cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for total phosphorus determinations in nitric‐perchloric digests of pine needles and roots

Abstract A 2:1 nitric/perchloric acid plant digest was developed and tested as a replacement of the standard Kjeldahl digest for determining phosphorus concentrations in Pinus ponderosa Laws. needles and roots. Time sequence studies using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) pine standard reference material (SRM #1575) showed increased recovery of phosphorus as digest time increased from 1.5 to 16 hours. Digest intervals greater than 16 hours did not increase phosphorus recovery; the phosphorus concentration leveled off within the NIST reference material certified range. Using P ponderosa needle and root samples, a linear regression comparison determined that two sets of nitric/perchloric digests yielded 3.4% higher phosphorus concentrations than the Kjeldahl digest. However, 99 sets of nitric/perchloric digests, each containing two NIST standard reference materials (SRM), yielded an approximately normal distribution of phosphorus concentrations, all agreeing with the Kjeldahl establi...
Monitoring single-cell pharmacokinetics by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced native fluorescence

The quantification of insulin released from single cells of the insulin-secreting cell line βTC3 permeabilized by digitonin is demonstrated. A simple method for monitoring the on-column release process by using capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced native fluorescence detection is described. Quantitative measurements of both the amount of insulin released and the amount remaining in the cell can be achieved simultaneously. This protocol provides an alternative approach to the study of cell secretion in the fields of neuroscience and endocrinology.
Tuning the selectivity of polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using solid-phase microextraction

A new generation polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), poly(1-4-vinylbenzyl)-3-hexadecylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (poly(VBHDIm(+) NTf(2)(-))), was synthesized and is shown to exhibit impressive selectivity towards the extraction of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous samples when used as a sorbent coating in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography (GC). The PIL was imparted with aromatic character to enhance π-π interactions between the analytes and the sorbent coating. For comparison purposes, a PIL with similar structure but lacking the π-π interaction capability, poly(1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) (poly(HDIm(+) NTf(2)(-))), as well as a commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sorbent coating were evaluated and exhibited much lower extraction efficiencies. Extraction parameters, including stir rate and extraction time, were studied and optimized. The detection limits of poly(VBHDIm(+) NTf(2)(-)), poly(HDIm(+) NTf(2)(-)), and PDMS coatings varied between 0.003-0.07 μg L(-1), 0.02-0.6 μg L(-1), and 0.1-6 μg L(-1), respectively. The partition coefficients (logK(fs)) of eight PAHs to the three studied fiber coatings were estimated using a static SPME approach. This study represents the first report of analyte partition coefficients to any PIL-based material.
Abstract 1657: HSP90 inhibition down regulates EGFR and its effector signaling proteins in pancreatic cancer cell lines

Rationale: Currently approved therapies, including EGFR inhibitors, have minimal effect on survival in pancreatic cancer (PC). HSP90 is a molecular chaperone that specifically enables activity of numerous protein kinases, including EGFR and other signaling proteins. We have reported that simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and HSP90 may be additive in inhibiting cell viability in PC cell lines. Here we report possible molecular mechanisms underlying HSP90 and EGFR inhibition. Methods: MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 were treated with EGFR inhibitor, compound 56 (CMP56) (5 − 35 μmol), and HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin (250 nmol − 1μmol). Growth inhibition was evaluated using the MTT assay, and apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The effect on relevant cell signaling proteins was assessed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies directed against EGFR and effectors such as AKT, STAT-3 and JNK. Results: Growth inhibition was significantly (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1657.
Integrated sensor arrays with a configurable network interface for chemical and biological detection

Sensors based on macroporous silicon (M-PSI) have demonstrated the ability to detect the presence of certain chemical and biological materials. The devices utilize silicon sensing membranes with deep trench structures (macropores) formed by electrochemical etching to depths up to 100μm. The sensor structure is unique in that it exploits the vertical dimension of the planar silicon substrate, utilizing the large internal surface area of the membrane as the active sensing region. Upon exposure to organic solvents (i.e. ethanol, acetone, benzene) the devices exhibit a characteristic impedance signature. Discrimination is achieved by recognizing a specific response characteristic, or by placing appropriate probe materials to provide an electrically detectable signal upon exposure to the target substance. M-PSi sensing devices have demonstrated an electrical response to DNA hybridization and shown discrimination between binding and non-binding events. The size of the pores in the sensing elements can host larger molecules such as proteins, which extends the use of the devices to other fields of biotechnology. The sensors have been designed and fabricated in array configurations. A flexible electronics interface platform has been developed to accommodate the use of the sensors for a variety of applications.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Denitrification in Semi-Arid Floodplains

