cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of lactate-C14 to propionate by the rumen microflora.

Baldwin, R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A. Wood, and R. S. Emery. Conversion of lactate-C14 to propionate by the rumen microflora. J. Bacteriol. 83:907–913. 1962.—Rumen microflora enriched on five different diets calculated to present increasing carbohydrate or lactate availability were used to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate with lactate-2-C14 and -3-C14 as substrates. Propionate was labeled as though 70 to 90% was formed via the nonrandomizing route. This percentage was highest on diets containing high levels of carbohydrate or lactate or both. Evidence for the presence of succinic dehydrogenase, acetokinase, phosphotransacetylase, and coenzyme A transphorase was obtained with cell-free extracts. Propionate-2-C14 and lactate-2-C14 were converted by extracts to the activated derivatives of acrylate, lactate, propionate, and acetate.
Listeria species in a California coast estuarine environment.

Abstract Listeria species and L. monocytogenes were found in 81 and 62%, respectively, of fresh or low-salinity waters (37 samples) in tributaries draining into Humboldt-Arcata Bay, Calif., during a winter (January-February) sampling period. The incidence of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in sediment (46 samples) from the same sites where water was sampled was 30.4 and 17.4%, respectively. One of three bay water samples contained Listeria species (including L. monocytogenes), while of 35 samples of oysters examined, only 1 was found positive for Listeria species (L. innocua). A given species or L. monocytogenes serogroup appeared to predominate in fresh water when domesticated animals (cows, horses) were nearby, whereas greater variety with no species predominance was observed in areas with no direct animal influence.
Cost analysis of compressive sensing for MIMO STAP random arrays

This work proposes an augmented variation of conventional space-time adaptive processing (STAP), and explores the application of multi-branch matching pursuit (MBMP) to a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamformer whose steering vector is created over an array having random, inter-element spacing. By applying compressive sensing (CS), a radar system is able to minimize the undesired effects of an undersampled array while providing adequate clutter suppression and reduced burden on array integration. In this paper, we compare the performance and computational complexity of the MBMP applied to the STAP problem and the STAP beamformer. In addition we propose two methods to reduce the computational complexity of MBMP, a modification to the MBMP algorithm which we refer to as truncated MBMP, and a grid refinement technique. We evaluate our approach and extend this aspect to help in understanding the necessary computations required for practical target detection.
Grain-boundary phases in hot-pressed silicon nitride containing Y2O3 and CeO2 additives

Auger electron spectroscopy in conjunction with X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy is used to analyze the grain-boundary phases of Y2O3- and CeO2-doped Si3N4 hot-pressed materials in order to demonstrate that the additives concentrate predominantly in the grain boundaries of Si3N4 in the form of various oxynitride phases. A high oxygen content observed in sample fracture surfaces was found to be consistent with the existence of an oxygen-enriched phase in the grain boundaries. The presence of yttrium and cerium in the fracture surfaces and an overall increase in the O/N ratio imply that the additive oxides are predominantly concentrated in the intergranular phases.
Glaciations of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Abstract Nine glaciations are recorded by glacial drift in the Sierra Nevada, but lake cores show that the actual number was greater. Equilibrium-line altitude depressions of the maximum advances were similar, regardless of age. Except for late Quaternary advances, numerical dating may only provide minimum age limits, because of erosion.
A simple method for the estimation of thermal inertia

[1] A simple method for estimating thermal inertia using daily amplitude of surface soil heat flux and temperature is proposed. Based on an analytical solution of the diffusion equation where the soil temperature is idealized as a sinusoidal function, the thermal inertia is expressed as a proportional coefficient in a linear equation relating the amplitudes of surface soil (ground) heat flux and temperature. Tests of the proposed method demonstrate that this simple method is potentially useful in the Earth and extra-terrestrial remote sensing.
Local or National? the Increasing Federalization of Nonpoint Source Pollution Regulation

Since 1972, the Clean Water Act (CWA) has incorporated a basic division of regulatory authority between states and the federal government based on the source of the water pollution. In delineating state and federal regulatory responsibility on the basis of a point source/non point source distinction, the CWA establishes a scheme of statutory federalism -- a division of power between the national and more local levels of government.Of course, federalism has a constitutional component, and were the state and federal spheres of regulatory authority always mutually exclusive, constitutional boundary drawing would be the only inquiry relevant to the interactions of the state and federal governments in environmental law. However, they are not, and statutes like the CWA thus embody Congress' political judgment as to how to best divide state and federal regulatory authority, not a fixed constitutional mandate.From a federalism perspective, the division of federal and state regulatory authority along point source/non point source lines is not arbitrary. Comprehensive federal regulation of non point source pollution would arguably engage the federal government in land use regulation -- a type of regulation historical viewed as belonging almost exclusively to more local levels of government.This article examines the increasing federalization of non point source pollution regulation under the CWA over time.
Lipid Composition of the Zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii

Abstract The zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii, when derived from cultures grown on solid media, contain about 11% total lipid. This lipid was separated chromatographically on silicic acid into neutral lipid (46.6%), glycolipid (15.8%), and phospholipid (37.6%). Each class was fractionated further on columns of silicic acid, Florisil, or diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and monitored by thin-layer chromatography. Triglycerides were the major neutral lipids, mono- and diglycosyldiglycerides were the major glycolipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major phospholipids. Other neutral lipids and phospholipids detected were: hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, free sterols, sterol esters, diglycerides, monoglycerides, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. Palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acids were the most frequently occurring fatty acids. When B. emersonii was grown in 14C-labeled liquid media, lipid again accounted for 11% of both mature plants and zoospores released from them. The composition of the lipid extracted from such plants and spores was also the same; however, it differed markedly from that of the lipid in spores harvested from solid media, consisting of 28.3% neutral lipid, 12.0% glycolipid, and 59.7% phospholipid. The major lipids were again triglycerides for neutral lipids, mono- and diglycosyldiglycerides for glycolipids, and phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylethanolamine for phospholipids.
Acute heat/exercise stress in rats: effects on fluid and electrolyte regulatory hormones.

Adult, male rats were exercised in the heat until hyperthermic exhaustion ensued. Plasma aldosterone levels were significantly (p<0.001) elevated after 8 min of exercise and remained increased throughout the exercise and recovery periods. Alternatively, plasma angiotensin I levels were unaffected during exercise, but increased significantly (p<0.001) during the recovery period. These rapid elevations in hormonal levels may be part of a sympathicoadrenal response to heat/exercise stress as well as an adaptational response to maintain plama volume during and following exercise in the heat.
Effect of Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein on Retinol Oxidation by Human Class IV Retinol/Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Inhibition by Ethanol☆☆☆

All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a powerful morphogen synthesized in a variety of tissues. Oxidation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal determines the overall rate of atRA biosynthesis. This reaction is catalyzed by multiple dehydrogenases in vitro. In the cells, most all-trans retinol is bound to cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP). Whether retinoic acid is produced from the free or CRBP-bound retinol in vivo is not known. The current study investigated whether human medium-chain alcohol/retinol dehydrogenases (ADH) can oxidize the CRBP-bound retinol. The results of this study suggest that retinol bound to CRBP cannot be channeled to the active site of ADH. Thus, the contribution of ADH isozymes to retinoic acid biosynthesis will depend on the amount of free retinol in each cell. Physiological levels of ethanol will substantially inhibit the oxidation of free retinol by human ADHs: class I, alpha alpha and beta 2 beta 2; class II, pi pi; and class IV, sigma sigma.
Mortality Profiles of Patients with Psoriasis in the Newfoundland and Labrador Founder Population

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate mortality profiles of a large sample of psoriasis patients among the Newfoundland and Labrador founder population during a 15-year period, 1991 to 2005. Methods This study is the first step of a multi-phase study that links clinical and administrative data to investigate comorbidities associated with psoriasis among the Newfoundland and Labrador founder population. Medical records of a large cohort of patients with psoriasis (n = 3,472) from a dermatology clinic were linked to the provincial Mortality System via provincial health insurance number. Descriptive analyses for those individuals who had psoriasis and subsequently died were performed based on age, sex, age of onset, severity of disease, and causes of death. Results Among 3,472 patients with psoriasis, 169 (96 males and 73 females) were identified in the provincial Mortality System. Mean (±SD) age at death among psoriatic patients was 70.5 (±13.3) years, compared to provincial and national life expectancy of 78.5 and 80.2 years, respectively. More than half of the deceased patients had mild psoriasis (58.2%) and were diagnosed after age of 25 years (95.6%). Preliminary analysis identifies circulatory disorders (44%) as the most common cause of death among psoriatic patients, followed by neoplasms (24.9%); symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions ranked third (10%). Among the founder population (2003), circulatory disorders and neoplasms were the leading causes of death (36.1% and 27.5%, respectively), with symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions ranking twelfth (0.7%). Conclusion Compared to the founder population, patients with psoriasis died at a younger age and with a higher frequency of circulatory disorders and ill-defined conditions. Findings and lessons learned from this phase will be used in subsequent phases, and will broaden our understanding of comorbidities among individuals with psoriasis.
Nonlinear excitations and nonlinear phenomena in conductive polymers

