cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogen spectrum of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and genetic characteristics of VP1 from coxsackievirus A16 in Yangzhou from 2010 to 2012

Objective To understand the pathogen spectrum of HFMD in Yangzhou, analyze Coxsackievirus A 16(CA16) type VP1gene nucleotide and amino acid sequence, and understand the genetic characteristics of CA16 in Yangzhou. Methods 1 309 confirmed cases of HFMD specimens were collected from the hospitals in Yangzhou. All of the specimens were identified by real- time fluorescent PCR with EV71 and CA16-type-specific primers. CA16 isolations were conducted with rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cell line on 56 throat swabs having CA 16 positive realtime-PCR results.Full length VP1 genes from these six CA16 strains were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The sequences were compared with VP1 genes from CA16 in GenBank database. Sequence analysis and type identification, and the phylogenetic tree construction were performed by DNAstar7.0. Results Of totally 1 309 HFMD cases, 372 were EV71 positive, 295 were CA16 positive, 157 were other Enteroviruses positive. 30 CA16 isolations were obtained and the VP1genes of 6 CA16 isolations were sequenced and analyzed. The nucleotide and amino acid homogeneity between of these6 Yangzhou strains ranged from 96.4% to 99.9% and 99.0% to 100%. The sequences compared with VP1 genes from 77 strains of CA16 in GenBank database showed that the CoxA16 strains prevalent in Yangzhou from 2010 to 2012 belonged to subgenotype B1b. Conclusion The prevalent pathogens of HFMD in Yangzhou are CA16(35.80%) and EV71(45.15%). The proportion of other enteroviruses increases significantly since 2011, and the isolates in this study have close association in genetic relationship, and are closely related with some mainland Chinese isolates in recent years.There is still no evidence that this separation in Yangzhou 6CA16 strains have enhanced virulence.
The reaction of formaldehyde with polynucleotides.

Formaldehyde has been used extensively for chemically modifying proteins and for inactivating toxins and viruses, although the precise mode of its action is little understood. In the case of tobacco mosaic virus, however, Fraenkel-Conrat (1) and Staehelin (2) have shown that inactivation of the virus is due to interaction of formaldehyde with the amino groups of adenine, cytosine, and guanine in the ribonucleic acid component. Fraenkel-Conrat has suggested that the products of formylation are Schiff bases, of the type R N = CH,. Recently, Hoard has shown by means of a form01 titration that the amino group of cytidylic acid combines with one molecule of formaldehyde in the limit of high formaldehyde concentration, which is consistent with Fraenkel-Conrat’s suggestion (3). Fraenkel-Conrat (I), Staehelin (2), and Zamenhof et al. (4) have all reported that native DNA from several sources does not react with formaldehyde under the same conditions used for the reaction with RNA. The conclusion drawn was that amino groups involved in hydrogen bonds do not react with formaldehyde. If this is true, then the extent of reaction of a particular nucleic acid with formaldehyde, for a given set of experimental conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength, and formaldehyde concentration) should reflect quantitatively the fraction of amino groups involved in hydrogen bonds. It has recently been demonstrated that the temperature dependence of the rate of reaction with formaldehyde is considerably greater for TMVl-RN,4 than for a mixture of the constituent mononucleotides. Qualitatively this has been explained on the basis of thermal rupture of hydrogen bonds in the intact nucleic acid at elevated temperatures, which make the amino groups more accessible to the reagent (5). In view of these considerations, the present work was undertaken to explore the possibility of using the reaction with formaldehyde as a quantitative measure of the fraction of hydrogen bonded amino groups in nucleic acids. First, we consider in detail the effect of temperature and ionic strength on the rate of reaction of formaldehyde with monoand polynucleotides. This leads to a hypothesis concerning the mode of action of formaldehyde which is tested and verified in the following section. Finally, this information is used to establish conditions for determining the helical content of TMV-RNA. The results of such a determination are compared with other estimates.
Control Variate Estimators of Survivor Growth from Point Samples

Two estimators of the control variate type for survivor growth from remeasured point samples are proposed and compared with more familiar estimators. The large reductions in variance, observed in many cases for estimators constructed with control variates, are also realized in this application. A simulation study yielded consistent reductions &ari-
Fast Active-set-type Algorithms for L1-regularized Linear Regression

In this paper, we investigate new active-settype methods for l1-regularized linear regression that overcome some difficulties of existing active set methods. By showing a relationship between l1-regularized linear regression and the linear complementarity problem with bounds, we present a fast active-set-type method, called block principal pivoting. This method accelerates computation by allowing exchanges of several variables among working sets. We further provide an improvement of this method, discuss its properties, and also explain a connection to the structure learning of Gaussian graphical models. Experimental comparisons on synthetic and real data sets show that the proposed method is significantly faster than existing active set methods and competitive against recently developed iterative methods.
Mapping me: Mapping identity among academically high-performing Black males

