cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographies of the tropical Internet: An overview

The literature on the geography of cyberspace has focused heavily on the economically developed countries in the mid-latitude regions of the world. This paper addresses the spatiality of the Internet among countries located in the tropics. It charts the network of optical fibre lines that make access possible and the critical role played by telecommunications deregulation. It also accounts for the rapidly changing pools and explosive growth of Internet users between 2000 and 2005 in relation to the socioeconomic variables closely associated with access: costs, wealth, literacy and telephone penetration rates. Finally, the paper also looks at government censorship in various regional contexts and summarizes the status of e-commerce and e-government in different regions within the tropics.
What's Happening in China's Textile and Clothing Industries?

This study examines major changes in China's textile and clothing industries, studies their reactions to quota elimination, and explores the current status of China's textile and clothing industries, and to bring enhanced understanding to Western countries. Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted at the end of 2005 and beginning of 2006 in China. Four themes were found. China's textile and clothing industries have transitioned from a planned economic system to a market economic system. The major textile and clothing production and trading centers nowadays are located along the East Coast of China. Different formats of textile and clothing enterprises have gone through different transitional processes. Most of these companies today face three challenges: the instability of the trading environment, changing currency exchange rates, and an increasing energy price. New strategies have been developed, such as focusing on quality rather than quantity, developing Chinese brands, and moving facilities to othe...
Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer Lessons from Animal Models

The past several decades have seen great effort devoted to mimicking the key features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in animals and have produced 2 robust models of this deadly cancer. Carcinogen-treated Syrian hamsters develop PDAC with genetic lesions, which reproduce those of human, including activation of the Kras oncogene, and early studies in this species validated nongenetic risk factors for PDAC including pancreatitis, obesity, and diabetes. More recently, PDAC research has been invigorated by the development of genetically engineered mouse models based on tissue-specific Kras activation and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. Surprisingly, mouse PDAC appears to arise from exocrine acinar rather than ductal cells, via a process of phenotypic reprogramming that is accelerated by inflammation. Studies in both models have uncovered molecular mechanisms by which inflammation promotes and sustains PDAC and identified targets for chemoprevention to suppress PDAC in high-risk individuals. The mouse model, in particular, has also been instrumental in developing new approaches to early detection as well as treatment of advanced disease. Together, animal models enable diverse approaches to basic and preclinical research on pancreatic cancer, the results of which will accelerate progress against this currently intractable cancer.
Long tails in regional surface temperature probability distributions with implications for extremes under global warming

[1] Prior work has shown that probability distributions of column water vapor and several passive tropospheric chemical tracers exhibit longer-than-Gaussian (approximately exponential) tails. The tracer-advection prototypes explaining the formation of these long-tailed distributions motivate exploration of observed surface temperature distributions for non-Gaussian tails. Stations with long records in various climate regimes in National Climatic Data Center Global Surface Summary of Day observations are used to examine tail characteristics for daily average, maximum and minimum surface temperature probability distributions. Each is examined for departures from a Gaussian fit to the core (here approximated as the portion of the distribution exceeding 30% of the maximum). While the core conforms to Gaussian for most distributions, roughly half the cases exhibit non-Gaussian tails in both winter and summer seasons. Most of these are asymmetric, with a long, roughly exponential, tail on only one side. The shape of the tail has substantial implications for potential changes in extreme event occurrences under global warming. Here the change in the probability of exceeding a given threshold temperature is quantified in the simplest case of a shift in the present-day observed distribution. Surface temperature distributions with long tails have a much smaller change in threshold exceedances (smaller increases for high-side and smaller decreases for low-side exceedances relative to exceedances in current climate) under a given warming than do near-Gaussian distributions. This implies that models used to estimate changes in extreme event occurrences due to global warming should be verified regionally for accuracy of simulations of probability distribution tails.
Superior and inferior vena caval flows during respiration: pathogenesis of Kussmaul's sign

