cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The EU’s 1999 communication review: an American perspective

Highlights selected issues, co‐ordination costs, information, radio spectrum and universal service, and goes on to assess the impact of the EU’s Review on international competition and convergence. Summarizes that the future outlined in the review obliges continuing efforts to harmonize national information collection.
Stem: An Interactive Approach for Training and Evaluating Teacher Trainees in Special Education

The development, field testing, and revision of a competency-based program guide and interactive evaluation system being used to train preservice teachers in special education at the University of ...
Density method for liquid fraction of distillate wax precipitates

Abstract The process of forming a chilled distillate fuel wax precipitate and collecting it by filtration results in a cavernous filter cake structure. Entrainment of would be filtrate liquid becomes inevitable. However, the liquid fraction of distillate wax precipitate can be easily estimated with increasing accuracy the lower the filtration temperature is below the freeze point. The only data required are room temperature density for samples of precipitate and filtrate, and a whole fuel gas chromatogram. The method saves the time consuming step of analysing for a fuel component or dye molecule that does not crystallize as a tag in the liquid of the precipitate.
Hierarchical pictorial structures for simultaneously localizing multiple organs in volumetric pre-scan CT

Parsing volumetric computed tomography (CT) into 10 or more salient organs simultaneously is a challenging task with many applications such as personalized scan planning and dose reporting. In the clinic, pre-scan data can come in the form of very low dose volumes acquired just prior to the primary scan or from an existing primary scan. To localize organs in such diverse data, we propose a new learning based framework that we call hierarchical pictorial structures (HPS) which builds multiple levels of models in a tree-like hierarchy that mirrors the natural decomposition of human anatomy from gross structures to finer structures. Each node of our hierarchical model learns (1) the local appearance and shape of structures, and (2) a generative global model that learns probabilistic, structural arrangement. Our main contribution is twofold. First we embed the pictorial structures approach in a hierarchical framework which reduces test time image interpretation and allows for the incorporation of additional geometric constraints that robustly guide model fitting in the presence of noise. Second we guide our HPS framework with the probabilistic cost maps extracted using random decision forests using volumetric 3D HOG features which makes our model fast to train and fast to apply to novel test data and posses a high degree of invariance to shape distortion and imaging artifacts. All steps require approximate 3 mins to compute and all organs are located with suitably high accuracy for our clinical applications such as personalized scan planning for radiation dose reduction. We assess our method using a database of volumetric CT scans from 81 subjects with widely varying age and pathology and with simulated ultra-low dose cadaver pre-scan data.
Ab initio maximum likelihood reconstruction from cryo electron microscopy images of an infectious virion of the tailed bacteriophage P22 and maximum likelihood versions of Fourier Shell Correlation appropriate for measuring resolution of spherical or cylindrical objects.

Abstract A maximum likelihood reconstruction method for an asymmetric reconstruction of the infectious P22 bacteriophage virion is described and demonstrated on a subset of the images used in [Lander, G.C., Tang, L., Casjens, S.R., Gilcrease, E.B., Prevelige, P., Poliakov, A., Potter, C.S., Carragher, B., Johnson, J.E., 2006. The structure of an infectious P22 virion shows the signal for headful DNA packaging. Science 312(5781), 1791–1795]. The method makes no assumptions at any stage regarding the structure of the phage tail or the relative rotational orientation of the phage tail and capsid but rather the structure and the rotation angle are determined as a part of the analysis. A statistical method for determining resolution consistent with maximum likelihood principles based on ideas for cylinders analogous to the ideas for spheres that are embedded in the Fourier Shell Correlation method is described and demonstrated on the P22 reconstruction. With a correlation threshold of .95, the resolution in the tail measured radially is greater than 0.0301 A - 1 (33.3 A) and measured axially is greater than 0.0142 A - 1 (70.6 A) both with probability p = 0.02 .
Effects of reverberation on brainstem representation of speech in musicians and non-musicians.

Perceptual and neurophysiological enhancements in linguistic processing in musicians suggest that domain specific experience may enhance neural resources recruited for language specific behaviors. In everyday situations, listeners are faced with extracting speech signals in degraded listening conditions. Here, we examine whether musical training provides resilience to the degradative effects of reverberation on subcortical representations of pitch and formant-related harmonic information of speech. Brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) were recorded from musicians and non-musician controls in response to the vowel /i/ in four different levels of reverberation and analyzed based on their spectro-temporal composition. For both groups, reverberation had little effect on the neural encoding of pitch but significantly degraded neural encoding of formant-related harmonics (i.e., vowel quality) suggesting a differential impact on the source-filter components of speech. However, in quiet and across nearly all reverberation conditions, musicians showed more robust responses than non-musicians. Neurophysiologic results were confirmed behaviorally by comparing brainstem spectral magnitudes with perceptual measures of fundamental (F0) and first formant (F1) frequency difference limens (DLs). For both types of discrimination, musicians obtained DLs which were 2–4 times better than non-musicians. Results suggest that musicians’ enhanced neural encoding of acoustic features, an experience-dependent effect, is more resistant to reverberation degradation which may explain their enhanced perceptual ability on behaviorally relevant speech and/or music tasks in adverse listening conditions.
Exploring a Community of Practice Model for Professional Development to Address Challenges to Classroom Practices in Early Childhood

