cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory building in the entrepreneurship paradigm

Abstract Ever since Newton's Principia set mathematical models at the pinnacle of a scientific paradigm, scientists in all disciplines—not just the physical sciences—have striven to express their theories mathematically. In the social sciences, mathematical models are more often than not a little more than a Laplacian fantasy. Nevertheless, mathematics is being used more and more extensively by social scientists—none more so than economists and business researchers. This paper focuses on one area of social science, entrepreneurship, and examines the difficulties of trying to use mathematics to model entrepreneurship processes. The entrepreneurial process is a dynamic, discontinuous change of state. It involves numerous antecedent variables. It is extremely sensitive to initial conditions. To build an algorithm for a physical system with those characteristics would be daunting to the most gifted applied mathematician. But when you add the requirement that the entrepreneurial process is initiated by the volition of a unique human being, mathematical modeling may be impossible, because there is “an essential non-algorithmic aspect to conscious human action.” This article argues that today's most prominent mathematical representation of entrepreneurship, population ecology, falls far short of Penrose's specification for a “useful theory.” Some observers believe that the answer to entrepreneurship theory may be found in the chaos theory—a relatively new science that was popularized by Gleick in his book Chaos: Making a New Science . This article explores the chaotic zones of several algorithms that provide alluringly simple representations for the entrepreneurial process. One of them is the fundamental equation for population ecology theory. It shows how under some conditions that equation exhibits some wild, chaotic behavior that gives an observer the feel of entrepreneurship. But it is no more than a mathematical metaphor because the accuracy of the measurements that are needed to observe true scientific chaos in the entrepreneurial process are unattainable in practice.
Changes in interstitial adenosine during hypoxia : relationship to oxygen supply : demand imbalance, and effects of adenosine deaminase

Objective: The aim was to determine the changes in coronary blood flow and intramyocardial interstitial fluid (ISF) adenosine and adenosine metabolites during systemic hypoxia, and to evaluate (1) whether the increase in ISF adenosine during hypoxia is augmented if the hypoxic hyperaemia is prevented, and (2) the effects of adenosine deaminase on ISF adenosine and coronary blood flow during sustained hypoxia. Methods: Anaesthetised dogs were instrumented with a flow probe around the left anterior descending coronary artery to measure coronary blood flow and with a microdialysis probe in the myocardium perfused by this artery to sample intramyocardial ISF. Dialysate purine metabolite levels were used as indices of ISF levels. Systemic hypoxia was induced by a reduction in the F1O2. Results: Acute systemic hypoxia (PaO2 ≈ 3.9 kPa) resulted in a 60% increase in dialysate adenosine, along with increases in dialysate levels of the adenosine metabolites inosine (74%), hypoxanthine (33%), and xanthine (32%). If the hypoxic hyperaemia was prevented, dialysate adenosine increased by 180% during hypoxia, and the increases in adenosine metabolites were augmented as well. During sustained hypoxia, intracoronary administration of adenosine deaminase decreased dialysate adenosine below prehypoxia levels, but did not alter the hypoxic hyperaemia. Conclusions: While ISF adenosine is increased during acute systemic hypoxia and is increased in relation to the oxygen supply:demand imbalance, consistent with a role of adenosine in hypoxic hyperaemia in the heart, adenosine is not necessary for the maintenance of a sustained increase in coronary blood flow during hypoxia. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :1320-1325
MUTUALISM AND CORAL PERSISTENCE: THE ROLE OF HERBIVORE RESISTANCE TO ALGAL CHEMICAL DEFENSE

Because seaweeds uncontrolled by herbivores can overgrow and kill corals, competition can exclude corals from temperate latitudes where herbivores generally fail to control seaweed biomass. In this study, we show that the coral Oculina arbuscula persists on reefs in temperate North Carolina where seaweeds are common by harboring the omnivorous crab Mithrax forceps, which removes seaweeds and invertebrates growing on or near the coral. In the field, corals from which crabs are experimentally removed develop a dense cover of epibionts, exhibiting reduced growth and increased mortality relative to corals with crabs, which remain epibiont-free. This crab is unusual in that it readily consumes all local seaweeds in laboratory choice assays and is not deterred by chemical defenses that suppress feeding by local fishes, sea urchins, and other crabs. This allows Mithrax to defend corals from overgrowth by chemically noxious seaweeds like Dictyota and Sargassum that are avoided by most local herbivores. However, f...
Purification of recombinant plant-made proteins from corn extracts by ultrafiltration

