cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MHC class I immune evasion in MCMV infection

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a well-studied model of natural β-herpesvirus infection. However, many questions remain regarding its control by and evasion of the immune response it generates. CD8 and CD4 T cells have both unique and redundant roles in control of the virus that differ based on the immunocompetence of the infected mice. MCMV encodes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immune evasion genes that can have an impact in vitro, but their role in infection of immunocompetent mice has been difficult to identify. This review addresses the evidence for their in vivo function and suggests why they may be evolutionarily conserved.
New technologies transform Fall Meeting

The 2011 Fall Meeting was transformed by the introduction of nine new technologies, most notably, a mobile app and the AGU ePoster system. With more than 11,000 downloads and 250,000 page views, the mobile app quickly replaced the program books for many attendees. Peter Petley of Durham University and blogger for the Landslide Blog said, “I have found that one of the challenges of attending AGU is being able to identify all of the sessions that are of interest, and then creating a schedule without carrying reams of paper.” He continued, “I found that the mobile app has transformed my conference experience, providing a simple means to collate all of the sessions and to plan my day. As a result, I have found the meeting to be much more enjoyable and fulfilling.”
Desensitization of isolated human bronchial smooth muscle to β-receptor agonists

Abstract The responsiveness of isolated human bronchial smooth muscle was measured to β-receptor agonist drugs. The mixed β 1,2 -agonist, isoproterenol, and the relatively specific β 2 -agonists, terbutaline and isoteharine, all produce desensitization to their own bronchodilator effects and cross-desensitization among themselves. Nevertheless, aminophylline is as effective in the isoproterenol-desensitized bronchial preparation as in the normal preparation. The clinical significance of this study is discussed with respect to current therapeutic modalities.
Decentralized planning in Kenya

In 1983 the Government of Kenya embarked on an accelerated programme of decentralization known as ‘District Focus’. This exercise in devolution is aimed at promoting more effective and efficient use of scarce domestic resources through efforts to strengthen planning capacity at the district level, improve horizontal integration among operating ministry field agents, and expand authority to district heads of operating ministries for managing financial and procurement aspects of local project implementation. Given the importance of this initiative to the economic growth of Kenya and the current search for administrative reforms that could help accelerate rural development in Africa, District Focus merits close attention by development experts. This article reviews the historical background, content, and implementation progress of District Focus.
Understanding the lived experience of Latino adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of surviving cancer for Latino adolescents and young adult (AYA) survivors of pediatric cancer.
Applications of SAW resonators in high-performance instrumentation

The role that SAW (surface-acoustic-wave) resonators have come to play in high-performance test instrumentation is reviewed. The contributions made by SAW resonators in a number of Hewlett-Packard (HP) instrument applications are detailed. SAW-controlled oscillators are now the preferred design for precision frequency-control applications in the frequency range 200 MHz-1 GHz. The challenges in device design, fabrication, packaging and testing for these demanding applications are discussed. >
Treatment choice, duration, and cost in patients with interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome

Introduction and hypothesis In order to better understand provider treatment patterns for interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome, we sought to document the therapies utilized and their associated expenditures using a national dataset.
Stress-strain relationship in Terfenol-D

The variability of Young's modulus (the (Delta) E effect) in giant magnetostrictive Terfenol-D has a significant impact on the performance and modeling of Terfenol-D transducers. While elastic modulus variability introduces nonlinearities in the transducer input/output relationship that are often deemed undesirable, it also affords opportunities for achieving novel device performance attributes. In this investigation, Terfenol-D's modulus of elasticity is characterized under controlled thermal, magnetic, and mechanical loading conditions. Quasi-static cyclic compressive stress testing methods are used to quantify the variability in Young's modulus over a wide range of d.c. applied magnetic fields and stresses. Elastic modulus changes of four-fold or more are demonstrated through the variation of a d.c. applied magnetic field. The effect of decreasing cyclic stress amplitude giving rise to an increase in Terfenol-D's apparent elastic modulus is also examined. The thermally controlled transducer used throughout this investigation is described. This conference paper is a shortened version of the paper titled Experimental Investigation of Terfenol-D's Elastic Modulus that has been submitted for peer reviewed journal publication.
Strong tectonic and weak climatic control of long-term chemical weathering rates

The relationships among climate, physical erosion, and chemical weathering have remained uncertain, because long-term chemical weathering rates have been difficult to measure. Here we show that long-term chemical weathering rates can be measured by combining physical erosion rates, inferred from cosmogenic nuclides, with dissolution losses, inferred from the rock-to-soil enrichment of insoluble elements. We used this method to measure chemical weathering rates across 22 mountainous granitic catchments that span a wide range of erosion rates and climates. Chemical weathering rates correlate strongly with physical erosion rates but only weakly with climate, implying that, by regulating erosion rates, tectonic uplift may significantly accelerate chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes.
Atomic Layer Electrodeposition

