cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase phenylium and acyclic [C6H5]+ isomers

Abstract The structures of [C6H5]+ species, formed from a variety of precursors, have been investigated by ion/molecule reactivity studies with pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and by collision spectroscopy with mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. Formed by sequential ion/molecule reactions in gaseous acetylene, the [C6H5]+ species are present as a mixture of isomers, those that react with acetylene and those that do not. Ion-assisted dehalogenation reactions were used to establish that the unreactive [C6H5]+ isomer was the phenylium ion. These data were used to study and confirm collisional decomposition reactions postulated to be diagnostic of the acyclic and phenylium isomers. These diagnostic reactions were then used to study the composition of the [C6H5]+ isomers produced by electron ionization of a number of precursors. These results are contrasted with previous studies and the collision spectroscopy experiments are described in detail. The possible role of [C6H5]+ species in flame processes is discussed.
Approximate calculations for the two-dimensional Ising model

A self-consistent molecular field approximation for the two-dimensional, square-lattice Ising model is used to calculate the energy and magnetization. Agreement with the exact calculations is good except near the critical temperature, which differs from the exact critical temperature by 4%. The specific heat has no anomalous behavior asT approachesT c from above, and the magnetization follows the incorrect Weiss (T c-T)1/2 law asT approachesT c from below.
Visualisation of geo-tagged pictures in the web

This work summarises a study of three different user interfaces for browsing geo-referenced pictures on websites. The subjects of this study are two widely used system like Panoramio and Flickr, and a new application develosped by the authors and called the 'Fractal View'. The study has been conducted by means of users' interviews and eye tracking.
Phantom based KV-CBCT dose plan calculations for re-planning decision: Comparison with CT-based dose plans

Objective Kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography scans (kVCBCT) are helpful for patients positioning and viewing anatomical changes. This study investigates, on an anthropomorphic phantom, with no movement and anatomical changes, the possibility and accuracy of using CBCT-based dosimetry for re-planning decision. Materials and method Rando phantom's brain, Head and Neck (H&N), thorax and pelvis were scanned. Targets and main organ at risks (OAR) were contoured. IMRT was used for H&N and VMAT for brain, lung and pelvis. Dose distributions were calculated using Eclipse 10.0 AAA Algorithm (Varian Medical System). CBCT scans were acquired per region on a Novalis Tx. After registration with the reference CT, structures were copied and dosimetric plans were recalculated on the CBCT. The dose volume histograms (HVH) for targets and OAR and 2D dose maps were compared. Furthermore the Hounsfield units to electron density (HU to ED) curves for the different CBCT protocols were obtained using a Catphan® 504 phantom. To end examples of patients with anatomical changes are presented. Results PTV and OAR average mean dose differences for the brain, H&N, lungs and pelvic region were −1.1 ± 0.7%, −0.6 ± 0.4%, −0.9 ± 1.0% and 0.1 ± 0.5% respectively. Passing rate superior than 98% was achieved (gamma index criteria of 2%/1 mm) for absolute 2D CBCT and CT-based dose distributions. CBCT HU to ED curves were within ±30 HU compared with the reference HU of the materials contained inside phantom, amply inside requested CT tolerance values. Conclusion Decision to re-plan VMAT or IMRT treatments seems feasible using CBCT data. Future investigations on the HU to ED curve and curve stability will be done with the help of a CBCT electron density phantom (CIRS).
A review of the clinical efficacy profile of copolymer 1: new U.S. phase III trial data

Copolymer 1 (Copaxone) is a mixture of synthetic peptides composed of four amino acids. It has been shown to alter positively the natural history of multiple sclerosis by both reducing the relapse rate and affecting disability. A recently completed, large-scale, phase III, multicenter, double-blind study confirmed the therapeutic benefit shown in previous pilot studies. Side effects were mild and the daily subcutaneous treatment was well tolerated. Laboratory studies have shown that copolymer 1 prevents or modifies experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in several mammalian species. It induces immunologic suppressor cells, which are deficient in multiple sclerosis, and competitively inhibits the effect of central nervous system myelin antigens, thought to be important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Copolymer 1 joins interferon beta in ushering in a new era of well-tolerated treatments for multiple sclerosis.
Characterization of Microemulsion Systems Formed by a Mixed 1,3-Dioxolane Ethoxylate/Octyl Glucoside Surfactant System

