cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Levels of Total Hemolytic Complement Activity in Paired Maternal Newborn Sheep Sera

Summary The levels of total hemolytic complement (CH50) in sera obtained from newborn lambs and their corresponding dams were compared. The mean concentration of CH50 units/ml. in sera from 23 lambs was 71.1 with a standard deviation of 18.9, whereas, for the ewes it was 189.5 ± 29.6. The differences between the mean neonatal and maternal CH50 concentrations were highly significant (P « 0.001). In each case CH50 titers were higher in maternal than newborn sera, with the ratio of ewe: lamb serum CH50 values ranging from 1.48 to 5.31 with a mean of 2.87. Anticomplementary activity was not detected in lamb sera. Zusammenfassung Hamolytische Komplementaktivitat in Seren aus Mutterschaf-Lamm-Paaren Seren wurden von neugeborenen Lammern und deren Muttern gewonnen und die Aktivitat des hamolytischen Komplements (CH50) darin bestimmt. Die mittlere Konzentration in CH50 Einheiten/ml betrug in den Seren von 23 Lammern 71,1 mit einer Standardabweichung von 18,9; die Werte der Mutterschafe waren 189,5 ± 29,6. Der Unterschied in den mittleren Konzentrationen von Lammern und Mutterschafen war hoch signifikant (P < 0,001). Immer waren die CH50 Titer der Mutter hoher als bei den Neugeborenen, wobei das Verhaltnis Mutterschaf: Lammserum von 1,48 bis 5,31 variierte mit einem Mittelwert von 2,87. Das Lammerserum hatte keine antikomplementare Aktivitat. Resume Activite hemolytique du complement dans des serums de paires brebis-agneau Des serums d'agneaux nouveau-nes et de leurs meres ont ete pris et on a determine l'activite du complement hemolytique (CH50). La concentration moyenne en CH50 unites/ml fut de 71,1 dans les serums de 23 agneaux avec une deviation standard de 18,9; les valeurs des brebis furent 189,5 ± 29,6. La difference des concentrations moyennes entre agneaux et brebis fut hautement significative (P < 0,001). Les titres CH50 des meres furent toujours plus eleves que ceux des nouveau-nes alors que le rapport serum brebis-agneau varia de 1,48 a 5,31 avec une valeur moyenne de 2,87. Le serum des agneaux n'a eu aucune activite anticomplementaire. Resumen Actividad hemolitica del complemento en sueros sanguineos de parejas oveja madre-cordero Se obtuvieron sueros sanguineos de corderos recien nacidos y de sus madres, valoradose en ellos la actividad del complemento hemolitico (CH50). La concentracion media en unidades CH50/ml importo en los sueros de 23 corderos 71,1 con una desviacion estandar de 18,9; los valores de las ovejas madres eran 189,5 ± 29,6. La diferencia en las concentraciones de corderos y ovejas madres era altamente significante (P < 0,001). Los titulos CH50 de las madres eran siempre mayores que los de los recien nacidos, variando la relacion suero sanguineo de oveja madre: cordero de 1,48 a 5,31 con un valor medio de 2,87. El suero de cordero no tenia ninguna actividad anticomplementaria.
Exploration of complex visual feature spaces for object perception

The mid- and high-level visual properties supporting object perception in the ventral visual pathway are poorly understood. In the absence of well-specified theory, many groups have adopted a data-driven approach in which they progressively interrogate neural units to establish each unit’s selectivity. Such methods are challenging in that they require search through a wide space of feature models and stimuli using a limited number of samples. To more rapidly identify higher-level features underlying human cortical object perception, we implemented a novel method in which visual stimuli are selected in real-time based on BOLD responses to recently shown stimuli. This work was inspired by earlier primate physiology work, in which neural selectivity for mid-level features in IT was characterized using a simple parametric approach (Hung 2012). To extend such work to human neuroimaging, we used natural and synthetic object stimuli embedded in feature spaces constructed on the basis of the complex visual properties of the objects themselves. During fMRI scanning, we employed a real-time search method to control continuous stimulus selection within each image space. This search was designed to maximize neural responses across a pre-determined 1 cm3 brain region within ventral cortex. To assess the value of this method for understanding object encoding, we examined both the behavior of the method itself and the complex visual properties the method identified as reliably activating selected brain regions. We observed: 1) Regions selective for both holistic and component object features and for a variety of surface properties; 2) Object stimulus pairs near one another in feature space that produce responses at the opposite extremes of the measured activity range. Together, these results suggest that real-time fMRI methods may yield more widely informative measures of selectivity within the broad classes of visual features associated with cortical object representation.
Oxyhemoglobin desaturation and aberrant carbon dioxide homeostasis during electrically stimulated exercise in a ventilator-dependent tetraplegic patient☆☆☆

