cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital navigator echoes for motion measurements in magnetic resonance imaging

A single "orbital" navigator echo, that has a circular k-space trajectory, is used to simultaneously measure in-plane rotational and multi-axis translational global motion. Rotation is determined from the shift in the magnitude profile of the echo with respect to a reference echo. Displacements are calculated from the phase difference between the current echo and a reference echo. Phantom studies show that this technique can accurately measure rotation and translations. Preliminary results from adaptive motion correction studies on phantom and human subjects indicate that the orbital navigator echo is an effective method for motion measurement in MRI.
Thermal ionization energy of lithium and lithium-oxygen complexes in single-crystal silicon

Abstract Recent optical studies[1, 2] have found that for float-zone crystals, having a relatively low oxygen content (less than 10 16 cm −3 ), the ionization energy of the lithium impurity was about 32 meV, whereas for pulled-crucible crystals, having a higher oxygen concentration (approximately 10 18 cm −3 ), the ionization energy was 39 meV. Previous measurements by means of Hall effect studies had indicated that the ionization energy in a pulled crucible sample was about 33 meV which seemed to agree with the optical float-zone value. In an attempt to clarify the situation, Hall effect measurements were made on pulled-crucible and float-zone silicon samples containing lithium as an impurity, and ionization energies were calculated. It was found that this new Hall effect data seemed to be in agreement with the optical data, the ionization energy being 37 meV for the pulled crucible sample and 29.5 meV for the float-zone.
Rate reduction strategies used by normally fluent and stuttering children and adults

Abstract Speech rate can be reduced by prolonging the duration of phonetic units, by pausing between words, or through a combination of these approaches. Child and adult normally fluent speakers and stutterers were tested in basal and modified speaking rate conditions. Subjects' utterances in both conditions were converted to spectrographic displays so that measures of phonetic and pause durations could be made. Comparisons of these measures across conditions revealed that all four groups of subjects spontaneously extended pause and phonetic durations, the former more than the latter, when instructed to voluntarily reduce speech rate.
Objective and Subjective Analysis of Knitted Fabric Bagging

In this study, fabric bagging tests are performed on a set of knitted fabrics that vary in design, tightness factor, and blend ratio. The relationships between residual bagging height (Rresidual) obtained from the fabric bagging test and the mechanical characterization determined from the KES-FB system are presented and discussed. The work shows that it is possible to predict R residual for knitted fabrics by using the standard KES-FB test and without performing fabric bagging fatigue tests.
Nerve Disorders of the Hallux

Nerve disorders about the hallux can generate remarkable pain and dysfunction. Whether caused by soft tissue entrapment, trauma, iatrogenic injury, or from an idiopathic basis; nerve disorders are approached by careful history and examination followed by nonoperative treatment. In cases that do not respond, meticulous surgical management can be helpful in many cases.
An Unsymmetric End-Notched Flexure Test for Interfacial Fracture Toughness Determination

Abstract An unsymmetric end-notched flexure test is described and its suitability for interfacial fracture toughness testing is evaluated. The test specimen consists of a beam-type geometry that is comprised of two materials, one “top” and one “bottom”, with a crack at one end along the bimaterial interface. The specimen is loaded in three-point bending, similar to a conventional end-notched flexure test. A plate theory analysis, modified to include the effects of transverse shear deformation in the near tip region, is used to determine the force and moment resultants in the specimen as well as its deformed shape. Results from this analysis are incorporated into a crack tip element approach to predict energy release rate and mode mixity. These analytical predictions are verified by comparison to finite element results. It is shown that, by varying the relative thicknesses and locations of the two materials, the unsymmetric end-notched flexure test can be used to determine the fracture toughness over a reasonably wide range of mode mixities for most bimaterial interfaces.
Harmonic balance and frequency domain relaxation of nonlinear feedback systems

The use of frequency-domain methods in the simulation of nonlinear feedback systems is investigated. Because of their inherent structure, one is usually forced to implement time-domain simulations by serial techniques that are not capable of effectively exploiting parallel and vector processing capabilities. Frequency-domain techniques are more likely to give rise to vector and matrix operations which are amenable to parallel and vector processing; however, they are generally less efficient in dealing with nonlinearities. An examination is made of some fundamental theoretical issues concerning the frequency-domain simulation of nonlinear feedback systems and of applications to the transient analysis of power distribution models in which the individual generators are modeled by nonlinear feedback systems. >
Differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation by category in a visual confrontation naming task.

