cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) rapidly stimulates the formation of inositol phosphates and diacyglycerol in rat granulosa cells: further evidence for the involvement of Ca2+ and protein kinase C in the action of GnRH.

GnRH provokes a phospholipid response in rat granulosa cells that has been characterized by increased incorporation of radioactive precursors into phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and by depletion of 32P-prelabeled polyphosphoinositides. In this report, rat granulosa cells from mature Graafian follicles were incubated with GnRH under various conditions to follow the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and the generation of the metabolic byproducts of phospholipase C action. Granulosa cells were prelabeled for 3 h with myo[2-3H]inositol. GnRH provoked rapid (10 sec) and sustained (up to 60 min) increases in the levels of inositol monophosphates, inositol bisphosphates, and inositol trisphosphates (IP3). Time-course studies revealed that IP3 was formed more rapidly than inositol bisphosphate and inositol monophosphate after GnRH treatment. The response to GnRH was concentration dependent (maximal at 10 ng/ml) and was prevented by a specific GnRH antagonist. Lithium chloride (1–10 mm) greatly enhanced...
Measurement of mundane TV behaviors: Remote control device flipping frequency

Although overt behaviors (such as media consumption and related uses and gratifications) are fairly reliable survey items, mundane behaviors (such as channel changing frequency) are problematic. Respondents were asked to watch television in the presence of a hidden device that recorded the frequency of their RCD use. When these recorded counts were compared to their self‐reported survey responses regarding channel flipping frequency, there was evidence of underestimation of channel flipping. Irregularity of estimation was explained in part by excitement instrumental viewing motives.
Alkene-alkyne coupling as a linchpin: an efficient and convergent synthesis of amphidinolide P.

A short and efficient synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolide amphidinolide P is described. A remarkably chemo- and regioselective ruthenium-catalyzed alkene−alkyne coupling allows for a convergent synthesis and demonstrates that both enynes and β-lactones are suitable coupling partners. This work also features a novel strategy for the preparation of macrolactones via intramolecular transesterification of β-lactones. The target structure was prepared in 15 steps for the longest linear sequence and 10% overall yield, 24 steps total.
Grandfather and computers

M y grandfather, my father’s mother, was born in Sweden in 1891. He received two years of formal schooling. To help support his family, he went to work in a factory at the age of twelve. When he reached the age of seventeen, he immigrated to the United States. He became one of the thousands of Scandinavians who were processed through Ellis Island during the first years of the twentieth century. My grandfather, like most of his fellow Swedes who would make the long journey to the United States, could not speak English-not one word. To attempt to circumvent this problem, an English-speaking neighbor in Sweden created a cloth sign which my grandfather later sewed to the front of his bib overalls. The sign cloth read:
MLL : How complex does it get?

The mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene encodes a very large nuclear protein homologous to Drosophila trithorax (trx). MLL is required for the proper maintenance of HOX gene expression during development and hematopoiesis. The exact regulatory mechanism of HOX gene expression by MLL is poorly understood, but it is believed that MLL functions at the level of chromatin organization. MLL was identified as a common target of chromosomal translocations associated with human acute leukemias. About 50 different MLL fusion partners have been isolated to date, and while similarities exist between groups of partners, there exists no unifying property shared by all the partners. MLL gene rearrangements are found in leukemias with both lymphoid and myeloid phenotypes and are often associated with infant and secondary leukemias. The immature phenotype of the leukemic blasts suggests an important role for MLL in the early stages of hematopoietic development. Mll homozygous mutant mice are embryonic lethal and exhibit deficiencies in yolk sac hematopoiesis. Recently, two different MLL-containing protein complexes have been isolated. These and other gain- and loss-of-function experiments have provided insight into normal MLL function and altered functions of MLL fusion proteins. This article reviews the progress made toward understanding the function of the wild-type MLL protein. While many advances in understanding this multifaceted protein have been made since its discovery, many challenging questions remain to be answered.
Muslim medical culture in modern Central Asia: a brief note on manuscript sources from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries

This article surveys the body of medical literature, in Arabic, Persian and Turkic, produced and circulated in Central Asia from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries, on the basis of catalogues of Islamic manuscript collections in the region, highlighting royal patronage of medical knowledge as well as the continuation of traditional modes of transmitting medical lore into the colonial and Soviet periods. The survey is a reminder that indigenous medical lore in Central Asia left a substantial body of still-unexplored sources, and that the encounter of traditional Central Asian medical practices with ‘modern’ medicine cannot reasonably be studied solely on the basis of Russian colonial or Soviet perspectives.
Constrained Optimization for Addressing Forest-Wide Timber Production

