cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of Tilt-Up Concrete Wall Construction

Tilt-up concrete wall construction is an alternative to cast-in-place, precast, or masonry methods of constructing building walls. The process involves more than just a cast and lift operation. Detailed planning, preparation, scheduling, and safety issues are constantly redefining the process. This paper describes the tilt-up process in step-by-step detail from the panel layout, to the setting of forms, to the concrete placement, and finally to the panel erection. A warehouse/office/shop tilt-up in Tempe, Ariz. is used as a case history of this construction method.
Campsite: Architectures of Duration and Place. By Charlie Hailey.

(2011). Campsite: Architectures of Duration and Place. By Charlie Hailey. Geographical Review: Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 467-469.
How Early Is Firing Required for Wiring

Activity is known to be important for the refinement of neural connections in the developing brain. In this issue of Neuron, Hanson and Landmesser provide evidence that GABA-dependent spontaneous bursting of motor neurons in the embryonic spinal cord is required for the correct execution of an early axon pathfinding decision.
Modulation of Flavivirus Population Diversity by RNA Interference

To test the hypothesis that RNA interference (RNAi) imposes diversifying selection on RNA virus genomes, we quantified West Nile virus (WNV) quasispecies diversity after passage in Drosophila cells in which RNAi was left intact, depleted, or stimulated against WNV. As predicted, WNV diversity was significantly lower in RNAi-depleted cells and significantly greater in RNAi-stimulated cells relative to that in controls. These findings reveal that an innate immune defense can shape viral population structure.
Controls on groundwater flow in a semiarid folded and faulted intermountain basin

The major processes controlling groundwater flow in intermountain basins are poorly understood, particularly in basins underlain by folded and faulted bedrock and under regionally realistic hydrogeologic heterogeneity. To explore the role of hydrogeologic heterogeneity and poorly constrained mountain hydrologic conditions on regional groundwater flow in contracted intermountain basins, a series of 3-D numerical groundwater flow models were developed using the South Park basin, Colorado, USA as a proxy. The models were used to identify the relative importance of different recharge processes to major aquifers, to estimate typical groundwater circulation depths, and to explore hydrogeologic communication between mountain and valley hydrogeologic landscapes. Modeling results show that mountain landscapes develop topographically controlled and predominantly local-scale to intermediate-scale flow systems. Permeability heterogeneity of the fold and fault belt and decreased topographic roughness led to permeability controlled flow systems in the valley. The structural position of major aquifers in the valley fold and fault belt was found to control the relative importance of different recharge mechanisms. Alternative mountain recharge model scenarios showed that higher mountain recharge rates led to higher mountain water table elevations and increasingly prominent local flow systems, primarily resulting in increased seepage within the mountain landscape and nonlinear increases in mountain block recharge to the valley. Valley aquifers were found to be relatively insensitive to changing mountain water tables, particularly in structurally isolated aquifers inside the fold and fault belt.
Can a rate constant independent of sample size be obtained from the rate equation generally used in thermal analysis

I believe that the answer to this question raised by Gy. Pokol [1] can only be 'NO' in all cases where reactions are concerned involving the loss of water vapor from finegrained solids such as clay minerals. The reason for the emphatic 'NO' arises from the dependence of the reaction not only on temperature and time, but also on the variable water vapor pressure generated by the reaction itself. Perhaps in an ideally dispersed sample the water vapor pressure might be controlled sufficiently by the temperature of the surrounding equipment, but in any actual experiments where even small samples are loosely contained in sample holders, some variation of p(H20) must inevitably occur within the sample studied. In extreme cases, the effects of the generated water vapor pressure can be very large and exemplify the nature of the effect. Thus, with a pressed disc of kaolinite about 3 mm thick heated ~sothermally at 517 ~ , the exterior surface can be about 95% dehydroxylated when the interior is no more than 40% reacted. Discs prepared under similar pressure conditions and ranging in thickness from about 0.4-2.7 mm thickness and heated isothermally at 497 ~ showed dramatically different rates of overall dehydroxylation [2]. These experiments, now old history, showed strikingly the effect of entrapped water vapor on the reaction rates. These inherent problems are greatly reduced by using small samples of loosely packed material but can it ever be asserted that in kinetic experiments which involve the removal of water from surfaces and from the ambient atmosphere wholly eliminate the effect of the water vapor released by the reaction? Experiments under isothermal conditions with small and loosely dispersed samples under conditions of controlled water vapor pressure offer a better solution to these inherently difficult questions [3, 4], but they take much longer to carry out.
Intraoperative use of low-dose recombinant activated factor VII during thoracic aortic operations.