OBJECTIVE Cortical processing involved in seemingly similar tasks may differ in important ways. The authors mapped cortical regions engaged in a commonly performed picture naming task, seeking differences by semantic category. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used during presentation of standardized line drawings in 18 healthy right-handed female participants, comparing living versus nonliving entities. During visual naming, across categories there was strong activation of left frontal (BA45/47), bilateral temporo-occipital junction (BA19), and inferior temporal regions (BA36/37). Activation of right inferior temporal cortex (BA19 and BA37) was greater during naming of living versus nonliving category items. No category differences in activation strength in the left temporal lobe were observed. The authors conclude that visual semantic operations may involve visual association cortex in the right temporal lobe in women.
A NEW PROTOROSAUR (DIAPSIDA) FROM THE UPPER BUNTSANDSTEIN OF THE BLACK FOREST, GERMANY

A new genus and species of protorosaur is described on the basis of material originally referred to Tanystropheus antiquus from the Upper Buntsandstein of the Black Forest, Germany. The new taxon is characterized by eight cervical vertebrae that bear markedly elongate cervical ribs, a shagreen of denticles covering the vomers, palatines and pterygoids, a bifurcate second sacral rib, a well-ossified tarsus with three distal tarsals, and an elongate proximal phalanx on digit five. The status of Tanystropheus antiquus is discussed and, while it is retained, its validity is questioned.
Reply to Akçay & Beecher: yes, team of rivals in chipping sparrows

The main conclusions of our original report [[1][1]] were that male chipping sparrows form defensive coalitions in response to simulated territorial intrusion, and that coalition formation is predicted by relative structural properties of birds' songs. Akcay & Beecher (hereafter ‘A&B’ [[2][2
WAVE RUNUP AND REFLECTION ON COASTAL STRUCTURES IN DEPTH-LIMITED CONDITIONS

An experimental study was performed to measure the effects of depthlimited conditions on wave runup and reflection from coastal structures. The measurements are compared with existing empirical formulas. An existing model to predict wave runup is shown to overpredict the runup and a clear trend of increased wave runup in depth-limited conditions is shown. A new empirical model is presented that includes the effects of depth-limited conditions on wave runup. Existing models to predict wave reflection based on the surf similarity parameter are shown to fail to collapse the measured data onto a single line. A recently developed model based on a number of parameters is shown to accurately predict wave runup in cases where no wave breaking occurred before the structure. However, at the shallower water depths where wave breaking occurred seaward of the structure, the model underpredicted the reflection coefficient. This model was modified to increase its accuracy in depth-limited conditions based upon the laboratory results presented in this study.
Mental Health and Immigrant Detainees in the United States: Competency and Self-Representation

Most immigrant detainees held in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities do not have legal representation, because immigration proceedings are a matter of civil, not criminal, law. In 2005, Mr. Franco, an immigrant from Mexico with an IQ between 35 and 55, was found incompetent to stand trial, but was not appointed an attorney for his immigration proceedings. This failure led to a class action lawsuit, known as the Franco litigation, and in April 2013, a federal judge ordered the U. S. government to provide legal representation for immigrant detainees in California, Arizona, and Washington who are incompetent to represent themselves due to a mental disorder or defect. This development has implications for forensic evaluators, because there is likely to be an increase in the number of competency examinations requested by courts for immigrant detainees. Furthermore, forensic evaluators must understand that an evaluation for competency of an immigrant detainee includes both the Dusky criteria and capacity for self-representation. In this article, we explore the legal context and ethics concerns related to the Franco litigation.
Cross Mating of Campoletis sonorensis and Campoletis chlorideae

Offspring of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) from Texas lived one day longer, produced fewer progeny, and suffered more abortive parasitism than offspring of C. chlorideae (Uchida) from India. Sex ratios of both were ca. 1:1. In interspecific crosses, C. chlorideae females mated more readily with C. sonorensis males than C. sonorensis females mated with C. chlorideae males. More progeny were produced from interspecific crosses than from parental crosses, but the F1 hybrids were primarily males. Although this blocked establishment of a viable single cross hybrid population, reciprocal backcrosses were usually fertile with more normal sex ratios and gene exchange between the 2 parental species is therefore possible. Based on the degree of reproductive isolation, the 2 strains thus appear to be biologically valid species, and through cross breeding techniques it would appear that genes favoring higher efficiency of parasitism could be moved from the genome of one species to that of the other. The data suggest that such introgression would occur most readily in the C. chlorideae female × C. sonorensis male strain direction.
Cellular origin of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 27 cases.

