cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between COPD and lung cancer

Both COPD and lung cancer are major worldwide health concerns owing to cigarette smoking, and represent a huge, worldwide, preventable disease burden. Whilst the majority of smokers will not develop either COPD or lung cancer, they are closely related diseases, occurring as co-morbidities at a higher rate than if they were independently triggered by smoking. Lung cancer and COPD may be different aspects of the same disease, with the same underlying predispositions, whether this is an underlying genetic predisposition, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction or premature aging. In the majority of smokers, the burden of smoking may be dealt with by the body's defense mechanisms: anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutases, anti-proteases and DNA repair mechanisms. However, in the case of both diseases these fail, leading to cancer if mutations occur or COPD if damage to the cell and proteins becomes too great. Alternatively COPD could be a driving factor in lung cancer, by increasing oxidative stress and the resulting DNA damage, chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, repression of the DNA repair mechanisms and increased cellular proliferation. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these processes in primary cells from patients with these diseases along with better disease models is essential for the development of new treatments.
Science, Research, and Social Work: Who Controls the Profession?

precisely from "hard data," rather than merely relying on the "soft ab stractions" of history, philosophy, and social theory. Throughout this period, qualitative research appeared to be in relative re treat. The qualitative research that did exist was relegated to the status of philosophy and summarily dismissed as "opinion" or social critique. In creasingly, social criticism both within and outside of social work was
Air-segmented flow injection: a hybrid technique for automated, low dispersion determinations

Abstract A novel approach to the design and use of an air-segmented flow injection (ASFI) system is described. The ASFI system possesses features of both classical flow injection (FI) and air-segmented continuous flow (ASCF) methods. The entire air-segmented sample zone is injected through a simple 6-way valve into the carrier stream. Preliminary studies of dye dispersion and spectrophotometric glucose determinations in wine and serum samples are presented. These results indicate that the proposed system has advantages for most determinations in sensitivity, sampling rate and solution consumption when compared to the other flow analysis techniques. Analytical results are also compared with those obtained by kinetic-based determinations.
Anger, hostility, and male perpetrators of intimate partner violence: A meta-analytic review

There has been significant interest in, and controversy about, whether anger and hostility problems are meaningfully related to male-to-female intimate partner violence (IPV). In this meta-analytic review, we empirically evaluated whether the constructs of anger and hostility discriminated between IPV perpetrators and nonviolent comparison males. Thirty-three studies reporting data from 28 independent samples were included for analysis. IPV perpetrators consistently reported moderately higher levels of anger and hostility than nonviolent men across assessment methods (i.e., self-report, observational, and spouse-specific). In prior reviews, relationship distress has been proposed as a moderating variable between relationship distress and IPV. In this review, IPV perpetrators also consistently reported moderately higher levels of anger and hostility than relationship-discordant nonviolent men. Additionally, comparisons of subtypes of IPV perpetrators found that men in moderate-high severity IPV subtypes reported higher levels of anger and hostility than low-moderate IPV subtypes. While the pattern of results in this review suggests that elevated anger and hostility are distinguishing characteristics of IPV perpetrators, empirically based conclusions regarding the functional and contextual relationship between anger, hostility, and IPV remain elusive. The implications and limitations suggested by this review are discussed in the context of emerging models of anger and IPV and treatment programs for abusive men.
Substrate induced alterations in tryptophan pyrrolase activity in two mouse strains.

Total hepatic L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity was studied in 2 mouse strains receiving i.p. injections of L-tryptophan. After a single injection, enzyme activity was increased in albino but not pigmented mice. After 3 injections, enzyme activity was reduced in both strains.
Swelling related to ettringite crystal formation in chromite ore processing residue

Several million tons of Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR) were deposited at two sites in New Jersey and Maryland, USA, and over time they exhibited extensive heaving phenomena. Ettringite, a needle-shaped mineral and an expansive mineral commonly recognized in the literature concerning cement- and soil, has been identified extensively in numerous COPR samples collected from these sites. It was therefore believed that ettringite formation and its crystal growth are strongly associated with COPR heaving. We investigated the correlation between ettringite and the heaving phenomena in COPR materials that contained no initial ettringite. Two identical COPR samples were exposed to a 4% w/w sulfate solution (25°C, 50°C) in a confined swell test apparatus. Both swell test samples were analyzed by means of X-ray powder diffraction. The peak intensities of newly formed ettringite were more pronounced in the sample tested at 50°C, and swell development was only observed in this sample. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed well-crystallized ettringite needles exceeding 40 μm in length for this sample, while ettringite crystals less than 15 μm in length formed in the sample tested at 25°C. Therefore, the results suggest that the quantity of ettringite and the extent of crystallization play a key role in the heave of COPR.
The Theory and Practice of Foundation Testing

Viewing programs as syntheses of requirements, design, and programming functions allows programmers to address a wide variety of errors — even subtle and difficult-to-find missing code faults.
Electron spin resonance and optical spectra of chromium “sandwich” compounds☆

