cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased "bile duct-pancreatic fluid" flow in chlorinated hydrocarbon-treated rats.

Abstract The following chlorinated hydrocarbons, CCl4, Cl2CH2, chloroform, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene, were administered 1 day before testing. The test consisted of a retrograde intrabiliary injection of [3H]inulin followed by a 6-min period of occlusion, to hold the [3H]inulin solution in the biliary tree, and then collecting and analyzing each drop of bile. The content of [3H]inulin in the drops from the distal portion of the biliary tree was diluted by increased excretion of “bile duct-pancreatic fluid” into the duct system during the 6-min occlusion period. An increase in bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow in chlorinated hydrocarbon-treated rats was directly demonstrated by cannulating the common bile duct at the proximal bifurcation (to collect hepatic bile) and distally at the duodenum (to collect bile duct-pancreatic fluid). The results showed that the chlorinated hydrocarbons produced an increase in bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow. The increase in this distal fluid flow was not correlated to a rise in SGPT activity or extent of liver cell necrosis because both 1,1-dichloroethylene, which produced high SGPT activity and necrosis, and chloroform, low SGPT and no necrosis, increased bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow to a similar extent.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection And Sizing For Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

The frequency-domain Neumann-Born approximation is used to study the determination of the radii and material parameters of spherical flaws. Bandwidth limiting and the effects of noise are studied. An eikonal approximation by Rose and DeFacio was also used. Only the reconstruction using a single scattering angle is addressed. Backscattered amplitudes (θ = 180°) and near forward scattering amplitudes at θ = 30° were not as successful as θ = 60° data. The radii were determined better than material parameters and in the case of a single backscatter with 5% noise and fairly strong scattering no radius was determined.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A system design for storing, archiving, and retrieving hyperspectral data

Hyperspectral data and products derived from instrumentation such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) and the GOES-R Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) will impose storage and data retrieval requirements that far exceed the demands of earlier generation remote sensing instrumentation used for atmospheric science research. A new architecture designed to address projected real time and research needs is undergoing prototype design and development. The system is designed using proven aspects of distributed data storage networks, descriptive metadata associated with stored files, data cataloging and database search schemes, and a data delivery approach that obeys accepted standards. Preliminary implementation and testing of some components of this architecture indicate that the design approach shows promise of an improved method for storage and library functionality for the data volumes associated with operational hyperspectral instrumentation.
GaAs optical waveguide structures at 10.6-microm wavelength.

A comparison of GaAs/n+GaAs, GaAs/GaAsP, and GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide structures is presented. Their fabrication processes and their transmission properties at 10.6-μm wavelength are described. The loss due to the free carrier absorption of the substrate is analyzed. Experimentally, an attenuation rate of 2 dB/cm in a single mode (∼7 μm) GaAs/GaAsp waveguide with a maximum dimension of the order of 7 cm has been achieved.
Effect of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein on mesenchymal chondrogenesis in vitro.

Abstract Objective : Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) mutations have been identified as responsible for two arthritic disorders, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). However, the function of COMP in chondrogenic differentiation is largely unknown. Our investigation focuses on analyzing the function of normal COMP protein in cartilage biology. Methods and results : To explore the function of COMP we make use of an in vitro model system for chondrogenesis, consisting of murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells maintained as a high-density micromass culture and stimulated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Under these culture conditions, C3H10T1/2 cells undergo active chondrogenesis in a manner analogous to that of embryonic limb mesenchymal cells, and have been shown to serve as a valid model system to investigate the mechanisms regulating mesenchymal chondrogenesis. Our results indicate that ectopic COMP expression enhances several early aspects of chondrogenesis induced by BMP-2 in this system, indicating that COMP functions in part to positively regulate chondrogenesis. Additionally, COMP has inhibitory effects on proliferation of cells in monolayer. However, at later times in micromass culture, ectopic COMP expression in the presence of BMP-2 causes an increase in apoptosis, with an accompanying reduction in cell numbers in the micromass culture. However, the remaining cells retain their chondrogenic phenotype. Conclusions : These data suggest that COMP and BMP-2 signaling converge to regulate the fate of these cells in vitro by affecting both early and late stages of chondrogenesis.
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed Iodination of Membrane Proteins in Normal and Neoplastic Epidermal Cells

Cell surface proteins of normal human, mouse, and rat cells in primary culture, of human basal cell carcinoma, and of carcinogen-transformed cell lines were examined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Autoradiography was used to record the distribution of label in the polypeptide subunits separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was no significant difference in the results for normal cells of human, mouse, and rat. On the other hand, carcinogen-transformed mouse cells had many more labeled polypeptide bands of widely distributed molecular weights. The iodination profiles from human basal cell carcinoma cells were much more akin to those from normal cells than to those from carcinogen-transformed cells. Treatment of iodinated cells with proteolytic enzymes visibly altered the polypeptide bands.
Alteration of an essential NK cell signaling pathway by low doses of tributyltin in human natural killer cells.

