cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spotlight on a geriatric, long-term care practice

Describe your geriatric clinic/long-term care setting and your day-to-day activities. What is your time commitment to the practice or clinic? We consult approximately 1000 charts per month in a variety of long term care settings (e.g., Skilled Nursing, Assisted Living, MRDD Intermediate Care Facilities) which equates to 1 x FTE or 40 hours per week. A typical day consists of meeting with the Director of Nursing and Licensed Nursing Home Administrator upon arrival to a facility in order to ascertain specific health needs/complications of the community residents. Depending on the situation, this may require directly meeting with the patient and/or family members for medication/disease state consultation. In addition to specific requests from facility leadership, each resident’s chart is reviewed for appropriate supporting diagnoses, medication monitoring (e.g., laboratory, risk assessment scales, vitals, potential side effects, proper administration times/procedures), evaluate for unnecessary meds (e.g., duplication, duration, Beer’s criteria, drug-drug interactions), and a variety of ambulatory care issues (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis, dementia, hyperlipidemia, weight loss concerns) and regulatory compliance (e.g., gradual dosage reduction requests/documentation for psychotropic agents). As a consultant pharmacist to Skilled Nursing Facilities, I am also expected to destroy discontinued narcotic medications with a licensed nurse (usually director of nursing) and oversee proper medication availability and storage parameters are maintained (sometimes involves problem solving between nurse/facility staff and dispensing pharmacy).
The effects of diphenylhydantoin on sodium transport in frog skin

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of dilute concentrations of diphenylhydantoin on the potential difference and short-circuit current of the isolated frog skin was studied. 2. 2. The results indicated that the potential difference and short-circuit current were increased when the drug was put on the outside of the skin and they were decreased when the drug was put on the inside. 3. 3. A qualitative comparison between the amount of 22Na pumped by unshorted control swatches exposed only to Ringer's solution on the outside corroborated the results obtained when diphenylhydantoin bathed the outside of the short-circuited skin. 4. 4. The powerful duality of action exhibited by the drug was discussed in connexion with current models of frog skin ultrastructure.
Safety and effectiveness of a new toric presbyopia-correcting posterior chamber silicone intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Trulign toric intraocular lens (IOL) in adults with cataract. Setting Eight private practices in the United States and 1 in Canada. Design Prospective randomized single-masked multicenter study. Methods A toric IOL (1.25 D, 2.00 D, or 2.75 D, determined by a toric calculator) was implanted in eligible patients with age-related cataract requiring a 16.00 to 27.00 diopter (D) spherical IOL power and with a predicted postoperative astigmatism of 0.83 to 2.50 D. Eyes within the lowest cylinder range (predicted postoperative astigmatism 0.83 to 1.32 D) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio between the 1.25 D toric IOL group and the nontoric accommodating IOL (Crystalens) control group. Results The toric 1.25 D group had a statistically significantly greater percentage reduction in absolute cylinder (P Conclusion The toric IOL was safe and effective in reducing the effects of preoperative corneal astigmatism and provided excellent uncorrected distance and intermediate vision and functional near vision. Financial Disclosures Dr. Pepose is a consultant to Bausch & Lomb and was medical monitor of this study. Drs. Buckhurst, Whitman, Feinerman, Hovanesian, Davies, Labor, and Carter are consultants to Bausch & Lomb. At the time of the study, Drs. Hayashida, and Khodai were employees of Bausch & Lomb. Drs. Colvard and Mittleman have financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A selective history of issues in vowel perception

Abstract Vowels may be studied from articulatory or acoustic points of view. Analysis of the articulation of sustained vowels was well developed by the 17th century, but analysis of the acoustics could not be undertaken until the 19th. Vowels differed in perceived “pitch,” but it was not clear what the “pitch” consisted of. Acoustic research suggested that the different vowels involved the differential reinforcement of the harmonics of the voice by altering the resonances of the vocal cavities. Sustained vowel production was achieved by static positions of the articulators and resulted in specific acoustic resonances. The notion of “articulatory targets” and correlated “acoustic targets” became central to theories of vowel production and perception. However, because the acoustic values of vowels were seen to vary as a function of individual talkers, rate of speech, and phonetic context of the vowel, a great burden was put on “normalization” processes required of the listener. These problems and some anomalous facts encouraged the search for new ways to characterize the information that specifies vowels. The papers that follow represent some aspects of new approaches to vowel perception which have appeared in the last decade.
Comparative study of selected reagents for carboxyl activation

Abstract Twelve selected carboxyl activating reagents have been tested in the β-carbon homologation of D-serine. FDPP and BOP-Cl were the most successful reagents.
Gauge invariance in quantum hadrodynamics

This paper describes the derivation of a new representation of an SU(2){sub L}{times}SU(2){sub R} locally invariant model of the strong interactions called quantum hadrodynamics 3 (QHD-III). QHD-III is a gauge-invariant theory based on the linear {sigma} model, the gauge bosons being the {bold {rho}} and the {bold {ital a}}{sub 1}. The new representation considerably simplifies the Lagrangian. To derive the new representation, the gauge invariance of the model is exploited. The role of the gauge boson masses in gauge-invariant models of the strong interactions based on the {sigma} model is also discussed, and it is shown that these masses are necessary if the pion is to survive as a physical field. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Comparison of methods for adaptive sampling of cardiac electrograms and electrocardiograms.

