cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SATELLITES AND SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING | Research

Research satellites have been developed for measuring the properties of the Earth’s atmosphere since 1960, with increasingly sophisticated instrumentation and attention to calibration and radiometric accuracy. Among the properties of the Earth’s atmosphere that are routinely observed from space are (1) the Earth’s radiant energy budget (the balance between the shortwave energy entering the Earth and the outgoing radiation leaving the Earth), (2) aerosol particles (dust, pollution, smoke), (3) cloud properties (frequency of occurrence, height, size of cloud particles), (4) chemical constituents (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide), (5) atmospheric temperature and water vapor, and (6) precipitation.
CK1 Delta Is an mRNA Cap-Associated Protein That Drives Translation Initiation and Tumor Growth

Whether translation is differentially regulated across liquid and solid tumors remains poorly understood. Here we report the discovery that Casein Kinase 1 delta (CK1{delta}) plays a key role in regulating translation initiation in blood cancers, but interestingly, not in solid tumors. In lymphomas CK1{delta} is a key positive regulator of 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation, assembly of eIF4F, and translation initiation. Furthermore, CK1{delta} is pulled down by m7GTP-agarose that mimics the mRNA m7G cap, consistent with the regulatory role of CK1{delta} in translation initiation. Targeting CK1{delta} using a small molecule inhibitor, namely SR-3029, potently kills lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphoma cells across histology subtypes. While SR-3029 shares with mTORC1 inhibitors the overlapping mechanism of repressing 4E-BP1 and p70S6K/RPS6 phosphorylation, the kinetics of repression is slow with SR-3029 and fast with mTORC1 inhibitors such as Torin-1. Remarkably, it is slower-acting SR-3029, but not fast-acting Torin-1, that kills lymphoma cells consistently across multiple histology subtypes. Proteomics and RNA sequencing studies show that SR-3029 represses the expression of many genes preferentially at the translation step, such as genes in the reactome translation initiation pathway. SR-3029 markedly represses the protein level of the C-MYC oncogene without decreasing its mRNA level. In contrast, Torin-1 fails to reduce the protein level of C-MYC in the same lymphoma cells. While SR-3029 also demonstrates potent activity in select solid tumors, its mechanism of action in the solid tumors is different. In breast cancer cells SR-3029 inhibits nuclear localization of {beta}-catenin but at the same concentrations does not inhibit 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation or global protein synthesis. Likewise, SR-3029 does not inhibit nuclear localization of {beta}-catenin in lymphoma cells. Our results indicate that CK1{delta} is an mRNA cap-associated protein and an upstream kinase required for 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation. CK1{delta} stimulates assembly of eIF4F and translation initiation, and is a critical driver for tumor growth in blood cancers across multiple histology types. CK1{delta} invokes the alternative mechanism of regulating {beta}-catenin in select solid tumors. Our results indicate that CK1{delta} inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in both liquid and solid tumors, and the distinct roles of CK1{delta} in these malignancies may serve as biomarkers to enable precision cancer treatment.
Feasibility of robotic surgical system in radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer after liver transplantation

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of robotic surgical system for radical gastrectomy after liver transplantation. Methods A 65-year-old male patient with gastric cancer after liver transplantation underwent radical distal subtotal gastrectomy using Da Vinci surgical system at the General Surgery Department of Southwest Hospital Affiliated to the Army Military Medical University on October 23, 2018. The placement of Trocars was arranged using five-hole method. No metastatic tumors were found during intraperitoneal exploration and the first hepatic hilum was found to be wrapped with omentum majus. The tumor located at gastric antrum near the lesser curvature. Then the first and the second station lymph nodes were dissected successively. Distal gastrectomy, Billroth II and Brown anastomosis were performed. The anatomical changes of upper abdomen and gastric lymph reflux after liver transplantation were analyzed. Results Radical distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was successfully performed under the whole robotic surgical system. The operative time was 315 minutes, and blood loss was 145 ml. A total of 19 lymph nodes were dissected, of which 11 were metastatic lymph nodes. The operative difficulty was to separate the adhesion around the hepatic hilum precisely so as to avoid the damage of hepatic surface, as well as the colon hepatic flexure and duodenum which were closely adhered to hepatic hilum. Meanwhile, it was necessary to pay attention to protetion for the common bile duct and portal vein. The endoscopic wrist joint of the robot surgical system was flexible and delicate, which had obvious advantages in the process of anatomical separation of the adhesions among organs and adhesions around denuded common hepatic artery without normal vascular sheath. Semi-liquid diet was provided on the third day after operation. The immunosuppressants were resumed on the third day after operation. The patient was discharged on the 7th day postoperatively without any complications. There were no abdominal bleeding, incision infection, anastomotic leakage, anastomotic stenosis and other complications. Two months after operation, the patients diet and daily life is normal. Conclusion The robotic surgical system is safe and feasible for gastric cancer surgery after liver transplantation. Key words: Da vinci robotic surgical system; Stomach neoplasms; Gastrectomy; Liver transplantation
Functionalized water molecules confined in hydrogels for energy mitigation by assembling liquid nanofoams in micro polymeric pockets

