cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Peter Shaw Award acceptance address: An immigrant sociologist

I have several excel lent reasons for express ing p leasure and apprec ia t ion at receiving the Peter Shaw award. The most general and obvious is, o f course, that we all like a measure of recogni t ion for ou r work or efforts, and especially f rom groups or organizat ions we value and identify with. I have been a member and suppor t e r o f NAS from the beg inn ing of its existence, a l though my cont r ibu t ion to its goals has been more indirect than organizat ional: mostly by way of writings, including those which a p p e a r e d in Academic Questions. NAS is the only organizat ion I be long to at the present time, aside from those dedicated to the welfare ( though not the rights) of animals and the preservat ion of the natural envi ronment . I will give you two examples of ou r cu r ren t cuhural-poli t ical condi t ion that makes it all too clear that NAS has not outl ived its usethiness: 160,000 copies of the latest diatr ibe of Noam Chomsky have been sold (on 9 / i 1 and U.S. responsibility for it and tor all evil in the world) , and he remains a non-s top speaker on the campus lecture circuit; the second example is the acclaim, the respectthl and glowing reviews and near best selling status of the vo lume Empire, publ ished by Harvard University Press (ten print ings so far) c o a u t h o r e d by an Italian terrorist and American protessor of l i terature. A rare critical reviewer wrote of the book that it "phmder [ s ] every imaginable source of acad e m i c f o o l i s h n e s s f r o m p o s t c o l o n i a l i s m , to q u e e r t h e o r y , to F r e n c h post-structuralism and wed[s] it to Marx, I ,enin a n d . . . Mao." So much lor the bad news. It is also a source of" pleasure that the award I am receiving was n a m e d after Peter Shaw. Few have been as art iculate and clear-sighted as he was abou t the threats to free expression, rationality, and honesty in academic and intellectual life. Gett ing this award puts me into the COlnpany o f past recipients, I greatly respect and adnfire. They are Rober t Conques t , J o h n Ellis, Mary I,efkowitz and H e r b e r t l ,ondon . I am t e m p t e d to say that be ing associated with them raises my sell:esteem.
Clinical Review: The 2011 report on dietary reference intake for vitamin D: where do we go from here?

Context: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on dietary reference intakes (DRI) for vitamin D is reviewed, along with its implications. Evidence Acquisition: Evidence-based reviews were completed; the IOM committee conducted its own literature search, an open public workshop, and two open sessions, and maintained a public web site for stakeholder input. The consensus report of the 14 scientists on the committee was reviewed by a panel of experts. Evidence Synthesis: Only bone health could be used as an indicator for DRI development. Evidence for extraskeletal outcomes was inadequate, inconsistent, or insufficient to develop DRI. The recommended dietary allowance was found to be 600 IU/d for ages 1–70 yr, corresponding on average to a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level of at least 50 nmol/liter (20 ng/ml), and 800 IU/d for those older than 70 yr. Comparison with current levels of 25OHD in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population survey revealed that the vitamin D intake in th...
On Pasolini's Edipo Re: an overview with a focus on two neglected details. Unconscious, will, chance and destiny

The present study aims at re-analyzing two specific aspects of Pasolini's cinematic staging of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex that seem to have received little attention. The first aspect concerns the subtle usage of body language, such as "covering the eyes, crying, gaze-interactions, starring someone or something in silence". They are peculiar details that betray, so to speak, the presence both of typically Freudian concepts (such as, "the removing of disturbing truth to the unconscious, and the unconscious awareness of the truth"), and some typically Sophoclean ideas (such as, "resignation" to what is inescapable and acceptance of it). This analysis is thus conducted within the perspective of the complex interrelation between Sophocles' text and the Freudian interpretation that Pasolini has applied to it. The second aspect, while analyzing Pasolini's self-commentary on some portions of the film, pertains to an enigmatic statement of Pasolini himself which seems to have been mostly dismissed. Pasolini's enigmatic statement touches on issues essential both to Sophocles' tragedy and its modern reception; it indeed involves the everlasting discussion on the play about the dialectical tension among "will", "chance" and "destiny" in Oedipus' story and in human condition, as exemplified by the individual case of Pasolini.
Critical Issues: What Counts When Context Counts?: The Uncommon “Common” Language of Literacy Research

Research into literacy published in journals such as the Journal of Literacy Research spans a range of disciplines and areas of study (e.g., reading, English education, composition). Even individua...
Self-Regulated Learning: The Educational Legacy of Paul R. Pintrich.

