cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Implications of the Neurotic Paradox as a Problem in Behavior Theory: An Experimental Resolution

Why do human phobias last for months or years when such behavior should undergo extinction? This failure of extinction or persistence of self-defeating behavior of human disorders was labeled by Mowrer as the neurotic paradox. The paradox is cited by an ever-increasing number of critics who challenge any laboratory-based learning model of human psychopathology. Laboratory research, of course, omits essential requirements in the analysis of behavior, and the principles derived from such analyses must be combined in order to explain complex human behavaior. Validation for a behavioral model can thus be achieved if (a) basic principles inferred from observation of humans treated with a laboratory-derived extinction procedure (e.g., implosive therapy) are combined with (b) principles examined in laboratory research that are combined to generate unique predictions that correspond to known features of human phobic behavior. The latter evidence is briefly reviewed in research demonstrating sustained responding over one thousand consecutive active avoidance responses with complete avoidance of the “phobic” CS for an initial single shock trial. Differential reinforcement for responses to early sequential stimuli depends on minimal work requirement, and reinforcement by timeout from avoidance. This combination of factors effectively precludes extinction to main conditioned aversive stimuli for nonhumans, as it does for human phobias. Support for a laboratory model of human phobia is thereby attained.
Deep Brain and Motor Cortex Stimulation for Head and Face Pain

Chronic facial pain etiologies characterized by constant and unrelenting pain are often classified as trigeminal neuropathic pain or trigeminal deafferentation pain. These terms are frequently applied to a large number of facial pain syndromes that do not fall within the description of classic trigeminal neuralgia (TN). These “atypical” etiologies can be refractory to a number of pharmacological and surgical treatments. Intracranial neurostimulation therapies, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS), can be utilized in an attempt to alleviate disabling pain conditions. This chapter provides a brief history of DBS and MCS for treating facial pain, along with a summary of surgical procedures, potential mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes.
Thermal Stability of Cu/Co Metaconductor and Its Millimeter Wave Applications

This work presents a study on the thermal stability of metaconductors made of copper and cobalt (Cu/Co) alternating layers in comparison with that of ones made of copper and nickel (Cu/Ni) alternating layers. Very slow anneals over several hours have been performed for both types of metaconductors. The experimental results show that after cooling down from annealing to 425 °C, Cu/Co metaconductors retain 78 % of the original magnetization, and are able to regain the original magnetization with an applied magnetic field of 50 kA/m or less. Cu/Ni metaconductors, however, lose nearly all magnetization in addition to having altered ferromagnetic properties after annealing at the same temperature. It is concluded that Cu/Co metaconductors show a superior thermal stability to Cu/Ni ones.
A facile in vitro platform to study cancer cell dormancy under hypoxic microenvironments using CoCl2

While hypoxia has been well-studied in various tumor microenvironments, its role in cancer cell dormancy is poorly understood, in part due to a lack of well-established in vitro and in vivo models. Hypoxic conditions under conventional hypoxia chambers are relatively unstable and cannot be maintained during characterization outside the chamber since normoxic response is quickly established. To address this challenge, we report a robust in vitro cancer dormancy model under a hypoxia-mimicking microenvironment using cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a hypoxia-mimetic agent, which stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α), a major regulator of hypoxia signaling. We compared cellular responses to CoCl2 and true hypoxia (0.1% O2) in different breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) to investigate whether hypoxic regulation of breast cancer dormancy could be mimicked by CoCl2. To this end, expression levels of hypoxia markers HIF1α and GLUT1 and proliferation marker Ki67, cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and protein and gene expression were evaluated under both CoCl2 and true hypoxia. To further validate our platform, the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3 was also tested. Our results demonstrate that CoCl2 can mimic hypoxic regulation of cancer dormancy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, recapitulating the differential responses of these cell lines to true hypoxia in 2D and 3D. Moreover, distinct gene expression profiles in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells under CoCl2 treatment suggest that key cell cycle components are differentially regulated by the same hypoxic stress. In addition, the induction of dormancy in MCF-7 cells under CoCl2 treatment is HIF1α-dependent, as evidenced by the inability of HIF1α-suppressed MCF-7 cells to exhibit dormant behavior upon CoCl2 treatment. Furthermore, CoCl2 also induces and stably maintains dormancy in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. These results demonstrate that this CoCl2-based model could provide a widely applicable in vitro platform for understanding induction of cancer cell dormancy under hypoxic stress.
CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND COMMERCIAL BANKS PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

