cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Male cases of incontinentia pigmenti: Case report and review

Male patients with Bloch-Sulzberger incontinentia pigmenti (IP type II) are rare and more severely affected than their female counterparts, with a significant occurrence of sex chromosome aneuploidy. This document introduces a new male IP type II patient and reviews 48 males reported with IP. Twenty-eight of the 49 patients meet current criteria for diagnosis of IP type II. The phenotype is variable and the incidence of documented developmental delay is 25%. Five patients had Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). Most patients were reported prior to 1961 when chromosome analysis was not available. Biopsy and laboratory reports considered to be “consistent with” the diagnosis of IP were seen in patients meeting criteria as well as those who would not currently be given the diagnosis. The histologic findings considered diagnostic are varied. This variability may be accounted for by differences in stage of disease, biopsy site, histologic technique, and reporting style. Conversely, this may indicate that the diagnostic weight given to the biopsy should be reconsidered. Eosinophilia was not a consistent finding. Overall, differences in reporting, ascertainment, and length of follow-up lead to difficulty in interpreting or predicting the natural history of males with IP type II. Based on the existing literature, they appear to have a higher rate of mental retardation than the general population, but there does not appear to be a correlation between severity of physical and mental involvement. The presence of sex chromosome aneuploidy documented in the more recent cases emphasizes the need for chromosome analysis in any male patient suspected of IP type II. Am. J. Med. Genet. 77:201–218, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Canada's reaction to climate change

Abstract In Canada, the federal government faces a difficult road ahead as it tries to come to terms with the country's commitment to Kyoto. Some say the accord should be ratified before the June meeting of the G-8 countries. Others contend that ratification at Rio+10 in South Africa in August is more reasonable. And now a third group wonders whether Canada should ratify it at all. There are clearly storm clouds on the horizon and the ambivalent approach to Kyoto in Canada drew a great deal of attention at the Globe 2002 Conference, which was held in Vancouver in March. Don Smith reports on the difficult issues that Canada faces as it confronts the Kyoto Protocol.
“Good things come to those who wait”: The strategic management of image and reputation at guinness

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways in which sport is used in the management and development of the key intangible resources of image and reputation at a major transnational firm. While image and reputation have been acknowledged as vitally important in the development of competitive advantage, there has been a distinct lack of study of the ways in which these resources are actively managed, particularly across international settings; the role that sport can play in this process is similarly ill‐understood. Utilizing qualitative data collected from a variety of sources, including interviews, video, documents, internal presentations, electronic media and various popular press and academic publications, the ways in which sport plays a central role in the development of image and reputation at Guinness were uncovered.The utilization of sport through direct sponsorship, advertising and on‐trade promotions, and the ways in which sports are selected and managed to promote a consistent brand im...
Segmenting the mature travel market by motivation

The purpose of this study was to segment mature travellers based on their motivations and to profile the similarities and differences between mature travel market segments according to their sociodemographic and travel-related characteristics. A total of 217 respondents (50 years old and above) in the Upstate area in a southern state in the USA were used in this study. Three types of mature travellers were identified with an exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis: personal, educational and social travellers. They were significantly different regarding the number of years they had lived in the Upstate.
Female neglect and the costs of marriage in rural India

Relation entre le manque de soins donnes aux filles et l'importance de leur dot dans certaines regions et parmi certains groupes sociaux indiens. Plus l'hypergamie est pratiquee, plus la dot doit etre consistante et plus la mortalite infantile des enfants-filles est superieure a celle des garcons.
BDNF mediates adaptive brain and body responses to energetic challenges

Emerging findings suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves widespread roles in regulating energy homeostasis by controlling patterns of feeding and physical activity, and by modulating glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. BDNF mediates the beneficial effects of energetic challenges such as vigorous exercise and fasting on cognition, mood, cardiovascular function, and on peripheral metabolism. By stimulating glucose transport and mitochondrial biogenesis BDNF bolsters cellular bioenergetics and protects neurons against injury and disease. By acting in the brain and periphery, BDNF increases insulin sensitivity and parasympathetic tone. Genetic factors, a 'couch potato' lifestyle, and chronic stress impair BDNF signaling, and this may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Novel BDNF-focused interventions are being developed for obesity, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
SSA 2001 Annual Meeting Presidential Address: Networks: Political and Seismic

The Seismological Society of America is the preeminent professional organization representing those who work in earthquake science and allied professions. The SSA has long been known for its outstanding journal the Bulletin, and more recently for SRL , with broad-interest articles in seismology. The annual SSA meeting provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, which is crucial for building collaboration and new research. The meeting is obviously a success—just look at this meeting with 450 attendees and 200+ presentations. These are strengths of the Seismological Society of America. However, today I would like to issue a challenge: Is this manifestation of SSA sufficient to let it survive five or ten years down the road? To paraphrase the U.S. Army motto, “Is the SSA all it can be?” I would say we should—no, we must —do more to assure the health of seismology in this country and worldwide; we must do more to promote education and answering to the public. We are a very socially relevant discipline. This means we have a special relationship with society that we must take seriously. Today I would like to call upon you to help SSA look to the future. Before we can talk about tomorrow, it is instructive to look in the past, …
High pressure freezing/freeze substitution fixation improves the ultrastructural assessment of Wolbachia endosymbiont-filarial nematode host interaction.

