cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube vacuum gauges utilizing long, dissipative tubes

CNT Vacuum Gauges: a) have a broad range of pressure response from 760 - 10(exp -6) Torr. b) have current changes approx. 100's nA in high vacuum regime (10(exp -6) Torr) and sensitivity increases with power and substrate removal. c) have a negative dR/dT (TCR negative) where a thermal hopping energy E(sub a) was determined to be approx. 40 meV. d) have compatible fabrication requirements for their integration with micromachined structures. e) can be operated at low power (nW - micro-W). f) have an active device region footprint of < 10 sq microns. g) are non-intrusive due to small size and passive operation.
QUANTITATIVE AND/OR QUALITATIVE METHODS IN THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION

. Qualitative research methods are essential to provide richness, but they are vulnerable to distortion of data by theory. The quantitative approach is necessary for the precision of hypothesis testing, but, by itself, this method is too critical to be creative. Religious studies should use both methods in alternate phases, with the qualitative approach creating new hypotheses and the quantitative approach critically testing them.
Microwave-assisted acid digestion protocol for the determination of methionine and selenomethionine in selenium-enriched yeast by species specific isotope dilution GC-MS

A quantitative and fast microwave assisted protein digestion method is described for the simultaneous determination of methionine (Met) and selenomethionine (SeMet) in yeast. Extraction of Met and SeMet from the selenized yeast was performed in a focused microwave system using methanesulfonic acid (MSA). The effects of parameters such as extraction time, temperature, power and sample mass on the extraction efficiencies of Met and SeMet were investigated. Species specific isotope dilution (ID) calibration using 13C enriched Met and SeMet spikes was employed to obtain accurate results. Analytes were derivatized with methyl chloroformate and extracted into chloroform prior to species specific ID GC-MS analysis. Using a 20 minute extraction time at 165 °C and 6 ml of 4 M MSA was found to be efficient for both analytes based on a 50 mg sample mass. Under these conditions, concentrations of 5862 ± 32 and 3366 ± 60 μg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 3) for Met and SeMet, respectively, were obtained in SELM-1 yeast certified reference material (CRM). The obtained results are in good agreement with the certified values of 5758 ± 277 and 3448 ± 146 μg g−1 (expanded uncertainty, k = 2). Compared to previous MSA reflux digestion, this newly proposed method offers dramatic reduction in extraction time from 8–16 hours of the conventional MSA reflux to 20 minutes by microwave extraction, significantly improving the sample throughput. Additionally, the microwave extraction is fully automated and uses 75% less reagent (MSA) than the conventional acid reflux setup. The developed method is suitable for quasi real time production monitoring of Met and SeMet in Se enriched yeast and other food products.
The vapor pressure of 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethane (R123)

The vapor pressure of 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethane (R123) has been measured at temperatures between 256.4 and 453.8 K by ebulliometric and static techniques. These results have been combined to obtain a correlation for the vapor pressure from 256.4 K to the critical temperature.
Synthesis of pyridine nucleotides by mitochondrial fractions of yeast.

Abstract Washed mitochondrial fractions from yeast catalyze the synthesis of nicotinate mononucleotide and nicotinate adenine dinucleotide from nicotinate or nicotinamide. The synthesis is stimulated 10 fold by sonic disruption of the fractions and shows an absolute requirement for ATP, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, and MgCl 2 .
The relative power of linkage and association studies for the detection of genes involved in hypertension.

The relative power of linkage and association studies for the detection of genes involved in hypertension. Hypertension is a common disorder that shows a polygenic mode of inheritance. Attempts to localize genes involved in the disorder have been carried out using both linkage and association tests. The relative merit of these two approaches is reviewed with an assessment of their utility for detecting genes involved in hypertension. Power calculations were carried out following the method of Risch and Merikangas [1], assuming markers were typed across the genome. These show that, if there is a single major locus causing susceptibility, non-parametric linkage strategies using affected sibpairs may well prove very effective. However, if there are a number of genes of small effect, the sample size necessary for linkage studies will be prohibitive and a systematic search for allelic association may be more appropriate. This is due to the dramatic reduction in the excess allele sharing for genes of small effect.
The autoxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acids: Methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate

Methyl docosahexaenoate was selected as a model system for studying the autoxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The ester was oxidized at 50 C for 28 hr and the volatiles collected by high vacuum distillation and fractionated by gas chromatography. A number of aldehydes, aldehyde esters, hydrocarbons and methyl esters were identified. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of these compounds.
Mass of the singlet P state

Abstract We show that the mass of the 1P1 charmonium state can be reliably calculated by gluon exchange. Remarkably, the one-loop calculation of the mass difference between the center of gravity of the triplet and the 1P1 state is independent to this order of renormalization scheme and scale, and uniquely determined by the value of αs(mc). We find that the singlet is 0.7±0.2 MeV above triplet center of gravity, consistent with a recent experiment. Implications of this calculation for other quarkonium S- and P-wave hyperfine splittings are also discussed.
Can virtue be genetically engineered