Background Numerous studies have supported the effectiveness of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) for the control of bleeding after cardiac procedures; however safety concerns persist. Here we report the novel use of intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa in thoracic aortic operations, a strategy intended to improve safety by minimizing rFVIIa exposure. Methods Between July 2005 and December 2010, 425 consecutive patients at a single referral center underwent thoracic aortic operations with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); 77 of these patients received intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa (≤60 μg/kg) for severe coagulopathy after CPB. Propensity matching produced a cohort of 88 patients (44 received intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa and 44 controls) for comparison. Results Matched patients receiving intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa got an initial median dose of 32 μg/kg (interquartile range [IQR], 16–43 μg/kg) rFVIIa given 51 minutes (42–67 minutes) after separation from CPB. Patients receiving intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa demonstrated improved postoperative coagulation measurements (partial thromboplastin time 28.6 versus 31.5 seconds; p = 0.05; international normalized ratio, 0.8 versus 1.2; p p = 0.05) compared with control patients. No patient receiving intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa required postoperative rFVIIa administration or reexploration for bleeding. Rates of stroke, thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and other adverse events were equivalent between groups. Conclusions Intraoperative low-dose rFVIIa led to improved postoperative hemostasis with no apparent increase in adverse events. Intraoperative rFVIIa administration in appropriately selected patients may correct coagulopathy early in the course of refractory blood loss and lead to improved safety through the use of smaller rFVIIa doses. Appropriately powered randomized studies are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach.
Choosing landfill sites: Stable isotope analyses of groundwater as an evaluation tool

Abstract In choosing landfill sites one of the most important considerations is to evaluate losses of toxic substances from the site to the surrounding environment. Groundwaters represent the transport medium for these toxic substances. Choosing sites where groundwater flow through the site is minimal is clearly an objective. Stable isotope analyses of groundwaters and precipitation provide a method of making this evaluation for a variety of potential or existing landfill sites. Groundwaters represent the sequential accumulation of a large number of precipitation events. Rainfall percolates into the ground and days, months or years later is released to streams. The amount of rainfall and it's oxygen isotopic composition are highly variable, whereas groundwater is much more uniform because it represents a long term average of many precipitation events. When a large rainfall occurs which has a substantially different oxygen isotopic composition from groundwater an isotopic spike may be seen in the groundwater. The magnitude of the spike at any given location reflects the extent to which the rainfall has percolated through the ground. The smaller the spike the greater the percentage of the water has run-off over the land surface and gone directly into streams. The oxygen isotopic composition of water therefore represents a totally natural tracer that can easily be utilized to evaluate the extent of groundwater percolation around landfill sites. Preliminary isotopic studies of rainfall and groundwaters in urban, suburban and rural areas have been made. Results show that percolation of rainfall into the ground versus run-off directly into streams is highly variable from one location to another. The relative proportions of ground water infiltration versus run-off has been quantified at selected test sites.
Simulation of sensor networks using message queue infrastructure

A simulation environment is very useful in analyzing sensor networks, but the development of a sensor simulation environment which can scale to a very large number of elements is hard to obtain using traditional simulation systems, or customized simulation environments. The desired level of scalability and high volumes are hard to achieve in customized simulation environments. One possible approach to obtain scalable simulation is by using commercially available messaging systems. Such messaging systems, e.g. IBM WebSphere MQ system or OSMQ, are designed to operate at a very high bandwidth of message transfers rate and number of interacting message queue end-points. However, the communications abstractions offered by message queue systems are very different from the communications abstractions required by sensor networks. In this paper, we describe an approach to map the communication abstractions of sensor network simulation systems to those of underlying message queue systems. We describe how issues related to message localization, propagation delays and error rates can be effectively handled, and a highly scalable infrastructure for message simulation be deployed.
Quick estimation of the three-parameter Weibull to describe tree size distributions

Abstract The method of moments is an alternative to the maximum likelihood method of estimating values of Weibull density function parameters that describe the size distribution of trees. In contrast to maximum likelihood estimation, the method of moments can be applied when only the mean and variance of tree sizes in a sample are known. With the aid of the special tables presented, method of moments computations to estimate Weibull scale and shape parameters can be quickly carried out by hand. The ratio of the sample mean over the standard deviation is shown to be a simple index to the shape of the associated Weibull density function. Equations used in solving for Weibull parameters by the method of moments provide a direct link between parameter prediction models and parameter recovery models based on the Weibull density function.
Head form and climatic stress.

