cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in preterm breast milk composition with advancing infant age.

7. Kannan L, Lodha R, Vivekanandhan S, Bagga A, Kabra SK, Kabra M. Intravenous fluid regimen and hyponatraemia among children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:2303-9. 8. Neville KA, Sandeman DJ, Rubinstein A, Henry GM, McGlynn M, Walker JL. Prevention of hyponatremia during maintenance intravenous fluid administration: A prospective randomized study of fluid type versus fluid rate. J Pediatr. 2010;156:313-9. 9. Arikan AA, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Naipaul A, Jefferson LS, Loftis LL. Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med J. 2012;13:253-8. 10. Shamin A, Afzal K, Ali SM. Safety and efficacy of isotonic (0.9%) vs. hypotonic (0.18%) saline as maintenance intravenous fluids in children: A randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2014:51:969-74. 11. National Patient Safety Agency. Reducing the risk of hyponatraemia when administering intravenous infusions to children. 28 March 2007. Available from: http:// www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/?entryid45=59809. Accessed November 7, 20014.
Introductory Note to United Nations Security Council Resolution on Targeted Sanctions in South Sudan

This Note discusses the purposes and provisions of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2206 on South Sudan, which provides for targeted sanctions -- consisting of a travel ban and asset freeze -- against South Sudanese individuals and entities deemed responsible for the civil war that erupted in December 2013. After providing a brief overview of Resolution 2206, the Note discusses the rationales for targeted, as opposed to general, sanctions. The Note then examines the potential obstacles to the sanctions' effectiveness in achieving their purported aim -- to "support the search for an inclusive and sustainable peace in South Sudan." Finally, the Note concludes that targeted sanctions on South Sudanese actors are more likely to have a symbolic effect -- naming and shaming the culprits and denying them international legitimacy -- than a practical effect in halting the conflict.
Energy concentration of high-oil corn varieties for pigs.

Growth performance and utilization of nutrients and energy in three high-oil corn varieties (5.4 to 9.7% ether extract) and regular corn (4.2% ether extract) were compared in three experiments using growing pigs. Twenty-four 25-kg crossbred barrows were used in Exp. 1 to evaluate nutrient and energy digestibility in the three high-oil corn varieties and regular corn. Four diets were formulated to contain 97% of one of four varieties of corn (Control, TC1, TC2, and X122 varieties) and 3% minerals and vitamins. Digestibilities of nitrogen and ether extract were similar (P >.05) for regular corn and all three varieties of high-oil corn. The digestible energy concentrations (kcal/g; as-fed basis) for control, TC1, TC2, and X122 corn varieties were 3.29, 3.57, 3.4, and 3.41, respectively, with control lower (P <.05) than TC2 or X122 and TC1 higher (P <.05) than TC2 or X122. Metabolizable energy concentrations averaged 98.4% of digestible energy concentrations. In Exp. 2, four diets formulated to contain 79% of one of the four corn varieties, 18.25% 48% CP soybean meal, 2.45% vitamins and minerals, and.3% lysine.HC1 were fed to 24 crossbred barrows (six pigs per diet) in a nutrient and energy balance study similar to the Exp. 1. Results were similar to those obtained in Exp. 1. The same four diets that were used in Exp. 2 were fed to 40 (10/diet) 20-kg crossbred pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) in a 28-d growth performance study (Exp. 3). Gain:feed ratios were.39,.43,.42, and.42 and growth rates (kg/d) were.68,.74,.70, and.72, for diets containing control, TC1, TC2, and X122 corn varieties, respectively. These translate to 8 to 10% improvement in feed efficiency and a numerical improvement in weight gain (3 to 9%) when high-oil corn was fed as compared with control corn. The results of nitrogen, ether extract, and energy balance and feeding experiments with growing pigs indicate efficient utilization of nutrients in diets containing high-oil corn.
The Case for Franchise Encroachment

As franchisors add same brand outlets to a geographical market, the resulting “encroachment” from multiple locations creates conflict via revenue cannibalization. We empirically explore the possibility that encroachment could, in fact, have the opposite effect by increasing revenues as more same brand units are added. In particular, we propose that same brand units create a spillover effect that can heighten joint revenues from multiple units. Using detailed proprietary data from the hotel industry and other publicly available data, we identify the circumstances under which such revenue growth will be greater than cannibalization. We model the possible brand spillover effects from encroachment into a structural demand model, and estimate it along with the supply side. Confirming the model-free evidence, we find a statistically and economically significant customer preference for hotels that have more same brand establishments in the vicinity. We also find that encroachment benefits franchisees in markets with low same brand concentration, but is detrimental in markets where the brand is highly concentrated. A counterfactual analysis examines the impact of encroachment reduction and the impact of legislation that bans encroachment practices outright. Implications for management, public policy, and franchise strategy are discussed.
The antiinflammatory effect of dopamine in alcoholic hemorrhagic pancreatitis in cats. Studies on the receptors and mechanisms of action.