Context Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), also known as pacemaker cells, are cells in the gastrointestinal tract that play a role in the control of gut motility. The ICCs express the c-kit proto-oncogene encoding a type III tyrosine kinase (KIT) receptor, a ligand that is known as stem cell factor (SCF). The maturation of ICCs is dependent on SCF-KIT interaction. The cellular origin, differentiation, nomenclature, and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are controversial. Objective To test the hypothesis that GISTs originate from CD34-positive stem cells and differentiate toward an ICC phenotype. Materials and methods We studied 27 cases of smooth muscle differentiated GISTs collected for 14 years (1985-1999), including 8 benign (leiomyoma), 15 malignant primary (leiomyosarcoma), and 4 metastatic to the liver. Immunohistochemical studies of selected lineage-directed monoclonal antibodies of c-kit (CD117), CD34, vimentin, desmin, alpha-actin, S100, and MIB-1 were performed on both normal and tumor tissues. Results Immunoperoxidase stains of normal gastrointestinal tract showed both c-kit and CD34-positive cells surrounding the Auerbach ganglia plexus in the gastrointestinal tract. Twenty-seven of 27 tumors strongly expressed c-kit. Fourteen of 27 tumors were positive for CD34. Of the malignant GISTs, 14 of 19 were positive for CD34; of the benign tumors, 0 of 8 were positive for CD34. Thus, CD34 was the best indicator of malignant phenotype. Conclusion This is the first description of benign smooth muscle GISTs negative for CD34. The results of this study suggest that GISTs originate from CD34-positive stem cells and differentiate toward pacemaker cell phenotype. The lack of expression of CD34 in the benign GIST may indicate that benign GISTs are composed of more mature ICCs, whereas malignant GISTs are composed of dedifferentiated ICCs that express CD34-positive stem cells.
Perspectives on Pain

The publication by Melzack & Wall (1965) of a novel concept of the anatomy and physiology of pain marked the advent of a renaissance in the study of this major cause of human suffering. The physiological, anatomical, pharmacological and psychological substrates of pain have become the subjects of a wide range of basic and clinical research projects. A conceptual framework to integrate information on pain will be given. It is of concern that each scientist tends to see only those aspects of the ‘Puzzle of Pain’ which are explicable within the conceptual framework of their own scientific discipline; yet, the problems encountered by the clinician suggest that the biomedical model which forms the cornerstone of modern scientific endeavour does not offer rational solutions to the readily apparent issues. It has been stated by Engel (1977) that: ‘… all medicine is in crisis and, further, that medicine’s crisis derives from the same basic fault as psychiatry’s, namely, adherence to a model of disease no longer adequate for the scientific tasks and social responsibilities of either medicine or psychiatry. The importance of how physicians conceptualize disease derives from how such concepts determine what are considered the proper boundaries of professional responsibility and how they influence attitudes toward and behavior with patients.’
Mystery Trips, English Gardens, and Songs Your Mother Should Know: The Beatles and British Nostalgia in 1967

The Beatles released the film and soundtrack Magical Mystery Tour in late 1967, at the height of their psychedelic era. While there is no denying the impact of drugs and psychedelia on the Beatles during this time, the resulting act of using these influences to turn to the inner self deserves more discussion. 1967 was the year after the Beatles stopped touring and the year their manager Brian Epstein died: both drastic changes to the everyday reality they had known for several years. In this time of upheaval, remnants of the past, such as childhood memories and markers of British heritage, came to the forefront of their creative minds. By drawing on theories on nostalgic memory from Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, and Svetlana Boym, this chapter shows how in Magical Mystery Tour, the Beatles constructed not only a world of modernizing psychedelia, but also a world deeply rooted in nostalgia. They rewrote the reality of the postwar world to move into a created world that reveled in the mythology and memory of World War II and the postwar dream. In Magical Mystery Tour, the Beatles referenced the past to come to terms with and find stability in their national history.
Multilingual Data Selection for Low Resource Speech Recognition

Abstract : Feature representations extracted from deep neural network-based multilingual frontends provide significant improvements to speech recognition systems in low resource settings. To effectively train these frontends, we introduce a data selection technique that discovers language groups from an available set of training languages. This data selection method reduces the required amount of training data and training time by approximately 40 , with minimal performance degradation. We present speech recognition results on 7 very limited language pack (VLLP) languages from the second option period of the IARPA Babel program using multilingual features trained on up to 10 languages. The proposed multilingual features provide up to 15 relative improvement over baseline acoustic features on the VLLP languages.
Predator identity and time of day interact to shape the risk-reward trade-off for herbivorous coral reef fishes.

Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators occur as prey alters their habitat use and foraging decisions to avoid predation. Although NCEs are recognized as being important across disparate ecosystems, the factors influencing their strength and importance remain poorly understood. Ecological context, such as time of day, predator identity, and prey condition, may modify how prey species perceive and respond to risk, thereby altering NCEs. To investigate how predator identity affects foraging of herbivorous coral reef fishes, we simulated predation risk using fiberglass models of two predator species (grouper Mycteroperca bonaci and barracuda Sphyraena barracuda) with different hunting modes. We quantified how predation risk alters herbivory rates across space (distance from predator) and time (dawn, mid-day, and dusk) to examine how prey reconciles the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging. When we averaged the effect of both predators across space and time, they suppressed herbivory similarly. Yet, they altered feeding differently depending on time of day and distance from the model. Although feeding increased strongly with increasing distance from the predators particularly during dawn, we found that the barracuda model suppressed herbivory more strongly than the grouper model during mid-day. We suggest that prey hunger level and differences in predator hunting modes could influence these patterns. Understanding how context mediates NCEs provides insight into the emergent effects of predator–prey interactions on food webs. These insights have broad implications for understanding how anthropogenic alterations to predator abundances can affect the spatial and temporal dynamics of important ecosystem processes.
Practice of Intubation of the Critically Ill at Mayo Clinic.

