cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium versus non-equilibrium surface diffusion measurements

Surface diffusion coefficients under equilibrium conditions can be measured from the decay of the autocorrelation function of concentration fluctuations monitored within a probe area centered on the plane. Such a method is implemented with the use of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope by recording tunneling current fluctuations in real time. The form and decay constant of the autocorrelation function can be varied as a function of coverage, temperature (i.e., adatom interactions), probe area size (by varying the tip- surface separation) and electric field strength. Experimental results will be presented and compared to theoretical expectations based on Monte Carlo simulations on model systems. On the other hand non-equilibrium experiments are carried out during ordering kinetics (i.e., the evolution of a system from an initial disordered to a final ordered state after a temperature quench) to determine the growth laws. Time dependent non- equilibrium diffusion coefficients are defined under these conditions and their relation to equilibrium diffusion coefficients is clarified in terms of the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.
Rank Centrality: Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons

The question of aggregating pairwise comparisons to obtain a global ranking over a collection of objects has been of interest for a very long time: be it ranking of online gamers (e.g., MSR’s TrueSkill system) and chess players, aggregating social opinions, or deciding which product to sell based on transactions. In most settings, in addition to obtaining a ranking, finding ‘scores’ for each object (e.g., player’s rating) is of interest for understanding the intensity of the preferences. In this paper, we propose Rank Centrality, an iterative rank aggregation algorithm for discovering scores for objects (or items) from pairwise comparisons. The algorithm has a natural random walk interpretation over the graph of objects with an edge present between a pair of objects if they are compared; the score, which we call Rank Centrality, of an object turns out to be its stationary probability under this random walk. To study the efficacy of the algorithm, we consider the popular Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model (equ...
Chapter 1 Current Perspectives in Liposome‐Encapsulated Hemoglobin as Oxygen Carrier

Abstract Liposome‐encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is a formulation of hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers where hemoglobin is encapsulated within the lipid bilayers. It is believed that the encapsulated form of hemoglobin is the preferred means of delivering oxygen in vivo , because of the favorable toxicity profile, and efficient delivery of oxygen to the hypoxic tissue. This chapter describes the recent advances made in the field of LEH. Specifically, various factors that determine the selection of constituent materials of LEH are discussed. A brief description of the current method of manufacturing LEH has also been described.
Hybrid domain-iterative algorithms for computed tomography reconstruction

A class of hybrid domain-iterative algorithms for 2-D image reconstruction is described. The consistent iterative reconstruction-reprojection (CIRR) algorithm was designed and implemented along with other classical domain-iterative methods. The algorithms are tested on the hollow projections problem, where simple object models are assumed known. Results show that the CIRR algorithm is robust and accurate, and converges quickly. >
Non-hyperbolic moveout inversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for orthorhombic media

The azimuthally varying non-hyperbolic moveout of P-waves in orthorhombic media can provide valuable information for characterization of fractured reservoirs and seismic processing. Here, we present a technique to invert long-spread, wide-azimuth P-wave data for the orientation of the vertical symmetry planes and five key moveout parameters: the symmetry-plane NMO velocities, V (1) nmo and V (2) nmo , and the anellipticity parameters, η (1) , η (2) and η (3) . The inversion algorithm is based on a coherence operator that computes the semblance for the full range of offsets and azimuths using a generalized version of the Alkhalifah-Tsvankin non-hyperbolic moveout equation. The moveout equation provides a close approximation to the reflection traveltimes in layered anisotropic media with a uniform orientation of the vertical symmetry planes. Numerical tests on noise-contaminated data for a single orthorhombic layer show that the best-constrained parameters are the azimuth φ of one of the symmetry planes and the velocities V (1) nmo and V (2) nmo , while the resolution in η (1) and η (2) is somewhat compromised by the trade-off between the quadratic and quartic moveout terms. The largest uncertainty is observed in the parameter η (3) , which influences only long-spread moveout in off-symmetry directions. For stratified orthorhombic models with depth-dependent symmetry-plane azimuths, the moveout equation has to be modified by allowing the orientation of the effective NMO ellipse to differ from the principal azimuthal direction of the effective quartic moveout term. The algorithm was successfully tested on wide-azimuth P-wave reflections recorded at the Weyburn Field in Canada. Taking azimuthal anisotropy into account increased the semblance values for most long-offset reflection events in the overburden, which indicates that fracturing is not limited to the reservoir level. The inverted symmetry-plane directions are close to the azimuths of the off-trend fracture sets determined from borehole data and shear-wave splitting analysis. The effective moveout parameters estimated by our algorithm provide input for P-wave time imaging and geometrical-spreading correction in layered orthorhombic media.
Immunochemical characterization of brain synaptic membrane glutamate-binding proteins.

