cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bispectral-Based Goodness-of-Fit Tests of Gaussianity and Linearity of Stationary Time Series

Spectral domain tests for time series linearity typically suffer from a lack of power compared to time domain tests. We present two tests for Gaussianity and linearity of a stationary time series. The tests are two-stage procedures applying goodness-of-fit techniques to the estimated normalized bispectrum. We illustrate the performances of the tests are competitive with time domain tests. The new tests typically outperform Hinich's (1982) bispectral based test, especially when the length of the time series is not large.
Terahertz Metamaterial Devices Based on Graphene Nanostructures

We propose here the concept and practical design of THz metamaterial devices consisting of subwavelength graphene nanostructures placed on a dielectric substrate and backed by a metal gate. This geometry allows us to introduce the design of a THz metaferrite screen with effective permeability that can be tuned from positive to negative, as a function of graphene's Fermi energy. We then discuss its potential applications to realize tunable and switchable THz and far-infrared artificial magnetic screens, perfect absorbing films, and polarizing filters.
The cephalometric analysis of craniofacial architecture

Several cephalometric analysis methods were used to identify a patient’s craniofacial disharmonies and to evaluate the best procedure for their surgical correction. The use of various methods of cephalometric analysis can result in what appear to be contradictory findings. A case is reported for which a composite of cephalometric measurements was used to determine the patient’s craniofacial disharmony and subsequent treatment.
Quantitative immunofluorescent blotting of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2).

Abstract Introduction Quantitation of the expression levels of proteins involved in drug transport and disposition is needed to overcome limitations of film-based detection of chemiluminescent immunoblots. Purpose The purpose was to describe and validate a quantitative immunofluorescent blotting method for detection of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Isoform C2/Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 2 (ABCC2/MRP2). Methods Western blotting was performed by electrophoresis of membrane vesicle protein isolated from Sf 9 cells overexpressing MRP2 subsequently blotted with infrared labeled secondary antibody. The bound complex was detected using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor; Lincoln, NE). The images were analyzed using the Odyssey Application Software to obtain the integrated intensities, followed by linear regression of the intensity data. Results The limits of quantitation for the time- in sensitive technique described here were from 0.001 μg to 0.5 μg of total membrane protein, the coefficient of variation of the slope was 8.9%; r 2 values were 0.986 ± 0.012. The utility and sensitivity of this technique were demonstrated in quantitating expression of MRP2 in human placental tissue samples, in which MRP2 was present in low abundance. Discussion The immunofluorescent blotting technique described provides sensitive, reproducible, and quantitative determinations of large, integral membrane proteins such as MRP2, all with potential long-term cost savings.
Training human resource champions for the twenty‐first century

Although universities have been the primary source of human resource talent for organizations, there is some question whether current university programs will be able to prepare human resource professionals for the expanded role that is needed in the future. These programs include the Masters of Business Administration (MBA), Masters of Human Resources and Industrial Relations (MHRIR), and Masters of Organization Development (MOD). Brigham Young University has also created a unique program called the Masters in Organizational Behavior (MOB). This article explores the differences among these programs and discuss their implications for training HR professionals. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Symptom clusters in oncology patients and implications for symptom research in people with primary brain tumors.

Purpose: To provide a critical analysis of the state of the science of research on symptom clusters in the general oncology population, compared to symptom research in the primary brain tumor population. Organizing Construct: Symptoms are a multidimensional experience that include perceptions of the frequency, intensity, distress, and meaning as symptoms occur and are expressed. A symptom can influence the occurrence and meaning of other symptoms. Methods: Literature pertaining to symptom presentation in people with primary brain tumors and the occurrence of multiple symptoms and symptom clusters in patients with cancer was reviewed and analyzed. Findings: Symptoms occur in clusters in general oncology patients, and these clusters have been shown to influence functional status. The potential effect of tumor biology on symptom clusters is shown by the cluster of symptoms theorized to be associated with proinflammatory cytokine production. In patients with primary brain tumors, few researchers have examined the occurrence of symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Studies to date are retrospective and descriptive and were conducted before the use of modern imaging techniques. Studies of symptom clusters have not been reported for patients with primary brain tumors. Conclusions: Symptom clusters have recently been identified in the general oncology population and might provide a new strategy for assessment and intervention. Neurologic symptoms in patients with primary brain tumors are those related to increased intracranial pressure and those that are location-dependent within the brain. Therefore, application of the symptom cluster paradigm to guide research is warranted.
Potential hazard of disposable syringes.

