cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol effects on the cloud-field properties of tropical convective clouds

Abstract. Aerosol effects on condensed water and precipitation in a tropical cloud system driven by deep convective clouds are investigated for two-dimensional simulations of 2-day duration. Although an assumed 10-fold increase in aerosol concentration results in a similar temporal evolution of mean precipitation and a small (9%) difference in cumulative precipitation between the high- and low-aerosol cases, the characteristics of the convection are much more sensitive to aerosol. The convective mass flux, and temporal evolution and frequency distribution of the condensed water path WP (sum of liquid- and ice-water paths) differ significantly between unperturbed and aerosol-perturbed simulations. There are concomitant differences in the relative importance of individual microphysical processes and the frequency distribution of the precipitation rate ( P ). With increasing aerosol (i) the convective mass flux increases, leading to increases in condensation, cloud liquid, and accretion of cloud liquid by precipitation; (ii) autoconversion of cloud water to rain water decreases; (iii) the WP spatial distribution becomes more homogeneous; and (iv) there is an increase in the frequencies of high and low WP and P , and a decrease in these frequencies at the mid-range of WP and P . Thus, while aerosol perturbations have a small influence on total precipitation amount, for the case considered, they do have substantial influence on the spatiotemporal distribution of convection and precipitation.
Discrete rényi classifiers

Consider the binary classification problem of predicting a target variable Y from a discrete feature vector X = (X1,..., Xd). When the probability distribution ℙ(X, Y) is known, the optimal classifier, leading to the minimum misclassification rate, is given by the Maximum A-posteriori Probability (MAP) decision rule. However, in practice, estimating the complete joint distribution ℙ(X, Y) is computationally and statistically impossible for large values of d. Therefore, an alternative approach is to first estimate some low order marginals of the joint probability distribution ℙ(X, Y) and then design the classifier based on the estimated low order marginals. This approach is also helpful when the complete training data instances are not available due to privacy concerns. In this work, we consider the problem of finding the optimum classifier based on some estimated low order marginals of (X, Y). We prove that for a given set of marginals, the minimum Hirschfeld-Gebelein-Renyi (HGR) correlation principle introduced in [1] leads to a randomized classification rule which is shown to have a misclassification rate no larger than twice the misclassification rate of the optimal classifier. Then, under a separability condition, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is equivalent to a randomized linear regression approach. In addition, this method naturally results in a robust feature selection method selecting a subset of features having the maximum worst case HGR correlation with the target variable. Our theoretical upper-bound is similar to the recent Discrete Chebyshev Classifier (DCC) approach [2], while the proposed algorithm has significant computational advantages since it only requires solving a least square optimization problem. Finally, we numerically compare our proposed algorithm with the DCC classifier and show that the proposed algorithm results in better misclassification rate over various UCI data repository datasets.
Distance stereoacuity in prism-induced convergence stress

Purpose In an initial study of prism-induced exodeviation, degraded stereoacuity was not associated with decreased binocular visual acuity, suggesting that accommodative convergence was not recruited. Distance stereoacuity degraded earlier when measured with the Frisby-Davis Distance (FD2) than when measured with the Distance Randot (DR). We now describe a follow-up study in which we reversed the prism order and also addressed potential biases of testing order and different measurable levels of stereoacuity to clarify the relationship between exodeviation, distance stereoacuity, and binocular visual acuity. Methods Convergence stress was induced with base-out prism in 20 adults and increased stepwise. Stereoacuity and binocular visual acuity were measured at each step. Disparities tested were 200, 100, and 60 arcsec, and testing was repeated at each prism step. Results Most subjects showed degraded stereoacuity with the FD2 in contrast to the DR (80% vs 45%, p = 0.02). Reduction of stereoacuity occurred earlier on the FD2 than on the DR (median, 18 Δ vs 40 Δ , p = 0.001). Degradation of stereoacuity was associated with minimal change in binocular visual acuity from baseline to maximal convergence stress (median, 20/15 to 20/20). Conclusions Convergence stress is associated with decreased distance stereoacuity that does not appear to be due to accommodative convergence. Performance on real depth stereotests (FD2) is affected more than random dot tests (DR), in contrast to previous findings in intermittent exotropia. There appear to be different mechanisms for decreased stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia and under conditions of convergence stress in nonstrabismic subjects.
Synthesis of polychlorinated unsaturated cyclic dicarboxylic acid imides

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2- and 7,8,9,10-tetrachlorobicyclo[4.4.0]deca-7,9-diene-3,4-dicarboximides from the corresponding 3,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3- and 1,8,9,10,11,11-hexachlorotricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undec-9-ene-4,5-dicarboxylic anhydrides and pyridine in dimethylformamide. Steric structure of the products has been studied.
Manifolds in random media: beyond the variational approximation

In this paper we give a closed form expression for the 1/d corrections to the self-energy characterizing the correlation function of a manifold in random media. This amounts to the first correction beyond the variational approximation. At this time we were able to evaluate these corrections in the high temperature «phase» of the notorious toy-model describing a classical particle subject to the influence of both a harmonic potential and a random potential. Although in this phase the correct solution is replica symmetric the calculation is non-trivial. The outcome is compared with previous analytical and numerical results. The corrections diverge at the «transition» temperature
Chromium(III) octaethylporphyrinato tetracarbonylcobaltate: a highly active, selective, and versatile catalyst for epoxide carbonylation.

