cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of neonatal behavioral tests

The Rosenblith Modification of the Graham Scale is explained in some detail. Changes from Graham's scale and their rationale are dealt with. This behavioral examination was designed to help identify high‐risk newboms. Performance on various components of the Graham/Rosenblith test administered to newborns in the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy (NINDS) are related to the follow‐up assessments of the CPRP at each of the levels through four years. Serendipitous findings to date are also included. Principal findings include: 1) neonates with top quartile scores on Neonatal General Maturation are unlikely to show any signs of abnormality at eight months. 2) significant relations exist between neonatal Muscle Tonus and all criteria at the four year level, 3) newborns with marked hypersensitivity to room light have gross developmental problems through the first four years at least; 4) marked discrepancy in neonatal Muscle Tonus between the upper and lower halves of the body (with upper hypotonic) is associ...
Faculty Usage of Library Tools in a Learning Management System

To better understand faculty attitudes and practices regarding usage of library-specific tools and roles in a university learning management system, log data for a period of three semesters was analyzed. Academic departments with highest rates of usage were identified, and faculty users and nonusers within those departments were surveyed regarding their perceptions of and experience with the library tools. Librarians who use the tools were also surveyed to compare their perceptions of faculty tool and role use. While faculty survey respondents showed high levels of positive perceptions of librarians, they also exhibited low awareness of the library tools and little understanding of their use. Recommendations for encouraging wider adoption and effective usage are discussed.
Mesenteric defect closure in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial

Internal herniation is a potential complication following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Previous studies have shown that closure of mesenteric defects after LRYGB may reduce the incidence of internal herniation. However, controversy remains as to whether mesenteric defect closure is necessary to decrease the incidence of internal hernias after LRYGB. This study aims to determine if jejeunal mesenteric defect closure reduces incidence of internal hernias and other complications in patients undergoing LRYGB. 105 patients undergoing laparoscopic antecolic RYGB were randomized into two groups: closed mesenteric defect (n = 50) or open mesenteric defect (n = 55). Complication rates were obtained from the medical record. Patients were followed up to 3 years post-operatively. Patients also completed the gastrointestinal quality of life index (GI QoL) pre-operatively and 12 months post-operatively. Outcome measures included: incidence of internal hernias, complications, readmissions, reoperations, GI QoL scores, and percent excess weight loss (%EWL). Pre-operatively, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The closed group had a longer operative time (closed-153 min, open-138 min, p = 0.073). There was one internal hernia in the open group. There was no significant difference at 12 months for decrease in BMI (closed-15.9, open-16.3 kg/m2, p = 0.288) or %EWL (closed-75.3 %, open-69.0 %, p = 0.134). There was no significant difference between the groups in incidence of internal hernias and general complications post-operatively. Both groups showed significantly improved GI QoL index scores from baseline to 12 months post-surgery, but there were no significant differences at 12 months between groups in total GI QoL (closed-108, open-112, p = 0.440). In this study, closure or non-closure of the jejeunal mesenteric defect following LRYGB appears to result in equivalent internal hernia and complication rates. High index of suspicion should be maintained whenever internal hernia is expected after LRYGB.
The wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer

Breast cancer continues to be a serious health problem particularly in developed countries. Of particular concern is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which does not respond well to standard hormone therapy and is associated with poor overall patient prognosis. Recent studies indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is particularly activated in TNBC, such that the Wnt receptor frizzled-7 (FZD7) and the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 were found to be up regulated in TNBC. In addition, it has been demonstrated that transcriptional knockdown of LRP6 or FZD7 in TNBC cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, salinomycin, a selective breast cancer stem cell killer, was recently demonstrated to be an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inducing LRP6 degradation. Therefore, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and particularly the Wnt receptors on the cell surface may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC.
Two Lymphoid Roads Diverge— but Does Antigen Bade B Cells to Take the Road Less Traveled?

The contribution of a self-antigen to marginal-zone B lymphocytes is described in this issue (Wen et al., 2005). Other interpretations of these important findings are considered here.
Empirical validity of phenomenological renormalized nuclear Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory

Abstract Experimental nuclear binding energies and single nucleon removal energies can be related to good approximation by modified Hartree-Fock equations incorporating depletions of normally occupied states. The average depletions required are in close agreement with those calculated from realistic interactions.
Benefits of Trunk Muscle Co-Contraction in Protecting against Low-Back Injury during Manual Materials Lifting:

There is a trade-off between the risk of low-back injury associated with tissue overload versus the risk of spinal instability. The benefit of antagonistic co-contraction in helping to prevent low-back pain associated with instability injury during manual materials handling tasks was examined. Ten healthy males performed sagittal lifting tasks while trunk motion, reaction loads, and EMG activity were recorded. A biomechanical model was developed to compute spinal load and spinal stability during the tasks. Antagonistic co-contraction was found to be beneficial in terms of the stability versus spinal load, i.e. compression increased 12–18% while stability increased 36–64%. Stability was a minimum at low trunk moments, e.g. upright postures. Conversely, as trunk moment increased the risk of stability failure was reduced but the risk of spinal tissue overload injury was increased. To compensate, subjects recruited antagonistic co-contraction less in high moment conditions and more in low moment conditions.
Leptines and Other Glycoalkaloids in Tetraploid Solanum Tuberosum X Solanum Chacoense F2 Hybrid and Backcross Families

