cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Childhood Obesity Through a Mindfulness-Based Parent Stress Intervention: A Randomized Pilot Study.

Objective To assess the feasibility of engaging stressed, low-income parents with obesity in a novel mindfulness-based parent stress intervention aimed at decreasing the risk of early childhood obesity. Study design An 8-week mindfulness-based parent stress group intervention (parenting mindfully for health) plus nutrition and physical activity counseling (PMH+N) was developed for parents with obesity aimed at preventing obesity in their at-risk 2- to 5-year-old children. PMH+N was compared with a control group intervention (C+N), and improvement in parenting was assessed before and after the intervention using the laboratory-based toy wait task (TWT). In addition, nutrition, physical activity, and stress were assessed using a multimethod approach. Results After establishing feasibility in 20 parent-child dyads (phase 1), 42 dyads were randomized to PMH+N vs C+N (phase 2). Compared with the C+N group, the PMH+N group demonstrated significantly better group attendance (P Conclusions These findings suggest that a mindfulness-based parent stress intervention to decrease childhood obesity risk is feasible, requires further testing of therapeutic mechanisms in larger samples, and may be a potential way to attenuate the risk of childhood obesity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01974102 .
Lung cancer screening: Practice guidelines and insurance coverage are not enough.

Background and purpose Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is expected to increase early detection of lung cancer and improve survival. The growth in the number of advanced nurse practitioners (NPs) in primary care settings increases the likelihood that an NP will serve as a patient's provider. This study's purpose was to examine knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding LDCT among NPs who work in primary care settings. Methods An explanatory, sequential, mixed-method design used a 32-item questionnaire, followed by a semi-structured telephone interview. The development of the survey and interview questions were guided by a conceptual framework representing a temporal sequence for behavior change and potential barriers to guideline adherence. Conclusions Nurse practitioners believe that shared decision making with their high-risk patients about LDCT is within their scope of their practice. Working in time-constrained primary care settings, NPs have limited abilities to improve the uptake of LDCT. Substantial patient barriers exist that deter follow through on providers' recommendation. Disseminating guidelines and authorizing health insurance reimbursement is insufficient. Implications for practice Research is needed that investigates the screening process so that barriers can be closely studied. Culture change is needed where early detection has greater value for insurers, providers, and patients.
Navigating Moral Reasoning in Mediation

This chapter examines the importance of understanding of moral reasoning processes in individuals involved in mediation. It discusses Lawrence Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning and applies it to a case study of a workplace dispute. The chapter also discusses the care ethic versus justice ethic debate put forth by feminist psychologists challenging mainstream theories of moral reasoning. The chapter concludes by examining the impact of moral reasoning processes on mediation and how it might lead to re-imagining the skill set needed mediate conflict effectively (i.e., skills that involve emotional intelligence).
SF-Assemblin genes in Paramecium : phylogeny and phenotypes of RNAi silencing on the ciliary-striated rootlets and surface organization

Cilia emanate from basal bodies just underneath the cell membrane. Basal bodies must withstand torque from the ciliary beat and be appropriately spaced for cilia to beat in metachronal waves. Basal body rootlets provide stability for motile cilia. Paramecium has three. Our focus is on the largest one, the striated rootlet (SR). Paramecium basal bodies align in straight rows. Previously we found a potential role for the SR in this alignment. Here we present a phylogeny of the Paramecium homologs of the SF-Assemblin gene of the SR of Chlamydomonas, and the organization of these genes. We describe the phenotypes from RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of genes and gene groups. Phenotypes of the RNAi depletions were characterized by immunofluorescence (IF), electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. We found 30 genes for Paramecium SF-Assemblin homologs (SFA) organized into 13 Paralog Groups (further categorized in five Structural Groups). Representatives of Paralog Groups were found in the SRs. Silencing the transcripts of any of the Structural Groups correlates with misaligned rows of basal bodies, SRs, and cortical units. The silencing of Structural Groups was key and gave us the ability to systematically disrupt SR structures and cell surface organization. Silencing of SFA genes and Paralog Groups shows no effects on the SR or the cell surface organization. Silencing of the larger Structural Groups has an enormous impact on rows of basal bodies, SRs and cortical units, and SR striations, and length. Misaligned basal bodies have cilia causing the cells to swim in abnormal paths.
Statistics on 24 spiral galaxies having different observed arm locations using different arm tracers

