cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propylene Polymerization with Unbridged Metallocenes: Ligand Effects on the Selectivity for Elastomeric Polypropylene

Bis(2-arylindenyl)zirconium dichlorides activated by methylaluminoxane produce elastomeric polypropylene with a stereoblock microstructure. In an effort to experimentally explore the importance of the 2-arylindene ligand in producing these materials, a series of catalysts was investigated that differed significantly from the parent ligand architecture. In particular, we sought to examine the influence of ligand aryl stacking on the polymerization behavior of these metallocenes. We discovered that the bis(2-arylindenyl) framework is important for the production of elastomeric polypropylene by this type of unbridged complex. Small changes in the fundamental catalyst structure upset the delicate balance between ligand rotation and monomer insertion resulting in the production of amorphous polymers.
Operation and maintenance in Asian irrigation: Reappraising government and farmer responsibilities and rights

A major policy concern in irrigation development is reducing government costs of both construction and operation and maintenance. There is increasing interest in shifting some of these costs to the farmers using the irrigation facilities. This paper discusses the opportunities for reducing certain direct costs to government by collaborative arrangements with water users so that the latter mobilize more of their own resources to implement specified O&M activities. Five propositions are discussed which suggest the prerequisites for successful collaboration: (1) reexamining the processes of design and construction now being used, (2) reorienting the policies and procedures of the irrigation agency, (3) increasing farmer involvement in operations, (4) increasing local organizational capacity, and (5) creating new financial procedures.
FTIR separation of nylon‐6 chain conformations: Clarification of the mesomorphous and γ‐crystalline phases

Specific infrared absorptions for each form of Nylon-6 have been indentified. Quenched films were prepared by melt casting and converted in turn to the α-crystalline and γ-crystalline structures. The films were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with the attenuated total reflection configuration and by X-ray diffractometry. The FTIR spectrum of the pure mesomorphous component of the quenched film was calculated by subtracting away the contribution of α-crystalline peaks present due to incomplete quenching. A curve-fitting procedure was applied to the pure mesomorphous and gamma crystalline spectra. Several peaks in the mesomorphous spectrum are observed to develop a shoulder upon conversion to the γ-crystalline form. This is due to the extra gauche character imparted to the CN bond between the methylene unit and the amide group. These and other band assignments were confirmed by analysis of model compounds.
Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study, Advancing Human Rights

Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study, Advancing Human Rights. By Todd Landman. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005. 218p. 29.95 paper.Political scientists have finally begun to take international law seriously. Todd Landman's new book is an admirable example of this new trend. Situated at the intersection of international relations and comparative politics, it is a sustained study of the role of democratization, development, international socialization and international law on governments' human rights practices since the mid-1980s. It is a global quantitative study that comes to some very different conclusions from the existing literature in this genre. In contrast to the pathbreaking work of Cona Hathaway (“Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?” Yale Law Journal 111 [8, 2002]: 101–99) and Linda Camp Keith (“The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make a Difference in Human Rights Behavior?” Journal of Peace Research 36 [no. 1, 1999]: 95–118), the key finding in Landman's study is that international treaty law has contributed to improvements in human rights behavior. How does he come to this unorthodox conclusion, and what does this mean for our understanding of international law and democratic development?
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN VISUAL CORTEX INCREASES IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR NGF, NGF RECEPTORS, AND CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN BASAL FOREBRAIN WITHOUT AFFECTING OCULAR DOMINANCE PLASTICITY OR COLUMN DEVELOPMENT

Intracerebroventricular or intracortical administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to block or attenuate visual cortical plasticity in the rat. In cats and ferrets, the effects of exogenous NGF on development and plasticity of visual cortex have been reported to be small or nonexistent. To determine whether locally delivered NGF affects ocular dominance column formation or the plasticity produced by monocular deprivation in cats at the height of the critical period, we infused recombinant human NGF into the primary visual cortex of kittens using an implanted cannula minipump. NGF had no effect on the normal developmental segregation of geniculocortical afferents into ocular dominance columns as determined both physiologically and anatomically. The plasticity of binocular visual cortical responses induced by monocular deprivation was also normal in regions of immunohistochemically detectable NGF infusion, as measured using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit electrophysiology. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basal forebrain regions of the same animals demonstrated that the NGF infused into cortex was biologically active, producing an increase in the number of NGF-, TrkA-, p75NTR-, and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in basal forebrain nuclei in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the NGF minipump compared to the contralateral basal forebrain neurons. We conclude that NGF delivered locally to axon terminals of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons resulted in increases in protein expression at the cell body through retrograde signaling.
Comparison of the venom immunogenicity of various species of yellow jackets (genus Vespula)

