cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic structure subgrid‐scale models for large eddy simulation

Large eddy simulation (LES) is based on separation of variable of interest into two parts-resolved and subgrid. The resolved part is obtained numerically using modified transport equation while the effect of the subgrid part is modelled using subgrid-scale (SGS) models. We present and discuss new one-equation LES models for SGS scalar flux, SGS scalar dissipation and SGS energy dissipation. The proposed models belong to a new family of SGS models-dynamic structure (DS) models. The DS models borrow the structure of the modelled term from the corresponding Leonard term, and a special scaling factor is then used which does not contain user-specified constants. The models are evaluated a priori using available DNS data for a non-reacting mixing layer and decaying isotropic turbulence; the evaluation results compare well with viscosity and similarity models. During the a priori tests, the DS models were found to perform better than dynamic viscosity and similarity models for various test-to-base filter size ratios and non-symmetric filters. For a posteriori evaluation, the models are implemented into a high-order finite-difference code and an LES of decaying isotropic turbulence is performed
Ligand induced circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence in CdSe quantum dots.

Chiral thiol capping ligands l- and d-cysteines induced modular chiroptical properties in achiral cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs). Cys-CdSe prepared from achiral oleic acid capped CdSe by postsynthetic ligand exchange displayed size-dependent electronic circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Opposite CPL signals were measured for the CdSe QDs capped with d- and l-cysteine. The CD profile and CD anisotropy varied with size of CdSe nanocrystals with largest anisotropy observed for CdSe nanoparticles of 4.4 nm. Magic angle spinning solid state NMR (MAS ssNMR) experiments suggested bidentate interaction between cysteine and the surface of CdSe. Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations verified that attachment of l- and d-cysteine to the surface of model (CdSe)13 nanoclusters induces measurable opposite CD signals for the exitonic band of the nanocluster. The origin of the induced chirality is consistent with the hybridization of highest occupied CdSe...
Culture and psychiatric education.

Received February 21, 2008; accepted March 26, 2008. Dr. Lim isafﬁliated with the Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciencesat the University of California Davis School of Medicine; Dr. Lu isafﬁliated with the Department of Psychiatry at the UniversityofCali-fornia San Francisco. Address correspondence to Russell F. Lim,M.D., Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School ofMedicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817; rﬂim@ucdavis.edu (e-mail).Copyright 2008 Academic Psychiatry
Fowler's Hypothesis and the Determination of Photoemission Thresholds

It is shown that Fowler's hypothesis to explain photoemission from metals is not necessary to obtain a spectral dependence of quantum yield near threshold that varies as ${Y}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\propto} (h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}e\ensuremath{\varphi})$. It is not possible to distinguish between a Fowler distribution and an isotropic distribution of excited electrons even if rather extreme cases of electron scattering are included. As a result, knowledge that photoemission from a metal follows a Fowler plot does not permit any inferences regarding the nature of the initial excitation.
Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers

The movement of polarized light through the superficial layers of the skin was visualized using a video camera with a polarizing filter. This study constitutes a description of the impulse response to a point source of incident collimated linearly polarized light. Polarization images reject unwanted diffusely backscattered light from deeper in the tissue and the specular reflectance from the air/tissue interface. Two experiments were conducted: (1) Video polarization reflectometry used a polarized HeNe laser (633 nm) pointing perpendicularly down onto a phantom medium (0.900-micrometer dia. polystyrene spheres in water). The video camera was oriented 10 degrees off the vertical axis and viewed the irradiation site where the laser beam met the phantom. Video images were acquired through a polarizing filter that was either parallel or perpendicular with the reference plane defined by the source, camera, and irradiation site on the phantom medium's surface. The source polarization was parallel to the reference plane. The two images (parallel and perpendicular) were used to calculate a polarization image which indicated the attenuation of polarization as a function of distance between the source and point of photon escape from the phantom. Results indicated a strong polarization pattern within approximately 0.35 cm (approximately 2.2 mfp') from source. [mfp' equals 1/(microna plus microns')]. (2) Optical fiber reflectometry using a polarized diode laser (792 nm) coupled to a polarization-maintaining single-mode fiber, and a multi-mode fiber collector to collect regardless of polarization. Reflectance as a function of fiber separation was measured for the source fiber oriented parallel and perpendicular with the reference plane. Results indicated that the strongest polarization propagated within approximately 0.43 cm (2.2 mfp') from source. The polarization survived approximately 2.2 mfp', which for skin at 630 - 800 nm (mfp' approximately equals 0.066 cm) corresponds to 1.5 mm (or 6.4 ps of travel at the speed of light). Using 6.4 ps as a maximum time of survival, classical paths of photon transport (Feynman paths) were calculated to illustrate the expected depth of interrogation by polarized imaging. The expected mean depth of photons is about 0.36 mm at these longer wavelengths. Shorter wavelengths would result in a shorter mfp' and therefore more superficial imaging of the skin. Polarization images offer an inexpensive approach toward 2-D acquisition of time- gated images based on the early light escaping the tissue. Polarization imaging is an opportunity for a new form of optical image especially useful for dermatology.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Realization Of Large, Stable Second Order Optical Nonlinearities Through Double-EndCrosslinkable Chromophores

