cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repositioning The “Holy Remnant” of Israel: German Jewish Negotiations with Christian Culture on the Eve of the Holocaust

By maintaining the spiritual centrality of Israel as God’s “holy remnant,” Dietrich Bonhoeffer, unwittingly perhaps, entered into negotiations with Jewish thinkers over their continued theological and cultural relevance to German society. This paper focuses on the Jewish side of these negotiations by examining the work of three Jewish thinkers who helped shape them, Franz Rosenzweig, Hans Joachim Schoeps and Martin Buber. Despite their divergence from one another, the theological approaches of Rosenzweig, Schoeps and Buber represent a common attempt to map out the course of twentieth-century Jewish identity construction based on a shared, but at times unacknowledged engagement with Christian thought and culture. Their writings constitute a mutual opposition to the perceived failure of their forbearers in the Wissenschaft des Judentums to balance Jewish particularity and universalism, while at the same time reflecting a desire for varying degrees of mutual coexistence with their Christian contemporaries. Ultimately the work of Rosenzweig, Schoeps and Buber confirmed Bonhoeffer’s portrayal of the continuing validity of Jewish existence in relation to God during the Holocaust, while at the same time providing models for a later, dialogical mapping of Jewish identities vis a vis Christianity in an increasingly multicultural, post-Holocaust world.
PERUSE: An unsupervised algorithm for finding recurring patterns in time series

This paper describes PERUSE, an unsupervised algorithm for finding recurring patterns in time series. It was initially developed and tested with sensor data from a mobile robot, i.e. noisy, real-valued, multivariate time series with variable intervals between observations. The pattern discovery problem is decomposed into two subproblems: (1) a supervised learning problem in which a teacher provides exemplars of patterns and labels time series according to whether they contain the patterns; (2) an unsupervised learning problem in which the time series are used to generate an approximation to the teacher. Experimental results show that PERUSE can discover patterns in audio data corresponding to recurring words in natural language utterances and patterns in the sensor data of a mobile robot corresponding to qualitatively distinct outcomes of taking actions.
Tiller organization within the tussock grass Schizachyrium scoparium: a field assessment of competition–cooperation tradeoffs

Tussock grasses are characterized by a compact spatial arrangement of tillers that contributes to intense intratus- sock competition. This investigation was designed to directly assess the magnitude of competition among autonomous subu- nits of tillers within individual tussocks (i.e., integrated physiological units) to further define the mechanisms of tiller organization within this successful growth form. Experimentally constructed tussocks of Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx. Nash) were grown in the field in central Texas, USA, for 2 years with 1, 4, 8, or 12 autonomous subunits to span the range observed in naturally occurring local populations. Increasing numbers of subunits per tussock did not affect tiller density or the mean mass of individual vegetative or reproductive tillers, but it did intensify intratussock competition as evidenced by a large reduction in total tiller mass and number per subunit. This pattern of tiller organization is indicative of a division of labor within the tussock that is manifested as a tradeoff between competition among autonomous subunits and cooperation among tillers within these physiologically integrated subunits. We conclude that an increasing number of autonomous subu- nits associated with tussock basal expansion contributes to coarse-scale resource preemption and competitive ability, while resource sharing among tillers within subunits supports new tiller establishment and growth within this highly competitive microenvironment.
Quantitative analysis of high temperature toxic metal sorption rates using aerosol fractionation

The airborne emission of toxic metals, such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium, from coal-fired boilers and incinerators is a major problem. These metals, which are considered to be semivolatile, are vaporized in the flame and subsequently form submicron particles. Since submicron particles are difficult to remove, one strategy to prevent emission is to inhibit ultra-fine particle formation within the combustor. Recent work has demonstrated that the sorbents such as kaolinite and lime are able to capture semivolatile metal vapors at high temperatures, thus preventing nucleation and condensation at lower temperatures. However, to develop practical scale technology, the rate of metal sorption by sorbents must be quantified. In this paper, an aerosol size fractionation approach is proposed to determine the extent of metal vapor-sorbent interactions above the metal dew point. The applicability of this methodology is illustrated by determining the rate of capture of cadmium by powdered, kaolinite sorbent at high co...
Invited Commentary: Assessing Mechanistic Interaction Between Coinfecting Pathogens for Diarrheal Disease