Abstract The visible, ultra-violet, and electron spin resonance spectra of the chromium dibenzene cation and similar ions are presented. The hyperfine splittings of 3·5–4·0 G and 20 G are attributed to the hydrogen and chromium-53 nuclei respectively. These spectra are discussed in terms of a molecular orbital theory.
Direct, Single Molecule Observation of Early Lymphocyte Signaling

T cells show a remarkable ability to quickly (less than 10 seconds) respond to fewer than 10 agonist molecules, even when structurally-similar self peptides outnumber agonist peptides by at least 100:1. We recapitulate these phenomena using a highly controlled supported lipid bilayer-live cell junction. using this approach we report direct, single molecule observations of T cell receptor-peptide-MHC binding kinetics coupled with stochastic simulations in order to test serial receptor triggering models within the context of our studies of membrane-proximal signal amplification in living T cells.
A novel motif in telomerase reverse transcriptase regulates telomere repeat addition rate and processivity

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA repeats onto chromosome termini. Here, we characterize a new telomerase-specific motif, called motif 3, in the catalytic domain of telomerase reverse transcriptase, that is crucial for telomerase function and evolutionally conserved between vertebrates and ciliates. Comprehensive mutagenesis of motif 3 identified mutations that remarkably increase the rate or alter the processivity of telomere repeat addition. Notably, the rate and processivity of repeat addition are affected independently by separate motif 3 mutations. The processive telomerase action relies upon a template translocation mechanism whereby the RNA template and the telomeric DNA strand separate and realign between each repeat synthesis. By analyzing the mutant telomerases reconstituted in vitro and in cells, we show that the hyperactive mutants exhibit higher repeat addition rates and faster enzyme turnovers, suggesting higher rates of strand-separation during template translocation. In addition, the strong correlation between the processivity of the motif 3 mutants and their ability to use an 8 nt DNA primer, suggests that motif 3 facilitates realignment between the telomeric DNA and the template RNA following strand-separation. These findings support motif 3 as a key determinant for telomerase activity and processivity.
China's Grain and Meat Economy: Recent Developments and Implications for Trade

With the change in political leadership in the late 1970s, China entered a period of substantial economic reform. The effects of this reform have been particularly pronounced in agriculture, where the demand for and supply of farm products have changed significantly. In response to government policies to raise incomes and improve the availability of consumer goods, the demand for farm products has shifted away from staple grains and toward meat, dairy products, eggs, and other secondary foods. Production has been affected not only by the return to household farming under the "responsibility system," but also by the increased role of private economic activity and revisions in production targets, commercial quotas, and planned prices. (For a more detailed discussion of China's agricultural reforms, see Sicular.) The production of almost every important agricultural product has shown significant growth; gains have been most rapid for commercial crops, oilseeds, and animal products. The central objective of this paper is to clarify recent trends in China's grain and meat economy and to analyze their implications for China's grain trade. Between 1978 and 1982 China's net imports of grain expanded steadily, although at a decreasing rate. With bumper harvests in 1983 and 1984, net grain imports have declined somewhat; however, current levels remain considerably higher than at any time in the history of the People's Republic prior to 1978.' Two key factors underlie this trade pattern. First, domestic grain demand has increased rapidly, in large part from growth in the indirect demand for grain in the form of animal feed. In the future, feed demand and developments in the livestock sector probably will emerge as the dynamic force driving China's grain trade. Second, China's agricultural trade continues to be greatly influenced by imbalances between domestic production and consumption. Despite rapid growth in production, important imbalances persist, especially in animal and aquatic products (State Statist. Bureau 1985, p. II). Reports of shortages of lean pork, fish, and dairy and poultry products appear regularly in the Chinese press; furthermore, the seasonal and regional balance between supply and demand for these products is un-
Functional Assessment of Instructional Variables: Linking Assessment and Treatment.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to refine and validate an assessment procedure to identify instructional variables influencing acquisition of conditional discriminations in children diagnosed with autism. An assessment was implemented with eleven individuals to identify the specific instructional variables influencing the individual's responding. A prescribed academic intervention was selected for participants based on the results of the functional assessment. The prescribed intervention was compared to an alternative treatment and control condition. The functional assessment identified several different patterns of responding to instructional variables across participants. The treatment evaluation demonstrated that the prescribed academic intervention was effective in teaching conditional discriminations.
Transport of vitamin B12 in Ochromonas malhamensis

