cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode selection for automotive distribution with quantity discounts

This paper studies an automotive distribution network with two transportation modes: railway and highway. Because lead-time influences the turnaround rate of expensive railcars and volume has a large impact on the total lead-time from a plant to a railway ramp, the paper considers quantity discounts in railway cost structures. This paper proposes a business scheme based on an integer linear program (ILP) to minimize the total distribution costs by making mode and ramp selection decisions. The numerical experiments based on randomly created instances show that the solutions obtained from the ILP significantly outperform the results of the simulated manual negotiation process used in practice. The two schemes lead to results that are not statistically different in payments to railways.
On the Importance of Local Sources of Radiation in Cosmological Absorption Systems

An upper limit to the importance of local sources of radiation compared to the cosmic background in cosmological absorption systems is derived as a simple consequence of the conservation of surface brightness. The limit depends only on the rate of incidence of the absorbers and the mean free path of the radiation. It is found that on average, the ionizing radiation intensity from local sources in Lyman limit systems at z > 2 must be less than half of the intensity of the cosmic background. In absorbers with column densities much lower than Lyman limit systems, the local source contribution must be negligible. The limit on the ratio of local source to background intensities is then applied to the class of damped Ly? absorption systems with detectable excited C II lines. A cooling rate of the gas in these systems has been measured by Wolfe et al., who assumed that the balancing heating source is photoelectric heating of dust by light at ~1500 ?. The intensity from local star formation at this wavelength in this class of damped Ly? systems is found to be at most ~3 times the background intensity. If the heating source is indeed photoelectric heating of dust, the background created by sources associated with damped Ly? systems can then be estimated from the average cooling rates measured in the absorbers. Current results yield a background intensity higher than previous estimates based on observed galaxy and quasar luminosity functions, although with a large uncertainty. The possibility of other sources of heating, such as shock-heating in a turbulent medium, should be explored.
The Structure of Inner Multipliers on Spaces with Complete Nevanlinna Pick Kernels

Let k be the reproducing kernel for a Hilbert space H(k) of analytic functions on Bd, the open unit ball in Cd, d⩾1. k is called a complete NP kernel if k0≡1 and if 1−1/kλ(z) is positive definite on Bd×Bd. Let D be a separable Hilbert space, and consider H(k)⊗D≅H(k,D), and think of it as a space of D-valued H(k)-functions. A theorem of McCullough and Trent (J. Funct. Anal.178 (2000), 226–249) partially extends the Beurling–Lax–Halmos theorem for the invariant subspaces of the Hardy space H2(D). They show that if k is a complete NP kernel and if D is a separable Hilbert space, then for any scalar multiplier invariant subspace M of H(k,D) there exists an auxiliary Hilbert space E and a multiplication operator φ: H(k,E)→H(k,D) such that φ is a partial isometry and M=φH(k,E). Such multiplication operators are called inner multiplication operators and they satisfy φφ;*=the orthogonal projection onto M. In this paper, we shall show that for many interesting complete NP kernels the analogy with the Beurling–Lax–Halmos theorem can be strengthened. We show that for almost every z∈∂Bd the nontangential limit φ(z) of the multiplier φ:Bd→B(E,D) associated with an inner multiplication operator φ is a partial isometry and that rank φ(z) is equal to a constant almost everywhere. The result applies to certain weighted Dirichlet spaces and to the space H2d, which is determined by the kernel kλ(z)=11−〈z,λ〉d ,λ,z∈Bd. In particular, our result implies that the curvature invariant of Arveson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96 (1999), 11,096–11,099) of a pure contractive Hilbert module of finite rank is an integer. This answers a question of W. Arveson (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96 (1999), 11096–11099).
Constructing the Citizen

Discussions of citizenship and citizenship education have been conducted largely within the worldview of stable, Western societies and have been based on psychological models that emphasize individual cognition. The concepts of citizenship that evolved in this context have become taken for granted. But during the past decade, different concepts of citizenship have arisen from emergent democracies, from societies in transition, from the dissolution of the left-right spectrum in Western society, and from a changing perspective in psychological theory that attends to language and to social and cultural context. These developments have implications for defining the goals of citizenship education and for formulating educational programs, particularly in relation to identity, positioning, narratives, and efficacy.
A novel photoaffinity label for the dopamine transporter based on N-substituted 3α-[bis(4′-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane

Abstract A novel photoaffinity label for the dopamine transporter (DAT) based on N-substituted 3α-[bis(4′-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane has been synthesized in five steps and has been characterized. Preliminary binding studies indicated this ligand bound irreversibly to the dopamine transporter. Preparation of the 125I analog and its photoactivation in the presence of membrane bound DAT demonstrated it covalently binds to the DAT.
Analytic solutions for optimized ellipsometric measurements of interfaces and surface layers in thin film structures

