cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two pulmonary emboli in a psych pod.

Background A female patient known to have schizoaffective disorder self-presented to an emergency department in a state of acute agitation and paranoia shortly after a 35-day inpatient stay at a psychiatric facility. Case report The patient exhibited no signs or complaints of dyspnea or hypoxia, but later collapsed and became hypoxic after sleeping comfortably with sedation for 12 h in the psychiatric unit. She was intubated and a computed tomography angiogram revealed bilateral lobar pulmonary emboli and right heart strain. Conclusion Psychiatric hospitalizations, medications, diagnoses and relevant sequelae increase venous thromboembolism risk more than many realize.
A phase 2 study of combined chemo-immunotherapy with cisplatin-pembrolizumab and radiation for unresectable vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

Unresectable or metastatic vulvar cancer has relatively poor outcomes despite chemotherapy-sensitized radiation therapy and combination cytotoxic therapy. Despite the virus-associated and immunogenic nature of this disease, novel immunotherapy options that exploit this advantage are currently lacking. Platinum agents such as cisplatin have been shown to prime dendritic cells for T-cell costimulation, promote downregulation of inhibitory checkpoint molecules, and sensitize tumor cells to cytotoxic T-cell killing. Radiation therapy has also been shown to promote immunogenetic cell death as monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin. In combination with pembrolizumab, cisplatin-sensitized radiation is hypothesized to increase overall response rates and recurrence-free survival in patients with vulvar cancer, via induction of an anti-tumor inflammatory response. We propose a single-arm phase II clinical trial of pembrolizumab combined with cisplatin-sensitized radiation therapy for women with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic vulvar cancer. The first three patients with locally advanced or unresectable disease will receive cycle 1 of pembrolizumab followed by a break and resumption of pembrolizumab at cycle 4 and as part of a safety cohort. All other patients, including the fourth patient with locally advanced/unresectable disease, will receive weekly cisplatin and pembrolizumab every 3 weeks, concurrently with daily radiation therapy. Following the completion of Cis-RT, patients will continue pembrolizumab maintenance for a total of 12 cycles. Archived tissue will be used for HPV status, MSI status, PD-L1, and TIL stratification post hoc. Imaging will be performed at baseline and every 3 cycles (21-day cycles) as per standard-of-care. Laboratory analysis will occur on the first day of each cycle. The combination of cisplatin-sensitized radiation and immune checkpoint blockade has not been evaluated in the upfront setting for vulvar cancer. In this rare malignancy, there are limited interventional clinical trials. This trial is designed to be as accessible as possible by allowing patients to receive cisplatin and radiation locally according to accepted standard-of-care while receiving pembrolizumab and adverse event monitoring at a centralized site. A robust suite of translational correlative studies has also been built into the trial to evaluate tumor-directed immune activation. Trial registration NCT04430699
Multiscale model of heart growth during pregnancy: Integrating mechanical and hormonal signaling

Abstract Pregnancy stands at the interface of mechanics and biology. The growing fetus continuously loads the maternal organs as circulating hormone levels surge, leading to significant changes in mechanical and hormonal cues during pregnancy. In response to these cues, maternal soft tissues undergo remarkable growth and remodeling to support both mother and baby for a healthy pregnancy. We focus here on the maternal left ventricle, which increases its cardiac output and mass during pregnancy. The objective of this study is to build a multiscale cardiac growth model for pregnancy to understand how mechanical and hormonal cues interact to drive this growth process. Towards this objective, we coupled a cell signaling network model that predicts cell-level hypertrophy in response to hormones and stretch, to a compartmental model of the rat heart and circulation that predicts organ-level growth in response to hemodynamic changes. Since pregnancy is associated with a volume overloaded state and elevated hormones, we first calibrated the coupled, multiscale model to data from experimental volume overload (VO) and hormonal infusion of angiotensin 2 (AngII), estrogen (E2), and progesterone (P4). We then validated the ability of our model to capture interactions between inputs by comparing model predictions against published observations for the combinations of VO+E2 and AngII+E2. Finally, we simulated pregnancy-induced changes in hormones and hemodynamics to predict heart growth during pregnancy. Our multiscale model produced realistic heart growth consistent with experimental data. Overall, our analysis suggests that much of heart growth during pregnancy is driven by the early rise in P4, particularly during the first half of gestation. We conclude with suggestions for future experimental studies that will provide a better understanding of how hormonal and mechanical cues interact to drive pregnancy-induced heart growth.
Effect of Cr Concentration on ½ to Dislocation Loop Transformation in Fe-Cr alloys