Wtg IY A V lg N 0 T E D a potential danger associated with the use of disposable cartridge medications. It is believed that this hazard should be brought to the attention of other physicians. With one type of disposable "redi-packed" cartridge, inadvertent entry into a blood vessel during an attempt at intramuscular injection would not be easily detected. Ordinarily, the plunger of a syringe is pulled back briefly before the intramuscular injection is given, in order to determine if the blood can be aspirated. In experiments simulating intramuscular injections with the "redi-packed" cartridge syringe, we found that such aspiration would not promptly lead to the appearance of blood in the syringe, even if a blood vessel had been entered. Moreover, when blood finally did appear in the syringe under such circumstances, it did not appear at tile expected site, i.e., at the hub of the needle or at the bottom of the syringe, but rather at the top of the syringe directly adjacent to the plunger. The blood apparently rises in a central column through the opaque fluid and is not visible until it has reached the top of this column. No mention of this peculiarity was found in the package insert. Yet there is a serious
Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer: the OSTRICH

Disparity exists in outcomes for rectal cancer patients in the US. Similar problems in several European countries have been addressed by the creation of national networks of rectal cancer centers of excellence (CoEs) that follow evidence-based care pathways and specified protocols of care and process and are certified by regular external validation. This paper reviews the current status of rectal cancer care in the US and examines the evidence for multidisciplinary rectal cancer management. A US rectal cancer CoE system based on the existing UK model is proposed. A literature search was performed for publications related to US rectal cancer outcomes, multidisciplinary management of rectal cancer, and European rectal cancer programs. US rectal cancer outcomes are highly variable. The majority of US rectal cancer patients are treated by generalists in low-volume hospitals. Current evidence supports five main principles of rectal cancer care that have been incorporated into European rectal cancer CoE programs. These programs have dramatically improved rectal cancer outcomes in Scandanavian countries and the UK. A similar CoE program should be established in the US to improve the outcomes of rectal cancer patients.
Is stereotactic radiosurgery the best treatment option for patients with a radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation score ≤ 1?

Objective The best management of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM) is controversial. The radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation (AVM) score (RBAS) was developed to predict outcomes for patients with BAVM having stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods The RBAS is calculated for patients with BAVM having SRS at our center as part of our prospectively maintained SRS database (RBAS = [0.1] [AVM volume; cm 3 ] + [0.02] [patient age; years] + [0.5] [AVM location; 0 = cerebral/cerebellar hemispheres/corpus callosum, 1 = basal ganglia/thalamus/brainstem]). Review of the SRS database from 1990 to 2009 identified 80 patients with a RBAS ≤1 and at least 1 year of follow-up. The primary end point of the study was a decline in modified Rankin Score. The mean follow-up after SRS was 68 months (range, 12−133). Results The mean patient age was 25.2 years (range, 7−44). Seventy-six patients (95%) had superficially located BAVMs; the mean BAVM volume was 2.3 cm 3 (range, 0.1−8.0). The mean RBAS was 0.76 (range, 0.21−1.00). The patients' MRS before SRS was 0 (n = 52, 65%), 1 (n = 24, 30%), 2 (n = 3, 4%), and 3 (n = 1, 1%). BAVM obliteration was confirmed in 92% of patients with follow-up beyond 3 years (70/76; 95% confidence interval 84%−97%). No patient had a hemorrhage or a radiation-related complication after SRS. The observed rate of modified Rankin Score decrease after SRS was 0% (0/80; 95% confidence interval 0%−6%). Conclusions SRS provided a high rate of obliteration at very low risk for patients with BVAM with a RBAS ≤1. Patient outcomes after SRS are likely equivalent to resection for younger patients with small-volume BAVM who do not require a craniotomy for clot removal.
Japan's national health system: how do elders fare?--crises in health care generate changes in national health plan.

Summary Despite the issues facing the Japanese system today, Japan's national insurance provides every citizen with a sense of security. The relative success in maintaining quality and controlling cost may be due, in part, to characteristics of the political structure and cultural values of Japan. Japanese people hold social harmony as a high value, so they are likely to comply with governmental policies and conform to expected behaviors, without raising significant objections, except in the most extreme circumstances, thus endowing the government with the ability to enact programs quickly and efficiently. The feasibility of adapting some of the ideas from the Japanese system rests largely on how well they blend into the requirements of the American culture and its political system. However, it is worth stressing that when the Japanese government tried to initiate the national health insurance system, political leaders had to persuade many who were opposed to the change, including employers and physicians. The system was developed over many years, one policy at a time.
Characterization of a nucleolar 2'-O-methyltransferase and its involvement in the methylation of mouse precursor ribosomal RNA.

