cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological Systems Affecting Urban Childbearing Puerto Rican Women in the City of Philadelphia.

The purpose of this study was to explore socio-ecological influences affecting the daily lives of urban, pregnant Puerto Rican women and factors negatively influencing their health seeking behaviors related to prenatal care. Qualitative, descriptive methods were used including individual interviews and focus groups to obtain maximum understanding of the women’s lives. The interviews and focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide based on various components of the study’s conceptual framework. Content analytic strategies included rigorous and systematic processes to increase trustworthiness: training, supervision, audits, electronic technologies, and ongoing input of the research team. Factors on all levels of the study’s conceptual framework compound the effects of stressors and restrictions on the lives of urban, childbearing Puerto Rican woman. The intersectionality of issues for Puerto Rican women can either mitigate or heighten the pressure on their daily lives. This initial research sets the groundwork for further studies, such as narrative analysis, to better understand how to build appropriate and relevant interventions. Uncovering the women’s stories gives them the opportunity to be a critical part of cross-sector partnerships towards the development of sustainable interventions.
Whither the Dangerous Class: Bribed Tool of Reactionary Intrigue or New Revolutionary Agent?

I want to thank Judith Grant and Claire Snyder-Hall, the co-editors of New Political Science, for organizing this symposium on my book, The Dangerous Class: The Concept of the Lumpenproletariat (20...
Old age and other factors associated with salivary microbiome variation

Background Many factors can contribute to the exact makeup of the salivary microbiome. Differences in the oral microbiome occur with old age, which may be due to oral conditions and diseases associated with old age, such as edentulism, as well as other unknown causes. Methods The salivary microbiome was sampled in patients from a large urban clinic. For all subjects age, gender, periodontal status, caries status, presence of edentulism, medications, and tobacco usage were recorded. Multifactor analysis was used to study variation in salivary microbiome profiles linked to these factors. Results In the population sampled, there were significantly higher numbers of edentulous subjects, and increased levels of polypharmacy found with aging. Large differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity of the salivary microbiome in the old age group were largely linked to edentulism. However, multivariable analysis revealed, even after adjusting for differences in edentulism, polypharmacy, tobacco usage, periodontal disease, caries level, and gender, that old age itself was associated with lower levels of taxa Porphyromonas endodontalis, Alloprevotella tannerae, Filifactor alocis, Treponema, Lautropia Mirabilis and Pseudopropionibacterium sp._HMT_194. Surprisingly, of these taxa, most were ones known to reside on or near tooth surfaces. Conclusions Another factor or factors beyond edentulism, polypharmacy and periodontal disease play a role in the differences seen in oral microbiome with old age. The nature of this factor(s) is not known.
Brief paper: Theoretical developments in discrete-time control

Significant theoretical developments in discrete-time control over the past 10-15 years are reviewed. Topics reviewed include optimal control, Riccati equations, controllability, stability, robustness, deadbeat control, minimum-time systems, sampling, quantization, microprocessor implementation, and stochastic systems. Emphasis is placed on topics that are peculiar to discrete-time systems and do not generalize from continuous-time theory.
A Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post/Colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation.

Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post/Colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation. Piya Chatterjee. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001. 417 pp.
Two decades after vaccine license: hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men.

ABSTRACT Objectives. This study investigatedhepatitis B immunization coverage andthe extent of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in-fection among young men who have sexwith men (MSM), a group for whom hep-atitis B vaccine has been recommendedsince 1982. Methods. We analyzed data from3432 MSM, aged 15 to 22 years, ran-domly sampled at 194 gay-identified ven-ues in 7 US metropolitan areas from 1994through 1998. Participants were inter-viewed, counseled, and tested for sero-logic markers of HBV infection. Results. Immunization coverage was9% and the prevalence of markers ofHBV infection was 11%. HBV infectionranged from 2% among 15-year-olds to17% among 22-year-olds. Among partic-ipants susceptible to HBV infection, 96%used a regular source of health care or ac-cessed the health care system for HIV orsexually transmitted disease testing. Conclusions . Despite the availabil-ity of an effective vaccine for nearly 2decades, our findings suggest that fewadolescent and young adult MSM in theUnited States are vaccinated against hep-atitis B. Health care providers should in-tensify their efforts to identify and vacci-nate young MSM who are susceptible toHBV. (
Antibodies to spermatozoa: XI. The use of immunobeads for the detection of sperm antibodies in serum.

