cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-treatment of dentin with chondroitin sulfate or L-arginine modulates dentin tubule occlusion by toothpaste components.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect on dentin of chondroitin sulfate and L-arginine on dentin tubule occlusion. METHODS The dentin samples were activated by submersion in an aqueous ( aq. ) solution of chondroitin sulfate ( ChS) or L-arginine prior to application of a commercial or custom-made toothpaste. After rinsing with water and ultrasonication, adhesion to dentin and occlusion of dentin tubules were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and the elemental composition of the deposits was evaluated by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS Rinsing a dentin sample with a solution of ChS resulted in an increase in the adherence of dentifrices containing either titanium dioxide (TiO₂ ) or calcium-based nanoparticles [ hydroxyapatite ( HA\ or calcium carbonate( to the dentin surface. ChS does not appear to enhance the adherence of dentifrices lacking TiO₂. Pretreatment by L-arginine improved adherence of calcium carbonate nanoparticles, but less efficiently than ChS. Addition of nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite or calcium citrate to dentifrices improved their adherence to dentin without any pre-treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The significant increase in adherence to the dentin surface of dentifrices of either TiO₂ or calcium-supplying nanoparticles to the dentin surface following pre-treatment with ChS or L-arginine opens the door to the development of two-step dental treatments, which accomplish dentin tubule occlusion and help to deliver active dentifrice components to the dentin surface. The ability of the aqueous pastes of nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite or calcium citrate to occlude dentin tubules enables the formulation of desensitizing dentifrices, which also supply the mineral and organic nutrients to the tooth surface.
A Crescent Biface from Southeastern Utah

Crescent bifaces are one of the most enigmatic stone tool types in North America. While these artifacts are poorly understood, they are widely known from sites throughout a core area consisting of ...
The theory of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on organic semiconductors: J-aggregates

Abstract Drawing on the theory of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in semiconductor substrates, we examine the surface-enhancement of the Raman signal when the substrate is chosen to be an organic J-Aggregate. The underlying theory involves breakdowns of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, leading to vibronic coupling originally proposed by Herzberg and Teller. Since the theory of the energy levels of J-aggregates are well-known and clearly defined, we may integrate the vibronically coupled expression to obtain the contribution to the SERS enhancement (EF) due to the substrate aggregation. It is shown that this involves two effects: the square of the coherence length of the aggregate (N + 1) as well as the fourth power of the linewidth narrowing of the exciton band from (γmonomer)/(γJagg) such that: E F = ( N + 1 ) 2 γ monomer 4 γ Jagg 4 Thus, with the knowledge of the coherence length as well as the linewidth narrowing of the aggregate absorption, we can predict the contribution of J-aggregation to the SERS enhancement.
Mortality Over Long-term Follow-up for People With HIV Receiving Longitudinal Care and Antiretroviral Therapy in Rural Haiti.

Background Deaths from HIV have fallen dramatically with the increasing availability of fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), and yet HIV remains the ninth leading cause of death in low-income countries. As more people with HIV enter care and receive ART, the focus will need to shift from expanding ART to including long-term program effectiveness and outcomes for people with HIV already engaged in care. Methods We evaluated risk factors for mortality among people with HIV on ART receiving longitudinal care in rural Haiti. We assessed baseline characteristics using a household survey and abstracted clinical characteristics from the electronic record. We used multivariable Cox regression models to identify risk factors for mortality. Results There were 464 people included in this study with a median follow-up (interquartile range [IQR]) of 69 (44-77) months, during which time 37 (8%) were lost to follow-up and 118 (25%) died (median time to death [IQR], 29 [12-53] months). After adjustment, poverty (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.12 per 10-percentage point increased probability; 95% CI, 1.01-1.24) and single marital status (AHR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.08-2.36) were associated with increased mortality. Age (AHR, 0.78 per 10-year increase; 95% CI, 0.64-0.94), role function quality of life (AHR, 0.75 per quintile increase; 95% CI, 0.62-0.90), and CD4 count (AHR, 0.66 per 100 cells/μL; 95% CI, 0.58-0.75) were associated with decreased mortality. Conclusions Poverty, marital status, and quality of life were associated with mortality. Social protection should be evaluated as a strategy to reduce mortality for people with HIV in concert with increasing access to ART.
Addressing Official Misconduct : Increasing Accountability in Reducing Wrongful Convictions

