cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Romantic Idea of a University and the New Foundation in Berlin

Germans still look back with pride at the founding of the University of Berlin. Heinrich Steffens called it ‘one of the most important movements in the history of modern Germany’, and, even outside Germany, many see it as the birth of the modern university.1 By the mid-ninteenth century, Berlin had become the flagship university in Germany and a model for new institutions worldwide. But how much did this institution partake of the romantic Idea of a university? It was, indeed, founded when Fichte, Schelling and other Romantics and idealist philosophers were at the height of their influence in German intellectual life. But it was also born in a time of bitter defeat for Prussia and an era filled with a level of confusion not seen in Germany since the Thirty Years’ War. It was remarkable that the university came into being when it did; more notable still that it survived; and almost miraculous that it could achieve such fame in the decades after its founding. The romantic Idea of a university, born at Jena, was a midwife to this institution, but so were the immediate needs of the Prussian state.
Toward an Evaluation of the SBIR Program

As with any public-sector program, arguments about public accountability stress the importance of demonstrating net social benefits. The extant literature on this subject is summarized in this chapter.
Analysis of reaction kinetics in the photomechanical molecular crystal 9-methylanthracene using an extended Finke–Watzky model

In order to develop an improved description of the photomechanical response of 9-methylanthracene (9MA) microcrystals, a detailed study of its solid-state photochemical reaction kinetics is performed. The reaction progress is monitored through the decrease in absorption of an optically microcrystalline thin film. The evolution of the time-dependent photoluminescence during the reaction is also measured. Both the photochemical reaction and nonradiative relaxation rates increase as more photoproduct is formed. In order to analyze the data, an extended version of the Finke-Watzky kinetic model for photochemical reactions is derived, denoted the FW-P model. This extended version enables a systematic analysis of photochemical reaction kinetics in solid-state molecular systems at varying levels of approximation. The FW-P model describes the non-exponential decrease in reactant and also correctly predicts the magnitude of the observed decrease in photoluminescence lifetime over the course of the reaction. The lifetime analysis is complicated by the fact that the microcrystalline 9MA sample contains multiple emitting species, and the extended FW-P model fails to capture the exact dependence of the photoluminescence on product formation. Analysis of the 9MA data indicates that both the photodimerization and the nonradiative relaxation rates can be accelerated by a factor of 10 over the course of the reaction. The results in this paper demonstrate that autocatalytic photodimerization kinetics are present in crystalline 9MA and may influence its photomechanical response.
Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism

Frederick Jackson Turner and Herbert Eugene Bolton are regarded as the founders of the feld of western history. Bolton was a student of Turner's, and they corresponded until Turner died. While Bolton maintained that he was Turner's disciple, his work posed a challenge to Turner's ideas about the frontier. Yet Turner did not address or incorporate Bolton's work in his own, and Bolton did not seem to recognize that he had challenged Turner. This essay explores their complex relationship.
The International Professional Perspective: Gifted Curriculum at Secondary Levels through Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate

This article focuses on two internationally recognised programs which provide high-powered curricular interventions for academically advanced secondary students. One is the Advanced Placement progr...
Texture analysis of common renal masses in multiple MR sequences for prediction of pathology

This pilot study performs texture analysis on multiple magnetic resonance (MR) images of common renal masses for differentiation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Bounding boxes are drawn around each mass on one axial slice in T1 delayed sequence to use for feature extraction and classification. All sequences (T1 delayed, venous, arterial, pre-contrast phases, T2, and T2 fat saturated sequences) are co-registered and texture features are extracted from each sequence simultaneously. Random forest is used to construct models to classify lesions on 96 normal regions, 87 clear cell RCCs, 8 papillary RCCs, and 21 renal oncocytomas; ground truths are verified through pathology reports. The highest performance is seen in random forest model when data from all sequences are used in conjunction, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 83.7%. When using data from one single sequence, the overall accuracies achieved for T1 delayed, venous, arterial, and pre-contrast phase, T2, and T2 fat saturated were 79.1%, 70.5%, 56.2%, 61.0%, 60.0%, and 44.8%, respectively. This demonstrates promising results of utilizing intensity information from multiple MR sequences for accurate classification of renal masses.
Soluble MICA is elevated in pancreatic cancer: Results from a population based case‐control study

Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed at a late stage and has one of the highest cancer mortality rates in the United States, creating an urgent need for novel early detection tools. A candidate biomarker for use in early detection is the soluble MHC class I-related chain A (s-MICA) ligand, which pancreatic tumors shed to escape immune detection. The objective of this study was to define the association between s-MICA levels and pancreatic cancer, in a population-based case-control study. S-MICA was measured in 143 pancreatic cancer cases and 459 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) for pancreatic cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was a positive association between increasing s-MICA levels and pancreatic cancer: compared to the lowest tertile, the ORs for pancreatic cancer were 1.25 (95%CI: 0.75-2.07) and 2.10 (95%CI: 1.29-3.42) in the second and highest tertiles, respectively (P-trend = 0.02). Our study supports previous work demonstrating a positive association between plasma s-MICA levels and pancreatic cancer.
Machine Identification of High Impact Research through Text and Image Analysis