Abstract The density wave theory predicted some physical offsets among different tracers of star formation. To test this prediction, here we compiled data on 40 galaxies searched observationally for a physical offset between spiral arm tracers, and found that 24 of them have a positive offset. In a spiral arm, an arm tracer in a region with a given temperature may be at a different location (offset) than an arm tracer in a region with a colder temperature. Some conditions are found to be necessary or sufficient in order to detect an offset between two arm tracers. To find the offset of a tracer from another tracer, one needs a proper linear resolution. Starting in the dust lane and going across the spiral arm, we seek the observed physical width of the star-forming zone (offset). In our sample of 24 galaxies with measured offsets, we find offsets with a median value near 326 pc and a mean near 370 pc. These offsets are comparable to those found in our Milky Way galaxy, between the cold diffuse CO 1–0 gas set at 0 pc, and the hot dust near 350 pc. Preliminary statistics are performed on the angular velocity of the gas and stars and angular velocity of the spiral pattern. Their observed orbital velocity of 200 km/s at a typical galactic radius near 4 kpc yields an angular speed of the gas and stars near 60 km/s/kpc. Their deduced angular rotation for the spiral pattern averages 36 km/s/kpc. These observational results are close to the results predicted by the shock-induced star-forming density wave theory. These mean or median property values will be useful for finding other galaxies that can support density waves.
Late Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Outcomes after Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy.

Development of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is associated with graft loss and can occur both early ( 3 months) post-transplant. Treatment and prognosis differ in early and late AMR. Herein, we present a single-center experience using high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (2g/kg) for the treatment of late AMR. All kidney recipients with negative T- and B-cell flow crossmatch at transplant and biopsy-proven late AMR were included (2009-2013, n=126). All patients were treated with IVIg at 2g/kg over divided doses and high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. Variables collected included demographics, Banff 2007 renal allograft biopsy scoring criteria, and laboratory values. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify factors predictive of graft loss. Median age was 46 years, with 60% male and 47.6% African American. Median time from transplant to rejection was 3.8 years. Baseline serum creatinine was 1.6 mg/dl and median serum creatinine at diagnosis was 2.6 mg/dl. Fifty-eight patients (46%) eventually lost their grafts at a median of 12 months (interquartile range: 4-21) from diagnosis. Serum creatinine >5.3 mg/dl at time of diagnosis was associated with a 94% probability of graft loss, and after controlling for multiple recipient and donor factors, only serum creatinine and urine protein creatinine ratio at diagnosis were predictive of graft loss. Late AMR has a poor prognosis, with 46% graft loss at a median follow-up of 12 months. Serum creatinine was a better predictor of subsequent graft failure than histological characteristics in late AMR. These findings help inform treatment plans as well as prognosis.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Southeastern County of the United States: Child Characteristics and Maternal Risk Traits

OBJECTIVE To detail the characteristic traits of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) and maternal risk factors in a southeastern U.S. County. METHODS Independent samples were drawn from 2 different cohorts of first-grade students. All consented children (49.8%) were measured for height, weight, and head circumference, and those ≤ 25th centile entered the study along with a random sample drawn from all enrolled students. Study children were examined for physical growth, dysmorphology, and neurobehavior, and their mothers were interviewed. RESULTS Total dysmorphology scores discriminated well the physical traits of children across the FASD continuum: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) = 15.8, partial FAS (PFAS) = 10.8, alcohol-related neurobehavioral disorder (ARND) = 5.2, and typically developing controls = 4.4. Additionally, a neurobehavioral battery distinguished children with each FASD diagnosis from controls. Behavioral problems qualified more children for FASD diagnoses than cognitive traits. Significant proximal maternal risk variables were as follows: reports of prepregnancy drinking, drinking in any trimester, and comorbid use of other drugs in lifetime and during pregnancy, especially alcohol and marijuana (14.9% among mothers of children with FASD vs. 0.4% for controls). Distal maternal risks included reports of other health problems (e.g., depression), living unmarried with a partner during pregnancy, and a lower level of spirituality. Controlling for other drug use during pregnancy, having a child diagnosed with a FASD was 17.5 times greater for women who reported usual consumption of 3 drinks per drinking day prior to pregnancy than for nondrinking mothers (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 5.1 to 59.9). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of FASD by race, Hispanic ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. The prevalence of FASD was not lower than 17.3 per 1,000, and weighted estimated prevalence was 49.0 per 1,000 or 4.9%. CONCLUSION This site had the second lowest rate in the CoFASP study, yet children with FASD are prevalent.
Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Feasibility Study for Home Care Older Adults:

Purpose:The present study examined the feasibility of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for home care older adults.Method:A feasibility open trial was conducted with 26 recipients ...
Kinetic Analysis of AAA+ Translocases by Combined Fluorescence and Anisotropy Methods