This study was aimed at ascertaining the effect of capital structure on commercial banks performance in Nigeria for the period 2012 to 2016. Ex post facto research design was used to address the problem of this study. The population comprised of 22 commercial banks out of which five banks were sampled using purposive /judgmental sampling technique. Secondary data sourced from various Audited Accounts and Reports of selected Commercial Banks and CBN Statistical Bulletins and Annual Reports were used. The core problem has been the inconsistency and sharp fluctuations in the commercial banks performance in Nigeria. Panel EGLS (Period random effects) method was used in estimating the models using EViews application software for windows. The main findings were that capital structure has no significant effect on return on equity, return on assets and earnings per share of commercial banks in Nigeria. However, commercial bank size had a significant effect on earnings per share. The conclusion was that the capital structure of commercial banks in Nigeria has no effect on their performance. The recommendations were that: the management of commercial banks should adopt the right strategy to attract adequate long term funds; the Government should improve the depth and liquidity of capital market to enable it meet the demand for long term funds; the financial system, economic system and commercial banks should maintain adequate credit/liquidity rating to attract investors and improve on their performances; the management of commercial banks should ensure that there is a right mix of debt and equity at all times through regular review of their financing mix.
An Independent Tongue-Operated Assistive System for Both Access and Mobility

People with tetraplegia often use multiple different assistive devices for access and mobility which requires constant caregiver assistance to help them replace these devices. In this paper, a new standalone tongue drive system (TDS) is designed which captures tongue gesture and generates commands to access both a computer and drive a wheelchair, using the same platform. Fifteen able-bodied participants completed a PC access and four power wheelchair (PWC) navigation tasks in comparison to keyboard arrow keys and joystick, respectively. An overall mean game score of TDS is 83.4% of arrow keys and improved 46.41% from first to last trials. Latched mode PWC driving was found to be the fastest (60.7% of joystick) and unlatched mode was the most accurate ( $2.3\times $ joystick error) among different TDS driving options. The average task completion time for wheelchair driving was 8.2% less compared to the previous studies on the same track.
Growth of red pak choi under red and blue, supplemented white, and artificial sunlight provided by LEDs

Abstract To explore lighting strategies for crop production in space, we investigated the impacts of light spectrum on morphology, biomass, and phytonutrients of red pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis, ‘Rubi F1’) over a 28-day cycle. Light treatments were white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) as a control, W + red (WR), W + green switched to red at 21 days (WG–R), W + far-red (WFR), red and blue (RB), and an LED-based artificial sunlight research module (ASRM). The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was maintained near 180 μmol m−2·s-1 for all light treatments. Our results indicated that red pak choi grown under a narrow spectrum of RB light was most suitable for leaf expansion, biomass yield, and relative anthocyanin accumulation. The various broad-spectrum WLED treatments reduced yield, leaf area, and anthocyanin content. Supplemental G and FR augmented the reduction of growth and phytonutrients, however chlorophyll and anthocyanin levels recovered to levels comparable to the control within 7 days of switching WG to WR. The ASRM was used to assess direct sunlight as an alternative lighting option for plant growth in space. ASRM increased overall yield and specific leaf weight compared to WLED and supplemental treatments, and was similar to plants grown under RB in terms of fresh/dry weight, but lower in phytonutrients. Our results suggest both narrow and broad-band light sources can be used to manipulate morphology, phytonutrients, and partitioning of biomass in red pak choi.
Warfarin induced mesenteric and intestinal hematoma requiring surgical resection to relieve small bowel obstruction: A case report.

Abstract Introduction Mesenteric and Intramural Hematoma leading to small bowel obstruction is a rare, but a fatal complication of anticoagulant therapy. Presentation of case We present this unique case of 61 year old male with non traumatic mesenteric and intramural hematoma secondary to warfarin leading to small bowel obstruction requiring surgical resection. Discussion Although there have been few cases reported in literature about intramural small bowel hematoma, however, associated with small bowel obstruction secondary to warfarin therapy are less frequently seen. Diagnosis of intramural hematoma can be made with Computed Tomography (CT) of abdomen. The most effective treatment approach is conservative management after excluding any signs of small bowel obstructions, peritonitis and bowel necrosis. Conclusion Therefore, early diagnosis is vitally essential to avoid morbidity in patients with these symptoms. Physician should have a higher index of suspicion to recognize and diagnose this complication is essential for early treatment intervention to prevent morbidity.
Costs of implementing and sustaining enhanced collaborative care programs involving community partners

