cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive selection of Kranz and non-Kranz C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase amino acids in Suaedoideae (Chenopodiaceae)

In subfamily Suaedoideae, four independent gains of C4 photosynthesis are proposed, which includes two parallel origins of Kranz anatomy (sections Salsina and Schoberia) and two independent origins of single-cell C4 anatomy (Bienertia and Suaeda aralocaspica). Additional phylogenetic support for this hypothesis was generated from sequence data of the C-terminal portion of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene used in C4 photosynthesis (ppc-1) in combination with previous sequence data. ppc-1 sequence was generated for 20 species in Suaedoideae and two outgroup Salsola species that included all types of C4 anatomies as well as two types of C3 anatomies. A branch-site test for positively selected codons was performed using the software package PAML. From labelling of the four branches where C4 is hypothesized to have developed (foreground branches), residue 733 (maize numbering) was identified to be under positive selection with a posterior probability >0.99 and residue 868 at the >0.95 interval using Bayes empirical Bayes (BEB). When labelling all the branches within C4 clades, the branch-site test identified 13 codons to be under selection with a posterior probability >0.95 by BEB; this is discussed considering cur rent information on functional residues. The signature C4 substitution of an alanine for a serine at position 780 in the C-terminal end (which is considered a major determinant of affinity for PEP) was only found in four of the C 4 species sampled, while eight of the C4 species and all the C3 species have an alanine residue; indicating that this substitution is not a requirement for C4 function.
Opportunities and Progress

In this review, I cover my professional experiences in food science and technology and related areas of applied and industrial microbiology over the span of my career. It emphasizes opportunities and technological problems that I encountered together with my progress in follow-up development of products and processes.
The Gender of Criminal Opportunity: The Impact of Male Co-Offenders on Women’s Crime

Women commit less crime than men and their crimes are typically less serious, violent, and profitable. Most investigations of this “gender gap” in offending consider differences in social control or socialization. This helps explain overall crime participation disparities, but cannot account for the sex-segregated character of offending. Building on ethnographic research and feminist labor market analyses, our study explores how gender affects access to criminal opportunities. Using NIBRS data, we examine the effect a male co-offender has on women’s offending. We find that the presence of a male co-offender broadens women’s criminal involvement in distinctive ways.
Subjective Versus Objective Definitions of Homelessness: Are there Differences in Risk Factors among Heavy-Drinking Women?

Investigations with homeless populations have focused on those living on the streets or in shelters; few have examined phenomena based on respondents’ self-definitions as homeless or not. This investigation examined similarities and differences among risk factors (including mental health, substance abuse, religion/spirituality, social support, and risky sexual behaviors) using two definitions of homelessness: one where place of residence defined individuals as homeless (the ‘objective’ or traditional, definition) and another where respondents defined themselves as homeless (the ‘subjective’ definition). Data come from the baseline survey of the NIAAA-funded “Sister-to-Sister” study (n = 339) of heavy-drinking women. Subjectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders, lower rates of condom use, higher rates of trading sex for food, and less social support. Objectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of drinking in abandoned buildings, on the streets, and in public restrooms, more new sexual partners, and higher rates of trading sex for heroin and speedballs. Investigations failing to ask for subjective information may misattribute some factors to homelessness which may overestimate the effect of various factors on homelessness. Investigators should ask respondents to define their homelessness, or they lose an important dimension of the concept of homelessness.
Identifying Proximate and Ultimate Causation in the Development of Primate Sex-Typed Social Behavior

Much like adult body size dimorphism (Leigh 1992; Leigh and Terranova 1998; O’Mara et al. 2012), the diversity of sex differences in social behavior that characterize adult primates must develop during the postnatal period because primate infants are only subtly sexually differentiated in behavior at birth (e.g., Chlorocebus aethiops, Lee 1984; Papio anubis, Bentley-Condit 2003; Papio cynocephalus, Nguyen et al. 2010, 2012). To the extent that adult sex-typed social behaviors are an important element of adult behavioral competence and to the extent that adult behavioral competence translates into reproductive success, the proximate mechanisms underlying the development of sex-typed social behaviors will be targets of selection. Understanding how those proximate mechanisms function to produce sex-typed adult social behaviors will clarify the adaptive nature of adult sex roles by yielding insight into the factors that influence and/or constrain their development (Beaupre et al. 1998; Duvall and Beaupre 1998).
Early origin of adult renal disease

Observational studies in humans and experimental studies in animals have clearly shown that renal failure may start early in life. ‘Fetal programming’ is regulated by adaptations occurring in uterus including maternal nutrition, placental blood supply, and epigenetic changes. Low birth weight predisposes to hypertension and renal insufficiency. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, adverse postnatal events, wrong nutritional habits may produce renal damage that will become clinically relevant in adulthood. Prevention should start early in children at risk of renal disease.
Large-volume diamond cells for neutron diffraction above 90 GPa

