cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Molecular Triage Help to Identify Highly Sensitive Disease

ABSTRACT It is helpful to consider predictive biomarkers within three distinct categories that also represent different degrees of difficulty in terms of the predictor discovery process. (1) There are broad treatment response markers that are based on detecting a fundamental biological process that is relevant for the action of a class of drugs. Such markers have a large transcriptional (or other molecular) footprint and hence represent relatively low hanging fruits in the discovery process. For example, high tumor proliferation is such a marker for general chemotherapy sensitivity or for worse baseline prognosis. It may be possible in the future to discover similar broad markers for metabolism-targeted agents or for immunotherapies. (2) There are drug class-specific predictors such as estrogen receptor (ER) expression or human epidermal growth factor 2-receptor (HER2) amplification or activating mutations in critical signaling genes (e.g EGFR, bRAF, c-KIT, etc..) that represent singular driver events in tumors. These alterations reflect partial dependence on a given molecular pathway and can predict sensitivity to a variety of agents that target the involved pathway. Similar driver events for distinct small subsets of cancers are likely to be discovered in the next decade and could yield predictors with clinically useful negative predictive value. (3) Single drug-specific response markers that could be used to select one agent over another have remained elusive despite extensive research efforts. This may be due to the case-to-case heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms that can converge to cause sensitivity or resistance to a particular molecule. Molecular markers under points (2) and (3) and their combinations exist and are useful to select adjuvant therapies in breast cancer (e.g. Ki67, OncotypeDX, MammaPrint, ER, HER2, PAM50) or triage patients to clinical trials who are unlikely to do well with existing treatment modalities. Prospectively designed molecular triaging studies that directly test the positive predictive value of candidate response markers also remain an important research strategy to rapidly assess the clinical utility of predictive markers. Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
Extracellular Potassium, Calcium and Volume Profiles During Spreading Depression

The characteristics and three hypotheses for the mechanism of spreading depression (SD) are outlined. The paper continues with a summary of some of our recent studies on the ion and potential profiles during SD in the cerebellum of the rat after conditioning with anion substitution. These experiments demonstrate that the characteristic negative potential of SD is accompanied by large increases in [K+]0 and decreases in [Ca2+]0. When the probe-ions tetramethylammonium (TMA+) and α-naphthalene sulfonate (α-NS) were present, they concentrated during SD by a factor of about two indicating a decrease in extracellular volume. In many experiments the slow negative wave reversed to a positivity with depth; no ion changes accompanied the positive wave. It is concluded that SD is most likely generated at the site of presynaptic terminals and dendrites and may involve massive transmitter release.
Pulse magnetization elicits differential gene expression in the central nervous system of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus.

Diverse animals use Earth’s magnetic field to guide their movements, but the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying the magnetic sense remain enigmatic. One hypothesis is that particles of the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) provide the basis of magnetoreception. Here we examined gene expression in the central nervous system of a magnetically sensitive invertebrate, the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), after applying a magnetic pulse known to alter magnetic orientation behavior. Numerous genes were differentially expressed in response to the pulse, including 647 in the brain, 1256 in the subesophageal ganglion, and 712 in the thoracic ganglia. Many such genes encode proteins linked to iron regulation, oxidative stress, and immune response, consistent with possible impacts of a magnetic pulse on magnetite-based magnetoreceptors. Additionally, however, altered expression also occurred for numerous genes with no apparent link to magnetoreception, including genes encoding proteins linked to photoreception, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism, and other physiological processes. Overall, the results are consistent with the magnetite hypothesis of magnetoreception, yet also reveal that in spiny lobsters, a strong pulse altered expression of > 10% of all expressed genes, including many seemingly unrelated to sensory processes. Thus, caution is required when interpreting the effects of magnetic pulses on animal behavior.
Herbicide Protection Pod Technology for Native Plant Restoration: One size may not fit all

Pre‐emergent herbicides are frequently used to control exotic annual plants prior to seed‐based restoration, but seeding must generally wait until herbicide toxicity has waned. The emerging seed‐enhancement technology of herbicide protection pods (HPP) allows for simultaneous seeding and herbicide application by protecting desirable seeds inside pods or pellets containing activated carbon, allowing for single‐entry and potentially cost‐saving wildland restoration approaches. This technology has shown promise in multiple recent lab and field experiments. However, the effect of pod size on efficacy has not been formally investigated, and important small‐seeded species have either not been tested or have shown less‐promising results when used with this technology. Using emergence trials in two different laboratory environments with two small‐seeded species important to restoration in the semi‐arid western United States (Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata Nutt ssp. wyomingensis] and Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda J Presl]), we investigated if HPP size affected early performance and protection from herbicide (imazapic), as well as how different sizes of HPPs compared to bare seed. For both species, smaller HPP sizes selected to match optimal seeding depths showed up to two‐fold higher emergence and aboveground biomass than larger pellets and still maintained protection from herbicide toxicity. Both species also showed 50–90% reductions in emergence and aboveground biomass due to incorporation into HPPs in general, resulting in only one species (bluegrass) showing the desired effect of HPPs: higher success than bare seed in the presence of herbicide. We suggest that additional experimentation to improve this promising technology is warranted.
Gastric Sleeve Stricture, Twist or Kink, Now What?