Abstract The uptake of 60 Co-cyanocobalamin, CN-B 12 , by cells of O. malhamensis consists of an initial rapid phase followed by a slower secondary phase. It is proposed that the initial phase represents the loading of a B 12 carrier at the cell surface and that the secondary phase consists of a subsequent energy-dependent release of the B 12 from this carrier into the interior of the cell. The initial phase shows saturation kinetics, with a K m at 4 n m CN-B 12 and a V max of 5 × 10 4 B 12 molecules sec −1 cell −1 . This initial process is relatively independent of the energy metabolism of the cell, has an activation energy of 3 kcal mole −1 , and a temperature optimum at 37 °. The B 12 binding site is specific for intact cobalamins, and apparently requires the participation of a relatively inaccessible sulfhydryl residue. The secondary phase of CN-B 12 uptake is energy dependent, has an activation energy of 20 kcal mole −1 , a temperature optimum at 33–35 °, and is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium fluoride. This secondary uptake is accompanied by conversion of the CN-B 12 into other cobalamins, but this conversion is apparently not an obligatory part of the transport process.
Ureteral injury due to external violence: 49 cases over 5 years

A total of 49 cases of ureteral trauma secondary to external violence occurring over 5 years were reviewed with regard to etiology, diagnosis, associated injury, management, and follow-up. In all, 47 cases (95.9%) of penetrating and 2 (4.1%) of blunt trauma occurred; 45 cases (91.8%) occurred in men and 4 (8.2%), in women. Both blunt ureteral injuries were secondary to auto/pedestrian accidents. Overall, 92% of ureteral injuries were associated with injury to other organ systems. Our management principles for ureteral injuries have previously been reported [2, 3]. These include debridement, a watertight, tension-free anastomosis, isolation of the anastomosis, and Penrose drainage of the area proximal to the anastomosis. Postoperative complications occurred in eight patients; these consisted of three strictures, two urinomas, two cutaneous fistulas, and one perinephric abscess. There were six perioperative deaths, all unrelated to the genitourinary injuries.
Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthesis in the crayfish epidermis

Abstract 1. 1. Activity of an enzyme which synthesizes glucosamine-6-phosphate, a precursor of chitin, was found in crayfish epidermis. 2. 2. In crude enzyme preparations no need for an amino source could be demonstrated. 3. 3. Both fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate could serve as substrates, but not mannose-6-phosphate or galactose-6-phosphate. 4. 4. No activity of this enzyme was detected during intermolt and early premolt. Activity began to rise in late premolt and reached its peak in postmolt. 5. 5. Acetylglucosamine level in epidermis and midgut gland was found to be higher in late premolt stage D 3 than in early premolt stage D 0 or postmolt stage B. 6. 6. Glucosamine level was lowest in stage B.
The ultrastructure of capillaries and arterioles of the hamster dental pulp.

The ultrastructure of capillaries and arterioles of the hamster dental pulp has been studied. Pieces of the incisor pulp were fixed in 1% OsO4 buffered with 0.14 M veronal acetate, embedded in epoxy resin and studied in an electron microscope. The basic cytoplasmic organization of endothelial cells confirmed observations on blood vessels of other organs made by previous investigators. A large number of intracytoplasmic fibrils were found in many endothelial cells, and their presence was discussed in relation to earlier reports on the contractility of endothelial cells. Previous observations on the structural details of the intercellular region of the endothelium were confirmed and elaborated upon. The manner in which the cytoplasmic flaps of adjoining cells were oriented indicated that, if the integrity of the capillary wall was maintained, only cells with capacity for ameboid movement could creep through the region. Thus they were thought to play a role as an effective barrier against the passage of red blood cells. Numerous micropinocytosis and pinocytosis vesicles were found in association with plasma membranes. The significance of their structure in the transport of materials across the capillary wall is discussed. The fine structure of the pericyte resembled that of the fibroblast. Portions of plasma membranes of adjacent smooth muscle cells in the media of arterioles were brought together closely and resembled attachment zones.
Finger pulse amplitude and frontalis EMG biofeedback effects of single- and two-system training.

The relationship between finger pulse amplitude (PA) and frontalis EMG was studied first by looking at general physiological changes accompanying successful bidirectional PA control. Seven successful subjects were then asked to produce two patterns of PA and EMG (PAincEMGdec and PAdecEMGdec) while receiving both PA and frontalis EMG biofeedback. Results indicate subjects can easily produce the differentiation pattern of PAdecEMGdec but cannot produce the integration pattern of PAincEMGdec. These rather paradoxical results may indicate subjects were using an “attentional” rather than “arousal” strategy for controlling PA and have implications for the use of peripheral vasomotor training as a general relaxation technique.
Calculation of displacement, gas, and transmutation production in stainless steel irradiated with spallation neutrons

Abstract Calculations using the high-energy transport code LAHET have been made for the production of displacements, helium gas, and transmuted atoms for stainless steel (Fe-18 wt% Cr-10 wt% Ni) irradiated with spallation neutrons at energies of 100 to 1600 MeV. The damage energy cross section increased from about 250 to 350 b keV for increasing neutron energies from 100 to 1600 MeV with a spallation spectrum average of 281 b keV. For a displacement threshold energy of 33 eV, the corresponding spectrum-average displacement cross section is 3400 b. The PKA spectrum was found to be fairly independent of the incident neutron energy, with an average damage energy of 0.25–0.30 MeV. The helium production cross section increased monotonically with increasing neutron energy with a spectrum average of 0.32 b. The maximum transmutation yield was observed near manganese (Z = 25), corresponding to a production cross section of about 0.2 b. Relevance to fusion materials is discussed.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Alzheimer Disease in the Presence of the Apolipoprotein E4 Allele