This study explored whether or not, and how, an on-site and research–teacher community of practice model for professional development addressed the challenges to classroom practices in a Head Start program. Data sources included interviews with teachers, videos of planning and teaching sessions, and the researchers' fieldwork log and reflective notes. Qualitative analysis revealed (a) five major challenges to classroom practice that aligned with previous research—existing practices did not always cohere with research-based practice, lack of teacher buy-in, lack of planning between the lead and assistant teachers, lack of assistant teacher participation in instruction, and high teacher turnover; (b) five aspects of professional development that aligned with the community of practice model—sharing stories with teachers, being on-site and interacting with teachers and children, inviting all teachers to participate, beginning by building on existing practices, and negotiating practices by reflecting with teac...
The Global Health System: Actors, Norms, and Expectations in Transition

In the first in a series of four articles highlighting the changing nature of global health institutions, Nicole Szlezak and colleagues outline the origin and aim of the series.
Antisocial personality disorder and aggression in recently abstinent cocaine dependent subjects

To study the relationship between cocaine abstinence symptoms, personality, and aggression, we used the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) to measure aggression in 18 subjects admitted for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Eight subjects met criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). There was a significant correlation between presence of ASPD and frequency of aggressive responding by stepwise multiple regression. When presence of ASPD was factored out of the correlations, there was no significant relationship between aggressive responding and cocaine craving, withdrawal symptoms, amount of cocaine used, or length of time since use. These preliminary results suggest that in cocaine dependent individuals seeking treatment, current aggression is most dependent on the individual's previous aggressive behavior.
Successful management of gastrojejunal strictures after gastric bypass: is timing important?

Abstract Background Endoscopic balloon dilation is an effective treatment of gastrojejunal (GJ) strictures after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), although its success might depend on the point at which they occur postoperatively. We hypothesized that "late" strictures (≥90 d after RYGB) might be less amenable to balloon dilations than "early" strictures occurring within 90 days postoperatively. Methods A review of a prospectively maintained database at a bariatric center was conducted to identify all patients who underwent upper endoscopy (UE) for investigation of gastrointestinal symptoms after RYGB. Those who were diagnosed with a GJ anastomotic stricture at endoscopy were selected for additional evaluation. The patients were classified into 1 of 3 groups, according to the point at which they presented with stricture symptoms (group 1, 0–90 d after RYGB; group 2, 91–365 d after RYGB; and group 3, >1 yr after RYGB). All strictures were dilated using through-the-scope controlled radial expansion balloons. Results From July 2006 to July 2009, 929 RYGB procedures were performed in our bariatric unit. Our surgical endoscopy team performs approximately 1500 UE investigations annually. Most investigations were for preoperative assessment of bariatric patients; however, a proportion is indicated for the investigation of postoperative weight regain and complications of foregut surgery, as well as endoluminal surgery. In the present study period, 591 gastric bypass patients underwent UE for investigation of gastrointestinal symptoms postoperatively. In total, 72 patients were diagnosed with a symptomatic GJ anastomotic stricture and underwent balloon dilation. Almost two thirds (63.9%) of the dilations were performed within 90 days after RYGB; 98% of these "early" strictures resolved with dilation. In comparison, of the "late" strictures, only 61% (16 of 26 patients) resolved and 38.5% (n = 10) required revisional surgery for additional management. Conclusion Endoscopic balloon dilation is effective in treating early GJ strictures after RYGB. Late strictures are less amenable to endoscopic dilation and often require revisional surgery. Patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms after RYGB warrant early investigation with UE to investigate for a GJ stricture, which if present, should be promptly dilated.
Vδ1 and Vδ2 γδ T cells express distinct surface markers and might be developmentally distinct lineages

We report here that the two major types of gammadelta T cells found in human blood, Vdelta1 and Vdelta2, were found to have markedly different phenotypes. Vdelta2 cells had a phenotype typical of most alphabeta T cells in blood; i.e., they were CD5(+), CD28(+), and CD57(-). In contrast, Vdelta1 cells tended to be CD5(-/dull), CD28(-), and CD57(+). Furthermore, although Vdelta1 T cells appeared to be "naive" in that they were CD45RA(+), they were CD62L(-) and on stimulation uniformly produced interferon-gamma, indicating that they are in fact memory/effector cells. This phenotype for Vdelta1 cells was similar to that of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, a subset that can develop in the absence of the thymus. We suggest that the Vdelta1 and Vdelta2 T cell subsets represent distinct lineages with different developmental pathways. The disruption of the supply of normal, thymus-derived T cells in HIV-infected individuals might be responsible for the shift in the Vdelta2/Vdelta1 ratio that occurs in the blood of individuals with HIV disease.
RELATIVE HYPERMETABOLISM IN INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE AND UNDERNUTRITION.

