cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-Fluid Coexistence in Binary Hard Sphere Mixtures by Semigrand Monte Carlo Simulation

Abstract We report on Monte Carlo simulations of binary mixtures of single-occupancy hard spheres, which were conducted to evaluate coexistence with the fluid phase. The simulations were performed in a semigrand ensemble in which the temperature, pressure, total number of spheres, and fugacity fraction are independent variables, while the mixture composition and density fluctuates, and thus are averaged. Using the pure components as references, the composition averages were integrated as a function of fugacity fraction to determine the mixture free energy for comparison with the fluid phase. Three mixtures were studied, of diameter ratio Λ = 0.95, 0.93, and 0.90, respectively. A spindle-type diagram is observed for the Λ = 0.95 mixture, while the Λ = 0.93 and Λ = 0.90 mixtures each display an azeotrope. The results are in satisfactory but not complete agreement with previous simulation studies.
Algorithm 686: FORTRAN subroutines for updating the QR decomposition

Let the matrix A E R”““, m 2 n, have a QR decomposition A = QR, where Q E R”“” has orthonormal columns, and R E R”“” is upper triangular. Assume that Q and R are explicitly known. We present FORTRAN subroutines that update the QR decomposition in a numerically stable manner when A is modified by a matrix of rank one, or when a row or a column is inserted or deleted. These subroutines are modifications of the Algol procedures in Daniel et al. [5]. We also present a subroutine that permutes the columns of A and updates the QR decomposition so that the elements in the lower right corner of R will generally be small if the columns of A are nearly linearly dependent. This subroutine is an implementation of the rank-revealing QR decomposition scheme recently proposed by Chan [3].
The thermodynamic coupling between heat and mass transfer in free convection with helium injection

Abstract Measurements are described of local heat transfer by free convection under steady state conditions around a 2-in o.d. circular cylinder mounted with its axis horizontal in an isothermal large enclosure, at several levels of wall temperature ranging from about 20°F below ambient, to about 80°F above ambient. Helium was injected through the porous wall of the cylinder into the boundary layer at a uniform rate per unit area of outside cylinder surface, in the range 1.00–7.50 lbm/h ft2. Analysis of the results showed that when the convective heat flux is zero, the wall temperature, in this case termed the adiabatic wall temperature, was higher than ambient temperature by up to 190°F, depending upon the location around the cylinder, and the helium injection rate. This phenomenon, so far unreported in free convection, is similar to the findings in references [1, 2], and hence is due to the diffusion thermo-effect. The local heat-transfer coefficient was defined in terms of the adiabatic wall temperature, and determined to be essentially independent of the temperature difference between wall and ambient. At the lower stagnation point, its value increased rapidly with injection, but then levelled off to an almost constant value when the injection rate exceeded about 2 lbm/h ft2. At a given injection rate, the heat-transfer coefficient decreased from a maximum value at the lower stagnation point to a minimum value at the upper stagnation point. At a given location on the cylinder circumference, the adiabatic wall temperature increased steadily as the injection rate increased. At a given injection rate, the adiabatic wall temperature increased from a minimum value at the lower stagnation point to a maximum value at the upper stagnation point. The body forces at work in the binary boundary layer are discussed in their importance on heat transfer.
Value of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring

Routine use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) has been challenged in both unilateral/limited (LE) and bilateral exploration (BE). To investigate this, we assessed the usefulness of IOPTH in surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid carcinoma (PC). Between 1998 and 2006, 1133 patients were explored for hyperparathyroidism: 185 LE, 743 BE with IOPTH, 95 BE without IOPTH, 110 reoperations, and 4 PCs. IOPTH patterns were correlated with parathyroid pathology (single adenoma [SA] or multigland disease [MGD]) and operative success. In LE, IOPTH returned to normal in 78% of patients; all patients had SA, and 99% were cured at a mean ± SEM of 1.2 ± .24 years; 22% of LE patients (n = 41) whose IOPTH did not return to normal were converted to BE, and all had MGD. BE with and without IOPTH was equally successful 97% and 98% (P = NS) of the time, respectively. In BE in which IOPTH did not return to normal, 9% of patients remained hypercalcemic; tumor distribution mirrored other BE patients (75% SA, 25% MGD). In reoperations, a normal final IOPTH correlated with cure in 99%; otherwise, 59% had persistent disease. Differential bilateral internal jugular vein IOPTH sampling lateralized disease in 77% of reoperations. IOPTH is an important adjunct for successful LE by identifying the presence of MGD and avoiding operative failure. IOPTH adds little to BE; however, final IOPTH values may predict persistent disease in BE, reoperations, and PCs.
An Extinct Mud Turtle of the Kinosternon flavescens Group (Testudines, Kinosternidae) from the Middle Miocene (Late Barstovian) of New Mexico

