cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obtaining a Relationship Between Process Parameters and Fracture Characteristics for Hybrid CO2 Laser∕Waterjet Machining of Ceramics

A combined experimental and analytical approach is undertaken to identify the relationship between process parameters and fracture behavior in the cutting of a 1 mm thick alumina samples by a hybrid CO 2 laser/waterjet (LWJ) manufacturing process. In LWJ machining, a 200 W power laser was used for local heating followed by waterjet quenching of the sample surface leading to thermal shock fracture in the heated zone. Experimental results indicate three characteristic fracture responses: scribing, controlled separation, and uncontrolled fracture. A Green's function based approach is used to develop an analytical solution for temperatures and stress fields generated in the workpiece during laser heating and subsequent waterjet quenching along the machining path. Temperature distribution was experimentally measured using thermocouples and compared with analytical predictions in order to validate the model assumptions. Computed thermal stress fields are utilized to determine the stress intensity factor and energy release rate for different configurations of cracks that caused scribing or separation of the workpiece. Calculated crack driving forces are compared with fracture toughness and critical energy release rates to predict the equilibrium crack length for scribed samples and the process parameters associated with transition from scribing to separation. Both of these predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations. An empirical parameter is developed to identify the transition from controlled separation to uncontrolled cracking because the equilibrium crack length based analysis is unable to predict this transition. Finally, the analytical model and empirical parameter are utilized to create a map that relates the process parameters to the fracture behavior of alumina samples.
An Evaluation of Three Brief Programs for Facilitating Recovery After Assault

Ninety female recent assault survivors who met symptom criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomized to one of three interventions: Brief Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, which focused on processing the traumatic event (B-CBT); assessment condition (AC); or supportive counseling (SC). Within 4 weeks of an assault, participants met weekly with a therapist for four 2-hr sessions. Across all interventions, participants reported decreases in PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety over time. At postintervention, participants in B-CBT reported greater decreases in self-reported PTSD severity and a trend toward lower anxiety than those in SC. At 3-month follow-up, participants in B-CBT evidenced lower general anxiety than those in SC and a trend toward lower self-reported PTSD severity. At last available follow-up (on average, 9-months postassault), all three interventions were generally similar in outcome. These findings suggest that a trauma-focused intervention aimed at those with severe PTSD symptoms after an assault can accelerate recovery.
Common Magnitude Error Due to Phase Noise in OFDM Systems

Phase noise from oscillator instabilities poses a limitation to the efficiency of data recovery in orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) systems and basically comprises of two effects: a phase error common to all OFDM subcarriers called the common phase error (CPE) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). This paper brings to light a third component which is a change in magnitude common to all the subcarriers which we will call the common magnitude error (CME). Estimation and correction of the CME can be done in a similar manner to CPE estimation and correction by using the reference information on the pilot subcarriers.
OFDM-constrained channel capacity estimates of the SIMO shallow underwater communication channel

Single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) shallow underwater acoustic channel response measurements are used to develop baseband equivalent, discrete-time, intersymbol interference (ISI) SIMO channel impulse response models. Zero-padded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used with the database of ISI channel models to estimate the OFDM-constrained ergodic channel capacity, and the outage capacity. A simplified expression for the SIMO ergodic channel capacity is derived. The channel capacity is compared to estimates of bit error rate for differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) used in the OFDM SIMO system. Spread-response precoding is shown to significantly improve the OFDM/DBPSK performance.
A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency

Current strain theories argue that delinquency results from the blockage of goalseeking behavior. Unable to achieve valued goals, individuals become frustrated and may turn to delinquency as a result. This paper points to another major source of frustration and delinquency, the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior. Adolescents are compelled to remain in certain environments, such as family and school. If these environments are painful or aversive, there is little that adolescents can do legally to escape. This blockage of pain-avoidance behavior is likely to be frustrating and may lead to illegal escape attempts or anger-based delinquency. This theory is tested using data from a national sample of adolescent boys. Data indicate that location in aversive school and family environments has a direct effect on delinquency and an indirect effect through anger. These effects hold even after social control and subcultural deviance variables are controlled. Given the weak support for traditional strain theories based on the blockage of goal-seeking behavior, these data suggest a new direction for the development of strain theory. Strain theory is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels. In such cases, individuals may turn to illegitimate channels of goal achievement or strike out at the source of their frustration in anger. This is an appealing idea and it is not surprising that strain theory has had a major impact on delinquency research and public policy (Liska,b). Recent research, however, has been critical of strain theory or, at best, has provided only mixed support for the theory. This has led a number of researchers to call for either the abandonment or revision of strain theory (Elliott et al.; Hirschi; Kornhauser). This paper reviews the criticisms of current strain theories, examines some recent efforts to revise these theories, and then presents a new revision of strain theory based on the idea that delinquency results from the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior. This new revision is tested using data from a national sample of adolescent boys.
Properties of quantum Hall Skyrmions from anomalies

