cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forward computation of dynamic program slices

A dynamic program slice is an executable part of the program whose behavior is identical, for the same program input, to that of the original program with respect to a variable(s) of interest at some execution position. It has been shown that dynamic slicing is useful for the purpose of debugging, testing and software maintenance. The existing methods of dynamic slice computation are based on “backward” analysis, i.e., after the execution trace of the program is first recorded, the dynamic slice algorithm traces backwards the execution trace to derive dynamic dependence relations that are then used to compute dynamic slices. For many programs, during their execution extremely high volume of information may be recorded that may prevent accurate dynamic slice computation. In this paper we present a novel approach of dynamic slice computation, referred to as forward approach of dynamic slice computation. In this method, dynamic slices are computed during program execution without major recording of the execution trace. The major advantage of the forward approach is that space complexity is bounded as opposed to the backward methods of slice computation.
Radiation mode analysis of tilted fiber gratings

Based on coupled-mode theory and new sets of HE and EH radiation modes, the scattering analysis of tilted fiber gratings is developed. The result agrees with the volume current method except at small scatter angles.
Ascaris suum hexokinase: purification and possible function in compartmentation of glucose 6-phosphate in muscle.

Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) is present in a soluble and a bound form in homogenates of Ascaris suum muscle. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and ion exchange chromatography confirmed the presence of only one molecular form of hexokinase in this muscle. A procedure for purifying hexokinase from Ascaris muscle has been developed utilizing ion-exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration. The enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 100 000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel filtration. The Stokeś radius, diffusion coefficient, and fractional ratio have been determined. The apparent Michaelis constants for glucose and ATP are 4.7 · 10−3 M and 2.2 · 10−4M, respectively. Ascaris hexokinase also exhibits end-product inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate and ADP. It is postulated that the kinetic parameters of the enzyme are the results of its function, that of generating glucose 6-phosphate primarily for glycogen synthesis.
Cryomicrotomy applied to the preparation of frozen hydrated muscle tissue for transmission electron microscopy

SUMMARY A method is described by which frozen hydrated bovine muscle is prepared for the transmission electron microscope. The importance of maintaining specimen temperatures at −110°C (163°K), or below, during the preparation of frozen thin sections and during specimen transfer and microscopical observations is emphasized and documented. Electron micrographs of a section of muscle were followed through three levels of dehydration. Electron micrographs of frozen hydrated muscle were compared with micrographs of fixed and embedded muscle. In general, the micromorphology of muscle prepared by the two methods was found to be quite similar.
Age-dependent loss of NGF signaling in the rat basal forebrain is due to disrupted MAPK activation.

The loss of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high affinity receptor TrkA has been implicated in the loss of cholinergic tone and function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal aging. We employed an animal model of aging, the aged rat, which also exhibits memory loss and NGF alterations. Basal forebrain TrkA levels increased after injection of NGF in the hippocampus within 1 h in young rats, but this response was diminished in aged animals as determined by Western blot analysis. Further, NGF activated MAPK pathways without changing total ERK levels and the activation of these pathways was also diminished in aged animals. The exogenous NGF injection did not appear to activate the PI-3K pathway or alter total levels of Akt significantly. These data shed light on mechanisms of NGF signaling in the CNS, and alterations in this signaling cascade associated with age and memory loss. These findings might lead to development of novel treatment therapies for the memory loss associated with AD and other age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Mass balance laws and the decomposition, evolution and stability of chemical systems

Abstract The laws of mass balance (conservation of atomic species) for reacting, diffusing and conducting material bodies are shown to provide a direct and simple decomposition of the reaction and diffusion processes. They also provide significant simplifications in implementing the condition of charge neutrality of the reaction processes and yield a reduction in the number of independent variables (thermodynamic forces) that occur in the dissipation inequality. General solutions of dissipation inequality are obtained which include the Onsager forms as special cases. These solutions yield a complete system of nonlinear constitutive relations for the viscous stresses, heat flux, diffusion fluxes, and the mass supplies associated with the chemical reactions. It is shown that chemically closed systems in fixed containers evolve toward static states whenever (1) the entropy production function vanishes only when all of the thermodynamic forces vanish, (2) the total free energy at constant temperature, constant total mass, and constant total masses of the atomic constituents possesses an absolute lower bound in an equilibrium state (thermodynamic stability), (3) the body is in thermal contact with an external environment at constant temperature, and (4) the body forces which act on each chemical constituent possess a potential function. Asymptotic stability of the thermodynamic equilibrium point is shown under the additional assumption that the total free energy has one and only one minimum at constant temperature, constant total mass, and constant total masses of the atomic constituents.
Transcription: Role in the initiation and replication of DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli and ΦX174

Abstract 1. 1. The role of transcription in the initiation of DNA synthesis and elongation of the DNA chain in Escherichia coli and the bacteriophage ΦX174 has been studied. 2. 2. Concomitant transcription does not appear to be required for semiconservative DNA replication in bacteria, or for conversion of single-stranded ΦX174 DNA to the double-stranded replicative form. 3. 3. The data substantiate the requirement in bacteria for messenger RNA(s) coding for protein(s) involved in the initiation of a round of DNA replication.
Anxiety and depression among law students: current knowledge and future directions.

