cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Tur\'{a}n Problems for Uniform Hypergraphs

For two graphs $F$ and $H$, the relative Turan number $\mathrm{ex}(H,F)$ is the maximum number of edges in an $F$-free subgraph of $H$. Foucaud, Krivelevich, and Perarnau \cite{FKP} and Perarnau and Reed \cite{PR} studied these quantities as a function of the maximum degree of $H$. In this paper, we study a generalization for uniform hypergraphs. If $F$ is a complete $r$-partite $r$-uniform hypergraph with parts of sizes $s_1,s_2,\dots,s_r$ with each $s_{i + 1}$ sufficiently large relative to $s_i$, then with $1/\beta = \sum_{i = 2}^r \prod_{j = 1}^{i - 1} s_j$ we prove that for any $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ with maximum degree $\Delta$, \[\mathrm{ex}(H,F)\ge \Delta^{-\beta - o(1)} \cdot e(H).\] This is tight as $\Delta \rightarrow \infty$ up to the $o(1)$ term in the exponent, since we show there exists a $\Delta$-regular $r$-graph $H$ such that $\mathrm{ex}(H,F)=O(\Delta^{-\beta}) \cdot e(H)$. Similar tight results are obtained when $H$ is the random $n$-vertex $r$-graph $H_{n,p}^r$ with edge-probability $p$, extending results of Balogh and Samotij \cite{BS} and Morris and Saxton \cite{MS}.
Selection Methodology for Si Power MOSFETs Used to Enhance SiC Power MOSFET Short-Circuit Capability With the BaSIC(EMM) Topology

The BaSIC(EMM) topology has been previously demonstrated to improve the short-circuit (SC) capability of 1.2-kV SiC power MOSFET s from 3.5 to 7.4 μs while producing a 17% increase in the net on -state resistance. However, a SC time of 10 μs could not be achieved. In this article, a systematic procedure for selection of the Si power MOSFET used in the BaSIC(EMM) topology is described based on information published by manufacturers of Si power MOSFET s in their datasheets. A tradeoff curve between the Si EMM drain saturation current at 150 °C versus its on -resistance at 25 °C is proposed in this article for determination of the best Si EMM product. The proposed methodology allowed identification of a superior Si EMM device. It was experimentally validated that a SC with-stand time of 11 μs, under a gate bias of 20 V applied to the 1.2-kV SiC power MOSFET at a drain bias of 800 V, was achievable with an increase in on -resistance of only 3.6%. These experimental results demonstrate a greatly improved tradeoff curve between SC time and increase in on -resistance.
A multiple case study on drag culture and substance use

Use of alcohol and drugs has been a common theme in the United States, particularly among the LBGTQ community. Entertainers have been shown to have high rates of substance use due to performing in ...
Collagen-Based Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review

Collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in organs and tissues throughout the body and is used for many tissue engineering applications. Electrospinning of collagen can produce scaffolds in a wide variety of shapes, fiber diameters and porosities to match that of the native ECM. This systematic review aims to pool data from available manuscripts on electrospun collagen and tissue engineering to provide insight into the connection between source material, solvent, crosslinking method and functional outcomes. D-banding was most often observed in electrospun collagen formed using collagen type I isolated from calfskin, often isolated within the laboratory, with short solution solubilization times. All physical and chemical methods of crosslinking utilized imparted resistance to degradation and increased strength. Cytotoxicity was observed at high concentrations of crosslinking agents and when abbreviated rinsing protocols were utilized. Collagen and collagen-based scaffolds were capable of forming engineered tissues in vitro and in vivo with high similarity to the native structures.
Silver Lining? The Effects of Epidemics on Terrorist Groups

In this study we examine the effects of epidemics on terrorist groups’ attack capacities. We consider two theoretical relationships between epidemics and terrorist groups. By weakening government c...
Forming a New Normal: Service Learning & Short-Term Mission Post COVID-19

Service learning and short-term missions represent one of the many habits disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The disruption imposed a break from routine that may also offer opportunities to push back on habits that hinder the flourishing of our students and our host communities. This article critically analyzes the practice of these trips to reflect on what they actually do and argues we do not return to that normal. It concludes by offering both conceptual and practical suggestions for a new approach. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Religious Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
Numerical Methods for Engineering: An introduction using MATLAB® and computational electromagnetics examples