Tributyltin (TBT), a toxic and widespread environmental contaminant, has been shown to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic function significantly. Inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic function has the potential to increase viral infections and tumor growth. Upon NK cell binding to lysis-sensitive tumor cells, an intracellular pathway is activated, which generally begins with activation of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and ends with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated release of lytic granules toward the contacted target cell. In the current studies, we used a cytotoxicity assay to examine how low doses (200 nM or lower) of TBT affect cytotoxic function. Additionally, we investigated how low doses of TBT modulate the signaling pathway that dictates lytic granule exocytosis. A 1 h exposure to 200, 100, 50 and 25 nM TBT significantly decreased cytotoxic function 6 d later. We also saw significant activation of p38 and p44/42 by as low as 50 nM TBT within ten minutes of exposure. The observed activation of MAPKs, p38 and p44/42, implicated their upstream activators MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks). On examining MAP2Ks, MKK3/6 and MEK1/2, activation was seen within ten minutes. However, when the most upstream signaling molecules in this pathway, non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) such as Syk, ZAP-70, Pyk2 and Src were examined, no significant activation was seen. These data imply that upstream activators of MAP2Ks, MAP2K kinases (MAP3Ks), are activated by TBT exposures and/or that MAP2K phosphatases are being inhibited by TBT. Taken together, these data suggest that TBT-induced activation of MAPKs, p38 and p44/42, is caused by their upstream activators MAP2Ks, MKK3/6 and MEK1/2, respectively.
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly: A Film Review

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Pathe Renn Productions, France; producers, K. Kennedy and J. Kilik; director, J. Schnabel 2007) invites us—perhaps throws us is more apt—into a world none of us ever want to experience: in total paralysis, but with a mind that is alert, active, and at first baffled by its predicament. The film begins with blurred images, glimpses of light, faint voices, and a confusing mixture of sights and sounds. The point of view is stationary, except for eye movements. We gradually learn that we are seeing a hospital room, nurses, doctors, and orderlies. These people move closer to the person through whose eyes we are seeing. They address him as Jean-Dominique Bauby and inform him that he has experienced a catastrophic stoke and has been in a coma for three weeks. Jean-Dominique (brilliantly portrayed by Mathieu Amalric) gradually becomes aware that he cannot speak. We hear his thoughts through voiceover, but he realizes that no one else can hear him. A doctor comes close to his face and speaks directly to him. Jean-Dominique is told to blink if he can understand what is being said. After some effort, we see the screen go black for a second. He blinks. For what seems like a very long period of time—perhaps the first third of the film—we see everything through Jean-Dominique’s eye. Watching this film, I felt the world closing in on me. I rarely feel claustrophobic, but I began to feel a shortness of breath, an emerging sense of desperation, and even terror as I watched with both of my eyes. Six years ago I suffered a stroke, and thus, I could not shake the feeling that this man’s predicament could have been mine. I could have been trapped in what the film’s doctor called “the locked-in-syndrome.” As a profound sense of fear and dread came over me, I wanted to bolt from the theatre, but, somehow I was mesmerized by this remarkable piece of film art. I was being taken into the life experience of a person trapped inside of his body. At the age of just 43, Jean-Dominique Bauby was catapulted from his life as the sophisticated editor of Elle, his life as a father, his life as a lover, and his dazzling life of freedom and excitement. His world collapsed into a single room in a remote seaside hospital far from his friends and family. Surrounded by strangers, unable to move any part of his body (except for his left eye), he was now in a prison from which there was no escape. Pastoral Psychol (2008) 56:463–465 DOI 10.1007/s11089-008-0124-3
Formation Energies of a Vacancy and an Interstitial in Solid Xenon

The formation energies of a vacancy and an interstitial in solid xenon were calculated to be 0.164 and 0.582 eV, respectively. The only stable form of interstitial was found to be the split-100 type.
Self-reported depression in nonfamilial caregivers: prevalence and associations with caregiver behavior in child-care settings

Abstract The current study describes the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in a sample of 1217 nonfamilial caregivers and examines the relation between depression and the quality of interactions between caregivers and young children. One hundred and fourteen of these caregivers (9.4%) reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Analyses provided evidence of small, but consistent and unique associations between caregivers’ self-reported depression and the quality of their interactions with children. Caregivers reporting more depression were less sensitive and more withdrawn than caregivers reporting fewer depressive symptoms. Depression was more closely associated with negative behavior for caregivers working in family child-care settings, as well as among caregivers with less education and among those that spend more time without other adults present. The current study provides preliminary evidence that expanding knowledge of caregivers’ characteristics may be an important component of understanding the nonfamilial caregiving environment.
Resource heterogeneity, soil fertility, and species diversity: Effects of clonal species on plant communities