Optimization models are important tools for integrating objectives in forest management planning. Timber management objectives are difficult to address without considering complex environmental conditions, other ownership objectives, and forest management policies. Typically, to learn about management opportunities, model applications involve multiple scenarios and tradeoff analysis. Study areas tend to be large with analyses challenging because of model size needs for addressing many facets of the situation. The trend is to decompose large problems into linked subproblems with feedback between analyses. A better understanding of forest management situations can be obtained by integrating forest management decision-making with timber supply chain analyses developed from wood users’ perspectives. Uncertainty surrounds forest management decision-making situations, with analyses expanding recently to address strategies for collecting forest inventory information and recourse opportunities to help reduce risks associated with an uncertain future.
Review and feedback of experience gained over the last fifty years in design and construction of natural-draught cooling towers

Abstract A review of natural-draught cooling towers and their development from the early 1930s to the present is given. Experience gained with these older towers, some of which are still in operation, is described and attention is drawn to aspects of construction and design that have proved to be unsatisfactory. Examples of towers with structural defects that have led to current design philosophy are described. Observations on other aspects of design of natural-draught cooling towers, such as foundations, packing, packing supports and lightning protection are given.
A Scheme for Collision Avoidance with Minimum Distance Traveling for Industrial Robots

Maneuvering an industrial robot to avoid a collision with obstacles in real time involves not only the fast obstacle detection and descripton, but also fast decision making. The problem is complicated since no a priori knowledge about obstacles is assumed. In addition, they may appear in the robot's path unexpectedly. To detect and describe the three-dimensional obstacles, stereo cameras are used to collect environmental images. Through the top view of the workspace, the cameras furnish the silhouette as well as heights of obstacles. To speed up the image processing, the pixel array is grouped into patches and the maximum height of each patch is determined. TO simplify the obstacle description in the computer, a “pillar” model of the bounding polyhedra is constructed. Fast decision making is accomplished by structuring a finite number of possible collision avoidance paths. Path feasibility is determined at the “module aisle” level while optimization is performed at the subpath level so that the magnitude of processing effort is reduced from the order of 6 to 3 × 6.
Contrasting values of commitment factors measured from viscosity, pH, and kinetic isotope effects: Evidence for slow conformational changes in the D-amino acid oxidase reaction

Abstract The flavoprotein D -amino acid oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of D -amino acids to imino acids. Previous studies of pH and isotope effets on the reaction with D -alanine as substrate have established that the enzyme substrate complex partitions forward toward carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage 10 times as fast as the amino acid dissociates and that overall turnover is limited by product release. However, the V / K value for D -alanine is not affected by the solution viscosity, while the V max value is only 15% limited by diffusion. These results are interpreted as evidence for a protein conformational change between an open conformation which binds substrates and a closed complex within which catalysis occurs. Such a model is supported by the recently reported structure of the enzyme–benzoate complex (A. Mattevi, M. A. Vanoni, F. Todone, M. Rizzi, A. Teplyakov, A. Coda, M. Bolognesi, and B. Curti (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7496–7501).
The effect of center volume on the incidence of postoperative complications and their impact on survival after lung transplantation.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of center volume on the incidence of postoperative complications and their impact on survival after lung transplantation (LTx). Methods United Network for Organ Sharing data were used to identify adult patients undergoing LTx between 1999 and 2009. Center volume was modeled as both a continuous and a categorical variable. Postoperative complications included infection, rejection, stroke, reoperation, and renal failure requiring dialysis. Multivariable Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted after stratification on the basis of center volume and type of complication. Results A total of 12,565 LTx recipients were included in the study. Overall rates of postoperative complications were 5.4% for renal failure requiring dialysis, 1.9% for stroke, 19.9% for reoperation, 42.8% for infection, and 10.0% for rejection. High volume centers did not have significantly reduced rates of postoperative complications. Risk-adjusted multivariable Cox analysis demonstrated that in patients with a complication, low volume center was a significant risk factor for increased 90-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortality. Kaplan-Meier analyses similarly demonstrated reduced posttransplant survival in lower volume centers, a finding that persisted after stratification based on individual complication type except for stroke. Conclusions Although high volume centers do not have significantly lower incidences of individual postoperative complications after LTx, they are best able to minimize the adverse effects of these complications on short- and long-term survival. These data suggest that identifying and implementing the institutional practices that lead to better management of postoperative complications after LTx in high volume centers may be prudent to improving outcomes in lower volume hospitals.
An approach for sensorless position estimation for switched reluctance motors using artifical neural networks