Collaborative care is an evidence-based program for treating depression in primary care. We sought to expand this model by recruiting clinics interested in incorporating community partners (i.e., community-based organizations (CBO) and/or family members) in the care team. Seven sites implemented evidence-based collaborative care programs with community partners while collecting information on costs of implementing and sustaining programs. Sites retrospectively collected data on planning and implementation costs with technical assistance from study researchers. Sites also prospectively collected cost of care activities over a 1-month period once the program was implemented to determine resources needed to sustain programs. Personnel salary costs were adjusted, adding 30% for benefits and 30% for administrative overhead. The programs implemented varied considerably in staffing, involvement of care partners, and allocation of costs. Total planning and implementation costs varied from $39,280 to $60,575. The largest implementation cost category involved workflow development and ranged from $16,325 to $31,375 with the highest costs in this category attributed to the most successful implementation among clinic-CBO programs. Following implementation, cost per patient over the 1-month period ranged from $154 to $544. Ongoing strategic decision-making and administrative costs, which were included in cost of care, ranged from $284 to $2328 for the month. Sites implemented collaborative care through differing partnerships, staffing, and related costs. Costs to implement and sustain programs developed in partnership are often not collected but are crucial to understanding financial aspects of developing sustainable partnerships. Assessing such costs is feasible and can inform future partnership efforts.
Fully Coherent Schrodinger Cat State Spectroscopy and the Future of CMDS

Spectroscopy is one of the most powerful techniques in all of science and technology because of its ability to directly access the individual quantum states of matter and measure their dynamics. Frequency domain methodologies are used extensively to acquire spectra over wide ranges of wavelengths for identifying a system’s quantum states. Often, the spectra become spectroscopic fingerprints of individual molecular species. Time domain methodologies have long been used to measure quantum state dynamics on time scales ranging from many seconds to attoseconds. These ultrafast methods typically create one dimensional (1D) spectra and become compromised in studying complex samples where the presence of multiple species creates spectral congestion. This chapter explores the tradeoffs between time and frequency domain methods, pulse width and sensitivity, and the ability to create multidimensional spectral fingerprints that are essential for studying complex materials.
Understanding family perspectives on supported employment.

Background One integral way by which individuals in recovery pursue meaning and productivity in their lives is via employment. Unfortunately, the vast majority of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) who express the desire to work remain unemployed. Families have the potential to play an important role in the domain of supported employment (SE), though may not have the knowledge or skills to do so. Aims This quantitative study aimed to better understand the perspectives of family members on the role of employment in recovery and the barriers faced by their loved ones in pursuing work. Method Participants included 86 family members of individuals with SMI who were affiliated with their state NAMI Chapter and agreed to take part in an online survey. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine meaningful differences between the highest and lowest ranked statements for each main research question. Results Family members recognize that employment is important to recovery and offers individuals with SMI a valued social role. Relative to other factors, financial independence and being employed in a competitive job were viewed as less important to recovery. The most salient barriers to employment included stable housing, need for transportation, concerns about losing benefits, low self-esteem, and medication side effects. Conclusions While family members can appreciate the importance of SE and their loved ones' desire to work, they still tend to rank other factors as more integral to recovery. This underscores the need for additional education about the potential for employment to facilitate these other factors in recovery.
Art + Politics = Activism: The Work of Ai Weiwei

ACTIVISM AND ART have been intertwined for many years. For instance, songs including “A Change is Gonna Come” (Cooke, 1964), “We Shall Overcome” (Tindley, 1900),1 and “Freedom Highway” (The Staples...
Vertical and Rotational Stiffness of Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study of 3 Different Techniques

Purpose To compare the biomechanical stability of 3 different coracoclavicular reconstruction techniques under rotational and vertical loading using a cadaveric model. Methods In total, 12 cadaveric shoulders were used for testing. The native state was first tested then followed by 3 different reconstruction configurations using suture tapes and cortical buttons: coracoid loop (CL), single-bundle (SB), and double-bundle (DB). Superior displacement was measured by cycling an inferiorly directed force of 70 N to the scapula. The rotational stiffness of the scapula was determined by cycling the scapula in rotational displacement control between 15° of internal and external rotation. The rotational stiffness of the clavicle was determined by rotating the clavicle around its long axis 20° anteriorly and 30° posteriorly in rotational displacement control. All measurements were captured over 10 cycles at a rate of 200 Hz. Results Both the CL and SB techniques demonstrated significantly less internal scapular rotation stiffness. (intact: 19.70 ± 9.07 cNm/deg, CL: 3.70 ± 2.63 cNm/deg, SB:4.30 ± 2.66 cNm/deg, P Conclusions None of the described techniques provided equivalent rotational stability in all planes compared with the native state. DB reconstruction presented stiffness characteristics closest to the native state under cyclic loading during internal scapular and posterior clavicular rotation. Clinical Relevance Additional procedures such as tendon grafting or acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction may be required to control rotational stability.
Checklist, Bibliography and Quantitative Data of the Arthropods of Hispaniola