The growth of ultrathin films is generally hindered by roughening and three-dimensional mound formation. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), in which atomic layer control and conformal growth are achieved through sequential, self-limiting surface reactions ( 1 ), can eliminate or reduce such roughening. One application of ALD is to deposit ultrathin layers of expensive metals such as Pt that are used, for example, as the catalyst in protonexchange membrane fuel cells ( 2 ). Besides the economic incentives to produce ultrathin films ( 3 ), there are also scientific payoffs—they often have catalytic, electronic, or magnetic properties that are not found in the bulk material ( 4 – 6 ). Although ALD processes are usually conducted in the vapor phase, Liu et al. ( 7 ) show on page 1327 of this issue that they can sequentially electrodeposit two-dimensional Pt layer by layer by simply pulsing the applied electrochemical potential in a single plating bath. The process is inexpensive and rapid. Because each layer is produced by cycling the potential rather than by exchange of reactants, electrochemical ALD could be orders of magnitude faster than vapor-phase ALD.
Collecting and Exploiting High-Accuracy Call Graph Profiles in Virtual Machines

Due to the high dynamic frequency of virtual method calls in typical object-oriented programs, feedback-directed devirtualization and inlining is one of the most important optimizations performed by high-performance virtual machines. A critical input to effective feedback-directed inlining is an accurate dynamic call graph. In a virtual machine, the dynamic call graph is computed online during program execution. Therefore, to maximize overall system performance, the profiling mechanism must strike a balance between profile accuracy, the speed at which the profile becomes available to the optimizer, and profiling overhead. This paper introduces a new low-overhead sampling-based technique that rapidly converges on a high-accuracy dynamic call graph. We have implemented the technique in two high-performance virtual machines: Jikes RVM and J9. We empirically assess our profiling technique by reporting on the accuracy of the dynamic call graphs it computes and by demonstrating that increasing the accuracy of the dynamic call graph results in more effective feedback-directed inlining.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND THYROXINE ADMINISTRATION ON THYROID FUNCTION IN THE RAT1

Comparison was made of the changes in various thyroid parameters at different intervals following thyroxine administration and hypophysectomy in 332 adult male rats. There was a distinct temporal difference among the responses of the different parameters to the acute fall in thyrotropin levels induced by thyroxine administration or hypophysectomy. The most sensitive parameter was thyroidal release of radioiodine, the next I131 uptake and the least sensitive, thyroid weight. Hypophysectomy and thyroxine injection produced nearly identical effects on thjToidal I131 uptake and release. After thyroxine administration a rebound phenomenon was observed in both I131 uptake and in thyroid weight, but it was not observed in I131 release. Potassium iodide, in amounts equivalent to the doses of thyroxine, decreased thyroidal I131 for a short period but had little effect on thyroid weight. Sham hypophysectomy resulted in decreased I131 loss from the thyroid, the degree of thyroidal suppression depending upon the exte...
Poroelasticity-III: Conditions on the Interfaces

In this, the third part of our paper, we continue consideration of the major elements of the poroelastic theory which we started in Parts I and II (in Lopatnikov and Gillespie, Transp Porous Media, 84:471–492, 2010; Transp Porous Media, 89:475–486, 2011). This third part is devoted to considering the general interfacial conditions, consistent with the governing differential equations of the theory. Specifically, we will consider associated mass and momentum conservation laws. Because we developed the theory by construction, general boundary conditions obtained can be applied to the arbitrary interfaces: boundaries between different materials or, for example, moving interfaces of the shock fronts. We do not consider here the last group of conservation laws: the energy conservation laws, which we are going to introduce and investigate in the special part, devoted to the shock wave propagation. In the meantime, special attention is devoted to discussing the problem of “partial permeability” of the interfaces reflected in the literature. Particularly we show, that in the stationary case, the general theory allows only two conditions: either the interface is completely penetrable, or the interface is completely impenetrable. Thus, “partial permeability” solution always appears as only an approximation of an exact dynamic problem, which includes either thin low-permeable interfacial layer (with permeable boundaries), or a non-homogeneous boundary containing permeable and non-permeable patterns.
Effects of milking interval on selected milk constituents from normal and infected quarters.

Abstract Effects of milking interval on electrical conductivity, chloride, sodium, potassium, lactose, and somatic cell counts of milk were determined. Quarter samples of foremilk, primary milk, and strippings were obtained from 12 cows after 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15-h milking intervals. The preceding interval to all experimental intervals was standardized at 12h. Infection status of quarters was ascertained by bacteriological analysis. Effect of milking interval was significant on all variables measured. Highest conductivity, chloride, sodium, and cell counts were at the 3-h interval but declined to their lowest at the 9-h interval. Conductivity, chloride, and sodium then steadily increased from 9 to 15h. Lactose followed the opposite trend and was highest at the 9-h interval. Trend was similar in samples from both uninfected and infected quarters; however, changes were more pronounced in the latter. Change of conductivity from infection varied with type of sample and milking interval with strippings being the most sensitive. All samples were least sensitive to these changes at the 9-h interval. Conductivity measurements on strippings will be more sensitive for detecting masitits than measurements from foremilk or primary milk, especially measured following short milking intervals.
Regional Anesthesia for Breast Surgery: Techniques and Benefits