Digital sampling of cardiac electrograms and electrocardiograms is usually performed by sampling at uniform intervals with rates high enough to record the fastest signal components. Numerous redundant samples are recorded during slower deflections and baseline intervals, particularly for direct cardiac measurements that include fast Purkinje deflections. In this report, five adaptive sampling methods (voltage triggered, two-point projection, second differences, the fan and CORTES) are compared with uniform sampling for cardiac waveforms. For the electrogram, the results indicated that adaptive sampling based on the fan method might be used effectively to limit average data rates to moderate values during original data acquisition
Density of electronic energy levels in disordered systems

We extend work of Friedberg and Luttinger on the density of low-lying electronic levels of a disordered system. Previously, we considered only uncorrelated scattering centers and now we consider correlations between them. The Lifshitz term and the first correction to it are obtained. When the scatterers may be described as a fluid in equilibrium, the final result can be expressed purely thermodynamically.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression in inflammatory breast cancer as measured by immunohistochemical staining.

Abstract Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare but aggressive type of breast carcinoma. Despite multimodality approaches, the clinical outcome of patients with IBC remains poor. Tumors arising from cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and poor prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a putative stem cell marker, in IBC tumors. Materials and Methods Tissue microarrays of 74 surgically resected IBC tumors were immunohistochemically stained for ALDH1. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and survival data and were compared with findings published in the literature. Results The median follow-up time of the cohort was 42.1 months, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 46%. Twenty-four tumors (32%) were positive for ALDH1 staining. However, ALDH1 expression was not significantly associated with clinicopathologic variables, including lymph node status, tumor grade, and the status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Log-rank testing found that ALDH1 expression was not significantly associated with the OS rate, although there was a trend toward an association with lower OS rate (P = .07). The findings were consistent with some of the published data, but substantial inconsistency among reports was noted. Conclusion In this IBC cohort, no significant correlation between ALDH1 expression and prognosis or other clinicopathologic variables was found. Although sample size and selection criteria may be contributory factors, inconsistent results reported in the literature raise concern regarding the reliability of immunohistochemically identified ALDH1 as a sole marker of breast CSCs. Further study is required to elucidate the significance of CSCs in IBC biology.
KINEMATIC TREATMENT OF CORONAL MASS EJECTION EVOLUTION IN THE SOLAR WIND

We present a kinematic study of the evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the solar wind. Specifically, we consider the effects of (1) spherical expansion and (2) uniform expansion due to pressure gradients between the interplanetary CME (ICME) and the ambient solar wind. We compare these results with an MHD model that allows us to isolate these effects h m the combined kinematic and dynamical effects, which are included in MHD models. They also provide compelling evidence that the fundamental cross section of so-called "force-free" flux ropes (or magnetic clouds) is neither circular or elliptical, but rather a convex-outward, "pancake" shape. We apply a force-free fit to the magnetic vectors from the MHD simulation to assess how the distortion of the flux rope affects the fit. In spite of these limitations, force-free fits, which are straightforward to apply, do provide an important description of a number of parameters, including the radial dimension, orientation, and chirality of the ICME. Subject headings: MHD - solar wind - Sun: activity - Sun: corona - Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) - On-line material color figures Sun: magnetic fields
Studies of therapy of staphylococcal infections in monkeys. II. Comparison of cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and leucomycin.

ConclusionsDaily intragastric administration of 50 mg/kg of cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and leucomycin beginning 16 hours postintravenous challenge with a penicillinresistant, phage type 80/81 staphylococcus was followed by comparable results in most parameters measured. Only in duration of obvious clinical illness were differences noted in that leucomycin-treated monkeys did not appear well until 19-45 (mean 35) days after institution of therapy as compared to 9-27 (mean 16.6) and 7-24 (mean 14.1) days, respectively, in those treated with cloxacillin and dicloxacillin, respectively.
Photoacoustic Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging with Self-Assembled Copper Neodecanoate Nanoparticles

