cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brillouin Light Scattering from Crystals in the Hydrodynamic Region

With the availability of modern lasers, light scattering can now be used as a probe of the energy, damping, and relative weight of the various hydrodynamic collective modes in anharmonic insulating crystals. We first give a general review of the distinction between hydrodynamic and high-frequency (or dynamic) vibrational modes. We then express the intensity and spectral distribution of scattered light in terms of the Fourier transform of the displacement-displacement correlation function ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\Omega})$, which is the spectral weight of the phonon propagator. This follows some work of Loudon, who has discussed first-order Raman (or Brillouin) scattering using standard quantum-mechanical perturbation theory. Next we summarize what can be said about the spectral weight ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\Omega})$ in the region of low frequencies (or small energy transfer). We use the model calculations of Kwok and Martin, as well as the standard theory of an elastic medium with a nonlocal form of Fourier's law of heat diffusion. In the case of pure isotropic anharmonic crystals ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{K}, \ensuremath{\Omega})$ has resonances corresponding to first-sound (pressure) and second-sound (temperature) waves, in addition to that from transverse or shear elastic waves. Unless fairly restrictive conditions are met, the second-sound wave does not propagate and reduces to the ordinary thermal diffusion mode of Landau and Placzek. The special nature of second sound in He II is discussed in an Appendix.
Sphere wakes at moderate Reynolds numbers in a turbulent environment

The structure of sphere wakes in a turbulent environment was measured over the following test range: sphere Reynolds numbers from 135 to 1560, ambient turbulence intensities of roughly 4%, ratios of streamwise spatial integral scales to sphere diameters of 11-59, and ratios of Kolmogorov length scales to sphere diameters of 0.080.80. At these conditions, some phenomena observed for sphere wakes at comparable Reynolds numbers in nonturbulent environments were suppressed, like the fast-decaying and self-preserving turbulent wake regions; instead, while the wakes were turbulent, their mean streamwise velocities scaled like self-preserving laminar wakes but with enhanced viscosities due to turbulence. Effective turbulent viscosities were relatively independent of position and ratios of integral length scales and Kolmogorov microscales to sphere diameters; however, they progressively increased with sphere Reynolds numbers. Low and high Reynolds number regimes were observed, separated by a transition regime involving sphere Reynolds numbers in the range from 300 to 600, which was associated with conditions where effects of vortex shedding were prominent in the temporal power spectra measured in the near-wake region.
Gender Differences in Associations between Lifetime Alcohol, Depression, Panic Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Tobacco Withdrawal

This study examined the interaction of gender and lifetime psychiatric status on the experience of nicotine withdrawal using retrospective data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS; N = 816). Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the main and interactive effects of gender and major depression, alcohol abuse/dependence, panic disorder, and PTSD on indices of withdrawal. Major depression and alcohol abuse/dependence were associated with longer duration of withdrawal symptoms in women. Women also showed stronger associations between major depression and recurrent withdrawal symptoms and PTSD and smoking relapse to alleviate withdrawal. Men showed a stronger association between alcohol abuse/dependence and smoking relapse to alleviate withdrawal. When developing and providing smoking cessation interventions, it is important to consider the gender-specific effects of lifetime psychiatric status on withdrawal.
Site specific enzymatic cleavage of RNA

The hybridization of a DNA oligonucleotide a specific tetramer or longer) will direct a cleavage by RNase H (EC 3.1.4.34) to a specific site in RNA. The resulting fragments can then be labeled at their 5' or 3' ends, purified, and sequenced directly. This procedure is demonstrated with two RNA molecules of known sequence: 5.8S rRNA from yeast (158 nucleotides) and satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) RNA (1240 nucleotides).
The role of transforming growth factor-β1, -β2, and -β3 in androgen-responsive growth of NRP-152 rat prostatic epithelial cells

We have investigated the role of autocrine/paracrine TGF-beta secretion in the regulation of cell growth by androgens as demonstrated by its inhibition by two androgen response modifiers; the nonsteroidal antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide (OHF), believed to act by inhibiting androgen binding to androgen receptors, or finasteride, an inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase, the enzyme necessary for the conversion of testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), using the nontumorigenic rat prostatic epithelial cell line NRP-152. Growth of these cells was stimulated three- to sixfold over control by either testosterone or DHT under serum-free culture conditions. This was accompanied by a two- to threefold decrease in the secretion rate of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3. Finasteride reversed the ability of testosterone but not DHT to stimulate growth and downregulate expression of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that this activity of testosterone required its conversion to DHT. OHF antagonized the stimulatory effects of DHT on NRP-152 cell growth but could reverse the inhibitory effects of DHT only on TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 and not TGF-beta1 secretion. This suggests that either TGF-beta1 regulation by DHT or the androgen antagonism of OHF occurs independent of androgen receptor binding. Neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta (pantropic and isoform-specific) were able to block the ability of finasteride to antagonize the effects of testosterone nearly completely while only partially inhibiting the antiandrogenic effects of OHF. Thus, the ability of androgens to stimulate growth of NRP-152 cells involves the downregulation of the production of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 in addition to other growth-stimulatory mechanisms.
An alternate proof of a congruence regarding Ramanujan’s tau function

