cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Core Radii and Peak Velocities in Modeled Atmospheric Vortices

Abstract Measurements in a tornado simulator have yielded quantitative data on certain aspects of the mean flow of a variety of modeled vortices. The radius of maximum velocity in the vortex core has been measured using a hot-film anemometer for swirl ratio values from zero to 6. A simple model of the turbulent core radius as a function of swirl ratio shows good agreement with the experimental data. The magnitude of the mean total velocity vector at the core radius has also been determined for the same range of swirl ratios and for a range of Reynolds numbers. The measurements indicate that for laminar vortices the peak velocity is strongly dependent on swirl ratio, whereas for turbulent vortices the swirl ratio dependence is weak. For both laminar and turbulent vortices, peak velocities are directly proportional to the mean vertical velocity in the updraft region. The application of the experimental measurements to the estimation of actual tornadic velocities is demonstrated.
Parameter plots in nonlinear regression

SUMMARY We propose graphical methods for displaying relevant information on a selected parameter from a normal nonlinear regression model. It is shown that the usual extension of added variable plots from linear to nonlinear regression can fail to reveal important diagnostic information, and that this information can be recovered by using a parameter plot that depends on selected elements of the parameter-effects curvature array.
An infra-red study of model compounds of poly(tetramethylene terephthalate)

Abstract An infra-red spectroscopic investigation of the poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) model compounds butyl-dibenzoate: C6H5COO(CH2)4OCOC6H5 (i), 1,4-bis-butyl terephthalate: HO(CH2)4-OCO6H4COO(CH2)4-OH (ii), α-butyl-ω-butoxyterephthalaoyl-di-(tetramethylene terephthalate): H(CH2)4(OCOC6H4COO-(CH2)4-)3-OH (iii), and α-butyl-ω-butoxyterephthalaoyl-tetra-(tetra-methylene terephthalate): HO(CH2)4-(OCOC6H4COO(CH2)4-)5-OH (iv) is presented. The synthesis of (i) is also described. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that the crystal conformations of the aliphatic segments in (i) and (ii) closely resemble the extended all trans beta form of PTMT. Oligomers (iii) and (iv), however, are found to be more similar to the crumpled alpha crystal phase of PTMT.
α-Tocopherol attenuates alcohol-induced cerebral vascular damage in rats : possible role of oxidants in alcohol brain pathology and stroke

Abstract Effects of chronic (14 day) pretreatment of timed-release of α-tocopherol (∼1.25–5 mg/day) on alcohol-induced venular cerebrovasospasm, microvessel rupture and micro-hemorrhaging was studied by direct, quantitative in-vivo high-resolution TV microscopy of the intact rat brain. Sham animals chronically treated with placebo exhibited concentration-dependent venular cerebrovasospasm, microvessel rupture and focal hemorrhages, irrespective of route (i.e. perivascular, systemic) of ethanol administration. α-Tocopherol pretreatment either prevented or ameliorated greatly the cerebrovasospasm and vascular damage induced by ethanol. These results suggest that alcohol-induced cerebral vascular and brain damage by reperfusion injury events triggers lipid peroxidation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell membranes; these pro-oxidant events could play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced cerebral ischemia and stroke.
Effect of Sex in Accuracy of Predictive Judgment

Accuracy of predictive judgment was examined under 3 conditions, sex of the predictor, sex of the person whose behavior was being predicted, and sex of the stimulus person, who presented behavioral alternatives to the observer. Stimulus persons presented 20 two-choice behavioral situations to observers, who were actually to carry out their choices; the judges watched the presentations and predicted which alternatives the observers would choose. A statistically significant interaction was found between sex of the observer and of the stimulus person. Female judges were significantly more accurate than the males in their predictions. Predictions were also significantly more accurate when stimulus persons were female. A statistically significant interaction effect was found between sex of observer and sex of stimulus person.
Microsatellite instability in colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps in Lynch syndrome

Background Lynch syndrome is characterized by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes and carries up to a 70% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer. Impaired MMR gene function results in an abundance of small aberrant nucleotide repeat sequences termed microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is present in 80-85% of colorectal cancers associated with Lynch syndrome. Prior studies have demonstrated that MMR gene function (as measured by immunohistochemistry) is often lost in Lynch-associated adenomas but is preserved in hyperplastic polyps. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of MSI in adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps from individuals with Lynch Syndrome.
Localization and abundance of chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) and heat stability of chloroplast stromal proteins in maize

