cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Widespread nitration of pathological inclusions in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies.

Reactive nitrogen species may play a mechanistic role in neurodegenerative diseases by posttranslationally altering normal brain proteins. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that an anti-3-nitrotyrosine polyclonal antibody stains all of the major hallmark lesions of synucleinopathies including Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and neuraxonal spheroids in dementia with Lewy bodies, the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1, as well as glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. This antibody predominantly recognized nitrated α-synuclein when compared to other in vitro nitrated constituents of these pathological lesions, such as neurofilament subunits and microtubules. Collectively, these findings imply that α-synuclein is nitrated in pathological lesions. The widespread presence of nitrated α-synuclein in diverse intracellular inclusions suggests that oxidation/nitration is involved in the onset and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Acute Psychological Stress as a Precipitant of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients With Undiagnosed Ischemic Heart Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are the result of plaque disruption stemming from a complex interplay between hemodynamic factors, inflammatory modulators, and endothelial dysfunction. The subsequent platelet activation and thrombus formation results in the downstream ischemia and possible infarction of coronary tissue. The relationship between ACS and acute mental stress has been well documented.1–3 However, the precise mechanism by which acute mental stress leads to plaque destabilization and thrombus formation has yet to be elicited. A growing body of literature suggests several abnormalities in platelet activation and endothelial function during acute mental stress that could precipitate ACS in patients with silent coronary artery disease. The following is a case report of a patient with silent ischemic heart disease that was unmasked in the setting of acute psychological stress. Following the case report is a brief discussion about the pathophysiology linking mental stress and acute coronary events. A PubMed search was undertaken using the key words stress and myocardial infarction, stress and ischemia, mental stress and coronary artery disease, psychological stress and acute coronary syndrome, and mental stress and plaque destabilization. Articles were restricted to the English language and those dating through December 2007.
Cancer to the inguinal nodes from an unknown primary site

Three cases of metastatic cancer to inguinal lymph nodes from unknown primaries are presented. All three patients had exhaustive workups which produced no primary lesions. There were two cases of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and one of melanoma. A review of the literature shows that it is unusual to have metastatic disease without detectable primary lesions to the inguinal lymph nodes. Furthermore, and more importantly, these cases open discussion of recent concepts of tumor biology. Based on these newer concepts, suggestions are made concerning the examination and treatment of these unusual lesions.
The coefficients of thermal expansion of boron arsenide (B12As2) between 25°C and 850°C

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to determine the coefficients of thermal expansion for the boron-rich compound semiconductor icosahedral boron arsenide (B12As2). B12As2 powder was synthesized in a sealed quartz ampoule containing boron and arsenic heated to 1100 °C and 600 °C respectively for 72 h. The lattice constants of the B12As2 were measured by high temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) between 25 °C and 850 °C. The average lattice coefficients of thermal expansion were calculated perpendicular and parallel to the 〈111〉 axis in the rhombohedral setting (equivalent to the a and c axes in the hexagonal setting) as 4.9×10−6 K−1 and 5.3×10−6 K−1, respectively. The average unit cell volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion was 15.0×10−6 K−1. Knowing these values can be useful in explaining the cracking that occurs in heteroepitaxial B12As2 thin films and crystals precipitated from metal solutions upon cooling from their synthesis temperatures.
Tissue plasminogen activator to treat impending pupillary block glaucoma in patients with acute fibrinous HLA-B27 positive iridocyclitis

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the use of intracameral tissue plasminogen activator to dissolve fibrinous membranes and break posterior synechiae in patients with acute HLA-B27–positive iridocyclitis with impending pupillary block. METHODS: Two patients with severe acute fibrinous iridocyclitis and seclusio pupillae were identified. Because of the concern of impending pupillary block, intracameral tissue plasminogen activator (12.5 μg in 0.1 ml, Activase; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California) was injected with a 25-gauge needle through the corneal limbus. RESULTS: Both patients showed complete dissolution of fibrin with disruption of posterior synechiae. There were no adverse events after injection. Neither patient required further invasive intervention, and both fully recovered with medical management. CONCLUSIONS: Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator is a safe and effective agent for patients with severe acute iridocyclitis and pupillary seclusion. Patients with clinical signs suggestive of impending pupillary block glaucoma may be considered for tissue plasminogen activator injection to avoid the possible need for emergency surgical iridectomy and synechiolysis.
Primary medullary hemorrhage.