The phase behavior of microemulsion systems containing water (or 1.0 wt% NaClaq), isooctane, and the binary surfactant system consisting of n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, C8βG1, and the acid-cleavable alkyl ethoxylate, 4-CH3O (CH2CH2O)7.2, 2-(CH2)12CH3, 2-(CH2)CH3, 1,3-dioxolane, or “cyclic ketal” (“CK-2,13”), was determined. Large temperature-insensitive one, two, and three-phase microemulsion-phase regions were obtained when equal masses of the two surfactants were employed, suggesting that C8βG1 reduces the temperature sensitivity of CK-2,13’s ethoxylate group. Addition of C8βG1 to CK-2,13 greatly improves the latter’s low efficiency, evidenced by the formation of a three-phase microemulsion system for surfactant concentrations at low fractions of total surfactants for systems with equal mass ratios of water to oil and CK-2,13 to C8βG1. Analysis of the phase diagrams also suggests that CK-2,13 and C8βG1 impart hydrophobic and hydrophilic character, respectively, to the surfactant mixture, and that addition of salt further increases the hydrophilicity of C8βG1, presumably because of the salting-in of the latter. Analysis of small-angle neutron scattering data revealed that the mixed surfactant system formed spherical oil-in-water microemulsions, and that increasing the CK-2,13 fraction among the surfactants reduced the critical microemulsion concentration but slightly increased the nanodroplet size.
Effects of gravitational smearing on predictions of supergravity grand unification

Limits on gravitational smearing from the dominant dimension-5 operator (with a strength characterized by cM/2${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{P}}$) are obtained using the CERN LEP data in supersymmetric SU(5) grand unification. The effects of c on the quasi-infrared fixed point solutions of ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{b}}$/${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ unification are also analyzed. It is found that cg0 softens and c0 stiffens the fixed point constraint. The effect of c on the upper bound of the Higgs triplet mass is analyzed and the existence of scaling induced by c is discussed. Tests for existence of gravitational smearing are discussed.
IFN-inducible GTPases and immunity to intracellular pathogens

By eliciting host antimicrobial programs in nearly all nucleated cells interferons (IFNs) help orchestrate the innate immune response of mammals to a diverse array of microbial pathogens. Recent work has highlighted the complexity of this transcriptional repertoire and the emergence of several families of IFN-inducible guanosine 5′ triphosphatases (GTPases) – p47, guanylate-binding protein (GBP), Mx and very large inducible GTPases (VLIG) – that subsume pathogen-specific roles. Such specificity arises from a combination of both the type and timing of inductive stimuli, target-cell population, subcellular binding partners and the infectious agent encountered. Evolution of different GTPase families to combat compartmentalized versus cytosolic pathogens reveals a hitherto unexpected level of intracellular discrimination during vertebrate host defense.
PHOTOPERIOD INDUCED CHANGE IN PHYLLOTAXIS IN XANTHIUM

Photoperiodic floral induction in Xanthium, achieved by subjecting the plants to two long nights, is accompanied by a transient change of the phyllotaxis from the (2, 3) contact parastichy pattern of vegetative plants, to a (3, 5) pattern during the transition. To specify the phyllotaxis, two parameters were estimated from transverse sections of apical buds of control and treated plants: the divergence angle, a, and the plastochron ratio, a. The plastochron ratio decreased progressively during transition from the vegetative to the reproductive state of growth, from a = 1.48 initially to a = 1.15 six days after the beginning of induction. The divergence angle was not altered during the transition. This change in phyllotaxis is interpreted as a change in the relative positioning of leaf primordia on the transitional apex. This transient change appears to be identical with the previously described long-term change of the phyllotaxis of Xanthium brought about by treatment of plants with gibberellic acid.
Targeting signal transduction pathways by chemopreventive agents.

Abstract Cancer is a dynamic process that involves many complex factors, which may explain why a “magic bullet” cure for cancer has not been found. Death rates are still rising for many types of cancers, which possibly contributes to the increased interest in chemoprevention as an alternative approach to the control of cancer. This strategy for cancer control is based on the presumption that because cancer develops through a multi-step process, each step may be a prospective target for reversing or suppressing the process. Thus, the design and development of chemopreventive agents that act on specific and/or multiple molecular and cellular targets is gaining support as a rational approach to control cancer. Nutritional or dietary factors have attracted a great deal of interest because of their perceived ability to act as highly effective chemopreventive agents. They are professed as being generally safe and may have efficacy as chemopreventive agents by preventing or reversing premalignant lesions and/or reducing second primary tumor incidence. Many of these dietary compounds appear to act on multiple target signaling pathways. Some of the most interesting and well documented are resveratrol and components of tea, including EGCG, theaflavins and caffeine. This review will focus on recent work regarding three well-accepted cellular/molecular mechanisms that may at least partially explain the effectiveness of selected food factors, including those indicated above, as chemopreventive anti-promotion agents. These food compounds may act by: (1) inducing apoptosis in cancer cells; (2) inhibiting neoplastic transformation through the inhibition of AP-1 and/or NF-κB activation; and/or (3) suppressing COX-2 overexpression in cancer cells.
Magnetically enhanced thermal convection in oxygen gas

The effects of static magnetic fields on heat transfer in oxygen gas have been measured at temperatures between 78 and 112°K and pressures between 2.01 and 4.77 kN/m2. After the data are corrected for ordinary thermal conductivity behavior, comparison with theory suggests that the phenomenon is magnetically enhanced thermal convection.
Substance use disorders among first- and second- generation immigrant adults in the United States: evidence of an immigrant paradox?