ABSTRACT The complete skeleton of a fossil mud turtle, Kinosternon pojoaque, n. sp., is described from the late Barstovian Rodent Pocket, San Ildefonso Locality of Santa Fe County, New Mexico. The new species represents the oldest member of the Kinosternon flavescens group and suggests that this clade first evolved in the southwestern United States, which, along with northern Mexico, is the center of diversity for these turtles today. The new taxon exhibits plastral characters that suggest phylogenetic affinities with Kinosternon angustipons, Kinosternon dunni, Kinosternon herrerai, Kinosternon hirtipes, and Kinosternon sonoriense and is interpreted here as an example of a morphological intermediate between the clade composed of these taxa and the flavescens group. The new fossil, along with other Miocene Kinosternon fossils from New Mexico, provides evidence that the flavescens clade likely diverged from other southwestern, Central, and South American Kinosternon by at least the late Barstovian, 14.3–13....
Affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) receptor inhibits autocrine IGF-II activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

We have investigated the autocrine regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) signaling by the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF-IIR) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, employing retroviruses encoding both IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-I and II mutants with reductions in affinity for either the IGF-IR or the IGF-IIR. These studies revealed reciprocal roles for IGF-IR and IGF-IIR affinity in the regulation of autocrine IGF-II activity. IGF-IR affinity was required for serum-free proliferation but also for efficient IGF-II secretion. In contrast, cellular proliferation, receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling, and extracellular IGF-II protein accumulation were all reduced in the presence of IGF-IIR affinity. Inhibition of IGF-II signaling appeared to be the sole consequence of IGF-IIR affinity, as no cellular responses attributable to selective IGF-IIR binding by a reduced IGF-IR affinity IGF-II mutant could be detected....
Delay and Cycles: Erratum

2. LOCAL STABILITY The strategy of the proof is to establish local stability first and then to extend it to the entire state space. Let a = inf {0 (x) x I 0 0 since 0 (x) > x for all x in a compact set [0, N]. Let A' be the open 6-rectangle {(x, u)eS: Ix-x*I u* -E and x,I >x* E and 0 (x,l ) > x* + 2E. Using the laws of motion Nu, = N(1w)u,-x,_ <N-u(I-w)(u*-)-(x*-6) < Nu* + 2E.6
Access to the Astrophysics Science Information and Abstract System

Abstract The Astrophysics Science Information and Abstract System (ASIAS) is sponsored by NASA to make astronomical data and literature references available to the astronomical community. It provides access to abstracts, full article images in bitmapped form, and catalog and archive data through the World Wide Web. These services are accessible through the ADS Data Services page at http://adswww.harvard.edu/ads_services.html.
Rethinking written culture

Abstract For most of its history, modern linguistics viewed writing as a poor relation to speech, at best a tool facilitating the study of historical change and documenting contemporary spoken language. Only in the last few decades has written language been accepted as an object of study in its own right, thanks to the efforts of a variety of classicists, anthropologists, historians, and linguists. One of those linguists is Roy Harris, whose book Rethinking Writing chronicles and challenges traditional theories of the relationship between the written and the spoken word. Harris casts his analysis within the framework of integrational linguistics, arguing for the need to go beyond the study of isolated signs (whether spoken or written) to a model that sees meaning as a product of the sign as used in a situationally specific context. Building on the integrational notion that context plays a critical role in establishing meaning, this essay explores the larger issue of the written culture in which a writing system is situationally embedded. Among the questions the essay grapples with are: What is a written culture? In the modern west, what challenges has written culture encountered, especially over the past century? And what prospects does written culture face in the century ahead? While the essay focuses on the United States, its conclusions will resonate in other contemporary societies in which similar technological and social variables are at work.
Experiments Using OSTIA for a Language Production Task

The phenomenon of meaning-preserving corrections given by an adult to a child involves several aspects: (1) the child produces an incorrect utterance, which the adult nevertheless understands, (2) the adult produces a correct utterance with the same meaning and (3) the child recognizes the adult utterance as having the same meaning as its previous utterance, and takes that as a signal that its previous utterance is not correct according to the adult grammar. An adequate model of this phenomenon must incorporate utterances and meanings, account for how the child and adult can understand each other's meanings, and model how meaning-preserving corrections interact with the child's increasing mastery of language production. In this paper we are concerned with how a learner who has learned to comprehend utterances might go about learning to produce them. We consider a model of language comprehension and production based on finite sequential and subsequential transducers. Utterances are modeled as finite sequences of words and meanings as finite sequences of predicates. Comprehension is interpreted as a mapping of utterances to meanings and production as a mapping of meanings to utterances. Previous work (Castellanos et al., 1993; Pieraccini et al., 1993) has applied subsequential transducers and the OSTIA algorithm to the problem of learning to comprehend language; here we apply them to the problem of learning to produce language. For ten natural languages and a limited domain of geometric shapes and their properties and relations we define sequential transducers to produce pairs consisting of an utterance in that language and its meaning. Using this data we empirically explore the properties of the OSTIA and DD-OSTIA algorithms for the tasks of learning comprehension and production in this domain, to assess whether they may provide a basis for a model of meaning-preserving corrections.
Child welfare programs and child nutrition: Evidence from a mandated school meal program in India