The effectiveness of ultrafiltration for the purification of recombinant proteins from aqueous corn endosperm and germ extracts was examined using model proteins of two different sizes, recombinant type I human collagen (rCollagen, 265 kDa) and green fluorescent protein (GFP, 27 kDa), to evaluate the effects of membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure (TMP), crossflow rate, and filtration pH on permeate flux and protein sieving. Using a 300 kDa MWCO membrane resulted in a significant loss of rCollagen, whereas a 100 kDa MWCO membrane completely retained rCollagen. Increasing the filtration crossflow rate and TMP resulted in a higher permeate flux without significantly altering the sieving of the host cell proteins (HCP) or GFP. The greatest HCP sieving was observed in the endosperm extract filtration at low pH and, compared to endosperm, the filtration of germ extracts had lower HCP sieving. GFP exhibited similar sieving as the average HCP for all filtration conditions. rCollagen purity of 89% was achieved with only diafiltration of endosperm extracts and, when preceded by precipitation, a purity of >99% was attained. Thus, ultrafiltration is a valuable method to separate and purify corn-hosted recombinant proteins >100 kDa, particularly when the expression is targeted to the endosperm.
Particle detachment mechanisms from rough surfaces under substrate acceleration

Particle removal mechanisms due to an accelerating substrate from rough surfaces are studied. The rough surface is modeled by asperities all of the same radius of curvature and with heights following a Gaussian distribution. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) adhesion model is used and the procedure for analyzing the particle pull-off force is described. The theory of critical moment, in addition to the sliding and lifting detachment models, is used, and the critical substrate accelerations for particle removal are evaluated and discussed. The model predictions for aluminum and glass particles are also compared with the experimental data and reasonable agreement is observed. The application of the results to surface-cleaning equipment is discussed.
Applying models in your testing process

Abstract Model-based testing allows large numbers of test cases to be generated from a description of the behavior of the system under test. Given the same description and test runner, many types of scenarios can be exercised and large areas of the application under test can be covered, thus leading to a more effective and more efficient testing process.
Hormonal regulation of cotton ovule and fiber growth: Effects of bromodeoxyuridine, AMO-1618 and p -chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid

The effects of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BUdR, thymidine analogue), AMO-1618 (2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine carboxylate methyl chloride), a growth retardant, and p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB, an antiauxin) on growth (dry weight increase) and fiber development in unfertilized cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules grown in vitro have been studied. BUdR (5 μM) causes about 70% inhibition of fiber production, with little effect on ovule growth, if applied during the first 6 d of culture in the presence of GA3 and IAA. AMO-1618, when used with GA3 alone, causes only a small reduction in both dry weight and fiber production, but when used with IAA alone reduces both fiber production and dry weight, the effect on the latter being predominant. In the presence of both IAA and GA3, AMO-1618 causes a small decrease in fiber production but a major decrease in dry weight. PCIB completely inhibits fiber growth but has little effect on dry weight, especially when GA3 is present. These results indicate that GA3 mainly promotes ovule growth while IAA is largerly responsible for fiber growth.
Local thermodynamic equilibrium considerations in powerchip laser-induced plasmas

Abstract Time-resolved emission experiments are reported in the fast-decaying transient plasma induced by a microchip laser on an aluminum target in three different cover gases, i.e., air, argon and helium. The laser operates at 532 nm, with a repetition frequency of 1 kHz and a pulse width of less than 0.5 ns. The overall persistence of plasma emission is of the order of 100 ns. We examine the existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) by evaluating the temporal criteria required (in addition to the McWhirter criterion), as recommended by Cristoforetti et al. (Spectrochim. Acta Part B 65, 2010, 86–95). The temporal criteria examine the evolution of temperature and electron number density and compare their rate of change to the rate at which electron collisions can thermalize the change. These considerations are used to determine time windows in which LTE may be present. Our results suggest that calibration-free LIBS measurements with these lasers may be possible for some elements at early times, especially under argon.
Simultaneous soft tissue coverage of both medial and lateral ankle wounds: Sural and rotational flap coverage after revision fixation in an infected diabetic ankle fracture.

Aims To describe a case of simultaneous medial and lateral soft tissue coverage for exposed orthopaedic implants in the setting of revision fixation of a non-united ankle fracture. This was achieved using a sural flap as well as a propeller flap.
Large area, flexible ordered mesoporous carbon films from soft templating on polymer substrates

Mesoporous carbon films are generally fabricated on rigid substrates that act to provide mechanical stability. Here, instead of utilizing rigid substrates, a thin sheet of polyimide (Kapton) is utilized as the substrate to enable continuous production of sheets of soft templated mesoporous carbon films. The mesoporous carbon film is well adhered to the carbonized Kapton. Although mesoporous carbon is generally considered brittle, carbonization of the coated polyimide yields a tough flexible sheet that can be gently bent or even cut to the desired shape. Characterization with transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering and N2 sorption (B.E.T.) confirms the presence of ordered mesopores that conform to expected structures based upon analogous powders. A simple demonstration of the flexible mesoporous carbons as electrodes for aqueous supercapacitors illustrates that the carbonized Kapton can act as the current collector without significant degradation in performance based on the estimated mass of the active mesoporous carbon film at low rates. The fabrication of ordered mesoporous carbon on Kapton provides a facile route to large area, robust high surface area, conductive materials that could be used for a wide variety of electrochemical applications, especially as sensors.
Litter ant patchiness at the 1-m2 scale: disturbance dynamics in three Neotropical forests.