This paper presents a new approach to the sensorless control of the switched-reluctance motor (SRM). The basic premise of the method is that an artificial neural network (ANN) forms a very efficient mapping structure for the nonlinear SRM. Through measurement of the phase flux linkages and phase currents the neural network is able to estimate the rotor position, thereby facilitating elimination of the rotor position sensor. The ANN training data set is comprised of magnetization data for the SRM with flux linkage (/spl lambda/) and current (i) as inputs and the corresponding position (/spl theta/) as output in this set. Given a sufficiently large training data set, the ANN can build up a correlation among /spl lambda/, i and /spl theta/ for an appropriate network architecture. This paper presents the development, implementation, and operation of an ANN-based position estimator for a three-phase SRM.
Applications of secure electronic voting to automated privacy-preserving troubleshooting

Recent work [27, 15] introduced a novel peer-to-peer application that leverages content sharing and aggregation among the peers to diagnose misconfigurations on a desktop PC. This application poses interesting challenges in preserving privacy of user configuration data and in maintaining integrity of troubleshooting results. In this paper, we provide a much more rigorous cryptographic and yet practical solution for preserving privacy, and we investigate and analyze solutions for ensuring integrity.
The effects of the glass surface area/solution volume ratio on glass corrosion: A critical review

This report reviews and summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding the effects of the glass surface area/solution volume (SA/V) ratio on the corrosion behavior of borosilicate waste glasses. The SA/V ratio affects the rate of glass corrosion through the extent of dilution of corrosion products released from the glass into the leachate solution: glass corrosion products are diluted more in tests conducted at low SA/V ratios than they are in tests conducted at high SA/V ratios. Differences in the solution chemistries generated in tests conducted at different SA/V ratios then affect the observed glass corrosion behavior. Therefore, any testing parameter that affects the solution chemistry will also affect the glass corrosion rate. The results of static leach tests conducted to assess the effects of the SA/V are discussed with regard to the effects of SA/V on the solution chemistry. Test results show several remaining issues with regard to the long-term glass corrosion behavior: can the SA/V ratio be used as an accelerating parameter to characterize the advanced stages of glass corrosion relevant to long disposal times; is the alteration of the glass surface the same in tests conducted at different SA/V, and in tests conducted with monolithic and crushed glass samples; what are the effects of the SA/V and the extent of glass corrosion on the disposition of released radionuclides? These issues will bear on the prediction of the long-term performance of waste glasses during storage. The results of an experimental program conducted at ANL to address these and other remaining issues regarding the effects of SA/V on glass corrosion are described. 288 refs., 59 figs., 16 tabs.
Athenian democracy and legal change

The ancient Athenians regarded their ability to modify their laws as a fundamentally democratic trait; indeed, the faculty of “pragmatic innovation” was well known throughout the Greek world and was widely viewed as a key advantage that Athens had over its rival, Sparta. The Athenian commitment to legal change endured despite disastrous consequences at the end of the fifth century, a comprehensive revision of the laws, and the complication of legal procedure in the fourth century. In an apparent paradox, however, the Athenians also used “entrenchment clauses” to make certain laws immutable. Through analysis of entrenched laws and decrees, it is shown that the innovativeness that made Athens enviable also made it a difficult ally; entrenchment enabled the Athenians to make its commitments more credible. Although today entrenchment is typically used to protect crucial constitutional provisions, such as rights, in the ancient world it served a strategic purpose.
Thyroid hormone receptors from liver nuclei: characteristics of receptor from normal, thyroidectomized, and triiodothyronine-treated rats; measurement of occupied and unoccupied receptors, and chromatin binding of receptors.

The capacity and characteristics of liver nuclear receptors for T3 have been compared in normal rats, thyroidectomized rats, and thyroidectomized rats treated with different doses of T3. Receptor capacity was unchanged, with the exception of a decrease of total nuclear receptors in rats treated with 15 μg T3/day, which is believed due to lack of complete dissociation of the endogenously bound hormone during incubation in vitro. During incubation of the isolated nuclei in 0.32 M sucrose plus 1 mM MgCl2 plus 20 mM Tris-Cl buffer, pH 7.85, about 50% of the nuclear receptors were released to the medium and no effect of T3 treatment on the amount released was found. The affinity of the receptors free in solution was 50% higher than that of receptors retained in the nuclei. Receptors from normal and thyroidectomized rats were studied by ultracentrifugation through sucrose gradients. No difference in sedimentation coefficient was found between the groups of rats, whether the receptors were filled with the labele...
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Human Oral Mucosal Transcriptome