Currently, the National Registry of Exonerations (NRE) states that official misconduct has been a contributing factor in 1,404 of 2,601 exonerations. The term “official” includes criminal justice professionals such as prosecutors, judicial officials, and law enforcement. Analyzing official misconduct and inadequate legal defense cases in the NRE, the goal of this article is to identify (1) officials who commit misconduct in murder exonerations, (2) types of misconduct conducted, and (3) impact on race of the exoneree. The findings of the study indicated that police and prosecutors committed more acts of misconduct than the number of exonerees included in the study. Additionally, African American exonerees were found to be disproportionately victimized by official misconduct. Policy implications and future research provide insight on how the findings reinforce calls for social justice and police accountability in wake of the killing of George Floyd and the shooting of Jacob Blake.
The End of Mandatory State Bars

The country’s thirty-one mandatory state bar associations are facing an existential threat following the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Janus v. ACSME, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018). In Janus, the Court considered the constitutionality of compelling public employees to pay agency fees to a labor union. In the process, the Court effectively upended the reasoning of earlier Supreme Court precedent that enabled mandatory state bars to compel bar dues payments from objecting lawyers and expend dues to fund traditional bar functions. Mandatory state bars—which function both as regulators and as traditional bar associations—are now defending themselves against claims in several states that compelled bar dues payments violate lawyers’ First Amendment rights. This Essay considers whether these compelled payments are likely to withstand constitutional scrutiny post-Janus. It focuses on the constitutional analysis outlined in Janus, with emphasis on the question of whether the states’ interest in lawyer regulation and improving the quality of legal services can be achieved through alternative means that are significantly less restrictive of lawyers’ associational freedom than compelled bar dues payments. To answer this question, the Essay compares the activities of the country’s mandatory and voluntary state bar associations along several dimensions. The comparison reveals that states with mandatory bars are unlikely to be able to demonstrate that the states’ interests cannot be achieved through significantly less restrictive means. While this result would be a loss for the legal profession, there could be benefits for the public.
Characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccination status among staff and faculty of a large, diverse University in Los Angeles

Abstract Objective This study examined characteristics associated with being unvaccinated among a sample of university staff and faculty prior to university campus reopening for in-person learning in spring-summer 2021. Methods Staff and faculty responded to an email invitation to complete an online survey. Survey questions included demographic data (race/ethnicity, age, sex), COVID-19 knowledge and behaviors, employment specific data including division and subdivision (healthcare vs. non-healthcare related division); and self-reported vaccination status. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant characteristics associated with the likelihood of being unvaccinated for COVID-19. Results Participants identifying as Asian and Asian American, Hispanic/Latinx or Multicultural/Other had greater odds of being unvaccinated compared to Non-Hispanic White participants. Other characteristics associated with greater likelihood of being unvaccinated included working as university staff member (vs. faculty), older age, decrease in income, inability to work remotely and not traveling outside of Los Angeles area. Political affiliation as an Independent or as something else were more likely to be unvaccinated compared to participants identifying as Democrat. Conclusions Findings suggest several factors associated with racial and social disparities may delay the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination. This study highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to promote vaccination among university staff and faculty.
Race and Economic Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century

Acknowledgements 1. Racial Economic Disparities in the Twenty-First Century Marlene Kim PART ONE. RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN WEALTH, EARNINGS AND WORK 2. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Wealth Maury Gittleman and Edward N. Wolff 3. Wage Gaps Among Black College Graduates, 1980-2001 Catherine J. Weinberger and Lois Joy 4. Black Physicians: Discrimination, Earnings and Job Satisfaction David J. Bashaw and John S. Heywood 5. The Racial Gap in Autonomy at Work Elaine McCrate 6. Neighborhoods, Mobility, and Wages: Latina Immigrants in Southern California Pascale Joassart 7. The Economic Status of Asian Americans Marlene Kim and Don Mar PART TWO. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RACIAL INEQUALITY 8. Do Black and White Children Start Out on Equal Footing in the Race for Economic Success? Mary Corcoran and James Kunz 9. Experiencing Residential Segregation: A Contemporary Study of Washington, D.C. Gregory D. Squires, Samantha Friedman, and Catherine E. Saidat 10. Racial Disparities and Business Cycles: Do Racial Wage Gaps Close in Tight Labor Markets? Cheryl Hill Lee and William Spriggs 11. Trends in Poverty, Employment, and Wages: White, Black, and Hispanic Women in the US, 1988-2002 Thanos Mergoupis ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
Individual Identity in a Continuing Industrial Revolution

(1967). Individual Identity in a Continuing Industrial Revolution. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 719-724.
Polarized Light Microscopy, Variability in Spider Silk Diameters, and the Mechanical Characterization of Spider Silk

