cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Activator and Repressor Functions Reveals the Requirements for Transcriptional Control by LuxR, the Master Regulator of Quorum Sensing in Vibrio harveyi

LuxR-type transcription factors are the master regulators of quorum sensing in vibrios. LuxR proteins are unique members of the TetR superfamily of transcription factors because they activate and repress large regulons of genes. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation and nucleotide sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify LuxR binding sites in the Vibrio harveyi genome. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the LuxR consensus binding site at repressed promoters is a symmetric palin- drome, whereas at activated promoters it is asymmetric and contains only half of the palindrome. Using a genetic screen, we iso- lated LuxR mutants that separated activation and repression functions at representative promoters. These LuxR mutants exhibit sequence-specific DNA binding defects that restrict activation or repression activity to subsets of target promoters. Altering the LuxR DNA binding site sequence to one more closely resembling the ideal LuxR consensus motif can restore in vivo function to a LuxR mutant. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how a single protein can recognize a variety of binding sites to differentially regulate gene expression. IMPORTANCE Bacteria use the cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing to regulate collective behaviors. In vibrios, LuxR-type transcription factors control the quorum-sensing gene expression cascade. LuxR-type proteins are structural ho- mologs of TetR-type transcription factors. LuxR proteins were assumed to function analogously to TetR proteins, which typi- cally bind to a single conserved binding site to repress transcription of one or two genes. Wefind here that unlike TetR proteins, LuxR acts a global regulator, directly binding upstream of and controlling more than 100 genes. Again unlike TetR, LuxR func- tions as both an activator and a repressor, and these two activities can be separated by mutagenesis. Finally, the consensus bind- ing motifs driving LuxR-activated and -repressed genes are distinct. This work shows that LuxR, although structurally similar to TetR, has evolved unique features enabling it to differentially control a large regulon of genes in response to quorum-sensing cues.
PERTURBATIONS OF THE EXPANDING BUBBLE SOLUTION IN SCALAR FIELD THEORY: FOUR-DIMENSIONAL CASE

The perturbations of Coleman's bubble, considered as an accelerating wall of classical field in real time, are studied in 3 + 1 dimensions. A retarded Green's function is constructed for linear perturbations around the "bounce" solution. We find a power-law growth, in time, of fields and energies in a significant space-time region, for perturbations of arbitrary spatial multipolarity, $l$. The quantum field fluctuation energy grows accordingly. Applications to phase transitions in the early universe are briefly discussed.
Peak Performance: Business Lessons from the World's Top Sports Organizations

Shawn Blau reviews Peak Performance: Business Lessons from the World's Top Sports Organizations, written by Clive Gilson, Mike Pratt, Kevin Roberts, and Ed Weymes.
Slit Binding via the Ig1 Domain Is Essential for Midline Repulsion by Drosophila Robo1 but Dispensable for Receptor Expression, Localization, and Regulation in Vivo

The midline repellant ligand Slit and its Roundabout (Robo) family receptors constitute the major midline repulsive pathway in bilaterians. Slit proteins produced at the midline of the central nervous system (CNS) signal through Robo receptors expressed on axons to prevent them from crossing the midline, and thus regulate connectivity between the two sides of the nervous system. Biochemical structure and interaction studies support a model in which Slit binding to the first immunoglobulin-like (Ig1) domain of Robo receptors activates a repulsive signaling pathway in axonal growth cones. Here, we examine the in vivo functional importance of the Ig1 domain of the Drosophila Robo1 receptor, which controls midline crossing of axons in response to Slit during development of the embryonic CNS. We show that deleting Ig1 from Robo1 disrupts Slit binding in cultured Drosophila cells, and that a Robo1 variant lacking Ig1 (Robo1∆Ig1) is unable to promote ectopic midline repulsion in gain-of-function studies in the Drosophila embryonic CNS. We show that the Ig1 domain is not required for proper expression, axonal localization, or Commissureless (Comm)-dependent regulation of Robo1 in vivo, and we use a genetic rescue assay to show that Robo1∆Ig1 is unable to substitute for full-length Robo1 to properly regulate midline crossing of axons. These results establish a direct link between in vitro biochemical studies of Slit–Robo interactions and in vivo genetic studies of Slit-Robo signaling during midline axon guidance, and distinguish Slit-dependent from Slit-independent aspects of Robo1 expression, regulation, and activity during embryonic development.
The Sovereignty of the British Dominions1: Law Overtakes Practice

