cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring sleep duration in adolescence: Comparing subjective and objective daily methods

OBJECTIVES This study provides the first investigation into the correspondence between self-reported and actigraph-measured nighttime sleep duration in adolescents that disambiguates between- versus within-person associations. Moderators were evaluated to determine if between- and within-person correspondence vary by participant characteristics. METHODS One hundred fifty adolescents (14-21 years) reported sleep time for 1 week, while wearing an actigraph, and reported on moderators, including demographics (i.e., sex, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. Mixed effects models evaluated within- and between-person associations between self-reported and actigraph-measured sleep, and examined whether these associations differed by possible moderators. RESULTS Results indicated significant between- (b = 0.77, SE = 0.08, P < .001) and within-person (b = 0.51, SE = 0.04, P < .001) associations between self-reported and actigraph-measured sleep duration, with no significant moderation effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the use of either self-reports or actigraphs to examine within-person nighttime sleep duration in adolescent community samples.
Desmoid tumors of the head and neck in the pediatric population: Has anything changed?

Abstract Introduction Pediatric head and neck desmoid tumors are rare neoplasms that can cause significant morbidity due to infiltration of vital anatomic structures. The goal of this study is to review presentation, evaluation, and management of these tumors. Methods Retrospective study of children with head and neck desmoid tumors treated from 1999 to 2018 and literature review. Results 11 patients (5 boys, 6 girls) were included. Presentation included firm neck mass (n = 8), trismus (n = 2) and tongue lesion (n = 1). All patients had preoperative imaging with CT (n = 2), MRI (n = 1) or both (n = 8). Five patients underwent needle biopsy, five had open biopsy and one was diagnosed on pathology from primary excision. Seven patients were treated by primary surgical resection, with positive surgical margins in six cases due to proximity to vital neurovascular structures. None needed chemotherapy, had disease recurrence or progression. Three patients with unresectable disease were treated with chemotherapy. One patient was monitored with imaging without any treatment and did not have disease progression. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 years (median 21 months). Ten patients (7 surgical, 2 chemotherapy, 1 observation) were either disease-free or had stable disease at last follow-up. Conclusion Pediatric head and neck desmoid tumors, though rare and histologically benign, are locally infiltrative and aggressive. When feasible, surgical treatment results in good disease control despite positive margins. A balance between achieving negative margins and minimizing functional deficits should be considered. Chemotherapy can be successfully utilized in patients where surgery entails a high risk of morbidity and mortality.
Elevated Hyoid Bone Position in Response to Mandibular Advancing Appliance Predicts Effectiveness of the Appliance for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The objective was to determine whether hyoid bone elevation induced by an anterior mandibular positioning appliance (AMP) predicts the effectiveness of the AMP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Fifteen patients (12 males and 3 females) underwent polysomnographic recordings and lateral cephalograms before and after AMP use of at least 6 months. Measurements of sleep variables and upper airway morphology were compared between pre-AMP and with-AMP states. The AMP appliance reduced apnea-hypopnea indices (AHI) approximately 53% (33.77 ± 3.29 vs. 15.85 ± 3.78, P = 0.0013). Cephalograms of the oropharyngeal airway showed that the hyoid bone moved superiorly toward the inferior mandibular border (Δ H-MP) approximately 5 mm (23.4 ± 1.44 vs. 18.27 ± 1.86, P = 0.0377), with the AMP inserted in the oral cavity; no airway measurement other than hyoid bone position changed. No significant correlations emerged between AHI improvement (Δ AHI) and amounts of hyoid elevation (Δ H-MP) when all patients were pooled. However, when the samples were subcategorized, the correlation coefficients increased significantly (P < 0.01) in both subgroups. This outcome suggests the presence of two distinct types among the “Good-Responders” to AMP appliance use. Overall use of the AMP appliance is effective; however, the effectiveness of the appliance appears to depend on the mode of hyoid elevations, likely resulting from muscle responsiveness in patients with AMP use. The results suggest that Δ H-MP measurements may be a useful marker to segregate patients with tongue and hyoid muscles responsive to AMP from those not-so-responsive.
Community-based exercise goals of persons with spinal cord injury: Interpreted using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.

