cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and timing of voltage-sensitive dye signals within layers of the turtle cerebellar cortex

Abstract Optical recording techniques were applied to the turtle cerebellum to localize synchronous responses to microstimulation of its cortical layers and reveal the cerebellum's three-dimensional processing. The in vitro yet intact cerebellum was first immersed in voltage-sensitive dye and its responses while intact were compared to those measured in thick cerebellar slices. Each slice is stained throughout its depth, even though the pial half appeared darker during epi-illumination and lighter during trans-illumination. Optical responses were shown to be mediated by the voltage-sensitive dye because the evoked signals had opposite polarity for 540- and 710-nm light, but no response to 850-nm light. Molecular layer stimulation of the intact cerebellum evoked slow transverse beams. Similar beams were observed in the molecular layer of thick transverse slices but not sagittal slices. With low currents, beams in transverse slices were restricted to sublayers within the molecular layer, conducting slowly away from the stimulus site. These excitatory beams were observed nearly all the way across the turtle cerebellum, distances of 4–6 mm. Microstimulation of the granule cell layer of both transverse or sagittal slices evoked a local membrane depolarization restricted to a radial wedge, but these radial responses did not activate measurable molecular layer beams in transverse slices. White matter microstimulation in sagittal slices (near the ventricular surface of the turtle cerebellum) activated the granule cell and Purkinje cell layers, but not the molecular layer. These responses were nearly synchronous, were primarily caudal to the stimulation, and were blocked by cobalt ions. Therefore, synaptic responses in all cerebellar layers contribute to optical signals recorded in intact cerebellum in vitro ( Brown and Ariel, 2009 ). Rapid radial signaling connects a sagittally-oriented, fast-conduction system of the deep layers with the transverse-oriented, slow-conducting molecular layer, thereby permitting complex temporal processing between two tangential but orthogonal paths in the cerebellar cortex.
A brief history of free-response receiver operating characteristic paradigm data analysis

In the receiver operating characteristic paradigm the observer assigns a single rating to each image and the location of the perceived abnormality, if any, is ignored. In the free-response receiver operating characteristic paradigm the observer is free to mark and rate as many suspicious regions as are considered clinically reportable. Credit for a correct localization is given only if a mark is sufficiently close to an actual lesion; otherwise, the observer's mark is scored as a location-level false positive. Until fairly recently there existed no accepted method for analyzing the resulting relatively unstructured data containing random numbers of mark-rating pairs per image. This report reviews the history of work in this field, which has now spanned more than five decades. It introduces terminology used to describe the paradigm, proposed measures of performance (figures of merit), ways of visualizing the data (operating characteristics), and software for analyzing free-response receiver operating characteristic studies.
Quantification of human plasma inorganic pyrophosphate

Plasma inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels rose predictably (28%) after vigorous systemic exercise and returned to baseline values after 30 minutes of rest. Plasma PPi levels were greater (36%) in femoral venous blood than in femoral arterial blood. Forearm muscular exercise, however, did not result in a detectable rise in plasma PPi levels in antecubital veins. The physiologic reasons for both the systemic exercise effect and the arteriovenous differences remain unknown. Measurement of plasma PPi for 10 consecutive days in a single normal subject under basal conditions, where these and other previously identified biologic variables (fasting and diurnal variation) were controlled, showed a coefficient of variation of 12.7%. Thus biologic variability contributed less to observed variation in plasma PPi than did methodologic errors (coefficient of variation of method = 8%). The striking reproducibility of plasma PPi in this subject suggests that this important metabolite is under rather tight homeostatic control.
The Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Cognitive Function in Women: A Critical Review of the Literature

Objective: To conduct a review of the available clinical trials to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to support the conclusion that estrogen replacement therapy has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance in post-menopausal women and in women with Alzheimer's disease. Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search of all English-language publications between 1970 and 1996 in which the words estrogen and cognition or estrogen and memory appeared. Data Extraction: Data were extracted for each study, including features of subjects and eligibility criteria, duration of follow-up, and treatment regimen. Baseline characteristics were evaluated, including age; menopausal status; follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol levels; mood; and measures of cognitive function. Psychological tests were evaluated for construct validity. Results: Nineteen studies were reviewed, including 10 randomized trials of estrogen replacement therapy versus placebo. Extreme heterogeneity among subjects and variability in the use of cognitive measures across the studies precluded performing a quantitative summary. Of the 10 randomized trials, eight claimed therapeutic benefits for estrogen therapy, three of which reported significant improvements in memory and two of which showed improvements in attention. These studies did not control for potential confounds such as depression and vasomotor symptoms. Of the nine observational studies, five found a significant association between estrogen use and cognitive function. Conclusion: Although several observational studies provide encouraging evidence for the beneficial effect of estrogen on cognitive function, there is currently inadequate evidence available from randomized, controlled trials to support the conclusion that estrogen replacement therapy improves cognitive function in post-menopausal women or women with Alzheimer's dementia.
The recovery of normal DNA replication kinetics in ultraviolet-irradiated Chinese hamster cells

