cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid mantle flow beneath the Tonga volcanic arc

Abstract Flow in the Earth's asthenospheric mantle is typically assumed to be driven by motions of the overlying and adjacent plates, suggesting flow rates comparable to plate velocities. However, arc-parallel shear-wave splitting and geochemical observations imply along-strike flow in the Lau basin, presenting a challenge to geodynamic models of plate-driven subduction systems as plate-driven flow models predict arc-perpendicular fast direction with simple (A-type) mineral texturing. Although B-type mineral texturing would result in the fast directions developing 90° relative to A-type and likely occurs in the forearc mantle, such texturing is unlikely in the asthenosphere wedge where higher temperatures and weak rheology likely prevail. By tracking mineral texturing development within geodynamic flow models patterned after the Tongan system in the Lau basin that include along-strike flow, we find that the observations are best explained by models including rapid along-arc flow within the subarc mantle. The effect of melt on the anisotropy does not appear to be a primary control, but needs to be investigated more fully. The best fit to the observations is a model with along-strike flow within a low-viscosity channel beneath the arc at a rate of nearly 50 cm/yr, several times the plate motion velocities.
Regeneration of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) via organogenesis

Abstract Sexually-mature dry bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were regenerated from cotyledonary node tissue of seedlings germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS)-based media supplemented with 5 μM benzyladenine (BA). When nodes are cultured further on the same media multiple shoots and buds arose from the region about the junction of the cotyledon and epicotyl and occasionally at the terminal end of the epicotyl. Histological studies revealed that buds developed from subepidermal parenchyma cells of the node, confirming the adventitious nature of these structures. Shoots were rooted on B5 medium, hardened in vermiculite, transferred to soil and matured in the greenhouse. Variability in the pregnancy of the regenerated plants has been detected.
Hydride Abstraction from the Octahydrotriborate Ion and Formation of Bridged Triborane(7)-Phosphane Complexes

Reaction of two equivalents of (Bu4N)[B 3 H8] with a variety of metal halides (TiBr4, TiCl4, WCl6, or GeCl4) results in nearly instantaneous hydride abstraction and the formation of THF.B3H7. Subsequent reactions with bidentate phosphanes lead to the first triborane(7)-phosphane complexes with a bridging phosphane ligand: (B3H7)-P(Ph2)-(CH2) m -P(Ph2)-(B3H7) ( 1 , m = 1; 2 , m = 2; 3 , m = 4; 4 , m = 6). (Compounds 1–4 also can be made in “one-pot” syntheses.) Compounds 1–4 and the previously reported Ph3P·B3H7 are characterized by 11B and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Prolonged mammosphere culture of MCF-7 cells induces an EMT and repression of the estrogen receptor by microRNAs.

Mammosphere culture has been used widely for the enrichment of mammary epithelial stem cells and breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) also induces stem cell features in normal and transformed mammary cells. We examined whether mammosphere culture conditions per se induced EMT in the epithelial MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were cultured as mammospheres for 5 weeks, with dispersal and reseeding at the end of each week. This mammosphere culture induced a complete EMT by 3 weeks. Return of the cells to standard adherent culture conditions in serum-supplemented media generated a cell population (called MCF-7M cells), which displays a stable mesenchymal and CSC-like CD44+/CD24−/low phenotype. EMT was accompanied by a stable, marked increase in EMT-associated transcription factors and mesenchymal markers, and a decrease in epithelial markers and estrogen receptor α (ERα). MCF-7M cells showed increased motility, proliferation and chemoresistance in vitro, and produced larger tumors in immunodeficient mice with or without estrogen supplementation. MicroRNA analysis showed suppression of miR-200c, miR-203, and miR-205; and increases in miR-222 and miR-221. Antisense hairpin RNA inhibitor targeting miR-221 resulted in re-expression of ERα in MCF-7M cells. This study provides the first example of mammosphere culture conditions inducing EMT and of EMT regulating microRNAs that target ERα.
The use of a laryngotracheal separation procedure in pediatric patients

The objective of this study was to review experience, outcome, and satisfaction after a laryngotracheal separation (LTS) procedure in pediatric patients. Chart reviews and phone questionnaires were used. Factors reviewed included hospitalizations and infections prior to and after LTS, morbidity, and impact on quality of life. Twenty-one pediatric patients ranging in age from 8 to 172 months underwent LTS. Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 49 months. Complications were minor. Eighty-eight percent of patients had fewer hospitalizations or were discharged for the first time after LTS. Number of pneumonias and suctioning frequency decreased, mobility increased in patients with prior tracheostomies, and care requirements decreased in 95% of patients. Parents reported satisfaction and improved quality of life. LTS is a low-risk, successful procedure which increases quality of life and decreases morbidity in pediatric patients with irreversible upper airway dysfunction.
Regional differences in the high affinity uptake of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine in synaptosome rich homogenates of cat brain

