cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balanced angiotensin II receptor antagonists. III. The effects of substitution at the imidazole 5-position.

Abstract We wish to report on a series of substituted methyl esters and amides of DMP 811, which bind to both the AT 1 and AT 2 receptor subtypes. Some of the esters bind well to both receptor subtypes in the subnanomolar range when the optimal acid isostere is present together with an ortho-fluorine substituent on the biphenylmethyl group.
Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed 3-chlorotyrosine formation in dialysis patients.

Abstract Oxidative stress has been implicated in the cardiovascular complications that affect chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis, though the physiologically relevant pathways mediating oxidative damage are poorly understood. It is known, however, that hemodialysis activates neutrophils, a well-characterized source of hydrogen peroxide and myeloperoxidase. The phagocyte-derived myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system generates hypochlorous acid, which reacts with tyrosine residues of proteins to form 3-chlorotyrosine. To explore the role of activated phagocytes in oxidative stress in chronic renal failure, we used 3-chlorotyrosine as a specific marker of myeloperoxidase activity. Utilizing isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we compared 3-chlorotyrosine levels in plasma proteins of five patients on chronic hemodialysis therapy with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The oxidized amino acid was present in the plasma proteins of 4 of the hemodialysis patients (3.5 ± 0.8 μmol per mol tyrosine) but was undetectable in the healthy subjects. Therefore, one pathway for oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients appears to involve hypochlorous acid generated by the myeloperoxidase system of activated phagocytes. We also examined intradialytic 3-chlorotyrosine levels using membranes that activate white blood cells and the alternative pathway of complement. Hemodialysis increased plasma myeloperoxidase and the expression of CD11b/CD18 by circulating phagocytes, but failed to demonstrably increase 3-chlorotyrosine levels. 3-chlorotyrosine was detectable in 12 of 19 samples in total, with significant intrasubject variability. Our observations suggest that oxidants generated by myeloperoxidase contribute to the increased oxidative stress observed in renal-failure patients but do not damage plasma proteins during the hemodialysis procedure itself.
Inner core freezing and melting: Constraints from seismic body waves

Abstract Hypotheses for the mechanisms of growth of Earth’s inner core can be tested from observations of lateral variations of elastic and anelastic properties near the inner core boundary. Differential travel times of PKIKP–PKiKP and the apparent travel time of P waves diffracted around the inner core are consistent with the existence of a stably stratified, globally uniform, region of reduced velocity gradient at the bottom of the outer core. This layer may be a zone of iron enrichment relative to the bulk of the outer core, representing a zone either of crystallization or melting of the inner core. Weak backscattered PKiKP in the equatorial eastern hemisphere can be made consistent with either a hypothesis of freezing or melting. In a melting hypothesis, the eastern hemisphere is texturally older and smoother, with larger crystals or smaller elastic contrasts across grain boundaries providing weaker backscatter to the coda of PKiKP. Additional observations consistent with higher homologous temperature and melting in this region are the existence of a thin low velocity layer in the uppermost inner core inferred from multipathing of PKIKP + PKiKP waves and a bright spot in the amplitude of PKIIKP waves observed at antipodal distances. Alternatively, a freezing hypothesis in the eastern hemisphere is an inner core that is growing radially outward with crystals stretched in the vertical direction. This hypothesis can simultaneously explain weak backscattered PKiKP coda and high attenuation of transmitted PKIKP from the loss of backscattered energy at angles perpendicular to vertically oriented crystals. Strong backscattering observed in the coda of PKiKP sampling the equatorial western hemisphere of the inner core agrees best with a heterogeneity having an isotropic distribution of scale lengths in the uppermost inner core.
The Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation Dose on the Mechanical Performance of Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

To understand how electron beam irradiation affects wood physically and chemically, irradiated maple beams (Acer rubrum) and veneers were examined using three-point bend tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and NIR- and FTIR- spectroscopy. The MOR from the bending tests revealed a significant decline in the red maple’s strength after a dose of 80 kGy. DMA results showed evidence of crosslinking of the amorphous content of the wood at low doses, followed by degradation at higher doses, with the change in response occurring around 80 kGy. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the components of wood that were most impacted were the phenolic hydroxyl structures of lignin and cellulose hydroxyls, with the greatest effects being seen after 80 kGy.
Heterodimers of α1B- and α1D-Adrenergic Receptors Form a Single Functional Entity

