cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional Glenn Procedure in Patients Less Than 3 Months of Age: A 14-Year Experience.

Background Contradictory data exist regarding timing of stage 2 palliation (S2P). Prolonged interstage hospitalizations and home surveillance programs have contributed to a more rapid progression to S2P. Our goal is to describe the S2P population and explore the relationships of clinical outcomes and S2P timing at our institution over the last 14 years. Methods S2P procedures from 2004 to 2018 at a single institution were included in a retrospective analysis. The analysis was stratified by S2P timing and clinical variables. The primary outcome was Fontan completion, and secondary outcomes included mortality and orthotopic heart transplantation rate, as well as perioperative clinical variables. Results A total of 114 patients who underwent S2P were included. The median age and weight at S2P were 100 days (interquartile range [IQR], 87-119) and 5.1 (IQR, 4.6-5.5) kg, respectively. The median age in the early group was 79 (IQR, 73-87) days and in the nonearly group was 107 (IQR, 100-124) days. Ninety percent of cavopulmonary anastomoses were augmented with an ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) patch. The overall Fontan completion rate was 76%, without differences in Kaplan-Meier estimates. There were no operative mortalities and no differences in late mortality rate (P = .30). Conclusions The interstage period continues to be high risk for those undergoing single-ventricle palliation. In our experience, S2P performed at less than 90 days seems to be a viable and safe procedure when indicated, resulting in comparable Fontan completion rates.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY, BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT AND PSYCHOSTIMULANT MEDICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERS: AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH

Keywords : Attention Deficit Disorder; Behavior therapy; Behavioral assessment; Psychostimulant medication.
The trouble with naïve Keynesianism

Since the Keynesian Revolution of the 1930s, many prominent economists have argued that a useful policy response to economic depression is to boost government spending But pressure to spend quickly increases the potential for waste and inefficiency: this is ignored or dismissed in the Keynesian literature For example, a widely cited cost?benefit analysis of stimulus spending does not even acknowledge the possibility of waste, and some Keynesians go so far as to argue that wasteful spending during a crisis can nonetheless be desirable Here we extend the typical analysis by accounting explicitly for the leading sources of cost including waste, resource costs, and the excess burden of taxation Our results suggest that stimulus spending that is largely wasteful is unlikely to generate net wealth A proper response to economic depression must consider the possibility that government waste can render stimulus spending counterproductive
WE SHOULDN'T WAIT FOR HEAVEN: HOW HEAD/BODY TRANSPLANTATION CAUSES US TO REEVALUATE HALAKHIC CONCEPTIONS OF LIFE AND DEATH

In this article, the authors examine how the potential success of head/body transplantation raises questions as to how halakha—Jewish law and jurisprudence—might draw the line between determining whether a person is dead or alive. In presenting the primary Talmudic passages that refer to determination of life and death, and their discussion among halakhists and halakhic decisors, the authors show how the halakha might determine the demarcation between life and death as it applies to head/body transplants or potentially other innovations in medical technology.
Exploring the underlying factors of customer value in restaurants: A machine learning approach

Abstract This study explores the underlying factors of customer value in a restaurant setting by applying machine learning-based natural language processing techniques to the analysis of a vast amount of online customer reviews. The study identifies 14 factors that reflect a holistic view of previous research on customer value. The findings suggest that the comprehensive approach incorporating cognitive and affective aspects into the experiential perspective of value gain deeper insights into the nature of customer value. Moreover, the study uniquely finds new factors that prior research has rarely investigated. This study proposes a methodological framework that enables researchers to test the quantitative measure of customer perceptions derived from unstructured online reviews. Practitioners will be able to use the findings to understand customers better and enhance service operations.
Massless particles in higher dimensions

In spacetimes of any dimensionality, the massless particle states that can be created and destroyed by a field in a given representation of the Lorentz group are severely constrained by the condition that the invariant Abelian subgroup of the little group must leave these states invariant. A number of examples are given of the massless one-particle states that can be described by various tensor and spinor-tensor fields, and a speculation is offered for the general case.
Search for Λ-doubling Transitions of SiH in Orion Kleinmann-Low

A recent submillimeter line survey of Orion KL claimed detection of SiH. This Letter reports on GBT observations of the 5.7 GHz Λ-doubling transitions of SiH in Orion. Many recombination lines, including C164δ, are seen, but SiH is not detected. The nondetection corresponds to an upper limit of 1.5 × 1015 cm-2 (4 σ) for the beam-averaged column density of SiH. This suggests that the fractional abundance of SiH in the extended ridge is no more than twice that in the hot core.
Audiometric Outcomes Following Transmastoid and Middle Cranial Fossa Approaches for Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea.