. Spider silks possess a remarkable combination of high tensile strength and extensibility that makes them among the toughest materials known. Despite the potential exploitation of these properties in biotechnology, very few silks have ever been characterized mechanically. This is due in part to the difficulty of measuring the thin diameters of silk fibers. The largest silk fibers are only 5–10 μm in diameter and some can be as fine as 50 nm in diameter. Such narrow diameters, coupled with the refraction of light due to the anisotropic nature of crystalline regions within silk fibers, make it difficult to determine the size of silk fibers. Here, we report upon a technique that uses polarized light microscopy (PLM) to accurately and precisely characterize the diameters of spider silk fibers. We found that polarized light microscopy is as precise as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) across repeated measurements of individual samples of silk and resulted in mean diameters that were ∼0.10 μm larger than those from SEM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that thread diameters within webs of individual spiders can vary by as much as 600%. Therefore, the ability of PLM to non-invasively characterize the diameters of each individual silk fiber used in mechanical tests can provide a crucial control for natural variation in silk diameters, both within webs and among spiders.
Dance of the Embryo

Imaging of early mouse embryonic development in vitro and in vivo raises new questions about how the embryo's initial axis is determined.
Comment on `Discreteness Effects in Simulations of Hot/Warm Dark Matter' by J. Wang & S.D.M. White

Wang and White (2007) have discussed some problems with N-body simulation methods. These problems are a special case of a more general problem which has been largely unacknowledged for approximately 25 years, and affects results of all dark matter simulations on small scales (the definition of 'small' varying with time). Extensive numerical experiments with multiple types of N-body codes have demonstrated that spurious fluctuations due to particle discreteness grow rapidly even in the presence of substantial small-scale power from the intended model spectrum, and modify the results on scales smaller than the mean comoving interparticle separation. This implies that the spatial resolution of such simulations is typically limited not by the force softening length, often referred to as the 'resolution', and not by the particle density in halos. Instead it is approximately N^-1/3, where N is the mean particle density, and of course depends on and improves very slowly with increased number of particles. This calls into question many results on smaller scales over more than two decades.
Differential Association of F′ Plasmid and R Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid with a Rapidly Sedimenting Fraction of a Proteus mirabilis Lysate

We have examined the association of an F' plasmid and an R plasmid in Proteus mirabilis with a rapidly sedimenting material that is generated by sodium dodecyl sulfate lysis and low speed centrifugation. Virtually all of the chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the F' plasmid DNA are associated with the rapidly sedimenting material after gentle lysis and centrifugation. A portion of R plasmid NR1 DNA (usually 5 to 25%) is not bound to the rapidly sedimenting material and is recovered in the supernatant fraction. This difference in binding is not related to the size of the plasmid DNA, since F' plasmids and R plasmids of different molecular weights showed the same behavior. R plasmid DNA labeled by a brief pulse of [(3)H]thymine is recovered in the supernatant fraction to a lower extent than the total R plasmid DNA. It would appear that R plasmid replication takes place in association with the rapidly sedimenting material. With prolongation of the [(3)H]thymine pulse, the [(3)H]thymine-labeled R plasmid DNA is recovered in the supernatant fraction with the same probability as the total R plasmid DNA. This finding indicates that a change in R plasmid attachment to the rapidly sedimenting material occurs some time after its replication. The differences observed in the replication of F' plasmids and R plasmids in P. mirabilis may be related to their different modes of association with the rapidly sedimenting material.
Low-income and minority patient satisfaction with visits to emergency departments and physician offices for dental problems.

OBJECTIVES Individuals lacking access to dentists may use hospital emergency departments (EDs) or physicians (MDs) for the management of their dental problems. This study examined visits by minority and low-income individuals to physicians and hospital emergency departments for the treatment of dental problems with the goal of exploring the nature of treatment provided and patient satisfaction with the care received. METHODS Eight focus group sessions were conducted with 53 participants drawn from low-income White, Black, and Hispanic adults who had experienced a dental problem and who had sought MD/ED care at least once during the previous 12 months. RESULTS Toothache pain or more generalized jaw/face pain was the most frequent oral problem resulting in MD/ED visits. Pain severity was the principle reason for seeking care from MDs/EDs, with financial barriers most often mentioned as the reason for not seeking care from dentists. Expectations of MD/ED visits were generally consistent with care received; most participants limited their expectations to the provision of antibiotics or pain medication. Nearly all of the participants thought they would eventually need to see a dentist for resolution of their dental problem. CONCLUSIONS Poor/minority individuals seek relief from oral pain through MDs/ EDs while recognizing that such care is not definitive.
The Doctoral Challenge: Select Women Students' Experiences in a Higher Educational Leadership Doctoral Program

