cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-homeodomain regions of Hox proteins mediate activation versus repression of Six2 via a single enhancer site in vivo

Hox genes control many developmental events along the AP axis, but few target genes have been identified. Whether target genes are activated or repressed, what enhancer elements are required for regulation, and how different domains of the Hox proteins contribute to regulatory specificity are poorly understood. Six2 is genetically downstream of both the Hox11 paralogous genes in the developing mammalian kidney and Hoxa2 in branchial arch and facial mesenchyme. Loss-of-function of Hox11 leads to loss of Six2 expression and loss-of-function of Hoxa2 leads to expanded Six2 expression. Herein we demonstrate that a single enhancer site upstream of the Six2 coding sequence is responsible for both activation by Hox11 proteins in the kidney and repression by Hoxa2 in the branchial arch and facial mesenchyme in vivo. DNA-binding activity is required for both activation and repression, but differential activity is not controlled by differences in the homeodomains. Rather, protein domains N- and C-terminal to the homeodomain confer activation versus repression activity. These data support a model in which the DNA-binding specificity of Hox proteins in vivo may be similar, consistent with accumulated in vitro data, and that unique functions result mainly from differential interactions mediated by non-homeodomain regions of Hox proteins.
Brief An adaptive control scheme for systems with unknown actuator failures

A state feedback output tracking adaptive control scheme is developed for plants with actuator failures characterized by the failure pattern that some inputs are stuck at some unknown fixed values at unknown time instants. New controller parametrization and adaptive law are developed under some relaxed system conditions. All closed-loop signals are bounded and the plant output tracks a given reference output asymptotically, despite the uncertainties in actuator failures and plant parameters. Simulation results verify the desired adaptive control system performance in the presence of actuator failures.
Development of substrate-pumped nMOS protection for a 0.13∝m technology

A methodology is presented for improved process and circuit development of substrate-pumped nMOS protection. ESD process development is accelerated by applying factor analysis to completed non-ESD experiments. Factor analysis is complimented by a straightforward diagnosis of nMOS snapback. This approach enabled verification of two process solutions, including a novel method, in one fab cycle-time. HBM data that shows the Substrate-Pumped nMOS can provide dramatically higher protection than estimated from conventional It2 measurements. This motivates improved ESD circuit development. The nMOS clamp transistor is characterized as an actively biased LNPN, which is how it is used in a Substrate-Pumped protection circuit. A system-oriented approach to circuit development is described that is based upon empirical characterization of well-defined circuit components under conditions approximating ESD.
Periareolar Closure With Barbed Sutures.

Periareolar closure in augmentation, mastopexy, and breast reduction has evolved dramatically over the past 10 years with changes in technique and technology. Plastic surgeons have tried many techniques from simple purse string closures using permanent sutures1 to interlocking purse string closures with GORE-TEX2 (Gore Medical, Newark, DE) or absorbable sutures. Running and interrupted suture techniques or combinations of both have all been utilized. I began using absorbable barbed sutures in 2007 for abdominoplasty3,4 to eliminate knot tying and decrease complications associated with permanent sutures such as knot palpability, extrusion, and infection.5 I then applied this new suture technology to surgical closures of the breast and developed a technique for periareolar closure that has improved my efficiency. First the areolar is marked into eight quadrants. A surgical staple is placed at the 12 o'clock position to stabilize the tissues. Starting at the 6 o'clock position of the areola, a double-armed 2-0 polydioxanone (PDO) Quill (Surgical Specialties Corporation, Wyomissing, PA) suture is looped to include the subdermal areolar tissues and the two corners of the adjacent skin comprising the top of the vertical limb. Each arm of the barbed suture is deployed in the subdermal plane and passed up to the 12 o'clock position in an interlocking fashion, …
The Effect of a Prescribed Burn in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine on Organic Matter and Nutrients in Woody Debris and Forest Floor

After 100 years of fire exclusion, controlled burning in the fall was used as a first step in the reintroduction of periodic burning in a southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystem near Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. Organic matter storage in woody debris was decreased 63 percent from 2,325 g/m 2 to 869 g/m 2 , with a disproportionate (99 percent) decline in the large, rotten wood. Nutrient storage in the woody debris decreased by 80 percent for N, 62 percent for P, 70 percent for Ca, 71 percent for Mg, and 74 percent for K. Forest floor storages were less drastically affected, with organic matter content declining 37 percent from 3,170 g/m 2 to 1,990 g/m 2 immediately after burning. Nutrient content of the forest floor was not significantly affected by burning due, in part, to the transfer of nutrients from woody debris to the forest floor. By 7 months after burning, the forest floor had declined by an additional 440 g/m 2 of organic matter, most likely from microbial mineralization. Also during this period forest floor storages for all nutrients declined significantly, except K which was unchanged. Mg exhibited the greatest proportional decline (40 percent), followed by N, P, and Ca, all of which decreased by approximately 25 percent. Numerous potential benefits to productivity may be associated with this prescribed bum-reduced fire hazard, accelerated nutrient mobilization, and reduced forest floor interception of precipitation. FOREST SCI. 30:183-192.
Transforming Thought: The Role of Humor in Teaching