An updated and extensively revised checklist of the arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) is presented 11 years after the publication of the original in 2008. It integrates and quantifies all the terrestrial and surrounding marine arthropod species (plus those of Tardigrada and Onychophora), reported in the zoological literature for Hispaniola through the middle of 2019. A total of 9,920 valid species (8,202 extant and 1,718 fossil) are listed, which represents an increase of 1,683 species (1,369 extant and 314 fossil) from the original list. The largest component is Insecta (6,784 extant and 1,136 fossil), including 2,206 extant species of Coleoptera, 1,042 species of Hemiptera, 929 species of Diptera, 913 species of Lepidoptera and 774 species of Hymenoptera. Emphasis is on reviewing and updating the original list, including all newly recorded taxa and all pertinent taxonomic changes proposed since then. Important corrections have been made, and explanatory notes have been added. For example, multiple authors have confused the Lesser Antillean island of Dominica with the Dominican Republic. This error is much more common in the literature than was initially recognized. Erroneous records attributing species from one island to the other have been identified and corrected. The original spelling of the cricket species Scapsipedus bastardoi Otte Perez-Gelabert, 2009, dedicated to Dominican biologist Ruth H. Bastardo, is corrected to Scapsipedus bastardoae nom. emend. High species endemism is typical of the biota of Caribbean islands. In this checklist, a total of 3,161 arthropod species (38.6%) are considered endemic or unique to Hispaniola. Among the speciose groups with higher levels of endemism are the Diplopoda (91.6%), Orthoptera (90.1%), Trichoptera (82.6%), Coleoptera (49.3%) and Araneae (47.5%). Also, a total of 201 arthropod species (174 insects + 27 non-insects) are identified as introduced to the island. The accompanying bibliography complements the taxonomic information and includes over 5,000 titles.
Nuclear waste heat use in agriculture: History and opportunities in the United States

Abstract Nuclear power plants (NPPs) produce a large amount of waste heat (WH) that has generally been perceived and regulated as an environmental liability. Given the abundance of WH from NPPs and the ubiquity of generally low-grade heat requirements of agricultural operations, from production to post-harvest, there is remarkable potential to harness NPP WH for agricultural uses with mutual economic advantages to NPPs and agricultural sectors. Taking advantage of this WH resource may improve the financial outlook of both the partnered power plants and agricultural businesses by providing an additional revenue stream, decreased heating costs, and a reduced carbon footprint. This review summarizes and interprets the historical discourse and research on agricultural applications of NPP WH in the U.S., and synthesizes technical constraints, unknowns, and opportunities for realizing the benefits of WH derived from the nuclear energy sector for agricultural value chains. Previous applications of WH in the agricultural industry demonstrate that this is a viable option to the benefit of the parties involved under the right conditions, but relatively little has been done to further this technology in the U.S. in recent years or explore novel applications. A revival of interest in this technology may be warranted given the current outlook for NPPs in the U.S. and a general interest in reducing the environmental impact of agriculture.
DNA methylation profiling demonstrates superior diagnostic classification to RNA-sequencing in a case of metastatic meningioma

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors, but meningioma metastases are rare. Accordingly, the clinical workup, diagnostic testing, and molecular classification of metastatic meningioma is incompletely understood. Here, we present a case report of multiply recurrent meningioma complicated by liver metastasis. We discuss the patient presentation, imaging findings, and conventional histopathologic characterization of both the intracranial lesion and the metastatic focus. Further, we perform multiplatform molecular profiling, comprised of DNA methylation arrays and RNA-sequencing, of six stereotactically-guided samples from the intracranial meningioma and a single ultrasound-guided liver metastasis biopsy. Our results show that DNA methylation clusters distinguish the liver metastasis from the intracranial meningioma samples, and identify a small focus of hepatocyte contamination with the liver biopsy. Nonetheless, DNA methylation-based classification accurately identifies the liver metastasis as a meningioma with high confidence. We also find that clustering of RNA-sequencing results distinguishes the liver metastasis from the intracranial meningiomas samples, but that differential gene expression classification is confounded by hepatocyte-specific gene expression programs in the liver metastasis. In sum, this case report sheds light on the comparative biology of intracranial and metastatic meningioma. Furthermore, our results support methylation-based classification as a robust method of diagnosing metastatic lesions, underscore the broad utility of DNA methylation array profiling in diagnostic pathology, and caution against the routine use of bulk RNA-sequencing for identifying tumor signatures in heterogeneous metastatic lesions.
Experiential Learning in Sustainability: Opportunities, Building Partnerships, and Student Engagement

