cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of ancillary data sets for SMAP algorithm development and product generation

Once launched in late 2014/early 2015, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission will provide high resolution global mapping of soil moisture and landscape freeze/thaw state every 2–3 days. These measurements are valuable to improved understanding of the Earth's water, energy, and carbon cycles, and to applications of societal benefit. In order for soil moisture and freeze/thaw to be retrieved accurately from SMAP microwave data, a variety of global static and dynamic ancillary data are required. The choice of which ancillary datasets to use for SMAP products will be based on a number of factors including availability and ease of use, their inherent error and resulting impact on SMAP retrieval accuracies, and compatibility with similar choices made by ESA's SMOS mission.
An Approach for the Realization of Linearly-Separable Switching Functions

A distinct and straightforward method to test and realize linearly-separable switching functions is presented. This method makes use of a universal map which facilitates the generation of inequalities and the detection of contradictions. It also eliminates any preprocessing (such as positivizing and ordering) of a given function. The concept of composite level is first defined. A map is then developed, which is not restricted by the number of variables in the given function. A switching function can be easily mapped. A simple process is presented to generate inequalities by inspection. This process will either conclude that the given function is not linearly-separable or generate a set of composite levels and, consequently, a set of weights for the threshold switching device. Two illustrative examples are provided.
Mechanisms of Direction Selectivity in Macaque V1

Mechanisms underlying direction selectivity were studied in V1 of alert fixating macaque monkeys. Some direction-selective cells showed delayed asymmetric inhibition, some showed a shifting excitatory time course across the receptive field, and some showed both. Both the direction of the spatial offset of the inhibition and the direction of the shift in excitatory response time course correlated with the cells' preferred directionality. The delayed asymmetric inhibition may contribute to the shifting response time course. The data suggest that asymmetric inhibition is the major determinant for directionality in these cells, though both mechanisms could contribute. Based on this physiology, a simple, single-cell model is proposed, consistent with the known anatomy of some direction-selective cells.
Evaluating eutrophication potential from river community productivity

Abstract Measurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature and solar radiation were used to estimate net community production (P-R), respiration (R), gross production (P), and the P:R ratio for six rivers during the summer of 1974. Analysis of these data and comparison with a subjective ranking of the “eutrophy” of the rivers based on nutrient and chlorophyll data showed that productivity measurements in streams can be used to evaluate eutrophication potential. No single parameter or index proved reliable, but a discriminant analysis suggested that the use of respiration and the P:R ratio in conjunction can be useful. Also, the degree of temporal variability of community metabolism was a consistently good indicator of water quality. The analyses suggest that the eutrophication potential of an “unknown” river can be determined by comparing several weeks of productivity data for summer, low-flow conditions with the data presented here.
Behavior of multiple spheres in shear and poiseuille flow fields at low Reynolds number

Abstract The multipole truncation technique developed previously by the authors for describing the hydrodynamic interaction of three-dimensional finite clusters of spherical particles at low Reynolds number is used to obtain solutions for the motion of freely suspended particles in planar shear and/or Poiseuille flow fields. Instantaneous configurations containing up to 13 particles are studied and quasi-steady trajectories are obtained for time-varying configurations of two or three particles. Interesting applications of the theory presented in this paper include the time-dependent motion of a chain of spheres with fixed interparticle spacings in shear flow which may serve as a model to study the deformation of a polymer chain and the motion of neutrally buoyant configurations in planar Poiseuille flow to study the lateral migration of particles. The motion of a neutrally buoyant sphere in the presence of a rigidly held sphere in shear flow is also examined. This study reveals a very intriguing behavior in which the free sphere rolls along the fixed sphere but an adverse pressure gradient forces a retrograde motion of its center.
3-Dimensional numerical optimization of silicon-based high performance parallel microchannel heat sink with liquid flow

A full 3-dimensional (3D) conjugate heat transfer model has been developed to simulate the heat transfer performance of silicon-based, parallel microchannel heat sinks. A semi-normalized 3-dimensional heat transfer model has been developed, validated and used to optimize the geometric structure of these types of microheat sinks. Under a constant pumping power of 0.05 W for a water-cooled microheat sink, the optimized geometric parameters of the structure as determined by the model were a pitch of 100 μm, a channel width of 60 μm and a channel depth of about 700 μm. The thermal resistance of this optimized microheat sink was calculated for different pumping powers based on the full 3D conjugate heat transfer model and compared with the initial experimental results obtained by Tuckerman and Pease in 1981. This comparison indicated that for a given pumping poser, the overall cooling capacity could be enhanced by more than 20% using the optimized spacing and channel dimensions. The overall thermal resistance was 0.068 °C/W for a pumping power of 2 W.
Isotopic Method for the Determination of Density in Compressible Systems