In this letter, we introduce Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE) Skyrmions in the Chern–Simons effective field theory description, and we present a new derivation of the FQHE Skyrmions properties, namely charge and spin, which results from considerations at the edge of the Hall sample. At the boundary, we demand anomaly cancellation for the chiral edge currents, as well as, allow for the possibility of Skyrmion creation and annihilation. For the Skyrmion charge and spin, we get the values eνNSky and νNSky/2, respectively, where e is electron charge, ν is the filling fraction and NSky is the Skyrmion winding number. We also add terms to the action so that the classical spin fluctuations in the bulk satisfy the standard equations of a ferromagnet and find that spin waves propagate with the classical drift velocity of the electron.
What Is Special About Special Education? Overview and Analysis

In this topical issue of The Journal of Special Education, leading scholars in special education reviewed the literature and investigated whether special education is, indeed, special by examining to what degree (a) effective techniques have been developed for students with disabilities, (b) these effective techniques are applied and implemented with fidelity, and (c) utilization of these techniques is unique to special education. In this article, the authors analyze findings from this special issue regarding what is special—effective, implemented, and unique—about special education. The authors found that effective, empirically supported practices have been developed for students with disabilities, that these techniques are used predominantly in special education, and that these effective practices are not implemented regularly or with fidelity. Recommendations to enhance the implementation of effective, research-based practices are offered.
Canine and feline primary ocular bacterial infections.

Primary ocular bacterial infections are associated with corneal, conjunctival, and eyelid diseases. Bacteria may be assodated with infection of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus and with intraocular infection occurring after penetrating injury or surgery.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure of an Adenovirus-Integrin Complex Indicates Conformational Changes in both Penton Base and Integrin

A structure of adenovirus type 12 (HAdV12) complexed with a soluble form of integrin alphavbeta5 was determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) image reconstruction. Subnanometer resolution (8 A) was achieved for the icosahedral capsid with moderate resolution (27 A) for integrin density above each penton base. Modeling with alphavbeta3 and alpha(IIb)beta3 crystal structures indicates that a maximum of four integrins fit over the pentameric penton base. The close spacing (approximately 60 A) of the RGD protrusions on penton base precludes integrin binding in the same orientation to neighboring RGD sites. Flexible penton-base RGD loops and incoherent averaging of bound integrin molecules explain the moderate resolution observed for the integrin density. A model with four integrins bound to a penton base suggests that integrin might extend one RGD-loop in the direction that could induce a conformational change in the penton base involving clockwise untwisting of the pentamer. A global conformational change in penton base could be one step on the way to the release of Ad vertex proteins during cell entry. Comparison of the cryoEM structure with bent and extended models for the integrin ectodomain reveals that integrin adopts an extended conformation when bound to the Ad penton base, a multivalent viral ligand. These findings shed further light on the structural basis of integrin binding to biologically relevant ligands, as well as on the molecular events leading to HAdV cell entry.
Parenting from the pocket: value tensions and technical directions for secure and private parent-teen mobile safety

An increasing number of high-tech devices, such as driver monitoring systems and Internet usage monitoring tools, are advertised as useful or even necessary for good parenting of teens. Simultaneously, there is a growing market for mobile "personal safety" devices. As these trends merge, there will be significant implications for parent-teen relationships, affecting domains such as privacy, trust, and maturation. Not only the teen and his or her parents are affected; other important stakeholders include the teen's friends who may be unwittingly monitored. This problem space, with less clear-cut assets, risks, and affected parties, thus lies well outside of more typical computer security applications.To help understand this problem domain and what, if anything, should be built, we turn to the theory and methods of Value Sensitive Design, a systematic approach to designing for human values in technology. We first develop value scenarios that highlight potential issues, benefits, harms, and challenges. We then conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 participants (9 teens and their parents). Results show significant differences with respect to information about: 1) internal state (e.g., mood) versus external environment (e.g., location) state; 2) situation (e.g., emergency vs. non-emergency); and 3) awareness (e.g., notification vs. non-notification). The value scenario and interview results positioned us to identify key technical challenges -- such as strongly protecting the privacy of a teen's contextual information during ordinary situations but immediately exposing that information to others as appropriate in an emergency -- and corresponding architectural levers for these technologies.In addition to laying a foundation for future work in this area, this research serves as a prototypical example of using Value Sensitive Design to explicate the underlying human values in complex security domains.
One-Loop Feynman Diagram Zeta-Functions inT > 0 Field Theory

