cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literary criticism as a critique of caste: Ayothee Thass and the Tamil Buddhist past

While postcolonial studies has expanded Indian nationalist critique by considering how British literary forms reinforced imperial rule, little is known about how colonial-era Dalit writing demonstrated the bases of caste inequality. The literary criticism of Ayothee Thass (1845–1914) does so by locating the origins of untouchability in the vanquishing of Buddhism by Brahminical forces. This article draws upon issues of his Tamilan journal published between 1907 and 1914, to argue that Thass offered literary criticism as a means of destabilizing widely-accepted justifications of caste and as a basis of political action. Just as nationalists turned to the pre-colonial past to establish authority and critique colonial dominance, lower-caste intellectuals including Ayothee Thass turned to a pre-Brahminical past to assert their identity as indigenous inhabitants of the land. The little-known history of this mode of reading is crucial to understand the formation of a more inclusive public sphere in colonial Ind...
Anterior Cervical Option to Manage Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the world. There are multiple types of anterior approaches for treating patients with DCM. Many strategies have been developed to reduce complications for multilevel anterior surgery. Posterior approaches are sometimes used to supplement more extensive anterior approaches. More recently, multilevel cervical arthroplasty has been used for this condition. More data soon will be available comparing anterior and posterior approaches with the goal of optimizing patient-related quality of life and reducing complications, which include dysphagia, weakness, and instrumentation failure in some cases.
Neuroprostheses for Restoring Sensation

Abstract When an individual loses a limb, they lose touch with the world and people around them. Somatosensation is critical to the feeling of connection and control of one's own body. Loss of somatosensation may be even more devastating than loss of hand function. Advanced anthropomorphic mechatronics in sophisticated prostheses will require somatosensory feedback to operate the devices in more than a rudimentary, preprogrammed set of motions. Without sensory connection to the prosthesis it remains only an adaptive tool, not a replacement for the hand. Replacing somatosensory perception requires complex restoration of many different, coordinated signals. The peripheral nervous system is a common pathway of these signals. This chapter describes neuroprostheses for direct stimulation of peripheral nerves with appropriate patterns of information can restore the perception of somatosensation.
Effects of a Delay Compensation Aid on Teleoperation of Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Time delay is widely recognized as a challenge in teleoperation of unmanned ground vehicles, as it often compromises teleoperation task performance. In response to this challenge, various types of delay compensation algorithms have been developed. These algorithms have enhanced the teleoperation performance in terms of route following accuracy and task completion time. However, little is known about how delay compensation algorithms affect human operators» workload. This study, therefore, aimed to assess how one delay compensation algorithm, the model-free predictor, affects operators» workload and teleoperation performance. A dual-task driving simulator was utilized in the present study, where participants drove a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) while performing a 1-back memory task. Preliminary results revealed that the delay compensation aid can reduce operators» workload while enhancing primary task performance.
Der Stoffwechsel, von der Nahrung bis zur Ausscheidung des nicht Verwendbaren

Wenn wir uns in der Tierwelt ein wenig umschauen und uberlegen, wovon sich die verschiedenen Tierarten ernahren, so glauben wir eine sehr grose Mannigfaltigkeit anzutreffen. Das Heu, das die Kuh verzehrt, das Blut, das die Schnake saugt, der Nektar, den die Biene schlurft, der Pflanzensaft, den die Blattlaus aufsaugt, das Fleisch, das der Geier aus dem Aas hackt, all dies sind doch verschiedene Nahrungsarten. Verschieden, ja und nein. Wenn der Chemiker an all diese Dinge herangeht und ihre wirkliche Zusammensetzung erforscht, so findet er, das fast alle Nahrungsmittel der Tiere, wenigstens der Teil, der wirklich verdaut wird, auser Wasser und Salzen fast nur aus drei Arten von Stoffen bestehen. Die erste Art sind Stoffe, die aus Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff aufgebaut sind — wir erinnern uns ja noch, wie wir uns den chemischen Aufbau des Zuckers an einem Mosaikbaukasten klarmachten — und als Starke und Zucker bekannt sind. Es gibt deren naturlich mancherlei Arten, Reisstarke, Maisstarke und tierische Starke, Rohrzucker, Milchzucker, Traubenzucker und andere. Aber allen ist jene chemische Zusammensetzung aus den drei Elementen gemein. Insgesamt nennt man sie mit einem griechisch-deutschen Mischwort, die Kohlehydrate.
Structure of the mammalian centromere

The quest to understand the structure and function of the centromere dates back almost a century, when this specialized region of the chromosome was first described in 1894 by Metzner as the site at which chromosomes attached to the spindle apparatus (Metzner, 1894). Even before the genetic consequences of chromosome movement had been demonstrated, it was realized that the centromere was intimately involved in the distribution of nuclear material during cell division.
A Research-Based Justification for Debate Across the Curriculum

