cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Getting to the end: telomerase access in yeast and humans

In organisms with linear chromosomes, telomeres are essential to maintain genome integrity. However, inappropriate telomere addition, for example to double-stranded DNA breaks, might stabilize deleterious genetic changes. Therefore, telomere addition by telomerase is highly regulated, for example by mechanisms that determine the accessibility of telomeres to elongation by telomerase. These mechanisms, which have been studied mainly in budding yeast and human cell culture, can be subdivided into two classes: mechanisms that modulate the telomeric chromatin structure and those that sequester active telomerase from chromosome ends.
Effects of fluorides, cortico-steroids and tetracyclines on extraction wound healing in rats.

The effects of locally applied fluorides, corticosteroids and tetracyclines upon the healing of extraction wounds were studied in 77 albino rats. It was found that the fluorides definitely inhibit bone resorption; the cortico-steroids markedly increase osteoclasis and bone resorp-tions; while the tetracyclines stimulate osteogenesis and bone deposition. These actions were limited from 3 to 10 days after these solutions were incorporated into the blood clot. These findings suggest further studies to explore the application of fluorides and tetracyclines to clinical problems such as tooth replants, tooth transplants and in extraction wound healing.
Localized magnon-pair modes in Fe F 2 :Mn

From a combined experimental and theoretical study of Mn impurity pairs in the dilute Heisenberg antiferromagnet, ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2} (xl{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$, we report the observation and identification of magnon-pair modes in an ordered magnetic substance. Magnetic resonance spectra were obtained at 4.2 K with the use of a high-resolution, far-infrared (FIR) laser spectrometer. The spin dynamics of magnon excitations, localized in the vicinity of pairs of substitutional impurity spins in a two-sublattice antiferromagnet, is investigated theoretically by applying Green's-function techniques to a spin Hamiltonian which includes both inter-(${J}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and intra-(${J}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) sublattice impurity-host Heisenberg exchange terms and an anisotropy term of the form, $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{DS}_{z}^{2}$. Theoretical predictions of six distinct magnon-pair energies, for various combinations of the exchange parameters ${J}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${J}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, are compared to experiment. Good agreement is obtained with ${J}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${J}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ both antiferromagnetic: ${J}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.8 $ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${J}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5 $ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Chemical studies on bacillomycin

Bacillomycin, an antibiotic elaborated by a strain of Bacillus subtilis, has been purified by column chromatography and crystallization. The purest samples consist of 60% polypeptide, which contains only the five amino acids: Asp, Glu, Ser, Tyr, Thr; and ammonia. A few sequences of amino acids and a terminal group (Tyr carboxyl) have been identified.
Membrane-associated respiratory syncytial virus F protein expressed from a human rhinovirus type 14 vector is immunogenic.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) replicons have the potential to serve as respiratory vaccine vectors for mucosal immunization in humans. However, since many vaccine immunogens of interest are glycosylated, an important concern is whether HRV replicons are capable of expressing glycosylated proteins. The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein was chosen as a model glycoprotein and the HRV replicon DeltaP1FVP3 was generated by inserting the F protein-coding sequence in frame and in lieu of the 5' proximal 1489 nucleotides of the capsid-coding segment in the HRV-14 genome. When transfected into H1-HeLa cells, DeltaP1FVP3 replicated and led to the expression of the F protein. Inhibition with guanidine demonstrated that F-protein expression was dependent on DeltaP1FVP3 replication and did not result from translation of input RNA. Although most of the F protein remained as an immature, glycosylated precursor (F0), a readily detectable fraction of the protein was processed into the mature glycosylated subunit F1, an event known to occur within the Golgi apparatus. Packaged DeltaP1FVP3 replicons were generated in transfected HeLa cells by coexpression of homologous HRV capsid proteins using the vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase hybrid system. Packaged replicon RNAs were capable of infecting fresh cells, leading to accumulation of the F protein as in RNA-transfected cells. Mice immunized with HeLa cell lysates containing F protein expressed from DeltaP1FVP3 produced neutralizing antibodies against RSV. These results indicate that an HRV-14 replicon can express a foreign glycosylated protein, providing further support for the potential of HRV replicons as a vaccine delivery system.
Experimentally determined accuracy and stability of Loran C signals for land vehicle location

Measurements of the stability of loran C signals in a nonurban area were carried out to determine the suitability of these signals for land vehicle location. Measurements were made at a 25- point grid within a 400 square mile area in central Indiana and extended over a ten month period. It was found that root mean square (rms) time difference prediction errors were on the order of 200 ns or less and the rms position errors computed from three time-difference measurements were on the order of 45 m over the ten month test period. Methods of improving position estimates using least-squares and maximum likelihood procedures are discussed.
Knowledge-based power flow models