Use of tobacco is responsible for approximately 30% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States, including cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. In the current study, 40 current and 40 age- and gender-matched never smokers underwent buccal biopsies to evaluate the effects of smoking on the transcriptome. Microarray analyses were carried out using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2 arrays. Smoking altered the expression of numerous genes: 32 genes showed increased expression and 9 genes showed reduced expression in the oral mucosa of smokers versus never smokers. Increases were found in genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, oxidant stress, eicosanoid synthesis, nicotine signaling, and cell adhesion. Increased numbers of Langerhans cells were found in the oral mucosa of smokers. Interestingly, smoking caused greater induction of aldo-keto reductases, enzymes linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced genotoxicity, in the oral mucosa of women than men. Striking similarities in expression changes were found in oral compared with the bronchial mucosa. The observed changes in gene expression were compared with known chemical signatures using the Connectivity Map database and suggested that geldanamycin, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, might be an antimimetic of tobacco smoke. Consistent with this prediction, geldanamycin caused dose-dependent suppression of tobacco smoke extract-mediated induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in vitro. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoke, support the potential use of oral epithelium as a surrogate tissue in future lung cancer chemoprevention trials, and illustrate the potential of computational biology to identify chemopreventive agents.
A Study of Leadership Roles in an Alabama Prison for Women

The authors undertake the task of developing a theoretical model derived from new concepts in individual psychoanalytic theory and technique. These ideas emphasize the unconscious organization of behavior and people's planful way of working with the therapist in the treatment setting. The model is applied to the basic assumptions of Bion, reanalyzing them in particular ways to bring out the treatment goals which they are seen to rep- resent for the group members. The model is also exemplified by clinical material.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Cutaneous Leiomyosarcoma

Immunohistochemistry plays a vital role in distinguishing cutaneous leiomyosarcoma (CLMS) from other spindle cell neoplasms. Recently, several new immunohistochemical markers of smooth muscle differentiation (calponin, h-caldesmon) have shown greater utility in the diagnosis of CLMS. We compared the expression of various traditional and novel immunohistochemical markers in CLMS. Thirteen cases of CLMS were immunostained with a panel of antibodies (SMA, MSA, desmin, vimentin, S100, cytokeratin, NSE, HMB-45, CD117, procollagen, h-caldesmon and calponin. Immunostaining was graded from 0 to 4+ based on the percentage of positive staining. All 13 cases of CLMS showed positive staining with SMA, MSA and h-caldesmon. 12 cases showed positive staining with desmin, calponin, vimentin and NSE. 8 cases showed positive staining with CD117 and procollagen. 4 and 3 cases showed focal positive staining for S100 and cytokeratin. All cases were HMB-45 negative. All 13 cases exhibited greater than 50% staining with SMA and MSA. 11 cases were strongly positive (>50%) for calponin and h-caldesmon, while only 8 cases were strongly positive for desmin. Our study finds no significant difference between traditional and novel smooth muscle immunostains. We conclude that a panel of immunohistochemical stains should be employed to differentiate CLMS from other spindle cell neoplasms.
Seasonality and Time of Host-Seeking Activity of Culex tarsalis and Floodwater Aedes in Northern Colorado, 2006–20071

Effective and economical control of adult vector and pest mosquitoes requires knowledge of their seasonal abundance and host-seeking activity patterns. We conducted research in 2006-2007 to study these variables for Culex tarsalis, Aedes vexans, Ae. melanimon, and Ae. dorsalis in Larimer County, CO. Mosquitoes were collected with traps that segregated catches in 7 consecutive 2-h intervals initiating at 1730 h at 4 sites. Seasonal abundance varied for all species by site and year. Time of host-seeking activity was consistent for all species by site and year. Culex tarsalis counts were significantly higher 1.2-4.5 h after sunset than during the preceding time intervals. Maximum host-seeking activity of the 3 Aedes species occurred from 0.8 h before sunset to 6.5 h after. Host seeking by all species continued throughout the night. For optimal control of Cx. tarsalis adulticide application should start approximately 1 h after sunset, and control of Aedes species should begin soon after sunset, and for all species applications can continue throughout most of the night.
Natural Law, Due Process, and Economic Pressure

“Liberty of contract” is an honorable phrase. It is not too much to say that contractual freedom is generally regarded as the crowning glory of Anglo-American law in general and of the American constitutional system in particular. Belief in a pre-civil state of nature may have been cast into the discard, but not so the belief in natural law in the sense of ideal law, in natural rights as rights superior—if not anterior—to civil rights, and in freedom of contract as one of the greatest of the natural rights secured by natural law. There is well-nigh universal approbation of the philosophy implicit in Sir Henry Maine's famous conclusion that “the movement of the progressive societies has hitherto been a movement from Status to Contract,” and there is general satisfaction that certain American constitutional provisions preclude any retrograde movement in the future. In particular, there is rejoicing that the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments insure to the American workman his natural freedom of contract against any insidious attempt to relegate him to a servile status. In spite of an occasional voice crying in the wilderness, it is still heretical to suggest that constitutional contractual liberty amounts to a guarantee that economic pressure may be exerted by the rich upon the poor, by the employer upon the employee. The hypothesis deserves further examination. It will be profitable to ascertain how far the use of economic pressure has been deemed natural in English law and philosophy, and then to observe the extent to which it is recognized in American constitutional law as a natural right superior to any legislative enactment.
Study of heat transfer for a pair of rectangular jets impinging on an inclined surface