The interaction estimates from Bhavnani et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2012;xxx(xx):xxxx–xxxx) are used to evaluate evidence for mechanistic interaction between coinfecting pathogens for diarrheal disease. Mechanistic interaction is said to be present if there are individuals for whom the outcome would occur if both of 2 exposures are present but would not occur if 1 or the other of the exposures is absent. In the epidemiologic literature, mechanistic interaction is often conceived of as synergism within Rothman’s sufficient-cause framework. Tests for additive interaction are sometimes used to assess such synergism or mechanistic interaction, but testing for positive additive interaction only allows for the conclusion of mechanistic interaction under fairly strong “monotonicity” assumptions. Alternative tests for mechanistic interaction, which do not require monotonicity assumptions, have been developed more recently but require more substantial additive interaction to draw the conclusion of the presence of mechanistic interaction. The additive interaction reported by Bhavnani et al. is of sufficient magnitude to provide strong evidence of mechanistic interaction between rotavirus and Giardia and between rotavirus and Escherichia. coli/Shigellae, even without any assumptions about monotonicity.
Event perception as a control process for visual awareness

ABSTRACTWe present evidence demonstrating that the structure of everyday events guides attention to and representation of visual properties. Incidental change detection increases dramatically at the boundaries between events, whereas individuals are largely unaware of the sequence of actions within a single event. Observers demonstrate a limited capacity for representing events, and inducing cognitive load by presenting two simultaneous events decreases detection of sequence errors. These studies support emerging evidence that the event perception network operates as a control process that guides attention and awareness in real-world settings.
Beyond Clickers, Next Generation Classroom Response Systems for Organic Chemistry

Web-based classroom response systems offer a variety of benefits versus traditional clicker technology. They are simple to use for students and faculty and offer various question types suitable for a broad spectrum of chemistry classes. They facilitate active learning pedagogies like peer instruction and successfully engage students in the learning environment. Example problems for Organic I and II are shown to highlight potential uses of one Web-based system.
Finite Time Linear Systems

A class of dynamic systems is described by linear differential equations: $$ \mathop {{x_i}}\limits^.= \sum\limits_{l = 1}^n {{A_{il}}{x_l} + \sum\limits_{\theta= 1}^m {{B_{i\theta }}{u_\theta }} ,\quad i = 1,,n} $$ (7.1) where x i (t) are the state variables and u s (t) are the control inputs of the system. A il and B is are coefficients which are either constant or are functions of time. Often, the nonlinear dynamics of Eq. (4.1) is linearized to Eq. (7.1) using Taylor’ s expansion valid in a small region of the state space. In a matrix form, the state Eqs. (7.1) can be rewritten as $$ \mathop {\overline x }\limits^.= A\overline x+ B\overline u $$ (7.2) where A is a (n × n) matrix with entries A il , Bisa (n × m) matrix with elements B is ,is a (n × 1) vector with ith element x i , and ū is a (m × 1) vector with ith element u i .
Regulation of Acid Secretion and Mucosal Permeability by F-actin in the Bullfrog Gastric Mucosa

Actin accounts for nearly 5% of the total protein in parietal cells, of which 90% is filamentous, or F-actin, and 10% is globular, or G-actin (9), At the apical surface of mammalian parietal and frog oxyntic cells, F-actin is associated with microvilli or surface folds, respectively, and with the tight junction (13, 24, 30, 31). To determine that F-actin is involved in gastric acid secretion, many studies have inhibited the polymerization of G- to F-actin in both intact tissues (4, 11) and in isolated gastric glands (9, 23) with cytochalasin (C), B, D, or E. In each study, the disruption of actin filaments and resulting inhibition of acid secretion was attributed to a direct effect of the disrupted actin filaments on some aspect of stimulated acid secretion. The role of tight junctions in regulation of paracellular permeability, essential for trapping H+ in the lumen so it can be measured, was not considered.
Abstract 2951: Role Of Transcellular Transport During Fibrinogen-induced Increase In Pial Venular Permeability In Mice

Many inflammatory diseases such as stroke, hypertension, and diabetes are accompanied by increased blood content of fibrinogen (Fg). We showed that high content of undegraded Fg causes macromolecul...
The Russian Soviet Constitution

Among the results of the recent great war will be the appearance of a number of important constitutional documents. These will include new constitutions for existing states, such as Russia and Germany, new constitutions for newly-created states, such as Poland and the Slav republics, and an attempt to establish at least a partial constitution for a world confederation. The first of these documents to be published, and one which contributes many new devices in government and new ideas in political theory, is the Fundamental Law of the Russian Socialist Federated Republic, adopted on July 10, 1918, by resolution of the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Utilization of joint arthroplasty: racial and ethnic disparities in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

AbstractStudies within the Veterans Administration health care system have been very useful in identifying the existence of racial and ethnic disparities with regard to patient utilization of hip and knee joint arthroplasty. Existing studies have focused on three factors: estimates of joint arthropl
Pollution Characteristic of Insulator Strings for 1000 kV with Transmission Line Double Circuit on the Same Tower