Abstract The kinetics of DNA replication were analyzed in the second S phase following UV irradiation of Chinese hamster ovary cells synchronized at the beginning of S phase. The cells were synchronized by treating cells selected in mitosis with hydroxyurea for 9 h. Following UV irradiation, the cells were allowed to progress until the next mitosis; at which time they were resynchronized at the beginning of the second S phase by the same procedure. The kinetics of DNA replication were determined by measuring the proportion of DNA which achieved hybrid buoyant density on CsCl density gradients as a function of the time of incubation in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The results of these experiments showed that even though the rate of DNA replication is substantially depressed during the first S phase following UV irradiation with a fluence of 5 J/m2, the rate has recovered to the extent that it is indistinguishable from the unirradiated control by the time the cells have entered their second S phase. It was concluded from these observations that the lesions in DNA which caused the rate of DNA replication to be initially depressed during the first S phase have been either removed or modified such that they no longer are able to cause a reduction in the rate of DNA replication in the second S phase following UV irradiation.
BURDEN OF PROOF

In early 2009, a two-day symposium on Obstetric Anesthesia had just ended, and my colleague and I stepped onto the tram in Basel, Switzerland, to begin our respective journeys home. One of the final discussions at the conference had concerned treatment/prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, and I had spoken about the evidence in favor of phenylephrine infusions, and my personal practices in utilizing the drug. On the tram, I asked my colleague what he generally used to treat hypotension during cesareans and he responded “Boluses of ephedrine or phenylephrine, as does most of the rest of my group.” The following month, as I began a lecture at a CME course, I asked the audience, composed of a mixture of anesthesiologists and CRNAs, “What is your first-line drug to treat hypotension at cesarean section, ephedrine or phenylephrine?” Ninety percent responded ephedrine. The next week, one of our current departmental Fellows, who had done his residency in our institution and was quite familiar with both the evidence for and our practice in using phenylephrine infusions, and who was about to sit for his oral ABA Board examination asked me, “What do I say if they ask me what drug I would use for hypotension during cesarean section. Is phenylephrine an acceptable answer?” The response from the audience of predominantly non-obstetric anesthesia providers is perhaps not so shocking, despite the fact that there exists over a decade of fairly consistent evidence from well-designed, randomized, blinded studies in Europe, 1,2 the United States 3–5 and Asia 6,7 supporting the proposition that phenylephrine is at least as safe and effective and probably preferable to ephedrine for the treatment or prevention of hypotension at cesarean section. Not every anesthesiologist or CRNA reads every journal, interprets evidence correctly, is willing to change his or her practice based on the available information, or even believes in the principle of evidence-based practice. The question from the Fellow reflects the fear and insecurity that all of us felt as we approached our oral exam, even when we thought we knew the answer to a clinical question. We wondered what those Board examiners knew (or didn’t know) and what they would accept as answers. The comments of my colleague on the tram, however, were a bit more surprising, as they came from the Editor-in Chief of this Journal, whose clinical practice is and has been predominantly in obstetric anesthesia. A few weeks later Dr. Eisenach emailed me to tell me that he had started using phenylephrine infusions, had convinced several colleagues at his institution to also do so, and invited me to write this editorial.
The gross and histological pathology of a hairless-black syndrome in the adult honey bee, Apis mellifera

Abstract Twenty diseased and 17 control bees were studied grossly and histologically with respect to pathological manifestations of an adult bee disease (tentatively called hairless-black syndrome), which has not been clearly distinguished in the literature from several other diseases of adult bees. In a diseased bee as compared with a control, the abdomen was abnormally distended by an accumulation of unusually aqueous feces; the midgut was often white and translucent instead of brown; the lumen of the small intestinal portion of the hindgut contained an increased amount of basophilic material, probably intestinal flora; the wall of the small intestine had large lesions and necrotic appearing areas in about half of the cases; the cytoplasm of the small intestinal epithelial cells consistently contained small, spherical, basophilic granules; and finally the neuropile of most thoracic and abdominal ganglia were surrounded by extremely small basophilic granules. It is concluded that hairless-black syndrome is different from both chronic and acute bee paralysis, but may be the same as “Mal Nero” in Italy and is probably the same disease as that described from Great Britain by Morison under the name “bee paralysis”.
The mechanical properties of single-crystal and ultrananocrystalline diamond: A theoretical study