: Two procedures were developed and evaluated that used either larger or smaller volumes for the detection of sperm antibodies in serum by means of an indirect immunobead test (IBT). The immunobeads, coated with rabbit antibody to each of the major human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, or IgM), were mixed with preparations of donor sperm, onto which antibody had been coated by passive transfer from various serum samples. The results of the IBT could be evaluated in various ways: (1) positive or negative; (2) if positive, whether binding is to the tail, the head, or the head and tail of the sperm cells; (3) if positive, whether binding is by IgG, IgA, or IgM. The diverse IBT results were obtained from a group of 50 serum samples; these sera were also tested by two sperm agglutination methods; the gelatin agglutination test (GAT) and the tube-slide agglutination test (TSAT). There was an excellent agreement between the IBT and the GAT; it was not as good between the IBT and the TSAT. However, considering both agglutination methods together, 90% of the IBT-positive sera were agglutination-positive. In terms of morphological sites, tail binding occurred in 27 of 31 sera, head binding in 12 of 31 sera, and head-tail binding in 15 of 31 sera. The number with tail binding was very close to the number that were GAT-positive (26). As for the immunoglobulins, the most frequent class was IgG. IgA was 83% as frequent and IgM was only 25% as frequent as IgG. In a larger group with only IgG and IgA, of 31 IBT-positive sera, 26 showed IgG and 23 showed IgA; 18 showed both. Hence, only eight showed IgG exclusively, and only five showed IgA exclusively. One final point is that several sera with GAT titers of only 4 were IBT-positive, adding strength to the concept that such a low GAT titer does have antibody significance.
Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants

This contribution represents an extension of an earlier report covering the morphology and anatomy of the stem of flowering plants (Dickison 1992). As such, I have found it convenient to organize recent research under many of the same topic headings that were recognized previously. This chapter is different from my first contribution, in that selected literature devoted to root organization and structure is also summarized briefly. As before, this is not intended as an exhaustive literature review but a selection of current research that represents an overview on the progress made in the field of stem and root morphology and anatomy during the past few years. Also, as before, literature dealing with fossil plants, tissue culture, the phloem, the periderm, and regional, purely descriptive, or applied wood anatomy is not treated. The wide range of topics reviewed in this chapter, ranging from considerations of the cell theory, patterns of differentiation, evolution, and organismal morphology and computer modeling, reflect the current diversity of interests and research progress within the broadly based field of structural botany.
An integrated three-dimensional surface water and groundwater model to simulate hydrodynamics and thermal and salinity transport

This paper presents the development and application of an integrated surface water and groundwater model to simulate hydrodynamics and thermal and salinity in tidal water bodies and subsurface media. The hydrodynamic module for tidal waters solves three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with or without the hydrostatic assumptions. Richards' equation is used to simulate the subsurface flow in both vadose and saturated zones. The boussinesq approximation is employed to deal with the buoyancy force due to temperature and salinity variations. The moving free surface is explicity handled by solving the kinematic boundary condition equation using a node-repositioning algorithm. The transport module solves the energy equation for temperature distribution and a mass transport equation for salinity fields. The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) representation is adopted for all transport equations including momentum transport. The solution is obtained with finite element methods or a combination of finite element and Semi-Lagrangian (particle tracking) methods. The model is applied to Loxahatchee Estuaries for the investigation of its minimum flow requirements to maintain ecological balance.
Derek Price's Puzzles: Numerical Metaphors for the Operation of Science

Two of Derek Price’s ~ientomelric models are examined-one showing bibliographic references snrong papers in the self-contsined speciafty dealing with N-rays, the nther showing exponential growth of the scientific literature, The author compares his own observations on the aging of the literature with those of %Ice, concluding that the rapid aging of scientific knowledge may he a relatively recent phenomenon, Also examined are the effects of the world wars on scientific growth
Rapid recovery of polycrystalline silicon from kerf loss slurry using double-layer organic solvent sedimentation method

The rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) industries has led to a shortage of silicon feedstock. However, more than 40% silicon goes into slurry wastes due to the kerf loss in the wafer slicing process. To effectively recycle polycrystalline silicon from the kerf loss slurry, an innovative double-layer organic solvent sedimentation process was presented in the paper. The sedimentation velocities of Si and SiC particles in some organic solvents were investigated. Considering the polarity, viscosity, and density of solvents, the chloroepoxy propane and carbon tetrachloride were selected to separate Si and SiC particles. It is found that Si and SiC particles in the slurry waste can be successfully separated by the double-layer organic solvent sedimentation method, which can greatly reduce the sedimentation time and improve the purity of obtained Si-rich and SiC-rich powders. The obtained Si-rich powders consist of 95.04% Si, and the cast Si ingot has 99.06% Si.
Chronic biological effects of methyl methacrylate vapor: III. Histopathology, blood chemistries, and hepatic and ciliary function in the rat

