cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The challenge of simulating the warmth of the mid-Miocene climatic optimum in CESM1

Abstract. The mid-Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) is an intriguing climatic period due to its above-modern temperatures in mid-to-high latitudes in the presence of close-to-modern CO2 concentrations. We use the recently released Community Earth System Model (CESM1.0) with a slab ocean to simulate this warm period, incorporating recent Miocene CO2 reconstructions of 400 ppm (parts per million). We simulate a global mean annual temperature (MAT) of 18 °C, ~4 °C above the preindustrial value, but 4 °C colder than the global Miocene MAT we calculate from climate proxies. Sensitivity tests reveal that the inclusion of a reduced Antarctic ice sheet, an equatorial Pacific temperature gradient characteristic of a permanent El Nino, increased CO2 to 560 ppm, and variations in obliquity only marginally improve model–data agreement. All MMCO simulations have an Equator to pole temperature gradient that is at least ~10 °C larger than that reconstructed from proxies. The MMCO simulation most comparable to the proxy records requires a CO2 concentration of 800 ppm. Our results illustrate that MMCO warmth is not reproducible using the CESM1.0 forced with CO2 concentrations reconstructed for the Miocene or including various proposed Earth system feedbacks; the remaining discrepancy in the MAT is comparable to that introduced by a CO2 doubling. The model's tendency to underestimate proxy derived global MAT and overestimate the Equator to pole temperature gradient suggests a major climate problem in the MMCO akin to those in the Eocene. Our results imply that this latest model, as with previous generations of climate models, is either not sensitive enough or additional forcings remain missing that explain half of the anomalous warmth and pronounced polar amplification of the MMCO.
Quantum suppression of superconductivity in nanowires

It is of fundamental importance to establish whether there is a limit to how thin a superconducting wire can be, while retaining its superconducting character?and if there is such limit, to understand what determines it. This issue may be of practical importance in defining the limit to miniaturization of superconducting electronic circuits. Recently, a new fabrication method, called molecular templating, was developed and used to answer such questions. In this approach, a suspended carbon nanotube is coated with a thin superconducting metal film, thus forming a superconducting nanowire. The wire obtained is automatically attached to the two leads formed by the sides of the trench. The usual material for such wires is the amorphous alloy of MoGe (Graybeal 1985 PhD Thesis Stanford University; Graybeal and Beasley 1984 Phys. Rev. B 29 4167; Yazdani and Kapitulnik 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3037; Turneaure et al 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 987). Such wires typically exhibit a high degree of homogeneity and can be made very small: as thin as ~5?nm in diameter and as short as ~40?nm in length. The results of transport measurements on such homogeneous wires can be summarized as follows. Short wires, shorter than some empirical length, ~200?nm for MoGe, exhibit a clear dichotomy. They show either a superconducting behavior, with the resistance controlled by thermal fluctuations, or a weakly insulating behavior, with the resistance controlled by the weak Coulomb blockade. Thus a quantum superconductor?insulator transition (SIT) is indicated. Longer wires exhibit a gradual crossover behavior, from almost perfectly superconducting to normal or weakly insulating behavior, as their diameter is reduced. Measurements of wires, which are made inhomogeneous (granular) on purpose, show that such wires, even if they are short in the sense stated above, do not show a clear dichotomy, which could be identified as an SIT (Bollinger et al 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 180503(R)). Thus, inhomogeneity destroys the SIT, as in the case of thin superconducting films (Frydman 2003 Physica C 391 189?95). Here, only properties of homogeneous wires are reviewed.
Survival of Gunnison sage‐grouse Centrocercus minimus in Colorado, USA

Gunnison sage-grouse Centrocercus minimus has declined from their historic range and recent monitoring has provided evidence that some populations are continuing to decline. The evaluation of long-term, population-specific survival rates is important to assess population stability, and is necessary for conservation of this species of concern. We evaluated adult and yearling survival in two dynamically different populations of Gunnison sage-grouse (a relatively large, more stable population and a small, declining population). Our goal was to examine the relationship between annual survival and population, and test hypotheses with regards to temporal effects (across years and within year) and individual effects (sex and age). We also evaluated the effects of snow depth on sage-grouse survival. We tracked 214 radiomarked birds in the large population from 2005–2010 and 25 birds in the small population from 2007–2010. We found no evidence for a difference in survival between yearlings and adults nor did we find an influence of snow depth on survival. Males had the lowest survival during the lekking season (March–April); females had lower survival during the nesting and chick rearing season (May–July) and late-summer and fall (August–October). The annual survival rate was 0.61 (SE 0.06) for females and 0.39 (SE 0.08) for males. Survival was constant across years and between the populations suggesting observed population changes during this time period are not a result of changes in adult survival.
Off-Label Utilization of Antihypertensive Medications in Children

