cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutral transition-metal complexes as probes for solvent structure. The spectrophotometric properties of [NN′-1-methylethylenebis(o-aminobenzylideneiminato)]cobalt(II) in some pure and mixed solvents

The visible spectrum of the rigid planar complex [NN′-1-methylethylenebis(o-aminobenzylideneiminato)]-cobalt (II), [Co(meab)], has been studied in a range of pure and mixed aqueous solvent systems under deoxygenated conditions. Beer's law is obeyed in each system up to the solubility limit. Although the visible spectrum of [Co(meab)] in water is essentially featureless, maxima at 421–435 and 522–531 nm develop on addition of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, t-butyl alcohol, acetone, and pyridine. The close similarity of the visible spectra in pure pyridine and benzene solvents suggests that this effect is not due to discrete axial ligation of [Co(meab)] by solvent molecules, as confirmed by magnetic-moment measurements in aqueous pyridine and by the isolation of a solvate, rather than a pyridine-containing complex, from saturated solutions of [Co(meab)] in pyridine. The absorption coefficient of [Co(meab)] in binary aqueous mixtures appears to be related to the structure of the bulk solvent environment.
Obesity-related pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats correlates with increased circulating inflammatory cytokines and lipids and with oxidant damage in the arterial wall but not with hypoxia.

AbstractObesity is causally linked to a number of comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and cancer. Obesity has also been linked to pulmonary disorders, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It was long believed that obesity-related PAH was the result of hypoventilation and hypoxia due to the increased mechanical load of excess body fat. However, in recent years it has been proposed that the metabolic and inflammatory disturbances of obesity may also play a role in the development of PAH. To determine whether PAH develops in obese rats in the absence of hypoxia, we assessed pulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary artery (PA) structure in the diet-resistant/diet-induced obesity (DR/DIO) and Zucker lean/fatty rat models. We found that high-fat feeding (DR/DIO) or overfeeding (Zucker) elicited PA remodeling, neomuscularization of distal arterioles, and elevated PA pressure, accompanied by right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. PA thickening and distal neomusculari...
How similar are frontline bank employees' perceptions of service quality to their customers? A study of female customers and employees in Turkey

This study investigates to what extent underlying configurations of customer evaluations of service quality as perceived by frontline employees and as reported by customers match. Surveys of two groups of female bank customers (151 students and 83 adults) and 68 female bank employees in Turkey serve as the study setting. The SERVQUAL instrument is used in measuring employees' and customers' perceptions of service quality. The factor congruency technique is employed to determine the extent of similarities and disparities among the groups. Results show that the underlying configurations of service quality perceptions decompose into three factors in the cases of both customer groups and five factors in the case of employees. Overall, customers' and employees' service quality perceptions do not correspond. This discrepancy underscores the need for accurate assessment of customer perceptions of service quality and training of employees to look at service quality from the perspective of customers by using customers' definitions. Avenues for future reasearch are offered.
On matrix equivalence and matrix equations

Abstract Roth's theorem on the solvability of matrix equations of the form AX−YB=C is proved for matrices with coefficients from a division ring or a ring which is module-finite over its center.
Salivary cortisol and daily events in nursing home residents.

The authors evaluated the feasibility of using salivary cortisol as a noninvasive measure of hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA)-axis responses to stressful events of daily living in elderly nursing home residents. Ten medically stable male nursing home residents (age 81.7 ± 12.42) gave salivary samples before and after an assisted bath, and at corresponding times on the subsequent (control) day. Regression models, with measures of salivary cortisol on the bath and control days for two timepoints before the bath and four timepoints after the bath as the dependent variables, yielded significant effects of time, bath status, and day. Salivary cortisol testing is noninvasive and easy to collect from long-term care patients, including those with moderate degrees of dementia. It may be of use as a tool for studying the stressors associated with care, the determinants of HPA responses, and the consequences of hypercortisolemia in these vulnerable patients.
Binary fraction multiplication algorithms

Three algorithms are considered for performing n-bit multiplication of two n-bit natural binary fractions. One of the algorithms can be easily and efficiently implemented in software to yield the maximum accuracy.
Reduction in Muscle Fiber Force Production, Disruption of Muscle Cell Architecture and Accumulation of Fatty Macrophages in Patients with Chronic Rotator Cuff Tears

