cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature

There remain unanswered questions and implications related to emergence delirium in children. Although we know that there are some predisposing factors to emergence delirium, we still are unable to predict accurately those who are at greatest risk. Emergence delirium should be considered as a ‘vital sign’, which should be followed and documented in every child in the postanaesthesia recovery period. Standardized screening tools should be adopted for paediatric emergence delirium.
Very Short Gamma Ray Bursts Study and Primordial Black Holes

We present the state of current research of Very Short Gamma Ray Bursts (VSGRBs) from BATSE, KONUS and SWIFT detectors. We found that VSGRBs form a distinguished class of GRBs, which in our opinion in most cases is composed of the primordial black hole evaporation events. Arguments supporting our opinion: (a) Time duration (T90) distribution of VSGRBs for BATSE, KONUS and SWIFT detectors [2]; (b) Visible anisotropy in the galactic angular distribution of BATSE VSGRB events; (c) V/ Vmax distribution for BATSE VSGRB events indicating the local distance production [3]; (d) Practically no afterglows in SWIFT VSGRB sample (25%), in contrast to the noticeable frequency in SGRB sample (78%); (e) Time profile of rising part BATSE VSGRBs in agreement with evaporation PBH model.
When Confidence and Competence Collide: Effects on Online Decision-Making Discussions

Group discussions are a way for individuals to exchange ideas and arguments in order to reach better decisions than they could on their own. One of the premises of productive discussions is that better solutions will prevail, and that the idea selection process is mediated by the (relative) competence of the individuals involved. However, since people may not know their actual competence on a new task, their behavior is influenced by their self-estimated competence -- that is, their confidence -- which can be misaligned with their actual competence. Our goal in this work is to understand the effects of confidence-competence misalignment on the dynamics and outcomes of discussions. To this end, we design a large-scale natural setting, in the form of an online team-based geography game, that allows usto disentangle confidence from competence and thus separate their effects. We find that in task-oriented discussions, the more-confident individuals have a larger impact on the group's decisions even when these individuals are at the same level of competence as their teammates. Furthermore, this unjustified role of confidence in the decision-making process often leads teams to under-perform. We explore this phenomenon by investigating the effects of confidence on conversational dynamics. For example, we take up the question: do more-confident people introduce more ideas than the less-confident, or do they introduce the same number of ideas but their ideas get more uptake? Moreover, we show that the language people use is more predictive of a person's confidence level than their actual competence. This also suggests potential practical applications, given that in many settings, true competence cannot be assessed before the task is completed, whereas the conversation can be tracked during the course of the problem-solving process.
Resonant Versus Anti-Resonant Tunneling at Carbon Nanotube A-B-A Heterostructures

Narrow antiresonances going to zero transmission are found to occur for general (2n,0)(n,n)(2n,0) carbon nanotube heterostructures, whereas the complementary configuration, (n,n)(2n,0)(n,n), displays simple resonant tunneling behaviour. We compute examples for different cases, and give a simple explanation for the appearance of antiresonances in one case but not in the other. Conditions and ranges for the occurrence of these different behaviors are stated. The phenomenon of anti-resonant tunneling, which has passed unnoticed in previous studies of nanotube heterostructures, adds up to the rich set of behaviors available to nanotube based quantum effect devices.
Stocktaking of global forced displacement data

Conflict-induced forced displacement is receiving increased interest within the international community. However, establishing an accurate picture of its scale and dynamics is extremely challenging. Large amounts of data on forced displacement are collected and disseminated each year and used to inform policy and programming by humanitarian and development actors. However, not all of these data are credible or complete, and there are significant gaps in the data required for longer-term development planning. This paper reviews the various sources of data on forced displacement and assesses how these can be improved to enable more effective analysis and assistance by development actors. At an aggregate level, the headline figure of 65 million forcibly displaced persons is an estimate, and the data on internally displaced persons are the least robust. There are also several significant gaps in data collection for those populations that are of concern to development actors, especially returnees, as well the substantial number of people living in displacement-affected host communities. In addition, there is little comprehensive data available on the socioeconomic vulnerabilities and needs of displaced populations, or on the social and economic impacts of displacement on host countries and communities. Significant efforts are needed to enhance the reliability, comparability, quality, and scope of data on forced displacement in general, and address the gaps in the data required for long-term development planning.
The Intersection of Scale, Science, and Law in Massachusetts v. EPA

Justice Scalia: But I always thought an air pollutant was something different than a stratospheric pollutant, and your claim here is not that the pollution of what we normally call "air" is endangering health .[Y]our assertion is that after the pollution leaves the air and goes up into the stratosphere it is contributing to global warming. Mr. Milkey: Respectfully, Your Honor, it is not the stratosphere. It's the troposphere. Justice Scalia: Troposphere, whatever. I told you before I'm not a scientist. (Laughter) Justice Scalia: That's why I don't want to deal with global warming, to tell you the truth.
Hadron formation in the deconfined matter at RHIC and LHC

