cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of primate retinogeniculate axon arbors.

In this study we examine the postnatal development of retinogeniculate axons projecting to the magnocellular (M axons), parvocellular (P axons), and koniocellular (K axons) layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the prosimian primate, Galago crassicaudatus , in order to: (1) understand how individual retinogeniculate axons in primates mature postnatally, and (2) determine whether differences exist in the development of separate classes of axons that are known to be presynaptic to physiologically distinct cells in adults. In galagos, magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular LGN layers contain Y-, X-, and W-like physiological cell classes, respectively (Norton & Casagrande, 1982). In vitro and in vivo optic tract bulk injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made in animals ranging in age from the day of birth (P0) to adulthood. Two hundred and fifty axonal arbors were completely reconstructed from serial sections and examined qualitatively for general features of maturity and compared quantitatively for changes in shape, arbor width, area, volume, bouton number, and bouton density. Our results confirm that in adult galagos M arbors are large and radially symmetric; P arbors are medium sized and elongated perpendicular to layer borders; K arbors are small and generally oriented parallel to layer borders. At birth, M, P, and K arbors, although still distinct and confined to layers, are qualitatively and quantitatively immature. Both the pattern and pace of maturation differ between classes. Overall, M arbors mature before P arbors which in turn mature before K arbors. Within classes, arbors representing central vision appear to develop about a week ahead of those representing peripheral vision; no differences are evident between the development of crossed and uncrossed arbors. In no case do arbors exhibit a period of postnatal exuberance, wherein arbors are larger than those of the adult as reported for cat X retinal axons. However, in width and bouton density P arbors are mature at P0 and thus occupy relatively more space in the nucleus compared to adult. All arbors mature rapidly and appear adult-like by the 4th or 5th postnatal week.
Confined polymer systems: synergies between simulations and neutron scattering experiments

Molecular simulations and neutron reflectivity are both extremely valuable tools for determining the structure of soft matter at interfaces and under confinement. The high resolution structural information provided by these techniques allows us to obtain a thorough understanding at the molecular level. Here we present examples of polymer thin films and show the advantages these two techniques offer and how we can combine the approaches in order to provide a complete structural and thermodynamic picture.
A Nonlinear Feedback Control System for Plasma Confinement

An analytical study of feedback stabilization of a continuum is done in the context of plasma confinement in a TOKAMAK device. Linear and nonlinear "bang-bang" feedback from discrete stations is investigated to find acceptable sensor and enforcer element geometries, compare their effectiveness, and predict the important parameters in their realization. The primary method used is an extension of the energy method.
A note on multidimensional psychophysical analysis

On viewing Thurstone's psychophysical scale from the point of view of the mathematical theory of one-parameter continuous groups, it is seen that a variety of different psychological or statistical assumptions can all be made to lead to a scale possessing similar properties, though requiring different computational techniques for their determination. The natural extension to multi-dimensional scaling is indicated.
Tumor-Specific Novel Taxoid−Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates

Taxoids bearing methyldisulfanyl(alkanoyl) groups for taxoid-antibody immunoconjugates were designed, synthesized and their activities evaluated. A highly cytotoxic C-10 methyldisulfanylpropanoyl taxoid was conjugated to monoclonal antibodies recognizing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressed in human squamous cancers. These conjugates were shown to possess remarkable target-specific antitumor activity in vivo against EGFR-expressing A431 tumor xenografts in severe combined immune deficiency mice, resulting in complete inhibition of tumor growth in all the treated mice.
Understanding political Islam in Somalia

By the time this article is published, much will have transpired in recent months within Somalia. Between December 2006 and January 2007, the Ethiopian and United States governments invaded Somalia by land and air, respectively, ousting the ruling Union of Islamic Courts based in Mogadishu. Now, aided by neighboring African peacekeeping forces, Ethiopia and the US are attempting to reinstate Somalia’s weak Transitional Federal Government, once based in Baidoa, within Mogadishu city proper. The Transitional Federal Government, in its first major declaration of power over Mogadishu, instituted martial law over the city, cracking down on the same public services that the Union of Islamic Courts were criticized for targeting. Egypt’s forces, reported to be 15,000 strong, remain stationed throughout Somalia but are due to withdraw in the coming weeks, once peacekeeping forces commissioned by the African Union arrive. US air, ground and naval forces, however, are stationed indefinitely within the region in an attempt to track down three suspected al-Qaeda operatives assumed to be in collusion with the Union of Islamic Courts, though the Courts have denied any affiliation. Not long after US military strikes on Somalia, on January 17, 2007, in public remarks at a Somalia conference hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington DC (Frazer 2007), US State Department’s Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer stated that the US will pursue three objectives in Somalia: (1) mobilize international support for the Transitional Federal Cont Islam (2007) 1:89–103 DOI 10.1007/s11562-007-0001-3
Transient M/M/1 queue variance computation using generalized Q functions