It is interesting that this work by Professor Keith, who is acknowledged everywhere to be the most authoritative of the commentators on the constitutional system of the British Empire, should have appeared at the very moment when the Conference on Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Laws began its sittings in London in October, 1929. If it was intended to guide their deliberations, the publication of the Report of the Conference in February, 1930, shows how widely a conservative statement of the existing law and practice will differ from the new structure of Dominion autonomy, once the Report is accepted by the Imperial Conference, by the Parliament in Great Britain, and by the legislatures of the Dominions. For where Professor Keith saw in the “equal status” of the now classic Balfour Report of 1926 only “exaggerated language,” “careless phraseology,” and “rhetoric,” the Conference took this “root-principle” seriously and applied it throughout. As the Conference contained all the most important legal advisers and civil servants of the governments concerned, besides four Dominion ministers, its report will almost certainly be accepted by the Imperial Conference.The experts recognized only one general principle from Professor Keith's work: that any changes which are to be made in the legal status quo in relation to certain subjects would have to be accomplished by acts of the British Parliament. These subjects are: (1) disallowance and reservation, (2) the extraterritorial operation of Dominion legislation, (3) the over-riding powers of British legislation laid down by the Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865, (4) the right of Great Britain alone to legislate on royal titles and the succession to the throne, and (5) the making of basic changes in Merchant Shipping and Colonial Courts of Admiralty Acts.
Long-term effect of antiepileptic drug switch on serum lipids and C-reactive protein.

Background Prior studies have shown that switching patients from inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to lamotrigine, levetiracetam, or topiramate reduces serum lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP). These studies were all of short duration, and some drugs, such as zonisamide, have not been investigated.
Changes in Human Serum High-Density Lipoproteins Induced By Disulfide-Exchange Reagents.

SummaryHigh-density lipoproteins, isolated from human serum, were delipidated, and the apoproteins, so obtained, were characterized both electrophoretically, using acid and alkaline buffer systems, and chemically by treatment with a variety of reagent thiols and disulfides and their combinations. The acid system was studied with and without 8 M urea. Depending on the electrophoretic system used, two or more components (polypeptides) were seen, presumably reflecting apoprotein aggregational differences under the several conditions of study.
Geographic and Gender Differences in Semiochemicals in Emerging Adult Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Six semiochemicals, important in the communication system of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, were isolated from hindguts of individual beetles from Texas, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Females had more cis -verbenol (cV) and trans-verbenol (tV) than males, but males contained much more verbenone (V). Both sexes had the same amounts of frontalin (F), endo -brevicomin (eB), and ±-pinene (±P). Geographic differences were found in quantities of tV and V in both sexes, and in ±P and F in males only. Males produced predominantly (+)-F and (-)-eB, (-)-cV, and (-)-V; however, the enantiomeric composition of tV produced varied considerably geographically. In contrast, females produced predominantly (+)-cV and (+)-V and (-)-F, (-)-eB, and (-)-V. The (+) enantiomer of ±P predominated in both sexes, but the percentage of (+)-±P was generally lower than that released from beetle-infested logs from the same areas. Geographic differences in enantiomeric composition of tV and V were significant in males, and of eB in females. Behavioral implications of the results are discussed.
Function of beta-adrenergic receptors on mononuclear cells in female patients with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the beta-adrenergic receptors (beta AR) in patients with chronic fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). These receptors are present on circulating mononuclear cells, and activation of G-protein coupled receptors like beta AR leads to an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic aminosine monophosphate (cAMP). Therefore, cAMP levels can be used to indirectly assess the functional status of the receptor. METHODS: Eight female patients with FM and 9 matched healthy female controls participated in this study. Blood samples were drawn from subjects' anterocubital vein in the morning. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the whole blood according to Boyum's method. Basal and stimulated intracellular cAMP levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Aliquots of 10(6) cells were incubated with or without stimulation of beta-agonist isoproterenol for 5 min. Two different concentrations of isoproterenol (10(-3) M and 10(-5) M) were utilized. RESULTS: The basal cAMP levels in patients with FM (3.02 +/- 0.44 pmol/10(6) cells) were slightly more elevated (but not statistically different; p = 0.124, Mann-Whitney U test) than that of the control group (2.26 +/- 0.39 pmol/10(6) cells). Proterenol 10(-3) M stimulation significantly increased intracellular cAMP from the basal levels in both groups (FM group, p = 0.008; control group, p = 0.011). However, isoproterenol 10(-5) M did not increase mean intracellular cAMP levels in the FM group (p = 0.74), while a significant increase was observed in the control group (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that diminished beta AR function is associated with the chronic FM state.
Epidemiological characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Lianyungang City from 2004-2010

[Objective] To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis(AHC) in Lianyungang City from 2004-2010,provide scientific evidences for developing the prevention and control measures.[Methods] The data of AHC outbreaks reported by the Diseases surveillance information reporting system and the Public health emergencies management information reporting system from 2004-2010 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method.[Results] The incidence of AHC was stable relatively during 2004-2006 and 2008-2009,and that was high in 2007and 2010.The epidemic period was August to October with the peak of September.During 2004-2010,AHC cases were reported every year in Xinpu district and Lianyun district among 8 districts/counties of Lianyungang City.The disease affected all age groups,but most of cases occurred in age groups of 15-19,10-14,5-9 and 35-39 year-old,and male patients were more than female patients.The majority of patients were student,worker and farmer.All of outbreaks occurred in schools.[Conclusion] It is essential to strengthen the surveillance,implement the health education of knowledge about AHC prevention and good hygienic habits in schools,rural areas and factories,as so to control AHC outbreak.
Simulation of DNA Supercoil Relaxation

