cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Lung Lavage Volume Return on the Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia.

Abstract Background Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Previous protocols recommend 30% lavage return, though no studies have investigated this relationship. This study aims to assess the influence of BAL volume return on VAP diagnosis. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed of a prospectively maintained database for BAL performed from January 2015 to January 2016 in the trauma and surgical ICU at a level 1 trauma center. In total, 147 ventilated patients with clinical suspicion for pneumonia underwent 264 BALs. A protocol was used with five aliquots of 20 cc of saline instilled. Quantitative cultures were performed with 10ˆ5 colony-forming organisms as the threshold for VAP diagnosis. BAL was repeated at 6-8 d on 50 patients. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the predictors of VAP diagnosis. Results Patients with >40% lavage return had increased rates of VAP diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 2.86, P = 0.002). Increasing volume return also trended toward a lower false-negative rate. Temperature, leukocytosis, and X-ray infiltrate were not associated with increased VAP diagnosis. Concurrent antibiotic therapy at the time of BAL predicted decreased VAP diagnosis (OR 0.58, P = 0.04). On multivariable analysis, only >40% return remained associated with increased rate of VAP diagnosis (OR 4.00, P = 0.004). Conclusions This study found that >40% lavage volume return was associated with increased VAP diagnosis. Clinicians should consider the reliability of a negative BAL if clinical suspicion of VAP is high and lavage return is
Psychosocial functioning among college students who misuse stimulants versus other drugs.

Abstract The misuse of prescription stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall) is a large and growing problem on college campuses. Emerging research examines not only the demographic predictors of stimulant misuse but also the potentially role that stimulant misuse plays in a college student’s overall functioning and mental health. To better understand the experiences specifically linked with stimulant misuse rather than substance use more broadly, we tested whether psychosocial functioning differed across four groups of college students: those who do not misuse stimulants or other hard drugs; those who misuse both stimulants and other hard drugs; those who misuse stimulants but not other hard drugs; and those who misuse other hard drugs but not stimulants (N = 1534; 40.3% male; 33.9% ethnic minority). Those who misused stimulants reported higher levels of impulsivity, as well as substance use consequences, than those who did not use any hard drugs. However, these differences were exacerbated among those who misused stimulants and other hard drugs. Taken together, these findings suggest that stimulant misuse typically occurs in a broader pattern of substance use, and that stimulant misusers generally fall along a continuum of substance use severity in terms of psychosocial functioning.
Special Issue "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques and Applications".

This editorial of the special issue titled “Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques and Applications”, reviews the nineteen papers selected for publication. The proposed studies investigate different aspects of SAR processing including signal modelling, simulation, image analysis, as well as some examples of applications. The papers are grouped according to homogeneous subjects, then objectives and methods are summarised, and the more relevant results are commented.
Noncontact acousto-ultrasonics using laser generation and laser interferometric detection

A compact, portable fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer designed to detect out-of-plane motion on surfaces is described. The interferometer provides a linear output for displacements over a broad frequency range and can be used for ultrasonic, acoustic emission, and acousto-ultrasonic (AU) testing. The interferometer in conjunction with a compact pulsed Nd:YAG laser represents a noncontact testing system. This system was tested to determine its usefulness for the AU technique. The results obtained show that replacement of conventional piezoelectric transducers (PZT) with a laser generation/detection system make it possible to carry out noncontact AU measurements. The waveforms recorded were 5 MHZ PZT-generated ultrasound propagating through an aluminum block, detection of the acoustic emission event, and laser AU waveforms from graphite-epoxy laminates and a filament-wound composite.
Linking Multiscalar Fisheries Using Metacoupling Models

Marine fisheries are social-ecological systems important for human health and livelihoods. However, research approaches that consider human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant fisheries are scarce. As such, we measured and modeled marine fisheries catches at local and regional scales over 65 years (1950–2014), assessed cross-scalar interactions among fishing types (artisanal, subsistence, industrial, recreational), and predicted future catches using the metacoupling framework, a new approach for evaluating human-nature interactions within and across adjacent and distant fisheries (metacouplings). Across taxa examined (mahi-mahi [Coryphaena hippurus], Atlantic bluefin tuna [Thunnus thynnus], cods [Gadidae]), 75% of catches (8.5 million metric tons [MMT]) were made by nations in their own exclusive economic zones (EEZs; Type 1 fishing). However, catches in adjacent EEZs (Type 2 fishing, 1.0 MMT) and distant EEZs and the high seas (Type 3 fishing, 1.9 MMT) increased substantially for all taxa at certain times, becoming consistently important for tuna and cods after 1980. Moreover, Types 1–3 fishing interacted in ways that affect humans differentially across fisheries. For instance, tuna artisanal and subsistence catches (Type 1) decreased with increasing Type 2 and Type 3 industrial fishing, respectively. Cod subsistence catches declined with increasing Type 2/3 industrial fishing and Type 1 artisanal fishing, whereas fishing-type interactions were largely positive for mahi-mahi, causing catches to increase across sectors. Overall, metacouplings affect humans in positive and negative ways that vary across scales and fisheries systems, galvanizing the need for metacoupling-informed fisheries research, policy, and management programs.
Therapeutic advances in Fabry disease: The future awaits