A generalized Q function representation for the transient M/M/1 queue variance is developed. The expression is highly accurate and computationally efficient, and an upper bound on the error is easily calculated. For a Q function relative error of 2*10-/sup 12/ using Parl's method, the relative error of the variance is generally less than 10/sup -9/. Average execution time is of the order of 70 ms per point on a VAX 11/750, but faster execution times can be obtained by using larger Q function relative errors. >
Preventing Late Life Suicide: National Institutes of Health Initiatives

From a public health perspective, late life suicide is seen primarily as a consequence of untreated mental disorder, particularly depression. However, due to the stigma and agism surrounding mental disorders in late life, there has been limited public awareness that the elderly have the highest rates of suicide, and that they often have treatable depression prior to their suicide. Late life suicide is slowly gaining attention in both the scientific and public arenas. This article reviews in chronological order a number of efforts that have led to heightened awareness and initial public health policy development of late life suicide prevention strategies. The next steps for NIH-sponsored research in late life suicide are described.
Characterization and modeling of IMPATT oscillators

A method has been found for large-signal characterization of IMPATT diodes. Waveguides of different heights are used so that the effect on efficiency of load impedance at a fixed oscillation frequency can be observed. Experimental large-signal admittance plane plots for two p-n diodes operating in Ku-band are presented. A nonlinear phenomenological model of an IMPATT oscillator is developed which correctly predicts the experimentally observed dependence of efficiency on load conductance and admittance plane characteristics. In addition to aiding the visualization of oscillator performance, analysis of this parallel circuit model shows that efficiency increases rapidly with small-signal negative conductance.
A Simple mass transport model for metal uptake by marine macroalgae growing at different rates

Abstract A simple mass transport model was developed to describe metal uptake from sea water by marine macroalgae growing at different rates. Although algae growing at different rates may exhibit different concentrations of a given metal, such differences in algal chemistry may or may not reflect actual effects of environmental growth factors on the kinetics of metal uptake. The model was used to interpret published data on uptake of rubidium, cadmium, and manganese by the green seaweed Ulva fasciata Delile grown at different rates (by controlled variation of light and nutrient levels) in open-system sea water. Significant decreases in algal rubidium and cadmium concentrations with increasing specific growth rate μ were attributable entirely to differences in exposure time to sea water of relatively old (low μ) and relatively young (high μ) thalli; biomass-specific rates of uptake of these two metals did not vary with μ. Conversely, both algal concentrations and specific rates of uptake of manganese increase significantly with increasing μ, indicating a distinct link between the kinetics of manganese uptake and metabolic rate.
Stiffness matrices for the static, dynamic, and buckling analysis of circular plates

Abstract This work contains a catalog of stiffness matrices and load vectors for the bending of circular plates. Included are matrices for the static, stability, and dynamic response of Kirchhoff plates. The results summarized here can be coded into an existing displacement method computer program.
Detection of flat lesions in the colon with CT colonography.

Background:We investigated whether flat lesions of the colon could be detected on computed tomographic colonography (CTC). Methods: CTC and conventional colonoscopy were performed on 547 consecutive patients. A subset of 22 polyps was described as flat on colonoscopy (n= 16) or CTC (n= 6) and are the basis of this report. CTC was performed with a standard technique (5-mm collimation, 3-mm reconstruction intervals). Patients were scanned in supine and prone positions. Examinations were randomly assigned and reviewed in a blinded fashion by two of three radiologists. Prospective interpretations were recorded. All patients had conventional colonoscopy, which served as the gold standard. Results: Twenty-two flat lesions ranging from 0.4 to 3.5 cm were histologically classified as adenomatous (n= 8) or hyperplastic (n= 14). The sensitivities for detecting all flat lesions and flat adenomas by each reviewer were 43% and 100%, 65% and 100%, and 15% and 13%, respectively. “Double reading” resulted in detection of 68% of all lesions and 100% of adenomas. Of the seven hyperplastic polyps missed by both reviewers, four were identified retrospectively. Conclusion: Flat lesions of the colon represent an important source of false negative CTC examinations. Awareness of their morphology can assist radiologists in finding most of these challenging lesions.
Some Properties of Two Forms of Nitrite Reductase from Corn (Zea mays L.) Scutellum

Nitrite reductase from corn scutellum-a non-chlorophyllous tissue-can use methyl viologen, benzyl viologen or ferredoxin as electron donor. Little or no reduction occurs with nicotinamide or flavin nucleotides. Activity is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and by cyanide. Organic chelates, with the exception of bathocuproine disulphonate and bathophenanthroline disulphonate, are not inhibitory. Ammonia is the reaction product. Ion exchange chromatography resolves the nitrite reductase activity into two peaks with apparently represent two forms of the enzyme. Both have a molecular weight of 61–63000 as determined by molecular exclusion chromatography, and a pH optimum of 6.7–6.8. Although their properties are generally similar, they show a marked difference in thermal stability, ionic charge and behaviour during isoelectric focusing. Nitrite reductase is found largely in the soluble fraction although some particulate activity is also obtained. Both forms of the enzyme are present in the soluble and particulate fractions.
Experimental Modal Analysis of a Suspension Assembly Loaded on a Rotating Disk