Abstract Hemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in cats by perfusing pancreatic enzymes through a pancreatic duct after the administration of intragastric ethanol. Dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 was administered concurrently. In the first study, dopamine's antiinflammatory effect on the pancreas was determined in the presence of haloperidol, propranolol, or both. Next, dopamine's effects on blood flow in the normal and inflamed pancreas were compared using a hydrogen gas-clearance technique. In the final study, the effect of dopamine on fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran leakage from the pancreatic duct to portal venous blood was investigated. It was found that blockade of either dopamine or β-adrenergic receptors reduced, and blockade of both receptors completely eliminated, the antiinflammatory effect. Dopamine had no effect on pancreatic blood flow in normal cats. In pancreatitis, although dopamine transiently reduced blood flow, after an hour flow had returned to normal. Dopamine reversed the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran from the pancreatic duct caused by ethanol and by ethanol and prostaglandin E 2 . It was concluded that dopamine ameliorated pancreatitis by reducing pancreatic ductal and/or microvascular permeability rather than by altering pancreatic blood flow. The antiinflammatory effect was mediated by both dopamine and β-adrenergic receptors.
The cobra's tongue: Rethinking the function of the "fishtail appendage" on the pitcher plant Darlingtonia californica.

Premise of study Carnivorous pitcher plants employ a variety of putative adaptations for prey attraction and capture. One example is the peculiar forked "fishtail appendage", a foliar structure widely presumed to function as a prey attractant on adult leaves of Darlingtonia californica (Sarraceniaceae). This study tests the prediction that the presence of the appendage facilitates prey capture and can be considered an example of an adaptation to the carnivorous syndrome. Methods In a field experiment following a cohort of Darlingtonia leaves over their growing season, before the pitcher traps opened, the fishtail appendages from half of the leaves were removed. Additionally, all appendages were removed from every plant at two small, isolated populations. After 54 and 104 d, prey items were collected to determine whether differences in prey composition and biomass existed between experimental and unmanipulated control leaves. Key results Removal of the fishtail appendage did not reduce pitcher leaves' prey biomass nor alter their prey composition at either the level of individual leaves or entire populations. Fishtail appendages on plants growing in shaded habitats contained significantly greater chlorophyll concentrations than those on plants growing in full sun. Conclusions These results call into question the longstanding assumption that the fishtail appendage on Darlingtonia is an adaptation critical for the attraction and capture of prey. I suggest alternative evolutionary explanations for the role of the fishtail structure and repropose a hypothesis on the mutualistic nature of pitcher plant-arthropod trophic interactions.
Modeling Stormwater Basins for Potential Retrofit Designs

Outflow structures for stormwater detention basins can vary widely within a single watershed. The designs are often left to the whim of the local engineer. Why should there be such differences? This research attempts to discern the performance and efficiency of various typical and atypical weir shapes. To accomplish this task, a scale model of a stormwater detention basin was constructed with removable outlet weirs. The physical model was calibrated using typical weir structures (e.g. rectangular, V-notch, submerged orifice, etc.) in which accepted numerical models exist to calculate outflow discharge. Empirical stage-discharge relationships were then calculated for the atypical weir structures (e.g. stepped notch, combinations of typical shapes, etc.). The atypical weirs simulated herein represent the range of outlet structure designs located in the Upper Mantua Creek watershed, Gloucester County, New Jersey. This area of New Jersey has experienced large urban growth in the past 40 years, and many of the existing basins were not designed for the current runoff volumes they experience. Within this 7.3 square mile watershed, there are currently 61 stormwater basins and more than 50 different outlet structure designs. The ability of each stormwater basin to pass or detain a given flow event can now be determined empirically. From these data, appropriate retrofit designs can be implemented.
The Foremost Textbook of Modern Times

(1951). The Foremost Textbook of Modern Times. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 223-226.
Allograft Survival with Iloprost

Short-term cardiac allograft survival has improved substantially since the introduction of cyclosporin A (CsA). However, death from coronary atherosclerosis resulting form chronic rejection is now the major problem; clearly CsA does not provide adequate long-term allograft protection and, in addition, possesses a number of undesirable side effects including renal toxicity which is particularly prominent in cardiac transplant patients where some of the patients are now placed on chronic hemodialysis. The combination of prednisone with CsA seems superior to CsA alone in promoting allograft survival. However, treatment with prednisone is also linked to serious short-term side effects including bone necrosis and cataract.
Implementation of a Network Print Management System: Lessons Learned

This case provides an interesting study from a number of perspectives on the implementation of a Network Print Management System (NPMS) in a complex end-user environment. It examines issues related to technology, systems analysis and design, selection and management of outsourced services, installation, testing, troubleshooting, and end user participation and acceptance.
Numerical Modeling of Passive Networks and Components in Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICS)

A review of the vital issues affecting the accurate and efficient simulation of the electrical behavior of passive MMIC networks and circuit components is given. With emphasis on the microstrip structures, we discuss what constitutes an efficient algorithm in developing a numerical solver using a mixed-potential, integral equation approach.
VDAC-Tubulin, an Anti-Warburg Pro-Oxidant Switch.