Paul R. Pintrich was a leading figure in the field of self-regulated learning. This article discusses some of Paul's major contributions: (a) formulating a conceptual framework for studying self-regulated learning comprising phases (forethought, planning, activation; monitoring; control; reaction, reflection) and areas for self-regulation (cognition, motivation, behavior, context); (b) emphasizing the role of motivation in self-regulation; (c) conducting research linking learning, motivation, and self-regulation; (d) exploring the development of and interventions to enhance self-regulatory processes; (e) investigating how the complexities of classrooms and schools affect self-regulation; and (f) helping to develop the MSLQ to assess self-regulated learning, cognition, and motivation. Paul's writings provide ideas for future research on self-regulated learning. Paul Pintrich left a rich legacy through his theoretical elaboration, exemplary research, dissemination and advocacy, and personal and professional...
Effects of HI-6 and pralidoxime on neuronal RNA in thalamic cholinergic sites

Quantitative azure B-RNA cytophotometry was employed to compare effects of the oximes HI-6 and pralidoxime (2-PAM) to those of atropine sulfate (AS) on neuronal RNA metabolism in the thalamic ventrobasal nuclear complex (VBC) and nucleus reticularis (NR). The ability of these compounds to mitigate soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced neuronal RNA alterations (i.e., VBC-RNA depletion/NR-RNA elevation) in these muscarinic cholinergic sites was also determined. Generally, HI-6 (125 mg/kg, i.p.) and 2-PAM (43.2 mg/kg, i.m.) elicited similar patterns of neuronal RNA changes, i.e., diminution of VBC-RNA and NR-RNA with oximes alone; partial amelioration of soman (1.5 LD50, s.c.)-induced VBC-RNA loss; and slight or no effect on soman induced NR-RNA accumulation. HI-6 produced more severe RNA reduction than 2-PAM in both brain regions of non-poisoned rats, whereas 2-PAM was more effective in reversing the effects of soman in these two regions. The muscarinic antagonist, AS, also produced VBC-RNA depletion and partially counteracted the VBC-RNA loss in soman intoxicated rats. Unlike the oximes, however, AS resulted in NR-RNA accumulation and it also antagonized soman induced NR-RNA elevation. Neither oxime reactivated soman inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase but HI-6 did reactivate appreciable plasma cholinesterase. The overall data suggest that HI-6 and 2-PAM do exert pharmacologic actions on cholinergic neurons in the rat CNS. However, the greater effectiveness of HI-6 over 2-PAM in countering lethal actions of soman does not appear to be correlated with oxime mediated restoration of neuronal RNA levels in these two cholinergic regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Number of motor units in human abductor hallucis

Motor unit number was estimated for the human abductor hallucis (AH) muscle in 11 subjects by counting the number of increments in surface electromyographic responses to progressive increases in current-pulse amplitude applied to the muscle-nerve. The average motor unit count for AH (43) was substantially smaller than that estimated for other human muscles. Consequently, motor unit activity should be readily recordable up to high forces in AH, making it well suited for studies of recruitment and rate coding.
Thirty Years of Diatom Studies on the Great Lakes at the University of Michigan

Abstract Long-term records of biotic populations have proven very important to understanding ecosystem change and its causes. Despite their importance, few such records are available, especially for microscopic organisms, and most especially for populations in large lake systems. Circumstances during the past 30 years allowed development of interpretatively useful information concerning diatom (Bacil-lariophyta) populations in the Great Lakes system. Here the circumstances, both infrastructure and intellectual, which allowed this to take place are reviewed, some of the more important insights gained, and the evident problems remaining.
High resolution search for dark-matter axions

We have performed a high resolution search for galactic halo axions in cold flows using a microwave cavity detector. The analysis procedure and other details of this search are described. No axion signal was found in the mass range $1.98--2.17\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. We place upper limits on the density of axions in local discrete flows based on this result.
Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents. Part IV. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinyl methoxy)-5-(3′-18F-Fluoropropyl)pyridine (18F-Nifrolene) using PET

Abstract Imaging agents for nicotinic α4β2 receptors in the brain have been under way for studying various CNS disorders. Previous studies from our laboratories have reported the successful development of agonist, 18 F-nifene. In attempts to develop potential antagonists, 18 F-nifrolidine and 18 F-nifzetidine were previously reported. Further optimization of these fluoropropyl derivatives has now been carried out resulting in 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy)-5-(3′-Fluoropropyl)pyridine (nifrolene) as a new high affinity agent for nicotinic α4β2 receptors. Nifrolene in rat brain homogenate assays – labeled with 3 H-cytisine – exhibited a binding affinity of 0.36 nM. The fluorine-18 analog, 18 F-nifrolene, was synthesized in approximately 10%–20% yield and specific activity was estimated to be > 2000 Ci/mmol. Rat brain slices indicated selective binding to anterior thalamic nuclei, thalamus, subiculum, striata, cortex and other regions consistent with α4β2 receptor distribution. This selective binding was displaced > 90% by 300 μM nicotine. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio (> 10) was the highest for 18 F-nifrolene with several other regions showing selective binding. In vivo rat PET studies exhibited rapid uptake of 18 F-nifrolene in the brain with specific retention in the thalamus and other brain regions while clearing out from the cerebellum. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio value in the rat was > 4. Administration of nicotine caused a rapid decline in the thalamic 18 F-nifrolene suggesting reversible binding to nicotinic receptors. PET imaging studies of 18 F-nifrolene in anesthetized rhesus monkey revealed highest binding in the thalamus followed by regions of the lateral cingulated and temporal cortex. Cerebellum showed the least binding. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio in the monkey brain was > 3 at 120 min. These ratios of 18 F-nifrolene are higher than measured for 18 F-nifrolidine and 18 F-nifzetidine. 18 F-Nifrolene thus shows promise as a new PET imaging agent for α4β2 nAChR.
Model based ranking of schools

