cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proliferation of National Institutes of Health

Over the last 50 years, the National Institutes of Health has grown steadily but unevenly. Institutes and centers with independent budgets and grant-making authority have been split up, fused, or added. Varmus argues that the 24 institutes and centers should be reorganized to improve overall flexibility, to increase coordination, and to improve administration of the NIH.
Maternal Judgments of Intentionality in Young Children with Autism: The Effects of Diagnostic Information and Stereotyped Behavior.

This study examined the relation among maternal judgment of intentionality and variables relevant to families of children with autism. Thirty-six mothers of children with autism rated segments of home videotape of behavior from very young children later diagnosed with autism. Mothers were randomly assigned to either a diagnostic or a no diagnostic information group. No significant difference was found on overall ratings of intentionality. Maternal stress was not correlated with overall ratings of intentionality for either group. Mothers in the diagnostic information group rated stereotyped behavior as less intentional. Post hoc analyses showed no differences on maternal ratings of intentionality when the child was in a social setting or interacting with an object, but there were significant differences between ratings when the child was alone. The results are discussed in relation to early development and identification issues in autism.
Should bypass or stoma creation be undertaken for unresectable stage IV colorectal carcinoma

Background When patients with stage IV colorectal cancer are deemed to have an unresectable primary colorectal cancer or extensive metastases at surgery, bypass or stoma creation may be the only surgical options. Whether this surgical approach provides extra months of life or instead leads to prohibitive post-operative morbidity and mortality has not previously been well characterized. This study was conducted to evaluate early and long-term outcomes for stage IV colorectal cancer patients with unresectable primary tumour. Methods Patients with unresectable colorectal cancer who underwent palliative bypass or stoma creation were identified from a prospective colorectal cancer database. Early and long-term outcomes were evaluated. Survival was determined using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results From 1980 to 2008, 81 patients with stage IV colorectal cancer had an unresectable primary or extensive metastases and underwent palliative bypass or stoma creation. Mean age was 61.5 ± 13.9 years, 44 (54.3%) were male. Location of the colorectal cancer was left-sided in 82.7%. Of the patients, 38.3% had emergency or urgent surgery. Sixty-two (76.5%) patients underwent a diverting stoma, 15 (18.5%) underwent enteric bypass procedures and 4 (4.9%) had both a diverting stoma and proximal bypass created. Twenty-five complications occurred in 24 patients (29.6%) with 2 patients (2.5%) requiring further re-operation. There was no anastomotic leak. Mean length of hospital stay was 13.8 ± 11.2 days. Thirty-day mortality rate was 16%. The median overall survival was 4.7 months, while the overall survival at 1 year was 24.7%. At 2 years, 6.1% patients were alive, all with a stoma. Conclusion Palliative bypass or stoma creation is associated with survival for several months for a significant proportion of patients with stage IV colorectal cancers, who have unresectable primaries or extensive metastases. The findings of this study support the use of bypass or diversion when faced with an unresectable primary in patients with colorectal cancer with metastases.
Molecular characterization of a granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor receptor α subunit-associated protein, GRAP

The granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSF-R) is a heterodimer composed of 2 subunits,  and β, and ligand binding to the high-affinity receptor leads to signalling for the multiple actions of GM-CSF on target cells. In order to explore the role of the  subunit in signalling, we used a yeast-2-hybrid system to identify proteins interacting with the intracellular domain of the GMR-. A cDNA encoding a predicted protein of 198 amino acids, designated GRAP (GM-CSFreceptor  subunit-associatedprotein), was isolated in experiments using the intracellular portion of GMR- as bait. The interaction between GRAP and GMR- was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in mammalian cells. GRAP mRNA is widely expressed in normal human and mouse tissues and in neoplastic human cell lines, but it is not restricted to cells or tissues that express GM-CSF receptors. Three discrete GRAP mRNA species were detected in human tissues and cells, with estimated sizes of 3.3, 3.1, and 1.3 kb. GRAP is highly conserved throughout evolution, and homologues are found in yeast. The GRAP locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was disrupted, and mutant yeast cells showed an inappropriate stress response under normal culture conditions, manifested by early accumulation of glycogen during the logarithmic growth phase. GRAP is, therefore, a highly conserved and widely expressed protein that binds to the intracellular domain of GMR-, and it appears to play an important role in cellular metabolism.
CSLI Disclosure: Why Probable Cause Is Necessary to Protect What’s Left of the Fourth Amendment