We have studied the probability of two succinct particle production mechanisms, likely to occur in the transition from the deconfined medium produced in RHIC and LHC heavy ion collisions back to the hadron gas, which is abundant at lower temperatures. Evidence has been found for in-medium fragmentation of non-equilibrated partons in the deconfined medium as well as bound state formation in the quark-gluon phase itself, as described by lattice QCD . Through the comparison to PNJL model calculations we attempt to quantify an extended phase of mixed degrees of freedom in a temperature range just above the QCD transition temperature. The extracted hadron formation probabilities exhibit flavor and baryon number dependencies, which are experimentally verifiable. We confront the calculations of the non-equilibrium and equilibrium particle production in heavy ion collisions with measurements from RHIC and LHC.
Crystal structure and RNA-binding properties of an Hfq homolog from the deep-branching Aquificae: conservation of the lateral RNA-binding mode.

The host factor Hfq, as the bacterial branch of the Sm family, is an RNA-binding protein involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA expression and turnover. Hfq facilitates pairing between small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) and their corresponding mRNA targets by binding both RNAs and bringing them into close proximity. Hfq homologs self-assemble into homo-hexameric rings with at least two distinct surfaces that bind RNA. Recently, another binding site, dubbed the `lateral rim', has been implicated in sRNA·mRNA annealing; the RNA-binding properties of this site appear to be rather subtle, and its degree of evolutionary conservation is unknown. An Hfq homolog has been identified in the phylogenetically deep-branching thermophile Aquifex aeolicus (Aae), but little is known about the structure and function of Hfq from basal bacterial lineages such as the Aquificae. Therefore, Aae Hfq was cloned, overexpressed, purified, crystallized and biochemically characterized. Structures of Aae Hfq were determined in space groups P1 and P6, both to 1.5 A resolution, and nanomolar-scale binding affinities for uridine- and adenosine-rich RNAs were discovered. Co-crystallization with U6 RNA reveals that the outer rim of the Aae Hfq hexamer features a well defined binding pocket that is selective for uracil. This Aae Hfq structure, combined with biochemical and biophysical characterization of the homolog, reveals deep evolutionary conservation of the lateral RNA-binding mode, and lays a foundation for further studies of Hfq-associated RNA biology in ancient bacterial phyla.
Punitive laws, key population size estimates, and Global AIDS Response Progress Reports: An ecological study of 154 countries

Introduction : UN global plans on HIV/AIDS have committed to reducing the number of countries with punitive laws criminalizing key populations. This study explores whether punitive laws are associated with countries’ performance on targets set in the global plans. Methods : The study used chi-square tests of independence to explore associations between legal status, key population size estimates, and HIV service coverage for 193 countries from 2007 to 2014. We used data reported by countries on United Nations Global AIDS Progress Report (GARPR) indicators, and legal data from UNAIDS, UNDP, and civil society organizations. Due to lack of sufficiently reliable legal data, only men who have sex with men (MSM) could be studied. The study utilized public data aggregated at the national level. Correspondence with individual experts in a subset of countries stated the purpose of the study, and all responses were anonymized. Results and Discussion : A significantly larger proportion of countries that criminalize same-sex sexual behaviour reported implausibly low size estimates or no size estimates for MSM. This is consistent with findings in qualitative research that MSMs are marginalized and reluctant to be studied in countries where same-sex sexuality is criminalized. Size estimates are often used as the denominators for national HIV service coverage reports. Initially, countries that criminalized same-sex sexuality appeared to have higher HIV testing coverage among MSM than did countries where it is not criminalized. However, investigation of a subset of countries that have reported 90–100% HIV testing coverage among MSM found that most were based on implausibly low or absent size estimates. Conclusions : Criminalization of same-sex sexuality is associated with implausibly low or absent MSM size estimates. Low size estimates may contribute to official denial of the existence of MSM; to failure to adequately address their needs; and to inflated HIV service coverage reports that paint a false picture of success. To enable and measure progress in the HIV response, UN agencies should lead a collaborative process to systematically, independently and rigorously gather data on laws and their enforcement. Keywords Human rights; HIV; key populations; men who have sex with men; law; indicators (Published: 17 March 2017) Davis SLM et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017, 20 :21386 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21386 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21386
Capacity adequacy and revenue sufficiency in electricity markets with wind power