The Matsubara sums of Euclidean finite-temperature (T>0) field theory, over discrete energy, express the nontrivial topology of cylindrical T>0 spacetime. We explore the possibility that an individual T>0 Feynman diagram can be identified as a special value of a ζ-function or other meromorphic function, whose existence depends on the cylindrical topology. (Here “meromorphic” refers to one or more complex variables in which analytic continuation is performed.) We prove that one-loop Feynman diagrams with 0, 1, 2, 3, … external lines do indeed have an associated ζ-function. This “Feynman diagram ζ-function” is by construction a convenient tool for the regularization (dimensional or analytic) of its diagram. But the true power of the diagram ζ-function approach shows up in the straightforward derivation they provide of exact high-T series expansions of the one-loop diagrams. All Feynman diagrams which are simple products of one-loop diagrams can be analysed conveniently in this way. Diagrams which involve overlapping loops are more difficult, and are only briefly touched upon here. Scalar fields are studied in this paper. Two sequels will deal with T>0 fields having spin, and field theory on toroidal spacetimes TN×En, which generalizes the considerations in this paper on T>0 spacetime S1×En.
Image segmentation using a charged fluid method

A new image segmentation algorithm that uses the simu- lation of a charged fluid is developed. Conceptually, a charged fluid consists of charged elements, each of which exerts a repelling elec- tric force on the others. The charged fluid behaves like a liquid such that it flows through and around different obstacles. The boundary of the segmented object is determined by the image gradient, which is modeled as potential wells that stop the propagating front. The simulation is evolved in two steps that are governed by Poisson's equation. The first step distributes the elements of the charged fluid along the propagating interface until an electrostatic equilibrium is achieved. The second step advances the propagating front of the charged fluid such that it deforms into a new shape in response to the equilibrium electric potential and the image potential. The pro- cedure is repeated until the propagating front resides on the bound- ary of objects being segmented. The electric potential of the simu- lated system is rapidly calculated using the finite-size particle (FSP) method implemented via the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. Experimental results using phantom images, photographic pictures, and medical images demonstrate the utility of this new algorithm in a wide variety of image processing applications. © 2006 SPIE and
Highly simplified method for gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of bile acids and sterols in human stool

A simple method for the gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of human fecal bile acids and sterols is described where bile acids are subjected to n-butyl ester derivatization, without prior isolation from the stool, followed by trimethylsilylation of the sterols and bile acids. Under these conditions, bile acid derivatives are well resolved from each other and from the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of fecal sterols and no overlap occurs. The method was shown to be highly reproducible and recoveries were similar to those obtained with other methods used for fecal bile acid analysis. Application of the method for bile acid and sterol analysis in human stool is described.
The effect of bleomycin and irradiation on G2 progression

Abstract The interaction of bleomycln and X-irradiation on the induction of G 2 delay in Chinese hamster ovary cab was investigated utilizing the mitotic selection procedure for cell cycle analysis. Following the addition of BLM the number of cells selected in mitosis remained at control level for a refractory period and then decreased. The location of the transition point, I.e. the age in G 2 at which cells become refractory to a progression blockade, was concentration-dependent, ranging from the SG2 boundary at low concentrations to the G2M boundary at high concentrations. Depending upon the concentration of the drug used and the duration of exposure, the mitotic rate either decreased to zero or else leveled off at some intermediate value and then recovered to the control level. The duration of BLM-induced division delay was thus dependent upon the concentration used and the duration of exposure. When cells were treated with pulses of bleomycin (10–500 μg/ml) in addition to X-irradiation, the mitotic rate declined as with exposure to X-ray alone. However, the recovery from radiation-induced division delay and the subsequent reappearance of mitotic cells in the selection window was delayed until the cells had recovered from their BLM-induced division delay. This implies that, in contrast to the synergistic effects observed for cell lethality, BLM and radiation do not interact in the production of a progression blockade and the resultant division delay.
Initial nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane costs of converting conservation reserve program grassland to row crops under no-till vs. conventional tillage.