The leptine glycoalkaloids fromSolanum chacoense Bitter are potential resistance factors to Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. A selected sample of 17 F1 hybrids (4x) from crosses of a 4xS. chacoense clone that synthesizes leptines (8380-1) with 4xS. tuberosum L. lines were selfed to generate F2 hybrids (4x) and were also backcrossed toS. tuberosum. Glycoalkaloid (GA) content in foliage and tubers was measured for 786 sibling genotypes from the two generations in the field at Beltsville, Maryland. Leptines were found in the foliage of all F2 hybrids and in 98% of the backcross genotypes. Leptines were not detected in tubers from either generation. Foliage concentrations of leptines for the F2 hybrids averaged 156 mg/100g fresh weight (FW). The proportion of the total GA content consisting of leptines averaged 42%. By backcrossing the F1 hybrids toS. tuberosum the average concentration of leptines was reduced to 44 mg/100g FW. The proportion of leptines averaged 16%. The tuber contents of solanine plus chaconine glycoalkaloids averaged 52 mg/100g FW for the F2 hybrids and 27 mg/100g for the backcross genotypes.
Determination of elemental carbon component of soot in ambient aerosol samples

Abstract A reflectance method for the determination of the elemental carbon component of soot in atmospheric fine particulate matter collected on a filter has been developed. Two instruments are described. One operates continuously as the aerosol sample is being collected, measuring the decrease in reflectance of light from the filter spot through which air is aspirated. The other instrument measures the reflectance of samples mounted after a collection on a filter. The instruments have been calibrated with soot standards of known total non-volatile carbon content determined by the GRALE technique after heating. Limited field data are presented on both the total carbon and soot carbon content of the St. Louis urban fine aerosol.
Analysis of access protocols for an automatic meter reading system

Abstract This paper considers a communications network in which a large number of outlying devices send data to a centralized host. Each outlying device generates data very infrequently and independently of the other devices. Such systems arise, for example, when autonomous electrical or water meters call in on telephone lines to the host computer at a utility company. Three protocols that the meters could use to access the telephone, are proposed and analysed.
Locality in inheritance networks

Touretzky proposed a rigorous theory of nonmonotonic inheritance in [ll] which was later found to be intractable [9] and to lead to counter-intuitive interpretation of certain networks [12]. Subsequently, there have been a number of proposals for semantics of inheritance networks done either through a translation into a general logical formalism [1,6,8], or by special path-based techniques [2,3,11]. As an alternative to these, we designed local theories of inheritance that are conceptually simple and computationally attractive [5]. Here, we formalize locality as it applies to inheritance networks and illustrate it with examples. We then generalize the notion of local semantics to what we call ground local semantics to further understand and clarify the relationship between our theories and the path-based theories. Our theories are both local and ground local; the skeptical semantics of [2] is not local, but is ground local,
Still somewhat muddy: A comment

Perez-Castrillo and Verdiers1 seem to have solved the bulk of the first level mathematical puzzles in my “Efficient Rent-Seeking”. There still remains the second order of puzzle mentioned in my first article, the question of which “agent” (to use their terminology) will be the one or more who buys tickets in this lottery. This, I am happy to say, is somewhat easier than the original problem, but until it is solved we can’t claim to understand the issue in general.
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Deacetylvindoline O-Acetyltransferase, A Novel Enzyme from Catharanthus