Abstract This single-subject case examined oxyhemoglobin saturation and alveolar end-tidal carbon dioxide levels in a ventilator-dependent tetraplegic patient undergoing electrical stimulation cycle ergometry. When exercising with a closed tracheostomy cuff under resting ventilator settings (resting intermittent mandatory ventilation; frequency=6breaths/min, tidal volume=83.3m-L, minute ventilation=5L/min), his oxyhemoglobin saturation decreased from 100% to 92%, while alveolar end-tidal carbon dioxide increased linearly to 47mmHg. These undesirable changes were corrected under adjusted intermittent mandatory ventilation conditions (frequency = 12breaths/min, tidal volume=83.3mL, minute ventilation=10L/min), during which oxyhemoglobin saturation remained above 98% and the alveolar end-tidal carbon dioxide trend resembled that of ventilator-independent tetraplegic individuals undergoing the same exercise. Because the subject's heart rate was higher under adjusted ventilation conditions, these responses may have been caused by augmented venous return resulting from greater abdominothoracic pumping at the higher breathing frequency. These findings support the need to modify ventilator settings in ventilator-dependent tetraplegic persons while undergoing exercise to maintain oxyhemoglobin saturation and carbon dioxide homeostasis.
Stimulation of skin fibroblast collagenase production by a cytokine derived from basal cell carcinomas.

Our previous studies of human basal cell carcinomas (BCC) revealed increased skin collagenase in vivo. Immunocytochemically the collagenase was localized to adjacent stroma, not to the tumor cells. When grown in culture, skin fibroblasts derived from tumor stroma showed a 3- to 4-fold increase in collagenase for the first 10–14 mean population doublings, after which coliagenase expression reverted to control levels. These studies suggested that tumors stimulated adjacent fibroblasts to produce more collagenase. In the present study we sought direct evidence for epithelial-stromal interaction in this neoplasm. Under dissecting microscopy tumor islands were freed of stroma, homogenized, sonicated, and centrifuged to remove insoluble tissue. Tumor extracts were incubated with monolayer cultures of normal human skin fibroblasts to assess their effect on collagenase synthesis in these target cells. Culturing the fibroblasts for 24 h in the presence of individual BCC extracts resulted in a 1.6- to 3-fold increase in trypsinactivatable collagenase in the culture medium. This was paralleled by an equal increase in immunoreactive protein, suggesting enhanced enzyme synthesis. There was no change in the activity per immunoreactive protein, indicating a catalytically unaltered enzyme. Gel filtration of pooled BCC extracts showed that the stimulatory activity was contained in eluent fractions of M r ∼ 19Kd. These data suggest that BCCs elaborate a macromolecular cytokine that induces collagenase synthesis in skin fibroblasts and emphasize the importance of epithelial—stromal interactions in cutaneous tumor invasion.
Ultrasonic assessment of skin and wounds with the scanning laser acoustic microscope.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ultrasonic propagation properties in skin and wound tissue would correlate with material properties such as collagen content, water content, and tensile strength of those tissues. Both ultrasonic speed and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient were directly correlated with tissue collagen content, [ r = 0.80 and r = 0.56, respectively ( p r =−0.57 and r = −0.73, respectively ( p r = 0.90, p r = 0.58, p
A Probabilistic Model for Simulating Long-Term Wind-Power Output

This paper describes a chronological wind-plant simulation model for use in long-term energy resource planning. The model generates wind-power time series of arbitrary length that accurately reprod...
Why pancreatic islets burst but single beta cells do not. The heterogeneity hypothesis

Previous mathematical modeling of beta cell electrical activity has involved single cells or, recently, clusters of identical cells. Here we model clusters of heterogeneous cells that differ in size, channel density, and other parameters. We use gap-junctional electrical coupling, with conductances determined by an experimental histogram. We find that, for reasonable parameter distributions, only a small proportion of isolated beta cells will burst when uncoupled, at any given value of a glucose-sensing parameter. However, a coupled, heterogeneous cluster of such cells, if sufficiently large (approximately 125 cells), will burst synchronously. Small clusters of such cells will burst only with low probability. In large clusters, the dynamics of intracellular calcium compare well with experiments. Also, these clusters possess a dose-response curve of increasing average electrical activity with respect to a glucose-sensing parameter that is sharp when the cluster is coupled, but shallow when the cluster is decoupled into individual cells. This is in agreement with comparative experiments on cells in suspension and islets.
Clinicians' use of personality disorder models within a particular treatment setting: A longitudinal comparison of temporal consistency and clinical utility