Abstract The problem studied in this chapter is the ranking of schools in terms of quality. There are many different ways in which we can quantify if and in how far a school is better than another one. One simple way is to compare means of student outcomes at the end of the school career. But this can be extremely misleading, because it does not correct the differences in school input. If we want to correct for background characteristics of students, in order to find out how well the school does with the input material it receives, then we have to use statistical models in order to make clear on what assumptions our corrections are based. We first study linear models with fixed regression parameters, such as ANCOVA and models with separate regression parameters for each school. In the first case the regression lines are parallel and the ranking of the schools is the same for all backgrounds. In the second case schools may be ranked quite differently for boys and girls, for blue collar and white collar children, and for high-IQ and low-IQ students. In our example, a 1959 data set of 1290 children in 37 schools in the city of Groningen, it turns out that indeed slopes differ, and thus rankings of schools differ for different backgrounds. We investigate how important and how real this effect is. More recently random coefficient models have been proposed for school effect analysis by Aitkin & Longford, Raudenbusch & Bryk, Mason, Wong & Entwistle, De Leeuw & Kreft. and Goldstein. In these random coefficient models schools are considered to be a random sample from a population of schools, and we want to make statements about this population and not necessarily about the individual schools in our study, interpreted as subpopulations. In random coefficient models the residuals in the regression equations are not independent for students in the same school. As a consequence if we predict the outcome for a student in a particular school, we also have to take the other students in the school into account. This means that predictions will generally be more conservative than in fixed coefficient models (the so-called shrinkage to the mean). It is argued in the paper that random coefficient models are more appropriate for school effects analysis. Rankings of the schools in the example are also computed, both for random intercept models (which are the random coefficient version of ANCOVA) and for random slope models (which correspond with nonparallel slopes models). Criteria are discussed which one can use to decide which rank orders are the most appropriate ones.
Morphology and surface reconstruction on RuO2 single crystals

Abstract The morphologies and surface dynamic processes on RuO 2 single-crystal substrates were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under non-vacuum conditions. The as-grown oxide surfaces show a variety of constructs and aggregations of a-top atoms that form secondary microstructures with no distinct periodicity. Atomically resolved images captured on adjacent terraces of the same sample indicate differences in a-top atomic arrangements on a single-crystal surface. After annealing an as-grown sample in air at ∼450°C for 2 h, the STM images show an ordered, long-range surface reconstruction along the c -axis of the crystal lattice. Combined, this morphological diversity and structural rearrangement suggest motion and clustering of the surface atoms at elevated temperatures.
Modeling of some novel configurations of relativistic klystron amplifiers (RKA)

We present results of simulation studies of several novel RKA configurations each of which is designed to increase the amplification of the stimulated beam modulation. The main configuration under consideration is the two-beam RKA. Results presented here, in which the two beams have the same injection energy, do not show any increase in modulation over a single-beam RKA, even when the total beam current is close to the limiting current. Summarized are simulation studies of several novel RKA configurations, including the two- beam RKA and the sequential interaction of a single-beam RKA with a chain of passive cavities. We have also examined the interaction of an intense beam with a corrugated slow- wave structure that is contemplated for RF extraction. Other areas of research include the effect of a resistive wire inside the coaxial RKA near the beam formation region to damp unwanted TEM or TM modes and some relativistic klystron oscillator (RKO) configurations.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overrepresentation and Underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as Lawbreakers on Television News

We conducted a content analysis of a random sample of local television news programming in Los Angeles and Orange counties to assess representations of Blacks, Latinos, and Whites as lawbreakers and law defenders. ‘Intergroup’ comparisons of perpetrators (Black and Latino vs. White) revealed that Blacks and Latinos are significantly more likely than Whites to be portrayed as lawbreakers on television news. ‘Interrole’ comparisons (lawbreakers vs. law defenders) revealed that Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be portrayed as lawbreakers than as defenders, whereas Whites are significantly more likely to be portrayed as defenders than as lawbreakers. ‘Interreality’ comparisons of lawbreakers (television news vs. crime reports from the California Department of Justice) revealed that Blacks are overrepresented as lawbreakers, and Latinos and Whites are underrepresented as lawbreakers on television news compared to their respective crime rates obtained from the California Department of Justice for Los Angeles and Orange counties. Interreality comparisons of law defenders (television news vs. county employment records) revealed that Whites are overrepresented, Latinos are underrepresented, and Blacks are neither over- nor underrepresented as police officers on television news compared to employment reports. We speculate on the psychological effects of exposure to these intergroup, interrole, and interreality differentials on television news viewers.
Lower trunk of brachial plexus injury in the neonate rat: effects of timing repair