OBJECTIVE Describe audiometric outcomes following transmastoid and middle cranial fossa (MCF) approaches for repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorhinorrhea. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Tertiary skull base referral center. PATIENTS Adult patients presenting with CSF otorhinorrhea undergoing operative repair between January 2009 and July 2019. INTERVENTION Transmastoid repair, MCF repair, or a combined approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures included preoperative and postoperative four-frequency pure-tone average (PTA), air-bone gap (ABG) and word recognition score. Secondary outcomes included success of repair, recurrence of CSF leak, and length of stay. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients underwent 32 operations (mean age 52 yr, 75.9% female). Twenty (62.5%) patients underwent transmastoid repair, while 8 (25%) underwent an MCF approach. Patients had significant postoperative improvement in both PTA (34.8 dB preop vs. 24.5 dB postop, p = 0.003) and ABG (20.2 dB preop vs. 8.6 dB postop, p = 0.0001). CSF leak recurred in 3 patients (9.4%) over 17-month follow-up. Compared to MCF or combined approaches, transmastoid repair was associated with greater improvement in PTA (15.6 vs. 3.0 dB, p = 0.001) and shorter length of stay (0.3 vs. 1.2 days, p = 0.005). On subset analysis, patients with spontaneous CSF leaks, a single skull base defect, or meningoencephaloceles demonstrated significant audiometric improvements. CONCLUSIONS The transmastoid approach for repair of CSF otorhinorrhea is effective, safe, and can be done on an outpatient basis. Patients with spontaneous CSF leaks, a single skull base defect, and associated encephaloceles may have better audiometric outcomes.
Examining the potential of Pacific abalone as a novel high-resolution archive of upwelling in the California Current

Abstract Upwelling is a dynamic oceanographic process that brings cold, nutrient-rich waters to the surface. These nutrients encourage primary productivity, forming the foundation of coastal food webs and the fisheries depending on them. Understanding past variability in the occurrence of upwelling and primary productivity may offer insight into how upwelling dynamics and ecosystem productivity could vary in the future. Numerous proxies from sediment cores inform most upwelling reconstructions; however, their temporal resolution is typically decadal at best. However, questions regarding ecosystem responses to changes in physical processes require data with seasonal to sub-seasonal resolution because such data provide additional insight into seasonal extremes (e.g., surface temperature, precipitation, etc.). The calcium carbonate skeletons of mollusks provide invaluable data from stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes that generate high-resolution reconstructions of environmental variables. Recent studies of stable nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in mollusk shell organic materials demonstrate the potential to produce high-resolution reconstructions of nutrient cycling. Collectively, these measurements may provide insight into upwelling conditions over the life of the organism. This study presents preliminary data exploring the potential of analyzing a suite of stable nitrogen, oxygen and carbon isotope data from analysis of Pacific abalone shells (Haliotis cracherodii). We present sub-seasonal δ15N time series data that, together with δ18O and δ13C, reflect seasonal variability closely linked to upwelling. δ15N values range from 8.3‰ to 11.0‰ and align closely with δ18O values, which range from −0.5‰ to 1.1‰. Implications of this research are twofold: 1) Isotopic analyses from abalone shells may provide detailed knowledge on primary productivity during upwelling as well as limited productivity when upwelling is greatly reduced and 2) archaeological shell middens in the Channel Islands contain an abundance of both abalone dating back to the early Holocene, presenting the opportunity to reconstruct upwelling conditions throughout the Holocene.
The “cognitive clock”: A novel indicator of brain health

Introduction We identified a "cognitive clock," a novel indicator of brain health that provides person-specific estimates of cognitive age, and tested the hypothesis that cognitive age is a better predictor of brain health than chronological age in two independent datasets. Methods The initial analyses were based on 1057 participants from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study who began without impairment and underwent cognitive assessments up to 24 years. A shape invariant model characterized the latent pattern of cognitive decline, conceptualized here as the "cognitive clock," and yielded person-specific estimates of cognitive age. Survival analyses examined cognitive versus chronological age for predicting Alzheimer's disease dementia, mild cognitive impairment and mortality, and regression analyses examined associations of cognitive versus chronological age with neuropathology and brain atrophy. Finally, we applied the cognitive clock to an independent validation sample of 2592 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project, a biracial population-based study, to confirm the predictive utility of cognitive age. Results The "cognitive clock" showed that cognition remained stable until a cognitive age of about 80, then declined moderately until 90, then declined precipitously. In the initial dataset, cognitive age was a better predictor of dementia, mild cognitive impairment and mortality than chronological age, and was more strongly associated with neuropathology and brain atrophy. Application of the cognitive clock to the independent validation sample provided further support for the utility of cognitive age as a strong prognostic indicator of adverse outcomes. Discussion Cognitive age is a robust prognostic indicator of adverse health outcomes and may serve as a useful biomarker in aging research.
Whack-a-Mole: American Policy to Curb West European Nuclear Exports, 1974-1978