Background Wolbachia α-proteobacteria are essential for growth, reproduction and survival for many filarial nematode parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Endobacteria were discovered in filarial parasites by transmission electron microscopy in the 1970’s using chemically fixed specimens. Despite improvements of fixation and electron microscopy techniques during the last decades, methods to study the Wolbachia/filaria interaction on the ultrastructural level remained unchanged and the mechanisms for exchange of materials and for motility of endobacteria are not known. Methodology/Principal Finding We used high pressure freezing/freeze substitution to improve fixation of Brugia malayi and its endosymbiont, and this led to improved visualization of different morphological forms of Wolbachia. The three concentric, bilayer membranes that surround the endobacterial cytoplasm were well preserved. Vesicles with identical membrane structures were identified close to the endobacteria, and multiple bacteria were sometimes enclosed within a single outer membrane. Immunogold electron microscopy using a monoclonal antibody directed against Wolbachia surface protein-1 labeled the membranes that enclose Wolbachia and Wolbachia-associated vesicles. High densities of Wolbachia were observed in the lateral chords of L4 larvae, immature, and mature adult worms. Extracellular Wolbachia were sometimes present in the pseudocoelomic cavity near the developing female reproductive organs. Wolbachia-associated actin tails were not observed. Wolbachia motility may be explained by their residence within vacuoles, as they may co-opt the host cell’s secretory pathway to move within and between cells. Conclusions/Significance High pressure freezing/freeze substitution significantly improved the preservation of filarial tissues for electron microscopy to reveal membranes and sub cellular structures that could be crucial for exchange of materials between Wolbachia and its host.
General Overview of Lung Transplantation and Review of Organ Allocation

Lung transplantation is an established treatment option for patients with a wide variety of end-stage lung diseases. For patients with end-stage lung disease, lung transplant can prolong life substantially; however, the survival statistics for lung transplants still pale compared with other solid organ transplants. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is common after lung transplantation occurring in up to 90 percent of patients. Chronic allograft rejection, manifest as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), remains the “Achilles heel” to the long-term success of lung transplantation. Unfortunately, BOS is common after lung transplantation, occurring in a majority of patients by 5 years after transplant. Candidates for lung transplantation should have near–end-stage lung disease with a limited life expectancy. Allocation of organs today is based upon need and survivability of the operation, and there is a high likelihood of improvement in quality of life. Details of the advances in this fascinating field are ...
A comparative study of cognitive traits in human sex chromosome aneuploids and sterile and fertile euploids.

Three groups of male and female subjects (aneuploid, sterile, and fertile) were administered tests of field dependence (RFT, EFT, BDT, ABCT), spatial ability (S1, VZ1, IBT), right-left discrimination, and verbal ability. Statistical analyses indicated that (1) aneuploid males, with karyotype 47,XXY, do not disclose significant differences in field dependence or spatial abilities from karyotypically normal males or females, (2) aneuploid Turner and Turner-like females do exhibit a significantly higher field dependence and lower spatial orientation and visualization ability than other females, and (3) psychological distress caused by sterility does not seem to influence the cognitive pattern. The importance of socializing environment and hormonal factors in determining the observed differences is briefly discussed in the light of these results, and it is concluded that sex chromosome heterochromatin must play a role in the development of specific cognitive traits.
A fast in-beam recoil catcher wheel and the observation of beta-delayed two-proton emission from 31Ar

Abstract A fast in-beam recoil catcher wheel has been constructed to perform particle spectroscopy on very proton-rich nuclei. The wheel speed can be varied to study nuclides whose half-lives range from 100 μs to ∼ 200 ms. Known beta-delayed proton emissions from the A = 4n + 1, T z = −3 2 nuclides 17 Ne, 21 Mg, and 25 Si as well as the beta-delayed two-proton decay from 22 Al( t 1 2 = 70 ms ) were measured to test the wheel. Subsequently, a beta-delayed two-proton branch from 31 Ar ( t 1 2 = 15 ms ) was observed.
FROM EPISTEMIC UNIVERSALISM TO SITUATED IDENTITIES

(1997). FROM EPISTEMIC UNIVERSALISM TO SITUATED IDENTITIES. Urban Geography: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 471-473.
Flexibility of Bricard's linkages and other structures via resultants and computer algebra

Flexibility of structures is extremely important for chemistry and robotics. Following our earlier work, we study flexibility using polynomial equations, resultants, and a symbolic algorithm of our creation that analyzes the resultant. We show that the software solves a classic arrangement of quadrilaterals in the plane due to Bricard. We fill in several gaps in Bricard's work and discover new flexible arrangements that he was apparently unaware of. This provides strong evidence for the maturity of the software, and is a wonderful example of mathematical discovery via computer assisted experiment.
Single-scan dual-tracer FLT+FDG PET tumor characterization.