Breast surgery is an exceedingly common procedure and associated with an increased incidence of acute and chronic pain. Regional anesthesia techniques may improve postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing breast surgery. While much data have supported the efficacy of paravertebral blocks, they are not without risks. More recently, pectoral blocks have shown promise for this population, whereas wound infiltration has demonstrated mixed results. In this review, regional anesthesia techniques, the associated anatomy and the evidence for their utility are reviewed. Additionally, the advantages of regional anesthesia beyond postoperative pain control are discussed.
Comparison Inequalities for One Sided Normal Probabilities

Several sharp upper and lower bounds for the ratio of two normal probabilities $$\mathbb{P}\Biggl(\,\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\{\xi^{(1)}_i\leq \mu_i\bigr\}\Biggr)\Big/\mathbb{P}\Biggl(\,\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\{\xi^{(0)}_i\leq \mu_i\bigr\}\Biggr)$$ are given in this paper for various cases, where (ξ 1 (0) ,ξ 2 (0) ,…,ξ (0) ) and (ξ 1 (1) ,ξ 2 (1) , …,ξ (1) ) are standard normal random variables with covariance matrices R 0=(r 0 ) and R 1=(r 1 ), respectively.
Glutathione depletion exacerbates impairment by oxidative stress of phosphoinositide hydrolysis, AP-1, and NF-κB activation by cholinergic stimulation

Oxidative stress appears to contribute to neuronal dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease and other CNS neurodegenerative disorders. This investigation examined if oxidative stress might contribute to impairments in cholinergic receptor-linked signaling systems and if intracellular glutathione levels modulated responses to oxidative stress. To do this the activation of the AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors and of the phosphoinositide second-messenger system was measured in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells after exposure to the oxidants H2O2 or diamide, with or without prior depletion of cellular glutathione. H2O2 concentration-dependently inhibited carbachol-stimulated AP-1 activation and this inhibition was potentiated in glutathione-depleted cells. Carbachol-stimulated NF-kappaB activation was unaffected by H2O2 unless glutathione was depleted, in which case there was a H2O2 concentration-dependent inhibition. Glutathione depletion also potentiated the inhibition by H2O2 of carbachol- or G-protein (NaF)-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, whereas phospholipase C activated by the calcium ionophore ionomycin was not inhibited. The thiol-oxidizing agent diamide also inhibited phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by carbachol or NaF, and glutathione depletion potentiated the diamide concentration-dependent inhibition. Unlike H2O2, diamide also inhibited ionomycin-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Activation of both AP-1 and NF-kappaB stimulated by carbachol was inhibited by diamide, and glutathione depletion potentiated the inhibitory effects of diamide. Thus, diamide inhibited a wider range of signaling processes than did H2O2, but glutathione depletion increased the susceptibility of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and of transcription factor activation to inhibition by both H2O2 and diamide. These results demonstrate that the vulnerability of signaling systems to oxidative stress is influenced by intracellular glutathione levels, indicating that cell-selective susceptibility to inhibition of signal transduction systems by oxidative stress can arise from cellular variations in antioxidant capacity.
Age-related differences in response to neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury in the neonatal piglet heart

Background: Neonatal hearts have altered adhesion molecule interactions in response to ischemia-reperfusion. How this affects myocardial function is unknown. Methods: Isolated, buffer perfused 0- to 2-day (newborn) and 2-week piglet hearts were first subjected to 20-minute global, normothermic ischemia, followed by 45 minutes of reperfusion during which 150 × 106 newborn or 2-week neutrophils were infused. In some hearts, an antibody to SLex (CSLEX-1) was infused with neutrophils during reperfusion. Hemodynamic variables, including left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), were recorded at timed intervals. Neutrophil CD-18, L-selectin, and SLex contents were measured by flow cytometry. Results: Full recovery of LVDP was observed in newborn hearts receiving newborn or 2-week-old neutrophils. Recovery of LVDP was depressed (p < 0.01, ANOVA) in 2-week-old hearts receiving 2-week old, not newborn, neutrophils. Infusion of CSLEX-1 in 2-week-old hearts restored LVDP to baseline. Whereas flow cytometry showed higher (p < 0.01, Student's t test) CD-18 and L-selectin expression on newborn versus 2-week-old neutrophils, newborn neutrophils expressed lower (p < 0.01) SLex levels. Conclusions: Initial “loose” neutrophil-endothelial selectin interactions are a necessary prelude to “firm” adhesion and reperfusion injury. Operations performed soon after birth may be better tolerated than when surgery is delayed; anti-SLex preparations may prove beneficial when performing cardiac procedures on older infants. (Surgery 1998;123:294-304)
Sport participation among adolescent girls: Role conflict or multiple roles?

