cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Error Detection Methods for Asynchronous Burst-Mode Machines

Asynchronous controllers exhibit various characteristics that limit the effectiveness and applicability of the concurrent error detection (CED) methods developed for their synchronous counterparts. Asynchronous burst-mode machines (ABMMs), for example, do not have a global clock to synchronize the ABMM with the additional circuitry that is typically used by synchronous CED methods (for example, duplication). Therefore, performing effective CED in ABMMs requires a synchronization method that will appropriately enable the checker (for example, comparator) in order to avoid false alarms. Also, ABMMs contain redundant logic, which guarantees the hazard-free operation required for correct interaction between the circuit and its environment. Redundant logic, however,' allows some single event transients to manifest themselves only as hazards but not as logic discrepancies. Therefore, performing effective CED in ABMMs requires the ability to detect hazards with which synchronous CED methods are not concerned. In this work, we first devise hardware solutions for performing checking synchronization and hazard detection. We then demonstrate how these solutions enable the development of three complete CED methods for ABMMs. The first method (duplication-based CED) is an adaptation of the well-known duplication method within the context of ABMMs. The second method (transition-triggered CED) is a variation of duplication wherein the implementation cost is reduced by allowing hazards in the duplicate circuit. ln contrast to these two methods, which are nonintrusive, the third method (Berger code-based CED) is intrusive since it requires reencoding of the ABMM with check symbols based on the Berger code. Although this intrusiveness may slightly impact performance, Berger code-based CED incurs the lowest area overhead among the three methods, as indicated through experimental results
Spatial-Domain-Based Hybrid Multidimensional Coded-Modulation Schemes Enabling Multi-Tb/s Optical Transport

Future Internet and Ethernet technologies will be affected by both limited bandwidth of information infrastructure and its high energy consumption. In order to solve both problems simultaneously, in this invited paper, we describe several hybrid coded-modulation (CM) schemes enabling multiterabit optical transport including spatial-domain-based CM, mode-multiplexed 4-D CM, and mode-multiplexed generalized orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. A common property of these CM schemes is the employment of optimized signal constellations, various degrees of freedom, and rate-adaptive coding. These modulation schemes are called hybrid as all available degrees of freedom are used for transmission over optical fibers including amplitude, phase, polarization, and orbital angular momentum. Since the channel capacity is a linear function in number of dimensions, by increasing the number of basis functions, we can dramatically improve the overall system capacity. The energy-consumption problem is tackled by properly designing multidimensional signal constellations such that trans-information is maximized, while taking the energy constraint into account.
Post-traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents.

BACKGROUND: This study examined children's experiences following a motor vehicle accident (MVA). METHODS: Approximately 9 months following the accident, children (n=50) and their parents (n=50) participated in extensive interviews about the accident and in comprehensive, structured diagnostic interviews concerning overall psychological functioning. Additional assessments included post-traumatic stress questionnaires, archival police report records, and emergency treatment medical records. RESULTS: Of the 50 children, 7 children (14%) met criteria for PTSD diagnosis, and an additional 5 children met criteria for specific phobia (10%) related to the automobile accident on the structured diagnostic interview (DICA-R-C; total of 24%). Degree of physical injury predicted more PTSD symptoms, and previous accident experiences predicted fewer symptoms, before and after controlling for other variables. Holding degree of physical injury and age constant revealed that social support predicted fewer PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the possible inoculating role of previous accidents and the importance of social support following MVA injury. Language: en
Computational simulations of dopaminergic varicosities suggest two sources of DOPAC rather than two populations of dopamine storage vesicles

Results from several different experimental paradigms have been interpreted as supporting the concept that two populations of dopamine storage vesicles exist in the nerve terminals of dopaminergic neurons. The goal of this work is to develop a computer simulation model of a dopaminergic varicosity that provides a plausible quantitative description of these populations and a possible set of rules for dopamine movement between two populations of vesicles. We first looked at how well a one compartment model provides accurate simulations of published experimental data. The model allocates dopamine among three compartments: vesicles, cytosol, and extracellular. Dopamine moves from vesicles to extracellular (exocytosis), extracellular to cytosol (dopamine transporter), and from cytosol to vesicles (vesicular monoamine transporter). Synthesis of new dopamine molecules occurs in the cytosolic compartment, with new dopamine entering that compartment. Metabolism of dopamine also occurs in the cytosolic compartment, with a fraction of the dopamine in that compartment being metabolized to DOPAC. With appropriate values for all rate constants, this model successfully explains all data purportedly supporting two populations of storage vesicles in paradigms that stimulate dopaminergic neurons at rates much faster than physiological. However, this model does not explain other data that support the two populations of vesicles concept. Models with two storage vesicle compartments were evaluated for ability to explain these data; however, none were successful. An alternate model was developed from the one storage compartment model but with the addition that the dopamine synthetic process has a branch point where newly synthesized dopamine is either secreted to the extracellular space or converted to DOPAC, which is deposited into the cytosolic compartment. This model successfully explains data regarding the specific activity of dopamine and metabolites after injection of labeled tyrosine into the varicosity, dopamine metabolite kinetics after inhibition of dopamine synthesis, and preferential secretion of newly synthesized dopamine. Thus, our model suggests that dopaminergic varicosities have two sources of DOPAC, one likely associated with mitochondria and the other associated with the dopamine synthetic complex.
Quantifying chromogen intensity in immunohistochemistry via reciprocal intensity