Ramaunjan’s tau function, denoted δ (n) is defined by the identity (1) below, wherex represents a complex variable such that |x| < 1. Using properties of t-core partitions, we obtain an alternate proof of the congruence (2) below.
Self-assembly of collagen peptides into hollow microtubules

We report the formation of a unique tubular hollow assembly from an FITC-modified non-helical collagen peptide Gly-Gly-(Pro-Hyp-Gly)4. These new 2 μm diameter microtubule structures are characterized via fluorescence and confocal microscopy, ATR-FTIR, and TGA.
Seasonal change in the vocal behaviour of female red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus

Abstract Seasonal change in the vocal behaviour of female red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, was observed in order to test hypotheses for the function of their vocalizations. The ‘Chit’ vocalization was given at relatively consistent rates throughout the nesting cycle, but females rarely gave Chits once their young left their nests, and females who did not receive male assistance in feeding nestlings gave Chits at higher rates than did assisted females. The rate at which the intrasexually aggressive ‘Teer’ was given declined through the nesting season and primary (first-to-nest) female redwings gave Teers at lower rates than did later-nesting females. It is tentatively concluded that the Chit functions in intersexual communication and the Teer functions to delay nest initiation by late-arriving females.
PS1-34: Overcoming Barriers for Tumor Block Retrieval and Testing in a Multi-site Cancer Research Network Project

Background/Aims KRAS testing is a pharmacogenomic test to help decide how to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The CERGEN (Comparative Effectiveness Research in Genomics & Personalized Medicine for Colorectal Cancer) project, a collaboration among eight institutions of the NCI-funded Cancer Research Network (CRN) and four academic partners, utilized KRAS test results to evaluate overall survival in mCRC patients. As a part of this project, we needed to retrospectively test all patients that had not had the testing done as part of their clinical care. This project is a large, multi-site CRN project utilizing archived tumor tissue.
Stereokontrollierte Synthese komplizierter cyclischer Ketone durch Oxy‐Cope‐Umlagerung

Konvergenz ist einer der nutzlichsten Aspekte bei der Planung organischer Synthesen, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit einem hohen Mas an Chiralitatstransfer und Regioselektivitat. Eine Umsetzung, die sich diesen Anforderungen besonders gut anpast, ist die Oxy-Cope-Umlagerung. Reaktion β,γ-ungesattigter Ketone mit Vinylmetallverbindungen und anschliesende [3,3]-sigmatrope Verschiebung ermoglichen den Aufbau komplizierter Strukturen und einer Vielzahl polycyclischer Systeme. Ein zusatzlicher Vorteil ist die Wiederherstellung der Carbonylfunktion im neuen Strukturgefuge; dies bedeutet einen enormen Zuwachs an chemischer Vielfalt. Der Verlauf der 1,2-Addition von Vinylmetallreagentien an Ketone wird nach und nach aufgeklart. Eine wirkungsvolle diastereoselektive Steuerung dieses bindungsbildenden Schrittes fuhrt – wenn zusatzlich beachtet wird, das sich bei der anschliesenden Oxy-Cope-Elektronenverschiebung eine Sessel- oder Bootanordnung einstellen kann – zu einer bemerkenswerten neuen Dimension der Synthesestrategie, zu der man mit anderen Systemen nur selten gelangt. Wird diese zweistufige Sequenz als Vorspiel einer weiteren chemischen Umsetzung genutzt, so erhoht sich die Zahl der Synthesemoglichkeiten noch weiter. Wahrend ein betrachtlicher Anteil der bisherigen Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet den Aufbau recht verfeinerter Carbocylen – vor allem im Hinblick auf die Synthese komplizierter Naturstoffe – zum Ziel hatte, werden nunmehr die Moglichkeiten der Synthese von Heterocyclen mit wachsender Aufmerksamkeit verfolgt.
China's Accession to the WTO: The Services Dimension

China's GATS commitments represent the most radical services reform program negotiated in the WTO. China has promised to eliminate over the next few years most restrictions on foreign entry and ownership, as well as most forms of discrimination against foreign firms. In general, these commitments promote good policy. But the persistence of restrictions on foreign ownership (temporary in most sectors but more durable in telecommunications and life insurance) may dampen the incentives for foreign investors to improve firm performance. And initial restrictions on the geographical scope of services liberalization could encourage the further agglomeration of economic activity in certain regions -- to an extent that is unlikely to be reversed completely by subsequent country-wide liberalization. Finally, realizing the gains from, and perhaps even the sustainability of, liberalization will require significant improvements in the regulatory framework and the appropriate sequencing of reforms. Copyright Oxford University Press 2003, Oxford University Press.
Reaction Dynamics and Probability Study of Aluminum- Viton-Acetone Droplets