Abstract A nucleolar 2′-O-methyltransferase, partially purified from isolated mouse nucleoli, catalyzes the methylation of each of the four nucleosides, although to different levels depending on the RNA substrate. Similar to most methyltransferases which use S-adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor, the nucleolar 2′-O-methyltransferase was shown to bind S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine (SAH) ( K d =0.17 μ M) a product of the transfer reaction, as tightly as SAM ( K d =0.24 μ M). Binding assays also demonstrated stereospecificity about the sulfonium center of SAM. The naturally occuring S-chiral form of SAM had a 10-fold higher binding affinity than the R-chiral form. In addition, the α-amino group of the methionine moiety and the 6-amino group of the adenine moiety were shown to be required for maximal binding. The relative high affinity for both SAM and SAH may reflect a mechanism by which ribosome biogenesis is, in part, coordinated with cell growth, since a decrease in SAM:SAH ratio correlates with decreasing levels of 2′-O-methylation. The availability of unmethylated, in vitro -derived rRNA transcripts has made it possible to explore questions relating to the specificity for the RNA substrate. Using an in vitro -derived 28S rRNA transcript, the enzyme selectively methylated the sequence AmGmCm that occurs in a single-stranded bridge spanning two highly conserved structural domains of 28S rRNA. These results demonstrated that the purified nuclear 2′-O-methyltransferase was sufficient to accurately methylate this region of 28S rRNA, and were taken to support the involvement of this nucleolar enzyme in the posttranscriptional methylation of the 47S precursor ribosomal RNA transcript. To identify the protein species associated with the 2′-O-methyltransferase, the enzyme was photoaffinity labeled using a 28S rRNA transcript synthesized to contain the photoreactive uridine analog, 5-azidouridine. Bound nucleolar 2′-O-methyltransferase was irradiated with UV light, and following ribonuclease digestion to destroy the RNA component of the complex, labeled material was separated either under denaturing conditions on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel, or native conditions by molecular sieving column. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel, a specifically labeled polypeptide band was observed at a size of ∼ 50 M r . In contrast, under the native conditions of a molecular sieving column, photolabeled enzyme eluted at a position for a protein of ∼ 150 M r consistent with the size estimated for the 2′-O-methyltransferase activity and SAM binding activity. These results suggest that the nucleolar 2′-O-methyltransferase has quaternary structure. Since the average size for most methyltransferase activities ranges from ∼30 to ∼60 M r , the increased size and apparent complexity for the nucleolar 2′-O-methyltransferase may be important in the regulation and specificity of the enzyme.
A Branch-and-Cut Procedure for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows

This paper addresses the problem of finding the minimum number of vehicles required to visit a set of nodes subject to time window and capacity constraints. The fleet is homogeneous and is located at a common depot. Each node requires the same type of service. An exact method is introduced based on branch and cut. In the computations, ever increasing lower bounds on the optimal solution are obtained by solving a series of relaxed problems that incorporate newly found valid inequalities. Feasible solutions or upper bounds are obtained with the help of greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP). A wide variety of cuts is introduced to tighten the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the original mixed-integer program. To find violated cuts, it is necessary to solve a separation problem. A substantial portion of the paper is aimed at describing the heuristics developed for this purpose. A new approach for obtaining feasible solutions from the LP relaxation is also discussed. Numerical results for standard 50- and 100-node benchmark problems are reported.
Patient-Specific Metrics of Invasiveness Reveal Significant Prognostic Benefit of Resection in a Predictable Subset of Gliomas

Object Malignant gliomas are incurable, primary brain neoplasms noted for their potential to extensively invade brain parenchyma. Current methods of clinical imaging do not elucidate the full extent of brain invasion, making it difficult to predict which, if any, patients are likely to benefit from gross total resection. Our goal was to apply a mathematical modeling approach to estimate the overall tumor invasiveness on a patient-by-patient basis and determine whether gross total resection would improve survival in patients with relatively less invasive gliomas. Methods In 243 patients presenting with contrast-enhancing gliomas, estimates of the relative invasiveness of each patient's tumor, in terms of the ratio of net proliferation rate of the glioma cells to their net dispersal rate, were derived by applying a patient-specific mathematical model to routine pretreatment MR imaging. The effect of varying degrees of extent of resection on overall survival was assessed for cohorts of patients grouped by tumor invasiveness. Results We demonstrate that patients with more diffuse tumors showed no survival benefit (P = 0.532) from gross total resection over subtotal/biopsy, while those with nodular (less diffuse) tumors showed a significant benefit (P = 0.00142) with a striking median survival benefit of over eight months compared to sub-totally resected tumors in the same cohort (an 80% improvement in survival time for GTR only seen for nodular tumors). Conclusions These results suggest that our patient-specific, model-based estimates of tumor invasiveness have clinical utility in surgical decision making. Quantification of relative invasiveness assessed from routinely obtained pre-operative imaging provides a practical predictor of the benefit of gross total resection.
Cell Cycle: New Functions for Cdc14 Family Phosphatases

The Cdc14 phosphatase was identified by its requirement for mitotic exit in budding yeast. Cdc14 homologs exist throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, but it was unclear whether their function would also be conserved. Recent analyses in fission yeast, humans and now C. elegans suggest numerous other functions for this family of proteins.
Plaque‐media rewelding with reversible tissue optical property changes during receptive CW Nd:YAG laser exposure

