cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical implementation of AAPM Task Group 32 recommendations on brachytherapy source strength specification.

Historically the strength of sealed brachytherapy sources has been described by many physical quantities, including true activity, apparent activity, and equivalent mass of radium. Recently, the AAPM Task Group 32 recommended that these quantities be replaced by a single quantity, air-kerma strength, with units of {mu}Gy m{sup 2} h{sup {minus}1}. A set of equations has been developed for unambiguously converting source strength estimates and renormalizing published dose-rate tables, which assume traditional quantities and units, into forms consistent with air-kerma strength. For commonly used brachytherapy sources, multiplicative conversion factors for each source-strength formalism and set of units are given. To convert equivalent mass of radium to air-kerma strength requires a single multiplicative factor, 7.23 {mu}Gy m{sup 2} h{sup {minus}1}/mgRaEq, applicable to all sources. Based upon a review of vendor source specification practices, the factors for converting source strength of {sup 198}Au, {sup 103}Pd, and {sup 125}I seeds from apparent mCi to air-kerma strength are 2.06, 1.29, and 1.27 {mu}Gy m{sup 2} h{sup {minus}1}/mCi(apparent), respectively. These factors are independent of source geometry but depend on the nominal exposure rate constant value selected by the vendor. Conversion factors applicable to mass of radium or true activity depend upon both source geometry and radionuclidemore » identity. Because many of these conversion factors depend upon vendor choices of physical constants and exposure rate constants, readers are cautioned to carefully review vendor source strength specification practices before adopting these values clinically. Finally, the relationships between the various source strength quantities and absorbed dose rate in the medium surrounding the source are elucidated.« less
Cell Context-Dependent Differences in the Induction of E2F-1 Gene Expression by 17β-Estradiol in MCF-7 and ZR-75 Cells

17 beta-Estradiol (E2) induces E2F-1 gene expression in ZR-75 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Analysis of the E2F-1 gene promoter in MCF-7 cells previously showed that hormone-induced transactivation required interactions between estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha)/Sp1 bound to upstream GC-rich sites and NFYA bound to downstream CCAAT sites within the -169 to -54 region of the promoter. This same region of the E2F-1 promoter was also E2 responsive in ER alpha-positive ZR-75 cells; however, further analysis of the promoter showed that cooperative ER alpha/Sp1/NFY interactions were not necessary for hormone-induced transactivation in ZR-75 cells. The upstream GC-rich motifs (-169 to -111) are activated independently by ER alpha/Sp1 in ZR-75 but not MCF-7 cells, and a construct (pE2F-1j(m1)) containing the -122 to -54 downstream CCAAT site that bound NFYA was also E2 responsive. E2 also induced reporter gene activity in ZR-75 cells transfected with an expression plasmid for a chimeric protein containing the DNA-binding domain of the yeast GAL4 protein fused to NFYA (pM-NFYA) and a construct containing five tandem GAL4 response elements. Subsequent studies showed that hormonal activation of pE2F-1j(m1) and pM-NFYA are dependent on nongenomic pathways in which E2 activates cAMP/protein kinase A. Hormone-dependent regulation of E2F-1 gene expression in ZR-75 and MCF-7 involves the same cis elements and interacting transcription factors but different mechanisms, demonstrating the importance of cell context on transactivation pathways, even among ER-positive breast cancer cell lines.
Feynman Amplitudes and Strong-Coupling Pion Theory

By a method proposed by Gell-Mann and Goldberger for the treatment of the pion-nucleon problem, the case of strong pseudoscalar coupling is studied. Contributions from the closed loops in Feynman diagrams are neglected, though virtual nucleon pair creations are otherwise taken into account. The nucleon recoil turns out to be a small perturbation in the strong-coupling approximation. The theory is not covariant and no attempt is made to renormalize the divergent quantities. Divergent integrals are cut off arbitrarily.The main $P$-wave interaction is spin-independent although the next order term is the usual spin-dependent interaction. Magnetic moments of the nucleons are not in agreement with experiments. Nucleons have isobaric states with negative excitation energies. The implication of these states is discussed. The isobaric state plays a role as an intermediate state in pion-nucleon scattering and explains the inequality of the two $S$-phase shifts.
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder after work-related hand trauma

Posttraumatic stress disorder frequently accompanies severe work-related hand trauma and, when a patient attempts to return to work it can potentially be as debilitating as the hand injury. Four techniques were examined for their effectiveness in the treatment of the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Confronting and reprocessing of intrusive thoughts, combined with coping skills training, effectively reduced all symptoms except avoidance reactions. An early return to the worksite was useful with those patients who experienced mild avoidance reactions, although many patients were not able to use this. Graded work exposure was a highly successful technique for those patients with moderate avoidance reactions. For those with severe avoidance reactions, on-site job evaluations were used with good success. We believe that actual exposure to the worksite greatly enhances the ability of occupationally hand-injured patients to return to work for their previous employer. An algorithm for treatment is proposed.
BLUP, a new paradigm in host-range determination