Heterologous expression of α1D-adrenergic receptors (α1D-ARs) in most cell types results in intracellular retention and little or no functionality. We showed previously that heterodimerization with α1B-ARs promotes surface localization of α1D-ARs. Here, we report that the α1B-/α1D-AR interaction has significant effects on the pharmacology and signaling of the receptors, in addition to the effects on trafficking described previously. Upon coexpression of α1B-ARs and epitope-tagged α1D-ARs in both human embryonic kidney 293 and DDT1MF-2 cells, α1D-AR binding sites were not detectable with the α1D-AR selective antagonist 8-[2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dione (BMY 7378), despite the ability to detect α1D-AR protein using confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, and a luminometer cell-surface assay. However, the α1B-AR-selective mutant F18A conotoxin showed a striking biphasic inhibition in α1B/α1D-AR-expressing cells, revealing that α1D-ARs were expressed but did not bind BMY 7378 with high affinity. Studies of norepinephrine-stimulated inositol phosphate formation showed that maximal responses were greatest in α1B/α1D-AR-coexpressing cells. Stable coexpression of an uncoupled mutant α1B-AR (Δ12) with α1D-ARs resulted in increased responses to norepinephrine. However, Schild plots for inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated inositol phosphate formation showed a single low-affinity site for BMY 7378. Thus, our findings suggest that α1B/α1D-AR heterodimers form a single functional entity with enhanced functional activity relative to either subtype alone and a novel pharmacological profile. These data may help to explain why α1D-ARs are often pharmacologically undetectable in native tissues when they are coexpressed with α1B-ARs.
The Variable Arterial Pressure Response to Serotonin in Laboratory Animals and Man

Arterial pressure response to serotonin depends largely upon four main actions of the drug: direct vasoconstriction, a von Bezold-like reflex, transient ganglion blockade and peripheral inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstriction. The relative prominence of these actions differs depending upon the dose of serotonin, species tested and degree of pre-existing neurogenic vasoconstriction.
The effect of unilateral stellectomy on the regulation of heart rate during behavioral stress.

Changes in heart rate were examined during classical aversive conditioning before and after either left (n=10) or right stellectomy (n=8). Heart rate (HR) significantly (p<0.01) increased in response to the conditional stimulus with a further increase noted during the unconditional stimulus. After right stellectomy (RSGx) the aversive stress elicited a significantly (p<0.01) smaller increase in heart rate (peak HR change: control 66.8 +/- 6.0; RSGx 36.1 +/- 6.8 beats/min). In contrast left stellectomy did not significantly alter the heart rate conditional response. Cardioselective beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, metoprolol HCl (BB, 1.0 mg/kg, n=8), significantly (p<0.01) reduced the heart-rate conditional response (peak HR change: control 66.8 +/- 6; BB 25.1 +/- 3.8 beats/min) to the same extent as noted during RSGx. These data suggest that the heart-rate increases elicited by aversive stress are mediated in part by sympathetic nerves that originate or pass through the right stellate ganglion. The residual HR increase noted after RSGx or BB probably results from the withdrawal of cardiac parasympathetic activity.
Urban Secondary School Leadership: Contemporary Challenges.

In order for positive change to occur in schools, for there to be a healthy, supportive school climate in which a full range of opportunities for all students can be developed, nurtured, and sustained, and in which effective teaching and learning will occur, we must have outstanding school leaders-leaders who are knowledgeable and skilled in areas pertaining to curriculum and instruction, supervision and evaluation, group dynamics, motivation, communication, conflict resolution, problem-solving and decision-making, and school-community relations; who set high standards and expectations for students and staff; who inspire others to be the best they are capable of being; and who demonstrate respect for others and themselves.
UCLA's Polish Collections and Collecting Poland at the UCLA Library: 2006–2011

The author's purpose in this article is to acquaint the reader with some interesting aspects of the UCLA library's collection of Poland-related and Polish-language print materials. Then, the author gives an account of the strategies for the collection development activities that he undertook from 2006 to 2011, during his curatorial tenure at UCLA's Young Research Library, to revitalize the Polish-language collection. Lastly, the author describes a methodology he used to assess the effectiveness of these activities; this methodology should be of broad interest to anyone involved in area- or language-focused collection development.
Energy transfer mediated by asymmetric hydrogen-bonded interfaces

Amidine-appended ferrocene derivatives form a supramolecular assembly with Ru(II)(bpy-COOH)(L)22+ complexes (bpy-COOH is 4-CO2H-4′-CH3-bpy and L = bpy, 2,2′-bipyridine or btfmbpy, 4,4′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine). Steady-state, time-resolved spectroscopy and kinetic isotope effects establish that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of the Ru(II) complexes are quenched by proton-coupled energy transfer (PCEnT). These results show that proton motion can be effective in mediating not only electron transfer (ET) but energy transfer (EnT) as well.
Pathways of Early Fatherhood, Marriage, and Employment: A Latent Class Growth Analysis

