cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic radiation of MEMS and NEMS resonators in fluids

Here, we study the acoustic radiation generated by the vibration of miniaturized doubly clamped and cantilever beam resonators in viscous fluids. Acoustic radiation results in an increase in dissipation and consequently a decrease in the resonator’s quality factor. We find that dissipation due to acoustic radiation is negligible when the acoustic wavelength in the fluid is much larger than the bending wavelength. In this regime, dissipation is primarily due to the viscous losses in the fluid and may be predicted with the two-dimensional cylinder approximation in the absence of axial flow and substrate effects. In contrast, when the bending wavelength approaches the length of the acoustic wavelength, acoustic radiation becomes prominent. In this regime, dissipation due to acoustic radiation can no longer be neglected, and the cylinder approximation inaccurately characterizes the total energy loss in the system. Experiments are performed with microcantilevers of varying lengths in Ar and N 2 to observe trends in the acoustic wavelength of the fluid and bending wavelength. Additional experimental results from doubly clamped nanoelectromechanical system beams are also presented. Experimental results illustrate an increase in dissipation, which is further analyzed with the use of three-dimensional finite element models. With the numerical simulations, we calculate the radiation efficiency of the measured devices and analyze the pressure fields generated by the vibrating resonators. This analysis allows one to estimate the effects of acoustic radiation for any resonator.
Factors Affecting Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with Triple Therapy

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infections has proven to be difficult [2–4, 6–8, 13]. Therapy with a single or with two antimicrobials has proven ineffective as evidenced by eradication rates much below 50% [3]. Recently, combinations of three antimicrobial drugs have been shown to eradicate more than 50% of H. pylori infections. Despite these apparent successes, the results have been variable and the factors influencing effectiveness of therapy remain unclear [3, 7, 8]. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of a combination of three antimicrobial drugs (triple therapy) for eradication of H. pylori infection with special emphasis on the factors that might predict good versus poor responses.
Total variation regularized velocity estimation to image subsurface reflectivity

We propose a modified frequency-wavenumber migration method to enhance subsurface imagery obtained by ground penetrating radar (GPR) array to localize buried landmines and other objects. The method aims to minimize the entropy of processed image by introducing different wave propagation velocity for each array element. The different wave propagation velocity is organized to form a velocity vector. On the other hand, by constraining the total variation of the velocity vector, the method satisfies physics requirement that the velocity shall not change abruptly. The optimization scheme is built in the framework of Tikhonov regularization by selecting proper regularization parameter. We use examples obtained from 2-D GPR images. The frequency-wavenumber method and its optimization can be generalized to 3-D in a straight-forward manner.
Prognostic value of MYCN and ID2 overexpression in neuroblastoma.

Background The molecular mechanisms driven by overexpression of the MYCN gene in neuroblastoma are not well known. Whether MYCN overexpression in the absence of genomic amplification, or ID2 overexpression has prognostic value remains controversial. Procedure Ninety-nine neuroblastic tumors from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and 12 neuroblastoma cell lines were analyzed by Affymetrix U95v2 Microarray System. The expression levels of the genes MYCN and ID2 were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry and the clinical value of the overexpression of both genes was determined. Results MYCN genomic amplification with overexpression was prognostic for survival (P = 0.0005). Stage 4 patients with MYCN amplification but without overexpression, had no increased likelihood of death, whereas cases with MYCN overexpression but no genomic amplification showed a low survival (P = 0.0096). ID2 did not correlate with MYCN expression (R = −0.23 for tumors and −0.27 for cell lines) or with survival (P = 0.8746). Conclusions MYCN amplification was not related to clinical outcome in the absence of overexpression in neuroblastoma tumors. ID2 expression appears to be independent of MYCN expression and lacks prognostic value. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theoretical analysis of left-handed metamaterials using FDTD-PML method

In this work we present a review of the current state of the discussion about physical properties of the left-handed metamaterials together with simulation results. This kind of materials have been studied recently due to some non-intuitive behavior that some physicists argued they possess. Using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FDTD) together with a Perfectly-Matched Layer (PML) for the domain's truncation, we were able to generate animated outputs that clarify what can and what cannot be achieved by those materials.
Dust Destruction in the Interstellar Medium