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1876II. A Brief Overview of CSLI Technology 1881III. State of the Law Regarding CSLI 1885A. Origins of the Dispute 18851. What Constitutes a "Search"? 18882. Assumption of Risk 18923. Relevant Statutes 1894a. The Pen Register Statute 1895b. The Stored Communications Act 1896c. The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act 18994. "Probable Cause" Versus "Relevant and Material" ...... 1902B. Competing Interpretations of the Law 1903IV. Third Circuit Opinion 1905A. Background 1906B. Is Probable Cause Required? 1906C. Discussion of Legislative History 1909D. Can Probable Cause Ever Be Required? 1910E. Judge Tashima's Concurrence 1912V. Analysis of Third Circuit Opinion 1912A. The Third Circuit's Interpretation of CSLI Technology ..... 1913B. What Is Protected by the Fourth Amendment? 1915VI. Proposed Solution 1917VII. Conclusion 1920I. IntroductionI was confronted with an application ... on my first day of criminal duty. ... for something called "cell site information." Reluctant to sign what I did not understand, I turned to the United States Code and encountered ECPA for the first time. The experience was frustrating: the terminology was unfamiliar, the organization not intuitive, and the syntax far from straightforward. The casenotes accompanying the statute shed no light; they cited only a handful of lower court decisions not particularly relevant to my questions. No appellate court had ever addressed the issue. I asked my colleagues on the bench, and found they were just as puzzled as I was. I tried to look at sample orders from other courts, but found that they were sealed. I met (several times) with AUSAs, who basically argued that their request should be granted because other judges had done so.1United States Magistrate Judge Stephen W. Smith, in written testimony to Congress, concisely summarized the frustrating state of the law regarding cell site information disclosure orders.2 Perhaps such confusion would be acceptable if law enforcement rarely requested this information or if the privacy interests at stake were limited, but estimates place the number of electronic surveillance orders issued at the federal level alone in excess of 1 0,000 ,3 and the United States is rapidly approaching 300 million cellular phone users.4 The proliferation of cellular phones and the tenuous protection granted to the location information these phones transmit raises the question, as one commentator put it, of just who knows where you've been?5Approximately every seven seconds, your cellular phone communicates with the nearest cellular tower.6 This process is called registration, and its primary purpose is to continuously update the cellular network on your location: By identifying the nearest tower, the network can quickly route any incoming call through that tower instead of having to locate your phone mid-call. …
Architecting space communication networks under mission demand uncertainty

NASAs Space Network has been a successful program that has provided reliable communication and navigation services for three decades. As the third generation of satellites is being launched, alternatives to the current architecture of the system are being studied in order to improve the performance of the system, reduce its costs and facilitate its integration with the Near Earth Network and the Deep Space Network. Within this context, past research has proven the feasibility of efficiently exploring a large space of alternative network architectures using a tradespace search framework. Architecting a space communication network is a complex task that requires consideration of uncertainty, namely (1) factoring in customer demand variability, (2) predicting technology improvements and (3) considering possible budgetary constraints. This paper focuses on adding uncertainty associated with (1) to the existing communications network architecture tool by describing a heuristic-based model to derive mission concept of operations (conops) as a function of communication requirements. The accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing real conops from current TDRSS-supported missions with the predicted concept of operations. The model is used to analyze how customer forecast uncertainty affects the choice of the future network architecture. In particular, four customer scenarios are generated and compared with the current TDRSS capabilities.
How Part-of-Speech Tags Affect Text Retrieval and Filtering Performance

Natural language processing (NLP) applied to information retrieval (IR) and filtering problems may assign part-of-speech tags to terms and, more generally, modify queries and documents. Analytic models can predict the performance of a text filtering system as it incorporates changes suggested by NLP, allowing us to make precise statements about the average effect of NLP operations on IR. Here we provide a model of retrieval and tagging that allows us to both compute the performance change due to syntactic parsing and to allow us to understand what factors affect performance and how. In addition to a prediction of performance with tags, upper and lower bounds for retrieval performance are derived, giving the best and worst effects of including part-of-speech tags. Empirical grounds for selecting sets of tags are considered.
Measurement of organic compound emission using small test chambers

Abstract Organic compounds emitted from a variety of indoor materials have been measured using small (166 L) environmental test chambers. The paper discusses: a) factors to be considered in small chamber testing; b) parameters to be controlled; c) the types of results obtained. The following types of materials have been tested: adhesives, caulks, pressed wood products, floor waxes, paints, and solid insecticides. Selected data are presented. For each material, chamber concentrations of organic compounds have been determined for a range of environmental conditions (e.g., air exchange rate, temperature and relative humidity). Emission rates for individual organic compounds, as well as total measured organics, were calculated. The effects of environmental variables on emission rates have been evaluated. Models are used to evaluate the effect of chamber walls and concentration on emission rates.
Circular dichroism of platelet factor 4