Abstract Utilizing the data I collected on a nationally mandated school meal program in India, I examine the extent to which children benefit from the targeted public transfer. Relying upon built-in randomness in whether a child's 24-hour food consumption recall was for a school or non-school day, I find that the daily nutrient intake of program participants increased substantially by 49% to 100% of the transfers. The results are robust to the potential endogeneity of program placement and individual participation. The findings suggest that for as low a cost as 3 cents per child per school day the scheme reduced the daily protein deficiency of a primary school student by 100%, the calorie deficiency by almost 30% and the daily iron deficiency by nearly 10%. At least in the short-run, therefore, the program had a substantial effect on reducing hunger at school and protein–energy malnutrition.
Determination of Copolymer Composition by Quantitative Infrared Analysis

Abstract Infrared spectroscopic analysis was used in the determination of the copolymer composition of itaconic anhydride copolymers. The results are in close agreement with those obtained by elemental analysis. The method is of great value in determining the composition of copolymers which contain strongly absorbing groups and the composition of which could not be realized by using elemental analysis.
Pulse confinement in optical fibers with random dispersion

Short-range correlated uniform noise in the dispersion coefficient, inherent in many types of optical fibers, broadens and eventually destroys all initially ultra-short pulses. However, under the constraint that the integral of the random component of the dispersion coefficient is set to zero (pinned), periodically or quasi-periodically along the fiber, the dynamics of the pulse propagation changes dramatically. For the case that randomness is present in addition to constant positive dispersion, the pinning restriction significantly reduces average pulse broadening. If the randomness is present in addition to piece-wise constant periodic dispersion with positive residual value, the pinning may even provide probability distributions of pulse parameters that are numerically indistinguishable from the statistically steady case. The pinning method can be used to both manufacture better fibers and upgrade existing fiber links.
Response inhibition and response monitoring in a saccadic countermanding task in schizophrenia.

Background Cognitive control deficits are pervasive in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and are reliable predictors of functional outcome, but the specificity of these deficits and their underlying neural mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to determine the nature of response inhibition and response monitoring deficits in SZ and their relationship to symptoms and social and occupational functioning with a behavioral paradigm that provides a translational approach to investigating cognitive control. Methods Seventeen patients with SZ and 16 demographically matched healthy control subjects participated in a saccadic countermanding task. Performance on this task is approximated as a race between movement generation and inhibition processes; this race model provides an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring can be assessed by reaction time adjustments on the basis of trial history. Results Saccadic reaction time was normal, but patients required more time to inhibit a planned saccade. The latency of the inhibitory process was associated with the severity of negative symptoms and poorer occupational functioning. Both groups slowed down significantly after correctly cancelled and erroneously noncancelled stop signal trials, but patients slowed down more than control subjects after correctly inhibited saccades. Conclusions These results suggest that SZ is associated with a difficulty in inhibiting planned movements and an inflated response adjustment effect after inhibiting a saccade. Furthermore, behavioral results are consistent with potential abnormalities in frontal and supplementary eye fields in patients with SZ.
Application of the kinetic composite methodology to autocatalytic‐type thermoset prepreg cures

Using a commercial epoxy/carbon fiber prepreg as a model system, cure kinetics of an autocatalytic-type reaction were analyzed by a general form of conversion-dependent function first proposed for degradation kinetics of polymers and composites. The characteristic feature of conversion-dependent function was determined using a reduced-plot method where the temperature-dependent reaction rate constant was analytically separated from the isothermal data. Assuming two elementary reaction mechanisms that were expressed by the nth order and autocatalytic kinetic models, they were combined with a composite methodology capable of predicting overall kinetic behavior. The activation energies were determined and favorably compared for both isothermal and dynamic-heating differential scanning calorimetry experiments in the temperature region for standard epoxy cures at 177°C (350°F). Finally, the proposed model equation demonstrated excellent predictive capability and broad applicability in describing various types of thermoset polymer cure for both isothermal and dynamic heating conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Derivational morphology in inheritance-based lexica: Insights from Pāṇini

