cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marriage as a risk factor for HIV: learning from the experiences of HIV-infected women in Malawi.

Abstract The gender inequalities that characterise intimate partner relationships in Malawi, a country with one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, arguably place marriage as an important risk factor for HIV infection among women, yet few studies detail the complex interactions of marriage and risk. In order to develop HIV-prevention interventions that have lasting impacts in such communities, we need a deeper understanding of the intricacies of women's lives, how and why they are involved in marital relationships, and the implications of these relationships for HIV transmission or prevention. This article describes how women understand marriage's effects on their lives and their HIV risks. Drawing from focus group discussions with 72 women attending antiretroviral clinics in Malawi, we explore why women enter marriage, what women's experiences are within marriage and how they leave spouses for other relationships. Based on their narratives, we describe women's lives after separation, abando...
Concerning the chloromethylation of alkylbenzenes and polystyrenes by chloromethyl methyl ether

Abstract Chloromethyl methyl ether-stannic chloride treatments of toluene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene and tert -butyl benzene afforded respectively, 26.5, 16.8, 5.5 and 2.5% ortho -products. No meta -products could be detected (less than 0.5%). Similar chloroalkylation of linear polystyrenes followed by conversion of the chloromethyl groups to hydroxylmethyl, yielded products possessing 5.0 ± .3% ortho -substitution.
Cross-correlation of instantaneous amplitudes of field potential oscillations: A straightforward method to estimate the directionality and lag between brain areas

Researchers performing multi-site recordings are often interested in identifying the directionality of functional connectivity and estimating lags between sites. Current techniques for determining directionality require spike trains or involve multivariate autoregressive modeling. However, it is often difficult to sample large numbers of spikes from multiple areas simultaneously, and modeling can be sensitive to noise. A simple, model-independent method to estimate directionality and lag using local field potentials (LFPs) would be of general interest. Here we describe such a method using the cross-correlation of the instantaneous amplitudes of filtered LFPs. The method involves four steps. First, LFPs are band-pass filtered; second, the instantaneous amplitude of the filtered signals is calculated; third, these amplitudes are cross-correlated and the lag at which the cross-correlation peak occurs is determined; fourth, the distribution of lags obtained is tested to determine if it differs from zero. This method was applied to LFPs recorded from the ventral hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex in awake behaving mice. The results demonstrate that the hippocampus leads the mPFC, in good agreement with the time lag calculated from the phase locking of mPFC spikes to vHPC LFP oscillations in the same dataset. We also compare the amplitude cross-correlation method to partial directed coherence, a commonly used multivariate autoregressive model-dependent method, and find that the former is more robust to the effects of noise. These data suggest that the cross-correlation of instantaneous amplitude of filtered LFPs is a valid method to study the direction of flow of information across brain areas.
Outcomes of vaginal vault prolapse repair with a high uterosacral suspension procedure utilizing bilateral single sutures

The aim of this study was to describe an approach for performing a high uterosacral vaginal vault suspension and to report anatomical and subjective results. Anatomic measures and validated symptom-specific questionnaires were performed pre- and postoperatively. Patient satisfaction was also ascertained. Thirty-five women, who underwent a two-suture high uterosacral suspension, participated. Mean follow-up interval was 23.1 ± 10.1 months. Postoperative point C was −7.8 ± 1.60 (median, −8.0, range, −4.0 to −10.0), and the mean preoperative to postoperative change in point C was 5.9 ± 5.56 cm (median 4.75, range −3.0 to 20.0, p-value < 0.0001). Patient satisfaction was high with 88.9% indicating that they would have the surgery again. There were no ureteral injuries or kinks noted on intraoperative cystoscopy. No patient required reoperation for recurrent prolapse or urinary incontinence. Overall, the two-suture high uterosacral vaginal vault suspension is an acceptable technique for repairing apical prolapse.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN

81 patients with chronic low back pain (average duration 10 years) were randomised to two treatment groups. 40 received an empirically devised regimen of forceful spinal manipulation and injections of a dextrose-glycerine-phenol ("proliferant") solution into soft-tissue structures, as part of a programme to decrease pain and disability. The other 41 patients received parallel treatment in which the main differences were less extensive initial local anaesthesia and manipulation, and substitution of saline for proliferant. Neither patients nor assessors knew which treatment had been given. When assessed by disability scores the experimental group had greater improvement than the control group at one (p less than 0.001), three (p less than 0.004), and six (p less than 0.001) months from the end of treatment; at six months an improvement of more than 50% was recorded in 35 of the experimental group versus 16 of the control group and the numbers free from disability were 15 and 4, respectively (p less than 0.003). Visual analogue pain scores and pain diagrams likewise showed significant advantages for the experimental regimen.
Designing an undergraduate curriculum based on parallelism and concurrency