Immunohistochemistry is a routine procedure for detecting the expression of biological markers in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Chromogens, which can appear as different colors (brown, blue, red) under bright field microscopy, are localized in fixed tissues to antigens of interest via an antibody-antigen detection system. The advantage of a chromogen system is that the stained tissue section is permanently fixed, and the staining quality is maintained for many years. The shortcoming, however, is quantifying the intensity of such stains. Unlike immunofluorescent protocols in which the brightness of a region is directly proportional to the amount of localized antigen, chromogen stains appear darker in regions with more antigen. This dark staining is visible to the human eye under white light, but darker spots have lower intensity values; something that is counterintuitive and cumbersome for the purposes of quantitation. We report that this limitation can be overcome by measuring the “reciprocal intensity” of the chromogen stain. A typical red-green-blue image resulting from bright field microscopy has its maximum intensity value found in the white, non-stained area. Areas that contain any coloration, due to the chromogen or a counterstain, have an intensity of less than the maximum. By subtracting the intensity of the stained area of interest from the maximum, the staining in these areas can be represented as a quantity that is positively correlated with increasing darkness. This is a more intuitive means of assessing the intensity of a chromogen stain, and allows for more sensitivity in quantifying gradients of coloration between treatment groups. This approach has the potential to stratify nuanced protein expression in previously published human specimen data sets into cohorts with clearer clinical outcomes.
US Army small fuel cell development program

This presentation includes results of fuel cell research activities sponsored by the US Army for the last three years, It outlines current efforts and future plans. The soldier's increasing power demands dictate that alternatives to batteries be exploited wherever possible. Fuel cells promise significant advantages in terms of weight, coupled with cost and/or logistics benefits. Considerable progress has been made in reducing size and weight of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The supply of hydrogen to PEM fuel cells has been one of the key barriers to introducing fuel cells to the military. The discussion will focus on several approaches being pursued.
Isobutanol and Methanol Synthesis on Copper Catalysts Supported on Modified Magnesium Oxide

Abstract Alcohols are selectively produced from CO/H2on K–CuMgCeOxcatalysts, but synthesis rates are strongly inhibited by CO2formed during reaction. Reaction pathways involve methanol synthesis on Cu, chain growth to C2+alcohols, and metal–base bifunctional coupling of alcohols to form isobutanol. Ethanol reactions on K–Cu0.5Mg5CeOxshow that Cu catalyzes both alcohol dehydrogenation and aldol condensation reactions. CeO2increases Cu dispersion and MgO surface area and K decreases Cu dispersion, but increases the density of basic sites. Reactions of acetaldehyde and13C-labeled methanol lead to 1-13C-propionaldehyde, a precursor to isobutanol. The density and strength of basic sites were measured using a12CO2/13CO2isotopic jump method that probes the number and chemical properties of basic sites available at typical isobutanol synthesis temperatures. K or CeO2addition to CuMgOxincreases the density and strength of basic sites and the rates of base-catalyzed ethanol condensation reactions leading to acetone andn-butyraldehyde. The presence of CO in the He carrier during temperature-programmed surface reactions of ethanol preadsorbed on Cu0.5Mg5CeOxdecreases the rate of base-catalyzed condensation reactions of preadsorbed ethanol, possibly due to the poisoning of basic and Cu sites by the CO2formed from CO via water–gas shift reactions.
A Monte Carlo simulation to determine minimal cut sets and system reliability

The authors describe an approach using Monte Carlo simulation from the reliability block diagram and the life distribution of each component. The minimal path sets are determined by tracing through the system from the input to the output components of the reliability diagram in a random manner. The system fails when all minimal path sets are broken. The components that fail prior to the system failure constitute a cut set. The frequencies of the minimal cut sets are tallied during the simulation to show their distribution. The system mean time to failure is calculated, the system failtime distribution is tabulated, and the cumulative failure rates are determined. >
Potential for spatial management of hunted mammal populations in tropical forests