Abstract Semiconductor polymers such as polyacetylene and polythiophene have experimentally demonstrated nonlinear optical processes with characteristic time scales in the sub-picosecond range. Fast transient photoconductivity measurements on trans -(CH)x as a function of temperature and photon energy indicate a relatively high quantum efficiency for the photoproduction of mobile, charged, nonlinear excitations, consistent with the Su-Schrieffer mechanism for the photogeneration of charged solitons. The major shifts in oscillator strength due to these nonlinear photoexcitations lead to relatively large resonant third-order nonlinear optical processes (χ(3)) on time scales of order 10−13 s. A direct measurement of χ(3) in polyacetylene has been carried out by third harmonic generation. The measured nonresonant value of χ(3)(3ω = ω+ω+ω) = 4 × 10−10 esu. The implied value for χ‖(3) is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding value for polydiacetylene.
Are Exhalation Valves on N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators Beneficial at Low-Moderate Work Rates: An Overview

Exhalation valves (EVs) are touted as useful in dissipating humidity, heat, and carbon dioxide from the dead space of N95 filtering facepiece respirators and decreasing exhalation resistance, thereby making the respirator more comfortable and less physiologically demanding. Despite decades of use, there is limited research on the psychophysiological impact of EVs on the wearer at the current, low-moderate work rates of many workers. The available literature indicates that past and current EVs on the market decrease exhalation resistance to a variable degree and may improve dead space heat dissipation and, consequently, the temperature of the skin covered by the respirator. EVs have little substantial effect on dead space humidity, respiratory rate, heart rate, core temperature, speech intelligibility, or dead space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at the aforementioned work rates. The studies also indicate that EVs may impact comfort and tolerance when N95 filtering facepiece respirators are worn for extended periods or at high work rates. Because comfort and tolerance impact respirator use compliance and, by extension, protection, more research into the psychophysiological impact of EVs on wearers and the development of new EVs tailored for low-moderate work rates are warranted.
REFINED SIMILARITY HYPOTHESIS AND ASYMMETRY OF TURBULENCE

An experimental study of atmospheric turbulence and turbulent pipe flow reveals some deviations from the refined similarity hypothesis (RSH), in addition to those already known. Special emphasis is placed on studying the turbulence asymmetry, as it has proved to be a sensitive indicator of this deviation. It is found that, in spite of good correlation between the velocity increments $u$ and the dissipation field $y,$ the typical amplitude of the latter is appreciably smaller than that of the velocity increments for violent events. In the framework of the RSH, the quantity $V=u/y$ is supposed to be statistically independent of the dissipation. The study shows that there is some weak dependence, manifested at least in a correlation between the sign of $V$ and the amplitude of the dissipation field $y.$ We suggest some modification of the measure in defining the dissipation field, so that the asymmetry can be treated in a self-consistent way in the framework of the RSH.
TESTING OF NEW WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (SUPER OXIDES & CHLORINE) AGAINST E. COLI, VIBRIO CHOLERAE, SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Safe drinking water remains one of the major health goals in the world. New technology has been developed to rapidly and inexpensively produce a superior disinfectant consisting of multiple super oxides, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine (mixed oxidants = MO). The efficiency of this product in killing various bacteria was tested. Bacteria were inoculated into flasks containing only phosphate buffered solution (PBS control) or 1:1000 dilution of MO in PBS. Samples were taken at times indicated and plated on tryptic soy agar plates to determine viable plate counts. <10 bacteria/ml indicates no bacteria were recovered. MO treatment of E. coli concentrations of 470,000/ml yielded <10 bact/ml at <1 minute. The data indicate MO is very bactericidal. P. aeruginosa were killed more slowly, but were effectively killed after 30 minutes. Preliminary data with viruses are also showing good killing with MO. This product may be particularly beneficial in disinfecting water in developing nations.
Lactic Fermentations of Dairy Foods and Their Biological Significance

Abstract Fermentation is one of the methods of food preservation. Over years this method has evolved into a sophisticated art. Milk can be fermented by bacteria, yeasts, and molds to produce a variety of products such as yogurt, cheeses, sour cream, and buttermilk. Modification of milk by microorganisms affects both the physicochemical properties and the economic value of milk. The physicochemical changes are manifested in such properties as flavor, texture, and nutritive value. The economic value of milk is enhanced by the increased storage life of the products. A majority of these modifications are by the enzymes origination from microorganisms and acting on the protein, lipids, and carbohydrates in milk. the products resulting from such changes introduce variety into human diets. changes induced in milk constituents by microorganisms are discussed with regard to flavor, texture, and nutritive value. The significance of such modifications also is considered in terms of microbial synthesis of vitamins, natural antibiotics, natural anticarcinogenic substances, and enzymes. Although the mechanisms of these modifications are not yet understood, studies under in vitro conditions to delineate the physiological implications and nutritional and therapeutic significance of such modifications are described.
Independence of food intake and obesity following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in the rat.

