cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues from Infected Nonhuman Primates Reveals the Basis for Attenuation and Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Encoding a Mutant VP35 Protein.

Infection with Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), a member of the Filoviridae family, causes a disease characterized by high levels of viremia, aberrant inflammation, coagulopathy, and lymphopenia. EBOV initially replicates in lymphoid tissues and disseminates via dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes to liver, spleen, adrenal gland, and other secondary organs. EBOV protein VP35 is a critical immune evasion factor that inhibits type I interferon signaling and DC maturation. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) immunized with a high dose (5 × 105 PFU) of recombinant EBOV containing a mutated VP35 (VP35m) are protected from challenge with wild-type EBOV (wtEBOV). This protection is accompanied by a transcriptional response in the peripheral blood reflecting a regulated innate immune response and a robust induction of adaptive immune genes. However, the host transcriptional response to VP35m in lymphoid tissues has not been evaluated. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and spleen tissues of NHPs infected with a low dose (2 × 104 PFU) of VP35m and then back-challenged with a lethal dose of wtEBOV. VP35m induced early transcriptional responses in lymphoid tissues that are distinct from those observed in wtEBOV challenge. Specifically, we detected robust antiviral innate and adaptive responses and fewer transcriptional changes in genes with roles in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Two of three macaques survived wtEBOV back-challenge, with only the nonsurvivor displaying a transcriptional response reflecting Ebola virus disease. These data suggest that VP35 is a key modulator of early host responses in lymphoid tissues, thereby regulating disease progression and severity following EBOV challenge.IMPORTANCE Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease characterized by inflammation, coagulation defects, and organ failure driven by a defective host immune response. Lymphoid tissues are key sites of EBOV pathogenesis and the generation of an effective immune response to infection. A recent study demonstrated that infection with an EBOV encoding a mutant VP35, a viral protein that antagonizes host immunity, can protect nonhuman primates (NHPs) against lethal EBOV challenge. However, no studies have examined the response to this mutant EBOV in lymphoid tissues. Here, we characterize gene expression in lymphoid tissues from NHPs challenged with the mutant EBOV and subsequently with wild-type EBOV to identify signatures of a protective host response. Our findings are critical for elucidating viral pathogenesis, mechanisms of host antagonism, and the role of lymphoid organs in protective responses to EBOV to improve the development of antivirals and vaccines against EBOV.
COV-ID: A LAMP sequencing approach for high-throughput co-detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in human saliva

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for rapid, effective, and low-cost SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing. Here, we describe COV-ID, an approach that combines RT-LAMP with deep sequencing to detect SARS-CoV-2 in unprocessed human saliva with high sensitivity (5-10 virions). Based on a multi-dimensional barcoding strategy, COV-ID can be used to test thousands of samples overnight in a single sequencing run with limited labor and laboratory equipment. The sequencing-based readout allows COV-ID to detect multiple amplicons simultaneously, including key controls such as host transcripts and artificial spike-ins, as well as multiple pathogens. Here we demonstrate this flexibility by simultaneous detection of 4 amplicons in contrived saliva samples: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, human STATHERIN, and an artificial SARS spike-in. The approach was validated on clinical saliva samples, where it showed 100% agreement with RT-qPCR. COV-ID can also be performed directly on saliva adsorbed on filter paper, simplifying collection logistics and sample handling.
Evaluation of linearity at 30 GHz for N-polar GaN deep recess transistors with 10.3 W/mm of output power and 47.4% PAE

The advantage of GaN is the capability of producing amplifiers with high output power and efficiency. At microwave frequencies, this performance has been achieved; however, when transitioning device design into mm-wave frequencies, the output power and efficiency of GaN HEMTs decrease. Traditionally, the approach taken to develop Ka-band (30–40 GHz) GaN devices has been to modify a device designed for a lower frequency. By contrast, this work modified a N-polar GaN deep recess HEMT developed for W-band power performance (94 GHz), for improved performance in the Ka-band. In this Letter, we first report on improvement in the 30 GHz continuous-wave (CW) power density through modification of the W-band device with the demonstration of 10.3 W/mm at 47.4% power-added efficiency (PAE). We then report on the two-tone linearity performance of the device when measured under the same bias and matching conditions. While the evaluation of GaN HEMTs has traditionally focused on the use of one-tone CW power measurements, with the increasing adoption of GaN transistors into communication systems, such as mm-wave 5 G cellular communication, simply demonstrating high power density and efficiency does not provide a sufficient understanding of the device as high linearity is required to transmit data using complex modulation schemes. Under two-tone stimulus, the device demonstrates an OIP3 to PDC ratio greater than 6.7 dB and a C/IM3 ratio of greater than 37 dBc under backoff conditions greater than 10 dB from the peak one-tone PAE.
Induction of oocyte maturation in starfish by 1-methyladenosine. Role of the ovarian wall.