Unsustainable hunting in tropical forests threatens biodiversity and rural livelihoods, yet managing these harvests in remote forests with low scientific capacity and funding is challenging. In response, some conservationists propose managing harvests through spatial management, a system of establishing notake zones where hunting is not allowed. Spatial management was commonly used in customary management and is increasingly used for fisheries management today, but is not yet widely implemented in tropical forests. Through this review, we trace the development of spatial management and examine its proposed benefits in tropical forests. We find that while spatial management offers promise for managing the complex, multispecies harvests common in tropical forests, designing no-take zones will require more investment in ecological research and monitoring. Given these challenges, a reasonable first goal of notake zones is to protect resident wildlife populations, not enhance harvests through dispersal. A greater understanding of socioeconomic impacts will also be required to ensure successful implementation. Past work in marine fisheries offers valuable insights for management in tropical forests, and greater integration between the bodies of literature should be pursued.
CP Violation in the Bs0 System at the Tevatron

We discuss two important measurements from the Tevatron experiments which constrain the CP violation parameters of the B s 0 system ϕ s and a s l s .
Percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair for ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm after prosthetic aortic valve repair.

Ascending aortic pseudoaneurysms are an uncommon and challenging surgical problem that requires intervention to avoid rupture and hemorrhage. Preceding cardiac procedures often compound the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with open repair. A case is described of an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm in a patient with a recently placed prosthetic aortic valve and a clinical course precluding repeat open operative procedure. An endovascular approach was used, with placement of a thoracic aorta endograft with temporary cardiac pacing and a double-curved Lunderquist wire to avoid instrumenting the prosthetic aortic valve. At 9 months of follow-up, the patient returned to his baseline activity status, and at 24 months, had no symptoms or signs of infection, and a computed tomography angiogram demonstrated pseudoaneurysm exclusion with no graft migration.
Understanding Offline Political Systems by Mining Online Political Data

"Man is by nature a political animal", as asserted by Aristotle. This political nature manifests itself in the data we produce and the traces we leave online. In this tutorial, we address a number of fundamental issues regarding mining of political data: What types of data could be considered political? What can we learn from such data? Can we use the data for prediction of political changes, etc? How can these prediction tasks be done efficiently? Can we use online socio-political data in order to get a better understanding of our political systems and of recent political changes? What are the pitfalls and inherent shortcomings of using online data for political analysis? In recent years, with the abundance of data, these questions, among others, have gained importance, especially in light of the global political turmoil and the upcoming 2016 US presidential election. We introduce relevant political science theory, describe the challenges within the framework of computational social science and present state of the art approaches bridging social network analysis, graph mining, and natural language processing.
Endocrine consequences of prenatal sodium depletion prepare rats for high need-free NaCl intake in adulthood

Offspring of dams that were repeatedly sodium depleted during late pregnancy (at days E14, E17, and E20) expressed high need-free 3% NaCl intake in adulthood. Need-free 3% NaCl intake was greater in females, thereby respecting the sexual dimorphism of this behavior, and was increased further by successive sodium depletion in adulthood. Offspring from dams that had been sodium depleted while receiving the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, showed a need-free NaCl intake similar to that of control rats nonneonatally sodium depleted. Trunk blood taken from dams at day E18, i.e., 24 h after the second treatment, revealed that sodium depletion produced marked increases in the dam's plasma angiotensin (ANG) II and aldosterone that were not present when dams were treated with captopril during sodium depletion, even though both groups displayed a similar hyponatremia. We therefore propose that, during prenatal sodium depletion, the activation of the angiotensin-aldosterone system rather than the loss of sodium itself is responsible for the modification in need-free NaCl intake behavior. Finally, we suggest that, during pregnancy, ANG II may have an organizational effect on the neural substrate in the fetal brain that subserves subsequent NaCl intake behavior.
Super Columbine Massacre RPG!: The Procedural Rhetoric of Critical (Gun) Play

This essay offers a counter-reading of Super Columbine Massacre RPG!, a controversial video game about the infamous school shooting at Columbine High School in 1999 in which players adopt the roles...
Big Fish Stories: Analysis of Historical Newspaper Data on Size of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Lake Michigan Basin

ABSTRACT Old newspapers (1850–1915) in the Lake Michigan basin were surveyed for reports of large lake sturgeon (≥ 100 pounds = 45.4 kg). Records of large fish were obtained from throughout the basin. To assess the accuracy of reported measurements, reported weights associated with reported lengths were compared to weights predicted by a weight-length regression developed for a large sample of fish from Lake Winnebago. Although there were a few obvious or likely outliers in the historical Lake Michigan data set, reported and predicted weights were not significantly different. Moreover, although the mean magnitude of deviations between reported and predicted weights, expressed as a proportion of predicted weight, was substantial, it was comparable to natural variability among lake sturgeon due to the effects of differences between sexes, locations, times of year, and reproductive status.
RENAL HISTOPATHOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT DEGREES OF AMPHOTERICIN B TOXICITY IN THE DOG.