The centrifugal phylogenetic method has been the basis of selection of non-target plants to test for specificity of biological control agents for the last 35 years. In the last decade there has been increased attention paid to modernizing the approach and basing selection of test plants on molecular phylogeny rather than taxonomic classification. Recently mixed model equations (MME) and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) were used to determine the probable host-range of two plant pathogens proposed for classical biological control of Russian thistle. BLUPs were derived with the MME by incorporating disease ratings, variances, and relationship matrices computed from genetic (DNA) distances among plant species related to Russian thistle. Although this work focused on evaluating disease severity on related plant species, the MME can be used with any biological weed control agent or target as long as the evaluation criterion is quantitative (or appropriately transformed) and variances and molecular genetic relationships among test species can be obtained. Moreover, since BLUPs can be generated for species with no observed data, the MME are ideally suited to both evaluation of test plant species and construction of test plant lists based on molecular phylogenetic relationships and reactions of the species to the biological control agent. Many biological control practitioners may be unfamiliar with this methodology. The objectives of this manuscript are to familiarize biological control researchers and regulators with some of the requirements and advantages of the MME and the use of the MME to construct test plant lists.
(Dis)Accords: The Politics of Market-Assisted Land Reforms in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract In spring 2003 the World Bank published a major statement on land reform policy reflecting powerful new institutional support for market-assisted land reforms. This article uses the case of land conflicts in Chiapas, Mexico and their resolution through market-assisted “Agrarian Accords” to critically examine this new policy current. Using fine-grained case studies and ethnography, rather than the national/crossnational studies typically used to assess market-assisted land reform, this article finds no grounds for the foundational claim that decentralized, market-assisted land reforms are inherently less politicized than state-led land reforms. Despite claims to the contrary, proponents of the new policy deploy one-dimensional understandings of politics and the political construction of markets that gloss the ways “community” and “markets” are highly politicized sites where actors play out multiple territorial projects.
Temporally oriented laws

A system whose expected state changes with time cannot have both a forward-directed translationally invariant probabilistic law and a backward-directed translationally invariant law. When faced with this choice, science seems to favor the former. An asymmetry between cause and effect may help to explain why temporally oriented laws are usually forward-directed.
Buckling of a long cylindrical shell surrounded by an elastic medium

Abstract A long, thin, circular, cylindrical shell is subjected to uniform external pressure exerted by a surrounding elastic medium. The stability of equilibrium of the shell is examined by considering possible neighboring equilibrium states. The loading exerted by the elastic medium on the shell in the deformed state is found by solving an associated boundary value problem of the linearized theory of elasticity in the presence of initial stress. Expressions are derived which give the critical pressure for the cases of a bonded and a smooth interface.
1015-70 Silent Ischemia During Daily Life is an Independent Predictor of Poor Clinical Outcome and Increased Risk of Cardiac Death

Although several recent studies have demonstrated that elderly patients (pts) with CAD are at higher risk of silent ischemia (Sl), relatively little information is available regarding the prognostic importance of SI in the elderly. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated the prognostic significance of SI during Holter monitoring (HM) in elderly pts (≥ 65 years) with stable angina and proved CAD. The findings were then compared to those observed in a similar but younger (l65 yrs age) group of pts with stable CAD. All pts underwent maximal exercise treadmill test (ETT) and HM for 24-48 hours, while receiving their usual antianginal drugs. Pts were followed every 3 months and all fatal and nonfatal events were recorded. The study population consisted of two groups: pts g65 (Gr 1) and pts ≥ 65 (Gr 2) years old. The two groups were similar in their clinical characteristics, risk factors for CAD, antianginal drugs, and angiographic findings. Compared to Gr 1, the Gr 2 pts had a significantly earlier onset of ischemia (p l 0.01) and achieved a significantly greater peak systolic blood pressure (p l 0.02) during ETT. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant difference in the outcome of the two groups. The Gr 1 pts with SI during HM had a nonsignificant increase in mortality (2/16, 12.5% vs. 1/19, 5.3%) compared to pts without SI. In contrast, elderly (Gr 2) pts with SI during HM had an eightfold increase in the risk of cardiac death (7/23, 30.4% mortality vs. 1/28,3.6%, P = 0.009) compared to elderly pts without SI. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of clinical variables, angiographic findings, ETT parameters, and ischemia during HM, revealed the presence of SI on HM as the most powerful and independent predictor (p = 0.006) of cardiac death in the elderly. Conclusion The findings of our study clearly demonstrated that in the elderly pts, silent ischemia during daily life is associated with poor prognosis and a significantly increased risk of cardiac death. The adverse outcome associated with SI was noted despite antianginal drug therapy effective in controlling symptoms suggesting the need for more aggressive therapeutic interventions.
The age of beginning reactivity of the pituitary adrenocortical system to stress in the mouse.