Grains are injected into the interstellar medium (ISM) from evolved stars and supernovae; in addition, supernova ejecta may condense onto pre-existing grains before becoming well-mixed with the interstellar gas. Once in the ISM, grains can grow by accretion, but are also subject to destruction by interstellar shocks, The current status of the theory of shock destruction of interstellar grains is reviewed briefly. Small grains are destroyed by thermal sputtering in fast, non-radiative shocks; large grains are destroyed by grain-grain collisions and eroded by nonthermal sputtering in radiative shocks. The dominant shocks in the ISM are from supernova remnants (SNRs), and the mass of grains destroyed is proportional to the energy of the SNR. In a multiphase ISM, these shocks destroy the grains at a rate proportional to the volume filling factor of the phase; since the density of the hot phase is too low for efficient grain destruction, most of the destruction occurs in the warm phase. Not all SNRs are effective at destroying grains, however: some are above the gas disk, and some —Type IPs in associations—are highly correlated in space and time. The galactic SN rate is observed to about 2.2 per century (van den Bergh, 1983), but the effective supernova rate for grain destruction is estimated to be only about 0.8 per century. As a result, the timescale for the destruction of a typical refractory grain in the ISM is inferred to be about 4 × 108 yr for either a two-phase or a three-phase ISM. Most of the refractory material in the ISM (other than carbon) is injected by supernovae, not evolved stars; the net injection timescale is estimated as about 1.5 x 109 yr. Comparison of the destruction and injection timescales indicates that the fraction of grains injected by stars which survive in the ISM is only about 20%. Most of the refractory material in interstellar grains must, therefore, have accreted onto the grains in the ISM. Nonetheless, a significant fraction of dust formed in stars survives in the ISM and may be detectable in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles.
Rate versus Temporal Coding Models

Information is represented in the brain by the electrical activity of neurons. A number of current theories attempt to explain this neural code of information and how it is used by the brain to achieve perception, action, thought, and consciousness. Keywords: spike rate; variability; synchrony; spike interval; neural code
Case Study on Transition: An American Indian Student with a Learning Disability

In this paper the results of a case study of an American Indian student with a learning disability who successfully transitioned to college will be presented. The student's attitude and behavior were shaped by his culture and his success was positively influenced by family, community, and supports from educational settings.
Maxillary palps can mediate taste rejection of plant allelochemicals by caterpillars.

All caterpillars possess a pair of maxillary palps that “drum” the surface of foods during feeding. These chemosensory organs contain over 65% of a caterpillar's taste receptor cells, but their functional significance remains largely unknown. We examined their role in rejection of plant allelochemicals, using the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) as a model insect and an extract from a plant species (Grindeliaglutinosa) as a model stimulus. We selected this system because hornworms reject foods containing Grindelia extract, and because preliminary studies indicated that their maxillary palps respond to this extract. We hypothesized that Grindelia extract elicits rejection through stimulating: (1) olfactory receptor cells, (2) taste receptor cells, (3) oral mechanoreceptors, and/or (4) a postingestive response mechanism. Our results were consistent only with hypothesis 2: caterpillars approached Grindelia-treated diets without apparent hesitation, but rejected it within 6 s of initiating biting; Grindelia-treated solutions stimulated taste receptor cells in the maxillary palp, but not the other gustatory chemosensilla; and ablating the maxillary palps eliminated rejection of Grindelia-treated diets. Our results demonstrate that taste receptor cells in the maxillary palps mediate rejection of Grindelia extract, and provide the first direct evidence for a role of maxillary palps in rejection of plant allelochemicals.
RuleBender: Integrated visualization for biochemical rule-based modeling

We introduce RuleBender, a novel visualization system for the integrated visualization, modeling and simulation of rule-based intra-cellular biochemistry. Rule-based modeling (RBM) is a powerful and increasingly popular approach to modeling cell signaling networks. However, novel visual tools are needed in order to make RBM accessible to a broad range of users, to make specification of models less error prone, and to improve workflows. We present the user requirements, visual paradigms, algorithms and design decisions behind RuleBender, with emphasis on visual global/local model exploration and integrated execution of simulations. The support of RBM creation, debugging, and interactive visualization expedites the RBM learning process and reduces model construction time; while built-in model simulation and results with multiple linked views streamline the execution and analysis of newly created models and generated networks. A development cycle that includes close interaction with expert users allows RuleBender to better serve the needs of the systems biology community.
Simplified Classical Trajectory Model of Dissociative Scattering on Surfaces: Role of Incident Vibrational and Translational Energies

Recently reported molecular ion/surface scattering experiments suggest that translational and vibrational energies each have a distinct influence on molecular dissociation for the NO+/GaAs(110) system [J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 100, 6791]. To interrogate the coupling between vibrational and translational degrees of freedom, classical trajectory simulations were performed. The dissociation dynamics and energy transfer processes were examined for three different molecule/surface repulsive potentials: a Born−Mayer potential, a Ziegler−Biersack−Littmark potential, and a Hartree−Fock potential. In each case, the calculated product appearance thresholds and average product translational energies are qualitatively consistent with the aforementioned experimental results. In all, this suggests that translational energy activates dissociation via a collision-induced dissociation mechanism. Regarding initial molecular vibrational energy, the classical model shows that the relative dissociation probability depends on vib...
Ethnic diversity in IS: What are current Ph.D. students saying?