We have developed a novel class of double-end crosslinkable (DEC) chromophores. Processible side-chain nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers with crosslinkable groups at the ends of chromophore pendants were synthesized from DEC monomers. The polymers were processed into good quality films, which were subsequently poled with a corona setup and thermally cured to attain stable noncentrosymmetric order. Using this DEC approach, we have realized large optical nonlinearities (χ(2) = 90–220 pm/V) with long term stability at 125 °C.
A day in the life of a home care physician.

On a typical workday, instead of driving to a medical office, I take to the highways around Miami, Florida, and travel to see my patients in their homes. I am a doctor who makes house calls for a living. Unlike the fabled physicians of memory, myth, and Norman Rockwell illustrations, I have no horse and buggy (just a standard, government-issue American car) and no magical black bag full of remedies (only a practical rolling briefcase). I take along my stethoscope, thermometer, and blood pressure cuff and use modern gadgets to keep in touch—a pager and a cell phone. The best technology I have is myself. And also unlike those doctors of old, I am not someone who toils long hours in blissful isolation. Rather, I belong to a relatively rare species of 21st century practitioner known as a “home care physician.” I am a salaried employee of the VA, the nation’s largest health-care system. Far from working alone, I am a member of an interdisciplinary team of seasoned experts—in nursing, social work, nutrition, pharmacy, physical therapy, psychiatry, and medicine; together we are charged with caring for patients, who by reason of chronic illness or disability, cannot travel easily to a doctor’s office. Our referrals come from the Miami VA emergency room, outpatient clinics, and inpatient services. Our funds come from Uncle Sam, who allocates an annual sum of money to pay for the care of these very complicated patients. The majority of our patients are over 65 years of age. All are veterans of the US armed forces. Most have a long list of medical problems, with a list of medications to match. As a board-certified internist and geriatrician, my training is well suited to the myriad clinical challenges I face. These patients have all made a conscious choice to “age in place” and to stay and live in their own homes, often under the care of a spouse or relative. Entering a patient’s home is both a privilege and a revelation. Most of my patients are old enough to remember an era when doctors would come calling whenever they were needed; when
Electric Field Probes in Material Media and Their Application in EMC

The use of the linear antenna as a probe to measure both the constitutive parameters of material media and the electric field interior to such media is reviewed. The advantages of using probes with a particular geometry (i. e., electricaUy short, resonant, bare or insulated) for specific applications are discussed. Applications in the areas of geophysics and biophysics are cited.
Measurement of advancing and receding contact angles inside polymer tubing

Abstract A novel technique is presented for the measurement of advancing and receding contact angles inside transparent polymer tubings. The advancing and receding contact angles are reported for the inside surfaces of polyethylene, silicone rubber, poly (vinyl chloride) and a polyurethane tubing. Calculation of the contact angle is based on the assumption that the meniscus has a spherical cap geometry. When this assumption is not valid, the technique still provides upper and lower limits on the actual contact angle. Experimental data and numerical calculations indicate that the dimensionless ratio of the capillary and hydrostatic pressures on the meniscus can be used to determine when the spherical cap assumption is valid.
Discrimination, inequality and the competitive model of US education

US public education is dominated by a win‐lose competitive model. While this model has been relatively successful in educating and training most Americans to function in the type of economic environment that has prevailed since the Second World War, it has almost completely failed to develop a citizenry that can participate fully in the political and social spheres of a capitalist democracy. The relative success in training workers may be on the wane as the US economy evolves toward more knowledge‐intensive work, requiring more critical thinking and worker autonomy. Even worse, the competitive model in US public education is a powerful promoter of the growth of earnings inequality and racial discrimination. Examines the current educational system, the role of standardized testing, and proposes a model of cooperative learning to develop a better‐educated citizenry and workforce.
Ascorbate-independent carotenoid de-epoxidation in intact spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract Slow (> 1 s) light-induced absorbance changes in the 475–530 nm spectral region were examined in Type A chloroplasts from spinach. The most prominent absorption change occurred at 505 nm. The difference spectrum for this light-induced increase, its absence in osmotically shocked chloroplasts and restoration by ascorbate, and its sensitivity to dithiothreitol indicate that the absorption change is due to carotenoid de-epoxidation. The reaction in intact chloroplasts is characterized by its independence of exogenous ascorbate and a rate constant 3- to 8-fold higher than that reported previously for chloroplasts supplemented with ascorbate. The relevance of carotenoid de-epoxidation to other photosynthetic processes was examined by comparing their sensitivities to dithiothreitol. Levels of dithiothreitol that eliminate the 505 nm shift are without effect on saturated rates of CO2 fixation and do not appreciably inhibit fluorescence quenching. We conclude that carotenoid de-epoxidation is not directly involved in the reactions of photosynthesis or in the regulation of excitation allocation between the photosystems.
Oceanic molybdenum drawdown by epeiric sea expansion in the Mesoproterozoic