AbstractSpatial heterogeneity in soil resources is widely thought to promote plant species coexistence, and this mechanism figures prominently in resource-ratio models of competition. However, most experimental studies have found that nutrient enhancements depress diversity regardless of whether nutrients are uniformly or heterogeneously applied. This mismatch between theory and empirical pattern is potentially due to an interaction between plant size and the scale of resource heterogeneity. Clonal plants that spread vegetatively via rhizomes or stolons can grow large and may integrate across resource patches, thus reducing the positive effect of small-scale resource heterogeneity on plant species richness. Many rhizomatous clonal species respond strongly to increased soil fertility, and they have been hypothesized to drive the descending arm of the hump-shaped productivity-diversity relationship in grasslands. We tested whether clonals reduce species richness in a grassland community by manipulating nutr...
Property control of sophorolipids: influence of fatty acid substrate and blending

Sophorolipids (SLs) were synthesized by fed-batch fermentation of Candida bombicola on glucose and either palmitic acid (SL-p), stearic acid (SL-s), oleic acid (SL-o) or linoleic acid (SL-l) and the structural distribution accurately determined by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The surfactant properties, including critical micelle concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension (min.ST) and oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) were measured by tensiometry. Minimum STs of 35–36 mN/m were obtained regardless of the substrate while IFTs ranged from 3–5 mN/m with the exception of SL-l, which had an IFT of 7 mN/m. The largest disparity occurred in the CMC values, which ranged from 35 ppm for SL-s to 250 ppm for SL-l. By manually mixing these four SLs in different ratios, it was possible to better control the CMC values without affecting the min.ST or IFT, which will prove beneficial as new applications for SLs are established.
Aligning the transmitter and receiver telescopes of an infrared lidar: a novel method.

A method for aligning the transmitter and receiver telescopes of a lidar is proposed which involves the use of a small high-quality corner tube reflector placed immediately in front of the transmitter in such a way that a small fraction of the transmitted radiation is reflected to the receiver. The reflected radiation is brought to a focus in a focal plane where it appears as a small red dot and is superimposed on the image of the distant scene. The dot and the target appear in the same plane and may be brought to coincidence by moving the transmitter-receiver pair together until the image of the target falls on the red dot. The alignment is concluded by imaging the red dot onto an IR detector.
Photoelectric photometry of JV

Abstract UBV photometry of JV near greatest western elongation shows this satellite to be about one magnitude fainter than previously believed. It is observed to be very red, having a B-V color index near +1.5 mag. Unlike the Galilean satellites, JV appears to bea low-albedo object.
Amount of Bone Loss in Relation to Time around the Final Menstrual Period and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Staging of the Transmenopause

Background and Objective: The objective of the study was to describe bone loss rates across the transmenopause related to FSH staging and the final menstrual period (FMP). Design and Setting: This was a population-based cohort of 629 women (baseline age 24–44 yr) with annual data points over 15 yr. Measurements: Measures were bone mineral density (BMD), FSH to define four FSH stages, and menstrual bleeding cessation to define the FMP. Bone loss rates were reported by obesity status. Results: Annualized rates of lumbar spine bone loss began in FSH stage 3, which occurs approximately 2 yr prior to the FMP (1.67%/yr); bone loss continued into FSH stage 4 (1.21%/yr). Mean spine BMD in FSH stage 4 was 6.4% less than spine BMD value in FSH stage 1. Annualized rates of femoral neck (FN) bone loss began in FSH stage 3 (0.55%/yr) and continued into FSH stage 4 (0.72%/yr). The FN difference between mean values in FSH stage 1 and FSH stage 4 was 5%. Annualized rates of spine bone loss in the 2 yr prior to the FMP were 1.7%/yr, 3.3%/yr in the 2 yr after the FMP, and 1.1%/yr in the 2- to 7-yr period after the FMP. Nonobese women had lower BMD levels and greater bone loss rates. Conclusions: Spine and FN bone loss accelerates in FSH stage 3. Bone loss also began to accelerate 2 yr before the FMP with the greatest loss occurring in the 2 yr after the FMP. Bone loss rates in both spine and FN BMD were greater in nonobese women than obese women.
ALGAL CELL DISRUPTION USING A PYREX TISSUE GRINDER AND THE B. BRAUN HOMOGENIZER1

A motor-driven Pyrex tissue grinder (PTG) and the B. Braun cell homogenizer (BH) were used to disrupt cells of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz for chlorophyll extraction. Cell disruption efficiency depended upon the number of cells filtered. Within the range of 2 × 106 to 8–9 × 106 algal cells per 2.4 cm filter, the PTG allowed more complete extractions. Beyond that number of cells, the BH was more efficient. The algal mass corresponding to 8–9 × 106 cells was 0.14–0.17 mg dry weight.
The inverse relationship between species diversity and body mass: do primates play by the "rules"?