Around 4.4 million ha of land in USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts will expire between 2013 and 2018 and some will likely return to crop production. No-till (NT) management offers the potential to reduce the global warming costs of CO2 ,C H4, and N2O emissions during CRP conversion, but to date there have been no CRP conversion tillage comparisons. In 2009, we converted portions of three 9–21 ha CRP fields in Michigan to conventional tillage (CT) or NT soybean production and reserved a fourth field for reference. Both CO2 and N2O fluxes increased following herbicide application in all converted fields, but in the CT treatment substantial and immediate N2O and CO2 fluxes occurred after tillage. For the initial 201-day conversion period, average daily N2O fluxes (g N2ONh a � 1 d � 1 ) were significantly different in the order: CT (47.5 � 6.31, n = 6) ≫ NT (16.7 � 2.45, n = 6) ≫ reference (2.51 � 0.73, n = 4). Similarly, soil CO2 fluxes in CT were 1.2 times those in NT and 3.1 times those in the unconverted CRP reference field. All treatments were minor sinks for CH4 (� 0.69 � 0.42 to � 1.86 � 0.37 g CH4– Ch a � 1 d � 1 ) with no significant differences among treatments. The positive global warming impact (GWI) of converted soybean fields under both CT (11.5 Mg CO2 eh a � 1 ) and NT (2.87 Mg CO2 eh a � 1 ) was in contrast to the negative GWI of the unconverted reference field (� 3.5 Mg CO2 eh a � 1 ) with on-going greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. N2O contributed 39.3% and 55.0% of the GWI under CT and NT systems with the remainder contributed by CO2 (60.7% and 45.0%, respectively). Including foregone mitigation, we conclude that NT management can reduce GHG costs by ~60% compared to CT during initial CRP conversion.
Neurophysiological Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia: The Viability of Selected Candidate Measures

In an effort to reveal susceptibility genes, schizophrenia research has turned to the endophenotype strategy. Endophenotypes are characteristics that reflect the actions of genes predisposing an individual to a disorder, even in the absence of diagnosable pathology. Individual endophenotypes are presumably determined by fewer genes than the more complex phenotype of schizophrenia and would, therefore, reduce the complexity of genetic analyses. Unfortunately, despite there being rational criteria to define a viable endophenotype, the term is sometimes applied indiscriminately to characteristics that are deviant in affected individuals. Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in several neurophysiological measures of information processing that have been proposed as candidate endophenotypes. Successful processing of sensory inputs requires the ability to inhibit intrinsic responses to redundant stimuli and, reciprocally, to facilitate responses to less frequent salient stimuli. There is evidence to suggest that both these processes are “impaired” in schizophrenia. Measures of inhibitory failure include prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, P50 auditory evoked potential suppression, and antisaccade eye movements. Measures of impaired deviance detection include mismatch negativity and the P300 event-related potential. The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the endophenotype candidacy of these key neurophysiological abilities. For each candidate, we describe typical experimental procedures, the current understanding of the underlying neurobiology, the nature of the abnormality in schizophrenia, the reliability, stability and heritability of the measure, and any reported gene associations. We conclude with a discussion of the few studies thus far that have employed a multivariate approach with these candidates.
An Analysis of the Assets for Independence Act of 1998 for Abused Women

The abuse of women in the United States is a complex social problem that has also been interwoven with a history of their impoverishment. Although advocates have called for an increase in resources that would help with abused women's short-term economic stability, they have largely ignored the issue of formulating policy that would assist with asset accumulation as a means of obtaining long-term economic security. In an attempt to address this need, the author proposes that the federal government should amend the Assets for Independence Act of 1998 (AFIA) to specifically include abused women and explains the rationale for such a policy.
Explanation-based generalization: a unifying view

The problem of formulating general concepts from specific training examples has long been a major focus of machine learning research. While most previous research has focused on empirical methods for generalizing from a large number of training examples using no domain-specific knowledge, in the past few years new methods have been developed for applying domain-specific knowledge to formulate valid generalizations from single training examples. The characteristic common to these methods is that their ability to generalize from a single example follows from their ability to explain why the training example is a member of the concept being learned. This paper proposes a general, domain-independent mechanism, called EBG, that unifies previous approaches to explanation-based generalization. The EBG method is illustrated in the context of several example problems, and used to contrast several existing systems for explanation-based generalization. The perspective on explanation-based generalization afforded by this general method is also used to identify open research problems in this area.
Moloney murine leukemia virus temperature-sensitive mutants: a model for retrovirus-induced neurologic disorders.

In the early 1960s Stansly observed in BALB/c mice a neurogenic paralysis of the hind limb associated with the cell-free transmission of a reticulum cell sarcoma, and suggested that the paralytogenic agent and the neoplastic virus could be the same (Stansly 1965). About a decade later, the discovery by Gardner and coworkers (1973) that an isolate of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) of wild mouse origin not only possesses the ability to cause lymphomas but also the ability to induce a nononcogenic, yet fatal disease of the CNS further suggested that MuLV is not only lymphomagenic but also neurovirulent. This naturally occurring MuLV-induced neurologic disorder was later found to be readily and reproducibly transmitted to susceptible laboratory mice (Officer et al. 1973; Oldstone et al. 1977), establishing the fact that this MuLV-related neurologic disease not only occurs in wild mice but can also be induced in laboratory mice (for review see Gardner 1985). Since then at least three instances of neurologic disorders induced by MuLV in laboratory mice and rats have been reported. In two of these instances, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) were involved. In the first case a group of ts mutants of MoMuLV-TB, a variant of MoMuLV, was found to be able to induce a rapidly progressive paralytic disease in mice (McCarter et al. 1977; Wong et al. 1983). The second case, which was reported by Billello and coworkers (1986), also involved a ts mutant of MoMuLV designated ts Mo BA-I MuLV, which was initially obtained from Peter Nobis of the University of Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
Synoptic Band Wintertime Heat Exchanges in the Yellow Sea