Objective:A growing number of studies have examined the “immigrant paradox” with respect to the use of licit and illicit substances in the United States. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive examination of the multigenerational and global links between immigration and substance use disorders among adults in the United States.Method:The present study, using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, aimed to address these gaps by comparing the prevalence of substance use disorders of first-generation (n = 3,338) and second-generation (n = 2,515) immigrants with native-born American adults (n = 15,733) in the United States. We also examined the prevalence of substance use disorders among first-generation emigrants from Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America in contrast to second-generation and native-born Americans.Results:The prevalence of substance use disorders was highest among native-born Americans, slightly lower among second-generation immigrants, and...
Numerical Simulations of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating on Coal Syngas: A Parametric Study

Fuel cells are considered to be one of the main sources of future power supply around the world because of their many desirable features; technology virtually free of pollution, the ability to use alternative fuels other than fossil fuels, and higher efficiencies than combustion engines. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) can operate on a wide range of fuels, particularly with coal syngas. However, several issues have to be solved before SOFC’s operating on coal syngas can be introduced into the market as a reliable and cost viable technology. Numerical simulations can be used in conjunction with experiments to assist in resolution of such barriers. In the present work, a three-dimensional model is used to study the performance of a SOFC running on coal syngas operating at various conditions. The code is capable of simulating several species in the fuel stream, such as methane, steam, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of both fuels is considered. Internal reforming and water gas shift reaction are other processes that are taken into account. Simulations of typical anode-supported button cells are performed to assess the effects of cell operating temperature, fuel composition and CO electrochemistry on the performance of the button SOFCs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Synthetische Shigella-Impfstoffe: ein Kohlenhydrat-Protein-Konjugat mit vollständig synthetischen Hexadecasaccharid-Haptenen

Neue Wege bei der Bekampfung von Darminfektionen eroffnen die im Titel genannten Impfstoffe, die aus einer Oligosaccharid-Teilstruktur vom O-spezifischen Polysaccharid des humanpathogenen Bakteriums Shigella dysenteria Typ 1, einem Spacer und humanem Serumalbumin (HSA) bestehen (siehe unten). Die Verfugbarkeit derartiger Analoga von Fragmenten der bakteriellen Zelloberflachen-Polysaccharide ist fur die Entwicklung antibakterieller Glycokonjugat-Impfstoffe von entscheidender Bedeutung.
The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Tau

Tau protein was a well-studied molecule before it was discovered in the Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. As a microtubule-associated protein (MAP), it continues to be of interest to microtubule biologists who have provided a rather rich knowledge about this protein. Recent work suggests that tau, a neuronal MAP, is capable of generating some features of an axonal shape and an axon-like organization of the cytoskeleton. The importance of tau in pathology stems from its relationship to Alzheimer paired helical filaments and dystrophic neurites. Tau was first believed to be a component of paired helical filaments based upon immunocytochemical grounds (1-6) and then conclusively demonstrated by protein chemical techniques (7-9). Most recently it was shown that bacterially expressed tau fragments from the microtubule-binding domain can self-assemble into paired helical filaments that resemble those from the Alzheimer brain (10).
Susceptibility of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) developmental stages to high temperatures used during structural heat treatments

Heating the ambient air of a whole, or a portion of a food-processing facility to 50 to 60C and maintaining these elevated temperatures for 24 to 36 h, is an old technology, referred to as heat treatment. There is renewed interest in adopting heat treatments around the world as a viable insect control alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide. There is limited published information on
Tumor-Specific, Replication-Competent Adenovirus Vectors Overexpressing the Adenovirus Death Protein

We have constructed two novel adenovirus (Ad) replication-competent vectors, named KD1 and KD3, that may have use in anticancer therapy. The vectors have two key features. First, they markedly overexpress the Ad death protein (ADP), an Ad nuclear membrane glycoprotein required at late stages of infection for efficient cell lysis and release of Ad from cells. Overexpression of ADP was achieved by deleting the E3 region and reinserting the adp gene. Because ADP is overexpressed, KD1 and KD3 are expected to spread more rapidly and effectively through tumors. Second, KD1 and KD3 have two E1A mutations (from the mutant dl1101/1107) that prevent efficient replication in nondividing cells but allow replication in dividing cancer cells. These E1A mutations preclude binding of E1A proteins to p300 and pRB. As a result, the virus should not be able to drive cells from G(0) to S phase and therefore should not be able to replicate in normal tissues. We show that KD1 and KD3 do not replicate well in quiescent HEL-299 cells or in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, small airway epithelial cells, or endothelial cells; however, they replicate well in proliferating HEL-299 cells and human A549 lung carcinoma cells. In cultured A549 cells, KD1 and KD3 lyse cells and spread from cell to cell more rapidly than their control virus, dl1101/1107, or wild-type Ad. They are also more efficient than dl1101/1107 or wild-type Ad in complementing the spread from cell to cell of an E1(-) E3(-) replication-defective vector expressing beta-galactosidase. A549 cells form rapidly growing solid tumors when injected into the hind flanks of immunodeficient nude mice; however, when A549 cells were infected with 10(-4) PFU of KD3/cell prior to injection into mice, tumor formation was nearly completely suppressed. When established A549 tumors in nude mice were examined, tumors injected with buffer grew 13.3-fold over 5 weeks, tumors injected with dl1101/1107 grew 8-fold, and tumors injected with KD1 or KD3 grew 2.6-fold. Hep 3B tumors injected with buffer grew 12-fold over 3.5 weeks, whereas tumors injected with KD1 or KD3 grew 4-fold. We conclude that KD1 and KD3 show promise as anticancer therapeutics.
Variable length unequal cost parsing and coding for shaping