The fluoroelastomer, Viton® A (C5H3.5F6.5), is a binder used in energetic material composites which can be dissolved in acetone and mixed with solid metal fuel particles, such as aluminum (Al). The slurry can be molded into any configuration and the acetone is evaporated off leaving a solid homogeneous reactant mixture. Fundamentally understanding the reaction dynamics of acetone, Viton, and Al is useful for not only consolidating reactants but also for the potential to use nanometric (nm) Al particles in liquid combustion applications. The objective of this study is to examine acetone-Viton droplet burning as a function of Al particle size and concentration. A diagnostic was developed that suspends the multiphase 3 mm droplet on a fiber and enables droplet surface regression rates to be monitored with a high speed video camera. Results show that acetone combined with Viton (5%) and either 2.5% micron Al (10-14 µm) or nm Al (80 nm) burned with two distinct stages. But, acetone combined with Viton and more than 5% nm Al burned with a distinct 3-stage behavior. The three stages are described as evaporation, combustion, and burning of carbon residue. Addition of micron Al to Viton and acetone droplets decrease the droplet regression rate 82% when compared with Viton and acetone droplets with nm Al particles. A probabilistic analysis was performed using NESSUS© software to determine the occurrence of the third stage in the multicomponent droplets. The probability of the third stage occurring in Acetone-Viton is 92.1% but with Acetone-Vitonnm Al is 1.45%. These results suggest that the presence of nm Al particles generates localized hot-spots that consume the carbon present from Viton decomposition thereby eliminating the third stage.
Love's stress function for torsionless axisymmetric deformation of elastically isotropic bodies with body forces

This note shows that the axisymmetric deformation of an elastically isotropic solid of revolution, subject to both axial and radial body forces, may be described in terms of Love's stress function, provided certain simple terms are added to the displacement-stress function relations.
Analysis of Intermittent Sprays

The purpose of this study is to gain further insight into the atomization mechanism, the variation over time in droplet size distribution and spray penetration. This is done based on effect of chamber pressure, injection pressure, and type of fuel. A laser diffraction method is used to determine droplet mean diameters, single injection with synchronized time mechanism allowed the time dependent studies. Obscuration signals are obtained through a digital oscilloscope from which arrival time of spray can be measured. The spray penetration correlation obtained is compared to other correlations obtained from other techniques used in the literature.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effect of phosphate and ammonium levels on photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa

Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss exposed to nutrient enriched media (0.1 mM PO4; 1.0 mM NH 4 + ) by pulse feeding 2 h every third day for a period of 5 wk at 20°C and 25–30‰ salinity showed significantly higher rates of photosynthesis regardless of photon flux density correlated with increased pigment levels. Algae in nonenriched media showed significantly higher levels of soluble carbohydrates and decreased levels of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a. Photosynthetic and respiratory responses to temperature 15°, 25°, 30°C and salinity (15, 25, 30‰ S) combinations indicate broad tolerances by both nutrient enriched and non-nutrient enriched algae. Photosynthetic and respiratory rates were highest at the high temperatures. Pulse-fed algae had significantly higher photosynthetic rates than non-nutrient enriched plants at all temperature and salinity combinations. Non-nutrient enriched algae had significantly higher respiratory rates than nutrient enriched algae at only 30°C and 15‰. The respiratory rates of both nutrient enriched and non-nutrient algae decreased under combinations of higher temperatures and salinities. G. verrucosa, grown without nutrients, has lower tolerances to environmental stresses.
Novel ferroelectric liquid-crystalline polymers with fast electro-optic switching times

The synthesis and ferroelectric properties of several novel liquid-crystalline polymers are presented. By manipulating the number of side-group mesogens attached to the polysiloxane backbone, it has been possible to achieve many significant properties: large range of the ferroelectric smectic C ∗ phase extending to sub-ambient temperatures, spontaneous polarization values up to 300 nC/cm 2 at the lowest temperatures, and bistable electro-optic switching times approaching 100 μs near the smectic C ∗ -smectic A transition temperature. These properties are attractive from the point of view of display applications.
A nonparametric subject-specific population method for deconvolution: I. Description, internal validation, and real data examples

In a pharmacokinetics context deconvolution facilitates the following: (i) Given data obtained after intravascular (generally intravenous) input one may estimate the disposition function; (ii) given the disposition function and data obtained after extravascular administration one may estimate the extravascular to vascular input rate function. In general if the data can be represented by the convolution of two functions, of which one is unknown, deconvolution allows the estimation of the unknown one. Attention has been given in the past to deconvolution and in particular to its nonparametric variants. However, in a population context (multiple observations collected in each of a group of subjects) the use of nonparametric deconvolution is limited to either analyzing each subject separately or to analyzing the aggregate response from the population without specifying subject-specific characteristics. To our knowledge a fully nonparametric deconvolution method in which subject specificity is explicitly taken into account has not been reported. To do so we use so-called “longitudinal splines”. A longitudinal spline is a nonparametric function composed of a template spline, in common to all subjects, and of a distortion spline representing the difference of the subject's function from the template. Using longitudinal splines for input rate or disposition function one obtains a solution to the problem of taking subject specificity into account in a nonparametric deconvolution context. To obtain estimates of longitudinal splines we consider three different methods: (1) parametric nonlinear mixed effect, (2) least squares, and (3) two-stage. Results obtained in one simulated and two real data analyses are shown.
Effect of mobile phase pre-heating on high-performance liquid chromatographic column performance: A new type of column thermostat