Rapid multi-tracer PET aims to image two or more tracers in a single scan, simultaneously characterizing multiple aspects of physiology and function without the need for repeat imaging visits. Using dynamic imaging with staggered injections, constraints on the kinetic behavior of each tracer are applied to recover individual-tracer measures from the multi-tracer PET signal. The ability to rapidly and reliably image both 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) would provide complementary measures of tumor metabolism and proliferative activity, with important applications in guiding oncologic treatment decisions and assessing response. However, this tracer combination presents one of the most challenging dual-tracer signal-separation problems—both tracers have the same radioactive half-life, and the injection delay is short relative to the half-life and tracer kinetics. This work investigates techniques for single-scan dual-tracer FLT+FDG PET tumor imaging, characterizing the performance of recovering static and dynamic imaging measures for each tracer from dual-tracer datasets. Simulation studies were performed to characterize dual-tracer signal-separation performance for imaging protocols with both injection orders and injection delays of 10–60 min. Better performance was observed when FLT was administered first, and longer delays before administration of FDG provided more robust signal-separation and recovery of the single-tracer imaging measures. An injection delay of 30 min led to good recovery (R > 0.96) of static image values (e.g. SUV), Knet, and K1 as compared to values from separate, single-tracer time-activity curves. Recovery of higher order rate parameters (k2, k3) was less robust, indicating that information regarding these parameters was harder to recover in the presence of statistical noise and dual-tracer effects. Performance of the dual-tracer FLT(0 min)+FDG(32 min) technique was further evaluated using PET/CT imaging studies in five patients with primary brain tumors where the data from separate scans of each tracer were combined to synthesize dual-tracer scans with known single-tracer components; results demonstrated similar dual-tracer signal recovery performance. We conclude that rapid dual-tracer FLT+FDG tumor imaging is feasible and can provide quantitative tumor imaging measures comparable to those from conventional separate-scan imaging.
Performance analysis of a preemptive and priority reservation handoff scheme for integrated service-based wireless mobile networks

We propose an analytical model for integrated real-time and non-real-time services in a wireless mobile network with priority reservation and preemptive priority handoff schemes. We categorize the service calls into four different types, namely, real-time and non-real-time service originating calls, and real-time and non real-time handoff service request calls. Accordingly, the channels in each cell are divided into three parts: one is for real-time service calls only, the second is for non-real-time service calls only, and the last one is for overflow of handoff requests that cannot be served in the first two parts. In the third group, several channels are reserved exclusively for real-time service handoffs so that higher priority can be given to them. In addition, a realtime service handoff request has the right to preempt non-real-time service in the preemptive priority handoff scheme if no free channels are available, while the interrupted non-real-time service call returns to its handoff request queue. The system is modeled using a multidimensional Markov chain and a numerical analysis is presented to estimate blocking probabilities of originating calls, forced termination probability, and average transmission delay. This scheme is also simulated under different call holding time and cell dwell time distributions. It is observed that the simulation results closely match the analytical model. Our scheme significantly reduces the forced termination probability of real-time service calls. The probability of packet loss of non-real-time transmission is shown to be negligibly small, as a non-real-time service handoff request in waiting can be transferred from the queue of the current base station to another one.
Estimation of half fan-beam collimator parameters for brain SPECT with an L-shaped dual camera SPECT system

Accurate determination of collimator and imaging parameters for asymmetric fan-beam collimators is critical for accurate reconstructions. Previously the parameters were estimated by fitting data from a line source to an analytical model using the Marquardt algorithm. The authors have found with this method that (1) the parameters often cannot be determined uniquely, (2) local minima are problematic, and (3) the global minimum resides in a long narrow valley that contributes to the instability of the problem. In addition, inaccurate parameter estimates from multiple cameras can lead to misregistration problems and loss of resolution. The authors have developed a parameter estimation method to determine the unique set of parameters using multiple line sources and/or radii-of-rotation with the Powell algorithm. This new method was tested using both simulated data and data experimentally collected from a GE Optima L-shaped dual-camera SPECT system fitted with two half fan-beam collimators designed for high resolution brain SPECT. The results indicate that the authors' new method provides stable and accurate estimates of the parameters, resulting in fewer image artifacts and higher resolution in the final reconstructed image than the previous method. The accuracy of the authors' new method is demonstrated by reconstructions of a set of multiple line sources and a 3D Hoffman brain phantom.
Photoresponsive interpenetrating network photonic crystal