Aerobic enhanced glycolysis characterizes the Warburg phenotype. In cancer cells, suppression of mitochondrial metabolism contributes to maintain a low ATP/ADP ratio that favors glycolysis. We propose that the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) located in the mitochondrial outer membrane is a metabolic link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in the Warburg phenotype. Most metabolites including respiratory substrates, ADP and Pi enter mitochondria only through VDAC. Oxidation of respiratory substrates in the Krebs cycle generates NADH that enters the electron transport chain (ETC) to generate a proton motive force utilized to generate ATP and to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). The ETC is also the major source of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Dimeric α-β tubulin decreases conductance of VDAC inserted in lipid bilayers and high free tubulin in cancer cells, by closing VDAC, limits the ingress of respiratory substrates and ATP decreasing mitochondrial ΔΨ. VDAC opening regulated by free tubulin operates as a “master key” that “seal-unseal” mitochondria to modulate mitochondrial metabolism, ROS formation and the intracellular flow of energy. Erastin, a small molecule that binds to VDAC and kills cancer cells, and erastin-like compounds antagonize the inhibitory effect of tubulin on VDAC. Blockage of the VDAC-tubulin switch increases mitochondrial metabolism leading to decreased glycolysis and oxidative stress that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, bioenergetic failure and cell death. In summary, VDAC-opening dependent cell death follows a “metabolic double hit model” characterized by oxidative stress and reversion of the pro-proliferative Warburg phenotype.
Microwave-assisted, grafting polymerization preparation of strong cation exchange nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer fibers and their chromatographic properties.

Abstract Native nylon 6 C-CP fibers were modified with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) via the microwave-assisted grafting polymerization to affect a strong cation exchange stationary phase. Various concentrations of AMPS and the initiator potassium persulfate (KPS) were used in the modifications. The resultant nylon-SO3H fibers were characterized by Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and acid-base titrations. The chromatographic properties, including column permeability, protein separation quality, and protein binding capacity, of the nylon-SO3H fiber columns were also studied. The cation exchange ligand densities on the modified fibers ( SO3H) were determined to be 50–317 μmol g−1, in comparison to the cation ( COOH) density of 28 μmol g−1 of native nylon 6 fibers. The modified fiber phase showed increased lysozyme dynamic loading capacities (up to ∼13 mg mL−1 bed volume) at a linear velocity of ∼90 cm min−1, while native nylon 6 showed only ∼1 mg mL−1 lysozyme loading capacity. Fast (30 s–3 min) gradient separations of myoglobin, α-chymotrypsinogen A, and lysozyme were achieved on nylon-SO3H columns, with the separation resolution and peak capacity characterized. The efficiency of surface re-equilibration was probed with an eye toward using the phase as the second dimension in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). The results indicate that this nylon-SO3H fiber phase has a good deal of potential for use in high-throughput analytical and preparative protein separations.
The Role of Geoscience Education Research in the Consilience between Science of the Mind and Science of the Natural World

ABSTRACT This manuscript addresses the potential role of geoscience education research in understanding geoscience expert practice. We note the similarity between the perception–action framework of Ulric Neisser (Neisser, 1976) and the observation–prediction framework used by geoscience practitioners. The consilience between these two approaches is that learning takes place when links are formed between predictions and observations and that this linkage is formed through conceptual models. Use of conceptual models facilitates learning at all levels; hence, there is little difference between learning in expert practice and student learning at all levels. The field of geoscience education is uniquely poised to enhance geoscience practice through investigation of expert learning, both in traditional field research and when experts adopt new tools and techniques. The consilience of expert practice, student learning, and cognitive science outcomes provides a rich opportunity to enhance both the intellectual me...
American bodies and landscapes in early English colonisation

The illustrations of sixteenth-century Algonquian-speaking peoples of present-day North Carolina by Theodore de Bry and John White are among the most recognisable images associated with European co...
A New Profession for an Old Need: Why a Mitigation Specialist Must Be Included on the Capital Defense Team

