cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stage‐specific Alterations of Cyclin Expression During UVB‐induced Murine Skin Tumor Development¶

We have evaluated the in vivo correlation between the expression of cell cycle markers and skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice in a complete photocarcinogenesis protocol. Irradiated mice developed an average of 16 tumors per animal by week 23 with the average number of carcinomas per mouse being 2.1. The expression of p53 and cyclins A and D1 was confined initially to sporadic single cells and gradually developed into foci of patchy intense staining in the basal and granular layers of UVB-exposed epidermis. p53 was expressed in all the papilloma sections examined, whereas cyclins D1 and A were expressed in 68 and 71% of these lesions, respectively. In UVB-induced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), p53 was expressed in >90% of the tumors, whereas cyclin D1 was detected in 55% of the lesions, and cyclin A staining was limited to 27%. These immunohistochemical observations were confirmed by Western blotting and protein kinase assays. We observed an early wave of cyclin A overexpression and cyclin A protein kinase activity preceding the appearance of detectable tumors. Cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression were coupled with the development of tumors, and these changes are likely to be relevant to the pathogenesis of these lesions.
Clinical evaluation of the obese patient

Evaluation of the obese patient, like the evaluation of any medical patient, involves a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. As with any chronic illness, there are certain aspects of the history, physical, and laboratory evaluation that deserve special emphasis. This article describes those aspects that deserve special emphasis in the case of obesity.
Solid-fluid and solid-solid equilibrium in hard sphere united atom models of n-alkanes: rotator phase stability.

We present a study of the phase behavior for models of n-alkanes with chain lengths up to C21 based on hard sphere united atom models of methyl and methylene groups, with fixed bond lengths and C−C−C bond angles. We extend earlier work on such models of shorter alkanes by allowing for gauche conformations in the chains. We focus particularly on the orientational order about the chain axes in the solid phase near the melting point, and our model shows how the loss of this orientational order leads to the formation of rotator phases. We have made extensive calculations of the thermodynamic properties of the models as well as order parameters for tracking the degree of orientational order around the chain axis. Depending on the chain length and whether the carbon number is even or odd, the model exhibits both a rotator phase and a more orientationally ordered solid phase in addition to the fluid phase. Our results indicate that the transition between the two solid phases is first-order with a small density c...
Effect of 24 Weeks of Statin Therapy on Systemic and Vascular Inflammation in HIV-Infected Subjects Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due in part to inflammation. Statins decrease inflammation in the general population, but their effect during HIV infection is largely unknown. Methods. This is an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of statin therapy on inflammatory markers during HIV infection. Subjects received rosuvastatin 10 mg daily or placebo for 24 weeks. Subjects were receiving stable (>12 weeks) antiretroviral therapy and had a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level of ≤130 mg/dL and evidence of heightened immune activation or inflammation. This was a prespecified interim analysis. Results. A total of 147 subjects were enrolled (78% were male, 70% were black, and the median age was 47 years). By 24 weeks, LDL cholesterol levels had decreased in the statin group, compared with an increase in the placebo group (−28% vs +3.8%; P < .01). A 10% reduction in the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) level was seen in the statin group, compared with a 2% reduction in the placebo group (P < .01). In multivariable regression, receipt of statin treatment and having a nadir CD4+ T-cell count of ≤100 cell/µL were the only statistically significant predictors of a decrease in Lp-PLA2 level. Markers of systemic inflammation did not change significantly between groups. Conclusions. Twenty-four weeks of rosuvastatin therapy significantly decreased the level of Lp-PLA2, a vascular-specific, inflammatory enzyme that predicts cardiovascular events in the general population. Statins may hold promise as a means of attenuating CVD risk in HIV-infected individuals by decreasing Lp-PLA2 levels.
Separations with protein liquid crystals

A lyotropic protein liquid crystal was studied experimentally to evaluate its potential as a selective liquid membrane. Concentrated solutions of fibrinogen had nematic like properties under shear and exhibited graded selectivities toward solutes of widely differing sizes when subjected to a two-dimensional velocity field. The magnitude of the selectivity differences was found to depend on the shear orientated direction of the liquid crystal layer. The selectivity seems to be both a solubility phenomena and a relative diffusion phenomena. These anisotropic layers may have potential as controlled variable selectivity membranes.
Group Cohesion as an Enhancement to the Justice—Affective Commitment Relationship

Using a social exchange framework, the present study explores the role of group cohesion as a moderator of the relationship between the four dimensions of organizational justice and affective commitment. The hypotheses are tested using a sample of 142 employees of a pharmaceutical company. Results indicate that the relationship between distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice and affective commitment was stronger for individuals who reported high levels of work group cohesion. The relationship between procedural justice and affective commitment was unaffected by work group cohesion. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Optical and Electrical Characterizations of Ultrathin Films Self-Assembled from 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid Capped TiO2 Nanoparticles and Polyallylamine Hydrochloride †