Several recent single-molecule experiments observe the response of supercoiled DNA to nicking endonucleases and topoisomerases. Typically in these experiments, indirect measurements of supercoil relaxation are obtained by observing the motion of a large micron-sized bead. The bead, which also serves to manipulate DNA, experiences significant drag and thereby obscures supercoil dynamics. Here we employ our discrete wormlike chain model to bypass experimental limitations and simulate the dynamic response of supercoiled DNA to a single strand nick. From our simulations, we make three major observations. First, extension is a poor dynamic measure of supercoil relaxation; in fact, the linking number relaxes so fast that it cannot have much impact on extension. Second, the rate of linking number relaxation depends upon its initial partitioning into twist and writhe as determined by tension. Third, the extensional response strongly depends upon the initial position of plectonemes.
Enhancing Relationships in Long-Term Care Through Story Sharing

Relationships between staff and residents in long-term care (LTC) are foundational to quality of life and high standards of care. Although nurse aides (NAs) provide more than 80% of personal care to nursing home residents, little research has focused on the NA-resident relationship or how NAs come to know and connect with their residents. This interpretive phenomenological study explored how a Story Sharing intervention initiates and enhances this relationship. Following the Story Sharing intervention, 84 volunteer NAs and 54 residents in six nursing homes were interviewed over a 6-month period. Analysis of these interviews revealed 9 patterns and 25 themes that describe how NAs and residents interact every day, along with innovative NA best practices. One theme, exemplifying a best practice, Restoring the Reciprocity of Care, is given. The findings have been incorporated into an extended Story Sharing Program for all LTC staff.
Fiber Technology in Processing with Laser Radiation

Fiber optic waveguide technology will be addressed as pertaining to laser material processing. The fundamental concepts of laser energy coupling in and out and transmission through fiber optics will be reviewed with emphasis on quartz core fibers and neodym:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers (1.06 μm wavelength). These fundamentals will consider the effect of fiber injected laser beam quality and fiber delivered beam quality. The benefits and disadvantages of fiber optic/laser based material processing will be addressed. Examples will include low power applications; traditional and welding and material removal processes; and multiple beam concepts. Some of the basic safety issues for fiber technology will also be included. In addition to reviewing some history and state-of-the-art of enabling fiber/laser based processing, some of the challenges for emerging fiber technology will be outlined.
Choreographies of landscape: signs of performance in Yosemite National Park

This book addresses the topic of visitor behavior in Yosemite National Park from a semiotic approach. Viewing behavior of park visitors as performance with a landscape is intriguing and overdue. Al...
16SpeB: Towards defining bacterial species boundaries by intra-species gene sequence identity

Summary: 16SpeB (16S rRNA-based Species Boundary) is a package of Perl programs that evaluates total sequence variation of a bacterial species at the levels of the whole 16S rRNA sequences or single hypervariable (V) regions, using publicly-available sequences. The 16SpeB pipelines filter sequences from duplicated strains and of low quality, extracts a V region of interest using general primer sequences, and calculates sequence percentage identity (%ID) through all possible pairwise alignments. Results: The minimum %ID of 16S rRNA gene sequences for 15 clinically-important bacterial species, as determined by 16SpeB, ranged from 82.6% to 99.8%. The relationship between minimum %ID of V2/V6 regions and full-gene sequences varied among species, indicating that %ID species limits should be resolved independently for each region of the 16S rRNA gene and bacterial species. Availability: 16SpeB and user manual are freely available for download from: https://github.com/pnpnpn/16SpeB. A video tutorial is available at: https://youtu.be/Vd6YmMhyBiA
Direct Search for Light Gluinos

I summarize the search for the appearance of π+ π − pairs with invariant mass ≥648 MeV/c2 in the KTeV neutral beam. Our null result severely constrains the existence of an R0; hadron, which is the lightest bound state of a gluon and a light gluino \(\left( {g\tilde g} \right)\). Depending on the photino mass, we exclude the R° in the mass and lifetime ranges of 1.2 - 4.6 GeV/c2 and 2 x 10−10−7 x 10−4 s, respectively.
P124 Urinary microrna profiles as biomarkers of occupational pesticide exposure and early biological response