The multitude of varied, energy-dependent processes that exist in the cell necessitate a diverse array of macromolecular machines to maintain homeostasis, allow for growth, and facilitate reproduction. ATPases associated with various cellular activity are a set of protein assemblies that function as molecular motors to couple the energy of nucleoside triphosphate binding and hydrolysis to mechanical movement along a polymer lattice. A recent boom in structural insights into these motors has led to structural hypotheses on how these motors fulfill their function. However, in many cases, we lack direct kinetic measurements of the dynamic processes these motors undergo as they transition between observed structural states. Consequently, there is a need for improved techniques for testing the structural hypotheses in solution. Here, we apply transient-state fluorescence anisotropy and total fluorescence stopped-flow methods to the analysis of polypeptide translocation catalyzed by these ATPase motors. We specifically focus on the Hsp100-Clp protein system of ClpA, which is a well-studied, model ATPases associated with various cellular activity system that has both eukaryotic and archaea homologs. Using this system, we show that we can reproduce previously established kinetic parameters from the simultaneous analysis of fluorescence anisotropy and total fluorescence and overcome previous limitations of our previous approach. Specifically, for the first time, to our knowledge, we obtain quantitative interpretations of the translocation of polypeptide substrates longer than 100 aa.
Agricultural Investments: A Primer for Host Government Lawyers and Local Lawyers in Private Practice

Attracting investment in agriculture has been a key policy goal of governments in the global south. Development partners have supported these policies. But what do governments hope to achieve by attracting investment in the agricultural sector? Why are companies interested in investing? What is in it for local communities? And what is the role of lawyers? This primer provides an introduction to some of the key issues that arise in the negotiation of contracts linked to investments in agriculture, and practical guidance for how to approach common issues. Section 1 of this primer outlines the typical goals of three important stakeholders – the government, companies, and communities who live on or near land on which a project will take place – along with the risks that each type of stakeholder faces. Section 2 discusses the role of contracts and lawyers, provides tips for negotiations, and includes resources for further reading.
Characteristics of Water Hazards in China’s Coal Mines: A Review

China’s coal mines face very complicated hydrogeological conditions and are affected by many complex water hazards. Based on the condition of the coal seams and an analysis of regional hydrogeological and geological conditions, China's coal-producing regions have been divided into six major hazard regions. This paper summarizes the filling conditions and main types of mine water hazards for these six hazard zones. Then, the most common types of water hazards in China’s main coal mining areas (in northern and northwestern China) are analysed. North China’s coalfields face a relatively high risk of water hazards due to the fractured karst aquifers below the coal. Coal mining in the northwestern region is affected by sandstone aquifers above the coal seam, which creates a diverse array of water hazards. This paper illustrates the main characteristics of water hazards in China’s coal mines, and demonstrates the impact of water hazards in China’s coal mines. It also provides a reference for decisions related to coal industry planning and water control technology.
The impact of the Oakland SSB tax on prices and volume sold: A study of intended and unintended consequences

We examine the effects of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax that took effect in Oakland, California in 2017. Using rich customized universal product code -level data, we estimate the effect of the SSB tax on prices and volume in the short to medium term in a difference-in-differences framework. We pay particular attention to tax-avoidance strategies that may minimize the policy's intended effect including: (i) transfers to SSBs to the nontaxed border area (i.e., cross-border shopping), (ii) a move from high-priced per ounce single serve to their cheaper multipacks or larger format counterparts (i.e., format switching), and (iii) a move from high-priced beverages to less expensive ones within a category and format (i.e., brand switching). We find that the year-over-year tax pass-through is 49%. We find that volume sold of taxed beverages fell by 14%, but 46% of this decrease is offset with an increase in the border area. We also find evidence of substitution to lower-priced taxed beverages but no evidence of switching to cheaper formats. Finally, we find important dynamic effects with respect to tax pass-through, volume sold and cross-border shopping.
The impact of age-related hypomethylated DNA on immune signaling upon cellular demise

Aging is associated with decreased antigen-specific immunity and increased chronic inflammation. While DNA-sensing pathways might be involved, the molecular factors underlying these age-related aberrancies in immune signaling are unclear. Here, we consider the potential role of aging-induced hypomethylated DNA as a putative stimulant of age-associated inflammation.
CHAPTER 18 – Experimental Therapeutics for Friedreich's Ataxia