The volume of academic paper submissions and publications is growing at an ever increasing rate. While this flood of research promises progress in various fields, the sheer volume of output inherently increases the amount of noise. We present a system to automatically separate papers with a high from those with a low likelihood of gaining citations as a means to quickly find high impact, high quality research. Our system uses both a visual classifier, useful for surmising a document's overall appearance, and a text classifier, for making content-informed decisions. Current work in the field focuses on small datasets composed of papers from individual conferences. Attempts to use similar techniques on larger datasets generally only considers excerpts of the documents such as the abstract, potentially throwing away valuable data. We rectify these issues by providing a dataset composed of PDF documents and citation counts spanning a decade of output within two separate academic domains: computer science and medicine. This new dataset allows us to expand on current work in the field by generalizing across time and academic domain. Moreover, we explore inter-domain prediction models - evaluating a classifier's performance on a domain it was not trained on - to shed further insight on this important problem.
Le traitement endoscopique de l’angiodysplasie

L’angiodysplasie est une lesion relativement frequente dont la cause est jusqu’a present indeterminee. Une petite proportion de lesions est associee a une hemorragie active au moment de leur decouverte. Ces lesions evoluent au cours de plusieurs annees et chez les patients qui ont ete soit coagules soit soumis a une resection chirurgicale, de nouvelles lesions peuvent apparaitre au voisinage des precedentes, dans une muqueuse colique primitivement non atteinte.
A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a neurobiological model: The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE)

Wisdom is an ancient concept that has gained new interest among clinical researchers as a complex trait relevant to well-being and healthy aging. As the empirical data regarding wisdom have grown, several measures have been used to assess an individual's level of wisdom. However, none of these measures has been based on a construct of wisdom with neurobiological underpinnings. We sought to develop a new scale, the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), which builds upon recent gains in the understanding of psychological and neurobiological models of the trait. Data were collected from 524 community-dwelling adults age 25-104 years as part of a structured multi-cohort study of adult lifespan. Participants were administered the SD-WISE along with two existing measures of wisdom that have been shown to have good psychometric properties. Factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized measurement model. SD-WISE total scores were reliable, demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity, and correlated, as hypothesized, negatively with emotional distress, but positively with well-being. However, the magnitudes of these associations were small, suggesting that the SD-WISE is not just a global measure of mental state. The results support the reliability and validity of SD-WISE scores. Study limitations are discussed. The SD-WISE, with good psychometric properties, a brief administration time, and a measurement model that is consistent with commonly cited content domains of wisdom based on a putative neurobiological model, may be useful in clinical practice as well as in bio-psycho-social research, especially investigations into the neurobiology of wisdom and experimental interventions to enhance wisdom.
Statin use and cognitive function in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes.

Aim To test associations between statin use and cognitive impairment in adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods In 2010-13, n = 108 middle-aged participants from ongoing observational Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study underwent neurocognitive assessment (mean age and T1D duration of 49 and 41 years, respectively). All were diagnosed with childhood-onset (i.e., prior to age 18) T1D between 1950 and 1980 and were seen within one year of diagnosis at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Self-reported statin use (yes/no and if yes, name of statin) was collected biennially from parent study baseline (1986-1988) to time of neurocognitive testing. Logistic regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive impairment (defined as having two or more cognitive test scores 1.5SD or worse than published norms) while linear regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive domain z-scores (domains: Verbal IQ, memory, executive function, psychomotor speed, and visuo-construction). All models controlled for education and age. To address confounding by indication, models were repeated using a propensity score for statin use. Results Of the 108 participants, 51 reported never using statins. Median duration of statin use among the 57 ever users was 6 years. These 57 ever statin users were split to create two groups (≤ or > median years of statin use): 1-6 years (n = 25), and 7-12 years (n = 32). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 years tripled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 3.16; 95%CI: 0.93-10.72; P = 0.06) and using statins 7-12 years almost quintupled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 4.84; 95%CI: 1.63-14.44; P = 0.005). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 or 7-12 years was related to worse performance in the memory domain (β = -0.52; P = 0.003, and -0.39; P = 0.014, respectively). Adjusting for coronary artery disease, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Apo E4 status did not substantially alter results, and none of these covariates were significantly related to cognitive outcomes (all P > 0.05). Propensity score analyses support that associations between poor cognitive outcomes and statin use were not due merely to confounding by indication. Conclusion Statin use was associated with cognitive impairment, particularly affecting memory, in these middle-aged adults with childhood-onset T1D, whom at this age, should not yet manifest age-related memory deficits.
Introduction to Chronobiology

A diverse range of species, from cyanobacteria to humans, evolved endogenous biological clocks that allow for the anticipation of daily variations in light and temperature. The ability to anticipate regular environmental rhythms promotes optimal performance and survival. Herein we present a brief historical timeline of how circadian concepts and terminology have emerged since the early observation of daily leaf movement in plants made by an astronomer in the 1700s.
A model of hospitality leadership competency for frontline and director-level managers: Which competencies matter more?