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in GLA gene responsible for coding of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A(α-GAL). The resultant accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb-3) leads to multisystemic disease including progressive chronic kidney disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, stroke, angiokeratomas and corneal whorls. Current treatments include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), along with recent advent of chaperone therapy. ERT has not shown to have dramatic improvement in outcomes for all organ systems, with benefit mostly seen in kidney disease and reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy. ERT, however, is associated with formation of anti-drug antibodies and requirement of long-term venous access, while chaperone therapy can only be used in amenable mutations. A multitude of therapies are now under investigation in various phases of clinical trials. These include pegylated form of α-GAL (pegunigalsidase alpha), gene therapy (both in-vivo and ex-vivo methods), mRNA therapy (inducing production of α-GAL) and substrate reduction therapy (inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase leading to reduction of Gb-3). This review encapsulates literature pertaining to current and investigational therapies for FD.
Polarization dependence of supercontinuum and 3 rd harmonic generation in Si 3 N 4 for optical atomic clocks

Polarization dependence of supercontinuum and third-harmonic generations in silicon-nitride waveguides is mapped from 350-1750 nm. We identify parameters suited for generating coherent signals near 500 and 1000 nm for optical atomic clocks.
Leaving behind the rhetoric of allyship

In fights for social justice, allies and their efforts receive a significant amount of attention. This attention can be justified, as allies serve essential functions in efforts to eliminate inequa...
Too cool for farm to school? Analyzing the determinants of farm to school programming continuation

Abstract Among the various food school programs adopted in the U.S., the Farm to School Program (FTSP) is unique in its aims to improve school children’s dietary outcomes and to support farm income. As repeated food school interventions/programs are more likely to affect students’ dietary outcomes than one-time efforts, school districts’ continued participation in FTSP activities is paramount for the program’s effectiveness. We use data from the Farm to School Census to evaluate differences across school districts participating in the FTSP which decided to continue or not the program, and to assess the determinants of their continuation decision, using a sample-selection probit estimator. Mean comparisons show that, compared to school districs staying in the program, school districts ceasing FTSP are smaller, more reliant on federal assistance programs, with a higher share of students on federal benefits programs, lower overall per-student expenditures, higher per-student food services expenditure and lower awareness of the USDA geographic preference option. However, these factors do not appear to be direct determinants of the probability of continuation, except the awareness of the USDA geographic preference option, which is strongly associated with continuation. Also, we find that the types and number of FTS activities (particularly promotional activities, and activities taking place in the cafeteria) contribute to explaining the decision to continue FTSP more than the challenges experienced when procuring local foods. We find mixed results regarding the association between state-level policies and a school district's probability of participating and continuing in FTSP. In summary, while policy efforts to ensure continued FTSP participation by smaller and more disadvantaged school districts are needed, efforts to increase awareness of the federal geographic procurement preference option, and policies focusing on promotional and cafetia based activites, may sustain continued FTSP participation in the long-run.
Russian Industry in H2 2017: Hovering between Pessimism and Optimism

The second half of 2017 was a tough period for Russian enterprises; in particular, in the middle of the year industrial enterprises saw the demand for their products expand at slower pace. In November, however, a representative indicator set of Gaidar Institute’s business survey statistics exhibited positive changes in key indicators. Demand and output, including forecasts, and finished goods inventory were led by upward dynamics that continued into December.
Walking the Fine Line: How High School Teachers “Manage” Behavioral Issues

Abstract As teachers make daily decisions regarding how to address behaviors in their classrooms, they are walking a fine line of behavior management. In order to be successful in modifying student behaviors, teachers need to analyze the purpose of their strategies and predict the outcome of their actions. This article reports the results of a survey given to secondary teachers working with students with disabilities. Participants were asked to identify the frequency with which they intervened with certain problematic behaviors, which strategies they used, and to what extent they found these strategies useful for modifying student behavior. The implications of their responses are discussed in relation to how they make decisions about improving students' behavioral outcomes.
Adaptive immune regulation of glial homeostasis as an immunization strategy for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, notably Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, are amongst the most devastating disorders afflicting the elderly. Currently, no curative treatments or treatments that interdict disease progression exist. Over the past decade, immunization strategies have been proposed to combat disease progression. Such strategies induce humoral immune responses against misfolded protein aggregates to facilitate their clearance. Robust adaptive immunity against misfolded proteins, however, accelerates disease progression, precipitated by induced effector T cell responses that lead to encephalitis and neuronal death. Since then, mechanisms that attenuate such adaptive neurotoxic immune responses have been sought. We propose that shifting the balance between effector and regulatory T cell activity can attenuate neurotoxic inflammatory events. This review summarizes advances in immune regulation to achieve a homeostatic glial response for therapeutic gain. Promising new ways to optimize immunization schemes and measure their clinical efficacy are also discussed.
Ontological informatics based decision support system for pharmaceutical product development: Milling as a case study