We have developed a photonic crystal-based hydrogel which changes volume upon exposure to light and possesses unique optical properties. The photoswitchable material was created by embedding a crystalline colloidal array into a polyacrylamide network, and then infusing a second network, consisting of an azobenzene derivative, disperse red 1 methacrylate monomer, into the first network. We observed a 55 nm diffraction peak shift under ultraviolet light irradiation, due to the trans-cis isomerization of the azobenzene monomers in the second polymer network. This response is more than three times greater than previously seen for this type of material, and is easily detectable by the human eye. In dark, the cis- isomer is recovered, enabling the material to be reused. This hydrogel may have several applications, such as use as a display or memory storage device or an optical sensor.
Sodium-Sulfate Symport by Aplysia californica Gut.

Abstract Sulfate transport across plasma membranes has been described in a wide variety of organisms and cell types including gastrointestinal epithelia. Sulfate transport can be coupled to proton, sodium symport or antiport processes involving chloride or bicarbonate. It had previously been observed in Aplysia gut that sulfate was actively absorbed. To understand the mechanism for this transport, short-circuited Aplysia californica gut was used. Bidirectional transepithelial fluxes of both sodium and sulfate were measured to see whether there was interaction between the fluxes. The net mucosal-to-serosal flux of Na+ was enhanced by the presence of sulfate and it was abolished by the presence of serosal ouabain. Similarly, the net mucosal-to-serosal flux of sulfate was dependent upon the presence of Na+ and was abolished by the presence of serosal ouabain. Theophylline, DIDS and bumetanide, added to either side, had no effect on transepithelial potential difference or short-circuit current in the Aplysia ...
Unequal Access to Rigorous High School Curricula: An Exploration of the Opportunity to Benefit From the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP)

This study explores whether students from low-income families and racial/ethnic minority groups have the opportunity to benefit in what is arguably the most rigorous type of credit-based transition program: the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). The analyses first describe national longitudinal trends in characteristics of schools offering the IBDP and the characteristics of students within schools who enroll. The analyses draw on data from the International Baccalaureate database, which include individual-level data on more than 400,000 IBDP students from 1995 through 2009, as well as data from the Common Core of Data from the National Center for Education Statistics. The article also draws on data collected from a survey of IBDPs in Florida to document variations in the opportunity to benefit from available IBDPs.
TGF-beta1 on osteoimmunology and the bone component cells

TGF-β1 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that regulates immune cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and migration. Compelling evidence has demonstrated a strong association between the immune and skeletal systems (so called Osteoimmunology), such as the critical role of TGF-β1 in the development and maintenance of the skeletal tissue. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms in which TGF-β1 interacts with bone component cells, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells, in concert with other cytokines and hormones.
Research on power frequency overvoltage of UHV double-circuit transmission system with series compensation

By using EMTP, this paper analyzes effect of various factors on power frequency overvoltage during rejecting load in UHV double-circuit transmission system with serious compensation. They include system structure, source capability, scale of power flow, line's operation mode (double-circuit and single-circuit), and compensation degree of series compensation device and its bypassing situation. Based on results from calculation, followings can be concluded: serious compensation has inhibition to power frequency overvolatge causing by rejecting load with both no fault and single-phase grounding fault. And the higher compensation degree is, the lower voltage is. On same conditions, the voltage is higher when power plant sending system than power grid sending system. Overvoltage level increasing change with transmitting trend is obvious when line operates single circuit. Bypassing situations of series compensation have influence to line-side voltage causing by rejecting load with single-phase grounding fault. And on the series compensation linkage measure ( that is, only faulty-phase series compensation is bypassed), voltage level is lower than others.
Fracture Analysis of the Carmichael Peak Anticline, Madison County, Montana

Analysis of fractures associated with an anticline in upper Paleozoic rocks in Pole Canyon, Madison County, Montana, defines four persistently developed fracture sets: Ji, Jii, Jiii, and Jiv- These sets can be interpreted either as two systems of orthogonal regional fractures (Ji–Jii, Jiii–Jiv) or as two systems of conjugate shear fractures (Ji–Jii, Jiii–Jiv) related to the folding process. Interpretation of the systems as shear fractures is favored on the basis of their relationship to the fold axis. Compression and tension (C and T) axes calculated from calcite petrofabric analysis of limestone samples collected from the anticline correspond to σ 1 and σ 3 directions inferred separately from fracture analysis and confirm a shear origin for both fracture systems. The Ji–Jiii system is related to the stresses responsible for initiating folding in which σ 1 acted normal to, and 0–3 parallel to, the fold axis. Reorientation of stress axes during the folding episode produced extension normal to the fold axis and parallel to the folded layers and is believed to be responsible for the Jii–Jiv system, σ 2 was essentially vertical during deformation.
Automated design of pin-constrained digital microfluidic arrays for lab-on-a-chip applications*