Abstract Competency models are useful tools for hospitality organizations and academic programs to identify skills and behaviors needed in the workforce. Using two studies, the present study provides an updated leadership competency model for frontline and director-level managers in the hospitality industry. In a pilot study, we updated the model of hospitality leadership competencies (in a list of 195 behaviors, grouped into 15 competencies comprising 44 skills) based on existing competency models and the opinions from 30 senior hospitality leaders. We further clustered these competencies into business leadership competencies, personal leadership competencies, and people leadership competencies. In the main study, we surveyed 98 director-level managers on the relative importance and competency priority for frontline and director-level managers. Rank-test results showed that while business leadership competencies were the top priority for director-level managers, people leadership competencies ranked first for frontline managers. This study yields both research, practical and educational implications.
The racialized roles we play: Owning the self through an emergent theatre project

ABSTRACTThis article shares the author’s reflection upon how participation in an emergent theatre project allowed for examination into the construction and deconstruction of “self” in response to an onslaught of social directives on how to perform racialized selves—or how to be Black or White or Other. Conversations and interactions across the Emergent Theatre Project (ETP) and specifically with student participant Yusuf Agunbiade and Eric Love, the co-faculty director, serve as the backdrop for this critically self-reflective piece. In doing so, Applied Theatre is imagined as a radical and subversive space where socially imposed identities may be named, challenged, deconstructed, reconstructed, rearranged, owned, and acted upon.
Ultrafast Photophysics of a Dinitrogen-Bridged Molybdenum Complex

Among the many metal–dinitrogen complexes synthesized, the end-on bridging (μ2, η1, η1—N2) coordination mode is notoriously unreactive for nitrogen fixation. This is principally due to the large activation energy for ground-state nitrogen–element bond formation and motivates exploration of the photoexcited reactivity of this coordination mode. To provide the foundation for this concept, the photophysics of a dinitrogen-bridged molybdenum complex was explored by ultrafast electronic spectroscopies. The complex absorbs light from the UV to near-IR, and the transitions are predominantly of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. Five excitation wavelengths (440, 520, 610, 730, and 1150 nm) were employed to access MLCT bands, and the dynamics were probed between 430 and 1600 nm. Despite the large energy space occupied by electronic states (ca. 1.2 eV), the dynamics were independent of the excitation wavelength. In the proposed kinetic model, photoexcitation from a Mo–N═N–Mo centered ground state pop...
Desistance and Treatment Seeking Among Women With Substance Use Disorders

Addiction rates are rising faster among women than men. However, women with substance use disorders are less likely to enter treatment than males. This study seeks to understand how turning-point events and other maturational processes affect "life course persistent" women's motivations for seeking treatment for their disorder. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 women who were receiving treatment for addiction using thematic analysis. Recurring themes were as follows: experiences of rock-bottom events prior to entering treatment, feeling "sick and tired" in regard to both their physical and mental health, and shifting identities or perceptions of themselves. We discuss the importance of motivating shifts in identity to prevent women from entering treatment as a result of more traumatic mechanisms as well as the possibility of intercepting women with substance dependence and chronic health conditions in primary care or hospital settings with the aim of encouraging treatment.
Why George Orwell's Ideas About Language Still Matter for Lawyers

This article examines George Orwell's theories about language and applies them to contemporary legal discourse in the United States. It concludes that Orwell's advice about the importance of clear, plain English comports with today's accepted legal writing style. However, his warnings about deceptive language in legal and political discourse have not been well heeded. The article suggests that lawyers can assume a role in changing that.
Creating Walkable Communities: Understanding Trade-Offs

Implementing community design strategies can offer benefits related to walkability; however, they may also come with trade-offs to other community needs and desires. We examined public sentiment for 2 trade-offs among 2014 SummerStyles survey respondents (n = 3,995). About 33% of adults reported strongly favoring safer street design even if driving is slower; only 19% reported strongly favoring community design with walkable destinations even if homes are closer together. Walking frequency was positively associated with strongly favoring trade-offs, while differences by other demographic characteristics depended on the trade-off. Addressing public sentiment for potential trade-offs may be important when promoting walkable design strategies.
Rapid Dissolution of BaSO4 by Macropa, an 18-Membered Macrocycle with High Affinity for Ba2.

