cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Owns Diagnostic Tissue Blocks

The question of ownership of human tissues has generated debate for centuries.1, 2 In the last 20 years, the attention of academicians in bioethics and law, as well as the lay press, has focused on ownership of tissues collected specifically for research purposes.2–5 Ownership of tissues originally collected for diagnostic purposes, and now residing as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks within pathology laboratories throughout this country, has not received as much attention. Who owns these tissue blocks? When patients have tissue excised at a hospital or outpatient surgery center, this tissue is sent to a hospital pathology department or independent pathology laboratory for processing, histologic examination, and diagnosis. Following diagnosis, these paraffin blocks are kept in department storage. State laws determine the legal conditions under which these blocks are maintained, and professional organizations (including the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Health Care Organizations and the College of American Pathologists) also have their own guidelines and recommendations.6 Prolonged storage ensures that tissues are available for future study, should new testing or treatments germane to the patient’s disease be developed. Additionally, this mandatory storage facilitates outside slide consultations, in case the patient seeks a second opinion elsewhere, and may be required for medical-legal cases. If pathology departments decide to retain tissue blocks beyond the mandatory limits, state law may require they continue to abide by all the regulations for tissue block storage.6 Pathology departments are recognized as the legal caretakers of diagnostic paraffin blocks.6 Guardianship is a serious responsibility that must be attended to carefully. Blocks should be tracked appropriately, be readily retrievable, and all reasonable efforts should be made to retain diagnostic tissues within the blocks (ie, not “exhaust” the block). It is advisable the original pathology department retains control of diagnostic paraffin blocks; …
Observed coronal temperatures at 1.37R⊙ in the region of a helmet structure

During the total solar eclipse, 1965 May 30, a 25 cm aperturef/8.0 telescope and Fabry-Perot interferometer were operated aboard the USAF-AEC aircraft. High resolution spectra of the Fexiv emission line, 530.3 nm, were obtained. Deconvolved intensity vs wavelength profiles of the second order fringe overlay a helmet structure on the NM limb at out to 1.37R⊙. The profiles yield coronal temperatures, absolute intensities and Doppler velocities in regions of apparently open magnetic field structure and within the closed field lines of the helmet. Together with white light intensities the observations are interpreted to provide temperatures and turbulent velocities in and around this coronal structure. Comparison is made with a model by Billings and Roberts. We suggest a model with radial flow (solar wind) velocities of ∼ 60 km s−1 satisfies the observations in the open field line region.
EFFICIENT SCAVENGING OF AEROSOL SULFATE BY LIQUID-WATER CLOUDS*

Abstract Continuous aircraft measurements of aerosol sulfate concentration, [SO 4 2− ], (flame-photometric detector) and light-scattering coefficient, b scat , (integrating nephelometer) in cloud interstitial air and in associated clear air are reported for several locations in the eastern United States. Measurements were made in situations where, on the basis of other physical and chemical measurements, it can be argued that the cloud air and the clear air have similar history and composition. It is found in cloud interstitial air that [SO 4 2− ] approaches zero and b scat approaches the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of air. Sulfate concentration and b scat in successive subsaturated regions along a given flight path at a given altitude were frequently nearly constant or slowly varying, the pattern presented appearing to be that of a fairly uniform concentration of sulfatecontaining, light-scattering aerosol from which segments had been removed in regions corresponding to the presence of cloud. The strong decrease in both [SO 4 2− ] and b scat within cloud interstitial air relative to clear air is attributed to nearly complete uptake of sulfate-containing and light-scattering aerosol particles into cloud droplets. From comparison of the in-cloud signal to the non-cloud signal it is possible to set an upper bound to the fraction of unscavenged sulfate aerosol (frequently as low as 0.25) and to b scat (frequently as low as 0.1), although for both quantities the measurements would be consistent with essentially complete scavenging. Additionally, the observation in these situations that no cloud-free regions exhibited the low values of [SO 4 2− ] and b scat characteristic of the in-cloud regions is indicative of the return of the dissolved material to the air as clear-air aerosol upon cloud evaporation.
Duplex scanning alone is not sufficient imaging before secondary procedures after lower extremity reversed vein bypass graft

