cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy scaling of Yb fiber oscillator producing clusters of femtosecond pulses

Bai NieMichigan State UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyEast Lansing, Michigan 48824Greg ParkerVadim Vadimovich LozovoyMichigan State UniversityDepartment of ChemistryEast Lansing, Michigan 48824Marcos DantusMichigan State UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyEast Lansing, Michigan 48824andMichigan State UniversityDepartment of ChemistryEast Lansing, Michigan 48824E-mail: dantus@msu.eduAbstract. A Yb fiber oscillator producing high-energy femtosecond pulseclusters is reported. Visualized by averaging autocorrelation, the outputpulses consist of femtosecond pulse clusters that appear as a picosecondenvelope with a ∼100-fs pulse in its center. Using more than 200-m fiber,the pulse energy is scaled up to 450 nJ. This high energy in a cluster offemtosecond pulses enables an important application—laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy.
Instruction sequencing in microprogrammed computers

The purposes of this paper are to review the microinstruction sequencing capabilities of several microprogrammed computers; to determine whether these sequencing capabilities permit easy implementation of the control constructs of flowchartable program logic in modular microcode; and to present a set of microinstruction sequencing functions which will support "structured" microprogramming. Several microprogrammable mini- and microcomputers which provide the user with the means for implementing special purpose instruction sets have been introduced relatively recently. However, the experiments by Weber and Balzer which demonstrated the possibilities for increasing computation speeds, decreasing main memory space usage, and easing the task of applications programming by means of special purpose instruction sets implemented in microcode were performed some time ago.
An evaluation of cellulose acetate electrophoresis for the determination of human plasma lipoprotein patterns.

Abstract The value of cellulose acetate electrophoresis for the determination of human lipoprotein patterns was studied over a 3 year period in 1,283 patients. Comparative studies were done using other electrophoretic media such as paper and polyacrylamide gel. Factors affecting chylomicron migration were also studied. Chylomicron migration from the origin to the pre-beta zone of the cellulose acetate strip is a major problem and can lead to errors in the diagnosis of hyperlipoproteinemia.
Comparison of the Emulsion Characteristics of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Ecsherichia coli SOXC‐5 Cells Expressing Biodesulfurization Genes

Biodesulfurization of fuel oils is a two-phase (oil/water) process which may offer an interesting alternative to conventional hydrodesulfurization due to the mild operating conditions and reaction specificity afforded by the biocatalyst. For biodesulfurization to realize commercial success, a variety of process considerations must be addressed including reaction rate, emulsion formation and breakage, biocatalyst recovery, and both gas and liquid mass transport. This study evaluates emulsion formation and breakage using two biocatalysts with differing hydrophobic characteristics. A Gram-positive (Rhodococcus erythropolis) biocatalyst, expressing the complete 4S desulfurization pathway, and a Gram-negative biocatalyst (Escherichia coli), expressing only the gene for conversion of dibenzothiophene (DBT) to DBT sulfone, are compared relative to their ability to convert DBT and the ease of phase separation as well as biocatalyst recovery following desulfurization.
The promise of optogenetics in cell biology: interrogating molecular circuits in space and time

Optogenetic modules offer cell biologists unprecedented new ways to poke and prod cells. The combination of these precision perturbative tools with observational tools, such as fluorescent proteins, may dramatically accelerate our ability to understand the inner workings of the cell.
Classification of concentrated suspensions using inclined settlers

Abstract Sedimentation vessels with parallel inclined walls are able to clarify or classify particle suspensions more rapidly than conventional settlers due to their increased surface area and decreased settling distances. The use of continuous inclined settlers to classify or separate particles by size and/or density from concentrated suspensions is considered. Mass balances are applied to each particle species in order to predict its concentration in the settler overflow (fine fraction) and settler underflow (coarse fraction), given the settler geometry, operating conditions, fluid and particle properties, and the particle c concentration and size distribution in the feed. A hindered settling function with no adjustable parameters is employed for bidisperse and polydisperse suspensions. Unlike many processes, it is shown that the efficiency of the classification process increases with increasing particle concentration in the feed, as measured by an increasing fraction of smaller or slower-settling particles partitioning to the fine fraction rather than contaminating the coarse fraction. This is a direct result of hindered settling, which reduces the settling rate and increases the relative concentration of slower-settling particles in the upper portion of the vessel. Experimental data are presented for bidisperse suspensions of glass and acrylic beads and of coal particles and yeast cells, and for polydisperse suspensions of polystyrene latex beads. The results are in good agreement with the model predictions.
Modifying hypnotizability: a new component analysis.