Evolutionary biologists have long commented on a seemingly universal "rule" of nature-that in large taxonomic assemblages from groups as diverse as bacteria, plants, insects, marine invertebrates, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, there exists a frequency distribution of body sizes among species that is highly skewed to the right (positive skewness). This distribution reflects the strong inverse, or negative, relationship often noted between mean body size of taxa and the number of species they contain--i.e., the observation that small body size is often associated with high species diversity (speciosity). This is sometimes "explained" by recourse to the idea that smaller-bodied taxa are able to subdivide their environments more finely than larger-bodied taxa. With but few exceptions, the applicability of this "rule" to the Order Primates has not been studied in any detail. In this study I address the following questions of (paleo)anthropological interest: (1) How speciose is the Order Primates? (2) Does this biological "rule" characterize the Order Primates (at any taxonomic level) in any meaningful way? (3) Does the association between speciosity and body mass within the Order Primates provide any useful models for interpreting and/or predicting speciosity in the fossil primate record? Using phylogenetically independent contrasts methods, I conclude that the answers to those three questions are: (1) not very; (2) no; and (3) not particularly (with the possible exception of larger-bodied taxa).
Relativistic electrons in the intracluster space of clusters of galaxies - The hard X-ray spectra and heating of the gas

An appropriate form for the steady-state intracluster relativistic electron energy spectrum is derived, taking into account all the dominant energy loss mechanisms. The Compton X-ray flux is calculated and compared with the soft X-ray thermal flux. The amount of heating of the intracluster gas by energy loss of relativistic electrons in electronic and Alfven wave excitations is estimated.
Distribution of growth factors and immune cells are altered in the lacrimal gland during pregnancy and lactation.

Abstract We have undertaken a series of studies to elucidate the roles of growth factors (FGF-2, EGF, TGF-β1) and prolactin (PRL) in lacrimal gland function during pregnancy and lactation, and to better understand the status of the immune system within the lacrimal gland during those physiological states. In this initial study, lacrimal glands of pregnant (d15, d29), lactating (9d, 22d), and adult female control rabbits, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and image analysis. In control rabbits EGF, TGF-β1, and PRL, were immunolocalized primarily in the apical cytoplasm of intralobular ductal epithelial cells, and acini demonstrated a basement membrane-associated immunopositivity for TGF-β1. FGF-2 immunolocalized in myoepithelial cells in the basal ductal epithelium and complexed to the basement membrane enclosing ducts and acini. Cells immunopositive for immune cell markers (RTLA and CD18) were apparent primarily around interlobular ducts. In d29 pregnant rabbits immunopositivity for EGF and TGF-β1 was increased within intralobular ducts, both apically and basally, and within some interlobular ductal epithelial cells. Immunopositivity for PRL was strongest in d29 pregnant rabbits within the apical and basal cytoplasm of intralobular ductal epithelial cells. Immunopositivity for FGF-2 in myoepithelial cells was strong in d15 and d29 pregnant rabbits, although basement membrane-associated immunopositivity around acini was often decreased. Immunostaining for EGF and TGF-β1 in lactating rabbits was similar to that in d29 pregnant rabbits, although basement membrane-associated immunopositivity around acini was more comparable to controls. By 22d lactation immunopositivity for FGF-2 closely resembled that in controls. Image analysis of pregnant and lactating rabbits demonstrated that cells immunopositive for RTLA and CD18 were less abundant around ducts and more abundant between acini, although in 22d lactating rabbits the size of periductal foci was increased to nearly that of controls. Western blots correlated well with the immunohistochemistry. Our findings demonstrate that pregnancy and lactation are accompanied by a shift in the distributions of growth factors and PRL, suggestive of increased release both apically into the lacrimal fluid and basally into the interstitium. Additional shifts in the distributions of cells of the immune system from periductal foci to interacinar sites suggest that there is a recruitment of immune cells away from ducts and toward the connective tissue interstitium surrounding the acini, possibly as part of a heightened state of immune readiness during pregnancy and lactation.
Teaching operating systems with Modula-2

Programming projects in an operating systems course expose students to issues involved in the design and implementation of operating systems. The Modula-2 language provides features needed in such projects. This paper overviews the capabilities of Modula-2 and describes a programming project in which students implement a process manager for an operating system. The process manager supports concurrent processes and provides operations for their synchronization and communication.
Educating Engineers: Teaching Privacy in a World of Open Doors