Summary Both 1-methyladenine and 1-methyladenosine initiate ovulation and oocyte maturation when added to starfish gonads in vitro. When the two substances are added to isolated oocytes separated from the ovarian wall tissues, however, only 1-methyladenine is capable of stimulating oocyte maturation. Incubation of isolated ovarian wall tissue or homogenates with 1-methyladenosine renders the incubation mixture capable of stimulating oocyte maturation. Heating and proteolytic digestion destroys the capacity of ovarian wall homogenates to convert 1-methyladenosine to an active material. These data suggest that there are rather stringent molecular structural requirements within the oocyte for the induction of oocyte maturation. There appears to be an enzyme contained in the ovarian wall tissues (none oocyte) that is capable of converting 1-methyladenosine from an active to an inactive state. It is suggested that this is probably a ribonucleosidase, which cleaves the ribose from the 1-methyladenosine.
An Analysis of Risk and Pricing Anomalies

This paper examines the link between several well-known asset pricing anomalies and covariance risk. Estimating the time-series of the covariance matrix of asset returns via a multivariate GARCH model, I quantify the contribution made by each anomaly to the covariance matrix of asset returns, as well as its ability to forecast future covariances. I find that anomalous returns associated with firm size are closely linked to the covariance matrix, while those associated with book-to-market equity are weakly linked. However, returns associated with momentum do not appear related to covariance risk and do not forecast future covariances. Finally, despite its lack of predictive power on the cross-section of expected returns, the market portfolio is the single most important factor contributing to and forecasting covariance risk.
Transformation of African Green Monkey Kidney Cells by Irradiated Adenovirus 7-Simian Virus 40 Hybrid

Abstract The ability of adenovirus 7-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid (strain LL “E-46”) to replicate decreased exponentially as a function of the amount of γ-irradiation; the ability to induce SV40 and adenovirus 7 T antigen decreased at a much slower rate. Nevertheless, the virus was still able to transform African green monkey kidney cells at a radiation dosage that had completely destroyed its replication ability. All transformed colonies were positive for SV40 T antigen but were negative for adenovirus 7 T antigen. The adenovirus 7-SV40 hybrid transformed cells were superinfectible with SV40 virus. Two of the three transformed cell populations apparently did not sensitize hamsters against the appearance SV40 primary tumors, thus suggesting a deficiency in the SV40 transplantation antigen.
Mesozoic plate-motion history below the northeast Pacific Ocean from seismic images of the subducted Farallon slab

The high-resolution seismic imaging of subducted oceanic slabs1,2 has become a powerful tool for reconstructing palaeogeography3. The images can now be interpreted quantitatively by comparison with models of the general circulation of the Earth's mantle4. Here we use a three-dimensional spherical computer model of mantle convection5,6 to show that seismic images of the subducted Farallon plate provide strong evidence for a Mesozoic period of low-angle subduction under North America. Such a period of low-angle subduction has been invoked independently to explain Rocky Mountain uplift far inland from the plate boundary during the Laramide orogeny7. The computer simulations also allow us to locate the largely unknown Kula–Farallon spreading plate boundary, the location of which is important for inferring the trajectories of ‘suspect’ terrain across the Pacific basin8.
Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease

The escalating prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is on course to exact an immense medical, social, and economic impact on the United States, and most of the western world. Current therapies are palliative, providing only marginal symptomatic relief in some patients, and there is an urgent need to develop more effective interventions, particularly those that exert disease-modifying effects. Several emerging treatment strategies designed to inhibit disease progression by directly targeting the production and degradation of the amyloid-beta peptide have been tested in clinical trials. Unfortunately, many of these new strategies have failed to significantly ameliorate cognitive deficits, and some have actually exacerbated cognitive decline. The emerging field of stem cell biology offers tremendous therapeutic potential for chronic neurological conditions such as AD, particularly if combined with a multitargeted therapeutic approach. The current advances on stem cells therapies in AD animal models are summarized in this chapter, and potential roadblocks for transitioning this novel treatment into AD patients are discussed. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; stem cell therapy; neural stem cells; amyloid-beta (Aβ); transgenic models
Heat and Noise on Cubes and Spheres: The Sensitivity of Randomly Rotated Polynomial Threshold Functions

We establish a precise relationship between spherical harmonics and Fourier basis functions over a hypercube randomly embedded in the sphere. In particular, we give a bound on the expected Boolean noise sensitivity of a randomly rotated function in terms of its “spherical sensitivity,” which we define according to its evolution under the spherical heat equation. As an application, we prove an average case of the Gotsman-Linial conjecture, bounding the sensitivity of polynomial threshold functions subjected to a random rotation.
Type 1 astrocytes inhibit myelination by adult rat oligodendrocytes in vitro

