cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoconductivity and electroluminescence in lead iodide based natural quantum well structures

Abstract For the natural quantum well structures of (C6H5 - C2H4NH3)2 - PbI4 and (C6H5 - C2H4NH3)2(CH3NH3) - Pb2I7, step-like features in the absorption and photo-current spectra were identified as 2D band edge transitions from their temperature dependence. Photocurrent along the c-axis is much smaller than that along the well plane, revealing the large anisotropy of the electronic band structure, and shows a plateau in the current-voltage curve, which can be explained in terms of Wannier-Stark localization in the materials. Electroluminescence from free excitons was observed at a relatively low field (10 kV cm-1) along the wells below 200 K.
Sexual Orientation and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Young Women in the United States

Abstract Purpose We studied sexual and reproductive health among self-identified bisexual, lesbian, and heterosexual adolescent young women. Prior research has suggested that bisexual and lesbian young women may be at greater risk for many negative health outcomes, including risky sexual and reproductive health behavior. Methods Using data from the U.S. nationally representative 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), we examined sexual and reproductive health among young women 15–20 years of age as a function of sexual orientation. We used logistic regression and ANCOVA to examine differences in sexual and reproductive health across groups while controlling for demographic group differences. Results Bisexual and lesbian young women reported elevated sexual and reproductive health risks. Bisexual and lesbian participants reported being younger at heterosexual sexual debut, and having more male and female sexual partners, than did heterosexual participants. Further, they were more likely than heterosexual young women to report having been forced to have sex by a male partner. Bisexual young women reported the earliest sexual debut, highest numbers of male partners, greatest use of emergency contraception, and highest frequency of pregnancy termination. Conclusions Overall, sexual minority young women—especially those who identified as bisexual—were at higher sexual and reproductive risk than their heterosexual peers.
Enhancement of Optical Transmission Through Planar Nano-Apertures in a Metal Film

In this work, we investigate transmission enhancement through ridged-apertures of nanometer size in a metal film in the optical frequency range. It is demonstrated that the fundamental propagation TE10 mode concentrated in the gap between the two ridges of the aperture provides transmission efficiency higher than unity, and the size of the gap between the two ridges determines the sub-wavelength resolution. Fabry-Perot-like resonance with respect to the thickness of the aperture and the red-shift phenomena with respect to the wavelength of the incident light are observed. As a comparison, transmission through regular apertures is also computed, and is found much lower. Localized surface plasmon (LSP) is excited on the edges of the aperture in a silver film but plays a negative role with respect to the field concentration and signal contrast. With optimized geometries, the ridged apertures are capable of achieving sub-wavelength resolution in the near field with transmission efficiency above unity and high contrast.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Mandibular allometry and male dimorphism in a group of obligately mycophagous beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae)

Analyses of seven species of the obligately mycophagous staphylinid beetle genus Oxyporus indicate that five species display male mandibular allometry. Among species with dimorphic separations, two general allometric patterns were observed: (1) change in mandibular length at a hypothesized switch point is discontinuous rather than continuous, and (2) the linear slope of mandibular length versus elytral length changes at the hypothesized switch point. The male dimorphisms are likely related to male mating strategies where minor males increase the chances to encounter females by maintaining maneuverability, while major males do the same through intraspecific combat. Male dimorphisms may also be correlated with patterns of fungal usage.
Early Identification of Reading Difficulties Using Heterogeneous Developmental Trajectories

Serious conceptual and procedural problems associated with current diagnostic methods call for alternative approaches to assessing and diagnosing students with reading problems. This study presents a new analytic model to improve the classification and prediction of children's reading development. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify the presence of 10 different heterogeneous developmental patterns. In all, 411 children in kindergarten through Grade 2 from 3 elementary schools in Texas were administered measures of phonological awareness, word recognition, and rapid naming skills 4 times a year. The mean ages were 5.8 years (SD = 0.35) for the kindergartners, 6.9 years (SD = 0.39) for Grade 1, and 8.0 years (SD = 0.43) for Grade 2; the percentage of boys was 50%. The results indicate that precursor reading skills such as phonological awareness and rapid naming are highly predictive of word reading (word recognition) and that developmental profiles formed in kindergarten are directly associated with development in Grades 1 and 2. Students identified as having reading-related difficulties in kindergarten exhibited slower development of word recognition skills in subsequent years of the study.
The representation of linear operators on spaces of finitely additive set functions

The theory of representing continuous linear operators on function spaces in terms of integrals has had a long and fruitful history, beginning with the Riesz representation theorem in 1909. If T is such an operator, then the standard representation is T ( f ) = ∫ f dμ, where the integral is denned in diverse ways, depending on the nature of the set of functions and the nature of T .
Pagophagia in the Albino Rat

Pagophagia, or ice-eating, is a common symptom of iron-deficiency anemia in humans. Rats made anemic by withdrawal of blood consume a significantly greater proportion of their daily water in the form of ice than nonanemic controls. Recovery from the anemia eliminates the pagophagia.
1487 MECHANISM OF ANTINATRIURESIS AFTER SYSTEMIC VASODILATION

