cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Protein Kinase/Lipid Kinase Complex Required for Yeast Vacuolar Protein Sorting

The delivery of proteins to the yeast vacuole serves as an excellent paradigm for intracellular protein sorting pathways. Genetic selections for mutants defective in this process have identified a large number of vps (vacuolar protein sorting defective) mutants that define more than 40 complementation groups (reviewed in Klionsky et al., 1991). This high degree of genetic complexity presumably reflects the biochemical complexity of the multi-step protein sorting reaction. Specific cellular components must recognize vacuolar proteins, package them into specific transport vesicles and then mediate the delivery and fusion of these vesicles with the vacuolar membrane. The list of potential activities and structures required for the sorting and transport of vacuolar proteins can easily accommodate the large number of gene products implicated by the genetic studies. Two of the VPS gene products encode proteins of known biochemical function and each has provided significant new insights into the regulation of the sorting reaction. VPS15 encodes a 1,455 amino acid serine/threonine protein kinase homolog and VPS34 encodes a 875 amino acid phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog (Herman and Emr, 1990; Herman et al., 1991a; Hiles et al., 1992).
Integrated printing for 2D/3D flexible organic electronic devices

This chapter reviews the use of inkjet printing technologies in the manufacture of 2D and 3D flexible organic electronic devices. It discusses the principles and technologies in inkjet printing and electronic inks. It then describes how inkjet printing can be used to manufacture components such as capacitors, inductors, resistors, vias and antennas.
Accounting for matching structure in post-matching analysis of observational studies

Matching design is commonly used in social science and health research with observational data, as it is robust to outcome model misspecification and has the intuitive interpretation similar to blo...
Adapting Orthopaedic Surgery Training Programs During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Directions.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic swept across the world, altering the structure and existence of graduate medical education programs across all disciplines. Orthopaedic residency programs can adapt during these unprecedented times to continue providing meaningful education to trainees and to continue providing high-quality patient care, all while keeping both residents and patients safe from disease. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the literature and describe evidence-based changes that can be made in an orthopaedic residency program to ensure patient and resident safety while sustaining the principles of graduate medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe measures that can be enacted now or during future pandemics, including workforce and occupational modifications, personal protective equipment, telemedicine, online didactic education, resident wellness, return to elective surgery, and factors affecting medical students and fellows. After a review of these strategies, programs can make changes for sustainable improvements and adapt to be ready for second-wave events or future pandemics. Level of Evidence Level V.
Understanding the Implications of the Use of Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Driver Training

Effective driver education techniques can greatly benefit from the use of state-of-the-art technologies for driving training and tutoring in classroom environment. Such environment includes simulation systems that are designed based on the Intelligent Tutoring System concepts and framework. This research analyzed simulator data for both simulation and vehicle environments to identify factors for driver training guidelines. Based on the results of this study, one of the recommendations is that current ITS based driver training systems be calibrated to accurately measure the steering input which is found to be the most significant parameter influencing time headway (distances between simulated vehicles). The findings also support the modern intelligent tutoring system used at scale that leverages human feedback to improve their design.
Lawyer Advertising in Arizona: The State Bar Run Amok

The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective from which to observe both the result the Arizona Supreme Court reaches on lawyer advertising as well as the announced basis for its result. After describing the process in Arizona leading to the current proposed rules, I argue that the court should reject the proposed changes and maintain the basic touchstone in this area of simply regulating "false or misleading" advertising by lawyers. This standard, as applied in the context of lawyer advertising, comports with the governing law, and is both fully adequate and workable to achieve the appropriate objectives of such regulation. In so arguing, I emphasize the most regrettable aspect of the State Bar's petition, namely, the Bar's total failure to make any attempt to justify or demonstrate the need for the proposed changes. This alone should be fatal to the Bar's proposal, and reflects poorly on an organization that should be particularly concerned about appropriate legal procedure and substance. I also argue that the operation and effect of the new rules as a broad prior restraint on speech demand the utmost scrutiny by the court, which they cannot withstand. I then consider several of the more egregious of the proposed changes. These include: (1) the requirement that communications and advertising concerning a lawyer's services be "predominantly informational" ;(2) the special restrictions on electronic media advertisements; and (3) the "warning label" requirements on written solicitations." I close with a few comments regarding alternatives to the Bar's proposed heavy handed rulemaking.
Financial performance and reimbursement of pharmacist-led chronic care management.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the financial performance and reimbursement of chronic care management (CCM) provided by clinical pharmacists in a primary care setting using Current Procedural Terminology codes that were added to the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule in 2017. Methods A retrospective study assessing financial performance of pharmacist-led CCM was conducted for the 12-month period from May 1, 2018, through April 30, 2019, at an academic multiclinic medical practice. Pharmacist-led CCM encounters included a combination of telephone and in-clinic visits. Return on investment, a ratio of net income to financial investment, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the number of CCM encounters, time spent by pharmacists delivering CCM (ie, "time-on-task"), and third-party claim reimbursement. Result Sixty-five patients were enrolled in CCM during the 12-month study period. Pharmacists provided 236 CCM encounters, including 31 enrollment visits and 102 hours of clinical time-on-task. Gross revenue for CCM during the 12-month period was $7,433.91, and expenses totaled $6,430.36, resulting in a 15.6% return on investment. Out of 158 CCM claims, 131 (83%) were paid and 27 (17%) were unpaid or remained in adjudication at study completion. Conclusion Pharmacist-led CCM resulted in a modest positive return on investment compared to other reimbursable pharmacy services. Practitioners should evaluate opportunities to synergize CCM with other fee-for-service and quality-based reimbursement programs.
Postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report.

