cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic X-ray scattering study of Cr(110): from low momentum transfer to the Compton scattering limit

Abstract Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) is an important tool to study a large number of physical properties in condensed matter systems. We use this technique to study electronic excitations in Cr(110). The IXS spectra were measured at sector 12-ID-B (BESSRC) at the APS. We used a backscattering geometry for the analyzer crystal, Ge (444) at 7.6 keV and Ge (555) at 9.5 keV. We used the BESSRC cryogenically cooled monochromator to select the desired energy, 180 meV resolution was obtained when using the Si (333) reflection. The spectra were obtained by scanning the incident energy with a fixed analyzer setting. Inelastic X-ray scattering spectra were measured for a range of momentum transfers extending from 0.80 to 5.0 A−1. We find spectral features corresponding to plasmons excitations, as well as a second peak corresponding to excitation from the 3p core states to the 3d valence states of Cr. This peak shows strong momentum dependence with no detectable intensity at low momentum transfer. We observed at high momentum transfer the appearance of a Compton scattering peak.
The Global Virus Network's testimony on Ebola to the U.S. Senate.

In this Editorial I briefly outline the Global Virus Network’s testimony to the recent U.S. Senate’s “Fighting Ebola and Protecting America” committee hearing.
Point Defects in Nematic Gels: The Case for Hedgehogs

We address the question of whether a nematic gel is capable of sustaining a radially-symmetric point defect (or, hedgehog). We consider the special case of a gel cross-linked in a state where the mesogens are randomly aligned, and study the behavior of a spherical specimen with boundary subjected to a uniform radial displacement. For simplicity, we allow only for distortions in which the chain conformation is uniaxial with constant chain anisotropy and, thus, is determined by a unit director field. Further, we use the particular free-energy density function arising from the neo-classical molecular-statistical description of nematic gels. We find that the potential energy of the specimen is a nonconvex function of the boundary displacement and chain anisotropy. In particular, whenever the displacement of the specimen boundary involves a relative radial expansion in excess of 0.35, which is reasonably mild for gel-like substances, the theory predicts an energetic preference for states involving a hedgehog at the center of the specimen. Under such conditions, states in which the chain anisotropy is either oblate or prolate have total free-energy less than that of an isotropic comparison state. However, the oblate alternative always provides the global minimum of the total free-energy. The Cauchy stress associated with an energetically-preferred hedgehog is found to vanish in a relatively large region surrounding the hedgehog. The radial component of Cauchy stress is tensile and exhibits a non-monotonic character with a peak value an order of magnitude less than what would be observed in a specimen consisting of a comparable isotropic gel. The hoop component of Cauchy stress is also non-monotonic, but, as opposed to being purely tensile, goes between a tensile maximum to a compressive minimum at the specimen boundary.
Carbon nanotube-based transparent thin film acoustic actuators and sensors

Transparent thin film acoustic transducers that can effectively work as both acoustic actuators (speakers) and sensors (microphones) are developed in this study. The developed transducer consists of a piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thin film coated with compliant carbon nanotube (CNT) based transparent conductors, which are fabricated by CNT acid treatment and layer-by-layer nanoassembly based surface modification of the PVDF substrates. The developed thin film transducers show excellent acoustic response over a broadband frequency range, and have the advantages of being transparent, flexible, extremely thin, and lightweight. The developed transducers could make a significant impact on room acoustics by enabling windows, computer screens, touch panels and posters themselves to server as invisible speakers and microphones.
Immobilized N-methyl-D-glucamine as an arsenate-selective resin.

Immobilization of N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) on poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) beads yields an effective and highly selective sorbent for arsenate ions. Three important parameters in the resin's high As(V) affinity and selectivity are the structure of the ligand, its ionic form, and the cross-link density of the polymer. The NMDG resin cross-linked with 2 wt % divinylbenzene is far more selective than commercially available analogues, especially when sulfate and chloride ions are present in solution at high concentrations. Selectivity studies at neutral pH indicate that the protonated tertiary amine moiety is an important component of the complexation mechanism. The NMDG resin also has a high affinity for the un-ionized As(V) species at pH 1.
A SIMPLE HEAT EXCHANGER FOR USE DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION.