Empiric evidence indicates that the general distribution of the cephalic index is explicable in terms of climatic adaptation. Based on a sample of 339 populations, the magnitude of the index is statistically different between zones of predominantly dry heat, wet heat, wet cold and dry cold. There is an inverse relationship between the mean cephalic index and temperature. It is argued that the occupation of cold climates is one of the circumstances increasing the frequency of brachycephaly through time.
The Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses at a Federal Public Health Agency:

Decision and economic analytic techniques, including benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analysis, are being used and appreciated increasingly in public health in general and at the primary federal agency for public health and disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in particular. This article describes the frequency and breadth of economic analyses at the CDC. The uses of such analyses include: justifying existing programs; promoting successful programs for more widespread acceptance; assisting in difficult decision making; assessing the need to change current policy; and aiding in determining the most appropriate use of a technology.
The Influence of Intimate Violence on Transitions out of Cohabitation

Does the experience of violence in a cohabiting union lead participants away from marriage and toward separation, or does violence have only minimal impact once other characteristics of unions and their participants are controlled? This issue is examined using a sample of 411 cohabiting couples followed in both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. Marriage and separation are treated as competing risks. Results show that violence does have an effect, although dissimilar effects emerge for transitions to separation, as opposed to marriage. Net of other factors, intense male violence—male violence that is more severe than the female partner's—raises the hazard of separation. In contrast, female violence, but not male violence, lowers the rate of marriage. The findings appear robust to a variety of operationalizations of partner violence.
Language, Translation and the Promotion of National Identity: Two Test Cases

Abstract: This article examines two test cases involving the translation of works of literature into minority languages: the translation into contemporary Scots of Les belles-soeurs by Quebec playwright Michel Tremblay and the translation into Romansch of The House at Pooh Corner by British children's author A. A. Milne. In both cases, translation is perceived as a means of exercising the language, developing its resources and thus ensuring its survival. In strengthening the minority language and culture, translation is seen as a way of promoting national identity.Resume: L'article etudie deux cas d'oeuvres litteraires traduites dans une langue minoritaire: la traduction en ecossais contemporain de la piece Les belles-soeurs, du dramaturge quebecois Michel Tremblay, et la traduction en romanche du livre pour enfants The House at Pooh Corner, de l'auteur britannique A.A. Milne. Dans l'un comme dans l'autre cas, la traduction est concue comme un moyen de pratiquer la langue, d'en developper les ressources et, par consequent, d'assurer la survie de la meme langue. En renforcant ainsi la langue et la culture minoritaires, la traduction sert a promouvoir l'identite nationale.
Reasons and Justifications for Considering Pregnancy Among Women Living With Hiv/Aids

Despite the risks associated with pregnancy, available data suggest that HIV-infected women are no less likely to become pregnant than uninfected women. To understand HIV-infected women's reasons for wanting to have a child, focused interviews were conducted with a predominantly minority sample of 51 HIV-infected women in New York City. They were noted to actively weigh both the potential risks and benefits of their pregnancy decisions. Women reported three major reasons for wanting a child: (1) her husband/boyfriend really wants children, (2) having missed out on raising her other children, and (3) believing that a child would make her feel complete, fulfilled, and happy. Women also reported several justifications that they believed offset the risks of pregnancy, including: (1) other HIV-infected women were having healthy babies, (2) feeling optimistic about having a healthy baby due to the prophylactic effects of AZT (zidovudine), (3) having faith that God will protect the child, (4) being young and “he...
The hydrogen liquids

When average one-particle densities are spatially uniform at a microscopic level the state is considered to be a homogeneous liquid. A prescription is required for the basic dynamical elements involved in the averaging itself, and for hydrogen, at low densities and temperatures, these are the familiar hydrogen molecules. But, at compressions now achievable both by static and dynamic means, a more basic description in terms of protons and electrons incorporating residual pairing correlations is necessary. The latter are dependent in large part on the nature of effective state-dependent pair interactions between protons, and in a narrow band of densities near rs = 1.33, these may be especially weak. The hydrogen liquids refers to the (quantum) diatomic liquid, the high density monatomic liquid, and the variably correlated transition phases between the two.
The contributions of invention management companies to technology transfer

A new type of organization which is explicitly dedicated to technology transfer has emerged in the United States: Companies which manage inventions produced by universities, independent inventors and other creative groups. This paper shows that these “Invention Management Companies” (IMCs) make important and unique contributions to technology transfer on legal issues (e.g., guarding against patent infringements), marketing (e.g., convincing a company to commercialize au invention) and advocating the invention against the organized opposition of established technologies. Given the contributions of IMCs to an emerging system for encouraging innovation (an “Inventive Society”), the paper recommends broadening the role of IMCs as information providers and linking them to incubators and venture capital companies.
IRAS observations and the stellar content of H II regions in the large magellanic cloud

IRAS far-infrared fluxes are presented for six H II regions in the LMC. These regions are the sites of recent, massive star formation where the radiative heating source is young stars rather than the general interstellar radiation field. As such, the observations become building blocks for the interpretation of far-infrared emission from spatially unresolved galaxies. In addition, the multiwavelength luminosities of the region then probe the young stellar upper initial mass function. With the long-range goal of determining the stellar content of unresolved star-forming regions, we present the results of a simple model which combines the infrared data with existing H-alpha/H-beta and thermal radio data. For the two OB associations where the mass function has been determined directly, the model correctly 'predicts' a solar neighborhood upper mass function within the uncertainties. No evidence is found for upper mass functions significantly different from that in the solar neighborhood.
Unions and fringe benefits: Additional evidence