Abstract Two patients developed primary medullary hemorrhages. Both patients were normotensive. They were both receiving oral anticoagulation but the coagulation studies were not excessively prolonged at the time that the hemorrhage occurred. The diagnosis of primary medullary hemorrhage was established by CT findings. Both patients showed CI resolution of the hemorrhage and this correlated with good clinical outcome.
A parallel chiral-achiral liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the stereoisomers of ketamine and ketamine metabolites in the plasma and urine of patients with complex regional pain syndrome

A parallel chiral/achiral LC-MS/MS assay has been developed and validated to measure the plasma and urine concentrations of the enantiomers of ketamine, (R)- and (S)-Ket, in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients receiving a 5-day continuous infusion of a sub-anesthetic dose of (R,S)-Ket. The method was also validated for the determination of the enantiomers of the Ket metabolites norketamine, (R)- and (S)-norKet and dehydronorketamine, (R)- and (S)-DHNK, as well as the diastereomeric metabolites hydroxynorketamine, (2S,6S)-/(2R,6R)-HNK and two hydroxyketamines, (2S,6S)-HKet and (2S,6R)-Hket. In this method, (R,S)-Ket, (R,S)-norKet and (R,S)-DHNK and the diastereomeric hydroxyl-metabolites were separated and quantified using a C(18) stationary phase and the relative enantiomeric concentrations of (R,S)-Ket, (R,S)-norKet and (R,S)-DHNK were determined using an AGP-CSP. The analysis of the results of microsomal incubations of (R)- and (S)-Ket and a plasma and urine sample from a CRPS patient indicated the presence of 10 additional compounds and glucuronides. The data from the analysis of the patient sample also demonstrated that a series of HNK metabolites were the primary metabolites in plasma and (R)- and (S)-DHNK were the major metabolites found in urine. The results suggest that norKet is the initial, but not the primary metabolite and that downstream norKet metabolites play a role in (R,S)-Ket-related pain relief in CRPS patients.
Empirical Formulae for Estimating Nonlinear Survivor Curves of Thermally Vulnerable Factors

Abstract A set of empirical equations was developed for estimating the nonlinear survivor curves of thermally vulnerable factors. In these equations, decimal reduction times, D values, and intercept-constants, R values, are used since they are widely used by researchers. The equations may be used to estimate survivor curves having any R values over the range, 0.001 ≤ R ≤ 65,000. The influence of the nonlinearity on thermal death time estimation was examined. According to this examination, there were errors of greater than 10% in thermal death times, which were estimations using only D values, when R ≤ 0.1 or R ≤ 10.0 even though the ratios of target survival concentrations were as small as 10 −7 to 10 −10 .
Reduction of attractiveness to the sea star Asterias forbesi (Desor) by the clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus)

Abstract Both in field and laboratory choice tests, the sea star, Asterias forbesi (Desor), was attracted to distant upstream clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus). Clams exposed to upstream sea stars were chosen less frequently by downstream sea stars than clams without sea stars upstream. Sea stars neither attracted nor repelled downstream conspecifics. When clams were exposed to upstream sea stars, their oxygen consumption decreased, as did their pumping rate and activity (as measured by number of visible siphons). The former may result from one or both of the latter. It is concluded that clam and sea star sense each other over a distance by chemical cues. The response of the clam is a general lowering of activity which may result in decreased attractiveness to sea star predators. This response may serve as a defensive measure against distance detection by Asterias forbesi .
An analysis of, and remedies for, kinematic modes in hybrid-stress finite elements: selection of stable, invariant stress fields

Abstract In this paper a study of the existence of spurious kinematic modes in hybrid-stress finite elements, based on assumed equilibrated stresses and compatible boundary displacements, and the resulting rank-deficiency of the element stiffness matrix, is presented. A method of selection of least-order, stable, invariant, stress fields is developed so as to ensure the prevention of kinematic modes. A 20-node cubic element, a 8-node cubic element and a 4-node square, based on assumed equilibrated stresses within the element and compatible displacements at the boundary of the element, are discussed for purposes of illustration. Comments are made on the generality of the present method, which is based on group theoretical arguments.
The attenuation of UHF radio signals by houses

The results of a measurement program that was conducted to determine the attenuation of UHF radio signals penetrating to the inside of a typical house is presented. This program is part of a study to determine the feasibility of using direct satellite communication to disseminate disaster warning messages. The measurements were made in a manner to determine the building attenuation as a function of frequency, construction type, climate, and the elevation angle to the signal source. Attenuation measurements were made in five cities: Boulder, CO, Duluth, MN, Kansas City, MO Little Rock, AR, and Houston, TX. The measurements were made at three frequencies, 860 MHz, 1550 MHz, and 2569 MHz, using the ATS-6 geosynchronous satellite as a signal source. Most measurements were made on two principal house types; wood frame with a wood outside surface, and wood-frame with a brick-veneer outside surface. The average measured building attenuation for all houses and all frequencies was 6.3 dB.
Predicting Feasibility of Biventricular Repair of Right-Dominant Unbalanced Atrioventricular Canal