We are not born virtuous or vicious. But we are born with innate temperaments and capacities that influence our acquisition of virtue by learning and judgment. As Aristotle says in the Nicomachean Ethics, “virtues arise in us neither by nature nor contrary to nature; but by our nature we can receive them and perfect them by habituation.”
Friends in Need? The Causes and Consequences of Reliability in Military Alliances

America's Allies and War: Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. By Jason W. Davidson. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 250 pp., $81.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 09078-0-230-61482-6). The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and Military Alliances before the First World War. By Gregory D. Miller. Ithaca, NY, London: Cornell University Press, 2011. 234 pp., $42.75 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-801-45031-0). Throughout history, states have formed military alliances to offset power imbalances, to fend off threats, to manage potential foes, and to act on shared goals and values. Working within the well-established tradition of alliance theories, but also challenging some of their limitations, Jason Davidson's America's Allies and War and Gregory Miller's The Shadow of the Past raise new and important questions for the long-term politics of alliance relations. Specifically, they offer new insights that go beyond the initial formation of military partnerships by examining the dynamics of alliances during and after the use of force. Together, they expand on and add nuance to recent studies on not only the formation of alliances but also their management, cohesion, and durability. They effectively challenge conventional wisdom on the free-riding nature of US allies, and the exaggerated effects of reputation and credibility in the minds of leaders and policymakers. At the most basic level, both books share a common purpose: to explore why allies cooperate in some crises but not in others. But, they each add a new twist to this long-standing question. Davidson is interested in examining the different mix of strategic and domestic political factors that produce varied support among different European allies for American military operations abroad. Miller asks why some states are chosen for cooperative agreements to begin with, and identifies the long-term benefits of demonstrating timely and sufficient support for an ally (and the costs of not doing so). Davidson and Miller also discuss different types and levels of military and political support and why they matter. Their more fine-grained dependent variables range from types of support during military operations in America's Allies and War , to variations in alliance terms due to perceptions of past behavior in The Shadow of the Past . In America's Allies and …
Fusobacterium spp. and colorectal cancer: cause or consequence?

Although increasing evidence suggests a relationship between bacterial dysbiosis and colorectal cancer (CRC), few studies have identified specific microbial etiologic factors. Recent studies have implicated overabundance of Fusobacterium in association with colorectal adenomas and cancer. Two articles published in Cell Host & Microbe provide insights into the Fusobacterium –CRC relationship.
Hemodynamic assessment of intravenous bepridil administration in ischemic heart disease

The hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of bepridil were evaluated in 17 patients with chronic coronary artery disease who underwent cardiac catheterization. Of the 17 patients, 8 received bepridil, 2 mg/kg of body weight, for 15 minutes followed by 1 mg/kg for 15 minutes (group A), and 9 received 3 mg/kg followed by 1 mg/kg (group B). In group A, the systemic blood pressure (BP) decreased (p less than 0.05) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased minimally (p less than 0.05). Heart rate (HR), pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output (CO), stroke index, pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke work index, "contractility" (+dP/dt) and double product (HR X systolic BP) showed no significant change after bepridil infusion. In contrast, in group B, while +dP/dt decreased (p less than 0.01), SVR also showed a strong downward trend and changed significantly more than in group A; in the context of the latter alteration, CO increased significantly. In addition, the double product (less than 0.025) and systemic BP (p less than 0.05) decreased, though other parameters did not vary significantly. Thus, although a modest dose-related negative inotropic effect (decreased +dP/dt) was seen, dose-related direct systemic vasodilatation (decreased SVR) led to improved cardiac performance (increase in cardiac index) at the larger dose.
Charge transport in photochemically modified molecularly doped polymers

Hole mobilities in p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH) doped polycarbonate films are determined using the time-of-flight transient photocurrent technique. Measurements of hole transport parameters are determined over a range of electric fields before and after the samples are deliberately irradiated with UV light. UV irradiation of the hole transport molecule DEH results in the creation of a photoproduct, 1-phenyl-3-(4- diethylamino-1-phenyl)-1, 3-indazole with moderately high efficiency. Once formed, this photoproduct has been shown to act as a barrier to hole conduction. We exploit this photochemical reaction to examine the hole transport properties in a molecularly doped polymer system containing DEH doped polycarbonate. We propose that the increase in concentration of the photoproduct modifies the intrinsic order of the system and provides a unique probe to distinguish between the disorder formalism of Baessler and coworkers and models which propose polaron formation.
Peak Experiences of Psilocybin Users and Non-Users