Abstract The present work focuses on extracting the pharmaceutical product and mathematical model development knowledge from the expert and making it computer interpretable. Present focus is on the milling process case study as the ontological concepts have been discussed in the earlier work. The available knowledge includes the domain knowledge (e.g. milling) as well as data-driven modeling (e.g. statistical, neural nets) knowledge. Our decision support system includes milling ontology and guidelines for mill selection, statistical ontology, and a Java engine to integrate these with the Matlab solver. The support system can be used for not only managing models, but also to build models. As a proof of concept a hybrid neural network - population balance model is being built for the milling process using the support system.
The Cost of 2-Distinguishing Cartesian Powers

A graph $G$ is said to be $2$-distinguishable if there is a labeling of the vertices with two labels so that only the trivial automorphism preserves the label classes. The minimum size of a label class in any such labeling of $G$ is called the cost of $2$-distinguishing $G$ and is denoted by $\rho(G)$. The determining number of a graph $G$, denoted $\det(G)$, is the minimum size of a set of vertices whose pointwise stabilizer is trivial. The main result of this paper is that if $G^k$ is a $2$-distinguishable Cartesian power of a prime, connected graph $G$ on at least three vertices with $\det(G)\leq k$ and $\max\{2, \det(G)\} < \det(G^k)$, then $\rho(G^k) \in \{\det(G^k), \det(G^k)+1\}$. In particular, for $n\geq 3$, $\rho(K_3^n)\in \{ \left\lceil {\log_3 (2n+1)} \right\rceil$ $+1, \left\lceil {\log_3 (2n+1)} \right\rceil$ $+2\}$.
Comparing Sequences with Segment Rearrangements

Computational genomics involves comparing sequences based on “similarity” for detecting evolutionary and functional relationships. Until very recently, available portions of the human genome sequence (and that of other species) were fairly short and sparse. Most sequencing effort was focused on genes and other short units; similarity between such sequences was measured based on character level differences. However with the advent of whole genome sequencing technology there is emerging consensus that the measure of similarity between long genome sequences must capture the rearrangements of large segments found in abundance in the human genome.
The Impact of Macrovariables on the Farm Sector: Some Further Evidence

Granger-causality tests and Sims' VAR technique were used to analyze the impact of macrovariables on farm output and prices in the U.S. for the period 1934-1987. Granger-causality tests show one-way causality from the macrovariables to the farm sector variables, and this is supported by impulse response functions from a VAR model. Money and interest rate effects on agricultural prices and output are apparent in the data.
Logic of proofs for bounded arithmetic

The logic of proofs is known to be complete for the semantics of proofs in Peano Arithmetic PA. In this paper we present a refinement of this theorem, we will show that we can assure that all the operations on proofs can be realized by feasible, that is PTIME-computable, functions. In particular we will show that the logic of proofs is complete for the semantics of proofs in Buss' bounded arithmetic S$^{1}_{2}$ . In view of recent applications of the Logic of Proofs in epistemology this result shows that explicit knowledge in the propositional framework can be made computationally feasible.
Rodrigo's Tenth Chronicle: Merit and Affirmative Action

Opponents of affirmative action and similar redistributive measures often argue that they proceed in defiance of the merit principle--the idea that scarce resources, such as places in a law school class, ought to go to those who most deserve them. Since affirmative action's beneficiaries (usually minorities from poor backgrounds) often lack traditional indicators of merit, such as top grades and test scores, it is said, giving them an edge in the competition for law slots violates the merit principle. This chronicle subjects this argument to critical analysis, examining the history and current functioning of conventional merit and noting a number of drawbacks associated with it.
Calibration and Validation of the Hybrid-Maize Crop Model for Regional Analysis and Application over the U.S. Corn Belt

AbstractDetailed parameter sensitivity, model validation, and regional calibration of the Hybrid-Maize crop model were undertaken for the purpose of regional agroclimatic assessments. The model was run at both field scale and county scale. The county-scale study was based on 30-yr daily weather data and corn yield data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service survey for 24 locations across the Corn Belt of the United States. The field-scale study was based on AmeriFlux sites at Bondville, Illinois, and Mead, Nebraska. By using the one-at-a-time and interaction-explicit factorial design approaches for sensitivity analysis, the study found that the five most sensitive parameters of the model were potential number of kernels per ear, potential kernel filling rate, initial light use efficiency, upper temperature cutoff for growing degree-days’ accumulation, and the grain growth respiration coefficient. Model validation results show that the Hybrid-Maize model performed satisfactorily for field-scale ...
Gradual formation of an operative corridor by balloon dilation for resection of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in children with tuberous sclerosis: Specialized minimal access technique of balloon dilation