Abstract This paper presents a method for constructing knowledge-based power flow models from a priori knowledge of physically admissible bus injection profiles. Knowledge-based power flow models facilitate fast computation of many power flow problems simultaneously by using matrix multiplication and addition without matrix factorizations and backward/forward solution.
Performance of a 20-target MSE classifier

MIT Lincoln Laboratory is responsible for developing the ATR system for the DARPA/DARO/NIMA/OSD-sponsored SAIP program; the baseline ATR system recognizes 10 GOB targets; the enhanced version of SAIP requires the ATR system to recognize 20 GOB targets. This paper compares ATR performance results for 10- and 20-target MSE classifiers using high-resolution SAR imagery.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria-induced protein P4 from hemolymph of Manduca sexta

Insects synthesize several types of hemolymph proteins in response to bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to characterize a 48,000 dalton hemolymph protein induced in larvae of Manduca sexta after injection of bacteria. The protein, isolated by cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography from hemolymph of larvae injected with Micrococcus lysodeikticus, was found to be a glycoprotein with pI = 8.4. The molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition, and NH2 terminal sequence of the protein are similar to bacteria-induced protein P4 from Hyalophora cecropia, and the M. sexta protein is also designated P4. The hemolymph concentration of M. sexta P4 (35 +/- 7 micrograms/ml in day 3 fifth instar larvae) increases 30- to 45-fold by 48 h after injection of bacteria, but it does not increase in response to injection of distilled water. Lower levels of induction occur after injection of peptidoglycan fragments, zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide. The properties of M. sexta P4 are very similar to those of a previously characterized M. sexta hemolymph protein known as postlarval protein, and antibodies against P4 bind to post-larval protein.
A new method for the estimation of the aqueous solubility of organic compounds

Abstract Using a semiempirical quantum chemical method (AM1), various properties (dipole moment, charge distribution, geometrical parameters, etc.) of 331 compounds were calculated. Various linear functions of these properties and their combinations were fitted to reproduce experimental aqueous solubilities. An 18‐parameter function was derived that is reasonably simple, yet appears to be able to describe the aqueous solubilities of a wide range of organic compounds. The parameter set is essentially the one used in a recent similar study of octanol‐water partition coefficients. The derived equation has important predictive value.
An online distributed gossiping protocol for mobile networks

Gossiping in a communication network has long been studied as a combinatorial optimization problem in graphs under many different objective functions and communication models. In this paper, we propose a new online distributed gossiping protocol in the multicasting communication environment, where each node knows only its immediate neighbors. We show that the protocol can tolerate multiple node and link faults, mobility of nodes in the network (as long as the network remains connected) and it is more efficient than the a recently proposed protocol.
How to get people to say and type what computers can understand

This study tested whether people can be shaped to use the vocabulary and phrase structure of a program's output in creating their own inputs. Occasional computer-users interacted with four versions of an inventory program ostensibly capable of understanding natural-language inputs. The four versions differed in the vocabulary and the phrase length presented on the subjects' computer screen. Within each version, the program's outputs were worded consistently and presented repetitively in the hope that subjects would use the outputs as a model for their inputs. Although not told so in advance, one-half of the subjects were restricted to input phrases identical to those used by their respective program (shaping condition), the other half were not (modeling condition). Additionally, one-half of the subjects communicated with the program by speaking, the other half by typing. The analysis of the verbal dependent variables revealed four noteworthy findings. First, users will model the length of a program's output. Second, it is easier for people to model and to be shaped to terse, as opposed to conversational, output phrases. Third, shaping users' inputs through error messages is more successful in limiting the variability in their language than is relying on them to model the program's outputs. Fourth, mode of communication and output vocabulary do not affect the degree to which modeling or shaping occur in person-computer interactions. Comparisons of pre- and post-experimental attitudes show that both restricted and unrestricted subjects felt significantly more positive toward computers after their interactions with the natural-language system. Other performance and attitude differences as well as implications for the development of natural-language processors are discussed.
In CEM cells the autosomal deafness gene dfna5 is regulated by glucocorticoids and forskolin

Certain mutations of the dfna5 gene result in a form of autosomal deafness that holds special interest because its phenotype resembles the hearing loss often seen during aging. Little is known of the function or regulation of dfna5 or its encoded protein. However dfna5 has recently been shown to be induced by p53. It also is epigenetically repressed in gastric cancer. We have discovered that dfna5 can be induced by glucocorticoids (GCs) and that this regulation is influenced by crosstalk with the protein kinase A (PKA) system. We show that GCs induce dfna5 mRNA and that its expression appears to be repressed in the basal state. Induction of dfna5 mRNA correlates with GC-dependent apoptosis of CEM cells, though dfna5 expression alone is not sufficient for apoptosis.
A Mental Model Perspective of a Driver Workload System