We have determined the effect of Type 1 astrocytes on the myelination of dorsal root ganglion cell axons by oligodendrocytes obtained from adult animals. Experiments were initiated by the addition of oligodendrocytes [purified either by density gradient centrifugation and treatment in culture with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) or by fluorescence-activated cell sorting after immunostaining with antigalactocerebroside antibody] to cultures of purified neurons. In control conditions, the added oligodendrocytes proliferate and, after 4 weeks, accomplish substantial myelination of the sensory axons. Type 1 astrocytes (purified from cultures of dissociated newborn rat cerebral cortex by vigorous shaking to remove less adherent cells) or fibroblasts (purified from cultures of cranial periosteum by serial replating) were added to some of these cultures after the oligodendrocytes had attached and started to proliferate. We observed that the added Type 1 astrocytes, but not the added fibroblasts, strongly inhibited myelination and caused decreased oligodendrocyte proliferation or survival. These effects of added Type 1 astrocytes were reproduced with Type 1 astrocyte-conditioned medium. We conclude that Type 1 astrocytes can release soluble factors that inhibit oligodendrocyte myelination.
Acid Secretion and Serum Gastrin at Graded Intragastric Pressures in Man

In 16 healthy subjects, gastric distention was produced by infusion of 5% mannitol solution, pH 5.5. Constant intragastric pressure was maintained by use of a barostat. Over successive 1-hr periods the head of pressure was raised in 5-cm increments from an arbitrary zero point to 15 cm. Gastric acid secretion was measured by constant intragastric titration. Blood samples were obtained throughout the study for measurement of serum gastrin concentrations. When intragastric pressure was raised from zero to 5 cm H2O, gastric acid secretion increased significantly (24% of peak acid response to pentagastrin). Acid responses at 10 and 15 cm pressure were lower. Serum gastrin concentrations increased slightly at 15 cm pressure but not at 5 or 10 cm. There was no correlation between increments in serum gastrin and acid secretory rates. We conclude that gastric distention at low pressures stimulated acid secretion by a mechanism that did not involve increases in circulating gastrin concentrations. Slight increases in serum gastrin observed at the highest distending pressure were not associated with further increases in acid secretion.
Specific binding of substance P aminoterminal heptapeptide [SP(1-7)] to mouse brain and spinal cord membranes

Aminoterminal fragments of substance P (SP) have been previously shown to produce effects distinct, and often opposite, from those produced by the C-terminal of SP. The present investigation was initiated to determine whether N-terminal fragments interact at binding sites distinct from the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor where the C-terminal sequence of SP binds with high affinity, and distinct from mu-opiate receptors, where we have previously shown the N-terminal sequence of SP to interact. A tritium-labeled aminoterminal heptapeptide of SP, 3H-SP(1-7), was synthesized, purified, and used to characterize the binding of a variety of fragments of SP and opioids in the mouse brain and spinal cord membranes. Using the reduction of SP-induced caudally directed biting and scratching behaviors as an index of biological activity, 3H-SP(1-7) was shown to be equipotent to unlabeled SP(1-7). 3H-SP(1-7) was found to bind reversibly to a saturable population of sites. Scatchard analyses of concentration-dependent saturation of binding in the brain indicated a single population of noninteracting sites with a high affinity (Kd = 2.5 nM) and a low capacity (Bmax = 29.2 fmol/mg protein). Kinetic analyses indicated an apparent dissociation equilibrium constant of 2.1 nM. Two populations of binding sites were observed in the spinal cord, one with a very high affinity (Kd = 0.03 nM) and low capacity (Bmax = 0.87 fmol/mg protein), and the other with lower affinity (Kd = 5.4 nM) and intermediate capacity (Bmax = 19.6 fmol/mg protein). Specific agonists for NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3 and delta opioid receptors, carboxyterminal fragments of SP, and a variety of other peptides did not compete at the 3H-SP(1-7) binding sites, but structurally related N-terminal peptides and (D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO) were active in displacing the ligand. The binding site for 3H-SP(1-7) appeared to be a membrane-bound complex whose specific binding was dependent on the integrity of both proteins and phospholipids. These studies are the first to characterize the binding sites for the SP N-terminal partial sequence of SP that can be generated by metabolism in vivo. The expanding body of evidence for distinct biological activities of N-terminal metabolites of SP, together with the current characterization of N-terminal binding, strongly support the existence of an N-terminal-directed SP receptor. The characteristics of SP(1-7) binding sites are consistent with those expected for an SP N-terminal receptor.
Principles of risk assessment.