The need for a simple heat exchanger to warm cold bank blood during massive transfusion has been discussed A simple inexpensive easily constructed appara tus incorporating an electrical water heater has been described
An improvement on the Bollman method of restraining and collecting thoracic duct lymph from the rat

A method of obtaining rat thoracic duct lymphocytes is described, including a review of the surgical technique, with several modifications, and including an outline of a newly designed rat restrainer that helps to triple thoracic duct output compared to the Bollman restrainer. The new restrainer allows the rat increased mobility but protects the thoracic duct cannula. Unanesthetized 200 g rats yielded 80 ml/day thoracic duct lymph containing 4.2 x 10(4) lymphocytes/ml.
A calorie‐arbitrage model of Chinese grain trade

A model in which international calorie‐arbitrage plays a central role is shown to be consistent with available statistical data on the grain trade of the People's Republic of China. Making allowance for the arbitrage component of total calorie availability leads to a more favourable assessment of the extent to which foodgrain self‐sufficiency has been achieved since the late 1960s. Future Chinese imports of foodgrain will be closely related to particular domestic food and agricultural policies, suggesting that traditional models which project trade as the gap between grain requirements and domestic production are likely to be inaccurate.
On predicting biotic homogenization: species‐area patterns in marine biota

Biotic mixing is becoming very wide- spread from human activities and is recognized as a potential threat to native biodiversity. In theory, species-area curves can be used to predict the ultimate biodiversity loss and homogenization occurring from faunal mixing. One way to test this empirically at coarse spatial and temporal scales is to quantify past episodes of faunal mixing in the fossil record. Analysis of diversity changes following the origin of the Isthmus of Panama indicates that marine biodiversity change was similar to that predicted by species-area patterns: the isolating effects of the Isthmus produced a roughly 45–60% increase in total biodiversity in the Atlantic and Pacific regions nearby. Conversely, if the isolating effects of the Isthmus were to disappear through the Panama Canal and other human activities, a decrease of about 31–38% of current species diversity might be expected. Extrapolation of these results to global scales indicate that global marine species diversity may decrease by about 58% if worldwide biotic mixing occurs. This supports previous estimates based on terrestrial biotas that predict global decreases from 35 to 71%, with a mean decrease of 55%.
The effect of KR on ratings of pattern similarity

Two groups of Ss judged the similarity of pairs of patterns representing two different populations of stimuli. Pairs were composed of patterns drawn from either the same stimulus population or different stimulus populations. One group received nonspecific KR after rating the similarity of each pair. Nonspecific KR can only inform the S that the patterns are “similar” or “dissimilar,” not the degree of similarity. A control group received no KR. Both groups were able to differentiate the stimulus populations. The main effects of KR and of the same-different pattern pair classification variable were significant. There was also a significant KR by Trials interaction. Analysis of KR over trials suggested that KR caused a shift in mean similarity judgments on the response scale. An explanation of this shift was offered in terms of frequency matching by the KR group.
Sequence-Dependent Stability Test of a Left-Handed β-Helix Motif

The left-handed β-helix (LHBH) is an intriguing, rare structural pattern in polypeptides that has been implicated in the formation of amyloid aggregates. We used accurate all-atom replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations to study the relative stability of diverse sequences in the LHBH conformation. Ensemble-average coordinates from REMD served as a scoring criterion to identify sequences and threadings optimally suited to the LHBH, as in a fold recognition paradigm. We examined the repeatability of our REMD simulations, finding that single simulations can be reliable to a quantifiable extent. We find expected behavior for the positive and negative control cases of a native LHBH and intrinsically disordered sequences, respectively. Polyglutamine and a designed hexapeptide repeat show remarkable affinity for the LHBH motif. A structural model for misfolded murine prion protein was also considered, and showed intermediate stability under the given conditions. Our technique is found to be an effective probe of LHBH stability, and promises to be scalable to broader studies of this and potentially other novel or rare motifs. The superstable character of the designed hexapeptide repeat suggests theoretical and experimental follow-ups.
A Study on the Tolerance Value and Biodiversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Macroinvertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of substrate particle size, shape, and roughness on the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. The results show that the particle sizes, porosity, and interstial dimensions of the substrate affect the macroinvertebrate community, while the shape and surface roughness of the substrate do not strongly affect the macrobenthos composition and density. The macroinvertebrate composition in gravel is stable. The density and species richness in the gravels, leaf humus and are much higher than those in the black silt and sands.
Toward a Restorative Justice Pedagogy: Reflections on Teaching Restorative Justice in Correctional Facilities