Objectives:A common pathophysiological change that occurs in torn rotator cuff muscles is atrophy of muscle fibers and an accumulation of intramuscular fat, collectively referred to as "fatty degen...
Changes in plasma-membrane-associated filaments during endocytosis and exocytosis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Abstract We examined the filaments associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane in rabbit exudate PMNs during phagocytosis of particles, or during "frustrated phagocytosis" with exocytosis of storage granules. Cells were plated onto yeast particles glued to coverslips with polylysine or onto coverslips coated with sheets of heat-agglutinated IgG. After periods ranging from 1 to 15 min, we disrupted the cells by a jet of salt solution and exposed their inner membranes. These broken cells were fixed immediately and processed for SEM. Whole cells were also prepared for SEM or TEM. At the site of PMN adherence to an opsonized yeast particle, a network of globular centers and thin, branched filaments appears on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, while the outstretching lamellipodia contain a mesh of such filaments but no globular centers. Within 1 to 2 minutes, these structures disappear from the invaginating portion of the developing vacuole, and the cell's storage granules fuse with the barren membrane regions. These activities occur in rapid sequence over the vacuolar membrane after the first contact, until the phagocytosed particle is wholly encircled by a smooth, loose membrane, separated from the cell surface. A comparable filament pattern or complex was seen during "frustrated phagocytosis" on IgG sheets. At times between 1 and 5 min after plating, the cytoplasmic surfaces of these adherent membranes contain denuded central regions and peripheral nets of globular centers with radiating, thin, branched filaments. Granules apparently fuse with the bare areas. Thus we have obtained evidence of filament association with the plasma membrane at sites of adherence (to phagocytosable or nonphagocytosable surfaces) and have traced the subsequent disappearance of the filaments with degranulation.
Activation of chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase by tetrathionate.

Summary Dihydrofolate reductase from chicken liver (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) is activated approximately six-fold by tetrathionate. A 30-fold excess is required for full activation within a 24 hour period. The activation is accompanied by stoichiometric binding of a sulfur-containing moiety of tetrathionate, presumably thiosulfate, to the single sulfhydryl group of the enzyme. The effect can be completely reversed with β-mercaptoethanol even after several days in the activated state. The activated enzyme is stable for at least a week at 0°.
Isolation and identification of 3-methyluridine from normal human urine.

Abstract Chromatographically pure 3-methyluridine was isolated from normal human urine by means of charcoal column and paper chromatography. The identity of the isolated compound with an authentic sample of 3-methyluridine was established by chromatographic properties, uv spectra, and by hydrolysis to 3-methyluracil.
Universal quantum interfaces

To observe or control a quantum system, one must interact with it via an interface. This article exhibits simple universal quantum interfaces---quantum input/output ports consisting of a single two-state system or quantum bit that interacts with the system to be observed or controlled. It is shown that under very general conditions the ability to observe and control the quantum bit on its own implies the ability to observe and control the system itself. The interface can also be used as a quantum communication channel, and multiple quantum systems can be connected by interfaces to become an efficient universal quantum computer. Experimental realizations are proposed, and implications for controllability, observability, and quantum information processing are explored.
Determination of gasphase—liquid phase (or other) distribution coefficients by analysis of one phase only

Abstract In measuring inter-phase distribution coefficients (k 1 11 )it is often convenient, and sometimes necessary, to obtain all of the analytical data from one phase. A rigorous formula, applicable to both low and high k 1 11 values has been derived; measurements of the distribution of mercury, methylmercury and 67Cu2+ between various pairs of phases with this formula gave k 1 11 values similar to those obtained from other approaches.
Counselling expectations of international students

International students not only face the normal adjustment problems of young adulthood but also the adjustment to a different culture. A random sample of 100 colleges and universities was contacted. International students enrolled at the institutions completed a questionnaire designed to assess the counselling preferences of international students. Results are discussed in terms of desirable counsellor characteristics and implications for counsellor training. Suggestions are made for facilitating counselling with international students.
Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Mediates Type I Interferon-Induced Protection against Staphylococcal α-Toxin

The opportunistic gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of pneumonia and sepsis. Staphylococcal α-toxin, a prototypical pore-forming toxin, is a major virulence factor of S. aureus clinical isolates, and lung epithelial cells are highly sensitive to α-toxin's cytolytic activity. Type I interferon (IFN) signaling activated in response to S. aureus increases pulmonary cell resistance to α-toxin, but the underlying mechanisms are uncharacterized. We show that IFNα protects human lung epithelial cells from α-toxin-induced intracellular ATP depletion and cell death by reducing extracellular ATP leakage. This effect depends on protein palmitoylation and induction of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1). IFNα-induced PLSCR1 associates with the cytoskeleton after exposure to α-toxin, and cellular depletion of PLSCR1 negates IFN-induced protection from α-toxin. PLSCR1-deficient mice display enhanced sensitivity to inhaled α-toxin and an α-toxin-producing S. aureus strain. These results uncover PLSCR1 activity as part of an innate protective mechanism to a bacterial pore-forming toxin.
The inhibitory ankyrin and activator Rel proteins.