Objective The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on Alzheimer disease (AD) remains unclear, with conflicting results reported. We studied the interaction of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and ACE inhibitors on AD. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of homebound elderly with an AD diagnosis and documentation of medications taken. ApoE genotype was determined. Results A total of 355 subjects with status on ApoE alleles and cognitive diagnoses were studied. The average age (mean ± SD) of this population was 73.3 ± 8.3 years old, and 73% were female. Cross-sectionally, there was no difference in the number of AD cases between ApoE4 carriers and ApoE4 non-carriers or between ACE inhibitor users and non-users in the homebound elderly. ApoE4 carriers treated with ACE inhibitors, however, had more diagnoses of AD compared with those who did not have the treatment (28% versus 6%, p = 0.01) or ApoE4 non-carriers treated with an ACE inhibitor (28% versus 10%, p = 0.03). ACE inhibitor use was associated with AD diagnosis only in the presence of an E4 allele. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that in diagnosed AD cases there was a significant interaction between ApoE4 and ACE inhibitor use (odds ratio: 20.85; 95% confidence interval: 3.08–140.95; p = 0.002) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and education. Conclusion The effects of ACE inhibitors on AD may be different depending on ApoE genotype. A prospective study is needed to determine whether ACE inhibitor use accelerates or poorly delays AD development in ApoE4 carriers compared with ApoE4 non-carriers.
Prolactin secretion in cattle as affected by haloperidol and α-Methyl-p-Tyrosine

Abstract Prolactin (PRL) secretion in response to i.v. injection of different doses of α-Methyl-p-Tyrosine (αMT) and haloperidol (HAL) was studied in one cow and three bulls. HAL was tested at doses of 0.033, 0.1, and 0.33 mg/kg body weight (BW), and αMT was tested at doses of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 30 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected via an indwelling catheter into the external jugular vein, and plasma PRL was analysed by radioimmunoassay. Dose-related increases in plasma PRL concentrations were observed after administration of both αMT and HAL. Peak PRL concentrations after injection of HAL at a low, medium, and high dose were 22, 45, and 70 ng/ml, respectively. Peak PRL concentrations after injection of increasing doses of αMT were 3.0, 10, 40 and 70 ng/ml. HAL (0.1 mg/kg BW) and αMT (10 mg/kg BW) were administered intravenously to four heifers during summer and winter. Response to both drugs, as measured by changes in PRL secretion, was greater in summer than winter. Peak plasma PRL levels after HAL injection were 327 ± 58 ng/ml in June and 149 ± 27 ng/ml in January, whereas peak levels after αMT were 166±29 and 60±9 ng/ml, respectively. Basal PRL secretion was also greater in summer than winter. The results of this study demonstrate that PRL in peripheral plasma of cattle is increased in response to administration of antidopaminergic drugs and that this increase is greater during the summer than the winter.
Cooperative Responses of Multiple Kinesins to Variable and Constant Loads

Microtubule-dependent transport is most often driven by collections of kinesins and dyneins that function in either a concerted fashion or antagonistically. Several lines of evidence suggest that cargo transport may not be influenced appreciably by the combined action of multiple kinesins. Yet, as in previous optical trapping experiments, the forces imposed on cargos will vary spatially and temporally in cells depending on a number of local environmental factors, and the influence of these conditions has been largely overlooked. Here, we characterize the dynamics of structurally defined complexes containing multiple kinesins under the controlled loads of an optical force clamp. While demonstrating that there are generic kinetic barriers that restrict the ability of multiple kinesins to cooperate productively, the spatial and temporal properties of applied loads is found to play an important role in the collective dynamics of multiple motor systems. We propose this dependence has implications for intracellular transport processes, especially for bidirectional transport.
Comparative Analysis of Political Ideologies: A Preliminary Statement

Under what circumstances and to what extent are changes in the locus of political power accompanied by changes in the symbolic vocabulary of ruling groups? By applying statistical techniques to the flow of symbols recorded in the "prestige papers" of France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States over the past half century, the authors found that conditions of war and totalitarianism tend to restrict the range of political symbolism, and that the time factor POOL, AND
Early Entrance Program at California State University, Los Angeles:

The Early Entrance Program at California State University, Los Angeles has successfully met the needs of some highly gifted 11-16-year-olds. The rationale for the program, its stages 'of development, and some case histories are described. It is suggested that this model can be adapted for use at other campuses without great cost to either the institution or the student.
Enhancing Water Use Efficiency in Irrigated Agriculture