BACKGROUND: Though both the term and the job are probably no older than the current decade, printed evidence of both has steadily accrued, making the term a likely candidate for entry in future dictionaries. A mitigation specialist has been described as a kind of social historian who delves into the defendant’s past to unearth circumstances—childhood abuse, for example—that might be used to paint a sympathetic picture and sway a jury toward leniency. A recent case in which a mitigation specialist was at work, seemingly with some success, is the trial of Terry Nichols in connection with the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
Proteomic analysis of the asthmatic airway

Proteomic investigations in general utilize varied technologies for sample preparation, separations, quantification, protein identification, and biological rationalization. Their applications range from pure discovery and mechanistic studies to biomarker discovery/verification/validation. In each specific case, the analytical strategy to be implemented is tailored to the type of sample that serves as the target of the investigations. Proteomic investigations take into consideration sample complexity, the cellular heterogeneity (particularly from tissues), the potential dynamic range of the protein and peptide abundance within the sample, the likelihood of posttranslational modifications (PTM), and other important factors that might influence the final output of the study. We describe the sample types typically used for proteomic investigations into the biology of asthma and review the most recent related publications with special attention to those that deal with the unique airway samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), epithelial lining fluid and cells (ELF), induced sputum (IS), and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Finally, we describe the newest proteomics approaches to sample preparation of the unique airway samples, BALF and IS.
Light recycling beam steering on a DMD lidar

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) that operate in a phase modulation mode enable beam steering with higher diffraction efficiency compared to amplitude modulation mode, thus potentially be used for an efficient beam steering with no moving part. Currently, Twisted Nematic phase SLMs are widely adopted for phase modulation. However, their refresh rate is typically in the range below kilohertz. Recently, a new method for binary and spatial phase modulation using Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) was proposed by a research group in Germany. In the method, complemental self-images of DMD, corresponding to on- and off-pixels, are formed by two auxiliary optics while adding a pi phase shift between two images. The optics function as recycling of light in a coherent manner. The method enables over kilohertz refresh rate and higher diffraction efficiency in binary phase modulation mode to conventional amplitude binary modulation. As alternatives to the binary phase modulation, we propose and experimentally evaluated high-speed beam steering by DMD based on light recycling. In our experiment, with binary phase modulation mode, system output efficiency reaches 8%. It can be doubled to 16% with light recycling method. Efficiency is still low compared to the reported value of 27% without light recycling. To further increase beam efficiency, system loss was analysed.
Nanosecond Mid-Infrared Pulse Generation via Modulated Thermal Emission

We demonstrated that mid-infrared pulses can be generated by fast emissivity modulation of semiconductors. Ultrafast visible-frequency pulses were used to pump intrinsic unpatterned silicon and gallium arsenide. The ultrafast free-carrier dynamics in these materials lead to nanosecond-scale pulsed thermal emission.
Strategic Talent Management: Implementation and Impact of a Leadership Development Program in Radiology.

The rapidity of change and increasing complexity of the academic medical center environment require a talented and engaged workforce with competencies in adaptability, capacity for working in empowered and diverse interprofessional teams, and self-efficacy. Radiology-a crosscutting field that interfaces with most other biomedical disciplines and that is often at the forefront of technological disruption-is a potentially ideal venue to focus professional and leadership development to create positive organizational value. In this report, we detail the design of and 9-year experience with a departmental leadership academy at a large academic center intended to foster team-based skills in early to midcareer faculty and staff. Over the past decade, 100 participants have completed the program with 80% retention, substantial professional growth, and increased capacity for mentoring others. This in-house, customized leadership development program is aligned with our strategic and cultural imperative to promote nimble, engaged, and empowered teams in a diverse and inclusive setting.
Development of Fe-9Cr Alloy via High-Energy Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering

Iron and chromium powders were mixed and mechanically alloyed via high-energy ball milling for different time durations (2–20 h) to produce an alloy powder with a nominal composition of Fe-9Cr (wt.%). The milled Fe-9Cr powders were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to understand the impact of ball milling (BM) time on the characteristics of the milled powder. The optimized milled powder samples were then consolidated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) for different dwell times and temperatures. The density of consolidated samples was found to reach a maximum of 98%. Microstructural characterization of the SPS samples were performed using XRD, SEM, TEM and electron backscatter diffraction. This study highlights the principles and importance of high-energy BM and SPS of Fe-9Cr model alloy for the future development of more complex oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys for various applications including advanced nuclear reactor applications.
Reflections of a Confluence: International Law in the Philippine Court 1940–2000