Abstract In this work, we report the development of an innovative energy dissipative hydrogel. The hydrogel is constructed by assembling liquid nanofoam, composed of hydrophobic nanoporous particles and water molecules, into the polyacrylamide (PAM)-based hydrogel network. Under the hydrostatic loading condition, water molecules are activated and forced into the hydrophobic nanopores. Due to the large surface area of HNPs, substantial mechanical energy is converted into solid-liquid interfacial energy and finally mitigated as heat during liquid flow process. With 1 wt% addition of nanoporous particles, the volumetric energy mitigation capacity of the LN-hydrogel can increase by 300%. Such hydrogel system provides a new paradigm for the design of energy dissipative hydrogels and holds great promise to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
The divided states of America: Why federalism doesn’t work

American Federalism was born due to the union of the provinces’ desire to retain their idiosyncratic identities and the power held within their domain. The federation so formed became strong enough...
Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near East

In this book, Tyson Putthoff explores the relationship between gods and humans, and between divine nature and human nature, in the Ancient Near East. In this world, gods lived among humans. The two groups shared the world with one another, each playing a special role in maintaining order in the cosmos. Humans also shared aspects of a godlike nature. Even in their natural condition, humans enjoyed a taste of the divine state. Indeed, gods not only lived among humans, but also they lived inside them, taking up residence in the physical body. As such, human nature was actually a composite of humanity and divinity. Putthoff offers new insights into the ancients' understanding of humanity's relationship with the gods, providing a comparative study of this phenomenon from the third millennium BCE to the first century CE.
Automation Trends in Apparel Manufacturing

There is a lack of literature to describe how these technological advances can develop new approaches of doing business and impact apparel brands’ current production models. We obtained 50 US and International patents, filed between 2015 and 2020,related to the research topic by searching key words (e.g., sewing automation,apparel manufacturing automation, and apparel) on search engines such as Google Patents, USPTO, and The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). This research gathered a sample of 30 relevant utility patents. A thematic analysis was conducted of all collected utility patents to classify emerging themes from apparel related innovations and disclose those fields that are underdevelopment and implementation in the apparel industry. There were three critical themes identified for customization and automated systems: (1) innovative software systems, (2) autonomous componential inventions, and (3) autonomous systems. User customization is apparent and plays a critical role in software and autonomous componential systems.
Surface displacement field by pulsed laser irradiation on metallic surfaces

This paper aims to study the working mechanism of pulsed laser generated ultrasonics on metallic surfaces as well as evaluate the pulse laser parameter effect on the generated waves. A thermoelastic model is adopted assuming that the pulsed laser works in the thermoelastic regime and illuminates on a half space metallic structure. Through Hankel-Laplace transform, the surface temperature and displacement are solved in the transformed frequency and wavenumber domain. The numerical solutions are then obtained through inverse Hankel-Laplace transform. Laser parameter effect on the epicenter displacement is studied, showing that the increase of excitation energy and decrease of laser beam radius both increase the epicenter displacement.
A VAR analysis of the effects of Al-Shabaab’s pledge to Al-Qaeda on bombings and fatalities

Pledging allegiance to a larger terrorist group is assumed to increase activities of religious terrorist groups because of cooperative relationships and further support. In a competing theory, a pl...
How information heterogeneity influences traffic congestion during hurricane evacuation

We investigate the effects of the amount and kind of information received by hurricane evacuees on the level of urban evacuation-induced traffic congestion. With the help of agent-based simulation driven by survey data for evacuees of Hurricane Matthew in Jacksonville, FL, we find that sending evacuation notices to households stands out as the most dominant factor impacting evacuation congestion. We use travel time metrics and introduce a percolation congestion index to show that congestion increases marginally by providing more mandatory than voluntary notices, which compensates for the benefits that are obtained by higher evacuation. We also observe that segments of commonly used evacuation routes in the flood-prone areas are more likely to be congested during the evacuation period than the other road segments. This study affirms the importance of evacuation notices in evacuation planning and suggests that planning agencies might benefit by strategically sending these notices to people to control peak congestion.
Airspace-Occupying Diseases

Diseases of the air space of the lung share many common findings and presentation that it makes more sense to be grouped together in a differential diagnosis. The common imaging finding is usually as a lung infiltrate or consolidation of some type of distribution or another. Trying to find the putative cause for the imaging pattern is a good first step in narrowing the differential diagnosis and answering the question: what accounts for this pattern on imaging studies? Most of these diseases have an acute or subacute onset and exhibit restrictive pattern on pulmonary function tests. When treated promptly, they resolve completely with little or no residual injury to the lung architecture.
Increased Levels of Interleukin‐6 in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Men

