cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment strategies for nanoscale and fine-sized titanium dioxide particles: Recognizing hazard and exposure issues

Abstract The basic tenets for assessing health risks posed by nanoparticles (NP) requires documentation of hazards and the corresponding exposures that may occur. Accordingly, this review describes the range and types of potential human exposures that may result from interactions with titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles or NP – either in the occupational/workplace environment, or in consumer products, including food materials and cosmetics. Each of those applications has a predominant route of exposure. Very little is known about the human impact potential from environmental exposures to NP – thus this particular issue will not be discussed further. In the workplace or occupational setting inhalation exposure predominates. Experimental toxicity studies demonstrate low hazards in particle-exposed rats. Only at chronic overload exposures do rats develop forms of lung pathology. These findings are not supported by multiple epidemiology studies in heavily-exposed TiO2 workers which demonstrate a lack of correlation between chronic particle exposures and adverse health outcomes including lung cancer and noncancerous chronic respiratory effects. Cosmetics and sunscreens represent the major application of dermal exposures to TiO2 particles. Experimental dermal studies indicate a lack of penetration of particles beyond the epidermis with no consequent health risks. Oral exposures to ingested TiO2 particles in food occur via passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with studies indicating negligible uptake of particles into the bloodstream of humans or rats with subsequent excretion through the feces. In addition, standardized guideline-mandated subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats demonstrate very low toxicity effects with NOAELs of >1000 mg/kg bw/day. Additional issues which are summarized in detail in this review are: 1) Methodologies for implementing the Nano Risk Framework – a process for ensuring the responsible development of products containing nanoscale materials; and 2) Safe-handling of nanomaterials in the laboratory.
Simplification of Inter Vivos Trust Instruments—From Incorporation by Reference to the Uniform Custodial Trust Act and Beyond

The trust is a fundamental part of the American legal system, and, like much of this system, the creation of a trust can be a long, complicated, and expensive process. The costs of this process thus limit the number of people able to sustain such expenses. To make the benefits of trusts more widely available, legislative enactments simplifying the process or reducing the length of such documents have emerged. One such statutory creation is the Uniform Custodial Trust Act (UCTA). Also on the fringe of emergence is the statutory inter vivos trust form. This article traces the evolution of inter vivos trust instruments, beginning with a review of the early legislative steps taken to simplify trust instruments. Subsequently, the article focuses in depth on the UCTA, with an analysis of how well the Act effectuates the purposes for which inter vivos trusts are typically created. Also addressed is the potential use of statutory fill-in-the-blank forms for inter vivos trusts. The author concludes with the recommendations that (1) all state legislatures should enact the UCTA and that (2) all state legislatures should give serious consideration to statutory fill-in forms for inter vivos trusts.
Thermodynamically Favorable Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide into Valuable Products through Reaction with Sodium Naphthalenide

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an extremely hazardous chemical waste that is generated at large scale in many industries; its abatement has long been an energy-extensive and cost-ineffective liability due to the thermodynamic limitations of the selected approaches and low value of the final products, sulfur and water. Here we introduce an attractive method for H2 S abatement that yields value-added products via a thermodynamically favorable process. Specifically, sodium naphthalenide (Na-NAP) is used to capture H2 S to produce anhydrous Na2 S nanocrystals and 1,4-dihydronaphthalene, which are important materials for batteries and liquid fuels, respectively. This multipurpose process is driven by the acid/base neutralization reaction between hydrogen cations from H2 S and radical anions from naphthalenide. It is spontaneous and irreversible at ambient temperature and pressure, proceeding to completion very rapidly.
Identification of yeast transcriptional regulation networks using

The recent availability of whole-genome scale data sets that investigate complementary and diverse aspects of transcriptional regulation has spawned an increased need for new and effective computational approaches to analyze and integrate these large scale assays. Here, we propose a novel algorithm, based on random forest methodology, to relate gene expression (as derived from expression microarrays) to sequence features residing in gene promoters (as derived from DNA motif data) and transcription factor binding to gene promoters (as derived from tiling microarrays). We extend the random forest approach to model a multivariate response as represented, for example, by time-course gene expression measures. An analysis of the multivariate random forest output reveals complex regulatory networks, which consist of cohesive, condition-dependent regulatory cliques. Each regulatory clique features homogeneous gene expression profiles and common motifs or synergistic motif groups. We apply our method to several yeast physiological processes: cell cycle, sporulation, and various stress conditions. Our technique displays excellent performance with regard to identifying known regulatory motifs, including high order interactions. In addition, we present evidence of the existence of an alternative MCB-binding pathway, which we confirm using data from two independent cell cycle studies and two other physioloigical processes. Finally, we have uncovered elaborate transcription regulation refinement mechanisms involving PAC and mRRPE motifs that govern essential rRNA processing. These include intriguing instances of differing motif dosages and differing combinatorial motif control that promote regulatory specificity in rRNA metabolism under differing physiological processes.
Applications of photonics to the life sciences and medicine