To investigate the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the sodium retention after systemic vasodilation, 15 hypophysectomized dogs undergoing saline diuresis (5 ml/min) had the left kidney denervated (5% phenol in 70% ethanol). After stable urine flows were obtained, control clearances for inulin, PAH, free-water, distal chloride delivery and fractional distal chloride reabsorption were obtained. In 8 dogs, diazoxide (D) as a bolus (5 mgm/kg) was infused; in 7, sodium nitroprusside (N) was infused. During both infusions, mean arterial pressure dropped from 133±6 (x±SEM) to 83±7 torr (p <.01). With D, UNaV from the right kidney fell from 23±7 to 7±2 uEq/min (p<.01). CIN and CPAH decreased slightly but significantly (p<.05). CH2O + CCI decreased from 6.1±.3 to 2.1±.8 (p<.01) and 6.7±.1 to 3.1±1.1 (p<.01) ml/min/100 GFR, respectively. CH2O + CCI/CH2O was not affected. No significant changes on the left were noted. With N, no changes occurred in CIN or CPAH. UNaV decreased on the right from 20±4 to 12±3 uEq/min (p<.05). CH2O and CH2O+CCI decreased from 8.5±1.0 to 4.7±1.3 and 8.9±1.0 to 4.4±1.5 ml/min/100 GFR respectively (p<.05), no changes were noted on the left. The data indicate that the renal sympathetic nerves increase sodium reabsorption in the proximal nephron during acute systemic vasodilation.
Hydration reactions in portland cement-silica fume blends

Early hydration reactions of portland cement-silica fume blends were followed by conduction calorimetry, Ca(OH)2 estimation, and later reactions by Ca(OH)2 and non-evaporable water contents. Silica fume accelerated both C3S and C3A hydration in the first few hours. At longer periods pastes of blends hydrated to a greater extent than mortars, possibly because sand acted as a Ca(OH)2 sink in the mortars.
An improved technique for labelling proteins with I131

Abstract The described method allowed good control of the degree of iodination which can be calculated fairly accurately if it is assumed that incorporation of carrier iodine parallels that of radioactive iodine. The possibility of denaturation or other damage to the protein is diminished by the use of an iodination solution free of oxidizing agents other than iodine itself. Using a crystalline glucagon preparation, incorporation of 15 to 25% of the totally employed radioactivity was obtained.
The frequency of nest construction and satellite male behavior in the fallfish minnow

The percentage of reproductively mature male fallfish that construct and defend nests is low (<10%), nesting activity normally being conducted only by the largest, and presumably oldest, males. Adult mortality rates suggest that most male fallfish reproduce during their life only by satellite activity at the nests of other males. A lesser degree of paternal certainty at the nests of male fallfish may be in part responsible for the greater amount of satellite male activity shown by this species than described in the literature for the closely related creek chub.
Purification of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from rat brain by affinity chromatography directed at the acetylcholine binding site.

Abstract We have purified a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from rat brain by use of an acetylcholine affinity resin commonly employed for the purification of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from electric tissue. Receptor, specifically eluted with nicotine, bound (-)-[3H]nicotine with a dissociation constant of ∼21 nM. Binding was inhibited by carbamylcholine but not by α-bungarotoxin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded two protein bands, of apparent mol.wts. 80,400 and 52,400. These results provide independent confirmation of the subunit size and composition reported for rat brain nicotinic receptor isolated by immunoaffinity methods and demonstrate a method of purification that can be performed with commercially available reagents.
The New Global Command Economy

Globalization is becoming one of the most widespread catchphrases attempting to grasp the post-Cold War international reality. In this paper I argue that, although the process of globalization has brought about more liberalization and decentralization of political economies at the national level, it has also created a far more regimented and centralized economy and polity at the international level. This shift of the center of gravity of political economy from the national to the international level is what the phrase the new global command economy attempts to grasp. First, I begin with a definition of geopolitical economy as a conceptualization of the complex interaction between states and the world economy. Second, I show how a few global institutions de facto command the world economy with a level of centralization and regimentation similar to that which the centrally planned economies used to exercise at the national level during the Cold War era. Third, I analyze how the new global command economy co...
The Safety of Transurethral Prostatectomy: A Cohort Study of Mortality in 9,416 Men

AbstractPurpose: We assessed the mortality rate from transurethral resection of the prostate.Materials and Methods: From 1976 to 1984, 4,708 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were compared retrospectively to an age-matched group of 4,708 randomly selected Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program members not undergoing surgery. The risk of mortality associated with transurethral resection of the prostate relative to no surgery was determined using proportional hazards models.Results: The relative risk for surgery versus no surgery for the total group was 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.82 to 0.95). Similarly, the results for each 5-year age group demonstrated a relative risk of 0.77 to 0.95.Conclusions: This cohort study showed no excess mortality for patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate compared to age-matched comparison subjects randomly selected from health plan members who did not undergo surgery. Information from thi...
A note on tensor categories of Lie type E9