Much attention has been focused on creating diversity in research in the Information Systems (IS) discipline (DeSanctis, 1993; King, 1993; Benbasat and Weber, 1996; Robey, 1996). However, ethnic diversity among the IS faculty has not been a primary research focus. African-, Hispanic- and Native-Americans represent only 4.9% of the more than 24,000 business school professors and only 2.8% of the more than 2,000 Information Systems professors. Many universities attribute this nominal minority representation to the difficulty in finding qualified, tenurable faculty members from these ethnic groups.We replicate the research of Hammond (1995) using the survey and commenter features of a group support system, GroupSystems. In particular, we explore cultural issues that may contribute to the small number of African- and Hispanic-Americans who pursue doctoral degrees in information systems/technology (IS/IT). Our results confirmed some of the cultural differences found in earlier research-such as social isolation and lack of minority faculty mentors. Our results also identified family responsibilities and the need to give back to ethnic communities as important cultural issues affecting minorities' IS/IT doctoral students.
Effect of Partial Waxy Wheat on Processing and Quality of Wheat Flour Tortillas

ABSTRACT The processing and quality of wheat flour tortillas prepared with partial waxy and normal flour were evaluated. Control procedures and formula were utilized with water absorption varied to obtain machineable doughs. Amylose content was lower in most partial waxy compared with normal wheats. The type of wheat starch did not affect most dough properties or tortilla diameter. Tortilla height and opacity were adversely affected by the decreased amount of amylose in partial waxy wheats. Sufficient leavening reactions occurred early in baking (after 10 sec) to yield an opaque disk, but some baked tortillas lost opacity and become partially transparent after baking. Starch gelatinizes, disperses, and retrogrades concurrently with the leavening reaction during the short (<30 sec) baking time. Amylose functionality during baking and cooling appears to be involved in the retention of air bubbles in tortillas.
GPC−MALS Characterization of Fluoropolymers in a α,α,α-Trifluorotoluene Mobile Phase: An Enabling Step in the Syntheses of Well-Defined Fluoropolymer-Based Self-Assembling Materials

GPC−MALS in α,α,α-trifluorotoluene mobile phase has been employed successfully to determine molecular weight and molecular weight distribution for highly fluorinated (hydrocarbon insoluble) polymers. This technique was used to characterize several fluoroalkyl acrylic and fluorolkyl methacrylic polymers, perfluoropolyethers, hydrocarbon polymers such as polystyrene and poly(n-butyl acrylate), and their block copolymers with excellent results. The current report is focused on characterization of poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) and polystyrene as representative materials of interest. Results for samples ranging from 1000 to 1 600 000 g/mol were in excellent agreement with independent measurements determined by 1H NMR end group analysis, GPC in hydrocarbon solvents, and those provided by the supplier, as applicable.
Comparison groups in yoga research: a systematic review and critical evaluation of the literature.

Summary Objectives Comparison groups are essential for accurate testing and interpretation of yoga intervention trials. However, selecting proper comparison groups is difficult because yoga comprises a very heterogeneous set of practices and its mechanisms of effect have not been conclusively established. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the control and comparison groups used in published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of yoga. Results We located 128 RCTs that met our inclusion criteria; of these, 65 included only a passive control and 63 included at least one active comparison group. Primary comparison groups were physical exercise (43%), relaxation/meditation (20%), and education (16%). Studies rarely provided a strong rationale for choice of comparison. Considering year of publication, the use of active controls in yoga research appears to be slowly increasing over time. Conclusions Given that yoga has been established as a potentially powerful intervention, future research should use active control groups. Further, care is needed to select comparison conditions that help to isolate the specific mechanisms of yoga's effects.
Misconceptions about Psychology among Introductory Psychology Students

Common misconceptions about behavior are distressingly resistant to change by text reading and class discussion.
Characterization of the fan1 locus in soybean line A5 and development of molecular assays for high-throughput genotyping of FAD3 genes

Soybean is one of the most important oil crops worldwide, and reducing the linolenic acid content of soybean oil will provide increased stability of the oil to consumers and limit the amount of trans fat in processed foods. The linolenic content in soybean seed is controlled by three fatty acid desaturase (FAD) three enzymes, FAD3A, B, and C. The soybean lines with 1 % linolenic acid content which are widely used in breeding for reduced linolenic acid in the USA have mutations in each of the three FAD genes derived from lines A5 (deletion of FAD3A), A26, and A23 (missense mutations in FAD3B and C, respectively). Although soybean line A5 has been released for 30 years, the extent and definition of the deletion of the FAD3A gene has not been characterized, which has prevented researchers from designing robust molecular markers for effective marker-assisted selection (MAS). Using a PCR-based genomic strategy, we have identified a 6.4-kbp deletion of the FAD3A gene in A5 and developed a TaqMan detection assay by targeting the deletion junction in A5, which could be used to distinguish the homozygotes and heterozygotes of the gene. In addition, based on mutant single nucleotide polymorphisms in FAD3B and FAD3C identified in A26 and A23, respectively, we have also developed TaqMan assays for high-throughput MAS. The TaqMan assays have proven to be a very effective platform for detecting the mutant FAD3 alleles and thus will greatly facilitate high-throughput MAS for development of soybean lines with reduced linolenic acid content.
In vivo phosphorylation following [32P]orthophosphate injection into neostriatum or hippocampus: Selective and rapid labeling of electrophoretically separated brain proteins