Science and technology projects of the NSF Center for Biophotonics are enumerated, such as saturated structured illumination microscopes to achieve up to 5/spl times/ diffraction-limited resolution imaging, X-ray diffraction microscopy for imaging single biomolecules, phytochromes engineered for tailored wavelength optical labels, in vivo bioluminescence imaging of mouse models to develop protease assays, Raman spectroscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic imaging assays for single molecule detection, laser-activated shaped memory polymer intracerebral catheter tools, PDT applied to epileptogenesis site ablation, hyperspectral imaging and diagnosis of cancer at the single cellular level, as well as numerous other applications or photonics technologies.
Oxidative phosphorylation by ADP + P(i)-loaded membrane vesicles of alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4.

ATP synthesis in ADP + P(i)-loaded membrane vesicles of the facultative alkaliphile Bacillus firmus OF4 at an external pH of 10.5 did not depend upon the presence of cell wall polymers, e.g. as a proton barrier or sequestration device. Upon energization with ascorbate plus phenazine methosulfate, vesicles at pH(out) = 7.5 generated an electrochemical proton gradient (delta p) of -160 mV, acid and positive out, whereas at pH(out) = 10.5, the delta p was -40 mV, alkaline and positive out. Nonetheless, ATP synthesis was more rapid at the more alkaline pH value, especially in the presence of 200 mM K2SO4, which markedly lowered the surface potential. No synthesis was observed upon abolition of the delta p. Respiration-derived transmembrane potentials (delta psi) energized ATP synthesis much better than an equally large diffusion potential. The diffusion potential failed to energize ATP synthesis above pH 9.5. When delta p, all in the form of a delta psi, was titrated downward at either pH 7.8 or 9.5, ATP synthesis by the latter vesicles was much less adversely affected in the delta p range of -150 to -50 mV, supporting the existence of a sparing, non-chemiosmotic energy component at high pH.
Adaptive modulation for multiple antenna channels

We consider the use of adaptive modulation scheme for a multiple transmit and multiple receive antenna system with instantaneous channel information known to both the receiver and the transmitter. We derive an efficient bit allocation algorithm which maximizes the transmission rate for a given transmit power. The algorithm is generally a greedy algorithm; however, we derive a sufficient condition for the bit allocation algorithm to be globally optimal, which is found to satisfy all digital modulation schemes. It is found that when uncoded M-ary QAM is used with a target symbol error probability of 10/sup -5/ there is about 9 dB gap between the channel capacity and the throughput of adaptive modulation.
New On the Job: A School Librarian's Guide to Success, 2nd ed. by Hilda K. Weisburg, and Ruth Toor

Sara Kelly Johns, past president of American Association of Special Libraries and ALA Executive Board member, notes in the foreword of this title that school library programs and school librarians ...
Aging in a Community of Mutual Support: The Emergence of an Elder Intentional Cohousing Community in the United States

This initial report details the origin, development, and “charter residents” of the new ElderSpirit Community, a resident-managed elder-only cohousing community focusing on mutual support and affordable housing. The 33 resident sample was white, 79% female, averaged 70.4 years of age (range = 63 to 84 years), and was more likely to be childless and/or divorced/never married compared to the general older population. Mutual support was significant in choosing the ElderSpirit Community, and this case demonstrates that elders can proactively choose this new option: living intentionally with neighbors to provide an added layer of support. The ElderSpirit Community is important given the caregiver shortage and desire for nursing home alternatives.
Adapting, correcting, and perfecting software estimates: a maintenance metaphor

A hybrid continuous software estimation model supporting adaptive, corrective, and perfective estimation activities is described. The adaptive activity accommodates new system or user requirements or reflects new organizational realities. Corrective maintenance remedies an error detected in the software product, and perfective maintenance eliminates processing inefficiencies and enhances performance of the overall software system. An implementation using constructive cost model (Cocomo) and the system dynamics (SD) simulator is presented. Three examples are presented that demonstrate how the model can be used: before the project starts to adapt the Cocomo estimates to organizational realities, during software development to correct initial assumptions about sizing, and after project completion to perfect model estimates. >
The development and evaluation of a soil moisture index

