cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
iCare - a user centric approach to the development of assistive devices for the blind and visually impaired

There are approximately 10 million blind and visually-impaired persons in the United States. As the information economy accounts for a larger percent of jobs, people who are blind face barriers when competing for jobs that require vision to access, absorb, and use information. While much research effort has been expended toward developing assistive devices for the blind, many of the technological solutions proposed are unworkable. Many of these assistive devices fall short of meeting the needs of users, and sometimes even create more problems than they solve. In order to avoid repeating these mistakes, a user-centric approach is vital to the design of assistive devices. This paper describes our own efforts to develop and employ such a design methodology in the iCare project. In this project, the research efforts are being focused on those problems that will have the greatest impact on the day-to-day life of the user, and that are technologically feasible.
Ancova Approach For Shelf Life Analysis Of Stability Study Of Multiple Factor Designs

For a traditional multiple batch stability design with no other factor, the conventional analysis is analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) modeling using F-tests based on type I sum of squares to determine whether the batches may be pooled for a common estimate of the linear regression line(s). In the last decade, many multiple factor designs were proposed in stability studies. With the objective of model selection, the generalization of the conventional ANCOVA model using type I sum of squares to designs with multiple factors requires a prespecified hierarchical pooling test ordering to determine whether any of the factors may be eliminated. Different shelf life estimates may be derived using different hierarchical pooling test orderings. On the other hand, setting the hierarchical ordering can be subjective and controversial. The stepwise modeling based on F-tests using type III sum of squares for model determination and factor elimination is proposed to eliminate such difficulties.
Studies of the CobA-Type ATP:Co(I)rrinoid Adenosyltransferase Enzyme of Methanosarcina mazei Strain Gö1

Although methanogenic archaea use B(12) extensively as a methyl carrier for methanogenesis, little is known about B(12) metabolism in these prokaryotes or any other archaea. To improve our understanding of how B(12) metabolism differs between bacteria and archaea, the gene encoding the ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase in Methanosarcina mazei strain Go1 (open reading frame MM3138, referred to as cobA(Mm) here) was cloned and used to restore coenzyme B(12) synthesis in a Salmonella enterica strain lacking the housekeeping CobA enzyme. cobA(Mm) protein was purified and its initial biochemical analysis performed. In vitro, the activity is enhanced 2.5-fold by the addition of Ca(2+) ions, but the activity was not enhanced by Mg(2+) and, unlike the S. enterica CobA enzyme, it was >50% inhibited by Mn(2+). The CobA(Mm) enzyme had a K(m)(ATP) of 3 microM and a K(m)(HOCbl) of 1 microM. Unlike the S. enterica enzyme, CobA(Mm) used cobalamin (Cbl) as a substrate better than cobinamide (Cbi; a Cbl precursor); the beta phosphate of ATP was required for binding to the enzyme. A striking difference between CobA(Se) and CobA(Mm) was the use of ADP as a substrate by CobA(Mm), suggesting an important role for the gamma phosphate of ATP in binding. The results from (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments showed that triphosphate (PPP(i)) is the reaction by-product; no cleavage of PPP(i) was observed, and the enzyme was only slightly inhibited by pyrophosphate (PP(i)). The data suggested substantial variations in ATP binding and probably corrinoid binding between CobA(Se) and CobA(Mm) enzymes.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1992

This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990, 1992), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson a...
All-digital SoC thermal sensor using on-chip high order temperature curvature correction

Accurate, compact thermal sensors are desirable in many applications, including on-chip temperature monitoring for processors with dynamic throttling and reliability management. Modern thermal sensors are limited in either area, robustness, or accuracy. This work sidesteps strong linearity requirements for reference and PTAT elements in the sensor by performing a higher-order fitting of more relaxed PTAT and CTAT elements using an embedded calculation compute engine. A compact 24 × 10μm sensing element (40nm CMOS) achieves inaccuracy of <1°C across 30 chips with 2-point calibration and a resolution of 0.02°C.
Substance Abuse In The Workplace

Substance abuse is a problem that many businesses encounter. Seventy-one percent of illegal drug users were employed in 1991 compared to 76.4 percent in 2001(National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery month, 1999; National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2001). This paper presents findings from a study conducted to determine (1) if employers and employees agree about the importance of a substance abuse program in the workplace, (2) the extent the employer should be allowed to probe to identify employee substance issues, and (3) factors associated with an employee’s reluctance to seek help from their employer for drug or alcohol abuse.
The Hydrophobicity Profile