We researched the artificial pollution withstand voltage characteristic of 1000 kV double circuit transmission line insulator strings in real layout. Using up-and-down test methods,the 50% flashover voltage of insulator strings under polluted condition have been obtained according to GB/T 4585-2004. The characteristic of artificial pollution withstand voltage in different insulator types or string types,the impact of NSDD and non-uniform pollution of up-and-down surface to artificial pollution withstand voltage were also researched. Results show that the pollution withstand voltage characteristic of V type is better than that of I type;U50% of insulator will be decreased with the increment of NSDD;U50% of insulator is higher in non-uniform pollution condition than uniform pollution condition. The achievement is very important for type choice of insulator strings and pollution insulation configuration of 1000 kV UHV double circuit transmission line.
The JNK Family of MAP Kinases: Regulation and Function

Publisher Summary Mammalian cells respond to extracellular stimuli by activating signaling cascades that lead to long-term changes in gene expression. These signal transduction cascades are mediated by serine/threonine kinases of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Several subgroups of MAP kinases have been identified in mammalian cells, which differ in their substrate specificities and regulation. Understanding the mechanisms by which signal transduction pathways transmit information to the nucleus is important in order to develop a better understanding of how normal cells respond to extracellular stimuli. The JNKs were identified by virtue of their ability to phosphorylate the N-terminal sites of c-Jun, which is encoded by the c-jun proto-oncogene. The JNKs were also independently identified as cyclohexamide-activated protein kinases and were named SAPKs. Of the different Juns, only c-Jun is an efficient JNK substrate. Like other MAP kinases, JNK binding is stimulated in response to a signal transduction cascade that is triggered when cells are exposed to extracellular stimuli. The JNKs are activated by a variety of different types of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, cytokines, and cellular stresses, such as heat shock, hyperosmolarity, and UV irradiation.
Social science approaches in disaster research: Selected research issues and findings on mitigating natural hazards in the urban environment

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the major issues that are addressed by social scientists with respect to reducing the risk from natural hazards in urban areas and provides an overview of the research findings associated with these issues. The chapter also focuses on issues such as public threat perception and action, community-level disaster preparedness planning and response, and community hazard mitigation actions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of cross-national research for improving the understanding of social action and social organization with respect to disaster and hazard. But the findings of social science research in the United States may not be applicable in other parts of the world. The governmental style, the extreme influence of the private sector on governmental policy, the historically uncritical acceptance of technological solutions to problems, and the extremely diverse population and class system may affect the ways that have developed and implemented the natural hazard mitigation strategies and solutions in the United States.
Consumer Acceptance of a Polyphenolic Coffee Beverage

The objective of this study was to determine if Chardonnay grape seed pomace (GSP), a waste stream of wine production, could be used as a functional ingredient in brewed coffee. Two consumer panels were conducted to assess the acceptance of coffee at coffee replacement (w/w) values of 0% (control), 6.25%, 12.50%, 18.75%, or 25% GSP. The 1st consumer panel (n = 80) assessed the coffee samples served "black." The 2nd panel (n = 67) assessed the coffee samples with adjustment (that is, sweeteners, milk, and cream) options available. Consumer sensory evaluation involved evaluating the 5 treatments individually for acceptance of appearance, aroma, taste/flavor, and overall acceptance using a 9-point hedonic scale. A check-all-that-apply questionnaire surveyed the sensory attributes describing aroma, appearance, and taste/flavor of the samples. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity was used to measure the effects of antioxidant levels in GSP coffee samples. Results showed that GSP could be added at 6.25% replacement without significantly affecting the overall consumer acceptance of coffee compared to the control (0% GSP). Above 6.25% GSP supplementation, the coffee beverage was described as more tan, milky, watery/dilute, and mild, and was generally less accepted by the consumers. GSP also increased the antioxidant capacity of the coffee compared to the control (0% GSP), with no significant differences among replacement values. Therefore, 6.25% GSP replacement is recommended for creating coffee beverages acceptable to consumers. Further in vivo investigation may substantiate the free-radical scavenging capacity of GSP coffee and its potential health benefits.
Build to Order supply chain efficiency using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)

The Build-to-Order supply chain (BTO-SC) is one agile supply chain that has received great attention in research and industry. Flexibility and responsiveness in mass customization has become a major objective of many companies and this has led to the further development of BTO-SC. The main purpose of this study has been to measure, compare and analyse the impact of the BTO-SC and traditional supply chain on the company's performance and highlight the key performance measures that can influence the decision making. A methodology for analysing the efficiency of the BTO-SC is developed using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) which is compared to the traditional supply chain in which both are then compared to the deterministic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The targeted population for study has been companies in the computer industry functioning in BTO-SC and/or a traditional supply chain network. Such a comparative analysis provides a more informative tool for use as part of an investment guideline for companies who wish to adopt BTO-SC principles.
Effects of macrophyte-specific olfactory cues on fish preference patterns