Abstract The uptake of 3 H-dopamine and 3 H-norepinephrine into synaptosome rich fractions of cat brain was studied. Following kinetic analysis of the high affinity uptake mechanism, the five areas investigated could be divided into two distinct groups: (1) the dorsal caudate nucleus and the septal region which showed a greater affinity for dopamine than for norepinephrine and (2) the hypothalamus, prefrontal and cerebellar cortex which showed equal affinities for both dopamine and norepinephrine. The distribution of monoamine oxidase activity did not correspond with the affinities for norepinephrine or dopamine but choline acetyltransferase activity was higher in areas which showed a preference for dopamine. A high affinity uptake system for 5-hydroxytryptamine was also observed in the septal region.
SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS MIMICKING THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

The absence of specific diagnostic criteria, the urgency to begin plasma exchange treatment, and the risk for complications from plasma exchange make the initial evaluation of patients with suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) difficult. Systemic infections may mimic the presenting clinical features of TTP. In the Oklahoma TTP-HUS (hemolytic-uremic syndrome) Registry, 1989-2010, 415 consecutive patients have been clinically diagnosed with their first episode of TTP; in 31 (7%) the presenting clinical features were subsequently attributed to a systemic infection. All 31 patients had diagnostic criteria for TTP; 16 (52%) had the complete "pentad" of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic abnormalities, renal failure, and fever. Four (16%) of 25 patients who had ADAMTS13 measurements had <10% activity; three patients had a demonstrable ADAMTS13 inhibitor. Compared with 62 patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (<10%) who had no recognized alternative disorders, patients with systemic infections had more frequent fever, coma, renal failure, and the complete "pentad" of clinical features. Seventeen different infectious etiologies were documented. A systematic literature review identified 67 additional patients with a diagnosis of TTP or HUS and also a systemic infection. Among all 98 patients, infections with 41 different bacteria, viruses, and fungi were documented, suggesting that many different systemic infections may mimic the presenting clinical features of TTP. Initial plasma exchange treatment is appropriate in critically ill patients with diagnostic features of TTP, even if a systemic infection is suspected. Continuing evaluation to document a systemic infection is essential to determine the appropriateness of continued plasma exchange.
Identification of trans-Acting Factors That Interact with cis-Acting Elements Present in the First Nontranslated Exon of the Human Apolipoprotein B Gene

Apolipoprotein B is the sole protein of low density lipoprotein and is produced primarily in the liver. Previously, we have identified two cis-acting elements (+20 to +40; +43 to +53) in the non-translated exon of the human apolipoprotein B gene, using DNase I footprint analysis (S. S. Chuang, H. Zhuang, S. R. Reisher, S. I. Feinstein, and H. K. Das, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 215, 394-404, 1995). Wild type and mutated promoter constructs were used as templates in DNase I footprint analysis with rat liver nuclear extracts. These experiments suggest that trans-acting factors BRF-3 and BRF-4 which recognize these two footprint regions (+20 to +40; +43 to +53) respectively, act independently. In vitro-synthesized hepatocyte nuclear factors HNF-1alpha, HNF-lbeta. HNF-3alpha, and HNF-2/HNF-4 showed no specific protein/DNA interaction with these regions. DNase I footprint analysis using other DNA-binding site oligonucleotides as competitors indicated that BRF-3 and BRF-4 could be different hepatocyte nuclear factors and may contribute to the regulation of transcription of the human apolipoprotein B gene.
Collaborative Management Development: Sharing a Wealth of Ideas and Experience

A collaborative approach to the development of lower‐level management skills was devised and put into practice at a teaching hospital. Beginning as an open forum in which attendees questioned an instructor, it progressively evolved into a controlled “free‐for‐all” in which each attendee with something to contribute was able to “teach” the others. Dealing with one real‐life problem at a time, the collaborative management development group entered into a process that eventually provided practical, usable advice for the participant who posed the problem, and tested solutions that all attendees could carry away on paper. A useful by‐product of this activity, when extended over months and years and involving hundreds of supervisors′ questions and problems, was a meaningful distribution of the sources or causes of supervisors′ problems (employees, peers, superiors, etc.). The collaborative management development approach has enabled a group of working health care supervisors to tap into the best that each of th...
Detection and manipulation of statistical polarization in small spin ensembles.