Abstract A new enzyme, Acetyl Coenzyme A: deacetylvindoline 0-acetyl transferase (EC 2.3.1. -) which catalyses the synthesis of vindoline from acetyl coenzyme A and deacetylvindoline was isolated from the soluble protein extract of Catharanthus roseus leaves and purified approximately 365-fold. The enzyme had an apparent pI of 4.6 upon chromatofocusing, an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 daltons and a pH optimum between 8.0 to 9.0. Dithiothreitol was essential to maintain enzyme activity. Substrate saturation studies of this enzyme resulted in Michaelis Menton kinetics giving Km values of 5.4 and 0.7µM respectively for acetyl coenzyme A and deacetylvindoline. Studies of the forward reaction demonstrated an absolute requirement for acetyl coenzyme A and deacetylvindoline derivatives containing a double bond at positions 6, 7, whereas the reverse reaction occurred only in the presence of free coenzyme A and vindoline derivatives containing the same double bond. The forward reaction was subject to product inhibition by coenzyme A with an apparent Ki of 8 µM, but was not inhibited by up to 2 mM vindoline. The rate of reaction could therefore be regulated by the level of free coenzyme A in the cell, unaffected by the accumulation of indole alkaloid product. It was suggested that this enzyme catalyses a late step in the biosynthesis of vindoline.
Does Therapeutic Facilitation Add to Locomotor Outcome of Body Weight−Supported Treadmill Training in Nonambulatory Patients With Stroke? A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Yagura H, Hatakenaka M, Miyai I. Does therapeutic facilitation add to locomotor outcome of body weight−supported treadmill training in nonambulatory patients with stroke? A randomized controlled trial. Objective To assess benefit of the facilitation technique (FT) coupled with body weight–supported treadmill training (BWSTT) in nonambulatory patients with stroke. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants Forty-nine patients with nonambulatory patients with stroke were randomly allocated to BWSTT coupled with the FT or mechanical assistance (control). Interventions Swinging and stance of the paretic leg were assisted using the FT or mechanically (control) during BWSTT. Main Outcome Measures The FIM instrument, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, gait speed, and cadence. Results Demographic and clinical features of the FT (n=22) and control (n=25) groups on admission were comparable after excluding 2 dropouts. There were no differences in the gains of the main outcome measures between the FT and control groups. Patients with severe impairment in the FT group had greater gains in arm function than those in the control group. Conclusions The FT did not add significantly to locomotor outcome of BWSTT in nonambulatory patients with stroke but it did require more therapists' assistance.
Analysis of Resonance Curves Observed in Potassium Vapor

Resonance curves observed for potassium vapor in three electrode tube.---A previous discovery of thermionic emission from copper at temperatures above 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C in the presence of potassium vapor, made it possible to secure resonance curves under simplified conditions, with plane parallel electrodes and an equipotential source of electrons with low thermal energies. The curves obtained show up to nine peaks, proving the presence of electrons that had made at least eight resonance collisions. Resonance potential for potassium, obtained from the positions of the maxima and minima of the curves, comes out 1.63 volts, within 2 per cent of the value 1.608 from spectral series. An attempt is made to account for the shape of the curves, assuming the chance of resonance collision independent of the velocity and taking account of the transverse components of velocity resulting from non-resonance collisions, by means of an arbitrary function. This theoretical analysis of the curves gives values of the ratio of the chance of a resonance collision to the kinetic theory chance of collision (calculated from data for argon), of about 10, which indicates that the assumed kinetic theory mean free path is too large and also that the probability of resonance occurring upon collision is high.
Gene action in the aging brain: an evolutionary biological perspective.

The evolutionary biologic theory has up to now invoked only two modalities of gene action as examples of gene actions that escape the force of natural selection and, hence, are responsible for senescent phenotypes. I here suggest a more comprehensive classification of such gene actions and give possible examples of their potential relevance to brain aging.
CHILD HUNGER: ITS PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX AND DIETARY INTAKE AMONG SOMALI REFUGEE CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES

The primary objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of child hunger and its relationship to dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) among Somali refugee children. This article also examined the sociodemographic risk factors of child hunger in Somali households. Somali refugee mothers and children twelve years old or younger (n = 195) were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional survey. During the survey, children's height and weight were measured to calculate BMI while their mothers were interviewed to collect information on sociodemographics, food insecurity, and children's dietary habits. Results indicated that 23 percent of households experienced child hunger. Overall, underweight or BMI < 5th percentile was significantly higher in children who experienced hunger. In terms of dietary intake, compared to food secure or mild to moderate food insecure households, intake of green leafy vegetables was significantly lower (OR: .32; CI: .15–.68; p = .003) while intake of eggs was higher (OR: 23.65; CI: 9.57–58.45; p < .000) among children experiencing hunger. Logistic regression showed that acculturation indicators such as poor English proficiency (OR: 17.76; CI: 1.50–20.14; p = .022) and shorter length of stay in the United States (OR: 3.27; CI: 1.26–8.47; p = .015) increased the likelihood of child hunger.
Bound-State Model of Weak and Strong Interactions

The pion-nucleon coupling constant is calculated from first principles by use of the N/D matrix method. Three models are introduced which contain pions, nucleons, and weakly interacting intermediate bosons of the scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector variety. The basic interactions are taken to be parity and isotopic spin conserving. Certain physical assumptions in the nature of boundary conditions and the known fact that the weak coupling is very weak, together with use of the Born approximation for N, enable us to obtain an eigenvalue equation which expresses the pion-nucleon coupling constant in terms of the three masses in the problem. The correct value for gπ^2 can be obtained for an intermediate vector meson of mass comparable to the nucleon mass with essentially no cutoff employed; on the other hand, the experimental value is also obtained with a spin-zero boson and a relatively small cutoff energy.
Inhibition of re-expression of surface CD4, but not CD8, on activated human T-lymphocytes by the immunosuppressive drugs dexamethasone and cyclosporine a: Correlation with inhibition of proliferation

