cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
14N(n,p)14C recoil atom chemistry in sodium azide

Abstract The distribution of 14 C-labeled products resulting from various post-irradiation treatments of n -irradiated NaN 3 was investigated. Water dissolution of target crystals yielded 14 CN − , 14 CN 2 2− , and 14 CH 3 NH 2 . Hydrazine dissolution yielded 14 CN − and 14 CN 2 2− , but no 14 CH 3 NH 2 . Target samples thermally decomposed in vacuo at 400° yielded essentially only 14 CN 2 2− , but at 500° both 14 CN − and 14 CN 2 2− were found. Decomposition at 500° in the presence of hydrogen gas gave the same result as decomposition in vacuo , but decomposition in the presence of oxygen gas at 500° yielded only Na 2 CO 3 , while decomposition in the presence of gaseous iodomethane at 500° produced CH 3 14 CN, labeled tarry residue, 14 CN 2 2− and 14 CN − .
Use of synchrotron- and plasma-based spectroscopic techniques to determine the uptake and biotransformation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by Parkinsonia aculeata

In this study, a combination of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to study the uptake and speciation of chromium in Parkinsonia aculeata, commonly known as Mexican Palo Verde. Plants were treated for 14 days in a modified Hoagland solution containing chromium(III) or chromium(VI) at several concentrations. The results showed that plants treated with 70 mg Cr(III) L(-1) and 30 mg Cr(VI) L(-1) had similar Cr concentrations in leaves (∼200 mg kg(-1) dry weight, DW). The results also showed that neither Cr(III) nor Cr(VI) affected the uptake of phosphorus and sulfur. However, the concentration of calcium in the stems of plants treated with Cr(VI) at 40 mg L(-1) (about 6000 mg Ca kg(-1) DW) was significantly higher compared to the Ca concentration (about 3000 mg kg(-1) DW) found in the stems of plants treated with 150 mg Cr(III) L(-1). However, no differences were observed in potassium and magnesium concentrations. The iron concentration (about 1000 mg kg(-1) DW) in roots treated with 40 mg Cr(VI) L(-1) was similar to the iron concentration found in the roots of plants treated with 110 mg Cr(III) L(-1). The XAS data showed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in/on the plant roots and transported as Cr(III) to the stems and leaves. The XAS studies also showed that Cr(III) within plants was present as an octahedral complex.
Regionalization of eccrine and spermiophagic activity in spermathecae of the salamander Eurycea cirrigera (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

The spermathecae of female Eurycea cirrigera are compound alveolar glands; narrow neck tubules connect the distal bulbs to a common tube that opens onto the roof of the cloaca. The common tube and neck tubules produce apical secretory vacuoles that contain a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)+ substance for merocrine export into the lumen. This substance is produced throughout the year, although secretory vacuoles are less numerous during the period of reproductive inactivity in the summer. When sperm are present, the product from the secretory vacuoles bathes sperm in the lumen. Sperm are in orderly arrays and never are embedded in the cytoplasm of the common tube or neck tubules. The distal bulbs do not produce PAS+ secretory vacuoles, and are actively spermiophagic as long as sperm are present. Sperm become embedded in the epithelium of the distal bulbs where lysosomes degrade sperm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Open‐Loop Analysis of Circulatory System in Awake Live Animals: Relations between Mixed Venous Saturation (SvO2) and Hemodynamic Parameters

: In order to derive quantitative relations between the mixed venous hemoglobin saturation (SvO2) and hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in awake live animals, biventricular bypass experiments were con-ducted in goats using a pair of pneumatic artificial hearts. The artificial hearts were used to bypass continuously the fibrillating ventricles, to control precisely the pump output, and to derive open-loop responses of the peripheral circulatory system. The specially developed reflection-type optical sensors were mounted on each artificial heart to measure continuously arterial and mixed venous SO2 and hemoglobin content ([Hb]), which in combination with pump output data oxygen consumption of the animal was derived on-line for a maximum duration of 40 days. The SvO2 sensitively reflected the changes in respiratory status, [Hb], pump output, and oxygen consumption. The SvO2 was linearly related to the oxygen consumption but showed nonlinear relation to the pump output. The exercise study revealed that the SvO2 level may be used to detect the anaerobic threshold. The SvO2 is a useful parameter to evaluate circulatory status of the patients.
Transvaginal sonographic evaluation of first-trimester placenta previa.

Our objective was to determine the relationship between the placenta and the internal cervical os in the first trimester. This study included ultrasound examinations performed between 9 and 13 weeks' gestation over a 28-month period. The position of the lower edge of the placenta with respect to the internal cervical OS was recorded for each transvaginal ultrasound examination. A total of 77 out of 1252 (6.2%) patients had a first-trimester placenta previa; four cases persisted until term. There were no false-negative diagnoses. Our conclusion is that approximately 6.2% of patients will have a placenta previa in the first trimester. Transvaginal sonography can exclude a diagnosis of placenta previa after 9 weeks' gestation. The likelihood that a placenta previa will persist until term increases if the placenta covers the internal cervical os by ≥ 1.6 cm. Copyright © 1995 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Human herpesvirus-8-encoded signalling ligands and receptors.