introduction IT IS well known that adult animals respond to stressing stimuli by the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release glucocorticoids. The problem still remains as to when in the development of an organism the pituitary-adrenocortical system matures sufficiently to carry out this function. Although a functional inter-relationship between the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex has been shown in the fetus (Jost, 1948; Wells, 1948; Kitchell, 1950; Kitchell and Wells, 1952a, b; and others) there is abundant evidence that the homeostatic mechanism for bringing about activation of the adrenal cortex has not reached functional maturity at birth. Jailer (1949, 1950) reported that stress by cold gave no significant depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid in the infant rat until the sixteenth day of life, whereas he was able to secure such depletion with epinephrine on the eighth day and with ACTH on the fourth.
C1q Receptors: Regulating Specific Functions of Phagocytic Cells

A C1q receptor that upregulates the phagocytic capacity of professional phagocytes, C1qRp, has been identified, and its primary structure determined by cDNA cloning and sequencing. Monoclonal antibodies that immunoprecipitate this 126,000 Mr polypeptide inhibit the enhancement of phagocytosis triggered not only by C1q but also by mannose binding lectin (MBL) and pulmonary surfactant protein A (SPA) providing critical evidence that this polypeptide is a functional receptor or component of the receptor that mediates this enhancement of phagocytosis. The amino acid sequence, deduced from the cloned cDNA coding for this receptor, indicates that this surface glycoprotein receptor is a novel type I membrane protein of 631 amino acid containing a region homologous to C-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domains, 5 EGF-like domains, a single transmembrane domain and a 47 amino acid intracellular domain. Expression of this receptor is limited to cells of myeloid origin, platelets and endothelial cells, consistent with a relatively selective function, and making it an attractive candidate for therapeutic modulation of function. A distinct C1q receptor that triggers superoxide in polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been functionally characterized and designated as C1qRO2-. Thus, the accumulated data that will be summarized here demonstrate that there are at least two C1q receptor/receptor complexes (C1qRp and C1qRO2-), each triggering distinct cellular responses, that multiple C1q receptors can be expressed on the same, as well as on different, cell types, and that at least one C1q receptor, C1qRp, is capable of responding to multiple ligands.
Courage in Plato's Protagoras

The Protagoras, as is well known, depicts Socrates pitted against the famous sophist in a dispute about "the unity of the virtues," among other things. If Socrates has some difficulty proving the unity of the five virtues, commentators and readers of this dialogue have had as much trouble about the unity of the work, or the connections beween the five or so topics appearing in it.' Particularly it has been hard to see just why Socrates introduces the question of the unity of the virtues when he does, and what is going on in the hedonism passage where Socrates apparently secures agreement to a principle by the odd means of deriving it from a premise Protagoras says he does not accept, and which we hardly expect Socrates to believe, and which is not necessary to establish what he wants. I believe that we can make good sense of all this and more if, remembering that the guiding question of the dialogue is whether Protagoras will really be able to deliver the goods he publicly offers, to Hippocrates or anyone else, we follow the question, What about the virtue of courage (&v8pEia) for Protagoras? Is it a virtue, can he teach it, do his presuppositions allow him to give it its due? The question is important because, as I shall explain, there is an inconsistency in believing that "Man is the measure of all things" as Plato interprets that maxim in the Theaetetus, and believing that there is anything worth dying for, i.e., that courage in the paradigm case is a valuable trait to the one possessing it. But to follow this thread through the dialogue, we have to see that Plato has laid it down as far back as Protagoras' long speech.
Coumarins and alkaloids from cell cultures of Ruta graveolens

Abstract Cells of Ruta graveolens L., grown in continuous light in liquid medium produced the coumarins umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, rutamarin and rutacultin (6,7-dimethoxy- 3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)coumarin), a new natural product. Four alkaloids were also identified: skimmianine, kokusaginine, 6-methoxydictamnine and edulinine (1-methyl-4-methoxy-3-[2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl]-2-quinolone).
Metadata Quality in Digital Repositories: A Survey of the Current State of the Art

This study presents the current state of research and practice on metadata quality through focus on the functional perspective on metadata quality, measurement, and evaluation criteria coupled with mechanisms for improving metadata quality. Quality metadata reflect the degree to which the metadata in question perform the core bibliographic functions of discovery, use, provenance, currency, authentication, and administration. The functional perspective is closely tied to the criteria and measurements used for assessing metadata quality. Accuracy, completeness, and consistency are the most common criteria used in measuring metadata quality in the literature. Guidelines embedded within a Web form or template perform a valuable function in improving the quality of the metadata. Results of the study indicate a pressing need for the building of a common data model that is interoperable across digital repositories.
Central banks and inflation targeting in perspective