Soil water is an important parameter in the hydrological balance and is essential for understanding land–surface interactions. While spatial coverage of soil water observations is poor across most of the United States, impedance probes have been used to measure soil water throughout Nebraska in the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) since 1999. With 8 years of continuous data at selected sites, we were able to derive a Soil Moisture Index (SMI) that is based on an actual water content (θ) and a known field capacity and wilting point. The SMI is a continuous function and is scaled from 5.0 to − 5.0, with 5.0 representing θ at field capacity and − 5.0 representing θ at wilting point. Since the inception of the soil water network in 1999, periodic episodes of drought have affected all areas of Nebraska. Thus, the SMI was used in this study to analyse growing seasons (1 April to 1 October) from 1999 to 2006 at six selected sites throughout Nebraska. The SMI proved to be effective at depicting the onset of drought and at identifying soil recharge, or lack thereof, when heavy rainfall events followed a significant dry spell. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
The Relationship Between Student Learning Style and Performance on Various Test Question Formats

Abstract This article reports on an assessment of the relationship between accounting students' scores on the Kolb learning style inventory (LSI) continuums—the abstract-to-concrete and the active-to-reflective continuums—and the students' performance on different accounting examination formats. We examined four formats, those of multiple-choice theory, multiple-choice quantitative, open-ended theory, and open-ended quantitative. Along with the two learning style continuum variables, the model included sex, age, and accounting GPA. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a learning style variable was significant for performance on each format except the multiple-choice quantitative format.
Pathologic and taxonomic analysis of leaf spot and tar spot diseases in a tropical dry to wet monsoon ecosystem of lowland Burma

Foliar diseases due to ascomycetes and/or their anamorphs are described comprising 158 leaf spot and 43 tar spot diseases across a spectrum of some 69 host-plant families in tropical, dry to wet, north to south, lowland, central Burma. Families Moraceae, Arecaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, and Poaceae are especially most often attacked. Attack frequency is associated with family size, and the overall diversity of pathogens with the structural complexity of their host. Phenomena, patterns, and concepts pertaining to these ailments are discerned and discussed involving species of Anthostomella, Cochliobolus/Bipolaris, Pyrenophora/Drechslera, Phyllachora and Rhytisma in particular. A host index is included. Collections are held in Herbariums IMI and UC (=LAM).
Effect of Gas Percolation on Melting of Glass Batch

A model was developed to predict the temperature distribution, heat transfer, and melting time during unsteady heating and conversion of batch to glass. Percolation of gas through the blanket of batch and heat absorption during the decomposition of carbonates are accounted for in the model. In the glassmelt, heat was assumed to be transferred by combined conduction and radiation. The model equations were solved numerically using a finite-difference method. The effects of several model parameters were investigated. The results of computations show that percolation of gas through the batch increases the time required to convert the batch to glass. Absorption of heat and release of gas in the batch due to decomposition of carbonates changed the temperature distribution in the batchiglass system and the melting times were affected relatively little as long as the total energy absorbed during the transformation process remained unaltered.
Reactivities of ultrathin alumina films exposed to intermediate pressures of H2O: Substrate-mediated mechanism for growth and loss of surface order

Abstract The response of ordered ultrathin Al2O3 films on NiAl(1 1 0) and Ni3Al(1 1 0) substrates to sequential exposures at varying pressures of H2O between 10−7 Torr and 10−3 Torr, ambient temperature, was characterized by LEED, AES and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In all cases, an increase in average oxide thickness, as determined by AES, was observed, consistent with a field-induced oxide growth mechanism. Ordered oxide films of initial average thicknesses of 7 A and 12 A grown on NiAl(1 1 0) achieved a limiting thickness of 17(1) A, while films of initial thickness of 7 A and 11 A grown on Ni3Al(1 1 0) achieved a limiting thickness of 12(1) A. The LEED patterns for the thinner (7 A) films were not observed after exposure to 10−5 Torr (NiAl(1 1 0)), or 10−4 Torr (Ni3Al(1 1 0)). In contrast, LEED patterns for the films of greater initial thickness persisted after exposures to 10−3 Torr UHV. DFT calculations indicate an Al vacancy formation energy that is significantly greater (by ∼0.5 eV) on the surface that has the thicker oxide film, directly opposite to what may be naively expected. A simple coordination argument supports these numerical results. Therefore, the greater limiting oxide thickness observed on NiAl(1 1 0) demonstrates that the rate determining step in the oxide growth process is not Al removal from the metal substrate and transport across the oxide/metal interface. Instead, the results indicate that the determining factor in the oxide growth mechanism is the kinetic barrier to Al diffusion from the substrate bulk to the oxide/metal interface. The persistence of the LEED patterns observed for the films of greater initial oxide thickness indicates that the surface disorder generally observed for alumina films grown on aluminide substrates and exposed to intermediate pressures of H2O is due to the growth of a disordered alumina layer over an ordered substrate, rather than to direct H2O interaction with terrace sites.
Legibility and Comprehension of Traffic Sign Symbols