Large-scale (>100 m2/day) raids by tropical army ants have been linked to litter ant patchiness and diversity. In three Neotropical forests, densities of litter ants vary 10–20 fold at the 1-m2 scale. A survey of Barro Colorado Island. Panama, revealed that most army ant raids also occur on a 1-m2 scale with fronts ≤1 m wide. To explore the role that such small scale disturbance may play in creating litter ant patchiness, all litter ant nests were removed from 1-m2 plots. Control and disturbance plots were resampled 3 months later. In contrast to a previous study of large litter gaps, ant foundresses did not appear to prefer these smaller gaps. Nest densities, species richness, and species composition differed most from controls in a dry hilltop forest in Panama, second most in a wetter ravine forest nearby, and least in a Costa Rican wet forest. Disturbance may not leave a lasting signature in the wetter forests due to higher background levels of disturbance, faster recovery, or both.
“He was Framed!” Framing Criminal Behavior in Sports News

An experiment examined the effects of newspaper articles about an athlete involved in a crime on perceptions of athletes. News articles were varied by framing the athlete's activities in an accusatory versus defensive manner, and framing the athlete as physically versus mentally skilled. An accusatory frame resulted in more criminally culpable perceptions of the athlete. Frame did not influence perceptions of the athlete's race, and perceptions of the athlete as Black did not increase perceived culpability. Additional findings show that framing does influence more general perceptions of athletes. Discussion focuses on media framing, attitudes toward athletes, and college students' socially desirable responses concerning race.
Electro‐optical studies of conformation and interaction of polynucleotides

Measurements by the technique of electric birefringence with pulsed sinusoidal electric fields on polyriboadenylic acid (poly-A) and polyribouridylic acid (poly-U) indicate that the kinetics of the double-stranded helix formation of poly (A + U) in the presence of Mg2+ is second order and consists of two steps: nucleation and propagation of base pairs from nuclei. The nucleation involves approximately 7 base pairs. It seems that the requirement of 7 base pairs to start the formation of a double-stranded helix is not peculiar to poly (A + U) but is associated with double-stranded helices of polynucleotides in general. This implies that it may be associated with spatial requirements of the phosphate-sugar backbone, rather than with the particular bases linked to the backbone. The decline in rate of poly (A + U) formation observed above a critical temperature is the consequence of changes in the poly-A conformation setting in at this critical temperature, rather than resulting from an increase in the reversibility of the base-pair propagation step of double-stranded helix formation. The dominant role of the conformation of poly-A in the double-stranded helix formation of poly (A + U) is further borne out by the pH dependence of the rate which completely parallels the conformation changes known to occur in poly-A as a function of pH. This indirectly suggests that at neutral pH poly-A is a single-stranded helix. The rotary diffusion coefficients attest to the flexibility of this helix, while the stacked nature of the base pairs at low temperatures is revealed by the identical increments in the specific Kerr constant on going from poly-A to poly (A + U) and from poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) helices. Results suggest that Mg2+ binds to the phosphate part of the backbone. Poly-U binds Mg2+ more strongly than poly-A; this difference in binding strength is attributed to differences in conformation (random coil versus helix). It is also borne out by the present results that the degree of order in the structure of poly-U, even at low temperatures and neutral pH, is at best an order of magnitude smaller than that of poly-A under similar conditions. Furthermore, the earlier proposed double-stranded structure of poly-U is called into question. A hairpinlike structure seems to agree with results of this investigation. Finally, the results support the contention that the ion atmosphere polarization is responsible for orientation of polyelectrolytes in the presence of alternating electric fields in the neighborhood of 25 kc./sec. frequency.
Cytotoxic Effects of Food Additives and Pharmaceuticals on Cells in Culture as Determined with the Neutral Red Assay

The acute cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole to cultured human dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and melanoma tumor cells was determined with the neutral red assay. For all cell types, butylated hydroxytoluene proved to be more cytotoxic than butylated hydroxyanisole. The neutral red assay is a rapid, economical, semiautomated assay that can be used with a variety of cell types in culture to provide quantitated data that can be used to rank test agents according to their potencies.
Quantitative Sub-Micrometer Linewidth Determination Using Electron Microscopy