Objective To examine off-label use and costs of antihypertensive drugs in children by using a national sample of prescription claims. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using the 2002 Medstat MarketScan Database, a national sample of outpatient prescription claims of children ≤18 years old enrolled in private, employer-sponsored health plans. Our main outcomes were off-label use of antihypertensive drugs by patient age and costs of antihypertensives calculated as mean cost per child per 30-day fill. Results One half of the index antihypertensive prescription claims were off label, based on minimum age criteria. Boys were more likely (56%) than girls (46%) to be prescribed off-label antihypertensives ( P P P Conclusions Despite availability of often less expensive on-label alternatives for the same class of antihypertensive drugs, off-label antihypertensive drugs were prescribed frequently in children. These findings underscore the potential clinical and economic implications of common off-label prescribing, for children, their parents, physicians, and payers.
Self-Reported Ageism in Social Work Practitioners and Students

In this study, we focus on self-reported ageism in college students and social service providers using the Relating to Older People Evaluation (ROPE; Cherry & Palmore, 2008). The ROPE is a 20-item questionnaire that measures positive and negative ageist behaviors that people engage in during everyday life. Participants included undergraduate and graduate social work students and practicing social service providers in the nursing home and mental health setting. Findings indicate that people of varying educational backgrounds and occupational experience in social services readily admit to positive ageist behaviors. Item analyses revealed similarities and differences between groups in the most and least frequent forms of ageism endorsed. Ageism as a social phenomenon with implications related to social work policy and practice is discussed.
Dunford-Pettis sets

Bibasic sequences are used to study relative weak compactness and relative norm compactness of Dunford-Pettis sets. A Banach space X has the Dunford-Pettis property provided that every weakly compact operator with domain X and range an arbitrary Banach space Y maps weakly compact sets in X into norm compact sets in Y. Localizing this notion, a bounded subset A of X is said to be a Dunford-Pettis subset of X if T(A) is relatively norm compact in Y whenever T: X -Y is a weakly compact operator. Consequently, a Banach space X has the Dunford-Pettis property if and only if each of its weakly compact sets is a Dunford-Pettis set. The survey article by Diestel [5] is an excellent source of information about classical results in Banach spaces which relate to the Dunford-Pettis property. Kevin Andrews utilized Dunford-Pettis sets in a study of the Bochner integral in [1]. In Theorem 1 of [1], Andrews showed that a subset K of X is a Dunford-Pettis subset of X if and only if limn (sup{ jx* (x) I x C K}) = 0 whenever (x*) is a weakly null sequence in X* ( = the continuous linear dual of X). In Corollary 4 of [1], Andrews used this characterization to show that if X has the Dunford-Pettis property and ?1 does not embed in X, then the space Ll(pLi,X) has the Dunford-Pettis property. E. Bator showed in [2] that a dual space has the weak Radon-Nikodym property if and only if each Dunford-Pettis subset of X is relatively compact. In addition to reproducing Bator's result, Emmanuele [8] established several other structure properties for Banach spaces in which all Dunford-Pettis sets are relatively compact. Since every bounded subset of a Banach space X whose dual space X* has the Schur property is a Dunford-Pettis subset of X, it is clear that there are Dunford-Pettis sets which are not relatively weakly compact. However, we note that Odell [13, p. 377] showed that every sequence in a Dunford-Pettis set has a weakly Cauchy subsequence. In this paper we study Dunford-Pettis sets which fail to be relatively norm or weakly compact. The following definitions and notation will be helpful. A sequence (Xnv, f2) in XxX* is called bibasic [14, p. 85], [4] if (xn) is a basic sequence in X, (fn) is a basic sequence in X*, and fi*(xj) = ?ij. If (Xn, fn) is a bibasic sequence, Xo = [Xn], Received by the editors April 14, 1998 and, in revised form, March 15, 2000. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46B20; Secondary 46B15, 46B45.
Energy-Efficient Non-Boolean Computing With Spin Neurons and Resistive Memory

Emerging nonvolatile resistive memory technologies can be potentially suitable for computationally expensive analog pattern-matching tasks. However, the use of CMOS analog circuits with resistive crossbar memory (RCM) would result in large power consumption and poor scalability, thereby eschewing the benefits of RCM-based computation. We explore the potential of emerging spin-torque devices for RCM-based approximate computing circuits. Emerging spin-torque switching techniques may lead to nanoscale, current-mode spintronic switches that can be used for energy-efficient analog-mode data processing. We propose the use of such low-voltage, fast-switching, magnetometallic “spin neurons” for ultralow power non-Boolean computing with RCM. We present the design of analog associative memory for face recognition using RCM, where, substituting conventional analog circuits with spin neurons can achieve ~100× lower power consumption.
Zur cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung von Carotinoiden