Abstract Purpose: Duplex surveillance of lower extremity reversed vein bypass grafts (LERVG) is a means of identifying patients at risk for occlusion. The perceived accuracy of duplex scan as a means of identifying stenoses has led many surgeons to perform graft revision on the basis of duplex scan alone. This may result in missing additional lesions that are threatening patency. To assess the role of duplex scan as the sole imaging method before revision of LERVGs, we reviewed consecutive patients undergoing revisions who underwent preoperative arteriography after identification of duplex scan abnormalities. Methods: Duplex scan results, operative reports, and preoperative arteriograms for patients undergoing LERVG revision from January 1990 to December 1997 were reviewed. A standard duplex scan surveillance protocol was followed, and attempts were made to survey the entire graft, including inflow and outflow. Duplex scan results were compared with the results of preoperative arteriograms and the operation performed to determine if all significant lesions were identified by means of duplex scan alone. Results: Two hundred five LERVG revisions were performed. The 5-year assisted primary patency rate was 91%. In 119 cases (58%), arteriography did not contribute significantly to duplex scan findings. Arteriography significantly contributed to operative planning in 86 cases (42%). In 38 cases (19%), only a low-flow state was identified by means of duplex scan, and a correctable stenosis was identified by means of arteriography. In 48 cases (23%), additional significant lesions corrected at operation were identified by means of arteriography. These included 26 inflow, 16 graft, and 8 outflow lesions. Arteriography was most useful as a means of determining the revision procedure performed when there were inflow lesions (P Conclusion: Available data do not permit prediction of which LERVG are immune from missed lesions in a duplex scan surveillance protocol. This suggests to us that arteriography is mandatory before LERVG revisions. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:270-81.)
Oxide film growth on Fe(111) and scanning tunneling microscopy induced high electric field stress in Fe2O3/Fe(111)

Abstract Oxidation of Fe(111) at 300 and 500 K was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under UHV conditions. Oxidation of the Fe(111) surface at oxygen partial pressures of 1–5×10 −7 Torr resulted in the formation of Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 at 300 K. At 500 K, however, the predominant oxide phase was Fe 3 O 4 . STM images showed that the Fe(111) surface was uniformly covered with 5–15 nm wide oxide islands at room temperature oxidation, while oxidation at 500 K resulted in the formation of very large oxide islands (100–300 nm in width) interspersed with patches of uncovered substrate. High electric field stressing studies were carried out via STM under UHV conditions by increasing the bias voltage between the sample and the STM tip under constant current mode on iron oxide formed at both temperatures. Dielectric breakdown of the iron oxide formed at 300 K was induced after applying a high electric field. A critical bias voltage of 3.8±0.5 V was required to induce breakdown of iron oxide formed at 300 K at varying field strengths. No reproducible result was obtained from the high field stress studies of the iron oxide formed at 500 K.
Inflamed endothelium: an EPC adhesion kit

[Comment on Dentelli et al, page 4264][1]Dentelli and colleagues implicate signaling by the hematopoietic growth factor receptor c-Kit as a new mechanism for adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to sites of vascular injury. While there is consensus that recruitment of bone marrow–
Demarcation and integration of gridded data

Abstract Programs for demarking regions of gridded data bounded by local minima and numerically integrating gridded data within a closed boundary are presented. Although the programs were written for electron density analysis, the algorithms are general and can be applied to other problems.
Ceramic matrices for plutonium disposition

Abstract One of the major issues related to the expanded use of nuclear power and the development of advanced nuclear fuel cycles is the fate of plutonium and “minor” actinides. In addition, substantial quantities of plutonium and highly enriched uranium from dismantled nuclear weapons now require disposition. There are two basic strategies for the disposition of the actinides: (1) to “burn” or transmute the actinides using nuclear reactors or accelerators; (2) to “sequester” the actinides in chemically durable, radiation-resistant materials that are suitable for geologic disposal. This paper deals with actinide-bearing materials that support the latter approach. During the past two decades, a considerable amount of research and development has been done in an effort to develop matrices for the immobilization of plutonium and the “minor actinides”, Np, Am and Cm. A variety of waste form materials – oxides, silicates and phosphates – have been developed that have a high capacity for the incorporation of actinides, are chemically durable and, in some cases, resistant to the radiation-induced transformation to the aperiodic state. These waste forms can be selected depending on the composition of the waste stream that contains the actinides, the desired materials' properties of the waste form, and the geochemical and hydrologic conditions of the specific repository. The present state-of-knowledge for these materials is such that now one can design materials for very specific conditions, such as the thermal history and accumulated radiation dose, in a repository.
Comparison of experimental and computational techniques for plane mixing layers

Some studies of forced and unforced plane turbulent mixing layers have been conducted using two experimental and two computational approaches. The present paper contains an overall comparison and discussion of the measured and computed results. The experimental results include flow‐visualization data using the smoke‐laser technique and mean flow and turbulence measurements obtained with hot X wires and a two‐component laser‐Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The mean flow and turbulence results indicate that the two experimental techniques agree reasonably well for this shear flow. Two‐dimensional computations of the measured mixing layers have also been conducted in a coordinated effort; one method uses the inviscid discrete vortex technique for a spatially developing layer and the other is based on an approximation to the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The vortex method was found to give excellent results for the forced mixing layer while the Reynolds‐averaged computations, with a modified turbulence model, were particularly successful at capturing the near‐field viscous behavior that included the splitter plate wake.
Design of a cellular manufacturing system: A syntactic pattern recognition approach