Mrs. Teasdale: "I was with my husband to the very end." Groucho Marx: "Huh! No wonder he passed away." Mrs. Teasdale: "I held him in my arms and kissed him." Groucho Marx: "Oh, I see. Then it was murder." -- Duck Soup, 1933 "This I conceive to be the chemical function of humor: to change the character of our thought." -- Lin Yutang In his classic film, Duck Soup, Groucho Marx transforms a widow's conventional words of sorrow into a take-off on the American phrase, "If looks could kill..." He shows how humor can change the way one thinks about problems and situations. Lin Yutang calls the transformational effect of humor, "chemical," suggesting the effect of a catalyst, perhaps silent but inexorable and often dramatic. Teaching is all about transforming a student's thinking. Therefore, humor belongs in the teaching toolkit, and deserves to be used frequently. The problem is that the substance of what most instructors have to teach isn't very funny. Effective use of humor, therefore, must rely on delivery. Nothing in one's professional training prepares for this. Yet great teachers display the ability to use humor effectively in the pursuit of learning. Where does one acquire such skills? How should humor be used? What traps are to be avoided? This column reflects on these and related questions.
Pathophysiology of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Rodent Models

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects one in three Americans and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease risk; therefore, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to MetS is of great priority. While rodent models can only reproduce certain aspects of human diseases, they remain useful tools in our examination of the mechanisms contributing to the development of MetS. This chapter will provide a brief review of some of the more common mouse and rat MetS models. In addition to brief descriptions of the models, the advantages and disadvantages of using each model will be addressed.
Weighted two-point correlation functions in Aβ-PET analysis

203 Objectives We previously introduced 2-point correlation functions (S2) for 11C-PIB PET analysis to detect longitudinal changes in the regional spatial pattern as a marker for changes in tracer distribution. Our preliminary results indicated that this method can detect subtle changes at a lower variance when compared to the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). PIB-PET images are multi-phase media with each voxel value representing a different phase. The conventional S2 metric requires the calculation of correlation curves for each voxel value, which is tedious and difficult to interpret due to broad spectrum of voxel values in PET data. For this study we are formulating and evaluating a so-called weighted 2-point correlation function (wS2) as a new method to describe multi-phase media with a single statistical function, thus more suitable for PIB-PET implementation. Methods We extracted gray matter regions from serial PIB-PET scans of several ADNI (Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) subjects who had non, moderate or severe SUVR changes over time. The wS2 were defined as the probability of finding two random voxels at distance r having the same value, weighted by that value. The area under the curve and its slope were used to characterize longitudinal changes and their association with the SUVR, its variance, the size of the region and the injection dose. Results While the overall increase of the wS2 correlated with the increase in SUVR, it showed lower variance which helped to identify regions with significant change. The wS2 slope of regions with significant change decreased indicating an increased clustering effect in the spatial location of voxels at higher values. We did not see an association between wS2 and the region size or the injected dose. Conclusions The modified wS2 technique can detect subtle longitudinal changes in PIB-PET at lower variance than SUVR and also reduce the complexity of implementing statistical descriptors on multi-phase media. Research Support NIH K99 EB 009106,NIH K23 NS080988
The shiller CAPE ratio: : a new look

Robert Shiller’s cyclically adjusted price–earnings ratio, or CAPE ratio, has served as one of the best forecasting models for long-term future stock returns. But recent forecasts of future equity returns using the CAPE ratio may be overpessimistic because of changes in the computation of GAAP earnings (e.g., “mark-to-market” accounting) that are used in the Shiller CAPE model. When consistent earnings data, such as NIPA (national income and product account) after-tax corporate profits, are substituted for GAAP earnings, the forecasting ability of the CAPE model improves and forecasts of US equity returns increase significantly.
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography for Flow Imaging with Optimized Digital Frequency Ramping Method

We optimized the Digital frequency ramping method for Doppler optical coherence tomography to effectively improve flow image quality and reduce computation loads. 2D and 3D flow images were performed to demonstrate the new algorithm.
Facet-Dependent Catalytic Activities of Au Nanoparticles Enclosed by High-Index Facets