The development of a highly active and selective porphyrin-based epoxide carbonylation catalyst, [(OEP)Cr(THF)2][Co(CO)4] (1; OEP = octaethylporphyrinato; THF = tetrahydrofuran), is detailed. Complex 1 is a separated ion pair composed of a tetracarbonylcobaltate anion and an octahedral chromium porphyrin complex axially ligated by two THF ligands. Regarding the carbonylation of epoxides to β-lactones, catalyst 1 exhibits excellent turnover numbers (up to 10 000) and turnover frequencies (up to 1670 h-1), with regioselective carbonyl insertion occurring between the oxygen and the sterically less hindered carbon of the epoxide substrate. Complex 1 is highly tolerant of nonprotic functional groups, carbonylating an array of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic epoxides, as well as epoxides with pendant ethers, esters, and amides. With careful control of reaction conditions in the carbonylation of glycidyl esters, the exclusive production of either the β- or γ-lactone isomer was achieved. Through analysis of reaction...
Many Task Computing for Real-Time Uncertainty Prediction and Data Assimilation in the Ocean

Uncertainty prediction for ocean and climate predictions is essential for multiple applications today. Many-Task Computing can play a significant role in making such predictions feasible. In this manuscript, we focus on ocean uncertainty prediction using the Error Subspace Statistical Estimation (ESSE) approach. In ESSE, uncertainties are represented by an error subspace of variable size. To predict these uncertainties, we perturb an initial state based on the initial error subspace and integrate the corresponding ensemble of initial conditions forward in time, including stochastic forcing during each simulation. The dominant error covariance (generated via SVD of the ensemble) is used for data assimilation. The resulting ocean fields are used as inputs for predictions of underwater sound propagation. ESSE is a classic case of Many Task Computing: It uses dynamic heterogeneous workflows and ESSE ensembles are data intensive applications. We first study the execution characteristics of a distributed ESSE workflow on a medium size dedicated cluster, examine in more detail the I/O patterns exhibited and throughputs achieved by its components as well as the overall ensemble performance seen in practice. We then study the performance/usability challenges of employing Amazon EC2 and the Teragrid to augment our ESSE ensembles and provide better solutions faster.
We'll Never Turn Back: Adult Education and the Struggle for Citizenship in Mississippi's Freedom Summer

In the summer of 1964, several civil rights organizations, led by the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, formed a coalition and conducted a voter registration and educational program in Mississippi, which became known as Freedom Summer Continuing the civil rights work that preceded it, Freedom Summer was distinguished by its organized, statewide, and highly public attempt to promote its three-pronged educational program of freedom schools, community centers, and voter registration, and by the recruitment of several hundred out-of-state student volunteers to implement the program. Adult education played a critical role in the schools, the centers, and the voter registration work, and included literacy education, practical skills, and political awareness. Paulo Freire's work in adult education in Brazil and his paradigm of critical consciousness provide an intriguing historical parallel as well as a useful theoretical frame from which to analyze the adult education component of the Summer Project. ...
Portfolio optimization under convex incentive schemes

We consider the terminal wealth utility maximization problem from the point of view of a portfolio manager who is paid by an incentive scheme, which is given as a convex function g of the terminal wealth. The manager’s own utility function U is assumed to be smooth and strictly concave; however, the resulting utility function U∘g fails to be concave. As a consequence, the problem considered here does not fit into the classical portfolio optimization theory. Using duality theory, we prove wealth-independent existence and uniqueness of the optimal portfolio in general (incomplete) semimartingale markets as long as the unique optimizer of the dual problem has a continuous law. In many cases, this existence and uniqueness result is independent of the incentive scheme and depends only on the structure of the set of equivalent local martingale measures. As examples, we discuss (complete) one-dimensional models as well as (incomplete) lognormal mixture and popular stochastic volatility models. We also provide a detailed analysis of the case where the unique optimizer of the dual problem does not have a continuous law, leading to optimization problems whose solvability by duality methods depends on the initial wealth of the investor.
X-RAY LINE PROFILES FROM PARAMETERIZED EMISSION WITHIN AN ACCELERATING STELLAR WIND