An experimental modal analysis system, which has been shown to be effective in the study of small structures, is utilized to analyze the interaction of the disk and the suspension assembly in a computer disk drive. A thorough understanding of the interaction of these structures is obtained by determining the modal parameters for each of the components in an uncoupled state and in a coupled state with the disk both stationary and rotating. It is shown that when a natural frequency of the suspension is close to that of the disk, two system resonant frequencies are created when the components are coupled together.
Study of acute 60Co, low dose rate CF-252 and CS-137 radiation on LSA ascites lymphoma In Vivo

Dose response curves were determined for the LSA lymphoma for acute 60Co, low dose rate Cs-137 and Cf-252 radiations using in vivo survival time bioassay. Mean survival times increased with dose with a prominent oxygen effect noted for acute 60Co and Cs-137. OER was lowest for Cf-252 where it was approximately 1.4. The RBEn for oxic LSA cells to Cf-252 neutrons was 3.1 for acute 60Co and 4.2 for Cs-137. It was larger for hypoxic tumor and RBE was 5.3 for 60Co and 5.8 for Cs-137. Survival curves based on survival data used a multitarget dose-response model for photon radiation and exponential dose-response for Cf-252 radiation. When LSA was irradiated in advanced tumor stages in vivo, Cf-252 was much more effective than acute 60Co or LDR Cs-137 for increasing survival time. Tumor response in vivo matched the in vitro irradiated tumor data. No schedule dependence was observed for mixing of 60Co and Cf-252 radiations.
Presidential motives for war

The vocabulary of American Presidents is analyzed to locate the images, or vocabularies of motives, that they project in justification of war. Kenneth Burke's dramatism provides the methodological resources to chart and synthesize the language of Madison, Polk, McKinley, Wilson, Roosevelt, Truman, and Johnson in selected war messages and to discover that their vocabulary establishes a rigid and truncated pattern of justification for war
Artificial minds: Cam on Searle

(1991). Artificial minds: Cam on Searle. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 329-333.
Random matrix triality at nonzero chemical potential

We introduce three universality classes of chiral random matrix ensembles with a nonzero chemical potential and real, complex or quaternion real matrix elements. In the thermodynamic limit we find that the distribution of the eigenvalues in the complex plane does not depend on the Dyson index, and is given by the solution proposed by Stephanov. For a finite number of degrees of freedom, $N,$ we find an accumulation of eigenvalues on the imaginary axis for real matrices, whereas for quaternion real matrices we find a depletion of eigenvalues in this domain. This effect is of order $1/\sqrt{N}.$ In particular for the real case the resolvent shows a discontinuity of order $1/\sqrt{N}.$ These results are in agreement with lattice QCD simulations with staggered fermions and recent instanton liquid simulations both for two colors and a nonzero chemical potential.
Genetic diversity and morphological differentiation in Liatris helleri (Asteraceae), a threatened plant species

Liatris helleri (Asteraceae) is an insect-pollinated herbaceous perennial endemic to several high-elevation sites in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Allozymes were used to describe the genetic diversity and population structure in nine populations of this rare, federally listed species. Differences in leaf morphology were also examined for greenhouse-grown plants representing several populations. The proportion of the total genetic diversity found among populations, as indicated by the allozyme data, was 16%. Higher levels of population differentiation were found for differences in leaf shape; population of origin accounted for 37% of the variation in maximum leaf width, while families within populations accounted for 7%. In contrast to many endemic species, L. helleri maintains fairly high levels of genetic diversity. For the species, the percent polymorphic loci was 87.5, the average number of alleles at variable loci was 3.00 and the gene diversity was 0.276. Mean population values were percent polymorphic loci =58.4, mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus =2.59 and gene diversity =0.219. The estimated gene flow was low (Nm=0.85–1.32) and a relatively high correlation (r=0.55; p<0.005) was found between linear geographic and genetic distance. This suggests that the populations are partially isolated by distance, despite the limited range (<60 km) of the species. We recommend that population distinetiveness be maintained in restoration efforts.
Identification of CNS neurons innervating the rat prostate: A transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus

Abstract The spinal and brain neurons that innervate the rat prostate were identified using the transneuronal tracing technique. Three groups of rats were prepared: (1) nerve intact, (2) bilateral pelvic nerve cut and right hypogastric nerve cut and (3) bilateral hypogastric nerve cut and right pelvic nerve cut. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the ventral prostate on the left side. After 2–4 days, the rats were perfused transcardially under deep anesthesia and the spinal cord and brain removed. PRV-labelled cells were identified using immunohistochemistry. After 3 days survival, sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons were labelled with PRV. In addition, spinal interneurons were found in the dorsal gray commissure (DGC) of T13-S1. Rats with only one hypogastric nerve intact resulted in spinal labelling of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the DGC and ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column (IML). In addition, many spinal interneurons were found from L1 to L6 in the medial gray. Rats with only one pelvic nerve intact displayed PRV-labelled cells in the parasympathetic preganglionic nucleus ipsilateral to the injection site. Spinal interneurons were present in the region of the IML and in the medial cord. In the brain, areas predominately labelled with PRV included the nucleus gigantocellularis and paragigantocellularis, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, A5, Barrington's nucleus, central gray, ventral tegmental area, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus and medial preoptic area. These data demonstrate the sympathetic and parasympathetic spinal circuits and demonstrate the overlap of supraspinal innervation of the spinal interneurons.
Thinternet: life at the end of a tether

Abstract As the Internet continues its exponential growth, the user profile is changing. Many of the newer Internet hosts are personal workstations, often connected by dial-up or other slow links. We examine some factors that motivate or mandate “thin” (low-bandwidth) connections to the Internet. We notice that the motivation for adopting thin links in the West can be different from those in developing countries. Using a profile of such typical users, we show how techniques exist that allow practical and adequately efficient use of the Internet even “at the end of a tether”. We are exploring the use of these methods in routine Internet use from a site in India (a software development laboratory, multi-user LAN, connected to an Internet service provider through an expensive dial-up link) and from mobile computers (e.g., HP100LX and Gateway Handbook) in the US. In each case the user's Internet access is through a thin link, with a bandwidth somewhere between 2400 bps and 28.8 kbps. Local caching and prefetching of resources naturally suggests itself as a useful candidate. It appears that transparent replay of application protocols is a practical way to retrofit resource caching into existing (shrinkwrapped) software. One promising method which works with most services of interest is Postel spoofing. Given the “browsing” mode of network usage, progressive encoding mechanisms are shown to effectively reduce the access time for particularly large Internet objects, such as Web pages. An ideal progressive encoding of a resource sends a gross quality rendering followed by successive refinements. Since only a fraction of the images retrieved in a session actually have long-term value, such techniques can reduce on-line bandwidth demands by an order of magnitude. Obviously, such encoding methods apply also to large archive and distribution files (such as from FTP archives). Filtering and relevance feedback have been recognised as effective tools in overcoming information overload. Many sophisticated general techniques are a subject of active research. However, we found that exploiting certain behaviour patterns typical in Internet usage permits particularly efficient filtering using surprisingly simple methods. We apply this to USENET communication, and extend this to other services (FTP, HTTP, Gopher, mail, etc.), and outline a method of filtering network hypermedia on the basis of relevance contours. Our method recognises the amount of selected information that can be digested by a user in a day, and maximises the value of the packet so selected. It also differs from others by integrating all network hypermedia and selecting and filtering items without regard to the service they were accessed from (USENET, Web, Gopher, FTP, etc.). It does not depend on a-priori categorisation such as news groups and the consequent need for explicit subscription and unsubscription.
Current status of robot-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is gaining popularity for use in low-risk patients with bladder cancer as an alternative to open radical cystectomy (ORC). In this Review, Azzouni considers the techniques of RARC and ORC and discusses RARC in terms of learning curve, perioperative, pathologic and oncologic outcomes, cost and quality of life.
Volume-based trends in surgical care of patients with oropharyngeal cancer.

Objective: Positive volume–outcome relationships exist for diseases treated with technically complex surgery. Contemporary patterns of oropharyngeal cancer surgery by hospital and surgeon volume are poorly defined. Methods: The Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission database was queried for hospital and surgeon oropharyngeal cancer surgical case volumes from 1990 to 2009. Results: Overall, 1,534 oropharyngeal cancer surgeries were performed by 238 surgeons at 41 hospitals. Cases performed by high-volume surgeons increased from 18.9% in 1990 to 1999 to 24.8% in 2000 to 2009 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, P = .002), whereas cases performed at high-volume hospitals increased from 35.0% to 41.8% (OR = 1.7, P <.001). High-volume surgeons were significantly associated with university hospitals (OR = 25.9, P < .001) and were more likely to perform partial glossectomy (OR = 1.8, P = .002), total glossectomy (OR = 3.8, P < .001), and neck dissection (OR = 2.3, P < .001). High-volume hospitals were significantly associated with tonsillectomy (OR = 3.0, P < .001), partial glossectomy (OR = 1.4, P = .044), total glossectomy (OR = 4.3, P < .001), neck dissection (OR = 3.1, P < .001), flap reconstruction (OR = 1.9, P = .028), and prior radiation (OR = 5.0, P < .001). After controlling for other variables, oropharyngeal cancer surgery in 2000 to 2009 was associated with increased utilization of university hospitals (OR = 1.7, P < .001), increased mortality risk scores (OR = 3.1, P = .022), prior radiation (OR = 4.9, P = .011), and a decrease in partial glossectomy (OR = 0.5, P < .001), total glossectomy (OR = 0.4, P = .004), pharyngectomy (OR = 0.6, P = .007), and mandibulectomy (OR = 0.6, P = .022) procedures. Conclusions: The proportion of oropharyngeal cancer surgery patients treated by high-volume surgeons and hospitals increased significantly from 1990 to 1999 to 2000 to 2009, with a decrease in partial glossectomy, total glossectomy, pharyngectomy, and mandibulectomy procedures. These findings may be due to changing trends in the primary management of oropharyngeal cancer. Laryngoscope, 2011
Dermatoglyphic traits in patients with cardiovascular disorders

Dermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 800 Japanese subjects. Digital dermal pattern types were classified into true whorls, double loops, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches. Both total and absolute ridge count were recorded. Subjects with hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction were compared with the remaining group of others who had not yet developed any of these disorders. Individuals with myocardial infarction had a significantly higher frequency of true whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control group. Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in myocardial infarction. Individuals with hypertension and angina pectoris were not significantly different in most dermatoglyphic traits from the controls. These observations suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of myocardial infarction in man.
Elastic Materials with Particle Interactions of Finite Range

In this paper a material region is considered to be an aggregate of point particles which move in accordance to Newton's Laws and inter act by means of forces that depend only on the relative distance between the particles and are derivable from a potential U. The follow ing propositions are, then, established: the continuum field equations are obtained by a smoothing assumption that allows the representation of sums by integrals; the classical constitutive equations of elastic materials are obtained when forces between particles are of infini tesimally short range; when the range of interaction between particles is of short but finite range, higher order stresses and strains are neces sary to describe the mechanical state of the material.
On Methodology in Physical Geography, Current Status, Implications, and Future Prospects

(1999). On Methodology in Physical Geography, Current Status, Implications, and Future Prospects. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 89, No. 4, pp. 677-679.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder initiated by exposure to a traumatic event and characterized by intrusive thoughts about the event, attempts to avoid reminders of the event, and physiological hyperarousal. In a number of large prospective observational studies, PTSD has been associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Also, in recent years, a number of studies have shown that cardiovascular events can themselves cause PTSD in more than 1 in 8 patients with acute coronary syndrome. Further, a few small studies suggest that PTSD secondary to an acute CVD event then places patients at increased risk for subsequent CVD events and mortality. In this article, we review the evidence for a link between PTSD and CVD, and discuss potential mechanisms for that association as well as future directions for research.
A theory of Gaussian belief functions

Abstract A Gaussian belief function can be intuitively described as a Gaussian distribution over a hyperplane, whose parallel subhyperplanes are the focal elements. This paper elaborates on the idea of Dempster and Shafer and formally represents a Gaussian belief function as a wide-sense inner product and a linear functional over a variable space, and as their duals over a hyperplane in a sample space. By adapting Dempster's rule to the continuous case, it derives a rule of combination and proves its equivalence to its geometric description by Dempster. It illustrates by examples how mixed knowledge involving linear equations, multivariate Gaussian distributions, and partial ignorance can be represented and combined as Gaussian belief functions.
The cultural economy in recession: Examining the US experience

Over the last two decades we have witnessed the global rise and spread of urban development policies aimed at stimulating the cultural economy. However, with the onset of the global financial crisis and recession, the cultural economy may experience a dramatic reorganization and even decline. Given the attention many cities place on the cultural sectors it is important to examine how they fare following this major economic event. To do so, this article examines the occupational distribution and geographic structure of the cultural economy in the 30 largest US metropolitan areas during recession and captures the changes that have occurred over the last decade. Based on this analysis, we identify a set of key trends, which highlight that while the boom period is generally characterized by widespread and, in some places, extreme growth in the cultural sectors, the recession is a period of selective growth and not a period of total decline. These findings have implications for determining the relevance of the arts and cultural sectors as targets of urban economic development policy in the post-recession era.
IgG ANTIBODIES TO HIV-1 IN URINE OF HIV-1 SEROPOSITIVE INDIVIDUALS

The observation of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the urine of HIV-1 positive individuals has been expanded in a US study by examining the immunoglobulin content of urine from 80 HIV-1 seropositive individuals with no clinical or laboratory evidence of renal dysfunction. IgG components were demonstrated electrophoretically in 54 of the urines and all 54 samples displayed immunological reactivity against anti-gamma heavy-chain antiserum. The prognostic significance of an apparently high frequency of light-chain immunoglobulin dimers in the urine of HIV-1 seropositive individuals is unknown. These observations suggest a potential diagnostic screen for detecting antibodies to HIV-1 in urine which may be useful when blood specimens are not available.
Texture: A cosmological topological defect.