Es wird gezeigt, dass zwischen kurzen und langen konjugierten Doppelbindungssystemen ein bedeutender quantitativer Unterschied in bezug auf die Stabilitatsverhaltnisse von cis-trans-isomeren Formen besteht. Folglich konnen Betrachtungen, die auf den bei der β-Methylmuconsaure gewonnenen Resultaten gegrundet sind, nicht ohne weiteres auf Carotinoide ubertragen werden.
Semantic Perception: Converting Sensory Observations to Abstractions

An abstraction is a representation of an environment derived from sensor observation data. Generating an abstraction requires inferring explanations from an incomplete set of observations (often from the Web) and updating these explanations on the basis of new information. This process must be fast and efficient. The authors' approach overcomes these challenges to systematically derive abstractions from observations. The approach models perception through the integration of an abductive logic framework called Parsimonious Covering Theory with Semantic Web technologies. The authors demonstrate this approach's utility and scalability through use cases in the healthcare and weather domains.
Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales

Historical patterns of morphological evo- lution and ecology in the Boletales are largely unresolved but appear to involve extensive conver- gence. We studied phylogenetic relationships of Boletales based on two datasets. The nuc-lsu dataset is broadly sampled and includes roughly 30% of the described species of Boletales and 51 outgroup taxa across the Hymenomycetes. The multigene dataset (nuc-ssu, nuc-lsu, 5.8S, mt-lsu, atp6) sampled 42 key species of Boletales in a framework of 14 representa- tive Hymenomycetes. The Boletales are strongly supported as monophyletic in our analyses on both datasets with parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Six major lineages of Boletales that currently are recognized on subordinal level, Boletineae, Paxillineae, Sclerodermatineae, Suilli- neae, Tapinellineae, Coniophorineae, received varied support. The backbone of the Boletales was moder- ately resolved in the analyses with the nuc-lsu dataset, but support was strong for most major groups. Nevertheless, most brown-rot producing forms were placed as a paraphyletic grade at the base of the Boletales. Analyses on the multigene dataset confirm sister group relationships among Boletales, Agaricales and Atheliales. Boletineae and Suillineae received the highest support values; Paxillineae and Scleroderma- tineae were not consistently resolved as monophyletic groups. The Coniophorineae were not monophyletic in any analyses. The Tapinellineae consisting of morphologically diverse brown-rotting fungi forms the basal group in the Boletales. We performed ancestral state reconstruction with BayesMultiState, which suggested that the ancestor of the Boletales was a resupinate or polyporoid saprotrophic fungus, producing a brown-rot.
Children of mothers with iodine deficiency during pregnancy are more likely to have lower verbal IQ and reading scores at 8-9 years of age.

Commentary on: Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, et al. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet 2013;382:331–7.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of preventable brain damage. Although the relationship between maternal severe iodine deficiency and impaired cognitive function in children is well-established, less is … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.volume%253D382%26rft.spage%253D331%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252813%252960436-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23706508%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23706508&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F17%2F3%2F86.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000322544900030&link_type=ISI
Curated Flows: A Framework for Mapping Media Exposure in the Digital Age

Advancing theory in media exposure and effects requires contending with an increasing level of complexity and contingency. Building on established theoretical concerns and the research possibilities enabled by large social datasets, we propose a framework for mapping information exposure of digitally situated individuals. We argue that from the perspective of an individual's personal communication network, comparable processes of “curation” are undertaken by a variety of actors—not only conventional newsmakers but also individual media users, social contacts, advertisers, and computer algorithms. Detecting the competition, intersection, and overlap of these flows is crucial to understanding media exposure and effects today. Our approach reframes research questions in debates such as polarization, selective and incidental exposure, participation, and conceptual orientations for computational approaches.
Implementation Issues: A Turbo Decoder Design Case Study

An overview of the key steps associated with implementing a turbo decoder is presented in this chapter. We focus on the specific design of a decoder for the PCCC system of the example in Section 2.4.3.1. Specifically, for that rate 1/2 PCCC with K = 1024 interleaver and 4-state RSC constituent codes, we outline the design of a decoder using fixed-interval, MSM-based SISOs. Our motivation for selecting min-sum processing for the PCCC decoder is primarily pedagogical. More precisely, as shown in Fig-2.30, the APP-based decoder yields an improvement of up to approximately 0.5 dB in coding gain, and betters the MSM-based decoder performance in only 6 iterations. Bitwidth analysis and the like, however, are most easily explained for the min-sum version and then extended to the min*-sum version as required. Furthermore, our development does not exploit the specific structure of the constituent codes, except for the purposes of concrete examples. Thus, we address general issues in hardware design that should be applicable to the implementation of many iterative detection algorithms. In all applications except the (low-SNR) decoding of turbo-like codes, the min-sum version is preferred over the min*-sum version because of negligible performance differences and simpler implementation.
Sugar and Sports Age Differences in Children’s Responses to a High Sugar Cereal Advertisement Portraying Physical Activities