We employed surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a noninvasive in situ spectroscopic tool to quantitatively study the intrinsic facet-dependent catalytic activities of colloidal subwavelength Au nanoparticles enclosed by various types of well-defined high-index facets using the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrothiophenol as a model reaction. Our results provide compelling experimental evidence on the crucial roles of undercoordinated surface atoms in Au-based heterogeneous catalysis and shed light on the underlying relationship between the atomic-level surface structures and the intrinsic catalytic activities of Au nanocatalysts.
Open Loop Control of a Swirl - Stabilized Liquid Fuel Diffusion Flame

Active open loop control of a swirl stabilized diffusion flame was experimentally studied. Control was achieved by simultaneously forcing the airstream and the fuel stream. The effects of forcing amplitude and the phase difference between the forcing signals were studied. All tests were performed using a small scale model of a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. The air jet was forced acoustically at amplitudes that corresponded to 30 % and 60 % of the mean velocity at the nozzle exit. Swirl was applied aerodynamically by injecting tangential air into the settling chamber. The swirl number was varied from 0 to 0.3. The phase angle between the air and liquid fuel pulsations was varied a full 360 degrees. Numerous combinations of amplitude, swirl and phase angles were tested. Injecting the fuel in phase with air pulsations resulted in the spray following the initial line of vortex formation. As the vortex grew, the fuel became entrained in the vortical structure resulting in effective mixing. Injecting the fuel out of phase with air pulsations led to the spray being injected into the vortex once it was fully developed. Measurements of forced flame temperature showed this condition to be least effective. Both increased swirl and liquid fuel pulsations resulted in increased heat release at the flame holder. Air forcing with and without swirl resulted in substantially increasing the heat release at the flame holder. It was shown that injecting fuel in phase with air pulsations resulted in maximum heat release.
Distributed Control and Estimation of Robotic Vehicle Networks: Overview of the Special Issue

Many applications, such as environmental monitoring, security and surveillance, scientific exploration, and intelligent transportation, share a fundamental need to accomplish multiple tasks across space and time that are beyond the capabilities of a single autonomous platform. The growing demand for autonomous multivehicle networks has stimulated a broad interest in distributed control and estimation (DCE) strategies that support cooperative and coordinated vehicle autonomy. Ideally, distributed approaches would not only perform as well as centralized methods but also lead to better scalability, naturally parallelized computation, and resilience to communication loss and hardware failures.
Seasonal variation and geographical distribution of different fly species in downtown Shanghai

Objective To investigate the seasonal variation and geographical distribution of different fly species indowntown Shanghai.Methods Conducted fly surveillance during March to November of 2013 in 2 parks and 1 residential area in Huangpu district, and then did identification and classification.Results The fly density in park environment was significantly higher than residential environment(Z=-2.870, P=0.002). Although shared the same dominant family of Calliphoridae, the flies species compositions were different between the 2 kinds of environments, Chrysomya megacephala was the predominant fly species in parks(composition ratio is 23.43%) and Lucilia sericata was the predominant one inresidential(composition ratio is 20.11%). Different fly species showed different seasonal peaks and distribution trends,C. megacephala and Lucilia(s. str.) illustris had the unimodal trend,while L. sericata, Aldrichina grahami and Fannia prisca showed the bimodal trend.Conclusion The study suggests the work of fly prevention and control in downtown Shanghai should focus on the predominant Calliphoridae, such as genera of Lucilia and Chrysomya.
Robust Laplacian Eigenmaps using global information

The Laplacian Eigenmap is a popular method for non-linear dimension reduction and data representation. This graph based method uses a Graph Laplacian matrix that closely approximates the Laplace-Beltrami operator which has properties that help to learn the structure of data lying on Riemaniann manifolds. However, the Graph Laplacian used in this method is derived from an intermediate graph that is built using local neighborhood information. In this paper we show that it possible to encapsulate global information represented by a Minimum Spanning Tree on the data set and use it for effective dimension reduction when local information is limited. The ability of MSTs to capture intrinsic dimension and intrinsic entropy of manifolds has been shown in a recent study. Based on that result we show that the use of local neighborhood and global graph can preserve the locality of the manifold. The experimental results validate the simultaneous use of local and global information for non-linear dimension reduction.
Internalization of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor is not required for induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human myeloid cells