Abstract Molybdenum is a bioessential micronutrient whose abundance in the global oceans may have played a primary role in evolution of the Earth's nitrogen cycle and, ultimately, in the timing of the ecologic expansion of early eukaryotes. Because molybdenum (Mo) is delivered to the ocean under conditions of oxic weathering and is removed in suboxic and euxinic environments, the concentration of Mo in the oceans reflects a complex function of global redox and the hydrologic conditions that influence the areal extent of euxinic sedimentation. Recent compilations of Mo within euxinic shales ( Scott et al., 2008 , Och and Shields-Zhou, 2012 , Sahoo et al., 2012 ) indicate that the oceanic reservoir of Mo did not rise substantially above crustal values until the Great Oxidation Event (~ 2.3 Ga), and a modern Mo cycle did not develop until the contraction of ocean euxinia in the latest Proterozoic. At present, a paucity of data from euxinic shales of the late Mesoproterozoic (1.3 to 1.0 Ga) limits our ability to relate marine redox evolution to biological innovation during a critical interval of eukaryotic development. Here we present data from marine shales of the 1.1 Ga Atar and El Mreiti groups, Mauritania, which were deposited during sea level highstand when shallow, epeiric seas covered much of the West African craton. Epicratonic strata of the El Mreiti Group were deposited under fluctuating redox conditions near a shallow chemocline (as evidenced by iron speciation), and record generally low Mo concentrations (
Abstract P3-10-02: Modulation of mRNA and miRNAs by the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, CG-1521 disrupts cytokinesis in SUM149PT inflammatory breast cancer cells

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) comprises only 2.0% of all breast cancer cases; however it accounts for 8.0% of breast cancer-specific deaths. IBC is highly aggressive, appears at a younger age, and is more difficult to treat than the common forms of breast cancer. By the time the disease is diagnosed, IBC is usually stage 3 and has already metastasized to neighboring lymphatics. Though many tumors are p53 wild type and/or Her2 positive, the median overall survival among women with IBC is less than 4 years even with aggressive multimodal therapy. To develop IBC-specific therapies, we have compared the effects of two hydroxamic acid histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, Trichostatin A (TSA) and CG-1521 on the biology of the triple negative SUM149PT IBC cell line. In these cells, CG-1521 and TSA induce dose (0–10 µM) and time dependent (0–96 h) increases in the proportion of cells undergoing cell cycle arrest and cell death, in the presence or absence of 17β-estradiol. To identify the genomic targets of CG-1521, we have performed concurrent microarray analyses of mRNA and miRNA expression followed by qPCR validation. In SUM149PT cells, CG-1521 modulates the expression of approximately 935 transcripts: 341 of these transcripts are up-regulated and 594 are down-regulated after 48h of treatment. Gene ontology analysis demonstrates that many of the down-regulated mRNA transcripts encode proteins that are associated with the spindle assembly checkpoint, chromosome segregation and microtubule based processes including KIF4, PRC1, AURKB and KIF23 (MKLP-1). Strikingly, many genes in these ontologies are potentially targeted by a small number of miRNAs (miR-22, miR-1207-5p & miR-494) which are significantly up-regulated by CG-1521, suggesting that the ability of CG-1521 to down-regulate the transcripts associated with spindle formation and cytokinesis may be significantly modulated by miRNA expression. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that treatment of SUM149PT cells with CG-1521 results in the appearance of elongated midzone structures visualized by phalloidin staining, similar to the phenotype seen by others after siRNA-mediated knockdown of KIF4 in HeLa cells. These data suggest that CG-1521 affects the central mitotic spindle formation, disrupts furrow formation and abscission, arresting the cells in cytokinesis ultimately leading to cell death. Whether these effects are solely mediated through transcriptional mechanisms or whether CG-1521 also directly affects the activity of these proteins through acetylation remains to be determined. Nevertheless, the data show that histone deacetylase inhibitors induce cell death in IBC cells, and suggest that these small molecules may be useful addition to the armamentarium as adjuvants for the treatment of IBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-02.
The Ndc80 complex: integrating the kinetochore's many movements.