Background Major sources of morbidity and mortality in patients with tuberous sclerosis who develop subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) relate to tumor growth and resultant hydrocephalus. We describe a modification of a specialized minimal access resection technique in which an operative corridor is formed with balloon dilation over the course of a week prior to tumor resection. Methods Three patients with tuberous sclerosis who had an enlarging SEGA and concomitant hydrocephalus underwent surgical resection with this modified technique. A frontal craniotomy was performed and the optimal trajectory for tumor resection was confirmed by image guidance. After initial insertion of the deflated balloon into the ventricle and removal of the peel-away sheath, inflation of the balloon with a 1-mL saline injection sealed the tract. Additional 1-mL saline injections were continued during the next week until the balloon reached a 15-mm diameter, thus creating the operative corridor. One week after the first operation, the balloon was deflated and removed, and the patient underwent tumor resection via the newly formed operative corridor. Results Three patients with tuberous sclerosis underwent gross total resections of SEGAs and experienced subsequent resolution of ventricular dilation. Postoperative imaging confirmed minimal cortical disruption. Conclusions Use of balloon dilation for the gradual formation of an operative corridor eliminated the need for additional retraction during SEGA resection, potentially decreasing injury to the surrounding neural tissue. In our three patients, the dilation tract retained its integrity during the operation and had sealed completely on postoperative imaging.
A Nonsimilar Solution for Blast Waves Driven by an Asymptotic Piston Expansion.

Abstract : An analytical technique is outlined for predicting the blast wave from a rapid but asymptotic expansion of an inner piston-like surface. The method more accurately describes real blasts compared to conventional point source models and agrees favorably with the exact method of characteristic solution for wave Mach numbers exceeding approximately 1.1. The method makes two a priori assumptions: (1) that the blast wave density can be described by a power law, and (2) that an equation exists for the motion of the driving piston. The present treatment extends the work of Bach and Lee, who assume a zero radius piston (i.e., a point source).
Investigating Land-Use Change on Street Tree Ecosystems

In the early 1940’s, during the early stages of the Manhattan Project (WWII), of rural communities in Anderson County, Tennessee was rapidly converted into laboratory facilities and the city of Oak Ridge. The environment that became Oak Ridge experienced not only pollutants from the laboratory activities, but also alterations from the land-use change from rural to urban areas. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the impacts of land-use change from rural to urban area on 1) street tree diversity and performance; and 2) the biological, chemical and physical properties, and nutrient dynamics of street tree ecosystem soils. There were a total of 607 street trees, composed of 37 different species, on the five main roadways in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The street tree inventory revealed that the street tree ecosystems had a high relative abundance of Acer rubrum (21.91%) and Pyrus calleryana (19.93%). Chemical, rather than physical, soil and site properties in street tree ecosystems had the greatest impact on street tree performance. Soils differed street by street in their biological, chemical, and physical properties but were not influenced by traffic rates. There were also differences in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) during the winter on streets based on their diversity of trees; however, the most diverse street was among the lowest in soil microbial biomass. Seasonally, the winter proved to have not only greater amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBN), but significantly less extractable organic carbon (EOC) and nitrogen (EON) and total labile carbon (TLC) than that in the spring. Overall, this study provided insights into the post urbanization impacts on the street trees, soils, sites, and nutrient dynamics within street tree ecosystems of Oak Ridge.
The Politics of the Superhero

This symposium explores the relationship of superheroes to questions of power, ideology, social relations, and political culture. It represents the first time that a political science journal has devoted sustained attention to the superhero genre as it is reflected in the pages of comic books and graphic novels, and on the big screen.
Occupy All the Dispositifs: Memes, Media Ecologies, and Emergent Bodies Politic

This article assesses Occupy Wall Street as an amalgamation of mediated processes of subjectivation associated with marginal popular culture (memes, meme-platforms, Anonymous operations). This accumulation, I argue, is part of a broader convergence of agencements, of subjectifying processes that took place on and offline, in and out of concentrated occupied zones. OWS gives us one example in response to Toni Negri's call for a genealogy of dispositifs of subjectivation from the perspective of resistance. In addition to examining the accumulation of mediated subjective apparatuses, I propose we think of OWS as an ecology, one that engenders an antagonistic response by a militarized biopolitical state subject (itself an accumulation). I end with some preliminary thoughts on OWS' recomposition after the state's decompositional dispositifs.
The role of discourse in group knowledge construction: A case study of engineering students