Abstract The circular dichroism of platelet factor 4 was investigated and it was found to contain 15% α-helix, 25% /gb-structure, and the rest of the molecule in unordered conformation. In the presence of heparin, no change in the circular dichroism was observed, suggesting no significant changes in the secondary structure of platelet factor 4 when heparin binds. The CD spectrum of platelet factor 4 was also investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride. A two-state transition was observed with midpoints at 0.125 and 2.0 m guanidine hydrochloride. Based on gel filtration studies, the first unfolding transition was correlated with the dissociation of the tetrameric structure. This first unfolding domain was not observed in the presence of heparin, suggesting that heparin stabilizes the tetrameric structure. The second unfolding transition corresponds to the disruption of the overall secondary structure which is generally observed with most proteins. It is concluded that a relatively weak force of attraction holds the tetrameric structure of platelet factor 4 and the dissociation of the subunits is accompanied by loss of some helical secondary structure.
Les stratégies agricoles du paysan canadien-français de l’est ontarien (1870)

Fondee essentiellement sur les donnees du recensement de 1871, cette etude compare les strategies agricoles mises en oeuvre par des agriculteurs canadiens-francais et canadiens-anglais du comte de Prescott, Ontario. L'approche ecologique utilisee a pour but de mettre en relief les influences de l'environnement physique et du milieu social sur le choix de la strategie. Nous avons selectionne un ensemble de 68 fermes en fonction de l'origine ethnique du chef de famille et du type de sol sur lequel elles etaient situees. Des methodes d'analyse multivariees — une analyse en composantes principales et une analyse de groupement — ont permis d'etablir une typologie des fermes en fonction de criteres purement agronomiques. Nous avons ainsi obtenu quatre principaux groupes se distinguant essentiellement par la productivite et le type d'utilisation du sol. Ces groupes de fermes ont ete mis en relation avec les facteurs edaphique et ethnique jusque-la volontairement tenus a l'ecart. La repartition des types de sol et des ethnies a l'interieur de chacun des groupes a clairement demontre l'influence determinante qu'exercent ces facteurs sur le choix des strategies agricoles. Les Canadiens francais se sont averes plus nombreux dans les deux groupes affichant la plus faible productivite. Cette relation a pris tout son sens a la lumiere de diverses proprietes du sol telles la fertilite et la maniabilite et de certains traits demographiques et economiques prevalant chez les Canadiens francais du comte de Prescott. En effet, la force de travail limitee et le niveau de richesse generalement bas qui les caracterisent, conjugues a certaines caracteristiques du sol, n'autorisent pas la mise en oeuvre d'une strategie visant a une maximisation de la production.
Gravitationless black holes

A gravitationless black hole model is proposed in accord with a five-dimensional fully covariant Kaluza-Klein (K-K) theory with a scalar field, which unifies the four-dimensional Einsteinian general theory of relativity and Maxwellian electromagnetic theory. It is shown that a dense compact core of a star, when it collapses to a critical density, suddenly turns off or shields its gravitational field. The core, if its mass exceeds an upper limit, directly collapses into a black hole. Otherwise, the extremely large pressure, as the gravity is turned off, immediately stops the collapse and drives the mantle material of supernova moving outward, which leads to an impulsive explosion and forms a neutron star as a remnant. A neutron star can further evolve into a black hole when it accretes enough matter from a companion star such that the total mass exceeds a lower limit. The black hole in the K-K theory is gravitationless at the surface because the scalar field is infinitely strong, which varies the equivalent gravitational constant to zero. In general, a star, at the end of its evolution, is relatively harder to collapse into a gravitationless K-K black hole than a strong gravitational Schwarzschild black hole. This is consistent with the observation of some very massive stars to form neutron stars rather than expected black holes. In addition, the gravitationless K-K black hole should be easier to generate jets than a Schwarzschild black hole.
Thermophysical property modifications in functional polymers via lanthanide trichloride hydrates

Fourteen water-soluble trivalent metal chlorides from lanthanum to lutetium in the 1st-row of the f-block form complexes with poly(vinylamine) and increase the glass transition temperature from 57°C to well above 100°C at very low molar concentrations of the lanthanide. The large ionic radii of these hard-acid cations allow several hard-base amino sidegroups in the polymer to occupy sites in the first shell coordination sphere via ion-dipole (i.e., electrostatic) interactions, which leads to microclustering of the ligands about a single metal center. The enhancement in the glass transition temperature is explained in terms of multi-functional coordination crosslinking, f-Block salts induce larger increases in T g , relative to transition metal-complexes from the d-block, however CoCl 2 (H 2 O) 6 performs comparably to some of the more efficient lanthanides. Blends of poly(vinylamine) and trimethoxysilyl-propylpoly(ethylene imine)hydrochloride form complexes with europium(III) and exhibit synergistic single T g response. Since lanthanides form very stable complexes with chelating (i.e., bidentate) oxygen ligands, it is possible to increase the elastic modulus of commercially important copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid via Eu 3+ complexation with the carboxylate anion. This claim is verified by infrared spectroscopy. Temperature and pH-sensitive applications for drug delivery and removal of contaminants from wastewater streams should increase the utility of these lanthanide complexes.
Preferential Loss of an Abundant Storage Protein from Soybean Pods during Seed Development