Objective:To describe the practice of intubation of the critically ill at a single academic institution, Mayo Clinic’s campus in Rochester, Minnesota, and to report the incidence of immediate posti...
Three Pyrimidine Decarboxylations in the Absence of a Catalyst

The epigenetic modification of DNA by 5-methylation of cytosine residues can be reversed by the action of the TET family of dioxygenases that oxidize the methyl group to produce 5-carboxycytosine (5caC), which can be converted to cytosine in a final decarboxylation step. Likewise, 5-carboxyuracil (5caU) is decarboxylated to uracil in the last step in pyrimidine salvage. In view of the extreme difficulty of decarboxylating derivatives of orotic acid (6caU), it seemed desirable to establish the rates of decarboxylation of 5caC and 5caU in the absence of a catalyst. Arrhenius analysis of experiments performed at elevated temperatures indicates that 5caU decomposes with a rate constant of 1.1 × 10–9 s–1 (ΔH⧧ = 25 kcal/mol) in a neutral solution at 25 °C. The decomposition of 5caC is somewhat slower (k25 = 5.0 × 10–11 s–1; ΔH⧧ = 27 kcal/mol) and leads to the initial accumulation of cytosine as an intermediate, followed by the relatively rapid deamination of cytosine (k25 = 1.9 × 10–10 s–1; ΔH⧧ = 23.4 kcal/mol)...
Rocks, Shocks and Asteroids, and Some Interesting Research Directions in Mechanics

Mechanics lies at the heart of many of the underpinnings of modern technological civilization: materials, infrastructure, transportation, health and security. The mechanics of dynamic failure processes also has a major bearing on the potential catastrophes that threaten civilization, including airbursts and major asteroid impacts. Recent events (such as the Chelyabinsk meteoroid) have demonstrated the need to understand major impact and fragmentation events. Many of the fundamental problems of current interest in national security also involve impact and fragmentation, typically studied through large-scale computational simulations. In the Murray lecture, these issues were addressed by describing fundamental high-strain-rate experiments, high-speed visualization, theoretical and computational modeling of failure processes, and simulations of asteroid damage and disruption. This paper focuses on experimental results on meteorites and a basalt.
Urethral Closure Pressure Profiles

Urethral closure pressure profiles are measurements of integrated pressure curves from the entire length of the urethra and are measured by the slow withdrawal of a pressure-measuring catheter through the urethra at a constant rate. Urethral closure profiles may be static, done with the patient at rest either in the supine, sitting or standing position; or they may be dynamic, recorded while the patient is either coughing repetitively, performing a Valsalva maneuver or squeezing to prevent the passage of flatus or the passage of urine. Measurement of static urethral closure pressure profiles allows the investigator to make comparisons of preoperative and postoperative measurements or between different positions and states of bladder fullness in the same patient. Such static assessment, although not diagnostic for genuine stress incontinence may still provide the examiner with useful information. Comparisons of dynamic profiles during coughing and Valsalva allow the examiner to make the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence when pressure equalization is noted in the absence of an increase in detrusor pressure.
An Ultrasound Surface Wave Technique for Assessing Skin and Lung Diseases

Abstract Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-organ connective tissue disease characterized by immune dysregulation and organ fibrosis. Severe organ involvement, especially of the skin and lung, is the cause of morbidity and mortality in SSc. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes multiple lung disorders in which the lung tissue is fibrotic and stiffened. The purpose of this study was to translate ultrasound surface wave elastography (USWE) for assessing patients with SSc and/or ILD via measuring surface wave speeds of both skin and superficial lung tissue. Forty-one patients with both SSc and ILD and 30 healthy patients were enrolled in this study. An external harmonic vibration was used to generate the wave propagation on the skin or lung. Three excitation frequencies of 100, 150 and 200 Hz were used. An ultrasound probe was used to measure the wave propagation in the tissue non-invasively. Surface wave speeds were measured on the forearm and upper arm of both left and right arm, as well as the upper and lower lungs, through six intercostal spaces of patients and healthy patients. Viscoelasticity of the skin was calculated by the wave speed dispersion with frequency using the Voigt model. The magnitudes of surface wave speed and viscoelasticity of patients' skin were significantly higher than those of healthy patients (p
Plasmodesmata - Virus Interaction