This study experimentally investigated whether exposing children to a television advertisement for a high sugar cereal that depicts physical activities influences their perceptions of the promoted food and activities differently than exposure to an advertisement for the same product without the depiction of physical activities. Children aged 5 to 6 and 10 to 11 years (N = 136) were compared to reveal age differences in responses to this marketing practice. Exposure to the advertisement depicting physical activities had an immediate strengthening effect on all children’s perceptions of the food’s healthfulness as well as younger children’s attitudes toward the product. The ability to recognize juxtaposed beliefs regarding a product’s healthfulness protected children from some of the influence of this marketing strategy.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Viscous Model for 1-D Subsidence Caused by ASR Applications

The present paper emphasizes evaluation of the risk of subsidence caused by applications of ASR within a multiple-layer aquifer, and sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. Based on conceptual and mathematical models, the governing equation derived in terms of displacement is invoked under the initial and boundary conditions at interfaces of hydraulic separators and aquifers. In this investigation, a nonlinear viscous model is introduced and applied to the governing equation to assess land subsidence due to ASR applications. The analytical results show that the nonlinear viscous solution comprises two parts of deformation that represents both the short-term and the long-term effects of ASR applications. Two groups of the model parameters are analyzed. One group of parameters is related to the compressible clay layer, and the other is associated with the pumping-injecting activity. The analysis of the parameters is conducted using the relation of the normalized displacement versus of the normalized parameters defined in this investigation. Analysis of parameter sensitivity presented in this paper can be used as a guideline for applications of ASR that causes the potential risk of one-dimensional subsidence.
Silicon Quality Versus Thickness For Novel Silicon On Boron Phosphide Soi Process

Results are reported for a single temperature Si-BP-Si process which utilizes 0.2 and 0.4 μm of high resistivity BP covered by a single 1–5 μm silicon epitaxial layer on which PMOS devices were fabricated. Transistor and capacitor measurements were used to characterize the quality of the silicon films. Impurity concentrations on 1.0 and 2.0 μm silicon layers were as high as 3×10 17 cm −3 due to auto doping from the BP layer. MOS transistors manufactured on these layers did not work properly. Device characteristics improved on thicker silicon layers. The impurity concentration was as low as 10 15 cm −3 on the 5.0 μm silicon layers. Surface state densities were found to be as low as 5×10 11 eV −1 cm −2 with subthreshold currents as low as 10 −11 amperes. On all wafers the subthreshold slope varied from 90 to 100 mV/decith little variation due to silicon thickness. Linear and saturation mobilities were process limited with values on the 5.0 μm layers as high as 250 and 160 cm 2 /V-s respectively. Characteristics of devices fabricated on 5 μm silicon layers were comparable to those of devices fabricated on bulk silicon processed at the same time indicating high quality silicon growth.
Gene therapy with B7.1 and GM-CSF vaccines in a murine AML model.

Purpose Characterization of B7.1 and GM-CSF vaccines on the induction of anti-tumor immunity in a murine AML model. Materials and methods Primary AML cells were retrovirally transduced with the murine costimulatory molecule B7.1, a natural ligand for the T-cell receptors CD28 and CTLA-4, or the cytokine GM-CSF. Mice were vaccinated with irradiated AML cells expressing B7.1 or GM-CSF before or after inoculation of wild type AML cells. Results Intravenous injection of irradiated B7.1 or GM-CSF expressing AML cells can provide long lasting systemic immunity against a subsequent challenge of wild type AML cells. Vaccination with irradiated B7.1 or GM-CSF expressing AML cells results in rejection of established leukemia when the vaccination occurs in the early stages of the disease. However, when the vaccines are administered > 2 weeks after leukemic inoculation, only mice which receive the GM-CSF vaccine are cured of leukemia. Conclusions These results suggest that tumor burden and vaccine efficiency are most likely to be the limiting factors in the curative potential of tumor vaccines. Novel approaches such as this experiment could provide improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with AML and other cancers.
The Food of the Giant Toad, Bufo Marinus (L.), in Trinidad and British Guiana with Special Reference to the Ants

The most conspicuous amphibian in Trinidad and British Guiana is the giant toad, Bufo marinus (L.), largely because of its size and because it often frequents the vicinity of dwellings in its search for food. In the West Indies and Trinidad it has been reported feeding on mole-crickets, leaf-caterpillars (Mods repanda), ducklings, and rats (Myers, 1931, p. 25). Barbour (1930, p. 76) states that “this species feeds upon small batrachians, and may extirpate some native species.”
Dissolution of cystine calculi by pelviocaliceal irrigation with tromethamine-E.