Two glutamate-binding proteins (71 and 63 kDa) were previously purified from synaptic plasma membranes (Chen, J.-W., Cunningham, M.D., Galton, V., and Michaelis, E. K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 417-426). These proteins may play a role in glutamate neurotransmission in brain. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the denatured glutamate-binding proteins in rabbits, including sets of antibodies against each of the binding proteins. The antibodies reacted specifically against both 71- and 63-kDa proteins. The antibodies recognized the denatured form of the proteins in Western blots and the native state of the proteins in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and in immunoaffinity chromatography and extraction procedures. All antibodies labeled most strongly the 71-kDa protein in Western blots, but extracted both proteins from solubilized synaptic membrane preparations. These findings indicate that the two proteins are closely related immunologically but the reactivity on Western blots differs between these two proteins. Immunoextraction of the 71- and 63-kDa proteins led to a approximately 60% decrease in L-[3H]glutamate-binding activity associated with synaptic membrane proteins. Of the brain subcellular fractions examined, the isolated synaptic plasma membranes had the strongest reaction in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays toward the antiglutamate-binding protein antisera. Electron microscopy combined with gold particle immunohistochemistry revealed the sites labeled by the antibodies as entities present either on the surface or within the postsynaptic membranes and the associated densities of brain nerve ending particles (synaptosomes). Immunohistochemical procedures of gold labeling with silver enhancement of labeled sites revealed selective neuronal labeling in brain regions enriched in glutamate neurotransmitter pathways such as the hippocampus. Labeling was along dendrites and around cell bodies of pyramidal neurons. Based on the pattern of histochemical labeling, the distribution of immune reactivity in synaptic membranes, and the extractions of a major component of membrane glutamate-recognizing proteins by the antibodies, the glutamate-binding proteins must play a role in glutamate neurotransmission.
Optimized Infrastructure for the Earth System Prediction Capability

Abstract : The Earth System Prediction Capability (ESPC) interagency program was established in 2010 as an effort to improve collaboration across the federally sponsored environmental research and operational prediction communities. The ESPC goal is to coordinate scientific development and operational implementation of improved global prediction at the weather to climate interface. Part of the ESPC role is to advocate for and support the basic foundations of modeling and data systems, such as the computational efficiency of models and common coupled system architectures. The Optimized Infrastructure for ESPC (OI for ESPC) project is working to advance the computational foundations of ESPC through three integrative activities. These activities are designed to leverage numerical libraries across agencies; to explore the impacts of emerging computing platforms on coupled model infrastructure; and to reconcile conventions across different model architectures. The activities are serving as a starting point for a broader effort funded through the 2013 NOPP program Advancing Air-Ocean-Land-Ice Global Coupled Prediction on Emerging Computational Architectures (AOLI).
A multiband CMOS RF front-end for 4G WiMAX and WLAN applications

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the RF front-end for the WiMAX (802.16e) and WLAN (802.11n) standards. The front-end covers the frequency ranges of operation for licensed and unlicensed bands of WiMAX and WLAN, which include 2.3 GHz - 2.9 GHz, 3.3 GHz - 3.7 GHz and 4.9 GHz - 5.9 GHz. The gain of the front-end is between 30 - 32 dB for all the bands while achieving noise figures of 2.5 dB, 3.5 dB and 5.9 dB at the center frequencies of the lower, middle and upper bands respectively. The total front-end operates at the bias current of 26.25 mA and consumes 48 mW of power. The components include in the front-end are low noise amplifier, active balun or single to differential converter and mixer. The design of the front-end is performed in 1.8 V IBM CMOS 0.18/spl mu/m process.
Characterization of the statin-like S1 and rat elongation factor 1 alpha as two distinctly expressed messages in rat.

Previously, we reported a rat S1 protein that is antigenically related to statin, a nonproliferating cell-specific marker; however, it shares high homology with the known human elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha). To differentiate S1 from rat EF-1 alpha and to study their respective regulation for expression, a rat EF-1 alpha cDNA clone was isolated and characterized. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of this partial rat EF-1 alpha cDNA are compared with that of human and mouse as well as with rat S1. Both their messages were detected in rat brain by EF-1 alpha- or S1-specific probes. However, the mRNA encoding EF-1 alpha is more abundant than that encoding S1. S1 and EF-1 alpha expression were investigated in the parotid and submandibular glands of untreated rats and those treated with isoproterenol, a proliferation-inducing catecholamine. Quantitative solution hybridization demonstrated a dramatic reduction (approximately 68 ) in the S1 mRNA following isoproterenol injection in proliferation-responsive parotid glands and a mild reduction (approximately 20 ) of S1 steady-state messages in the proliferation-refractile submandibular glands. A slight increase or no changes of EF-1 alpha levels in both parotid and submandibular glands following isoproterenol treatment are also observed. Therefore, the EF-1 alpha and S1 genes are different genes, both expressed and regulated in vivo, but in differential quantitative and qualitative patterns.
Canopy-scale kinetic fractionation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor isotopes.