Abstract We examine the mechanical properties of single-crystal and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) by simulating their fracture using semiempirical quantum mechanics and density functional theory. Our results predict a failure strain of 0.13 and a fracture stress of 100 GPa for UNCD, which are 37% and 43%, respectively, that of single-crystal diamond. The Young’s modulus of UNCD is E = 1.05 TPa which is only slightly smaller than that of single-crystal diamond ( E = 1.09 TPa). The UNCD fracture stress value ( σ f = 100 GPa) is very large compared to that observed experimentally ( σ f
Multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna by changing the microstrip connecting element position

We present the idea of a simple frequency reconfigurable patch antenna that operates at multiband from 2 GHz to 4.5 GHz in this paper. By changing the position of the microstrip connecting elements on the antenna patches, the operating frequency will shift with fixed radiation patterns. Both simulated and measured results are provided and shown in good agreement.
The Measurement of RF-Antenna Near Field Patterns Using Liquid Crystal Sensors

Present methods for measuring antenna near field RF patterns utilize a point to point probing technique. The results from this method are somewhat unsatisfactory due to the coupling between the antenna and the probes. Secondary effects such as reflections also tend to confuse the data. In addition, the point to point probing of an antenna near field is a time consuming process during which the RF power level must be held constant.
Hemorrhagic enteropathy complicating myocardial infarction

Abstract A report is presented in which the abdominal signs and symptoms in a patient with myocardial infarction suggested the possibility that an acute hemorrhagic enteropathy had developed. An analysis of the literature supports the assumption that the intestinal complication is not related specifically to the myocardial damage but rather to the resultant circulatory changes.
The coordinated control of circulating fluidized bed boiler with fuzzy feedforward control

An intelligent coordinated control strategy has been proposed and successfully applied to 300MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) units in China. The paper describes an intelligent coordinated control (ICC) system to overcome the long settling time, strong coupling, nonlinearity and inconstancy encountered in CFB combustion. ICC is based on both fuzzy Feedforward (fuzzy-FF) control and the fuzzy-PID feedback control. The fuzzy-FF control path contains a set of multi-input single-output fuzzy inference systems obtained from steady-state input-output plant data and is used to improve the dynamics of CFB unit. The control output is mainly determined by the fuzzy-FF path, diminishing the control effort on the PID controllers. The fuzzy-PID controller supplies the complementary control signal component for regulation and disturbance rejection in small neighborhoods of the commanded trajectories. A self-adapting algorithm and non-uniform grid scheduling is proposed in the fuzzy-PID controller. The strategy is implemented through the function code on many typical DCS (EDPF-NT, XDPS, etc). The industrial application results show that this strategy achieves better performance in the specific range of load variations.
The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses

This article uses social movement theory to analyze environmental justice rhetoric. It argues that the environmental justice frame is a master frame that uses discourses about injustice as an effective mobilizing tool. The article identifies an environmental justice paradigm and compares it with the new environmental paradigm. In addition, the article discusses why the environmental justice movement grew so fast and why its adherents find the environmental justice frame so appealing.
Local Control as a Mechanism of Colonization of Public Education in the United States

Colonization of public education—the process by which schools are overwhelmed and penetrated by non‐educational imperatives—is usually believed to be caused by capitalism and the hegemonic ideological structures it produces. In this paper I argue that in the case of the United States an additional mechanism produces strong colonizing effects: the institution of local control. In the context of contemporary institutional conditions, local control is the lynch‐pin for the production of socio‐economic segregation, cumulative disadvantages, and the mythology of popular control disguising the growing control of public schooling through unaccountable bureaucracies and private corporations.
Review: Statins do not increase adverse cognitive effects in patients with or without initial cognitive impairment

Source Citation Ott BR, Daiello LA, Dahabreh IJ, et al. Do statins impair cognition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30:348-58. 25575908
Influence of white matter anisotropic conductivity on EEG source localization: comparison to fMRI in human primary visual cortex.

Objective: The goal of this study was to experimentally investigate the influence of the anisotropy of white matter (WM) conductivity on EEG source localization. Methods: Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and fMRI data were recorded from three human subjects presented with identical visual stimuli. A finite element method was used to solve the EEG forward problems based on both anisotropic and isotropic head models, and single-dipole source localization was subsequently performed to localize the source underlying the N75 VEP component. Results: The averaged distances of the localized N75 dipole locations in V1 between the isotropic and anisotropic head models ranged from 0 to 6.22 ± 2.83 mm. The distances between the localized dipole positions and the centers of the fMRI V1 activations were slightly smaller when using an anisotropic model (7.49 ± 1.35–15.70 ± 8.60 mm) than when using an isotropic model (7.65 ± 1.30–15.31 ± 9.18 mm). Conclusions: Anisotropic models incorporating realistic WM anisotropic conductivity distributions do not substantially improve the accuracy of EEG dipole localization in the primary visual cortex using experimental data obtained using visual stimulation. Significance: The present study represents the first attempt using a human experimental approach to assess the effects of WM anisotropy on EEG source analysis.
Does Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Response to Heterospecific Alarm Calls Depend on Familiarity or Acoustic Similarity