Densities of compressible systems may be determined apart from the viscosity of and without disturbing the system under study using a densitometer consisting of a sealed source containing thulium-170 and a scintillation detector connected to a preamplifier and pulse-height analyzer. The densities of a series of liquid systems whose values are in the region of those of the compressible systems under study are determined first using a Mohr-Westphal balance. The source and detector are immersed in each of these liquids, and corrected activities expressed as counts per minute are obtained. Three analytical methods as well as graphical methods are presented to relate density to activity in liquids of known density. The discussion includes the sensitivity of the method and its applicability to creams, ointments, and powders.
Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) passivation by advanced thin conformal Al 2 O 3 films

HgCdTe passivation process must be performed at low temperature in order to reduce Hg depletion. Low temperature plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) is an emerging deposition technology for thin highly conformal films to meet the demand. Room temperature PE-ALD Al2O3 film's passivation on HgCdTe has been studied. Conformal film was investigated through SEM images of the Al2O3 film deposited onto high aspect ratio features dry etched into HgCdTe. Minority carrier lifetime was measured and compared by photoconductive decay transients of HgCdTe before and after deposition. Room temperature ALD Al2O3 film increased the minority carrier lifetime of HgCdTe.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamic three-dimensional visualization of the left ventricle by intracardiac echocardiography

Cardiac function and hemodynamics are routinely evaluated during catheterization in patients with heart disease. Although intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has been employed in guiding electrophysiology procedures, it has not been effectively used in assessing hemodynamics. We tested the utility of ICE in measuring left ventricular (LV) volume throughout the cardiac cycle. In four normal dogs (weight = 26 to 37 kg), a 10-F sheath was inserted through the femoral artery and placed inside the LV along its major axis. An ICE catheter (9 F, 9 MHz) was then inserted through the sheath into the LV. The ICE catheter was pulled back inside the sheath in 1-mm intervals starting from the apex, and 2-D tomographic images were continuously acquired while gating to respiration. Subsequently, the ICE catheter was replaced by a conductance catheter to measure single-beat volume signals. Stroke volume was determined by thermodilution for validation. All measurements were made in each dog while pacing the atrium at two different cycle lengths (range = 300 to 500 ms). The endocardial boundary was digitized from the ICE images throughout the cardiac cycle and LV volume was computed by integrating multiple segments along the major axis (range = 55 to 70 mm). We found that ICE accurately reconstructed LV 3-D anatomy. Stroke volume by ICE was in excellent agreement with thermodilution (error = 3.8 +/- 3.0%, r = 0.99, n = 8) and was highly reproducible. Morphology of LV volume signals correlated well with corresponding instantaneous volume signals derived by conductance (r = 0.93, n = 8). In conclusion, ICE accurately reconstructs LV anatomy and volume throughout the cardiac cycle in the normal heart. This approach could facilitate interventional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Biomimetic oxidation of lignin model compounds by simple inorganic complexes

Copper peroxydisulfate has been shown to mimic “ligninases” in the oxidative degradation of Dihydroanisoin, Veratrylglycerol- β -guaiacyl ether and Veratryl alcohol. A unified mechanism leads to predictable degradative pathways. These are initiated by single-electron oxidation of aromatic substrates to aryl cation radicals as common intermediates to both the enzymic and biomimetic reactions. Our preliminary results show that simple complexes can facilitate the oxidative degradation of lignin model compounds.
A Proposal for an Associative Memory Using Magnetic Films

Abstract : The proposed memory consists of a normal word line over a strip of magnetic film and a digit line split into three parallel conductors. Writing is accomplished using the standard method of coincidence of transverse and digit fields (all three digit conductors are excited equally). The result is a region at the intersection which is magnetized either to the right for a ONE or to the left for a ZERO. To interrogate the memory in all bits simultaneously, the middle digit conductors alone are excited with a field to the left, if searching for a ZERO, and with a field to the right, if searching for a ONE. For either match condition, there will be essentially no change in the magnetization of the interrogated cell. For a mismatch, the magnetization will rotate noncoherently to the multidomain pattern which occurs just below nucleation. It is proposed that the magnetoresistive effect be used to sense the mismatch condition. Experimentally, it is found that a resistance change corresponding to approximately 10 per cent of that for full transverse switching is obtained.
On the simulation of a time‐dependent cavity flow of an Oldroyd‐B fluid

In this article we present a finite element method for simulating the time-dependent flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid in a lid-driven cavity, which is a stringent test problem at high Weissenberg number. The key considerations for developing the methodology are the preservation of the positive definiteness of the conformation tensor via the log-conformation representation and additional diffusion, from second-order upwind scheme, to smooth the high-frequency modes. The combination of the log-conformation representation, finite element method, and an operator-splitting Lie's scheme, gives us a robust and easy-to-implement scheme. We have obtained convergent results when simulating time-dependent cavity flows.
Magnitude of experimental effect and a table for its rapid estimation.