Analysis of the genome of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) led to the discovery of several novel genes, unique among the characterized gammaherpesviruses. These include cytokines (interleukin-6 and chemokine homologues), two putative signal-transducing transmembrane proteins encoded by genes K1 and K15 at the genome termini, and an OX-2 (CD200) receptor homologue that had not previously been identified in a gammaherpesvirus. HHV-8 also specifies a diverged version of the gammaherpesvirus-conserved G protein-coupled chemokine receptor (vGCR) and a latently expressed protein unique to HHV-8 specified by open reading frame (ORF) K12. These cytokine and receptor homologues mediate signal transduction or modulate the activities of other endogenous cytokines and receptors to enhance viral productive replication, regulate latent-lytic switching, evade host attack, or mediate cell survival. The viral signalling ligands and receptors are also potential contributors to virus-associated diseases, Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease, and so represent potentially important targets for therapeutic and antiviral drugs. Understanding these proteins' modes of action and functions in viral biology and disease is therefore of considerable importance, and the subject of this review.
Optimization versus Effortful Processing in Children's Cognitive Triage: Criticisms, Reanalyses, and New Data.

Abstract Cognitive triage refers to the surprising fact that easy-to-retrieve memories do not come to mind before hard-to-retrieve memories during unconstrained recall. In a previous article in this journal, we evaluated two competing explanations of this phenomenon: fuzzy-trace theory′s optimization model of recall and an effortful-processing model. Although our data favored the optimization model, the key results (quadratic relationships between the order in which children initially access stored information and the rate at which they subsequently forget it) are subject to three objections: potential third-variable artifacts, potential impermanence of effortful-processing effects, and indirectness. We report some follow-up analyses that address these objections. We also report a new experiment in which children′s cognitive triage was studied under conditions of enforced effortful processing. The results continued to favor the optimization model.
Computing replacement paths in surface embedded graphs

Let s and t be vertices in a directed graph G with non-negative edge weights. The replacement paths problem asks us to compute, for each edge e in G, the length of the shortest path from s to t that does not traverse e. We describe an algorithm that solves the replacement paths problem for directed graphs embedded on a surface of any genus g in O(gn log n) time, generalizing a recent O(n log n)-time algorithm of Wulff-Nilsen for planar graphs [SODA 2010].
Automated statistics collection in action

If presented with inaccurate statistics, even the most sophisticated query optimizers make mistakes. They may wrongly estimate the output cardinality of a certain operation and thus make sub-optimal plan choices based on that cardinality. Maintaining accurate statistics is hard, both because each table may need a specifically parameterized set of statistics and because statistics get outdated as the database changes. Automated Statistic Collection (ASC) is a new component in IBM DB2 UDB that, without any DBA intervention, observes and analyzes the effects of faulty statistics and, in response, it triggers actions that continuously repair the latter. In this demonstration, we will show how ASC works to alleviate the DBA from the task of maintaining fresh, accurate statistics in several challenging scenarios. ASC is able to reconfigure the statistics collection parameters (e.g, number of frequent values for a column, or correlations between certain column pairs) on a per-table basis. ASC can also detect and guard against outdated statistics caused by high updates/inserts/deletes rates in volatile, dynamic databases. We will also show how ASC works from the inside: from how cardinality mis-estimations are introduced in different kind of operators, to how this error is propagated to later operations in the plan, to how this influences plan choices inside the optimizer.
Purification of the third and fifth components of human complement: Application of hydrophobic chromatography

Abstract By application of both hydrophobic and salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography the third (C3) and fifth (C5) components of human serum complement were purified. Serum was initially adsorbed onto the hydrophobic resin (omega-amino hexyl agarose). This first step yields greater than 95% of the starting C3 and C5. Subsequent fractionation of the C3/C5 pool on hydroxylapatite was used to separate C5 and C3. Salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography, and either gel filtration (C3) or calcium phosphate (C5) yielded homogeneous samples of C3 and C5 as assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Quantitative radial immunodiffusion and hemolytic assays were used to measure recoveries at each step in the purification scheme. The final recovery yields of C3 were 34% of the initial C3 protein while that for C5 was 46%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of either reduced C5 or reduced C3 resulted in the identification of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 115,000 and 75,000 daltons. Non-reduced C3 and C5 showed migration patterns indicative of different molecular weights (possibly due to the carbohydrate content of C5). The molecular weight of both C3 and C5 was shown to be approximately 200,000 daltons by gel filtration. Trypsinization of pure C5 was shown to produce extremely potent biologically active material as assessed by the ability to cause enzyme release from neutrophils. This procedure allows for the rapid isolation of pure and hemolytically active C3 and C5 from human serum.
A robust technique for process flowsheet optimization using simplified model approximations