Abstract Lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus that do not cause overeating cause significantly greater accumulations of body fat in male rats maintained on an ad lib diet than in controls. Lesioned rats that overeat show a still greater percentage of body fat. The results indicate that obesity caused by medial hypothalamic lesions can result from both primary metabolic disturbances and overeating; and that experimental obesity consistently results from ventromedial hypothalamic lesions independently of the development of hyperphagia.
Central nervous system metabolic activity after cochlear implantation in the feline neonatal model.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of deafening and cochlear implant stimulation on central nervous system (CNS) metabolic activity in the feline neonate model. Background: Deafening of fetal animals has been shown to result in acute, profound depression of CNS glucose metabolism, in both auditory structures and the cerebral hemispheres. Preliminary studies have suggested that electrical stimulation of the auditory system may increase central nervous metabolic activity after deafening. The purpose of this study was to investigate this possibility. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, blinded, and controlled animal study of 13 random-source newborn kittens. It was set in an animal research facility for otologic disorders. Outcome: Deoxyglucose metabolism (assessed with autoradiograph densitometry) of brain cross-sections of normal, deafened, and deafened and cochlear-implanted animals after 6 weeks of auditory stimulation or deprivation. Results: Chronic deafening did not result in a profound reduction in CNS metabolic activity. Cochlear implantation and electrical stimulation did not significantly raise the level of CNS metabolic activity within either auditory pathways or the cerebral hemispheres. Conclusions: Deafening is not associated with significant chronic reduction in CNS metabolic activity. Other parameters of CNS activity and maturation may be necessary to assess the effects of cochlear implantation and stimulation in animal models. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:361-6.)
A note on integral equations of the kinchin-pease type

Abstract It is shown that the solution of the integral equation governing production of Frenkel pairs in random collision cascades is essentially linear at large energies within the elastic collision region, for a rather general class of scattering cross sections. A standard value for the proportionality constant is suggested, and some implications are discussed.
Effect of irrigation in simulating long-term evapotranspiration climatology in a human-dominated river basin system

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is highly variable in space and time and its quantification using observations or land surface models aids in irrigation and water management. Using the Noah land surface model, long-term trends of ET and surface energy balance were studied within the Snake River basin for the past 30 years spanning between 1980 and 2010. In this study, changes only due to meteorological factors were considered to capture the patterns of change in surface energy balance components. We employed an irrigation scheme in this simulation study since the agricultural lands in the river basin is irrigated almost entirely. This investigation has implications for water management, hydrology, and sustainability of this ecosystem. Uncoupled land surface modeling showed that the energy budget was altered due to anthropogenic activities in the basin with increased latent heat flux and reduced sensible heat flux. ET generally increased over a thirty year period due to warming climate and boundary layer meteorological variables indicated cooling induced by irrigation.
Technology, performance, and computer-aided design of three-dimensional integrated circuits

We present an overview of a new monolithic fabrication technology known as three-dimensional integration. 3D integration refers to any process by which multiple conventional device layers may be stacked and electrically interconnected. By combining state-of-the-art single-wafer integration with a high-density inter-wafer interconnect, our 3D integration process is capable of providing improved circuit performance in terms of metrics such as wire length, area, timing, and energy consumption. In this paper, we will discuss the overall 3D integration process flow, as well as specific technological challenges and the issues they present to circuit designers. We will also describe how these issues may be tackled during the placement, routing, and layout stages of physical design. Finally, we will present some performance results that may be obtained by integrating circuits in three dimensions.
A Monte Carlo Technique with Quasirandom Points for the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper develops a simulation procedure for estimating the distribution function and other parameters of the shortest path length in stochastic activity networks. The method builds on a recently developed conditional Monte Carlo method which involves both the uniformly directed cutsets and the unique arcs while exploiting the presence of series. We extend the estimation beyond the distribution function to other parameters related to the shortest path through a stochastic network. The method uses quasirandom points in lieu of independent random points in an attempt to further improve the efficiency of estimators. The technique is illustrated using a Monte Carlo sampling experiment for a network with 15 arcs. Using an extensive experimental design, the results reveal that the use of quasirandom points greatly enhances the performance of the method.
Changing the model for prevention and detection of fraud

Proposes a new model for fraud detection that goes beyond internal accounting controls. Historically, internal and external auditors focus on internal controls and management integrity as the key components to determine the propensity for irregularities. This new paradigm focuses on gaining an understanding of the corporate culture in order to understand better the opportunity for fraud or illegal acts to occur. Corporate culture provides a more holistic and comprehensive view of the overall management philosophy and control environment. Various sources from practitioners, corporate executives to government agencies estimate that the annual cost of fraud exceeds $100 billion. Recognizes the economic impact of fraud and the historical problems associated with fraud detection. Offers recommendations and discussion for a new model to evaluate organizational behaviour as an alternative method to fight the social and economic cost of fraud.
Narrative and visual-spatial recall: Alternate forms, Learning trial effects, and geriatric performance

