanity

This Article offers an unorthodox theory of insanity. According to the traditional theory, insanity is a cognitive or volitional incapacity arising from a mental disease or defect. As an alternative to the traditional theory, some commentators have proposed that insanity is an especially debilitating form of irrationality. Each of these theories faces fair-minded objections. In contrast to these theories, this Article proposes that a person is insane if and because he lacks a sense of agency. The theory of insanity it defends might therefore be called the lost-agency theory. According to the lost-agency theory, a person lacks a sense of agency when he experiences his mind and body moving but doesn’t experience himself as the author or agent of those movements. The title character in the movie Dr. Strangelove suffered from what’s known as alien hand syndrome. People suffering from this syndrome experience the moving hand as their hand but don’t experience themselves as the author or agent of its movements. The lost-agency theory portrays insanity as alien hand syndrome writ large. The insane actor is like someone possessed by an alien self. He’s not in charge of his mind or body when he commits the crime.
Depressive symptoms and executive function in relation to survival in patients with glioblastoma

Depression and neurocognitive function, particularly executive functioning (EF), have been associated with overall survival (OS) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, the combined effect of depressive symptoms and impaired EF upon OS has not been reported. Patients with GBM (N = 102) completed neuropsychological assessment postoperatively, including the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) and the Trail Making Test Part B (TMTB). Median splits were used to determine cut-points denoting elevated depressive symptoms on the BDI-II and impaired EF on TMTB. Patients were stratified into four groups: low depressive symptoms/low EF impairment (− Dep/− Imp; N = 23), high depressive symptoms/low EF impairment (+ Dep/− Imp; N = 28), low depressive symptoms/high EF impairment (− Dep/+Imp; N = 28), and high depressive symptoms/high EF impairment (+ Dep/+Imp; N = 23). The Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox regression were used to examine differences in survival between groups. Relative to − Dep/− Imp patients (median OS = 22.8 months), median OS in all other patient groups was shorter (+ Dep/− Imp OS = 16.6; − Dep/+Imp OS = 14.8; +Dep/+Imp OS = 10.8; all p < .05). With the exception of KPS and age, groups did not differ in distribution of clinical and demographic characteristics. Neither KPS nor age modified the independent effect of BDI-II and TMTB on OS in Cox regression models. The presence of depressive symptoms and impaired EF are independently associated with shorter OS in patients with GBM. These results suggest that routine neuropsychological assessment of mood and cognition may help refine prognosis and facilitate initiation of psychological and cognitive interventions, which can improve patient quality of life, and warrants further investigation.
Decoding Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer with Potential–pKa Diagrams: Applications to Catalysis

The applied potential at which [NiII(P2PhN2Bn)2]2+ (P2PhN2Bn = 1,5-dibenzyl-3,7-diphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane) catalyzes hydrogen production is reported to vary as a function of proton source p Ka in acetonitrile. By contrast, most molecular catalysts exhibit catalytic onsets at p Ka-independent potentials. Using experimentally determined thermochemical parameters associated with reduction and protonation, a coupled Pourbaix diagram is constructed for [NiII(P2PhN2Bn)2]2+. One layer describes proton-coupled electron transfer reactivity involving ligand-based protonation, and the second describes metal-based protonation. An overlay of this diagram with experimentally determined E cat/2 values spanning 15 p Ka units, along with complementary stopped-flow rapid mixing experiments to detect reaction intermediates, supports a mechanism in which the proton-coupled electron transfer processes underpinning the p Ka-dependent catalytic processes involve protonation of the ligand, not the metal center. For proton sources with p Ka values in the range 6-10.6, the initial species formed is the doubly reduced, doubly protonated species [Ni0(P2PhN2BnH)2]2+, despite a higher overpotential for this proton-coupled electron transfer reaction in comparison to forming the metal-protonated isomer. In this complex, each ligand is protonated in the exo position with the two amine moieties on each ligand binding a single proton and positioning it away from the metal center. This species undergoes very slow isomerization to form an endo-protonated hydride species [HNiII(P2PhN2Bn)(P2PhN2BnH)]2+ that can release hydrogen to close the catalytic cycle. Importantly, this slow isomerization does not perturb the initially established proton-coupled electron transfer equilibrium, placing catalysis under thermodynamic control. New details revealed about the reaction mechanism from the coupled Pourbaix diagram and the complementary stopped-flow studies lead to predictions as to how this p Ka-dependent activity might be engendered in other molecular catalysts for multi-electron, multi-proton transformations.
A New Wave of Thinking in Psychology: Relationality Versus Abstractionism