In recent years, symbols have been used to improve the ability of traffic signs to communicate their messages. A study of traffic sign symbols was recently completed at the Federal Highway Administrations Turner-Fairbanks Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the relative legibility distance and driver comprehension for 22 symbol warning signs currently in use in the United States. The results showed that the legibility distance of symbols decreases with increasing driver age and that bold symbols of simple design provide the best legibility distance for all age groups. This study also showed that the legibility distance for symbolic signs can be equal to that of alphabetic signs or have as much as 4 times greater legibility distance depending on the message. The sign comprehension data indicated several symbols need redesign or increased driver education efforts.
The successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare complication of portal hypertension. Conservative therapy may be successful but refractory hepatic hydrothorax is not uncommon. Management of refractory hydrothorax is usually ineffective and can result in a worsened clinical status. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) lower portal pressure and have been used in the treatment of refractory ascites. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of TIPS in the treatment of symptomatic refractory hepatic hydrothorax. A TIPS was placed in 24 consecutive cirrhotic patients with symptomatic refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Five patients (20.8%) were Child's/Pugh class B and 19 (79.2%) were class C. All had undergone multiple thoracenteses and were hypoalbuminemic. Mean follow-up was 7.2 months (range, 0.25-49 months). Fourteen (58.3%) of 24 patients had complete relief of symptoms after shunt placement and did not require further thoracentesis. Five (20.8%) additional patients required fewer thoracenteses. Five (20.8%) patients developed worsening liver function and died within 45 days. In eight (66.7%) of 12 patients with > or = 60 days of follow-up, the serum albumin increased by a mean of 1.2 g/dL (range, 0.1-2.2 g/dL). The Child's-Pugh score improved in 7 (58.3%) of these 12 patients and two patients improved from class C to class A. These two patients no longer require liver transplantation. This study shows that TIPS can be effective in the management of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Clinical and laboratory improvement may be seen and liver transplantation may become unnecessary.
Linguistic and semantic passage retrieval strategies for question answering

Question Answering (QA) is the task of searching a large text collection for specific answers to questions posed in natural language. Though they often have access to rich linguistic and semantic analyses of their input questions, QA systems often rely on off-theshelf bag-of-words Information Retrieval (IR) solutions to retrieve passages matching a set of terms extracted from the question.There is a fundamental disconnect between the capabilities of the bag-of-words retrieval model and the retrieval needs of the QA system. Bag-of-words IR retrieves documents matching a query, but the QA system really needs documents that contain answers. Through question analysis, the QA system has compiled a sophisticated information need representation for what constitutes an answer to the question. This representation is composed of a set of linguistic and semantic constraints satisfied by answer-bearing passages. Unfortunately, off-the-shelf IR libraries commonly used in QA systems can not, in general, check these types of constraints at query-time. Poor quality retrieval can cause a QA system to fail if no answer-bearing text is retrieved, if it is not ranked highly enough, or if it is outranked or overwhelmed by false positives, text that matches the query well, yet supports a wrong answer.This thesis proposes two linguistic and semantic passage retrieval methods for QA, one based on structured retrieval and the other on rank-learning techniques. In addition, a methodology is proposed for mapping annotated text consisting of labeled spans and typed relations between them into an annotation graph representation. The annotation graph supports query-time linguistic and semantic constraint-checking, and serves as a unifying formalism for the QA system's information need and for retrieved passages. The proposed methods rely only on the relatively weak assumption that the QA system's information need can be represented as an annotation graph. The two approaches are shown to retrieve more answer-bearing text, more highly ranked, compared to a bag-of-words baseline for two different QA tasks. Linguistic and semantic passage retrieval methods are also shown to improve end-to-end QA system accuracy and answer MRR.Available online at: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mbilotti/thesis.pdf.
Reversible topological spaces

We propose to study a topological property which is not new, but seems not to have been systematically investigated.
K-theory and localization of noncommutative rings

Suppose R is a ring with 1 and S is a multiplicative set of nonzerodivisors. We suppose S satisfies the left Ore condition, namely, given s E S and r E R there exist s1 ES and rl E R so that rls = sir. If, in addition, S satisfies the right Ore condition, then the ring of left quotients S-‘R = {s-lr} is also a ring of right quotients. We will say simply that S satisfies the two-sided Ore condition. The purpose of this note is to point out that there is a long exact sequence of K-groups
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER AND VINYLESTER COMPOSITES

The effects of environment on glass fiber reinforced polyester and vinylester composites immersed in liquids and in humid air were investi gated. Tests were performed at temperatures 23 C and 93 C ...
Radionuclide imaging after skeletal interventional procedures