Quantitative high pressure neutron-diffraction measurements have traditionally required large sample volumes of at least ∼25 mm3 due to limited neutron flux. Therefore, pressures in these experiments have been limited to below 25 GPa. In comparison, for X-ray diffraction, sample volumes in conventional diamond cells for pressures up to 100 GPa have been less than 1×10−4 mm3. Here, we report a new design of strongly supported conical diamond anvils for neutron diffraction that has reached 94 GPa with a sample volume of ∼2×10−2 mm3, a 100-fold increase. This sample volume is sufficient to measure full neutron-diffraction patterns of D2O–ice to this pressure at the high flux Spallation Neutrons and Pressure beamline at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This provides an almost fourfold extension of the previous pressure regime for such measurements.
Cognitive social learners: an architecture for modeling normative behavior

In many cases, creating long-term solutions to sustainability issues requires not only innovative technology, but also large-scale public adoption of the proposed solutions. Social simulations are a valuable but underutilized tool that can help public policy researchers understand when sustainable practices are likely to make the delicate transition from being an individual choice to becoming a social norm. In this paper, we introduce a new normative multi-agent architecture, Cognitive Social Learners (CSL), that models bottom-up norm emergence through a social learning mechanism, while using BDI (Belief/Desire/Intention) reasoning to handle adoption and compliance. CSL preserves a greater sense of cognitive realism than influence propagation or infectious transmission approaches, enabling the modeling of complex beliefs and contradictory objectives within an agent-based simulation. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of CSL for modeling norm emergence of recycling practices and public participation in a smoke-free campus initiative.
Isotropic and anisotropic regimes of the field-dependent spin dynamics in Sr2IrO4: Raman scattering studies

A major focus of experimental interest in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ has been to clarify how the magnetic excitations of this strongly spin-orbit coupled system differ from the predictions of an isotropic 2D spin-1/2 Heisenberg model and to explore the extent to which strong spin-orbit coupling affects the magnetic properties of iridates. Here, we present a high-resolution inelastic light (Raman) scattering study of the low-energy magnetic excitation spectrum of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ and Eu-doped ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ as functions of both temperature and applied magnetic field. We show that the high-field ($Hg1.5$ T) in-plane spin dynamics of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ are isotropic and governed by the interplay between the applied field and the small in-plane ferromagnetic spin components induced by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. However, the spin dynamics of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ at lower fields ($Hl1.5$ T) exhibit important effects associated with interlayer coupling and in-plane anisotropy, including a spin-flop transition at ${H}_{c}$ in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ that occurs either discontinuously or via a continuous rotation of the spins, depending on the in-plane orientation of the applied field. These results show that in-plane anisotropy and interlayer coupling effects play important roles in the low-field magnetic and dynamical properties of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$.
Imaging the magnetic nano-domains in Nd2Fe14B

We study magnetic domains in ${\text{Nd}}_{2}{\text{Fe}}_{14}\text{B}$ single crystals using high resolution magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Previous MFM studies and small angle neutron scattering experiments suggested the presence of nanoscale domains in addition to optically detected micrometer-scale ones. We find, in addition to the elongated, wavy nanodomains reported by a previous MFM study, that the micrometer-sized, star-shaped fractal pattern is constructed of an elongated network of nanodomains $\ensuremath{\sim}20$ nm in width, with resolution-limited domain walls thinner than 2 nm. While the microscopic domains exhibit significant resilience to an external magnetic field, some of the nanodomains are sensitive to the magnetic field of the MFM tip.
How the Peshitta of Proverbs uses the Septuagint

The Septuagint (G) had a greater role in the formation of the Peshitta of Proverbs (S) than in any other biblical book. This paper seeks first to demonstrate S's direct dependence on G, then examines how S negotiates between his Hebrew source text (≈M) and G, upon which he draws for insight and elaboration of his own version. Examples are of three main sorts, or classes: (1) S = M; (2) S combines M and G in various ways; and (3) S = G. The best way to explain both the translator's knowledge of Hebrew and his dependence on G is the hypothesis that he was as Jewish convert to Christianity.
Diffusion approximations in collective risk theory

Collective risk theory concerned with random fluctuations of total assets of insurance company
Fetal subjects and maternal objects: Reproductive technology and the new fetal/maternal relation