The author syntheses scholarship from the fields of competitive forensics, communication pedagogy, and educational psychology into a research-based justification for “debate across the curriculum” ...
Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Face Sheet and Core Materials

Determination of mechanical properties of face sheets and core materials is important for analysis and design of sandwich structures. In many cases, especially for metals, mechanical property data exists in handbooks and textbooks on materials science and strength of materials (e.g., Gere, 2004). For composites, the large variety of fibers, matrix materials, ply lay-ups, and fiber volume fractions makes mechanical testing a necessity. The core may be corrugated, honeycomb, or foam as shown in Figure 1.5. The determination of the mechanical properties may be very challenging, especially for corrugated and honeycomb cores. For balsa wood, the anisotropy of the material causes further complications.
Psychoanalysis and Behavior Therapy

Therapy, which is broadly defined as the remedial treatment of bodily disorders, can be specifically classified in many ways, depending upon one’s prejudices and preconceptions. There is etiological therapy, in which the cause of the disorder has been definitely established. In contrast to this is symptomatic therapy, which is designed to alleviate specific discomforts associated with a disorder. The former is the case when isoniazid is used to kill the tubercule bacillus, whereas, in the latter, codeine may be administered to relieve the distressing and disabling cough that accompanies tuberculosis. Thus, some therapies palliative and do not destroy the underlying disorder, whereas others are ameliorative because they undermine and eliminate the causal factor.
Radiotherapy for Melanoma with Perineural Invasion: University of Florida Experience.

Purpose Outcomes after adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma with perineural invasion (PNI). Methods Seven patients (5 cutaneous, 2 recurrent nerve lesions) received radiotherapy. Results At a median 4.5 years: Two patients did not recur; no local failures occurred. Three patients who omitted nodal irradiation developed regional failures (2 out-of-field, 1 in-field). Three patients developed distant metastases. Four died with disease (median, 3.6 years); 1 died from intercurrent disease (13.0 years). Two are alive without disease (6.8 and 11.6 years). No patient experienced grade ≥3 toxicity. Conclusions Postoperative radiotherapy can reduce local recurrences; primary radiotherapy for unresectable disease is recommended.
Whole-Genome Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci and Race Specificity Related to Resistance Reduction in Winter Wheat Cultivar Eltan

Winter wheat cultivar Eltan has been one of the most widely grown cultivars in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. It has shown variable levels of resistance to stripe rust in different years since it was released in 1990. To map all currently effective and defeated resistance genes in Eltan and understand the factors causing the resistance changes, 112 F2:5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a cross of Eltan with cultivar Avocet S. The RILs were evaluated in fields of Pullman, Washington in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 and Mount Vernon, Washington in 2016 and 2017 under natural infections; they were also evaluated in the greenhouse with races PSTv-4 and PSTv-40 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. The RILs were genotyped with the 90K Illumina iSelect wheat single-nucleotide polymorphism chip. A total of five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified in Eltan. Two major QTLs on chromosome arms 2BS and 4AL were detected in the greenhouse tests, explaining up to 28.0 and 42.0% of phenotypic variation, respectively. The two race-specific QTLs were also detected in some field experiments but with reduced effects. A minor QTL on 5BS was detected in the greenhouse and field tests, explaining 10.0 to 14.8% of the phenotypic variation. The other two minor QTLs were mapped on 6AS and 7BL and detected only in field experiments, explaining up to 20.5 and 13.5% of phenotypic variation, respectively. All stripe rust samples collected in the experimental fields in 2015 and 2016 were identified as P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races virulent on seedlings of Eltan. The resistance reduction of Eltan was caused by changes of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population from avirulent to virulent, overcoming the race-specific all-stage resistance in Eltan.
Inferring protein 3D structure from deep mutation scans.

We describe an experimental method of three-dimensional (3D) structure determination that exploits the increasing ease of high-throughput mutational scans. Inspired by the success of using natural, evolutionary sequence covariation to compute protein and RNA folds, we explored whether ‘laboratory’, synthetic sequence variation might also yield 3D structures. We analyzed five large-scale mutational scans and discovered that the pairs of residues with the largest positive epistasis in the experiments are sufficient to determine the 3D fold. We show that the strongest epistatic pairings from genetic screens of three proteins, a ribozyme and a protein interaction reveal 3D contacts within and between macromolecules. Using these experimental epistatic pairs, we compute ab initio folds for a GB1 domain (within 1.8 A of the crystal structure) and a WW domain (2.1 A). We propose strategies that reduce the number of mutants needed for contact prediction, suggesting that genomics-based techniques can efficiently predict 3D structure. The authors present a method for determining 3D protein structures using high-throughput mutation experiments. Pairs of residues with the largest positive epistasis are sufficient to determine the 3D fold.
STUDIES OF A “PARTICULATE” FORMIC DEHYDROGENASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