Received 18 August 2008; revised 16 October 2008; accepted 21 October 2008; published 4 February 2009. [1] The carbon and oxygen isotopes of CO2 and the oxygen isotopes of H2 Oa re powerful tracers for constraining the dynamics of carbon uptake and water flux on land. The role of land biota in the atmospheric budgets of these isotopes has been extensively explored through the lens of leaf-scale observations. At the ecosystem scale, kinetic fractionation is associated with molecular and turbulent diffusion. Intuitively, air turbulence, being nondiscriminative in diffusing materials, should act to erase the kinetic effect. Using the first canopy-scale isotopic flux measurements, we show just the opposite: that in the terrestrial environment, air turbulence enhances the effect, rather than suppressing it. The sensitivity of kinetic fractionation to turbulence is striking in situations where the canopy resistance is comparable to or lower than the aerodynamic resistance. Accounting for turbulent diffusion greatly improves land surface model predictions of the isoforcing of 18 O-CO2 and transpiration enrichment of leaf water in 18 O-H2O in field conditions. Our results suggest that variations in surface roughness across the landscape can contribute to spatial variations in the composition of atmospheric 18 O-CO2 and that temporal trends in wind circulation on land can play a role in the interannual variability of atmospheric 18 O-CO2. In comparison, air turbulence has a limited effect on the isoforcing of 13 C-CO2.
Peripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management

Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most prevalent neurologic conditions encountered by physicians of all specialties. Physicians are faced with 3 distinct challenges in caring for patients with peripheral neuropathy: (1) how to efficiently and effectively screen (in less than 2 minutes) an asymptomatic patient for peripheral neuropathy when they have a disorder in which peripheral neuropathy is highly prevalent (eg, diabetes mellitus), (2) how to clinically stratify patients presenting with symptoms of neuropathy to determine who would benefit from specialty consultation and what testing is appropriate for those who do not need consultation, and (3) how to treat the symptoms of painful peripheral neuropathy. In this concise review, we address these 3 common clinical scenarios. Easily defined clinical patterns of involvement are used to identify patients in need of neurologic consultation, the yield of laboratory and other diagnostic testing is reviewed for the evaluation of length-dependent, sensorimotor peripheral neuropathies (the most common form of neuropathy), and an algorithmic approach with dosing recommendations is provided for the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with peripheral neuropathy.
TRANSCENDING JUSTICE: Pope John Paul II and Just War

Pope John Paul II's opposition to the Iraq War was not that it failed to meet the conditions of Just War Theory. Indeed, we cannot tell from what he publicly said whether he thought it met those conditions or not, for he would have opposed it in any case. His thinking was rather that even just and necessary wars always come, as it were, too late, and are never able to solve the problems that made wars just and necessary. He was not trying therefore to enter into the details of Just War Theory. He wanted to subsume the principles of war into the principles of peace and to do so, not by denying justice, but by transcending it with charity. This article shows how this thinking is to be understood and the many means the Pope devised for putting this thinking into practice.
Notes on Collybia V. Gymnopus section Levipedes in tropical South America, with comments on Collybia

Five species of Gymnopus section Levipedes are reported for tropical South America. Two of these, Gymnopus macropus and G. nubicola, are newly described. Collybia laccata is considered synonymous with G. mucubajiensis comb. nov. now known from Andean Ecuador; both were originally described from the Venezuelan paramo. Gymnopus alkalivirens and G. semihirtipes are compared to G. mucubajiensis. Gymnopus spongiosus, previously known from the eastern United States, is newly reported from Colombian Quercus forests and is proposed as a new combination. Gymnopus dryophilus is, at present, not known from tropical South America, but extralimital material from nearby Costa Rica is described for comparison. No known species of Collybia s.str. have been identified from tropical South America.
TU‐A‐12A‐01: Consistency of Lung Expansion and Contraction During Respiration: Implications for Quantitative Imaging