An active line of current investigation is how the five-factor model (FFM) of personality disorder might be applied by clinicians and particularly, how clinically useful this model is in comparison to the existing nomenclature. The current study is the first to investigate the temporal consistency of clinicians' application of the FFM and the DSM-IV-TR to their own patients. Results indicated that FFM ratings were relatively stable over six-months of treatment, supporting their use by clinicians, but also indexed potentially important clinical changes. Additionally, ratings of utility provided by the clinicians suggested that the FFM was more useful for clinical decision making than was the DSM-IV-TR model. We understand the clinical utility findings within the context of previous research indicating that the FFM is most useful among patients who are not prototypic for a personality disorder.
Carcinoembryonic antigen: function in metastasis by human colorectal carcinoma.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein that has been useful as a tumor marker to predict recurrence in gastrointestinal malignancies, but whose biological function has not been elucidated. With the recent evidence that CEA is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family, CEA may be involved in intercellular recognition and binding. This review examines the role that CEA plays in the development of mestastases by colorectal carcinoma.
Reconstruction of the Maxilla and Mandible With Particulate Bone Graft and Titanium Mesh for Implant Placement

Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the magnitude of ridge augmentation with titanium mesh, overall graft success, anatomic location of ridge defects and their relationship to mesh exposure. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated 44 patients who received mandibular or maxillary reconstruction with autogenous particulate bone graft and titanium mesh for the purpose of implant placement. Autogenous bone graft was harvested from the iliac crest, tibia, and mandibular symphysis. A total of 45 sites were included in the study. Average augmentation bone heights were measured and compared. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Student’s t test. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on the soft tissue specimen found between the mesh and the bone graft. Results Twenty-nine sites underwent mandibular reconstruction and 16 underwent maxillary reconstruction. The mean augmentation in partial maxillary defects was 11.33 ± 1.56 mm, and in complete maxillary augmentation, the height achieved was 14.3 ± 1.39 mm. In the mandible, mean increase in height for partial defects was 14 ± 1.42 mm and for complete augmentation it was 13.71 ± 1.14 mm. The mean augmentation for all sites was 13.7 mm (12.8 mm in the maxilla and 13.9 mm in the mandible). A total of 82 implants were placed in the maxilla and 92 implants were placed in the mandible. In the maxillary group, 7 sites had exposure of the titanium mesh and 16 sites were exposed in the mandible. The success of the bone grafting procedure was 97.72%. Conclusions Porous titanium mesh is a reliable containment system used for reconstruction of the maxilla and the mandible. This material tolerates exposure very well and gives predictable results.
Differential antigenicity of human salivary histidine-rich polypeptides in goats and rabbits

Abstract Rabbit and goat antisera to human parotid saliva were examined for the presence of antibodies to human salivary histidine-rich polypeptides (HRP). Antibodies to HRP were present in goat serum but were not detectable in serum from rabbits.
Integrating geophysical techniques to study a small confined aquifer

A small nature preserve in Ohio (U.S.A.) has an unusually cool environment due to artesian springs supplying cold ground water. This cool environment supports a collection of rare plants and animals. To understand the water supply so that it can be protected from encroaching development, a series of geophysical studies have been conducted over an extended period of time. The techniques include seismic refraction, seismic reflection, gravity, magnetics, and resistivity. These were supported by drilling and hydrochemical analyses. The results of these studies show that the nature preserve sits on the edge of a major buried valley which has been filled with outwash and till. The ground water appears to flow from a high area in the northeast through an outwash layer which is capped by till. Near the nature preserve later glacial advances caused erosion of channels through the till layer. These channels were back filled with permeable sand and gravel which allowed the cold confined ground water to upwell and cool the nearby areas.
Coordination of Aluminum Ions in Tricalcium Aluminate

The coordination of aluminum ions in tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3) was examined using infrared absorption, X-ray emission spectroscopy, and molar refraction techniques. Each of these methods indicated the presence of aluminum in fourfold coordination. No evidence was found for aluminum in sixfold coordination. The isomorphous substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ and Ga3+ for Al3+ and a comparison between the absorption frequencies for an SiO4 group and an AlO4 group were used to identify the infrared absorption bands in tricalcium aluminate.
Forty percent of hospitalizations after severe sepsis are potentially preventable

Patients are frequently rehospitalized in the 90 days after severe sepsis. The rate of readmission exceeds patients' baseline rate of hospitalization, and also exceeds the rate after matched nonsepsis hospitalizations [1]. We sought to determine the most common readmission diagnoses after severe sepsis, the extent to which readmissions may be preventable, and whether the pattern of readmission diagnoses differs from that of nonsepsis hospitalizations.
The purification and properties of dextransucrase from Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10558.