Laser dosimetry for thermal fusion of plaque-wall separations during laser balloon angioplasty (LBA) is dependent upon the optical properties of the atheromatous arterial wall during one or more exposures to cw Nd:YAG laser radiation. An integrating sphere technique was used to measure relative transmission and reflection continuously during irradiation of human postmortem atheromatous aortic sections. Tissue luminal surface temperature was recorded continuously with a thermographic video imager during repetitive 20-30-sec, 8-15-watt exposure of a 3-mm nominal spot. In all specimens, transmission fell progressively during each exposure by 10-70% of baseline values. This effect was reversible with normalization of transmission during the initial phase of each subsequent exposure. Changes in transmission were inversely related to temperature over a 50-170 degrees C range, whereas relative reflection remained constant. Accompanying reversible transmission changes was the observation that the weld strength of plaque-aortic wall separations was unchanged by repetitive laser welding and tissue separation of individual sections. In conclusion, temperature-dependent reversible optical and physical properties of plaque occur during exposure to 1.06 microns cw laser radiation.
PITFALLS IN ASSESSING TEST SPEEDEDNESS

Most standardized group aptitude and achievement tests are administered with pre-established limits on testing time. Occasionally, such time limits are imposed in the belief that rate of work is an important factor in the attribute a test is designed to measure, but more often, these limits are designed for administrative efficiency rather than for construct validity. In any case, prescribed testing periods are frequently too short to allow all examinees to consider all items. When time's limitation affects examinees' scores, a test becomes a partially speeded instrument; that is, one in which scores are determined by the number of items attempted (speed of response) as well as the accuracy of the supplied answers (power of response). The larger the proportion of items examinees lack time to attempt, the greater is the speededness of the particular test. In a pure speed test, items are so easy that the number of questions answered becomes the number correct. On the other hand, in a pure power test, rate of work has no necessary impact on scores. In the early history of group tests, meager evidence was gathered to support an assumption that speed and power tests served as interchangeable measures of the same construct. Such a notion implied to test constructors that it made no difference whether abilities were measured "against a scale of difficulty, a scale of speed, or some combination of the two" (Morrison, 1960). Subsequent psychometric nonchalance regarding effects of time limits on scores has been seen as resulting "partly through confusion in terms and partly through misinterpretation of... experimental evidence" (Davidson and Carroll, 1945). The explanation of this misconception continued:
Model system analysis of wheat starch-soy protein interaction kinetics using polystyrene microspheres

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the interaction of puroindoline and starch lipids with soy proteins when coupled to polystyrene microspheres. Manipulation and removal of wheat starch granule surface proteins and lipids may damage granule integrity and hinder studies of ungelatinized starch systems. Therefore, 5 μm polystyrene microspheres were used to evaluate the role of starch granule surface components on exogenous protein binding. Puroindoline, phospholipid, glycolipid and triglyceride were passively adsorbed to the surface of polystyrene microspheres. Binding assays using soy protein indicated that puroindoline-lipid coated microspheres adsorbed soy protein to a greater extent than did those coated with puroindoline alone. Phospholipids increased binding more than glycolipids and triglycerides.
On-demand Geographic Forwarding for data delivery in wireless sensor networks

A purely on-demand network protocol, called On-demand Geographic Forwarding (OGF), is proposed for data delivery in large-scale and resource-constrained static wireless sensor networks with unreliable sensors. OGF is a cross-layer protocol that employs (i) an explicit contention scheme to establish a next-hop node in a distributed fashion, (ii) a simple scheme using a forwarding table to maintain the learned next-hop information, and (iii) a novel partial source routing scheme to handle communication voids. The operation of our protocol is based on the actual demands of the application, data traffic, and network dynamics. Packet-level simulations show that OGF exhibits a superior performance in terms of energy consumption, scalability, and void handling. Our study demonstrates that OGF is viable for efficient data delivery in the targeted sensor networks.
Catalytic oxidation of CO by aqueous polyoxometalates on carbon-supported gold nanoparticles

Oxidation of CO was carried out at room temperature with the use of aqueous solutions of polyoxometalates over carbon-supported gold catalysts. The turnover frequency (TOF) for CO oxidation reaches high rates of 4.7 s−1 for catalysts with average gold particle sizes of 5 nm, estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and with gold loading of 1 wt%, determined by elemental analysis. Lower rates are observed at higher gold loadings, which may be attributed to mass transport limitations in the present system and to the presence of larger gold particles. Carbon-supported gold catalysts exhibit selective oxidation of CO versus H2, and a small increase in the selectivity for CO versus H2 oxidation is observed as the gold particle size decreases from 12.1 to 5.6 nm.
Compartmentalization of clathrin in synaptic terminals.