Purpose: Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) can be used to evaluate longitudinal changes in pulmonary function. The sensitivity of such measurements to identify function change may be improved with reproducible breathing patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine if inhale was more consistent than exhale, i.e., lung expansion during inhalation compared to lung contraction during exhalation. Methods: Repeat 4DCT image data acquired within a short time interval from 8 patients. Using a tissue volume preserving deformable image registration algorithm, Jacobian ventilation maps in two scanning sessions were computed and compared on the same coordinate for reproducibility analysis. Equivalent lung volumes (ELV) were used for 5 subjects and equivalent title volumes (ETV) for the 3 subjects who experienced a baseline shift between scans. In addition, gamma pass rate was calculated from a modified gamma index evaluation between two ventilation maps, using acceptance criterions of 2mm distance-to-agreement and 5% ventilation difference. The gamma pass rates were then compared using paired t-test to determine if there was a significant difference. Results: Inhalation was more reproducible than exhalation. In the 5 ELV subjects 78.5% of the lung voxels met the gamma criteria for expansion during inhalation when comparing the two scans, while significantly fewer (70.9% of the lung voxels) met the gamma criteria for contraction during exhalation (p = .027). In the 8 total subjects analyzed the average gamma pass rate for expansion during inhalation was 75.2% while for contraction during exhalation it was 70.3%; which trended towards significant (p = .064). Conclusion: This work implies inhalation is more reproducible than exhalation, when equivalent respiratory volumes are considered. The reason for this difference is unknown. Longitudinal investigation of pulmonary function change based on inhalation images appears appropriate for Jacobian-based measure of lung tissue expansion. NIH Grant: R01 CA166703
The impacts of agricultural chemicals on ground water quality

The accelerated use of agricultural chemicals over the past 20 to 30 years has profitably increased production but has also had an adverse impact on ground water quality in many of the major agricultural areas of the world. The pollution of ground water, related to nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, from widespread, routine land application, as well as point sources has become a serious concern. Ground water contributions also impair surface water quality. Research, worldwide, has shown rates of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) increases in ground water typically between 0.1 to 1.9 mg/l per year for 10 to 20 years, concurrent with major increases in nitrogen fertilization. Many shallow ground water supplies now exceed the recommended NO3-N drinking water standards. While many sources contribute nitrogen into the environment, synthetic fertilizers have become the major component. There are clear economic incentives to improve management; harvested crops often account for less than 50% of the purchased fertilizer inputs. Pesticides are appearing in ground water with unanticipated frequency, typically in 0.1 to 10.0 μg/l concentrations. While these concentrations are well below acute toxic levels (for most pesticides), many are of concern for possible chronic effects. Such widespread pollution is of real concern because of the potential for long-term and widespread exposure to the public of toxic substances through drinking water. While there are many uncertainties, agriculture must move forward toward solutions through better management.
The legacies of Oprah Winfrey: celebrity, activism and reform in the twenty-first century

After 25 years on the air, Oprah Winfrey's celebrated talk show left television in May 2011. By the time it concluded, The Oprah Winfrey Show had reached more than 40 million viewers a week in the ...
Complete characterization of femtosecond pulses using an all-electronic detector

We report on the complete characterization of the amplitude and phase of femtosecond pulses using an integrated fast photodiode and microwave detector. The method is unique because optical nonlinearities are not employed.
SMS library reference service options

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the usefulness of short message service (SMS) or text‐messaging for library reference service.Design/methodology/approach – The different technological approaches to SMS reference service are described and compared.Findings – The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are provided.Research limitations/implications – Because these technologies are still evolving, this report is merely a first effort at describing the different service methods in a single review.Practical implications – This paper is intended to be helpful to any library considering providing a text message reference service. It should help the library identify which approach will best suit the culture of that library.Originality/value – This is an overall look at different available technologies, which will be helpful to any library contemplating adding an SMS reference service.
How frequent storms affect wetland vegetation: a preview of climate‐change impacts

Predicting how vegetation may change in response to an increasingly variable climate is difficult, but the analysis of observed responses to past climatic oscillations can inform the forecasting process. The consequences of multiple extreme events were recorded (1978–1998) for a California salt marsh. Ultimately, after less-extreme decadal weather patterns were preceded by more-extreme ones resulting from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, six types of climate-change-related effects on vegetation became apparent. Among the identified effect types in this system, “sequential” (or event-order-dependent) effects were the most severe with regard to abrupt biodiversity losses. Similar outcomes could be applied to other ecosystems subjected to variable conditions. Managers and restoration ecologists need to anticipate the many ways in which extreme events can affect vegetation and use this knowledge to build resilience into restoration targets and plantings. A national program of adaptive restoration could first ...
Quantitative Methods for Environmental Justice Assessment of Transportation

Application of Executive Order 12898 to risk assessment of highway or rail transport of hazardous materials has proven difficult; in general, the location and conditions affecting the propagation of a plume of hazardous material released in a potential accident are unknown. Therefore, analyses have only been possible in a geographically broad or approximate manner. The advent of geographic information systems and development of software enhancements at Sandia National Laboratories have made kilometer-by-kilometer analysis of populations tallied by U.S. Census blocks along entire routes practicable. Tabulations of total or racially/ethnically distinct populations close to a route, its alternatives, or the broader surrounding area, can then be compared and differences evaluated statistically. This article presents methods of comparing populations and their racial/ethnic compositions using simple tabulations, histograms, and chi-square tests for statistical significance of differences found. Two examples of these methods are presented: comparison of two routes and comparison of a route with its surroundings.
The hematopoietic microenvironment