After India’s 1974 nuclear test publicly demonstrated the proliferation risks of nuclear assistance, the United States increased its efforts to prevent nuclear exports to sensitive states. It faced challenges from its West European allies, France and West Germany, who pursued their commercial and strategic interests through nuclear assistance to third-party states like Pakistan, Brazil, India, and others. Despite multilateral efforts like the formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and bilateral negotiations with the supplier states’ governments, the presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, only obtained partial success on the nonproliferation front vis-a-vis these supplier states. The United States was relatively more successful with respect to Paris through concluding quid pro quo bargains but it was less effective with Bonn, to whom it had few ‘carrots’ to offer. Using newly declassified archival documents, this research sheds new light on U.S. nonproliferation policy and transatlantic relations during the detente.
Clinical trial of raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor, in HAM/TSP.

OBJECTIVE Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic, progressive myelopathy. A high proviral load (PVL) is one of the main risk factors for HAM/TSP. Recently, it was shown that raltegravir could inhibit cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 in vitro. Given the substantial clinical experience in human immunodeficiency virus infection and its excellent safety profile, this agent may be an attractive therapeutic option for HAM/TSP patients. METHODS Sixteen subjects with HAM/TSP received raltegravir 400 mg orally twice daily in an initial 6-month treatment phase, followed by a 9-month post-treatment phase. HTLV-1 PVLs were assessed using droplet digital PCR from the PBMCs every 3 months, and from the CSF at baseline, month 6, and month 15. We also evaluated the ability of raltegravir to regulate abnormal immune responses in HAM/TSP patients. RESULTS While a downward trend was observed in PBMC and/or CSF PVLs of some patients, raltegravir overall did not have any impact on the PVL in this HAM/TSP patient cohort. Clinically, all patients' neurological scores and objective measurements remained relatively stable, with some expected variability. Immunologic studies showed alterations in the immune profiles of a subset of patients including decreased CD4+ CD25+ T cells and spontaneous lymphoproliferation. INTERPRETATION Raltegravir was generally well tolerated in this HAM/TSP patient cohort. A subset of patients exhibited a mild decrease in PVL as well as variations in their immune profiles after taking raltegravir. These findings suggest that raltegravir may be a therapeutic option in select HAM/TSP patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01867320.
Effect of Two Regulated Changes of Tempo upon Emotional Connotations in Dance

Abstract Films of a short dance study, performed and shown at three different tempos, to a control and an experimental group in order to determine emotional responses to the movement study at varied speeds, were analyzed to ascertain actual changes in the movement. The results of the group responses tended to enforce the concept that the effect of a change of tempo upon specific motion events was apparent in the actual performance of the motion events and upon the emotional connotation which these motion events might attempt to communicate. A single stimulus evoked similar associations, but the conformity of responses was dependent upon the individual's perceptive and empathic abilities. Variables in quality of movement, velocity of the specific body part viewed, and motivation also may have caused variations in responses to the same motion-event series. The distortion of actual movement caused by a change of tempo and the lack of that distortion in a mechanically varied speed seemed to make little differ...
The Value of a Music History Survey

A music history survey cannot teach everything about every piece students will encounter, but it can offer an overarching framework into which they can fit each new piece. That framework consists of knowledge of other pieces to which they can compare it; of musical styles and genres; of terms and concepts that relate to these pieces; of how these pieces were performed and what their social function was; and of the social values these pieces reflect. Having such a framework is essential for every performer, teacher, or composer. A comprehensive survey offers a map of music history, a sense of a shared universe of music, with an understanding of what musicians do, why they do it, and what they value in the music they perform and compose. The survey can be designed so that students focus on creating this framework for themselves, by articulating appropriate objectives and themes; designing course activities to address them; and linking each topic to the overarching themes so that students make connections between repertoires and to their own concerns.
MRI of Hydrocephalus and CSF Velocity Imaging

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced at a rate of 500 ml/day by the choroid plexus within the ventricular system [1]. Normally, it flows out the foramina of Lushka and Magendie of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space (SAS). From there, the CSF normally flows up over the convexities to be absorbed by the arachnoidal granulations and villi on either side of the superior sagittal sinus (Fig. 46.1). Obstruction to the outflow of CSF leads to back up and ventricular enlargement or “hydrocephalus” [2]. If the obstruction is between the choroid plexus and the outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle, it is called “obstructive” hydrocephalus.
Automated, Biomechatronic System to Study Single Cell Aging

Automation is essential for the high-throughput capture and analysis of single cells. To study multiple aging cells in parallel, the cell must be automatically trapped with micro-technologies and held while it divides over its lifetime. In this paper, progress toward a system that will automate single-cell yeast pedigree analysis is presented
Blood Coagulation and Anticoagulant Drugs