The gene families encoding the proteins NF-ℵB, c-Rel and Dorsal, in conjunction with their respective inhibitors IℵB, pp40, and Cactus, achieve specificity in gene regulation by means of common principles. The related activities of NF-ℵB and Dorsal are mediated by heterodimeric or homodimeric complexes of proteins containing the conserved dimerization and DNA-binding domain termed Rel. The IℵBs and Cactus, which share a core series of structural repeats termed ankyrin, inhibit cognate activators through differential interactions with the Rel-homology domain. Together, the inhibitory ankyrin proteins and their cognate Rel dimers probably define specific signalling pathways able to activate specific gene expression. Both gene families include proto-oncogenes, thus broadly implicating Rel/IℵB in the control of both normal gene expression and the abberant gene expression that makes cells cancerous.
On the performance of large Gaussian basis sets for the computation of total atomization energies

The total atomization energies of a number of molecules have been computed using an augmented coupled-cluster method and (5s4p3d2f1g) and 4s3p2d1f) atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets, as well as the correlation consistent valence triple zeta plus polarization (cc-pVTZ) correlation consistent valence quadrupole zeta plus polarization (cc-pVQZ) basis sets. The performance of ANO and correlation consistent basis sets is comparable throughout, although the latter can result in significant CPU time savings. Whereas the inclusion of g functions has significant effects on the computed Sigma D(e) values, chemical accuracy is still not reached for molecules involving multiple bonds. A Gaussian-1 (G) type correction lowers the error, but not much beyond the accuracy of the G1 model itself. Using separate corrections for sigma bonds, pi bonds, and valence pairs brings down the mean absolute error to less than 1 kcal/mol for the spdf basis sets, and about 0.5 kcal/mol for the spdfg basis sets. Some conclusions on the success of the Gaussian-1 and Gaussian-2 models are drawn.
Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in an Unstable Hemoglobin Disorder (Hb Zürich): Effect on Phenotypic Expression

The affinity of Hb Zurich for carbon monoxide is approximately 65 times that of normal hemoglobin. The carboxyhemoglobin content in serum from individuals with Hb Zurich ranged from 3.9 to 6.7 percent in nine nonsmokers and from 9.8 to 19.7 percent in six smokers. Rates of hemolysis and hemoglobin denaturation were less in smokers than in nonsmokers, effects that may be secondary to the stabilization of Hb Zurich by carbon monoxide.
Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance of international innovation seeking alliances

Abstract In this paper, we examined aspects of contextual leadership [Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G., & Jauch, L. R. (2002). Toward a contextual theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 797–837] and transformational leadership [Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press] by alliance heads and by executives in the sponsoring firms for a sample of innovation seeking U.S./Japanese alliances in research-intensive sectors. We identified three aspects of performance (a) alliance innovation, (b) the strategic contributions to the U.S. sponsor and (c) the strategic contributions to the Japanese sponsor. We found that (a) knowledge/ information based (contextual dimensions) leadership by the alliance head was associated with higher innovation and strategic contributions to the sponsors and (b) transformational leadership by sponsoring executives was dysfunctional for alliance innovation but contributed positively to the strategic contribution the alliance provided a sponsor and, (c) the linkage between leadership by the alliance head and performance was much more important for some types of alliance governance (administrative) structures than others. That is, we argue that appropriate leadership is embedded in its context.
Serotonergic Neural System not only Activates Swimming but also Inhibits Competing Neural Centers in a Pteropod Mollusc1

SYNOPSIS. Initiation of a particular behavior requires not only activation of the neural center directly involved in its control but also inhibition of the neural networks controlling competing behaviors. In the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina, many identified serotonergic neurons activate or modulate different elements of the swimming system resulting in the initiation or acceleration of the swimming behavior. Cerebral serotonergic neurons are described here, which produce excitatory inputs to the swimming system as well as inhibitory inputs to the neural centers that control competing behaviors. Whole-body withdrawal behavior is incompatible with swimming activity in Clione. The main characteristic of wholebody withdrawal is complete inhibition of swimming. Cerebral serotonergic neurons were found to produce a prominent inhibition of the pleural neurons that control whole-body withdrawal behavior. By inhibiting pleural withdrawal cells, serotonergic neurons eliminate its inhibitory influence on the swimming system and thus favor increased swimming speed. Serotonergic neurons also produce a prominent inhibition of the Pleural White Cell, which is presumably involved in reproductive or egg-laying behavior. Thus the serotonergic system directly activates swimming system and, at the same time, alters a variety of other neural systems preventing simultaneous initiation of incompatible behaviors.
What Do Cost Functions Tell Us About the Cost of an Adequate Education

Econometric cost functions have begun to appear in education adequacy cases with greater frequency. Cost functions are superficially attractive because they give the impression of objectivity, holding out the promise of scientifically estimating the cost of achieving specified levels of performance from actual data on spending. By contrast, the opinions of educators form the basis of the most common approach to estimating the cost of adequacy, the professional judgment method. The problem is that education cost functions do not in fact tell us the cost of achieving any specified level of performance. Instead, they provide estimates of average spending for districts of given characteristics and current performance. It is a huge and unwarranted stretch to go from this interpretation of regression results to the claim that they provide estimates of the minimum cost of achieving current performance levels, and it is even more problematic to extrapolate the cost of achieving at higher levels. In this article w...
A microreactor for hydrogen production in micro fuel cell applications