Riparian ecosystems are recognized as sinks for inorganic nitrogen (N). Denitrification, a heterotrophic microbial process, often accounts for a significant fraction of the N removed. Characteristics of both riparian soils and hydrologic vectors may constrain the locations where denitrification can occur within riparian ecosystems by influencing the distribution of substrates, water, and suitable redox conditions. We employed spatially explicit methods to quantify heterogeneity of soil characteristics and potential rate of denitrification in semi-arid riparian ecosystems. These results allow us to evaluate the relative contributions of hydrologic vectors (water courses that convey materials) and soil resources (materials required by biota) to spatial heterogeneity of denitrification. During dry and monsoon seasons we contrasted a mesic site, characterized by shallow groundwater and annual inundation by floods, with a xeric site that is inundated less often and has a deeper water table. Potential denitrification was detected throughout the mesic floodplain and the average rate of denitrification was greater at the mesic site than at the xeric site, indicating the influence of water availability on denitrification. At the xeric reach, sharp declines in pools of soil resources and rate of denitrification occurred away from the stream, demonstrating the importance of the stream in determining spatial patterns. Using geographically weighted regression analysis, we determined that soil organic matter and soil nitrate were significant predictors of denitrification at the xeric site, but that factors influencing denitrification varied spatially. Spatial heterogeneity of carbon (C) and N substrates in soils likely influenced spatial patterns of denitrification, but distribution of C and N substrates was ultimately organized by hydrologic vectors. Droughts will increase the abundance of reaches with hydrogeomorphic templates similar to the xeric reach studied here. Consequences of such a transition may include a reduced rate of denitrification and patchy distribution of denitrification in floodplain soils, which will decrease the contribution of riparian ecosystems to N removal.
New mechanistic explanation for the localization of ulcers in the rat duodenum: Role of iron and selective uptake of cysteamine

Abstract Cysteamine, a coenzyme A metabolite, induces duodenal ulcers in rodents. Our recent studies showed that ulcer formation was aggravated by iron overload and diminished in iron deficiency. We hypothesized that cysteamine is selectively taken up in the duodenal mucosa, where iron absorption primarily occurs, and is transported by a carrier-mediated process. Here we report that cysteamine administration in rats leads to cysteamine accumulation in the proximal duodenum, where the highest concentration of iron in the gastrointestinal tract is found. In vitro, iron loading of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) accelerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased [14C]cysteamine uptake. [14C]Cysteamine uptake by isolated gastrointestinal mucosal cells and by IEC-6 was pH-dependent and inhibited by unlabeled cysteamine. The uptake of [14C]cysteamine by IEC-6 was Na+-independent, saturable, inhibited by structural analogs, H2-histamine receptor antagonists, and organic cation transporter (OCT) inhibitors. OCT1 mRNA was markedly expressed in the rat duodenum and in IEC-6, and transfection of IEC-6 with OCT1 siRNA decreased OCT1 mRNA expression and inhibited [14C]cysteamine uptake. Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers were decreased in OCT1/2 knockout mice. These studies provide new insights into the mechanism of cysteamine absorption and demonstrate that intracellular iron plays a critical role in cysteamine uptake and in experimental duodenal ulcerogenesis.
Community Health Assessment Program (CHAP) Update: Millennium Edition—Home Health Standards

During 2002, the CHAP went under several leadership changes. The board of the organization continued to rise to the challenges it faced and appointed an interim chief executive officer, Theresa S. Ayer, MS, RN, CNAA, to lead the organization while it undertook a national search for a new chief executive officer. It was during this time of interim leadership that the new Millennium CHAP Home Health and Hospice Standards received approval from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Status for continuation of the organization’s deemed status for its accreditation process. In November 2002, the board’s search for a chief executive officer came to fruition with the appointment of an individual with 25 years of experience in acute and community-based health care management, Terry A. Duncombe, RN, MSHA.
Species sequence differences determine the interaction of GnRH receptor with the cellular quality control system.