We consider the problem of decomposing tensor powers of the fundamental level 1 highest weight representation V of the affine Kac–Moody algebra g(E9). We describe an elementary algorithm for determining the decomposition of the submodule of V⊗n whose irreducible direct summands have highest weights which are maximal with respect to the null-root. This decomposition is based on Littelmann's path algorithm and conforms with the uniform combinatorial behavior recently discovered by H. Wenzl for the series EN, N≠9.
Evidence that productive rearrangements of TCR γ genes influence the commitment of progenitor cells to differentiate into αβ or γδ T cells

Two models have been considered to account for the differentiation of gamma delta and alpha beta T cells from a common hematopoietic progenitor cell. In one model, progenitor cells commit to a lineage before T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement occurs. In the other model, progenitor cells first undergo rearrangement of TCR gamma, delta, or both genes, and cells that succeed in generating a functional receptor commit to the gamma delta lineage, while those that do not proceed to attempt complete beta and subsequently alpha gene rearrangements. A prediction of the latter model is that TCR gamma rearrangements present in alpha beta T cells will be nonproductive. We tested this hypothesis by examining V gamma 2-J gamma 1C gamma 1 rearrangements, which are commonly found in alpha beta T cells. The results indicate that V gamma 2-J gamma 1C gamma 1 rearrangements in purified alpha beta T cell populations are almost all nonproductive. The low frequency of productive rearrangements of V gamma 2 in alpha beta T cells is apparently not due to a property of the rearrangement machinery, because a transgenic rearrangement substrate, in which the V gamma 2 gene harbored a frame-shift mutation that prevents expression at the protein level, was often rearranged in a productive configuration in alpha beta T cells. The results suggest that progenitor cells which undergo productive rearrangement of their endogenous V gamma 2 gene are selectively excluded from the alpha beta T cell lineage.
A meta-analytic investigation of therapy modality outcomes for sexually abused children and adolescents: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the independent effects of different treatment elements on a number of secondary problems related to childhood and adolescent sexual abuse, as well as investigate a number of different moderators of treatment effectiveness. METHOD: Twenty-eight studies that provided treatment outcome results for children and adolescents who had been sexually abused were included in the meta-analysis. Different aspects of psychological treatment, such as specific treatment modalities (individual, cognitive-behavioral, etc.) or secondary problems (behavior problems, psychological distress, etc.) were investigated. RESULTS: The overall mean weighted effect size for the meta-analysis was d=.72 (SE=.02). The results indicate that psychological treatment after childhood or adolescent sexual abuse tended to result in better outcomes than no treatment. There was significant heterogeneity in the effectiveness of the various psychological treatment elements. Play therapy seemed to be the most effective treatment for social functioning, whereas cognitive-behavioral, abuse-specific, and supportive therapy in either group or individual formats was most effective for behavior problems. Cognitive-behavioral, family, and individual therapy seemed to be the most effective for psychological distress, and abuse-specific, cognitive-behavioral, and group therapy appeared to be the most effective for low self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of therapy modality should depend on the child's main presenting secondary problem. Further research should be conducted investigating other possible moderators and secondary problem outcomes. Language: en
Asymmetric catalysis: Correlating sterics in catalysis.

Recognizing that an analogy can be drawn between steric effects in drug discovery and asymmetric catalysis has led to a powerful technique that can explain and potentially predict the outcome of asymmetric reactions.
Laboratory Staff Evaluation Process

Objectively evaluating laboratory staff is a very difficult task. Variations in supported equipment, student performance, and process sensitivity prevent the use of direct, objective criteria in employee performance measurement. These factors are multiplied in research facilities, where equipment uptime and process performance measurements are not easily determined. Supervisors, therefore, must apply more subjective techniques in staff evaluation, which often results in the perception of inequity. This paper presents a rigorous evaluation process that utilizes significant employee participation to address this issue of perceived inequity.The process utilizes five areas of evaluation: Goals and Accountability; Job Performance; Individual Characteristics; Aspirations and Assistance; and Employee Feedback. These areas, applied through an employee self-evaluation followed by direct interaction between employee and supervisor, serve as discussion points as well as a means of performance documentation. While st...
Coupling methodologies for environmental models

Abstract Environmental models have been developed to address narrowly defined issues. As these issues become broader and scientific understanding grows, models become more complex. A variety of methodologies couple environmental models to address multifaceted issues, such as cross-media effects, risk analysis, and environmental justice investigations. This study analyzes, from a modeler's perspective, various coupling methodologies according to their characteristics. This analysis is presented as a five-level coupling hierarchy, and includes a representation of a modeling framework for coupled environmental models requiring dynamic feedback during a simulation (e.g., multimedia modeling). The framework addresses the special needs for this type of modeling, including spatial locking for environmental data, autogeneration of simulation metadata, simulation verification, and automated recovery from system problems.
Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU – not so sweet?