Respiratory induced changes in superior (QSVC) and inferior (QIVC) vena caval flows and abdominal pressures were evaluated in anesthetized closed-chest dogs. QSVC and QIVC were measured with ultrasound transit time flow probes (n = 5), and general (Pab) and regional subdiaphragmatic (Pd) abdominal pressures were measured by air-filled balloons (n = 5), during two respiratory maneuvers produced by phrenic nerve stimulation, i.e., simulated spontaneous inspiration (SSI), and Mueller maneuver (MM), with the airway occluded to minimize diaphragmatic descent. With hypervolemia: during SSI, QSVC decreased, QIVC increased, and right atrial pressure increased (P less than 0.05) despite a decrease in esophageal pressure (Pes), i.e., Kussmaul's sign; during MM, both QSVC and QIVC increased (P less than 0.05) without Kussmaul's sign. The ratios delta Pab/delta Pes and delta Pd/Pes were larger during SSI than MM (P less than 0.01). With hypovolemia: during SSI and MM, QSVC increased and QIVC decreased with a venous pressure gradient across the diaphragm (P less than 0.05), consistent with development of a vascular waterfall. These results suggest that 1) changes in abdominal pressure may affect the patterns of QSVC and QIVC during respiration, depending on blood volume status; 2) a prolonged inspiration with hypovolemia may decrease QIVC because of the development of a vascular waterfall; 3) QSVC and QIVC may be interdependent during respiration; and 4) the essential mechanism of Kussmaul's sign is a substantially larger inspiratory increase in abdominal pressures produced by diaphragmatic descent compared with the decrease in intrathoracic pressure under hypervolemic conditions, rather than the presence of pericardial pathology or right heart dysfunction.
The Number of Parties As a Function of Heterogeneity and Electoral System

What determines the number of parties in a national assembly? Previous work has emphasized either sociopolitical heterogeneity or electoral system permissiveness, or brought them together on an empirical basis. Here an equation is developed that satisfies two theoretical boundary conditions and expresses the effective number of assembly parties (N) in terms of both the number of politicized issue dimensions (I) and effective magnitude (M) of electoral system: N = I.6M.15 + 1. Actually, depending on circumstances, any of the three variables could become the dependent one, affected by the two others. Empirical evidence is presented, based on Lijphart's (1984) data on 22 stable regimes.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INDUCTION AND ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF CYCLOSPORINE-INDUCED SYNGENEIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE

These studies further delineate the requirements for the establishment and transfer of SGVHD. We show that (a) two mechanisms distinguishable by radiation and drug sensitivities exist, (b) lethal irradiation correlates with a 100% incidence in the induction of SGVHD, whereas (c) both sublethal or lethal irradiation and cytoxan therapy are effective in ablating the host autoregulatory system in order to transfer autoreactivity, (d) unfractionated as well as nylon wool-nonadherent splenocytes effectively inhibit the transfer of autoimmunity, and (e) OX19 depletion of that population, however, destroys the autoregulatory effect present in normal splenocytes. To demonstrate complete inhibition of immune reactivity, twice the number of unfractionated splenocytes from normal animals was required for every splenocyte from autoimmune donors. Last, the infusion of effector splenocytes on 4, 7, and 14 d after transplantation correlates to a decrease from 100%, 70 to 0% incidence of SGVHD, thus emulating the incidence obtained in a pretransplant rat within 2 wk. These findings further clarify the immunobiological complexity of SGVHD and suggest that since autoregulatory cells already exist in normal animals that CsA-induced autoimmunity is a reflection of not an induced reactivity specific to one therapeutic reagent but the uncoupling of normal immunologic mechanisms essential in controlling autoimmunity.
Maternal and newborn outcomes in planned home birth vs planned hospital births: a metaanalysis

Objective We sought to systematically review the medical literature on the maternal and newborn safety of planned home vs planned hospital birth. Study Design We included English-language peer-reviewed publications from developed Western nations reporting maternal and newborn outcomes by planned delivery location. Outcomes' summary odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Planned home births were associated with fewer maternal interventions including epidural analgesia, electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, episiotomy, and operative delivery. These women were less likely to experience lacerations, hemorrhage, and infections. Neonatal outcomes of planned home births revealed less frequent prematurity, low birthweight, and assisted newborn ventilation. Although planned home and hospital births exhibited similar perinatal mortality rates, planned home births were associated with significantly elevated neonatal mortality rates. Conclusion Less medical intervention during planned home birth is associated with a tripling of the neonatal mortality rate.
Pairwise Knockdowns of cdc2-Related Kinases (CRKs) in Trypanosoma brucei Identified the CRKs for G1/S and G2/M Transitions and Demonstrated Distinctive Cytokinetic Regulations between Two Developmental Stages of the Organism