This article comprehensively traces the way international law is applied in the Philippine Supreme Court since the 1940s - the decade when the Court first referred to international law and third-world legal systems were in formative years. This accentuates the problem of the reception of international law in countries with incomplete, nascent, and hybridized legal systems. Playing upon the monist and dualist divide in the treatment of international law in the domestic, the Court illustratively takes on international law and selectively applies international norms, resulting in inordinacy, and sometimes, chaos. The article won the 2013 DILA Prize of the Asian Yearbook of International Law.
Patterns and Predictors of Academic Dishonesty in Moldovan University Students

A total of 1390 university students from five public Moldovan universities completed a survey reporting their experiences and beliefs with respect to 22 types of academic misconduct. An interpretable five-factor solution to the frequencies of these behaviors accounted for more than half of the total variance. The two most reliable predictors were 1) how often students witnessed other students engage in these behaviors, and 2) perceived acceptability of the behaviors. Demographic predictors of these behaviors (gender, academic specialty, year in school, institution, grade average, and scholarship status) predicted minimal variance. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
Thinking in nursing education. Part II. A teacher's experience

Across academia, educators are investigating teaching strategies that facilitate students' abilities to think critically. Because may these strategies require low teacher-student ratios or sustained involvement over time, efforts to implement them are often constrained by diminishing resources for education, faculty reductions, and increasing number of part-time teachers and students. In nursing, the challenges of teaching and learning critical thinking are compounded by the demands of providing care to patients with increasingly acute and complex problems in a wide variety of settings. To meet these challenges, nurse teachers have commonly used a variety of strategies to teach critical thinking (1). For instance, they often provide students with case studies or simulated clinical situations in classroom and laboratory settings (2). At other times, students are taught a process of critical thinking and given structured clinical assignments, such as care plans or care maps, where they apply this process in anticipating the care a particular patient will require. Accompanying students onto clinical units, teachers typically evaluate critical thinking ability by reviewing a student's preparation prior to the experience and discussing it with the student during the course of the experience. The rationales students provide for particular nursing interventions are taken as evidence of their critical thinking ability. While this approach is commonly thought to be effective, the evolving health care system has placed increased emphasis on community nursing (3,4), where it is often difficult to prespecify learning experiences or to anticipate patient care needs. In addition, teachers are often not able to accompany each student to the clinical site. Thus, the traditional strategies for teaching and learning critical thinking common to hospital-based clinical courses are being challenged, transformed, and extended (5). Part II of this article describes findings that suggest how many teachers and students are challenging the conventional approaches to schooling and creating pedagogies that are more responsive to the contemporary context of health care.
Comparison of absorptive one pion exchange model with measurements of π - p --> π + π - n

Abstract The results of a wire spark chamber experiment studying the reaction π − p → π + π − n at 15 GeV/ c are compared with the predictions of the absorptive one pion exchange model. The structure at small values of momentum transfer observed in the data is well described by the model.
Evaluating the Microbiome of Hemp

Plant microbiomes contribute to plant fitness and crop yields through a variety of mechanisms. Determining variability in microbiome composition among individuals of a species, and identifying core...
Thrombosis at hospital presentation in patients with and without coronavirus disease 2019.

Abstract Objective In the present study, we sought to better characterize the patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) most at risk of severe, outpatient thrombosis by defining the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 with arterial or venous thrombosis diagnosed at admission. Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis of COVID-19 patients. We found a shift in the proportions of thrombosis subtypes from 2019 to 2020, with declines in ST-segment myocardial infarction (from 22.0% to 10.1% of thrombotic events) and stroke (from 48.6% to 37.2%) and an increase in venous thromboembolism (from 29.4% to 52.7%). The patients with COVID-19–associated thrombosis were younger (age, 58 years vs 64 years; P = .043) and were less frequently women (31.3% vs 43.9%; P = .16). However, no differences were found in the body mass index or major comorbidities between those with and without COVID-19. COVID-19–associated thrombosis correlated with greater mortality (15.2% vs 4.3%; P = .016). The biometric profile of patients admitted with COVID-19–associated thrombosis compared with regular thrombosis showed significant changes in the complete blood count, liver function test results, D-dimer levels, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and coagulation panels. Conclusions Outpatients with COVID-19 who developed thrombosis requiring hospitalization had increased mortality compared with outpatients without COVID-19 who developed thrombosis requiring hospitalization. Given the significantly higher inflammatory marker levels, it is possible this is related to different mechanisms of thrombotic disease in these patients. The inflammation could be a therapeutic target to reduce the risk, or aid in the treatment, of thrombosis. We call for more studies elucidating the role that immunothrombosis might be playing in patients with COVID-19.
From Medical to Recreational Marijuana: Lessons for States in Transition

