cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precise determination of the v and N dependence of the spin-rotation and hyperfine interactions in the CaF X2Σ12 ground state☆☆☆

The molecular-beam, laser-rf, double-resonance technique has been used to make high-precision measurements of both the ..nu.. and N dependences of the spin-rotational and hyperfine splittings in the X/sup 2/..sigma../sub 1/2/ ground state of CaF. The precision (1 ppM) and scope (1 less than or equal to N'' less than or equal to 119, 0 less than or equal to ..nu..'' less than or equal to 4) of the data allow evaluation of many of the parameters (with the Dunham expansion) in the Hamiltonian. The results are compared with new ab initio calculations.
Lipoxygenase activity in walnuts and almonds

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in walnut or almond homogenates. Walnut or almond kernels were heated with hot air at 55 °C for 2 or 10 min, or 60 °C for 2 or 10 min. The homogenates of untreated or heat treated walnut kernels exhibited greater LOX activity than the homogenates of untreated or heat treated almond kernels. Short-time heat treatments of 55 °C for 2 min or greater reduce LOX activity, retard the development of oxidative rancidity, and extend the shelf-life of walnuts and almonds during distribution and storage. Short-time heat treatments of walnut or almond kernels designed to control insect pests for international trade did not promote rancidity when compared to untreated walnuts or almonds.
Synthesis of digital holograms by direct binary search

A new approach to the design of computer-generated holograms makes optimal use of the available device resolution. An iterative search algorithm minimizes an error criterion by directly manipulating the binary hologram and observing the effect on the desired reconstruction. Several measures of error and efficiency useful in assessing the optimality of digital holograms are defined. Methods for designing digital holograms that are based on projections and error diffusion are presented as established techniques for comparison to direct binary search.
EPIDERMAL ADENYLATE CYCLASE: STIMULATION OF THE HISTAMINE (H2) RECEPTOR BY TOLAZOLINE

Tolazoline (2-benzyl-2-imidazoline) activated adenylate cyclase in pig epidermal slices resulting in the accumulation of cyclic AMP. This effect was highly potentiated by the addition of the cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. Specific histamine (H 2 ) receptor inhibitors (metiamide and cimetidine) completely blocked the tolazoline activation of adenylate cyclase. At low concentrations (10–100 μM), a histamine (H 1 ) receptor inhibitor (diphenhydramine) and a β-adrenergic blocker (propranolol) did not inhibit this effect. The stimulation of cyclic AMP formation by the combination of tolazoline and histamine was about the same as the stimulation by histamine alone (nonadditive), whereas the stimulatory effects by tolazoline and epinephrine were additive. These data suggest that tolazoline, an β-adrenergic blocker, also activates adenylate cyclase at the histamine (H 2 ) receptor site which is distinct from the β-adrenergic receptor site. Another α-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine, did not have this effect.
Alteration of the synthesis of lipoxygenase in the early stages of soybean cotyledon culture

A detailed study of lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) synthesis in cotyledons of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Century] cultured in vitro for up to 40 h showed that synthesis of this protein, measured by in vivo [35S]-methionine labelling in connection with immunological methods and cell-free translation of mRNA, underwent a large transient reduction in the first 4 h of culturing and gradually increased in the following 36 h. Northern blot hybridizations with lipoxygenase cDNA clones showed that the decrease in translational activity was the consequence of a considerable reduction in lipoxygenase mRNA in the cotyledons. From these results we conclude that the transient decline in lipoxygenase synthesis in excised soybean cotyledons is regulated at the RNA level. Similarly judged from the analysis of patterns of uni-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the synthesis of a few other polypeptides decreased during the first 4 h of culture as well, while several others increased; in cotyledons cultured for 20 to 40 h the protein-synthesis pattern had returned to that in freshly excised cotyledons. An acclimation period of ca 1 day seems to be needed for isolated soybean cotyledons to stabilize and to resume regular RNA and protein synthesis.
Auditory and Visual Cognitive Styles and Adult Reading Performance

College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to ac...
Born Model Calculations of the Properties of the Alkali Azides. II. Azide Librational Frequencies and Elastic Moduli

Second derivatives of the lattice potential energy, derived on the basis of a Born model of cohesion that has been modified to account for ionic asphericity, have been examined by calculating zero wavenumber azide librational mode frequencies and two elastic moduli for the tetragonal alkali azides. Comparison of the results with experimental data favors a dispherical representation of the closed-shell repulsive character of azide ions over ellipsoidal representations. Auf der Grundlage eines Bornschen Modells der Kohasion, das so modifiziert wurde, das es Aspharizitat der Ionen berucksichtigt, werden die zweiten Ableitnngen der potentiellen Gitterenergie durch die Berechnung der Nullwellenzahlfrequenzen der Nitrid-Librations-schwingungsmode und zweier Elastizitatsmodule fur tetragonale Alkalinitride untersucht. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit experimentellen Daten ergibt die Uberlegenheit einer dispharischen Darstellung des Abstosungscharakters der abgeschlossenen Schale der Nitridionen uber die ellipsoidale Darstellung.
A Smart Grid Intelligent Control Framework