There is scant research on the topic of challenges and coping mechanisms necessary to the success of women doctoral students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess qualitatively the experiences of 3 women doctoral students enrolled at a 4-year university in southeast Texas in an attempt to explore the challenges that evolve while they are enrolled in a doctoral program. Specifically, we examined the lives of these women doctoral students outside of the program and their progression to the completion of their degrees. We attempted to provide insight surrounding the doctoral process, attrition, and completion. A collective case study research design was utilized in this study that was driven by a critical dialectical pluralistic philosophical stance (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2013). Specifically, these 3 students were interviewed individually to examine their lived experiences as doctoral students. The verbal interview responses then were subjected to an ethnographic analysis (i.e., domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis; Spradley, 1979), whereas their nonverbal responses were subjected to a classical content analysis. The ethnographic analysis of the verbal data revealed the following 2 themes: program perceptions and role inequity. The classical content analysis of the nonverbal data revealed 2 major categories that represented both explicit and inferred forms of communication: types of challenges and survival strategies. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Benefits of solar forecasting for energy imbalance markets

Abstract Short term electricity trading to balance generation and demand provides an economic opportunity to integrate larger shares of variable renewable energy sources in the power grid. Recently, many regulatory market environments are reorganized to allow short term electricity trading. This study seeks to quantify the benefits of solar forecasting for energy imbalance markets (EIM). State-of-the-art solar forecasts, covering forecast horizons ranging from 24 h to 5 min are proposed and compared against the currently used benchmark models, persistence (P) and smart persistence (SP). The implemented reforecast of numerical weather prediction time series achieves a skill of 14.5% over the smart persistence model. Using the proposed forecasts for a forecast horizon of up to 75 min for a single 1 MW power plant reduces required flexibility reserves by 21% and 16.14%, depending on the allowed trading intervals (5 and 15 min). The probability of an imbalance, caused through wrong market bids from PV solar plants, can be reduced by 19.65% and 15.12% (for 5 and 15 min trading intervals). All EIM stakeholders benefit from accurate forecasting. Previous estimates on the benefits of EIMs, based on persistence model are conservative. It is shown that the design variables regulating the market time lines, the bidding and the binding schedules, drive the benefits of forecasting.
Piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever sensors detect density differences of a few micrograms/mL in liquid medium

Abstract We show that piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever sensors operating in the inviscid region (Reynolds number ∼10 5 ) detect density differences of a few μg/mL. The self-sensing mechanism of the sensor provides a sensitive method and enables detection of solute concentration differences of 10 ppm. We show detection sensitivity using aqueous solutions of glycerol, sodium chloride and 1-propanol at mass fractions 0–0.2 in an isothermal (20.3 °C) measurement system. While there is good agreement with theory (∼5%) over the entire density range examined (0.9698–1.0786), considerable deviations occur at low mass fraction (∼0.001). Observation of the deviations has been possible because of the high sensitivity of the sensor used in this study and the use of continuous flow measurements. We show for the first time with continuous flow experiments that surface adsorption of solute (glycerol) contributes to the observed deviation.
The Geography of Homelessness in American Communities: Concentration or Dispersion?

Few recent studies of homelessness have focused on the distribution of the phenomenon across different types of community contexts. Nevertheless, claims are often made about the decline of urban sk...
Performance of a low-voltage high-current-density electron probe

A low-voltage high-current-density electron probe has been constructed. Electrons are extracted at 7 kV from a zirconiated tungsten thermal field emission source, pass through a two-lens collimated optical system, and are decelerated by a retarding field at the sample. A focused probe is obtained at 1-keV landing energy with 40- nm diameter and 320-nA current. The corresponding peak current density is 1.3 × 104A/cm2. This result shows, for the first time, that space-charge beam broadening is much better controlled in these retarding field probes than in conventional low-voltage column designs where the extraction and landing energies are equal.
Predictive uncertainty in water-quality modeling.

A general and integrated approach to parameter identification, model calibration, and estimation of predictive uncertainty in water-quality models is proposed and validated. The proposed approach determines the maximal conditional likelihood functions of each of the model parameters using a transformation that forces the model errors to be normally distributed, with predictive uncertainty characterized by random normally distributed and homoscedastic model errors in the transform space. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a watershed-scale model to predict the fecal coliform levels in a third-order stream within the Little River Experimental Watershed in Georgia. Maximal conditional likelihood functions were identified for all parameters in the log, square root, and no-transformation cases. The key results are: (1) the number of sensitive parameters and the optimal parameter values can depend on the transformation; (2) only in the case of the log-transformation are the errors normally distributed and consistent with the assumed Gaussian likelihood function; (3) the standard error in the model is least for the no-transform case and highest for the log-transform case; and (4) the observed model errors are most predictable using the log-transform and least predictable using the no-transform approach.
Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A).