Sustainability is an inherently interdisciplinary field. Experiential learning (EL) can help students break down disciplinary barriers or integrate multiple disciplinary dynamics to address challenges and issues related to sustainability. This chapter will first briefly outline the importance and the role of EL in sustainability education. Then the chapter will describe in detail the opportunities, challenges that need to be addressed, ways to engage students, and evaluate EL in a community-engaged setting. The information outlined in the chapter demonstrates the success of the DRG-HSI Internship Program as a community-engaged EL program in sustainability. The stages and steps outline the usefulness of Internship Program and how it can be replicated in other contexts related to sustainability.
Machine learning enables design of on-chip integrated silicon T-junctions with footprint of 1.2 μm×1.2μm

Abstract To date, various optimization algorithms have been employed to design and improve the performance of nanophotonic structures. Here, we propose to utilize a machine-learning algorithm viz. binary-Additive Reinforcement Learning Algorithm (b-ARLA) coupled with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations to design ultra-compact and efficient on-chip integrated nanophotonic 50:50 beam splitters (T-junctions). The T-junctions reported in this paper have a footprint of only 1.2 μ m × 1 . 2 μ m. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, these designs are amongst the smallest ever reported to date across either simulations or experiments. For all the designs, the simulated net power transmission efficiency is ∼ 80%, corresponding to insertion loss λ = 1 . 55 μ m. We envision that the design methodology, as reported herein, would be useful in general for designing any efficient integrated-photonic device for optical communications systems.
The Glassy Response of Double Torsion Oscillators in Solid 4He

Single and double torsion oscillators have been used to measure the anomalous change in resonant frequency and accompanying dissipation in solid 4He. We present a glass description of the mechanical anomalies found in torsion oscillator measurements. Our results show that it is not necessary to invoke a supersolid interpretation to explain these mechanical anomalies. Previously, we demonstrated that the back-action of a glassy subsystem present in solid 4He can account for frequency change and dissipation peak in single torsion oscillator experiments. Here, we show that the same glassy back-action can explain the experimental results of the composite torsion oscillator developed by the Rutgers group, which measures the response of solid 4He at the in-phase mode f 1=496 Hz and out-of-phase mode f 2=1173 Hz.
A system disconnected: perspectives on post-disaster housing recovery policy and programs

This study provides insights from individuals working to reestablish permanent housing in Sea Bright, NJ, following Hurricane Sandy. To collect these perspectives, we gathered data in two ways: a self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. We mailed questionnaires to every household in Sea Bright that included a number of fixed response items and open-ended questions that focused on the interface of government and citizens to discuss their housing recovery process and problems or pitfalls they have encountered while recovering. To complement our questionnaire data, we conducted interviews with full-time residents, part-time residents, homeowners, renters, and representatives of the local, state, and federal government. We utilized conventional content analysis methods to discover sociological themes, focusing on the underlying behaviors, actions, and emotions the text portrayed. Several powerful themes emerged from our analysis of the open-ended questions and interviews. Most notably, we found a fundamental disconnect between how policymakers and homeowners viewed the housing recovery process. In particular, survivors highlighted the amount of and complexity-laden paperwork associated with the aid process, unfavorable interactions with government employees and a system that seemed to have goals that were inherently different from their own, and the sense that the rules associated with aid were constantly changing. We conclude with a discussion of additional research needs and some preliminary policy recommendations based on these insights.
Aseptic Meningitis Secondary to Antibiotic Therapy

Drug-induced aseptic meningitis is a rare entity. Diagnosis of drug-induced aseptic meningitis can be challenging due to the difficulty in distinguishing clinical presentation from bacterial or viral meningitis. We present a case of a 52-year-old Caucasian female patient who presented to the emergency room on two different occasions with severe headache, neck pain, and confusion. Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis, and empirical intravenous acyclovir was initiated. Bacterial and viral CSF analysis and cultures were negative. The patient completely recovered. Several days later, the patient returned to the emergency room with similar symptoms. Second CSF analysis revealed neutrophilic pleocytosis, and empirical intravenous antibiotic and antiviral therapy were started. Bacterial, fungal, and viral CSF analysis and cultures were negative. Imaging studies of the brain were unremarkable on both occasions. The patient reported taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for right foot infection before and after the initial presentation. The patient's symptoms resolved without neurological sequelae after discontinuation of TMP-SMX. This case report highlights the importance of taking a detailed history to diagnose drug-induced aseptic meningitis.
A real options framework for reducing emissions from deforestation: Reconciling short-term incentives with long-term benefits from conservation and agricultural intensification