Quantitative determination of sub-micrometer linewidths in semiconductor devices and masks is demonstrated utilizing an approach employing complementary experimental measurements and theoretical modeling. Experimental measurements are performed utilizing the Microlength Calibrating Electron Probe (MCEP), a new facility at the National Bureau of Standards consisting of a scanning electron microscope modified to incorporate a scanning stage and laser-interferometer position measurement system. Automated data acquisition and analysis for the MCEP are achieved through interfacing to a laboratory minicomputer. Theoretical modeling based on Monte Carlo calculations provides a basis for selection of the position in the experimentally measured backscatter electron intensity profile that corresponds to the actual material line edge. A measurement on a photomask is shown which illustrates the utility of the MCEP facility and the Monte Carlo modeling calculations for accurate measurement of sub-micrometer linewidths.
Radar Target Pointing Error Reduction Using Extended Kalman Filtering

A new method of reducing target glint errors in radar systems is presented. The target is modeled as n reflectors whose magnitudes and phases are known. The reflector positions are described by a dynamical model driven by white Gaussian noise. The resulting vibrations of the target reflectors produce glintlike pointing errors in the radar system. An extended Kalman filter is developed to estimate the positions of the target reflectors; this information is used to substantially reduce the pointing error due to glint. Data illustrating this glint reduction is given. The model is extended by the inclusion of clutter effects modeled in the same fashion as the glint phenomenon. The results presented indicate the limits of usefulness of this technique as a function of both receiver noise and relative clutter amplitude.
Effect of Solvent Flow on a Polymer Brush: A Neutron Reflectivity Study of the Brush Height and Chain Density Profile

We present here the results of neutron and X-ray reflectivity studies on the effects of solvent flow on the height and density profile of polymer chains chemically end-tethered to a surface. Our system consists of perdeuterated polystyrene chains, molar mass 80 000, that were chemically tethered to a silicon oxide surface via trichlorosilane (SiCl3) terminal groups. The brush was exposed to a range of flow rates in both toluene and cyclohexane to a maximum shear rate of 130 000 s-1. We observe that both the polymer brush profile and height remain unchanged even at the highest flow rates and that no loss of polymer occurred. These results are discussed in the context of the various theoretical, simulation, and experimental results presented in the literature.
VIBROACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW HYBRID WING-BODY FUSELAGE CONCEPT

A lighter, more robust airframe design is required to withstand the loading inherent to next generation non cylindrical commercial airliners. The Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure concept, a highly integrated composite design involving a stitched and co-cured substructure, has been developed to meet such requirements. While this structure has been shown to meet the demanding out-of-plane loading requirements of the flat-sided pressurized cabin design, there are concerns that the stiff co-cured details will result in relatively high acoustic radiation efficiencies at frequencies well below the thin skin acoustic coincidence frequency. To address this concern and establish a set of baseline vibroacoustic characteristics, a representative test panel was fabricated and a suite of tests were conducted that involved measurements of panel vibration and radiated sound power during point force and diffuse acoustic field excitations. Experimental results are shown and compared with Finite Element and Statistical Energy Analysis model predictions through the use of modal and energy correlation techniques among others. The behavior of the structure subject to turbulent boundary layer excitation is also numerically examined.
A Role for H3K4 Monomethylation in Gene Repression and Partitioning of Chromatin Readers

Monomethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me1) is a well-established feature of enhancers and promoters, although its function is unknown. Here, we uncover roles for H3K4me1 in diverse cell types. Remarkably, we find that MLL3/4 provokes monomethylation of promoter regions and the conditional repression of muscle and inflammatory response genes in myoblasts. During myogenesis, muscle genes are activated, lose MLL3 occupancy, and become H3K4-trimethylated through an alternative COMPASS complex. Monomethylation-mediated repression was not restricted to skeletal muscle. Together with H3K27me3 and H4K20me1, H3K4me1 was associated with transcriptional silencing in embryonic fibroblasts, macrophages, and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). On promoters of active genes, we find that H3K4me1 spatially demarcates the recruitment of factors that interact with H3K4me3, including ING1, which, in turn, recruits Sin3A. Our findings point to a unique role for H3K4 monomethylation in establishing boundaries that restrict the recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes to defined regions within promoters.
A Semiautomated Fluorescence-Based Cell-to-Cell Fusion Assay for gp120–gp41 and CD4 Expressing Cells

Abstract A novel fluorescence-based method was developed to measure HIV envelope glycoprotein (env)-CD4-mediated cell fusion. This method measures the spread of a fluorescent dye as the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells become contiguous upon cell-to-cell fusion. Calcein-labeled CD4+Sup-T1 cells were seeded onto a monolayer of unlabeled TF228.1.16 cells, which stably expressenv,the gp120–gp41 complex. Changes in the following parameters were measured using a stage-scanning laser microscope: total fluorescent area, average fluorescent area, and average shape factor. Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, anti-Leu3a, and OKT4E were shown to block fusion in a dose-dependent manner, while OKT4 had no effect. Aurin tricarboxylic acid, a compound that interferes with the binding of anti-Leu3a mAb and gp120 to CD4+human peripheral blood lymphocytes, T20, a peptide that interferes with gp41, and cytochalasin D, a microfilament disrupter, all blocked fusion in a dose-dependent manner. This semiautomated assay can be used to quickly assess the effectiveness of compounds acting at different sites to block CD4 andenvinitiated cell-to-cell fusion.
Mutations at the Intron 9 Donor Splice Site in hERG Lead to Cryptic Splicing in LQT2