Restorative justice is currently practiced in a variety of ways inside correctional facilities. One such way is the facilitation of restorative justice education. If grounded in restorative values, such education can contribute to outcomes similar to other restorative practices, such as victim offender dialogue. These outcomes include opportunities to speak to personal experiences, personal change, and growth, and a desire to engage in positive relationships and give back to the community. This paper draws on the teaching and facilitation experiences of the author and incarcerated peer facilitators to develop a restorative justice pedagogy. This pedagogy, based on restorative values, aims to inspire individual and social transformation; build community among participants; give voice to the unique experiences of participants; offer opportunities for real-life problem solving; provide a creative learning environment that is co-created by students and facilitators; view students as practitioners, theorists, ...
Picosecond Dynamics of I2 Photodissociation

While liquid solution reactions are much more important in chemistry, gas phase reactions are much better understood. Given the central importance of solution reactions to inorganic, organic, industrial and biochemistry, it is rather surprising that, as yet, there is not a single such reaction whose molecular dynamics are understood in detail. Theoretical and experimental evidence already makes clear that much of the important molecular dynamic action in solution reactions occurs on the picosecond and subpicosecond time scales. The dihalogen photodissociation and recombination reactions, X 2 + hv→X + X→X 2, involving the simplest possible molecular reactants and products, diatomics, and in rare gas solution involving only two elements, seem excellent candidates for study.
Formation of magnetic clusters in the strongly frustrated hollandite vanadium oxide V 7.22 O 8 ( O H ) 8 Cl 0.77 ( H 3 O ) 2.34

Magnetic properties of the first hollandite-type vanadium oxide containing anions in the $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ channels, ${\mathrm{V}}_{7.22}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}{(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H})}_{8}{(\mathrm{Cl})}_{0.77}{({\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{O})}_{2.34}$, are studied via static (dc) and dynamic (ac) magnetic susceptibilities and heat capacity. At $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ a rapid increase of magnetic susceptibility is observed; the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled susceptibilities diverge below this temperature and magnetization shows a pronounced hysteresis. The temperature dependence of dc susceptibility follows the Curie-Weiss law above $350\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$; the effective magnetic moment per vanadium ion is consistent with the $3+$ oxidation state. The negative Curie-Weiss temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}336\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ indicates strong antiferromagnetic exchange; combined with low transition temperature, this reveals significant spin frustration. The real ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and imaginary ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ components of the ac susceptibility show two frequency-dependent maxima at 17.5 and $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ that shift toward lower temperatures with decreasing frequency. The temperature dependences of the spin relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ in various magnetic fields $H$ were obtained by the Cole-Cole method and analyzed using the scaling law. A very slow relaxation with characteristic times of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ s was found, consistent with fluctuation of cluster magnetic moments. Temperature dependence of the specific heat does not reveal long-range magnetic order down to $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Magnetic specific heat shows a broad maximum centered at $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, which is consistent with formation and blocking of cluster magnetic moments. Magnetic exchange pathways in the hollandite structure are analyzed, and a mechanism of magnetic cluster formation is proposed.
Panel Discussion: New Directions in Human Reliability Analysis for Oil & Gas, Cybersecurity, Nuclear, and Aviation

This panel will discuss what new directions are necessary to maximize the usefulness of HRA techniques across different areas of application. HRA has long been a part of Probabilistic Risk Assessment in the nuclear industry as it offers a superior standard for risk-based decision-making. These techniques are continuing to be adopted by other industries including oil & gas, cybersecurity, nuclear, and aviation. Each participant will present his or her ideas concerning industry needs followed by a discussion about what research is needed and the necessity to achieve cross industry collaboration.
An Evidenced-Based Approach to a Theoretical Understanding of the Relationship Between Economic Resources, Race/Ethnicity, and Woman Abuse

Abstract Within the context of advocating for evidence-based practice in the field of social work, the need also exists to test or systematically review studies that support or refute theories used in social work practice. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of domestic and international studies that examine the relationship between economic resources, race and ethnicity, and woman abuse. Findings of these studies are connected to their implications for exchange, feminist and asset-building theories. Lamentably, few studies include race or ethnicity. While the use of divergent measures for economic resources and woman abuse result in mixed findings, one consistent finding is that economic assets are negatively related to woman abuse.
Global linear convergence of a path-following algorithm for some monotone variational inequality problems

We consider a primal-scaling path-following algorithm for solving a certain class of monotone variational inequality problems. Included in this class are the convex separable programs considered by Monteiro and Adler and the monotone linear complementarity problem. This algorithm can start from any interior solution and attain a global linear rate of convergence with a convergence ratio of 1 ?c/?m, wherem denotes the dimension of the problem andc is a certain constant. One can also introduce a line search strategy to accelerate the convergence of this algorithm.
The Effects of Nitroglycerin and Amyl Nitrite on Arteriolar and Venous Tone in the Human Forearm