Abstract Recently, embedded simplified process models have been shown to be very efficient for process simulation. When compared to the direct use of rigorous models, this approach has the potential to reduce the computational effort of process simulation by up to an order of magnitude or more. Application of this approach to process optimization should therefore lead to similar savings in computational effort as well as substantial improvement of the process. However, current simplified model embedding schemes applied to process optimization cannot, in general, converge to the optimum defined by the more rigorous process models. Consequently, they require an expensive rigorous model optimization starting from the solution of the simplified model optimum to guarantee convergence. In this paper we develop a framework that incorporates simplified models into an optimization algorithm and guarantees convergence to the rigorous model optimum. Here rigorous process models are evaluated only when necessary to insure progress toward the optimal solution. A theoretical justification of the algorithm is presented and several process examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Electrochemical processing of electrically conductive polymer fibers

Abstract : This article reviews recent developments in the synthesis of electrically conductive composite polymer fibers.
Agoraphobia: a test of the separation anxiety hypothesis

Abstract It is commonly accepted that early traumatic separation experiences predispose to the development of agoraphobia in adults. This separation anxiety hypothesis has been incorporated into the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-III, despite the absence of substantial empirical support. In the present study, 14 objective questions pertaining to childhood separation anxiety experiences were answered by 44 agoraphobics and a comparison group of 83 simple phobics. In no instance did the agoraphobics report significantly greater separation trauma in childhood than the simple phobics. This suggests that better evidence is needed before acceptance of the separation anxiety hypothesis of agoraphobia. Psychological explanations regarding the etiology of the disorder may need to be discarded in favor of biological factors which are receiving increasing empirical support.
Field Dependence/Independence in College Nonmusic Majors and Their Ability to Discern Form in Music

To examine the effects of cognitive-style field dependence/field independence on the ability to discern form in music, two tests, the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and an author-designed Musical Form Test (MFT) were given to 119 students enrolled in a college introductory music course. An ANOVA indicated field-independent (FI) subjects scored significantly higher (p < .001) than did field-dependent (FD) subjects on the MFT. Chi-square analyses of responses on the MFT revealed significant differences between FI and FD students for all forms except fugue. FI students were significantly more accurate than FD students in identifying theme and variations, ground bass, minuet and trio, rondo, and sonata-allegro. The authors suggested that students who are more successful at finding embedded figures in a visual context are also more successful at perceiving themes embedded in a complex musical context.To compare the relative contributions of cognitive style, general college aptitude, and previous music expe...
Field nitrogen dynamics: Implications for assessing N availability

Abstract The amount of organic‐N in a given soil is a result of the cumulative influences of factors affecting additions to and losses from the soil. Many of these factors also influence the rate of N mineralization and, thus, the quantity of available N for plants. Regression techniques were used with data gathered while field testing a soil N availability test for corn (Zea mays L.) to evaluate the influence of various factors on N availability and the rate of N mineralization. Both check plot (no N fertilizer) yields and soil test NO3‐N were related to total Kjeldahl N (TKN), drainage class, and manure application. The estimated rate of N mineralization decreased as TKN increased. Answers to a farmer questionnaire that accompanied samples submitted for soil testing also indicated the importance of soil characteristics and fresh organic residue decomposition to N availability. These findings suggest that soil tests based on TKN or parameters correlated with TKN will not successfully predict N availabili...
FORWARD MODELING CAVITY DENSITY: A MULTI-INSTRUMENT DIAGNOSTIC

The thermodynamic properties of coronal prominence cavities present a unique probe into the energy and mass budget of prominences. Using a three-dimensional morphological model, we forward model the polarization brightness and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission of a cavity and its surrounding streamer. Using a genetic algorithm, we find the best-fit density model by comparing the models to Mauna Loa Solar Observatory MK4 and Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer data. The effect of temperature variations on the derived density is also measured. We have measured the density inside a cavity down to 1.05 R ☉ with height-dependent error bars. Our forward modeling technique compensates for optically thin projection effects. This method provides a complementary technique to traditional line ratio diagnostics that is useful for diffuse off-limb coronal structures.
Quenching of acetone triplets by 1,3-dienes in fluid solution