In habitats in which multiple species are prey to the same predators, individuals can greatly benefit from recognizing information regarding predators that is provided by other species. Past studies have demonstrated that various mammals respond to familiar heterospecific alarm calls, but whether acoustic similarity to a familiar call can prompt a mammal’s recognition of an unfamiliar call has yet to be shown. We presented alarm calls to free-ranging eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and recorded behavioral changes in vigilance and antipredatory response. Playbacks included alarm calls of a sympatric bird (American robin, Turdus migratorius), an allopatric bird with a call structure similar to that of the robin (common blackbird, Turdus merula), and an allopatric bird with a distinct call structure (New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae). Squirrels responded significantly more frequently to squirrel alarm calls (positive control) than to robin song (negative control) or honeyeater calls. Squirrel response to robin and blackbird alarm calls was statistically similar to their response to squirrel alarm calls, indicating that squirrels responded to those alarm calls as if they provided information about the presence of predators. However, squirrel response to robin song was not statistically different from response to any of the other avian calls, including the robin and blackbird alarms, suggesting that squirrels neither respond to blackbird alarms as if they clearly signify danger, nor as if they clearly do not signify danger, perhaps reflecting some ambiguity in interpretation of the calls. These results suggest that squirrel responses to alarm calls are generally based on call familiarity, but that acoustic similarity of an unfamiliar allopatric call to a familiar call also can elicit antipredator behavior. The lack of response to honeyeater alarm calls also supports the hypothesis that call recognition by gray squirrels is dependent on familiarity, rather than simply detection of an acoustic feature common to alarm calls across a variety of avian species.
Opportunities for Engaging Low-Income, Vulnerable Populations in Health Care: A Systematic Review of Homeless Persons’ Access to and Use of Information Technologies

We systematically reviewed the health and social science literature on access to and use of information technologies by homeless persons by searching 5 bibliographic databases. Articles were included if they were in English, represented original research, appeared in peer-reviewed publications, and addressed our research questions. Sixteen articles met our inclusion criteria. We found that mobile phone ownership ranged from 44% to 62%; computer ownership, from 24% to 40%; computer access and use, from 47% to 55%; and Internet use, from 19% to 84%. Homeless persons used technologies for a range of purposes, some of which were health related. Many homeless persons had access to information technologies, suggesting possible health benefits to developing programs that link homeless persons to health care through mobile phones and the Internet.
Droplet Actuation by Electrowetting-on-Dielectric (EWOD): A Review

Abstract This paper reviews publications that have fortified our understanding of the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) actuation mechanism. Over the last decade, growing interest in EWOD has led to a wide range of scientific and technological investigations motivated by its applicability in microfluidics, especially for droplet-based optical and lab-on-a-chip systems. At this point in time, we believe that it is helpful to summarize the observations, insights, and modeling techniques that have led to the current picture showing how forces act on liquid droplets and how droplets respond in EWOD microfluidic devices. We discuss the basic physics of EWOD and explain the mechanical response of a droplet using free-body diagrams. It is our hope that this review will inspire new research approaches and help design useful devices.
The lateral calcaneal artery adipofascial flap

The lateral calcaneal artery adipofascial flap is a modification of the lateral calcaneal artery skin flap. It has been used successfully in five patients. In comparison to the skin flap, it has the advantages of more versatile clinical applications, better aesthetic result of the donor site and sural nerve preservation.
What Makes a Prime Minister Great?: A Leadership Trait Analysis of the effectiveness of British Prime Ministers from 1902 to 2004

What role do the Leadership Trait Analysis (LTA) criteria projected by a British Prime Minister (PM) have on the perceived effectiveness of their time in office? In this paper, the analysis of 20th-century British PMs utilized automated at-a-distance content analysis and the LTA coding system to determine the conceptual complexity, ability to control events, and need for power scores projected by PMs. The impact these traits had on the perceived effectiveness of the totality of the PMs’ tenure in office, as measured by the 2004 MORI/University of Leeds survey, was then examined via one-tailed ordinary least squares regression.This project provides evidence that British PMs who project traits associated with the LTA measure regarding strong power motivation are significantly viewed as more effective while in office. These findings provide more than a novel historical profile of British PMs. The relationship between effective leadership and LTA traits could be utilized by political campaigns, especially giv...
A Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model—Formulation *