Microfluidics-based biochips, also referred to as lab-on-a-chip (LoC), are devices that integrate fluid-handling functions such as sample preparation, analysis, separation, and detection. This emerging technology combines electronics with biology to open new application areas such as point-of-care diagnosis, on-chip DNA analysis, and automated drug discovery. We propose a design automation method for pin-constrained LoCs that manipulate nanoliter volumes of discrete droplets on a microfluidic array. In contrast to the direct-addressing scheme that has been studied thus far in the literature, we assign a small number of independent control pins to a large number of electrodes in the LoC, thereby reducing design complexity and product cost. We apply the proposed method to a microfluidic array for a set of multiplexed bioassays.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of Electromagnetic Modes Inside Printed Coupled Lines and Quantification of Crosstalk

Detailed analysis of mode structures inside coupled microstrip lines and their correlation with crosstalk between traces has been performed. The use of finite-difference time-domain and singular value decomposition methods for modal identification followed by cross correlation for crosstalk prediction is demonstrated in this paper. The combination of these methods is robust, versatile, and ideal for pulsed applications in an inhomogeneous, anisotropic multilayer substrate with complex 3-D structures. Moreover, all possible modes are extracted in a single analysis. This novel approach provides a quantitative measurement of crosstalk by establishing correlation between modes evolving inside the source line and the field waveforms coupled with the victim line. The effects of line topology, material properties, and pulse characteristics are examined. At the near end, transverse electromagnetic mode of the source line dictates coupling; however, as the pulse advances, the higher order transverse magnetic mode dominates and exhibits significant contribution to the evolution of the waveform coupled with the victim line at the far end, which is confirmed by cross correlation. This paper has physical significance in devising systems for suppressing unwanted modes responsible for crosstalk and radiation leakage due to fast pulses.
Yield and fiber quality of Upland cotton as influenced by nitrogen and potassium nutrition

Nutrient stress in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) depresses lint yield, particularly of late-season fruit (bolls), and may disrupt fiber development. A 2-year (1999 and 2000) study was conducted outdoors in large pots to determine individual effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) stress at flowering stage on lint yield and fiber quality. Treatments were half-strength nutrient solution from emergence to crop maturity (control), 20% and 0% of control N from first flower onward, and 20% and 0% of control K from first flower onward in 1999 and first square onward in 2000. Leaf N and K were determined every 2–3 days from an uppermost, fully expanded leaf on the main-stem of five plants selected at random. Mature bolls were harvested from sympodial (fruiting) branches only and grouped according to week of anthesis across a 35-day flowering period, providing five flowering groups, from which fiber length, strength, and micronaire were determined. Fiber length was not consistently altered by stress, suggesting early stages of fiber development were indirectly affected by plant N and K status. Nitrogen deficiency decreased yield through early termination of reproductive growth. In 1999, although flowering group four of N-deficient cotton had low length, strength, and micronaire, values for weighted-sum micronaire (whole-plant micronaire) increased under N stress by about 12% in 0% N treatment and about 18% in 20% N treatment. In general, N and K stress had opposite effects on weighted-sum micronaire. The year by N treatment interaction was significant for weighted-sum strength, due to weak fibers in N-deficient cotton in 1999, but no treatment difference in 2000. Apparently, crop response to N stress was influenced by environment, as flowering groups with low quality fiber also comprised a large fraction of total lint, and thus placed heavy demands on plant N and carbohydrate reserves. Severe K deficiency in 2000 decreased yield and lint weight boll −1 , and micronaire values of 3.7 or less were evident in flowering groups two, three and four. Results support evidence that N stress indirectly affects cotton growth, as N deficiency decreased fiber length, strength and micronaire primarily in flowering groups with large percentage of bolls. Results from 2000 support evidence that K deficiency adversely affects reproductive growth, boll weight, and sugar translocation in cotton.
Dynamin at the Neck of Caveolae Mediates Their Budding to Form Transport Vesicles by GTP-driven Fission from the Plasma Membrane of Endothelium