As of October 2020, eleven states and the District of Columbia have undergone a transition from medical to adult-use marijuana regimes navigating the creation of a new industry within a complex and incongruous legal framework. The collective experience of these states has created a wealth of lessons for other states that might legalize adult-use marijuana in the future. Yet not much has been written about the process of transition and how states managed the creation and implementation of the regulatory framework for an emerging industry. This report, which draws on interviews with current and former government officials, aims to fill this gap by documenting lessons learned and decision-making behind the policies that shaped the recreational landscape in four states: Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, and Oregon. The purpose of this research is to provide actionable and concrete advice to states that are transitioning, or are planning for a transition, from a medical marijuana regime to an adult-use or recreational framework. The report highlights major decision points states face in their transitions and the pros and cons of each choice, lessons learned gathered from the participants in our study, and a short discussion of major challenges each state had to face with their respective programs.
How many listings are too many? Agent inventory externalities and the residential housing market

Given the significant role of real estate agents in the housing market, this study examines how agents’ incentives regarding the size of their listing inventories indirectly affect residential home prices and liquidity. The theory shows that taking on additional inventory generates a critical principal–agent issue, resulting in the dilution of an agent’s selling effort and, ultimately, creating an externality that adversely impacts housing market outcomes across listings. It remains an empirical question whether diluted sales effort leads to lower prices, longer time on market, or both. The empirical results reveal significant inventory externality effects, as greater agent inventory tends to reduce selling price and substantially reduce liquidity for clients’ properties in this market.
Greater Pain Severity is Associated with Higher Glucocorticoid Levels in Hair Among a Cohort of People Living with HIV.

Background Pain is a common occurrence and persistent symptom, which has an adverse impact on individual well-being and quality of life among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Alteration in the activity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in abnormal glucocorticoid levels had been proposed to play important roles in those associations. Purpose This study aimed to investigate whether pain severity was associated with hair glucocorticoid levels, a novel method of measuring long-term glucocorticoid exposure, among a large cohort of Chinese PLHIV. Methods A measure of pain severity and hair samples were collected from 431 adults PLHIV in Guangxi, China. Glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) in hair were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The general linear model was used to test the associations of pain severity with hair glucocorticoid levels after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results Of the 431 PLHIV, 273 reported none pain, 87 reported mild pain, and 71 reported moderate-severe pain. Hair cortisone, but not hair cortisol, was found to differ significantly among the three pain severity groups (F=3.90, p=0.021). PLHIV reported moderate-severe pain had higher hair cortisone than those reported mild (p=0.070) or none pain (p=0.014), with no differences between the latter two pain severity groups. Conclusion Greater pain severity is associated with higher hair cortisone levels among Chinese PLHIV. In order to reduce the long-term glucocorticoid levels, interventions managing pain should be considered for PLHIV with moderate-severe pain.
Fish habitat use and food web structure following pond and plug restoration of a Montane Meadow in the Sierra Nevada, California

Montane meadows are areas of high biodiversity and provide many important ecosystem services; however, degradation of 40–60% of these habitats in the Sierra Nevada region of California has left many of these areas impaired. The “pond-and-plug” meadow-restoration technique is 1 type of treatment implemented to restore montane meadows. The objectives of this technique are to re-water the meadow and promote downstream flow by increasing the water-table elevation and providing additional water storage that will promote the growth of mesic and hydric vegetation that maintains and stabilizes stream channels. However, aquatic habitat and the composition and functioning of aquatic communities in these systems post-treatment are poorly documented or understood. We evaluated: (1) fish habitat, community composition, and relative abundance among recently created ponds spanning the range of pond habitats; (2) seasonal movement and survival of fish within and among ponds; and (3) food web structure in ponds. We documented over-summer and winter survival in the fish community and short-distance movement by 1 species occupying the ponds. Mark-recapture data suggest that all fish species present are capable of surviving both summer and winter conditions when pond conditions could be most limiting. Food web structure among intensively sampled ponds was similar, with overlapping isotopic niche width for dominant taxa. However, basal resource diversity (BRD) varied among ponds, with those having higher macrophyte cover also showing greater BRD. Our findings suggest that pond-and-plug techniques can provide habitat for native fishes that are able to tolerate departures from the species thermal and dissolved oxygen optima. Future meadow treatments could benefit from short-term restoration techniques such as pond-and-plug to allow for longer-term processes to influence meadow condition over time.
Short-Term Estimates of Growth Using Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading Fluency: Estimating Standard Error of the Slope to Construct Confidence Intervals

The recently published fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) represents a considerable departure from previous versions of the scale. The structure of the instrum...
The Impact of the Comorbidity of ASD and ADHD on Social Impairment.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both experience behavioral and social difficulties. Prior research has shown that when these disorders co-occur, behavioral symptoms associated with both disorders may be more severe. There is only limited research on the impact of ASD + ADHD comorbidity on social functioning. The present study investigated social impairment in 282 children diagnosed with ASD, ADHD, or ASD + ADHD. No significant differences in social impairment were found between the ASD and ASD + ADHD groups. This study contributes to extant literature indicating mixed findings in regard to social functioning amidst the ASD + ADHD comorbidity.
The genetic basis of cooperation and conflict in natural populations of a model symbiont