Abstract The use of conventional air-bath thermostats as a means of controlling column temperature in high-performance liquid chromatography is limited to a relatively narrow temperature range if full column efficiency is to be maintained. Particularly at high air-bath temperatures, large axial temperature gradients in the column occur, which are detrimental to the column performance. This was demomstrated by both temperature measurements in the column and determination of column performance. The design of a new type of column thermostat, utilizing a highly efficient, small-volume mobile phase pre-heater, is described. Suitable adjustment of the heat transfer in the mobile phase heater and air heater result in nearly identical temperatures of the mobile phase when entering the column and of the air flowing around the column. Thus axial and radial temperature gradients in the column are minimized, as temperature measurements in the column bed indicate, leading to a marked improvement of column performance at elevated temperatures.
Longitudinal Track-Train Dynamics: A New Approach

Using a measured functional relationship for draft gear characteristics a nonlinear model is developed to predict the coupler forces between cars of a railroad train. The model is then simplified, using modal expansion, to effect an economy of digital computation time.
Strategies for the Use of Mechanical Ventilation in the Neurologic Intensive Care Unit

Mechanical ventilation in neurologically injured patients presents unique challenges. Patients with acute neurologic injuries may require mechanical ventilation for reasons beyond respiratory failure. There is also a subset of pulmonary pathologic abnormality directly associated with neurologic injuries. Balancing the need to maintain brain oxygenation, cerebral perfusion, and control of intracranial pressure can be in conflict with concurrent ventilator strategies aimed at lung protection. Weaning and liberation from mechanical ventilation also require special considerations. These issues are examined in the ventilator management of the neurologically injured patient.
Hierarchical top-bottom mass relation in a superstring derived standard-like model

Abstract I propose a mechanism in a class of superstring standard-like models which explains the mass hierarchy between the top and bottom quarks. At the trilinear level of the superpotential only the top quark gets a nonvanishing mass term while the bottom quarks and tau lepton mass terms are obtained from nonrenormalizable terms. I construct a model which realized this mechanism. In this model the bottom quark and tau lepton Yukawa couplings are obtained from quartic order terms. I show that λ b = λ τ ≈ 1 8 λ t at the unification scale. A naive estimate yields mt∼175−180 GeV.
Analysis of polymerization in chaotic mixers using time scales of mixing and chemical reactions

This study investigated the suitability of chaotic mixers as polymerization reactors by taking chain extension of thermoplastic polyurethanes as an example. The performance of chaotic mixers was an...
Otitis media with effusion in children. Binaural hearing before and after corrective surgery.

• The masking-level difference (MLD) was investigated in a group of children having no known history of ear disease, and a group of children having a history of otitis media with effusion and hearing loss. The MLD is a psychoacoustic measure of the sensitivity of the auditory system to subtle interaural difference cues of time and amplitude and relates to the ability of the listener to detect and to recognize signals in noisy backgrounds. In the otitis media with effusion group, MLDs were measured both before and 1 and 3 months after the placement of pressure equalization tubes. The MLDs were often abnormally small in the otitis media with effusion group before surgery, when hearing loss was present. Significantly, MLDs sometimes remained abnormally small after surgery (after normal hearing had returned). The postsurgery MLD was particularly likely to be abnormally reduced in subjects who had experienced asymmetric losses of hearing. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:718-723)
Value of Noninvasive Testing in Adults with Suspected Aortic Stenosis

Abstract To determine the predictors of surgically correctable aortic stenosis in patients with systolic murmurs, 231 patients were evaluated. Five variables (carotid upstroke timing, carotid upstroke volume, aortic valve calcification on chest radiography, single or absent second heart sound, and a murmur with its maximal intensity at the right upper stemal border) were significant multivariate correlates. Two echocardiographic factors (a maximal aortic valve leaflet separation of 7 mm or less and hypertrophy of the posterior wall of the left ventricle to 12 mm or more) and one systolic time interval factor (a rate-corrected ejection time of more than 340 msec) added significant incremental information. When prospectively tested on an independent set of 86 patients with suspected aortic outflow obstruction, the combined clinical and noninvasive information correctly placed 10 patients (12 percent) into a low-risk group in which catheterization may not be indicated and 15 patients (17 percent) into a high-risk group in which it might be avoided or limited to coronary arteriography. This approach to predicting aortic stenosis deserves wider prospective testing.
Differences in the Physicochemical Characteristics of Androgen-Receptor Complexes Formed in Vivo and in Vitro*