Although the focus here on teaching privacy to computer scientists, the author wants to first mention the law school approach, which is, of course, lawyerly. The topics in a typical law school course on information privacy include the development of privacy within the law; privacy law in commercial practice, health information, and communications; privacy and data protection, including the international aspects of this; and regulatory frameworks for privacy. In rare cases, mostly those in which the faculty member does cyberlaw research, the course might cover technological protections for privacy. Undergraduate and graduate computer science courses in privacy have different audiences and different goals from law school ones; they also differ from each other. An undergraduate course should present myriad privacy approaches, whereas a graduate course might well focus on current technological research.
Evaluation of superficial canker instability for hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica inoculated on American chestnut trees

Summary Hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica produced superficial cankers on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) that were unstable for superficiality after one winter. Some unstable cankers yielded C. parasitica isolates that had high virulence on American chestnut trees and were vegetatively incompatible with the original inoculated hypovirulent strain, whereas other unstable cankers yielded isolates that had low virulence and were vegetatively compatible with the original hypovirulent strain.
Early season ethephon application effects on cotton photosynthesis

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can compensate for a limited amount of early floral bud (square) loss induced by early ethephon ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] application, but ethephon has been found to alter the photosynthetic process in many species. A field study was conducted in 1989 and 1990 to determine how early season ethephon application affected cotton photosynthesis throughout the growing season. Early season squares were removed by band or induced to abscise with a spray application of 0.28 kg ha −1 ethephon. Dry matter harvests were collected and light-saturated leaf CO 2 exchange rates (CER) measured periodically throughout both growing seasons [...]
Creating and evaluating genetic tests predictive of drug response

A key goal of pharmacogenetics — the use of genetic variation to elucidate inter-individual variation in drug treatment response — is to aid the development of predictive genetic tests that could maximize drug efficacy and minimize drug toxicity. The completion of the Human Genome Project and the associated HapMap Project, together with advances in technologies for investigating genetic variation, have greatly advanced the potential to develop such tests; however, many challenges remain. With the aim of helping to address some of these challenges, this article discusses the steps that are involved in the development of predictive tests for drug treatment response based on genetic variation, and factors that influence the development and performance of these tests.
Containerless protein crystal growth in rotating levitated drops

Abstract A method for growing protein crystals in a containerless environment using an ultrasonic–electrostatic hybrid levitator is evaluated. In this approach, a single protein solution droplet bearing a surface charge is electrostatically levitated and acoustically rotated along a horizontal axis during the crystal nucleation and growth phases. Sample rotation is induced by ultrasonic streaming and radiation pressure applied in addition to the electrostatic levitation force. This unique approach is developed in order to create controlled crystal growth conditions which would reproduce some of the aspects of the low-gravity environment. We present the outcome of a development effort and feasibility study showing the successful growth of lysozyme and thaumatin crystals suspended within the bulk of quiescent liquid protein solutions inside rotating droplets also containing a very small concentration of agarose. Even though the crystals are not growing in a completely gelled medium and rotation is required for their long-term suspension, there are indications that a convectionless crystal growth environment has been obtained within the rotating drop, and that artificial flow can be introduced in a controlled manner by imposing drop shape oscillations.
Developmental Instability as an Indicator of Reduced Genetic Variation in Hatchery Trout

Abstract We present evidence for reduced developmental stability in a hatchery stock of westslope cutthroat trout Salmo clarki lewisi. These fish have a high frequency of two obvious morphological deformities and an unusually high amount of asymmetry at five bilateral meristic traits. We have previously reported that this stock has a reduced amount of genetic variation at 35 isozyme loci compared to the wild population from which it was derived. The loss of genetic variation in this stock apparently has reduced the ability of these fish to develop precisely along genetically determined developmental pathways. We also present the biological rationale and the methods for using fluctuating asymmetry as a diagnostic tool for detecting the effects of the loss of genetic variation in cultured stocks of fish. Received April 7, 1984 Accepted November 8, 1984
Evaluation of a Voxelized Model Based on DCE-MRI for Tracer Transport in Tumor