The distribution of formic dehydrogenase incell-free extracts prepared by exposure to sonicoscillation for20minwasdetermined. Celldebriswasremovedbycentrifugation at8,000 XGfor10 min, the supernatant extract centrifuged at75,000 XGfor 2 hr, andthe amber sedimentsuspended in sucrose-tris solution. The specificactivity of formic dehydrogenase and proteincontentrespectively were 14and 142mgfortheuncentrifuged extract, 11 and120mgforthesu-pematant after ultracentrifugation, and 42 and18 mgforthe sediment obtained byultracentrif-ugation. Attempts to purify the supernatant en-zyme were unsuccessful. An examination of theproperties of the non-sedimentable "particu-late" enzymewasthenundertaken.Properties ofthe
Best Practices for Researchers Working in Multiteam Systems

There is conflicting evidence about the capacity for scientific collectives (e.g., research teams, centers) to seed grand innovations. Although scientific challenges often require large numbers of specialized experts to work together, many large organizational groups are susceptible to weak member motivation and poor coordination. We recently concluded a six-year programmatic investigation into this organizational conundrum. Our research considered how best to organize and support collaboration for scientific innovation. Our findings, along with extant research on collaboration and innovation in the organizational sciences, have led us to draw three conclusions for the management of team science. First, we conclude that, rather than single “teams,” many of the collective entities addressing interdisciplinary scientific challenges are more appropriately labeled scientific “Multiteam Systems” (i.e., MTSs). Therefore, referring to all scientific collectives as “scientific teams” can sometimes lead to incorrect conclusions about the best ways to support collaboration. Second, we conclude that processes of interteam leadership and boundary spanning communication, which serve to connect different component teams to one another, are essential to the overall success of scientific MTSs. However, we caution that this second conclusion does not necessarily imply that managers should attempt to create one “big team” characterized by overly integrated subgroups that have lost sight of their unique team identities and subordinate goals. Rather, our third conclusion is that managing MTS collaboration is a balancing act, which involves both the integration of efforts across teams as well as the recognition of component teams’ unique contributions, identities, and subordinate goals. In this chapter, we elaborate these three conclusions and summarize five properties of effective MTSs which are important targets for intervention strategies designed to facilitate multiteam functioning.
Data Aggregation Point Placement in Energy Harvesting Powered Smart Meter Networks

Wireless smart meter network is a crucial component in the smart grid that collects customer information (e.g., gas, oil, and water consumptions) and links the customers to the utility company. The data aggregation point (DAP) acts as a data center that gathers metering information from surrounding smart meters and relays the data to the utility server. The positions of DAPs significantly affect network efficiency, which has been extensively studied in the literature. However, the DAP placement in energy harvesting powered smart meter network is still an open issue. In this paper, we investigate the DAP placement considering that smart meters harvest energy from surrounding DAPs. The position of DAP not only affects the network performance in terms of throughput but also alters the energy harvesting efficiencies. We conduct simulation evaluations and provide in-depth analysis aiming to shed light on the optimal DAP deployment for energy harvesting driven smart meter networks (SMNs).
PR 3 Aguirre: Entrevista a Marta Aponte Alsina

espanolEntrevista con la escritora Marta Aponte Alsina sobre su libro PR 3 Aguirre. portuguesEntrevista com Marta Aponte Alsina sobre o livro documental PR 3 Aguirre EnglishInterview with Marta Aponte Alsina about her book PR 3 Aguirre (2018)
MYELOID DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED AND CAN BE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS

Cardiac Fibroblasts (CFs) are responsible for extracellular matrix assembly as well as scar formation following myocardial infarction (MI). Myeloid Derived Growth Factor (MYDGF) is an intracellular protein, originally described in bone marrow macrophages, that reduces infarct size in a mouse MI
Abstract IA23: Therapeutic approaches for ARID1A-mutated ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the developed world. Despite the unprecedented progress in understanding the genetics of ovarian cancer, cures remain elusive due to a lack of insight into the mechanisms that can be targeted to develop new therapies. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are genetically altered in ~20% of all human cancers. SWI/SNF alterations vary in different histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer, with ARID1A mutation occurring in ~50% of ovarian clear-cell carcinomas. Given the prevalence of ARID1A mutation, ovarian cancer represents a paradigm for investigating the molecular basis and exploring therapeutic strategies for SWI/SNF alterations. The presentation will discuss our recent efforts in understanding SWI/SNF alterations in ovarian cancer and specifically focuses on ARID1A mutation in endometriosis-associated clear cell and endometrioid histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer. Understanding the molecular underpinning of ARID1A mutation in ovarian cancer will provide mechanistic insights into how ARID1A inactivation contributes to ovarian cancer. In addition, how these newly gained insights can be leveraged to develop urgently needed therapeutic strategies in a personalized manner for ovarian cancer will be discussed. Citation Format: Rugang Zhang. Therapeutic approaches for ARID1A-mutated ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Porous Polyethylene-Supported Zeolite Carriers for Improved Wastewater Deammonification

Wastewater treatment is increasingly important as anthropogenic activities continue to stress our water systems. Ammonium is one of the most common pollutants in wastewater streams and is typically...
La Guerra Fría Chilena: Gabriel González Videla y la Ley Maldita.