The presence of various cytokines, namely the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interferon (IFN-gamma), and interleukins (IL-1 beta and IL-6), was investigated in seminal plasma of fertile, infertile, and immunoinfertile men using specific immunoradiometric assays. TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta were not detected. IFN-gamma was detected, but the differences between the levels of fertile and infertile/immunoinfertile were not significant (P > 0.05). IL-6 was detected in seminal plasma with significantly higher levels in infertile/immunoinfertile men compared to those of fertile men. IL-6 was also present in sera, and interestingly, the levels in sera were lower than those in seminal plasma. IL-6 levels in seminal plasma correlated significantly with some sperm parameters and penetration rates in the human sperm penetration assay (SPA). These findings suggest that IL-6 is associated with infertility and may be of importance in specific diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.
Non-steady-state measurement of in vivo radioligand binding with positron emission tomography: specificity analysis and comparison with in vitro binding

We previously have developed a non-steady-state method for in vivo measurement of radioligand-receptor binding in brain using positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-spiperone (18F-SP). This method has proven to be highly sensitive to the detection of decreases in the apparent number of available specific binding sites. The purposes of this investigation are to demonstrate the specificity of this PET assay and compare findings to in vitro binding assays. Three to six studies were performed in each of five male baboons. Each animal was pretreated with either ketanserin [serotonergic (S2)], eticlopride [dopaminergic (D2)], or unlabeled SP to compete with 18F-SP for specific binding sites. Sequential PET scans and arterial-blood samples were collected for 3 hr after intravenous injection of 18F-SP. Data were analyzed with a three-compartment model that considered the accumulation of radiolabeled metabolites in arterial blood. Five baboons were killed, and radioligand-receptor binding in vitro was measured by homogenate techniques. There was no detectable in vitro or in vivo specific binding of SP in cerebellum. The specific binding of SP in striatal tissue in vitro was approximately 74% to D2 sites and 26% to S2 sites, whereas ketanserin displaced all specific binding in frontal cortex. In close agreement, specific binding measured in vivo with PET revealed that 68% of apparent striatal binding could be blocked by pretreatment with eticlopride, and 34% by ketanserin. The small apparent difference between receptor binding in vitro and in vivo may result from the relatively poor resolution of PET.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract W P328: Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure on Arrival is Not Associated with Higher Early Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients

Background and Purpose: The role of blood pressure control in the initial management of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an active area of clinical investigation. Although ICH score is a validated predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with ICH, it is not known whether elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) on arrival is predictive of early mortality. We hypothesized that elevated SBP on arrival would be associated with in-hospital mortality in primary ICH patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive spontaneous ICH patients at our institution from 2008-2013. Patients were excluded if they were under the care of a palliative physician. We examined demographics, vascular risk factors, stroke severity (NIHSS), ICH score, and laboratory values. Results: A total of 361 spontaneous ICH patients (median age 63, 43% black, 42% female) met inclusion criteria. Over half of ICH patients were transferred into our facility (54%). Sixty-four percent of patients arrived with SBP >160. The association of SBP on arrival and in-hospital mortality is depicted in Figure 1. Conclusions: After adjusting for ICH score, SBP was not a significant independent predictor of death during the hospitalization. This finding suggests that clinical trials of blood pressure management of patients with ICH should stratify patients according to ICH score. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Glucocorticoid receptor content of T lymphocytes: evidence for heterogeneity.

Glucocorticoid receptors were measured in T lymphocytes that were isolated from peripheral blood by either nylon wool filtration or E-rosette sedimentation. T cells isolated by nylon wool filtration specifically bind 6.7 +/- 0.2 fmol of dexamethasone per million cells (equivalent to 4000 +/- 200 receptors per cell), whereas T cells isolated by E-rosette sedimentation bind 12.0 +/- 0.7 fmol of dexamethasone per million cells (equivalent to 7200 +/- 400 receptors per cell). This difference in the amount of dexamethasone bound by the two T cell preparations was significant (p less than .001) and was present immediately after cell isolation. The binding affinities of the different T cell preparations for dexamethasone were similar. T cells that are isolated by a combination of nylon wool filtration followed by E-rosette sedimentation bind the same amount of dexamethasone as T cells isolated by nylon wool filtration alone. T cells isolated by a combination of E-rosette sedimentation following by nylon wool filtration bind less dexamethasone than do T cells isolated by E-rosette sedimentation alone. These findings suggest that T cells are heterogeneous with respect to their quantity of glucocorticoid receptors. Isolation of T cells by E-rosette sedimentation enriches for T cells that have a greater number of glucocorticoid receptors, and isolation of T cells by nylon wool filtration enriches for T cells that have a lesser number of glucocorticoid receptors.
Continuous precordial murmurs due to internal mammary artery fistulas: Including internal mammary to pulmonary artery fistulas