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators by silencing messenger RNAs. Because miRNAs do not rapidly degrade, they have the potential to serve as sensitive, predictive, and robust non-invasive biomarkers in bodily fluids. While urinary miRNAs have been used as clinical biomarkers of disease, their roles as potential biomarkers of occupational and environmental exposures has yet to be elucidated. Our study investigated miRNA profiles from archived urinary samples and identified miRNAs associated with occupational exposure to pesticides in farmworkers. Urinary samples were collected from a nested cohort of 27 farmworkers and non-farmworkers (16FW/11 NFW) during two agricultural seasons. MiRNAs were isolated and profiled using PCR arrays. Comparisons were made between occupational and seasonal exposure. Principal components and hierarchical clustering analyses of the ten most frequently expressed miRNAs among groups indicate significant differences in miRNA profiles between farmworker and non-farmworker adults. A seasonal difference in miRNA profiles was observed in farmworkers. Six miRNAs were observed to be associated with farmworker occupation during the post-harvest season. A positive dose-response relationship was observed between five of the farmworker-associated miRNAs and organophosphate pesticide metabolites. Four of the miRNAs associated with farmworker occupation have been associated with target genes involved in neurological functions including neurotransmitter activity and receptor binding. One of the miRNAs associated with farmworker occupation has been associated with acetylcholine binding, acetylcholinesterase activity, and cholinesterase activity which are hallmark pathways affected by organophosphate pesticide exposure. Our findings suggest that miRNA profiles may be novel epigenetic biomarkers of occupational pesticide exposure and early biological response.
Genetic construction of recombinant Pseudomonas chlororaphis for improved glycerol utilization

Abstract This study is to use genetic engineering to improve the glycerol metabolic capability of Pseudomonas chlororaphis which is capable of producing commercially valuable biodegradable poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biopolymers and biosurfactant rhamnolipids (RLs). In the study, the glycerol uptake facilitator or aquaglyceroporin gene ( glpF ) and the glycerol kinase ( glpK ) gene were PCR-cloned from E. coli , inserted into a shuttle vector pBS29P2- gfp , and expressed in P. chlororaphis by a Pseudomonas promoter P2. The P. chlororaphis recombinants were then tested for cell growth and glycerol metabolism in chemically defined medium containing 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v) glycerol. The simultaneous expression of glpF and glpK resulted in a shorter lag time for cell growth and a more immediate glycerol consumption by P. chlororaphis . In conclusion, the recombinant P. chlororaphis that grows more efficiently in glycerol is expected to improve the technoeconomics of PHA and RL production using the surplus bioglycerol byproduct stream from biodiesel production.
Arterial Circulation of the Extremities

The description of the arterial circulation of the extremities will be divided into: I. Major Arteries and their Branches II. Muscular Arteries III. Cutaneous Arteries
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever and Other Phleboviruses

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is unique among the phleboviruses in its pathogenicity for humans and domestic animals, its various routes of infection, and its wide host range. Since the first isolation and detailed description of the disease following an epizootic in sheep in the Rift Valley of Kenya in 1930 (Daubney et al., 1931), there have been significant epizootics in South Africa (Swanepoel and Coetzer, 1995), Egypt in 1977–1979 (Meegan and Hoogstraal, 1979; Meegan, 1979), West Africa in 1987 (Digoutte and Peters, 1989), Madagascar in 1990 (Morvan et al., 1992), and most recently a reintroduction into Egypt in 1993 (Arthur et al., 1993). Presently, virologic and serologic evidence suggests that the virus exists throughout sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar and, in light of its recurrence in Egypt, may be extending its range even farther though, to date, no outbreaks have been reported outside Africa.
Velocity measurements for a turbulent nonseparated flow over solid waves

The laser-Doppler velocimeter was used to obtain measurements of the streamwise velocity over solid sinusoidal waves of small enough amplitude that a nonseparated flow existed. The measurements provide a critical test for Reynolds stress closure models since they are particularly sensitive to happenings in the viscous wall region (y+ < 40), for which present theories are of uncertain accuracy. The results are compared with calculations that use an eddy viscosity model that successfully describes measurements of the wall shear stress along waves of small enough amplitude that a linear response is obtained. These calculations are in approximate agreement with measurements because they exactly account for inertia and viscous effects. However, there are significant differences which point to the inadequacy of turbulence models. In particular, non-linear effects and the amplitudes of the wave-induced velocity variations are underpredicted.
Effects of gender and topic on speech style

Male and female subjects described nine photographs that had been selected to be of interest to males, females, or both. The resulting speech samples were analyzed for the incidence of five features of word production and five features associated with a “women's language” (WL) speech style. Results showed that topic (photograph type) determined aspects of speech production. However, there were no gender differences in production or style. Correlations between dependent variables suggested that WL is a consistent set of features. Its use by both female and male speakers may reflect social uncertainty.
Sickle Cell Disease Mortality in the United States: Age at Death and Contributing Causes.