In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), young fathers include heterogeneous subgroups with varying early life pathways in terms of fatherhood timing, the timing of first marriage, and holding full-time employment. Using latent class growth analysis with 10 observations between ages 18 and 37, we derived five latent classes with median ages of first fatherhood below the cohort median (26.4), constituting distinct early fatherhood pathways representing 32.4% of NLSY men: (A) Young Married Fathers, (B) Teen Married Fathers, (C) Young Underemployed Married Fathers, (D) Young Underemployed Single Fathers, and (E) Young Later-Marrying Fathers. A sixth latent class of men who become fathers around the cohort median, following full-time employment and marriage (On-Time On-Sequence Fathers), is the comparison group. With sociodemographic background controlled, all early fatherhood pathways show disadvantage in at least some later-life circumstances (earnings, educational attainment, marital status, and incarceration). The extent of disadvantage is greater when early fatherhood occurs at relatively younger ages (before age 20), occurs outside marriage, or occurs outside full-time employment. The relative disadvantage associated with early fatherhood, unlike early motherhood, increases over the life course.
SURFACTANT DYSFUNCTION IN LUNG CONTUSION WITH AND WITHOUT SUPERIMPOSED GASTRIC ASPIRATION IN A RAT MODEL

This study investigates surfactant dysfunction in rats with lung contusion (LC) induced by blunt chest trauma. Rats at 24 h postcontusion had a decreased percent content of large surfactant aggregates in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and altered large-aggregate composition with decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), increased lyso-PC, and increased protein compared with uninjured controls. The surface activity of large aggregates on a pulsating bubble surfactometer was also severely impaired at 24 h postcontusion. Decreases in large surfactant aggregate content and surface activity were improved, but still apparent, at 48 and 72 h postcontusion compared with uninjured control rats and returned to normal by 96 h postcontusion. The functional importance of surfactant abnormalities in LC injury was documented in pilot studies showing that exogenous surfactant replacement at 24 h postcontusion improved inflation/deflation lung volumes. Additional experiments investigated a clinically relevant combination of LC plus gastric aspiration (combined acid and small gastric food particles) and found reductions in large surfactant aggregates in BAL similar to those for LC. However, rats given LC + combined acid and small gastric food particles versus LC had more severe surfactant dysfunction based on decreases in surface activity and alterations in large aggregate composition. Combined data for all animal groups had strong statistical correlations between surfactant dysfunction (increased minimum surface tension, decreased large aggregates in BAL, decreased aggregate PC, and increased aggregate lyso-PC) and the severity of inflammatory lung injury (increased total protein, albumin, protein/phospholipid ratio, neutrophils, and erythrocytes in BAL plus increased whole lung myeloperoxidase activity). These results show that surfactant dysfunction is important in the pathophysiology of LC with or without concurrent gastric aspiration and provides a rationale for surfactant replacement therapy in these prevalent clinical conditions.
Asymptomatic parotid gland enlargement in diabetes mellitus

Forty-eight patients, or 24 percent of the total number of 200 patients with overt or latent diabetes, were found to have bilateral asymptomatic enlargement of the parotid glands. Most of these patients were unaware of that the enlargement was present. In seven patients the observation of parotid enlargement was made before the diagnosis of diabetes by glucose tolerance test. I believe that the association between parotid gland enlargement and diabetes mellitus reported here is very striking. The enlargement of the parotid glands is easily overlooked since it is asymptomatic; therefore, palpation of the glands is essential. The results indicate that asymptomatic enlargement of the parotid glands is not uncommon in diabetes mellitus and that a search for diabetes should be made in all patients exhibiting enlarged asymptomatic parotid glands.
Cells and Replicons

Eukaryotic DNA Replication. J. JULIAN BLOW, Ed. IRL (Oxford University Press), New York, 1996. xx, 232 pp., illus. $105 or £65, ISBN 0-19-963586-2; paper, $55 or £29.95, ISBN 0-19-963585-4. Frontiers in Molecular Biology, 15.
A comparison of ever‐married and never‐married women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa

Objective The results of the scant research on anorexia nervosa and marriage suggest that married anorexics may exhibit more severely disordered eating. However, past research has not controlled for the greater age of married versus unmarried anorexics, and very little research has been conducted on marriage and women with bulimia nervosa. We investigated differences in disordered eating and clinical traits between ever-married and never-married women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and statistically controlled for age. Method Adult women ages 20-45, who were assessed in an outpatient eating disorders clinic and diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (n = 91) or bulimia nervosa (n = 223), completed several measures of disordered eating and related traits at the point of initial evaluation. Results In simple comparisons, ever-married women differed from their never-married peers with regard to several indices of symptom history and severity. However, after controlling for age, ever-married women differed only with regard to an earlier onset of menarche and, for women with bulimia nervosa, an earlier onset of sexual intercourse. Discussion Results are discussed with regard to possible explanation and directions for future research.
Estradiol formation from testosterone by continuously cultured human breast cancer cells.