Abstract Radiation can produce both and ½ type dislocation loops in Fe-Cr based ferritic/martensitic alloys. However, contradictory experimental results have been reported on how Cr concentration affects the ratio of to ½ loops. In this study, firstly molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to study how Cr concentration affects the formation probability of loops from overlapping cascades on a pre-existing ½ loop in a series of Fe-Cr alloys with 0 – 15%Cr at 300 K using a concentration-dependent interatomic potential. Our atomistic modeling directly demonstrates that the ratio of to ½ loops decreases with the increasing Cr concentration, which is consistent with many experimental observations. Next, independent molecular statics calculations show that the formation energy of a loop has a much faster increase rate than that of a ½ loop as Cr concentration increases, indicating that the formation of loops becomes energetically more and more unfavorable than ½ loops as the Cr content increases. Using a different interatomic potential, the Cr dependence on the loop formation probability is weak, because this potential predicts that Cr addition does not change the relative energy difference between and ½ loops. Our results provide an alternative explanation for why Cr can suppress the formation of loops in Fe-Cr alloys, which can be applied to all loop formation mechanisms. The possible effects of other alloying elements on the formation of loops in Fe-based alloys are also discussed.
Extragnathic Fibro-Osseous Diseases

Summary This article has briefly reviewed some classic extragnathic fibro-osseous lesions. Other entities in which there may be overlap in presentation or histology were also examined. The typical clinical, radiologic, and histologic features have been highlighted and compared. Small biopsy samples, as obtained in needle core biopsy, can be a source of diagnostic uncertainty in the separation of some fibro-osseous lesions. Additionally, histologic similarity may be seen focally in tumors not included in the classic fibro-osseous category. Special studies and techniques have increased our knowledge and offer some usefulness as diagnostic aids. An accurate diagnosis, however, still depends on the close working relationship among the clinician, radiologist, and pathologist.
Vascular Basement Membrane Thickening: Basis of Disease Pathology in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common forms of microvascular complications of diabetes. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this debilitating ocular complication that holds particular significance due to its detrimental effects on vision, which ultimately leads to vision loss and blindness. Hyperglycemia, the most prominent characteristic of diabetes, plays a major role in initiating the development and progression of DR. One of the histological hallmarks of the pathogenesis of DR is characterized by the thickening of the basement membrane (BM). Abnormalities in the BM ultrastructure affect retinal vascular cell attachment and compromises the inner blood–retinal barrier. While strides are being made to better understand the cellular events regulating retinal capillary BM thickening, including high glucose-induced upregulation of type IV collagen, fibronectin, and laminin genes together with decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, and its role in the pathogenesis of DR, the focus is now to apply effective strategies to prevent BM thickening to establish its therapeutic potential.
Future Research Directions for Sustainable Natural Resource Management

We discuss three directions for future research in sustainable natural resource management. These directions are drawn mainly from our research experience and expertise in the energy sector and other natural resource areas. First, we believe that future sustainability and resilience in natural resource management can be enhanced through better utilization of outcomes from process- or physical-based climate change models, such as Global Climate Models. Second, directly related to the electric power sectors is a better harnessing variability and unpredictability via flexibility, transmission, and storage. Third, future natural resource management should consider interdependence of multiple systems, such as power, natural gas, and water systems, through co-optimization of these interdependent systems. We elaborate each of these three future research directions in this chapter.
The inﬂuence of microstructure and conformational polymorph on the drop-weight impact sensitivity of δ-phase HMX

The influence on HMX impact sensitivity resulting from damage due to phase transition versus that of the polymorphic conformer and crystal lattice change in δ-HMX are quantified in this work. Micro...
On combinatorics of Voronoi polytopes for pertubations of the dual root lattices

The Voronoi conjecture on parallelohedra claims that for every convex polytope $P$ that tiles Euclidean $d$-dimensional space with translations there exists a $d$-dimensional lattice such that $P$ and the Voronoi polytope of this lattice are affinely equivalent. The Voronoi conjecture is still open for the general case but it is known that some combinatorial restriction for the face structure of $P$ ensure that the Voronoi conjecture holds for $P$. In this paper we prove that if $P$ is the Voronoi polytope of one of the dual root lattices $\mathsf{D}_d^*$, $\mathsf{E}_6^*$, $\mathsf{E}_7^*$ or $\mathsf{E}_8^*=\mathsf{E}_8$ or their small perturbations, then every parallelohedron combinatorially equivalent to $P$ in strong sense satisfies the Voronoi conjecture.
Compression algorithms for high-data-volume instruments on planetary missions: a case study for the Cassini mission