1. Twenty-one infants with various forms of congenital heart disease leading to congestive heart failure, arterial unsaturation, or a combination of both events were studied with respect to resting oxygen consumption. Comparison was made with 21 control infants considered to be of normal growth and to have normal cardiac and respiratory systems. 2. Mean oxygen consumption for infants with heart disease was 9.3±2.4 ml/min/ kg compared to 7.3±0.8 ml/mm/kg for controls. Markedly undergrown infants with heart disease (60% or less of the 50th percentile weight for age) had a mean oxygen consumption of 10.9±1.4 ml/mm/kg compared to a mean of 7.5±2.0 ml/min/kg for infants with heart disease who were greater than 60% of the 50th percentile weight for age. Relative hypermetabolism seemed to relate to the degree of undernutrition rather than to any specific clinical finding. 3. Possible mechanisms of undernutrition and of relative hypermetabolism in the infant with heart disease are discussed.
Patterns and Correlates of Supervision in Child Pedestrian Injury

Described supervision in 142 child pedestrian injuries (PI), based on presence and proximity of supervisors and/or peers. Children (5-12 years), families, sites, and PI events were described via record reviews, interviews, questionnaires, and site investigation. Supervision of PI victims varied with family size and cohesion, and with children's age, self-help skills, nearness to home, and activity (playing or journey). Peer presence was associated with more impulsive behavior among supervised (but not among unsupervised) PI victims. Definitions of supervision parameters offered here can aid research on the complex relationship between supervision and PI risk.
Mixed Convection Along a Wavy Surface

The results of a study of mixed-convection flow along a wavy surface are presented. The forced-convection component of the heat transfer contains two harmonics. The amplitude of the first harmonic is proportional to the amplitude of the wavy surface; the second harmonic is proportional to the square of this amplitude. Thus, for a slightly wavy surface, only the influence of the first harmonic can be detected. The natural-convection component is a second harmonic, with a frequency twice that of the wavy surface. Since natural convection has a cumulative effect, the second harmonic eventually becomes the dominant component far downstream from the leading edge where forced convection is the dominant heat transfer mode. The results also demonstrate that the total mixed-convection heat flux along a wavy surface is smaller than that of a flat surface.
Individual differences and Pearson's r: Rationality revealed?

Regardless of the clarity of the patterns they produce, individual differences in reasoning cannot validate norms of rationality. With improved reliability, these correlations will simply reveal which sorts of biases go together and which predict the intelligence of the decision maker. It seems necessary, therefore, to continue efforts to define rational thought independently of intelligence.
Subjective Change and Its Consequences for Emotional Well-Being

This study investigates the impact of subjective changes in the execution of the roles of spouse, worker, and parent on the level and structure of positive and negative affect. According to the self-theory of subjective change, perceived improvement and decline are unsettling because each violate standards of self-conception, but perceived stability satisfies the organismic desire for homeostasis. Therefore individuals who perceive more changes in themselves should report more negative and less positive affect, compared with individuals who feel they have remained the same. The context-dependence theory of affects also argues that the correlation of negative and positive affect is strong when individuals are distressed and modest when they are in homeostasis. Thus, the correlation of positive and negative should approach unity as individuals perceive more change in themselves. Data are from the MIDUS study and sample (N = 3,032) of adults between the ages of 25 and 74. Respondents completed scales of positive and negative affect, and evaluated their current and past (10 years ago) functioning as spouses (or close relationship), in work, and as parents (relationship with their children). The correlation of positive and negative affect approached unity at the highest levels of perceived improvement, r = −.93, and at the highest levels of perceived decline, r = −.90, but was modestly correlated at no change, r = −.52. Moreover, the level of positive affect was lower, and negative affect was higher, among adults who perceived more improvement as well as declines, compared with adults who remained the same. Implications for the study of objective life events as well as health interventions are discussed.
A gain-clamped, crosstalk free, vertical cavity lasing semiconductor optical amplifier for WDM applications

We have fabricated and tested a semiconductor optical amplifier that is gain clamped by vertical cavity lasing and amplifies horizontally with 25 dB crosstalk suppression.
Nuevas fronteras tecnológicas en materia de gerencia en América Latina

Explora las nuevas fronteras tecnologicas, conceptuales y tecnicas de gestion en los paises de la region para el exito de nuevas propuestas de reforma administrativa del Estado, como la formacion de gerentes en lo que las instituciones de ensenanza superior tendrian un papel importante.
Exploring the Space of Whole-Group Case Retrieval in Making Group Recommendations