p � [1]. For the large spin ensembles typically used in conventional magnetic resonance experiments, this statistical polarization is negligible compared to the thermal equilibrium (Boltzmann) polarization. However, for sufficiently small spin ensembles (especially as N approaches unity), the statistical polarization can exceed the Boltzmann polarization and even dominate. Given a sufficiently sensitive means to detect magnetic resonance, it should be possible to make use of the self-polarizing nature of small spin ensembles to perform magnetic resonance experiments, just as one manipulates and measures conventionally polarized ensembles [2,3]. This approach offers one route for performing magnetic resonance experiments on small numbers of spins, perhaps even a single spin. In the present work, we exploit the exquisite sensitivity of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) [4 ‐8] and demonstrate a detection sensitivity equivalent to two spins in a 0.1 Hz measurement bandwidth. This represents nearly 2 orders of magnitude improvement over previous MRFM results [8]. We apply the technique to spin ensembles consisting of fewer than 10 2 electron spins and study statistical polarizations of order 10 spins. Rather than detecting the free precession of the transverse magnetization, which was demonstrated previously for very large (N � 10 23 ) ensembles of nuclear spins [9‐13], we detect the longitudinal component in the ‘‘rotating frame’’ using the technique of adiabatic rapid passage. By applying a microwave field that is initially offresonance, and then bringing the spins into resonance, the spins stay ‘‘spin-locked’’ to the effective field for times of order T1� , the spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame [14,15]. Since T1� is orders of magnitude longer than the usual spin decoherence time T 2 ,t he statistical spin signals we detect exhibit much greater coherence than signals from the free precession of the transverse spin component. As shown in Fig. 1, our MRFM experiment is based on an ultrasensitive cantilever mounted perpendicular to the sample. At the end of the cantilever is a micron-size SmCo magnetic particle that generates a strong magnetic field gradient (* 2G =nm). A microwave field B1 � 3G from a superconducting resonator [16] is applied to excite electron spin resonance. The inhomogeneity of the tip field confines the magnetic resonance to the region that satisfies the condition B0� x; y; z �� !=� , where ! is the frequency of the microwave field, � is the gyromagnetic ratio (�= 2 � 2:8 � 10 6 Hz=G), and B0 is the tip field
Erratum: Cholesterol as a bilayer anchor for PEGylation and targeting ligand in folate-receptor-targeted liposomes. J Pharm Sci 96: 2424-2435

due to inadvertentoversight. On page 2425, right column, line 7, thesentence ‘‘However, cholesterol-anchored long circu-lating liposomes have not been investigated forFR-targeted delivery.’’ should be corrected to ‘‘Inaddition, a cholesterol-anchored folate has beeninvestigated targeted liposomal drug delivery.
Elastic Waves at High Frequencies: Techniques for Radiation and Diffraction of Elastic and Surface Waves

Foreword 1. Linear elastic waves 2. Canonical acoustic-wave problems 3. Canonical elastic-wave problems 4. Radiation and impedance 5. Integral equations for crack scattering 6. Scanned acoustic imaging 7. Acoustic diffraction in viscous fluids 8. Near cut-off behavior in waveguides Appendix. Asymptotic expansions and special functions References Index.
Numerical Solutions of Two-Dimensional Multistage Rotor/Stator Unsteady Flow Interactions

A two-dimensional, Navier-Stokes, multizone approach has been used to investigate unsteady flow interactions within two multistage axial turbines. The governing equations are solved by an iterative, factored, implicit finite difference, upwind algorithm. For the numerical accuracy check, investigations are also carried out on the effect of temporal accuracy, the effect of subiteration in the Newton-Raphson technique, and the effect of full viscous vs thin-layer calculation. Computed results of a one and one-half-stage calculation compare well with experimental data. Unsteady flow interactions, wake cutting, and the associated evolution of vortical entities are discussed. Computed results of a six-stage calculation also compare well with engine balanced data obtained from a classical one-dimensional analysis. The calculated transient accurate solutions provide much information for component analysis, especially for computing the forcing function used in a structural dynamic analysis.
Cultural Planning in the United States: Toward Authentic Participation Using GIS

In the United States, an important objective of cultural planning is creating a sense of place based on the needs and visions of the people living there through public involvement. However, the processes used to involve the community need more theoretical and methodological attention. The aim of this article is to suggest strategies, based on a clear definition of participation, that local governments can use to ensure community involvement. A review of the literature about public participation highlights the importance of educating and informing all the participants to incentivize a dialogical encounter. The objective is to go beyond one-way communication, where community members merely provide their input. In this article, the author demonstrates how a geographical information system (GIS) could be used by a local government to educate and inform all the participants delivering technical and scientific knowledge. The communicative strengths of a GIS could create the foundation for a planning process bas...
Buried ZnTe nanocrystallites in thermal SiO2 on silicon synthesized by high dose ion implantation

