cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy transport in high Tc superconductors in the fluctuation regime

Abstract The most important entropy transport in the fluctuation regime is related to the Ettinghausen and the Nemst effect. Generalizing early theories of the entropy transport in clean type II superconductors, we study theoretically the entropy transport in High T c superconductors.
A bioinformatics track with outreach components

Bioinformatics is a discipline that uses computational tools and computer technologies to model, analyze, present, and visualize biological data. In this paper, we discuss the design of a bioinformatics track within the computer science curriculum at Winona State University's Rochester campus. We also developed a bioinformatics course and used it as a mechanism for computer science outreach. Our outreach program is designed to target 6th to 12th grade science teachers and help them develop K-12 science projects with bioinformatics components.
Postpartum distribution of costs and disorders of health

More than 17,000 events from 1,305 lactations of 551 cows in two herds were analyzed to quantify the distribution of costs and disorders of health during a lactation. Categories were mammary, reproduction, locomotion, digestion, respiration, other, insemination, and total. The largest costs and most disorders were associated with initiation of lactation rather than period of peak daily milk yield. Mammary and reproductive costs were 71% of total health cost in the first 30 days postpartum. Mammary and reproductive costs were 55% of the total health cost in an average 30-day interval. Insemination cost was 50% of the total health cost between 60 to 89 days postpartum. Parturition and extended days open were periods of large reproductive cost. Postpartum distributions of health cost and health disorders were similar implying that the prices assigned for severity added little information to counting disorders.
The effect of deformation-induced change of fiber orientation on the non-linear behavior of polymeric composite laminates

Effects of deformation-induced fiber orientation change and processing-induced thermal residual stresses on the non-linear behavior of IM7/5260 and AS4/PEEK composite laminates have been investigated. An overstress viscoplasticity model was used to describe the rate-dependent non-linear behavior of the composite lamina, and the laminate was modeled with the classical laminated-plate theory. The thermal residual stresses were calculated by using thermoelasticity. It was found that for certain laminates, the change of fiber orientation induced by deformation has a significant effect on the non-linear behavior of the laminate at relatively high strain levels and that thermal residual stresses played a more important role at lower strain levels.
N-nitrosamine ingestion from consumer-cooked bacon

Thirty-nine fried bacon samples and corresponding fried-out fats were collected from randomly selected consumers' homes. Bacons were purchased and cooked in the course of preparing meals containing bacon. The average volatile N-nitrosamine content μg/kg) of the rasher and fried-out fat, respectively, were: N-nitrosodimethylamine, 4.0 and 5.3; N-nitrosopiperidine, 0.7 and 1.5; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, 17 and 32; N-nitrosothiazolidine, 8.9 and 3.4. The average daily ingestion of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from bacon for our survey respondents was estimated to be 76 ng/person/day. A majority of respondents indicated that they used the fried-out fat as a cooking oil.
Risk factors for recurrent bleeding and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with acute lower GI hemorrhage.

Abstract Background: Little is known about lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected population. Our aim was to determine the underlying causes, the clinical outcome, and the risk factors for recurrent bleeding and mortality in HIV-infected patients with acute LGIH. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of consecutive HIV-infected patients with acute lower GI hemorrhage who were evaluated with endoscopy from January 1992 through January 1997 at Bellevue Hospital Center. Results: During the 5-year study period, 312 patients with acute lower GI hemorrhage underwent colonoscopy (n = 233) or flexible sigmoidoscopy (n = 79). Cytomegalovirus colitis (25.3%), lymphoma (12.2%), and idiopathic colitis (12.2%) were the most common causes identified. Within 30 days of presentation, recurrent bleeding occurred in 17.6% of patients. Independent predictors of recurrent bleeding included the presence of at least one comorbid illness, a hemoglobin level of less than 8 gm/dL, a platelet count of less than 100,000/mm 3 , and major stigmata of hemorrhage. The 30-day mortality from lower GI hemorrhage was 14.4%, and the presence of comorbid disease, recurrence of bleeding, and surgical intervention were found to be the only independent predictors of mortality in this patient population. Conclusions: Acute lower GI hemorrhage in HIV-infected patients is most commonly caused by cytomegalovirus colitis and is associated with a high short-term morbidity and mortality. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:748-53.)
Central thermosensitivity during fever produced by intra-PO/AH and intravenous injections of pyrogen.