Two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and one cell line derived from normal human breast (HBL-100) were examined for the presence of aromatase activity by determining the amounts of [3H]estradiol ([3(H]E2formed by cell cultures incubated with [3H]testosterone. Aro-matase activity was demonstrable in both breast cancer cell lines, but estradiol synthesis was not observed in HBL-100 cultures. The [3H]E2 content of MCF-7 cultures rose as a function of incubation time and substrate concentration. Furthermore, [3H[E2 formation by this cell line was suppressed by several known inhibitors of human placental aromatase. These observations represent the first evidence that some lines of continuously cultured human breast cancer cells, like some human breast tumors, are capable of forming estrogen from an extracellular precursor steroid. Cultured breast cells may provide model systems for investigating the relative importance of intracellular estrogen formation in the regulation of human breast c...
Marek's disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens. 2. Ultrastructure of central nervous system.

Summary Ultrastructural changes of the central nervous system (CNS) were compared in inbred White Leghorn chickens that are genetically resistant or susceptible to Marek's disease virus (MDV)‐induced transient paralysis (TP). Widened extracellular spaces, containing granular material resembling protein were found in brains of TP‐affected chickens. Demyelination was absent in all chickens and intramyelinic oedema was rare, present only in TP‐affected chickens. Both MDV‐inoculated TP‐resistant and TP‐susceptible chickens had CNS perivascular mononuclear cell cuffs at all sampling periods, but the TP‐affected chickens also had endothelial cell hypertrophy, a greater quantity of intramural phagocytized chromatin debris, and intramural heterophils. Such findings suggest vasculitis as the causative lesion. No open endothelial cell tight junctions, endothelial cells discontinuities, or transendothelial channels were morphologically evident to explain the vasogenic oedema, but an apparent suggestive increase in c...
Characterization of a new class of deletions of the D region of the bacteriophage T4 genome.

Abstract Mutations in the stp gene of bacteriophage T4 restore the ability of 3′-phosphatase mutants to grow in Escherichia coli strain CTr5x. Spontaneous deletions of the stp and ac genes were isolated by plating 3′-phosphatase mutants on CTr5x in the presence of acriflavine. These deletions, which we designate saΔ mutations, were characterized by physical and genetic mapping and by determination of host range. One third of the saΔ mutations terminate within the D region which is bounded by gene 52 and rIIB, and the remainder extend into rII. An improved map of the D region has been constructed which incorporates a new gene (pla262) which is required for growth in E. coli CT262. The gene order is gene 52, ac, stp, ndd, pla262, denB, D1, and rIIB. A restrictive host for ndd mutants was also found, strain CT447. With the discovery of restrictive hosts for pla262 and ndd mutants, the D region can no longer be considered completely dispensable.
Quality-of-Life Assessment for Persons with Mental Retardation.

Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of interest in issues related to quality of life (QoL). While QoL for persons with mental retardation has long been an interest, and there is a foundation for the assessment of QoL for this population, there is still much to be done. This article describes QoL assessment for persons with mental retardation, including the purpose of such assessment. Quality of life is defined as multiple measures of physical, material, social, emotional, and productive well-being. Ways to measure quality of life and how to fit QoL measurement into the broader context of assessment are also discussed.
Blood glucosylceramide levels in gaucher's disease and its distribution amongst lipoprotein fractions

Plasma glucosylceramide levels in eight patients with Gaucher's disease showed a 2 to 7-fold elevation over normal levels whereas erythrocyte glucosylceramide levels were within the normal range. The majority of the glucosylceramide elevation was associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction.
Global solution to the equations of viscous gas flows

The global solution, stability and evolution of regularities are studied for the initial-boundary-value problem of a viscous compressible gas flow. With global a priori estimates and careful analysis, the existence of global classical solutions in Holder space is established.
Lingering Challenges to the Raising‐to‐object and Object‐control Constructions

. This article provides an overview of the three main approaches to raising-to-object sentences like Cindy believes Marcia to be a genius. The article describes the strengths and challenges faced by these accounts, reaching a number of conclusions. First, the covert ‘‘LF’’ raising account, though successful at accounting for certain interpretational facts about the construction, does not provide an analysis of the word-order facts. Second, the overt raising account, which can account for the word order facts, still faces two main challenges; there remain important open questions about verb placement, and though none of the current approaches to extraction can easily explain it, extraction and raising-to-object interact in complex ways that are still not well understood. Third, the movement theory of control, which treats object control in a way parallel to overt raising-to-object, faces not only the challenges to the overt raising account, but several others particular to object control. Finally, the article describes the HPSG analysis of raising-to-object, which can account straightforwardly for the word order facts, and with the appropriate constraints can be extended to account for the extraction facts discussed.
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Prosthetic Aortic Valves