Abstract Nanocrystalline precipitates of the direct bandgap II–VI compound semiconductor ZnTe were synthesized by sequential high dose ion implantation of the elements. Thermal SiO2 on (1 0 0)-silicon was chosen as target material in order to provide compatibility to silicon technology. The implantation dose was 2×1016 and 4×10 16 cm −2 . Subsequent rapid thermal annealing of the as-implanted samples controls the formation of the nanocrystalline precipitates of ZnTe. The size distribution of the crystallites, their orientation and crystal structure were analyzed by thin film X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling (SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) as a function of implantation dose and annealing conditions. For selected samples transmission electron microscopy (TEM) cross-sections complete the structural investigations and provide direct information on the spatial size distribution of the nanocrystals.
The partial molal volume and compressibility change for the formation of the calcium sulfate ion pair at 25°C

The apparent molal volumes (φv) and compressibilities (φK) of CaSO4 solutions have been determined at 25°C from precise density and sound-speed measurements. The large deviations of the values of φv and φK from the limiting law and various additivity estimates for the free ions (Ca2+, SO42−) have been used to estimate the partial molal volume (\(\Delta \bar V^\circ \)) and compressibility (\(\Delta \bar K^\circ \)) for the formation of the CaSO40 ion pair. Values of\(\Delta \bar V^\circ \)= 25 ± 3 cm3-mole−1 and\(\Delta \bar K^\circ \)= (54±21)×10−4 cm3-mole−1-bar−1 were found. Since these values are larger than the value for the formation of MgSO40, the results indicate that more inner-sphere ion pairs are formed when SO42− complexes with Ca2+ than with Mg2+. Using a simple model for ion-water interactions, the percent of inner-sphere or contact ion pairs in CaSO4 solutions is estimated to be 36 to 37%.
Tree-based multivariate regression and density estimation with right-censored data

We propose a unified strategy for estimator construction, selection, and performance assessment in the presence of censoring. This approach is entirely driven by the choice of a loss function for the full (uncensored) data structure and can be stated in terms of the following three main steps. (1) First, define the parameter of interest as the minimizer of the expected loss, or risk, for a full data loss function chosen to represent the desired measure of performance. Map the full data loss function into an observed (censored) data loss function having the same expected value and leading to an efficient estimator of this risk. (2) Next, construct candidate estimators based on the loss function for the observed data. (3) Then, apply cross-validation to estimate risk based on the observed data loss function and to select an optimal estimator among the candidates. A number of common estimation procedures follow this approach in the full data situation, but depart from it when faced with the obstacle of evaluating the loss function for censored observations. Here, we argue that one can, and should, also adhere to this estimation road map in censored data situations.Tree-based methods, where the candidate estimators in Step 2 are generated by recursive binary partitioning of a suitable defined covariate space, provide a striking example of the chasm between estimation procedures for full data and censored data (e.g., regression trees as in CART for uncensored data and adaptations to censored data). Common approaches for regression trees bypass the risk estimation problem for censored outcomes by altering the node splitting and tree pruning criteria in manners that are specific to right-censored data. This article describes an application of our unified methodology to tree-based estimation with censored data. The approach encompasses univariate outcome prediction, multivariate outcome prediction, and density estimation, simply by defining a suitable loss function for each of these problems. The proposed method for tree-based estimation with censoring is evaluated using a simulation study and the analysis of CGH copy number and survival data from breast cancer patients.
Evolution in the Soviet sociology of work

Soviet sociology reemerged during the late 1950s after a long hiatus under Stalin. Since that point, the sociology of work in the USSR had gone through a number of different periods characterized by the dominance of different theoretical and ideological orientations. Charged by the leadership with the task of uncovering the mechanisms by which workers could be made more productive and efficient, sociologists were forced gradually to move away from strongly ideological approaches to more pragmatic understandings of worker attitudes. Yet the political context of Soviet society remained a critical factor as researchers were forced to accommodate themselves to the dominant ideological themes. The division between liberal, professional sociologists and conservative, ideological sociologists also has a pervasive impact on the development of the Soviet sociology of work.
Process interface modeling and consistency checking

Abstract The conjunction, disjunction, and exclusive disjunction operators are proposed as extensions to the data flow diagram analysis tool for specifying the input/output interfaces of the processes. These interfaces are expressions which are formed by using the proposed operators. The input/output interfaces of a process P define the semantics of the process P, i.e., if α denotes the input interface and β the output interface of P, then the execution of P requires an instance of α to produce an instance of β. The notion of process interface modeling provides a formal basis for consistency checking in process decomposition. Let α and β be the input/output interfaces of a process P, and N p be a network of subprocesses which refines P. We say that N p is consistent with P if the execution of N p produces an instance of β when given an instance of α. A method for formally testing the consistency of a network of subprocesses with respect to the original process will be described. The method is illustrated by a software design example.
Developmental changes in glycoproteins of the chick nervous system