This qualitative study examined the role of discourse (verbal elements of language) and Discourse (nonverbal elements related to the use of language, such as ways of thinking, valuing, and using tools and technologies) in the process of group knowledge construction of mechanical engineering students. Data included interviews, participant observations, and transcripts from lab sessions of a group of students working on their senior design project. These data were analyzed using discourse analysis focusing on instances of concept negotiation, interaction in which multiple people contribute to the evolving conceptual conversation. In this context, despite instructors' attempts to enhance the collaboration of group members, concept negotiation was rare. In an effort to understand this rarity, we identified themes related to an engineering Discourse, which included participants' assumptions about the purpose of group work, the views about effective groups, and their epistemologies and ontologies. We explore how the themes associated with the engineering Discourse played a role in how and when the group engaged in concept negotiation. We found that underlying ideologies and assumptions related to the engineering Discourse played both facilitating and inhibitory roles related to the group's conceptually based interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 267–293, 2004
Reducing dynamic and leakage energy in VLIW architectures

The mobile computing device market has been growing rapidly. This brings the technologies that optimize system energy to the forefront. As circuits continue to scale in the future, it would be important to optimize both leakage and dynamic energy. Effective optimization of leakage and dynamic energy consumption requires a vertical integration of techniques spanning from circuit to software levels. Schedule slacks in codes executing in VLIW architectures present an opportunity for such an integration. In this paper, we present three compiler-directed techniques that take advantage of schedule slacks to optimize leakage and dynamic energy consumption. Integer ALU (IALU) components operating with multiple supply voltages are designed to provide different low-energy versions that possess different operational latencies. The goal of the first technique explored is to maximize the number of operations mapped to IALU components with the lowest energy consumption without extending the schedule length. We also consider a variant of this technique that saves more energy at the cost of some performance loss. The second technique uses two leakage-control mechanisms to reduce leakage energy consumption when no operations are scheduled in the component. Our evaluation of these two approaches, using fifteen benchmarks, shows that based on the number and duration of slacks, the availability of low-energy functional units and the relative magnitude of leakage and dynamic energy, either leakage or dynamic energy consumption, will provide more energy gains. Finally, we provide a unified energy-optimization strategy that integrates both dynamic and leakage energy-reduction schemes. The proposed techniques have been incorporated into a cycle accurate simulator using parameters extracted from circuit-level simulation. Our results show that the unified scheme generates better results than using either of dynamic and leakage energy-reduction techniques independently.
A Synthesis of security valuation theory and the role of dividends, cash flows, and earnings*

Abstract. The paper reviews and synthesizes modern finance valuation theory and the ways it relates to the valuation of firms and accounting data. These models permit uncertainty and multiple dates, and the concept of intertemporal consistency in equilibria becomes critical. The key conclusions are (1) the basic theoretical insight derives from a powerful condition of no arbitrage; there is no role for complete markets in basic valuation theory; (2) only anticipated dividends can serve as a generically valid capitalization (present value) attribute of a security; (3) the notion of risk is general, and models such as the CAPM occur only as special cases; (4) the notion that one can capitalize cash flows rather than dividends requires additional (relatively stringent) assumptions; (5) existing theory of “pure” earnings under uncertainty lacks unity regarding their meaning and characteristics. It is argued that only one concept of “pure” earnings makes economic sense. In this case earnings are sufficient to determine a security's pay-off, price plus dividends, consistent with some prior research but inconsistent with others. Resume. L'auteur procede a l'examen et a la synthese de la theorie moderne de l'evaluation financiere et de la facon dont elle se rapporte a l'evaluation des entreprises et des donnees comptables. Les modeles utilises prevoient les cas d'incertitude et de dates multiples, et la notion d'uniformite intertemporelle en situation d'equilibre revet une importance critique. Les principales conclusions de l'auteur sont les suivantes: 1) le principe theorique fondamental derive d'une forte situation de non-arbitrage; 2) seuls les dividendes anticipes peuvent servir d'attribut de capitalisation (valeur actualisee) valide d'un titre sur le plan generique; 3) la notion de risque est generale, et les modeles tels que le modele d'equilibre des marches financiers ne se verifient que dans des cas particuliers; 4) la notion de capitalisation des flux monetaires plutot que des dividendes necessite des hypotheses supplementaires (relativement rigoureuses); 5) la theorie existante des benefices « purs » en situation d'incertitude manque d'unite en ce qui a trait au sens et aux caracteristiques de ces benefices. L'auteur affirme que la revue qu'il a effectvee de travaux anterieurs l'amene a conclure qu'un seul concept de benefices « purs » se justifie sur le plan economique pour determiner le produit d'un titre qui comprenne a la fois le prix et les dividendes.
Review: Prostaglandins and cancer