Summary Immunofixation of sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS)-acrylamide gels has been used to study the distribution of the major protein (clathrin) of coated vesicles in various compartments of synaptic terminals. Synaptosomal subceuular fractions were isolated and purified frog pig brain homogenates by the procedure of Ueda et al. and lysed in 6 mM Tris-Cl buffer at pH 6.6, 7.8, and 8.1. The synaptosomal particulate and soluble fractions were separated by centrifugation. The synaptic junctional complex (SJC) and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions were obtained by detergent treatment of the synaptic plasma membrane (SPM). The synaptosomal subcellular fractions and purified coated vesicle (PCV) fractions were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis (7.5%). The resulting slabs were divided vertically into 4 segments which were stained with Coomassie blue dye, or immunofixed with preimmune and anti-clathrin serum, or affinity labeled with concanavalin A (Con A)-peroxidase. The Comassie blue stained gel indicated the presence of 180,000-molecular weight band in gels of most synaptosomal subcellular fractions. However, immunofixation of an identical gel revealed positive staining of the 180,000-molecular weight protein in PCV, synaptosomal (SF), SPM and synaptoplasmic (SS) fractions only. These findings not only support the contention that a pool of cytosolic-coated vesicle protein is localized at synaptic terminals, they also indicate that clathrin appears highly unlikely to contribute to the structural frameworks of the SJC and PSD of mature synapses.
The social behavior of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group II: Behavior patterns and social interaction

The behavioral patterns and social interaction of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group in a semi-naturalistic environment were observed for 14 months. The analysis showed that, of the 32 behavior patterns observed, the 10 most frequent accounted for over 97 per cent of the total behavior. One pattern, sit and look, accounted for 44 per cent of the total behavior. The two most frequent social behavior patterns, grooming and social play, were concentrated in different parts of the group. The focal point of grooming was the adult female; social play was characteristic of younger animals 4–20 months of age. These results were compared with other studies of marmosets and with primate studies on grooming and social play.
The replication of the minor DNA component of mouse fibroblasts

When mouse fibroblasts were blocked for 16 hr with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and then released with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, three hybrid DNA bands with densities of 1·725, 1·755 and 1·768 g/cm 3 appeared during the first replication of DNA. Untreated cells contained a minor DNA component with density of 1·691 g/cm 3 and a major component with density of 1·702 g/cm 3 . While the amount of the minor component was 0·09 of the major component in untreated cells, the two minor hybrid bands were each 0·047 of the major hybrid band. This suggests that the minor component in untreated cells gave rise to the two minor hybrid bands.
The Role of Helicobacter pylori in Acid-Peptic Disease

Acid peptic disease is common, and its management is costly. Less than a decade ago, the traditional theories regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of acid peptic disease were upset by the discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection in association with chronic active gastritis. A substantial body of investigation after that discovery has established this infection as the major cause of human chronic active gastritis and has defined a critical role for H. pylori in the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of duodenal ulcer disease. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating to link H. pylori to gastric ulcers, nonulcer dyspepsia, and even gastric carcinoma. Research has clarified some unique features of the organism that have been put to advantage in the development of diagnostic tests, and it has also clarified some features of the infection that make it difficult to treat. Although treatment is decidedly beneficial for certain patient subsets, simpler and more effective therapy is needed.
Minimal G-functions

Abstract The concept of a G -function has been introduced by Nowosad and Hoffman; it gives an appropriate setting for many generalizations of the Gerschgorin Circle Theorem. In this paper we establish several equivalent conditions for a minimal continuous G -function and for a minimal G -function, and give characterizations of such minimal functions. We show that a convolution of two minimal G -functions is seldom minimal. Finally, we establish new results concerning the patterns of dependence of G -functions.
Fluorocarbon 113 exposure and cardiac dysrhythmias among aerospace workers

We investigated the cardiotoxic effects of 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- Trifluoroethane (fluorocarbon 113 or FC113) exposures among healthy workers cleaning rocket and ground support equipment for the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) programs. Exposure and ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring data were evaluated on 16 workers, each of whom was examined on exposed and nonexposed workdays. We examined whether there was a greater rate of dysrhythmias on an exposed workday relative to a nonexposed workday. Overall, we found no within subject differences in the rate of ventricular and supraventricular premature beats (number per 1,000 heart beats), fluctuations in the length of the P-R interval, or heart rate. We found that levels of FC113 exposures below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 8-hour time-weighted-average (TWA) standard of 1,000 ppm did not induce cardiac dysrhythmias or subtle changes in cardiac activity. However, because fluorocarbons may sensitize the heart to epinephrine, this study's negative findings based on sedentary and fairly healthy workers may not be generalizable to other populations of workers who are not as healthy or engaged in more physically demanding work.
Influence of Group Lateness on Individual Lateness: A Cross-Level Examination