The multi-core revolution has brought forth the pressing issue of deciding where in the curriculum to introduce parallel programming. At least 3 different strategies can be found, including the current one used, where concurrent programming is taught in Operating Systems. It is the position of this paper that we can embrace the 3 strategies and present parallelism as a fundamental notion in computing throughout the curriculum. We analyse curriculum directions, present parameters to consider to introduce parallelism, as well as a spiral approach to the subject starting in CS2.
Improving sequential simulation with a structured path guided by information content

Multiple-point simulation is a newly developed geostatistical method that aims at combining the strengths of two mainstream geostatistical methods: object-based and pixel-based methods. It maintains the flexibility of pixel-based algorithms in data conditioning, while enhancing its capability of reproducing realistic geological shapes, which is traditionally reserved to object-based algorithms. However, the current snesim program for multiple-point simulation has difficulty in reproducing large-scale structures, which have a significant impact on the flow response. To address this problem, we propose to simulate along a structured path based on an information content measure. This structured path accounts for not only the information from the data, but also some prior structural information provided by geological knowledge. Various case studies show a better reproduction of large-scale structures. This concept of simulating along a structured path guided by information content can be applied to any sequential simulation algorithms, including traditional variogram-based two-point geostatistical algorithms.
A remark on unique continuation

In this paper a unique continuation result is proved for differential inequality of second order.
Marginality and the New Geography of Domestic Violence Policy in Post-Communist Poland

The article explores the spatial distribution and institutional geography of domestic violence service provision in post-communist Poland. A new institutional geography providing services to victims of domestic violence is emerging in Poland as a result of NGO activism and new pro-woman policies implemented by the state. NGOs, often in partnership with local governments, are the most vital means of service provision in large and medium size cities, while in rural areas, public agencies predominate in the institutional geography of service provision. The assumption that NGOs will emerge to address the needs of victims of domestic violence is not realistic in rural areas. While urban Poland is developing an institutional geography to address domestic violence, state and NGO activists must focus on shrinking the rural margins of Poland's institutional geography.
Zero-Net Strain InGaAsP/InP Multiple Quantum Well Lasers,

In this paper, we compare results from zero-net-strain multiple quantum well lasers with similar devices having conventional strain (the barriers are lattice-matched to the substrate) and unstrained structures. Contrary to theoretical predictions, our initial results indicate that there is little difference between strained and unstrained lasers.
Seizure characteristics and control after microsurgical resection of supratentorial cerebral cavernous malformations.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal management of seizures associated with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of surgery in the management of CCM-associated seizures. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review with follow-up of 164 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of supratentorial CCMs. Clinical and radiographic data were collected and then analyzed to determine predictors of developing epilepsy and predictors of postoperative seizure control after microsurgical resection. RESULTS: Of the patients, 61.5% presented with seizures, and 34.7% had clinically defined epilepsy. The development of epilepsy was associated with CCMs located in the temporal lobe and the absence of symptomatic hemorrhage. After microsurgical resection in 44 patients with intractable epilepsy, 72.7% were completely seizure-free (Engel class 1), 11.4% had rare seizures (Engel class 2), 4.5% had meaningful improvement (Engel class 3), and 11.4% had no improvement (Engel class 4). Predictors of complete seizure freedom were gross total resection, smaller CCMs, and the absence of secondary generalized seizures (94% of patients were seizure-free with all 3 predictors). CONCLUSION: Surgery is a safe and effective treatment for seizures associated with CCMs.
Regional deformation of the earth model for the Los Angeles region, California

Abstract A mathematical model for historical horizontal crustal deformation is presented for the Los Angeles region of California. Model parameters are estimated from triangulation, trilateration, and astronomic azimuth data observed during the past 120 years. Also geologic and seismic data are used indirectly in specifying the model which relates crustal deformation to strain rates over large geographic areas, secular slip rates along geologic faults, and to episodic movements associated with large ( M >- 6) earthquakes. The episodic movements are modeled in accordance with the theory of dislocation in an elastic halfspace. For the secular motion, the region is partitioned into a mosaic of proposed microplates or “districts” that are allowed to individually translate, rotate, and deform homogeneously as a linear function of time. The model thus accounts for the secular and episodic time variability of the geodetic markers coordinates. The results are compared with geodetic, geologic, and seismic studies by other investigators to evaluate the reliability of the procedure and the estimates. In some cases the model provides the first geodetic determinations of strain rates, slip rates, directions of maximum right-lateral shears, and values of coseismic displacements experienced within the region. The shear strain rates reveal that maximum right-lateral shears are oriented parallel to the San Andreas fault system and decrease in magnitude with distance from the central Transverse Ranges. The directions of shear strain form a funnel-shaped pattern that converges on the point outside the region where the San Andreas, Garlock, Big Pine, and San Gabriel faults meet. The velocity for a point near San Pedro relative to a point at the region's northeast corner is 1.8 ± 0.6 cm/yr in the direction N 15 δW ± 11 δ . These results are discussed in light of data limitations and modeling inadequacies, subsidence due to oil and gas withdrawal, and postseismic relaxation following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
Characterization of a recombinant immunomodulatory protein from the salivary glands of Dermacentor andersoni