Expression of the cdc2-related kinase 3 (CRK3) together with expression of CRK1, -2, -4, or -6, were knocked down in pairs in the procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, using the RNA interference technique. Double knockdowns of CRK3 and CRK2, CRK4, or CRK6 exerted significant growth inhibition and enriched the cells in G2/M phase, whereas a CRK3 plus CRK1 (CRK3 + CRK1) knockdown arrested cells in both G1/S and G2/M transitions. Thus, CRK1 and CRK3 are apparently the kinases regulating the G1/S and G2/M checkpoint passages, respectively, whereas the other CRKs are probably playing only minor roles in cell cycle regulation. A CRK1 + CRK2 knockdown in the procyclic form was found to cause aberrant posterior cytoskeletal morphogenesis (X. M. Tu and C. C. Wang, Mol. Biol. Cell 16:97-105, 2005). A CRK3 + CRK2 knockdown, however, did not lead to such a change, suggesting that CRK2 depletion can lead to the abnormal morphogenesis only when procyclic-form cells are arrested in the G1 phase. The G2/M-arrested procyclic form produces up to 20% stumpy anucleated cells (zoids) in the population, suggesting that cytokinesis and cell division are not blocked by mitotic arrest but are apparently driven to completion by the kinetoplast cycle. In the bloodstream form, however, G2/M arrest resulted in little zoid formation but, instead, enriched a population of cells each containing multiple kinetoplasts, basal bodies, and flagella and an aggregate of multiple nuclei, indicating failure in entering cytokinesis. The two different cytokinetic regulations between two distinct stage-specific forms of the same organism may provide an interesting and useful model for further understanding the evolution of cytokinetic control among eukaryotes.
Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy).

There are reports that complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy; CRPS-I/RSD) can spread from the initial site of presentation, but there are no detailed descriptions of the pattern(s) of such spread. We describe a retrospective analysis of 27 CRPS-I/RSD patients who experienced a significant spread of pain. Three patterns of spread were identified. 'Contiguous spread (CS)' was noted in all 27 cases and was characterized by a gradual and significant enlargement of the area affected initially. 'Independent spread (IS)' was noted in 19 patients (70%) and was characterized by the appearance of CRPS-I in a location that was distant and non-contiguous with the initial site (e.g. CRPS-I/RSD appearing first in a foot, then in a hand). 'Mirror-image spread (MS)' was noted in four patients (15%) and was characterized by the appearance of symptoms on the opposite side in an area that closely matched in size and location the site of initial presentation. Only five patients (19%) suffered from CS alone; 70% also had IS, 11% also had MS, and one patient had all three kinds of spread. Our results suggest that CRPS-I/RSD spread may not be a unitary phenomenon. In some it may be due to a local spread of pathology (CS); in others it may be a consequence of a generalized susceptibility (IS). In the MS case, spread may be due to abnormal neural functioning spreading via commissural pathways. Alternatively, we discuss the possibility that all three kinds of spread may be due to aberrant CNS regulation of neurogenic inflammation.
Material properties in SiGe/Ge quantum wells

Photocurrent measurements in Ge quantum wells and quantum tunneling resonance simulations give the first measurements of effective masses and other parameters for design of high-performance SiGe/Ge quantum well optoelectronics on silicon.
Environmental Change in a Psychiatric Setting A Social Systems Analysis

The extensive physical remodeling of a psychiatric admissions ward was conducted to investigate the relationship between ward design and patient behavior. This paper presents an analysis of important changes in the ward social system, including staff role relationships, distribution of power, and communication styles, which were generated by the physical changes and mediated the effects on patient behavior. The social system impacts are conceptualized as operating through a time-ordered process of environmental change involving four phases-petrification, unfreezing, resistance, and personalization. Psychological issues underlying the translation of environmental change into change at the level of the ward social system are discussed. Finally, comparisons are drawn between interventions based on environmental strategies and those based on organizational development techniques.
A generalization of the bush-mosteller model with some significance tests

A generalization of the Bush-Mosteller learning model is proposed in connection with two-alternative learning situations with continuous reinforcement. The problem is to test the hypothesis that reward and non-reward are equally effective in promoting learning. Statistically this reduces to testing a hypothesis about the value of a single parameterϑ, while a set of other parameters remains unspecified. The test presented has the property of being asymptotically locally most powerful among all tests of the same size and asymptotically similar. The application of the test is illustrated.
Hemolytic Activity of Plasma and Urine from Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Legionella pneumophila

Rabbits were infected with Legionella pneumophila by intravenous administration of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with this organism. Heated plasma from animals with severe illness caused by L. pneumophila lysed erythrocytes from guinea pigs in a radial hemolysis assay. Plasma from control rabbits did not lyse guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel assays. Urine from two of the infected animals also showed hemolytic activity. Attempts to induce illness in rabbits by intranasal administration of L. pneumophila were less successful. Allantoic fluid from embryonated hen eggs developed hemolytic activity when maintained either in vitro at room temperature or in eggs whose embryos were killed by refrigeration. Hemolytic activity in filtrates of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with L. pneumophila, as previously reported, may not be due to the presence of bacterial hemolysins in the fluid.
Efficient Two-Party Secure Computation on Committed Inputs