Although nuclear medicine is often used as an adjunct to planning skeletal therapeutic interventions, its role in the assessment of these various interventional procedures, after the fact, is equally important. Skeletal therapeutic interventions studied with radionuclide imaging include bone grafts, the postoperative spine, and joint replacements. Vascularized bone grafts allow the successful reconstruction of large bone gaps. Early detection of vascular compromise permits prompt reevaluation of the vascular anastomosis so that potentially reversible causes of ischemia can be corrected. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy is a simple noninvasive method to evaluate the anastomotic patency of these grafts. Scintigraphically, vascular patency is characterized by normal or diffusely increased tracer uptake throughout the graft, whereas failure of the graft presents as photopenia. Bone scintigraphy, especially single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), is of considerable value in the work-up of patients with persistent back pain after spinal surgery. Postoperatively, spinal fusion is characterized by diffusely increased uptake of radiotracer in the fused area. In contrast, focally increased uptake has been shown to be related to bony nonunion or pseudoarthroses. In patients who have undergone laminectomy, SPECT bone scintigraphy can localize the level of maximum instability and vertebral stress. The radionuclide evaluation of joint replacement complications, especially of hip and knee prostheses, has been extensively studied for nearly 2 decades. Bone scintigraphy is probably most useful when the images are normal. Although periprosthetic sites of increased uptake may be indicative of postoperative problems such as loosening or infection, they may also merely reflect postoperative changes. Dual tracer studies, focusing primarily on the diagnosis of the infected joint replacement, have consequently become the norm. Bone-gallium scintigraphy was the earliest dual tracer modality used, with an accuracy of 60% to 80%. The current radionuclide study of choice for diagnosing the infected prosthesis is labeled leukocyte-marrow imaging. Both leukocytes and colloid tracers accumulate in marrow, whereas only leukocytes accumulate in infection. This technique facilitates the discrimination of labeled leukocyte uptake in aberrant, but not abnormal, marrow from uptake in infection. The reported accuracy of this technique consistently exceeds 90%
Alternative splice variants of cytokines: Making a list

Abstract The cytokine network is an extremely complicated and redundant system of mutually interdependent pleiotropic cytokines that interacts with a variety of cells, tissues and organs producing various regulatory effects, both local and systemic. Recent studies have revealed a new source of complexity in the cytokine network—alternative splicing. This minireview attempts to summarize the available data on the alternative splicing of cytokines and its regulatory significance.
AUTOMATION OF PATTERN DISCRIMINATION IN THE RAT

Investigation of visual discriminative processes in animals has been facilitated by the use of automatic equipment and improved techniques of behavioral control. Visual generalization gradients and continuous changes in absolute threshold have been measured with new precision (Guttman, 1956; Blough, 1958). As part of a program evaluating the pathological effects of prenatally administered ionizing radiation (Hicks, D'Amato, & Lowe, 1959), the following schedule was used in determining the capacity for pattern vision. Animals were maintained at 70 to 80% of their free-feeding weight and trained to press either of two transparent plastic pigeon keys (Ralph Gerbrands Co.) with their noses in order to obtain a 45-mg. food pellet (P. J. Noyes Co.). After one or two sessions of continuous reinforcement, the keys were transilluminated one at a time and circuitry was arranged so that 15 responses to an unlit key produced only the time-out condition. To avoid "superstitious" key responses during the time-out period, the occurrence of all such responses reset the 15-second time-out period. With daily sessions of 2-hr. the animals earned from 110 to 200 pellets and performed the brightness discrimination problem with few errors within one to two days. Then the keys were simultaneously transilluminated with patterns (One-plane digital display unit, Model No. 10219, Industrial Electronic Engineers, North Hollywood), one positive (vertical striations) and one negative (horizontal striations). with the same reinforcement schedule in effect. The left. . right position of the positive stimulus followed a pre-arranged "random" sequence. Fifteen responses to the negative pattern produced time-out and the same left-right arrangement was presented again on the following trial (a correction procedure). The animal sets its own inter-trial interval by its work rate. Control sessions comprised the same schedule without the key stimuli being differential; a square pattern illuminated both keys. We have demonstrated pattern vision in normal rats and rats with cortexes characteristic of irradiation on the 13, 15, 17, or 19th fetal days, at or better than the 90% correct level in three to nine weeks. The occasional rat will not develop the discrimination under these conditions. We consider the arrangement workable but not
Secondary electron emission measurements for 3-20 /spl mu/m aluminum foils using a 70 keV, DC electron beam

Summary form only given. This paper is a presentation of experimental results and Monte Carlo calculations of 20-70 keV electron penetration through thin aluminum foils. Transmission ratios as well as energy characteristics of secondary electrons are measured for 3-20 mum thick foils. Parameter space and analysis is directed towards fulfilling requirements for a radio isotope micro-power sources (RIMS) energy conversion device. RIMS are enabling technologies for miniature electrical and mechanical devices. One RIMS concept involves the conversion of low numbers of high energy electrons from a beta emitter into large numbers of low energy electrons. These low energy electrons charge a metal plate which in turn provides power for the miniature devices. The conversion is accomplished by placing thin foils or films in the path of the high energy electrons. Film material and thickness are designed to maximize the secondary electron emission. For supplying the high energy primaries in our experiment, a DC electron gun was designed. A tungsten filament was utilized with two optics for adjustment of beam focus and current. The current was adjustable from zero to 500 nA with 1 nA resolution. This cathode assembly was biased from zero to -70 kV for control of the energy of the primary electrons. In this paper, we will show the design characteristics and the beam classification of our electron gun. Also, we will show that for a given foil thickness, there is a discrete peak in the low-energy secondary electron emission. In addition, there is not a greater than unity conversion from high energy primaries to low energy secondaries
Oil and water still: how No Child Left Behind limits and distorts environmental education in US schools