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the treatment of nominal derivational morphology in Pāṇini’s grammar of the Sanskrit language (ca. 500 b . c .) is based on an architecture strikingly similar to that of modern inheritance-based lexica. Specifically, Pāṇini adopts a single inheritance network with defaults to account concisely for intricate cases of affix homonymy and affix synonymy with minimal redundancy. The result is a hierarchy with an interleaving of formal and semantic word formation rules at multiple levels. Affix homonymy is treated by subsumption of semantic rules under formal rules, while affix synonymy is handled in terms of morphological blocking. Formally, this architecture yields an elegant representation of the complex derivational facts of Sanskrit. Moreover, the interleaving of formal and semantic rules along a single inheritance path presents a novel way to model derivational relations in a constrained manner.
The effects of verbal labels and vocabulary skill on memory and suggestibility

The current study investigated the effectiveness of the verbal labels procedure (D. A. Brown & M. E. Pipe, 2003) to improve preschool children's responses to direct open-ended and misleading questions. Additionally, children's vocabulary skill was considered. Eighty-seven preschool children from diverse backgrounds were interviewed about a unique event in either a standard interview or a verbal labels interview. Children receiving the verbal labels interview produced more free recall information. However, this also included more error statements. Children in the verbal labels interview also showed better performance in answering direct open-ended questions. Importantly, the verbal labels procedure improved the performance of children in the low language group on misleading questions, erasing language effects. The results suggest that the verbal labels procedure may be a useful tool to improve young children's performance in memory interview, although future research indentifying factors that may influence the production of error statements is warranted.
Recent progress in understanding relationships between Verticillium species and subspecific groups.

Improved understanding of the genetic diversity within fungi in the genusVerticillium has resulted from recent studies based on vegetative compatibility analysis and several techniques of molecular biology. Although the method used to identify vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) does affect the results, vegetative compatibility appears to be a stable characteristic among isolates. Fairly low VCG diversity has been detected withinV. dahliae andV. albo-atrum using nitrate non-utilizing mutants. VCGs do not appear to be related to pathogenicity to particular host species, with the exception ofV. albo-atrum on alfalfa. However, there is some correlation with virulence on certain hosts and with the ability ofV. dahliae to interact with root-lesion nematodes. Studies based on DNA analysis indicate thatV. dahliae andV. albo-atrum are closely related but separate species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies have identified several subspecific groups withinV. dahliae, including two non-host-adapted groups and two that are host-adapted. They also have confirmed that alfalfa strains ofV. albo-atrum are a distinct subgroup that is probably a separate population of clonal origin. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a second non-host-adapted subgroup withinV. albo-atrum was identified that was previously unknown.
Comparison of the major antigens of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii.

The Apicomplexa are a diverse group of parasitic protozoa with very ancient phylogenetic roots. Consistent with their phylogeny, the extant species share conserved proteins and traits that were found in their apicomplexan progenitor, but at the same time they have diverged to occupy different biological niches (e.g. host-range and cell type). Characterisation of gene and protein diversity is important for distinguishing between related parasites, for determining their phylogeny, and for providing insight into factors that determine host restriction, cell preference, and virulence. The value of molecular characterisations and comparisons between species is well illustrated by the close phylogenetic relationship between Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. These two organisms have nearly identical morphology and can cause similar pathology and disease. Consequently, N. caninum has often been incorrectly identified as T. gondii, thus demonstrating the need for studies addressing the molecular and antigenic composition of Neospora. In this review, we describe the major antigenic proteins that have been characterised in N. caninum. These show homology to T. gondii proteins, yet possess unique antigenic characteristics that distinguish them from their homologues and enable their use for specific serological diagnoses and parasite identification.
RE-RANKING ALGORITHM FOR MULTIMEDIA RETRIEVAL VIA UTILIZATION OF INCLUSIVE AND EXCLUSIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEMANTIC CONCEPTS

The performance of ranking the retrieval results based on context and/or content information is usually limited because it depends heavily on the quality of the extracted information. Therefore, re-ranking approaches have been developed to improve the retrieval performance, but how to re-rank the retrieval results remains a challenge. In this paper, the inclusive and exclusive relationships between semantic concepts are utilized to re-rank the retrieval results. The inclusive relationship refers to the high co-occurrence relation between a target semantic concept and a reference semantic concept; while the exclusive relationship refers to the low or none co-occurrence relation. Moreover, multiple reference concepts provide more information from different aspects than only one reference concept does. Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) is applied in this paper to capture the correlation in terms of the impact weights between attributes and the co-occurrence classes, and the average value of all the impact weights is utilized to re-rank the retrieved results for the target semantic concept. Experimental results on the MediaMill Challenge problem and the TRECVID 2011 video collections demonstrate that our proposed framework can enhance the retrieval results for a number of target semantic concepts.
Robust Reconfigurable Control for Recovery from Stern and Bow Plane Jams in Underwater Vehicles