We present an efficient construction of Yao's "garbled circuits" protocol for securely computing any two-party circuit on committed inputs. The protocol is secure in a universally composable way in the presence of maliciousadversaries under the decisional composite residuosity (DCR) and strong RSA assumptions, in the common reference string model. The protocol requires a constant number of rounds (four-five in the standard model, two-three in the random oracle model, depending on whether both parties receive the output), O(|C|) modular exponentiations per player, and a bandwidth of O(|C|) group elements, where |C| is the size of the computed circuit. Our technical tools are of independent interest. We propose a homomorphic, semantically secure variant of the Camenisch-Shoup verifiable cryptosystem, which uses shorter keys, is unambiguous(it is infeasible to generate two keys which successfully decrypt the same ciphertext), and allows efficient proofs that a committed plaintext is encrypted under a committed key. Our second tool is a practical four-round (two-round in ROM) protocol for committedoblivious transfer on strings(string-COT) secure against malicious participants. The string-COT protocol takes a few exponentiations per player, and is UC-secure under the DCR assumption in the common reference string model. Previous protocols of comparable efficiency achieved either committed OT on bits, or standard (non-committed) OT on strings.
Density functional plus dynamical mean-field theory of the spin-crossover molecule Fe(phen) 2 (NCS) 2

We study the spin-crossover molecule $\text{Fe}{(\mathrm{phen})}_{2}{(\mathrm{NCS})}_{2}$ using density functional theory (DFT) plus dynamical mean-field theory, which allows access to observables not attainable with traditional quantum chemical or electronic structure methods. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility, electron addition and removal spectra, and total energies are calculated and compared to experiment. We demonstrate that the proper quantitative energy difference between the high-spin and low-spin state, as well as reasonably accurate values of the magnetic susceptibility can be obtained when using reasonable interaction parameters. Comparisons to DFT and $\text{DFT}+U$ calculations demonstrate that dynamical correlations are critical to the energetics of the low-spin state. Additionally, we elucidate the differences between $\text{DFT}+U$ and spin density functional theory (SDFT) plus $U$ methodologies, demonstrating that $\text{DFT}+U$ can recover $\text{SDFT}+U$ results for an appropriately chosen on-site exchange interaction.
Far-off resonance conditional phase-shifter using the ac Stark shift

We suggest a conditional phase-shifter that achieves a phase shift of π radians between two weak laser beams with a total energy density on the level of 1000 photons per atomic cross-section. The two laser beams interact through the simple nonlinear technique of ac Stark shifting the common ground state of a V-type system. We find that this switch can operate in the far-off resonance regime, with low absorption and high phase accumulation. Additionally, the bandwidth of this switch can be increased independently of the energy requirement.
Adaptive error control based on type-I hybrid-ARQ protocols

An adaptive error control technique based on the use of type-I hybrid-ARQ protocols is presented. Nonstationary channels are modeled as finite-state Markov chains. The system counts the number of retransmission requests during an observation interval called a frame and, together with knowledge of the code in use and a set of thresholds, estimates the state of the channel. The code which maximizes throughput while maintaining a minimum level of reliability is chosen for use in the next frame. The optimal code for each state is determined a priori by varying both the rate and the number of errors corrected by a family of fixed-length codes. The procedure is demonstrated using Reed-Solomon codes. >
Single-gene tuning of Caulobacter cell cycle period and noise, swarming motility, and surface adhesion.

Sensor histidine kinases underlie the regulation of a range of physiological processes in bacterial cells, from chemotaxis to cell division. In the gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the membrane-bound histidine kinase, DivJ, is a polar-localized regulator of cell cycle progression and development. We show that DivJ localizes to the cell pole through a dynamic diffusion and capture mechanism rather than by active localization. Analysis of single C. crescentus cells in microfluidic culture demonstrates that controlled expression of divJ permits facile tuning of both the mean and noise of the cell division period. Simulations of the cell cycle that use a simplified protein interaction network capture previously measured oscillatory protein profiles, and recapitulate the experimental observation that deletion of divJ increases the cell cycle period and noise. We further demonstrate that surface adhesion and swarming motility of C. crescentus in semi-solid media can also be tuned by divJ expression. We propose a model in which pleiotropic control of polar cell development by the DivJ–DivK–PleC signaling pathway underlies divJ-dependent tuning of cell swarming and adhesion behaviors.
Working with culturally and linguistically diverse students and their families: perceptions and practices of school speech–language therapists in the United States