OBJECTIVE To identify goals for exercising among community-dwelling persons with spinal cord injury (PwSCI). DESIGN Qualitative descriptive study. SETTING Community-based exercise facility for persons with a disability. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five PwSCI identified their exercise goals prior to participation in a community-based exercise intervention. INTERVENTIONS None. OUTCOME MEASURES A modified version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used to ask about exercise goals. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) was used to code the goals for themes. RESULTS The participants were predominantly male (76%) and Black (56%) with thoracic-level injury (51%) and a mean age of 39.44 (standard deviation [SD] 13.62). A total of 231 goals (mean 4.2 goals per participant; SD 1.25) were identified. Participants rated their performance and satisfaction with their goals as 4.256 (SD 1.55) and 3.57 (SD 1.67), respectively. Participants most frequently reported goals related to endurance, muscle strengthening, weight loss, activities of daily living, transferring, and home and community mobility. The most commonly reported goals fell into five ICF domains: Functions of Cardiovascular, Hematological, Immunological, and Respiratory Systems; Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Functions; Structures Related to Movement; Mobility; and Self-Care. CONCLUSION PwSCI have goals they would like to achieve through participation in exercise. The goals are multifaceted and encompass improving health and fitness as well as improving performance in everyday activities such as transferring and mobility. Identifying themes of goals for PwSCI to achieve through exercise is an important step in developing programs and interventions needed to support PwSCI living in the community.
Nonparametric Gini-Frisch Bounds

The Gini-Frisch bounds partially identify the constant slope coefficient in a linear equation when the explanatory variable suffers from classical measurement error. This paper generalizes these quintessential bounds to accommodate nonparametric heterogenous effects. It provides suitable conditions under which the main insights that underlie the Gini-Frisch bounds apply to partially identify the average marginal effect of an error-laden variable in a nonparametric nonseparable equation. To this end, the paper puts forward a nonparametric analogue to the standard "forward" and "reverse" linear regression bounds. The nonparametric forward regression bound generalizes the linear regression "attenuation bias" due to classical measurement error.
4-Uloses as Intermediates in Enzyme-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-mediated Oxidoreductase Mechanisms II. REGULATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY BY REDUCTIVE INHIBITION

Abstract A decrease in enzymatic activity during the standard assay procedure for UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) led to the observation that ADP-ribose-(5) (5-(adenosine-5'-pyrophosphoryl)d-ribose), a degradation product of NAD+, is a strong inhibitor for the enzyme. This inhibition was completely reversed by the addition of TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. Synthetic analogues of ADP-ribose-(5), such as TDP-ribose-(5) and TDP-glucose-(6) were found to be even better inhibitors than ADP-ribose-(5). Incubation of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase with TDP-[1-3H]glucose-(6) established the reaction mechanism of the inhibition as follows: TDP-[1-3H]glucose-(6) + enzyme·NAD+ → (TDP-gluconic acid-(6)·enzyme-[3H1]NADH). We call this process "reductive inhibition." One criterion used to recognize reductive inhibition is the reversal of this process by the addition of TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose: (TDP-gluconic acid-(6)·enzyme·[3H1]NADH) + TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose → enzyme·NAD+ + TDP-gluconic acid-(6) + TDP-6-deoxy-[4-3H]glucose + TDP-6-deoxy-[4-3H]galactose. These results, in combination with a stereochemical examination of the hydrogen mediation of the substrate as well as of the reductive inhibitor, led us to conclude that the same active site on the enzyme is involved in both processes. The concept of reductive inhibition is illustrated and applied to other groups of compounds as well as to other enzymes. In all cases discussed, reductive inhibition occurs according to the following scheme: 3H-inhibitor + enzyme·NAD+ → ((Inhibitor)oxidized ·enzyme-[3H1]NADH)
Adequacy of using surface humidity to estimate atmospheric moisture availability for probable maximum precipitation

[1] Because of limitations in sampling of atmospheric moisture, surface humidity is used to estimate atmospheric moisture availability for probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimation. In practice, a pseudoadiabatic moisture profile is assumed to estimate precipitable water from surface 12-hour persisting dew point. This assumption was evaluated for the central United States using surface and upper air observations. The results show that the pseudoadiabatic assumption systematically overestimates precipitable water for PMP estimation. The overestimation occurs for extreme rainstorms and for climatological maximum conditions because the surface humidity is high but the upper air is drier than predicted by a pseudoadiabatic profile. To better represent the moisture relationship for the central United States, an empirical power law moisture profile was derived from a 23-year climatology of the monthly maximum precipitable water and monthly maximum 12-hour persisting dew point. Moisture maximization concepts were then used to recompute PMP estimates for the Chicago area. The results suggest that the pseudoadiabatic assumption overestimates PMP by about 6.9% on average. An analysis of atmospheric conditions for extreme rainstorms also raises concerns regarding the PMP moisture maximization assumption that such storms could occur under maximum atmospheric moisture conditions.
Detection of atrial fibrillation using artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used as pattern detectors to detect atrial fibrillation (AF) in the MIT-BIH arrythmia database. Electrocardiogram data were represented using generalized interval transition matrices, as in Markov model AF detectors (G.B. Moody and R.G. Mark, 1983). A training file was developed, using these transition matrices, for a backpropagation ANN. This file consisted of approximately 15 minutes each of AF and non-AF data. The ANN was successfully trained using these data. Three standard databases were used to test network performance. Post-processing of the ANN output yielded an AF sensitivity of 92.86% and an AF positive predictive accuracy of 92.34%. >
Dolpopa and Gyaltsab Debate Tathāgatagarbha: Two Distinct Interpretations of Buddha‐Nature in Tibet