BACKGROUND: In the early 1990’s, the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) estimated a median life expectancy of 42 years for males, and 48 years for females with sickle cell anemia. We used death certificate data from the late 1990’s and early 2000’s to examine age at death and contributing causes of death for persons with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: We used the National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death (MCOD) files to examine age at death and contributing causes of death for persons in the U.S. with SCD during the years 1999 to 2004. The MCOD files contain data from all death certificates filed in the U.S. Each observation in the data has listed an underlying (primary) cause of death, as well as up to 20 conditions thought to contribute to the death. We used ICD-10 codes D570-D578 to identify all deaths attributed to SCD during the time period under study. Records with the ICD-10 code for sickle cell trait (D573) were excluded from further analyses. We used the Clinical Classification Software provided by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to collapse all listed ICD-10 codes into smaller categories. Analyses of age at death were conducted using t-tests, median tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression as appropriate. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2004, there were 4553 deaths in the U.S. attributed to SCD (mean = 759/yr, sd = 42.6). SCD was listed as the primary cause in 65% of the deaths. 95% of the deaths were attributed to HbSS disease, and approximately 1% of the deaths were attributed to double heterozygous sickle cell disorders (SC/SD/SE/Thal). 50.4% of the deaths were among males. 64% of the decedents had a high school education or less. 54% of the decedents lived in the South. 68% of the decedents died as inpatients in a hospital. The mean age at death for the time period was 38.2 years (sd = 15.6). There was no change in the mean age at death during the time period. Females were older than males at death (39.4 vs. 36.9, p CONCLUSIONS: Persons dying from SCD during 1999 to 2004 experienced ages at death that are not improved over those reported by the CSSCD, suggesting the continued need for societal efforts aimed at improving the quality of care for SCD, especially among adults with the condition. Educational attainment is associated with age at death among the SCD population, though it is not possible from the cross-sectional nature of this data to determine the causal directionality of this association.
Synchronized chaotic targeting and acceleration of surface chemistry in prebiotic hydrothermal microenvironments

Porous mineral formations near subsea alkaline hydrothermal vents embed microenvironments that make them potential hot spots for prebiotic biochemistry. But, synthesis of long-chain macromolecules needed to support higher-order functions in living systems (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) cannot occur without enrichment of chemical precursors before initiating polymerization, and identifying a suitable mechanism has become a key unanswered question in the origin of life. Here, we apply simulations and in situ experiments to show how 3D chaotic thermal convection-flows that naturally permeate hydrothermal pore networks-supplies a robust mechanism for focused accumulation at discrete targeted surface sites. This interfacial enrichment is synchronized with bulk homogenization of chemical species, yielding two distinct processes that are seemingly opposed yet synergistically combine to accelerate surface reaction kinetics by several orders of magnitude. Our results suggest that chaotic thermal convection may play a previously unappreciated role in mediating surface-catalyzed synthesis in the prebiotic milieu.
Netzwerke und das Umladeproblem

T. C. Koopmans interpretierte in seiner Pionierarbeit uber Transportprobleme als erster die Eigenschaften optimaler und nichtoptimaler Losungen an Hand des durch ein Netzwerk von Wegen definierten linearen Graphen [1947-1].
Oxygen and U-Th isotopes and the timescales of hydrothermal exchange and melting in granitoid wall rocks at Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon

Abstract We report new whole rock U-Th and in-situ oxygen isotope compositions for partially melted (0–50 vol% melt), low-δ18O Pleistocene granitoid blocks ejected during the ∼7.7 ka caldera-forming eruption of Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake, Oregon). The blocks are interpreted to represent wall rocks of the climactic magma chamber that, prior to eruption, experienced variable amounts of exchange with meteoric hydrothermal fluids and subsequent partial melting. U-Th and oxygen isotope results allow us to examine the timescales of hydrothermal circulation and partial melting, and provide an “outside in” perspective on the buildup to the climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama. Oxygen isotope compositions measured in the cores and rims of individual quartz (n = 126) and plagioclase (n = 91) crystals, and for transects across ten quartz crystals, document zonation in quartz (Δ18OCore-Rim ≤ 0.1–5.5‰), but show homogeneity in plagioclase (Δ18OCore-Rim ≤ ±0.8‰). We propose that oxygen isotope zonation in quartz records hydrothermal exchange followed by high-temperature exchange in response to partial melting caused by injection of basaltic to andesitic recharge magma into the deeper portions of the chamber. Results of modeling of oxygen diffusion in quartz indicates that hydrothermal exchange in quartz occurred over a period of ∼1000–63,000 years. Models also suggest that the onset of melting of the granitoids occurred a minimum of ∼10–200 years prior to the Mazama climactic eruption, an inference which is broadly consistent with results for magnetite homogenization and for Zr diffusion in melt previously reported by others. Uranium-thorium isotope compositions of most granitoid blocks are in 238U excess, and are in agreement with a 238U enriched array previously measured for volcanic rocks at Mt. Mazama. Uranium excess in the granitoids is likely due to enrichment via hydrothermal circulation, given their low δ18O values. The sample with the highest U excess (≥5.8%) also has the most 18O isotope depletion (average δ18Oplag = −4.0‰). The granitoids are a probable assimilant and source of U excess in volcanic rocks from Mt. Mazama. Two granitoids have Th excess and low δ18O values, interpreted to record leaching of U during hydrothermal alteration. A U-Th isochron based on the U excess array of the granitoids and volcanic rocks indicates that hydrothermal circulation initiated ∼40–75 kyrs before the climactic eruption, potentially marking the initiation of a persistent upper-crustal magma chamber. The U-Th ages are consistent with the maximum timescales inferred for hydrothermal alteration based on oxygen isotope zoning in quartz.
The 5 choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT): A novel tool to assess cognitive control across species