Conceptualizing driver mental models is not a common tool used to evaluate vehicle human-machine interfaces (HMIs) in the transportation-related literature. The presented research examines the resu...
The cooperative interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C in suppression of peroxidation of membrane phospholipids

Abstract The time course of peroxidation of rat liver microsomes by FeSO 4 in the presence of ascorbate showed a delay in the onset of peroxidation compared to the time course when NADPH replaced ascorbate as the electron donor. The delay was consistent with an antioxidant function of ascorbate, possibly mediated through endogenous vitamin E. In order to further investigate the cooperation between ascorbate and vitamin E in suppressing lipid peroxidation, a liposomal system containing polyunsaturated phospholipids was used. Peroxidation was initiated by ferrous iron at pH 5, where spontaneous oxidation of Fe 2+ did not occur and the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid could be characterized independently of its pro-oxidant properties as a reducer of Fe 3+ . Ascorbic acid alone at concentrations of 30–100 μM delayed peroxidation by 20 min and at higher concentrations prevented peroxidation for 60 min. Physiological levels of vitamin E decreased peroxidation at early time points but the vitamin was apparently consumed during the course of the incubation. The presence of both vitamin C and vitamin E produced suppression of peroxidation at early time points (0–20 min) which was approximately the sum of the individual inhibitions. At longer time points, however, the mixture of anti-oxidants was much more effective than the sum of both vitamins alone. This suggests that interaction between these antioxidants yields an enhanced delivery of antioxidant protection.
Evidence for partial secondary structure formation in the transition state for arc repressor refolding and dimerization.

Structure formation and dimerization are concerted processes in the refolding of Arc repressor. The integrity of secondary structure in the transition state of Arc refolding has been investigated here by determining the changes in equilibrium stability and refolding/unfolding kinetics for a set of Ala → Gly mutations at residues that are solvent-exposed in the native Arc dimer. At some sites, reduced stability was caused primarily by faster unfolding, indicating that secondary structure at these positions is largely absent in the transition state. However, most of the Ala → Gly substitutions in the α-helices of Arc and a triple mutant in the β-sheet also resulted in decreased refolding rates, in some cases, accounting for the major fraction of thermodynamic destabilization. Overall, these results suggest that some regions of native secondary structure are present but incompletely formed in the transition state of Arc refolding and dimerization. Consolidation of this secondary structure, like close packing...
Selective hydrolysis of soybean oil phosphatides

A rapid method is described for treating nondegummed soybean oil with water and a mixture of cation and anion exchange resins at elevated temperatures. In less than 30 min. 85% of phosphatide phosphorus is converted to a water-soluble, petroleum ether-insoluble form. Very little free or combined fatty acids are associated with the phosphorus thus split off from the phosphatide, and only a moderate increase in free fatty acid in the oil phase occurs. It is proposed that the phosphatides are largely converted to diglycerides by the selective hydrolytic treatment.
Spontaneous renal artery thrombosis associated with altered mental status

Renal artery thrombosis is much less common than renal artery occlusion by emboli. When it does occur, it is usually a result of blunt abdominal trauma or a thrombus superimposed on an atherosclerotic plaque. Numerous other factors have been associated with renal artery thrombosis. Spontaneous renal artery thrombosis is a rare phenomenon in itself. This case represents spontaneous renal artery thrombosis associated with an altered mental status. Clinical features with suspected etiologies are reviewed. Recommendations for future evaluations are given.
Tetanus Toxin: Fine Structure Localization of Binding Sites in Striated Muscle

When striated muscle from mice poisoned with purified tetanus neurotoxin was incubated with tetanus antitoxin labeled with horseradish peroxidase and stained for peroxidase activity, an electron-opaque reaction product was found in the transverse and terminal sacs of the longitudinal elements of the sarcotubular system. Demonstration of toxin in this location suggests that it acts by interfering with contraction coupling or mechanisms of contraction-relaxation.
Phosphorus distribution and availability in response to dairy manure applications.

Abstract As livestock operations become larger and concerns about water quality become greater, attention must be paid to the composition of animal manure and its potential impact on the environment. One current concern involves the amount and forms of phosphorus (P) being added to land with manure. The objective of this experiment was to determine the forms and availability of P in soils receiving 4 years of continuous dairy manure applications. Soil samples were collected from lysimeter plots established in 1991 to study the impact of dairy manure applications on surface water and groundwater. Soil P was fractionated into available (NaHCO3), iron (Fe)‐ and aluminum (Al)‐bound (NaOH), and calcium (Ca)‐bound (HC1) forms. These data were related to manure application rates, soluble P concentrations, and anion exchange membrane (AEM) bound P. Results indicate that the potential to move P by leaching through these loessial soils is very low even at high manure application rates. Large manure additions result...
High Pressure and Temperature Elasticity and EOS for Actinide Metals from First-Principles Simulations