Buddhists have discussed the concept of enlightenment since the time of the Buddha, but the notion that all sentient beings have buddha-nature is found in Mahāyāna Buddhism. For the Mahāyāna thinkers, one of the crucial questions at the center of how all beings can achieve enlightenment is this apparent paradox: frailty, ignorance, and delusions presumably exist concomitantly with buddha-nature in all sentient beings. This article provides a brief survey of the textual history of the buddha-nature literature followed by an in-depth discussion of buddha-nature in the terms set out by two influential Tibetan thinkers, Dolpopa and Gyaltsab; the debate between these thinkers is set in relation to extant discourses of Buddhist ontology, epistemology, and enlightenment within the Tibetan Buddhist scholastic tradition.
Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Aim: To evaluate the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism with risk/severity of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) among at risk infants. Methods: Infants ≥34 weeks with respiratory distress at birth were recruited. PPHN was diagnosed clinically and by cardiac echocardiogram. Control group consisted of infants with respiratory distress who did not develop PPHN. ACE genotyping (DD, II, DI genotypes) and serum ACE levels were determined. Results: A total of 120 infants were included (PPHN = 44; control = 76). Frequency of ACE DD genotype was not different between the two groups of infants (25% versus 33%). Among PPHN infants, severity of illness did not differ between genotypes. Mean (SD) serum ACE levels [15 (9) versus 24 (13) versus 29 (14) U/L] were positively associated with the number of D alleles and inversely associated with infants’ gestational age (GA) and level of cardiovascular support. Conclusion: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism did not impact the risk or severity of PPHN among infants ≥34 weeks GA.
Concurrent Lifetime-Design of Emerging High Temperature Materials and Components

We ask a great deal of structural components used at high temperatures. In addition to performing their primary load bearing function, most of them are subjected to sizable thermal stresses and aggressive atmospheres. Their microstructures and phase compositions, and hence their properties, evolve throughout their lifetime. Many are used in regimes where significant local creep deformation accumulates, so their shapes and residual stress states change also. Finally, many of them are used in situations where failure is extremely undesirable. Failure of a power generation turbine or an aircraft engine carries substantial fiscal costs, and the latter has potential for tragic human costs. The customers — all of us — have very low tolerance for other than extreme reliability. This is a challenging environment in which to introduce new materials. It is an equally challenging environment in which to substitute computation for time-proven testing and design techniques. The penalties for mistakes are extreme and the development costs are correspondingly large.
RCA analysis of the polar codes and the use of feedback to aid polarization at short blocklengths

This paper uses an extension of Reciprocal Channel Approximation (RCA) to accurately and efficiently predict the frame error rate (FER) performance of polar codes by analyzing the probability density function (p.d.f) of log likelihood ratios (LLR) associated with information bits. A feedback scheme uses the RCA to predict the p.d.f of LLRs in conjunction with a repetition coding system to decrease the blocklength required for a target FER by a factor of 16. Using a rate-0.5 128-bit polar code as the initially transmitted code, the FER of the system with feedback is obtained by theoretical analysis and verified by simulation. Including the additional incremental transmissions the average blocklength for the system with feedback is 137.55 bits and the rate is 0.4653. Without feedback, a polar code with blocklength 2048 is required to achieve a comparable FER at a comparable rate. Intuitively, feedback allows the polar code to use fewer frozen bits in the initial transmission and then uses repetition codes to provide the needed reliability to resolve unreliable unfrozen bits identified by feedback.
EXITE2 detector and telescope development and initial balloon flight results

The second-generation Energetic X-ray Imaging Telescope Experiment (EXITE2) is designed to image (22 arcmin resolution) and measure spectra of cosmic X-ray sources in the 20-600 keV band from a high altitude scientific balloon. We describe the continued development of the EXITE2 imaging phoswich (NaI/CsI) detector and its pulse-shape discriminator (PSD) as well as tagged calibration source (Am-241) system. A low-gain imaging readout and event blanking system has been implemented with the PMT dynodes to minimize effects of cosmic ray saturation and afterglow. Detector and gondola housekeeping, as well as quick-look science data, can be monitored in a real-time data display system. New gondola target acquisition systems, including real-time display of coarse azimuth (/spl sim/6 arcmin) from on-board GPS and a rotating sun-sensor, have been implemented. An off-axis CCD camera plus an on-axis intensified CCD camera and overlaid predicted star field have been developed for measurement of telescope fine aspect (/spl sim/1 arcmin). An on-board flight computer system for data recording and event compression has been implemented. All systems were tested on the first EXITE2 science flight on 7-8 May 1997 from Ft. Sumner, NM. Results of the detector and gondola performance, as well as initial hard X-ray imaging results on the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1, are reported.
An accurate assessment of interconnect fatigue life through power cycling

