cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White matter changes in breast cancer brain metastases patients who undergo radiosurgery alone compared to whole brain radiation therapy plus radiosurgery

Delayed toxicity after whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is of increasing concern in patients who survive more than one year with brain metastases from breast cancer. Radiation-related white matter toxicity is detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and has been correlated with neurocognitive dysfunction. This study assessed the risk of developing white matter changes (WMC) in breast cancer patients who underwent either WBRT plus stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or SRS alone. We retrospectively compared 35 patients with breast cancer brain metastases who received WBRT and SRS to 30 patients who only received SRS. All patients had evaluable imaging at a median of one year after their initial management. The development of white matter T2 prolongation as detected by T2 or FLAIR imaging was graded: grade 1 = little or no white matter T2 hyperintensity; grade 2 = limited periventricular hyperintensity; and grade 3 = diffuse white matter hyperintensity. After WBRT plus SRS, patients demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of WMC (p < 0.0001). After one year, 71.5 % of patients whose treatment included WBRT demonstrated WMC (42.9 % grade 2; 28.6 % grade 3). Only one patient receiving only SRS developed WMC. In long-term survivors of breast cancer, the risk of WMC was significantly reduced when SRS alone was used for management. Further prospective studies are necessary to determine how these findings correlate with neurocognitive toxicity. WBRT usage as initial management of limited brain disease should be replaced by SRS alone to reduce the risk of delayed white matter toxicity.
Least square methods in structural analysis

A new approach to structural analysis is presented. The method uses equilibrium and deformation geometry field relations directly without resorting to an energy formulation. A matrix vector of errors in the field relations is minimized first with respect to the internal quantities, e.g., the moments. Subsequently the error is minimized with respect to the external forces and displacements. In the latter formulation, the internal quantities have been eliminated by back substitution. The least-square method for minimizing functional forms is the precedent for this work. The method is tested on beam and plate problems. The development of the pertinent matrices is interesting and depends on the trial functions used to represent the internal quantities.
Maternal characteristics and toddler temperament in infantile anorexia.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the association between specific maternal characteristics, maternal perceptions of toddler temperament, and infantile anorexia. Method Three groups of toddlers (aged 12-37 months) participated in this study: toddlers with infantile anorexia ( n = 34), picky eaters ( n = 34), and healthy eaters ( n = 34). Mothers completed questionnaires that assessed their own eating attitudes, marital satisfaction, and their toddlers' temperament, and an interview that explored their attachment representations. Mothers and toddlers were videotaped during a feeding session, and toddlers were weighed and measured. Results Temperament ratings differentiated between infantile anorexics and healthy eaters ( p p Conclusion Maternal characteristics and perceptions of their toddlers' temperament characteristics should be addressed in treatment for infantile anorexia.
RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15)

Abstract. The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, spring flow, groundwater level, or solute transport for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. I introduce the first version of RRAWFLOW available for download and public use and describe additional options. The open-source code is written in the R language and is available at http://sd.water.usgs.gov/projects/RRAWFLOW/RRAWFLOW.html along with an example model of streamflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution, i.e., the unit-hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse-response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double-peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Several options are included to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications (e.g., estimating missing periods in a hydrologic record). RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling.
Mass estimation of DNA molecules and extraction of ordered restriction maps in optical mapping imagery

The Human Genome Project has been considered ``one of the great enterprises of 20th Century Science'' [8]. The ultimate goal of many efforts in molecular biology, including the Human Genome Project, is to determine the entire sequence of human DNA and to extract genetic information from it. In this context an important step is to build restriction maps (location of certain identifiable markers) of portions of the DNA [8]. Optimal Mapping [24], [17], [21], a process that fixes elongated DNA molecules onto treated surfaces, is a very promising emerging technology for rapid production of ordered restriction maps. Our modeling and solution of detection, mass estimation, and extraction of ordered restriction maps of DNA molecules attempts to understand/answer questions of significant importance to geneticists, biologists, and chemists.
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD

Cord blood electrophoresis normally reveals high levels of Hb F with smaller amounts of Hb A. At the University of Illinois Comprehensive Sickle cell Center, 9,832 consecutive cord bloods were screened since October 1983 by both Cellulose acetae and Citrate agar electrophoreses. These included infants of all ethnic groups. Of the tested infants, 21 had Hb F as the sole detectable hemoglobin. These included 14(66%) preterm infants. Cesarian section was performed for varying reasons in 6 instances. Mothers of 2 infants had gestational diabetes as per glucose tolerance tests; 4 mothers were chronic asthmatics on long-term bronchodilator therapy during pregnancy;4 were habitual drug abusers (heroin and marijuanna) even during pregnancy; three mothers had chronic hypertension, one of these was preeclamptic; and one mother had chronic renal insufficiency requiring hemodialysis 3 times per week and frequent blood transfusions. Almost half the mothers smoked ½-1 pack cigarettes/day. Multiple parameters including expected date of delivery, gestational age of infant per physical exam, placental weight, birth weight, mother's gravida and para status were studied but found to be of no significance. High fetal hemoglobin in cord blood has been well described in infants of mothers with chronic anoxemia during pregnancy as well as in infants of diabetic mothers. As 7 of the 21 mother-infant cases studied in this group had no identifiable factors, we speculate that there might be yet other determinants influencing expression of hemoglobin patterns at birth.
The Significance of Cross-cultural Communication in International Business Negotiation