Abstract Beginning over a decade ago, a number of central banks have adopted the technique of “inflation targeting” in an effort to improve their performance. Under this approach, an agreement between a nation’s government and its central bank commits the latter to achieve a quantitative inflation target by a certain date. Typically, the target is specified as a low – but positive – rate of inflation. In 1990, New Zealand became the first industrialized country to institute a formula regime of inflation targeting. Next in line were Canada (1991), the United Kingdom and Israel (1992), and Australia and Sweden (1993). Switzerland took the step in 1999. Finland and Spain adopted inflation targeting prior to joining the European Monetary Union. The European Central Bank – while not describing its basic mode of operation as inflation targeting – behaves as though this were the case. The U.S. Federal Reserve has debated inflation targeting but has refrained from adopting it. Instead, it boasts that it has achieved its noticeable success through relying on its traditional instruments. This article provides an over-view of papers on inflation targeting in New Zealand, Canada, and Chile, and summarizes the discussion in the United States. In New Zealand, inflation was brought down sharply, and the approach created an expectations environment that made the policy credible. In Canada, the decline in actual inflation was also striking, and expectations of forecasters, businesses, and organized labor soon began to decrease in parallel with the target. Inflation targeting in Chile (dating back to 1990), cut the rate of inflation markedly and strengthened the credibility of monetary policy.
Impact on patient care: patient case through the continuum of care

Hospitalized patients are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the Joint Commission has initiated practice measures to improve the rates of preventable events. The Joint Commission also initiated the National Patient Safety Goals for medication prescribing and administration, of which, goal 03.05.01 is specifically aimed at anticoagulation therapy. These measures and goals are consistent with the American College of Chest Physicians’ Consensus Guidelines on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. This narrative review uses a case-based approach that brings up practical clinical questions regarding these measures, goals and guidelines as they apply to a patient going through the continuum of care from the hospital to their home.
Goals for computer science education in the 1980s

The nature of computing, and hence of computer science, is changing rapidly. Many topics that now seem interesting will be obsolete or irrelevant within ten years, and our perspective on other topics will change. If a curriculum designed now is to remain effective through 1990 or beyond, we must try to understand the forces that are shaping the field and to anticipate the roles that computing and computer science will play in the future.At Carnegie-Mellon, a group of eight faculty and graduate students is designing a new undergraduate computer science curriculum. We began by examining the trends that will affect the field over the next decade and the new phenomena and issues that may arise. From this basis we are developing a new curriculum without prior assumptions drawn from existing curricula. In this talk I will discuss our view of current trends in computer science and the roles that colleges and universities must play over the next decade.
Effect of substrate on the nucleation and growth of aluminum films deposited from methylpyrrolidine alane

Methylpyrrolidine alane complex was used to deposit aluminum films on various types of substrates in a low pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The films grow easily on metallic and transition metal oxide surfaces, but not on any other tested semiconductor and dielectric substrates below 200 °C, showing strong substrate dependency. The free energies of precursor adsorption, surface dissociation reaction and product desorption, as well as the film wettability to substrate are among the key factors which affect the energy barrier for nucleation or deposition selectivity. In general, a metal substrate can enhance nucleation because it catalyzes the surface reactions and bonds strongly with aluminum. The oxidation-reduction reaction may occur between the precursor and substrate on a metal oxide surface. The reduced metal sites can be the seed nuclei and are possibly responsible for Al growth on the surfaces of transition metal oxides.
Electron spin resonance studies of an animal model of human congenital myotonia: Increased erythrocyte membrane fluidity in rats with 20,25-diazacholesterol-induced myotonia

Electron spin resonance experiments have been performed on erythrocyte membranes from rats with myotonia induced by treatment with 20,25-diazacholesterol. The results suggest that erythrocyte membranes in this animal model of human congenital myotonia possess a highly significantly increased surface membrane fluidity compared to that of controls. Alterations in the physical state of membrane proteins were not apparent. These findings, also present in human congenital myotonia [Butterfield, Chesnut, Roses & Appel, 1976,Nature (London)263:159; Butterfield, 1977 (Submitted for publication)], strengthen the concepts that increased membrane fluidity is associated with the presence of myotonia and that congenital myotonia may be a diffuse membrane disease.
BASIC FAMILY THERAPY SKILLS, IV: TRANSGENERATIONAL THEORIES OF FAMILY THERAPY