A more realistic and accurate prediction of fatigue life in the second level solder interconnect was conducted through power cycling. Fatigue is the dominating failure mechanism of solder interconnects and enhancement of its life is one of the major concerns for package designers and users. Conventionally, fatigue life is obtained empirically through accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) with hundreds of parts. To reduce development time and cost, virtual qualification attempts are made using numerical simulation tools, such as finite element analysis. Modeling of life prediction has been conducted for ATC condition, which assumes uniform temperature throughout the assembly. In reality, an assembly is subjected to Power Cycling i.e. non-uniform temperature with chip as the only source of heat generation. This non-uniform temperature and different coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each component makes the package deform differently than the case of uniform temperature. In this work, a proper power cycling (PC) analysis scheme was proposed and conducted to predict solder fatigue life for a flip chip plastic ball grid array (FC-PBGA) package. Numerical simulations were performed by combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analyses (FEA). CFD analysis was used to extract transient heat transfer coefficients while subsequent thermal and structural FEA was performed with heat generation and heat transfer coefficient from CFD as thermal boundary condition. It was found that for organic packages Power Cycling was more severe condition and caused solder interconnects to fail earlier than ATC.
Building world models for mobile platforms using heterogeneous sensors fusion and temporal analysis

The Michigan Offroad Sensor Fusing Experimental Testbed (MOSFET) is an autonomous vehicle designed to navigate an unknown terrain which includes obstacles, lanes, and other traditional roadside obstructions. In order to gather data about the world around it, MOSFET is equipped with several heterogeneous sensors. These sensors include one forward-looking camera used for obstacle detection and lane tracking; two side-looking cameras used for lane sensing: and a bank of sonar sensors used to detect physical obstacles. MOSFET's intelligence consists of three steps: it extracts information from each individual sensor; it accomplishes a systematic fusion of the information extracted from the individual sensors; and it augments this fused information by the use of temporal analysis, which keeps track of previous obstacle information and updates that information in accordance with the movement of the vehicle. MOSFET navigates by keeping within the lanes while simultaneously avoiding obstacles and other road-side obstructions.
Bayesian Analysis of Change-Point Hazard Rate Problem

Abstract Change-point hazard rate models arise, for example, in applying “burn-in” techniques to screen defective items and in studying times until undesirable side effects occur in clinical trials. The classical approach develops estimates of model parameters, with particular interest in the threshold or change-point parameter, but exclusively in terms of asymptotic properties. Such asymptotics can be poor for small to moderate sample sizes often encountered in practice. We propose a Bayesian approach, avoiding asymptotics, to provide more reliable inference conditional only upon the data actually observed. The Bayesian models can be fitted using simulation methods. We develop a very general formulation of the model but also look at special cases which offer particularly simple fitting. We illustrate with an application involving failure times of electrical insulation.
Coherent detection in optical fiber systems: erratum

We correct a table showing the signal-to-noise ratio obtained in coherent detection. We also clarify a table showing the bandwidth requirements for homodyne and heterodyne downconverters. Otherwise, our previous results and conclusions are unchanged.
Proposed Simulation of Volumetric Image Navigation Using a Surgical Microscope

This paper describes a simulated surgical setup based on modern, frameless stereotactic techniques that enable surgeons to visualize the field of view of the surgical microscope, overlaid with the segmented volumetric medical images, of a localized area of the patient's head. Using this “true three-dimensional” navigation system, the surgeon visualizes the surgical site while exploring the inner layers of the patient's anatomy via the surgical microscope. It also allows the surgeon to “fly through,” and around, the site of the surgery to visualize several alternatives and qualitatively choose what he or she believes is the best surgical approach. Moving surgical devices are tracked with stereo vision cameras, allowing determination of their spatial relationship to the target lesion.
A scientific society's on-the-job training in satellite teleconferencing

Abstract The following is a report on three intercontinental teleconferences utilizing one-way video and two-way audio transmission, originated jointly in the United States by the American Society for Microbiology and Project Share, beamed by Intelsat to several African countries, and designed to increase the exchange of knowledge among scientists working in various areas of microbiology.
Transcriptional landscape of bone marrow-derived very small embryonic-like stem cells during hypoxia.