We investigated data compression algorithms to boost science data return from high-data-volume instruments on planetary missions, particularly outer solar system missions where every bit of data represents an engineering triumph of over severe constraints on mass (limiting antenna size) and power (limiting signal strength). We developed a methodology to (1) investigate algorithms to improve compression and (2) to work with the science teams to evaluate the effects on the science. Our algorithm for compressing the Cassini Radio Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) data achieved a factor of 5 improvement in data compression (relative to what the RPWS team was using), and our algorithm for the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) Saturn data set achieved a much higher factor (∼70). In both cases, the investigators on the science teams who evaluated our results reported that the science goals were not compromised. Our compression algorithm for Imaging Science Subsystem images achieved on average a factor of ∼1.7 improvement in lossless compression compared to the original algorithm. We also evaluated the compression effectiveness of JPL’s Fast Lossless EXtended (FLEX) hyperspectral/multispectral image compressor on Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data. FLEX lossless compression provides a factor of 2 improvement over the original compression. We also explore a different range of lossy compression, which can achieve an additional factor 2 to 5 depending on the fidelity required. Our findings have implications for the design of future space missions, particularly with respect to antenna size and overall size, weight, and power budgets, by demonstrating strategies to implement better data compression. In addition to improved algorithms, we show that an iterative process involving real-time science team evaluation and feedback to update the onboard compression algorithm is both essential and feasible. We make the case that a spacecraft facility compressor hosting a toolbox of compression algorithms, available to all of the science instruments and supported by a team of compression experts, convey significant benefits. Beyond the obvious benefits of increased science return and faster playback, better data compression enables design trades between antenna size and number of science instruments on the payload.
Additive Manufacturing of a W -Band System-on-Package

In this article, we demonstrate the design, fabrication, and characterization of a $W$ -band system-on-package (SoP). This package is fully additively manufactured using a chip-first process and aerosol jet printing. With this method, we implement a transceiver consisting of two bare die amplifiers for transmitted and received signals, a bare die switch, printed bypass capacitors, surface-mount resistors for biasing networks, and a printed patch antenna, operating between 77.1 and 79.0 GHz. The second patch antenna of the same design, fabricated simultaneously, is used to characterize the antenna performance alone and the packaged components. Package substrates (dielectrics), conductors, and interconnects are printed around bare die attached to a carrier. Thin-film bypass capacitor dielectrics were printed using multimaterial aerosol jet printing (MMAJP), where aerosols of barium titanate and polyimide inks are mixed in place to form a high $\epsilon _{r}$ polymer matrix nanocomposite film. $W$ -band interconnect performance is achieved using conformal-shaped ramp interconnects, allowing for frequency agnostic performance of the interconnect with no impedance discontinuity, within the physical limits of the printer. The antenna alone achieves a maximum gain of 6.7 dBi at 78.3 GHz, and the SoP achieves a gain of 16.4 dBi for the package. We estimate the package loss to be 2.8 dB or 0.6 dB/mm, including interconnects.
Provider-Level Barriers to Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Survivors of Childhood and Young Adult Cancers.

Purpose: We sought to understand clinician-level barriers to providing HPV vaccination to survivors of childhood and young adult cancers (CYACs). Methods: We conducted 30-minute qualitative intervi...
Pediatric Palliative Care Fellowship

Pediatric hospice and palliative medicine can be one of the most rewarding fields of medicine in pediatrics. There are many misconceptions about the scope of practice of a pediatric hospice and hospice medicine physician. While part of the job of a hospice and palliative medicine physician is to help guide families through the end of life, we are much more focused on walking alongside families of medically complex patients aiding in everything from complex medical decision-making to symptom management. If you are considering additional fellowship training in pediatric palliative care, this chapter should help guide you through the logistics of the application process, what to look for in a fellowship program, and the lifestyle for this extra 1 year of training.
Embedded Psychiatric Services in a Multidisciplinary Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinic: An Assessment of Patient Needs and Perceptions.

Objective Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is often associated with a range of difficult neuropsychiatric symptoms and conditions, including depression, apathy, pseudobulbar affect, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Despite the potential role for psychiatrists in the treatment of ALS, they are not typically involved in the ALS clinical team. The investigators describe a quality improvement intervention providing embedded psychiatric services within a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC). Methods A psychiatrist working within an ALS MDC evaluated patients (N=116) over a 1-year period. The clinic assessed the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and conditions in patients with ALS (depression, anxiety, pseudobulbar affect, and cognitive impairment, including FTD) using standardized screening methods. Fifty-five patients and 47 family members completed surveys about perceptions of their need for psychiatric care, their experience of meeting with a psychiatrist, and their desire for future access to psychiatric care. Results Prevalence rates for neuropsychiatric symptoms were 14.9% for depression, 11.3% for anxiety, 19% for cognitive impairment (including FTD, 8.6%), and 36.2% for pseudobulbar affect; 62.0% of patients were being prescribed at least one psychotropic medication. Both patients and family members reported that meeting with a psychiatrist was helpful, that the treatment provided was helpful, and that they would prefer continued availability of psychiatric services in the future. The presence of cognitive impairment and use of antidepressants increased the likelihood of patients reporting a benefit from psychiatric care. Conclusions Patients with ALS report a benefit from increased access to psychiatric services. The inclusion of a psychiatrist within the ALS MDC model should be considered to improve quality of care for this patient population.
Therapeutic Approaches to Burkitt’s Lymphoma