Arguing that the fringe benefit demand function is probably discontinuous, a two-stage estimating procedure is used to estimate the continuous component of the function while correcting for selectivity bias. Results reveal an asymmetrical union impact on health and pension fringes. Although the union effect is positive for health insurance, it is nil for pension fringes. Nevertheless, unionism positively influences the likelihood that pension and health plans will be available to workers.
The larval and juvenile ecology of the temperate octocoral Alcyonium siderium Verrill. II. Fecundity, survival, and juvenile growth

Alcyonium siderium Verrill (Anthozoa : Alcyonacea) is a common member of the subtidal vertical rock wall assemblage (6–18 m depth) in the Gulf of Maine. Colonies were examined and collected at sites off Nahant, Massachusetts to determine timing of larval release and the relationship between colony size and larval production. Larvae are brooded to a crawling demersal planula stage and released in August and settlement occurs within one to several days. The largest colony in this study produced 747 fully developed planulae and there was a linear relationship between larval production and colony weight. Larval transplant enclosures were used to produce easily located cohorts in the field and to examine their substratum choice and subsequent survival. Areas with abundant, naturally-settled juveniles were also monitored for substratum selection, growth, and survival. Very few juveniles survived their first year (5–25%), although juveniles at a distance of 2–4 cm from nearby adult colonies had close to 30% survivorship. Juveniles further than 4 cm from an adult had mean lifespans of only 0–4 months. A year's growth produced colonies with three to 25 polyps (2–12 mm diameter). The mean of the experimentally produced group in 1979 was 14 ± 4 sd polyps (8 mm diameter, N = 4). That of the 1980 naturally settled group was 6 ± 3 sd polyps (N = 41). Distance from the nearest adult (possibly the parent) colony significantly influenced growth during the first year. Juveniles within a centimeter of a colony had only 4 ± 2 sd polyps after a year while those 2 cm away had 9 ± 5 sd polyps. Further away (to 6 cm) growth was not different from that at 2 cm. The majority of larvae probably do not wander far from their parent. The greatest settlement occurred within a centimeter of adults, very little occurred more than 4 cm distant. Larval mortality was probably the result of predation by the nudibranch Coryphella verrucosa (Sars) and by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller). Nudibranchs graze polyps on adult colonies as well as removing juveniles from the substratum. Urchins forage in open areas of hard substratum on vertical walls and are encountered very infrequently within stands of adult Alcyonium colonies. This may account for the high survivorship of juveniles near adult colonies and the high mortality away from such colonies.
Recent advances of novel targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths world-wide. Recent advances in cancer biology have led to the identification of new targets in neoplastic cells and the development of novel targeted therapies. At this time, two targeted agents are approved by the FDA in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) erlotinib, and the anitangiogenic bevacizumab. A third agent, cetuximab, which was recently shown to enhance survival when used with cisplatin and vinorelbine as first line therapy for advanced NSCLC, will likely be approved by regulatory agencies. With more than 500 molecularly targeted agents under development, the prospects of identifying novel therapies that benefit individual patients with lung cancer are bright.
Competition and Offshoring

I present a model of offshoring decisions with heterogeneous firms, random adjustment costs, and endogenous markups. The model departs from the conventional view of selfselection of more productive firms into offshoring. Instead, by characterizing the offshoring decision as a lumpy investment decision subject to heterogeneous adjustment costs, the model obtains an inverted-U relationship between firm-level productivity and the probability of offshoring; hence, the most productive firms are less likely to offshore than some lower-productivity firms. In this setting, a tougher competitive environment has two opposing effects on firm-level offshoring likelihood: a Schumpeterian effect—accounting for the negative effect of competition on offshoring profits—and an escape-competition effect— accounting for the effect of competition on the opportunity cost of offshoring.
SCR: a practical approach to building a high assurance COMSEC system

To date, the tabular based SCR (Software Cost Reduction) method has been applied mostly to the development of embedded control systems. The paper describes the successful application of the SCR method, including the SCR* toolset, to a different class of system, a COMSEC (Communications Security) device called CD that must correctly manage encrypted communications. The paper summarizes how the tools in SCR* were used to validate and to debug the SCR specification and to demonstrate that the specification satisfies a set of critical security properties. The development of the CD specification involved many tools in SCR*: a specification editor, a consistency checker, a simulator, the TAME interface to the theorem prover PVS, and various other analysis tools. Our experience provides evidence that use of the SCR* toolset to develop high quality requirements specifications of moderately complex COMSEC systems is both practical and low cost.
The Surgeon General Should Say That Indoor Ultraviolet Radiation Tanning Causes Skin Cancer