The effects of sublingual nitroglycerin and inhaled amyl nitrite on the arteriolar and venous beds of the forearm were studied in 11 normal subjects. Forearm blood flow was measured with a strain-gauge plethysmograph, and venous tone was determined both by an acute occlusion technic, and by several equilibration technics. Nitroglycerin reduced systemic arterial pressure, elevated forearm blood flow, lowered forearm vascular resistance and decreased venous tone. Amyl nitrite diminished arterial pressure, elevated forearm blood flow, markedly decreased forearm vascular resistance, but in contrast to nitroglycerin augmented venous tone strikingly. This venoconstriction was abolished or diminished when adrenergic activity was impeded by administration of either guanethidine or reserpine.
Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy through a mature gastrostomy tract

946 GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY VOLUME 56, NO. 6, 2002 Current affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona. Reprint requests: Todd H. Baron, MD, FACP, The Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ 85259. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0 37/54/129584 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.129584 Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy through a mature gastrostomy tract
Activation of Acceptors in Mg-Doped, p-Type GaN

The activation of acceptors was investigated for Mg-doped, heteroepitaxial layers of GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. After growth the samples were exposed to isochronal rapid thermal anneals in the temperature range from 500°C to 775°C. The samples were studied by variable temperature Hall effect measurements and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy in the as-grown condition and after each temperature step. The thermal treatment leads to the formation of acceptors which are characterized by an activation energy for ionization in the range between 165 meV and 182 meV. These acceptors are attributed to Mg atoms substituting for Ga in the GaN lattice. The experimental results for the acceptor activation are consistent with the dissociation of electrically inactive acceptor-hydrogen complexes. The reversibility of this process is investigated by the exposure of the activated, p-type GaN samples to atomic hydrogen in a remote-plasma hydrogenation system at 600°C and reactivating at 850°C.
Teaching What I'm Not: Embodiment, Race, and Theological Conversation in the Classroom

This article examines the theoretical and practical concerns of a White professor who teaches a course on African American religious thought. It begins with a discussion of what it means to be embodied White, and how that affects the teaching of another embodied reality. From there it moves to the major assignment of the course, the evolutionary essay, and how this assignment facilitates student reflection upon their own embodied existence, particularly in terms of race. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the continuing challenges the author faces when teaching such a course.
Capillary-Wave and Chain-Length Effects at Polymer/Polymer Interfaces

A continuum-space bead-spring model is used to study the phase behavior of binary blends of homopolymers and the structure of the interface between the two immiscible phases. Results of numerical simulations using molecular dynamics supplemented by Monte Carlo exchanges are presented. The structure of the interface is investigated as a function of immiscibility, chain length, and system size. Capillary waves are observed, and their measurements allows us to determine the surface tension. We propose a universal method of measuring the interfacial width in terms of second moments of the different contributions to the first derivative of the interfacial profile. Predictions of this method are directly verified.
Primary Motor Area Activation during Precision-Demanding versus Simple Finger Movement

The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether the primary motor area (M1) serves a processing role in a finger-movement tracking task, emphasizing attention to accuracy, beyond its execution role of simple movements, with no attention to accuracy. Twenty healthy subjects performed alternating conditions: Rest, involving no finger movement; Track, involving careful control of a cursor along a target pathway with finger extension/flexion movements; and Move, involving finger extension/flexion movements without careful control. The authors compared volume of activated voxels in the M1, blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensity of activated voxels in the M1, and BOLD signal intensity of all voxels in the M1 between the Track and Move conditions. The results showed greater volume and signal intensity in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 during Track than during Move. Overall, the results suggest that the M1 is engaged not only in the execution of movements but also in spatial and temporal processing to produce accurately controlled movements. These findings invite further work exploring whether precision-demanding movements, such as tracking, form a more potent stimulus for promoting helpful brain reorganization in the M1 during the recovery from stroke than simple repetitive movements.
Experimental Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Liquid in Couette Motion and with Taylor Vortices

The heat transfer characteristics of water in rotational motion between horizontal concentric cylinders has been studied. Primary fluid motion due to rotation of the inner cylinders alone, and due to rotation of inner cylinder with reverse flow caused by a divider, has been considered experimentally for two ratios of annulus width to inner cylinder radius. The results for two geometries and two primary fluid dynamic conditions are correlated by a parameter related to the generalized stability parameter. Radial temperature profiles are given and are shown to be effective in indicating secondary flow patterns.
Multi-channel video for patient monitoring based on DCT compositing