Abstract A syntactic pattern recognition approach is developed for formation of machining cells by classification of machining sequences. There are four steps in this approach: (1) primitive selection, (2) cluster analysis, (3) grammar inference, and (4) syntactic recognition. Tasks of grouping components to form families, identification of suitable manufacturing cells, and assignment of new products to cells are accomplished by means of syntactic pattern recognition techniques. Results obtained by testing this approach on two case problems are presented. Comparison with other techniques indicates that the pattern recognition approach has greater flexibility. Typical advantages are the capability to introduce cost measures which reflect the relative importance of machines as well as the ability to represent the type of material flow being modeled.
Cation interdiffusion between thick film of YBa2Cu3O7-δ and ceramic substrate

Thick films of superconducting oxides, YBa2Cu3O7-δ, were successfully made by conventional screen-printing technology on Al2O3, MgO, and ZrO2 substrates. Interdiffusion between the superconductive film and substrate was investigated using analytical electron microscopy. The results indicate that MgO and ZrO2 are superior to Al2O3 for substrate materials.
An Essential States Mechanism for Optical Non-Linearity in Conjugated Polymers

Abstract A microscopic many-body theory for the third order optical nonlinearity in conjugated polymers is reviewed. It is found that a correct theory for the optical nonlinearity in conjugated polymers must include electron-electron Coulomb interactions that go beyond the on-site repulsion. Within such a theoretical framework, the bulk of the optical nonlinearity can be quantitatively determined by four essential states. The four essential states give rise to two three-photon resonances and one two-photon resonance in the third harmonic generation (THG) spectrum, and a single narrow two-photon resonance in the two-photon absorption (TPA) spectrum. The theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with the THG and the TPA experiments in polymers such as polydiacetylenes (PDA), cis-polyacetylene (PA), and polysilanes (PS). The THG spectrum of trans-PA is also interpreted within the essential states model.
Genetic mapping and manipulation: chapter 7--Making compound mutants.

1. Background 1 2. Making double mutants 1 3. Using the power of counter-selection 3 4. Crossing mutants into reporter lines 3
Structural and magnetic properties of ion beam deposited nanocrystalline granular CoCu and CoCuO films

Abstract Co Cu granular films of thickness 420 to 680 nm are deposited on glass substrates by ion beam deposition technique. Films show a Co/Cu (111) preferred crystallographic orientation which decreases with increasing Cu-concentration. The crystallite size varies between 12 and 24 nm depending on the composition of the film and the heat treatment (300°C/0.5 h), in vacuum and oxygen atmosphere. Vacuum-treated films show lower preferred crystallographic orientation compared to oxygen-treated films. The as-deposited Co 30 Cu 70 film shows lower values of M r / M s , where M r and M s are the remanent and saturation magnetizations respectively, indicating the presence of strong antiferromagnetic coupling and giant magnetoresistance.
A first order theory of functional parthood

This paper contains a formal theory of functional parthood. Since the relation of functional parthood is defined here by means of the notion of design, the theory of functional parthood turns out to be a theory of design. The formal theory of design I defend here is a result of introducing a number of constraints that are to express the rational aspects of designing practice. The ontological background for the theory is provided by a conception of states of affairs. The theory is accompanied with a formal model. I prove that the theory is sound and complete with respect to this model.
Toxicity of Senecio jacobaea and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various laboratory animals and avian species

The chronic toxicity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to several herbivorous laboratory animals and to chicks and turkey poults was examined by feeding the dried plant as a component of a mixed diet. Gerbils, hamsters and guinea pigs were resistant to chronic toxicity. Gerbils were highly resistant, consuming over 3500% of their body weight of the dried plant, whereas susceptible species succumb to a tansy ragwort intake of 5-20% of their body weight. Guinea pigs and gerbils were resistant to acute toxicity of injected monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA). They were moderately resistant to acute toxicity of injected tansy ragwort alkaloids. Both chicks and turkey poults were susceptible to chronic toxicity of dietary tansy ragwort.
MARKER ITEMS FOR APPRAISAL OF TEACHING IN LAW SCHOOL COURSES