This pape focuses on the basic skills and compentencies of transgenerational approaches to family therapy, the fourth report of a program of research surveys by the Basic Family Therapy Skills Project. In the first survey, a panel of family therapy educators listed the most critical or basic skills or compentencies of beginning family therapist with a transgenerational orientation. In the third survey, self-selected respondents rated these items according to degree of importance for beginning family therapists. Rankings of the items according to mean scores of the Likert responses indicate that transgenerational family therapy skills are founded in theory and can be identified behaviorally. The most important skills are those that use the self of the therapist to understand and utilize transgenerational family therapy skills for both therapist and client. Also listed are skills that many raters deemed “generic” rather than specifically related to transgenerational family therapy. Other findings and their implications for the future training of family therapists are discusses. Although the paper is intended for family therapy educators interested in their colleagues' ideas about critical skills in trans-generational family therapy, theorists and clinicians may also find it useful.
A Gesture Learning Interface for Simulated Robot Path Shaping With a Human Teacher

Recognition of human gestures is an active area of research integral for the development of intuitive human-machine interfaces for ubiquitous computing and assistive robotics. In particular, such systems are key to effective environmental designs that facilitate aging in place. Typically, gesture recognition takes the form of template matching in which the human participant is expected to emulate a choreographed motion as prescribed by the researchers. A corresponding robotic action is then a one-to-one mapping of the template classification to a library of distinct responses. In this paper, we explore a recognition scheme based on the growing neural gas (GNG) algorithm that places no initial constraints on the user to perform gestures in a specific way. Motion descriptors extracted from sequential skeletal depth data are clustered by GNG and mapped directly to a robotic response that is refined through reinforcement learning. A simple good/bad reward signal is provided by the user. This paper presents results that show that the topology-preserving quality of GNG allows generalization between gestured commands. Experimental results using an automated reward are presented that compare learning results involving single nodes versus results involving the influence of node neighborhoods. Although separability of input data influences the speed of learning convergence for a given neighborhood radius, it is shown that learning progresses toward emulation of an associative memory that maps input gesture to desired action.
Prediction in the context of the variance-components model

Abstract This paper considers the question of a proper forecast in the context of the variance-components model. It is shown how residuals from the estimated equation should be included in the forecast.
A Single Amino-Acid Polymorphism in Chikungunya Virus E2 Glycoprotein Influences Glycosaminoglycan Utilization

ABSTRACT Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of infection throughout Asia and Africa, causing an acute illness characterized by fever, rash, and polyarthralgia. Although CHIKV infects a broad range of host cells, little is known about how CHIKV binds and gains access to the target cell interior. In this study, we tested whether glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding is required for efficient CHIKV replication using CHIKV vaccine strain 181/25 and clinical isolate SL15649. Preincubation of strain 181/25, but not SL15649, with soluble GAGs resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of infection. While parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are permissive for both strains, neither strain efficiently bound to or infected mutant CHO cells devoid of GAG expression. Although GAGs appear to be required for efficient binding of both strains, they exhibit differential requirements for GAGs, as SL15649 readily infected cells that express excess chondroitin sulfate but that are devoid of heparan sulfate, whereas 181/25 did not. We generated a panel of 181/25 and SL15649 variants containing reciprocal amino acid substitutions at positions 82 and 318 in the E2 glycoprotein. Reciprocal exchange at residue 82 resulted in a phenotype switch; Gly 82 results in efficient infection of mutant CHO cells but a decrease in heparin binding, whereas Arg 82 results in reduced infectivity of mutant cells and an increase in heparin binding. These results suggest that E2 residue 82 is a primary determinant of GAG utilization, which likely mediates attenuation of vaccine strain 181/25. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes a debilitating rheumatic disease that can persist for months to years, and yet there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies. Like other alphaviruses, CHIKV displays broad tissue tropism, which is thought to be influenced by virus-receptor interactions. In this study, we determined that cell-surface glycosaminoglycans are utilized by both a vaccine strain and a clinical isolate of CHIKV to mediate virus binding. We also identified an amino acid polymorphism in the viral E2 attachment protein that influences utilization of glycosaminoglycans. These data enhance an understanding of the viral and host determinants of CHIKV cell entry, which may foster development of new antivirals that act by blocking this key step in viral infection.
A Cinema-Spectrograph for Photographing Rapid Spectral Sequences*,**

A simple spectrograph designed around a 16-mm movie camera is described. The spectrograph was built for the purpose of obtaining spectrograms from light sources showing transient phenomena, in particular such light sources as the new types of rocket and jet combustion engines. The study of the light emitted from an acetylene-oxygen flame as a function of time illustrates its usefulness.
Hybridization of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergilli

Southern blots of DNA from a number of aspergilli belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi, including aflatoxin-producing and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, were probed with the aflatoxin pathway genes aflR and omt-1. DNA of all A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae isolates examined hybridized with both genes. None of the A. oryzae isolates examined hybridized to the aflR probe and one of the three did not hybridize to the omt-1 probe. None of the A. tamarii isolates examined hybridized to either gene. Our results suggest that some isolates in this section do not produce aflatoxin because they lack at least one of the genes necessary for biosynthesis, and that non-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae strains either lack a gene we did not examine or have genes that are not being expressed.
Variable Property and Temperature Ratio Effects on Nusselt Numbers in a Rectangular Channel With 45 Deg Angled Rib Turbulators