Density-functional theory (DFT) simulations are applied to obtain elastic, strength, and EOS properties of actinide metals under extreme conditions. In this presentation, we will show our recent study on temperature effects of the properties of solids of actinide metals. For example of low temperature uranium (U) solids, elastic constants are calculated directly from the DFT total energy for the ground-state phase in a wide pressure range. For higher temperature U solids, we are applying a recent scheme to calculate temperature-dependent phonon dispersions through the self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics (SCAILD) technique. This scheme is particular important for the higher temperature phases that the elasticity cannot be analogously obtained because of its mechanical instability at lower temperatures. From these SCAILD phonon dispersions we then extract the elastic constants from the slopes approaching the Γ point. In addition, the phonon density of states of U obtained from SCAILD/DFT calculations have been used to parameterize a double Debye model for its ion-thermal free energy. We will discuss the ramification of this new Debye model on our development of multi-phase uranium EOS.
Two dimensional sail shape determined by pressure and its tension

Abstract A numerical iteration method has been developed to determine the shape of a sail as a flexible membrane in two dimensional form. The scheme may be described as follows: The initial shape of the sail is assumed. By assuming that the flow is incompressible and irrotational, the flow field is calculated. The pressure distribution on both sides are obtained. Then the shape of the sail can be determined according to the pressure and the tension in the sail. The tension is not assumed to be uniform in the sail in contrast with similar works published previously. This calculated shape then is compared with the one assumed initially. A new shape is assumed and the calculation is repeated. The iteration stops when the change between the assumed and the calculated is no longer significant. The result of this calculation has been compared with previous works.
Outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment with Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Co-Infected Patients in Lesotho

Background Although the importance of concurrent treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and HIV co-infection has been increasingly recognized, there have been few studies reporting outcomes of MDR-TB and HIV co-treatment. We report final outcomes of comprehensive, integrated MDR-TB and HIV treatment in Lesotho and examine factors associated with death or treatment failure.
CP-54,883 a novel chlorine-containing polyether antibiotic produced by a new species of Actinomadura: taxonomy of the producing culture, fermentation, physico-chemical and biological properties of the antibiotic.

The novel chlorine-containing acidic polycyclic ether antibiotic CP-54, 883 (C41H61O12Cl2) is produced by the fermentation of Actinomadura routienii Huang sp. nov. This report presents the taxonomy and the fermentation conditions for the antibiotic-producing culture. The antibiotic is mainly active against Gram-positive bacteria. It protects chickens against Eimeria challenge in vivo and enhances rumen propionic acid in vitro. The physico-chemical properties are also characterized.
Justification of probability density function for resolution in statistical models of overlap

Justification is offered for a postulate in a recent statistical model of overlap, which enabled theory to describe overlap in poorly resolved separations. In this model, resolutions of single-component peaks less than 0.5 were suggested to be sufficient for separation, although this suggestion obviously contradicted well established principles. Here, it is shown that the resolution of single-component peaks is a poor descriptor of overlap in ineffient separations. Rather, overlap is caused by the fusion of multiplets comprised of one or more single-component peaks, instead of single-component peaks. By relating the apparent resolution of multiplets to the actual resolution of their separated constituent single-component peaks, one can show that resolutions less than 0.5 can be sufficient for separation. A model is developed from these concepts to predict the probability density function for the resolution of single-component peaks at different efficiency. The combination of this probability density function with the recent statistical model of overlap correctly predicts overlap even when only one-fifth of the single-component peaks are detectable as observed maxima. The purpose of this work is not to propose a new statistical model of overlap but rather to justify the one noted above.
In defense of queer kinships: Oedipus recast

This article revisits the Oedipus complex and Jacques Lacan's reformulations of it in the concepts of the desire of the mother and the Name-of-the-Father. Arguing that the aforementioned terms lend themselves to normative interpretations that prove damaging when applied to questions about queer sexualities and families, this article advocates conceptualizing the components of the Oedipus complex as singular statements, instead of as particular types of identifying or identifiable persons (mothers, fathers).
Heterogeneous spectrum sharing with rate demands in cognitive MIMO networks

We are interested in addressing a fundamental question: what are conditions under which an ad hoc cognitive radio MIMO (CMIMO) network can support a given rate-demand profile, defined as the set of rates requested by individual links? From an information theoretic view, a rate profile can be supported if it is within the network capacity region. However, the network capacity region of interfering MIMO networks is essentially unknown. In dynamic spectrum access, the problem is even more challenging due to the dynamics of primary/legacy users (PUs), resource constraints, and the heterogeneity of opportunistic spectrum (i.e., the set of available channels varies from one to another). Considering a non-centralized setup, we address the above question in a noncooperative game framework where each CMIMO link independently optimizes its spectrum, power allocation, and MIMO precoders to meet its rate demand. We derive sufficient conditions for the existence of a NE are derived. These conditions establish an explicit relationship between the rate-demand profile and interference from PUs, CMIMO network's interference, and CMIMO nodes' power budget. We also show that a NE, if exists, is unique. Our results help to characterize the network capacity region of CMIMO networks.
Homologous radioimmunoassay for secreted mouse prolactin.