Abstract LIPTON, J. M. AND J. I. KENNEDY. Central thermosensitivity during fever produced by intra-PO/AH and intravenous injections of pyrogen . BRAIN RES. BULL. 4 (1) 23–34, 1979.—Squirrel monkeys with thermodes implanted in the preoptic/ anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region and the medulla oblongata were used to examine three questions about central thermoresponsiveness in fever: Does thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region and medulla change during fevers caused by injection of bacterial endotoxin IV or directly into the PO/AH region? Does thermosensitivity of these brain regions determine the upper fever limit? Is thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region affected by local injections of salicylate? Changes in rectal temperature and oxygen consumption in response to heating and cooling the PO/AH region were reduced during fever caused by intra-PO/AH injections of bacterial endotoxin compared with changes produced during afebrile periods. PO/AH thermosensitivity was also reduced during fever caused by IV administration of bacterial pyrogen. Prolonged cooling of the PO/AH region or the medulla oblongata during fever produced by peripheral and central pyrogen injections did not cause rectal temperature (T re ) to rise above 41.1°C although local heating reduced T re or limited the fever maximum. From the latter result it is concluded that both pools of central thermoreceptors can limit maximal fever by reacting to local high temperature but that lowered temperature in neither region can raise T re above a level determined by antagonistic input from thermoreceptors in other parts of the body. Injections of sodium salicylate into the PO/AH region had no effect on thermoresponsiveness of the region. This finding reinforces the idea that salicylates do not produce antipyresis by acting directly on thermosensitive cells of the central temperature control system.
Vanadium Inhibition of Phospholipid Synthesis and Sulphydryl Activity in Rat Liver

THE effect of various transition elements on lipid and sterol metabolism has received attention in recent years1. For example, both vanadium and members of the rare-earth group are capable of producing a fatty infiltration of the liver. Furthermore, vanadium can cause a marked reduction in cholesterol and phospholipids1 2. In this connexion, work has been directed towards investigating a possible prophylactic action of vanadium against atherosclerosis2; it has been suggested that disruption of the endogenous balance of the transition elements in the liver could underlie the pathogenesis of this disease1.
Patent ductus arteriosus stenting in complex congenital heart disease: early and midterm results for a single-center experience at children hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy and outcome of transcatheter ductus arteriosus stenting in newborns and infants with ductal-dependent or decreased pulmonary circulation. Between September 2009 and December 2011, 33 newborns and infants were subjected to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stenting as an alternative to a surgical shunt. Of the 33 patients, 20 had pulmonary atresia (PA) with a ventricular septal defect, 4 had PA with an intact ventricular septum, 5 had PA with a double-outlet right ventricle, and 4 had critical pulmonary stenosis. The McGoon ratio ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 (median 1.27). The ages of the patients ranged from 3 to 56 days, and their weight ranged from 2.7 to 4.1 kg. The oxygen saturation ranged from 45 to 61 %, and the pH ranged from 7.13 to 7.27. Premounted coronary stents with diameters of 3, 3.5, and 4 mm were used to cover the whole length of the ductus. The PDA was tortuous in 23 patients and straight in 10 patients. The mean ductal length was 12.2 ± 3.7 mm (range 7.8–23 mm). The mean stent length was 14.3 ± 3.4 mm (range, 8–23 mm), and the mean narrowest ductal diameter was 1.9 ± 0.6 mm (range, 0.8–2.9 mm). Immediately after the procedure, the oxygen saturation was increased from a mean of 75.1 ± 13.2–91.5 ± 6.3 % (p < 0.0001), and the PDA diameter was increased from a mean of 1.9 ± 0.6–4.3 ± 0.8 mm (p < 0.0001). Stent redilation was necessary in two patients 8 days after the procedure, and their oxygen saturation increased 79–88 %. The mean fluoroscopy time was 39.4 ± 15.5 min. Stent dislocation to the left main pulmonary artery was seen in one patient, with another stent placed in the arterial duct. No procedure-related mortality occurred. Two neonates died a few days after the procedure due to sepsis related to the procedure. The surviving patients were discharged home 8–30 days (median, 9.5 days) after the procedure. Stent patency was achieved for 8–550 days. The McGoon ratio increased and ranged from 1.6 to 2.8 (median, 1.87) before the surgical intervention. Glenn anastomosis was possible for 18 patients at the age of 6–8 months. Nine patients experienced worsening of cyanosis about 4 months after stent placemen. Six of these patients required a Blalock–Taussig shunt, whereas stent dilation was possible for the remaining three patients. Four patients died of severe dehydration while awaiting a Glenn shunt. The findings show that PDA stenting can be a good alternative to surgery for initial palliation, especially in infants who will need multiple surgeries. It is safe and feasible but its efficacy gradually lessens after 6 months due to intrastent endothelial hyperplasia.
Planar shape recognition by shape morphing

Abstract A novel method based on shape morphing is proposed for 2D shape recognition. In this framework, the shape of objects is described by using their contour. Shape recognition involves a morph between the contours of the objects being compared. The morph is quantified by using a physics-based formulation. This quantification is used as a dissimilarity measure to find the reference shape most similar to the input. The dissimilarity measure is shown to have the properties of a metric as well as invariance to Euclidean transformations. The recognition paradigm is applicable to both convex and non-convex shapes. Moreover, the applicability of the method is not constrained to closed shapes. Based on the metric properties of the dissimilarity method, a search strategy is described that obviates an exhaustive search of the template database during recognition experiments. Experimental results on the recognition of various types of shapes are presented.
Role of column density in the formation of stars and black holes