Video compositing represents a significant problem in multi-channel patient monitoring, since the latency caused by decompression, recompression and additional processing procedure needs to be minimized. In this paper, we present a new compositing method for video transmission based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) for medical applications. When compared to the conventional hybrid methods, the DCT compositing method achieves better performance in reducing computational complexity and improving video quality.
MRSI of the medial temporal lobe at 7 T in explosive blast mild traumatic brain injury

PURPOSE: Up to 19% of veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have a history of mild traumatic brain injury with 70% associated with blast exposure. Tragically, 20-50% of this group reports persistent symptoms, including memory loss. Unfortunately, routine clinical imaging is typically normal, making diagnosis and clinical management difficult. The goal of this work was to develop methods to acquire hippocampal MRSI at 7 T and evaluate their sensitivity to detect injury in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. METHODS: At 7 T, hippocampal MRSI measurements are limited by: (1) poor B0 homogeneity; (2) insufficient B1+ strength and homogeneity; and (3) chemical shift dispersion artifacts. To overcofme these limitations we: (1) used third degree B0 shimming; (2) an inductively decoupled transceiver array with radiofrequency shimming; and (3) a volume localized single slice sequence using radiofrequency shimming-based outer volume suppression. RESULTS: In 20 controls and 25 veterans with mild traumatic brain injury due to blast exposure with memory impairment, hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate to choline (P Language: en
Graph theory based online optimal power flow control of Power Grid with distributed Flexible AC Transmission Systems (D-FACTS) Devices

This paper presents a graph theory based network flow method that can be used to determine the best possible power flow in strategic power lines with optimal losses and transfer capacity. The proposed method can be applied to control line flows, especially in congested lines and at the point of interconnection of renewable energy resources for optimal power transfer. The main advantages of the proposed technique are that the architecture minimizes power flow losses while maintaining the voltage margin and the power line capacity at optimum levels. Thus it can be used to compare performance of other network flow algorithms. The proposed methodology is tested on a single source to sink path and further tested on IEEE 3 machine 9 bus power grid. The results indicate that the proposed method provides optimal power flow control in the presence of changing generation and load.
Maximum-likelihood classification for digital amplitude-phase modulations

We apply the maximum-likelihood (ML) method to the classification of digital quadrature modulations. We show that under an ideal situation, the I-Q domain data are sufficient statistics for modulation classification and obtain a generic formula for the error probability of a ML classifier. Our study of asymptotic performance shows that the ML classifier is capable of classifying any finite set of distinctive constellations with zero error rate when the number of available data symbols goes to infinity.
Analyzing the underlying dimensions of firm profitability

In this paper we decompose a traditional measure for firm's performance, return on sales, into four components that capture the impact of productivity, price recovery, product mix and capacity utilization, respectively, on a firm's profitability. The new measures are used as an illustration to explain changes in the performance of firms in the US telecommunications industry following deregulation. Changes in the overall profitability margin of these firms are explained by substantial but offsetting changes in their productivity, price recovery ability, product-mix maximization and capacity utilization, that have occurred as a consequence of deregulation. The new measures enable us not only to illustrate relative differences between firms in a given cross-section but also to shed light on how changes take place over time in the different components that underlie firms' profitability.
The ATLAS LAr calorimeter Level 1 trigger signal pre-processing system: Installation, commissioning and calibration results

We describe the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter (LAr) electronics used to prepare signals for the L1 trigger, studied with a standalone data acquisition system built for the commissioning of the LAr-L1 electronics. This includes calibration data used to extract gains of all LAr calorimeters and timing shifts for different layers of the electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter. Analysis tools have been developed to study the pulse shape, timing, and amplitude, which are employed for the readout of signals from both the main detector and the L1 branch. Performance studies using beam data is also shown.
Absolute and relative surrogate measurements of the 236U(n,f) cross section as a probe of angular momentum effects

Using both the absolute and relative surrogate techniques, the $^{236}\mathrm{U}$($n,f$) cross section was deduced over an equivalent neutron energy range of 0 to 20 MeV. A 42 MeV $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ beam from the 88 Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was used to perform a ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,\ensuremath{\alpha}) pickup reaction on targets of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=7/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+}$) and the fission decay probabilities were determined. The $^{235}\mathrm{U}$($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,$\ensuremath{\alpha}f$) and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,$\ensuremath{\alpha}f$) were surrogates for $^{233}\mathrm{U}$($n,f$) and $^{236}\mathrm{U}$($n,f$), respectively. The cross sections extracted using the surrogate method were compared to directly measured cross sections. The sensitivity of these cross sections to the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$-population distributions was explored.
Going Beyond the Dominant Paradigm for Information Technology Innovation Research: Emerging Concepts and Methods ∗