_ This review discusses the basic principles of risk assessment as used in general toxicology and in monitoring side-effects of therapeutic treatments. It also outlines how these principles may apply to assessment of biological reactions to dental restorative materials. Mercury exposure from amalgam fillings is used as an example. The calculations performed are intended only as illustrations, and many other factors must be taken into account. Thus, the calculations are not intended as the last word in risk assessment of amalgam fillings.
Resonant inductive decoupling (RID) for transceiver arrays to compensate for both reactive and resistive components of the mutual impedance.

Transceiver surface coil arrays improve transmit performance (B1/√kW) and B1 homogeneity for head imaging up to 9.4 T. To further improve reception performance and parallel imaging, the number of array elements must be increased with a corresponding decrease in their size. With a large number of small interacting antennas, decoupling is one of the most challenging aspects in the design and construction of transceiver arrays. Previously described decoupling techniques using geometric overlap, inductive or capacitive decoupling have focused on the elimination of the reactance of the mutual impedance only, which can limit the obtainable decoupling to –10 dB as a result of residual mutual resistance. A novel resonant inductive decoupling (RID) method, which allows compensation for both reactive and resistive components of the mutual impedance between the adjacent surface coils, has been developed and verified experimentally. This method provides an easy way to adjust the decoupling remotely by changing the resonance frequency of the RID circuit through the adjustment of a variable capacitor. As an example, a single-row (1 × 16) 7-T transceiver head array of n = 16 small overlapped surface coils using RID decoupling between adjacent coils was built. In combination with overlapped coils, the RID technique achieved better than –24 dB of decoupling for all adjacent coils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
West Coast Hotel’s Place in American Constitutional History

For many years West Coast Hotel v. Parrish has been part of one of the central narratives of twentieth-century American constitutional history. In that narrative, West Coast Hotel represents the Supreme Court's abandonment of a constitutional jurisprudence featuring aggressive scrutiny of legislation that regulated economic activity or redistributed economic benefits. The abandonment came, according to the narrative, in response to the introduction of a plan by the Franklin Roosevelt administration to alter the membership of the Court. This Essay seeks to show that the conventional narrative is misleading and distorts the significance of West Coast Hotel. It also seeks to show that West Coast Hotel's significance comes from its position in a different narrative, featuring clashing views on the issue of constitutional adaptivity: how general provisions of the Constitution are adapted to new controversies and whether the meaning of those provisions can be said to change in the process. In that narrative the interpretive postures of "originalism" and "living Constitution" jurisprudence make their appearance, serving to tie West Coast Hotel to contemporary debates about constitutional interpretation.
A sex pheromone produced by males of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea

Abstract Males of Nauphoeta cinerea produce a sex pheromone, principally in the abdomen, which attracts the female and functions as an arrestant, keeping her in the proper position long enough for connection to be made. The pheromone (seducin) stimulates receptive virgin females as well as females shortly after parturition. Insertion of the spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix or the presence of the ootheca in the uterus inhibits the female's response to the male's pheromone. Substances extracted from bodies of nine species of cockroaches (adult males and females or larvae) induce overt sexual behaviour in females of N. cinerea .
Development Education and Social Stratification in Fiji

The transformation of Pacific Island societies into modern nation states necessarily involves change from a subsistence economy to an industrial mode of production. Development education will play an important role in the success or failure of efforts to industrialize in the training of an indigenous group of business managers and bureaucrats. These individuals must be given a practical understanding of western economics and organizational forms which may be adapted to the needs of their societies and serve in turn to instruct others. The knowledge that they gain often will be applied in traditional cultural contexts that require careful assessment and consideration. In particular, existing social hierarchies may be threatened by change and become a hindrance to knowledge transfer, thus diminishing the chances for carrying out successful development efforts.
Tensile strained island growth at step-edges on GaAs(110)

We report the growth of tensile strained GaP islands on a GaAs(110) surface. Three-dimensional island formation proceeds via a step-edge nucleation process. To explain the dislocation-free nature of these islands, we consider the kinetics of strain relief within the context of a model for dislocation glide as a function of surface orientation and sign of strain.
Predicting Academic Performance in Children with Language Impairment: The Role of Parent Report.

