cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemosensory responses of juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma, and sculpins (Cottus spp.) to eggs and other tissues from adult Pacific salmon

The carcasses of semelparous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) provide nutrients that enter aquatic ecosystems by various pathways, including direct consumption of tissue by fishes. Salmonids and other species frequently eat eggs and other tissues from dead salmon but the roles of vision and olfaction are unclear, as is the relative attraction to different tissues. Accordingly, we conducted a series of in situ experiments using minnow traps in two natural streams in Alaska to test the relative roles of chemosensory and visual cues in attraction of fishes to eggs from adult Pacific salmon, and then compared catch rates of traps baited with eggs, muscle, liver, and testis. Experiments indicated that chemical traces were necessary and sufficient to attract juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sculpins (Cottus spp.) into traps. Combining both sites, 70 salmonids and 19 sculpins were trapped using visual and chemical cues, and 53 and 21, respectively, for traps with only chemical cues. Traps with only the sight of eggs caught no salmonids and only 5 sculpins, comparable to empty control traps. In addition, eggs were markedly more attractive than the other tissues, trapping 68 % of the salmonids and 69 % of the sculpins, compared to 14 % and 15 % for muscle tissue, 12 % and 11 % for liver, and 6 % and 5 % for the testis. Visual cues undoubtedly play a role in egg consumption in streams, but these experiments indicated a very important role of chemical traces in attracting fish to the vicinity of the eggs, and selective attraction of eggs over other salmon tissues.
Small particle polyvinyl alcohol embolization of cranial lesions with minimal arteriolar-capillary barriers

Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol foam, prepared as small particles measuring 70–150 μm when injected in intracerebral arteries of the rat, adhere to the vascular endothelium, allowing the particles to be captured without necessarily wedging intraluminally. Based on this observation, small particle microembolization was performed in a series of patients who had hypervascular cranial lesions, whose matrices angiographically appeared to have at best minimal arteriolar-capillary barriers. Each case was associated with intracranial dural sinus or cerebral venous drainage. In addition, several lesions had either venous ectasia or venous aneurysms. Symptomatic improvement occurred in all cases without apparent neurologic or pulmonary complications. These examples demonstrate the ability of very small polyvinyl alcohol foam particles to remain within the interstices of vascular lesions that display evidence of only minimal arteriolar-capillary barriers.
FORMATIVE EVALUATION: AN INTEGRATIVE PRACTICE MODEL AND CASE STUDY

Training evaluation research and practice has been dominated by a focus on outcomes of completed training programs, or on methods used to assess these outcomes. This focus has largely neglected formative evaluation, which involves evaluating training during design and development. The purpose of this paper is to review existing models of formative evaluation and suggest an integrative practice model that is specifically targeted at improving training delivered in work organizations.
5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol supports human prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation through androgen receptor‐independent signaling pathways: Implication of androgen‐independent prostate cancer progression

Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) are involved in growth of normal prostate and development of prostatic diseases including prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy is used for treating advanced prostate cancer. This therapeutic approach focuses on suppressing the accumulation of potent androgens, testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), or inactivating the AR. Unfortunately, the majority of patients with prostate cancer eventually advance to androgen-independent states and no longer respond to the therapy. In addition to the potent androgens, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol), reduced from 5alpha-DHT through 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3alpha-HSDs), activated signaling may represent a novel pathway responsible for the progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer. Androgen sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells were used to compare 5alpha-DHT and 3alpha-diol activated androgenic effects. In contrast to 5alpha-DHT, 3alpha-diol regulated unique patterns of beta-catenin and Akt expression as well as Akt phosphorylation in parental and in AR-silenced LNCaP cells. More significantly, 3alpha-diol, but not 5alpha-DHT, supported AR-silenced LNCaP cells and AR negative prostate cancer PC-3 cell proliferation. 3alpha-diol-activated androgenic effects in prostate cells cannot be attributed to the accumulation of 5alpha-DHT, since 5alpha-DHT formation was not detected following 3alpha-diol administration. Potential accumulation of 3alpha-diol, as a result of elevated 3alpha-HSD expression in cancerous prostate, may continue to support prostate cancer growth in the presence of androgen deprivation. Future therapeutic strategies for treating advanced prostate cancer might need to target reductive 3alpha-HSD to block intraprostatic 3alpha-diol accumulation.
CHONDRAL AND OSTEOCHONDRAL INJURIES: MECHANISMS OF INJURY AND REPAIR RESPONSES

Repair and resurfacing of damaged joint cartilage is a major public health priority for this millennium. Articular cartilage is susceptible to blunt and cumulative trauma as well as biochemical injury. Mature chondrocytes are ill-equipped to repair areas of matrix damage or fissuring. Although much progress has been made in treating patients with cartilage injuries through chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral transplantation, expectations for this millennium include restoration and preservation of a pristine articular surface through gene therapy, pharmacology, tissue engineering, and orthopedic surgery.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on human papillomavirus type 16-positive keratinocytes at different stages of transformation