Abstract Plasma membrane expression (PME) of the human GnRHR (hGnRHR) is regulated by a primate-specific Lys191 which destabilizes a Cys14–Cys200 bridge required by the cellular quality control system (QCS). A 4-amino, non-contiguous “motif” (Leu112, Gln208, Leu300, Asp302) is required for this effect. The hGnRHR sequence, with or without Lys191, decreases PME and inositol phosphate (IP) production when co-expressed with calnexin, a QCS chaperone. WT rat GnRHR, decreases PME and IP production, when co-expressed with calnexin, but to a lesser degree than hGnRH. When the human sequence contains the rat motif, IP production is closer to that of rat GnRHR. When Lys191 is deleted from hGnRHR and co-expressed with calnexin, IP production is similar to the rat sequence. When rat GnRHR containing Lys191 and the human motif is co-expressed with calnexin, IP production is similar to cells expressing the hGnRHR. The motif sequence appears to be a determinant of calnexin recognition.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters by plant-derived antimicrobials alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is a significant foodborne pathogen associated with outbreaks involving contaminated ready-to-eat (RTE) products, including frankfurters. The USDA-FSIS has established a zero tolerance policy for L. monocytogenes in RTE products, thereby warranting effective post-processing interventions to control the pathogen on these foods. In the present study, the antilisterial activity of GRAS (generally recognized as safe)-status plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely β-resorcylic acid (BR), carvacrol (CR), and trans -cinnamaldehyde (TC) either alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide (HP) as post-processing dip treatments on frankfurters was investigated. Frankfurters were surface inoculated with a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes (~ 6.0 log CFU per frankfurter), followed by dip treatment at 55 °C for 60 s or 65 °C for 30 s in sterile deionized water, or water containing BR (1.5%), CR (0.75%), or TC (0.75%) either alone or in combination with HP (0.1%). Treated frankfurters were vacuum-packaged, and stored at 4 °C for 70 days. Representative samples were analyzed on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 of refrigerated storage for enumerating surviving L. monocytogenes on frankfurters. Six frankfurters were sampled at each time point for each treatment. On day zero, all PDAs reduced L. monocytogenes counts by > 2 log CFU/frankfurter at both temperatures ( P L. monocytogenes counts on PDA-treated frankfurters were consistently lower ( P L. monocytogenes on frankfurters, although follow-up studies on sensory and quality characteristics of PDA-treated frankfurters are necessary.
Functional dissociation between the inferior and arcuate segments of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the monkey.

Abstract Monkeys were trained either on successive visual discriminations or an auditory conditional position response (CPR) task. Bilateral lesions were made in segments of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or in the head of the caudate nucleus. On the visual discrimination severe impairments were found after ablations of the segment inferior to the principal sulcus, but not after superior dorsolateral or arcuate ablations; whereas on the CPR test the monkeys with arcuate lesions, but not those with inferior dorsolateral lesions, were impaired. Interpretations of the findings are: the inferior prefrontal segment functions in response inhibitions and arcuate cortex mediates associations between the orienting and instrumental responses.
Time Use and Food Consumption

People are getting fat. The rise in obesity rate has been particularly pronounced in the United States since the middle of the 1970s, but has by now extended into many other areas of the world. Several sources of technological change have been singled out as potential explanations for why people have been gaining so much weight. Increased productivity in agriculture has lowered the relative price of food (Darius Lakdwalla, Tomas Philipson, and Jayanta Bhattacharya 2005) while innovations in food processing have reduced the time cost of preparing food (David M. Cutler, Edward L. Glaeser, and Jesse M. Shapiro 2003). Technological change has also affected how people spend their time, in a way that may systematically have reduced calories expended. First, physically less demanding jobs in the service sector have replaced physically more demanding jobs in agriculture and manu facturing. Second, the allocation of time across different activities has changed dramatically over the last few decades: people are spending less time working (decline in labor market work for men, decline in home production work for women) and more time in mainly sedentary forms of leisure, such as watching TV (Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst 2007). While the focus so far has been on the rela tionship between how people spend their time and how many calories they expend, we argue in this piece that there might also be an inter esting relationship between how people spend their time and how many calories they consume. Motivating this question is a (at first glance) rather counterintuitive finding from the time use surveys: the fact that people, in the United States
Attitudes toward the childless spouse

Two studies assess attitudes toward the childless life-style. One study uses an unstructured response style in order to determine the motivation for and effects of the decision attributed to the person intending to be childless. The second study assesses the relationship between self-reported attitudes measures. The studies suggest the person selecting the childless life-style may be viewed by others as less well adjusted or misguided in this choice, which is inconsistent with the majority of published data on the childless spouse.
E-Business Transformation at the Crossroads: Sears' Dilemma

This teaching case discusses the challenges facing Sears, Reobeck and Co., a leading retailer in United States, in its efforts to transform itself into an effective brick-and-click organization. In face of intense competition from other retailers and online e-tailers, Sears has continually expanded its online efforts in e-business transformation. This case traces the key e-business initiatives taken by Sears and highlights significant managerial challenges that were encountered during the formulation and execution of an effective e-business transformation strategy. The case presents the issues faced by a new CIO who had taken over the technology and e-business affairs at Sears at the end of 2002.
Evidence for primary aragonite precipitation, lower Proterozoic (1.9 Ga) Rocknest dolomite, Wopmay orogen, northwest Canada