Abstract The maximum experimental sensitivity in ellipsometric measurements for samples that include a composite (two-layer) film on a substrate is treated with mathematical generality. A detailed theoretical computation is made for a system consisting of a moderately thick film on a substrate and including either an interface layer between the film and substrate or a thin surface layer on top of the moderately thick film. Analytical conditions for the sensitivity of p or s wave suppression are determined. For the air/SiO 2 /Si system a numerical calculation is performed to determine the optimum sensitivity for interfacial layer studies.
POSSIBLE SIGNATURES OF MAGNETOSPHERIC ACCRETION ONTO YOUNG GIANT PLANETS

Magnetospheric accretion is an important process for a wide range of astrophysical systems and may play a role in the formation of gas giant planets. Extending the formalism describing stellar magnetospheric accretion into the planetary regime, we demonstrate that magnetospheric processes may govern accretion onto young gas giants in the isolation phase of their development. Planets in the isolation phase have cleared out large gaps in their surrounding circumstellar disks and settled into a quasi-static equilibrium with radii only modestly larger than their final sizes (i.e., r {approx} 1.4r{sub final}). Magnetospheric accretion is less likely to play a role in a young gas giant's main accretion phase, when the planet's envelope is predicted to be much larger than the planet's Alfven radius. For a fiducial 1 M{sub J} gas giant planet with a remnant isolation phase accretion rate of M-dot{sub sun}= 10{sup -10} M{sub sun} yr{sup -1} = 10{sup -7} M{sub J} yr{sup -1}, the disk accretion will be truncated at {approx}2.7r{sub J} (with r{sub J} is Jupiter's radius) and drive the planet to rotate with a period of {approx}7 hr. Thermal emission from planetary magnetospheric accretion will be difficult to observe; the most promising observational signatures may be non-thermal,more » such as gyrosynchrotron radiation that is clearly modulated at a period much shorter than the rotation period of the host star.« less
Effect of interstitial impurities on the magnetic transitions of Er-rich PrxEr1−x alloys

Abstract Interstitial impurities (primarily oxygen, but also fluorine, nitrogen, and carbon) have a considerable effect on the magnetism of Er. They lower the second-order magnetic transition temperatures (86 and 53 K), increase the first-order magnetic transition temperature (19 K) and destroy the spin-slip magnetic transition (26 K) of pure Er. Similar trends are observed in the PrxEr1−x alloys for 0⩽x⩽0.4. Pr additions to commercial-grade Er and to high-purity Er lower the two second-order and spin-slip magnetic transition temperatures, and have little or no effect on the first-order magnetic transition temperature for x⩽0.125. The 52 and 22 K transitions are wiped out by Pr additions of x≃0.10 and 0.02, respectively. Furthermore, the first-order transition terminates in the concentration range 0.10⩽x⩽0.125, and a new magnetic phase is formed between 0.125⩽x⩽0.15. For x≃0.35, the magnetic transitions merge and for larger Pr concentrations there is only one second-order paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition on cooling.
Parity-violating electron scattering

Abstract The basic features of parity-violating electron scattering from the proton and from nuclei are summarized. References are given to the current literature where details of the discussions may be found.
Earnings Management to Avoid Earnings Declines across Publicly and Privately Held Banks

This study compares samples of publicly and privately held bank holding companies to examine whether the high frequency of small earnings increases relative to small earnings decreases reported by public firms is attributable to earnings management. We expect public banks' shareholders to be more likely than private banks' shareholders to rely on simple earnings‐based heuristics in evaluating firm performance, so we expect public banks to have more incentives to report steadily increasing earnings. Consistent with this expectation, we find that relative to private banks, public banks: (1) report fewer small earnings declines, (2) are more likely to use the loan loss provision and security gain realizations to eliminate small earnings decreases, and (3) report longer strings of consecutive earnings increases. These results suggest that the asymmetric pattern of more small earnings increases than decreases, first documented by Burgstahler and Dichev (1997), is attributable to earnings management and is not ...
Distal 5q trisomy resulting from an X;5 translocation detected by chromosome painting

We describe the case of a 13-year-old girl with an apparently de novo unbalanced translocation resulting in the presence of additional chromosomal material on the short arm of one X chromosome, which was detected by conventional G-banding studies. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the Chromoprobe Multiprobe-M protocol confirmed that the additional chromosomal material originated from chromosome 5. The karyotype of this patient is now established to be 46,X,der(X) t(X;5)(p22.3;q33), with a deletion of Xp22.3-pter and partial trisomy of 5q33-qter. The distal 5q trisomy genotype has been associated with clinical signs that include growth and mental retardation, eczema, craniofacial anomalies, and malformations of heart, lungs, abdomen, limbs, and genitalia. Our patient also has short stature, a prominent nasal bridge, a flat philtrum, a thin upper lip, dental caries, and limb and cardiac malformations, but she appears to be mildly affected compared with previously reported cases. This is the first case of distal 5q trisomy arising from a translocation with the X chromosome. Replication studies on this patient show that the derivative t(X;5) chromosome is late replicating in almost all cells examined, which indicates that this chromosome is preferentially inactivated. However, the translocated segment of chromosome 5 appears to be early replicating, which implies that the trisomic 5q segment is transcriptionally active. We cannot determine from these studies whether all or only some genes in this segment are expressed, but this patient's relatively mild clinical signs suggest that the critical region(s) that contribute to the distal 5q trisomy phenotype are at least partly suppressed. A review of other patients with X-chromosome translocations indicates that many but not all of them also have attenuated phenotypes. The mechanism of inactivation of autosomal material attached to the X chromosome is complex, with varying effects on the phenotype of the patients that depend on the nature of the autosomal chromatin. Replication studies are of limited utility in predicting expression of autosomal genes involved in X-chromosome translocations.
Astrophysical Bounds on Global Strings