AbstractWe report 3 cases of cystine calculi. The stones were dissolved by pelviocaliceal irrigation with tromethamine-E, performed either through a percutaneous nephrostomy tube or ureteral catheters. The 25, 27 and 37-day courses of irrigation were well tolerated by all patients. Complications included a single asymptomatic urinary tract infection that required antibiotic therapy and transient hematuria due to catheter irritation. Our experience demonstrates that cystine calculi, including staghorn, can be dissolved by tromethamine-E irrigation, thereby obviating the need for surgical intervention.
Economic Growth and Man’s Environment

Technology is sometimes man’s chief hope and at other times his main fear.1 A dramatic example is provided by the rapid change in attitude towards technology that has occurred since World War II. Initially, technology was regarded as the key to everything desirable in the way of human betterment, ranging from the achievement of unquestionable military supremacy by techniques involving no risk of loss of human life to the militarily dominant country, to the satisfaction of man’s needs for food and shelter without the necessity of back-breaking toil in the “less developed” countries. In the United Kingdom during the 1960s the promotion of technological improvement even became the distinguishing feature of socialism. Since then, however, social thinkers in the developed countries have become disillusioned with material improvement via technology as the key to the good life. They have become concerned about the effects of the application of technology in endangering, as they see it, the environment provided by nature for man’s use and enjoyment.2
Computational analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the presence of deep brain stimulation probes

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is an emerging non-invasive treatment for depression, Parkinson’s disease, and a variety of other neurological disorders. Many Parkinson’s patients receive the treatment known as Deep Brain Stimulation, but often require additional therapy for speech and swallowing impairment. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has been explored as a possible treatment by stimulating the mouth motor area of the brain. We have calculated induced electric field, magnetic field, and temperature distributions in the brain using finite element analysis and anatomically realistic heterogeneous head models fitted with Deep Brain Stimulation leads. A Figure of 8 coil, current of 5000 A, and frequency of 2.5 kHz are used as simulation parameters. Results suggest that Deep Brain Stimulation leads cause surrounding tissues to experience slightly increased E-field (ΔEmax=30 V/m), but not exceeding the nominal values induced in brain tissue by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation without leads (215 V/m). ...
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition.

The novel combination sacubitril/valsartan represents a new therapeutic approach in the management of heart failure. With the simultaneous blockage of the enzyme neprilysin (by sacubitril) and angi...
Performance Resilience Analysis of Dynamic Feedback Controllers for both Multiplicative and Additive Gain Perturbations

Abstract In this work, a procedure is presented for performance resilience analysis of continuous-time systems controlled by full-order dynamic feedback compensators. The resilience property is defined in terms of defining maximum perturbations on both the controller and observer gains that will maintain controller and observer eigenvalues in disjoint regions in the complex plane so that the closed loop system will sustain certain performance characteristics. The desired performance is characterized by the response speed and magnitude bounds on the response. Therefore, the intersection of two regions are chosen, vertical strips and sector regions, to guarantee upper and lower bounds on the settling (or response) time and an upper bound on the percent overshoot simultaneously. Maximum allowable gain perturbations are obtained based on the designer’s choices of closed loop eigenvalues and the regions in which eigenvalues remain when the gains are perturbed. The linear matrix inequality technique is used throughout the analysis process. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Protein Engineering: Past, Present, and Future

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the utilization of enzymes as green and sustainable (bio)catalysts in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. This trend has to a significant degree been fueled by advances in scientists' and engineers' ability to customize native enzymes by protein engineering. A review of the literature quickly reveals the tremendous success of this approach; protein engineering has generated enzyme variants with improved catalytic activity, broadened or altered substrate specificity, as well as raised or reversed stereoselectivity. Enzymes have been tailored to retain activity at elevated temperatures and to function in the presence of organic solvents, salts and pH values far from physiological conditions. However, readers unfamiliar with the field will soon encounter the confusingly large number of experimental techniques that have been employed to accomplish these engineering feats. Herein, we use history to guide a brief overview of the major strategies for protein engineering-past, present, and future.
Patients' Rights: Federal vs State Governments:

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illu...
Functional Performance Measures Used for Return-to-Sport Criteria in Youth Following Lower-Extremity Injury

Context: As sport participation increases globally, so will injury-related risks. The process used to determine return-to-sport following injury is vital to future sport participation and injury prevention. Early specialization along with poor management of sport participation causes an increase in injury risk and potential long-term health consequences for youth athletes. Objectives: Previous injury is a common intrinsic risk factor for new injuries. Identifying functional performance deficits, defined by return-to-sport criteria, minimizes these risk factors and provides athletes with guidelines to return safely to sport. The purposes of this clinical commentary and literature review are to provide a summary of current concepts and clinical practices and to identify functional performance measures as clinical assessment tools for return-to-play criteria in the youth population. Evidence: A literature review was completed using numerous databases, where 154 relevant articles were reviewed and 22 articles...
Genomic and phenotypic evidence for prostate cancer osteomimicry in circulating tumor cells from men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with radium-223.