This chapter discusses the advances in the research of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), which has now entered the treatment era. Preliminary data on the use of the parabenzoquinones idebenone and coenzyme QIO (CoQlO) indicate that they are safe and well tolerated, and suggest possible benefit for the cardiomyopathy of FRDA. Phase II trials of these compounds are in progress, phase III trials are in the planning stages, and additional parabenzoquinones and parabenzoquinone analogs are in development. Development of improved ataxia scales for phase III trials is in progress. Positive trends were noted in mitochondrial ATP production after 4 months of treatment with L-camitine. Selenium and glutathione peroxidase mimetics enhanced cell viability in tissue culture models of FRDA, and high-throughput drug screens using cell-based models of FRDA are in progress. The presence of intact exonic sequences in most disease alleles opens up the possibility of upregulating expression of the disease gene for FRDA; several investigators are pursuing this possibility. One or more of these approaches, perhaps in combination, could potentially halt and perhaps even reverse the aspects of the disorder.
Reticular and raphe projections to the spinal cord of the North American opossum. Evidence for connectional heterogeneity.

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews the organization of reticular and raphe projections to the opossum's spinal cord and describes possible neurotransmitters or modulators employed by some of them. The opossum's central nervous system is relatively generalized in comparison with that of most mammals. Corticospinal tracts exist, but they are limited and can only be traced to laminae III–VI of the cervical cord. In contrast, axons from the red nucleus and vestibular complex, as well as from several reticular and raphe nuclei, project the length of the spinal cord. Reticular and raphe neurons projecting to different levels of the spinal cord are identified by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. In a study described in the chapter, HRP was injected into the desired level of the cord where it was incorporated by axons and transported retrogradely to the parent cell bodies. The presence of HRP in reticular and raphe cells was revealed by several histochemical techniques.
Active and passive incontinence: differential diagnosis.

Abstract Incontinence may be an active or passive process. Passive incontinence reflects sphincter weakness and is the primary pathologic condition in stress incontinence in the female patient. It can be quantitated by a “continence zone” on urethral profile. Active incontinence occurs as inappropriate micturition, a manifestation of detrusor hyperreflexia or sphincter instability. Mixed forms also exist, for example, active incontinence can be triggered by mild stress. While symptom patterns do not clearly differentiate these groups, objective urodynamic studies do. Therapeutic response, likewise, corresponds to objective criteria.
Fifty Shades of Gray

This essay, a foreword to a forthcoming collection of new scholarly works to be published in the Baltic Yearbook of International law, revisits a debate concerning whether “liberal” or “democratic” states “comply better” with international law. It re-engages with a debate dating back to at least 2001 involving liberal theorists, like Anne-Marie Slaughter and Andrew Moravcsik, along with their critics, including the author and Gerry Simpson. The author examines recent events and contemporary compliance literature and uses both to conclude that a sharp black/white dichotomy between ostensibly law-compliant liberal and illiberal outlaw nations needs to give way to a more nuanced recognition of complexities and ambiguities, namely “fifty shades of gray.”
Ultrastructure of the mesenchymal layers of the human amnion in early pregnancy

Abstract The mesenchymal tissues of the human amnion were studied in specimens of 8 to 26 weeks' menstrual age. At 8 weeks the mesenchymal cells formed a continuous layer on the chorionic aspect of the amnion. Following the approximation of amnion and chorion, however, the cells became separated and were eventually dispersed in the deeper part of the mesenchyme. In the youngest specimens most of the cells exhibited evidence of considerable differentiation and contained a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum. The reduction in the frequency of such cells in the older specimens was associated with the appearance of a variety of forms thought to represent transitional stages between mesenchymal cells and Hofbauer cells. The morphologic features of the Hofbauer cells and the transitional forms were discussed in relation to the view that the Hofbauer cells are degenerated elements rather than the macrophages of the mesenchyme.
Enteric glial nitric oxide potentiates P2X7-mediated neuron death (1110.12)

Enteric neuron death causes gut dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Activation of neuronal P2X7 receptors (Gulbransen et. al. 2012) and oxidative stress (Abdo et. al. 2010) promote ent...
Developmental Behavioral Genetics and Education

Quantitative behavioral genetics accounts for individual differences in behavior in terms of genetic and environmental sources of variance. Heritability is the proportion of the total variance in a population that is accounted for by different genes. It is estimated from twin and adoption studies and depends on the genetic and environmental variability in the population. Developmental behavioral genetics focuses on genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in behavioral development, particularly on genetic and environmental change and continuity and on how heritability estimates depend on age. Many studies show that IQ is genetically influenced and that its heritability increases from infancy to adolescence. This might reflect that individuals' environments are increasingly influenced by their genetically influenced dispositions (active genotype–environment covariation). It is concluded that (a) genes are important for individual differences in learning potential, (b) environments are important for mean levels of attainment, (c) genetic influences on abilities call for a more individualized instruction, and (d) active genotype–environment covariation suggests that children should be provided with opportunities to select their preferred environmental niches.
The Miyake Island Volcano Disaster in Japan: Loss, Uncertainty, and Relocation as Predictors of PTSD and Depression