Abstract Temporal changes have been noted previously in retinal glycoproteins that bind to wheat germ agglutinin by a technique in which the denatured glycoproteins are first separated according to size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and are then localized on the gel using [ 125 I]lectin 15 . As reported here this technique will also detect differences between dorsal and ventral halves of the neural retina from 8-day chick embryos, and using other lectins will detect temporal changes in the glycoprotein pattern of the optic tectum. Some of the glycoproteins detected by wheat germ agglutinin in the neural retina appear to be represented on the surface of the retinal cells since: (a) the temporal changes in retinal glycoproteins can also be observed in a plasma membrane enriched fraction prepared from neural retina cells; and (b) antibodies prepared in mice against various size categories of wheat germ lectin binding glycoproteins bind to intact retinal cells.
Forward Integration and Innovation: Transaction Costs and Beyond

Abstract The Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) theory developed by Oliver Williamson has provided a deep understanding of factors behind the vertical integration decisions of firms. This paper begins with a brief case study of forward integration in the early years of select industries. The analysis suggests that other factors, such as capabilities, can complement the TCE approach. The paper shows how TCE has been combined with these other concepts and the Profiting From Innovation framework to provide a more complete analytical toolkit for evaluating forward vertical integration decisions, particularly in the context of innovation.
A DSC kinetic study of the epoxy network system bisphenol-A diglycidylether- bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane

The kinetics of the curing reaction of an epoxy resin based on bisphenol-A diglycidylether with a cycloaliphatic diamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The measurements were performed both under isothermal conditions and as a function of heating rates. The reaction was also followed by determining the Tg of the resin cured for different time intervals at 150°C. The enthalpy of the reaction was derived from these measurements. The rates and extent of cure were determined. The cycloaliphatic amine used for this study was demonstrated to be more reactive than analogous aromatic systems and yet provided rigid networks with a desirably high Tg.
Arthroscopic and Open Repair of the TFCC

Injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex is the most common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. This functionally related complex of anatomic structures can be a source of pain secondary to acute injury or chronic degeneration. Strategies for the treatment of these injuries involve determining the anatomic location of the tear, the presence of associated distal radioulnar joint instability, and the presence of associated degenerative changes. Surgical management with open and arthroscopic techniques have been described, both with successful results.
Mixed median filters and their properties

A new concept of a mixed median filter that generalizes the traditional median filter is considered. These kinds of median filters unite the various filters using in signal and image processing, including the weighted median filters, order statistic filters, dilation and erosion of functions by the set. By means of the mixed median filters, the corresponding minimizing conditions for the order statistics are given. The threshold decomposition properties of the mixed median filter is considered to show that unlike stack filters the firsts are determined by different Boolean functions at the threshold levels. Representation of the mixed median filter and its basis statistical properties are studied.
Physical Nature of Irreversible Deformation of Plant Cells

Etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments were incubated in 0.25 m mannitol solutions with indoleacetic acid. They were then deformed mechanically with a longitudinal tensile force at a constant strain rate. The magnitudes of the mechanical forces were comparable to those of the hydrostatic forces existing in normally growing tissues. Each segment was repeatedly deformed and returned to zero force. The total deformation was increased at each cycle.The irreversible and elastic changes in length and diameter were measured for each deformation and the changes in surface area and volume calculated. In addition the applied stress and the work of irreversible and of elastic deformation were determined as functions of deformation.It was found that irreversible elongation, irreversible change in surface area and total change in surface area all were linear functions of total imposed elongation. However, very little change in volume occurred during the deformations.The work of irreversible deformation was found to be independent of temperature between 8 degrees and 25 degrees . It was also virtually independent of rate of deformation measured over a 5-fold range of deformation rates.From these results it is concluded that the irreversible deformation of mung bean hypocotyl tissue occurs by plastic deformation rather than by viscous flow. Thus, the irreversible deformation occurred as a result of breaking cross-links of a cross-linked polymer system.
Polybrominated biphenyl-induced potentiation of chloroform toxicity.

Abstract ICR male mice were fed diets containing 0, 1, 25, or 100 ppm of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) for 14 days prior to challenge with a single injection of chloroform (CHCl3). Dietary PBB potentiated the CHCl3-induced depression of p-aminohippurate accumulation by slices of renal cortex and the CHCl3-induced rise in blood urea nitrogen concentration in a PBB-intake-related manner. The kidney weight-to-body weight ratio was elevated in PBB mice but not in mice consuming control (0 ppm) diet following administration of 50 μl/kg of CHCl3. Mice ingesting food containing 100 ppm of PBB also exhibited a greater increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity than did control mice following CHCl3 administration. The 24-hr LD50 of CHCl3 in control mice was 1.28 ml/kg, while that in mice consuming 100 ppm of PBB was 0.62 ml/kg.
Arrangement of inner dynein arms in wild-type and mutant flagella of Chlamydomonas