Abstract Our objective was to study the re-expression of CD4 and CD8 on activated human T-lymphocytes in the presence of dexamethasone and cyclosporine A at physiologically relevant concentrations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 healthy volunteers were cultured for up to 72 h in the presence and absence of phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA) and dexamethasone and cyclosporine A at a range of concentrations. Expression of surface CD3, CD4 and CD8 and the activation marker CD25 was quantified on T-lymphocytes using flow cytometry. T-lymphocytes cultured with PHA showed a significant (P
Preliminary phase I results of G3139 (bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide) therapy in combination with docetaxel in hormone-refractory prostate cancer

The transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent prostate cancer is accompanied by a number of molecular genetic changes, including overexpression of the bcl-2 gene. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protein decreases the pro-apoptotic response to such cellular insults as irradiation, chemotherapy, and androgen withdrawal. Reduction of Bcl-2 expression in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) preclinical models markedly increases the antitumor efficacy of docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, a phase I/II pharmacokinetic and biologic correlative study has been initiated in patients with HRPC to examine whether docetaxel therapy can be enhanced with a therapeutic antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (G3139) directed at bcl-2 gene expression. Semin Oncol 28 (suppl 15):67-70.
Compartment Syndrome: Diagnosis, Management, and Unique Concerns in the Twenty-First Century

Compartment syndrome is an elevation of intracompartmental pressure to a level that impairs circulation. While the most common etiology is trauma, other less common etiologies such as burns, emboli, and iatrogenic injuries can be equally troublesome and challenging to diagnose. The sequelae of a delayed diagnosis of compartment syndrome may be devastating. All care providers must understand the etiologies, high-risk situation, and the urgency of intervention. This study was conducted to perform a comprehensive review of compartment syndrome discussing etiologies, risk stratification, clinical progression, noninvasive and invasive monitoring, documentation, medical-legal implication, and our step-by-step approach to compartment syndrome prevention, detection, and early intervention. A literature search was performed using the PubMed Database and the following search terms: “Compartment syndrome AND Extremity,” “Compartment syndrome AND Gluteal,” and Compartment syndrome AND Paraspinal.” A total of 2,068 articles were identified. Filters allowed for the exclusion of studies not printed in English (359) and those focusing on exertional compartment syndrome (84), leaving a total of 1,625 articles available for review. The literature provides details regarding the etiologies, risk stratification, clinical progression, noninvasive and invasive monitoring, documentation, medical-legal implication, and our step-by-step approach to compartment syndrome prevention, detection, and early intervention. The development and progression of compartment syndrome is multifactorial, and as complexity of care increases, the opportunity for the syndrome to be missed is increased. Recent changes in the structure of in-hospital medical care including resident work hour restrictions and the incorporation of midlevel providers have increased the frequency of “signouts” or “patient handoffs” which present opportunities for the syndrome to be mismanaged. The changing dynamics of the health care team have prompted the need for a more explicit algorithm for managing patients at risk for compartment syndrome to ensure appropriate conveyance of information among team members.
Comments on "Frontogenesis in a moist semigeostrophic model"

The development of narrow updrafts or jetlike features in the vertical motion field (VMF) over the leading edge of a surface frontal zone is examined on the basis of model simulations, summarizing and clarifying the results presented by Keyser and Anthes (1982) and responding to critical remarks by Mak and Bannon (1984). Typical velocity and potential-temperature cross sections are shown, and it is concluded that the inclusion of generally parameterized planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) physics in the model has a significant effect on the VMF, suggesting that frictional processes alone (without latent heating) can explain the formation of jetlike frontal updrafts. In a reply by Mak and Bannon it is argued that the increased strength of the VMF in models including PBL physics is not significant, whereas other models show that the VMF can be significantly strengthened and narrowed by condensational heating alone.
Priming memory invokes seed stress-tolerance

Abstract Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment that partially hydrates seeds without allowing radicle emergence. Consequently, primed seeds are equipped with advanced germination and exhibit improved germination rate and uniformity. Moreover, seed priming is often implicated in improving the stress-tolerance of germinating seeds, cellular mechanism of which is not well understood. Here we propose a hypothetical model illustrating the cellular physiology of priming-induced stress-tolerance, likely achieved via two strategies. First, seed priming sets in motion germination-related activities (e.g. respiration, endosperm weakening, and gene transcription and translation, etc.) that facilitate the transition of quiescent dry seeds into germinating state and lead to improved germination potential. Secondly, priming imposes abiotic stress on seeds that represses radicle protrusion but stimulates stress responses (e.g. accumulation of LEAs), potentially inducing cross-tolerance. Together, these two strategies constitute a ‘priming memory’ in seeds, which can be recruited upon a subsequent stress-exposure and mediates greater stress-tolerance of germinating primed seeds.
BMP2 cross-linked by transglutaminase 2 to collagen-plla scaffold promotes osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells.