Data interpretation, discussing correlation describing effectiveness of independent variable and table giving values directly from sample size, t, z, F and chi square values
A structured approach teaching aphasics basic sentence types.

SummaryThis study investigated a structured approach teaching three basic sentence types (b.s.t.) to adult aphasics. The three types: verb form, to be; verb, transitive; and verb, intransitive are used in applied linguistics and transformational grammar material in teaching English as a second language to foreign adults. Aphasics were selected for the study on the basis of good verbal output and auditory input scores measured by the PICA. Subjects were given a pre- and post-test measuring verbal syntactic performance for the three b.s.t.'s. They participated in a one month therapy program which presented these sentence types. All improved in the post-test in verbal production of each b.s.t., as well as pattern carryover, and subject/verb agreement. This type of therapy approach is offered as a possible future part of a programmed language rehabilitation program similar to that which Holland (1970) has suggested.
A valence force field for the amide group

Abstract A valence force field is presented for the grouping R-CO-NH-R' where R and R' are CH 2 or CH 3 , derived from the frequencies of N-methylacetanide, nylons, and some of the deuteroderivatives. By refining all experimental data simultaneously, the overall agreement between the experimental and calculated frequencies is good.
Manganese-Enhanced MRI of Human Choroidal Melanoma Xenografts

Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, accounting for 70% of all primary eye cancers.1 Although eye-sparing therapies such as radiation are equivalent to enucleation in terms of long-term survival,2 these treatments do not always succeed in saving the patient's vision.3 Three to 5 years after plaque radiotherapy or proton beam therapy, only approximately 60% of all patients maintain a visual acuity better than 20/200.4–6 Complications after proton beam therapy include radiation retinopathy,7 papillopathy,7 and cataract.8 Given the incidence of ocular complications during treatment of choroidal melanoma, existing therapies must be optimized and new, more tumor-specific treatments should be developed. To achieve this goal, methods are needed for simultaneous determination of the effects of treatments on tumor growth and on the structure and function of the neighboring non-tumor-bearing retina. Recent studies in the retina and brain have made use of Mn2+ as an ion surrogate and a strong MRI contrast agent for functional manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI).9–11 In the retina experiments, MnCl2 was administered under different lighting conditions while the animal was outside the magnet. The resultant accumulation of Mn2+ ions in nonvascular retina was detected noninvasively as an enhancement in T1-weighted MRI images.9 Similarly, in brain experiments, administration of MnCl2 during a functional task resulted in the accumulation of Mn2+ ions in activated brain structures and enhanced T1-weighted MRI images.10,11 These results indicate that accumulation of Mn2+ and the resultant MRI intensity enhancement are function dependent. Free Mn2+ ion has not yet been used to image tumors, although there is evidence that some tumors preferentially accumulate Mn2+.12 Based on these findings, we decided to test whether high-resolution MEMRI could be used to enhance the imaging of experimental human choroidal melanomas in the eyes of nude, athymic rats. In addition, because MEMRI has recently been used to determine retinal thickness and functional changes in ion demand in the inner and outer layers of the rat retina,9 we also tested the hypothesis that structural and functional (i.e., ion demand) parameters of neighboring retina can be simultaneously monitored.
Sintering of silicon nitride with alkaline-earth nitrides

Abstract Hot-pressed silicon nitride containing 1·24-5·96wt% oxygen was prepared by using alkaline-earth nitrides as sintering aids. Dependencies of strength on oxygen content, microstructure and additives were discussed. The room-temperature strength increased with decreasing grain size irrespective of the oxygen content. The degradation of strength with rise of temperature was closely related to the amount of oxide grain boundary phases represented by the oxygen content. Relatively high strength was maintained above 1200°C at an oxygen content less than 3wt%. When the oxygen content exceeded 3wt%, the high-temperature strength degraded remarkably, where the grain boundary composition affected the degradation additionally. Calcination of powders did not improve the degree of degradation, although it increased the room-temperature strength.
A novel synthetic 1,3-phenyl bis-thiourea compound targets microtubule polymerization to cause cancer cell death

Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal components with a central role in mitosis and have been particularly useful as a cancer chemotherapy target. We synthesized a small molecule derivative of a symmetrical 1,3-phenyl bis-thiourea, (1,1'-[1,3-phenylene]bis[3-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)thiourea], named “41J”), and identified a potent effect of the compound on cancer cell survival. 41J is cytotoxic to multiple cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. Cell death occurred by apoptosis and was preceded by mitotic arrest in prometaphase. Prometaphase arrest induced by 41J treatment was accompanied by dissociation of cyclin B1 levels from the apparent mitotic stage and by major spindle abnormalities. Polymerization of purified tubulin in vitro was directly inhibited by 41J, suggesting that the compound works by directly interfering with microtubule function. Compound 41J arrested the growth of glioblastoma multiforme xenografts in nude mice at doses that were well-tolerated, demonstrating a relatively specific antitumor effect. Importantly, 41J overcame drug resistance due to β-tubulin mutation and P-glycoprotein overexpression. Compound 41J may serve as a useful new lead compound for anticancer therapy development.
Large-scale solar and heliospheric magnetic fields

The magnetic structure of the extended solar corona varies with the changing photospheric field during the solar cycle. A simple potential model of the corona using solar surface observations from 1976 to the present shows how the large-scale coronal field evolves over more than a solar activity cycle. These predictions match well with large stable structures inferred from measurements of coronal electron density and the IMF, though dynamic changes are poorly modeled. The sun's polar field was about 25 stronger at solar minimum in 1986 than in 1976; the heliospheric current sheet was also flatter. In Cycle 21 the coronal and photospheric large-scale long-lived field patterns rotated every 26.9 days in the northern hemisphere; the southern field rotated every 28 days. Similar periods have been present in the IMF and in the occurrence of solar flares during the last several solar cycles.
Rhabdoid tumors of the liver: rare, aggressive, and poorly responsive to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Background Rhabdoid tumors of the liver are rare tumors that are difficult to cure. We compiled all the cases previously reported in the literature to review clinical data, treatments, and outcomes. Procedure Patients were identified by literature review using PubMed. Results Thirty-four patients were identified. The median age at presentation was 8 months. All patients with reported AFP results exhibited normal or minimally increased serum AFP levels. All 10 tumors with reported INI1 immunohistochemistry results were reported as negative. Twenty-one patients presented with metastatic disease at diagnosis. Thirty patients died of disease or treatment complications. Most deaths occurred within 12 months after diagnosis. Five patients survived at the time of the reports with one patient alive with disease. One patient relapsed and subsequently died after the report was published. Of the four patients alive without disease, all were treated with chemotherapy, and at least three had surgery or transplantation. Two patients received radiation therapy but did not survive. Conclusions Rhabdoid tumors of the liver are aggressive, rare tumors of the infant liver that are often associated with metastases at the time of diagnosis. Mortality is high and often occurs soon after diagnosis. Treatment with aggressive chemotherapy in combination (especially an alkylating agents doxorubicin) with complete resection may lead to improved outcomes. Therapy targeted to the INI1 mutation of these tumors is currently being investigated and may offer greater hope of cure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 423–428. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression pattern of chicken Pitx2: a new component in the SHH signaling pathway controlling embryonic heart looping.

Abstract Asymmetry along the left-right axis of the embryo is a vital feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a bicoid -related homeobox gene, cPitx2, which displays left-right asymmetric expression during early chick embryogenesis. Asymmetric expression of cPitx2 is first detected at stage 7 and is restricted to mesodermal tissues on the left side of the embryo including the left sided lateral mesoderm, the left sided precardiac mesoderm, and the left half epimyocardium of the primitive heart. cPitx2 is also detected in the presumptive blood islands and endothelia of the embryonic blood vessels. Implantation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein soaked beads on the right side of embryos induced ectopic cPitx2 expression on that side. Based on these observations, we suggest that cPitx2 is a component in SHH signaling pathway and plays a role in determining left-right asymmetry and in vasculogenesis during avian embryogenesis.
Effect of implantation-parameters on the structural properties of Mg-ion implanted GaN

GaN is implanted with 90 keV Mg-ions and afterwards annealed at 1150°C in a rapid thermal annealing furnace. In order to study the dependence of damage generation during implantation on the different implantation parameters, the dose is varied between 1×1014 and 5×1015 Mg+ cm−2, the substrate temperature during implantation is varied from 25 to 550°C and the ion current density is varied between 0.5 and 20 μA cm−2. The defect concentration is examined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy/channeling. Up to doses of 2.5×1015 Mg+ cm−2, the implantation-damage can readily be reduced by annealing. Variation of the ion current density has no influence on defect generation. Implantation at higher temperatures shows an unusual behaviour as it results in an increase in damage.
Knot invariants and cellular automata

Abstract There is a deep connection between the theory of invariants of knots in three dimensions and certain classes of solvable models in statistical mechanics. We study the consequences of this for a class of cellular automaton systems. Knot invariants furnish both a non-perturbative framework for the classification and analysis of such models and a primary tool with which to study the emergence of thermodynamic behavior in extended systems.
Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira

Based on eighteen months of intensive participant-observation, "Ring of Liberation" offers both an in-depth description of capoeira--a complex Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines feats of great strength and athleticism with music and poetry--and a pioneering synthetic approach to the analysis of complex cultural performance.Capoeira originated in early slave culture and is practiced widely today by urban Brazilians and others. At once game, sport, mock combat, and ritualized performance, it involves two players who dance and "battle" within a ring of musicians and singers. Stunning physical performances combine with music and poetry in a form as expressive in movement as it is in word.J. Lowell Lewis explores the convergence of form and content in capoeira. The many components and characteristics of this elaborate black art form--for example, competing genre frameworks and the necessary fusion of multiple modes of expression--demand, Lewis feels, to be given "body" as well as "voice." In response, he uses Peircean semiotics and recent work in discourse and performance theory to map the connections between physical, musical, and linguistic play in capoeira and to reflect on the general relations between semiotic systems and the creation and recording of cultural meaning.
The impact of budesonide/formoterol on the airway transcriptome in COPD

We have recently described COPD-associated gene-expression differences in bronchial airway epithelium that define a COPD field of injury. In this study, we sought to validate our COPD gene-expression signature and identify gene-expression changes associated with inhaled budesonide/formoterol (BUD/FORM; Symbicort ® ; 160/4.5 mcg x 2 puffs bid) in COPD patients. Methods: Current and former smokers with (n=15) and without (n=13) COPD were enrolled and underwent baseline collection of bronchial epithelium via bronchoscopy. Re-sampling was performed on 10 COPD subjects after initiation of BUD/FORM therapy (median 97 days). RNA was hybridized to arrays. A linear model adjusting for age was used to identify gene expression changes associated with baseline COPD status, while changes associated with therapy were found using a paired t-test within COPD subjects. Relationships with previously published signatures were assessed using GSEA. Results: Expression levels of 496 genes were altered at baseline in COPD subjects (p Conclusions: Our study shows that components of the COPD-associated alterations in airway gene-expression are reversible following short-term budesonide/formoterol treatment. This suggests that the airway field of injury in COPD is dynamic with therapy, raising the possibility that molecular profiles in the relatively accessible airway epithelium may serve as markers of therapeutic efficacy.
Consistency of Morphological Characters Used to Delimit Polysiphonia Sensu Lato Species (Ceramiales, Florideophyceae): Analyses of North Carolina, USA Specimens

B. Stuercke & D.W. Freshwater. 2008. Consistency of morphological characters used to delimit Polysiphonia sensu lato species (Ceramiales, Florideophyceae): analyses of North Carolina, USA specimens...
Ambiguous language and common priors

Standard economic models cannot capture the fact that information is often ambiguous, and is interpreted in multiple ways. Using a framework that distinguishes between the language in which statements are made and the interpretation of statements, we demonstrate that, unlike in the case where there is no ambiguity, players may come to have different beliefs starting from a common prior, even if they have received exactly the same information, unless the information is common knowledge.
How US Mothers Store and Handle Their Expressed Breast Milk

Background:Many mothers express and store their milk to later feed to their infant. Health organizations provide recommendations on expressed milk storage and handling because these practices can a...
Source Terms for Routine UF6 Emissions

Models for the detection of gas-centrifuge facilities and conversion plants by their emission of uranium-hexafluoride to the atmosphere rely critically on a presumed source term. 1 To date, no expe...
LP + , K3 + , FDE + , AND THEIR ‘CLASSICAL COLLAPSE’

This paper is a sequel to Beall (2011), in which I both give and discuss the philosophical import of a ‘classical collapse’ result for the propositional (multiple-conclusion) logic LP+. Feedback on such ideas prompted a spelling out of the first-order case. My aim in this paper is to do just that: namely, explicitly record the first-order result(s), including the collapse results for K3+ and FDE+.
Modeling effects of traffic and landscape characteristics on ambient nitrogen dioxide levels in Connecticut.

