cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Rules

Wittgenstein's Slogan and the later Wittgenstein In Chapter 3, we outlined a strategy of opposition to Referential Realism. In pursuit of that strategy we committed ourselves in chapter 4 to a defence of what we there called Wittgenstein's Slogan: “Logic must take care of itself.” We took the Slogan to be equivalent to the proposal that all “logical” questions, taking “logical” in a sense broad enough to include all questions of the meaning and reference of terms, must be capable of being settled antecedently to the assignment of truth or falsity to any contingent proposition. And we began our defence by attempting to show, in Chapters 5–7, that the ability to refer by means of a proper name does not depend on a speaker's knowing any contingent truth concerning the entity to which he refers, but only on his knowing-how to participate in some selection of the array of socially instituted practices, maintained with the general object of keeping track of items by means of their names, which we called the Name-Tracking Network. We have assumed, in short, that what is required to implement Wittgenstein's Slogan, once it is removed from its original context in the phase of Wittgenstein's thought that culminated in the Tractatus , is some way of representing what is known in knowing a language as knowledge-how, not knowledge-that: knowledge of the workings of practices, not knowledge of the truth of propositions.
Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women.

Recent data show shifts in genetic and environmental influences on emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with significant shared environmental influences during pre-ovulation and primarily g...
Exploring genomic databases for in silico discovery of Pht1 genes in high syntenic close related grass species with focus in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

Abstract The genomic sequences available at several public databases and the local alignments allow a fast and accurate search for nucleotide homology among different species, revealing the structure, composition and function of nucleotides and amino acids. The Phosphate Transporter 1 gene family (Pht1) has crucial role in several metabolic processes from plants and has been identified in different crops. Here, the CDS sequence of 28 Pht1 genes described for Oryza sativa , Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana were used to identify nine homologous sequences in Sorghum bicolor and Setaria italica and the S. bicolor sequences were used as reference to guide the identification of those homologous sequences in Saccharum spp. Using five different libraries of paired-end Illumina reads, nine sugarcane genes (ScPht1) were assembled and the rate of gene recover, the average of gene length, the sequencing depth and the GC content were estimated in 93.72%, 2053 bp, 16.08X and 58.70%, respectively. Putative SNPs and microsatellites loci were found for those ScPht1 genes and three of them seem to be under positive selection pressure. A phylogenetic tree corroborates with orthology relationship among Saccharum spp., O. sativa and Z. mays genes, emphasizing the levels of synteny described for grass species. This study discuss the potential use of homology in genomic studies as one of the most useful tools for gene discovery and annotation, illustrating how useful is the exploitation of public databases for gene identification and characterization, allowing further gene manipulation in crop improvements.
Compositional differences among female-associated and embryo-associated microbiota of the viviparous Pacific Beetle cockroach, Diploptera punctata

All cockroach species, except one, harbor the endosymbiont Blattabacterium, transmitted from females to embryos. Adult cockroaches acquire non-Blattabacterium bacteria as part of their gut microbiota over time, but our knowledge of the possible transmission of these non-Blattabacterium bacteria from females to embryos is rudimentary. We characterized the gut microbiota of gravid viviparous Diploptera punctata females and the non-Blattabacterium microbiota of associated developing embryos, as well as the gut microbiota of non-gravid females, and the microbiota of orphan embryos (females not included), following high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to assess bacterial transference. We determined significant differences in community composition between gravid females and associated embryos and overall greater similarity in community composition among embryos than adult females. Results suggest various routes of transference of bacteria from females or the environment to embryos. The bacterial families Halomonadaceae and Shewanellaceae were more abundant in embryos than in gravid females. The functional relevance of these families remains to be elucidated, but provisioning of amino acids deficient in the brood sac secretion is a possibility. Overall, our results highlight the need for further studies investigating the uptake and selective screening of microbes by D. punctata embryos, as well as their functions.
Graded prognostic assessment index for breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BCBM).

2096 Background: The Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) is a commonly used prognostic index based on RTOG protocols in patients with brain metastases (BM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate...
Orbital Cellulitis in Cancer Patients

Cancer patients present with a unique set of anatomic, physiologic, and treatment-related conditions that may result in infections including orbital cellulitis. These patients are more prone for infections due to immunosuppression caused either by the cancer itself or due to the treatments they are undergoing for their cancer. Tumor-induced, surgery-induced, and radiation-induced changes to the orbital and facial tissues can also contribute to the development of orbital cellulitis. In this chapter, we review the etiology and management of orbital cellulitis in cancer patients and review masquerade syndromes and treatment-induced inflammatory conditions that may mimic this condition.
Epitaxial growth of high quality SrFeO3 films on (001) oriented (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7