The hydrophobic effect has been a topic of chemical interest for more than a century. This phenomenon, in its most general terms, is concerned with the solubility of molecules in water and in nonpolar solvents (Tanford, 1980). Liquid water dissolves polar substances readily but nonpolar substances only sparingly. On mixing, water “squeezes out” hydrophobic molecules, resulting in a separation into polar and nonpolar phases. The spontaneous segregation of oil after mixing with water serves as a familiar example.
Interrelationships between phosphates and calcium in bioelectric phenomena.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methodological approach, thermodynamic considerations of P efflux, depolarization and phosphorylation, relationship of P efflux to P transfer and incorporation into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), quantitative comparison of K + entry and P efflux, and possible mechanism of orthophosphate (P i ) transport across membrane. A phosphorylating system in the membrane, mitochondrial accumulation of Ca 2+ and phosphates, coordination complexes among phosphates and Ca 2+ , and a proposed model for depolarization and ion exchange are presented. ATP and other phosphates play a regulatory role in the ion transport of excitable tissues, whereas the cellular concentration of ATP may be a critical determinant in the maintenance of the resting potential and excitation. The chapter also discusses a model for nerve conduction based on the concept that a normally anionic exchange membrane can reverse its charge by adsorbing acidic groups of higher valency than the fixed cationic charge. However, the difficulties of such a model is the fact that it cannot account for K + selectivity in the resting state, unless it were to be assumed that the bound acidic groups imparted special physical characteristics to the membranous matrix.
What about politics and culture

Given Van de Vliert's impressive dataset and prognoses, I will discuss three limitations. First, the evolutionary argument does not adequately take into account how political changes influence freedoms. Second, the operationalizations of needs and freedoms are limited and questionable. Third, a direct relationship between climate, monetary resources, and psychological variables is a simplification neglecting various intervening variables.
Extracellular Proteolytic Activity of Aeromonas hydrophila complex

A simple quantitative plate assay was used to study the proteolytic activity of Aeromonas hydrophila complex. All the A. hydrophila complex strains hydrolyzed albumin, casein, and fibrinogen; most of the strains also digested gelatin (99.9 %), hemoglobin (94.3%), and elastin (73.2 %). None of the strains hydrolyzed collagen. The activity on each substrate varied from isolate to isolate. By using correlation analysis a close relationship was obtained among these proteolytic reactions, especially with albumin, casein, fibrinogen, gelatin, and hemoglobin hydrolysis. The elastin hydrolysis demonstrated a lower correlation with the other 5 proteolytic activities and implied a different enzymatic system. A higher casein and elastin hydrolytic response was found in the strains derived from human, fish, and other animal sources than those from water environments.
SPERM PREDOMINANCE AMONG DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA KARYOTYPES.

Female Drosophila store sperm after mating and utilize them to fertilize eggs as they are laid. Often a female mates with a second male while sperm from the first mate still remain in her sperm storage organs. Parker (1970) defined sperm competition as the interaction between, and differential utilization of, sperm from separate ejaculates. When multiple matings occur, a male can increase the number of offspring he fathers-his fitnessin two major ways (Boorman and Parker, 1976): by increasing the proportion of eggs he fertilizes when he is the first mate (P1); or by increasing the proportion when he is the second mate (P2). Both are adaptations which increase the fertility component of fitness in multiple matings. In Drosophila and some other insects, sperm from the last mate usually predominate in fertilization (Boorman and Parker, 1976). This preponderance has been termed sperm displacement or sperm predominance. The term sperm predominance seems preferable for Drosophila, since a physical displacement of previously stored sperm has yet to be demonstrated (Gromko et al., in press). Sperm predominance differs in an important way from some related phenomena, such as sperm preference (Childress and Hartl, 1972) and meiotic drive (Sandler and Novitski, 1957). These other phenomena involve selection directly on haploid gametes, while sperm predominance involves selection on diploid male genotypes. Prout and Bundgaard (1977) derived a
Iron-based redox polymerization of acrylic acid for direct synthesis of hydrogel/membranes and metal nanoparticles for water treatment

Functionalized polymer materials with ion-exchange groups and the integration of nanostructured materials is an emerging area for catalytic and water pollution control applications. The polymerization of materials such as acrylic acid often requires persulfate initiator and a high-temperature start. However, is generally known that metal ions accelerate such polymerizations starting from room temperature. If the metal is properly selected, then it can be used in environmental applications, adding two advantages simultaneously. This article deals with this by polymerizing acrylic acid using iron as an accelerant and subsequently using it for nanoparticle synthesis in hydrogels and PVDF membranes. Characterizations of hydrogels, membranes, and nanoparticles were carried out with different techniques. Nanoparticles sizes of 30–60 nm were synthesized. Permeability and swelling measurements demonstrate an inverse relationship between the hydrogel mesh size (6.30 to 8.34 nm) and the membrane pore size (222 to 1...
Some Born-Again Christians of the Fourth Century

The idea that resurrection is an integral part of each believer's salvation has always been basic to Christian thought.1 But in the early centuries there was some confusion about the manner in whic...
Awareness and perceptions of Islamic microfinance among microfinance clients in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