Normal human keratinocytes grown under serum-free conditions can be triggered to differentiate by exposure to serum or to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We found that TPA treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16-immortalized cells in culture induced formation of cornified envelopes indicative of squamous differentiation. Concurrent with differentiation, TPA inhibited the expression of HPV 16 E6 and E7 mRNA transcripts. Adaptation of the immortalized cells to growth in serum-containing medium led to the selection of a subpopulation of HPV-transformed cells that was resistant to TPA-induced differentiation. In this cell line, a transient suppression of HPV transcripts was observed at 5 h, whereas in differentiation-resistant, carcinoma-derived lines, TPA had little effect on HPV oncogene expression, c-myc transcripts were suppressed for the duration of exposure to TPA in only the differentiation-competent cells; c-fos and c-jun were transiently induced in all cell lines. Transforming growth factor-a mRNAs were also increased approximately eightfold as HPV 16-immortalized cells were induced to differentiate. These results demonstrate that, in HPV 16-immortalized keratinocytes, acquisition of resistance to inducers of squamous differentiation is accompanied by altered regulation of cell growth and gene expression. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sliding inguinal hernia in patients over 70 years of age.

In a 1973 study of 200 aged patients with groin hernias, a comparatively high incidence of the type known as sliding hernia was noted. The present study of 60 patients over age 70 seen at the Henry Ford Hospital between the years 1940 and 1972 was devoted specifically to the problem of sliding hernias. The threat of bowel strangulation is often advanced as a reason for the operative repair of such hernias, but this complication is rare. Bowel dysfunction, constipation and local discomfort are far more common, and gave rise to annoying symptoms in 75 percent of the patients studied. Barium enema x-ray examinations often revealed some degree of bowel obstruction. Most often the sigmoid colon on the left side and the ileocecal segment on the right side constituted the sliding components of the hernia; the bladder was involved less often. Repair of 62 sliding hernias in 60 patients was performed successfully. There were no deaths, and only one recurrence of the hernia.
Analysis and implications of educational reform proposals for educational psychologists: A comment on Benton and Hoyt

The design of Benton and Hoyt's study is discussed, as well as their data analysis. The limitations of the study, including the possible bias toward economic issues of the items and of data interpretation and nonrandom sampling of the subjects, are noted. Benton and Hoyt's discussion of how educational psychologists are affected by the educational reform movement is considered within the larger framework of the shift in educational research from a static normative to a dynamic interactionist approach. This shift has not only affected specific reform proposals, but also shows promise of resolving perceived conflicts in the proposals between excellence and equity and educational psychologists and teacher educators.
Consumer purchasing behaviour and e-commerce adoption factors

The present research draws on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour and extends Keeney's work on understanding internet purchasing behaviour. This study uses SEM-based analysis to provide a rich set of contexts to understand e-commerce while building upon earlier analysis of customers' attitude and behaviour toward internet purchasing. Earlier approaches have emphasised the needs for decision makers to know more about what customers fundamentally value and need in order to make informed decisions about the products and services to be offered on the internet. The development of SEM-based theoretical and empirical analyses in this study has research and practical implications.
Feasibility study of birefringent electro-optic NIR FTS imaging systems

Fourier-transform imaging systems can rapidly provide a great deal of information in a scene. Many applications require systems with no moving parts. One proposed approach uses birefringent crystal stages interspersed with liquid crystal cells acting as achromatic polarization rotators. Previous research has revealed that this system may have limited applicability because of severe limitations of the field-of-view for systems with large OPD. We provide a more in-depth analysis of these limitations using mostly Extended Jones Matrix simulations. We also propose a design modifications which greatly improves FOV, allowing higher resolutions to be achieved.
Fistulas and fistulous abscesses in the anorectal region: personal experience in management

A critical analysis of the records of 623 patients who had fistulas or fistulous abscesses and of three patients who had supralevator abscesses of extrarectal origin was made. The 626 patients had a total of 657 fistulas or abscesses; 24 patients had two separate fistulas, two patients had three fistulas, and one patient had four fistulas.
Proximal tubulopathies associated with monoclonal light chains: the spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations and molecular pathogenesis.