Chloroplasts from a line of maize with high levels of chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu), ZPBL 1304, display greater heat stability than chloroplasts from a line with lower levels of EF-Tu, ZPL 389. We hypothesize that the greater heat stability of chloroplasts from ZPBL 1304 line may partly be attributed to EF-Tu, which may be protecting chloroplasts from heat injury. In this study, we investigated the subcellular distribution of EF-Tu and the heat stability of chloroplast stromal proteins in ZPBL 1304 and ZPL 389. Immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the chloroplast EF-Tu is localized mostly in the stroma and that under normal conditions agranal chloroplasts have a higher relative level of this protein than granal chloroplasts. Light scattering experiments with chloroplast stromal extracts showed that stromal proteins from the maize line with higher levels of EF-Tu, ZPBL 1304, display greater heat stability than stromal proteins from the line with lower levels of EF-Tu, ZPL 389. The results support the hypothesis that maize EF-Tu plays a role in the development of heat tolerance, possibly by acting as a molecular chaperone and protecting chloroplast stromal proteins from thermal aggregation.
Numerical simulation of vortex sheet evolution

Recent research on the numerical simulation of vortex sheet evolution is discussed. Applications are presented to a periodic vortex sheet and to the vortex sheet shed behind a finite-span wing.
Dynamic Analysis of Cardiac Rhythms for Discriminating Atrial Fibrillation From Lethal Ventricular Arrhythmias

Background— Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), the first line of therapy for preventing sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients, deliver appropriate shocks for termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation. A common shortcoming of ICDs is imperfect rhythm discrimination, resulting in the delivery of inappropriate shocks for atrial fibrillation (AF). An underexplored area for rhythm discrimination is the difference in dynamic properties between AF and VT/ventricular fibrillation. We hypothesized that the higher entropy of rapid cardiac rhythms preceding ICD shocks distinguishes AF from VT/ventricular fibrillation. Methods and Results— In a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with primary prevention ICDs, 119 patients received shocks from ICDs with stored, retrievable intracardiac electrograms. Blinded adjudication revealed shocks were delivered for VT/ventricular fibrillation (62%), AF (23%), and supraventricular tachycardia (15%). Entropy estimation of only 9 ventricular intervals before ICD shocks accurately distinguished AF (receiver operating characteristic curve area, 0.98; 95% confidence intervals, 0.93–1.0) and outperformed contemporary ICD rhythm discrimination algorithms. Conclusions— This new strategy for AF discrimination based on entropy estimation expands on simpler concepts of variability, performs well at fast heart rates, and has potential for broad clinical application.
On Transition Fault Diagnosis Using Multicycle At-Speed Broadside Tests

This paper studies issues related to transition fault diagnosis using multicycle broadside tests that are applied at-speed. Two transition fault models were proposed earlier for at-speed simulation, referred to as d-faults and x-faults. Both fault models account for the extra delay of a transition fault in order to allow at-speed simulation. However, they differ in the following ways. (1) The number of x-faults is equal to the number of conventional transition faults, while the number of d-faults grows with the number of cycles in a test. (2) Output responses of x-faults contain unspecified values that result in lower diagnostic resolution. The paper describes a fault diagnosis procedure that combines the use of x-faults for efficiency with the use of d-faults for diagnostic resolution.
Prototypical Predicates Have Unmarked Phonology

Recent work recognizes that phonological processes and phonotactics can be sensitive to lexical category. Moreover, there are strong cross-linguistic tendencies concerning the nature of phonological differences between categories. One such tendency is a hierarchy of phonological privilege, N > A > V: nouns tend to license more phonological contrasts and tolerate more marked structures than adjectives, with verbs showing the least privilege and therefore the greatest phonological unmarkedness. This paper proposes that the N > A > V hierarchy of phonological privilege derives from a more general scale, according to which protypical designators (or arguments) have more phonological privilege, and prototypical predicates show greater unmarkedness. This approach predicts that even within a given lexical category, such as V, category members that are more prototypical as predicates should show greater unmarkedness. A case study is presented in support of this proposal. In Tokyo Japanese, unergative verbs (more-prototypical predicates) show greater phonological unmarkedness with respect to pitch accent than unaccusative verbs (less-prototypical predicates). Some preliminary implications of this finding for our understanding of lexical-category effects in phonology, and of the role of markedness scales in the grammar, are also considered.
Putting the Development Into Experiential Development

Although McCall’s sure bets are helpful for moving leadership development beyond a competency-driven mixture of rote HR interventions, simply relying on experience alone to develop leaders is a costly gamble. We argue experiences, in and of themselves, do not promote effective leadership as much as the meaning that individuals infer from such events; meaning that more directly shapes leaders’ active analysis and future use of such prior experiences. Although a step in the right direction, McCall’s experiential approach fails to weigh the importance of reflection on events and offers limited strategies to assist in the requisite facilitation of such reflection in an organizational setting. In contrast but not contradiction, we argue that for an experiential approach to promote effective leadership, leaders must engage in a structured reflection process to facilitate transfer of lessons learned into day-today leadership activities. Thus, the aims of this commentary are to, describe why extracting meaning from experiences is the key to making experiential development,
If Lions Could Speak: Investigating the Animal-Human Relationship and the Perspectives of Nonhuman Others