Abstract Background . In right-dominant unbalanced atrioventricular (AV) canal, there are no criteria to judge adequacy of the left ventricle for biventricular repair. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that right ventricular volume overload in this condition results in right-to-left septal bowing and contributes to the appearance of a small left ventricle. Methods . Five consecutive neonates and young infants (age range, 23 days to 5 months; median age, 3 months) with right-dominant unbalanced complete AV canal underwent biventricular repair. Preoperative and postoperative echocardiographic measurements of left (LV) and right ventricular size and AV valve component size were made. Potential LV volume was assessed preoperatively using a theoretic model that assumed a normalization of septal bowing. Results . There was no perioperative mortality; 1 patient died 71 days postoperatively of problems related to the left AV valve. Preoperatively, all patients had severe LV hypoplasia, with a mean end-diastolic indexed true LV volume of 14.8 ± 9.1 mL/m 2 , indexed potential LV volume of 32.0 ± 18.8 mL/m 2 , left AV valve to total AV valve ratio of 0.30 ± 0.06, and LV to right ventricular long-dimension ratio of 0.65 ± 0.1. Postoperatively, all patients had indexed true LV volumes greater than 30 mL/m 2 (mean volume, 35.6 ± 3.9 mL/m 2 ), and the left AV valve to total AV valve ratio and the LV to right ventricular long-dimension ratio increased to 0.42 ± 0.03 and 0.88 ± 0.11, respectively. Both preoperative potential and true LV volumes correlated well with postoperative true LV volumes: r = 0.90 ( p = 0.040) and r = 0.93 ( p = 0.023), respectively. Increases in LV length and left AV annulus size indicated contributions of volume loading and surgical patching to the right of the ventricular crest to the increase in LV size. Conclusions . In our small series, preoperative indexed potential LV volume of 15 mL/m 2 or greater (present in all patients) allowed biventricular repair of right-dominant unbalanced AV canal. Any previous criteria for LV hypoplasia in this condition need to be reconsidered. This study also has implications for other right-sided volume-loaded lesions in which the left ventricle initially is judged to be hypoplastic but in which biventricular repair may be feasible. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1657–63)
Quality of Life Assessment Among Migraine Patients Treated With Sumatriptan

Purpose.-Quality of life evaluations can enhance traditional measures of therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of sumatriptan on the quality of life of patients with migraine headaches. Patients and Methods.-Migraine patients who were given a prescription for sumatriptan completed an SF-36 questionnaire and a nine-item pain questionnaire. Six to 9 months later, patients were mailed another copy of the SF-36 and the nine-item pain questionnaire. We compared the pretreatment and posttreatment scores for the SF-36 and for each question of the nine-item pain questionnaire. Results.-The pretreatment SF-36 was completed by 255 patients. The pretreatment pain questionnaire was completed by 86 of these patients. Follow-up questionnaires were returned by 147 patients (58%). Three of the eight SF-36 scales: role functioning-physical, bodily pain, and social functioning showed significant (P<0.05) improvement with treatment. On the nine-item pain-specific questionnaire, three items - pain interference with normal work, ability to walk or move about, and enjoyment of life showed statistically significant (P<O.05) improvement after sumatriptan treatment. Conclusions.-Sumatriptan caused a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with very severe migraine. This improvement was measurable by both the general quality of life instrument and the pain-specific questionnaire.
A simple technique for identification of “unreactive” light chains of immunoglobulins

Abstract Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation are not successful in determining the light chain type of some monoclonal immunoglobulins having configurational changes in their light chain structure (“unreactive” light chains) which prevent precipitation reaction with anti-light chain sera. An immunoselection technique was used to ascertain the light chain type of two such monoclonal immunoglobulins of IgD and IgA classes. It appears that a co-precipitation reaction in this assay circumvents the problem of “hidden” determinants. This technique is simple, reproducible, and could be used to characterize monoclonal immunoglobulins that do not precipitate with anti-light chain sera.
Flavor isolation from fatty foods via solvent extraction and membrane dialysis

Solvent extraction of cheddar cheese and ground beef samples followed by dialysis against pure solvent using a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane was used in the isolation of flavor compounds. Chromatograms obtained using the dialysis technique were compared with those obtained using traditional distillation:solvent extraction methods. The dialyzed samples showed good recovery of a wide range of compounds while the distilled samples showed greater recovery of the more volatile compounds. Odors of the distilled and dialyzed samples were similar but not identical.
Higher coverage gas adsorption on the surface of carbon nanotubes: evidence for a possible new phase in the second layer.