This article explores the problematic tensions between schooling and environmental education in the United States, with a special focus on the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Today in the United States, this powerful federal legislation dominates the discourse and practice of schooling, and works against the aims of environmental education in many ways. The article is divided into three parts. First, it reviews the recent discourse of achievement and accountability in general education, as exemplified by the No Child Left Behind Act. Second, it describes the impact of achievement and accountability discourse on environmental education by outlining two responses from environmental educators to the general climate of schooling: 1) accommodation or ‘playing the achievement game’; and 2) resistance or ‘changing the rules’. Third, it explores how related tensions between nationalistic federal education policies and the sweeping global challenges suggested by the United Nation’s Decade of Education for Sustai...
Calmodulin plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation

The role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in cell function is beginning to be unraveled at the molecular level as a result of recent research on calcium-binding proteins and particularly on calmodulin. These proteins interact reversibly with Ca2+ to form a protein . Ca2+ complex, whose activity is regulated by the cellular flux of Ca2+. Many of the effects of Ca2+ appear to be exerted through calmodulin-regulated enzymes.
Corrections to forsstroemia including bryonorrisia, gen. nov. (Anomodontaceae)

Five species previously included inForsstroemia Lindb. are excluded:F. leptodontoidea Buck is a synonym ofMiyabea fruticella (Mitt.) Broth. (Thuidiaceae);F. rigida Dix. becomesNeolindbergia plicata Stark & Buck, nom. nov. (Prionodontaceae);F. dixonii Tosco & Piovano is a synonym ofLevierella fabroniacea C. Mull. (Fabroniaceae);F. filiformis M. X. Zhang becomesLeptopterigynandrum filiforme (M. X. Zhang) Stark & Buck, comb. nov. (Leskeaceae); andF. secunda Dix. & Badhw. is placed in a new genus,Bryonorrisia Stark & Buck, asB. secunda (Dix. & Badhw.) Stark & Buck, comb. nov. (Anomodontaceae).
Linear imaging and diffraction of an amorphous film

Abstract It is experimentally established that one can use linear imaging theory with implied kinematical diffraction theory to understand the high resolution image of an amorphous material of thickness 10–20 nm. It is also established that an equivalent thickness of a crystalline material cannot be understood by these models, but instead requires non-linear imaging theory and dynamical diffraction. It is shown here that an amorphous material is a special case where the non-linear and dynamical diffraction solutions reduce to simpler linear and kinematical forms.
Environment influences levels of gram negative bacteria and endotoxin on cotton bracts

Bracts were collected at two geographical locations to determine if biological and physical changes occur in these plant parts as they mature and senesce in the cotton field during late summer and throughout the autumn. The mass median diameter of bracts subjected to laboratory abrasion tests decreases after the first killing freeze. A dramatic increase in the content of gram negative bacteria (GNB) and endotoxin occurs in whole bracts collected after the first killing freeze. The level of GNB and endotoxin in respirable bract dusts increases from 10 to 100 fold after bracts have been frozen in the field.
From bonding to biting: Conversational joking and identity display

Abstract Teasing and joking are instruments by which social control is exerted and through which social identity is displayed. Situational humor, or conversational joking — especially teasing — has been seen as a double-edged sword that both diffuses and controls conflict. Little attention has been given, though, to the bonding role of joking. Through an ethnography of speaking approach, we examine conversational joking among interlocutors in two different speech communities. The data shows that there are two types of moves in joking: one that is directed at a participant in the conversation, having the potential of biting; the other that is directed at an absent other, having the potential of bonding. We compare types of situational humor with particular attention to interlocutor variables. Joking used to perform social identity is most strongly determined by the gender of participants and social distance between them. Conversational joking does not act only as a means of social control and identity display, but also functions to develop a relational identity among participants.
Solvent Choice Differentiates SET-LRP and Cu-Mediated Radical Polymerization with Non-First-Order Kinetics