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is emerging as a novel, hybrid, and non-ionizing imaging modality because of its satisfactory spatial resolution and high soft tissue contrast. PAT combines the advantages of both optical and ultrasonic imaging methods. It opens up the possibilities for noninvasive staging of breast cancer and may replace sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in clinic in the near future. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that copper can be used as a contrast metal for near-infrared detection of SLN using PAT. A unique strategy is adopted to encapsulate multiple copies of Cu as organically soluble small molecule complexes within a phospholipid-entrapped nanoparticle. The nanoparticles assumed a size of 80–90 nm, which is the optimum hydrodynamic diameter for its distribution throughout the lymphatic systems. These particles provided at least 6-fold higher signal sensitivity in comparison to blood, which is a natural absorber of light. We also demonstrated that high SLN detection sen...
The Logic of Scientific Inquiry

Is methodological theory a priori or a posteriori knowledge? It is perhaps a posteriori improvable, somehow. For example, Duhem discovered that since scientists disagree on methods, they do not always know what they are doing.
The study of Phase Separation in Amorphous Freeze-Dried Systems, Part 2: Investigation of Raman Mapping as a Tool for Studying Amorphous Phase Separation in Freeze-Dried Protein Formulations

Phase separation in amorphous freeze-dried proteins systems is speculated to occur, but limitations in methods of detection have hindered progress in identifying and studying this phenomenon. We present here preliminary results obtained on model two-component protein-stabilizer systems that illustrate the potential of a novel confocal Raman mapping technique in detecting phase separation in protein-containing formulations. The Raman technique detected the presence of phase separation in Ficoll/bovine serum albumin (BSA) samples at ratios of 1:2 to 2:1 and in trehalose/lysozyme samples at weight ratios of 1:1 and 3:1. A model physical mixture of Ficoll and BSA was used as a positive control to illustrate extreme phase separation. The results suggest that Raman mapping of freeze-dried protein systems offers a means of identifying phase separation in susceptible formulations. Contrary to the use of differential scanning calorimetry, Raman does not rely upon a change in heat capacity. This is a strong advantage over calorimetry, which is not capable of detecting phase separation in systems that result in at least one protein-rich phase because of the weak change in heat capacity and the broad temperature range associated with the glass transition temperature in these systems.
Fourth Ventricular Ependymoma in a Child with Duane Retraction Syndrome

A child with unilateral Duane retraction syndrome developed signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure at 3 1/2 years of age. Neuroimaging disclosed a fourth ventricular ependymoma compressing but not invading the floor of the fourth ventricle. The coexistence of Duane syndrome and fourth ventricular ependymoma in a young child raises the possibility that both conditions could have resulted from a mutational event or focus of cellular disorganization (i.e. field defect) localized to the dorsal pons.
Salvage therapy in ovarian cancer : is there a role for intraperitoneal drug delivery ?

Abstract Phase 2 trials employing several antineoplastic agents have demonstrated that surgically documented responses, including complete responses, can result when patients with ovarian cancer are treated by the intraperitoneal route in the salvage setting following initial systemic chemotherapy. Activity is essentially limited to patients with very small-volume residual disease (microscopic cancer or largest visible tumor masses ⩽0.5 cm in maximum diameter) when the salvage regional therapy program is initiated. In the absence of a randomized phase 3 trial, the ultimate impact of these surgically documented responses on survival is difficult to evaluate, although long-term disease-free survival (>4 years) has been demonstrated following intraperitoneal therapy in this clinical setting.
Minor depression: midway between major depression and euthymia.

Lyness and colleagues' study in this issue indicates the potential clinical importance of subsyndromal or mild depression. How can we help patients who seek relief from symptoms of these disorders?...
PCB volatile loss and the moisture content of sediment during drying

Abstract PCB volatile loss shows a positive correlation with sediment moisture content during drying. Small amounts (0.25 g) of St. Lawrence River sediment were allowed to dry for periods of 24 hours under ambient conditions and lost up to 4μg of PCBs by volatilization. Submerged sediment lost the greatest amount of PCBs (26.9%), while dry sediment lost 0.3% of total PCB concentration. Four, entirely orthochlorinated congeners (2; 2 2 ; 2 6 ; 26 2 ), produced by anaeorbic degradation, account for 54–76% of the PCB total volatilized in each experiment with added moisture. With the complete evaporation of water or depletion of lower orthochlorinated congeners, the rate of volatile loss slows substantially. These results have numerous implications for the analysis, potential exposure pathways, and global fate and transport processes of persistent organic pollutants.
A classification of inverse limit spaces of tent maps with periodic critical points

We work within the one-parameter family of symmetric tent maps, where the slope is the parameter. Given two such tent maps fa, fb with periodic critical points, we show that the inverse limit spaces (Ia;fa) and (Ib;gb) are not homeomorphic when a 6 b. To obtain our result, we dene topological substructures of a composant, called \wrapping points" and \gaps", and identify properties of these substructures preserved under a homeomorphism.
NiN2S2 complexes as metallodithiolate ligands to RhI, RhII and RhIII