Long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) is caused by mutations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG). More than 30% of LQT2 mutations are nonsense, frameshift, or splice site mutations that may affect mRNA stability and splicing. To date, relatively few studies have focused on the pathogenesis of hERG splice site mutations. We characterized three LQT2 mutations in the 5′ donor splice site of intron 9: 2398G>T, 2398+3A>T, and 2398+5G>T. G2398 is the last nucleotide of exon 9 and 2398G>T has been previously classified as a missense mutation (G800W). The functional consequences of these mutations were studied by RT-PCR analysis of RNA collected from HEK293 cells transfected with minigenes containing the wild-type or mutant genomic sequence spanning exon 8 to exon 11 of hERG. All three splice site mutants disrupt normal splicing and produce an aberrantly spliced transcript. Sequence analysis showed that this transcript results from the use of a cryptic 5′ donor splice site in intron 9 located 54 nt downstream of the normal site. Translation of this transcript would result in an in-frame insertion of 18 amino acids in the cyclic nucleotide binding domain. A full length hERG cDNA construct including the 2398G>T mutation and the additional 54 nt from intron 9 was expressed in HEK293 cells. Patch clamp studies revealed that the splice mutant channels did not produce hERG current. Western blot analysis showed that the mutant expressed the immature form of the hERG protein indicating defective channel trafficking. These studies underscore the importance of RNA analysis in describing the pathogenesis of LQT2. The intron 9 donor splice site appears to be a localized hot-spot for LQT2 mutations.
Low-temperature thermal expansion of amorphous solids

For most amorphous materials at temperatures below approx. = 1 K, the magnitudes and temperature dependences of specific heat, thermal conductivity and ultrasonic dispersion are qualitatively similar, independent of chemical composition. It has been suggested that thermal expansion also exhibits this universal behavior. The development of a dilatometer capable of resolving sample strains as small as 10/sup -12/ has permitted measurement of the linear thermal expansion of various glasses below 1 K. These investigations have demonstrated, however, that the low-temperature thermal expansion coefficient of glasses can be positive, negative, large or small. Analysis of measurements performed on two types of vitreous silica, two amorphous polymers, As/sub 2/S/sub 3/ and ZrO/sub 2/:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ is presented in the context of the phenomenological tunneling-states model. Consistency in explanation of thermal expansion and ultrasonic behavior is maintained by assuming a broad, weakly energy-dependent distribution of coupling strengths between phonons and the localized excitations thought to be characteristic of the glassy state.
The Emergence of the Sixties Generation in Egypt and the Anxiety over Categorization

AbstractIn September 1969 the Egyptian literary journal al-Talīah began a feature entitled “Hākadhā yatakallamu al-udabā al-shabāb” (“This Is How the Young Writers Speak”), that sought to understand, analyze, and categorize the emerging literary generation in Egypt. Consisting of a questionnaire that targeted over thirty artists and a series of articles by prominent critics, the feature precipitated fierce debates about the significance of what came to be known as jīl al-sittīnāt—the sixties generation—in Egypt. This article examines the emergence of this generation as documented in the pages of the journals of the time. Here I build upon the work of Elisabeth Kendall and Richard Jacquemond, presenting this feature as an example of what I call the “anxiety over categorization” that dominated literary discussions during this time. These discussions were as much about categorization as they were about the negotiation of power in what Pierre Bourdieu has called “the field of cultural production.” The emergence of a new generation of writers seemed to pose a threat to the established figures in the field, raising questions about whether or not aesthetic innovation was strictly the domain of the young. I read the al-Talīah feature against the work of the new writers themselves, as displayed upon the pages of Jālīrī 68. The latter, a short-lived but highly influential avant-garde journal, was created to cater to the literary production of the new generation, and privileged publication of their work over a categorizing discourse. In tracing the generational debates that took place surrounding the emergence of the sixties generation, this anxiety over categorization reveals how power and authority are negotiated in the literary field in Egypt.
Become the PPUPET Master: Mastering Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment With the Pediatric Pressure Ulcer Prediction and Evaluation Tool (PPUPET)

Hospital acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU) are serious, debilitating, and preventable complications in all inpatient populations. Despite evidence of the development of pressure ulcers in the pediatric population, minimal research has been done. Based on observations gathered during quarterly HAPU audits, bedside nursing staff recognized trends in pressure ulcer locations that were not captured using current pressure ulcer risk assessment tools. Together, bedside nurses and nursing leadership created and conducted multiple research studies to investigate the validity and reliability of the Pediatric Pressure Ulcer Prediction and Evaluation Tool (PPUPET).
Europe – Migration – Identity: Connections between migration experiences and Europeanness

This introductory essay places the articles of the special issue within the context of current scholarship on Europeanness and European identities as well as on transatlantic and inner-European migration. It probes the relationship between various migration experiences and identifications with Europe and the possible emergence of a European self-understanding among migrants. This exploratory collection of papers puts the two bodies of scholarship in dialogue and several case studies offer a wide variety of vantage points on the themes of Europe, identity, and migration. Much can be learned, they suggest, by careful historical and sociological investigations of the connections between migration experiences and Europeanization.
The effect of format on parents' understanding of the risks and benefits of clinical research: a comparison between text, tables, and graphics.