Abstract A highly specific, homologous radioimmunoassay has been developed for the secreted form of mouse prolactin using hormone isolated and purified from the media from long-term pituitary cultures. Mouse pituitary homogenates and mouse serum give parallel dilution response curves in the assay, and no cross-reaction is seen with either mouse growth hormone or mouse placental lactogen. The assay is sensitive to 40 pg per tube, and the reproducibility and precision of the assay are within acceptable limits. Antiserum generated to secreted mouse prolactin cross-reacts with both the secreted and stored forms of the hormone; however, the secreted form shows greater immunopotency. Secreted prolactin also shows greater immunopotency when compared with stored prolactin using an antiserum generated to the stored form of the hormone.
The Effect of Indentor Type on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment

This paper presents the results of a controlled experiment which examined the relationship between two different indentor types and 11 flake attributes. It was found that the flake attributes commonly used by archaeologists to infer the prehistoric use of soft indentors are more likely a result of flintknapping technique employed during soft hammer flaking than differences produced by indentor type. Antler indentors do affect how the flake mass is distributed into the dimensional attributes of flake length and thickness, thereby maximizing their efficiency for transport and for raw material conservation.
Properties of the electron–hole liquid luminescence in si double injection diodes

An investigation of luminescence from Si double injection diodes in the temperature range 5 to 16 K is reported. Properties of the luminescence are compared with luminescence from laser excited high-purity Si and laser excited Li-doped Si. The peak position of the LO and TO phonon assisted electron–hole condensate luminescence is observed at 1.082 eV in each of these cases. The density of the condensate, obtained by fitting the lineshape of this luminescence, is found to be 2 × 1018 cm−3 for both double injection and laser excitation of Li-doped Si. This value is significantly smaller than the density found for the condensate in laser excited high-purity Si, 3 × 1018 cm−3. Several features of the double injection luminescence suggest the influence of Li doping in the double injection diodes. Es wird uber die Untersuchung der Lumineszenz von Si-Doppelinjektionsdioden im Temperaturbereich von 5 bis 16 K berichtet. Die Eigenschaften der Lumineszenz werden mit der Lumineszenz von laser-angeregtem, hochreinem Si und laser-angeregtem, Li-dotiertem Si verglichen. Fur diese Falle werden die Lagen der Maxima der LO- und TO- phononenassistierten Elektron–Loch-Kondensatlumineszenz bei 1,082 eV beobachtet. Es wird gefunden, das die Kondensatdichte, die durch Anpassung der Linienform dieser Lumineszenz erhalten wird, 2 × 1018 cm−3 sowohl fur Doppelinjektion als auch fur Laseranregung von Li-dotiertem Si betragt. Dieser Wert ist bedeutend kleiner als die Dichte fur das Kondensat in laser-angeregtem, hochreinem Si von 3 × 1018 cm−3. Einige Charakteristika der Doppelinjektionslumineszenz weisen auf den Einflus der Li-Dotierung in Doppelinjektionsdioden hin.
Activity of the β-retinoic acid receptor promoter in transgenic mice

Abstract LacZ reporter gene constructs were used to analyze the murine retinoic acid receptor beta (mRARβ) gene promoter in transgenic mice. LacZ expression in transgenic mouse embryos with 250 bp of promoter sequences closely parallels that of RARβ between embryonic days 8.5 and 12.5. This indicates that the −1 to −250 promoter region contains most regulatory elements required for tissue specific expression. Additional elements in the −250 to −625 region are required for high expression levels after day 12.5. Elements in the −625 to −3100 region are necessary to reproduce the RARβ expression in the meninges and the eye mesenchyme. The expression pattern of the transgene and the endogenous RARβ, as revealed by in situ hybridization, suggests an important role of the RARβ in the developing nervous system.
Coronary heart disease as a pediatric problem prevention through behavior modification

Abstract Risk factors for coronary heart disease may be present in early childhood. Primary prevention of coronary atherosclerosis requires early identification and vigorous management of risk factors, and the pediatrician and family physician have a major role in this approach. Alteration of behavior with emphasis on exercise of the endurance type and more rational dietary habits are advocated. The beneficial effects of exercise may occur without alteration of coronary risk factors. Early institution of educational programs and constructive physical activity has the potential to influence favorably cardiovascular health at an early stage.
The Role of Grain Boundaries in Low Cycle Fatigue at High Temperatures