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) was used to attach biologically-active BMP2 to collagen type I-coated poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffolds. Irreversibly cross-linked BMP2 retained its activity and induced Smad-dependent gene expression in cells seeded on PLLA–BMP2 scaffolds. These modified scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) cultured in low-serum and growth factor free medium and support deposition of the calcified matrix and induction of the molecular osteogenic markers Runx2, osteopontin, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein. Importantly, the PLLA–BMP2 scaffolds did not support chondrogenic differentiation in hBMSCs as there was no expression of chondrogenic markers aggrecan, Sox 9, and collagen type II, and no deposition of cartilaginous glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix. Thus, TG2-mediated cross-linking of BMP2 to a scaffold is a novel approach to induce osteoblast-specific programming of hBMSCs in a spatially controlled manner.
A dual photon source method for void fraction measurements in dynamic fluid systems

Abstract A dual source method of void fraction measurements in flowing media is described. The method is compared with the commonly used single source as a means of making measurements of dynamic fluid systems. The dual source method is shown to be less severe when the static void assumption is made. Also, it is shown that the mean void fraction determined by this method is independent of the thickness of flowing fluid. Both the single and the dual source methods are compared for an assumed case of Poisson-distributed voids passing the detector location.
A Monte Carlo simulation of the failure of a seven fiber microcomposite

Abstract A Monte Carlo analysis of the tensile failure of a seven-fiber, hexagonal array, microcomposite is described. Weibull statistics are used to generate individual fiber strengths within a chain-of-bundles structural model. The effect of load transfer through matrix shear is simulated by using local load sharing among surviving fibers. The results of the simulation are used to conduct a parametric analysis of bundle strength. The model is also compared with experimental results obtained with hexagonal fiber bundles consisting of seven IM-6 graphite filaments.
Group-transfer polymerization of tert-butyl methacrylate and [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]pentamethyldisiloxane : Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and random and block copolymers

A synthetic approach for preparing block copolymers consisting of both a [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]pentamethyldisiloxane (SiMA) block and tert-butyl methacrylate (t-BMA) block using group-transfer polymerization (GTP) was developed. The SiMA polymerizes slowly with oxyanion catalysis but at reasonable rates using bifluoride catalysis. A model reaction eliminated a possible explanation for the slow rate of polymerization of SiMA with oxyanion catalyzed GTP. For high conversion of t-BMA to be achieved, additional bifluoride catalyst had to be added to the reactor after the t-BMA addition. Often, especially at −44 °C, after the polymerization stalled, additional conversion of the t-BMA did not occur until a critical concentration of bifluoride catalyst was established. After this level was reached, the polymerization of t-BMA occurred quickly and to high conversion.
Addressing energy-related challenges for the US buildings sector: results from the clean energy futures study

Abstract This article presents dollar, energy, and carbon savings associated with adoption of more energy-efficient technologies in the buildings sector for two policy scenarios that represent departures from business-as-usual (BAU) case assumptions. Both scenarios result in net savings in the total cost of providing energy services relative to the BAU case (accounting for fuel expenditures and the direct incremental costs of efficiency programs and investments in the scenario), while still saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. Primary energy savings for the building sector are about 18% in the advanced scenario in 2020 relative to the BAU case. Total carbon savings in that year, including both demand and supply side effects, are almost 40% of BAU emissions. These savings reduce carbon emissions from this sector to below 1990 levels by 2020.
On the (im)materiality of violence: Subjects, bodies, and the experience of pain

Appealing to theorists such as Judith Butler, Walter Benjamin, Michel Foucault, Donna Haraway, and Bibi Bakare-Yusef, the aim of the following is to show that, despite ongoing critique, Cartesian d...
A cyber security discovery program: Hands-on cryptography

As our society increasingly depends on information systems, it is critical for government and private organizations to have access to a talented pool of individuals who are skilled in confronting threats to information security, responding to emergencies, protecting vital information technology assets, and helping to create policies that ensure the privacy of individuals. However, the educational pipeline of the information security workforce is not promising. Particularly, minorities and women constitute a very small percent of the information security workforce. In this paper, we present Cyber Security Discovery Day, a day-long cryptography workshop for middle school students. The overall objective of the workshop program is to introduce students to information security career pathways through informal learning experiences. The workshop program includes many educational as well as fun hands-on activities.
Cross-substitution of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and JWH-018 in drug discrimination in rats.