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has gained popularity over recent years with a low risk profile. However, there are still multiple feared complications, including gastric sleeve stricture, stenosis or twist. There have been many proposed treatment modalities and algorithmic approaches to manage these complications, however there are no formal recommendations regarding these strategies. These treatment modalities range from endoscopic intervention to revisional surgery. There are multiple studies to support the use of endoscopic treatment over surgical intervention for these complications. The data is weak consisting of mostly retrospective studies. Future randomized controlled trials and prospective studies are necessary to create an algorithmic approach and provide concrete treatment recommendations for providers.
Incidence, timing, and predictors of CNS metastasis in patients (Pts) with clinically localized cutaneous melanoma (CM).

9580Background: Surveillance for CNS metastasis (mets) is not routinely performed in pts with clinically localized CM. Improved understanding of the incidence, timing and risk factors for the devel...
Moving Architecture, Animated Maze: The Intertextuality Between Player and Environment Agents

The maze, a classic architectural type of post-functional nature, is reinvented through the contemporary lens of video game. With novel analytical insights and computing methodologies on the system-unit relationship of a maze, we design and develop a Moving Maze that moves its parts methodically in response to the player’s movement. A disorienting and adaptive system composed of identical parts, the Moving Maze is deconstructed into the non-subdivisible unit, which can propagate into a field through replication and orthogonal rotation. The game generates unit-to-system interactive outcomes with fragmental movements using gamer-relational rules. In achieving difficulty progression and game balance through Reinforcement Learning, the maze arouses problem-solving curiosity and immerses the player in a risk-reward structure. Centering the game mechanics on interactivity and adaptability, we enhance player engagement in this cognitive puzzle game through balanced player and environment agency. An artwork synthesizing procedural computation with gaming architecture, the Moving Maze pushes the imaginative boundary of what a maze can be and embodies the philosophy that systemic complexities arise from the simplest elements.
Hispanic Caregivers' experience of pediatric type 1 diabetes: A qualitative study

Background It is widely recognized that Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) outcomes are worse among Hispanic children; however, little is published about the perspectives of these patients and their caregivers. Objective Our intent was to characterize the lived experience of Hispanic caregivers of children with T1D, focusing on the role of language and culture and their perspectives on current medical care and alternative care models. Subjects We studied Hispanic caregivers of patients (age 2-17 years) with T1D of greater than 6 months' duration. Methods We completed semi-structured interviews and focus-groups of a purposive sample of 20 members of our population of interest. We developed a codebook and completed multidisciplinary consensus coding, then conducted iterative thematic analysis using qualitative software and discussion to generate themes. Results We gathered data from 20 Hispanic caregivers of T1D patients (11.37 ± 3.00 years old, 4.80 ± 2.84 years since diagnosis). 85% of caregivers were female, 80% preferred Spanish and 15% were college-educated. Our analysis yielded 4 themes across the participants: (1) Culturally-based nutrition challenges, (2) Social isolation and lack of support for T1D care, (3) Hesitancy to fully embrace diabetes technology, and (4) Deferential views of care experience and providers. Overarching all of these themes was support for Hispanic group-based models of care tailored to address these concerns. Conclusions The unique concerns among Hispanic caregivers of children with T1D suggest the importance of culturally tailored interventions to improve care. With successful implementation, such interventions could diminish widening disparities in healthcare outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
How can I Be as attractive as a Fitness YouTuber in the era of COVID-19? The impact of digital attributes on flow experience, satisfaction, and behavioral intention

In the past decade, the social media platform has dramatically changed individuals’ daily activities in real life and on the Internet, including shopping, socialization, entertainment, study, and even health and fitness. In the era of COVID-19, particularly, consumers tend to rely more on digital attributes of social media platforms for their decision-making process by reducing the physical touchpoint. Responding to this ongoing trend, this study investigates how fitness YouTube channel attributes and fitness YouTuber attributes influence flow experience, satisfaction, and behavioral intention of YouTubers who work out at home via a fitness YouTube channel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the social media literature and the cognitive appraisal theory, this research formulates a research model that specifies the influence of three dimensions of fitness YouTube channel attributes (i.e., social interaction, information quality, and visual content) and three dimensions of fitness YouTuber attributes (i.e., social attractiveness, physical attractiveness, and attitude homophily) on flow experience, YouTube channel satisfaction, and behavioral intention in the context of YouTube. This study recruited participants in the United States who currently work out via a fitness YouTube channel through three waves of data collection during the COVID-19 era. The empirical results revealed that flow experience was significantly affected by information quality, visual content, and physical attractiveness. Also, YouTube channel satisfaction was significantly affected by social interaction, information quality, and visual content. Lastly, behavioral intention was significantly affected by flow experience and YouTube channel satisfaction. Based on the findings, this study proposes meaningful implications for the extant literature and social media industry during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A 26-Year Journey of Multifaith Cooperation