Background Speech and language therapists (SLTs) working in schools worldwide strive to deliver evidence-based services to diverse populations of students. Many suggestions have been made in the international professional literature regarding culturally competent delivery of speech and language services, but there has been limited qualitative investigation of practices school SLTs find to be most useful when modifying their approaches to meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Aims To examine perceptions of nine school SLTs regarding modifications of usual practices when interacting with CLD students and their families; to compare reported practices with those suggested in professional literature; to draw clinical implications regarding the results; and to suggest future research to build a more extensive evidence base for culturally competent service delivery. Methods & Procedures For this qualitative research study, nine school SLTs in a diverse region of the USA were recruited to participate in a semi-structured interview designed to answer the question: What dominant themes, if any, can be found in SLTs’ descriptions of how they modify their approaches, if at all, when interacting with CLD students and their family members? Outcomes & Results Analysis of data revealed the following themes: (1) language—a barrier and a bridge, (2) communicating through interpreters, (3) respect for cultural differences, and (4) positive experiences interacting with CLD family members. Conclusions & Implications Participants reported making many modifications to their usual approaches that have been recommended as best practices in the international literature. However, some practices the SLTs reported to be effective were not emphasized or were not addressed at all in the literature. Practical implications of results are drawn and future research is suggested.
The Presenilins and Alzheimer's Disease

The presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes have been identified as pathogenic loci involved in the majority of early onset, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. A series of (predominantly) missense mutations have been identified in the two genes which lead to disease. The presenilins are probably eight transmembrane domain proteins with both termini in the cytoplasmic compartment. They have a wide tissue distribution and are found in the endoplasmic reticulum and early Golgi. The mechanism of pathogenesis of the mutations is not clear although, both in patients and in in vitro systems, the effects of presenilin mutations are reminiscent of the effects of the pathogenic mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene which lead to increases in the amount of amyloid-beta42(43) being produced from the metabolism of the amyloid protein precursor. Thus, the presenilin data provide independent support for the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Work on the Caenorhabditis elegans homologues of the presenilins, spe-4 and sel-12, suggests that the presenilins may have a more general and direct role in the processing and trafficking of membrane-bound proteins and that, in part, the pathogenic mutations may disrupt this role.
Effect of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Hemodialysis Patients With EPO-Hyporesponsive Anemia and Hyperferritinemia

Background: Although erythropoietin (EPO)-hyporesponsive anemia in hemodialysis patients most commonly results from iron deficiency, the contributory role of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We conducted an open-label prospective study to assess the effect of vitamin C, an antioxidant, on EPO-hyporesponsive anemia in hemodialysis patients with unexplained hyperferritinemia. Methods: Forty-six of 262 patients in an inner-city hemodialysis center met the inclusion criteria (administration of intravenous iron and EPO for ≥ 6 months at a dose ≥ 450 U/kg/wk, average 3-month hemoglobin [Hb] level ≤ 11.0 g/dL [≤110 g/L], ferritin level ≥ 500 ng/mL (μg/L), and transferrin saturation [TSAT] ≤ 50%). Patients were excluded if they had a clear explanation for the EPO hyporesponsiveness. Four patients refused to participate. The remaining patients were randomly assigned; 20 patients to receive standard care and 300 mg of intravenous vitamin C with each dialysis session (group 1) and 22 patients to receive standard care only (group 2). Study duration was 6 months. During the study, 1 patient from group 1 was removed (upper gastrointestinal bleeding) from final analysis. Monthly assessment included Hb level, mean corpuscular volume, iron level, iron-binding capacity, ferritin level, TSAT, and Hb content in reticulocytes. In addition, biointact parathyroid hormone, aluminum, C-reactive protein (CRP), and liver enzymes were measured every 3 months. Results: Age, sex, race, and time on dialysis therapy were similar in both groups. At 6 months, Hb levels significantly increased from 9.3 to 10.5 g/dL (93.0 to 105.0 g/L) in group 1, but not group 2 (9.3 to 9.6 g/dL [93.0 to 96.0 g/L]; P = 0.0001). Similarly, TSAT increased from 28.9% to 37.3% in group 1, but not group 2 (28.7% to 29.3%; P = 0.0001). EPO dose (477 to 429 versus 474 to 447 U/kg/wk), iron-binding capacity (216 to 194 versus 218 to 257 μg/dL [38.7 to 34.7 versus 39 to 46 μmol/L]), and CRP level (2.8 to 0.9 versus 2.8 to 2.2 mg/dL) decreased significantly in group 1, but not in controls. Changes in Hb content in reticulocytes and ferritin level also were statistically significant in group 1. There was no change in biointact parathyroid hormone levels. Although serum iron levels and intravenous iron doses changed within each group, changes were equal between the 2 groups. Conclusion: In hemodialysis patients with refractory anemia and hyperferritinemia, vitamin C improved responsiveness to EPO, either by augmenting iron mobilization from its tissue stores or through antioxidant effects.
Interactive video coding and transmission over wired-to-wireless IP networks using an edge proxy