Hematopoietic microenvironment is comprised of an admixture of several adherent cell types including fibroblasts, reticular adventitial cells, and marcophages. The biologic interaction of these cells with the most primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells capable of reconstituting all hematopoietic lineages within an irradiated host, as well as differentiated progenitor cells and cells of each committed lineage, has been the subject of intense investigation. Transplantation of the hematopoietic microenvironment has recently been demonstrated and this technique has been used to partially correct the microenvironmental defect in the Sl/Sld mouse. The molecular mechanism of cell surface interaction between stromal and hematopoietic stem cells is being elucidated by molecular transfection techniques in which genes for specific receptors are introduced into hematopoietic stem cell lines and then demonstrated to adhere and proliferate in contact with stromal cells expressing transfected recombinant ligands. This model has been demonstrated with the EGF receptor bearing 32D cl 3 stem cells bound to TGF alpha-producing stromal cells. Extracellular matrix components of the adherent cell layer, the binding of hematopoietic growth factor interaction with matrix components, as well as the positive and negative feedback regulatory role of hematopoietic stem cells bound to the microenvironment, represents the focus of current investigation.
On the impact of 3D integration on high-throughput sensor information processing: A case study with image sensing

This paper presents a study for integrating a wavelet based image compression system in a 3D stack for wireless sensor node application. The high-bandwidth die-to-die interface from the vertical stacking of the sensor, the image buffer, and the signal-processing unit (SPU) is exploited for parallel processing. An image is divided into multiple segments, where each segment is compressed independently. However this method can negatively impact the compression ratio due to the length extension at the border of each segment. This paper explores the design space of the multi-segment architecture for the wavelet based image compression, including the number of segments, the operating frequency, and the supply voltage to reduce the power dissipation, and maintain a target image rate under varying channel condition. The effectiveness of the multi-segment implementation with 2D- versus 3D- integration is compared.
Sexual behaviors and attitudes and ethnic identity during college.

This study examined ethnic differences in sexual behaviors and attitudes, and associations between ethnic identity commitment and sexual behaviors and attitudes. African American (32%), Latino American (29%), and European American (39%) first-year college students (N = 434; 52% female) completed surveys about their sexual behaviors (number of partners, condom use, and alcohol use before intercourse) and attitudes (conservative attitudes, condom-related beliefs, and fear of AIDS) and ethnic identity commitment. Analyses of covariance and hierarchical linear regressions were performed. Among the three groups, Latino Americans reported riskier condom-related behaviors and attitudes, whereas European Americans were less fearful of AIDS. Ethnic identity commitment was a protective factor against risky attitudes regardless of ethnicity. For sexual behaviors, however, ethnic identity served as a protective factor only for European Americans. This study contributes to the understanding of adolescents' sexuality d...
Size and distribution of Te inclusions in THM as-grown CZT wafers: The effect of the rate of crystal cooling

Abstract The concentration and size distribution of Te inclusions/precipitates in CZT are key factors in a device's performance. High concentrations can degrade the performance drastically, especially for long drift-length devices (more than about 10-mm thick). Here, we extend our previous findings on the concentration and size distribution of Te inclusions/precipitates in CZT wafers grown by the THM technique, by considering the rate of cooling of the ingots. We measured their distribution along the diameter of the wafers in a conventional slow-cooled and a fast-cooled ingot. The overall average concentration of Te inclusions/precipitates for the slow-cooled sample was less than 1×10 5 cm −3 , attesting to their suitability for fabricating thick radiation-detection devices.
Knowledge at Work.