Abundant precipitation of aragonite is suggested by well-preserved fabrics in dolostones of the lower Proterozoic (1.9 Ga) Rocknest Formation. Fabrics include dolomite and silica after botryoidal aragonite in tepee structures and seafloor cement fans, and cement crusts in cryptalgal tufas. Aragonite was common on the 1.9-Ga Rocknest shelf, as it is on modern tropical shelves. A search for similar marine cement fabrics in other Precambrian carbonates should help resolve whether aragonite was an important precipitate from Precambrian tropical seas (implying an ocean carbonate chemistry similar to today), or if aragonite precipitation was restricted to rare times in the past, calcite (and even dolomite) being the main carbonates precipitated (as recently suggested by some authors).
Development and characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci in the yellowtail flounder ( Limanda ferruginea )

We isolated and characterized a total of 10 microsatellite loci from the Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea. Loci were screened in 24 individuals, 8 each, from the Georges Bank, Southern New England/Mid Atlantic, and Cape Cod/Gulf of Maine, management areas. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 23, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.375 to 0.875, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.102 to 0.505. These new loci will provide tools for examining existing management stock designations and for determining levels of gene flow between these stocks.
A Web-Based Survey of the Relationship Between Buddhist Religious Practices, Health, and Psychological Characteristics: Research Methods and Preliminary Results

A Web-based survey was conducted to study the religious and health practices, medical history and psychological characteristics among Buddhist practitioners. This report describes the development, advertisement, administration and preliminary results of the survey. Over 1200 Buddhist practitioners responded. Electronic advertisements were the most effective means of recruiting participants. Survey participants were mostly well educated with high incomes and white. Participants engaged in Buddhist practices such as meditation, attending meetings and obtaining instruction from a monk or nun, and practiced healthful behaviors such as regular physical activity and not smoking. Buddhist meditative practice was related to psychological mindfulness and general health.
NN single pion production cross sections below 1500 MeV

The isospin reaction cross sections for $\mathrm{NN}$ single pion production are extracted from data for the processes $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}d$ and $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\pi}$. New data in conjunction with older existing data have precisely determined the components of the cross sections for the isospin one ($\mathrm{pp}$) initial state. Other new data for the $\mathrm{np}$ initial state and correct treatment of some older data indicate that the isospin zero reaction cross section is essentially zero below 1000 MeV, which indicates against the presence of inelastic isospin zero $\mathrm{NN}$ resonances.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nucleon-nucleon scattering, $\ensuremath{\pi}$ production reaction cross sections, isospin decomposition, isospin cross sections deduced from data.
High-resolution x-ray masks for the application of high-aspect-ratio microelectromechanical systems (HARMS)

Challenging requirements in optical and BioMEMS application with high aspect ratios of microstructures in access of 20 and smallest structure details of less than 1 μm have motivated this work to irmpove x-ray mask fabrication. Several approaches to pattern an intermediate x-ray mask with the gold absorber thickness of 1.6-2.2μm using a 1μm thick silicon nitride membrane have been explored. E-beam lithography is employed for primary patterning and experimental results show that high energy (100keV) e-beam lithography is a very promising approach. So-called working x-ray mask can be fabricated from intermediate x-ray mask through x-ray lithography. More than 10μm thick PMMA x-ray resist has been coated on the silicon nitride membrane by multi-coating process without crack. First exposure results indicate that adhesion and stability of sub-micrometer structures wiht these heights is critical. In order to overcome these problems a novel approach has been proposed by coating resist on both sides of the silicon nitride membrane and simultaneous patterning of both sides using x-rays. First successful experimental results have been achieved for proving the feasibility.
Guidelines for Protein Design: The Energetics of β Sheet Side Chain Interactions

To determine the interaction energy between cross-strand pairs of side chains on an antiparallel β sheet, pairwise amino acid substitutions were made on the solvent-exposed face of the B1 domain of streptococcal protein G. The measured interaction energies were substantial (1.8 kilocalories per mole) and comparable to the magnitude of the β sheet propensities. The experimental results paralleled the statistical frequency with which the residue pairs are found in β sheets of known structure.
SAGUARO: Data Analysis Software for Optical Engineering

SAGUARO software is written for the optical engineer and designed to simplify data analysis and visualization. SAGUARO is easy for the end-user processing optical test information as well as the developer adding new functionalities.
A New Genus and a New Species of Cicadidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) from China

Abstract A new genus, Sinotympana, and a new species, Sinotympana incomparabilis, are described from southern China. This genus is allied to the genus Haphsa Distant, 1905 but is distinguished by its much larger and wider body, largely black body coloration, short and wide opercula, longer abdomen, and uncal lobes that are fused together at the base.
Creating Democracies in the Modern World

Books reviewed in this article: J.Bowyer Bell, Dragonwars: Armed Struggle and Conventions of Modern War Anthony James Joes, (ed.) Saving Democracies: U.S. Intervention in Threatened Democratic States Mark Peceny, Democracy at the Point of Bayonets
Latino(a) and Burmese elementary school students reading scientific informational texts: The interrelationship of the language of the texts, students’ talk, and conceptual change theory

Abstract This article is the result of an investigation examining 17 multilingual students transacting with scientific informational texts during miscue analysis. Students’ retellings scores were generally found to be low despite high semantic acceptability during read alouds. Further investigation involving the use of social semiotics and discourse analysis revealed that the language patterns found in the scientific texts had similar social purposes to the language patterns in many students’ retellings. Conceptual change theory was also applied to examine segments of students’ retellings that differed from the retelling rubrics. As a result multilingual Latino(a) and Burmese students in this study were found to possess resources as readers during the assessment process that were not initially measured through retelling scores.
X-ray imaging of leaf venation networks.