The growth of strontium ferrite SrFeO3 films with a stoichiometry of (1:1:3) is challenging as the unstable Fe4+ oxidation state favors the formation of O vacancies. Here, we report the layer by layer growth of SrFeO3 on (001) oriented (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 using ozone assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Upon cooling from room temperature, the film's resistivity decreased from 750 μΩ cm to 150 μΩ cm, as low as the best single crystals, with two identifiable transition points near 110 K and 60 K in resistivity measurements, being hysteretic between cooling and warming through the 60 K transition. During various annealing steps, the low temperature resistivity changes by orders of magnitude, accompanied by an increase in the c-axis lattice parameter. The hysteresis near 60 K persists for a wide range of annealing conditions. We have identified conditions under which changes due to annealing can be reversed. We attribute changes in resistivity and the out of plane lattice parameter to the reversible movemen...
Deciphering a case of pulmonary hypertension in a young female: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage the culprit

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD) is a rare congenital cardiac defect and is associated with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. While most cases are asymptomatic, a patient can present with pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) and it can be difficult to diagnose. Here, we discuss the case of a young female with PHTN who was found to have two right-sided PAPVD. Through this case, authors try to emphasize the importance of meticulous and thorough investigation when evaluating PHTN, which allows for correct diagnosis and a timely intervention before PHTN becomes irreversible.
A study of association of Oncotype DX recurrence score with DCE-MRI characteristics using multivariate machine learning models.

To determine whether multivariate machine learning models of algorithmically assessed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features from breast cancer patients are associated with Oncotype DX (ODX) test recurrence scores. A set of 261 female patients with invasive breast cancer, pre-operative dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) images and available ODX score at our institution was identified. A computer algorithm extracted a comprehensive set of 529 features from the DCE-MR images of these patients. The set of patients was divided into a training set and a test set. Using the training set we developed two machine learning-based models to discriminate (1) high ODX scores from intermediate and low ODX scores, and (2) high and intermediate ODX scores from low ODX scores. The performance of these models was evaluated on the independent test set. High against low and intermediate ODX scores were predicted by the multivariate model with AUC 0.77 (95% CI 0.56–0.98, p < 0.003). Low against intermediate and high ODX score was predicted with AUC 0.51 (95% CI 0.41–0.61, p = 0.75). A moderate association between imaging and ODX score was identified. The evaluated models currently do not warrant replacement of ODX with imaging alone.
Water-in-oil-in-water emulsion obtained by glass microfluidic device for protection and heat-triggered release of natural pigments

Anthocyanins and norbixin are natural pigments used in food; however, they are unstable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microencapsulation technique to protect these pigments. Elderberry extract (source of anthocyanins) and norbixin were encapsulated using a microfluidic device with palm oil as middle phase in a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. The formulations were characterized for morphology, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, color release under heating, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, and color stability under different conditions. Spherical, mononucleated microcapsules, with particle size of 187-190 μm (elderberry) and 164-184 μm (norbixin), and with encapsulation efficiencies values of 47.80-54.87% (elderberry) and 49.18-74.73% (norbixin) were obtained. The formulations showed high color retention, with the encapsulated elderberry extract stored at pH 3.0 being the most stable. This study shows that the microencapsulation of these pigments using a microfluidic device provided protection, and represents a new method for anthocyanins and norbixin delivery in foods.
Varicella zoster encephalitis, cranial nerve neuropathies, and takotsubo syndrome: delving further into the pathogenesis

Editor – I read with great interest the communication by Bennett and Iqbal,[1][1] published in Clinical Medicine , about the 68-year-old woman with takotsubo syndrome (TTS) secondary to a varicella zoster encephalitis (VZE), and the arduous work of the authors in diagnosing and managing her
R&D and Technology Licensing in Brazilian Production

Recent liberalization of technology flows in several less developed nations necessitates study into the possible effects of this significant shift in policy. This paper uses a unique firm-level dataset, modeling the choice between R&D expenditures and technology licensing behavior in Brazil, explicitly considering corner solutions using the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Extending the results found elsewhere in the literature, econometric estimation of simultaneous input demand for capital, labor and both types of technology acquisition reveals that while very small firms see technology licensing and R&D as contemporaneous substitutes, firms of moderate to large size treat them as complements. Each firm's licensing experience also plays a key role in the decision.
Studies on the Inactivated Coenzyme in the Beta Subform of Cytosolic Aspartate Aminotransferase

A major product released by heat from the 340 nm chromophore of the beta subform of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase has been identified conclusively as pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate. The N-phosphopyridoxyl derivative of 5-oxoproline has been identified as a minor product. We suggest that the beta chromophore is a stabilized ketimine that can isomerize to an aldimine and release, in part, pyridoxal phosphate at high pH. It may have arisen from a reactive 5-carbon substrate.
Formal descriptions of developing systems: an overview