The enterprise before us-understanding the functional role of knowledge in the everyday world-is haunted by a metaphysical spectre. The spectre goes by the familiar name of Cartesian dualism, which, in spite of its age, continues to cast a shadow over inquiries into the nature of human nature. Cartesianism conceives of mind and behavior as two distinctly different modes of life, each requiring its own terms for description and explanation, each demanding its own method of investigation. Within this philosophical framework, questions about knowledge are referred to specialists of the mind, not to students of behavior. Most investigations of knowledge carried out in the cognitive sciences today reflect this mentalistic approach to the study of knowledge. Many researchers worry about what it is that people of a particular culture know and how such knowledge is represented in the mind. There is debate whether knowledge is best represented as a semantic network (Anderson 1976), a script (Schank and Abelson 1977), or a categorical structure (Rosch 1975). Other researchers study how knowledge is used in intellectual tasks; for example, in speech understanding (Reddy and Newell 1974) or story comprehension (Stein and Glenn 1979). Still others try to characterize the mental models underlying complex behavior, such as in navigation (Hutchins 1980) and chess-playing (Chase and Simon 1973). These approaches to the study of knowledge have many accomplishments to their credit. But the dominant image they present of the human knower resembles closely that of a computer: This knower is an intelligent system with a storehouse of knowledge and a set of programs, performing tasks in isolation. The knower neither interacts with other people nor engages in transactions with the environment. The question we are addressing here-how knowers use their knowledge to get about the world and accomplish things-fails to arise as a central theoretical question. It is clear that to address the relationship between knowing and doing we need another conceptual apparatus-one that offers a monistic framework in which to pose our questions. My work on the social organization of cognition has been guided by one such framework, known as activity theory (Leontiev 1979). Activity theory was launched 50 years ago by the Soviet psychologist Lev S. Vygotsky and developed by his successors in psychology and philosophy. This theory holds that neither mind as such, nor behavior as such, can be taken as the principal category of analysis in the social and psychological sciences. Rather, the theory proposes that the starting point and primary unit of analysis should be culturally organized human activities. Activities are Scribner 199
The intrinsic zinc atoms of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.

The intrinsic Zn content of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) has been determined by three highly sensitive analytical techniques. The enzyme prepared from baker's yeast has a specific activity of 430–460 U/mg and contains 4 intrinsically bound Zn atoms per tetrameric enzyme of molecular weight 150,000. The enzyme is homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation and remains stable and fully active on prolonged storage. YADH samples from commercial sources, while of high activity, can initially contain more than 4 g-atom of Zn/mole, but dialysis against EDTA removes these adventitious Zn atoms which do not bear a consistent relationship to enzymatic activity, in accord with earlier investigations. Apparently, they are bound to the enzyme in a manner different from that of the catalytically essential Zn atoms and likely represent contamination. The 4 intrinsic Zn atoms exchange fully with 65Zn(II) resulting in [(YADH)65Zn4] which exhibits the same specific activity and stability as the native enzyme.
Culture Change in Laos and Serbia: Possible Tendencies Toward Universal Organizational Patterns

My objectives here are to attempt to identify some of the pertinent factors which may influence the extent to which similar types of institutions are emerging to serve shared goals in planned programs of economic and social development. Specifically I intend to limit my discussion to one major institutional category and a sub-culture in each of the two geographic areas under consideration: namely, the relationship between the villager and the state in rural Laos and in Serbia.
Amidation of Bioactive Peptides: The Structure of Peptidylglycine α-Hydroxylating Monooxygenase

Many neuropeptides and peptide hormones require amidation at the carboxyl terminus for activity. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) catalyzes the amidation of these diverse physiological regulators. The amino-terminal domain of the bifunctional PAM protein is a peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) with two coppers that cycle through cupric and cuprous oxidation states. The anomalous signal of the endogenous coppers was used to determine the structure of the catalytic core of oxidized rat PHM with and without bound peptide substrate. These structures strongly suggest that the PHM reaction proceeds via activation of substrate by a copper-bound oxygen species. The mechanistic and structural insight gained from the PHM structures can be directly extended to dopamine β-monooxygenase.
The Future of Language Laboratories

I have chosen to start with this quotation for several reasons. It applies to language laboratories but has a broader purpose, to show the proper relationship of machines and man in general. In view of the extravagant claims that have been made for the language laboratory of the future, I wanted to set the reader's mind at rest immediately. There is no question but what machines of many kinds have an increasing role to play in education at all levels, but they are not going to take charge. They will upgrade the teacher, but not replace him. Just as in commerce and industry machines have changed the nature of man's labor, so in intellectual activities machines are making themselves felt. Electronic computers, which can do routine arithmetical operations with the speed of light, compress years of mathematical computations into hours, or minutes. This is well-known. But what of language? Language is a more personal part of the human being. The tongue is the mirror of the soul, if I may paraphrase a common saying. Everyone knows that his native language is a most intimate expression of his inner being, not to be tampered with without risk. The mere thought of a computer processing human language seems to threaten a violation of privacy. Nevertheless, computers are translating language, crudely, to be sure-no better than an elementary student-but the important point is that they are doing it as well as an elementary student. Computers are doing indexing, thousands of pages a year, with savings comparable to those from computation. Computer programs have also been written to make automatic abstracts of articles (not very satisfactorily). Others style text and compose pages by means of tape-operated photo-composing machines or typesetting machines. As we witness these encroachments on the citadel of language, it is comforting to retreat behind the thought that all these applications deal only with the finished product, as it were, of someone's mind, and this is true. In all these cases words are treated just as though they were strings of mathematical symbols. The semantic part of language remains untouched by machines. Yet in each case, a machine has taken over part of a job that used to be done by a man. The quality of the output may not yet be very good, but it is improving; and as it improves, more and more of man's routine intellectual operations can and will be done by machines; machines are cheaper, faster, and their mistakes are usually more obvious. Teaching is not a routine operation, though drill is. Teaching machines are drilling machines, but the program represents a high degree of teaching skill.
IMF-driven plasmasphere erosion of 10 July 2000