There is a paucity of information regarding the optimal method of presenting risk/benefit information to parents of pediatric research subjects. This study, therefore, was designed to examine the effect of different message formats on parents' understanding of research risks and benefits. An Internet-administered survey was completed by 4,685 parents who were randomized to receive risk/benefit information about a study of pediatric postoperative pain control presented in different message formats (text, tables, and pictographs). Survey questions assessed participants' gist and verbatim understanding of the information and their perceptions of the risks and benefits. Pictographs were associated with significantly (p < .05) greater likelihood of adequate gist and verbatim understanding compared with text and tables regardless of the participants' numeracy. Parents who received the information in pictograph format perceived the risks to be lower and the benefits to be higher compared with the other formats (...
A Comparison of the Protein Composition of Three Species of Amoebae

SYNOPSIS. A comparison has been made of the characteristics of proteins present in two strains of Amoeba proteus, Amoeba discoides, and Chaos chaos. Extractable protein mixtures of each of the strains have been compared with respect to electrophoretic mobilities, enzyme activities, and immunological reactivities. With one slight exception, the three Amoeba strains appear to be identical by all the tests that have been performed but each of the three strains is dearly different from C. chaos by the same tests. The exception may be a difference of a single immunologically active component between A. discoides and one of the A. proteus strains, according to a preliminary observation.
Social Movement Tradition and the Role of Civil Society in Japan and South Korea

In 1947, Japan became the first East Asian country to introduce democracy, and it was not until four decades later that South Korea completed the democratic transition. Today, surprisingly, South Korea stands out among the East Asian countries as the one that has the most vibrant and politically powerful civil society, whereas in Japan, the role of the nongovernmental organization (NGO) sector in political advocacy is greatly limited. Using historical institutionalism, this paper tries to explain why the NGOs in South Korea and Japan play vastly different roles in political advocacy. It concludes that the different social movement traditions have played important roles in the evolution of the civil societies in Japan and South Korea, and led to the different levels of institutionalization within the NGO sector.
Prolactin release induced by paired-pulsed stimulation within the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region in male rats: response to varying interpulse intervals.

Abstract Adult male rats under pentobarbital anesthesia received bilateral electrical stimuli within the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region. Stimulation consisted of paired identical pulses with the following characteristics: monophasic, 100 or 200 μA, 0.5-ms width, 30-s trains on/off applied during 30 min. Several interpulse intervals were tested in different groups of animals: 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 20.0, and 50.0 ms. Twin pulses were delivered at a mean frequency of 10 Hz through bipolar concentric electrodes. Blood samples were obtained every 30 min starting before the onset of stimulation for a total period of 90 min. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The LH concentrations at 30 min after stimulation with interpulse intervals of 20.0 and 50.0 ms were significantly higher than control values. Prolactin concentration was higher than in controls at 30 min for all stimulated groups. Prolactin responses did not show significant differences among the various interpulse intervals tested. These results are discussed in terms of the possible differences in the overall neural strategies controlling the release of each hormone.
Laser Doppler velocimetry measurement of pulsatile blood flow in capillary tubes

Abstract Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is a technique which can be applied to determine the maximum velocity, V max , of red blood cells (RBCs) in retinal arteries. Under conditions of constant flow, the flow rate can be accurately derived from V max and the vessel diameter through the assumption of a parabolic velocity profile. Our in vitro study of pulsatile flow evaluated the validity of integrating the instantaneous LDV-measured V max over the flow cycle to derive a mean flow rate. Measurements were made on suspensions of polystyrene spheres in water and RBCs in physiological saline perfusing glass capillary tubes (70–200 μm diameter) at velocities in the range of retinal artery blood velocities. The LDV-determined flow rate differed from an independently measured flow rate by less than 1% for the spheres and by less than 12% for the RBCs. Whether the velocity profile of blood remains parabolic at every phase of the flow cycle, as is the case for the spheres in water, cannot be concluded from this study.
Universal screening for hearing loss in newborns: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