Abstract The effects of the Carleton Skills Training Program (CSTP) on hypnotizability were compared to those of a modified training program in which instructions for physical enactment of the response were omitted. After training, subjects in the original CSTP reported an increase in the extent to which they intentionally enacted suggested behaviors. In contrast, subjects in the modified training program reported increased fantasy without voluntary physical enactment. Nevertheless, both training programs increased behavioral and subjective responsiveness to suggestion, and there were no significant differences in response enhancement between the two programs. Across conditions, increases in behavioral and subjective responses to suggestion were correlated with increased use of fantasy. In contrast, increases in enactment were correlated only with compliance. The modified training program is recommended as a means of enhancing suggestibility with less likelihood than the original CSTP of engendering compl...
Geometric operations for visual reasoning of a solid from orthographic projections

Abstract The ability of an engineer to visualize and reason about geometric aspects of physical objects and processes is crucial to the success of engineering activities. The article describes the development of geometric operations for a visual reasoning instructional software system using so-called missing view problem. The missing view problem requires construction of a valid solid given two orthographic projections. Sweeping operations, which are the reverse procedure of orthographic projection, are used to solve missing view problems by forming the boundary faces of a solid from the loops of orthographic views. Specifically, this geometric operation which forms a primary user interface of the system is described in detail in the article.
Pareto-improving Ramp Metering Strategies for Reducing Congestion in the Morning Commute

This paper presents an alternative approach to internalize congestion externality during the morning commute. We consider a linear freeway with multiple on-ramps and a downstream bottleneck and commuters accessing the freeway via different on-ramps try to arrive at work on time. Rather than charging congestion tolls as widely suggested by economists, we show that the old-fashioned engineering approach - ramp metering - can be a powerful tool to affect travelers' departure time choice and thereby alter the congestion externality distribution among travelers. With carefully designed time-dependent metering plans, travelers from different origins can be channelized and will access the freeway bottleneck in different time periods, resulting in less total cost for the system compared to the no-metering case. The metering strategies are Pareto-improving, with travelers from the on-ramp with the highest priority having the smallest individual costs and travelers from the on-ramp with the lowest priority having their costs equal to those in the no-metering scenario. By changing the priority order of the ramps periodically, the benefit of the Pareto-improving metering strategies can be distributed evenly among all travelers. Numerical experiments show that the total user cost can be reduced by up to 40% with the proposed metering strategies. This study offers researchers and policy makers a different angle of looking at congestion externality, and the results provide an overview of the potential long term benefits that dynamic ramp metering strategies can achieve.
Colin Hill discusses in silico modeling of human cells

Abstract Colin Hill is the founder of Gene Network Sciences (GNS; http://www.gnsbiotech.com ) and serves as President and Chief Executive Officer. He has extensive scientific experience in the areas of gene network modeling, pioneering the application of methods based in statistical physics and non-linear dynamics to the stochastic dynamics of gene expression. He is the co-founder of a multidisciplinary research effort at Cornell University dedicated to combining computational and experimental approaches to the study of signal transduction pathways. Hill is the co-creator of the Digital Cell™ software environment for the modeling of complex gene networks and biochemical pathways. He earned his BS degree in Physics from Virginia Polytechnic and State University and his MS degrees in Physics from McGill University and Cornell University.
Tolerance of bacteria to extreme gas supersaturations.

Abstract Bacteria without ( Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium xerosis ) and with gas vacuoles ( Microcyclus aquaticus ) were saturated with Ar or N 2 gas at pressures up to 300 atm and then rapidly decompressed. The resulting intracellular gas supersaturations had no effect on the viability of the bacteria except when the gas vesicles were purposely kept intact by slow pressurization rates. Thus no gas bubbles form within the cells even at these extreme supersaturations. This contradicts earlier interpretations of the cause of the disruptive effect on various cells by gas pressurization and decompression.
Rising carcinoembryonic antigen titers in colorectal carcinoma: An indication for the second-look procedure

The second-look operation for colonic carcinoma deserves re-evaluation utilizing elevated CEA levels in asymptomatic patients as its indication. Cases of three patients undergoing second-look procedures are described.
History and Theory in the New Sociologies of International Relations

Historical Sociology of International Relations. Edited by Stephen Hobden and John M. Hobson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 328 pp. $70.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-80870-7), $25.00 paper (ISBN: 0-521-00476-4).
Contextualizing Policy Appropriation: Teachers’ Perspectives, Local Responses, and English-only Ballot Initiatives

Few studies have focused on practitioners’ perspectives on and interpretations of official language policies in schools and how such policies shape their practices. Teachers are an integral part of the process of policy appropriations that occur within and across policy levels (state, district, school, and teacher). Through interviews with eighteen elementary teachers, this qualitative study focused on the experiences of teachers in one district as they negotiated the impact of Question 2, an English-only law passed by Massachusetts voters in 2002. Specifically, the study examined the teachers’ perspectives on the passage of a top-down English-only state law, its implementation in their district, and its impact on their classroom practices. The study illustrates the multiplicity of policy appropriation: interpretations of the meaning of the policy for practice varied according to policy level (intent of the law, district administrator’s interpretation, school-based interpretations), often leading to contradictory discourses. As a result, the teachers in the study had to (be able to) negotiate often contradictory policy discourses in their daily practices. The findings also underscore the importance of contextualizing policy processes: teachers’ views of Question 2 were shaped by their own beliefs but also by the way the district conceptualized and interpreted the law.
Verbs in the lexicon: Why is hitting easier than breaking?