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) exerts its biologic activities through binding to specific high-affinity cell surface receptors. After binding, the ligand/receptor complex is rapidly internalized in most hematopoietic cells. Using a human factor- dependent cell line, MO7, and normal human neutrophils, we found that the internalization is exquisitely temperature-dependent, such that ligand/receptor internalization does not detectably occur at 4 degrees C. Activation of the GM-CSF receptor has previously been shown to stimulate a number of postreceptor signal transduction pathways, including activation of a tyrosine kinase and activation of the serine/threonine kinase, Raf-1. The GM-CSF-stimulated increase in tyrosine kinase activity occurs rapidly at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and therefore is likely to be independent of receptor internalization. At 37 degrees C, the protein tyrosine phosphorylation was transient in MO7 cells, with maximum phosphorylation observed after 5 to 15 minutes, followed by a rapid decline. At 4 degrees C, the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the same substrates was greater than at 37 degrees C, and no decline in substrate phosphorylation was observed for at least 90 minutes. In contrast to tyrosine phosphorylation, the activation and hyper-phosphorylation of Raf-1 observed at 37 degrees C in both MO7 cells and neutrophils was markedly diminished at 4 degrees C. These results indicate that at least one postreceptor signal transduction mechanism, activation of a tyrosine kinase, does not require ligand/receptor internalization, and indicate that receptor internalization may be a consequence, rather than the initiator, of signal transduction.
Housing Historic Role Models and the American Dream: Domestic Rhetoric and Institutional Decision-Making at the Tenement Museum

How does a social history museum end up obfuscating issues it intends to highlight? How does the Tenement Museum—an institution committed to “challenging the future” by “revealing the past”—come to obscure structural issues related to housing, immigration, and poverty? Through a comparison of participant observation of tours and analysis of institutional archives at the Tenement Museum, I show how decisions made for pragmatic reasons and materialized into domestic spaces obfuscate structural issues, both in the past and the present. Specifically, I demonstrate how the museum advances historic role models and the American Dream through depictions of tenement apartments, thereby displacing the very issues that tenement housing encapsulates. It is not news to sociologists that museums depict selective narratives that reinforce cultural tropes. Nor is it surprising that museums use domestic space as a mnemonic vehicle through which to portray the narratives they select. What is surprising, however, is that this happens in a museum that is invested in challenging the narratives it ends up depicting. Unpacking how this happens is especially pertinent because of the prevalence of museums that depict domestic spaces of the past, given the increased necessity for museums to educate in order to secure funding, and in light of contemporary political debates over housing and immigration.
Ascites Module for Third-Year Medical Students: Group-Based Learning Workshop on the Diagnosis, Workup, and Management of Ascites.

Introduction As medical students transition from didactic courses to clinical rotations, they will frequently encounter patients with cirrhosis and ascites. It is paramount that they have a firm fo...
Mexican-Americans in California

There is no one set of beliefs, norms, and behaviors associated with the use of alcohol among Mexican-Americans in California. To understand why this is so, it is necessary to consider some of the characteristics of the Mexican-American population that makes up nearly one fifth of the state’s peoples. This group includes an estimated 1 to 3 million resident aliens, as well as many times that number who are second-, third-, and fourth-generation Americans. Successive waves of heavy immigration from Mexico, beginning in about 1910 and continuing to the present, have brought hundreds of thousands of persons from all parts of rural and urban Mexico to California. And in the last two decades, as second- and third-generation Mexican-Americans have reached maturity, considerable out-marriage has taken place, resulting in families of mixed heritage.
The Origin of the Sun and the Early Evolution of the Solar System

The origin of the Solar System has intrigued scientists for centuries. As recently as five decades ago the models were still very general and were concerned mainly with the collapse of a cloud of stellar dust and gas of roughly solar composition and the transformation of that cloud into a rapidly rotating disk-shaped mass around a proto-sun. The next few decades were dominated by calculations of equilibrium chemical condensation models from a cooling nebula of solar composition based mainly on the temperature and pressure conditions for the solar nebula from Cameron and Pine. Identification of high-temperature condensates [calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs)] in the Allende meteorite was a critical event in the development of more sophisticated models for the evolution of the Solar System. After the discovery of CAIs it was important to develop models to explain (a) the origin of chondrules (the main constituent of chondritic meteorites), (b) the origin of CAIs, as well as (c) the origin of the very fine-grained matrix of the chondritic meteorites.
Science teacher motivations for repeat attendance at university outreach center professional development programs

This multiple case study analysis investigated the perceptions of four science teachers who were repeat at¬tendees at professional development programs coordinated by a university center. Adult learning theory provided a lens to view the motivated participants of the study and each of the five assumptions were present. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method to allow themes to emerge. Findings revealed three themes: 1) these science teachers perceive dual identities as both an educator and a scientist; 2) relationships built during an immersive content program allow the development of trust between these science teachers and university program coordinators which facilitates continued participation; and 3) as professionals dedicated to their craft, these science teachers pursue content-rich professional development opportunities for their personal and professional enrichment despite contextual constraints. These three themes illustrate that repeat attendance at professional development programs coordinated by the same university cen¬ter supports teacher professional learning and personal development and growth. The findings from this study were used to modify an existing post-program survey to capture the range of experiences of additional program participants.
Shuttling Rates, Electronic States, and Hysteresis in a Ring-in-Ring Rotaxane