Stern and bow plane jams have been shown to cause catastrophic results in underwater vehicles. In this paper, the design of a fully automated robust reconfigurable controller that prevents excessively large depth excursions that could cause broaching or dangerously deep depths is presented. This paper extends our previous research results by incorporating bow plane jams, and by using a more realistic use of ballast changes during the simulation. Using LQR, three sets of gain matrices (one for normal operation, and one for each jam type) are computed for the system model at different speeds. The appropriate gain is selected depending on the jam type and speed. Simulation results are presented to show the performance of the reconfigured control system. The controller is also tested for robustness using the Edge Theorem, and it is shown to stabilize a sufficiently wide range of system models.
The mouthfeel of beer : a review

This review explores the mouthfeel of beer in terms of the development of terminology end methods to describe it and studies of the physical and chemical properties which may contribute to it.
Invasive shrub distribution varies with distance to roads and stand age in eastern deciduous forests in Indiana, USA

We documented the relationship between densities of invasive exotic shrubs, distance to road, and successional age of the forest in 14 forested sites throughout central and southern Indiana. Roadways are increasingly abundant, human-made features that can be conduits for the spread of invasive exotic plants in a number of ecosystems. Little is known, however, about the role of roads in eastern deciduous forest ecosystems where road density is high. Further, it is not known whether the distribution of exotic plants along roads depends on the successional age of the forest. In this study, densities of four of seven exotic shrub species declined with increasing distance to the nearest road across all successional ages. Greater densities of exotic shrubs were found in young and mid-successional forests than mature forests. However, there was no interaction between distance to road and forest age, suggesting that the role of roads in the invasion process does not change across forest successional ages. We outline several potential mechanisms that may drive patterns of shrub distribution along roadside edges as a guide for future research.
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT, PRETRAINING AND DELAY-ASSOCIATED CUES IN RUNWAY PERFORMANCE

The effects of distinctive cues on delayed-reward learning were investigated by pretraining 2 groups of rats in a Skinner box on either a CRF or a FR10 schedule. A light was paired with each bar press. Ss were then run in a straight-alley runway for 16 trials with a 30-sec. delay interval. A light was paired with the delay. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance (2 treatments × 3 blocks of 5 trials) indicated that the FR10 group ran significantly slower. The results were discussed in terms of Amsel's (1958) frustration hypothesis.
Black Gotham: African Americans in New York City, 1900–2000

For almost four centuries, African Americans in New York City have engaged in ethnic “dream-work,” shaping the city and being shaped by the city in return. The longstanding practice of racism forced a heterogeneous community of Blacks—originating in different parts of the country and the world, speaking many languages, and comprised of different economic classes— to coalesce as a community in order to challenge their subjugation. This article explores the issues, conditions, and experiences that frame the coalescence of the African American community in New York City during the twentieth century, highlighting how racial identities have been produced in the city. In the first part of this article, I reflect on the presence of Blacks in New York City to illuminate some of the common themes that have emerged from the African American experience in Gotham. The second section is a historical exploration of the black experience in New York City, illuminating the conditions, expectations, events, and spaces that...
Reactivity of Pd and Sn adsorbates on plasma and thermally oxidized SnO2(110)

Abstract The surface accumulation layer that forms as a result of oxygen vacancies near the surface of an oxide semiconductor can be used as an extremely sensitive probe of phenomena occurring at the surface. By incorporating a UHV-compatible, four-point conductance measurement in our surface analysis apparatus, we have investigated the formation of metal-semiconductor interfaces on SnO 2 (110) with varying oxygen stoichiometry. For only a 0.1 monolayer equivalent (ML) coverage of Sn deposited onto a high-oxygen-content surface prepared by oxygen plasma treatment, we observe a 500-fold increase in conductance. Our results suggest that at this coverage, Sn reacts with the excess chemisorbed oxygen and also creates point defects by abstracting oxygen from the lattice. In contrast, Pd reacts only with chemisorbed species, as indicated by a smaller conductance change and by differences in the size-effect shifted core levels observed at the same coverage for thermal and plasma oxidized surfaces. Oxygen plasma treatment of an 8 ML Pd film is shown to be an effective room temperature oxidation procedure and is used as a basis of comparison for studies of the reaction of submonolayer coverages of Pd on plasma and thermally oxidized surfaces. The coverage dependence of the surface conductance for Pd on thermal and plasma oxidized surfaces exhibits a peak near 1 ML, possibly indicating the onset of Schottky barrier formation: barriers underneath the metal islands deplete the surface of carriers; or the formation of scattering centers. At higher coverage, inter-island conductance dominates and the conductance rises. Surfaces prepared with decreasing oxygen content (thermal, vacuum annealed, ion-sputtered) show increased apparent alloying of Pd to surface Sn.
Highly efficient photochemical generation of a triple bond: synthesis, properties, and photodecarbonylation of cyclopropenones.