For more than two decades researchers from across religious backgrounds have set aside their differences to create surveys about congregational life in the United States. Over the years, Faith Comm...
The influence of methemoglobinemia on the lethality of some toxic anions: I. Azide☆

Abstract The time course and extent of the methemoglobinemia induced by intraperitoneal sodium nitrite and p -aminopropiophenone (PAPP) have been characterized in female mice. The peak methemoglobin formation (34%) from sodium nitrite (75 mg/kg) is achieved in about 40 minutes. Comparable levels from PAPP (15 mg/kg) are achieved more quickly (between 5 and 10 minutes) but decline more rapidly to normal. Both nitrite- and PAPP-induced methemoglobinemia afford a significant degree of protection against poisoning by sodium azide when administered in an appropriate time sequence. It was not possible under the same circumstances to protect mice against death from fluoride, cyanate, thiocyanate, selenate, or borate, although some prolongation of survival time was seen after fluoride. The formation of the azide-methemoglobin complex has been demonstrated within intact mouse red blood cells, and small amounts of the complex were identified in vivo in an antidotal situation. We think it important that the protective action of methemoglobinemia has been demonstrated to date only against established inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase.
Computational analysis of gear-box roller-bearing white-etch cracking A multi-physics approach

Purpose – A simple economic analysis has revealed that in order for wind energy to be a viable alternative, wind-turbines (convertors of wind energy into electrical energy) must be able to operate for at least 20 years, with only regular maintenance. However, wind-turbines built nowadays do not generally possess this level of reliability and durability. Specifically, due to the malfunction and failure of drive-trains/gear-boxes, many wind-turbines require major repairs after only three to five years in service. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The subject of the present work is the so-called white etch cracking, one of the key processes responsible for the premature failure of gear-box roller-bearings. To address this problem, a multi-physics computational methodology is developed and used to analyze the problem of wind-turbine gear-box roller-bearing premature-failure. The main components of the proposed methodology include the analyses of: first, hydrogen dissolution...
The median voter model across levels of government

The median voter model provides a method of aggregating individual voter's demands to obtain community demand. Although higher level governments are often assumed to be less responsive to voters than lower level governments, it remains an open question whether or not the median voter model, which has been found to apply to the lowest tier of the federalist system, extends to higher level governments. We use the Cox specification test to find that the ad hoc model dominates the median model for counties and states. The county results are sensitive to the time periods, budgetary structure, and degree of urbanization.
Dynamics of the Space Shuttle during entry into earth's atmosphere

The problem of predicting the longitudinal dynamics of a shuttle vehicle during entry into the Earth's atmosphere is investigated in this paper. Subject to certain conditions, the equations of motion are transformed by a change of variables corresponding to the number of scale lengths traversed by the vehicle along the trajectory of the center of mass. Asymptotic solutions to the transformed equations of motion are developed by means of the technique of generalized multiple scales by introducing nonlinear "scale functions." Rapid and slow parts of the time-varying dynamics of the vehicle are systematically separated in this approach. By means of this theory, the longitudinal dynamics of the SSV 049 vehicle about a prescribed optimal trajectory are predicted. The trajectory is optimal in that it minimizes the weight of the thermal protection system. Solutions are developed to describe the unforced (free) dynamics as well as the response to a time-varying input. Comparison of the analytical and numerical solutions in both cases shows excellent agreement and the difference is hardly noticeable for engineering purposes. Further, an analysis of the errors is presented leading to explicit analytical bounds (which are strict and sharp) on the errors of the approximation. The advantages of our approach are: 1) analytical approximations to the dynamics of the shuttle vehicle are obtained in terms of simply calculable elementary transcendental functions; 2) the separation of the fast and slow dynamics is displayed explicitly in the general case, leading to insight into the nature of the shuttle entry dynamics; 3) the approach is very general and is widely applicable to any type of vehicle and any entry trajectory into the atmosphere of the Earth or any other planet; 4) strict and sharp bounds on the errors of the approximation are known at every point of the trajectory.
Memory access pattern analysis

A methodology for analyzing memory behavior has been developed for the purpose of evaluating memory system design. MPAT, a memory pattern analysis tool, was used to profile memory transactions of dynamic instruction traces. The paper first describes the memory model and metrics gathered by MPAT. Then the metrics are evaluated in order to determine what hardware and software changes should be made to improve memory system performance.
Ubiquitous e-learning: are we there yet?