Venoms from various yellow jacket species were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TDTLC), double-diffusion gel precipitation (DDGP) using rabbit antisera, and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Comparison of representative venoms by the TDTLC showed that the venoms of V. vulgaris and V. maculifrons have a larger number of Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate)-positive substances than the venom of V. squamosa. The results of the DDGP confirmed the differences; venoms of V. vulgaris, V. maculifrons, V. flavopilosa, and V. germanica have one or more major components with immunogenic identity. The venom of V. squamosa has a species-specific major component and some minor components immunologically identical to the other venoms examined. Sera from 21 patients with a history of anaphylaxis following yellow jacket stings were examined by the RAST. Using the venoms of V. maculifrons, V. vulgaris, V. flavopilosa, and V. germanica as coupling antigens, most sera reacted similarly. The sera did not react with V. squamosa. These results suggest that the major component in venom obtained from the four yellow jacket species has immunogenic identity. Venom of V. squamosa differs from the remaining venoms. As a practical corollary, with the exception of venom from V. squamosa, common sensitivity appears to exist among the yellow jacket venoms examined.
A modular robotic system with applications to space exploration

Modular robotic systems offer potential advantages as versatile, fault-tolerant, cost-effective platforms for space exploration, but a sufficiently mature system is not yet available. We describe the possible applications of such a system, and present prototype hardware intended as a step in the right direction. We also present elements of an automated design and optimization framework aimed at making modular robots easier to design and use, and discuss the results of applying the system to a gait optimization problem. Finally, we discuss the potential near-term applications of modular robotics to terrestrial robotics research.
High-voltage accumulation-mode lateral RESURF GaN MOSFETs on SiC substrate

Lateral, accumulation-mode gallium nitride (GaN) MOSFETs were fabricated on a silicon-doped GaN epilayer on a AlGaN isolation layer on a conducting 6H-SiC substrate. The polysilicon gate was formed over a 100 nm silicon dioxide gate dielectric deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition at 900/spl deg/C. The accumulation-layer field-effect mobility is measured to be 110 cm/sup 2//V-s. GaN MOSFETS with a 9 /spl mu/m RESURF length were characterized with an on-resistance of 140 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ at V/sub GS/=15 Volts and breakdown voltage /spl les/180 Volts attributed to tunneling through the AlGaN isolation layer.
Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Trialkyloxonium Salts: Ethyl and Methyl 4‐Acetoxybenzoates

Esterification of carboxylic acids with trialkyloxonium salts: ethyl and methyl 4-acetoxybenzoates reactant: 1.80 g. (0.0100 mole) of 4-acetoxybenzoic acid product: ethyl 4-acetoxybenzoate product: methyl 4-acetoxybenzoate Keywords: esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; 4-acetoxybenzoic acid, preparation of; distillation, apparatus, Kugelrohr distillation oven
Psychosocial stressors and the prognosis of major depression: a test of Axis IV.

Background Axis IV is for reporting 'psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders'. No studies have examined the prognostic value of Axis IV in DSM-IV. Method We analyzed data from 2497 participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) with major depressive episode (MDE). We hypothesized that psychosocial stressors predict a poor prognosis of MDE. Secondarily, we hypothesized that psychosocial stressors predict a poor prognosis of anxiety and substance use disorders. Stressors were defined according to DSM-IV's taxonomy, and empirically using latent class analysis (LCA). Results Primary support group problems, occupational problems and childhood adversity increased the risks of depressive episodes and suicidal ideation by 20-30%. Associations of the empirically derived classes of stressors with depression were larger in magnitude. Economic stressors conferred a 1.5-fold increase in risk for a depressive episode [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.9]; financial and interpersonal instability conferred a 1.3-fold increased risk of recurrent depression (95% CI 1.1-1.6). These two classes of stressors also predicted the recurrence of anxiety and substance use disorders. Stressors were not related to suicidal ideation independent from depression severity. Conclusions Psychosocial and environmental problems are associated with the prognosis of MDE and other Axis I disorders. Although DSM-IV's taxonomy of stressors stands to be improved, these results provide empirical support for the prognostic value of Axis IV. Future work is needed to determine the reliability of Axis IV assessments in clinical practice, and the usefulness of this information to improving the clinical course of mental disorders.
Hybrid Function Approximation: A Variational Approach

In this paper we study the problem of representing trajectories through a concatenation of trajectories obtained from solving different differential equations. These trajectories are moreover allowed to undergo discontinuous jumps in order to make the approximation better. Our solution is based on a variational approach, in which both jump heights as well as switch times are taken as optimization parameters. The main application for this method is data compression, where the original trajectory is represented through mode sequences, switch times, and jump heights.
SQUID NDE: detection of surface flaws by magnetic decoration