La Guerra Fria Chilena es un documentado estudio de la politica anticomunista de Gabriel Gonzalez Videla, presidente de Chile entre 1946 y 1952. Carlos Huneeus, politologo que anteriormente habia dedicado sus energias a estudiar regimenes militares y transiciones democraticas ocurridas en periodos mas recientes, se acerca ahora a este fenomeno historico interesado, como esta, en indagar las consecuencias de dicha politica en la calidad de la democracia chilena. Huneeus argumenta que la cruzada anticomunista del presidente radical Gonzalez Videla tuvo un efecto altamente negativo en el desarrollo de la institucionalidad democratica.
A system for scalable and reliable technical-skill testing in online labor markets

The emergence of online labor platforms, online crowdsourcing sites, and even Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), has created an increasing need for reliably evaluating the skills of the participating users (e.g., "does a candidate know Java") in a scalable way. Many platforms already allow job candidates to take online tests to assess their competence in a variety of technical topics. However the existing approaches face many problems. First, cheating is very common in online testing without supervision, as the test questions often "leak" and become easily available online along with the answers. Second, technical-skills, such as programming, require the tests to be frequently updated in order to reflect the current state-of-the-art. Third, there is very limited evaluation of the tests themselves, and how effectively they measure the skill that the users are tested for.In this article we present a platform, which continuously generates test questions and evaluates their quality as predictors of the user skill level. Our platform leverages content that is already available on question answering sites such as Stack Overflow and re-purposes these questions to generate tests. This approach has some major benefits: we continuously generate new questions, decreasing the impact of cheating, and we also create questions that are closer to the real problems that the skill holder is expected to solve in real life. Our platform leverages the use of Item Response Theory to evaluate the quality of the questions. We also use external signals about the quality of the workers to examine the external validity of the generated test questions: questions that have external validity also have a strong predictive ability for identifying early the workers that have the potential to succeed in the online job marketplaces. Our experimental evaluation shows that our system generates questions of comparable or higher quality compared to existing tests, with a cost of approximately $3-$5 dollars per question, which is lower than the cost of licensing questions from existing test banks, and an order of magnitude lower than the cost of producing such questions from scratch using experts.
Pulmonary hypertension before first and second lung transplantation.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is known to occur after lung transplantation particularly in patients who develop obliterative bronchiolitis, the pathological manifestation of chronic allograft rejection (1, 2). Obliterative bronchiolitis is the leading cause of mortality after the first year post-transplantation and is characterized by progressive small airway obstruction with deterioration of graft function (3–7). The term bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is used when the diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical rather than pathologic criteria (8, 9). BOS is defined as a drop in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of at least 20% of the maximal baseline value after lung transplantation in the absence of other causes of declining FEV1 (8, 10). Lung re-transplantation is the main treatment option for advanced BOS. Previous studies in patients with BOS either used echocardiographic data or did not collect the entire hemodynamic profile during right heart catheterization (RHC) to better characterize the type of PH observed in these patients (1, 11). As such, there are not studies comparing hemodynamic measurements obtained before the first and second lung transplantation. In addition, it is unknown whether the presence of PH before the second lung transplantation has implications in terms of outcomes after re-transplantation. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the type of PH (pre- or post-capillary) (12), compare hemodynamic parameters obtained before the first and second lung transplant, and assess whether the presence of PH before re-transplant correlates with outcomes after the second lung transplantation.
Wagner Hypothesis in Beam and Column Theory

A examination is made on the underlying assumptions on which the flexural-torsional theory of thin-walled members is based. One of them, the Wagner hypothesis, is found not to be needed for the development of a comprehensive theory of rods. Use of the hypothesis is found to lead to the production of behavioral anomalies for axially loaded thin-walled members. A theory not using the hypothesis is found to be possible when it is recognized that the axis of torsional moments passes through the shear center but is directed parallel to the axis of displaced centroids. Results under the two theories are compared for the buckling of angle structs and monosymmetric I-beams. Physical tests capable of identifying the preferred theory are identified.
Sequential estimation of probability of events

In many signal processing problems, it is important to estimate the probability that a signal is present in observed data. As opposed to standard Bernoulli experiments where the outcomes of the experiments clearly show when the event occurred, there are many situations where only probabilistic claims can be made about the occurrence of events. Examples of the latter include a variety of problems related to detection of signals in noise. A processing scheme for estimating the posterior probability density function of the probability of occurrence of an event is proposed. It is based on a sequential importance sampling method, which approximates the desired posterior density with a probability measure composed of particles and their associated weights. With the arrival of new experimental data, the weights of the particles are updated, and as a result, the overall posterior modified. A simulation result is provided that shows the performance of the proposed method.
Turbo code implementation issues for low latency, low power applications