The revised and updated second edition of this textbook teaches students to create modeling codes used to analyze, design, and optimize structures and systems used in wireless communications, microwave circuits, and other applications of electromagnetic fields and waves. Worked code examples are provided for key algorithms using the MATLAB technical computing language. The book begins by introducing the field of numerical analysis and providing an overview of the fundamentals of electromagnetic field theory. Further chapters cover basic numerical tasks, finite difference methods, numerical integration, integral equations and the method of moments, solving linear systems, the finite element method, optimization methods, and inverse problems. Developing and using numerical methods helps students to learn the theory of wave propagation in a concrete, visual, and hands-on way. This book fills the missing space of current textbooks that either lack depth on key topics or treat the topic at a level that is too advanced for undergraduates or first-year graduate students. Presenting the topic with clear explanations, relevant examples, and problem sets that move from simple algorithms to complex codes with real-world capabilities, this book helps its readers develop the skills required for taking a mathematical prescription for a numerical method and translating it into a working, validated software code, providing a valuable resource for understanding the finite difference method, the method of moments, the finite element method, and other tools used in the RF and wireless industry.
Neuroimaging Evidence of Comprehension Monitoring

The purpose of this article is to synthesize the emerging neuroimaging literature that reveals how the brain responds when readers and listeners encounter texts that demand monitoring of their ongoing comprehension processes. Much of this research has been undertaken by cognitive scientists who do not frame their work in metacognitive terms, and therefore it is less likely to be familiar to psychologists who study metacognition in educational contexts. The important role of metacognition in the development and use of academic skills is widely recognized. Metacognition is typically defined as the awareness and control of one's own cognitive processes. In the domain of reading, the most important metacognitive skill is comprehension monitoring, the evaluation and regulation of comprehension. Readers who monitor their understanding realize when they have encountered difficulty making sense of the text, and they apply error correction procedures to attempt to resolve the difficulty. Metacognition depends on executive control skills that continue to develop into early adulthood, in parallel with the maturation of the executive control regions of the prefrontal cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERP) have been used for some time to study neural correlates of basic reading processes such as word identification, but it is only within recent years that researchers have turned to the higher-level processes of text comprehension. The article describes illustrative studies that reveal changes in neural activity when adults apply lexical, syntactic, or semantic standards to evaluate their understanding.
Neurofibromatosis: Tumors of the Optic Pathway

Various tumors occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. In this chapter, we discuss the clinical presentation and evaluation of four types of tumors affecting patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: periorbital and orbital neurofibroma, intraorbital optic nerve glioma, chiasmal and hypothalamic glioma, and intraparenchymal astrocytoma. Treatment options are also discussed.
The direct effects of protamine sulfate on myocyte contractile processes

The use of protamine sulfate in patients has been associated with circulatory collapse and is suspected to directly depress left ventricular function. However, the cellular basis for these changes that occur after protamine administration are unknown. Accordingly, the first objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of protamine on isolated myocyte contractile function. Myocytes were isolated from porcine hearts and contractile function was examined at baseline and then after the administration of protamine in concentrations of 20, 40, or 80 μg/ml. These concentrations were chosen because they reflect the serum concentrations of protamine commonly obtained in patients. The presence of protamine resulted in a dose-dependent decline in myocyte contractile function. For example, in the presence of a 20 μg/ml concentration of protamine myocyte contractile function did not change significantly from baseline values, whereas an 80 μg/ml protamine concentration caused myocyte percent and velocity of shortening to fall by more than 35 % from baseline values. In light of the fact that protamine directly depressed myocyte contractile function, a second objective of this study was to examine potential cellular mechanisms responsible for this effect. Accordingly, in the next series of experiments, the effects of protamine on the myocyte sarcolemmal β-adrenergic receptor system were examined by measuring myocyte contractile function with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (25 nmol/L), as well as with the concomitant addition of protamine and isoproterenol. In the presence of protamine, myocyte β-adrenergic responsiveness was significantly reduced. For example, in the presence of an 80 μg/ml dose of protamine, both myocyte percent and velocity of shortening fell by greater that 50% when compared with isoproterenol alone values (p
Dual-gate (FinFET) and tri-Gate MOSFETs: simulation and design

The continued downward scaling of silicon MOSFET device dimensions below one tenth micron has presented new and serious challenges for future integrated circuit applications. Accordingly, new MOSFET structures, such as the dual-gate (FinFET) and the tri-Gate transistor, have been proposed to replace the conventional planar MOSFET. These devices are compatible with conventional silicon integrated circuit processing, but offer superior performance as the device is scaled into the nanometer range. However, the physics of the MOSFET's operation in these new device structures is somewhat different. This study aims to investigate the differences in performance of these two devices and their device design using a commercial, three-dimensional numerical simulator ATLAS from Silvaco International.
Abstract IA05: Small RNAs reveal nuclear hormone receptor targeting as a novel therapy for melanoma