Abstract Dextransucrase has been purified from the culture fluids of S. sanguis 10558 by a combination of hydroxylapatite, ion-exchange, and gel-filtration steps. Two active proteins were isolated with specific activities approaching one order of magnitude higher than other preparations reported. The enzymes have mol. wt. on the order of 100 000 and exhibit pH optima between 5.8 and 6.2. In addition, detailed analysis of one of the enzymes indicates that the enzyme undergoes two ionizations that are important for activity. One pK is at 4.4 and the second at 7.4. The structures of dextrans produced by the two enzymes have been examined by p.m.r. spectroscopy, and a substantial degree of similarity was observed, with only minor differences in the proportion of α-(1→3) and α-(1→6) bonds. No evidence could be obtained that either of the enzymes was capable of catalyzing a rearrangement of α-(1→6) to α-(1→3) bonds.
Emergent use of balloon-expandable coronary artery stenting for failed percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

BACKGROUNDThe balloon-expandable intracoronary stent developed by Palmaz and Schatz is undergoing clinical evaluation for use in unfavorable anatomic situations and in the prevention of restenosis. Because the stent's mechanism of action would suggest effectiveness in salvaging certain percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) failures, we retrospectively examined the results of emergency unplanned coronary artery stenting for failed PTCA procedures, including acute occlusion.METHODS AND RESULTSThe study population consisted of all US patients receiving emergency unplanned stent implantation in a nonrandomized fashion at seven centers over a 2 1/2-year period (n = 56). All available medical records and angiograms were reviewed to determine retrospectively the reason for stenting: Group 1 consisted of 23 patients with a suboptimal angioplasty result; group 2 included patients with evidence of impending vessel closure after PTCA (n = 15); and group 3 were patients with frank acute occlusion afte...
Threshold Control for Nonlinear and Time-Varying Structures Using Equivalent Linearization

A minimum force, threshold control strategy is developed for the vibration control of mechanical structures modeled as a nonlinear, time-varying, single-degree-of- freedom oscillator. The threshold control strategy results in a control that is applied over short control time intervals. During each control time interval, the control law is con strained to be a linear combination of the structure's position and velocity. The necessary conditions that define the optimal control are shown to consist of a two-point boundary value problem and a pair of coupled, definite integral equality constraints. A numerical solution technique is then developed to determine the optimal control.
Lipid mediator informatics-lipidomics: novel pathways in mapping resolution.

Lipidomics, the systematic decoding of lipid-based information in biosystems, is composed of identifying and profiling lipids and lipid-derived mediators. As currently practiced, lipidomics can be subdivided into architecture/ membrane lipidomics and mediator lipidomics. The mapping of structural components and their relation to cell activation as well as generation of potent lipid mediators and networks involves a mass spectrometry-computational approach so that interrelationships and complex mediator networks important for cell homeostasis can be appreciated. Cell membranes are composed of a bilayer that contains phospholipids, fatty acids, integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated proteins, sphingolipids, and so on. The membrane composition of many cell types has been established. The components' organization and effect on cell function remains to be established, however, and is a quest for lipidomics. Here, we review liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses to address bioactive lipid mediators in signaling pathways and the roles of lipid-derived mediators in resolution of inflammation.
The formation of ice from the infiltration of water into a frozen coarse grained soil

Abstract Understanding the formation of pore ice in coarse grained soils is important to geotechnical and geo-environmental projects such as the construction of roads, airstrips and gravel foundations as well as the treatment of contaminated soils in the arctic, sub-arctic, alpine and northern regions. The amount of pore ice present impacts the strength characteristics of the soils as well as the flow of fluid through soil. Tests have been conducted to qualify the impact of gradation, temperature, compaction and initial moisture content on the formation of pore ice in coarse grained soils. The purpose of this study was to prepare a conceptual model of the freezing mechanism in coarse grained soils and to qualify the parameters that influence the ice formation. Results from this study indicate that the presence of fine particles in a coarse grained soil greatly impact the depth at which the pore space initially becomes saturated with ice. A conceptual model was developed and its application is shown with regards to the process of thaw weakening in roads and the creation of preferential flow paths in permeable reactive barriers.
The relationship of muscle fibre size to tenderness of beef.

Steaks were removed from loins of beef carcasses at 1, 3, 6 or 14 days post mortem for fragmentation index (MFI), Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (SF) and sensory panel tenderness evaluation. Also, after 1 day of storage, samples were removed for histological observations. Greatest improvement in tenderness, SF and MFI occurred within the first 6 days of storage. Sensory panel tenderness was correlated (P < 0·01) with SF and MFI. Average muscle fibre size was correlated (P < 0·01) with tenderness and SF at days 1 and 3, but not at days 6 and 14. Evidently, muscle fibre size is important to tenderness prior to post-mortem storage of meat and proteolysis, but becomes less of a factor in tenderness after 6 days of storage.
Glucose-induced alteration of integrin expression and function in cultured human mesangial cells

Alteration in mesangial volume, due to an increase of the matrix surrounding mesangial cells, is a hallmark indicator of nephropathy in diabetes. Mesangial cells may also play a significant role in the development of nephropathy. Therefore, we examined the effect of glucose on the expression of integrins by cultured human mesangial cells and their ability to interact with collagen IV, a major component of the mesangial matrix. Human mesangial cells were grown in 5 and 25 mM glucose and their integrin profile was examined by immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry in each experimental condition. The results indicate that when mesangial cells were grown in 25 mM glucose, the expression of integrin subunit α2, was increased, while the α1 subunit was considerably decreased, as compared to cells grown in 5 mM glucose. Additionally, mesangial cells were tested for their ability to adhere to collagen IV in a solid-phase assay in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to integrin subunits. The results of these ex...
Replication, integration and expression of exogenous DNA injected into fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis

We have analyzed the fate of circular and linear DNA molecules following microinjection into the cytoplasm of fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis. Recombinant plasmids containing sea urchin histone genes (pSp 102), Drosophila ADH genes (sAC-1), and SV40 (SV2 CAT) replicate during the development of the injected frog embryo. In contrast, pBR322 either as monomers or multimers does not appear to replicate as efficiently. Generally, injected circular DNAs were not detectable by the gastrula stage of development, although there were several examples in which these molecules persisted until larval stages. In 90% of the cases, injected linear DNAs persisted as discrete molecules into early embryonic stages. A portion of the DNA sequences complementary to injected linear and circular molecules was detected comigrating with the high-molecular-weight cellular frog DNA (48 kb or larger) from mid-cleavage stages onward. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA from injected embryos suggested some copies of the injected DNAs were integrated into the frog genome. This occurred in about 10%-30% of the cases of injected circular DNA and approximately 60%-70% of the cases of injected linear DNA. We were able to rescue circular plasmids from the injected blastulae by retransforming Escherichia coli. Restriction enzyme analysis of this DNA suggested that the majority of injected circular DNAs were not modified following replication in the frog embryo. The DNA of Xenopus embryos was highly methylated. On the other hand, injected DNA sequences were not methylated de novo even after many replication cycles in the frog embryo. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts from the injected DNAs were detectable by the late blastula stage of development.
Spatially Controlled Fabrication of Nanoporous Block Copolymers

A light-driven process for fabrication of spatially controlled nanoporous polymer films was demonstrated with a new diblock copolymer/small molecule additive system. Poly(α-methylstyrene-b-4-hydroxystyrene) was designed and synthesized with one block functioning as a high-resolution negative-tone photoresist and the second block being selectively removable. With a straightforward spin-coating process, a perpendicular cylindrical orientation of the removable block α-methylstyrene microdomain was induced over a wide range of film thicknesses on different substrates. Uniform nanometer-sized pores in submicron-sized photopatterns can be generated by merger of “top down” photolithographic imaging with a subsequent selective removal of a “bottom up” self-assembled nanostructure.
The role of the nucleus and other compartments in toxic cell death produced by alkylating hepatotoxicants

Hepatocellular necrosis occurs under a wide range of pathological conditions. In most cases, toxic cell death takes place over a finite span of time, delayed from the point of initial injury and accompanied by homeostatic counterresponses that are varied and complex. The present strategies for discovering critical steps in cell death recognize that (1) different toxins produce similar morphologic changes that precede killing in widely varied cell types, and that (2) lethal events are likely to involve one or more compartmentalized functions that are common to most cells. Investigations of the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, and nucleus have greatly advanced our understanding of acute hepatocellular necrosis. This report examines each compartment but emphasizes molecular changes in the nucleus which may explain cell death caused by alkylating hepatotoxicants. Accumulating knowledge about two distinct modes of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, indicates that loss of Ca2+ regulation and subsequent damage to DNA may be critical steps in lethal damage to liver cells by toxic chemicals.
Femtosecond pulse generation in a C-band quantum dot laser

We have demonstrated femtosecond pulses from a passive single-section monolithic InAs/InP quantum-dot (QD) semiconductor laser with the active length of 456 µm and the ridge width of 2.5 µm in the C-band wavelength range from 1528 nm to 1565 nm. The transform-limited Gaussian-pulses are generated at the 92-GHz repetition rate with the 312-fs pulse duration without any pulse compression scheme. The average output power is larger than 13.2 mW for the injection current of 60 mA. And the lasing threshold current and external differential quantum efficiency are 17.2 mA and 38%, respectively. The mode-beating linewidth of the proposed QD mode-locked laser (MLL) was measured less than 20 KHz. We have interpreted that four-wave-mixing (FWM) process and other nonlinear effects within the QD waveguide gain materials make the major contributions to lock the phase the longitudinal modes of the QD Fabry-Perot cavity together to achieve this strong self-pulsation process.
Effects of 42°C hyperthermia on intracellular pH in ovarian carcinoma cells during acute or chronic exposure to low extracellular pH