This study compares the physicochemical characteristics of the androgen-receptor hormone complexes formed in vitro by incubation of prostatic cytosol with tritiated 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and methyltrienolone (R1881; 17β- hydroxy-17α-methyl-4,9,ll-estra-trien-3-one) with those of hormone- receptor complexes formed in vivo upon hormone injection. [3H]DHT and [3H]R1881 had similar affinities for the androgen receptor in vitro (Kd = 0.3 nm). Dissociation of DHT at 0 C from the receptor complexes formed in vitro or in vivo was much slower than that of R1881. Furthermore, DHT and R1881 dissociated much more slowly from the cytoplasmic receptor labeled in vivo than in vitro. The sedimentation characteristics of the in vitro and in vivo formed hormone-receptor complexes were similar when analyzed on sucrose density gradients containing 400 mM KC1 and 10 mm Na2MoO4. Higher concentrations (50 mm) of Na2MoO4, however, prevented the salt-induced disaggregation of the in vitro formed receptor complexes, which s...
1600 DEVELOPMENT OF NORMS FOR MEASUREMENT OF INTRACRANIAL STRUCTURES IN HIGH-RISK INFANTS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

25 real-time ultrasonic sector scans of the head were obtained through anterior fontanelles of high-risk infants who were judged to have no intracranial pathology by clinical and usual sonographic criteria. Thicknesses of frontal mantle (FR.M) and occipital mantle (OC.M) were measured in sagittal planes. Distances between the inner tables of the calvaria were measured in coronal sections at the level of the caudate nuclei (BC) and of the atria of the lateral ventricles (BA). Distances between outer walls of lateral ventricles were measured at the same levels (VC and VA). We recorded birthweight, present weight, length of gestation, age post-conception and head circumference at each examination. Infants in this study ranged from 29-48 weeks post-conception. They weighed 800 to 3140 g. All four measures of brain size or thickness (OC.M, FR.M, BA, BC) increased significantly with age and with body weight (P<0.01 in 6/8 and <0.05 in 2/8). VA also increased significantly with age and weight but not so with VC. All of the following ratios remained stable as weight and age increased: VC/BC=0.31±0.07 (m±S.D.); VA/BA=0.54±0.09; OC.M/FR.M =0.86±0.13. The ratios were normally distributed in the population. We are expanding this series in search of quantitative measures of normal brain structures that may be used to identify ventricular enlargement early in high-risk infants.
What does climate change mean for agriculture in developing countries : comment on mendelsohn and dinar

Mendelsohn and dinar review much of the important work on the implications of climate change for agriculture, focusing particularly on developing countries. Their message is that efficient economic adaptation significantly reduces the estimated effects of climate change. Few dispute that some amount of adaptation is likely and that its potential contribution to reducing the negative impacts of global warming is large. One such study, which analyzed the global impacts using an ecozone (land class) methodology, found that without adaptation, average cereal production yields fell roughly 20 to 30 percent in four different climate scenarios. Through various channels of adaptation (modifying crops and techniques on existing farmland, shifting crops to new land, and responding to changing market prices), these losses were reversed, resulting in small increases in production worldwide even before considering the positive effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization. Striking, however, are both the initial shock in cereal production in the study reported in table 1 and die range of impacts on yields (without adaptation) estimated by a variety of studies for different sites around the world.
POROSITY MODELS AND OIL EXPLORATION OF AMAPÁ CARBONATES, PALEOGENE, FOZ DO AMAZONAS BASIN, OFFSHORE NW BRAZIL

The extensive thick Paleogene carbonate platform (Amapa Formation) of the Foz do Amazonas Basin probably the largest coralgal-foraminiferal platform of the geological record developed through four depositional cycles expressing global eustatic changes of sea level. It shows five environmental belts: slope apron coralgal platform large foraminifer shoal finger coral bank and restricted lagoon all of which associate bioaccumulated and bioclastic microfacies. At all times a terrigenous environment consisting of fan deltas and lagoonal fine-grained clastics existed immediately behind the carbonate platform and was connected with the open ocean by transverse troughs filled with shales and carbonate olistoliths. This combination of clastic and carbonate environments is unique in the geological record and today only the Belize Shelf displays comparable conditions.
Brief paper: Robust stability of systems with application to singular perturbations

In this paper we will give a simple approach to determining conditions for stability of feedback systems subject to perturbations in the operators describing these systems. The approach is based on techniques used in functional analysis, and provides an alternative development and generalization of some conditions for the linear time-invariant case that have appeared in the literature very recently. As an example of the application of the conditions, we consider the determination of finite regions of stability for singularly perturbed systems.
Discussion of “Frequency of point and areal mean rainfall rates”