The molecular mechanisms mediating cell surface trafficking of caveolae are unknown. Caveolae bud from plasma membranes to form free carrier vesicles through a “pinching off” or fission process requiring cytosol and driven by GTP hydrolysis (Schnitzer, J.E., P. Oh, and D.P. McIntosh. 1996. Science. 274:239–242). Here, we use several independent techniques and functional assays ranging from cell-free to intact cell systems to establish a function for dynamin in the formation of transport vesicles from the endothelial cell plasma membrane by mediating fission at the neck of caveolae. This caveolar fission requires interaction with cytosolic dynamin as well as its hydrolysis of GTP. Expression of dynamin in cytosol as well as purified recombinant dynamin alone supports GTP-induced caveolar fission in a cell-free assay whereas its removal from cytosol or the addition to the cytosol of specific antibodies for dynamin inhibits this fission. Overexpression of mutant dynamin lacking normal GTPase activity not only inhibits GTP-induced fission and budding of caveolae but also prevents caveolae-mediated internalization of cholera toxin B chain in intact and permeabilized endothelial cells. Analysis of endothelium in vivo by subcellular fractionation and immunomicroscopy shows that dynamin is concentrated on caveolae, primarily at the expected site of action, their necks. Thus, through its ability to oligomerize, dynamin appears to form a structural collar around the neck of caveolae that hydrolyzes GTP to mediate internalization via the fission of caveolae from the plasma membrane to form free transport vesicles.
Calculating optical water quality targets to restore and protect submersed aquatic vegetation: Overcoming problems in partitioning the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation

Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important component of shallow water estuarine systems that has declined drastically in recent decades. SAV has particularly high light requirements, and losses of SAV have, in many cases, been attributed to increased light attenuation in the water column, frequently due to coastal eutrophication. The desire to restore these valuable habitats to their historical levels has created the need for a simple but accurate management tool for translating light requirements into water quality targets capable of supporting SAV communities. A procedure for calculating water quality targets for concentrations of chlorophyll and total suspended solids (TSS) is derived, based on representing the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation, Kd(PAR), as a linear function of contributions due to water plus colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll, and TSS. It is assumed that Kd(PAR) conforms to the Lambert-Beer law. Target concentrations are determined as the intersection of a line representing intended reduction of TSS and chlorophyll by management actions, with another line describing the dependence of TSS on chlorophyll at a constant value of Kd(PAR). The validity of applying the Lambert-Beer law to Kd(PAR) in estuarine waters was tested by comparing the performance of a linear model of Kd(PAR) with data simulated using a more realistic model of light attenuation. The linear regression model tended to underestimate Kd(PAR) at high light attenuation, resulting in erroneous predictions of target concentrations at shallow restoration depths. The errors result more from the wide spectral bandwidth of PAR, than from irrecoverable nonlinearities in the diffuse attenuation coefficient per se. In spite of the failure of the Lambert-Beer law applied to Kd(PAR), the variation of TSS with chlorophyll at constant Kd(PAR) determined by the more mechanistic attenuation model was, nevertheless, highly linear. Use of the management tool based on intersecting lines is still possible, but coefficients in the line describing the dependence of TSS on chlorophyll at constant Kd(PAR) must be determined empirically by application of an optical model suitably calibrated for the region of interest. An example application of the procedure to data from the Rhode River, Maryland, indicates that approximately 15% reduction in both TSS and chlorophyll concentrations, or 50% reduction in chlorophyll alone, will be needed to restore conditions for growth of SAV to levels that existed in the late 1960s.
Anacetrapib and Dalcetrapib: Two Novel Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in the cholesterol transport system and review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and adverse effects of the CETP inhibitors, anacetrapib and dalcetrapib, for the treatment of dyslipidemia.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted in Ovid/MEDLINE (1950 to week 4 December 2010), PubMed/MEDLINE (up to December 2010). EMBASE (2000 to December 2010), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to December 2010) using the MeSH terms and key words anacetrapib, MK 0859, dalcetrapib, and JTT 705. The search was limited to publications in English.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Studies evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of anacetrapib and dalcetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidemia were included. Clinical reviews evaluating the characterization of CETP and its inhibition as a mechanism for reducing cardiovascular risk were also included.Data Synthesis:Anacetrapib and dalc...
The Uncoupling Proteins UCP2 and UCP3 in Skeletal Muscle

The uncoupling protein UCP1 aids the production of heat by uncoupling respiration from oxidative phosphorylation in brown fat of rodents. UCP1 is down-regulated during starvation to conserve energy. Levels of other uncoupling proteins named UCP2 and UCP3, which are present in skeletal muscle, increase during starvation without changing heat production. Transgenic mice ectopically over-expressing UCP3 lost weight and had less adipose tissue than controls, although they were hyperphagic. It was proposed that muscle UCP3 regulated fat oxidation rather than thermogenesis.
The role of glycans in immune evasion: The Human Fetoembryonic Defence System Hypothesis revisited