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether intracellular pH (pH i ) is affected during hyperthermia in substrate-attached cells and whether acute extracellular acidification potentiates the cytotoxicity of hyperthermia via an effect on pH i . Methods and Materials: The pH i was determined in cells attached to extracellular matrix proteins loaded with the flourescent indicator dye BCECF at 37°C and during 42°C hyperthermia at an extracellular pH (pH e ) of 6.7 or 7.3 in cells. Effects on pH i during hyperthermia are compared to effects on clonogenic survival after hyperthermia at pH e 7.3 and 6.7 of cells grown at pH e 7.3, or of cells grown and monitored at pH e 6.7. Results: The results show that pH i values are affected by substrate attachments. Cells attached to extracellular matrix proteins had better signal stability, low dye leakage and evidence of homeostatic regulation of pH i during heating. The net decrease in pH i in cells grown and assayed at pH e = 7.3 during 42°C hyperthermia was 0.28 units and the decrease in low pH adapted cells heated at pH e = 6.7 was 0.14 units. Acute acidification from pH e = 7.3 to pH e = 6.7 at 37°C caused an initial reduction of 0.5-0.8 unit in pH i , but a partial recovery followed during the next 60–90 min. Concurrent 42°C hyperthermia caused the same initial reduction in pH i in acutely acidified cells, but inhibited the partial recovery that occurred during the next 60–90 min at 37°C. After 4 h at 37°C, the net change in pH i in acutely acidified cells was 0.30 pH unit, but at 42°C is 0.63 pH units. The net change in pH i correlated inversely with clonogenic survival. Conclusions: Hyperthermia causes a pH i reduction in cells which was smaller in magnitude by 50% in low pH adapted cells. Hyperthermia inhibited the partial recovery from acute acidification that was observed at 37°C in substrate attached cells, in parallel with a lower subsequent clonogenic survival.
Matrix models for β -ensembles from Nekrasov partition functions

We relate Nekrasov partition functions, with arbitrary values of ϵ_1, ϵ_2 parameters, to matrix models for β-ensembles. We find matrix models encoding the instanton part of Nekrasov partition functions, whose measure, to the leading order in ϵ_2 expansion, is given by the Vandermonde determinant to the power β = −ϵ_1/ϵ_2. An additional, trigonometric deformation of the measure arises in five-dimensional theories. Matrix model potentials, to the leading order in ϵ_2 expansion, are the same as in the β = 1 case considered in 0810.4944 [hep-th]. We point out that potentials for massive hypermultiplets include multi-log, Penner-like terms. Inclusion of Chern-Simons terms in five-dimensional theories leads to multi-matrix models. The role of these matrix models in the context of the AGT conjecture is discussed.
Working Ethics: William Beaumont, Alexis St. Martin, and Medical Research in Antebellum America

Analyzing William Beaumont's relationship with his experimental subject, Alexis St. Martin, this article demonstrates how the "research ethics" of antebellum America were predicated on models of employment, servitude, and labor. The association between Beaumont and St. Martin drew from and was understood in terms of the ideas and practices of contract labor, informal domestic servitude, indentures, and military service. Beaumont and St. Martin lived through an important period of transition in which personal master-servant relations existed alongside the "free" contract labor of market capitalism. Their relationship reflected and helped constitute important developments in nineteenth-century American labor history.
An Examination of the Challenges of Charlotte Manufacturers

Manufacturing employment has steadily declined in the Charlotte metropolitan area, with significant losses occurring in textiles, apparel, and related industries. Production activity remains widespread in the region, however, both in terms of the number of manufacturers and workers and the wide range of industries in which they are involved. Evidence from a survey of manufacturers within the Charlotte region indicates that a number of firms continue to succeed despite various competitive issues on the local and national scales. This article examines these challenges, their implications, and the strategies used to address these issues. Overall, manufacturers across the region are in a period of rapid change.
Measurement of gas kinetic temperatures for polyatomic ions in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Validation and refinements

Abstract The general method of comparing measured ion ratios to calculated ion ratios to determine a gas kinetic temperature (T gas ) is reviewed. Various mathematical refinements to the calculated partition functions are examined for their effect on the determined T gas . It is found that (a) excited electronic states should be included for ArO + , neutral NO, and O 2 ; (b) a 10% error in solvent load, sample gas flow rate, vibrational constant (ω), rotational constant (B) or measured ion ratio produces only a 1 to 3% error in T gas ; (c) a 10% error in dissociation energy (D 0 ) creates nearly a 10% error in T gas ; and (d) high temperature corrections to the partition functions produce minimal change and can generally be neglected.
Performance of Rainbow Trout Fed Gelatin-Bound Diets of Fish Protein Concentrate of Casein Containing 25 to 45 Percent Herring Oil

Abstract Five diets based on fish protein concentrate-gelatin (FPC), ranging in herring oil content from 25 to 45%, and one casein-gelatin based diet containing 35% herring oil were fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 95 days to evaluate nutrient assimilation of diets with high caloric densities. Digestible energy densities of diets ranged from 4.36 to 6.19kcal/g. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (38% crude protein). Alpha-cellulose, which is considered to be indigestible by fish, was the only carbohydrate used in formulation of diets. Weight gains were higher (P < 0.01) for fish fed the FPC than for fish fed the casein-gelatin diet. Oil level in the diet was highly related (P < 0.05) to feed conversion efficiency (FC; weight of feed consumed/live weight gain), having a correlation coefficient of -0.88. The FPC diet containing 35% herring oil had a higher FC (0.821, P < 0.05) than the casein diet with 35% herring oil (FC, 0.971). All FPC diets had a higher dietary energy conversion rates ...
Computer generated volume holograms: Design and fabrication