In this paper, four important and interrelated issues are discussed which relate to the performance of Turbo codes for low latency and low power applications: (1) interleaving, (2) trellis termination, (3) estimation of the channel noise variance, and (4) fixed point arithmetic effects on decoder performance. We give a method for terminating both constituent convolutional encoders in a known (all zero) state by assigning specific binary values to information-sequence bits that are dependent upon the full set of user input information bits. This method causes a slight restriction on the set of allowable interleavers that can be chosen for the scheme but does not compromise performance. Also, we give a robust method for estimating the conditional channel variance given pre-thresholded random variable samples measured directly from the channel. Finally, performance results are shown for fixed-point number representations.
NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF 4-ACETAMIDOBENZALDEHYDE N(4)-SUBSTITUTED THIOSEMICARBAZONES

Nickel(II) complexes with five 4-acetamidobenzaldehyde N(4)- substituted thiosemicarbazones have been prepared in EtOH solution and characterized by physical and spectral methods. N.m.r., i.r. and electronic spectra of the thiosemicarbazones and their complexes, along with physical properties of the complexes, have been recorded. These thiosemicarbazones coordinate as anionic ligands via the thiosemicarbazone moiety's azomethine nitrogen and thiolate sulfur [upon loss of the N(2) hydrogen] when reacted with NiCl2 in the presence of Et3N or with Ni(OAc)2.
Extreme temperature (-170/spl deg/C to +125/spl deg/C) electronics for nanorover operation

The design of the electronics control and data system for the extreme environment seen by a 1.3 kg, 1666 cubic cm nanorover is presented. The Muses-CN electronics is a low mass, low volume, low power electronics platform that must operate over the -170/spl deg/C to +125/spl deg/C temperature range and a 1 AU free space radiation environment. The nanorover electronics is a 2.5 W system that allows for 0.05 to 1 MIPS processing power and will control 10 motors for mobility and science instruments. Science measurements include IR and Alpha Xray backscatter spectrometers along with an active pixel sensor camera and robotic telemetry signals. The theoretical basis for a low power electronics system with space and commercial grade electronics parts operating in this temperature range is presented. System and component temperature results along with the unique packaging constraints of the COB assembly are also discussed.
Effect of prednisone on protein metabolism in Duchenne dystrophy

Prednisone improves strength in Duchenne dystrophy and changes the natural history of the disease. We studied the in vivo effects of prednisone (0.75 mg.kg-1.day-1) on muscle and whole body protein metabolism in six patients with Duchenne dystrophy and three patients with Becker dystrophy. Patients were admitted to the Clinical Research Center for study and consumed a constant flesh-free diet. Strength was measured by manual and quantitative muscle testing. Fractional muscle protein breakdown was estimated by the ratio of 3-methylhistidine to creatinine excretion determined in three consecutive 24-h urine collections. Whole body protein kinetics were studied in the postabsorptive state using a primed continuous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. Fractional muscle protein synthesis was determined from tracer incorporation into noncollagen muscle protein obtained by needle biopsy. After 6-8 wk of prednisone treatment, average muscle strength increased by 15% (P < 0.04), and 24-h creatinine excretion (an index of muscle mass) increased by 21% (P = 0.002). 3-Methylhistidine excretion decreased by 10%, but the change was not statistically significant. The ratio of 3-methylhistidine to creatinine excretion decreased by 26% (P < 0.04). Fractional muscle protein synthesis and whole body protein synthesis and breakdown did not change significantly. We conclude that the beneficial effect of prednisone on strength in Duchenne dystrophy appears to be associated with an increase in muscle mass, which may be mediated by inhibition of muscle proteolysis rather than stimulation of muscle protein synthesis.
Practical issues in the application of genetic algorithms to optimal design problems in electromagnetics

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been successfully applied to the design optimization of electromagnetic devices. Practical issues relating to the implementation of the technique are examined. The possibility of a premature convergence in some applications is studied. Recommendations and guidelines to take these practical implementation issues into consideration are explained through application examples.
Frequency and Variety of Inpatient Pediatric Surgical Procedures in the United States