The grain boundaries of a polycrystalline material play an important role in low cycle fatigue at high temperatures. This paper describes some recent experiments designed specifically to investigate the mechanical characteristics of grain boundaries at testing frequencies of <1 Hz. The tests were conducted on high purity Pb, high purity Al and an Al-3% Mg solid solution alloy. For each material, it is shown that the grain boundaries migrate and slide in a regular and cyclic manner such that there is an approximate one-to-one correspondence between the boundary markings and the number of testing cycles. The occurrence of migration and sliding was investigated in detail to provide a comprehensive framework for the understanding of grain boundary processes in high temperature fatigue. It is demonstrated that measurements of the amounts of grain boundary migration after very small numbers of cycles (<15) may be used to make reasonable estimates of the amounts of migration occurring after up to ~104 cycles.
Aquaporin 4 is a Ubiquitously Expressed Isoform in the Dogfish (Squalus acanthias) Shark

sequences from other species showed that dogfish AQP4 has high levels (up to 65.3%) of homology with higher vertebrate sequences but lower levels of homology to Agnathan (38.2%) or teleost (57.5%) fish sequences. Northern blotting indicated that the dogfish mRNA was approximately 3.2 kb and was highly expressed in the rectal gland (a shark fluid secretory organ). Semi-quantitative PCR further indicates that AQP4 is ubiquitous, being expressed in all tissues measured but at low levels in certain tissues, where the level in liver > gill > intestine. Manipulation of the external environmental salinity of groups of dogfish showed that when fish were acclimated in stages to 120% seawater (SW) or 75% SW, there was no change in AQP4 mRNA expression in either rectal gland, kidney, or esophagus/cardiac stomach. Whereas quantitative PCR experiments using the RNA samples from the same experiment, showed a significant 63.1% lower abundance of gill AQP4 mRNA expression in 120% SW-acclimated dogfish. The function of dogfish AQP4 was also determined by measuring the effect of the AQP4 expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Dogfish AQP4 expressing-oocytes, exhibited significantly increased osmotic water permeability (P f) compared to controls, and this was invariant with pH. Permeability was not significantly reduced by treatment of oocytes with mercury chloride, as is also the case with AQP4 in other species. Similarly AQP4 expressing-oocytes did not exhibit enhanced urea or glycerol permeability, which is also consistent with the water-selective property of AQP4 in other species.
Restorative Dementia Gardens

Abstract Recent neuropsychological research suggests that attention function has significant predictive value in diagnosing dementia in the preclinical phase. Given this ongoing, and presumably progressively declining function in people with dementia, it makes sense to more fully understand the ways in which natural settings may restore attentional capacity. This article explores the design implications of Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory (ART) for restorative gardens aimed to serve those with dementia. It does so by engaging in an interpretive exploration of a qualitative data set regarding expert commentary on a set of gardens nominated for their design quality and responsiveness. The interpretation attempts to connect the design concepts identified by the expert panel with the four properties of restorative environments cited in the Attention Restoration Theory, thereby making theoretical connections for consideration in the design and subsequent evaluation of such places.
Diagnosis of manic episodes in adolescent inpatients: structured diagnostic procedures compared to clinical chart diagnoses.

Abstract This study examined the accuracy of clinical chart diagnoses of manic episodes in adolescent psychiatric patients, as well as treatment selection and patient outcome. A consecutive sample of 120 consenting adolescent patients was assessed at admission, discharge, and 30 and 120 days post-discharge. Clinical chart diagnoses were compared to research-quality diagnoses involving structured interview, chart review, and consensus. Agreement statistics were computed, and the symptom and treatment differences were compared between patients for whom there was and was not diagnostic agreement. Clinical diagnoses of manic episodes were more common than research diagnoses, and the rate of agreement between diagnoses was low (kappa=0.15). Patients diagnosed as experiencing a manic episode by the clinical chart, but not via the research procedure, had reduced severity scores on elation and activity, and higher scores on depression. These patients also had more severe scores on depressive symptoms at follow-up. Manic episodes were diagnosed more frequently by clinicians relative to research-quality procedures. Patients who were diagnosed as experiencing manic episodes by the clinician, but not the research procedure, appeared to have depression and hostility, but not elation. The depression in these patients may not be adequately treated, and there are potential clinical implications of over-diagnosis of manic episodes in adolescents.
Increased GABAA inhibition of the RVLM after hindlimb unloading in rats