Context.—Lesions associated with monoclonal light and heavy chains display a variety of glomerular, tubular interstitial, and vascular manifestations. While some of the entities are well recognized, including light and heavy chain deposition diseases, AL (light chain) and AH (heavy chain) amyloidosis, and light chain (“myeloma”) cast nephropathy, other lesions centered on proximal tubules are much less accurately identified, properly diagnosed, and adequately understood in terms of pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved. These proximal tubule–centered lesions are typically associated with monoclonal light chains and have not been reported in patients with circulating monoclonal heavy chains. Objective.—To determine the incidence of proximal tubulopathies in a series of patients with monoclonal light chain–related renal lesions and characterize them with an emphasis on clinical correlations and elucidation of molecular mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis. Design.—A study of 5410 renal biopsie...
A semantics for complex objects and approximate queries

A new definition of complex objects is introduced which provides a denotation for incomplete tuples as well as partially described sets. Set values are “sandwiched” between “complete” and “consistent” descriptions (representing the Smyth and Hoare powerdomains respectively), allowing the maximal values to be arbitrary subsets of maximal elements in the domain of the set. We also examine the use of rules in defining queries over such objects.
Treatment Integrity: Implications for Training

Perepletchikova and Kazdin (this issue) reviewed the extant literature on the relationship between treatment integrity and therapy outcomes. The empirical literature on this relationship is inconsistent, and the authors note existing limitations in current research strategies and provide recommendations for future research efforts. This commentary explores the implications that a focus on treatment integrity has for training. As such, comments are offered on a number of conceptual, methodological, and practical issues relating to treatment integrity, instruction in empirically supported treatments, competence, and the training of future clinical psychologists.
Laser differential image-motion monitor for characterization of turbulence during free-space optical communication tests

A laser differential image-motion monitor (DIMM) system was designed and constructed as part of a turbulence characterization suite during the DARPA free-space optical experimental network experiment (FOENEX) program. The developed link measurement system measures the atmospheric coherence length (r0), atmospheric scintillation, and power in the bucket for the 1550 nm band. DIMM measurements are made with two separate apertures coupled to a single InGaAs camera. The angle of arrival (AoA) for the wavefront at each aperture can be calculated based on focal spot movements imaged by the camera. By utilizing a single camera for the simultaneous measurement of the focal spots, the correlation of the variance in the AoA allows a straightforward computation of r0 as in traditional DIMM systems. Standard measurements of scintillation and power in the bucket are made with the same apertures by redirecting a percentage of the incoming signals to InGaAs detectors integrated with logarithmic amplifiers for high sensitivity and high dynamic range. By leveraging two, small apertures, the instrument forms a small size and weight configuration for mounting to actively tracking laser communication terminals for characterizing link performance.
Ultrastructure of the acinic cell carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the parotid gland.

The acinic cell carcinoma and the clear cell carcinoma of the parotid are morphologically different neoplasms under electron microscopic examination. The former appears as a differentiated tumor, made of secretory serous acinar cells. The latter seems to arise from striated ducts and is composed of peculiar clear cells. These clear cells contain a large number of free ribosomes, a few mitochondria and very few other organelles. The “clear” appearance of the cytoplasm results from clumping and margination of the ribosomes after formalin fixation. These cells seem to be undifferentiated tumor cells with an RNA deficient ribosomal apparatus, which would partly explain the slow growth of these tumors.
Global model of crossflow microfiltration based on hydrodynamic particle diffusion

Abstract A global model of crossflow microfiltration is presented which predicts filtration flux and concentrated particle layer thickness as they vary along the axial coordinate of a crossflow microfilter under steady or quasi-steady operation. The model incorporates the concepts of shear-induced hydrodynamic diffusion of particles and the transport along the membrane surface of a fluid-like concentrated particle layer whose viscosity is a function of particle volume fraction. Conditions for which a stagnant layer of packed particles exists beneath a flowing layer are also described. This particle layer may impart a hydraulic resistance to flow of permeate which is modeled by standard filtration theory. The particle volume fraction and the suspension velocity within the flowing layer are predicted as they vary with both distance from the membrane surface and with distance from the channel entrance. The effects of shear rate, transmembrane pressure drop, particle size and other quantities on the permeate flux are discussed.
Metabolism of cellobiose and cellulose byBacteroides cellulosolvens

The metabolism ofBacteroides cellulosolvens was studied on cellobiose and cellulose as energy and carbon sources. The growth rate was faster on cellobiose; however, growth on cellulose resulted in consumption of 55% more hexose equivalents, and in production of 49% more biomass, and 30% more metabolites (ethanol, acetate, and lactate). On each substrateB. cellulosolvens exhibited two distinct ranges of molar growth yields (YH g cells/mol hexose). At low substrate concentrations (less than 30 mmol) hexoseYH values were 25.5 for cellulose and 28.5 for cellobiose, while at hexose levels greater than 30 mmolYH values were 13.5 and 15, respectively. Shifts in metabolism towards greater lactic acid production resulted in decreased ATP production; however, this did not cause early growth cessation, as these shifts occurred after the drop inYH.
Reducing readmissions after complex GI surgery: targeting high-risk patients alone is inadequate

N (%) 23,674 (50%) 14,330 (30%) 9,352 (20%) Number of readmissions 1,489 1,669 1,695 Readmission rate 6.3% 11.7% 18.1% Percent of all readmissions 30.7% 34.4% 34.9% OR (v. low risk) * 1.9 [1.8 e 2.0] 3.2 [3.0 e 3.5] proposed as a quality measure since reoperation can be used as a proxy for an inadvertent perioperative complication. We hypothesize that reoperation is associated with increased 30-day mortality.
Employment outside the home and women's psychological well-being.