With china’s entrance to WTO as well as the international trade global integration, we must carry on the international commercial negotiations inevitably. If we want to achieve a goal in intercultural negotiation, we should understand different negotiation styles in different countries. Because of the culture accumulation, the thinking mode as well as the different cognitive ways, the people in the West and China encounter the cultural conflict, which causes the failure of international commercial negotiations. So we must look for effective strategies and tactics, in order to break the deadlock in international business negotiation and make negotiation successful.
Monitoring epoxy and unsaturated polyester reactions under pressure—Reaction rates and mechanical properties

The effects of pressure on reaction rates and final mechanical properties were studied for an unsaturated polyester (UP) and epoxy resin. A pressure chamber where reactions can be monitored by use of Raman spectroscopy has been built for these purposes. The chamber allows for pressures up to 13.8 MPa at 200°C. An advanced temperature control system has been adapted to the vessel to precisely control and monitor sample temperature variations and overshoots. It is described how for an accelerated UP reaction increasing pressure will result in a competing effect on the reaction rate where the rate will initially lower, but with increased pressures it may accelerate due to acceleration of the reaction rate constants. The final mechanical properties exhibit a similar behavior slightly increasing with pressure but lowering as pressure is raised further. For epoxy, it was shown that the reaction kinetics were accelerated by pressure although no mechanical property differences could be noted for the pressure ranges tested. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers.
On vibration control using a bistable snap through absorber from a force balance perspective

One approach to vibration control is to apply a force to a primary structure which opposes excitation, effectively canceling the external disturbance. A familiar passive example of this approach is the linear tuned mass absorber. In this spirit, the utility of a bistable attachment for attenuating vibrations, especially in terms of the high-orbit, snap through dynamic, is investigated using the harmonic balance method and experiments. Analyses demonstrate the fundamental harmonic snap through dynamic, having commensurate frequency with the single-frequency harmonic excitation, may yield displacements either substantially in-phase or out-of-phase with the primary structure. During in-phase snap through, forces are generated by the bistable oscillator which reinforce the applied loading, resulting in dramatic amplification of primary system response. During out-of-phase snap through, forces are generated which are only partially opposed to the input, leading to a measure of host structure attenuation. The experiments verify the analytical findings and also uncover nonlinear dynamics not predicted by the analysis that have slightly favorable vibration suppression performance when compared with the out-of-phase, fundamental harmonic snap through action.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An evaluation of convalescent serum in the prevention of mumps

Summary An experience with convalescent mumps serum is presented, in which there were eleven failures to prevent the disease after treating eighty-six exposed susceptible persons. Six of the failures occurred in children who had been re-exposed to the disease after having attained an apparent immunity to the first exposure. While this is too small a group of cases from which to draw many conclusions, it may add to the experience of others in evaluating this form of therapy. These data indicate that 10 c.c. of convalescent mumps serum gives a passive immunity of very short duration in a high percentage of cases, and that it seems necessary to repeat the injection of serum after each exposure to the disease. Our experience suggests that previous reports on this subject have been too encouraging and that, while serum is of definite value, it should not be depended upon too strongly for the control of institutional epidemics.
Memory and comprehension of implications and inferences of complex sentences

Subjects heard a list of complex sentences, all containing complement sentences as objects of the main verbs ( Miss America said that she played the tuba ). They were asked, either at the end of the entire list (memory group) or after each sentence (comprehension group), to judge the complement sentence ( Miss America played the tuba ) as true, false, or of indeterminate truth value. On sentences where the complement had no logically necessary truth value, comprehension subjects typically judged the truth value indeterminate, while memory subjects typically judged it according to its invited inference. Results were interpreted in the context of an interactionist view of the higher mental processes, where distinctions between different types of stored semantic information are obscured in memory.
The focus, role, and meaning of experienced teachers' reflection in physical education