Global topological defects produce nonzero stress energy throughout spacetime, and as a result can have observable gravitational influence on surrounding matter. Gravitational effects of global strings are used to place bounds on their cosmic abundance. The minimum separation between global strings is estimated by considering the defects' contribution to the cosmological energy density. More rigorous constraints on the abundance of global strings are constructed by examining the tidal forces such defects will have on observable astrophysical systems. The small number of observed tidally disrupted systems indicates there can be very few of these objects in the observable Universe.
Stability of Cohesive Crack Model: Part II—Eigenvalue Analysis of Size Effect on Strength and Ductility of Structures

The preceding paper is extended to the analysis of size effect on strength and ductility of structures. For the case of geometrically similar structures of different sizes, the criterion of stability limit is transformed to an eigenvalue problem for a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation, with the structure size as the eigenvalue. Under the assumption of a linear softening stress-displacem ent relation for the cohesive crack, the eigenvalue problem is linear. The maximum load of structure under load control, as well as the maximum deflection under displacement control (which characterizes ductility of the structure), can be solved explicitly in terms of the eigenfunction of the aforementioned integral equation. crack model is a nonlinear theory of fracture me­ chanics in which the condition of stability limit is expressed in terms of the singularity condition of the second variation of the energy potential with respect to cohesive stresses or crack­ opening displacements. Although the criterion of stability limit can also be formulated in terms of energy variation with respect to the crack length, the resulting equation is not very useful, since the energy release rate in the cohesive crack model de­ pends on the cohesive stresses or crack-opening displacements. For a given structure, the criterion of stability limit leads to a highly nonlinear equation for crack length. However, when a class of geometrically similar structures of different sizes is considered and the relative crack length is given, the criterion of stability limit can be treated as an equation for the structure size at which the stability limit occurs at the given relative crack length. In this manner, the criterion of the stability limit is transformed into an eigenvalue problem, with the structure size as the eigenvalue. In the special case of linear softening, the eigenvalue problem is linear. It can be solved independently of the solution of the cohesive crack model. Furthermore, the corresponding maximum value of the load or loading parameter can be expressed explicitly in terms of the eigenfunction. In this way, the size effect curve can be obtained readily, without having to calculate the load-deflection curves for structures of various sizes.
Treatment of perchlorate‐contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerable ion‐exchange technology: A pilot‐scale demonstration

Treatment of perchlorate-contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerable ion-exchange technology has been recently demonstrated at Edwards Air Force Base, California. At an influent concentration of about 450 μg/l ClO4-, the bifunctional anion-exchange resin bed treated approximately 40,000 empty bed volumes of groundwater before a significant breakthrough of ClO4- occurred. The presence of relatively high concentrations of chloride and sulfate in site groundwater did not appear to affect the ability of the bifunctional resin to remove ClO4-. The spent resin bed was successfully regenerated using the FeCl3-HCl regeneration technique recently developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and nearly 100 percent of sorbed ClO4- was displaced or recovered after elution with as little as about two bed volumes of the regenerant solution. In addition, a new methodology was developed to completely destroy ClO4- in the FeCl3-HCl solution so that the disposal of perchlorate-containing hazardous wastes could be eliminated. It is therefore anticipated that these treatment and regeneration technologies may offer an efficient and cost-effective means to remove ClO4- from contaminated groundwater with significantly reduced generation of waste requiring disposal. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted from Remediation Volume 12, Number 2.
Biosignatures from Earth-like planets around M dwarfs

Coupled one-dimensional photochemical-climate calculations have been performed for hypothetical Earth-like planets around M dwarfs. Visible/near-infrared and thermal-infrared synthetic spectra of these planets were generated to determine which biosignature gases might be observed by a future, space-based telescope. Our star sample included two observed active M dwarfs—AD Leo and GJ 643—and three quiescent model stars. The spectral distribution of these stars in the ultraviolet generates a different photochemistry on these planets. As a result, the biogenic gases CH4, N2O, and CH3Cl have substantially longer lifetimes and higher mixing ratios than on Earth, making them potentially observable by space-based telescopes. On the active M-star planets, an ozone layer similar to Earth's was developed that resulted in a spectroscopic signature comparable to the terrestrial one. The simultaneous detection of O2 (or O3) and a reduced gas in a planet's atmosphere has been suggested as strong evidence for life. Plane...
Modeling of Transient Turbulent Natural Convection in a Melt Layer With Solidification