Abstract Inhalation experiments were conducted by exposing rats, mice, and frogs to methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer vapor in air. Rats were exposed for periods of up to 6 months to near threshold limit value (TLV) concentrations and for a shorter period to approximately ten times the TLV. Blood chemistries were unremarkable. Histopathological findings were essentially nil except for microscopic indications of damage to the tracheal mucosa, supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations that the cilia and microvilli characteristic of these epithelial cells were absent. A reduction in oropharyngeal transport efficiency was shown when frogs were exposed to 400 ppm of MMA vapor. The sodium pentobarbital detoxification function of mouse liver may be altered consequent to exposures to 160 hr to both 100 and 400 ppm of MMA vapor. It is concluded that, at the TLV, cellular responses may be manifested regardless of whether gross systemic effects are seen.
Identification of a Conserved Loop in Mog1 that Releases GTP from Ran

Ran regulates nuclear import and export pathways by coordinating the assembly and disassembly of transport complexes. These transport reactions are linked to the GTPase cycle and subcellular distribution of Ran. Mog1 is an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein that binds RanGTP and stimulates guanine nucleotide release, suggesting Mog1 regulates the nuclear transport functions of Ran. In the present study, we have characterized the nuclear import pathway of Mog1, and we have defined the domain in Mog1 that stimulates GTP release from Ran. In permeabilized cells, nuclear import of Mog1 is independent of exogenously added factors, and is inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin, indicating that translocation of Mog1 involves physical interactions with the nuclear pore complex. In contrast to RanGEF, which is restricted to the nucleus, Mog1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Single-point mutations in acidic residues of Mog1 (Asp25, Asp34, Glu37) dramatically reduce GTP release and Ran binding activity, whereas mutation of a single basic residue (Arg30) renders Mog1 hyperactive for GTP release. These mutations map within a conserved, solvent-exposed loop in Mog1 that is functionally similar to the β-wedge used by RanGEF to promote nucleotide release from Ran. These data suggest that Mog1 and RanGEF use similar mechanisms to facilitate guanine nucleotide release from Ran.
A cross-layer study for application-aware multi-hop cognitive radio networks

Satisfying the different requirements of applications is important in multi-hop cognitive radio networks, because the spectrum resources change dynamically and the requirements for various applications could be very different. In this paper, we propose new schemes of channel allocation and route selection for real-time and non-real-time applications to tackle this challenge. Our scheme is flexible so that it can adapt to the different application requirements, and it can provide enough throughput while maintaining the packet loss rate and transmission rate requirements. First, we give the network model in a cognitive radio network environment, and show how to calculate the capacity of the route in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. Second, we formulate optimization problems to fulfill the rate requirements of different applications for each unicast session. We also consider the primary user activities, channel availability, interface and interference constraint. We propose the corresponding routing and channel allocation schemes for different application scenarios. Third, we propose an admission control scheme to study the impact of application requirements for multiple sessions in cognitive radio networks. Finally, we implement simulations to show the performance of our schemes and compare them with existing schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Odd Couple: Quasars & Black Holes

Quasars emit more energy than any other object in the universe, yet are not much bigger than our solar system. Quasars are powered by giant black holes of up to ten billion (1010) times the mass of the sun. Their enormous luminosities are the result of frictional forces acting upon matter as it spirals toward the black hole, heating the gas until it glows. We also believe that black holes of one million to ten billion solar masses – dead quasars – are present at the centers of most galaxies, including our own. The mass of the central black hole appears to be closely related to other properties of its host galaxy, such as the total mass in stars, but the origin of this relation and the role that black holes play in the formation of galaxies are still mysteries.
Microgravity does not alter plant stand gas exchange of wheat at moderate light levels and saturating CO2 concentration

Plant stand gas exchange was measured nondestructively in microgravity during the Photosynthesis Experiment Subsystem Testing and Operations experiment conducted onboard the International Space Station. Rates of evapotranspiration and photosynthesis measured in space were compared with ground controls to determine if microgravity directly affects whole-stand gas exchange of Triticum aestivum. During six 21-day experiment cycles, evapotranspiration was determined continuously from water addition rates to the nutrient delivery system, and photosynthesis was determined from the amount of CO2 added to maintain the chamber CO2 concentration setpoint. Plant stand evapotranspiration, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency were not altered by microgravity. Although leaf area was significantly reduced in microgravity-grown plants compared to ground control plants, leaf area distribution was not affected enough to cause significant differences in the amounts of light absorbed by the flight and ground control plant stands. Microgravity also did not affect the response of evapotranspiration to changes in chamber vapor pressure difference of 12-day-old wheat plant stands. These results suggest that gravity naive plants grown at moderate light levels (300 μmol m−2 s−1) behave the same as ground control plants. This implies that future plant-based regenerative life support systems can be sized using 1 g data because water purification and food production rates operate at nearly the same rates as in 1 g at moderate light levels. However, it remains to be verified whether the present results are reproducible in plants grown under stronger light levels.
An energy process-step model for manufacturing paper and paperboard

Abstract A process-step energy-consumption model for the production of paper and paperboard is presented. The model is consistent with data published by the U.S. Department of Energy's 1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). The applicability of the framework to other industries is discussed.
Evidence for a protein-trafficking gene that rescues the defective glucocorticoid-regulated transport and Golgi retention of mouse mammary tumor virus glycoproteins in a rat hepatoma cell-sorting variant.