Abstract Objective: After lesion of a peripheral nerve in neonatal mammals, motoneurons undergo a cell death. We wanted to ascertain if early surgery could influence such post-axotomy motoneuronal death and improve the functional outcome. In this study, we investigated the functional and anatomical results after immediate and delayed repair of the lower trunk of brachial plexus (BP) sectioned at birth in rats. Methods: In neonate rats, the lower trunk of the left BP was cut. This nerve trunk was repaired either immediately [immediately-reconstructed group of rats (IR), or 30 days after, tardy reconstructed group of rats (TR)]; in the third group of animals, the nerve was not repaired (noreconstructed group of rats, NoR). In each group of animals, functional studies were performed at 90 days of age using the grooming test and the walking tracks analysis. Histologic studies of the C7–T1 spinal cord and lower trunk of BP were performed at 30 and 90 days of age; the numbers of motoneuron and axon were counted...
Thermal subsidence and eustasy in the Lower Palaeozoic miogeocline of western North America

We have recently developed a procedure for calculating tectonic subsidence in fully-lithified basin sequences and applied it to Cambrian and Ordovician strata of tbe Cordilleran miogeocline exposed in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains1. The cumulative tectonic subsidence curves were found to be mainly thermal in form as predicted by the passive margin model for the miogeocline2. In this paper we extend the analysis to Cambrian and Ordovician strata in a much larger segment of the miogeocline extending from the Yukon Territory to central Nevada. The results indicate that thermal contraction was the dominant subsidence mechanism for more than 2,000 km along the eastern or inner part of the miogeocline. In addition, we find a slight but persistent deviation in the subsidence curves from a purely thermal form that is consistent with a global sea level change proposed by Vail and others3 for Cambrian to middle Ordovician time.
Bent crystal spectrometer for use with a germanium detector

Abstract A bent crystal spectrometer has been constructed in the Cauchois geometry for use with a Ge detector. The design is mechanically simple and capable of high accuracy. In the usual slit scanning mode of operation, the Ge detector improves the signal-to-back-ground ratio. Another mode is described utilizing the bent crystal to preselect an energy band for analysis by the Ge detector, thus suppressing Compton interference. A new measurement has been made of the 59 keV gamma ray from 241 Am with the result: E γ =59.536±0.001 keV.
Developmentally regulated extended domains of DNA hypomethylation encompass highly transcribed genes of the human β-globin locus

Objective DNA methylation has long been implicated in developmental β-globin gene regulation. However, the mechanism underlying this regulation is unclear, especially because these genes do not contain CpG islands. This has led us to propose and test the hypothesis that, just as for histone modifications, developmentally specific changes in human β-like globin gene expression are associated with long-range changes in DNA methylation. Materials and Methods Bisulfite sequencing was used to determine the methylation state of individual CpG dinucleotides across the β-globin locus in uncultured primary human erythroblasts from fetal liver and bone marrow, and in primitive-like erythroid cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Results β-globin locus CpGs are generally highly methylated, but domains of DNA hypomethylation spanning thousands of base pairs are established around the most highly expressed genes during each developmental stage. These large domains of DNA hypomethylation are found within domains of histone modifications associated with gene expression. We also find hypomethylation of a small proportion of γ-globin promoters in adult erythroid cells, suggesting a mechanism by which adult erythroid cells produce fetal hemoglobin. Conclusion This is one of the first reports to show that changes in DNA methylation patterns across large domains around non-CpG island genes correspond with changes in developmentally regulated histone modifications and gene expression. These data support a new model in which extended domains of DNA hypomethylation and active histone marks are coordinately established to achieve developmentally specific gene expression of non-CpG island genes.
Non-stationary demand side management method for smart grids

Demand side management (DSM) is a key solution for reducing the peak-time power consumption in smart grids. The consumers choose their power consumption patterns according to different prices charged at different times of the day. Importantly, consumers incur discomfort costs from altering their power consumption patterns. Existing works propose stationary strategies for consumers that myopically minimize their short-term billing and discomfort costs. In contrast, we model the interaction emerging among self-interested consumers as a repeated energy scheduling game which foresightedly minimizes their long-term total costs. We then propose a novel methodology for determining optimal nonstationary DSM strategies in which consumers can choose different daily power consumption patterns depending on their preferences and routines, as well as on their past history of actions. We prove that the existing stationary strategies are suboptimal in terms of long-term total billing and discomfort costs and that the proposed strategies are optimal and incentive-compatible (strategy-proof). Simulations confirm that, given the same peak-to-average ratio, the proposed strategy can reduce the total cost (billing and discomfort costs) by up to 50% compared to existing DSM strategies.
Pulse Shaping for Nuclear Pulse Amplifiers