BackgroundScholars have argued that far too little research has examined the complex processes that many Black males undertake in constructing identities that function in schools. Some have highlig...
Seamos pragmáticos: introducción a la pragmática española

Seamos pragmaticos, el trabajo conjunto de Derrin Pinto —de la Universidad de Saint Thomas (Estados Unidos)— y de Carlos de Pablos-Ortega —de la Universidad de East Anglia (Reino Unido)— lleva el s...
Characterization and Prediction of the Fracture Response of Solid Food Foams

Consumer acceptance of solid food foams such as breads, cakes and extruded snacks is strongly associated with the product texture. Mechanical properties of cellular foods and in particular their fracture behaviour are known to be related to both mechanical properties of polymeric cells walls and the average size and size distribution of the bubbles in the solid food. Jaggedness in force-deformation curves is a characteristic signature of brittle cellular foods which has been shown to be closely related to crispness. Corn extrudates with a wide range of cellularities were extensively characterized using force deformation curves and were used as the system for solid closed-cell food foams. 3D images of extrudate samples were obtained using X-ray microtomography. The microstructure (average cell size, cell size distributions and cell wall thickness) of extrudates was then characterized using image analysis techniques (SigmaScan Pro). Uniaxial compression with a cylindrical probe was used for bulk mechanical property measurements. A micromechanical model which takes into account the bending and stretching cell wall mechanics and the effects of cell size distribution was developed to simulate the deformation behaviour during uniaxial compression. To predict the effective mechanical behaviour of foams with a distribution of cell sizes, Taylor's averaging technique was used. This averaging technique enabled the estimation of the effects of cell size distribution (cell mean radius, variance and skewness) on the average mechanical behaviour of solid foams. The micromechanical model was able to approximate the jagged features of the behaviour of a crispy cellular food material under uniaxial compression. The model exhibited the experimentally observed mechanical behaviour which consists of an initial linear elastic region and a wide jagged plateau region.
Identification of Zika virus epitopes reveals immunodominant and protective roles for dengue virus cross-reactive CD8 + T cells

CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling Flavivirus infection, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we have identified 25 HLA-B*0702-restricted epitopes and 1 HLA-A*0101-restricted epitope using interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in ZIKV-infected IFN-α/β receptor-deficient HLA transgenic mice. The cross-reactivity of ZIKV epitopes to dengue virus (DENV) was tested using IFN-γ-ELISPOT and IFN-γ-ICS on CD8+ T cells from DENV-infected mice, and five cross-reactive HLA-B*0702-binding peptides were identified by both assays. ZIKV/DENV cross-reactive CD8+ T cells in DENV-immune mice expanded post ZIKV challenge and dominated in the subsequent CD8+ T cell response. ZIKV challenge following immunization of mice with ZIKV-specific and ZIKV/DENV cross-reactive epitopes elicited CD8+ T cell responses that reduced infectious ZIKV levels, and CD8+ T cell depletions confirmed that CD8+ T cells mediated this protection. These results identify ZIKV-specific and ZIKV/DENV cross-reactive epitopes and demonstrate both an altered immunodominance pattern in the DENV-immune setting relative to naive, as well as a protective role for epitope-specific CD8+ T cells against ZIKV. These results have important implications for ZIKV vaccine development and provide a mouse model for evaluating anti-ZIKV CD8+ T cell responses of human relevance.
BLOOD PRESSURE INDICES AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN DIABETICS AND NON DIABETICS

Background: Historically, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures have been targeted to reduce cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the general population. Intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) control reduces CV outcomes in non-diabetics (SPRINT trial), but not in diabetics (ACCORD trial). We
Herpes Zoster Vaccines.

Herpes zoster is a localized disease of the sensory ganglion, nerve and skin, caused by reactivation and replication of endogenous varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that has persisted as a latent infection in sensory and autonomic neurons following an earlier episode of varicella. It is characterized by unilateral radicular pain and a vesicular rash that is generally limited to the dermatome innervated by a single spinal or cranial sensory ganglion. Replication and spread of reactivated VZV within the sensory ganglion and adjacent neural structures causes necrosis of neurons and supporting cells, resulting in neuropathic pain and sensory dysfunction in the affected dermatome during the acute phase of herpes zoster.Neuropathic pain may persist after rash healing, a debilitating complication known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The incidence and severity of herpes zoster and PHN increase markedly with increasing age in parallel with an age-related decline in VZV-specific cell mediated immunity (VZV CMI).Antiviral treatment can reduce the duration and severity of acute herpes zoster and prevent complications that result from continued VZV replication and spread, but it does not prevent the development of PHN.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Dual PharmD/MBA Degree Program Students.