We present adsorption isotherm results for Ne, $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}$, and Xe on bundles of close-ended single-wall carbon nanotubes, for coverages above the completion of the first layer. We find a small, sharp, substep present in the second-layer data for Ne and $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}$, and a weaker feature, that produces an isothermal compressibility peak, for Xe. The size and location of the feature allows its tentative identification as a new, second-layer, one-dimensional phase, in which the atoms sit atop high binding energy sites in the second layer.
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). I. A study of the stability of cyanocobalamin and ascorbic acid in liquid formulations.

The effect of pH on the stability of solutions of cyanocobalamin and ascorbic acid, alone, and in combinations, is reported. The effect of a contaminant complexing agent at one concentration on aqueous solutions of these vitamins is also reported. The stability of these vitamins, alone, and in combination, in various mixtures of propylene glycol, Sorbo, syrup, glucerin, glucose, and distilled water has been determined. The analytical methods employed for following the stability of cyanocobalamin include the U. S. P. method and the chemical method.
Small deoxyribonucleic acid-containing viruses (picodnavirus group).

THE picornavirus group was established in accordance with the decision of the International Subcommittee on Virus Nomenclature for classifying the major groups of viruses on the basis of common biochemical and biophysical properties1. Picornaviruses contain ribonucleic acid and protein, are insensitive to ether, and are extremely small in size (15–30 mµ in diameter). The capsids of those members of the group the symmetry of which has been studied appear to display cubic symmetry of the icosahedral pattern2. Members of the group derived from humans and lower animals are recognized. Certain plant viruses and the recently isolated RNA-containing bacteriophages have properties which suggest that they might be classified as picornaviruses. The cubic symmetry of the picornaviruses which have been studied is consistent with a capsid constructed from thirty-two morphological sub-units positioned at the vertexes of a rhombic triacontahedron2 (Fig. 1a).
Earlier diagnosis of cancer of the colon through colonic endoscopy (colonoscopy).

Colonoscopy is a major advance in the diagnosis, treatment, and investigation of diseases of the colon and rectum, particularly cancer. Based on our early experience, this technique can be expected to bring malignant and premalignant lesions of the large intestine to clinical attention at an earlier stage and thus effect a higher cure rate. The large majority of colonic polyps can be removed from all levels of the colon safely by the endoscopic route, eliminating the need for laparotomy in most cases and reducing costs of care materially. Errors in radiologic diagnosis, positive, negative, or equivocal, can be materially reduced when there is endoscopic confirmation. Thus, colonoscopy and the contrast enema may be regarded as complementary studies. Colonoscopy is an extremely safe method of study when carried out in expert hands; it can be done on an ambulatory basis. There is an urgent need for good training programs to ensure adequate availability of the method to the public. The technique is also an excellent means of followup for patients who have been treated for cancer, polyps, or inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum. Pertinent and illustrative case material gleaned from a clinical experience of over 4000 colonoscopies and 600 endoscopic polyp removals is presented.
Sleep Stage and Personality Characteristics of "Natural" Long and Short Sleepers

A group of college freshmen that typically slept 5(1/2) hours or less per night and a group that typically slept 9(1/2) hours or more did not differ significantly on a battery of personality, scholastic, and medical measures. Compared with control subjects not selected on a sleep length criterion, electroencephalograph recordings of the short sleepers contained reduced amounts of stage 2 and rapid eye movement sleep.
Lattice gas automata with time-dependent collision rules

Abstract Particle-scatterer models with time-dependent collision rules in two-dimensional square and triangular lattices are studied. Very good agreement is seen between analytical and molecular dynamics results for the diffusion coefficient at all scatterer concentrations. The results differ significantly from the corresponding analysis for stochastic dynamics. In all square-lattice Lorentz models there is a spurious diffusion mode; its transport coefficient has the same value as the usual diffusion coefficient. The long-time tails with a high frequency modulation, (-1)t, observed in computer simulations, are explained in terms of this spurious mode.
QCD off the lightcone and the demise of the transverse momentum cut-off☆

Criteria are given for the applicability of the asymptotic freedom of QCD. Perturbative QCD has a much broader range of utility than lightcone dominated phenomena. The most striking predictions pertain to transverse momenta that scale, i.e. grow proportionately to the large invariants. While hints of these unlimited transverse momenta are already visible in existing data, the predictions are unmistakable for μ-p, e+-e−, and hadron-hadron experiments now planned.
Innovations in fertility preservation for patients with gynecologic cancers.