The emphasis of this paper, in which a systematic approach to nuclear pulse shaping is presented, is on the power, versatility, and practicability of lumped-element transfer functions and their associated networks. The approach consists of first determining a suitable theoretical, but realizable, lumped-element transfer function for the problem at hand -- pulse height analysis is the example used in this paper -- and of then synthesizing this transfer function in a way that minimizes the sensitivity of the final output-pulse shape to network element variations. Finally, the network is built and tested using elements having tolerances determined by a sensitivity analysis of the chosen circuits. The unipolar transfer functions and networks discussed in this paper have better signal-to-noise ratios than any other published lumped-element transfer functions or networks. One unipolar pulse function has a signal-to-noise ratio that is only 0.5% worse than that of the delayline-produced triangular pulse. Since the bipolar pulses discussed in this paper are more symmetrical about the base line than those of any other published lumped-element network, spectral peaks at high count rates obtained with these networks will be more symmetrical than those obtained with any other lumped-element network. Furthermore, these symmetrical pulses will produce smaller countrate-dependent base-line shifts than will less-symmetrical equal-area pulses. Although the networks that are discussed in this paper are extremely useful for pulse height analysis, the systematic approach that is presented is more important because of its obvious extensions to other pulse shaping problems in nuclear physics.
Lake Effect Snowfall to the Lee of the Great Lakes: Its Role in Michigan.

Abstract Lake effect snowfalls contribute a significant proportion of the total winter snowfall in areas to the lee of the Great Lakes. In Michigan during the seasons 1957–58 through 1961–62 at least 30% of the seasonal snowfall in lee areas was derived from lake-atmosphere interactions. Evidence suggests that lake effect snowfall has significantly increased during the past several decades, particularly in southwestern Michigan and northern Indiana. While the observed changes cannot be definitely ascribed to any single factor, it seems likely that a general cooling of winter temperatures may be partially responsible for this climatic change.
Time- and frequency-domain scattering of traveling wave radiance

We have presented apparently new points of view for both radiative transfer problems in the frequency and time domains. Apparently for the first time a simple physical picture has emerged of the inderlying essence of scattered radiance when dealing with isotropic axially-symmetric scattering as a single set of cutoff traveling waves in nonconservative linear media. First, it is shown in the frequency domain. Its accuracy is demonstrated by applying it to a solved problem in the frequency domain whose solution was published by Chandrasekhar some five decades ago. He determined it by dealing with the conventional 95- year-old, usually difficult to solve, integro-differential equation and we bolster confidence in our method by showing how the new method produces the same analytical answer. The new technique converts the integro-differential equation formulation of radiative transfer into a pure differential equation formulation, consisting here in a mixture of ordinary and partial derivatives, and solves that. This paper also analyzes the situation in the time domain in a different manner but the same type of result is obtained.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using the analytic hierarchy process and goal programming for information system project selection

Abstract One of the basic information system (IS) management activities is the planning of IS projects. Specifically, such planning requires the selection of IS projects and allocation of resources to complete them. This paper presents an improved IS project selection methodology that combines the recently applied IS project selection methodologies of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) within a goal programming (GP) model framework. This new combination of the AHP and GP methodologies helps to overcome the weaknesses observed when either methodology is used separately. The combined AHP and GP methodology is illustrated through an example.
Progressive aneurysmal degeneration of cortical venous drainage of dural arteriovenous malformations: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The development of a venous aneurysm associated with dural arteriovenous malformations rarely has been documented in the literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old man with known dural arteriovenous malformations developed a venous aneurysm, as shown on sequential angiograms obtained during 2 years. INTERVENTION: The dural arteriovenous malformations were treated with neuroendovascular embolization and then surgical excision. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this unusual case are presented.
Design of a high gain pencil beam dipole antenna using parasitic elements in X-band

Using parasitic elements in different configurations, many parameters of an antenna can be modified. Most of these approaches were found to alter the fundamental characteristics such as input impedance, gain, polarization and radiation pattern of an antenna. Array antennas with high gain comprise of complex feed distribution which is a major hurdle design at higher microwave frequencies. Using parasitic elements show promise in addressing the complexity of amplitude and phase distribution in a very large array. Simulated results during research using parasitic elements with a dipole has shown promise in achieving desired radiation pattern characteristics without employing a complex feed network. The gain and beamwidth are both optimized to obtain the desired solution for a narrow beam high gain antenna providing high isolation when used in a bistatic configuration. The effect of parasitic elements on a dipole in relation to gain is also discussed; based on which an analytical model is proposed for the design in X-Band.
CryoSat SAR-Mode Looks Revisited