Abstract This study examines the ability of preschool speech–language measures and parent report in predicting later academic performance. Preschool measures of speech, language and communication for 35 children with language impairment were analyzed for their ability to predict reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics in these same children at age nine. Regression analyses revealed that scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Communication Domain (a parent report instrument) were the best predictors of scores on measures of reading, writing, and math, while the scores from the Photo Articulation Test best predicted spelling outcomes. The results are discussed relative to the value of parent report in assessing and managing language impairment, and predicting scholastic performance in preschool children. Learner outcomes: The reader will be able to (1) describe trends in the literature relative to the later academic performance of preschool children with language impairment, (2) identify potential key predictors of school-age academic performance in preschool children with language impairment and (3) recognize the importance of parent report in understanding language impairment and its effects on later academic achievement.
Strong coordination over a three-terminal relay network

We study the problem of strong coordination in a three-terminal relay network, in which agents communicate to ensure that their actions follow a joint behavior specified by a prescribed joint distribution of actions. The model unifies several coordination schemes, including line and broadcast coordination. We derive several inner bounds to the strong capacity region; in particular, we prove the achievability of a subset of coordination rate-tuples, which provides insight into the relative performance of line, broadcast, and relay coordination.
An analytic one-dimensional divertor model with neutral sources

Abstract Divertor operation with high-density, low-temperature plasmas near the neutralizer plate offers the possibility of impurity control for high-power, long-pulse fusion experiments. Such plasmas can be produced by intense neutral recycling near the neutralizer plate. To complement large scale computational modeling of such divertors, we have developed a simple analytic model to describe this divertor regime. Continuity equations for neutral atom and plasma transport are analytically solved in a one-dimensional model, and the role of recycling is examined. The results are parametrized in a dimensionless form and compared with both theoretical and experimental results.
Parallel electrostatic effects in the interactions of superoxide with cytochrome c and with superoxide dismutase.

The bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase [l] exhibits an isoelectric point of 5.0 [2] and therefore has a net negative charge at neutral pH. Its rate of reaction with 02decreases with increasing ionic strength, indicating an electrostatic facilitation of this reaction. Acylation of lysine residues destroys this electrostatic assistance to the catalytic process [3]. Cytochrome c contains lysine residues in the vicinity of the exposed heme edge and these have. also been shown to facilitate the reaction of this hemoprotein with anionic reductants 14-71. If the electrostatic effects on the reaction of 02with SOD and with cytochrome c were parallel and of the same magnitude, then the cytochrome c reduction assay of superoxide dismutase activity should be unresponsive to changes in ionic strength or dielectric constant. The following data demonstrate this.
Women and the night: Pioneers of temporal urban ecology

that justifies studies as incomplete approximations to the grand design. Induction's rationale ultimately rests upon faith, since the justifying outcome is in the indefinite future. The core dogma is that incremental extensions conforming to technical, formal standards will eventually yield right answers. But the issue can be posed empirically. And it is not obvious that more variables and better cases have been producing convergent understanding of causal mechanisms. One possible explanation is inadequacy of our causal imagery. Another is that attention to low level units of analysis reveals minutia and complexity, while simplicity is to be found elsewhere. Another is that unexamined selection governs outcomes. These processes may be contextual (or within control strata) and not accessible to the thin description implicit in structured questions bureaucratically administered to large samples. These are speculations, of course, but so equally is the faith that a few more variables or cases will turn the corner toward convergence on truth. Making It Count is deeply rooted in the quantitative tradition and yet has considerable subversive potential. Lieberson stands with those who agree that quantitative results are not false nor are they normally trivial or self-evident. Yet he clearly believes that these fall short of answering causal questions. And if such results don't yet answer the questions of how things work, what next steps promise to take us closer?
Preparation of alumina catalyst supports and NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalysts

Several alumina catalysts were prepared to investigate effects of catalyst preparation variables on pore structure, including sintering time and temperature, acid type, and fiber type and loading. Each catalyst was characterized with a porosimeter and sorptometer in terms of pore size distribution, average pore diameters, pore volumes, densities and surface area. Bimodal NiMo catalysts were effectively prepared without losing surface area by using a combined method of coextrusion and fiber incorporation.
The Role of Conductor Facial Expression in Students’ Evaluation of Ensemble Expressivity:

The purpose of this study was to explore whether conductor facial expression affected the expressivity ratings assigned to music excerpts by high school band students. Three actors were videotaped while portraying approving, neutral, and disapproving facial expressions. Each video was duplicated twice and then synchronized with one of three professional wind ensemble recordings. Participants (N = 133) viewed nine 1-min videos of varying facial expressions, actors, and excerpts and rated each ensemble’s expressivity on a 10-point rating scale. Results of a one-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated that conductor facial expression significantly affected ratings of ensemble expressivity (p < .001, partial η2 = .15). Post hoc comparisons revealed that participants’ ensemble expressivity ratings were significantly higher for excerpts featuring approving facial expressions than for either neutral or disapproving expressions. Participants’ mean ratings were lowest for neutral facial expression excerpts, indicati...
EFFECT OF BICARBONATE INFUSION IN NEWBORN DOGS