Motivated by recent detections by the XMM and Chandra satellites of X-ray line emission from hot, luminous stars, we present synthetic line profiles for X-rays emitted within parameterized models of a hot-star wind. The X-ray line emission is taken to occur at a sharply defined comoving-frame resonance wavelength, which is Doppler-shifted by a stellar wind outflow parameterized by a "β" velocity law, v(r) = v∞(1 - R*/r)β. Above some initial onset radius Ro for X-ray emission, the radial variation of the emission filling factor is assumed to decline as a power law in radius, f(r) ~ r-q. The computed emission profiles also account for continuum absorption within the wind, with the overall strength characterized by a cumulative optical depth τ*. In terms of a wavelength shift from line center scaled in units of the wind terminal speed v∞, we present normalized X-ray line profiles for various combinations of the parameters β, τ*, q, and Ro and also including the effect of instrumental and/or macroturbulent broadening as characterized by a Gaussian with a parameterized width σ. We discuss the implications for interpreting observed hot-star X-ray spectra, with emphasis on signatures for discriminating between "coronal" and "wind-shock" scenarios. In particular, we note that in profiles observed so far the substantial amount of emission longward of line center will be difficult to reconcile with the expected attenuation by the wind and stellar core in either a wind-shock or coronal model.
MOSFET optimization in deep submicron technology for charge amplifiers

The optimization of the input MOSFET for charge amplifiers in deep submicron technologies is discussed. After a review of the traditional approach, the impact of properly modeling the equivalent series noise and gate capacitance of the MOSFET is presented. It is shown that the enhanced MOSFET model, when compared to the classical, produces a different resolution estimate and input MOSFET optimization result. The minimum channel length and the maximum allocated power are not always the best choice in terms of resolution. Also, in an optimized front-end, the low frequency noise contribution to the Equivalent Noise Charge may depend on the time constant of the filter. As an example, results from the commercial TSMC 0.25 mum CMOS technology are reported
A Novel Low-Cost Stereolithography Process Based on Vector Scanning and Mask Projection for High-Accuracy, High-Speed, High-Throughput, and Large-Area Fabrication

Photopolymerization based process is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Two primary configurations for this process are laser based vector by vector scanning (0D) and projection based layer by layer exposing (2D). With the highly focused fine laser, the scanning based process can accomplish very high surface finishing and precision, however, due to the serial nature of scanning, this process suffers from the problem of slow speed. In contrast with laser scanning, projection based process can form the whole layer in one exposure, which leads to higher fabrication efficiency. However, due to the limited resolution of projection device and various optical defects, the surface quality will be significantly deteriorated for large area fabrication. To solve this problem, a novel hybrid process by integrating vector scanning and mask projection has been presented. In this process, laser is focused into a fine spot and used to scan the boundary of the layer, whereas the projector is focused onto a large platform surface and used to form the interior area of the layer. An efficient slicing method is proposed for extracting the contour for laser scanning. A slice to image conversion algorithm is also developed to convert the offset contour to grayscale image for mask projection. Experimental results have verified that the proposed hybrid process can significantly improve the fabrication speed without losing the surface quality.
Protestant ethics and the spirit of politics: Weber on conscience, conviction and conflict:

Readers of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism recognize that Weber attempts to provide an ideal account of development of modern rational capitalism. What readers apparently do not r...
Probability: Theory and Examples

This book is an introduction to probability theory covering laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, random walks, martingales, Markov chains, ergodic theorems, and Brownian motion. It is a comprehensive treatment concentrating on the results that are the most useful for applications. Its philosophy is that the best way to learn probability is to see it in action, so there are 200 examples and 450 problems.
Understanding prebiotic chemistry through the analysis of extraterrestrial amino acids and nucleobases in meteorites

The discoveries of amino acids of extraterrestrial origin in many meteorites over the last 50 years have revolutionized the Astrobiology field. A variety of non-terrestrial amino acids similar to those found in life on Earth have been detected in meteorites. A few amino acids have even been found with chiral excesses, suggesting that meteorites could have contributed to the origin of homochirality in life on Earth. In addition to amino acids, which have been productively studied for years, sugar-like molecules, activated phosphates, and nucleobases have also been determined to be indigenous to numerous meteorites. Because these molecules are essential for life as we know it, and meteorites have been delivering them to the Earth since accretion, it is plausible that the origin(s) of life on Earth were aided by extraterrestrially-synthesized molecules. Understanding the origins of life on Earth guides our search for life elsewhere, helping to answer the question of whether biology is unique to Earth. This tutorial review focuses on meteoritic amino acids and nucleobases, exploring modern analytical methods and possible formation mechanisms. We will also discuss the unique window that meteorites provide into the chemistry that preceded life on Earth, a chemical record we do not have access to on Earth due to geologic recycling of rocks and the pervasiveness of biology across the planet. Finally, we will address the future of meteorite research, including asteroid sample return missions.
A Two-Person Game of Information Transmission