The precision of sea-surface (or ice-surface) height measurements by radar altimetry improves in direct proportion to the square root of the number of statistically independent waveforms contributing to the measurement average. The closed-burst strategy used on CryoSat constrains the amount of averaging to be less than the theoretical limit by a factor of approximately three. Open-burst operation would allow the capture of nearly all available looks. Optimal performance requires that the radar pulse-repetition frequency be less than the usual Nyquist lower bound, which is acceptable for an altimeter viewing surfaces that have relatively small topographic relief.
Entity-relationship logical design of database systems: relational normal forms and extended regular ERDs

The design of the logical structure of databases using the entity-relationship (E-R) model is considered. The goal is to focus on E-R conditions for desirable logical design, using an extended translation of the full E-R model into the more easily implementable relational database model; all entity sets in a regular E-R diagram will map to relation schemes that are in the very desirable Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF). Conditions under which extended E-R relationship sets translate to BCNF schemes are found. These results extend to both types of weak entity sets, subset and dependent entity sets, and contribute to the logical design of robust database systems. An E-R-diagram-based design system currently under development enforces the conditions that ensure BCNF by ensuring extended regularity and other measures of well-behaved E-R models. >
McDonald’s at the Gym? A Tale of Two Curves®

In this paper I present findings from an ethnographic study of interaction patterns among members and workers in two Curves® franchises in different locations. Curves® International markets rationalized fitness programs for women. Using a mixed methodology of participant observation, staff interviews, and comparison of facilities’ official data, I analyze these patterns in relation to the rules of the Curves® system and the possible factors that contribute to the observable differences across the two facilities. I argue that despite the corporate mandate for rapid and rationalized (McDonaldized) fitness, local Curves® organizational cultures and client preferences may constitute internal resistance to the McDonaldization process.
Histologic Sectioning Produces TUNEL Reactivity

Abstract Objective.—To determine if the DNA strand breaks caused by tissue sectioning result in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) reactivity. Methods.—The incidence and location of TUNEL-positive nuclei were determined in 5- and 15-μm sections of human stomach. Five- and 15-μm sections of tonsil were stained as a positive control. Results.—In 5-μm gastric sections, 69% of nuclei were labeled; in 15-μm sections, only 30% were labeled. In the latter sections, almost all labeled nuclei were located at the cut surface of sections. Labeled nuclei did not have apoptotic morphology. Apototic bodies and tingible body macrophages were labeled throughout 15-μm sections of tonsil. Conclusions.—Tissue sectioning creates TUNEL reactivity. The morphologic findings on routine stains should be considered the gold standard for the detection of apoptosis on tissue sections.
Estimation of complications for linear accelerator radiosurgery with the integrated logistic formula

Radiosurgery techniques permit high doses of single fraction irradiation to be administered to small volumes of tumor with relative sparing of surrounding brain tissue. The tolerance of surrounding normal brain tissue to dose distributions from linear accelerator radiosurgery with different collimator sizes is an important factor that must be estimated by anyone using these treatment techniques. The exponential and linear quadratic versions of the integrated logistic formula were used to estimate the probability of brain necrosis at different doses for radiosurgical dose distributions administered by a 6 MV linear accelerator with a 5 arc technique for collimator sizes from 12.5 to 30 mm in diameter. Dose-volume isoeffect curves for a 3% risk of brain necrosis from linear accelerator radiosurgery were then calculated. These curves approximate those calculated for gamma knife radiosurgery and a published 1% dose-volume isoeffect line predicted for proton beam irradiation. Similar dose-volume isoeffect curves were calculated for single fraction radiosurgery boosts administered after 30 Gy of whole brain irradiation in 12 fractions. The integrated logistic formula appears to be a useful tool for estimating tolerance and providing guidelines for prescribing radiation doses for linear accelerator radiosurgery.
Cloning and characterization of the meningococcal polyphosphate kinase gene: production of polyphosphate synthesis mutants.

The pathogenic Neisseria species accumulate polyphosphate to levels between 10 and 20% of their total phosphate content. However, the significance of this compound for the growth and pathogenicity of these species is not understood. A previous report (C.R. Tinsley, B.N. Manjula, and E.C. Gotschlich, Infect. Immun. 61:3703-3710, 1993) describes the purification of polyphosphate kinase, the enzyme responsible for synthesis of polyphosphate, from Neisseria meningitidis BNCV. By use of probes based on the amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme, the structural gene ppk has been cloned and sequenced. The coding sequence is 2,055 bp long and codes for a protein of 77.2 kDa. The open reading frame of the cloned gene was interrupted by the insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette, and ppk mutants were obtained in both Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis by transformation with the recombinant plasmid. Amounts of polyphosphate in the ppk mutants were reduced to between 2 and 10% of wild-type levels. The mutants grew less vigorously than wild-type organisms in vitro and showed a striking increase in sensitivity to killing by human serum.
Evaluation of Experimenter-Supplied and Subject-Originated First-Letter Mnemonics in a Free-Recall Task:

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether supplying Ss with a mnemonic device produced a differential retention effect as opposed to letting Ss originate their own device when using a first-letter mnemonic technique in a free-recall situation. No difference in the recall of a list of 19 nouns existed at the immediate retention test, but Ss with an E-supplied scheme showed significantly better recall than those with S-originated schemes at 1-day, 1-wk., and 4-wk. retention intervals. It was concluded that the E-supplied first-letter mnemonic excelled S-originated ones as an effective aid to free recall.
Psychotherapy supervisor and supervisee: Developmental models and research nine years later.