Recent advances in the treatment of cancer involving therapeutic agents have shown promising results. However, treatment efficacy can be limited due to inadequate and uneven uptake in solid tumors, thereby making the prediction of drug transport important for developing effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, a patient-specific computational porous media model (voxelized model) was developed for predicting the interstitial flow field and distribution of a systemically delivered magnetic resonance (MR) visible tracer in a tumor. The benefits of a voxel approach include less labor and less computational time (approximately an order of magnitude reduction compared to the traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach developed earlier by our group). The model results were compared with that obtained from a previous approach based on unstructured meshes along with MR-measured tracer concentration data within tumors, using statistical analysis and qualitative representations. The statistical analysis indicated the similarity between the structured and unstructured models' results with a low root mean square error (RMS) and a high correlation coefficient. The voxelized model captured features of the flow field and tracer distribution such as high interstitial fluid pressure inside the tumor and the heterogeneous distribution of the tracer. Predictions of tracer distribution by the voxelized approach also resulted in low RMS error when compared with MR-measured data over a 1 h time course. The similarity in the voxelized model results with experiment and the nonvoxelized model predictions were maintained across three different tumors. Overall, the voxelized model serves as a reliable and swift alternative to approaches using unstructured meshes in predicting extracellular transport within tumors.
Periodontal plastic surgery procedures reduce localized gingival recession defects.

Systematic review conclusion Periodontal plastic surgery (PPS) procedures can be used to treat localized recession-type defects effectively. Critical summary assessment Evidence from 24 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that PPS procedures improve clinical parameters such as root coverage and gain in clinical attachment level and keratinized tissue width, but how patients perceive the effect of the treatment is not clear. Evidence quality rating Limited.
Primary carcinoma of the female urethra : results of radiation therapy

Background. This retrospective study analyzed treatment outcomes, patterns of failure, and complications of treating nonmetastatic primary carcinomas of the female urethra with radiation therapy. Methods. Ninety-seven women with this uncommon malignancy were treated with radiation therapy at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1955–1989. Eighty-six patients received radiation only after excision or biopsy of their primary lesions: 35 were treated with a combination of external beam irradiation and brachytherapy, 21 with external beam irradiation only, and 30 with brachytherapy only. The cumulative doses ranged from 40–106 Gy (median, 65 Gy). The other 11 women received radiation therapy preoperatively. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 105 months (range, 20–337 months). Results. Five-year, 10–year, and 15-year actuarial survival rates were 41%, 31%, and 22%, respectively. Extension of the primary tumor into adjacent structures, involvement of the entire urethral length, and fixation of the primary lesion were all associated with poorer survival (P < 0.05). The 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year local control rates in 84 evaluable patients who received radiation only were 72%, 65%, and 64%, respectively. Only involvement of the entire urethra predicted poorer local control. Twenty-seven of 55 patients (49%) who achieved local control had complications, including urethral stenosis (n = 11), fistula or necrosis (n = 10), and cystitis and/or hemorrhage (n = 6). The complications were considered mild in 5 patients, moderate in 14, and severe in 8. Higher doses correlated with a greater incidence of complications but not with improved local control. There was a trend of fewer complications in more recent years. Conclusions. Primary carcinoma of the female urethra is curable with radiation therapy, although the complication rates are significant. Current knowledge of normal tissue tolerance and improved brachytherapy techniques may help minimize the complications.
Diphenylpyrazolidinone and benzodiazepine cholecystokinin antagonists: A case of convergent evolution in medicinal chemistry

Abstract Two recently described classes of nonpeptide cholecystokinin receptor antagonists contain diphenylpyrazolidinone and benzodiazepine substructures, respectively. Although the origins and development of these series were completely independent, the low energy conformations predicted by modeling showed remarkable three-dimensional homology between the structures.
Influence of Host Cell Infiltration on the Glycolipid Content of Mouse Brain Tumors

Previous studies showed that levels of some glycosphingolipids (GSLs) expressed in solid brain tumors grown in vivo were reduced or undetectable in cultured cells prepared from the tumors. This phenomenon has been attributed either to suppressed glycolipid synthesis from unknown forces of the tissue culture environment or to the absence of host cells that normally infiltrate the solid tumors growing in vivo. To test further the host cell hypothesis, we examined host cell markers in two experimental mouse brain tumors, the ependymoblastoma and the CT-2A, that were grown as subcutaneous solid tumors in the flank of C57BL/6J (B6) mice or as cultured cells in vitro. The markers included ganglioside N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), GA1 (asialo-GM1), and Fc receptor-bearing cells. NeuGc-containing gangliosides, GA1, and Fc receptors are expressed by macrophages and lymphoid-type cells of the mouse host immune system but are not normally expressed by mouse neural cells. Differences in the relative content of Fc receptor-bearing cells in ependymoblastoma and CT-2A tumors grown in vivo (8.3 and 16.8%, respectively) were proportional to differences in the relative content of NeuGc-containing gangliosides (25.5 and 45.1%) and GA1 (8.5 and 13.8%), respectively. Neither cultured tumor cell line expressed Fc receptors, GA1, or NeuGc-containing gangliosides. These findings suggest that non-neoplastic host infiltrating cells (macrophages) contribute significantly to the GSL composition of solid tumors growing in vivo.
International Information and Technology Transfer