Intervention: On admission, patients were randomly assigned to strict normalization of blood glucose levels (80 to 110 mg per deciliter [4.4 to 6.1 mmol per liter]) with the use of insulin infusion or to conventional therapy (insulin administered when the blood glucose level exceeded 215 mg per deciliter [12 mmol per liter], with the infusion tapered when the level fell below 180 mg per deciliter [10 mmol per liter]).
The structural analysis and enzymic synthesis of a pentasaccharide alpha-limit dextrin formed from amy- lopectin by bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase*

Abstract Crystalline Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase hydrolyses arnylopectin to a mixture Of D-gIUCOSe, maltose, and branched oligosaccharides (alpha-limit dextrins). The smallest such dextrin formed under the conditions of the experiment is a pentasaccharide. A combination of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and frag- mentation analysis with acid narrowed the pentasaccharide structure to two possibilities, but failed to distinguish between them. A rigid proof that the dextrin has the structure 6'-a-maltosylmaltotriose was obtained by application of enzymic degradation. Finally, the structure of the pentasaccharide was confirmed by enzymic synthesis. It is shown that the structural analysis of such oligosaccharides, derived from amylopectin, can be made by the use of enzymes alone, without resort to the more time-consuming, less-specific, and less-sensitive methods of chemical analysis. Conclusions are drawn regarding the action pattern of the B. subtilis arnylase.
Cooperatives and the Forces Shaping Agricultural Marketing

To explore cooperatives' responses to the forces shaping agricultural marketing, we need to understand their role in a marketoriented economy. Cooperatives' economic function is to integrate vertically their members into the marketing chain, either upstream (a purchasing co-op) or downstream (a marketing co-op). The distinguishing feature of cooperative integration is its jointness. Agents horizontally coordinate (form a club) to accomplish vertical integration (VI). Thus, to explain cooperatives' role in a marketoriented economy is simultaneously (a) to enumerate farmers' incentives to integrate vertically and (b) to identify reasons for coordinated (i.e., cooperative) rather than individual integration. Toward this end, consider a set N = {1,
Local-density approximation, hierarchy of equations, functional expansion, and adiabatic connection in current-density-functional theory

Identities and approximations are proposed for the current-density-functional theory. Based on the virial theorem and the scaling properties of the kinetic and exchange energy density functionals, when local and variable-separation assumptions are made, local formulas for these functionals are obtained. One also obtains hierarchies of equations, which combine to give series expansions of the functionals in terms of their functional derivatives with respect to both the density and the paramagnetic current density. In addition, a general formulation is investigated in the form of the constrained search of a coupled Hamiltonian. Subject to the validity of a Taylor series, both the correlation energy density functional and its kinetic component can be expanded into series, each of which, if locality density approximations are assumed, consists of homogeneous functionals of degree (4{minus}{ital n})/3 in density scaling, (4{minus}{ital n})/2 with respect to {bold v}({bold r}), a gauge-invariant variable. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Issues in the design and use of wearable computers

Wearable computers are fully functional, self-powered, self-contained computers that allow the user to access information anywhere and at any time. In this paper, design issues for wearable computers are discussed, including power considerations, use of input devices, image registration, and the use of wearable computers for the design of smart spaces. Application areas for wearable computers are presented, including medicine, manufacturing, maintenance, and as personal assistants. Finally, future research directions for wearable computers are indicated.
Photoperiodic variation of Leydig cell numbers in the testis of the golden hamster: A possible mechanism for their renewal during recrudescence

Golden hamster testes regress after short day exposure. The present study asks: 1) are Leydig cell numbers depleted during short days, and 2) if so, how are they replenished during recrudescence. Control hamsters were shown 14 h of light and 10 h of dark (LD 14:10) for 10 weeks (n = 12). Testicular regression was induced by LD 6:18 for 10 weeks (n = 4), and recrudescence by switching regressed hamsters to LD 14:10 for 3 and 5 weeks (n = 8 for each group). All hamsters were injected with [3H]thymidine [3 μCi/gm body wt., intraperitoneally (i.p.)] 1 h or 2 weeks before sacrifice. Leydig cell number per testis was determined by stereological analysis of sections of perfusion-fixed testes, and labeling indices were determined by autoradiography. Leydig cell numbers were reduced significantly from 18.2 × 106 in control to 9.0 × 106 in regressed testes (p < 0.05); then increased to 14.0 × 106 and 17.9 × 106 in 3- and 5-week recrudesced hamsters. The labeling index was nondetectable (n.d.) for regressed hamsters. In control and recrudescing hamsters the labeling index was measured at two times (t1 = 1 h vs. t2 = 2 weeks post-injection): in controls, t1 = 0.22 ± 0.15% (mean ± SEM) vs. t2 = 0.28 ± 0.22%; in 1 week recrudesced, n.d. vs. 1.92 ± 0.77% (p < 0.05); at 3 wk, n.d. vs. 4.58 ± 1.74% (p < 0.05); at 5 weeks, 1.92 ± 0.61% vs. 2.25 ± 0.59%. These results are indicative of the existence of interstitial precursor cells that divide, then differentiate, and thus replenish the Leydig cell population during testicular recrudescence.
Xenon and krypton isotopes in extraterrestrial regolith soils and in the solar wind