This paper presents an intelligent control framework in smart grids that integrate three renewable and nonrenewable energy sources for superior economical and environmental operations. The hydro and steam power plants are considered to be controllable energy sources while the wind turbine is treated as an exogenous energy source. The proposed intelligent feedback control framework optimizes the smart grid power generation by perfectly tracking the load demand fluctuations or by maximizing economical and ecological benefits under an uncertain renewable wind energy source. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework is a viable approach to integrate various energy sources for real-time smart grid implementations.
Do Monk Seals Exert Top-Down Pressure in Subphotic Ecosystems?

Patterns of subphotic fish assemblages on seamounts in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were identified and compared for potential structuring influences, including the bottom-up effects of regional oceanic productivity and top-down predation pressure exerted by visiting monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi). Patterns in fish size, density, and biomass were evaluated at the deep extreme (350–500 m) of the seals feeding range to avoid confounding effects of diverse shallow habitats (e.g., coral reefs). Fish number and size were used to calculate biomass density of the seamount fish assemblages that were then compared to the independent variables of summit depth, substrate type, relief, oceanic productivity, distance to seal colonies, and seal colony population. Only the variables of distance to seal colony and seal colony population were retained in a multiple regression model that explained 31% of the variance. Despite the presence of obvious regional differences in oceanic productivity, the overall patterns in the subphotic fish assemblages are better explained by the top-down hypothesis of predation pressure from monk seals.
Aqueous synthesis of a new 1,3,2-diazaphospholidine

N,N,N'-Trimethylphosphoric triamide reacts with aqueous glyoxal to produce a 1,3,2-diaza-phospholidine 5-membered ring system (III) in good yield. The ease of this synthesis belies the results with other phosphoramides where no cyclic species could be isolated.
Poynting oscillations of a rigid disk supported by a neo-Hookean shaft

Simultaneous axial and torsional oscillations of a rigid disk attached to an elastomeric shaft are investigated. Five cases are solved exactly. The uncoupled, small amplitude axial and torsional oscillations of the disk are investigated for neo-Hookean and Mooney-Rivlin shafts with static stretch. The finite torsional vibration of the load superimposed on a static stretch of the shaft is studied for the Mooney-Rivlin model. Solutions for both small and finite amplitude, uniaxial vibrations of the body superimposed on a pretwisted neo-Hookean shaft with static stretch are derived. Simple bounds on the period for the finite motion are provided; and various universal frequency relations for neo-Hookean and Mooney-Rivlin materials are identified.
Prevalence of mood disorders and utility of the PRIME-MD in patients undergoing radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose: To validate a short, structured interview procedure that allows practicing oncologists to quickly and reliably identify mood disorders in their patients, and to estimate the prevalence and types of mood disorders in a radiation therapy patient setting, noting relationships between mood disorders and patient characteristics. Methods: Consecutive, eligible adult patients from the practices of two radiation oncologists were administered the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) by the treating physician. A subset of these patients was also evaluated with the SCID, administered by trained mental health care personnel. Agreement between the two instruments was examined using the kappa statistic. Prevalence of mood disorders was determined from the PRIME-MD. The significance of relationships between patient characteristics and mood disorders was examined by chi-square and ANOVA analysis, and subsequently by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. Fifty-three of these were administered the SCID. Agreement between the two instruments was very good (kappa = 0.70). A diagnosis of a depressive or anxiety disorder by the PRIME-MD was made in 59 of the 122 patients (48%, 95% confidence interval = 39%, 58%). Multivariate analysis showed that a diagnosis of a depressive mood disorder was significantly related to pain intensity and prior history of depression. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the validity and feasibility of the PRIME-MD administered by oncologists in making diagnoses of mood disorders. The prevalence of mood disorders in our set of patients undergoing a course of RT was nearly 50%. Future studies should describe the natural history of these disorders, and determine optimal intervention strategies.
Cardiac output and associated left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric chronic kidney disease

A significant number of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), suggesting the role of preload overload. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased cardiac output (CO) might be a contributing factor for increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in these children. Patients aged 6-20 years with CKD stages 2-4 were enrolled. Echocardiograms were performed to assess LV function and geometry at rest and during exercise. Heart rate, stroke volume, and CO were also assessed at rest and during exercise. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) monitoring was performed. Of the patients enrolled in this study, 17% had LVH. Increased stroke volume and CO were observed in patients with LVH compared to patients without LVH. Univariate analysis revealed significant positive associations between LVMI and CO, stroke volume, body mass index, pulse pressure from mean 24-h AMBP, and mean 24-h systolic BP load. No association with heart rate, age, parathyroid hormone, glomerular filtration rate, or anemia was observed. Only CO (beta = 1.98, p = 0.0005) was independently associated with increased LVMI in multivariate modeling (model R (2) = 0.25). The results of this study suggest that increased CO might predispose to increased LVMI in pediatric patients with CKD. Adaptations may be required to meet increased metabolic demand in these patients.
Comment on "Oscillations in NF-κB Signaling Control the Dynamics of Gene Expression"