In recent years, numerous genes that drive melanoma metastasis or progression of established metastatic melanoma have been identified. The identification of such genes and their associated pathways have revealed insights into the cellular processes involved in these clinically important events. Our laboratory has found that deregulated expression of microRNAs is a major mechanism by which such gene-expression states that enable metastatic progression are achieved in various solid cancers. In melanoma, we have identified 3 microRNAs (miR-1908, miR-199a5p, and miR-199a3p) to be over-expressed in metastatic sub-populations of human melanoma cells. The expression levels of these microRNAs predict metastatic relapse in primary cutaneous melanomas. These microRNAs convergently target the gene ApoE, which through genetic, molecular, pharmacological, and clinical association analyses, we have identified as a robust suppressor of melanoma metastasis and metastatic progression. We have demonstrated pre-clinical proof-of-concept for the therapeutic activation of ApoE through transcriptional engagement of the Liver-X nuclear hormone receptor (LXR). Oral administration of multiple LXR agonists suppressed the growth of primary and metastatic melanoma in mice. Genetic studies revealed that the effects of LXR agonists are mediated through LXRβ, which elicits these effects through ApoE induction in the stromal and tumoral compartments. LXRβ; agonism suppressed progression in immunocompetent, xenograft, patient-derived xenograft, and genetically initiated melanomas. Moreover, LXRβ agonism exhibited combinatorial efficacy with B-Raf inhibitors and anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy. We provide pre-clinical proof-of-concept for therapeutic activation of nuclear hormone receptors in melanoma. Citation Format: Sohail Tavazoie. Small RNAs reveal nuclear hormone receptor targeting as a novel therapy for melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr IA05.
A Scalable Parametric-RBAC Architecture for the Propagation of a Multi-modality, Multi-resource Informatics System

We present a scalable architecture called X-MIMI for the propagation of MIMI (Multi-modality, Multi-resource, Informatics Infrastructure System) to the biomedical research community. MIMI is a web-based system for managing the latest instruments and resources used by clinical and translational investigators. To deploy MIMI broadly, X-MIMI utilizes a parametric Role-Based Access Control model to decentralize the management of user-role assignment, facilitating the deployment and system administration in a flexible manner that minimizes operational overhead. We use Formal Concept Analysis to specify the semantics of roles according to their permissions, resulting in a lattice hierarchy that dictates the cascades of RBAC authority. Additional components of the architecture are based on the Model-View-Controller pattern, implemented in Ruby-on-Rails. The X-MIMI architecture provides a uniform setup interface for centers and facilities, as well as a set of seamlessly integrated scientific and administrative functionalities in a Web 2.0 environment.
PREPARATION OF A COPPER-DEFICIENT MEDIUM FOR YEAST GROWTH

Giorgio, Anthony J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), G. E. Cartwright, and M. M. Wintrobe. Preparation of a copper-deficient medium for yeast growth. J. Bacteriol. 86:1037–1040. 1963.—A simple, rapid, and effective means was described for removing trace amounts of copper without removal of other growth nutrients from synthetic media. The complete synthetic medium minus added copper was batch-extracted with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate in carbon tetrachloride. The concentration of copper in extracted media was 0.3 to 1.7 μg per liter of media as compared with 8 μg per liter before extraction. Yeast growth in extracted media to which copper was added was comparable with growth in unextracted media. Yeast growth in copper-deficient media was significantly impaired. The growth requirement of two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was of the order of 10 μg of copper per liter of medium.
Alcohol Consumption and Mortality in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the relation between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular and total mortality in patients with a history of cardiovascular events.Background:...
On boosting semantic web data access

The Semantic Web can be viewed as a collection of RDF graphs serialized by RDF documents that distributed in the Web. Its utility depends on three issues: availability (existence of data), accessibility (users can retrieve the data they want), and quality (users can judge the quality of the retrieved data). While more data are available in the Semantic Web, the latter two issues are often ignored or circumscribed due to lacking of tools and mechanisms. This dissertation proposes an ontology-based approach to these two issues so as to boost the utility of the Semantic Web. For accessibility, we identified three critical challenges: i) there are few links to (and almost no description about) RDF documents; ii) it is hard to query the Semantic Web since users are not familiar with semantic web vocabulary (i.e. the URIrefs) with over 150,000 unique entries; and iii) it is unrealistic to query the entire Semantic Web without effective data access service. In order to address these challenges, we proposed the Web of Belief (WOB) ontology to model the Semantic Web and its context (i.e. the web and the agent world), and developed Swoogle system that digests and searches semantic web data using WOB ontology. In particular, Swoogle helps publishers by ranking properties of a given class, and supports information consumers by estimating query complexity and searching URLs of relevant RDF documents. For quality, we first clarified the dimensions of quality (e.g. consistency, completeness, precision, importance and trustworthiness) for different concepts in WOB (e.g. RDF graph, web page, and agent). We then proposed the quality extension to WOB ontology for representing users’ quality judgments (esp. trust judgments) explicitly. Finally, we proposes a series of semantic web navigation models and corresponding ranking algorithms for ontological terms and RDF documents, and a series of algorithms for evaluating trustworthiness of a given RDF graph according to the availability of background knowledge. The contributions of this dissertation are the following: i) WOB ontology, which is one of the first attempts that make the Semantic Web self-descriptive in OWL semantics; ii) Swoogle, which is one of the first web-scale data access services that digest and search the Semantic Web; iii) semantic web navigation models and ranking algorithms; and iv) RDF graph trustworthiness evaluation mechanisms. The WOB ontology and Swoogle like systems, we believe, will bring emergent properties to the Semantic Web: the utility of the web-scale Semantic Web will be reinforced when users are less hassled in finding useful data and are more aware of data quality.
Toxicological Studies of 212Pb Intravenously or Intraperitoneally Injected into Mice for a Phase 1 Trial