Abstract Two patients are described with continuous murmurs, maximum over the lower sternum, due to internal mammary artery fistulas. In 1 subject the continuous murmur was due to an internal mammary arteriovenous fistula; in the other, there was a communication between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary arterial and venous branches to the left upper pulmonary lobe. Thorough diagnostic evaluation, including selective angiographic studies, is essential before removal of a thoracic wall arteriovenous fistula.
Notch1–STAT3–ETBR signaling axis controls reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury

Defining the signaling network that controls reactive astrogliosis may provide novel treatment targets for patients with diverse CNS injuries and pathologies. We report that the radial glial cell antigen RC2 identifies the majority of proliferating glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) reactive astrocytes after stroke. These cells highly expressed endothelin receptor type B (ETBR) and Jagged1, a Notch1 receptor ligand. To study signaling in adult reactive astrocytes, we developed a model based on reactive astrocyte-derived neural stem cells isolated from GFAP-CreER-Notch1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. By loss- and gain-of-function studies and promoter activity assays, we found that Jagged1/Notch1 signaling increased ETBR expression indirectly by raising the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a previously unidentified EDNRB transcriptional activator. Similar to inducible transgenic GFAP-CreER-Notch1-cKO mice, GFAP-CreER-ETBR-cKO mice exhibited a defect in reactive astrocyte proliferation after cerebral ischemia. Our results indicate that the Notch1–STAT3–ETBR axis connects a signaling network that promotes reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury.
RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE STRUCTURE.

The measurement of the concentration of the neutral particles in the thermosphere poses difficult tasks that have been the subject of considerable experimental development for many years. Advancing technology is now permitting new measurements, the results of which show high variability of the temperature and concentration of the constituents in response to variations in the energy absorbed. For example, at times of very low solar activity, densities deduced from satellite drag show little diurnal variation at 200 km, but substantial variation as the altitude increases, reflecting approximately a factor of three (maximum to minimum) at 300 km. In contrast, densities and temperatures measured in the lower thermosphere by mass spectrometer techniques at times of low solar activity show significant variation. At 200 km where the concentration of molecular nitrogen and atomic oxygen is approximately equal, the ratio of maximum daytime to minimum nighttime is observed to be approximately 1.8. Recent data, however, do not entirely support these conclusions, showing less variability at the 200-km level with increasing solar activity.
Insufficient Sleep and the Socioeconomic Status Achievement Gap

Abstract— Research with adults and children has shown that sleep plays a vital and complex role in multiple physiological systems that maintain health and promote optimal functioning across many domains. For children, school is an important domain of functioning, and emerging research links sleep to academic achievement. Many children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families sleep poorly, and when their sleep is compromised, the effects on cognitive functioning and academic achievement may be greater than for less disadvantaged children. Understanding how sleep affects performance may enrich theory relating to the achievement gap between groups of children differing in SES, and constitutes a new focus for prevention and intervention.
Dorsoventral patterning in the Drosophila retina by wingless

The eye imaginal disc displays dorsal-ventral (D-V) and anterior-posterior polarity prior to the onset of differentiation, which initiates at the intersection of the D-V midline with the posterior margin. As the wave of differentiation progresses anteriorly, additional asymmetry develops as ommatidial clusters rotate coordinately in opposite directions in the dorsal and ventral halves of the disc; this forms a line of mirror-image symmetry, the equator, which coincides with the D-V midline of the disc. How D-V pattern is established and how it relates to ommatidial rotation are unknown. Here we address this question by assaying the expression of various asymmetric markers under conditions that lead to ectopic differentiation, such as removal of patched or wingless function. We find that D-V patterning develops gradually and that wingless plays an important role in setting up this pattern. We show that wingless is necessary and sufficient to induce dorsal expression of the gene mirror prior to the start of differentiation and also to restrict the expression of the WR122 marker to differentiating photoreceptors near the equator. In addition, we find that manipulations in wingless expression shift the D-V axis of the disc as evidenced by changes in the expression domains of asymmetric markers, the position of the site of initiation and the equator, and the pattern of epithelial growth. Thus, Wg appears to coordinately regulate multiple events related to D-V patterning in the developing retina.
Nonlinear-optical interactions in fluorescein-doped boric acid glass.