Though they have not tended to be the focus of sociological attention in the past, interactions between humans and nonhuman animals are central to contemporary social life. This discussion presents...
Carolina Cretaceous: Petrographic Reconnaissance of a Graded Shelf: ABSTRACT

More than 140 samples were collected from the transgressive marine strata of the Carolina Cretaceous in order to assess the hypothesis that they were deposited on a size-graded shelf whose sediments were transported by storm-generated wind-drift currents. Calculations of size parameters revealed only a varying ratio of sand (tractive load) to silt and clay (suspensive load worked in by bioturbulation). However, examination of the shapes of the cumulative curves permitted classification of sediments into an evolutionary sequence of nearshore sand, proximal shelf sand, distal shelf sand, and shelf mud. A scatter of modal diameter versus distance from the Cretaceous shoreline has an upper limiting value of 3.5 ^phgr, a spread of 1.0-3.5 ^phgr at distance zero, but an essenti lly constant value of 3.5 ^phgr for the seaward margin of the outcrop zone. The scatter appears to consist of nearshore and shelf segments, perhaps resulting from two distinct dispersal mechanisms. Detailed study of basal (nearshore), central, and upper (offshore) Peedee outcrops shows that the spread of values for nearshore modes corresponds to the presence in the nearshore outcrops of well-defined, size-graded strata of probable storm-current genesis. "Offshore" outcrops are fine grained, more homogeneous, and do not have well-defined meteorologic stratification. A model is proposed whereby resuspension of bottom sediments by storms results in textural differentiation of nearshore sediment, and its movement seaward to replace sediment lost through deposition or bypassing End_Page 744------------------------------ over the shelf edge. Coarser sediment fractions are deposited preferentially nearshore, and the sediment becomes finer and more homogeneous offshore. The model conforms to the available data, but more detailed testing of the genesis of the strata is suggested in order to substantiate the hypothesis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 745------------
Assessment at full scale of exhaust nozzle to wing size on STOL-OTW acoustic characteristics

On the basis of static aero/acoustic data obtained at model scale, the effect of exhaust nozzle size on flyover noise is evaluated for different STOL‐OTW nozzle configurations. Three types of nozzles are evaluated: a circular/deflector nozzle mounted above the wing, a slot/deflector nozzle mounted on the wing, and a slot nozzle mounted on the wing. The nozzle exhaust plane location, measured from the wing leading edge was varied from 10% to 46% of the wing chord (flaps retracted). Flap angles of 20° (takeoff) and 60° (approach) are included in the study. Initially, perceived noise levels (PNL) are calculated as a function of flyover distance at 152 m altitude. From these plots static EPNL values, defined as flyover relative noise levels, then are obtained as functions of nozzle size for equal aerodynamic performance (lift and thrust). On the basis of these calculations, the acoustic benefits attributable to nozzle size relative to a given wing chord size are assessed.
The Effects of a Strategy and Sequenced Materials on the Inferential-Comprehension of Disabled Readers

The purpose of this study was to determine whether teaching disabled readers a structured inferencing strategy using materials sequentially arranged from easy to more difficult would improve their ability to answer inferential questions. The subjects consisted of fourth and fifth grade poor readers who were randomly placed in one of four groups—strategy plus materials, strategy only, materials only, control. An analysis of covariance revealed that the strategy plus materials group scored significantly better than the other three groups on experimenter—designed inference questions. In addition, the strategy plus materials group and the materials only group scored significantly better than the control group on a standardized reading test.Results suggest that disabled readers' apparent lack of logical reasoning in answering inferential questions may exist because they do not have a successful strategy for attacking problems. Furthermore, a strategy may be enhanced by the use of materials sequentially arrange...
The calcium-sensing receptor couples to Gαs and regulates PTHrP and ACTH secretion in pituitary cells

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR or CASR as listed in the MGI Database) is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds and signals in response to extracellular calcium and other polycations. It is highly expressed on parathyroid and kidney cells, where it participates in the regulation of systemic calcium homeostasis. It is also expressed on many other cell types and is involved in a wide array of biological functions such as cell growth and differentiation, ion transport, and hormone secretion. It has been described to couple to several different G proteins including Galpha(i/0), Galpha(q/11), and Galpha(12/13). Recently, it has also been shown to stimulate cAMP production by coupling to Galpha(s) in immortalized or malignant breast cells. The CaR is expressed on cells in the anterior pituitary and had previously been described to stimulate cAMP production in these cells. In this report, we examined signaling from the CaR in murine pituitary corticotroph-derived, AtT-20 cells. We found that CaR activation led to the stimulation of cAMP production, and PTH-related protein (PTHrP or PTHLH as listed in the MGI Database) and ACTH secretion from these cells. Furthermore, manipulation of cAMP levels was able to modulate PTHrP and ACTH secretion independent of changes in extracellular calcium. Finally, we demonstrated that the CaR couples to Galpha(s) in AtT-20 cells. Therefore, in pituitary corticotroph-like cells, as in breast cancer cells, the CaR utilizes Galpha(s) and activates cAMP production to stimulate hormone secretion.
Pricing and power control for joint network-centric and user-centric radio resource management