Glucocorticoids regulate the trafficking of cell surface mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) glycoproteins in the virus-infected rat hepatoma cell line M1.54. The CR4 rat hepatoma sorting variant, which is derived from M1.54 cells by immunoselection, is uniquely defective in the glucocorticoid-regulated transport of MMTV glycoproteins. Indirect immunofluorescence of fixed permeabilized cells and subcellular fractionation of isolated microsomes revealed that variant CR4 cells retain the MMTV glycoproteins in Golgi-like membranes after glucocorticoid treatment. The variant CR4 phenotype can be complemented by interspecies cell fusions with human HepG2 hepatoma cells and by DNA rescue with genomic fragments isolated from either human or rat hepatoma cells. Transfected wild-type genomic fragments rescue the sorting defect in CR4 at a frequency consistant with a single genetic locus, whereas homologous transfection with CR4 genomic DNA has no effect. Thus, complementation of a rat hepatoma cell-sorting variant su...
ASCA Observation of the Dipping X-Ray Source XB 1916-053

We present the results of timing and spectral studies of the dipping X-ray source XB 1916-053, observed by ASCA during its performance verification phase. The detected dipping activity is consistent with previous observations, with a period of 3008 s and an intermittent secondary dip observed roughly 0.4 out of phase with the primary dip. The energy spectra of different intensity states are fitted with a power law with partial covering fraction absorption and interstellar absorption. The increase in the hardness ratio during the primary and secondary dips, and the increase in the covering fraction and column density with decreasing X-ray intensity, all imply that the dipping is caused by the photoabsorbing materials that have been suggested to be where the accreted flow hits the outer edge of the disk materials. The spectra at all intensity levels show no apparent evidence for Fe or Ne emission lines. This may be due to the low metal abundance in the accretion flow. Alternatively, the X-ray luminosity of the central source may be too weak to excite emission lines, which are assumed to be produced by X-ray photoionization of the disk materials.
Induction of ABA 8'-hydroxylase by (+)-S-, (-)-R- and 8',8',8'-trifluoro-S-abscisic acid in suspension cultures of potato and Arabidopsis

Abstract Suspension cultures of potato and Arabidopsis were incubated with 50 μM of (+)-ABA and (−)-ABA for 3 hr. These pretreatments were found to increase the rate, by two- to seven-fold, of formation of [2H6] phaseic acid (PA) from [2H6] ABA, applied in a subsequent incubation. Pretreatment with trifluoro-ABA had a higher efficacy, increasing the rate of conversion 15-fold. Suspension culture cells that had been dehydrated and then rehydrated in the presence of [2H6] ABA displayed a much lower enhancement of PA formation. We conclude that ABA induces its own oxidative catabolism in suspension cultures. ¢ 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Specificity and Actions of an Arylaspartate Inhibitor of Glutamate Transport at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Pyramidal Cell Synapse

In this study we characterized the pharmacological selectivity and physiological actions of a new arylaspartate glutamate transporter blocker, L-threo-s-benzylaspartate (L-TBA). At concentrations up to 100 µM, L-TBA did not act as an AMPA receptor (AMPAR) or NMDA receptor (NMDAR) agonist or antagonist when applied to outside-out patches from mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. L-TBA had no effect on the amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pyramidal cell synapse. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons were unaffected by L-TBA in the presence of physiological extracellular Mg2+ concentrations, but in Mg2+-free solution, EPSCs were significantly prolonged as a consequence of increased NMDAR activity. Although L-TBA exhibited approximately four-fold selectivity for neuronal EAAT3 over glial EAAT1/EAAT2 transporter subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the L-TBA concentration-dependence of the EPSC charge transfer increase in the absence of Mg2+ was the same in hippocampal slices from EAAT3 +/+ and EAAT3 −/− mice, suggesting that TBA effects were primarily due to block of glial transporters. Consistent with this, L-TBA blocked synaptically evoked transporter currents in CA1 astrocytes with a potency in accord with its block of heterologously expressed glial transporters. Extracellular recording in the presence of physiological Mg2+ revealed that L-TBA prolonged fEPSPs in a frequency-dependent manner by selectively increasing the NMDAR-mediated component of the fEPSP during short bursts of activity. The data indicate that glial glutamate transporters play a dominant role in limiting extrasynaptic transmitter diffusion and binding to NMDARs. Furthermore, NMDAR signaling is primarily limited by voltage-dependent Mg2+ block during low-frequency activity, while the relative contribution of transport increases during short bursts of higher frequency signaling.
Diffusion time dependence of magnetic resonance diffusion signal decays: an investigation of water exchange in human brain in vivo

Object To understand the behavior of diffusion signal decays of water in white matter of human brain in vivo and to estimate tissue microstructure parameters such as exchange time of diffusing water molecules in human brain.
On-line modeling of thermally hazardous batch processes

Reaction kinetics models, which were originally developed to define safe process designs for potentially hazardous batch aminations of nitroaromatics, are being applied on-line for advisory control. The simulation takes as input live time-temperature data, and calculates variables such as, conversions, heat-release rates and pressure profiles. Results are continuously compared to measured data to ensure no unusual safety behavior throughout the reaction cycles. Model outputs also are employed to predict end-of-batch conditions to minimize processing times and yield uniform quality products.
Ristocetin, a laboratory and clinical evaluation in children.