Converging lines of evidence lead to the thesis that sustainable international engineering projects that support economic and environmental development require user participation in service‐level decisions, and that these decisions are sustained by cross‐cultural transfers of technology from foreign consultants to host‐country‐counterpart professionals. It follows that the most successful consultants will be those who best assure resources to this end in meeting contractual obligations for advisory, supervisory, and training services. An underlying premise in this analysis is that cooperation is economically and technically more efficient than competition, particularly competition between consultants and clients. A framework and draft terms of reference for information and technology transfer are presented. Effective transfer of technology requires: (1) Insistence by the host‐country government that it take place; (2) secondment of the most competent professionals as counterparts; (3) training resources a...
Binding of metals to red drum vitellogenin and incorporation into oocytes

Gel filtration analysis of plasma from estradiol-treated male red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) revealed a large protein-bound phosphorous peak with an apparent molecular weight of 225 000 which co-eluted with calcium, magnesium and zinc. A second metal-containing protein peak eluted after vitellogenin with an apparent molecular weight of 62 000. Vitellogenin purified by ion exchange chromatography contained calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper. Equilibrium dialysis showed that cadmium can bind to vitellogenin in vitro and displace endogenous metals from their binding sites. Two days after injection of the cadmium-vitellogenin complex into Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), most of the cadmium had been incorporated in the ovaries which suggests that this is an important route for metal accumulation by ovarian tissues.
Anaphoric reference to events and actions: a representation and its advantages

This paper focuses on anaphora interpreted as referring to entities of type event and action. It considers two issues: (i) what aspects of the discourse give evidence of the events and the actions the speaker is talking about, and (ii) how actions and events are represented in the discourse in order to be able to refer to them anaphorically.
Sequence and activity of the rat PB-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase promoter.

Abstract The 5′ flanking region of the rat PB inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase gene was isolated and the sequence from +42 to −1339 was determined. This sequence contains several putative binding sites for the liver-enriched factors HNF3 and DBP as well as a GRE and several possible AP1 sites. A TATA and CCAAT motif were assigned at positions −26 and −53. A promoter construct containing the −1339 bp of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 5′ flanking region was active when transfected into both H411 and HepG2 liver cell lines.
Infectious Skin Diseases: A Review and Needs Assessment

Infectious skin diseases pose considerable treatment challenges, especially given the recent appearance of several highly virulent pathogens as well as the rising number of immunocompromised patients in the United States. This article discusses common bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections with an emphasis on cellulitis, dermatophyte infections, and herpes simplex viral infections. Disease pathogenesis, treatment, and cost of treatment are addressed with an emphasis on therapeutic needs and future research directions. Common priorities for all infectious skin disease categories include increased disease surveillance, study of existing treatments, and efforts in drug development.
Solution of the Thomas-Fermi Problem for Continuous, Spherical, Positive Charge Distribution

A method to make anab initio calculation of the free energy of small drops of liquid metal is presented. The model chosen involves the replacing of the positive ion cores by an equivalent continuous spherical distribution of charge. The Thomas-Fermi potential is calculated as a starting point for a Hartree-Fock self-consistent field calculation. The results of the Thomas-Fermi calculation are reported as an example of the preliminary calculations.
Taste and water taste of twenty-six compounds for man

Taste profiles were obtained for 26 compounds after adaptation to distilled water and also for water after adaptation to each of the 26 compounds. Each of the four “basic tastes” was induced in water by adaptation to certain of the compounds. Compounds having similar tastes did not necessarily have similar water tastes. The results imply a peripheral locus of the water taste mechanism(s).
The prime spectra of subalgebras of affine algebras and their localizations

Abstract Prime spectra of affine domains A over a field F are known to have especially nice properties. Here we investigate Spec(R) in the cases where either (a) R is a subalgebra of AM for some maximal ideal M of A, or (b) R is a subalgebra of A, requiring in neither case that A should be an integral domain. In case (a) we show that dim R=tr.deg.FR. In case (b) it is known that R[1/ƒ] is affine over F for some ƒ ϵ R, ƒ ≠ 0, if A is an integral domain; this yields nice properties on appropriate Zariski open subsets of Spec(R), but we show that globally, Spec(R) shares few of the attractive properties of Spec(A).
Identification of a new HLA-DPB1 allele (DPB1*5101) by oligotyping and nucleotide sequencing.