Objectives. To understand pharmacy students’ reasons for pursuing a dual PharmD/MBA degree and their perceptions of the impact a dual degree will have on their careers.Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey of registered students in the University at Buffalo PharmD/MBA program. An electronic survey was developed through collaboration with the UB School of Management and administered in January 2015.Results. A total of 23/24 (96% response rate) students who were enrolled in the PharmD/MBA curriculum responded to the survey. Respondents identified employment opportunities following graduation and career advancement as the most influential determinants in deciding to pursue an MBA degree. All respondents (100%) felt the job marketplace for pharmacy graduates is becoming increasingly difficult, 96% believe they will earn a higher midpoint salary with a PharmD/MBA, and 82% would recommend a PharmD/MBA to first year pharmacy students.Conclusion. Students are increasingly perceptive of the challenges in the ...
The Commentary on the Metaphysics: The Platonic Ideas as Ultimate Explicative Principles

The importance of Saint Thomas’ meditations on the Metaphysics of Aristotle has already been stressed and, indeed, the evidence deployed throughout this study constantly reempha-sizes the central position, particularly, of the first book. The close relationship of the via Platonica analysis to the Aristotelian critique was studied previously, but at this point in our study it becomes necessary to address special attention to other developments within Saint Thomas’ commentary.
CDMA Wireless Communications

This chapter has tried to reveal the internal relation of code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communication. A common nontechnical analogy to CDMA is imagine a round table, where there are multiple one-to-one conversations occurring between various pairs of people who are not adjacent to each other. Each pair would hear the other pairs' conversations as unintelligible noise, and their own conversation would stand out because each person could correlate what he heard against familiar words and speech of his own language. With this analogy in mind, people may try to outline the essential basics of the CDMA2000 system in the following. With a TDMA system, the allocated bandwidth in a slot is fixed. A variable rate vocoder would need to be allocated a channel with a data rate equal to the maximum possible rate. CDMA, however, can take advantage of variable rates. Therefore, a companion technology was developed to support high-speed data users. It can be concluded that the target population for this type of service is primarily business people who need and are willing to pay for mobile high-speed service to allow remote Internet and email access.
Mapping coastal floods induced by hurricane storm surge using ATMS data

ABSTRACTThe coastal floods induced by hurricane storm surge are frequent, costly, and deadly hazards. Accurately and quickly estimating the spatial extent of floods is highly important for relief and rescue operations. In this study, we present an approach to estimate the extent of large-scale coastal floods caused by Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012 using passive microwave remote-sensing data. The approach estimates the water fraction from coarse-resolution Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) data through mixed-pixel linear decomposition. Land and water sample regions generated by river density and land-cover data, the relationship of channels 3, 4, and 16, neighbourhood pixel searching, and the difference of ATMS channels 4 and 3 are all comprehensively taken into account to dynamically determine water and land end members. The difference in the water fraction at the basin scale before and after flooding is calculated to reduce the impacts of soil and vegetation and to avoid pixel-to-pixel ...
Inhibitory dopaminergic mechanisms are functional in peripherally chemodenervated goats.

Dopamine (DA) is a prominent amine that is found in relatively large quantities in type I cells of the carotid body (CB) of different mammals9. Studies have indicated that DA in the CB acts as a neuromodulator of CB function. Much evidence indicates that DA has a modulatory role which is inhibitory to the chemosensory activity of the CB. Thus, exogenous administration of DA inhibits CB discharge1,4,5,7,14,18,21–23and depresses ventilation2,5,6,10,18,22in animals and human subjects20, while peripheral DA receptor blockade stimulates ventilation and CB neural activity4,10,12,23. However, there have been a number of observations which suggest that CB inhibition may not be the only mechanism by which DA can inhibit ventilation. Ventilatory depressant effects of DA persist in hyperoxia2, 18,22and in CB denervated (CBD) animals1,2,6,22. It is not clear, however, whether these effects are mediated through dopaminergic mechanisms. In the present study, we wished to: 1) examine if inhibitory dopaminergic mechanisms are functional in peripherally chemodenervated goats and 2) determine what proportion of the inhibitory ventilatory response to DA is mediated through CB mechanisms. Our data provides evidence for both CB mediated and non-CB mediated inhibitory effects of DA on respiratory motor output in anesthetized goats.
Impact of non-ideal behavior on ignition delay and chemical kinetics in high-pressure shock tube reactors