The phenomenon of turbulent natural convection in a horizontal heat-generating melt layer with solidification taking place at the cooled upper and lower boundaries is investigated theoretically. The objective is to determine the transient behavior of the crust at the upper and lower surfaces and the effect of crust formation on the turbulent natural convection process in the melt layer. Various surface temperatures, latent heats, and the heat source strengths are considered along with the effects of the Stefan number and Rayleigh number. Special attention is given to the interaction between the melt pool heat transfer and the crust dynamics. Numerical results are presented for the transient crust thickness, transient temperature distribution, eddy heat transport, and the heat transfer characteristics at the solid liquid interface during the freezing process. The present study provides basic information needed to predict the transient behavior of a melt pool in a reactor lower head following a severe core-meltdown accident.
The Effects of Inverted Yield Curves on Asset Returns

Between 1954 and 1991, U.S. stocks, long-term government bonds, and corporate bonds show negative risk premiums during periods preceded by inverted yield curves. Intermediate-term government bonds do not. Going from safer to riskier asset classes, the negative risk premiums increase in absolute value and statistical significance. The consumption CAPM offers a possible explanation for the negative risk premiums. A negative covariance between the growth rate of consumption and the premium on the risky assets will result in a negative risk premium. Empirical tests of the conditional covariance show that the consumption CAPM does not explain the phenomena.
Some relationships between metal cluster chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis

Some analogies between organometallic chemistry and surface chemistry are developed. Comparison of Lewis acid promoted CO insertion and Zn2+ promotion of oxygenates in the hydroformylation of C2H4 over Rh, suggests that Zn2+ interaction with Rh-CO may promote migratory insertion which favors hydroformylation over hydrogenation of alkenes. CCO, which is observed in metal clusters should be a viable surface species. Finally, parallels can be found between the positioning of oxygen in clusters and on surfaces.
Identification of linear dynamic systems

A real time computational method is presented for the identification of linear discrete dynamic systems with unknown parameters. It is shown that the method is globally convergent to the true parameters in a stochastic environment. Experimental simulation of 2nd and 4th order systems further affirms the practicality of the method.
Dynamic Characteristics of Specialty Composite Structures with Embedded Damping Layers

Damping mechanics for predicting the damped dynamic characteristics in specialty composite structures with compliant interlaminar damping layers are presented. Finite-element based mechanics incorporating a discrete layer (or layer-wise) laminate damping theory are utilized to represent general laminate configurations in terms of lay-up and fiber orientation angles, cross-sectional thickness, shape and boundary conditions. Evaluations of the method with exact solutions and experimental data illustrate its accuracy. Additional parametric studies demonstrate the unique capability of angle-ply composite laminates with cocured interlaminar damping layers to significantly enhance structural damping
Indestructible Weakly Compact Cardinals and the Necessity of Supercompactness for Certain Proof Schemata

We show that if the weak compactness of a cardinal is made indestructible by means of any preparatory forcing of a certain general type, including any forcing naively resembling the Laver preparation, then the cardinal was originally supercompact. We then apply this theorem to show that the hypothesis of supercompactness is necessary for certain proof schemata.
The Case for a Misaligned Relativistic Jet from SN 2001em

SN 2001em, identified as a Type Ic supernova (SN Ic), has recently been detected in the radio and X-rays, 2 yr after the explosion. The high luminosities at such late times might arise from a relativistic jet viewed substantially off-axis that becomes visible only when it turns mildly relativistic and its emission is no longer strongly beamed away from us. Alternatively, the emission might originate from the interaction of the SN shell with the circumstellar medium. We find that the latter scenario is hard to reconcile with the observed rapid rise in the radio flux and optically thin spectrum, Fν ∝ ν-0.36±0.16t1.9±0.4, while these features arise naturally from a misaligned relativistic jet. The high X-ray luminosity provides an independent and more robust constraint; it requires ~1051 ergs in mildly relativistic ejecta. The source should therefore currently have a large angular size (~2 mas), which could be resolved in the radio with the Very Long Baseline Array. It is also expected to be bipolar and is thus likely to exhibit a large degree of linear polarization (~10%-20%). The presence of a relativistic outflow in SN 2001em would have interesting implications. It would suggest that several percent of SNe Ib/c produce mildly relativistic jets, with an initial Lorentz factor Γ0 2, while the fraction that produces gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets (with Γ0 100) is ~100 times smaller. This could considerably increase the expected number of transients similar to orphan GRB afterglows in the radio and to a lesser extent in the optical and X-rays, if there is a continuous distribution in Γ0. Furthermore, this may give further credence to the idea that core-collapse SNe, and in particular SNe Ib/c, are triggered by bipolar jets.
On fibers of algebraic invariant moment maps