Abstract Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the renal proximal tubule mediate the secretion of many clinically used drugs as well as endogenous metabolites. Recently, two organic cation transporters (rOCT1 and rOCT2) were cloned from rat kidney. In this study, we report the cloning and functional expression of an rOCT1 isoform, rOCT1A, from rat kidney. Genomic DNA cloning and sequencing demonstrated that rOCT1A is an alternatively spliced variant of rOCT1 with a deletion of 104 base pairs near the 5′-end. The uptake of [14C]tetraethylammonium (TEA) in oocytes injected with the cRNA-encoding rOCT1A was increased 16-fold over that in water-injected oocytes (29 ± 2.8 pmol/oocyte/h versus1.8 ± 0.13 pmol/oocyte/h, mean ± S.E., p< 0.05). [14C]TEA uptake in the cRNA-injected oocytes was saturable (K m = 42 ± 11 μm) and was inhibited significantly by organic cations, including cimetidine and N 1-methylnicotinamide. The amino acid sequence was deduced from the cDNA after examination of all three reading frames. Two overlapping open reading frames were found. Studies with synthetic constructs suggest that a functional organic cation transporter is encoded by the larger open reading frame. The larger open reading frame encodes a 430-amino acid protein (termed rOCT1A) that is 92% identical to rOCT1 and 57% identical to rOCT2. From hydropathy analysis, rOCT1A is predicted to have 10 transmembrane domains with both amino and carboxyl termini intracellular. RNase protection assays demonstrate the presence of rOCT1A mRNA transcripts in rat kidney cortex, medulla, and intestine. These studies demonstrate the presence of a functional, alternatively spliced organic cation transporter (rOCT1A) in rat kidney.
Individual Differences and Formal Operational Performance of College Students

investigated. The purpose of this study was (a) to identify potential sources of individual and group differences affecting formal thought, and (b) to examine the relationship between the performance of college students on a specific formal operational task and their performance on other cognitive measures identified as possible sources of individual differences. The application of an individual difference approach to Piagetian-based tasks describes the work of Pascual-Leone (1969; Note 1). He identified the cognitive style of field dependence/independence as one dimension of importance to formal operational performance. His analysis shows that this cognitive style dimension affects the outcome of a situation where two strategies are in conflict: One strategy had been used in the past, or is relatively simple; and the other strategy must be constructed, or is relatively complex. In both cases, the simple strategy is considered first, but only the field-independent subject "drops" this to consider or to construct the alternative strategy. Hence, in the situation where the two strategies lead to different solutions, the field-independent subject will "solve" the problem in one way and the field-dependent in another. This analysis of field dependence/independence has also been proposed by Witkin and Goodenough (Note 2) in their revision of cognitive style theory. Accordingly, in a heterogeneous population, a high positive correlation between field independence and formal operational performance is to be expected.
Anesthesiology residency program director burnout

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate work-related stress as well as personal factors associated with professional burnout in program directors of anesthesiology. Design Survey instrument. Setting Academic anesthesiology department. Subjects Anesthesiology residency program directors (n = 132). Measurements A 5-part structured, open-ended questionnaire evaluating program and respondents' demographic information, work-related stressors, assessment of control of respondent's personal life using the modified efficiency scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services survey (MBI-HSS), and assessment of spousal/significant relationship support. Main Results 100 program directors (76%) responded to the survey. Twenty respondents met the criteria for high burnout risk, and an additional 30 were at risk of developing burnout. Twenty-two directors reported the high likelihood that they would step down in one to two years. Forty-three percent who reported the high likelihood of stepping down stated they were significantly affected by job-related stressors compared with 18% who reported a lower likelihood of stepping down ( P = 0.03). Program directors who scored in the high burnout risk category were more likely to report lower current job satisfaction ( P P = 0.009). Logistic regression analysis identified compliance issues, self-assessment of effectiveness, family/significant other support, perceived impact of stressful factors, and current job satisfaction as predictors of high burnout. The model had a sensitivity (95% CI) of 0.55 (0.34 to 0.74) and specificity of 0.99 (0.92 to 1.0) for predicting high burnout risk. Conclusions Fifty-two percent of anesthesiology program directors are at high risk for developing burnout syndrome. Job-related stress, especially with administrative duties regarding compliance, was predictive of burnout among program directors.
Simulation of Sintering Experiments in Single-Mode Cavities

The use of single-mode cavities has been recognized as a viable technique for sintering and joining ceramics and for creating microwave plasma for materials processing. It is often reported, however, that tuning these cavities at lower and higher temperatures critically depends on the types of materials being processed, the variation of e* as a function of temperature, the size and shape of samples, and the overall heating system configuration with and without insulation. In this paper we use the finite-difference time-domain technique to address the performance of the single-mode cavity heating system under a wide variety of heating conditions and system configurations. Specifically, practical issues such as limiting values of sample sizes, the dependence of optimal sample sizes on the complex permittivity of materials under test, the role of sample shape on enhancing uniformity of heating patterns, and various tradeoffs involved in utilizing various cavity modes and/or SiC rods as stimulus for heating large samples are evaluated.
Separate in situ measurements of ECA under land and channel in PEM fuel cells