Objective To review options for fertility preservation in women with gynecologic cancers. Design Literature review. Result(s) We discuss the data regarding cancer treatment and fertility outcomes and current controversies for women with gynecologic cancers. Conclusion(s) Gynecologic cancers represent 12%–15% of cancers affecting women, and 21% of these are diagnosed in women of reproductive age. Current advances in our understanding of these diseases, along with improved multimodality treatment, allow for consideration of fertility options. For some women with gynecologic cancers, fertility-sparing treatment might be appropriate.
The effect of substrate modification on porcine pancreatic α-amylase subsite binding: Hydrolysis of substrates containing 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose

Modified alpha-D-(1----4)-glucans containing a small proportion of 14C-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose were examined as substrates for porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA). Cyclomaltoheptaose containing single 2-deoxy-D-glucose residues, synthesized by incubation of 2-deoxyglucosylglycogen with cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase in the presence of Triton X-100, was hydrolyzed by PPA to produce 2-deoxy-D-glucose; two isomers of 2-deoxymaltose, and a mixture of modified maltotrioses. These results indicate that 2-deoxymaltose, and a mixture of modified maltotrioses. These results indicate that 2-deoxy-D-glucose may be productively bound at all five subsites of the PPA active site. Reaction kinetics and the distribution of products formed suggest, however, that productive binding of the modified residue does not occur readily at the point of catalytic attack (subsite 3) and that the preferred position of hydrolysis of modified substrates may be different from that of unmodified substrates. Results of PPA hydrolysis of glycogen containing [14C]-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose showed that a modified trisaccharide and a modified disaccharide were the smallest substituted products formed. Analysis of these products indicated that they did not contain modified residues at their reducing ends. Formation of the observed 2-amino-2-deoxy-maltooligosaccharides is consistent with a scheme where productive binding of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose is allowed at subsites 1, 2, 4, and 5, but not at subsite 3, the subsite at which hydrolysis occurs.
Heparin-agarose chromatography for the purification of tetrahydrofolate utilizing enzymes: C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase

Rapid and convenient purification procedures based upon heparin-agarose chromatography for C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium acidi-urici have been developed. The purification of the yeast enzyme involves three chromatographic steps that can be done rapidly, with no intervening dialyses, and results in high yield. The first step alone, heparin-agarose chromatography, is sufficient to purify the enzyme from yeast bearing a cloned copy of the ADE3 gene that overexpresses the protein. The other steps in the purification from wild-type yeast are matrex gel red A and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. The purification of the clostridial enzyme involves protamine sulfate fractionation and heparin-agarose chromatography. Heparin-agarose also binds two other enzymes that use tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Thus, heparin-agarose should prove useful in purification of a variety of enzymes that utilize tetrahydrofolate or its derivatives as a cofactor.
The Amazing Fossil Insects of the Eocene Kishenehn Formation in Northwestern Montana

10.1080/00357529.2013.809972-F0001 Figure 1. The first author (DG) and Sarah Dakin collecting at the Dakin site along the Middle Fork of the Flathead River in Montana. Note the unconformity between...
Role of acupuncture in the treatment of insomnia: A comprehensive review

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder with devastating socioeconomic consequences. Even though there are pharmacological and behavioral treatments for insomnia, most of the patients are treated with medications. However, the long-term use of medications to treat insomnia is questioned and has potential side effects. More and more Americans are seeking complementary/alternative treatments for many conditions including insomnia and there are anecdotal reports/case series of use of acupuncture in treating insomnia. To examine critically the role of acupuncture in treatment of insomnia, we performed a systematic review of published literature. Among the selected studies for review many were clinical case series and few open or randomized clinical trails. Even though several of these studies did not clarify the nature of insomnia (primary vs. secondary), it seemed that many of the subjects enrolled in these studies had co-morbid other psychiatric (depression or anxiety disorders) and/or medical conditions (Hemodialysis, Stroke, Pregnancy). Except for few, several of these studies had methodological limitations. Despite the limitations of the reviewed studies, all of them consistently indicate significant improvement in insomnia with acupuncture. Further methodologically strong, randomized controlled studies with large sample size are needed to assess the usefulness of acupuncture in treatment of insomnia and explore the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture on sleep and sleep disorders.
Storm-driven mixing and potential impact on the Arctic Ocean