This study investigates the relationship between psychological well-being and the impact of loss and psychological uncertainty after the 2000 Miyake Island volcanic eruption. 231 Japanese evacuees (ages 20-93, average 59.52 years old) responded to mailed questionnaires 10 months after the volcanic eruption in 2000. The questionnaire included the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for posttraumatic stress disorder, an 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale (CES-D), assessment of disaster losses, demographics, and measure of relevant pre- and post-disaster activities (e.g., relocation, worry, doctor visits). Findings indicated that material loss and uncertainty of losses were significantly associated with higher rates of reported PTSD and depression symptoms. Those who relocated multiple times reported significantly higher rates of PTSD symptoms than those who relocated less frequently. Demographic characteristics such as being older, widowed, lower SES, less education, and longer length of residency on the island were also strongly associated with higher reported PTSD symptoms. Depression symptoms were strongly associated with being widowed, lower SES, longer length of residency on the island, and previous experiences of evacuations due to disasters.
Benthic Foraminiferal Biofacies of Eastern Pacific Margin Between 32°S and 32°N: ABSTRACT

Quantitative analyses of benthic foraminifera from the Peru-Chile Trench area, off Central America, and the Gulf of California allow assessment of general faunal trends between 32°S and 32°N along the eastern margin of the North Pacific and South Pacific. Six widespread faunal divisions can be recognized in this broad region reflecting major variations in substrate and water-mass character across the neritic-to-abyssal gradient. The 50-m isobath represents the average line of wave touchdown on open shelves, in turn separating inner and outer neritic substrates, mixing, and biofacies. Inner neritic biofacies ( 4,000 m) dominated by various species of Alveolophragmium, Bathysiphon, Cystammina, Glomospira, Reophax, Rhabdammina, Spiroplectammina, and Trochammina. Deviations from these general trends occur in conjunction with substrate anomalies, complex water-mass associations (i.e., double oxygen minima), and in marginal basins where sill depth effectively controls water-mass character, substrate, and biofacies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 444------------
Understanding the effects of model uncertainty in robust design with computer experiments

The use of computer experiments and surrogate approximations (metamodels) introduces a source of uncertainty in simulation-based design that we term model interpolation uncertainty. Most existing approaches for treating interpolation uncertainty in computer experiments have been developed for deterministic optimization and are not applicable to design under uncertainty in which randomness is present in noise and/or design variables. Because the random noise and/or design variables are also inputs to the meta-model, the effects ofmetamodel interpolation uncertainty are not nearly as transparent as in deterministic optimization. In this work, a methodology is developed within a Bayesian framework for quantifying the impact of interpolation uncertainty on the robust design objective, under consideration of uncertain noise variables. By viewing the true response surface as a realization of a random process, as is common in kriging and other Bayesian analyses of computer experiments, we derive a closed-form analytical expression for a Bayesian prediction interval on the robust design objective function. This provides a simple, intuitively appealing tool for distinguishing the best design alternative and conducting more efficient computer experiments. We illustrate the proposed methodology with two robust design examples-a simple container design and an automotive engine piston design with mere nonlinear response behavior and mixed continuous-discrete design variables.
Effects of methylphenidate and pentobarbital on the spontaneous activity levels of rats with selective hippocampal system damage

Abstract The effects of various types of experimentally-induced neural damage involving selective areas of the hippocampal system on spontaneous non-operant activity were studied in adult male rats using stabilimeter apparatus. A hierarchy of lesion-induced activity increases relative to sham-lesioned controls was revealed in which colchicine-induced dentate granule cell lesions produced the greatest increase in activity and kainic acid-induced pyramidal cell lesions produced the least. Methylphenidate (0.2, 0.4, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) tended to increase this activity in a dose-dependent manner while pentobarbital (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) tended to decrease it. These results indicate that such neural damage does not sufficiently alter the responsivity of rats to these drugs to produce a “paradoxical” effect although some lesion group differences in drug responsivity were seen. All this is discussed in light of the neuro-architecture of this system.
Motion of a bore over a sloping beach

The results of numerical calculations are presented for the motion of a bore over a uniformly sloping beach. The shallow water equations are solved in finite difference form, and a technique is developed for fitting in the bore at each step. The results are compared with the approximate formula given by Whitham (1958) and close agreement is found. The approximate theory is considered further here; the main addition is a rigorous proof that, within the shallow water theory, the height of the bore always tends to zero at the shoreline.
On the Relationship Between Automatic Attitudes and Self-Reported Sexual Assault in Men