The studies presented by Huff and Neill are interesting statistical evaluations of time and areal distribution of warm-season precipitation. Knowledge of rainfall's structure and cyclic development is sorely deficient and investigations of the type presented in the paper are excellent approaches for the better understanding of this most common phenomenon. It is unfortunate that only 19 storm samples were available for analyses. However, it is understood that the primary program was for the determination of the value of radar as a device for the measurement of rainfall and the time-areal distribution studies were by - product analyses. It is hoped there search will continue with larger numbers of storm samples being accumulated so that the average pattern trends indicated by the original program can be conclusively validated as representative.
Till Fabric Control by Clast Shape

Fabric data from 10 basal till sites in New Hampshire indicate that the shape of a pebble exerts a strong influence on its orientation in the till. Using Zingg shape definitions, A axes of rods are well aligned in the ice flow direction; those of blades are less so. Spheres and discs have weaker fabrics which still trend parallel to the ice flow direction. The A axes of all shapes tend to be slightly imbricated. Detailed study of movements of the extreme shapes and transitions between them was made by further subdividing the four Zingg shape classes. Transverse fabrics appear to be produced neither by extreme rods nor highly prolate shapes, but by pebbles whose shapes are near the common intersection of the four Zingg shape classes.
Dynamic hardware specialization: using Moore's Bounty without burning the chip down

Summary form only given. The era of faster, smaller, greener (more power efficient) transistors in every successive generation appears to be dead. Due to slowing voltage scaling power has becoming a primary design constraint. Using conventional microprocessor techniques does not provide performance improvements without excessive power consumption. Instead, processor architects and microarchitects are going to be partially burdened with power-efficiently and energy-efficiently improving performance with technology scaling providing density improvements “alone”. The DySER project investigates ways for dynamically specializing datapaths to energy-efficiently improve performance. DySER attempts to provide a truly general purpose accelerator, avoiding radical changes to software development, ISA, or microarchitecture. The DySER accelerator is based on three principles: i) Exploit frequently executed, specializable code regions. ii) Dynamically configure the DySER accelerator hardware for particular regions. iii) Integrate the accelerator tightly, but non-intrusively, to a processor pipeline.We have completed a full prototype implementation of DySER integrated into the OpenSPARC processor (called SPARCDySER), a co-designed compiler in LLVM, and a detailed performance evaluation on an FPGA system, which runs an Ubuntu Linux distribution and full applications. Through the prototype, we evaluate the fundamental principles of DySER acceleration, namely: exploiting specializable regions, dynamically specializing hardware, and tight processor integration. To this end, we explore the accelerator's performance, power, and area, and consider comparisons to state-of-the-art microprocessors using energy/performance frontier analysis of both the prototype and simulated DySERaccelerated cores. Compared to the OpenSPARC processor, DySER provides 6.2X performance improvements and 4X energy reduction. DySER's approach of dynamic specialization is a promising way to address the imminent power challenges.
Medial Microflap for Excision of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions

The goal of microlaryngeal surgery is to treat the pathology while preserving or improving vocal function. The medial microflap technique was thus developed. An incision is made over or abutting the lesion, which is then dissected from the vocal ligament and overlying mucosa. Seventeen patients underwent medial microflap excision of their lesions. Postoperative videostroboscopic examinations revealed the presence of mucosal wave and improved glottic closure in 15 of the 17 patients. Acoustic and perceptual analyses revealed improved voice quality. The medial technique is a modification of the previously described lateral microflap technique. Patients whose stroboscopic examination implies lack of involvement of the vocal ligament are candidates for this technique. By identifying normal histologic planes without extensive dissection, lesions can be excised with minimal interruption of vibratory mechanics.
Current concepts in brain resuscitation.

WHILE the initial impetus for intensive care 20 years ago grew out of major advances in cardiac and pulmonary care, the last decade has seen a tremendous interest in neurological intensive care. Several factors have combined to stimulate this interest. First, as intensivists provided better care to sicker patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease, critically ill patients survived more often and a review of their longterm complications noted a significant frequency of neurological problems. Next, as an outgrowth of the Vietnam War, techniques for rapid evacuation of casualties were used to improve treatment for traffic accident victims in the United States. The result was large numbers of hospitalized patients with head injury. Neurosurgical techniques designed to treat head-injured patients, including intracranial pressure monitoring, became commonplace in tertiary care hospitals. Pharmacologic and physiological treatment for cerebral edema, developed for patients with head injury, was used in medical patients with conditions ranging
National Health Interview Survey mortality among US farmers and pesticide applicators.