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric surgical procedures are being performed in a variety of hospitals with large differences in surgical volume. We examined the frequency and variety of inpatient pediatric surgical procedures in the United States by hospital type and geographic region using a nationally representative sample. METHODS: The 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Database for patients RESULTS: A total of 216 081 procedures were projected for 2009 with the top 20 procedures accounting for >90% of cases. As many as 40% of all pediatric inpatient surgical procedures are being performed in adult general hospitals. Infrequent complex low-volume neonatal surgical procedures (pullthrough for Hirschsprung disease, surgery for malrotation, esophageal atresia repair, and diaphragmatic hernia repair) were 6.8 to 16 times more likely to occur in a children9s hospital. Significant regional variation in procedure frequency rates occurred for appendectomy and cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first to characterize pediatric surgical inpatient volume in the United States. Such data may influence the distribution of pediatric surgeons, number of trainees, and training curricula for pediatric surgeons, pediatricians, general surgeons and other surgical specialists who might operate on children. In addition, it raises the question of whether complex pediatric surgical procedures should preferably be performed at dedicated high volume children9s hospitals.
States and observables in relativistic quantum field theories

We discuss two related issues pertaining to the foundations of relativistic quantum field theories. First: the question of observables; more particularly the question of what constraints, if any, are imposed upon the set of observables by the requirement of relativistic microcausality. It turns out that this requirement is in fact considerably less restrictive than has been supposed in the past. Second: the issue of physical states. We find that, in contrast to the nonrelativistic case, it is not possible to define the quantum state of a system in relativistic quantum field theories, because in this latter case no consistent description of how the state changes as the result of a measurement can be developed.
Analysis of finite dielectric bodies in a plane-wave field

A new theoretical solution for studying the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by finite dielectric bodies is described. It combines the analytical eigenfunction-expansion method with a single surface integral equation. The method is applied to compute the electromagnetic fields inside a finite circular cylinder excited by a plane electromagnetic wave. The theoretical results are compared with the measured data, obtained by the authors, on cylinders of salt water.
Landau-Lifshitz analysis for stepped surfaces

We consider phase transitions on stepped surfaces. The Landau-Lifshitz rules are used as criteria for determining those (commensurate) superlattice structures that are “allowed”, i.e., may be reached by continuous phase transitions. The problem is reduced to an essentially two-dimensional case which allows one to make use of the results of Rottman. Tables of all possible allowed (commensurate) structures (with scalar order parameters) are given, along with a step-by-step procedure for determining whether a given superlattice structure on a given stepped surface is allowed. Some examples are treated in detail. It is also determined that all allowed transitions are in either the Ising or Xminus;Y with cubic anisotropy universality classes. The effects of random fields generated by non-uniform terrace width distributions are also mentioned.
Nanocrystalline Sm12.5(Co,Zr)87.5 magnets: synthesis and magnetic properties

Abstract Isotropic nanostructured Sm 12.5 Co 87.5− x Zr x (0⩽ x ⩽5) magnets with the TbCu 7 structure have been synthesized by mechanical milling and subsequent annealing. The remanence is found much enhanced in the nanostructured Sm(Co,Zr) 7 magnets with a grain size of 10–20 nm. A suitable amount of Zr addition ( x =1, 2) is helpful to improve hard magnetic properties, including high remanence ratio of 0.71, coercivities up to 21 kOe, and energy products up to 13.0 MGOe, and hard magnetic properties are sensitive to the milling time and the annealing temperature. The dependence of hard magnetic properties on milling time may be correlated to the refinement of grain size and the intergranular structure induced during the milling and the subsequent annealing. The enhancement of remanence due to a small amount of Zr in this series of Sm 12.5 Co 87.5− x Zr x powders results from the enhanced exchange coupling between the nanosized grains. The hard magnetic properties are discussed with correlation to the milling process and in terms of the nanostructure developed in these materials.
How can mothers and fathers become involved in the sexuality education of adolescents

Parents influence the sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents directly and indirectly, but they seem reluctant to discuss sexuality with their adolescent children because of a lack of knowledge and understanding about human sexuality (Jorgensen, 1991). This suggests that parent participation in sexuality education is a neglected area of research that should be examined. We conducted focus group interviews with adolescents and their parents to investigate parent involvement in sexuality education. Results suggest that adolescents desire more interaction with parents about sexuality but approaches identified by parents are in conflict with ideas generated by adolescents.
Frank Norris's McTeague: Naturalism as Popular Myth

(2000). Frank Norris's McTeague: Naturalism as Popular Myth. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 21-26.
Abundance of 14 trace elements in lunar rock 12013, 10

Abstract Seven samples of lunar rock 12013, 10 were analyzed by neutron activation analysis for Ag, Au, Bi, Br, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Ir, Rb, Se, Tl, and Zn. Traces of the meteorite which produced the breccia seem to be present in 3 samples; the amount can be expressed as ≤1.0%, ≤0.19%, and ≤0.16% Cl chondrite equivalent, but the composition seems to have been less primitive than Cl. Rb, Cs, Tl, and Cd vary 5- to 20-fold among samples. These elements correlate with each other and with K. The interelement ratios are nearly constant, and fit the trend for other Apollo 11 and 12 crystalline rocks. Au and Br both correlate with Zn, with a slope greater than 1. We are inclined to infer a local rather than highland origin for rock 12013, 10 from these correlations. From Tl/K and K/U ratios, it appears that Tl is depleted on the lunar surface by a factor ≈7 × 10−3 relative to the earth's crust. Judging from the mean Rb, Cs, and U abundances, about 12% of material like rock 12013, 10 would have to be added to Apollo 12 basalts to account for the high Rb, Cs, U content of the 12070 soil.
Benign mixed tumor of the mandible 17 years after the occurrence of a similar lesion in the parotid gland