Observations of the ocean, atmosphere, and ice made by Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoys (IOEBs) indicate that mixing events reaching the depth of the halocline have occurred in various regions in the Arctic Ocean. Our analysis suggests that these mixing events were mechanically forced by intense storms moving across the buoy sites. In this study, we analyzed these mixing events in the context of storm developments that occurred in the Beaufort Sea and in the general area just north of Fram Strait, two areas with quite different hydrographic structures. The Beaufort Sea is strongly influenced by inflow of Pacific water through Bering Strait, while the area north of Fram Strait is directly affected by the inflow of warm and salty North Atlantic water. Our analyses of the basin-wide evolution of the surface pressure and geostrophic wind fields indicate that the characteristics of the storms could be very different. The buoy-observed mixing occurred only in the spring and winter seasons when the stratification was relatively weak. This indicates the importance of stratification, although the mixing itself was mechanically driven. We also analyze the distribution of storms, both the long-term climatology as well as the patterns for each year in the last two decades. The frequency of storms is also shown to be correlated- (but not strongly) to Arctic Oscillation indices. This study indicates that the formation of new ice that leads to brine rejection is unlikely the mechanism that results in the type of mixing that could overturn the halocline. On the other hand, synoptic-scale storms can force mixing deep enough to the halocline and thermocline layer. Despite a very stable stratification associated with the Arctic halocline, the warm subsurface thermocline water is not always insulated from the mixed layer.
Interferon gamma enhances clonal expansion and survival of CD4+ T cells.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) serves numerous functions in the regulation of the immune response. During the early phase of the immune response IFN-γ is produced by natural killer and natural killer T cells. Although the effects of this cytokine on antigen presenting cells and other cell types are known, its direct role on CD4+ T cells remains unclear. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cells exposed to IFN-γ proliferate more vigorously than the controls in response to signals through the antigen receptor. The increased proliferation of IFN-γ-treated CD4+ T cells is not due to enhanced signaling through the antigen receptor, but is accounted for by their increased survival. Our data suggest that enhanced survival of IFN-γ-treated CD4+T cells is independent of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT 1), a transcription factor that controls the expression of a variety of IFN-γ-targeted genes. In addition, we demonstrate that independent of STAT1, IFN-γ treatment increases the expression of double-stranded R...
Evidence for Social and Behavior Problems in Low-Income, Urban Preschoolers: Effects of Site, Classroom, and Teacher

Teacher ratings of 336 preschool children (mean age = 48 months) attending two urban Head Start programs were collected to examine the influence of contextual variables of teacher training, classroom, and site on the prevalence of significant problems. The prevalence of externalizing behaviors in the “problem range” was higher than expected and fewer children were rated in the “well-adjusted range” on social competence measures. Psychometric characteristics of the ratings indicated that teachers in this urban setting were less consistent in their ratings of internalizing problems, calling into question the lack of elevation of such problems in this population. Ratings by teachers and teacher assistants of the same children showed low agreement; the level of ratings was not affected by differences in training but did vary across classrooms. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the entire sample showed significant effects of classroom and site on problem behaviors and social competence. These results reveal the wide variation in problem frequency across classrooms, which needs to be considered in the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based interventions. Further, these results point to the importance of studying possible lasting effects on children exposed to these differing contexts.
The Surface Chemical Bond

Adsorbed particles can be bound chemically to the surface of a solid (chemisorption). Modern variants of electron diffraction and electron spectroscopy now enable us to gain an insight into the nature of such surface chemical bonds, which play a key role in heterogenous catalysis and many other technically important phenomena such as adhesion, lubrication etc. Predominantly localized surface bonds can be compared to the covalent bonds in cluster compounds.
Synthesis of a branched glycopeptide derivative containing terminal D-mannose 6-phosphate residues.

Abstract A branched glycopeptide derivative incorporating two d -mannose 6-phosphate residues was prepared by coupling 6-aminohexyl 6- O -[bis(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)phosphinyl]-α- d -mannopyranoside with N -acetyl- l -tyrosyl- l -aspart-oyldi- l -alanine followed by reductive deprotection of the phosphate group.
Differential expression of minor histocompatibility antigens on the surface of the mouse oocyte and preimplantation developmental stages.

Abstract The expression of specific minor histocompatibility antigens on oocytes and preimplantation developmental stages in the mouse has been examined using immunofluorescence. Multi-specific alloantisera in conjunction with serological adsorption and target cells of the appropriate genotype have been used to show that there is differential expression of minor histocompatibility antigens during early development. Detailed analysis showed that antigen expression can be detected on oocytes and zygotes, but not on two-cell stages. From the eight-cell stage to the blastocyst, reactivity with antibody directed against a single specificity could be detected.
Diet-induced obesity alters protein synthesis : tissue-specific effects in fasted versus fed mice

The influence of obesity on protein dynamics is not clearly understood. We have designed experiments to test the hypothesis that obesity impairs the stimulation of tissue-specific protein synthesis following nutrient ingestion. C57BL/6J mice were randomized into two groups: group 1 (control, n = 16) were fed a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and group 2 (experimental, n = 16) were fed a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet ad libitum for 9 weeks. On the experiment day, all mice were fasted for 6 hours and given an intraperitoneal injection of 2H2O, they were then randomized into two sub-groups and either given a sham saline gavage or a liquid-meal challenge. Rates of protein synthesis were determined via the incorporation of [2H]alanine (5 hours post-challenge) into total gastrocnemius muscle protein, total liver protein and plasma albumin. High fat feeding led to an increase in total body fat (p < 0.001) and epididymal fat pad weights (p < 0.001) and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels (p < 0.01). Diet-induced obesity (i) did not affect basal rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, but did impair the activation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrient ingestion (p < 0.05) and (ii) slightly reduced basal rates of synthesis of total hepatic proteins and plasma albumin (p = 0.10), but did not affect the synthesis of either in response to the meal challenge. In conclusion, there are alterations in tissue-specific protein metabolism in the C57BL/6J mouse model of diet-induced obesity. This model may prove to be helpful in future studies that explore the mechanisms that account for altered protein dynamics in obesity.
A prospective study of isolation and mortality in a cohort of elderly Navajo Indians.