Fusing fluorescent moieties to signaling proteins of interest has allowed for the imaging of subcellular events in live cells in the hope of revealing the dynamic behavior of signal transduction networks ([ 1 ][1]–[ 5 ][2]). Nelson et al . ([ 5 ][2]) recently described a tour de force experimental
Enumerating Row Arrangements of Three Species.

Introduction A classic problem in beginning finite or discrete mathematics courses reads as follows: A photographer wants to arrange N men and N women in a line so that men and women alternate. In how many ways can this be done? This problem nicely illustrates the use of factorials and has a simple solution, though students often neglect the factor of two in the answer 2(N!)2. This omission can be instructive, as it leads naturally to generalizations of the problem: How does the answer change if there are N men and N 1 women? What if men outnumber women by 2 or more? What if a sexist photographer insists that the lineup start with a man? These variations are all easily dealt with, and illustrate some of the possible subtleties encountered in counting problems. Another variation of the problem is not, however, so easily handled. The setting (or sitting) must change slightly: A pet photographer must pose C cats, D dogs, and E emus in a line, with no two animals of the same species adjacent. In how many ways can this be done? Skirting the issue of whether emus can in fact be considered pets, we quickly discover many interesting features in this variation of the problem. For example, C, D, and E can differ by more than 1 and still admit nonzero solutions. We also discover that the new problem is quite a bit harder than the original. Dating back to 1966 ([6]), it is often called Smirnov's problem and it has practical applications in areas such as queuing, transportation flow, sequential analysis, and multivariate order statistics (see, e.g., [1, 5]). The problem has been solved in a variety of ways (some of which we mention at the end of this note) but, unlike those methods, what is presented here is entirely elementary and could be discussed in a first course in discrete mathematics or combinatorics.
The Lack of Diverse Perspectives in the International Relations Field: The Politics of Being Alone

What does it feel like to be alone intellectually? The perspectives of minorities in the International Relations field are often ignored and disrespected. This article discusses the viewpoints minorities can add to the field and how their perspectives can aid research and theory development. The challenges and intellectual hardships of those from the underrepresented classes are difficult to understand and this article provides an overview for such concerns.
Antioxidant response element-mediated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induction of human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene expression.

Antioxidant response element (ARE) is required for high basal expression of the human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene in tumor cells and its induction in response to β-naphthoflavone and phenolic antioxidants. In this study, we have demonstrated that ARE also is required for induction of human NQO1 gene expression in response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The various results suggest an alternate pathway for TCDD induction of human NQO1 gene expression. This pathway is independent of xenobiotic response element (XRE) and aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. It is presumed that TCDD-induced expression of CYP1A1 leads to increased oxidative stress, resulting in transcriptional activation and/or modification of ARE-binding factors and increased expression of the human NQO1 gene.
A light and electron microscope study of aging parotid and submandibular salivary glands of Swiss-Webster mice.

Abstract Light and electron microscope comparisons were made of parotid and submandibular glands from male Swiss-Webster white mice 3, 13, and 18 months old. The glands from the 13- and 18-month-old mice were less organized and the parenchyma was not as dense. Fibrous connective tissue, intracellular lipofuscin granules, and residual body formation increased with age. In the cells of the parotid glands of 18-month-old mice, the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio was greater than in the specimens from the younger two ages. The granular convoluted tabules in submandibular glands of 18-month-old mice were the smallest of all age groups. The age changes appear comparable to those of rat and human salivary glands, yet this is an inexpensive animal model that achieves old age in less time than other animal models.
A comparison of the pencil-and-paper and computer-administered Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent

Within the context of a counterbalanced design, 102 students from either a high school or a large Southeastern university were administered two versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent (MMPI–A): a computer-administered version (CA) and a paper-and-pencil version (PAP). Time between testing sessions was approximately one week. Differences in individual scale means between the CA and PAP were calculated using paired t tests, with the Bonferroni correction procedure; no mean differences were statistically significant ( p > .05). To determine if the scale distributions were similar Hartley's homogeneity of variance tests were conducted; there were no differences in the shapes of the scale distributions ( p > .05). Pearson product-moment coefficients were calculated to determine if the relative rankings were similar across administration formats; coefficients for every scale were positive and statistically significant ( p < .01). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 605–613, 2005.
An AI scheduling environment for the Hubble Space Telescope