Abstract This paper reviews work on the role of prostaglandins in cancer. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates elevated amounts of E series of prostaglandins in human and experimental tumors. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro or in vivo results in inhibition of tumor growth.Involvement of prostaglandins is implicated in the actions of tumor promoters like phorbol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens. Symptoms like hypercalcemia, osteolysis and tumor metastasis are discussed where disordered synthesis and/or action of prostaglandins and related substances might have a role in the altered metabolism associated with neoplasia.
M-Center singlet to triplet excitation in KCl

M centers are transformed to a triplet state either through the capture of an electron by an M+ center or through the optical bleaching of an M′ center. Using a technique similar to one previously developed by Schneider, Keller, and Klick, it is found that about four times as many triplets are produced through the M+ mechanism than through the M′. In these experiments, bleaching is produced with intense infrared excitation of short duration absorbed in the F′ or M′ bands for crystals which contain either M+ or M′ centers. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the M+ mechanism might be predominant at low temperatures for continuous excitation in the F-spectral region.
Opposing headings of excavating and depositing termites facilitate branch formation in the Formosan subterranean termite

Subterranean termites forage through a network of tunnels. The topology of the networks can be characterized in terms of branch angles and branching rate. When termites encounter depressions in the walls of tunnels, they may excavate the soil from the depression, which could result in the formation of new branches, or they may deposit previously excavated soil from elsewhere, which could fill in the depression. Thus, the likelihood of a branch forming is determined by the balance between soil arriving and filling the void and soil being excavated to enlarge it. We examined the tunneling behaviour of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in experimental arenas and found that excavation and deposition do not take place evenly across the face of tunnel wall depressions: excavation (by unloaded termites moving towards the digging face at the tunnel tip) is more likely at the proximal face (relative to the tunnel tip), while deposition (by loaded termites returning from the tunnel tip) is more likely at the distal face. This differential focus of labour within depressions facilitated branch formation by reducing localized competition between loaded and unloaded termites. Once a branch was established, biased excavation and deposition led to a shift in branch heading from about 90° relative to the main tunnel to about 50–60°, close to the theoretical optimum for the efficient flow of termites through tunnels. The basic elements of the excavation/deposition system and feedback between the two may be selected in evolution to optimize the tunnel network and thus the cost/benefit balance of feeding.
Fluorescence characteristics of purines, pyrimidines, and their derivatives: measurement of guanine in nucleic acid hydrolyzates.

Abstract Fluorescence spectrometry has been applied to the purines and pyrimidines revealing that many of them do emit appreciable fluorescence. The following quantum efficiencies were observed: thymine, 0.15%; adenine, 0.20%; and guanine, 3.0%. A simple and specific procedure for the fluorometric assay of guanine in nucleic acid hydrolyzates is reported.
The marine inorganic carbon system along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the United States: Insights from a transregional coastal carbon study

Author Posting. © Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 58 (2013): 325-342, doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0325.
Effects of Aortic Insufficiency on Circulatory Dynamics of the Dog: With Special Reference to Coronary Blood Flow and Cardiac Oxygen Consumption

In dogs with chronic aortic insufficiency accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy, the coronary blood flow, cardiac oxygen consumption, coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference, coronary oxygen utilization, systolic pressure and cardiac rate are increased significantly above the normals, while coronary venous oxygen saturation, coronary resistance and diastolic pressure are significantly decreased.
1595 MILK FORMULA CAUSES ALUMINUM (AL) TOXICITY IN UREMIC INFANTS

Young children, particularly infants with chronic renal failure, are prone to develop Al accumulation in brain and bone. Ingestion of Al containing phosphate binders (Al (OH)3) and Al in dialysis water were identified as sources for Al. Daily intake of elemental Al > 100 mg/kg b.w. was shown to be toxic. We report Al toxicity in 2 infants with congenital uremia and no intake of Al(OH)3. The 1 and 2-1/2 month old infants were fed similac PM 60/40. The first patient expired after one month of conservative management without dialysis or therapy with Al(OH)3. Brain Al was high (47.4 ng/mg) and bone Al within normal limits. Bone histology did not reveal pathologic changes of bone structure, bone formation or resorption. The other patient began continuous peritoneal dialysis at two weeks of age, never received Al(OH)3 and expired during the third month of life, following sudden onset of CNS-related symptoms. Al was high in brain (6.4 ng/mg) yet normal in bone. To explore possible sources of Al intake, powder of milk and ready-to-use formulae administered to the patients were assayed. Concentrations of Al in milk were consistently elevated (232±60, range 126-316 ng/ml). In addition, water used for preparation of milk formulae had Al concentrations of 130-280 ng/ml. Al concentrations in dialysate and peritoneal removal of Al were insignificant. Our findings of Al accumulation in brain with normal Al content in bone and absence of stainable bone Al indicate a high susceptibility of the developing infant's CNS to Al toxicity. Since the infants reported here did not ingest Al(OH)3, proprietary milk formulae and drinking water, identified as sources, must nave played an important role. Availability of Al-free milk and of Al-free drinking water should help to prevent Al related toxicity in infants with renal failure.
A maximum likelihood approach for identifying human operator remnant in a tracking task