Isotopic distributions of pure solar-wind xenon and krypton are derived from an extensive data base of xenon and krypton compositions evolved from lunar and meteoritic regolith samples by acid-etching or combustion-pyrolysis experiments in several different laboratories. Regolith Xe and Kr are nonuniform mixtures of primary solar-wind components with others arising in situ from cosmic-ray spallation, neutron-capture in iodine and bromine, and, for Xe, from adsorption or shallow implantation of radiogenic isotopes generated by decay of long-extinct radionuclides and still extant in the regolith. A previously unrecognized irradiation effect in Xe has generated variable and often large excesses of 126Xe in both lunar and asteroidal regolith samples. Their most likely production mechanism appears to be solar proton reactions on dispersed surface-correlated iodine, but for most samples this requires substantially more iodine circulating in the topmost regolith than is reflected in their measured contents. We find that the pure solar-wind composition itself can be accurately modeled as a mixture of “UXe” and a heavy-isotope constituent containing primarily only 134Xe and 136Xe components which from other evidence, observed and inferred, appear to have been fundamental constituents of primordial solar-system Xe. Deconvolution of measured heavy-isotope Xe compositions according to this view reveals the presence of an additional rcgolith contribution with an isotopic distribution fully consistent with that of 244Pu fission Xe. A solar-energetic-particle (SEP) Xe component, isotopically distinct from the solar wind composition, is not apparent in this analysis. SEP-like fractionated krypton, however, is clearly a contributor to the regolith Kr system, completely in line with conclusions reached by the Zurich group, along with solar-wind Kr and the expected additions from spallation and neutron capture in dispersed regolithic bromine. A large number of Kr fractions released from a variety of samples of differing antiquities by early acid attack and low-temperature pyrolysiscombustion. and therefore considered to evolve primarily from the shallow, largely SEP- and spallation-free solar-wind implantation zones in grain surfaces, point firmly to an isotopically light and time-invariant composition for pure solar-wind Kr. This composition is essentially identical to that of an ancient Kr component :inferred, from models of atmospheric evolution on the two planets, to have been present in the primordial atmospheres of Earth and Mars.
T-lymphocyte rosette inhibition titering of antisera by direct microassay☆

A 60-sample micro-rosette inhibition assay for determining the 100% rosette inhibitory titers of heterologous antisera is described. The assay is performed in histocompatibility trays, under oil, using frozen-thawed thymocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes as the rosette forming lymphoid cells. Antisera dilutions are incubated with lymphocytes for an appropriate period, either with or without added complement; SRBC are inoculated into each well, and rosettes formed by centrifugation of the trays at 200 × g. Following centrifugation, glutaraldehyde is added to each well to fix rosettes to the well bottom and the plates inverted to allow unbound SRBC to fall away. One hundred percent rosette inhibition is determined by low power microscopic examination of the inverted wells. Highly reproducible in-assay (±4% average standard error) and between-assay (±9%) inhibition values are obtained which correlated well (r = 0.99) with values calculated by more conventional methodology.
Diurnal tide in the Martian atmosphere

Classical atmospheric tidal theory is extended to include the effects of large-amplitude planetary-scale variations of the terrain height. Utilizing simple models of the thermotidal forcing, the resulting technique is used to compute the diurnal tide in both the dust-free and the dust-laden Martian atmosphere. The main effect of the Martian variable terrain is to drive topographic tidal modes which can propagate vertically and to excite the possibly resonant diurnal Kelvin mode. The resulting surface wind can exceed 20 m/sec and may determine the preferred location for the initiation of global dust storms. In the middle Martian atmosphere (30-80 km) static and shear instabilities embedded within the tidal fields will generate extensive, though variable, regions of turbulence. Vertical mixing by this turbulence and transport by the tide itself may help to stabilize the middle Martian atmosphere against photolysis.
Bowing of the defect formation energy in semiconductor alloys

Using the first-principles method and special quasirandom structure approach, we have studied the formation energies of two prototype defects in alloys, Ge${}_{\mathrm{As}}$ in Al${}_{x}$Ga${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$As and Cu${}_{\mathrm{Cd}}$ in CdS${}_{x}$Te${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$. We find that giant bowing effects for the defect formation energy can exist in semiconductor alloys. The bowing effect originates from the concentrated distribution of defects at low energy sites caused by the defect wave-function localization and the size-mismatch-induced strain effect. Because the bowing effect can drastically reduce the defect formation energy---even in dilute semiconductor alloys---it can have wide applications, such as alloy-enhanced defect solubility in semiconductors.
Iron complexes of tris(pyrazolyl)ethane ligands methylated in the 3-, 4-, and 5-positions