Although mutualisms are defined as net beneficial interactions among species, whether fitness conflict or alignment drive the evolution of these interactions is unclear. Examining the relationships between host and symbiont fitness proxies at both the organismal and genomic levels can provide new insights. Here, we utilized data from several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that involved 191 strains of the N-fixing rhizobium symbiont, Ensifer meliloti, collected from natural populations being paired in single or mixed inoculation with two genotypes of the host Medicago truncatula to determine how different proxies of microbial fitness were related to one another, and examine signatures of fitness conflict and alignment between host and symbiont at both the whole-organism and genomic levels. We found little evidence for fitness conflict; instead, loci tended to have concordant effects on both host and symbiont fitness and showed heightened nucleotide diversity and signatures of balancing selection compared to the rest of the genome. We additionally found that single versus competitive measures of rhizobium fitness are distinct, and that the latter should be used given that they better reflect the ecological conditions rhizobia experience in nature. Our results suggest that although conflict appears to be largely resolved in natural populations of rhizobia, mutualistic coevolution between legumes and rhizobia can nonetheless maintain genetic diversity, potentially explaining why variation in symbiotic traits persists in nature.
Specialty crop retention reservoir performance and design considerations to secure quality water and mitigate non-point source runoff

Abstract Specialty crop production requires large volumes of water for irrigation and faces four interconnected water resource concerns: (1) water availability and security, (2) need for high water quality (3) management of irrigation return flow (IRF) and operational water (OW) quality from production areas, and (4) increasing consumer and regulatory pressure to mitigate non-point source runoff. Retention reservoirs (RRs) are an effective best management practice for extending water resources and reducing an adverse effect on the environment. RRs are recommended for specialty crop producers to (1) capture stormwater and OW to conserve increasingly limited and costly water resources, (2) reduce reliance on surface- and ground-water, and (3) mitigate contaminants in OW before discharge into receiving waters. Despite the importance of RRs for water security, concerns remain about their capacity to mitigate contaminants prior to use of captured IRF and stormwater. Specialty crop producers perceive potential risks of reapplying contaminants to economically important crops. Consolidated information is needed on the risks associated with IRF and stormwater reuse, design of RRs for adequate storage for capturing both IRF and stormwater, and the effects of RRs on operational and discharged water quality. The main goals of this critical assessment were to (1) understand the effect of RRs on contaminant mitigation; (2) collate information about quality of water in RRs reused for irrigation; and (3) develop guidelines for designing RRs used in specialty crop production. Proper design or augmentation of new and existing water RRs can enable specialty crop producers to collect, reuse, or discharge freshwater that meets quality metrics. Three RR design methods were compared. Current RRs design recommendations to capture a 24-h rainfall with 25-year frequency may be inadequate to capture OW or a portion of rainfall for many parts of the USA. Modifying RR design specifications to capture a 24-h rainfall with 50-year frequency will increase operational climate resilience, water security, and reduce non-point source runoff. Additionally, use of a forebay, increasing depth, long flow path (high length/width ratio), long hydraulic retention time, and aeration or mixing are discussed to optimize water treatment within RRs.
Ecological Impact of a 4-km Causeway on an Arctic Environment

The Prudhoe Bay Causeway is a gravel-fill structure that extends 4 km into the Beaufort Sea at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Concern over the impact of this structure on the marine Arctic environment prompted regulatory agencies to require owners of the causeway to sponsor a multidisciplinary monitoring program that encompasses the physical and biological realms of possible impact. This paper describes how such concerns are being addressed and also includes results of the initial studies of possible environmental impact of the causeway.
The Spread of the Race Meme

This chapter explains the concept of the meme, a self-replicating entity that reproduces through imitation; evolves; and spreads cultural information. Memes are seen as replicators that function in a manner parallel to the way genes reproduce, evolve, and spread; only they do so much more rapidly. The chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of understanding race in memetic terms. It goes on to contrast the spread of humans out of Africa and around the globe over tens of thousands of years with the spread of the race meme (or concept) out of Europe and around the globe over a few hundred years. The question of why the race meme flourishes, despite scientific evidence of the non-existence of races, is answered with reference to its pervasiveness and variety in cultures around the world, and its linkages to multiple aspects of the self.
Variation and the reconditioning of phonological rules: Cases from Germanic and Romance