In order to assess the role of the solvent mediating the disproportionation of Cu(I)X into Cu(0) and Cu(II)X2 during SET-LRP, a series of polymerizations of methyl acrylate initiated with methyl 2-bromopropionate and catalyzed by Cu(0)/Me6-TREN at 25 °C in DMSO, MeCN, and their mixtures were investigated. These polymerizations proceed in a dissimilar manner. SET-LRP of MA in DMSO, a solvent that mediates disproportionation, was exemplary of “ultrafast living radical polymerization” with complete conversion in 45 min following the expected first-order kinetics and providing perfect fidelity of the structure of the polymer chain ends. When the polymerization was performed in MeCN, a solvent in which Cu(I)X species do not disproportionate, it displayed nonlinear first-order kinetics with a poor retention of the bromine chain end functionality. The lack of first-order kinetics and decrease of chain end functionality with conversion indicate a nonliving polymerization in MeCN. Increasing the concentration of D...
DNA Poised for Release in Bacteriophage ø29

Summary We present here the first asymmetric, three-dimensional reconstruction of a tailed dsDNA virus, the mature bacteriophage ϕ29, at subnanometer resolution. This structure reveals the rich detail of the asymmetric interactions and conformational dynamics of the ϕ29 protein and DNA components, and provides novel insight into the mechanics of virus assembly. For example, the dodecameric head-tail connector protein undergoes significant rearrangement upon assembly into the virion. Specific interactions occur between the tightly packed dsDNA and the proteins of the head and tail. Of particular interest and novelty, an ∼60A diameter toroid of dsDNA was observed in the connector-lower collar cavity. The extreme deformation that occurs over a small stretch of DNA is likely a consequence of the high pressure of the packaged genome. This toroid structure may help retain the DNA inside the capsid prior to its injection into the bacterial host.
A He-Ne Laser-Based Field-Device For Oil And Gas Prospecting

Atmospheric methane surveys may outline prospective oil and natural gas reservoirs. Methane sensing can also be applied to detect gas leakage of pipelines or landfills. We describe a field-device capable of measuring small changes in methane concentration in the near-surface atmosphere for such surveys. The detection of methane uses the attenuation of the 3.3922 μm He-Ne laser line in a pressurized flow cell through which air circulates at a regulated pressure of about 3 atmospheres. A second He-Ne laser line at 3.3912 μm, which is only weakly absorbed by methane, is used as a reference for ratio recording to compensate for laser intensity fluctuations and scattering by water or dust. The device is operated from a moving vehicle. Thus, sampling is continuous, i.e., large areas can rapidly be surveyed. Field tests showed the device to be rugged enough to withstand the rigors of off-road travel as well as summer heat.
On age differences in prefrontal function: The importance of emotional/cognitive integration

Evidence of prefrontal cortex decline among healthy older adults has been widely reported, although many questions remain regarding the functional heterogeneity of the prefrontal lobes and the uniformity (or lack thereof) with which discrete regions decline with age. MacPherson, Phillips, and Della Sala (2002) previously reported age differences in tasks associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function (executive control), but not for tasks associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) function (emotional/cognitive integration). The present study, conducted using 39 younger adults and 39 older adults, replicates the MacPherson et al. findings regarding DLPFC functioning. However, and perhaps due to the use of more sensitive tasks, we also find age differences in tasks associated with VMPFC function. Specifically, both univariate and multivariate analyses indicated older adults showed deficits across the DLPFC and VMPFC tasks. Exploratory factor analysis of the task performance scores indicated four underlying dimensions, two related to DLPFC functioning and two related to VMPFC functioning. A set of structural equation models specifying age effects on the four task performance factors was tested, in order to contrast models of process-specific vs. common age effects. Our results suggest that older adults show deficits in emotional/cognitive integration as well as in executive function, and that those effects do include process-specific age deficits.
POLICE OFFICERS' BELIEF SYSTEMS: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS

No study has been made to identify systematically the elements of police officers’ belief systems. Most studies focus on one or more attitudes and ignore related findings. Recent research has shown that police are heterogeneous in their attitudes, i.e., officers have divergent views about the ends and means of their functions. This article digests previous research and describes those belief systems which directly affect officers’ behavior. Reviews the typologies of White, Brown, Muir and Broderick and synthesizes these into five types: professional; tough‐cop; clean‐beat crime‐fighter; problem‐solver; avoider. Examines the outlook of these of five types in terms of human nature (e.g. cynicism), processes or outcomes (e.g. job satisfaction), and coercive authority. Calls for better conceptualization and measurement of police officers’ outlooks.
Internationalization and Patterns of Political Change in Ireland

The forces of internationalization have been central to the Republic of Ireland's dramatic transformation during the past four decades. The political, social, and economic changes brought about by membership in the European Union (EU) have been especially significant. Ireland has been described s a “Celtic Tiger” whose stellar economic growth rate during the past decade has given it one of the highest per capita GDP levels in the EU. Much of this success has resulted from imaginative and dynamic programs developed b y Irish political and administrative leaders. Ireland's good working relationship with the United Kingdom has enabled the two governments to achieve significant progress in the search for peace in Northern Ireland, whatever setbacks may occur during the long term evolution of this process.
Fabrication and characterization of microfluidic probes for convection enhanced drug delivery