The new wave of theoretical psychology is first described. Variously termed strong relationality or ontological hermeneutics, the new wave is shown to have two main thrusts in theoretical psychology: 1) it forms the hidden unity of cutting-edge theoretical work, and 2) it spurs the decreasing use of its more influential Western rival, ontological abstractionism. As we explain, abstractionist assumptions have led psychologists to many conceptual blind spots, intellectual dead ends, and self-defeating patterns of living. Yet, as theoretical psychologists have turned to strong relationality, the hold of old abstractionist assumptions has been so influential that truly relational conceptions have rarely been fully developed. Consequently, the bulk of this chapter explicates important distinctions between the two ontologies. These comparisons also illustrate some of the hidden influences of abstractionism in psychology and Western culture in order to clear a conceptual space for relationality. Examples are provided of how a relational alternative is being developed more fully in psychology’s theoretical community.
Chronic rhino-sinusitis treatment in children with cystic fibrosis: A cross-sectional survey of pediatric pulmonologists and otolaryngologists

Abstract Objectives Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); however, no clinical care guidelines currently exist for the management of CRS in these patients. As a result, there is variation in the treatment of CRS in children, especially when it comes to the frequency of surgery for nasal polyposis. Methods A 28-question survey was sent to pediatric otolaryngologists (POs) and pulmonologists (PPs) who care for pediatric CF patients. Questions assessed the level of agreement that practitioners had with various approaches to CRS care in pediatric CF patients. Results Responses from 114 POs and 50 PPs were included in our final analysis. Each group demonstrated significantly different approaches to the medical and surgical management of CRS in pediatric CF patients. POs prefer multi-modal approach while PPs prefer single-modal approaches. With respect to medical management, PPs incline towards IV antibiotics while POs tend toward oral steroids. Conclusion POs and PPs strongly agree that CRS has an impact on overall disease state and quality of life of pediatric CF patients. However, POs and PPs significantly differ in their approach to treating CRS, demonstrating a potential need for clinical care guidelines for the management these common sequelae of CF.
Distal Biceps Repair Using a Unicortical Intramedullary Button Technique: A Case Series

Purpose Although surgical repair of distal biceps tendon rupture improves functional outcomes compared with nonsurgical treatments, the choice of operative technique remains a matter of preference. This study retrospectively examined outcomes from a repair technique using a volar distal biceps reinsertion secured with a unicortical intramedullary button in the proximal radial tuberosity to determine its safety and functional outcomes. Methods A single fellowship-trained shoulder and elbow surgeon treated 27 men, average age 48 years (range, 25–66 years), between 2012 and 2016. Patient-reported outcomes included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) satisfaction scores and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. Average patient follow-up was 24 months. Results This series had an overall complication rate of 39.3% (11 of 28): 9 lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuropraxias, one radial sensory nerve irritation, and one superficial infection. No complications of peripheral nerve injury, proximal radioulnar synostosis, or rerupture were observed. Results (mean ± SD) demonstrated low disability (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score = 2.9 ± 5.3), high satisfaction (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score = 9.3 ± 1.4), and acceptable performance (Mayo Elbow Performance Score = 97.7 ± 6.3). Subcategory analysis identified a correlation between time to surgery and complications. Disability scores were higher in patients with workers' compensation claims versus private insurance (mean, 11.0 vs 1.1). Conclusions Further trials are required to compare the results and complication rates of this unicortical intramedullary button procedure with other established methods. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Global Health Organizations: What They Are and How They Work

Within the sphere of global health, there are many different types of organizations working to achieve similar goals but through different methods. Understanding just what these different organizations are sheds light on what and how they operate and what their motivations are for the work they do. First we will explore the general categories of these organizations, which are governmental organizations, nonprofit organizations, and for-profit organizations. Following that, we will look more in depth at different types of organizations that fall under the different categories and explore how they operate and how they all work together to their mutual benefit.
Random Differential Privacy

We propose a relaxed privacy definition called {\em random differential privacy} (RDP). Differential privacy requires that adding any new observation to a database will have small effect on the output of the data-release procedure. Random differential privacy requires that adding a {\em randomly drawn new observation} to a database will have small effect on the output. We show an analog of the composition property of differentially private procedures which applies to our new definition. We show how to release an RDP histogram and we show that RDP histograms are much more accurate than histograms obtained using ordinary differential privacy. We finally show an analog of the global sensitivity framework for the release of functions under our privacy definition.
Shifts Along a Spectrum: A Longitudinal Study of the Western Eurasian Realized Climate Niche