Abstract Background Uterine artery pseudoaneurysms (UAPs) are a rare life-threatening complication presenting as vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound doppler scans can diagnose UAPs in the immediate and later postpartum period. This case report highlights UAP management using minimally invasive interventions for fertility preservation. Case A 21-year-old woman presented on post-operative day 10 following a primary cesarean section with heavy vaginal bleeding and a UAP was confirmed on doppler sonography. A multidisciplinary approach determined the optimal management taking the patient's fertility into consideration. Initially, the UAP was injected directly with thrombin under ultrasound guidance. However, due to a subsequent hemorrhage, a uterine artery embolization was performed. Conclusion Recognition of UAP is critical in the management of postpartum vaginal bleeding. Patient goals should be balanced with the severity of UAPs to determine optimal management.
Long-term competing risks for overall and cause-specific failure of rotating-hinge distal femoral arthroplasty for tumour reconstruction.

Aims Rotating-hinge knee prostheses are commonly used to reconstruct the distal femur after resection of a tumour, despite the projected long-term burden of reoperation due to complications. Few st...
Combining Model-Based Design and Model-Free Policy Optimization to Learn Safe, Stabilizing Controllers

Abstract This paper introduces a framework for learning a safe, stabilizing controller for a system with unknown dynamics using model-free policy optimization algorithms. Using a nominal dynamics model, the user specifies a candidate Control Lyapunov Function (CLF) around the desired operating point, and specifies the desired safe-set using a Control Barrier Function (CBF). Using penalty methods from the optimization literature, we then develop a family of policy optimization problems which attempt to minimize control effort while satisfying the pointwise constraints used to specify the CLF and CBF. We demonstrate that when the penalty terms are scaled correctly, the optimization prioritizes the maintenance of safety over stability, and stability over optimality. We discuss how standard reinforcement learning algorithms can be applied to the problem, and validate the approach through simulation. We then illustrate how the approach can be applied to a class of hybrid models commonly used in the dynamic walking literature, and use it to learn safe, stable walking behavior over a randomly spaced sequence of stepping stones.
Abstract MP92: Changes in Ectopic Fat are Associated with Changes in Adipokines in Healthy, Overweight/Obese Young Adults

Background: Excess ectopic fat has been associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, which may partially stem from changes in adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. Prior studies have demonstrated that increased leptin and decreased adiponectin are associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI), but few have examined changes in adipokines related to changes in ectopic fat. We hypothesized that in healthy overweight and obese young adults, a decrease in ectopic fat will be associated with decreased levels of leptin and increased levels of adiponectin. Methods: We analyzed 244 subjects participating in the Slow Adverse Vascular Effects (SAVE) study, a randomized trial of a behavioral weight loss intervention in 349 overweight and obese (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) men and women ages 20-45 years. Subjects underwent a CT scan of their abdomen and left thigh to quantify their amount of visceral (VAT) and intramuscular (IMAT) adipose tissue at baseline and 12 months. Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were also measured at baseline and 12 months. We generated variables for the change in VAT, IMAT, adiponectin and leptin by subtracting 12-month from baseline values. To evaluate the association between changes in serum adipokine (dependent variable) levels with changes in VAT and left thigh IMAT (independent variables), we performed a series of multiple linear regression analyses controlling for: 1) age, sex, race and 2) previous variables + change in BMI tertile. Results: The mean age at baseline was 38 ± 6 years; 181 (74.5%) subjects were female; and 198 (81.5%) were white. Mean VAT at baseline was 115.27 ± 53.58 cm2 with a mean decrease of 17.54 ± 36.71 cm2 at 12 months. Mean left thigh IMAT was 12.76 ± 4.87 cm2 at baseline with a mean decrease of 5.05 ± 3.20 cm2 at 12 months. Serum adiponectin was 11.90 ± 6.15 μg/mL at baseline, with a mean increase of 0.14 ± 3.79 μg/mL at 12 months. Serum leptin was 25.11 ± 13.38 μg/mL at baseline, with a mean decrease of 4.26 ± 10.71μg/mL at 12 months. After adjusting for age, sex, and race, a decrease in VAT was significantly associated with an increase in adiponectin (P=0.010) and decrease in leptin (P Conclusion: A decrease in ectopic fat was associated with an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in leptin in young overweight/obese adults after adjusting for age, sex, and race. This underscores the metabolic activity of ectopic fat and supports the role of adiponectin and leptin as mediators of cardiometabolic risk.
Situational analysis of varying models of adherence support and loss to follow up rates; findings from 27 treatment facilities in eight resource limited countries.