This report describes the SPIKE (Science Planning Intelligent Knowledge Environment) system that is currently used to create long term schedules for the Hubble Space Telescope. SPIKE employs the suitability function ("maps goodness over time") as its fundamental knowledge representation for scheduling constraints. To support the search for optimal schedules, a constraint satisfaction system is used. An initial long range schedule is generated using a greedy algorithm and a heuristic algorithm is applied in order to repair the schedule (specifically portions where constraint violations have occurred). Work in progress includes the scheduling of parallel exposures and the design of a machine independent windowing environment. This report describes a system called SPIKE. SPIKE is used by astronomers at the STScI to verify pre-defined long-term schedules and to create new schedules for the Hubblc Space Telescope. The system employs techniques of artificial intelligence including heuristic repair of schedules. The input to SPIKE includes data about scientific proposals created by astronomers and the output is a complete long term schedule (where the time scale is on the order of months). The following issues will be discussed in this report: 1. An introduction to the Space Telescope and a description of its mission. The software systems for science scheduling and the flow of data through the system from proposer to telescope. The architecture of SPIKE; this includes the knowledge representation, the operational scheduling process, the HST constraints that are handled, a constraint satisfaction tool-set, and heuristic techniques for searching. Automated testing tools for the Lisp environment are presented. Subsystems of SPIKE that are currently under development (parallel observation scheduling, portable graphical user interface). Generating "good" schedules for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an important goal for the following reasons: The spacecraft is an expensive observatory. Therefore, procuring the greatest amount of scientific data during its lifetime is desirable. Algorithms and heuristics developed for scheduling in such a complex domain can be applied to other problems (i.e., technology transfer). A number of systems pertaining to HST that apply artificial intelligence methodologies have been implemented. At the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, a system to aid in the creation of proposal specifications called the HST Expert Assistant1 was developed. At the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) an expert system called TRANSFORMATION4 is operational (this system is discussed later). Advanced technologies prototyped for analysis include neural networks2 and genetic algorithms12. * Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Copyright
Hot-carrier-induced oxide charge trapping and interface trap creation in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices studied by hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect

A method based on the hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect is proposed to separate and quantify the effects of interface trap creation and oxide charge trapping on hot-carrier-induced degradation in n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Hydrogenated and deuterated transistors were subjected to hot-carrier stress with a fixed drain voltage Vds and various gate voltages Vgs. The threshold voltage Vt and interface trap density Nit were recorded as a function of stress time. It is found that at low Vgs stress when equal numbers of interface traps are created, the shift of Vt is larger in hydrogenated transistors than in deuterated transistors. Increasing Vgs to 1/3Vds produces no noticeable difference of Vt shift in these two kinds of transistors. However, further increasing Vgs results in larger Vt shift in deuterated transistors than in hydrogenated ones. From a quantitative analysis, the contribution of oxide charge trapping to Vt shift is separated from the contribution of i...
Adynamic bone in patients with chronic kidney disease

Adynamic bone in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical concern because of its potential increased risk for fracture and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prevalence rates for adynamic bone are reportedly increased, although the variance for its prevalence and incidence is large. Differences in its prevalence are largely attributed to classification and population differences, the latter of which constitutes divergent groups of elderly patients having diabetes and other comorbidities that are prone to low bone formation. Most patients have vitamin D deficiency and the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, invariably decreases to very low levels during CKD progression. Fortunately, therapy with vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) appears to be useful in preventing bone loss, in part, by its effect to stimulate bone formation and in decreasing CVD morbidity, and should be considered as essential therapy regardless of bone turnover status. Future studies will depend on assessing cardiovascular outcomes to determine whether the risk/reward profile for complications related to VDRA and CKD is tolerable.
Haptic Implications of Tool Flexibility in Surgical Teleoperation

In space and surgical robotics applications, the desire is to use thin and lightweight manipulators and cable-driven end-effectors. This, however, introduces joint and/or link flexibility in the slave robot of a master-slave teleoperation system, reducing the effective stiffness of the slave and the transparency of teleoperation. Here, we analyze teleoperation transparency and stability under slave joint and link flexibility (tool flexibility) and evaluate the added benefits of using extra sensors at the tip of the flexible slave. One of the results of this paper is that tip velocity feedback can eliminate the display of joint or link flexibility to the user during a hard contact task.
Design of high finesse, wideband Fabry-Perot filter based on chirped fiber Bragg grating by numerical method