Faced with the novelty of a 212Pb-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) for clinical translation, concerns were expressed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding 212Pb prematurely released from the mAb-chelate conjugate. The objective of this study was to simulate the worst case scenario of such a failure. Groups of Balb/c mice (n = 9–20) were administered 212Pb by intraperitoneal (0.0925–1.85 MBq) or intravenous (0.0925–1.11 MBq) injection and then euthanized at 7 or 90 days to assess acute or chronic effects. Weights were recorded prior to injection of the 212Pb and at the end of the observation periods. Blood samples were collected for clinical chemistry and blood cell analysis. Thirty tissues were harvested and formalin fixed for histopathological examination. Treatment related effects of the 212Pb were observed in the bone marrow, spleen, kidneys and the liver. Histological alterations in these organs were considered mild to moderate, indicating low grade toxicity, and not considered severe enough to affect function. This data was presented to the FDA and determined to be acceptable. The clinical trial with 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab was approved in January 2011 and the trial opened at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) in July.
The Technologist's Role in Pediatric EMG

ABSTRACT.Pediatric patients require special considerations in any neurophysiologic testing situation. Any technologist who performs routine EEG on a pediatric population will attest to the extra demands placed on the technologist, both technically and in additional training and experience required to produce a high quality, meaningful study. Technologists involved in routine nerve conduction and electromyography (NCV/EMG) know that these studies can be quite traumatic, even for adult patients. For many individuals, clinically induced pain can be compounded by the anxiety and fear surrounding the procedure, making the technologists' job even harder. The demands placed on the technologist are even more evident when they are required to perform nerve conduction studies and assist in the needle examination in a pediatric patient. In addition to increased technical difficulty attributed to children's small size and inability to cooperate fully with the examiners, pediatric NCV/EMG studies are almost always com...
Direct method implementation for the stability analysis of multiple time delayed systems

A recent procedure, the direct method (DM), is presented for the stability treatment of a class of linear time invariant (LTI) systems with independent multiple time delays (MTDS). Since they appear in many practical applications in the systems and control community, this class of dynamics has attracted considerable interest. However their stability analysis is complicated because of the infinite dimensional nature (due, solely, to each delay) and the multiplicity of these delays. The problem is more challenging to resolve for the stability posture compared to the TDS with commensurate time delays (where time delays have rational relations). It is shown in the earlier publications of the authors that the DM brings an exact and structured methodology for the commensurate time delays to multiple delay cases motivates our study. It is shown that the DM reveals all possible stability regions in the space of multiple time delays. The systems under consideration do not have to possess stable behavior for zero delays. For the stability analysis the method follows the same fundamental paradigm of "cluster treatment of the characteristic roots" as the direct method does. Finally we present a few numerical examples exhibiting the strengths of DM procedure.
Fractal geometry analysis of turbulent data

Abstract Fractal geometry methods have been used to analyze various turbulent flow data. Due to the chaotic nature of turbulence, fractal geometry offers a method of analysis which is natural to spatial and time series data. Fractal tools used here are the fractal dimension, linear fractal interpolation, and hidden variable fractal interpolation. A new method for computing the fractal dimension has been devised which can obtain the dimension of typical turbulent data by using as few as 500 data points. Two methods of performing hidden variable fractal interpolation have been developed and shown to be very effective in estimating various statistical moments of some correlated turbulent data.
The nature and prevalence of anxiety disorders in primary care

Primary goals of this study were to 1) establish the prevalence, nature, and correlates of anxiety disorders in primary care, and 2) examine the comorbidity of anxiety disorders with major depressive disorder. A weighted sample of 425 patients drawn from the waiting rooms of primary care physicians was used. Anxiety disorders were highly prevalent, relatively mild, and often comorbid with depression. Anxiety disorders aided physicians in their detection of depression. However, anxiety disorders were also misdiagnosed as depression. Although anxiety disorders are common in primary care, their relative mildness may generally not warrant increased attention by primary care physicians to detection and treatment. Instead, efforts should be focused on the more severe and impairing cases of anxiety disorder.
Cyclic 3′,5′-Adenosine Monophosphate in Isolated Bone Cells. II. Responses to Adenosine and Parathyroid Hormone

