cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonholonomic Redundancy of Space Robots and its Utilization via Hierarchical Liapunov Functions

Recent advances in space applications have necessitated the deployment of robotic systems in space. These systems have intrinsic features due to the nonholonomic constraints governing their motion. In this paper we discuss the presence of nonholonomic redundancy, as different from ordinary kinematic redundancy, in space robots. Nonholonomic redundancy can be utilized to make maximum use of the workspace of space robots. In this paper we present a path planning scheme using Liapunov functions in hierarchy for the utilization of nonholonomic redundancy.
Retributive Justice and the Demands of Democratic Citizenship

This article reveals and responds to the democracy deficit in certain retributivist approaches to criminal law. Democracy deficits arise when we insufficiently recognize the moral authority of liberal democracies to create new moral obligations for us as individuals. Specifically, I will argue, in contrast to the claims of some leading criminal law theorists, that conduct can be legitimately and justly criminalized even if the conduct is not morally wrongful prior to or independent of law. In other words, once we understand the basis for our presumptive political obligations within liberal democracies, a more capacious approach to establishing criminal laws can be tolerated from a political retributivist perspective. If I'm correct, then here are some of the implications: we are morally obligated (in a pro tanto way) to (1) conform our conduct, in our capacities as nonofficials, not only to “good” mala in se criminal laws but also many mala prohibita laws, laws that I call permissibly dumb but not illiberal; (2) to render, in our capacities as nonofficials, reasonable assistance to law enforcement of the previous categories of laws; and (3) to enforce, in our capacities as officials, these categories of laws. While the implications of this "democratic fidelity" argument are extensive, there is no moral obligation to surrender one’s judgment entirely. Indeed, officials and nonofficials have no moral obligation toward laws that are illiberal or what I call "spectacularly dumb," regardless of their valid legal status. Like democratic criminalization choices, democratic sentencing laws must also be scrutinized. To that end, I sketch two moral frameworks that should work in conjunction with each other and with the threshold criminalization question when deciding whether to enforce, conform to, or assist enforcement efforts of criminal laws within liberal democracies.This piece was the invited launch paper for the new Virginia Journal of Criminal Law. Professors Bowers, Cahill & Duff have written responses, and I have a reply essay.Professor Bowers' paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1945743Professor Cahill's response can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950660My reply essay can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950321
Ionization and scattering for short-lived potentials

We consider perturbations of a model quantum system consisting of a single bound state and continuum radiation modes. In many problems involving the interaction of matter and radiation, one is interested in the effect of time-dependent perturbations. A time-dependent perturbation will couple the bound and continuum modes causing ‘radiative transitions’. Using techniques of time-dependent resonance theory, developed in earlier work on resonances in linear and nonlinear Hamiltonian dispersive systems, we develop the scattering theory of short-lived (\( (\mathcal{O}(t^{ - 1 - {\varepsilon }} ))\)(t−1−e)) spatially localized perturbations. For weak pertubations, we compute (to second order) the ionization probability, the probability of transition from the bound state to the continuum states. These results can also be interpreted as a calculation, in the paraxial approximation, of the energy loss resulting from wave propagation in a waveguide in the presence of a localized defect.
Intestinal perforation by multiple ectopic pancreatic tissues in a neonate with multiple congenital anomalies.

ABSTRACT Ectopic pancreatic tissues of the gut are usually found incidentally during laparotomy or are reported in the autopsy findings. Rarely these ectopic pancreatic tissues may cause symptoms such as hemorrhage, pancreatitis, intussusception or perforation. We present a case report of the presence of multiple ectopic pancreatic tissues in the gut causing hemorrhage and perforation in a preterm, extremely low birth weight neonate with multiple congenital anomalies.
Aggregation of Markovian Sources: Approximations with Error Control

One of the most challenging applications for high speed broadband networks is VBR video-conference and movies. Markovian models are a flexible tool to characterize a wide set of multimedia sources, including VBR video traffic. Specifically, these models are efficiently used for the description of a single video source. Nevertheless, teletraffic studies with superposed markovian sources have a computational complexity that grows exponentially with the increase of the number of the sources and this reduces the usefulness of these models in such an environment. The problem of characterizing the traffic generated by N superposed independent sources is addressed in the paper. Specifically, in the paper we define an aggregation method for the description of this kind of traffic. The state space of our aggregate model strictly depends on the required level of accuracy. Furthermore, we can decide a-priori the complexity of the aggregate model as function of the precision we want the model to have.
Partial Transcription of Murine Type C Viral Genomes in BALB/c Cell Lines