A class of model for simulation and theory of the tropical atmospheric component of climate variations is introduced. These models are referred to as quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation models, or QTCMs, because they make use of approximations associated with quasi-equilibrium (QE) convective parameterizations. Quasiequilibrium convective closures tend to constrain the vertical temperature profile in convecting regions. This can be used to generate analytical solutions for the large-scale flow under certain approximations. A tropical atmospheric model of intermediate complexity is constructed by using the analytical solutions as the first basis function in a Galerkin representation of vertical structure. This retains much of the simplicity of the analytical solutions, while retaining full nonlinearity, vertical momentum transport, departures from QE, and a transition between convective and nonconvective zones based on convective available potential energy. The atmospheric model is coupled to a one-layer land surface model with interactive soil moisture and simulates its own tropical climatology. In the QTCM version presented here, the vertical structure of temperature variations is truncated to a single profile associated with deep convection. Though designed to be accurate in and near regions dominated by deep convection, the model simulates the tropical and subtropical climatology reasonably well, and even has a qualitative representation of midlatitude storm tracks. The model is computationally economical, since part of the solution has been carried out analytically, but the main advantage is relative simplicity of analysis under certain conditions. The formulation suggests a slightly different way of looking at the tropical atmosphere than has been traditional in tropical meteorology. While convective scales are unstable, the large-scale motions evolve with a positive effective stratification that takes into account the partial cancellation of adiabatic cooling by diabatic heating. A consistent treatment of the moist static energy budget aids the analysis of radiative and surface heat flux effects. This is particularly important over land regions where the zero net surface flux links land surface anomalies. The resulting simplification highlights the role of top-of-the-atmosphere fluxes including cloud feedbacks, and it illustrates the usefulness of this approach for analysis of convective regions. Reductions of the model for theoretical work or diagnostics are outlined.
Hibernacula Use and Hibernation Phenology in the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in Canaan Valley, West Virginia

Abstract We captured 32 Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in a Canaan Valley, West Virginia lake and equipped them with radio-transmitters during 1988 through 2007 to describe their hibernation behavior and examine the relative importance of temporal and environmental effects on hibernation. We monitored entry date, exit date, and location of hibernacula. The mean date of entry into hibernation was 9 October, and the mean date of exit from hibernation was 13 April, with a mean duration of 185 days. Turtles moved a mean distance of 117 m to hibernacula and were located most often along small streams bordered by speckled alder (Alnus rugosa). Hibernation entry date was influenced by lake temperature and hibernation exit date was influenced by water temperature at hibernacula sites. We suggest that small streams are important to Common Snapping Turtles as hibernacula because they provide protection from predators and remain above freezing temperatures.
Multivalent Inactivated Virus Oil Emulsion Vaccines in Broiler Breeder Chickens. II. Trivalent Vaccines in Breeders Not Previously Vaccinated with Live Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, and Tenosynovitis Vaccines

Inactivated Newcastle disease (NDV), infectious bursal disease (IBDV), and viral arthritis/tenosynovitis (VA) viruses were incorporated into water-in-oil emulsion vaccines either alone, in bivalent combinations, or in a trivalent vaccine. Twenty-week-old broiler breeder chickens with no previous exposure to NDV, IBDV, or VA live virus vaccines were injected intramuscularly with the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines. The antibody responses to NDV in all three vaccines were poor, and NDV-hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers (GMTs) never rose above 20 during the 40-week trial. The antibody response to IBDV showed a strong primary response 4 weeks after vaccination, but IBD-VN geometric mean titers declined steadily to less than 100 by 4 months after vaccination. The antibody GMTs to IBDV continued to decline for the remainder of the trial. The antibody response to VA virus was biphasic, with peak VA-virus neutralization (VN) geometric mean titers occurring at 3 months and 6 months postvaccination. The amplitude of the response to the monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent vaccines was inversely proportional to the number of antigens incorporated into each vaccine. Maternal antibody titers in the progeny against each of the three antigens reflected those of the parents. In no case were maternal antibody titers detectable beyond 14 days of age.
Inference about Survivors

This study explores inference about assets that have survived by avoiding poor performance. The greater is the commonality across assets in prior uncertainty about parameters, the more an asset's inferred expected return should depend on its having survived. If there is no commonality, then a surviving asset's average return can possess substantial sampling bias while nevertheless equaling the appropriate conditional expected return. Survival bias as typically computed generally makes too severe an adjustment to survivors, unless one assumes that expected returns on all assets, dead or alive, are equal to one common value that is completely unknown before observing returns data.
An age for Kajong, a Miocene fossil site east of Lake Turkana, Kenya

Abstract The Kajong Formation in Marsabit District, northern Kenya has yielded a Miocene mammalian fauna consisting of nine taxa. It is capped by a basalt 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated at 19.1 ± 0.1 Ma, and a volcanic clast from a conglomerate within the formation yielded an age of 20.3 Ma, only slightly older. The entire fauna from this site thus lies close to the base of the Miocene Epoch and is older than 19.2 Ma. The site has yielded some of the oldest examples of Archaeobelodon filholi , Prodeinotherium hobleyi , and Gomphotherium sp. in east Africa.
Recombinase-based conditional and reversible gene regulation via XTR alleles