Increased psychology–law collaboration has yielded great strides over the past 20 years. However, one area of research that remains overlooked involves the psychological well-being of law students. The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the existing literature on anxiety and depression among law students. This literature suggests that self-reports of anxiety and depression are significantly higher among law students than among either the general population or medical students. Recommendations for advancing knowledge in this area include developing hypothesis-driven research, using measures that adequately discriminate between anxiety and depression, and testing alternative hypotheses regarding the origins of law student distress.
Serious joint-related adverse events in randomized controlled trials of anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies.

Summary Background Reports of serious joint adverse events (AEs) due to osteonecrosis were noted during randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies to nerve growth factor (NGF), including tanezumab and fulranumab. Methods All available medical records from subjects with reported cases of osteonecrosis, as well as records of subjects who underwent joint replacement during these studies, were reviewed by an independent adjudication committee that was established by each company; the committees were different for each company and included distinct individual experts. Cases were categorized as having definite osteonecrosis, normal or rapid progression of osteoarthritis (OA), another diagnosis or unable to determine the underlying diagnosis. Results The vast majority of investigator reported cases of osteonecrosis were adjudicated as either normal or rapid progression of OA. Indeed, the syndrome of rapid progression of OA associated with chondrolysis and bone destruction appears to be a safety signal that is associated with not only increasing doses of anti-NGF antibodies but also concomitant therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusions These results have implications for future clinical trials of anti-NGF agents in OA and other painful conditions.
NOP RECEPTOR MEDIATES ANTI-ANALGESIA INDUCED BY AGONIST-ANTAGONIST OPIOIDS

Clinical studies have shown that agonist-antagonist opioid analgesics that produce their analgesic effect via action on the kappa-opioid receptor, produce a delayed-onset anti-analgesia in men but not women, an effect blocked by co-administration of a low dose of naloxone. We now report the same time-dependent anti-analgesia and its underlying mechanism in an animal model. Using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal assay in male rats, we found that nalbuphine, pentazocine, and butorphanol each produced analgesia during the first hour followed by anti-analgesia starting at ∼90min after administration in males but not females, closely mimicking its clinical effects. As observed in humans, co-administration of nalbuphine with naloxone in a dose ratio of 12.5:1 blocked anti-analgesia but not analgesia. Administration of the highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U69593 produced analgesia without subsequent anti-analgesia, and confirmed by the failure of the selective kappa antagonist nor-binaltorphimine to block nalbuphine-induced anti-analgesia, indicating that anti-analgesia is not mediated by kappa-opioid receptors. We therefore tested the role of other receptors in nalbuphine anti-analgesia. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) and sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors were chosen on the basis of their known anti-analgesic effects and receptor binding studies. The selective NOP receptor antagonists, JTC801, and J-113397, but not the sigma receptor antagonist, BD 1047, antagonized nalbuphine anti-analgesia. Furthermore, the NOP receptor agonist NNC 63-0532 produced anti-analgesia with the same delay in onset observed with the three agonist-antagonists, but without producing preceding analgesia and this anti-analgesia was also blocked by naloxone. These results strongly support the suggestion that clinically used agonist-antagonists act at the NOP receptor to produce anti-analgesia.
Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema

This book, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Mumbai, provides the uninitiated reader with a thorough introduction to the world of Bollywood cinema. The book provides an in-depth descript...
Ground-truth localization using a sequential-update extended Kalman filter

A ground-truth environment for mobile robot localization is developed. The sequential update extended Kalman filter is employed to fuse data from a Sick Nav200 laser positioning system and multiple onboard sensors to provide highly accurate robot pose estimation. Results are suitable for validation of mapping, localization and kino-dynamic modeling. Experimental work presented covers odometry calibration and system validation.
Picosecond enhancement of photorefractive beam coupling in CdTe:V at 960 nm

Abstract Photorefractive beam coupling in CdTe:V is observed with single 1 ps pulses at a wavelength of 960 nm. Coupling coefficients are substantially larger than observed with 30 ps pulses at 1.06 μm and nearly a factor of 100 larger than calculations based on conventional transport properties of CdTe. We consider anomalously large carrier diffusion (hot carriers) as a possible mechanism for the production of this nonlocal photorefractive grating.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistor fabricated on glass and polyimide substrate at 200 °C

The properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (a-Si:H TFTs) on both a glass substrate and on a colorless polyimide substrate were compared. Silicon nitride and hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films were sequentially deposited at 200 °C by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The field-effect mobilities of the TFTs on glass and polyimide substrates were 0.35 and 0.42 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. The field-effect mobility of TFTs on the polyimide substrate was higher than that on the glass substrate. This was caused by the reduced surface roughness of the silicon nitride and hydrogenated amorphous silicon films on the polyimide substrate. Both on glass and polyimide substrates, the subthreshold voltage swing was about 0.5 V/dec and an on/off current ratio over of 107 was achieved. The superior electrical characteristics resulted from the increased hydrogen content in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon film and a higher breakdown voltage of the silicon nitride film was obtained.
A message from the American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons President-Elect, Joel L. Rosenlicht, DMD.

There is no question that we are embarking on changing times in our specialty. For more than 30 years the American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons has been at the forefront of change, expanding our scope and redefining who and what oral surgeons are and do. In fact, it was the American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons that initiated our name change to oral and maxillofacial surgeons. With health care on everyone’s mind and issues of the scope of procedures being determined by the legislators and nonoral surgeons, it is no wonder that many of us who practice oral and maxillofacial surgery are very concerned. Our concern also comes from perception, whether real or imagined. Our patients often feel the same way: confused about who the most appropriate practitioner would be for their problem, who should evaluate their facial pain, correct their facial deformity, or treat their fractured face. It also is unfortunate that many of our dental colleagues do not realize our scope and what we can offer patients. The news of Michael Jackson’s death and the publicity regarding Propofol may also now effect the public awareness of anesthesia, who should administer it, and where it should be done. As these issues arise, all of us who practice oral and maxillofacial surgery must unite to preserve our right to continue the full scope of our education. In these confusing and uncertain times, we need to unify our specialty by supporting each other. We also must recognize that our scope is so extensive that our need to stay current and competent has never been greater. The readers of this journal, members of such fine institutions as the American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, are to be commended for being part of organizations that reflect the education and dynamic future of head and neck specialists. Working together and supporting our needs offers a great future. This journal exemplifies just how diverse the scope of dentistry is and how intertwined we are as dentists with medicine. As specialists we are an integral part of our patients’ health. Many people visit their dentist more frequently than they might see their physician. Our capacity to see and diagnosis dental problems gives us a window of opportunity to find early or ongoing medical issues with patients. All dentists are part of a health care team, and when medical issues may be unveiled in the dental office, appropriate patient education and referrals can save lives. Let’s always remember how important dentistry is as a medical discipline and the effect we are able to have on patients’ well-being.
Homology-Modeled Structure of the Yeast Mitochondrial Citrate Transport Protein

We have used homology modeling to construct a three-dimensional model of the yeast mitochondrial citrate transport protein (CTP), based on the recently published x-ray crystal structure of another mitochondrial transport protein, the ADP/ATP carrier. Superposition of the backbone traces of the homology-modeled CTP onto the crystallographically determined ADP carrier structure indicates that the CTP transmembrane domains are well modeled (i.e., root mean square deviation of 0.94 A), whereas the loops facing the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix are less certain (i.e., root mean square deviation values of 0.72-2.06 A). The homology-modeled CTP is consistent with our earlier de novo models of the transporter's transmembrane domains, with respect to residues which face into the transport path. Importantly, the resulting model is consistent with our previous experimental data obtained from measuring reactivity of 34 single cysteine mutants in transmembrane domains 3 and 4 with methanethiosulfonate reagents. The model also points to a likely dimer interface region. In conclusion, our data help to define the substrate translocation pathway in both the modeled CTP structure and the crystallographic ADP carrier structure.
Atom movements and dislocation structures for plastic slip in single crystals of β-uranium

Abstract The crystallographic elements of slip in single crystals of β-uranium have been interpreted in terms of formalized atom movements compatible with the structural characteristics of the crystal, and dislocation structures for accomplishing the movements have been derived. A novel and critical part of the general problem lies in the fact that the unit cell of the simple tetragonal lattice contains the relatively large number of thirty atoms, which are arranged in a sufficiently complex manner to obscure any ready identification of a slip interface. The structure of the crystal is described in detail and the over-all structural requirements of any deformation model are deduced. It is then shown that the structure permits a flow process based on a double interface, i.e. the slipping portions of crystal are separated by a volume or zone of atoms which is needed to maintain structural continuity during the flow process. The width of the zone corresponds to a single lattice spacing normal to the observed slip plane of the lattice. The body of the paper is concerned with the development and description of the associated process of plastic flow.
Assessing the Relationship Between Cervical Ectopy and HIV Susceptibility: Implications for HIV Prevention in Women