A temporary vegetative storage protein, composed of similar 25 kilodalton and 27 kilodalton subunits, was found to be abundant in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Herr. var Hobbit) leaves, stems, pods, flower petals, germinated cotyledons, and less abundant in roots, nodules and seeds. Total pod protein was highest at 3 weeks after flowering and declined by 37% within 3 weeks during seed development. During this time the vegetative storage protein declined from 18% to 1.5% of the total pod protein and accounted for 45% of the protein lost from pods. This indicates that the vegetative storage protein makes a significant contribution to the pool of nutrients mobilized from pods for transport to developing seeds.
Ruth Fertel: The First Lady of American Restaurants

(2009). Ruth Fertel: The First Lady of American Restaurants. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 48-51.
Forgotten battles of the German‐Soviet war (1941–45), part 6: the winter campaign (5 December 1941‐April 1942): the crimean counteroffensive and reflections

(2001). Forgotten battles of the German‐Soviet war (1941–45), part 6: the winter campaign (5 December 1941‐April 1942): the crimean counteroffensive and reflections. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 121-170.
Increased alpha 1(I) procollagen gene expression in tight skin (TSK) mice myocardial fibroblasts is due to a reduced interaction of a negative regulatory sequence with AP-1 transcription factor.

The TSK mouse, a model of fibrosis, displays exaggerated connective tissue accumulation in skin and visceral organs including the heart. To study the mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis in TSK mice, we established several strains of TSK mice myocardial fibroblasts in culture and examined the regulation of collagen gene expression in these cells. These strains displayed increased collagen gene expression in comparison with myocardial fibroblasts established from normal mice. On an average, the TSK myocardial fibroblast cultures showed a 4-fold increase in collagen synthesis and 4.4- and 3.6-fold increases, respectively, in α1(I) and α1(III) collagen mRNA steady state levels. The increased α1(I) and α1(III) collagen mRNA levels were mainly due to increased transcription rates (3.4- and 3.8-fold higher, respectively) of the respective genes. Furthermore, we showed that the up-regulation of α1(I) procollagen gene transcription in TSK mice myocardial fibroblasts was due to the lack of the strong inhibitory influence of a regulatory sequence contained in the promoter region encompassing nucleotides −675 to −804. Nuclear extracts from TSK mice myocardial fibroblasts showed lower DNA binding activity to oligonucleotides spanning the mapped regulatory sequence as well as to a consensus AP-1 sequence, but not to a consensus SP-1 sequence, and supershift experiments with an AP-1 antibody confirmed the interaction of these oligonucleotides with AP-1 protein. These observations indicate that a strong negative regulatory sequence contained within −0.675 to −0.804 kilobase of the α1(I) procollagen promoter binds AP-1 transcription factor and mediates inhibition of gene transcription in normal murine myocardial fibroblasts. The TSK mice myocardial fibroblasts lack this inhibitory control, due to lower available amounts and/or decreased binding activity to this inhibitory sequence, and hence display increased α1(I) procollagen gene expression.
Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Co-Express Neuronal, Epithelial, and Melanocytic Differentiation Markers In Vitro and In Vivo

Differentiation programs are aberrant in cancer cells allowing them to express differentiation markers in addition to their tissue of origin. In the present study, we demonstrate the multi-lineage differentiation potential of breast cancer cell lines to express multiple neuronal/glial lineage-specific markers as well as mammary epithelial and melanocytic-specific markers. Multilineage expression was detected in luminal (MCF-7 and SKBR3) and basal (MDA-MB-231) types of human breast cancer cell lines. We also observed comparable co-expression of these three cell lineage markers in MDA-MB-435 cells in vitro, in MDA-MB-435 primary tumors derived from parental and single cell clones and in lung metastases in vivo. Furthermore, ectoderm multi-lineage transdifferentiation was also found in human melanoma (Ul-MeL) and glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and D54). These observations indicate that aberrant multi-lineage transdifferentiation or lineage infidelity may be a wide spread phenomenon in cancer.
Substrate Type as a Factor Influencing Spatial Distribution of Chironomid Midges in an Urban Flood Control Channel System

Spatial distribution of chironomid midges in relation to the various substrate types in a concrete-lined flood control channel system carrying domestic and industrial waste water was studied. Bare concrete surfaces, filamentous algae, detritus, fine sand, and coarse sand and gravel were the 5 types of substrates in this drainage system. A minimum of 10 benthic samples from each of the 5 substrates prevailing in different sections of the channel system were collected, using a modified Surber sampler (0.09 m2frame and 500μpore net). The study was repeated on 4 different occasions. Midges belonging to 5 genera were taken. Chironomus spp. and Cricotopus spp. were the 2 most abundant groups forming 97.4% of the total midges taken on any occasion. Chironomus spp. larvae predominated in fine sand, whereas Cricotopus spp. larvae were associated with detritus. On all 4 sampling dates, fine sand contained 42–80% of the total Chironomus spp. larvae taken from all 5 substrates. Similarly, substrate composed of detritus supported 58–78% of the total Cricotopus spp. larvae. Midge larval densities in some parts of the channels exceeded 3000/0.09 m2on some occasions. During sampling, a number of drift-borne Chironomus spp. and Cricotopus spp. larvae and pupae contributed to the benthic collections.
Effects of three dopamine agonists on cage climbing behavior