umerous types of prosthetic heart valves have been developed since 1952 when Hufnagel performed the first successful N implant. Only two types of valves have produced consistent clinical improvement: the leaflet type, and the ball (or disc) in cage. The present study attempts to compare the fluid dynamic characteristics of four prosthetic aortic valves with the characteristics of a calf's valve. Analytical evaluation of a valve operating within the heart is complex, owing to the pulsatile nature of the flow and the constantly varying geometry of both the valve mountings and the inflow and outflow tracts. A basis of comparison for such valves is difficult to define. In most other engineering applications, the flow characteristics of a valve are summarized by reporting a valve coefficient as a function of Reynolds number, valve coefficients being determined from the pressure loss across the valve at various steady flow rates. The essentially unsteady nature of the present application requires more sophisticated evaluation. In an unsteady oscillatory flow, two procedures are immediately suggested: a predetermined pressure history could be applied across the valve and variations in the instantaneous flow rate noted, or a reverse procedure could be employed. The heart, however, adapts to different valves by altering both pressure and flow histories, thereby ensuring a constant mean flow rate within wide limits of incompetency and stenosis. Thus, in addition to a basic determination of valve coefficients for various steady flow rates, the dynamic response of a valve to an unsteady flow having a constant, predetermined mean flow and a generally correct pressure and flow history was investigated. In the latter case, the characteristics of the healthy natural valve were used as the standard of comparison. The four prosthetic valves tested were (1) Gott-Daggett leaflet valve (1.81 cm.2), size 1A;' (2) Pemco ball valve (1.92 cm.2),
Hall mobility of electrons in liquid and solid argon

The Hall mobility of electrons injected in liquid argon has been measured along the liquid-vapor coexistence line, along a portion of the 50-atm isobar, and in the solid at the triple point. From a comparison of these results with the published time-of-flight (TOF) mobility data, it is concluded that the low-field TOF data in the liquid coincide with the low-field drift mobility. From a comparison of the ratio of the Hall and TOF mobilities with its counterpart calculated on the basis of different models, it is concluded that only the model in which the scattering is due to both phonons and nearly static density fluctuations can explain the experimental data. There is excellent agreement between the mobility observed in the solid (2820 cm/sup 2//V s) and what one would expect if the calculated phonon scattering in the liquid would be extrapolated to the density of the solid. This provides support for the density-dependent effective mass that was used as a parameter in the model calculation. What remains unexplained, in the framework of a single spherical parabolic band, is the magnetic field dependence of the Hall angle near the mobility maximum.
Negative Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Merkel Cell Carcinoma is Associated with a Low Risk of Same-Nodal-Basin Recurrences.

Controversy exists regarding the predictive ability of a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and the use of adjuvant radiation in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Retrospective study of patients with MCC undergoing SLNB at Mayo Clinic from 1995 to 2011. Cumulative incidence (CI) of regional recurrence and death from MCC, respectively, were estimated taking into account the competing risk of death from other causes and compared between groups using Gray’s test. A total of 111 (74 %) of 150 SLNB were negative and comprised our study group. There were 15 regional recurrences, and the CI of a regional recurrence was 5.1, 15.0, and 16.6 % at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively, after initial surgery. Nine patients (8 % of all patients) experienced a same nodal basin recurrence after a negative SLNB. Among 14 patients who received nodal radiation, the CI of a regional recurrence was 0 and 9.1 % at 1 and 3 years, respectively, compared to 5.8 and 15.5 %, respectively, among the 97 who did not receive nodal radiation (p = 0.45). Male sex was the only characteristic predictive of regional recurrence after a negative SLNB; the CI at 3 years was 21.3 versus 0 % in men and women, respectively (p = 0.007). Head and neck location was not associated with a higher risk of recurrence or an improvement in regional recurrences after radiation. Same nodal basin recurrences are uncommon after SLNB in MCC, and regional nodal irradiation can be avoided in the setting of successful sentinel lymph node mapping and a negative SLNB.
A reflective interview with Marcia Gentry and Scott Peters: The Hope Scale

The Hope Scale is an 11-item teacher-rating instrument designed to help identify academic and social components of giftedness. It provides insights from teachers who work with students on a daily basis, which may differ from the type of information yielded through achievement and ability tests. The Hope Scale development was made possible by the generous support of the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation, and it is available as a free download from the GERI website (www.purdue.edu/geri).
Ruggedized alpha radiation detector

An effort was made to develop an alpha-radiation scintillation detector with an entrance window more rugged than that of conventional types. A novel technique for micromachining thin silicon windows has been implemented. Optically clear epoxy is used to couple the scintillator material to a glass light pipe and to give support to thin portions of the silicon window. Tests indicate that overall efficiency is comparable to that obtained with conventional Mylar window detectors. Compared to conventional scintillation detectors, the more rugged alpha-radiation detector is better suited to harsh environments encountered in outdoor surveys, as the silicon window assembly is a solid construction highly resistant to scratches, punctures, water and thermal shock. >
Transient tritanopia: Failure of time-intensity reciprocity in adaptation to longwave light