Cervical ectopy, which occurs when the columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal extends outwards into the ectocervix, has been suggested to increase the susceptibility to HIV infection in at-risk women. This study summarizes observational studies, primarily conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, that have assessed a possible causative association between cervical ectopy and HIV acquisition and also examines the biological plausibility as well as other cofactors that may mediate this association. Only about half of the studies reviewed found cervical ectopy to be a significant risk factor for HIV acquisition. The reasons for these divergent results still remain to be fully elucidated. Understanding biological factors that affect HIV susceptibility provide opportunities to identify prevention strategies to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.
Folate receptor-targeted immunotherapy: Induction of humoral and cellular immunity against hapten-decorated cancer cells

We previously exploited the frequent overexpression of folate receptors on cancer cells to decorate malignant cell surfaces selectively with folate-hapten conjugates. In antihapten-immunized hosts, this targeted localization of foreign haptens to tumor cells led to rapid accumulation of autologous antihapten IgG, which in turn yielded potent antitumor activity upon stimulation with cytokines (IL-2, IFN-α). In an effort to understand the effector mechanisms responsible for tumor regression, we have now investigated the involvement of both humoral and cellular immune components in the tumor destruction process. We report that the dependence of therapeutic efficacy on folate-hapten concentration is bimodal, suggesting that the conjugate must bridge between a cell surface FR and an antihapten IgG in order to mediate killing. Studies with cancer cells in vitro further demonstrate that folate-fluorescein-marked tumor cells are killed primarily by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, with no contribution from complement-dependent mechanisms. Investigations of specific immune cell involvement also reveal that asialo-GM1+-natural killer cells, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells contribute significantly to recognition/removal of the cancer mass, and that elimination of these cell types markedly compromises the therapy. Because the initial antibody-dependent stage of tumor cell killing is shown to lead to a long-term antibody-independent cellular immunity that involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, we propose that Fc receptor-expressing immune cells not only initiate destruction of the IgG-marked tumor cells, but also participate in presentation of endogenous tumor antigens in a manner that leads to long-term cellular immunity. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A representative politics of nature|[quest]| Bruno Latour on collectives and constitutions

Bruno Latour purports to transform political ecology by turning attention away from presumed damages to ‘nature’ and toward unproblematised scientific and social processes through which people and things stabilise their identities. He extends the categories of political representation to those processes in hopes of founding a ‘parliament of things’. Such an assembly would settle the terms of coexistence between people and things without undue deference to scientific knowledge claims and without a priori judgments about nature's value. This article challenges Latour's reliance on the concept of representation on three grounds. First, his theory of subject-object ‘entanglements’ undermines traditional justifications of representation, and offers no convincing ethical limits to put in their place. Second, Latour describes environmental issues in ways that are inconsistent with representation by discrete spokespersons. Third, Latour's open-ended proceduralism provides no way of creating overarching, legitimate norms capable of resolving environmental disputes. Occasionally, however, Latour hints at constitutionally structured reforms that might help overcome these objections – provided that they drew lessons from theories of deliberative democracy.
Angiographic embolization in the management of hemorrhagiccomplications of pregnancy

Obstetric hemorrhage continues to be a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Recent developments in percutaneous angiographic embolization techniques have afforded the ability to control persistent bleeding from pelvic vessels while avoiding the morbidity of surgical exploration. We report the use of angiographic embolization in 10 cases of pregnancy-related hemorrhage, including persistent postcesarean bleeding (three cases), vaginal wall hematomas (four cases), cervical ectopic pregnancies (two cases), and postpartum bleeding as a secondary complication of uterine myomas (one case). The embolization procedures were successful in all cases. Nine of 10 patients experienced postprocedural fever with eight cases resolving with antibiotic therapy alone and one patient requiring vaginal drainage of the hematoma-abscess. The mean length of time for the procedure was 167 minutes (range 70 to 270). The average length of hospitalization was 8 days (range 2 to 13). These data indicate that angiographic embolization is effective in treating hemorrhagic complications of pregnancy in hemodynamically stable patients and is preferable to surgery in selected cases.
Nanocharacterization of Proton Radiation Damage on Magnetically Oriented Epoxy

Abstract In this study we investigate the shielding effectiveness of a structural epoxy against high-energy proton radiation. To study the influence of material texture on its radiation shielding effectiveness we induced orientations in the epoxy using a high magnetic field of 15 T and exposed it to proton beams of energy 6–15 MeV. The microstructure of the samples was characterized using ESEM and AFM microscopy. The effect of the radiation on the mechanical properties of the epoxy samples such as modulus and hardness was measured using nanoindentation tests.
Kaplan-Meier estimate on the plane: Weak convergence, LIL, and the bootstrap☆