In this paper, we address the problem of enabling robust interactive video coding and transmission over heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks. We propose the use of an FEC coding scheme employing Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes to protect the video data from packet loss and bit errors, respectively. Furthermore, we apply an end-to-end architecture using an edge proxy in a mobile support station to implement differential error protection for the corresponding channel impairments expected on the two networks. Results indicate that with an appropriate joint source-channel coding approach and the use of an edge proxy, FEC-based error-control techniques together with passive error-recovery techniques can significantly improve the effective video throughput and lead to acceptable video delivery quality over time-varying heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks.
The effect of patient gender on the prevalence and recognition of alcoholism on a general medicine inpatient service

Objectives:1) to determine the rate of alcoholism among general internal medicine inpatients, 2) to assess the recognition and referral rates of these patients by their physicians, 3) to determine the effect of patient gender on physician recognition of alcoholism, and 4) to compare the observed alcoholism rates with rates reported in frequently cited studies, controlling for gender distribution.
Intraspecific cytotypic variation and complicated genetic structure in the Phlox amabilis–P. woodhousei (Polemoniaceae) complex

 Premise of the study: Polyploidy is widely recognized as an important process in the evolution of plants, but less attention has been paid to the study of intraspecifi c polyploidy, including its prevalence, formation, taxonomic implications, and effect on genetic diversity, structure, and gene fl ow within and among individuals and populations. Here we studied intraspecifi c ploidy level variation in the Phlox amabilis – P. woodhousei complex to determine the amount and distribution of cytotypic and genetic variation present and measure the extent of gene fl ow among species, cytotypes, and populations.  Methods: Flow cytometry and microsatellite analyses were used to ascertain cytotypic variation, genetic diversity, and population structure within and among eight populations of P. amabilis and 10 populations of P. woodhousei from Arizona and New Mexico.  Key results: Our analyses support the recognition of P. amabilis and P. woodhousei as two distinct species. Both species exhibit cytotypic variation with geographically structured diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid populations, and genetic analyses suggest a combination of auto- and allopolyploidy in their formation. Diploid, tetraploid, and most hexaploid populations within species share much of their genetic variation, while some hexaploid populations are genetically distinct. All populations maintain moderately high genetic diversity and connectivity, and genetic structure is strongly infl uenced by geography.  Conclusions: This study highlights the potential for complicated patterns of genetic variation relative to cytotypic variation and provides evidence for the role of cytotypic variation and geographic isolation in shaping diversity, differentiation, and potentially speciation in the P. amabilis – P. woodhousei complex.
A search for a general phenomenon of adaptive mutability

The most prominent systems for the study of adaptive mutability depend on the specialized activities of genetic elements like bacteriophage Mu and the F plasmid. Searching for general adaptive mutability, we have investigated the behavior of Salmonella typhimurium strains with chromosomal lacZ mutations. We have studied 30 revertible nonsense, missense, frameshift, and insertion alleles. One-third of the mutants produced >=10 late revertant colonies (appearing three to seven days after plating on selective medium). For the prolific mutants, the number of late revertants showed rank correlation with the residual β-galactosidase activity; for the same mutants, revertant number showed no correlation with the nonselective reversion rate (from fluctuation tests). Leaky mutants, which grew slowly on selective medium, produced late revertants whereas tight nongrowing mutants generally did not produce late revertants. However, the number of late revertants was not proportional to residual growth. Using total residual growth and the nonselective reversion rate, the expected number of late revertants was calculated. For several leaky mutants, the observed revertant number exceeded the expected number. We suggest that excess late revertants from these mutants arise from general adaptive mutability available to any chromosomal gene.
Smithian Answers to Some Puzzling Results in the Experimental Literature

The Ultimatum Game, Dictator Game and Trust Game are three of the most commonly used environments in economics experiments. In contrast to the predictions of standard rational choice theory, these games generate results that do not show the exclusive presence of self-regarding preferences motivating subjects' behaviors. Adam Smith's attention to both self-regarding and other-regarding preferences, and in particular to the role of resentment, love of praiseworthiness and hate of blameworthiness, provides plausible explanations for these experimental results. This paper draws attention to the increased use and usefulness of Adam Smith with regards to the experimental economic literature.
Pictorial review of role of nuclear medicine imaging of paraneoplastic syndromes