Attenuated baroreflex-mediated increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in hindlimb unloaded (HU) rats apparently are due to changes within the central nervous system. We hypothesized that GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is increased after hindlimb unloading. Responses to bilateral microinjection of the GABA(A) antagonist (-)-bicuculline methiodide (BIC) into the RVLM were examined before and during caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) inhibition in Inactin-anesthetized control and HU rats. Increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and RSNA in response to BIC in the RVLM were significantly enhanced in HU rats. Responses to bilateral CVLM blockade were not different. When remaining GABA(A) inhibition in the RVLM was blocked by BIC during CVLM inhibition, the additional increases in MAP and RSNA were significantly greater in HU rats. These data indicate that GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of RVLM neurons is augmented after hindlimb unloading. Effects of input from the CVLM were unaltered. Thus, after cardiovascular deconditioning in rodents, the attenuated increase in sympathetic nerve activity in response to hypotension is associated with greater GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of RVLM neurons originating at least in part from sources other than the CVLM.
The roles of αV integrins in lens EMT and posterior capsular opacification

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the major complication arising after cataract treatment. PCO occurs when the lens epithelial cells remaining following surgery (LCs) undergo a wound healing response producing a mixture of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts and lens fibre cells, which impair vision. Prior investigations have proposed that integrins play a central role in PCO and we found that, in a mouse fibre cell removal model of cataract surgery, expression of αV integrin and its interacting β-subunits β1, β5, β6, β8 are up-regulated concomitant with α-SMA in LCs following surgery. To test the hypothesis that αV integrins are functionally important in PCO pathogenesis, we created mice lacking the αV integrin subunit in all lens cells. Adult lenses lacking αV integrins are transparent and show no apparent morphological abnormalities when compared with control lenses. However, following surgical fibre cell removal, the LCs in control eyes increased cell proliferation, and up-regulated the expression of α-SMA, β1-integrin, fibronectin, tenascin-C and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)–induced protein within 48 hrs, while LCs lacking αV integrins exhibited much less cell proliferation and little to no up-regulation of any of the fibrotic markers tested. This effect appears to result from the known roles of αV integrins in latent TGF-β activation as αV integrin null lenses do not exhibit detectable SMAD-3 phosphorylation after surgery, while this occurs robustly in control lenses, consistent with the known roles for TGF-β in fibrotic PCO. These data suggest that therapeutics antagonizing αV integrin function could be used to prevent fibrotic PCO following cataract surgery.
Protein inheritance (prions) based on parallel in-register β-sheet amyloid structures

Most prions (infectious proteins) are self-propagating amyloids (filamentous protein multimers), and have been found in both mammals and fungal species. The prions [URE3] and [PSI+] of yeast are disease agents of Saccharomyces cerevisiae while [Het-s] of Podospora anserina may serve a normal cellular function. The parallel in-register beta-sheet structure shown by prion amyloids makes possible a templating action at the end of filaments which explains the faithful transmission of variant differences in these molecules. This property of self-reproduction, in turn, allows these proteins to act as de facto genes, encoding heritable information. BioEssays 30:955–964, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment with apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic peptide reduces lupus-like manifestations in a murine lupus model of accelerated atherosclerosis.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic peptide, alone or with pravastatin, in apoE-/-Fas-/-C57BL/6 mice that spontaneously develop immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies, glomerulonephritis, osteopenia, and atherosclerotic lesions on a normal chow diet.
The Cunningham-Geelen Method in Practice: Branch-Decompositions and Integer Programming

In 2007, W. H. Cunningham and J. Geelen describe an algorithm for solving $\max\{c^Tx\COLON Ax = b,\,x \geq 0,\,x \in \Bbb{Z}^n\}$ , where $A \in \Bbb{Z}_{\geq 0}^{m \times n}$ , $b \in \Bbb{Z}^m$ , and $c \in \Bbb{Z}^n$ , which utilizes a branch-decomposition of the matrix A and techniques from dynamic programming. In this paper, we report on the first implementation of the CG algorithm and compare our results with the commercial integer programming software Gurobi. Using branch-decomposition trees produced by heuristics and optimal trees produced by algorithms developed in our previous studies, we test both a memory-intensive and low-memory version of the CG algorithm on problem instances such as graph 3-coloring, set partition, market split, and knapsack. We isolate a class of set partition instances where the CG algorithm runs twice as fast as Gurobi, and demonstrate that certain infeasible market split and knapsack instances with width ≤6 range from running twice as fast as Gurobi, to running in a matter of minutes versus a matter of hours.
The coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: morphology and phagocytic properties

The coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris have been classified and described, based on Wright's stained preparations and on living cells. The five major categories consist of basophils, acidophils, neutrophils, granulocytes and chloragogen cells. Both the acidophil and chloragogen cell groups contain two subgroups. Granulocytes also exhibit heterogeneity with respect to staining properties of granules. Some possess acidophilic granules, some basophilic granules, and others contain both types. Granules of acidophils have been observed to be occasionally excreted from the cells. All cell types, with the exception of chloragogen cells, produce pseudopodia and are capable of phagocytosis, a vital component of the earthworm's immune response.
Association of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducted proteins with atherosclerotic-induced vascular inflammatory injury