Objectives of most radio resource-management schemes can be classified as either user centric or network centric. User-centric schemes try to maximize the interests of individual users, while network-centric schemes optimize collective metrics for all users. These two types of resource management tend to result in qualitatively different resource allocations (with, sometimes, very different degrees of fairness). In this paper, we consider the joint optimization of both user-centric and network-centric metrics. Specifically, we use a utility function (measured in units of bits per Joule) as the user-centric metric, and for the network-centric counterpart, we consider a function of the sum of the throughputs of users in the network. The user-centric measure reflects the individual user's throughput, as well as the battery energy (transmit power) consumed to achieve it. The network-centric measure reflects the total revenue derived by the usage of network resources. We introduce an explicit pricing mechanism to mediate between the user-centric and network-centric resource-management problems. Users adjust their power in a distributed fashion to maximize the difference between their utilities and their payments (measured as a product of the unit price and throughput). The network adjusts the unit price in order to maximize its revenue (measured as the sum of the individual payments). We show that the distributed user-centric power control results in a unique Nash equilibrium. Our numerical results indicate that there exists a unique unit price that maximizes the revenue of the network. We also derive a semianalytical, computationally simple, and highly accurate approximation to the optimal solution. Our results show that while users with better channels receive better qualities of service, as usual (e.g., as in waterfilling), they also make proportionally higher contributions to the network revenue.
A biomedical image retrieval framework based on classification-driven image filtering and similarity fusion

This paper presents a classification-driven biomedical image retrieval approach based on multi-class support vector machine (SVM) and uses image filtering and similarity fusion. In this framework, the probabilistic outputs of the SVM are exploited to reduce the search space for similarity matching. In addition, the predicted category of the query image is used for linear combination of similarity. The method is evaluated on a diverse collection of 5000 biomedical images of different modalities, body parts, and orientations and shows a halving in computation time (efficiency) and 10% to 15% improvement in precision at each recall level (effectiveness).
Transgenetic Investigations of Prion Diseases of Humans and Animals

Prions cause transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases. Infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc), which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. Although the PrP gene is single copy, transgenic mice with both alleles of the PrP gene ablated develop normally. A post-translational process, as yet unidentified, converts the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into PrPSc. Scrapie incubation times, neuropathology and prion synthesis in transgenic mice are controlled by the PrP gene. Mutations in the PrP gene are genetically linked to development of neurodegeneration. Transgenic mice expressing mutant PrP spontaneously develop neurological dysfunction and spongiform neuropathology. Investigations of prion diseases using transgenesis promise to yield much new information about these once enigmatic disorders.
Polymer blends made from ionomer and ionomer precursor polymer

Rigid-rigid blends made of an ionomer and an ionomer precursor polymer, based on either polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA), were studied. A positive deviation from the rule of mixtures in both strength and toughness was observed over the entire composition range; and an especially significant enhancement was observed at low ionomer composition (e.g., 10 wt.%). This is attributed to a fine dispersion of the rigid ionomer phase in the matrix polymer together with good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The adhesion arises from entanglements due to athermal interactions between the same monomeric units of both the ionomer and the ionomer precursor. In addition, all the blend samples are found to be transparent due to similar refractive indices of the two components.
A uniform asymptotic estimate for discounted aggregate claims with subexponential tails

Abstract In this paper we study the tail probability of discounted aggregate claims in a continuous-time renewal model. For the case that the common claim-size distribution is subexponential, we obtain an asymptotic formula, which holds uniformly for all time horizons within a finite interval. Then, with some additional mild assumptions on the distributions of the claim sizes and inter-arrival times, we further prove that this formula holds uniformly for all time horizons. In this way, we significantly extend a recent result of Tang [Tang, Q., 2007. Heavy tails of discounted aggregate claims in the continuous-time renewal model. J. Appl. Probab. 44 (2), 285–294].
Rip Current Intensity Estimates from Lifeguard Observations