Background: It has been widely accepted that reflective teaching is a powerful component of effective teaching. Accordingly, educating reflective practitioners has been a major goal of teacher education. Reflective teaching refers to the act of thinking such as analyzing or assessing educational meanings, intentions, beliefs, decisions, actions, or products yielded through those thinking processes. Reflective practitioners are those who contemplate and negotiate the complexities of teaching to enhance their decision-making power and autonomy in classrooms. However, despite the enormous proliferation of literature on reflection, little is known about the nature of reflection which will provide significant insights into teacher education that aims to prepare reflective practitioners. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of three exceptional physical education (PE) teachers' reflection in terms of its focus and roles. Research questions that guided this study were: a) what is the f...
Cardiac remodeling at the population level—risk factors, screening, and outcomes

The prevalence of heart failure is increasing in the western world. Current efforts aim to identify heart failure at its earliest and preclinical stages in order to begin treatment and prevent deterioration before the symptoms escalate. Cardiac remodeling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure. Cardiac remodeling is classified as isolated cardiac hypertrophy or as hypertrophy in combination with left ventricular dilatation, and has been used as a surrogate end point in clinical trials. In this article, we review population-based studies of cardiac remodeling, providing insights into the associations between remodeling and risk factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, body stature and composition, and disease. We also highlight the importance of screening for subclinical heart failure and describe the strategies used to do so.
Near-UV Sources in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Catalog

The catalog from the first high resolution U-band image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, taken with Hubble s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 through the F300W filter, is presented. We detect 96 U-band objects and compare and combine this catalog with a Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) B-selected catalog that provides B, V, i, and z photometry, spectral types, and photometric redshifts. We have also obtained Far-Ultraviolet (FUV, 1614 Angstroms) data with Hubble s Advanced Camera for Surveys Solar Blind Channel (ACS/SBC) and with Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We detected 31 sources with ACS/SBC, 28 with GALEX/FUV, and 45 with GALEX/NUV. The methods of observations, image processing, object identification, catalog preparation, and catalog matching are presented.
A Model-Based Framework to Overlap Product Development Activities

Intense competition in many industries forces manufacturing firms to develop new, higher quality products at an increasingly rapid pace. Overlapping product development activities is an important component of concurrent product development that can help firms develop products faster. However, since product development activities may be coupled in complex ways, overlapping interrelated activities can present many difficulties. Without careful management of the overlapped product development process, the development effort and cost may increase, and product quality may worsen. This paper goes beyond the common recommendation to simply overlap activities as much as possible. We present a model-based framework to manage the overlapping of coupled product development activities. The model and framework identify conditions under which various types of overlapping are appropriate for a pair of coupled activities. We illustrate the model and framework with industrial applications involving the development of electronic pagers and automobile doors.
The effect of spatially varying diffusion constant on the transient decay of short circuit current in electron irradiated p- n junctions

Abstract A Gaussian doped p − n junction has an E field in the diffused layer which increases linearly from the surface toward the junction. It will also have a diffusion constant which varies with doping density and thus with position in the diffused layer. In this paper these two effects are taken into account in calculating the transient decay of short-circuit current when such a p − n junction is irradient by an electron beam. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to approximate the eigenvalues which determine the decay time constants. The limiting cases of zero and infinite surface recombination velocities are treated. It is found that for typical doping the decay time is about a factor of 2 longer than would be expected if the diffusion constant were taken to be spatially invariant and to have a value equal to its spatial average value taken over the diffused layer.
Reduction of superoxide production by mitochondria oxidizing NADH in the presence of organic acids

Summary Effects of multiple substrates on oxygen uptake and superoxide production by mitochondria isolated from the pericarp tissue of green bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) were studied. Mitochondria isolated from peppers stored at 4 °C for 5 and 6 days had higher rates of oxygen uptake and were less sensitive to cyanide than mitochondria isolated from freshly harvested peppers. Succinate enhanced state 2 and state 4 rates of oxygen uptake with exogenous NADH in the absence of cytochrome path inhibitors, but not state 3 rates by mitochondria isolated from either freshly harvested or cold-stored bell peppers. The sensitivity of NADH oxidation to cyanide was reduced by both malate and succinate in mitochondria from cold-stored bell peppers, whereas only succinate was effective in mitochondria from freshly harvested peppers. Mitochondria isolated from both freshly harvested peppers and those stored at 4 °C for 5 and 6 days produced superoxide in the absence of exogenous substrates. Superoxide production by mitochondria from freshly harvested bell peppers increased when the mitochondria were supplied with malate, succinate or NADH, but only NADH enhanced superoxide production by mitochondria from cold-stored peppers. Both succinate and malate reduced the production of superoxide by mitochondria isolated from cold-stored bell peppers. Succinate and malate as second substrates also reduced the production of superoxide with NADH by mitochondria from both freshly harvested and cold-stored bell peppers. Malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, was inhibitory to oxygen uptake and to superoxide production. Mitochondria isolated from cold-stored bell peppers converted succinate to pyruvate at 25 °C at considerably higher rates than those of mitochondria from freshly harvested bell peppers. Since pyruvate has been shown to activate the alternative oxidase and the presence of pyruvate is essential for continued alternative oxidase activity, we suggest that pyruvate limits superoxide production by enhancing the flow of electrons through the alternative path. A direct scavenging of superoxide by succinate, malate and pyruvate, however, cannot be ruled out.
Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam–Columns with Bond-Slip