Three molecular structures are reported which utilize the NiN2S2 ligands Ni-1, (bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacyclooctane)nickel and Ni-1′, bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacycloheptane)nickel, as metallodithiolate ligands to rhodium in oxidation states I, II and III. For the RhI complex, the NiN2S2 unit behaves as a bidentate ligand to a square planar RhI(CO)(PPh3)+ moiety with a hinge or dihedral angle (defined as the intersection of NiN2S2 and S2Rh(C)(P) planes) of 115°. Supported by Ni-1′ ligands, the RhII oxidation state occurs in a dirhodium C4 paddlewheel complex wherein four NiN2S2 units serve as bidentate bridging ligands to two singly-bonded RhII ions at 2.893(8) A apart. A compilation of the remarkable range of M–M distances in paddlewheel complexes which use NiN2S2 complexes as paddles is presented. The RhIII state is found as a tetrametallic [Rh(Ni-1′)3]3+ cluster, roughly shaped like a boat propeller and structurally similar to tris(bipyridine)metal complexes.
Spatial organization and plasticity of the primary and secondary olfactory projections in goldfish.

Abstract Crystals of the lipophilic tracer DiI were applied to discrete regions of the olfactory epithelium of goldfish to trace the primary sensory projection to the olfactory bulb. Receptors from the anterior half of the sensory sheet project primarily to glomeruli in the medial half of the bulb and receptors in the posterior half terminate mainly within the lateral half of the bulb. This pattern disappeared following ablation of selected, discrete epithelial regions. In order to investigate reorganization of secondary olfactory projections, unoperated control and unilaterally bulbectomized animals received injections of [3Hproline into the right olfactory bulb. Densities of silver grains per unit area were determined within six different forebrain nuclei in both the right and left hemispheres of each animal. Of the six areas examined, three demonstrated a significantly greater density of afferent innervation from the ipsilateral versus contralateral bulb; a difference which disappeared in two of these three regions after bulbectomy. Thus, for at least two forebrain nuclei, bulb removal caused a change in the afferent input from the spared olfactory bulb to those regions. We conclude that both primary and secondary olfactory projections in goldfish are capable of some degree of reorganization following insult.
OER as online edutainment resources: a critical look at open content, branded content, and how both affect the OER movement

Despite a rise in awareness and production of open education resources (OER) over the past decade, mainstream media outlets continue to define open in economic terms of consumer cost and not in theoretical terms of remix or appropriation. This period in the open access debate has coincided with a proliferation of free-of-charge video content available on the internet, branded with institutional affiliation and labeled as educational or edutainment resources. Videos from organizations such as TED, Curiosity.com and Upworthy have gained scholastic use and are being labeled as OER, despite a missive from their organizations to limit consumer use of the videos to viewing and sharing. Viewed instrumentally, the lack of remix utility for this edutainment creates only a slight distinction between their product and OER-as-defined. However, when viewed from a critical theory lens, the content-as-brand video edutainment phenomenon is strikingly different from the OER movement, and the lack of mainstream clarity on ...
Reduced Nuclear Factor kappa B activation in dentate gyrus after active avoidance training

Abstract Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor associated with neuroplasticity and neuronal survival during injury. Although NF-κB has been proven to be involved in various processes of repair, there is also evidence that NF-κB is associated with learning and memory formation. Our laboratory has previously observed that mice lacking the NF-κB p50 subunit are not proficient in learning tasks associated with active avoidance training, an effective learning paradigm. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in NF-κB levels after active avoidance training using kappaB-dependent lacZ transgenic mice. Levels of NF-κB activity were detected immunohistochemically after active avoidance training in brain regions associated with learning and memory. NF-κB activity in trained mice was significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus, but no significant changes were found in other brain regions of trained mice compared to untrained mice. The number of p50-containing neurons was counted in the dentate gyrus and a significant increase was discovered in the trained mice relative to untrained mice. The decrease of NF-κB-containing neurons in the dentate gyrus coincides with elevated levels of activated p50 neurons and may be caused by the ability of p50 homodimers to inhibit NF-κB transactivation. These results indicate that increased p50 expression down-regulates NF-κB activity in the dentate gyrus after exposure to unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, a reduction of NF-κB activation and its target genes appears to be a necessary event for early stages of learning and memory consolidation associated with active avoidance training.
Probing enantioselective chemisorption in ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract A chiral overlayer was deposited on Pd(1 1 1) in ultrahigh vacuum by the adsorption of either R - of S -2-butanol. Enantioselective chemisorption onto this surface was explored by adsorption of a chiral probe, propylene oxide. It was found that the coverage of R -propylene oxide adsorbing on an R -2-butoxide-covered surface, ratioed to that on one covered by S -2-butoxide, reached a maximum value of ∼2 at a relative 2-butoxide coverage of ∼25% of saturation, and decreases to unity at a coverage of ∼50% of saturation. This implies that the enantioselectivity depends critically on coverage and arises due to chiral “pockets” formed on the surface.
Distribution of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds between Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter in Green Bay Waters