We consider estimation of the bivariate survival function F(s,t) under bivariate random right censoring. It is shown that the bivariate product integral estimator F(s, t) can be written as F(s, t) − F(s, t) = F(s, t) B(s, t) + S(s, t), where B is a sum of mean zero iid processes and S is a remainder term of order O((n−1logn)12 (n−1log logn)18) a.s. Using this representation we establish weak convergence of n12(F(s, t) − F(s, t)) as well as the law of iterated logarithm. Similar results are obtained for the bootstrap version of F.
Selectivity in alkynylation: the reaction between Ru2(LL)4Cl and Me3SnCCR (LL=2-anilinopyridine, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-oxypyridine)

Abstract The reaction via a Pd(II)/CuI catalyst of phenylethynyl(trimethyl)stannane (Me 3 SnCCPh) with Ru 2 (chp) 4 Cl, Ru 2 (bhp) 4 Cl and Ru 2 (ap) 4 Cl gave the organometallic terminal alkynes Ru 2 (chp) 4 CCPh ( 1 ), Ru 2 (bhp) 4 CCPh ( 2 ) and Ru 2 (ap) 4 CCPh ( 3 ), respectively in 80–85% yields, without an attack on other functionalities.
Classification of Antarctic surfaces using AVHRR data: a multispectral approach

The mapping of sea, landice, sea ice and clouds, from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images taken over Antarctica in daylight is investigated and a classification scheme is proposed on the basis of thresholds retrieved from multispectral patterns of representative data. The scheme, which can be used for real time analysis of AVHRR images in scientific and logistic activities, gives satisfactory separation of different categories. Major misclassification occurs between ice clouds and land ice because of their very similar spectral signature in the AVHRR channels. Comparison of classified samples, obtained from visual inspection of images and from application of the scheme, exhibits a confusion matrix with accuracy A=92% over areas almost free from ice clouds.
Resilience in the face of disaster: prevalence and longitudinal course of mental disorders following hurricane Ike

OBJECTIVES: Natural disasters may increase risk for a broad range of psychiatric disorders, both in the short- and in the medium-term. We sought to determine the prevalence and longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), depression, and suicidality in the first 18 months after Hurricane Ike. METHODS: Six hundred fifty-eight adults representative of Galveston and Chambers Counties, Texas participated in a random, population-based survey. The initial assessment was conducted 2 to 5 months after Hurricane Ike struck Galveston Bay on September 13, 2008. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 5 to 9 and 14 to 18 months after Hurricane Ike. RESULTS: Past-month prevalence of any mental disorder (20.6% to 10.9%) and hurricane-related PTSD (6.9% to 2.5%) decreased over time. Past-month prevalence of PTSD related to a non-disaster traumatic event (5.8% to 7.1%), GAD (3.1% to 1.8%), PD (0.8% to 0.7%), depression (5.0% to 5.6%), and suicidality (2.6% to 4.2%) remained relatively stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD, both due to the hurricane and due to other traumatic events, was the most prevalent psychiatric disorder 2 to 5 months after Hurricane Ike. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders declined rapidly over time, suggesting that the vast majority of individuals exposed to this natural disaster 'bounced back' and were resilient to long-term mental health consequences of this large-scale traumatic event. Language: en
Heterologous cells cooperate to augment stem cell migration, homing, and engraftment.

T-lymphocyte depletion of bone marrow grafts compromises engraftment, suggesting a facilitating mechanism provided by the T cells that has been shown to associate with CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. Explanations for this phenomenon have focused on immune targeting of residual host cells or cytokine production. We provide evidence for an alternative mechanism based on cooperative effects on cell motility. We observed that engraftment of CD34+ cells in a β2-microglobulin–deficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (β2m−/− NOD/SCID) mouse model paralleled clinical observations in humans, with an enhancing effect noted from the addition of CD8+ cells but not CD4+ cells. This correlated with CD8+ augmentation of CD34+cell homing to the bone marrow in vivo and CD8+cell–associated increases of CD34+ cell transmigration through a bone marrow endothelial cell line in vitro. The cooperative interaction was not sensitive to brefeldin A inhibition of protein secretion. However, cytochalasin D–induced inhibition of CD8+ cytoskeletal rearrangements abrogated CD34+ transendothelial migration and impaired CD34+ cell homing in vivo. CD8+ cells did not migrate in tandem with CD34+ cells or alter endothelial barrier integrity; rather, they affected phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling in CD34+ cells in response to the chemokine stromal derived factor-1α (SDF-1α). These data demonstrate cell-cell cooperativity between different cell types in mediating chemotactic events and provide one potential explanation for the clinically observed effect of CD8+ cells on bone marrow transplantation. This modification of cell migration by neighboring cells provides broad possibilities for combinatorial effects between cells of different types to influence cell localization.
Arthropod Phylogeny: a Combined Approach