UV irradiation of alkyl-, aryl-, and heteroatom-substituted cyclopropenones results in the loss of carbon monoxide and the formation of quantitative yields of corresponding alkynes. The quantum yield of the photochemical decarbonylation reaction ranges from 20% to 30% for alkyl-substituted cyclopropenones to above 70% for the diphenyl- and dinaphthylcyclorpopenones. Rapid formation (<5 ns) and then a somewhat slower decay (ca. 40 ns) of an intermediate in this reaction was observed by using laser flash photolysis. The DFT calculations allowed us to identify this intermediate as a zwitterionic species formed by a cleavage of one of the carbon−carbon bonds of the cyclopropenone ring. The latter then rapidly loses carbon monoxide to produce the ultimate acetylenic product. Despite their high photoreactivity, cyclopropenones were found to be thermally stable compounds with the exception of hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted cyclopropenones. The latter undergo rapid solvolysis in hydroxylic solvents even at room...
Drought or Development? Patterns of Paleoindian Site Discovery on the Great Plains of North America

The extant dataset of Paleoindian sites on the Great Plains is routinely used to infer land use patterns, mobility and subsistence among the earliest foragers in the New World. Yet, the ways that the data have been accumulated call into question how representative our sample may be. There are peaks and valleys in periods of site discovery that correlate with local or regional environmental degradation, specifically drought, and the rise of CRM activities in the latter half of the 20th century. Areas currently seen to be lacking Paleoindian sites may not have lacked Paleoindian activity; rather, conditions may not have been conducive to site discovery. When speaking about broad patterns of Paleoindian adaptation, we need to remain cognizant of what our dataset contains and its limitations.
From Speech Recognition to Spoken Language Understanding: The Development of the MIT SUMMIT and VOYAGER Systems

Spoken language is one of the most natural, efficient, flexible, and economical means of communication among humans. As computers play an ever increasing role in our lives, it is important that we address the issue of providing a graceful human-machine interface through spoken language. In this paper, we will describe our recent efforts in moving beyond the scope of speech recognition into the realm of spoken-language understanding. Specifically, we report on the development of an urban navigation and exploration system called VOYAGER, an application which we have used as a basis for performing research in spoken-language understanding.
Line length measurement as a tool for food preference research

Food preference may be an important factor in the food selection process. Efforts to explore the relationship have been hampered by apparent non‐normality in food preference data collected using the hedonic scale. This paper reports on a study designed to investigate the normality of food preference data by using both a hedonic and a line length scale and, secondly, to evaluate the two data collection techniques. Ninety‐nine women living in Houston, Texas, who were predominantly white, middle‐aged, middle‐income and well‐educated, volunteered to participate and were queried regarding their preferences for twenty vegetables. Results indicated that, regardless of measuring instrument, food preference data were not normally distributed. Deviations from normality were less severe with the line length scale. The validity and reliability of the line length scale is documented.
Public health surveillance and data collection: general principles and impact on hemophilia care

Public health surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of health related data to provide information that can be used to monitor and improve the health of populations. Such surveillance systems can be established in many settings to study a variety of populations and conditions. The most effective systems are designed around specific, well-defined objectives, collect data in a standardized fashion, analyze the data frequently, and disseminate the results to those who need to know the information. Surveillance has been used to determine the occurrence rates of hemophilia and to characterize the population affected by this rare but potentially serious congenital disorder. Data from surveillance systems have been used to identify risk factors for complications that, once identified, have been modified through public health interventions. The effectiveness of these interventions can be assessed by continued surveillance, thereby assuring improvement in care of people affected by hemophilia around the world.
In-Line Process Window Monitoring using Voltage Contrast Inspection

This paper describes a methodology to measure process windows in-line at level using voltage contrast inspection and special families of test structures. This methodology allows rapid turn-around of experiments designed to find the most robust and best centered process conditions. Each family of structures should be laid out with a single super-pitch so that a single wafer scan can be used for one or more process windows. Rule based binning based on die X and Y coordinates is then used to separate out the results for each instance of the process window family. Three examples from the contact module are presented to illustrate the methodology. Structures to the monitor contact size, contact to poly space and contact pitch process windows are discussed.
An evaluation of bicalutamide in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a major health problem in men, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Although traditionally considered a disease of old age, improved diagnostic techniques have resulted in earlier diagnosis and many men are now treated while still physically and sexually active. Current therapies for prostate cancer, which include medical or surgical castration, have a significant impact on many aspects of quality of life. The non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex™, AstraZeneca) has a favourable tolerability profile with demonstrated efficacy in several stages of prostate cancer and represents an alternative therapeutic strategy to castration. Mature survival data from men with previously untreated, locally-advanced disease reveal that bicalutamide monotherapy provides survival benefits that do not differ significantly from castration, while offering important advantages with respect to the maintenance of physical capacity and sexual interest. Recent data from a prospective randomised...
The extension of school-based inter- and intraracial children's friendships: influences on psychosocial well-being.