The Ndc80 complex lies at the heart of the kinetochore, a large protein machine that accurately segregates chromosomes during cell division. The Ndc80 complex has structural roles in assembling the kinetochore, but also functions to congress chromosomes and to signal the spindle checkpoint. It directly binds to microtubules and is currently the best candidate for the long-sought protein that couples microtubule depolymerization to chromosome movement. A combination of structural and genetic data has recently converged to generate the first models for this fascinating motor activity. Additionally, recent data point to an increasingly dynamic role for Ndc80 in the kinetochore—one which involves not only simple binding to microtubules but also shifts in complex shape and its location within the overall kinetochore structure. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the Ndc80 complex and address future areas of research.
Detection of single fluorescent microtubules and methods for determining their dynamics in living cells

The ability to tag biological molecules fluorescently and to detect their distribution in living cells has promoted the study of cytoplasmic organization in general and microtubule dynamics in particular. The techniques that we have selected and developed allowed the determination of spatial and temporal changes of the microtubule network in living fibroblasts at the level of individual microtubules. We have employed two general approaches for determining pattern changes: direct video microscopy and photobleaching and subsequent observation. Direct observation of fluorescent microtubules by high-definition video microscopy provided good spatial resolution at several time points, but was limited to the less congested and thinner periphery of the cell. This approach was made possible by a relatively bright, photostable reporter, xrhodamine-tubulin, and showed that microtubules underwent rounds of assembly and disassembly from their ends. Bleaching and subsequent observation of lysed cells improved the signal to noise ratio by extracting soluble chromophore and permitted observations in congested areas, but was limited to a single time interval. This approach demonstrated that microtubule domains were replaced one by one and that turnover was most rapid at the cell periphery. Antibodies specific for nonbleached chromophore can be used to enhance the signal to noise ratio further or to extend spatial resolution by the use of immunoelectron microscopy. Direct video microscopy and photobleaching are two approaches to the study of dynamics that have complementary strengths and wide application to the biology of living cells.
Cold-Denatured Ensemble of Apomyoglobin: Implications for the Early Steps of Folding†

The dynamics of protein-refolding experiments initiated by a temperature jump depend critically on the nature of the initial cold-denatured ensemble. The cold-denatured state of equine apomyoglobin has been investigated in aqueous buffers by near- and far-UV circular dichroism, fluorescence, infrared, and NMR spectroscopies at temperatures ranging from −20 to 98 °C. Cold denaturation of apomyoglobin is well described by a cooperative transition below 3 °C and differs in many aspects from acid-induced unfolding. As a reference system, the N-terminal A-peptide fragment of equine apomyoglobin has also been studied in aqueous and trifluoroethanol solutions. The A-peptide has a low helix-forming propensity in the absence of any stabilizing tertiary interactions. The results show that cold denaturation breaks the AGH-hydrophobic interface of equine apomyoglobin. Furthermore, at least some GH-helical structure appears to be preserved at the expense of the less stable A-helix.
Effect of aspirin on photodynamic therapy utilizing chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (CASP).

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mediated through a direct vascular effect. Interference with platelet function and resulting vascular stasis have been recently demonstrated utilizing the photosensitizer dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE). We examined the effect of aspirin, a known inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and platelet activity, on PDT using chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (CASP). Thirty-six rats implanted with a window chamber were given either 0.1 mg/kg (low dose) or 10 mg/kg (high dose) aspirin immediately before, immediately after, or 6 hours after the completion of CASP-PDT. Aspirin in either dosage did not appear to have any effect on the window vasculature when given immediately after light exposure. A moderate inhibition of vascular response was seen in animals treated with aspirin pre-PDT, whereas high-dose aspirin completely abrogated the CASP-PDT vascular response when given 6 hours post-PDT. These data indicate that aspirin can effect CASP-PDT in both time-dependent and dose-dependent fashions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Relationship Between Human Semen Characteristics and Sperm Apoptosis: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT: This work was undertaken to explore the associationbetween human semen characteristics and apoptosis in ejaculatedsperm. We collected semen samples from 23 consecutive male pa-tients who presented to the Andrology Laboratory at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital (MGH) for routine semen analysis. Sperm concen-tration and motility were measured using computer-assisted spermanalysis. Morphology was assessed using Tygerberg strict criteria.The DNA diffusion assay was used to assess the percentage ofapoptosis in ejaculated sperm. In this assay, cells were mixed withagarose and placed into a microgel on a microscopic slide. The cellswere stained with YOYO-1 dye, and apoptotic cells were viewedunder a ﬂuorescent microscope. Among 23 men, the mean (SD)sperm concentration, percent motility, percent progressive motility,and normal morphology were 125.5 (92.3) million/mL, 45.6% (22.2),28.4% (15.2), and 8.0 (4.6), respectively. The mean (SD) percent ofapoptosis in ejaculated sperm was 8.3% (6.2) with a range from1.1% to 20.1%. There were inverse associations between percentapoptosis and sperm motility (P5 .0025), progressive motility (P5.0051), and morphology with a normal or good pattern of fertilizationby Kruger strict criteria (P5 .0045), and a positive relationship be-tween percent apoptosis and sperm tail defects (P5 .0053). In ejac-ulated semen, the percent sperm apoptosis was associated withseveral measures of semen quality.Key words: Semen quality, sperm motility, sperm morphology,DNA diffusion assay.J Androl 2006;27:112–120
Phosphorylation and inhibition of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase by erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract The enzymatic activity of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was found to decrease on incubation of the purified enzyme with red blood cell ghosts, ATP and cAMP. If [ 32 P]γATP was used radioactivity was found associated with the protein after gel electrophoresis. Various effectors protected the enzyme against phosphorylation. Treatment of the modified enzyme with a protein phosphatase restored enzymatic activity and also caused the loss of the radioactive label. Modification of the pyruvate kinase in this way altered the affinity of the enzyme for one of its substrates (phosphoenolpyruvate), but the binding of the other substrate (ADP) was unaffected.
A physical model of nerve axon—I. Ionic distribution, potential profile, and resting potential