This essay examines three tendencies nurtured in the practices of reproductive technology - tendencies with profoundly disturbing implications for us as individuals and as social beings. They are: 1) the increasing subjectification of the fetus (that is, the increasing tendency to posit a fetal subject), 2) the increasing objectification of the gestating woman, leading to her representation as interchangeable object rather than unique subject, and 3) the increasing tendency to conceive of the fetus and the mother as social, medical, and legal antagonists. Considering the construction of fetus, mother, and the fetal/maternal relation in earlier (Western) historical periods, a contemporary work of literature, a government report, and the popular press, I argue that as the fetus is increasingly being understood as a subject, the mother is increasingly being reduced to an antagonist, an obstacle to fetal health, and an object. The essay concludes by offering some tentative conclusions about the general process of fetal subjectification in the United States and Europe.
The analysis of environmental creeping problems in Central Asia and Northwest China

The environmental creeping problem in Central Asia and Northwest China was discussed; and the relation of environmental creeping with human activities and climate variation was analyzed. Under the background of whole world increased temperature, the over-utilization of water resource, led to further exacerbation of environment; the climate warming quickened the course of environmental exacerbation. In the arid and semi-arid regions of weak ecology, small fluctuation of climate might cause large environmental variation when human activity exceeded the natural bearing capacity.
Complications of Treatment in Youth with HIV

While combination antiretroviral therapy allows HIV-infected patients to have life expectancies similar to that of the general population, it may also contribute to the development of co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Such complications could compromise long-term quality of life, especially in HIV-infected youth whose lifetime cumulative exposure to antiretrovirals is likely to be many decades. Recent studies continue to demonstrate abnormalities associated with antiretroviral therapy, although clinical manifestations are rare in this younger population, especially with modern antiretrovirals. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature on complications of treatment in youth with HIV.
Corruption in the 1960s?: Rethinking the Origins of Unethical Olympic Bidding Tactics

AbstractMost scholarship about improprieties surrounding Olympic host city selections starts with the Salt Lake City scandal, which television reporters broke in 1998, after which more details emerged revealing similar actions by previous Olympic hosts (as well as unsuccessful bid committees). Yet, the actions of these post-Los Angeles bid committees were not new, with local newspapers from the cities bidding for Games in the 1960s regularly reporting on significant amounts of money bid committees spent in the hope of winning the Games. The actions of the candidate cities for the 1968 Olympic Games went to great lengths to secure the Games. IOC efforts to impose regulations in response to these actions failed to yield significant changes on candidate cities. These examples from the 1960s demonstrate that the bribery of Nagano, Sydney, and Salt Lake City did not start from nowhere. Instead, the IOC long had a culture of improprieties when it came to selecting Olympic host cities – albeit on a smaller scale.
Unstable flow structure around partially buried objects on a simulated river bed

The unsteady flow characteristics around two partially buried objects, a short cylinder and a truncated cone were examined with a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic hydrodynamic model under similar steady unidirectional currents with flow Reynolds numbers, R e , of 86,061 and 76,209, respectively. Model simulations were conducted with the two objects partially buried in a simulated rippled river bed. A Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation model coupled with a κ - e turbulence closure was used to validate the experimental velocity measurements. A large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model was subsequently used to characterize the unsteady flow structure around the objects. The LES closure allowed for the characterization of highly unsteady coherent turbulent structures such as the horse-shoe vortex, the arch-shaped vortex, as well as vortex shedding in the wake of the object.
Normative Data for a Comprehensive Neuropsychological Test Battery used in the Assessment of Sports-Related Concussion.

Objective The use of normative data is a hallmark of the neuropsychological assessment process. Within the context of sports-related concussion, utilizing normative data is especially essential when individualized baseline data are unavailable for comparison. The primary purpose of this study was to establish normative data for a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery used in the assessment of sports-related concussion. A secondary aim was to provide normative data for pertinent demographic variables relevant to the assessment of college athletes, including sex, previous head injuries (PHI), and history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/learning disability (LD). Method Participants included male and female college athletes (N = 794) who were involved in a concussion management program at an NCAA Division I university between 2002 and 2015. Athletes were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery at baseline designed to assess the following cognitive domains: learning and memory, attention and concentration, processing speed, and executive functioning. The test battery primarily comprises paper-and-pencil measures. Results Normative data are presented for the overall athlete sample. Additional sub-norms are then provided for specified demographic populations (i.e., sex, PHIs, and history of ADHD/LD). Findings indicate that there are mild cognitive differences between men and women, as well as between those athletes with and without a history of ADHD/LD. Given these findings, additional norms are provided for men and women with and without a history of ADHD/LD. Conclusions In the absence of baseline testing, the normative data presented here can be used clinically to assess athletes' cognitive functioning post-concussion.
Prioritizing landscapes for restoration based on spatial patterns of ecosystem controls and plant–plant interactions