During galaxy formation, the condensing matter can swirl into a new star or feed a central black hole. But what favours one mechanism over the other? It may be that there exist two critical surface densities of the matter cloud: a lower limit above which star formation occurs, and a higher threshold above which black holes form. The stellar mass in disc galaxies scales approximately with the fourth power of the rotation velocity, and the masses of the central black holes in galactic nuclei scale approximately with the fourth power of the bulge velocity dispersion. It is shown here that these relations can be accounted for if, in a forming galaxy with an isothermal mass distribution, gas with a column density above about 8 M⊙ pc−2 goes into stars, whereas gas with a column density above about 2 g cm−2 (104 M⊙ pc−2) goes into a central black hole. The lower critical value is close to the column density of about 10 M⊙ pc−2 at which atomic gas becomes molecular, and the upper value agrees approximately with the column density of about 1 g cm−2 at which the gas becomes optically thick to its cooling radiation. These results are plausible because molecule formation is evidently necessary for star formation, and because the onset of a high optical depth in a galactic nucleus may suppress continuing star formation and favour the growth of a central black hole.
Pharmacologic studies on the dibutyl and γ-monobutyl esters of methotrexate in the rhesus monkey

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dibutyl methotrexate (DBMTX) and γ-monobutyl methotrexate (γ-MBMTX) were studied in Rhesus monkeys. When a bolus IV dose of either [3H]DBMTX or [3H]γ-MBMTX was given, the principal species in serum for up to 1 h was the monoester, with MTX accounting for 99% bound, whereas for MTX this value was 50% or less. When γ-MBMTX and MTX levels measured after ultrafiltration were corrected for this difference in serum protein binding the total amount of the two drugs in serum became almost equivalent.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bisexual male.

(1983). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Bisexual Male. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 549-550.
Investigation into etching mechanism of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films treated in helium and oxygenated-helium atmospheric plasmas

This research makes an investigation into the etching mechanism of atmospheric plasma conditions on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Two types of untreated PET films (S/200 and S/500) were exposed to plasma for 0 to 5.0 min in 30-s increments. The first set of each film type was treated in helium plasma, while the second was treated in oxygenated-helium plasma. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterize pre- and post-exposure films. Weight changes and the degree of solubility were also determined. Based on peak area results, the percent crystallinity of PET S/200 increased by an average of 4.57% (helium treated) and 13.56% (oxygenated-helium treated), while the S/500 showed only a small increase. There was no significant change in the melting or crystallization temperatures of either film type, indicating a decrease in amorphous content versus an increase in crystalline material. Weight loss analysis supports this theory. Solubility testing revealed a continual decrease in swelling as exposure time was increased. A model was developed to predict the change in the degree of solubility for polyphase surfaces considering the etching rate per phase. The model was applied to PET with good correlation between the model and experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2383–2389, 2004
Extracardiac complications of the Fontan circuit

The Fontan operation is the primary surgical procedure used in the palliation of patients with univentricular cardiac physiology. With improved survival of children with congenital heart disease, long-term complications of the Fontan circuit are being encountered more frequently. Radiologists are more likely to see both the cardiac and extracardiac complications of the Fontan circuit. Awareness of the common extracardiac complications in children with failing Fontan circuits will aid the radiologist in making the appropriate diagnosis and guide the cardiologist caring for these patients.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Successful Aging Definitions Between Chinese and Hmong Elders in the United States

The purpose of the study was to elicit the definitions of successful aging according to Chinese and Hmong elders living in Milwaukee, WI. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 44 elders (Hmong n = 21 and Chinese n = 23). Findings show some similarities in the Chinese and Hmong elders’ definitions though specific cultural differences exist. Chinese elders emphasized physical health and mobility, mental health, positive attitudes, shedding responsibilities, positive family relationships, financial stability, social engagement, religious faith, and accomplishments and volunteer work. Hmong elders emphasized physical health and mobility, mental health, harmonious relationships, positive family relationships, tangible family support, financial stability, social engagement, and religious faith. Cross-cultural comparisons of the findings highlight the cultural heterogeneity between these two subgroups. Implications for practice are discussed.
Charge collection efficiency in double-sided silicon microstrip detectors

Abstract We present measurements of charge collection efficiency in double-sided silicon microstrip sensors using the signal from a pulsed laser. We compare the efficiency as a function of voltage and position for various strip geometries. The sensors studied here were manufactured as prototypes for the SVXII detector, an upgrade of the CDF silicon vertex detector for run II of the Fermilab Tevatron. Large inefficiencies were observed in prototypes with certain n -side strip geometries.
Civil society and public sector institutions: more than a zero-sum relationship