Abstract Critical design parameters in jet impingement heat transfer like nozzle hydraulic diameter, jet angle and velocity, physical properties of the fluid, and nozzle-to-target plane spacing are the subject. This paper identifies the dominant fluid-thermal characteristics of a pair of rectangular air jets impinging on an inclined surface. Heat transfer modes and flow characteristics are studied with eight different Reynolds numbers ranging from 500 to 20 000. Local and average Nusselt numbers are evaluated with two different boundary conditions on three specified lines located on the inclined surface. The correlation between stagnation Nusselt number and Reynolds number is presented. Turbulent intensity and wall y+ distributions are compared on three lines parallel to the incline. The effect of jet impingement angle on local and average Nusselt number is also documented. Finally, a correlation between the average Nusselt number, nozzle exit Reynolds number and the jet angle is documented.
CMOS RF Low-Noise Amplifier Design for Variability and Reliability

An adaptive substrate (body) bias design for variability and reliability for a CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) is analyzed. The proposed body biasing scheme provides a radio-frequency circuit that is resilient to process variations and device reliability. Small-signal models including substrate bias effect are developed for noise figure and small-signal power gain sensitivity. The cascode LNA operating at 24 GHz with the adaptive substrate bias scheme is compared with the LNA without body bias using the PTM 65-nm technology. The modeling and simulation results show that the adaptive substrate bias reduces the sensitivity of noise figure and minimum noise figure subject to process variations and device aging such as threshold voltage shift and electron mobility degradation.
Differential Expression of the p44 Gene Family in the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Using reverse transcription-PCR targeting of the p44 genes of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) with primers flanking the hypervariable region, we show differential expression in a murine model of HGE infection and during tick transmission. The p44 genes were differentially expressed in salivary glands of infected nymphal ticks removed during transmission feeding but not in nonfeeding infected ticks. Similarly, the p44 genes were differentially expressed in infected C3H mice, in SCID mice, and in cultured HGE bacteria. Thus, differential p44 expression exists in vivo and in vitro and could provide a basis for antigenic variation.
Fractionation of a Chick Growth Depressing Factor From Rye

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to study the growth depressing effect of rye in diets of young chicks. Rye was extracted with acetone in an attempt to duplicate results obtained by others working with rats or pigs. Rye was also extracted with water and the water soluble fraction was dried by different procedures. The distillate obtained by heat evaporation of water extract of rye was further fractionated using petroleum ether. All fractions obtained were incorporated in diets for chicks at levels approximately equivalent to those rye would supply in a diet formulated with this grain. Chicks received the different dietary treatments from day of age to two weeks of age. Data were collected on body weight, feed efficiency and feces condition. The results indicate that acetone extraction of rye had no effect on the growth depressing properties of this grain or on the sticky feces condition associated with its use in poultry feeding. Chicks receiving diets containing water extracted rye grew significantly better and had better feed efficiency than chicks on rye diets. Feces condition was significantly improved by the water extraction process and the dried water extract caused the sticky feces condition when added to a diet containing corn as the grain. Lyophilized water extract of rye was growth depressing whereas water extract dried by heat evaporation did not depress growth. The petroleum ether extract of the distillate of water soluble fraction of rye had no effect on chick growth or feed efficiency.
Production and Recovery of Americium-241

Nuclear reactors produce mixtures of 241Am and 242Am. However, beta decay of 241Pu produces radioactively-pure 241Am. Separation and purification processes for include ion exchange, precipitation, and both liquid-liquid and molten-salt extraction. This paper reviews the principal production and recovery processes.
A Preliminary Evaluation of the Emergence of Novel Mand Forms

Strategies that produce generalized responding are valuable, especially with regard to language acquisition, because relatively little training may result in large behavior changes. Conditions that result in generalized manding were analyzed in the current study. We demonstrated in reversal designs that undesirable or single-word responses were the predominant mand forms of 3 preschool children. Multiple baseline designs with 2 participants and a reversal design with 1 participant were then used to demonstrate the extent to which differential reinforcement of single-word mands (e.g., "cars") or framed mands (e.g., "I want the cars, please") would result in the emergence of other single-word and framed mands for different items (e.g., mands for music, puppets, or puzzles). Results showed that prompting and differential reinforcement of one or two mand frames resulted in the emergence of other framed mands for all participants.
Right Hemisphere Activation of Joke-related Information: An Event-related Brain Potential Study