It was hypothesized that group-level employee lateness assessed before administration of a survey would account for significant variance in post-survey individual lateness beyond that due to individual-level antecedents such as pre-survey lateness, work attitudes, and work-family conflict. The study samples were 285 bank tellers and 439 hospital employees. Results supported a group-level effect on individual lateness beyond controlled-for individual-level antecedents. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Dynamic properties of neutral excitations produced in electron-bombarded superfluid helium. I. The He(2 3 S) and He 2 (a 3 Σ) atomic and molecular metastable states

We have studied the dynamic properties of the $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ and the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ atomic and molecular metastable states of helium that are produced in electron-bombarded superfluid helium. The steady-state concentration of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ molecules is shown to be limited by collisions between pairs of these molecules. Measurements of the rate coefficient for this bimolecular reaction as a function of temperature and pressure show that the reaction is diffusion limited and that the diffusion coefficient for the metastable molecules in the superfluid is determined by ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$-roton collisions. The bilinear destruction of metastable molecules has been monitored for times as long as 0.1 sec after the initial population of the state, and this establishes a lower bound of 0.1 sec on the radiative lifetime of the $(v=0) {\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ state in superfluid helium. The lifetime and decay mode of the $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ atoms are distinctly different from that of the corresponding ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ molecule. In particular, the characteristic lifetime of the $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ state in superfluid helium is essentially independent of the temperature between 2.08 and 1.4 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and is measured to be about 15 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. Our experimental observations indicate that the destruction of metastable atoms results in the population of high vibrational levels of the $a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ molecular state. However, it is shown that the production of $(v=0) {\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ molecules responds immediately to the electron beam (response time 3 \ensuremath{\mu}sec) and thus the formation of this state in the liquid does not depend upon the destruction of metastable atoms. Despite the fact that the lifetimes and decay modes of the metastable $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ atoms and $(v=0) {\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+})$ molecules are not related, the production rates for these states are nearly equal and correspond to about 450 and 500 per incident 160-keV electron, respectively.
Proportional mortality among vinyl chloride workers.

Abstract In a proportional-mortality analysis of one hundred and sixty-one deceased workers in two plants using vinyl chloride, a 50% excess of deaths due to all cancer was seen. Specific sites of cancer with the greatest excess included liver and biliary tract, lung, and brain. The excess in fatal cancer was seen mainly in men who died before age 60. Also, there was a trend in time in the ratio of observed to expected deaths: since 1970 over twice as many cancer deaths as expected have occurred.
Trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes: discovery, structural characterization, reactivity, and applications.

Shortly after the discovery of the carbon fullerene allotrope, C60, researchers recognized that the hollow spheroidal shape could accommodate metal atoms, or clusters, which quickly led to the discovery of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). In the past 2 decades, the unique features of EMFs have attracted broad interest in many fields, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, materials chemistry, and biomedical chemistry. Some EMFs produce new metallic clusters that do not exist outside of a fullerene cage, and some other EMFs can boost the efficiency of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging 10–50-fold, in comparison with commercial contrast agents. In 1999, the Dorn laboratory discovered the trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMFs, which consist of a trimetallic nitride cluster and a host fullerene cage. The TNT-EMFs (A3N@C2n, n = 34–55, A = Sc, Y, or lanthanides) are typically formed in relatively high yields (sometimes only exceeded by empty-cage C60 and C70, but yields may decrease with increasin...
Aid Externalities: Evidence from PEPFAR in Africa

Summary Do targeted aid programs have unintended consequences outside of the target issue area? We investigate this question with an examination of one of the largest targeted aid programs in the world: the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Critics of PEPFAR worry that a targeted program focusing on single diseases has a negative externality, in which the influx of massive amounts of target aid damages broader public health systems in countries that receive PEPFAR funds. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find statistical evidence that supports critics of targeted aid.
The influence of actual and imputed talker gender on fricative perception, revisited (L).

To examine the role of perceived gender on fricative identification, a study was conducted in which listeners identified /s/-/∫/ and /s/-/θ/ continua combined with vowels produced by a man and a woman. These were acoustically modified to be consistent with different-sized vocal tracts (VT), and were presented with pictures of men or women. Listeners identified more tokens of /s/ in the /s/-/∫/ and more tokens of /θ/ in the /s/-/θ/ continuum when these sounds were combined with men’s vowels, with vowels consistent with a 17 cm VT, and with pictures of men. Results support the hypothesis that listeners incorporate information about talker gender during fricative perception.
Structural inadequacies in urban environmental management

Abstract Some fundamental questions are raised with respect to the problems and elements of environmental economics; tentative answers are suggested.
Size and Rate of Involution of the Hen’s Reproductive Organs