We consider a statistical decision problem faced by a two player organization whose members may not agree on outcome evaluations and prior probabilities. One player is specialized in gathering information and transmitting it to the other, who takes the decision. This process is modeled as a game. Qualitative properties of the equilibria are analyzed. The impact of improving the quality of available information on the equilibrium welfares of the two individuals is studied. Better information generally may not improve welfare. We give conditions under which it will.
The Equity Performance of Firms Emerging from Bankruptcy

This study assesses the stock return performance of 131 firms emerging from Chapter 11. Using differing estimates of expected returns, we consistently find evidence of large, positive excess returns in 200 days of returns following emergence. We also examine the reaction of our sample firms' equity returns to their earnings announcements after emergence from Chapter 11. The positive and significant reactions suggest that our results are driven by the market's expectational errors, not mismeasurement of risk. The results provide an interesting contrast, but not a contradiction, to previous work that has documented poor operating performance for firms emerging from Chapter 11. WITH LARGE CORPORATE BANKRUPTCIES being commonplace during the late 1980s and early 1990s, there has been a notable increase in the number of firms emerging from bankruptcy (Altman (1991, 1993)). When firms emerge from bankruptcy, they often cancel the old stock and distribute an entirely new issue of common stock. The stocks of firms emerging from a Chapter 11 bankruptcy are often called "orphan" equities among practitioners and there have been reports in the popular press about spectacular returns in this market. For example, as Sandler (1991, p. Cl) states:
Medical applications of synchrotron radiation

Abstract Ever since the first diagnostic X-ray was done in the United States on February 3, 1896, the application of ionizing radiation to the field of medicine has become increasingly important. Both in clinical medicine and basic research the use of X-rays for diagnostic imaging and radiotheraphy is now widespread. Radiography, angiography, CAT and PETT scanning, mammography, and nuclear medicine are all examples of technologies developed to image the human anatomy. In therapeutic applications, both external and internal sources of radiation are applied to the battle against cancer. The development of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources has allowed exciting advances to take place in many of these applications. The new sources provide tunable, high-intensity monochromatic beams over a wide range of energies which can be tailored to specific programmatc needs. This paper surveys those areas of medical research in which synchrotron radiation facilities are actively involved.
Rotation scheduling: a loop pipelining algorithm

We consider the resource-constrained scheduling of loops with interiteration dependencies. A loop is modeled as a data flow graph (DFG), where edges are labeled with the number of iterations between dependencies. We design a novel and flexible technique, called rotation scheduling, for scheduling cyclic DFGs using loop pipelining. The rotation technique repeatedly transforms a schedule to a more compact schedule. We provide a theoretical basis for the operations based on retiming. We propose two heuristics to perform rotation scheduling and give experimental results showing that they have very good performance.
3‐Trimethylsilyl‐2‐propynylcopper(I)

[55630-32-5] C6H11CuSi (MW 174.81) InChI = 1S/C6H11Si.Cu/c1-5-6-7(2,3)4;/h1H2,2-4H3; InChIKey = VKHYHOFWVNJNQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (agent for the introduction of the trimethylsilylpropynyl group via 1,6-conjugate additions2 and vinyl substitutions;3 preparation of lithium bis(trimethylsilylpropynyl)cuprate4) Alternate Names: trimethylsilylpropargylcopper Physical Data: brown heterogenous solution in ether. Solubility: sol pyridine, THF; slightly sol ether. Analysis of Reagent Purity: addition of aqueous ammonium chloride gives >95% conversion to 1-trimethylsilylpropyne.2 Preparative Method: a solution of 1-Lithio-3-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne containing N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) in ether2 or THF is added to a slurry of Copper(I) Iodide in ether at −78 °C, then warmed to −10 °C and used immediately.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: dry copper(I) acetylides are potentially explosive. Use in a fume hood.
Feature ranking based on synergy networks to identify prognostic markers in DPT-1

Interaction among different risk factors plays an important role in the development and progress of complex disease, such as diabetes. However, traditional epidemiological methods often focus on analyzing individual or a few ‘essential’ risk factors, hopefully to obtain some insights into the etiology of complex disease. In this paper, we propose a systematic framework for risk factor analysis based on a synergy network, which enables better identification of potential risk factors that may serve as prognostic markers for complex disease. A spectral approximate algorithm is derived to solve this network optimization problem, which leads to a new network-based feature ranking method that improves the traditional feature ranking by taking into account the pairwise synergistic interactions among risk factors in addition to their individual predictive power. We first evaluate the performance of our method based on simulated datasets, and then, we use our method to study immunologic and metabolic indices based on the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) study that may provide prognostic and diagnostic information regarding the development of type 1 diabetes. The performance comparison based on both simulated and DPT-1 datasets demonstrates that our network-based ranking method provides prognostic markers with higher predictive power than traditional analysis based on individual factors.
Temperature-Controlled Regioselectivity in the Reductive Cleavage of p-Methoxybenzylidene Acetals