Research and theory suggest rape supportive attitudes are important predictors of sexual assault; yet, to date, rape supportive attitudes have been assessed through self-report measures that are methodologically and theoretically limited. To address these limitations, the objectives of the current project were to: (1) develop a novel implicit rape attitude assessment that captures automatic attitudes about rape and does not rely on self-reports, and (2) examine the association between automatic rape attitudes and sexual assault perpetration. We predicted that automatic rape attitudes would be a significant unique predictor of sexual assault even when self-reported rape attitudes (i.e., rape myth acceptance and hostility toward women) were controlled. We tested the generalizability of this prediction in two independent samples: a sample of undergraduate college men (n = 75, M age = 19.3 years) and a sample of men from the community (n = 50, M age = 35.9 years). We found the novel implicit rape attitude assessment was significantly associated with the frequency of sexual assault perpetration in both samples and contributed unique variance in explaining sexual assault beyond rape myth acceptance and hostility toward women. We discuss the ways in which future research on automatic rape attitudes may significantly advance measurement and theory aimed at understanding and preventing sexual assault.
Numerical Investigation Into End Condition Effects on the Response of Reinforced Concrete Columns to Airblast

Dynamic finite element analysis using explicit time integration is a useful tool for evaluating the response of reinforced concrete columns to both near-contact and offset charges. Typical analyses model a single column in the structure in order to decrease analysis times and isolate the target column response from the general structural response. The effects, if any, of the assumed boundary conditions at the isolated column ends on the column response to the airblast loads are not fully understood at this time. This paper attempts to provide a more complete understanding of such end condition effects by investigating the response of a single column model with a variety of end conditions and comparing these responses to those of a column in a much larger structural model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
FULL-FAT SOY FLOUR EXTRUSION COOKED: PROPERTIES AND FOOD USES

SUMMARY– Full-fat soy flours prepared by the extrusion process were shown to have good nutritive value, flavor, and stability. A flour cooked to a nitrogen solubility index (NSI) of 30 stored well, but the addition of tertiary butyl hydroquinone was necessary to prevent rancidity in flours cooked to 19 and 11 NSI values. The 30 NSI flour was more yellow than a commercial flour cooked to the same degree by a different process. When soy flours were compared in bread to 3 and 6% nonfat dry milk on an equivalent protein, fat, and reducing sugar basis, baking properties were similar. At 15 and 20% levels of soy flour, loaf volume decreased less with the extruded products than with nonextrusion-processed soy flour.
Fred Bowerman Kniffen: The Making of a Geographer

Fred B. Kniffen, born only 18 days after the present century began, was descended from colonial New England stock. In 1840 his grandfather moved from New York to southern Michigan where some of the Kniffen family still live. Born in Michigan, Kniffen moved with his family to Kansas at an early age then to Wisconsin where he attended high school. After high school, he worked for a year including time on the ore docks of Lake Superior. With the money saved, he went to the University of Michigan and received a degree in geology. Following graduation, Kniffen was at loose ends and after working in a variety of jobs he went to Alaska where he thought it would be exciting, but had doubts. Once his wanderlust was satisfied, he decided to go to graduate school. Having met Carl Sauer at the University of Michigan, the logical choice was to go to the University of California, Berkeley where Sauer had moved in 1923. At Berkeley, Kniffen met Alfred Kroeber and under the influence of both Sauer and Kroeber, among othe...
Relative and absolute bond dissociation energies of sodium cation–alcohol complexes determined using competitive collision-induced dissociation experiments

Abstract Absolute L 1 Na + L 2 and relative Na + -L bond dissociation energies are determined experimentally by competitive collision-induced dissociation of L 1 Na + L 2 complexes with xenon in a guided ion beam mass spectrometer. The ligands examined include H 2 O, C 6 H 6 , CH 3 OH, CH 3 OCH 3 , NH 3 , and C 2 H 5 OH, which cover a range in Na + affinities of only 20 kJ/mol. Dissociation cross sections for formation of Na + L 1 + L 2 and Na + L 2 + L 1 are simultaneously analyzed with a model that uses statistical theory to predict the energy dependent branching ratio. The use of independent and common scaling factors for each channel in this analysis is evaluated and discussed, as is the importance of properly handling ligand internal rotors. The cross section thresholds thus determined are interpreted to yield the 0 K L 1 Na + L 2 bond dissociation energies and the relative 0 K Na + L binding affinities. The relative binding affinities are converted to absolute 0 K Na + L binding energies by using the absolute bond energy for Na + NH 3 , determined previously in our laboratory, as an anchor value. Comparisons are made to previous experimental and theoretical Na + L thermochemistry from several sources. The absolute L 1 Na + L 2 bond dissociation energies were also calculated using ab initio theory at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//MP2(full)/6-31G∗ level (corrected for zero-point energies and basis set superposition errors) and are in good agreement with the experimentally determined values.
Cathodic Debonding of Neoprene from Steel