The treatment of Burkitt lymphoma has advanced over the last 50 years due to the pivotal work of Dr. Denis Burkitt and his colleagues. Once treated with monotherapy out of necessity, high intensity short duration chemotherapy with CNS prophylaxis is now the standard of care. The success of this treatment strategy in pediatric patients directed the therapy used in adult patients. In all patients, rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy is critical to assure optimal results. As cure rates for patients continue to improve, management of treatment toxicities such as acute tumor lysis syndrome continues to be an important point of emphasis.
Introduction: Mental health counseling in third party reproduction

Mental health professionals serve an important role in guiding intended parents through a myriad of considerations from donor or surrogate selection to issues of disclosure with children. This role has evolved due to many considerations including evolving practice and ethics guidelines, as well as other factors such as access to the internet. This Views and Reviews will explore how team care, inclusive of the mental health professional, serves the interests of patients and provides a strong foundation for families created with the help of donors and/or surrogates.
Production bias in cultural evolution: An examination of cubic dice variation in experimental and archaeological contexts

Similar artifact function and conformism to social norms are two models commonly proposed to explain why ancient people shared a particular form of material culture. We propose an additional model for explaining such similarity, production bias, which focuses on interactions between raw materials and the production of material culture. By way of modern replication experiments and a survey of ancient examples, we use dice to exemplify production bias and discuss how it can be recognized in the archaeological record. Although there are 15 possible configurations for cubic dice, all of equal function, only three are common in the archaeological record. Replication experiments show that one is the result of production bias, and is differentially produced by novice dice-makers. The other two are the byproduct of conformist cultural transmission processes. A similar result holds for dot patterns, or how dots are placed with respect to one another to represent a particular number.
Simple Sequence Repeats in the Human Genome: Evolution

Recent evolutionary findings suggest important functions for even-numbered, simple sequence repeats (SRs). During evolution, weak-folding SRs whose single-stranded forms were incapable of forming classically paired duplex stems, replaced other weak-folding repeats. Strong-folding repeats replaced other strong-folding repeats. Among untranslated regions, SRs were associated with genes encoding membrane-related functions and genes encoding transcription factors. Among all possible SR sequences, evolution selected primarily weak-folding repeats. The evolution of many of the differences comparing human SR usage with other mammals can now be mapped using publically available genome sequences. Human SR sites evolved by a variety of pathways. Keywords: evolution; genome; single stranded; species differences; UTRs
Developments of spatial information-based Digital Mine in China

Gave a brief introduction to the origin, concepted and hierarchical structure of Digital Mine. As a huge complex system, Digital Mine took data base and model base together as a mine data management system being its core, and Digital Mine was comprised of five subsystems including data obtaining system, integral dispatching system, applied engineering system, data processing system, and data management system. Being a digitally 3D visualized representation and a spatial information infrastructure of an actual mine, Digital Mine had three basic features such as data warehouse, information reference and digital platform. The present developments of Digital Mine in mining industry, research and education were also introduced. Examples were shown for present Digital Mine construction in China. The development trends, the key technologies and the recent construction procedures on Digital Mine were presented.
The Esthetic Grounding of Ordered Thought

In Peirce’s account of the normative sciences, logical validity and truth ultimately rely upon – though they are not reduced to – ethical and esthetic insight. An examination of the relations among critical esthetics, ethics and logic in Peirce’s system suggests a possible account of the logic of creative discovery, which Peirce identified as abductive inference.
Properties of Extruded Disintegrable Metal Composites

Recently, a lightweight, disintegrable material with high strength and high ductility has been successfully used in oilfield tool applications to save well operation time and cost. The material is a powder metallurgy composite consisting of a metal matrix and mechanical/chemical reinforcements. Warm extrusion was used to produce rods and tubes of the material from cold pressed green preform. Disintegration rates of the extruded materials with different compositions range from 0 – 300 mg/cm2/hr in 3% KCl at 93.3 °C with a strength of > 60 ksi (414 MPa) and ductility of 7 – 15%. This paper presents the micro structure, disintegration, and mechanical properties of the extruded composite. The results prove that disintegration properties can be controlled by altering the chemical composition of the reinforcements while maintaining good strength and ductility.
Estrogen Inhibition of a Mr 39,000 Glycoprotein Secreted by Human Breast Cancer Cells