Treatment of isolated bone cells with adenosine increased cyclic 3′,5′-AMP levels markedly but failed to modify total ATP levels. 100 JIM-500 HM adenosine elicited maximal (17-fold), and 5 µM minimal(†68%), effects. Equivalent concentrations of 2′-AMP or 5′-AMP were less active than adenosine; and adenine, guanosine and uridine were inactive. The effect of adenosine peaked in 15–45 sec, gradually diminished with more prolonged treatment, and disappeared almost completely when treated cells were washed and incubated for an additional 30 sec in adenosinefree medium. These results suggest that adenosine acts at or near the cell surface to stimulate adenylate cydase. Adenosine and either sodium fluoride, epinephrine, or PTH increased bone cell cyclic 3′,5′-AMP levels synergistically; and a physiological concentration of PTH (1 ng/ml) was highly effective in the presence of adenosine. Simultaneous treatment with theophylline decreased the effect of adenosine, yet theophylline did not inhibit the cellular accum...
Abstract A37: Anti-telomerase therapy provokes ALT and mitochondrial adaptive mechanism in cancer

Because telomerase is activated in 85–90% of all human cancers, inhibition of telomerase activity has been proposed as an anti-cancer strategy. However, telomere erosion resulting from telomerase inhibition can generate rampant genomic instability which may fuel adaptive mechanisms. Here, we determined the impact of telomerase activation and its subsequent extinction in T-cell lymphomas arising in Atm −/− mice engineered with an inducible telomerase reverse transcriptase-estrogen receptor ( TERT-ER ) knock-in allele. Endogenous telomerase reactivation in late generation TERT ER/ER Atm −/− mice with telomere dysfunction enabled full malignant progression with accompanying alleviation of telomere checkpoint signaling and acquisition of copy number alterations targeting genes known to be important in human T-cell lymphomas/leukemia. Upon telomerase extinction, tumors eventually showed impaired growth due to reinstatement of telomere dysfunction-induced checkpoint signaling, yet subsequently resumed growth with accompanying alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) features. Transcriptomic analysis of ALT+ tumors showed altered transcriptional networks centering on mitochondrial biology and oxidative defense, and genomic analysis showed amplification of PGC-1β, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative defense. Relative to telomerase+ tumors, ALT+ tumors showed marked sensitivity to PGC-1β or SOD2 knockdown which compromised mitochondrial function and/or caused increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together, these studies provide in vivo genetic evidence that naturally arising tumors adapt to telomerase extinction by acquisition of both ALT and mitochondrial maintenance mechanisms, and show that targeting mitochondrial function and oxidative defense may enhance the effectiveness of anti-telomerase therapy in cancer.
Adaptation by Tetrahymena pyriformis to Potassium Cyanide II. Adaptation Against Respiratory Inhibition

SUMMARY. Cells from a clonal culture of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were cultured in the presence of 10-4 M KCN for a prolonged time until they became “adapted” to cyanide. The effect of 10-3 M KCN upon respiration in the “adapted” cells was compared with the effect upon “normal” cells of the same clone grown in the absence of cyanide. The direct method of Warburg was employed. Adapted cells are more resistant against respiratory inhibition than are normal cells. Resistance is due both to a factor or factors retained within the cell and the extracellular factor(s) released into the medium by the adapted cells during their growth. The intracellular factor is acid labile, and apparently may be developed within a short time. The extracellular factor is heat labile and may cause normal cells to be more resistant against respiratory inhibition by KCN. Resistance to respiratory inhibition is lost if adapted cells are cultured in the absence of KCN. It is proposed that changes involved in gain or loss of cyanide resistance are due to physiological adaptation and not to the usual genetic influences.
Recruiting and retaining secondary mathematics teachers: lessons learned from an innovative four-year undergraduate program

In response to the critical shortage of qualified mathematics teachers in the U.S., the TIME 2000 Program was created with funds from the National Science Foundation, at Queens College of the City University of New York. Now institutionalized, the program is designed to support the recruitment, preparation, and retention of prospective teachers through a close-knit learning community in which participants experience an innovative and multifaceted program for their four years of undergraduate study. This article describes the innovative aspects of the program that show promise of preparing highly competent teachers whose careers span a lifetime. Short- and long-term strategies for recruiting students from high school are described as well as the program components that are designed to increase retention of candidates in the program and in teaching.
Has Social Security Become Irrelevant

In recent years, it has often been asserted that social security has become irrelevant to contemporary economic and social realities. This claim has been accompanied by proposals for the abolition of social security and its replacement with commercial provision. In some countries, social security has already been extensively privatized. Instead of dismissing the claim that social security has become irrelevant, this article examines the views of social security’s critics. It suggests that steps need to be taken to address their challenge and ensure social security’s long-term survival.
The partitioning of iron during the combustion of pulverized coal