The vision of ubiquitous computing suggests the seamless and unobtrusive availability of computer-based services. It is debatable whether e-learning has reached or is soon able to reach such a mature stage. We argue that ubiquitous information and communication technology does not constitute in itself a sufficient learning environment for everyone. Instead, it seems to be a long and winding road from the availability of Web-based technology to a culture of distributed and life-long learning. Against this backdrop, we seek to critically assess developmental aspects and obstacles of present-day e-learning, from an analytical as well as a practical perspective. In the face of the complexity of the task, national R&D-projects in e-learning are seen as important exploration areas in the quest for sustainable changes in education. With the German federal capstone project "Virtual University of Applied Science", an example is presented that provides the practical background for the discussion of e-learning issues. We conclude with the experiences with new forms of learning scenarios.
cDNA sequence for rat dermatan sulfate proteoglycan-II (decorin)

A cDNA clone for dermatan sulfate proteoglycan-II, or decorin, has been isolated from a rat uterus library and sequenced. The cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences are 79 and 77% identical to the previously reported human and bovine sequences, respectively. The rat protein contains potential attachment sites for two glycosaminoglycan chains and four N-linked oligosaccharides, six conserved cysteine residues and multiple repeats of a leucine-rich sequence, LXXLXLXXNXL/I. Overlapping the C-end of one of these repeats is an NKISK sequence, which has been implicated in binding to fibronectin.
Determination of prostaglandins and thromboxane as their pentafluorobenzyl-trimethylsilyl derivatives by electron-capture gas chromatography

Abstract The optimization of the parameters affecting the chromatographic properties and separation of prostaglandin pentafluorobenzyl derivatives by gas chromatography using electron-capture detection is described. The effects of composition and flow-rate of carrier gas, temperatures of detector and column, and nature of stationary phases on the detector response to different pentafluoroebenzyl (both oxime and ester) trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandins were systematically examined. The stability of some selected prostaglandin derivatives at −20°C was also determined. After standardizing these parameters, prostaglandins and related compounds from biological samples, e.g. semen, rat aorta, dog serum and trout gill were successfully analyzed. Identification of prostaglandins was confirmed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.
Hyperfine Structure in the 2084-keV State of Ce 140

Differential perturbed angular-correlation measurements were made on the 2084-keV state of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{140}$ in aqueous solution at room temperature, and in lanthanum metal both at room temperature and at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The derived $g$ factor of +1.014\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.038 is compared with Rho's theory and with other experimental values. The advantages of working with metals and at low temperatures are discussed. An upper limit of approximately 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is set on the quantity $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$, where $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{k}$ is the energy spacing between ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3}$ for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ in La metal. An approximate value of 4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 atomic units is derived for $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}8}〉$ of the cerium $4f$ electron, using the above upper limit for $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$.
Tumor Ablation: Common Modalities and General Practices

Tumor ablation is a minimally invasive technique that is commonly used in the treatment of tumors of the liver, kidney, bone, and lung. During tumor ablation, thermal energy is used to heat or cool tissue to cytotoxic levels (less than −40°C or more than 60°C). An additional technique is being developed that targets the permeability of the cell membrane and is ostensibly nonthermal. Within the classification of tumor ablation, there are several modalities used worldwide: radiofrequency, microwave, laser, high-intensity focused ultrasound, cryoablation, and irreversible electroporation. Each technique, although similar in purpose, has specific and optimal indications. This review serves to discuss general principles and technique, reviews each modality, and discusses modality selection.
Climbing Zibars of the Algodones

Abstract Zibars are coarse-grained, low-relief, slipfaceless, eolian bedforms that occur on sand sheets and within interdune corridors of many eolian sand seas. Zibar surface features consist exclusively of wind ripples and local shadow and shrub-coppice dunes associated with vegetation. A study of zibars located on the southwestern margin of the Algodones dune field, California, shows that zibars, and their associated interzibar areas, are migrating features oriented transverse to oblique to the resultant sand-transport direction. Zibars leave deposits formed by deposition on the zibar lee face. The zibar shape modifies the near-surface airflow to produce a subtle grain-size change across the zibar/interzibar surface. Flow expansion (not separation) leeward of the zibar crest causes the lee-face deposits (those preserved upon bedform migration) to have the finest grain size on the zibar/interzibar surface. Sediment coarser than that deposited on the zibar lee face is transported more slowly and less frequently, and thus becomes concentrated on the zibar stoss slope and, ultimately, becomes interzibar deposits. Migration of zibars and interzibar areas can produce two characteristic depositional sequences depending upon the angle of climb. For low angles of climb, a sequence of stacked amalgamated interzibar deposits is preserved; zibar deposits are absent. Amalgamated interzibar deposits consist of low-angle (usually less than 5°) wind-ripple laminae of medium to coarse sand. Given higher angles of climb, deposits of both the entire interzibar and zibar lower lee face are preserved. Low-angle interzibar deposits of medium to coarse sand are overlain tangentially by finer grained (fine to medium sand) wind-ripple laminae (dipping less than 15°) of the zibar lee face. Lee-face wind-ripple laminae are sharply truncated and overlain by the succeeding set of interzibar wind-ripple deposits. This zibar/interzibar sequence is distinctive and allows for the detailed interpretation of some ancient sand-sheet deposits as left by migrating zibars. A possible example of ancient zibar deposits is present in the Entrada Sandstone (Jurassic) of southwestern Colorado.
Requirements Evolution: Relating Functional and Non-Functional Requirement Change on Student Project Success