Shaping codes can be obtained from optimal unequal cost coding algorithms due to Lempel, Even, and Cohn (1973) in the variable-length-to-block case and to Varn (1971) in the block-to-variable-length case. The former is related to ad hoc approaches to shaping previously described while the latter is novel in the shaping context.
Bayesian Inference of Genetic Regulatory Networks from Time Series Microarray Data Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks

Reverse engineering of genetic regulatory networks from time series microarray data are investigated. We propose a dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) modeling and a full Bayesian learning scheme. The proposed DBN directly models the continuous expression levels and also is associated with parameters that indicate the degree as well as the type of regulations. To learn the network from data, we proposed a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm. The RJMCMC algorithm can provide not only more accurate inference results than the deterministic alternative algorithms but also an estimate of the a posteriori probabilities (APPs) of the network topology. The estimated APPs provide useful information on the confidence of the inferred results and can also be used for efficient Bayesian data integration. The proposed approach is tested on yeast cell cycle microarray data and the results are compared with the KEGG pathway map.
logjam Encodes a Predicted EMP24/GP25 Protein That Is Required for Drosophila Oviposition Behavior

A newly characterized Drosophila melanogaster gene, logjam (loj), functions in female reproduction by modulating oviposition behavior. The locus encodes at least six overlapping transcripts with unique 5' ends. P-element mutants that express very low levels of loj transcripts are unable to oviposit mature eggs. This phenotype can be rescued by the introduction of a transgene expressing the most abundant loj transcript. As for many genes that specify behavioral outputs, loj is present in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, it is also observed in vitellogenic egg chambers, suggesting that there may be multiple functions for this gene in egg-laying behavior. loj encodes a predicted protein with homology to the EMP24/GP25 transmembrane components of cytoplasmic vesicles and likely functions in intracellular trafficking.
Asymptotic Fields of a Perfectly-Plastic, Plane-Stress Mode II Growing Crack

Abstract : The asymptotic near-tip stress and velocity fields are presented for a plane-stress mode II crack propagating quasi-statically in an elastic-perfectly plastic Mises solid. The solution is found to have fully continuous stress and velocity fields, and a configuration similar to that of the anti-plane strain problem: a singular centered fan plastic sector ahead of the crack, followed by an elastic unloading sector and a constant stress plastic sector extending to the crack flank. The impossibility of a plane-stress mode I crack solution having these properties is also discussed. (Author)
Medicare extra: a comprehensive benefit option for Medicare beneficiaries.

ABSTRACT: The proposed Part E, Medicare Extra, outlined in this paper adds a comprehensive benefit option to Medicare, eliminating the need for beneficiaries to purchase a private drug plan and Med...
Measurement of Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer Coefficients for Selected Vegetables

ABSTRACT Two experimental devices. Capped Column and Open Column, were used to measure four heat and mass transfer coefficients of four vegetables: potato, yam. butterquash and turnip. Two classical coefficients, thermal conductivity. KT, and moisture diffusivity. DM, and two coupled coefficients. moisture gradient induced heat transfer coefficient, KM, and temperature gradient induced moisture migration coefficient Dr(or δT=DT/DM), were measured. The mean measured values of KT obtained for potato, yam, buttersquash and turnip were 0.50, 0.58, 0.54 and 0.51 W/m-K, respectively. The mean measured values of KM for potato, yam. buttersquash and turnip were 117.1, 32.8, 41.0 and 190.8 W/m, respectively, of δT were 0.00059, 0.00065, 0.00024and 0.00047 per degree K, respectively and of DM were 1.32×10-9, 1.16×10-9, and 1.58×10-4 m2/s, respectively. Smaller interocellular spaces seemed to have a positive effect on the thermal conductivity. Moisture content and size of intercellular spaces both seemed to have pos...
Contributions to the mode of action of sympathetic blocking agents.