The spectral characteristics of a Fabry-Perot spectrometer (filter) formed by a pair of identical linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings in optical fiber are studied numerically using the characteristic matrix method. The results indicate that based on available techniques and materials, one can fabricate such filters with a finesse as high as 104 and contrast as high as 109 by inscribing a pair of identical linearly chirped fiber gratings. Achieving such superfinesse and contrast in a conventional Fabry-Perot (FP) is very difficult because of fabrication complexities in achieving superflatness at ultrahigh reflectivities simultaneously and keeping them aligned. Our numerical simulation also indicates that the spectral characteristics of the fiber FP (FFP) filter can be approximated by that of a classical plane mirror FP (PFP) with a mirror separation of L + ?L, where L is the length of any one of the two gratings and ?L is the separation between the two gratings. This analogous characteristic enables one to estimate time domain and other behavior of an FFP from already established PFP analysis. Thus, miniature FFPs can be used not only to achieve ultralow, crosstalk in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), but they can also be integrated into miniature, hybrid, spectral sensors (such as Brillouin and Raman sensors) where ultrahigh contrast with superresolution is required.
A Comparison of Boundary Integral and Finite Element Formulations of the Eddy Current Problem

The eddy current problem for slowly varying fields is formulated using finite elements and boundary integral equations for the electric vector potential (EVP). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are examined. Examples are presented for the two-dimensional case. The extention to three dimensions is discussed.
H1R Expression by CD11b+ Cells is not Required for Susceptibility to Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

The histamine H1 receptor (Hrh1/H1R) was identified as an autoimmune disease gene in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, we showed that selective re-expression of H1R by endothelial cells or T cells in H1RKO mice significantly reduced or complemented EAE severity and cytokine responses, respectively. H1R regulates innate immune cells, which in turn influences peripheral and central nervous system CD4+ T cell effector responses. Therefore, we selectively re-expressed H1R in CD11b+ cells of H1RKO mice to test the hypothesis that H1R signaling in these cells contributes to EAE susceptibility. We demonstrate that transgenic re-expression of H1R by H1RKO-CD11b+ cells neither complements EAE susceptibility nor T cell cytokine responses highlighting the cell-specific effects of Hrh1 in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS, and the need for cell-specific targeting in optimizing therapeutic interventions based on such genes.
Aluminum hydrous oxide sols. II. Preparation of uniform spherical particles by hydrolysis of Al sec-butoxide

Abstract Aluminum hydrous oxide colloidal dispersions consisting of spherical particles of narrow size distribution can be produced by hydrolysis of aluminum sec-butoxide in aqueous sulfate solutions followed by aging at elevated temperatures. Sols consisting of these uniform particles form only under conditions that are rigidly controlled with respect to concentration, pH, rate of heating, and aging temperature. The effects of the various parameters on the resulting modal particle size, size distribution, relative stability, and electrophoretic mobility of the sol particles is discussed in detail.
Decolonizing Research in Postapartheid South Africa The Politics of Methodology

This article emanates from an in-depth qualitative study that examined ideological beliefs among Indigenous parents regarding school desegregation and school “choice” policies in South Africa. The ...
Immunological Changes during Progressive Stages of Vitamin A Deficiency in the Rat

The immune status of rats fed a vitamin A-deficient diet (-A) was studied before they reached the weight plateau (stage 1), during the first 5 d of the weight plateau (stage 2) and during late stages of vitamin A deficiency (stage 3). Compared to vitamin A-supplemented (+A) animals, there were no significant differences in the relative splenic weights during the early and later stages of deficiency, but the total yield of isolated splenocytes was lower in -A rats during stages 2 and 3. The weights of the cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes were higher during the later stages of deficiency. In the spleen, concanavalin A (Con A)-induced responses were significantly depressed in -A rats at all three stages of deficiency. In stages 2 and 3 splenic pokeweed mitogen (PWM) responses were lower in -A than in +A rats. There were no changes in lymph node responses in stage 1. The Con A and PWM-induced responses of cervical lymph nodes of -A animals were higher in stages 2 and 3. Mesenteric lymph node responses were also higher in -A rats in stage 3. The alterations in the transformation responses of -A rats could not be explained by changes in the relative proportions of T-cell subsets.
Tax Competition, Nash Equilibria, and Residential Mobility

Abstract Wildasin (Journal of Public Economics, 35, 241–249 (1988)) examines and compares the equilibrium policies of governments when they compete in the tax rate and when they compete in the government service. He finds that the two equilibrium outcomes differ, with governments having greater government expenditures when they compete in taxes. Wildasin, however, assumes that residents are immobile. Here I show that, while these two equilibria will still generally differ when residents are mobile, Wildasin′s conclusion that competition in the tax rate results in higher government service levels does not hold when the demand for housing is elastic and government policies are chosen to maximize land rent. When governments maximize the utility of landowning residents, the results are reversed: competition in the tax rate results in higher government service levels when the demand for housing is elastic and lower service levels when the demand is inelastic.
Design for Implementation Strategy for Designing a Sustainable Building Using the Geosolar Exergy Storage Technology: Case Study

AbstractIn this paper, a product life cycle design template used to assist in the development of a product knowledge base is introduced. The paper argues that following this model should result in a focus on real-world product behavior beyond the expected product performance by directing the questions from what should happen when the products interact in the universe to what can happen at each design juncture. The template may be simply used as a thought process with a pad and pencil for recording notes for simple or on-the-fly design decisions. The idea of using the templates as a tool could be more formalized for larger designs and knowledge-base development. In this paper, the concept has been demonstrated in building the knowledge base for the geosolar exergy storage technology (GEST) house.
A Raf-induced, MEK-independent signaling pathway regulates atrial natriuretic factor gene expression in cardiac muscle cells.