A theory which is based on a set of assumptions different from those of the sodium theory is developed. Here the mobile ions are considered to be distributed at Donnan equilibrium and the axoplasm is regarded as an analog of a cation-exchanger. Following the spirit of the Debye-Huckel theory, some important features of the ionic distribution and electrical potential of the nerve fiber have been calculated. The results appear to be in better agreement with the experimental observations than the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation.
Positronium formation by electron capture from hydrogen-like ions

Two different impulse approximations are provided for the problem of fast positron collisions with hydrogen-like ions. One of the impulse approximations is formulated by making a consistent expansion of the scattering wave function in powers of the weak interaction to the strong. The other impulse approximation is formulated by making a consistent expansion of theT-matrix in powers of the weak interaction to the strong. In this impulse approximation, the opposite limits of the target nuclear charge tending to zero and to infinity are examined. Differential and angle-integrated cross sections are computed for ground-state positronium formation from hydrogen within the impulse approximations. The full peaking approximation is employed in the evaluation of theT-matrix. By 300 eV, the impulse approximations for the angle-integrated cross section are in close agreement with the strong potential Born and the exact second Born calculations.
Immigration and Ethnicity: Implications for Holistic Nursing

International labor migration has increased the day-to-day encounters of persons from different cultural groups. The concept of ethnicity, its historical development, its ambiguity, and its role in the interactions between persons of different cultural groups are explored. The arena of health care for migrants brings to the fore issues of providing culturally competent care. In an ideal world, all nursing care of migrants would be delivered by skilled transcultural nurses; but in the real world, this is not yet the case. A case study of a Mexican migrant woman and a non-Hispanic Midwestern nurse is used as a background for examining the role of ethnicity in determining care needs and expectations and for providing nurses with a perspective that can improve nurse-client collaboration.
Heat Transfer of Impacting Water Mist on High Temperature Metal Surfaces

Experimental studies were conducted to reveal the heat transfer mechanism of impacting water mist on high temperature metal surfaces. Local heat transfer coefficients were measured in the film-boiling regime at various air velocities and liquid mass fluxes. The test conditions of water mist cover the variations of air velocity from 0 to 50.3 m/s, liquid mass flux from 0 to 7.67 kg/m 2 s, and surface temperature of stainless steel between 525°C and 500°C. Radial heat transfer distributions were measured at different liquid mass fluxes. The tests revealed that the radial variation of heat transfer coefficients of water mist has a similar trend to the air jet cooling. At the stagnation point, heat transfer coefficient increases with both the air velocity and the liquid mass flux. The convective air heat transfer is consistent with the published correlation in the literature. The heat transfer contribution due to the presence of water increases almost linearly with the liquid mass flux. The total heat transfer coefficient.can be established as two separable effects, which is the summation of the heat transfer coefficient of air and of liquid mass flux, respectively. This study shows that with a small amount of water added in the impacting air jet, the heat transfer is dramatically increased. The Leidenfrost temperature under water mist cooling was also measured. The Leidenfrost temperature increased with both the air velocity and the liquid mass flux.
The inhibition of monoamine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes by selected bicyclo-octanes and an analogous bicyclo-octene

Abstract The ability of a cis bicyclo-octane (LR5182), its optical isomere (LR5866) and (LR5953), a trans bicyclo-octane LR5309 and a bicyclo-octane LR5659 to inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxy tryptamine was studied in an in vitro synaptosomal preparation from rat brain areas. The activity of the novel compounds in the system was compared to that of known uptake inhibitors and anti-depressants. Only LR5309 showed significant activity against 5HT having an IC50 of 0.59 μM compared to that of imipramine of 0.44 μM. All the novel compounds were active at inhibiting noradrenaline and dopamine uptake. The most interesting compounds were LR5182 and its two optical isomers since these compounds had a similar IC50 to that of desipramine (DMI) in blocking noradrenaline uptake (DMI IC50 = 0.27 mM, 5182 IC50 = 0.11 mM) and were the most active compounds so far reported in blocking dopamine uptake (5182 IC50 = 0.069 μM, nomifensin IC50 = 0.23 μM). Since 5182 and its isomers are as active at blocking noradrenaline uptake as known antidepressants, and in addition are very potent at blocking dopamine uptake, these compounds may provide a useful treatment for certain categories of depressed patients.
Properties of valuable new intermetallics: Brewer–Engel model applied to the bonding of transition metal dialuminides