Abstract The partitioning of iron during pulverized coal combustion was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Emphasis was on determining how coal variables and combustion conditions influenced the formation of slagging precursors. Experimental work consisted of burning a suite of six well-characterized coals in an aerodynamically well-defined 17 kW downflow combustor. Speciation of iron in collected ash samples was determined by Mossbauer Spectroscopy. A model was developed to predict the partitioning of iron for the coals and experimental conditions examined. The model was based on a competition between pyrite oxidation and iron capture by silicates and required as input, CCSEM data on the initial distribution of mineral matter in the coal. It used literature-derived mechanisms and kinetics to calculate pyrite oxidation and char combustion rates, together with a new glass formation mechanism, coupled with current knowledge of sintering. Requiring only two unknown parameters to be fitted, the model agreed well with 26 sets of experimental data, which covered a wide range of iron partitioning in the fly ash. Both experimental and theoretical results suggest that removal from the parent coal, of extraneous iron alone, may not be very effective in eliminating slag formation in boilers.
Ion pair formation in the addition of protic reagents to alkynes

The reaction of oct-4-yne with 20% trifluoroacetic acid and a variety of relatively weak nucleophiles in methylene chloride was found to produce a mixture of anion incorporated and solvent incorporated products. The rates of these reactions with a range of salt concentrations were found to be proportional to the rates of reaction of simple alkenes under similar conditions. The results are explained by the formation of an intermediate ion pair in contrast to the reactions of alkynes with bromide or iodide which proceeded by a concerted mechanism.
Uplift Capacity of Single Bent Pile and Pile Group Considering Arching Effects in Sand

In this paper an analytical method has been proposed to predict the net ultimate uplift capacity of the single bent pile and pile group with a bent embedded in sand considering arching effects. Arching develops due to relative compressibility of sand relative to pile which activates the soil-pile friction. The method takes into consideration the embedded length (L), diameter of the pile (d), bent angle, surface characteristics of pile, group configuration, spacing of the pile group and the soil properties. Log spiral failure surface with parabolic arch shape was assumed in the analysis. Theoretical investigation for uplift capacity was been carried out for the single bent pile and group of pile (2 × 1, 2 × 2) embedded in sand. The variable used in the analysis were embedded length to pile diameter (L/d = 15, 20 and 25), spacing in the group (3d, 4d and 6d) and angle of bent (6°, 14° and 20°). Typical charts for evaluation of net ultimate uplift capacity for pile groups are presented through the figures. Comparison of theoretical results shows good agreement with established experimental results.
The waiting point approximation in R-process calculations

The steady flow approximation to the r-process has been used to evaluate the validity of the waiting point assumption (that, for a given charge number Z, neutron captures become balanced by neutron photodisintegrations) under a variety of conditions. The criterion for the accuracy of the approximation for any set of nuclei with the same value of Z is that the ratio of the total rate of neutron photodisintegration in those nuclei to the total rate of neutron captures should be close to unity. No set of conditions involving neutron production by helium thermonuclear reactions (at temperatures up to 10 to the 9th K) could be found for which the waiting point approximation is useful for all values of Z, and it is recommended that all such r-process calculations not use this approximation. At higher temperatures, such as those characteristic of explosive carbon burning (2 x 10 to the 9th K), the waiting point approximation is much better.
An active proton pump of intact vacuoles isolated from Tulipa petals

Abstract Anthocyanin pigments within Tulipa petal vacuoles provide the means for real-time spectrophotometric monitoring of vacuolar sap pH and for studying ATP-dependent proton transport in isolated, intact vacuoles. Spectra of petal extracts were used to select empirically those wavelengths giving an approximately linear variation in anthocyanin absorbance with pH over a pH range of interest. A sensitive single-beam spectrophotometer with vertical optics was used to minitor absorbance changes of intact, settled vacuoles. Substrates and inhibitors of vacuolar ATPase (Lin, W., Wagner, G.J., Siegelman, H.W. and Hind, Q. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 465, 110–117) were added to probe proton transport. Acidification of the vacuole sap occurred following addition of MgATP, but not CaATP. Proton accumulation was inhibited by 10 μM Dio 9, an inhibitor of tonoplast ATPase in vitro, and the proton gradient established by addition of MgATP was dissipated after addition of 10 μM CCCP. No pumping response was observed with intact protoplasts. Potential differences across the tonoplast were directly measured by impaling vacuoles with glass microelectrodes. Potential differences of 10–20 mV (inside positive) were recorded when vacuoles were suspended in 0.7 M mannitol/10 mM Hepes buffer (adjusted to pH 8.0 with KOH), and 0.5 mM dithiothreitol. Addition of MgATP increased the potential difference by 2–5 mV.
A customized head and neck support system