Abstract The atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene is activated in cardiac myocytes by Ras and its effector Raf. However, MEK, the best-characterized Raf substrate, cannot efficiently activate ANF suggesting that Raf uses a MEK-independent pathway to activate ANF. By manipulating MEK and Raf activities so that they are equally effective at activating ERK, we now demonstrate that Raf activates at least two signaling pathways in cardiac myocytes that regulate the ANF promoter; the MEK→ERK pathway inhibits ANF gene expression while a Raf-induced, MEK-independent pathway activates expression. This mechanism may provide increased ability to regulate ANF expression in response to hypertrophic stimuli.
RNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei

Abstract RNA synthesis has been studied in isolated nuclei of HeLa cells. The incubation medium has been optimized for RNA synthesis and the requirements for the presence of specific components previously used by other investigators has been examined. Nuclei isolated by centrifugation through 2 M sucrose synthesize RNA linearly for at least 1 h only at low temperature (25°C). Low molecular weight RNA is found in the supernatant fraction after incubation; this RNA accounts for about 10% of the RNA synthesized. The RNA which remains within nuclei is of high molecular weight and processing of this RNA into molecules of the size of cytoplasmic mRNA does not seem to occur in isolated nuclei. We have studied the effect of an inhibitor of protein-nucleic acid interaction — aurintricarboxylic acid — on RNA synthesis by isolated nuclei. At concentrations below 0.1 mM, this drug does not inhibit RNA synthesis effectively, whereas at concentrations above 0.1 mM it inhibits RNA synthesis by about 80%. In view of the proposed mechanism of action of aurintricarboxylic acid, we suggest that completion of nucleotide chains initiated before nuclei isolation accounts for 20% of the RNA synthesized in our system by isolated nuclei, whereas nucleotide chains initiated during the in vitro incubation account for 80% of the RNA synthesized.
Trabeculectomy Can Improve Long-Term Visual Function in Glaucoma.

Purpose To measure the magnitude and direction of visual field (VF) rates of change in glaucoma patients after intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction with trabeculectomy. Design Retrospective, comparative, longitudinal cohort study. Participants Patients with open-angle glaucoma. Methods Patients who underwent trabeculectomy (Trab) with mitomycin-C (74 eyes of 64 patients) with ≥4 reliable VF measurements before and after trabeculectomy and at least 4 years of follow-up before and after surgery were included. Decay or improvement exponential models were used to calculate pointwise rates of perimetric change before and after surgery. A separate comparison (Comp) group with unoperated glaucoma (71 eyes of 65 patients) with similar baseline damage, number of VF tests, and follow-up was used to address possible regression to the mean. Proportions of VF locations decaying or improving before and after surgery in the Trab group, and during the first and second halves of follow-up in the Comp group, were calculated. A multivariate analysis was used to explore variables associated with VF improvement. Main Outcome Measures The rate of pointwise VF change before and after surgery in the Trab group and Comp group. Results Patients in the Trab group were followed for 5.1±2.1 years (mean ± standard deviation) before and 5.4±2.3 years after surgery, with 8.9±4.7 VF tests before and 9.0±4.4 VF tests after surgery. The mean rate of change for all VF locations slowed from −2.5±9.3%/year before surgery to −0.10±13.1%/year after surgery ( P P P = 0.009). In the Trab group, 57% of eyes had ≥10 improving VF locations postoperatively. Conclusions The results show that trabeculectomy slows the rate of perimetric decay and provide evidence of sustained, long-term improvement of visual function in glaucoma. These findings suggest the possibility of reversal of glaucomatous dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells and their central projections.
Mechanical Stretch Simulates Proliferation of Venous Smooth Muscle Cells Through Activation of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor

Objective— Activation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) occur in the venous neointima of vein grafts. VSMCs in a grafted vein are subjected to mechanical stretch; our goal is to understand the essential mechanical stretch-regulated signals that influence VSMCs during neointimal formation in vein grafts. Methods and Results— In cultured vein VSMCs, mechanical stretch induces proliferation and upregulation of both IGF-1 and IGF-1R. Stretch of VSMCs sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of both IGF-1R and its substrate, IRS-1; these responses were related to mechanical stretch-induced activation of Src and autocrine IGF-1 production. Mechanical stretch-activated IGF-1R is functional because there is a prolonged activation of IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). When we knocked out IGF-1R, the mechanical stretch-induced increase in VSMC proliferation was blocked. To link mechanical stretch-activated IGF-1R cell signaling to venous VSMC proliferation in vivo, we also studied a vein graft model. Tamoxifen-inducible null deletion of IGF-1R in mice reduced the formation of neointima in the vein graft. Conclusions— Our results demonstrate for the first time that mechanical stretch activates IGF-1/IGF-1R signals in venous VSMCs, and we have uncovered a signaling pathway that leads to neointima formation in vivo.
"Matar al padre": Análisis discursivo de dos textos de la sociología chilena en período de dictadura