The regioselective ring opening of pyranosidic 4,6-p-methoxybenzylidene acetals with BH3/Bu2BOTf in THF can be tuned by adjusting the reaction temperature and reagent concentrations. Reductive cleavage at 0 °C resulted in the exclusive formation of 4-O-p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ethers, whereas reaction at −78 °C produced 6-O-PMB ethers in high yields. The latter condition was observed to be compatible with a variety of acid-sensitive functional groups, including allyl and enol ethers. The presence of water does not interfere with reductive ring opening and may contribute toward in situ generation of H+ as a catalyst for 6-O-PMB ether formation. Reductive cleavage under rigorously aprotic conditions is greatly decelerated, and yields only the 4-O-PMB ether. The temperature-dependent reductive cleavage of the 4,6-acetal can be described in terms of kinetic versus thermodynamic control: Lewis-acid coordination of the more accessible O-6 is favored at higher temperatures, whereas protonation of the more basic bu...
Resource scheduling and planning for tunneling with a new resource model of the Decision Aids for Tunneling (DAT)

Abstract Resource scheduling and planning are the strategies required to determine the sequence of activities and resource allocation during tunnel construction. Resource scheduling and planning have been implemented in a new resource model of the Decision Aids for Tunneling (DAT), which are a computer based tool used to simulate tunnel construction. Tunneling plans obtained with the new resource model of the DAT take into account the technical precedence of activities, the resource/space availability, the dynamic status of the process, and the work continuity. In particular, the new resource model of the DAT can provide the optimal tunneling plan, which produces the shortest construction time and the smallest construction cost, and satisfies the special characteristics of tunnel construction such as excavation methods, distance requirements between the headings, and preempting activities (e.g., blasting). The paper attempts to contribute to both theory and practice: Optimization of the construction process considering time, cost and resources is particularly complicated in tunneling where activities and resource availability have to be appropriately sequenced and interference has to be avoided. The paper addresses this fundamental problem with the development of different schematic tunneling plans that consider the relevant activities and optimizes them with regard to overall cost and time, also considering uncertainties. Equally important is to make the theoretical development practically useable. This is done through implementation of the resource optimization in the DAT and, very importantly, by demonstrating the practical use with an application to a real tunnel case.
One-pot synthesis of an AZT boranophosphate conjugated with tyrosine: a potential prodrug candidate

A one-pot synthesis of P-tyrosinyl(P-O)-5'-P-AZT boranophosphate 7 via a phosphoramidite method is described. The P-boranophosphate diastereomers were separated by RP-HPLC, and their structures were confirmed by NMR and MS.
Identifying 21st Century STEM Competencies Using Workplace Data

Gaps between science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and required workplace skills have been identified in industry, academia, and government. Educators acknowledge the need to reform STEM education to better prepare students for their future careers. We pursue this growing interest in the skills needed for STEM disciplines and ask whether frameworks for 21st century skills and engineering education cover all of important STEM competencies. In this study, we identify important STEM competencies and evaluate the relevance of current frameworks applied in education using the standardized job-specific database operated and maintained by the US Department of Labor. Our analysis of the importance of 109 skills, types of knowledge and work activities, revealed 18 skills, seven categories of knowledge, and 27 work activities important for STEM workers. We investigate the perspectives of STEM and non-STEM job incumbents, comparing the importance of each skill, knowledge, and work activity for the two groups. We aimed to condense dimensions of the 52 key areas by categorizing them according to the Katz and Kahn (1978) framework and testing for inter-rater reliability. Our findings show frameworks for 21st century skills and engineering education do not encompass all important STEM competencies. Implications for STEM education programs are discussed, including how they can bridge gaps between education and important workplace competencies.
Increasing the efficiency of seismic data acquisition via compressive sensing

Abstract Optimal selection of locations for sensors in a seismic survey has been a long-standing issue for geophysicists. If they could sample the earth at two points per wavelength or better in all dimensions according to Nyquist sampling theory, design would not be an issue. The reality of limited access and funding requires geophysicists to make do with orders of magnitude fewer sampling points than Nyquist theory would dictate. Compressive sensing (CS) provides a new theory for nonuniform sampling that allows the use of significantly fewer sensors than current practice in seismic exploration would require. CS concepts can be applied to seismic survey design.
Growth and distribution in low-income economies: modifying post-Keynesian analysis in light of theory and history