By applying a maximum likelihood approach to identification with empirical data from a tracking task, the output signal uncorrelated with the input signal (a definition of human operator remnant) can be determined. To obtain this remnant signal, a linear, stationary model describing the human is utilized. The innovations signal, is computed from the difference in the empirical data and the model's output. The remnant can then be identified using the innovations sequence by computing the component of the output signal which is uncorrelated (or orthogonal) to the input signal. Data from a Roll Axis Tracking Simulator is analyzed and remnant is identified to two phases of tracking (with and without motion information).
Influence of growth rate on the structure and composition of float zone grown Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 superconducting fibers

Abstract A study of the influence of growth rate on the structure and composition of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 fibers grown by a float zone process showed that there is a threshold solidification rate above which multiple phases form. CaSrCu 2 O 4 and two Bi-rich cuprates were found in these multiphase fibers. Compositional analysis of a slowly grown single phase fiber, and the melt from which it grew, provided some important details about the phase relations in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. A short initial transient region was found prior to the onset of steady-state growth. This region contained CaSrCu 2 O 4 . The steady-state melt composition was found to contain Bi 2.2 Sr 1.6 Ca 0.85 Cu 2.2 O 15.5 . These data confirm reports that this compound is incongruently melting.
Time-dependent clear-water scour for submerged bridge flows

The current design of bridge foundations based on equilibrium scour depths is much larger than the real maximum scour depth since peak flood periods are often too short to reach equilibrium conditions. Based on a tested hypothesis on the time rate of scour, this research presents a power-exponential equation for the time-dependent clear-water scour depth including a nonzero initial condition for submerged bridge flows. For zero initial conditions, the proposed equation is reduced to a log or power law during the initial phase and an exponential decay near the equilibrium condition. The proposed equation reduces design depths according to design flows and their peak periods, translating into significant savings in the construction of bridge foundations. With a real-time monitoring system, the proposed equation also predicts time-series scour depths during floods, helping bridge managers formulate timely corrective strategies.
Diverse dimensionalities and structures in copper coordination polymers incorporating substituted aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands and 4,4′-bipyridine

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a series of divalent copper coordination polymers with substituted glutarate ligands and the rigid rod tether 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy): {[Cu(Hdmg)2(bpy)]·H2O}n (1, dmg = 3,3-dimethylglutarate), {[Cu2(dmg)(bpy)2](ClO4)]n (2), [Cu2(emg)2(bpy)]n (3, emg = 3-ethyl, 3-methylglutarate) and [Cu2(cda)2(bpy)]n (4, cda = 1,1-cyclopentanediacetate). All materials were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 manifests μ2-oxygen bridged [Cu2(Hdmg)4] “X”-patterns connected into a ribbon motif by bpy linkers. On the other hand, 2 possesses mixed-valence [CuICuIICuIICuI] tetrameric clusters bridged by dmg ligands and pillared into an 8-connected body-centered cubic (bcu) cationic lattice by bpy linkers. Compounds 3 and 4 are structurally very similar, displaying chain motifs with {Cu2(CO2)4} paddlewheels connected by dicarboxylates, in turn conjoined into (4,4)-grid coordination polymer layers by bpy tethers. Variable temperature magnetic data indicate the presence of very strong antiferromagnetic coupling within the {Cu2(CO2)4} paddlewheels in the latter two complexes, with g = 2.30(2) and J = −352(3) cm−1 for 3 and g = 2.35(2) and J = −352(5) cm−1 for 4. Significant structural contrasts are evident when compared to previously reported divalent copper/4,4′-bipyridine coordination polymers with unsubstituted or 2-methyl substituted glutarate ligands.
The stimulation of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose transport in control and virus‐transformed cells by ethidium bromide

Recently we demonstrated that ethidium bromide altered the plasma and subcellular membrane glycoproteins in control and virus transformed cells. It is reported here that ethidium bromide also stimulated the membrane associated process of sugar transport. The KM of the virus transformed cells and the ethidium bromide treated cells is the same as that of the control cells while the maximum velocity as compared to the control cells is significantly increased. The transport of 2-deoxyl-D-glucose was inhibited by glucose, cytochalasin B and neuraminidase but was unaffected by variations in cell density or pH of the incubation medium.
High-precision osmium isotopes in enstatite and Rumuruti chondrites