This study examines the level of awareness and sources of demand for Islamic microfinance among the clients of microfinance institutions in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The research question is whether the source of demand is based on religious beliefs or the assumption of interest-free Islamic-compliant products. The field research uses a sample of 150 clients of several conventional microfinance institutions in these two countries. Although many analysts still maintain that there is a demand for Islamic microfinance in many parts of the world, the current qualitative and quantitative research indicates no clear demand for these products in these two countries. The relevant question for future research is whether microfinance users will demand Islamic microfinance instruments.
Fractionalization and Economic Freedom

Diversity is often thought to create conflict and harm economic institutions. We hypothesize, however, that the impact of diversity on economic institutions is conditional on political institutions...
Localization and regulation of acid-base secretory currents from individual epithelial cells

The turtle urinary bladder is composed of different epithelial cell types that are suspected to separately produce electrogenic acid and alkali excretion. We measured the electrical currents produced by individual cells, scanning a two-dimensional vibrating probe over the luminal surface of the bladder. Acidification (outward current) was produced by the type of epithelial cell rich in carbonic anhydrase (CA cells). The measured currents of these cells quantitatively accounted for the total epithelial acidification current. When alkali secretion was induced by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and acidification was inhibited (by luminal pH 4), we measured inward currents localized to a small number of epithelial cells in four bladders but found no localization in the other seven treated bladders. When alkali secretion was localized and induced without inhibiting acidification, we found both cells producing inward current and cells producing outward current, which demonstrated that the two transport functions can occur simultaneously. We conclude that net acid-base secretion can be determined by regulating the transport rates of separate cells.
Genetic Variations in CYP2B6 and Risk of Cyclophosphamide Toxicity in Patients Undergoing Myeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation.

In myeloablative stem cell transplantation (SCT), most patients receive cyclophosphamide (CPA) conditioning based on body weight or body surface area, under the assumption that each individual will metabolize the drug with the same efficiency. However, CPA requires biological activation, primarily by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), to exert its effects; therefore, patients with increased protein activity, as reported for *4 and *6 allelic variants, may have an increased risk for CPA-associated toxicity compared to patients with decreased protein activity, as reported for *5 and *7 allelic variants. In this study, we determine the relationship between allelic variants of CYP2B6 and toxicity outcomes and attempt to clarify the influence of CYP2B6 on the development of severe cardiac toxicity, veno-occlusive disease (VOD), and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) early after SCT. A total of 259 DNA samples were obtained from patients who received 3.6 g/m2 or 120 mg/kg of CPA as part of a myeloablative allogeneic SCT between 2002 and 2006. Genotyping was performed using pyrosequencing to detect three SNPs, 516A>G, 785A>G and 1459C>T, associated with four allelic variants: *4 (785A>G), *5 (1459C>T), *6 (785A>G, 516G>T) and *7 (785A>G, 516G>T, 1459C>T). The patients’ clinical history was reviewed and any instance of hepatic VOD, severe cardiac toxicity (i.e. myopericarditis ≥ grade 3) or IPS from 0 to 100 days post-transplant was recorded. Overall, 60 (24%) patients experienced toxicity (cardiac = 20; VOD = 26; IPS = 14). The prevalence of the *4, *5, *6 and *7 alleles was 3%, 8%, 23% and 2%; respectively. Patients heterozygous for *4, *5, *6 and *7 allelic variants and homozygous for the *6 allelic variant had similar rates of toxicity to those patients without allelic variants of CYP2B6, even when comparing each toxicity separately (Table 1). However, patients with decreased protein activity, \*1/\*5 and \*1/\*7, had a lower rate of toxicity compared to those with wild-type or increased protein activity, \*1/\*1, \*1/\*4, \*1/\*6 and \*6/\*6 (14.6% (7/48) vs. 26.1% (53/203)). In conclusion, variant alleles of CYP2B6 may predict a decreased risk of VOD, IPS, or cardiac toxicity within the first 100 days of SCT, but do not appear to predict an increased risk of toxicity. Table 1. Association of toxicities with genotypes | Genotype | Patients | All Toxicities | Cardiac Grade ≥3 | VOD | IPS | |:----------------------------------------------:| -------- | -------------- | ---------------- | -------- | ------- | | *One patient had both cardiac and VOD toxicity | | * 1/*1 | 97 | 27 (28%) | 7 (7%) | 12 (12%) | 8 (8%) | | * 1/*4 | 8 | 3 (38%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (13%) | | * 1/*5 | 38 | 5 (14%) | 2 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) | | * 1/*6 | 80 | 18 (23%) | 7 (9%) | 8 (10%) | 3 (4%) | | * 1/*7 | 10 | 2 (20%) | 1 (10%) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) | | * 6/*6 | 18 | 5 (28%)* | 3 (17%) | 2 (11%) | 1 (6%) |
Hierarchical image coding matched to unequal error protection rate compatible punctured convolutional codes