Abstract Here, we study real gas effects on high-pressure combustion by comparing simulated and experimentally-measured shock tube ignition delay measurements for n-dodecane/O2/N2 mixtures. Experiments and simulations occur at conditions relevant to diesel engines: 40–80 atm, 774–1163 K, equivalence ratios of 1.0 and 2.0, and O2 concentrations of 13–21%. At these conditions the fuel, oxidizer and intermediate species may exist in a supercritical state during combustion, requiring a real gas equation of state to incorporate non-ideal effects on thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and the resulting ignition characteristics. A constant-volume, adiabatic reactor model is developed to simulate the reflected shock tube experiments, and simulations compare results for real and ideal gas equations of state, with different expressions for reacting species’ activity concentrations. This paper focuses particularly on the cubic Redlich–Kwong equation of state and thermodynamically consistent chemical kinetic rate calculations based on it. Results demonstrate that the equation of state can have considerable influence on ignition delay times with increasing pressure, particularly in the negative temperature coefficient region. Additionally, the results establish important practices for incorporating real gas effects, namely that (i) the compressibilities of key species (i.e. those participating in rate-limiting reactions) are the appropriate way to screen for real gas effects, rather than the average mixture compressibility; and (ii) incorporating a real gas equation of state without also incorporating thermodynamically consistent chemical kinetics significantly under-predicts the magnitude of real gas effects.
Phase-based cortico-cortical connectivity mapping in motor cortex of nonhuman primate

In this study we analyze the brain signal phase components to understand patterns of interactions in the motor cortex. Nonhuman primate motor-cortical activity was recorded with electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays along with intramuscular electromyography (EMG) during natural reaching and grasping hand movements. This study investi­gates phase relationships between each ECoG electrode pair to decode neural signal propagation. We propose a method to cluster recording channels that have similar phase characteristics and suggest a mapping of the signal pathway in motor cortex. This technique can facilitate further studies on cortico-muscular coherence and development of effective prosthetics for motor impairment in patients.
Race/Ethnic and Sex Differences in the Association of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors

Background Lifestyle behaviors influence atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. We examined race and sex differences in the association of ASCVD risk with obesity and lifestyle behaviors. Methods and Results We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association of race/ethnicity and sex with obesity and lifestyle behaviors among 12 351 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys cycles 2005 to 2014. Ten‐year ASCVD risk was estimated using the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association pooled cohort equations. Among overweight/obese subjects, whites were more likely to consider themselves overweight, to report a desire to weigh less, and to report a healthy diet, and physical activity. Despite higher body mass index and/or ASCVD risk, black women (adj odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7–0.9) were less likely to attempt weight loss, and Hispanic women (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6–0.9) were less likely to report physical activity than white women. Black women (adj OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5–0.7) were less likely than white women, and Hispanics (women adj OR 0. 6, 95% CI 0.5–0.7; men adj OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9) were less likely than whites to report a healthy diet. Among those with ASCVD risk >7.5%, there were even greater disparities in the likelihood of healthy diet between black and Hispanic versus white women, and among Hispanic versus white men. Conclusions Race/ethnic minorities are less likely to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors despite higher body mass index and ASCVD risk. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive recommendations to improve cardiovascular outcomes in high‐risk populations, particularly minority women.
Biotechnology promises new wood products

This article outlines research on lignin biodegradation, direct conversion of solid wood and fermentation of hemicellulose sugars using enzymes to convert wood to pulp, chemicals and food.
Knowledge Representation Through Object in the Development of Expert System Chemical Synthesis and Reaction

Aknowledge acquisition system is proposed to develop of inorganic chemical expert systems. The acquisition system is compose by a series of subsystems devoted specific tasks. A subsystem named Formulator carried out the acquisition of semantic knowledge through nomenclature of inorganic substance and to build a abstract data structure, named DIMS (Dynamic Internal representation of Molecular Structure), which represent all kind of knowledge corresponding inorganic substance. Others subsystem (Painter, Calculator, Nomenclator, Reactor, etc.) operates with this structure to obtain a new knowledge (physical-chemical properties, topological properties, reactions characteristic, etc.) to permits the develop of expert system in chemical inorganic area.
A SIMPLE METHOD OF ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE STERCOBILIN OR UROBILIN FROM FECES

The methods described two decades ago (l-3) for the isolation of crystalline stercobilin or urobilin from feces or urine are relatively slow and cumbersome. It is often desirable to obtain a few mg of crystalline material quickly, either to permit determination of the preponderant type (whether stercobilin, urobilin, or d-urobilin) or calibration of a quantitative method. More recently, the studies of Shemin and associates (4-S), based on the essential nature of glycine and acetate in the biosynthesis of the heme pigments, have made it highly desirable to have at hand a simple method permitting rapid and repeated isolation of stercobilin from feces in order that serial observations of N16 content may be made, following administration of N16-glycine. Of special interest in this connection is the question of exact significance of the early appearance of N15 in the stercobilin molecule, a finding indicating that a certain fraction, varying under normal and pathological conditions, has a derivation other than the hemoglobin of red blood cells which have survived a normal life span (6, 7). Since determinations of the atom per cent excess of N15 in the mass spectrometer require but 10 mg. of pure substance, the method to be described in the following is particularly adapted to studies of this type. This method depends in considerable part on the dehydrogenation of stercobilinogen or urobilinogen with iodine, in petroleum ether solutions, as described in the preceding paper (9). It may be noted that Lichtenstein and Terwen, in 1925 (lo), used petroleum ether to extract a urobilinogen from an aqueous filtrate of a feces-ferrous hydroxide mixture. The petroleum ether was then allowed to stand in the light, with resultant formation and precipitation of an amorphous urobilin. The latter was not crystallized, but was evidently relatively pure. It probably consisted in the main of the levorotatory stercobilin. We have, in fact, been able to isolate crystalline sterco-
Effect of heterogeneity at the fiber–matrix scale on predicted free-edge stresses for a [0°/90°]s laminated composite subjected to uniaxial tension:

The effect of the free-edge on the interlaminar stresses that develop in a thin-ply [0°/90°]s laminated composite under uniaxial tension was explored using finite element models that directly model...
The Healthy Children, Strong Families 2 (HCSF2) Randomized Controlled Trial Improved Healthy Behaviors in American Indian Families with Young Children.

Background American Indian (AI) families experience a disproportionate risk of obesity due to a number of complex reasons, including poverty, historic trauma, rural isolation or urban loss of community connections, lack of access to healthy foods and physical activity opportunities, and high stress. Home-based obesity prevention interventions are lacking for these families. Objective Healthy Children, Strong Families 2 (HCSF2) was a randomized controlled trial of a healthy lifestyle promotion/obesity prevention intervention for AI families. Methods Four hundred and fifty dyads consisting of an adult primary caregiver and a child ages 2 to 5 y from 5 AI communities were randomly assigned to a monthly mailed healthy lifestyle intervention toolkit (Wellness Journey) with social support or to a child safety control toolkit (Safety Journey) for 1 y. The Wellness Journey toolkit targeted increased fruit/vegetable (F/V) intake and physical activity, improved sleep, decreased added sugar intake and screen time, and improved stress management (adults only). Anthropometrics were collected, and health behaviors were assessed via survey at baseline and at the end of Year 1. Adults completed surveys for themselves and the participating child. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess change over the intervention period. Results Significant improvements to adult and child healthy diet patterns, adult F/V intake, adult moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, home nutrition environment, and adult self-efficacy for health behavior change were observed in Wellness Journey compared with Safety Journey families. No changes were observed in adult body mass index (BMI), child BMI z-score, adult stress measures, adult/child sleep and screen time, or child physical activity. Qualitative feedback suggests the intervention was extremely well-received by both the families and our community partners across the 5 participating sites. Conclusions This multi-site community-engaged intervention addressed key gaps regarding family home-based approaches for early obesity prevention in AI communities and showed several significant improvements in health behaviors. Multiple communities are working to sustain intervention efforts. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776255.
Developing a novel antibacterial dental resin composite with improved properties

A novel antibacterial resin composite has been developed and evaluated. Glycerol dimethacrylate was derivatized to have an antibacterial moiety attached and incorporated to a conventional resin com...
Communication-Failure-Resilient Distributed Frequency Control in Smart Grids: Part I: Architecture and Distributed Algorithms

Distributed algorithms have been proposed as options to scale control propositions to the massive number of intelligent energy devices, sub-systems, and distributed energy resources being integrated into the electricity grid. Distributed algorithms rely on the communication network for exchanging information. Failures in the communication network can jeopardize distributed decision-making and in the worst-case scenario can lead to system-level stability problems. This paper proposes a communication-failure-resilient architecture for distributed operation and control in smart grids with hybrid producer/consumer (prosumer) agents. We describe the relations between system-wide performance and communication failures and identify topological conditions on the cyber-physical network, under which prosumers can perform key operating tasks, such as distributed frequency regulation through an imperfect communication network.
Characterization of Lymphoid Cells from the Human Fallopian Tube Mucosa

Much information about the immune response available at mucosal surfaces has been derived through studies on the gut mucosa of man and animals (1,2). By contrast, relatively little is known about the immunocompetent cells and their activity from other mucosal surfaces. Several studies (3–6) have demonstrated differences between mucosal immune responses in different organs. One organ for which relatively little data is available is the human fallopian tube. Early studies by Tourville et. al. (7) on the localization of immunoglobulin producing cells in the human fallopian tube demonstrated the presence of IgG and IgA, but not IgM secreting cells in the lamina propria (LP) and along the basement membrane (BM). Biological consequences of the immunoglobulins produced by these cells is still speculative. In addition, immunocompenent cells other than B cells in the fallopian tube have not been identified or characterized. In order to increase our understanding of the types of immune responses which might take place at this important host-parasite interface, we initiated studies to determine the cell types present in Neisseria infected and uninfected organ culture models of human fallopian tubes.
Population Responses Represent Vocalization Identity, Intensity, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Primary Auditory Cortex