In this paper we study some properties of fibers of the invariant moment map for a Hamiltonian action of a reductive group on an affine symplectic variety. We prove that all fibers have equal dimension. Further, under some additional restrictions, we show that the quotients of fibers are irreducible normal schemes.
Psychiatry and health in low-income populations

Although mental health problems constitute 8.1% of the global burden of disease (GBD), mental health has been largely missing from the international health agenda. The discrepancy between needs and services is likely to increase in the next millennium. Depression alone is currently the fourth leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) the world over and is projected to become the second leading cause by the year 2020. The nations of the world must make a major commitment to upgrade the quality of mental health services, including early detection and prevention of psychiatric problems in childhood and adolescence; to institute the collection of systematic data on the global burden of alcohol and drug abuse and to develop innovative treatment and preventive measures; and to provide substantial support for research on treatment effectiveness. Because hunger, deprivation, and violence affect women disproportionately, there is a pressing need for coordinated efforts to improve state gender policies (including equal educational opportunity and improved health care for women) and to interdict domestic violence. In the words of Boutros Boutros Ghali, the Secretary General of the United Nations: "Medical and social issues which are often viewed separately must be dealt with as a whole...the priority of mental health must be heightened...development policies must...protect and promote mental health."
Stepwise Projection: Toward Brane Setups for Generic Orbifold Singularities

The construction of brane setups for the exceptional series E6,7,8 of SU(2) orbifolds remains an ever-haunting conundrum. Motivated by techniques in some works by Muto on non-abelian SU(3) orbifolds, we here provide an algorithmic outlook, a method which we call stepwise projection, that may shed some light on this puzzle. We exemplify this method, consisting of transformation rules for obtaining complex quivers and brane setups from more elementary ones, to the cases of the D-series and E6 finite subgroups of SU(2). Furthermore, we demonstrate the generality of the stepwise procedure by appealing to Frobenius' theory of Induced Representations. Our algorithm suggests the existence of generalisations of the orientifold plane in string theory.
Finite field elements of high order arising from modular curves

In this paper, we recursively construct explicit elements of provably high order in finite fields. We do this using the recursive formulas developed by Elkies to describe explicit modular towers. In particular, we give two explicit constructions based on two examples of his formulas and demonstrate that the resulting elements have high order. Between the two constructions, we are able to generate high order elements in every characteristic. Despite the use of the modular recursions of Elkies, our methods are quite elementary and require no knowledge of modular curves. We compare our results to a recent result of Voloch. In order to do this, we state and prove a slightly more refined version of a special case of his result.
Morse theory and gravitational microlensing

Morse theory is used to rigorously obtain counting formulas and lower bounds for the total number of images of a background point source, not on a caustic, undergoing lensing by a single‐plane microlens system having compact bodies plus either subcritical or supercritical continuously distributed matter. An image‐counting formula is also found for the case when external shear is added. In addition, it is proven that a microlens system consisting of k lens planes will generate N = 2M− + Πki=1(1 − gi) images of a background point source not on a caustic, where M− is the total number of critical points of odd index of the time‐delay map and gi is the number of stars on the ith lens plane. Morse theoretic tools also yield that the smallest value N can have is Πi=1k(1+gi).
Human influences on plant evolution

Significant human influences on plants in the human environment probably began to be felt even before Homo sapiens came to be the sole representative of his genus and, whatever conservation idealists may wish to believe, they were certainly being felt in the earliest days of our species. Nevertheless, the record, if we should ever be able to get hold of it, might be difficult to interpret because of conflicting tendencies. If Paul Martin and others are right (e.g., P. S. Martin, 1970; P. S. Martin & Wright, 1967), early man was a successful exterminator of some of the larger herbivores, thereby reducing grazing pressure and permitting more woody growth in the grasslands. On the other hand, by promoting fires, he may have tended to reduce woody growth and promote grassland expansion. Consequently, we can hope to see a clear human influence on plants only after man became an agriculturist. Agriculture implies (a) the domestication of certain plants and, associated with this (b) the creation of a class of plants which we call weeds, together with (c) interference with natural vegetation as a result of making room for crops to be grown and from the grazing of domesticated animals Road-building, urban developments and other engineering activities have also had their effects.
One-Dimensional Nanostructures of Metals: Large-Scale Synthesis and Some Potential Applications

We review recent developments in our group regarding the solution-phase synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures of metals. The synthetic approaches include solution-liquid-solid growth for nanowires of low-melting-point metals such as Pb; seed-directed growth for Ag nanowires, nanobeams, and nanobelts; kinetically controlled growth for Pt nanorods, nanowires, and multipods; and galvanic replacement for nanotubes of Au, Pt, and Pd. Both characterization and mechanistic studies are presented for each nanostructure. Finally, we highlight the electrical and plasmonic properties of these metal nanostructures and discuss their potential applications in nanoscale devices.
Relative and absolute stereochemistry of the fumonisin B2 backbone