We have identified a secreted glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 39,000 that is inhibited by estrogens and stimulated by antiestrogens in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The protein was detected within 24 h of hormone treatment with inhibition occurring at concentrations as low as 10-11 m estradiol and stimulation occurring with antiestrogens. When phenol red, which has been found to have estrogenic activity, is removed from the tissue culture medium, no inhibition of cell growth or induction of the M r 39,000 protein is seen with antiestrogens. A 6-fold decrease in the amount secreted in the presence of estrogens is seen under these conditions. The induction was specific in that growth inhibition by several other means did not induce expression of the M r 39,000 protein. The M r 39,000 protein has been identified as a glycoprotein complex that can be resolved into four polypeptides with two major components that migrate in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.3 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This protein is the first evidence that estrogens inhibit a specific protein and it may prove useful as a marker of antiestrogen-induced growth arrest in breast cancer.
A Plea for the Unprincipled Decision

Not so very many years ago, when legislative action weas rather freely negatived by the Supreme Court, the voices of liberals like Holmes called for judicial self-restraint. Since that time, a more conservative self-restraint doctrine which strictly limits the role of judicial review has gained wide support. Judge Clark argues that such a doctrine cannot be used to avoid decision-making on the ground that the issues are lacking in adequate generality to permit of impartial or "principled" decisions, because these are concepts which are too vague and ambiguous for practical use and tend merely to support conservative decision-making. In this Article he registers his plea for the "unprincipled" decision.
Metchnikoff, Elie (Ilya)

1845–1916 Russian biologist who discovered phagocytes, developed a cellular theory of immunity, demonstrated the cells of acute inflammation and studied ageing. Keywords: phagocyte; cellular immunity; inflammation; ageing
Commentary on James E. Tomayko, "software as engineering"

James Tomayko has contributed a thoughtful paper that raises a number of interesting issues about software development considered as an engineering activity. He brings to this task the perspective of a scholar who has examined the topic for a period of years, observed it from the inside, and worked to develop educational aspects of the enterprise.1 As a matter of truth in advertising, it should be understood that I am not as familiar with software development; my areas of historical research have been engineering education and the activities of engineers in transportation fields. My remarks will focus on comparing software as engineering with older, more traditional branches of engineering.
Retinal phagocytes in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in industrial countries. Vision loss caused by AMD results from geographic atrophy (dry AMD) and/or choroidal neovascularization (wet AMD). Presently, the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD is not fully understood and there is no effective treatment. Oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is considered to be one of the major factors contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD. Also retinal glia, as scavengers, are deeply related with diseases and could play a role. Therefore, therapeutic approaches for microglia and Muller glia, as well as RPE, may lead to new strategies for AMD treatment. This review summarizes the pathological findings observed in RPE cells, microglia and Muller glia of AMD murine models.
The mass of the Oort cloud

The total mass of comets in the Oort cloud is calculated. The distribution of cometary masses is found based on the observed distribution of cometary magnitudes corrected for observational selection effects by Everhart (1967), and a derived relationship between brightness and nucleus mass. A cloud population of 1.4 trillion comets brighter than an absolute magnitude of 11 as found by Weissman (1982) is used. The estimated total mass is 1.9 earth masses. The probable error in the estimate is about one order of magnitude. Most of the mass of the Oort cloud is concentrated in the size range of the observed long-period comets. The mass estimate is consistent with either cometary formation among the outer planets, or in satellite fragments of the primordial solar nebula.
Sea Level Rise and Gulf Beaches the Specter of Judicial Takings

The BP oil spill recently focused the nation’s attention on the importance of beaches to the economies of the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico. These beaches have, however, been under attack for many decades by erosion from storms and other natural forces, as well as construction and maintenance of navigation inlets and rampant coastal development. Sea level rise will exacerbate erosion and loss of beaches. In many Gulf of Mexico states, however, the projected rate of beach loss due to sea level rise is overwhelmed by the current background rate of erosion. In Florida, for example, because the erosion rate is already so substantial, beach restoration and nourishment are considered to be economically viable adaptations to sea level rise for the next 50-100 years. While restoration is arguably not a long-term solution to sea level rise, beach restoration has many benefits over armoring of the shoreline where the level and scale of development makes retreat economically unviable. While armoring may protect structures, it will inevitably lead to loss of beaches, habitat and tidal public trust lands.The continued viability of beach restoration as an adaptation strategy presumes that current legal regimes for carrying out these projects can withstand constitutional challenges and that takings challenges and compensation of littoral property owners will not be part of the cost of the projects. In Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida withstood a first attack on the Beach and Shore Preservation Act as well as a challenge to the Florida Supreme Court’s interpretation of the common law principles embodied in the Act. The case provided the opportunity, however, for Justice Scalia to introduce his theory of a new genre of “takings” under the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments - judicial takings. This symposium article discusses the Stop the Beach Renourishment case in both the Florida and U.S. Supreme Courts and reviews Justice Scalia’s theory of judicial takings. It then discusses the continuing challenges to beach restoration as a beach management and sealevel rise strategy, both from the perspective of the legal issues that remain unresolved and the chilling effect of the specter of judicial taking.
Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction

In this landmark work on early conceptual and lexical development, Ellen Markman explores the fascinating problem of how young children succeed at the task of inducing concepts. Backed by extensive experimental results, she challenges the fundamental assumptions of traditional theories of language acquisition and proposes that a set of constraints or principles of induction allows children to efficiently integrate knowledge and to induce information about new examples of familiar categories.
Prediction of properties of fracture callus by measurement of mineral density using micro-bone densitometry.

An experiment was designed to determine whether the material properties of fracture callus can be predicted by the measurement of mineral density. Rat tibiae that had a closed fracture were used to obtain uniform specimens of fracture callus at sequential stages of healing. An in vitro indentation test was done and tissue was biopsied, using a trephine, to determine the hardness and calcium content of a standardized area of callus tissue. The hardness of the callus was correlated with the mineral density of the local tissue, which initially had been measured non-invasively with single-photon-based micro-bone densitometry. The progress of differentiation and remodeling of callus was determined by comparative planimetric and microradiographic analyses of tissue. Determinations of density showed a linear correlation with concentrations of a hydroxyapatite equivalent solution (r = 0.997, p less than 0.001), with the ash weight of control specimens of cortical-trabecular bone (r = 0.998, p less than 0.001), and with the calcium content (micrograms per cubic millimeter) of the fracture callus (r = 0.854, p less than 0.001). The hardness of the callus had a non-linear relationship (r = 0.959, p less than 0.005) with the mineral density per volume of tissue, as measured by micro-bone densitometry. Clinical Relevance: The appearance of fracture callus on conventional radiographs is an important clinical finding in the assessment of fracture-healing. It is, however, an unreliable predictor of the strength of the union of the fracture. Three-dimensional imaging and quantification of bone mineral provide additional data about the quality and geometry of fracture callus. Our study showed that mineral content per unit of volume is a good index of hardness of the fracture callus. Thus, quantitative imaging may be useful clinically for monitoring fracture-healing.
Phospholipase A2 modulation by calmodulin, prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides.

Abstract Phospholipase A2 in the presence of Ca2+ was stimulated by calmodulin and by prostaglandin F2α. Prostaglandin E2, cyclic-AMP and cyclic-GMP inhibited phospholipase A2 in the presence or absence of calmodulin. Dimethylsuberimidate cross-linking of phospholipase A2 with calmodulin was found to be Ca2+ dependent. These results indicate that phospholipase A2 is directly regulated by a host of key intracellular regulators and is one of the calmodulin-regulated enzymes.
Cytokine‐regulated expression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166) on monocyte‐lineage cells and in rheumatoid arthritis synovium

Objective: To determine whether monocyte/macrophage expression of the CD6 ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) (CD166), is regulated by cytokines during inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We used flow cytometry to test whether cytokines present in rheumatoid synovium could regulate ALCAM cell surface expression on peripheral blood (PB) monocytes and RA synovial fluid (SF) macrophages, and we examined ALCAM expression in situ in RA synovium by immunofluorescence. Results The monocyte differentiation factors interleukin-3, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augmented ALCAM expression on PB monocytes. ALCAM was expressed on monocyte-lineage cells in situ in inflamed synovium from patients with RA (9 of 9), but not in uninflamed synovium from patients with joint trauma (0 of 3). Furthermore, in vitro culture-induced ALCAM expression on PB monocytes and CD14+ RA SF cells was inhibited by an M-CSF neutralizing antibody. Conclusion ALCAM expression on PB and SF monocytes/macrophages is enhanced by M-CSF.
Relationship between soil heavy metal contamination and soil food web health in vacant lots slated for urban agriculture in two post-industrial cities