Fluorescein-doped boric acid glass is a material characterized by an extremely low saturation intensity of \ensuremath{\sim}15 mW${\mathrm{?}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ and a nonlinear susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ as large as \ensuremath{\sim}1 esu. The saturated absorption of this material is shown both theoretically and experimentally to depend on the state of polarization of the saturating beam, even though the unsaturated absorption is polarization insensitive. Phase-conjugate reflectivities as large as 0.6% have been obtained through use of degenerate four-wave mixing in this material. These measured reflectivities are in good agreement with the predictions of a theory that includes the effects of excited-state absorption and grating washout. In addition, two-beam coupling due to the nonlinearity of saturable absorption has been demonstrated in this material. The magnitude of the coupling is maximized by inducing a frequency shift between the two beams of \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 Hz.
Engineering synthetic TALE and CRISPR/Cas9 transcription factors for regulating gene expression

Engineered DNA-binding proteins that can be targeted to specific sites in the genome to manipulate gene expression have enabled many advances in biomedical research. This includes generating tools to study fundamental aspects of gene regulation and the development of a new class of gene therapies that alter the expression of endogenous genes. Designed transcription factors have entered clinical trials for the treatment of human diseases and others are in preclinical development. High-throughput and user-friendly platforms for designing synthetic DNA-binding proteins present innovative methods for deciphering cell biology and designing custom synthetic gene circuits. We review two platforms for designing synthetic transcription factors for manipulating gene expression: Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and the RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. We present an overview of each technology and a guide for designing and assembling custom TALE- and CRISPR/Cas9-based transcription factors. We also discuss characteristics of each platform that are best suited for different applications.
Optimized iterative MAP ARQ for OFDM over rapidly-varying frequency-selective channels

In this paper, we propose an optimized OFDM iterative ARQ receiver, suitable for application in rapidly varying multipath channels. The receiver is an optimized MAP Turbo processor that exploits log likelihood ratio (LLR) information from previously failed transmissions. We show that this configuration achieves very high gains compared to a standard ARQ system by virtue of two co-operative mechanisms: First, by using (log likelihood ratios) LLR from previous decoding trials to improving the expectation maximization (EM) based algorithm channel tracking and LLR calculation during retransmissions and second by combining together the extrinsic detector LLR from previous reception attempts with the newly generated one from the retransmissions of a previously failed packet.
Activated Carbon Filaments with Mainly Mesopores

Activated carbon filaments of diameter ∼ 0.1 μm, mean pore size (BJH) 65 A, specific surface area 1540 m2/g and burn-off 64% (yield 36%) were obtained by activating carbon filaments of diameter ∼ 0.1 μm in CO2 + N2 (1:1) at 970°C for 100 min. Prior to this activation, the filaments were surface oxidized by exposure to ozone (0.3 vol.% in air) at 150°C for 3 min.
Liberal Exclusions and Foundationalism

Certain versions of liberalism exclude from public political discussions the reasons some citizens regard as most fundamental, reasons having to do with their deepest religious, philosophical, moral or political views. This liberal exclusion of deep and deeply held reasons from political discussions has been controversial. In this article I will point out a way in which the discussion seems to presuppose a foundationalist conception of human reasoning. This is rather surprising, inasmuch as one of the foremost advocates of liberalism, John Rawls, is also known for being one of the first advocates of reflective equilibrium, which is clearly a coherentist approach to theory construction and justification. I will begin in Park I by making my charge against an almost embarrassingly crude presentation of the liberal position. Then in Part II I will leap to Rawls' version of liberalism, obviously by far the most sophisticated working out of the position, and try to see whether anything remains of my criticism.
Cholinergic and noradrenergic toxicity of intraventricular aluminum chloride in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The effects of the intraventricular administration of aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) on high affinity choline transport (HAChT) and norepinephrine concentration were examined in the hippocampus of the rat. Controlling for osmolarity and pH, the intraventricular administration of AlCl 3 resulted in a dose-related reduction in both variables with relative selectivity for HAChT. Moreover, the neurotoxicity of intraventricular aluminum appeared to be dependent on the form of the aluminum salt administered.
Maternal behavior of dams treated with ACTH during pregnancy

Experimental female rats were injected with ACTH during the last third of their pregnancy. This treatment resulted in prolongation of gestation and in abnormal development of the young. The number of resorptions, stillbirths, and congenitally malformed pups was increased and those that appeared normal had lower body weights. The experimental treatment also severely affected the ability of the dams to exhibit normal maternal behavior. Significant individual differences were noted in the sensitivity of the dams to the experimental treatment. Cross-fostering experiments revealed that experimental dams exhibited normal maternal behavior towards control foster pups, after an initial delay of 24 h. When experimental pups, born after a prolonged gestation, or delivered by caesarian section after the normal duration of gestation, were given to control mothers, normal maternal behavior was observed, but the survival rate of the young was not increased.
The polarization of X-rays from thin targets