The adrenergic blocking agents, Dibenamine, yohimbine, benzodioxanes, and Pris-coline, when given in divided doses, progressively block epinephrine and nor-epinephrine pressor effects as the doses of the blocking agents are increased. There are quantitative differences between the degrees of efficacy of these blocking agents. The Isuprel depressor effect is enhanced by the administration of several of the above blocking agents. Ergotamine prevents the vasomotor reversal of epinephrine by usually effective doses of the above adrenergic blocking agents, and supra-adrenolytic doses of the blocking agents are necessary to produce their typical action in ergotaminized animals. Ergotamine potentiates the pressor effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine and reverses the depressor effects of Isuprel and isopropyl nor-sympatol.
Prediction of Precombustion Wall Pressure Distributions in Scramjet Engines

T e = area = diameter of duct = fuel-air equivalence ratio = Mach number = pressure = Reynolds number based on initial boundary-layer momentum thickness s — axial coordinate with origin at beginning of precombustionshock pressure rise; s = s/(s0 + sd); st = s0 + sd Sdt SQ = displacements of interaction region downstream and upstream of fuel injector, respectively = temperature = value of exponent in pressure-area relationship 7]c = combustion efficiency 0 = boundary-layer momentum thickness Subscripts a = combustor entrance / = final pressure s — condition following shock f0 > tf — total, plenum condition of air and fuel, respectively w =• condition at wall
Altered nitric oxide production mediates matrix-specific PAK2 and NF-κB activation by flow

Shear stress generated by distinct blood flow patterns modulates endothelial cell phenotype to spatially restrict atherosclerotic plaque development. Signaling through p21-activated kinase (PAK) mediates several of the deleterious effects of shear stress, including enhanced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory gene expression. Whereas shear stress activates PAK in endothelial cells on a fibronectin matrix, basement membrane proteins limit shear-induced PAK activation and inflammation through a protein kinase A-dependent pathway; however, the mechanisms underlying this regulation were unknown. We show that basement membrane proteins limit membrane recruitment of PAK2, the dominant isoform in endothelial cells, by blocking its interaction with the adaptor protein Nck. This uncoupling response requires protein kinase A-dependent nitric oxide production and subsequent PAK2 phosphorylation on Ser-20 in the Nck-binding domain. Of importance, shear stress does not stimulate nitric oxide production in endothelial cells on fibronectin, resulting in enhanced PAK activation, NF-κB phosphorylation, ICAM-1 expression, and monocyte adhesion. These data demonstrate that differential flow-induced nitric oxide production regulates matrix-specific PAK signaling and describe a novel mechanism of nitric oxide-dependent NF-κB inhibition.
Transfusion-induced malaria.

Since 1958, 37 cases of transfusion-induced malaria have been reported in the United States; 27 of them occurred in the past five years. This increase is related to the recent marked increase in imported cases from Vietnam; 13 of the 21 identified infective donors were servicemen who had recently returned from Vietnam. There has also been a significant increase in the percentage of cases that are due to the malignant species, Plasmodium falciparum. This increase in transfusion-induced malaria warrants a re-examination of the standards now in use to prevent the transmission of malaria from prospective blood donors.
System availability with non-exponentially distributed outages

This paper studies the steady-state availability of systems with times to outages and recoveries that are generally distributed. Availability bounds are derived for systems with limited information about the distributions. Also investigated are the applicability of convenient exponential models in evaluating availability for systems that have two-sided bounded distributions of times to planned outages. A general closed-form formula is derived for the steady-state availability of a system with multiple outage types of arbitrary distributions. The formula shows that only the mean values of times to repair (TTR/sub i/, i = 1, 2,..., n) affect the steady-state availability; i.e., distributions of TTR/sub i/ with the same mean value have the same effect in determining the steady-state system availability. However, the distributions of times to outages, (TTO/sub i/, i = 1, 2,..., n), have an important impact on the steady-state system availability. Bounds are provided for the steady-state availability for a system subject to unplanned outages, for which times-to-outages are exponentially distributed and planned outages for which times-to-outages have bounded distributions. In practice, the distribution of time to planned outages is generally bounded due to economic constraints and industrial competition. The bounds derived here are good estimates of the system's steady-state availability, if the only known information of time-to-planned-outage is its two-sided bounds. Popular all-exponential models that assume that all times to outages and recoveries are exponentially distributed can under-estimate or over-estimate system availability if used for a system with generally distributed times to outages, of which limited information is known. Therefore explicit criteria are presented for determining when an all-exponential model, if applied to systems with outages of two-sided bounded general distributions, is a good approximation.
Monitoring hot-electron-induced degradation of floating-body SOI MOSFETs

A simple model relating the hot-electron-controlled device lifetime of floating-body SOI MOSFETs to the body voltage is discussed. The model is derived from the familiar relationship between the device lifetime and the substrate current of bulk MOSFETs, a relationship that cannot be measured directly in floating-body MOSFETs. The model, which allows quick estimation of the device lifetime from body-voltage measurements, is supported by measurements of hot-electron-induced degradation of floating-body SOI MOSFETs fabricated using SIMOX substrates. >
Mutations that Separate the Functions of the Proofreading Subunit of the Escherichia coli Replicase