Summary The widespread degradation of natural ecosystems requires cost-efficient restoration techniques that minimize risk and consider context-specific restoration conditions. However, meeting these demands can be difficult because information on ecosystem-level factors controlling vegetation and continuous spatial data on species interactions are often lacking. Using airborne LiDAR data from a Hawaiian dry forest, we delineated crowns and assessed the 3D structure of more than 700,000 shrubs and trees. We used Random Forest machine learning to assess the relative importance of resource availability, environmental conditions, and disturbance regimes on canopy density. We then modelled and scaled up plant–plant interactions (i.e. potential nursery effects) to landscape units using a LiDAR-derived Canopy Coalescence index (CC). We used the relative importance of ecosystem factors, canopy cover, and CC to prioritize landscapes for restoration. Here, we demonstrate a methodological framework that prioritizes landscapes in need of restoration (i.e. planting woody species) using two ecological perspectives: (1) ecosystem-level controls on remnant woody vegetation, and (2) potential interactions between established canopies and seedlings (e.g. nursery effect, competition). Our results highlight the heterogeneous nature of ecosystem-level drivers affecting forest structure along elevation gradients. Consequently, the degree of potential nursery interactions between established canopies and seedlings at the landscape-scale was context-specific. Synthesis and applications. Our study provides a methodological approach that prioritizes landscapes for restoration by identifying the main controls on tree spatial distribution and by inferring the favourable conditions for seedlings. This approach can guide land managers to define cost-efficient restoration strategies for large ecological areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hands-On Classroom Activities for Exploring Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology with Planarians

Regeneration has long fascinated humanity, and its documentation has progressed from simple descriptive observations to the intense molecular and cellular investigations of today. The overarching goal of this work is to make the key methods and tools being used in modern regeneration and stem cell biology research accessible to docents and students in the classroom. We have designed a series of experimental activities with accompanying protocols using four inexpensive, commercially available planarian species indigenous to North America: Girardia sp., Dugesia dorotocephala, Phagocata morgani, and Phagocata gracilis. These planarians are fast and robust regenerators, and can easily be maintained in the classroom. The activities presented here can be used to guide students through hypothesis-driven experiments, and range from simple manipulations aimed at high school students (e.g., planarian husbandry, feeding, and cutting experiments) to gene expression and protein function analyses suitable for college students. Regeneration time courses, the more complex whole worm in situ hybridizations, and RNA interference for gene knock-down experiments are described for each of the four species. Cumulatively, the suggested methods and experiments will facilitate the exploration of animal regeneration biology and promote curiosity-driven, hands-on application of the scientific method.
Building Physician Networks as Part of the Zika Response

The global community needs to easily identify and respond to new and reemerging threats, such as H1N1, Ebola, and most recently Zika. Clinicians are often the first-line providers to recognize these threats, but yet have few opportunities to learn from each other in real time. In this concept article, we describe the ways clinical information is traditionally shared during a public health emergency and then introduce new mechanisms to facilitate physician communication and learning as a part of the response to Zika. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:259-261).
Anemia in Liver Disease

Multiple different types of anemia are associated with liver disease. Portal hypertension related to chronic or acute liver disease may cause gastrointestinal bleeding, which is predisposed by coagulopathy related to liver dysfunction. Acute blood loss anemia in these circumstances is often due to gastroesophageal varices, which also may lead to iron-deficiency anemia with repeated episodes. In addition, chronic bleeding sources in the liver patient include gastrointestinal vascular ectasia and portal hypertensive gastropathy. Liver disease is associated with abnormalities in the composition of red blood cell membranes, leading to variant cells that are prone to hemolysis and splenic consumption, particularly in the setting of hypersplenism. Multiple distinct types of liver disease are associated with anemia, ranging from viral hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia to hemolytic anemia associated with copper accumulation in Wilson’s disease. Excessive alcohol use as well may cause anemia through a variety of mechanisms, including spur cell anemia and bone marrow suppression. Treatment regimens for hepatitis C which utilize ribavirin and pegylated interferon also frequently have anemia as a side effect that often necessitates therapy adjustment. Chronic liver disease may also result in nutrient deficiencies that impair and limit effective bone marrow erythropoiesis. Several different varieties of anemia occur through a myriad of mechanisms in the setting of liver disease and dysfunction that require astute recognition by clinicians.
The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development

The organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex shares fundamental features across species. However, while the radial thickness of grey matter varies within one order of magnitude, the tangential spread of the cortical sheet varies by orders of magnitude across species. A broader sample of model species may provide additional clues for understanding mechanisms that drive cortical expansion. Here, we introduce the bat Carollia perspicillata as a new model species. The brain of C. perspicillata is similar in size to that of mouse but has a cortical neurogenic period at least 5 times longer than mouse, and nearly as long as that of the rhesus macaque, whose brain is 100 times larger. We describe the development of laminar and regional structures, neural precursor cell identity and distribution, immune cell distribution, and a novel population of Tbr2+ cells in the caudal ganglionic eminence of the developing neocortex of C. perspicillata. Our data indicate that unique mechanisms guide bat cortical development, particularly concerning cell cycle length. The bat model provides new perspective on the evolution of developmental programs that regulate neurogenesis in mammalian cerebral cortex, and offers insight into mechanisms that contribute to tangential expansion and gyri formation in the cerebral cortex.
Percutaneous CT-guided sacroiliac joint sampling for infection: aspiration, biopsy, and technique.