The influence of a rapid infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3 on blood gates and osmolality was studied in 7 newborn dogs 11-26 days of age. After tracheotomy and respiratory paralysis with gallamine the animals were artificially ventilated at a level which produced a respiratory acidosls. After blood gases were stabilized for 15 minutes, 2 mEq of HCO3− per kg, diluted with an equal volume of 5Z glucose (osmolality of solution-930) were infused over 3 minutes. Ventilation was maintained fixed at pre-infusion levels. Mean values ± SEM prior to HCO3− infusion for blood pH, pCO2, BE and osmolallty were 7.24 ± 0.02, 59.7 ± 3.9, 1.16 ± 1.24, 295.5 ± 6.5 respectively. The changes (Δ) In these parameters following infusion at various times are tabulated below. There was no change in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. These results suggest that rapid infusion of bicarbonate in an infant who cannot alter ventilation to increase CO2 excretion, does not correct pH but does Increase pCO2 and osmolality.
Cryo-SEM studies of latex/ceramic nanoparticle coating microstructure development.

Abstract Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to investigate microstructure development of composite coatings prepared from dispersions of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (∼30 nm) or indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (∼40 nm) and latex particles (polydisperse, D v : ∼300 nm). Cryo-SEM images of ATO/latex dispersions as-frozen show small clusters of ATO and individual latex particles homogeneously distribute in a frozen water matrix. In contrast, cryo-SEM images of ITO/latex dispersions as-frozen show ITO particles adsorb onto latex particle surfaces. Electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged ATO and negatively charged latex particles stabilizes the ATO/latex dispersion, whereas in ITO/latex dispersion, positively charged ITO particles are attracted onto surfaces of negatively charged latex particles. These results are consistent with calculations of interaction potentials from past research. Cryo-SEM images of frozen and fractured coatings reveal that both ceramic nanoparticles and latex become more concentrated as drying proceeds; larger latex particles consolidate with ceramic nanoparticles in the interstitial spaces. With more drying, compaction flattens the latex–latex particle contacts and shrinks the voids between them. Thus, ceramic nanoparticles are forced to pack closely in the interstitial spaces, forming an interconnected network. Finally, latex particles partially coalesce at their flattened contacts, thereby yielding a coherent coating. The research reveals how nanoparticles segregate and interconnect among latex particles during drying.
Feasibility of Basic Emergency Medical Technicians to Perform Selected Advanced Life Support Interventions

Objective. Emergency medical technician-basic (EMT-B) providers often provide the initial care to victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. While automated external defibrillators enable EMT-B pro...
Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Silsesquioxanes

With the goal of developing diverse building blocks for nanocomposite materials, we have now learned to synthesize liquid crystalline materials by appending mesogenic groups to cubic silsesquioxane cores (LC cubes) via hydrosilylation of allyloxy functionalized mesogens (4, 5, 8, and 9) with octakis(dimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (Q8M8H). On average, hydrosilylation leads to cubes with an average of five LC groups attached, which differ from the more “regular”, fully LC-substituted analogues reported previously. Despite the structural irregularity, three out of the four penta-LC-cube derivatives (II−IV) show LC transitions, with a tendency to form SmA. LC behavior was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry.
Numerical Simulation of Low-Level Downdraft Initiation within Precipitating Cumulonimbi: Some Preliminary Results

Abstract Two three-dimensional cloud model simulations are examined and compared in order to define some of the characteristics of the low-level downdraft initiation process within deep precipitating convection. The initial environment of each case displayed similar temperature profiles but different moisture profiles. In one case, relatively dry subcloud layers were capped by relatively moist middle levels, while the opposite moisture stratification existed for the second case. Although both simulations displayed peak low-level downdraft speeds of ∼12 m s−1, downdraft spatial and temporal behavior showed significant differences. These differences can be related to dissimilarities in the environment of each case. In the dry subcloud case (the microburst case), peak downdraft speeds occurred near the 0.8 km level shortly after precipitation arrived at low levels. Low-level downdraft developed very rapidly in this case. In the other moist subcloud case, the low-level downdraft developed less rapidly and exh...
Secondary mucinous carcinoma of the skin: metastatic breast cancer.