The effects of three structurally related dopamine (DA) agonists (pergolide, lergotrile, bromocriptine) on motor activity and induction of cage climbing behavior were compared in mice. Pergolide stimulated activity and induced cage climbing that persisted for at least 5h. Lergotrile depressed activity and failed to induce climbing over a wide range of doses. Bromocriptine produced stimulation and climbing, but only after a 2–3 h delay following injection. The qualitative differences among these drugs may represent an action involving different DA receptor subtypes.
Quantitative analysis of the composition of the native and scrambled ribonuclease A.

Abstract Reversible conversion between the native and scrambled proteins can be applied to analyze the denaturation curve of a disulfide-containing protein. In the case of RNase A, scrambled species could not be well separated from the native species by HPLC to permit precise quantitative analysis of the extent of denaturation. Methods are developed here to overcome this problem. The methods exploit the difference of conformational stability between the native and scrambled RNase A. When a sample of partially denatured RNase A was placed under mild reducing conditions (0.2–1 mM dithiothreitol for 10 min), the disulfide bonds of the native RNase A remain intact, whereas those of scrambled isomers become fully reduced. The native and fully reduced species of RNase A can be completely separated by HPLC. Alternatively, a mixture of partially denatured RNase A can be treated with mild concentration of proteolytic enzymes (trypsin or thermolysin). In this approach, scrambled isomers of RNase A were totally fragmented and readily separated from the native RNase A. These methods allow analysis and construction of the denaturation curves of RNase A in the presence of urea, GdmCl and GdmSCN.
Drusen-like deposits in the outer retina of Japanese quail.

Abstract Histological examination of the outer retina of Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix Japonica ) ranging in age from 4-48 months revealed the presence of drusen-like deposits which closely resemble those described in primate and human retinas. At both light and electron microscopic levels, these deposits were characterized by randomly distributed, granular and heterogenous materials. Larger deposits with pleomorphic inclusions, often globular in shape, occurred more frequently in older quail, particularly in males. An increase in the incidence and size of drusenoid deposits occurred with increasing age, with a greater rate of accumulation in males than in females. Previously, we have shown that retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin increases more rapidly with age in female quail and that cumulative light damage is associated with increased lipofuscin in females but not in males. In the present study, no increase in drusen-like deposits was observed in single light-damaged or double light-damaged retinas of either sex. Thus, lipofuscin and the frequency and size of drusenoid deposits do not appear to be directly linked, although both increase with age in both sexes.
Measurement of acetylation turnover at distinct lysines in human histones identifies long-lived acetylation sites

Dynamic changes in histone acetylation are associated with regulation of gene expression. Zheng and colleagues develop a metabolic labelling technique that facilitates the measurement of acetylation turnover rates, and identify a group of sites whose acetylation is remarkably stable.
Expression of an intestine-specific transcription factor (CDX1) in intestinal metaplasia and in subsequently developed intestinal type of cholangiocarcinoma in rat liver.

CDX1 is a caudal-type homeobox intestine-specific transcription factor that has been shown to be selectively expressed in epithelial cells in intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach and esophagus and variably expressed in human gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas (Silberg DG, Furth EE, Taylor JK, Schuck T, Chiou T, Traber PG. Gastroenterology 1997, 113: 478–486). Through the use of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, we investigated whether CDX1 is also uniquely associated with the intestinal metaplasia associated with putative precancerous cholangiofibrosis induced in rat liver during furan cholangiocarcinogenesis, as well as expressed in neoplastic glands in a subsequently developed intestinal type of cholangiocarcinoma. In normal, control adult rat small intestine, specific nuclear immunoreactivity for CDX1 was most prominent in enterocytes lining the crypts. In comparison, epithelium from intestinal metaplastic glands within furan-induced hepatic cholangiofibrosis and neoplastic epithelium from later developed primary intestinal-type cholangiocarcinoma each demonstrated strong nuclear immunoreactivity for CDX1. CDX1-positive cells were detected in hepatic cholangiofibrotic tissue as early as 3 weeks after the start of chronic furan treatment. We further determined that the percentages of CDX1-positive neoplastic glands and glandular nuclei are significantly higher in primary tumors than in a derived, transplantable cholangiocarcinoma serially-propagated in vivo . Western blotting confirmed our immunohistochemical results, and no CDX1 immunoreactivity was detected in normal adult rat liver or in hyperplastic biliary epithelial cells. These findings indicate that CDX1 is specifically associated with early intestinal metaplasia and a later developed intestinal-type of cholangiocarcinoma induced in the liver of furan-treated rats.
Layer engineering of graphene with oxygen plasma etching