The School of Law's faculty presented the methodological problem: to construct brief scales to evaluate the impact of legal instruction. Guidelines were: ( a ) brevity, i.e., 10 items or fewer, ( b ) high reliability, ( c ) minimum word (concept) redundancy, and ( d ) applicability to different types of legal instruction, including lecture/case study method and seminar/workshop experiences ( l , 2 ) . Subjects were 2457 students enrolled in 104 lecture/case method type of courses offered over four consecutive semesters (Fall 1980 through Spring 1982) at the University of Hawaii (approximately 24 student~/class).~ The lecture/case method instrument consisted of 19 5-point ratings (scaled "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree"). In addition, 384 students were enrolled in 48 seminar/workshop courses offered over the same time period (approximately .8 students/class) . Scores for each instrument were intercorrelated and yielded a positive R matrix; average r = .44 ( p < .001) for 171 lecture/case method r-pairs and average r = .41 ( p < .001) for 136 seminar/workshop r-pairs. A single eigenvalue accounted for most variance, and each matrix was factored for one iterative principal axis component without rotation. The 19 items of the lecture/case method form ranged in loading from .91 to .29, and the factor was labeled, "Law Instructor/Course Impact." The first 10 ordered item markers and loadings were: ( a ) over-all, this instructor was effective ( 9 1 ) , (b) over-all, this course was effective (.87 ) , (c) the instructor was able to assist students in understanding difficult concepts (.84), ( d ) the instructor was able to deal with questions effectively and insightfully (.83), ( e ) the instructor was consistently well-prepared and well-organized for class (.78), ( f ) the instructor was able to integrate legal theory and practice (.78), ( g ) the instructor was able to elicit effective class participation (.75), ( h ) the course was interesting and challenging (.75), ( i ) class attendance was an im-
Antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics: drug delivery and targeting

Abstract Oligonucleotide(ON)-based therapy, although in an early stage of development, promises to provide new and highly specific tools for the treatment of human diseases such as virus-associated illnesses and cancers. Like gene therapy, ON therapy is a rapidly growing field with great therapeutic potential. However, the two types of therapy differ fundamentally in their approach. In gene therapy, missing or defective genes are added or replaced with functional versions, while in ON therapy, existing but abnormally expressed genes are inhibited. In this article, we will focus on ON therapy with an emphasis on issues related to ON drug delivery, stability, and targeting. ONs have several advantages over traditional drugs, notably their exquisite specificity to target sites and their ease of design. However, their effective use has been limited due to several problems. For example, naturally occuring ONs contain phosphodiester backbones that are easily degraded in a biological environment and therefore must be protected or modified to render stability. In addition, because of their large molecular size and charge, these compounds are poorly taken up by cells and therefore may not reach their target site. Moreover, problems associated with cellular targeting, potential toxicity, and affinity of ONs to the target sites pose major challenges to the successful utilization of these compounds. Here we shall examine recent findings, relative advantages and disadvantages of various ON delivery methods, as well as the common pitfalls peculiar to each strategy.
A permutation test for quantile regression

A drop in dispersion, F-ratio like, permutation test (D) for linear quantile regression estimates (0≤τ≤1) had relative power ≥1 compared to quantile rank score tests (T) for hypotheses on parameters other than the intercept. Power was compared for combinations of sample sizes (n=20−300) and quantiles (τ=0.50−0.99) where both tests maintained valid Type I error rates in simulations with p=2 and 6 parameters in homogeneous and heterogeneous error models. The D test required two modifications of permuting residuals from null, reduced parameter models to maintain correct Type I error rates when null models were constrained through the origin or included multiple parameters. A double permutation scheme was used when null models were constrained through the origin and all but 1 of the zero residuals were deleted for null models with multiple parameters. Although there was considerable overlap in sample size, quantiles, and hypotheses where both the D and rank score tests maintained correct Type I error rates, we identified regions at smaller n and more extreme quantiles where one or the other maintained better error rates. Confidence intervals on parameters for an ecological application relating Lahontan cutthroat trout densities to stream channel width:depth were estimated by test inversion, demonstrating a smoother pattern of slightly narrower intervals across quantiles than those provided by the rank score test.
Stability of Filtered Technetium Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid

Filtered technetium Tc-99m–labeled sulfur colloid has recently gained popularity for use in lymphoscintigraphic mapping of lymphatic flow and identification of sentinel lymph nodes.1–6 Little has been published, however, regarding the stability of filtered Tc99m sulfur colloid. Corrigan et al.7 reported that the filtration procedure resulted in a significantly lower radiochemical purity but that no change in the radiochemical purity of the filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid was measured over the next 6 hours. Hung et al.8 reported that the filtration procedure resulted in a slightly lower radiochemical purity, and that the radiochemical purity of the filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid decreased slightly over 6 hours. No information regarding sedimentation/adsorption to container wall or change in particle size (e.g., aggregation or clumping) has been reported for filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid.
Zinc uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes

Isolated rat hepatocytes were used to investigate the uptake of zinc at early exposure times. Hepatocytes were incubated with 65Zn (1–500 μM) and samples were withdrawn at times ranging from 25 s to 60 min. A biphasic pattern of uptake was observed with a rapid first phase of uptake followed by a slower second phase. The relationship between velocity of uptake and substrate concentration for the first phase was nonlinear, while that of the second phase was linear. The presence of 10 μM cadmium produced a decrease in the velocity of uptake of only the first phase. This suggests that the first phase is at least partly carrier mediated, while there is no indication of involvement of a carrier in the second phase. KCN (1 mM) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (2 μM), did not cause any change in the uptake of 65Zn (1 μM), which suggests that there is no active component in the uptake of zinc.
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in severely head-injured children: Part 2: Autoregulation

Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow ("CBF15") was tested in a series of 26 pediatric patients (mean age 13.2 years) with severe head injury (average Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 5.5) in the acute stage. A baseline 133Xe CBF measurement was performed and then repeated, after blood pressure was increased by 29% with intravenous phenylephrine or decreased by 26% with intravenous trimethaphan camsylate. Correlations were made between CBF and clinical condition, outcome, time after injury, intracranial pressure (ICP), and pressure-volume index (PVI) changes, and the site of injury (hemispheres, diencephalon, or brain stem). The site of injury was determined with multimodality evoked potential measurements. Autoregulation was intact in 22 (59%) of 37 measurements. There was no correlation with GCS score, outcome, time after injury, site of injury, or way of testing (decreasing or increasing blood pressure). Autoregulation was statistically significantly more often impaired when CBF was either below normal -2 standard deviations (SD) (reduced flow) or above normal +2 SD (absolute hyperemia). In cases with intact autoregulation, mean ICP decreased from 17.5 to 15.0 mm Hg with higher blood pressure and increased from 19.0 to 21.3 mm Hg with lower blood pressure. When PVI was measured during the blood pressure manipulations, it was found to change in a direction opposite to the ICP change. The consequences of these findings in the management of ICP problems with blood pressure control are discussed.
Staphylococcal coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Smith and Hale1 were the first to point out that coagulation by staphylococci takes place in two stages. First, the bacterial product is converted to a thrombin-like agent by an activator substance found in plasma. This thrombin-like agent then produces fibrin. Gerheim, Ferguson and Travis2, and Kaplan and Spink3 have pointed out that the activator substance is associated with the albumin fraction in ammonium sulphate fractionation, while the latter workers showed that in alcoholic fractionation the activator appears to be associated with the alpha and beta globulins. Kaplan and Spink also have made an important contribution in their studies on the inhibition of the staphylocoagulase reaction.
Effect of dietary caffeine intake on serum lipid levels in healthy adults

Recent reports suggest that caffeine consumption is associated with increased serum cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The authors examined the association between serum lipids and dietary caffeine intake in 179 healthy adults. The study confirmed that when consumption of caffeine reaches 200 mg or more total cholesterol significantly increased in males. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were somewhat increased in males who consumed 200 mg or more (p<0.01 for a linear trend). In women, triglyceride levels significantly increased when dietary caffeine intake was 200 mg or higher. Dietary caffeine intake may be a factor to consider when evaluating serum lipid levels.
Inhibition of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase by metal ions and activation by histidine and other chelating agents

The catalytic activity of purified glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase/isomerase, EC 1.8.4.2) from bovine pancreas is markedly stimulated by histidine and other chelating agents. The activation produced was highest with EDTA, followed by EGTA, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 1,10-phenanthroline. Of the many amino acids tested, histidine was the only one that activated the enzyme; the structurally related compounds, 3-methylhistidine and imidazole also stimulated the enzyme, but 1-methylhistidine and histamine were without effect. The activation of EDTA was negated by metal ions, most effectively by Se2+, Hg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, and less effectively by Ca2+ and Ni2+. Likewise, activation by histidine was negated by Zn2+ but not by Ca2+ or Mg2+. Thus, activation of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase is apparently achieved in part by the chelation of inhibitory metal ion(s). These findings are consistent with a regulatory scheme for glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in which (a) the enzyme is inhibited by selenium and heavy metal ions normally present in tissues and (b) this inhibition can be relieved by the addition of histidine or chelating agents.
Chemotherapy drug resistance — a panel discussion

Considerable insight into the problem of drug resistance has emerged in the past few years. An understanding of why tumors develop drug resistance is now at hand both from theoretical points of view and from experimental and clinical data. Experimental models of drug resistance, particularly related to the surface P-glycoprotein, have been remarkably successful in teaching us why tumor cells in culture develop resistance to common therapeutic agents. In this panel discussion, the clinical relevance of these and other proposed mechanisms will be examined, with the hope of providing an up-to-date overview on this exciting field.
Demonstration of hydrolase-related glucose transport in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from guinea pig small intestine.