Abstract Advection of heat into the Yellow Sea along the Yellow Sea trough is inferred from the imbalance at three current meter mooring locations between the independently calculated heat loss to the atmosphere and the amount of heat released from the drop in ocean temperature. The moorings were employed during January - April 1986 along the Yellow Sea trough in an experiment to study the dynamics of the retum flow to the wind-driven currents during the cold front passage. Significant correlation in the synoptic band found betweent the northward trough flow and heat budget imbalance suggests that the return flow also advects heat into the Yellow Sea. The source of the heat is probably the Kuroshio water west of Kyushu.
Social Media Mining for Toxicovigilance: Automatic Monitoring of Prescription Medication Abuse from Twitter.

Introduction Prescription medication overdose is the fastest growing drug-related problem in the USA. The growing nature of this problem necessitates the implementation of improved monitoring strategies for investigating the prevalence and patterns of abuse of specific medications.
Archives in Japan : the state of the art

Although Japan has a long history, its archival traditions are still developing. The author gives a brief history of Japanese recordkeeping and its archival institutions. She also discusses archival legislation and the Japan Society of Archives Institutions. The article includes a translation of the Japanese archives law and an annotated bibliography of English-language articles on Japanese archives.
Posttranscriptional stabilization of c-fms mRNA by a labile protein during human monocytic differentiation.

Abstract The c-fms proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that is closely related or identical to the receptor for the monocyte colony-stimulating factor CSF-1. The present studies examined the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of c-fms gene expression during human monocytic differentiation. Levels of c-fms mRNA were undetectable in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, while 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced monocytic differentiation of these cells was associated with the appearance of these transcripts. Run-on transcription assays demonstrated that the c-fms gene was transcriptionally active in uninduced HL-60 cells and that the rate of transcription was unchanged after TPA treatment. These findings suggested that c-fms mRNA levels in HL-60 cells are controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms. The half-life of c-fms transcripts in TPA-induced HL-60 cells was found to be at least 6 h, while inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) decreased this half-life to 4 h. Moreover, inhibition of protein synthesis was associated with decreases in c-fms mRNA levels and a block in the induction of c-fms transcripts by TPA. These findings indicated that the c-fms transcript is stabilized by a labile protein. In contrast to HL-60 cells, c-fms mRNA is constitutively expressed in resting human monocytes and is down-regulated by treatment of these cells with TPA. Run-on assays demonstrated that TPA-induced downregulation of c-fms mRNA levels in monocytes occurred at the posttranscriptional level. Moreover, the results demonstrate that levels of c-fms mRNA are regulated posttranscriptionally by a labile protein. In this regard, the half-life of the c-fms transcript was 6.1 h in monocytes, while treatment of these cells with CHX decreased the half-life to 30 min. Furthermore, this effect of CHX occurred in the absence of changes in the rate of c-fms gene transcription. Together, these findings indicate that c-fms gene expression is regulated at a posttranscriptional level both in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate along the monocytic lineage and in human monocytes. The findings also indicate that levels of c-fms mRNA are regulated by the synthesis of a labile protein which is involved in stabilization of the c-fms transcript.
A new chapter in cardiac PKC signaling studies: searching for isoform-specific molecular targets. Focus on: "isoenzyme-selective regulation of SERCA2 gene expression by protein kinase C in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes".

in 2003, the field of cardiac cell signaling celebrates over a decade of achievements detailing the importance of protein kinase C (PKC) family of kinases. Among them, a critical accomplishment has been identification and characterization of extracellular stimuli for PKC isozymes in the heart,
Interdisciplinary perspectives on the rise and decline of indigenous organization in Ecuador

This review will discuss two books that explore the same topic: the impact of the use of electoral strategy on a social movement and the associated decline of ethnic organization in Ecuador. The tw...
Motion Pictures, Markets, and Copylocks