Abstract Rate constants for the quenching of acetone triplets by 1,3-dienes were determined by time-correlated single-photon counting phosphorescence measurements. Five acrylic 1,3-dienes of varying substitution patterns quench with comparable rate constants (kq ≈ (3 - 5) × 109 M−1 s−1). It is found that cis,cis-cyclooctadiene, a molecule the conjunction of which is reduced because of structural constraints that cause twisting, quenches with a significantly lower rate constant (kq ≈ 1 × 109 M−1 s−1). That all of the 1,3-dienes quench at less than the diffusional rate is established by the observation that trans-1,2-dicyanoethylene demonstrates a quenching rate constant of approximately 7 × 109 M−1 s−1.
Real time monitoring of electron processors

Abstract A real time radiation monitor (RTRM ® ) has been developed for monitoring the dose rate (current density) of electron beam processors. The system provides continuous monitoring of processor output, electron beam uniformity, and an independent measure of operating voltage or electron energy. In view of the device's ability to replace labor-intensive dosimetry in verification of machine performance on a real-time basis, its application to providing archival performance data for in-line processing is discussed.
Fiber Bragg grating based sensors with nonlinear strain transduction

The use of nonlinear strain transduction techniques with fiber Bragg grating sensor elements is reported. Configurations for displacement and magnetic field sensing are discussed, and techniques to allow the multiplexing of a number of devices along a single fiber path are described.
Interleukin-18, neutrophils, and ANCA.

Hewins et al. show that IL-18 is expressed in the kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis, and that IL-18 primes neutrophils via p38 MAPK. These findings suggest a role for IL-18, including IL-18-induced T H 1 polarization and IFN-γ production, in the progression of ANCA disease.
Vitamin D Enhances Corneal Epithelial Barrier Function

There are no published clinical or basic science studies examining the presence, metabolism, or physiological role of native vitamin D (Vit D) in the anterior segment of the eye. Given that >50% of the population may be suffering from Vit D insufficiency,1–3 these are critically important topics for investigation. Low circulating Vit D levels could affect the levels of Vit D and its active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), in the vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and cornea. Anterior segment hypovitaminosis D could be particularly important after corneal injury, where Vit D may play a role in cell redifferentiation of the different cell layers during the wound healing process. The classical systemic route for activation of Vit D is initial 25-hydroxylation to 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) in the liver via cytochrome P-450 containing enzymes, followed by renal conversion to the active 1,25(OH)2D by 1α-hydroxylase. 1,25(OH)2D can be subsequently degraded to 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase, which is found in target cells throughout the body and is strongly induced by 1,25(OH)2D.4 More recently, 1α-hydroxylase activity has been found in such diverse tissue as the colon,5 vascular smooth muscle,6 and breast tissue.7 Since the discovery that 1-α-hydroxylase is active in tissues outside of the kidney, it has become clear that Vit D acts as much more than a regulator of intestinal Ca2+ absorption. While the most thoroughly studied actions of Vit D are related to its management of calcium concentration in the plasma, 1,25(OH)2D has been found to induce keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation in the skin.8 Studies in Vit D receptor (VDR) knockout mice determined that VDR is essential for normal keratinocyte stem cell function.9 Vit D has also been found to affect extracellular matrix turnover and regulate growth factor release, in part through regulation of metalloproteinases.10 In addition, the VDR signaling partner, retinoid X receptor (RXR), has been shown to play a significant role in the differentiation and maintenance of epithelial cells, as well as in the mediation of tight junction proteins and barrier function.11,12 This barrier function mediation may be the result of the role Vit D plays in cell differentiation. Here we show that both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 are present in the eye, as are the VDR and 1α-hydroxylase, and we demonstrate that 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 can both enhance the barrier function of corneal epithelial cells.
Operation of the Jefferson Lab FEL: optics lessons learned

The IR Demo FEL User Facility at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) provided users with a unique source of laser radiation from 1999 to 2001. Utilizing superconducting RF linacs with electron recirculation and energy recovery, the machine lased with up to 2100 W of average power output at 3.1 microns with very high beam quality. It was capable of output wavelengths in the 1 to 6 micron range and produced ~0.7 ps (and shorter) pulses in a continuous train at ~75 MHz. This subjected the cavity optics to a unique combination of high average and peak irradiances. In addition, cavity optics were subjected to high energy X-rays in a high vacuum environment. In this talk I will summarize how the optics (cavity and transport) survived these conditions. Upgrades that are underway will extend operation beyond 10 kW average power in the near IR and kilowatt levels of power at wavelengths from 0.3 to 14 microns. Drawing from our experience and from research presented at these symposia, I will present the design of these new lasers.
Corneal collagenolytic activity in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Concentrated polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal preparations were isolated from rabbits and injected into normal rabbit corneas to study their collagenolytic activity. Subsequent electron microscopic evaluation, 9 days following injection, demonstrated grossly fragmented fibrils similar to those observed after bacterial collagenase injections. Heat inactivation of the lysed PMNL preparations prior to injection was associated with a loss of collagenolytic activity, and no degradation of collagen by such preparations was observed at the electron microscope level. The results show that native corneal collagen can be degraded in vivo by the enzymes of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise on metabolic intermediates in nonobese men and women.