Abstract Four tris(pyrazolyl)ethane (tpe) ligands were synthesized from tris(pyrazolyl)methane (tpm) starting materials. The new tpe ligands differ only in the placement of methyl groups on the pyrazole rings. For each tpe ligand, the 2:1 complex with Fe(II) was readily synthesized and the structures were determined by X-ray crystallography and characterized more completely by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The complexes all contain Fe(II) in the low spin (LS) state at low temperatures, but differ in Fe–N bond lengths and spectroscopic parameters. Methyl groups in the 5-position of the pyrazoles of the tpe ligand close the bite of the ligand, strengthening the ligand field and shifting the visible absorbance band of the complex to higher energies. Methyls in the 4-position had almost no effect on the ligand, making the iron(II) complex almost indistinguishable from that of the parent tpe ligand. Methyl groups in the 3-position of the tpe ligand cause an opening of the bite of the ligand, which is evidenced by increased Fe–N bond lengths in the complex and a shift of the visible absorbance to lower energies. The complex with methyls in the 3-position also starts to display spin crossover behavior near room temperature, whereas the other tpe complexes do not.
Critical influence of finite rate chemistry and unmixedness on ignition and combustion of supersonic H2-air streams

Good agreement has been obtained between published profiles of composition and pitot pressure and the calculated results from a computer program in which finite rate chemistry was used. Significant differences are noted between results calculated using 7 species and 8 reactions and those calculated using 12 species and 25 reactions. Differences are also found between results in which the effect of unmixedness on reaction in turbulent flow is applied or is not applied.
Angiotensin II type 1a receptors in subfornical organ contribute towards chronic intermittent hypoxia-associated sustained increase in mean arterial pressure.

Sleep apnea is associated with hypertension. The mechanisms contributing to a sustained increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) even during normoxic awake-state remain unknown. Rats exposed to chr...
Sodium chloride sorption in sulfonated polymers for membrane applications

Abstract Sodium chloride permeability and sorption measurements were used to calculate average salt diffusion coefficients for charged, sulfonated polymers of interest for membrane applications. A sulfonated polysulfone random copolymer and two phase-separated, sulfonated styrenic pentablock copolymers were considered, and data for these materials were compared with those for an uncharged cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) hydrogel. The average salt diffusion coefficients reported for the block copolymers are apparent salt diffusion coefficients because the values have not been adjusted for the polymer’s phase separated morphology. The sodium chloride permeability of the uncharged hydrogel decreases by about 16% as upstream salt concentration increases from 0.01 to 1 mol L −1 . This salt permeability change results from a decrease in the salt diffusion coefficient with increasing salt concentration because the polymer’s water content decreases as salt concentration increases (i.e., osmotic de-swelling). This decrease in salt diffusion coefficient is consistent with free volume theory, wherein a decrease in water content leads to a decrease in free volume, thereby decreasing the salt diffusion coefficient and, in turn, salt permeability. In contrast, the sodium chloride permeability of the charged polymers increases by more than an order of magnitude as upstream salt concentration increases from 0.01 to 1 mol L −1 . This salt permeability increase is due to increases in both mobile salt sorption and diffusion coefficients with increasing salt concentration, despite the fact that water content (and, therefore, free volume) in the polymer decreases as salt concentration increases. Thus, the increase in salt diffusion coefficient with increasing salt concentration in the charged polymers results from factors (which are currently poorly understood) other than simply water uptake or free volume.
The diterpene alkaloids: the structure and stereochemistry of heteratisine

Abstract Chemical and spectroscopic studies have shown that heteratisine (C 22 H 33 NO 5 ), a diterpene lactone alkaloid occurring as a monobenzoyl ester in the roots of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall, has stereostructure 1 . Heteratisine thus bears a closer structural relationship to the highly toxic and polyoxygenated alkaloids of the lycoctonine-aconitine type than to its companion bases of A. heterophyllum , atisine, atidine and hetisine. An unusual cleavage reaction occurring when 19-oxodehydroheteratisine ( 28 ) is treated with strong base is described.
XLIII.—Description of sponges from Funafuti

(1900). XLIII.—Description of sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 6, No. 34, pp. 345-362.
Introducing LUIMA: an experiment in legal conceptual retrieval of vaccine injury decisions using a UIMA type system and tools

This paper presents first results from a proof of feasibility experiment in conceptual legal document retrieval in a particular domain (involving vaccine injury compensation). The conceptual markup of documents is done automatically using LUIMA, a law-specific semantic extraction toolbox based on the UIMA framework. The system consists of modules for automatic sub-sentence level annotation, machine learning based sentence annotation, basic retrieval using Apache Lucene and a machine learning based reranking of retrieved documents. In a leave-one-out experiment on a limited corpus, the resulting rankings scored higher for most tested queries than baseline rankings created using a commercial full-text legal information system.
Sec6/8 complexes on trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane regulate late stages of exocytosis in mammalian cells