Research on information technology (IT) innovation is concerned with identifying the factors that facilitate or hinder the adoption and diffusion of new IT-based processes or products. Most of this research has been conducted within the confines of a dominant paradigm wherein innovations are assumed to be beneficial, and organizations that have greater innovation-related needs and abilities are expected to exhibit a greater amount of innovative activity. This essay suggests that the dominant paradigm may be reaching the point of diminishing returns as a framework for supporting ground-breaking research, and urges researchers to adopt a more innovative approach to the study of IT innovation itself. Toward this end, I present seven opportunities for conducting new kinds of research that go beyond the dominant paradigm.
Discoveries far from the lamppost with matrix elements and ranking

The prevalence of null results in searches for new physics at the LHC motivates the effort to make these searches as model-independent as possible. We describe procedures for adapting the Matrix Element Method for situations where the signal hypothesis is not known a priori. We also present general and intuitive approaches for performing analyses and presenting results, which involve the flattening of background distributions using likelihood information. The first flattening method involves ranking events by background matrix element, the second involves quantile binning with respect to likelihood (and other) variables, and the third method involves reweighting histograms by the inverse of the background distribution.
Absorption within inhomogeneous clouds and its parameterization in general circulation models

Abstract The effect on absorption in clouds of having an inhomogeneous distribution of droplets is shown to depend on whether one replaces a homogeneous cloud by an inhomogeneous cloud that has the same mean optical thickness, or one that has the same spherical albedo. For the purposes of general circulation models (GCMs), the more appropriate comparison is between homogeneous and inhomogeneous clouds that have the same spherical albedo, so that the radiation balance of the planet with space is maintained. In this case it is found, using Monte Carlo and independent pixel approximation calculations, that inhomogeneous clouds can absorb more than homogeneous clouds. It is also found that because of the different effects of cloud inhomogeneity on absorption and on the transmission of the direct beam the absorption efficiency of an inhomogeneous cloud may be either greater (for low and high optical depths) or lesser (for intermediate optical depths) than that for a homogeneous cloud of the same mean optical d...
A Formal Framework for Developing High Assurance Event Driven Service-Oriented Systems

We present a formal framework for developing distributed service-oriented systems in an event-driven secure synchronous programming environment. More precisely, our framework is built on the top of a synchronous programming language called SOL (Secure Operations Language) that has (i) capabilities of handling service invocations asynchronously, (ii) strong typing to ensure enforcement of information flow and security policies, and (iii) the ability to deal with failures of components. Applications written in our framework can be verified using formal static checking techniques like theorem proving. The framework runs on top of the SINS (Secure Infrastructure for Networked Systems) infrastructure developed by at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Uranium and Uranium Alloys

The principal reason for interest in uranium is the nuclear behavior of the 235 isotope. However, there has also been interest in depletedt uranium because of its high density (p = 19.1 g/cm3) and in some cases its structural properties. Because depleted uranium is a by-product of enriched nuclear fuel, it is less expensive than any other high-density material. Tungsten, with a density of 19.3 g/cm3, not only has a higher raw material cost but also is more expensive to fabricate. Other elements with densities above 15 g/cm3. Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and Pu are very expensive. Therefore, in addition to their nuclear applications, uranium and uranium alloys have been used for ballast and counterweights where space is limited such as in aircraft and missiles, for non-nuclear ordnance as an armor penetrator, and for radiation shielding. A uranium radiation shield not only occupies less volume than an equivalent lead shield but can weigh two-thirds as much. Because of their mechanical properties uranium alloys have a great deal of potential as shipping container-shielding for spent reactor fuels where safety requires the containers remain intact in an accident.
A Snowball's Chance in Heller : Why Decastro's Substantial Burden Standard is Unlikely to Survive

On June 1, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in United States v. Decastro analyzed a Second Amendment challenge to a firearm regulation using a substantial burden standard. In so doing, the Second Circuit ignored much of the Supreme Court’s guidance in its 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. This Comment argues that the Decastro substantial burden standard offers insufficient protection for Second Amendment rights, and is therefore unlikely to survive.
An Analysis of Long Lines in Richland County, South Carolina

In his State of the Union address, President Obama referred to long lines faced at the polls on November 6, 2012, and said, “we have to fix that.” Although it seems to have received relatively little national attention, Richland County, South Carolina, with more than 12% of its votes cast after polls were officially closed, was probably among the very worst counties in the nation for lines and wait times. In this paper, we analyze the data from the DREs used for voting in South Carolina, and we compare the voting process in Richland County with that in Greenville County, where there were more total votes and more votes per DRE voting terminal, but where there were fewer than one-half of one percent of the votes cast after closing time.
Cutaneous manifestations associated with melanoma