Insoluble BaSO4 scale is a costly and time-consuming problem in the petroleum industry. Clearance of BaSO4-impeded pipelines requires chelating agents that can efficiently bind Ba2+, the largest nonradioactive +2 metal ion. Due to the poor affinity of currently available chelating agents for Ba2+, however, the dissolution of BaSO4 remains inefficient, requiring very basic solutions of ligands. In this study, we investigated three diaza-18-crown-6 macrocycles bearing different pendent arms for the chelation of Ba2+ and assessed their potential for dissolving BaSO4 scale. Remarkably, the bis-picolinate ligand macropa exhibits the highest affinity reported to date for Ba2+ at pH 7.4 (log K′ = 10.74), forming a complex of significant kinetic stability with this large metal ion. Furthermore, the BaSO4 dissolution properties of macropa dramatically surpass those of the state-of-the-art ligands DTPA and DOTA. Using macropa, complete dissolution of a molar equivalent of BaSO4 is reached within 30 min at room temp...
Problems of Classification

The Polemoniaceae is a taxonomically complex family in which generic and specific divisions have frequently been the subject of confusion and dispute. The situation was well stated by Dawson in 1936. “The Polemoniaceae, comprising [eighteen] genera and about three hundred species, while clearly defined as a natural order of plants, show unusual difficulties in the determination of generic relationships. The entire group is so closely interrelated that absolute characters, which could serve as a basis to separate genera and species taxonomically, are lacking. Since the time of Jussieu (1789) this family has presented an interesting but baffling problem for systematists. Authors have differed widely in their definition of genera. This uncertainty of status is reflected in the confusion of nomenclature existing today, as well as in the wide variations of opinions regarding the merging or segregation of genera and species.”
Loss of the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin leads to decreased glutathione synthesis

Previous studies demonstrated that loss of CL in the yeast mutant crd1Δ leads to perturbation of mitochondrial iron‑sulfur (FeS) cluster biogenesis, resulting in decreased activity of mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe-S-requiring enzymes, including aconitase and sulfite reductase. In the current study, we show that crd1Δ cells exhibit decreased levels of glutamate and cysteine and are deficient in the essential antioxidant, glutathione, a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol essential for maintaining intracellular redox potential in almost all eukaryotes, including yeast. Consistent with glutathione deficiency, the growth defect of crd1Δ cells at elevated temperature was rescued by supplementation of glutathione or glutamate and cysteine. Sensitivity to the oxidants iron (FeSO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was rescued by supplementation of glutathione. The decreased intracellular glutathione concentration in crd1Δ was restored by supplementation of glutamate and cysteine, but not by overexpressing YAP1, an activator of expression of glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. These findings show for the first time that CL plays a critical role in regulating intracellular glutathione metabolism.
Gemella morbillorum as a source bacteria for necrotising fasciitis of the torso

A 66-year-old man presented with upper back cellulitis and imaging findings consistent with a necrotising soft tissue infection. He was started on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics and was taken to the operating room for immediate surgical debridement. On postoperative day 5, the culture was noted to be growing Gemella morbillorum, an exceedingly rare cause of necrotising soft tissue infections in immunocompetent hosts. His condition improved, and he was transitioned to oral antibiotics and discharged home.
Reversion of Post-Shape Memory Effect Twins During Unloading of Uranium-6 wt pct Niobium

Uranium-6 wt pct niobium (14 at pct niobium) displays the shape memory effect (SME), where deformation proceeds by twinning and twin rearrangement via boundary migration within the SME regime. In-situ neutron diffraction during deformation suggests that after SME strain is exhausted, deformation proceeds via another twinning mechanism that does not recover to the original parent orientation upon reheating and transformation. Here we show from in-situ tensile and compressive loading and unloading experiments that early post-SME twins partially reverse during unloading, which is evident by rapid texture evolution, and this reversion is responsible for the inelastic portion of the previously reported ~ 2 pct strain recovery.
Blackcurrant waikavirus A, a new member of the genus Waikavirus , and its phylogenetic and molecular relationship with other known members

A new member of the family Secoviridae was discovered in a symptomatic American blackcurrant plant. In-silico analysis of the genome of the virus, blackcurrant waikavirus A (BCWVA), predicted two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a polyprotein with conserved domains of a leader protein, three capsid proteins, a superfamily 3 viral helicase, a 3C- protease and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The second ORF, ORFX, encodes a 9.4 kDa protein of unknown function. The putative proteins showed the highest amino acid identities with the bellflower vein chlorosis virus orthologs and phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved RdRp region of the members of Secoviridae grouped BCWVA within the genus Waikavirus.
Chapter 16 – Epigenetics and the Developmental Origins of Lung Disease