Abstract The Brewer–Engel Theory is a model capable of predicting novel materials, used in the past in particular for quite stable intermetallics based on the reaction of metals with non-bonding d electron pairs combined with metals with empty d orbitals. In this paper are shown the calculation procedures for bonding energies of 1:2 transition metal aluminide compounds characterized by MgCu 2 crystal structures. The model utilizes parameters that include crystal field effect, Hume-Rothery Rules, and a modified Born–Haber cycle to characterize covalent and ionic bonding contribution of alloys. Interactions between transition metals exhibit enhanced d-bonding, whereas interactions between transition metals and non-transition metals exhibit reduced d-bonding. From the bonding energies, the percentage ionicity factor is determined which is an indication of the stability of the intermetallic compound.
1055 EMERGENCE OF MULTIPLY RESISTANT PNEUMOCOCCUS

A strain of S. pneumoniae resistant to multiple antibiotics was isolated from an 11-month-old infant with meningitis. CSF obtained after 96 hours of high-dose penicillin-G continued to grow a beta-lactamase negative pneumococcus, type 6. When treatment was changed to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and rifampin, the child improved; and CSF was sterile within 24 hours. Agar dilution MIC's were: pen-G 1 μg/ml; chloro, 16 μg/ml; ampicillin 0.5 μg/ml; tetracycline, 16 μg/ml; rifampin, 0.03 μg/ml. A cultural survey of day-care center contacts utilized two selective media; one containing pen-G, 0.125 μg/ml, the other chloro, 4.0 μg/ml. 4/14 children <2 years and 5/47 older children and staff had throat carriage of this resistant strain, as did 5/10 of the family contacts of carriers. No carriers were treated. We also cultured 103 children in 4 other day-care centers without detecting the organism. We believe this to be the first report of a penicillin/chloramphenicol resistant pneumococcus in the Western Hemisphere. Due to the seriousness of delaying correct antibiotic therapy, we suggest that significant pneumococcal isolates be screened for both penicillin and chloramphenicol susceptibility. Surveys of contacts, which may yield a high carriage rate, can be performed rapidly using selective media. However, there is no established strategy regarding the treatment and follow-up of carriers.
Regulation of aromatic oxidation of estradiol-17β in maternal hepatic, fetal hepatic and placental tissues: Comparative effects of a series of inducing agents

The effects of nine separate inducers of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases on the hydroxylation of estradiol-17 beta (E2) were investigated in near-term pregnant rats. Isosafrole exhibited highly effective inducing properties in the maternal liver (20-fold and 5-fold increases in 4- and 2-hydroxylase activities respectively). Pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile produced approx 20- and 30-fold increases in measured respective rates of 4- and 2-hydroxylase activities in fetal hepatic tissues; isosafrole produced only 2-fold increases in the same reaction. Only minor changes or slight increases in estrogen hydroxylation rates were observed in maternal hepatic, fetal hepatic or placental tissues following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or other potent 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-like inducing agents (beta-naphthoflavone, MC, caffeine). Phenobarbital exhibited relatively weak inducing properties and exposure of pregnant rats to ethanol from days 3-19 of gestation was without statistically significant effects on the parameters investigated. Rat placentas exhibited extremely low estrogen hydroxylase activities irrespective of pre-exposure of pregnant rats to the inducers studied. The results suggested separate regulatory controls for estrogen 2- and 4-monooxygenase activities even though relatively high correlation between the two reaction were generally observed in all three tissues.
Carfilzomib and Pomalidomide: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy characterized by plasma cell clonal expansion as well as end-organ damage due to increased levels of monoclonal proteins in both the plasma and urine. The clinical syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone involvement that leads to pathologic fractures. This progressive disease can result in significant patient morbidity and mortality. Despite advances with treatment options and autologous stem cell transplantation, multiple myeloma remains incurable. Current front-line therapies include proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, anthracyclines, and steroids. Due to the advent of the immunomodulatory agents thalidomide and lenalidomide, as well as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma has improved greatly. However, once patients progress through front-line therapy and have relapsed or refractory disease, treatment options have historically been very limited. Carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, has shown impressive response rates as a single agent in the relapsed and refractory patient setting; this includes patients who are refractory to previous bortezomib therapy. In addition, a third-generation immunomodulator, pomalidomide, has also shown promising results in a similar patient population, including those patients who have been shown to be refractory to lenalidomide and bortezomib. Adverse effects of both of these medications have been considered tolerable in the relapsed or refractory population, especially considering the benefits that have been shown. Continuing clinical research will reveal the utility of these agents in combination regimens or in a front-line setting for patients with multiple myeloma.
Design issues in CMOS differential LC oscillators

An analysis of phase noise in differential cross-coupled inductance-capacitance (LC) oscillators is presented. The effect of tail current and tank power dissipation on the voltage amplitude is shown. Various noise sources in the complementary cross-coupled pair are identified, and their effect on phase noise is analyzed. The predictions are in good agreement with measurements over a large range of tail currents and supply voltages. A 1.8 GHz LC oscillator with a phase noise of -121 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz is demonstrated, dissipating 6 mW of power using on-chip spiral inductors.
Animal extremists' threats to neurologic research continue: Neuroreality II.