Summary Objectives Large-scale provision of ART in the absence of viral load monitoring, resistance testing, and limited second-line treatment options places adherence support as a vital therapeutic intervention. We aimed to compare patient loss to follow up rates with the degree of adherence support through a retrospective review of patients enrolled in the AIDSRelief program between August 2004 and June 2005. Methods Loss to follow up data were analysed and programs were categorised into one of four tiered levels of adherence support models: Tier I, II, III, and IV which increase from lowest to highest support. Bivariate and t-test analyses were used to test for significant differences between the models. Results 13,391 patients at 27 treatment facilities from six African and two Caribbean countries began antiretroviral therapy within the first year of the AIDSRelief program. The mean loss to follow up within the first year was 7.5%. Eight facilities were Tier I, three (Tier II), nine (Tier III), and seven (Tier IV). Facilities in Tier I had a loss to follow up rate of 14%, Tier II (10%), Tier III (5%), and Tier IV (1%). The proportion of loss to follow up for Tier I and Tier III were significantly different from each other (P < 0.02), as were Tier I and Tier IV (P < 0.006). There were differences between Tier II and Tier IV (P < 0.009) as well as Tier III and Tier IV (P < 0.017). Conclusion These data strongly support the use of proactive adherence support programs, beyond routine patient counselling and defaulter tracking to support the’public health approach’to ART.
A vague demonstration

Poindexter points and asserts `That is Clinton'. But it is vague as to whether he pointed at Clinton or pointed at the more salient man, Gore. Since the vagueness only occurs at the level of reference fixing, the content of the identity proposition is precise. Indeed, it is either a necessary truth or a necessary falsehood. Since Poindexter's utterance has a hidden truth value by virtue of vagueness, it increases the plausibility of epistemicism. Epistemicism says that vague statements have hidden truth values. If a precise statement can have a hidden truth value conferred indirectly by vaguesness, then a vague statement can have a hidden truth value directly by its own vagueness.
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome: Presenting and Follow-up Characteristics (S19.003)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of symptoms and etiologies of patients with Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AWS) (change in one’s body size) and AW-like syndrome (AWLS) (extrapersonal illusions) at presentation and to determine their prognosis. BACKGROUND: Alice in Wonderland is an uncommon condition. There is very little published from any large cohort re: presenting and followup characteristics DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart review and telephone interview. Charts of children diagnosed with AWS by a pediatric neuro-ophthalmologist between July 1993 to July 2013 were reviewed. Patients seen prior to 2012, or their parents, were contacted for follow-up information. RESULTS: 48 patients (avg. age 8.1 years) diagnosed with AWS/AWLS were identified. Common visual symptoms were micropsia (69%), teleopsia (50%), macropsia (25%), metamorphopsia (15%), and pelopsia (10%). MRI and EEGs were unrevealing in 21/21 and 23/23 cases respectively. The etiology was infection in 33% and migraine and head trauma in 6% each. No cause was found in 52%. Of the 15 patients with follow-up, 20% had a few more events of AWS/AWLS which eventually stopped after initial diagnosis, 40% had no more events, and 40% were still having AWS/AWLS symptoms at the time of the interview, while 4 (27%) developed migraines and 1 (7%) seizures since the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: AWS/AWLS typically affects young children, and the most common visual complaints are micropsia and teleopsia. The most common cause is infection, but half of cases have no obvious etiology. MRI and EEG are unhelpful. Usually symptoms of AWS/AWLS stop eventually, but in over one third of the cases, they continue. One third of patients without a history of migraine may subsequently develop migraine. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Liu has received personal compensation for activities with Ipsen as a consultant. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose.
Polls and Elections The New Deal Realignment in Real Time