Abstract Abstract —Ribosomal and ubiquitin protein coding sequence data are generated from 20 arthropods and five close relatives. These molecular data are combined with morphological characters derived from the literature to approach arthropod phylogenetics from the perspective of total evidence. Trilobita were included in the analysis through morphological comparison alone. The overall data strongly support arthropod monophyly. Recent molecular analyses which have yield different results are shown to have been based on few characters, few taxa or both. The most parsimonious explanation of the data is (Annelida + (Onychophora + (Trilobita + Chelicerata) + (Crustacea + (Myriapoda + Hexapoda))))). The data are largely concordant both internally among data sets and externally with previous cladistic anatomical analyses.
Thermal characterization of high performance PBI and 6F polymers and their alloys

The effectiveness of thermal analysis as a technique for screening polymeric candidates for high temperature composite application is described. DSC, DMA, and TGA were employed to measure glass transition temperature, characterize blend phase morphology, and assess thermo-oxidative stability. The materials studied were polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyimide copolymer (6FCoPI), and blends of PBI with Ultem 1000™ and 6FCoPI. The potential of misinterpretation of thermal analysis as the primary screening tool was also demonstrated. It was shown that if thermal analysis was used with insufficient understanding of the chemistry and physics of the materials under investigation, highly misleading conclusions may be derived.
Thyroid hormone causes sexually distinct neurochemical and morphological alterations in rat septal-diagonal band neurons.

: Sex differences were investigated in cholinergic neurons of the septal-diagonal band region of adult rats subjected to neonatal treatment with 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Neonatal hyperthyroidism resulted in a 44% increase in specific activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) in adult male rat septal-diagonal band region, whereas no change in ChAT activity could be detected in either dorsal or ventral hippocampus. An increase in muscarinic cholinergic receptors, as measured by [3H]quinu-clidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding, was discovered in both septum-diagonal band and dorsal hippocampus of the T3-treated male rats. Immunohistochemistry in the septal-diagonal band region indicated a more intense staining in the neonatally T3-treated adult male rats than in controls, with larger and more abundant ChAT-positive and nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R)-positive varicosities. ChAT immunocytochemistry showed a substantial decrease in cell body area in the medial septum and in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of T3-treated male rats, while cell density increased twofold. Female littermates subjected to the same treatment showed no changes in any of the biochemical or immunohistochemical cholinergic markers. Only in the medial septum was morphology significantly altered in the female T3-treated rats in that ChAT-positive cell body area increased. These results indicate a marked sexual variation in the septal-diagonal band region with respect to the sensitivity of postnatally developing cholinergic neurons to the actions of excess thyroid hormone.
Fred Sanger: a memorial tribute.

Of the three main activities involved in scientific research, thinking, talking, and doing, I much prefer the last and am probably best at it. I am all right at the thinking, but not much good at the talking.
Low-Rank Regularization for Learning Gene Expression Programs

Learning gene expression programs directly from a set of observations is challenging due to the complexity of gene regulation, high noise of experimental measurements, and insufficient number of experimental measurements. Imposing additional constraints with strong and biologically motivated regularizations is critical in developing reliable and effective algorithms for inferring gene expression programs. Here we propose a new form of regulation that constrains the number of independent connectivity patterns between regulators and targets, motivated by the modular design of gene regulatory programs and the belief that the total number of independent regulatory modules should be small. We formulate a multi-target linear regression framework to incorporate this type of regulation, in which the number of independent connectivity patterns is expressed as the rank of the connectivity matrix between regulators and targets. We then generalize the linear framework to nonlinear cases, and prove that the generalized low-rank regularization model is still convex. Efficient algorithms are derived to solve both the linear and nonlinear low-rank regularized problems. Finally, we test the algorithms on three gene expression datasets, and show that the low-rank regularization improves the accuracy of gene expression prediction in these three datasets.
First principles determinations of the bonding mechanism and adsorption energy for CO/MgO(001)

Abstract Using the highly precise local density functional full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method, we have studied the bonding mechanism and other electronic properties of CO physisorption on the MgO(001) substrate. The calculated adsorption energy and the blue shift of the CO stretch frequency are 0.28 eV/molecule and 33 cm −1 , in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data of 0.3–0.43 eV/molecule and 35 cm −1 , respectively. The charge density contours indicate that a significant charge redistribution (bonding) is involved in the CO/MgO(001) interaction, in contrast with previous cluster calculations which suggested that the CO–MgO interaction is of the Van der Waals type.
Leadership and Organizational Culture Transformation in Professional Sport