Two studies tested the hypothesis that the right hemisphere engages in relatively coarse semantic coding that aids high-level language tasks such as joke comprehension. Scalprecorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were collected as healthy adults read probe words (CRAZY) preceded either by jokes or nonfunny controls ("Everyone had so much fun jumping into the swimming pool, we decided to put in a little water/platform"). Probes were related to the meaning of the jokes, but not the controls. In Experiment 1a, with central presentation, probes following jokes (related) elicited less negative ERPs 300–700 msec postonset (N400) than did probes following nonfunny controls (unrelated). This finding suggests related probes were primed by the jokes. In addition, unrelated probes elicited a larger anterior positivity 700–900 msec than did related, as irrelevant stimuli impacted control processes invoked by task demands. In Experiment 1b, probes (CRAZY) were preceded only by sentence-final words from jokes (water) or controls (platform). No ERP effects were observed in Experiment 1b, suggesting the N400 priming effect and the anterior positivity observed in Experiment 1a ref lect semantic activations at the discourse level. To assess hemispheric differences in semantic activations, in Experiment 2, ERPs were recorded as participants read probe words presented in their left and right visual fields (LVF and RVF, respectively). Probes elicited a smaller N400 component when preceded by jokes than controls. This N400 priming effect was larger with presentation to the LVF, suggesting joke-relevant information was more active in the right hemisphere. The anterior positivity was observed with RVF but not LVF presentation, suggesting an important role for the left hemisphere in controlled retrieval in language comprehension.
Improved visualization of deep ocular structures in glaucoma using high penetration optical coherence tomography

The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized ophthalmology through the ability to non-invasively image the retina in vivo. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Despite major advances in imaging techniques, the pathogenesis of glaucoma remains poorly understood at present. The lamina cribrosa (LC) is the presumed site of axonal injury in glaucoma. Its thinning and deformation have been suggested to contribute to glaucoma development and progression by impeding axoplasmic flow within the optic nerve fibers, leading to apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. To visualize the deep ocular structures such as the choroid and the LC, OCT imaging has been used, particularly the enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT modality of spectral domain (SD)-OCT. However, the posterior laminar surface especially is not seen clearly using this method. A new generation of OCTs, swept-source (SS)-OCT, is able to image the LC and the choroid in vivo. SS-OCT employs a longer wavelength compared with the conventional OCT, generally set at 1050 nm (instead of 840 nm). We review current knowledge of the LC, findings from trials that use SD-OCT and EDI-OCT, and our experience with a prototype SS-OCT to quantify choroid changes and visualize the LC in its entirety.
Coagulation tests predict bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Objective: To determine the accuracy of coagulation profile laboratory tests, thromboelastography, and Sonoclot (SCT) values for predicting microvascular bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design: A prospective, blinded trial. Setting: A large academic medical center. Participants: Eighty-two adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Interventions: Ten minutes after CPB, thromboelastography, SCT, and coagulation profile tests (bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, platelet count, mean platelet volume, and platelet hematocrit) were determined from a whole blood sample taken from an existing arterial catheter. Patients were subjectively defined as “bleeders” or “non-bleeders” by blinded clinical observers. Preoperative baseline tests were also obtained. Measurements and Main Results: Thirty of the 82 patients (36.6%) were characterized as bleeders. Coagulation profile tests had the best correlation with intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. The specificity, sensitivity, and negative and positive predictive values were determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the test values that differentiated normal from abnormal (bleeding) patients were determined. The coagulation profile laboratory tests had the greatest maximal sensitivity and specificity for predicting bleeding. These predictive values were outside the normal range for these laboratory tests. The thromboelastography values that produced maximal sensitivity and specificity were in the normal range for that test. Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies, coagulation profile tests had the greatest sensitivity and specificity to differentiate patients with excessive bleeding (abnormal) from those without excessive bleeding (normal) after CPB. Therefore, these tests should be used to guide transfusion therapy in patients who have excessive bleeding after CPB.
A Simulation Study Of Economic Production Quantity Lot Size To Kanban For A Single Line Production System Under Various Setup Times With Completion Time As Performance Metric

The Setup time variable was evaluated for the two systems (Kanban and EPQ) against the performance measure of total completion time. EPQ outperforms Kanban on total completion time. The research helped clarify for practitioners whether EPQ might be more suitable than Kanban for their given situations.
An optimal task assignment policy and performance diagnosis strategy for heterogeneous hadoop cluster

The goal of the proposed research is to improve the performance of Hadoop-based software running on a heterogeneous cluster. My approach lies in the intersection of machine learning, scheduling and diagnosis. We mainly focus on heterogeneous Hadoop clusters and try to improve the performance by implementing a more efficient scheduler for this class of cluster.
Molecular mechanisms of bone resorption. An update.