Abstract Synthetic indole-derived cannabinoids, originally developed to probe cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, have become widely abused for their marijuana-like intoxicating properties. The present study examined the effects of indole-derived cannabinoids in rats trained to discriminate Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) from vehicle. In addition, the effects of Δ 9 -THC in rats trained to discriminate JWH-018 from vehicle were assessed. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC or 0.3 mg/kg JWH-018 from vehicle. JWH-018, JWH-073, and JWH-210 fully substituted in Δ 9 -THC-trained rats and Δ 9 -THC substituted in JWH-018-trained rats. In contrast, JWH-320, an indole-derived cannabinoid without affinity for CB 1 receptors, failed to substitute for Δ 9 -THC. Pre-treatment with 1 mg/kg rimonabant significantly reduced responding on the JWH-018-associated lever in JWH-018-trained rats. These results support the conclusion that the interoceptive effects of Δ 9 -THC and synthetic indole-derived cannabinoids show a large degree of overlap, which is predictive of their use for their marijuana-like intoxicating properties. Characterization of the extent of pharmacological differences among structural classes of cannabinoids, and determination of their mechanisms remain important goals.
Direct deposition of YBCO on polished Ag substrates by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract YBCO thin films were directly deposited on mechanically polished nontextured silver (Ag) substrates at elevated temperature by pulsed laser deposition with various inclination angles of 35°, 55°, and 72°. Strong fiber texture, with the c -axis parallel to the substrate normal was detected by X-ray diffraction pole figure analysis. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images revealed that a few a -axis-oriented grains were dispersed on the top surface of the YBCO films. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dense amorphous layer at the interface between the YBCO film and the Ag substrate. Energy dispersive spectrum analysis indicates that the YBCO film deposited on the Ag substrate is slightly Cu-deficient. A YBCO film deposited at 755 °C and an inclination angle of 55° exhibited T c =90 K. Transport critical current density measured by the four-probe method at 77 K in self-field was ≈2.7×10 5 A/cm 2 . This work demonstrated a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate YBCO-coated conductors with high critical current density.
The Origin of the Satellites in the Ultraviolet OH Bands

IN a letter in NATURE of February 7, 1925, p. 194, G. H. Dieke suggests that the numerous satellites in the ultraviolet OH bands originate in the same quantum states of the molecules as do the main lines. The test of this supposition is to see whether or not these faint lines are additional combinations between the same terms which are given for the principal lines, but sufficiently precise measurements for the application of this criterion have not been available. I have therefore remeasured the λ3064 band, using a high dispersion plate (1.3 A.U. per mm.) on which this band was strongly developed, the main lines being necessarily over-exposed in order that the satellite system be well brought out.
Intracellular Delivery of Functional Proteins via Decoration with Transporter Peptides

Despite numerous attractive intracellular targets, protein therapeutics have been principally confined to the extracellular space due to the lack of a straightforward way to deliver functional polypeptides to the cell interior. Peptide sequences facilitating intracellular protein delivery have been identified; however, current strategies to apply them require problematic steps, such as generation of new in-frame fusion proteins, covalent chemical conjugation, and denaturation. We have developed a new approach to protein transfer into cells and tissues that relies on single-step decoration by cysteine-flanked, arginine-rich transporter peptides. This approach facilitated cell and tissue delivery of a variety of functional proteins, including antibodies and enzymes. Decoration with transporter peptides thus provides an attractive general means of intracellular delivery of functional proteins in vitro and in tissue.
Lipid Solubility and Molecular Weight: Whose Idea Was That

Gene Cooper was a bright theoretician, a skilled product developer, and a motivational leader who applied his talents to the skin science area early in his career. His work led to the development of finite dose skin absorption models, chemical penetration enhancer technologies and quantitative structure-penetration relationships for chemicals contacting human skin. His ideas regarding the impact of molecular weight and lipid solubility on skin transport catalyzed the later development by Potts and Guy of the first successful skin permeability model. But Gene's most important contribution to the field was as a scientific role model and an inspirational leader who launched the careers of several young scientists, including the author of this article.
Cyclophosphamide-conditioned suppression of the natural killer cell response in rats

Injection of rats with cyclophosphamide (CY) after their consumption of a novel saccharin-flavored drinking solution resulted in a conditioned aversion to saccharin and a conditioned suppression of natural killer cell (NKC) cytotoxicity. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned by pairing saccharin with 50 mg/kg CY, an immunosuppressive drug with noxious gastrointestinal side-effects. Twenty-two and 26 days later, re-exposure of conditioned animals to saccharin alone re-enlisted the immunosuppressive effects of CY when NKC cytotoxicity was measured on day 29. Although CY also suppressed spleen cell number, IgG antibody titers and interleukin 2 (IL2) production, these immune responses did not appear to be affected by the behavioral conditioning paradigm in this experiment. Unique aspects of this study include the ability to measure multiple immune responses in a single rat and the finding that previous reports of behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression can be extended to another parameter, NKC cytotoxicity. These findings could have significant implications to human medicine, especially in the area of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency, and intervention and treatment of cancer.
Thioredoxin Is Required for Deoxyribonucleotide Pool Maintenance during S Phase