Maslow (1970) defined peak experiences as the most wonderful experiences of a person's life, which may include a sense of awe, well-being, or transcendence. Furthermore, recent research has suggested that psilocybin can produce experiences subjectively rated as uniquely meaningful and significant (Griffiths et al. 2006). It is therefore possible that psilocybin may facilitate or change the nature of peak experiences in users compared to non-users. This study was designed to compare the peak experiences of psilocybin users and non-users, to evaluate the frequency of peak experiences while under the influence of psilocybin, and to assess the perceived degree of alteration of consciousness during these experiences. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling from undergraduate classes and at a musical event. Participants were divided into three groups, those who reported a peak experience while under the influence of psilocybin (psilocybin peak experience: PPE), participants who had used psilocybin but reported their peak experiences did not occur while they were under the influence of psilocybin (non-psilocybin peak experience: NPPE), and participants who had never used psilocybin (non-user: NU). A total of 101 participants were asked to think about their peak experiences and complete a measure evaluating the degree of alteration of consciousness during that experience. Results indicated that 47% of psilocybin users reported their peak experience occurred while using psilocybin. In addition, there were significant differences among the three groups on all dimensions of alteration of consciousness. Future research is necessary to identify factors that influence the peak experiences of psilocybin users in naturalistic settings and contribute to the different characteristics of peak experiences of psilocybin users and non-users.
RARE EARTH ABUNDANCES IN SOIL AND ROCKS FROM THE OCEAN OF STORMS.

Rare earth abundance in Apollo 12 basalts and soils and achondritic meteorites, using partial melting model
System dynamic modeling of a piezoelectric hydraulic pump

A system dynamic model has been developed for assessing the performance of a piezoelectric hydraulic pump. The pump system comprises a stack actuator driven pump, four-way valve, hydraulic accumulator, and hydraulic actuator. A system of differential equations was developed that governs the electrical / mechanical / fluid coupled behavior. The system of equations was simultaneously solved using MATLAB. The results were compared to pump data for a stack actuator input of 2 MV/m at operating frequencies between 2.5 Hz and 100 Hz. Previous work comparing the model to experimental results was recently accepted for publication in a future article . The work presented below presents a review of the model and discusses additional experimental results of the pump's flow rate response under hydraulic actuator loads. The model achieved reasonable agreement with flow rate measurements when the hydraulic actuator was loaded with 62 N and 142 N of constant force. Rate effects were observed to limit the high frequency performance. These effects were attributed to fluid compressibility, check valve resistance, and self heating of the stack actuator. The model provides a design tool for evaluating bandwidth limitations and increasing pressure and flow rate.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies of CO2 Hydrate Formation and Dissolution

Sequestering waste CO2 in the deep ocean as a gas, liquid, or hydrate has been variously proposed (1−3). We describe experiments producing CO2 hydrate that may eventually assist in developing methodology for large-scale creation of this ice-like substance. We produced a simple and inexpensive system for conducting high-pressure experimentation. We established the minimum ratio of CO2 to water (both deionized water and seawater) needed to produce stable traces of hydrate. We suggested an explanation for the differences observed in forming hydrate from the two media. We demonstrated that hydrate decomposed when exposed to an intermittent flow of water. We proposed a model of pathways involved in forming CO2 hydrate. Previous reports on hydrate formation have emphasized pressure−temperature relationships and ef fects thereon. Our experimentation focused on the amount of CO2 in all phases inside the pressure chamber (designated as Υ-CO2). The minimum Υ-CO2 needed for producing hydrate varied with pressure. Hy...
Hydrate dissociation enthalpy and guest size

Abstract A heuristic is proposed to estimate one of the most important physical properties of hydrates, namely the heat of hydrate dissociation (Δhd) at temperatures above 273.2 K. It is shown that it is possible to estimate ΔHd by knowledge of the size of the hydrate guest molecule. To a first approximation, the enthalpy of dissociation is independent of the type and concentration of the guest gas, within a broad size constraint. While predicted values are neither as accurate nor as difficult as calorimetric measurements, the values are acceptable for many engineering calculations, and the prediction may serve in the absence of measurements. The hypothesis of the paper is demonstrated for single and mixed components of natural gases and for argon, krypton, xenon, oxygen, and nitrogen. As one notable outcome, most natural gases containing appreciable amounts of methane and propane should have essentially the same heat of dissociation.
The absolute sensitivity matrix

Transfer function matrices describing dynamical systems depend in a complex way upon large numbers of physical parameters, which often are not known precisely. A fundamental problem in sensitivity theory is to write such matrices as the sum of a nominal matrix and an error matrix, the latter expressing the effects of parameter variations. This error matrix is the absolute sensitivity matrix. In earlier work, the authors have given a general expression for the absolute sensitivity matrix associated with a wide class of network and systems problems. An approximation to the absolute sensitivity matrix was also brought forth and shown to be related to the well known Cruz-Perkins sensitivity matrix. The relation of the absolute sensitivity matrix to the Cruz-Perkins matrix was weakened, in the early work, by the approximation which had been made in derivation. The present paper establishes the exact conditions under which the absolute sensitivity matrix is directly related to the Cruz-Perkins matrix.
Address block features for image-based automated mail orientation