To evaluate methods of CT-guided sacroiliac joint sampling in patients with suspected infection. All CT-guided sacroiliac joint sampling procedures for suspected infection were reviewed for sampling type (aspiration, lavage aspiration, biopsy), microbiology results, and clinical and imaging follow-up. The primary gold standard was anatomic pathology. If pathology was not available, then positive blood culture with the same organism as SIJ sampling, imaging and clinical follow-up, or clinical follow-up only were used. Anterior and posterior joint distention was evaluated by MRI within 7 days of the procedure. A total of 34 patients (age 39 ± 20 (range, 6–75) years; 21 F, 13 M) were included. Aspiration samples only were obtained in 13/34 (38%) cases, biopsy samples only in 9/34 (26%) cases, and both samples in 12/34 (35%) cases. There was an overall 54% sensitivity and 86% specificity. For the aspiration samples, sensitivity and specificity were 60 and 81%, respectively, compared to 45 and 90% for the biopsy samples. In cases with both samples, biopsy did not add additional microbial information. Seventeen (17/34, 50%) patients had an MRI. The anterior joint was more distended than the posterior joint in 15/17 (88%) of patients, and this difference was significant (P = 0.0003). All of these 17 patients had an attempted aspiration by a posterior approach; 6/17 (35%) resulted in a successful aspiration. Aspiration of the sacroiliac joint has a higher sensitivity than biopsy and should always be attempted first. MRI may be helpful for procedure planning.
Evaluating the Interdisciplinary Mission of Small Group Research Using Computational Analytics

Richard Kettner-Polley and Charles Gavin founded Small Group Research (SGR) to present research, build theory, and generally advance the study of small groups by combining insights from multiple di...
Approximate distance queries for weighted polyhedral surfaces

Let P be a planar polyhedral surface consisting of n triangular faces, each assigned with a positive weight. The weight of a path p on P is defined as the weighted sum of the Euclidean lengths of the portions of p in each face multiplied by the corresponding face weights. We show that, for every e ∈ (0, 1), there exists a data structure, termed distance oracle, computable in time O(ne-2 log3(n/e) log2(1/e)) and of size O(ne-3/2 log2(n/e) log(1/e)), such that (1+e)-approximate distance queries in P can be answered in time O(e-1 log(1/e) + log log n). As in previous work (Aleksandrov, Maheshwari, and Sack (J. ACM 2005) and others), the big-O notation hides constants depending logarithmically on the ratio of the largest and smallest face weights and reciprocally on the sine of the smallest angle of P. The tradeoff between space and query time of our distance oracle is a significant improvement in terms of n over the previous best tradeoff obtained by a distance oracle of Aleksandrov, Djidjev, Guo, Maheshwari, Nussbaum, and Sack (Discrete Comput. Geom. 2010), which requires space roughly quadratic in n for a comparable query time.
Marcel Kinsbourne’s Views on the Psychology of Language and Thought

Cognition is an essential prerequisite for the development of linguistic reference, but not of phonology. Phonological development is innately programmed and takes its initial course without reference to the environment. Babbling displays the phonological repertoire and babbling develops even in a profoundly deaf child who hears no sounds on which he can model his own utterances. When the individual hears normally, then over time his babble speech sounds will take on the patterns of the ambient verbalization, at which time they would assume the phonological characteristics of the particular language spoken, and soon after that the child will speak in words. The process of mapping these words onto the external reality, the acquisition of verbal reference, is another matter. This depends totally on cognitive development, specifically development of perception and of the ability to implement and perceive one’s own actions.
Selection of a Suite of Commonly Used Research Coals

The selection and initial characterization of the suite of 11 commonly used research coals is summarized in this chapter (Smith and Smoot, 1988, 1990). A group of standard coals has helped to coordinate experimental research efforts and has helped to relate data obtained among programs of coal combustion research. These standard coals have been selected from available U.S. coal data bases. Organizations that provide coal samples and/or coal characterization data include (1) Pennsylvania State University, which has characterized many of the nation’s coal resources, as documented in the Penn State Coal Data Base operated by the Energy and Fuels Research Center, (2) Argonne National Laboratory’s Premium Coal Sample Program, and (3) the coal sample suite used in Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center’s Direct Utilization-Advanced Research and Technology Development program. The suite of 11 selected coals is emphasized throughout this book.
Tuberkulose im Kindesalter – Update 2019