The trisradical recognition motif between a 4,4′-bipyridinium radical cation and a cyclo-bis-4,4′-bipyridinium diradical dication has been employed previously in rotaxanes to control their nanomechanical and electronic properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a redox-active ring-in-ring [2]rotaxane BBR·8PF6 that employs a tetraradical variant of this recognition motif. A square-shaped bis-4,4′-bipyridinium cyclophane is mechanically interlocked around the dumbbell component of this rotaxane, and the dumbbell itself incorporates a smaller bis-4,4′-bipyridinium cyclophane into its covalently bonded structure. This small cyclophane serves as a significant impediment to the shuttling of the larger ring across the dumbbell component of BBR8+, whereas reduction to the tetraradical tetracationic state BBR4(+•) results in strong association of the two cyclophanes driven by two radical-pairing interactions. In these respects, BBR·8PF6 exhibits qualitatively similar behavior to its pred...
Effects of Wetting Agent Use to Reduce Turf Damageon Native Soil Athletic Fields

Athletic field playability and safety is a growing national concern, particularly at the high school sports level. Athletic field usage rates increase each year while field maintenance budgets are stagnant, if not reduced. Many municipal and high school athletic fields endure multiple practices and games per week, despite weather-related conditions detrimental to field integrity. For example, Friday night high school games cannot be rescheduled due to a past or pending rain event. Research is needed to improve current cultural practices and to maximize playability and safety of natural grass athletic fields, especially in reference to prolonging field surface integrity throughout the high school football season. The objective of this trial is to investigate the use of wetting agent products and application timings as part of a native soil natural grass athletic field management plan in preparation for a game event coinciding with a large rain event. Six products and three timings will be investigated to improve rootzone water content management.
U.S. Contribution to the International Tokamak Reactor Workshop, Phase 2A, Part 3, 1985–1987

This paper discusses the recent phase of the International Tokamak Reactor Workshop. It focused on the analysis of critical technical issues, evaluation of innovations, analysis of national engineering test reactor designs, and assessment of the supporting data base for a tokamak engineering test reactor.
Low temperature preservation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells--a method and review.

Summary A technique for the low temperature preservation of leukemic white blood cells is described. Salient features include slow freezing, rapid thawing, the use of dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotective agent, and brief exposure of the thawed cells to deoxyribonuclease. Using these methods, we obtained an over-all recovery of mononuclear cells of 50 to 60%. “Viability” of the recovered frozen cells as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation was virtually the same as that of the unfrozen cells. Data are presented to show a clear superiority of dimethyl sulfoxide over glycerol as a cryoprotective agent for these leukemic cells. Cell loss in the over-all preservation process occurs primarily in handling steps after freezing and thawing and is apparently due to latent damage incurred in the freezing process, which renders the cells more susceptible to subsequent mechanical trauma. An extended discussion and literature review examines reports of work on other systems and shows that some of the conflicting statements can be resolved by considering special characteristics of the work on which they were based.
Spin Uncoupling in the 6s Rydberg States of Methyl Iodide: The Rotational Sub-Band Structure of the one- and Two-Photon Absorption

Simulation of the rotational envelopes of the lowest-energy Rydberg R6s transitions of methyl iodide for one- and two-photon resonant absorption processes indicates that the spin of the Rydberg electron is uncoupled from the molecular axis. This result, which is somewhat unexpected, resolves several inconsistencies in previous interpretations of the rotational sub-band structure of these spectroscopically important transitions.
Does an all-condition case management program for high-risk patients reduce health care utilization in medicaid and medicare beneficiaries with diabetes?

Abstract Objective To assess whether an all-condition case management program can improve health care utilization and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes. Research design and methods 1342 patients with diabetes were enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Community Health Partnership (J-CHiP) Case Management program for high-risk patients with any chronic disease. We categorized participants into two intervention exposure categories based on the number of contacts with case manager (CM) and community health worker (CHW) per month: low contact (≤1 contact/month), and high contact (>1 contacts/month). The primary outcomes were rates of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and 30-day hospital readmissions. Results In analyses adjusted for age, sex, race, risk score, and baseline health utilization rate, Medicaid participants in the high contact group had 42% (rate ratio (RR): 1.42; 95% CI: 1.08–1.86) and 64% (RR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.08–2.48) higher risks for hospital admission and readmission, respectively, than the low contact group. Similar increases were seen in the Medicare participants with 20% (RR: 1.20; 95% 1.02–1.42) and 42% (RR:1.42; 95% 1.09–1.84) higher risks for admission and readmission, respectively. The associations were not statistically significant for ED visits. Subsidiary analysis of a subset with HbA1c available (n = 545) revealed a statistically significant decrease in HbA1c among Medicare participants (mean (SD): −0.17% (1.50%)), with a larger decrease in the high contact group (mean (SD): −0.23% (1.59%)). Conclusion In an all-condition case management program for high-risk patients, the higher intensity of contacts with CHW and CM was not associated with a reduced health care utilization in adults with diabetes.
Tuning a Robot Servomotor to Exhibit Muscle-Like Dynamics