Abstract Water samples freshly collected from southern Green Bay were innoculated with radiolabelled hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) and, after equilibration, separated into particle bound, dissolved organic matter (DOM) bound and freely dissolved phases. Ambient suspended matter (2.7–28ppm) and dissolved organic carbon (5.2–11.5 ppm) were high in concentration relative to the open Great Lakes, but HOC distribution coefficients were not significantly different between Green Bay and previously measured open Great Lakes values. HOC in the particle phase ranged from 3 % for 4-MCB to 53 % for BaP and DDT. HOC associated with DOM was generally higher than for open lake samples, and ranged from 2% for 2,2′,5,5′-TCB to 26.5% for 4-MCB.
The replication and transcription activator (RTA) of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is γ-2 herpesvirus with latency and lytic replication stages in its life-cycle. The viral replication and transcription activator (RTA) is the key protein for triggering KSHV lytic gene expression and replication from latency. In this review, we will discuss the gene expression program in KSHV lytic replication and latency, the regulation of the RTA expression, the RTA protein and the mechanisms that RTA utilizes to transactivate its target genes. We will focus on the RTA-mediated transactivation mechanisms, including DNA-binding, interacting with cellular co-factors and promoting repressor degradation.
Quisqualate activates a rapidly inactivating high conductance ionic channel in hippocampal neurons

Glutamate activates a number of different receptor-channel complexes, each of which may contribute to generation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the mammalian central nervous system. The rapid application of the selective glutamate agonist, quisqualate, activates a large rapidly inactivating current (3 to 8 milliseconds), which is mediated by a neuronal ionic channel with high unitary conductance (35 picosiemens). The current through this channel shows pharmacologic characteristics similar to those observed for the fast excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC); it reverses near 0 millivolts and shows no significant voltage dependence. The amplitude of the current through this channel is many times larger than that through the other non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) channels. These results suggest that this high-conductance quisqualate-activated channel may mediate the fast EPSC in the mammalian central nervous system.
EHMTI-0029. Medicated headache mask.

Aims This study was performed to determine the efficacy of an anticephalgic photoprotective mask in conjunction with a topical medication containing bryonia and rhus toxicodendron in the treatment of migraine and/or tension headache. Methods Thirty-three patients were given masks and tubes of topical medication containing the bryonia and rhus toxicodendron. They were instructed to apply the medication to their frontalis and/or temporalis regions in the event they should suffer a headache and apply a photoprotective mask. Furthermore, they were instructed to take their usual oral or parenteral medications if required for the relief of the headache. They subsequently filled out forms rating the degree of relief which they attributed to the topical medication and the mask using a 0-10 scale. At the interview following the completion of their participation in the study, the patients were also simply asked if this form of treatment helped or not. Results Thirty out of 33 patients stated the medication and the mask were effective over and above the normal degree of relief they were receiving from their oral and/or parenteral medications. This study demonstrated a significant efficacy rate (91%) in the treatment of migraine and/or tension headache with the anticephalgic mask in conjunction with a topical cream containing bryonia and rhus toxicodendron. Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant efficacy rate in the treatment of migraine and/or tension headache with the anticephalgic mask in conjunction with a topical cream containing bryonia and rhus toxicodendron. No conflict of interest.
8,12-secoprostaglandins. 10-aza and 8-oxa analogs.

Abstract The synthesis of the 8,12-secoprostaglandin E1 analogs 6 and 12 is reported.
A 256×256 CMOS Microelectrode Array for Extracellular Neural Stimulation of Acute Brain Slices

Extracellular stimulation of neurons is an important tool in investigating the function of the nervous system. Optical techniques, based on voltage- and calcium-sensitive dyes or photouncaging, along with multi-photon fluorescent microscopy have proven very successful in imaging activity in slices and in vivo. However, studies have been limited by the ability to stimulate different regions of tissue with enough spatial resolution and throughput. Traditional stimulation is accomplished with passive multielectrode arrays (MEAs) or bipolar electrodes. In both cases, a relatively small number of stimulation sites with coarse spatial resolution are possible. While there has been recent work on the development of CMOS chips for extracellular recordings of cultured neurons or slices on planar electrodes, the focus of this work is on stimulation and achieving stable electrical interfaces between acute slices and a high-density active CMOS MEA. As brain slices preserve many synaptic connections, they are ideal preparations to study neuronal microcircuits in vitro. Active stimulation technologies should enable detailed "reverse engineering" of neural circuitry.
Time reversal operations, representations of the Lorentz group, and the direction of time