Measured local and spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers and friction factors (all time-averaged) are presented which show the effects of temperature ratio and variable properties in a rectangular channel with rib turbulators, and an aspect ratio of 4. The ratio of air inlet stagnation temperature to local surface temperature T oi /T w varies from 0.66 to 0.95, and Reynolds numbers based on channel height range from 10,000 to 83,700. The square cross-section ribs are placed on two opposite surfaces, and are oriented at angles of +45 deg and -45 deg, respectively, with respect to the bulk flow direction. The ratio of rib height to channel hydraulic diameter is 0.078, the rib pitch-to-height ratio is 10, and the ribs block 25 percent of the channel cross-sectional area
Ethnic differences in the association between pubertal status and symptoms of depression in adolescent girls.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the importance of chronologic age versus pubertal status in predicting adolescent girls' depressive symptoms in different ethnic groups. Methods: A national probability sample was used to obtain a representative cohort of 3216 adolescents, 5th through 8th grades. Subjects completed a questionnaire, which included a modified version of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and an assessment of timing of menarche. Results: Among Caucasians, post-menarcheal adolescent girls had higher depression scores than did same-aged pre-menarcheal girls. Boys and pre-menarcheal girls had similar depression scores in most age groups. Among African-Americans and Hispanics, there were no menarche-associated differences in depressive symptoms. Conclusion: In early adolescence pubertal status is a better predictor of depressive symptoms than chronological age in Caucasian, but not African-American or Hispanic girls.
Environmental tobacco smoke and the epidemic of asthma in children : the role of cigarette use

Background Asthma is the most common chronic disease affecting youth worldwide. The prevalence of asthma has increased at least 3-fold during the past several decades. The reason for this increase remains unknown. Objective To examine one possible factor that may be affecting the increase in prevalence of asthma among youth. Methods Data on the incidence of asthma among youth were aggregated using the National Health Interview Survey (sample of 4,500 children) and were compared on an ecologic level with data on cigarette consumption in the United States from 1900 to 2003 from the American Lung Association. Results Our results suggest a parallel increase in the rates of cigarette use among adults and asthma in children. These findings show an increase in cigarette use during the past 4 birth cohorts, with subsequent leveling off at a population level with a progressively more prominent increase in cigarette use among women in the United States. Conclusion We present one possible factor that may be contributing to the epidemic of childhood asthma. We hypothesize that (1) there has been a marked increase in smoking during the past century, (2) this increase in smoking has resulted in a substantial increase in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children, and (3) increased exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has contributed to the increase in childhood asthma. Data on trends in cigarette use among adults and asthma prevalence among children during the past century are presented as ecological evidence in support of this hypothesis. Future studies will be needed to confirm these findings with community-level analyses in a variety of geographic regions.
Sensory adaptation and incentive contrast as factors affecting NaCl preference

Abstract One normal rat and 6 adrenalectomized rats were tested for the effect of predrinking various concentrations of NaCl on the preference for NaCl solutions. Short term variations of the traditional 1-bottle and 2-bottle preference tests were presented to the animals and the behavior measured in terms of number of licks and consistency of choice. The results showed that an equal preference for 0.1 m NaCl and 0.25 m NaCl after predrinking a weak NaCl solution (0.01 m ) changed to a strong preference for 0.25 m NaCl over 0.1 m NaCl when the animals predrank a stronger NaCl solution (0.25 m ). Control tests indicated that these results could not be explained simply on the basis of sensory adaptation. It was suggested that both sensory adaptation and incentive contrast were the essential factors which controlled the preference behavior in this experiment.
A model for calculating acoustic gravity wave energy and momentum flux in the mesosphere from OH airglow

Acoustic gravity and tidal waves propagating in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (80–110 km) perturb the airglow layer intensities. The OH airglow has recently been modeled to determine the relationship between the relative perturbed atmospheric density and temperature (ρ′/ρ, T′/T) to the OH intensity (I′OH/IOH) at the OH emission altitudes [Swenson and Gardner, 1997]. A model is presented here which relates wave perturbed OH airglow to the wave energy and momentum flux as they propagate through the emission layer. The model is dependent on the wave horizontal and vertical wavelengths (or phase speed as related through the dispersion relationship), and the relative perturbed airglow intensity, I′OH/IOH. The model can be used by optical experimenters to relate their measurements to wave energy and momentum flux in the stated altitude region.
797 CYCLASES IN NORMAL AND LEUKEMIC LYMPHOCYTES