ABSTRACT Dusek, G. and Seim, H., 2013. Rip current intensity estimates from lifeguard observations. Lifeguard observations of rip intensity are utilized as an alternative to rip current rescue data to determine the influence of the wave field on rip current activity. Daily rip current intensity observations were made by Kill Devil Hills Ocean Rescue on the Outer Banks of North Carolina over two summers. The daily observations were made at up to 19 alongshore locations over 7.5 km of beach and compared to local wave field observations. The lifeguard intensity observations compare favorably to rip current rescue data when rescues occur; however, rip intensity observations offer significant advantages over rip rescue data: (1) Rip current intensity observations are a continuous data record and provide data even when bathers are not present, and (2) lifeguard observations provide an estimate of rip current intensity, while rescue data only indicate rip current occurrence. Results of this study generally compa...
Giving gifts to groups: How altruism depends on the number of recipients

When a single gift goes to a group of recipients, how does giving depend on the size of the group? This question is important for understanding charitable giving and fund-raising, public goods provision, family altruism, and more. If we think ofthe gift asgiving up adollar to create asocial surplus, thenwe want to know how the number of recipients of that surplus affects its value to the giver. In other words, how congestible is altruism? This paper builds a theoretical framework for this question and begins to answer it with a controlled experiment. The finding is that for most subjects altruism is congestible. For the average subject, a gift that results in one person receiving x is equivalent to one in which n people receive x/n 0.68 each.
The sampling distribution of disease-associated alleles

A theory is developed that provides the sampling distribution of low frequency alleles at a single locus under the assumption that each allele is the result of a unique mutation. The numbers of copies of each allele is assumed to follow a linear birth-death process with sampling. If the population is of constant size, standard results from theory of birth-death processes show that the distribution of numbers of copies of each allele is logarithmic and that the joint distribution of numbers of copies of k alleles found in a sample of size n follows the Ewens sampling distribution. If the population from which the sample was obtained was increasing in size, if there are different selective classes of alleles, or if there are differences in penetrance among alleles, the Ewens distribution no longer applies. Likelihood functions for a given set of observations are obtained under different alternative hypotheses. These results are applied to published data from the BRCA1 locus (associated with early onset breast cancer) and the factor VIII locus (associated with hemophilia A) in humans. In both cases, the sampling distribution of alleles allows rejection of the null hypothesis, but relatively small deviations from the null model can account for the data. In particular, roughly the same population growth rate appears consistent with both data sets.
Extending record and playback technologies to support cooperative learning

We have long-term experience with developing and employing multimedia materials for on-campus and distance education. We also are assessing the efficacy of cooperative learning where groups of learners explore, with guidance from an instructor, the learning environment and construct models of meaning based on their shared learning experiences. Our core technologies capture and store classroom events, but are record-and-playback technologies focused on delivering content to individual learners. We describe an extension of our technology, Cooperative learning in MANIC (CLIMANIC), which allows groups of learners and teachers to collaborate and communicate. We describe our current assessment of CLIMANIC and future plans for more extensive evaluation.
Technology available in nursing programs: implications for developing virtual end-of-life educational tools.

Abstract Background. To overcome insufficient attention to end‐of‐life (EOL) care in nursing education, the authors are developing the “Toolkit for Nursing Excellence at End‐of‐Life Transition” (TNEEL). Method. An evidence‐based design process was used to create a computerized (CD‐ROM) multimedia toolkit of instructional aides. An online survey of all U.S. undergraduate nursing programs was conducted to identify their current technologic infrastructures available for innovative teaching aides. Expert review process guided pedagogic decisions. Results. Survey findings enabled TNEEL development to be responsive to nurse educators’ needs and preferences. Conclusion. Educators can use TNEEL to actively engage students in meaningful learning about EOL care.
Bevacizumab in combination chemotherapy for colorectal and other cancers.

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of bevacizumab in patients with colorectal and other cancers are reviewed. Summary. Bevacizumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the biological activities of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein involved in the neovascularization of multiple malignant tumors. A single dose of bevacizumab 0.1–10 mg/kg yields a maximum concentration of 2.8–284 μg/mL and shows a dose–response relationship. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that bevacizumab has both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects, resulting in a reduction in tumor growth and increases in median survival time and time to tumor progression. Bevacizumab is available as an intravenous agent and carries FDA-approved labeling for use in the first-line treatment of meta-static colorectal cancer in combination with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Bevacizumab 5 mg/kg is infused intravenously over 30–90 minutes every two weeks. No dosage reductions are required for patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction. Bevacizumab has also yielded preliminary evidence of efficacy for breast, non-small-cell lung, pancreatic, prostate, renal, and hepatic cancers, as well as for melanoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. The most frequent adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, headache, epistaxis, anorexia, stomatitis, dyspnea, and constipation. Conclusion. Bevacizumab combined with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy has become the standard of care for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and may prove useful for other tumors as well.
Extreme Hatred: Revisiting the Hate Crime and Terrorism Relationship to Determine Whether They Are “Close Cousins” or “Distant Relatives”:

Existing literature demonstrates disagreement over the relationship between hate crime and terrorism with some calling them “close cousins,” whereas others declare them “distant relatives.” We extend previous research by capturing a middle ground between hate crime and terrorism: extremist hate crime. We conduct negative binomial regressions to examine hate crime by non-extremists, fatal hate crime by far-rightists, and terrorism in U.S. counties (1992-2012). Results show that counties experiencing increases in general hate crime, far-right hate crime, and non-right-wing terrorism see associated increases in far-right hate crime, far-right terrorism, and far-right hate crime, respectively. We conclude that hate crime and terrorism may be more akin to close cousins than distant relatives.
Crowdsensing in the Wild with Aliens and Micropayments

This article presents results and lessons learned from two user studies on crowdsensing incentives--specifically, on mobile gaming and micropayments. The analysis of the results suggests that gaming is a cost-effective solution for uniform area coverage, whereas micropayments work well for sensing tasks with tight time constraints or for long-term tasks for personal analytics.
Physical Activity, Exercise Motivations, Depression, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Youth

This study explored the relationship between physical activity, depression, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in 167 high school and undergraduate students (mean age = 17.37, range 14-25). Results indicated that NSSI frequency had a significant negative relationship with physical activity, and physical activity moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and self-harm. Specifically, high levels of depressive symptoms and low levels of physical activity had the greatest frequency of NSSI. Lastly, appearance-based exercise motivations were significantly related to increased frequencies of NSSI. Overall, physical activity may possess a protective nature against NSSI, especially in individuals with depressive symptoms.
Expert systems and videodisc in surgical pathology

We have developed an integrated educational tool consisting of an expert system connected to a videodisc for the field of lymph node pathology. The expert system makes diagnosis on 65 diseases of lymph nodes based on histopathologic, clinical and immunologic features. The system recommends to the user additional histologic features that should be evaluated to narrow the differential diagnosis. Moreover, the system explains its recommendations. The system also provides instant access to criteria of diseases, definitions of histologic features, the value of immunology and molecular biologic studies, and journal references. The computer controls an analog interactive videodisc containing 6700 slides on lymph node pathology. The slides are displayed on a separate monitor connected to the videodisc. The slides are organized by diseases, by histologic features, and in a comprehensive lecture format. The system can generate an automatic surgical pathology report, has archival capabilities and ability for creating customized lectures (slide-lecture editing functions). The expert system runs on IBM-XT and IBM compatible MS-DOS personal computers. Expert systems and videodisc for stomach, thymus, breast, skin, are completed and remaining 36 organ systems are under development. The knowledge for each of these systems is being provided by experts in the field. All systems will be completed by 1991.
Lack of Specificity of Insulin-I131-Binding by Isolated Rat Diaphragm:

SummarySerum albumin, serum γ globulin, crystalline glucagon and crystalline insulin were observed to bind to diaphragm in vitro and to be eluted slowly on continuous washing with buffered solutions. A lack of reproducibility of binding of insulin at low concentrations is attributable in part to variable adsorption to glassware. A definite saturation of binding sites on diaphragm was not observed at the highest concentrations employed. Competitive inhibition was observed in the presence of heterologous proteins. Binding capacity was not altered by treatment of diaphragms with formaldehyde. Binding of insulin by isolated rat diaphragm in vitro is not demonstrably of biologic significance but is attributable to nonspecific surface adsorption of proteins.
Sleep Debt in Student Life: Online Attention Focus, Facebook, and Mood

The amount of sleep college students receive has become a pressing societal concern. While studies show that information technology (IT) use affects sleep, here we examine the converse: how sleep duration might affect IT use. We conducted an in situ study, and logged computer and phone use and collected sleep diaries and daily surveys of 76 college students for seven days, all waking hours. We examined effects of sleep duration and sleep debt. Our results show that with less sleep, people report higher perceived work pressure and productivity. Also, computer focus duration is significantly shorter suggesting higher multitasking. The more sleep debt, the more Facebook use and the higher the negative mood. With less sleep, people may seek out activities requiring less attentional resources such as social media use. Our results have theoretical implications for multitasking: physiological and cognitive reasons could explain more computer activity switches: related to less sleep.
Guiding Workplace Wellness Programs Through the ADA's Insurance Safe Harbor

This Note evaluates how Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") provisions have been interpreted to apply to two common components of workplace wellness programs, health risk assessments and biometric screening, and the incentives that companies have adopted to increase employee participation in such wellness programs. Courts have recently ruled that wellness programs tied to health benefits plans fall within the ADA’s “insurance safe harbor” and are thereby shielded from any challenges under the ADA’s protections against involuntary medical inquiries, contrary to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s position that the ADA limits the magnitude of permissible wellness incentives. This Note argues that courts have improperly expanded the scope of the ADA’s insurance safe harbor, contravening a consistent reading of the ADA’s provisions. After outlining inconsistencies in the application of the insurance safe harbor in recent cases, this Note suggests an approach for interpreting the safe harbor provision that is supported by the legislative history. The Note concludes by offering recommendations for how legislative and regulatory action may address the evolving use of wellness programs and, in particular, of biometric screening practices and incentives.
Going Dark: Social Factors in Collective Action Against Platform Operators in the Reddit Blackout