Adult speakers use verbs in syntactically appropriate ways. For example, they know implicitly that the boy hit at the fence is acceptable but the boy broke at the fence is not. We suggest that this knowledge is lexically encoded in semantic decompositions. The decomposition for break verbs (e.g. crack, smash) is hypothesized to be more complex than that for hit verbs (e.g. kick, kiss). Specifically, the decomposition of a break verb denotes that “an entity changes state as the result of some external force” whereas the decomposition for a hit verb denotes only that “an entity potentially comes in contact with another entity.” In this article, verbs of the two types were compared in a lexical decision experiment — Experiment 1 — and they were compared in sentence comprehension experiments with transitive sentences (e.g. the car hit the bicycle and the car broke the bicycle) — Experiments 2 and 3. In Experiment 1, processing times were shorter for the hit than the break verbs and in Experiments 2 and 3, processing times were shorter for the hit sentences than the break sentences, results that are in accord with the complexities of the postulated semantic decompositions.
Left ventricular outflow tract mean systolic acceleration as a surrogate for the slope of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyze left ventricular outflow tract systolic acceleration (LVOT(Acc)) during alterations in left ventricular (LV) contractility and LV filling. BACKGROUND: Most indexes described to quantify LV systolic function, such as LV ejection fraction and cardiac output, are dependent on loading conditions. METHODS: In 18 sheep (4 normal, 6 with aortic regurgitation, and 8 with old myocardial infarction), blood flow velocities through the LVOT were recorded using conventional pulsed Doppler. The LVOT(Acc) was calculated as the aortic peak velocity divided by the time to peak flow; LVOT(Acc) was compared with LV maximal elastance (E(m)) acquired by conductance catheter under different loading conditions, including volume and pressure overload during an acute coronary occlusion (n = 10). In addition, a clinically validated lumped-parameter numerical model of the cardiovascular system was used to support our findings. RESULTS: Left ventricular E(m) and LVOT(Acc) decreased during ischemia (1.67 +/- 0.67 mm Hg.ml(-1) before vs. 0.93 +/- 0.41 mm Hg.ml(-1) during acute coronary occlusion [p < 0.05] and 7.9 +/- 3.1 m.s(-2) before vs. 4.4 +/- 1.0 m.s(-2) during coronary occlusion [p < 0.05], respectively). Left ventricular outflow tract systolic acceleration showed a strong linear correlation with LV E(m) (y = 3.84x + 1.87, r = 0.85, p < 0.001). Similar findings were obtained with the numerical modeling, which demonstrated a strong correlation between predicted and actual LV E(m) (predicted = 0.98 [actual] -0.01, r = 0.86). By analysis of variance, there was no statistically significant difference in LVOT(Acc) under different loading conditions. CONCLUSIONS: For a variety of hemodynamic conditions, LVOT(Acc) was linearly related to the LV contractility index LV E(m) and was independent of loading conditions. These findings were consistent with numerical modeling. Thus, this Doppler index may serve as a good noninvasive index of LV contractility.
WEB CONFERENCING SOFTWARE IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL, E-LEARNING-BASED, TECHNICAL COURSES

Faculty who offer university-level technical courses through e-Learning environments must surmount several difficult challenges. Traditionally, learning in technical courses takes place through real-time interactions between instructor and students in the course of solving actual problems—a form of activity that is not possible in asynchronous e-Learning systems. The current study contains an account of experiences gained in using Web Conferencing software to provide a spoken synchronous component to a project-oriented senior-level computer science class. Strengths and weaknesses of this undertaking and a sketch of a different type of hybrid course are presented. While the discourse in this article is focused on computer science, principles put forth are applicable to teaching and learning in any technical field.
Effect of heating on the electrical resistivity of conductive adhesive and soldered joints

Thermal cycling from room temperature to 60°C was found to cause the contact resistivity of a silver-epoxy conductive adhesive joint to decrease irreversibly, due to an irreversible decrease of the thickness of the joint. This effect was much smaller for a soldered joint cycled to 40°C. An extended period of current on-off cycling caused a slight irreversible increase in the contact resistivity of the adhesive and soldered joints, but thermal cycling using a heater did not. Within each thermal cycle, the contact resistivity increased reversibly with increasing temperature, due to the increase in volume resistivity of the solder or adhesive. Temperature variation caused fractional changes in contact resistivity up to 48% and 6% for adhesive and soldered joints, respectively.
Descending facilitatory pathways from the rostroventromedial medulla mediate naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.