[1] On 10 July 2000, the IMAGE EUV imager observed erosion of the nightside plasmasphere that occurred in two bursts during 5-8 UT. The plasmapause radial velocity V PP at 2.4 MLT was extracted from the time sequence of EUV images. We show that intervals of V pp < 0 (i.e., erosion) are correlated with intervals of southward (S wd ) interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), if the solar wind and IMF data are time-delayed by 30 minutes (in addition to a 3.7-minute delay for propagation to the magnetopause). This suggests that coupling between the solar wind and the plasmapause, involving processes in the ionosphere and magnetotail, takes about 30 minutes. A 6:40 UT magnetosphere compression may have hurried the onset of the second erosion.
5-kW arcjet power electronics

The initial design and evaluation of a 5 kW arcjet power electronics breadboard which as been integrated with a modified 1 kW design laboratory arcjet is presented. A single stage, 5 kW full bridge, pulse width modulated (PWM), power converter was developed which was phase shift regulated. The converter used metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) power switches and incorporated current mode control and an integral arcjet pulse ignition circuit. The unoptimized power efficiency was 93.5 and 93.9 percent at 5 kW and 50A output at input voltages of 130 and 150V, respectively. Line and load current regulation at 50A output was within one percent. The converter provided up to 6.6 kW to the arcjet with simulated ammonia used as a propellant.
Polynomial-time algorithms for the integer minimal principle for centrosymmetric structures

The minimal principle for structure determination from single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements has recently been formulated as an integer linear optimization model for the case of centrosymmetric structures. Solution of this model via established combinatorial branch-and-bound algorithms provides the true global minimum of the minimal principle while operating exclusively in reciprocal space. However, integer programming techniques may require an exponential number of iterations to exhaust the search space. In this paper, a new approach is developed to solve the integer minimal principle to global optimality without requiring the solution of an optimization problem. Instead, properties of the solution of the optimization problem, as observed in a large number of computational experiments, are exploited in order to reduce the optimization formulation to a system of linear equations in the number field of two elements (F(2)). Two specialized Gaussian elimination algorithms are then developed to solve this system of equations in polynomial time in the number of atoms. Computational results on a collection of 38 structures demonstrate that the proposed approach provides very fast and accurate solutions to the phase problem for centrosymmetric structures. This approach also provided much better crystallographic R values than SHELXS for all 38 structures tested.
Modulation of Integrin-Mediated Attachment of Chondrocytes to Extracellular Matrix Proteins by Cations, Retinoic Acid, and Transforming Growth Factor β

Abstract Articular cartilage chondrocytes are surrounded by an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) and the interactions between chondrocytes and ECM proteins have important effects on chondrocyte function. In this study, attachment assays were used to examine integrin-mediated attachment of chondrocytes to fibronectin, matrix Gla protein (MGP), and type II collagen. A cyclic peptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp integrin recognition sequence was capable of blocking attachment of chondrocytes to all three ECM proteins including collagen. Cations were required for chondrocyte attachment and provided a mechanism to differentially regulate attachment to ECM proteins. Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ supported attachment to all three ECM proteins but Ca 2+ did not support attachment to collagen and was less effective than Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ in chondrocyte attachment to MGP. Treatment of chondrocytes with retinoic acid for the first 3 days of culture, prior to use in attachment assays, resulted in a decrease in the attachment to collagen but not to fibronectin or MGP. Seven days of retinoic acid treatment resulted in decreased attachment to fibronectin, MGP, and collagen. Treatment with 100 p M TGF-β for 18 h stimulated attachment to all three proteins. TGF-β treatment was able to at least partially overcome the inhibitory effects of retinoic acid. These results demonstrate several important mechanisms by which chondrocyte-ECM interactions may be modulated. The differential effects of retinoic acid and TGF-β on attachment correlate with their known effects on matrix synthesis, which suggests a link between matrix synthesis and integrin expression in chondrocytes.
Differences in hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism between strains of rats

Abstract BHE rats were used to further characterize their carbohydrate sensitivity, compared to noncarbohydrate-sensitive Wistar rats. Following 10 weeks of ad libitum feeding of laboratory chow, serum glucose, insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, adrenal epinephrine and hepatic cyclic-AMP levels were determined for both fed and fasted rats. 1. 1. BHE rats had significantly lower levels of pancreatic glucagon, corticosterone, and adrenal epinephrine than did Wistar rats. 2. 2. The hormonal relationships noted in the BHE rat, when compared to the Wistar rat receiving similar treatment, suggest that metabolism in the BHE rat favors storage rather than mobilization of lipids.
An automated clinical alert system for newly-diagnosed atrial fibrillation.