This paper describes how people who lead communities on online platforms join together in mass collective action to influence platform operators. I investigate this by analyzing a protest against the social news platform reddit by moderators of 2,278 subreddit communities in July 2015. These moderators collectively disabled their subreddits, preventing millions of readers from accessing major parts of reddit and convincing the company to negotiate over their demands. This paper offers a descriptive analysis of the protest, combining qualitative content analysis, interviews, and quantitative analysis with the population of 52,735 active subreddits. Through participatory hypotheses testing with moderators, this study reveals social factors including the grievances of moderators, relations with platform operators, relations among moderators, subreddit resources, subreddit isolation, and moderators' relations with their subreddits that can lead to participation in mass collective action against a platform.
Quantification of the re-agglomeration of carbon nanofiber aqueous dispersion in cement pastes and effect on the early age flexural response

Abstract The effects of the chemical environment of cement composites on the quality and stability of carbon nanofiber (CNF) aqueous dispersion and changes in relative agglomeration state of CNFs from the aqueous solution to the hydrated cement paste were studied. Several dispersion methods and CNF loadings (0.02–1.0% per mass of cement) were examined. Evidence of secondary agglomeration of formerly dispersed CNFs and growth of non-dispersed primary agglomerates in the hydrating and hydrated cement paste was shown, regardless of the dispersion method, dispersing agent to CNF mass ratio, and CNF loading. The polycarboxylate-based high range water reducer (P-HRWR) dispersing agent resulted in a smaller number of large agglomerates (>200 μm) and a smaller agglomerate-to-agglomerate average distance (0.79–0.55 mm for CNF loadings of 0.2–1.0%) when compared to the other DAs (>1 mm). The flexural performance of the CNF/cement pastes was influenced by the size and spatial distributions of the CNF agglomerates and the nanoscale reinforcing behavior of the agglomerates. The cement pastes prepared with the P-HRWR and a CNF loading above 0.2% per mass of cement showed improvements in the flexural strength and toughness despite the presence of microscale agglomerates (65% and 125%, respectively at the 1.0% CNF loading).
Interactive effects among porcine somatotropin, the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol, and dietary lysine on growth performance and nitrogen balance of finishing swine.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects among porcine somatotropin (pST), salbutamol, and dietary lysine on growth performance, nitrogen balance, and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows (n = 32; 62.8 kg initially). Two replicate 32-d studies were set up in a split-plot design to evaluate singular and combined use of pST (0 or 4 mg/d) and salbutamol (0 or 2.75 ppm of the diet) as whole-plot treatments and diets containing .8, 1.2, 1.6, or 2.0% lysine as subplot treatments. Dietary lysine levels were administered within subplots in a 4 x 4 Latin square with pigs allowed 4 d of adjustment to diets followed by 4 d of urine and feces collection for determination of N retention and apparent digestibility of DM and N. Interactions between lysine and salbutamol were not found (P > .16). A pST x lysine interaction (P < .05) resulted in ADG being maximized at 1.2% lysine for pST-treated pigs (lysine quadratic, P < .02) but decreased linearly (P < .02) with increasing lysine for pigs receiving buffer. Pigs injected with 4 mg/d of pST had improved gain:feed (G:F) up to 1.2% lysine (lysine quadratic, P < .05), but no further increase to 2% lysine, whereas pigs injected with buffer showed no benefit from increased lysine (pST x lysine, P < .06). Pigs receiving buffer had greater increases in plasma urea N (PUN) as lysine increased than those receiving pST (pST x lysine, P < .002), but PUN was reduced by pST (P < .001) regardless of lysine level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sensing and inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Sterne by polymer–bromine complexes

We report on the performance of brominated poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP-Br), brominated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-Br), and brominated poly(allylamine-co-4-aminopyridine) (PAAm-APy-Br) for their ability to decontaminate Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores in solution while also allowing for the sensing of the spores. The polymers were brominated by bromine using carbon tetrachloride or potassium tribromide as solvents, with bromine loadings ranging from 1.6 to 4.2 mEq/g of polymer. B. anthracis Sterne spores were exposed to increasing concentrations of brominated polymers for 5 min, while the kinetics of the sporicidal activity was assessed. All brominated polymers demonstrated spore log-kills of 8 within 5 min of exposure at 12 mg/mL aqueous polymer concentration. Sensing of spores was accomplished by measuring the release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) from the spore using time-resolved fluorescence. Parent, non-brominated polymers did not cause any release of DPA and the spores remained viable. In contrast, spores exposed to the brominated polymers were inactivated and the release of DPA was observed within minutes of exposure. Also, this release of DPA continued for a long time after spore inactivation as in a controlled release process. The DPA release was more pronounced for spores exposed to brominated PVP and brominated PEG-8000 compared to brominated PAAm-APy and brominated PEG-400. Using time-resolved fluorescence, we detected as low as 2500 B. anthracis spores, with PEG-8000 being more sensitive to low spore numbers. Our results suggest that the brominated polymers may be used effectively as decontamination agents against bacterial spores while also providing the sensing capability.
Academic men's health: Case studies in clinical practice: Intimate partner violence perpetration