Die Tuberkulose (TB) zahlt zu den haufigsten Infektionskrankheiten, mit weltweit 250.000 Todesfallen allein unter Kindern im Jahr 2016. Mehrere Institutionen sowie Fachgruppen (World Health Organization – WHO, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control – ECDC, European Research Council ERS, etc.) haben Richtlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie der TB erstellt. Kurzlich wurde fur 3 Staaten – Osterreich, Schweiz und Deutschland – eine eigene Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der padiatrischen TB erstellt. Diese Arbeit soll die wichtigsten Punkte fur den klinischen Alltag hervorheben, Beispiele aus der klinischen Erfahrung unseres padiatrischen Zentrums prasentieren und bestimmte Aspekte der publizierten Leitlinie kommentieren. Neben Anamnese und klinischen Symptomen wird vor allem auf die diagnostischen Schritte im Detail eingegangen, die neben radiologischen Untersuchungen, vor allem immunologische Tests, wie den Mendel-Mantoux-Test (MMT), sowie den Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA), umfassen. Auch auf die Schwierigkeit der Diagnosestellung im Kindes- und Jugendalter bei unklarer Symptomatik bzw. bei Fehlen eines Indexpatienten wird eingegangen. Neben der Chemoprophylaxe nach Exposition und der Chemopravention als Behandlung bei latenter TB, werden auch die therapeutischen Optionen bei manifester TB – pulmonal sowie extrapulmonal – diskutiert. Auch die Behandlung der multiresistenten TB, einem zunehmenden klinisch-therapeutischen sowie wirtschaftlichen Problem, wird ebenso thematisiert. Die Zusammenfassung dieser Leitlinie soll eine wertvolle Erganzung im klinischen Alltag fur die Diagnostik und Therapie der TB im Kindes- und Jugendalter im deutschsprachigen Raum darstellen.
Differentiation of PTH-Expressing Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional parathyroid-like cells would accelerate development of important therapeutic options for subjects with parathyroid-related disorders, from the design and screening of novel pharmaceutical agents to the development of durable cellular therapies. We have established a highly reproducible directed differentiation approach leading to PTH-expressing cells from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We accomplished this through the comparison of multiple different basal media, the inclusion of the CDK inhibitor PD0332991 in both definitive endoderm and anterior foregut endoderm stages, and a 2-stage pharyngeal endoderm series. This is the first protocol to reproducibly establish PTH-expressing cells from human pluripotent stem cells and represents a first step toward the development of functional parathyroid cells with broad applicability for medicinal and scientific investigation.
Social Class and Parental Involvement in Transition Activities During High School

This research examines the relationship between socioeconomic status and parental involvement in transition-to-college and transition-to-work activities using data from the High School Longitudinal...
NeoBeat offers rapid newborn heart rate assessment.

Background Heart rate (HR) is used to guide interventions during delivery room (DR) neonatal resuscitation. Dry electrode ECG (NeoBeat) may detect HR more rapidly than pulse oximetry (PO) and portable ECG, but real-time comparisons of these devices are lacking. Design/methods PO, ECG and NeoBeat were placed sequentially on newborns in the DR. Time for device placement and time to accurate HR acquisition were noted. Results DR resuscitations of 28 preterm/term infants were observed. The NeoBeat was placed faster (ie, 3 s) than PO (20 s, p= Conclusions These observations in a small cohort of relatively well neonates demonstrate that the NeoBeat is significantly faster to place and consistently acquires HR faster than PO and ECG.
Dietary inclusion of multispecies probiotics to reduce the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli F18+ in pigs.

Abstract This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of multispecies probiotics in reducing the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18+ on newly weaned pigs. Thirty-two pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts, BW = 6.99 ± 0.33 kg) at 21 d of age were individually allotted in a randomized complete block design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pigs were selected from sows not infected previously and not vaccinated against ETEC. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 25 d based on 10 d phase 1 and 15 d phase 2. The factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 2 × 109 CFU) and probiotics (none or multispecies probiotics 0.15% and 0.10% for phase 1 and 2, respectively). Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 5, 9, 13, 19, and 25. Fecal scores were measured daily. Blood samples were taken on d 19 and 24. On d 25, all pigs were euthanized to obtain samples of digesta, intestinal tissues, and spleen. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), malondialdehyde (MDA), peptide YY (PYY), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured in serum and intestinal tissue. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The fecal score of pigs was increased (P
Rapid administration of undiluted intravenous levetiracetam.