In this talk we will survey some significant results, methods and trends in mathematical modeling, in an attempt to define some of the questions to be explored in this workshop. We are particularly concerned with the formal description of biological systems. The examples, however, will be primarily drawn from the mathematical literature. A large and counterproductive gap remains between mathematics and the other sciences. Certainly one goal of this workshop is to narrow that gap.
Approaches for Regionalization of Precipitation Climates in the Context of Global Climate Change Monitoring

Two precipitation regionalization methodologies are used and evaluated. In one, precipitation in the tropics, consisting of 34 stations, each considered to be representative of a 20-degree square region, was analyzed using the time scale identification techniques of singular spectrum analysis and the multitaper method of spectrum estimation. A second approach consisted of defining a spatial domain based on the distribution of the principal vegetation types dominant in that region in order to develop area-mean indices from the climate stations located within it. The geographical domain of this second approach was the general region of the North American Great Plains.
Superpixel-Based Hyperspectral Unmixing with Regional Segmentation

In this paper, a superpixel-based hyperspectral image unmixing is proposed. First, superpixel segmentation is applied to the image. A low dimensional representation of the image is created by representing each superpixel by its mean spectra. Second, the superpixel image is segmented into regions. Endmember extraction is applied to each region to extract local endmembers. Abundances are computed over the full image using the extracted endmembers. The approach is compared with the global unmixing and the local unmixing using the original image. Experimental results are presented using the HYDICE Urban hyperspectral image.
The Hidden and Essential Narrative: Language and Visual Art as Learning Tools in STEM

Science and art are often viewed as highly disparate fields. However, just as science explores and questions the nature of life, art offers an equally powerful inquiry into the forces that shape our world and the human experience. Unknown to many, science is inherently creative and rich with narrative and personal connections. The arts have the potential to make the stories, impact and intrinsic beauty of scientific research more visible and approachable for other scientists and the public, especially in areas such as medicine and disability. Using the theoretical framework of “Narrative Medicine” developed by Dr. Rita Charon, MD of Columbia University, this study aims to generate three pieces of visual art as a response to the work of three scientists at the University of California, Berkeley who study the underpinnings of disabling psychiatric and neurological diseases. The aim of this project is to use artistic expression as an educational tool to make the creative and emotional process of science, and an understanding of neurological disabilities, more accessible for people from different backgrounds. Using the three tenets of Narrative Medicine “attention, representation, and affiliation” (Charon 2006) to guide the translation of this research into art, the scientists will be interviewed to explore the premise of their research and their feelings and personal connections toward the implications and goals of their work (attention). Then, they will choose a meaningful image generated during the course of their research that is representative of these qualities, which the artist will translate into a painting that exemplifies scientist’s interview responses (representation). The completed paintings will be presented alongside a short summary of the research and scientists’ personal connections as a means of increasing the visibility and understanding of these projects, the subjective experiences of the scientists, and the experience of disability for a broader and mostly non-academic audience (affiliation).
Effects of Estrogen on Spermatogenesis in Transgender Women.

Abstract Objective To characterize spermatogenesis in the estrogenized transgender patient. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study. Seventy-two transgender women underwent gender-affirming orchiectomy between May 2015 and January 2017. All were on long-term (>1 year) cross-sex hormonal therapy prior to orchiectomy. Patient data were obtained via chart review. Histologic analysis was performed by a pathology resident under the supervision of a genitourinary pathologist. The main outcome is histologic presence of germ cells and presence of spermatids (a proxy for preserved spermatogenesis) in orchiectomy specimens. Results There were 141 pathologic specimens available for analysis. Germ cells were present in 114 out of 141 (81%) testicles. Spermatids were present in 57 (40%) testicles. Presence of germ cells was associated with older age (43 vs 35 years, P = .007) and increased testicular weight (28.6 g vs 19.3 g, P Conclusion Despite long-term hormone therapy, the majority (80%) of transgender women have germ cells present in the testicle. Spermatogenesis is preserved in approximately 40% of these individuals. Duration of hormonal therapy did not affect the degree of preservation of germ cells or spermatogenesis but starting hormonal treatment at a younger age may be associated with decreased germ cells in the testicle. Volume of testicles predict presence of preserved spermatogenesis.
Efficient Time Series Forecasting Using Time Delay Neural Networks with Domain Pre-Transforms