A silicon-chip based microreactor has been successfully fabricated and tested for carrying out the reaction of methanol reforming for microscale hydrogen production. The developed microreactor in combination with a micro fuel cell is proposed as an alternative to conventional portable sources of electricity such as batteries due to its ability to provide an uninterrupted supply of electricity as long as a supply of methanol and water can be provided. The microreformer-fuel cell combination has the advantage of not requiring the tedious recharging cycles needed by conventional rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. It also offers significantly higher energy storage densities, which translates into less frequent "recharging" through the refilling of methanol fuel. The microreactor consists of a network of catalyst-packed parallel microchannels of depths ranging from 200 to 400 /spl mu/m with a catalyst particle filter near the outlet fabricated using photolithography and deep-reactive ion etching (DRIE) on a silicon substrate. Issues related to microchannel and filter capping, on-chip heating and temperature sensing, introduction and trapping of catalyst particles in the microchannels, flow distribution, microfluidic interfacing, and thermal insulation have been addressed. Experimental runs have demonstrated a methanol to hydrogen molar conversion of at least 85% to 90% at flow rates enough to supply hydrogen to an 8- to 10-W fuel cell.
Detection of Affective States From Text and Speech for Real-Time Human–Computer Interaction:

Objective:The goal of this work is to develop and test an automated system methodology that can detect emotion from text and speech features.Background:Affective human–computer interaction will be critical for the success of new systems that will be prevalent in the 21st century. Such systems will need to properly deduce human emotional state before they can determine how to best interact with people.Method:Corpora and machine learning classification models are used to train and test a methodology for emotion detection. The methodology uses a stepwise approach to detect sentiment in sentences by first filtering out neutral sentences, then distinguishing among positive, negative, and five emotion classes.Results:Results of the classification between emotion and neutral sentences achieved recall accuracies as high as 77% in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) corpus and 61% in the Louisiana State University medical drama (LSU-MD) corpus for emotion samples. Once neutral sentences were filt...
Formation of magnetic microphases in Ca3Co2O6.

We study a frustrated quantum Ising model relevant for ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ that consists of a triangular lattice of weakly coupled ferromagnetic chains. According to our quantum Monte Carlo simulations, the chains become ferromagnetic and form a three-sublattice ``up-up-down'' structure for $T\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{\mathrm{CI}}$. In contrast, long-wavelength spin-density-wave microphases are stabilized along the chains for ${T}_{\mathrm{CI}}lTl{T}_{c}$. Our mean field solutions reveal a quasicontinuous temperature dependence of the modulation wavelength, implying the existence of metastable states that explain the very slow dynamics observed in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$. We also discuss implications of microphases for the related multiferroic compounds ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{CoMnO}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnCoO}}_{6}$.
Dispersion analysis of three-line microstrip couplers

Closed-form expressions for the frequency-dependent normal-mode parameters of symmetrical three-line microstrip couplers (TMCs) have been derived in terms of the quasi-static parameters of the structure. The numerical results based on these derived expressions have been found in good agreement with the results previously obtained using full-wave techniques.
Multilevel symmetry-constraint generation for retargeting large analog layouts

The strong impact of layout intricacies on analog-circuit performance poses great challenges to analog layout automation. Recently, template-based methods have been shown to be effective in reuse-centric layout automation for CMOS analog blocks such as operational amplifiers. The layout-retargeting method first creates a template by extracting a set of constraints from an existing layout representation. From this template, new layouts are then generated corresponding to new technology processes and new device specifications. For large analog layouts, however, this method results in an unmanageable template due to a tremendous increase in the number of constraints, especially those emerging from layout symmetries. In this paper, we present a new method of multilevel symmetry-constraint generation by utilizing the inherent circuit structure and hierarchy information from the extracted netlist. The method has been implemented in a layout-retargeting system called Intellectual Property Reuse-based Analog IC Layout (IPRAIL) and demonstrated 18 times reduction in the number of symmetry constraints required for retargeting an analog-to-digital converter layout. This enables our retargeting engine to successfully handle the complexities associated with large analog layouts. While manual relayout is known to take weeks, our layout-retargeting tool generates the target layout in hours and achieves comparable electrical performance
Targeting tumor angiogenesis with histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Solid tumor malignancies including breast, lung and prostate carcinomas are considered to be angiogenesis dependent. Tumor angiogenesis is often mediated by hypoxia secondary to tumor growth or by increased oncogenic signaling. Both mechanisms result in increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) signaling and its transcriptional target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Critical to HIF-1α signaling are post translational modifications including acetylation mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATS) and deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs). More recently, HDACs were shown to be up-regulated in response to hypoxia mediating increased HIF-1α signaling. HDAC inhibitors represent a new class of anti-cancer therapeutics which show great promise at inhibiting angiogenesis in pre-clinical animal models and early phase clinical trials. This review will discuss the role of HIF-1α and VEGF influence on tumor angiogenesis and how HDACs play a critical role in HIF-1α transcriptional activity. Furthermore it will also be discussed how targeting HDACs via their inhibition create new avenues in treating solid malignancies by increasing the activity of established and novel therapeutic applications.
Fostering venture research: A case study of the discovery that ascorbate enhances adrenergic Drug activity