Abstract An investigation of transient tritanopia established the following results: (1) There are two phases of π 1 recovery following extinction of a longwave adapting field, a fast early phase which grossly violates the reciprocity of time and intensity within the period of light adaptation and a slow later phase which does not. (2) Whereas the early phase of π 1 recovery depends greatly on the temporal distribution of the longwave adapting exposures (of 4.48 log average td for 120 sec), π 5 recovery following the same exposures shows little such dependence. These and other findings are discussed in terms of the model of Pugh and Mollon.
A New Non-Hausdorff Spacetime Model for Resolution of the Time Travel Paradoxes☆

Abstract Physicists interested in chronology-violating spacetimes have considered various strategies for avoiding the time travel paradoxes which can arise in those spacetimes. One such strategy is the adoption of a branching (non-Hausdorff) topology for spacetime. Branching spacetime models also arise in other physical contexts, such as the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. A known objection to the idea of branching spacetime stems from the fact that an observer in such a spacetime may have multiple futures or pasts. In this paper I describe a new non-Hausdorff spacetime model in which each observer has a unique history. This model differs topologically from previous non-Hausdorff spacetime models in that is not aT1-space.
Nutrients and toxins of plants in Amboseli, Kenya

Summary Nutrient and toxin analyses were carried out on wild foods that are eaten by the baboon (Papio cynocephalus (L.)) and black-faced vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops (L.)) and other animals in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Data are provided on proximate composition (water, ash, fat, protein, fibre, other carbohydrates), fourteen minerals, four vitamins (folic acid, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, β-carotine) and a toxin (trypsin inhibitor). In total, 864 analyses were carried out on ninety-one foods from thirty-seven species of plants. RESUMEE On a realise des analyses des nutriments at toxines dans l'alimentation du babouin (Papio cynocephalus (L.)), du cercopitheque grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops (L.)) et d'autres animaux du Parc National d'Amboseli, Kenya. Les donnees fournies concernent la composition approximative en eau, carbone, graisse, proteine, fibres et autres carbohydrates. Quatorze mineraux, quatre vitamines (acide folique, acide ascorbique, riboflavine, carotene β) et un toxine (inhibitrice de la trypsin). Au total, 864 analyses furent realisees sur nonante et un echantillons protant sur trente-sept especes de plantes.
University and Community Collaborations in Migrant ESL.

This chapter describes a university-based migrant farmworker outreach and education program in Michigan and the difference it has made in the rural community it serves, as well as in the lives of the university students who have participated in it.
A Mathematical Model of the Human Temperature Regulatory System - Transient Cold Exposure Response

A mathematical model of the human temperature regulatory system which utilizes finite difference techniques and includes new anatomical and basal physiological information, with more detail than previous models, is presented. A cold stress control system which includes both a feedback signal based on head core temperature and feedforward signals based on the skin temperature and the skin heat flux is postulated. Model and direct experimental results (seven temperatures, cardiac output, metabolism, and arm blood flow) are compared for a transient cold exposure. The substantial agreement found suggests that the skin heat flux could be an important input to the temperature regulatory system.
Promoting optimal collaboration between mental health providers and nutritionists in the treatment of eating disorders.

The mental health provider–nutritionist collaboration is a primary partnership in the treatment of eating disorders, and its integrity is important for good patient care. Utilizing critical incident qualitative methodology, 22 professionals who specialize in the treatment of eating disorders (12 mental health providers, 10 registered dieticians) were interviewed about instances of problems in collaborations between these two professions, and the impact and resolution of such conflicts. Findings were used to compile a list of best practices. Results are interpreted with reference to research on professional health care teams in medical settings. Implications for interprofessional education and training are discussed.
Influence of water treatment residuals on dewaterability of wastewater biosolids.

Co-dewatering of water treatment residuals (WTR) and wastewater biosolids can potentially benefit municipalities by reducing processing equipment and costs. This study investigated dewaterability (using capillary suction time, CST) of combined alum residuals (Al-WTR) and anaerobically digested biosolids at various blending ratios (BR), defined as the mass ratio of WTR to biosolids on a dry solids basis. Without polymer addition, the CST was 160 s for a BR of 0.75 compared with 355 s for the biosolids alone. The optimum polymer dose (OPD), defined as the polymer dose yielding CST of 20 s, was reduced from 20.6 g kg −1 dry solids for the biosolids alone to 16.3 and 12.6 g kg −1 when BR was 0.75 and 1.5, respectively. Precipitated Al hydrous oxides in the WTR likely caused flocculation of the biosolids particles through heterocoagulation or charge neutralization. The solids contents of the blended materials and biosolids at their respective OPDs were not statistically different ( α = 0.05) following dewatering by a belt-filter press. We conclude addition of Al-WTR improved biosolids dewaterability and reduced polymer dosage. In practice, the extent of these benefits may be limited by the quantity of WTR produced relative to the amount of wastewater solids generated by a municipality.
Multiphoton Ionization of Hydrogen and Rare-Gas Atoms