Background The mortality experience of pesticide-exposed workers across the US has not been thoroughly studied. Methods Cox regression mortality analyses adjusted for the complex sample survey design were performed on mortality-linked 1986–1994 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data. Results Nine thousand four hundred seventy-one farmers and pesticide applicators with 571 deaths were compared to 438,228 other US workers with 11,992 deaths. Age-adjusted risk of accidental death, as well as cancers of the nervous and lymphatic/hematopoietic systems, was significantly elevated in male and female pesticide-exposed workers; breast, prostate, and testicular cancer mortality risks were not elevated. Conclusions Compared to all other workers, farmers and pesticide applicators were at greater risk of accidental mortality. These pesticide-exposed workers were not at an increased risk of cancers possibly associated with exposure to estrogen analogue compounds, but were at an increased risk of hematopoietic and nervous system cancers. NHIS mortality follow-up represents an important occupational health surveillance instrument. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43: 227–233, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protective Role of p70S6K in Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice

The mTOR signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, survival and in directing immune responses. As the intestinal epithelium displays rapid cell growth and differentiation and is an important immune regulatory organ, we hypothesized that mTOR may play an important role in the protection against intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which the mTOR pathway is altered by intestinal I/R, p70S6K, the major effector of the mTOR pathway, was investigated along with the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR and an immunosuppressant agent used clinically in transplant patients. In vitro experiments using an intestinal epithelial cell line and hypoxia/reoxygenation demonstrated that overexpression of p70S6K promoted cell growth and migration, and decreased cell apoptosis. Inhibition of p70S6K by rapamycin reversed these protective effects. In a mouse model of gut I/R, an increase of p70S6K activity was found by 5 min and remained elevated after 6 h of reperfusion. Inhibition of p70S6K by rapamycin worsened gut injury, promoted inflammation, and enhanced intestinal permeability. Importantly, rapamycin treated animals had a significantly increased mortality. These novel results demonstrate a key role of p70S6K in protection against I/R injury in the intestine and suggest a potential danger in using mTOR inhibitors in patients at risk for gut hypoperfusion.
Antigen expression of mouse spleen × thymocyte heterokaryons

Abstract The expression of Thy 1.2 and thymic leukemia (TL) antigens by heterokaryons of spleen cells of strain A mice (A-S) and AKR thymocytes (AKR-T) was determined. The A-S parental cells do not express TL antigens, although strain A thymocytes are TL-positive. Approximately 25% of A-S cells express Thy 1.2 antigens; however, AKR-T cells express a different Thy 1 antigen (Thy 1.1) and are phenotypically negative for TL expression. AKR-T × A-S heterokaryons were prepared with the aid of inactivated Sendai virus. Identification of heterokaryons was facilitated by prior isotopic labeling of AKR-T but not A-S cells, and the finding by autoradiography of binucleated cells with one radioactively labeled and one non-labeled nucleus. Antigenic expression of these fused cells was determined by exposure of the cells to specific antiserum and complement prior to autoradiography. 24 hr after fusion, fused cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of TL antiserum and fresh complement. However, a large proportion of these cells was lysed by treatment with antiserum directed against the Thy 1.2 antigen.
A randomized, controlled dose response study of intravenous sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Imuthiol, DTC) has previously been observed to promote T-cell maturation in animal models and to reduce lymphadenopathy and improve survival in a murine AIDS model. In addition, several clinical studies have suggested that one dosage regimen may be active in patients with HIV infection. We conducted a randomized, controlled dose response study of intravenous DTC in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC). Drug associated toxicities included gastrointestinal upset, burning at the infusion site, metallic taste, sneezing, confusional states, hyperactivity, delusional thinking, and myoclonus. Toxicity was ameliorated by dose reduction. The maximally tolerated dose varied for individual patients from 200 mg/m2 weekly to 800 mg/m2 twice weekly. No myelosuppression was observed. In patients with greater than 200 CD4+ cells/uL, a statistically significant reduction of lymphadenopathy occurred; whereas no beneficial effects were observed in patients with less than 200 CD4+ cells/uL. Improvement in symptom score and stabilization of CD4+ count also occured in the treated group, although these trends did not reach statistical significance. Further controlled clinical trials of DTC in earlier HIV infection are warranted.
Preparation of (η5-C5H5)2MH2 (M = Mo, W) by metal vaporation techniques

Abstract (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 MH 2 (M = Mo, W) have been prepared by co-condensation of metal atom vapors and cyclopentadiene at −196° in yields of 30–40% and 50–60% respectively.
Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Deviant Drinking: A Longitudinal Application of Social Structure and Social Learning Theory

Aker's (1998) theory of social structure and social learning (SSSL) argues that structural variations in deviant behavior, such as gender or race/ethnic differences in underage or heavy drinking, are mediated by social learning variables. However, longitudinal analyses of deviant drinking in an urban sample of white, black, and Hispanic adolescents fail to support the SSSL mediation hypothesis. Significant gender and race/ethnic differences persist after controls for social learning variables as well as for social bonding variables. Interaction effects involving two social bonding variables—family attachment and moral belief—point to theoretically important conditions that maintain a gender gap in underage drinking and relatively low levels of deviant drinking among African American adolescents.
Genetic and Phenotypic Relationships Among Type Traits in Holstein-Friesian Cattle