Greater improvement in insulin sensitivity with weight loss during calorie restriction and exercise interventions may be related to improved coupling of β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux.
Cellulosic Biofuels—Got Gasoline?

Most people think of ethanol as the only liquid biofuel, and that the major advances in biofuels will revolve around enzymatic conversion of cellulosic or woody biomass (including nonfood stems and stalks of corn stover or switch-grass, and wood chips) into simple fermentable sugars ( 1 ). However, in just a few years the commercial scale production of liquid hydrocarbons from biomass will be possible. Hydrocarbons can be made (see the figure) from the sugars of woody biomass through microbial fermentation or liquid-phase catalysis, or directly from woody biomass through pyrolysis or gasification ( 2 ). Finally, lipids from nonfood crops as well as algae ( 3 ) can be converted to hydrocarbons. The resulting hydrocarbon biofuels will be drop-in replacements for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel; will give much higher gas mileage than ethanol; and will work in existing engines and distribution networks.
Sidewalk cross-slope requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Literature review

It is the long-term intent of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that publicly available services along a public street be accessible to people with disabilities via a continuous, unobstructed pedestrian circulation network. When altered, almost all streets, with the exception of rural roads and highways, will be required to provide an accessible side-walk wherever feasible. Existing research and science related to side-walk cross-slope requirements are described in detail. The history and spirit of the ADA are summarized, relevant court decisions are discussed, and key ADA cross-slope-related requirements are identified (along with applicable caveats). Current practices rely on a combination of strict, but limited, physical solutions and some programmatic solutions, about which there is much uncertainty as to how and when they should be applied. Very little existing work considers the effort and other access differences that result from changes in cross slope. Thus, additional research is needed t...
PSYCHOMETRIC AND RELATED DEFICITS IN PREVENTIVE ALCOHOL INTERVENTION PROGRAMMING

The 1991 study by Collins and Cellucci ignores some important research principles needed for sound educational inquiry. Psychometric properties of evaluation instruments cannot be omitted from even field tests of small scale. Selected other omissions need review since other researchers may replicate such errors.
Evolution and Prospects for Intracranial Pharmacotherapy for Refractory Epilepsies: The Subdural Hybrid Neuroprosthesis

Intracranial pharmacotherapy is a novel strategy to treat drug refractory, localization-related epilepsies not amenable to resective surgery. The common feature of the method is the use of some type of antiepileptic drug (AED) delivery device placed inside the cranium to prevent or stop focal seizures. This distinguishes it from other nonconventional methods, such as intrathecal pharmacotherapy, electrical neurostimulation, gene therapy, cell transplantation, and local cooling. AED-delivery systems comprise drug releasing polymers and neuroprosthetic devices that can deliver AEDs into the brain via intraparenchymal, ventricular, or transmeningeal routes. One such device is the subdural Hybrid Neuroprosthesis (HNP), designed to deliver AEDs, such as muscimol, into the subdural/subarachnoid space overlaying neocortical epileptogenic zones, with electrophysiological feedback from the treated tissue. The idea of intracranial pharmacotherapy and HNP treatment for epilepsy originated from multiple sources, including the advent of implanted medical devices, safety data for intracranial electrodes and catheters, evidence for the seizure-controlling efficacy of intracerebral AEDs, and further understanding of the pathophysiology of focal epilepsy. Successful introduction of intracranial pharmacotherapy into clinical practice depends on how the intertwined scientific, engineering, clinical, neurosurgical and regulatory challenges will be met to produce an effective and commercially viable device.
A structural theory of interlocking corporate directorates

Abstract A theory is proposed that explains where interlocking corporate directorates should appear between sectors of an economy, where they should not appear, and the profitability of efficient corporate interlocking. Taking the sector of an economy as the unit of analysis, interlocking directorates are cast as strategically created constraints on those sectors of the economy most “problematic” for obtaining profits in a given industry of firms. The extent to which each sector of the American economy is problematic for obtaining profits in two-digit and four-digit manufacturing industries is estimated from research linking industry profits with the form of the pattern of relations defining the industry as a position in the network of dollar flow transactions given in the 1967 Input-Output Study for the United States. A two-stage process is described for sampling firms representative of large corporations involved in American manufacturing. Measures of alternative strategies for interlocking across sectors are described. Two classes of hypotheses are derived: (1) Firms in an industry should interlock with firms in some other sector in proportion to the extent to which the sector constrains the industry's profits. (2) Controlling for production and market differences, the ability of firms in an industry to obtain unusually high profits reflects their success in creating interlocks with those sectors most problematic for their industry's profits.
Absolute Equation-of-State Data in the 10–40 Mbar (1–4 TPa) Regime