Some researchers predict that work outside the home buffers the effects of childcare and marital Stressors for women by providing temporary relief from the demands of childcare and marital roles. Others argue that instead of being beneficial, work actually adds to the psychological stress generated by childcare and marital stressors by overloading working women with both employment and home-related responsibilities. This study was designed to explore the mechanisms through which work mediates the impact of childcare and marital stress on the psychological well-being of working mothers. The results indicate that work can reduce the negative effects of some forms of marital stress, but that work does not relieve or heighten stress arising from the childcare role.
Flow structure and local Nusselt number variations in a channel with angled crossed-rib turbulators

Abstract Spatially-resolved, local flow structure and surface Nusselt numbers are presented for a stationary channel with an aspect ratio of 4 and angled rib turbulators inclined at 45° with perpendicular orientations on two opposite surfaces. Instantaneous flow visualizations and time-averaged flow structural data show a variety of flow phenomena, including: (i) the development of increased numbers of multiple, smaller vortex pairs as the Reynolds number increases, and (ii) strong spanwise secondary flow components, which move in opposite directions in the top and bottom halves of the channel, and result in the formation of other secondary flows and vortical motions. The resulting increases in three-dimensional turbulence transport, as well as other flow phenomena, are then related to local Nusselt numbers, which vary significantly over the surface of the ribbed channel.
The Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on the Formation of Phosphatidylethanolamine Molecular Species and Their Appearance at the Plasma Membrane

The purpose of our study was to determine whether chronic ethanol consumption affected membrane assembly by altering the formation of specific molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and their subsequent incorporation into the plasma membrane (PM). We investigated the effects on the PE species made by the two major pathways in hepatocytes: (1) from CDP-ethanolamine in the endo-plasmic reticulum, and (2) by the decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the mitochondria. Ethanol consumption exerted significant effects on the formation of ethanolamine-derived PE species and affected mainly two species, the 16:0/22:6 and 180/20:4 species. In cultured hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats labeled with methanolamine for 0.25 to 4 hr, the amount of the [3H]16:0/22:6 PE species was decreased compared with that in control cells, whereas the amount of [3H]1 80/20:4 species was increased. The amount of the [3H]1 6:0/22:6 PE species on the cell surface was also decreased in hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats, whereas the amount of [3H]18:0/20:4 species was increased. In contrast, the profile of [3H]PE species formed in cells treated with [3H]serine exhibited minor alterations, and the profile of the serine-derived [3H]PE species on the cells surface was not altered after 4 hr of labeling. The changes in ethanolamine-derived species were apparently caused by time-dependent alterations in the metabolic processes, because the presence of 110 mM ethanol in the culture media did not affect the profiles of [3H]PE species in cells from control or ethanol-fed rats and was not required to sustain the altered profiles. The results indicate that the synthesis of specific PE molecular species and their appearance on the PM may occur by compartmentalized processes which are distinguishable by different sensitivities to ethanol consumption. The results indicate that ethanol consumption may contribute alcoholic hepatic injury by interfering with the metabolism of specific PE molecular species and their assembly into the PM.
Experimental Research Methods After Critique On the Example, Affirmative Methods, and Making Connections

In a temporal and spatial configuration dominated by the hyper-fast transmission of visual information by way of new technologies, methodologies must compete to hold our and the public’s attention....
Evidence of a physiological basis for the boreal-deciduous forest ecotone in North America

The observed northern limit of the deciduous forest formation in North America is shown to agree closely with the reported −40°C average annual minimum temperature isotherm. This indicates that supercooling as a means of resisting freezing stresses may set a physiological limit on the northern expansion of the deciduous forest formation.
Laser induced modulation of optical absorption in ZnSe

Abstract Laser pulses generate electron-hole pairs in a ZnSe crystal and selective trapping alters the carrier concentration. A result is modulated optical absorption Δα, probed by a second monochromatic beam. The effect is extrinsic and may be associated with ionized Cu in substitution for Zn. Phase-sensitive kinetics measurements reveal a thermal component and indicate that at least two impurity levels are involved, the latter with photon-capture cross sections q in the range 0.3 × 10 −16 to 0.9 × 10 −16 cm 2 , corresponding to non-equilibrium carrier concentrations Δn ≅10 13 cm −3 .
Fiber Arrangement Characteristics and Their Effects on Nonwoven Tensile Behavior