Intracranial injections of [32P]orthophosphate readily label a number of brain phosphoproteins as resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The majority of these in vivo labeled phosphoproteins co-migrate with phosphoproteins that are labeled in vitro by incubation of brain membranes with [32P]ATP. Two of the major in vitro labeled phosphoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 47,000 (band F1) and 41,000 (band F2) are rapidly labeled in vivo. Since they are rapidly dephosphorylated in vitro, this suggests a high rate of phosphate turnover. The electrophoretic pattern of in vivo labeled phosphoproteins did not appear to be altered by the method of sacrifice (focused microwave irradiation, decapitation or liquid nitrogen immersion) or by the state of the animal at the time of labeling (awake or lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital). The reduction of phosphatase activity during tissue processing at 0 °C may account for the similarities observed with different sacrifice methods. Removal of phospholipids or polynucleotides had little effect on the in vivo labeled32P-containing bands. However, alkaline hydrolysis or protease treatment uniformly reduced the radioactivity in the labeled bands. These findings suggest that the32P-containing bands consist of phosphoester linkages to serine or threonine residues. The present evidence emphasizes that previously characterized in vitro labeled brain phosphoproteins are, in fact, labeled in the awake, freely-moving animal.
Path selection algorithms in homogeneous mobile ad hoc networks

Because of connectivity richness in mobile ad hoc networks, multiple paths often exist between a source and a destination. Since many applications require uninterrupted connectivity of a session, the ability to find long-living paths can be very useful. In this paper, we propose three path-selection algorithms and evaluate their performance in a homogeneous network based on two criteria: 1) the selected path is the most likely to meet a target residual path lifetime requirement, and 2) the selected path has the longest residual path lifetime among all the available paths. We also introduce two performance metrics to compare the proposed algorithms among themselves and with a baseline random-selection algorithm. All three algorithms demonstrate comparable performance in satisfying the first criterion, although the first algorithm performs consistently better than the other two for both criteria. As the path-set size increases, the proposed algorithms yield greater performance gain over the baseline algorithm. Furthermore, we show that these algorithms perform better in a higher mobility environment than when the mobility is low.
Combined effects of CO2 enrichment and elevated growth temperatures on metabolites in soybean leaflets: evidence for dynamic changes of TCA cycle intermediates

Soybean (Glycine max [Merr.] L.) was grown in indoor chambers with ambient (38 Pa) and elevated (70 Pa) CO2 and day/night temperature treatments of 28/20, 32/24 and 36/28 °C. We hypothesized that CO2 enrichment would mitigate the deleterious effects of elevated growth temperatures on metabolites in soybean leaflets. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased incrementally with growth temperature and were enhanced up to 24 % on average by CO2 enrichment. Stomatal conductance about doubled from the lowest to highest temperature but this was partially reversed by CO2 enrichment. Metabolites were measured thrice daily and 19 and 28 of 43 total leaf metabolites were altered by the 32/24 and 36/28 °C temperature treatments, respectively, in both CO2 treatments. Polyols, raffinose and GABA increased and 23 nonstructural carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids decreased when the temperature was increased from 28 to 36 °C under ambient CO2. Citrate, aconitate and 2-oxoglutarate decreased over 90 % in the 36/28 °C compared to the 28/20 °C temperature treatment. Temperature-dependent changes of sugars, organic acids and all but three amino acids were almost completely eliminated by CO2 enrichment. The above findings suggested that specific TCA cycle intermediates were highly depleted by heat stress under ambient CO2. Mitigating effects of CO2 enrichment on soybean leaflet metabolites were attributed to altered rates of photosynthesis, photorespiration, dark respiration, the anaplerotic pathway and to possible changes of gene expression.
Clinical features as predictors of functional status in children with cystic fibrosis.