Growth in low-income developing economies with large sectors characterized by underemployment is unlikely to be wage-led in the traditional neo-Kaleckian sense of the term. Output and employment in the sectors of the economy producing non-tradable output could be demand-led, however, and policies directly aimed at more equitable distribution in these sectors could boost long-run growth. Some of the fast-growing Asian economies may have been examples of relatively equitable growth which is not wage-led in the traditional neo-Kaleckian sense of the term. Over time, redistributive measures in the traditional sector, such as land reforms, could lead to faster wage and output growth across the economy.
Parameter Estimation Robust to Low-Frequency Contamination

We provide methods to robustly estimate the parameters of stationary ergodic short-memory time series models in the potential presence of additive low-frequency contamination. The types of contamination covered include level shifts (changes in mean) and monotone or smooth time trends, both of which have been shown to bias parameter estimates toward regions of persistence in a variety of contexts. The estimators presented here minimize trimmed frequency domain quasi-maximum likelihood (FDQML) objective functions without requiring specification of the low-frequency contaminating component. When proper sample size-dependent trimmings are used, the FDQML estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal, asymptotically eliminating the presence of any spurious persistence. These asymptotic results also hold in the absence of additive low-frequency contamination, enabling the practitioner to robustly estimate model parameters without prior knowledge of whether contamination is present. Popular time series mod...
Preferred Declination of the Line of Sight

This research concerned the angle at which people prefer to look down at visual targets and tasks. Thirty-two subjects participated in a study with four different head positions, two visual tasks, ...
Lossy Joint Source-Channel Coding in the Finite Blocklength Regime

This paper finds new tight finite-blocklength bounds for the best achievable lossy joint source-channel code rate, and demonstrates that joint source-channel code design brings considerable performance advantage over a separate one in the nonasymptotic regime. A joint source-channel code maps a block of k source symbols onto a length-n channel codeword, and the fidelity of reproduction at the receiver end is measured by the probability e that the distortion exceeds a given threshold d. For memoryless sources and channels, it is demonstrated that the parameters of the best joint source-channel code must satisfy nC - kR(d) ≈ √(nV + k V(d)) Q-1(e), where C and V are the channel capacity and channel dispersion, respectively; R(d) and V(d) are the source rate-distortion and rate-dispersion functions; and Q is the standard Gaussian complementary cumulative distribution function. Symbol-by-symbol (uncoded) transmission is known to achieve the Shannon limit when the source and channel satisfy a certain probabilistic matching condition. In this paper, we show that even when this condition is not satisfied, symbol-by-symbol transmission is, in some cases, the best known strategy in the nonasymptotic regime.
Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems

Hydrological connectivity regulates the structure and function of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems and the provisioning of services that sustain local populations. This connectivity is increasingly being disrupted by the construction of dams, mining, land-cover changes, and global climate change. This review analyzes these drivers of degradation, evaluates their impacts on hydrological connectivity, and identifies policy deficiencies that hinder freshwater ecosystem protection. There are 154 large hydroelectric dams in operation today, and 21 dams under construction. The current trajectory of dam construction will leave only three free-flowing tributaries in the next few decades if all 277 planned dams are completed. Land-cover changes driven by mining, dam and road construction, agriculture and cattle ranching have already affected ~20% of the Basin and up to ~50% of riparian forests in some regions. Global climate change will likely exacerbate these impacts by creating warmer and dryer conditions, with less predictable rainfall and more extreme events (e.g., droughts and floods). The resulting hydrological alterations are rapidly degrading freshwater ecosystems, both independently and via complex feedbacks and synergistic interactions. The ecosystem impacts include biodiversity loss, warmer stream temperatures, stronger and more frequent floodplain fires, and changes to biogeochemical cycles, transport of organic and inorganic materials, and freshwater community structure and function. The impacts also include reductions in water quality, fish yields, and availability of water for navigation, power generation, and human use. This degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems cannot be curbed presently because existing policies are inconsistent across the Basin, ignore cumulative effects, and overlook the hydrological connectivity of freshwater ecosystems. Maintaining the integrity of these freshwater ecosystems requires a basinwide research and policy framework to understand and manage hydrological connectivity across multiple spatial scales and jurisdictional boundaries.
Reflective Solidarity as to Provincial Globalism and Shared Health Governance

There is a special need for solidarity at the global level to address global health disparities. Ter Meulen argues that solidarity must complement justice, and is, in fact, more fundamental than justice to the arrangement of health care practices. We argue that PG/SHG, though a theory of justice, is fundamentally synergistic with solidarity. We relate PG/SHG to Jodi Dean’s conceptual work on reflective solidarity, contrasted with conventional solidarity, as an approach to transnational solidarity that dovetails with PG/SHG. We argue that PG/SHG meets both the need for solidarity at the global level and the need for solidarity within theories of the arrangement of health care practices.
Public Communication and Information Acquisition