This article discusses what has arguably been the world’s greatest naturally occurring experiment in cultural production without copyright: the burgeoning audiovisual industry of Nigeria, aka “Nollywood.” Although Nigeria has a modern copyright law on the books, virtually complete lack of copyright enforcement for audiovisual media (first videotapes and now DVDs) has meant that Nollywood – now Nigeria’s second or third employment sector – has succeeded almost purely on first mover advantages. Yet as Nollywood matures, it appears to be evolving toward greater emphasis on distribution through physically controlled spaces (cinemas) and technologically-controlled channels (satellite and internet). To the degree Nollywood sees much of its future in digital networked distribution, it is far from alone. The American audiovisual and music industries are also increasingly built around business models that make works available to consumers through internet and satellite distribution – Netflix, Hulu, Spotify, Tidal, and Sirius XM to name just a few. All of these business models rely on the distinction between downloading copies of works and streaming performances of works, a distinction made possible by digital rights management (“DRM”) and the laws protecting DRM. Now, years after the debacle of DRM on compact discs and heady declarations that “DRM is dead,” we are entering a new world of content distribution on DRM-protected platforms that consumers accept. This makes 17 U.S.C. §1201 – put into American copyright law in the 1998 DMCA – an underappreciated legal foundation for new media models, both for Hollywood and Nollywood.
Resident Cosmetic Clinic: Practice Patterns, Safety, and Outcomes at an Academic Plastic Surgery Institution

Background Comprehensive aesthetic surgery education is an integral part of plastic surgery residency training. Recently, the ACGME increased minimum requirements for aesthetic procedures in residency. To expand aesthetic education and prepare residents for independent practice, our institution has supported a resident cosmetic clinic for over 25 years. Objectives To evaluate the safety of procedures performed through a resident clinic by comparing outcomes to benchmarked national aesthetic surgery outcomes and to provide a model for resident clinics in academic plastic surgery institutions. Methods We identified a consecutive cohort of patients who underwent procedures through our resident cosmetic clinic between 2010 and 2015. Major complications, as defined by CosmetAssure database, were recorded and compared to published aesthetic surgery complication rates from the CosmetAssure database for outcomes benchmarking. Fisher's exact test was used to compare sample proportions. Results Two hundred and seventy-one new patients were evaluated and 112 patients (41.3%) booked surgery for 175 different aesthetic procedures. There were 55 breast, 19 head and neck, and 101 trunk or extremity aesthetic procedures performed. The median number of preoperative and postoperative visits was 2 and 4 respectively with a mean follow-up time of 35 weeks. There were 3 major complications (2 hematomas and 1 infection requiring IV antibiotics) with an overall complication rate of 1.7% compared to 2.0% for patients in the CosmetAssure database ( P = .45). Conclusions Surgical outcomes for procedures performed through a resident cosmetic clinic are comparable to national outcomes for aesthetic surgery procedures, suggesting this experience can enhance comprehensive aesthetic surgery education without compromising patient safety or quality of care. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Risk [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
A novel approach to analyze beam-like composite structures using mechanics of structure genome

Euler-Bernoulli beam element and Timoshenko beam element based on the constitutive modeling using mechanics of structure genome.New beam elements implemented in CALCULIX so that complex slender structures can be accurately analyzed using simple engineering beam models.The software is in the cloud freely accessible by anybody through any device connected to Internet.The present work enables engineers to use efficient 1D beam elements to achieve the accuracy of detailed 3D FEA. A novel approach to the analysis of beam-like composite structure is introduced in this paper. New software Gmsh4SC is developed based on two well-known open source codes Gmsh and CalculiX. One-dimensional Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko type finite elements are derived based on the constitutive models obtained by using Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG). Gmsh4SC is connected to a general-purpose composites software SwiftCompTM, which implements MSG to carry out the constitutive modeling. The software can be executed in the cloud at https://cdmhub.org/tools/scstandard. Several beam-like composite structures are analyzed by this newly developed software. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by three-dimensional (3D) finite element model using the commercial code ABAQUS.
“Where Will Yehoyišmaʿ Go?”: A Reconsideration of TAD B3.8

This chapter presents the contents of the papyrus and offers a new possible understanding of the section of it that deals with the consequences of divorce, in the hope of shedding new light on Yehoyishmaʿs complex legal situation. Yehoyimaʿs name first appears in TAD B3.5, in which her father ʿAnani names her and her brother Pilṭi as the only ones who would have legal rights over his house. It comes to no surprise, then, that it is in fact Zakkur, her brother and not Yehoyishmaʿs biological father ʿAnanyah, who gives her away in 420 BCE in TAD B3.8, the document of wifehood, the longest, but also the most damaged document of this type in the two major family archives from Elephantine. Thus, from the very beginning Yehoyishmaʿs marriage presents rather unusual circumstances, whereby she is a freed servant who still has legal ties to her former owners son. Keywords: ʿAnanyah; marriage; TAD B3.8; wifehood; Yehoyishmaʿ
CoreScope: Graph Mining Using k-Core Analysis — Patterns, Anomalies and Algorithms