Este articulo presenta una vision panoramica de las transformaciones de la sociologia chilena durante el periodo de dictadura militar. Especificamente, desde una perspectiva linguistica se comenta el discurso escrito de la sociologia chilena durante el periodo 1975-1989, tiempo durante el cual la produccion escrita de esta disciplina se reconstituye bajo la influencia de las transformaciones del contexto sociocultural nacional, latinoamericano y mundial. Nuestra hipotesis de trabajo consiste en que dicha redefinicion significo para estos discursos el paso desde un canon centrado en el concepto de la estructura social, hacia otro que enfatiza el concepto de cultura, asumida esta como un sistema de valores. Lo anterior se demuestra por medio del analisis de dos textos fundamentales del periodo: Cultura y modernizacion en America Latina, de Pedro Morande y El espejo trizado de Jose Joaquin Brunner.
Recent Literature on Lichens—181*

AAMLID, M. L., N. VASSILIEVA, P. A. AARRESTAD, M. L. GYTARSKY, S. LINDMO, R. KARABAN, V. KOROTKOV, T. RINDAL, V. KUZMICHEVA & K. VENN. 2000. The ecological state of the ecosystems in the border areas between Norway and Russia. Boreal Environment Research 5: 257–278. 11 fig. 11 tab. [Establishment of six sites for comparative long-term monitoring of forest ecosystem health.] ABBAS, A. & P. BAHTI. 2000. Study on the macrolichens from Kanas Nature Reserve of Xinjiang, China, p. 123. In The Fourth IAL Symposium, Progress and Problems in Lichenology at the Turn of the Millennium. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. [Abstract from the International Association for Lichenology’s fourth symposium, held in Barcelona, Spain, 3–8 September 2000.] ABBAS, A., N. ABDUSALIK, A. TUMUR & S. ABABAKIRI. 2000. The lichens new to Xinjiang from Mt. Tianshan. Arid Zone Research 17: 17–19. [Three species of Cladonia reported. In Chinese, with English abstract.] ABBAS, A., H. MIJIT, A. TUMUR & J. WU. 2000. A checklist of the lichens of Xinjiang, p. 120. In The Fourth IAL Symposium, Progress and Problems in Lichenology at the Turn of the Millennium. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. [Abstract from the International Association for Lichenology’s fourth symposium, held in Barcelona, Spain, 3–8 September 2000.] ABDUKERIM, M., G. ABAYDULLA & A. ABBAS. 2000. Study on environmental pullution [sic] by using micronucleus test of Xanthoparmelia orientalis and Peltigira aphthosa [sic]. Arid Zone Research 17: 50–52. 1 tab. [In Chinese, with English abstract.] ADAMO, P. & P. VIOLANTE. 2000. Weathering of rocks and neogenesis of minerals associated with lichen activity. Applied Clay Science 16: 229–256. 8 fig. 1 tab. [Review.] AGERER, R. et al. 2000. Open letter to the scientific community of mycologists: provide voucher specimens. Mycotaxon 76: 489–493. [A plea for proper documentation.] AGUIRRE-HUDSON, B., E. FARKAS & L. LOKOS. 2000. Pyrenolichens of the Hungarian lichen flora I: the genus Leptorhaphis Korb, 1 p. (unpaginated addendum). In The Fourth IAL Symposium, Progress and Problems in Lichenology at the Turn of the Millennium. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. [Abstract from the International Association for Lichenology’s fourth symposium, held in Barcelona, Spain, 3–8 September 2000.]
The influence of post-processing on creep and microstructure of rolled Cu-8Cr-4Nb

Abstract Previous work has shown that rolling of an extruded Cu–8Cr–4Nb (GRCop-84) alloy results in higher steady-state creep rates over a range of stresses, leading to concern that other post-processing methods could have substantial deleterious effects on creep properties. To explore that possibility, constant-stress creep tests were conducted at 773 K on rolled GRCop-84 after it was subjected to either friction stir welding (FSW) or a 24 h 1073 K simulated-life heat treatment. The FSW had no measurable effect on the creep rate of the rolled material, but did have detrimental effects on the creep ductility caused by softening, and thus strain localization, in the heat-affected zone of the weld. The simulated-life heat treatment decreased the steady-state creep rate by approximately 45% as compared to the rolled material, leading to longer creep life at a particular applied stress. Electron backscatter diffraction methods were used to compare the microstructural features of extruded, rolled and annealed material forms. It was determined that the rolling procedure decreased the grain size, and decreased the intensity of the texture as compared to the extruded form. The simulated-life heat treatment allowed for the substantial development of twins along with minor grain growth, and a substantial decrease in texturing.
Applications of the Generalized P-Representation to Optical Bistability