This work shows one way to tune a servomotor controller to make it perform in a similar way to a biomechanical model of an insect leg joint. Three key metrics were considered: the equilibrium angle of the joint as a function of antagonistic inputs; the dynamics of the free response when perturbed; and the dynamics of active motions. We model an insect leg joint as a hinge actuated by a pair of antagonistic linear Hill muscles that drive a rigid distal leg segment. Passive forces from the exoskeleton are also modeled as passive viscoelastic elements (PVE). We approximate parameter values for the model based on the biomechanics literature, and then dynamically scale them to the scale of our robot, Drosophibot. We show how to tune the servo’s control mapping and feedback gain to mimic the dynamically scaled model of the animal joint.
Improved upper bounds on the energy dissipation rate for shear flow with injection and suction

Improved upper bounds on viscous energy dissipation rates of wall-driven shear flow subject to uniform injection and suction rates are computationally determined. The so-called “background” variational formulation is implemented via a time-stepping numerical scheme to determine optimal estimates. Shear flow Reynolds numbers range from 50 to 40 000 with injection angles up to 2°. The computed upper bounds for preselected angles of injection at high Reynolds numbers significantly improve the rigorously estimated ones. Our results suggest that the steady laminar flow is nonlinearly stable for angles of injection greater than 2°.Improved upper bounds on viscous energy dissipation rates of wall-driven shear flow subject to uniform injection and suction rates are computationally determined. The so-called “background” variational formulation is implemented via a time-stepping numerical scheme to determine optimal estimates. Shear flow Reynolds numbers range from 50 to 40 000 with injection angles up to 2°. The computed upper bounds for preselected angles of injection at high Reynolds numbers significantly improve the rigorously estimated ones. Our results suggest that the steady laminar flow is nonlinearly stable for angles of injection greater than 2°.
Imputed spatial data: Cautions arising from response and covariate imputation measurement error

Abstract When data for observations are missing, scientists often remove those observations from an analysis, or replace them with imputations, with few other options available to these analysts. Confining an analysis to those observations with complete data can waste resources expended for, especially, those observations with near-complete data. Selectively retaining variables with complete data for observations with incomplete data can compromise mathematical properties of data analyses (e.g., covariance matrices constructed with pairwise deletion having negative eigenvalues). Unless missing data observations are a random subsample of a given sample, entirely removing these observations can result in biased statistical results. Imputations, such as those furnished by kriging, are best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs), which can be conditional expectations. As such, they are smoothed values that may be viewed as representing attribute values with measurement error, and hence estimated attribute variance based upon them tends to be biased downward. Because, for example, regression coefficients use variance estimates in their calculations, this downward bias can propagate through a data analysis and its statistical inferences. This paper compares spatial regression analyses between complete datasets and the same datasets in which data values are suppressed and then these missing data are imputed, investigating the presence of such imputations in a response variable as well as in covariates. This study employs the following three imputation methods: kriging, spatial autoregression, and Moran eigenvector spatial filtering. Its emphasis is on predictive modeling as well as spatial data quality and uncertainty.
Coordinates over Complex Terrain in Atmospheric Model

In the terrain following coordinate, Gal-Chen and Somerville and other proposed a vertical coordinate and constant spatial intervals of and along the other directions. Because the variation of and was ignored, their coordinate does not really follow the terrain. It fails to reproduce the divergence and curl over a complex terrain. Aligning the coordinate with real terrain, the divergence and curl we obtained from the curvilinear coordinate are consistent with the Cartesian coordinate. With a modification, the simulated total mass, energy, and momentum from the Navier-Stokes equations are conserved and in agreement with those calculated from Cartesian coordinate.
Defining comparative physiology: results from an online survey and systematic review

August Krogh’s 1929 principle is referenced as the cornerstone of comparative physiology (CP). However, there are diverse views as to what type of research falls under the CP approach. This study h...
Reason versus Ian Hacking’s styles of scientific reasoning

There is a view in contemporary philosophy of science according to which scientific methodology itself is subject to radical change as part of scientific progress. According to this view, change in science is not confined to accepted theories. The core principles of scientific theory appraisal, including the rules and categories used to rank and confer truth-values on theories, are also said to be subject to radical change as science develops. In this paper, I examine Ian Hacking’s (1975; 1980; 1982; 1983; 1985; 1996; 1999; 2012) version of this no-invariant-methodology thesis. I argue that, just like Thomas Kuhn’s “paradigms,” Larry Laudan’s “research traditions,” and Imre Lakatos’ “research programmes,” Hacking’s “styles of reasoning” fail to give an adequate account of scientific progress.
Three‐Phase Inductor Design