Vegetated habitats provide numerous benefits to nekton, including structural refuge from predators and food sources. However, the sensory mechanisms by which fishes locate these habitats remain unclear for many species, especially when environmental conditions (such as increased turbidity) are unfavorable for visual identification of habitats. Here, a series of laboratory experiments test whether three species of adult fish (golden topminnow Fundulus chrysotus Gunther 1866, sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna Lesueur 1821, and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard 1853) use plant chemical cues to orient to one of two habitats [hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle or water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms]. First, experiments in aquaria were conducted offering fish a choice of the two habitats to determine preference patterns. Next, a two-channel flume, with each side containing flow originating in one of the two habitats, was used to determine whether preferences were still exhibited when fish could only detect habitats through olfactory means. While patterns among the three fish species tested here were variable, results did indicate consistent habitat preferences despite the lack of cues other than olfactory, suggesting that these organisms are capable of discriminating habitats via chemical exudates from plants. As such, olfactory mechanisms likely provide vital information about the surrounding environment and future work should be directed at determining how anthropogenic inputs such as eutrophication and sediment runoff affect the physiology of these sensory capabilities.
Finding Home: A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Adolescent Mothers' Housing Instability.

Many low-income Latina adolescent mothers face instability in their housing circumstances, which has implications for their long-term prospects and that of their children. This study used longitudinal, ethnographic data from Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three City Study to explore experiences of low-income, Latina adolescent mothers (N = 15) with unstable housing who primarily rely on their families or the families of their significant others for housing support. Results of analysis employing grounded theory and narrative approaches suggested two types of instability: “Horizontal moves” between family homes and “vertical moves” between family homes and independent living. Although family support often was fundamental in allowing for participants’ pursuit of independent housing (i.e., vertical moves), it also was associated with greater residential mobility (i.e., horizontal moves), most often in the context of intrafamilial conflict and family instability. These results are discussed with respect to inconsistencies in policies to address this vulnerable population.
SBCE Indications, Contraindications and Administration: Preps, Prokinetics, and Retention

With increasing experience and ease of use, wireless capsule endoscopy has become a popular tool for diagnosis of small bowel pathology. As with all tests in medicine, capsule endoscopy is only as useful as its ability to safely yield accurate results. Therefore, it is vital that clinicians familiarize themselves with appropriate criteria for use, accompanying assistive tools, and red flags that indicate the need for caution. This chapter will review the indications and contraindications of small bowel capsule endoscopy as well as familiarize the reader with appropriate steps that need to be taken to prepare patients for the procedure, including a review of the use of preparations, prokinetics, and the risks of capsule retention.
Inductive Meandered Metal Line Metamaterial for Rectangular Waveguide Linings

Metal-based epsilon negative metamaterials (MTMs) have been investigated for use as a waveguide liner to allow for an electromagnetic passband below the cutoff frequency of the empty waveguide. In this paper, we investigate both the theory and a practical implementation of an MTM lined waveguide. Specifically, we have investigated the use of inductive meander lines as the elements of a vacuum-electronics-compatible MTM structure to line one side of a rectangular waveguide. The MTM implementation creates an effective medium with a Drude–Lorentz dispersion response. The transmission of the waveguide and dispersion were both simulated and measured experimentally and demonstrate good agreement.
Carbon nanotubes physicochemical properties influence the overall cellular behavior and fate.

Abstract The unique properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) make them viable candidates for versatile implementation in the next generation of biomedical devices for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or cellular-sensing probes. Such implementation requires user-tailored changes in SWCNT's physicochemical characteristics to allow for efficient cellular integration while maintaining nanotubes’ functionality. However, isolated reports showed that user-tailoring could induce deleterious effects in exposed cells, from decrease in cellular proliferation, to changes in cellular adhesion, generation of reactive oxygen species or phenotypical variations, just to name a few. Before full implementation of SWCNTs is achieved, their toxicological profiles need to be mechanistically correlated with their physicochemical properties to determine how the induced cellular fate is related to the exposure conditions or samples' characteristics. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic cyto- and genotoxic effects resulted from short-term exposure of human lung epithelial cells to pristine (as manufactured) and user-tailored SWCNTs, as a function of their physicochemical properties. Specifically, through a systematic approach we are correlating the nanotube uptake and nanotube-induced cellular changes to the sample's physicochemical characteristics (e.g., metal impurities, length, agglomerate size, surface area, dispersion, and surface functionalization). By identifying changes in active hallmarks involved in cell-cell connections and maintaining epithelial layer integrity, we also determine the role that short-term exposure to SWCNTs plays in the overall cellular fate and cellular transformation. Lastly, we assess cellular structure-function relationships to identify non-apoptotic pathways induced by SWCNTs exposure that could however lead to changes in cellular behavior and cellular transformation. Our results show that the degree of cell transformation is a function of the physicochemical properties of the SWCNT, with the nanotube with higher length, higher metal content and larger agglomerate size reducing cell viability to a larger extent. Such changes in cell viability are also complemented by changes in cell structure, cycle and cell-cell interactions, all responsible for maintaining cell fate.
Cycling efficiency and energy cost of walking in young and older adults.