Our early model for predicting nonwoven fabric stress-strain behavior by the finite element method is generalized to include the effects of fiber curl, which is shown to have a great effect on the tensile behavior of the fabric. A numerical method to characterize the lateral contraction of nonwovens during tensile deformation is presented. The effects of fiber arrangement characteristics on the mechanical properties of nonwovens are studied through laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. The effects of varying thick nesses within the nonwovens on fabric strength, modulus, and stress-strain distribution are also examined. Tensile testing of several nonwoven fabrics verifies the theoretical results.
Recent evolution of uniform trichromacy in a New World monkey

Until recently, New World primates were found to have a single M/L photopigment gene on the X-chromosome. This arrangement limits males to dichromatic, or monochromatic color vision. Only females who were heterozygous for the M/L gene were trichromatic. Recently, an exception has been discovered. Male howler monkeys appear to have more than one M/L pigment gene, and both genders are uniformly trichromatic. We characterized promoter regions corresponding to two M/L pigment genes in howlers. Comparison of DNA sequences with those of humans and three species of New World primate suggest a recent and independent acquisition of a second M/L gene locus in the howler.
Heterogeneous Coordination Environments in Lithium-Neutralized Ionomers Identified Using 1H and 7Li MAS NMR

The carboxylic acid proton and the lithium coordination environments for precise and random Li-neutralized polyethylene acrylic acid P(E-AA) ionomers were explored using high speed solid-state 1H and 7Li MAS NMR. While the 7Li NMR revealed only a single Li coordination environment, the chemical shift temperature variation was dependent on the precise or random nature of the P(E-AA) ionomer. The 1H MAS NMR revealed two different carboxylic acid proton environments in these materials. By utilizing 1H-7Li rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) MAS NMR experiments, it was demonstrated that the proton environments correspond to different average 1H-7Li distances, with the majority of the protonated carboxylic acids having a close through space contact with the Li. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the shortest 1H-7Li distance corresponds to un-neutralized carboxylic acids directly involved in the coordination environment of Li clusters. These solid-state NMR results show that heterogeneous structural motifs need to be included when developing descriptions of these ionomer materials.
Multiscale Modeling of a Quantum Dot Heterostructure

A multiscale approach was adopted for the calculation of confined states in self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). While results close to experimental data have been obtained with a combination of atomistic strain and tight-binding (TB) electronic structure description for the confined quantum states in the QD, the TB calculation requires substantial computational resources. To alleviate this problem an integrated approach was adopted to compute the energy states from a continuum 8-band k.p Hamiltonian under the influence of an atomistic strain field. Such multiscale simulations yield a roughly six-fold faster simulation. Atomic-resolution strain is added to the k.p Hamiltonian through interpolation onto a coarser continuum grid. Sufficient numerical accuracy is obtained by the multiscale approach. Optical transition wavelengths are within 7% of the corresponding TB results with a proper splitting of p-type sub-bands. The systematically lower emission wavelengths in k.p are attributable to an underestimation of the coupling between the conduction and valence bands.
Genetic variability and spatial patterns of genetic differentiation in the reproductive rates of the marine coccolithophores Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica1,2

The acclimated reproductive rates of 73 clones of Emiliuniu huxleyi and 19 clones of Gephyrocupsu oceunicu were measured. Statistically,significant genetic variability in reproductive rates was found among clones from single water bottles in both species. Genetic differentiation was found between populations from different water masses, but not within water masses. The spatial patterns of genetic differentiation appear to be different in the two
How the Conception of Knowledge Influences Our Educational Practices: 'Toward a Philosophical Understanding of Epistemology in Education'

This article deals with the philosophical issue of epistemology, or knowledge theory, in education as related to forms of learning, teaching methods and assessment in the language arts classroom, specifically reading instruction. The article details two common forms of curricular knowledge emerging from the essentialist and instrumentalist epistemological clusters; the former represents knowledge that is 'given in advance to students', and the latter refers to knowledge that is 'created through dialogic interchange'. In order to demonstrate the manner in which the educator's view of knowledge influences the decisions they make when organising the learning experiences of their students, which includes a teaching methodology and appropriate modes of assessment consistent with their philosophy of knowledge, the article explicates the relationship between fundamental epistemological beliefs and the structure of the educational process.
Association of sex hormones, aging, and atrial fibrillation in men: the Framingham Heart Study.