11-Aminoundecanoic acid capped titanium dioxide (capped-TiO2) nanoparticles (63 ± 2 A total diameter and 20−24 A core diameter) and polyallylamine hydrochloride, PAH, have been layer-by-layer self-assembled onto precoated (by poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDDA, or PAH) substrates. The ultrathin S-PDDA(capped-TiO2/PAH)n (n = 5, 10, 15) films have been characterized by absorption and surface plasmon spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning force microscopy. A S-PDDA(capped-TiO2/PAH)10 film coated by a layer of gold has been shown to function as a Schottky diode.
Wnt signaling through T-cell factor phosphorylation

Embryonic signaling pathways often lead to a switch from default repression to transcriptional activation of target genes. A major consequence of Wnt signaling is stabilization of β-catenin, which associates with T-cell factors (TCFs) and 'converts' them from repressors into transcriptional activators. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this conversion remain poorly understood. Several studies have reported on the regulation of TCF by phosphorylation, yet its physiological significance has been unclear: in some cases it appears to promote target gene activation, in others Wnt-dependent transcription is inhibited. This review focuses on recent progress in the understanding of context-dependent post-translational regulation of TCF function by Wnt signaling.
Structure-Function Analysis of the C-Terminal Domain of LcrV from Yersinia pestis

LcrV, a multifunctional protein, acts as a positive regulator of effector protein secretion for the type III secretion system (T3SS) in Yersinia pestis by interaction with the negative regulator LcrG. In this study, LcrV was analyzed to identify regions required for LcrG interaction. Random-linker insertion mutagenesis, deletion analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis of hydrophobic amino acids between residues 290 and 311 allowed the isolation of an LcrV mutant (LcrV L291R F308R) defective for LcrG interaction. The new residues identified in LcrG interaction lie in helix 12 of LcrV; residues in helix 7 of LcrV are known to be involved in LcrG interaction. Helix 7 and helix 12 of LcrV interact to form an intramolecular coiled coil; these new results suggest that the intramolecular coiled coil in LcrV is required for LcrG interaction and activation of the T3SS.
In-Situ TEM Observations of Surface Roughening and Defect Formation in Lattice Mismatched Heteroepitaxial Thin Films

This paper focuses on in-situ transmission electron microscopy observations of surface roughening and defect formation in heteroepitaxial Si{sub 1{minus}x}Ge{sub x} thin films. Annealing experiments have been carried out in-situ in the microscope under a high vacuum environment. The authors comment on the sample preparation procedure for in-situ TEM experiments and explain the importance of having a sufficiently thick sample to have the stress state in the film unaltered. Experimental results of in-situ surface roughening are presented for subcritically and supercritically thick Si{sub 1{minus}x}Ge{sub x} films. They found that, in a vacuum environment, the kinetics of surface roughening and the resulting surface morphology are much different than in a hydrogen environment.
Radical cyclo‐ and cyclocopolymerization

Although the principles of cyclopolymerization have been well established, certain aspects of the originally proposed mechanism still remain to be justified in terms of experimental observations. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these conflicting aspects, to present new information, and to point out those areas where no single mechanistic explanation is presently sufficient. The areas to be considered are: (1) much evidence is available that the cyclization step proceeds via a fast concerted reaction, while kinetic studies on a limited number of monomers indicate that the activation energy for cyclization is greater than that for linear propagation; and (2) although six-membered rings are predicted in radical cyclopolymerization of 1, 6-dienes, based upon radical stabilities, numerous examples of such polymerizations are now known to lead to large fractions of five-membered rings; in addition, extensive stuides on model compounds leading to small molecules have shown that the five-membered ring is predominant. New evidence indicates that a driving force for cyclization may be that the cyclized polymer is in a lower free energy level than the monomer; also, that radical stability exerts a marked influence on the ring size. This paper also includes the results of a study designed to determine the effect of the nature of a substituent at the 5-position of 5, 6-unsaturated radicals on the ring size of the cyclic product. Thus, it was shown that 2-methallyloxy ethyl radical yielded five- to six-membered rings in the ratio of 30:1, while the 2-(2-phenylallyloxy)ethyl radical yielded products in the ratio of 1:2. The latter structure which simulates cyclopolymerization of di(2-phenylallyl)ether reflects the stabilizing influence of the phenyl group on the intermediate radical. The rate constants and energies of activation for the competing reactions were determined.
Comparison of spectral counting and metabolic stable isotope labeling for use with quantitative microbial proteomics