In 1995, Landau et al.1 documented the prevailing threats to animal research in “Neuroreality I,” which emphasized the importance of incorporating an understanding of biomedical research within the educational system. Two decades later, the threat against research involving animals has not receded but rather has escalated. It is therefore time to revisit these important issues. According to the Foundation for Biomedical Research, illegal incidents against researchers using animals rose from 6–27 events per year (1993–1997) to 76–103 per year (2003–2006).2 This has occurred against the backdrop of exponential growth in neuroscience research and understanding of neurologic disease pathogenesis leading to innovative treatment strategies. These advances have occurred as a direct outgrowth of the seminal contributions of animal investigations. Therefore, the alarming trend of these direct attacks requires an appropriate response.
Le traitement du gliome par les agents chimiothérapeutiques favorise la survie des cellules souches tumorales

> Les glioblastomes multiformes constituent les formes les plus frequentes et les plus agressives des tumeurs cerebrales primitives. La therapie standard repose aujourd’hui sur l’exerese chirurgicale et la radiotherapie combinees a la chimiotherapie par le temozolomide (agent alkylant). Malheureusement, ces tumeurs sont extremement resistantes aux traitements et la duree mediane de survie excede rarement deux ans. De plus, la croissance rapide des cellules de glioblastomes et leur pouvoir invasif ont grandement limite la mise au point de nouveaux traitements efficaces. Nos travaux dans un modele murin de glioblastome montrent que le temozolomide augmente l’agressivite de cellules tumorales survivantes et favorise de ce fait la recurrence de la tumeur [1]. Ce phenomene s’expliquerait en partie par la chimioresistance de cellules souches cancereuses (CSC) logees au sein de la tumeur [2].
Covariance control using closed-loop modelling for structures

This paper presents a low-order controller design method, using closed-loop modelling plus covariance control, with application to the benchmark problem in structural control for the active mass drive system at the University of Notre Dame (see Reference 1). This method finds a satisfactory controller by iterating between the closed-loop modelling and the covariance control. The closed-loop modelling implies that the model used for model-based control design is extracted from the feedback system of the last iteration. The covariance control finds the optimal controller to minimize an output variance and at the same time to bound the other output variances. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive architecture and descent with modification.

Against a background of recent progress in developmental neuroscience, some of which has been taken as challenging to the modularity hypothesis of Fodor (1983), this article contrasts two competing conceptions of modularity: sui generis modularity, according to which modules are treated as independent neurocognitive entities that owe nothing to one another, and descent-with-modification modularity, according to which current cognitive modules are understood to be shaped by evolutionary changes from ancestral cognitive modules. I argue that sui generis modularity is incompatible with a range of data, from the co-occurrence of deficits to the patterns of activation in neuroimaging studies, but that same range of data is compatible with descent-with-modification modularity. Furthermore, I argue that the latter conception of modularity may have important implications for the practice and conception of fields such as developmental disorders and linguistics.
Killing of Borrelia burgdorferi by Antibody Elicited by OspA Vaccine Is Inefficient in the Absence of Complement

A Lyme disease vaccine, based on the Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein OspA, has recently undergone phase III trials in humans. The results of one of these trials indicate that vaccine efficacy positively correlates with anti-OspA antibody titer. Spirochete killing within the tick vector midgut, upon which vaccine efficacy appears to depend, may occur chiefly via a mechanism that involves antibody alone, as it has been reported that complement is degraded by tick saliva decomplementing factors. We compared the in vitro killing efficiencies of anti-OspA antibody elicited in rhesus monkeys by the OspA vaccine, in the presence and in the absence of monkey complement. Killing in the absence of complement was between 14 and 3,800 times less efficient than with complement present, depending on the spirochete strain. The relative inefficiency of the complement-independent killing mechanism by anti-OspA antibody may explain why OspA vaccine efficacy is critically dependent on antibody titer.
Quantitative ascending aortic Doppler blood velocity in normal human subjects

We have developed digital, Apple II microcomputer-based methods for the numerical analysis of pulsed, range-gated, ultrasonic Doppler blood velocity signals. These methods were then used to analyse Doppler data recorded every 5 ms from the ascending aorta via the suprasternal notch in normal subjects ranging in age from 3 to 62 years. Normal values for peak velocity, the integral of velocity over the time of systole, and the rate of change of velocity in early ejection are reported. It was found that, after an initial step increase, the velocity of blood flow in early ejection increased in a linear manner in more than two thirds of the individual beats analysed. The time for which the linear acceleration in the aorta was constant (circa 50 ms) was unrelated to the age or size of the subject.
The Politics of Curriculum and Teaching