We present a computationally efficient mixed-integer program (MIP) that determines optimal generator expansion decisions, as well as periodic unit commitment and dispatch. The model is applied to analyze the impact of increasing wind power capacity on the optimal generation mix and the profitability of thermal generators. In a case study, we find that increasing wind penetration reduces energy prices while the prices for operating reserves increase. Moreover, scarcity pricing for operating reserves through reserve shortfall penalties significantly impacts the prices and profitability of thermal generators. Without scarcity pricing, no thermal units are profitable, however scarcity pricing can ensure profitability for peaking units at high wind penetration levels. Capacity payments can also ensure profitability, but the payments required for baseload units to break even increase with the amount of wind power. The results indicate that baseload units are most likely to experience revenue sufficiency problems when wind penetration increases and new baseload units are only developed when natural gas prices are high and wind penetration is low.
A Model of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Heated Neutron Stars in Close Binary Systems

In this paper we present a model for the short (<1 s) population of gamma-ray bursts. In this model heated neutron stars in a close binary system near its last stable orbit emit a large amount of neutrinos (~1053 ergs). A fraction of these neutrinos will annihilate to form an e+e- pair plasma wind that will, in turn, expand and recombine to photons that make the gamma-ray burst. We study neutrino annihilation and show that a substantial fraction (~) of the energy deposited into e+e- pairs comes from interstar neutrinos, where each member of the neutrino pair originates from each neutron star. Thus, in addition to the annihilation of neutrinos blowing off of a single star, there is a new source of baryon-free plasma that is deposited between the stars. To model the e+e- pair plasma wind between stars, we do three-dimensional relativistic numerical hydrodynamic calculations. We find that the timescale for these bursts, deriving from the baryon-free plasma, is less than 1 s and that they will have a hot spectrum ~5 MeV. The energy in bursts is of the order of 1052 ergs.
REASONABLE DOUBT AND DISAGREEMENT

The right to trial by jury and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt are two of the most fundamental commitments of American criminal law. This article asks how the two are related, that is, whether disagreement among jurors implies anything about whether the beyond a reasonable doubt standard has been satisfied: Does the due process requirement of the beyond a reasonable doubt standard also require jury unanimity in criminal cases? Drawing on literature about the epistemological significance of disagreement, this article considers the “equal-weight view” and its implications for the unanimity rule in criminal jury decision-making. The equal-weight view says that, roughly speaking, when people disagree on a topic, each view should be given equal weight. This implies, this article concludes, that the unanimity rule is required as a way of enforcing the beyond a reasonable doubt requirement. This article further concludes, however, that jurors should not always be instructed to apply the equal-weight view in their deliberation. Jurors, when applying crime definitions to particular cases, make determinations about both historical facts and normative issues through moral terms like “reckless,” “unjustifiable,” “depraved,” “cruel,” and “heinous,” which are common in criminal law. This article argues that while the equal-weight view should guide the jurors in determining factual issues, it is not the correct model for moral issues, not only because it would imply that acquittals are appropriate in many cases involving controversial moral questions but also because having the jurors follow it would undermine the basic justification for having the criminal jury as an articulator and enforcer of morality.
Community and the Contours of Empire: The Hacienda System in the Northern Highlands of Ecuador

Relationships between humans and material goods are key in the emergences of social identity and status under imperial projects. I argue that a critical focus on the concept of “community” provides a salient frame by which to assess status and identity and that everyday materiality is a key mechanism by which such collective forms of identity are forged. I draw on historical documents, oral histories, and archaeological evidence of a late nineteenth-century indigenous hacienda laborer household from Hacienda Guachala, highlands of Ecuador, and show that status and identity may be generated through what you do rather than what you own.
Deepsecure: scalable provably-secure deep learning

This paper presents DeepSecure, the an scalable and provably secure Deep Learning (DL) framework that is built upon automated design, efficient logic synthesis, and optimization methodologies. DeepSecure targets scenarios in which neither of the involved parties including the cloud servers that hold the DL model parameters or the delegating clients who own the data is willing to reveal their information. Our framework is the first to empower accurate and scalable DL analysis of data generated by distributed clients without sacrificing the security to maintain efficiency. The secure DL computation in DeepSecure is performed using Yao's Garbled Circuit (GC) protocol. We devise GC-optimized realization of various components used in DL. Our optimized implementation achieves up to 58-fold higher throughput per sample compared with the best prior solution. In addition to the optimized GC realization, we introduce a set of novel low-overhead pre-processing techniques which further reduce the GC overall runtime in the context of DL. Our extensive evaluations demonstrate up to two orders-of-magnitude additional runtime improvement achieved as a result of our pre-processing methodology.
Management of menopausal symptoms in women with gynecologic cancers