Abstract Tropical forests provide enormous ecological and economic value. The potential is rapidly growing for carbon markets to deliver private and public compensation for emissions reductions from forest protection at national and subnational scales. Nevertheless, monetization of forest ecosystem services remains scant, leaving forests vulnerable to conversion to other land uses in the short run. We develop a real options framework for a representative farmer’s land-use decisions, identifying a value gap between private short-term incentives versus long-term benefits from carbon market compensation, given uncertainties over future values for emissions reductions from forest protection. A quantitative illustration of this framework for Mato Grosso, Brazil, demonstrates that forest conservation coupled with cattle ranching intensification is competitive with the predominant practice of extensive cattle production, but is hindered by landholders’ perceptions of the relative option values to different land uses. We show how bonds, call and put options allow for early monetization of part of potential future carbon revenues, even under uncertainty, changing incentives at the landholder level and jumpstarting conservation and more efficient models of agricultural production. These approaches provide a model for addressing the financial needs of farmers on the ground to accelerate the transition towards low-deforestation rural development at large scales.
Fabrication and Characterization of Evaporated ZINC Anodes for Small-Scale ZINC-Air Batteries

Miniaturization of modern devices, including the advent of highly distributed Internet of Things nodes, has created a need for miniaturization in energy systems. Air batteries can be an attractive power source for such small-scale devices. This paper investigates fabrication of thin zinc anodes for zinc-air batteries using a thermal evaporation technique. Zinc anodes produced by thermal evaporation are found to be of high purity, approximately 96% dense, and smooth (roughness less than 0.1 micron). Anodes up to 8 microns in thickness are demonstrated. The structural characterization of the evaporated zinc films was performed by profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The purity of the evaporated film was determined by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Thin zinc anodes fabricated by evaporation exhibited utilization of 96.5% at 10 mA (5C rate) discharge. Specific capacity was 791mAh/g, approaching the theoretical limit of zinc-air batteries (820mAh/g). The anodes produced by evaporation offer the potential to fabricate high energy density thin film microbatteries.
Framework for Teaching Safety Case Studies Using a Risk Management Approach

Real-world safety case studies provide concrete examples of episodes that can be both instructive and memorable for students. We describe here a framework for teaching safety case studies using the...
Dissolved organic carbon in the carbon cycle of the Indian Ocean

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the least quantified and least understood bioreactive pools of carbon in the Indian Ocean. Data gaps are large, with much of the central Indian Ocean not yet sampled. Here model results depict the surface distribution of DOC, which is interpreted in terms of anticipated net DOC production (13―26 Tmol C a ―1 ), advective transport, and export to the subsurface with overturning circulation. These interpretations are tested against DOC measurements made on sections in the Arabian Sea, across the Agulhas Current, in the central Indian Ocean, and into the Bay of Bengal. The seasonality of net DOC production and consumption is evaluated in the Arabian Sea, where data density is relatively rich. DOC stocks in the upper 150 m of the western Arabian Sea increased by > 1.5 mol C m ―2 during the NE monsoon and disappeared rapidly during the SW monsoon. Rapid DOC removal may result in part from aggregation of dust and biogenic particles along with stripping of trace metals and DOC, perhaps as transparent exopolymer particles, from the surrounding waters.
Process and Device Performance of 1-μm-Channel N-Well CMOS Using Deep-Trench Isolation Technology

CMOS has become an attractive VLSI technology because of its low power dissipation, large noise immunity, patternlayout ease for gate-array logic circuits, and compatibility with analog circuits. In order to make high-speed/high-density CMOSVLSIs, the device geometry has had to be continuously scaled down. However, scaled-down bulk-CMOS has susceptibility to latch up and poor device-to-device isolation because of the narrow space between n- and p-channel devices and the shallow well depth.
Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This paper updates the author's earlier hypothesis that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) reflects underactivity in Gray's Behavioral Inhibition System. Five areas of research are reviewed: (1) studies using the stop-signal task, (2) studies of errors of commission, (3) a study of inhibition indexed by eye movements, (4) a neuroimaging study of the corpus callosum, and (5) a study on the prediction of response to methylphenidate. Data from the many different dependent variables in these studies are interpreted as supporting disinhibition as a core deficit in ADHD.
Georgia's New Evidence Code - An Overview

On May 3, 2011, Governor Nathan Deal signed into law House Bill 24 (HB 24) bringing a new set of evidence rules to the State of Georgia. The new rules went into effect on January 1, 2013. The author of this article was the Reporter for the State Bar Evidence Study Committee when new rules were first proposed back in the mid-1980s, and again throughout the recent, successful effort to reform the rules. Part I of this article will give a brief history of the twenty-six-year effort to bring new evidence rules to Georgia. Part II will provide a structural overview of the new rules. Part III will then describe thirty-eight significant changes that judges and trial lawyers will find in the new rules. Finally, Part IV will mention a few evidentiary issues that still need attention.
Local intracortical connections in the cat's visual cortex: postnatal development and plasticity