Abstract The mouse cell line, BALB/c 3T3, and its derivatives transformed either spontaneously or by treatment with a variety of external agents, were analyzed for cytoplasmic RNA complementary to DNA products prepared from the Kirsten strain of murine sarcoma-leukemia virus, and from an endogenous type C virus of BALB/c 3T3. Although none of these cell lines spontaneously releases complete type C virions, they all contain RNA which is partially homologous to a portion of the 35S RNA isolated from these viruses. The parental cell line, BALB/c 3T3, contains a low level of viral-related RNA, and there is an increased amount of this RNA in some of the transformed cells. The RNA detected represents only a fraction of the viral RNA found in virus-producing cells. The formation of RNA:DNA hybrids was detected by equilibrium centrifugation in Cs2SO4 density gradients and by analysis with a single-strand-specific nuclease from Aspergillus oryzae. Viral DNA products prepared either from an endogenous reaction with whole virus in the presence of actinomycin D or from purified 70S viral RNA as template using avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase yield comparable data. In addition, all of the BALB/c lines examined produce detectable levels of murine type C virus group-specific antigen.
“Why Don’t We Learn Like this in School?” One Participatory Action Research Collective’s Framework for Developing Policy Thinking

This article explores the ways in which schools and communities can create conditions whereby youth can develop and strengthen policy thinking as they pursue advocacy, action, and participatory policy making. Based on a participatory action research (PAR) project created to address the implications of New Jersey’s high school graduation requirements, this framework engages young people in critical policy analysis. Utilizing PAR as a critical pedagogy, we consider the curricula and structures that could nurture policy thinking, as we involve young people in deep critique, analysis, and knowledge production towards community concerns. We describe four dimensions of policy thinking and propose a PAR-based policy thinking framework.
Heterogeneous catalysis in organic chemistry Part 8.

Abstract It has been found that the Heck arylation proceeds smoothly over supported Pd catalysts to give the same reaction products as are obtained with the more commonly used homogeneous catalysts. The effect of reaction variables on the regioselectivity of the process is about the same for both the homogeneous and heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, so the use of the supported metal catalyst in such reactions appears to be straightforward. Such materials should be considered as viable alternatives for the commonly used homogeneous catalytic species.
LA PAREJA DISPAREJA: BREVES COMENTARIOS ACERCA DE LA RELACIÓN ENTRE HISTORIA ECONÓMICA Y CULTURAL

HACE ALGUNOS ANOS, EN EL DEPARTAMENTO de historia en el que trabajo, queriamos contratar a un historiador de America Latina moderna. Con el proposito de democratizar el proce­ so de seleccion y de hacer sentir a los estudiantes de doctora­ do que tenian alguna influencia en el proceso de escoger a un academico con el que estudiarian, invitamos a dos de ellos a participar como asesores en el comite encargado de la contratacion. Cuando aparecio la posibilidad de que la busqueda se orientara a invitar a un historiador de eco­ nomia, nuestros dos colegas doctorandos quedaron practi­ camente horrorizados. Manifestaron categoricamente su preferencia por un historiador cultural. El episodio se con­ virtio para mi en una experiencia preocupante. No me in­ comodaba la preferencia por un historiador de economia sobre uno cultural. De hecho, carecia de una posicion de­ finitiva al respecto, y quizas tendia ligeramente a inclinar­ me por un historiador cultural, pero que entendiera lo cultural en un sentido mas amplio, y eso principalmente para corregir un desequilibrio que a mi juicio existia en nuestro grupo de historia latinoamericana dentro del de­ partamento. Lo que si me preocupaba era que nuestros dos brillantes alumnos (que, por cierto, ambos prepararon buenas tesis y han obtenido buenos empleos) hubieran
The influence of estradiol-17β on cholinesterase activity in the lung

Abstract Estradiol-17β (2 mg. per day) was administered to healthy adult oophorectomized white New Zealand rabbits for a period of 6 days. The rabbits were then anesthetized and the left lung was removed. The total protein content, wet to dry weight ratio, and cholinesterase (ChE) activity were determined. Compared to the controls there was a significant increase in ChE activity in the lungs of the estrogen-treated rabbits, when expressed on the basis of wet weight, dry weight, or protein content of the tissues. It is suggested that this increase in ChE reflects an elevated acetylcholine concentration.
Determinants of neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases

Selective neuronal vulnerability can be defined anatomically by the differential vulnerability of circuits and neurochemically by the vulnerability of neurons that differentially express particular proteins. The anatomic perspective is exemplified by the vulnerability of the nigrostriatal projection in Parkinson's disease (PD), the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the preferential loss of long corticocortical projections in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neurochemical perspective is reflected in the heightened vulnerability of neurons that normally express high somatodendritic levels of neurofilament (eg, entorhinal and association cortices in AD, the spinal cord in a mouse model of ALS, and the retina in a primate model of glaucoma), as well as the reduced vulnerability of neurons that express calcium-binding proteins (eg, neocortex of AD patients, the spinal cord and brainstem of ALS patients, and the spinal cord of a mouse model of ALS). By combining neurochemical and anatomic correlates of vulnerability, an integrated view of vulnerable neurons is emerging in which characteristics of vulnerable neurons appear to transcend both brain region and disease state, suggesting that neurodegenerative disorders share common mechanisms of degeneration.
Performance analysis of Bernoulli serial production lines with switch-on/off machine control