Right after the 1936 election the Gallup Poll began probing party identification. From then on until 1952, when the National Election Studies entered the field, nearly 200 surveys produced measurements of partisanship in the American electorate. We exploit this largely unexplored data set to examine the partisan transformation commonly called the New Deal Realignment in real time. It turns out that it was not until the late 1940s that the Democratic Party secured an enduring hold on the American electorate. The New Deal and the Depression had less to do with this change than did World War II and the postwar prosperity. The lead cohort of the Democratic surge in party identification was the generation that came of age during the 1940s, not the 1930s. The findings suggest that a historic crisis or a new policy program may not be enough to realign partisanship in the electorate but that it takes the success of the ascendant party in mastering historic crises.
Inter‐annual variability of wind indices across Europe

There is considerable interest in the potential impact of climate change on the feasibility and predictability of renewable energy sources, including wind energy. However, relatively little research has been conducted to assess the historical variability of wind energy density across different spatial scales or the degree to which one can derive robust projections of future wind energy density. This article presents analyses of the historical variability of annual wind indices across Europe to provide a context for possible future scenarios, as well as possible tools for use in developing prognoses that are suitable for application to output from global climate models. There is a high degree of covariance and inter-annual variability of wind indices in northern European countries. Reanalysis data sets suggest that the axis about which the correlations of latitudinally integrated wind indices over Europe change sign is approximately 45°N and that there is evidence of compensating trends in wind energy indices north and south of this latitude. Climate projections from HadCM3 do not indicate evidence for changes in the spatial and temporal variability of annual wind indices, but these results are rather uncertain owing to biases in the variability of wind indices derived from HadCM3 output. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted norm inequalities for geometric fractional maximal operators

For 0 ≤α < ∞ let Tαf denote one of the operators $$M_{\alpha ,0} f(x) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{I \mathrel\backepsilon x} \left| I \right|^\alpha \exp \left( {\frac{1}{{\left| I \right|}}\int_I {\log \left| f \right|} } \right),M_{\alpha ,0}^* f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \searrow 0} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{I \mathrel\backepsilon x} \left| I \right|^\alpha \left( {\frac{1}{{\left| I \right|}}\int_I {\left| f \right|^r } } \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 r}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} r}} .$$ We characterize the pairs of weights (u, v) for which Tα is a bounded operator from Lp(v) to Lq(u), 0 0 the norm inequalities for α=0 in [4, 16]. As an application we give lower bounds for convolutions ϕ ⋆ f, where ϕ is a radially decreasing function.
Corticosteroid therapy does not prevent nephritis in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Nephritis occurs in 20%–50% of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), and the onset of renal involvement may be delayed for weeks or months in a substantial proportion of patients. The present study was performed to determine whether corticosteroid therapy was effective in preventing delayed nephritis in children with HSP. The medical records of 69 children with HSP were reviewed. Nineteen patients had acute nephritis occurring from 1–12 days after the onset of other signs and symptoms. The remaining 50 patients had no evidence of acute renal involvement. Of these 50 patients, 20 were treated during the acute phase of the illness with corticosteroids, while 30 never received corticosteroid therapy. Delayed nephritis (>3 weeks following an initial normal urinalysis) occurred in 4 of 20 (20%) patients who received prior corticosteroid treatment, and in 6 of 30 (20%) patients who were not treated. These results indicate that early corticosteroid therapy does not prevent delayed nephritis in children with HSP.
Decision procedure based discovery of rare behaviors in Stochastic Differential Equation models of biological systems

Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) models are often used to model the dynamics of complex biological systems. The stochastic nature of these models means that some behaviors are more likely than others. It is often the case that a model's primary purpose is to study rare but interesting or important behaviors, such as the formation of a tumor, or the failure of a cyber-physical system. Unfortunately, due to the limited availability of analytic methods for SDEs, stochastic simulations are the most common means for estimating (or bounding) the probability of rare behaviors. Naturally, the cost of stochastic simulations increases with the rarity of the behavior under consideration. To address this problem, we introduce a new algorithm, RESERCHE, that is specifically designed to quantify the likelihood of rare but interesting behaviors in SDE models. Our approach relies on the use of temporal logics for specifying rare behaviors of possible interest, and on the ability of bit-vector decision procedures to reason exhaustively about fixed precision arithmetic. We also compute the probability of an observed behavior under the assumption of Gaussian noise.
A millimeter-wave monolithic grid amplifier

A 36-element monolithic grid amplifier has been fabricated. The peak gain is 5 dB at 40.8 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.4 GHz. The active elements are pairs of heterojunction-bipolar-transistor's (HBT's). The individual transistors in the grid have a maximum oscillation frequency,fmax, of 100 GHz. The grid includes base stabilizing capacitors which result in a highly stable grid. This is the first report of a successful monolithic grid amplifier.
Broad Scleral Buckle in the Management of Retinal Detachments with Giant Tears