The dnaQ gene of Escherichia coli encodes the e subunit of DNA polymerase III, which provides the 3′ → 5′ exonuclease proofreading activity of the replicative polymerase. Prior studies have shown that loss of e leads to high mutation frequency, partially constitutive SOS, and poor growth. In addition, a previous study from our laboratory identified dnaQ knockout mutants in a screen for mutants specifically defective in the SOS response after quinolone (nalidixic acid) treatment. To explain these results, we propose a model whereby, in addition to proofreading, e plays a distinct role in replisome disassembly and/or processing of stalled replication forks. To explore this model, we generated a pentapeptide insertion mutant library of the dnaQ gene, along with site-directed mutants, and screened for separation of function mutants. We report the identification of separation of function mutants from this screen, showing that proofreading function can be uncoupled from SOS phenotypes (partially constitutive SOS and the nalidixic acid SOS defect). Surprisingly, the two SOS phenotypes also appear to be separable from each other. These findings support the hypothesis that e has additional roles aside from proofreading. Identification of these mutants, especially those with normal proofreading but SOS phenotype(s), also facilitates the study of the role of e in SOS processes without the confounding results of high mutator activity associated with dnaQ knockout mutants.
Variations in levels of acid phosphatase present in chicken whole leg meat

Acid phosphatase (ACP) has been identified as a potential biomarker for endpoint temperature determination in further-processed poultry. Multiple analyses of the same sample for ACP have produced consistent results. The degree of variation in ACP levels present in different production lots has not been identified. This study was conducted utilizing a single flock of broilers. Birds were slaughtered on four separate days (replications), and whole leg, without skin, was homogenized. Proximate composition was analyzed for each replication. Water-soluble proteins were extracted from raw meat and assessed for initial ACP levels. Samples of meat were cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1 C. There were differences (P < 0.05) between replications for both moisture and fat content. When dry fat content was analyzed, no significant differences occurred between replicates. Initial ACP levels were different (P < 0.0001) between replicates (500.33 to 348.97 units of activity/kg). Levels of ACP activity after cooking were also different (P < 0.0001) between replicates (17.61 to 10.82 units of activity/kg). Percentage degradation of activity during cooking was similar (96.98 to 95.89%) between replicates. ACP levels were consistently measured within a replicate. Differences between replicates for both initial and cooked levels indicate a threshold level for determination of thermal endpoint would be difficult to establish. ACP may not be a sensitive measure to estimate the degree of doneness of meat samples in which initial ACP concentration is unknown. Identical raw sample required for such a comparison would be difficult for the processing industry to maintain.
Beta Decay of Y 91

The decay of Y/sup 91/ was studied using NaI(Tl) scintillation counters and a 4 pi beta-ray scintillation spectrometer. A single gamma ray with a measured energy of 1.208 plus or minus 0.010 Mev was observed. The shape and end-point energy of the weak ( approximately 0.3%) beta group in coincidence with the 1.208-Mev gamma ray was measured. The end-point energy was determined to be 0.319 plus or minus 0.010 Mev. The experimental shape factor is clearly in disagreement with that predicted for a once-forbidden unique transition, 41 = 2 (yes). The 0.319Mev beta spectrum yields a shape factor which may, within experimental accuracy, be interpreted as a statistical shape. These measurements yield a Y/sup 91/--Zr/sup 91/ mass difference of 1.527 plus or minus 0.014 Mev. (auth)
"Truth Machines" and Confessions Law in the Year 2046

This paper was presented at the Michael E. Moritz College of Law, Ohio State University, on the fortieth birthday of Miranda v. Arizona. It seeks to imagine what the law of interrogation will be like forty years hence. Miranda’s goal was, at least in part, to guarantee a decorous interrogation process that respects the dignity and autonomy of the suspect. Miranda’s imagined regime is in stark contrast to the interrogation in several cases from 1940-65 where the police interrogated suspects relentlessly over a period of days. Because most suspects waive their Miranda rights, Miranda’s promise of a low-pressure, dignified interrogation process has been largely un-fulfilled. It also appears exceedingly unlikely that a low-pressure process can be achieved through legislation or a return to a robust Miranda rule. But, the paper argues, there is nothing wrong with high pressure police interrogation as long as we could be relatively confident that the suspects being interrogated are guilty. The paper argues that the most significant danger posed by high-pressure police interrogation, now thoroughly documented by DNA exonerations, is that innocent suspects will incriminate themselves. Thus, the goal of interrogation law going forward should be to reduce the risk that innocent suspects are interrogated. In service of that goal, the paper imagines “truth machines” that could separate the guilty from the innocent with a high degree of certainty.
FOREIGN ASSISTANCE FOR HANDLING SPENT NUCLEAR NAVAL FUEL IN RUSSIA: SETTING PRIORITIES i