The initial entry and replication of a virus in a host plant occurs in only a small number of cells. Expression of viral symptoms in the plant is a result of the spreading of competent viral genetic material (either as particles or as unencapsidated RNA/DNA) through the host plant. In nonhost plants, the virus either fails to replicate or replicates in initially infected cells but fails to move to neighbouring cells. Two general pathways have been identified by which viruses spread within plants. Rapid long-distance movement of viruses can occur either via the phloem or the xylem (Atabekov and Dorokhov, 1984). In such situations, viral entry is normally by means of insect vectors. Alternatively, the spread of viral infection can occur by means of cell-to-cell movement from the infected site to neighbouring cells and tissues. In this chapter we examine the various ways in which viruses may move between cells, given that viral particles are much larger than cellular metabolites which normally pass between physiologically competent cells.
Threat of climate change on a songbird population through its impacts on breeding

Understanding global change processes that threaten species viability is critical for assessing vulnerability and deciding on appropriate conservation actions1. Here we combine individual-based2 and metapopulation models to estimate the effects of climate change on annual breeding productivity and population viability up to 2100 of a common forest songbird, the Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), across the Central Hardwoods ecoregion, a 39.5-million-hectare area of temperate and broadleaf forests in the USA. Our approach integrates local-scale, individual breeding productivity, estimated from empirically derived demographic parameters that vary with landscape and climatic factors (such as forest cover, daily temperature)3, into a dynamic-landscape metapopulation model4 that projects growth of the regional population over time. We show that warming temperatures under a worst-case scenario with unabated climate change could reduce breeding productivity to an extent that this currently abundant species will suffer population declines substantial enough to pose a significant risk of quasi-extinction from the region in the twenty-first century. However, we also show that this risk is greatly reduced for scenarios where emissions and warming are curtailed. These results highlight the importance of considering both direct and indirect effects of climate change when assessing the vulnerability of species. Individual and metapopulation models together project that—under an unabated climate change scenario—warming could reduce breeding productivity of a currently abundant songbird enough to pose a risk of quasi-extinction this century.
Teachers’ shifting language ideologies and teaching practices in Philippine mother tongue classrooms

Abstract Though attracting some attention since its implementation, only a few scholars have closely examined how the Philippines’ Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) policy gets enacted at the classroom level. This study critically examines how elementary teachers’ language ideologies and teaching practices changed since the country institutionalized said policy. Using ethnographic methods, the researcher collected the data over 14 weeks in a predominantly Cebuano-speaking public elementary school in Northern Mindanao. The findings reveal that the elementary teachers were initially antagonistic toward MTB-MLE, but their attitude gradually shifted as they realized the pedagogical and learning benefits of mother tongue instruction in their own context. The study also found that translanguaging is often deployed by both teachers and students in order to negotiate and resist language standardization and the idealization of Cebuano native speakers as a result of the implementation of MTB-MLE. Moreover, the English-only ideology has continued to challenge the legitimacy and value of MTB-MLE, as learning English is often invoked by some teachers as a means to participate in a globalized world. This paper concludes by arguing that engaging both preservice and in-service teachers not only in MTB-MLE trainings and workshops but also in ideological conversations on multilingual education is a necessary step toward reversing the inequalities and challenges of MTB-MLE in the Philippines.
Context-Sensitive Neural Sentiment Classification

Enabling a computer to precisely understand a document so that it can predict the sentiment is crucial, yet the unsolved goal of NLP! Although, the majority of existing methods classify text documents only based on semantic of text data and ignore relevant contextual information. There are a few studies which take this data into account, but they suffer from model complexity. To address this issue, we propose an attention-based hierarchical neural network model to incorporate user preferences and product characteristics into sentiment classification task. Our model benefits from both character and word level embedding to build a hierarchical representation of the document's content. Afterward, contextual information via attentions mechanism applied over word encoding layer to capture the user-specific? meaning of each word. We evaluate our system on two publicly available dataset Yelp and Amazon for fine-grained sentiment classification. Our model shows significant performances over several robust baseline methods.
“Sizing Up” Emerging Technology for Firefighting: Augmented Reality for Incident Assessment:

Every year, structure fires account for billions of dollars in property damage and injuries to firefighters and civilians. Emerging technologies, such as augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) have ...
Diagnostic utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form in the epilepsy monitoring unit: Considering sex differences