1350 Learning Objectives 1. Learn the pathophysiologic basis of development of various paraneoplastic syndromes 2. Understand the role of imaging with specific reference to the role of nuclear medicine techniques Paraneoplastic syndromes are defined as clinical syndromes characterized by non-metastatic systemic effects associated with a neoplastic process, resulting from damage to organs and tissues remote from the original site of malignancy or its metastases. The pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated include production of antibodies to the tumor cells by the body which may cross react with normal tissues and production of physiologically active substances like hormones, hormone precursors, a variety of enzymes and cytokines. However, majority of the paraneoplastic syndromes are idiopathic. The reported incidence of paraneoplastic syndromes in the literature ranges from 2-20%. A wide array of body systems are affected, patients presenting with signs and symptoms referable to neurologic, hematologic, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, dermatologic and psychiatric systems. These syndromes can precede the cancer presentation by months or even years and even when the cancer develops, the size of the tumor can be small and be occult, thus undetectable by the conventional diagnostic tests and imaging. Nuclear medicine imaging and particularly, PET/CT imaging may be an adjunct to timely diagnosis of the occult malignancy which can impact management and prognosis. In this pictorial exhibit, we present a review of the paraneoplastic syndromes with respect to the role of nuclear medicine imaging.
Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation

The patient is a 72-year-old man who presented with hematuria. On cystoscopy, a large friable mass was identified involving the left bladder wall. A transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of superficial finger-like processes lined by epithelium with true glandular lumina with intraluminal mucin, intimately admixed with invasive high grade urothelial carcinoma. Several glands also had cribriform features and some were lined by non-mucin producing cuboidal to columnar cells. Variable amounts of intraluminal necrosis, apoptotic bodies, and eosinophilic secretions were also present. The tumor invaded the muscularis propria (Detrusor muscle). A diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation with made. Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation is a relatively recently described aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma. Mean patient age at presentation is 70 years (range: 4684 years) with a male predominance (5:1). Other aggressive variants of urothelial carcinoma have also been associated with this tumor including, micropapillary urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma, sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Tumors that may mimic urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation include colorectal adenocarcinoma, prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma, urachal carcinoma, villous adenoma and other entities.
Effectiveness of Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Malathion as Protectants for High Moisture Stored Wheat

Throughout a 9-mo period, chlorpyrifos-methyl was much more effective than malathion in controlling insects on 14.6% moisture red winter wheat stored in plywood bins. However, chlorpyrifos-methyl persisted longer on the wheat than malathion did.
Creating an Enabling Information Technology Infrastructure

An enabling information technology platform is required to transform the healthcare system to one that is focused on improving value for patients. The key attributes of this platform are that it is patient centered, uses common data definitions, includes all types of patient data, is accessible to everyone involved in care of the patient, includes templates and experts systems, and is structured to facilitate information extraction. These attributes are described within the context of clinical nurse specialist practice.
Fuel Flow Control for Extending Aircraft Thermal Endurance Part II: Closed Loop Control

A companion paper showed that the use of a small dedicated fuel recirculation tank that operates near a thermal limit and a large cold reservoir of fuel has the potential to extend the thermal endurance of aircraft that use fuel as a heat sink for onboard systems. A dual tank fuel flow topology with a heat exchanger, engine fuel injectors, and recirculation loop cooler is controlled by manipulating a variable flow rate pump, a cooler bypass valve, and mixing valve that blends fuel from a cool reservoir and a hot recirculation tank. A closed loop control system is designed for a notional single engine fighter that allows the aircraft fuel recirculation system to operate near thermal limits in order to maximize waste thermal energy disposal rate in the presence of significant perturbations in ambient temperature, fuel burn rate, and heat loads. The set points for the control system are selected in order to maximize the disposal rate of waste thermal energy through the fuel injectors and to avoid violating thermal limits within the fuel recirculation loop. The cooler bypass and variable flow rate pump introduced in this work allows operation over a wider range of trim altitudes, speeds, and heat loads than could be achieved by using only the tank mixing valve that was introduced in the companion paper. The closed loop controller is also capable of rejecting significant disturbances and allows the fuel system to operate closer to thermal limits than the simple open loop switching controller that was used in the companion paper to introduce the dual tank concept. It is demonstrated that by operating close to thermal limits within the dual tank topology, it is possible to significantly extend the time to a thermal limit when compared to a single tank baseline.
Expected scores in the Rod-and-Frame Test: Field dependence is where you find it

The distribution of Rod-and-Frame Test scores for 85 male and 153 female psychiatric inpatients is presented, and contrasted with previous results for college students (Pressey, 1968; Vaught, 1968). Implications of observed differences in scores of these two populations, patients tending to be considerably more field-dependent than students, are discussed.
THE MORE POSITIVE EVALUATION OF MEN THAN WOMEN ON THE GENDER-STEREOTYPED TRAITS '

Summary.-The favorability of men's and women's personalities was compared using the socially desirable characteristics typically associated with each sex (stereotypic traits) as well as those that are associated with the opposite sex (crossstereotypic traits). The stereotypic traits are the male's masculinity and the female's femininity; the cross-stereotypic traits are the female's masculinity and the male's femininity. An average score was computed for both sexes on the stereotypic and cmssstereotypic traits. As predicted, there was an over-all evaluation bias that favored men. In addition, the stereotypic traits for each sex were rated higher than the crossstereotypic traits. These effects were stable across different rating conditionswhether one or two persons were rated and whether the stimulus person was described as married or no information was given concerning marital status. The implication of these results for sex as a status characteristic was discussed. Evaluation is a major dimension in the perception of other persons
Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis in a patient with melanoma treated with pembrolizumab.