SUMMARY The gene encoding a 36-kDa (p36) immunomodulatory protein present in saliva of Dermacentor andersoni was cloned in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA lacking signal peptide was cloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pET28 and a similar sequence was cloned into pIB/V5-His-TOPO expression vector for stable transfection of insect cells, High 5™. The 26-kDa molecular mass of p36 expressed by bacteria is in agreement with that predicted from the translated full-length cDNA sequence. Eukaryotic-cell-expressed p36 consisted of multiple forms with molecular masses between 34 and 36 kDa. These multiple forms were attributed to differences in post-translational modifications. N-linked mannose was detected on insect-cell-expressed and tick-derived p36. Multiple bands remained after endoglycosidase removal of N-linked sugars, indicating the presence of other modifications. Both bacterial- and insect-cell-expressed p36 reacted on immunoblots with polyclonal antibodies raised against tick-derived p36. Insect-cell-expressed p36 suppressed T-lymphocyte-mitogen-driven in vitro proliferation of splenocytes from tick-naive mice in a dose-dependent manner. Bacterial-cell-expressed p36 lacked immunomodulatory activity.
Application of Advanced Computational Codes in the Design of an Experiment for a Supersonic Throughflow Fan Rotor

Increased emphasis on sustained supersonic or hypersonic cruise has revived interest in the supersonic throughflow fan as a possible component in advanced propulsion systems. Use of a fan that can operate with a supersonic inlet axial Mach number is attractive from the standpoint of reducing the inlet losses incurred in diffusing the flow from a supersonic flight Mach number to a subsonic one at the fan face. The design of the experiment using advanced computational codes to calculate the components required is described. The rotor was designed using existing turbomachinery design and analysis codes modified to handle fully supersonic axial flow through the rotor. A two-dimensional axisymmetric throughflow design code plus a blade element code were used to generate fan rotor velocity diagrams and blade shapes. A quasi-three-dimensional, thin shear layer Navier-Stokes code was used to assess the performance of the fan rotor blade shapes. The final design was stacked and checked for three-dimensional effects using a three-dimensional Euler code interactively coupled with a two-dimensional boundary layer code. The nozzle design in the expansion region was analyzed with a three-dimensional parabolized viscous code which corroborated the results from the Euler code. A translating supersonic diffuser was designed using these same codes.
Pheromonotropic activity in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar: evidence for a neuropeptide

The brain-suboesophageal ganglion complex of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, contains pheromonotropic activity detectable using a Helicoverpa zea in vivo bioassay for pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide. Pheromonotropic activity was detected as early as the third larval instar and was present throughout development and through day 6 post-eclosion. Activity in the adult is presumably associated with pheromone production, while it is speculated that larval activity may be related to melanization. Adult pheromonotropic activity is associated with a peptide of approximately 3.500 kDa. It is heat labile and only partially stable when incubated at 35°C or exposed to freeze-thawing. Isolation of L. dispar pheromonotropic factor should facilitate the elucidation of the mechanism of pheromone production in this insect pest.
Human perceptions of altruism in artificial agents

Modeling realistic altruism for nonplayer characters (NPCs) is an interesting problem with substantive potential benefits to game creators and players, in the form of more believable game characters and immersive games. An experiment was conducted to investigate how humans would interpret altruistic behavior in artificial agents in a predator/prey environment. This paper describes an experiment focused on whether human observers would attribute emotional characteristics and motivations to altruistic game agents.
THE TREASURY‐FEDERAL RESERVE ACCORD