The process of blood coagulation is not a simple transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin by the action of thrombin. Rather, this remarkably complex process is a result of numerous transformations mediated by enzymes, activators, inhibitors, platelets, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Newer studies have also shown that some hemostatic responses are regulated through autonomic control mechanisms. Congenital abnormalities, acquired risk factors, medical procedures, and surgical interventions produce stimuli for hemostatic activation. These conditions necessitate the use of anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents to maintain blood fluidity. Heparin, an anticoagulant that possesses a complex mode of action, has been the only drug available to control thrombosis for many years. Low molecular weight heparin represents a refined and more optimized heparin where the pharmacokinetics and safety have been improved. Vitamin K antagonists are the only drugs available for long-term anticoagulation. Understanding of the hemostatic activation processes, as well as appreciation for the importance of hemostasis in health, has occurred only recently and discoveries still continue. This has led to the development of newer pharmacologic approaches to inhibit and control thrombosis. Synthetic heparin-derived drugs (fondaparinux), thrombin inhibitors, and antiplatelet drugs, have recently become available. The near future should bring factor Xa inhibitors, other coagulation protease inhibitors, additional antiplatelet drugs, non-heparin drugs, and oral formulations. Because of the high morbidity–mortality associated with cardiovascular disease (thrombosis), it will be important to continue the development toward optimized antithrombotic drugs targeted to specific mechanisms with improved pharmacologic properties. Keywords: blood coagulation; hemostasis; thrombosis; anticoagulants; antithrombotic; heparin; thrombin inhibitors; vitamin K antagonists
Evaluation of PC-ISO for Customized, 3D Printed, Gynecologic 192-Ir HDR Brachytherapy Applicators

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation attenuation properties of PC-ISO, a commercially available, biocompatible, sterilizable 3D printing material, and its suitability for customized, single-use gynecologic (GYN) brachytherapy applicators that have the potential for accurate guiding of seeds through linear and curved internal channels. A custom radiochromic film dosimetry apparatus was 3D-printed in PC-ISO with a single catheter channel and a slit to hold a film segment. The apparatus was designed specifically to test geometry pertinent for use of this material in a clinical setting. A brachytherapy dose plan was computed to deliver a cylindrical dose distribution to the film. The dose plan used an 192Ir source and was normalized to 1500 cGy at 1 cm from the channel. The material was evaluated by comparing the film exposure to an identical test done in water. The Hounsfield unit (HU) distributions were computed from a CT scan of the apparatus and compared to the HU distribution of water and the HU distribution of a commercial GYN cylinder applicator. The dose depth curve of PC-ISO as measured by the radiochromic film was within 1% of water between 1 cm and 6 cm from the channel. The mean HU was -10 for PC-ISO and -1 for water. As expected, the honeycombed structure of the PC-ISO 3D printing process created a moderate spread of HU values, but the mean was comparable to water. PC-ISO is sufficiently water-equivalent to be compatible with our HDR brachytherapy planning system and clinical workflow and, therefore, it is suitable for creating custom GYN brachytherapy applicators. Our current clinical practice includes the use of custom GYN applicators made of commercially available PC-ISO when doing so can improve the patient's treatment.
Dacite formation at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador: U‐series disequilibrium and implications for petrogenetic processes and magma storage time

[1] Ilopango Caldera was formed ∼1810 years ago by eruption of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) dacite (70 km3) in central El Salvador. A subsequent eruption in 1880 produced a cluster of dacite domes in the center of Lago Ilopango that contain olive-bearing enclaves of basaltic andesite. The purpose of this study is to use trace element, isotope, and U-series data from the TBJ and 1880 eruptions to assess petrogenesis and the timescale of magma storage. We find that although the range of trace element data in the TBJ dacite can be reproduced by simple crystal fractionation of a plagioclase- and amphibole-rich mineral assemblage, the87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb data suggest that the 1880 basaltic andesite enclave has a different source than the dacites. This is consistent with U-series data that show the TBJ dacites have lower (230Th/232Th) than the 1880 basaltic andesite enclave (1.5 versus 1.6, respectively). All Ilopango rocks have 230Th excesses, and the range in (238U/232Th) of the TBJ dacites can be modeled by crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage including accessory zircon and allanite from a magma that is similar in composition to the enclave. Mineral isochrons yield crystallization ages of <10,000 years, and disequilibrium (226Ra/230Th) values suggest a similarly short residence time. Our data suggest that the large volumes of erupted dacite at Ilopango Caldera are generated very rapidly.
The British Empire, International Government, and Human Rights

This essay examines recent publications in several historical fields to articulate the relationships between the British Empire, international government, and human rights from British conceptions of imperial world order in the late nineteenth century to the end of empire in the Cold War.
Mechanics of electrorheological materials