This paper presents findings from a study of the evolution of requirements in eight parallel student semester long design projects. Weekly requirements documents were collected and analyzed for the number of functional and non-functional requirements defined by each team. Trends were compared with end of project performance success. The findings provide suggestive, not definitive, evidence that (a) a higher number of defined requirements predicted higher project success, (b) early functional requirement definition relates to project success, and (c) it is important to continually evolve the requirements throughout the project. A set of guidelines and recommendations are developed.
Nicotinic acid reverses fasting ketosis by lowering the level of cyclic AMP.

Abstract When nicotinic acid was administered intraperitoneally to fasted rats, it reversed ketosis, decreased concentrations of cyclic AMP in adipose tissue and liver, and partially suppressed lipolysis. Administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP reinduced ketosis in fasted rats previously treated with nicotinic acid. The results that nicotinic acid reverses ketosis by lowering tissue levels of cyclic AMP with a consequent suppression of lipolysis and ketogenesis.
Ethanol intake during schedule-induced polydipsia ☆

Abstract Schedule-induced polydipsia was established by maintaining 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats on concurrent variable interval 1 min food reinforcement and continuous water reinforcement. Five ethanol concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% W/V) were substituted for water. The number of liquid reinforcements and volume of liquid consumed varied inversely with ethanol concentration while the quantity of ethanol intake varied directly with the concentration. Ethanol reinforcements were above water control levels during the first 10 min ethanol was present. For the same interval increases occurred in the number of ethanol, but not water reinforcements when each concentration was presented a second time. Decreases occurred in the food baseline as a function of concentration with intermediate concentrations having the greatest effect. These decreases were greater the second time the ethanol concentrations were presented.
Deprived of touch How maternal and sensory deprivation theory converged in shaping early debates over autism

In 1943, a distinguished child psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University, Leo Kanner, published what would become a landmark article: a description of 11 children who suffered from a distinct disord...
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Galantamine

Galantamine is the most recently approved cholinergic drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the most common type of dementia. Vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease are also common in older patients. Dementia affects cognition, causes losses in ability to perform activities of daily living and often results in the emergence of psychiatric and abnormal behavioural symptoms. Dementia also results in an ever-increasing burden and a decreased quality of life for caregivers. Treatments for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease, have focused on improving function in the cholinergic system. Vascular dementia and diffuse Lewy body dementia are also associated with significant defects in cholinergic function. Galantamine works by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and by allosterically modulating nicotinic receptors. In clinical trials, galantamine has shown benefits in the domains of cognition, function in activities of daily living, and behaviour. Galantamine is about 90% bioavailable and displays linear pharmacokinetics. It has a relatively large volume of distribution and low protein binding. Metabolism is primarily through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes. Population pharmacokinetic modelling with galantamine has shown that the variables affecting clearance are age, sex, and bodyweight. Model simulations demonstrate the importance of a slower dose-escalation schedule in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. In several large trials, galantamine has been shown to be well tolerated, with most adverse events being mild-to-moderate and gastrointestinal in nature. Based on the literature and clinical trial experience, galantamine appears to be an excellent treatment option for patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease.
Protein-bound hexosamine in plasma and erythrocytes of normal and diabetic rats and human beings.