Irrigated agriculture is a vital component of total agriculture and supplies many of the fruits, vegetables, and cereal foods consumed by humans; the grains fed to animals that are used as human food; and the feed to sustain animals for work in many parts of the world. Irrigation worldwide was practiced on about 263 Mha in 1996, and about 49% of the world's irrigation occurred in India, China, and the USA. The objectives of this paper are to (i) review irrigation worldwide in its ability to meet our growing needs for food production, (ii) review irrigation trends in the USA, (iii) discuss various concepts that define water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated agriculture from both engineering and agronomic viewpoints, and (iv) discuss the impacts of enhanced WUE on water conservation. Scarcely one-third of our rainfall, surface water, or ground water is used to produce plants that are useful to mankind. Without appropriate management, irrigated agriculture can be detrimental to the environment and endanger sustainability. Irrigated agriculture is facing growing competition for low-cost, high-quality water. In irrigated agriculture, WUE is broader in scope than most agronomic applications and must be considered on a watershed, basin, irrigation district, or catchment scale. The main pathways for enhancing WUE in irrigated agriculture are to increase the output per unit of water (engineering and agronomic management aspects), reduce losses of water to unusable sinks, reduce water degradation (environmental aspects), and reallocate water to higher priority uses (societal aspects).
Molecular mechanics modeling of the adsorption of methionine on graphite

In this study we were modeling the adsorption of the amino acid methionine on a graphite surface using molecular mechanics calculations. We were employing two different force fields, namely MM+ and AMBER, and considering the molecule in its non-ionic and zwitterionic form. The surface was modeled as a single sheet of graphite. We found that each of the force fields delivers qualitative consistency with experimental results, but the AMBER force field with the parameter set of AMBER3 leads to the best quantitative agreement regarding adsorption energy, bonding energies and distances.
Young Writers' Use of Text Structure in Expository Text Generation

Although few studies have examined children's use of text structure in writing, knowledge of text structure is presumed to be an important strategy underlying effective expository text generation. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of writers at two ages and three ability levels in generating textually consistent superordinate main ideas and subordinate details for three types of text structures. Analyses revealed significant main effects for grade, ability, and text type. More proficient writers seemed to possess a more generalized knowledge of text structure that they applied at both the superordinate and subordinate levels, whereas less proficient writers seemed to perform best in writing subordinate details. The findings supported the conclusion that knowledge of text structure was developmentally acquired, and that text structures varied in their saliency to young writers, although the majority of writers at both grade levels remained largely insensitive to text structure in composition.
The ternary subsystem Sn4As3PbSnAs

The portion of the Sn-Bi-As ternary system bounded by the Sn4As3-SnAs, Sn4As3-Bi, and SnAs-Bi joins has been investigated by thermal analysis, metallographic and X-ray procedures. No ternary phases are formed. A binary liquidus trough runs uninterruptedly from the SnAs-Bi join to the Sn4As3-Bi join. All alloys completed their freezing process at 255° C. An SnAs-rich crystal is the primary phase of precipitation over practically all of the compositional area studied.
LEYDIG CELL DYSFUNCTION AND GYNAECOMASTIA IN ADULT MALES TREATED WITH ALKYLATING AGENTS

Three adult males presented with gynaecomastia, small testes and clinical features of androgen deficiency after treatment with alkylating agents. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Serum testosterone oenanthate relieved the symptoms of androgen deficiency in addition to reducing the size and tenderness of the gynaecomasia. It is postulated that in addition to the well documented effects of alkylating agents on the seminiferous tubules, a state of 'compensated Leydig cell dysfunction' in induced. The relative decrease in serum testosterone and concomitant lowering of the testosterone to oestrogen ratio may act as a stimulus for breast development. Therefore, treatment with exogenous testosterone would be expected to be effective.
Loss of alternately spliced messenger RNA of the luteinizing hormone receptor and stability of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor messenger RNA in granulosa cell tumors of the human ovary.

Abstract Objectives. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the LH (LHR) and FSH receptors (FSHR) was examined in normal human corpora lutea and granulosa cell tumors. Methods. Expression was examined by RT/PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Results. The full-length (FL) coding region and seven additional isoforms were identified for normal LHR mRNA. Isoform 1 had portions of exons II and III deleted, and isoform 2 had exon IX omitted. Isoform 3 also had portions of exons II and III deleted and all of exon IX deleted. Exons III through VI were missing in isoforms 4–7. Isoform 5 also had exon IX omitted, and isoform 6 also had part of exon XI missing. Isoform 7 also had exon IX and part of exon XI deleted. An aberrant migration pattern of the LHR mRNA isoforms was observed for granulosa cell tumors with FIGO Stage I–IV. Five tumor samples of Stage III–IV had many isoforms absent. Seven Stage I samples had aberrant migration patterns that depended on the size of the tumor. As the size of the tumor increased the aberrant migration pattern of the LHR mRNA isoforms was more pronounced and some isoforms were not detected. The FL and at least one additional isoform were identified for FSHR mRNA. Isoform 1 had regions of exons IV and V deleted. The FSHR mRNA isoforms had a similar migration pattern for the normal ovary and the granulosa cell tumors. Conclusions. Alternately spliced forms of mRNA for the LHR and FSHR exist for normal human ovary and granulosa cell tumors. The aberrant migration and missing LHR mRNA isoforms in granulosa cell tumors do not appear to result from general genomic instability associated with tumor progression. These findings are important to understand the role of alternate splicing in the regulation of LHR and FSHR expression in different pathological states.
INCREASE IN THE FORMATION AND SECRETION OF ACTH FOLLOWING ADRENALECTOMY1