Case-Based Reasoning has been studied as a methodology to support ratings-based collaborative recommendation, but this predominantly targets the context of an individual end-user. There are, however, many circumstances where several people participating together in a group activity could benefit from recommendations tailored to the group as a whole. Group recommendation has received comparatively little attention overall, and recent research has largely focused on making straightforward individual recommendations for each group member and then aggregating the results. But this examines only the context of the target group, and does not take advantage of other, previous group contexts as a first-class element of the knowledge base. Recent research investigated how case-based reasoning approaches can be applied to retrieve and reuse whole previous groups as a basis for recommendation and showed an advantage over traditional aggregation approaches. In this paper we focus on further exploration of the space. We present our approach for case-based group recommendation, as well as evaluation results across conditions for group size and homogeneity. Results show that foundational group-to-group approaches outperform individual-to-group recommendations across a wide range of group contexts.
Responses of Woody Plant Cells to Freezing

The ability to survive adverse winter conditions is an important characteristic of woody perennial plants residing in the temperate zone and boreal forests. Species adapted to these regions must be able to over-winter and survive freezing temperatures, and in turn, differences in the capacity of species and taxa to survive low temperatures affects the regions in which these plants can grow. For example, low mid-winter temperatures generally limit where ornamental landscape species can be grown successfully. In addition, the selection of favorable sites to lessen the likelihood of freezing injury is a primary consideration affecting the location of commercial fruit and nut plantings in temperate regions. Besides affecting the distribution of woody plants, low winter temperatures often cause economic losses in existing plantings. Due to the importance of low temperature stress, many researchers have studied how woody plant cells respond during freezing. The goal of this research has been to understand how woody plants are injured by freezing, and identify characteristics that account for differences in cold hardiness among woody taxa.
Disturbances of Reading and Writing

A review of early accounts of dysphasia (Benton and Joynt, 1960) credits Valerus Maximus in 30 A.D. with the earliest description of acquired dyslexia: a case of head injury producing an isolated acquired dyslexia. After an interval of almost two millenia, sporadic reports of acquired dyslexia became more common in the 1800’s but definitive steps toward understanding the acquired disorders of written language were not made until Dejerine (1891, 1892). His descriptions of the clinical findings and anatomical correlations of acquired dyslexia, with and without dysgraphia, remain essentially unaltered as the foundation of the study of disorders of written language.
Dalits and Maoists in Nepal's civil war: between synergy and co-optation

This paper examines the role of Dalits in Nepal's 1996–2006 civil war (or ‘Maoist People's War’) through field research conducted in 2014 in three villages in mid-western and mid-eastern Nepal. The aim of the paper is to illuminate Dalit struggles at the village level which have gone more or less unnoticed both in academic literature and in civil society debate in metropolitan Nepal. Dalit activists in certain locations had been mobilizing under the radar for many years before the People's War. These activists were able to co-opt the Maoist guerrilla movement at the local level to oppose caste discrimination, while arguably, being themselves afterwards co-opted into the Maoists’ national campaign for state power. Empirically, this paper uses detailed findings about changes in caste discrimination practices in three villages where Maoist–Dalit interactions varied greatly to assess the successes and failures of this local level Dalit activism. Theoretically, it parses this episode of activism through debate...
THE GENUS CLITOCYBULA

SUMMARY A monograph of the North American species of Clitocybula (Singer) Metrod is presented. This genus belongs to the Tricholomataceae of the Agaricales. Clitocybula lacerata (Scop. per Pollini) Metrod, C. familia (Peck) Singer, C. oculus (Peck) Singer, C. abundans (Peck) Singer, C. atrialba (Murrill) Singer, and C. oculata (Murrill) Bigelow, comb. nov., are described. The new combination Clitocybula familia var. compressa (Romagnesi) Bigelow also is proposed. The species of this genus belong to the Tricholomataceae and were originally placed either in Collybia, Clitocybe, or Omphalina. It is now recognized that these species appear to represent quite a homogeneous group, perhaps even a "natural" group, and generic rank has been assigned to it by Metrod (1952). Most of the taxa have been well recognized for some time, but the traditional emphasis on gill attachment understandably led Peck, Murrill, and Kauffman to place the Clitocybulas in the above mentioned genera. In Europe, until rather recently, only Clitocybula lacerata (Scop. per Pollini) Metrod was known. The diagnostic characters of Clitocybula are the absence of pleurocystidia and a cellular hypoderm, the presence of frequent broad hyphae which are thick-walled and pilocystidia. Corollary characters are: growth on wood, amyloid smooth spores, similar pigmentation, and a cespitose habit in most species. If the species of Clitocybula were to be placed in Friesian genera, then Mycena must be considered as well as Collybia, Clitocybe and Omphalina. In the cartilaginous-pliant lignicolous species of Mycena (sect. Typicae sensu Smith, 1947) there are actually more characters in common with the Clitocybulas than can be found between Clitocybula and any of the other three genera. A series of extant species actually exists connecting Clitocybula and Mycena when the C. familia group is considered nearest Mycena and C. atrialba and C. oculata the most distant. A difference between Clitocybula and Mycena does exist in the combination of the absence of a cellular hypoderm and pleurocystidia in Clitocybula, and the presence of thick-walled hyphae in the basidiocarp of the latter. Perhaps a species like Mycena
Structure and surface energy of the surfactant layer on the alveolar surface: inaccuracies and their correction.