Environmental disruptions during the course of lung development produce long-term changes in lung structure and function that predispose towards adult lung disease, a concept referred to as the “developmental origins of lung disease.” Here we discuss human evidence for the developmental origins of lung disease, as well as advances in understanding molecular mechanisms involved. A primary mechanism is epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Animal models provide a means of exploring the role of epigenetics in the developmental origins of lung disease. Important mediators of epigenetics in the developmental origins of lung disease include peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, insulin-like growth factor 1, and the family of histone deacetylase enzymes. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the developmental origins of lung disease has the exciting potential to lead to effective treatments and improve lung health in susceptible individuals.
Influence of genotype and yield and composition of milk on interval to first postpartum ovulation in milked beef and dairy cows.

Our objectives were to investigate the effects of genotype, yield and composition of milk, and changes in BW and body condition on the initiation of cyclic ovarian activity in nonsuckled beef and dairy cows milked twice daily. Nulliparous heifers were selected from three breeds, 12 Angus, 13 Simmentals, and 26 Holsteins, based on their EBV for milk yield. Cows were machine-milked twice daily, and daily milk yield was recorded; composite samples of milk were collected twice weekly for analyses of milk components. Blood was collected from all cows thrice weekly for 75 d postpartum, and concentrations of progesterone in serum measured by RIA were used to estimate day of first postpartum ovulation. Holstein cows produced more (P less than .05) milk (unadjusted or 3.5% fat-corrected) than Angus or Simmental cows during the first 30 d of lactation. Holstein cows had higher (P less than .01) peak yield of milk than Simmental and Angus cows. Days to peak milk yield were similar for Simmental and Holstein cows, and both were more (P less than .05) than those for Angus cows. Percentages of fat, protein, and total solids in milk were highest (P less than .05) for Simmental cows, whereas milk of Holstein cows had the highest (P less than .05) percentage of lactose and lowest (P less than .05) concentration of somatic cells. Average BW at ovulation differed (P less than .05) among breeds. Estimated daily changes in BW from calving to first ovulation were different (P less than .05) for Holstein and Simmental cows but were similar to those of Angus cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Social Media, Politics, and Donald Trump

Since entering the 2016 Presidential Election, Donald Trump’s tweets have been a major part of his communications strategy with the public. While the popular media has devoted considerable attention to selected tweets, it is less clear what those selected tweets tell us about Trump the businessman, the political candidate, and, finally, the president of the United States. This book takes a social science approach to address two related questions: (1) what does Donald Trump say on Twitter and (2) why? We argue that to fully understand Trump both as a person and as a major political figure, we must take a more comprehensive approach to examining all of his activities on Twitter. This introductory chapter lays out our approach.
Becoming Dama: The new old age in urban China.

Abstract The People's Republic of China has undergone dramatic social changes over the past two generations and has also become the world's fastest-aging society. Among the cohort of people who weathered these changes, some urban women— mostly retirees— have coalesced into a new category of aged person known as dama— defined by shared hobbies, fashion choices, and a joie de vivre comportment. In this article, I investigate the emergence of the “dama” persona among urban Chinese women as they grow older in the aftermath of economic reforms that put women of their age cohort at a distinct disadvantage. Unable to relate to either the “traditional” trappings of old age that they associate with their mothers and grandmothers or the consumption and youth-driven models of femininity that younger and wealthier women pursue, the dama playfully sidestep previously available models of aging while maintaining generational ties with one another. The result is a new version of older womanhood that defies conventions. By examining how social change alters the ways in which people understand and inhabit different stages of the life course, I argue that the dama persona constitutes a new gendered aesthetic of aging that responds to a seismic shift in how identity and status are defined in post-reform Chinese society.
Psychosocial Mechanisms of Self-rated Successful Aging with HIV: A Structural Equation Model.

This study tested a conceptual psychosocial model of self-rated successful aging (SRSA) with HIV. Our sample (n = 356) included older women living with HIV (OWLH): average age 56.5 years, 73% Black. SRSA was assessed using a research-based 10-point scale (higher scores = better outcomes). We conducted adjusted structural equation modeling. The global model included two latent variables—protective attributes (composite of positive psychosocial factors: resilience, personal mastery, optimism, spirituality) and psychological distress (composite of negative psychosocial factors: anxiety, depression, loneliness, internalized HIV-related stigma). The model showed good fit (χ2(58) = 76, p = 0.06; RMSEA = 0.03; CFI = 0.99). Increased protective attributes were associated with improved SRSA both directly and mediated by improved coping with stress. While psychological distress did not have a direct effect on SRSA, it was indirectly associated with worsened SRSA via diminished protective attributes and via decreased coping with stress. Findings suggest the need for interventions enhancing positive and mitigating negative psychosocial factors in OWLH.
Counting Carbon: Quantifying Biomass in the McMurdo Dry Valleys through Orbital & Field Observations