In recent years, achieving high energy-efficiency has become one of the primary goals in manufacturing industries, along with maintaining high productivity and quality. In many manufacturing systems, it is sometimes possible to temporarily switch off a machine to reserve energy when it is idle and switch it back on when a certain condition is met. In this paper, we study serial production lines with Bernoulli machines and finite buffers and assume that one of the machines can be switched on and off during the production process according to a pre-determined control policy. Mathematical models for the system under consideration are derived and analytical methods are developed for calculating the system production rate, consumption rate, and power during transients and steady state. Specifically, exact Markovian analysis is used for two-and three-machine lines. For longer lines, an aggregation-based approximation approach is applied. Numerical experiments show that the methods developed can be used to efficiently calculate the systems performance with high accuracy.
Energy and climate

This chapter outlines the history of Earth and the Milankovitch theory of ice ages; and describes the factors that affect earth's climate, the peculiarities of urban climate, and the formation and consequences of temperature inversions. Whether from the surface or from the atmosphere as absorbed by the atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and small amounts of other gases, Earth's radiation is almost all in the infrared. The atmosphere intercepts infrared radiation from the earth's surface and then re-radiates the energy both back toward the earth's surface, thus warming it, and upward to the space, thus cooling the earth; this phenomena is known as greenhouse effect. The chapter discusses the factors in the energy balance of the earth, other than greenhouse effect that affects the mean temperature of the earth. The mean temperature of the earth is also affected by percentage of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back out to the space by the earth, which in turn is affected by cloud cover, snow and ice, and field and forest on earth. The chapter focuses on the climate history of the earth, including the changes that occurred before humans evolved and the variations that occurred before the major industrialization of the twentieth century, and the causes for global climate change.
Lasers without inversion

Recently it has been shown that if two upper levels of a laser system are lifetime broadened and decay by autoionization to the same continuum1 or by radiation to the same level,2 there will be a destructive interference in the absorption profile of low er level atoms, and this interference will be absent from the stimulated emission profile of upper level atoms, thereby allowing the possibility of substantial laser gain without population inversion. This interference, or transparency hole, may exist naturally in the atom system or instead may be created by applying a strong electromagnetic field which couples a relatively metastable level with a rapidly decaying level.3
Early phylogeny of crinoids within the pelmatozoan clade

Phylogenetic relationships among early crinoids are evaluated by maximizing parsimonious-informative characters that are unordered and unweighted. Primarily Tremadocian–Darriwilian (Early–Middle Ordovician) taxa are analysed. Stratigraphic congruence metrics support the best phylogenetic hypothesis derived using parsimony methods. This study confirms the traditionally recognized lineages of Palaeozoic crinoids and provides new information on the branching order of evolving lineages. Camerates are basal crinoids with progressively more tipward groups (from an Ordovician perspective) being protocrinoids, cladids (paraphyletic), hybocrinids and disparids. The Protocrinoida should be maintained, but the Aethocrinida should be placed within the Cladida. The results of this study identify phylogenetic structure amongst the major early crinoid lineages and delineate the relative positions of crinoid higher taxa along a tree. Each valid higher taxon discussed herein requires a comprehensive treatment to delimit within-lineage phylogenetic relationships.
Cytokine Suppression of Dopamine-β-hydroxylase by Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase-dependent and -independent Pathways

Cholinergic differentiation factors (CDFs) suppress noradrenergic properties and induce cholinergic properties in sympathetic neurons. The CDFs leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) bind to a LIFR.gp130 receptor complex to activate Jak/signal transducers and activators of transcription and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways. Little is known about how these differentiation factors suppress noradrenergic properties. We used sympathetic neurons and SK-N-BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells to investigate CDF down-regulation of the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). LIF and CNTF activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 but not p38 or Jun N-terminal kinases in both cell types. Preventing ERK activation with PD98059 blocked CNTF suppression of DBH protein in sympathetic neurons but did not prevent the loss of DBH mRNA. CNTF decreased transcription of a DBH promoter-luciferase reporter construct in SK-N-BE(2)M17 cells, and this was also ERK-independent. Cytokine inhibition of DBH promoter activity did not require a silencer element but was prevented by overexpression of the transcriptional activator Phox2a. Inhibiting ERK activation increased basal DBH transcription in SK-N-BE(2)M17 cells, and DBH mRNA in sympathetic neurons. Transfection of Phox2a into PD98059-treated M17 cells resulted in a synergistic increase in DBH promoter activity compared with Phox2a or PD98059 alone. These data suggest that CDFs down-regulate DBH protein via an ERK-dependent pathway but inhibit DBH gene expression through an ERK-independent pathway. They further suggest that ERK activity inhibits basal DBH gene expression.
Look on the bright side: a case study of uveitis.