We have used computer averaging of electron micrographs from longitudinal and cross-sections of wild-type and mutant axonemes to determine the arrangement of the inner dynein arms in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Based on biochemical and morphological data, the inner arms have previously been described as consisting of three distinct subspecies, I1, I2, and I3. Our longitudinal averages revealed 10 distinguishable lobes of density per 96-nm repeating unit in the inner row of dynein arms. These lobes occurred predominantly but not exclusively in two parallel rows. We have analyzed mutant strains that are missing I1 and I2 subspecies. Cross-sectional averages of pf9 axonemes, which are missing the I1 subspecies, showed a loss of density in both the inner and outer portions of the inner arm. Averages from longitudinal images showed that three distinct lobes were missing from a single region; two of the lobes were near the outer arms but one was more inward. Serial 24-nm cross-sections of pf9 axonemes showed a complete gap at the proximal end of the repeating unit, confirming that the I1 subunit spans both inner and outer portions of the inner arm region. Examination of pf23 axonemes, which are missing both I1 and I2 subspecies, showed an additional loss almost exclusively in the inner portion of the inner arm. In longitudinal view, this additional loss occurred in three separate locations and consisted of three inwardly placed lobes, one adjacent to each of the two radial spokes and the third at the distal end of the repeating unit. These same lobes were absent ida4 axonemes, which lack only the I2 subspecies. The I2 subspecies thus does not consist of a single dynein arm subunit in the middle of the repeating unit. The radial spoke suppressor mutation, pf2, is missing four polypeptides of previously unknown location. Averages of these axonemes were missing a portion of the structures remaining in pf23 axonemes. This result suggests that polypeptides of the radial spoke control system are close to the inner dynein arms.
Increased incidence of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer patients treated with a five-drug chemotherapy regimen

We report an incidence of thrombosis of 17.6% in 159 patients treated with a five-drug chemotherapy regimen (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone) for Stage IV breast carcinoma. Chi-squared analysis of risk factors for thrombosis (ambulatory status, obesity, family history, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, liver dysfunction, thrombocytosis, and previous endocrine therapy) showed no difference between the patients who had a thromboembolic event and those who did not. Statistical analysis revealed that a significantly higher incidence of thrombosis occurred during the chemotherapy regimen than when off this regimen (P less than 0.05). Detailed coagulation studies done prospectively on 10 patients receiving the five-drug chemotherapy regimen compared with 10 control patients showed a significantly elevated Factor VIII antigen:activity ratio in the group receiving the chemotherapy regimen compared with the control group and normals. These results implicate the chemotherapeutic regimen in the pathogenesis of the increased incidence of thrombosis. The pathophysiology of thrombosis in settings such as this awaits better in vitro tests defining the "hypercoagulable state."
Three-dimensional finite element solution of permanent magnet machines

The development of new types of permanent magnet material, particularly the rare earth-cobalt class, has created new interest in the design of electrical machines, torque couples, lifting magnets, and other electromechanical devices. In all of these cases, the magnetic field is the medium for energy conversion. The accurate computation of these magnetic fields is essential for realistic performance predictions at the design stage. Techniques for field computation have generally been restricted to the two-dimensional closed form [1] and numerical analysis[2,3]. However, permanent magnet electrical machine topologies are essentially three-dimensional [4], and, therefore, two-dimensional solutions may not yield the desired accuracy for certain applications. A three-dimensional field distribution which uses a magnetic scalar potential function may be obtained by using finite element analysis[5,6]. This paper presents a model for a permanent magnet material that leads to a simplified energy functional. Although the method is generally applicable to nonlinear anisotropic magnets, such as alnicos, this paper has verified that this approach is appropriate for an axial-field electrical machine that has SmCo 5 magnets which have linear characteristics.
Dialyzable factor in allantoic fluid affecting virus hemagglutination-inhibition reactions.

SummaryThe difference between purified and unpurified swine influenza virus with respect to development of inhibitor sensitivity on heating is ascribed to a factor, identified as calcium, occurring in, normal and virus-infected allantoic fluids. The factor, which is lost, or considerably diminished, during purification, may be removed also by dialysis or neutralized by citrate and oxalate. Calcium, in low concentration, depresses the development of inhibitor sensitivity by swine influenza virus on heating; magnesium is ineffective. In contrast with the swine virus, influenza virus A (PR8 strain) is relatively insensitive to calcium. This difference between two viruses suggests a possible explanation for the generally observed variation among influenza viruses with respect to development of inhibitor sensitivity on heating.
Hazard materials testing at the U.S. department of energy's liquefied gaseous fuels spill test facility

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constructed the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) to provide a facility on a user-free basis to private and public sector test sponsors who are concerned with the safety of hazardous liquids and gases. The LGFSTF provides a facility for testing under controlled conditions to determine: patterns of dispersion, mitigation techniques, combustion characteristics, cleanup techniques, environmental impacts, and emergency planning guidelines. A further goal of the LGFSTF Program is to provide a framework for establishing relationships for joint government-industry participation.
Symmetry of the field induced phases of antiferromagnets