Abstract In an earlier review, which largely covered material appearing through 1985, Worthington (1987) examined and provided a useful critique of supervisor and supervisee developmental models and research. In this paper, that review is updated. Psychotherapy supervisor and supervisee developmental models and research appearing since 1985 were reviewed, with evaluations being made and implications being drawn relative to each area.
Social Policy and Determinants of Retirement: A Longitudinal Analysis of Older White Males, 1969–75

Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, I analyze shortterm changes in the retirement behavior of older white males. The 1969 to 1975 period straddles a major turning point in the Social Security system and allows examination of the hypothesis that older workers quickly respond to policy changes that alter their opportunity structures. Retirement is approached through labor supply, which allows maximum flexibility in analytic conception. Changes in the patterns of results during the 1969-75 period reflect the interaction of the "pull" dynamic of liberalized benefits with other determinants of retirement behavior. The strongest shifts were observed for workers with health limitations and workers facing compulsory retirement but covered by second pensions. Alternative explanations of a particular pattern of behavior are often formulated in terms of a "push-pull" contrast of determinants. The theory (explicit or implicit) of motivation may emphasize deliberate or indeliberate coercive factors, including perceived disadvantages of a current status, or factors of incentive or attraction. Examples of this contrast are abundant in studies of migration, job mobility, advertising and consumer behavior, and many other topics. An example that has lately been receiving greater attention is retirement. Until recently, retirement has been treated in the sociological literature, such as that concerned with stratification, as a residual category. However, retirement is a logical extension of occupational structure: pension benefits provide a pseudo-wage; previous occupational history and earnings history provide bases of differentiation in status and prestige. Whereas in earlier periods most people had little choice but to continue labor force participation until physically unable, now increasing numbers of older workers have an alternative. *I wish to thank Ernst W Stromsdorfer, George W Bohrnstedt, Peter Burke, Sheldon Stryker, and anonymous referees for their comments on this research. This research was supported by The Administration on Aging, Grant # 90-AT-1998. ? 1982 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-77321821041103-22$02.0
Trace detection of explosives with low vapor emissions by laser surface photofragmentation–fragment detection spectroscopy with an improved ionization probe

Trace explosive residues are measured in real time by surface laser photofragmentation–fragment detection (SPF–FD) spectroscopy at ambient conditions. A 248-nm laser photofragments the target residue on a substrate, and a 226-nm laser ionizes the resulting NO fragment by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization by means of its A–X (0, 0) transitions near 226 nm. We tested two probes on selected explosives and modeled their electric field in the presence of a substrate with an ion optics simulation program. The limits of detection range from 1 to 15 ng/cm2 (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) at 1 atm and 298 K and depend on the electrode orientation and mechanism for NO formation.
A Framework for Situation-based Social Interaction

This paper presents a theoretical framework for computationally representing social situations in a robot. This work is based on interdependence theory, a social psychological theory of interaction and social situation analysis. We use interdependence theory to garner information about the social situations involving a human and a robot. We also quantify the gain in outcome resulting from situation analysis. Experiments demonstrate the utility of social situation information and of our situation-based framework as a method for guiding robot interaction. We conclude that this framework offers a principled, general approach for studying interactive robotics problems.
Stability of equilibria of randomly perturbed maps

We derive a sufficient condition for stability in probability of an equilibrium of a randomly perturbed map in \begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^d$\end{document} . This condition can be used to stabilize unstable equilibria by random forcing. Analytical results on stabilization are illustrated with numerical examples of randomly perturbed nonlinear maps in one-and two-dimensional spaces.
Cell surface-based differentiation of cell types and cancer states using a gold nanoparticle-GFP based sensing array

Gold nanoparticle-green fluorescent protein (NP-GFP) based arrays have been created for rapid identification of mammalian cells on the basis of cell surface properties. Highly reproducible characteristic patterns were obtained from different cell types enabling the identification of cell types and cancer states. Using these arrays we could differentiate between isogenic normal, cancer and metastatic cell types using only ∼5000 cells.
E. coli Transcription Repair Coupling Factor (Mfd Protein) Rescues Arrested Complexes by Promoting Forward Translocation