ON MARCH 3, 1951 a joint statement of an accord was issued for publication on the following day by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System together with the Federal Open Market Committee. This accord which received wide publication stated that "The Treasury and the Federal Reserve System have reached full accord with respect to debt-management and monetary policies to be pursued in furthering their common purpose to assure the successful financing of the Goverment's requirements and, at the same time, to minimize the monetization of the public debt."1 Two questions immediately arise; first, why was an accord necessary and second, what implications for the monetary and banking systems were implicit in the statement? In order fully to appreciate the problems involved and the significance of the solution it is necessary to examine the origin and evolution of the controversy. To this end, therefore, this paper has been divided into four parts, first the evolution of the rate pattern, second the evidences of co-operation between the Treasury and the Reserve authorities, third the differences which resulted, and finally the accord which was reached as indicated above.
Storage effects on anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant activity of thermally processed conventional and organic blueberries

BACKGROUND: Consumer demand for products rich in phytochemicals is increasing as a result of greater awareness of their potential health benefits. However, processed products are stored for long-term and the phytochemicals are susceptible to degradation during storage. The objective of this study was to assess the storage effects on phytochemicals in thermally processed blueberries. Thermally processed canned berries and juice/puree were analysed for phytochemicals during their long-term storage. RESULTS: The phytochemical retention of thermally processed blueberries during storage was not influenced by production system (conventional versus organic). During 13 months of storage, total anthocyanins, total phenolics and total antioxidant activity in canned blueberry solids decreased by up to 86, 69 and 52% respectively. In canned blueberry syrup, total anthocyanins and total antioxidant activity decreased by up to 68 and 15% respectively, while total phenolic content increased by up to 117%. Similar trends in phytochemical content were observed in juice/puree stored for 4 months. The extent of changes in phytochemicals of thermally processed blueberries during storage was significantly influenced by blanching. CONCLUSION: Long-term storage of thermally processed blueberries had varying degrees of influence on degradation of total anthocyanins, total phenolics and total antioxidant activity. Blanching before thermal processing helped to preserve the phytochemicals during storage of blueberries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Statistical procedures for estimating branch flows and total network flow

The problem fo estimating branch flows and total network flow in a directed acyclic network is important in diverse applications, such as: (1) in the measurement of rainfall and water run off and (2) in cash control as cash receipts move through an accounting system. In this paper, a variety of network flow estimation problems are examined, where the measurement errors of the observed branch flows may be correlated. Procedures are presented which produce branch flow estimates that conserve flow when observations of flow are available on all network branches and which produce total network flow estimates when observations of flow are available on only a subset of network branches. The latter procedure uses observed flows through proper cut sets. Also included is a discussion of a tractable method of computing biased total network flow estimates. These biased estimates have the potential advantage of having a relatively small variance. All of the estimation procedures presented derive estimates from the solution of appropriately formaulated mathematical programs whose objective function is a quadratic form. An example is included to illustrate the ease of use of the proposed estimation procedures.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES DURING AUTOLYSIS OF RED AND WHITE PORCINE MUSCLE

This investigation was undertaken to determine the ultrastructural changes in porcine muscle due to autolysis and their relationship to muscle fiber type. The red and white portions of aseptic porcine semitendinosus muscle were sliced, placed in sterile petri dishes, and stored at 10°C. Samples were taken periodically for pH measurements, bacterial counts and electron microscopic examination. No bacterial growth or significant pH changes were observed in the experimental tissues. White fibers appeared to be slightly more labile to autolysis than red fibers. However, the ultrastructural changes occurred in the same sequence for both fiber types. Mitochondria underwent cristae aggregation with a subsequent loss of cristae material. Nuceli were found to progressively shrink in size during storage with a concomitant concentration of the chromatin material. The I-band was the area of the myofibril most susceptible to autolytic breakdown and vesicular structures were observed in all areas of myofibrillar degradation.
The oral yeast-lactobacillus relationship I. Nonutilization of hexosephosphates by an oral lactobacillus

The theory that there is a symbiotic relationship between an oral yeast and an oral lactobacillus as the result of a complementary effect of the enzyme systems of each is based on the premise that the high phosphatase activity of the yeast provides the lactobacillus component of the mixed culture with hexosephosphates. A study was carried out on the utilization by an oral lactobacillus of the hexosephosphates for growth and acid production. The study demonstrated that an intact, viable, metabolizing oral strain of Lactobacillus casei cannot utilize hexophosphates for growth or lactic acid production.
Critical Race Theory and Community Colleges: Through the Eyes of Women Student Leaders of Color

While the majority of students at California community colleges are students of color, few complete their schooling and transfer. This study examines how women leaders of color perceive transfer at a diverse, transfer-intensive community college in southern California. Critical race theory is used to analyze how these raced and gendered institutions fulfill their democratic promise of academic transfer. Over the course of a year, I employed semistructured interviews, a focus group interview, and participant observation of 11 women in four racial/ethnic student organizations. Preliminary findings point to a complex relationship between transfer, race, and gender. By utilizing critical race theory (CRT) in community college practice and research, we see the importance of validating students everyday realities as students of color. In addition, the covert and overt issues of racism and sexism must be addressed with a critical lens of race and gender. The experiences of these women leaders are vital to includ...
G-CSF Is an Essential Regulator of Neutrophil Trafficking from the Bone Marrow to the Blood

Neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in a regulated fashion to maintain homeostatic levels in the blood and to respond to physiological stresses, including infection. We show that under basal conditions granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an essential regulator of neutrophil release from the bone marrow. Nonredundant signals generated by the membrane-proximal 87 amino acids of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) are sufficient to mediate this response. Surprisingly, G-CSFR expression on neutrophils is neither necessary nor sufficient for their mobilization from the bone marrow, suggesting that G-CSF induces neutrophil mobilization indirectly through the generation of trans-acting signals. Evidence is provided suggesting that downregulation of stromal cell-derived factor 1 expression in the bone marrow may represent such a signal.
Repair of Retinal Detachments Due to Herpes Varicella-Zoster Virus Retinitis in Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Abstract Purpose: The authors characterize surgical techniques and report results for repair of retinal detachments due to varicella-zoster retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) retinitis is a distinctly aggressive infection in patients with AIDS. Retinal detachments occur in the majority of such patients, and contribute to their poor visual prognosis. Methods: A case series of five eyes in four patients with AIDS and retinal detachments due to VZV retinitis is presented, highlighting surgical technique and results. Pars plana vitrectomy, silicone oil tamponade, and endolaser photocoagulation were used in all cases. Results: Apparent contraction of the necrotic retina was observed, requiring large relaxing retinectomies to achieve retinal attachment in three of the five eyes. Follow up after surgery was 4, 6, 15, 29, and 30 months. Four eyes maintained ambulatory vision and the retinas remained attached. Conclusion: Vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade may be used to preserve ambulatory vision in carefully selected patients with AIDS and retinal detachments due to VZV retinitis. Relaxing retinectomy is a useful technique to achieve and maintain retinal attachment.
Local continuum shape sensitivity with spatial gradient reconstruction

Utilizing gradient-based optimization for large scale, multidisciplinary design problems requires accurate and efficient sensitivity or design derivative analysis. In general, numerical sensitivity methods, such as the finite difference method, are easy to implement but can be computationally expensive and inaccurate. In contrast, analytic sensitivity methods, such as the discrete and continuum methods, are highly accurate but can be very difficult, if not infeasible, to implement. A popular compromise is the semi-analytic method, but it too can be highly inaccurate when computing shape design derivatives. Presented here is an alternative method, which is easy to implement and can be as accurate as conventional analytic sensitivity methods. In this paper a general local continuum shape sensitivity method with spatial gradient reconstruction (SGR) is formulated. It is demonstrated that SGR, a numerical technique, can be used to solve the continuous sensitivity equations (CSEs) in a non-intrusive manner. The method is used to compute design derivatives for a variety of applications, including linear static beam bending, linear transient gust analysis of a 2-D beam structure, linear static bending of rectangular plates, and linear static bending of a beam-stiffened plate. Analysis is conducted with Nastran, and both displacement and stress design derivative solutions are presented. For each example the design derivatives are validated with either analytic or finite difference solutions.
Message management systems at work: prototypes for business communication

In this article, we describe two applications based on a system for office communication that is more flexible and expressive than other systems. This system allows the computerization of tasks that previously required manual intervention because of each task's complexity. The applications, one automating office tasks and the other simulating a bicycle industry, highlight the system's ability to accommodate changes to the communication language. They also highlight the utility of both the formal language used by the system and the inferential model of communications used to interpret the messages.
Effector CD8+ T cell IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity are enhanced by mild hyperthermia

Purpose: Clinical trials combining hyperthermia with radiation and/or chemotherapy for cancer treatment have resulted in improved overall survival and control of local recurrences. The contribution of thermally enhanced anti-immune function in these effects is of considerable interest, but not understood; studies on the fundamental effects of elevated temperature on immune effector cells are needed. The goal of this study is to investigate the potential of mild hyperthermia to impact tumour antigen-specific (Ag) effector CD8+ T cell functions.Method: Pmel-1 Ag-specific CD8+ T cells were exposed to mild hyperthermia and tested for changes in IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity. Additionally, overall plasma membrane organisation and the phosphorylation of signalling proteins were also investigated following heat treatment.Results: Exposing effector Pmel-1-specific CD8+ T cells to mild hyperthermia (39.5°C) resulted in significantly enhanced Ag-specific IFN-γ production and tumour target cell killing compared ...
Cathodic delamination of methyl methacrylate-based dry film polymers on copper