Abstract We report three studies that elaborate on the findings of Freides and Avery (1991) who showed that representation of verbal narrative and complex figure stimuli leads to an increase in memory after a subsequent delay rather than the decrease that occurs following single presentations. In the first study, alternate forms are devised and test-retest reliabilities are estimated. In the second, the locus of improvement is examined by administering an additional recall trial immediately after re-presentation of the stimulus. In the third study, findings from a sample of elderly subjects are reported.
Electric signals and schooling behavior in a weakly electric fish, Marcusenius cyprinoides L. (Mormyriformes)

Field recordings of electric organ discharges and catches of Marcusenius cyprinoides showed that these electric fish form groups and move about in schools. The role electric organ discharges in group cohesion was investigated by comparing interactions in groups of intact and operated, electrically silent fish. The absence of electric organ dischares reduced locomotor activity and resulted in the disappearance of two behaviors: parallel lineup and single file swimming. Electric signals are considered part of a schooling mechanism that aids the fish in maintaining group cohesion in their turbid enviornment and during migration at night.
Non-operative management of variceal bleeding.

Traitement medical (vasopressine, somatostatine, propanolol). Tamponnement par sonde ballonnet, infections sclerosantes, electrocauterisation, photocoagulation au laser, embolisation percutanee transhepatique
Experimental Arthritis in the Albino Rat Produced by a Group A Hemolytic Streptococcus.

SummaryAn acute multiple arthritis has been produced in 45 of 51 albino rats by the intravenous injection of a Group A hemolytic streptococcus. In the eyes of 5 rats, an acute monocular purulent endophthalmitis was present.The author wishes to thank Dr. D. M. Angevine for his assistance in this work.
Criteria for “amber trade”: The evidence in the eastern European Neolithic

(1985). Criteria for “amber trade”: The evidence in the eastern European Neolithic. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 16, Studies in Baltic Amber, pp. 200-209.
The 2004 Parkfield earthquake: Test of the electromagnetic precursor hypothesis

[1] A controversy has existed for 30 years concerning the possibility of earthquake prediction using electromagnetic precursors. Long-term electromagnetic monitoring prior to, during, and after the M6.0 earthquake at Parkfield, California, on 28 September 2004 now provides a definitive test of this hypothesis. During the earthquake our instruments recorded clearly documented electrical signals from an earthquake: impulsive changes of up to +2.5 mV at an electrode located 250 m from the rupture zone followed by a transient decay lasting at least 3 1/4 hours. Similar signals (−1.5 mV) were recorded with the only two M > 5 aftershocks, but their transient decays lasted for only ∼17 min. These signals are unambiguously a result of the earthquake and can be useful in studies of fluid flow in faults, a major current topic in earthquake physics. Patterns in the distribution of transient voltages differ from static stress changes, but are consistent with a small coseismic pressure drop on the fault and fluid flow inward. Signals at a distance of 1 km from the fault are less than 1 mV and are statistically no different from zero in our analysis. Transient voltages for the aftershocks have opposite polarity from those recorded with the main shock and are again maximal close to the fault, suggesting subsequent outward flow from the fault. Finally, there is no evidence of any precursory signal, strongly calling into question previously suggested signals preceding smaller or more distant earthquakes.
A general approach to gabriel filters on quantales

(1992). A general approach to gabriel filters on quantales. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 20, No. 11, pp. 3393-3409.
Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composites

Abstract Corrosion protection of aluminum metal-matrix composites (MMC) by anodizing treatments was investigated. Electrochemical behavior of MMC without protection also was investigated. Electroch...
2-Pyrrolidinone, a putative alerting pheromone from rump glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra americana

1. Subject and sourceThe pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, is the sole living member of the familyAntilocapridae, a family consisting of living and extinct pronghorns and the extinctmerycodonts. These large ungulate herbivores have many different skin glands(Kitchen and O’Gara, 1982). Males and females have a gland on each rump (ischiadicglands) and interdigital glands in all hooves. In addition, males have subauricularglands below each ear and a single median gland on the back. This study investigatedvolatile compounds from the rump glands of ﬁve, free ranging, adult, male prong-horn. Samples were collected on 22 and 23 August 1998 in Modoc Co., CA.2. Previous workInterdigital glands (Wood, 2001); subauricular glands (Mu¨ller-Schwarze et al.,1974).
Devolution Drives Russian Reform