Abstract A theory is usually said to be time reversible if whenever a sequence of states S1(t1), S2(t2), S3(t3) is possible according to that theory, then the reverse sequence of time reversed states S3T(t1), S2T(t2), S1T(t3) is also possible according to that theory; i.e., one normally not only inverts the sequence of states, but also operates on the states with a time reversal operator T. David Albert and Paul Horwich have suggested that one should not allow such time reversal operations T on states. I will argue that time reversal operations on fundamental states should be allowed. I will furthermore argue that the form that time reversal operations take is determined by the type of fundamental geometric quantities that occur in nature and that we have good reason to believe that the fundamental geometric quantities that occur in nature correspond to irreducible representations of the Lorentz transformations. Finally, I will argue that we have good reason to believe that space-time has a temporal orientation.
Callosal lesions and behavior: history and modern concepts.

Abstract Callosotomy has played a unique role in the treatment of epilepsy and in the understanding of human brain function. The pioneering work of Dejerine and Liepmann presenting the first findings of callosal lesion pathology at the turn of the 20th century was accepted but then quickly forgotten. Two schools resurrected the phoenix of callosal syndromes: Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga leading in experimental neuroscience, and Norman Geschwind leading in clinical neurology. Callosotomy remains an effective technique to treat atonic, tonic, and tonic–clonic seizures, especially in patients with symptomatic generalized epilepsies such as Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral complications limit its use given that precise characterization of these complications as well as their frequency is difficult. The high frequencies of developmental delays, severe seizures, head injuries, antiepileptic drug burden, and other factors limit the ability to attribute a specific change to surgical intervention, since surgery can change multiple factors. For example, subtle behavioral changes in executive function and personality are difficult to delineate in a population with preexisting neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Despite this, a clearer picture of the effects of callosotomy, as defined by clinical neurology and neuropsychology as well as cognitive neuroscience, is emerging.
The Role of Sexual Assault and Sexual Dysfunction in Alcohol/Other Drug Use Disorders

Many women with sexual assault histories receive care in alcohol/other drug (AOD) treatment programs. Affected women frequently suffer from sexual dysfunction, leading investigators to suggest self-medication may be one path to AOD use disorders and relapse. This preliminary study examined sexual dysfunction and sexual assault in 71 women receiving treatment for addiction. Women with prior sexual assault scored higher than nonassaulted women on sexual dysfunction overall, a discrepancy accounted for by higher scores among assaulted women on sexual inhibition subscales. Sexual inhibition and sexual assault each predicted the use of alcohol or other drugs to increase sexual desire. These preliminary findings suggest sexually abused women may follow a different course into AOD-related problems than nonabused women, possibly including self-medication to relieve sexual inhibition.
Sociocultural Roots of Ethnic Identity A Look at Black America

Many Black Americans seek the mythical American dream, fully aware that others continue to be trapped in an American nightmare. The range of the "Black Experience seems limited only by chance and the ebb and flow of historical circumstances. Undoubtedly variation exists in what it means to be Black and American, yet one is able to reasonably characterize the demographics of this alternative domestic culture. Within this shifting cultural context, Black Americans have found their identity in continual transition (Wildeson, 1985). Ethnic identity consists of the sum total of identifications people have with their ethnic group (Tajfel, 1978; Turner, 1982). As individuals orient themselves toward society, their ethnic identity is derived from memberships in ethnic groups and serves as a salient aspect of the self-concept. Tajfel (1978) and Bourhis and Giles (1977) hypothesize that such identities play a major role in communication. Berger and Luckman (1966) believe that as identities evolve and emerge out of social interaction, identity types begin to take shape and define social existence. Thus different identities emerge out of different construals of social reality. Such thinking closely parallels much that has been said of Black ethnic identity. Analyzing movement studies of Black identity and Black literature, Wildeson (1985) concludes that Blacks, in recent times, have continually struggled to establish an identity. Further,
Pion electromagnetic form factor at finite temperature

Temperature effects on the electromagnetic couplings of pions in hot hadronic matter are studied with an effective chiral Lagrangian. We show that the Ward-Takahashi identity is satisfied at nonzero temperature in the soft pion limit. The in-medium electromagnetic form factor of the pion is obtained in the timelike region and shown to be reduced in magnitude, especially near the vector-meson resonance region. Finally, we discuss the consequences of this medium effect on dilepton production from hot hadronic matter. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
ERCP in the era of laparoscopic biliary surgery. Experience with 407 patients.