Abstract The ability to process speech signals under challenging listening environments is critical for speech perception. Great efforts have been made to reveal the underlying single unit encoding mechanism. However, big variability is usually discovered in single-unit responses, and the population coding mechanism is yet to be revealed. In this study, we are aimed to study how a population of neurons encodes behaviorally relevant signals subjective to change in intensity and signal-noise-ratio (SNR). We recorded single-unit activity from the primary auditory cortex of awake common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) while delivering conspecific vocalizations degraded by two different background noises: broadband white noise (WGN) and vocalization babble (Babble). By pooling all single units together, the pseudo-population analysis showed the population neural responses track intra- and inter-trajectory angle evolutions track vocalization identity and intensity/SNR, respectively. The ability of the trajectory to track the vocalizations attribute was degraded to a different degree by different noises. Discrimination of neural populations evaluated by neural response classifiers revealed that a finer optimal temporal resolution and longer time scale of temporal dynamics were needed for vocalizations in noise than vocalizations at multiple different intensities. The ability of population responses to discriminate between different vocalizations were mostly retained above the detection threshold. Significance Statement How our brain excels in the challenge of precise acoustic signal encoding against noisy environment is of great interest for scientists. Relatively few studies have strived to tackle this mystery from the perspective of neural population responses. Population analysis reveals the underlying neural encoding mechanism of complex acoustic stimuli based upon a pool of single units via vector coding. We suggest the spatial population response vectors as one important way for neurons to integrate multiple attributes of natural acoustic signals, specifically, marmots’ vocalizations.
Cryptic Lives of Conspicuous Animals: Otolith Chemistry Chronicles Life Histories of Coastal Lagoon Fishes

Bar-built coastal lagoons are dynamic ecosystems at the land-sea interface that are important habitats for a variety of species. This study examined the habitat ecology of two lagoon species, the imperiled Tidewater Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi) and the Prickly Sculpin (Cottus asper) by reconstructing individual life histories from patterns in the concentration of the element Sr (as ratioed to Ca; Sr:Ca) in otoliths. Specific objectives were to (1) elucidate any movements of individual fishes among three primary habitat components of typical bar-built lagoon systems: coastal ocean, brackish lagoon, and freshwater watershed streams, and (2) determine if either species exhibited a consistent life history as defined by a stereotypical otolith Sr:Ca chronology, which could be indicative of a consistent range of salinity or temperature occupied through ontogeny. Results indicated that Tidewater Goby was a lagoon resident and that Prickly Sculpin exhibited migrations between lagoon and watershed stream habitats. There was no strong evidence in either species of ocean occupancy or of a stereotypical Sr:Ca chronology, the latter suggesting the full range of available lagoon habitat in terms of salinity and temperature was likely utilized at all life stages. These findings add to the body of evidence that bar-built lagoons are not isolated habitats and should be managed holistically with adjoining watershed and marine environments to ensure habitat connectivity across the landscape.
Internalization of the host alkaline pH signal in a fungal pathogen

Abstract The ability for cells to internalize extracellular cues allows them to adapt to novel and stressful environments. This adaptability is especially important for microbial pathogens that must sense and respond to drastic changes when encountering the human host. Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus and opportunistic pathogen that naturally lives in slightly acidic reservoirs, but must adapt to the relative increase in alkalinity in the human host in order to effectively cause disease. The fungal-specific Rim alkaline response signaling pathway effectively converts this extracellular signal into an adaptive cellular response allowing the pathogen to survive in its new environment. The newly identified Rra1 protein, the most upstream component of the C. neoformans Rim pathway, is an essential component of this alkaline response. Previous work connected Rra1-mediated signaling to the dynamics of the plasma membrane. Here we identify the specific mechanisms of Rim pathway signaling through detailed studies of the activation of the Rra1 protein. Specifically, we observe that the Rra1 protein is internalized and recycled in a pH-dependent manner, and that this dynamic pattern of localization further depends on specific residues in its C-terminal tail, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and the integrity of the plasma membrane. The data presented here continue to unravel the complex and intricate processes of pH-sensing in a relevant human fungal pathogen. These studies will further elucidate general mechanisms by which cells respond to and internalize extracellular stress signals. Author Summary The work described here explores the genetics and mechanics of a cellular signaling pathway in a relevant human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. The findings presented in this manuscript untangle the complex interactions involved in the activation of a fungal-specific alkaline response pathway, the Rim pathway. Specifically, we find that C. neoformans is able to sense an increase in pH within the human host, internalize a membrane-bound pH-sensor, and activate a downstream signaling pathway enabling this pathogen to adapt to a novel host environment and effectively cause disease. Revealing the mechanisms of Rim pathway activation within the larger context of the fungal cell allows us to understand how and when this microorganism interprets relevant host signals. Furthermore, understanding how this pathogenic organism converts extracellular stress signals into an adaptive cellular response will elucidate more general mechanisms of microbial environmental sensing and stress response.
London and London Theory