By the use of Ross' method of balanced foils and a modification of the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} scattering method, the polarization of the portion of the continuous x-ray spectrum between the $K$ limits of tantalum and tungsten has been measured for targets of aluminum foil (0.7\ensuremath{\mu}) and silver foil (0.17\ensuremath{\mu}), at voltages from the quantum limit up to 120 kv. For both elements, the polarization is complete at the quantum limit, and decreases as the tube voltage is raised above the quantum voltage for the spectrum band. The decrease is more rapid for silver than for aluminum, and in the case of the latter the decrease is greater than that predicted by Sommerfeld. A method is described whereby the finite thickness of the target may be taken into account. The resulting correction, however, is too small to account for the discrepancy between theory and experiment.
SCICEX Investigations of the Arctic Ocean System

Abstract In 1993 the United States Navy and the marine research community embarked on an ambitious program to study the Arctic Ocean using nuclear-powered submarines. The program, termed SC ience IC e EX ercise (SCICEX), was designed to simultaneously sample and map the ice canopy, physical, chemical, and biological water properties, seafloor and seabed subsurface. The small size of the Arctic Basin relative to Earth's other oceans and the unique capabilities of the nuclear submarines, high speed coupled with the ability to operate independently of the sea ice cover, combined to allow the first holistic investigation of an entire ocean basin. The data acquired during eight submarine cruises helped refine hypotheses and models for the broad spectrum of subdisciplines that comprise arctic science and, perhaps more importantly, illuminated the linkages between the various components of the Arctic Ocean system. This paper presents an overview of the SCICEX program, summarizing the results published to date and briefly describing each submarine deployment and the instruments used to acquire various datasets, to demonstrate the important contribution of this collaborative venture to arctic science.
Do Functional Health Inequalities Decrease in Old Age? Educational Status and Functional Decline Among the 1931-1941 Birth Cohort

Although the relationship between educational attainment and health is well established, there is disagreement about how this relationship changes across the life course. Some studies have shown th...
The number of classes of linearly equivalent functions

Abstract Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over a finite field F. We call two functions f and g from V into some set linearly equivalent if there is a non-singular linear transformation L of V such that f=g○L. We determine the number of equivalence classes of functions from V into a set of given cardinality. Along the way, we obtain the number of orbits of L considered as a permutation on the points of V.
The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development

This paper proposes a production function describing processes subject to mistakes in any of several tasks. It shows that high-skill workers-those who make few mistakes-will be matched together in equilibrium, and that wages and output will rise steeply in skill. The model is consistent with large income differences between countries, the predominance of small firms in poor countries, and the positive correlation between the wages of workers in different occupations within enterprises. Imperfect observability of skill leads to imperfect matching and thus to spillovers, strategic complementarity, and multiple equilibria in education. Many production processes consist of a series of tasks, mistakes in any of which can dramatically reduce the product's value. The space shuttle Challenger had thousands of components: it exploded because it was launched at a temperature that caused one of those components, the O-rings, to malfunction. "Irregular" garments with slight imperfections sell at half price. Companies can fail due to bad marketing, even if the product design, manufacturing, and accounting are excellent. This paper argues that the analysis of such processes can help explain several stylized facts in development and labor economics. The first section of the paper proposes a production function in which production consists of many tasks, all of which must be successfully completed for the product to have full value. I assume that it is not possible to substitute several low-skill workers for one high-skill worker, where skill refers to the probability a worker will successfully complete a task. Subsection I.1 solves for equilibrium wages as a function of worker skill under this production function, and shows that firms will match together workers of similar skill. Subsection I.2 argues that this production function is consistent with a series of stylized facts in development and labor economics, including the enormity of wage and productivity differences between rich and poor countries and the positive correlation between wages of workers in different occupations within firms. A variant of the model in which tasks are performed sequentially implies that the share of agriculture in GNP will fall with development.
Effects of nitrate, ammonium and pH on the growth of conifer seedlings and their production of nitrate reductase

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown in open-ended tube cultures of sand and perlite, irrigated with nitrate, ammonium, and a 1∶1 mixture of ammonium and nitrate, combined factorially with pH values of 4.6, 5.3 and 6.0 giving a total of nine treatments. Douglas-fir showed intolerance to ammonium which was especially marked in root weight. Lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce made poor growth with nitrate, but showed little difference between ammonium and mixed sources. Only Douglas-fir showed a significant response to pH treatments with pH 5.3 plants being largest. Contamination of the sand with carbonate-bicarbonate, apparently caused seedlings grown in ammonium solutions to be larger in sand than in perlite.
Inhibition of Hydroperoxide-Induced DNA Single-Strand Breakage by 1,10-Phenanthroline in HL-60 Cells: Implications for Iron Speciation