Abstract Opioids produce analgesic effects, and extended use can produce physical dependence in both humans and animals. Dependence to opiates can be demonstrated by either termination of drug administration or through precipitation of the withdrawal syndrome by opiate antagonists. Key features of the opiate withdrawal syndrome include hyperalgesia, anxiety, and autonomic signs such as diarrhea. The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) plays an important role in the modulation of pain and for this reason, may influence withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The mechanisms that drive opiate withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia have not been elucidated. Here, rats made dependent upon morphine received naloxone to precipitate withdrawal. RVM microinjection of lidocaine, kynurenic acid (excitatory amino acid antagonist) or YM022 (CCK2 receptor antagonist) blocked withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. Additionally, these treatments reduced both somatic and autonomic signs of naloxone-induced withdrawal. Spinal application of ondansetron, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist thought to ultimately be engaged by descending pain facilitatory drive, also blocked hyperalgesia and somatic and autonomic features of the withdrawal syndrome. These results indicate that the RVM plays a critical role in mediating components of opioid withdrawal that may contribute to opioid dependence. Perspective Manipulations targeting these descending pathways from the RVM may diminish the consequences of prolonged opioid administration-induced dependence and be useful adjunct strategies in reducing the risk of opioid addiction.
Electrical detection of cellular penetration during microinjection with carbon nanopipettes

The carbon nanopipette (CNP) is comprised of a pulled-glass pipette terminating with a nanoscale (tens to hundreds of nm) diameter carbon pipe. The entire inner glass surface of the CNP is coated with a carbon film, providing an electrically conductive path from the carbon tip to the distal, macroscopic end of the pipette. The CNP can double as a nanoelectrode, enabling electrical measurements through its carbon lining, and as a nanoinjector, facilitating reagent injection through its hollow bore. With the aid of a lock-in amplifier, we measured, in real time and with millisecond resolution, variations in impedance and interfacial capacitance as the CNP penetrated into the cytoplasm and nucleus of adherent human osteosarcoma (U20S) cells during microinjection. The capacitance change associated with nucleus penetration was, on average, 1.5 times greater than the one associated with cell membrane penetration. The experimental data was compared and favorably agreed with theoretical predictions based on a simple electrical network model. As a proof of concept, the cytoplasm and nucleus were transfected with fluorescent tRNA, enabling real-time monitoring of tRNA trafficking across the nuclear membrane. The CNP provides a robust and reliable means to detect cell and nucleus penetration, and trigger injection, thereby enabling the automation of cell injection.
Effect of atomic decay on micromasers.

The decay of the active atoms in micromasers is theoretically analyzed. The equations of motion for the diagonal elements of the micromaser field, which include an atomic-decay effect, have been obtained. The relation between the photon statistics and the micromaser field on the atomic decay has been studied. The effect of atomic-decay rates and average photon numbers, photon-number variances, and the photon-number distribution has been discussed. It has been shown that generation of approximate trapping states or number states requires very small atomic-decay rates and very large field-atom coupling constants.
Groups perform better than the best individuals on Letters-to-Numbers problems

Abstract Eighty-two four-person cooperative groups and 328 independent individuals solved a random coding of the letters A–J to the numbers 0–9. On each trial the group or individual proposed an equation in letters (e.g., A + D=?), received the answer in letters (e.g., A + D=B), proposed one specific mapping (e.g., A=3), received the answer (e.g., True, A=3), and proposed the full mapping of the 10 letters to the 10 numbers. As predicted, the groups had fewer trials to solution, proposed more complex equations, and identified more letters per equation than each of the best, second-best, third-best, and fourth-best individuals. We interpret the group superiority as due to the highly intellective nature of Letters-to-Numbers problems, which entail demonstrable recognition of correct answers, demonstrable rejection of erroneous answers, and multiple insights into effective collective information processing strategies.
Studies on steroid conjugates-VIII. Isolation and characterization of glucuronide-conjugated metabolites of cortisol in human urine.

Abstract A total spectrum of glucuronide-conjugated metabolites of cortisol has been isolated from human urine and characterized: 22 steroid monoglucuronides and 7 steroid diglucuronides. Following i.v. administration of a tracer dose of [4-14C]-cortisol to 10 normal subjects, urine was collected for 2 consecutive 24-h periods. Free steroids were removed with ethyl acetate. All conjugated metabolites were extracted by means of an Amberlite XAD-2 column, and were further purified by chromatography on a polyethyleneimine-impregnated cellulose column. Groups of mono- and di-glucuronide conjugated steroids were then separated from each other, and from other groups of steroid conjugates by means of high voltage paper electrophoresis. Individual monoglucuronide-conjugated metabolites were then separated from each other by means of 15 consecutive paper chromatographies, and their homogeneity was ascertained. Each steroid conjugate was then subjected to the following characterization: (1) identification by RID of the steroid moiety released by β-glucuronidase hydrolysis; (2) identification of the glucuronide moiety; (3) determination of the steroid/glucuronide molar ratio; (4) determination of the site of conjugation. The following monoglucuronide-conjugated (-G) metabolites of cortisol were isolated: cortisol-21-G, cortisone-21-G, 20β-dihydrocortisol-21-G, tetrahydrocortisol-3-G, tetrahydrocortisol-21-G, 5α-tetrahydrocortisol-3-G,tetrahydrocortisone-3-G,5α-tetrahydrocortisone-3-G,cortol-20α-3-G, 5α-cortol-20α-3-G, cortol-20β-3-G, 5α-cortol-20β-3-G, cortolone-20α-3-G, 5α-cortolone-20α-3-G, cortolone-20β-3-G, 5α-cortolone-20β-3-G, ll-hydroxyaetiocholanolone-3-G,11-hydroxyandrosterone-3-G, 11-oxoaetiocholanolone-3-G, 11-oxoandrosterone-3-G. In addition, 6β-hydroxy-20β-dihydrocortisol and 6β-hydroxy-20β-cortol were also isolated as monoglucuronides, but their site of conjugation was not determined. The steroids identified as diglucuronide conjugates were: cortol-20α and −20β, cortolone-20α and −20β, tetrahydrocortisol, 5α-tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Most of these steroid metabolites have not been heretofore isolated and characterized as conjugates. Three of the isolated metabolites were not known to exist as glucuronide conjugates. The quantitation of individual steroid conjugates revealed interesting relationships between various metabolites, which are discussed.
Distributed, deadlock-free routing in faulty, pipelined, direct interconnection networks