This study explored selected roles as criteria for social status among high school females with particular reference to participation in interscholastic athletics. Six hundred and twenty-seven female high school students completed the School Climate Questionnaire and, using a 5-point Likert scale, rated different role/activity choices. There were significant differences between participants and nonparticipants with respect to roles selected for future status; however, no significant relationship was found between groups and their identification of the criteria for peer approval. Overall, high school females exhibited multidimensional self-identities that differed in relation to their involvement in sports and the social groups used as their point of reference.
Effects of septal lesions on behavioral sensitivity of female rats to gonadal hormones.

Abstract Spayed female rats were given bilateral septal lesions or a sham operation and 3 wk later tested for hormone-induced female sexual behavior. When primed with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) per day for 3 days and tested for lordosis behavior on the fourth day, animals with septal lesions showed a positive dose-related increase in mean lordosis quotient (LQ), whereas control animals showed a low mean LQ for all doses of EB. After priming with a low dose of EB (0.5 μg/day for 3 days), progesterone administration prior to behavior testing on day 4 produced a comparable facilitation in LQ for both septal-lesioned and sham-operated animals. When treated for 3 days with either 50 or 150 μg of testosterone propionate (TP) and given progesterone prior to behavior testing on day 4, female rats with septal lesions showed a higher mean LQ than sham-operated rats. Thus, septal lesions increase the behavioral sensitivity of female rats to both EB and TP as measured by female sexual behavior, but do not appear to alter the responsiveness of animals to progesterone.
Conformation of RNA in situ as studied by acridine orange staining and automated cytofluorometry.

Abstract Secondary structure of RNA was studied in human leukemic SK-L7 cells by their staining with acridine orange (AO) and fluorescence measurements in a flow-through cytofluorimeter. Parallel measurements of RNAse-treated cells made it possible to distinguish and to measure separately those components of total cell fluorescence that are due to AO interaction with RNA. Like DNA, double helical and single-stranded RNA in situ stain differentially with AO. Hence, the extent of RNA in double helical conformation, interacting with AO by intercalation, can be measured. In 10 −3 M phosphate buffer, RNA in situ denatures at 40–60 °C. Mg ions stabilize RNA against thermal denaturation; EDTA markedly decreases stability of RNA in double helical conformation. A slow, progressive denaturation of RNA in situ is seen as a result of cell exposure to AO at low ionic strength at room temperature. It is presumed that the changes described reflect mostly alterations of secondary structure of rRNA. Results of our in situ studies conform with data of others on rRNA denaturation in intact isolated ribosomes. This suggests that the ribosome anchoring in cytoplasm is not associated with double helical rRNA regions. Cell staining with AO under conditions of full RNA denaturation and in the absence of DNA denaturation offers differential, simultaneous staining of RNA and DNA. This approach in cell staining provides a new parameter for automated cell classification based on both quantity and conformation of RNA in situ.
Unraveling the TWIST between EMT and Cancer Stemness

Twist1 has a well-established role in inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) to promote tumor invasion and metastasis and can also inhibit apoptosis and confer stemness. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Beck et al. (2015) now show that low levels of Twist1 are essential for tumor initiation, maintenance, and stemness independent of its EMT-inducing activity.
Design of Experiments for Comparing Treatments With a Control: Tables of Optimal Allocations of Observations

The problem considered is that of estimating simultaneously the differences between the means of p ≥ 2 test treatments and the mean of a control treatment. For design purposes the population variances of all p + 1 treatments are regarded as known. Tables are given that provide the experimenter with a basis for determining the minimal total number of experimental units and the optimal allocation of these units among the p + 1 treatments, in order to make one-sided or two-sided joint confidence interval estimates of the differences between the mean of each of the test treatments and the mean of the control treatment. These intervals achieve a specified joint confidence coefficient 1 – α for a specified allowance associated with the common width of the interval estimates. Comparisons with some competing allocation rules are also given.
Ultrafast waveform compression using a time-domain telescope

Photonic systems provide access to extremely large bandwidths, which can approach a petahertz1. Unfortunately, full utilization of this bandwidth is not achievable using standard electro-optical technologies, and higher (>100 GHz) performance requires all-optical processing with nonlinear-optical elements. A solution to the implementation of these elements in robust, compact and efficient systems is emerging in photonic integrated circuits, as evidenced by their recent application in various ultrahigh-bandwidth instruments2,3,4. These devices enable the characterization of extremely complex signals by linking the high-speed optical domain with slower speed electronics. Here, we extend the application of these devices beyond characterization and demonstrate an instrument that generates complex and rapidly updateable ultrafast optical waveforms. We generate waveforms with 1.5-ps minimum features by compressing lower-bandwidth replicas created with a 10 GHz electro-optic modulator. In effect, our device allows for ultrahigh-speed direct 270 GHz modulation using relatively low speed devices and represents a new class of ultrafast waveform generators. By exploiting the nonlinearity of on-chip silicon nanowaveguides, a parametric temporal imaging system that can compress optical waveforms in time is demonstrated, enabling generation of complex and rapidly updatable ultrafast optical waveforms.
Localized 1H NMR measurement of glucose consumption in the human brain during visual stimulation.