Summary 1. The recommended dose of ristocetin for children is 25 mg. per kilogram every 12 hours. Adequate serum levels are produced by this dosage by either the intravenous or intramuscular route. 2. The intravenous preparation of ristocetin can be administered safely intramuscularly if 1 mg. of hydrocortisone per 100 mg. of ristocetin is added to the diluent. This route is particularly useful for treating infants. 3. Ristocetin does not diffuse into the cerebrospinal fluid in significant amounts. 4. A cure rate of 87 per cent in 52 patients treated with ristocetin intravenously and or intramuscularly was noted. The majority of therapeutic failures occurred in patients treated with a dose of 25 mg. per kilogram per day. 5. Sixty-seven per cent of our patients tolerated ristocetin therapy without difficulty. Mild eosinophilia, the most common peripheral blood change noted, occurred in 15 per cent of the patients. Leukopenia with neutropenia occurred in only 4 patients. No cases of thrombocytopenia were observed. 6. It is our impression that ristocetin is an effective antibiotic for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections. It is not recommended for therapy of meningeal infections, however.
Planning for enrollment shifts in colleges and universities

This study examined the patterns and outcomes of 76 colleges and universities actively engaged in efforts to plan and mount policy initiatives dealing with impending shifts in traditional pools of college applicants. Demographic data indicate that dwindling birth rates will result in reductions of up to 20 percent in high school graduation classes and potential college freshman applicants.
Gender differences in the link between depression and cardiovascular disease

OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in women costing more than 500,000 lives each year in the United States alone. Major depression in healthy subjects increases cardiovascular mortality in both men and women. The presence of major depression in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or unstable angina more than doubles the risk of cardiac death in both men and women. In the presence of depression, lack of social integration has an additive effect on cardiac events. Depression is more prevalent in women with coronary heart disease (CHD) than in men. Psychologic counseling as well as cognitive behavioral treatment in women post-AMI seems to adversely affect prognosis, whereas it has neutral effects in men. Pharmacologic treatment of depression with serotonin reuptake inhibitors is safe in men and women post-AMI and is particularly effective in patients with recurrent depression. Whether effective treatment of depression lowers cardiac mortality remains to be proven.
Portfolio optimization in discrete time with proportional transaction costs under stochastic volatility

This paper is devoted to evaluating the optimal self-financing strategy and the optimal trading frequency for a portfolio with a risky asset and a risk-free asset. The objective is to maximize the expected future utility of the terminal wealth in a stochastic volatility setting, when transaction costs are incurred at each discrete trading time. A HARA utility function is used, allowing a simple approximation of the optimization problem, which is implementable forward in time. For each of various transaction cost rates, we find the optimal trading frequency, i.e. the one that attains the maximum of the expected utility at time zero. We study the relation between transaction cost rate and optimal trading frequency. The numerical method used is based on a stochastic volatility particle filtering algorithm, combined with a Monte-Carlo method. The filtering algorithm updates the estimate of the volatility distribution forward in time, as new stock observations arrive; these updates are used at each of these discrete times to compute the new portfolio allocation.
Identifying Landmark Articles for Advancing the Practice of Geriatrics

Landmark articles from the peer-reviewed literature can be used to teach the fundamental principles of geriatric medicine. Three approaches were used in sequential combination to identify landmark articles as a resource for geriatricians and other healthcare practitioners. Candidate articles were identified first through a literature review and expert opinion survey of geriatric medicine faculty. Candidate articles in a winnowed list (n = 30) were then included in a bibliometric analysis that incorporated the journal impact factor and average monthly citation index. Finally, a consensus panel reviewed articles to assess each manuscript's clinical relevance. For each article, a final score was determined by averaging, with equal weight, the opinion survey, bibliometric analysis, and consensus panel review. This process ultimately resulted in the identification of 27 landmark articles. Overall, there was weak correlation between articles that the expert opinion survey and bibliometric analysis both rated highly. This process demonstrates a feasible method combining subjective and objective measures that can be used to identify landmark papers in geriatric medicine for the enhancement of geriatrics education and practice.
Moral Issues in Sport: The Child's Perspective