Abstract At T = 0 field induced phase transitions in antiferromagnets are accompanied with the sudden appearance of a macroscopic magnetization. The requirements that the spin arrangement of the field induced phase be describable by a magnetic space group which allows a macroscopic magnetization and be derivable from a subgroup of the crystallographic group, strongly limits the permitted magnetic space groups of such phases. The utility of this idea is demonstrated by examples of field induced phases in CoCl2 · 2H2O, LiCuCl3 · 2H2O, MnCl2 · 4H2O, and KMnCl3 · 2H2O.
Scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) is a new method for studying surface phenomena in semiconductors and metals on an atomic scale. A metal tip is scanned over the surface at such a small distance that a tunneling current in the nanoamp range flows under application of a voltage between tip and sample. Surface areas are scanned by moving the tip in a prescribed pattern with subangstrom accuracy, employing piezoelectric positioners. The tip position is controlled to a fixed distance from the sample. The tunneling current is very sensitive to the tip-surface distance. Maintaining a constant tunnel current while scanning over the surface, the tip generally traces a topographic contour of the surface. Near-atomic resolution is achieved depending on the charge distribution at the surface. Outstanding properties of the STM are the low voltage operation, the high spatial resolution and the local sensing capability. Spectroscopic information can be obtained via the local current-voltage characteristic. STM is likely to supplement usual surface-analysis techniques which rely on (diffraction-limited) beam techniques. The STM technique will be discussed, and results presented from previous studies as well as from recent work on materials important in semiconductor technology.
Separation of estrogens by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Capillary electrophoresis of the sex hormone estrogens using different buffer components was investigated. Free zone electrophoresis with 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 11.5) or 10 mM phosphate buffer with 10–20% methanol was not effective in separating the ten estrogens used in this study. However, nine estrogens were resolved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using a 10 mM borate buffer (pH 9.2) containing 100 mM sodium cholate. In addition, some estrogens were partially separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar buffers; however, the addition of modifiers such as organic solvents or cyclodextrins improved resolutions significantly. Using a 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 50 mM SDS and 20% methanol, or a 10 mM borate buffer (pH 9.2) containing 50 mM SDS and 20 mM γ-cyclodextrin, all ten of the tested estrogens were separated. However, the cyclodextrin-modified buffer allowed faster separation.
The effects of reading to prepare for argumentative discussion on cognitive engagement and conceptual growth

Abstract Dialogue based approaches to education have been shown to benefit students through the quality of shared discourse. Warm conceptual change theories propose that these benefits are also mediated by increasing student engagement. Discourse and engagement effects were isolated in this study by having 130 third and fourth grade students read a science text for different purposes (no stated purpose, to prepare for a regular classroom discussion, or to prepare for an argumentative discussion) and then testing children before the discussion took place. Children who anticipated a discussion, especially an argumentative discussion, read more slowly than other children after controlling for fluency. A subset of reading times predicted conceptual growth. Finally some children who participated in argumentative discussions had higher rates of conceptual growth. Results substantiate the efficacy of argumentative discussion as a context for reading scientific texts, and they support the central mechanism of dual-processing theories of warm conceptual change.
Specificity and flexibility in thymic selection

During positive selection, developing thymocytes are rescued from programmed cell death by T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC-bound peptides contribute to this process. Recently we identified individual MHC-binding peptides which can induce positive selection of a single TCR. Here we examine peptide fine specificity in positive selection. These data suggest that a direct TCR-peptide interaction occurs during this event, and strengthens the correlation between selecting peptides and TCR antagonists. Certain positively selecting peptides are weakly antigenic. We demonstrate that thymocytes 'educated' on such a peptide are specifically non-responsive to it and have decreased CD8 expression levels. Similar reduction of CD8 expression on mature T cells converts a TCR agonist into a TCR antagonist. These data indicate that thymocytes may maintain self-tolerance towards a positively selecting ligand by regulating co-receptor expression.
Voluntary Export Restraints as Protection Policy: The U.S. Beef Case

There are several well-known implications of international trade theory which are relevant to our study. With a tariff, an importing country's welfare can improve only if the excess supply curve is upward sloping under the large country assumption. Bhagwati has shown that a quota used by an importer can be equivalent to a tariff; and Mintz has contrasted features of tariffs, quotas, and VERs. Empirical work has focused largely on the effects of tariffs and equivalent quotas. Generally, exporting countries lose from such trade barriers. In contrast, we find that exporting countries gain and importing countries lose with a VER. We also contrast the gains and losses of VERs in the case of frozen boneless beef to an optimal tariff and optimal export tax. The theoretical implications of VERs for beef exporters were first recognized by Freebairn and Gruen.
Use of Liquid Matrices for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization of Polyglycols and Poly(dimethylsiloxanes)