SummaryRenal specimens were obtained by biopsy or at necropsy examination from 16 dogs which had received amphotericin B. These specimens were compared with pre-treatment specimens from 15 of these dogs, and with specimens from 9 other normal dogs. The severity of the histologic changes of tubular necrosis, tubular calcification, baso-philic thickening of tubular basement membranes and infraglomerular epithelial reflux, was graded on a scale of zero to 4. Dogs which died of acute toxicity exhibited grade 4 renal histopathologic abnormalities which were predominantly tubular. Dogs which developed severe chronic toxicity developed a greater proportion of glomerular changes than seen in the acute group. The renal histopathologic changes were most extensive in dogs which received either large individual doses or large total doses. Dogs which developed transient azotemia following short courses of low doses of drug developed only slight histopathologic abnormalities.
“Pillars in the Same Temple and Priests of the Same Worship”: Woman's Rights and the Politics of Church and State in Antebellum America

In 1853 the editor oS. Harper's Magazine condemned "Woman's Rights—or the movement that goes by that name." No other movement was "so deddedly infidel," he daimed, opposed as it was to divine revelation, time-honored propdeties, and biblical authority. At stake was a fragile but socially vital alliance between church and state, becatise, the editor contended, the "Chdsdan ecdesia" bound dvil society together by preserving sexual differences. Three well-known biblical verses supplied the basis for the editor's scathing aitique of woman's rights. The Pauline injuncdon "I suffer a woman not to teach" reinforced the prohibidon against women speaking, preaching, or engaging in "the life of the forum." The bridal relation between the "Church and her Spiritual Lord and Head" signified male governance through a masculine godhead. Lasdy, the editor quoted the most significant verse: "Let Them leam in Silence; Adam was first formed, then Eve." This verse, which cast man closer to the divine and woman as man's etemal pupil, reflected the principle that husband and minister were joint guardians of the church and family, both vested with earthly and sacred authodty over women.' The editor's charges did not go tmanswered. In three sequendal ardcles— "Harper's Editor and the Women"—published in theZi/y, the fim significant periodical to herald the woman's movement, the New "Vferk lawyer and woman's rights supporter Anson Bingham challenged what he claimed was an absurd view of the Chxisdan ecclesia. The term itself, like the dispute in which it figured, litiked the political and religious realms. Originally, the Greek word ekklesia referred to an assembly of free citizens ofa town. The early Chrisdans borrowed it to name their religious assemblies, suggesdng that the church consdtuted a social order. By the
Can We Tell if the Syndesmosis Is Reduced Using Fluoroscopy

Objective:To evaluate the ability of surgeons to determine whether the fibula is reduced in the sagittal plane in relation to the tibia based on the fluoroscopic images by comparison with the known normal for both the ipsilateral and contralateral ankles.Methods:Perfect lateral radiographs of both a
Foam Flooding Physical Models of Heterogenetic Reservoir

Through the physical models to study Polymer concentration,foaming agent concentration and the gas fluid ratio influence on the foam flooding to guide the works of design.Polymer concentration in 1 000 mg/L—1 500 mg/L can achieve high recovery,foam flooding recovery increased with the foaming agent concentration increase,the more gas fluid ratio produce more foam,the better displacement characteristics.
Effects of Dope-lithium Quantities Upon Structures of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxide

The mixtures of LiNO3 and Mn304 were sintered under 700 C in air with different molar ratios of lithium to manganese(Li/Mn = 0.5,052,0.54,0.58,0.62,0.70).X-ray diffraction studies showed single phase of spinel-type lithium manganese oxide when ratios of Li/Mn were within 0.52 _Li/Mn _ 0. 70 and lattice parameter decreased with increase of Li/Mn.
Relationship between paxillin and myosin phosphorylation during muscarinic stimulation of smooth muscle

The tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin increases in association with force development during tracheal smooth muscle contraction, suggesting that paxillin plays a role in the contractile activation of smooth muscle [Z. L. Wang, F. M. Pavalko, and S. J. Gunst. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (Cell Physiol. 40): C1594-C1602, 1996]. We compared the Ca2+ sensitivity of the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in tracheal muscle and evaluated whether MLC phosphorylation is necessary to induce paxillin phosphorylation. Ca(2+)-depleted muscle strips were stimulated with 10(-7)-10(-4) M acetylcholine (ACh) in 0,0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mM extracellular Ca2+. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, 10(-4) M ACh induced a maximal increase in paxillin phosphorylation without increasing MLC phosphorylation or force. Increases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration did not further increase paxillin phosphorylation. However, during stimulation with 10(-6) M ACh, paxillin phosphorylation increased with increases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration. We conclude that the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin can be stimulated by signaling pathways that do not depend on Ca2+ mobilization and that the activation of contractile proteins is not required to elicit paxillin phosphorylation.
Computer Acquisition and Processing of Left Ventricular Echocardiograms