Spectral counting, a promising method for quantifying relative changes in protein abundance in mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, was compared to metabolic stable isotope labeling using 15N/14N “heavy/light” peptide pairs. The data were drawn primarily from a Methanococcus maripaludis experiment comparing a wild-type strain with a mutant deficient in a key enzyme relevant to energy metabolism. The dataset contained both proteome and transcriptome measurements. The normalization technique used previously for the isotopic measurements was inappropriate for spectral counting, but a simple adjustment for sampling frequency was sufficient for normalization. This adjustment was satisfactory both for M. maripaludis, an organism that showed relatively little expression change between the wild-type and mutant strains, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, an intracellular pathogen that has demonstrated widespread changes between intracellular and extracellular conditions. Spectral counting showed lower overall sensitivity defined in terms of detecting a two-fold change in protein expression, and in order to achieve the same level of quantitative proteome coverage as the stable isotope method, it would have required approximately doubling the number of mass spectra collected.
Creating Local “Public Spaces” in Schools: Insights from Hannah Arendt and Maxine Greene

AbstractHannah Arendt and Maxine Greene present similar visions of human freedom and possibility that hold great potential for the creation of more emancipatory school communities. This article argues that there are lacunae in the perspectives of both, however. By bringing Arendt and Greene together, I hope to exploit a synergy between their writings, each contributing aspects that seem missing in the writings of the other. At the same time, while Greene is cited often in the educational literature, she is often not engaged at the level she deserves as one of our most prominent comprehensive contemporary theorists of education. Taking Greene seriously requires us, I think, to engage her project critically, and as a whole —an effort toward which this article only modestly contributes. Arendt’s work provides an extremely productive standpoint from which we might grapple with her achievement. Finally, this article aims to clarify some of the complexities entailed in Arendt and Greene’s effort to promote the ...
A closed-form multidimensional free-space Green's function by the path-integral method

A closed-form multidimensional free-space Green's function for the Helmholtz equation is obtained by the path-integral method. The path-integral method is novel and the general closed-form free-space Green's function is a useful expression which is not widely known.
Physical weathering in arid landscapes due to diurnal variation in the direction of solar heating

Despite the prominent role of physical weathering in arid and semi-arid landscapes, there has been little study of the specifi c processes responsible for the rapid breakdown of subaerially exposed rocks. For example, many boulders and cobbles in deserts exhibit fi ne near-vertical cracks. Although workers have hypothesized that these and other cracks are initiated by diurnal heating and cooling, no convincing specifi c mechanism for their formation has been proposed. We have characterized these cracks at eight sites on surfaces of different ages in the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts, and the high desert of central New Mexico. Our data reveal four basic types of cracks: longitudinal, surfaceparallel, fabric-related, and meridional. The orientations of the fi rst three types are associated with clast shape and rock fabric. The azimuths of meridional cracks, however, are preferentially aligned north-south, typically with a nonrandom multimodal distribution. We propose that these cracks are caused by tensile stresses that arise in the interior of clasts due to strong radial gradients in temperature that evolve and rotate in alignment with the sun’s rays. We suggest that the multimodal nature of crack orientations may be in part attributable to the seasonally varying, latitude-dependent solar elevation angle. Over millennial time scales, we suggest that this thermal cracking is an effi cient weathering process that, together with cumulic soil epipedon development, creates the key attributes of most desert pavements. In addition to individual clasts exposed on desert surfaces, this mechanism of cracking is potentially signifi cant in other climates and on other planets, as well as for rock outcrops and for man-made structures.
Changes In PSA Kinetics After DNA Vaccine Therapy–Not So Fast!

TO THE EDITOR: In the September 1, 2009, issue of Journal of Clinical Oncology, McNeel et al reported the results of a phase I clinical trial of a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. They reported that nine of 22 (41%) participants developed prostatic acid phosphatase–specific T cell proliferation and seven of 22 (32%) had a post-treatment prostatespecific antigen doubling time (PSA DT) of greater than 200% of the baseline PSA DT. They offer the observed T cell responses and increased PSA DT as evidence of biologic activity and recommend a multi-institutional phase II trial to evaluate clinical efficacy. Although the observed T cell responses are compelling, the changes in PSA DT after vaccine treatment are similar to outcomes previously reported in placebo-treated participants. In two randomized controlled trials of men with rising PSA after prior surgery or radiation therapy for prostate cancer, post-treatment PSA DT of greater than 200% of the baseline PSA DT was observed in 20% to 31% of the participants assigned to placebo. The observed rates of positive PSA outcomes after placebo treatment appear to be explained primarily by variation in serial assessment of PSA DT. We conclude that the post-treatment changes in PSA DT after vaccine treatment do not provide evidence of biologic activity. Additional studies are necessary to assess the relationship between PSA kinetics and clinical outcomes and to evaluate the utility of post-treatment PSA DT or PSA velocity in the development of new drugs.
Experimental evidence that soil heterogeneity enhances plant diversity during community assembly