Abstract This article explores the contemporary approach to the care of patients with uveitis, an inflammation of the uvea or middle layer of the eye, including the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, types, and contemporary treatment of this serious ophthalmic condition. Uveitis represents the third-leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Vision loss with this disease occurs usually as a result of very slow damage to the macula, which is the consequence of low-grade chronic inflammation. A case study involving a young man with uveitis is used to demonstrate the importance of treating active inflammation aggressively rather than waiting for a particular level of degradation. The role of the professional nurse is highlighted because the support, care, and education of this patient appear to be major components to his well being. (Insight 2000;25:119-24)
Design and Usability of a Home Telerehabilitation System to Train Hand Recovery Following Stroke

Current theories of stroke rehabilitation point toward paradigms of intense concentrated use of the afflicted limb as a means for motor program reorganization and partial function restoration. A home-based system for stroke rehabilitation that trains recovery of hand function by a treatment of concentrated movement was developed and tested. A wearable goniometer measured finger and wrist motions in both hands. An interface box transmitted sensor measurements in real-time to a laptop computer. Stroke patients used joint motion to control the screen cursor in a one-dimensional tracking task for several hours a day over the course of 10–14 days to complete a treatment of 1800 tracking trials. A telemonitoring component enabled a therapist to check in with the patient by video phone to monitor progress, to motivate the patient, and to upload tracking data to a central file server. The system was designed for use at home by patients with no computer skills. The system was placed in the homes of 20 subjects with chronic stroke and impaired finger motion, ranging from 2–305 mi away from the clinic, plus one that was a distance of 1057 miles. Fifteen subjects installed the system at home themselves after instruction in the clinic, while nine required a home visit to install. Three required follow-up visits to fix equipment. A post-treatment telephone survey was conducted to assess ease of use and most responded that the system was easy to use. Functional improvements were seen in the subjects enrolled in the formal treatment study, although the treatment period was too short to trigger cortical reorganization. We conclude that the system is feasible for home use and that tracking training has promise as a treatment paradigm.
Peculiar Institutions: Slavery, Sectionalism, and Minority Obstruction in the Antebellum Senate

This article examines obstruction in the U.S. Senate, focusing on political conflict in the antebellum period. I consider different theories that predict when obstruction should occur and conduct individual-level analysis of the use of and support for dilatory tactics. The analysis investigates how the costs of obstruction, the probability that obstruction succeeds, the policy preferences of the senator, and the salience of legislation relate to decisions to obstruct. I find that both sectional and partisan factors influence obstruction, with the former being especially important for legislation related to slavery. In particular, Southern senators' concerns about being in the minority led them to obstruct to protect their interests in slavery.
Latin American social movements: A review and critique of the geographical literature

Drawing on a survey of the academic literature from 1975 to the present, this article examines research by geographers on Latin American social movements. The survey identified over 100 works, distributed in a temporally, spatially, and thematically uneven fashion. Work by geographers on Latin American social movements has increased dramatically since 1990. The article reviews the geographical literature on Latin American social movements, discusses reasons for the increase in social movement activity since 1990 (and the increased attention by geographers to social movements during this period), and outlines an agenda for further research. Of the categories of social movements studied, indigenous movements garnered the most attention, followed by transnational solidarity/Left political movements. Agrarian, environmental, and women's movements have also received considerable attention. Greater geographical attention needs to be paid to movements of the elite and the political Right; gay, lesbian, and transgender movements; and the entry of social movements into formal (electoral) politics.
NASA MODIS previews NPOESS VIIRS capabilities

Abstract The Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), scheduled to fly on the satellites of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System, will combine the missions of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which flies on current National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites, and the Operational Linescan System aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites. VIIRS will offer a number of improvements to weather forecasters. First, because of a sophisticated downlink and relay system, VIIRS latencies will be 30 min or less around the globe, improving the timeliness and therefore the operational usefulness of the images. Second, with 22 channels, VIIRS will offer many more products than its predecessors. As an example, a true-color simulation is shown using data from the Earth Observing System’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), an application current geostationary imagers cannot produce because of a missing “g...
One-photon-assisted formation of ultracold polar molecules