Liquid matrices were developed and studied for application in the MALDI analysis of polyglycols and poly(dimethylsiloxane). Characteristic positive ion MALDI-TOF mass spectra were obtained from over 20 liquid matrices. These systems are characterized by rapid and simple preparation and exhibited good vacuum stability. The spot-to-spot and point-to-point reproducibility of signal intensity and molecular weight values are indicative of the homogeneous environment created by liquid matrices. The best performance was achieved when the chromophore, 2-cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, was used in the analyte or analyte/mediator systems (mediator = nonabsorbing liquid) at or near saturation concentrations. Internal standards, including silver and low molecular weight polyglycols, have been successfully employed for mass calibration. Comparison of MALDI molecular weight data with those obtained from SIMS and GPC shows some systematic disparities. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Excellent...
Jews and French colonialism in Algeria: an introduction

Within the first decades of France's conquest of Algiers, Algerian Jews became a distinct historical subject, arguably for the first time. Thus while it is a tautology to suggest that the history o...
One-electron atom as a probe of spacetime curvature

We consider a one-electron atom in an arbitrary curved spacetime. After reviewing the generalization of the Dirac equation to curved spacetime, we develop the perturbation theory of degenerate stationary states taking into account the Hermiticity properties appropriate to curved spacetime. We then calculate the Hamiltonian of the Dirac equation in Fermi normal coordinates to first order in the Riemann tensor, including the corrections to the electromagnetic field. As an application of these results, we obtain expressions in terms of the Riemann tensor for the shifts produced by the local curvature in the nonrelativistic $1S$, $2S$, and $2P$ energy levels, and in the relativistic $1{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $2{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ energy levels.
Efficiency wages in an experimental labor market

There has been recent experimental support for efficiency wage theories of the labor market. This short paper initiates the larger process of evaluating the boundary conditions of the gift- exchange phenomenon. In particular, we will see whether behavior consistent with the fair wage–effort hypothesis can emerge and be sustained under conditions in which there is (i) a nontrivial marginal cost to providing effort and (ii) increased social distance between subject and experimenter.
Effect of prostate weight on operative and postoperative outcomes of robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of prostate weight (PW) on robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) outcomes. The effect of PW on surgical and pathologic outcomes has been reviewed in open and laparoscopic prostatectomy series. Little is known about its effects during RLRP. METHODS From February 2003 to November 2005, 375 men underwent RLRP. Patients were divided into four groups on the basis of the pathologic PW: group 1, less than 30 g; group 2, 30 g or more to less than 50 g; group 3, 50 g or more to less than 80 g; and group 4, 80 g or larger. The groups were compared prospectively. Continence and sexual function were assessed using validated questionnaires. RESULTS Of the 375 patients, 20, 201, 123, and 31 had a PW of less than 30 g, 30 g or more to less than 50 g, 50 g or more to less than 80 g, and 80 g or larger, respectively. A significant difference was found in age and prostate-specific antigen values among the four groups (P <0.001). No significant differences in operative time, estimated blood loss, transfusion rate, hospital stay, length of catheterization, and complication incidence were observed among the four groups. The overall rate of positive surgical margins was significantly different among the groups (P = 0.002), demonstrating a trend of increasing positive surgical margins with a lower PW. Within the patients with Stage pT2, a significant increase in positive surgical margins was found with lower PWs (P = 0.026). The objective return of baseline and subjective sexual and urinary function, as determined by questionnaire scores, was not affected by the PW. CONCLUSIONS RLRP can be performed safely and with similar perioperative outcomes in men, regardless of the PW. We found a significant inverse relationship between surgical margin status and PW, specifically in those with Stage pT2 disease.
LIVE! From the Sim Lab: Broadcasting a Simulated Patient–Care Scenario as a Teaching–Learning Strategy in a Nursing Fundamentals Clinical Lab

Abstract At one baccalaureate program, the faculty and staff feel strongly that simulation experiences are such an effective teaching–learning strategy that they warrant inclusion in the very first clinical nursing course, an on-campus weekly 2-hour Fundamentals of Nursing lab experience. The innovative use of real-time broadcast technology and simulated patient care scenarios has proved to be a winning combination for these novice nursing students and at the same time has made optimal use of limited lab time and resources. LIVE! From the Sim Lab was highly effective in demystifying the simulation experience for students and introducing them to the patient care scenario format for practice and evaluation.
On the homology of certain spaces looped beyond their connectivity

Very little is known aboutH*(ΩnX) whenn is larger than the connectivity ofX. In this paper we calculate this whenX=Ω∞S∞ andn=1 or 2, and whenX=JU(q) or JSO(3) andn is arbitrary. Some information is also given whenX is a sphere.