A simple and controllable method was developed to engineer the layer number of graphene based on oxygen plasma etching technique. With the optimum parameters, our so-called “one layer etching” process can be used to remove one single graphene layer at a time. As experimental demonstrations, mono-layer graphenes gotten from bi-layer graphenes and the one layer peeling of a few-layer graphene gotten from a graphite flake (∼ 20 nm thick) were presented in this paper. This technique will open up new possibilities for making graphenes with higher efficiency than that of the commonly used mechanical exfoliation method.
The Isotopic Constitution of Scandium, Gadolinium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, and Ytterbium

The relative abundances of the isotopes of scandium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, and ytterbium have been redetermined with a mass spectrometer incorporating an electron multiplier to give increased sensitivity. No new isotopes were found although special attention was devoted to this problem and low upper limits were set for nearly all possible isotopes.
Lepton Nonconservation and the Early Universe

It is pointed out that the existence of a neutrinoless $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay process would provide a basis for the customary assumption that the number of neutrinos and antineutrinos is equal in the universe.
The Effects of Environmental Temperature, Sex, and Dietary Energy Levels on Growth Performance of Large White Turkeys

Abstract Six hundred forty Large White turkeys in each of two experiments were sexed and subjected to constant environmental temperatures of 10.0, 18.3, 26.7 and 35.0 C, and a high or low energy diet in a factorial arrangement of treatments from 8 to 24 weeks. Maximum body weight gains were obtained when birds were maintained at 10.0 and 18.3 C, while at 26.7 C and 35.0 C, weight gains were reduced 6 and 13%, respectively, from that observed in birds reared in the 10.0 C environment. Body weight gains were greater in males at 18.3 C and at 10.0 C for females. Trends in feed efficiency were the same in both sexes. Feed efficiency improved approximately 1.2% for each 1.0 C increase in temperature up to 26.7 C. The addition of 8% fat to the diet while holding the energy to protein ratio constant had no effect on weight gains, but it did significantly improve the feed efficiency by 4.9%. In general, environmental temperature, sex and diet had no significant effect on feathering, live market quality or New York dressed weight. Temperature altered eviscerated yields, with the highest yields being obtained at 18.3 and the lowest at 35.0 C. Temperature environment had no apparent effect on the levels of CO2 or NH3 in the pens. The incidence of pendulous crops increased at the higher temperatures. Results of this study indicate that turkeys can be reared efficiently in environmental temperatures between 10.0 and 26.7 C when diets contain up to 8% stabilized fat.
Prefrontal cortex modulates desire and dread generated by nucleus accumbens glutamate disruption

Background Corticolimbic circuits, including direct projections from prefrontal cortex to nucleus accumbens (NAc), permit top-down control of intense motivations generated by subcortical circuits. In rats, localized disruptions of glutamate signaling within medial shell of NAc generate desire or dread, anatomically organized along a rostrocaudal gradient analogous to a limbic keyboard. At rostral locations in shell, these disruptions generate appetitive eating, but at caudal locations the disruptions generate progressively fearful behaviors (distress vocalizations, escape attempts, and antipredator reactions). Here, we asked whether medial prefrontal cortex can modulate intense motivations generated by subcortical NAc disruptions. Methods We used simultaneous microinjections in medial prefrontal cortex regions and in NAc shell to examine whether the desire or dread generated by NAc shell disruptions is modulated by activation/inhibition of three specific regions of prefrontal cortex: medial orbitofrontal cortex, infralimbic cortex (homologous to area 25 or subgenual anterior cingulate in the human), or prelimbic cortex (midventral anterior cingulate). Results We found that activation of medial orbitofrontal cortex biased intense bivalent motivation in an appetitive direction by amplifying generation of eating behavior by middle to caudal NAc disruptions, without altering fear. In contrast, activation of infralimbic prefrontal cortex powerfully and generally suppressed both appetitive eating and fearful behaviors generated by NAc shell disruptions. Conclusions These results suggest that corticolimbic projections from discrete prefrontal regions can either bias motivational valence or generally suppress subcortically generated intense motivations of desire or fear.
Direct Writing of Gallium‐Indium Alloy for Stretchable Electronics

In this paper, a direct writing method for gallium-indium alloys is presented. The relationships between nozzle inner diameter, standoff distance, flow rate, and the resulting trace geometry are demonstrated. The interaction between the gallium oxide layer and the substrate is critically important in understanding the printing behavior of the liquid metal. The difference between receding and advancing contact angles demonstrates that the adhesion of the oxide layer to the substrate surface is stronger than the wetting of the surface by the gallium-indium alloy. This further demonstrates why free-standing structures such as the traces described herein can be realized. In addition to the basic characterization of the direct writing process, a design algorithm that is generalizable to a range of trace geometries is developed. This method is applied to the fabrication of an elastomer-encapsulated strain gauge that displays an approximately linear behavior through 50% strain with a gauge factor of 1.5.
Internal consistency reliability of the fractionated and whole University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.