SUMMARY Measuring civil society strength has become entangled in competing definitions of civil society (CS). A more productive approach begins by considering CS from the perspective not of what it is but from what it does. Civil society functions—articulating citizens’ interests and demands, defending their rights and meeting their needs—can be performed by a variety of institutions and organisations, not all of which are or need to be detached from the government. Determining the strength of CS requires assessing how well these functions are performed by a continuum of organisations and institutions. A disaggregated, multi-sector model is developed that assists in measuring CS strength in any specific context. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE FACULTY OF INTUITION

The present paper is a defense of the view that there is a faculty of rational intuition that delivers prima facie justified beliefs about philosophical propositions. I have no high-church analysis of the concept of faculty, and only employ the word in the following innocuous sense. If anything is a faculty, then sense perception is. If intuition is sufficiently similar to perception, then it too counts as a faculty. Moreover, if perception produces prima facie justified beliefs about its target subject matter and thereby serves as a source of knowledge, then so does intuition. Some philosophers, such as George Bealer (2008) and Ernest Sosa (2006), have argued that intuition has an essential connection to the truth and that because of this truth connection, intuition justifies beliefs that are formed on an intuitive basis. The present paper offers an analogical support for the use of rational intuition, namely, if we regard sense perception as a mental faculty that (in general) delivers justified beliefs, then we should treat intuition in the same manner. I will argue that both the cognitive marks of intuition and the role it traditionally plays in epistemology are strongly analogous to that of perception, and barring specific arguments to the contrary, we should treat rational intuition as a source of prima facie justified beliefs. There are two main arguments against the intuition–perception analogy that I will consider and find lacking. First is that while we do use perceptions as evidence to believe certain propositions, in fact no one ever does use intuition evidentially. The second argument, stemming from experimental philosophy, grants that philosophers do use intuitions evidentially, but this practice is fatally unlike that of perception, in that perception yields warranted beliefs and intuition does not. It will be made clear in section IV that while some experimentalists do not object to an evidential use of intuitions, many object to intuition as ever providing ultima facie or even prima facie justification.
A novel celecoxib derivative, OSU03012, induces cytotoxicity in primary CLL cells and transformed B-cell lymphoma cell line via a caspase- and Bcl-2-independent mechanism

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable adult leukemia characterized by disrupted apoptosis. OSU03012 is a bioavailable third-generation celecoxib derivative devoid of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity that potently induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines and is being developed as an anticancer therapy in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Rapid Access to Intervention Development (RAID) program. We assessed the ability of OSU03012 to induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells and the mechanism by which this occurs. The LC50 (lethal concentration 50%) of OSU03012 at 24 hours was 7.1 microM, and this decreased to 5.5 microM at 72 hours. Additionally, we have demonstrated that OSU03012 mediates apoptosis by activation of the intrinsic, mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis but also activates alternative cell death pathways that are caspase independent. The early activation of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways of apoptosis is novel to OSU03012 and suggests it has great potential promise for the treatment of CLL. Moreover, unlike the great majority of therapeutic agents used to treat leukemia or other forms of cancer, OSU03012 induces cell death entirely independent of bcl-2 expression. Overall, these data provide justification for further preclinical development of OSU03012 as a potential therapeutic agent for CLL.
Discriminative stimulus effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate: Role of training dose

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug of abuse with actions at GHB and GABA receptors. This study examined whether the relative importance of GABA(A), GABA(B), and GHB receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of GHB depends on the training dose. In comparison with a previous 100 mg/kg GHB-saline discrimination, pigeons were trained to discriminate either 178 or 56 mg/kg GHB from saline. Increasing the training dose shifted the GHB gradient to the right, and decreasing it shifted the gradient to the left. Similar shifts occurred with the GHB precursor gamma-butyrolactone, which substituted for GHB, and with the GABA(B) agonists baclofen and 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid hydrochloride (SKF97541) and the benzodiazepine diazepam, each of which produced at most 54 to 68% GHB-appropriate responding. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, the benzodiazepine inverse agonist ethyl 8-azido-6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-alpha]-[1,4]-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (Ro 15-4513), and the GHB receptor antagonist (2E)-5-hydroxy-5,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[a][7]annulen-6-ylidene ethanoic acid (NCS-382) produced a maximum of 66 to 97% GHB-appropriate responding in animals discriminating 56 or 100 mg/kg GHB and a maximum of 1 to 49% in animals discriminating 178 mg/kg. NCS-382 did not attenuate the effects of GHB. The GABA(B) antagonist 3-aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP35348) blocked GHB at all training doses. The results suggest that increasing the training dose of GHB increases the pharmacological selectivity of its discriminative stimulus effects. At a high training dose, diazepam-insensitive GABA(A) receptors, for which flumazenil and Ro 15-4513 have affinity, may no longer be involved. Diazepam-sensitive GABA(A) receptors and GABA(B) receptors appear to play a similar role at all training doses. There was no evidence for GHB receptor involvement.
Combined enzymatic and chemical synthesis of N-methyllaurotetanine