This paper focuses on designing high performance pipelined networks that can operate in the presence of dynamic component failures. A general, rigorous framework for deadlock-free communication in faulty, pipelined networks is developed. A mechanism is also proposed for recovering from dynamic link and node failures. The recovery mechanism (1) is fully distributed, (2) does not require timeouts, (3) prevents fault-induced deadlock, and (4) is integrated into the virtual channel flow control mechanisms. This recovery mechanism is used to develop a new pipelined communication mechanism-acknowledged pipelined circuit-switching (APCS). This mechanism supports existing routing protocols that can tolerate a maximal number of static link failures, i.e., one less than the number of ports on a node. An implementation of a novel router architecture is described and the results of detailed flit level simulations are presented. Finally, the proposed recovery mechanism is shown to be applicable to existing adaptive wormhole routing protocols which are prone to deadlock in the presence of dynamic faults.
The effects of the planning memorandum, time pressure and individual auditor characteristics on audit managers' review time judgments*

. This study examines audit managers' review time effort (as reflected in their time estimates for working paper review) and the extent to which this effort is directed by another important audit manager activity: initial audit planning. Initial audit planning is manipulated by identifying certain audit areas as critical in the planning memo. Time pressure and individual auditor characteristics also are examined because auditing literature suggests that they may affect managers' review. The analysis is based on the responses, to an audit case, of 73 audit managers from ten large accounting firms. The results indicate that: 1) the managers exhibit reasonable agreement in budgeting over half of audit management time to review, 2) the initial audit plan directs their subsequent review, 3) time pressure does not significantly affect their estimated review times, and 4) firm affiliation, auditor experience level, and initial planning effort are associated with differences in managers' review practices and perceptions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for practice and further research.
Stochastic Vorticity and Associated Filtering Theory

Abstract. The focus of this work is on a two-dimensional stochastic vorticity equation for an incompressible homogeneous viscous fluid. We consider a signed measure-valued stochastic partial differential equation for a vorticity process based on the Skorohod—Ito evolution of a system of N randomly moving point vortices. A nonlinear filtering problem associated with the evolution of the vorticity is considered and a corresponding Fujisaki—Kallianpur—Kunita stochastic differential equation for the optimal filter is derived.
Abstract 5460: Dual efficacy of Lazaroid U-74389G liposomes in glioblastoma mouse model

Purpose: Lazaroid U-74389G (LAZ) is a 21-aminosteroid that has radioprotective effect against radiation-induced lipid peroxidation. In-vitro antiproliferative effect was reported against Glioblastoma primary cell lines. The aim of this study was to use a liposomal formulation in a proof-of-concept efficacy study to evaluate LAZ radioprotective and antiproliferative effects in Glioblastoma mouse model. Methods: LAZ PEGylated liposomes (Lipo G) were developed in our laboratory. Lipo G size was 80-90 nm with Zeta potential of -22mv. Glioblastoma cell line U87-Lexpressing firefly luciferase reporter gene (100,000 cells in 2 μL) was injected intracranially in each male SCID hairless outbred mouse. The mice were randomized among 4 treatment groups (n=8-9, each): brain model (M) without treatment (control), radiation of 2Gy once a week (M+R), Lipo G at 5 mg/kg dose IP twice a week (M+L) and radiation with Lipo G (M+R+L). The treatment lasted three weeks. The tumor size was monitored using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI), in each mouse, expressed as the relative BLI photon intensity on the second and third week to that of the first measurement. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the third week and the whole brain was harvested for immunohistochemistry examinations. Lipid peroxidation of brain tissues was quantified by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) as a surrogate biomarker. The survival was evaluated using Kaplan Meier analysis at P = 0.05. Results: The relative BLI intensity was 4002.03±1737.67, 2034±737.72, 1387.36±684.53 and 2498.89±2521.32 % for M, M+R, M+L and M+R+L, respectively. The tumor size of the M+L group was reduced by 65% compared to the control group. For the radiation treated groups (M+R and M+R+L), there was no significant difference in the tumor size suppression compared to the control group. MDA brain concentration in M+L and M+R+L groups was significantly less than that in M+R group (8.27±0.78 and 10.37±3.30 µM/gm vs. 23.09± 3.79 µM/gm). The survival mean was 22.67, 25.33, 25.22 and 27.13 days for M, M+R, M+R+L and M+L groups, respectively. The mean survival duration of LAZ treated groups (M+L and M+R+L) was significantly longer than that of the control group (27.13 and 25.22 day vs. 22.67 day, respectively). Conclusion: LAZ liposomal formulations administered at 5 mg/kg dose delivered a therapeutic concentration of LAZ to the brain for the efficacy of suppressing Glioblastoma tumor growth (65% reduction). The liposomal LAZ also protected the brain tissue from radiation-induced lipid peroxidation by reducing MDA concentration (lipid peroxidation surrogate) to 50%. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5460. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5460
Distinctive disruption patterns of white matter tracts in Alzheimer’s disease with full diffusion tensor characterization