Electricity and magnetism are interconnected. In the following, i.e., Sect. 15.1, we study first the flow of electricity and its effect on magnetic properties of the system. Electric resistivity is an important parameter in the choice of a current carrying wire. Conductivity is the physical opposite of resistivity. In Sect. 15.2 causes of perfect conductivity are analyzed. Section 15.3 refers to one-dimensional theory and Sect. 15.4 deals with arbitrary change of theory, and the Meissner effect.
Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in College Athletes: A Preliminary Exploration of Daily Savoring, Acceptance, and Cognitive Reappraisal

Despite increasing interest in positive psychological states, we know little about how regulatory responses to positive (savoring) compared to negative events (e.g. acceptance, cognitive reappraisal) influence emotional functioning. Savoring may be particularly helpful for athletes who are often trained to attend more to negative (e.g. rectifying weaknesses) compared to positive stimuli (e.g. enjoying progress). Sixty-seven college athletes completed a two-week daily diary study. Using multi-level modeling, we first explored whether various regulatory responses to daily negative events predicted unique variance in daily emotions (i.e. happy, content, grateful, sad, angry, annoyed). Next, we tested whether savoring positive events strengthened the association between event intensity and positive daily emotions. Finally, we tested whether regulatory responses to positive compared to negative events had stronger moderating (buffering) effects on the association between daily negative event intensity and daily emotions. Based on 836 daily observations, reappraising and accepting negative events were the only strategies that predicted unique variance in daily emotions. Savoring enhanced positive emotions related to positive events. Reappraising negative events buffered associations between negative event intensity and decreased daily gratitude, while savoring positive events buffered associations between negative event intensity and increased anger, annoyance, and average negative emotions. Accepting negative events had similar effects. Savoring positive events may be an underappreciated strategy for helping athletes regulate emotions related to negative events. Since our sample predominantly identified as white and female, further research is needed to understand savoring use and effectiveness among the full, diverse spectrum of college athletes.
Factors influencing antibiotic duration in culture-negative neonatal early-onset sepsis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Little guidance exists on the treatment duration of culture-negative early-onset sepsis (CN-EOS) in neonates, which may lead to prolonged antimicrobial therapy and adverse outcomes. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy in CN-EOS in neonates. DESIGN This was a retrospective, matched cohort study of neonates treated with empiric antibiotic therapy for EOS. Infants were sampled with matching of gestational age (GA) into short (≤3 days) and prolonged (>3 days) antibiotic course. Primary outcomes were to identify predictive factors that may be associated with prolonged therapy and compare rates of late-onset sepsis (LOS) and mortality. Secondary outcomes included necrotizing enterocolitis, feeding intolerance, and early development assessment. Predictors associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy were identified using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three hundred infants were included with 150 infants in each group. Mean GA and birthweights were 34.2 ± 4.7 weeks and 2293 ± 991 g, respectively. Male gender, 5-min Apgar <7, immature-to-total neutrophil ratio ≥0.2, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥10 mg/L, need for vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation were identified as significant predictors for prolonged antibiotics in all infants. Independent of GA, elevated CRP (OR 40.84, 95% CI 15.28-109.15, p < 0.001), need for vasopressors (OR 13.48, 95% CI 3.86-47.15, p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (OR 12.98, 95% CI 4.91-34.35, p < 0.001) remained significant predictors of prolonged antibiotic use. Infants in the prolonged courses experienced significant delays in achieving independent oral feeding compared with infants receiving short-course antibiotics (median 17.5 vs. 8 days, p = 0.002, respectively). There were no significant differences in LOS, mortality, or other neonatal comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Elevated CRP levels, need for vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation were associated with prolonged antibiotic use in neonates presumptively treated for CN-EOS. Further research is warranted in identifying selective biomarkers for EOS and evaluating whether early antibiotic discontinuation for CN-EOS, despite abnormal laboratory tests/illness severity, is safe and justified.
Miniature, Pulsed ThSapphire Laser System

A miniature Ti:Sapphire laser system, producing 14-μJ, 780-nm pulses of 1-ns duration at 10-kHz repetition rate, was constructed and characterized. The system comprises a passively Q- switched microchip laser, an optical amplifier, a frequency-doubling crystal, and a miniature, gain-switched Ti:Sapphire laser. It is pumped with an average power of 17 W from two fibercoupled laser diode arrays and occupies a volume of <0.5 liters. The optical layout and a photograph of the system are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Coping with errors in the operating room: Intraoperative strategies, postoperative strategies, and sex differences.