Transcription and DNA repair are coupled in E. coli by the Mfd protein, which dissociates transcription elongation complexes blocked at nonpairing lesions and mediates recruitment of DNA repair proteins. We show that Mfd influences the elongation state of RNA polymerase (RNAP); transcription complexes that have reverse translocated into the backtracked position, a potentially important intermediate in RNA proofreading and repair, are restored to the forward position by the activity of Mfd, and arrested complexes are rescued into productive elongation. Mfd may act through a translocase activity that rewinds upstream DNA, leading either to translocation or to release of RNA polymerase when the enzyme active site cannot continue elongation.
A new wideband matching boundary condition based on the transition operator for TD-FD method

A local wideband matching boundary condition (MBC) for the TD-FD (time-domain-finite-difference) method is introduced. The algorithm of the MBC is based on the transition operator concept. The reflection behavior of the MBC for the whole standard waveguide frequency band approaches the matching condition of a long homogeneous waveguide as the size of the mesh parameter Delta l is reduced. The MBC has very low reflections (better than 30 dB return loss for the waveguide width with 21 Delta l), making accurate S-parameter calculations possible with the TD-FD method. These features can be used to model general microwave and millimeter-wave waveguide discontinuities with a compact computational domain for S-parameter extraction. >
Basal forebrain control of wakefulness and cortical rhythms

Wakefulness, along with fast cortical rhythms and associated cognition, depend on the basal forebrain (BF). BF cholinergic cell loss in dementia and the sedative effect of anti-cholinergic drugs have long implicated these neurons as important for cognition and wakefulness. The BF also contains intermingled inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic cell groups whose exact neurobiological roles are unclear. Here we show that genetically targeted chemogenetic activation of BF cholinergic or glutamatergic neurons in behaving mice produced significant effects on state consolidation and/or the electroencephalogram but had no effect on total wake. Similar activation of BF GABAergic neurons produced sustained wakefulness and high-frequency cortical rhythms, whereas chemogenetic inhibition increased sleep. Our findings reveal a major contribution of BF GABAergic neurons to wakefulness and the fast cortical rhythms associated with cognition. These findings may be clinically applicable to manipulations aimed at increasing forebrain activation in dementia and the minimally conscious state.
The relationship between intracranial pressure and obesity: an ultrasonographic evaluation of the optic nerve.

Measurements of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) with noninvasive ocular ultrasonography have been shown to be accurate in determining increased intracranial pressure. Obesity is associated with chronic increases in intraabdominal pressure that could consequently result in intracranial hypertension. By utilizing ONSD ultrasonographic measurements, we compare the difference that may exist between obese and non-obese patients. We prospectively collected data from patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures in the supine position between July 2013 and March 2014. Ophthalmic pathology was not present in any patient. Ultrasonographic measurement of the ONSD was obtained sagittally with a 12-MHz transducer 3 mm from its origin. The measurements were taken at 0, 15, and 30 min, and at the end of surgery. There were 62 subjects, 28 females (45.2 %) and 34 males (54.8 %), with a mean age of 44.22 ± 10.44 years (range 23–66). Forty-eight percent of patients were non-obese, and 52 % of patients were obese. The mean body mass index was 30.70 ± 7.61 kg/m2 (range 20.0–59.5). The mean ONSD of non-obese and obese patients was 4.7 and 5.5 mm at baseline (p = 0.01), 5.4 and 6.2 mm at 15 min (p = 0.01), 5.8 and 6.6 mm at 30 min (p = 0.01), and 5.1 and 5.7 mm after deflation of pneumoperitoneum (p = 0.03), respectively. Utilizing a noninvasive method to measure the ONSD, a chronic increase in intracranial pressure in obese patients was demonstrated. The increase in the ONSD during laparoscopic procedures reflects a temporary increase in the intracranial pressure from baseline.
Quarter-Inch Screening: Understanding Biases in Recovery of Vertebrate Faunal Remains

Fine screening of archaeological materials is often too expensive or too time-consuming for large assemblages. Consequently, 1/4" has become a standard size of mesh used among North American archaeologists. Unfortunately, the effects of 1/4" screening on bone recovery and the biases in interpretations are poorly documented. One-quarter-inch screening biases faunal recovery towards "larger" bone specimens, but previous studies fail to document biases in the recovery of specific taxa or elements. To better understand these biases, screening tests were conducted on 26 modern, comparative specimens. Results of these tests indicate that recovery and loss of specific elements for each taxon can be predicted. Mammals with live weights of less than 140 g are almost completely lost by 1/4" screening. Specimens weighing from 71 to 340 g are poorly represented, while specimens weighing from 340 to 3,100 g are represented by most elements except foot bones. Taxa greater than 4,500 g are represented by most elements.
Subwavelength Silicon Microdisks with High Quality Factors

We present a study of the first subwavelength silicon micro-cavities and to our knowledge the smallest micro-cavities to be probed with tapered fiber spectroscopy or directly coupled to a waveguide.