Abstract Separate in situ measurements of electrochemical areas (ECA) under land and channel areas in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are realized using cyclic voltammetry. Experiments are carried out using special membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) in single-channel serpentine flow fields with different widths of channels and lands. The experimental results show that ECAs are significantly higher in the areas under the land than that under the channel. ECA-normalized polarization curves show that ECA is the most significant factor causing higher current density under the land than under the channel in the high cell potential region, and the true concentration polarization under the land in the low potential region is actually much greater than what can be seen in conventional polarization curves. Further experimental results show that, within the compression pressure range examined, ECA increases with compression pressure significantly.
The Si IV λ 1393 line in a coronal hole compared to the quiet Sun from OSO-8 observations

We report on studies of the λ 1393 line of Si iv, formed in the transition region at about 80 000 K, made using the Colorado experiment on OSO-8. Results indicate that the line width is somewhat greater in coronal holes compared to the quiet Sun, implying a difference in the broadening mechanism. There is no evidence that the line is Doppler shifted in coronal holes relative to the quiet Sun implying there is no mass flow in holes, at the 80 000 K level, greater than 4.3 km s−1. Within the uncertainty of our experiment the integrated line intensities are the same in a coronal hole as in the quiet Sun.
Familial instability and young children’s physical health

This paper uses recent longitudinal data about a cohort of young children born in the United States to mostly unmarried parents to examine the association between increasingly-complex patterns of family instability and physical health in early childhood. The analyses assess whether, and how, the association between family instability and child health varies across a number of family types. We consider several measures of children's health at age five (overweight/obesity, asthma diagnosis and overall health) and examine to what extent the association between family instability and child health varies across outcomes and depends on the number and timing of any familial transitions. We also explore a number of potential mechanisms through which family instability may affect child health. The results suggest that familial instability is related to worse child health, particularly among children born to coresident (married or cohabiting) biological parents and for children who experience high levels of residential instability.
Conversion-electron-gamma directional correlation in 133Cs

Abstract The directional correlations between the 355 keV gamma and the 81 keV gamma and the conversion electron from the 355 keV transition and the 81 keV gamma in the decay of 133Cs have been measured. For the gamma-gamma correlation the coefficient A2 was found to be 0.040±0.006, in reasonable agreement with prior results. For the conversion electron-gamma correlation the anisotropy was found to be 0.12±0.02. These results are consistent with a spin of 1 2 for the 436 keV level in 133Cs and a mixing ratio δ = −0.16±0.02, which is consistent with prior assignments based on the gamma-gamma correlation. A spin assignment of 3 2 to the 436 keV level is consistent only with an almost pure E2 multipolarity for the 355 keV transition.
Why the coroner system has broken down. The medico‐legal investigation of the causeof death

The scientific determination of the cause of violent deaths is beyond the power of the old-fashioned coroner. Scienec will aid justice, if given a chance.
Rodent model for investigating the effects of estrogen on bone and muscle relationship during growth.

It has been reported that in humans from about 11–12 years of age, bone mass begins to increase faster in girls than in boys with the same muscle mass, and by 14–15 years of age, bone mass per unit mass of muscle was found to be significantly higher in girls than in boys. Because around 15 years is the beginning of reproductive age in women, it was suggested that estrogen was involved in the higher bone mass in women during puberty. The present study was undertaken to determine if bone mass per unit muscle mass is higher in female than in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats during growth, as has been reported in humans during growth and consequently, whether these SD rats are suitable for studying the musculoskeletal effects of estrogen, as may occur in humans during growth. L-4 vertebra of female and male SD rats aged 1–6 months were studied using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Muscle cross-sectional area was measured as a surrogate for muscle mass and bone mineral content (BMC) was measured as a surrogate for bone mass. From 1 to 6 months of age, total BMC, cortical BMC, and cancellous BMC increased faster in females than in males with similar muscle area, and at 3 and 6 months of age, the above vertebral indices of bone mass were significantly higher in female than in male rats. Since one of the main differences between female and male rats is the level of serum estrogen, the higher bone mass per unit muscle area seen at the L-4 vertebra in these female SD rats is similar to what has been reported in humans during puberty when serum estrogen level is high in females. The findings from this study indicate that female and male SD rats aged 1–6 months can be used as appropriate model for studying the effects of serum estrogen on the skeletal response of voluntary muscle forces, as has been reported in humans during growth.
Identification of targets and inhibitors of protein palmitoylation.