Background Hypoxia is a ubiquitous feature of many lung diseases and elicits cell-specific responses. While the effects of hypoxia on stem cells have been examined under in vitro conditions, the consequences of in vivo oxygen deprivation have not been studied.
Preventing the Pitfalls in Planning Phase IV Clinical Trials: A Biotechnology Experience

Postmarketing clinical trials are conducted with some important differences in the biotechnology industry versus the pharmaceutical industry. Most of these differences are related to the differences between biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in size, management philosophy, structure, research orientation, and types of products. In biotechnology, more emphasis is placed on teamwork, open communication, and consensus building in planning and conducting Phase IV studies. Risk-taking and the willingness both to try different approaches and to change are cornerstones of biotechnology's philosophy of management. Rather than being the end of the line, product approval is a renewal of the product development process in the biotechnology industry. Because the products of biotechnology research often have a substantial impact on health care when they reach clinicians in the real world, it is essential that program planning emphasize involving end users, the practitioners who will be prescribing the products...
Clustering search results. Part II: search engines for highly structured databases

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine clustering search results.Design/methodology/approach – Compares the clustering features of Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar extensively.Findings – Producers who offer clustering, despite certain deficiencies, deserve acknowledgement for implementing these tools which facilitate the search process as well as understanding the anatomy of the databases.Originality/value – The paper illustrates the best clustering solutions for highly structured databases, such as indexing/abstracting databases, publishers' archives and MARC‐based or XML‐based online public access catalogues.
Acute nephrotoxicity of 1,1-dichloroethylene in the rat after inhalation exposure.

A renal toxicity of 4 h inhalation exposure to 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride; VDC) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Kidney wt./body wt. ratios, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly increased 24 h after exposure to 250 ppm or more of VDC. Histopathologic examination by light microscopy of hematoxylin and eosin (HE the mechanism of nephrotoxicity does not involve calcium oxalate formation, and the magnitude of nephrotoxicity does not correlate directly with the total amount of renal cytochrome P-450.
NewYork‐Presbyterian Hospital uses Six Sigma to build a culture of quality and innovation

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital has amply demonstrated that Six Sigma works as a model for quality in a health care setting. By carefully selecting and supporting Black Belts and choosing projects aligned with the its strategic objectives, the hospital has made impressive improvements in clinical, operational, and service excellence—with a return on investment that would elicit envy in any industry. Just as important, the Six Sigma program has been a catalyst for creating a culture of continuous improvement and innovation. ©2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brightness Variations in Stimuli with Ramp-Like Contours*

Perceived brightness was measured at several points on stimuli bounded by luminance ramps. As the ramps widen, the perceived contrast between stimulus and background decreases, although objective contrast is unaffected. The rate of decrease varies from one part of the stimulus to another, and complex variations in perceived brightness, including Mach bands, occur. A von Bekesy-type model accounts for many features of the data.
Sheldon Wolin on Theory and the Political

This essay examines the relationship between theory and the political in the work of Sheldon S. Wolin. It traces Wolin's initial conceptions of theory and the political in Politics and Vision and how they have changed during his “journey from liberalism to democracy.” I argue that certain aspects of these initial conceptions of theory and the political were wrong, but that others were right and that Wolin mistakenly abandoned the right ones as his conceptions of theory changed in “Political Theory as a Vocation” and, later, when they converged on democracy. I also argue that, instead of developing a systematic populist democratic theory, Wolin unjustifiably reduced democracy to the “fugitive” moment of revolution, developed a one-dimensional theory of “postmodern” state power, and unnecessarily insisted on adopting a stance of hostility toward potential allies. I conclude by arguing that Wolin's scattered remarks on Montesquieu's political theory point to a better conception of theory and the political, one that resembles his original project. Although Wolin's supporters may disagree with this interpretation, perhaps it will provoke some debate on Wolin and his considerable contribution to political theory.
Kenneth Starr's image repair discourse viewed in 20/20

Kenneth Starr's investigation led to the impeachment and trial of President William Jefferson Clinton. During this process, Starr and his investigation were the subject of repeated attacks from Clinton, Clinton's supporters, and the news media. In November of 1998, Starr was interviewed by Diane Sawyer on 20/20 in an obvious attempt to repair his image. In this critical analysis, we sketch the theory of image repair discourse (used as a critical lens for this investigation), identify the accusations treated in the interview, analyze Starr's discourse, and evaluate the effectiveness of his image repair discourse. We conclude that his image repair effort was ineffectual (public opinion data are consistent with our evaluation). The evaluation stresses that both selection and implementation of image repair strategies influence effectiveness, argues that bolstering may proceed through identification with the audience, and suggests that the discourse should be internally consistent.
Recombinant interferon-α may retard progression of early primary myelofibrosis: a preliminary report

The limited effects of current treatments of primary myelofibrosis (PM) led us to prospectively evaluate recombinant interferon-α (rIFNα) in "early" PM patients with residual hematopoiesis and only grade 1 or 2 myelofibrosis. Seventeen patients meeting World Health Organization PM diagnostic criteria received either rIFNα-2b 500 000 to 3 million units 3 times weekly, or pegylated rIFNα-2a 45 or 90 μg weekly. International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment criteria for prognosis and response were used. Eleven patients were women and 6 were men. Their median age at diagnosis was 57 years. Eleven patients were low risk and 6 were intermediate-1 risk. Two achieved complete remission, 7 partial, 1 clinical improvement, 4 stable disease, and 3 had progressive disease. Thus, more than 80% derived clinical benefit or stability. Improvement in marrow morphology occurred in 4. Toxicity was acceptable. These results, with documented marrow reversion because of interferon treatment, warrant expanded evaluation.
Significance of true surgical pathologic staging: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