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances the smooth muscle and cardiac activity of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and other adrenergic drugs, increasing the dose response up to threefold and the duration of activity up to fivefold. The effect is not due to the antioxidant effects of ascorbate. The mechanism by which this enhancement occurs is as yet unknown. This discovery has broad implications for utilizing all existing adrenergic drugs as well as for formulating new mixtures for the delivery of such drugs. Despite the clear-cut pharmaceutical potential of this discovery, it was not begun as a drug development project, and at no stage prior to its patenting was the research funded. As such, the discovery raises some basic questions about how research projects are evaluated; why this discovery was not made before; whether it could have been made by means of a mechanism-driven research program; and how unexpected discoveries are to be fostered within the broad arena of biotech and pharmaceutical research. Does the current system of concensus- and market-driven research actually yield the kinds of results needed to drive industry innovation and keep the drug pipeline full? Drug Dev. Res. 57:58–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collimator optimization for detection and quantitation tasks: application to gallium-67 imaging

We describe a new approach to the problem of collimator optimization in nuclear medicine; our methodology is illustrated for the challenging case of gallium-67 imaging. Collimator-design methods based on empirical rules, such as specification of an allowable level of single-septal penetration (SSP) at a fixed energy, are especially inappropriate for radionuclides characterized by an abundance of high-energy contaminant photons that scatter in the patient, collimator, and/or detector before detection within one of a few photopeak energy windows. Lead X-rays produced in the collimator are an additional source of contamination. We designed optimal collimation for /sup 67/Ga based on relevant clinical imaging tasks and a realistic simulation of photon transport in a phantom, collimator, and detector. Collimator designs were compared on the basis of performance in lesion detection, as predicted by a three-channel Hotelling observer (CHO), as well as in tumor and background activity estimation (EST), quantified by task-specific signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The optimal values of collimator lead content were 22.0 and 23.8 g/cm/sup 2/, respectively, for CHO and EST, while the optimal geometric resolution values were 1.8 and 1.6 cm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), respectively, at a distance of 23.5 cm. The resolution of a commercially available medium-energy low-penetration collimator (MELP) is 1.9 cm FWHM at this distance. The optimal values for SSP at 300 keV were 7.3% and 5.8% based on CHO and EST, respectively, compared to 5.2% for the MELP collimator. Compared with the commercial MELP collimator, the /sup 67/Ga collimator optimized for tumor detection or activity estimation tasks provided improved geometric spatial resolution with reduced geometric efficiency and, surprisingly, allowed an increased level of single-septal penetration.
Novel linear antagonists of the antidiuretic (V2) and vasopressor (V1) responses to vasopressin

We report the solid phase synthesis of a series of 16 linear analogues of the cyclic antagonist of the antidiuretic (V2) and the vasopressor (V1) responses to arginine vasopressin (AVP), d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2, Val4]AVP(A). Peptide 1, the linear precursor of (A), (CH2)5(SH)-CH2-CO-D-Tyr(Et)-Phe-Val-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 was modified at position six with alpha-L-aminobutyric acid (Abu) to give peptide 2. Further modifications of the Abu6 analogue (No. 2) at position one by substituting cyclohexylacetic acid (Caa), cyclohexylpropionic acid (Cpa), 1-adamantaneacetic acid (Aaa), phenylacetic acid (Phaa), tert.-butylacetic acid (t-Baa), isovaleric acid (Iva), propionic acid (Pa), L-penicillamine (P), tert.-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) or omitting any substituent at this position, and/or in combination with Arg-NH2(9), Ala-NH2(9), D-Arg8-Arg-NH2(9), and desGly9 modifications yielded the remaining 14 peptides. All 16 peptides were examined for agonistic and antagonistic potencies in AVP V2 and V1 assays in rats. Apart from the Cpa analogue and the analogue lacking any substituent in the 1-position, all exhibit substantial V2 and V1 antagonism. A number are as potent as (A) as V2 antagonists. With an anti-V2 pA2 = 8.11 +/- 0.07, Aaa-D-Tyr(Et)-Phe-Val-Asn-Abu-Pro-Arg-Arg-NH2 (No. 6) is as potent as any cyclic AVP V2 antagonist reported to date. The PaI analogue of No. 6 exhibits promising anti-V2/anti-V1 selectivity. These findings prove conclusively that a ring structure is not a requirement for recognition of or for binding to AVP V2 or V1 receptors. This discovery thus offers a promising new approach to the design of peptide and non-peptide antagonists of AVP and perhaps also to other cyclic peptides such as somatostatin, atrial-natriuretic factor, insulin, and the recently discovered endothelin. Some of these linear antagonists may be of value as pharmacological tools and as therapeutic agents.
Hyalella azteca 10-day sediment toxicity test: Comparison of growth measurement endpoints