Psychological assessment measures are frequently used to evaluate patients in epilepsy monitoring units. One goal of that assessment is to contribute information that may help with differential diagnosis between epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is one such measure. Del Bene et al. (2017) recently published an analysis that was the first to compare MMPI-2-RF scale elevations between diagnostic groups stratified by sex. The purpose of the present study was to replicate that analysis in a larger sample. Similar to previous work, we found that both men and women with PNES were more likely than men and women with epilepsy to report high levels of somatic complaints (2 to 5 times greater odds of somatic symptom reporting) and a variety of types of complaints. Mood disturbance scales were not significantly elevated in our PNES sample. Results contribute to the small body of research on sex differences in patients with PNES and suggest that somatization is a key characterization across sexes.
Slippery and Sticky Graphene in Water

Understanding modulation of water molecule slippage along graphene surfaces is crucial for many promising applications of two-dimensional materials. Here, we examine normal and shear forces on supported single-layer graphene using atomic force microscopy and find that the electrolyte composition affects the molecular slippage of nanometer thick films of aqueous electrolytes along the graphene surface. In light of the shear-assisted thermally activated theory, water molecules along the graphene plane are very mobile when subjected to shear. However, upon addition of an electrolyte, the cations can make water stick to graphene, while ion-specific and concentration effects are present. Recognizing the tribological and tribochemical utility of graphene, we also evaluate the impact of this behavior on its frictional response in the presence of water. It appears that the addition of an electrolyte to pure water causes a reduction of the thermal activation energy and of the shear-activation length at several concentrations, both results conversely affecting the friction force. Further, this work can inspire innovation in research areas where changes of the molecular slippage through the modulation of the doping characteristics of graphene in liquid environment can be of use, including molecular sensing, lubrication, and energy storage.
A Nutrition-Longevity Tradeoff Enforced by Innate Immunity

Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan in multiple animal species, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. A recent study published in Cell Metabolism by Wu et al. (2019) shows that DR represses an evolutionarily conserved p38 MAPK pathway involved in innate immunity, leading to diminished expression of p38 MAPK-regulated genes and extended lifespan.
Opportunities and challenges for filling the air quality data gap in low- and middle-income countries

Given the millions of people suffering from air pollution, filling the air quality monitoring gap in low- and middle-income countries has been recognized as a global challenge. To meet this challenge and make it work will require private enterprise, multiple levels of government, international organizations, academia and civil society to work together toward the common goal of characterizing, understanding better, and then reducing, the air pollution that causes sickness and preventable death for millions of people each year in lowand middle-income countries around the world. This article offers concrete next steps on how to make progress toward increasing air quality monitoring using a combination of emerging technologies, adaptation to country-specific conditions, and building capacity towards the development of lasting institutions.
Apoptosis of inner hair cells caused by laser ablation of their spiral ganglion neurons in cultures of the mouse organ of Corti.

Laser beam ablation of spiral ganglion neurons was performed in seven organotypic cultures of the newborn mouse cochlea between 5 and 8 days in vitro, with a recovery period of from 18 hours to 3 days. Direct somatic injury (laser or mechanical) inflicted on hair cells does not necessarily cause their death; many of them survive, repair damage and re-establish their neurosensory connections. By contrast, laser irradiation and ablation of their afferent spiral ganglion neurons causes a most spectacular degeneration of sensory cells within 18–48 hours after the insult. Ultrastructurally, the degenerated hair cells—characteristically the inner hair cells—display “dark-cell vacuolar degeneration” that combines the signs of apoptotic death (the peripheral condensation of nuclear chromatin and nuclear pyknosis) with signs of cell edema, vacuolization and necrosis. The ultimate condensation of the cytoplasm gives the dead cells a jet black appearance. The irradiated spiral ganglion neurons die displaying similar pathological characteristics. The extent and locus of inner hair cell degeneration correspond to that of ablated spiral ganglion neurons: ultimately the ablation of one neuron causes degeneration of a single inner hair cell within the closest radial segment of the afferent innervation. The elimination of spiral ganglion neurons by mechanical means does not affect hair cell survival.
Radial Forearm Free Flap for Cochlear Implant Coverage in a Post-Irradiated Field.

Objective To describe a novel use of a radial forearm free flap (RFFF) for soft tissue coverage over a cochlear implant (CI) in a post-irradiated field. Patients Single patient case report of a woman with a history of radiation therapy for brainstem astrocytoma who suffered from repeated CI extrusion despite tympanomastoid obliteration and locoregional pedicled flap soft tissue coverage. Intervention(s) Sequential bilateral, single-staged revision cochlear implantation with RFFF soft tissue coverage. Main outcome measure(s) Postoperative wound healing complications including infection or device extrusion. Results There have been no further issues with wound healing, infection, or device extrusion with a follow up period of 3 years on one side and 8 months on the second side. Both CIs are functioning well with the flaps being sufficiently thin to allow for the use of typical external processor magnets. Conclusions A RFFF can be used to provide robust soft tissue coverage over a CI in a post-irradiated field. The RFFF and CI may safely be performed in a single operation.
Legal Writing's Harmful Psyche