Abstract The relative and absolute stereochemistry of the backbone of fumonisin B2 is established to be 7a.
A variant of Mathias forcing that preserves $${\mathsf{ACA}_0}$$

We present and analyze $${F_\sigma}$$ -Mathias forcing, which is similar but tamer than Mathias forcing. In particular, we show that this forcing preserves certain weak subsystems of second-order arithmetic such as $${\mathsf{ACA}_0}$$ and $${\mathsf{WKL}_0 + \mathsf{I}\Sigma^0_2}$$ , whereas Mathias forcing does not. We also show that the needed reals for $${F_\sigma}$$ -Mathias forcing (in the sense of Blass in Ann Pure Appl Logic 109(1---2):77---88, 2001) are just the computable reals, as opposed to the hyperarithmetic reals for Mathias forcing.
Probabilistic Structural Analysis for Advanced Space Propulsion Systems

This paper reports on recent extensions to ongoing research into probabilistic structural analysis modeling of advanced space propulsion system hardware. The advances concern probabilistic dynamic loading, and probabilistic nonlinear material behavior. In both cases, the reported work represents a significant advance in the state-of-the-art for these topics. Random, or probabilistic loading is normally concerned with the loading described in power spectral density (PSD) terms. The current work describes a method for incorporating random PSD’s along with random material properties, damping, and structural geometry. The probabilistic material response is concerned with the prediction of nonlinear stress-strain behavior for physical processes that can be linked to the original microstructure of the material. Such variables as grain size and orientation, grain boundary strength, etc., are treated as random, initial variables in generating stochastic stress-strain curves. The methodology is demonstrated for a creep simulation.
Radiation damage effects on the CCD detector of the space telescope imaging spectrograph

The CCD detector in the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope is a backside-illuminated, 1024 x 1024 pixel device developed by Scientific Imaging Technologies for the STIS program. It supports a wide-ranging observing program of imaging and spectroscopy over the 200-1000 nm wavelength range at the high angular resolution of HST. In the three years since launch, radiation damage to the CCD (primarily due to high energy protons encountered in crossings of the South Atlantic Anomaly) has caused a degradation in the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) and an increase in the dark current. The growth in hot pixel count has been readily observable over the entire period since launch; the CTE degradation has become apparent more slowly, as it has evolved with time and as in-flight calibration test methods have improved. We report here on the calibration tests developed to measure the CTE performance in flight, on the results of those tests, on the monitoring of the CCD dark current, and on potential amelioration strategies for minimizing the scientific impact of the decline in STIS CCD performance.
Research Development on the Preparation of Gold-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles

The study of core@shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has a wide range of applications because of the unique combination of the nanoscale magnetic core and the functional shell. In this paper, a brief review is presented on the different methods for the preparation of gold-coated composite magnetic nanoparticles, along with our preliminary work on the synthesis of gold-coated alloy nanoparticles.
LOCAL DEMANDS ON STERILE NEUTRINOS

In a model-independent manner, we explore the local implications of a single neutrino oscillation measurement which cannot be reconciled within a three-neutrino theory. We examine this inconsistency for a single region of baseline to neutrino energy L/E. Assuming that sterile neutrinos account for the anomaly, we find that the local demands of this datum can require the addition to the theory of one to three sterile neutrinos. We examine the constraints which can be used to determine when more than one neutrino would be required. The results apply only to a given region of L/E. The question of the adequacy of the sterile neutrinos to satisfy a global analysis is not addressed here. Finally, using the results of a 3+2 analysis, we indicate values for unknown mixing matrix elements which would require two sterile neutrinos due to local demands only.
Estimating discrete-choice games of incomplete information: Simple static examples

We investigate the computational aspect of estimating discrete-choice games under incomplete information. In these games, multiple equilibria can exist. Also, different values of structural parameters can result in different numbers of equilibria. Consequently, under maximum-likelihood estimation, the likelihood function is a discontinuous function of the structural parameters. We reformulate the maximum-likelihood estimation problem as a constrained optimization problem in the joint space of structural parameters and economic endogenous variables. Under this formulation, the objective function and structural equations are smooth functions. The constrained optimization approach does not require repeatedly solving the game or finding all the equilibria. We use two static-game models to demonstrate this approach, conducting Monte Carlo experiments to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the maximum-likelihood estimator, two-step estimators, and the nested pseudo-likelihood estimator.
Carbon Monoxide and Dust Column Densities: The Dust-to-Gas Ratio and Structure of Three Giant Molecular Cloud Cores