To characterize the white matter structural changes at the tract level and tract group level, comprehensive analysis with 4 metrics derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AxD) and radial diffusivity (RD), was conducted. Tract groups, namely limbic, commissural, association, and projection tracts, include white matter tracts of similar functions. Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired from 61 subjects (26 Alzheimer's disease [AD], 11 subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment [aMCI], and 24 age-matched controls). An atlas-based approach was used to survey 30 major cerebral white matter tracts with the measurements of FA, MD, AxD, and RD. Regional cortical atrophy and cognitive functions of AD patients were also measured to correlate with the structural changes of white matter. Synchronized structural changes of cingulum bundle and fornix, both of which are part of limbic tract group, were revealed. Widespread yet distinctive structural changes were found in limbic, commissural, association, and projection tract groups between control and AD subjects. Specifically, FA, MD, and RD of limbic tracts, FA, MD, AxD, and RD of commissural tracts, MD, AxD, and RD of association tracts, and MD and AxD of projection tracts are significantly different between AD patients and control subjects. In contrast, the comparison between aMCI and control subjects shows disruption only in the limbic and commissural tract groups of aMCI subjects. MD values of all tract groups of AD patients are significantly correlated to cognitive functions. Difference between AD and control and that between aMCI and control indicates a progression pattern of white matter disruption from limbic and commissural tract group to other tract groups. High correlation between FA, MD, and RD measurements from limbic tracts and cortical atrophy suggests the disruption of the limbic tract group is caused by the neuronal damage.
Universitas: The Social Restructuring of American Undergraduate Education

Preface: A Young Man's Death in the Desert Foreword by John M. Carfora Introduction: Educational Agnostics: The America Campus in Crisis The Search for First Principles Back to Basics: Revisiting Plato's Republic The Languaged Life of Learning: The Intersubjective Imperative Reconceiving the University: The Great Books versus the Great Debate Rediscovering Atlantis: A Navigator's Guide to Western Civilization Restructuring Higher Education in America Slaying the Sacred Cows: The Restructuring of the University Returning Home: The Odyssey of Learning The Coming Global Campus: The Intercultural Imperative The Groves of Akademos: The Campus as Community A Vision of the University A Vision of the University: The Importance of Leadership on Campus "The Illimitable Freedom of the Mind": Jefferson's University and the Federalist League Conclusion: Universitas: Restoring the Whole Postscript Select Bibliography Index
Improved Sizing Methodology for Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration Systems

A new framework for sizing subsurface wastewater infiltration systems, based on scientific principles that govern soil hydraulics, biomat development (including oxygen transport), and peak flow storage. Current design methods are typically based only on soil properties and hydraulic loadings. The proposed method considers several factors that influence wastewater infiltration: 1. native soil hydraulic conductivity, 2. organic loading and its effect on biological growth (and thus hydraulic conductivity), and 3. peak flow storage.
Exploring the Role of Emotions on Sport Consumers' Behavioral and Cognitive Responses to Marketing Stimuli

Abstract Sport provides a unique opportunity to explore how emotions operate in people. However, the prevailing sport consumer behavior research has focused on emotion as an outcome variable and little research has examined the motivational function of such transitory emotional states on subsequent behavior and cognitive processing. The purpose of this research is to investigate the approach/avoidance characteristics of emotion in a spectator sport setting. We manipulated participants' emotional state by using a fictitious publicity about their favorite team and examined its effect on behavioral and cognitive responses to marketing stimuli. Study 1 examined the effect of message-induced emotion on participants' acceptance of a promotional item. In an effort to identify the underlying mechanism of the stimulus-behavior link, Study 2 investigated whether such message-induced emotions influenced brand-related product evaluation. Findings suggest that emotions elicited from a single exposure to a written comm...
801 ABSENCE OF COMMON ALL ANTIGEN ON NORMAL PLURIPOTENTIAL MYELOID, ERYTHROID AND GRANULOCYTE PROGENITORS