Alkali-metal hydride molecules have large dipole moments in their ground electronic states. We explore the possibility of forming such molecules from a mixture of the ultracold atomic gases, employing a one-photon stimulated radiative association process. Using accurate molecular potential-energy curves and dipole moments, we have calculated the rate coefficients for populating each of the vibrational levels of the X {sup 1}{sigma}{sup +} states of LiH and NaH. We have found that significant molecule formation rates into the upper vibrational levels can be realized with laser intensities and atomic densities that are easily attainable experimentally. We examine the spontaneous emission cascade which takes place from these upper vibrational levels on a time scale of milliseconds, and calculate the resulting rotational populations in v=0. We show that photon emission in the cascade process does not contribute to trap loss and that a large population of molecules in v=0 can be achieved.
A pre-college recruitment strategy for electrical and computer engineering study

Numerous reports have called for improvements in U.S. STEM education, particularly in providing engineering experiences for pre-college students. Such experiences have the promise of producing more participants in the STEM workforce, and improving the overall scientific literacy of the American population. The authors have developed a summer high school camp for prospective engineering students which provides rigorous instruction and hands-on engineering tasks designed to solve everyday problems. The qualitative data collection involved 8 female participants' wiki pages, which provided nuanced insights related to social cognitive variables such as self-efficacy, science self-concept, and career goals. Students were able to improve their confidence, relate engineering principles to their everyday lives, learn about careers from working engineers, and increase interest in engineering careers. This preliminary analysis describes a replicable model for innovative engineering learning in an informal context.
The forum for scientific controversies

(1990). The Forum for Scientific Controversies. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 55, No. 2-4, pp. 143-144.
Construct validity and test-retest reliability of a date rape decision-latency measure

In two studies, the construct (convergent and discriminant) validity and test-retest reliability of a date rape decision-latency measure was examined. In Study 1, 174 college men completed measures related to sexual aggression and listened to an audiotaped simulation of a date rape, during which cues of nonconsent and force gradually escalated over time. Participants were instructed to respond, by pressing a button which recorded the latency of their decisions in seconds, if and when they believed the man depicted in the scenario should stop his sexual advances. Results demonstrated positive associations between prolonged decision latencies and sexually aggressive behavior, calloused sexual beliefs, acceptance of interpersonal violence, and sexual promiscuity. In Study 2, initial results were cross-validated in a sample of 102 college men, and discriminant validity was established as decision latencies were unassociated with measures of social desirability, alcohol consumption and drug use. Test-retest reliability assessed over a 2-week interval was .87.
The Nature of the Active Catalyst in Late Transition Metal-Mediated Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) Reactions: Mechanistic Studies of the Platinum-Catalyzed ROP of Silicon-Bridged [1]Ferrocenophanes

Current mechanisms for the transition metal-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of [1]ferrocenophanes and related strained species such as cyclic carbosilanes invoke a homogeneous mechanism...
The perception of eye contact

Ss made judgments of whether or not they were being looked in the eye as an E fixated several points on and off their faces.Distance between sender and receiver, sex, and whether the sender made a sequence of fixation sprior to the terminal fixation were variables of interest. The sender-receiver distance produced less effect than predicted from the hypothesis that receiver judgments were determined solely by the discrepancy between the sender’s iris/sclera configuration (ISC) during true eye contact and the current fixation point. There was no stable differencein accuracy as a function of whether the sender’s terminal fixation was preceded by other fixations or not. These findings cast doubt on the belief expressed in recent studies that the ISC can be used to accurately discriminate eye gazes from other gazes. The results also suggest that fixations on some portions of the face yield a judgment of eye contact which might be predicted on the basis of social experience.
What's informatics at Indiana University?

This Indiana University School of Informatics was the first of its kind in the United States (2000). It includes programs in Bloomington and at IUPUI in Indianapolis. The School has developed a unique undergraduate curriculum that allows students to combine an interest in information technology and computing with another academic discipline of their choice. The School offers the first-ever PhD in Informatics as well as a number of professional masters degree programs. The School's faculty represent a range of disciplines and specialties which provides a wide range of research opportunities.
CO replacement in the tetrahedrane cluster MeC(O)CCo3(CO)9 by the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-l,3-dione (bpcd): Diphosphine ligand isomerization and X-ray structure of the bridged cluster MeC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd)

The tricobalt cluster MeC(O)CCo3(CO)9 reacts with the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-l,3-dione (bpcd) in the presence of added Me3NO to furnish the disubstituted cluster MeC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd) in good yield. MeC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd) has been characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies, and the solid-state structure determined by X-ray crystallography. MeC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a=14.8421(8), b=16.6162(9), c=14.9363(8) A, β=99.705(1)°, V=3630.9(3) A3, Z=4, D cacl=1.632 Mg/m3; R=0.0288, R w=0.0683 for 8618 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The bridging of adjacent cobalt atoms by the bpcd ligand in MeC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd) is crystallographically established, and the facile isomerization of the bridging bpcd to the chelating isomer at low temperature is confirmed by VT 31P NMR measurements.
Spectrophotometric determination of serum iron at the submicrogram level with a new reagent (ferrozine).