Publisher Summary The modeling of the flows of electrorheological fluids is restricted to one-dimension. Experimental evidence suggests that electrorheological fluids thicken significantly on the application of the electrical field, respond in a Bingham like fashion with the yield depending on the applied field, and develop normal stress differences and stress relax. The response of electrorheological materials is also significantly affected by the thermal conditions. The fiber like structures that are formed on the application of the electrical field suggest that such fluids ought to be modeled as anisotropic fluids. This leads to an additional level of complexity that should be introduced after a better understanding of such materials is achieved. However, this aspect of the modelling is crucial and has to be reckoned with, if the behavior of electrorheological fluids is to be captured. The electrorheological response of liquid crystals has also been studied where the material is anisotropic even before the application of the electric field. The purpose of documenting the model is to merely show general, principles of continuum mechanics can be used to develop general enough models that can describe the response characteristics of electrorheological fluids. General three dimensional continnum models that can describe the response of electrorheological materials such as thickening, stress-relaxation, normal stress differences, and yield, are presented in the chapter.
Measurement of the Circular Polarization of Pulsar NP 0532

The polarizer is briefly described. The polarization of the whole pulse is not significantly different from zero (−0.15 ± 0.70 per cent). Polarization measurements of the leading edge and trailing edge of the main pulse are also given.
Examining Autonomous Weapon Systems from a Law of Armed Conflict Perspective

This chapter explores the legal implications of autonomous weapon systems and the potential challenges such systems might present to the laws governing weaponry and the conduct of hostilities. Autonomous weapon systems are weapons that are capable of selecting and engaging a target without further human operator involvement. Although such systems have not yet been fully developed, technological advances, particularly in artificial intelligence, make the appearance of such systems a distinct possibility in the years to come. Given such a possibility, it is essential to look closely at both the relevant technology involved in these cutting-edge systems and the applicable law. This chapter commences with an examination of the emerging technology supporting these sophisticated systems, by detailing autonomous features that are currently being designed for weapons and anticipating how technological advances might be incorporated into future weapon systems. A second aim of the chapter is to describe the relevant law of armed conflict principles applicable to new weapon systems, with a particular focus on the unique legal challenges posed by autonomous weapons. The legal analysis will outline how autonomous weapon systems would need to be designed for them to be deemed lawful per se, and whether the use of autonomous weapons during hostilities might be prohibited in particular circumstances under the law of armed conflict. The third and final focus of this chapter is to address potential lacunae in the law dealing with autonomous weapon systems. In particular, the author will reveal how interpretations of and issues related to subjectivity in targeting decisions and overall accountability may need to be viewed differently in response to autonomy.
Nitrous Oxide and Spontaneous Abortion in Female Dental Assistants

The relation between anesthetic gas exposure and spontaneous abortion remains unresolved. We examined the effect of nitrous oxide on spontaneous abortion among female dental assistants. Questionnaires were sent to 7,000 dental assistants aged 18-39 years who were registered in California in 1987; 4,856 (69%) responded. Analysis was based on 1,465 respondents whose most recent pregnancy was conceived while working full time. Women were asked how many hours a week they worked with nitrous oxide during this pregnancy and whether the excess gas was scavenged (vented). Relative risk of spontaneous abortion (through week 20) was calculated using a person-week model. This allowed women with current pregnancies (13%) or induced abortions (10%) to be included for appropriate time periods of risk. A total of 101 pregnancies (7%) ended as spontaneous abortions. An elevation in risk of spontaneous abortion was seen among women who worked with nitrous oxide for 3 or more hours per week in offices not using scavenging equipment (relative risk = 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3-5.0, adjusted for age, smoking, and number of amalgams prepared per week), but not among those using nitrous oxide in offices with scavenging equipment. This relation changed little when analyses were restricted to confirmed pregnancies or examined for several types of potential bias. Scavenging equipment appears to be important in protecting the reproductive health of women working with nitrous oxide.
Discrete choice modeling of shovelnose sturgeon habitat selection in the Lower Missouri River

Summary Substantive changes to physical habitat in the Lower Missouri River, resulting from intensive management, have been implicated in the decline of pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) and shovelnose (S. platorynchus) sturgeon. To aid in habitat rehabilitation efforts, we evaluated habitat selection of gravid, female shovelnose sturgeon during the spawning season in two sections (lower and upper) of the Lower Missouri River in 2005 and in the upper section in 2007. We fit discrete choice models within an information theoretic framework to identify selection of means and variability in three components of physical habitat. Characterizing habitat within divisions around fish better explained selection than habitat values at the fish locations. In general, female shovelnose sturgeon were negatively associated with mean velocity between them and the bank and positively associated with variability in surrounding depths. For example, in the upper section in 2005, a 0.5 m s−1 decrease in velocity within 10 m in the bank direction increased the relative probability of selection 70%. In the upper section fish also selected sites with surrounding structure in depth (e.g., change in relief). Differences in models between sections and years, which are reinforced by validation rates, suggest that changes in habitat due to geomorphology, hydrology, and their interactions over time need to be addressed when evaluating habitat selection. Because of the importance of variability in surrounding depths, these results support an emphasis on restoring channel complexity as an objective of habitat restoration for shovelnose sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River.
Quality and outcomes reporting in trauma using International Statistical Classification for Diseases, Ninth Revision codes