160Background: Radium-223 is a targeted alpha therapy that improves survival in men with mCRPC. The biologic basis for radium-223 efficacy is not completely understood. We hypothesized that PC osteomimicry, a form of epithelial plasticity leading to an osteoblastic phenotype, may contribute to the intralesional deposition of radium-223 and subsequent irradiation of the tumor microenvironment. Methods: We conducted a pharmacodynamic study of radium-223 in men with bone predominant mCRPC to investigate genomic and phenotypic alterations in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), ctDNA, and metastases. Prior to radium and 3 and 6 months after radium, liquid and metastatic biopsies were collected, including CTCs for phenotypic characterization and CTC/ctDNA genomic analysis. The primary objective was to describe the prevalence of CTC bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) over time. We measured radium-223 decay products in tumor and surrounding normal bone during treatment. Results: We enrolled 20 men with heavily pre-treat...
A Rare but Fascinating Disorder: Case Collection of Patients with Schnitzler Syndrome.

Background. Schnitzler syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by a chronic urticarial rash and monoclonal gammopathy (IgM in more than 90% of the cases). It is difficult to distinguish from other neutrophilic urticarial dermatoses, and diagnosis is based on the Strasbourg criteria. Interleukin-1 is considered the key mediator, and interleukin-1 inhibitors are considered first line treatment. Here, we present two cases of Schnitzler syndrome, both successfully treated with anakinra. Objectives. To increase awareness regarding clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare disorder. Cases. We describe the clinical features and disease course of two patients with Schnitzler syndrome, diagnosed using the Strasbourg criteria. Both were treated with anakinra with remarkable response to therapy. Conclusion. Schnitzler syndrome is a rare and underdiagnosed disorder. High suspicion should be maintained in patients with chronic urticaria-like dermatoses, intermittent fevers, and arthralgias. A serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation should be performed in these patients. The diagnosis is important to recognize as Schnitzler syndrome is associated with malignancy. A lymphoproliferative disorder develops in about 20% of patients at an average of 7.6 years after onset of symptoms. Thus, patients warrant long-term follow-up. IL-1 inhibitors are extremely effective in relieving symptoms and are considered first line therapy.
Verfahren zur Diagnostik der körperlichen Fitness bei Erwachsenen

Dieser Artikel bietet einen Uberblick wichtiger Verfahren zur Diagnostik der korperlichen Fitness bei Erwachsenen.
Meaning Beyond Heroic Illusions? Transcendence in Everyday Life

Ernest Becker's theory of human evil is as devastating as it is incisive since he identifies the uniquely human capacity for transcendence as the source of evil. Anticipating our own death, we turn to elaborately constructed “heroic illusions” that give us meaning and the promise of immortality while treating those with different ideologies as opponents. This article summarizes Becker's interpretation of evil and discusses how transcendence is understood by contemporary thinkers such as Karl Rahner. It concludes by examining “breakthroughs” in personal relationships as transcendent experiences that are deeply meaningful but do not involve the construction of others as enemies.
Single-Snapshot Adaptive Beamforming

Adaptive beamformers are sensitive to model mismatch, especially when the number of training samples is small or the training samples are contaminated by the signal component. In this paper, we consider an extreme scenario where only a single signal-contaminated snapshot is available for adaptive beamformer design. In such a case, we cannot perform direct inversion or eigen-decomposition of the rank-one sample covariance matrix required in adaptive beamformer design. To address this issue, we formulate a sparsity-constrained covariance matrix fitting problem to estimate the spatial spectrum distribution over the observed spatial domain, which is then used for adaptive beamformer design via the sparse reconstruction of the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix. Simulation results demonstrate the performance advantage of the proposed adaptive beamforming algorithm over other beamforming algorithms suitable for the single-snapshot scenario.
Correction: A bibliometric analysis of the interdisciplinary field of cultural evolution

In the original version of the manuscript the legend of Figure 2 was ambiguous as to how individuals were excluded from the network to maximize legibility, potentially leading to the perception that it may have been a subjective decision on the authors’ part. As such, a higher resolution image has been included in Figure 2, and additional detail in the legend. These changes do not reflect a change in the study’s underlying data or results.
Framework for Analysis of Mitigation in Courts

Abstract : This paper presents an activity-based framework for empirical discourse analysis of mitigation in public environments such as Swedish and Bulgarian courtroom examinations. Mitigation is defined as a pragmatic, cognitive and linguistic behavior the main purpose of which is reduction of vulnerability. The suggested framework consists of mitigation processes, which involve mitigating argumentation lines, defense moves, and communicative acts. The functions of mitigation are described in terms of the participants' actions and goals separately from politeness strategies. The conclusions and observations address two things: issues related to the pragmatic theory of communication -- especially mitigation -- and issues related to the trial as a social activity. For instance, non-turntaking confirmations by examiners are often followed by volunteered utterances, which in some cases may be examples of rehearsed testimonies. At the same time the witnesses' tendency to volunteer information, even on the behalf of their own credibility, indicates that they also favor pro-party testimonies. Despite the objective judicial role of the prosecutor or judge and/or despite the examiners' accommodating style the verbal behavior of the witnesses exhibits constant anticipation of danger.
Contemporary Improvements in Postoperative Mortality After Major Cancer Surgery are Associated with Weakening of the Volume-Outcome Association.