The article of Kashchiev and Exerowa (Eur Biophys J 30:34–41) is shown to incorporate a number of inaccuracies that fit the categories "historical", "anatomical", and "biophysical". These inaccuracies are corrected by reference to published research reports from 1978 to 1998. The monolayer-bilayer model proposed by Kashchiev and Exerowa may be thermodynamically correct in vitro, but has not been related to the structure of the alveolar surface in vivo, which is that of a foam ("the alveolar surface network").
EFFECT OF NONIONIC DETERGENTS ON ELECTROPHORETIC DISTRIBUTION OF I-131-LABELED-THYROID HORMONES IN SERUM.

SummaryThe conventional patterns of radioactivity observed after filter paper electrophoresis of serum containing I-131-labeled thyroxine or triiodothyronine were altered by addition of nonionic surface-active agents in vitro. Triton X-100 or Tween 80 added to serum interfered with the binding of T4-I-131 or T3-I-131 by TEG and resulted in the migration of radio-hormones in the zone of the gamma globulins. The concentration of radioactivity found in the region of the gamma globulins depended on the quantity of non-ionic detergent which had been added to the serum.
Downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β in Shp-2 mutant fibroblast cell lines

Downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β in Shp-2 mutant fibroblast cell lines
Reduction in blood transfusion in a cohort of infants having cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass after instituting a goal-directed transfusion policy

Background:Current trends in pediatric cardiac surgery and anesthesiology include goal-directed allogeneic blood transfusion, but few studies address the transfusion of platelets and cryoprecipitate. We report a quality improvement initiative to reduce the transfusion of platelets and cryoprecipitate in infants having cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods:Data from 50 consecutive patients weighing four to ten kilograms having cardiac surgery with CPB were prospectively collected after the institution of a policy to obtain each patient’s platelet and fibrinogen levels during the rewarming phase of CPB. Data from 48 consecutive patients weighing four to ten kilograms having cardiac surgery with CPB prior to the implementation of the policy change were retrospectively collected. Demographics, laboratory values and blood product transfusion data were compared between the groups, using the Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test or the T-Test/Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, as appropriate.Results:The result...
Evaluating the Impact of the Home Environment on Family Caregivers

Date Presented 4/16/2015 The In-Home Occupational Performance Evaluation for Providing Assistance is a reliable and valid tool to measure caregiver support, self-efficacy, and barriers in the environment. Researchers and clinicians can use this tool to guide and assess home modification interventions to support caregivers.
Improving the Trust Relationship between the Government and Publics at the Visual Threshold of Service-oriented Government

A good trust relationship between publics and government is the foundation of consolidating and strengthening the political legitimacy. Promotion and practice of the serving spirits by service-oriented government make up an ideal measure of avoiding current administrative crisis the government is faced with and improving the faith in our government.But according to the real background of constructing service-oriented government,it is presented that government itself are still faced with the difficult environment of effective administration with public affair management becoming increasingly complicated.Therefore,trust in our government can be further improved only by the cooperative administration and the innovation of corresponding administrative means and ways.
Effect evaluation of non-profit anti-smoking advertising in Nanjing subway station and bus,2012

Objective To investigate the coverage and impact on audience of anti-smoking advertising in Nanjing subway station and bus;to evaluate the effect of smoking control via mass media communication.Methods Totally 15subway stations and 12buses were selected for non-profit smoking control advertising on topics of "smoking is killing you" and "smoking is killing you and your kids" from May to Oct in 2012.There were 1 706adults aged 18and above randomly selected from 8districts by multistage sampling method in Nanjing in November for face to face interview,effect of advertising was evaluated. Results For surveyed subjects,contact rate of subway/bus was 84.7%,19.6%and 16.4% of all subjects had visual contact of the two advertisements,respectively.Among subjects who saw advertisement "Smoking is killing you",58.4%of smokers declared that they had higher tendency to quit smoking;82.9%of non-smokers indicated that they had higher tendency to persuade others to quit smoking.Among subjects who saw advertisement " Smoking is killing you and your kids",76.8% of smokers indicated that they tended to smoke less in front of others,78.3% of non-smokers indicated that they tended to dissuade smokers for smoking in front of others.Conclusion Non-profit anti-smoking advertising can change public attitudes toward smoking and improve awareness for smokers and non-smokers either to quit smoking or refuse secondhand smoking.In order to improve public awareness on risks of smoking/passive smoking and to refuse smoking and passive smoking,smoking control via mass media communications should be enhanced with higher intensity and frequency in the future.
What factors are predictors of emotional health in patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears?