Aims Environmental heterogeneity is a primary mechanism explaining species coexistence and extant patterns of diversity. Despite strong theoretical support and ample observational evidence, few experimental studies in plant communities have been able to demonstrate a causal link between environmental heterogeneity and plant diversity. This lack of experimental evidence suggests that either fine-scale heterogeneity has weak effects on plant diversity or previous experiments have been unable to effectively manipulate heterogeneity. Here, we utilize a unique soil manipulation to test whether fine-scale soil heterogeneity will increase plant richness through species sorting among experimental patch types. Methods This experiment was conducted in the tallgrass prairie region of south-central Kansas, USA. We utilized the inherent variation found in the vertical soil profile, which varied in both biotic and abiotic characteristics, and redistributed these strata into either homogeneous or heterogeneous spatial arrangements in 2.4 × 2.4 m plots. After the soil manipulation, 34 native prairie species were sown into all plots. We conducted annual censuses at peak biomass to quantify species composition and plant density by species within the experimental communities. Important Findings After 2 years, species richness was significantly higher in heterogeneous relative to homogeneous plots and this pattern was independent of total plant density. In the heterogeneous plots, 13 species had higher establishment in a specific patch type representing one of the three soil strata. Conversely, no species had greater establishment in the mixed stratum, which comprised the homogeneous plots, relative to the heterogeneous strata. These species sorting patterns suggest that fine-scale heterogeneity creates opportunities for plant establishment due to niche differences, which translates into increased plant diversity at the plot scale. Species richness was more strongly related to plant density among patches comprising homogenous plots—where fine-scale heterogeneity was minimized, but weak in heterogeneous plots. This pattern is consistent with the idea that richness–density relationships dominate when neutral processes are important but are weak when niche processes operate. Unlike many previous attempts, our results provide clear, experimental evidence that fine-scale soil heterogeneity increases species richness through species sorting during community assembly.
Evolution of the haem synthetic pathway in kinetoplastid flagellates: an essential pathway that is not essential after all?

For a vast majority of living organisms, haem is an essential compound that is synthesised through a conserved biosynthetic pathway. However, certain organisms are haem auxotrophs and need to obtain this molecule from exogenous sources. Kinetoplastid flagellates represent an interesting group of species, as some of them lost the complete pathway while others possess only the last three biosynthetic steps. We decided to supplement a current view on the phylogeny of these important pathogens with the expected state of haem synthesis in representative species. We propose a scenario in which the ancestor of all trypanosomatids was completely deficient of the synthesis of haem. In trypanosomatids other than members of the genus Trypanosoma, the pathway was partially rescued by genes encoding enzymes for the last three steps, supposedly obtained by horizontal transfer from a γ-proteobacterium. This event preceded the diversification of the non-Trypanosoma trypanosomatids. Later, some flagellates acquired a β-proteobacterial endosymbiont which supplied them with haem precursors. On the other hand, the medically important trypanosomes have remained fully deficient of haem synthesis and obtain this compound from the host.
Patch and matrix level influences on forest birds at the rural–urban interface

Urbanization has altered many landscapes around the world and created novel contexts and interactions, such as the rural–urban interface. We sought to address how a forest patch’s location in the rural–urban interface influences which avian species choose to occur within the patch. We predicted a negative relationship between forest bird richness and urbanization surrounding the patch, but that it would be ameliorated by the area of tree cover in the patch and matrix, and that total tree-cover area would be more influential on forest bird species richness than area of tree cover in the focal patch alone. We conducted bird surveys in 44 forest patches over 2 years in Southeast Michigan and evaluated bird presence and richness relative to patch and matrix tree cover and development density. We observed 43 species, comprised of 21 Neotropical migrants, 19 residents, and three short-distance migrants. Focal-patch tree-cover area and the matrix tree-cover area were the predominant contributors to a site’s overall forest-bird species richness at the rural–urban interface, but the addition of percent of over-story vegetation and percentage of deciduous tree cover influenced the ability of the patches to support forest species, especially Neotropical migrants. Development intensity in the matrix was unrelated to species richness and only had an effect in four species models. Although small forest patches remain an important conservation strategy in developed environments, the influence of matrix tree cover suggests that landscape design decisions in surrounding matrix can contribute conservation value at the rural–urban interface.
Polarimetric Rainfall Estimation in the Presence of Anomalous Propagation