Sec6/8 complex regulates delivery of exocytic vesicles to plasma membrane docking sites, but how it is recruited to specific sites in the exocytic pathway is poorly understood. We identified an Sec6/8 complex on trans-Golgi network (TGN) and plasma membrane in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells that formed either fibroblast- (NRK-49F) or epithelial-like (NRK-52E) intercellular junctions. At both TGN and plasma membrane, Sec6/8 complex colocalizes with exocytic cargo protein, vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVG)-tsO45. Newly synthesized Sec6/8 complex is simultaneously recruited from the cytosol to both sites. However, brefeldin A treatment inhibits recruitment to the plasma membrane and other treatments that block exocytosis (e.g., expression of kinase-inactive protein kinase D and low temperature incubation) cause accumulation of Sec6/8 on the TGN, indicating that steady-state distribution of Sec6/8 complex depends on continuous exocytic vesicle trafficking. Addition of antibodies specific for TGN- or plasma membrane–bound Sec6/8 complexes to semiintact NRK cells results in cargo accumulation in a perinuclear region or near the plasma membrane, respectively. These results indicate that Sec6/8 complex is required for several steps in exocytic transport of vesicles between TGN and plasma membrane.
Separation of β,γ-bidentate Cr · ATP diastereomers by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The separation of the four diastereomers of β,γ-bidentate Cr · ATP using reverse-phase HPLC techniques is described. This technique provides complete resolution of the diastereomers within 10 min and relies on the use of methanesulfonic acid (in the ionized form) as an ion-pairing agent. To identify the screw sense of these resolved isomers, the CD spectra of each isomer were done, and substrate and inhibition specificities were examined using hexokinase. The results were then correlated with the isomeric assignments made by D. Dunaway-Mariano and W. W. Cleland (1980, Biochemistry19, 1506–1515). Further studies included the monitoring of isomer interconversion at pH 6.2 to an equilibrium concentration of all four, and specific rotation measurements of the pure isomers at pH 2.5, 23°C, and 546 nm.
A Statistical Application for Determining Ceramic Assemblages at Disturbed Archaeological Sites

A computer-assisted correlation method, “PEARSON CORR,” is used to establish the underlying linear relationships among descriptive classes of pottery at a plow-disturbed archaeological site on the Georgia coast. Networks of correlated pottery classes are isolated and compared with previously defined pottery complexes on the coast. It is argued that the pottery networks reflect ceramic assemblages of cultural and archaeological significance.
Electrotransformation of Streptococcus sanguis Challis

Plasmid DNA was introduced into noncompetent cells ofStreptococcus sanguis Challis by an electrotransformation technique. The procedure was simple and rapid, did not require elaborate pretreatment of cells, and yielded transformant colonies in 24 h. The maximum transformation efficiency attained was 2.1×104 transformants per μg of pVA736. Molecular rearrangements and deletions were not detected in plasmid DNA isolated from transformants.
Maximizing Quality of Coverage under Connectivity Constraints in Solar-Powered Active Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy harvesting is a promising solution for reducing network maintenance and the overhead of replacing chemical batteries in sensor networks. In this article, problems related to controlling an active wireless sensor network comprised of nodes powered by both rechargeable batteries and solar energy are investigated. The objective of this control is to maximize the network's Quality of Coverage (QoC), defined as the minimum number of targets that can be covered by the network over a 24-hour period. Assuming a time-varying solar profile, the underlying problem is to optimally control the sensing range of each sensor so as to maximize the QoC. The problem is further constrained by requiring all active sensors to report any sensed data to a centralized base station, making connectivity a key factor in sensor management. Implicit in the solution is the allocation of solar energy during the day to sensing tasks and recharging of the battery so that a minimum coverage is guaranteed at all times. The problem turns out to be a nonlinear optimal control problem of high complexity. By exploiting the particular structure of the problem, we present a novel method for determining near-optimal sensing radii and routing paths as a series of quasiconvex (unimodal) optimization problems. The runtime of the proposed solution is 60X less than the standard optimal control method based on dynamic programming, while the worst-case error is less than 8p. The proposed method is scalable to large networks consisting of hundreds of sensors and targets. Several insights in the design of energy-harvesting networks are provided.
The European Community: A Balancing Act

The European Community has traditionally been analyzed using theories and concepts drawn from international relations rather than from federalism. This article emphasizes the balance between the representation of territorial and nonterritorial interests in the Community and argues that concepts drawn from federalism can be useful in analytically understanding the Community as long as the American model offederalism is not viewed as the necessaryfederal referent. It describes the relative importance of the territorial dimension within the major Community institutions-the Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the European Court of Justice. The Court ofJustice, it is argued, isparticularly important in giving the Community a "federal" contour. However, its method of operation differentiates it in important ways from the American judiciary. The role of territorial politics within the Community is such that the Community's policymaking process, while unique, is certainly recognizable to students of comparative federalism.
Nondrug Therapies for Pain Management Among Rural Older Adults