SummaryIn both cells and plasma, alloxanized rats had significantly lower concentrations of protein-bound hexosamine than normal animals. In diabetic patients under insulin control, values were normal. Concentration of protein-bound hexosamine was twice as high in plasma and erythrocytes of normal rats as in normal human beings.The authors gratefully acknowledge suggestions and advice of Dr. C. H. Treadwell.
One more way that mice and men are different

Professor of Pathology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USATo cite this article: Hoffman M. One more way that mice and men are different. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 448–9.See also Gould WR, Simioni P, Silveira JR, Tormene D, Kalafatis M, Tracy PB. Megakaryocytes endocytose and subsequently modify human factorV in vivo to form the entire pool of a unique platelet-derived cofactor. This issue, pp 450–6.
Critical phenomena in the rheology of partially melted rocks

Theoretical considerations and exploratory experiments indicate that most of the extreme change of large-strain “viscosities” between the solidus and the liquidus of rocks is concentrated about a non-zero rheological critical melt percentage (RCMP). Usually the RCMP is within the range of 20 ± 10 vol%. Below it, both bulk shear and segregative-compactive filter pressing are drastically slowed down, requiring strains in the solid fraction and squeezing of thin melt films. Many geological consequences of these critical phenomena may be far reaching. In particular, most of the upper-mantle low-velocity zone (LVZ), if partially melted, is likely to be stabilized somewhat below the RCMP, with runaway excesses of heat, melt and shear strain creating local excursions over the RCMP. Flow may be thus concentrated in narrow high-melt channels, within a relatively unsheared LVZ.
Fuzzy Performability Analysis of Disk Arrays

The performability of disk arrays systems has been studied before [1,2]. However, in the case of imprecise data, a fuzzy model can be the base for the performability analysis. In this paper a performability analysis of a disk array using a Markov Reward Model (MRM) is presented. The model considers the repair as the reconstruction (rebuild) of the redundancy, not as a hard drive replacement. With traditional, crisp arithmetic, for each change in a single model parameter the model would need to be run again, resulting in a family of curves difficult to interpret. In the approach presented in this paper, the rewards for each of the states of the MRM, as well as other disk array parameters are expressed through fuzzy numbers. The use of fuzzy arithmetic for the performability estimation of a disk array proved significant advantages. First, the model was able to capture the uncertainty variance of each of the model parameters. Secondly, as opposed to traditional, crisp arithmetic approach, the presented model provides the estimation of the lower and upper boundary of the system performability with a single run of the model.
The depth, waveform and pulse rate for electrical microstimulation of the auditory cortex

Intracortical microstimulation of primary sensory regions of the brain offers a compelling platform for the development of sensory prostheses. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the optimal stimulation parameters. The purpose of this paper is to summarize a series of experiments which were designed to answer the following three questions. 1) What is the best electrode implantation depth? 2) What is the optimal stimulation waveform? 3) What is the maximal useful stimulus pulse rate? The present results suggest the following answers: 1) cortical layers V&IV, 2) biphasic, charge balanced, symmetric, cathode leading pulses with of duration of ∼ 100 microseconds per phase, and 3) 80 pulses-per-second.
An Evolutionarily Conserved Family of Virion Tail Needles Related to Bacteriophage P22 gp26: Correlation between Structural Stability and Length of the α-Helical Trimeric Coiled Coil

Bacteriophages of the Podoviridae family use short noncontractile tails to inject their genetic material into Gram-negative bacteria. In phage P22, the tail contains a thin needle, encoded by the phage gene 26, which is essential both for stabilization and for ejection of the packaged viral genome. Bioinformatic analysis of the N-terminal domain of gp26 (residues 1-60) led us to identify a family of genes encoding putative homologues of the tail needle gp26. To validate this idea experimentally and to explore their diversity, we cloned the gp26-like gene from phages HK620, Sf6 and HS1, and characterized these gene products in solution. All gp26-like factors contain an elongated alpha-helical coiled-coil core consisting of repeating, adjacent trimerization heptads and form trimeric fibers with length ranging between about 240 to 300 A. gp26 tail needles display a high level of structural stability in solution, with T(m) (temperature of melting) between 85 and 95 degrees C. To determine how the structural stability of these phage fibers correlates with the length of the alpha-helical core, we investigated the effect of insertions and deletions in the helical core. In the P22 tail needle, we identified an 85-residue-long helical domain, termed MiCRU (minimal coiled-coil repeat unit), that can be inserted in-frame inside the gp26 helical core, preserving the straight morphology of the fiber. Likewise, we were able to remove three quarters of the helical core of the HS1 tail needle, minimally decreasing the stability of the fiber. We conclude that in the gp26 family of tail needles, structural stability increases nonlinearly with the length of the alpha-helical core. Thus, the overall stability of these bacteriophage fibers is not solely dependent on the number of trimerization repeats in the alpha-helical core.
Raman Scattering, Luminescence, and Exciton-Phonon Coupling in Cu 2 O

Raman scattering and exciton luminescence and absorption have been studied in high-purity single-crystal ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O at liquid-helium temperature using 4880-\AA{} laser excitation. The Raman-active mode has been unambiguously identified at 515 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and the first observation made of luminescence from the $n=2, 3, 4$ yellow excitons and their continuum. Comparison of the Raman spectra with the absorption and luminescence spectra near the $n=1$ exciton has clarified the origin of the strong 220-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Raman feature and yielded evidence for wave-vector-independent and wave-vector-dependent exciton-phonon coupling, respectively, for the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ optic phonons.
Enhanced graphics performance with user controlled segment files