One of us (T.R.S.) operated on 24 patients with 26 retinal detachments caused by giant tears between 1969 and 1975 with the use of a broad silicone implant and diathermy. Minimum follow-up was six months. The technique included a scleral dissection extending at least three circumferential rows of diathermy posterior to the folded edge of the retinal flap, up onto the ora serrata, and two hours of the clock beyond each end of the tear. The retina was intentionally incarcerated on the buckle when subretinal fluid was drained. Sixty-nine percent of the cases were successfully reattached. If those patients with radial tears extending from the circumferential tears to the disk were excluded, the success rate rose to 75%. Seventeen percent of the successful reattachments required a second scleral buckle operation. Giant tears with radial tears extending to the disk, tears greater than 180 degrees, and immobile posteriorly everted flaps were poor prognostic signs. Thirty-five percent of the eyes with giant tears and a detachment had other holes or tears in the retina of that eye.
The Proposed Contagion Effect of Hopeful Leaders on the Resiliency of Employees and Organizations

Hope has often been misunderstood and underestimated as a potentially powerful human capacity. Traditionally, hope has too often been dismissed as a whimsical and abstract concept that could not be...
Study of the chiral behavior of ⇄↩ in quenched QCD

Abstract The QCD phase transition is studied on 323 × 8 quenched lattices. One expects from simple arguments that the quenched chiral condensate should diverge as the chiral limit is approached. Previous studies have not been able to observe this behavior, perhaps due to relatively large lattice spacings used. The topic is revisited here on Nt = 8 lattices, where the physical spacing is approximately (2 GeV)−1.
Lysosomal lipolytic enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and injury.

We have used highly purified lysosomes to investigate three models of hydrolytic injury by lysosomal phospholipases. Lysosomes, enriched up to 70-fold in marker enzyme activities, can be isolated from homogenized hepatic tissue by differential centrifugation and subsequent free flow electrophoresis. These organelles remain latent and can also be utilized to obtain ‘lysosol’, the soluble fraction of the lysosomes tissue containing acid active phospholipases. The first model investigated the effect of lysosol on non-lysosomal membranes. When this soluble fraction was incubated with plasmalemma (sarcolemma) from cardiac cells, selective hydrolysis of the phospholipids was observed: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin were the preferred substrates, and only lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine accumulated in significant amounts. Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin was enhanced significantly by Triton-X-100. In the second model, when intact lysosomes were incubated at acid pH, hydrolysis of phospholipids by the endogenous lipases was observed. Once again this lipolysis was specific for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin: significant amounts of lysophospholipids also accumulated in this model. Concurrent with these lipid changes, an increase in lysosomal permeability also occurred and pH 5.0 was optimal for this lipolytic activity. However, no phospholipase activity was detected when lysosomes were incubated at pH ranges found in acidotic tissue (pH 6.0 or higher). In the third model, lysosomes were incubated at pH 6.0 in the presence of exogenously generated free radicals (dihydroxyfumarate-FeADP). A rapid loss of membrane phospholipids was observed, and most of this loss could be contributed to peroxidation of membrane phospholipids; the production of malondialdehyde preceded loss of N-acetylglucosaminidase from the lysosome. However, significant accumulation of lysophospholipids, from 2% at control time to 6.6 and 8.7% at 10 and 20 minutes, suggested that lysosomal phospholipase were hydrolyzing lysosomal phospholipids. Thus, we hypothesize that this ‘free radical-induced lipolysis’ is a result of peroxidized phospholipids serving as preferred substrate for phospholipases at pH 6.0.
Myxosporida (Protozoa): The determination and maintenance of spore size and shape

Abstract Data are presented which suggest that the size of fish myxosporidan spores is primarily determined by the parasite's development in the tissues or organ's cavities and the spore's shape is determined by the presence of physiologically and behaviorally suitable fish.
Examination of the Biasing Properties of Cronbach Coefficient Alpha under Conditions of Varying Shapes of Data Distribution: A Monte Carlo Simulation:

The biasing properties of Cronbach alpha in fixed-format tests were examined in a Monte Carlo simulation under conditions of varying shapes of data distribution. The distributions of data examined were normal (3, 1), uniform (1, 5), skewness biased, Kurtosis biased (leptokurtic), and U-shaped. Analysis indicated that alpha was significantly different from zero under the normal and uniform distributions; however, negative interitem correlations and marginal SDs might have been responsible for that effect. The magnitude of alpha was negligible so it is suggested that researchers can use alpha with data having various distributional properties.
The fluorocarbon-ozone theory—I. Production and release—world production and release of CCl3F and CCl2F2 (fluorocarbons 11 and 12) through 1975