We have observed emission in the three lowest rotational transitions of the optically thin species C18O and the dust continuum emission at three millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths. By employing the proper combination of the intensities of the three lowest rotational transitions of C18O, we can obtain the total molecular column density, with relatively little sensitivity to density and temperature variations along the line of sight. We use the line and continuum data to determine column densities of the dust and gas across three giant molecular cloud cores. We find that two of the three sources, M17 and Cepheus A, have the same gas column density-to-dust optical depth ratio, given by log [N(C18O)/τ(790 μm)] = 18.8. In the third source, the Orion molecular cloud, the gas-to-dust ratio is typically a factor of 3 lower than in the other two sources. The gas-to-dust ratio shows only a small (factor ≤ 3) variation across the region of M17 that we have mapped and a comparable reduction at the center of Cepheus A relative to the cloud edge. We have good evidence for the correlation of the continuum emission in different bands for the Orion molecular cloud and find the frequency dependence of the optical depth in the densest regions near the embedded sources to be given by τ ∝ ν1.9. For positions away from the embedded sources, there is a larger scatter in the data points, with a suggestion that the frequency dependence is steeper, such that τ ∝ ν2.4. This may be an indication of a change in the grain properties between less dense and very dense regions and is consistent with the results of grain growth. Using standard values for the fractional abundance of C18O relative to H2, the mean densities of the cloud cores are 3-5 × 104 cm-3 . These regions appear to be close to virial equilibrium. The dense gas [revealed by multiple transition studies of tracers such as CS and HC3N to have n(H2) 106 cm-3] has a volume filling factor of a few percent. Assuming a fractional abundance of C18O equal to 1.7 × 10-7, we find that the 790 μm dust optical depth to mass column density ratio for M17 and Cepheus A is 0.0062 cm2 g-1, while the average value for the Orion molecular cloud is a factor of 3 larger.
Water spray cooling during handling of feedlot cattle.

Activities involved in receiving or working (e.g., sorting, dehorning, castration, weighing, implanting, etc.) of feedlot cattle cause an increase in body temperature. During hot weather the increased body temperature may disrupt normal behaviors including eating, which can be especially detrimental to the well-being and performance of the animals. Sprinkle cooling of animals has been successfully employed within the pen; however, added moisture to the pens’ surface increases odor generation from the pen. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a single instance of wetting an animal within the working facility instead of in the pen, which could potentially provide extra evaporative cooling to offset the added heat produced by activity. Sixty-four cross-bred heifers were assigned to one of eight pens on the basis of weight. On four separate occasions during hot conditions (average temperature 28.2 ± 1.9°C, 29.1 ± 2.0°C, 28.9 ± 3.0°C, and 26.8 ± 1.6°C; with the temperature ranging from 22.6 to 32.5°C during the trials), the heifers were moved from their pens to and from the working facility (a building with a scale and squeeze chute located 160–200 m away). While in the squeeze chute, four of the pens of heifers were sprinkle cooled and the remaining four pens were worked as normal. The heifers that were treated had a body temperature that peaked sooner (31.9 ± 0.63 min compared to 37.6 ± 0.62) with a lower peak body temperature (39.55 ± 0.03°C compared to 39.74 ± 0.03°C), and recovered sooner (70.5 ± 2.4 min compared to 83.2 ± 2.4 min). The treated animals also had a lower panting score, a visual assessment of level of cattle heat stress (1.1 ± 0.2 compared to 1.16 ± 0.2). The behavior measurements that were taken did not indicate a change in behavior. It was concluded that while a single instance of wetting an animal within the working facility did not completely offset the increase in body temperature, it was beneficial to the animals without needing to add water to the pen surface, thus reducing the potential for odor generation.
Row-of-holes film cooling of curved walls at low injection angles

Film cooling effectiveness data are presented against a backdrop of ammonia-diazo flow visualizations for raw-of-holes injection along a convex wall and a concave wall at angles of 15, 25, and 45 deg to the mainstream and at density ratios of approximately one and two. Injection angle effects vary with the rate of injection: At low blowing rates the injection angle is unimportant, at moderate blowing rates the shallower angles provide better effectiveness, and at high blowing rates a steeper injection angle sometimes provides better effectiveness. The condition of the local boundary layer, the severity of jet lift-off and the strength of vortex interactions among the bound vortices of neighboring jets are key considerations in interpreting the data.
FORECASTING TURNING POINTS IN METROPOLITAN EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES USING BAYESIAN TECHNIQUES

In this paper, I adapt to the regional level a Bayesian approach developed by Zellner, Hong, and Min (1990) to analyze forecasts of turning points in a multicountry setting. The techniques applied to a regional setting treat the individual metropolitan areas in the same way that Zellner, Hong, and Min treated countries. The findings in this study indicate that the techniques and models employed by Zellner, Hong, and Min work just as well at the metropolitan-area level as they did in the multicountry setting. The best models, from those studied here, forecast around 70 percent of the downturns and 80 percent of the upturns correctly, which compares favorably to the performance of the same techniques in Zellner, Hong, and Min.
Microprogramming for Data Acquisition and Control