We discuss coding techniques for computer-generated volume holograms and present experimental results of holograms embedded in glass fabricated with a femtosecond laser.
An SNMP MIB for the ST-II Protocol

An SNMP MIB for the ST-II Protocol is presented. The ST-II Protocol is the Experimental Internet Stream Protocol Version 2. The MIB is composed of two parts. The first part strictly follows the components and structures given in C. Topolcic et al., (Experimental Internet Stream Protocol, Version 2 (ST-II), Request for Comments 1190). It is therefore generic. The second (and much smaller) part deals with structures which are not explicitly defined in and is therefore implementation dependent. This part initially covers the routing table. It is based on the structures which have been defined for the ST-II implementation which was developed at the IBM European Networking Center in Heidelberg, Germany. The MIB was designed by a team comprising specialists from both ends, multimedia as well as network management. The experiences gained are prototypical for the design of MIBs for similar protocols. The paper is intended to be a starting point for discussions and possible future standardization efforts. >
Digital modulation recognition using support vector machine classifier

We propose four features to classify amplitude shift keying with two levels and four levels, binary phase shift keying, quadrature phase keying, frequency shift keying with two carriers and four carriers. After that we present a new method of classification based on support vector machine (SVM) that uses the four proposed features. We study the performance of SVM classifier and compare it to the previous work done in the literature on the digital modulation classification problem.
Immobilized peptides/amino acids on solid supports for metal remediation

Recently, a significant amount of work has focused on metal binding by natural sys- tems for various applications. This review will focus on the utility of amino acids, short pep- tides, and proteins that have been immobilized onto solid supports for use in metal binding. These systems include single amino acids, poly-amino acids, and peptides immobilized onto supports such as silica, polymer resins, and membranes. Also included are the studies in- volving the use of immobilized amino acids in ion-exchange chromatography.
processes of dispute management among urban black children

This paper investigates the forms and functions of alternative dispute procedures as well as distinctive operating cultures that account for them among urban black working-class children. It is found that children strategically manage the social organization of a dispute through the selection of particular argument formats. In conducting argumentative exchanges, children display a range of communicative competencies and collaborate in performing highly orderly negotiations of power. [conversation analysis, child language, social organization, legal anthropology, Black English Vernacular]
Contrails to Cirrus—Morphology, Microphysics, and Radiative Properties

This work is two pronged, discussing 1) the morphology of contrails and their transition to cirrus uncinus, and 2) their microphysical and radiative properties. It is based upon the fortuitous occurrence of an unusual set of essentially parallel contrails and the unanticipated availability of nearly simultaneous observations by photography, satellite, automated ground-based lidar, and a newly available database of aircraft flight tracks. The contrails, oriented from the northeast to southwest, are carried to the southeast with a component of the wind so that they are spread from the northwest to southeast. Convective turrets form along each contrail to form the cirrus uncinus with fallstreaks of ice crystals that are oriented essentially normal to the contrail length. Each contrail is observed sequentially by the lidar and tracked backward to the time and position of the originating aircraft track with the appropriate component of the wind. The correlation coefficient between predicted and actual time of arrival at the lidar is 0.99, so that one may identify both visually and satellite-observed contrails exactly. Contrails generated earlier in the westernmost flight corridor occasionally arrive simultaneously with those formed later closer to the lidar to produce broader cirrus fallstreaks and overlapping contrails on the satellite image. The minimum age of a contrail is 2 h and corresponds to the longest time of travel to the lidar. The lag between the initial formation of the contrail and its first detectability by Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is 33 min, thus accounting for the distance between the aircraft track and the first detectable contrail by satellite. The lidar also provides particle fall speeds and estimated sizes, optical extinction coefficients, optical thickness ( 0.35), and ice water path (IWP 8.1 gm 2 ). These values correspond to the lower range of those found for midlatitude cirrus by Heymsfield et al. The ice water per meter of length along the cloud lines is 10 3 –10 4 times that released by typical jet aircraft. The synthesis of these findings with those of prior investigators provides confidence in the present results. Various authors find that contrail-generated cirrus such as reported here contribute to net regional warming.
Oscillator design using S parameters and a predetermined source or load

An approach to microwave oscillator design is given which will solve in closed form the impedances necessary for a device to achieve some optimum condition. For example, maximum power output, minimum noise shelf, or maximum device gain for the amplifying device in the oscillator may be specified. The closed-form solution to the oscillation condition is given under the conditions of a specified impedance presented to either the source or the load port of the amplifying device. This approach is applicable whenever S parameters are available including millimeter wavelengths, and even at optical frequencies with the appropriate S matrix. The example discussed used series terminations. >
Breaking a communication barrier: the effect of visual aids in food preparation on job attitudes and performance.