Abstract Total world production of CCl 3 F and CCl 2 F 2 is estimated to be 3,430 million kilograms and 5,080 million kilograms, respectively, from the start of commercial production through the end of 1975. Total release to the atmosphere is calculated for each compound based on the sales breakdown obtained from fluorocarbon producers representing 95% of world production. Total world release to the atmosphere by the end of 1975 is 2,930 million kilograms of CCl 3 F and 4,400 million kilograms of CCl 2 F 2 .
Stress-strength reliability for designs based on large historic values of stress

Abstract Some new ideas and thoughts concerning the definition and calculation of reliability for stress-strength models for failure are presented. In particular, calculations are carried out and statistical inference is made for systems whose design is made on the basis of the past data with emphasis on extremes and excesses. This is done based on the observation that for such designs reliability estimation can be viewed as the statistical problem of comparing future values, with large values of the past for a single distribution. It is discussed that this approach could particularly prove useful when no basis exists for assuming any specific distributions for either stress or strength or both, but when design is made or experimentation has been performed yielding sufficient information to assume a certain functional relationship between distributions for stress and strength. Some ideas from information theory are also brought in to provide a guideline for defining reliability on the basis of an “equivalent” system. Finally, a simple demonstrating example is also included using a set of published data.
Diversity in transcriptional start site selection and alternative splicing affects the 5′-UTR of mouse striated muscle myosin transcripts

We have analyzed nearly 2,000 myosin heavy chain gene (Myh) clones representing over 30 different transcripts from seven of eight striated muscle Myh genes expressed in mouse. We also report the transcriptional start sites (TSS) for the mouse developmental Myh genes. The data reveal a previously unknown diversity of TSSs and 5'-end alternative splicing in these transcripts. The cardiac Myh6 gene had two major TSSs. Use of the major downstream site led to an alternatively spliced second exon. Each of the other Myh genes had one major TATA-directed TSS and one or more minor alternative TSSs, some associated with alternative splicing. The minor transcripts were associated with polysomes and their spatial-temporal expression largely mirrored that of the major transcripts in wild-type, Myh1 null, Myh4 null, injured, and uninjured muscle, except that one form of Myh7, detected in heart, was not detected in diaphragm, and the ratio of the two major Myh6 transcripts varied in some circumstances. These findings indicate that alternative TSS usage and alternative splicing in the 5'-UTR are a general feature of murine Myh gene expression and that Myh gene regulation is more complex than previously appreciated.
Proteases and cellular regulation in plants

Protein degradation is accomplished by a diverse collection of proteases. Recent studies have illustrated the importance of proteolysis in the control of many aspects of cellular regulation from photosynthesis to photomorphogenesis. In addition, new results point to a role for proteolysis in programmed cell death, circadian rhythm, and defense response in plants.
Autonomic neurotransmitters modulate immunoglobulin A secretion in porcine colonic mucosa

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays a crucial role in mucosal surface defense. We tested the hypothesis that colonic sIgA secretion is under enteric neural control. Immunohistochemistry of the porcine distal colonic mucosa revealed presumptive cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers apposed to secretory component (SC)-positive crypt epithelial cells and neighboring IgA+ plasmacytes. The cholinomimetic drug carbamylcholine elicited rapid, atropine-sensitive IgA secretion into the luminal fluid bathing mucosal explants mounted in Ussing chambers. The adrenergic receptor agonist norepinephrine also increased IgA secretion, an action inhibited by phentolamine. These effects were independent of agonist-induced anion secretion. In Western blots of luminal fluid, both agonists increased the density of protein bands co-immunoreactive for IgA and SC. Mucosal exposure to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli did not affect IgA secretion, and carbamylcholine treatment did not affect mucosal adherence of this enteropathogen. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine, acting respectively through muscarinic cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the colonic mucosa, stimulate sIgA secretion and may enhance mucosal defense in vivo.
Variations in entrepreneurship

This article is written in the style of a “bildungsroman,” a fictional autobiographical “coming of age story” about the author’s experiences of his beginning to recognize the: great diversity of entrepreneurs, many types of startup firms, multiple ways entrepreneurs go about starting firms, and innumerable situations in which entrepreneurial activity takes place. In this remembrance of things past, the author realizes: the phenomenological underpinnings of his understanding of entrepreneurship, his belief in the primacy of facts as the arbiter of theory, that his theory predisposed him to look only for certain kinds of facts and ignore others which then makes theory paradoxically the arbiter of the facts found, and, finally, that knowledge is hard won and wisdom elusive.
Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in End-Stage Renal Disease