Abstract Osmotically active brush border-membrane vesicles were prepared from guinea pig small intestine. Transport into these vesicles of glucose released by the action of the membrane enzymes, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase, was measured. At comparable hydrolytic rates, several fold more glucose was transferred into the intravesicular space from sucrose than from G-l-P, thus confirming the existence of hydrolase-related transport in the brush border membrane.
Matching with noise and the acceptance curse

Abstract This paper explores matching with both search and information frictions. Specifically, everyone observes only a noisy signal of the true type of any potential mate. In this context, matching decisions must incorporate not only information about a partner's attribute conveyed by the noisy signal, but also—as in the winner's curse in auction theory—information about a partner's type contained in his or her acceptance decision. We show that there exists an equilibrium exhibiting a stochastic positive assorting of types, generalizing [Becker, J. Polit. Economy 81 (1973) 813–846]. In equilibrium, selection is adverse: being accepted reduces an agent's estimate of a potential partner's type, a phenomenon that we call the acceptance curse effect.
Commitment, ego-involvement, and resistance to attack

Abstract Subjects with initially extreme or moderate positions (based on a median split) recorded a consonant speech under public, private, or no commitment and later received a strong, mild, or no attack on their position. Extremes were more ego-involved in terms of wider latitudes of rejection, narrower latitudes of non-commitment, and greater resistance to attack, relative to moderates. Commitment had no effect for extremes, suggesting a ceiling effect on changes in the latitudes and resistance to attack for initially high levels of ego-involvement. For moderates, commitment resulted in narrower latitudes of noncommitment, wider latitudes of rejection (greater rejection of discrepant positions), and greater resistance to attack, suggesting that commitment may elevate ego-involvement with the issue. Commitment and ego-involvement may increase the salience of one's attitude position in later situations, thereby increasing the probability of attitudeconsistent behavior.
Into the 21st century: Renewing the campaign for school-based sexuality education

School-based sexuality education (SBSE) has been controversial and has faced numerous challenges to its survival. However, as the 21st century approaches, new and more intense threats are surfacing. A reenergized campaign for SBSE is needed to overcome these obstacles. Part of this campaign is to explore new directions and devise new strategies for SBSE programs.
Hydrogen peroxide as catalyst for emulsion polymerization of butadiene and styrene

Evidence is presented to show that either sodium ferri- or ferropyrophosphate with hydrogen peroxide effectively initiates emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene. The hydrogen peroxide appears to be destroyed as such before polymerization begins, thus indicating that it converts some other constituent of the recipe into the effective catalyst for polymerization.
Diel variations in the optical properties of a marine diatom

Diel variations in the optical properties of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were examined in a nutrient-replete laboratory culture exposed to a day-night cycle in natural irradiance which simulated the light regime in upper layers of the euphotic zone (~10 m). Measurements of the beam attenuation coefficient, absorption coefficient, and size distribution of cells in suspension were used to determine optical cross-sections and refractive index of cells. The optical cross-sections varied greatly over a diel cycle; the absorption cross-section (Xa) increased by as much as 35% and the attenuation (σc) and scattering (σb) cross-sections by 80% between minima near sunrise and maxima near sunset. These changes were associated with significant variations in refractive index and cell size. Diel changes in the imaginary part of the refractive index (n'), driven by variation in intracellular pigment concentration, accounted for 58– 72% of the difference between the daily maxima and minima in σa. Variations in the real part of the refractive index (n) contributed substantially (up to 85%) to the daily range in σc and σb. Increases in cell size were important during the morning, increasing the attenuation cross-section to a similar extent as the refractive index. Variability in n correlated strongly with changes in intracellular C concentration. The normalization of attenuation and scattering cross-sections to cellular C content resulted in a threefold reduction in the magnitude of diel variations. If such patterns are general features of planktonic microorganisms in the natural environment, it would suggest that varying particle concentration need not be the only (or even major) factor responsible for diel variability in the bulk optical properties of seawater. As a consequence, estimating particle production rates from diel variability in the beam attenuation coefficient may not be justified in some oceanic situations; however, using this variability to estimate production in terms of particulate organic C may be appropriate.
Sexuality education in Russia: defining pleasure and danger for a fledgling democratic society

Public health indicators have plummeted throughout Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with exponential increases in sexually transmitted diseases reported among this society's young adults. Newly developing sexuality education programs provide insights into the ways local health providers interpret such public health challenges and conceptualize the educational needs of Russian youth. Moreover, these initiatives reveal the impact of both Soviet-era discourses and more recent, international anti-abortion activism on contemporary thinking about sexual health matters. This article explores the implicit and sometimes explicit ways that sex education lectures are being driven by debates over the significance of the Soviet past and anxieties over the perceived chaos of current transformations. Drawing on material from lectures, fieldwork, and interviews with sex educators, I argue that sexuality education efforts reveal a persistent ambivalence between the hope to promote individual autonomy from state interests and the presumed need to control sexual expression and reproductive practices within an emerging moral economy of post-Soviet Russia.
An investigation of short and long fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of positive stress ratios on the propagation of long and short fatigue cracks in mill annealed Ti–6Al–4V. Differences between the long fatigue crack growth rates at positive stress ratios (R=Kmin/Kmax=0.02–0.8) are attributed largely to the effects of crack closure. Microstructurally short fatigue cracks are shown to grow at stress intensity factor ranges below the long crack fatigue threshold. Anomalously high fatigue crack growth rates and crack retardation are also shown to occur in the short crack regime. Differences between the long and the short crack behavior at low stress ratios are attributed to lower levels of crack closure in the short crack regime.
Rising educational debt levels in recent dermatology trainees and effects on career choices