The osteoclast is morphologically and functionally polarized (Figure 1), with a pole facing the bone matrix, where attachment occurs and towards which most of the secretion is targeted (the apical pole), and a pole facing the soft tissues in the local microenvironment (bone marrow or periosteum) and which provides mostly, but not exclusively, regulatory functions (the basolateral pole).
Problems in Weather Map Analysis and Forecasting in Connection with Transatlantic Flying

T following remarks are based in part on the author's experience of the past summer in forecasting for the transatlantic survey flights of the American Export Airlines, and in part on experience gained during the past three years in the analysis of Northern Hemisphere weather maps, together with the analysis of North American aerological data. Any discussion of transatlantic flight forecasting must be prefaced by a few general remarks on the basic requirements of such a service. It must be borne in mind that efficient transatlantic flight operations, especially in winter, will require dependable weather forecasts over a stretch of some 3000 miles of open ocean, extending from 48 to 72 hours ahead. This presupposes quite a different type of forecasting than, for instance, that required by domestic airlines, where usually an accurate 12-hour forecast, or at most one for 24 hours, is sufficient to meet individual flight needs. Furthermore, all the local topographical features of the flight region which are so important to much of the domestic airlines forecasting largely disappear in transoceanic forecasting. In other words, the transoceanic service calls for more emphasis on the basic long-range general type of forecast, with particular emphasis on winds aloft, rather than the typical short range specialized aviation forecast. The greater the time and space range of a forecast, the more important becomes the general basic forecast, and the less important the localized special details which are emphasized in the aviation type of forecast. Apart from the winds aloft, the occurrence of zones of heavy icing is the only characteristically aviation forecast item which needs to be stressed in the transatlantic flight forecasts. Not only in comparison with domestic aviation forecasting, but also in comparison with flight forecasting for the present transpacific routes and the routes to Central and South America, the Atlantic forecast service offers peculiar difficulties. The Atlantic flight routes lie far enough north so that they come within the zone of strong cyclonic activity in winter, with its rapidly changing conditions and frequent strong winds over large areas. The Pacific and South American routes occasionally are affected by strong extra-tropical cyclonic activity, and occasionally by tropical disturbances, but by and large, conditions on those routes are comparatively steady and winds moderate. The
Formation of peroxide by actinomyces necrophorus on exposure to air in relation to anaerobic plate cultures

McLeod and Gordon 1 showed that the inhibitory substance which appeared in cultures of pneumococcus, and which had been called "bactericidin" by McLeod and Govenlock 2 was, in reality, hydrogen peroxide. A number of coccus forms, in addition to the pneumococcus, were shown to be peroxide formers when grown in the presence of air. Callow,3 investigating the question of whether or not the sensitiveness of anaerobic bacteria to air could be explained on the basis of peroxide formation coupled with a lack of ability to form catalase, found that all of the obligatory anaerobes with which she worked were devoid of catalase, but she was unable to obtain proof that any of them were capable of forming peroxide. McLeod and Gordon ' obtained a greenish zone in "shake" cultures of several anaerobes about 1/s inch beneath the surface in cooked blood agar. Since a similar color was obtained in cultures of several aerobic organisms which were known to be peroxide formers, and was not obtained in the case of any aerobe which did not produce peroxide, they regarded this phenomenon as an indication of peroxide formation. They did not obtain any direct chemical evidence of peroxide formation by anaerobes other than the action on blood, and the significance of this reaction may be open to question. Working on the hypothesis that it was the accumulation of peroxide in cultures of anaerobic organisms, made possible by a lack of catalase, which was responsible for failure of these organisms to grow in the presence of the free oxygen of the air, Avery and Morgan 5 showed
Further Comments on the Prediction of Autonomy Behavior from the Epps n Autonomy Scale