A perturbation theory of the ionization of atoms by simultaneous absorption of several photons, each of whose energy is less than the ionization potential, is developed from the evolution-operator formalism. A precise computation is made for the hydrogen atom, giving transition rates as a function of photon energy for two- through twelve-photon photoionization. The eighth-order ionization rate (in cgs units) at the 1.78-eV ruby-laser line is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}244}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${(\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{flux})}^{8}$ and should be observable using available techniques. Good agreement is obtained with Zernik's exact calculation of the two-photon ionization rate of metastable $2S$ hydrogen. Approximate calculations are made for the rare gases. Assuming "typical" experimental conditions of a gas density of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{20}$ atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a ruby laser focused into a volume of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, we find that the flux required to liberate one electron during a 10-nsec pulse is \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Xe, Kr, and Ar and \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{30}$ photons ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Ne and He. These gases ionize with the simultaneous absorption of 7, 8, 9, 13, and 14 photons, respectively. The predicted rate for Xe is found to be in excellent agreement with the recent direct measurements of Voronov and Delone. We conclude that multiphoton ionization provides the initial electrons required for the optical breakdown of gases, though it does not account for the over-all growth of the discharge except possibly at very low pressures. Impurity atoms (particularly heavy rare gases) may be the source of "initiating" electrons in Ne and He.
The landfall and structure of a tropical cyclone: The sensitivity of model predictions to soil moisture parameterizations

A regional mesoscale multi-level primitive equation model is used to predict the landfall and structure of a tropical cyclone. Three areas of model sensitivity are addressed in this paper; (1) the horizontal resolution, which includes the representation of orography; (2) the impact of an improved representation of the distribution of land surface soil moisture on the landfall problem; and (3) the sensitivity of the storm to lateral boundary conditions. A diagnostic part of this study describes a statistical regression approach to determining a ground wetness parameterization from moisture budget computations to derive estimates of surface fluxes, which are used to determine the parameterization. The model sensitivity analysis compares several versions of ground wetness parameterization. The experiment where ‘perfect’ (i.e., based on analysis of observations) boundary conditions are used is defined as a bench-mark. At the highest horizontal resolution (=50km) using the ground wetness obtained from the regression, the best results were found for the structure and motion of the tropical cyclone. When the boundary conditions from a global model are used at a resolution T106 (roughly 100 km resolution for the transformed grid), the results degrade somewhat. The rain bands are predicted, but do not contain the same detail. Several other sensitivity experiments illustrate the degree of degradation of rain bands, precipitation distribution, hurricane structure, and phase speed errors as the lateral boundaries, resolution, and ground wetness parameterization are altered.
Office-based sclerotherapy for benign parotid lymphoepithelial cysts in the HIV-positive patient.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of sodium morrhuate injection therapy in the control of benign lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: The medical records of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who presented to an indigent care hospital for the evaluation and management of benign lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland are reviewed. Cyst laterality, aspiration and injection volumes, and noted complications were recorded. When applicable, elapsed time between recurrent interventions was recorded. Results: Medical records were available for a total of nine patients who underwent aspiration and injection of 34 cysts. Five of the nine patients required therapy for additional cyst formation an average of 11.8 months after initial intervention. There have been no known instances of facial nerve or parotid gland injury, and the only recorded postprocedure complaints were pain and mild edema. Conclusions: While multiple cysts may arise and serial intervention may be required, we believe that in association with broader clinical experience, the data presented here support aspiration and sodium morrhuate injection as a safe, minimally invasive, and efficacious technique in the treatment of benign lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland in the HIV-positive population. Laryngoscope, 2009
Flavopiridol causes early mitochondrial damage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with impaired oxygen consumption and mobilization of intracellular calcium

Effective administration of flavopiridol in advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is often associated with early biochemical evidence of tumor cell lysis. Previous work using other cell types showed that flavopiridol impacts mitochondria, and in CLL cells flavopiridol down-regulates the mitochondrial protein Mcl-1. We therefore investigated mitochondrial structure and function in flavopiridol-treated CLL patient cells and in the lymphoblastic cell line 697 using concentrations and times at which tumor lysis is observed in treated patients. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was detected in flavopiridol-treated CLL cells by 6 hours, well before the onset of cell death. Flavopiridol-induced mitochondrial depolarization was not blocked by caspase inhibitors or by the calcium chelator EGTA, but was reduced by Bcl-2 overexpression. Intracellular calcium mobilization was noted at early time points using fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry showed a gradual but significant reduction in cellular oxygen consumption rate by 6 hours, corresponding with ultrastructural mitochondrial damage detected by electron microscopy. These observations suggest that in CLL and 697 cells, flavopiridol mediates its cytotoxic effects via induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition and changes in intracellular calcium.
The cosmic ray anisotropy