DESCRIPTION. This is the 2008 update of the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation on universal newborn hearing screening. METHODS. The US Preventive Services Task Force weighed the benefits and harms of universal newborn hearing screening, incorporating new evidence addressing gaps identified in the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Published literature on this topic was identified (by using Medline and Cochrane databases) and systematically reviewed. RECOMMENDATION. Screen for hearing loss in all newborn infants (B recommendation).
Temporal Variations of Loop Structures in the Solar Atmosphere

The temporal characteristics of coronal loops are described using a number of unique time-lapse sequences of Ne VII 465 A, Mg IX 368 A, and Fe XV 284 A spectroheliograms. These sequences were obtained with the NRL Skylab/ATM slitless spectrograph during the final Skylab mission (November 1973-February 1974). In the first sequence, Ne VII and Mg IX images were obtained simultaneously at 1.5-mm intervals for a 27-min duration on Nov. 28, 1973. In the second sequence, simultaneous Ne VII-Mg IX pairs were obtained at approximately 3-hr intervals (on alternate satellite orbits) for a 36-hr duration on Jan. 19-20, 1974. The intervening orbits were used to obtain a third sequence which consisted of Fe XV images at 3-hr intervals for the same 36-hr duration. The results place severe constraints on theoretical models of coronal heating and mass flow.
Focal dystonias of the hand and upper extremity

Hand dystonia can cause substantial functional disability and is frequently misdiagnosed. In general, dystonia is a disabling disorder of motor control characterized by excessive muscle contractions that can produce involuntary movements and abnormal postures. Prevalence of dystonia can be as high as 1 in 2500 people. Dystonias can be classified based on etiology, age of onset, anatomical part affected, and their tempo. Etiologically, they are classified as primary when the dystonia is the main sign and the cause is genetic or unknown and secondary when there are other disease manifestations and the cause may be identifiable. Dystonias that start before 27 years of age are called childhood-onset dystonia; they usually start in the lower limbs, trunk, or upper extremities and frequently spread to the rest of the body. Adult-onset dystonias usually begin in the upper half of the body, and the risk of progression to other body parts depends on the anatomic site of onset.1 Anatomically, dystonias can be focal (1 body part), segmental (2 or more contiguous body parts), multifocal (2 noncontiguous areas), hemidystonia, or generalized. Based on their tempo, dystonias can be constant, intermittent, or situational, the latter including task-specific dystonias. The rest of the review focuses on the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of hand dystonia.
A general solution for nonparametric control of a linear system using computer-controlled infusion pumps

Investigators have developed algorithms for use in computer-controlled infusion pumps (CCIPs) which dose intravenous drugs assuming multiexponential unit impulse response (UIR) function. However for many UIR multiexponential functions are at best an approximation. For almost all substances the early times after an impulse administration show complex profiles hardly described by multiexponential functions. For many later times also show departures from exponential decline. The authors derive a general approach for a CCIP which can be used with an arbitrary UIR function. A particular instance of the approach is based on a nonparametric representation of an UIR which uses spline functions. The approach is computationally simple, it can take into account desired constraints (for example no overshoot to avoid toxicity) and presents a solution to control concentrations of substances in a site different from the input site. Examples based on real lodocaine, veralipride, and thiopental data demonstrate the approach.
High-Resolution, Low-Noise Imaging in THz Polaritonics

Time-resolved imaging of propagating electromagnetic waves at terahertz (THz) frequencies provides deep insights into waves and their interaction with a variety of photonic elements. As new components for THz control are developed, such as metamaterial microstructures that display deep sub-wavelength $E$ -field localization, finer spatial resolution and more sensitive imaging techniques are required to study them. Here we introduce key advances in the optical design and lock-in image acquisition at 500 Hz for the complementary imaging techniques of phase contrast and polarization gating. Compared to other methods, this leads to a 4-fold improvement in resolution and up to 5-fold reduction in noise through suppression of low frequency laser fluctuations. With a resolution better than 1.5 $\mu{\hbox{m}}$ ( $\lambda/100$ at 0.5 THz) and a noise floor of 0.2%, phase contrast imaging presents new opportunities for studying very fine structures and near-fields in the THz regime. For most other experiments, polarization gating imaging is preferred because its noise floor is lower at 0.12% and its $ resolution is typically more than sufficient.
Characterizations of resting-state modulatory interactions in the human brain