This paper describes a simple idea for extending the use of display segment files in computer display systems. The extension is to provide manual control of segment files in a display terminal as well as program control from a host computer. The use of display segments local to the display makes it possible to speed up the rate at which pictures are displayed when the communications line to the host computer is slow or when the host machine is time-shared and heavily loaded. The manual control of segments are terminal functions that work for any program including old programs that knew nothing about display segments.
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) FROM RADIATION-INDUCED POLYMERIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A KAOLIN CLAY SUBSTRATE.

Two types of polymer are formed in the radiation-initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA)–kaolin clay complexes. Homopolymer can be extracted from the complex by the use of organic solvents. Inserted polymer must be removed by dissolution of the polymer–clay complex with hydrofluoric acid. The polymers formed show no differences in structure (as determined by infrared analysis), had high molecular weights (1–5 × 106), and had similar molecular weight distributions (as determined by GPC). The molecular weights of the homopolymer increased as temperature increased (25°–75°C), and dose rate decreased (24.9–7.35 rads/sec). The isotacticity of the polymers when compared to irradiated bulk polymer decreased as follows: inserted > homo > bulk. The compressive properties of the irradiated composite compared well with those of commercial bulk polymers. Degradation temperatures were 20° to 30°C higher for the composite than for the commercial chemically initiated bulk polymer.
The Green Economy and Land Conflict

Many studies on the nexus between global climate change and conflict have focused on how the physical and socioeconomic consequences of the former result in political instability, armed conflict, a...
Single nucleotide polymorphisms distinguish multiple dopamine transporter alleles in primates: implications for association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

the human dopamine transporter (dat) gene contains a variable number tandem repeat (vntr; 40 bases/3 to >11 repeats) in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), resulting in multiple alleles categorized by length. The 10-copy allele has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet it accounts for only a small proportion of symptom variance. We investigated whether the rhesus monkey DAT gene contains a repeat sequence similar to the human and whether this region differs in the five most hyperactive and the five most sedate animals selected from a behaviorally characterized cohort (n = 22). A fixed number tandem repeat (FNTR; 39 bases/12 repeats) was observed in all animals. Accordingly, this FNTR is unbefitting an association of DAT transcript length with hyperactivity. However, sequence analysis revealed potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one of which affects a Bst1107I restriction site. We screened the entire cohort, confirmed that all the rhesus monkeys had repeat regions of the same length, and demonstrated that digestion with Bst1107I was sufficient to distinguish two distinct FNTR alleles. Bst1107I genotype was suggestive but not predictive of hyperactive behavior. Based on these data, we speculated that SNPs may exist in human DAT VNTR alleles. To support this hypothesis, we cloned a portion of a novel 10-repeat allele from the human gene containing an SNP that abolishes a DraI restriction site. We conclude that SNPs create a diversity of DAT alleles between individuals that may be greater than previously identified based solely on the length of the VNTR region, and that alleles of specific sequence may contribute to dopamine-related disorders.
Prevalence and Trends of Severe Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents

Objective To determine the extent to which the 2007 definitions for severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥99th percentile for age and gender) and morbid obesity (BMI ≥40kg/m 2 ) affects different groups of American children and adolescents and has increased over time. Methods Analysis of nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II, III, and 1999–2004; 12 384 US children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years were included in the analysis. Outcome measures were the proportion of subjects with severe and morbid obesity, with age, gender, race, and poverty-income ratio (PIR) as key variables. Results In 1999–2004, 3.8% of children 2 to 19 years old had a BMI in the ≥99th percentile, with higher prevalence among boys than girls (4.6% vs 2.9%; P P 3; P =.002). BMI ≥40kg/m 2 was found in 1.3% of adolescents ages 12 to 19 years, with similar associations with race and poverty. The overall prevalence of BMI ≥99th percentile has increased by more than 300% since NHANES II (1976), and over 70% since NHANES III (1994) in children 2 to 19 years of age. Conclusions Rates of severe childhood obesity have tripled in the last 25 years, with significant differences by race, gender, and poverty. This places demands on health care and community services, especially because the highest rates are among children who are frequently underserved by the health care system.
Impulsive displacement of a liquid in a pipe at high Reynolds numbers