Introduction The Surgeon General’s 1964 report states that smoking is causally related to lung cancer, an association that has been solidified and widely accepted by healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and the general public. In July 2014, the Acting Surgeon General, Dr. Lushniak, delivered “The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer.” This important report calls upon members at all levels of government, health care, and the community to accomplish strategic goals for skin cancer prevention, including the promotion of sun protection and education; policy change; and increased research, surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation. However, the Call to Action lacks a simple causative statement that indoor ultraviolet radiation (UV) tanning causes skin cancer, analogous to smoking causing lung cancer. Additionally, during a stakeholder phone call discussing the Call to Action (July 29, 2014), Claudia Delude of the Jeff Dulude Melanoma Foundation asked the Acting Surgeon General, “Are you saying in this call to action that indoor UV tanning causes skin cancer?” The Surgeon General responded, “...We are saying that indoor UV tanning is strongly associated with increased skin cancer risk...” Skin cancer is the most common malignancy affecting the human population. Although basal and squamous cell carcinomas are readily detected and rarely metastasize, a diagnosis of melanoma carries substantial morbidity and mortality. Approximately 76,100 new cases of
Trust Influencers on the Web

The purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test a model of Web trust based on the previously proposed models of trust. Influencers on Web trust studied here are disposition to trust, attitude toward the Web, experience with the Web, anxiety toward the Web, innovativeness toward information technology, and Web ability. The findings indicate that a strong disposition to trust and increased years of Web experience positively influence Web trust. High anxiety toward the Web, positive attitude toward the Web, high innovativeness toward information technology, and high Web ability do not influence Web trust in this study. The designers of new Web sites and redesigners of existing Web sites, pages, or advertisements should consider these factors in order to promote trust in their representative company.
Effects of High and Low Fear-Arousing Communications upon Opinions toward Smoking

Three studies (Janis and Feshbach, 1953; Haeffner, 1956; Janis and Terwilliger, 1962) have all reported that high fear-arousing communications are less persuasive than low fear-arousing communications. The Janis and Feshbach study dealt with the effect of tooth decay, the Haeffner study with the destructive capabilities of hydrogen weapons, and the Janis and Terwilliger study with the relation between smoking and lung cancer. The results from all of these studies have been interpreted as being consistent with the Janis and Feshbach (1953) hypothesis that a high fear-arousing communication produces defenses against thinking about the material or toward minimizing the importance of the material contained in the persuasive communication. Two additional studies have qualified t,he above interpretation to some extent. Berkowitz and Cottingham (1960) obtained evidence indicating that a high fear-arousing communication may not differ significantly in effectiveness from a low fear-arousing communication if the latter communication is of low interest value. DeWolfe and Governale (1964) obtained evidence which they interpret as being consistent with a hypothesis put forward by Janis and Feshbach (1954). According to this hypothesis, if a persuasive communication contains reassuring recommendations as to how threat can be averted, fear can be expected to facilitate attitude change. The present study attempts to qualify still further the hypothesis that a high fear-arousing communication produces defensive reactions against thinking about the material contained in the communication. This qualification concerns the difference between the situation in which a high fear-arousing communication has as it,s major purpose the prevention or avoidance of possible future activity as opposed to the situation in which the high fear-arousing communication has as its major purpose the changing, stopping, or punishing of currently on-going activity. Strong defensive reactions would be expected only in the latter punishment situation. Furthermore, in the avoidance situation the high fear
Gigabit per Second Data Transfer in High-Gain Metamaterial Structures at 60 GHz

While much metamaterial research has concentrated on the exotic physical properties of metamaterial structures and their potential applications, there has been little reported on the usefulness of these metamaterial structures in actual applications, for example, in communications systems. Moreover, since many metamaterials are designed for operation at very specific frequencies, there are reasonable concerns for how they will act when they are applied to high-data-rate systems. This paper takes a zero-n grid structure that has been shown previously to produce high directivity in the microwave regime, and demonstrates its usefulness for real wireless data transfer in the millimeter-wave regime. The design frequency is selected to be 60 GHz, where there is a large swath of worldwide available bandwidth. An improvement in the overall system gain with no degradation of its gigabit per second data transfer is demonstrated.
Letter to the editor: Does low-frequency power of heart rate variability correlate with cardiac sympathetic tone in normal sheep?

to the editor: We read with great interest the recent work by Martelli et al. ([6][1]), published in American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology , that describes experiments in conscious sheep in which cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA), heart rate variability (HRV), and
EVIDENCE THAT ACETYLCHOLINE IS AN INHIBITORY TRANSMITTER OF HEART INTERNEURONS IN THE LEECH