The notions of phase transition and causality, combined with the standard cosmological model, lead to the appearance of topological defects in the early Universe. The most familiar types of defects are solitons, strings, and domain walls. Another type---textures---can exist when the spatial universe is compact. When these appear the whole Universe takes on a winding number, and the consequences are quite amusing.
Renormalization of the tunnel splitting in a rotating nanomagnet

We study spin tunneling in a magnetic nanoparticle with biaxial anisotropy that is free to rotate about its anisotropy axis. Equations of motion are derived that couple spin and mechanical degrees of freedom and the exact instanton of these equations is obtained. We show that mechanical freedom of the particle renormalizes magnetic anisotropy and increases the tunnel splitting.
KINEMATIC CORRECTIONS TO ATOMIC BEAM EXPERIMENTS.

We have calculated and measured the effective velocity distribution for metastable hydrogen atoms produced in a typical beam apparatus. The distribution is characterized by ${U}^{n}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{U}^{2})$, where $n\ensuremath{\simeq}4$ rather than $n=2$. We discuss modifications of velocity-dependent corrections to beams measurements of the Lamb shift in the first excited state of atomic hydrogen.
Challenges in practicing deliberative democratic evaluation

Deliberative intentions in an evaluation can be distorted by methodological constraints, stakeholder intents, and evaluator stance.
Temporal trends and practice variations in clopidogrel loading doses in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry

Background A higher loading dose of clopidogrel achieves a more rapid and consistent degree of platelet inhibition than standard dosing, although the clinical benefit of higher doses has not been clearly established. The use of the different doses in clinical practice is not known. We evaluated the patient, procedural, and hospital characteristics associated clopidogrel loading doses given to patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods The National Cardiovascular Data Registry ACTION Get With the Guidelines Registry was queried for patients with NSTEMI admitted from 2007 to 2008. Demographic, clinical, and procedural information were collected on standardized data forms. Patients were categorized according to the clopidogrel loading dose received. Temporal trends in the use of different doses were evaluated in quarterly time intervals. Results Between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008, the use of a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose increased steadily from 36.4% to 45.5%, whereas the use of 300 mg decreased slightly from 40.1% to 37.1%. Patients loaded with clopidogrel before cardiac catheterization were more likely to receive 300 mg, whereas those receiving a loading dose at the time of catheterization more often received 600 mg. The temporal increase in the use of 600 mg clopidogrel loading doses was not explained by temporal changes in periprocedural loading, use of early invasive management of patients with NSTEMI, or use of antithrombotics or glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitors. Conclusions Higher loading dose clopidogrel increased between 2007 and 2008. Higher-dose clopidogrel was more frequently used in lower-risk patients undergoing an early invasive strategy and receiving periprocedural loading.
Daily rhythms of serotonin and N-acetyltransferase in chicks

Abstract 1. In chickens, the pineal gland has a daily change in the synthesis of melatonin. 2. This daily change has been attributed to the daily change in N-acetyltransferase activity, the first of the two enzymes responsible for the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. 3. When serotonin was measured under the same condition as N-acetyltransferase activity, the serotonin showed a 7-fold daily change. 4. Peaks of serotonin were found in the light-time near dawn and dusk when the N-acetyltransferase level was low; nadir serotonin values were obtained in the dark-time when the N-acetyltransferase activity was high. 5. However, the serotonin daily change does not seem to be a simple consequence of N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland.
Aerosol-assisted self-assembly of single-crystal core/nanoporous shell particles as model controlled release capsules

Single-crystal NaCl core/nanoporous shell particles have been synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly. By variation of the hydrophobicity of the mesoporous shell, we can control the release rates by over 4 orders of magnitude.
ARGON‐37, ARGON‐39, AND TRITIUM RADIOACTIVITIES IN THE HAVERÖ METEORITE

The 37Ar and 39Ar radioactivities were measured in a dissolved and in a melted sample of Havero. The 37Ar in the metal was 12.4 ± 2.6 dpm/kg (Fe + Ni). The 39Ar in the metal was 49.3 ± 5.5 dpm/kg (Fe + Ni). The 37Ar activity is within 30 percent of that in the Lost City meteorite, while the 39Ar activity is a factor of two higher than in Lost City. The similarity in the 37Ar activities of the metal of the two meteorites indicates that these two bodies had similar preatmospheric sizes. The higher 39Ar activity in the metal of Havero indicates that the aphelion of Havero's orbit was at least 4.3 A.U. The 3H radioactivity in Havero was measured to be 415 ± 30 dpm/kg. The 3H activity combined with the 3He content gives a 3He/23H exposure age for Havero of (29.5 ± 2.5) X 610 years.
Furan Hydrogenation over Pt(111) and Pt(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces and Pt Nanoparticles from 1 to 7 nm: A Kinetic and Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy Study

Sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and kinetic measurements using gas chromatography have been used to systematically study the adsorption and hydrogenation of furan over Pt(111) and Pt(100) single-crystal surfaces and size-controlled 1.0-nm, 3.5-nm and 7.0-nm Pt nanoparticles at Torr pressures (10 Torr of furan, 100 Torr of H2) to form dihydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and the ring-cracking products butanol and propylene. As determined by SFG, the furan ring lies parallel to all Pt surfaces studied under hydrogenation conditions. Upright THF and the oxametallacycle intermediate are observed over the nanoparticle catalysts under reaction conditions. Butoxy increases in surface concentration over Pt(111) with increasing temperature in agreement with selectivity trends.
A qualitative model for analyzing the effects of anthropogenic activities in the watershed on benthic macroinvertebrate communities

This paper presents a qualitative reasoning (QR) simulation model for analyzing the effects of watershed development and riparian deforestation on benthic macroinvertebrates. A study of 54 stream sites in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA provided the knowledge foundation for the model development. A conceptualization of the anthropogenic activities and effects was established and then transferred into a qualitative reasoning (QR) model. Using the compositional approach, watershed–stream corridor interactions were defined by a total of eight reusable model fragments. These partial behavior models were used to progress changes in watershed and riparian condition on the benthic community within the qualitative model. Simulation results of the two activities in the watershed led to tolerant benthic communities. However, watershed development primarily affected communities through degradation in habitat quality while riparian deforestation affected both habitat quality and trophic condition. Further, a significant increase in the number of states generated by the riparian deforestation scenario indicated a greater ambiguity in this system definition and, as a result of the interactions with both habitat quality and trophic condition, reflected increased complexity. The implications of QR models such as this for the field of aquatic ecology include (1) the explicit definitions of watershed and stream corridor interactions; (2) the identification of knowledge gaps, such as the relative importance of habitat and trophic features on the benthos, for directing future ecological research; (3) the identification of potential restoration and management thresholds for guiding ecosystem evolution.
Globalization, Consumerism, and the Emergence of Teens in Contemporary Vietnam

The Doi Moi (reform) program enacted by the Vietnam Communist Party in 1986 marked the country’s transition from a subsidy to a market economy and signalled profound changes in life experiences for Vietnamese youth. The government-owned media that once indoctrinated youth into the communist ideologies became increasingly dominated by private corporations and opened the door for the rapid influx of Western cultural influences. Through analysis of newspapers directed at Vietnamese youth between 1995 and 2005, this article traces the historical emergence of teen Viet and teen culture. The concept teen broke the continuous life trajectory into discrete stages and marked the shift from an ideologically grounded youth under the Vietnam Communist Party to a market-oriented youth whose individual identities are cultivated through capitalist consumption.
Novel magneto-optic systems

Two novel magneto-optic systems are described. The first is a non-impact line printer. A low birefringence orthoferrite is used to realize a dot matrix representation of a line of characters. This is transferred optically onto electrophotographic paper. The second system is a two-dimensional all-electronic coherent optical processor. Garnet films are used to obtain the electronic equivalent of optical transparencies in Fourier transform processors.
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Biting Deterrence: Structure-Activity Relationship of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

In this study we evaluated the biting deterrent effects of a series of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids against Aedes aegypti (L), yellow fever mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) using the K & Dbioassay module system. Saturated (C6:0 to C16:0 and C18:0) and unsaturated fatty acids (C11:1 to C14:1, C16:1, C18:1, and C18:2) showed biting deterrence index (BDI) values significantly greater than ethanol, the negative control. Among the saturated fatty acids, mid chain length acids (C10:0 to C13:0) showed higher biting deterrence than short (C6:0 to C9:0) and long chain length acids (C14:0 to C18:0), except for C8:0 and C16:0 that were more active than the other short and long chain acids. The BDI values of mid chain length acids (C10:0 to C13:0) were not significantly less than N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the positive control. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, C11:1 showed the highest activity (BDI = 1.05) and C18:2 had the lowest activity (BDI = 0.7). In C11:1, C12:1, and C14:1 BDI values were not significantly less than DEET. After the preliminary observations, residual activity bioassays were performed on C11:0, C12:0, C11:1, and C12:1 over a 24-h period. All the fatty acids (C11:0, C12:0, C11:1, and C12:1) and DEET showed significantly higher activity at all test intervals than the solvent control. At treatment and 1-h posttreatment, all fatty acids showed proportion not biting (PNB) values not significantly less than DEET. At 3-, 6-, and 12-h posttreatment, all fatty acids showed PNB values significantly greater than DEET. At 24-h posttreatment, only the PNB value for C12:0 was significantly higher than DEET. The dose-responses of C12:0 and DEET were determined at concentrations of 5-25 nmol/cm2. As in the residual activity bioassays, the PNB values for C12:0 and DEET at 25 nmol/cm(2) were not significantly different. However, at lower concentrations, the PNB values for C12:0 were significantly greater than DEET. These results clearly indicate that mid chain length fatty acids not only have levels of biting deterrence similar to DEET at 25 nmnol/cm(2) in our test system, but also appeared to be more persistent than DEET. In contrast, in vivo cloth patch assay system showed that the mid-chain length fatty acids, C11:0, C11:1, C12:0, and C12:1 had minimum effective dose (MED) values greater than DEET against Ae. aegypti and their relative repellency varied according to species tested. The MED values of 120 (C11:0), 145 (C12:0) and 116 (C11:1) nmol/cm(2) against Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, indicated that these acids were not as potent as DEET with a MED of 54 nmol/cm(2). The MED ratio of the C11:0 and C11:1 for all three mosquito species indicated the C11 saturated and unsaturated acids as more repellent than their corresponding C12:0 and C12:1 homologues.
Isolated Septal Fibrosis or Hematoma—Atypical Peyronie’s Disease?