Abstract Recent research has addressed ways to identify and treat male patients who perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV). This phenomenon refers to the person who causes violence or abuse to be inflicted on a victim. A case study will be presented to illustrate a male patient at-risk for IPV perpetration. The goals of this review are to (1) define the prevalence of male patients who perpetrate IPV, (2) describe the pathophysiology and etiologies associated with IPV perpetration, (3) list the methods to diagnose and evaluate male patients who perpetrate IPV, and (4) understand the treatments for IPV perpetration. To meet these objectives, a systematic review of medical and allied health databases was conducted to analyze the case study presented. The prevalence of male primary care and emergency medicine patients who perpetrate IPV is 7–41%. The most widely used measurement tool to detect male IPV perpetration is the Conflict Tactics Scale. Most studies of IPV perpetrators have focused on associations with demographic factors, prior history of violence, mental health diagnoses, and substance use disorders. An 8-question screening tool is available to diagnose IPV perpetration, and at-risk patients should be evaluated for concurrent mental health and substance abuse problems. The most appropriate current treatment for IPV perpetration is referral to a batterer intervention program. An algorithm is presented to address screening, assessment, intervention, and documentation. The review concludes with the case progression and resolution.
Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link?

Background: Adolescent sexual risk taking and its consequences remain a global public health concern. Empirical evidence on the impact that social media has on sexual health behaviors among youth is sparse. Objective: The study aimed to examine the relationship between social media and the change in sexual risk over time and whether parental monitoring moderates this relationship. Methods: This study comprised a sample of 555 Latino youth aged 13-19 years from Maryland, United States completing baseline and follow-up surveys. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to examine the relationship between social media and the change in sexual risk over time and whether parental monitoring moderated the relationship. Results: Sexual risk behaviors significantly increased between baseline (T1) and follow up (T2) (mean=0.432 vs mean=0.734, P<.001). Youth sending more than 100 text messages per day had significantly higher sexual risk scores (beta=1.008, P<.001) but significantly larger declines in sexual risk scores for higher levels of parental monitoring (beta=−.237, P=.009). Conclusions: Although adolescents exchange SMS at high rates, parental monitoring remains vital to parent-child relationships and can moderate SMS frequency and sexual risk behaviors, despite parental influence diminishing and peer pressure and social influences increasing during adolescence. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017;3(2):e28]
Angiogenesis Research: Extramural Portfolio Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2008-2015.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funds angiogenesis-related extramural research aimed at improving the understanding of normal and abnormal angiogenesis and translating mechanistic findings into therapeutic interventions. This portfolio analysis of fiscal years 2008 through 2015 shows that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute awarded an average of 229±26 angiogenesis-related grants with an average cost of $116±20 million per fiscal year. Angiogenesis research was funded through 4 major funding mechanisms, mainly through Research Project Grants (R01s, 64% of the total awards). New awards (type 1) that may represent pursuit of new directions in angiogenesis research accounted for an average of 19±3% of total awards per fiscal year. In the portfolio, 74.1% of awards (65% of total dollars) used in vivo animal models; 9.7% of awards (5% of total dollars) used in vitro methods; 13.7% of awards (27% of total dollars) involved human subject studies (not including clinical trials); and 2.5% of awards (3% of total dollars) supported clinical trials. Public impact was measured by the annual average number of publications per grant (3.3±0.3) and cost ($154±24 thousand) per publication. Our analyses revealed that intussusceptive angiogenesis may represent an understudied mechanism, and therapeutic angiogenesis remains a remarkable challenge and opportunity to treat angiogenesis-related diseases. Angiogenesis denotes the process of new blood vessel formation and growth that is vital for normal embryonic development, patterning of the vascular system, and wound healing. Insufficient, excessive, or aberrant angiogenesis may have significant clinical consequences in diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, cancer, chronic inflammation, and retinopathy.1 These key contributions to physiological and pathological processes support the high significance of research aimed at better understanding the complex regulation of angiogenesis. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), the largest funding source for biomedical research in the world, funds angiogenesis-related extramural research (hereafter abbreviated as …