1. We have studied the nature, development, and plasticity of local intracortical interactions by examining the visual responses from pairs of cells in the visual cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed adult cats and kittens at postnatal age 4 wk. Simultaneous discharge from nearby cells was analyzed by the cross-correlation method to infer three types of neuronal interactions: monosynaptic excitation, monosynaptic inhibition, and polysynaptic excitation. 2. Among cell pairs that exhibit correlated discharge, the nature of these interactions is similar in kittens and adults. For example, the mean monosynaptic delay is the same for cell pairs in the adult cat and the kitten: 0.8 ms. The primary difference in the distribution of neural interactions is the increased prevalence of inhibitory interactions among adult cat cell pairs compared with kitten cell pairs. However, in both age groups and in nearly all laminae, polysynaptic interactions are the most commonly observed type of interaction. 3. Neural interactions revealed by cross-correlation analysis also were studied with respect to the receptive field properties of the cells. The hierarchical theory proposed by Hubel and Wiesel suggests that monosynaptic excitation should be seen from simple to complex cells. It further suggests that complex cells do not provide monosynaptic excitation either to simple or to other complex cells. However, we find no cases of monosynaptic excitation from simple to complex cells in the adult cat. Moreover, we find explicitly antihierarchical connections, i.e., excitatory connections from complex to simple cells, in both kittens and adults. The excitatory influence of complex cells on simple cell receptive field properties is not incorporated into current models of receptive field structure formation. Our results suggest that complex cells might have an important modulatory role in simple cell discharge. 4. Plasticity of intracortical synaptic connections was studied by examining the dynamics of monosynaptic peaks with cross-correlograms. We examined Hebb's seminal hypothesis regarding synaptic plasticity that the excitatory connections between two neurons should strengthen with simultaneous activity. To test directly whether Hebbian plasticity can be rapidly induced by stimulus-evoked activity, the strength of monosynaptic excitation between pairs of neurons was monitored during periods of visual stimulation lasting < or = 2 h. Synaptic strength was computed by summing the cross-correlogram bins containing the monosynaptic peak. Transient increases in monosynaptic peak area are found among cell pairs linked by monosynaptic excitation after 8-15 min of visual stimulation. The duration and amplitude of these changes are similar in adult cats and kittens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Optical Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for Biodosimetry and Monitoring of Radiation Injury to the Skin

In the event of an intentional or accidental release of ionizing radiation in a densely populated area, timely assessment and triage of the general population for the radiation exposure is critical. In particular, a significant number of the victims may sustain cutaneous radiation injury, which increases the mortality and worsens the overall prognosis of the victims suffered from combined thermal/mechanical and radiation trauma. Diagnosis of the cutaneous radiation injury is challenging, and established methods largely rely on visual manifestations, presence of the skin contamination, and a high degree of recall by the victim. Availability of a high throughput non-invasive in vivo biodosimetry tool for assessment of the radiation exposure of the skin is of particular importance for the timely diagnosis of the cutaneous injury. In the reported investigation, we have tested the potential of an optical reflectance spectroscopy for the evaluation of the radiation injury to the skin. This is technically attractive because optical spectroscopy relies on well-established and routinely used for various applications instrumentation, one example being pulse oximetry which uses selected wavelengths for the quantification of the blood oxygenation. Our method relies on a broad spectral region ranging from the locally absorbed, shallow-penetrating ultraviolet and visible (250 tomore » 800 nm) to more deeply penetrating near-Infrared (800 – 1600 nm) light for the monitoring of multiple physiological changes in the skin upon irradiation. Chemometrics is a multivariate methodology that allows the information from entire spectral region to be used to generate predictive regression models. In this report we demonstrate that simple spectroscopic method, such as the optical reflectance spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate data analysis, offers the promise of rapid and non-invasive in vivo diagnosis and monitoring of the cutaneous radiation exposure, and is able accurately predict the dose and time of exposure in the rodent model.« less
Abstract W P256: Voxel-by-Voxel Distribution Pattern of Estimates of Vascular Volume and that of Blood-to-brain Forward Volume Transfer Constant are different in Experimental Embolic Stroke

Background and Purpose: Changes in vascular indices such as blood-to-brain forward volume transfer constant (Ktrans) and plasma distribution volume (vp) are considered as potential predictors of impending hemorrhage in acute stroke. However, few studies have reported their spatial distributions and variability within a given stroke lesion. This study examined the voxel-by-voxel distributions of vp and Ktrans within a region of interest (ROI) and the overall mean for the entire ROI to investigate their possible inherent variability. Methods: Male Wistar rats (~300 g; N=6) were subjected to embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 h followed by treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) treatment for thrombolysis. Measurements of vp and Ktrans were made in the ischemic lesion after rTPA infusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Data were generated using two approaches. In the first, voxel-by-voxel values of moments about the mean viz., me...
Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is likely the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. It is as an important source of reproductive morbidity, a facilitator of HIV transmission and acquisition, and thus it is an important public health problem. Despite its importance in human reproductive health and HIV transmission, it is not a reportable disease and surveillance is not generally done. This is problematic since most persons infected with TV are asymptomatic. Metronidazole (MTZ) has been the treatment of choice for women for decades, and single dose has been considered the first line of therapy. However, high rates of retest positive are found among TV infected persons after single dose MTZ treatment. This has not been explained by drug resistance since in vitro resistance is only 2–5 %. Treatment failure can range from 7–10 % and even higher among HIV+ women. Treatment efficacy may be influenced by vaginal ecology. The origins of repeat positives need further explanation and better treatment options are needed.
Learning and Policy Improvement After Disaster The Case of Aviation Security