1. In the leech, synaptic transmission between heart interneurons (HN cells) and between HN cells and heart motor neurons (HE cells) is blocked by bicuculline methiodide. 2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid, when applied focally onto the somata of HN cells or when added to the superfusate, has no effect on the membrane potential of HN cells. 3. Both acetylcholine (ACh) and the ACh agonist carbachol hyperpolarize HN cells and HE cells when applied focally onto their somata or into the neuropil or when added to the superfusate. 4. Inhibitory postsynaptic-potential-like responses elicited by focal application of carbachol onto the somata of HN cells and HE cells are blocked by bicuculline methiodide and are reversed when Cl- is injected into the cells. 5. Focal application of carbachol onto the somata of HN cells and HE cells increases membrane conductance. 6. The results indicate that HN cells use ACh as an inhibitory transmitter, that the postsynaptic receptors for ACh are blocked by bicuculline methiodide and that inhibition of HN cells and HE cells is mediated by an increased Cl- conductance.
A test of metaphoric comprehension and some preliminary developmental data

The purposes of the present study was to develop a multiple-choice test of figurative language comprehension and to evaluate the development of such comprehension over a wide range of ages and children. To do this, samples of novel and frozen figures were selected from a corpus provided by elementary school children and then administered to 149 different children between 9 and 14 years. Results showed that the test produced was a reliable one, and one that produced meaningful developmental trends. In addition, differences were noted between the comprehension and production of novel and frozen figures of speech. These findings were discussed in terms of their methodological and developmental implications.
Ultrastructure of the mesoglea of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Edwardsiidae)

. Cnidarians have extracellular matrix, or mesoglea, situated between an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis. In this article, we describe the ultrastructure of the mesoglea of polyps of Nematostella vectensis during development and regeneration. The column wall of recently metamorphosed polyps had basal laminae composed of a meshwork of thin filaments underlying each epithelium and a network of unstriated thick (20–25 nm in diameter) and thin fibrils (∼5 nm) decorated with particulate matter. In juvenile polyps with eight tentacles, the system of thick fibrils was concentrated near the gastrodermis. In the column wall and mesenteries of the adult there were bundles of thick fibrils that ran parallel to the myonemes. In regenerating polyps 2 days after transection, the network of thin fibrils and particulate material as well as the basal lamina largely disappeared in the healing part of the oral, but not aboral, half. In the regenerating portion of the aboral half 1 and 2 days after transection, the bundles of thick fibrils were smaller and less organized, and the basal laminae were thicker than in the column wall of untransected polyps. In both regenerating halves, the general organization of the mesoglea of normal polyps was reattained by 5 days after transection. At all stages the mesoglea contained cellular processes that may belong to amebocytes; nucleated amebocytes with a range of shapes were present in the mesoglea of the column wall and mesenteries of adult polyps. Certain features of the mesoglea of members of N. vectensis and Hydra are similar, especially the ultrastructure of the basal laminae, but the fibrillar systems of these two model cnidarians are different. Temporal and spatial differences in the composition of the mesoglea of N. vectensis point to different roles for its components during development and regeneration.
Variability in organic matter lost by combustion in a boreal bog during the 2001 Chisholm fire.

Fire directly releases carbon (C) to the atmosphere through combustion of biomass. An estimated 1470 ± 59 km 2 of peatland burns annually in boreal, western Canada, releasing 4.7 ± 0.6 Tg C to the atmosphere via direct combustion. We quantified within-site variation in organic matter lost via combustion in a bog peatland in association with the 116 000-ha Chisholm, Alberta, fire in 2001. We hypothesized that for peatlands with considerable small-scale microtopography (bogs and treed fens), hummocks will burn less than hollows. We found that hollows exhibit more combustion than hummocks, releasing nearly twice as much C to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that spatial vari- ability in species composition and site hydrology within a landform and across a landscape could contribute to consid- erable spatial variation in the amounts of C released via combustion during peatland fire, although the magnitude of this variation may be dependent on fire severity. Resume : Le feu libere du carbone (C) directement dans l'atmosphere par la combustion de biomasse. Annuellement, on estime que 1470 ± 59 km 2 de tourbiere brule en zone boreale dans l'ouest du Canada liberant 4,7 ± 0,6 Tg de C dans l'atmosphere par combustion directe. Nous avons quantifie la variation a l'interieur d'un site dans la perte de ma- tiere organique dans une tourbiere a mousse a la suite du feu de Chisholm qui a couvert 116 000 ha en Alberta en 2001. Nous avons fait l'hypothese que dans une tourbiere avec beaucoup de variations microtopographiques a petite echelle (tourbieres hautes et tourbieres basses arborees), les monticules bruleraient moins que les depressions. Nous avons observe que les depressions brulent plus que les monticules, liberant presque deux fois plus de C dans l'atmos- phere. Nos resultats indiquent que la variabilite spatiale dans la composition en especes et les caracteristiques hydrolo- giques du site a l'interieur d'une forme de relief ou a travers le paysage peut entrainer une forte variation spatiale dans la quantite de C libere par combustion lors d'un feu dans une tourbiere. Par contre, l'ampleur de cette variation peut dependre de la severite du feu. (Traduit par la Redaction) Benscoter and Wieder 2513
Long-Range Genomic Enrichment, Sequencing, and Assembly to Determine Unknown Sequences Flanking a Known microRNA