Emerging data suggest that mechanisms to evade the human immune system may be shared by the conceptus, tumour cells, persistent pathogens and viruses. It is therefore timely to revisit the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis that was proposed in two papers in the 1990s. The initial paper suggested that glycoconjugates expressed in the human reproductive system inhibited immune responses directed against gametes and the developing human by employing their carbohydrate sequences as functional groups. These glycoconjugates were proposed to block specific binding interactions and interact with lectins linked to signal transduction pathways that modulated immune cell functions. The second article suggested that aggressive tumour cells and persistent pathogens (HIV, H. pylori, schistosomes) either mimicked or acquired the same carbohydrate functional groups employed in this system to evade immune responses. This subterfuge enabled these pathogens and tumour cells to couple their survival to the human reproductive imperative. The Hu-FEDS model has been repeatedly tested since its inception. Data relevant to this model have also been obtained in other studies. Herein, the Hu-FEDS hypothesis is revisited in the context of these more recent findings. Far more supportive evidence for this model now exists than when it was first proposed, and many of the original predictions have been validated. This type of subterfuge by pathogens and tumour cells likely applies to all sexually reproducing metazoans that must protect their gametes from immune responses. Intervention in these pathological states will likely remain problematic until this system of immune evasion is fully understood and appreciated.
An ARIMA Supply Chain Model

This paper presents a multistage supply chain model that is based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time-series models. Given an ARIMA model of consumer demand and the lead times at each stage, it is shown that the orders and inventories at each stage are also ARIMA, and closed-form expressions for these models are given.The paper also discusses the causes of the bullwhip effect, a phenomenon in which variation in demand produces larger variations in upstream orders and inventory. This discussion reveals how different modeling can lead to different insights because they make different assumptions about the cause of the bullwhip effect. These observations are used to develop managerial insights about reducing the bullwhip effect.
Ventilatory gas exchange and early response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an accepted intervention for chronic heart failure (HF), although approximately 30% of patients are non-responders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise respiratory gas exchange obtained before CRT implantation predicts early response to CRT. Methods Before CRT implantation, patients were assigned to either a mild-moderate group (Mod G, n = 33, age 67 ± 10 years) or a moderate–severe group (Sev G, n = 31, age 67 ± 10 years), based on abnormalities in exercise gas exchange. Severity of impaired gas exchange was based on a score from the measures of VE/VCO 2 slope, resting PETCO 2 and change of PETCO 2 from resting to peak. All measurements were performed before and 3 to 4 months after CRT implantation. Results Although Mod G did not have improved gas exchange ( p > 0.05), Sev G improved significantly ( p p > 0.05), yet Sev G showed significantly improved RVSP, by 23% (50 ± 14 vs 42 ± 12 mm Hg, p p p p p > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in brain natriuretic peptide in either group post-CRT. Conclusion Based on pre-CRT implantation ventilatory gas exchange, subjects with the most impaired values appeared to have more improvement post-CRT, possibly associated with a decrease in RVSP.
The Analytic Narrative Project

In Analytic Narratives, we attempt to address several issues. First, many of us are engaged in in-depth case studies, but we also seek to contribute to, and to make use of, theory. How might we best proceed? Second, the historian, the anthropologist, and the area specialist possess knowledge of a place and time. They have an understanding of the particular. How might they best employ such data to create and test theories that may apply more generally? Third, what is the contribution of formal theory? What benefits are, or can be, secured by formalizing verbal accounts? In recent years, King, Keohane, and Verba (1994) and Green and Shapiro (1994) have provoked debate over these and related issues. In Analytic Narratives, we join in the methodological discussions spawned by their contributions.
Radiative Effects on the Diffusional Growth of Ice Particles in Cirrus Clouds

Abstract At Colorado State University the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) has been used to study the radiative effect on the diffusional growth of ice particles in cirrus clouds. Using soundings extracted from a mesoscale simulation of the 26 November 1991 cirrus event, the radiative effect was studied using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) version of RAMS, coupled to an explicit bin-resolving microphysics. The CRM simulations of the 26 November 1991 cirrus event demonstrate that the radiative impact on the diffusional growth (or sublimation) of ice crystals is significant. Even in a radiatively cooled atmospheric environment, ice particles may experience radiative warming because the net radiation received by an ice particle depends upon the emission from the particle, and the local upwelling and downwelling radiative fluxes. Model results show that radiative feedbacks on the diffusional growth of ice particles can be very complex. Radiative warming of an ice particle will restri...
Managing scientific data with named data networking

Many scientific domains, such as climate science and High Energy Physics (HEP), have data management requirements that are not well supported by the IP network architecture. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new network architecture whose service model is better aligned with the needs of data-oriented applications. NDN provides features such as best-location retrieval, caching, load sharing, and transparent failover that would otherwise be painstakingly (re-)implemented by each application using point-to-point semantics in an IP network.We present the first scientific data management application designed and implemented on top of NDN. We use this application to manage climate and HEP data over a dedicated, high-performance, testbed. Our application has two main components: a UI for dataset discovery queries and a federation of synchronized name catalogs. We show how NDN primitives can be used to implement common data management operations such as publishing, search, efficient retrieval, and publication access control.
The Expression of Anger Across Cultures