Abstract Objective: The object of the study was to determine the true surgical pathologic disease extent in patients with clinical stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Study Design: As part of a Gynecologic Oncology Group surgical pathologic protocol of patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, patients with clinical stage II cancers were evaluated. Among >1000 patients with early stage disease entered into this protocol group study, 148 were in clinical stage II. All patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and selective pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy as the primary therapy. Surgical pathologic material was evaluated to determine true extent of disease. Results: Only 66 of 148 (45%) of patients in clinical stage II had cancer in the cervix. Fifty-seven patients had disease limited to the upper fundus and 25 had disease extending into the lower uterine segment but not into the cervix. Among the 66 patients with disease in the cervix, only 35 had disease limited to the uterus whereas 31 patients had extrauterine disease (lymph nodes, adnexa, etc). Thus among 148 patients with diagnoses of clinical stage II disease only 35 (24%) in fact had true surgical stage II cancer. Conclusion: Clinical diagnosis of stage II adenocarcinoma of the uterus is a poor reflection of true surgical stage II cancer. Only when true extent of disease is known can optimally definitive therapy be determined. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:31-4.)
Neurological Evidence in Support of a Specialized Phonetic Processing Module

Abstract Event-related potentials (ERPs) were utilized to study brain activity while subjects listened to speech and nonspeech stimuli. The effect of duplex perception was exploited, in which listeners perceive formant transitions that are isolated as nonspeech “chirps,” but perceive formant transitions that are embedded in synthetic syllables as unique linguistic events with no chirp-like sounds heard at all (Mattingly et al., 1971). Brain ERPs were recorded while subjects listened to and silently identified plain speech-only tokens, duplex tokens, and tone glides (perceived as “chirps” by listeners). A highly controlled set of stimuli was developed that represented equivalent speech and nonspeech stimulus tokens such that the differences were limited to a single acoustic parameter: amplitude. The acoustic elements were matched in terms of number and frequency of components. Results indicated that the neural activity in response to the stimuli was different for different stimulus types. Duplex tokens had significantly longer latencies than the pure speech tokens. The data are consistent with the contention of separate modules for phonetic and auditory stimuli.
A comparison of sixteen quality metrics for object-oriented design

We examine sixteen different metrics for object-oriented design and measure the extent to which their predictions agree with those of a panel of desin expert
Defect studies of stainless steel via positron annihilation energy spectroscopy

High Energy proton (up to 800 MeV) and spallation neutron irradiated samples of stainless steel 316L and Mod 9Cr1Mo were studied using positron annihilation energy spectroscopy. Doses delivered to 316L were up to 10 displacements per atom (dpa) and doses to 9Cr1Mo were up to 2.5dpa. We studied the change of T-parameter, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of counts in the wings of the Doppler-broadened 511 keV peak to the number of counts in the center of the peak. T-parameter is related to the density of defects in the sample of interest. Higher defect densities induce, generally, smaller T-parameter, although this is complicated by additional effects that include the size, nature and other properties of defects that may lead to saturation of T-parameter. For the large doses studied, positron annihilation energy spectroscopy showed that the T-parameter dropped sharply from 0 to 3 dpa, and continued dropping up to 10 dpa. In 9Cr1Mo, similarly, T-parameter dropped sharply from 0 dpa to 1dpa, but from 1 dpa to 2.5 dpa it remained constant, indicating that the density of defects or T-parameter saturated with dose above 1 dpa in 9Cr1Mo. These results, where the change in T-parameter from zero dose to 1 or more dpa, is much larger than the effect that we see from one irradiated specimen to another, led us in both cases to investigate lower doses. We measured energy spectra in 316L and 9Cr1Mo that were irradiated under the similar conditions as the above samples, but with doses less than 0.1dpa. These results fill in the gap between 0 and 1 dpa and suggest that most of the change in T-parameter occurs below 0.05 dpa.
Synthesis of pseudo GPS coordinates with real data image capture for vehicular system

This paper describes a new approach for target vehicle tracking in applications such as real time travel information, congestion planning, and accident prevention. The tracking system is based on a set of low cost digital camera and GPS receiver mounted on the probe vehicle which tracks the target vehicles within the forward and backward observability range. A feature extraction based position calculation algorithm is used and through it the pseudo GPS coordinates of the target vehicle is synthesized. It is verified experimentally that the tracking uncertainty is well within the GPS error and performance tolerance.
FishTraits version 2: integrating ecological, biogeographic and bibliographic information

In this paper we describe the new development of FishTraits. Originating from an ecological database that documents and consolidates more than 100 traits for 809 fish species, the new version focuses on the integration of these traits data with the bibliographic and biogeographic information. We explain the overall design as well as the implementation details.
Patterns of respiration in Locusta migratoria nymphs when feeding.