Abstract Background Neurodevelopmental disorders including Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by significant impairment in attention and cognitive control. These cognitive deficits persist throughout development, contribute significantly to socio-occupational impairment, and are relatively impervious to available treatment. A critical challenge in pro-cognitive drug discovery is translatability of findings across species, underscoring the need for developing valid and reliable cross-species cognitive tasks. New method Here we describe a cross-species 5 choice continuous performance task that was developed to measure cognitive control processes of attention, vigilance, and response inhibition, enabling the translation of findings for pro-cognitive drug discovery across species and delineate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control construct. Results Construct validity of 5C-CPT has been verified by multiple cross-species studies. Several lines of evidence report consistent findings across species including, deficits resulting from 36-h sleep deprivation studies, engagement of parietal cortex in human brain imaging and rodent lesion studies, and vigilance decrements over time. Comparison with existing method : Unlike the widely used rodent 5 choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) and the sustained attention task (SAT), the rodent 5C-CPT includes both target and non-target stimuli that allow measuring of cognitive control elements including response inhibition, an ability to inhibit pre-potent response during non-target trials, detect vigilance decrement and calculate signal detection parameters in rodents analogous to human CPT. Conclusion The cross-species 5C-CPT is a robust translational tool to characterize the neurobiological substrates underlying cognitive control deficits in clinical population including, ADHD and TS and develop targeted pro-cognitive therapeutics.
Contact Effects on Intercultural Friendship Between East Asian Students and American Domestic Students

Intercultural contact has been shown to reduce stereotyping and prejudice by lowering intergroup anxiety and the perception of intergroup threat. Recommendations on how contact can be promoted in the context of higher education often focus on extracurricular measures (including mixed-student housing, international events, and off-campus activities). This chapter examines how contact can be fostered through class assignments requiring the collaboration of international and domestic students. The study induced extended intercultural contact between pairs of East Asian international students and American students via a semester-long ethnographic project, during which students explored each other’s cultures. Results showed significant improvement in intergroup knowledge, attitudes, and social distance. The perceptions that students had of each other’s cultures also shifted, with stereotypes (especially of Asians as smart, quiet, and reserved) being replaced by more differentiated views. Previously reported negative portrayals of Asians as disliked, cold, and annoying could not be confirmed. Instead, mutual descriptions of friendliness were noticeable before and even more so after the project. Students expressed interest in maintaining contact following the semester at hand.
Survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association on cannulation practices in pediatric ECMO.

Abstract Aims Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a commonly used modality of life support for children with cardiopulmonary failure. Consensus on pediatric cannulation strategies and management does not currently exist. The goal of this study was to investigate individual surgeon approaches towards ECMO cannulations in children. Methods A 21-question online survey was developed and disseminated to the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) membership. Participant responses were summarized as counts and percentages. Effect of ECMO volume and surgeon experience on responses was assessed. Results There were 252 APSA members who participated in this study for a response rate of 21%, with 225 (89.3%) performing ECMO. Sixty respondents (28.3%) reported using neck vessels exclusively for cannulation regardless of age or weight of the patient. After neck decannulation, 13 (6.6%) repaired the carotid artery for all patients, and 21 (10.7%) repaired only for children older than 5years. Of those performing femoral cannulation, 56 (26.4%) would perform at 5years or older and 66 (31.1%) at 12years. The most common challenge for femoral cannulation was the need for distal perfusion (n=119; 59.8%). Assistance from vascular surgery was requested by 32 (16.4%) for distal perfusion catheter placement, and by 79 (40.5%) for decannulation. Regarding femoral cannulation, lack of training was more likely to be a challenge if performing 10years of experience (18.5% vs 8%; p=0.03). Conclusion Considerable variation exists in individual surgeon cannulation practices in pediatric ECMO, in particular in the management of school age and adolescent VA ECMO. Mixed approaches across several ECMO management case study questions indicate that further work is needed to evaluate specific risks with cannulations in children. Level of evidence IV
Stochastic generation of MAC waves and implications for convection in Earth's core

Author(s): Buffett, B; Knezek, N | Abstract: Convection in Earth's core can sustain magnetic-Archemedes-Coriolis (MAC) waves through a variety of mechanisms. Buoyancy and Lorentz forces are viable sources for wave motion, together with the effects of magnetic induction. We develop a quantitative description for zonal MAC waves and assess the source mechanisms using a numerical dynamo model. The largest sources at conditions accessible to the dynamo model are due to buoyancy forces and magnetic induction. However, when these sources are extrapolated to conditions expected in Earth's core, the Lorentz force emerges as the dominant generation mechanism. This source is expected to produce wave velocities of roughly 2 km yr-1 when the internal magnetic field is characterized by a dimensionless Elsasser number of roughly Λ ≈ 10 and the root-meansquare convective velocity defines a magnetic Reynolds number of Rm ≈ 103. Our preferred model has a radially varying stratification and a constant (radial) background magnetic field. It predicts a broad power spectrum for the wave velocity with most power distributed across periods from 30 to 100 yr.
Peatbank response to late Holocene temperature and hydroclimate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula

Abstract The western Antarctic Peninsula experienced rapid warming in the second half of the 20th century, which has increased vascular plant abundance and moss productivity. To better understand long-term ecological responses, we used paleoecological and microclimate data to investigate dynamics of late-Holocene peatbank development and landscape influences. In peatbank cores from three locations on Litchfield Island (64°46′S; 64°06′W) high-resolution plant macrofossil and geochemical analysis show contrasting ecological and environmental changes. Two peatbanks on the southwest- and west-facing slopes of two separate hills are about 500 years old in contrast to a north-facing peatbank that is 2700 years old. The period from 1350 to 450 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP) at the north-facing peatbank had low accumulation (0.25 mm yr−1, 36 g OM m−2 yr−1), which we interpret as a period of low temperature and increased snow cover. Microclimate differences were amplified by this regional climate cooling, causing the delayed peat initiation on non-equator-facing slopes. Over the last 500 years, the north-facing peatbank had an accumulation rate (0.7 mm yr−1, 76 g OM m−2 yr−1) that was lower than the southwest- and west-facing peatbanks (1–1.4 mm yr−1, 97–110 g OM m−2 yr−1). Microclimate data suggest that slope aspect on Litchfield Island influences soil temperature, snow cover, and water availability that in turn affect growing-season lengths and peat accumulation. Plant macrofossils preserved in the north- and west-facing peatbanks show a centennial-scale pattern of fluctuation in relative abundance of dry-adapted Polytrichum strictum and wetter Chorisodontium aciphyllum mosses. Our results suggest that moss communities responded to external environmental influence, particularly those affecting moisture conditions, while topography and resultant microclimate differences had a strong influence on peat accumulation.
Crack Detection in Fuselage Panels by a Narrow-Band Laser-Based Ultrasonic System

Surface acoustic waves can be used for the characterization of mechanical properties of materials, as well as to investigate the near-surface region of a solid for cracks and other flaws by probing for the presence of scattering sources. In the non-destructive characterization of solids, laser generation of ultrasound as well as interferometric detection of the surface waves are particularly attractive in view of the non-contacting nature of such systems. In recent studies, accurate detection of surface wave speed and attenuation have been shown to be possible by the use of dual-probe laser interferometers[1,2]. A number of authors have also shown the feasibility of generating ultrasound through the use of high-power lasers that generate acoustic waves either by thermoelastically heating the solid, or by ablating the material. For nondestructive applications, however, it is undesirable to ablate the material, and hence one must confine laser generation to the thermoelastic regime. However, in view of the relatively low sensitivity of typical optical detection systems, the generated surface waves have to be sufficiently strong and can be obtained only in the ablation regime if a single laser source is used.
Nephrogenic Rests in Wilms Tumor Patients with the Drash Syndrome

The histological specimens from 12 patients with the Drash syndrome were identified from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and reviewed for the presence of nephrogenic rests. Of 7 patients with the complete Drash syndrome 6 were evaluable for nephrogenic rests, including 5 (83%) who demonstrated intralobar nephrogenic rests. Of 5 (80%) partial Drash syndrome cases 4 (80%) were also intralobar nephrogenic rest positive. Neither group had perilobar nephrogenic rests identified. In a control population of Wilms tumor patients without the Drash syndrome only 39 of 274 (14%) with unilateral tumor had intralobar nephrogenic rests identified, whereas 26 of 92 (28%) bilateral cases had intralobar nephrogenic rests. There was a significantly higher rate of intralobar nephrogenic rests in complete and partial Drash syndrome cases than in the general Wilms tumor population (p less than 0.001). Wilms tumor patients with intralobar nephrogenic rests and the Drash syndrome present at a younger age and have a higher rate of bilaterality than rest negative Wilms tumor patients. The strong association of intralobar nephrogenic rests in the Drash syndrome approaches that found in the aniridia complex. However, in other syndromes associated with Wilms tumor, such as the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and hemihypertrophy, there is a high prevalence of perilobar nephrogenic rests. In view of the high incidence of intralobar nephrogenic rests in complete and partial Drash syndrome patients, it is probable that events leading to Wilms tumor in patients with the Drash syndrome occur at an early stage in nephrogenesis.
Purification of gonadostatin from bovine seminal plasma (BSP).