Presented is a salivary tumor occurring in the posterior mandible. This tumor was preceded by a mixed tumor of the ipsilateral parotid gland, which was removed surgically 17 years earlier. The actual connection between the two lesions is discussed, but the true relationship can only be speculative. The mandibular lesion may represent a recurrence of the parotid tumor, a second primary tumor, or may possibly be metastatic in origin.
Immunohistochemical identification of proteoglycans in gelatinous membranes of cat and gerbil inner ear

Proteoglycans have been identified in gelatinous membranes of adult cat and gerbil inner ears using highly specific histochemical techniques. The tectorial and otoconial membranes and cupula of both species stained strongly with high iron diamine which is specific for sulfate esters and with monoclonal antibody against keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG). The cat tectorial membrane also showed strong immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibody against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) but the gerbil tectorial membrane reacted only weakly with this antibody. Otoconial membranes and the cupula of both species showed little if any immunostaining with antibodies against CSPG. Supporting cells in the vestibular neurosensory epithelium and planum semilunatum cells in the ampullae of the cat stained strongly with anti-KSPG, demonstrating the origin of KSPG in the cat. These cell types failed to stain in the gerbil, however, suggesting a different mechanism of secretion or a slower rate of turnover of membraneous KSPG in the gerbil. Interdental cells of both species failed to react with either antibody, leaving the origin of tectorial membrane proteoglycans in question. The approach used here provides a highly sensitive and reliable means of assessing the contribution of specific proteoglycans to inner ear structure and function.
Medication reconciliation: A qualitative analysis of clinicians' perceptions

Abstract Background Medication reconciliation has been at the forefront of national patient safety efforts for nearly a decade, yet health care institutions remain challenged with implementation. Objectives The objective of this article was to report an analysis of a qualitative study of the experiences of physicians, nurses, and pharmacists with medication management practices, specifically focusing on the practice of medication reconciliation. Methods This study used focus groups in a qualitative approach to explore participant perceptions about interprofessional communication and adverse drug events. Three focus groups were conducted at each of 3 Veterans Administration hospitals, 1 each for physicians (13), nurses (19), and pharmacists (16). The analysis for this article focused on specific discussions about medication reconciliation. Results Two primary thematic questions emerged from the discussion about medication reconciliation: What does medication reconciliation really mean? Who is actually responsible for the process? Participants from each profession had differing perspectives about the purpose and processes of medication reconciliation. Perceived responsibilities appeared to be influenced by their distinct views regarding the meaning and purpose of medication reconciliation. The pharmacist role emerged as a critical role to assure medication safety. Conclusions Translating the intent of medication reconciliation into effective practice requires acknowledgment of the involved professionals' diverse perspectives on the independent, joint, and overlapping functions of medication management as well as recognizing the limitations of technology.
Erratum to: Dimensions of innovation in a technology-intensive economy

The above mentioned article was published online before the untimely and tragic death of Dr. John H. ‘‘Jack’’ Marburger and was intended to be part of the special issue on ‘‘Reconciling the Supply of and Demand for research in the Science of science and Innovation Policy’’. After Dr. Marburger’s death, changes were made to this article and the revised article appeared in Vol 44, Issue 3. Because of the publishing queue, we also need to publish the above mentioned original article submitted by Dr. Marburger prior to his death.
Single breath-hold non-contrast thoracic mra using highly-accelerated parallel imaging with a 32-element coil array

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the feasibility of performing single breath-hold 3D thoracic noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (NC-MRA) using highly-accelerated parallel imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS—We developed a single breath-hold NC MRA pulse sequence using balanced steady state free precession (SSFP) readout and highly-accelerated parallel imaging. In 17 subjects, highly-accelerated non-contrast MRA was compared against electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered contrast-enhanced MRA. Anonymized images were randomized for blinded review by two independent readers for image quality, artifact severity in 8 defined vessel segments and aortic dimensions in 6 standard sites. NC-MRA and CE-MRA were compared in terms of these measures using paired sample t and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS—The overall image quality (3.21±0.68 for NC-MRA vs. 3.12±0.71 for CE-MRA) and artifact (2.87±1.01 for NC-MRA vs. 2.92±0.87 for CE-MRA) scores were not significantly different, but there were significant differences for the great vessel and coronary artery origins. NC-MRA demonstrated significantly lower aortic diameter measurements compared to CE-MRA; however, this difference was not considered clinically relevant (>3 mm difference) for less than 12% of segments, most commonly at the sinotubular junction. Mean total scan time was significantly lower for NC-MRA compared to CE-MRA (18.2 ± 6.0s vs. 28.1 ± 5.4s, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION—Single breath-hold NC-MRA is feasible and can be a useful alternative for evaluation and follow-up of thoracic aortic diseases.
Polymer-bound self-folding cavitands