Summary Leaf venation networks mediate many plant resource fluxes and are therefore of broad interest to research questions in plant physiology, systematics, paleoecology, and physics. However, the study of these networks is limited by slow and destructive imaging methods. X-ray imaging of leaf veins is potentially rapid, of high resolution, and nondestructive. Here, we have developed theory for absorption- and phase-contrast X-ray imaging. We then experimentally test these approaches using a synchrotron light source and two commercially available X-ray instruments. Using synchrotron light, we found that major veins could be consistently visualized using absorption-contrast imaging with X-ray energies < 10 keV, while both major and minor veins could be consistently visualized with the use of an iodine contrast agent at an X-ray energy of 33.269 keV. Phase-contrast imaging at a range of energies provided high resolution but highlighted individual cell walls more than veins. Both approaches allowed several hundred samples to be processed per d. Commercial X-ray instruments were able to resolve major veins and some minor veins using absorption contrast. These results show that both commercial and synchrotron X-ray imaging can be successfully applied to leaf venation networks, facilitating research in multiple fields.
Drug-induced illness as a cause for admission to a community hospital.

To assess the rate of occurrence of drug-induced illness as a cause for admission to the general medicine service of a community hospital, charts were reviewed retrospectively of all patients admitted to the service over two randomly selected one-month periods. Statistical analysis was performed on patients over and under the age of 65, and on iatrogenic and noniatrogenic admissions. Twenty-three of 244 patients (9.4%) were admitted with drug-induced illness. Patients with drug-induced illness had 5.7 medications as compared to 3.2 medications per patient admitted for other reasons (P less than .05). A single drug was responsible for 61% of all drug-induced illness admissions. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents were most often implicated. Eighteen of 155 elderly patients (11.7%) were admitted with drug-induced illness. These patients were on an average of 6.3 medications as compared with 3.8 medications per elderly patient admitted for other causes (P less than .005). Polypharmacy and a preponderantly elderly population may explain the substantial number of admissions caused by adverse drug reactions. Further research to assess the role of patient age and the number and type of medications involved in the event of drug-induced illness requires standardization of definition and diagnostic criteria.
A high throughput 3D-bus interconnect for network processors

Abstract Deep layer processing and increasing line rates present a memory challenge to processor–memory communications located on network line cards. In this paper, we introduce a packet-based, off-chip interconnect to increase the throughput of memory system currently used on line cards. The 3D-bus architecture allows multiple packet processing elements on a line card to access multiple memory modules. Our network-on-board includes a routing protocol as well as a node switching mechanism to minimize packet congestion and packet loss. The main advantage of the proposed architecture is to increase the network processor off-chip memory bandwidth while diminishing the latency otherwise caused by the single bus competition. Performance results show that our interconnect significantly outperforms its competitors, such as shared-bus, PCI Express, infiniband and HyperTransport, reaching peak throughput beyond 400 Gbps. Moreover, it provides other high performance qualities including low latency, off-chip scalability, low transmission failure-rate and high memory bandwidth.
Pion interferometry of ultra-relativistic hadronic collisions☆

Abstract Pion interferometry of ultra-relativistic hadronic collisions is described in the context of the inside-outside cascade model using a current ensemble method. In contrast to the usual gaussian and Kopylov parameterizations involving only geometrical variables, the correlation function in this model depends on a special combination of dynamical as well as geometrical parameters.
Acute esophageal food impaction treated by water-soluble contrast esophagography with maneuvers

This report describes a case of acute esophageal food impaction in the lower esophagus treated by proper physical motions during esophagography using water-soluble contrast medium (WSCM). WSCM was used to avoid the complication from unexpected perforation during the examination. Relief of esophageal obstruction may be accomplished by asking the patient to jump up and down on the ground. Esophagography using WSCM combined with appropriate physical motions may be helpful in treating patients suffering from acute esophageal food impaction.
Composition and structure of zirconium implanted with nitrogen at high fluence