Abstract Official scorecard and descriptive type classification data recorded by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America from 1967 to 1971 were evaluated to determine heritabilities of and phenotypic and genetic correlations among various type traits. First classification scores of 336,253 cows were used to develop age correction factors for final score, final classification, general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system. Descriptive traits were not age adjusted. Covariances and variances derived from an intraherd analysis of daughter-dam type scores were used to determine heritabilities and genetic correlations. Each daughter-dam pair was restricted such that no more than 1 yr difference in age existed at the time of classification. A total of 30,715 pairs was used. Heritability estimates for scorecard components were moderate, ranging from .19 for dairy character to .31 for final score. Estimates for descriptive traits were more variable, ranging from 0 for udder quality expressed as a bionominal (desirable-undesirable) to .51 for stature. Standard errors for all estimates were .01. Most genetic correlations among type traits were positive and ranged from −.17±.22 between udder quality (expressed as desirable-undesirable) and dairy character to 1.01 ±.08 between final score and final classification. Phenotypic correlations were generally smaller than genetic correlations.
Electrode Contacts on PZT Thin Films and Their Influence on Fatigue Properties

The degradation (fatigue) of dielectric properties of ferroelectric PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) thin films during cycling was investigated. PZT thin films were fabricated by metal-organic decomposition (MOD). Samples with electrodes of platinum (Pt) and ruthenium oxide (RuO2) were studied. The interfacial capacitance (if any) at the Pt/PZT and RuO2/PZT interfaces was determined from the thickness dependence of low-field dielectric permittivity (er) measurements. It was observed that a low er layer existed at the Pt/PZT interface but not at the RuO2/PZT interface. The dielectric permittivity of this interfacial layer degrades with increasing fatigue while the er of the bulk PZT film remains constant. This indicates that fatigue increases the interfacial layer thickness but does not change the bulk properties. For the capacitors with RuO2/PZT/RuO2 structure, however, the er does not change with thickness and fatigue cycling. This implies no interfacial layer exists between RuO2/PZT and, therefore, no fatigue was observed. Additionally, an impedance spectroscopic technique has been proposed for possible use in analyzing the nature of the interfacial layer during the fatigue process.
Recruiter counselling behaviours and applicant impressions

Graduating college students (n=105) completed questionnaires following employment interviews at a university placement centre, describing recruiter behaviours, impressions of recruiter warmth and thoughtfulness, and willingness to accept a job offer. The behaviour descriptions were factor analysed, yielding five factors. Multiple regression indicated that three factors (non-directive counselling behaviours, listening skills and interpersonal sensitivity) were related to perceived recruiter warmth and thoughtfulness (R2=0·47) and one factor (listening skills) was related to applicant willingness to accept a job offer (R2=0·13). When applicants perceived that the recruiter was representative of the company, the behaviours of the interviewer were more influential in determining the applicant's willingness to accept a job offer. Applicant sex and age did not moderate the relationship between perceived interviewer behaviours and applicant willingness to accept an offer. Implications of the results for further research and recruiting practices are discussed.
Bioelectric potentials in Nitella

(1) Potential differences between two microelectrodes, one in the protoplasm ofNitella and one just outside the cell have been measured. (2) The potential difference increases with increase in size of the cells studied in tap water or in .001 M NaCl from 15 m. v. for a cell volume of about 0·5 mm3 to about 40 m. v. for cells of 3 mm3 in volume. Larger cells showed irregular potential differences mostly less than 40 m. v. (3) The potential differences yielded by cells immersed in artificialNitella sap was 7 m. v.; dilution of the sap to 3/4, 1/2, or 1/4 strength led to successively greater potential differences approaching as a limit the figure for cells of similar size in tap water or .001 M NaCl. (4) Theoretical implications are discussed briefly.
N-acetylcysteine Amide Decreases Oxidative Stress But Not Cell Death Induced by Doxorubicin in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes

While doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used in cancer chemotherapy, long-term severe cardiotoxicity limits its use. This is the first report of the chemoprotective efficacy of a relatively new thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), on DOX-induced cell death in cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that NACA would protect H9c2 cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced toxicity by reducing oxidative stress. Accordingly, we determined the ability of NACA to mitigate the cytotoxicity of DOX in H9c2 cells and correlated these effects with the production of indicators of oxidative stress. DOX at 5 μM induced cardiotoxicity while 1) increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 2) decreasing levels and activities of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and 3) increasing lipid peroxidation. NACA at 750 μM substantially reduced the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation, as well as increased both GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio. However, treating H9c2 cells with NACA did little to protect H9c2 cells from DOX-induced cell death. Although NACA effectively reduced oxidative stress in DOX-treated H9c2 cells, it had minimal effects on DOX-induced cell death. NACA prevented oxidative stress by elevation of GSH and CYS, reduction of ROS and lipid peroxidation, and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities. Further studies to identify oxidative stress-independent pathways that lead to DOX-induced cell death in H9c2 are warranted.