Conserved plant microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate important biological processes but little is known about conserved cis-regulatory elements (CREs) surrounding MIRNA genes. We developed a solution-based targeted genomic enrichment methodology to capture, enrich, and sequence flanking genomic regions surrounding conserved MIRNA genes with a locked-nucleic acid (LNA)-modified, biotinylated probe complementary to the mature miRNA sequence. Genomic DNA bound by the probe is captured by streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, amplified, sequenced and assembled de novo to obtain genomic DNA sequences flanking MIRNA locus of interest. We demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of this enrichment methodology in Arabidopsis thaliana to enrich targeted regions spanning 10–20 kb surrounding known MIR166 and MIR165 loci. Assembly of the sequencing reads successfully recovered all targeted loci. While further optimization for larger, more complex genomes is needed, this method may enable determination of flanking genomic DNA sequence surrounding a known core (like a conserved mature miRNA) from multiple species that currently don't have a full genome assembly available.
Media education based on the philosophy of pragmatism.

The responsibility for crafts instruction at New York University was transferred recently from the Art De­ partment to the Department of Occupational Ther­ apy, where a new model of media education has been developed. This change resultedfrom the diffi­ culties students andfaculty experienced in inte­ grating craft activities with occupational therapy's conceptual foundations and the realities ofprac­ tice. These problems are not unique to this univer­ sity but are common throughout our profession. This paper will discuss these problems and an attempt at their solution by outlining a modelfor media edu­ cation based on historical and philosophical con­ cepts pertinent to the profession. This model demon­ strates the academic justification for the development and presentation ofmedia education courses by occupational therapy faculty.
Correlation on cine MR imaging of size of adenoid and palatine tonsils with degree of upper airway motion in asymptomatic sedated children.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to use MR fluoroscopy to evaluate variations in size of the adenoid and palatine tonsils and the relationship between tonsil enlargement and airway motion dynamics in asymptomatic children during sleep.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We performed sagittal midline cine MR imaging (fast gradient-echo series: TR/TE, 8.2/3.6 sec; flip angle, 80°; slice thickness, 8 mm; 128 consecutive images; imaging time, 2 min; displayed in cine mode) in children referred for MR imaging of the brain who required sedation. The largest transverse diameter of the adenoids was recorded. A subjective impression was made as to whether the adenoids were enlarged or normal in size. Palatine tonsils were considered enlarged when a soft-tissue mass was identified on the midline cine images, and maximum diameter was recorded. Enlarged and nonenlarged adenoid and palatine tonsil groups were compared using motion parameters (chi-square or Fisher's exact test): mouth position (opened or closed); vertical ...
Elasticity of High-porosity Sandstones: Theory For Two North Sea Datasets

We analyze two laboratory datasets obtained on high-porosity rock samples from the North Sea. The first set is from the Oseberg field and represents slightly cemented quartz sands. The second set represents unconsolidated and almost uncemented sands from the Troll field. We find that dry-rock ultrasonic velocities in the Oseberg samples can be well modeled by the cementation theory where the grains mechanically interact through quartz cement. In the Troll samples contact cement is almost absent and grains are held together primarily by confining pressure. In this case velocities can be modeled by a combination of the Hertz-Mindlin contact theory (interaction of two smooth uncemented spheres) and the modified Reuss average (an isostress model for suspensions). The latter approach allows us to introduce pressure dependence in the velocity model. This theoretical model generally underestimates the observed Troll velocity values. For dry rock at high pressure the error may be as large as 15 percent. This error reduces to 10 percent in saturated rock. An important result is that this Hertz-Mindlin-Reuss model can accurately predict the high Poisson`s ratios generally observed in saturated loose sediments. Both theoretical methods have analytical expressions and are ready for practical use.
On measuring the accuracy of the vortex method: Using a random method to model stable and untable flow

We have discussed the results of a numerical convergence study to analyze the accuracy of the random cortex method applied to viscous, incompressible flow in the laminar, transitional, and turbulent regimes. Our results indicate that the vortex method can be used to predict pointwise values in the laminar regime where the flow is steady and stable. In the turbulent regime, large-scale integrated quantities can be predicted and measured with an economy of vortex elements, and that global mechanisms can be analyzed. Beyond a certain resolution, the measurement of these large-scale quantities is less sensitive to additional refinement of numerical parameters. The value in additional refinement must then relate to the smaller, medium scales of the flow.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A THREATENED SAND DUNE LIZARD