Abstract Purpose : To describe a customized head and neck immobilization system for patients receiving radiotherapy including a head support that conforms to the posterior contour of the head and neck. Methods: The system includes a customized headrest to support the posterior head and neck. This is fixed to a thermoplastic face mask that molds to the anterior head/face contours. The shape of these customized head and neck supports were compared to ‘standard” supports. Results : This system is comfortable for the patients and appears to be effective in reproducing the setup of the treatment. Conclusions : The variability in the size and shape of the customized posterior supports exceeded that of ‘standard” headrests. It is our clinical impression that the customized supports improve reproducibility and are now a standard part of our immobilization system. The quantitative analysis of the customized headrests and some commonly used ‘standard” headrests suggests that the customized supports are better able to address variabilities in patient shape.
Mission Diversity and the Tension between Prestige and Effectiveness: An Overview of US Higher Education

Higher education in the US has long prized mission diversity as illustrated in the range of its colleges and universities including community colleges, baccalaureate (or liberal arts) colleges, doctoral-granting universities, and special-focus institutions, as well as its public, private non-profit, and private for-profit forms of control. This paper outlines some of the elements that contribute to US mission diversity, including long-held beliefs and facilitating structures. It then identifies some key trends currently affecting mission diversity with specific attention to the rise of market forces and shifting state policy. The result is a growing tension between institutional effectiveness and prestige that must be resolved. The paper concludes by offering suggestions to maintaining mission diversity within a dynamic market-driven environment.
On the use of profit data to estimate the social cost of monopoly power in an oligopoly

Abstract Relatively high estimates of the welfare cost of monopoly power in U.S. manufacturing industries have been obtained by economists who use the Lerner equation to estimate this welfare cost from profit data. These Lerner equation loss estimates are appropriate for a monopoly with constant costs and linear demand. But if the industry is an oligopoly in a Nash-Cournot equilibrium, the Lerner equation loss estimates can be more than twice as large as the actual welfare gain that would result from the elimination of monopoly power. Partial and general equilibrium examples are presented to illustrate the nature of these estimation errors.
Mainline CAI, necessary but not oppressive

Two years ago the term "mainline instruction" was introduced as a referent to a carefully designed, total instructional system to replace complete courses with a far less labor-intensive mixture of men and machines. This mode was contrasted with the adjunctive use of the computer by faculty members who are happy to work within the system and merely want to use the computer to improve their instruction. The two NSF-sponsored conferences on Computers in the Undergraduate Curriculum have illustrated and stimulated the adjunctive approach.
Domain walls in antiferromagnetically coupled multi-layered films

Energy comparison between Neel type and Bloch type walls is performed for antiferromagnetically coupled multilayered magnetic thin films. For the derivation of energy formulae, the coupling is dealt with as an effective field, H/sub s/, which acts as a kind of uniaxial anisotropy. This causes substantial reduction in the width of the walls in the Neel and the Bloch types and an increase in the wall energy. Energy calculations are performed for (2 nm Co/1 nm Cu) multilayered films. It is confirmed that for higher H/sub s/ than about 8 kOe, there is a possibility of forming such Block types walls, as the magnetizations in the adjacent layers point antiparallel to each other. These are named antiparallel Bloch walls. >
The holy grail of content-based media analysis

Tools and systems for content-based access to multimedia and-image., video, audio, graphics, text, and any number of combinations-has increased in the last decade. We've seen a common theme of developing automatic analysis techniques for deriving metadata (data describing information in the content at both syntactic and semantic levels). Such metadata facilitates developing innovative tools and systems for multimedia information retrieval, summarization, delivery, and manipulation. Many interesting demonstrations of potential applications and services have emerged-finding images visually similar to a chosen picture (or sketch); summarizing videos with thumbnails of keyframes; finding video clips of a specific event, story, or person; and producing a two-minute skim of an hour-long program. In order to evaluate content-based research methodologies, the article considers intended users and whether alternative solutions exist and areas of research.
Gurevich-Harrington's games defined by finite automata

Abstract We consider games over a finite alphabet with Gurevich-Harrington's winning conditions and restraints as in Yakhnis-Yakhnis (1990). The game tree, the Gurevich-Harrington's kernels of the winning condition and the restraints are defined by finite automata. We give an effective criterion to determine the winning player and an effective presentation of a class of finite automata defined winning strategies. Our approach yields an alternative solution to the games considered by Buchi and Landweber (1969) (BL). The BL algorithm is an important tool for solving effectively presented games. The differences between the BL and our algorithms are as follows. Our algorithm is uniformly applicable to winning sets that correspond to boolean combinations of BL winning conditions, while the BL algorithm requires a transformation of such boolean combinations into a single BL condition. Our algorithm directly applies to a larger class of game trees for a given game alphabet than does the BL one. We describe Buchi-Landweber's class of winning conditions in a more transparent way by using finite automata and Gurevich-Harrington's (1982) form of winning conditions. Our algorithms that determine the winner of the game and find a winning strategy, are based on a translation of the events in the game in terms of the transition table of the automaton representing the game. This automaton differs from the ones that represent BL winning conditions. Both algorithms need further investigation. The algorithm determining the winner in the game, can be used as a verifier of concurrent programs. This is because programs can be viewed as strategies in Gurevich-Harrington's games and program specifications could be regarded as winning conditions for such games. The algorithm which finds a winning strategy could be used as a basis for automated concurrent program design. The present paper is a sequel to Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 48 (1990) 277–297.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Lobster Trap Fishing: A Survey of Fishing Effort and Habitat Structure