This essay argues that many in the legal writing discipline view themselves in a way that is harmful to the discipline's success. First, the essay establishes that many legal writing professors view themselves as victims of oppression within the legal academy. Second, it relies on social psychology research to demonstrate that viewing oneself as a victim carries consequences. Groups that self-identify as victims tend to have an elevated sense of in-group solidarity and a diminished sense of personal responsibility. These attributes are both present in the legal writing community. Third, the essay demonstrates that these attributes are harmful in the context of an academic discipline. Robust internal criticism is important for the growth of an academic discipline because it allows those within the discipline to distinguish strong ideas from weak ones. As currently practiced, the elevated sense of in-group solidarity and the diminished sense of personal responsibility within the legal writing discipline result in a norm of protectionism that quells critical debate and internal disagreement to the detriment of the discipline. The essay’s conclusion suggests how the legal writing discipline can take steps to improve itself from within to alleviate the problem.
Outlining the Complex Pathway of Mammalian Fe-S Cluster Biogenesis.

Iron–sulfur (Fe-S) clusters (ISCs) are ubiquitous cofactors essential to numerous fundamental cellular processes. Assembly of ISCs and their insertion into apoproteins involves the function of complex cellular machineries that operate in parallel in the mitochondrial and cytosolic/nuclear compartments of mammalian cells. The spectrum of diseases caused by inherited defects in genes that encode the Fe-S assembly proteins has recently expanded to include multiple rare human diseases, which manifest distinctive combinations and severities of global and tissue-specific impairments. In this review, we provide an overview of our understanding of ISC biogenesis in mammalian cells, discuss recent work that has shed light on the molecular interactions that govern ISC assembly, and focus on human diseases caused by failures of the biogenesis pathway.
Cellular responses to flow diverters in a tissue-engineered aneurysm model.

Background Notwithstanding the widespread implementation of flow diverters (FDs) in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, the exact mechanism of action of these devices remains elusive. We aimed to advance the understanding of cellular responses to FD implantation using a 3D tissue-engineered in vitro aneurysm model. Methods Aneurysm-like blood vessel mimics (aBVMs) were constructed by electrospinning polycaprolactone nanofibers onto desired aneurysm-like geometries. aBVMs were seeded with human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) followed by human aortic endothelial cells (ECs). FDs were then deployed in the parent vessel of aBVMs covering the aneurysm neck and were cultivated for 7, 14, or 28 days (n=3 for each time point). The EC and SMC coverage in the neck was measured semi-quantitatively. Results At day 7, the device segment in contact with the parent vessel was partially endothelialized. Also, the majority of device struts, but not pores, at the parent vessel and neck interface were partially covered with ECs and SMCs, while device struts in the middle of the neck lacked cell coverage. At 14 days, histology verified a neointimal-like lining had formed, partially covering both the struts and pores in the center of the neck. At 28 days, the majority of the neck was covered with a translucent neointimal-like layer. A higher degree of cellular coverage was seen on the struts and pores at the neck at 28 days compared with both 7 and 14 days. Conclusion aBVMs can be a valuable alternative tool for evaluating the healing mechanisms of endovascular aneurysm devices.
Methodological evaluation of the relation between arterial blood pressure and skinfold: an epidemiological approach

The empirical evidence concerning the relationship between blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics (triceps skinfold, adiposity, and arm circumference) was assessed by means of meta-analysis. Different studies were evaluated critically for strength of design, methods and associations. It was found that the association between blood pressure and triceps skinfold holds for three different demographic categories. The question as to the independence of these associations remained unsolved. The effect of arm adiposity on the measurement of blood pressure was also discussed. Recommendations are give in order to standardize blood pressure measurements in clinical and research settings.
Semantics, Acquisition of

Semantic acquisition concerns the problems of learning word meanings, of learning how language marks time and temporal relations, and of learning the interpretation of quantified expressions. Keywords: language acquisition; semantics; word learning
Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Prologue. An Allegory of California Part I. Fabricating Eden Introduction 1. Manifesting the Garden 2. A Cornucopia of Invention 3. Pulp Fiction: The Sunkist Campaign Part II. Work in the Garden Introduction 4. The Fruits of Labor 5. "The Finished Products of Their Environment" Part III. Reclaiming Eden Introduction 6. A Jungle of Representation: The EPIC Campaign versus Sunkist 7. A Record of Eden's Erosion 8. "A Profit Cannot Be Taken from an Orange": Steinbeck's Case for Environmental Justice Epilogue. By Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them Notes Select Bibliography Index 00
A distributed batching system for parallel processing

We describe the design and implementation of a novel, network batching system that uses loosely coupled SUN workstations on an Ethernet. The system allows one to use multiple SUNs in a variety of configurations for parallel computing
A moving-load controlled-displacement fracture-toughness testing machine