When mixed mail enters a postal facility, it must first be faced and oriented so that the address is readable by automated mail processing machinery. Existing US Postal Service (USPS) automated systems face and orient domestic mail by searching for fluorescing stamps on each mail piece. However, misplaced or partially fluorescing postage causes a significant fraction of mail to be rejected. Previously, rejected mail had to be faced and oriented by hand, thus increasing mail processing cost and time. Our earlier work successfully demonstrated the utility of machine-vision-based extraction of postal delimiters-such as cancellation marks and barcodes-for camera-based mail facing and orientation. Arguably, of all the localized information sources on the envelope image, the destination address block is the richest in content and the most structured in its form and layout. This paper focuses exclusively on the destination address block image and describes new vision-based features that can be extracted and used for mail orientation. Our results on real USPS datasets indicate robust performance. The algorithms described herein will be deployed nationwide on USPS hardware in the near future.
Kinesics of affective instability

Abstract The content of this paper is organized to include (a) the need and rationale to study kinesics of affective instability, (b) the description of the phenomenon of affective instability, (c) the role of kinesics in the overall process of communication, (d) a descriptive analysis of three cases of affective instability, and (e) a few concluding comments related to future directions of research and intervention. Some of the important ideas discussed are: (1) Each participant, during social interaction, contributes to the communicative act within which affective meanings are attached; (2) All nonverbal or kinesic acts have message values for encoding and/or decoding, which makes affective aspects integral parts of all communication; (3) In severe cases of affective instability, where kinesics is the primary mode of expression and little or no verbal expressive language is available, to comprehend and infer the intention of the participant is a very complex process. Meaning may get attached to irrelevant kinesics; the more relevant and significant acts may escape notice resulting in extremely erroneous conclusions; (4) Communication is the sum total of a series of interactional feedback loops of verbal and kinesic acts: (5) Each interactional feedback loop can be isolated as a unit or a frame for the systematic analysis of communication patterns.
Plasma testosterone in men: Variation, but not circadian rhythm14

Abstract Plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured in 10 men at 3:00, 9:00, 15:00 and 21:00 hours. Analysis of our testosterone data and that of 8 previous investigators revealed variation, but no rhythmicity among subjects, that is, maximum and minimum values occurred at different times during a 24-hour period from subject to subject. Hence, we conclude that circadian rhythm, if it exists at all, must be weak and easily overridden by other undefined stimuli. Androstenedione concentrations did not vary much. Dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations were highest at 3:00.
Comparative Hemodynamic Consequences of Inflation Hold, PEEP, and Interrupted PEEP: An Experimental Study in Normal Dogs

Cardiac output and airway, intrathoracic, arterial, pulmonary artery, left atrial, and central venous pressures were studied in 8 mongrel dogs. They were anesthetized and ventilated with (1) inflation hold of various duration, (2) continuous positive end-expiratory pressure and one breath off). The results indicate a minimal decrease in cardiac output (of approximately 5 per cent) with inflation hold. Diminished cardiac output was noted with increasing levels of continuous PEEP. The severity of the decrease in cardiac output wasproportional to the airway pressure. The higher levels (20 cm H2O) OF PEEP were associated with profound decreases. Utilization of a technique of interrupted PEEP substantially reduced the adverse hemodynamic effects in the dog.
Simulation of host-parasite interactions within a resource management framework: impact of brucellosis on bison population dynamics

Abstract We describe development of a simulation model representing bison (host)—bbrucellosis (parasite) interactions within a natural resource management framework. We document three phases in model development which focus on the simulation of bison population dynamics in (1) a brucellosis-free herd, (2) a brucellosis-infected herd, (3) and infected herd subjected to different vaccination schemes. The first phase represents bison populations dynamics based on age-specific rates of natural mortality and natality and rates at which animals are harvested. The second phase represents the influence of brucellosis-induced abortions, brucellosis transmission, and naturally acquired immunity. The third phase represents acquired immunity to brucellosis (or lack thereof) due to immunization, which is a function of vaccine efficacy and the percentage of bison to which the vaccine can be delivered. The model accurately simulated historical changes in herd size, annual recruitment, population age structure, and survivorship of individual cohorts over a 17-year period in a brucellosis-free bison herd on the National Bison Range, U.S.A. (Phase I). The model also accurately simulated historical changes in herd size, and predicted the most likely year of infection, in a bison herd in Grand Teton National Park, U.S.A., that contracted the disease during a 20-year period (Phase II). Finally, the model was used to evaluate a proposed bison brucellosis management plan for the Grand Teton National Park herd which involves annual vaccination of female calves (Phase III). Simulations suggested that, after 20 years, the proportion of the herd infected with brucellosis might be reduced from 69% (current level) to between 50% and 20%, depending on the (currently unresolved) vaccine efficacy.
Forty mouse strain survey of voluntary calcium intake, blood calcium, and bone mineral content.