Thioredoxin was initially identified by its ability to serve as an electron donor for ribonucleotide reductase in vitro. Whether it serves a similar function in vivo is unclear. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was previously shown that Δtrx1 Δtrx2 mutants lacking the two genes for cytosolic thioredoxin have a slower growth rate because of a longer S phase, but the basis for S phase elongation was not identified. The hypothesis that S phase protraction was due to inefficient dNTP synthesis was investigated by measuring dNTP levels in asynchronous and synchronized wild-type and Δtrx1 Δtrx2 yeast. In contrast to wild-type cells, Δtrx1 Δtrx2 cells were unable to accumulate or maintain high levels of dNTPs when α-factor- or cdc15-arrested cells were allowed to reenter the cell cycle. At 80 min after release, when the fraction of cells in S phase was maximal, the dNTP pools in Δtrx1 Δtrx2 cells were 60% that of wild-type cells. The data suggest that, in the absence of thioredoxin, cells cannot support the high rate of dNTP synthesis required for efficient DNA synthesis during S phase. The results constitute in vivo evidence for thioredoxin being a physiologically relevant electron donor for ribonucleotide reductase during DNA precursor synthesis.
Long‐Term Observations on Movements of Tagged Male Snow Crabs in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland

Abstract Approximately 10,000 legal-sized male snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio were tagged and released on the commercial fishing grounds of Bonavista Bay between 1979 and 1982 inclusive, The distance that the snow crabs traveled, as determined from 4,255 recaptures, ranged from 0.6 to 74.1 km (mean, 10.7 km; median, 8.5 km). Snow crabs appeared to remain within Bonavista Bay: there was no observed movement to adjacent commercial crab-fishing areas over periods of up to 5 years. The practice of managing the fishery as a discrete unit appears to be warranted.
Metabolism of L-beta-lysine in a Pseudomonas: conversion of 6-N-acetyl-L-beta-lysine to 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate and of 4-aminobutyrate to succinic semialdehyde by different transaminases.

Abstract Some kinetic properties of two new species of transaminase found in extracts of a β-lysine-utilizing Pseudomonas are reported. Transaminase A catalyzes transamination between 6- N -acetyl- l -β-lysine (3-amino-6-acetamidohexanoate) and α-ketoglutarate to form 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate and glutamate. Transaminase B catalyzes a reaction between 4-aminobutyrate and pyruvate to form succinic semialdehyde and alanine. The formation of both transaminases is induced by growth of the bacteria on l -β-lysine, although transaminase B is also produced in the absence of this substrate. Transaminase A requires pyridoxal phosphate for activity. The β-keto acid formed from acetyl-β-lysine by transaminase A has been purified and characterized by decarboxylation, conversion to a formazan, reduction to a stable β-hydroxy acid, and conversion of the latter to its methyl ester. Transaminase B, unlike previously reported transaminases utilizing 4-aminobutyrate, cannot use α-ketoglutarate as an amino group acceptor. This enzyme is not stimulated by addition of pyridoxal phosphate, but is inhibited by hydroxylamine or cyanide. Both transaminases appear to function in the main pathway of β-lysine degradation.
Aldehydes phase shift the Gonyaulax clock

Aliphatic aldehydes ranging in chain length from one to four carbon atoms have a significant phase shifting effect upon the circadian rhythm of bioluminescence (glow) in the dinoflagellate (Gonyaulax polyedra. Cells exposed for two hours to 18 mM acetaldehyde starting at about circadian time 12 experience a permanent phase delay of up to about 12 h. The phase response curve relationship with acetaldehyde is presented, as well as the relationship between concentration and phase delay for the four aldehydes studied. Reactions of aldehydes which may be implicated are discussed. The possibility that sulfhydryl reagents generally may perturb circadian systems is suggested.
Surface Electrostatics and Lipid-Substrate Interactions of Nanopore-Confined Lipid Bilayers

Substrate-supported lipid bilayers serve many purposes: from acting as versatile models of cellular membranes to biotechnological applications including substrate functionalization and stabilizing membrane proteins in functional conformations. While adsorption and subsequent reorganization of phospholipid vesicles on solid substrates were studied in the past, the exact nature of physicochemical interactions between the lipids and substrate surfaces remain largely unknown. Here we employed recently synthesized pH-sensitive spin-labeled phospholipids - derivatives of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphothioethanol (PTE) with pH-reporting nitroxides that are covalently attached to the lipid's headgroup - to investigate surface electrostatics of nanotubular lipid bilayers confined in cylindrical nanopores. The lipid nanotubes were formed by self-assembling phospholipids inside ordered nanochannels of anodic aluminum oxide with pore diameters from 60 to 170 nm and diameter-to-pore length ratio of up to 1:1000. 31P NMR confirmed formation of macroscopically aligned lipid nanotubes with just 1-2° mosaic spread from zwitterionic DMPC, anionic DMPG, and their mixtures. Interfacial potentials were measured by carrying out titration experiments and observing the protonation state of the nitroxide tag by EPR. For nanopore-confined DMPC:DMPG (1:1) bilayers the protonation equilibrium was shifted to more acidic values: when the single lipid bilayer was deposited per nanopore the pKa of the nitroxide probe was shifted by (−0.91±0.05) pH units but only by (−0.34±0.05) when three bilayers per nanopore were present. Notably, the nitrogen hyperfine coupling constant for non-protonated nitroxides remained the same in all the samples indicating essentially the same interfacial dielectric environment. Thus, these shifts in pKa must come from changes in the lipid bialyer surface potential that was estimated to increase by 52±3 mV. EPR data on the lipid-substrate interface were combined with differential scanning calorimetry to elucidate effects of pore curvature, surface modification, and binding of antibacterial peptides on lipid-substrate interactions. Supported by DE-FG02-02ER15354.
Monte Carlo simulation of millimeter-wave Gunn effect oscillators