This study illustrates that the higher energy cost of walking in older adults is only evident for ages ≥70 yr. For older adults ages 60–69 yr, the energy cost of walking is similar to that of young...
Interstate fiscal disparities among american states: its general trend during 1970-1996 and its implications to the 1996 welfare reform

This article discusses interstate fiscal disparities in the context of welfare reform. It presents the trend of interstate fiscal disparities during 1970-1996 and highlights the need to study how the welfare reform of 1996 affects interstate variances in welfare support.
Improving comprehension of public policy design using social constructions of target populations theory

Schneider and Ingram’s seminal work on how social constructions of target populations and political power combine to influence policy design helps explain why some groups receive beneficial policie...
A Tricopper(I) Complex Competent for O Atom Transfer, C-H Bond Activation, and Multiple O2 Activation Steps.

Oxygenation of a tricopper(I) cyclophanate (1) affords reactive transients competent for C–H bond activation and O atom transfer to various substrates (including toluene, dihydroanthracene, and ethylmethylsulfide) based on 1H NMR, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS), and electrospray ionization (ESI)/MS data. Low product yields (<1%) are determined for C–H activation substrates (e.g, toluene, ethylbenzene), which we attribute to competitive ligand oxidation. The combined stopped-flow UV/visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, ESI/MS, 1H NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) results for reaction of 1 with O2 are consistent with transient peroxo- and di(oxo)-bridged intermediates. DFT calculations elucidate a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer from toluene to the di(μ-oxo) intermediate and subsequent radical rebound as the C–H activation mechanism. Our results support a multicopper oxidase-like mechanism for O2 activation by 1, traversing species similar to the coplanar Cu3O2 unit in the ...
3D bubble reconstruction using multiple cameras and space carving method

An accurate measurement of bubble shape and size has a significant value in understanding the behavior of bubbles that exist in many engineering applications. Past studies usually use one or two cameras to estimate bubble volume, surface area, among other parameters. The 3D bubble shape and rotation angle are generally not available in these studies. To overcome this challenge and obtain more detailed information of individual bubbles, a 3D imaging system consisting of four high-speed cameras is developed in this paper, and the space carving method is used to reconstruct the 3D bubble shape based on the recorded high-speed images from different view angles. The proposed method can reconstruct the bubble surface with minimal assumptions. A benchmarking test is performed in a 3 cm × 1 cm rectangular channel with stagnant water. The results show that the newly proposed method can measure the bubble volume with an error of less than 2% compared with the syringe reading. The conventional two-camera system has an error around 10%. The one-camera system has an error greater than 25%. The visualization of a 3D bubble rising demonstrates the wall influence on bubble rotation angle and aspect ratio. This also explains the large error that exists in the single camera measurement.
A Theoretical Framework for Predicting Performance of Object Recognition

The ability to predict the fundamental performance of model-based object recognition is essential for transforming the object recognition field from an art to a science, and to speed up the design process for recognition systems. In this chapter, we address the performance—prediction problem in the context of a common recognition task, where both model objects and scene data are represented by locations of 2D point features. The criterion used for estimating matching quality is based on the number of consistent data/model feature pairs, which we refer to as “votes.” We present a theoretical framework for prediction of lower and upper bounds on the probability of correctly recognizing model objects from scene data. The proposed framework considers data distortion factors such as uncertainty (noise in feature locations), occlusion (missing features), and clutter (spurious features). In addition, it considers structural similarity between model objects. The framework consists of two stages. In the first stage, we calculate a measure of the structural similarity between every pair of objects in the model set. This measure is a function of the relative transformation between the model objects. In the second stage, the model similarity information is used along with statistical models of the data distortion factors to determine bounds on the probability of correct recognition. The proposed framework is compared with relevant research efforts. Its validity is demonstrated using real synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the MSTAR public domain, which are obtained under a variety of depression angles and object configurations.
Effects of taurine on protein phosphorylation in mammalian tissues.