Purpose: Classically Peyronie’s disease presents with penile curvature and/or pain, and is associated with a palpable penile plaque. We frequently examine patients with suspected Peyronie’s disease ultrasonographically and have noted a subset of patients in whom we could identify only a circumscribed septal lesion. We identified characteristics of these patients.Materials and Methods: Of our series of approximately 650 patients with Peyronie’s disease 47 were identified with these lesions.Results: Of the 47 patients 22 presented with penile curvature with or without accompanying or preceding pain. Of the 47 patients 17 had a significant history of trauma, although only had the classic stigmata of penile fracture. A total of 16 patients had no history of curvature, 7 presented with only penile shortening or focal lack of rigidity and 5 were incidentally found to have lesions during assessment for other complaints. Three patients presenting after trauma were noted to have septal liquefied hematomas, which w...
Integration of dynamic assessment and instructional conversations to promote development and improve assessment in the language classroom

This article explores how a primary school teacher utilized the frameworks of dynamic assessment (DA) and the instructional conversation (IC) within a Spanish as a foreign language classroom. DA wa...
An Approach to Corpus-based Discourse Analysis: The Move Analysis as Example

This article presents a seven-step corpus-based approach to discourse analysis that starts with a detailed analysis of each individual text in a corpus that can then be generalized across all texts of a corpus, providing a description of typical patterns of discourse organization that hold for the entire corpus. This approach is applied specifically to a methodology that is used to analyze texts in terms of the functional/communicative structures that typically make up texts in a genre: move analysis. The resulting corpus-based approach for conducting a move analysis significantly enhances the value of this often used (and misused) methodology, while at the same time providing badly needed guidelines for a methodology that lacks them. A corpus of ‘birthmother letters’ is used to illustrate the approach.
A proxemic-based HRI testbed

This paper describes a novel, low cost HRI testbed for the evaluation of robot movement, gaze, audio style, and media content as a function of proximity. Numerous human-robot interaction studies have established the importance of proxemics in establishing trust and social consonance, but each has used a robot capable of only some component, for example gaze but not audio style. The Survivor Buddy proxemics testbed is expected to serve as blueprint for duplication or inspire the creation of other robots, enabling researchers to rapidly develop and test new schemes of proxemic based control. It is a small, four-degree of freedom, multi-media "head" costing approximately $2,000 USD to build and can be mounted on other robots or used independently. To enable proxemics support, Survivor Buddy can be coupled with either a dedicated range sensor or distance can be extracted from the embedded camera using computer vision. The paper presents a sample demonstration of proxemic competence for Survivor Buddy mounted on a search and rescue robot following the victim management scenario developed by Bethel and Murphy.
Electrical Charge Measurements on Fine Airborne Particles

A small parallel-plate precipitator and a theoretical collection model have been used to determine the distribution of charges acquired by monodisperse airborne polystyrene latex particles in a corona charger. The mean charge based on the total number of particles was found to be slightly higher than half the predicted saturation charge, and it agreed well with independent measurements made in a Faraday cage particle separator. The importance of careful measurements of particle charge in fine particle transport studies is highlighted by a discussion of the effect of charge (particle mobility) distribution width on observed transport characteristics.
Cyclopeptamine lipopeptide antifungal agents

A solid phase mediated automated process was developed and used by researchers at Abbott laboratories to synthesise structurally diverse amino-lipopeptides as antifungal compounds. The cyclopeptamine analogues produced by this method possess an amino or substituted amino functionality in the proline ring (A) (Figure 2). These amino-lipopeptides have good in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Candida albicans.