A two-dimensional unequal error protection (UEP) image channel coding algorithm matched to the two-dimensional hierarchy in the output data of an set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) image encoder is proposed. The simulations are done over a binary symmetric channel (BSC), a Gaussian channel and a flat fading channel using Lena, and Goldhill images. In all cases, the simulation results show that our UEP scheme can provide improvements over equal error protection (EEP). In the case of BSC with BER = 0.01, our UEP scheme, can provide up to 14.4% and 16.0% improvements of channel coding rate over EEP for Lena, and, Goldhill images.
On-chip UWB phased arrays for mmW connectivity

We present a multilayer mmW phased array topology that can be lithographically fabricated above transceiver substrates. The ultra-wideband array exhibits continuous impedance bandwidth of 35–70GHz and is isolated from the lossy substrate with a ground plane. As such, the total efficiency of the array is over 60% over the entire impedance bandwidth. Perhaps more importantly, the overall height of the structure is less than 500μm, having a footprint of 7mm×3mm on the wafer, making it ideal for conformal and mobile applications for next-generation wireless systems.
Transcriptome profiling of the Phaseolus vulgaris - Colletotrichum lindemuthianum pathosystem

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) anthracnose caused by the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major factor limiting production worldwide. Although sources of resistance have been identified and characterized, the early molecular events in the host-pathogen interface have not been investigated. In the current study, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis using Illumina sequencing of two near isogenic lines (NILs) differing for the presence of the Co-1 gene on chromosome Pv01 during a time course following infection with race 73 of C. lindemuthianum. From this, we identified 3,250 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within and between the NILs over the time course of infection. During the biotrophic phase the majority of DEGs were up regulated in the susceptible NIL, whereas more DEGs were up-regulated in the resistant NIL during the necrotrophic phase. Various defense related genes, such as those encoding PR proteins, peroxidases, lipoxygenases were up regulated in the resistant NIL. Conversely, genes encoding sugar transporters were up-regulated in the susceptible NIL during the later stages of infection. Additionally, numerous transcription factors (TFs) and candidate genes within the vicinity of the Co-1 locus were differentially expressed, suggesting a global reprogramming of gene expression in and around the Co-1 locus. Through this analysis, we reduced the previous number of candidate genes reported at the Co-1 locus from eight to three. These results suggest the dynamic nature of P. vulgaris–C. lindemuthianum interaction at the transcriptomic level and reflect the role of both pathogen and effector triggered immunity on changes in plant gene expression.
Anchoring to Purchase Price and Fundamentals: Application of Salience Theory to Diagnosis of Housing Cycles

We propose that, in addition to the first price of a repeat pair, sellers also anchor to local fundamentals at the date of the first sale. We redefine an important diagnostic tool for housing cycles by replacing the ratio of house prices to fundamentals with a salient gap: change in market value minus change in local fundamental value between any two sales. Connecticut data shows that the salient gap influences asking and market prices for sellers facing expected gains or losses and that the gap provides early, robust diagnosis of bubble conditions compared to ratios.
Enhanced Quality CVD-Grown Graphene via a Double-Plateau Copper Surface Planarization Methodology

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been of intense interest in recent years due to their exceptional electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Tailoring these novel properties toward their intrinsic potential requires precise control of the atomic layer growth process and the underlying catalytic growth substrate, as the morphology and purity of the catalytic surface plays a critical role on the shape, size, and growth kinetics of the 2D nanomaterial. In this work, we present a systematic study on the role of the catalytic surface morphology and interface properties on the subsequent carrier mobility properties of CVD-grown graphene. A modified electropolishing methodology results in a dramatic reduction of over 99% in Cu surface roughness that enhances the carrier mobility of the CVD-grown graphene by as much as 125% compared to unpolished and lower planarization level growth substrates, providing a clear correlation between the smoothness of the Cu growth substrate and the resulting electrica...
Indentation mapping revealed poroelastic, but not viscoelastic, properties spanning native zonal articular cartilage.