Children's (N = 142) school friendships with same versus different race peers were coded for prevalence and the extent to which parents maintained social relationships with these friends (a proxy for extension of friendships beyond the school context). Membership in integrated versus nonintegrated social networks at school was unassociated with psychosocial well-being. Out-of-school extension of interracial friendships was linked with greater social competence among Black children. Black children whose friendships with both same and different race peers were extended beyond the school context reported higher levels of self-esteem.
The effect of ondansetron on atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether treatment with ondansetron, a new antiemetic drug, affects nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Design: Randomized, double-blind, prospective study. Setting: Operating room at a university medical center. Patients: 30 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for elective surgery. Interventions: After the induction of anesthesia with midazolam 2 to 4 mg/kg, sodium thiopental 6 to 8 mg/kg, and fentanyl 4 to 8 μg/kg, the ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist through subcutaneous needle electrodes at a frequency of 0.15 Hz. The response to stimulation was measured and recorded with a force-displacement transducer applied to the thumb. Patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups. A steady baseline to ulnar nerve stimulation with nitrous oxide-oxygen-opioid-thiopental anesthesia was established. The first study group (Group 1) received a placebo, the second group (Group 2) received 8 mg of ondansetron, and the third group (Group 3) received 16 mg of ondansetron as an intravenous infusion over 5 minutes. Patients were then given incremental doses of atracurium 0.05 mg/kg at 3-minute intervals to establish approximately 95% twitch inhibition so as to construct a dose-response curve. An atracurium infusion was then begun to maintain a constant degree of neuromuscular blockade. At the end of surgery, patients were allowed to recover spontaneously, or pharmacologic antagonism of residual neuromuscular blockade was achieved with neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg and glycopyrrolate 0.01 mg/kg. Mechanomyographic response to train-of four stimuli (2 Hz for 2 seconds) every 20 seconds was monitored during the atracurium infusion and recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Measurements and Main Results: Log dose-response curves were determined for the study groups and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The 50%, 75%, and 95% effective doses (ED 50 , ED 75 , and ED 95 ) were calculated from the equation describing the log dose-response. Maintenance infusion rates were determined, and the neostigmine-accelerated recovery index of 25% to 75% was measured for each group. The results were compared using ANOVA. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups with respect to maintenance infusion rate (7.8 ± 1.8 μg/kg/min for Group 1, 7.7 ± 2.5 μg/kg/min for Group 2, and 7.3 ± 2.3 μg/kg/min for Group 3) or neostigmine-accelerated recovery interval of 25% to 75% (4.5 ± 2.3 minutes, 4.4 ± 3.1 minutes, 6.6 ± 3.9 minutes in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The log dose-response data for Groups 1, 2, and 3 did not differ significantly ( p = 0.068), and the calculated ED95 in each treatment group demonstrated no dose-related change (0.254 ± 0.022, 0.279 ± 0.033, and 0.240 ± 0.022 for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Conclusions: Ondansetron is an antiemetic drug that can be used in the perioperative period without concern for potentiation of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, change in atracurium maintenance dose, or change in rate of neostigmine-induced recovery from neuromuscular blockade with atracurium.
Walking, running and the evolution of short toes in humans

The phalangeal portion of the forefoot is extremely short relative to body mass in humans. This derived pedal proportion is thought to have evolved in the context of committed bipedalism, but the benefits of shorter toes for walking and/or running have not been tested previously. Here, we propose a biomechanical model of toe function in bipedal locomotion that suggests that shorter pedal phalanges improve locomotor performance by decreasing digital flexor force production and mechanical work, which might ultimately reduce the metabolic cost of flexor force production during bipedal locomotion. We tested this model using kinematic, force and plantar pressure data collected from a human sample representing normal variation in toe length (N=25). The effect of toe length on peak digital flexor forces, impulses and work outputs was evaluated during barefoot walking and running using partial correlations and multiple regression analysis, controlling for the effects of body mass, whole-foot and phalangeal contact times and toe-out angle. Our results suggest that there is no significant increase in digital flexor output associated with longer toes in walking. In running, however, multiple regression analyses based on the sample suggest that increasing average relative toe length by as little as 20% doubles peak digital flexor impulses and mechanical work, probably also increasing the metabolic cost of generating these forces. The increased mechanical cost associated with long toes in running suggests that modern human forefoot proportions might have been selected for in the context of the evolution of endurance running.
Six new approaches