Many applications that involve prediction or forecasting of the state of a dynamic system can be formulated as a time series forecasting problem. In these cases, the state of the system is represented as a time series. Among countless examples are weather forecasting, predicting energy consumption of a system, predicting future position of a vehicle, or prediction of economic metrics. Time Delay Neural Networks (TDNNs) are one of the main tools for this purpose that have recently received attention. In this paper, we examine how a transform layer applied to the beginning layer of the TDNN (called pre-transform layer) can significantly improve learning time, while also moderately improving accuracy. We take the example of vehicle speed time series and show that TDNNs can significantly improve the prediction accuracy; applying a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or a mix of DCT and Haar transforms improves the accuracy even more, while significantly reducing the training time. We also observe that these shallow networks (e.g., 3 layers) are able to learn the inverse transform automatically. This means that the network output does not have to go through an inverse transform. The results are verified using two different data sets.
Predictive value of discharge destination for 90-day outcomes among ischemic stroke patients eligible for endovascular treatment: Post-hoc analysis of DEFUSE 3

Abstract Background The endovascular treatment (ET) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is increasing among eligible patients. To help address care quality, administrative data sets are utilized but do not usually include formal outcome scales. We explore the predictive ability of discharge destination from acute hospitalizations for long-term disability among AIS patients eligible for ET within a clinical trial. Methods We analyzed publicly available data from the DEFUSE 3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke) trial. We evaluated patients who survived beyond the time of discharge from their acute hospitalizations. We calculated positive and negative predictive values and accompanying likelihood ratios for patients discharged to home, inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), or subacute nursing facility (SNF) for unfavorable outcome as defined by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores ≥3 at 90-days. Results Our final analysis included 127 patients (median age 67 [23–89] years, 51.2% men). There were 23.6% patients discharged home, 53.5% to IRF, and 22.8% to SNF. Approximately 61% of patients had 90-day post-stroke mRS scores ≥3. Patients discharged to SNF had the highest positive predictive value (93.1%) and positive likelihood ratio (8.77 [CI 95% 2.18–35.25]) for unfavorable outcome. Discharge to home had the highest negative likelihood ratio (2.09 [CI 95% 1.54–2.83]) for unfavorable outcome. Conclusions Among AIS patients eligible for ET within the DEFUSE 3 trial, discharge destination can provide high predictive value of 90-day functional outcomes. A discharge to SNF is highly predictive of long-term unfavorable outcomes.
Embrace the Uncontrolled Nature of Poetry Writing: A Poetic Ethnographic Study on International Graduate Student Mothers’ Intercultural Discourses:

Through presenting a series of poetry findings from a larger poetic ethnographic study on the lived experience of 11 international graduate student first-time mothers’ learning of the “language” of...
ACTIVIST BROWSER EXTENSIONS AS INTERFACE DÉTOURNEMENT: REMINDING,COPING, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ALIGNMENT

This paper investigates web browser extensions as an under-researched media object for their capacity for activism. “Activist extensions” disrupt a webpage’s intended use and redirect users’ attention to social issues by modifying textual, visual, or auditory elements of the web user interface. The relevance of the study stems from the ubiquity of the web browser as a communication tool and the potential of browser extensions to counter its power in shaping how web content is delivered to users. Based on the notions of transduction and affordance, the critical vocabulary of the Situationist International, and the conceptualization of platform governance through the provision of infrastructural services, this paper asks: Through what mechanism do activist extensions redirect users’ attention to social issues? What are the potential implications for users? And, how can browser platforms affect the creation and distribution of activist extensions? The study adopts a mixed-methods approach that includes discursive interface analysis of the extensions’ modification of the browser interface, critical discourse analysis of user comments on these extensions, and semi-structured interviews with extension developers. Major findings of the study include: 1) the redirection of users’ attention from the webpage to social issues is achieved through the mechanism of, 2) activist extensions function as that provides users with a coping mechanism against certain online rhetoric, and 3) the creation and distribution of activist extensions are conditioned by an imposed by the browser platform on extension developers.
Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium: Review of associated venous anomalies and role of multimodality imaging

Abstract We present a case of a 4-year-old male with persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. Transcatheter device closure of left superior vena cava was successfully performed. In this report, we review possible associated venous anomalies and discuss the role of multimodality imaging.
Beyond the literal: fiction as a tool for leisure inquiry

Using fictional expression, this special issue provokes visions of leisure that are not immediately accessible to empirical analysis, but which nevertheless compel the exercise of our moral imagina...
Introduction to Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy: The transmission electron microscope