Urban agriculture offers a means of obtaining healthy food while making use of vacant land in cities. However, soil contamination with heavy metals is a major concern for human health, food safety and soil food web health. In a previous study we reported on the human health risks of heavy metal contamination in soil in 43 vacant lots in two low-income neighborhoods, Hough and Weinland Park, located in two post-industrial cities, Cleveland and Columbus (Ohio, USA), respectively. In this study, we determined the relationship between heavy metal concentrations and the soil food web health using nematode community as a surrogate in the same lots. A general absence of higher trophic level omnivorous and predatory nematodes and an over-abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes indicated the disturbed nature of the urban soil food web. When compared to the USEPA’s Ecological Soil Screening levels (Eco SSLs) only Zn was established as a metal of concern for soil invertebrates which was also negatively associated with nematode Channel index in the multiple regression analysis. A combination of As, Cd, Cr, soil texture and organic matter were significant factors associated with nematode abundance and community indices in the regression analysis. Bacteria and fungus feeding nematodes in the Hough neighborhood were negatively correlated with As and positively with Cd and Cr; whereas plant parasitic nematodes were positively correlated with Cr, % silt and active carbon content, perhaps due to the influence of these heavy metals on the nematode food sources. In Weinland Park, neighborhood, channel index was negatively correlated to Cd and Zn concentration. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations that were elevated in these vacant lots beyond natural background concentrations did not show any significant associations with the nematode community; whereas the metals present within background concentration, i.e., As, Cd and Cr were correlated with the opportunistic bacteria and fungus feeding nematodes. Principal component analysis revealed different clustering of heavy metals, soil properties and nematode parameters in the two cities, indicating unique associations. Results showed that soil Cd and Cr concentrations were positively associated with the abundance of lower trophic level nematodes in both neighborhoods. Additionally, strong correlations between As, Cd, Cr, organic matter and soil texture influenced the nematode population densities and should be further explored.
TU‐A‐218‐05: Evaluation of Image Registration Using Landmark Matching and Texture Analysis

Purpose: To compare demons deformable registration with rigid and affineregistration methods by measuring registration accuracy and image texture changes introduced by each algorithm. Methods: Eleven temporally sequential pairs of clinical thoracic CT scans demonstrating no abnormal pathology were collected retrospectively from different patients. Rigid, affine, and demons registration methods were applied to all scan pairs using an appropriate choice of registration parameters. 150 landmarks were automatically selected in each baseline scan, and a semi‐automated approach was used to identify corresponding landmarks in the respective deformed follow‐up scans. Eleven first‐order texture features were calculated in 32x32‐pixel regions of interest (ROIs) randomly placed in the baseline scans and at anatomically matched locations in the demons‐, rigid‐, and affine‐ registered follow‐up scans. For each ROI pair, feature value differences between the three registered follow‐up scans and the baseline scan were calculated. Results: The average per‐patient Euclidean distance between baseline scan landmarks and registered follow‐up scan landmarks ranged from 0.01–0.50 mm (overall mean: 0.18 mm), 1.6–6.8 mm (overall mean: 3.95 mm), and 2.06–7.91 mm (overall mean: 4.82 mm) for demons, affine, and rigid registration methods, respectively. Across all eleven features, the variances in feature value change for rigid and affine registration methods were at least an order of magnitude larger than the corresponding feature‐ value‐change variances for demons registration. Conclusions: Demons registration achieved more accurate spatial alignment between temporally sequential CT scans than rigid or affine registration methods. Furthermore, the variance in texture feature value changes between baseline and registered follow‐up scan ROIs was smaller for demons than for rigid or affine registration methods. These advantages of demons registration observed with “normal” thoracic CT scans indicate that future studies may incorporate demons to combine serial CT scans such that automated methods may distinguish registration artifacts from actual pathologic change.
Advances in modeling and analysis: a method for achieving stable distributions of wireless mobile location in motion simulations

A cellular engineer typically estimates system performance via simulation. Most cellular operations software provides data from which one can infer the average, busy hour, subscriber location distribution, which becomes an input to the simulation. When the simulation does not include mobility, as is typical with Monte Carlo simulations, modeling this distribution is a straight-forward task. However, when the simulation models mobility, it must do so in such a way that the subscriber location distribution is stable. We introduce a stochastic mobility model for the purpose of achieving and stabilizing a priori subscriber location distributions.
Partitioned twin analysis: a power study.

Individual differences in the human genome may now be measured with molecular genetic techniques. Therefore, dizygotic (DZ) twins may be classified as sharing two, one, or zero “genes” identical by descent for any measured polymorphism. As a result, we may partition genetic variation into two sources: (i) genotypes at and closely linked to particular marker loci identified with restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and (ii) other genetic variation. The power of the classical twin study to reject false models lacking either a marker effect or a residual genetic effect is explored. Additivity of genetic effects at or near the locus and of the residual genetic variation as well as random environmental variation are assumed. Results indicate that statistical rejection of models could be achieved with sample sizes which are within the range of several current twin registers. A design including monozygotic (MZ) twins is compared with one consisting of only DZ twins. MZ twins add considerable power for the detection of residual genetic variation but provide no information to resolve genetic marker effects.
Concepts in pain control.