Regionalization of complex visceral surgery across the United States has followed identification of a volume-outcome association. However, improvements in postoperative mortality overall during the last decade may have weakened the strength of this association. The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients undergoing colon, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic surgery from 2003 to 2011. Hospitals were divided into low-volume ( 67th %tile) groups. Annual cancer-specific adjusted observed versus expected (O/E) ratios for 30- and 90-day mortality for each volume strata were calculated and plotted over time. In the year 2003, the O/E ratios decreased from low- to medium- to high-volume hospitals for all cancer surgeries for both 30- and 90-day mortality, indicating a strong volume-outcome relationship. For all volume strata, the O/E ratios trended downward from 2003 to 2011 for both 30- and 90-day mortality for all cancer surgeries. This trend was more pronounced for low- and medium-volume than for high-volume hospitals. Consequently, by 2011 the confidence intervals of the O/E ratios for the low-volume groups, and particularly for the medium-volume groups, overlapped those for the high-volume groups for most of the cancer surgeries studied. The volume-outcome association for major cancer surgery is dynamic and has attenuated over time primarily due to improvements in postoperative mortality at low- and medium-volume hospitals.
Low-Dose Acyclovir Prophylaxis for Varicella zoster Reactivation in Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) may be observed in a quarter of patients. Currently, prophylactic use of acyclovir 800 mg twice daily or valacyclovir 500 mg twice daily is recommended for prophylaxis against VZV reactivation for at least one-year post-HCT, with continued use recommended in immunosuppressed recipients. Acyclovir dosing regimens vary between institutions despite the noted recommendations. In this single-center, retrospective study, recipients of auto-HCT who received at least one year of low-dose antiviral prophylaxis defined as the equivalent of acyclovir 400 mg orally twice daily or valacyclovir 500 mg daily were included. The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence of VZV reactivation with low-dose acyclovir/valacyclovir prophylaxis in autograft recipients. One hundred and eighty patients undergoing auto-HCT between April 2008 and March 2015 were included. Patients received low-dose acyclovir, for a median duration of 55.5 months (range 12-100). There were no occurrences of VZV reactivation while patients were on these drugs. However, 2 patients (1.1%) had VZV reactivation after discontinuation of therapy, occurring 18.8 and 14 months from transplant and 6.7 and 2 months after stopping prophylaxis, respectively. Our retrospective analysis found low-dose antiviral prophylaxis with oral acyclovir 400 mg twice daily or valacyclovir 500 mg daily to be effective in preventing VZV reactivation in auto-HCT recipients.
Not Everyone Writes Good Examples but Good Examples Can Come from Anywhere

In many online environments, such as massive open online courses and crowdsourcing platforms, many people solve similar complex tasks. As a byproduct of solving these tasks, a pool of artifacts are created that may be able to help others perform better on similar tasks. In this paper, we explore whether work that is naturally done by crowdworkers can be used as examples to help future crowdworkers perform better on similar tasks. We explore this in the context of a product comparison review task, where workers must compare and contrast pairs of similar products. We first show that randomly presenting one or two peer-generated examples does not significantly improve performance on future tasks. In a second experiment, we show that presenting examples that are of sufficiently high quality leads to a statistically significant improvement in performance of future workers on a near transfer task. Moreover, our results suggest that even among high quality examples, there are differences in how effective the examples are, indicating that quality is not a perfect proxy for pedagogical value.
Mediating Role of Resilience on Quality of Life in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between disease-related risk factors, protective factors, coping, and resilience on quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Quantitative descriptive research employing structural equation modeling. Setting Online survey fielded to community members associated with the Greater New England Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Participants Convenience sample of 271 individuals with MS. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The Leeds Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life (LMSQoL) scale was the primary outcome. Other measures entered into the model included the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) scale modeled as 2 latent variables: emotion-based coping and problem-based coping. Disability level, fatigue, walking impairment, fear of falling, falls, and pain were modeled as a latent variable for risk factors while physical activity, self-efficacy, social support, optimism, and health locus of control were modeled as a latent variable of protective factors. Results BRS had a total effect of –0.44 on LMSQoL, significant at P Conclusions The model suggests that developing interventions that increase protective factors and broaden and build resilience may contribute to improved quality of life in individuals with MS.
Implementation of a fracture liaison service and its effects on osteoporosis treatment adherence and secondary fracture at a tertiary care academic health system.