Background— Endogenous sex hormones have been related to cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. We hypothesized that sex hormones are related to atrial fibrillation (AF) in a community-based cohort of middle-aged to older men. Methods and Results— We examined testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in relation to incident AF in men participating in the Framingham Heart Study. We assessed the 10-year risk of AF in multivariable-adjusted hazard models. The cohort consisted of 1251 men (age, 68.0±8.2 years), of whom 275 developed incident AF. We identified a significant interaction between age and testosterone and, therefore, stratified men into age 55 to 69 years (n=786), 70 to 79 years (n=351), and ≥80 years (n=114). In men aged 55 to 69 years, each 1 SD decrease in testosterone was associated with hazard ratio (HR) 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.59) for incident AF. The association between testosterone and 10-year incident AF in men 70 to 79 years did not reach statistical significance. In men ≥80 years, a 1 SD decrease in testosterone was associated with HR 3.53 (95% CI, 1.96–6.37) for AF risk. Estradiol was associated with incident AF (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01–1.26). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate had a borderline association with risk of AF that was not statistically significant (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99–1.28). Conclusions— Testosterone and estradiol are associated with incident AF in a cohort of older men. Testosterone deficiency in men ≥80 years is strongly associated with AF risk. The clinical and electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the associations between sex hormones and AF in older men merit continued investigation.
Purinergic 2 receptor blockade prevents the responses of group IV afferents to post-contraction circulatory occlusion

ATP, by activating purinergic 2 (P2) receptors on group III and IV afferents, is thought to evoke the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex. Previously we have shown that injection of PPADS, a P2 receptor antagonist, into the arterial supply of skeletal muscle of decerebrated cats attenuated the responses of group III and IV afferents to static contraction while the muscles were freely perfused. We have now tested the hypothesis that injection of PPADS (10 mg kg(-1)) attenuated the responses of group III (n = 13) and group IV afferents (n = 9) to post-contraction circulatory occlusion. In the present study, we found that PPADS attenuated the group III afferent responses to static contraction during circulatory occlusion (P < 0.05). Likewise, PPADS abolished the group IV afferent responses to static contraction during occlusion (P = 0.001). During a 1 minute period of post-contraction circulatory occlusion, four of the 13 group III afferents and eight of the nine group IV afferents maintained their increased discharge. A Fischer's exact probability test revealed that more group IV afferents than group III afferents were stimulated by post-contraction circulatory occlusion (P < 0.02). In addition, the nine group IV afferents increased their mean discharge rate over baseline levels during the post-contraction circulatory occlusion period, whereas the 13 group III afferents did not (P < 0.05). PPADS abolished this post-contraction increase in discharge by the group IV afferents (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that P2 receptors on group IV afferents play a role in evoking the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex.
Bain circuit: "the hazard of the hidden tube".

TrlE PRACTICALITY of the Bain circuit 1 is proven by its increasing popularity. However, the safety of the "tube-within-a-tube" system has raised concern, and in fact complications already have been reported3 I wish to report another complication: kinking of the inner tube with complete obstruction to fresh gas flow ( Figure 1 ). This particular circuit was removed from its packaging appearing to be normal. However, when the fresh gas flow was connected to the inlet, no flow in fact occurred. In spite of the transparency of the
Health Care Administration

This article presents reviews of several books including, “Principals of Hospital Administration,” by Jim McGibony, “The Care of Health in Communities: Access for Outcasts,” by Nancy Milio and “Introduction to Health Planning,” by D. C. Bergwall.
An Algorithm of 3-D ADI-R-FDTD Based on Non-Zero Divergence Relationship

In this letter, an alternating-direction reduced finite-difference time-domain (ADI-R-FDTD) method is presents. It is proven that the divergence relationship of electric-field and magnetic-field is non-zero even in charge-free regions, when the electric-field and magnetic-field are calculated with alternating-direction finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method in 3 dimensions case, and the expression of the divergence relationship is derived. Based on the non-zero divergence relationship, the ADI-FDTD method is combined with the reduced finite-difference time-domain (R-FDTD) method. In the proposed method, the memory requirement of ADI-R-FDTD is reduced by1/12 of the memory requirement of ADI-FDTD averagely in 3D case. The formulation is presented and the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with the conventional results.
Non-Linear Organic Dyes In Polyceram Hosts

Non-linear organic dyes, such as 2-methy1–4-nitroaniline (MNA) and p-nitroaniline (pNA), have been incorporated in Polyceram monoliths and thick films prepared by the hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and trimethoxysilylpropyl substituted polyethyleneimine. Strong second harmonic generation was observed.
The value of semantics for the analysis of cryptographic protocols

The author distinguishes between 'heuristic' and 'holistic' issues in the formal analysis of cryptographic protocols and discusses the contribution semantics can make to settling these issues. >
An integrative model of control: Implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety

Theorists and investigators have emphasized an important role for control in emotional problems such as anxiety and anxiety disorders in youth. However, the term “control” is subject to theoretical ambiguities because of the broad conceptual bases for the term. In this article, we examine the concepts of locus of control, learned helplessness/attributional style, self-efficacy, and perceived control to develop an integrative model of control based on research and theory. The review emphasizes each of the theories distinguishing features in order to show how these distinctive features relate to real versus perceived control and how they may be differentially associated with childhood anxiety. We attempt to clarify the various definitions of control and the implications of these various definitions with respect to childhood anxiety, its disorders and their treatment and present a model of control that is integrative but also addresses the complexities of the different definitions of control (i.e., is multifaceted). The model developed from our review of the literature postulates that individuals differ in the extent to which they actually have control and differ, also on a continuum, in their perceptions of control. The need for this integrative model is highlighted by methodological, developmental, and clinical considerations. In particular, research has operationalized control and related constructs such as emotion regulation in ways that may be confounding actual control and perceived control. The need for an integrative but also multifaceted conceptualization of the role of control in childhood anxiety is also highlighted by clinical and developmental considerations. For instance, different facets of control may have differential relevance to clinical anxiety and at different points in childhood.
Diversity and anxiety: A case study on collaborative testing

In order to reduce students' test anxiety, collaborative testing was suggested as an evaluation strategy. However, few studies have focused on testing group construction, especially when an important factor, i.e., group diversity is taken into consideration. In this paper we conducted a case study to assess the association between group diversity and test anxiety in collaborative testing. The results observed may indicate that: 1) around 20% of students suffered from test anxiety to some extent in either an individual test or a collaborative test; 2) collaborative testing could alleviate test anxiety, whereas the effect is not statistically significant; 3) there exists a moderate positive correlation between group diversity and test anxiety in collaborative testing. The results of the study may suggest limiting group diversity in collaborative testing in order to alleviate test anxiety.
The Decline and Fall of the Business Major: Is It Inevitable?

Business is a very popular major today. Numerous articles have been written attacking the business major claiming that it is not rigorous enough and does not teach what it purports to do, especially in areas such as ethics. This paper discusses some of the issues with business as a major and offers solutions.
Metabolics of stair ascent with a powered transfemoral prosthesis

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a powered knee and ankle prosthesis for stair ascent through a metabolic assessment comparing energy expenditure of a single transfemoral amputee subject while ascending stairs with the powered prosthesis relative to his passive daily use device, as well as comparing the kinematics and kinetics obtained with the passive prosthesis to healthy biomechanics. The subject wore a portable system that measured pulmonary gaseous exchange rates of oxygen and carbon dioxide while he ascended stairs with each of the prostheses in alternating tests. The results indicated that the amputee's energy expenditure decreased by 32 percent while climbing with the powered prosthesis as compared to his passive one, and the kinematics and kinetics achieved were representative of healthy biomechanics.
Preserving Fungus Strains In Sterile Water

(1979). Preserving Fungus Strains In Sterile Water. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 1072-1075.
Culturing the lichens Lobaria oregana and L. pulmonaria on nylon monofilament.

This paper describes a successful new method to cultivate or transplant lichens. Cuttings of two epiphytic lichens, Lobaria oregana and L. pulmonaria, were strung on nylon monofilament and grown outdoors. In three years the air-dry weights of L. oregana cuttings increased 43-67% and those of L. pulmonaria cuttings increased 17-36%. Lichens stored dry for longer than 90 days were dead.
4595 Acute extraluminal hemorrhage associated with eus fna: frequency and clinical significance.

Background : Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) have been established as safe and accurate techniques for T and N staging of gastrointestinal tumors. Pancreatitis, infection, bleeding and perforation are complications of EUS-FNA. Acute extrluminal hemorrhage complicating EUS FNA has not been described. Aims : Describe and assess the frequency of acute extraluminal hemorrhage associated with EUS-FNA. Methods : From 9/98 to 11/99, 261 EUSFNA exams were performed. Indications for EUS-FNA were: pancreatic mass 25%, perigastric or celiac lymph nodes 22%, mediastinal lymph nodes 21%, pancreatic cysts 10%, periduodenal lymph nodes 5%, gastric wall lesion 3.8%, duodenal wall lesion 2.7%, perirectal lymph nodes 2.7%, and other 8%. All of the EUS-FNA were performed using the linear array echoendoscope. All patients had INR 100,000. Results : In 3 patients (1.1%, 95% CI: 0-2.4%) EUS-FNA was complicated by acute extraluminal hemorrhage observed as an expanding echopoor area developing around the biopsied lesion. In all patients this became apparent during the FNA procedure. Endoscopic pressure was applied to the site of the FNA for 15-20 minutes with no further expansion of the echopoor area. All patients were given a dose of intravenous antibiotics during or immediately after the procedure and then a 3-day course of oral antibiotics. The patients were observed in the recovery area for 2 hours with stable vital signs. Post procedure hematocrit was checked in 2 patients and was stable. In follow up visit after 1 to 7 days they reported no new symptoms. One patient subsequently underwent another EUS 3 weeks after EUS FNA and no residual evidence for bleeding was seen. None of these patients had been taking aspirin/NSAIDs within 3 days of the procedure. (See Table) Conclusions : 1) Acute extraluminal hemorrhage complicates EUS-FNA in 1% of cases and can be recognized as an expanding echopoor area surrounding the sampled lesion that was not present prior to performing the EUS-FNA. 2) The clinical significance of this hemorrhage is uncertain since it was self-limited in all three patients. 3) Discontinuation of the biopsy procedure and prophylactic antibiotic administration is recommended if extraluminal hemorrhage is observed.
Advancement and Clinical Evaluation of the Drug Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