Abstract Background Use of the trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) for quality and outcomes assessment is challenged by the need for laborious collection of demographic and physiological data. We hypothesize that a novel stratification approach based on International Statistical Classification for Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) data that are readily available for trauma patients provides a more accurate and more easily obtainable alternative to TRISS with the potential for widespread use. Methods Data from the ACS National Trauma Data Bank were used to train and evaluate a regularized logistic regression model for mortality and linear regression models for hospital length of stay (HLOS) and intensive care unit length of stay (ILOS) using ICD-9 diagnostic and procedural codes. Model training was performed on data from 2008 (n = 124,625) and evaluation on data from 2009 (n = 120,079). The discrimination and calibration of each model based on ICD-9 codes were compared with those of TRISS. Results The mortality model using ICD-9 codes was comparable with that of TRISS in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.922 versus 0.921, P = not significant.) and achieved better results in terms of both integrated discrimination improvement (0.106, P Conclusions Use of ICD-9 codes for stratification provides a more accurate and more broadly applicable approach to quality and outcomes assessment in trauma patients than the labor-intensive gold standard of TRISS.
A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

Tropical cyclone-generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and destructive natural hazards. This paper provides the first comprehensive global review of tropical storm surge data sources, observations, and impacts while archiving data in SURGEDAT, a global database. Available literature has provided data for more than 700 surge events since 1880, the majority of which are found in the western North Atlantic (WNA), followed by Australia/Oceania, the western North Pacific (WNP), and the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The Bay of Bengal (BOB) in the NIO consistently observes the world's highest surges, as this subbasin averages five surges ≥5 m per decade and has observed credible storm tide levels reaching 13.7 m. The WNP observes the highest rate of low-magnitude surges, as the coast of China averages 54 surges ≥1 m per decade, and rates are likely higher in the Philippines. The U.S. Gulf Coast observes the second highest frequency of both high-magnitude (≥5 m) and low-magnitude (≥1 m) surges. The BOB observes the most catastrophic surge impacts, as 59% of global tropical cyclones that have killed at least 5000 people occurred in this basin. The six deadliest cyclones in this region have each killed at least 140,000 people, and two events have killed 300,000. Storm surge impacts transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors in the WNA. Oceania experiences long-term impacts, including contamination of fresh water and loss of food supplies, although the highest surges in this region are lower than most other basins.
Nematodes Parasitic On Forest Trees I. Reproduction of Ectoparasites On Pines

Seedlings of nine species of pines native to the Southeast were grown in 20-cm pots in the greenhouse and inoculated with five different species of ectoparasitic nematodes. Population increase after 9 months indicated a positive host-parasite relationship for a given nematode-pine combination. Ring (Criconemoides xenoplax), sheath (Hemicycliophora vidua), spiral (Helicotylenchus dihystera), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus claytoni), and stubby-root (Trichodorus christiei) nematodes parasitized and reproduced on at least five of the species tested. Loblolly (Pinus taeda), sand (P. clausa), slash (P. elliottii var. elliottii), and shortleaf (P. echinata) pine were hosts for all five nematodes tested.
Pseudo‐trigonometry and modified spherical Bessel functions

The purpose of this article is to develop concepts involving the use of pseudo‐trigonometry, which employs an appropriate combination of exponential terms e ix and ex.There are four systems of trigonometric functions which are derived from these combinations. Similarity between sphetical Bessel function and modified spherical Bessel function can be obtained from elliptic trigonometry. It is then shown that the modified spherical Hankel transformation can be defined from elliptic trignometry too.
Functional brain activation to emotional and nonemotional faces in healthy children: Evidence for developmentally undifferentiated amygdala function during the school-age period

The amygdala is a key region in emotion processing. In particular, fMRI studies have demonstrated that the amygdala is active during the viewing of emotional faces. Previous research has consistently found greater amygdala responses to fearful than to neutral faces in adults, convergent with a focus in the animal literature on the amygdala's role in fear processing. Studies have shown that the amygdala also responds differentially to other facial emotion types in adults. Yet the literature regarding when this differential amygdala responsivity develops is limited and mixed. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine amygdala responses to emotional and neutral faces in a relatively large sample of healthy school-age children (N = 52). Although the amygdala was active in response to emotional and neutral faces, the results did not support the hypothesis that the amygdala responds differentially to emotional faces in 7- to 12-year-old children. Nonetheless, amygdala activity was correlated with the severity of subclinical depression symptoms and with emotional regulation skills. Additionally, sex differences were observed in frontal, temporal, and visual regions, as well as effects of pubertal development in visual regions. These findings suggest important differences in amygdala reactivity in childhood.
Attachment of neural crest cells to endogenous extracellular matrices.