Abstract Objective Women with gynecologic malignancies will be cured or may become long-term survivors. Management of menopausal symptoms is important in addressing their quality of life. We review the benefit and safety of hormone therapy use in these patients. Methods MEDLINE was searched for studies on menopause management published in English through December of 2016. Results Available data suggest that short-term use of hormone therapy in gynecologic cancer patients who do not have an estrogen-dependent malignancy do not adversely impact oncologic outcome and results in improvement of menopausal vasomotor and genitourinary symptoms. Evidence regarding safety of hormone therapy use in women with estrogen-dependent gynecologic malignances is currently lacking. Conclusions Candidates for hormone therapy in gynecologic oncology include women with menopausal symptoms diagnosed with low-grade, early-stage endometrial cancer, cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer, and ovarian cancer.
Complexity of Counting CSP with Complex Weights

We give a complexity dichotomy theorem for the counting constraint satisfaction problem (nCSP in short) with algebraic complex weights. To this end, we give three conditions for its tractability. Let F be any finite set of algebraic complex-valued functions defined on an arbitrary finite domain. We show that nCSP(F) is solvable in polynomial time if all three conditions are satisfied and is nP-hard otherwise.Our dichotomy theorem generalizes a long series of important results on counting problems and reaches a natural culmination: (a) the problem of counting graph homomorphisms is the special case when F has a single symmetric binary function [Dyer and Greenhill 2000; Bulatov and Grohe 2005; Goldberg et al. 2010; Cai et al. 2013]; (b) the problem of counting directed graph homomorphisms is the special case when F has a single but not necessarily symmetric binary function [Dyer et al. 2007; Cai and Chen 2010]; (c) the unweighted form of nCSP is when all functions in F take values in l0, 1r [Bulatov 2008; Dyer and Richerby 2013].
A Stochastic Programming Model for Determining Optimal Electricity Generation

Abstract The optimal load flow problem was formulated 20 years ago to determine the optimal power generation in the real time management of electrical power systems. In the optimal load flow problem, the cost of electricity production is minimized subject to network flow equations and bounds on variables. The electricity demands at nodes of the network are treated as given in the existing formulations. In this paper, a stochastic programming formulation of the optimal load flow problem is presented by treating the electricity demand as a random variable with a given probability distribution function. In this formulation, the optimization problem reduces to the minimization of a convex function subject to bounds on variables. The development of this equivalent optimization problem is presented in the paper. A case study is given to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Further research problems are suggested.
Characterization of the effect of small perturbations on the optical modes in high Q microdisk cavities

We have investigated the effect of small perturbations on the optical modes in a silicon microdisk using a NSOM system. The scattering loss and mode coupling due to NSOM tip and cavity interactions are studied.
Enterocystoplasty in the Management and Reconstruction of the Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder

Eighteen children and young adults with neurogenic bladder underwent enterocystoplasty as part of urinary undiversion or for treatment of incontinence associated with reduced bladder compliance or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. In 12, tubular sigmoid enterocystoplasty with transureteroureterostomy was performed with the smaller diameter ureter implanted into the bowel tenia. In two patients the ileocecal segment was used to augment the bladder, and the ureters were anastomosed to the ileum. In four patients the cecum or a patch of sigmoid colon was used to augment the bladder. Young-Dees bladder neck reconstruction was performed on eight patients at the time of surgery; one later required bladder neck reconstruction, and two later required an artificial sphincter. After a mean follow-up of 20 months, 16 of the 17 available for follow-up are continent with clean intermittent catheterization every 3 to 4 hours. Nine patients require anticholinergic or smooth muscle relaxing medication to increase functional bladder capacity. Most of the patients need chronic antimicrobial treatment to control bacteriuria.
Diagnostic Sonography of the Fetal Genitourinary Tract

Fetal diagnosis has vastly improved over the last decade. Ultrasound has become the imaging modality of choice. As real-time equipment has improved technologically, the ability to deduce subtle abnormalities has greatly increased. The fetal genitourinary tract may be evaluated for renal dysplasias, anomalies, or obstruction. Points of obstruction and, at times, the exact cause of obstruction may be deduced. Abnormalities of the ureter, bladder, urethra, scrotum, or reproductive system can be detected. Early diagnosis allows for proper individual or family counseling for hereditable disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. The perinatology team can be alerted to an abnormality that may require early neonatal surgical or medical intervention. Early treatment can prevent significant deterioration of renal function. The possibilities of prenatal intervention may be considered.
On Force Sensing Information and Its Use in Controlling Manipulators

Abstract This paper treats the problem of force sensing as associated with mechanical manipulators under computer control. First it reviews the various methods of force sensing currently in use. Then it reviews the design requirements for a force sensing system. A novel method for the automatic calibration of a force sensing system is presented. This method has several advantages over present methods. It has been implemented on the Stanford Arm system; test results are presented which verify the expected efficiencies of this method.
A model of occupational choice, offshoring and immigration