In conventional fracture-toughness testing, the line of application of the loads remains fixed with respect to specimen geometry. In this testing machine, the load moves with the advancing crack front, and displacement is used as the controlled variable to propagate and arrest a crack. The energy-release rate at the onset of crack propagation and, hence, the plane-strain fracture toughnessKIc can be measured directly without compliance calibration or stress-intensity evaluation. The specimen is in the form of a flat plat 25 by 50 cm which is simple to machine and provides about 30 values ofKIc. The versatility of the machine is demonstrated by making a statistical analysis ofKIc for 7075-T6 Al by showing the effect of plate thickness on the fracture toughnessKc using a tapered specimen, and by evaluatingKc in 7075 Al as a function of aging temperature in a thermal-gradient-treated specimen.
Mechanization and the spatial distribution of industries in the German Empire, 1875 to 1907

The adoption of water, steam, and electric power transformed manufacturing in the nineteenth century. This article studies the relationship between this technological change and the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries in the German Empire during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The adoption of steam powered machinery created incentives for manufacturers to form industry clusters near coal mining regions. Specifically, this article shows that a one standard deviation increase in the average size of steam power operations was associated with a rise in geographic concentration of one-quarter of a standard deviation. In contrast, a one standard deviation increase in the size of water power operations was associated with a drop in geographic concentration of one-sixth of a standard deviation. This is consistent with the constraint that water powered plants had to be located on a stream with a sufficient gradient and away from other water powered plants to avoid disruption from neighbouring gates and dams. Together the findings indicate that the transition from water to steam powered machinery contributed to the geographic concentration of manufacturing in the nineteenth century.
Recall of word lists following learning of sentences and of anomalous and random strings

Three experiments examined the recall of word-lists which had been preceded, during learning, by memorization of various strings, sentences, anomalous and random strings (Exps. I and II), kernel sentences, and ten grammatical transformations (supplementary experiment). In Exp. I, recall of the list always followed recall of the string. Experiment II compared four recall conditions: (1) string-recall first, (2) list-recall first, (3) list-recall only, (4) string-recall only. Each recall output was solicited equally often. The S did not know which output would be required until after the learning trial was concluded. The supplementary experiment tested recall under Conditions 1 and 2. Under Recall Condition 1 differences in list-recall were related systematically to variations of the type of preceding string. But when the list was recalled first, or alone, no systematic differences were present. The results were used to evaluate two accounts of the dependency of list recall, under Condition 1, on the type of preceding string.
The role of hazardousness and regulatory practice in the accidental release of chemicals at U.S. industrial facilities.

This article presents the results of an analysis of the accident history data reported under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments. These data provide a fairly complete record of the consequences of reportable accidental releases occurring during the time frame 1995-1999 in the U.S. chemical industry and covering 77 toxic and 63 flammable substances subject to the provisions of section 112(r). As such, these results are of fundamental interest to the affected communities, regulators, and insurers, as well as to owners and managers in the chemical industry. The results show the statistical associations between accident frequency and severity and a number of characteristics of reporting facilities, including their size, the hazardousness of the processes and chemicals inventoried, and the regulatory programs (in addition to section 112(r)) to which these facilities are subject. The results are interpreted in light of economic drivers of protective activity and regulatory priorities for monitoring and enforcement.
Arguing for Majority Rule

ALTHOUGH majority rule finds ready acceptance whenever groups make decisions, there are surprisingly few philosophically interesting arguments in support of it. Jeremy Waldron’s The Dignity of Legislation contains the most interesting recent defense of majority rule. Waldron combines his own argument from respect with May’s influential characterization of majority rule, tying both to a reinterpretation of a well-known passage from Locke’s Second Treatise (“the body moves into the direction determined by the majority of forces”). Despite its impressive resourcefulness, Waldron’s defense is deficient, and one goal of this essay is to show how. Yet our main concern is not to criticize Waldron, but to demonstrate general deficiencies of arguments for majority rule and to suggest a strategy for a more adequate and more complete defense. Such arguments tend to have one of two weaknesses: Either they assume that collective decisionmaking is done in terms of ranking options and thus neglect both aggregation methods using more information than the relative standing of options in rankings (such as so-called positional methods) and rules that are not aggregation methods at all (such as fair-division procedures); or they also constitute arguments for other decision rules. In the first case, the argument is too narrow, in the second it is too broad. The narrowness problem is bigger than stated so far because arguments for majority rule tend to assume not only that decisions are made by ranking options, but also that only two options are to be ranked. Both problems arise for Waldron’s defense and leave it incomplete. Yet such incompleteness also characterizes the state of the art in arguing for majority rule. So in addition to The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 12, Number 1, 2004, pp. 41–64