Studies of the bond degradation between a laminated organic coating and a copper substrate have been carried out using electrochemical techniques. The failure of the bond is attributed to a cathodic reaction which occurs under the coating. The rates of delamination are shown to be affected by delay time after exposure, temperature, applied potential, composition of the electrolyte, and surface abrasion prior to application of the coating.
Treatment of Ischemic Digital Ulcers with Nitroglycerin Ointment

. The effectiveness of topical application of nitroglycerin ointment for the treatment of ischemic digital ulcers is described.
Duffin-Kemmer formulation of gauge theories

Gauge theories, including the Yang-Mills theory as well as Einstein's general relativity, are reformulated in first-order differential forms. In this generalized Duffin-Kemmer formalism, gauge theories take very simple forms with only cubic interactions. Moreover, every local gauge transformation, e.g., that of Yang and Mills or Einstein, etc., has an essentially similar form. Other examples comprise a gauge theory akin to the Sugawara theory of currents and the nonlinear realization of chiral symmetry. The octonion algebra is found possibly relevant to the discussion of the Yang-Mills theory.
Oscillatory $Q$ Factor in Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators With Integrated Microfluidic Channels

When a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is coupled to a liquid layer with thickness comparable to the acoustic wavelength, the Q factor varies in a damped oscillatory pattern with the liquid thickness. This letter reports an analytical modeling and experimental demonstration of this behavior by integrating microfluidic channels to MEMS-based FBARs. It is found that Q assumes its maxima and minima when the channel thickness is an odd multiple of quarter-wavelength and a multiple of half-wave-length, respectively. The microfluidics integrated FBARs achieve a 10 × improvement of Q over fully immersed FBARs, showing the potential of use as high-resolution sensors involving liquids.
Simultaneous measurement of spatial-frequency summation and uncertainty effects.

The predictions for summation and uncertainty effects from several multiple-spatial-frequency-channels models were calculated. The models differed in their assumptions about the shape of the channels’ underlying probability-density functions and in the decision rule used to combine the channels’ outputs. Varying these assumptions resulted in quite different predictions about the magnitudes of these effects. Simultaneous summation and uncertainty experiments measured the detectability of gratings containing one (simple) or two (compound) spatial frequencies. Performance was assessed in two types of blocks of trials: either each stimulus was in a separate block or three stimuli (two simple gratings and their compound) were randomly intermixed in one block. Quantitative comparisons of the models with the data showed that the increasing-variance Gaussian models (in which the decision variable is the sum of the monitored channels’ outputs) provided the best overall fit.
Does Living Near Classmates Help Introductory Economics Students Get Better Grades

This article examines whether first-year students in introductory economics courses get better grades if they have other students in their on-campus residential unit who either are taking the same course or have taken the course in the past. The study uses nine years of data for the introductory economics course at Reed College. The author finds that having dorm mates who are currently taking the class seems to have some benefit for students, but there is no evidence of benefit from having coresident students who have previously completed the class.
Effects of Personality Style, Anxiety, and Depression on Reported Reasons for Smoking1

This study examined the effects of personality style, anxiety, and depression on the reasons for smoking reported by active smokers. Type A individuals with high trait anxiety viewed smoking as a way to stimulate themselves, whereas Type B individuals claimed that they smoked in order to relax. No such relationship was found for smokers who were not anxious. Smokers who had a high degree of depressive symptomatology were more likely to smoke for stimulation than were smokers with a low degree of depressive symptomatology. These results support Warburton's theory (1988) that smoking is an active coping strategy maintained through nicotine's psychological benefits.
The intracellular location of glutamate dehydrogenase in chick embryo liver during development.

Abstract Glutamate dehydrogenase of embryonic chick liver is located in the mitochondria in the period 8 through 19 days of development. Between day 11 and day 19 of incubation the specific activity of glutamate dehydrogenase increases in the whole homogenate whereas it remains constant in the mitochondrial fractions, indicating that an increase in mitochondrial content occurs during development.
Analysis of the CLEAN algorithm and implications for superresolution

The capability of the CLEAN algorithm, which is able to develop image information corresponding to spatial frequencies for which the imaging system’s optical transfer function (OTF) is equal to zero, is shown to be dependent on the limited size of the object being imaged. It is found that this capability is available without a severe signal-to-noise-ratio penalty only for the recovery of a spatial frequency that is sufficiently close to some other spatial frequency for which the OTF is not equal to zero. As used here the term “sufficiently close” means that the magnitude of the separation of the spatial frequencies is less than one half of the inverse of the size of the object being imaged. This represents a limitation of CLEAN’s capability deriving from object size. It is suggested that this capability can be thought of in terms of superresolution, with the same limitation in regard to object size.
Modeling plasma effects on radar cross section of reentry vehicles