Sport offers opportunities for children to identify and resolve moral issues. Moral issues in sport have primarily been studied from the researcher's perspective, with the child's perspective relatively ignored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature and content of the issues children experienced in sport. Interview participants consisted of 7 boys and 8 girls ranging in age from 10 to 12 years (M = 11.6 years, SD = 1.7) who had competitive youth sport experience. An inductive content analysis revealed that children identified issues surrounding three overall dimensions concerning fairness of adult's actions, negative game behaviors, and negative team behaviors. Specific examples of issues included unfair actions by coaches, disrespecting opponents, and selfish behavior in practice. The self-identified issues both confirmed and expanded upon the content found in hypothetical moral dilemmas in sport.
Training affect comprehension in young children: An experimental evaluation

Abstract Preschool- and kindergarten-age children were randomly assigned to either an experimental training program designed to enhance affective understanding and related perspective-taking, or to one of two control training groups. Experimental and control training subjects, in groups of four, met daily for 20-min sessions during a 1-week period. The experimental training sessions focussed on recognition of emotional cues and attention to how other people feel in various situations, and the control training curriculum was addressed to the understanding of television advertisements. Significant training and developmental effects were obtained on a measure of affect identification administered immediately after training. Differences on the same measure administered 1 week later were nonsignificant. Significant training effects were reflected 1 week after training on a measure that assessed references to affect in descriptions of pictures depicting affect eliciting situations. The findings indicate that even young children of kindergarten and preschool age can profit from affective education.
MINOR ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE ION COMPOSITION OF THE E REGION.

Abstract An analysis is described of rocket-measured profiles of electron density and relative ion abundances in the E -region between heights of 110 and 150 km. The profiles for three conditions are considered, viz. equilibrium daytime and nighttime conditions, and for a period over sunrise. Using published values of solar flux, cross sections and reaction rates, it is shown that the observed daytime and nighttime O 2 + and NO + abundances cannot be explained unless a reaction of the form O 2 + + X → NO + + Y , where X is a minor neutral constituent, plays a dominant role. This reaction is important also during sunrise. The results suggest a pronounced solar control on the concentration of X and a relatively high abundance of O 2 + (about 60 per cent) in the height range 110–130 km during sunrise. The range of values for the concentration of X deduced in this work encompasses the published measured values of the concentration of NO in this region. This suggests that NO is the minor neutral constituent involved, although the possibility that N is also important cannot be ruled out.
A Critical and Argumentative Study of the Development and Performance of the Ombudsman Institution in a Small Multiracial Society: The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Since the end of World War II the Ombudsman institution has increasingly spread from Scandinavia to other parts of the world. Although it has worked reasonably well in developed nations, its performance is not so satisfactory in the developing nations. This article identifies and examines the problems, issues and factors that make its operation difficult and problematic in a developing democracy namely Trinidad and Tobago, and suggests some remedial measures. It also concludes that if provided with the proper environment in which to develop, grow and thrive, it is conceivable that with the passage of the time this institution will gradually and slowly emerge as a powerful force for redressing grievances and complaints against public bureaucracy and maladministration, for ensuring transparency, and for promoting and protecting human rights and democratic values. It examines various issues from both contemporary and historical perspectives. Although this article focuses on Trinidad and Tobago, references to other parts of the globe are also made for a better and comparative understanding of this institution.
Impact of differential predation potential on eelgrass (Zostera marina) faunal community structure

The trophic structure of fauna within eelgrass beds (Zostera marina) was assessed at two sites in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA during the summer of 1999. Although the sites were similar with respect to both Z. marina shoot density and plant biomass, they differed significantly in the relative distribution of large predatory fish (e.g., Cynoscion regalis, Paralichthys dentatus, Morone saxatilis). Site One, Marsh Elder, was characterized by a significantly greater catch per unit effort for large predators than Site Two, Shelter Island. Gut content analysis provided direct evidence of trophic linking and significant declines between these fish and four of the five most abundant organisms collected in throw traps used to analyze the density of large benthic prey/small predators. The densities of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp. Hippolyte zostericola), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and small predatory fish (e.g., Syngnathus fuscus, Opsanus spp., Tautoga onitus) were significantly reduced at Marsh Elder, potentially as a direct impact of large predatory fish. In turn, the differences in the density of small predators observed between sites produced either a significant positive or negative effect on the distribution of small benthic prey (e.g., polychaetes, amphipods), resulting in a two-step trophic cascade within the system. Additionally, an analysis of similarities defined each site independently for both large prey/small predators and small benthic prey community structure. Although the mechanism which produced the differences in the distribution of large predatory fish remains unknown, their impact on faunal community structure mediated not only the distribution of their potential prey, but also subsequent lower trophic levels.
Small-volume cuvette for high-resolution thermal denaturation of nucleic acids