This paper presents a new model for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beam–columns with bond–slip. The model is derived from a two-field mixed formulation with independent approximation of forces and displacements. The state determination algorithm for the implementation of the model in a general purpose nonlinear finite-element analysis program is presented and its stability characteristics are discussed. Both, bond–slip and pull-out effects, are represented in the model. The paper concludes with a correlation study to investigate the validity of the model. The study confirmed the accuracy of the model in representing global and particularly local parameters.
Low energy antiproton-nucleus annihilation radius selection using an active silicon detector/target

Abstract The use of an intrinsic silicon transmission detector to experimentally select the annihilation radius of low energy antiprotons in silicon nuclei is described. Through Monte Carlo modeling of the intranuclear and evaporation cascades following the annihilation, the energy deposited in the detector is correlated to the annihilation radius in the silicon nucleus. By selecting events with sufficiently large energy deposition, annihilations occurring on average within the half nuclear density radius are distinguished.
Human ovarian cancer, lymphoma spleen, and bovine milk GlcNAc:β1,4Gal/GalNAc transferases: two molecular species in ovarian tumor and induction of GalNAcβ1,4Glc synthesis by α-lactalbumin

Affinity Gel-UDP was utilized to purify GlcNAc:beta1,4Gal/GalNAc transferases (Ts) from human lymphoma spleen, ovarian tumor, and ovarian cancer sera. Mn(2+) was found to be an absolute requirement for activity. Two molecular species containing both beta1,4Gal/GalNAc-T activities were discernible when the purified ovarian tumor microsomal enzyme was subjected to Sephacryl S-100 HR column chromatography as well as native polyacylamide gel-electrophoresis. Acceptor specificity studies of the affinity-purified lymphoma spleen and ovarian tumor microsomal enzymes and the conventionally purified, as well as the cloned, bovine milk GlcNAc:beta1,4Gal-Ts using a number of synthetic acceptors showed that the beta(1,6)-linked GlcNAc moiety to alpha-GalNAc was the most efficient acceptor. As compared to the purified milk enzyme, the recombinant form exhibited sixfold GlcNAc:beta1,4 GalNAc-T activity and up to eightfold GlcNAc6SO3beta-:beta1,4Gal-T activity. Further, the recombinant enzyme catalyzed the transfer of GalNAc to the terminal beta-linked GlcNAc6SO3 moiety. Alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) inhibited up to 85%, the transfer of Gal to the GlcNAc moiety linked either to Man or GlcNAc. On the contrary, alpha-LA had no significant influence on the transfer of GalNAc to the above acceptors. alpha-LA had no appreciable effect on the recombinant enzyme, except for the transfer of Gal or GalNAc to Glc. Both alpha- and beta-glucosides, as well as alpha-N-acetylglucosaminide, did not serve as acceptors.
On the Vibration of Trapezoidal Plate Clamped Along Each Edge with Damping Considered

The problem of free vibration of on trapezoidal plate fixed along each edge and having internal viscous damping is formulated and solved by means of generalized Galerkin's method. The fundamental natural frequencies are numerically calculated and presented in tabular form for various values of the dimension ratios b/a and H/a. The results of the analysis show that for a fixed ration b/a the fundamental frequency decreases with an increase in the ratio b/a. A rapid decrease in frequency occurs as the plate becomes rectangular. Das Problem der freien gedampften Schwingungen einer am Rand eingespannten regelmasigen Trapezplatte nach Bild 1 wird formuliert und mit Hilfe der verallgemeinerten Methode von Galerkin gelost. Die Grundschwingungszahlen werden berechnet und in Tabellenform fur verschiedene Werte der Form-parameter b/a und H/a dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, das fur ein festes Verhaltnis b/a die Grundfrequenz mit wachsendem Verhaltnis H/a abnimmt. Fur konstantes H/a nimmt die Frequenz mit wachsendem b/a ab. Wird die Platte rechteckig, so nimmt die Frequenz rasch ab.
A New Deepwater Offshore Platform- The Guyed Tower

The guyed tower is an offshore platform that rests on a spud can or bearing foundation and is held upright by multiple guylines. A simplified procedure for calculating the wave-induced dynamic response of this compliant tower is presented. Also, the dynamic characteristics that allow the structure to safely resist large ocean waves is discussed. A large scale test model of the tower has been installed in 300 feet of water in the Gulf of Mexico to verify the validity of the conclusions drawn.
Effect of corticosterone and aldosterone upon milk yield in the rat.