This paper develops a two‐country model of offshoring and immigration with occupational choice and endogenous firm productivity. Individuals in Home choose to become entrepreneurs or workers, whereas those in Foreign can only be employed as workers. Entrepreneurs produce output using a fixed set of tasks that can be performed locally or abroad. The model predicts that pro‐immigration policies increase the number of entrepreneurs, raise productivity, and improve the aggregate welfare. It also predicts that lowering offshoring costs generates job polarization and welfare polarization, but improves the aggregate welfare.
Finding partial hash collisions by brute force parallel programming

A hash function hashes a longer message of arbitrary length into a much shorter bit string of fixed length, called a hash. Inevitably, there will be a lot of different messages being hashed to the same or similar hash. We call this a hash collision or a partial hash collision. By utilizing multiple processors from the CUNY High Performance Computing Center's clusters, we can locate partial collisions for the hash functions MD5 and SHA1 by brute force parallel programming in C with MPI library. The brute force method of finding a second preimage collision entails systematically computing all of the permutations, hashes, and Hamming distances of the target preimage. We explore varying size target strings and the number of processors allocation to examine the effect these variables have on finding partial collisions. The results show that for the same message space the search time for the partial collisions is roughly halved for each doubling of the number of processors; the longer the message is the better partial collisions are produced.
Blocking and randomization to improve molecular biomarker discovery.

5573 Background: Randomization and blocking have the potential to prevent the negative impacts of non-biological effects on molecular biomarker discovery. Their use in practice, however, has been s...
The Problem of Gastric Cancer

The prodigious effort expended by the medical profession in the study of malignant diseases probably has had less effect on mortality from gastric cancer than on that from any other of the common types of carcinoma. While gratifying progress has been made in the treatment of cancer of the skin, nasopharynx, larynx, cervix uteri and the breast, cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, and most particularly of the stomach, remains a highly lethal disease. A favorable outcome in gastric cancer is so unusual that most practicing physicians have never witnessed a cure. Indeed, only those privileged to observe, over a long period of time, large numbers of patients with cancer of the stomach are in a position to know of the occasional cures. In a disease with such a dismal outlook it seems prudent to review its salient features to determine (1) whether this outlook is justified and (2) what is
Through the looking glass: Can classroom observation and coaching improve teacher performance in Brazil?

This study conducted a randomized evaluation of a program in the Brazilian state of Ceara. The program was designed to improve teachers’ effectiveness by increasing their professional interaction and sharing of classroom practice. In 175 of 350 secondary schools, teachers were provided with benchmarked feedback from classroom observations and access to expert coaching. Schools’ uptake of the coaching program was high (85 percent). Over a single school year, the program increased teachers’ time on instruction and student engagement and produced statistically significant gains in student learning on the Ceara state assessment and the national secondary school exit exam. Controlling for individual students’ prior-year learning outcomes, schools exposed to the program had 0.05-0.09 standard deviation higher performance on the state test and 0.04-0.06 standard deviation higher scores on the national test. Implementation fidelity strongly boosted program impacts. In the 49 schools where the pedagogical coordinators achieved the highest certification at the end of the program, student scores were 0.13-0.23 standard deviation higher on the state test and 0.13-0.17 standard deviation higher on the national test. Coaching delivered by Skype kept the costs of the program low, $2.40 per student, and produced cost-effective impacts on learning in comparison with other rigorously evaluated teacher training interventions. The combination of classroom observation feedback and expert coaching appears to be a promising strategy for whole-school efforts to raise teacher effectiveness.
Genetically engineered red cells expressing single domain camelid antibodies confer long-term protection against botulinum neurotoxin.

A short half-life in the circulation limits the application of therapeutics such as single-domain antibodies (VHHs). We utilize red blood cells to prolong the circulatory half-life of VHHs. Here we present VHHs against botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on the surface of red blood cells by expressing chimeric proteins of VHHs with Glycophorin A or Kell. Mice whose red blood cells carry the chimeric proteins exhibit resistance to 10,000 times the lethal dose (LD50) of BoNT/A, and transfusion of these red blood cells into naive mice affords protection for up to 28 days. We further utilize an improved CD34+ culture system to engineer human red blood cells that express these chimeric proteins. Mice transfused with these red blood cells are resistant to highly lethal doses of BoNT/A. We demonstrate that engineered red blood cells expressing VHHs can provide prolonged prophylactic protection against bacterial toxins without inducing inhibitory immune responses and illustrates the potentially broad translatability of our strategy for therapeutic applications. The therapeutic use of single-chain antibodies (VHHs) is limited by their short half-life in the circulation. Here the authors engineer mouse and human red blood cells to express VHHs against botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on their surface and show that an infusion of these cells into mice confers long lasting protection against a high dose of BoNT/A.
Optimal non-prosecution agreements and the reputational effects of convictions