Abstract The speciation of intracellular iron which reacts with hydroperoxides to cause DNA damage was investigated in HL-60 cells using 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) to compete with ligands for iron. HL-60 cells were treated with various concentrations of OP for 30 min at 37°C followed by 30 min treatment with H 2 O 2 or t -butylhydroperoxide ( tert -BuOOH) at 4°C. Single-strand breaks (SSBs) were measured by alkaline elution. OP (5 μ M ) completely inhibited production of SSBs by tert -BuOOH. This contrasts with results for H 2 O 2 , for which it was not possible to inhibit all SSBs even at OP concentrations up to 60 μ M . Induction of SSBs by tert -BuOOH decreased according to a SSB:OP ratio of 1:3.28 ± 0.23 (± 1 SE). This is consistent with inhibition achieved by occupation of all coordination sites on iron by OP, such as by formation of Fe(OP) 3 . In contrast, after subtraction of the noninhibitable fraction, SSBs induced by H 2 O 2 decreased according to a 1:1.53 ± 0.26 ratio. This suggests that inhibition of H 2 O 2 -induced SSBs is partially or wholly achieved by formation of different structures than Fe(OP) 3 . Tert -BuOOH did not cause SSBs in nuclei isolated from HL-60 cells. However, H 2 O 2 induced SSBs which were inhibited 45 ± 8% (±1 SD) by dimethyl sulfoxide. Analysis of the concentration dependence of inhibition by dimethyl sulfoxide indicated that the H 2 O 2 -reactive iron in nuclei possessed an average distance of 4.8 nm from DNA. This compares with a previously obtained distance in whole cells of 6.9 nm, for which 5 μ M OP pretreatments decreased to 4.8 nm. These data indicate that tert -BuOOH generates DNA-damaging radicals through reaction with a subset of the different cell iron species which react with H 2 O 2 .
Multidirectional compliance and constraint for improved robotic deburring. Part 2: improved bracing

Abstract This two-part paper presents a method for both improving the positioning capability and increasing the effective stiffness (bracing) of a robotic manipulator through multidirectional compliance and constraint. Improved positioning and improved bracing are attained through the effective use of multiple unilateral kinematic constraints in different directions. The companion paper identified how to specify the compliant characteristics of a manipulator so contact forces lead to deflections that eliminate positional misalignments and result in improved relative positioning through force guidance. In this part, we show that the characteristics beneficial to force guidance are the same characteristics that provide improved bracing when partially constrained by contact. Improved bracing is demonstrated in the context of workpart edge deburring.
Structure of integrated simian virus 40 DNA in transformed mouse cells

Abstract The structure of integrated viral DNA sequences in four lines of simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed Balb/c 3T3 cells has been probed using restriction endonucleases and the Southern (1975) transfer method. By considering data from a large number of restriction digests of DNA from each line, and by using a novel method of handling the data, we have constructed fairly detailed physical maps of the integrated DNA in each line. The most striking of the features of the maps described here is that none is easily explained by the integration of a single SV40 genome into the DNA of the host cell. Three of the lines contain at least two distinct integrated segments and the fourth contains a single segment longer than the viral DNA. Considered individually, only two of the seven segments that we have mapped might be unit length. Of the remaining five, two are longer and three are shorter than the viral genome. It seems likely, therefore, that at least in SV40-transformed Balb/c 3T3 cells simple, single integrations are rare. The endpoints of these seven segments of integrated DNA fall at many positions distributed over the entire genome, confirming earlier studies (Ketner & Kelly, 1976; Botchan et al., 1976), which indicated that SV40 integration is not absolutely site-specific. Finally, one of the lines mapped here (SVB209) does not possess an intact SV40 early region, an observation that suggests the possibility that a normal viral large T polypeptide is not synthesized by this line.
Functional properties of pulvinar-lateral posterior neurons which receive input from the superior colliculus

Focal electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus induced short latency responses and/or a long duration suppression of spontaneous activity in single cells isolated in the pulvinar and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei of the cat. Cells which responded with one or more spikes at short latencies were relatively few in number, and these tended to be encountered in or near the principal tectorecipient zone of LP. In contrast, a suppression response was observed in many more cells which were widely distributed throughout the pulvinar-LP complex. Stimulation of the superficial layers of the colliculus was more effective in driving or suppressing pulvinar-LP cells than that of intermediate and deep layers. There was also an indication of a coarse topograhy in this projection. On the basis of their sensory response properties the cells responsive to tectal stimulation, at short latency or with a suppression, could not be differentiated from the overall sample of pulvinar-LP neurons.
On the behavior of thermodynamic functions near the critical point of a ferromagnet

Abstract The Rushbrooke and Griffiths inequalities for critical exponents of a ferromagnet are demonstrated using a simple graphical approach. As in the original derivations, possitivity of the susceptibility and the specific heat at constant magnetization are assumed.
Protein Binding and Erythrocyte Partitioning of Disopyramide and Its Monodealkylated Metabolite