An integrated exposure model was developed that estimates nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration at residences using geographic information systems (GIS) and variables derived within residential buffers representing traffic volume and landscape characteristics including land use, population density and elevation. Multiple measurements of NO2 taken outside of 985 residences in Connecticut were used to develop the model. A second set of 120 outdoor NO2 measurements as well as cross-validation were used to validate the model. The model suggests that approximately 67% of the variation in NO2 levels can be explained by: traffic and land use primarily within 2 km of a residence; population density; elevation; and time of year. Potential benefits of this model for health effects research include improved spatial estimations of traffic-related pollutant exposure and reduced need for extensive pollutant measurements. The model, which could be calibrated and applied in areas other than Connecticut, has importance as a tool for exposure estimation in epidemiological studies of traffic-related air pollution.
Within-group human variation in the Asian Pleistocene: the three Upper Cave crania

Abstract Numerous studies on Pleistocene samples have shown that within-group cranial variation was greater than that seen today. The three anatomically modern Upper Cave crania (UC 101, UC 102, and UC 103) from Zhoukoudian, China provide one of the best samples available for addressing the issue of the antiquity of the modern pattern of within-group cranial variability because archaeological evidence indicates that they are spatially and temporally restricted. Research on the Upper Cave fossils usually only includes UC 101 and UC 103 because of postmortem damage to UC 102's cranial vault. However, the face of UC 102 is undamaged, allowing for most facial measurements to be performed accurately. In this study we use facial dimensions to compare all three Upper Cave specimens, and we evaluate whether the variation seen among them is larger than that observed in extant populations. Using a worldwide sample of modern populations to establish a baseline, the three Upper Cave crania were compared to each other. Since there is disagreement over the sex of UC 102, this specimen is treated alternately as a female and as a male. Results show that the Upper Cave specimens exhibit significantly more variation than do individuals within more recent human populations, especially if UC 102 is considered male. Furthermore, results indicate that the fossils never fall into the same modern human group, and that each specimen is significantly atypical of its nearest modern neighbor in multivariate space. We conclude that the three Upper Cave crania do not represent a family group but are representative of the larger contemporaneous heterogeneous Asian Pleistocene population. Our results support the contention that today's within-group homogeneity is a relatively recent phenomenon, and is likely the result of a Neolithic population expansion and its many effects.
Preference Variable Impacts in Direct and Inverse Differential Demand Systems

Preference variables are included in the inverse Rotterdam model based on the Tintner‐Ichimura‐Basmann relationship linking preference effects on quantities demanded to price effects and preference effects on marginal utilities. Restrictions are placed on the effects of the preference variables on the marginal utilities, resulting in reductions in the parameter space for the preference variables in both direct and inverse demand systems. The model is used to analyze impacts of product quality on fresh citrus demand.
Radar‐observed squall line propagation and the diurnal cycle of convection in Niamey, Niger, during the 2006 African Monsoon and Multidisciplinary Analyses Intensive Observing Period

[1] Surface radar observations near Niamey, Niger, during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign in 2006 documented the structure, motion, and precipitation of cloud systems during the monsoon season. These unique observations for that part of the Sahel were combined with satellite rain estimates and infrared satellite imagery to study the diurnal cycle of rainfall in Niamey, Niger. This study confirms the bimodal structure of the diurnal rainfall cycle in Niamey during AMMA, seen by previous studies of West African rainfall. Radar analysis of squall line mesoscale convective systems (SLMCS) and non-MCS isolated convection clearly demonstrated that the nocturnal maximum was associated with the observed arrival time of westward propagating SLMCS. Satellite imagery suggested that these SLMCS formed in elevated terrain to the east of Niamey the prior afternoon. Radar observations showed that local isolated convection produced the smaller afternoon maximum. Early in the monsoon season, locally generated convection produced an afternoon diurnal rainfall maximum that was delayed by several hours compared to midseason when African easterly wave (AEW) activity was much greater. We suggest that the observed greater mean convective inhibition early in the season, perhaps tied to the absence of large-scale forcing from AEW, played a role in the delayed initiation time.
Mutually Exclusive Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/Cyclin D1 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/Cyclin D2 Pairing Inactivates Retinoblastoma Protein and Promotes Cell Cycle Dysregulation in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematopoietic cancer, ultimately becomes refractory to treatment when self-renewing multiple myeloma cells begin unrestrained proliferation by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that one, but not more than one, of the three early G1 D cyclins is elevated in each case of multiple myeloma. Cyclin D1 or D3 expression does not vary in the clinical course, but that alone is insufficient to promote cell cycle progression unless cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) is also elevated, in the absence of cdk6, to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein (Rb). By contrast, cyclin D2 and cdk6 are coordinately increased, thereby overriding the inhibition by cdk inhibitors p18INK4c and p27Kip1 and phosphorylating Rb in conjunction with the existing cdk4. Thus, cyclin D1 pairs exclusively with cdk4 and cdk6 pairs only with cyclin D2, although cyclin D2 can also pair with cdk4 in multiple myeloma cells. The basis for this novel and specific cdk/D cyclin pairing lies in differential transcriptional activation. In addition, cyclin D1– or cyclin D3–expressing multiple myeloma cells are uniformly distributed in the bone marrow, whereas cdk6-specific phosphorylation of Rb occurs in discrete foci of bone marrow multiple myeloma cells before proliferation early in the clinical course and is then heightened with proliferation and disease progression. Mutually exclusive cdk4/cyclin D1 and cdk6/cyclin D2 pairing, therefore, is likely to be a critical determinant for cell cycle reentry and progression and may play a pivotal role in the expansion of self-renewing multiple myeloma cells. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11345-53)
Behavior in Prader-Willi syndrome: relationship to genetic subtypes and age.