SummaryDaily subcutaneous administration of 1 mg of corticosterone to Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats from day 7 to 19 of lactation stimulated increased milk secretion on days 14 to 20. On day 14 milk yield was increased 12.0%, on day 16, 13.2%, on day 18, 13.3%, on day 20, 27.0%. Higher levels of the hormone depressed milk yield, whereas a lower level of corticosterone was ineffective. Twenty-five μg aldosterone alone was either of no benefit or only slightly effective. Although the combination of 1 mg corticosterone plus 25 /xg aldosterone increased milk yield on days 14 to 20 compared with control animals, it appears that the increased milk yield is due primarily to the effect of corticosterone alone.
Density functional study of excess Fe in Fe 1+x Te : Magnetism and doping

The electronic and magnetic properties of the excess Fe in iron telluride ${\text{Fe}}_{(1+x)}\text{Te}$ are studied by density functional calculations. We find that the excess Fe occurs with valence near ${\text{Fe}}^{+}$ and thus provides electron doping of approximately one carrier per Fe, and furthermore that the excess Fe is strongly magnetic. Thus it will provide local moments that interact with the plane Fe magnetism, and these are expected to persist in phases where the magnetism of the planes is destroyed, for example, by pressure or doping. The results are discussed in the context of superconductivity.
IDAWG: Metabolic Incorporation of Stable Isotope Labels for Quantitative Glycomics of Cultured Cells

Robust quantification is an essential component of comparative -omic strategies. In this regard, glycomics lags behind proteomics. Although various isotope-tagging and direct quantification methods have recently enhanced comparative glycan analysis, a cell culture labeling strategy, that could provide for glycomics the advantages that SILAC provides for proteomics, has not been described. Here, we report the development of IDAWG, Isotopic Detection of Aminosugars With Glutamine, for the incorporation of differential mass tags into the glycans of cultured cells. In this method, culture media containing amide-15N-Gln is used to metabolically label cellular aminosugars with heavy nitrogen. Because the amide side chain of Gln is the sole source of nitrogen for the biosynthesis of GlcNAc, GalNAc, and sialic acid, we demonstrate that culturing mouse embryonic stems cells for 72 h in the presence of amide-15N-Gln media results in nearly complete incorporation of 15N into N-linked and O-linked glycans. The isotop...
Design and Performance of a Modularized NaI(Tl) Detector (The Crystal Ball Prototype)

A prototye NaI(Tl) detector (the Cluster of 54) of spherical geometry subtending a solid angle of 7.5% of 4? at its center, has recently been assembled and tested. This detector consisted of 54 close-packed but optically isolated NaI(Tl) modules and the associated electronic circuitry. The Cluster of 54 is the predecessor of an almost complete spherical detector, the Crystal Ball, which will cover 94% of 4?. The latter detector is now under construction and is especially designed for the study of ?-rays produced in electron-positron collisions at colliding beam facilities. This article will outline the mechanical, optical, and electronic assembly of the prototype system. Cluster of 54 test data will be presented.
Diffusion of a Rectilinear Vortex in a Weakly Viscoelastic Liquid

6 Poreh, M., Rubin, H., and Elata, C., "Studies in Rheology and Hydrodynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions," Publication No. 126, 1969, Civil Engineering Dept., Technion, Haifa, Israel. 7 Virk, P. S., "The Toms Phenomenon—Turbulent Pipe Flow of Dilute Polymer Solutions," Sc.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1966; also Virk, P. S. and Merril, G. W., Viscu also Engineering Hydraulics, edited by H. Rouse, Chapter VI.
Infra-red Spectra of the New Proline Derivative from the Apple

IN the work of McKee1 and of Hulme2 on apple, two substances have been isolated. One of these, from apple peel2, has been referred to as proline substituted, probably on the same carbon, with methyl and hydroxyl groups. The other, from apple twigs, has been referred to by McKee1 and described above by Urbach as 4-hydroxy-methyl proline, that is, the hydroxyl group is on the methyl side-chain.
Molecular dynamics simulations of temperature equilibration in dense hydrogen.

The temperature equilibration rate in dense hydrogen (for both T{sub i} > T{sub e} and T{sub i} 1, Brown-Preston-Singleton [Brown et al., Phys. Rep. 410, 237 (2005)] with the sub-leading corrections and the fit of Gericke-Murillo-Schlanges [Gericke et al., PRE 65, 036418 (2003)] to the T-matrix evaluation of the collision operator, agrees with the MD data to within the error bars of the simulation. For more strongly-coupled plasmas where L {approx}< 1, our numerical results are consistent with the fit of Gericke-Murillo-Schlanges.
Anti-inflammatory effects of mutant forms of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.