Importance of the field: Palmitoylation is the post-translational addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid, palmitate, to specific cysteines of proteins via a labile thioester bond. The transfer of palmitate to a substrate is mediated by palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs). Nearly a third of the 23 genes that encode PATs are linked to human diseases, in particular cancer, and as such represent important targets for drug development.Area covered in this review: In this review, we summarize recent technical advances in the field of palmitoylation, how they will affect our ability to understand palmitoylation-related signaling, and outline a general strategy for the discovery of selective and potent palmitoylation inhibitors.What the reader will gain: The goals of this review are to increase awareness of the importance of palmitoylation in disease as well as our general lack of understanding of the complexity of the fundamental mechanisms of PAT regulation and specificity, and finally to suggest general strategies f...
Inherited bleeding disorders in dermatologic surgery.

Background. A patient referred for Mohs micrographic surgery of a basal cell carcinoma had a history of a congenital clotting factor IX deficiency requiring recombinant factor IX replacement. Objective. To examine the management and problems associated with cutaneous surgery in patients with inherited clotting factor deficiencies. Methods. Case report and review of the medical literature. Results. Reconstructive options must be carefully chosen to minimize bleeding in patients with clotting factor deficiencies. Preoperative consultation with a hematologist and coagulation factor replacement both before and after cutaneous surgery prevent excessive hemorrhage. Conclusion. Meticulous attention to hemostasis, careful preoperative assessment, and postoperative follow-up minimize complications in patients with known coagulation deficiencies who require cutaneous surgery.
Synthesis of High Quality Monolayer Graphene at Reduced Temperature on Hydrogen-Enriched Evaporated Copper (111) Films

We report new findings on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of monolayer graphene with negligible defects (≥95% negligible defect-peak over 200 μm × 200 μm areas) on evaporated copper films. Compared to copper foils used in the CVD of graphene, several new unexpected results have been observed including high-quality monolayer synthesis at temperatures <900 °C, a new growth window using a hydrogen-free methane precursor for low-defects, and electron microscope evidence of commensurate growth of graphene grains on underlying copper grains. These thermal, chemical, and physical growth characteristics of graphene on copper films can be attributed to the distinct differences in the dominant crystal orientation of copper films (111) versus foils (100), and consequent dissimilar interplay with the precursor gas. This study suggests that reduced temperature, hydrogen-free synthesis of defect-negligible monolayer graphene is feasible, with the potential to shape and scale graphene grains by controlling the size and crystal orientation of the underlying copper grains.
A cycle accurate power estimation tool

Power consumption is one of the major challenges in VLSI Design. Power constrained designs need tools to accurately predict the power consumption and provide feedback to designers on the efficiency of the power management logic. In this paper we present the methodology behind a cycle accurate power estimation tool. This tool was used to estimate the power of a first generation CELL Processor. The tool extracts switching and clock activity from RTL simulations and applies them to transistor level macro power models to calculate the power for every cycle of the simulation trace.
OR15-350 SHADES OF GRAY: ETHICAL CHOICES IN ADDICTION MEDICINE

Objectives. Recognize the roles of addiction medicine professionals regarding supply reduction. Handle patients with prescriptions that seems dubious or fraudulent. Feel comfortable navigating a patient dynamic when the patient is lying. The oral presentation will be focused around a challenging clinical vignette that presents a variety of potential choices, each with specific ethical consequences for the patient and physician. After discussing the vignette, there will be a structured discussion among presentation attendees. The moderator, Dr. Brennan, will use a common discussion technique in ethical discourse called anchoring, whereby the discussion is begun from a rigid viewpoint, and through discourse a consensus is gradually reached. The vignette discussed will be an adult male with a history of severe opioid use disorder who presented to an ER in New York City requesting admission for opioid detoxification and rehabilitation. The patient was very well known to the physician, having completed a 4 week inpatient stay for opioid use disorder several weeks prior to seeking readmission. In the interval weeks since discharge the patient had relapsed on opioids by finding several physicians in New York City to write him prescriptions for his drug of choice. Upon readmission to the inpatient unit his belongings were searched and recorded, and one of his prescriptions for opioids was mistakenly placed in his chart, rather than in his locker with the rest of his supplies. The physician happened to find this prescription and suspects that it was written at a "pill mill", or perhaps written by a physician who didn't know that the patient had an addiction to opioids. Should the prescription, which represented the very crux of this patient's problem, be returned to the patient since it is their legal property? Or should the physician throw it away? What role should addiction medicine physicians have in patrolling other physicians with dubious prescribing habits?
A proposed method for determining soil phosphorus desorption quantity–intensity relationships using anion-exchange membrane disks