Previous clinical studies in patients with cystic fibrosis have demonstrated substantial variability in the symptoms present at diagnosis and in subsequent survival rates. In this study we assessed the association between features present at diagnosis and the clinical course of cystic fibrosis in 89 patients. The 5- and 10-year outcomes for children with cystic fibrosis were better than has been generally appreciated. Overall, two thirds of the patients had either improved or remained at the same level of morbidity 5 years after diagnosis. Children who presented with isolated gastrointestinal symptoms had a good clinical course; some actually improved clinically during the first 5 to 10 years after diagnosis. In contrast, children who presented with respiratory disease frequently had clinical deterioration during the follow-up period. Neither age at presentation nor the initial level of morbidity was significantly related to subsequent outcome. We conclude that clinical features apparent at diagnosis are valuable prognostic indicators in children with cystic fibrosis
Experiments on ion-acoustic waves in dusty plasmas

Abstract An experiment is described on ion-acoustic (IA) waves in dusty plasmas, which was performed in the dusty plasma device (DPD) of Xu et al. (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 5266, 1992). It is found that, as expected, the presence of negatively charged dust grains increases the phase velocity of the waves and, at the same time, also reduces the strength of the collisionless (Landau) damping to which the waves are subjected.
The elements of nuclear power by D. J. Bennett

Longman Group Limited, London (1972). 206 pp. £3.50; Halstead Press, New York, N.Y. (1973), $15.00 6″× 9″ size.
Negative incentive contrast effects with verbal reinforcement

A decrease in amount of reinforcement resulted in negative incentive contrast effects. This finding agrees with many studies involving animal Ss.
Structural in variance of T4 molecules from T cell clone Of different antigen and major histocompatibility complex specificities

Recent studies have suggested that the T4 molecule may bind to class I1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products on target cells. Such an interaction could be with either a polymorphic or monomorphic determinant on class II MHC genes. The first would imply that T4 is structurally variable and represents a compo- nent of a dual receptor, whereas the latter would suggest that T4 is structurally invariant and serves as an accessory binding molecule. To resolve this question we studied the structural variability of T4 molecules isolated from four clones of differing antigen/MHC specificities. By one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis and by peptide mapping, we detected no differences among the 55-kDa T4 molecules from these clones. We conclude that T4 serves as an invariant accessory binding structure and that T4 does not confer MHC specificity on T cells.
Management of obesity in the psychiatrist's office.

Obesity is an epidemic in the developed countries, and the rest of the world is quickly catching up. Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) suffer from two to three times higher rates of obesity 1, and this has translated into much higher rates of obesity-related morbidity and premature mortality in this population 2. This raises the question if obesity management should be added to the expanding responsibilities of psychiatrists. Our answer to this question is a resounding “Yes”. First, obesity is a behavioral problem that involves eating too much and moving too little. The most robust evidence for effective management of obesity is for behavioral interventions, usually referred to as lifestyle interventions. These are typically based on principles of cognitive behavioral therapy and social cognitive change. Psychiatrists are experts of behavioral change and are equipped with the tools to employ against this disease. Second, it has become abundantly clear that psychiatric medications, especially antipsychotics, play an important role in the increased rates of obesity among patients with SMI 3. While it is preferable to prevent the excess weight gain due to psychotropic medications, this is not always possible. Many patients will already be overweight or obese at the initial visit to a psychiatrist. Management of overweight and obesity is therefore as much a part of psychiatrists' duty as the management of other medication side effects, ranging from movement disorders to impaired sexual function. Obesity is also associated with increased rates of depression, decreased quality of life, and increased stigma in this population. Obesity is a calamity that needs to be managed in the psychiatrist's office.
Interface mixing of energetic metals deposited onto metals

Abstract Experimental studies of ion beam mixing have indicated that the extent of mixing is sensitive to the heat of mixing of the two atom types. Analytical studies of this phenomenon have utilized an initial short time random ballistic mixing combined with a longer time diffusional process that is a function of the heat of mixing. We have utilized molecular dynamics simulation with potentials of the embedded atom method to study low energy (0.1 to 40 eV per atom) deposition of metals onto metal substrates. We have observed that even the short term ballistic mixing process is sensitive to the heat of solution. For example, Pt and Au have similar masses as do Ni and Cu, and the heat of solution for the potentials we utilized are ∮.54 eV per Pt atom into Cu and +0.30 eV per Au atom into Ni. For 1 monolayer (200 atoms) of Pt deposited onto Cu with 10 eV kinetic energy per Pt atom, we observed that 85 of the Pt atoms mixed into the Cu substrate during a simulation of 200 ps. Under the same conditions 28 Au atoms mixed into the Ni substrate. Detailed study of individual mixing events shows that most of the mixing occurs during the ballistic part of the deposition process. We report on the deposition as a function of incident atom energy, substrate temperature, heat of solution of the atom pairs, and relative mass of the pairs. We discuss the relationship of these results to theoretical analysis of energetic atom mixing at very low energies.
Multiple Image Correlation By Binary Phase-Only Code Division Multiplexing