The internal consistency reliability (ICR) of the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fractions was explored, as well as the relationships between the fractions and the entire 40-item test. Pearson correlation coefficients (rs) were computed among all independent combinations and permutations of the four 10-item UPSIT booklets using data from 774 subjects. The median r values of the 10- and 20-item combinations were used to establish the ICRs of the 10- and 20-item tests. The ICRs of the 30- and 40-item tests were estimated using the Spearman-Brown formula and the median rs of the 20-item combinations. Additional ICR estimates of the 40-item UPSIT were obtained from nonsymmetrical fractions using the Horst formula. The ICRs for the UPSIT and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fractions were 0.922, 0.752, 0.855 and 0.898, respectively. No major sex differences emerged. Estimates of correlations between (1) single booklets and two-booklet combinations and (2) the 40-item UPSIT using Guilford's (1953) correction for nonindependence ranged from 0.812 to 0.871. Overall, these results indicate that (1) the UPSIT and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fragments have very high ICRs and (2) individual UPSIT booklets or their combinations can be used to assess smell function in a reliable manner where extreme time constraints are present (e.g., in surveys and in brief neuropsychological test batteries).
Solvent effects on polymer surface structure

The surface modification of polymeric materials has been of great research interest in the last few years because of its importance in applications such as biomaterials and coatings. The bulk composition of polymeric materials often cannot provide the desired surface properties in these applications. For example, low-surface-energy materials can be obtained via the process of surface segregation. The properties of the solvents used in these processes are critical for surface formation in these polymers. Solvent properties such as polarity, volatility and specific interaction properties with the polymer material are important factors in the process of surface formation. The present paper reviews recent studies of solvent effects no surface segregation in multicomponent polymer systems. Copolymers, polymer blend and multicomponent polymer solution systems are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A micro computer based arm prosthesis with two channel sensory feedback

A model of the human arm, emphasizing the neuromuscular mechanism of feedback and control, has been constructed. Reconstruction efforts focused on two parallel aspects of the model: (1) direct control, (2) sensory feedback. The control scheme included a micro computer aided arm prosthesis using myoelectric pattern recognition as the control concept. The feedback elements centered around generation of two perceptual parameters which communicated to the amputee the state of the arm, thereby decreasing his control decision load. The parameters were electrical pulse frequency and spatial location. The developed technology was integrated into a three degree of freedom, self contained, externally energized arm which included elbow flexion/extension, wrist rotation, and hand grasp. A prototype system has been implemented and tested in the laboratory on a mini computer, and specification for a miniature control package has been established.
Fecundity and Egg Viability of Northern and Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Beetles Surviving Labeled and Reduced Soil Insecticide Applications

The influence of soil insecticide application rates on the reproductive biologies of field-collected northern and western corn rootworms, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, respectively, was investigated under laboratory conditions. Comparisons were made on beetles obtained from plots treated with planting-time applications of labeled (IX) and reduced (0.5 and 0.75X) rates of chlorethoxyfos, tefluthrin, and terbufos, and from untreated control plots. Captured insects were pooled by species and insecticide treatment into laboratory rearing cages and allowed to mate. Gravid females were held individually in oviposition chambers to assess fecundity. Egg viability was measured on subsamples of eggs from all treatments. No significant differences ( P >0.05) were detected in fecundity, fertility, or percentage of nonviable eggs of D. barberi or D. virgifera with any insecticide or application rate within insecticide tested. However, reductions in total eggs produced and hatch were 31.2 and 53.7%, respectively, for D. virgifera that survived chlorethoxyfos treatment in comparison with beetles that emerged from untreated plots. Also, the percentage of nonviable eggs produced by D. virgifera emerging from chlorethoxyfos-treated plots was 2-fold of that in beetles captured from untreated corn plots. Whereas, D. barberi females from tefluthrin-treated plots experienced a 44% increase in fecundity and 49.2% more egg hatch than those from the untreated controls. Additionally, total eggs and hatch were increased by 32.1 and 33.7%, respectively, in D. barberi that emerged from terbufos-treated corn plots when compared with their counterparts from untreated control plots. The numerical disparities that we observed appeared to be species specific rather than associated with insecticide class or application rate. Our evaluations indicate that using reduced (0.5 and O.75X) application rates of these organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides will not likely have major effects on the reproductive capacities of D. barberi or D. virgifera . Thus, corn rootworm management programs should include options for using the lowest efficacious application rates of these insecticides.
Climatic and hydrologic changes in the Tien Shan, central Asia