Newly emerging neural crest (NC) cells will enter either the lateral pathway under the surface ectoderm or the vental pathway along the neural tube depending on the axial level (Pratt et al.: Dev. Biol., 44:298-305, 1975; Thiery et al.: Dev. Biol., 93:324-343, 1982; Newgreen et al.: Cell Tissue Res., 221:521-549, 1982; LeDouarin et al.: In: The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Development. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 373-398, 1984; Brauer et al.: Anat. Rec., 211:57-68, 1985). A number of studies have shown a correlation between the type of extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with adjacent tissues (e.g., ectoderm, neural tube, and mesoderm) and the initial pathway taken by NC cells. Our working hypothesis is that the direction of NC cell migration (ventral vs. lateral pathway) depends on the composition of the ECM associated with the surface ectoderm and its ability to support NC cell attachment. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by isolating endogenous ECM associated with the ectoderm of each region and examining the ability of each endogenous ECM to support cranial and trunk NC cell attachment in vitro. Results indicated that both cranial and trunk NC cells preferentially attached to cranial ectodermal ECM as compared to trunk ectodermal ECM. The differences in NC cell attachment were not due to a preferential adsorption of cranial ectodermal ECM onto the ECM-conditioned plastic substrate over trunk ectodermal since approximately equal amounts of ECM bound to the plastic. These results supported the hypothesis and provide evidence that endogenous ectodermal ECM may be one factor potentially responsible for directing the NC cells along a ventral or a lateral pathway.
Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans : driving the sea surface temperature

Abstract A part of the large-scale thermodynamic forcing of the upper ocean is examined by relating monthly anomalous latent and sensible heat flux to changes in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The fluxes are estimated using bulk formulas from a set of about four decades of marine observations from the COADS dataset from 1946 to 1986. Monthly anomalies are constructed by removing the long-term monthly means. The latent and sensible flux anomalies are strongly correlated over most of the ocean, so they are considered together as a sum. The heat flux estimates contain large spatial-scale anomalies consistent with both atmospheric circulation anomalies and with month-to-month changes (tendencies) in monthly SST anomalies. The monthly flux anomalies and the SST anomaly tendency are significantly correlated over much of the oceans, with anomalous positive/negative fluxes associated with anomalous cooling/warming. The connection between the flux and the SST ten...
Causes of recent Himalayan uplift deduced from deposited patterns in the Ganges basin

THE hypothesis1 that late Cenozoic uplift of many of the world's mountain ranges was a response to climate change rather than to tectonic processes is based on the premise that enhanced erosion in an altered climate led to a reduction in both the total mass of a mountain range and its mean elevation. This reduction was coeval with increased regional relief and with passive isostatic uplift of the remaining summits. The hypothesis is difficult to evaluate because both climate and tectonic forces affect uplift in many active ranges. In the absence of sufficient denudational and uplift data from the mountains themselves, depositional patterns in adjacent basins may sometimes be used to distinguish between uplift arising from erosional or from tectonic processes. In foreland basins, uplift of the proximal basin and a reduction or absence of asymmetric subsidence are predicted responses to erosionally driven uplift2. Here I show that patterns of sediment accumulation and the position of major rivers in the Neogene Gangetic foreland basin seem to have changed markedly in Plio-Pleistocene times. These changes lend support to the hypothesis that the importance of erosional unloading has increased in the Himalayas during the past 4 Myr.
The Ecology of Wireless Newspapers Publishing on Islands and Ships, 1899-1913

The phenomenon of “wireless newspapers” at the beginning of the twentieth century combined journalism and airwave transmissions. Years before radio became a mainstream medium, newspapers used and promoted wireless telegraphy to send stories for publication on sea-going vessels and on two islands off the coast of the United States. Drawing on archival research, this historical study uses the concept of media ecology to analyze the factors involved in the introduction and fate of a new technology designed to meet the demand for the latest information.
Mining of the deep seabed in the year 2010

Deep seabed mining development has been delayed because of the depressed minerals market and the lack of exploration tools. Political, legal, technology, and environmental factors affect it to a lesser extent. It would be reasonable for the US government to support ocean floor exploration and basic tool development in the same manner as the space program. The Law of the Sea Treaty will not deter the development of an attractive ore resource. Activities will either choose to operate outside the treaty or changes will be made to make it more acceptable to mining companies. The author reviews the potential development of manganese and phosphate nodules, polymetallic sulfides, and manganese crusts. 14 references.
Temperature response of whole-plant CO2 exchange rates of four upland cotton cultivars differing in leaf shape and leaf pubescence