A self-consistent ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of both conventional and heterostructure Gunn oscillators is described. The effect of an external circuit has been incorporated into the calculations, facilitating a study of the circuit-controlled phenomena. All the internal microscopic details of electronic transport which ultimately limit the high-frequency response have been built in. The numerical scheme also includes all time-dependent changes in the device boundary conditions self-consistently. Results for the notch configuration compare very well with previous studies. Calculations with heterostructures, at least at the fundamental mode, show some improvements in the efficiency and AC power output. The gains could become more significant at higher voltages. >
Engaging Students in Applied Electromagnetics at the University of San Diego

Two possible topical approaches that have been applied to teaching an upper-division undergraduate electrical engineering applied electromagnetics course are presented. Each approach was applied to one of two offerings of the course, taught in different semesters. In either case, the course includes the study of electromagnetic theory and practical applications through laboratory experiments, design and projects. Using basic theory in time-harmonic electromagnetic fields developed early in the course, two different applications of the theory are emphasized in two alternate semesters of the course offering. The two applications that incorporated the common theoretical background of the course are: (1) applications in radio frequency engineering; and (2) radar and antenna design. An extension of the course to a topic beyond the confines of the course textbooks is included. The success of the course is further realized in two industry-sponsored capstone senior design projects.
Spanish‐Speaking Immigrant Parents and Their Children: Reflections on the Path to College

Immigrant parents in a new cultural setting may experience both structural and individual barriers, which complicate the process of helping their children plan for college. Focus group interviews were conducted with 15 Spanish-speaking immigrant parents to highlight their perceptions and experiences. Critical humanism frames a counseling response to these concerns.
Photoinduced heterodisulfide metathesis for reagent-free synthesis of polymer nanoparticles

Reagent-free synthetic methods are of great interest because of their simplicity and implications in green chemistry. We have taken advantage of photoinduced heterodisulfide metathesis to generate crosslinked polymer nanoparticles. The method of development and the mechanistic basis for the synthetic approach are outlined in this communication.
OUCADS-interactive software for classical controls education

An interactive software package intended for use in conjunction with college classical control courses is presented. The package is menu based and has many of the organizational features of a modern hand-held calculator. Extensive graphical capabilities are included. Three common types of system representations are included, and the menus are organized around these representations. The menus are presented exhaustively, and a design example is worked by means of a step-by-step procedure. The author's experience with the package is related, and future enhancements and modifications are outlined. >
Effects of ontogeny, temperature, and light on vertical movements of larval Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)

The role of behavior, especially vertical migration, is recognized as a critical component of realistic models of larval fish dispersion. Unfortunately, our understanding of these behaviors lags well behind our ability to construct three-dimensional flow-field models. Previous field studies of vertical behavior of larval Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were limited to small, preflexion stages (£11 mm SL) in a narrow range of thermal conditions. To develop a more complete picture of larval behavior, we examined the effects of ontogeny, temperature, and light on vertical responses of larval Pacific cod in experimental columns. While eggs were strictly demersal, yolk-sac larvae displayed a strong surface orientation as early as 1 day post hatch ( 5 mm SL). Consistent with field observations, small preflexion larvae ( 15 mm SL) in experimental columns was consistent with a diel vertical migration and independent of water temperature: fish were more widely distributed in the column, and median positions were consistently deeper at higher light levels. These laboratory observations are combined with observations from discrete-depth (MOCNESS) sampling in the Gulf of Alaska to characterize the vertical distribution of larval Pacific cod and contrast ontogenetic patterns with walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). The vertical movements of larval Pacific cod described here will be applied in the development of dispersal projections from Gulf of Alaska spawning grounds.
Compile-time inter-query dependence analysis

Most parallel databases exploit two types of parallelism: intra-query parallelism and inter-transaction concurrency. Between these two cases lies another type of parallelism: inter-query parallelism within a transaction or application. Exploiting inter-query parallelism requires either compiler support to automatically parallelize the existing embedded query programs; or programming support to write explicitly parallel query programs. The authors present compiler analysis to automatically detect parallelism in the embedded query programs. They present compiler algorithms for detecting dependences in such programs. They show that the properties of some aggregate functions such as MIN and MAX can help reduce statically computed dependences.