Synthetic biological tools that enable precise regulation of gene function within in vivo systems have enormous potential to discern gene function in diverse physiological settings. Here we report the development and characterization of a synthetic gene switch that, when targeted in the mouse germline, enables conditional inactivation, reports gene expression and allows inducible restoration of the targeted gene. Gene inactivation and reporter expression is achieved through Cre-mediated stable inversion of an integrated gene-trap reporter, whereas inducible gene restoration is afforded by Flp-dependent deletion of the inverted gene trap. We validate our approach by targeting the p53 and Rb genes and establishing cell line and in vivo cancer model systems, to study the impact of p53 or Rb inactivation and restoration. We term this allele system XTR, to denote each of the allelic states and the associated expression patterns of the targeted gene: eXpressed (XTR), Trapped (TR) and Restored (R).
The chemotherapy of malaria.

Malaria remains a formidable global problem. Although substantial progress has been made in efforts to combat and to eliminate this protozoan scourge, much remains to be done. This review dealing with the chemotherapy of malaria presents: a brief resume of historical aspects relating to the development of synthetic antimalarial drugs; a discussion of apposite considerations with respect to parasites that cause human malaria, classification of antimalarial drugs, and terminology; a summary of available information concerning the uses and effects of quinine and widely employed synthetic antimalarial drugs; a short account of certain other antimalarial agents, some developed recently, that are of considerable experimental interest; and a discussion of resistance of malaria parasites to drugs, with particular emphasis on recently detected parasites that are resistant to chloroquine and to other synthetic antimalarial drugs.
Dynamic Scaling of a Cluster Growth Process far from Equilibrium

The dynamics of cluster growth in a two-lane driven diffusive system is analyzed by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We observe good dynamical scaling for small values of a particle-particle exchange probability γ on relatively small lattices. As γ increases, the (effective) scaling exponents develop a dependence on γ, suggesting that the observed coarsening does not result in a genuine ordered phase but is instead part of a complex crossover.
A Cottonseed-Meal Diet for Laboratory Cultures of the Boll Weevil

Adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, reared on a cottonseed-meal diet emerged sooner and over a shorter period, were heavier, lived longer, and females produced more eggs than weevils reared under similar conditions on a cottonleaf-meal diet. The cottonseed meal is available from commercial sources and is less expensive than cottonleaf meal.
Ovicidal activity of Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 in the stable fly and horn fly after surface contact by adults.

Adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), deposited eggs that did not hatch when the flies were exposed in the World Health Organization kit to paper impregnated with Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 ( N -4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea). The approximate LC50 for inhibition of hatch was 0.17%. Also, 88% of the eggs did not hatch when the stable flies were exposed for 7 days to 7-day-old spray residue of TH 6040 (1%) on a steer, and 60% did not hatch after a similar exposure to 14-day-old spray residue. Adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), treated topically with 1–2 µg TH 6040/µl acetone likewise deposited eggs that did not hatch though larvae developed within the egg. When horn flies were exposed to the treated steer, hatchability was inhibited after a 48-h exposure to 35-day-old spray residue.
Antigenicity and allergenicity of body and fecal extracts of the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae).

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) demonstrated that extracts of both bodies and feces of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) contained multiple antigens and allergens. DP feces extract contained significantly fewer antigens than did DP body extract. Five DP body antigens and at least 4 DP feces antigens were allergens and bound specific IgE in the 2 mite-sensitive reference sera tested. Several antigens in each extract were potent allergens. Heterologous CIE demonstrated some cross antigenicity between body and fecal extracts, but many of the antigens present in DP bodies were not present in DP feces. All cross-reacting DP body and DP feces antigens were weak allergens for the 2 test sera, based on the long autoradiographic time required for visualization compared to the relatively short exposure time required to visualize IgE binding with the homologous CRIE system. Binding of specific IgE in mite-allergic patient sera to the many antigens varied significantly both in frequency and in strength between and within patients. The results of the study are particularly significant because extracts produced from well-defined, media-free mite body and relatively pure mite feces were used. Inconsistencies in the reported number and potency of mite antigens and allergens are due to the use of poorly defined mite extracts of widely varying quality. Use of highly concentrated, well-defined, natural mite material is important for determining the origin and significance of specific mite allergens.
Analysis of Natural Knee Rollback Using Lowest Point Method

During knee flexion and extension the ACL and PCL help to coordinate the movement and rotation of the knee by constraining the sliding and rolling motions at the joint. In the natural knee the femur pivots about the medial condyle and the femur tends to roll back on the tibia with increasing flexion [1]. The purpose of this study was to observe if and how rollback occurs in the natural knee using the lowest point (LP) method, and to understand how anterior-posterior (AP) motion is related to flexion angle in the natural knee. A better understanding of natural knee femoral rollback will influence future design of total knee arthroplasties.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Conformational dynamics of a Y-family DNA polymerase during substrate binding and catalysis as revealed by interdomain Förster resonance energy transfer.