Abstract Spatially localized 1H NMR spectroscopy has been applied to measure changes in brain glucose concentration during 8-Hz photic stimulation. NMR spectroscopic measurements were made in a 12-cm3 volume centered on the calcarine fissure and encompassing the primary visual cortex. The average maximum change in glucose levels was 0.34 mumol.g-1 (n = 5) at 15 min; glucose level had turned toward resting level at 25 min. The glucose change was used to calculate the increase of glucose cerebral metabolic rate in the visual cortex region for individual subjects by using the Michaelis-Menten model of glucose transport on the assumption of constant transport kinetics. The glucose cerebral metabolic rate was calculated to increase over the nonstimulated rate by 22% during the first 15 min of photic stimulation. A model in which the glucose metabolic rate gradually decreases during stimulation was proposed as a possible explanation for the recovery of brain glucose and previously measured lactate concentrations to prestimulus values after 15 min.
Shonto Revisited: Measures of Social and Economic Change in a Navajo Community, 1955–1971

Between 1954 and 1956 the senior author of this article carried out a detailed social and economic study of the community of Shonto, situated in what was then a particularly remote corner of the Navajo Indian Reservation in northeastern Arizona. In 1972 the junior author returned to do a restudy of the same community. A comparison of the data obtained in the two studies provides unique measures of social and economic change, and also of social and economic persistence, during a period of unprecedented growth and modernization of the Navajo Reservation. [social change, economic change, Navajo]
The anatomical distribution of monoamines in a fresh-water bivalve mollusc, Sphaerium sulcatum (L.).

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of monoamines in Sphaerium sulcatum was examined throughout the whole animal using the fluorescence histochemical technique. 2. 2. Fluorometric determinations indicate that 5-HT, NE and DA† are present in this bivalve mollusc. 3. 3. Certain neurons in each of the three major ganglia display monoamine fluorescence. Fluorescing cells in the visceral ganglion are all of the catecholamine type, while the pedal ganglia exhibit only 5-HT-fluorescing cells. Both types of cells occur in the cerebral ganglia. The fiber cores of these ganglia are densely packed with fluorescing fibers. The interganglionic connectives and commissures also contain fluorescing fibers. 4. 4. Sensory neurons of monoamine fluorescence are distributed subepidermally in the foot and siphons. The statocyst contains three catecholamine-fluorescing neurons. The anterior mantle edge and the gill filaments have monoamine innervation which may be afferent. 5. 5. Three accessory ganglia—buccal, genital and posterior pallial—are characterized by monoamine-fluorescing neurons. 6. 6. Extraneuronal monoamine concentrations occur in the kidney.
Accreditation data collection requirements versus faculty loads: One college's use of self‐study to balance these two realities

Abstract This paper describes the self‐study effort of one college of education to successfully balance the complex demands of accreditation data collection, management, and reporting with the reality of faculty loads. It examined existing strategies and proposed changes for the upcoming academic year in an attempt to create a balance between faculty loads and accreditation data demands. Faculty continue to struggle with accreditation data demands: however, some professors have commented on the positive outcome of increased uniformity and reliability of grading procedures across programs. The workload associated with accreditation must be part of a larger dialog regarding the structure of the faculty reward systems. Stakeholders must collaboratively explore, implement, and assess potential solutions in search of the optimal balance.
Mathematical Modeling of the Orientation Distribution Function by the Vector Method of Quantitative Texture Analysis

In contrast to metallurgy, where quantitative methods of texture analysis are frequently used to check for certain types of preferred orientations as generated by well-defined processes of production, in geosciences the same methods are applied in order to reconstruct the history of deformation the sample has undergone. More detailed, the reproduced orientation distribution function (ODF) should be translated back in terms of deformation processes, which match with the entire geological situation. Within this concept, problems of the uniqueness of the reproduced ODF become essential. As the vector method provides certain advantages in comparison to the harmonic method for applications of texture analysis in geosciences, the numerical procedure of solution involved in it is mathematically analysed with special emphasis laid on problems concerning the non-uniqueness of the solution provided by the vector method in its original form. Finally, the problem is mathematically restated in a well-posed form, which leads to both, an improved solution and numerical algorithm. Wahrend in der Metallphysik Methoden der quantitativen Texturanalyse haufig angewendet werden, um eine reproduzierte Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion (OVF) mit bekannten Standard-typen bevorzugter Orientierungen, die wohldefinierten Versuchs- oder Produktionsbedingungen zugeordnet werden konnen, zu vergleichen, werden die gleichen Methoden in der Strukturgeologie benutzt, um die Verformungsgeschichte der Probe zu rekonstruieren. Insbesondere soll dabei die reproduzierte OVF in Verformungsmechanismen ruckubersetzt werden, die mit der gesamten geologischen Situation ubereinstimmen. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnen Probleme der Eindeutigkeit der reproduzierten OVF besonders an Bedeutung. Da die Vektormethode bestimmte Vorteile im Vergleich zur Reihenmethode bietet, um Texturanalysen von geologischen Proben durchzufuhren, wird hier das mit ihr verbundene numerische Verfahren zur Berechnung einer OVF mathematisch analysiert. Insbesondere wird das Problem der Uneindeutigkeit der Losung, wie sie die Vektormethode in ihrer Originalfassung liefert, behandelt. Schlieslich kann die Texturaufgabe mathematisch neu formuliert und so gestellt werden, das ein anderer Algorithmus eine wesentlich bessere Losung liefert.
The example of CaPSURE: lessons learned from a national disease registry