DNA sequence analysis of DPB1 second exons shows great variability with over 50 alleles. This report describes a new HLA-DPB1 allele present in a Caucasoid donor bearing the class II alleles DRB1*0901/1301, DRB3*0101, DRB4*0101, DQB1*0603/0303, and DPB1*1101. 6 refs., 1 fig.
Poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated drugs and prodrugs: a comprehensive review

Low molecular weight Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ( 20,000), especially 40,000, which is estimated to have a plasma circulating half-life of approximately 8-9 h. This recent resuscitation of small organic molecule delivery by high molecular weight PEG conjugates was founded on meaningful in vivo testing using established tumor models and has led to a clinical candidate. Recent applications of high molecular weight PEG prodrug strategies to amino-containing drugs are also detailed.
Measurement of human response to tactile temperature sensing using stochastic system identification

Abstract Tactile response is limited for many operations that are preformed in extreme environments due to bulky equipment or the limitations of the human body. In order to allow a user in extreme environments to regain some of their temperature–tactile response, a glove was developed that converts temperature into a vibration felt by the user. An RTD was attached to the glove and connected to a microcontroller. This microcontroller converted temperature into a voltage and transmitted it to a micromotor that controlled the vibration felt by the user. Through this scheme, the user was able to identify a temperature increase with a 4 s delay. This paper also presents the system response of the glove to a temperature impulse. Using this system transfer function, it is possible to make improvements to the glove to reduce the overall delay between the glove sensing a temperature and the user recognizing the temperature change.
Helping End-User Programmers "Engineer" Software: an Opportunity for Empirical Researchers

While much of the software that people depend on is written by professional software engineers, increasingly, important applications are being created by non-professional (end-user) programmers. Using tools such as spreadsheet environments and web authoring tools, these programmers are creating software that is being used to support significant activities and inform decisions. Such software needs to work dependably and increase user productivity, but evidence shows that it frequently does not. For example, studies have shown that a large percentage of the spreadsheets created by end-users contain faults, and data suggests that time spent maintaining web macros may actually impede their users' overall efforts. In recent years researchers have begun to address this problem, considering various approaches to adapting software engineering techniques to the realm of end-user programming. For example, researchers have sought ways to help end users test and debug spreadsheets, and to increase productivity in web macros by combining them with various software engineering devices. To make progress in this area, researchers are turning to empirical studies, in order to investigate new approaches, understand the factors that influence them, and better understand issues related to end user programmers themselves. In this talk I will present recent work being done in end-user software engineering, with a particular focus on the state of the art of empirical research in the area. I will show that there is a pressing need for further empirical work in this context, and that there are interesting questions that researchers from the ESEM community could help to answer. For example, how are end-users different from programmers, and how does that affect how we conduct the research? (Are there assumptions we make when doing studies with programmers that do not hold with end-users? What are the threats to validity when, say, we use CS students as subjects in end-user studies?) As another example, how are end-users different from each other and how does that affect study results? (The end-user community is much more diverse than the professional programmer community. What are the important context variables one needs to capture when studying them?) A concerted effort by the ESEM community on such issues could result in a substantial impact on society as a whole, and on the everyday lives of many people.
Very bright green fluorescent proteins from the Pontellid copepod Pontella mimocerami.

Marguerite E. Hunt is with UT Austin; Michael P. Scherrer is with UT Austin; Frank D. Ferrari is with the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution; Mikhail V. Matz is with UT Austin.
Continuous-Chest-Compression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest

It is well known that out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death is a leading public health problem in the industrialized world. In the absence of early defibrillation, survival rates of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in most areas of the world are dismal and, except for a recent report of an improved rate of survival when their paramedic protocol was changed, have remained essentially unchanged.1,2 Articles p 2900 and 2908 Why have survival rates not improved? One possibility is that the guidelines are not optimal. The guidelines advocate the same approach for 2 entirely different pathophysiological conditions: respiratory arrest in which severe arterial hypoxia and hypotension eventually lead to secondary cardiac arrest, and primary cardiac arrest in which the arterial blood is fully saturated with oxygen at the time of the arrest.1 Mouth-to-mouth ventilations, although appropriate for respiratory arrest, are not, as will be reviewed, essential for survival in the vast majority of patients with OHCA. The recommendation for so-called rescue breathing is a major impediment to performing the crucial first link in the chain of survival.3 Only about a quarter of individuals with OHCA receive bystander resuscitation efforts before the arrival of emergency medical services personnel.4 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is traditionally defined as chest compressions plus ventilations. The need for chest compressions is unquestionable, but the need for or advisability of mouth-to-mouth ventilations for cardiac arrest has been questioned. Two articles in this issue of Circulation , one by Iwami and associates5 from Osaka, Japan, and the other by Bohm and colleagues6 from Sweden, report that the survival rates of patients with OHCA were similar in those who received bystander chest compressions alone and those who received traditional CPR. Although important, these findings are not new. They do, however, add to the previous reports …