Abstract IN BIRDS, a cycle of development and involution of the reproductive organs generally accompanies the mating season. These changes are associated with a renewal of the plumage (i.e., a molt), but the causal relationships between these processes are not certain (Greenwood, 1936). These natural changes in the reproductive organs have been largely eliminated in the domestic chicken, with eggs being produced more or less regularly throughout the year. The hen, however, retains the capacity for involution and regeneration of its reproductive organs, and this sequence may be induced in a number of ways: by withholding feed and water or by excluding light (Hall, 1946), by thyroid administration (Van der Meulen, 1939), by progesterone administration (Adams, 1955; Shaffner, 1955), or by Enheptin feeding (Pino, 1955). The rate of development of the fowl’s reproductive organs with the onset of sexual maturity has been described (Hafez and Kamar, 1955). The size of the …
Hand-use matching between mothers and infants during the first year☆

Abstract Genealogical studies report a relationship between maternal (but not paternal) handedness and offspring handedness. This relation between maternal and offspring handedness may involve experiences during early social interaction. Infants and mothers imitate each other's actions during en face interaction and play with toys. It was proposed that mothers may influence infant handedness by eliciting infant imitation of the mother's hand use during social interaction. Videotapes of 57 mother-infant pairs (at 8–9 and 11–12 months of age) that were initially analyzed for episodes of matches of motoric action also involved matches of hand use. Infants imitated the hand use of their mothers significantly more than mothers imitated the infants' hand use. A majority of both age groups showed significantly high levels of concordance of hand use during mother-infant interaction. Results suggest that the maternal influence on off-springs' handedness involves postnatal social interaction in which infants match the handedness of the mother.
Proximate composition and nucleic acid content of premetamorphic leptocephalus larvae of the congrid eel Ariosoma balearicum

Water, ash, proximate composition (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, hexosamine), and nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) content were measured in premetamorphic larvae of the congrid eel Ariosoma balearicum (Delaroche) collected from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Specimens ranged from 15.0 to 202.3 mm total length (TL) and 0.0116 to 4.3860 g wet mass (WM). Water content increased linearly with increasing specimen mass over the entire size range; consequently, percent water was uniform and had a mean value of 92.9±1.09% WM. Ash content also increased linearly with specimen mass, but only up to a mass of ≃2.5 g WM (165 mm TL). Ash content in specimens >165 mm TL showed only a small increase with mass, suggesting an improved osmoregulatory capability in larger individuals. The absolute amount of all proximate components increased with increasing specimen size, but rates of deposition among the components varied, resulting in different patterns in the relative concentrations of each with growth. Protein dominated the ash-free dry mass (AFDM) throughout development (29 to 59% AFDM); carbohydrate and hexosamine occurred in similar proportions (8 to 24% AFDM). Lipid was a significant proportion of the AFDM in only the smallest individuals. Lipid concentrations decreased initially as mass increased in individuals smaller than ≃0.4 g WM (90 mm TL), indicating a low rate of lipid deposition in small individuals. In specimens >90 mm TL, lipid concentrations were uniform and had a mean of 12% AFDM. Trends for biochemical components and nucleic acids suggest that growth of Phase I leptocephali occurs in two subphases (Ia and Ib). Phase Ia is characterized by cellular proliferation, preferential synthesis of protein and carbohydrate relative to lipid, and growth manifested more as increased length rather than increased mass. For A. balearicum, Phase Ia extends from yolk-sac absorption to ≃90 mm TL. In Phase Ib, nucleic acid content levels off, lipid deposition increases, and mass increases exponentially.
Non-classical derivation of the transport theorems for wave fronts

Abstract We establish a relationship between the derivatives of generalized functions and the transport theorems for moving surfaces of discontinuity. We study the motion of a propagating and deforming wave front which itself can have a moving discontinuity on its surface. With the help of the theory of generalized derivatives we present a general transport theorem which embodies the known results as special cases.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RAINBOW SCHLIEREN TOMOGRAPHY OF A TEMPERATURE FIELD IN GAS FLOWS

We present quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry with tomography for measurements of temperature in three-dimensional gas flows. The schlieren apparatus with a continuously graded spectral filter of known transmissivity was used to create color schlieren images of the test media. These images at multiple viewing angles were used to infer beam deflection angles by the medium. The deflection data were used with a tomographic technique to reconstruct the refractive index and thus the temperature field. The temperature distributions obtained by the rainbow schlieren tomography agreed with those measured by a thermocouple probe. This research demonstrates that tomography can be used with full-field schlieren deflectometry to measure quantitatively temperature in asymmetric gas flows. The technique could be used to obtain related properties such as pressure, density, and gas composition.
88. Psychological resilience is associated with markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in pre-surgical ovarian cancer patients