We measured voluntary calcium intake, blood calcium, and bone mineral content of male and female mice from 40 inbred strains. Calcium intakes were assessed using 48-h two-bottle tests with a choice between water and one of the following: water, 7.5, 25, and 75 mM CaCl2, then 7.5, 25, and 75 mM calcium lactate (CaLa). Intakes were affected by strain, sex, anion, and concentration. In 11 strains females consumed more calcium than did males and in the remaining 29 strains there were no sex differences. Nine strains drank more CaLa than CaCl2 whereas only one strain (JF1/Ms) drank more CaCl2 than CaLa. Some strains had consistently high calcium intakes and preferred all calcium solutions relative to water (e.g., PWK/PhJ, BTBR T+tf/J, JF1/Ms). Others had consistently low calcium intakes and avoided all calcium solutions relative to water (e.g., KK/H1J, C57BL/10J, CE/J, C58/J). After behavioral tests, blood was sampled and assayed for pH, ionized calcium concentration, and plasma total calcium concentration. Bone mineral density and content were assessed by DEXA. There were no significant correlations between any of these physiological measures and calcium intake. However, strains of mice that had the highest calcium intakes generally fell at the extremes of the physiological distributions. We conclude that the avidity for calcium is determined by different genetic architecture and thus different physiological mechanisms in different strains.
Efficacy of an inactivated FeLV vaccine compared to a recombinant FeLV vaccine in minimum age cats following virulent FeLV challenge

The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of an inactivated feline leukemia virus (FeLV) vaccine (Versifel(®) FeLV, Zoetis.) compared to a recombinant FeLV vaccine (Purevax(®) FeLV, Merial Animal Health) in young cats, exposed under laboratory conditions to a highly virulent challenge model. The study was designed to be consistent with the general immunogenicity requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 6.0 Monograph 01/2008:1321-Feline Leukaemia Vaccine (Inactivated) with the exception that commercial-strength vaccines were assessed. Fifty seronegative cats (8-9 weeks old) were vaccinated subcutaneously on two occasions, three weeks apart, with either placebo (treatment group T01), Versifel FeLV Vaccine (treatment group T02), or Purevax FeLV Vaccine (treatment group T03) according to the manufacturer's directions. Cats were challenged three weeks after the second vaccination with a virulent FeLV isolate (61E strain). Persistent FeLV antigenemia was determined from 3 to 15 weeks postchallenge. Bone marrow samples were tested for the presence of FeLV proviral DNA to determine FeLV latent infection. At week 15 after challenge with the virulent FeLV 61E strain, the Versifel FeLV Vaccine conferred 89.5% protection against FeLV persistent antigenemia and 94.7% protection against FeLV proviral DNA integration in bone marrow cells. In comparison, the Purevax FeLV Vaccine conferred 20% protection against FeLV persistent antigenemia and 35% protection against FeLV proviral DNA integration in bone marrow cells following challenge. The data from this study show that the Versifel FeLV Vaccine was efficacious in preventing both FeLV persistent p27 antigenemia and FeLV proviral DNA integration in bone marrow cells of cats challenged with this particular challenge model under laboratory conditions and provided better protection than Purevax FeLV in this experimental challenge model with highly virulent FeLV.
How we know what we intend

How do we know what our intentions are? It is argued that work on self-knowledge has tended to neglect the attitude of intention, and that an epistemological account is needed that is attuned to the specific features of that state. Richard Moran’s “Authorship” view, on which we can acquire self-knowledge by making up our minds, offers a promising insight for such an account: we do not normally discover what we intend through introspection. However, his formulation of the Authorship view, developed primarily with the attitude of belief in mind, is found wanting when applied to intention. An alternative account is proposed for knowledge of one’s own intentions that gives a central role to the mental act of deciding what to do. It is argued that we can come to know what we intend by making a decision about what to do and self-ascribing the content of that decision as our intended action.
EarthScope: Opportunities and challenges for earth-science research and education

EarthScope is a new earth-science initiative to dramatically improve our understanding of the dynamics and evolution of the North American continent through an unprecedented exploration of its three-dimensional structure at continental scales. EarthScope will use the North American continent as a natural laboratory in which new observations from cutting-edge land and space-based technologies will image the interior at high resolution and measure deformation in real time at continental scales. By integrating complementary geophysical, geochemical, and geologic data, EarthScope will bring together the remarkable advances made in these sciences to provide a comprehensive time-integrated picture of continental structure and evolution, links between surface features and their structures at depth, and vastly improved understanding of hazards related to earthquakes and magmatic processes.
Parallel destructive updating in strict functional languages