Abstract High-fluence implantations of 100 keV N2+ ion into a zirconium layer deposited by an electron beam were carried out at room temperature and at liquid-nitrogen temperature with and without nitrogen gas of a pressure of 1 × 10−4 Torr. Depth profiles of atom concentrations were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and resonance nuclear reaction analysis. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamic-SASAMAL code. The depth profiles measured by RBS agreed well with the calculated profiles for all fluences from 1 × 1017 to 5 × 1017 ions/cm2, but differed from those obtained by AES indicating the existence of easily released nitrogen in the Zr specimen implanted with nitrogen at high fluence. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction was used to confirm zirconium nitride formation.
New solutions to covariant nonequilibrium dynamics

New solutions of 3+1D covariant kinetic theory are presented for nuclear collisions in the energy domain ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\sim}200A$ GeV. They are obtained using MPC, a new Monte Carlo parton transport technique that employs very high parton subdivision that is necessary to preserve covariance. The transport results are compared with ideal hydrodynamics solutions. We show that the transport evolution differs significantly from hydrodynamics. In addition, we compare the transport freeze-out distributions to those obtained from ideal hydrodynamics with the Cooper-Frye isotherm freeze-out prescription. The transport freeze-out four-volume is shown to be sensitive to the reaction rates and deviates from both timelike and spacelike freeze-out 3D hypersurfaces commonly assumed. In particular, we find that there does not exist a universal freeze-out temperature. Finally, the transverse momentum distributions are found to deviate by up to an order of magnitude from (Cooper-Frye frozen) hydrodynamics for a wide range of possible initial conditions and reaction rates at RHIC energies.
Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve. i. anatomic verification in the bullfrog

The regenerative capacity of the eight cranial nerve of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, was investigated. The nerve was sectioned between the ganglion and the brain stem in 16 experimental animals. Horseradish peroxidase was extracellularly injected distal to the site of the nerve section five or more weeks postoperatively. Labeled fibers were identified histologically and their central nervous system projections studied. The findings were as follows: 1. The eight cranial nerve of the bullfrog regenerated after preganglionic axotomy. 2. Fibers of all sizes regenerated. The regenerated fibers in the nerve were disorderly at the site of nerve section. Most fibers entered the brain stem and formed a vestibuloauditory tract, although some "escaped" and coursed along the brain stem. 3. The regenerated vestibuloauditory tract was situated more laterally than normal, with thick and thin fibers intermixed. 4. Regenerated tertiary fibers were long and tortuous and had unusual trajectories. 5. All vestibuloauditory nuclei received thick and thin afferent fibers.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Possessed by the Spirits: Medium in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities. Karen Fjelstad and Nguyen Thi Hien, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2006. 186 pp.
Tooling design in sheet metal forming using springback calculations

Abstract A method to design tooling in sheet metal forming using springback calculations is presented. The designed tooling produces a part which matches the desired shape, thereby compensating for springback. To design the appropriate tooling, traction distributions on the sheet in the fully loaded deformed state are computed using the finite element method. The calculated tractions are then used to numerically reproduce springback of the desired part shape by elastic unloading of the part in a reverse manner. The method is examined for materials covering a range of steel strength and hardening, and is found to produce parts with negligible shape error. The success of the tooling design algorithm leads to a proposal for an experimental method to design tooling based on traction distribution measurements.
Direct binding of halide ions by valinomycin

The antibiotic valinomycin is a potassium-selective ionophore, which increases the transport of potassium ions across cell membranes and thereby causes damage to bacteria cells. Valinomycin has been extensively studied as an ionophore for cations. We report for the first time the direct binding of anions to valinomycin using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The binding selectivity for halide ions is found to be in the order Cl− >Br− ∼F− ≫I− based on electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry experiments in methanol. 1H NMR studies in acetone-d 6 and CD3CN reveal the binding selectivity of Cl− >Br− ≫F− ∼I− . NMR studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support a bracelet-like structure for the binding of a chloride ion to valinomycin. Association constants of 531 ± 45 M− 1 and 57 ± 2 M− 1 were obtained via NMR titrations in acetone-d 6 for chloride and bromide ions, respectively.
Another Note to 1 Corinthians 10.16