For Russia’s foreign partners, prioritizing tasks related to spent fuel management first involves identifying urgent needs, potential bottlenecks or gaps in assistance programs, safety and security issues, and possible technical solutions. Partner goals, and partner governments’ ability to explain how potential assistance projects meet those goals, are additional critical factors in choosing which projects to undertake in Russia. The goals of Russia’s partners vary, but they generally share the desire to avoid environmental accidents and the theft of any radioactive materials, particularly spent fuel. The elimination of bottlenecks and gaps is also critical, since they can not only cause inefficiencies but also lead to security and safety problems. This paper identifies some of the factors needed for foreign partners to set priorities, focusing on the area of handling spent submarine fuel, and reviews which tasks address critical, time-sensitive goals, and which might be less urgent. Finally, it makes some observations regarding how certain tasks are interrelated. While foreign countries have cooperated with Russia in the sphere of nuclear submarine dismantlement for a decade, and have learned a great deal during that time, this cooperation is still not as successful as it could be. In part, this appears to be caused by a continued lack of detailed information, difficulties in project coordination and planning, and political hurdles in partner countries resulting from a popular perception that programs are running into unforeseen hurdles. In setting foreign assistance priorities, it is important to consider how that assistance can have the biggest impact as soon as possible, along with working toward more distant goals. Some tasks, such as handling spent fuel, storage containers, or other equipment that is deteriorating and becoming increasingly dangerous, are urgent. Successful action in the near future is needed to reduce risks. Such action has the additional multiplier effect of improving the political climate in Russia’s partner countries, making further assistance projects more likely to succeed at home – which is critical if they are to prevail in Russia. Thus, Russia’s partners want to be able to identify projects that will improve the situation as soon as possible, and do so successfully.
Max Weber, Bloc Buster from the Past?

Fundamental principles from Schumpeter's Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), and Weber's The Theory of Social and Economic Development (1921) are offered as frameworks within which to examine the current status of emerging free market economies in Central Europe. This examination suggests that entrepreneurs and small busi­ nesses may be key ingredients to the successful unfreezing of these recently socialist markets, and while much progress has been made to facilitate free markets, many obstacles remain.
The Softest Rock on Earth

The name for talc, a sheer white mineral, is derived from the Greek word talq, which means “pure.” It is the softest rock on earth. Talc sculptures, vessels, and seals decorated with mythical creatures and animals created by the Mohenjo-Daro and Harappo craftsmen have been found that date back to over 5000 years ago. These craftsmen usually heated their talc, generating a hard, luminous surface. Talc was also used in exquisite Chinese carvings as well as Assyrian cylindrical signets and seals. The ancient Egyptians created scarabs and amulets out of talc, which they commonly varnished with a blue, glossy finish. In addition, talc sculptures from 1100 CE have been discovered in Belur, Halebid and Sravanabelagola, India. In 1890, the powdered form of talc—talcum powder—was found to relieve skin irritations caused by Johnson & Johnson’s medicated plasters and was soon used in many other plaster mixes. Johnson & Johnson also realized that talc mitigated diaper rash, leading to the invention of Johnson’s Baby Powder in 1894, which is still used today. We now know that talc, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 or H2Mg3(SiO3)4, consists of hydrated magnesium silicate, although some substitutions of aluminum, iron, or manganese can occur. Talc is formed from soapstone, which is made of talc and other minerals, including mica, quartz, and iron. Over time, the soapstone naturally transforms into steatite and pure talc. Talc is nonporous, chemically inert, lamellar, and does not stain or burn. Although talc deposits exist throughout the world, the talc mined in each deposit has unique chemical and morphologic characteristics that make it best suited for different domestic and industrial applications. Talc is primarily used in the ceramic and paper industries, although 5% of all consumed talc is used in cosmetics. As a result of weak van der Waals forces, talc’s crystalline sheets are able to easily slide past one another, creating a lubricant that moisturizes skin. These sheets are also very flexible yet durable, enabling talc to soften and smoothen skin. Talc’s stratified sheets and its translucency allow it to cover up blemishes with just a thin coat. Because talc can be found as a solid, semisolid, or liquid matrix, talc is used in cosmetics that are solid, like antiperspirants and lipsticks; semisolid, such as blushes and eyeshadows; and liquid, like creams and lotions. Talc is also used in a variety of products in other industries, including animal feed, electrical insulation, asphalt roofing, paint, tiles, soap porcelain, pill coating, plastic, rubber, putties, pencils, crayons, counter tops, tailor’s chalk, chewing gum, and hard candy. Thus, talc is very versatile material with both dermatological and nondermatological applications.
The antecedents of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction toward various types of hotels: A text mining approach

Abstract Customers’ online reviews play an important role in generating electronic word of mouth; these reviews serve as an online communication tool that highly influences consumers’ demand for hotels. Using latent semantic analysis, which is a text mining approach, we analyze online customer reviews of hotels. We find that the determinants that create either customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction toward hotels are different and are specific to particular types of hotels, including full-service hotels, limited-service hotels, suite hotels with food and beverage, and suite hotels without food and beverage. Our study provides a clue for hoteliers to enhance customer satisfaction and alleviate customer dissatisfaction by improving service and satisfying the customers’ needs for the different types of hotels the hoteliers own.
A role for sodium-retaining steroids in the regulation of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption in man.