We use correlative field studies and high-resolution multispectral remote sensing data from the WorldView-2 instrument to estimate the abundance of photosynthetically active biomass (photoautotroph...
Decimal Fractions and Curriculum Change in School Arithmetic in North America in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

The main purpose of this final chapter is to answer each of the five research questions identified in Chapter 1. In the eighteenth century the British government had transplanted its sterling pounds, shillings, pence and farthings firmly into the British colonies in North America and since the abbaco curriculum followed by those who taught school arithmetic was deeply concerned with money calculations, implemented curricula for school arithmetic in North America asked students to perform countless money calculations based on sterling currency. All of that changed after Thomas Jefferson’s (1784) successful efforts to introduce a decimalized currency as Federal money, for then the new nation’s schools, and teachers were called upon to re-focus their curricula so that new forms of money calculations would be included. However, the new focus was blurred by Congress’s decision not to introduce a Federal decimalized system of weights and measures, and the decision to allow the states to continue to use their own versions of sterling money as “legal” currency. As a result, the shift in emphasis resulting from the courageous decision to introduce decimal currency was slow to take hold. The chapter concludes with commentary on the limitations of the study, and with the identification of researchable questions that scholars might profitably address in the future.
Effect of metamaterial substrates on bandwidth

Exploiting resonance in metamaterials for unusual bulk refractive indices is frequently hampered by a corresponding narrow operating bandwidth. We numerically investigate the role of a metamaterial substrate on the refractive index bandwidth of an otherwise homogenized metamaterial. As expected there is a trade-off between loss and bandwidth but with some significant and useful features.
Arabidopsis SMALL AUXIN UP RNA63 promotes hypocotyl and stamen filament elongation

Auxin regulates plant growth and development in part by activating gene expression. Arabidopsis thaliana SMALL AUXIN UP RNAs (SAURs) are a family of early auxin-responsive genes with unknown functionality. Here, we show that transgenic plant lines expressing artificial microRNA constructs (aMIR-SAUR-A or -B) that target a SAUR subfamily (SAUR61-SAUR68 and SAUR75) had slightly reduced hypocotyl and stamen filament elongation. In contrast, transgenic plants expressing SAUR63:GFP or SAUR63:GUS fusions had long hypocotyls, petals and stamen filaments, suggesting that these protein fusions caused a gain of function. SAUR63:GFP and SAUR63:GUS seedlings also accumulated a higher level of basipetally transported auxin in the hypocotyl than did wild-type seedlings, and had wavy hypocotyls and twisted inflorescence stems. Mutations in auxin efflux carriers could partially suppress some SAUR63:GUS phenotypes. In contrast, SAUR63:HA plants had wild-type elongation and auxin transport. SAUR63:GFP protein had a longer half-life than SAUR63:HA. Fluorescence imaging and microsomal fractionation studies revealed that SAUR63:GFP was localized mainly in the plasma membrane, whereas SAUR63:HA was present in both soluble and membrane fractions. Low light conditions increased SAUR63:HA protein turnover rate. These results indicate that membrane-associated Arabidopsis SAUR63 promotes auxin-stimulated organ elongation.
Removable Partial Dentures

In recent years, the context of clinical partial denture provision has changed due to demographic changes, availability of alternative treatments and a growing evidence base for their long-term effectiveness. This book reviews these influences and presents a systematic, effective approach to removable partial denture provision.
Intrauterine diagnosis of genetic defects: Results, problems, and follow-up of one hundred cases in a prenatal genetic detection center