Organizational culture has long been recognized as a critical component that can facilitate high performance in business (Balthazard, Cooke, & Potter, 2006). The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the phenomena of organizational culture change in professional sport (NBA, MLB, and NFL). Six owners or general managers who had successfully brought their organizations through organizational culture change, as evidenced by their team’s performance, agreed to an in-person interview. Five primary themes emerged (Symptoms of a Dysfunctional Culture, My Way, Walk the Talk, Embedding New Culture, and Our Way) which together formed an initial model for organizational culture change in professional sport: the Culture Change Cycle. Each theme is discussed in depth, and differences across sport and role are explained.
Sparsity based adaptive thresholding for DFE in SC-FDMA

For single-carrier systems with frequency domain equalization, such as SC-FDMA, decision feedback equalization (DFE) performs better than linear equalization and has much lower computational complexity than sequence maximum likelihood detection. The main challenge in DFE is the feedback symbol selection rule. In this paper, we give a theoretical framework for a simple, sparsity based thresholding algorithm. We feed back multiple symbols in each iteration, so the algorithm converges fast and has a low computational cost. We show how the initial solution can be obtained via convex relaxation instead of linear equalization. Numerical results illustrate significant performance improvement in terms of bit error rate compared to the MMSE solution.
Searching for Work, Striving for Justice: New Perspectives on Latin American Migrations to the United States

– Corridors of Migration: The Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933, by Rodolfo F. Acuna. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2007. – Impacts of Border Enforcement on Mexican Migration: The View from Sending Communities, edited by Wayne A. Cornelius and Jessa M. Lewis. La Jolla, SD: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, 2007.1 – Four Generations of Nortenos: New Research from the Cradle of Mexican Migration, edited by Wayne A. Cornelius, David Fitzgerald, and Scott Borger. La Jolla, SD: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, 2008. – Mayan Journeys: The New Migration from Yucatan to the United States, edited by Wayne A. Cornelius, David Fitzgerald, and Pedro Lewin Fischer. La Jolla, SD: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, 2007. – In Search of Providence: Transnational Mayan Identities, by Patricia Foxen. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007.
Fundamentals of Impedance Spectral Analysis Applied to Determine Permittivity of Dielectric Particles

It is demonstrated that the permittivity (dielectric constant) of powders suspended in suitable liquids can be determined by impedance spectroscopy techniques. A prior knowledge on the solids loading of particles in the slurry, the permittivity, and the electrical conductivity of the liquid is not required to determine the permittivity of particles by this technique. Some theoretical considerations of this method supported with experimental studies are described toward understanding of the physical phenomena involved with the characterization of slurries, which implemented to determine the permittivity of particulate materials.
Scale Filtering for Improved Nowcasting Performance in a High-Resolution X-Band Radar Network

Precipitation patterns exist on a continuum of scales where generally larger scale features facilitate longer useful prediction times at the expense of coarser resolution. Favorable measurement range and resolution make weather radar observations an attractive choice for input to automated short-term weather prediction (nowcasting) systems. Previous research has shown that nowcasting performance can be improved by spatially filtering radar observations and considering only those precipitation scales that are most representative of pattern motion for prediction or filtering those scales from predicted fields deemed unpredictable by remaining past their lifetimes. It has been shown that an improvement in nowcasting performance can be obtained by first applying a nonlinear elliptical spatial filter to observed Weather Surveillance Radar 88 Doppler vertically integrated liquid water fields to predict motion of larger scale features believed to better represent the motion of the entire precipitation pattern for forecast lead times up to 1 h. It has also been shown in the literature that wavelet transform can be used to develop measures of predictability at each scale and adaptive wavelet filters can be designed to remove perishable scales from predicted continental-scale reflectivity fields according to prediction lead time. This paper investigates the adaptation of both of these approaches and Fourier filtering to evaluate the effects of scale filtering on nowcasting performance using a Fourier-based nowcasting method and high-resolution Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere radar reflectivity data. A maximum improvement of approximately 18% in terms of Critical Success Index was observed by applying Fourier filtering in the context of truncating Fourier coefficients within the prediction model to the observed sequence of reflectivity fields used for assimilation. In addition, applying Fourier filtering to the resulting predictions showed a maximum reduction in mean absolute error of approximately 14%.
Dendritic cells pulsed with intact Streptococcus pneumoniae elicit both protein- and polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vivo through distinct mechanisms.