The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is found in a variety of secreted fluids in mammals and is a known inhibitor of serine proteases. Wild-type (WT) SLPI has recently been shown to block nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in rat lungs and to interfere with the ensuing inflammatory response and recruitment of neutrophils after an intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes. In this study, WT SLPI and SLPI mutants with various degrees of protease-inhibitory capacity (for trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) were evaluated for their ability to suppress the lung-vascular leak, neutrophil accumulation, and NF-κB activation in the lung inflammatory model. The SLPI mutant with Gly 72 (replacing Leu 72 ) lost its ability to block in vivo activation of NF-κB, as well as its ability to suppress the lung vascular leak and neutrophil recruitment. The Phe 72 and Gly 20 mutants were as effective as the WT SLPI in suppressing NF-κB activation and neutrophil recruitment. The Lys 72 mutant had the most suppressive effects of the lung vascular leak and for neutrophil recruitment into the lung. The in vivo suppressive effects of SLPI mutants on lung vascular permeability, neutrophil recruitment, and NF-κB activation appear to be most closely related to their trypsin-inhibiting activity. These data suggest that the suppressive effects of SLPI on the intrapulmonary activation of NF-κB and neutrophil recruitment into the lung may be linked to their antiprotease activity, directed, perhaps, at the intracellular proteases.
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on heterogeneous nuclear RNA in rat hepatoma cells

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA HnRNA) was isolated from untreated and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) treated hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells. analysis of this RNA by either electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-agarose gels or centrifugation in sucrose gradients demonstrated that BrdUrd caused a shift in the labeled HnRNA population toward a smaller size distribution. This effect was produced by concentrations of BrdUrd which specifically lower the level of the differentiated enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase, but do not greatly affect cell growth. Differential binding to oligo(dT) cellulose was used to fractionate HnRNA further into classes containing poly(A) (alpha), oligo(A) (beta) or neither category of A-rich sequences (gamma). BrdUrd did not alter the relative rates of uridine incorporation into the three classes. The shift in the labeled HnRNA population due to BrdUrd was observed in all three subclasses of HnRNA.
Bioterrorism and Patent Rights: "Compulsory Licensure" and the Case of Cipro

This paper discusses ethical and policy issues relating to the U.S. government's decision not to override Bayer's patent on Cipro in response to increased demands for the drug in the wake of the anthrax bioterrorism scare. Although the government had the legal authority to override the patent, the decision to not override the patent was morally justified. What is true for Cipro is also true for most other patented pharmaceutical agents. While the federal government clearly possesses the legal power to use and sanction the use of patented intellectual property without the consent of the patentee, this authority should be exercised only sparingly with regard to pharmaceutical products. Instead, government policy makers should maintain a strong presumption against overriding patents, and are morally justified in overriding patents only if the action satisfies five stringent conditions: 1) the medication plays a key role in the government's response to a bona fide national medical emergency; 2) there are no alternative remedies; 3) negotiations made in good faith to obtain the medication or a license to produce the medication have failed; 4) the government compensates the company nonetheless; and 5) the action is limited in time or has a sunset clause. We recognize that this series of threshold tests, if followed, will limit government action against pharmaceutical patents in all but a few cases, but believe that moral considerations and overall social good warrant these narrow and exacting criteria.
Cancer Risk After Use of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Spinal Arthrodesis

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is a growth factor known to have in vitro effects on the growth and invasiveness of cancer. It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in limited doses for single-level anterior spinal arthrodesis, but it is commonly used off-label and at high doses. The effect of rhBMP-2 on the risk of cancer has been a concern. We sought to evaluate the risk of new cancers in patients receiving high-dose rhBMP-2. Methods: We used publicly available data from a pivotal, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of patients with degenerative lumbar spine conditions who underwent a single-level instrumented posterolateral arthrodesis with either high-dose rhBMP-2 in a compression-resistant matrix (CRM) (rhBMP-2/CRM; n = 239) or autogenous bone graft (control group; n = 224). We compared the risks of new cancers in the rhBMP-2/CRM and control groups at two and five years after surgery. Results: At two years, with 86% follow-up, there were fifteen new cancer events in eleven patients in the rhBMP-2/CRM group compared with two new cancer events in two patients in the control group treated with autogenous bone graft. The incidence rate of new cancer events per 100 person-years was 3.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89 to 5.56) in the rhBMP-2/CRM group at two years compared with 0.50 (95% CI, 0.06 to 1.80) in the control group. The incidence rate ratio was 6.75 (95% CI, 1.57 to 60.83; p = 0.0026) at two years. Calculated in terms of the number of patients with one or more cancer events two years after the surgery, the incidence rate per 100 person-years was 2.54 (95% CI, 1.27 to 4.54) in the rhBMP-2/CRM group compared with 0.50 (95% CI, 0.06 to 1.82) in the control group at two years; the incidence rate ratio was 5.04 (95% CI, 1.10 to 46.82; p = 0.0194). At five years, there was a 37% loss of follow-up, but a significantly greater incidence of cancer events was still observed in the rhBMP-2/CRM group. Conclusions: A high dose of 40 mg of rhBMP-2/CRM in lumbar spinal arthrodesis was associated with an increased risk of new cancer. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Magnitude of model’s apparent pain and ability to aid the model as determinants of observer reaction time