1. The response to an infusion of 4% (w/v) fructose in water was determined in fifteen women on a daily sodium intake of 100 mEq/day. The results were compared with those obtained during a similar infusion on another day after treatment with deoxycorticosterone (20 mg/day; seven subjects), or spironolactone (200 mg/day; eight subjects), for 1 day before the day of study. 2. Treatment with deoxycorticosterone significantly ( P < 0·01) decreased sodium excretion (from a mean value of 391 to 192 μEq/min) and urine flow rate (from 14·3 to 12·4 ml min−1 100 ml−1 of glomerular filtrate) without a change in urinary osmolality or the clearance of inulin. The steroid also increased the fractional reabsorption of sodium at the diluting segment of the nephron, but this increase in reabsorption was not sufficient to compensate for the decrease in delivery of sodium to the site, so that absolute free-water clearance decreased. 3. Treatment with spironolactone significantly ( P < 0·01) increased sodium excretion (from 349 to 437 μEq/min) and urine flow rate (from 12·5 to 14·4 ml min−1 100 ml−1 of glomerular filtrate) with essentially no change in urinary osmolality or in inulin clearance. Spironolactone also decreased the fractional reabsorption of sodium at the diluting segment of the nephron, but the degree of inhibition of reabsorption was not sufficient to prevent an increase in free-water clearance as a result of increased delivery of sodium to the site. 4. The findings support the concept that changes in circulating aldosterone can alter the renal excretion of sodium in man by affecting its reabsorption in the proximal tubule as well as in the distal tubule.
Some Cultural and Biochemical Characteristics of Enterotoxic Staphylococci

It is evident that staphylococcus food poisoning is not a rarity, at least in the United States. As early as 1894 a probable outbreak was reported (by Denysl), and since then there have been about 50 additional outbreaks reported in the literature. It was not until the extensive investigations of Jordan,2 and Dack,3 and others, that this type of food poisoning was recognized as an important cause of gastro-intestinal upsets. Various attempts have been made to distinguish the staphylococcus capable of producing the gastro-intestinal irritant from other types. Stritar and Jordan4 concluded that chromogenesis, hemolysin production, fermentation reactions, gelatin liquefaction, agglutination and agglutination absorptions were not distinctive. Shaughnessy and Grubb5 investigated the action of the enterotoxic staphylococci on carbohydrates, but they concluded that there was no valid basis for correlation with animal tests because some of the monkeys used may have been insusceptible. Determination of enterotoxicity has always been fraught with difficulties. Dolman, Wilson and Cockcroft6 devised a method of detecting staphylococcus enterotoxin by inoculating a heated filtrate of a staphylococcus intraperitoneally into kittens. This test was devised because the extensive use of the human volunteer was neither valid nor expedient; monkey feeding tests, first reported by Jordan and McBroom7 and confirmed by Woolpert and Dack,8 proved inadequate because monkeys were not readily procured nor easily handled, and many of them were not susceptible to the enterotoxin; and all attempts to adapt rabbits and guinea pigs to those conditions defined by Borthwick9 failed. The present investigation was merely an attempt to determine whether or not the staphylococci might be differentiated by their characteristics and reactions on the most common laboratory mediums. This involved the collection of a suitable number of strains from various sources; the invigoration of these organisms on the starch-agar medium suggested by Jordan and Bur-
INTEGRATION OF HIGH FIDELITY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS INTO PARALLEL MULTIDISCIPLINARY AIRCRAFT ANALYSIS

A high fidelity parallel static structural analysis capability is created and interfaced to the multidisciplinary analysis package ENSAERO-MPI of Ames Research Center. This new module replaced ENSAERO's lower fidelity simple finite element and modal modules. Full aircraft structures may be more accurately modeled using the new finite element capability. Parallel computation is performed by breaking the full structure into multiple substructures. This approach is conceptually similar to ENSAERO's multi-zonal fluid analysis capability. The new substructure code is used to solve the structural finite element equations for each substructure in parallel. NAS TRAN/COSMIC is utilized as a front end for this code. Its full library of elements can be used to create an accurate and realistic aircraft model. It is used to create the stiffness matrices for each sub-structure. The new parallel code then uses an iterative preconditioned conjugate gradient method to solve the global structural equations for the substructure boundary nodes. Results are presented for a wing-body configuration.
Graft Site Microenvironment Determines Dendritic Cell Trafficking Through the CCR7-CCL19/21 Axis

Purpose The graft site microenvironment has a profound effect on alloimmunity and graft survival. We aimed to study the kinetics and phenotype of trafficking antigen-presenting cells (APC) to the draining lymph nodes (DLNs) in a mouse model of corneal transplantation, and to evaluate the homing mechanisms through which graft site inflammation controls APC trafficking.