Summary Flow-through respirometry was used to investigate patterns of respiration of fifth-instar Locusta migratoria L. nymphs fed a chemically defined, synthetic food. Each animal was recorded for up to 2.7 h, during which they had access to food and water ad libitum, and at least one meal was taken. The start of feeding was coincident with a sudden and rapid rise in respiration. Both carbon dioxide (CO2) production and oxygen (O2) consumption rose, the traces for the two gasses showing a high degree of alignment. The end of a meal correlated with a sudden and rapid decrease in respiratory rate towards resting levels. When feeding was interrupted by an intra-meal pause, respiratory rate tended to drop marginally and then stabilize, before rising rapidly upon the resumption of feeding within the meal. Maximal rates of respiration during feeding represented a 3–4-fold increase over those at rest. Walking and climbing within the chamber were not associated with any noticeable change in respiratory rate above baseline. When locusts were quiescent between feeding episodes, respiration was steady and continuous, rather than discontinuous. Possible causes for large changes in respiration during feeding are discussed.
Achieving and documenting closure in plant growth facilities.

As NASA proceeds with its effort to develop a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) that will provide life support to crews during long duration space missions, it must address the question of facility and system closure. The concept of closure as it pertains to CELSS and engineering specifications, construction problems and monitoring procedures used in the development and operation of a closed plant growth facility for the CELSS program are described. A plant growth facility is one of several modules required for a CELSS. A prototype of this module at Kennedy Space Center is the large (7m tall x 3.5m diameter) Biomass Production Chamber (BPC), the central facility of the CELSS Breadboard Project. The BPC is atmospherically sealed to a leak rate of approximately 5 percent of its total volume per 24 hours. This paper will discuss the requirements for atmospheric closure in the facility, present CO2 and trace gas data from initial tests of the BPC with and without plants, and describe how the chamber was sealed atmospherically. Implications that research conducted in this type of facility will have for the CELSS program are discussed.
The 1966 observations of the coorbiting satellites of Saturn S10 and S11

Most of the positions of faint satellite images obtained during the 1966 Saturn ring plane crossing fit the period of the coorbital satellites 1980 S1 and 1980 S3. In 1966 the satellites were separated by 137 deg in orbital longitude. Until the mutual interaction of the satellites is understood and applied to derive the precise orbital motion, the 1966 and 1980 observations cannot be linked.
Knowledge representation and planning for on-road driving

Abstract This paper presents a cost-based adaptive planning agent and knowledge layers that is operating at one level of a deliberative hierarchical planning system for autonomous road driving. At this level, the planning agent is responsible for developing fundamental driving maneuvers that allow a vehicle to travel safely amongst moving and stationary objects. This is facilitated through the application of knowledge to the graph creation process and the use of dynamic cost function within the incrementally created planning graph. The cost function varies to comply with particular road, regional, or event driven situations, and when coupled with the incremental graph expansion allows for the agent to implement hard and soft system constraints. Further discussion will be provided that details one of the expert systems that is implemented to provide the planning system with this knowledge in real-time.
Comunicación para el desarrollo sostenible y el cambio social. Una visión general

This article presents an overview of the theoretical changes in the perspective on development communication (at a general level: modernization, dependency, multiplicity; at the level of communication: diffusion versus participation). It attempts to position these changes within an historical assessment of the research and policy debate of the last 60 years. As a result, different methodologies and terminologies have evolved, which often make it difficult for development aid agencies, even though they share a common commitment to the overall goals of development communication to identify common ground, arrive at a full understanding of each other’s objectives, or to co-operate effectively in operational projects. The article will outline the key challenges ahead for the future of the field of Communication for Sustainable Development and Social Change (CSSC).
Physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intravenous hematin: a literature review