Objective Clinical decision support systems that notify providers of abnormal test results have produced mixed results. We sought to develop, implement, and evaluate the impact of a computer-based clinical alert system intended to improve atrial fibrillation stroke prophylaxis, and identify reasons providers do not implement a guideline-concordant response. Materials and Methods We conducted a cohort study with historical controls among patients at a tertiary care hospital. We developed a decision rule to identify newly-diagnosed atrial fibrillation, automatically notify providers, and direct them to online evidence-based management guidelines. We tracked all notifications from December 2009 to February 2010 (notification period) and applied the same decision rule to all patients from December 2008 to February 2009 (control period). Primary outcomes were accuracy of notification (confirmed through chart review) and prescription of warfarin within 30 days. Results During the notification period 604 notifications were triggered, of which 268 (44%) were confirmed as newly-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. The notifications not confirmed as newly-diagnosed involved patients with no recent electrocardiogram at our institution. Thirty-four of 125 high-risk patients (27%) received warfarin in the notification period, compared with 34 of 94 (36%) in the control period (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.37–1.17]; p = 0.16). Common reasons to not prescribe warfarin (identified from chart review of 151 patients) included upcoming surgical procedure, choice to use aspirin, and discrepancy between clinical notes and the medication record. Conclusions An automated system to identify newly-diagnosed atrial fibrillation, notify providers, and encourage access to management guidelines did not change provider behaviors.
Getting hosed: Petty theft in the car wash industry and the fifth suitability criterion in routine activities theory

Abstract The present study examines the applicability of routine activities theory to petty theft. Using an experimental field research design, the researchers tested the frequency with which apparently uncounted smaller currency was stolen during full-service car wash cycles. Experimental conditions were varied so that one condition suggested a more deviant driver. A considerable amount of money was removed in thirty percent of all car washes. The number of total thefts and amount of money stolen were higher in the experimental condition in which the driver appeared to be more deviant. Findings suggest that the mere appearance of the victim as more deviant triggers the perception of targets as more suitable, and provide support for social proximity as a suitability criterion.
Palmar purpura: an atypical presentation of childhood dermatitis herpetiformis.

: Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is seen most commonly as a pruritic, papulovesicular eruption in young children or adolescents. Differentiation from other bullous diseases of childhood may be difficult. We report the first case of an adolescent in whom pruritic, palmar, purpuric macules and papules were the only manifestations of DH. The patient later developed typical vesiculobullous extensor lesions and symptomatic gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). All lesions and GSE symptoms resolved with dapsone and a gluten-free diet. Our purpose is to illustrate an unusual presentation of pediatric DH.
Bridging the gap between textbook and maternity patient: a nurse-developed teaching model for first-year medical students.

: Background: Providing more opportunities for first-year medical students to interact with patients in clinical settings is a current discussion topic in medical student education reform. Early clinical experience helps students bridge the gap between textbook and patient while observing patient-centered care, and serves as a first step for students to develop the skills needed to work cooperatively as members of a multidisciplinary health care team. The author developed a model to provide perinatal education to first-year medical students, consistent with the concept of interprofessional education. Methods: Primarily first-year medical students participated in the nurse-developed education model, a component of a noncredit extracurricular, student-run perinatal program at a Midwestern university medical center. Students were placed at the bedsides of hospitalized women to provide support and education to them during perinatal procedures, labor, childbirth, and cesarean delivery. Results: A total of 350 students participated over a period of 13 school calendar years. Students remarked that participation in the program reinforced the importance of their concurrent anatomy and physiology classes. They observed interdependence and cooperation among the members of the health care team caring for women, and their evaluations of their experiences at the bedside were highly positive. Women consistently expressed appreciation for the additional individualized attention and education received from our student and nurse team. Conclusions: Nurses can enhance the learning of first-year medical students in the maternity care clinical setting. This nurse-developed education program provided students with a variety of vivid clinical experiences with maternity patients. (BIRTH 37:4 December 2010)
Fractional quantum hall effect in infinite-layer systems.

Stacked two dimensional electron systems in transverse magnetic fields exhibit three dimensional fractional quantum Hall phases. We analyze the simplest such phases and find novel bulk properties, e.g., irrational braiding. These phases host ``one and a half'' dimensional surface phases in which motion in one direction is chiral. We offer a general analysis of conduction in the latter by combining sum rule and renormalization group arguments, and find that when interlayer tunneling is marginal or irrelevant they are chiral semimetals that conduct only at $Tg0$ or with disorder.