Abstract Rainfall estimation from specific differential phases in meteorological situations with significant anomalous propagation (AP) is discussed. It is shown that the correlation coefficient between horizontally and vertically polarized backscatter signals and local variability of the total differential phase can be good identifiers of ground clutter–contaminated data. Further, it is suggested how to estimate rainfall in regions of ground clutter caused by AP.
Toward Social Media Opinion Mining for Sustainability Research

We propose to introduce social media opinion mining research into the field of computational sustainability. Opinion mining from social media can be a faster and less expensive alternative to traditional survey and polling, on which many sustainability research are based. We describe a framework for such analysis, examine the challenges in our proposed framework and current status of research on those challenges. We also propose some possible research directions for tackling these challenges.
Recalling the Revolution: Memoirs of a Filipino General

These memoirs clearly recount all aspects of the Philippine Revolution from its factionalism and corruption to its dignity and glory.Distributed for the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin Madison"
X-ray measurements of thermal vacancies in hcp 4He.

Changes in the x-ray lattice parameter have been used to measure directly the thermal generation of vacant substitutional atomic sites in hcp /sup 4/He crystals held at constant macroscopic volume, for samples with molar volumes in the range 20.2 to 20.9 cm/sup 3/. A progressive decrease of the apparent formation energy, from 12.6 to 8.6 K, with increase of molar volume, is seen. This variation is consistent with variations observed in the NMR diffusion activation energy for small concentrations of /sup 3/He in /sup 4/He. The magnitudes are also similar, with some exceptions, which suggests that, unlike hcp /sup 3/He, the vacancy in low-density hcp /sup 4/He moves by tunneling. By various means, values for the monovacancy free volume are deduced. Comparisons with other studies of defects in hcp /sup 4/He, such as ion transport, recovery of ultrasonic attenuation, and calorimetry, are less direct and less unambiguous.
'It was a sort of soft war that one waged' : teacher education at the University of Cape Town, 1976-1994

Between 1976 and 1994, as schools became important sites in the struggle for liberation in South Africa, members of the University of Cape Town (UCT) Department of Education were compelled to negotiate the tensions that existed between maintaining academic freedom, continuing their work as teacher educators, and advancing the cause of ending educational apartheid. Seeking to direct their occupational pursuits towards fostering a freer and more just society, UCT Department of Education staff members participated in a range of activities that undermined the ideology of apartheid, from developing alternative school curricula to taking part in non-racial teacher organisations. Indeed, oral history interviews conducted for this study reveal that staff members generally conceived of their roles as comprised of multiple threads, including educator, activist, and scholar, and that while these strands played more or less prominent roles in various individuals' work lives they nevertheless comprised a shared identity, what I call the justice-oriented professional. Justice-oriented professionalism, however, also led staff to avoid engaging in the kinds of activities that might have threatened their professional lives. Although frequently undertaking projects that challenged the apartheid educational paradigm, staff members rarely risked their careers in the interest of ending racially segregated schooling in South Africa.
Building a talent pool: the CS 10K project

Both innovations in computing and innovations using computing are fundamental to national competitiveness and societal progress, but the talent pool needed to sustain that innovation is uncertain. The building of a talent pool should start with K-12 education, but our schools are not providing broad access to quality computer science courses. While enrollment in high school STEM courses have increased substantially, the percentage of high school students who take CS is lower now than it was 20years ago. The CS 10K Project aims to address this fundamental challenge by developing effective and engaging new high school curricula in computing and getting that curricula into courses taught by 10,000well-prepared teachers in 10,000 high schools. While much has been accomplished in terms of developing curricula and providing professional development for teachers, we still need to more research on the effective teaching and learning computing skills and concepts. This talk will be an update on the CS 10K project and our related efforts t build an evidence base for computer science education.
Sociality and reproductive skew in horses and zebras

Summary The outcome of competition for resources or mates often leads to individual differences in reproductive success. In populations of equids, such as those of horses and zebras, skewed distributions of reproduction emerge because a limited number of individuals achieve disproportionate gains. For both sexes, skew results fromdifferences in rank, age, and degree of social stability, although skew is generally greater formales than for females. Adultmale horses and zebras typically establish “harem” groups by bonding with a number of mature females. Although the number of females that dominants bond with can be quite variable, potentially high levels of skew are rarely reached because subordinate males adopt alternative mating tactics that exact concessions from partners, whether they are dominant stallions or other subordinates. Successful breeding females also rely on support from subordinates to minimize feeding competition by keeping group size small, and this, too, reduces skew among females. The conflict of interest between the sexes arising over differences in optimal group size, along with the tendency for females to leave groups when sexually harassed, induces, but limits, the aggression that males direct towards females. Thus female concessions can shape both female and male levels of skew, but they also can be modulated bymale behavior. Thus it appears that for equids the level of skewthat emerges depends on key phenotypic traits and how their distribution among individuals constrains reproduction, as well as on how social relationships within and between the sexes affect the ability of a small number of individuals to monopolize resources involved in reproduction. Inequality is a pervasive feature of virtually all societies, as is the attempt by the disadvantaged to attenuate it.
Main chain polyamide rotaxanes from aliphatic crown ethers