Abstract The lipase of Candida cylindraceae was used to facilitate a combined enzymatic-chemical synthesis of the alkaloid, N-methyllaurotetanine. The basis for this synthesis is the regioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of the acetate ester functional group at the 2-position of diacetylboldine. Optimal esterase conditons for the yeast enzyme were established with p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate and these were used in the hydrolysis of the alkaloid diacetate. The synthetic pathway described illustrates the value of enzymes as reagents in synthetic organic chemistry.
Two New Species of Sponge-Dwelling Snapping Shrimp from the Belizean Barrier Reef, with a Synopsis of the Synalpheus brooksi Species Complex

Two new species of sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp in the genus Synalpheus are described. Synalpheus carpenteri is based on specimens collected from the Belizean Barrier Reef, the Exuma Islands of the Bahamas, and the Atlantic Coast of Panama, while Synalpheus ruetzleri is based on specimens collected from the Belizean Barrier Reef and the Atlantic Coast of Panama. Both species belong to a group of closely related shrimp (the ‘‘Synalpheus brooksi complex’’) that includes Synalpheus brooksi, Synalpheus bousfieldi, Synalpheus chacei, and possibly additional undescribed species. All species in the complex are remarkably similar in morphology, but Synalpheus carpenteri is readily recognizable by its brilliant orange color in life, its habitation solely in sponges of the genus Agelas, its squat, wide-based telson, and the short lateral spines of its scaphocerite and basicerite. Synalpheus ruetzleri appears unique within the complex in possessing a well-developed blade on the scaphocerite. Specimens of Synalpheus brooksi and S. bousfieldi from Belize and other localities are also figured to facilitate separation of members of the brooksi complex.
Ethics and Artificial life: From Modeling to Moral Agents

Artificial Life (ALife) has two goals. One attempts to describe fundamental qualities of living systems through agent based computer models. And the second studies whether or not we can artificially create living things in computational mediums that can be realized either, virtually in software, or through biotechnology. The study of ALife has recently branched into two further subdivisions, one is "dry" ALife, which is the study of living systems "in silico" through the use of computer simulations, and the other is "wet" ALife that uses biological material to realize what has only been simulated on computers, effectively wet ALife uses biological material as a kind of computer. This is challenging to the field of computer ethics as it points towards a future in which computer and bioethics might have shared concerns. The emerging studies into wet ALife are likely to provide strong empirical evidence for ALife's most challenging hypothesis: that life is a certain set of computable functions that can be duplicated in any medium. I believe this will propel ALife into the midst of the mother of all cultural battles that has been gathering around the emergence of biotechnology. Philosophers need to pay close attention to this debate and can serve a vital role in clarifying and resolving the dispute. But even if ALife is merely a computer modeling technique that sheds light on living systems, it still has a number of significant ethical implications such as its use in the modeling of moral and ethical systems, as well as in the creation of artificial moral agents.
Lymphovascular and perineural invasion as selection criteria for adjuvant therapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multi-institution analysis

Objectives Criteria for the selection of patients for adjuvant chemotherapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) are lacking. Some authors advocate treating patients with lymph node (LN) involvement; however, nodal assessment is often inadequate or not performed. This study aimed to identify surrogate criteria based on characteristics of the primary tumour.
Did lithospheric delamination trigger late Cenozoic potassic volcanism in the southern Sierra Nevada, California?

New chemical and isotopic data demonstrate that Pliocene volcanic rocks in the Kings and San Joaquin volcanic fields in the central Sierra Nevada, California, are more potassic, trend toward more mafic compositions, and have distinctly lower e N d values than Miocene volcanic rocks found anywhere in the southern half of the mountain range. The Pliocene magmatism apparently tapped a low-e N d (-6 to -8), K-metasomatized mantle not involved in Sierran magmatism at any other time in the Cenozoic. Published isotopic data from upper-mantle xenoliths entrained in Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks reveal that the only low-e N d mantle in the lithospheric column beneath the central Sierra prior to the Pliocene magmatism was shallow-level, K-metasomatized, spinel peridotite. Melting at such shallow levels in the mantle lithosphere could have been triggered by delamination of deeper parts of the mantle lithosphere, followed by uplift of the remaining continental lithosphere and its heating by upwelling asthenosphere.
Sensory Pathways in the Dorsal Lateral Funiculus

Two major sensory pathways that ascend entirely in the dorsal lateral funiculus are the spinocervical tract, which relays in the lateral cervical nucleus in the upper cervical spinal cord, and the spinomedullary tract, which relays in nucleus z in the caudal medulla. In addition, the dorsal lateral funiculus contains components of the postsynaptic pathway to the dorsal column nuclei (see Chapter 9), of the spinothalamic tract, and of the spinomes-encephalic tract (see Chapter 11).
Food Preservation with Chemicals