Background The importance of emotional and psychological factors in treatment of patients with rotator cuff disease has been recently emphasized. Our goal was to establish factors most predictive of poor emotional health in patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears (FTRCTs). Methods In 2007, we began to prospectively collect data on patients with symptomatic, atraumatic FTRCTs. All patients completed a questionnaire collecting data on demographics, symptom characteristics, comorbidities, willingness to undergo surgery, and patient-related outcomes (12-Item Short Form Health Survey, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index [WORC], Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, Shoulder Activity Scale). Physicians recorded physical examination and imaging data. To evaluate the predictors of lower WORC emotion scores, a linear multiple regression model was fit. Results Baseline data for 452 patients were used for analysis. In patients with symptomatic FTRCTs, the factors most predictive of worse WORC emotion scores were higher levels of pain (interquartile range odds ratio, −18.9; 95% confidence interval, −20.2 to −11.6; P P = .0012). Higher education ( P = .006) and unemployment status ( P = .0025) were associated with higher WORC emotion scores. Conclusions Education level, employment status, pain levels, and patient perception of percentage of shoulder normalcy were most predictive of emotional health in patients with FTRCTs. Structural data, such astendon tear size, were not. Those with poor emotional health may perceive their shoulder to be worse than others and experience more pain. This may allow us to better optimize patient outcomes with nonoperative and operative treatment of rotator cuff tears.
Experimental murine pulmonary cryptococcosis. Differences in pulmonary inflammation and lymphocyte recruitment induced by two encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans.

BACKGROUND Cryptococcus neoformans, the most common cause of lethal mycosis in AIDS, usually causes only subclinical pneumonitis in normal hosts. However, cryptococcosis can induce various pulmonary inflammatory reactions, and pulmonary cellular immunity is postulated to prevent dissemination. We hypothesized that cryptococcal strains possess different capacities to induce recruitment to the lungs of inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes, which are necessary for cryptococcal clearance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the pulmonary response of CBA/J mice to intratracheal inoculation with C. neoformans of either of two strains: 52D (ATCC 24067), which rarely kills immunocompetent mice; and 145A (ATCC 62070), which is uniformly fatal. From 2-42 days after inoculation, lungs were either examined grossly and microscopically or were enzymatically digested and inflammatory cells counted and analyzed by flow cytometry. At 42 days, organism burden in lung and brain was quantified by colony-forming unit assay. RESULTS Pulmonary inflammation differed greatly between the two strains. Strain 52D induced dense perivascular and alveolar inflammation; infection progressed to day 21 and then waned. In contrast, strain 145A induced delayed, meager lymphocytic infiltration and slight alveolitis; organisms grew progressively. Recovery of inflammatory cells increased by day 13 with strain 52D, but not until day 31 with strain 145A. Although all lymphocyte subsets were greater in 52D infection, the disparity was greatest for CD4+ T cells. Nevertheless, lymphocytes from paratracheal nodes of infected mice proliferated in vitro to heat-killed cryptococci, indicating immune recognition of both strains. At day 42, strain 52D lightly infected lungs but not brain, whereas strain 145A heavily infected lungs and brain. CONCLUSIONS; Cryptococcal strains differ in their capacity to induce pulmonary cellular inflammation, especially CD4+ T cell recruitment. Our results suggest that strain-specific difference in the organism's ability to induce (or evade) pulmonary inflammation contributes to the outcome of infection.
Theories of Pain and Addiction: Type of Pain, Pathways to Opiate Addiction

Pain serves an important role in ensuring survival as it identifies injury and disease and motivates to protect from further damage. Pain is the single most frequent reason for seeking medical care. Several theories have developed to explain the pathogenesis and conductance of pain, including the Specificity Theory, Pattern Theory, Gate Control Theory, and Biopsychosical Model. As the theories have matured, we are better able to account for the complexities involved. Despite our enhanced understanding, we continue to rely upon opioids as the mainstay of therapy. In addition to analgesic properties, opioids also activate the brain’s reward system. Opioids have intrinsic abuse liability and are positive reinforcers. With chronic use, tolerance and physical dependence develop, thereby leading to negative reinforcement that perpetuates use. Though iatrogenic addiction risk has long been known, the absolute risk remains unclear. This chapter explores pain theories and introduces the abuse liability of opioids, present even in clinical care.
Issues and Trends in Higher Education Health

ABSTRACTPublic speculation about bioterrorism and the increasing obesity epidemic are examples of current public health issues that continue to be illuminated in the spotlight. Major public health threats continue to drive the health job market and impact higher education health curricula (e.g., public health, health promotion, community health). Also, higher education institutions are dealing with more campus health-related challenges than ever before, thus driving a major focus on lowering risk with initiatives such as combating increasing mental health issues, drug abuse, sexual assault, and possible active shooter situations, among others. The current landscape of higher education academic health programs is changing due to a scarcity of funding and national focus on possible threats. Trends in degree offerings, effects of technological changes, possible solutions to current higher education health challenges, and a future forecast of higher education health are discussed.
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex

Sparse coding has been proposed as a guiding principle in neural representations of sensory input, particularly in the visual system. Because sparse codes are defined as representations with low activity ratios – i.e., at any given time a small proportion of neurons active – they are sometimes proposed as a means to help conserve metabolic costs. Although we accept that such metabolic costs play a role in evolutionary selection, we also argue that sparse coding offers a useful solution to the problem of representing natural data because such a scheme allows the system to take advantage of the sparse structure of the sensory environment. Given the highly regular and sparse structure of natural data (e.g., natural scenes), a variety of recent studies suggest that the sparse coding in the cortex is an adaptation that has evolved to offer an efficient strategy for storing and building associations with natural inputs. However, highly selective sparse codes require a large number of neurons and can also pose problems for learning. We argue that larger brains have evolved strategies that allow neurons to be both highly selective and invariant across irrelevant dimensions. We argue that this invariance is what allows such highly sparse codes to be useful.
De Novo Design of an Allosteric Metalloprotein Assembly with Strained Disulfide Bonds.

A major goal in metalloprotein design is to build protein scaffolds from scratch that allow precise control over metal coordination. A particular challenge in this regard is the construction of allosteric systems in which metal coordination equilibria are coupled to other chemical events that take place elsewhere in the protein scaffold. We previously developed a metal-templated self-assembly strategy (MeTIR) to build supramolecular protein complexes with tailorable interfaces from monomeric building blocks. Here, using this strategy, we have incorporated multiple disulfide bonds into the interfaces of a Zn-templated cytochrome cb562 assembly in order to create mechanical strain on the quaternary structural level. Structural and biophysical analyses indicate that this strain leads to an allosteric system in which Zn2+ binding and dissociation are remotely coupled to the formation and breakage of a disulfide bond over a distance of >14 A. The breakage of this strained bond upon Zn2+ dissociation occurs in ...
Divisive campaigning damages democracy.

In the final days before the US election, political leaders must speak out to boost confidence in the democratic process, says Andrew Daniller.
Study of Zn and Ga Exchange in H-[Fe]ZSM-5 and H-[B]ZSM-5 Zeolites

The catalytic properties of H-[Fe]ZSM-5 and H-[B]ZSM-5 were explored after addition of Zn or Ga. TPD–TGA of 2-propanamine adsorbed on Zn- and Ga-exchanged H-[Fe]ZSM-5 showed a decrease in Bronsted-acid site densities and the formation of new dehydrogenation sites, similar to what is observed following exchange in H-[Al]ZSM-5 and in amorphous silica–alumina. Exchanged Zn cations in [Fe]ZSM-5 also exhibited Lewis-acid character, as demonstrated by the appearance of a υ(CN) stretch at 2310 cm–1 upon adsorption of CD3CN. By contrast, the sites in H-[B]ZSM-5 were not capable of protonating 2-propanamine, did not form dehydrogenation sites when Zn or Ga were added, and showed no evidence for sites with Lewis-acid character from the FTIR spectroscopy of CD3CN. Neither H(Zn)-[Fe]ZSM-5 nor H(Zn)-[B]ZSM-5 catalyzed reactions of n-hexane at 773 K, but the TPD–TGA of adsorbed propene on H(Zn)-[Fe]ZSM-5 showed strong interactions between the Zn and olefins that might be responsible for the dehydrocyclization of light ...
Inflammation, cardiovascular disease and cancer: moving toward predictive medicine.

In this issue, Singh-Manoux and colleagues[1][1] report that measures of low-grade systemic inflammation (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) in midlife were strong independent predictors of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality in the Whitehall II study cohort
Micro-flotation removal of coal contaminants from archaeological radiocarbon samples from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA

Abstract Micro-flotation, a specific gravity separation technique, was successfully used to remove coal contaminants from radiocarbon samples obtained from profiles, unit excavations, and solid sediment cores in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Coal from the Cretaceous Menefee Formation occurs throughout Chaco Canyon in aeolian, alluvial, colluvial, and anthropogenic sediments. The Menefee Formation contains carbonized broadleaf angiosperm and gymnosperm plants and, as such, paleobotanical analysis was not effective in the identification and removal of coal contaminants. The effectiveness of micro-flotation as a pretreatment procedure was evaluated by: i) comparing AMS radiocarbon ages on processed and unprocessed samples from the same archaeological contexts; ii) comparing a processed sample of carbonized hardwood charcoal with a sample of uncarbonized hardwood from the same archaeological context; and iii) comparing radiocarbon ages on a split sample of processed bulk carbon. The comparisons confirmed the effectiveness of micro-flotation in processing samples for radiocarbon dating in Chaco Canyon and would be applicable for similar locations elsewhere in the world.
Laminar differences in the spatiotemporal structure of simple cell receptive fields in cat area 17