Abstract One hundred pregnancies have been monitored by amniocentesis for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. Of the 82 fetuses studied for chromosomal indications, there was one with Down's syndrome, one with gonadal dysgenesis (45,X), and one with an apparently balanced translocation. Nine of 10 fetuses were found to be male when sex determination was done because the mother was a carrier for an X-linked disease. Of 8 pregnancies monitored for recessively inherited inborn errors of metabolism, 4 fetuses were affected. Six per cent of the patients required repeat amniocentesis because no fluid was obtained on the first attempt, and 6 per cent required repeat amniocentesis because there was inadequate fetal cell growth in the initial culture. A follow-up study of the pregnancies, the fetuses, and the parental reaction to the counseling and procedure was also carried out.
Formation of mitogenically active PDGF-B dimer does not require interchain disulfide bonds.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a major mitogen for mesenchymal cells, is a disulfide-bonded dimer of two subunit polypeptides named A and B. All of the three possible dimeric forms, i.e. AA, BB, and AB, exist in nature. The dimeric structure has been presumed to be necessary for biological activity, since reduction of the dimer results in loss of activity and simultaneous conversion to monomeric form as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis. However, reduction of the native molecule destroys intrachain, as well as interchain, disulfide bonds, and it is possible that the former rather than the latter are critical for proper conformation of the active protein. We show here that PDGF-B polypeptides in which all 8 cysteines or the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 8th cysteines have been mutated to serines fail to form covalent dimers and possess dramatically less mitogenic activity than native PDGF-BB. Another mutant, PDGF-B(C2,4S), in which just the 2 cysteines involved in interchain disulfides were converted to serine, ran as a monomer on SDS-polyacrylamide gels as expected. Somewhat unexpectedly, however, the mitogenic activity of the PDGF-B(C2,4S) analog was similar to the activity of wild-type PDGF-BB disulfide-bonded dimer under physiological conditions. The activity of the analog was more sensitive to the effect of low pH than was the activity of wild-type PDGF-BB. Molecular weight analysis utilizing light scattering and sedimentation equilibrium demonstrated that the PDGF-B(C2,4S) analog exists as a noncovalent dimer at pH 4-7 but dissociates to a monomer at pH 2.5. Disulfide analysis of the mutant protein demonstrated that the intrachain disulfide bonds are the same as those formed in wild-type PDGF-BB homodimers. We conclude that proper formation of intrachain disulfide bonds is critical to maintaining the correct conformation of PDGF monomers, but that appropriately folded monomers can associate into active noncovalent dimers in the absence of interchain disulfide bonds. Interchain disulfide bonds thus appear to increase the stability of the PDGF dimer rather than being crucial to its existence.
Scattering of helium nozzle beams from LiF/001/ and NaCl/001/ crystal surfaces. I - Elastic and inelastic transitions

Nozzle-type atomic beams and time-of-flight detection methods are employed in studies of the scattering of thermal-energy He-4 atoms from LiF (001) and NaCl (001) surfaces under conditions where diffraction is observed and where substantial inelastic scattering occurs. Intensity and speed-distribution measurements are obtained for the portion of the scattering within the plane of incidence. For these measurements, incident-beam orientation with respect to target (polar angle and azimuth), incident-beam de Broglie wavelength (0.38-0.60 A), and crystal temperature (300-1000 K) are varied. For LiF, the measured intensity distributions exhibit sharp peaks comprised essentially of elastically scattered atoms and corresponding to up to third-order diffraction, inelastic scattering in the form of local dispersion about each of the elastic peaks, and a component of nominally diffuse scattering distributed below and between the peaks. For NaCl, the same general types of scattering are observed, with elastic scattering less prevalent, intensity peaks not as sharp, and dispersions of inelastic scattering harder to resolve.
Demonstration of two-pump photorefractive gain in a BaTiO 3 crystal for realizing a whitelight cavity

We demonstrated double-peaked gain in a BaTiO3 crystal using two non-degenerate pump beams. This shows that the negative dispersion necessary for a whitelight cavity for gravitational wave detection can be produced with photorefractive crystals.
Reflective Pathways: Analysis of an Urban Science Teaching Field Experience on Noyce Scholar‐Science Education Awardees' Decisions to Teach Science in a High‐Need New York City School

Awardees of the National Science Foundation's Noyce Scholars funds are required to teach science in high-need urban or rural school districts upon graduation. The purpose of this research was to analyze the reflective considerations that distinguish preservice Noyce Scholar science education majors committed to teaching in high-need New York City (NYC) schools from those committed to high-need rural careers. Essays designed to expose their (n = 22) considerations of teaching in NYC written before, immediately after, and two weeks following a one-week cultural and science teaching internship experience were coded to reveal distinguishing reflective thought patterns. The results showed that those (16/22) whose final essay showed commitment to NYC teaching viewed themselves positively as NYC teachers and that increases in positive self-perceptions were paralleled by increases in affinity toward living in NYC and NYC schools. Those not inclined to NYC teaching (6/22) expressed increasingly negative views of themselves as NYC teachers, NYC life, and urban education generally. The research provides insights into what Noyce Scholar undergraduates in science education think about when considering a teaching career in urban school districts.
Controlling for conservation in genome-wide DNA methylation studies

A commonplace analysis in high-throughput DNA methylation studies is the comparison of methylation extent between different functional regions, computed by averaging methylation states within region types and then comparing averages between regions. For example, it has been reported that methylation is more prevalent in coding regions as compared to their neighboring introns or UTRs, leading to hypotheses about novel forms of epigenetic regulation. We have identified and characterized a bias present in these seemingly straightforward comparisons that results in the false detection of differences in methylation intensities across region types. This bias arises due to differences in conservation rates, rather than methylation rates, and is broadly present in the published literature. When controlling for conservation at coding start sites the differences in DNA methylation rates disappear. Moreover, a re-evaluation of methylation rates at intronexon junctions reveals that the magnitude of previously reported differences is greatly exaggerated. We introduce two correction methods to address this bias, an inferencebased matrix completion algorithm and an averaging approach, tailored to address different underlying biological questions. We evaluate how analysis using these corrections affects the detection of differences in DNA methylation across functional boundaries. We report here on a bias in DNA methylation comparative studies that originates in conservation rate differences and manifests itself in the false discovery of differences in DNA methylation intensities and their extents. We have characterized this bias and its broad implications, and show how to control for it so as to enable the study of a variety of biological questions.
Recognition by matching dense, oriented edge pixels