Abstract This paper models the tradeoff, perceived by central banks and other public actors, between providing the public with useful information and the risk of overwhelming it with excessive communication. An information authority chooses how many signals to provide regarding an aggregate state and agents respond by choosing how many signals to observe. When agents desire coordination, the number of signals they acquire may decrease in the number released. The optimal quantity of communication is positive but does not maximize agents' acquisition of information. In contrast to a model without information choice, the authority always prefers to provide more precise signals. (JEL D82, D83, E52, E58)
IT'S ABOUT TIME: EFFECTS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT DEPENDENT COVERAGE MANDATE ON TIME USE

One of the main purposes of recent healthcare reform (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - ACA) in the U.S. is to enable Americans to make more productive use of their time. We examine how the ACA's dependent care coverage mandate (DCM) affected young adults' time allocation. Based on more accurate measures from the American Time Use Surveys and difference-in-difference methods, we first confirm that the DCM reduced labor supply. The question then arises, what have these adults done with the extra time? We provide some of the first evidence on this issue. Estimates suggest that the DCM has reduced job-lock, as well as the duration of the average doctor's visit, including time spent waiting for as well as receiving medical care, among persons ages 19-25. The latter effect is consistent with substitution from hospital ER utilization to more routine physician care. The extra time has gone into socializing, and to a lesser extent, into educational activities and job search. A related question is whether these changes have made young adults better off. We find that the availability of insurance and change in work time appear to have increased their subjective well-being, enabling them to spend time on activities they view as more meaningful than those they did before insurance became available.
Testing with Büchi Automata: Transition Coverage Metrics, Performance Analysis, and Property Refinement

Buchi automaton is one of the most commonly used formalisms for specifying and reasoning linear temporal properties. It is instrumental for developing model-checking algorithms for linear temporal logics. Until now Buchi automaton-based specification is primarily used in linear temporal logic model checking. In this paper, we develop test criteria and techniques essential for testing upon specifications in Buchi automata. These criteria measure the semantic relevancy of test cases to a requirement in Buchi automaton. We define the “weak” and “strong” variants of the criteria based on a test suite’s coverage on the transitions of a Buchi automaton. These criteria may be used to measure the quality of existing test cases with respect to requirements in Buchi automaton, and to drive test-case generation. We develop two algorithms that use an off-the-shelf model checker to automate test-case generation for the proposed test criteria. In our extended computational study we deploy two methodologies to measure the effectiveness of our approach. First, we measure the cross coverage of the transition coverage criteria against other existing test criteria. Second, we use a fault-injection technique to measure the sensitivity of our approach. In both cases, our approach shows a better performance compared with existing test criteria, and a good sensitivity in detecting errors systematically injected to a system. Furthermore, the proposed criteria uncover not only the deficiency of a test suite with respect to a linear temporal requirement, but also that of the requirement itself. We propose an algorithm to refine the requirement using the feedback from test-case generation.
The soft palate is an important site of adaptation for transmissible influenza viruses

Influenza A viruses pose a major public health threat by causing seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Their epidemiological success relies on airborne transmission from person to person; however, the viral properties governing airborne transmission of influenza A viruses are complex. Influenza A virus infection is mediated via binding of the viral haemagglutinin (HA) to terminally attached α2,3 or α2,6 sialic acids on cell surface glycoproteins. Human influenza A viruses preferentially bind α2,6-linked sialic acids whereas avian influenza A viruses bind α2,3-linked sialic acids on complex glycans on airway epithelial cells. Historically, influenza A viruses with preferential association with α2,3-linked sialic acids have not been transmitted efficiently by the airborne route in ferrets. Here we observe efficient airborne transmission of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus (A/California/07/2009) engineered to preferentially bind α2,3-linked sialic acids. Airborne transmission was associated with rapid selection of virus with a change at a single HA site that conferred binding to long-chain α2,6-linked sialic acids, without loss of α2,3-linked sialic acid binding. The transmissible virus emerged in experimentally infected ferrets within 24 hours after infection and was remarkably enriched in the soft palate, where long-chain α2,6-linked sialic acids predominate on the nasopharyngeal surface. Notably, presence of long-chain α2,6-linked sialic acids is conserved in ferret, pig and human soft palate. Using a loss-of-function approach with this one virus, we demonstrate that the ferret soft palate, a tissue not normally sampled in animal models of influenza, rapidly selects for transmissible influenza A viruses with human receptor (α2,6-linked sialic acids) preference.
Weight Control, Private Health Insurance and Public Policies

The effects of obesity have become practically ubiquitous in the US. This book aims to provide an alternative framework through which to explore the important and controversial obesity debate that has spilled over from the medical community. This book is not about obesity as a medical condition, nor does it offer a wide-ranging discussion on the health effects of obesity or the role of the ‘right’ diet.
The Economics of Emancipation