A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) surface-flaw detection technique involving decoration of the samples with a ferromagnetic or paramagnetic tracer and subsequent scanning with a high-resolution magnetometer or susceptometer is considered. The authors present the results of a preliminary study demonstrating that this technique is sensitive enough to detect and image defects at least as small as 254 mu m*51 mu m*76 mu m deep in a nickel-alloy test block. Applied field strength and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) noise limit sensitivity, and sensing coil characteristics limit spatial resolution. >
Combinatorial Control of Prion Protein Biogenesis by the Signal Sequence and Transmembrane Domain

The prion protein (PrP) is synthesized in three topologic forms at the endoplasmic reticulum. secPrP is fully translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, whereasNtmPrP and CtmPrP are single-spanning membrane proteins of opposite orientation. Increased generation of CtmPrP in either transgenic mice or humans is associated with the development of neurodegenerative disease. To study the mechanisms by which PrP can achieve three topologic outcomes, we analyzed the translocation of proteins containing mutations introduced into either the N-terminal signal sequence or potential transmembrane domain (TMD) of PrP. Although mutations in either domain were found to affect PrP topogenesis, they did so in qualitatively different ways. In addition to its traditional role in mediating protein targeting, the signal was found to play a surprising role in determining orientation of the PrP N terminus. By contrast, the TMD was found to influence membrane integration. Analysis of various signal and TMD double mutants demonstrated that the topologic consequence of TMD action was directly dependent on the previous, signal-mediated step. Together, these results reveal that PrP topogenesis is controlled at two discrete steps during its translocation and provide a framework for understanding how these steps act coordinately to determine the final topology achieved by PrP.
An Ad Hoc Network Infrastructure: Communication and Information Sharing for Emergency Response

During an emergency response, access to a reliable communication infrastructure is required to exchange accurate information in a timely manner. Various communication technologies have been deployed for emergency response; however communication between different first response organizations has always been a problem. This is due to either broken networks or lack of knowledge regarding the channel frequency in use for the same device. According to recent investigations, text messaging was shown to be more reliable than voice to exchange short messages carrying critical information. Additionally, posting and updating the information on an electronic webpage accessible to all is also very useful. In addition, we would also suggest that team leaders physically stand together, thus improving network resource utilization plus ensuring receipt of updates and information from peers in the event the higher ranked person in the hierarchy is not reachable. In this paper, we present supporting arguments for the choice of a wireless mesh network as a candidate to provide communication infrastructure for emergency response. We also present a comprehensive set of technical, social and organizational challenges which we experienced first hand during several deployments, learned about in interviews with emergency responders and by examination of the after-incident reports. Many of these challenges become even more of a concern and have a greater impact on international disasters concerning multiple countries when traditionally different technologies are used often in conjunction with different languages. We also present the results of network performance analysis which identifies sources of bottleneck and overhead in communication. A distributed control hierarchical authority is necessary to prevent bottleneck and the need to cancel an already scheduled path due to resource unavailability or security breach.
Detrimental Determinists: Applied Environmentalism as Bureaucratic Self‐Interest in the Fin‐de‐Siècle British Caribbean

Abstract Environmental determinism was by no means universally accepted at the end of the nineteenth century. It was nevertheless a useful philosophy for the men of the British Colonial Office who controlled the Crown's Caribbean colonies. Archival evidence confirms that these were men of modest competence who reinforced their own authority and presumed racial superiority through environmentally deterministic exhortations. Their exhortations were directed at the region's Afro-Caribbean peoples whom they governed and whose character and culture they “explained” in terms of a benign tropical environment that required neither hard work nor imagination for human survival. When confronted with evidence of hard-working blacks, British Colonial Office bureaucrats accounted for these anomalies by using facile population density arguments. Their geographical explanations were buttressed by received wisdom from local planters and the works of well-known writers who espoused deterministic and racist views. Opposing ...
Studies on sperm survival mechanisms in the female reproductive tract of hibernating bats. I. Cytology and ultra‐structure of intra‐uterine spermatozoa in Myotis lucifugus