Abstract The application of ferrozine, a commercially available sulfonated ferroin, to the determination of submicrogram levels of iron in human serum is described. The effect of serum copper, which can be a potential source of error, is minimized by complexation with neocuproin in the reaction mixture without affecting adherence to Beer's Law. The large molar absorptivity of 28,000 for the iron-ferrozine complex makes the ligand an attractive color reagent for monitoring iron therapy in anemic patients.
SIGIRR, a negative regulator of colon tumorigenesis

Inappropriate activation of the Toll-IL-1R (TLR-IL-1R) signaling by commensal bacteria contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis-associated cancer. Recent studies have identified Single Immunoglobulin IL-1 Receptor Related molecule (SIGIRR) as a negative regulator of TLR-IL-1R signaling. It dampens intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis in the colon. In this review, we will discuss the role of SIGIRR in different cell types and the mechanisms underlying its tumor suppressor function.
Cataclysmic bombardment throughout the inner solar system 3.9–4.0 Ga

[1] Cohen et al. [2000] recently confirmed the hypothesis that the Moon was resurfaced by an intense period of impact cratering ∼3.9 Ga ago and, by inference, that the Earth also sustained bombardment. Analyses of lunar impact melts indicate that at least one of the projectiles that hit the Moon was a differentiated iron-rich core, implying the bombardment was caused by asteroids. Meteorite analyses indicate asteroids in the asteroid belt were also heavily cratered ∼3.9 Ga and that the ancient cratered highlands of Mars suffered impacts at this time. Collectively, these data suggest there was an impact cataclysm that affected the entire inner solar system, resurfacing the terrestrial planets, and that the source of the impacting debris was the asteroid belt. Comets do not appear to have been important.
Angle resolved X-ray photoemission study of CaF2/Si(111) interfaces

Abstract About 25 A of CaF 2 was epitaxially grown on Si(111) at substrate temperatures of 25, 300, 600 and 800°C. The analysis was carried out by non-destructive depth profiling using angle-resolved core level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ca 2p, F 1s and Si2p regions were investigated. The spectra of the bulk material indicate a shift towards lower binding energy for the Ca 2p and F 1s core levels in the samples relative to the surface spectra. Near the interface, CaSi bonds were found to be present. No evidence of FSi bonds was found. From the binding energy differences between Ca2p and Si2p and between F 1s and Si 2p core levels, a qualitative picture of the bonding near the interface was drawn. In an intermediate region between the surface and the interface, the amount of fluorine lost or the number of CaSi bonds formed is more in the high temperature samples than that in the low temperature samples. At the interface, the number of CaSi bonds was found to be dependent upon the deposition conditions. The amount of fluorine near the interface region was more for the low temperature samples than for the high temperature samples. The electrical properties (CV curves) of the samples exhibit a pinned interface for the high temperature samples and an unpinned interface for low temperature samples.
Bacteriuria screening in a disease detection program for healthy females

Abstract To determine if screening for significant bacteriuria in asymptomatic females may lead to useful preventive measures, 854 asymptomatic women who attended an oral contraception clinic were consecutively screened with a urine culture. Thirty-four (4.0%) were found to have significant bacteriuria. Of these, follow-up evaluation revealed that nine (1.1%) had evidence of upper-tract renal disease which was likely chronic renal infection. Although occult renal disease was detected in approximately 1% of healthy women in this study, the financial cost, outlay of physician time, and nonavailability of a definitive treatment for chronic renal infection may prohibit routine bacteriuria screening in most medical settings.
Quasiperiodic Nanoscale Faceting of High-Index Si Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that Si(112) reconstructs into quasiperiodic, nanometer-scale facets. Each sawtoothlike facet consists of a single unit cell wide reconstructed (111) terrace (7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 or 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5) opposed by a 60 to 110 \AA{} wide (337) terrace. Nanofacets with a similar structure are also observed on Si(335), indicating that they are a general phenomenon for some range of vicinality towards [$\overline{1}\overline{1}2$] The dimensions of these nanofacets suggest that Si(112) and Si(335) would be interesting substrates for the growth of corrugated superlattices.
The formation of linear and T-shaped isomers of acetylene–hydrogen cyanide complexes in helium nanodroplets

Abstract Rotationally resolved infrared spectra are reported for the linear and T-shaped isomers of acetylene–hydrogen cyanide formed in helium nanodroplets. The results for the latter show that the overall rotation ((B+C)/2) is slowed by the helium, while rotation about the A-axis is only weakly affected. A comparison of the relative abundances of the two isomers formed in helium and in a gas phase free jet expansion provides insights into the nature of the growth in helium.
Creation of Nonischemic Functional Mitral Regurgitation by Annular Dilatation and Nonplanar Modification in a Chronic In Vivo Swine Model