In order to design a radar to detect, track, and identify unknown targets, models of the expected electromagnetic scattering properties of the targets must be developed. This communication begins with a qualitative discussion of interactions between an incident wave and a plasma-clad body in order to give the general reader a heuristic understanding of the problem background. Then rigorous calculations of normalized backscatter cross section fora spherical, plasma-clad body, andt he limitations of this model, are presented in context with earlier background material. A plasma simulation technique is described as a means for modeling a diverse range of reentry bodies and plasmas that are not amenable to analytic solution. The theoretical analysis can be used to validate the simulation technique in a spherical configuration after which the technique can be used to simulate many other plasma shapes around a variety of bodies.
Attraction of the Native Elm Bark Beetle to American Elm After the Pruning of Branches

During May and June more overwintering adults of Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff) were caught on American elms, Ulmus americana L., that had been pruned than on those that were not pruned. Fewer beetles were caught on pruned elms whose wounds were treated with dressing compound than on pruned elms with no wound dressing. The number of H. rufipes that were caught also varied with height above the ground; more beetles were caught at 3 m on elm trunks than at 2 or 4 m. After mid-July, there was no significant difference in the number of summer-emerging H. rufipes caught on pruned elms compared with that on unpruned elms.
The Banzhaf power index for political games

Abstract The Banzhaf index of a voting game is a measure of a priori power of the voters. The model on which the index is based treats the voters symmetrically, i.e. the ideology, outlook, etc., of the voters influencing their voting behavior is ignored. Here we present a nonsymmetric generalization of the Banzhaf index in which the ideology of the voters affecting their voting behavior is taken into account. A model of ideologies and issues is presented. The conditions under which our model gives the Shapley-Shubik index (another index of a priori power of the voters) are given. Finally several examples are presented and some qualitative results are given for straight majority and pure bargaining games.
Maintaining creative integrity while implementing successful university branding

In this paper, I describe the process the Office of Information Technology (OIT) followed in creating our Computing @ newsletter and other print materials while meeting our university branding requirements. I also describe our methodology for teaching these same processes to members of our faculty, staff, and graduate departments. It is not my intention to provide a word for word example of my presentation. Since the materials I will be referencing are all available online, it seems unnecessary to reproduce them in their entirety here. I will go into each section in greater detail as I speak about our specific experiences in regards to these topics.
Explaining the price-volume relationship: The difference between price changes and changing prices

Abstract Trading on the stock market increases when there are large changes in price levels, and falls when these changes are small. An experimental test revealed strong support for the hypothesis that large price changes cause heavy trading. Trading patterns, profit data, and memory measures revealed that the vast majority of the subjects employed a tracking strategy; that is, they bought when the price fell and sold when it rose. To test whether the use of this strategy was due to a selective application of the representativeness heuristic on the price stimuli, a second experiment was conducted in which subjects were presented either with only price information or with only price change information. Results supported the representativeness hypothesis, with subjects in the price change condition tracking poorly and earning less profit. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for the stock market and the psychology of prediction.
Curriculum-Based Assessment of Reading Skills: Considerations and Caveats for School Psychologists.

General dissatisfaction with commercial norm-referenced tests and global ability measures and the need for more specific achievement measures due to changes in special education have led to an increased interest in the curriculum-based assessment of reading. We argue that a curriculum-based assessment (CBA) of reading provides relevant information for instructional interventions only if the content of the curriculum and instruction are grounded in the cognitive skills underlying the domain of reading. If CBA is based on valid cognitive constructs, it may assist greatly in the identification of younger readers at risk for reading problems, older students with reading problems, and provide the most sensitive measure of continuous progress. We discuss the implications of our review for the training of school psychologists and for consultation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Motivational Effects of Adding Context Relevant Stress in PC-Based Game Training

This work was designed to examine the effects of contextually relevant stress on personal computer (PC)-based game training. Off-the-shelf PC-based games are being applied to many training situatio...
Study of Injection Angle and Carrier Gas Flow Rate Effects on Particles In-Flight Characteristics in Plasma Spray Process: Modeling and Experiments