Abstract The plasma protein binding of disopyramide, determined by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration, is saturable; the fraction bound to human plasma protein varied from 0.05 to 0.65 with decreasing plasma concentration. The modified Scatchard plots are curved and indicate either the existence of more than one class of independent binding sites or a set of binding sites, where the binding of one molecule of the drug decreases the affinity of another to a previously equivalent binding site. The presence of high concentrations of the monodealkylated metabolite of disopyramide lowered the binding of the parent drug significantly. The fraction of the metabolite bound was less than disopyramide and varied between 0.05 and 0.10. A high concentration of disopyramide decreased the metabolite binding significantly. The red blood cell partitionings of unbound disopyramide ( D = 1.2) and the metabolite ( D = 1.4) in plasma, studied by centrifugal and ultrafiltration methods, were concentration independent and unaltered by the presence of high concentrations of each other. Equilibration between plasma and red blood cells was quickly obtained for disopyramide but not for the metabolite. Reequilibration of red blood cells containing the drugs gave the same partition coefficients.
A list-based storage for personal databases

A physical storage structure based on the List data structure is presented. The structure, along with the operations defined on it, is meant to serve as an internal model of a database system utilizing a semantic conceptual data model. The advantages of the List-based storage structure stem from its ability to: cluster the related data items arbitrarily; represent the entire database, i.e., storage structures, access structures, and schemata, in a uniform way using the same structure; reorganize the storage structures using well-defined operations on the structures; and incorporate basic integrity constraints at the storage structure level. The structure is particularly suitable for environments where the amount of structural information is large relative to the size of the database - a characterization that fits a personal information environment.The definition of the List-based structure, the operations defined for it, and an implementation technique are discussed.
Rough and Tumble Play: An Investigation of the Perceptions of Educators and Young Children

This research investigated rough and tumble (R&T) play in two early childhood settings. Participants included 11 educators and 17 children (5 years old). The study focused on gaining an understanding of how early childhood educators and young children interpret R&T play. The results indicate that while there is perceived value in R&T related to the development of young children, educators are uncertain of how to manage the play. The results of this study demonstrate the need for early childhood programs to develop policies to guide how R&T is managed.
High-risk situations associated with parasuicide and drug use in borderline personality disorder.

Abstract Both parasuicide and drug use continue to be difficult problems to treat in borderline personality disorder (BPD). One useful approach that has not yet been applied to BPD is to develop a taxonomy of triggering situations for these problems. Once these high-risk precipitants are identified, then the behaviors can be targeted with skills training. This model has been applied by Marlatt (1996) with very influential results. To examine high-risk situations for parasuicide and drug use in BPD, the current study examined women with BPD who came to treatment for two different primary problems: parasuicide (N=75) and drug dependence (N = 47). Participants identified the situation associated with highest risk for relapse in either the parasuicide or drug category. A taxonomy is presented, which divides results into six main categories. Differences between high-risk situations for drugs and parasuicide were also explored. Parasuicide was significantly more likely to be linked to interpersonal problems, wh...
Mercury bioconcentration factors in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in the Florida everglades.

Abstract Alligators inhabiting the Florida Everglades contain elevated levels of mercury within their tissues due to accumulation of mercury in the sediments. The objective of this study was to determine the mercury bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in the alligators based on mercury concentrations in the alligator tissues and mercury levels in the water column. Data from studies on mercury concentrations in the Everglades alligator tissues and water quality were used to determine the mercury bioconcentration factors. The BCFs for juvenile and adult alligators were found to be very high, with liver and kidney BCFs of 39.9×10 7 and 32.9×10 7 , respectively, for adult alligators and 10.5×10 7 and 9.34×10 7 for juveniles. Adults within 7–14 years of age, living under the same conditions as juveniles who are less than 4 years of age, contain approximately 70% more mercury in their livers and kidneys and 50% more mercury in their muscle tissues.
Evaluation of the analytical capabilities of frequency modulated sources in multielement non-dispersive flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Abstract Frequency modulated sources of Cd and Zn are used to produce modulated atomic fluorescence signals (at two different frequencies) in a non-dispersive flame atomic fluorescence spectrometer. To reduce the flame background level, a chlorine filter, a separated air—acetylene flame, and a solar blind photomultiplier are used. Even so, there is shown experimentally and theoretically to be a multiplex disadvantage, as compared to the conventional single slit scanning dispersive spectrometer, as a result of the flame background photon noise and an additional multiplex disadvantage at high concentrations of an interference, e.g. in the measurement of Zn (213.9 nm), Cd (228.8nm) results in a reduced S/N for Zn when the Cd signal level becomes comparable with the flame background signal level. Little future for multiplexed techniques in atomic flame spectrometry in the u.v.- Visible is predicted.