Background Educational debt levels are outpacing inflation. Objective To determine whether debt levels influence career choices of graduating dermatology residents. Methods Anonymous surveys of graduating dermatology residents. Results The presence of debt was associated negatively with pursuing fellowship training in 1999 and 2004 ( P Limitations This study relies on self-reported data, and some surveys were incomplete. Conclusion Debt levels do not appear to significantly influence the career choices of dermatology residents.
Congress initiates science study

The U.S. House of Representatives announced in October a year-long study to review the nation's science and technology policy and the government's role in funding scientific research. The Science Policy Study, led by Rep. Vernon Ehlers (R-MI), is the first comprehensive review by Congress since 1985—a time when the Cold War still was being fought and the Internet was largely unknown. At a workshop to discuss the initiative, House Science Committee Chair James Sensenbrenner, Jr., told about 30 scientists and policy experts that the challenge is “to develop a new, sensible, coherent long-range science and technology policy, including a review of our nation's science and math education programs.”
Conformational sampling of peptides in the presence of protein crowders from AA/CG-multiscale simulations.

Macromolecular crowding is recognized as an important factor influencing folding and conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. Previous views of crowding have focused on the mostly entropic volume exclusion effect of crowding, but recent studies are indicating the importance of enthalpic effects, in particular, changes in electrostatic interactions due to crowding. Here, temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of trp-cage and melittin in the presence of explicit protein crowders are presented to further examine the effect of protein crowders on peptide dynamics. The simulations involve a three-component multiscale modeling scheme where the peptides are represented at an atomistic level, the crowder proteins at a coarse-grained level, and the surrounding aqueous solvent as implicit solvent. This scheme optimally balances a physically realistic description for the peptide with computational efficiency. The multiscale simulations were compared with simulations of the same pep...
Computer-aided detection of masses in digital tomosynthesis mammography: comparison of three approaches.

The authors are developing a computer-aided detection CAD system for masses on digital breast tomosynthesis mammograms DBT. Three approaches were evaluated in this study. In the first approach, mass candidate identification and feature analysis are performed in the reconstructed three-dimensional 3D DBT volume. A mass likelihood score is estimated for each mass candidate using a linear discriminant analysis LDA classifier. Mass detection is determined by a decision threshold applied to the mass likelihood score. A free response receiver operating characteristic FROC curve that describes the detection sensitivity as a function of the number of false positives FPs per breast is generated by varying the decision threshold over a range. In the second approach, prescreening of mass candidate and feature analysis are first performed on the individual two-dimensional 2D projection view PV images. A mass likelihood score is estimated for each mass candidate using an LDA classifier trained for the 2D features. The mass likelihood images derived from the PVs are backprojected to the breast volume to estimate the 3D spatial distribution of the mass likelihood scores. The FROC curve for mass detection can again be generated by varying the decision threshold on the 3D mass likelihood scores merged by backprojection. In the third approach, the mass likelihood scores estimated by the 3D and 2D approaches, described above, at the corresponding 3D location are combined and evaluated using FROC analysis. A data set of 100 DBT cases acquired with a GE prototype system at the Breast Imaging Laboratory in the Massachusetts General Hospital was used for comparison of the three approaches. The LDA classifiers with stepwise feature selection were designed with leave-one-case-out resampling. In FROC analysis, the CAD system for detection in the DBT volume alone achieved test sensitivities of 80% and 90% at average FP rates of 1.94 and 3.40 per breast, respectively. With the 2D detection approach, the FP rates were 2.86 and 4.05 per breast, respectively, at the corresponding sensitivities. In comparison, the average FP rates of the system combining the 3D and 2D information were 1.23 and 2.04 per breast, respectively, at 80% and 90% sensitivities. The difference in the detection performances between the 2D and the 3D approach, and that between the 3D and the combined approach were both statistically significant p=0.02 and 0.01, respectively as estimated by alternative FROC analysis. The combined system is a promising approach to improving automated mass detection on DBTs. © 2008 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.2968098
Modular Neural Networks for Identification of Starches in Manufacturing Food Products