Hyalella azteca are presently used in toxicity tests designed to evaluate adverse biological effects associated with exposure to contaminated sediments. Biological endpoints examined in a sediment test include changes in survival, as well as sublethal effects such as changes in growth, and reproduction. Length and weight, two methods used routinely to measure growth, were compared using H. azteca recovered from a 10-day sediment toxicity test. Length of individual organisms was measured using an image analyzer and dry weight of organisms was determined using an electronic microbalance. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance to compare treatment sites. Length measures were shown to have greater power, a small minimum detectable difference, and smaller amount of underlying variability. The results indicate that length, measured using an image analyzer, was a more sensitive means to detect significant changes in growth and can be conducted with a greater degree of statistical confidence than use of weight measures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 243–248, 1998
Energetic costs, ontogenetic shifts and sexual dimorphism in spider crab decoration

Summary 1‘Decorating’ describes behaviours in which animals attach foreign matter to themselves or their external structures. Decorating is widespread, occurring in morphologically and ecologically diverse organisms representing nearly 25% of the major metazoan phyla. 2 Decorating is often limited to juvenile or small life stages. This pattern may suggest that decorating incurs cost-benefit trade-offs limiting its net adaptive value within and across species. Theory predicts that such costs, if present, could strongly influence selection for decorating. 3We investigate the potential costs of carrying decoration and their evolutionary ramifications, using decorator crabs (Brachyura: Majoidea) as a test system. We demonstrate that decoration is energetically costly for the species Oregonia gracilis. 4We experimentally link those costs to sexually dimorphic ontogenetic shifts in O. gracilis claw size and decoration. 5We show that negative correlations between claw size, body size and decorating occur widely in the Majoidea, suggesting that energetic costs have played an important role in majoid evolution. 6This study demonstrates linkages between physiological constraints, sexual selection, and predation risk.
Evolutionary Theory and the Social uses of Biology

Stephen Jay Gould is rightly remembered for many different kinds of contributions to our intellectual life. I focus on his criticisms of uses of evolutionary ideas to defend inegalitarian doctrines and on his attempts to expand the framework of Darwinian evolutionary theory. I argue that his important successes in the former sphere are applications of the idea of local critique, grounded in careful attention to the details of the inegalitarian proposals. As he became more concerned with the second project, Gould was inclined to suggest that the abuses of evolutionary ideas rested on an insufficiently expanded Darwinism. I suggest that what is valuable in Gould's contribution to general evolutionary theory is the original claim about punctuated equilibrium (advanced, with Niles Eldredge in1972), and the careful defense of that claim through the accumulation of paleontological evidence. I try to show that the more ambitious program of a hierarchical expansion of neo-Darwinism is misguided, and that the endeavor to go beyond local critique fails.
Space integrating interferometric acousto-optic convolver

A coherent space integrating convolver using image inversion optics is introduced that provides both high system stability and high output dynamic range with the minimum required output convolution signal temporal and spatial frequency offsets. Test autoconvolutions are generated by the system for amplitude modulated (AM) input signals using a 100 MHz carrier with a 13 MHz modulation, producing the desired time compressed offset carrier-free 26 MHz autoconvolution output with a dynamic range of 47.2 dB measured in a 30 KHz analyzer resolution bandwidth. >
"Para llegar a la isla verde" como "imaginario cultural"

Deseo elucidar el modo en que la obra de Edgardo Rodriguez Julia, mas que la de cualquier otro escritor de la Isla, ha logrado representar al pueblo de Puerto Rico como entidad cultural en las postrimerias del siglo XX. Sus novelas, sus cronicas y sus iconografias elaboran, por medio de un repertorio de procedimientos narrativos, una version verosimil de como el pueblo puertorriqueno llega a su presente estado politico y cultural. La obra de Rodriguez Julia se vale de la imaginacion historica para caracterizar en varios momentos al pueblo de Puerto Rico como entidad cultural.
Vertical handover policies for common radio resource management: Research Articles

The 3G and Beyond 3G wireless networks introduce new technologies, and in many cases, new frequency bands. Integrated hierarchical network architectural studies suggest that by using a Common Radio Resource Manager to engineer traffic across these component networks, operators can achieve increased efficiency and flexibility in supporting changing traffic demands. This study demonstrates how vertical handovers can be used to optimize network performance, by adaptively rearranging traffic across network boundaries. We survey policy implementations that consider which services/sessions shall move, where they shall move, when they shall move, and whether they shall return. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of a large superfluid vortex in /sup 4/He