The problem of whether the meal conducted by Jesus (Mt. 26. 17–30: Mk. 14. 12–26; Lk. 22. 7–22; Jn. 13), was a Passover Seder is a matter of long-standing discussion and need not be entered into or documented here. 1 What deserves further attention, however, is the light shed on this question by 1 Cor. 10. 16, which was recently considered in the pages of this journal. 2 In this discussion the author cites the view of others that the cup of Mt. 26. 27 refers to the cup of blessing accompanying the Grace After Meals, birkhat hamazon, or in terms of the cup-sequence of the Passover Seder, the third cup. 3 The author further indicates that the same scholars generally view ‘the cup of blessing’ at 1 Cor. 10. 16, to be the kosshel berakhah, and take this term to be a technical one that refers to the cup of thanksgiving for food, birkhat hamazon, or again, the third cup of the Passover Seder. Cohn-Sherbok argues, however, that Mt. 26. 27 refers to the fourth cup of the Seder, which accompanies the birkhat hashir, the blessing of song, which comes at the end of Hallel (M. Pes. 10. 7; B. Pes. 118 a). 4 Finally, in discussing Paul's phrase, to poterion tes eulogias (1 Cor. 10. 16), Cohn-Sherbok argues that it need not refer to any particular cup of the Seder, and might mean generally a cup consecrated by Jesus. 5 16, to be the kosshel berakhah, and take this term to be a technical one that refers to the cup of thanksgiving for food, birkhat hamazon, or again, the third cup of the Passover Seder. Cohn-Sherbok argues, however, that Mt. 26. 27 refers to the fourth cup of the Seder, which accompanies the birkhat hashir, the blessing of song, which comes at the end of Hallel (M. Pes. 10. 7; B. Pes. 118 a). 4 Finally, in discussing Paul's phrase, to poterion tes eulogias (1 Cor. 10. 16), Cohn-Sherbok argues that it need not refer to any particular cup of the Seder, and might mean generally a cup consecrated by Jesus. 5
Spyglass Direct Visualization System

Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is considered the gold standard to manage biliary disorders, it has its own limitations. The single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) system (Spyglass) may offer an interesting compromise for most advanced biliary endoscopists, in terms of size (10 Fr diameter) and complexity of use. SOC is a great step toward intraductal visualization and therapy but the best is yet to come.
Crime, Sexual Violence, and Clemency: Florida's Pardon Board and Penal System in the Progressive Era

From 1889 to 1918, more than 11,000 persons were convicted and sentenced to the hard labour camps of Florida's piney woods region. Vivien Miller presents the first intensive examination of the workings of Florida's pardon board and penal system during this period, often called the Progressive Era. Where most previous works on southern crime and criminal justice have focused on the arrest, trial and sentencing stages, Miller instead follows cultural prejudices through the workings of the penal system and pardon board. She explains how such notions as "respectability" and "proper" behaviour were interpreted, selectively applied, and finally considered to be of paramount importance in evaluating clemency appeals. By comparing letters, petitions and endorsements from prisoners and their supporters, Miller demonstrates that Florida's criminal law and its prosecution often functioned as an ideological instrument reinforcing white middle-class male dominance and restricting black and lower-class freedom. She also explores the effects of gender, race and class on offenders after conviction and sentencing. This book should be an important source of information for scholars interested in the workings of criminal justice during the era, as well as for anyone interested in the history that lies behind current debates on crime and punishment.
Biomimetic evolutionary analysis: Robotically-simulated vertebrates in a predator-prey ecology

To test adaptation hypotheses about the evolution of animals, we need information about the behavior of phenotypically-variable individuals in a specific environment. To model behavior of ancient fish-like vertebrates, we previously combined evolutionary robotics and software simulations to create autonomous biomimetic swimmers in a simple aquatic environment competing and foraging for a single source of food. This system allowed us to test the hypothesis that selection for improved forage navigation drove the evolution of stiffer tails. In this paper, we extend our framework to evaluate more complex environments and hypotheses. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that predatorprey dynamics and the need for effective foraging strategies, operating simultaneously, were key selection pressures driving the evolution of morphological and sensory traits in early, fish-like vertebrates. Three evolvable traits were chosen because of their importance in propulsion and predator avoidance: (1) the number of vertebrae in the axial skeleton, (2) the trailing edge span of the caudal fin, and (3) the sensitivity of the sensory lateral line. To produce variable offspring, we used a genetic algorithm that rewarded parents with high fitness, allowing them to mate randomly and combine their mutated gametes. Offspring were then instantiated as autonomous embodied robots, the prey. These prey were chased by a non-evolving autonomous predator. Both kinds of robots were surface swimmers. The prey used a control architecture based on that of living fish: a two-layer subsumption architecture with predator escape over-riding steady swimming during foraging. The performance of six different prey robots in each generation was judged with a relative fitness function that rewarded a combination of high speed, rapid escape acceleration, escape responses, and the ability to stay away from the predator while at the same time staying close to the food source. This approach, which we call biomimetic evolutionary analysis, shows promise for investigators seeking new ways to test evolutionary hypotheses about biological systems.
Unusual electromyographic findings in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica

A case of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) is described in which there were marked abnormalities noted on electromyography (EMG). Spike potentials, positive waves, and fibrillation potentials were seen in the proximal musculature of the upper and lower extremities as well as in the erector spinae muscles. Investigation failed to reveal abnormalities in either creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase, or muscle obtained at biopsy. The presence of these EMG findings in the PMR-GCA syndrome is unusual. Response to therapy with systemic corticosteroids and normalization of the EMG are documented.
Advances in polycarbodiimide chemistry