INTRODUCTION While anticancer immunotherapies have traditionally focused on activation of the immune system, there is recent interest in disinhibition of the natural antitumor immune response by targeting immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1). One humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-1, pembrolizumab, was recently approved for treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. METHODS We report exacerbation of myasthenia gravis (MG) after treatment with pembrolizumab and provide a brief literature review. RESULTS We describe a 75-year-old man with stable MG who experienced myasthenic crisis in the setting of pembrolizumab treatment. A concurrent azathioprine taper was a possible although unlikely contributor given the short time interval between taper and exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS As long-term data become available regarding the adverse immune effects of novel checkpoint inhibitors, clinicians should be mindful of their risks/benefits and of possible autoimmune disease exacerbation. Muscle Nerve 54: 157-161, 2016.
Postoperative antimicrobials after lung transplantation and the development of multidrug-resistant bacterial and Clostridium difficile infections: an analysis of 500 non-cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients.

Background Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are given prophylactically post-transplant, although these agents are a risk factor for multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). This study aimed to determine whether an association exists between the duration of antimicrobials given early post-transplant and the development of MDR infections or CDI. Methods A single-center retrospective analysis was performed on lung transplants from September 2009 to August 2014. Patients were excluded for cystic fibrosis (CF) or postoperative survival less than 30 d. Qualifying infections were defined as any new positive MDR bacterial culture or C. difficile assay from postoperative day 7–90 d after a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Results A total of 500 patients, 61% male, were identified, median age of 62 yr. MDR infections occurred in 169 (34%) and CDI in 31 (6%). Non-ICU days were associated with a decreased risk of MDR/CDI (OR 0.891, p = 0.0002), and duration of Gram-positive antimicrobials (OR 1.073, p = 0.0219) was associated with an increased risk. Conclusions One-third (34%) of non-CF lung transplants develop MDR infections and 6% develop CDI within 90 d of postoperative antimicrobials. The duration of Gram-positive antimicrobials may increase the risk of MDR/CDI, while early transfer from the ICU may have a protective effect.
Interactive use of online health resources: a comparison of consumer and professional questions

Objective To understand how consumer questions on online resources differ from questions asked by professionals, and how such consumer questions differ across resources. Materials and Methods Ten online question corpora, 5 consumer and 5 professional, with a combined total of over 40 000 questions, were analyzed using a variety of natural language processing techniques. These techniques analyze questions at the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels, exposing differences in both form and content. Results Consumer questions tend to be longer than professional questions, more closely resemble open-domain language, and focus far more on medical problems. Consumers ask more sub-questions, provide far more background information, and ask different types of questions than professionals. Furthermore, there is substantial variance of these factors between the different consumer corpora. Discussion The form of consumer questions is highly dependent upon the individual online resource, especially in the amount of background information provided. Professionals, on the other hand, provide very little background information and often ask much shorter questions. The content of consumer questions is also highly dependent upon the resource. While professional questions commonly discuss treatments and tests, consumer questions focus disproportionately on symptoms and diseases. Further, consumers place far more emphasis on certain types of health problems (eg, sexual health). Conclusion Websites for consumers to submit health questions are a popular online resource filling important gaps in consumer health information. By analyzing how consumers write questions on these resources, we can better understand these gaps and create solutions for improving information access.
Local Tissue Reaction to the Subureteral Injection of Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Bovine Collagen in Humans

Although the technique of subureteral injection has been widely accepted as an alternative to reimplantation in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux, the choice of the material to be used is controversial. We have used glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen to correct vesicoureteral reflux within the context of a Food and Drug Administration approved investigational study. We report the local tissue reaction to the implanted collagen in 7 patients who underwent reimplantation 3 to 19 months after failed endoscopic therapy. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen engendered a minimal localized inflammatory reaction without causing granuloma formation. Subsequent reimplantation was not hindered by the presence of the implant materials.
Rates of Recovery to Pre-Fracture Function in Older Persons with Hip Fracture: an Observational Study.

Background Knowledge about expected recovery after hip fracture is essential to help patients and families set realistic expectations and plan for the future.