A technique has been developed that allows the measurement of equations of state of low-atomic-number materials in regimes of extremely high pressure. Using this technique we have obtained absolute multimegabar measurements on the principal Hugoniots of low-Z solids, including data on polystyrene up to 40Mbar (60times the previous absolutely measured pressure) and beryllium at pressures up to 15Mbar. The polystyrene data were able to differentiate between existing theoretical models. The beryllium data confirm theoretical Hugoniots of several materials as high as 65Mbar. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Longitudinal Prediction of Marine Combat Effectiveness

(1971). Longitudinal Prediction of Marine Combat Effectiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 45-54.
Anticonvulsant Activity of Some Substituted Ethylene Glycols

Summary1. A series of substituted ethylene glycols has been studied for anticonvulsant activity by both the maximal electroshock seizure and subcutaneous Metrazol seizure tests. 2. Fully substituted ethylene glycols are more potent anticonvulsant agents than mono-, di-, or trisubstituted analogues. 2-p-Chlorophenyl − 3 - methyl-2, 3-butanediol (phenaglycodol) has been selected for clinical trial since it has high potency and long duration of action. It is suggested that the long duration of action may be related to full substitution of the ethylene glycol nucleus which should reduce the probability of oxidative detoxification.
Contraction of dried casein particle surfaces effected by sequential H2O vapor sorption and desorption cycles

Abstract When casein micelles, isolated from milk by high-speed centrifugation, are washed with water and dehydrated by serial transfer through liquids of decreasing polarity before final solvent removal under vacuum, the resulting dry material has a specific surface area 10 times higher than washed micelles dried directly from aqueous systems by lyophilization. Subjecting the dried proteinaceous material to cyclic H 2 O vapor sorption and desorption resulted in contraction and loss in BET surface area as measured by low temperature N 2 adsorption. The observed surface area decrease is proportional to the amount of water sorbed by the casein before removal. The data indicate that the micelles in milk may be subject to shrinkage and loss of porosity during drying by procedures based on direct water vapor transfer.
News Media and Politicization: American Youth 1969-1975

This study analyzes change in news media usage among thirteenand seventeen-year-old students, compares TV, radio, and newspaper attention levels, and considers changes in news topics of interest to teenagers during the Vietnam-Watergate era. The data are from national surveys conducted by the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 1969 and 1975. By 1975, American youth of both age groups watched less TV news, listened to less radio news, and read fewer newspapers than their age counterparts six years earlier. Although news media usage decreased during this period, those who used the news media in 1975 were as likely to recall news topics of interest as media users in 1969. Few students use more than one medium to obtain political news but no single source dominates their attention. Cross-sectional analysis indicates that news media usage is only weakly related to levels of political awareness. Among the three media considered, the linkage is strongest between TV news and information levels.
Energy transfer, stabilization, and dissociation in collisions of helium with highly excited hydroperoxo

The classical trajectory method is applied to the determination of cross sections and rate constants for energy transfer, stabilization, and dissociation in collisions of He with highly excited HO/sub 2/. The resulting rate constants are used to evaluate several models of the termolecular recombination kinetics in He + H + O/sub 2/, such as the weak and strong collision models of stabilization. An ab initio potential energy surface is used for the HO/sub 2/ molecule, and the He + HO/sub 2/ intermolecular potential is approximated as a sum of pairs. Cross sections and rate constants are evaluated for two types of initial HO/sub 2/* ensembles, one which is microcanonical for the HO/sub 2/ vibrations but cold for rotation, and one which is microcanonical for both vibration and rotation. 4 figures, 4 tables.
Women patients' preference for women physicians is a barrier to colon cancer screening

Background The preference of women patients for women physicians has been shown in many specialties. Women patients awaiting a lower endoscopy have been shown to have a preference for women endoscopists. The reasons for this preference and the strength of this preference have not been studied in the primary care setting. Methods A questionnaire was given to female patients who were waiting for primary care appointments at 4 offices. Patients reported sociodemographic characteristics, experiences with colorectal cancer (CRC), barriers to CRC screening, gender preference of their physician, the significance, and reasons for this preference. Results A total of 202 women patients aged 40 to 70 years (mean 53 years) completed the questionnaire. Of these patients, 43% preferred a woman endoscopist, and of these, 87% would be willing to wait >30 days for a woman endoscopist, and 14% would be willing to pay more for one. The most common reason (in 75%) for this gender preference was embarrassment. Univariate analysis revealed that gender of the primary care physician (PCP), younger patient age, current employment, and no previous history of colonoscopy were predictors of preference for a woman endoscopist. Of these variables, only female gender of the PCP (OR 2.84: 95% CI[1.49, 5.40]) and employment (OR 2.4: 95% CI[1.23, 4.67]) were positive predictors for a woman endoscopist preference by multivariable analysis; 5% stated that they would not undergo a colonoscopy unless guaranteed a woman endoscopist. The sole independent factor associated with adherence to screening was PCP recommendation (OR 2.93: 95% CI[1.63, 5.39]). Conclusions Women patients frequently prefer a woman endoscopist, and this preference is reported as being strong enough to delay the procedure and to incur personal expense. It is an absolute barrier to endoscopy according to 5% in this subset of women surveyed. Interventions must be made in the primary care setting to address this issue and to increase the participation of women patients in CRC screening.
Monte Carlo simulations of membrane signal transduction events: Effect of receptor blockers on G-protein activation