Abstract Isotopic heterogeneity within the solar nebula has been a long-standing issue. Studies on primitive chondrites and chondrite components for Ba, Sm, Nd, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ti, and Os yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting large-scale heterogeneity. Low-grade enstatite and Rumuruti chondrites represent the most extreme ends of the chondrite meteorites in terms of oxidation state, and might thus also present extremes if there is significant isotopic heterogeneity across the region of chondrite formation. Osmium is an ideal tracer because of its multiple isotopes generated by a combination of p-, r-, and s-process and, as a refractory element; it records the earliest stages of condensation. Some grade 3–4 enstatite and Rumuruti chondrites show similar deficits of s-process components as revealed by high-precision Os isotope studies in some low-grade carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Enstatite chondrites of grades 5–6 have Os isotopic composition identical within error to terrestrial and solar composition. This supports the view of digestion-resistant presolar grains, most likely SiC, as the major carrier of these anomalies. Destruction of presolar grains during parent body processing, which all high-grade enstatite chondrites, but also some low-grade chondrites seemingly underwent, makes the isotopically anomalous Os accessible for analysis. The magnitude of the anomalies is consistent with the presence of a few ppm of presolar SiC with a highly unusual isotopic composition, produced in a different stellar environment like asymptotic giant branch stars (AGB) and injected into the solar nebula. The presence of similar Os isotopic anomalies throughout all major chondrite groups implies that carriers of Os isotopic anomalies were homogeneously distributed in the solar nebula, at least across the formation region of chondrites.
On the solution of a partial differential equation arising in Stokes flow

The partial differential equation E^4@j = 0 that arises in the theory of fluids associated with axisymmetric Stokes flow in a torus will be investigated in toroidal coordinates. The solution @j, which represents the stream function, will be shown to depend on Legendre, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions.
Variations in shear-wave splitting in young Pacific seafloor

[1] Analysis of SKS phases recorded by ocean-bottom seismometers in the GLIMPSE Experiment has expanded the region of in situ measurements of shear-wave splitting in young seafloor near the southern East Pacific Rise. Average splitting times at individual GLIMPSE sites range from 1.1 to 2.2 s with fast direction azimuths trending approximately in the direction of absolute plate motion and fossil spreading for the Pacific plate. The GLIMPSE study area at 12 to 14°S is adjacent to the MELT Experiment. The new observations demonstrate that splitting delays are not uniform on the Pacific plate and that the contrast between the Nazca and Pacific plates is not a fundamental consequence of the asymmetric plate motion. The variations in degree of splitting could be caused by small-scale convection, variations in water content, or rate of deformation in the asthenospheric return flow to the East Pacific Rise.
SOCIAL FACTORS IN ACQUISITION OF BAR PRESSING BY RATS

Stmamcrsy.-An experiment was performed to determine the effects of a response-sophisticated model on the acquisition of a novel operant response (bar press) in the rat. Results are consistent with Bandura's social learning theory and suggest that previous srudies may have confounded acquisition with performance in attempting to demonstrate observational learning in species other than man.
Characterization of asymmetry in microporous membranes by cross-sectional confocal laser scanning microscopy

Abstract Oftentimes, membrane morphology studies are done with scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. One disadvantage of these techniques is that they retrieve only superficial information. To study the interior of a sample, the sample must be cut, and the integrity of the structure can be destroyed. In this contribution, we present data on membrane morphology characterization by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), a minimally invasive technique that utilizes optical, rather than mechanical, sectioning to provide three-dimensional imaging. CLSM was used to characterize symmetric and asymmetric membranes with nominal pore sizes in the range 0.22–8.0 μm. A standardized protocol for sample preparation and analysis by CLSM was developed for symmetric membranes to capture high resolution images at different depths. Optical sectioning of the membrane was performed at 0.4 μm intervals from the surface to the depth-of-penetration limit. To characterize the asymmetry in the thickness direction of membranes with thicknesses greater than the observed light penetration depth, we developed a new cross-sectional CLSM method involving membrane cryosectioning that enabled imaging of the entire membrane cross section. Concerns about surface artifacts due to sample preparation were avoided by imaging just below the surface of the membrane cross section. Finally, porosity was quantified as a function of depth for the symmetric and asymmetric membranes.
Distribution and niche diversity of haustoriid amphipods in North Carolina

Amphipods of the family Haustoriidae are abundant in sandy beaches along the N. American Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence southward to Florida. The distribution of these amphipods was studied in North Carolina barrier island and lagoonal sandy beaches. Seven species were found to occur sympatrically in an ocean-inlet beach at Morehead City. Their cocxistence was explained by niche diversification. The most obvious differences in ecological niches were related to intertidal zonation patterns, seasons of reproductive activity, size differences, and habitats.