Melanoma is a malignancy most commonly arising from the skin; therefore, primary melanoma characteristics are usually the first cutaneous manifestations of melanoma. Cutaneous metastases, which can occur locally or diffusely, are important to detect in a timely manner as treatments for advanced melanoma that impact survival are now available. Melanoma can be associated with local or diffuse pigmentation changes, including depigmentation associated with the leukodermas and hyperpigmentation associated with diffuse melanosis cutis. The leukodermas occur frequently, illustrate the immunogenic nature of melanoma, and may impact prognosis. Paraneoplastic syndromes in association with melanoma are rare, though can occur.
CULPRIT VERSUS MULTIVESSEL 1-STAGE PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS

Studies employing primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have shown discordant results regarding the relative benefits of treating the culprit lesion only vs all significant stenosis. We performed a meta-analysis comparing PCI of
Larval adhesive organs and metamorphosis in ascidians. I. Fine structure of the everting papillae of Distaplia occidentalis.

The larva of Distaplia occidentalis bears three cup-shaped adhesive papillae, each with a prominent axial protrusion. At the onset of metamorphosis these organs rapidly evert through fenestrations in the cuticular layers of tunic exposing hyaline caps of adhesive. Additional adhesive material is secreted from collocytes during eversion. The stickiness of the papillae facilitates attachment to a variety of substrates. Each papilla is composed of more than 900 cells; six different types were identified. The wall of the cup contains about 260 myoepithelial cells with long attenuated processes. These extend from the rim of the cup to the base in the parietal (inner) layer. The apices of the myoepithelial cells are held in place by 11 pairs of specialized anchor cells bearing long bulbous microvilli. When the myoepithelial cells contract they force the axial protrusion forward and transform the papilla into a hyperboloidal configuration. The papilla is innervated by small motor fibers, but sensory fibers were not detected. The adhesive papillae of Distaplia are discussed in relationship to nine other recognizable types of papillae in the ascidians.
Water Desalination Using Carbon-Nanotube-Enhanced Membrane Distillation

Carbon nanotube (CNT) enhanced membrane distillation is presented for water desalination. It is demonstrated that the immobilization of the CNTs in the pores of a hydrophobic membrane favorably alters the water−membrane interactions to promote vapor permeability while preventing liquid penetration into the membrane pores. For a salt concentration of 34 000 mg L−1 and at 80 °C, the nanotube incorporation led to 1.85 and 15 times increase in flux and salt reduction, respectively.
Direct Solution Methodologies for the Unsteady Dynamics of an Incompressible Fluid

A unified mathematical formulation of the unsteady two- and three- dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) equations is presented. It contains the theoretical development from which efficient direct inversion methodologies are then developed. The numerical analysis leads to a single-pass direct inversion of the nonlinear partial differential operator (PDO) governing the unsteady motion of an incompressible viscous fluid within arbitrarily shaped boundaries. The method is uniformly second-order accurate both spatially and temporally. It is possible to extend this formulation to include the effect of compressibility.
Special Commentary: Advocating the rescheduling of marijuana in US federal and state drug law to permit the use of medical marijuana in the pediatric patient population

Congress must pass the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion, and Respect States Act of 2015 in order to reschedule marijuana at the federal level to allow the progression of clinical research, general production, and prescription of medical marijuana to alleviate the suffering of pediatric patients with medical conditions that would benefit from use of the drug.
The Dark Side of Heterosexual Romance: Endorsement of Romantic Beliefs Relates to Intimate Partner Violence

Romance and control are often conflated by the media, and individuals may believe that certain controlling or jealous behaviors by men toward women are romantic and can be a sign of love and commitment in heterosexual relationships. The current study explored three types of romantic beliefs among women: endorsement of the ideology of romanticism, highly valuing romantic relationships, and the belief that jealousy is good. The goal was to determine whether these beliefs would be related to finding controlling behaviors romantic as well as to reported experiences of both physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV). We surveyed 275 heterosexual-identified women, aged 18 to 50, and measured their endorsement of romantic beliefs, the extent to which they romanticized controlling behavior, and experiences of physical and psychological abuse within their current or most recent romantic relationship. Romantic beliefs were related to romanticizing controlling behaviors, which, in turn, was related to experiences of IPV. There was also a significant indirect relationship between romantic beliefs and experiences of IPV. The data indicate that seemingly positive romantic ideologies can have insidious negative effects. Findings may be useful for clinicians and those who advocate for prevention of IPV as they illustrate a need to refocus traditional ideas of healthy relationships at the societal level.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Intimate Partner Violence, and Relationship Functioning: A Meta‐Analytic Review