Abstract Many claim that non-prosecution agreements (NPAs) reduce deterrence by mitigating the reputational sanctions that would otherwise be imposed on corporations through plea-bargains. They suggest, based on this claim, that NPAs ought to be used infrequently. This article presents a signalling model wherein reputational sanctions emerge as a result of noisy signals produced through a firm's prosecution. It is shown that, if, as claimed, NPAs provide third parties with less information regarding a firm's wrongdoings, then firms would be willing to pay an NPA premium to avoid convictions. Thus, the NPA premium can be chosen to induce only those firms which would otherwise be over-deterred to accept NPAs. Therefore, offering NPAs with high premia is superior to the option of not using NPAs. The article also characterizes optimal NPAs, and identifies relationships between deterrence; frequency of NPA use; firms’ characteristics; and NPA terms. It explains how these relationships can be exploited to form and test hypotheses on whether convictions obtained through plea-bargains cause greater reputational harm to firms than NPAs.
Matching tutor to student: rules and mechanisms for efficient two-stage learning in neural circuits

Existing models of birdsong learning assume that brain area LMAN introduces variability into song for trial-and-error learning. Recent data suggest that LMAN also encodes a corrective bias driving short-term improvements in song. These later consolidate in area RA, a motor cortex analogue downstream of LMAN. We develop a new model of such two-stage learning. Using a stochastic gradient descent approach, we derive how 'tutor' circuits should match plasticity mechanisms in 'student' circuits for efficient learning. We further describe a reinforcement learning framework with which the tutor can build its teaching signal. We show that mismatching the tutor signal and plasticity mechanism can impair or abolish learning. Applied to birdsong, our results predict the temporal structure of the corrective bias from LMAN given a plasticity rule in RA. Our framework can be applied predictively to other paired brain areas showing two-stage learning.
Gangs in School: Exploring the Experiences of Gang-Involved Youth

This study explores three questions: (1) What are the criteria that current or formerly gang-involved youth use to identify the presence of gangs in school? (2) Do gang activities produce incivilit...
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Glenn N. Levine, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Patrick T. O’Gara, MD, MACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Immediate Past Chair Sana M. Al-Khatib, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA Joshua A. Beckman, MD, MS, FAHA Kim K. Birtcher, MS, PharmD, AACC Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA
Systematic review of smartphone-based passive sensing for health and wellbeing

Abstract Objective To review published empirical literature on the use of smartphone-based passive sensing for health and wellbeing. Material and methods A systematic review of the English language literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Papers indexed in computing, technology, and medical databases were included if they were empirical, focused on health and/or wellbeing, involved the collection of data via smartphones, and described the utilized technology as passive or requiring minimal user interaction. Results Thirty-five papers were included in the review. Studies were performed around the world, with samples of up to 171 (median n = 15) representing individuals with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, older adults, and the general population. The majority of studies used the Android operating system and an array of smartphone sensors, most frequently capturing accelerometry, location, audio, and usage data. Captured data were usually sent to a remote server for processing but were shared with participants in only 40% of studies. Reported benefits of passive sensing included accurately detecting changes in status, behavior change through feedback, and increased accountability in participants. Studies reported facing technical, methodological, and privacy challenges. Discussion Studies in the nascent area of smartphone-based passive sensing for health and wellbeing demonstrate promise and invite continued research and investment. Existing studies suffer from weaknesses in research design, lack of feedback and clinical integration, and inadequate attention to privacy issues. Key recommendations relate to developing passive sensing strategies matching the problem at hand, using personalized interventions, and addressing methodological and privacy challenges. Conclusion As evolving passive sensing technology presents new possibilities for health and wellbeing, additional research must address methodological, clinical integration, and privacy issues. Doing so depends on interdisciplinary collaboration between informatics and clinical experts.
Topological Hall effect in diffusive ferromagnetic thin films with spin-flip scattering

We study the topological Hall (TH) effect in a diffusive ferromagnetic metal thin film by solving a Boltzmann transport equation in the presence of spin-flip scattering. A generalized spin-diffusion equation is derived which contains an additional source term associated with the gradient of the emergent magnetic field that arises from skyrmions. Because of the source term, spin accumulation may build up in the vicinity of the skyrmions. This gives rise to a spin-polarized diffusion current that in general suppresses the bulk TH current. Only when the spin-diffusion length is much smaller than the skyrmion size does the TH resistivity approach the value derived by Bruno et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 096806 (2004)]. We derive a general expression of the TH resistivity that applies to thin-film geometries with spin-flip scattering, and show that the corrections to the TH resistivity become large when the size of room temperature skyrmions is further reduced to tens of nanometers.
A Principals-Principals Perspective of Hybrid Leviathans: Cross-Border Acquisitions by State-Owned MNEs:

We propose a private-government principals-principals approach to understand corporate governance of state-owned multinationals. We explain how the conflicts between large government and private bl...
Modification and Assessment of the Bedside Pediatric Early Warning Score in the Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Population.