Abstract A small-volume cuvette and hoider makes it possible to obtain useful high-resolution thermal denaturation profiles on as little as submicrogram quantities of DNA and routine results with approximately 2 μg of DNA. The reduced sample size is especially important in the thermal characterization of DNA restriction fragments. If only the transition midpoint is needed, 0.05 μg of DNA can suffice. With the new microcuvette assembly, multiple samples may be determined simultaneously using a single-beam spectrophotometer equipped with a commercially available cuvette positioner.
The (lack of) use of Facebook by small businesses

As social media continue their popularity, they have become an important part of today's business communication. Previous research on business uses of social media primarily focused on large enterprises. It is not clear how small local businesses use these online interactive platforms. This study attempts to address this issue. Using a commercial database, businesses with less than 50 employees were identified in a city in North Texas. Among them, 480 companies were randomly selected and searched on Facebook. Data were collected in both 2014 and 2015. The results show that only about one fifth of local stores and service providers have business fan pages and more than half of those pages are in a dormant state. The results of adoption rate, fan page life span, user activities, and their year-to-year changes are presented and discussed. Overall, data from this sample indicate a lack of enthusiasm in adopting and continuously using Facebook by small businesses.
Characterization of the diffusion of epidermal growth factor receptor clusters by single particle tracking

A number of studies have shown that receptors of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbBs) exist as higher-order oligomers (clusters) in cell membranes in addition to their monomeric and dimeric forms. Characterizing the lateral diffusion of such clusters may provide insights into their dynamics and help elucidate their functional relevance. To that end, we used single particle tracking to study the diffusion of clusters of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR; ErbB1) containing bound fluorescently-labeled ligand, EGF. EGFR clusters had a median diffusivity of 6.8×10(-11)cm(2)/s and were found to exhibit different modes of transport (immobile, simple, confined, and directed) similar to that previously reported for single EGFR molecules. Disruption of actin filaments increased the median diffusivity of EGFR clusters to 10.3×10(-11)cm(2)/s, while preserving the different modes of diffusion. Interestingly, disruption of microtubules rendered EGFR clusters nearly immobile. Our data suggests that microtubules may play an important role in the diffusion of EGFR clusters either directly or perhaps indirectly via other mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report probing the effect of the cytoskeleton on the diffusion of EGFR clusters in the membranes of live cells.
Slippery substrates impair function of a bacterial protease ATPase by unbalancing translocation versus exit.

ATP-dependent proteases engage, translocate, and unfold substrate proteins. A sequence with only Gly and Ala residues (glycine-alanine repeat; GAr) encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus of humans inhibits eukaryotic proteasome activity. It causes the ATPase translocase to slip on its protein track, stalling unfolding and interrupting degradation. The bacterial protease ClpXP is structurally simpler than the proteasome but has related elements: a regulatory ATPase complex (ClpX) and associated proteolytic chamber (ClpP). In this study, GAr sequences were found to impair ClpXP function much as in proteasomes. Stalling depended on interaction between a GAr and a suitably spaced and positioned folded domain resistant to mechanical unfolding. Persistent unfolding failure results in the interruption of degradation and the production of partial degradation products that include the resistant domain. The capacity of various sequences to cause unfolding failure was investigated. Among those tested, a GAr was most effective, implying that viral selection had optimized processivity failure. More generally, amino acids of simple shape and small size promoted unfolding failure. The ClpX ATPase is a homohexamer. Partial degradation products could exit the complex through transient gaps between the ClpX monomers or, alternatively, by backing out. Production of intermediates by diverse topological forms of the hexamer was shown to be similar, excluding lateral escape. In principle, a GAr could interrupt degradation because 1) the translocase thrusts forward less effectively or because 2) the translocase retains substrate less well when resetting between forward strokes. Kinetic analysis showed that the predominant effect was through the second of these mechanisms.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of pseudorabies virus DNA from acutely and latently infected cells

A characteristic of alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), is that the acute phase of the disease is followed by lifelong latency. Latently infected animals are asymptomatic but can transmit reactivated virus. Corticosteroid administration, tissue explanation, blot- and in situ hybridizations have been used to demonstrate the presence of latent PRV infections. The use of blot hybridization as a convenient method for defining the incidence of PRV infections in swine herds has been hampered by the detection limit of this method. The objective of this study was to increase this sensitivity of blot hybridization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of target sequences. Two sets of 20-mer primers were synthesized and used to amplify gX and gII glycoprotein gene sequences in two different strains of PRV. The specificity of the amplication was verified by Southern blot hybridization and restriction endonuclease analysis of the amplified fragments. Amplification of target sequences by PRC increased their detection limit by a factor of at least 105. Porcine ganglion samples, in which latency had been demonstrated by in vitro explanation, were analyzed by PCR together with positive and negative controls. Duplicate slot blot analyses of a portion of the amplified products were used to demonstrate latency in seven of eight samples. It was concluded that blot hybridization of PCR amplified DNA appears to be both a sensitive and convenient method for the detection of PRV induced latency.
Program Evaluation: Methods and Case Studies