Background: The combined endoscopic and laparoscopic treatment of biliary stones is now highly debated, especially as regards possible complications compared to one-step laparoscopic treatment.
Long-term faunal stasis without evolutionary coordination: Jurassic benthic marine paleocommunities, Western Interior, United States

Although intervals of faunal stasis have been identified in the Paleozoic and Cenozoic, here we report the first quantitative documentation of long-term faunal stasis in the Mesozoic, a time of great biological and ecological change. On the basis of an analysis of previously published and newly collected data on Jurassic benthic marine invertebrates from the U.S. Western Interior, we find that significant proportions of bivalve species and associations persisted through major sea-level and environmental changes. In the six Jurassic marine depositional units studied, each spanning 2–6 m.y., 32% to 100% (averaging 56%) of bivalve species were holdovers from the preceding unit, while the proportion of carryover species that persisted into the next unit ranges from 16% to 81% (averaging 46%). Bivalve associations also commonly persisted through depositional units and stratigraphic breaks. The ecological stability documented here does not suggest any coordination of origination or turnover among taxa. We conclude that the pattern of faunal stability is due to stasis within individual species and not to community-level processes. Environmental conditions of the Jurassic Western Interior seaway may have selected for generalist taxa capable of withstanding environmental disturbances and persisting for long intervals of time.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease following liver transplantation

Post-transplant, nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis are increasingly recognized as a complication of liver transplantation, and the progression of the latter through fibrosis to cirrhosis has been clearly shown. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is independently associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular and liver diseases. While optimal therapy is not yet available in the post-liver transplant setting, knowledge gained in the therapy of NASH in the non-transplant setting can be used to design therapeutic interventions. In addition, early recognition with protocol liver biopsies and an effective preventive strategy by modifying known risk factors implicated in the recurrence of NASH would be the most effective way to curtail the progression of NASH before an effective treatment can be found. Additional rigorous research aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis, natural history, and selection of immunosuppressants for NASH is clearly warranted.
Singularities at Grain Triple Junctions in Two-Dimensional Polycrystals With Cubic and Orthotropic Grains

Stress singularities at grain triple junctions are evaluated for various asymmetric grain boundary configurations and random orientations of cubic and orthotropic grains. The analysis is limited to elastic plane-strain deformation and carried out using the Eshelby-Stroh formalism for anisotropic elasticity. For both the cubic and orthotropic grains, the most singular configuration corresponds to the fully symmetric case with grain boundaries 120 deg apart, and with symmetric orientations of the material axes. The magnitude of the singularities are obtained for several engineering polycrystals.
Kinetics of ion-molecule reactions with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide at 298 K: a search for CIMS schemes for mustard gas.

The rate constants and product ion branching ratios have been measured in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) at 298 K for a variety of positive and negative ions reacting with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES), a surrogate for mustard gas (HD). This series of experiments is designed to elucidate ion-molecule reactions that have large rate constants and produce unique product ions to guide the development of chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) detection methods for the chemical weapon agent using the surrogate instead. The negative ions typically used in CIMS instruments are essentially unreactive with 2-CEES, that is, SF 6 - , SF 4 - , CF 3 O - , and CO 3 - . A few negative ions such as NO 2 - and NO 3 - undergo three-body association to give a unique product ion, but the bimolecular rate constants are small in the SIFT. Positive ions typically react at the collisional limit, primarily by charge and proton transfer, some of which is dissociative. For ions with high proton binding energies, association with 2-CEES has also been observed. Many of these reactions produced ions with the 2-CEES intact, including the parent cation, the protonated cation, and clusters. G3(MP2) calculations of the thermochemical properties for 2-CEES and mustard have been performed, along with calculations of the structures for the observed product cations. Reacting a series of protonated neutral molecules with 2-CEES brackets the proton affinity (PA) to between 812 ((CH 3 ) 2 CO) and 854 (NH 3 ) kJ mol -1 . G3(MP2) calculations give a PA for 2-CEES of 823 kJ mol -1 and a PA for mustard of 796 kJ mol -1 , indicating that the present results for 2-CEES should be directly transferable to mustard to design a CIMS detection scheme.
Interolog interfaces in protein-protein docking.

Proteins are essential elements of biological systems, and their function typically relies on their ability to successfully bind to specific partners. Recently, an emphasis of study into protein interactions has been on hot spots, or residues in the binding interface that make a significant contribution to the binding energetics. In this study, we investigate how conservation of hot spots can be used to guide docking prediction. We show that the use of evolutionary data combined with hot spot prediction highlights near-native structures across a range of benchmark examples. Our approach explores various strategies for using hot spots and evolutionary data to score protein complexes, using both absolute and chemical definitions of conservation along with refinements to these strategies that look at windowed conservation and filtering to ensure a minimum number of hot spots in each binding partner. Finally, structure-based models of orthologs were generated for comparison with sequence-based scoring. Using two data sets of 22 and 85 examples, a high rate of top 10 and top 1 predictions are observed, with up to 82% of examples returning a top 10 hit and 35% returning top 1 hit depending on the data set and strategy applied; upon inclusion of the native structure among the decoys, up to 55% of examples yielded a top 1 hit. The 20 common examples between data sets show that more carefully curated interolog data yields better predictions, particularly in achieving top 1 hits. Proteins 2015; 83:1940–1946. © 2015 The Authors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An experimental survey of rust preventives in water II. The screening of organic inhibitors