Introduction In this chapter, we introduce the components of the transmission electron microscope. After a brief review of the history of the electron and the electron microscope, we will consider a cross-section of a real microscope (JEOL 120CX) and identify the various stages and components inside the column. We will discuss peripheral support systems (vacuum, compressed air, water cooling, etc.) without which the microscope could not possibly function. Then we focus our attention on the general properties of round magnetic lenses and discuss basic charged particle dynamics in magnetic fields. We will illustrate the behavior of electrons in a magnetic field by means of simplified paraxial trajectory simulations, and introduce the concept of cardinal elements of a lens. Then we will consider deviations from the paraxial behavior and introduce various lens aberrations of importance in electron microscopy. We conclude the section on magnetic lenses with a brief overview of multipole lenses, used as deflectors and correctors. The electron gun is next, and we will introduce the basic gun types and their operational parameters, along with a discussion of beam properties (current, brightness, coherence, etc.). In the remainder of the chapter, we break the microscope column down into four regions: the illumination system, the goniometer stage and objective lens, the imaging stage, and the detector stage. For each stage, we will describe the common components, why they are present, and how the microscope operator can affect their behavior. In particular, we will relate the geometry of the goniometer stage to reciprocal space and Bragg's Law. We will conclude this chapter with a brief review of electron detection systems.
India's Judicial Architecture

This chapter (forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook on the Indian Constitution) is an introduction to the Indian court system and is written to be of interest to both those learning about the Indian judicial system for the first time as well as experts seeking a more nuanced overview. It describes the architecture of the Indian judiciary – in other words, the different types of courts and judges in the Indian judicial system and the hierarchies and relations between them. In particular, it focuses on how the Indian judiciary coordinates its behavior through both a system of stare decisis (i.e. judicial precedent) and internal administrative control. This article argues that the Indian judiciary is unusually top-heavy, with more cases, more judges, and more administrative power located in the upper judiciary, and especially the Supreme Court, than in most other systems. This top-heaviness has a range of implications that the article explores – including leading to a more polyvocal jurisprudence and a unique set of inter-judge relations – that while empowering the upper judiciary may also weaken the court system's overall ability to perform core parts of its institutional mandate.
Semantic web for geospatial e-government portals

This poster paper applies the vision of the Semantic Web to e-government portals that provide searching for geospatial data. Current searching methods yield too many results and also possibly miss the needed data. We propose ontologies and Semantic Web mark-up as a potential solution that allows browsing and query expansion. We suggest using multiple ontologies in addition to a theme-based ontology to include relationships and auxiliary information. We present a framework and an example for enhanced search capabilities.
Structural Performance of Eco-Core Sandwich Panels

Eco-Core, a fire resistant core material for sandwich composite structures developed under the US Navy (ONR) program, was used to study its performance as a sandwich beam with glass/vinyl ester face sheet. Performance of Eco-Core was compared with balsa and PVC core sandwich panels. Test specimens were designed to simulate shear, flexural, and edgewise compression loadings. These tests were conducted on Eco-Core as well as balsa and PVC sandwich composite specimens. Failure loads and modes were compared with each other and the analytical prediction. Both Eco-Core and balsa cored sandwich beams had similar failure modes in all three test conditions. In the case of transversely loaded (four-point) beams Eco-Core specimens failed by core shear for span/depth (S/d) ratio less than 4 and the failure mode changed to core tension for S/d >4. This is attributed to weak tensile strength of the core material. An expression for core tension failure load based on beam theory was derived. On the other hand, ductile materials like PVC failed by core indentation. Under edgewise compression, face sheet microbuckling and general buckling are the two potential failure modes for Eco-Core and balsa core sandwich composites. For specimen length/depth ratio L/d 13 the failure is by general buckling. Predictions from the existing equations agreed well with the experiment for both core materials. For PVC core, wrinkling/shear buckling and general buckling are the potential failure modes. For L/d ≤8.5 the failure is wrinkling and for L/d >8.5 the failure is general buckling.
Neuronal Glutamate Uptake Contributes to GABA Synthesis and Inhibitory Synaptic Strength

Neurons must maintain a supply of neurotransmitter in their presynaptic terminals to fill synaptic vesicles. GABA is taken up into inhibitory terminals by transporters or is synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. Here we report that glutamate transporters supply GABAergic terminals in the hippocampus with glutamate, which is then used to synthesize GABA for filling synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporter antagonists reduced IPSC and miniature IPSC (mIPSC) amplitudes, consistent with a reduction in the amount of GABA packaged into each synaptic vesicle. This reduction occurred rapidly and independently of synaptic activity, suggesting that modulation of vesicular GABA content does not require vesicle release and refilling. Raising extracellular glutamate levels increased mIPSC amplitudes by enhancing glutamate uptake and, consequently, GABA synthesis. These results indicate that neuronal glutamate transporters strengthen inhibitory synapses in response to extracellular glutamate. This modulation appears to occur under normal conditions and may constitute a negative feedback mechanism to combat hyperexcitability.
IgMhighCD21high Lymphocytes Enriched in the Splenic Marginal Zone Generate Effector Cells More Rapidly Than the Bulk of Follicular B Cells