An echocardiographic digital image processing system has been constructed to quantify left ventricular (LV) dynamics. The system utilizes a commercial 8 bit analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) that encodes A-scan information from the echo pulses. The high rate conversions are stored in a shift register buffer memory, and between echo pulses are transmitted at reduced rate to the computer. A scan convertor with 32 levels of grey scale is used to display raw and processed echo data, physiological signals and alphanumerics at a remote computer terminal.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Activation by LPS Stimulates TRPV2 Channel Activity in Microglia

TRPV2 is a cation non-selective channel in the Vanilloid subfamily of Transient Receptor Potential (TRPV) proteins. TRPV2 is phylogenetically similar to the thermosensitive TRPV1 (capsaicin receptor) and TRPV3 channels, but activation of TRPV2 occurs at non-physiological temperatures (>∼50°C), and the mechanism(s) by which TRPV2 channels are gated in vivo remain enigmatic. TRPV2 is robustly expressed in leukocytes and macrophages, and we show here that TRPV2 channels also function in the microglia-like cell-line BV2 and in neonatal mouse brain primary microglia. The nonselective TRPV1-3 agonist 2-APB and the TRPV2-selective agonist probenecid, but not capsaicin (TRPV1) elicit a steady-state currents with weak outward rectification in BV2 cells under whole-cell voltage clamp. 2-APB-activated currents are blocked by ruthenium red (nonselective) and the TRPV2-selective antagonist tranilast, but the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine had no effect. Furthemore, TRPV2 protein is detectable by western blot and immunocytochemistry in BV2 cells, but TRPV3 is evidently absent. Together our results indicate that TRPV2 is the principal 2-APB-activated TRPV channel in BV2 microglia.Previous studies show TRPV2 is required for phagocytosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. In order to determine whether TRPV2 activity is modulated by pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia, we treated BV2 cells with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/μl) for 15-30 minutes prior to electrophysiological analysis. We find that the voltage midpoint (V0.5) for increasing TRPV2 apparent open probability (POPEN) is shifted by ∼-30mV in LPS-treated cells, indicating that LPS substantially increases POPEN over a broad range of membrane potentials. Enhanced Ca2+ influx through open TRPV2 channels is likely to augment pro-inflammatory activation of microglia. TLR4 modulation of TRPV2 represents a potentially novel anti-inflammatory target for the treatment of microglia mediated neurodegeneration and traumatic brain injury.
A multi-cone x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer

This article describes a new x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer, which—in combination with a streak camera or a gated strip detector—can be used for time-resolved measurements of x-ray line spectra at the National Ignition Facility and other high power laser facilities. The main advantage of this instrument is that it produces perfect images of a point source for each wavelength in a selectable spectral range and that the detector plane can be perpendicular to the crystal surface or inclined by an arbitrary angle with respect to the crystal surface. These unique imaging properties are obtained by bending the x-ray diffracting crystal into a certain shape, which is generated by arranging multiple cones with different aperture angles on a common nodal line.
Has SFAS 142 Improved the Usefulness of Goodwill Write-offs and Goodwill Balances for Investors?

Due to the concerns about the annual SFAS 142 impairment test, the FASB has recently added a project to its technical agenda to evaluate potential alternatives for measurement of goodwill. Motivated by the FASB’s consideration of a change in goodwill accounting, I examine the impact of SFAS 142 on the usefulness of goodwill write-offs and goodwill balances. I find that goodwill write-offs and goodwill balances are more strongly associated with stock returns and stock prices respectively after SFAS 142 than before SFAS 142. Furthermore, in the post-SFAS 142 period, I find that the association between stock prices and goodwill is lower for firms that avoid the recognition of the existing goodwill impairments, and that goodwill write-offs are more negatively associated with stock returns for firms where managers have more discretion over the impairment testing process. Overall, the findings suggest that despite the concerns of critics over the reliability of fair value estimates of goodwill, (i) SFAS 142 has improved the usefulness of goodwill numbers from investor perspective, and (ii) investors see through the differences in reliability of reported goodwill numbers. These results have implications for standard-setting as the FASB considers new alternatives for goodwill accounting.
Predictors of Mobile Phone and Social Networking Site Dependency in Adulthood