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the failure mechanisms in neoprene/steel adhesive bonds during cathodic delamination or during immersion in aqueous solutions of NaOH to simulate the effects of cathodic delamination at the bondline. Delamination of the rubber from substrates that had been pretreated by acid-etching began at the edges of the bonds and proceeded slowly inward. The centers of the bonds were always intact except for every long times when complete delamination of the rubber was observed. Failure was near the primer/oxide interface but with islands of rubber remaining on the substrate and islands of oxide remaining on the rubber. The failure mechanism was associated with degradation of the phenolic primer and with dehydrohalogenation of chlorinated rubber in the adhesive and primer. Dehydrohalogenation resulted in the formation of inorganic salts which could dissolve during exposure to water at high pH values, leading to large osmotic pressures at the i...
Reactivity of the Ozone−Ethane System

The reaction of ozone with ethane was studied in the range 24−150 °C. Added oxygen at 24 °C was found to cause a large induction period after which the reaction occurred rapidly accompanied by a flash of light. The light consisted of Meinel bands from vibrationally excited OH radicals as had been previously seen at higher temperatures in the methane−ozone system. Induction periods of more than 3 h were measured when an excess of oxygen was added. Total pressure measurements suggested a chain reaction, and several possible chain sequences are considered. A 42-step mechanism was used to simulate the system and found to account for the effect of added oxygen on the induction period and on the light emission.
Influence of depth hoar on microwave emission from snow in northern Alaska

Abstract More than 80% of the total land area of Eurasia and North America can be covered by snow during the winter. Snow is highly reflective and the amount of time that it remains on the ground is important for regional and global energy balance since 90% of the solar energy available to heat the earth can be reflected away by snow. In previous work, global snow depth maps have been prepared based on Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) passive microwave satellite data. A two-layer radiative transfer model is used to generate an algorithm by which global snow depth is calculated from the SMMR brightness temperatures (TB). Analysis of these SMMR snow maps has shown that the snowpack of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska displays values of microwave TB that are lower than would be expected for the shallow snow which is known to occur there. In addition, observed values of TB in northern Alaska decrease as the winter progresses. The snowpack has a structure that consists of a low density depth hoar (lower) layer and an upper layer which consists of dense, windpacked snow. In this paper a two layer radiative transfer model is employed to calculate microwave TB for model snowpacks that have a depth hoar layer, in order to simulate snowpack conditions in northern Alaska. The observational data consist of a time series of 37 GHz horizontally and vertically polarized SMMR data of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska during the period from January through March 1980 and snow depth and air temperature measurements from Umiat, Alaska from the same time period. In the simulations, the thickness of the depth hoar layer was 10 cm in early January and increased by 0.50 cm per week, throughout a 3 month study period, to simulate a reported increasing thickness of the depth hoar layer as the winter progresses. When simulated and observed TB were correlated for 15 data points, a coefficient of correlation of R = 0.84 was obtained. Results show that the presence and variability of the depth hoar layer in northern Alaska can have a significant effect on the microwave emission from a snowpack.
A Simplified System Model for Rapid Evaluation of Disturbance Propagation through a Heat Exchanger Network

This paper describes a simplified system model for rapidly evaluating disturbance propagation through a heat exchanger network. The model depicts cause−effect relationships between a set of stream output variables (target temperature fluctuations) and a set of input variables (disturbances of source temperatures and heat capacity flowrates). The model, which consists of a set of linear equations of disturbances, can precisely evaluate the propagation caused by even severe temperature disturbances and/or by moderate heat capacity flowrate fluctuations. It is easy to use, computationally efficient, and particularly helpful in analyzing integrated process systems where disturbance propagation is always a major concern. Case studies demonstrate the applicability of the model in process analysis and improvement.
Treatment of Acute Stroke

Excerpt To the Editor:We read with admiration the recent editorial of Barsan and colleagues (1) regarding their experience with "trauma-style" approaches to early treatment for acute ischemic strok...
Simultaneous design of control systems