Ag encounter will recruit Ag-specific cells from the pool of mature B lymphocytes in the spleen and activate them to perform effector functions: generation of Ab-forming cells (plasma cells) and presentation of Ag to T cells. We have compared the ability of mature follicular and marginal zone cells to develop into effector B cells. The generation of marginal zone B cells and their localization in the marginal sinus area are T cell and CD40 ligand independent, suggesting that they do not represent a postgerminal center population. Compared with mature recirculating follicular B cells, they express several characteristics of previous antigenic experience, including higher levels of B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) when freshly isolated and following in vitro stimulation. After a brief 6- to 8-h in vitro stimulation with LPS or anti-CD40 Abs, marginal zone B cells become potent APCs. In addition, their ability to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to low doses of T-independent polyclonal stimuli (LPS) is far greater than that of follicular B cells. These findings indicate a functional heterogeneity within splenic mature B lymphocytes, with marginal zone B cells having the capacity to generate effector cells in early stages of the immune response against particulate Ags scavenged efficiently in this special anatomical site.
Use of capture–recapture models with mark-resight data to estimate abundance of Aleutian cackling geese

The Aleutian cackling goose (Branta hutchinsii leucopareia) was listed as endangered in 1967, downgraded to threatened in 1990, and removed from protection under the endangered species act in 2001. Accurate determination of population status continues to be a priority for management agencies because of the population's past listing as endangered, the species status as a game bird, and because population expansion has resulted in increased crop damage complaints. We compared estimates of marked Aleutian goose abundance from available mark-resight data during 1996–2012 using capture–recapture Jolly–Seber (POPAN formulation) and robust design (closed capture) models. We derived an estimate of Aleutian goose abundance by expanding an estimate of marked-bird abundance by the ratio of total to marked geese. Robust design models provided strong evidence of even-flow and Markovian temporary emigration from observable to unobservable states between annual sampling periods, and POPAN estimates were biased as a result of this movement. The observable population increased in abundance from 790 in 1975 to 134,703 (SE = 10,866, 95% CI = 113,405–156,002) geese in 2012. However, total (observable and unobservable) population size was 216,564 geese based on an estimated probability (0.622) of being available for observation. Annual survival probability was 0.80 (SE = 0.05). Current data collection allows estimation of annual observable abundance with a coefficient of variation of ≤8%. Robust design offers a means of estimating abundance of partially marked wildlife populations in the presence or absence of temporary emigration, which can result from partial study area access and is likely a common situation for many populations. Mark-resight is a cost-effective approach (compared to capture–recapture studies and aerial surveys) that can be applied to successfully estimate demographic parameters of other populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Illusory contour lightness: a neglected possibility

When the area occupied by a typical sharp-edged illusory figure is outlined physically, some illusory lightness survives within the contours as an example of figure-ground contrast. This general phenomenon may therefore account for the direction of the apparent alteration in lightness found within many illusory figures, but it cannot account for the magnitude of that alteration.
Micro-Raman analysis of stress in machined silicon and germanium

Abstract Residual strain in single point diamond machined crystalline silicon and germanium has been measured with high spatial resolution (≈ 2 μm) using Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is a direct, non-destructive technique which provides a spatial resolution down to the excitation wavelength and which may be applied to a wide range of non-conducting materials. Raman scattering was used to measure local strain at various points across single point plunge and feed cuts in crystalline silicon and germanium. Spectra were obtained using various excitation wavelengths (514.5 and 488.0 nm), which, due to their differing penetration lengths in the various materials, can provide depth profiles of the residual stress down to approximately 1 μm. In single point plunge cuts little evidence of surface damage was seen and the residual stresses are compressive. Using a 514.5 nm excitation wavelength, we measure a compressive stress of 250 MPa (2.5 kbar) near the outer edge of a single point plunge cut in silicon. At this wavelength, the penetration depth of the laser is 1.0 × 10−4 cm. This compressive stress was observed to increase to 600 MPa (6.0 kbar) at a depth of 0.6 × 10−4 cm which was measured using a 488.0 nm excitation wavelength. In single point feed cuts, regions of heavy fracturing were observed as well as regions of little visible damage. In damaged areas tensile stresses of 200–300 MPa (2.0–3.0 kbar) were measured in silicon while in germanium the tensile stress in such regions is 50–100 MPa (0.5–1.0 kbar). In undamaged areas the stresses are compressive with measured values of 50 and 30 MPa (0.5 and 0.3 kbar) for silicon and germanium respectively.
Prevention and Management of Prosthetic Joint Infection in Older Adults