Cells have evolved elaborate strategies for sensing, responding to, and interacting with their environment. In many systems, interaction of cell surface receptors with extracellular ligand can activate cellular signal transduction pathways leading to G-protein activation and calcium mobilization. In BC3H1 smooth muscle-like cells, we find that the speed of calcium mobilization as well as the fraction of cells which mobilize calcium following phenylephrine stimulation is dependent upon receptor occupation. To determine whether receptor inactivation affects calcium mobilization, we use the receptor antagonist prazosin to block a fraction of cell surface receptors prior to phenylephrine stimulation. For cases of equal receptor occupation by agonist, cells with inactivated or blocked receptors show diminished calcium mobilization following phenylephrine stimulation as compared to cells without inactivated receptors. Ligand/receptor binding and two-dimensional diffusion of receptors and G-proteins in the cell membrane are studied using a Monte Carlo model. The model is used to determine if receptor inactivation affects G-protein activation and thus the following signaling events for cases of equal equilibrium receptor occupation by agonist. The model predicts that receptor inactivation by antagonist binding results in lower G-protein activation not only by reducing the number of receptors able to bind agonist but also by restricting the movement of agonist among free receptors. The latter process is important to increasing the access of bound receptors to G-proteins.
Are Greebles like faces? Using the neuropsychological exception to test the rule.

Which image geometries count as face-like and which do not? Across multiple experiments [Vision Research 37 (12) (1997) 1673; Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 (4) (1999) 349; Psychological Science 13 (3) (2002) 250], novel objects called Greebles have been used to argue that face-specific effects can be obtained with non-face stimuli under certain situations, in particular with expert observers. However, this claim depends on the argument that these non-face stimuli are not a priori treated by the face processing system. To address this question, CK, a neuropsychological patient well-known for exhibiting severe visual object agnosia and dyslexia but intact face processing, was tested with Greebles. CK performed poorly on Greebles, indicating that his intact face-specific abilities do not extend to include Greebles. These results suggest that insofar as CK is relying on face-specific visual processes, these processes do not a priori treat Greebles as faces.
SHIELDING FOR ADVANCED REACTORS IN THE UNITED STATES.

Abstract A shielding technology emerging in the United States for advanced reactor systems is based on detailed solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation with improved versions of the discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo calculational methods. These improved techniques, together with the availability of larger and faster computers and an increasing body of accurate cross-section data, will reduce shield design uncertainties and thereby alleviate excessive costs associated with over-conservatism. The need for such a refined technology becomes imperative as the designs for Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors and reactors for application in space become more advanced. In current efforts to provide shield design methods required for these reactors, work is being concentrated on adapting the discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo techniques to the unique characteristics of each system and on improving the basic nuclear data for specific materials used in the systems. The validity of the techniques and data, as adapted, is being tested experimentally, with more emphasis on benchmark-type measurements than on mockup-type measurements.
Organic materials with negative and controllable electric permittivity

We show that metal-free materials with negative real parts of the electric permittivity can be realized experimentally and their dielectric functions can be controlled by laser illumination.
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus Associations across Variations in Behavioral Performance

Behavioral responses to a sensory stimulus are often guided by associative memories. These associations remain intact even when other factors determine behavior. The substrates of associative memory should therefore be identifiable by neuronal responses that are independent of behavioral choices. We tested this hypothesis using a paired-associates task in which monkeys learned arbitrary associations between pairs of visual stimuli. We examined the activity of neurons in inferior temporal cortex as the animals prepared to choose a remembered stimulus from a visual display. The activity of some neurons (22%) depended on the monkey's behavioral choice; but for a novel class of neurons (54%), activity reflected the stimulus that the monkey was instructed to choose, regardless of the behavioral response. These neurons appear to represent memorized stimulus associations that are stable across variations in behavioral performance. In addition, many neurons (74%) were modulated by the spatial arrangement of the stimuli in the display.
Strategic choice along the vertical coordination continuum