Among mammals prolonged survival of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the female (circa 7 ± months) is known in only a few species of hibernating bats, but its physiological basis remains obscure. Presumably survival involves special physiological adaptations of the spermatozoa, the uterus, or both. We have initiated studies of sperm survival mechanisms in the hibernating bat Myotis lucifugus involving analysis of the cytology and fine structure of intra-uterine sperm, the morphology and histochemistry of sperm-uterus interactions, and selected biochemical parameters of the reproductive tract. This paper summarizes our findings concerning the morphology of epididymal and intra-uterine spermatozoa, and emphasizes those aspects not detailed by others. The microscopic organization of epididymal sperm is described in detail with particular attention to peculiarities of the head, middle piece and cytoplasmic droplet. The latter contains amylase-resistant PAS+ granules and acid phosphatase, both possibly of lysosomal origin. Most ultrastructural features elucidated by Fawcett and collaborators are confirmed, but additional details concerning the head, post-nuclear sheath, origin of axial filament complex, and the outer coarse fibrils are provided. A functional interrelationship between coarse fibrils 3 and 8 and the longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath is also postulated. Structural differences between epididymal and uterine sperm are minor, suggesting that uterine environmental factors are most important for sperm survival. A new basis is suggested for the apparent helical arrangement of mitochondria in the middle piece; in Myotis sperm the configuration is illusory, being the result of an orderly alternation in the staining of the serially arranged mitochondrial pairs. We suggest that the “patterned” staining of mitochondria may reflect sequential, cyclic functional alterations of significance in the initiation and/or coordination of the geometrically oriented tail movements.
Using the Hotelling observer on multi-slice and multi-view simulated SPECT myocardial images

A simulation study was done to investigate a novel use of the Hotelling Observer. A two-layer model which included a Channelized Hotelling; Observer (CHO) followed by a Hotelling Observer (HO) was built to operate on three dimensional images containing multiple slices and multiple views similar to SPECT myocardial perfusion images. The simulated images were hearts with and without cold lesions, with noise and blur. For one lesion and each of 20 lesion locations, 1000 lesion-present and 1000 lesion-absent images were generated. These 40,000 images consisted a data set for that one lesion. Each image was reformatted into three rows, providing 10 adjacent short axis slices, 10 adjacent vertical long axis slices, and 10 adjacent horizontal long axis slices. The CHO was computed for each slice, giving 40,000 3/spl times/10 decision variable arrays. A HO was then applied on the decision variable arrays to obtain a multi-slice CHO-HO lesion detectability index. Three additional ensembles were generated for single slices through the lesion center, one short axis only, one vertical long axis only, and one horizontal long axis only. Applying the CHO to these ensembles gave lesion detectabilities for the short axis view, vertical long axis view, and horizontal long axis view respectively. An 10-fold cross validation was used to compute uncertainties in all detectabilities. Three data groups, total of 23 such sets with different lesion contrast, size, or shape were generated to compare the correlations between the performance of the multi-slice CHO-HO, the single-slice CHO, and human observers. The result suggests the ability of the multi-slice method to separate better these images into their correct classes as compared to the single-slice method, by combining information from multiple slices. The multi-slice method provides a single detectability scalar for studies in which the lesion could be present in multiple slices. It may be that a multi-slice CHO-HO model could more closely predict the performance of radiologists in tasks where the radiologist evaluates multi-slice and multi-view images.
Geochemistry and Petrography of Igneous Components of the Dalles Formation in the Dufur West Quadrangle, Oregon

The Dalles Formation is a sequence of volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary deposits of the late Miocene to Pliocene. The unit stretches along the eastern flanks of Mount Hood from Maupin, northward to the Columbia River, near The Dalles, Oregon (Figure 1). The Dalles Formation consists of lavas that are generally dacitic in composition and are composed of blockand-ash flows, debris-flows, and reworked fluvial sediments. Past workers have mapped the unit as the Dalles Formation “Undivided”. The scope of this project has been to investigate the geochemical and petrographic characteristics and whether they may suggest distinct units. A section of the Dalles Formation in the Dufur West quadrangle has been mapped and geochemical data and thin sections were analyzed. The clustering and spread of the geochemical data along with mineralogical indicators such as texture and phenocryst abundance suggest the unit can be divided into different lava types.
Entrepreneurship and Government in U.S. High-Tech Policy

America continues to be ranked among the most innovative high-tech economies but has historically lacked an integrated high-tech policy. One of the distinct features of the U.S. approach was the coexistence of many government measures – including massive military procurement – that promoted innovation and technology. Another driving force behind the historical dynamism of the U.S. high-tech economy is the country’s culture of entrepreneurship and risk-taking. A more encompassing approach was introduced in 2009, when the Obama Administration released a Strategy for American Innovation. This initiative contains many provisions that are relevant for high-tech industries. After a general discussion, the chapter focuses on the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, which illustrates the relevant features of the U.S. innovation system and of the recent initiatives. ICT reveals the complexity of aligning measures in interrelated areas in order to design a coherent system of policies and reflects the challenges that need to be overcome by present and future public sector initiatives.
Biased Gene Transfer Contributes to Maintaining the Tree of Life

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between closely and distantly related lineages is a recurrent event in the Tree of Life (ToL) and provides genetic novelty that the recipient can utilize. Often, HGT is considered as an impediment in the reconstruction of life’s genealogy, and hence the concept of the ToL as a representation of evolutionary events is considered by some as erroneous. However, biased gene transfer, or the transfer between closely related lineages, can actually reinforce the familiar tree-like pattern by making organisms in close phylogenetic proximity appear even more closely related. The consequence of this bias is that the ToL remains tree-like when viewed from a distance, but looking closely, branches are fuzzy and boundaries between lineages may become indistinct as a result of recurrent HGT.
Diagnostic utility of SOX11 immunohistochemistry in differentiating cutaneous spread of mantle cell lymphoma from primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.