Abstract Main chain polyaramides were prepared by the Highashi protocol from oxydianiline (ODA) and isophthalic acid (ISOPA) in the presence of 30-crown-10 and “60-crown-20”. Relatively small amounts of the smaller macrocycle were incorporated (
War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare

War in the Tribal Zone, the 1991 anthropology of war classic, is back in print with a new Preface by the editors. Their timely and insightful essay examines the occurrence of ethnic conflict and violence in the decade since the idea of the 'tribal zone' originally was formulated. Finding the book's analysis tragically prophetic in identifying the key dynamics that have produced the kinds of conflicts recently witnessed globally-as in Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, and Somalia-the editors consider the political origins and cultural meanings of 'ethnic' violence in our postcolonial world.
Analysis on Structural Test of Lining Against Water Pressure at the Karst Section of Yuanliangshan Tunnel

Field tests on lining structure against water pressure of 4.5 MPa and its structural stress at the karst section of Yuanliangshan tunnel were carried out.And the mechanical behaviours of the composite structure of profiled bar and concrete for tunnel lining under high water pressure was analyzed.Test result shows that water pressure at the back of the lining is the prominent factor causing stress development and change in lining structure,and water pressure distribution and its change have a close relationship with surface rainfall replenishment and draining condition of drain tunnel.When water pressure at the back of the lining increases,the increasing velocity of steel bar stress is greater than that of concrete.The increasing velocity of the stress at the inner edge of the lining is greater than that at the outer edge.Stress increasing velocity of structural steel bar and concrete decreases relatively when water pressure at the back of the lining presents greater increment.It indicates that the profiled bar in lining structure against water pressure should exert more remarkable function in terms of bearing capability along with the increasing of water pressure at the back of the lining.
Analysis of indeterminate HIV Western blot profiles

Objective To explore the characteristic and reason for indeterminate HIV Western Blot(WB),the limitation of WB and the possible amendatory measures.Methods Summing up and analysis the distribution of the indeterminate HIV WB among the tested people,the laboratory test results,the follow-up and the final HIV antibody outcome.Results The relative healthy people including the people of voluntary counseling and testing,the blood donors and pregnant women make up 50% of the indeterminate HIV WB,the follow-up for the indeterminate HIV WB is difficult and the there are few people of the indeterminate HIV WB have HIV antibody test again.There is false-positive in WB test,especially the false-positive of P24 is serious.Conclusion The indeterminate HIV WB is related to the false positive of WB test,measures should be taken to reduce the indeterminate HIV WB and to interpret the result accurately.
Effect Of Human Endometrial Secretions On The Metabolism Of Human Spermatozoa

The interaction between human uterine secretions and human spermatozoa was studied. Secretions were obtained by washing the endometrial surfaces of normal uteri removed at surgery and collecting uterine fluid by incubating Millipore chambers in the uteri of volunteers. A microtechnique was devised for conducting metabolic studies with the small volumes (50 μ l) of fluid obtained in the chamber. The uterine secretions obtained by these two methods reduced the formation of CO 2 by sperm from labeled glucose without affecting the accumulation of lactic acid. Sperm motility was not affected during a 3-hour incubation period. Uterine washings also reduced the rate of oxygen uptake of treated sperm. The metabolic alteration may have the effect of prolonging the life-span of spermatozoa within the female tract.
Medullary sites for TRH analogue stimulation of gastric contractility in the rat.

Medullary sites at which the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, RX 77368 (p-Glu-His-[3,3'-dimethyl]-Pro-NH2), stimulates gastric contractility were investigated in rats under urethan anesthesia. The peptide analogue was microinjected in 50-100 nl of volume unilaterally into various brain stem nuclei using glass micropipettes (50 microns). Gastric contractility was recorded continuously with acutely implanted strain-gauge force transducers and traces analyzed by computer. RX 77368 (2.6-77 pmol) microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) dose dependently stimulated gastric contractility. Peptide action (77 pmol) had a rapid onset with a peak response at 15 min, continued for 45 min after the microinjection, and was blocked by vagotomy. TRH microinjected into the DVC had a shorter duration of action. RX 77368 (0.7-77 pmol) microinjected into the nucleus ambiguus also dose dependently stimulated gastric contractions. In contrast, microinjection of RX 77368 (77 pmol) into the hypogloss...
Psychiatric aspects of HIV care.