The politics of teaching in our urban schools extends well beyond the classroom says this writer, who consid ers the conflicting philoso phies at work in our educa tional system.
Symposia on Chemical Oceanography

A continuing concern of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the effective utilization of young scientists. To this end, these agencies are interested in becoming more familiar with the ideas being formulated by these individuals as they enter the field of oceanography and independently pursue their research interests. It is also felt important that these new graduates be in possession not only of the most recent information on the research climate and opportunities in their respective fields, but are provided an insight into the structure, missions, and modes of operation of the cosponsoring agencies of the symposia, as well as the procedures to follow in seeking support to conduct research from these agencies. As a result, the Marine Chemistry Program of NSF and the Chemical Oceanography Program of ONR were extremely receptive to a suggestion made in October 1976 by E.D. Goldberg of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography that it would be useful to have a symposium convened which would be completely dedicated to soon-to-be or recent Ph.D. graduates in chemical oceanography. After discussions at some considerable length with members of the scientific community, preparations were set in motion for convening such a meeting, which was anticipated to be the first in a series.
Are Distal Protection Devices ‘Protective’ During Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting?

Background and Purpose—To evaluate the periprocedural outcome after carotid artery stenting with embolic brain protection (EBP+) versus without embolic brain protection (EBP−). Methods—We retrospectively reviewed data from a prospective nonrandomized database of 357 patients who underwent carotid artery stenting in the neuroradiology division of our institution from 1999 to 2009. One hundred five patients underwent angioplasty and stenting without distal protection, whereas 252 were treated with distal protection. Patients were analyzed according to their EBP status (+ or −) for the primary end points of perioperative stroke, death, or myocardial infarction. Results—Unprotected stenting was mostly performed in the early years of this study and this is reflected in significant baseline differences between the two groups. In our earlier experience, carotid artery stenting was used in patients with more significant comorbidities. Diabetes mellitus (P=0.04), previous coronary artery disease (P=0.02) and myoca...
Advances in targeted therapy: safety of biological agents

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists have set a new therapeutic standard for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The agents including infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), and adalimumab (Humira) have been shown to substantially improve the signs and symptoms, disability, and quality of life while significantly inhibiting joint damage in early and longstanding RA. As with any agent, safety issues in concert with efficacy determine a risk/benefit ratio and hence a position in the therapeutic algorithm. With TNF antagonists key safety considerations include ( a ) infection, both common and opportunistic; ( b ) cytopenias; ( c ) demyelinating disease; ( d ) lupus-like syndromes; ( e ) congestive heart failure (CHF) and malignancies, particularly lymphomas. In March 2003 the United States Federal Drug Administration (FDA) convened a meeting to update safety issues related to TNF antagonists, specifically focusing on solid tumours and lymphomas. Safety data from controlled clinical trials were presented for the three TNF antagonists with post-marketing safety data for etanercept and infliximab. All the data are available on the FDA website. The current review will focus on infection, CHF, and malignancy. Much of the information in this review was obtained from the FDA, Arthritis Adviser Committee, the National Databank for Rheumatic Disease (NDRD) of Dr Fred Wolfe, from data on file with Abbott Pharmaceuticals, Amgen Incorporated, and Centocor Incorporated. Safety data may be obtained from a variety of sources, including placebo controlled, randomised clinical trials, post-approval databases, particularly the USA FDA MedWatch spontaneous reporting programme, and long term registries such as the NDRD of Fred Wolfe as well as registries in Sweden and Germany and England. A number of factors significantly influence the interpretation of adverse event data. Within clinical trials issues of ascertainment bias in enrolling patients into trials, population homogeneity, lower comorbidities, restricted concomitant drugs, short trial duration, and a relatively small sample size may have substantial influences on …
China's Cultural "Liberalization " and Conflict Over the Social Organization of the Arts

Since the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, and especially since the Third Plenum of 1978, China has passed through a noteworthy "thaw" in cultural life. In sharp contrast to the ten years of the Cultural Revolution, this period was characterized by a remarkable diversity in artistic styles and genres, the appearance of works critical of (or irrelevant to) recent Party policies, increased sensitivity to foreign cultural trends, and the public rehabilitation of artists formerly in disgrace -many of whom had been purged in the early years of Communist rule (Barme, 1979; Brook, 1979; Chan, 1980; Cohen, 1980; Kane, 1981; Mackerras, 1979). While these changes have not been abrogated, their momentum was clearly broken in 1981, when the Party leadership determined that cultural life had become dangerously loose and initiated a national campaign against "bourgeois liberalism" in order to reimpose firmer political control over the arts.'