It has been proposed that taurine has various biological functions such as influencing neurotransmitter release, stabilizing membranes, modulating Ca2+ fluxes, inhibiting protein phosphorylation, and regulating osmolarity (for reviews, see ref. 1 and 2). Up until recently, there has been no well-defined role for taurine at the molecular level, and thus the function of taurine in excitable tissues remained unclear. However, results from our laboratory indicate that taurine has an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of specific proteins in the retina3–5, brain6–8, and heart9.
The Cytoskeleton in Neurological Disease

The history of the microscopic study of diseases of the nervous system is little older than the appreciation that these maladies are often accompanied by alterations in fibrillar or reticular elements within nerve cells. The most common of these alterations is known as neurofibrillary degeneration. This change, marked by an increase in the apparent number and thickness of the argentophilic fibrillar elements of the neuronal cytoplasm, is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, sporadic motor neuron disease, and a number of drug- and toxin-induced neuropathies.
The proliferative potential of myeloma plasma cells manifest in the SCID-hu host.

The low proliferative activity of myeloma plasma cells prompted the notion that the clonotypic B cells that exist in the blood and bone marrow of all myeloma patients contain the proliferative myeloma cells (stem cell). We have exploited our severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-hu host system for primary myeloma to investigate whether myeloma plasma cells are capable of sustained proliferation. Purified CD38++CD45− plasma cells consistently grew and produced myeloma and its manifestations in SCID-hu hosts (8 of 9 experiments). In contrast, the plasma cell-depleted bone marrow cells from 6 patients did not grow or produce myeloma in SCID-hu hosts. Similarly, whereas plasma-cell containing blood cells from 4 patients grew and produced myeloma in hosts, neither the PC-depleted blood cells from 3 of the patients nor a blood specimen that did not contain plasma cells grew in SCID-hu hosts, regardless of their CD19-expressing cell contents. Also, in hosts injected with blood cells, although the myeloma cells were able to disseminate through the murine host system, they were only able to grow in the human bones within a human microenvironment and were not detectable in the murine blood or other organs. Interestingly, the circulating plasma cells appear to grow more avidly in the SCID-hu hosts than their bone marrow counterparts, suggesting that they represent a subpopulation of the plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although our studies clearly demonstrate the proliferative potential of myeloma plasma cells, they are suggestive, not conclusive, as to the existence of a preplasmacytic myeloma progenitor cell.
THE MIRACULOUS CHOICE ARGUMENT FOR REALISM

The miracle argument for scientific realism can be cast in two forms: according to the miraculous theory argument, realism is the only position which does not make the empirical successes of particular theories miraculous. According to the miraculous choice argument, realism is the only position which does not render the fact that empirically successful theories have been chosen a miracle. A vast literature discusses the miraculous theory argument, but the miraculous choice argument has been unjustifiably neglected. I raise two objections to Richard Boyd's defense of the latter: (1) we have no miracle free account of the emergence of take-off theories and (2) the anti-realist can account for the non-miraculous choice of empirically successful theories by attributing mere empirical adequacy to background theory. I argue that the availability of extra-empirical criteria that are arguably truth conductive but not theory-laden suffices to answer (1), and the unavailability of extra-empirical criteria that are conductive to empirical adequacy but not necessarily to truth (and are also not theory-laden) constitutes to reply to (2). The prospects for a realist victory are at least somewhat promising, on a controversial assumption about the rate at which empirically successful theories emerge.
Generalized bullous fixed-drug eruption secondary to the influenza vaccine

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction characterized by recurrence of lesions at identical sites with each exposure to the offending medication. After morbilliform exanthems, FDE is the most common cutaneous drug reaction.1 Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE) is a variant of FDE that can present rarely with significant, life-threatening body surface involvement akin to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).2 There are few reported cases of GBFDE occurring after the influenza vaccine, and all occurred after decades of receiving the vaccine.3, 4 Here we report a rare case of GBFDE occurring as a result of administration of the influenza vaccine.
Key Control: A Game Sudoku

Java broadly divides events into two categories. The events generated by software components are termed as semantic events. The events generated by hardware mouse or keys are termed as low-level events. We have learned software components generated events and applied them for the developments of event-driven games in previous chapters. Now we turn our attention to apply the low-level events for controlling games. The game Sudoku is a famous numerical game played by a single player. It is taken as an example for exposing the event listeners of keys in this chapter.
Relaunching the Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality

This issue is the first to appear after a longer intermission. We have replatformed the journal, but we continue the original mission of publishing innovative materials from many disciplines in the areas of privacy, confidentiality, and disclosure limitation.
Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: a systematic review and integration

Pornography use is a common activity in the developed world. This work consolidates research about pornography use into an organizational structure that is relevant to sexual motivation more broadl...
The historical present in Spanish and semantic/pragmatic structure