Introduction Intravenous (i.v.) hematin has been used in the treatment of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) since the early 1970s and commercially available as Panhematin® (hemin for injection; Ovation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA) since 1983, yet no publication to date has attempted to summarize the known pharmacodynamics and toxicological actions of hematin and the implications on treatment. It is the objective of this literature review to identify, consolidate, and summarize the available scientific literature regarding the physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and hemostatic effects of i.v. hematin injections.
Anisotropic orientation of lactate in skeletal muscle observed by dipolar coupling in (1)H NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Double quantum (DQ), J -resolved 1 H NMR spectra from rat and bovine skeletal muscle showed a splitting frequency (∼24 Hz) for the lactate methyl protons that varied with the orientation of the muscle fibers relative to the magnetic field. In contrast, spectra of lactate in solution consist of a J -coupled methyl doublet and a J -coupled methine quartet ( J HH = 7 Hz) with no sensitivity to sample orientation. Spectra acquired in magnetic fields of 4.7, 7, and 11 T showed that the splitting was not due to inhomogeneities in magnetic susceptibility within the muscle, because the magnitude of the splitting did not scale with the strength of B 0 fields. Triple quantum coherence (TQC) spectra revealed two distinct transition frequencies on the methyl resonance. These frequencies resulted from intra-methyl and methine–methyl couplings in this four spin system (A 3 X). Decoupling experiments on the triple quantum coherence showed that the observed frequency splitting was due mainly to the dipolar interactions between the methine and methyl protons of the lactate molecule. Thus, all the proton resonances of the lactate molecules in muscle behave anisotropically in the magnetic field. Adequate design and interpretation of spectroscopic experiments to measure lactate in muscle, and possibly in any cell and organ which contain asymmetric structures, require that both the dipolar coupling described here and the well-known scalar coupling be taken into account.
Thermoluminescence-chemical composition correlations for meteoritic enstatite

Abstract Relationships between total thermoluminescence output and elemental composition for a single phase, enstatite (MgSiO 3 ), were sought for enstatite chondrite and achondrite meteorite specimens. The total thermoluminescence output of meteoritic enstatite was found to be inversely proportional to the amount of iron in the material and independent of the Ca and Mn. No significant correlation for thermoluminescence intensity was found with respect to cosmic ray exposure ages or natural radioactivity. This compositional dependence for thermoluminescence response indicates severe limitations on using thermoluminescence as a stratigraphic analytical technique for lunar silicate materials.
Interplay between ambient surface water mixing and manipulated hydraulic flushing: Implications for harmful algal bloom mitigation

Abstract Creation of refugia from fish-killing algal blooms in coves of lakes represents a promising approach to bloom mitigation, especially in regards to Prymnesium parvum blooms. A way to create refugia might involve flushing of coves with deeper waters from open lake areas that are free of P. parvum. The efficacy of this mitigation approach, however, is likely influenced by the rate of water exchange between coves and surface waters of the open lake that often contain P. parvum. Conceptually, higher rates of water exchange would dilute mitigation efforts, particularly if flushing is timed to preempt harmful bloom initiation. We explored this potential limitation by conducting several dye-tracer studies in Lake Granbury (USA) that enabled direct measurement of water exchange rates between the open lake and target coves. Our measured rates of water exchange, which were typically in the range of 0.25–0.30 d−1 during periods of bloom initiation, development and decline, were then used to inform a numerical model that predicted P. parvum bloom dynamics. Our simulations showed that P. parvum populations located in coves quickly returned to bloom levels when deep water flushing ceased. Nevertheless, significant benefits were predicted. For example, continuously pumping deeper waters from the open lake at rates of 16.3 × 104 m3 d−1, resulting in hydraulic residence times in the range of 0.88–1.41 days, resulted in a 65–80% predicted reduction of blooms in coves.
Major Volcanic Eruptions and Climate: A Critical Evaluation

Abstract This paper examines whether major volcanic eruptions of the past century have had a significant impact on surface land and ocean temperatures surface pressure and precipitation. Both multieruption composites and individual eruption time series are constructed and analyzed. Included in this work is an attempt to remove one source of interannual variability the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These exercises indicate that only the largest eruptions (in terms of producing a stratospheric dust cloud) are suggested in the climatic record. Removing the ENSO signal in the composite and individual eruption series enhances the apparent volcanic effect of the largest eruptions. No volcanic signal is obvious in pressure and precipitation records.
Termination of transcription in human mitochondria: identification and purification of a DNA binding protein factor that promotes termination.

Abstract In a transcription system using a HeLa cell mitochondrial lysate programmed by mitochondrial DNA constructs containing the main heavy strand promoter and the transcription termination site at the 16S rRNA/leucyl-tRNA boundary, an appreciable fraction of the heavy strand transcripts terminates at this site, as it does in vivo. A DNA binding protein(s) that protects a 28 bp region immediately adjacent and downstream of the 3′ ends of the in vivo and in vitro transcripts has been identified in the lysate and highly purified on an oligodeoxynucleotide affinity column. An activity promoting specific termination of heavy strand transcripts copurified with the DNA binding protein(s), pointing to the involvement of this protein in transcription termination. A distinctive modification of the footprint not correlated with terminating activity has also been observed.
Synthesis and characterization of a carbamate-linked oligonucleoside

Abstract Reaction of 5′-O-dimethoxytritylthymidine with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole gave the 3′-O-carbonylimidazolide, which was condensed in high yield with 5′-amino-5′-deoxythymidine to produce a dinucleoside containing a 3′-O-5′-N-carbamoyl linkage. Four repetitions of carbonyl imidazolide formation and condensation produced a carbamate-linked hexamer. Hydrolytic and thermal denaturation studies did not indicate the presence of intramolecular base stacking.