This paper describes techniques to perform efficient and accurate recognition in difficult domains by matching dense, oriented edge pixels. We model three-dimensional objects as the set of two-dimensional views of the object. Translation, rotation, and scaling of the views are allowed to approximate full three-dimensional motion. A modified Hausdorff measure is used to determine which transformations of each object model are reported as matches. The use of dense, oriented edge pixels allows us to achieve a low rate of false positives. Techniques to prune the search space are used to obtain a system that is efficient in practice. We give results of the system recognizing object views in intensity and infrared images.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells of the pancreas: A report of 2 cases with literature review

Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells of the pancreas is rare. Histologically it mimics the giant cell tumor of the bone and may be associated with a ductal adenocarcinoma. We recently encountered two such cases, both of which were biopsied by EUS-guided FNA. Abundant multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells and many uniform mononuclear cells were present in case 1 so that the diagnosis was made. In case 2, many mononuclear tumor cells with vacuolated and basophilic cytoplasm were present, and rare osteoclast-like giant cells were seen. A diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was made. In both cases, no conspicuous nuclear pleomorphism was noted in the mononuclear cells or the multinucleated giant cells. The histology of case 2 revealed a pure undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. In addition, a liver biopsy revealed globular amyloidosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells sampled by EUS-guided FNA and the first case of hepatic globular amyloidosis associated with this tumor.
Aging of the Secondary Relaxation to Probe Structural Relaxation in the Glassy State

The importance of glass formation and the glass transition is linked to their universality, embracing many classes of materials: metallic, inorganic, and organic. There is no agreement on what drives this phenomenon; moreover, experiments are challenging due to the nonequilibrium nature of the glassy state. We present a new approach that provides information about the very slow structural relaxation in the glassy state and reveals the important role of the secondary relaxation. Structural (� ) relaxation times for glassy polyvinylethylene were determined from changes in the properties of the secondary process during physical aging. These � -relaxation times exceed 3 years, making them inaccessible via direct measurement. Despite the long history of glass making, the underlying physics remains an unsolved problem, without any consensus on the microscopic origin of the slowing of the dynamics during supercooling. Time constants of liquids increase by ten decades or more, culminating in the glassy state. The nonequilibrium nature of the glass presents special difficulties, since the physical properties depend on the thermodynamic path and also change during physical aging (the slow evolution of the glass toward equilibrium). Different cooling rates or formation pressures result in glasses with different properties [1], with subsequent aging times varying from seconds to many centuries. Aging is also a practical issue for thermoplastic polymers since it can cause properties to vary over their service life. The temperature dependence of the structural dynamics can be described by a diverging equation such as the VogelFulcher-Tamman (VFT) relation [2]:
Calorimetric and small angle x-ray scattering study of phase transitions in octylcyanobiphenyl-aerosil dispersions

High-resolution calorimetric studies have been made of the liquid crystal phase transitions for several dispersions of 70-{Angstrom}-diam silica spheres (aerosil) in octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) as a function of silica density {rho}{sub S}. The excess specific heat peaks associated with the nematic-isotropic (N-I) and the nematic{endash}smectic-{ital A} (N-SmA) transitions both exhibit shifts to lower temperatures, decreases in the specific heat maximum values, and decreases in the transition enthalpies as {rho}{sub S} is increased. Two distinct regimes of {rho}{sub S}-dependent behaviors are observed with a crossover between them at {rho}{sub S}{congruent}0.1thinspgthinspcm{sup {minus}3}. For lower silica densities, sharp second-order C{sub p} peaks are observed at the N-SmA transitions, characterized by effective critical exponents that decrease monotonically with {rho}{sub S} from the pure 8CB value toward the three-dimensional {ital XY} value, and two closely spaced but distinct first-order C{sub p} features are observed at the N-I transition. For higher silica densities, both the N-SmA and the N-I transitions exhibit a single rounded C{sub p} peak, shifting in temperature and decreasing in total enthalpy in a manner similar to that observed in 8CB+aerogel systems. Small angle x-ray scattering data are qualitatively aerogel-like and yield temperature-independent mass-fractal dimensionalities for aerosil aggregates that differ for samples with silicamore » densities above and below the crossover density. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less