Abstract In genetically related dialects or languages a phonological rule may have the same in- and output with a difference of conditioning. This is a type of rule with variable conditioning, as has been discussed in sociolinguistic research on variation. A variable conditioning in synchronic perspective may produce in diachronic development a reconditioning, as we call it in the present study. However, the reconditioning phenomenon has not been recognized in historical linguistics. Early umlaut in Germanic, affecting the short nonlow vowels, offers a paradigm case of reconditioning. While the in- and output of the rule (X → Y) is identical in both North-West Germanic and Gothic (East Germanic), the conditioning is different, North-West Germanic exhibiting vocalic and some consonantal conditioning (X → Y/Z). Gothic showing only consonantal conditioning (X → Y/Z'). As a result, the Gothic phenomenon is often regarded as having developed independently of the North-West Germanic one. We find an essentially parallel, though more complex, problem in early Romance. Here again, a series of vocalic developments, generally viewed as unrelated phenomena, show a clear pattern of reconditioning involving syllable structure conditioning as well as vocalic and consonantal conditioning.
What determines the degradation rate of an injected protein

The fusion of cultured mammalian cells to red blood cells loaded with specific proteins provides a powerful system for the study of intracellular proteolysis. During the past four years the degradation rates of more than 30 proteins have been examined after their injection into HeLa cells. Results from these studies support the legitimacy of the microinjection approach. They also provide insight into the mechanism of intracellular proteolysis.
Access Control Friendly Query Verification for Outsourced Data Publishing

Outsourced data publishing is a promising approach to achieve higher distribution efficiency, greater data survivability, and lower management cost. In outsourced data publishing (sometimes referred to as third-party publishing), a data owner gives the content of databases to multiple publishers which answer queries sent by clients. In many cases, the trustworthiness of the publishers cannot be guaranteed; therefore, it is important for a client to be able to verify the correctness of the query results. Meanwhile, due to privacy concerns, it is also required that such verification does not expose information that is outside a client's access control area. Current approaches for verifying the correctness of query results in third-party publishing either do not consider the privacy preserving requirement, or are limited to one dimensional queries. In this paper, we introduce a new scheme for verifying the correctness of query results while preserving data privacy. Our approach handles multi-dimensional range queries. We present both theoretical analysis and experimental results to demonstrate that our approach is time and space efficient.
Avian type VI collagen: Monoclonal antibody production and immunohistochemical identification as a major connective tissue component of cornea and skeletal muscle☆

Two monoclonal antibodies have been characterized as being against avian type VI collagen. By competition ELISA, the antibodies bound to the native type VI collagen molecule but not to its separated chains or to any of the other native collagen types tested. By rotary shadowing analysis of complexes of antibody-type VI collagen monomers, one of the antibodies (VI-EC6) has been shown to bind to a site in the triple helical domain of the molecule. The site at which this antibody binds to the dimeric form of type VI collagen is consistent with the previously proposed model for a supramolecular organization of the molecule (Furthmayr et al., Biochem j 211 (1983) 303) in which the monomers are arranged in an antiparallel, slightly staggered overlap. Immunofluorescence analyses of sections of chicken eyes and skeletal muscle demonstrate that type VI collagen is a major component of most stromal matrices.
Evidence That Selenium Binding Protein 1 Is a Tumor Suppressor in Prostate Cancer

Selenium-Binding Protein 1 (SBP1, SELENBP1, hSP56) is a selenium-associated protein shown to be at lower levels in tumors, and its lower levels are frequently predictive of a poor clinical outcome. Distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer is a major challenge in disease management. Associations between SBP1 levels, tumor grade, and disease recurrence following prostatectomy were investigated by duplex immunofluorescence imaging using a tissue microarray containing tissue from 202 prostate cancer patients who experienced biochemical (PSA) recurrence after prostatectomy and 202 matched control patients whose cancer did not recur. Samples were matched by age, ethnicity, pathological stage and Gleason grade, and images were quantified using the Vectra multispectral imaging system. Fluorescent labels were targeted for SBP1 and cytokeratins 8/18 to restrict scoring to tumor cells, and cell-by-cell quantification of SBP1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm was performed. Nuclear SBP1 levels and the nuclear to cytoplasm ratio were inversely associated with tumor grade using linear regression analysis. Following classification of samples into quartiles based on the SBP1 levels among controls, tumors in the lowest quartile were more than twice as likely to recur compared to those in any other quartile. Inducible ectopic SBP1 expression reduced the ability of HCT-116 human tumor cells to grow in soft agar, a measure of transformation, without affecting proliferation. Cells expressing SBP1 also demonstrated a robust induction in the phosphorylation of the p53 tumor suppressor at serine 15. These data indicate that loss of SBP1 may play an independent contributing role in prostate cancer progression and its levels might be useful in distinguishing indolent from aggressive disease.