How do the k-core structures of real-world graphs look like? What are the common patterns and the anomalies? How can we use them for algorithm design and applications? A k-core is the maximal subgraph where all vertices have degree at least k. This concept has been applied to such diverse areas as hierarchical structure analysis, graph visualization, and graph clustering. Here, we explore pervasive patterns that are related to k-cores and emerging in graphs from several diverse domains. Our discoveries are as follows: (1) Mirror Pattern: coreness of vertices (i.e., maximum k such that each vertex belongs to the k-core) is strongly correlated to their degree. (2) Core-Triangle Pattern: degeneracy of a graph (i.e., maximum k such that the k-core exists in the graph) obeys a 3-to-1 power law with respect to the count of triangles. (3) Structured Core Pattern: degeneracy-cores are not cliques but have non-trivial structures such as core-periphery and communities. Our algorithmic contributions show the usefulness of these patterns. (1) Core-A, which measures the deviation from Mirror Pattern, successfully finds anomalies in real-world graphs complementing densest-subgraph based anomaly detection methods. (2) Core-D, a single-pass streaming algorithm based on Core-Triangle Pattern, accurately estimates the degeneracy of billion-scale graphs up to 7× faster than a recent multipass algorithm.(3) Core-S, inspired by Structured Core Pattern, identifies influential spreaders up to 17× faster than top competitors with comparable accuracy.
The socio-political context of migration and reproductive health disparities: The case of early sexual initiation among Mexican-origin immigrant young women

Prior research often explains the lower risk of early sexual initiation among foreign-born Mexican-origin young women by a patriarchal and sexually conservative “traditional Latino culture.” This definition overlooks structural factors such as exploitation of migrant workers, and conflates gender inequality and sexual expectations. I use an intersectional framework and the theory of gender and power to explore how gender inequality and sexual expectations are both influenced by structural factors and affect reproductive health outcomes. I integrate data from qualitative interviews with 21 first and second generation Mexican-origin women in 2013–2014 with data from discrete time hazard models with 798 Mexican-origin young women in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Qualitative results demonstrate that gender inequality and sexual expectations in Mexican-origin immigrant households are associated with structural factors. Gender inequality occurs more often in households with family instability, greater poverty, and among parents who migrated independently. Qualitative data also demonstrate that parental gendered expectations are sometimes at odds to what parents are actually doing in the household. Finally, contrary to assumptions that a patriarchal “traditional Latino culture” protects against early sexual initiation, qualitative and multivariate quantitative data suggest that household gender inequality increases risk of early sexual initiation. These findings challenge the utility of a culturalist approach that views culture as determining health behavior among immigrants and demonstrate the need to incorporate an intersectional framework that includes structural factors. This approach may reduce stereotypes and identify meaningful interventions to reduce reproductive health disparities.
Reconsidering the Necessary Beings of Aquinas's Third Way

Surprisingly few articles have focused on Aquinas’s particular conception of necessary beings in the Third Way, and many scholars have espoused inaccurate or incomplete views of that conception. My aim in this paper is both to offer a corrective to some of those views and, more importantly, to provide compelling answers to the following two questions about the necessary beings of the Third Way. First, how exactly does Aquinas conceive of these necessary beings? Second, what does Aquinas seek to accomplish (and what does he accomplish) in the third stage of the Third Way? In answering these questions, I challenge prominent contemporary understandings of the necessary beings of the Third Way.
Patients at High-Risk for Surgical Site Infection.

Abstract Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant healthcare quality issue, resulting in increased morbidity, disability, length of stay, resource utilization, and costs. Identification of high-risk patients may improve pre-operative counseling, inform resource utilization, and allow modifications in peri-operative management to optimize outcomes. Methods: Review of the pertinent English-language literature. Results: High-risk surgical patients may be identified on the basis of individual risk factors or combinations of factors. In particular, statistical models and risk calculators may be useful in predicting infectious risks, both in general and for SSIs. These models differ in the number of variables; inclusion of pre-operative, intra-operative, or post-operative variables; ease of calculation; and specificity for particular procedures. Furthermore, the models differ in their accuracy in stratifying risk. Biomarkers may be a promising way to identify patients at high risk of infect...
Abstract 18794: Systemic Heparin Use and Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated With Therapeutic Hypothermia Without Coronary Intervention

Introduction: The effects of hypothermia on hemostatic function are complex and poorly understood. While cardiac arrest and CPR can elicit a pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant state, hypothermia may a...
Rehabilitating Lochner: A Study in the Limitations of a Constitutional Revolution