Although psychological distress has been linked to biological processes that may promote ovarian cancer, little is known about the role that psychological resilience plays in this context. To address this issue, we examined how scores on a multi-faceted index of psychological resilience related to biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6; IL-6) and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF) in a sample of 200 ovarian cancer patients assessed prior to diagnostic surgery. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a psychological resilience factor with the best fit was determined (Chi-square = 7.28, p = .20; RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98). Factors included in the measurement model as indicators of resilience include psychological well-being (Psychological Well-Being Scales), positive affect (CESD-D positive affect subscale), and the spiritual, emotional, and functional well-being subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale. This psychological resilience index was then used in a structural equation model with IL-6 and VEGF regressed on the latent variable, controlling for cancer stage and grade, age, BMI, and fatigue. Greater psychological resilience was significantly associated with lower levels of IL-6 (beta = −0.20, SE=.09, p = 0.026) but was unrelated to levels of VEGF (beta = −0.11, SE=.09, p = .241). This suggests that protective psychological factors may be linked to inflammatory biology in ovarian cancer. Additional research is needed to examine how psychological risk and resilience factors interact to predict clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer patients.
Rapid enzymatic characterization of clinically encountered anaerobic bacteria with the API ZYM system

The purpose of this study was to determine if enzyme profiles of anaerobic bacteria, obtained with the API ZYM system, are sufficiently distinctive and reproducible to merit future development of the system and an expanded data base for the four major groups of clinically encountered anaerobes. Of the total 155 clinical isolates and reference strains that were tested, 88 % had distinctive patterns. It was possible to differentiate between 89 % of the anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, 64 % of anaerobic cocci, 100 % of anaerobic gram-positive non-sporeforming bacilli and 100 % of theClostridium spp. using only the API ZYM plus Gram reaction, morphology and relation to oxygen. Overall reproducibility for 1,330 enzyme-substrate reactions was 97 %. It was concluded that the API ZYM could be a practical system for rapid identification of clinical anaerobe isolates provided that an expanded data base is developed and that certain additional recommended tests are used.
The growth and chemical structure of thin photonic films formed from plasma copolymerization. Part II. Effect of monomer feed location

Abstract Plasma copolymerization of benzene and octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB) has been successfully applied in the fabrication of photonic films with controllable refractive index profiles by accurately adjusting the comonomer feed ratio and feed locations during plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). XPS, IR, and spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to determine the deposition rate, chemical composition/structure, and optical properties of the PECVD films. Three different feed locations were chosen for the OFCB monomer including downstream from the plasma zone (DS), the plasma zone edge (PE), and the center of the plasma zone (PZ). The benzene was always fed in at the DS position. For both plasma homo- and copolymerization, film deposition rates were highest utilizing the PZ feed. The addition of small amounts of benzene increased these deposition rates substantially, but also led to a dramatic decrease in the F/C ratio and significant variations in different structural units (CFx(x=1−3)) indicating the complex subtleties of plasma copolymerization. The refractive indices of the polymer thin films scaled linearly with the F/C values determined from the film composition studies.
Similarities in response to fluoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively common disorder that frequently has its onset in childhood and is associated with substantial morbidity and dysfunction despite availability of new treatments. However, antiobsessional agents have not been systematically evaluated in young children and their effectiveness beyond the short term has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of fluoxetine in the long-term treatment of both children and adolescents with OCD. Method All pediatric patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of OCD who were treated with fluoxetine were ascertained from retrospective chart reviews of a pediatric psychopharmacology clinic. Response to treatment was evaluated by experienced clinicians using the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Results Of 38 identified patients, 28 (74%) showed moderate to marked improvement of OCD symptoms on doses averaging 50 mg/day (1.0 mg/kg per day) over an average follow-up period of 19 months. Similar effects were observed in children and adolescents. Conclusion : Although limited by their retrospective nature, these findings indicate that fluoxetine may be effective in prepubertal children and that the effect can be sustained over time.
Limits of Confidence in Tracer Compounds as a Means of Measuring Patient Compliance with Medication

Chemical tracers are thought to be a desirable means of measuring patient compliance with medication. However, no compound has emerged as a standard. To explain this observation, the authors explored the mathematics of simulated tracers with half-lives 5 to 140 days over a month of daily dosing. To model assay variability, they added random "noise" to calculated tracer serum levels. They then fitted those altered levels to the dosing pattern most likely to have produced them, given known kinetics of the tracers. The large number of possible dosing patterns over a month (268,435,456) magnified uncertainty in interpreting noise-altered levels. At best, with an assay variability of 5%, compliance could be estimated only within 4 to 8 doses per month. The tracer with a half-life of 30 days performed best. Pairing tracers did not improve uncertainty. The authors found that even a model neglecting many real-world variables suggests a limited role for tracers in measuring compliance.