Abstract Osteoarthrosis is a debilitating disease affecting millions, yet engineering materials for cartilage regeneration has proven difficult because of the complex microstructure of this tissue. Articular cartilage, like many biological tissues, produces a time-dependent response to mechanical load that is critical to cell’s physiological function in part due to solid and fluid phase interactions and property variations across multiple length scales. Recreating the time-dependent strain and fluid flow may be critical for successfully engineering replacement tissues but thus far has largely been neglected. Here, microindentation is used to accomplish three objectives: (1) quantify a material’s time-dependent mechanical response, (2) map material properties at a cellular relevant length scale throughout zonal articular cartilage and (3) elucidate the underlying viscoelastic, poroelastic, and nonlinear poroelastic causes of deformation in articular cartilage. Untreated and trypsin-treated cartilage was sectioned perpendicular to the articular surface and indentation was used to evaluate properties throughout zonal cartilage on the cut surface. The experimental results demonstrated that within all cartilage zones, the mechanical response was well represented by a model assuming nonlinear biphasic behavior and did not follow conventional viscoelastic or linear poroelastic models. Additionally, 10% (w/w) agarose was tested and, as anticipated, behaved as a linear poroelastic material. The approach outlined here provides a method, applicable to many tissues and biomaterials, which reveals and quantifies the underlying causes of time-dependent deformation, elucidates key aspects of material structure and function, and that can be used to provide important inputs for computational models and targets for tissue engineering. Statement of Significance Elucidating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of cartilage, and other biological materials, is critical to adequately recapitulate native mechanosensory cues for cells. We used microindentation to map the time-dependent properties of untreated and trypsin treated cartilage throughout each cartilage zone. Unlike conventional approaches that combine viscoelastic and poroelastic behaviors into a single framework, we deconvoluted the mechanical response into separate contributions to time-dependent behavior. Poroelastic effects in all cartilage zones dominated the time-dependent behavior of articular cartilage, and a model that incorporates tension–compression nonlinearity best represented cartilage mechanical behavior. These results can be used to assess the success of regeneration and repair approaches, as design targets for tissue engineering, and for development of accurate computational models.
Práctica y percepciones acerca de la unión libre entre las mexicanas jóvenes: un estudio de caso

This is a research about the practice and perception of conjugal arrangements known as free, consensual, de facto or cohabitation among young Mexicans couples living in the City of Tijuana, Baja California. It is a documentary analysis study based in data obtained from previous investigations. The objective is to provide a perspective about the continuities and practices of change as well as the perception of these marital unions from the feminine side of the young Mexican women interviewed. Among the findings, these women point out that despite the marked increase in unions among new generations; the analysis of perceptions the young women show that there are no clear comparative advantages with this type of union with respect to normal marriage all information coming from a feminine perspective.
What Students Think of Graded Group Projects (Supplement)

Full Paper is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2890604 This is part of a study regarding social loafing in group projects. This part of the study was not included in the published article titled Reducing Social Loafing in Group Projects: Faculty Development. The Journal of Higher Education Management published this work in 2016. The questionnaire included space for respondents (N=366) to write comments regarding their experiences with graded group projects. Although the comments were not included in the published article, the concerns were addressed in the section regarding practices that will improve graded group projects by reducing social loafing. The responses are presented below in the order they were received. The responses were not edited except to remove any information that would identify the school. These comments add additional insight as to how students feel about graded group projects. Many are interesting and can guide faculty in designing projects.
Evaluation of Organic Barley Varieties andOrganic No-Till Soybean Demonstration

According to the USDA National Organic Program, certified organic farmers must source organic seed (seed from organically raised crops). The organic seed industry currently is growing in Iowa and the Midwest, and with this growth, organic growers are looking for University-based recommendations on organic varieties to use in Iowa. The Organic Agriculture Program at Iowa State University has been using organic seed at the Southeast Research Farm for 17 years with excellent results.
Markov Chains With Maximum Entropy for Robotic Surveillance

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the following optimization problem: Maximize the entropy rate generated by a Markov chain over a connected graph of order $n$ and subject to a prescribed stationary distribution. First, we show that this problem is strictly convex with global optimum lying in the interior of the feasible space. Second, using Lagrange multipliers, we provide a closed-form expression for the maxentropic Markov chain as a function of an $n$ -dimensional vector, referred to as the maxentropic vector; we provide a provably converging iteration to compute this vector. Third, we show that the maxentropic Markov chain is reversible, compute its entropy rate and describe special cases, among other results. Fourth, through analysis and simulations, we show that our proposed procedure is more computationally efficient than semidefinite programming methods. Finally, we apply these results to robotic surveillance problems. We show realizations of the maxentropic Markov chains over prototypical robotic roadmaps and find that maxentropic Markov chains outperform minimum mean hitting time Markov chains for the so-called “intelligent intruders” with short attack durations. A comprehensive analysis of the following optimization problem: maximize the entropy rate generated by a Markov chain over a connected graph of order $n$ and subject to a prescribed stationary distribution.
The Wild West of Assessment