Convection enhanced drug delivery (CED) is a promising therapeutic method for treating diseases of the brain by enhancing the penetration of drugs. Most controlled release delivery methods rely on diffusion from a source to transport drugs throughout tissue. CED relies on direct infusion of drugs into tissue at a sufficiently high rate so that convective transport of drug is at least as important as diffusive transport. This work describes the fabrication and characterization of microfluidic probes for CED protocols and the role diffusion plays in determining penetration. Microfluidic channels were formed on silicon substrates by employing a sacrificial photoresist layer encased in a parylene structural layer. Flow in the microchannels was characterized by applying constant upstream pressures from 35 to 310 kPa, which resulted in flow rates of 0.5-4.5 microL/min. The devices were used to infuse Evans Blue and albumin in hydrogel brain phantoms. The results of these infusions were compared to a simple convection-diffusion model for infusions into porous media. In vivo infusions of albumin were performed in the gray matter of rats at upstream pressures of 35, 70, and 140 kPa. The microfabricated probes show reduced evidence of backflow along the device-tissue interface when compared with conventional needles used for CED.
An Agent-Based Model of Santa Cruz Island Foxes (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) which Exhibits an Allee Effect

In the early 1990s, the island of Santa Cruz off the coast of California experienced a rapid decline of the canid Urocyon littoralis santacruzae. The reasons behind this decline included disease, predation, competition with other species, and genetic bottlenecking. We present an individual-based model that simulates the population of Santa Cruz island foxes. Through our model we provide evidence of the Allee effect in the Santa Cruz island fox population which is exacerbated by selection for reduced reproductive probability.
Fluid Flow and Kinetic Modelling in Flotation Related Processes: Columns and Mechanically Agitated Cells—A Review

Abstract In this paper, fluid flow and kinetic models related to minerals flotation process are presented and the advantages and limitations of using this type of models are discussed. The modelling of such processes was firstly developed assuming perfect mixing for the whole system as a black box. Then, a more realistic approach was developed recognizing the interaction between two zones, the particle–bubble collection zone and the froth transport zone. From a hydrodynamic point of view, experimental data showed that single large mechanical flotation cells can deviate significantly from perfect mixing, while the mixing conditions in a flotation bank of mechanical cells (three to nine cells in series) can be well described as a series of continuous perfectly mixed reactors. From plant experience, it was observed that performance of large industrial pneumatic flotation columns, originally regarded as a counter-current operation, also operate closer to a single perfectly mixed reactor. Advances in the field of modelling and design of flotation cells and columns, have been achieved because the fluid flow regime, the mass transport conditions at the pulp/froth interface and the froth transport mechanisms are better known and understood. Key parameters such as the bubble surface area flux, related to the bubble generation and the rate of particle collection, bubble loading related to the mass transport across the pulp-froth interface and froth recovery, which is mainly related to the gas residence time in the froth, are relevant for a deeper understanding of this type of equipment.
Assessment of the adult student's progress in an online environment

Communications technologies (i.e., Internet, videoconferencing, etc.) have propelled distance education to a vibrant and burgeoning field. Online education, which is centered on the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web (Web), presents a new generation of distance learning tools. The online learning environment frees students from the constraints of time and place, and it can be made universally available. Although online courses break down physical and temporal barriers of access to education, assessing students' learning is one of the challenges of online education. In an effort to meet the needs of measuring the learning effectiveness of adult students in an online learning environment, a response paper assignment was developed to serve as a tool to assess students in an online course. Then, it was executed in Fall 1999 during an online segment of Pepperdine University's Philosophy and Effects of Mass Communication (MSCO 560) course. This article presents a snapshot of the assessment tool (i.e., response paper), the process used to test the assessment tool, response paper results, response paper evaluation results, and a summary of the summative committee meeting.
Stark electron density mapping in the high voltage spark discharge

Abstract The diagnostic utility of spatial and temporal electron density mapping in the analytical high voltage spark discharge using a charge coupled array detector (CCD) is critically evaluated. Hβ Stark broadening was utilized for electron density measurements where applicable. Quadratic Stark broadening of Ar II was employed in the discharge core, where hydrogen emission is weak. Peak electron density of 1017 cm−3 was found by both probes. Coupling between electron temperature and computed electron concentration is quantitatively evaluated. Neither independent measurement of electron temperature nor Abel inversion is required for adequate understanding of the plasma dynamics as revealed by spatial electron density distributions. There is weak indication of a shock wave, previously reported only in Schlieren photographs, detaching from the spark channel approximately 37 μs after discharge triggering.