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is commonly performed on older adults. Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication of TJA that can significantly impact quality of life and physical function. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and risk factors for PJIs among older adults. We also offer an overview of current diagnostic, treatment and management strategies for PJI. Given the serious nature of PJI, prevention efforts remain essential. Several approaches to infection prevention exist, including antimicrobial prophylaxis and decolonization. Although there are standardized recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis, the specific regimens must be individualized based on the patient’s drug allergies, potential for drug interactions, renal function and bodyweight. The best approach to preoperative screening and decolonization programmes remains unclear. Each of these issues is reviewed in detail with a focus on adverse effects and current debates regarding best practice. Given the increased numbers of TJAs performed, additional research on prevention and management is critical.
Cyclic AMP stimulates serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in Xenopus retina in vitro.

: The possible involvement of cyclic AMP in the regulation of retinal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was investigated using eye cups of Xenopus laevis cultured in a defined medium. Addition of dibutyrylcyclic AMP (dbcAMP) increased retinal NAT activity in eye cups cultured in light. Addition of adenosine or 5′-AMP under identical conditions was without effect. 3-Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) increased both retinal cyclic AMP levels and NAT activity in light-exposed eye cups. Forskolin also increased the concentration of cyclic AMP and the activity of NAT, and the effect of forskolin on both of these parameters was synergistically enhanced by IBMX. The effects of forskolin and of dbcAMP did not require the addition of calcium to the medium; thus, Ca2+-dependent synaptic transmission does not appear to be required for the response to these drugs. Incubation conditions that activate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in retinal homogenates had no effect on NAT activity, suggesting that direct phosphorylation of NAT was probably not involved in the response to elevating cyclic AMP in situ. The effect of dbcAMP was blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that cyclic AMP increases retinal NAT activity by a mechanism that involves protein synthesis, and support a role for cyclic AMP in the nocturnal increase of NAT activity in darkness.
Digital image steganography using stochastic modulation

In this paper, we present a new steganographic paradigm for digital images in raster formats. Message bits are embedded in the cover image by adding a weak noise signal with a specified but arbitrary probabilistic distribution. This embedding mechanism provides the user with the flexibility to mask the embedding distortion as noise generated by a particular image acquisition device. This type of embedding will lead to more secure schemes because now the attacker must distinguish statistical anomalies that might be created by the embedding process from those introduced during the image acquisition itself. Unlike previously proposed schemes, this new approach, that we call stochastic modulation, achieves oblivious data transfer without using noise extraction algorithms or error correction. This leads to higher capacity (up to 0.8 bits per pixel) and a convenient and simple implementation with low embedding and extraction complexity. But most importantly, because the embedding noise can have arbitrary properties that approximate a given device noise, the new method offers better security than existing methods. At the end of this paper, we extend stochastic modulation to a content-dependent device noise and we also discuss possible attacks on this scheme based on the most recent advances in steganalysis.
Pancreozymin/cholecystokinin a physiological mediator of gastric secretory inhibition of duodenal origin

La Pancreozymine-cholecystokinine (PZ) augmente la secretion de l'acide gastrique stimulee par la methacholine, mais diminue la reponse acide a la gastrine pentapeptide. L'acidification de l'anse Thiry-Vella du duodenum fait augmenter pareillement la secretion acide de la poche d'Heidenhain stimulee par la methacholine et la diminue quand le stimulant est de la gastrine pentopeptide. Il est bien connu que l'acidification du duodenum libere le PZ de la muqueuse duodenale. Nos resultats suggerent que le PZ est l'agent mediateur d'abaissement de l'acidite gastrique apres acidification du duodenum.
Toward free-surface modeling of planing vessels: simulation of the Fridsma hull using ALE-VMS

In this paper we focus on a class of applications involving surface vessels moving at high speeds, or "planing". We introduce a Fridsma planing hull benchmark problem, and simulate it using the finite-element-based ALE-VMS (Bazilevs et al. in Math Models Methods Appl Sci 2012; Takizawa et al. in Arch Comput Methods Eng 19: 171---225, 2012) approach. The major reasons for selecting this problem is the relative simplicity of the hull geometry and the existence of high-quality experimental data used for the purposes of validation. The ALE-VMS approach is formulated in the context of the Mixed Interface-Tracking/Interface-Capturing Technique (MITICT) (Tezduyar in Arch Comput Methods Eng 8:83---130, 2001; Akin et al. in Comput Fluids 36:2---11, 2007; Cruchaga et al. in Int J Numer Methods Fluids 54:1021---1031, 2007), where the level set technique is used for capturing the air---water interface, and the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method is employed to track the interface between the fluid and structure. In this work, the planing hull structure is treated as a six-degree-of-freedom rigid object. The computational results obtained for the Fridsma hull, which include convergence of the trim angle and drag under mesh refinement, match well with the experimental data.
The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in college students