It seems likely that CO2 exchange rates of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars differing in leaf shape and leaf pubescence would respond differently to heat stress due to differences in boundary layer thickness. The objective of this study was to determine if CO2 exchange rates in commercially available cotton cultivars differing in leaf shape and leaf pubescence respond differently to heat stress under well-watered conditions. CO2 exchange rates of whole plants of four cultivars (‘FiberMax 832’, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘DeltaPine 5690’ and ‘Paymaster 1220’) were measured at eight different temperatures (6 to 34°C) in 4°C steps. Net photosynthesis (Pnet) of the plants decreased at temperatures over 20C, while dark respiration (Rdark) increased exponentially with increasing temperature. Cotton cultivar did not influence the response of Pnet or Rdark to high temperature stress. Carbon use efficiency (CUE) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were highest at lower temperatures and became negative at temperatures h...
Response of Hepatic Trace Element Concentrations in Fish Exposed to Elemental and Organic Contaminants

Multivariate analysis of contaminant data from a multi-year monitoring program demonstrates alterations in the hepatic chemistry of metals in fish exposed to organic contaminants. Metals (Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn) and organic chemicals (PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes, dieldrins, PAHs) were measured in liver and associated sediments for winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) from 23 sites along the northeast Atlantic coast and for Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) from 30 sites along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. Concentrations of habitat contaminants varied from nil to levels signifying important anthropogenic inputs and thus provided a range in chronic exposures and related contaminant stress levels with which to investigate the response of hepatic chemistry in fish representative of viable populations. The data, analyzed by principal component, principal component regression, and biplot procedures, demonstrated an opposing relationship between micronutrient elements, principally Zn, and exposure to organic contaminants in winter flounder. This relationship was not present in Atlantic croaker that were resident in less contaminated habitats. Based on median concentrations in sediment, exposure of winter flounder to important organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs) exceeded that for Atlantic croaker by 7 to 50 times. Coincident with depletion of hepatic Zn and Cd in winter flounder was accumulation of Hg and Ag. My results, in agreement with those of others, implicate the negative effects of hepatic detoxification of organic contaminants on metal binding in liver, which can cause depletion of essential elements while contaminant and potentially toxic elements accumulate.
Arabinose utilization by xylose-fermenting yeasts and fungi

Various wild-type yeasts and fungi were screened to evaluate their ability to fermentl-arabinose under oxygen-limited conditions when grown in defined minimal media containing mixtures ofl-ara-binose,d-xylose, andd-glucose. Although all of the yeasts and some of the fungi consumed arabinose, arabinose was not fermented to ethanol by any of the strains tested. Arabitol was the only major product other than cell mass formed froml-arabinose; yeasts converted arabinose to arabitol at high yield. The inability to fermentl-arabinose appears to be a consequence of inefficient or incomplete assimilation pathways for this pentose sugar.
Exciton energy spectrum in GaAs in a magnetic field

Abstract We have studied the energy spectra of the free exciton and a bound exciton-donor complex in GaAs in the magnetic field range from 12 kG to 40 kG; by photoluminescence (krypton laser-6471A) and reflection. Calculations based on the perturbation and adiabatic schemes appear not to be applicable to present measurements. A phenomenological scheme proposed earlier accounts well for our data. We have also determined the following parameters; the effective masses of electron, m*e = 0.066 ± 0.001 and exciton, μ0 = 0.048 ± 0.002 via the binding energies of donor, 5.77 ± 0.20 meV, and of exciton, 4.27 ± 0.20 meV, the effective Zeeman Splitting factors of electron, gc = -0.5 ± 0.05 and of hole, κ = 1.0 ± 0.2, and the band gap of 1.5196 ± 0.0005 eV, and the electron-hole exchange energy of 0.17 ± 0.10 meV.
U.S. money demand and the welfare cost of inflation in a currency–deposit model

Abstract This paper emphasizes that it is crucial to identify the proper specification of money demand as well as the appropriate monetary aggregate to find the exact welfare cost of inflation. The econometric test results obtained from the nonlinear form of money demand with Box–Cox restriction indicate that not the semi-logarithmic form but the double-log form with constant elasticity of less than one is a more accurate characterization of the actual data. The welfare cost estimates for the U.S. economy from Bailey’s (1956) consumer’s surplus and Lucas’s (1994) compensating variation approaches imply that for each monetary model (currency–deposit, single-asset) and each scale variable (income, consumption) the double-log function, compared to the constant semi-elasticity Cagan-type demand for money, yields substantial welfare gains in moving from zero inflation to the Friedman optimal deflation rate needed to bring nominal interest rates to zero. This paper also shows that the estimated welfare cost of inflation is proportional to the money stock and because M1 is about three times the monetary base in the United States, identifying M1 without modeling the distinctive roles of currency and deposits as the relevant definition of money overestimates the true welfare cost of inflation.