Abstract The present study explored social and psychological predictors of social networking site (SNS) and mobile phone dependency in a sample of emerging adults (ages 18–25, n = 159, M = 21.87, SD = 2.08) and young adults (ages 26–40, n = 97, M = 31.21, SD = 4.11). Path analysis revealed that SNS dependency mediated the relationship of social comparison, SNS support, and impulsivity on mobile phone dependency. Impulsivity also showed direct links to mobile phone dependency. The present findings suggest that individuals with a strong orientation toward social comparison, who perceive a strong sense of support through SNS networks, or who show difficulty with self-regulation may be at risk for SNS and mobile phone dependency.
Abstract 4642: Quercetin inhibits prostate cancer by modulating molecules involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of death in men, despite the multimodal options offered in the clinics. Long latency and indolent nature of PCa provides window of opportunity for preventive interventions using natural and synthetic agents. Quercetin, a bioflavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables, has been reported to inhibit growth in cancer and reduce inflammation in conditions like prostatitis. Considering this, we investigated the chemo-preventive effects of Quercetin on PCa. The effects of Quercetin on apoptosis and associated proteins on both RNA and protein levels were determined using apoptosis assay, real-time qPCR and western blot, respectively. Furthermore, an antibody microarray was performed to observe changes induced by Quercetin on signaling molecules and possible mechanism of cell survival/apoptosis in PCa. PCa cells treated with Quercetin showed decreased cell proliferation in a time and dose dependent manner, while no significant effect was seen on normal prostate cells. Quercetin treatment also significantly induced apoptosis in PCa cells, as compared with untreated controls. Different phosphorylation status of key molecules (Bcl-2, Akt-1 and NF-k B) was observed following Quercetin treatment in PCa cell lines, as compared with untreated controls, which are known to be involved in supporting PCa progression. These results suggest that Quercetin could be a potential chemo-preventative agent capable of slowing down the progression of PCa, by increasing apoptosis and decreasing cell proliferation. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Ashely B. Ward, Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Shailesh Singh. Quercetin inhibits prostate cancer by modulating molecules involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4642. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4642
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Thoracic Surgery

The existing thoracic surgical literature contains several retrospective and observational studies that include patient-reported outcomes. To deliver true patient-centered care, it will be necessary to universally gather patient-reported outcomes prospectively, including them in routine patient care, clinical registries, and clinical trials.
The impact of shame and cultural beliefs on mental illness and treatment adherence: A case report

Introduction Shame, especially when enmeshed in cultural beliefs about mental illness and cultural roles, could be a detrimental factor in psychiatric illness in context of adherence to treatment and continuation of care. Shame is defined as a painful experience which embodies multiple components including: collapse of self esteem, feeling of humiliation, rupture of self continuity, sense of isolation, and feeling of being watched by critical others. Objective Understanding the psychodynamics of shame, in a particular cultural milieu and its components which could impact psychiatric treatment and care. Method Here we present a case report of a 41-years-old Arab male patient from Yemen, with a history of paranoid schizophrenia who was admitted to inpatient psychiatric service for bizarre and aggressive behavior. Results Initially the depth of patient's delusions and psychotic symptoms were not fully appreciated due to the cultural gap between the patient and the treatment team. He was then re-valuated through the implementation of the cultural formulation interview (CFI) by clinicians from same cultural background. This team was able to elucidate the deep feelings of shame and inadequacy in patient's presentation and provide a culturally tailored treatment plan. Conclusions Evaluation of psychiatric patients in a different cultural setting where western values do not apply might not be sufficient to assess the breadth of psychotic symptoms especially when an underlying feeling of shame contribute to presenting symptoms. Treatment of those patients with neuroleptics without assessing the cultural dynamics might result in poor adherence to medication and follow up.
Chewing gum decreases energy intake at lunch following a controlled breakfast

The impact of chewing gum on fasting appetite or meal intake has not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that chewing gum would decrease lunch intake after a controlled breakfast, and reduce hunger in fasting and fed states. Seventeen males and sixteen females (21.4 ± 6.3y, BMI 23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study in which subjects chewed sugar-free gum a total of 1 h on the test day (GC), and did not chew gum on a control day (NG). The 1 h of gum chewing included 20 min while fasting, and two 20-min sessions between breakfast and lunch. Subjects rated their appetite and mood on visual analog scales. After completing the fasting measures, subjects consumed a breakfast shake containing 30% of their measured resting energy expenditure. Three hours later they consumed an ad libitum lunch with water. Fasting ratings of hunger were lower in GC than NG (t = 2.66, p = 0.01). Subjects consumed significantly less pasta (41 g, 68 kcals, t = 2.32, p = 0.03) during GC than NG. In conclusion, gum chewing decreased fasting hunger ratings and lunch energy consumed. Chewing gum may be a useful tool impacting energy balance in this population. Longer studies, especially in other populations, will be required.
Periodic EEG Patterns