The attachment of self-folding cavitands to polymeric supports has been successfully demonstrated. Crosslinked polystyrene and PEGA were used. The synthesis of cavitands properly functionalized for this purpose is reported. The uptake of guest molecules by the resulting materials and the formation of inclusion complexes on the supports was demonstrated.
Osse limits on pre- and post-burst emission

The existence of either pre- or post-burst emission can provide substantial new information about the burst source and its local environment. We have data from serveral events serendipitously in or near the OSSE field of view at the time of the burst. We present pre- and post-burst flux limits from one such event, GRB 940301. The OSSE data for other periods when scheduled observations have included burst locations will enable us to search for pre- and post- burst emission on many time scales.
Applying Thermodynamics to Fragment-Based Drug Development

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem within the United States, necessitating the need to develop new antimicrobial agents. It has been estimated that within 10 years of an antibiotic entering the market, significant resistance will appear in target bacteria. Exacerbating this problem, many major pharmaceutical companies are not developing new antimicrobial agents, relying on biotech and universities to discover new classes of antibiotics. As a result, only 1% of drugs in clinical trials in 2004 were antibiotics. Because of this, there needs to be a greater push for the design of new antibiotics and antimicrobials to replace obsolete ones as well as development of new, more effective approaches for drug discovery. We have been using a fragment-based approach to identify potential inhibitor building blocks for two bacterial enzymes. Potential building blocks are tested for their ability to inhibit enzyme function and the thermodynamics of binding are investigated by calorimetry. Combinations of these fragments will be combined to develop potential new classes of antibiotics.
Including multiple imputation in a sensitivity analysis for clinical trials with treatment failures

When treatment failures occur during the course of a clinical trial, the treatment regimen following failure may be changed. This change in therapy complicates comparisons among the original treatment arms. As in some clinical trials with dropouts, intent-to-treat analysis can yield a large bias. We examine the use of multiple imputation to replace observations after treatment failure has occurred. As a sensitivity analysis, this approach is compared to existing methods for handling treatment failures - removing treatment failure subjects, removing data after the onset of treatment failure, and imputation the last observation prior to treatment failure for all subsequent observations - in addition to an analysis of all collected data based on randomized treatment assignment. A data set from the Asthma Clinical Research Network is used to demonstrate the methods.
Reaction and deactivation kinetics for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on unpromoted and potassium-promoted iron catalysts

Abstract Rate data for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on unsupported Fe and Fe/K catalysts were obtained at 10 atm total pressure, 200–240°C and H 2 and CO partial pressures of 0.9–1.4 and 0.4–0.9 atm, respectively. Based on a simple power-law expression, reaction orders with respect to H 2 and CO are 1.4 and −0.42 for the unpromoted Fe catalyst and 0.60 and −0.05 for the K-promoted Fe catalyst. A mechanistically-based rate model for FT synthesis is shown to be consistent with the kinetic data obtained for the Fe catalyst. Deactivation rate data were obtained during synthesis on the same catalysts at 10 atm total pressure, 250–280°C and H 2 and CO partial pressures of 0.6–1.4 and 0.3–0.9 atm, respectively, for periods of 24–65 h; from a fit of these data to a generalized power-law expression (GPLE) of the form r d = k d ′( a − a ∞ ) m , values of the deactivation order m are found to be unity for both catalysts. Activation energies for deactivation are 108 and 58 kJ/mole for Fe and Fe/K catalysts, respectively. A deactivation model involving parallel paths is proposed, i.e. simultaneous conversion of (a) atomic to polymeric to graphitic carbon and (b) active carbon-rich carbides to inactive carbon-poor carbides.
Mating Behavior and Reproduction of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum

When a bovine stanchioned in an enclosed stall and guinea pigs maintained in the laboratory were used as hosts for adult Amblyomma americanum (L.), individual male ticks were observed to inseminate 18–37 females in 43–127 days after feeding for 7–32 days before the 1st mating. Preoviposition period of replete females averaged 6.5 days (range 3–10 days). There was a highly significant correlation (r = +0.87) between the weight of the female and the weight of the egg mass she laid, but there was no significant correlation between the weight of the female and the preoviposition period. The fertility of males (determined by average percent hatch of eggs of females they inseminated) was not significantly different. Relationships existed but were inconsistent between: (1) the preoviposition periods and the weights of egg masses, (2) the percent hatch of egg masses and the order of insemination, engorgement, and detachment of females in a sequential series with 1 male, and (3) the percent hatch of eggs and the size of the egg mass.