The problem of designing a feedback controller which stabilizes a number of plants simultaneously is discussed from the fractional representation point of view. An abstract solution of this general simultaneous stabilization problem is presented, and an elementary, explicit criterion is given for the simulteneous stabilizability of two systems. Finally, some examples and counter examples are presented, and some open problems are discussed.
Synthesis of 1,3-dialkyl imidazolium ionic liquids containing difunctional and tetrafunctional perfluoroalkylsulfonyl imide anions

Abstract Direct methylation of imidazole using methylated difunctional or tetrafunctional perfluorosulfonyl imides renders excellent yields of the corresponding room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). This methodology provides a simple, halide-free route to several novel RTILs containing multifunctional perfluorosulfonyl imide anions.
Commitment to Hematopoietic Fates Begins During Early Gastrulation in the Mammalian Embryo • 292

During mammalian embryogenesis, erythropoiesis occurs in two distinct waves. The first wave, primitive erythropoiesis, characterized by nucleated megaloblasts expressing embryonic globins, occurs in yolk sac blood islands. The second wave, definitive erythropoiesis, is characterized by adult globincontaining anucleate cells, that differentiate later in the fetal liver and bone marrow. To determine where and when embryonic cells become committed to hematopoietic fates, we previously examined the spatial and temporal expression of transcription factors critical to yolk sac hematopoiesis. SCL/tal-1 and LMO2/rbtn-2 were found exclusively in mesoderm cells as early as the mid-primitive streak stage, just 12 hours after the start of gastrulation. These findings suggest that commitment of mesoderm cells to blood cell fates occurs during early gastrulation. We tested this hypothesis by culturing cells from carefully staged gastrulating mouse embryos in methylcellulose with cytokines that support the growth of both primitive and definitive erythroid colonies. No hematopoietic progenitors were evident prior to, or at the onset of, primitive streak formation (E6.5). Blood cell progenitors, consisting of primitive erythroid and macrophage lineages, were first present at the mid-primitive streak stage (E7.0). Definitive erythroid progenitors first appeared at early somite pair stages (E8.5) exclusively within the yolk sac. We conclude that commitment of embryonic cells to hematopoietic fates occurs soon after the onset of mesoderm formation and that definitive erythroid potential is evident in the yolk sac prior to the development of the fetal liver. These findings suggest that hematopoietic stem cells with primitive and definitive hematopoietic potential arise during gastrulation in the yolk sac.
Peripartum responses of dairy cows to partial substitution of corn silage with corn grain in diets fed during the late dry period.

We randomly assigned 189 cows in a commercial dairy farm to dietary treatments with supplemental corn grain (SC) or without supplemental corn grain (NC) approximately 3 wk before expected parturition. Diets formulated were similar except that dry ground corn replaced 21% of the corn silage in one diet. Cows fed SC had reduced plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and tended to have increased plasma insulin concentrations prepartum compared with cows fed NC. Treatment did not affect nonesterified fatty acid concentrations prepartum, any blood variables postpartum, or incidences of health disorders. Effects of treatment on production responses were highly dependent on parity as indicated by parity × treatment × time interactions for milk and protein yields. Primiparous cows fed SC had lower milk protein yield, higher somatic cell count and days open compared with cows fed NC. The SC diet resulted in lower milk yields in early lactation and increased somatic cell count and days open for cows in second parity. However, cows in third parity or greater fed the SC diet yielded more milk and protein in early lactation, and had decreased somatic cell counts and days open. Increasing the corn grain concentration of the diet fed prepartum was advantageous to third and greater parity cows in this experiment, but showed no benefits during lactation for cows in first or second parities.
Additive inhibition of RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cell growth by carboplatin and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract Responses of stage III/IV endometrial adenocarcinomas to cytotoxic agents have been partial and of short duration, results which indicate a need for new agents and therapeutic strategies. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of carboplatin and the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (calcitriol), on the growth of RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cells. Carboplatin is a second-generation platinum-based cytotoxic agent. Calcitriol is a biologic agent that has activity against multiple solid tumors, including ovarian carcinomas. Carboplatin inhibited the growth of RL95-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with maximal inhibition (78%) at 200 μg/ml. Calcitriol also inhibited RL95-2 growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximal inhibition (29%) was elicited by 80 n M calcitriol. Addition of 10-50 n M calcitriol to 5-20 μg/ml carboplatin resulted in improved growth inhibition. The degree of interaction between carboplatin and calcitriol was assessed using isobolographic analysis and was found to be additive at all drug concentrations and ratios examined. These results suggest that carboplatin and calcitriol each inhibit the growth of RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cells and that the combination of these two agents acts additively to inhibit the growth of RL95-2 cells. These agents merit further investigation for their utility against endometrial carcinomas.