Periodic and rhythmic patterns are encountered with increasing frequency as continuous electroenchephalography (EEG) monitoring is adopted more widely across hospitals and intensive care units for seizure detection and brain monitoring. A standardized nomenclature has provided a common way to describe these abnormal patterns. Periodic and rhythmic discharges in most cases do not point to a specific underlying diagnosis, but instead represent a common expression of a variety of underlying pathologies. Lateralized periodic discharges in particular may independently impact outcome, and there is mounting evidence that periodic discharges exacerbate underlying acute brain injury. Lateralized and generalized periodic discharges, lateralized rhythmic delta, and stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges are highly associated with electrographic seizures during continuous EEG monitoring, and it is critical to consider any periodic or rhythmic pattern as potentially indicative of an epileptic seizure if there is a clinical correlate, evidence of ongoing neuronal injury, or a positive response to an anti-seizure medication.
Routine Supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective To evaluate if routine supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) is associated with a decreased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Study design Retrospective observational cohort study of VLBW ( Results We evaluated 640 VLBW infants with a median gestational age of 28.7 weeks (IQR 26.3-30.6); 78 (12%) developed necrotizing enterocolitis. The median age at first dose of LGG was 6 days (IQR 3-10), and duration of supplementation was 32 days (IQR 18-45). The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the epoch before LGG implementation was 10.2% compared with 16.8% after implementation. In multivariable analysis, LGG supplementation was associated with a higher risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (aOR 2.10, 95 % CI 1.25-3.54, P = .005). We found no special cause variation in necrotizing enterocolitis after implementation of LGG supplementation. There were no episodes of Lactobacillus sepsis during 5558 infant days of LGG supplementation. Conclusions In this study, routine LGG supplementation was not associated with a decreased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Our findings do not support the use of the most common probiotic preparation currently supplemented to VLBW infants in the US.
Social Relations Through Zooarchaeology

For zooarchaeologists, the question is not whether animals are woven tightly into human social relations but how to study this with archaeofaunal evidence. Beginning with the premise that social difference and inequality, if only those based on age and gender, pervade all human societies, this chapter reviews zooarchaeological approaches to social relations in diverse contexts. It uses exemplary studies to argue that zooarchaeologists have the tools to explore social relationships in societies of different scales and subsistence types. These include bone surface modifications and other taphonomic traces, taxonomic and element frequencies, mortality patterns, economic anatomy, and bone durability, and composition analysis of intrasite archaeofaunal aggregates – in other words, methods developed in other contexts work very well as basic research tools for exploring social relations. This chapter augments these by offering a set of conceptual tools for research into social relations, illustrated by some case studies: the household, chaine operatoire , task differentiation, political economy, practice theory, being only some of the possibilities. The cases outlined indicate that such endeavors optimally juxtapose archaeofaunal data with that drawn from artifacts, architecture, site structure, documentary sources, and other contextual evidence, truly being cases where “bones are not enough.”
Leveraging Self-Affirmation to Improve Behavior Change: A Mobile Health App Experiment

Background: mHealth interventions can help to improve the physical well-being of participants. Unfortunately, mHealth interventions often have low adherence and high attrition. One possible way to increase adherence is instructing participants to complete self-affirmation exercises. Self-affirmation exercises have been effective in increasing many types of positive behaviors. However, self-affirmation exercises often involve extensive essay writing, a task that is not easy to complete on mobile platforms. Objective: This study aimed to adapt a self-affirmation exercise to a form better suited for delivery through a mobile app targeting healthy eating behaviors, and to test the effect of differing self-affirmation doses on adherence to behavior change goals over time. Methods: We examined how varied self-affirmation doses affected behavior change in an mHealth app targeting healthy eating that participants used for 28 days. We divided participants into the 4 total conditions using a 2×2 factorial design. The first independent variable was whether the participant received an initial self-affirmation exercise. The second independent variable was whether the participant received ongoing booster self-affirmations throughout the 28-day study. To examine possible mechanisms through which self-affirmation may cause positive behavior change, we analyzed three aspects of self-affirmation effects in our research. First, we analyzed how adherence was affected by self-affirmation exercises. Second, we analyzed whether self-affirmation exercises reduced attrition rates from the app. Third, we examined a model for self-affirmation behavior change. Results: Analysis of 3556 observations from 127 participants indicated that higher doses of self-affirmation resulted in improved adherence to mHealth intervention goals (coefficient 1.42, SE 0.71, P=.04). This increased adherence did not seem to translate to a decrease in participant attrition (P value range .61-.96), although our definition of attrition was conservative. Finally, we examined the mechanisms by which self-affirmation may have affected intentions of behavior change; we built a model of intention (R2=.39, P<.001), but self-affirmation did not directly affect final intentions (P value range .09-.93). Conclusions: Self-affirmations can successfully increase adherence to recommended diet and health goals in the context of an mHealth app. However, this increase in adherence does not seem to reduce overall attrition. The self-affirmation exercises we developed were simple to implement and had a low cost for both users and developers. While this study focused on an mHealth app for healthy eating, we recommend that other mHealth apps integrate similar self-affirmation exercises to examine effectiveness in other behaviors and contexts.
Imitation of mother’s inappropriate food preference in weanling kittens