Resin extraction is considered a superior assessment of nutrient availability compared to chemical based soil tests. Information on phosphorus (P) desorption quantity–intensity (Q/I) relationships in soil is useful for environmental evaluations and for study of P movement. The objectives of this study were to develop method for measuring P desorption Q/I relationships using anion-exchange membrane disks (AEMD) and to compare this proposed method with the commonly accepted method using anion-exchange resin bead bags (AERBB). Five soil series from South Dakota (Barnes, Egan, Egeland, Glenham, and Maddock) were used. The soil samples were enriched with various concentrations of P and incubated at field capacity for 2 weeks. Phosphorus enriched subsamples were equilibrated with bicarbonate-saturated AEMD or AERBB for 72 h. The quantity factor (Q) was taken to be represented by either AEMD extractable P or AERBB extractable P. The intensity factor (I) was determined by measuring solution P after equilibration ...
An optimization criterion for generalized discriminant analysis on undersampled problems

An optimization criterion is presented for discriminant analysis. The criterion extends the optimization criteria of the classical Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) through the use of the pseudoinverse when the scatter matrices are singular. It is applicable regardless of the relative sizes of the data dimension and sample size, overcoming a limitation of classical LDA. The optimization problem can be solved analytically by applying the Generalized Singular Value Decomposition (GSVD) technique. The pseudoinverse has been suggested and used for undersampled problems in the past, where the data dimension exceeds the number of data points. The criterion proposed in this paper provides a theoretical justification for this procedure. An approximation algorithm for the GSVD-based approach is also presented. It reduces the computational complexity by finding subclusters of each cluster and uses their centroids to capture the structure of each cluster. This reduced problem yields much smaller matrices to which the GSVD can be applied efficiently. Experiments on text data, with up to 7,000 dimensions, show that the approximation algorithm produces results that are close to those produced by the exact algorithm.
Optimal Configuration of Valves and Plumbing Lines in Complex Housing

In engineering design, the volume and weight of a number of systems consisting of valves and plumbing lines often need to be minimized. In current practice, this is facilitated under empirical experience with trial and error, which is time-consuming and may not yield the optimal result. This problem is intrinsically difficult due to the challenge in the formulation of optimization problem that has to be computationally tractable. In this research, we choose a sequential approach towards the design optimization, i.e., first optimizing the placement of valves under prescribed constraints to minimize the volume occupied, and then identifying the shortest paths of plumbing lines to connect the valves. In the first part, the constraints are described by analytical expressions, and two approaches of valve placement optimization are reported, i.e., a two-phase method and a simulated annealing-based method. In the second part, a three-dimensional routing algorithm is explored to connect the valves. Our case study indicates that the design can indeed be automated and design optimization can be achieved under reasonable computational cost. The outcome of this research can benefit both existing manufacturing practice and future additive manufacturing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The search for prognostic genetic indicators of cancer recurrence

The search for prognostic indicators of cancer recurrence has been ongoing for many years. Identification of reliable indicators would permit more effective treatment, by ensuring that sufficient therapy is rendered, and facilitate detection of recurring and secondary tumors. As our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate cellular proliferation deepens, it is tantalizing to consider using one or another known growth-regulating gene as an indicator of tumor progression. There is a wealth of genes to choose from, including the protooncogenes, the tumor suppressor genes, and the cell cycle regulatory genes (e.g., the cyclins). Any of these important genes has the potential to be informative in predicting tumor recurrence, but finding the one that is both informative and easily assayed is proving to be a formidable challenge. One candidate is the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
Adaptive Control of Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication Processes

Freeze–form Extrusion Fabrication (FEF) is an additive manufacturing process that extrudes high solids loading aqueous ceramic pastes in a layer–by–layer fashion below the paste freezing temperature for component fabrication. Due to effects such as the air bubble release, agglomerate breakdown, change in paste properties during extrusion as a result of liquid phase migration, etc., the extrusion force is difficult to control. In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed to regulate the extrusion force. Recursive Least Squares is used to estimate extrusion force model parameters during fabrication and a low–order control scheme capable of tracking general reference trajectories is designed and implemented to regulate the extrusion process. Several parts were fabricated with the adaptive extrusion force controller. These results illustrate the need for extrusion force control and that variable reference extrusion force profiles are required to fabricate complex features.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Synthesis of recursive digital filters using the FFT

It has been shown that recursive digital filters can be synthesized using the fast Fourier transform. An algorithm for computer implementation has been developed and used in comparing the computation times and noise figures of filters synthesized in this manner with the computation times and noise figures of filters synthesized by recursion. A model has been proposed for analysis of noise in the two-pole filter. Predictions of this model have been found to be in good agreement with noise measurements.