While functional differences between today's cell phones and traditional computers are becoming less clear, one difference remains plain - cell phones are almost always on-hand and allow users to connect with an array of services and networks at almost any time and any place. The Pew Center's Internet and American Life Project suggests that college students are the most rapid adopters of cell phone technology and research is emerging which suggests high frequency cell phone use may be influencing their health and behavior. Thus, we investigated the relationships between total cell phone use (N=496) and texting (N=490) on Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in a large sample of college students. It was hypothesized that the relationship would be mediated by Academic Performance (GPA) and anxiety. Two separate path models indicated that the cell phone use and texting models had good overall fit. Cell phone use/texting was negatively related to GPA and positively related to anxiety; in turn, GPA was positively related to SWL while anxiety was negatively related to SWL. These findings add to the debate about student cell phone use, and how increased use may negatively impact academic performance, mental health, and subjective well-being or happiness.
Of blood and babies: the relationship of popular Islamic physiology to fertility

Abstract Popular beliefs about female physiology held by most women in provincial Iran have far-reaching consequences for women's behavior and attitudes as they relate to fertility and contraception. These beliefs are grounded in the classical Galenic-Islamic medical theories concerning natural temperament, the reproductive system, blood and the heart. These theories provide models for understanding conception, pregnancy, contraception and the effects of the contraceptive pill upon women's bodies. Popular medicine also provides a vocabulary of disorders of womanhood—heart distress, weak nerves, lack of blood, and aches and pains. These disorders are commonly believed to be side effects that result from use of the contraceptive pill, and are reasons frequently given for discontinuing contraception or never entering a family planning program. The “health-related” complications encountered in sustained usage of contraceptive methods such as the birth control pill, the high degree of dissatisfaction with new contraceptive methods and with the clinicians who encourage their use, and the ambivalent feelings experienced by women who practice or consider practicing birth control are more clearly understood in light of these popular beliefs concerning female physiology.
Multilayered Polymer Mirror Experiment

Anexperimentwasconducted todeterminethesurfacequalityoftwo smallpolymericmirrors.Themirrorswere manufactured by pouring uncured liquid resin onto thick aluminum substrates and allowing the resin to cure. The substrates weree at except foran intentionally machined depression of known depth. Theobjectivewasto quantify the effects of a substrate topography e aw on the surfacequality of the free face of a cured polymer material. It was proposed that the effects of such a e aw would be reduced on application of successive layers of polymer resin. To testthiseffect,a secondlayerofresin waspoured onto the e rstlayerof cured resinon both mirrors.Curedpolymer surface topography for each layer was quantie ed using a phase-shifting Twyman ‐Green interferometer. The e rst layersofresinshoweda depressionexactlymimickingtheunderlying substratetopographye aw.Theaveragedepth of the polymer resin topography e aw for both mirrors was 0.4% of the original substrate topography e aw depth. The second layer of resin resulted in a polymer surface that had essentially no surface e aws consistent with the substrate topography e aw. Final mirror surface quality was, on average, 0.36- πm peak-to-valley (0.05-πm rms).
Women and cardiovascular disease: the risks of misperception and the need for action.

A new American Heart Association survey1 raises serious concerns about our effectiveness in the critical first step in preventing heart disease in women—the challenge of raising awareness among women about their No. 1 health threat. The survey, which included 1004 women and updated data from a 1997 survey, reached across all ages and ethnic groups and brought to light important information on how women perceive their health risks, how much they worry about them, and where and how they are receiving information about heart disease and stroke. Most women (62%) still believe cancer is the greatest health threat for women, and the younger generation is even more convinced of this. At a distant second, <10% of women overall perceive heart disease as their greatest threat. This belief is in direct contrast to the facts. In 1998, cardiovascular disease claimed the lives of 503 927 women and cancer caused 259 467 deaths; thus, cardiovascular disease killed nearly twice as many women.2 However, there have been notable changes in women’s understanding of cardiovascular disease since 1997. The majority of these changes are in a positive direction. The number of women who consider themselves either very well or well informed about heart disease and stroke has risen since 1997, although it is still <50%. Knowledge of heart disease increased from 34% to 40%. Knowledge of stroke increased from 28% to 35%. In many other ways, women’s understanding is still high. Most women (92%) know heart disease develops gradually and can go undetected, and they know (86%) that some forms of heart and vascular disease may result in a stroke. A majority of women (86%) also know that certain treatments in the first few hours after the onset of heart attack or stroke symptoms can break up blood clots to reduce damage …