Background. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Its involvement of skin is the most frequent of visceral cancers in women. In cutaneous metastatic disease, including breast cancer, the clinical and histologic pattern may be specific or nonspecific. Specific clinical patterns of cutaneous metastatic disease are linked with breast cancer but occur less often with other cancers metastatic to skin. Likewise, specific histologic patterns of cutaneous metastatic disease are linked with breast cancer but occur less often with other cancers metastatic to skin. Objective. To present a case of a mucinous breast cancer metastatic to skin where the histologic pattern is similar to the primary tumor. Methods. This is a case report and a literature review. Results. Metastatic breast cancer may rarely resemble primary skin cancer, in this case primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin. We describe a 60-year-old woman with breast cancer with the incidental finding of a nonspecific, soft, solitary nodule on her back. It was found to contain mucinous material and on close examination was found to be a metastatic mucinous carcinoma of the skin from a primary adenocarcinoma of the breast. Conclusion. One usually considers that hard, firm nodules are more suggestive of cutaneous metastatic disease than soft, nondescript ones, but one should be careful to consider secondary mucinous carcinoma of the skin and a histologically similar solitary cutaneous metastasis.
Capital-market Liberalization, Globalization, and the IMF

One of the most controversial aspects of globalization is capital-market liberalization--not so much the liberalization of rules governing foreign direct investment, but those affecting short-term capital flows, speculative hot capital that can come into and out of a country. In the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF and the US Treasury tried to push capital-market liberalization around the world, encountering enormous opposition, not only from developing countries, but from economists who were less enamoured of the doctrines of free and unfettered markets, of market fundamentalism, that were at that time being preached by the international economic institutions. The economic crises of the late 1990s and early years of the new millennium, which were partly, or even largely, attributable to capital-market liberalization, reinforced those reservations. This paper takes as its point of departure a recent IMF paper, to provide insights both into how the IMF could have gone so wrong in its advocacy of capital-market liberalization and into why capital-market liberalization has so often led to increased economic instability, not to economic growth. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Neighborhoods of Leased Public Housing

A major problem in the operation of housing programs is finding suitable locations for public housing. We examine the characteristics of the locations used by the Section 23 Leased Housing Program in San Diego. Our concern is whether or not this program, which uses privately owned dwellings, is able to provide low-income households with "suitable living environments." We compare the characteristics of city blocks that became Section 23 locations with blocks that did not on safety, population concentration, and social composition. The results are that theprogram is only partially successful. Section 23 housing was relatively dispersed throughout the city, but refined analysis techniques show that Section 23 housing is concentrated in more disadvantaged areas than those that did not become Section 23 locations.
Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration and Various Sealer and Cement Combinations on Titanium Post Removal

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the force required to remove prefabricated posts. Ninety-six extracted human canines were divided into eight groups, which were prepared and obturated with gutta-percha and either a eugenol-containing (Roth's 801 Elite) or eugenol-free (AH26) sealer. Titanium #6 Parapost XH posts were cemented with either zinc phosphate or Panavia 21 resin cement. One half of the sample was subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 16 min at the post-dentin interface, whereas the other half received no vibration (controls). Each combination of sealer, cement, and vibration status was subjected to tensile load to failure using an Instron testing machine. Posts cemented in teeth obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer demonstrated significantly greater resistance to dislodgement, compared with teeth obturated with gutta-percha and Roth's 801 Elite sealer. There was no statistical difference in retention of posts cemented with either zinc phosphate or Panavia 21, regardless of the sealer used. Additionally ultrasonic vibration increased post retention for both cements.
Personalized System of Instruction Versus the Lecture-Demonstration. Method in a Specific Area of a College Music Appreciation Course

This study sought to determine (a) whether a Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) would have a different effect on student achievement than would the lecture-demonstration method, (b) how the experimental students would evaluate the PSI method as a mode of instruction, and (c) how PSI would affect music opinion. Results of the main study indicated that both methods of instruction produced statistically significant changes in achievement and in listening opinions, and that no significant differences occurred between the two methods. The experimental students gave a rating of slightly “above average” to the PSI method of instruction as a mode of instruction. It was concluded that PSI could be used as an effective teaching method in music appreciation courses.
How to Predict Future Duration from Present Age

Physicist J. Richard Gott has given an argument that, if good, allows one to make accurate predictions for the future longevity of a process, based solely on its present age. We show that there are problems with some of the details of Gott’s argument, but we defend the crucial insight: in many circumstances, the greater the present age of a process, the more likely a longer future duration.
Effect of composition on the fatigue failure behavior of vanadium alloys

Abstract In this work, the effect of composition on the fracture surface morphology and fatigue failure behavior of two vanadium alloys (V–4Ti–4Cr and V–5Ti–5Cr) under cyclic tensile loading was investigated. In the beginning of the stable crack growth stage, the crack speed for both vanadium alloys is very close; however, in the remainder of the stable crack growth stage, and the unstable crack stage, the crack speed for V–5Ti–5Cr is higher than that for V–4Ti–4Cr. The fracture surface features in the stable crack propagation region of the V–4Ti–4Cr show fatigue striations, drawn-out material, micro-cracks and micro-voids, indicating the various damage species associated with stable fatigue crack growth. The V–5Ti–5Cr, on the other hand, displayed twinning, cleavage tongues and tearing steps, in addition to slip in the stable crack propagation region of its fracture surface. Plastic deformation and ductile fracture mechanisms characterized by tearing and void coalescence can also be observed on the fracture surface in the fast crack region of the V–4Ti–4Cr. Nevertheless, the V–5Ti–5Cr shows more inter-granular fracture and quasi-cleavage features in the fast crack propagation region. It was also found that the specific energy of damage ( γ ′ ), a material parameter characteristic of the alloys' fatigue fracture resistance, is composition dependent. A 1% increase of both the Ti and Cr content resulted in about a 30% reduction in the value of γ ′ . This has also resulted in a significant change in the fracture surface morphology and the fatigue fracture mechanisms.
The collaboration: Hollywood’s pact with Hitler