The sudden ascendancy of Acting President Putin has yet again raised the specter of authoritarianism or anarchy in Russia. These fears are misguided. Since 1991, the key force at work has been a desirable trend toward the decentralization of power to the Federation's 89 regions.
pH-Dependent Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Is Mediated by the Spike Glycoprotein and Enhanced by Dendritic Cell Transfer through DC-SIGN

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) synthesizes several putative viral envelope proteins, including the spike (S), membrane (M), and small envelope (E) glycoproteins. Although these proteins likely are essential for viral replication, their specific roles in SARS-CoV entry have not been defined. In this report, we show that the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein mediates viral entry through pH-dependent endocytosis. Further, we define its cellular tropism and demonstrate that virus transmission occurs through cell-mediated transfer by dendritic cells. The S glycoprotein was used successfully to pseudotype replication-defective retroviral and lentiviral vectors that readily infected Vero cells as well as primary pulmonary and renal epithelial cells from human, nonhuman primate, and, to a lesser extent, feline species. The tropism of this reporter virus was similar to that of wild-type, replication-competent SARS-CoV, and binding of purified S to susceptible target cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Although myeloid dendritic cells were able to interact with S and to bind virus, these cells could not be infected by SARS-CoV. However, these cells were able to transfer the virus to susceptible target cells through a synapse-like structure. Both cell-mediated infection and direct infection were inhibited by anti-S antisera, indicating that strategies directed toward this gene product are likely to confer a therapeutic benefit for antiviral drugs or the development of a SARS vaccine.
Changes in the field dependence of the 3He relaxation process with 3He coverage

Abstract Measurements of the magnetic relaxation rates of both adsorbed 3 He and the F19 spins in a powdered CaF 2 substrate have been made for various 3 He coverages as a function of applied field. These measurements show a gradual transition to the anomalous linear frequency dependence of the relaxation, beginning at submonolayer coverages. The implications of our NMR measurements to the process responsible for the relaxation are discussed.
Frequency effects in phonological acquisition

We heartily endorse the overarching proposal of Ambridge, Kidd, Rowland, and Theakston (this issue) that frequency effects are ubiquitous and that models of first language acquisition must account for them. Ambridge et al. focus on the effects of frequency on lexical, morphological, and syntactic acquisition. In this commentary, we discuss analogous effects in phonological acquisition.
A Comparison of 2 Intravenous Lipid Emulsions Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective. To assess the safety and efficacy of a fish oil–based intravenous fat emulsion (FIFE) in reducing the incidence of cholestasis in neonates compared with the traditional soybean oil–based intravenous fat emulsion (SIFE). Methods. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Nineteen neonates were enrolled (10 SIFE; 9 FIFE). Nutrition assessments and laboratory studies were serially obtained for the duration of PN support or until 6 months’ corrected gestational age. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at 6 and 24 months’ corrected age. Results. There were no differences between groups in demographic characteristics, with an overall median age of 2 days, gestational age of 36 weeks, and birth weight of 2410 g. There were no differences between groups in baseline laboratory values other than alkaline phosphatase (lower in the FIFE group) or in the duration of parenteral nutrition (PN), amount of enteral intake, or the number of operative procedures. The incidence of cholestasis ...
Myelodysplasia: When to treat and how

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a disorder of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. The result is pancytopenia leading to transfusion-dependent anemia, an increased risk of infection or bleeding, and a potential to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS is most prevalent among older individuals, many of whom also suffer from other medical conditions. MDS is classified according to World Health Organization criteria and the International Prognostic Scoring System. Supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy. Those with low-risk MDS can often be monitored for an extended period of time without specific therapy, whereas those with intermediate- or high-risk MDS benefit from treatment. Currently, only azacitidine is approved for the treatment of MDS. Several new agents are being tested, including inhibitors of angiogenesis (thalidomide, lenalidomide), farnesyl transferase inhibitors (lonafarnib, tipifarnib), and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (azacitidine, decitabine). Lenalidomide appears particularly effective in patients with low-risk MDS with the deletion of chromosome 5q31. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is an alternative for high-risk MDS. With advances in transplantation techniques, this treatment can be offered to an increasing number of patients. However, it is necessary to assess each patient's disease individually and to evaluate prognostic factors, other treatment options, and the appropriateness and timing of transplantation.
Induction of immunoreactive prostaglandin H synthases 1 and 2 and fos in response to cerebral hypoperfusion in late-gestation fetal sheep.