Functional connectivity between two brain regions, measured using functional MRI (fMRI), has been shown to be modulated by other regions even in a resting state, i.e., without performing specific tasks. We aimed to characterize large-scale modulatory interactions by performing region-of-interest (ROI)-based physiophysiological interaction analysis on resting-state fMRI data. Modulatory interactions were calculated for every possible combination of three ROIs among 160 ROIs sampling the whole brain. Firstly, among all of the significant modulatory interactions, there were considerably more negative than positive effects; i.e., in more cases, an increase of activity in one region was associated with decreased functional connectivity between two other regions. Next, modulatory interactions were categorized as to whether the three ROIs were from one single network module, two modules, or three different modules (defined by a modularity analysis on their functional connectivity). Positive modulatory interactions were more represented than expected in cases in which the three ROIs were from a single module, suggesting an increase within module processing efficiency through positive modulatory interactions. In contrast, negative modulatory interactions were more represented than expected in cases in which the three ROIs were from two modules, suggesting a tendency of between-module segregation through negative modulatory interactions. Regions that were more likely to have modulatory interactions were then identified. The numbers of significant modulatory interactions for different regions were correlated with the regions' connectivity strengths and connection degrees. These results demonstrate whole-brain characteristics of modulatory interactions and may provide guidance for future studies of connectivity dynamics in both resting state and task state.
Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the Path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The spatial and temporal distributions of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are investigated, using monthly data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for the period 1980–2004. Patterns of atmospheric forcing are identified in observations of sea level pressure and air–sea heat fluxes. It is found that a significant fraction of SST variability in the ACC can be understood as a linear response to surface forcing by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and remote forcing by ENSO. The physical mechanisms rely on the interplay between atmospheric variability and mean advection by the ACC. SAM and ENSO drive a low-level anomalous circulation pattern localized over the South Pacific Ocean, inducing surface heat fluxes and Ekman heat advection anomalies. A simple model of SST propagating in the ACC, forced with heat fluxes estimated from the reanalysis, suggests that surface heat fluxes and Ekman heat advection are equally important in driving the observed SST variability. Further diagnostics indicate that SST anomalies, generated mainly upstream of Drake Passage, are subsequently advected by the ACC and damped after a couple of years. It is suggested that SST variability along the path of the ACC is largely a passive response of the oceanic mixed layer to atmospheric forcing.
Gifts, Hospitality & the Government Contractor

The government procurement process demands the highest commitment to ethical and unbiased conduct. To ensure that the individuals involved in the procurement process adhere to these standards, government entities in nearly all jurisdictions around the world have enacted codes of conduct, ethical restrictions, and anti-corruption laws designed to protect the integrity of government and ensure that government officials act impartially and do not give preferential treatment to any private organization or individual. To further these goals, most jurisdictions have enacted restrictions on the gifts and hospitality that government officials may accept from individuals and organizations that sell goods and services to the government.While gifts and hospitality play an important role in facilitating and strengthening business relationships in the private sector, in the public sector, common business courtesies may appear as an attempt to influence a government official and the procurement process. This concern is not unfounded. Most public corruption cases involving government contractors include references to the offering of lavish gifts, meals, travel, or entertainment to government officials.Moreover, nearly all governmental bodies have enacted ethical restrictions that limit the gifts and hospitality that may be accepted by government officials — even in the absence of intent to influence a government official. Indeed, these restrictions are often even more stringent for government procurement officials.Ethics and anti-corruption laws vary dramatically depending on the jurisdiction. Consequently, determining the applicable rules for a particular government entity can be incredibly challenging. To assist contractors with this process, Part I of this Briefing Paper provides an overview of the laws and policies that restrict the offering or giving of gifts and hospitality to government officials. Part II addresses the severe consequences that may result when contractors offer or give gifts and hospitality to influence an official action. Part III offers practical suggestions regarding the policies and procedures that a government contractor may implement to reduce the risk of violating these laws.
TCAM core design in 3D IC for low matchline capacitance and low power

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) has been an emerging technology for fast packet forwarding, commonly used in longest prefix match routing. Large table size requirements and wider lookup table data widths have led to higher capacity TCAM designs. However, the fully parallel characteristic of TCAM makes large TCAM design more challenging and limits its capacity due to intensive power consumption. This paper proposes 3D IC technology as a solution to reduce the power consumption by reducing the interconnect capacitances of TCAM. In 3D IC, multiple wafers are stacked on top of each other, and the tiers are vertically connected through 3D vias. 3D vias reduce metal interconnect lengths and parasitic capacitances, resulting in power reduction. In this paper, 3D vias are used to replace matchlines, whose transition during parallel search operations is a major source of high power consumption in TCAM. An analysis of parasitic interconnect capacitance has been done using a quasi-static electromagnetic field simulation tool, Ansoft’s Q3D Extractor, on a TCAM memory core in both conventional 2D IC structure and 3D IC structure with the process parameters of the MIT Lincoln Labs 0.18um FDSOI process. Field analysis and spice simulation results using a capacitance model for interconnects show that a 40% matchline capacitance reduction and a 23% power reduction can be achieved by using a 3-tier 3D IC structure instead of the conventional 2D approach.
Thrills in response to music and other stimuli

Approximately half of those surveyed experience characteristic tingling sensations (thrills) when exposed to emotionally arousing stimuli. Music was especially effective as a stimulus. Thrills evoked by music were quantitated according to self-reports on frequency, intensity, and duration. In preliminary experiments with naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, thrills were attenuated in some subjects.