The prospective association between social isolation and mortality in a sample of 271 elderly Navajo Indian men and women living on their reservation in northern Arizona is reported. The follow-up period averaged three years from the time of interview in 1982–3. Self-reported level of physical functioning was predictive of mortality. Of the psycho-social measures, only marital status among men was predictive of increased risk of death, with the unmarried being at higher risk than the married. These results are attributed to the fact that Navajo society is traditionally matrilineal and matrilocal, with the mother-daughter bond being especially significant and with men being relatively more peripheral than their wives to the kin group. Thus unmarried men are far more likely to be isolated from kin than unmarried women and married people of either sex.
Collaboration in sport research: A case from the field

Faculty members mindful of the ticking tenure and promotion clock seek ways to balance the competing and sometimes overwhelming demands of research, teaching, and service. One way to balance these demands is to fi nd opportunities for collaboration with colleagues, especially in the area of research. There are several compelling reasons to pursue joint research projects with colleagues; however, there are also diffi culties inherent in the collaboration process. This article will discuss the benefi ts and challenges of working on collaborative research projects with colleagues from the same discipline as well as across disciplines. As members of a team actively involved in several research projects and presentations, we use our own experiences to discuss effective strategies of collaboration.
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancers among patients with a familial risk of this disorder account for approximately one of five cases of this disease. Many cases can be prevented by the identification of those at risk and the use of appropriate colonoscopic screening. This article, part of the Genomic Medicine series, provides an in-depth review of the two most common forms of familial colorectal cancer.
2014 M&SOM Best Paper Award

I is a pleasure to announce that the 2014 Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Best Paper Award goes to Philipp Afeche for “IncentiveCompatible Revenue Management in Queueing Systems: Optimal Strategic Delay” for its contribution to theory and practice of operations management. The author will receive a $2,000 prize, contributed by the MSOM Society of INFORMS. Each year, all papers published in the journal during the past three years (2011–2013) are eligible for the award, and judging is done through a two-stage process. First, M&SOM Editor Steve Graves and a group of M&SOM associate editors select a small set of finalists from the nominations received. Second, an ad hoc committee, organized by the immediate past president of the MSOM Society, selects the best paper from among the finalists. This year, the ad hoc committee consisted of Charles Corbett, Jeremie Gallien, Amy Ward, and MSOM pastpresident Beril Toktay. They selected the winning paper from a set of five outstanding finalists. The winning paper studies the revenue-maximizing price and lead-time menu and scheduling policy in a queueing system when customers are heterogeneous with respect to their valuations and time sensitivity, and their type is not observable to the firm. A similar problem has been studied from the social optimality perspective. The novelty of this paper stems from the fact that it studies the problem from the point of view of revenue maximization. This makes a fundamental difference. From the social optimality perspective, it makes sense to consider only work-conserving scheduling policies (i.e., the server does not idle in the presence of a queue). This is not the case when the objective is revenue maximization: The firm may want to “strategically delay” the low-priority customers to make sure that the time-sensitive customers choose the high-price, fast-service option. The paper establishes the “strategic delay” concept and develops interesting managerial insights. The following reviewer commentary reflects points made by many of the reviewers:
Microfluidic mixers: from microfabricated to self-assembling devices

This paper begins with a survey of both passive and active microfluidic mixers that have been implemented in recent years. It then describes a micromixing device based on dynamic self-assembly. This device is easy to fabricate and has excellent working characteristics in the continuous-flow mode. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of possible applications of self-assembly in microfluidics.
Use of Focus Group Methodology to Develop an Asthma Self-Management Program Useful for Community-Based Medical Practices:

Health education programs developed in academic medical centers are not optimally disseminated to community clinical settings. Strategies are needed to translate the findings of research on health education programs into programs useful in a wide range of health care settings. Focus group techniques were used to provide data for revising a successful university-based asthma self-management program to make it more practical for use by community physicians. Physicians representing a variety of specialties attended the sessions and provided feedback on the utility of various components of the original program. The discussions revealed that many physicians felt they did not have the time or resources to conduct the original program and identified elements viewed as impractical. This
Atmospheric sounding simulation experiment service