BACKGROUND Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is associated with the worst prognosis among low-grade B-cell lymphomas. While cutaneous involvement by nodal or systemic MCL is uncommon, its differentiation from primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) or cutaneous involvement by other extra-cutaneous BCL is challenging as neither histomorphology nor immunophenotype can be absolutely specific. We analyzed the diagnostic utility of SOX11 immunohistochemistry in differentiating secondary cutaneous MCL from other low-grade CBCL. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining with anti-SOX11 antibody was performed on 8 cases of secondary cutaneous MCL, 16 secondary cutaneous CLL, 20 primary cutaneous MZL, 12 cutaneous FCL (6 primary, 6 secondary), 7 primary cutaneous DLBCL, leg type, 5 systemic DLBCL and 3 B-ALL. SOX11 and cyclin D1 staining were compared in secondary cutaneous MCL. RESULTS Nuclear SOX11 staining was seen in seven of eight cases (88%) of secondary cutaneous MCL, including a case with minimal cyclin D1 expression. All other CBCL lacked detectable nuclear SOX11 expression. The sensitivity and specificity for SOX11 in MCL were 87.5 and 100%, respectively. Both the sensitivity and specificity for combined SOX11 and cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry were 100%. CONCLUSION SOX11 immunohistochemistry could be a useful adjunct in distinguishing secondary cutaneous MCL from other CBCL.
Management of adherence to prescribed medication.

This paper will review the current status of our knowledge of adherence for treating lipid metabolism and will describe a comprehensive program for adherence management in small and large clinical trials adaptable to clinical practice. Our clinic has had experience with many parts of this program and has demonstrated its effectiveness.
Role of self-trapped holes in the photoconductive gain of β-gallium oxide Schottky diodes

Solar-blind photodetection and photoconductive gain >50 corresponding to a responsivity >8 A/W were observed for β-Ga2O3 Schottky photodiodes. The origin of photoconductive gain was investigated. Current-voltage characteristics of the diodes did not indicate avalanche breakdown, which excludes carrier multiplication by impact ionization as the source for gain. However, photocapacitance measurements indicated a mechanism for hole localization for above-band gap illumination, suggesting self-trapped hole formation. Comparison of photoconductivity and photocapacitance spectra indicated that self-trapped hole formation coincides with the strong photoconductive gain. It is concluded that self-trapped hole formation near the Schottky diode lowers the effective Schottky barrier in reverse bias, producing photoconductive gain. Ascribing photoconductive gain to an inherent property like self-trapping of holes can explain the operation of a variety of β-Ga2O3 photodetectors.
Comparison of the Heat Volatilization and Drip Methods of Commercial Fumigation with Ethylene Dibromide for Control of the Mexican Fruit Fly

The relative efficacy against Anastrepha ludens (Loew) of applications of liquid ethylene dibromide volatilized by heat or dripped directly on the vanes of the blower fan in a commercial fruit fumigation chamber was compared by using artificially infested grapefruit. The 2 methods were equally effective.
The research on the drifting history and possible origin of the Magellan seamount trail

The Magellan seamount trail includes tens of isolated guyots trending EW.A backtracking method and a hot-spotting method were used to trace the Magellan seamount trail from the movement of a plate and its geometry based on previous studies in this region.The result shows that the Magellan seamount trail is the collective products of intraplate volcanism originating from multiple hot spots and plate tectogenesis.The Magellan seamount trail is derived from the present French Polynesian hot spots trending NNW during the Cretaceous.They are also affected by the activity of two fracture zones,which trend SN and NNW,and thermal activity with the movement of the plate.Finally the present Magellan seamount trail is formed.
Conflicts of Interest and the Indigent Client: Barring the Door to the Last Lawyer in Town