Given the diverse workforce of the hospitality industry, language difficulties continue to create communication barriers for both employers and immigrant workers. As a result, these barriers have n...
Simplified Procedure for Measuring the Effect of Gustatory Perception on Parotid Gland Flow Rate

Parotid flow rate resulting from sipping 1.0% citric acid solution was regressed on the rate of stimulus application. A linear relationship was found between flow rate and the logarithm of the application rate. This simpler stimulation procedure may be substituted for the more variable swab method.
Occupational Injury and Illness in the United States: Estimates of Costs, Morbidity, and Mortality

Objective: To estimate the annual incidence, the mortality, and the direct and indirect costs associated with occupational injuries and illnesses in the United States in 1992. Design: Aggregation and analysis of national and large regional data sets collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Council on Compensation Insurance, the National Center for Health Statistics, the Health Care Financing Administration, and other governmental bureaus and private firms. Methods: To assess incidence of and mortality from occupational injuries and illnesses, we reviewed data from national surveys and applied an attributable risk proportion method. To assess costs, we used the human capital method that decomposes costs into direct categories such as medical and insurance administration expenses as well as indirect categories such as lost earnings, lost home production, and lost fringe benefits. Some cost estimates were drawn from the literature while others were generated within this study. Total costs were calculated by multiplying average costs by the number of injuries and illnesses in each diagnostic category. Results: Approximately 6500 job-related deaths from injury, 13.2 million nonfatal injuries, 60 300 deaths from disease, and 862 200 illnesses are estimated to occur annually in the civilian American workforce. The total direct ($65 billion) plus indirect ($106 billion) costs were estimated to be $171 billion. Injuries cost $145 billion and illnesses $26 billion. These estimates are likely to be low, because they ignore costs associated with pain and suffering as well as those of within-home care provided by family members, and because the numbers of occupational injuries and illnesses are likely to be undercounted. Conclusions: The costs of occupational injuries and illnesses are high, in sharp contrast to the limited public attention and societal resources devoted to their prevention and amelioration. Occupational injuries and illnesses are an insufficiently appreciated contributor to the total burden of health care costs in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1557-1568
Efficacies of Zinc-Finger-Active Drugs against Giardia lamblia

Twenty-nine of 34 (85%) Zn-finger-active compounds at 300 microM or less inhibited the growth of Giardia lamblia. The most active compound, disulfiram (Antabuse), was cidal at 1.23 +/- 0.32 microM. In the adult mouse model, significant in vivo activity was demonstrated by increased cure rates and decreased parasite burdens.
Reduced water intake: Implications for rodent developmental and reproductive toxicity studies

In developmental and reproductive toxicity studies, drinking water is a common means of delivering the test agent. Reduced consumption of toxicant-containing water raises questions about indirect effects of reduced maternal fluid consumption resulting from unpalatability, versus direct effects of the test compound. Issues to consider include: objective assessment of dehydration and thirst, the relative contributions of innate and learned behaviors to drinking behavior and flavor preference, and the objective assessment of physiologic stress. Not only do lab animals under ad lib conditions consume more water than the minimum required to maintain fluid balance, animals faced with water restriction have substantial physiologic capacity for protection of metabolic processes. Measures of blood biochemistry can provide quantifiable, objective indications of fluid balance, but changes in these parameters could result from other causes such as effects of a test toxicant. Consummatory behaviors in response to perceived need are highly influenced by learning. Hence, the drinking behavior, water intake, and flavor acceptance/preference of animals used in toxicology experiments could be subject to learning experiences with the test compound. Physiological symptoms of stress produced by water deprivation may be distinguishable from the symptoms associated with other generalized stressors, such as food deprivation, but doing so may be beyond the scope of most developmental or reproductive toxicity studies. Use of concurrent controls, paired to test groups for water consumption, could help distinguish between the direct effects of a test toxicant as opposed to effects of reduced water consumption alone.
PILOT STUDY: SITUATIONAL EVALUATION AND BASE‐LINE TECHNIQUES IN ARTICULATION THERAPY

Abstract The problem of this study was to consider how a speech therapist can adequately evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. The unique feature of this pilot study was the use of a pre‐ and post‐test administration at the beginning and end of each therapy session. An error sound of the subject was selected on the basis of maturity and stimulability. Ten correct or incorrect responses to this error sound were tabulated for each session, establishing a base‐line on the initial performance and enabling progress checks. The number of correct responses during each therapy session increased as the number of sessions progressed. Increased efficiency could have been attributed to the effectiveness of previous sessions.
Giving life to numbers

The yearly cancer statistics article represents a snapshot of the evolving trends in cancer events, providing a reference point for evaluating the successes and failures of cancer control in the United States. Dr. Cunningham, President of the American Cancer Society and a Surgical Oncologist at St. Francis Hospital in Evanston, Illinois, provides an overview of important observations from this year's data, including the observation that for the first time overall cancer mortality is following a downward trend in the United States.