Abstract Understanding how and why the abundance of a species changes in space and time is an essential component to effective endangered species conservation. Key to this understanding is being able to distinguish natural population dynamics from a downward trajectory of a species at risk of extinction. For many species in arid environments, rainfall drives population changes. This is the case for Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizards (Uma inornata), a species listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. At low rainfall levels, the lizards exhibit negative population growth until annual precipitation exceeds 40 to 50 mm. Fluctuation in the population growth of the lizards is also correlated with changes in their diet. A regression model using rainfall and diet to explain lizard population dynamics resulted in a significant R2 value of 0.956. Because drought is common in their arid environment, it is not unusual for this lizard species to endure consecutive years of population declines. Frin...
Ethnic Preference, Confidence in One’s Rights, and the Possibility of a Future Internment

The impact of the internment on the Sansei is likely to extend beyond issues of interest or knowledge. As the preceding quote suggests, more global attitudes and perceptions may also have been affected. Perhaps the legacy of injustice led Sansei with a previously interned parent to be particularly skeptical toward the U.S. government. Or perhaps they feel a greater distrust of Caucasian Americans than do their No-Camp peers. A series of attitude statements were included in the survey that tapped a broader range of issues in which the effects of the internment might play a role. These statements assessed the degree to which Sansei preferred Japanese Americans over Caucasian Americans, had confidence in their rights, and would react to a future internment.
Taxonomic composition and systematics of Late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert

Abstract Upper Cretaceous deposits at Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities in the Mongolian Gobi Desert have yielded a large number of superbly preserved lizard specimens, including representatives of several new taxa (described in this paper) and important supplementary material of several previously poorly known taxa. Study of these specimens gives important insight into the taxonomic diversity and systematics of the Late Cretaceous lizard fauna of the Gobi Desert. A preliminary survey indicates that the lizard assemblage from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities consists of some 30 species in four higher groups (Iguania, Gekkota, Scincomorpha, and Anguimorpha). The iguanians are documented by eight species, including three species newly recognized in this paper. The Scincomorpha are the most diverse group, represented by as many as 14 species including three new and 11 previously known species. The Anguimorpha are nearly as diverse as the Iguania, while the Gekkota is the least diverse group with a sin...
Bent Hammer Handles

Hammer handles were constructed with 10, 15, 21, 26 and 32 degrees of bend; the heads were identical. The 82 subjects pounded in two nails with each experimental hammer as well as a standard hammer (0° bend) and then ranked the hammers 1 to 6. The top three hammers then were used with one more nail and the hammers were ranked again. The preferred hammer had a 10° bend. Personal descriptors such as gender, age, and hammer use experience were not significant predictors of experimental hammer preference.
Pilot Neoadjuvant Trial with Combination of Lapatinib and Nab-Paclitaxel in HER2+ Breast Cancer.

Background: Lapatinib, a dual kinase inhibitor against EGFR and HER2, has activity in metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. Nab-paclitaxel has been found to be one of the most active agents in metastatic breast cancer. Its combination has not been studied in the neoadjuvant setting. We have conducted a pilot neoadjuvant trial in HER2+ patients (pts) combining lapatinib with nab-paclitaxel.Methods: Females with newly diagnosed breast cancer (stage I-III) received four cycles of lapatinib 1000 mg po/day and nab-paclitaxel 260mg /m2 IV every three weeks. Postoperative therapy was at the discretion of the investigator. The accrual goal of 30 pts has been met. The primary endpoint was clinical response rate (CRR) with secondary endpoints including pathologic complete response (pCR), toxicity, and proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis markers.Results: A total of 28 pts have completed all therapy to date. The most common toxicities were rash, neuropathy, fatigue and myalgias. Most toxicities were grade 1/2 although one pt developed grade 3 rash and five pts grade 3 diarrhea. Nab-paclitaxel was dose reduced in 8 and lapatinib in 10 of 104 cycles. No cardiac toxicity was observed. Response data is available on 25 pts. CRR was 88% with four complete clinical responses and 18 patients with partial clinical response. Three patients had stable disease. Four patients achieved pCR.Conclusions: The combination of lapatinib and nab-paclitaxel is very active as first-line treatment in HER2+ breast cancer. Toxicities, including rash and diarrhea were observed and medically managed. Patients did not receive prophylactic medications for rash or diarrhea Updated clinical data on all 30 patients as well as correlative markers will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1091.
Is LAD encasement a common substrate component in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Evidence from computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) has demonstrated LAD encasement with compromised antegrade systolic flow In Takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. This mechanism may explain both the contractile and ECG abnormalities observed in this disorder.