A multiobject shift invariant pattern recognition system using binary phase-only correlation is presented. The system computes the binary correlation between an input pattern with a generalized set of pattern functions. This technique uses a filter which consists of a set of binary phase-only code division multiplexed reference pattern functions. There are many advantages in binarizing the filter function. Binary spatial light modulators (SLM) have been developed that work well in a binary phase-only mode and can be used to synthesize the spatial filters of this type. Binarization also permits the recording of filters of images with larger samples on currently available binary SLM's that have a limited number of pixels. The functions in the reference set may correspond to either different objects or different variations of the object under study. A computer simulation of the correlator is used to study the performance of the pattern recognition system. The correlation SNR is evaluated as the criterion for the system performance.
Survival of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp.Monilifera) and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) seedlings in response to flooding

We examined the response of first year saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp.monilifera) seedlings to flooding in fall (25 days) and spring (28 days) using potgrown plants (12–18 individuals/26.5-liter pot). Seedlings were initially counted in all pots prior to fall treatment. Survival was calculated as the proportion of seedlings in cach pot still alive following spring treatment. Mean survival rates of seedlings flooded in fall (saltcedar =0.8%, cottonwood=20.8%, n=14 pots) were lower compared to the spring flooding treatment (saltcedar=91.1%, cottonwood=92.2%, n=13) and control (saltcedar=93.9%, cottonwood =98.7%, n=14). We used multiple response permutation procedures to detect omnibus distributional differences in survival data (total tests=9) because assumptions of normality and equal variance were not met. Survival distributions differed between saltcedar and cottonwood fall flooding groups (P 0.07). Smaller size and consequent lack of energy reserves may account for lower survival of saltcedar compared to cottonwood in the fall treatment and for lower survival of both species in the fall treatment compared to the spring treatment. Fall flooding for controlling first year saltcedar seedlings is suggested as a potentially useful technique in riparian habitat restoration and management in the southwestern United States.
Using hierarchical sampling to understand scales of spatial variation in early coral recruitment

Ecological patterns are created by processes acting over multiple spatial and temporal scales. By com- bining spatially explicit sampling with variance compo- nents models, the relative importance of spatial scale to overall variability can be determined. We used a spatially structured experimental design in the Mombasa Marine National Park in Kenya to quantify variation in coral recruitment across four spatial scales (*1-1,000 m) and to generate hypotheses about processes affecting recruitment and potential sources of post-settlement mortality during early life history. For the dominant recruiting corals (Pocillopora spp.), variation in recruitment on surfaces protected from fish grazing was greatest at the largest spatial scale examined (1,000 m). We hypothesize that recruitment on protected surfaces varies mainly with larval delivery due to different lagoonal circulation and water flow between sites. Conversely, variation on surfaces exposed to fishes was greatest at the smallest spatial scale (1 m). We hypothesize that recruitment on exposed sur- faces mainly reflects local differences in the scale and intensity of fish grazing, which may obscure larval delivery patterns. Spatial variation in recruitment can affect many ecological processes and factors, including growth, sur- vival to maturity, the distribution of habitat, and variation in species interaction strengths. This study demonstrates how spatially explicit sampling, followed by variance components modeling to partition variance across scales, can help to identify potential drivers of patterns at each relevant scale.
The structure and polysaccharide cytochemistry of the jelly envelopes of the egg of the frog, Rana pipiens

The structure and polysaccharide constitution of the jelly capsule of the egg of Rana pipiens is described. Microscopic examination of the jelly capsule revealed the presence of five discrete jelly layers that differed clearly in their response to selected cytochemical tests. These layers were classified as M1-through M5 from the inner to the outermost layer. A sixth layer occasionally could be observed between M3 and M4. All layers contain neutral mucopolysaccharides. In addition layers M1 and M3 contain sulphated mucopolysaccharides, M2 and M4 contain non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides, and layer M5 contains both sulphated and non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. M2 may also contain a small quantity of sulphated mucopolysaccharides. The layer that occasionally appears between M3 and M4 is probably an area in which free acidic groups are in higher concentration than in adjacent areas rather than being a discrete jelly layer. Neither hyaluronic acid nor sialic acid was localized by the methods employed. The possible significance of some of these constituents is discussed.
SA-CrackPro: New Finite Element Analysis Tool for Pavement Crack Propagation

Crack propagation is a critical process in both reflective- and fatiguecracking distress mechanisms. Computation of the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip provides the basis for crack propagation analysis. Because of the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of a cracked pavement and traffic loading, the best choice for calculating the SIF is 3-D finite element (FE) programs. However, the 3-D FE solutions are often expensive because of a large number for equations and a matrix with comparatively large bandwidth. Sometimes 3-D analyses may overload the available computer capability when the pavement structure is complex. To address these problems, a new FE analysis tool named SA-CrackPro was developed and is discussed in this paper. SA-CrackPro is essentially a two-dimensional SIF calculation program that incorporates a semianalytical (SA) method. SA-CrackPro can provide the same satisfactory computations and results as a 3-D FE program at a much faster speed and with much fewer computer resource requ...
Fostering IRB Collaboration for Review of International Research