OBJECTIVE: By looking back research progress in drug therapy for posttraumatic s tress disorder (PTSD), to evaluate curative effect and the safety o f each kind of drug used for PTSD. METHODS: By looking up recent literatures a t home and abroad. RESULTS CONCLUSION: Early use of BZ after trauma will prevent from occurring of PTSD, but long term use of BZ can lead to have depend ence, and there will be some abstinent symptoms, cognition function will be da maged after drug withdrawal. Curative effect of TCA and MAOI is confirmative but with a lot of adverse reactions, so safe and effective new type of antidepress ive drugs, especially selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor will gradually replace them. Anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics have already obtained some go od curative effect on the treatment of PTSD in recent years.
Analysis on development stage and characteristics of foreign investment in national level development zone of China's western region and ethnic minority areas

The implementation of western development strategy was 10th anniversary and the state-level development zones of 13 west region and Ethnic minority areas have been built more than 10 years,the western region and ethnic minority areas of China development zones to attract and use foreign investment played a role and promote local economic development.The author divides the development process into three different stages of development of state-level development zones of western region and ethnic minority areas in the use and attraclting foreign investment,an analysis of western and ethnic minority areas since reform and opening up,implementing the western development is strategy after China's accession to the World Trade Organization,the two financial crises have shown that at this stage of development different from other regional characteristics,a comparative analysis of three stages,the foreign investment in ethnic minority areas in the west and the state-level economic development zones development,which is the further development of our western and externally-oriented economy in ethnic minority areas in the western and economic sustainable development in ethnic minority areas,for the formulation of the second development of the western region,development strategy for 10 years has a certain practical significance.
Pineal-like effects of central nervous system tissue extracts.

Summary and Conclusions1) Extracts from whole steer-brain (excluding pineal gland) cause the same changes in schizophrenic patients as do pineal extracts made the same way. Concentration of active material in brain tissue is very small. Substances which originate in the pineal gland appear to be widely distributed in the central nervous system. 2) Beef ovary, liver and skeletal and cardiac muscle contained no active material.
Diethyl 2,2′-bi­pyridine-4,4′-di­carboxyl­ate

The title bi­pyridine derivative, C16H16N2O4, crystallized with two half mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The whole mol­ecules (A and B) are generated by inversion symmetry with the mid-points of the bridging C—C bonds of the bi­pyridine units being located on crystallographic inversion centers. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (120). The sheets are linked by C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework.
Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus infection in blood donors in the Southeastern United States.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive blood donors pose a risk to blood safety. The Southeastern United States has the highest reported HIV infection rates. Here we calculate HIV prevalence, incidence, and residual risk in Southeastern US blood donors and report risk factors disclosed by incident donors in counseling sessions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS American Red Cross donation and testing data from 2009 to 2014 for three Southeastern collection regions were used to calculate HIV prevalence, incidence, and residual risk. Incident donors had a previous HIV-negative donation within 730 days of their positive donation. Residual risk was defined as the window period multiplied by incidence. RESULTS From 2009 to 2014, a total of 236 HIV-positive donors occurred in these regions for an overall prevalence of 8.3 per 100,000 donations. There were 56 incident donors over the 6-year period with incidence decreasing from 7.1 per 100,000 person-years (PYs) in the first two years (2009–2010) to 3.5 in the last two years (2013–2014). Residual risk decreased from 1 in 562,000 to 1 in 1,100,000. The most commonly reported risk factor behavior in male incident donors was men who have sex with men; females expressed no predominant risk factor. CONCLUSION HIV prevalence and incidence among blood donors in the southeast are higher than other US regions, consistent with general public health surveillance. However, the overall residual risk estimates are low at less than 1 per million. Ongoing monitoring of the blood supply along with educational efforts to provide infected individuals with alternatives to donation remain important initiatives.