Neural network technology, especially that related to or derived from the multilayered Perceptron model with the back-propagation learning mechanism, has been found to be effective in pattern recognition and classification. Although mentioned infrequently, the number of patterns that can be recognized or classified by a specific neural network based on this technology is inescapably constrained by the network configuration such as the numbers of input, output, and hidden units. A direct expansion, e.g., increasing the numbers of the various units, of an existing network to accommodate additional patterns is usually undesirable for two reasons. First, a complete retraining of the network, incorporating the learned and new patterns as the training set, is necessary. Second, such a retraining almost always proceeds at a decreasing rate and is more difficult to converge. Both of these problems can be circumvented, at least partially, by resorting to the concept of modular neural networks. In the present work, each of two multilayered neural networks is trained to recognize eight types of starches used in foods. Subsequently, the two trained networks are coupled as modules of a final network. The learning rate of the final network is found to be much faster than that of a nonmodularized network with the same configuration.
Turbulent mixing driven by spherical implosions. Part 1. Flow description and mixing-layer growth

We present large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent mixing at a perturbed, spherical interface separating two fluids of differing densities and subsequently impacted by a spherically imploding shock wave. This paper focuses on the differences between two fundamental configurations, keeping fixed the initial shock Mach number ≈1.2, the density ratio (precisely |A_0|≈0.67) and the perturbation shape (dominant spherical wavenumber l_0=40 and amplitude-to-initial radius of 3%): the incident shock travels from the lighter fluid to the heavy fluid or, inversely, from the heavy to the light fluid. After describing the computational problem we present results on the radially symmetric flow, the mean flow, and the growth of the mixing layer. Turbulent statistics are developed in Part 2 (Lombardini, M., Pullin, D. I. & Meiron, D. I. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, pp. 113–142). A wave-diagram analysis of the radially symmetric flow highlights that the light–heavy mixing layer is processed by consecutive reshocks, and not by reverberating rarefaction waves as is usually observed in planar geometry. Less surprisingly, reshocks process the heavy–light mixing layer as in the planar case. In both configurations, the incident imploding shock and the reshocks induce Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instabilities at the density layer. However, we observe differences in the mixing-layer growth because the RM instability occurrences, Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) unstable scenarios (due to the radially accelerated motion of the layer) and phase inversion events are different. A small-amplitude stability analysis along the lines of Bell (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report, LA-1321, 1951) and Plesset (J. Appl. Phys., vol. 25, 1954, pp. 96–98) helps quantify the effects of the mean flow on the mixing-layer growth by decoupling the effects of RT/RM instabilities from Bell–Plesset effects associated with geometric convergence and compressibility for arbitrary convergence ratios. The analysis indicates that baroclinic instabilities are the dominant effect, considering the low convergence ratio (≈2) and rather high (l>10) mode numbers considered.
Winter winds and river discharge determine juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) recruitment and distribution in North Carolina estuaries

Abstract Retrospective analyses of a 23 year data set on abundance of Age 0 southern flounder in 105 estuarine nursery areas in the coastal region of North Carolina showed that discernible temporal and spatial patterns exist among clusters of stations. Furthermore, these patterns could be quantitatively related to certain meteorological and hydrological variables, namely winds from the east–southeast (E–SE) and from the north–northeast (N–NE) sectors and river runoff, which explained up to 83% of the interannual variability in numbers. We developed a regression model using recent catch data (1987–2002) and used the model to hindcast an earlier segment of the time series (1979–1986). The model was found to be quite robust, and could predict year class strength within 1 to 80% in the test set of data. We interpret these results to mean that hydrodynamic factors are principally responsible for the observed interannual recruitment variability in southern flounder in NC, since the interannual pattern in abundance of Age 0 fish persists for 2 more years of adult life. Finally, we discuss the implications of the variable spatial distribution patterns for estimates of year class strength from juvenile abundance data. It is possible that estimates of year class strength with a useful level of confidence could be obtained from meteorological data during the larval migration period.
A new regional hypocenter location method

A new regional hypocenter location method is presented in this article to address location problems associated with sparse station distributions and lack of velocity information. For an arbitrary slowness structure, an unknown parameter, slowness deviation, is introduced to construct a more precise slowness model than a homogeneous slowness model. By incorporating a genetic algorithm, the new method yields reasonable solutions for epicenters and origin times both inside and outside the seismic network. The synthetic data tests indicate that outside the network the new method gives excellent results for epicenter locations compared with Geiger's method, even when Geiger's method is used with the true velocity structure. The relocation of the Loma Prieta mainshock and 26 aftershocks occurring within the first 24 h after the mainshock by using the new hypocenter location method places the aftershocks an average of 2.29 km to the southwest of the locations published by the Northern California Earthquake Data Center. The new locations are in better agreement with the geodetic measurements.