Introduction Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for determining evidence-based clinical practices, large disease registries that enroll large numbers of patients have become paramount as a relatively cost-effective additional tool.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is an unusual neurologic disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 1 case per million population, which is about 1/10,000 that of Alzheimer's disease. Creutzfeldt–Jakob...
Brillouin scattering in the liquid and plastic crystalline phases of CBr4

Temperature dependent measurements of the Brillouin spectrum of CBr4 through the plastic-liquid transition show no softening of either the longitudinal or transverse acoustic phonon modes but a sharp discontinuity in the longitudinal phonon velocity at this phase transition.
Tranexamic acid significantly reduces blood loss associated with coronary revascularization.

Four hundred fifteen patients undergoing coronary revascularization over a 12-month period were divided into two groups: 209 controls in the first 6 months received no tranexamic acid (TA) before cardiopulmonary bypass and 206 patients in the second 6 months received TA as a hemostatic agent. The demographics and the surgical techniques used were similar in the two groups. With TA there was a significant decrease in blood loss postoperatively, from 1,114.1 mL in the controls to 803.7 mL in those given TA ( p p p p p
Analysis of environmental biomarkers in urine using an electrochemical detector

Phenols are present in the environment and are prevalent in human populations, as environmental contaminants, dietary components, or their metabolites. Many are potential endocrine-altering agents. Currently available methods analyze single components or single families of chemicals as biomarkers of exposure. In order to assess multiple biologically relevant exposures to such substances, we evaluated the feasibility of determining several phenols simultaneously in urine, using an electrochemical detector (ECD) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (LC). Based on reported analyses in the literature and the ECD response, we selected four xenobiotic residues, including three phytoestrogens (enterolactone, daidzein, and genistein) and bisphenolA [BPA]. These compounds had detection limits below 1g/L in urine using the cleanup procedure (glucuronidase hydrolysis and C18 column) and the urine volume (2 mL) we employed. As a pilot study to demonstrate the method’s utility, we determined urinary enterolactone, daidzein, genistein and BPA in samples from nine children and 24 adults.
A clinical assessment of desflurane anaesthesia and comparison with isoflurane

In 48 randomly assigned ASA I adult patients undergoing elective orthopaedic procedures, we compared the pharmacodynamics of desflurane (DF) and isoflurane (IF), and their pharmacokinetics during rapid induction of deep anaesthesia (via face mask, to 1.5–2 MAC, after thiopentone), maintenance of anaesthesia at 1.25 MAC, and emergence therefrom. During induction, laryngeal reactions ranging from mild crowing to laryngospasm occurred more frequently with DF than with IF (15/24 DF, 5/24 IF; P < 0.05) and was more severe (9/ 24 DF, 1/24 IF, excluding the mildest form, P < 0.05). As a result, induction of anaesthesia was not accomplished faster with DF, in spite of a faster equilibration between exhaled and inhaled concentrations. Emergence from DF was more rapid and less complicated by delirium. Pharmacokinetically, the exhaled concentration of DF reached 90% of the inhaled concentration within five minutes of induction, whereas that of IF lagged behind and remained 25% below the inhaled concentration (1 vs 1.34 ± 0.05) even one hour after induction. Premature ventricular contractions did not occur in any patient even during periods of difficulty with the airway and oxygen desaturation. It is concluded that DF is a safe anaesthetic, pharmacokinetically superior to IF but clinically inferior for induction of anaesthesia via a face mask. Because of the fast equilibration, the exhaled concentration of DF can be controlled more precisely by the dial setting of the vaporiser.
Stacking memory architecture exploration for three-dimensional integrated circuit in 3-D PAC

Today's electronic devices are expected to be fully function, low power consumption and high performance. There are more and more functional modules integrated in a SoC chip. A three-dimension integrated circuit (3-D IC) is developed and in which two or more layers of active electronic components are integrated both vertically into a single circuit. In two-dimension IC, the memory size usually dominated and occupied the most of area. Besides, 3-D IC designs will deal with serious challenges in design space exploration and system validation. In this work, we analyze different system architectures, mainly the architecture of the stacking memory. To demonstrate our 3-D IC design techniques, the stacking memory approach is employed in our “3D-PAC (Parallel Architecture Core)” design. In 3D-PAC, we stack 512KB SRAM directly on top of the logic die which is heterogeneous multi-core computing platform for multimedia application purpose. Finally, we use ESL technology to demonstrate the performance improvement. The result shows that there is 34.89% of speed-up by using the stacking memory architecture.
Estimation Methods for Two-Dimensional Conduction Effects of Shock-Shock Heat Fluxes