The common ALL antigen (CALLA) is a unique cell surface glycoprotein detected on the lymphoblasts of most cases of childhood ALL and some B cell tumors to which Ritz et al (Nature 283: 583, 1980) have generated a cytolytic monoclonal antibody (J-5). To determine whether J-5 is distributed on the surfaces of hematopoietic progenitors and with the ultimate purpose of developing a useful approach to autotransplantation, we thrice exposed normal marrow and blood mononuclear cells to J-5 and complement after having determined that such treatment is sufficient to eradicate >99% J-5+ lymphoblasts. The cells were then cultured in both plasma clot and methylcellulose systems to which were added appropriate inducers. Erythroid, granuloid and mixed erythroid/granuloid colony growth was unaffected both with respect to number, size, and morphology. The normal colonies were preserved even in experiments in which J-5+ leukemic cells were added to the normal marrows and lysed during antibody exposure. These results suggest that CALLA is absent from the surface of committed marrow and peripheral blood myeloid progenitors. The antibody is a powerful potential tool for elimination of CALLA+ lymphoblasts from marrow prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation.
The synucleins: a family of proteins involved in synaptic function, plasticity, neurodegeneration and disease

Synuclein proteins are produced, in vertebrates, by three genes. They share structural resemblance to apolipoproteins, but are abundant in the neuronal cytosol and present in enriched amounts at presynaptic terminals. Synucleins have been specifically implicated in three diseases:Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) and breast cancer. In AD, a peptide derived from alpha-synuclein forms an intrinsic component of plaque amyloid. In PD, an alpha-synuclein allele is genetically linked to several independent familial cases, and the protein appears to accumulate in Lewy bodies. In breast cancer, increased expression of gamma-synuclein correlates with disease progression. In songbirds, alpha-synuclein expression is correlated with plasticity in the developing song control system. Although the normal function of synucleins is unknown, a role in membrane plasticity seems likely.
Bring best of two worlds in a software engineering class, student outcomes of Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) and information literacy standards of Association of College amp; Research Libraries (ACRL)

In this collaborative project with librarians, the faculty members of Nelson College of Engineering, West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech) identify the importance of information literacy (IL) in accreditation documents and then leverage accreditation guidelines from Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) student outcomes to integrate IL skills from standards of the Science and Technology Section (STS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) into an existing software engineering course. This project was sponsored by West Virginia University Information Literacy Course Enhancement Grant. We included the full range of the university libraries' resources, expertise, and services in course planning and delivery by incorporating different IL units: an introductory talk, special workshops, library sessions and consultations with the librarian throughout the semester. As conducting researches, designing projects, and writing reports are most effective vehicles for students' learning of strategic and rigorous information retrieval and management, the class includes a group software-development project and an individual paper-writing project. We included different data collection and evaluation methods distributed throughout the semester, including Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills (SAILS), a web-based tool to document IL skill levels and to pinpoint areas for improvement.
Radial glia require PDGFD–PDGFRβ signalling in human but not mouse neocortex

Evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex underlies many of our unique mental abilities. This expansion has been attributed to the increased proliferative potential of radial glia (RG; neural stem cells) and their subventricular dispersion from the periventricular niche during neocortical development. Such adaptations may have evolved through gene expression changes in RG. However, whether or how RG gene expression varies between humans and other species is unknown. Here we show that the transcriptional profiles of human and mouse neocortical RG are broadly conserved during neurogenesis, yet diverge for specific signalling pathways. By analysing differential gene co-expression relationships between the species, we demonstrate that the growth factor PDGFD is specifically expressed by RG in human, but not mouse, corticogenesis. We also show that the expression domain of PDGFRβ, the cognate receptor for PDGFD, is evolutionarily divergent, with high expression in the germinal region of dorsal human neocortex but not in the mouse. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGFD-PDGFRβ signalling in slice culture prevents normal cell cycle progression of neocortical RG in human, but not mouse. Conversely, injection of recombinant PDGFD or ectopic expression of constitutively active PDGFRβ in developing mouse neocortex increases the proportion of RG and their subventricular dispersion. These findings highlight the requirement of PDGFD-PDGFRβ signalling for human neocortical development and suggest that local production of growth factors by RG supports the expanded germinal region and progenitor heterogeneity of species with large brains.
Heterochromatin and ND10 are cell-cycle regulated and phosphorylation-dependent alternate nuclear sites of the transcription repressor Daxx and SWI/SNF protein ATRX.