In this retrospective study, approximately 77% of patients who attended their osteoporosis clinic follow-up appointments following a fragility fracture were started on medical treatment. Approximately 82% of those patients were adherent with their treatment, and 1% of patients sustained a secondary fragility fracture while on treatment. To assess the effects of implementation of a fracture liaison service at a tertiary care academic medical center on osteoporosis treatment adherence and secondary fracture rates. We retrospectively reviewed over 6000 patients age 50 years or greater during a 5-year time period (2013–2018). Patients were identified as having a fragility fracture on presentation to the emergency department at the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and referred to our osteoporosis clinic using the electronic medical record. Data were collected regarding those patients who were recommended treatment, started treatment, maintained adherent to treatment, and those who sustained a secondary fracture. 6178 patients were identified as having a fragility fracture and referred to the osteoporosis clinic. 2631 of these patients successfully had a scheduled outpatient appointment at the osteoporosis clinic, of which 1937 attended their initial appointment and 1840 of these patients were prescribed treatment. Of the 1840 patients who were initially prescribed medication, 1416 (76.96%) initiated their treatment, and 1156 (81.64%) remained adherent to treatment. Fifteen patients (1.05%) on treatment sustained a secondary fracture after initiation of therapy. Implementation of a fracture liaison service at a tertiary care academic medical center is feasible and is associated with high rates of treatment implementation/adherence and low incidence of secondary fracture.
Strain and damage sensing in additively manufactured CB/ABS polymer composites

Abstract In this study, an experimental investigation is performed to observe the electromechanical response of CB (carbon black)/Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) additive manufactured composite under quasi-static (tensile, shear, and mode-I fracture) and dynamic (mode-I fracture) loading conditions for the potential damage sensing applications. Dog bone tensile, double v-notch shear, and single edge notch bending (SENB) specimen printed with three different configurations (0°/90°, +45°/-45°, and 0°) are considered for the quasi-static condition. A modified split Hopkinson pressure bar along with high-speed video camera is used for dynamic fracture experiments. Four-point probe technique coupled with a high-resolution data acquisition system is employed to obtain the real-time electrical response. In the case of tensile loading, +45°/-45° printed specimens show a nonlinear change of electrical resistance due to unique failure mode. Under the shear loading, electrical resistance remains unchanged during the elastic deformation. After the damage evolution, +45°/-45° printed specimens exhibit a higher rate of change in electrical resistance due to alignment of the filaments along the maximum principle shear stress direction. For both static and dynamic fracture loading, a minimal change of electrical resistance is observed before crack initiation. However, after the crack initiation, a sharp change of electrical resistance for 0°/90° printed specimens indicates a faster crack propagation as compared to the +45°/-45° printed specimens.
The Goldilocks challenge: Right fit evidence for the social sector: by Mary Kay Guegerty and Dan Karlan, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2018, 309 pp., $38.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0199366088

The Goldilocks Challenge: Right Fit Evidence for the Social Sector is meant to aid nonprofit manager in the design and implementation of evaluations which are both more rigorous and more applicable...
Ethics of digital twins: four challenges

In the article ‘Represent Me: Please! Towards an Ethics of Digital Twins in Medicine’, I analysed and tried to better understand the main ethical challenges associated with Digital Twins (DT). For those who are just entering the debate with this article: DT is a metaphor for a bundle of artificial intelligence (AI) driven simulation technologies that constantly , in real time and ad personam simulate single or multiple parts of the body and make predictions about future health states based on these simulations. My argument addresses the need to look at the breadth of challenges through a perspective of representation. From such a take, key consequences can be drawn for the further development of such technologies, the required means of control and not least the way to think about the interaction between humans and ‘their’ simulations. I am very grateful for the subsequent suggestions, criticisms and further arguments, which have helped me to elaborate my arguments more clearly and have led to a substantial advancement of the debate and the discussion about ethical questions in dealing with DT. Jenny Blumenthal-Barby,1 Deborah Lupton,2 Jenny Krutzinna,3 Janina Loh,4 Brent Mittelstadt,5 Sven Nyholm,6 Daniel Tigard7 and Max Tretter8 have made excellent points, which, in the following, I will not be able to reply to individually and in detail. In this response, I will try to bundle the open points and questions along the comments and considerations mentioned above and attempt to outline their significance for an ethics of DT. Four challenges seem to be central. A first point addresses anthropological issues. It is concerned …
29 Year Old White Female with Grouped Blisters on Left Thigh

A 29-year-old white, female prostitute presented with a group of vesicular lesions on her interior left thigh. She has been providing sexual services since the age of 16.