OBJECTIVES To determine the validity of the Bedside Pediatric Early Warning Score system in the hematopoietic cell transplant population, and to determine if the addition of weight gain further strengthens the association with need for PICU admission. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patients from 2009 to 2016. Daily Pediatric Early Warning Score and weights were collected during hospitalization. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between maximum Pediatric Early Warning Score or Pediatric Early Warning Score plus weight gain and the need for PICU intervention. The primary outcome was need for PICU intervention; secondary outcomes included mortality and intubation. SETTING A large quaternary free-standing children's hospital. PATIENTS One-hundred two pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 102 hematopoietic cell transplant patients included in the study, 29 were admitted to the PICU. The median peak Pediatric Early Warning Score was 11 (interquartile range, 8-13) in the PICU admission cohort, compared with 4 (interquartile range, 3-5) in the cohort without a PICU admission (p < 0.0001). Pediatric Early Warning Score greater than or equal to 8 had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 90%. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.83. There was a high negative predictive value at this Pediatric Early Warning Score of 90%. When Pediatric Early Warning Score greater than or equal to 8 and weight gain greater than or equal to 7% were compared together, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased to 0.88. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a Pediatric Early Warning Score greater than or equal to 8 was associated with PICU admission, having a moderately high sensitivity and high specificity. This study adds to literature supporting Pediatric Early Warning Score monitoring for hematopoietic cell transplant patients. Combining weight gain with Pediatric Early Warning Score improved the discriminative ability of the model to predict the need for critical care, suggesting that incorporation of weight gain into Pediatric Early Warning Score may be beneficial for monitoring of hematopoietic cell transplant patients.
Modal-based finite elements for efficient wave propagation analysis

Abstract We present an extension to the Geometric Multi-Scale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) to better predict the dynamic response of heterogeneous materials and structures. The proposed method utilizes GMsFEM elements enriched by a number of vibration normal modes over the element domain. These modes can be calculated either numerically or analytically after imposing a proper set of boundary conditions at the element boundaries. In order to preserve many of the features of GMsFEM, including automatic enforcement of continuity across element boundaries, our enrichment functions are forced to be zero-valued at the boundaries. We applied our methodology to modeling one-dimensional stress wave propagation in smooth and notched bars, and two-dimensional stress wave propagation in a periodic elastic domain with a notch. For the problems of interest, we show that the enrichment functions provide a systematic way to increase the precision of GMsFEM while also leading to larger values of the stable time increment. In the traditional Finite Element Method (FEM), the stable time increment is dictated by the size of the smallest element in the domain. This can lead to simulations with a prohibitive computational cost when the FEM mesh is required to resolve small geometric features within a larger simulation domain of interest. In contrast, our method appears to be insensitive to small geometric features, with the stable time increment depending only on the chosen element nodes and the highest enrichment frequency.
Adaptive and Resilient Revenue Maximizing Dynamic Resource Allocation and Pricing for Cloud-Enabled IoT Systems

Cloud computing is becoming an essential component in the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. The available resources at the cloud such as computing nodes, storage, databases, etc. are often packaged in the form of virtual machines (VMs) to be used by remotely located IoT client applications for computational tasks. However, the cloud has a limited number of VMs available and hence, for massive IoT systems, the available resources must be efficiently utilized to increase productivity and subsequently maximize revenue of the cloud service provider (CSP). IoT client applications generate requests with computational tasks at random times with random complexity to be processed by the cloud. The CSP has to decide whether to allocate a VM to a task at hand or to wait for a higher complexity task in the future. We propose a threshold-based mechanism to optimally decide the allocation and pricing of VMs to sequentially arriving requests in order to maximize the revenue of the CSP over a finite time horizon. Moreover, we develop an adaptive and resilient framework that can counter the effect of realtime changes in the number of available VMs at the cloud server, the frequency and nature of arriving tasks on the revenue of the CSP.
Rapid crustal growth and efficient crustal recycling in the early Earth: Implications for Hadean and Archean geodynamics