We consider the problem of an impulsive displacement of a liquid, originally at rest in a circular pipe, which is displaced by another liquid. The purpose of this analysis is to show that at a sufficiently high inertia the initial essentially inviscid motion can be extended to cover the entire displacement process, thus creating an inviscid window to which an inviscid analysis can be applied. We simplify the problem first, by considering a 1-liquid problem where the displacing liquid and displaced liquid are the same. We identify two characteristic times in this problem: the time it takes an inviscid liquid to be displaced, and the time it takes a viscous liquid to attain a steady state. Taking the ratio of the two defines the Reynolds number for the problem and we show that the motion becomes essentially inviscid once the Reynolds number is sufficiently high. We obtain the general solution of the 1-liquid problem which determines the nondimensional viscous displacement time as a function of the Reynolds number. We derive from the general solution: a critical Reynolds number above which the motion remains unsteady throughout the entire displacement process, and a formula which determines quantitatively whether applying an inviscid analysis to the 1-liquid viscous problem at a given Reynolds number is admissible within an acceptable error tolerance. We also show that at the limit the Reynolds number approaches infinity the viscous displacement time approaches the inviscid displacement time and that the velocity profile and the shape of the material surface separating the displacing from the displaced liquid approach their counterpart in the inviscid solution. Second, based on these results we propose that an inviscid solution is applicable to the 2-liquid viscous problem once the condition of a high Reynolds number is independently met by the two participating liquids. We obtain the solution to the inviscid 2-liquid displacement problem and calculate various examples. Finally, we present a stability analysis of the flat interface between the two inviscid liquids, which shows which of the examples is stable, neutrally stable, or unstable. The paucity of data for an impulsive displacement in the high Reynolds number range makes quantitative comparisons difficult. However, the excellent agreement obtained between the critical Reynolds number derived in this analysis and the result obtained in a numerical analysis of the viscous 2-liquid problem elsewhere constitutes at least a partial validation of the theory. Additional confirmation is obviously recommended.
Review of the Tropical Asian Genus Pyrrhopeplus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

Tropical Asian genus Pyrrhopeplus Stal, 1870, and its two species, P. carduelis (Stal, 1863) and P. posthumus Horvath, 1892, are redescribed, measurements are given, and the parameres figured; also described is the male fifth instar of P. carduelis . A synapomorphy, paired setal patches on the male's genital capsule, may ally this genus with several other genera.
Male Photuris Fireflies Mimic Sexual Signals of their Females' Prey

Photuris males emit flashed signals matching those of unrelated sympatric forms (Photinus and Pyractomena species). Some have only one flash pattern matching that of another species, others mimic at least two species, as well as emitting "their own" species-specific pattern. They tend to restrict the mimicking signals, but not their own, to the habitats, seasons, and daily periods of the mimicked species. Since Photuris females prey on males of other firefly species by mimicking their females9 flashes, the Photuris males may be using their mimicry to locate and seduce their own hunting females. This mimicry is without known parallel in other animal communicative systems. It explains why the genus Photuris has been a frustrating mystery to taxonomists, who have long used flash patterns to distinguish sibling species in other genera.
Basal and Stimulated Plasma Leptin in Diabetic Subjects

LIU, JIANMEI, HASAN ASKARI, AND SAMUEL DAGOGO-JACK. Basal and stimulated plasma leptin in diabetic subjects. Obes Res. Objective: To determine whether leptin secretion is impaired in diabetes, we compared basal and stimulated plasma leptin levels in diabetic subjects and healthy controls. Research Methods and Procedures: Blood samples for assay of leptin and other hormones were obtained at baseline in 54 diabetic patients and 65 controls, and 8 hours, 16 hours, and 40 hours following ingestion of dexamethasone (4 mg) in 6 healthy and 12 controls. C-peptide status was defined as “negative” if ≤0.1 ng/mL or “positive” if ≥0.3 ng/mL, in fasting plasma. Results: Basal plasma leptin levels were 19. 7±2. 2 ng/mL in nondiabetic subjects, 13. 4±1. 5 ng/ml in C-peptide negative (n = 28) and 26. 1±23. 7 ng/mL in C-peptide positive (n = 26, p = 0. 001) diabetic patients. Dexamethasone increased leptin levels of controls (n = 6) to 145±17% of baseline values at 8 hours (p = O. O3), 224±18% at 16 hours (p = 0. 01), and 134218% at 40 hours (p = 0. 05). The corresponding changes were 108±13%, 126±23%, and 98±16% in C-peptide negative (n = 6), and 121±10%, 144±16% (p = 0. 03), and 147±23% (p = 0. 11) in C-peptide positive (n = 6) diabetic patients, respectively. The peak stimulated leptin levels were lower in the diabetic patients, compared with controls. Plasma insulin increased (p = 0. 02) in controls, but not in the diabetic patients, following dexamethasone. Discussion: Although diabetic patients have normal plasma leptin levels under basal conditions, their leptin responses to glucocorticoid are impaired, probably because of the concomitant insulin secretory defect. A subnormal leptin secretory response could worsen obesity and insulin resistance in diabetes.