Climate niches that modern humans and earlier hominin ancestors occupied have changed dramatically over time, but the extent of those changes has gone largely undocumented. This study investigates ...
Single Ablative Fractional Resurfacing Laser Treatment For Forearm Actinic Keratoses: 6-Month Follow-Up Data From An Intrapatient Comparison Between Treated and Untreated Sites.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Actinic keratoses (AK) are common pre-cancerous lesions, which are associated with ultraviolet light exposure and aging. Wounding therapies such as fractionated laser resurfacing (FLR) have been previously demonstrated to effectively treat facial AK. However, the effectiveness of FLR on other sites commonly afflicted with AK has not been studied in detail. Previously, our group has reported that treatment of aged skin with wounding therapies including dermabrasion and ablative fractionated resurfacing results in the removal of senescent fibroblasts and normalizing the pro-carcinogenic acute ultraviolet B radiation responses associated with aged skin. The current studies were designed to test the effectiveness of FLR of the forearm skin of subjects aged 60 and older to remove AKs. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Between February 2018 and March 2019, 30 subjects were enrolled in a study, in which they underwent a single FLR treatment of one extremity including the dorsal forearm, wrist, and dorsal hand. The number of AKs was recorded on both extremities at baseline, 3 and 6 months in a blinded fashion. Side effects of the FLR were documented. RESULTS A single FLR treatment resulted in a 62% reduction in the absolute number of AK in the treated arm at 6 months post-treatment. The laser treatment was well-tolerated without major complications. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that FLR using settings, which have demonstrated to remove senescent fibroblasts and normalize the pro-carcinogenic UVB-response of aged skin is a potentially effective and safe field therapy treatment that should be studied for long-term efficacy for use in treating upper extremity AKs. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the Narrative: An Analysis of the Racial Discourse Embedded in State Takeover

A growing number of states are using state-run school districts to take over and improve persistently under-performing schools. There is a need for research on the policy discourse used by educatio...
CARDIOPULMONARY RESPONSE TO CEREBRAL TRAUMATIZATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cardiopulmonary response to cerebral traumatization. In a study described in the chapter, out of 12 common laboratory animals tested, only rats consistently developed a massive hemorrhage and pulmonary edema immediately following a lethal blow to the occiput. Other species showed a lung compliance decrease and altered surfactants but lung wet/dry weight ratios remained near normal. Whatever tendency most species have toward the eventual development of lung edema following cerebral traumatization, the onset of this edema is usually delayed. In most experimental studies, survivors are terminated shortly after the blow. Possible causes of the likely subsequent development of edema as found in man could include high transpulmonary pressures associated with a lung compliance decrease and also altered surfactants. Histological studies from cats exposed to head injury from lung sections frozen within 30 s of the blow showed that the airways and alveolar ducts remained open and unconstricted. Other studies also showed a decreased airway resistance following experimental mechanical head injury in cats.
Perioperative Precision Medicine: Where Are We in 2020?

Purpose of review The present review examines how targeted approaches to care, based on individual variability in patient characteristics, could be applied in the perioperative setting. Such an approach would enhance individualized risk assessment and allow for targeted preventive and therapeutic decision-making in patients at increased risk for adverse perioperative events. Recent findings Prior and current studies highlight valuable lessons on how future investigations attempting to link specific patient-related characteristics or treatment modalities with outcomes and adverse drug responses might be designed in the perioperative setting. Summary Our review highlights the past, present, and future directions of perioperative precision medicine. Current evidence provides important lessons on how a specific patient and disease tailored approach can help perioperative physicians in delivering the most appropriate and safest perioperative care.
Analysis of the results in control of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Shangli County and Yuanzhou District of Jiangxi Province in 2014