Abstract The geodynamic regime of the early Earth remains elusive, with so far proposed hypotheses ranging from stagnant lid convection to rapid plate tectonics. Available geological data are severely limited for the first two billion years of the Earth's history, and this scarcity of relevant data is often compounded by the nonuniqueness of interpretation. Here we propose that the samarium–neodymium isotope evolution, which has been suggested to be consistent with stagnant lid convection in the early Earth, may be better understood as the result of rapid crustal growth and extensive crustal recycling. We delineate the permissible scenario of crustal evolution through geochemical box modeling with a Monte Carlo sampling of the model parameter space, and our results suggest that the net growth of continental crust was complete by the end of the Hadean and that the rate of crustal recycling could have been as high as 2 − 4 × 10 22 kg Gyr−1 at that time and has gradually decreased since then. Such crustal evolution yields a specific prediction for the present-day distribution of crustal formation ages, which is shown to be in remarkable agreement with a recent estimate based on the global compilation of zircon age data. The mode of subsolidus mantle convection after the putative magma ocean is probably plate tectonics, but its style could have been very different from that of contemporary plate tectonics, characterized by more voluminous magmatism and more destructive subduction.
Representation of basal melting at the grounding line in ice flow models

Abstract. While a lot of attention has been given to the numerical implementation of grounding lines and basal friction in the grounding zone, little has been done about the impact of the numerical treatment of ocean-induced basal melting in this region. Several strategies are currently being employed in the ice sheet modeling community, and the resulting grounding line dynamics may differ strongly, which ultimately adds significant uncertainty to the projected contribution of marine ice sheets to sea level rise. We investigate here several implementations of basal melt parameterization on partially floating elements in a finite-element framework, based on the Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (MISOMIP) setup: (1) melt applied only to entirely floating elements, (2) melt applied over all elements that are crossed by the grounding line, and (3) melt integrated partially over the floating portion of a finite element using two different sub-element integration methods. All methods converge towards the same state when the mesh resolution is fine enough. However, (2) and (3) will systematically overestimate the rate of grounding line retreat in coarser resolutions, while (1) converges faster to the solution in most cases. The differences between sub-element parameterizations are exacerbated for experiments with high melting rates in the vicinity of the grounding line and for a Weertman sliding law. As most real-world simulations use horizontal mesh resolutions of several hundreds of meters at best, and high melt rates are generally present close to the grounding lines, we recommend not using (3) to avoid overestimating the rate of grounding line retreat and to carefully assess the impact of mesh resolution and sub-element melt parameterizations on all simulation results.
The “Soft Ridge” — Is It Initial-State Geometry or Modified Jets?

A same-side (SS) 2D peak dominates minimum-bias angular correlations (no trigger-associated pt cuts) for all A-A centralities at higher RHIC energies. In 200 GeV p-p collisions the SS peak properties are consistent with minijets. The peak is elongated on φ.1) In more-central Au-Au collisions the SS peak becomes elongated on η2) and is then described by some as a “soft ridge”. Recent initiatives reinterpret the “soft ridge” in terms of flows.3)–5) A recipe for assigning the SS 2D peak to (higher harmonic) flows has emerged: (a) Project (all or part of) the η acceptance onto azimuth φ; (b) fit the 1D projection on φ with a Fourier series; (c) interpret each series term as a harmonic flow; (d) attribute the flows to conjectured A-A initialstate (IS) geometry. To better establish the true mechanism for the SS 2D peak we compare recent flow conjectures and a minijet interpretation within a 2D context.
A horizontal permeable reactive barrier stimulates nitrate removal and shifts microbial ecology during rapid infiltration for managed recharge.

Abstract We present results from field experiments linking hydrology, geochemistry, and microbiology during infiltration at a field site that is used for managed aquifer recharge (MAR). These experiments measured how a horizontal permeable reactive barrier (PRB) made of woodchips impacted subsurface nitrate removal and microbial ecology. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon consistently increased in infiltrating water below the PRB, but not in un-amended native soil. The average nitrate removal rate in soils below the PRB was 1.5 g/m2/day NO3-N, despite rapid infiltration (up to 1.9 m/d) and a short fluid residence time within the woodchips (≤6 h). In contrast, 0.09 g/m2/day NO3-N was removed on average in native soil. Residual nitrate in infiltrating water below the PRB was enriched in δ15N and δ18O, with low and variable isotopic enrichment factors that are consistent with denitrification during rapid infiltration. Many putative denitrifying bacteria were significantly enhanced in the soil below a PRB; Methylotenera mobilis and genera Microbacterium, Polaromonas, and Novosphingobium had log2 fold-changes of +4.9, +5.6, +7.2, and +11.8, respectively. These bacteria were present before infiltration and were not enhanced in native soil. It appears that the woodchip PRB contributed to favorable conditions in the underlying soil for enhanced nitrate removal, quantitatively shifting soil microbial ecology. These results suggest that using a horizontal PRB could improve water quality during rapid infiltration for MAR.