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prophylaxis patterns for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients admitted through the emergency department (ED). METHODS ESRD patients admitted through the ED in an urban teaching hospital were enrolled in this observational cohort. Admissions through the ED were reviewed as part of a VTE prophylaxis utilization analysis. Patients with moderate to high risk for VTE based on a modified risk assessment model were considered in need of prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was defined as medical (heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin) or mechanical prophylaxis. Readmissions during the following year were monitored through an electronic database for thrombosis-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. RESULTS Thirty patients met enrollment criteria. Twenty of the 30 patients (67%) were at moderate or higher risk for VTE and considered in need of VTE prophylaxis; 6 patients (30%) were actively prophylaxed. High risk was associated with a lower probability of appropriate prophylaxis (p < 0.04). Three patients (10%) had a clotting-related outcome. CONCLUSIONS The 30% rate of VTE prophylaxis in the ESRD group is consistent with the general prophylaxis rate. Lower-risk patients appropriately received no treatment, whereas treatment was omitted in high-risk ESRD patients. The observed rate of 10% thrombosis-related diagnoses may underestimate the actual thrombosis rate.
Polyethylene glycol penetration into clay films: real time experiments

Abstract The real time uptake of polyethylene glycol (PEG) into montmorillonite thin films is tracked by absorbance and clay-modified electrodes. The data indicate that there is a discontinuity in behavior observed between 600 and 1600 PEG related to the size of the PEG as compared to the interlayer dimensions within the clay film. Lower molecular weight PEG penetrate rapidly with little impact on co-diffusing probe molecules. At later times, the PEG slows penetration of the co-diffusing probe. Larger molecular weight PEG penetrate more slowly at all stages. In the initial stage the higher molecular weight species tend to disrupt the clay films, accelerating penetration of the co-diffusing probe molecule. Decrease in diffusion of the co-diffusing probe molecule is related to the formation of PEG domains within the interlayer region of the clay.
Heterogeneity of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin α-Subunit Secreted by Cultured Choriocarcinoma (JEG) Cells

The cultured human choriocarcinoma cell line, JEG-clone 3, secretes substantial quantities of both biologically active hCG and an immunoreactive α-subunit (JEG-α). This study is concerned with a comparative characterization, using RIA, of the chromatographic properties (via gel exclusion and isoelectric focusing) of JEG-α and standard urinary hCG-α. Most of the molecules comprising the JEG-α fraction have an apparent molecular weight greater than that of hCG-α. Both hCG-α and JEG-α exhibit heterogeneity on electrofocusing. However, JEGa contains a major component with an isoelectric pH (pi) of 4.8; this is a minor component, if present at all, in hCG-α. The JEGa pi 4.8 component chromatographs with an apparent molecular weight greater than hCG-α, while a minor JEG-α pi 7.0 component chromatographs with an apparent molecular weight similar to that of the standard. Heterogeneity is expected in the carbohydrate moieties of the glycoprotein hormone subunits. Results of studies on the incorporation of 14C- and...
Separating subdivision of bicycle wheel inequalities over cut polytopes

In this paper, we give a separation algorithm for a class of valid inequalities for cut polytopes and report the upper bound of the maximum cut problem obtained by separating over this class of inequalities in some computational experiments.
Risky Firearms Behavior in Low-Income Families of Elementary School Children: The Impact of Poverty, Fear of Crime, and Crime Victimization on Keeping and Storing Firearms

This report examines possession and storage of firearms in low-income urban families with at least one child between 8 and 12 years of age. The data primarily consisted of responses to a survey administered to parents, but these data were supplemented by records obtained from discussion groups composed of children between 8 and 12 years of age. The data were collected from five low-income neighborhoods in a medium sized city in the Pacific Northwest as part of a larger study focusing on the presence of risk factors for substance abuse, violence, and gang activity. All five neighborhoods are known to be plagued by poverty, violence, substance abuse, and gang activity. To make our findings more understandable, we compared our findings from these neighborhoods to similar data from a middle-class neighborhood. Middle-class parents were twice as likely to have firearms in their homes, but were much less likely to keep them loaded and/or unlocked. High rates of victimization, fear of crime, self-protective behavior, and exposure to threats or attacks were associated with keeping firearms for protection and engaging in risky gun behavior in the home.
New aspects of diphenylbutadiene photochemistry. Regiospecific hula-twist photoisomerization.