Summary.-This paper constirutes a reply to Jessor's comments on a study by Lipetz and Milton. Additional considerations are presented in order ro allow a fuller evaluation of Jessor's comments. The main conclusion is that an effort tonrard a systematic investigation of variables which would allow for better prediction of behaviors characterized as dependent will be necessary. In a recent comment by Jessor ( 1963 ) on aspects of a report of Lipetz and Milton (1962) concern is expressed that that report may be interpreted as a genuine failure to replicate the findings of a previous study (Bernardin & Jessor, 1957) and as casting doubt on the value of the EPPS as a dependency measure.' It would indeed be unfortunate if the 1962 study were viewed as a direct replication of the 1957 study since the authors went to some length to discuss the variations in procedure. With full concurrence on this point it may nevertheless be valuable to examine the four main arguments presented by Jessor. 1. What amozbnts to an entirely new i7zst~rbrnent was emptoyed. The study on the importance of concext reported by Edwards, Wright, and Lunneborg (1959) was based on a comparison of standard EPPS procedure with one in which needs were paired with only limited numbers of other needs. In the Lipetz and Milton study autonomy was measured in relation to all other needs, a quite different method. The issue could be examined empirically by comparison of responses to a 27-item subset and a 27-item subset in the concext of an 81-item inventory made up of the 27 irems in three variations, relative to the test-retest reliability of those 27 items in the original EPPS context. 2. An enti7ely differeat p~ocedz~re for selecting Ss was used. It is difficult to understand the criticism that autonomy scores alone were used rather than the joint use of Autonomy and Deference scores when so many of the smdies noted by Jessor in support of the construct Dependency reported significant results for Autonomy only. With respect to the extreme groups versus correlational design it is true that the former, given equal sample size, is more likely to make the effect of the variable known. However, the obtained range of Autonomy scores in the 1962 study was 4 to 24 so that the sampling variation at least does appear sufficient. Further, the validation of a construct should eventually be demonstrated along its entire dimension. If the construct is capable of prediction only at its extremes, then this is information that dictates caution in its use. 3. The experimental sitaation was different. Both status and sex of the E
Zika Virus: What Do Emergency Physicians Need to Know?

Abstract Background Zika virus currently dominates headlines, creating public fear due to its complications. With the ease of worldwide travel, this disease has spread rapidly to the U.S. Objectives To provide physicians with an updated clinical review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and mimics of zika virus. Discussion This flavivirus is spread by the bite of the Aedes mosquito during daylight. The ease of worldwide travel has allowed the virus to spread to Mexico and the U.S. Main transmission route is via blood contact or sexual activity involving mucous membranes. Incubation ranges from 2 to 12 days, but only 20% of patients experience symptoms. Fever is low grade with conjunctivitis, arthralgias, myalgias, and a maculopapular rash. Chikungunya and Dengue Fever differ in that patients experience higher fever and no conjunctivitits. The dreaded complication of Zika virus is microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is also linked to the virus. Historical factors including travel history are paramount, and diagnosis includes PCR or serology. No current treatment regimen exists beyond symptom control. The emergency physician must seek to rule out other similar diseases such as malaria, chikungunya, and dengue fever. Conclusion Zika virus has created public fear due to complications, and this flavivirus spread by the Aedes mosquito presents similarly to Chikungunya and Dengue Fever. The dreaded complication of Zika virus is microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. This review provides key information concerning the disease and management.
Preventing Hepatitis A Infections in Travelers to Endemic Areas

Abstract In 1995, 24 million travelers from the United States are anticipated to visit developing countries where hepatitis A is endemic. Passive immunization with immune globulin, before exposure or within two weeks following exposure to the hepatitis A virus, protects against clinical disease in < 70–90% of immunized individuals. The duration of protection, measured in months, is relatively short. Active immunization with a single dose of inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine appears to provide greater protective efficacy and, based on the persistence of vaccine-induced protective antibodies, should provide protection for years. Booster doses given between six and 12 months are likely to provide immunity that may persist for at least a decade. The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine approved for use in the United States has been clinically well-tolerated; mild transient soreness at the injection site is the most frequently reported adverse reaction. Immunization with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is a safe and effective method for travelers to endemic areas to protect themselves against this infection.
Applications of supervised learning techniques on undergraduate admissions data

In making undergraduate admissions decisions, colleges and universities must take a large amount of data into consideration for each applicant. Surprisingly, there is almost no work reported in the literature for a systematic, automated use of the wealth of data gathered by an institution over the years; such a system could guide admissions offices in targeting applicants so that their yield (the applicants who enroll) is maximized by effectively distributing resources (counselors' time and energy) across applicants. We discuss the use of supervised learning techniques, namely perceptrons and support vector machines, in predicting admission decisions and enrollment based on historical applicant data. We show through experimental results that a classifier, trained and validated on previous years' data, can identify with reasonable accuracy (1) those applicants that the admissions office is likely to accept (based on historical decisions made by the admissions office), and (2) of the accepted applicants, those ones that are likely to enroll at the institution. Additionally, the results from our feature selection experiments can inform admissions offices of the significance of applicant features relative to acceptance and enrollment, thus aiding the office in future data collection and decision making.