Abstract Background Prior work has identified intraoperative and postoperative coping strategies among surgeons and has demonstrated surgical errors to have a significant impact on patient outcomes and physicians. Little research has considered which coping strategies are most common among surgeons and if there exist coping strategy differences among sex or training level. Methods An electronic survey was distributed to surgical faculty and trainees at 3 institutions. Variables included coping techniques after making an error in the operating room. Participants were asked to report the effectiveness of their overall coping strategy. Results A total of 168 participants (56% male, 45% faculty) experienced an operative error and answered questions regarding coping strategies. The only coping strategy significantly associated with positive ratings of coping effectiveness was, upon error, taking a step back and taking time to think and act (r = 0.17; P = .024). There were differences between men and women in both intra and postoperative coping strategies. Men (mean = 3.69/5, standard error = .09) viewed their overall coping strategy as more effective than women (mean = 3.38/5, standard error = .09), t(158.86) = 2.47; P = .015. Conclusion Although both male and female surgeons reported making errors in the operating room, differences exist in the strategies surgeons use to cope with these mistakes, and strategies differ in their ratings of effectiveness.
Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined when death occurs suddenly and unexpectedly within 1 hour of the onset of cardiac symptoms. The arrhythmia responsible for SCD is usually ventricular tachycardia (VT) that degenerates into ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 80–90% of cases, while bradyarrhythmia accounts for the rest. In this chapter, the author discusses the incidence, epidemiology, the pathophysiologic substrate, the population spectrum, the mechanism of the terminal event, and preventive strategies as well as acute treatment of SCD. Finally, the author discusses current trends in survival of post-cardiac arrest victims and current approach to the treatment of survivors of SCD.
Stopping the revolving door: An exploratory analysis of health care super-utilization in gynecologic oncology

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for health care super-utilization among gynecologic oncology patients at a single academic hospital. A retrospective cohort study of gynecologic oncology patients with an index unplanned encounter between January and December 2018 was performed. Super-utilizers were defined as patients with 3 or more unplanned hospital encounters during a 12-month period starting at the time of the index unplanned encounter. We identified 553 patients with gynecologic cancer. Of those, 37(7%) met inclusion criteria for super-utilizers accounting for 193/310(62%) of unplanned visits. The median number of unplanned visits was 4 (range 3–24). The most common cancers were uterine (N = 15 (41%)) and ovarian (N = 11 (30%)). Nineteen (51%) super-utilizers had advanced stage disease. Phases of oncologic care at index unplanned encounter included primary diagnosis (N = 24 (65%)), recurrence (N = 10 (27%)), and surveillance (N = 2 (5%)). Twelve super-utilizers (32%) had new diagnoses of cancer without prior therapy, 19(51%) had prior chemotherapy, 17(46%) had prior surgery, and 10(27%) had prior radiation therapy at the time of initial encounter. Fifteen super-utilizers (41%) were in the last year of life. The most common reasons for unplanned encounters were pain (66%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (61%). Multivariable analysis adjusting for key variables demonstrated that Medicaid insurance, ASA classification, and disease status are risk factors for health care super-utilization. The majority of health care utilization occurred during the first year of diagnosis. This exploratory analysis suggests an opportunity to decrease health care utilization, particularly during upfront treatment.
Fostering Ph.D. aspirations among upward transfer students in computing

BackgroundStudents who transfer from community colleges in pursuit of four-year degrees (i.e., upward transfer students) represent a diverse and talented group that is critical to advancing gender ...
Diversifying multilingualism: Languages and lects in Amazonia:

Purpose:This paper argues for an ethnographically grounded approach to the study of linguistic diversity and multilingualism, taking local ideologies as a starting point for understanding how langu...
From “Private Theatres Onstage” to Anti-Hysterical Performances: Reclaiming the Feminist Interest in Hysterical Performances Since the 1990s

This chapter reconsiders the feminist interest in hysteria as performance from the 1990s to 2018. The author makes the case that anti-hysterical performances such as Christine Blasey Ford’s 2018 U.S. Congressional testimony need to be considered as part of the legacy of hysterical performances. Since the 1990s, feminist theater and performance have coincided with innovative feminist scholarship. The second decade of the twenty-first century witnessed feminist collectives reclaiming the term “hysteria.” While stigmas around feminist anger have subsided since 2018, ambivalences about hysterical performances linger despite recent significant scholarship and work by contemporary artists. The author concludes by asserting that questions regarding the legacies of hysterical performances, ranging from the “obviously” hysterical to the intentionally “anti-hysterical,” remain open to debate and would benefit immensely from further consideration.
Walking to the Pier and Back

This article narrativizes a walking go-along interview I, a cis white queer man, completed with JS, a Black trans young woman, while walking to the Christopher Street Pier in the West Village of Ne...