In this chapter, we argue that angry facial expressions have roots in our evolutionary histories and are probably genetically coded for all humans, resulting in biologically based universality in the expression and recognition of anger. At the same time, all humans live in cultures, and cultures endorse the modification of universal angry expressions. These modifications can lead to both culturally based universality as well as cultural differences in angry expressions. We argue that one of the main functions of culture is to calibrate emotional responding to culturally relevant situations, in order to maintain social order and prevent social chaos. We also present data that suggest that cultural differences in anger expression management, via mechanisms known as display rules, are associated with anger recognition accuracy rates on the cultural level. Biologically based emotions, therefore, interact with culture to produce rich and textured behavioral repertoires driven by emotion impulses.
Crystal structure of bis­(1,3-di­amino­propane-κ2N,N′)bis­[2-(4-nitro­phen­yl)acetato-κO]cadmium

In the structure of the title compound, [Zn(C8H6NO4)2(C3H10N2)2], the ZnII atom is located on a center of symmetry with one independent Zn—O distance of 2.199 (2) A, and two Zn—N distances of 2.157 (2) and 2.144 (2) A. The overall coordination geometry around the ZnII atom is octa­hedral. Several types of hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are evident. Both intra­molecular [2.959 (3) A] and inter­molecular [3.118 (3) and 3.124 (3) A inter­actions occur between the O atoms of the acetate group and the amino N atoms, and weak inter­molecular C—H—O inter­actions involving the nitro groups, leading to an extended chain of the molecules aligned along the ac plane.
Microcomputers and the future of epidemiology.

Abstract The Workshop on Microcomputers and the Future of Epidemiology was held March 8-9, 1993, at the Turner Conference Center, Atlanta, GA, with 130 public health professionals participating. The purpose of the workshop was to define microcomputer needs in epidemiology and to propose future initiatives. Thirteen groups representing public health disciplines defined their needs for better and more useful data, development of computer technology appropriate to epidemiology, user support and human infrastructure development, and global communication and planning. Initiatives proposed were demonstration of health surveillance systems, new software and hardware, computer-based training, projects to establish or improve data bases and community access to data bases, improved international communication, conferences on microcomputer use in particular disciplines, a suggestion to encourage competition in the production of public-domain software, and longrange global planning for epidemiologic computing and data management. Other interested groups are urged to study, modify, and implement those ideas.
Pharmacy manpower: Implications for pharmaceutical care and health care reform

Our understanding of the pharmacy work force has improved substantially over the past five years. Research efforts have described the existing work force and projected for the next decade the effect that changes in educational programs, increasing numbers of female pharmacists, and increasing numbers of employee pharmacists will have on the effective work force size. Projections about the effect of pharmacy technicians and automation are less certain. Continued research is needed to document the changing nature of the pharmacy work force, to provide work force data that are essential to representing pharmacy in health care policy decisions, and to help confirm the value of pharmacy services.
Structural characterization of multiple pyoverdines secreted by two Pseudomonas strains using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with varying dissociation energies.

High-affinity iron (Fe)-scavenging molecules, or siderophores, are secreted by microorganisms to acquire and compete for Fe. Pyoverdine (PVD), the primary siderophore produced by Pseudomonas, consists of a dihydroxyquinoline-type chromophore, a peptide chain of variable length and conformation, and a side chain composed of a dicarboxylic acid or its monoamide derivative. Elucidation of the PVD structures secreted by different Pseudomonas strains is an important step toward understanding their Fe-transport strategies. In this study, we characterized multiple PVDs secreted by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and Pseudomonas fluorescens RA12 using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. To avoid purification steps prior to characterizing the bacterial supernatants, PVD candidates were identified by extracting fragments of the dihydroxyquinoline component from the chromatographic peaks. Varying collisional dissociation energies were subsequently applied to achieve, with high mass accuracy, a broad coverage of fragments of the entire PVD. Our approach allowed us to discriminate between three different PVD structures in the secretion of each strain. The three PVDs of P. putida possess the same peptide chain of seven amino acids, Asp-Orn-OHAsp-Dab-Gly-Ser-cOHOrn, with a cyclicized portion present in two of the PVDs. For P. fluorescens, two of the PVDs had the same peptide chain of 13 amino acids, Ala-Lys-Gly-Gly-Ala-OHAsp-Gly-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-cOHOrn, whereas a third PVD had a Ser substituting for the first Ala. The side chain of the PVDs was either succinic acid or succinamide. The present approach can be employed for simultaneous structural characterization of several peptidic siderophores and related molecules in bacterial secretions.