AFTER adrenalectomy, when it is to be presumed that there has occurred a marked reduction in circulating adrenocortical steroids, the concentration of ACTH in the blood has been shown to increase (Westman and Jacobsohn, 1944). This could be due to an increased formation and secretion of ACTH by the pituitary or a decreased removal rate of the hormone from the body. This paper presents a method for the estimation of plasma ACTH after adrenalectomy, which when combined with estimation of pituitary ACTH content and the distribution and removal rate of the hormone, makes it possible to calculate its rate of formation and secretion by the pituitary. A more complete picture of ACTH turnover under these conditions may be thus furnished. The results of assays intended to demonstrate the presence in the plasma of a substance witli adrenocorticotropic activity have not been consistent.
WATER BALANCE AND MAXIMUM CONCENTRATING CAPACITY IN THE PRIMITIVE RODENT, APLODONTIA RUFA.

Abstract 1. 1. Water balance and maximum urine concentrating capacity were studied in twenty-one specimens of Aplodontia rufa , the Mountain Beaver. 2. 2. Anatomical findings are consistent with the hypothesis of countercurrent gradient and countercurrent multiplication. 3. 3. Water balance studies demonstrated a mean water intake of 32·7 percent ± S . E . 2·4 per cent of body weight; urinary output accounts for most of the water loss. 4. 4. Water deprivation studies with and without oral solute loading demonstrated a maximum U / P ratio of 2·46 for osmotic concentration in this species. Data are consistent with the countercurrent hypothesis. 5. 5. Physiological data are consistent with the origin of countercurrent gradient either in the loop of Henle or the collecting ducts of the kidneys in the medullary region. 6. 6. Inability to concentrate urine and the necessity of a large daily water intake may account for the limited distribution of these animals in wet, western slopes of the Pacific Coast areas. Before the uplift of the Sierra, these animals ranged through the Great Basin area.
Characterization of polyphenols in cell walls of cultured Populus trichocarpa tissues

Abstract The amount and composition of cell wall-bound polyphenol (lignin) in cultured Populus trichocarpa tissues which formed numerous xylem elements (xylogenic) or no xylem (non-xylogenic) were compared. Polyphenol accounted for ca 15% of the dry wt of the cell wall and did not differ significantly in amount in xylogenic and non-xylogenic tissues. The syringic acid derivatives, 3,4.5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, was identified as one of the oxidation products of methylated cell walls and was recovered in similar amounts irrespective of xylem formation. In contrast, lignin from xylogenic cultures contained more p -coumaryl alcohol derivatives and less coniferyl alcohol derivatives than lignin from non-xylogenic cultures. In this respect the lignin composition of xylogenic tissues closely resembled that from stems.
Radiometrically determined sedimentary fluxes in the sub-polar North Atlantic during the last 140,000 years

Abstract We have examined the record of sediment input during the last 140 000 years in a deep-sea core from 49°27′N, 22°16′W in the eastern North Atlantic. Using uranium-series disequilibria to constrain time, we have calculated mass fluxes of total sediment, as well as mass and particle fluxes of major sedimentary components. Sediment accumulation rates were generally lower and relatively constant during broadly defined interglacial intervals, driven primarily by the burial of biogenic material. Accumulation rates were higher and more variable during glacial intervals, and were influenced primarily by terrigenous material. Peaks in bulk mass fluxes were associated with particular episodes (Heinrich events) within the last glacial and during each of the last two deglaciations. The flux of ice-rafted debris, as uniquely identified by coarse detrital fragments, was higher during layers representing each of the glacial Heinrich events, with modest increases during events H3 and H6, and dramatic increases during the others, confirming the widespread interpretation of these layers as episodes of enhanced iceberg delivery. The burial flux of foraminifera was markedly lower during each of the glacial Heinrich events, also confirming the original identification of these layers as barren intervals. Ice-rafting events within marine isotope stage 5 left neither a large detrital nor biogenic flux imprint at our study site. Variations in the burial rates of non-carbonate sediments were largely responsible for overall changes in sediment accumulation throughout the last climate cycle. Ice-rafting was apparently an important delivery mechanism for this terrigenous material. The instantaneous chronometer established here for the last 140 000 years in the subpolar North Atlantic allows the transformation of existing and subsequent data from relative values to absolute burial fluxes.
When does weight matter most