This article presents a review of the literature, summarizes current initiatives, and provides a heuristic for assessing the effectiveness of a range of institutional review board (IRB) collaborative strategies that can reduce the regulatory burden of ethics review while ensuring protection of human subjects, with a particular focus on international research. Broad adoption of IRB collaborative strategies will reduce regulatory burdens posed by overlapping oversight mechanisms and has the potential to enhance human subjects protections.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Association with Pulmonic Stenosis A Report of Six Cases with Additional Noncardiac Congenital Anomalies

A review was made of patients recently seen at the Children's Medical Center, Boston, who qualified for the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus associated with pulmonic stenosis. Six such patients were observed. The cardiac findings were distinctive, allowing for presumptive diagnosis without catheterization in the majority of instances. Noncardiac congenital anomalies of a particular type were found to be a part of the clinical profile. This finding plus certain epidemiologic evidence suggests the possibility of a common etiologic factor.
Sirolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy.

Sirolimus is widely used as a primary immunosuppressive agent, but there have been no clinical reports of neurotoxicity.1 However, laboratory evidence suggests that sirolimus is potentially neurotoxic, as it has been shown to alter metabolism in astrocytes with resultant structural changes.2 We present a case of sirolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) with a lobar intracranial hemorrhage. A 51-year-old woman was the recipient of a single lung transplant 2 years prior to presentation. The procedure was indicated for progressive pulmonary failure secondary to emphysema. The post-transplantation course was complicated by hypertension (HTN) and left kidney malignancy. Blood pressure was subsequently adequately controlled on medication, and the tumor entirely eradicated by cryoablation. The neurologic presentation was characterized by right occipital pain radiating anteriorly with accompanying deterioration in vision. She was unable to fuse images, but denied frank diplopia. Medications included lopressor, clonidine, losartan, hydralazine, sirolimus, prednisone, famotidine, fentanyl …
Mining the Invisible: Teaching and Learning Media and Diversity

We are separated in our neighborhoods, faith groups, and schools. We are divided by income, race, ethnicity, and nationality. Gays and lesbians are often invisible to their neighbors. Without personal contact, there is an information gap about “the Other.” This gap is filled by what we learn in school and at home. But the most common source of information, misinformation, and stereotypes are the popular media that create messages and stories that add up to invisible norms and “truths” about human difference. Teaching to mine these invisible messages can provide the tools for independent thinking and dismantle the seeds of bias.
Hydrological characteristics of recurrent slope lineae on Mars: Evidence for liquid flow through regolith and comparisons with Antarctic terrestrial analogs

Abstract On the basis of their morphology and seasonal thermal characteristics, recurrent slope lineae (RSL) on Mars have been inferred to be a possible result of the flow of a liquid (likely a saline brine) through the upper portions of the martian regolith. In this note, we analyze repeat HiRISE imaging of RSL to show that the downslope growth rate of recurrent slope lineae is well-fit by an elementary groundwater flow model that also describes the downslope propagation of Antarctic water tracks (terrestrial analogs to RSL), and that the apparent permeability of RSL-bearing slopes is consistent with the observed sandy regolith substrate.
Pulling Apart Molecular Magnetism

A single molecule constitutes the ultimate nanometer-scale object through which electronic transport can take place. Being so small, molecules share many characteristics with atoms, such as discrete quantized energy spectra and angular momentum, yet at the same time are large enough to be mechanically deformed and chemically attached to metallic leads with which they can exchange electrons. Can these mechanical and exchange interactions be controlled and, if so, what new phenomena arise? On page 1370 of this issue, Parks et al. ( 1 ) show how magnetism and quantum many-body phenomena can be tuned by precise mechanical manipulation of single molecules.
MECHANISMS AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

We used RT-PCR for the molecular characterization of human renal graft rejection. The studies showed that intragraft display of mRNA encoding cytotoxic attack molecule granzyme B, and immunoregulatory cytokines IL-10 or IL-2 are correlates of acute rejection, and intrarenal expression of TGF-1 mRNA, of chronic rejection. The current immunosuppressive protocol involves the use of multiple drugs, each directed at a discrete site in the T-cell activation cascade and each with distinct side effects. The immunosuppressants can be classified as inhibitors of: transcription (CsA, tacrolimus); nucleotide synthesis (azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and mizoribine); growth factor signal transduction (sirolimus); and differentiation (DSG). Polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies directed at cell surface proteins are quite effective as induction therapy or anti-rejection drugs.
Neuro-Ophthalmic Deficits after Head Trauma