In our recent paper, we gave an efficient interprocedural update analysis algorithm for strict functional languages with flat arrays and sequential evaluation. In this paper, we show that the same algorithm extends to a parallel functional language with additional constructs for partitioning and combining arrays. Even with parallel evaluation, the complexity of the analysis remains polynomial. The analysis has been implemented and the results show that several numerical algorithms such as direct and iterative methods for solving linear equations, LU, Cholesky, and QR factorizations, multigrid methods for solving partial differential equations, and non-numeric algorithms such as sorting can be implemented functionally with all updates made destructive. We describe a new array construct to specify a collection of updates on an array and show that problems like histogram, inverse permutation, and polynomial multiplication have efficient parallel functional solutions. Monolithic array operators can be considered as a special case of this new construct.
An efficient method for large scale configuration interaction calculations

Abstract An efficient method of handling large scale configuration interaction calculations is developed and applied to the H 2 O molecule as a test case. The method, which is based upon matrix partitioning, is shown to be capable of calculating the 1 B 1 spectrum of H 2 O to an accuracy level of 0.1 eV for each state with very moderate computational effort.
An investigation into the reliability of intended visitation behavior

A test-retest analysis indicates reliability of responses regarding intention to visit, annual number of trips, and length of stay for three different lake levels. Comparison of actual length of stay and intended length of stay at the same lake level indicates validity of this type of intended visitation behavior. In addition, all three types of intended visitation behavior was statistically different across the three lake levels. Thus intended visitation behavior appears to be a viable approach to estimate changes in recreation use in response to changes in environmental quality for both economic efficiency and regional economic impact analysis.
Enhancing a newspaper collection using the World Wide Web

Serial cancellations have reduced the print newspaper collection at the University of Toledo (UT) Library by about one third since 1990. In the meantime, the number of newspapers publishing on the World Wide Web has skyrocketed, prompting UT to investigate accessing newspapers online. The immediate goal of this project is to provide library users with access to online versions of cancelled print newspapers, and eventually to enhance the collection even further with additional electronic newspapers. This article examines the trends in online newspaper publishing, researches the availability of Web sites in relation to the UT newspaper collection, critically reviews the sites found, and discusses the issues surrounding access to an online collection.
Overlapped motion-compensated wavelet and lapped orthogonal transforms for scalable HDTV coding

Overlapped Motion-Compensated Wavelet and Lapped Orthogonal Transforms for Scalable HDTV CodingLiangchi Hsu K. R. RacAMSD (MS:S133B) Electrical Engineering DepartmentMotorola, Inc. University ofTexas at Arlington5401 N. Beach Street, Fort Worth, TX 76137 Box 19016, Arlington, TX 76019U.S.A. U.S.A.ABSTRACTTo eliminate the "drift" artifacts, to increase the robustness ofHDTV signal against transmission noise, and to accrue to usersof existing MPEG applications the benefits of forward/backward compatibility, in this paper, we present a scalable codingscheme for HDTV using hierarchical overlapped block motion-compensated (OBMC) wavelet transform and the LappedOrthogonal Transform (LOT). The effect of "diift" artifacts is one ofthe major problems in a classical scalable video codingsuch as frequency scalable coding where different resolutions do not have their own accurate motion information. A data lossconcealment scheme is required to provide graceful degradation, especially in HDTV broadcast and transmission environ-ments. Our research not only exploits advantages of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and hierarchical OBMC to solve the"drift" problem, but also enhances MPEG standard by replacing the DCT with the LOT to improve the data loss concealmentand mitigate the degradation ofpicture quality due to transmission noise. Furthermore, this enhanced MPEG scheme, which isapplied to the lowest subband, also provides the compatibility to the widely-adopted MPEG standard and its existing applica-tions. Three resolutions for applications of HDTV, conventional TV and videophone, are aimed. optimal bit allocation isdeveloped for each resolution. Simulation results show that very good subjective and objective quality can be achieved for allthe three resolutions. The elimination of "drift" artifacts is observed and performances of LOT and DCT incorporating withthe DWT are compared in terms of error concealment and coding gain.Keywords: HDTV Coding, scalable video coding, wavelet transform, subband coding, lapped orthogonal transform, over-lapped motion compensation.1. INTRODUCTIONThe scalability of video coding is very important in many applications where a variety of resolutions and/or bitrates areneeded. A scalable video coding is a technique in which part ofthe information in the coded bit stream can be neglected, andthe rest ofthe bit stream can still be decoded .
Longitudinal Flight Control for a Novel Airborne Wind Energy System: Robust MIMO Control Design Techniques