This paper illuminates one particular aspect of the theme of this session, property rights in man. It will deal with various emancipation plans: those actually enacted in various slave societies; those discussed by legislators who debated slave and antislave proposals; and those which, being purely fictional, have become part of counterfactual history.
Measuring Willingness-to-Pay in Discrete Choice Models with Semi-Parametric Techniques

Es usual estimar la disposicion a pagar por mejoras en modelos de eleccion discreta a traves de modelos logit -o extensiones del mismo-. Sin embargo, este tipo de modelos posee supuestos distribucionales muy restrictivos. El presente trabajo explora este tipo de problemas y propone una estimacion alternativa utilizando tecnicas no parametricas (mediante simple index models). Adicionalmente, se realiza una aplicacion empirica a la disposicion a pagar por mejoras en los tiempos de viaje en subterraneo en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Transport Theory of Heavy Flavor in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

Abstract A short overview is presented for the recent progress in the theory of heavy flavor transport in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions, including a summary of different transport models, their phenomenological results of heavy meson quenching and flow at RHIC and LHC, a possible solution to the R AA vs. ν 2 puzzle and predictions for heavy flavor observables beyond the current measurements.
The knockoff filter for FDR control in group-sparse and multitask regression

We propose the group knockoff filter, a method for false discovery rate control in a linear regression setting where the features are grouped, and we would like to select a set of relevant groups which have a nonzero effect on the response. By considering the set of true and false discoveries at the group level, this method gains power relative to sparse regression methods. We also apply our method to the multitask regression problem where multiple response variables share similar sparsity patterns across the set of possible features. Empirically, the group knockoff filter successfully controls false discoveries at the group level in both settings, with substantially more discoveries made by leveraging the group structure.
Query reranking as a service

The ranked retrieval model has rapidly become the de facto way for search query processing in client-server databases, especially those on the web. Despite of the extensive efforts in the database community on designing better ranking functions/mechanisms, many such databases in practice still fail to address the diverse and sometimes contradicting preferences of users on tuple ranking, perhaps (at least partially) due to the lack of expertise and/or motivation for the database owner to design truly effective ranking functions. This paper takes a different route on addressing the issue by defining a novel query reranking problem, i.e., we aim to design a third-party service that uses nothing but the public search interface of a client-server database to enable the on-the-fly processing of queries with any user-specified ranking functions (with or without selection conditions), no matter if the ranking function is supported by the database or not. We analyze the worst-case complexity of the problem and introduce a number of ideas, e.g., on-the-fly indexing, domination detection and virtual tuple pruning, to reduce the average-case cost of the query reranking algorithm. We also present extensive experimental results on real-world datasets, in both offline and live online systems, that demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques.
Stable TEMPO and ABNO Catalyst Solutions for User-Friendly (bpy)Cu/Nitroxyl-Catalyzed Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation

Two solutions, one consisting of bpy/TEMPO/NMI and the other bpy/ABNO/NMI (bpy =2,2′-bipyridyl; TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl, ABNO = 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl; NMI = N-methylimidazole), in acetonitrile are shown to have good long-term stability (≥1 year) under air at 5 °C. The solutions may be combined in appropriate quantities with commercially available [Cu(MeCN)4]OTf to provide a convenient catalyst system for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols.
Improving Interdisciplinary Relationships in Primary Care with the Implementation of TeamSTEPPS

A major challenge in healthcare is lack of interdisciplinary collaboration (O’Daniel & Rosenstein, 2008). The Institute of Medicine report, To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System (1999), shows that errors often occur due to lapses in partnership and communication. This article describes the implementation of TeamSTEPPS, an evidence-based tool for optimizing staff relationships and partnership, in a clinic in which a change in the care model had affected interprofessional collaboration and teamwork, threatening healthcare outcomes and staff engagement. The implementation of TeamSTEPPS, customized using elements of IDEO’s (2015) Human-Centered Design, shifted the culture of the clinic towards partnership, resulting in improved staff perceptions of teamwork and statistically significant improvements in the quality of patient care.
Equivalent Effects of Time and Temperature in the Shear Creep and Recovery of Elastomers

An explicit relationship is set forth for the time‐temperature dependence of the viscoelastic phenomena in the superelastic polymers. An empirical equation that was found to represent adequately the above‐mentioned relationship over the entire multiple‐temperature curve is of the form: logtc = [Cα/(T−b)]+Cβ. Experimental verification is given for the equivalent influence of time and temperature on the creep and recovery of compounds based on Hevea, GR‐S, Neoprene GN, Butaprene, and butyl rubber. A comparison of the empirical equation with that of a theoretical reaction‐rate equation of Tobolsky and Eyring indicates a temperature dependence of the energy of activation.