Head trauma can injure the afferent and/or efferent visual systems, resulting in neuro-ophthalmic deficits. When assessing afferent pathway injuries, a stepwise approach to evaluating visual acuity, pupils, color perception, and visual fields is critical. Traumatic optic neuropathy is of especial importance and its management must be tailored on a case- by-case basis. Efferent pathway injuries should be assessed with attention to abnormalities of ocular alignment and motil- ity, which may occur as isolated deficits or as part of a recognizable syndrome. Concussion or diffuse axonal injuries may also affect ophthalmologic function. Here, we review the extant literature describing the assessment and acute treatment of traumatic neuro-ophthalmic deficits.
A revised stratigraphic framework for Olduvai Gorge Bed I based on tuff geochemistry

Abstract Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania has rich records of Plio-Pleistocene fauna and flora, hominin fossils, and stone artifacts preserved between well-dated tephra layers (tuffs). Accurate correlation between sites in the two million year section is complicated by faulting, erosion, change in physical appearance of the tuffs, and quality of preservation. Traditional tuff geochemical techniques using glass cannot be applied because of poor glass preservation, and previous physical mapping has led to miscorrelations in Bed I. A new approach, using a combination of glass and mineral compositions (feldspar, augite, hornblende, and oxides) produced successful geochemical fingerprints for all ten major Bed I (∼2.03–1.79 Ma) tuffs. These fingerprints make available a reliable means for correlating specific tuffs between the well-dated "Junction" sites, such as FLK and HWK, and less well-dated sites at the basin margins. The new correlations provide a high-resolution stratigraphic framework for Bed I and correct previous miscorrelations in the west of the basin. Olduvai Hominin 65, from western Olduvai, was recovered from a level between Tuff IC and the Ng’eju Tuff, and therefore dates to 1.79–1.84 Ma.
Temperature dependence of the surface free energy and surface stress: An atomistic calculation for Cu(110)

We propose a method to deduce the free energies $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and stresses $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of plane surfaces and solid-liquid interfaces in elemental systems from atomistic simulations involving nonhydrostatically stressed solid phases. The method is applied to compute the temperature dependencies of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for the (110) Cu surface using Monte Carlo simulations with an embedded-atom potential. Both quantities decrease with temperature but remain different even near the bulk melting point despite extensive premelting of this surface. This difference is explained by the existence in the premelted surface structure of a solid-liquid interface with relatively small but finite values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$. Separate calculations of the (110) solid-liquid interface stress give a negative value, suggesting that this interface is in a state of compression. This study motivates future work on anisotropy of surface/interface free energies and stresses, and on the extension of this method to more complex systems.
Effect of piperonyl butoxide on the metabolism of dimethyl and diethyl phosphorothionate insecticides.

Abstract Pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide (400 mg/kg) 1 hr prior to challenge antagonizes the toxicity of the dimethyl phosphorothionate insecticides, methyl parathion and Guthion, but potentiates the toxicity of the diethyl phosphorothionates, parathion and Ethyl Guthion. The effect of piperonyl butoxide on the metabolism of phosphorothionates and their oxygen analogs was studied in livers from male mice in an attempt to correlate metabolism with toxicity. Oxidative desulfuration (activation) and oxidative cleavage of both dimethyl and diethyl phosphorothionates by liver homogenates in vitro was inhibited by piperonyl butoxide to approximately the same extent. Enzymatic hydrolysis of paraoxon and methyl paraoxon was unaffected by piperonyl butoxide. No appreciable metabolism of parathion, Ethyl Guthion, or their oxygen analogs by glutathione-requiring enzyme systems was observed. Glutathione-dependent detoxification of methyl parathion in mouse liver in vitro occurred irrespective of microsomal oxidase activity. In contrast degradation of Guthion by glutathione-requiring enzyme systems only occurred during inhibition of oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, methyl paraoxon was rapidly metabolized by glutathione-dependent enzyme systems in vitro , whereas gutoxon did not appear to be detoxified by these enzymes. In vivo metabolism experiments suggested that methyl paraoxon was more rapidly detoxified than methyl parathion by glutathione-dependent enzymes. These results are consistent with the observation of a 40-fold antagonism of methyl parathion toxicity by piperonyl butoxide compared to the only three-fold antagonism of Guthion toxicity.
Glucose transporters in diabetic nephropathy

Changes in glucose transporter expression in glomerular cells occur early in diabetes. These changes, especially the GLUT1 increase in mesangial cells, appear to play a pathogenic role in the development of ECM expansion and perhaps other features of diabetic nephropathy. In addition, it appears that at least some diabetic patients may be predisposed to nephropathy because of polymorphisms in their GLUT1 genes. GLUT1 overexpression leads to increased glucose metabolic flux which in turn triggers the polyol pathway and activation of PKC alpha and B1. Activation of these PKC isoforms can lead directly to AP-1 induced increases in fibronectin expression and ECM accumulation. Other, more novel effects of GLUT1 on cellular hypertrophy and injury could also promote changes of diabetic nephropathy. Strategies to prevent GLUT1 overexpression could ameliorate or prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.