The methods described in Part I1 were applied to the screening of over 400 possible inhibitors, mainly organic, in non-acid aqueous solutions containing dissolved air, and to supporting polarisation experiments. Inorganic anions tested included sodium azide which inhibits rusting although it forms a soluble complex with ferric ions and does not precipitate ferrous ions. Some heavy metal complexes, such as potassium ferrocyanide and a ferric EDTA complex, were inhibitors. The carboxylate anion favoured inhibition although this tendency is modified by the hydrocarbon residue and substituents. Thus in the series of sodium salts of fatty acids, the inhibitor effectiveness was maximum with a molecule containing 8—10 carbon atoms depending on the type of test. Results for amines indicate that inhibition is due to the neutral amine molecule; only with strong amines could inhibition be due partly or mainly to the hydroxyl ion. This conclusion is supported by the lack of inhibition ability of aliphatic amino-acids of comparatively low molecular weight, since aqueous solutions of these exist mainly as zwitter ions. Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, which is an amide-type derivative of sarcosine with a large hydrocarbon part, has however good inhibiting properties except in presence of halide ions. Most non-basic nitrogen compounds were ineffective, even including many derivatives of hydrazine which itself is used as an inhibitor and oxygen scavenger in boiler feed water. Maleic hydrazide and its derivatives were however exceptionally effective, although only moderately so in presence of halide. The nitro group favoured inhibition ability with water-soluble compounds; the nitroso group favoured inhibition unless, as appeared usual, the molecule complexes iron; and the azo group appeared ineffective. Some but not all organic derivatives of phosphoric acid inhibited the rusting of steel, whilst two phosphinic oxides were ineffective. The sulphonate group resembles sulphate in that it opposes an inhibition tendency. Unlike halide ions, covalent halogen assists inhibition when present in the meta- or para-, but not in the ortho-position to the carboxylate group in benzoate. Polarisation curves showed most inhibitors to polarise anodic dissolution rather than cathodic oxygen reduction.
Are Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Ready for the Mainstream?

For more than a decade, researchers have shown that field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can accelerate a wide variety of software, in some cases by several orders of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art microprocessors. Despite this performance advantage, FPGA accelerators have not yet been accepted by mainstream application designers and instead remain a niche technology used mainly in embedded systems.
A staphylococcal binding method for identification of antigens on murine leukemia virus infected cells.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus was used as a marker for MuLV related antigens on antiserum-treated murine fibroblasts. This staphylococcal binding method is highly specific and more sensitive than immunofluorescence for detection of cell surface antigens.
A FIBER-FED ECHELLE SPECTROGRAPH FOR THE HALE 5-M TELESCOPE

We describe a new fiber-fed echelle spectrograph which is now in operation on the Hale 5-meter telescope at Palomar Observatory. The instrument is optimized for high spectral stability, necessary for asteroseismology measurements of small periodic variations in stellar radial velocities. It features a 7-element all-spherical 610-mm focal length f/3.0 lens system and prism cross-disperser in a compact double-pass quasi-Littrow configuration. Light enters the system at prime focus, and is channeled to the spectrograph by a fiber optic cable. The instrument rests on a fixed-orientation optical bench inside the telescope's East Arm. It can be operated in a low-resolution mode, with resolution R=20,000 and overal efficiency (including atmospheric seeing) e~5 percent at 550 nm, or a high-resolution mode, with R=40,000 and e~1.5 percent at 550 nm; both modes have Rpixel=100,000. With large-format CCD detector (2048X2048 with 27-micron pixels), the entire visible spectrum from 400-1000 nm can be recorded in two exposures, with no gaps. We have also incorporated a novel imaging system to produce a circularly symmetric guide image of the input fiber tip. Using a fiber-optic double scrambler, the instrument produces radial-velocity measurements which are stable at the ~1 m/sec level over short (<~ 30 minute) time periods.
On Global Initialization of the Primitive Equations: Part II. The Divergent Component of the Horizontal Wind

Abstract The problem of obtaining initial values for vertical motion and the divergent component of horizontal velocity is examined for a global primitive equation model. Only diagnostic methods are considered, the emphasis being on uniform application over the globe rather than a high degree of accuracy. Results show that a very simple diagnostic equation similar in form to the omega equation provides for realistic values of vertical motion in high and middle latitudes and smooth variations across tropical latitudes. In terms of prediction accuracy, no improvement is noted by using the computed initial vertical motions instead of zero for the initial vertical motions in a six-layer, 5° mesh model. In both cases unrealistic oscillations occur during the first 12 hr.