In order to revisit the application of conflict of interest principles to legal services practice, this article employs a survey of legal services providers. In addition to setting a context for discussion by determining the nature of the conflicts most frequently encountered by legal services offices, the survey resulted in two significant findings. First, the legal services client who is denied representation due to a conflict of interest most often is left without any source of representation. Second, the conflicts that most frequently lead to the denial of representation of the indigent client often do not involve any actual prejudice to the client. Building upon the findings of the survey, this article argues that the presumption of prejudice inherent in conflict principles serves to unnecessarily deny the legal services client access to the only available source of representation. It examines and compares the interests involved in the legal services attorney-client relationship to that involved in the for-profit attorney client relationship. That examination shows that the lack of pecuniary interests of the legal services attorney, when coupled with the unique interest of the legal services client in representation from the only available source, makes the presumptions of prejudice necessary for the protection of the for-profit client unnecessary and therefore inappropriate to the legal services attorney-client relationship. Consequently, this article argues that, in the legal services context, the application of conflict of interest principles should be based upon a standard of actual prejudice rather than on the present presumption of prejudice standard. This article also will address the arguments of courts and commentators who have claimed that a different application of conflict of interest principles in legal services would result in an unacceptable compromise of client interests.
User-Specified and Automatic Data Layout Selection for Portable Performance

This paper describes a new approach to managing array data layouts to optimize performance for scientific codes. Prior research has shown that changing data layouts (e.g., interleaving arrays) can improve performance. However, there have been two major reasons why such optimizations are not widely used: (1) the need to select different layouts for different computing platforms, and (2) the cost of re-writing codes to use to new layouts. We describe a source-to-source translation process that allows us to generate codes with different array interleavings, based on a data layout specification. We used this process to generate 19 different data layouts for an ASC benchmark code (IRSmk) and 32 different data layouts for the DARPA UHPC challenge application (LULESH). Performance results for multicore versions of the benchmarks with different layouts show significant benefits on four computing platforms (IBM POWER7, AMD APU, Intel Sandybridge, IBM BG/Q). For IRSmk, our results show performance improvements ranging from 22.23× on IBM POWER7 to 1.10× on Intel Sandybridge. For LULESH, we see improvements ranging from 1.82× on IBM POWER7 to 1.02× on Intel Sandybridge. We also developed a new optimization algorithm to recommend a layout for an input source program and specific target machine characteristics. Our results show that the performance of this automated layout algorithm outperforms the manual layouts in one case and performs within 10% of the best architecture-specific layout in all the other cases, but one.
Current advances in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of permanent central visual acuity loss in persons over 65 years of age in industrialized nations. Today, intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment worldwide.Areas covered: The following review covers the current treatments and challenges of wet AMD management. It also covers emerging therapies including radiation, latest generation anti-VEGF agents, and combination therapies.Expert opinion: Current neovascular AMD therapy is aimed at decreasing the VEGF effect at the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) complex. The most important existing challenges in the treatment of neovascular AMD are improving visual outcomes, decreasing the treatment burden, and minimizing geographic atrophy. Clinicians are using many treatment strategies to minimize intravitreal injections without sacrificing visual outcomes. Combination of anti-VEGF therapy with other previously available trea...
HYDROGEN BONDING IN WOOD-BASED MATERIALS: AN UPDATE

The contribution of hydrogen bonding to wood science and technology has been well recognized over the past century. The hydrogen bond is an important chemical characteristic contributing to wood-based material behavior and it also provides an important contribution to processing features of wood. However, the current understanding of hydrogen bond strength as a contributor to wood-based material behavior has not been updated in the wood literature. Wood-based material literature typically report hydrogen bond strengths ranging from 12.6 to 25.2 kJ/mol (3 to 6 kcal/mol) while newer data from the general chemistry field report hydrogen bond strengths up to 189 kJ/mol (45 kcal/mol), which are characteristic of covalent bond strength. In light of these new data regarding hydrogen bond strengths, it provides impetus to discuss the new understanding of hydrogen bond strength relative to wood-based material behavior. Recent developments in nanotechnology of renewable materials leading to the production and applications of cellulose nanomaterials with much higher surface areas and hydrogen bonding capacity also mandate revisiting our knowledge of the hydrogen bonding mechanism and strength.
Provenance and Depositional Conditions of Fluvial Conglomerates and Sandstones and their Controlling Processes in a Rift Setting, Mid-Permian Lower and Upper Quanzijie Low Order Cycles, Bogda Mountains, NW China