Experiments were performed on four mother cats and their 22 kittens from 7 litters. Each mother was trained to eat banana or mashed potato in the presence of meat pellets in order to get a hypothalamic stimulation reward. Eighteen of twenty-two weanling kittens which accompanied the mother during the session imitated the mother in eating banana or potato and ignored meat pellets. The imitation of the mother started not earlier than at 35 days of age and in most kittens (10 of 18) began between 49 and 56 days of age. The kittens which ate banana or potato with the mother also ate that food when tested alone after weaning at 9 to 27 weeks of age, either during 10 min sessions in the experimental compartment or during 24 hr tests in the home compartment. When banana was offered to 9 control 13–23 week old kittens (of three other mothers) who never before had eaten that food or had seen their mother eat it, 8 of them did not consume banana during three 24 hr tests. Some consumption, however, occurred in the ninth kitten during the third of these tests. It has been concluded that weanling kittens in the period of transition from maternal to independent feeding tend to imitate the mother in food preferences, even if the food chosen by the mother is unusual for their species. The food preferences acquired through the imitation of the mother may influence the food preferences at the later stages of life.
Jean-Baptiste Senac and his treatise on the heart.

Jean-Baptiste Senac's treatise on the heart is considered a landmark in the history of cardiology. In Traite de la structure du coeur, de son action, et de ses maladies (1749), Senac dealt systematically with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the heart, offering the results of anatomical investigations and postmortem examinations. This paper focuses on Senac's work on the muscular structure of the heart, as well as on the diseases of the cardiovascular system. It shows that palpitations, aneurysms, the dilatation and inflammation of the heart, valvular lesions, and blood clots, were among the problems frequently reported by Senac and his contemporaries. Senac's treatise is important because it reveals the state of the art in cardiology before the development of such diagnostic techniques as percussion of the chest and mediate auscultation.
Education Research: Resident education through adult learning in neurology: Implementation and impact.

OBJECTIVE To enhance residency education by implementing the 6 principles of adult learning theory (ALT) in a large academic neurology residency program. METHODS We implemented a set of curricular interventions aimed at Resident Education through Adult Learning in Neurology (REAL Neurology), in a large, academic neurology residency program. Interventions included didactic reform, increasing resident-as-teacher activities, and enhancing residents' interaction. The primary outcome was the change in mean Residency In-service Training Examination (RITE) percentile between the preintervention and postintervention cohorts, adjusting for US Medical Licensing Examination step 1 and 2 score. Other analysis included evaluating the effect of the duration of intervention exposure on outcome and evaluating the intervention effect on the proportion of advanced performers. RESULTS A total of 134 RITE score reports were evaluated (87 preintervention and 47 postintervention). The mean RITE score percentile postintervention was 11.7 points higher than preintervention (adjusted, longitudinal analysis: fit linear mixed model, p < 0.0001). Postgraduate year 3 learners who had 1 and 2 years of exposure scored 13.4 and 18.9 points higher than those with no exposure at all, respectively (analysis of covariance, p = 0.04). The adjusted odds of better performance with REAL Neurology was 5.77 (ordinal logistic regression, 95% confidence interval 2.37-14.07, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of an ALT-based curricular program in neurology education. The results show robust and sustainable benefit for residents in training without imposing a financial or logistical burden on programs. REAL Neurology could serve as a model for curricular reform in other programs across subspecialties.
The Influence of Number of Categories and Threshold Values on Fit Indices in Structural Equation Modeling with Ordered Categorical Data

This study examines the unscaled and scaled root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) of diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) and unweighted least squares (ULS) estimators in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data. We show that the number of categories and threshold values for categorization can unappealingly impact the DWLS unscaled and scaled fit indices, as well as the ULS scaled fit indices in the population, given that analysis models are misspecified and that the threshold structure is saturated. Consequently, a severely misspecified model may be considered acceptable, depending on how the underlying continuous variables are categorized. The corresponding CFI and TLI are less dependent on the categorization than RMSEA but are less sensitive to model misspecification in general. In contrast, the number of categories and threshold values do not impact the ULS unscaled fit indices in the population.
The working-class student in higher education: addressing a class-based understanding

Community colleges have long been regarded as the common entry point to postsecondary education for low-income students. However, researchers often mention “low-income students” without a clear def...
Women on the Institutional Circuit: A 9-Year Qualitative Study.

Using a mixed-method approach of interviews and ethnographic observations, the authors followed a cohort of women postincarceration in Massachusetts for a period of 9 years. The women repeatedly cy...