Abstract The historical present (HP) is the use of the present tense to refer to past events, usually as part of a narrative. Most work on this topic has dealt with the functions of English HP, mainly within the context of tense switching in conversational narrative. Relatively little work focuses exclusively on HP in Spanish, and most of it deals with the function of HP in conversational narratives. There is a gap in the literature regarding the specific interaction between the semantics and pragmatics involved in the use of HP, especially with respect to the formal representation of this interaction. In order to fill this gap, this paper analyzes the use of HP within the Parallel Architecture framework (Jackendoff 2002) and examines the implications for the semantic/pragmatic structure. Language samples produced by native speakers of Spanish and data from a large Spanish corpus are used as part of the basis for analysis. The present study also explores how the use of the preterite and imperfect in narrative in the past parallels the use of the simple present and the present progressive in narrative within the present timeframe, and shows how this can also be fruitfully analyzed employing the Parallel Architecture. The result is an original model that extends the formal apparatus of the Parallel Architecture to an area where it has not been applied before, the interface between semantics and narrative structure.
Improved Postoperative Metrics with Modified Myofascial Closure in Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair.

BACKGROUND The effect of modifications in fetal myelomeningocele (fMMC) closure techniques has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of a modified closure technique on fMMC postnatal patient outcomes: hydrocephalus, hindbrain herniation, and cyst development. METHODS We performed single-center retrospective study of a subset of post-MOMS (Management of Myelomeningocele Study) trial patients who underwent fMMC closure. After January 2015, the fetal myofascial closure technique was modified. Needlepoint monopolar cautery was used to raise dural lined myofascial flaps to create a more robust closure. Outcomes between the pre- and postmodification groups were compared with regard to hindbrain herniation, hydrocephalus, and cyst development. Families who transitioned care to local institutions were contacted via telephone for outcome information. RESULTS From January 2011 to May 2016, data were reviewed from 119 fMMC closure patients. Patients without full follow-up data were excluded from the final analysis. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was seen in 32 of 74 patients with the standard technique compared to 14 of 45 with the modified closure and was significantly decreased in postmodification when compared to that of the MOMS trial (P = .01). Hindbrain herniation resolution was significantly decreased in both the pre- and postmodification groups compared to that of the MOMS trial (P < .01). Prior to January 2015 with standard closure, 23 cysts required resection whereas no cysts required resection in the modified repair group (P < .01). CONCLUSION Modified myofascial closure for fMMC closure is safe and feasible. The new approach reflects a decreased rate of cyst development requiring surgical resection, and a trend for improved rates of hindbrain herniation and hydrocephalus.
Optimal Blocking Device Placement for Geomagnetic Disturbance Mitigation

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) introduced by geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) can damage transformers, increase reactive power losses, and cause reliability issues in power systems. Finding an optimal strategy to place blocking devices (BDs) at transformer neutrals is essential to mitigating the negative impact of GICs. In this paper, we study and solve the problem of optimal BD placement (OBP), aiming at minimizing the damages of GMDs, subject to various practical constraints. In particular, our approach accounts for the potential impact of BD placement to neighboring interconnected systems; we also consider the time-varying nature of the geoelectric field in BD placement. To the best of our knowledge, neither has been considered in the existing works. Under these constraints, the combined complexity of solving the OBP problem on a large-scale system poses a big challenge. To address this, we developed a simulated annealing-based algorithm that can achieve near-optimal solutions for the OBP problem at a reduced computational complexity, while taking the above constraints into account. More importantly, this paper provides a general mathematical framework that can be used to solve various OBP problems, with different objective functions and constraints. We demonstrated the effectiveness and the efficiency of our method by using power systems of various sizes.
Size of 5′- Terminal Fragments Cleaved from Poly(dG-dC) by Endo R · Hha I

Sequence-specific DNA restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) are known to recognize short “palindromic” sequences in DNA and to introduce double-stranded breaks within these sites. In one study, the restriction enzyme Endo R · Eco RI from Escherichia coli harboring the RI drug resistance transfer factor has been examined with respect to its ability to interact with and cleave a microsubstrate octanucleotide containing the Eco RI site d-(GAATTC) (1). The affinity of the enzyme for the eight-base substrate is two-hundred fold less than that observed for sites found in long DNA molecules. This behavior may apply generally to other restriction enzymes. Using Endo R · Hha I from Hemophilus hemolyticus , we have asked the question: How long must the microsubstrate be in order to achieve catalytic parameters comparable to those found with DNA as the substrate? This restriction enzyme recognizes the duplex site d-(GCGC/CGCG), and cleaves at the positions indicated by the arrows. By allowing the enzyme to cleave a duplex alternating copolymer, poly(dG-dC), which had been labeled solely at its 5′ ends with 32 P-phosphate, one can learn how close to these labeled termini the enzyme will approach and still cleave efficiently. The labeled products from an exhaustive digestion can then be analyzed by electrophoresis.
Risk for Substance Use Disorders in young adulthood: Associations with developmental experiences of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences

Abstract Background Multiple developmental risk factors for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) during young adulthood have been identified. In this investigation, we examined the impact of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) prior to 12th grade on the development of three common SUDs during young adulthood–Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD) and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). Our hypothesis was that while both homelessness and ACEs are significant risk factors for young adult SUDs, foster care involvement might convey protection. Methods Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, measures of ACEs were derived from the CDC-Kaiser ACE study, and DSM-V SUD diagnoses were derived from items originally based on DSM-IV. SUD diagnoses were binned into “mild”, “moderate”, and “severe” groupings. Survey-based logistic models were used to estimate risks of SUDs while controlling for demographics. Results The results suggest that the experience of homelessness prior to 12th grade in addition to ACEs were significantly associated with the development in young adulthood of the most severe forms of AUD and TUD and all severity levels of CUD. Foster care was not associated with either risk or protection from SUDs. Conclusions The experience of homelessness during development may be viewed as another detrimental ACE that is a risk factor for the most common SUDs in young adulthood. Given the magnitude of the current epidemic of homelessness in the U.S., these results should raise substantial concern.
Erratum for Cantu-Jungles and Hamaker, "New View on Dietary Fiber Selection for Predictable Shifts in Gut Microbiota".

Volume 11, no. 1, e02179-19, 2020, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02179-19][1]. The linkage type of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in Fig. 2 and in the text (page 2 of the PDF version, paragraph 1) was incorrectly written as β-1,2 and should be β-2,1. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mBio.02179-19
Microscopic Examination of Native and Modified Cotton Fibers

Cotton is the single most economically important natural textile fiber in the world. It is a seed hair and has historically composed a large portion of the world's textiles. The plant is grown in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The demand for cotton, especially as a garment fiber, it due to properties such as its soft hand, water absorption, spinnability, and dyeability, and to its ease of home laundering. Perhaps cotton's most important textile property is its comfort. These properties are due to the unique, multilayered construction of the fiber subunits. The nature of this construction has been studied microscopically for more than 100 years, first using light microscopes, then electron microscopes as they became available. Because they are natural biological materials, no two cotton fibers are exactly alike. Yet they do have certain structural features in common. Structure in cotton can refer to several levels of construction.
A comparison of the effects of a six-week traditional squat and suspended load squat program in collegiate baseball players on measures of athletic performance

Background: Acute studies suggest that resistance training with an unstable load suspended from the barbell increases core muscle activation with negligible detrimental effects on phasic muscle activation and force production compared to traditional barbell loading, but the effect of a suspended load program on athletic performance is unclear. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a six-week program where the back-squat was performed with a suspended load (SL) on vertical jump (VJ), change of direction ability (COD), single-leg balance, and one repetition maximum squat load (1RM). Methods: Thirty-two collegiate baseball players (20.4 ± 1.4 y, 86.0 ± 11.0 kg, 1.82 ± .065 m) were assigned to perform the back-squat with SL or traditional loading (CON). Additional exercises were done with traditional loading. Athletes completed VJ, T-tests to measure COD, star excursion balance test (SEBT) to measure single-leg balance, and 1RM PRE and POST program. A MANOVA was used to assess the dependent variables. Significance was set to p < .05. Results: Effect of group × time (p = .152) and group (p = .095) were not significant, indicating CON and SL had similar performance. Effect of time (p < .0001) was significant, suggesting POST performance improved relative to PRE. When groups were pooled, 1RM (p < .0001) and T-test (p = .038) improved, but VJ (p = .255) and SEBT (p = .167) did not improve. Conclusion: Performing squats with SL does not appear to be detrimental to development during a six-week program.
Cultural Relevancy of Culinary and Nutritional Medicine Interventions: A Scoping Review:

Background. Taking into account the disproportionate impacts of disease burden from chronic conditions by racial and ethnic group, this scoping review sought to examine the extent to which nutritio...
Defending Democracy: Using Deep Learning to Identify and Prevent Misinformation.

The rise in online misinformation in recent years threatens democracies by distorting authentic public discourse and causing confusion, fear, and even, in extreme cases, violence. There is a need to understand the spread of false content through online networks for developing interventions that disrupt misinformation before it achieves virality. Using a Deep Bidirectional Transformer for Language Understanding (BERT) and propagation graphs, this study classifies and visualizes the spread of misinformation on a social media network using publicly available Twitter data. The results confirm prior research around user clusters and the virality of false content while improving the precision of deep learning models for misinformation detection. The study further demonstrates the suitability of BERT for providing a scalable model for false information detection, which can contribute to the development of more timely and accurate interventions to slow the spread of misinformation in online environments.