Past empirical work establishes a wage penalty from being overweight. In this paper, I exploit variation in an individual's weight over time to determine the age when weight has the largest impact on labor market outcomes. For white men, controlling for weight at younger ages does not eliminate the effect of older adult weight on wage: being overweight as a young adult only adds an additional penalty to adult wages. However, for white women, what they weigh in their early twenties solely determines the existence of an adult wage penalty. The female early-twenties weight penalty has a persistent effect on wages, and differences in marital characteristics, occupation status, or education cannot explain it. It also is not a proxy for intergenerational unobservables.
Observation of the Phase-Boundary Controlled Formation of NiA1 2 O 4 From a Single-Crystal NiO Thin Film and a Single-Crystal α-A1 2 O 3 Substrate

High-quality NiO thin films have been grown on single-crystal α-A12O3 substrates ((0001) orientation) by pulsed-laser ablation, forming essentially the idealized solid-state reaction geometry-a single-crystal film in intimate contact with a single-crystal substrate. These reaction couples have been characterized by cross-section transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy both before and after being heated in air to induce the solid-state reaction (i.e., Ni-spinel formation). The NiO films consisted of two twin variants which were found to conform to the underlying substrate surface steps. The substrate surface steps were produced by heat-treating the substrates prior to thin film deposition. Using this reaction geometry, it has been found that the initial reaction of the spinel takes place where twin boundaries in the NiO films meet the substrate. The initial reaction corresponds to the nucleation of the spinel. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the reaction proceeded faster up the NiO twin boundaries than elsewhere along the reaction layer (i.e., nucleation of the spinel is easier at twin boundaries in the NiO film). Scanning electron microscopy has been used with the present thin-film reaction geometry to measure reaction layer width along interfaces up to 2 mm long.
Interference with stereoscopic acuity: spatial, temporal, and disparity tuning.

Abstract Stereoscopic acuity in normal human subjects is conspicuously reduced by the presence of contours contiguous to the test pattern. Flanking contours interfere maximally when they are placed about 2.5′ from a test line. and less when this distance is increased or decreased. The largest interference effect is obtained when the flanks are presented 100 msec after the onset of the test pattern. The interference has a quite narrow depth tuning: to halve the threshold elevation the flanks must be presented only 12″. 17″. and 40″ out of fixation plane for the three subjects, respectively. Because a companion experiment shows no such disparity specificity for interference with vernier acuity, the effects described here must operate in the stereo domain.
Intermediate filament plasma membrane interactions

In this review we will discuss the molecules involved in intermediate filament-desmosome and intermediate filament-hemidesmosome interactions, and the means by which certain of these molecules may bind to intermediate filaments. The possibility that intermediate filaments interact directly with peripheral membrane proteins and membrane lipids will also be addressed.
Adaptive waveform design for colocated MIMO radar using sparse modeling

We consider the problem of multiple target estimation using a colocated Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar system. We employ sparse modeling to estimate the unknown target parameters (delay, Doppler) using a MIMO radar system that transmits frequency-hopping waveforms. Further, we use the estimates of the target RCS values to adaptively design the amplitudes of the transmit waveforms during each hopping interval. We demonstrate the performance improvement using numerical examples.
Behavioral impairments after lesions of the nucleus basalis by ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid.

Ibotenic acid (IBO) or quisqualic acid (QUIS) was infused into the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBm) in F344 rats in order to behaviorally and biochemically characterize the effects of these two neurotoxins. QUIS infusion resulted in a slightly higher depletion of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in both anterior and posterior regions of cortex than did lesions caused by infusion of IBO. Both QUIS- and IBO-treated rats demonstrated significantly longer latencies than controls to find a hidden platform in a Morris water maze task. In addition, QUIS-treated rats performed significantly better than IBO-treated rats in the water maze. Analysis of swim speed and open field behavior did not show significant differences in general motor activity. Passive avoidance retention was unaffected by either neurotoxin. Cortical amino acid levels, [3H]neurotensin binding, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels were unaffected by either neurotoxin. The levels of HVA and 5-HIAA in the IBO and QUIS groups were significantly reduced compared to controls, but were not significantly different from each other. Histological examination showed greater damage to non-NBm structures with IBO than with QUIS, including the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and the reticular formation of the thalamus. The greater behavioral deficit seen after IBO lesions may be due to damage to other areas rather than differences in the extent of depletion of cortical ChAT, amino acids, catecholamines or indolamines.
Competitive Balance Conundrums Response to Fort and Maxcy's Comment

Fort and Maxcy misrepresent my argument at various points and misapprehend the nature of the competitive balance issue. The analysis of competitive balance needs to be informed by theory. Purely empirical exercises are unlikely to enhance our understanding of the importance of competitive balance to team sports leagues.
Experimental Techniques in Real Time Holographic Interferometry II - Minimization of Depolarization Effects