The issue of violent video game and their potential influence on young and adult players has been a “hot” topic in the public arena (Thompson, 2007) as well as scientific discourse (Kutner & Olson, 2008). However as Ioannidis (2005) has noted, research fields that are new or “hot” are particularly prone to a variety of biases including publication bias, citation bias and poor methodology that can result in misleading conclusions that prove unreliable over time. Increasingly these issues are becoming apparent in video game violence studies wherein conclusive statements about causal links between video game violence exposure and acts of aggression or violence on the part of players may have greatly preceded evidence available to support such claims, which remains in short supply (Ferguson, 2008; Grimes, Anderson & Bergen, 2008; Olson, 2004). Among the issues identified as problematic in video game violence studies is the issue of assessment. As noted by Ferguson (2007), and at the risk of some hyperbole, assessments in the realm of video game violence studies have too often been shockingly and embarrassingly poor, with common use of unstandardized, and poorly validated measures, upon which unscientific claims of generalizability to real world acts of extreme violence are made. The current chapter reviews the issue of assessments in violent video game studies and offers suggestions for improvements in this realm.
Prevention of Rh-hemolytic disease with Rh-immune globulin

Abstract The historical background regarding the development of Rh-immune globulin for the prevention of Rh disease has been presented in brief. Following the extensive trials in Rh-negative male volunteers, a clinical trial on mothers was initiated, and the results after ten years' clinical experience with Rh-immune globulin have been presented. The incidence of sensitization among the Rh-negative mothers has been reduced from 14 to 1 per cent.
Transcriptional Regulation of Lipogenesis as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment

A significant increase in lipogenesis is a metabolic hallmark of proliferating tumor cells and is required for oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells. Although most normal cells acquire the bulk of their fatty acids from the circulation, tumor cells synthesize more than 90 % of required lipids de novo. Consistent with an increased demand for lipid synthesis, diverse human cancer cells express high levels of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). The sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) are master regulators of lipogenesis in diverse organisms. Previous studies have established that FASN and SCD1, the major transcriptional targets of SREBP1 and PPARγ, promote synthesis of fatty acids, which then serve as ligands for PPARγ activation. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic value of these lipogenic transcription factors as targets in cancer treatment.
Adenylate Cyclase from Various Dopaminergic Areas of the Brain and the Action of Loxapine

The present report is a comparative study of adenylate cyclase activity in various areas of the brain identified as dopaminergic. Low levels of dopamine were found to stimulate adenylate cyclase from the striatum, median eminence, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Apomorphine, known to mimic the pharma cological and physiological effects of dopamine, stimulated adenylate cyclase from these areas. Several different classes of drugs effective in the treatment of schizophrenia were potent inhibitors of the stimulation by dopamine of the enzyme from these various regions. The drugs studied included representatives of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone, dibenzodiazepine and dibenzoxazepine classes. The inhibition by the dibenzoxazepine, loxapine, which is structurally very similar to the dibenzodiazepine, clozapine, was competitive with respect to dopamine. The calculated inhibition constant (Ki) for loxapine of about 15 nM was similar to that observed for some of the more potent phenothiazines. The results, considered together with previously published data, support the possibility that the therapeutic effects as well as the extrapyramidal and endocrinological side effects, of these antipsychotic agents may be attributable to their ability to block the activation of adenylate cyclase in various select areas of the brain.
Recent Advances on the Algorithmic Optimization of Robot Motion

An important technique for computing motions for robot systems is to conduct a numerical search for a trajectory that minimizes a physical criteria like energy, control effort, jerk, or time. In this paper, we provide example solutions of these types of optimal control problems, and develop a framework to solve these problems reliably. Our approach uses an efficient solver for both inverse and forward dynamics along with the sensitivity of these quantities used to compute gradients, and a reliable optimal control solver. We give an overview of our algorithms for these elements in this paper. The optimal control solver has been the primary focus of our recent work. This algorithm creates optimal motions in a numerically stable and efficient manner. Similar to sequential quadratic programming for solving finite-dimensional optimization problems, our approach solves the infinite-dimensional problem using a sequence of linear-quadratic optimal control subproblems. Each subproblem is solved efficiently and reliably using the Riccati differential equation.
Impact of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions on global human nutrition

Atmospheric CO2 is on pace to surpass 550 ppm in the next 30–80 years. Many food crops grown under 550 ppm have protein, iron and zinc contents that are reduced by 3–17% compared with current conditions. We analysed the impact of elevated CO2 concentrations on the sufficiency of dietary intake of iron, zinc and protein for the populations of 151 countries using a model of per-capita food availability stratified by age and sex, assuming constant diets and excluding other climate impacts on food production. We estimate that elevated CO2 could cause an additional 175 million people to be zinc deficient and an additional 122 million people to be protein deficient (assuming 2050 population and CO2 projections). For iron, 1.4 billion women of childbearing age and children under 5 are in countries with greater than 20% anaemia prevalence and would lose >4% of dietary iron. Regions at highest risk—South and Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East—require extra precautions to sustain an already tenuous advance towards improved public health. Elevated atmospheric CO2 (550 ppm) could cause an additional 175 million people to be zinc deficient and 122 million protein deficient (assuming 2050 population and CO2 projections) due to the reduced nutritional value of staple food crops.
Metal based nanoparticles in agricultural system: behavior, transport, and interaction with plants