Abstract The authors analyze climatic and hydrologic data from 110 sites collected from the middle of the twentieth century to the present in the Tien Shan, one of the largest mountain systems of central Asia. In spite of a few confounding interregional variations in the temporal changes of surface air temperature, precipitation, runoff, glacier mass, and snow thickness in the Tien Shan, it has been possible to establish statistically significant long-term trends in these key hydroclimatic variables. The average rise in air temperature was 0.01°C yr−1 over the range, with slightly lower values below 2000-m elevation. The precipitation in the Tien Shan increased 1.2 mm yr−1 over the past half-century. The precipitation increase is larger at low altitudes in the northern and western regions than at altitudes above 2000 m. A decrease in snow resources occurred almost everywhere in the Tien Shan; the maximum snow thickness and snow duration have decreased on average 10 cm and 9 days, respectively. The annual ...
Examining variation in working memory capacity and retrieval in cued recall

Two experiments examined the notion that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are partially due to differences in search set size in cued recall. High and low WMC individuals performed variants of a cued recall task with either unrelated cue words (Experiment 1) or specific cue phrases (Experiment 2). Across both experiments low WMC individuals recalled fewer items, made more errors, and had longer correct recall latencies than high WMC individuals. Cross-experimental analyses suggested that providing participants with more specific cues decreased the size of the search set, leading to better recall overall. However, these effects were equivalent for high and low WMC. It is argued that these results are consistent with a search model framework in which low WMC individuals search through a larger set of items than high WMC individuals.
Larval developmental rates of three putative subspecies of tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus, and their hybrids in relation to temperature.

The eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L. has been presumed to be comprised of three parapatric subspecies (P. g. canadensis R & J, across Canada and the northern U.S.; P. g. glaucus L., in the eastern half of the U.S.; and P. g. australis Maynard, in Florida). Populations from 27° north latitude in Florida to 50° north latitude in Manitoba, Canada and from 75° west longitude in Pennsylvania to 96° west longitide in Canada were tested by laboratory larval feeding studies at various constant temperatures ranging from 16°-28° C. These data indicate that populations of Papilio glaucus show generally similar developmental responses to temperature, regardless of their geographic origin. Limited differences do exist between some populations studied, involving such traits as upper threshold temperature and differences between individual developmental rate curves. No consistent differences were noted between the three putative subspecies in their developmental response under these experimental conditions. In Wisconsin, the twenty year average of total season degree day accumulations above a base temperature (developmental threshold) of 10° C delineates a relatively narrow geographical region across the center of the state for which the bivoltine potential reaches its northernmost limits. This zone also closely corresponds to the southernmost limit of the P. g. canadensis subspecies (generally believed to be obligately univoltine).
Themes and Trends of Journal of Family and Economic Issues: A Review of Twenty Years (1988–2007)

This review article examines the progress and impact of the Journal of Family and Economic Issues (JFEI) between 1988–2007. Over the past 20 years, JFEI has become a major journal publishing articles on the relationship between families and economic systems. JFEI contributed to both the economic and family studies disciplines by publishing articles that explore the interface of these two disciplines. Between 1988 and 2007, JFEI published articles on a variety of themes not often found in other economic or family studies journals such as family resource management, consumer attitudes and behaviors, and economic issues and family relationships. Other unique characteristics of JFEI include many collaborative multidisciplinary studies and many studies analyzing international or cross-cultural samples.
A Layered Decision Model for cost-effective system security

System security involves decisions in at least three areas: identification of well-defined security policies, selection of cost-effective defence strategies, and implementation of real-time defence tactics. Although choices made in each of these areas affect the others, existing decision models typically handle these three decision areas in isolation. There is no comprehensive tool that can integrate them to provide a single efficient model for safeguarding a network. In addition, there is no clear way to determine which particular combinations of defence decisions result in cost-effective solutions. To address these problems, this paper introduces a Layered Decision Model (LDM) for use in deciding how to address defence decisions based on their cost-effectiveness. To validate the LDM and illustrate how it is used, we used simulation to test model rationality and applied the LDM to the design of system security for an e-commercial business case.
Microstructure and Mechanics Interaction in the Modeling of Hot Rolling of Rods

Abstract During hot metal working, strain, strain rate, temperature, microstructure and chemistry along with associated metallurgical phenomena such as strain hardening, dynamic recovery and recrystallization are known to have a significant effect on the flow stress of the metal. Simple flow stress models such as the power law were found to be inadequate for the accurate prediction of leads and metal flow using numerical simulation. In this study, a microstructure dependent flow stress model was developed by performing uniaxial compression tests on the Gleeble test machine. This model was implemented, using a computationally efficient procedure, into the finite element method based metal flow simulation model for hot rolling. Reasonably good agreements were obtained in comparing predicted rolling loads and rod geometry with those measured on a multi-pass production mill.
Error bounds for stop-loss premiums calculated with the Fast Fourier Transform

Recently J. Bertram (1981) has suggested to calculate the distributions of aggregate claims in case of arbitrary risk sums by means of the numerical inversion of the Fast Fourier Transform. Since t...