This meta-analysis was the first study of which we are aware to investigate the association between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) PTSD symptom clusters and parent, child, family, and marital/partner functioning problems (e.g., intimate partner violence [IPV] and intimacy). Of the 23 studies that met inclusion criteria, the sample was predominantly male (83.8%), Caucasian (65.0%), and from the military (98.9%). The average age was 43.65 years old (SD = 6.27); the average sample size was 397.4 (SD = 416.9; total N = 9,935). PTSD symptom clusters were assessed primarily by self-report (87.0%), with 8.7% using a rating by a clinician. We used fixed analysis following Fisher's r to z transformation and an unbiased weighing and summing of effect sizes within samples and across studies. We found a small association between hyperarousal and IPV (z = .20). We also found two moderate associations for the emotional numbing and avoidance symptom clusters: (a) with parent, child, and family functioning (z = .32, z = .28, respectively); and (b) with intimacy problems (z = .35, z = .42, respectively). We found two large associations for emotional numbing: marital and parent problems (z = .47) and parent, child, and family functioning problems (z = .32, respectively). Our findings suggested that treatments aim to lessen the effect on those who have close relationships with the individual with PTSD.
The Fate of the World (and Compossibility) After Leibniz: The Development of Cosmology in German Philosophy from Leibniz to Kant

This chapter explores the reception of Leibniz’s views on possible worlds and compossibility in the cosmologies of Wolff, Baumgarten, Crusius, and the pre-Critical Kant, with an eye towards determining continuities and discontinuities in their treatments of these notions. As I argue, Leibniz and these post-Leibnizians agree that compossibility should be understood in terms of the characteristic relations (namely, spatio-temporal and causal) that the members of a world stand in – that is, they understand compossibility along the lines of (what has been dubbed) the cosmological interpretation. They also agree that compossibiliy is ultimately grounded in properties of God. They disagree, however, about (1) the nature of space and time and their role in determining what things are compossible, (2) the number of possible and actual worlds, and (3) the legitimacy of using cosmological considerations to argue for a theodicy along Leibnizian lines. On these points, Kant radicalizes trends set in place by Crusius, leading to a rather drastic departure from Leibniz’s own account of possible worlds and compossibility.
Surgical Management of Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Current medical literature clearly defines a group of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinomas that may be treated effectively with thyroid lobectomy alone. Considerations regarding overall survival, local control, and perioperative morbidity in addition to patient monitoring, disease features, and patient preference, guide the treatment team in the extent of surgical intervention. The effectiveness of thyroid lobectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma is dependent upon accurate preoperative and intraoperative exclusion of bilateral disease, extrathyroidal extension, or nodal metastasis. The advantages over total thyroidectomy are reduced perioperative morbidity and less dependence upon thyroid hormone replacement. The disadvantages are more dependence upon ultrasound surveillance, inability to use radioiodine, and potential need for completion thyroidectomy.
Compensation of wakefield-driven energy spread in energy recovery linacs

Energy recovery linacs provide high-energy beams, but decelerate those beams before dumping them, so that their energy is available for the acceleration of new particles. During this deceleration, any relative energy spread that is created at high energy is amplified by the ratio between high energy and dump energy. Therefore, energy recovery linacs are sensitive to energy spread acquired at high energy, e.g., from wakefields. One can compensate the time-correlated energy spread due to wakes via energy-dependent time-of-flight terms in appropriate sections of an energy recovery linac, and via high-frequency cavities. We show that nonlinear time-of-flight terms can only eliminate odd orders in the correlation between time and energy, if these terms are created by a beam transport within the linac that is common for accelerating and decelerating beams. If these two beams are separated, so that different beam transport sections can be used to produce time-of-flight terms suitable for each, also even-order terms in the energy spread can be eliminated. As an example, we investigate the potential of using this method for the Cornell x-ray energy recovery linac. Via quadratic time-of-flight terms, the energy spread can be reduced by 66%. Alternatively, since the energy spread from the dominantly resistive wakefields of the analyzed accelerator is approximately harmonic in time, a high-frequency cavity could diminish the energy spread by 81%. Because both methods of reducing energy spread require separate sections for the two beams within the linac, such sections have been included in Cornell’s x-ray energy recovery linac design.