This chapter considers the design of an inductor in a power electronic converter, in this case a three‐phase inductor in a dc to ac converter. This represents a circuit which could either be used as part of an active rectifier, or as part of renewable power grid interface. The chapter also considers two strategies, sine‐triangle modulation and extended sine‐triangle modulation. It presents a three‐phase inductor geometry, and develops a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) which is the heart of the analysis required for the design. The chapter provides the use of the MEC to evaluate key design specifications, in particular, the determination of inductance and certain coefficients which facilitate loss calculations. It also presents the magnetic analysis of an operating point. This will include assessing the incremental inductance, low‐frequency core loss, high‐frequency core loss, and proximity effect loss. The chapter develops a design paradigm for the three‐phase inductor.
A topic-focused trust model for Twitter

Abstract Twitter is a crucial platform to get access to breaking news and timely information. However, due to questionable provenance, uncontrollable broadcasting, and unstructured languages in tweets, Twitter is hardly a trustworthy source of breaking news. In this paper, we propose a novel topic-focused trust model to assess trustworthiness of users and tweets in Twitter. Unlike traditional graph-based trust ranking approaches in the literature, our method is scalable and can consider heterogeneous contextual properties to rate topic-focused tweets and users. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our topic-focused trustworthiness estimation method with extensive experiments using real Twitter data in Latin America.
Urban Data and Building Energy Modeling: A GIS-Based Urban Building Energy Modeling System Using the Urban-EPC Engine

There is a lack of building energy modeling in current planning support systems (PSS) while building energy efficiency is getting greater attention. This is due to the current limitations of energy modeling at the urban scale and the inconsistency between the available urban data and that required for modeling. The chapter seeks to fill this gap by developing a GIS-based urban building energy modeling system, using the Urban-EPC simulation engine, a modified Energy Performance Calculator engine. This modeling system is compatible with other planning tools, enhanced by the combination of physical and statistical modeling, and adjustable in its resolution, speed and accuracy. Through processing the Data Preparation, Pre-Simulation, Main Simulation and Visualization and Analysis models in this energy modeling system, the urban data related to the basic building information, mutual shading, microclimate and occupant behavior are collected, modified, and synthesized in the GIS platform and then used as the input of the Urban-EPC engine to get energy use of every building in a city, which could be further visualized and analyzed. The method is applied in Manhattan to show its potential as an important component in PSS to inform urban energy policy making.
IgG "detoxes" the intestinal mucosa.

Secretory IgA is important in mucosal defense, but other, incompletely understood effectors exist. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Kamada et al. (2015) show that IgG antibodies are produced against surface virulence factors of an intestinal attaching/effacing pathogen, bind to bacteria localized at the epithelium, and direct their destruction by mucosal and translocated neutrophils.
Catalyst performance study using Taguchi methods

A study was conducted to determine the effects of various factors on the performance characteristics of aged monolithic catalytic converters. The factors that were evaluated were catalyst volume, converter configuration (number of elements), catalyst supplier washcoat technology, rhodium loading, platinum loading, and palladium loading. This study was also designed to evaluate the interactions among the various factors. To improve the efficiency of the study a 2-level fractional experiment was designed using the Taguchi method. That made it possible to study the effects of the seven main factors and six interactions by evaluating only 16 different samples. The study helped sort the factors that had significant effects and helped quantify their effect on catalyst performance. This paper details there methodology used to design the experiment and analyze the results.
Survey of Software Failsafe Techniques for Safety-Critical Automotive Applications

A requirement of many modern safety-critical automotive applications is to provide failsafe operation. Several analysis methods are available to help confirm that automotive safety-critical systems are designed properly and operate as intended to prevent potential hazards from occurring in the event of system failures. One element of safety-critical system design is to help verify that the software and microcontroller are operating correctly. The task of incorporating failsafe capability within an embedded microcontroller design may be achieved via hardware or software techniques. This paper surveys software failsafe techniques that are available for application within a microcontroller design suitable for use with safety-critical automotive systems. Safety analysis techniques are discussed in terms of how to identify adequate failsafe coverage. Software failsafe techniques are surveyed relative to their targeted failure detection, architecture dependencies, and implementation tradeoffs. Lastly, certain failsafe strategies for a Delphi Brake Controls application are presented as examples.
Measuring Historical Coastal Change using GIS and the Change Polygon Approach

This study compares two automated approaches, the transect-from-baseline technique and a new change polygon method, for quantifying historical coastal change over time. The study shows that the transect-from-baseline technique is complicated by choice of a proper baseline as well as generating transects that intersect with each other rather than with the nearest shoreline. The change polygon method captures the full spatial difference between the positions of the two shorelines and average coastal change is the defined as the ratio of the net area divided by the shoreline length. Although then change polygon method is sensitive to the definition and measurement of shoreline length, the results are more invariant to parameter changes than the transect-from-baseline method, suggesting that the change polygon technique may be a more robust coastal change method.
Liver cytosol corticosteroid binder II, a hormone receptor.