The use of chemicals to prevent or delay the spoilage of foods derives in part from the fact that such compounds are used with great success in the treatment of diseases of humans, animals, and plants. This is not to imply that any and all chemotherapeutic compounds can or should be used as food preservatives. On the other hand, there are some chemicals of value as food preservatives that would be ineffective or too toxic as chemotherapeutic compounds. With the exception of certain antibiotics, none of the food preservatives now used finds any real use as chemotherapeutic compounds in people and animals. Although a large number of chemicals have been described that show potential as food preservatives, only a relatively small number are allowed in food products, due in large part to the strict rules of safety adhered to by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to a lesser extent to the fact that not all compounds that show antimicrobial activity in vitro do so when added to certain foods. Below are described those compounds most widely used, their modes of action where known, and the types of foods in which they are used. Those chemical preservatives generally recognized as safe (GRAS) are summarized in Table 13–1.
The Unit of Selection in DROSOPHILA MERCATORUM. II. Genetic Revolution and the Origin of Coadapted Genomes in Parthenogenetic Strains

Drosophila mercatorum is a sexual species that can reproduce parthenogenetically. Previous studies revealed that parthenogenetic strains had “coadapted genomes” with high fitness under parthenogenesis and total homozygosity due to nonadditive and nonmultiplicative fitness interactions between chromosomal segments scattered throughout the genome. To study the evolutionary origins of such coadapted genomes, females from sexual matings in nature were isolated as virgins and challenged to reproduce parthenogenetically. Fitness studies were performed on genomes derived from these sexual females and upon their successful parthenogenetic progeny. By straddling the reproductive transition from sex to parthenogenesis, these fitness studies demonstrated that coadapted genomes arise immediately, apparently due to an intense selective bottleneck accompanying the reproductive transition, and are not due to the slow accumulation of epistatic complexes via mutation after parthenogenesis has already been established. The reproductive transition may also serve as an experimental model of the “genetic revolution” theory of speciation because the transition involves (1) the ultimate founder effect (one genome), (2) maximal genetic drift and fixation, (3) a drastic change in genetic environment characterized by total homozygosity, and (4) an intense selective bottleneck that interacts with the change in genetic environment and the need to adapt to a laboratory environment and a novel system of reproduction. Thus, all the elements theorized to underlie genetic revolution are present, albeit in extreme form. This study indicates that genetic revolutions are real phenomena that can quickly alter morphology, development, life history parameters and behavior. Indeed, the alterations can be so drastic that a new “species” evolves, complete with pre- and post-mating isolating mechanisms. However, isozyme loci do not appear to be the target of this genetic revolution, but rather loci regulating fundamental developmental processes. However, isozyme loci may be useful in predicting the a priori chance of a successful revolution since they can indicate how the population structure of the parent population influences levels of individual heterozygosity, the prime source of the genetic variability in the founder population that must pass through the selective bottleneck. DROSOPHILA mercatorum is normally a sexually reproducing fly that can, in the laboratory, reproduce parthenogenetically by an automictic mech
Mine Burial in the Shoaling Zone: Scaling of Laboratory Results to Oceanic Situations

During the past several years, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Group at Arizona State University (ASU, Tempe, AZ) conducted a comprehensive laboratory-based research program to elucidate the mechanisms and dynamics of mine burial in noncohesive sediments under shoaling waves on coastal slopes. This paper presents a brief description of this program as well as salient observations and quantitative parameterizations for scour, ripples, and burial that resulted from it (which constitute the ASU mine burial model). Improvements to mine burial predictive capabilities offered by the ASU model are demonstrated by evaluating it vis-a-vis the (legacy) mine burial models that are in common use [Defense Research Agency mine burial environment (DRAMBUIE), Industrie Anlagen Bau Gesellschaft (NBURY, Munchen, Germany), and wave-induced spreadsheet prediction (WISSP)]. To this end, both the legacy and ASU models are discussed briefly and compared with field experimental data obtained during the 2003 Indian Rocks Beach (IRB, FL) experiment. The scour/burial data collected during the IRB campaign, using instrumented mines and diver observations, show that the predictions of the mostly laboratory-based ASU model agree satisfactorily with field observations, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Growth and Maximum Size of Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Hawaii