This paper deals with the longitudinal flight control for a novel Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) system: the EAGLE System. It is a tethered lighter-than-air flyer wind turbine composed of a blimp, several aerodynamic airfoils (wings) with specific aerodynamic control surfaces (ailerons, elevator, rudder), a counter-rotating aerodynamic rotor for the wind turbine (four identical sections, symmetrically arranged, with three blades each), an electrical synchronous generator attached to the counter-rotating rotors, and a tether to secure the airship and to transmit the generated power. Additional information can be found in US Patent, Provisional Application No. 61/387,432 developed by the authors. The designed system proposed here supports a 2.5 kW generator and flies at approximately 100 meters. The mathematical model developed for the AWE system incorporates a hybrid blimp-airfoil design, modeled using a hybrid Cartesian-polar coordinate system to capture the dynamics of both the airship and the tether, and includes the effect of the counter-rotating aerodynamic rotor of the wind turbine, as well as the aerodynamic control surfaces. This paper presents the design of a robust Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) controller for the 3×3 longitudinal flight dynamics of the tethered airborne wind energy system. The control system is designed by applying sequential MIMO robust Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) techniques.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Optimizing network lifetime for distributed tracking with wireless sensor networks

We consider the challenging problem of distributed tracking using wireless sensor networks (WSN). In our scenario, multiple spatially distributed sensor nodes estimate a physical process (viz. a moving object) and transmit quantized state estimates to a central fusion node for processing. The fusion node utilizes a BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimation) approach to combine the individual sensor estimates. In this paradigm the uncertainty of the final estimate is dependent on the quantization and transmit energy levels. This makes the problem particularly challenging since power and bandwidth are critically constrained resources in WSNs. Thus, the trade-off between estimation quality and network lifetime is inherent. This work optimizes resource utilization while constraining estimation performance. Two convex formulations of the resulting Mixed-Integer Non-Linear program (MINLP) are given. Unlike most previous work, this effort heuristically incorporates the operating states of the nodes into the optimal decisions. The heuristic accomplishes a redistribution of effort, tasking healthier nodes to contribute more resources to the estimation process. Simulation results are presented for the given formulations which demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristic for extending network lifetime.
Effects of a pathogenic canine herpesvirus on canine brain cell cultures and cerebellar explants.

The effects ofHerpes canis, an encephalitogenic agent of the canine species, on canine cerebellar explants and brain cell cultures were investigated. A progression of the infection from cell to cell in brain explant cultures could be followed resulting in degeneration and widespread cell death within 72 hours after inoculation. Astrocytes were recongized as the preferential cells for viral replication. Nerve cells were irreversibly damaged but manifested no definite inclusion bodies indicative of viral replication.
Enhancement by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α of Fcα Receptor Expression and IgA-Mediated Superoxide Generation and Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of cystic fibrosis patients express increased levels of receptor for the Fc portion of IgA (Fc alpha R), similar to those found on PMNL stimulated with FMLP in vitro. Since tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) is an activator of PMNL and is found at inflammatory sites, its effects on Fc alpha R expression and IgA-mediated PMNL functions were investigated. Exposure of PMNL to TNF alpha increased surface expression of Fc alpha R 2- to 3-fold, increased superoxide production in response to aggregated IgA 5-fold, and increased phagocytosis of IgA aggregates 3- to 4-fold. Interleukin-8 did not increase Fc alpha R expression and did not enhance IgA-mediated superoxide generation. IgA-dependent PMNL killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was enhanced when PMNL were pretreated with TNF alpha. Thus, interactions between phagocytic host defense mechanisms and mucosal IgA may be enhanced by TNF alpha in the inflammatory milieu of the cystic fibrosis lung.
Parallel transport of biological cells using individually addressable VCSEL arrays as optical tweezers

We have demonstrated the use of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) for optical trapping and active manipulation of live biological cells and microspheres. We have experimentally verified that the Laguerre‐Gaussian laser mode output from the VCSEL functions just as well as the traditional Gaussian fundamental laser mode for optically trapping biological cells and may be preferable since the highest intensity of the Laguerre‐Gaussian mode is located at the outer ring of the optical aperture, which allows for stronger optical confinement to be obtained for a lower total power. Another advantage that VCSELs have over conventional gas and diode lasers is their ability to be manufactured in an array form. Using a 2 � 2 array of VCSELs, the simultaneous and independent transport of four human red blood cells is demonstrated indicating that much larger two-dimensional VCSEL arrays can be used as individually addressable optical tweezers in biological chips and systems. This parallel transport capability will have a significant impact in currently developing biochip array and assay technologies through the facilitation of the selection, relocation, and precision placement of cells. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Dual active feature and sample selection for graph classification

Graph classification has become an important and active research topic in the last decade. Current research on graph classification focuses on mining discriminative subgraph features under supervised settings. The basic assumption is that a large number of labeled graphs are available. However, labeling graph data is quite expensive and time consuming for many real-world applications. In order to reduce the labeling cost for graph data, we address the problem of how to select the most important graph to query for the label. This problem is challenging and different from conventional active learning problems because there is no predefined feature vector. Moreover, the subgraph enumeration problem is NP-hard. The active sample selection problem and the feature selection problem are correlated for graph data. Before we can solve the active sample selection problem, we need to find a set of optimal subgraph features. To address this challenge, we demonstrate how one can simultaneously estimate the usefulness of a query graph and a set of subgraph features. The idea is to maximize the dependency between subgraph features and graph labels using an active learning framework. We propose a branch-and-bound algorithm to search for the optimal query graph and optimal features simultaneously. Empirical studies on nine real-world tasks demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain better accuracy on graph data than alternative approaches.
Salmon aquaculture and transmission of the fish tapeworm.