The paper describes a different approach to the control of experimental apparatus in which control is performed by a microprogram controlling a very general register configuration and a single logical element. The basic concepts of microprogram control are described, including how program sequencing is accomplished and used to permit a variety of control capabilities including the generation of non-linear functions within a single system. A short discussion of presently available components will provide some perspective as to the performance levels that may be achieved and system availability. As an example, a possible microprogram controller for the PEPR film scanning system will be described in some detail and its potential performance outlined.
Optimal Placement of Active Elements in Control Augmented Structural Synthesis

A methodology for structural/control synthesis is presented in which the optimal location of active members is treated in terms of (0,1) variables. Structural member sizes, control gains, and (0,1) placement variables are treated simultaneously as design variables. Optimization is carried out by generating and solving a sequence of explicit approximate problems using a branch and bound strategy. Intermediate design variable and intermediate response quantity concepts are used to enhance the quality of the approximate design problems. Numerical results for example problems are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the design procedure set forth.
On the role of confinement on solidification in pure materials and binary alloys

We use a phase-field model to study the effect of confinement on dendritic growth, in a pure material solidifying in an undercooled melt, and in the directional solidification of a dilute binary alloy. Specifically, we observe the effect of varying the vertical domain extent (δ) on tip selection, by quantifying the dendrite tip velocity and curvature as a function of δ, and other process parameters. As δ decreases, we find that the operating state of the dendrite tips becomes significantly affected by the presence of finite boundaries. For particular boundary conditions, we observe a switching of the growth state from 3D to 2D at very small δ, in both the pure material and alloy. We demonstrate that results from the alloy model compare favorably with those from an experimental study investigating this effect.
Baryon Charges in 4d Superconformal Field Theories and Their AdS Duals

We consider general aspects of the realization of R and non-R flavor symmetries in the AdS5×H5 dual of 4d =1 superconformal field theories. We find a general prescription for computing the charges under these symmetries for baryonic operators, which uses only topological information (intersection numbers) on H5. We find and discuss a new correspondence between the nodes of the SCFT quiver diagrams and certain divisors in the associated geometry. We also discuss connections between the non-R flavor symmetries and the enhanced gauge symmetries in non-conformal theories obtained by adding wrapped branes.
Physics of the Space Environment

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the physical phenomena that result from the interaction of the sun and the planets - often termed space weather. Physics of the Space Environment explores the basic processes in the Sun, in the interplanetary medium, in the near-Earth space, and down into the atmosphere. The first part of the book summarizes fundamental elements of transport theory relevant for the atmosphere, ionosphere and the magnetosphere. This theory is then applied to physical phenomena in the space environment. The fundamental physical processes are emphasized throughout, and basic concepts and methods are derived from first principles. This book is unique in its balanced treatment of space plasma and aeronomical phenomena. Students and researchers with a basic mathematics and physics background will find this book invaluable in the study of phenomena in the space environment.
Isoxazoline oxidation. An efficient method for the preparation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

Abstract MCPBA peracid oxidation of Δ4-isoxazolines derived from the dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with acetylenes or allenes produces α,β-unsaturated ketones in excellent yield.
High Q optomechanical resonators in silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits

We demonstrate nanophotonic circuits for integration of high Q micromechanical resonators and nanooptical components. Mechanical resonance of nanostring is actuated and readout by optomechanical interaction. Quality factor up to 696,000 is obtained.
Stoichiometric growth of high Curie temperature heavily alloyed GaMnAs

Heavily alloyed, 100nm Ga1−xMnxAs (x>0.1) films are obtained via low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy by utilizing a combinatorial technique which allows systematic control of excess arsenic during growth. Reproducible electronic, magnetic, and structural properties are optimized in a narrow range of stoichiometric growth conditions. In contrast to a prediction of the Zener model of hole-mediated ferromagnetism, the Curie temperature of the stoichiometric material is independent of x (for x>0.1), while substitutional Mn content is proportional to x within a large window of growth conditions.
Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Three-Coordinate Iron Complexes

The identity and oxidation state of the metal in a coordination compound are typically thought to be the most important determinants of its reactivity. However, the coordination number (the number of bonds to the metal) can be equally influential. This Account describes iron complexes with a coordination number of only three, which differ greatly from iron complexes with octahedral (six-coordinate) geometries with respect to their magnetism, electronic structure, preference for ligands, and reactivity. Three-coordinate complexes with a trigonal-planar geometry are accessible using bulky, anionic, bidentate ligands (β-diketiminates) that steer a monodentate ligand into the plane of their two nitrogen donors. This strategy has led to a variety of three-coordinate iron complexes in which iron is in the +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states. Systematic studies on the electronic structures of these complexes have been useful in interpreting their properties. The iron ions are generally high spin, with singly occupie...