This paper investigates the influence of particle injection angle on particle in-flight behaviors and characteristics at different primary and carrier gas flow rates through an integrated modeling and experimental approach. Particle in-flight status such as temperature, velocity, size and their distribution are analyzed to examine particle’s melting status before impact. Results from the experiments and numerical simulations both show that, when carrier gas flow rate is fixed, a small injection angle favors the particle melting and flattening. This behavior is independent of primary and secondary gas flow rates, spray distance and carrier gas flow rate. When both carrier gas flow and injection angle vary, a high carrier gas flow rate and a small injection angle are recommended for high particle temperature and velocity.
Activation of Vβ8 T cells affects spontaneous EAE in MBP TCR transgenic mice

Abstract Two strains of transgenic (Tg) mice (Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 and Vα4/Vβ8.2) have T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize the NAc1-11 immunodominant epitope of the myelin basic protein (MBP). Spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sEAE) readily develops in Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 mice. T cells in Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 mice demonstrate increased levels of CD69, CD44 high and decreased CD45RB relative to Vα4/Vβ8.2 mice. Increased proliferative responses to MBP and high levels of TNF-α are seen in Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 mice. High IL-4 and TGF-β production is observed in Vα4/Vβ8.2 mice. CC chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α (MIP-1α), RANTES and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)) are increased in the central nervous system (CNS) of Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 mice. Thus, activated Th1 cells in the periphery of Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 mice may traffic to the CNS in response to CC chemokines, influencing sEAE.
A commentary on the growth of the human brain and skull.

This paper tests the suggestion put forth by Tanner ('55) and Eichorn and Bayley ('62) to the effect that the brain participates in the parapubertal spurt of growth which characterizes many of the dimensions of the human body. To this end, longitudinal data consisting of oriented head roentgenograms of 11 boys were examined. Two measurements were taken directly from each lateral head film: (1) skull length, measured from glabella to opisthocranion, and (2) endocranial length, the maximum length of the endocranial contour in the mid-sagittal plane. While many of the individual cumulative curves depicting growth in skull length exhibit a parapubertal acceleration, all of the curves for endocranial length comprise segments of a parabolic arc representing a single decelerating phase of growth. Mean incremental curves, mathematically fitted, further emphasize the differences in velocity and pattern of size attainment for the two dimensions tested. The data here presented, then, fail to implicate the brain in the general spurt of growth evident for the external dimensions of the head at adolescence. It is suggested that two discrete systems are evident in the growth of the skull: a rapidly growing neural system essentially completed by adolescence, and a facial system of slower growth and longer duration. The conventional measurement of skull length cuts across both systems, appraising neural growth and the cerebral skeletal envelope prior to adolescence, and then superimposing the facial component, the forward projection of the frontal sinus, during adolescence and post-adolescence.
Anomalous Dependence of Threshold Voltage Mismatch of Short-Channel Transistors

In contrast to the generally accepted expectation that mismatch is monotonically related to doping level for uniformly doping channels, apparently anomalous results in which short-channel low-doped devices have larger mismatch than higher doped high-threshold devices are shown. However, these results are fully explained and comprehended in the context of device design and random dopant fluctuation, and the correlation of short-channel effect with mismatch suggests yet another manner in which fully depleted undoped-body devices will offer better variation than classic scaled dopant-driven transistors, addressing a critical problem in new technology directions.
Random-forcing model of the mesoscale oceanic eddies

Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 529 (2005): 71-95, doi:10.1017/S0022112005003393.
Non-linear optimization methods for enhancing through-wall radar imagery forged via a portable wideband UHF array

An efficient algorithm which utilizes non-linear optimization methods for fast super-resolution enhancement of through-wall radar imagery is proposed. The non-linear optimization methods are based around regularization of the forward model to maximize image sparseness. Algorithm efficiency is realized by employing coherence factor filtering on simple back-projection images to determine imaging regions that benefit from applying super-resolution processes. Several free-space and through-wall imaging examples, utilizing measured scattering data from a small UWB UHF array, are presented to demonstrate algorithm performance.
Nystagmus secondary to fomepizole administration in a pediatric patient.

Background: Fomepizole is an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor used to treat ethylene glycol poisoning in adults, with only one report describing the use of fomepizole in the pediatric population. We report a case of nystagmus associated with fomepizole treatment of a 6-year-old female who ingested ethylene glycol 15 hours prior to admission. Case Report: A previously healthy 6-year-old presented to the emergency department mottled, comatose, and with Kussmaul respirations. Initial arterial blood gases: pH 7.11, Po2 200, HCO3 2, base excess −29, and within 20 minutes her pH dropped to 7.03. The patient was responsive to pain only. Initially, crystalluria without fluorescence was observed in the emergency department; 2 hours after admission, the urine fluoresced under Wood's light. Laboratory data were significant for increased anion and osmolar gaps. She was fluid-resuscitated, NaHCO3, thiamine, and pyridoxine were administered, and she was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Within 4 hours of ad...