The generalized (non-diagonal) coherent state representation is defined for photons and atoms as a basis for quantum theories of optical bistability. Theorems on existence properties and time-ordered operator products are given. This is used to derive Fokker-Planck equations that describe fluctuations in various different optical bistability experiments. A comparison of the physical applicability of these Fokker-Planck equations is used to select the theory that best describes different types of experiments.
MEMS Fabrication Course for Pressure Sensors, Flow Sensors, Fluidic Channels and Micro-Pumps

This paper describes a simple, reliable; bulk micro- machined, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) process flow for the fabrication of a wide variety of devices which has been implemented within the Microelectronic Engineering Department at the Rochester Institute of Technology. The fabrication and testing results for pressure sensors, flow sensors, micro-pumps, and micro- fluidic packaging in a ten week fabrication course are reported.
Sensing of mid-infrared radiation by engineered quantum nanostructures

This paper provided preliminary results on (In,Ga)As quantum dot detectors that have shown the potential to operate well beyond 150 K. In addition, a review of the latest results in the use of quantum dots in mid-wave infrared detection from 78 K and beyond is presented.
Aging and developmental disabilities: interagency planning for an emerging population.

In 1987 the Indiana Task Force on Aging and Aged Persons with Developmental Disabilities was formed to address interagency planning and public policy issues related to this newly emerging population. Data were collected from major state agencies now serving either the aged or individuals with developmental disabilities to assess the portion of the population currently receiving services. These data were compared to population projections for 1990. Service needs in health care, residential services, day programming, and other support areas were identified. We discuss direct planning outcomes and indirect process outcomes related to increased interaction among state-agency employees.
Wavelet methods in the relativistic three-body problem

We discuss the use of wavelet bases to solve the relativistic three-body problem in momentum space. We address the treatment of the moving singularities that appear in the relativistic three-body problem. Wavelet bases can be used to transform momentum-space scattering integral equations into an approximate system of linear equations with a sparse matrix. This has the potential to reduce the size of realistic three-body calculations with minimal loss of accuracy. The wavelet method leads to a clean interaction-independent treatment of the scattering singularities that does not require any subtractions.
Chrysomelid Beetle Movements in Relation to Host‐Plant Size and Surrounding Non‐Host Vegetation

The effects of host—plant size and surrounding non—host vegetation on herbivore population dynamics were examined for two species of cucurbit—feeding chrysomelid beetles. Population densities were assessed in an experimental garden where host—plant patches were (1) either fertilized or unfertilized and (2) surrounded either by large non—host plants (tomato) or by mowed grasses. In order to assess the role of movement patterns in influencing beetle population densities, a second related experiment examined the flight behavior of individual beetles. Both Acalymma vittatum (striped cucumber beetle) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn rootworm) were more abundant in patches without tomato edges. D. undecimpunctata howardi was also more abundant in fertilized than in unfertilized patches, while A. vittatum was not affected by fertilization. When host—plant size was controlled for A. vittatum was still affected by the presence of tomato edges. In contrast, D. undecimpunctata howardi was no longer affected by tomato edges, but remained more abundant in fertilized patches. Thus it appears that tomato edges can have two different and important effects on insect herbivore abundance: (1) direct effects (e.g., as in A. vittatum), or (2) indirect effects resulting from changes in host—plant size or quality (e.g., as in D. undecimpunctata howardi). Mark—recapture and movement behavior experiments indicated that the two beetle species exhibited different movement patterns. A. vittatum colonized patches without tomato edges significantly more frequently than other patches, but only 24.3% of subsequent recaptures revealed interpatch movement, and beetles moving betwen patches showed no selectively with respect to patch type. In contrast, D. undecimpunctata howardi showed both initial selectivity and subsequent movement in response to differences in plant size and quality caused by the fertilization and edge treatments. D. undecimpunctata howardi colonized patches without tomato edges and with fertilization significantly more frequently than other patches. Furthermore, 38.7% of subsequent recaptures revealed interpatch movement, and moving beetles preferentially chose patches without tomato edges. Abundances of A. vittatum seemed to be largely determined by patch choice during initial colonization while for D. undecimpunctata howardi there was considerable post—colonization movement between patches that influenced beetle distribution. Results on individual flight behavior revealed that D. undecimpunctata howardi was nearly seven times as likely to initiate flight as was A. vittatum. For D. undecimpunctata howardi flights were more likely to lead to emigration from patches that were unfertilized but surrounded by tomato plants than from all other treatments. Taken together, these differences between the two species in movement behavior may help explain observed distribution patterns. The results are consistent with previous studies examining patch size and diversity effects on herbivorous insects.