Abstract This study investigates how provenance lithology, transport distance, and depositional and paleoclimatic conditions had affected the composition and texture of fluvial conglomerates and sandstones in the Middle Permian lower and upper Quanzijie low-order cycles, Bogda Mountains, greater Turpan-Junggar intracontinental rift basin, NW China. Composition and texture of gravels in conglomerates and sandstones define two conglomerate and two sandstone petrofacies, respectively, in Tarlong-Taodonggou area in southern Bogda and Dalongkou area 70 km to the north in northern Bogda. Conglomerate Petrofacies I occurs in Tarlong-Taodonggou and is dominated by basaltic gravels, whereas Conglomerate Petrofacies II occurs mainly in Dalongkou and is dominated by sedimentary gravels. Sandstone Petrofacies I occurs in Tarlong-Taodonggou and contains dominantly basaltic lithics, few sedimentary lithics, and minimal quartz. It is compositionally immature and texturally immature to submature. The compositional maturity increases upsection. Conglomerate Petrofacies I and sandstone Petrofacies I both indicate the young Tian Shan arc to the south as the main sediment source and rift shoulders as a local source. Sandstone Petrofacies II occurs in Dalongkou and contains dominantly sedimentary lithics and abundant and well-developed pedogenic clay coats. The petrofacies in Dalongkou indicate older rift sedimentary rocks exposed at rift shoulders as the main sediment source and distant suture zones as a minor source. In summary, the composition and texture of Quanzijie conglomerates and sandstones are mainly controlled by provenance lithology and, secondarily, depositional and paleoclimatic conditions and transport distance. The results substantiate the rift origin of the Turpan-Junggar basin in Middle Permian, which had many half-grabens and grabens and was bordered by a volcanic arc at the southern basin margin.
Mobile Communication Systems and Related Security Issues

In the previous two Chaps. 18 and 19, we dealt with wireless communication but restricted our discussion to sensor networks, wireless communication networks, and cellular networks. We discussed a good number of communication devices and their communication protocols. We also discussed the security problems, and we propose solutions in some cases. What we did not do is actually put all these devices and technologies together to create the current phenomenal mobile communication devices, and the technology is currently driving computing and communication. We are going to do this in this chapter and more. The last two decades have witnessed a revolution of sorts in communication spearheaded by the rapidly evolving technologies in both software and hardware. A mobile communication system consists of two or more of the following devices, running specifically developed software to sustain, for a period of time, a wireless communication link between them: mobile telephone, broadly construed here to include devices based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and Wireless Personal Digital Assistants (WPDA) digital technologies and follow-ons, as well as satellite telephones and e-mail appliances. Mobile communication systems are revolutionizing the world today, shrinking the world to between two or more small handheld mobile devices. The rapid changes in communication technologies, revolutionary changes in software, and the growth of large powerful communication network technologies all have eased communication and brought it to large swaths of the globe. The high-end competition between the mobile telecommunication operators resulting in plummeting device prices, the quickly developing smartphone technology, and growing number of undersea cables and cheaper satellites technologies are bringing Internet access to almost every one of the global rural poor faster than many had anticipated.
Weighted fusion of depth and inertial data to improve view invariance for real-time human action recognition

This paper presents an extension to our previously developed fusion framework [10] involving a depth camera and an inertial sensor in order to improve its view invariance aspect for real-time human action recognition applications. A computationally efficient view estimation based on skeleton joints is considered in order to select the most relevant depth training data when recognizing test samples. Two collaborative representation classifiers, one for depth features and one for inertial features, are appropriately weighted to generate a decision making probability. The experimental results applied to a multi-view human action dataset show that this weighted extension improves the recognition performance by about 5% over equally weighted fusion deployed in our previous fusion framework.
Language and the Newness of Media

How is the newness of new media constructed? Rejecting technological determinism, linguistic anthropologists understand that newness emerges when previous strategies for coordinating social interactions are challenged by a communicative channel. People experience a communicative channel as new when it enables people to circulate knowledge in new ways, to call forth new publics, to occupy new communicative roles, to engage in new forms of politics and control—in short, new social practices. Anthropologists studying media have been modifying the analytical tools that linguistic anthropologists have developed for language to uncover when and how media are understood to provide the possibilities for social change and when they are not. Taking coordination to be a vulnerable achievement, I address recent work that elaborates on the ways that linguistic anthropology segments communication to explore how a particular medium offers its own distinctive forms of authorship, circulation, storage, and audiences.
Chapter 9 – Differential Methods with Transport-Equation Turbulence Models

In this chapter the numerical solution of the boundary-layer equations employing transport-equation turbulence models is discussed. The numerical solution of the k-e model equations with a zonal method, the numerical solution of the k-e model equations with and without wall functions and the numerical solution of the k-u and SST model equations are discussed. Four turbulence models are considered and their relative performance for free shear flows and attached and separated boundary-layers flows is evaluated. As a study is yet to be conducted for a range of flows including free-shear layer and wall boundary layers with and without separation, results obtained from the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are presented. Finally, an appendix gives coefficients of the linearized finite-difference equations for the k-e model.
Online SERHOLD updating for the Pacific Northwest.