Abstract Starting from the generalized notion of a vertical coordination continuum introduced by Williamson and others, the article more specifically defines the nature of the continuum, especially the array of hybrid strategies. The continuum as presented includes five distinct groups of strategy–spot markets, specification contracts, relation-based alliances, equity-based alliances, and vertical integration. The article then presents a decision making framework that can be used by firms to determine which place on the continuum makes the most sense for a particular transaction. The framework suggests that five assessments are critical to adopting a specific change in coordination strategy: (1) Is the current strategy too costly?; (2) Would an alternative strategy reduce the cost?; (3) Is an alternative programmable?; (4) Is an alternative implementable?; (5) Is the risk/return tradeoff acceptable? If the answers to all five assessments are “yes,” then a change in strategy would be expected to occur.
Classification of Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy as a Corneal Ectatic Disorder Following Confirmation of Associated Significant Corneal Steepening

Importance The identification of steep corneal curvatures in a significant percentage of patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) confirms this previously reported association and suggests a role for the ZEB1 protein in keratocyte function. Objective To determine whether PPCD is characterized by significant corneal steepening. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study at university-based and private ophthalmology practices of 38 individuals (27 affected and 11 unaffected) from 23 families with PPCD. Exposure Slitlamp examination and corneal topographic imaging were performed for individuals with PPCD and unaffected family members. Saliva or blood samples were obtained from each individual for DNA isolation and ZEB1 sequencing. Corneal ZEB1 expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. Main Outcomes and Measures Percentage of individuals affected with PPCD and controls with an average keratometric value greater than 48.0 diopters (D) in each eye; the mean keratometric value averaged for both eyes of individuals with PPCD and controls; and the correlation of ZEB1 mutation with keratometric value. Results ZEB1 coding region mutations were identified in 7 of the 27 affected individuals. Ten of the 38 individuals (26.3%) had average keratometric values greater than 48.0 D OU: 10 of 27 individuals with PPCD (37.0%; 6 of 7 individuals with ZEB1 mutations [85.7%] and 4 of 20 individuals without ZEB1 mutations [20.0%]) and 0 of 11 unaffected individuals ( P = .04 for unaffected vs affected individuals; P = .004 for individuals with PPCD with vs without ZEB1 mutation). The mean keratometric value of each eye of affected individuals (48.2 D) was significantly greater than that of each eye of unaffected family members (44.1 D) ( P = .03). Affected individuals with ZEB1 mutations demonstrated a mean keratometric value of 53.3 D, which was significantly greater than that of affected individuals without ZEB1 mutations (46.5 D; P = .004). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry demonstrated ZEB1 expression in keratocyte nuclei. Conclusions and Relevance Abnormally steep corneal curvatures are identified in 37% of all individuals with PPCD and 86% of affected individuals with PPCD secondary to ZEB1 mutations. ZEB1 is present in keratocyte nuclei, suggesting a role for ZEB1 in keratocyte function. Therefore, ZEB1 may play a role in both corneal stromal and endothelial development and function, and PPCD should be considered both an endothelial dystrophy and an ectatic disorder.
Reactive Astrocytes in Neural Repair and Protection

Reactive astrocytosis occurs prominently in response to all forms of CNS injury or disease. The functions of reactive astrocytes are not well understood, and both harmful and beneficial activities have been attributed to these cells. The basic process of reactive astrocytosis is conserved in vertebrate evolution, suggesting fitness-enhancing benefits, but scar-forming reactive astrocytes are often regarded as uniformly detrimental to clinical outcome, in particular, when implicated as inhibitors of axon regeneration. Transgenic mouse models are providing new means to study the activities of reactive astrocytes after CNS insults in vivo. Recent studies point toward roles for reactive astrocytes in restricting inflammation and protecting neurons and oligodendrocytes, thereby helping to limit tissue degeneration and preserve function after CNS injury.
PURIFICATION OF GONADOTROPHINS DERIVED FROM URINE AND PITUITARY GLANDS OFHUMAN BEINGS: OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR ELECTROPHORETIC BEHAVIOR AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY1

A method for purifying human urinaiy gonadotrophins which is also applicable to purification of human pituitary gonadotrophins is described. Ninetyfive to ninety-seven percent of the inactive impurities and toxic substances were eliminated without detectable loss of gonadotrophic activity. Bioassay of the purified products in immature hypophysectomized male and female rats indicated the presence of the three gonadotrophic activities. Electrophoretic analysis at pH 8.6 of both the urinary and pituitary preparations revealed three components migrating as anions. Electrophoretic fractionation and bioassay of the fractions on immature hypophysectomized male and female rats failed to demonstrate that each of the three gonadotrophic activities (FSH, ICSH, and Luteotrophin) was associated with a different electrophoretic component, and indicated that all three of them may be associated with the central component. This evidence suggests that the human urinary and pituitary gonadotrophins are similar to each other...
On identifying the true sources of aerodynamic sound

A space-time filtering approach is used to divide an unbounded turbulent flow into its radiating and non-radiating components. The result is used to investigate the possibility of identifying the true sources of the sound generated by this flow.