** Each chapter contains a Summary & Preview, Study Questions and Additional Resources Ch. 1. Program Evaluation: An Overview Ch. 2. Planning an Evaluation Ch. 3. Selecting Criteria and Setting Standards Ch. 4. Developing Measures Ch. 5. Ethics in Program Evaluation Ch. 6. The assessment of Need Ch. 7. Monitoring the Operation of Programs Ch. 8. Qualitative Evaluation Methods Ch. 9. Single-Group, Non-experimental Outcome Ch. 10. Quasi-Experimental Approaches Ch. 11. Using Experiments to Evaluate Programs Ch. 12. Analyses of Costs and Outcomes Ch. 13. Evaluation Reports: Interpreting and Communicating Findings Ch. 14. How to Encourage Utilization 7 CASE STUDIES THROUGHOUT TEXT Case Study 1: Using Multiple Measures in and Evaluation of a Summer Community Program for Youth (ch. 4) Case Study 2: Using Qualitative methods in and Evaluation of a University Library (ch. 8) Case Study 3: A Pretest-Posttest Design to Evaluate a Peer-Based Program to Prevent Skin Cancer (ch. 9) Case Study 4: Nonequivalent Control Groups used to Evaluate and Employee Incentive Plan (ch. 10) Case Study 5: Teaching Doctors Communication Skills: an evaluation with Random Assignment and Pretests (ch. 11) Case Study 6: The Value of Providing Smoking Cessation Clinics for Employees on Company Time (ch. 12) Case Study 7: Evaluations of the Outcomes of Boot Camp Prisons: The Value of Finding No Differences Between Program and Comparison Groups (ch. 14)
Interactions, Competition and Innovation in a Service-Oriented Internet: An Economic Model

This paper presents a new economic approach for studying competition and innovation in a complex and highly interactive system of network providers, users, and suppliers of digital goods and services (i.e., service providers). It employs Cournot and Bertrand games to model competition among service providers and network providers, respectively, and develops a novel unified model to capture the interaction and competition among these players in a "service-oriented" Internet. Incentives for service and network innovation are studied in this model.
Nitride-Based Green Light-Emitting Diodes With Various p-Type Layers

The performance characteristics of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition were investigated to study the dependence of the device performance on the materials and the growth conditions of p-type layer grown after the InGaN multiple-quantum-well active region. The electrical and structural qualities of Mg-doped p-In0.04Ga0.96N and p-GaN layers grown under different growth conditions were studied to optimize the growth conditions of p-type hole injection layers of green LEDs. A free-hole concentration of p=1.6times1018 cm-3 of with a resistivity of 0.33Omegamiddotcm was achieved for p-GaN:Mg layers grown at 1040degC. Lower hole concentrations and mobilities and rough surfaces were obtained when the growth temperature was decreased to 930degC in H2 ambient. In the case of p-In0.04Ga0.96N grown at 840degC in N2, a significant improvement of the hole concentration was achieved due to the reduced ionization activation energy of Mg acceptors in InGaN. Also we observed that as-grown p-GaN layers grown in N2 ambient showed p-type properties without Mg dopant activation. The electrical and optical properties of In0.25Ga0.75 N/GaN multiple-quantum-well green LEDs with such different p-layers were investigated. The electroluminescence intensity was improved for the LEDs with p-In0.04Ga0.96N layers grown at 840degC as compared to the LEDs with p-GaN layers grown at higher temperatures due to the reduced thermal damage to the active region, high hole injection, and low piezoelectric field induced in the active region. p-InGaN layers are very attractive candidates for the p-layer in green LED structures. The low temperature and N2 ambient used during the growth of InGaN layers are beneficial to protect the InGaN active region containing high-indium composition quantum-well layers in addition to the advantage of providing a higher hole concentration. However, the LEDs with p-In0.04Ga0.96 N layer showed a slightly higher turn on voltage which could originate from the potential barrier for hole transport at the interface of the p-InGaN layer and the last GaN quantum-well barrier. to reduce this problem, we designed and characterized an LED structure having a graded indium composition in the p-In0.04Ga0.96N layer in order to improve hole transport into the active region. Optimized LEDs with p-InGaN layers grown in a N2 ambient showed much brighter electroluminescence due to low damage to the active region during p-InGaN layer growth
Computerized diagnostic instruments for ophthalmic practice.

Abstract The microprocessor, the so-called "computer-on-a-chip," is providing automation of many of our diagnostic instruments, including refractors, keratometers, lensmeters, and perimeters. Microprocessors can monitor switches, control lights, drive motors, and perform complex mathematical calculations in a fraction of a second. These capabilities promise a standardization of measurement never before possible. Clinical tests will soon not only use instruments controlled by computers, but the tests themselves will be administered by computers. Cost:benefit ratios are decreasing as this new technology becomes an expected part of ophthalmic practice.