Numerous kinetic, structural, and theoretical studies have established that DNA polymerases adjust their domain structures to enclose nucleotides in their active sites and then rearrange critical active site residues and substrates for catalysis, with the latter conformational change acting to kinetically limit the correct nucleotide incorporation rate. Additionally, structural studies have revealed a large conformational change between the apoprotein and the DNA–protein binary state for Y-family DNA polymerases. In previous studies [Xu, C., Maxwell, B. A., Brown, J. A., Zhang, L., and Suo, Z. (2009) PLoS Biol. 7, e1000225], a real-time Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) method was developed to monitor the global conformational transitions of DNA polymerase IV from Sulfolobus solfataricus (Dpo4), a prototype Y-family enzyme, during nucleotide binding and incorporation by measuring changes in distance between locations on the enzyme and the DNA substrate. To elucidate further details of the conformat...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WITKIN'S ROD-AND-FRAME TASK AND PIAGET'S WATER-LINE TASK FOR COLLEGE WOMEN

The water-line concept is the understanding that a liquid surface is invariantly horizontal, regardless of how the container of the liquid may be tilted. Piaget and Inhelder ( 2 ) report that children do not develop this concept until about the age of nine and their observations have been verified by others (1, 3, 4 ) . Thomas (4 ) and Willemsen and Reynolds ( 5 ) have found that approximately half of college women cannot correctly represent the water line in a tilted container whereas nearly all college men can. Willemsen and Reynolds (5) have shown that the deficient performance of some women on the water-line task is due to their greater tendency, relative to men, to be distracted by the straight-line characteristics of the sides, top, and bottom of the container. This tendency to be guided by external or irrelevant features of a perceptual situation is also shown by adult women on the Rod-and-frame task ( 6 ) . This study was undertaken to estimate the correlation between the two tasks with a view to developing an understanding of sex differences on the water-line task in terms of Witkin, et al.'s concept of differentiation (6 ) . Ss were 30 undergraduate women enrolled at a small Catholic university in the West. Three undergraduate psychology majors (A.B., M.S.B., and N.G.) served as Es. Ss were assigned to them at random. Half the Ss were given the waterline task first and the Rodand-frame task second, and half had the reverse order. For the water-line task, the Thomas Mark I apparatus as described in Willemsen and Reynolds ( 5 ) was uesd along with a cylindrical container. This apparatus permits assessment of S's ability to represent the water line on a tilted container correctly. Twelve trials were conducted on this task-one for each angle of tilt corresponding to an hour on the clock. S's representations of the water line were scored as the average absolute number of degrees from the horizontal. Twelve trials on the Rod-and-frame task were given on the standard table top model with a 7 Min. square frame manufactured by Shaw Laboratories, Inc., Syosset (L . I . ) , New York (Model PR-20). The frame settings varied in 5" increments from 25" left of vertical to 25" right of vertical. Rod settings varied independently in 2" increments from 7" left or right to 25" left or right. S was instructed to set the rod to the vertical and her error score was taken as the average absolute number of degrees from the vertical of her settings. As a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks indicated no significant differences among Es in the error scores on each of the two tasks, data for all 30 Ss were combined. The mean error on the Rod-and-frame task was 2.86", SD = .83. The mean error for the water-line task was 4.31°, SD = 6.08. A Spearman rho between errors on the two casks was .37 ( r > 0; f i = .05). This modest value suggests that lack of differentiation as assessed by the Rod-and-frame task may account for some of the variance of scores on the water-line task but that other variables contribute as well.
Further studies on the time course of rerepression of two rat liver enzymes.

SummaryRerepression of G6PD, 6PGD, and ME can be accomplished by feeding a high-fat diet to starving rats. When such regimen is followed, a second episode of starvation-refeeding will no longer cause “increased inducibility” of these enzymes. Treatment of the rats with 8-azaguanine during the feeding of the high-fat diet prevented the effect of the high-fat diet on G6PD inducibility, decreased the effect on ME inducibility, but had very little effect on 6PGD inducibility. The results indicate that transcriptional rerepression requires exogenous fat and de novo RNA synthesis, but that 6PGD can be rerepressed without de novo RNA synthesis. The results further indicate that the de novo RNA synthesis necessary for the rerepression of G6PD and ME occurs during the second day of refeeding and coincides with the time course of de novo RNA synthesis requirement for the enzyme overshoot.
Discussion on the Existence of Solution to Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem with Generalized p-Laplacian Operator