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the leading competitors to Google in searching the world wide web.Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses six search engines that are alternatives to Google: Bing, Wolfram Alpha, Topsy, Scoopler, Scribd, and Data.govFindings – The paper finds that all but Bing among the six search tools have a narrower and more defined approach than Google. Each has value in context.Originality/value – The paper provides an evaluation of when these more specialized tools would be useful to internet searchers.
Decentralized control for a team of physically cooperating robots

A team of small low cost robots instead of one big, complex robot is useful in operations such as search and rescue, urban exploration etc. However, the performance of such a team is limited due to restricted mobility of the team members. We propose to overcome the mobility restrictions by physical cooperation among the team members. We carry out a feasibility analysis of a particular behavior of two robots cooperating to cross a gap. We simulate the dynamic equations describing the motion, which leads to the relaxation of the requirements derived from the static analysis. A decentralized control architecture is designed which avoids continuous communication between the robots thus rendering the cooperation to be simple and low cost.
Coding and Interpreting Movement on the Rorschach

A survey was conducted to help beginning Rorschach students using the Exner Comprehensive System determine whether to code movement for nouns whose dictionary definitions included movement. A survey form listed 23 of these words, each followed by three options: Active?, Passive?, and No Movement? Results were disappointing because the participants (26 Rorschach experts and 19 students) failed to reach agreement (75% or more) for 15 of these “synopsis nouns.” A literature review on coding and interpreting movement responses led to the conclusion that a client efficiently using synopsis nouns most likely displays a higher cognitive functioning or life complexity than a client who uses several simple words to describe the same percept. Therefore, many of these words should be coded as movement if the examiner is convinced that the client intends to communicate movement. Guidelines supporting a decision to code a noun for movement are suggested.
Jmol – a paradigm shift in crystallographic visualization

Recent advances in molecular and crystallographic visualization methods are allowing instructors unprecedented opportunities to enhance student learning using virtual models within a familiar web-browser context. In step with these advances, the latest versions of the Jmol molecular visualization applet offer capabilities that hold potential for revolutionizing the way students learn about symmetry, uncertainty and the overall enterprise of molecular structure determination.
1.00 MeV proton radiation resistance studies of single-junction and single dual-junction amorphous-silicon alloy solar cells

A comparative study of the radiation resistance of a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H single-junction and a-Si:H dual-junction solar cells was conducted. The cells were irradiated with 1.00 MeV protons with fluences of 1.0*10/sup 14/, 5.0*10/sup 14/ and 1.0*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ and characterized using I-V and quantum efficiency measurements. The radiation resistance of single-junction cells cannot be used to explain the behavior of dual-junction cells at a fluence of 1.0*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/. The a-Si H single-junction cells degraded the least of the three cells; a-SiGe:H single-junction cells showed the largest reduction in short-circuit current. while a-Si:H dual-junction cells exhibited the largest degradation in the open-circuit voltage. The quantum efficiency of the cells degraded more in the red part of the spectrum: the bottom junction degrades first in dual-junction cells. >
Conformational flexibility in small biomolecules: tryptamine and 3-indole-propionic acid

A combined experimental and theoretical study is used to probe the conformational preferences of two flexible tryptophan analogs, tryptamine (TRA) and 3-indole-propionic acid (IPA). Resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy provides infrared spectra of single conformations of these molecules free from interference from one another. Density functional theory Becke3LYP calculations are used to predict relative energies for the conformers, while relaxed potential energy scans determine the barrier heights separating the minima. The different forms of the potential energy surfaces along the flexible coordinates for the two molecules provide a coherent explanation for the observed conformational preferences.
A magnetorheological polishing-based approach for studying precision microground surfaces of tungsten carbides

Abstract Surface features of tungsten carbide composites processed by bound abrasive deterministic microgrinding and magnetorheological finishing (MRF) were studied for five WC–Ni composites, including one binderless material. All the materials studied were nonmagnetic with different microstructures and mechanical properties. White-light interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the surfaces after various grinding steps, surface etching, and MRF spot-taking. It was found that the peak-to-valley (p–v) microroughness of the surface after microgrinding with rough or medium abrasive size tools gives a measure of the deformed layer depth. MRF spots revealed the true depth of the grinding-induced deformed surface layer.
The right to remain silent: before and after Joan of Arc

L'A. s'attache au probleme de la nature et des implications du droit de refus de reponse aux questions avant la mise en accusation et des droits associes contre l'auto-accusation, en rapport avec le cas de Jeanne d'Arc. L'exemple est particulierement riche au vu des sources qui accompagnent son proces en 1431. Les deficiences juridiques de la procedure sont liees aux conditions de l'interrogatoire, aboutissant a une violation de ses droits legaux