Highly localized heating rates occur in extreme thermal environments, such as shock ‐shock interaction at hypersonic speeds. Experimental estimation of heat e ux usually involves measurement of discrete unsteady surface temperatures on low conductivity materials that are chosen to reduce conduction effects. Typically, temperature measurementsarereducedtoheate uxesusingone-dimensionalconductiontechniques.However,lateralconduction from localized high heat e ux regions into low heat e ux regions is signie cant and ine uences the one-dimensional solution. The one-dimensional solution also suffers mathematical instabilities. To evaluate the nonuniform, unsteady surface e ux from measured temperatures, an inverse technique was devised that damps instabilities in the temporal direction and resolves large and sudden e ux changes in the spatial direction. Based on previous work, a simple inverse method was used in time, and a function specie cation method was used in space. Furthermore, a technique was devised to expedite the solution by marching in space as well as in time. The new multidimensional inversemethodwasfound toresolvesteep spatialgradientsmoreaccuratelyine uxthana one-dimensionalmethod. Furthermore, the inverse procedure exhibits better stability than a multidimensional forward technique.
Sequence of till deposition and erosion in drumlins

Whittecar, G.R. & Mickelson, D. M. 1977 06 01: Sequence of till deposition and erosion in drumlins. Extensive sand and gravel workings have exposed structural and compositional features of 17 gravel-cored drumlins of late Wisconsin age in eastern Wisconsin. The drumlins are blanketed by 3 m of sandy basal till which truncates lower tills of earlier advanccs, outwash gravels, and an overlying till which is conformable to the gravel bedding and indistinguishable in composition from the surface till. Sands and gravels in the interior of some drumlins are deformed into large overturned folds, and into elastic dikes of fine sand and silt which penetrate to the top of the drumlin and warp overlying gravels. Both the folds and horizontal bedding are truncated by either the drumlin edge or the till blanket. We interpret the conformable, truncated, and in some cases folded, till as a basal till deposited during glacial advance. The capping, truncating till is viewed as a basal till left by retreating ice. The following sequence of events is suggested: (1) advance of ice over outwash, and deposition of till in a zone mar the margin; (2) thickening of the ice and erosion of the drumlin shapes; (3) local folding of the gravels and continued erosion; (4) retreat of ice and deposition of basal till under thin ice; (5) deposition of localized ablation till and stratified deposits.
Mouse and rat placental cell lines express abundant amounts of laminin.

Abstract Placental cell lines derived from midgestation placentae of outbred mice and rats were evaluated for the expression of the extracellular matrix protein laminin. The murine cell line, which has not been previously reported, demonstrates morphological characteristics similar to those of the rat cell line. Placental cell lines grow vigorously both in vitro and when transplanted to the peritoneum of allogeneic hosts. When transplanted, placental cells from cyst-like structures (with acellular cores) suspended in the peritoneal fluid, and invade abdominal structures forming solid masses. Using immunohistology, laminin was identified within in vitro cultured cells, within cyst-like structures and their acellular cores, and as a major component of the extracellular matrix of solid masses. Laminin also identified in the normal rat chlorioallantoic placenta. Evaluation of extracts from in vitro cultured placental cells, transplanted placental cells, and the normal chlorioallantoic placenta by electrophoresis and immunoblotting demonstrated that laminins were composed of two species with molecular weights of 400 000 (A-chain) and 200 000 (B-chains). Mouse and rat placental cell lines may be valuable for studying laminin biosynthesis and function in the developing placenta.
Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare lesion characterized by biphasic proliferation of ductal epithelium and myoepithelial cells. A 37-year-old female presented with a non-tender, mobile, smooth mass located in the retroareolar area of her left breast. Ultrasonography revealed a 1.76 × 1.73 × 1.23 cm wider-than-tall tumor with homogeneous hypoechoic echotexture. The tumor margins were smooth with a thin echogenic capsule. The tumor was compressible and had posterior acoustic enhancement. Histo-pathologic analysis demonstrated a well-circumscribed tumor with mammary ductal epithelium and myoepithelium in the fibrous stroma. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and S-100 protein in the myoepithelial cells. No recurrence or distant metastases was observed during a 14-month follow-up period.
Metamodel-Assisted Fast and Accurate Optimization of an OP-AMP for Biomedical Applications

The optimized OP-AMPs resulting out of a traditional flows, although may meet the given specifications after consuming significant design cycle time, do not guarantee an optimal system performance. In this paper, a three-step polynomial metamodel-assisted OP-AMP optimization flow is proposed to address these issues. The flow incorporate polynomial metamodeling, Verilog-AMS integration, and a customized Cuckoo Search optimization. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper for the first time presents such a design flow for state-of-the art OP-AMP optimization. Highly accurate and ultra-fast (~17000X speedup compared to traditional methods) polynomial metamodels are generated to estimate OP-AMP performance. An OP-AMP meta-macro model is constructed and is integrated into a Verilog-AMS module (called Verilog-AMS-POM) to facilitate fast time-domain simulations. The core optimization module is a customized Cuckoo Search algorithm which produces promising optimized results. The OP-AMP power dissipation is reduced from 252.8 uW to 65.5 uW (3.86X improvement).
Glycolytic end products of the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.