Aquaculture of salmon constitutes a rapidly growing worldwide industry with an expanding globalized market (1,2). Although this industry has several economic benefits, according to recent reports it is also accompanied by effects that are detrimental to human and animal health and the environment (1,2). Aquaculture has been implicated in the transmission of infectious diseases. For example, in caged fish aquaculture, bacterial and parasitic diseases can be transmitted to wild fish (1,2). Furthermore, aquaculture-raised fish may be susceptible to the microorganisms and parasites of wild fish (1,3). However, in spite of the accepted fact that parasitic worms can be transmitted to humans by free-ranging fish (4), until recently, few examples have been reported of pathogens that could be transmitted to humans directly by the products and subproducts of salmon aquaculture. I discuss here information indicating that salmon aquaculture is involved in expanding the range of fish tapeworm infections in nature and to humans.
The Way to a Man’s Heart Is Through His Stomach

A 64-year-old man with hypertension was eating fast food while driving home when he suddenly experienced nausea and tunnel vision. He lost consciousness and awoke to find his truck in a cornfield. He called his family who brought him to the ED. Computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen demonstrated an intrathoracic stomach due to a large hiatal hernia (Fig. 1). Surgical repair was scheduled, and he was started on a liquid diet. Immediately after ingesting ∼20 cc of broth, he developed bradycardia, followed by sinus arrest with junctional escape beats (Fig. 2), at which time he lost consciousness. His rhythm spontaneously reverted back to sinus, and he regained consciousness. He was kept NPO until repair of his hernia with resolution of his symptoms. Figure 1. CT chest and abdomen demonstrating an intrathoracic stomach. Figure 2. ECG demonstrating sinus bradycardia, followed by sinus arrest with junctional escape beats. Deglutition syncope is a neurally mediated reflex syndrome. The common innervation of the esophagus, stomach, and heart by the vagus nerve is important in the pathogenesis, whereby deglutition causes inhibition of the cardiac conduction system.1 Several disorders of the esophagus are associated with deglutition syncope, caused by a number of bradyarrhythmias.2 The intrathoracic stomach caused intense vagal stimulation in our patient when he ate, leading to sinus node slowing, followed by arrest, resulting in transient syncopal episodes.
The Influence of the Stage of Lactation on the Production of Dairy Cows

Summary From the data presented here it would appear that: 1.High production at the beginning of the lactation period is not the only factor of importance in determining the production of a cow. 2.Persistency of production, coupled with high initial production, will lead to good production. 3.There is a general downward trend in milk and butterfat production from the beginning to the end of the lactation and with this would appear to go for the first month or two a decrease and later an increase in the fat content of the milk. This may be generally attributed to the fact that changes in the yield of fat, follow, but lag behind, the changes in the yield of milk. 4.Holsteins and Ayrshires showed the highest milk production in the second month and all others in the first month of the lactation. 5.In the case of the Jerseys the percentage of fat in the milk rises from the beginning to the end of the lactation period, while the Guernseys show a drop in the second month only. In both breeds the average fat percentage for the year is greater than the average for the first month. 6.The Ayrshires and Holsteins produce milk of decreasing fat content for some time after freshening and the average fat content of the milk for the year is less than for the first month.
Situational and dispositional goal adjustment in the context of metastatic cancer.

Striving toward goals is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being; however, many potential roadblocks to goal achievement exist. The current study extends the understanding of goal regulation processes in its examination of the relationships between dispositional and situational goal adjustment to a profound stressor and their associations with psychological adjustment. Women (N = 103; M age = 57.2 years; 82% Caucasian) with metastatic breast cancer completed semistructured interviews and self-report measures at study entry and 3 months later. Measures of dispositional and situational goal reengagement were significantly correlated, but dispositional and situational goal disengagement were unrelated. Greater dispositional and situational goal disengagement abilities were associated with fewer cancer-related intrusive thoughts at Time 1. Dispositional and situational reengagement were positively associated with life satisfaction and sense of purpose and negatively associated with depressive symptoms at Time 1. However, greater initial situational goal disengagement predicted an increase in depressive symptoms over time. Both how an individual typically responds to goal blockage, as well as how an individual is currently responding to a specific blocked goal, appear related to psychological adjustment.