Background: Some behavioral features of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are associated with the major genetic subtypes of this disorder. While most agree that those with maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) have a distinctive cognitive and psychiatric profile, findings are more controversial regarding possible differences among persons who vary in paternal deletion size. Methods: Caregivers of 88 persons with PWS aged 5 to 51 years (M = 22 years) were administered measures of problem behavior, compulsivity, hyperphagia, and adaptive skills. The sample was well characterized as having relatively large, Type I (n = 26) or smaller, Type II (n = 29) deletions, or UPD (n = 33). Results: No significant behavioral differences were found between the Type I versus Type II deletion groups. Within each genetic subtype, however, differences emerged in how advancing age related to behavior. Although age did not emerge as a significant correlate of behavior in the Type II or UPD groups, in the Type I group age was consistently associated with lower problem behaviors, adaptive skills, and externalizing symptoms. Conclusion: Although differences between deletion subtypes were not found, significant within-subtype differences emerged in relationships between age and behavior. Negative associations between age and behavior in the Type I group only may relate to non-imprinted genes that are deleted in Type I but not Type II cases, including CYFIP1. Altered expression of CYFIP1 is seen in other developmental disabilities, including 15q disorders, and haploinsufficiency of CYFIP1 in Type I PWS cases may be associated with age-related phenotypic effects. Findings underscore the importance of a life-span perspective in phenotypic research. Keywords: Prader-Willi syndrome, genetic subtypes, age, CYFIP1.
PACING STRATEGIES TO PREVENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

The role of cardiac pacing in preventing atrial fibrillation in patients at risk for this arrhythmia is a relatively new concept. This article discusses the influence of the pacing mode, rate, atrial pacing site, and novel pacing algorithms on the prevention of atrial fibrillation.
MicroRNA 135 Regulates HOXA10 Expression in Endometriosis

Context: Homeo box A10 (HOXA10) regulates endometrial receptivity and its expression is decreased in women with endometriosis. Although sex steroids regulate HOXA10, these hormones are unaltered in endometriosis. We hypothesized a role for microRNA in the regulation of HOXA10. Objective: MicroRNA 135a and -b are small noncoding RNA with predicted targets that include HOXA10. We evaluated miR135a/b expression and HOXA10 regulation in endometrium from subjects with and without endometriosis. Design: The design of the study was the measurement of miR135a/b expression by quantitative PCR and in vitro analysis of HOXA10 regulation. Setting: The study was conducted at a university medical center. Patients: Patients included 50 controls and 32 women with endometriosis. Interventions: Study interventions included endometrial biopsies and in vitro transfection. Main Outcome Measures: miR135a/b and HOXA10 expression were measured in the study. Results: All endometrial samples expressed miR135a and -b. miR135a expre...
L2 Reading on the Web: Strategies for Accessing Information in Hypermedia

This empirical study explores how L2 learners access information while reading L2 texts in a Web-based learning environment. Twenty-three second-year German students read and summarized two online texts in the netLearn program, while their use of online multimedia support resources was tracked. Multimedia resources included a program-internal glossary, an online bilingual dictionary, and an audio narration of the text. After reading each text, learners wrote summaries, and the summaries were scored in terms of the number of propositions recalled. The tracker noted the number of words looked up and the amount of time spent on the tasks of reading and writing. In addition, a subset of students did think aloud protocols while reading online. Selected students were interviewed after they used the program about their metacognitive reading strategies. The results from both the quantitative data (e.g., number of words looked up, time spent on tasks, and number of propositions recalled) and the qualitative data (...
High fever after flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in noncritically ill immunocompetent children.

Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have been applied increasingly to the evaluation of pulmonary disease in children. Although several complications have been reported following FB and BAL, high fever after BAL in immunocompetent children has not previously been reported. To determine the frequency, clinical characteristics, and outcome of these complications in children who developed high fever post-BAL, we retrospectively reviewed all bronchoscopic procedures done on an outpatient basis between August 1995 and July 1997. We identified 78 immunocompetent noncritically ill children who had undergone FB and BAL as an outpatient procedure for evaluation of underlying pulmonary disease, of whom 13 (17%) developed temperature (T) higher than or equal to 39 degrees C (fever group). The 13 patients in the fever group had a median age of 10 (range, 4-48) months and a reported T of 39.4 degrees C (39.1-40.6 degrees C) occurring 7.5 (4-12) hr after BAL. To determine if there were differences in clinical or BAL fluid (BALF) characteristics, we compared each child in the fever group to two children in the nonfever group, based upon primary indications and age. There were no differences in demographic or clinical characteristics between the two groups. Lymphocyte concentrations in BALF were significantly reduced in the fever group (P = 0.03). An abnormal BALF cell differential (defined as one or more of the following: neutrophils >10%, lymphocytes >30%, or eosinophils >1%) was significantly more common in the fever group (P = 0.008, odds ratio 3.6). We conclude that high fever is a frequent adverse event following BAL in noncritically ill immunocompetent children with underlying pulmonary disease. Pre-BAL clinical characteristics are not associated with development of high fever. However, the finding of an abnormal BALF cell differential is strongly associated with development of high fever post-BAL.
Assessment of early deterioration.

Clinical studies suggest that up to one third of stroke patients may experience a medical or neurological deterioration after admission. Early deterioration worsens outcome and increases mortality. The frequency, causes, treatments, and prognosis vary with stroke type and care setting. This section focuses on the identification, cause, pathophysiology, and management of clinical deterioration after acute stroke.
Younger brother and fishing hook on Timor: reassessing Mauss on hierarchy and divinity

Marcel Mauss, in two of his most influential papers, proposed conflicting perspectives on the status relationship between gods and human beings. In an earlier study (1888), written in collaboration with Henri Hubert, he contended that the gifts given in ritual sacrifice by human beings to divinity are important, even necessary, for the existence of their gods. Hence the status relationship between the divine and human contains some degree of parity. In his later paper, ‘Essai sur le don’, however, Mauss emphasized the superiority of divinity, so much so that human beings were now decisively relegated to a condition of subordination. This article argues in support of Mauss's (and Hubert's) original thesis by adducing as evidence a set of five oral narratives from Timor that suggest human beings may in certain circumstances gain a measure of superiority over the divine, and demonstrates that in each narrative the agents by which this superiority is accomplished are the younger brother and a fishing hook or equivalent artefact which intrude from the quotidian world into the realm of spirit. Its findings suggest that recent propositions arguing for the interactive influence of material artefacts on human values are tenable and that the role of narrative as a medium of communication be reaffirmed as a prime forum for religious reflexivity.
Pinpointing the Extent of Electronic Delocalization in the Re(I)-to-Tetrazine Charge-Separated Excited State Using Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

Femtosecond mid-IR transient absorption spectroscopy (TRIR) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations on Re(CO)(3)Cl(Me(2)BPTZ) [Me(2)BPTZ = 3,6-bis(5-methyl-2-pyridine)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine] are used to demonstrate that the lowest excited state of the complex is a triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) state with a lifetime of 225 ps. The short excited-state lifetime is explained by the energy-gap law. Vibrational cooling of the (3)MLCT state shows up as early-time dynamics (3.6 ps). The structural changes in the excited state are deduced from the frequency shifts in the TRIR vibrational bands. The vibrational frequencies of the CO groups increase upon excitation as a result of decreased back-bonding between the CO ligands and the oxidized Re center in the (3)MLCT state. The vibrational frequencies of the central tetrazine ring of Me(2)BPTZ decrease because of the decrease in the bond order upon reduction of the Me(2)BPTZ ligand in the (3)MLCT state. Interestingly, the TRIR signals from the pyridine moieties of Me(2)BPTZ were not detected. These results can be explained by localization of the electronic charge on the central tetrazine ring in the (3)MLCT state of Re(CO)(3)Cl(Me(2)BPTZ), as supported by TD-DFT calculations.
Mill and ‘The Ascent to Causes’

Mill had a famous and complex relationship with Comte. As Comte entered his later, ‘religious’, phase, Mill’s admiration cooled, as the oft-told story goes, and he worked at distancing himself from Positivism. Nevertheless, their opinions often overlapped, and appeal to the one often meant assent to the views of the other — a point obscured in the later nineteenth century by European nationalism. Germans roundly denounced ‘French Positivism’, but not infrequently took over much the same reasoning in Millian form. Durkheim, who loyally held that Comte was the largest source of his methodological inspiration and was portrayed by his French associates as “a real heir” of Comte (Levy-Bruhl, 1903, p. 359), devoted more of the Rules to issues that arise in connection with Mill than to those that arise with Comte. In a sense, Mill’s A System of Logic was a completion of Comte’s project, for although Comtean formulations were often sufficiently precise to deal with certain topics, particularly the sciences’ “usual end of obtaining a rational prevision” (Comte, 1858, p. 370), they were vague with respect to others, particularly those pertaining to the logic of experimental reasoning.