This quasiexperimental two-group pilot study tested an intervention aimed at educating older adults in rural communities about the appropriate use of nondrug treatments for pain. Earlier data reveal that older adults use significantly less nonpharmacologic modalities than their younger counterparts, and that pain self-treatment is prevalent in rural areas. Individuals aged ≥60 years who experienced pain in the preceding 2 weeks were recruited from rural Midwestern communities through the use of flyers and information sessions at hospitals, churches, and community organizations. Upon enrollment, participants selected a date for an educational session, which was randomized to the experimental or control condition. All participants (n = 53) completed a series of questionnaires (Brief Pain Inventory, Symptom Distress Scale, Perceived Control Scale) at the initial educational session (T1) and at a two-week follow-up session (T2). Participants in the control and experimental groups attended a 30-minute educational session on safe use of over-the-counter medications; the experimental group also received an additional 30-minute session on safe and effective use of heat, cold, and relaxation breathing. Hot and cold packs and relaxation breathing instruction were provided for use over the 2-week period. There was a significant increase in the use of all nondrug treatments and a decrease in pain-related distress and current pain scores in the experimental group compared with the control group. This study informs nurses and other health care providers on the value of education for use of nondrug therapies in conjunction with pharmacologic pain management among rural older adults.
Lower bound problems and bounds to atomic ionization energies

A simple extension of a method by Calogero and Marchioro for constructing lower bound problems for ground states of systems of indistinguishable particles is applied to atomic systems. Their method is extended to yield an improved lower bound problem, which raises the ground-state estimate and yields nontrivial lower bounds to excited states that were previously inaccessible by their method. Rigorous upper bounds to atomic ionization energies are also derived.
The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors

Characterization of several thyroid hormone (T3), retinoic acid, and estrogen response elements has led to the identification of conserved DNA half-sites (core binding motifs). We present evidence that differences in both the relative orientation and spacing of these motifs within hormone response elements determine the distinct transcriptional responses of three members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. When separated by 3 bp, direct repeat, palindromic, and inverted palindromic arrangements of these motifs impart selective transcriptional responses to retinoic acid, estrogen, and T3 receptors, respectively. Varying the spacing between core motifs alters the specificity. Without spacing, a direct repeat of the core motif paradoxically configures the T3 receptor to confer transactivation in the absence of T3 and repression in its presence. Such an element occurs naturally in the mouse beta-thyrotropin promoter, physiologically under negative regulation by T3. The orientation and spacing of core binding motifs may thus function in concert as a code that accounts for the selective patterns of transcriptional responses of hormonally regulated promoters.
Orthogonal Ligation of Unprotected Peptide Segments through Pseudoproline Formation for the Synthesis of HIV-1 Protease Analogs†,‡

We describe the total synthesis of three active HIV-1 protease analogs by an orthogonal ligation through thiaproline formation of two large, unprotected peptide segments. The central element of this strategy in achieving orthogonality of peptide bond formation is through proximity effect, and the key reaction is a side chain thiol initiated aldehyde capture to overcome the entropic problem of coupling between two large molecular weight peptide segments. The capture step also leads to specific entropic activation of the acyl segment because the respective termini are brought to close proximity, resulting in a spontaneous acyl rearrangement to form the amide bond. A general method using a thioester for introducing an aldehyde moiety to the C-terminus of an unprotected peptide segment was also developed. Three active analogs of HIV-1 protease were obtained in excellent yield by ligating two segments of 38 and 61 residues. Two analogs contained a thioproline residue at position 39, and the third contained a 3...
The Influence of Host Deprivation and Host Source on the Reproductive Biology and Longevity of the Squash Bug Egg Parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether the reproductive biology and longevity of the squash bug egg parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) were affected by (1) host deprivation and (2) host source, i.e., eggs from squash bugs reared on either a susceptible summer squash (Early Prolific Straightneck), or a resistant winter squash (Waltham Butternut), cultivar. Neither the duration nor the schedule of parasitoid oviposition was affected by host availability when G. pennsylvanicum females were deprived of squash bug eggs for intervals of 3 days throughout their adult lives. However, a significantly longer postreproductive period (i.e., the number of days until death after oviposition is completed) occurred in host-deprived parasitoids, but only in those females that emerged from eggs of squash bugs reared on the susceptible cultivar. When reared from squash bug eggs from the resistant cultivar, G. pennsylvanicum had a shorter postreproductive period which did not differ significantly between host-deprived and non-host-deprived females. Fecundity was significantly lower in host-deprived wasps associated with both cultivars than in non-host-deprived female wasps. Dissections revealed no oocyte resorption over the lifetime of 3-day host-deprived females across all treatments. However, when deprived of hosts for 5, 7, or 9 days, morphological changes appeared in the oocytes, suggesting possible resorption.