Case 1: KW is a 33-year-old HIV-positive woman with a long psychiatric history that includes schizophrenia and crack-cocaine dependence. She came to
The Pathogenesis of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

The pathogenesis of certain types of focal cerebral ischemia, particularly episodes of focal cerebrovascular insufficiency, is not fully understood. Atherosclerosis, a relatively static process, commonly occurs without producing any neurologic phenomena. However, such episodes rarely occur in cerebral vascular systems unaffected by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis plus some transitory pathophysiologic event would explain the clinical events. A list of such events includes vasospasm, transitory systemic hypotension, kinking and external compression of vessels, transitory hypoglycemia, temporary shunts, and thrombosis and multiple emboli. The roles of polycythemia and anemia are mentioned. Evidence is presented that incriminates thrombosis or embolus formation (or both) as the process, secondary to atherosclerosis or associated with atherosclerosis, that produces the focal cerebral ischemia.
Radioisotope brain scans in the diagnosis of brain tumors: technic and applications. With emphasis on recognition of lesions outside of the posterior fossa.

Since brain tumors continue to be the most common solid tumor in pediatrics, and cancer is still the number one killer of children (accidents excepted), better diagnosis of children's brain tumors ...
Bioinorganic Chemistry of the HNO Ligand

Abstract The chemistry of the one-electron reduced form of nitric oxide, termed a nitroxyl or nitrosyl hydride (NO− or HNO), is described with special focus on its coordination chemistry. * Many fundamental characteristics of HNO as a molecule or ligand are not yet fully understood, and widely cited values of its oxidation potential and pKa have recently been significantly revised. The physiological effects of HNO are dominated by competitive reactivity with heme proteins and cysteine-containing proteins such as glutathione. Nitroxyl intermediates have long been proposed in the catalytic cycles of several heme-based enzymes integral to the biological nitrogen cycle; but only in fungal cytochrome P450nor has a short-lived nitroxyl-adduct been spectroscopically characterized. Small molecule HNO complexes of transition metals are rare, and the several reported species are presented with descriptions of their synthesis, and a comparison of available spectroscopic data. Ferrous-nitroxyl adducts were first identified in electrochemical reductions of nitrosyl porphyrins and heme proteins, and recently have these species been characterized in solution. Emphasis is given to the HNO adduct of myoglobin, including its synthesis by various routes and characterization by 1H NMR, resonance Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. HNO is isoelectronic with 1O2, and as with oxymyoglobin, there are several possible descriptions for its bonding with a ferrous heme; an analogy to the π-bonding interactions of a Fischer carbene is presented. A survey of the reactivity associated with the characterizable HNO complexes is made, including redox and protonation equilibrium, reactivity with small molecules and dissociation or displacement reactions.
Across-Phase Biomass Pyrolysis Stoichiometry, Energy Balance, and Product Formation Kinetics

Predictive correlations between reactions occurring in the gas, liquid, and solid phases are necessary to economically utilize the thermochemical conversion of agricultural wastes impacting the food, water, and energy nexus. On the basis of an empirical mass balance (99.7%), this study established the overall reaction stoichiometry (C33.42H45.95O20.26N0.22S0.14 = 0.50C20.08H57.21O22.46N0.20S0.22 + 1.72H2O + 0.10H2 + 1.07CH4 + 0.02C2H4 + 0.06C2H6 + 2.21CO2 + 2.05CO + 0.28C63.75H32.47O3.23N0.43S0.12) and energy balance for the slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic pecan shell waste biomass at 10 °C min–1 up to 500 °C. In situ thermogravimetry–gas chromatography and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTs) were used to link the gas-, liquid-, and solid-phase nonisothermal reaction kinetics. Gaussian fit-based deconvolution of individual gaseous product formation rates (hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and ethane in mg min–1) suggested the relationships bet...
Sensitization of Cancer Cells to Cancer Therapies by Isoflavone and Its Synthetic Derivatives