Abstract 1. 1. Adult dog heartworms remained alive and motile for 24 hr without oxygen present and with only glucose available as a substrate. 2. 2. Lactate accounted for 55% of the carbon from the 1- 14 C-glucose utilized in 1 hr and 14 CO 2 for 1.9%. 3. 3. Only traces of 14 C were found in glycogen and no net accumulation of acetate was demonstrated. 4. 4. Dirofilaria immitis resembles Litomosoides carinii in the percent of utilized glucose appearing as lactate but is more akin to Brugia pahangi and Dipetalonema viteae in survival under anaerobic conditions and in negligible acetate production.
Sustained IL-1β expression impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis independent of IL-1 signaling in nestin+ neural precursor cells

Alterations in adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been observed in numerous neurological diseases that contain a neuroinflammatory component. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that contributes to neuroinflammation in many CNS disorders. Our previous results reveal a severe reduction in adult hippocampal neurogenesis due to focal and chronic expression of IL-1β in a transgenic mouse model, IL-1βXAT, that evokes a complex neuroinflammatory response. Other investigators have shown that IL-1β can bind directly to neural precursors to cause cell cycle arrest in vitro. In order to observe if IL-1 signaling is necessary in vivo, we conditionally knocked out MyD88, an adapter protein essential for IL-1 signaling, in nestin+ neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the presence of IL-1β-dependent inflammation. Our results show that conditional knockout of MyD88 does not prevent IL-1β-induced reduction in neuroblasts using a genetic fate mapping model. Interestingly, MyD88 deficiency in nestin+ NPCs causes an increase in the number of astrocytes in the presence of IL-1β, suggesting that MyD88-dependent signaling is important in limiting astroglial differentiation due to inflammation. MyD88 deficiency does not alter the fate of NPCs in the absence of inflammation. Furthermore, the inflammatory milieu due to IL-1β is not affected by the absence of MyD88 in nestin+ NPCs. These results show that sustained IL-1β causes a reduction in adult hippocampal neurogenesis that is independent of MyD88-dependent signaling in nestin+ NPCs, suggesting an indirect negative effect of IL-1β on neurogenesis.
Explaining Utility Theory Paradoxes by Decision Regret

A number of counterexamples, or paradoxes, demonstrate that utility theory is not descriptive of human choice behavior. Here we examine the consequences of modelling a decision maker’s utility for a given outcome in terms of two attributes: strength of preference for the final asset position and a measure of “decision regret” (or happiness) over the ex-post evaluation of the decision made.
Studies on the angiotensin II receptor in the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland.

Rat adrenal capsular sections, consist-ing of the zona glomerulosa, were found to contain a substance capable of binding angiotensin II in a highly specific manner. Evidence for angiotensin II binding to a macromolecule was obtained using Sephadex gel filtration and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation as analytical techniques. The binding activity was temperature dependent and saturable. The binding substance was localized in particulate cell fractions and was altered by pro-teolytic enzymes. Tissue specificity studies indi-cated binding was confined almost exclusively in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. Analogues of angiotensin II known to be phar-macological agonists or antagonists effectively com-peted for angiotensin II binding sites, whereas angiotensin I, ACTH, and several other peptides were less effective. The data suggest that the binding substance in adrenal glomerulosa cells is a physiologically significant angiotensin II receptor. (Endocrinology 95: 1026, 1974)
Physical Access Control for Captured RFID Data

To protect the privacy of RFID data after an authorized system captures it, this policy-based approach constrains the data users can access to system events that occurred when and where they were physically present. RFID security is a vibrant research area, with many protection mechanisms against unauthorized RFID cloning and reading attacks emerging. However, little work has yet addressed the complementary issue of protecting the privacy of RFID data after an authorized system has captured and stored it. We've investigated peer-to-peer privacy for personal RFID data through an access-control policy called Physical Access Control. PAC protects privacy by constraining the data a user can obtain from the system to those events that occurred when and where that user was physically present. While strictly limiting information disclosure, PAC also affords a database view that augments users' memory of places, objects, and people. PAC is appropriate as a default level of access control because it models the physical boundaries in everyday life. Here, we focus on the privacy, utility, and security issues raised by its implementation in the RFID Ecosystem.
An integrated flywheel energy storage system with homopolar inductor motor/generator and high-frequency drive

The design, construction, and test of an integrated flywheel energy storage system with a homopolar inductor motor/generator and high-frequency drive is presented in this paper. The work is presented as an integrated design of flywheel system, motor, drive, and controller. The motor design features low rotor losses, a slotless stator, construction from robust and low cost materials, and a rotor that also serves as the energy storage rotor for the flywheel system. A high-frequency six-step drive scheme is used in place of pulsewidth modulation because of the high electrical frequencies. A speed-sensorless controller that works without state estimation is also described. A prototype of the flywheel system has been demonstrated at a power level of 9.4 kW, with an average system efficiency of 83% over a 30000-60000 r/min speed range.