This article considers whether policy makers in the aviation security field have learned from actual or apparent aviation security breaches in the late 1980s through 2001. The author finds that the loss of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and of TWA Flight 800 in 1996 did lead to greater policy-making attention to a relatively narrow range of issues raised by these events. The author also finds that the September 11 terrorist attacks led to a comprehensive search for improved policy tools to prevent a recurrence of the attacks. The author argues that this post-September 11 search would not have been possible without the debates on aviation safety that accompanied the earlier events.
Minimally invasive surgery versus laparotomy in women with high grade endometrial cancer: a multi-site study performed at high volume cancer centers.

Abstract Objective The study aim was to compare outcomes in women with high-grade endometrial cancer (EC) who underwent surgical staging via minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus laparotomy. Methods This is a retrospective, multi-institutional cohort study of patients with high-grade EC who were comprehensively surgically staged by either MIS or laparotomy. Demographic, surgical variables, complications, and survival were analyzed. Results Three hundred and eighty‐three patients met criteria: 191 underwent laparotomy and 192 MIS (65% robotic, 35% laparoscopy). Subgroups were well matched by age (mean 66years), stage, body mass index, histology and adjuvant therapies. Median operative time was longer in the MIS group (191 vs. 135min; p Conclusions Women with high grade endometrial cancers staged by minimally invasive techniques experienced fewer complications and similar survival outcomes compared to those staged by laparotomy. As this population is elderly and most will receive adjuvant therapies, minimization of surgical morbidity is of interest. When managed by expert laparoscopists or robotic surgeons, a high-risk histologic subtype is not a contraindication to minimally invasive surgery in women with apparent early-stage disease.
Microdetermination of ammonia using an ammonia gas-sensing electrode and a minicomputer

The multiple addition method has been used in combination with Gran plots for the determination of 2×10−4M to 1×10−6M (2.8 ppm to 14 ppb) of ammonia nitrogen. The ammonia was determined with an ammonia gas-sensing electrode. A computer-controlled titration system was used for the titration and for dataprocessing. Results within ±2% of the added amount are obtained down to ∼1.5×10−6M (20 ppb) of ammonia nitrogen.
Ultrastructural changes in the germ plasm during the life cycle ofMiastor (Cecidomyidae, Diptera)

Polar granules are organelles unique to the germ plasm of some insects and amphibians and are thought to be involved in germ cell formation. These granules inMiastor are similar to those inDrosophila andAmphibia both in their structure and in their continuous presence in the germ line cells throughout the life cycle of the organism. They are formed during oogenesis as dense masses of amorphous material at the posterior tip of the oocyte. During the maturation and cleavage divisions of the embryo, the polar granules fragment into small granules and ribosomes become associated with their periphery. After their inclusion in the pole cell and the two pole cell divisions, the polar granules reaggregate into large granules and these subsequently become associated with the nuclear envelope as dense bodies. During the remainder of the life cycle ofMiastor until the inception of oogenesis, dense bodies are associated with the nuclear envelope of the primordial germ cells. During oogenesis the nuclear envelope of the oocyte lacks the dense bodies, but the nurse nuclei have copious amounts. The relationships between the dense bodies of the nuclear envelope of the nurse chamber and polar granules is discussed.
Design and Demonstration of a Novel Optical CDMA Platform for Avionics Applications

We designed and built a highly scalable incoherent Optical CDMA testbed for Lockheed Martin as a novel platform for testing different avionics applications. It enables users to communicate with each other at OC-24 including transfer of data at ~1.25 Gbit/sec per user with raw BER of less than 10?12. The system architecture uses (3,11) fast wavelength-hopping, time-spreading prime codes with a chip size of 73 ps utilizing standard on-off-keyed picosecond optical pulses allocated in the time and wavelength domains. A novel design of optical encoders and decoders enables the realization of a secure connectivity approaching a so called "one-time-pad" security. The testbed is also designed to conduct eavesdropping studies among testbed users. This incoherent OCDMA approach is compatible with existing DWDM optical networks and uses off-the-shelf components