T A MEETING OF rheumatologists at McA Master University in 1981, break-out groups were asked what the arthritic patient particularly demanded of the doctor. Each group agreed that the answer was “relief from pain.“’ Given the knowledge available at present, relief from pain for the patient with arthritis is well within the reach of each practitioner. In this article, the emphasis is on pharmacological measures for the relief of pain, but other physical measures will also be described. To begin, however, present conceptions of the neurological basis of pain and pain apperception will be reviewed, with emphasis on rheumatic problems.
Rockwell Automation's Holonic and Multiagent Control Systems Compendium

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of long-term R&D activities of the Rockwell Automation (RA) company in the field of holonic and agent-based manufacturing control systems. It presents a coherent framework of methodologies for designing agent-based control systems, tools that support implementation and validation of them, and agent applications that were developed for various industrial systems. The common attribute is the integration of novel techniques, such as multiagent systems or semantics with the current “old-fashioned” automation architectures represented mainly by programmable logic controllers. Retaining the ability of the control system to meet the strict real-time constraints and concurrently raise its intelligence has always been of highest importance. The paper does not focus merely on RA's work, but discusses all its aspects in a context of other existing works in this area.
Consumer applications of power semiconductors

Power semiconductors--transistors, thyristors, and rectifiers --all have found widespread application in the three major consumer markets --automotive, entertainment, appliance. These devices have been developed to provide low-cost solutions to existing needs. In the mid-1950's, the germanium power transistor, as used in hybrid auto radio sets, was the sole power semiconductor represented in a consumer application. It was soon joined by rectifiers designed for power supply use in line operated television sets. Near the turn of the decade, the development of press-fit alternator rectifiers created a completely new consumer use. Today these devices in only slightly modified form are used for the original application as well as a host of allied uses. Recently, power thyristors expressly designed for appliance controls have opened up entirely new concepts in this market area. Upwards of 200 million [1] power semiconductors are used in consumer applications each year. As technology progresses, indications are that this market will more than double in the next few years as TRIAC [2], [3] and QUADRAC open new appliance markets, as high-voltage power transistors phase into television, and as alternator regulators switch to large area integrated circuitry. Whether the market is automotive, appliance, or entertainment, and whether the application is audio, phase control, or switching, the penetration of power semiconductors into consumer use has followed a history of applying advanced device technology directly to a market opportunity. The successes have always been the result of providing lower costs, a better way, or in adding value to the consumer product. This paper will discuss the features of consumer power devices and their applications that make them different from their predecessors.
Parents' perception of the back-transport of very-low-birth-weight infants to community hospitals

Parents' perception of the back-transport of very-low-birth-weight infants to community hospitals
The computed tomography-guided adrenal biopsy: An alternative to surgery in adrenal mass diagnosis

A series of 16 patients with adrenal masses were biopsied percutaneously under computed tomography (CT) guidance with 18- to 22-gauge modified Chiba needles. Adrenal adenomas, cysts, metastases, melanoma, and adrenal hemorrhage were identified. Of nine oncologic patients, four had adrenal metastases, while five had other nonmalignant adrenal masses. Thus, an adrenal mass in an oncologic patient is not always metastases. No complications occurred. The diagnostic evaluation of an adrenal mass in selected cases should include CT-guided percutaneous aspiration as a safe and reliable alternative to open surgical biopsy. CT-guided biopsy can be performed as an outpatient procedure, avoiding the cost of hospitalization and the morbidity of surgery.
A study of some of the properties of silver soaps

1. Silver soaps of several commercially available fatty acids, with varying percentages of different components acids, have been prepared. 2. Properties: oxide, water soluble matter, acetone soluble matter and thermal contraction or softening points. Appearance of these silver cups is reported. 3. Gelling characteristics of each of the soaps in xylene are reported.
Nigral reticulata neurons: potentiation of reponsiveness to amphetamine with long-term treatment

Abstract Single-unit activity was recorded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of rats in response to intravenous challenge injections of d -amphetamine. The animals were pretreated with saline or 5.0 mg/kg d -amphetamine twice daily for 6 consecutive days. Whereas the large majority of saline controls (6 to 8) showed no consistent response to amphetamine at doses up to 2.0 mg/kg, amphetamine pretreated rats (7 of 10) responded with a progressive increase in firing rate. Both groups of animals responded to a subsequent injection of 5.0 mg/kg clozapine with a depression of firing rate. The remaining control rats were inhibited by amphetamine and this aberrant response was enhanced with long-term treatment. In this unusual cells, clozapine accelerated firing rate. Taken together, these results indicate that unlike dopaminergic neurons in the compacta region of the nigra, reticulata neurons increase their responsiveness to amphetamine with repeated administration.