Background—Mechanisms and treatments of nonischemic functional mitral regurgitation (NIMR) are not fully established, in part, because of a lack of proper large animal models. We developed a novel technique of NIMR creation in a swine model by making multiple small incisions in the mitral annulus. Methods and Results—Ex vivo experiments using isolated swine hearts (n=10) showed a 15% increase in annular area (6.8–7.8 cm2) after 16 incisions were made along the posterior mitral annulus of a pressurized left ventricle. In an in vivo swine model (n=7; 46.4±2.2 kg), NIMR was created by making fourteen to twenty-six 2-mm incisions in the atrial aspect of the mitral annulus using a cardioport video-assisted imaging system in the beating heart. Animals were euthanized at 4 weeks (n=4) and 6 weeks (n=3). Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography was obtained before and immediately after NIMR creation and at euthanasia; vena contracta area, mitral annular dimension, left ventricular volume, and inter-papillary muscl...
Multi-Scale Linkages between Single-Molecule Integrin Dynamics and Cell Protrusion

Recent advances in light microscopy permit the development of cyto-architectural blueprints with single-molecule resolution. It is now conceptually possible to relate the organization of the molecular machinery to cellular function. However, the disparity between the spatial and temporal scales of molecular and cellular behaviors poses substantial challenges in deriving these relationships. New approaches are required to integrate discrete single-molecule behavior with continuous cellular-level processes. Here, we combined intercalated molecular and cellular imaging with an analytical framework to reveal the roles that individual integrin molecules play in the process of initiating cell adhesion and migration. Despite the stochasticity of molecular and cellular behaviors, our data uncovered ‘rules’ of molecular organization for the components of a functional nascent adhesion, namely αvβ3-integrin, talin and actin, as well as the relationship between the local molecular organization of integrins and cell edge movement. We found that integrins exhibit a basal spatial gradient, with highest density and slowest mobility at the cell edge. In preparation for protrusion, this gradient transiently and locally increases, indicative of the initiation of nascent adhesions prior to cell edge protrusion. Moreover, the molecular behavior of talin, actin and β3 integrin mutants revealed that talin binding regulates integrin mobility, while integrin density modulation is primarily dependent on actin. These data establish a multi-scale linkage between characteristic variations in discrete stochastic molecular behaviors and continuum cellular behaviors.
Using Mathematica to Automatically Generate Abaqus User Material Subroutines

It is often difficult for commercial finite element (FE) analysis developers to implement highly specialized materials. Therefore, it is advantageous to allow users to code subroutines for specialized constitutive equations. The disadvantage is that the user must learn and understand the developer’s implementation of the nonlinear FE formulation. It is therefore beneficial to develop a process which can reduce the complexity of writing specialized material subroutines by generating the code automatically.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment

The two most important phenomena that the United States confronted in the quarter century after the end of World War II were the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. Four presidents, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson had to deal with the most critical years of both the struggle for racial justice and the challenge of Communist totalitarianism. This historiographical article seeks to situate each of these presidents within the context of the explosion of literature on the presidency and the fight for black equality and to provide suggestive assessments of these presidencies and their successes and failures in addressing black demands.
Studies of carrier dynamics in InxGa1-xAs1-yNy by picosecond Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Non-equilibrium electron distributions and energy loss rate in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition-grown InxGa1−xAs1−yNy (x=0.03 and y=0.01) epilayer on GaAs substrate have been studied by picosecond Raman spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that for electron density n≅10 18 cm −3 , electron distributions can be described very well by Fermi–Dirac distributions with electron temperatures substantially higher than the lattice temperature. From the measurement of electron temperature as a function of the pulse width of excitation laser, the energy loss rate in InxGa1−xAs1−yNy is estimated to be 64 meV/ps. These experimental results are compared with those of GaAs.
Evidence for a critical T cell - B cell interaction in tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB

RESULTS: Splenic T cell migration to CCL19 or CXCL12 is enhanced by, but does not require, S1P receptor stimulation. In contrast, lymph node T cell migration to CXCL12 but not CCL19 requires both chemokine and S1P receptor stimulation. The requirement for CXCR4 and S1PR stimulation of lymph node T cells is particularly important for mechanisms involving transendothelial migration of T cells. The results also demonstrate that: 1) splenic versus lymph node T cells use different molecular migration mechanisms; 2) CCR7 and CXCR4 stimulation engage different molecular migration mechanisms; and 3) S1P and FTY720 have distinct S1PR agonist and antagonist properties.
Copulatory behaviour of cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) and their reciprocal hybrids with white-footed mice (P. leucopus)

Abstract Cotton mice, Peromyscus gossypinus, display a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, multiple ejaculations, and ejaculations occasionally occurring without prior intromissions. There are relatively few ejaculations per satiety test. Mice from two distinct populations were very similar with respect to basic motor patterns, quantitative measures, and associated behavioural patterns, suggesting that these patterns may be truly ‘species-typical’. The behaviour of the reciprocal hybrids between P. gossypinus and P. leucopus was found to resemble that of the parental species.
The Electrolytic Oxidation of α‐Pinene, Terpinolene and Dipentene