Immature bone marrow‐derived myeloid dendritic cells (BMDCs) are induced to undergo phenotypic maturation and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- � , interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-10 when pulsed in vitro with intact Streptococcus pneumoniae . After transfer to naive mice, pulsed BMDCs induce immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses specific for both protein and polysaccharide pneumococcal antigens, having in common the requirement for viable BMDCs, T cells, and B7-dependent costimulation in the recipient mice. Whereas primary Ig isotype responses to bacterial proteins uniformly require BMDC expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, and B7, and the secretion of IL-6, but not IL-12, similar requirements for antipolysaccharide Ig responses were only observed for the IgG1 isotype.
Regrowing a language: refactoring tools allow programming languages to evolve

Successful programming languages change as they age. They tend to become more complex, and eventually some features become outdated or are rarely used. Programming tools for these languages become more complex as well, since they have to support archaic features. Old programs are hard to maintain, since these archaic features are unfamiliar to modern programmers. These problems can be solved by refactoring tools that can transform programs to use the modern form. We show that refactoring tools can ease the cost of program evolution by examining the evolution of two languages, Fortran and Java, and showing that each change corresponds to an automatable refactoring.
Nebulized hypertonic saline without adjunctive bronchodilators for children with bronchiolitis

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine an adverse event rate for nebulized hypertonic saline solution administered without adjunctive bronchodilators for infants with bronchiolitis. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of the use of nebulized 3% saline for children RESULTS: A total of 444 total doses of 3% saline solution were administered, with 377 doses (85%) being administered without adjunctive bronchodilators. Four adverse events occurred with these 377 doses, for a 1.0% adverse event rate (95% confidence interval: 0.3%–2.8%). Adverse events were generally mild. One episode of bronchospasm was documented, for a rate of 0.3% (95% confidence interval: CONCLUSIONS: The use of 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators for inpatients with bronchiolitis had a low rate of adverse events in our center. Additional clinical trials of 3% saline solution in bronchiolitis should evaluate its effectiveness in the absence of adjunctive bronchodilators.
Zebrafish Kidney Phagocytes Utilize Macropinocytosis and Ca2+-Dependent Endocytic Mechanisms

Background The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens and consists of a variety of immune defense mechanisms including active endocytosis by macrophages and granulocytes. Endocytosis can be used as a reliable measure of selective and non-selective mechanisms of antigen uptake in the early phase of an immune response. Numerous assays have been developed to measure this response in a variety of mammalian and fish species. The small size of the zebrafish has prevented the large-scale collection of monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes for these endocytic assays. Methodology/Principal Findings Pooled zebrafish kidney hematopoietic tissues were used as a source of phagocytic cells for flow-cytometry based endocytic assays. FITC-Dextran, Lucifer Yellow and FITC-Edwardsiella ictaluri were used to evaluate selective and non-selective mechanisms of uptake in zebrafish phagocytes. Conclusions/Significance Zebrafish kidney phagocytes characterized as monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes utilize macropinocytosis and Ca2+-dependant endocytosis mechanisms of antigen uptake. These cells do not appear to utilize a mannose receptor. Heat-killed Edwardsiella ictaluri induces cytoskeletal interactions for internalization in zebrafish kidney monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes. The proposed method is easy to implement and should prove especially useful in immunological, toxicological and epidemiological research.
Libration Point Navigation Concepts Supporting the Vision for Space Exploration

This work examines the autonomous navigation accuracy achievable for a lunar exploration trajectory from a translunar libration point lunar navigation relay satellite, augmented by signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS). We also provide a brief analysis comparing the libration point relay to lunar orbit relay architectures, and discuss some issues of GPS usage for cis-lunar trajectories.
Helicobacter pylori β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase for versatile synthesis of type 1 and type 2 poly LacNAcs on N-linked, O-linked and I-antigen glycans

Poly-N-acetyllactosamine extensions on N- and O-linked glycans are increasingly recognized as biologically important structural features, but access to these structures has not been widely available. Here, we report a detailed substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency of the bacterial β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (β3GlcNAcT) from Helicobacter pylori that can be adapted to the synthesis of a rich diversity of glycans with poly-LacNAc extensions. This glycosyltransferase has surprisingly broad acceptor specificity toward type-1, -2, -3 and -4 galactoside motifs on both linear and branched glycans, found commonly on N-linked, O-linked and I-antigen glycans. This finding enables the production of complex ligands for glycan-binding studies. Although the enzyme shows preferential activity for type 2 (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) acceptors, it is capable of transferring N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in β1-3 linkage to type-1 (Galβ1-3GlcNAc) or type-3/4 (Galβ1-3GalNAcα/β) sequences. Thus, by alternating the use of the H. pylori β3GlcNAcT with galactosyltransferases that make the β1-4 or β1-3 linkages, various N-linked, O-linked and I-antigen acceptors could be elongated with type-2 and type-1 LacNAc repeats. Finally, one-pot incubation of di-LacNAc biantennary N-glycopeptide with the β3GlcNAcT and GalT-1 in the presence of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc and UDP-Gal, yielded products with 15 additional LacNAc units on the precursor, which was seen as a series of sequential ion peaks representing alternative additions of GlcNAc and Gal residues, on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. Overall, our data demonstrate a broader substrate specificity for the H. pylori β3GlcNAcT than previously recognized and demonstrate its ability as a potent resource for preparative chemo-enzymatic synthesis of complex glycans.