Abstract The patterns of distribution and abundance for the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) within the kelp forest off La Jolla, CA (USA) were compared to the distribution of fishing effort during the 2005/2006 lobster season over an area of ∼20.25 km2. Fishing intensity was greatest at the beginning of the season (3333 traps on opening day) decreasing to 258 traps a few days before the end of the 24 week-long season. The collective effort of the trap fishermen primarily targeted the best habitats at the scale of the kelp forest, but fishing effort at smaller scales (250m, the smallest scale of our study) was less correlated to the best lobster habitats, especially near the beginning of the season. Fishing efficiency (CPUE) decreased linearly throughout the season, decreasing by more than an order of magnitude despite the fact that the distribution of fishing effort was better correlated with habitat quality and distribution near the end of the season. Fishing effort was greatest througho...
Prospects and Challenges for Lorentz-Augmented Orbits

*A charged particle moving relative to a magnetic field accelerates in a direction perpendicular to its velocity and the magnetic field due to the Lorentz force. Although a negligible force for spacecraft potentials due to natural charging, this effect can be seen, for example, in the unusual celestial mechanics of dust particles in the rings of Saturn and Jupiter. This study evaluates the use of the Lorentz force as a means of orbit control for finite bodies, including small spacecraft. Although the Hamiltonian is constant in a frame that rotates with the earth, the co-rotational electrical field (associated with the rotating geomagnetic field) can do work, increasing or decreasing the orbit’s semimajor axis. A number of intriguing applications are offered, including earth escape, drag compensation, new stable satellite formations, inclination control, nodal precession control, new sunsynchronous orbits, and non-Keplerian orbits for polar satellites. A candidate spacecraft design is offered based on lessons learned from decades of research in spacecraft charging and plasma interactions. The performance of this design is demonstrated by simulation. Closed-form equations for actuator sizing are provided.
Noble gases from oceanic island basalts do not require an undepleted mantle source

Several lines of evidence based on relative rare earth abundances and on strontium, lead and neodymium isotopic geochemistry have led to the suggestion that the Earth's mantle may be divided roughly into a region depleted in volatile components, feeding the mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB's), and a less depleted (‘undepleted’) region which feeds hotspots and thus oceanic island basalts (OIB's) such as Iceland and Hawaii. Models of mantle degassing and atmospheric evolution have been based on differences in argon and xenon isotope ratios measured in samples which supposedly trap rare gases from these two reservoirs1–7. However, the ultra-mafic Ar and Xe that were first suggested as samples of the undepleted mantle were subject to air contamination and diffusion loss, so that the experimental results are not definitive8. New heavy rare gas data on volcanic glasses from Hawaii and Iceland are more directly comparable with the MORB glass data, and supposedly show the isotope pattern expected from the undepleted mantle2,5. As I report here, however, absolute abundances and elemental ratios corrected for mass fractionation effects indicate that partial loss of the depleted mantle component plus addition of an atmospheric Ar and Xe component provide a better rationale for the isotopic differences in these heavy gases than does the postulated undepleted mantle component.
Fast and accurate method for identifying high-quality protein-interaction modules by clique merging and its application to yeast.

Molecular networks in cells are organized into functional modules, where genes in the same module interact densely with each other and participate in the same biological process. Thus, identification of modules from molecular networks is an important step toward a better understanding of how cells function through the molecular networks. Here, we propose a simple, automatic method, called MC 2 , to identify functional modules by enumerating and merging cliques in the protein-interaction data from large-scale experiments. Application of MC 2 to the S. cerevisiae protein-interaction data produces 84 modules, whose sizes range from 4 to 69 genes. The majority of the discovered modules are significantly enriched with a highly specific process term (at least 4 levels below root) and a specific cellular component in Gene Ontology (GO) tree. The average fraction of genes with the most enriched GO term for all modules is 82% for specific biological processes and 78% for specific cellular components. In addition, the predicted modules are enriched with coexpressed proteins. These modules are found to be useful for annotating unknown genes and uncovering novel functions of known genes. MC 2 is efficient, and takes only about 5 min to identify modules from the current yeast gene interaction network with a typical PC (Intel Xeon 2.5 GHz CPU and 512 MB memory). The CPU time of MC 2 is affordable (12 h) even when the number of interactions is increased by a factor of 10. MC 2 and its results are publicly available on http://theory.med.buffalo.edu/MC2.