With the fast-developing nanotechnology, metal based nanoparticles (NPs) production and application are increased significantly. These metal based NPs can enter agricultural land through both direc...
Publishing Corrections of the Scholarly Record: Some Test Cases

This chapter examines the responses of editors and publishers who were presented with evidence of suspected plagiarism in a series of 14 articles and book chapters for one author of record. As the publications divide into those in philosophy and those in health communication, a comparison is possible between the manner in which different disciplines respond to evidence of suspected plagiarism. Using news reports as well as publicly issued statements from the home institutions of the author of record and of co-authors as a backdrop, I examine various textual parallels in light of the 12 published retractions, errata, and corrigenda that have been issued in these cases. Attention is given to the variety of text manipulations present in the articles and book chapters that have been subject to corrections by editors and publishers.
Active Communities and Practices of Resistance: Brief History of the Use of Schools as Border Zones in Toronto

This chapter outlines various attempts to address the exclusion of undocumented students from Toronto schools. It argues that the proclamation of the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) policy at the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) as new to Toronto is inaccurate and invisibilizes a history of struggle led by undocumented peoples and their allies. Through data stemming from interviews and gray literature, I describe different moments in time that re/created school board policies and procedures. I conclude by analyzing the development of the DADT Coalition and discuss the ways its conceptualization of access as well as its method of engagement different from previous moments of advocacy.
PD-L1 Expression, Tumor Mutational Burden, and Cancer Gene Mutations Are Stronger Predictors of Benefit from Immune Checkpoint Blockade than HLA Class I Genotype in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Introduction Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment of NSCLC, but only approximately 15% of patients achieve durable benefit. Understanding mechanisms of resistance to ICB is pivotal in developing more effective treatment strategies. Recent studies showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I heterozygosity might be important in mediating benefit from ICB. We aimed to investigate the impact of HLA class I genotype on outcomes of patients with NSCLC treated with ICB. Methods We collected HLA typing, genomic, and clinical data from patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICB at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. We compared HLA class I–heterozygous and HLA class I–homozygous patients for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). HLA I supertype/alleles were also analyzed. To validate our findings, we also analyzed two previously published independent cohorts of patients with NSCLC (the CheckMate-012 and Chowell cohorts). Results No significant correlations were observed for HLA class I zygosity and PFS or OS in the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (n = 200), CheckMate-012 (n = 75), or Chowell (n = 371) cohorts. No HLA class I supertype/allele was consistently shown to be correlated with PFS or OS. Predictors of worse outcome across the three cohorts included presence of targetable driver mutation, serine/threonine kinase 11 gene (STK11) mutation, negative programmed death ligand 1 expression, and low tumor mutational burden. Conclusions HLA class I genotype is not correlated with survival in advanced NSCLC treated with ICB. This suggests that the impact of HLA class I diversity may be disease specific and that tumor genomic and immune markers are more impactful in predicting benefit from ICB in NSCLC.
Abstract 404: Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1 Inhibits Pathological Cardiac Remodeling Through Histone Deacetylases

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1, encoded by S1pr1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that signals in multiple cell types including endothelium and cardiomyocytes. We observed decreased cardi...
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Particle-in-Cell Simulations

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition technique for model order reduction is applied to electromagnetic particle-in-cell algorithms. The resulting low-dimensional model can be used to achieve solutions with acceptable accuracy and reduced computational costs in problems with charged particle beams.
The Anatomy Of Tubercles On Steel

Abstract : The chemistry, mineralogy and microbiology of tubercles on cast iron and carbon steel were investigated. Tubercles, from diverse fresh water environments and of varying ages, consistently had an outer crust of goethite and lepidocrocite and an inner shell of magnetite. Core regions differed in structure, composition and chemistry. The presence of tubercles on carbon steel and cast iron cannot be used to conclude localized corrosion directly under the tubercles or a role for bacteria in their formation.
Intelligent Polymeric Networks in Biomolecular Sensing

Since the development of the first biological sensor over 40 years ago [1], the biosensor field has continuously evolved. Today, biosensors are applied in a wide range of uses, including environmental analysis, medical diagnostics, bioprocess monitoring, and biowarfare agent detection. The success of the biosensor is dependent on the ability to rapidly, sensitively, and selectively recognize various biomolecules, with relative importance dependent on the application.
Effects of acute and chronic heat stress on the performance, egg quality, body temperature, and blood gas parameters of laying hens.