Over the last 15 years, large strides have been taken with regards to synthesis, catalysis, structural control, and functional application of polycarbodiimides (polyguanidines); a unique class of helical macromolecules that are derived from the polymerization of carbodiimide monomers using transition metal catalysis. This manuscript will provide a summary of the synthesis and characterization studies in addition to the large variety of properties discovered for these systems and potential applications associated with these properties. In large part, it is the chiral helical backbone coupled with synthetically selective pendant groups which has allowed creation of polycarbodiimides spanning a large range of potential applications. Such applications include cooperative chiral materials, liquid crystalline materials, optical sensors and display materials, tunable polarizers, sites for asymmetric catalysis, and recyclable polymers. Manipulation of the two pendant groups that span away from the amidine backbone repeat unit has allowed solubility of these polymers in solvents ranging from cyclohexane to water, maximizing the potential application of these polymers in various media.
The fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in the Mid-Atlantic Bight

Abstract The fluorescence of dissolved organic matter has been measured on three cruises covering the Mid-Atlantic Bight in the spring of 1994 and 1996 and the summer of 1996. An attempt at a “mass” balance of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) on the shelf suggests that more FDOM is present during the spring than during the summer and that deficits during the summer are due to photodegradation. However, subsurface production of FDOM was also prevalent during the summer. These processes were observed due to high shelf productivity and a stable water column that isolates a “cold pool” below sunlit surface waters. Rivers contributed about 10% of the total FDOM to the shelf with the majority of FDOM being advected onto the shelf from slope waters. Net production of FDOM was observed in the spring while net degradation of FDOM was observed in the summer. The fluorescence of dissolved organic matter appears to be a useful measurement for better understanding dissolved organic carbon dynamics as well as ocean optics in ocean margins.
Synthesis of hollow and trimetallic nanostructures by seed-mediated co-reduction

Coupling seed-mediated co-reduction with galvanic replacement for the first time provides a route to trimetallic (Ag–Au–Pd) nanostructures with hollow interiors. Moreover, manipulating the synthetic conditions can suppress galvanic replacement and facilitate formation of trimetallic core@shell (Ag@Au–Pd) nanostructures. These results illustrate the role of seed composition in the synthesis of architecturally defined multimetallic nanostructures by seed-mediated co-reduction.
Computerized detection of mammographic lesions: performance of artificial neural network with enhanced feature extraction

Artificial neural networks have been applied to the differentiation of masses from false- positive detections in digital mammograms. A database of 110 pairs of digital mammograms containing a total of 102 masses (54 malignant, 48 benign) was utilized in this study. Three- hundred-two false positive regions were selected from these images to be used in the training of the artificial neural network. Over 90 features were calculated for both the true masses and the false positives. Features that showed the most separation, in a one-dimensional analysis, between true positives and false positives were selected for artificial neural network input. A three level feed-forward neural network was used with one input layer, one hidden layer and an output layer. By varying the structure and learning rate of the neural network an optimal structure was found. The performance of the ANN was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. Results from a round robin evaluation yielded an Az of 0.97 in the task of differentiating between masses and false-positive detections. In the future, multi-dimensional feature analysis will be performed to obtain the optimal performance using a combination of rule-based decision making along with artificial neural networks.
GENETIC CONTROL OF CELL-MEDIATED LYMPHOLYSIS IN MOUSE

H-2 congenic mouse strains were tested in vitro to investigate the genetic control of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). Combinations were selected such that differences in various segments of H-2 could be examined for their ability to stimulate production of effector cells and to serve as targets for lysis. Particular emphasis was directed towards understanding the roles of LD and SD. SD-region differences are important in the sensitization of effector cells and they also function as strong targets for lysis, or as markers for the CML targets. LD differences are also important for sensitization of cytotoxic effector cells, but they serve only as very weak targets for lysis. Collaboration occurs between LD and SD in generation of CML. The nature of this interaction can be of two types: together LD and SD can produce CML which neither difference alone can stimulate; LD can enhance a CML response stimulated by SD-region differences alone.
Scale-Invariant Aspects of Cardiac Dynamics Across Sleep Stages and Circadian Phases

We find that key scale-invariant features of heartbeat dynamics, which have been previously associated with the underlying mechanisms of cardiac regulation, change significantly with sleep-wake transition, across sleep stages and circadian phases under both healthy and pathologic conditions. Our findings indicate that sleep-wake and circadian cycles do not simply modulate basic physiologic functions by generating rhythms with a fixed periodicity, but also influence the neural regulation of fundamental physiologic systems such as the cardiovascular system simultaneously over a broad range of time scales. Our empirical observations suggest that the neural systems of sleep and circadian regulation play an important role in the scale-invariant fractal organization of cardiac dynamics (and perhaps also of other physiologic dynamics), which has been shown to breakdown with disease and advanced age.