Objective Operational delays have the potential to lead to suboptimal time to seizure control during status epilepticus. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an urgent control antiepileptic medication that offers relative lack of adverse effects and ease of monitoring. There are limited data published demonstrating safety and tolerability of undiluted rapid intravenous (IV) push of LEV in doses of 1000 mg or less. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of IV push administration of LEV doses up to 4500 mg. Methods This is a retrospective, observational, cohort analysis of adult patients who received at least one dose of undiluted IV push LEV from October 15, 2019 to August 31, 2020 at a large academic medical center in Phoenix, Arizona. Outcomes of interest include safety and tolerability of rapid administration of undiluted LEV. Results There were 953 unique patients included during the study period. LEV was a new medication for witnessed or suspected seizure in 51.9% of patients, and 40.7% of patients had a documented history of epilepsy or seizure disorder. There were 8561 undiluted IV push LEV doses administered, 3674 (42.9%) of which were greater than 1000 mg. LEV was administered most often through a peripheral IV (79.1%). There were 12 patients with documented adverse drug events during the study period, with four potentially directly related to IV push LEV administration. These events were limited to local injection site reactions and included redness, burning, and loss of a peripheral IV line. Significance Rapid IV administration of undiluted LEV is both safe and tolerable in doses of up to 4500 mg, allowing for rapid drug administration, which is paramount during neurologic emergencies.
Direct Aerobic Generation of a Ferric Hydroperoxo Intermediate via a Preorganized Secondary Coordination Sphere

Enzymes exert control over the reactivity of metal centers with precise tuning of the secondary coordination sphere of active sites. One particularly elegant illustration of this principle is in the controlled delivery of proton and electron equivalents in order to activate abundant but kinetically inert oxidants such as O2 for oxidative chemistry. Chemists have drawn inspiration from biology in designing molecular systems where the secondary coordination sphere can shuttle protons or electrons to substrates. However, a biomimetic activation of O2 requires the transfer of both protons and elec-trons, and molecular systems where ancillary ligands are designed to provide both of these equivalents are comparative-ly rare. Here we report the use of a dihydrazonopyrrole (DHP) ligand complexed to Fe to perform exactly such a biomi-metic activation of O2. In the presence of O2, this complex directly generates a high spin Fe(III)-hydroperoxo intermediate which features a DHP• ligand radical via ligand-based transfer of an H-atom. This system displays oxidative reactivity and ultimately releases hydrogen peroxide, providing insight on how secondary coordination sphere interactions influence the evolution of oxidizing intermediates in Fe-mediated aerobic oxidations.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Pathogenesis of an Emerging Infectious Disease

A recent outbreak of a severe pulmonary disease in the southwestern United States was etiologically linked to a previously unrecognized hantavirus. The virus has been isolated from its major reservoir, the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and recently named Sin Nombre virus. Clinically, the disease has become known as the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Since May 1993, 44 fatal cases of HPS have been identified through clinicopathological review and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing of tissues from 273 patients who died of an unexplained noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. In 158 cases for which suitable specimens were available, serological testing and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of extracted RNA was also performed. IHC, serological, and PCR results were concordant for virtually all HPS and non-HPS patients when more than one assay was performed. The prodromal illness of HPS is similar to that of many other viral diseases. Consistent hematological features include thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift, and reactive lymphocytes. Pulmonary histopathological features were similar in most of the fatal HPS cases (40/44) and consisted of an interstitial pneumonitis with a variable mononuclear cell infiltrate, edema, and focal hyaline membranes. In four cases, however, pulmonary features were significantly different and included diffuse alveolar damage and variable degrees of severe air space disorganization. IHC analysis showed widespread presence of hantaviral antigens in endothelial cells of the microvasculature, particularly in the lung. Hantaviral antigens were also observed within follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Hantaviral inclusions were observed in endothelial cells of lungs by thinsection electron microscopy, and their identity was verified by immunogold labeling. Virus-like particles were seen in pulmonary endothelial cells and macrophages. HPS is a newly recognized, often fatal disease, with a spectrum of microscopic morphological changes, which may be an important cause of severe and fatal illness presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome.
RELATIVE WAGE VARIABILITY: MONETARY POLICY AND THE LABOR MARKET