Two kinds of nonlinear boundary value problems with generalized p-Laplacian operator are studied in this paper.By using a result on the existence of solutions for variational inequalities,the result on the existence of solution of the nonlinear Dirichlet boundary value problem with generalized p-Laplacian operator is proved.Later,a kind of nonlinear Neumann boundary value problem with generalized p-Laplacian operator is presented.By digging deeply into the relationship between the above two kinds of nonlinear boundary value problems and by using a perturbation result on the ranges of maximal monotone operators,an result for the existence of solution of the nonlinear Neumann boundary value problem with generalized p-Laplacian operator is obtained.In this paper,some new proof techniques are employed,which extend and complement some of the previous research work.
Prognostic significance of flow cytometry in non-small-cell lung cancer

To clarify the value of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy analysis, we prospectively studied single-parameter flow cytometric findings of fresh tissue from 272 patients with primary non-small-cell lung cancer from whom adequate tissue from the lung cancer was available. The mean age of the patients was 65.5 years; 65.8% were men. Histologic types were as follows: adenocarcinoma, 107 (39.3%); squamous cell, 100 (36.8%); large cell, 56 (20.6%); adenosquamous, 8 (2.9%); and giant cell, 1 (0.4%). Histologic grades were as follows: I (well differentiated), 15 (5.5%); II, 100 (36.8%); and III, 157 (57.7%). American Joint Committee on Cancer stages were as follows: I, 151 (55.5%); II, 38 (14%); III, 74 (27.2%); and IV, 9 (3.3%). Survivals at 1 year and 3 years were 74.2% +/- 2.8% and 52.4% +/- 4.8%, respectively. For non-squamous cell lung cancer, multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazards regression model for survival showed (1) that increasing American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (p < 0.001), male gender (p = 0.02), and histologic grades II and III (p = 0.04) were of independent (negative) prognostic significance and (2) that the presence and absence of DNA aneuploidy (p = 0.91), the classification of DNA histogram (p = 0.81), the DNA index (p = 0.46), and the results of cell cycle analysis in tumors with no aneuploidy (S phase, p = 0.23; S + G2M, p = 0.62) were of no prognostic significance. For squamous cell lung cancer, multivariate analyses showed that increasing American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (p = 0.003) and increasing DNA index (p = 0.009) were of independent (negative) prognostic significance.
Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for determining ampicillin residues in fish muscle

The Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for penicillin in milk (AOAC official method) was adapted for the determination of ampicillin in fish muscle. The method was evaluated in 2 species of cultured fish: channel catfish and striped bass. Recoveries of ampicillin ranged from 99 to 104% when muscle specimens from both species were spiked at concentrations of 0.025-1.00 micrograms/g. The lower limit of determination (LOD) was 0.025 micrograms/g. The assay was applied to monitor the elimination of ampicillin from the muscle of striped bass after intravascular administration (dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight). The mean concentrations in the muscle declined from 1.160 micrograms/g at 2 h to 0.063 micrograms/g at 18 h. The half-life of ampicillin in the muscle was 3.6 h. Ampicillin concentrations were below LOD at 24 h. No inhibitory activity was observed in the muscle of control fish.
Seizure outcome after switching antiepileptic drugs: A matched, prospective study

SummaryObjective Outcomes after changing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have largely been studied in single cohort series. We recently reported the first study to examine this question in a controlled manner. Here we expand on these results by using a matched, prospective methodology applied to both uncontrolled and well-controlled patients taking any AED. Methods We reviewed all outpatient notes over a 9-month period and identified patients with focal epilepsy who were on monotherapy. We classified those who switched AEDs as case patients, with those remaining on the same drug serving as controls. We matched cases with controls for seizure status (seizure-free in the preceding 6 months or not), current AED, and number of failed AEDs. We subsequently assessed outcome 6 months later. Results Seizure-free patients who switched drug (n = 12) had a 16.7% rate of seizure recurrence at 6 months, compared to 2.8% among controls remaining on the same drug (n = 36, p = 0.11). There was a 37% remission rate among uncontrolled patients who switched drug compared to 55.6% among controls (n = 27 per group, p = 0.18). Uncontrolled patients who had previously tried more than one AED were somewhat less likely to enter remission (p = 0.057). Neither AED mechanism of action nor change in dosage impacted outcome. Significance Herein we provide further estimation of the modest risk (~14%) associated with switching AEDs in patients in remission compared to being maintained on the same regimen. Uncontrolled patients were no more likely to enter remission after a drug switch than they were after remaining on the same drug, suggesting that spontaneous changes in disease state, and not drug response, underlie remission in this population.
Using Cross-Lagged Correlation Analysis to Derive Causal Inferences in Quasi-Experimental Marketing Research

While choosing from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental designs, the marketing researcher faces a problem of trade-off between causal interpretability and the commitment required from subjects. It is argued here that a carefully designed cross-lagged correlation methodology may provide the best alternative in most situations. A number of assumptions are discussed. Several steps are then recommended to avoid alternative interpretations of causal relationships.