Persistent low level of c-AMP and persistent high level of cGMP in leukemic lymphocytes suggest a modified activity of the cyclases which synthetize them. Soluble and particulate guanylate cyclase (GC) and adenylate cyclase (AC) activities were studied in normal B-enriched and T-enriched lymphocytes, in lymphocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). GC activity was greater in normal T than B cells (10.2 vs 5.3 pmol/min/mg protein), increased little with isoproterenol and prostaglandins stimulation, and much more with sodium azide (NaN3) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) stimulation (19 and 23 pmol for T cells and 9.1 and 17.2 pmol for B cells). GC activity was greater in both types of leukemic lymphocytes (23 pmol for ALL cells and 18 pmol for CLL cells) and was insensitive to stimulation with DHA and NaN3. Particulate AC activity was greater in normal B than T cells (215 vs 80 pmol) and increased in both after stimulation with isoproterenol (300 pmol) and prostaglandins (400 pmol). In leukemic lymphocytes AC showed depressed activity (20 pmol in ALL cells and 55 pmol in CLL cells) and was insensitive to stimulation. These findings suggest that circulating T cells are more actively cycling or functioning than circulating B cells. They also suggest a derangement of the activity of both cyclases and/or their receptors in leukemic cells: this derangement may be a cause of leukemic cell escape from their microenvironment control.
An English Translation of John William Polidori’s (1815) Medical Dissertation on Oneirodynia (Somnambulism)

John William Polidori (1795–1821), personal physician to Lord Byron and author of The Vampyre (1819), completed in 1815 his inaugural medical dissertation on the subject of oneirodynia, a term encompassing both somnambulism and other trance‐like states that occur during sleep. The dissertation offers two case studies of sleepwalkers and discusses theories about the mind and its activities during sleep, themes that are prominent in Polidori’s fiction. Because this document is difficult to access and written in Latin, it has received minimal attention from literary critics and none from historians of medicine. This article presents here for the use of future researchers the first published English translation of the entirety of Polidori’s treatise, accompanied by explanatory notes.
U. S. consumer perceptions of U. S. and Canadian beef quality grades.

A U.S. consumer (n = 642) study (Baltimore, MD; Phoenix, AZ; and Lubbock, TX) was conducted to compare consumer sensory scores of U.S. beef (83 USDA Choice (Choice) and 96 USDA Select (Select)) and Canadian beef (77 AAA and 82 AA) strip loins. Strip loins (n = 338) were obtained from beef pro- cessors in Canada and the United States and were wet aged until 21 d postmortem at 2°C. Marbling scores were assigned at 21 d and loins were paired according to qual- ity grades and marbling score. Strip loins were fabricated into 2.54-cm thick steaks; steaks were vacuum packaged and frozen until further evaluations. Proximate analysis was performed to compare fat, moisture, and protein. Choice and Canadian AAA had similar marbling scores and intramuscular fat. Both Choice and Canadian AAA had greater (P 0.05). Consumers' opinions did not differ when comparing equivalent grades (Choice with Canadian AAA and Select with Canadian AA), but they rated Choice and Canadian AAA more palatable than Select and Canadian AA for all sensory attributes (P < 0.05). Regarding percentage of acceptability and likelihood to buy score, consumers indicated a prefer- ence and greater probability to buy (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) strip loin steaks from higher qual- ity grade carcasses (Choice and Canadian AAA) than lower quality grade carcasses (Select and Canada AA). Additionally, consumers gave their opinion of Canadian beef, where its quality and safety were rated as "good" to "excellent" for both attributes (76.72% and 88.36%, respectively; P < 0.05), feeling confident in beef that is imported from Canada. In the same way, consumers indicated that country-of-origin labeling was a minimal factor influencing their beef steak purchasing deci- sions. Results from this consumer study indicated U.S. consumers could not differentiate between U.S. and Canadian beef within comparable quality grades; how- ever, strip loin steaks from higher quality grades were more palatable than lower quality grades according to consumer scores for eating quality traits.
Social Support and Conformity: The Effect of Response Order and Differentiation from the Group

Several recent investigations (Allen & Levine, 1968, 1969, 1971) have supported Asch's (1951) conclusion that the presence of one person who answers prior to a naive subject, and correctly dissents from an erroneous group consensus, significantly reduces conformity relative to a unanimous group. The present study investigated two unexplored variables of potential theoretical importance in explaining the effectiveness of such social support from a partner: (1) response position of the partner, and (2) nature of the social relationship between the subject and the partner relative to other group members. In previous studies the social supporter has typically answered fourth and the subject fifth (last) in a five-person group (Allen & Levine, 1968, 1969, 1971). Whether it is crucial to conformity reduction that the social supporter respond immediately prior to the subject—and hence after the other group members have established a norm—is open to question. One line of argument would predict that a partner answering fourth will be more effective in reducing conformity than a partner answering first. A social supporter responding fourth appears to have bravely taken a stand against a unanimously opposing group. Such attribution of courage may create a positive impression of the social supporter, thereby increasing the subject's willingness to agree with the supporter in opposition to the group.
Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and Dynamics of Primary and Secondary Fluoroalkyl Complexes of Palladium(II) with Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) Ligands. Evaluation of the Structural trans-Influences of Methyl and Fluoroalkyl Groups as Ligands within the Same Coordination Sphere