example, both Clark and Oswald [1996] and Hamermesh [1975] introduce the relative wage directly into the representative individual's utility function. In such models, economic decisions are hypothesized to be influenced not only by the absolute level of the wage but also by the relative counterpart, (i.e., a change in the level of the relative wage requires the individual to readjust his/her optimal labor-leisure decision or effort decision). Therefore, monetary policy may have an additional effect: resources could be misallocated not only from demand-side effects of altering relative prices, but also from supply-side effects as workers adjust labor supply decisions in response to the artificial alteration of relative wages.1 While these adjustments are harmful to workers, if the responses to relative wage movements are symmetric, their aggregate consequences are minimal. Interestingly, most efficiency wage models have failed to differentiate between positive and negative movements and, therefore, implicitly assume that worker reactions are symmetric: an increase in the relative wage (income), increases productivity (satisfaction), while a reduction in the relative wage (income) elicits a similar but opposite response in productivity (satisfaction). Since any relative wage change requires a corresponding and opposite change in another's relative wage, the aggregate implications are limited. Unfortunately, such symmetry is inconsistent with the literature of other disciplines. Both the psychological and sociological literatures, as well as that of management, maintain that negative relative wage movements have a greater influence on workers than positive relative wage movements. If the responses differ, the aggregate consequences are more severe. Specifically, monetary changes that alter relative
Resolving Race Discrimination in Employment Disputes Through Mediation: A Win-Win for All Parties

*Article co-authored with Professor Floyd Weatherspoon at Capital University Law School. Race-based employment discrimination in this country has had a long and troublesome history of discrimination directed at various minority groups. The primary difference between past and present discrimination is that today’s discrimination is much more subtle. In the past, it was not only lawful, but acceptable to simply state “We don’t hire your kind here!” However, discriminatory practices have taken a much more indirect and less obvious approach with the advent of affirmative action programs, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and enforcement of civil rights laws by federal courts and the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Some describe today’s race-based discrimination as discrimination with a smile. Undoubtedly, discrimination continues to persist in virtually every aspect of our society, such as housing, public accommodation, and employment matters, to name but a few problem areas. Congress and most states have promulgated a number of statutes to prohibit race discrimination in employment. Specifically, Congress passed Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prohibit workplace discrimination, particularly racial discrimination. Plaintiffs primarily use Title VII to pursue race discrimination charges against employers. This has resulted in an explosion of race complaints filed with the EEOC and in federal courts. Approximately one hundred thousand claims of employment discrimination are filed with the EEOC every year. Additionally, employees also file racial employment discrimination in federal court under sections 1981 and 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Also, plaintiffs file charges with state fair employment practices agencies and in state courts under various under state and local laws. To address this influx of cases filed in both federal and state courts, mediation programs have been implemented throughout the judicial system. Mediation helps resolve cases prior to the expenditure of limited judicial resources on litigation. Every federal agency is required to have an alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) system to resolve disputes in lieu of litigation. In addition, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 encouraged the use of mediation to resolve discrimination disputes.
6 – Space Trajectory Optimization and L1-Optimal Control Problems

This chapter discusses the space trajectory optimization and L 1 -optimal control problems. The engineering feasibility of a space mission is overwhelmingly dictated by the amount of propellant required to accomplish it. This requirement stems from the simple notion that if propellant consumption was not a prime driver, then amazing things are possible such as geostationary spacecraft in low-Earth, non-Keplerian orbits. The cost of fuel in space is exponentially larger than its terrestrial cost because space economics is currently driven by space transportation costs rather than the chemical composition of fuel. It is worth noting that since current launch costs continue to be high, the economics of refueling an aging spacecraft need to be offset by the possibility of launching a cheaper, advanced spacecraft. Thus, in the absence of an economically viable strategy for refueling, minimum-fuel maneuvers will continue to dominate the design, guidance, control, and operations of a space system.
A Comprehensive Program for Children with Gender Variant Behaviors and Gender Identity Disorders

This article describes a clinical program designed to address broadly defined mental health needs of children who experience stress related to not fitting into normative gender types and argues for the need for integrated services that address the spectrum of gender variance. An array of services useful to children and their families is proposed. The article describes the clinical population served, common clinical and social problems, and a rationale for the interventions provided.
Prostate Cancer Screening Biomarkers: An Emerging Embarrassment of 'Riches'?

primarily interested in diagnosing higher-grade cancers, use of MiPS at a particular threshold can lead to 35% fewer biopsies with a delayed (or missed) diagnosis of Gleason 7 prostate cancer in 1%. With a ‘sliding scale’ of potential risk-benefit ratios, another patient-clinician team might choose to decrease the biopsy rate by 47%, while not diagnosing 2.3% of higher-grade cancers. Interestingly, and importantly, MiPS retained predictive capability across a spectrum of decision curve analyses and in variable settings such as initial versus repeat biopsy, normal versus abnormal digital rectal exam, and relatively low versus high PSA.
A unique hydrogen bonding network in the crystal structure of 3a,6a-diphenylglycoluril

Diphenylglycoluril assembles into a unique, two-dimensional hydrogen bonding network in the solid state, while exhibiting a twisted molecular structure.
Electrical current-induced atrial and pulmonary vein action potential duration shortening and repetitive activity.

The influence of threshold electrical currents (EC) during regular drive on pulmonary vein (PV) and atrial myocardial cell action potential (AP) duration (APD) is unknown. We determined the effects...