George Mason Professor David Bernstein's book, "Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights Against Progressive Reform," places the so-called "Lochner Era" back into its proper context and shows how the longstanding treatment of the case and era as part of a systematic attempt to shape the nation's economy according to "laissez-faire" theory of economics needs to be reexamined. Lochner does not belong in the "anticanon" of constitutional law, but should be treated, as Bernstein says, as a "normal, albeit controversial, case." Both the Lochner case itself and the era, extending from Allgeyer v. Lousiana in 1897 to Pierce v. Society of Sisters in 1925, were relatively modest as opposed to revolutionary in their character. Bernstein also shows that the principle articulated by the Lochner majority was applied to a number of other areas regarding individual rights, most significantly in the 1917 case Buchanan v. Worley in which an unanimous court struck down a segregation ordinance in Louisville, Kentucky that restricted the sale of property to African-Americans and in so doing, repudiated Plessy v. Ferguson's presumption that segregation laws, including those that infringed on civil rights, were reasonable. Cases involving state laws limiting the working hours of women were frequently upheld against liberty of contract challenges after Lochner, with Lochner majority member Justice McKenna frequently writing and invoking the statistics cited in briefs before the court, often from Louis Brandeis, on the effects of work on women. Cases like Muller v. Oregon and Bunting v. Oregon were more typical, while Lochner and later Adkins v. Childrens' Hospital in 1923, which struck down a minimum wage law for women in the District of Columbia, were outlier cases. Lochnerian moderates like KcMenna dominated the Lochner court and hinged primarily on the distinction between the regulation of hours versus wage fixing laws that tried to set minimum or maximum wages, as well as the special nature of women's work. These moderate Lochnerians believed the Court should engage in meaningful review of regulatory legislation that interfered with the liberty of contract to ensure it was a constitutionally valid use of state police power, but they still were largely deferential to the whims of state regulation. Lochner was a vote for a nominal limit on the seemingly unlimited reach of the police power.
Glycosylated Peptoid Nanosheets as a Multivalent Scaffold for Protein Recognition

Glycoproteins adhered on the cellular membrane play a pivotal role in a wide range of cellular functions. Their importance is particularly relevant in the recognition process between infectious pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, toxins) and their host cells. Multivalent interactions at the pathogen-cell interfaces govern binding events and can result in a strong and specific interaction. Here we report an approach to mimic the cell surface presentation of carbohydrate ligands by the multivalent display of sugars on the surface of peptoid nanosheets. The constructs provide a highly organized 2D platform for recognition of carbohydrate-binding proteins. The sugars were displayed using different linker lengths or within loops containing 2–6 hydrophilic peptoid monomers. Both the linkers and the loops contained one alkyne-bearing monomer, to which different saccharides were attached by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Peptoid nanosheets functionalized with different saccharide groups ...
Thoracic versus nonthoracic MR imaging for patients with an MR nonconditional cardiac implantable electronic device

Background Observational studies have explored the safety of magnetic resonance (MR) scanning of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) that are not Food and Drug Administration approved for MR scanning ("nonconditional"). However, concern has been raised that MR scanning that includes the thoracic region may pose a higher risk. This study examines the safety of MR scanning of thoracic versus nonthoracic regions of patients with CIEDs. Methods Patients underwent MR scanning utilizing an institutional protocol. CIED variables examined included sensing value, pacing capture threshold, lead impedance, and battery voltage. Regression analysis of the CIED variable differences (pre- to immediately post-MR and pre-MR to long-term follow-up) was performed to determine if CIED variable differences were dependent on region scanned (thoracic vs nonthoracic), time from CIED implant to MR scanning, or CIED type (pacemaker vs implantable cardioverter defibrillator). Results 238 patients (38% female, age 65 ± 15 years) underwent 339 MR scans, including 99 MR scans of the thoracic region. CIED variable differences to immediately post-MR or to long-term follow-up were not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05) and there was no dependence upon region scanned (thoracic vs nonthoracic), time from CIED implant to MR scan, or CIED type. One power-on reset occurred in a patient that underwent a cardiac MR and the CIED was successfully reprogrammed. There were no clinical adverse effects. Conclusions CIED variable differences following MR scan were not dependent on the region scanned (thoracic vs nonthoracic) and there were no clinical adverse effects in this prospective cohort.
Preliminary Exploration of Knowledge Curation Activities in Wikidata WikiProjects

Wikidata is one of the largest knowledge curation projects on the web. Their data is used by other Wikimedia projects such as Wikipedia, as well as major search engines. This qualitative study used content analysis of discussions involving data curation and negotiation in Wikidata. Activity Theory was used as a conceptual framework for data collection and analysis of the activities, members and tools. Some of the findings map Wikidata activities to curation frameworks. An understanding of the activities in Wikidata will help inform communities wishing to contribute data to or reuse data from Wikidata, as well as inform the design of other similar online peer-curation communities, scientific research institutional repositories, digital archives, and libraries.
Mechanisms Setting the Strength of Orographic Rossby Waves across a Wide Range of Climates in a Moist Idealized GCM

AbstractOrographic stationary Rossby waves are an important influence on the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere, especially in Northern Hemisphere winter. Changes in stationary waves with gl...