Abstract Three different explanations for the observed cosmic ray anisotropy are investigated. The possibility that the anisotropy is due to the existence of trapped orbits in the interplanetary field is explored by analysing the motion of charged particles in a stretched dipole field. It is found that an anisotropy is possible, but only when several unlikely conditions are met. Two other theories of the anisotropy, ascribing it either to a sunward flux density gradient or to the Compton-Getting effect, are then discussed. It is shown that in general both effects occur together ; for conservative fields they cancel each other and no anisotropy occurs, as might indeed be expected from Liouville's theorem. Consequently, any gradient of cosmic ray flux density which may be observed in interplanetary space is not necessarily connected with the observed anisotropy.
Absence of Lyme Disease Spirochetes in Larval Progeny of Naturally Infected Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Fed on Dogs

I determined whether transovarial passage of Lyme disease spirochetes occurred more efficiently in Ixodes scapularis Say fed on reservoir-competent dogs. Unlike deerfed ticks, spirochetes are not diminished in dog-fed ticks, and significantly higher transovarial infection rates have been reported for the latter. Females of field-infected I. scapularis (North Salem strain) were used to induce experimental Lyme disease in specific pathogen-free dogs as part of another study. Seventy-four (48 of 65) percent of the females examined were infected with spirochetes, and larvae from infected females were tested for Borrelia burgdorferi within 1 mo of eclosion. No spirochetes were found in 14,700 larvae (225 larvae per female [ n = 12] and 750 larvae per female [ n = 16]) examined individually by fluorescent antibody (FA) tests or in triturated larval suspensions (≈1,500 larvae per female ( n = 20]) examined by FA and polymerase chain reaction. Larvae remain an unlikely source of B. burgdorferi infection in the peridomestic setting because transovarial transmission is highly inefficient in I. scapularis .
Hematology of experimental acute Sarcocystis bovicanis infection in calves. II. Serum biochemistry and hemostasis studies.

Of four Holsttin-Friesian calves infected with 200,000 sporocysts of Surcocystis bovicunis, three become ill and died on days 35,55, and 59 of a 63-day experiment. No control calves became ill or died. Serum biochemicals and hematologic indicators of hemostasis from both groups were measured throughout the experiment. Creatine phosphokinase values for both groups increased markedly during acute infection. Lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase values were high in infected calves on days 25 to 35 and days 24 to 63, respectively, indicating injury of muscle, liver, or other tissues. Sorbitol dehydrogenase values were significantly higher for infected than for control calves on days 25 and 35, indicating liver injury. Serum bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen values were significantly increased in three anemic infected calves from day 25 or 26 to day 35, probably reflecting destruction of erythrocytes. The fourth infected calf was not anemic and had no hyperbilirubinemia and only minimal azotemia. Serum protein and albumin values decreased in infected calves on days 21 to 30 or 35, when, although hypoalbuminemia persisted, total protein concentration increased. Glucose, calcium, sodium, and chloride values decreased in infected calves slightly before onset of illness and remained low throughout the experiment. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus values did not differ between infected and control calves. Activated partial thromboplastin time and Russell's viper venom time were normal; prothrombin time was significantly higher from day 27 to day 49 in infected calves. This pattern was interpreted as evidence for acquired factor VII deficiency. Abnormal retraction of blood clots and enlarged platelets in blood smears, which indicate platelet dysfunction and increased platelet turnover, respectively, were seen on days 27 through 35 in anemic infected calves. Values for thrombin time (three calves) and fibrin degradation product concentration (one calf) increased just before death of the infected calves. The principal pathophysiologic effect of experimental acute Surcocystis bovicunis infection in calves is anemia, which develops rapidly during the fourth and fifth weeks after ingestion of infective sporocysts ( 11, 121. The primary mechanism of the anemia is believed to be hemolysis (ll, 121 concurrent with the development of asexual reproductive stages of the organism in the blood vascular system. During this
Psychology's Contributions to Classroom Management.

Classroom management (CRM) has been associated with discipline, control, or other terms that connote reducing unacceptable student behavior. However, CRM involves not merely responding effectively when problems occur, but also preventing problems from occurring by creating environments that encourage learning and appropriate behavior. Teachers' managerial abilities have been found to positively relate to students' behavior and achievement in every process-product study to date. Researchers have consistently identified the components necessary for effective CRM. However, no one has surveyed working teachers to ascertain the extent to which teachers use the research findings in their classrooms. A survey was developed in order to attempt to answer this question. The survey consisted of three sections asking questions on demographics, classroom rules, and classroom child management. One hundred and forty-six teachers from U.S. school districts in the Midwest, South, and Southwest were surveyed. Results indicated that, overall, teachers reported the use of appropriate CRM procedures in relatively high frequencies. However, the high percentage of districts reporting the use of corporal punishment was disturbing given the research findings regarding its lack of effectiveness. Along with the presentation of the survey results, this article also discusses how the data on CRM, collected by psychologists, has contributed to improvements in teacher behavior and student achievement and the apparent gap between best practice and actual practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.