Tiger sharks (Galecerdo cuvier) are apex predators characterized by their broad diet, large size and rapid growth. Tiger shark maximum size is typically between 380 & 450 cm Total Length (TL), with a few individuals reaching 550 cm TL, but the maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii waters remains uncertain. A previous study suggested tiger sharks grow rather slowly in Hawaii compared to other regions, but this may have been an artifact of the method used to estimate growth (unvalidated vertebral ring counts) compounded by small sample size and narrow size range. Since 1993, the University of Hawaii has conducted a research program aimed at elucidating tiger shark biology, and to date 420 tiger sharks have been tagged and 50 recaptured. All recaptures were from Hawaii except a single shark recaptured off Isla Jacques Cousteau (24u139170N 109u529140W), in the southern Gulf of California (minimum distance between tag and recapture sites = approximately 5,000 km), after 366 days at liberty (DAL). We used these empirical mark-recapture data to estimate growth rates and maximum size for tiger sharks in Hawaii. We found that tiger sharks in Hawaii grow twice as fast as previously thought, on average reaching 340 cm TL by age 5, and attaining a maximum size of 403 cm TL. Our model indicates the fastest growing individuals attain 400 cm TL by age 5, and the largest reach a maximum size of 444 cm TL. The largest shark captured during our study was 464 cm TL but individuals .450 cm TL were extremely rare (0.005% of sharks captured). We conclude that tiger shark growth rates and maximum sizes in Hawaii are generally consistent with those in other regions, and hypothesize that a broad diet may help them to achieve this rapid growth by maximizing prey consumption rates.
A thermal application range for postemergence pyrithiobac applications

Abstract Pyrithiobac control of Palmer amaranth on the Texas Southern High Plains was correlated previously with temperature at the time of application. In the present study, the thermal dependence of pyrithiobac efficacy was used to define a thermal application range (TAR) for postemergence pyrithiobac applications. Several years of temperature data from four cotton-growing regions of the United States were analyzed with respect to the TAR to determine the extent to which temperature limitations could affect pyrithiobac applications. Temperatures outside the TAR occurred in all years and regions analyzed. Analyses of four geographic regions utilizing 4 to 11 yr of data for each region indicated the following percentages of hours inside the TAR: Lubbock, TX, 54 to 94%; Maricopa, AZ, 27 to 33%; Raleigh-Durham, NC, 70 to 97%; and Jackson, MS, 81 to 99%. A detailed analysis of the frequency and duration of the TAR in Lubbock, TX, showed that, periodically, temperatures outside the TAR may limit the efficacy ...
Employee Well-Being: An Integrative Perspective

The concept of employee well-being has been a long-time topic that traces its historical roots to McGregor’s Theory Y in the management discipline. In this chapter, I describe research findings related to employee well-being. In doing so, I made an attempt to answer the following research questions: What is employee well-being, both definitional and operational? What is the relationship between job satisfaction and personal happiness (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, eudaimonia, etc.)? How does job satisfaction influence personal happiness? What are other consequences of job satisfaction and personal happiness? What are the predictors of job satisfaction? Answering these questions may provide an integrated perspective helping the reader to appreciate the “big picture.”
Prediction of the crankshaft phenomenon by peak height velocity

Study design Retrospective review. Objectives To evaluate the relation of the peak height velocity with the occurrence of the crankshaft phenomenon after posterior arthrodesis and instrumentation in idiopathic scoliosis. Summary of background data Although patients with closed triradiate cartilages are unlikely to exhibit the crankshaft phenomenon after a posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation, open triradiate cartilages do not necessitate that crankshafting will occur. Less than half of patients with idiopathic scoliosis and open triradiate cartilages will exhibit the crankshaft phenomenon. Methods The authors reviewed 43 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who were Risser 0 at the time of posterior spinal fusion. Twenty-three patients had open triradiate cartilages and twenty had closed. The timing of peak height velocity was identified. Results All patients with closed triradiate cartilages were beyond their peak height velocity at the time of surgery. Among those with open triradiate cartilages, 8 were operated on before or during their peak and 15 were operated on afterward. All patients fused before or during the peak crankshafted. Two of the fifteen patients fused after the peak crankshafted. In one, it was low grade. In the other, it appears that the fusion blunted the peak height velocity to a point at which it was unidentifiable. Conclusions In patients with open triradiate cartilages, surgery performed before or during the peak height velocity is a strong predictor of the crankshaft phenomenon, and later surgery is a strong negative predictor of the crankshafting (P = 0.000009). Isolated posterior fusion before the height velocity decelerates results in the crankshaft phenomenon, whereas fusion during the deceleration phase does not.
Pharmacogenetics of drugs used in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.

Introduction: Ocular inflammatory diseases comprise uveitis, scleritis, and inflammation of adjacent structures of the eye. Therapy may be challenging and often involves corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents. Areas covered: This review describes the genes involved in noninfectious ocular inflammatory diseases and focuses on pharmacogenetic studies regarding different classes of anti-inflammatory drugs used in the management of uveitis, including corticosteroids, antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, alkylating agents, and biological agents. Expert opinion: Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of a personalized medicine with potential to customize treatment that can achieve the best clinical response and avoid toxicity. Several polymorphisms in various genes involved in the metabolism of drugs commonly utilized in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases have been described. Most promising is the polymorphism in thiopurinemethyltransferase gene for which a genotype analysis can reveal slow meta...
Modeling and Bifurcation Analysis of a Coionic Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A macroscopic first-principles mathematical model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a BaCe1–xSmxO3-α type electrolyte is developed. This class of electrolytes exhibits both proton and oxygen-a...
Silk-based Optics and Photonics