Remote atmospheric sounding employs a wide range of models for representing the complex physical principles exploited by various measurement techniques (refraction, transmission, absorption, scattering, etc.), retrieving various physical properties (water vapor, temperature profile, wind profile, chemical constituents, etc.), and assimilating the observations from various platforms (satellites, aircrafts, sondes, etc.). These models collectively facilitate a comprehensive Observation System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) toward design optimization, performance validation, and operation planning. The Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) system at Jet Propulsion Laboratory has established an atmospheric sounding simulation experiment service that helps scientists plan integrated air quality campaigns and explore future atmospheric science mission and instrument concepts. The SOX system infuses state-of-the-art information technologies for achieving inter-operability among a wide range of the science community tools and data products, as well as maintaining computational effectiveness of the simulated experiments. This paper presents the SOX system implementation with respect to software architecture, concept exploration framework, OSSE framework, and on-line service.
Kinetics of cell labeling and thymidine replacement after continuous infusion of halogenated pyrimidines in vivo.

Abstract Purpose:Iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) is a halogenated pyrimidine which has been recognized as a clinical radiosensitizer. It is generally agreed that the extent of radiosensitization correlates with the degree of thymidine substitution in DNA. Controversy exists regarding the optimal administration schedule to achieve maximum radiosensitization. To obtain more information relating to this problem, we present experiments on an in vivo human tumor xenograft continuously exposed to a fixed serum concentration of halogenated pyrimidines so as to study the kinetics of cell labeling and thymidine replacement. Methods and Materials: Human colon tumor (HCT-116) cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. After 10 days, most animals (> 90%) developed measurable tumor nodules with a volume doubling time of 5 ± 1 days. Once the tumors reached a cross-sectional area of 0.25–0.30 cm 2 , miniosmotic pumps were implanted to deliver a dose of 100 mg/kg/day of IdUrd by continuous infusion. After an IdUrd exposure time of 1–7 days, blood and tumor tissue were collected. Results: The steady state serum IdUrd concentration was 0.95 ± 0.1 μM, which is a clinically relevant concentration for a prolonged continuous intravenous infusion. The tumor cell potential doubling time (T pot ) was 25 ± 2 h. The percent IdUrd thymidine replacement and the fraction of cells labeled, followed exponential saturation kinetics with a halflife of 33 ± 9 and 27 ± 2 h, respectively. After 5 days of exposure (∼- 5 × T pot , the thymidine replacement in tumor cells was 2.0 ± 0.2% and the fraction of tumor cells labeled was 94 ± 1%. Immunohistochemical staining of IdUrd labeled tumor tissues showed an exposure dependent gradient of cellular labeling that was initially highest in regions close to blood vessels. After 4 days of exposure at 100 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the fraction of cells in Go + G, and a decrease in the S phase population, suggesting a block between G, and S phase. Conclusion: We conclude that the in vivo kinetics of IdUrd thymidine replacement and fraction of cells labeled after continuous exposure followed exponential saturation kinetics with a halflife of approximately the potential doubling time of the tumor cell population. Simple modeling suggests that some form of prolonged, or briefly interrupted, continuous infusion should be considered for clinical administration because such schedules would leave fewer cells unsensitized than shorter infusions would. Even 10% of unlabeled clonogenic cells could explain the lack of dramatic clinical successes with IdUrd or BrdUrd sensitization.
A variational asymptotic approach for thermoelastic analysis of composite beams

A variational asymptotic composite beam model has been developed for thermoelastic analysis. Composite beams, including sandwich structure and laminates, under different boundary conditions are examined. Previously developed beam model, which is based on variational-asymptotic method, is extended to incorporate temperature-dependent materials experiencing large temperature changes. The recovery relations have been derived so that the temperatures, heat fluxes, stresses, and strains can be recovered over the cross-section. The present theory is implemented into the computer program VABS (Variational Asymptotic Beam Sectional analysis). Numerical results are compared with the 3D analysis for the purpose of demonstrating advantages of the present theory and use of VABS.
Effects of river-flow regulation on anuran occupancy and abundance in riparian zones.

The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow-regulation effects of damsnegativelyaffectspeciesdiversityandabundanceofavarietyofaquaticanimals,includinginvertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones.
Application of fuzzy logic algorithms for harmonic elimination and voltage control in a PWM waveform

This paper describes a new method for the elimination of harmonics and analysis of PWM waveforms using multivariable fuzzy logic algorithms. A multivariable fuzzy system has been developed to model the nonlinear equations in the analyses of PWM waveforms, and to eliminate certain harmonics. The results show that the proposed fuzzy method introduced outperforms many numerical techniques applied to solve the nonlinear equations required in Fourier series harmonic elimination.