Thirty-two undergraduate females participated in an experiment designed to investigate the effects of magnitude of apparent suffering of a live peer model and the instructions concerning their ability to aid this individual on O reaction time (RT). It was predicted that under conditions where Os were informed that they could influence the suffering of the model by the speed of their responses, RT would decrease as the magnitude of pain evidenced by this individual increased. However, under conditions where Os were informed that they could not aid the model, it was expected that RT would actually increase as the degree of pain shown by this person increased. Results supported these predictions.
Physical processes controlling ice concentrations in cold cirrus near the tropical tropopause

[1] Previous ice nucleation calculations have suggested that in the presence of wave-driven temperature perturbations typical of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), homogeneous freezing should produce ice concentrations well in excess of measured values. A statistical ice cloud parameterization that includes effects of sedimentation was recently used to show that if the wave amplitudes are not too large, a quasi steady state may be established wherein loss of ice crystals by sedimentation is balanced by nucleation of new ice crystals, and the resulting cloud ice concentrations agree well with observations. Here, we use numerical models to further evaluate the evolution of ice concentrations in TTL cirrus, including a range of cloud physical processes (homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation, sedimentation, and radiatively driven dynamics). We use a one-dimensional microphysical model with bin microphysics to show that as a result of gravitational size sorting, the mean ice concentrations over the life cycle of the clouds are considerably smaller than the peak ice concentrations produced by ice nucleation events. However, the mean ice concentrations predicted here are considerably higher than either those reported based on the statistical model or those indicated by the observations. With the baseline wave amplitudes, ice crystals nucleated heterogeneously do not quench rising supersaturation in cooling air parcels and prevent homogeneous nucleation that produces high ice concentrations. We also use a three-dimensional cloud resolving model to show that radiatively driven internal circulations and entrainment do slowly shift the ice concentrations toward lower values, but the time required to dilute ice concentrations produced by homogeneous freezing to values comparable to measured ice concentrations is of the order of 12–24 h, which may be longer than typical TTL cirrus lifetimes.
A novel RF ranging method

Localization and tracking of wireless nodes have been active research areas in robotics, mobile ad-hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. While several phenomena have been utilized for this purpose, RF signals have many advantages. Signal strength and time-of-flight are the two typical ways of extracting range information. Recently, radio interferometry was proposed to solve this problem using phase and/or Doppler shift measurements across severely resource-constrained devices. The former requires many measurements at multiple frequencies, while the latter needs motion to generate a usable signal. This paper introduces a novel ranging method based on a rotating antenna generating a Doppler shifted RF signal. The frequency change can be measured using the radio interferometric technique even on low-cost, resource constrained devices. This simple idea provides a surprising number of different ways for estimating range and location. The paper outlines these techniques and describes one of them in more detail with experimental and simulation results.
Highly efficient transduction of repopulating bone marrow cells using rapidly concentrated polymer-complexed retrovirus

Using the cationic polymer, Polybrene, and the anionic polymer, chondroitin sulfate C, we concentrated recombinant retrovirus pseudotyped with an ecotropic envelope, which is susceptible to inactivation by high-speed concentration methods. To evaluate gene marking, murine bone marrow was harvested from C3H mice, transduced with polymer-concentrated GFP virus, and transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. Total gene marking in mice averaged 30-35% at 8 weeks post-transplant and transgene expression remained stable for over 16 weeks. Using the polymer concentration method, a second retroviral vector encoding the drug resistant variant of dihydrofolate reductase (L22Y-DHFR) was concentrated and tested. Approximately 40% of transduced murine bone marrow progenitor cells were protected against trimetrexate concentrations that completely eliminated the growth of non-modified cells. These results show that anionic and cationic polymers can be combined to rapidly concentrate viruses that are normally difficult to concentrate, and the concentrated virus efficiently transduces hematopoietic stem cells.
Neutron Skins and Neutron Stars

Background: The neutron skin of a heavy nucleus as well as many neutron-star properties are highly sensitive to the poorly constrained density dependence of the symmetry energy.
Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives

This paper compares the perspectives of transaction costs and strategic behavior in explaining the motivation to joint venture. In addition, a theory of joint ventures as an instrument of organizational learning is proposed and developed. Existing studies of joint ventures are examined in light of these theories. Data on the sectoral distribution and stability of joint ventures are presented.
Abstract 960: Blocking the Notch pathway induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in lung adenocarcinoma: A novel approach to overcoming chemoresistance.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Backgroung: The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastasis. EMT cells possess the characteristics of cell motility, invasiveness, and have stem cells properties. EMT expression profile correlates with resistance to chemotherapy and poor outcome in multiple tumors and there is evidence suggesting an integral role of Notch pathway in mediating an EMT status. In this study, we investigated Notch activity and EMT status and the correlation with chemoressitance in lung adenocarcinoma. Results: Transduction of multiple lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, NCI-H1299, NCI-H460, NCI-H358, NCI-H441 with a Notch GFP-reporter construct identified a subset of cells with high Notch activity (GFP-positive). We compared cell migration capacity of GFP-positive and -negative cells utilizing a transwell invasion assay. Cells with high Notch activity, as evidenced by GFP expression, had a significantly higher migration capability as compared to GFP-negative cells. To evaluate resistance to chemotherapy, we treated GFP-pos and GFP-neg cells with docetaxel or cisplatin and measured apoptosis by Annexin V expression with flow cytometry. GFP-pos cells showed major resistance to both agents as compared to GFP-neg cells. When GFP-pos cells were exposed to a Notch activity blocker, gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI), these cells were rendered sensitive to cisplatin or docetaxel exposure as evident by an increase in Annexin V expression. Using RNA microarray analysis and RT-PCR assays, there was an increased expression of EMT related genes (Vimentin, N-Cadherin, Snail-1,….) in GFP-pos cells as compared to GFP-neg cells. Furthermore, NOD/SCID mice with subcutaneous primary lung tumor xenografts treated with GSI showed decreased expression of downstream effectors of Notch as as well as vimentin. Mice treated with combination of GSI and docetaxel had better tumor control as compared to those treated with GSI and docetaxel as single agents. Conclusion: These studies suggest that the Notch pathway is an important regulator of EMT status and that its inhibition induces mesenchymal to epithelial transition overcoming chemoresistnace. Notch inhibitors in combination with standard chemotherapy present a potential effective approach to achieve better disease control in lung cancer. Citation Format: Khaled Hassan, Luo Wang, Hasan Korkaya, Paige O'Dowd, Sarah Dubaisi, Rayyan Kadi, Rawad Nasr, Binghui Zhang, April Davis, Gregory Kalemkerian, Max Wicha. Blocking the Notch pathway induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in lung adenocarcinoma: A novel approach to overcoming chemoresistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 960. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-960
Transient-state intermediates involved in the hydride transfer step of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction☆

Abstract Stopped-flow spectrophotometric studies of the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and TPN show that the rapid first phase or “burst” in absorbance is due to the formation of a previously unreported complex with a maximum absorbance at 332 mμ. The second slower phase consists of the maintenance of a constant level of this blue-shifted complex accompanied by a slow production of complex with a peak at about 348 mμ. Free TPNH release occurs only later as a third stage. Substitution of deuterium for the α-H atom of L-glutamate produces an isotope effect on the first slope of the reaction, but no effect on the burst height or later phases of the reaction. It is concluded that the burst phase represents the hydride transfer step of the reaction and that the 332 mμ peak is probably the resulting enzyme-TPNH-α-ketoglutarate-NH 4 + complex.
Fall Death Rates of Drone Honey Bees

Worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., physically pursue and drive drones out of the hive in the late summer and fall months, but the fall discharge of drones is a slow process. Drones persist long after drone brood rearing ceases; “American” bees seem uniform in this regard. Fall drone discharge is speeded up and is more dramatic under starvation conditions, but it still takes many weeks.
Free radicals derived from tocopherol and related substances.

Abstract Tocopherol, dissolved in a suitable mixture of organic solvents such as will, at the temperature of liquid air, form a homogeneous glass, is irradiated with ultraviolet light. A red colour is developed which disappears at slighty higher temperature. Similar observations are made with some other substances related to hydroquinones. The coloured substance is interpreted as a free semiquinone radical. Its possible function for the vitamine and the antioxidant effect of tocopherol is discussed.
Visualizing Gold Nanoparticle Uptake in Live Cells with Liquid Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

The intracellular uptake of 30 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) was studied at the nanoscale in pristine eukaryotic cells. Live COS-7 cells were maintained in a microfluidic chamber and imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy. A quantitative image analysis showed that Au-NPs bound to the membranes of vesicles, possibly lysosomes, and occupied 67% of the available surface area. The vesicles accumulated to form a micrometer-sized cluster after 24 h of incubation. Two clusters were analyzed and found to consist of 117 ± 9 and 164 ± 4 NP-filled vesicles.