Optical interferometry was used to measure surface profiles of He II. Depressions observed following rapid container spinup agreed with theoretical profiles of a superfluid vortex with circulation approx. = 400h/m.
Renegotiations and Settlements: Dr. Pangloss' Notes on the Margins of David Campbell's Papers

Professor David Campbell presented a paper praising the consequences of Hadley v. Baxendale and related rules. He said provocatively: "Far from it being the function of the law of contract to (so far as possible) prevent breach, the function of that law is to make breach possible although on terms which the law regulates." In all but the exceptional case, he notes, the aggrieved party will be limited to the difference between the contract price and the market price as contract damages. The limited remedies available provoke a sharing of losses in most cases. I welcome the opportunity to look at the impact on long-term continuing relations of doctrines such as mitigation, Hadley v. Baxendale and the rule requiring damages to be proved with reasonable certainty. It also gives me yet another chance to advocate the approach that we at the University of Wisconsin Law School and the American Bar Foundation call "new legal realism." That is, parties to contracts renegotiate because of these rules about remedies but also because of the law in action. Insofar as Professor Campbell and I differ, I think that I may like the present uncertain-law plus the chaotic law-in-action better than he does. I am tempted to take Dr. Pangloss' position: this is the best of all possible worlds.
Spin injection and spin transport in paramagnetic insulators

We investigate the spin injection and the spin transport in paramagnetic insulators described by simple Heisenberg interactions using auxiliary particle methods. Some of these methods allow access to both paramagnetic states above magnetic transition temperatures and magnetic states at low temperatures. It is predicted that the spin injection at an interface with a normal metal is rather insensitive to temperatures above the magnetic transition temperature. On the other hand below the transition temperature, it decreases monotonically and disappears at zero temperature. We also analyze the bulk spin conductance. We show that the conductance becomes zero at zero temperature as predicted by linear spin wave theory but increases with temperature and is maximized around the magnetic transition temperature. These findings suggest that the compromise between the two effects determines the optimal temperature for spintronics applications utilizing magnetic insulators.
The Great Enrichment: A Humanistic and Social Scientific Account

From 1800 to the present the average person on the planet has been enriched in real terms by a factor of 10, or some 900 percent. In the ever-rising share of places from Belgium to Botswana, and now in China and India, that have agreed to the Bourgeois Deal—“Let me earn profits from creative destruction in the first act, and by the third act I will make all of you rich”—the factor is 30 in conventional terms and, if allowing for improved quality of goods and services, such as in improved glass and autos, or improved medicine and higher education, a factor of 100. That is, the reward from allowing ordinary people to have a go, the rise at first in northwestern Europe and then worldwide of economic liberty and social dignity, eroding ancient hierarchy and evading modern regulation, has been anything from 2,900 to 9,900 percent. What needs to be explained in a modern social science history is not the Industrial Revolution(s) but the Great Enrichment, one or two orders of magnitude larger than any previous change in human history. The article takes seriously the lesson of comparative history that Europe was not unique until 1700 and argues that ideas—specifically Bourgeois liberal ideas—not capital or institutions, made the modern world.
Towards a social learning theory of hypnosis: I. Hypnotic suggestibility.

A theory of hypnotic suggestibility is advanced based on social learning theory principles. The theory is presented in four parts and a summary section, with each part devoted to one of four constructs (attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement/motivational processes) used to account for such behavior. All four constructs are borrowed from Bandura's (1969) social learning theory, and a modified version of Kahneman's (1973) capacity model of attention is employed to bolster Bandura's conceptualizations with regard to attention. It is argued that hypnotic suggestibility is a type of social learning involving verbal modeling, that differs from other more common types only in the particular form taken by attention and coding (retention) in hypnosis.
Nonfasting Versus Initial Fasting Ketogenic Diet

A retrospective evaluation of the ketogenic diet (KD) was conducted comparing efficacy and tolerability of the diet with or without initial fasting and fluid restriction and involving university centers in Seoul, Korea.
Treatment of Traumatic Segmental Long-Bone Defects: A Critical Analysis Review.