It is shown that the electrolytic oxidation of three terpene hydrocarbons, namely, α‐pinene, terpinolene and dipentene, can be carried out efficiently at a lead dioxide anode in dilute aqueous sulfuric acid as electrolyte. The addition of an emulsifying agent is not necessary, provided mechanical emulsification is maintained by agitation. The efficiency of oxidation is increased by raising the temperature, but is markedly decreased by making the electrolyte neutral or alkaline. Inorganic oxygen carriers, e.g., ceric ions, increase the current efficiency for the oxidation of the terpene hydrocarbons.
The effect of oxygen on tantalum-sodium compatibility

The effect of oxygen in both phases on the compatibility of tantalum with sodium was investigated at 600°C by exposing tantalum specimens to liquid sodium in static capsules. Increasing the initial oxygen concentration of the sodium from 50 to 12,000 ppm led to increased dissolution of the tantalum in the sodium; oxygen migrated from the sodium to the tantalum. As the initial oxygen concentration of the sodium increased, the accompanying tantalum specimens first gained and then lost weight. We concluded that the addition of oxygen to sodium results in the formation of a loosely adhering ternary oxide scale on the tantalum surface. The increased dissolution of tantalum and the weight change behavior of the tantalum specimens when the initial oxygen concentration of the sodium is increased indicates that the nonadherent ternary oxide flakes off in progressively greater amounts as its thickness increases. When the concentration of oxygen in tantalum before test exceeded 200 ppm, sodium penetrated the tantalum. Penetration, as in other refractory metal-oxygen-alkali metal systems previously investigated, proceeds with the formation of a ternary oxide by a wedging mechanism. At low oxygen concentrations attack occurs along grain boundaries, and as the oxygen concentration of the tantalum is increased, the number of grain boundaries attacked and the depth of attack increase. Still higher oxygen concentrations induce transgranular attack.
Inheritance behavior of information coding for small subunit polypeptides of fraction 1 protein.

In various genera of plants, the small subunit of fraction 1 protein is often composed of more than one kind of polypeptide; these differ in isoelectric points and amino acid composition. Previous analysis of numerous individual progeny of Nicotiana tabacum (two kinds of polypeptides), N. glauca + N. langsdorffii parasexual hybrids (three kinds), and other examples showed no change in F-1 protein composition as a consequence of alternation of generations. Experiments reported here show that absence of one member of each of the 24 different pairs of chromosomes in an N. tabacum monosomic series and also absence of the “S” pair in a nullisome did not affect F-1 protein composition. Absence of the “E” pair caused reduction in the amount of the least acidic of the two kinds of N. tabacum small subunit polypeptides. The question of how many individual progeny of self-fertile hybrids would have to be analyzed to detect segregation of genes coding for F-1 protein small subunit polypeptides, if segregation occurs, was answered by analysis of F1 hybrids between N. otophora and N. tomentosiformis, and two subspecies of N. suaveolens, together with their F2 progeny. In both cases, analysis of 16 progeny was sufficient to demonstrate a segregation pattern of two F1 hybrid type to one each of the two parental types. Therefore, in the absence of segregation, it is likely that coding information for different kinds of F-1 protein small subunit polypeptides is sequestered on heterologous chromosomes, as postulated in previous reports.
The effect of inhibitors on the calcium exchange of heart cells in tissue culture

The effect of oligomycin + 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the 45Ca exchange of rat cardiac cells in culture was investigated. All three inhibitors caused the cessation of spontaneous beating of the cells with a concomitant decrease of ATP to 70 to 80% of control value. It is not known which step in the spontaneous rhythmic contraction is sensitive to the decrease of ATP and therefore it was of interest to study the 45Ca exchange as the possible senstive site. A previously described method for direct counting of cellular activity was used. In the absence of the inhibitors the cellular washout curves were resolved into three components. The most rapid component represents residual labeling solution, the next component (λ = 1.02 min−1) represents a portion of cellular Ca2+, while the last slow component seems to involve mitochondrial binding of Ca2+. In the presence of oligomycin + 2-DG and FDNB, the washout patterns were the same as in the control cells. The cessation of beating in the presence of these inhibitors therefore cannot be interpreted in terms of any effect on Ca2+ exchange. However, in the presence of DNP, the washout curve could be resolved into two phases only, the fast extracellular and the fast cellular phases were present but the slowest third phase was missing and no 45Ca uptake corresponding to the slowly exchanging phase of the cell was detected. This result gives support to the interpretation that the third phase of the washout pattern represents predominantly mitochondrial exchange.