The use of silk as a material for technological applications has been introduced over the past few years. We will overview how purified silkworm silk can be reassembled, among other things, in a multitude of high quality, biocompatible micro- and nanostructured optical and optoelectronic elements.
Progress Report on Poultry Disease Investigation at the Michigan Experiment Station

Abstract Bacillary white diarrhea and coccidiosis are the most important poultry diseases in Michigan, hence most of our time and efforts have been devoted to the study of various problems concerned with these maladies. In this paper we shall make a brief report on some results that may be of interest to those who are engaged in similar investigations. THE AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR BACILLARY WHITE DIARRHEA Up to the past testing season we have been employing a two-tube test with serum dilutions of 1:40 and 1:100, because a considerable number of zone reactions or proagglutinations had been encountered, i.e., positive reactions were obtained in 1:100 dilutions while doubtful or negative reactions were met with in serum dilutions of 1:40. During the past two years we have been using NaOH in our antigen, as suggested by Mathews, for the purpose of preventing cloudiness. The turbidity of our antigen is equal to that . . .
Math Coaching in a Rural School: Gaining Entry: A Vital First Step.

A growing trend across the nation, academic coaching is a popular way for schools to embed professional development within the regular school day. This article presents the findings of a yearlong q...
Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at a single centre

We sought to assess whether laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) is associated with decreased rates of disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The study was a retrospective single-centre study of IPF patients with worsening symptoms and pulmonary function despite antacid treatment for abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux. The period of exposure to LARS was September 1998 to December 2012. The primary end-point was a longitudinal change in forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted in the pre- versus post-surgery periods. 27 patients with progressive IPF underwent LARS. At time of surgery, the mean age was 65 years and mean FVC was 71.7% pred. Using a regression model, the estimated benefit of surgery in FVC % pred over 1 year was 5.7% (95% CI −0.9–12.2%, p=0.088) with estimated benefit in FVC of 0.22 L (95% CI −0.06–0.49 L, p=0.12). Mean DeMeester scores decreased from 42 to 4 (p Patients with IPF tolerated the LARS well. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of FVC decline pre- and post-LARS over 1 year; a possible trend toward stabilisation in observed FVC warrants prospective studies. The ongoing prospective randomised controlled trial will hopefully provide further insights regarding the safety and potential efficacy of LARS in IPF.
Kin selection and ethnic group selection

Abstract Ethnicity looks something like kinship on a larger scale. The same math can be used to measure genetic similarity within ethnic/racial groups and relatedness within families. For example, members of the same continental race are about as related ( r =0.18–0.26) as half-siblings ( r =0.25). However (contrary to some claims) the theory of kin selection does not apply straightforwardly to ethnicity, because inclusive fitness calculations based on Hamilton's rule break down when there are complicated social interactions within groups, and/or groups are large and long-lasting. A more promising approach is a theory of ethnic group selection, a special case of cultural group selection. An elementary model shows that the genetic assimilation of a socially enforced cultural regime can promote group solidarity and lead to the regulation of recruitment to groups, and to altruism between groups, based on genetic similarity – in short, to ethnic nepotism. Several lines of evidence, from historical population genetics and political psychology, are relevant here.
An Opt-out Approach to Antimicrobial Stewardship Utilizing Electronic Alert Recommendations at a Community Hospital

Background Prospective audit and feedback is a primary tool for antimicrobial stewardship, but inefficient communication and provider non-participation can limit the impact. To address these issues, a customizable electronic alert system was created to deliver antimicrobial stewardship recommendations to providers upon opening the electronic medical record. If no provider declined the recommendation after 24 hours, the recommendation was implemented by the antimicrobial stewardship program per protocol. This study describes the experience of an opt-out antimicrobial stewardship pilot at a community hospital.
Testing-for-manufacturing (TFM) for ultra-thin IPD on InFO

The Integrated Fan Out (InFO) technology can accom-plish package miniaturization and successfully achieve “More than Moore's Law.” Its substrate-free technology also brings great cost-effective attraction to mobile and wearable applications. Ultra-thin integrated passive devices (IPDs) with high capacitance density can further shrink the InFO size and boost the bandwidth. Although the cost for the IPD in the InFO package is negligible, failed IPDs can shut down the whole InFO package. This would cause an entire mobile system loss about 104 times of cost penalty. Thus the quality of each IPD chip must be ensured before surface-mounted on the InFO, and applying the final testing (FT) of the IPD is necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel optical positioning FT system combined with testing-for-manufacturing (TFM) methodology for the ultra-thin IPD chips testing. For validation of the novel comprehensive FT solution in the volume production domain, ultra-thin and ultra-small-area IPD chips with several millions sample sizes have passed through the FT system.