Cet article decrit l'experience de la bibliotheque regionale medicale dans son utilisation du systeme en ligne de reseau de bibliotheques, Pacific Northwest : Online SERHOLD. Le mode d'utilisation de ce systeme, son cout et les statistiques cncernant sont temps d'utilisation sont presentes
Development of an Artificial Finger-Like Knee Loading Device to Promote Bone Health

This study presents the development of an innovative artificial finger-like device that provides position specific mechanical loads at the end of the long bone and induces mechanotransduction in bone. Bone cells such as osteoblasts are the mechanosensitive cells that regulate bone remodelling. When they receive gentle, periodic mechanical loads, new bone formation is promoted. The proposed device is an under-actuated multi-fingered artificial hand with 4 fingers, each having two phalanges. These fingers are connected by mechanical linkages and operated by a worm gearing mechanism. With the help of 3D printing technology, a prototype device was built mostly using plastic materials. The experimental validation results show that the device is capable of generating necessary forces at the desired frequencies, which are suitable for the stimulation of bone cells and the promotion of bone formation. It is recommended that the device be tested in a clinical study for confirming its safety and efficacy with patients.
Interrater Agreement and Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel Computer-Aided Detection Process for the Detection and Prevention of Retained Surgical Instruments.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a process incorporating computer-aided detection (CAD) for the detection and prevention of retained surgical instrumen...
Highly sensitive colorimetric paper sensor for methyl isothiocyanate (MITC): Using its toxicological reaction

Abstract Highly sensitive and portable sensors are tools to improve personal protection from exposures to unwanted toxic chemicals. A paper-based colorimetric sensor was designed and prepared to sensitively and selectively detect trace amounts of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in the air. Taking advantage of a detoxification reaction existing in the mammalian body, glutathione (GSH) becomes unique in indirectly sensing the concentration of methyl isothiocyanate. The reaction mechanism was analyzed, and the detection conditions were optimized. Nanofibrous membrane materials were utilized as a solid substrate with ultrahigh surface areas. An organic polar solvent with high adsorptive capacity to MITC was applied on the fiber surfaces. A combination of three factors drives the detection of traces toxic gas in air kinetically favorable.
Sensing Metal Oxidation with Chemical Probes

The annual cost of corrosion in the US is estimated at roughly 6% of the gross national product. According to a study by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA 2006), the annual direct cost of corrosion in the transportation infrastructure category alone (highway bridges, waterways and ports, hazardous materials storage facilities, electrical utilities, airports, and railroads) is estimated at tens of billions USD and higher by more recent estimates (Kutz 2012; Nace et al. 2002; Jackson 2017). In general, the costs of repair and remediation to the civil infrastructure are higher than necessary when maintenance schedules are not based on a clear understanding of the onset of damage (for example corrosion), and the degree to which deterioration has occurred, for example, internal cracking. Chemical sensors can play a particularly important role in early detection of deterioration. In corrosion, the processes generally start by releasing ionic components that can be sensed in advance of the appearance of physical signs of damage. This chapter highlights the development of chemical sensors for the detection of iron and zinc.
Employing Analytics to Guide a Data-Driven Review of LibGuides

This article presents a methodology for conducting an evidence-based review of LibGuides content based on native and non-native analytics data. This methodology uses built-in analytics data from Sp...
ISOTOPIC DEPLETION AND DECAY METHODS AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES IN SCALE

The calculation of fuel isotopic compositions is essential to support design, safety analysis, and licensing of many components of the nuclear fuel cycle—from reactor physics and severe accident an...
Composition and Comparison of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Infants and Older Children.

Purpose Unlike other microbiomes of the body, the composition of the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) in children has yet to be thoroughly explored. Our goal was to evaluate the OSM in young infants and compare its composition to older children using both culture dependent and independent methodologies to assess for differences with age. Methods Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study of children Results Fifty patients (mean age 37 months, range 1-168 months) were enrolled. Forty-seven eyes of 30 patients had positive cultures; four eyes grew >1 species. Culture positive patients were older (43 vs. 29 months, P = 0.19). Additionally, older children had greater diversity than children under 6 months of age by 16S sequencing (P = 0.05). Staphylococcus species were predominant by culture (35/52 isolates) and by 16S sequencing. The OSM was fairly similar to the nose microbiome, whereas the throat microbiome differed significantly and had a higher abundance of Streptococcaceae (P = 0.001). Conclusions The OSM is predominantly composed of Staphylococcus species in children, as demonstrated by both culture dependent and culture independent methods. Older children were more likely to have growth on culture and have more a complex bacterial milieu with 16S sequencing. Translational relevance 16S sequencing provides more robust information regarding the composition of the microbiomes than culture dependent methods.
Sea LevelOpen image in new window

The major factors contributing to global sea-level rise since the middle of the 20th century are thought to be thermal expansion of the water and melting of ice.