Long-bone defects are one of the most challenging problems associated with limb reconstruction following high-energy extremity trauma. Without reconstitution of structural integrity, amputation is the likely result. The current orthopaedic literature on segmental bone loss is limited to case reports, case series, and observational studies, making it difficult to establish sound conclusions on the basis of the levels of evidence provided. Ten-year data from a fracture registry indicated that 0.4% of all fractures that were treated at a Level-I orthopaedic trauma unit were associated with bone loss1. Data from the same registry also indicated that the most common site of bone loss was the tibia (68%), followed by the femur (22%), with the remaining fractures occurring evenly at different sites. An additional retrospective review of tibial bone defects …
Pseudevernia Furfuracea-Olivetorina Relationships: Chemistry and Ecology

Four natural products are reported as new to the two European species of the lichen genus Pseudevernia. Pseudevernia furfuracea produces physodic acid, oxyphysodic acid, alectoronic acid, and, in some specimens, 2'-O-methylphysodic acid. Most specimens of P. olivetorina produce olivetoric and 4-0-demethylmicrophyllinic acids, but a few also contain the secondary products of P. furfuracea with the exception of oxyphysodic acid. A simple biochemical scheme is proposed to explain the joint occurrences of these orcinol-type depsides and depsidones. In southwestern Sweden site-to-site and within-site comparisons of the proportions of the chemotypes on the same and on different substrates showed great variations, some significant differences, but no consistent correlations. If the chemotypes are indeed biologically distinct, their complex ecologies are controlled by factors exceeding those of substrate alone.
20 Years of the MENC Biennial Conference: A Content Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the content and intended audiences for educational sessions offered at MENC biennial conferences in order to illuminate trends and topics in professiona...
The oxygen consumption of thyroid and diiodotyrosine-fed tadpoles

Conclusions1. Ram pipiens tadpoles, metamorphosed with dessicated thyroid-diiodotyrosine exhibit a progressive rise in metabolic rate as evidenced by oxygen consumption per gram weight. In stage 8 the metabolic rate reaches a maximum increase over that of stage 1 of approximately 79 per cent.2. Precociously metamorphosed tadpoles increase their total oxygen consumption regardless of decreasing weight.3. Thyroid-diiodotyrosine-fed tadpoles undergo a gradual decrease in weight amounting to 57 per cent in stage 8.4. Etherization of stage 1 tadpoles (normal animals) results in approximately 19 per cent increased oxygen consumption.
Comparative resistance of bacteria from native habitats and from artificial cultures

The resistance of bacteria and their spores to various physical and chemical agents is of much importance in various relations. It has been the subject of many investigations, most of which, for obvious reasons, have been made with disease-producing bacteria and with those obtained from artificial cultures rather than with organisms derived directly from their native environment. The observations to be reported in this paper would seem to indicate that many of the conclusions drawn from such work may have little, if any, value in indicating the resistance of the organism under natural conditions. In the summer of 1900 an outbreak of anthrax occurred in the
Methamphetamine reduces expression of caveolin-1 in the dorsal striatum: Implication for dysregulation of neuronal function

Role of striatal dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) in methamphetamine (Meth) taking and seeking is recognized from contingent Meth self-administration studies. For example, Meth increases levels of D1Rs in the dorsal striatum in animal models of Meth addiction, and blockade of striatal D1Rs decreased responding for Meth and reduced Meth priming-induced drug seeking. However, the mechanism underlying enhanced expression of striatal D1Rs in animals self-administering Meth is unknown and is hypothesized to involve maladaptive intracellular signal transduction mechanism via hyperphosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). D1Rs are predominantly localized to detergent-resistant membrane/lipid raft fractions (MLR fraction), and in vitro studies indicate that D1R signaling and recycling is regulated by the MLR-resident protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1), in an endocytotic-dependent manner. Notably, expression of Cav-1 is inversely regulated by ERK1/2 activation, suggesting a signaling interplay among D1Rs, ERK1/2 and Cav-1. We therefore evaluated the effects of extended access Meth self-administration on expression of striatal D1Rs, activated ERK1/2 and Cav-1. We first report that Cav-1 is heavily expressed in neurons located in the dorsal striatum. We also report that extended access Meth produces compulsive-like unregulated intake of the drug, and these behavioral outcomes are associated with enhanced expression of D1Rs, increased activity of ERK1/2, and reduced Cav-1 expression in the dorsal striatum. These data suggest a possible cellular mechanism that involves Cav-1 regulation of D1R expression in response to escalated Meth intake, and how this response of altered D1Rs and enhanced ERK1/2 activation to Meth self-administration contributes to contingent-related processes such as addiction.
Detention and Recycling Basins for Managing Nutrient and Pesticide Runoff from Nurseries

Production nurseries may be significant sources of nutrients and pesticides in runoff as a result of the intensity at which fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water are applied. Concentrations of nutrients and pesticides in runoff from production nurseries are not extensively documented. Runoff from 11 production nurseries in southern California using either recycling or detention basins was monitored for nutrients and pesticides. For six sites, runoff volume was determined and nutrient loads in runoff were calculated. Water use data, percentage of water recycled, and construction costs were determined for sites with recycling systems. Nutrient concentrations, mass loads, and pesticide detections in runoff from some sites would have been of concern without the implementation of detention or recycle basins. There were few differences in nutrient concentrations or pesticide detections between runoff from irrigation and that from precipitation events. This suggests the need for management practices and technologies that address runoff from both irrigation and precipitation events. Water use and cost data suggested that the implementation of recycling systems may be more beneficial and cost-efficient for larger facilities.