Abstract Atheroscierosis is a vascular injury characterized by elevated tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), increased expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and vascular wall inflammatory cell infiltration. Foam cells are associated with atherosclerotic plaque material, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a lipid component of foam cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidative product of unsaturated fatty acids and is also present in atherosclerotic lesions. MDA-modified (adducted) proteins, including MDA-modified LDL, are present in atherosclerotic human vascular tissue. Acetaldehyde (AA) is the major metabolic product of ethanol oxidation. Both MDA and AA are highly reactive aldehydes and will combine with proteins to produce an antigenically distinct protein adduct, termed the MAA adduct. This study demonstrates that proteins modified in the presence of high concentrations of MDA can produce MAA-modified proteins in vitro. In addition, MAA adducted proteins are capable of inducing rat heart endothelial cell cultures (rHEC) to produce and release TNF- α , and cause rHEC upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecule expression, including ICAM-1. These adhesion molecules are required for circulating inflammatory cells to adhere to endothelium which allows inflammatory cell tissue infiltration. Additionally, MAA modified proteins were defected in human atherosclerotic aortic vascular tissue but not in normal aortic tissue. Since atherosclerosis is associated with an inflammatory vascular injury characterized by elevated tissue TNF- α concentrations and inflammatory cell infiltration, these data suggest that MAA-adducted proteins may be formed in atherosclerotic plaque material and may be involved in the inflammatory reaction that occurs in atherosclerosis. These data further suggest that previous studies demonstrating MDA modified protein in atherosclerotic plaque may in fact have MAA modified proteins associated with them.
Insights into myocardial microstructure during infarct healing and remodeling: pathologists need not apply.

Healing of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent increase in left ventricular (LV) cavity size or LV remodeling1 is a complex process.2 LV remodeling depends largely on infarct size3 and transmurality which in turn is determined by the status of the epicardial infarct artery4 and the microvasculature.5 Within a larger, near-transmural or transmural infarction, there is myocyte loss, in part because of apoptosis, and cellular slippage6 that leads to reduced tensile strength within the infarct zone and subsequent infarct expansion.7 Infarct expansion and wall thinning in the infarct zone then leads to regional cavity dilatation and increased wall stress throughout the LV. Elevated wall stress in turn activates the renin-angiotensin system and other autocrine-paracrine systems8 and cellular hypertrophy ensues.9 Cellular hypertrophy occurs primarily in noninfarcted regions adjacent to the infarcted segment and is eccentric due to the laying down of sarcomeres in series.10,11 Eccentric cellular hypertrophy in noninfarcted regions together with fibrosis12 contribute to mechanical dysfunction in adjacent noninfarcted regions that persists during remodeling.13 Remote noninfarcted regions are initially mildly dysfunctional in the first few days after large MI,14 but these recover over the next several weeks as global LV function improves.15 The sum total of these events is a deleterious increase in end-diastolic and -systolic cavity sizes. It is the latter that is the most important determinant of outcome after acute MI.16 Article see p 32 Until very recently, studies of the structural events …
Impact of evacuated collection tube fill volume and mixing on routine coagulation testing using 2.5-ml (pediatric) tubes.

Background: Anecdotal observations by pharmacists monitoring anticoagulated patients indicate that blood samples collected in 2.7-mL (pediatric) evacuated tubes frequently produced falsely elevated international normalized ratio (INR) results. Objective: To evaluate the impact of various preanalytical variables (fill volume, sample mixing, and elapsed time between sample collection and mixing) on INR test results using pediatric collection tubes in healthy volunteers and patients receiving warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Fifteen patients receiving warfarin and the 15 healthy volunteers participated in each study arm. Methods: Multiple blood samples for coagulation testing were obtained from study subjects in full-draw pediatric collection tubes made of siliconized glass. The impact of sample mixing was evaluated by randomly varying the number of times each tube (five tubes total) was inverted following sample collection between one and five. The impact of timely sample mixing was evaluated by randomly varying the elapsed time between sample collection and mixing between 0 min and 4 min in each of five samples. The impact of incomplete collection tube filling was evaluated by randomly varying the volume of six tubes between 50% and 100%. Duplicate coagulation assays were performed on each sample by a centralized hematology laboratory, and the average result was reported. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that neither sample mixing nor the elapsed time between sample collection and mixing had a statistically significant effect on INR test results. For patients receiving warfarin, tube fill volume had a statistically significant effect on the reported INR results (p Conclusion: Pediatric blood collection tubes should be filled at least 90% full to ensure accurate INR test results. Anticoagulation therapy providers should routinely inquire about the type of collection tube used (adult vs pediatric) and the adequacy of sample collection volume before deriving therapeutic plans in asymptomatic excessively anticoagulated patients.