In EPA glass at liquid nitrogen temperature, the E,E isomer of diphenylbutadiene (DPB) was photostable, while both the Z,E and Z,Z isomers underwent selective HT isomerization at center 1 giving the stable conformer of the double-bond isomerized trans product. That HT-1 was involved rather than the OBF process was shown by results of o,o‘-dimethyl-DPB. Formation of unstable trans product corresponded to simultaneous configurational and conformational isomerization. The regioselectivity was found not sensitive to a substituent effect, as shown by the similar reactivity in p,p‘- or o,o‘-bistrifluoromethyl-DPB.
Multibody Effects in Ion Binding and Selectivity

Selective binding of ions to biomolecules plays a vital role in numerous biological processes. To understand the specific role of induced effects in selective ion binding, we use quantum chemical and pairwise-additive force-field simulations to study Na+ and K+ binding to various small molecules representative of ion binding functional groups in biomolecules. These studies indicate that electronic polarization significantly contributes to both absolute and relative ion-binding affinities. Furthermore, this contribution depends on both the number and the specific chemistries of the coordinating molecules, thus highlighting the complexity of ion-ligand interactions. Specifically, multibody interactions reduce as well as enhance the dipole moments of the ion-coordinating molecules, thereby affecting observables like coordination number distributions of ions. The differential polarization induced in molecules coordinating these two equivalently charged, but different-sized, ions also depends upon the number of coordinating molecules, showing the importance of multibody effects in distinguishing these ions thermodynamically. Because even small differences in ionic radii (0.4 A for Na+ and K+) produce differential polarization trends critical to distinguishing ions thermodynamically, it is likely that polarization plays an important role in thermodynamically distinguishing other ions and charged chemical and biological functional groups.
Updating of the spatial reference frame of head direction cells in response to locomotion in the vertical plane

Many species navigate in three dimensions and are required to maintain accurate orientation while moving in an Earth vertical plane. Here we explored how head direction (HD) cells in the rat antero...
Family change, caste, and the elderly in a rural locale in Nepal

This study reports research conducted in a rural Nepalese Hindu Community to examine three questions: (1) the nature of family structure of the elderly roughly 4 decades ago; (2) whether the family structure at that time was the same for high and low castes; and (3) whether the past situation differs from that today. Four decades ago 78% of elderly high caste males were living in the ideal Hindu joint family structure compared with only 24% of the low castes. Today just 50% of the high castes and 42% of the low castes live in joint families. The difference in the past derives from access to and control over economic resources. Economic changes since 1950 have increased access to economic resources and altered the family structure of the high castes but not the low castes.
Flow of spatially non-uniform suspensions. Part III: Closure relations for porous media and spinning particles

The methods developed in the earlier papers of this series are applied to the systematic derivation of averaged equations for two situations: slow viscous flow past a system of rigid spheres fixed in space (which may be considered as approximating a porous medium), and the flow induced by a system of fixed spheres all spinning with the same angular velocity. When the same closure relations used in the earlier papers are applied, it is found that the closure coefficients are different. This finding implies that broadly applicable closure relations expressed solely in terms of volume fraction, velocities, and pressure (as usually found in models of the `two-fluid' type) are insufficient: it must be that one or more additional variables need to be specified to achieve some degree of universality independent of the particular flow considered. It is also shown that the difficulties in the prescription of the viscosity parameter for use in the Brinkman equation derive from the fact that the correct parameter is actually the combination of two different viscosities that accidentally end up combined into a single term when the particles are fixed.
Results of the CRCC Informal RDA Testing Task Force

This article summarizes the informal Resource Description and Access (RDA) testing done by twenty-five continuing resources catalogers under the auspices of the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) Continuing Resources Section's Continuing Resources Cataloging Committee.
Development and test of a real-time wave measurement system with an Acoustic Waves and Current Profiler

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) currently maintains twenty operational Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS®) observatories throughout United States coastal regions. To expand its measurement capabilities, CO-OPS recently developed and tested a real-time wave measurement system featuring a Nortek 1-MHz Acoustic Waves and Current Profiler (AWAC). The test system consisted of a bottom platform assembly and a surface communications buoy. The bottom assembly contained the AWAC, a LinkQuest omnidirectional acoustic bottom modem, batteries, and a Benthos acoustic release with tethered pop-up float. The surface buoy supported a LinkQuest acoustic surface modem, an Iridium communication system, solar cells, battery, GPS receiver, and temperature and voltage sensors. A 35-day field test of this real-time wave system was conducted from June 16 through July 20, 2011, in shallow water (19 m) Atlantic Ocean region approximately 10 nautical miles off of the coast of Virginia. The site was in close proximity (approximately 190 m) to a Datawell Waverider buoy that is maintained by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP). During the field test, bulk wave parameters, including significant wave height and average wave period, were transmitted real-time every 30 minutes. Raw data recorded internally on the AWAC included ‘burst’ samples of 2048, 2-Hz values, collected every half hour. After the AWAC was recovered at the end of the field test, raw data were downloaded and used to calculate half hourly power spectra, both non-directional and directional. The resulting field test data were used to compare measurements from the AWAC and Datawell Waverider. A description of the real-time AWAC waves system and field test performance is presented, along with a comparison of AWAC versus Datawell buoy measurements for both half hourly wave bulk parameters and frequency spectra.