The fringe contrast observed in real time holographic interferometry is often poor due to depolarization induced by the object. This paper describes the results of an experiment to determine the effect of surface preparation on depolarization.
Nonlinear ferromagnetic resonance in permalloy films: A nonmonotonic power-dependent frequency shift

We present experimental data on the power-dependent shift in the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of permalloy ribbons magnetized in plane. We find the sign of the shift depends on the strength of the applied static magnetic field. For low applied fields, the power-dependent shift is upwards in frequency, while for high fields the mode softens with increasing power. We summarize two theoretical studies that are qualitatively compatible with this result. One is an analytic treatment of very thin films and the second a numerical simulation of a thin rectangular prism.
Trait Anger, Appraisal, and Coping Differences Among Adolescent Tennis Players

The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-trait-anger adolescent athletes appraise and cope with anger-provoking events differently than lower-trait-anger athletes. A second purpose was to assess gender differences in anger appraisal and coping. A sample of 103 competitive adolescent tennis players completed the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale (Burney, 2001), the coping function questionnaire (Kowalski & Crocker, 2001), and measures of primary and secondary cognitive appraisals of recent anger provoking events. High-trait-anger athletes used significantly more problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies than those who scored lower. Additionally, those participants who scored higher in reactive anger reported significantly more anger outbursts than those who scored lower. No gender differences were observed. Applied cognitive and behavioral recommendations are discussed.
Targeting the neighbor's pool.

What to do on a hot summer afternoon? Sneak over and dip into the neighbor's pool! This seems to be the story for the newest inhibitors of the Cdc25 phosphatases. Brisson et al. ([2004][1]), in this issue, present one of the most promising reversible competitive Cdc25 inhibitors to date, blocking
Effect of plunge electrodes in active cardiac tissue with curving fibers

OBJECTIVES Our goal is to determine if plunge electrodes change how the heart responds to electrical stimulation. BACKGROUND Several experiments designed to study the induction of a rotor in cardiac tissue have used plunge electrodes to measure the transmural potential. It is our hypothesis that these electrodes may have affected the electrical response of the tissue to a shock. METHODS We previously have shown that a single plunge electrode in two-dimensional, passive cardiac tissue induces a significant transmembrane potential when stimulated by a large shock. In this study, we expand our simulation to include an array of nine electrodes in active tissue with curving fibers. We compare the thresholds for rotor induction in tissue with and without electrodes by initiating a planar S1 wavefront and then stimulating the tissue at different intervals with a uniform S2 electric field perpendicular to S1. In tissue without plunge electrodes, virtual electrode polarization due to the curving fibers is generally widespread over the entire tissue, whereas polarization tends to be localized around the electrodes in tissue including them. RESULTS Our results show that at some S1-S2 intervals, the presence of plunge electrodes can result in reentry when it otherwise would not be possible. For other S1-S2 intervals, such as during the vulnerable period when the reentry threshold is at a minimum, the induction of reentry is unaffected by the presence of plunge electrodes. CONCLUSIONS Plunge electrodes can play an important role during the stimulation of cardiac tissue, but this is highly dependent on the chosen S1-S2 interval.
Early Adolescent Girls' Understanding of Menstruation

Sixth grade girls (N = 224) were queried about their preparation for and expectations about menarche, their parents' roles in preparation, and their understanding of the biological basis of menstruation, characteristics of the menstrual cycle, menstrual hygiene, and menstrual-related physical and psychological changes. Although girls viewed themselves as prepared for menarche, and claimed they had discussed it with their mothers, their explanations of menstruation reflected at best incomplete howledge, and more typically a variety of misconceptions or ignorance. In attempting to explain menstruation, they tended to focus on one particular element of the process (e.g., eggs or blood or the uterus), and were not able to integrate the elements into a comprehensive whole. Girls' howledge of the location and function of reproductive structures was faulty, and most did not understand how they were interrelated. Girls associated a variety of negative physical and psychological changes with menstruation, indicati...
The Effect of Interfacial Layers on High-Performance Gate Dielectrics Processed by RTP-ALD

In this paper we present the role of the ultrathin interfacial silicon-oxide layer on the performance of high-k dielectrics. We deposited ZrO 2 by rapid thermal process atomic layer deposition (RTP-ALD) and studied the electrical conduction mechanism of the films. As the quality of the interfacial layer may seriously influence the performance of a high-dielectric-constant gate material, we designed a number of experiments to understand the role of the interfacial layer. Some of these experiments include the study of an identical thermal cycle with and without use of the precursor for the deposition of ZrO 2 films. In the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs (especially in STEM-Z) the formation of amorphous silica and crystalline zirconia exhibit a distinct periodicity characteristic of spinodal decomposition. This feature, along with atomic-level sharpness of the interface, may hold the key to excellent electrical properties reported in this paper. The ultrathin interfacial silicon oxide layer has the ability to accommodate the strain between silicon and the mixed phase material without creating significant defects at the interface.