Abstract Of four protein fractions previously reported which bind corticosteroids in liver cytosol, one fraction, corticosteroid Binder II, has been found to be a major hormone receptor. It has a molecular weight of 67,000 determined by gel filtration. Binder II has an appropriate glucocorticoid binding specificity: dexamethasone g corticosterone g cortisol >> cortisone >> deoxycorticosterone and it also binds progesterone and to a lesser extent the sex hormones. The Kd for dexamethasone is about 6 x 10-10 m determined in vitro and that for cortisol is in the range of 10-8 m. Binder II bound with corticosteroid is deduced to undergo nuclear transfer in vitro and in vivo as determined by its reisolation from the soluble nuclear fraction. The reisolated nucleoplasmic macromolecule has characteristics similar to corticosteroid Binder II isolated from liver cytosol (molecular weight, chromatographic elution position and pI (6.7) determined by isoelectric focusing). An antibody has been prepared to corticosteroid Binder II fraction isolated from cytosol which does not cross-react with other corticosteroid binding proteins (ligandin, Binder III and transcortin) and an antigen, determined by gel immunodiffusion, is present in the soluble nuclear fraction after nuclear transfer of macromolecular bound steroid in vitro or in vivo.
Kinases Kin1 and Kin2 pleiotropically modulate splicing and translation of HAC1 mRNA (746.2)

Most nascent proteins fold and mature in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the ER, matured proteins are packed inside a membrane-bound vesicle that buds from the ER, travels and fuses with their...
Dispersing robots in an unknown environment

We examine how the choice of the movement algorithm can affect the success of a swarm of simple mobile robots attempting to disperse themselves in an unknown environment. We assume there is no central control, and the robots have limited processing power, simple sensors, and no active communication. We evaluate different movement algorithms based on the percentage of the environment that the group of robots succeeds in observing.
Multivalent feedback inhibition of aspartokinase in Bacillus polymyxa. IV. Arrangement and function of the subunits.

Abstract Aspartokinase of Bacillus polymyxa is composed of equimolar amounts of two types of polypeptide chain, α and β, with molecular weights of about 43,000 and 17,000, respectively. Analysis of the products formed after partial crosslinking with dimethyl suberimidate supports a structure of the type α2β2 and suggests a subunit arrangement defined by only two different bonding domains, one of the type α—α and one of the type α—β, with no interaction between the β subunits. The enzyme can be reversibly dissociated by treatment with 4 m urea, and the α and β chains have been separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of the denaturant. Upon removal of urea, the α subunit aggregates to a series of even-numbered oligomers, the β subunit forms dimers, whereas mixtures give rise to the tetramer α2β2. This pattern of aggregation is consistent with the postulated subunit arrangement. Renatured preparations of α subunit regain a low level (20%) of aspartokinase activity which is uniformly associated with all oligomeric forms and whose catalytic and allosteric properties are indistinguishable from those of native aspartokinase. This implies that the catalytic center as well as the three types of allosteric sites (for l-threonine, l-lysine, and nonpolar l-amino acids) all reside on the α subunit, and that the conformation of the α dimer is not constrained by association with itself or with β subunit. When α subunit is renatured in the presence of β subunit, a higher level (60%) of aspartokinase activity is recovered. The stimulation of reactivation is a hyperbolic function of the square of the relative β concentration and requires the presence of β subunit during the refolding process. These results suggest that the β subunit of aspartokinase does not participate in catalysis, regulation, or maintenance of structure, but rather that it may function during the folding or maturation of the enzyme.
Classifying YouTube channels: a practical system

This paper presents a framework for categorizing channels of videos in a thematic taxonomy with high precision and coverage. The proposed approach consists of three main steps.First, videos are annotated by semantic entities describing their central topics. Second, semantic entities are mapped to categories using a combination of classifiers.Last, the categorization of channels is obtained by combining the results of both previous steps.This framework has been deployed on the whole corpus of YouTube, in 8 languages, and used to build several user facing products. Beyond the description of the framework, this paper gives insight into practical aspects and experience: rationale from product requirements to the choice of the solution, spam filtering, human-based evaluations of the quality of the results, and measured metrics on the live site.