ABSTRACT The goal of this experiment was to measure the physiological response of individual laying hens exposed to heat stress (HS). Performance, egg quality, body temperature (BT), and blood chemistry of laying hens were individually recorded before and after various intervals of daily cyclic HS. In total, 407 18-week-old W-36 parent-line laying hens (Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA) were housed individually in battery cages. After an acclimation period, baseline data were collected from 22 to 24-wk before the hens were subjected to a daily cyclic HS consisting of 7 h at 35°C returning to 30°C for the remaining 17 h/D from 24 to 28-wk of age. Eggs were collected and individually weighed daily. Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), egg weights, egg mass, BW, and feed efficiency (FE) (g egg/kg FI) were calculated over 2-wk time periods. Eggs were collected for quality assessment the day before HS began, the 2nd day of HS, and on a weekly basis throughout the 4-wk HS. Blood was collected and BT measured the day before heat HS was initiated, on the first day of HS, and again at 2 and 4-wk of HS. Blood PCO2 and iCa decreased, and blood pH increased within 4 to 6 h of HS (P ≤ 0.01). Shell weights decreased with acute HS, possibly due to the reduction in blood iCa (P ≤ 0.01). After 4-wk of HS the blood pH returned to pre-HS levels but iCa remained decreased (P ≤ 0.01). Shell weights remained low and Haugh units decreased after 2 and 4-wk of HS (P ≤ 0.01). Feed efficiency was increased and FI, EP, and BW decreased by 2-wk of HS and remained low through 4-wk (P ≤ 0.01). The cyclic HS had a significant effect on the performance, egg quality, and blood chemistry over the 4-wk HS.
Location Privacy in Congress, the Courts and the States: Rebalancing Privacy, Law Enforcement and Industry Interests

Advances in wireless, cell, computing, and GPS technologies have made it relatively easy to monitor in real-time the movements of individuals, computers, vehicles, and cell phones. Such monitoring brings advantages for companies that wish to entice customers into their stores, for law enforcement who can track the movements of suspects, for political candidates who can map the interests and behavior of voters, for emergency responders who can find victims, for parents who can follow the movements of their children, and for friends who can find friends. At the same time, such monitoring renders personal whereabouts transparent to virtually any observer and has provoked the latest installment of the recurring policy debate about reasonable expectations of privacy. This debate has traditionally taken place in the courts and Congress with the courts first setting a standard and Congress then legislating to give meaning to that standard, as occurred with Title III of the Omnibus Crime and Safe Streets Act in 1968 and the Electronic Privacy Communication Act in 1986. The policy debates about location privacy, however, are occurring in more venues with state legislatures and independent regulatory agencies playing more active roles than in earlier debates about reasonable expectation of privacy. This paper will examine both why these policy venues have become involved and what the likely effects will be on policy resolution. Are state legislatures more active because of the actions of local law enforcement and local commercial actors? Or because location is tied to geography? Or because privacy advocates have become more organized at the state level? Have independent regulatory agencies, particularly the FTC and FCC, become more involved because of their previous policy learning about privacy? Or the nature of the communication infrastructure? Or the national business and law enforcement interests? Or is all this policy activity a search for a sympathetic policy forum?
Group Threat, Racial/Ethnic Animus, and Punitiveness in Latin America: A Multilevel Analysis:

The group threat perspective has been tested with regard to a variety of social control outcomes, including public support for punitive crime control policies. However, little work has explored pos...
The Cardiac Physiology Underpinning Exsanguination Cardiac Arrest: Targets for Endovascular Resuscitation.

ABSTRACT Exsanguination leading to cardiac arrest is the terminal phase of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Resuscitative interventions have focused on preload and afterload support. Outcomes remain poor due to several factors but poor coronary perfusion undoubtedly plays a role. The aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between arterial pressure and flow during hemorrhage in an effort to better describe the terminal phases of exsanguination.Male swine weighing 60 kg to 80 kg underwent splenectomy and instrumentation followed by a logarithmic exsanguination until asystole. Changes in hemodynamic parameters over time were compared using one-way, repeated measures analysis of variance.Nine animals weighing 69 ± 15 kg were studied. Asystole occurred at 53 ± 13 min when 52 ± 11% of total blood volume has been shed. The greatest fall in mean hemodynamic indices were noted in the first 15 min: SBP (80-42 mm Hg, P = 0.02), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (94-52 mL, P = 0.04), cardiac output (4.8-2.4 L/min, P = 0.03), coronary perfusion pressure (57-30 mm Hg, P = 0.01), and stroke volume (60-25 mL, P = 0.02). This corresponds to the greatest rate of exsanguination. Organized cardiac activity was observed until asystole without arrythmias. Coronary flow was relatively preserved throughout the study, with a precipitous decline once mean arterial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg, leading to asystole.In this model, initial hemodynamic instability was due to preload failure, with asystole occurring relatively late, secondary to failure of coronary perfusion. Future resuscitative therapies need to directly address coronary perfusion failure if effective attempts are to be made to salvage these patients.