Objective To evaluate the control effects on coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Shangli County and Yuanzhou District of Jiangxi Province in 2014. Methods Self-evaluation at the county level was carried out in all diseased villages in Shangli County and Yuanzhou District, including 145 villages of Shangli County and 32 villages of Yuanzhou District. Review at the provincial level was based on the results of self-evaluation of the county, 3 towns were chosen in each county (district), 3 villages were chosen in each town, a total of 18 villages were re-checked in Shangli County and Yuanzhou District, and 10 households were chosen to re-check in each village. According to the project requirements for endemic disease control, in all diseased villages of Shangli County and Yuanzhou District, self-evaluation results of the county was used to evaluate the status of the improved and the used stoves, and dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12. Review at the provincial level was carried, and the results were evaluated based on "the Standards for Control Criteria for Endemic Fluorosis Areas" (GB 17017-2010) and "Elimination of Coal-burning-borne Endemic Fluorosis". Results Self-evaluation of the county: 110 443 households in Shangli County and 20 280 households in Yuanzhou District were investigated, the qualified rates of improved stoves were 92.45% (102 109/110 443) and 98.28% (19 932/20 280), respectively; the correct-usage rates of qualified stoves were 93.46% (95 427/102 109) and 98.47% (19 627/19 932), respectively. Dental fluorosis of 28 772 children were examined, the number of dental fluorosis was 5 730, the prevalence rate of dental fluorosis was 19.92% (5 730/28 772); Shangli County and Yuanzhou District were up to the standard of fluorosis control, the rates of control were 95.17% (138/145) and 100.00% (32/32), respectively. Review at the provincial level: 180 households were selected, the qualified numbers of improved stoves and the correct-usage of qualified stoves were 179 and 177, respectively, the qualified rate of improved stoves was 99.44% (179/180) and the correct-usage rates of qualified stoves was 98.88% (177/179). Dental fluorosis of 805 children were examined, the number of dental fluorosis was 139, the prevalence rate of dental fluorosis was 17.27% (139/805). The consistency rate of county-level and provincial-level was 88.89% (16/18). Conclusion The control efficiency for coal-burning-borne fluorides in Shangli County and Yuanzhou District of Jiangxi Province is obvious, the prevalence is under control. Key words: Fluorides; Coal; Outcome assessment
1 – THE ECONOMIC APPROACH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the perspectives of the economic approach. In the economic sphere, an act, a habit, an institution, a law produces not only one effect, but a series of effects. Of these effects, the first alone is immediate; it appears simultaneously with its cause and, therefore, it is seen. The other effects emerge only subsequently. There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: the bad economist confines himself to the visible effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must have been seen before. Positive economics differs from normative economics in that: positive economics deals with how people react to changes in benefits, whereas normative economics deals with how people react to changes in costs. It remains uncertain whether higher taxes will reduce employment in the private sector or public service jobs provided by the government and financed by higher taxes will expand total employment.
Gel Electrocatalysts: An Emerging Material Platform for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

Seeking sustainable and cost-effective energy sources is one of the significant challenges for the sustainable development of modern society. To date, considerable expectations have been held for technologies, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, where the performance strongly depends on electrochemical conversion processes that can generate and store chemical energy through the breaking or formation of chemical bonds. However, those advanced technologies are severely limited by the efficiency, selectivity, and durability of electrocatalysis. Thanks to their hierarchically porous architecture, compositional and structural tunability, and ease of functionalization, the family of gel materials opens exciting opportunities for advanced energy technologies. Unique advances in gel materials based on controllable compositions and functions enable gel electrocatalysts to potentially break the limitations of current materials, enhancing the device performance of electrochemical energy. Here, recent developments and challenges for nanostructured gel-based materials for electrocatalysis applications are summarized. Future possibilities and challenges for gel electrocatalysts in terms of synthesis and applications are also discussed.
Disability Rating Scale in the First Few Weeks After a Severe Traumatic Brain Injury as a Predictor of 6-Month Functional Outcome

Background An early acute marker of long-term neurological outcome would be useful to help guide clinical decision making and therapeutic effectiveness after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated the utility of the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) as early as 1 wk after TBI as a predictor of favorable 6-mo Glasgow Outcome Scale extended (GOS-E). Objective To determine the predictability of a favorable 6-mo GOS-E using the DRS measured during weeks 1 to 4 of injury. Methods The study is a sub analysis of patients enrolled in the Epo Severe TBI Trial (n = 200) to train and validate L1-regularized logistic regression models. DRS was collected at weeks 1 to 4 and GOS-E at 6 mo. Results The average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82 for the model with baseline demographic and injury severity variables and week 1 DRS and increased to 0.88 when including weekly DRS until week 4. Conclusion This study suggests that week 1 to 4 DRS may be predictors of favorable 6-mo outcome in severe TBI patients and thus useful both for clinical prognostication as well as surrogate endpoints for adaptive clinical trials.
Consumer Behaviors Regarding Sustainability that affect Demands Shaping Corporate Social Responsibility Policies in Fashion and Hospitality Industries

The purpose of this research was to increase consumer awareness on sustainability because knowledge is an antecedent to behavioral change. Students in a senior-level, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) course attended a virtual lecture to learn about aspects of consumer sovereignty. An assignment was developed to support course learning objectives about socially responsible business practices. Through employment of the theory of constructivist learning and survey research, we confirmed that, collectively, students possess attitude behavior gaps and are influenced by family, social media, and peer pressure – all of which were incorporated into a discussion about consumer sovereignty and pro-environment attitude behavior gap.