Reaction of (TMEDA)Pd(CH3)2 (TMEDA = tetramethylethylenediamine) with primary perfluoroalkyl iodides gives a mixture of products that depend markedly on the choice of solvent. In hexanes, (TMEDA)PdMe(RF) [RF = n-C3F7 (1); n-C4F9 (2)] is afforded in about 50% yield, with (TMEDA)Pd(CH3)I (3) formed concurrently. In hexanes 3 precipitates from solution and does not react further, but with THF as the solvent 3 remains in solution and reacts with RFI in the presence of light to give (TMEDA)PdI(RF) [RF = n-C3F7 (4); n-C4F9 (5)] and (TMEDA)PdI2, as well as 1 and 2, respectively. Treatment of either 1 or 2 with I2 yields the corresponding iodide compounds 4 and 5, with elimination of CH3I, while an analogous reaction of 2 with concentrated HCl produces the chloride compound (TMEDA)PdCl(C4F9) (8). In contrast, reaction of (TMEDA)Pd(CH3)2 with the secondary iodide ICF(CF3)2 gives only one fluoroalkyl product, (TMEDA)Pd(CH3)(i-C3F7) (6), in either hexanes or THF. Reaction of 6 with I2 occurs with selective cleavage ...
Protein-protected Au clusters as a new class of nanoscale biosensor for label-free fluorescence detection of proteases.

Proteases are a major class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds to break down proteins into smaller pieces in a process known as proteolysis.[1] Ubiquitous in nature, proteases are present in all living cells and organisms, and are known to play a pivotal role in the development and control of many biological processes.[2] The importance of proteases is also manifested by a large number of pathological conditions that involve alteration of protease levels, including cancer, arthritis, as well as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.[3]
Diet, Microhabitat Use and Seasonal Activity Patterns of Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Hammock and Upland Pine Forest

Abstract Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are an important component of forest ecosystems in the eastern United States, but their ecology in subtropical habitats remains unstudied. This study was conducted on a population of gray squirrels in a 10 ha forest composed of hammock and upland pine habitats. The goals were to determine microhabitat selection, diet and seasonal activity patterns of squirrels in these two distinct habitats. Weekly walking surveys of the study site were conducted for 1 y. Gray squirrels showed a significant peak in activity during the fall (P < 0.001). Acorns were the primary food item and pine seeds (Pinus palustris, P. taeda) were of secondary importance. Use-availability analysis revealed that squirrels were observed significantly less often than expected in some tree species and significantly more often than expected in laurel oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), loblolly pine (P. taeda) and longleaf pine (P. palustris).
View-invariant full-body gesture recognition from video

In this paper, we propose a video-based full-body gesture recognition system independent of the view angle of the cameras. We performed multilinear analysis on the silhouette images of the static poses making up the gestures by tensor decomposition and projection. Each pair of silhouette images is projected to a view-invariant low dimensional pose coefficient vector space. These pose vectors are then used as input vectors in hidden Markov model (HMM) for gesture recognition. This system worked effectively in our experiments using real videos.
Cellphones in public: social interactions in a wireless era

Cellphones provide a unique opportunity to examine how new media both reflect and affect the social world. This study suggests that people map their understanding of common social rules and dilemmas onto new technologies. Over time, these interactions create and reflect a new social landscape. Based upon a year-long observational field study and in-depth interviews, this article examines cellphone usage from two main perspectives: how social norms of interaction in public spaces change and remain the same; and how cellphones become markers for social relations and reflect tacit pre-existing power relations. Informed by Goffman's concept of cross talk and Hopper's caller hegemony, the article analyzes the modifications, innovations and violations of cellphone usage on tacit codes of social interactions.
Understanding the Mommy Tracks: A Framework for Analyzing Work-Family Balance in the IT Workforce

Despite the recent growth in the number of women in the American labor force, women are still under-represented in the IT workforce. Key among the factors that account for this under-representation is balancing work-family issues. This article presents a framework for analyzing work-family balance from a field study of women employed in the American IT workforce. The findings are examined through the lens of the Individual Differences Theory of Gender and IT to show the range of ways in which work-family considerations influence women's IT career decisions. The framework is used to support the theoretical argument that women exhibit a range of decisions regarding career and parenthood: the non-parent, the working parent, the back-on-track parent, and the off-the-track parent. These findings illustrate an identifiable theme that crosses geographical regions and timeframes; societal messages are complex and difficult to digest and are processed in different ways by different women, yet they contribute to the decisions women make about their professional and personal lives.