The concept of a gonadal peptide regulating the secretion of gonadotropins was originally proposed by McCullagh in 1932. This hypothetical material, which he called inhibin, was deduced as being a nonsteroidal substance, probably protein or polypeptidic in nature, that is released into general circulation and acts specifically on the pituitary gland, selectively inhibiting the secretion of FSH, but not that of LH. Such preferential regulation of gonadotropin secretion has generated a great deal of attention during the past decade. Inhibin, or inhibin-like activities, have been reported in extracts of testis (Lee et al., 1976; Keogh et al., 1976; Moodbidri et al., 1976; Nandini et al., 1976; Baker et al., 1976), spermatozoa (Lugaro et al., 1974), rete testis fluid (Setchell and Sirianthsinghji, 1972; Setchell and Jacks, 1974), seminal plasma (Franchimont et al., 1975; Chari et al., 1978), and ovarian follicular fluid (Hopkinson et al., 1977; de Jong and Sharpe, 1976; Welschen et al., 1977; Marder et al., 1977; Schwartz and Channing, 1977).
High-Density, Low-Enriched Uranium-Based Target for Radioisotope Production

Demand for a reliable, economic, steady supply of radioisotopes for medical diagnostic imaging is growing globally. The current process most commonly used for Molybdenum-99 production, the most widely used radioisotope, is through fission product recovery from uranium targets that have been neutron irradiated in a reactor. Current targets use high-enriched uranium (HEU) as the seed material. Nonproliferation efforts made by the United States and other partner nations are leading to the elimination of HEU. A replacement target strategy is therefore needed. Fission-product recovery using high-density, low-enriched uranium targets is explored in this chapter.
Reasons for non-attendance nutrition appointment among medically underserved community in Rural Mississippi

Objective: This study sought to examine the reasons for nonattendance of nutrition appointments and explore the determinants that contribute to this phenomenon among medically underserved and uninsured individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with five sections questionnaires distributed at a healthcare clinic in a rural area in south Mississippi. Participants (n=346) were surveyed who had attended the clinic for a health appointment. Nutrition appointment attendance, reasons to miss a scheduled nutrition appointment, and effective appointment reminders were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were determined for the variables, Chi square and bivariate correlation tests were used to determine relationships between participants’ demographics, health conditions, and other variables. Results : About 87% of participants indicated that they had not attended a nutrition appointment and 26.8% indicated that they had missed a nutrition appointment. Most participants specified that forgetfulness (39%) and transportation problems (25%) were the most likely reasons to miss a nutrition appointment. Most indicated that a phone call would be the most effective appointment reminder. About half of participants believed the reason behind missing a nutrition appointment is that their physicians did not place importance on attending such appointment. No significant association or differences were found between the variables. Conclusion: Findings can be used to improve access to nutrition counseling among underserved patients, and to develop effective appointment reminders to decrease nonattendance rates. Future research is warranted to analyze the effect that nutrition appointments has on individual’s health.
Human Herpesviruses and Animal Models

This chapter reviews the various human herpesviruses (HHVs) and their associated diseases. Animal models have been developed to study some HHVs, and these, as well as development of intervention strategies using these models, are discussed. Additionally, specific protocols are included to enable investigators to use the current state of the art techniques to explore various aspects of viral infection in animal models. The protocols presented in this chapter are a collection of techniques that are generally applicable to the study of all herpesviruses in animal models and can be utilized by both the experienced and inexperienced virologist.
Comparative risk of genital infections associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors

The extent to which sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increase the risk of genital infections in routine clinical care, compared with other antidiabetic medications, is not clear, or whether the increased risk is consistent across gender or age subgroups, within individual SGLT2 agents, or if it is more pronounced at a particular time after treatment initiation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using two US commercial claims databases (2013-2017). In the primary analysis, 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts of female and male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating SGLT2 versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were created. The outcome was a composite of genital candidal infections, vaginitis or vulvovaginitis in women, and genital candidal infections, balanitis, balanoposthitis, phimosis or paraphimosis in men. Among propensity score-matched cohorts of 129 994 women and 156 074 men, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and excess risk per 1000 person-years for SGLT2 versus DPP-4 inhibitors was 2.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.64, 2.99) and 87.4 (95% CI, 79.1, 96.2) respectively for women, and was 2.68 (95% CI, 2.31, 3.11) and 11.9 (95% CI, 9.3-15.0) for men. Findings were similar in the SGLT2 inhibitor versus GLP-1 agonist comparison, more pronounced in the subgroup of patients aged ≥60 (HR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.83-5.17] in women and 3.30 [95% CI, 2.56-4.25] in men), and no meaningful difference across individual SGLT2 inhibitors was identified. This increase in risk was evident in the first month of treatment initiation and remained elevated throughout the course of therapy. SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with an approximately 3-fold increase in risk of genital infections.
Microstructure Observations of Turbulent Heat Fluxes in a Warm-Core Canada Basin Eddy

AbstractAn intrahalocline eddy was observed on the Chukchi slope in September of 2015 using both towed CTD and microstructure temperature and shear sections. The core of the eddy was 6°C, significa...