Previous studies of cat visual cortex have shown that the spatiotemporal (S-T) structure of simple cell receptive fields correlates with direction selectivity. However, great heterogeneity exists in the relationship and this has implications for models. Here we report a laminar basis for some of the heterogeneity. S-T structure and direction selectivity were measured in 101 cells using stationary counterphasing and drifting gratings, respectively. Two procedures were used to assess S-T structure and its relation to direction selectivity. In the first, the S-T orientations of receptive fields were quantified by fitting response temporal phase versus stimulus spatial phase data. In the second procedure, conventional linear predictions of direction selectivity were computed from the amplitudes and phases of responses to stationary gratings. Extracellular recording locations were reconstructed histologically. Among direction-selective cells, S-T orientation was greatest in layer 4B and it correlated well ( r 5 0.76) with direction selectivity. In layer 6, S-T orientation was uniformly low, overlapping little with layer 4B, and it was not correlated with directional tuning. Layer 4A was intermediate in S-T orientation and its relation ( r 5 0.46) to direction selectivity. The same laminar patterns were observed using conventional linear predictions. The patterns do not reflect laminar differences in direction selectivity since the layers were equivalent in directional tuning. We also evaluated a model of linear spatiotemporal summation followed by a static nonlinear amplification (exponent model) to account for direction selectivity. The values of the exponents were estimated from differences between linearly predicted and actual amplitude modulations to counterphasing gratings. Comparing these exponents with another exponent—that required to obtain perfect matches between linearly predicted and measured directional tuning—indicates that an exponent model largely accounts for direction selectivity in most cells in layer 4, particularly layer 4B, but not in layer 6. Dynamic nonlinearities seem essential for cells in layer 6. We suggest that these laminar differences may partly reflect the differential involvement of geniculocortical and intracortical mechanisms.
Chapter 12 – Microsporidiasis

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular spore-forming organisms. Several species of microsporidia cause human disease, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. The spectrum of disease varies from diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis to disseminated infection involving multiple organs. CNS disease is a rare manifestation usually seen in compromised hosts as part of a disseminated infection. Only 12 cases of CNS microsporidiosis have been reported in the literature. Clinically, they usually present with signs and symptoms of encephalitis and seizures. Diagnosis often requires brain biopsy, but spores can occasionally be found in other sites. Albendazole and fumagillin have been successfully used in treating microsporidiosis at other sites, but their role in CNS infection is unclear.
Fluorinated EuII-based multimodal contrast agent for temperature- and redox-responsive magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using redox-active, EuII-containing complexes is one of the most promising techniques for noninvasively imaging hypoxia in vivo. In this technique, positive (T1-weighted) contrast enhancement persists in areas of relatively low oxidizing ability, such as hypoxic tissue. Herein, we describe a fluorinated, EuII-containing complex in which the redox-active metal is caged by intramolecular interactions. The position of the fluorine atoms enables temperature-responsive contrast enhancement in the reduced form of the contrast agent and detection of the oxidized contrast agent via MRI in vivo. Positive contrast is observed in 1H-MRI with Eu in the +2 oxidation state, and chemical exchange saturation transfer and 19F-MRI signal are observed with Eu in the +3 oxidation state. Contrast enhancement is controlled by the redox state of Eu, and modulated by the fluorous interactions that cage a bound water molecule reduce relaxivity in a temperature-dependent fashion. Together, these advancements constitute the first report of in vivo, redox-responsive imaging using 19F-MRI.
985 Quality improvement interventions increase adherence to guideline for evaluation and treatment of sexual abuse victims in a paediatric emergency department

Background Appropriate medical care of sexual abuse victims who present to the paediatric emergency department (PED) is vital to facilitate forensic evidence collection and prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Despite recommendations from the American Academy of Paediatrics and Centres for Disease Control, adherence to guidelines remains low. Objectives We aimed to increase the proportion of patient encounters at a PED for reported sexual abuse that receive guideline-adherent care from 57% to 90% within 12 months. Methods Our team of PED and child abuse paediatricians constructed a key driver diagram to outline our theory for improvement (Figure 1). Multiple plan-do-study-act cycles were conducted to test interventions aimed at key drivers, including construction of a best practice algorithm, targeted clinician education, and integration of an electronic order set. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patient encounters in which care adhered to guideline recommendations. Data were abstracted from the records of all patient encounters evaluated in the PED for reported sexual abuse. Results We analysed 567 patient encounters for reported sexual abuse over 24 months. A statistical process control chart depicting the proportion of encounters with guideline-adherent care (Figure 2) illustrates special cause variation and a shift in the centerline from 57% to 87% which has been sustained for 7 months. We categorised reasons for non-adherence on a Pareto chart (Figure 3). Conclusions Using improvement methodology, we successfully increased guideline-adherent evaluation and management of patients presenting for sexual abuse. Targeted education and an electronic order set were associated with improved adherence to a novel care guideline.