The goal of the present study was to localize and quantify immunoreactive protaglandin H synthase 1 (PGHS-1), PGHS-2, and Fos expression by immunohistochemistry in the fetal brain 30 minutes and 2 hours after the onset of a 10-minute period of cerebral hypoperfusion in barodenervated and chemodenervated fetal sheep. Fetal sheep of known gestational age were studied intact or sinoaortic denervated. Fetuses were sacrificed and tissues recovered for immunohistochemistry or real-time polymerase chain reaction measurements of protein and mRNA, respectively. Some fetuses were subjected to brachiocephalic occlusion, produced by inflation of an extravascular balloon occluder around the brachiocephalic artery. Immunohistochemistry results were quantified using image analysis, and mRNA was quantified by estimation of cycle threshold in generation of PGHS-1 or PGHS-2 amplicons. Sinoaortic denervation by itself did not alter the abundance of PGHS-1 or PGHS-2 protein in any brain region, although the denervation did reduce the abundance of PGHS-1 mRNA in hypothalamus. We assessed PGHS-1, PGHS-2, and Fos immunoreactive protein abundance by image analysis of histologic sections stained for the respective proteins using immunohistochemistry. Cerebral hypoperfusion increased the intensity of staining of immunoreactive PGHS-1, PGHS-2, and Fos in the anterior pituitary, hippocampus, and cerebellum. In the cerebral microvasculature, the intensity of PGHS-1 and Fos was significantly greater, and in the cerebral cortex, the intensity of PGHS-2 was significantly greater. Changes in the amount of immunostaining in the nucleus of tractus solitarius and paraventricular nucleus were not statistically significant. Cerebral hypoperfusion altered the expression and distribution of prostaglandin biosynthetic enzymes in ovine fetal brain by a mechanism that is independent of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferent activity.
Liver lesion detection, characterization, and effect on patient management: Comparison of single-phase spiral CT and current MR techniques

This study compares liver lesion detection, characterization, and effect on patient management between single-phase spiral CT and MRI using spoiled gradient echo (SGE), T2-weighted fat-suppressed spin echo, and serial post gadolinium SGE. All patients with suspected liver lesions who underwent spiral CT and MRI within a 1-month period between January 1993 and September 1996 were included in the study. Spiral CT and MRI were interpreted prospectively in a blinded fashion by separate individual experienced investigators, and lesion detection and characterization were determined. Confirmation was obtained by surgery (6 patients), biopsy (18 patients), imaging follow-up (36 patients), or combined reading of all imaging studies and clinical follow-up (29 patients). Effect on patient management was determined by combined chart review and interview of the patients' physicians and by retrospective clinical assessment performed by a surgical oncologist and medical oncologist separately. Eighty-nine patients were included in the study. Regarding true positive lesion detection, 295 and 519 lesions were detected on spiral CT and MR images, respectively, which was significantly different on a patient-by-patient basis (P < .001). More lesions were detected on MR than on spiral CT in 44 of 89 patients (49.4%), and 11 of these 44 patients had lesions shown on MRI in whom no lesions were apparent on CT images. No patients had true positive lesions shown on spiral CT that were not shown on MRI. Regarding lesion characterization, 129 and 466 lesions were characterized on spiral CT and MRI images, respectively, which was significantly different on a patient-by-patient basis (P < .001). More lesions were characterized on MR than CT images in 67 patients (75.3%). Regarding effect on patient management, chart review with physician interview demonstrated that findings on MRI provided information that altered patient management as compared with findings on spiral CT in 57 patients. Retrospective clinical evaluation by the surgical and medical oncologist showed that MRI was considered to have a greater effect on patient management than spiral CT in 58 and 55 patients, respectively. Comparing current MRI technique to single-phase spiral CT, MRI detected more lesions in 49.4% and characterized more lesions in 75.3% of patients investigated for focal liver disease. MRI had a greater effect on patient management in each of the three methods than single-phase spiral CT in more than 61% of patients.
Help-Seeking for Marital Problems: Perceptions of Individuals in Strong African American Marriages

This exploratory study employed a qualitative approach and a strength-based framework to identify African Americans’ (N = 78) perceptions of help-seeking for marital problems in their strong marriages. Specifically, participants were asked the resources they would seek if marital problems arose, sex differences in willingness to seek professional help for marital problems, and their lived experience with help-seeking for marital problems. African American men and women most frequently cited religion/spirituality and family (immediate/extended) as resources for help during marital challenges. No significant difference was identified between men and women in willingness to seek professional help for marital problems. When discussing experiences with help-seeking for marital problems participants indicated that they considered the trustworthiness of the resource, typically relied on religion/spirituality, and preferred to keep their problems within their relationship. Results are discussed in terms of implications for researchers and marriage professionals.
Integration of avian sarcoma virus specific DNA in mammalian chromatin.