Placing regulatory proteins into different multiprotein complexes should modify key cellular processes. Here, we show that the transcription repressor Daxx and the SWI/SNF protein ATRX are both associated with two intranuclear domains: ND10/PML bodies and heterochromatin. The accumulation of ATRX at nuclear domain 10 (ND10) was mediated by its interaction with the N-terminus of Daxx. Binding of this complex to ND10 was facilitated by the interaction of the Daxx C-terminus with SUMOylated promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). Although ATRX was present at heterochromatin during the entire cell cycle, Daxx was actively recruited to this domain at the end of S-phase. The FACT-complex member structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) accumulated at heterochromatin simultaneously with Daxx and accumulation of both proteins depended on ATRX phosphorylation. Both Daxx and SSRP1 were released from heterochromatin early in G 2 phase and Daxx was recruited back to ND10, indicating that both proteins localize to heterochromatin during a very short temporal window of the cell cycle. ATRX seems to assemble a repression multiprotein complex including Daxx and SSRP1 at heterochromatin during a specific stage of the cell cycle, whereas Daxx functions as an adapter for ATRX accumulation at ND10. A potential functional consequence of Daxx accumulation at heterochromatin was found in the S- to G 2 -phase transition. In Daxx - / - cells, S-phase was accelerated and the propensity to form double nuclei was increased, functional changes that could be rescued by Daxx reconstitution and that might be the basis for the developmental problems observed in Daxx knockout animals.
The facility location problem with general cost functions

In this paper, we introduce a generalized version of the facility location problem in which the facility cost is a function of the number of clients assigned to the facility. We focus on the case of concave facility cost functions. We observe that this problem can be reduced to the uncapacitated facility location problem. We analyze a natural greedy algorithm for this problem and show that its approximation factor is at most 1.861. We also consider several generalizations and variants of this problem. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paying Friends, Family Members, or Strangers to Be Home-Based Personal Assistants How Satisfied Are Consumers?

This study describes consumers who hire friends, family members, or strangers as paid personal assistants and compares service satisfaction among the three groups. From surveying 511 consumers of self-directed home care services, the authors found that consumers who hire friends as workers are younger and more educated than consumers who hire family members and strangers, and they are more impaired than consumers with strangers as workers. The friend cohort experiences more stability with their personal assistants than does the stranger cohort but not as much stability as the family cohort. On some dimensions of consumer satisfaction, friends as workers are perceived by consumers to be either the same as or better than strangers, but they also are perceived as either the same as or worse than family workers. Using friends as paid workers is an important resource. Researchers and policy makers should further explore this approach because the need for home-based personal assistance continues to increase.
Functional characterization and kinetic studies of an ancestral lamprey GnRH-III selective type II GnRH receptor from the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.

The recently cloned lamprey GnRH receptor was shown to have several unique features, including the longest intracellular C-terminal tail (120 amino acids (aa)) of any previously described GnRH receptor. In the current study, a series of experiments were performed examining cAMP responses, binding kinetics, whole cell competitive binding assays and internalization studies of the lamprey GnRH receptor using a series of three C-terminal tail truncations (80 aa, 40 aa and 0 aa) to better describe the functional significance of this unique vertebrate GnRH receptor. Activation of the lamprey GnRH receptor was shown to stimulate cAMP production in a dose-dependant manner when treated with either lamprey GnRH-I (LogEC50 6·57±0·15) or lamprey GnRH-III (LogEC50 8·29±0·09). Truncation analysis indicated that the membrane proximal 40 aa of the lamprey GnRH receptor C-terminal tail contain a motif required for cAMP accumulation. Saturation binding assays using the wild type and truncated lamprey GnRH receptors revealed that all of three truncated lamprey GnRH receptors were capable of binding lamprey GnRH-I. Competitive, intact cell-binding assays suggested that the lamprey GnRH receptor is lamprey GnRH-III selective, based on the observed pharmacological profile: lamprey GnRH-III (Inhibitory constant (Ki) 0·708±0·245 nM)=chicken GnRH-II (Ki 0·765±0·160 nM).mammalian GnRH (Ki 12·9±1·96 nM).dAla 6 Pro 9 NEt mammalian GnRH (Ki 21·6±9·68 nM). lamprey GnRH-I (Ki 118·0±23·6). Finally, the lamprey GnRH receptor was shown to undergo rapid ligand-dependant internalization, which was significantly diminished in the tail-less truncated form. We have shown from our current and our previous structural studies that this unique lamprey GnRH receptor shares several characteristics of both type I and type II GnRH receptors which suggests that this receptor has retained ancestral characteristics that can provide insight into the function and evolution of the vertebrate GnRH receptor family.
Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) Communities of Eastern Maryland

Abstract. We examined the species diversity and seasonal abundance of 19 species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) in two ecotone habitats of Maryland's Eastern Shore. Specimens were collected over an eight-month period during 2009–2010 using standard pitfall trap transects of 200 m. In 2010, an additional survey of eight habitats in Wicomico and Worcester counties was conducted to obtain a more representative sample of the original dung beetle diversity. Habitat data, bait attraction, and collection methods are provided. This research is intended to be the first bioinventory of Maryland dung beetles for conservation research.
SPM compensation of no-guard-interval PDM Co-OFDM for optical transport network

Experimental performance evaluation of SPM compensation and its application in optical transport network is introduced. Experimental results show transmission distances of 100Gbps signal reaches 16,340 and 12,015 km in single-channel and 10-ch WDM conditions respectively.