Despite the huge efforts made on the development of cancer therapies over the past several decades, cancer still remains the second leading cause of death in the United States [1]. Conventional cancer therapies primarily consist of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Physicians and scientists have vigorously investigated ways to improve the efficacy of these therapies. These include modifying surgical techniques, developing new chemotherapy agents, refining therapeutic strategies, etc. To achieve higher efficacy, combination treatments using combined therapies or combined agents with distinct targets are considered more promising, resulting in better survival of patients diagnosed with cancers. However, the combination treatment is also associated with a certain degree of dose-related toxicity. Therefore, the development of mechanism-based and targeted therapeutic strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects is very important. In targeted combination therapy, combined agents target specific cell signaling pathways that play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. By attacking or blocking these important targets that are responsible for promoting cancer cell survival and growth, the targeted cancer therapy will more effectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and show strong potency against cancers. In recent years, more dietary compounds, i.e., isoflavone genistein, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), curcumin, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, etc, have been recognized as cancer chemopreventative agents because of their anticarcinogenic activity [2]. These compounds exert antitumor activities through regulation of different cell signaling transduction pathways that are involved in the development and progression of cancer. By regulating cell signaling transduction, these dietary compounds can sensitize cancer cells to apoptotic death. Therefore, conventional cancer therapies combined with these dietary compounds may exert enhanced antitumor activity through synergic action or compensation of inverse properties [3]. The combination treatment may also decrease the systemic toxicity caused by chemotherapy or radiotherapy because lower doses of therapeutic agents could be used and no systemic toxicity has been found from dietary compounds. Emerging in vitro and in vivo data have shown that isoflavone and its synthetic derivatives enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various cancers through regulation of Akt, NF-κB, Cox-2, OPG/RANKL/MMP-9, and apoptotic pathways, suggesting a novel targeted therapeutic strategy against cancers [4–9]. Chapter 19 Sensitization of Cancer Cells to Cancer Therapies by Isoflavone and Its Synthetic Derivatives
Medical Home Implementation Gaps for Seniors:Perceptions and Experiences of Medical Practices

Objective: The study objective was to better understand specific implementation gaps for various aspects of patient-centered medical home (PCMH) care delivered to seniors. The study illuminates the...
Consequences of Elastolysis

Elastic fibers are an essential and irreplaceable structural component of lung tissue, blood vessels, and skin. Degradation of elastic fibers in these organs results in emphysema, aortic aneurysm, and solar elastosis (aging skin), respectively. Enzymes capable of degrading elastin have been termed elastases. This chapter will discuss the properties of the elastases, discuss the consequences of elastic fiber breakdown (elastolysis), and review the emerging reports of nonelastolytic functions of elastases in health and disease.
A quinone-assisted photoformation of energy-rich chemical bonds

In a study of biochemical means of solar energy conversion, ADP and inorganic phosphates were converted to ATP by white light in the nonaqueous solvent dimethylformamide in the presence of tetrachloro-p-quinone or ubiquinone. Conversion of ADP to ATP has been accomplished in aqueous suspension by the use of cell-like structures aggregated from poly(aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine). This is believed to occur through the formation of dopaquinone in the peptide structure during illumination. The way in which the quantitative yield of ATP has been influenced by pH and by added substances, such as FeCl2, was studied.
Gender Differences in Brain Morphometry and Function

It should come as no surprise that the brains of men and women differ in both size and shape. Many aspects of human anatomy are sexually dimorphic. Men are, on average, taller and heavier than women, not to mention shaped differently. Although differences in size and shape that are unrelated to function might be of interest to an anatomist or neurosurgeon, gender differences in brain structure are of interest to behavioral scientists primarily to the extent that they provide clues to differences in the function of the brain. The considerable interest generated by gender differences in brain anatomy stems from the fact that anatomical gender differences appear to be related to some of the more important dimensions of human brain function: lateralization, verbal versus spatial ability, and recovery from brain injury.
Perceptual Feature Extraction

In this chapter,\(^\dagger\) we present a deep model-based and data-driven hybrid architecture (DMD) for feature extraction. First, we construct a deep learning pipeline for progressively learning image features from simple to complex. We mix this deep model-based pipeline with a data-driven pipeline, which extracts features from a large collection of unlabeled images. Sparse regularization is then performed on features extracted from both pipelines in an unsupervised way to obtain representative patches. Upon obtaining these patches, a supervised learning algorithm is employed to conduct object prediction. We present how DMD works and explain why it works more effectively than traditional models from both aspects of neuroscience and computational learning theory.
School Psychology Training for the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities.

Training programs will continue to change to meet the needs of consumers of school psychological services in the 21st Century. This article provides information about the factors influencing the pr...
Beyond market behavior: Evolved cognition and folk political economic beliefs.

Boyer & Petersen (B&P) lay out a compelling theory for folk-economic beliefs, focusing on beliefs about markets. However, societies also allocate resources through mechanisms involving power and group decision-making (e.g., voting), through the political economy. We encourage future work to keep folk political economic beliefs in mind, and sketch an example involving pollution and climate change mitigation policy.
A Comparison of Excisional Volume Loss Calculation Methods to Predict Functional Outcome After Partial Nephrectomy.

Abstract Introduction: Functional volume loss (FVL) is a significant predictor of kidney function decline after partial nephrectomy (PN). Here, we sought to assess two different methods for quantif...