Ben Urwand’s polemic insists, in its title and subtitle, that Hollywood moguls, in their quest for profits, cheerfully changed scripts, canceled productions and cut parts of films which offended th...
Piaget's conservation problems.

An effort is made to show that every conservation problem assesses 2 forms of conservation-identity and equivalence-and that Piaget's theory of conservation is a theory of the conservation of identity and not of equivalence. Misunderstandings of Piaget's position on conservation are attributed to his failure to make clear the distinction between the 2 forms of conservation, and his tendency to interpret conservation problems as assessments of the conservation of identity when, in fact, equivalence is the only form of conservation directly assessed by the standard conservation task.
Immunologic recovery in human marrow graft recipients given cyclosporine or methotrexate for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease.

Immunologic recovery was studied in ten patients with aplastic anemia and 23 patients with hematologic malignancy who received HLA-identical marrow grafts and cyclosporine postgrafting as prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. Cyclosporine , 12.5 mg/kg/day, was administered beginning on the day before marrow infusion and continued for 50 days, when it was tapered and discontinued by 6 months postgrafting . Results were compared with data from concurrent and previously described patients receiving methotrexate as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease. Patients treated with cyclosporine or methotrexate had lower-than-normal immunologic parameters and were not different from one another 3-5 months postgrafting . By 11 to 18 months after grafting lymphocyte counts had normalized in both groups. Serum IgA levels were low and IgG levels had normalized in methotrexate-treated patients, and IgM was normal in cyclosporine -treated patients. In vivo antibody production to T-dependent antigens and skin test responses to recall antigens continued to be impaired. The response to the neoantigen dinitrochlorobenzene was still impaired in patients treated with cyclosporine and normal in patients given methotrexate. These data suggest that immunologic recovery after marrow transplantation is similar in cyclosporine -treated and methotrexate-treated patients.
Use of Quinolones in Osteomyelitis and Infected Orthopaedic Prosthesis

The present review provides an updated critical analysis of the use of quinolones in osteomyelitis and orthopaedic prosthetic infections. Only papers published in peer-reviewed journals and related to the following areas were selected: experimental osteomyelitis, penetration of quinolones into human bone, and clinical use in comparative and noncomparative studies. Local drug carriers impregnated with quinolones allow high local antibiotic concentrations to be achieved in experimental systems. Considerable clinical experience has been gained mostly with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Cumulated results in clinical trials show clinical success rates of more than 90% in osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacteriaceae. The combination of quinolones and rifampicin for the treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis as well as orthopaedic prosthetic infections appears very promising in clinical studies with a small number of patients. However, further comparative studies using quinolones as single agents or in combination (versus standard parenteral therapy) remain necessary in osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In particular, studies with the newer quinolones should be strongly encouraged in acute or chronic osteomyelitis and in more complicated situations such as diabetic osteomyelitis or foreign-body infection.
Inflammation in EAE: Role of chemokine/cytokine expression by resident and infiltrating cells

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which has many clinical and pathological features in common with multiple sclerosis (MS). Comparison of the histopathology of EAE and MS reveals a close similarity suggesting that these two diseases share common pathogenetic mechanisms. Immunologic processes are widely accepted to contribute to the initiation and continuation of the diseases and recent studies have indicated that microglia, astrocytes and the infiltrating immune cells have separate roles in the pathogenesis of the MS lesion (1,2). The role of cytokines as important regulatory elements in these immune processes has been well established in EAE and the presence of cytokines in cells at the edge of MS lesions has also been observed (3–7). However, the role of chemokines in the initial inflammatory process as well as in the unique demyelinating event associated with MS and EAE has only recently been examined. A few studies have detected the transient presence of selected chemokines at the earliest sign of leukocyte infiltration of CNS tissue and have suggested astrocytes as their cellular source (8–10). Based on these studies, chemokines have been postulated as a promising target for future therapy of CNS inflammation. This review summarizes the events that occur during the inflammatory process in EAE and discusses the roles of cytokine and chemokine expression by the resident and infiltrating cells participating in the process.