Constitutive heterochromatin and euchromatin fractions from normal and avian sarcoma virus transformed cells of Mus musculur and Microtus agrestis were isolated in order to characterize the site of integration of the viral specific DNA sequences. The transformed mouse (BALB/c 3T3-B77) and M. agrestis (UMMA-RSV-21) cell lines, as well as a revertant clone of the M. agrestis (UMMA-RSV-R-4) were found to have integrated 1–2 viral copies per diploid genome. The number of viral copies was studied by the technique of DNA-DNA hybridization in solution, and in all cases the viral sequences were located in the euchromatin fraction.
Predicting the future of information technology and society [The Road Ahead]

A year ago, this column contemplated the road ahead for semiconductor-based products that build on basic design, test, process, and device technologies. In late 2011, a workshop on the "Future of IT and Society" presented several broad visions of how societal changes will build on semiconductor-based products and information technology in such contexts as social mobility, healthcare, security, and mankind's relationship to the environment. Prediction of "the road ahead" at a societal level - with a meaningful time horizon (and with causal connections to underlying product roadmaps that connect, in turn, to underlying technology roadmaps) - presents a daunting, yet invaluable goal for researchers, governments, and entrepreneurs alike. The author then discusses predictions for IT and society - right and wrong; how well can we predict the future; and how will we predict the future of IT and society. He ends by noting that he believes that a true "science of futurism" will be developed within the next decade. Not only are there strong incentives to better model and predict the interplay between information technology and human society, but there is a steady stream of enabling techniques from big data, machine learning, modeling, and simulation.
Modeling systematic errors: polychromatic sources of Beer-Lambert deviations in HPLC/UV and nonchromatographic spectrophotometric assays.

Abstract It is well established that the use of polychromatic radiation in spectrophotometric assays leads to excursions from the Beer–Lambert limit. This Note models the resulting systematic error as a function of assay spectral width, slope of molecular extinction coefficient, and analyte concentration. The theoretical calculations are compared with recent experimental results; a parameter is introduced which can be used to estimate the magnitude of the systematic error in both chromatographic and nonchromatographic spectrophotometric assays. It is important to realize that the polychromatic radiation employed in common laboratory equipment can yield assay errors up to ∼4%, even at absorption levels generally considered ‘safe’ (i.e. absorption
A Fortran Program for Analyzing the Results of Flanders' Interactional Matrix

This paper presents a FORTRAN program that computes all the indices (such as indirect-direct ratio and extended direct) and all the cells, by individual subject and by totals, of the Flanders' Interactional Matrix. The output consists of printed as well as punched output.
Germinal center reaction: antigen affinity and presentation explain it all

The selection and expansion of B cells undergoing affinity maturation in the germinal center is a hallmark of humoral immunity. A recent paper in Nature provides new insights into the relationships between the affinity of the immunoglobulin receptor for antigen, the ability of B cells to present antigen to T cells, and the processes of selection, mutation, and clonal expansion in the germinal center.
ADI, autophagy and apoptosis: Metabolic stress as a therapeutic option for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer, the leading incidence of cancer in American males, is a disease in which treatment of nonlocalized tumors remains largely unsuccessful. These cancers lose expression of an arginine synthesis enzyme, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and are susceptible to arginine deprivation by arginine deiminase (ADI). We show CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells are susceptible to ADI in a caspase-independent manner in vitro and in a xenograft model in vivo. We demonstrate that single amino acid deprivation by ADI is able to trigger autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and siRNA enhances and accelerates ADI-induced cell death, suggesting that autophagy is a protective response to ADI, at least in the early phases. In addition, the co-administration of docetaxel, a caspase-dependent chemotherapy, with ADI inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Thus, targeting multiple cell death pathways, either through autophagy modulation or non-canonical apoptosis, may find expanded use as adjuvant chemotherapies, providing additional avenues for cancer treatment.
Real anatomy lesson: Differential diagnosis in the first year anatomy course

In designing the medical school curriculum something has to be taught first even though the basic sciences and clinical topics interlock. Students traditionally learn anatomy first and suspend ther bewilderment regarding the eventual application of the structural detail studied. Infinite memory chores are learned with little overall view of how the student's data bank will function in the acute clinical situation. A fundamental charge of physicians is to consider all diagnostic possibilities before implementing treatment. Yet with the current system, first year students find themselves in possession of large volumes of information but are still unable to establish even a rudimentary differential diagnosis. It is suggested that during the first year clinical anatomy course the student be introduced to broad categories of disease using anatomy as the structural foundation for visualizing diagnostic possibilities. Wasteful interludes in the laboratory could be replaced with memory-enhancing dissection using visual, verbal, auditory, and kinesthetic methods coupled with clinically oriented vocabulary expansion. A basic etiologic mnemonic is discussed as a framework for rapid diagnosis. In conjunction with the idea of decreasing medical information overload, we suggest that data presented to medical students in general be organized in a bicameral fashion as either emergent or elective. Anatomists and clinicians should consider rewriting the anatomy manual to include “clinical pathology.”