cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facts about fats…and some common sense

In his latest book, Dr. Glen D Lawrence, professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Long Island University, presents an interesting synthesis of recent knowledge about dietary fat and essential fatty acids. The cover tells us that the book, entitled The Fats of Life, is about ‘essential fatty acids in health and disease’. Although it might be true that ‘you can’t judge a book by its cover’, in this case, the cover provides strong illustrative clues regarding the book's content – a bottle of anonymous oil, a dish with a slab of butter (or maybe margarine), and some dispersed almonds – alluding to the different properties and sources of dietary fat.
Effects of Cryopreservation upon Vein Function in Vivo

This review covers experimental and clinical experiences with transplantation of allogeneic veins processed by slow rate cooling with 2.5% (W/V) chondroitin sulfate and 1 M dimethylsulfoxide. These results are contrasted with the results obtained using dimethylsulfoxide alone. The short-term patency of experimental autologous (100%) and allogeneic (70-100%) cryopreserved veins may be attributed to the combination of "no-touch" procurement techniques employing the smooth muscle relaxant papaverine, the chondroitin sulfate preservation method, and recipient therapy. Explanted autografts retain many cell and tissue functions. In contrast, explanted allografts demonstrate short-term loss of endothelial cells and smooth muscle function, both of which subsequently return. Clinically there have been positive short-term correlations between good initial runoff from the graft site and 1-year patency (68-74%) and limb salvage (94%) rates. In contrast, grafts with poor initial runoff, composite grafts, or grafts requiring secondary reconstruction resulted in lower 1-year patency (40-44%) and limb salvage (64%) rates. More experience, larger study groups, and longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate the clinical performance of chondroitin sulfate-preserved grafts. In the meantime, chondroitin sulfate-preserved veins are reserved for coronary artery bypass or peripheral bypass patients in the absence of suitable autologous vessels.
Multi-objective optimization to identify key players in large social networks

Identification of a set of key players in a given social network is of interest in many disciplines such as sociology, politics, finance, economics, etc. Although many algorithms have been proposed to identify a set of key players, each emphasizes a single objective of their interest. Consequently, the prevailing deficiency of each of these methods is that they perform well only when we consider their objective of interest as the only characteristic the set of key players should have. But in complicated real life applications, we need a set of key players which can perform well with respect to multiple objectives of interest. In this paper, we propose a new perspective for key player identification, based on optimizing multiple objectives of interest. This method allows us to compare other methods of key player identification. The sets of key players identified by this method are better when multiple objectives must be addressed. In addition we propose an algorithm to select the most suitable sets of key players when multiple choices are available. To reduce the computational complexity of the proposed approach for large networks, we propose a new sampling approach based on Degree centrality. We apply these algorithms in eventual influence limitation (EIL) problem and immunization problem and show that our multi-objective methodology outperforms previous key player identification approaches.
Transcription regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PIS1 gene by inositol and the pleiotropic regulator, Ume6p.

Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence. This regulation requires the Ino2p and Ino4p activators and the Opi1p repressor. The PIS1 structural gene is required for the synthesis of the essential lipid phosphatidylinositol. Previous reports show that PIS1 expression is uncoupled from inositol/choline regulation, but is regulated by carbon source, hypoxia and zinc. However, in this study we found that the expression of PIS1 is induced twofold by inositol. This regulation did not require Ino2p and Ino4p, although Ino4p was required for full expression. Ino4p is a basic helix-loop-helix protein that requires a binding partner. Curiously, none of the other basic helix-loop-helix proteins affected PIS1 expression. Inositol induction did require another general regulator of phospholipid biosynthesis, Ume6p. Ume6p was found to be a positive regulator of PIS1 gene expression. Ume6p, and several associated factors, were required for inositol-mediated induction and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Ume6p directly regulates PIS1 expression. Thus, we demonstrate novel regulation of the PIS1 gene by Ume6p.
Reactor analysis of a chlor—alkali membrane cell

Abstract An analysis based on the concept of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) has been made for an ion exchange membrane chlor—alkali cell. The effects of alkali concentration, current density and temperature on the power consumption are examined with mass, energy and voltage balances. Numerical results are presented for cell voltage, power consumption and heat requirements for a cell with Nafion-295 and Nafion-901 membranes. The results of these analyses are compared to those of a bench scale experiment using Nafion-901 as the membrane.
Genetic transfer in trypanosomes. I. Syngamy in Trypanosoma cruzi.

Abstract Experiments were conducted with two different drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi that, after mixing, were fed to uninfected triatomid bugs and allowed to develop in the gut of the invertebrate host. In no instance was it possible, upon reisolation of flagellates from fecal matter of triatoma in culture, to demonstrate T. cruzi resistant to both drugs. The failure to achieve cross transfer of drug-resistance by trypanosomes developing in the insect gut, is taken as added evidence against syngamy in trypanosomes.
The Interaction between Family Structure and Child Gender on Behavior Problems in Urban Ethnic Minority Children.

Previous studies have reported that children from single-parent households fare worse behaviorally than those from two-parent households. Studies examining single-parent households often fail to distinguish between single-mother and single-father households. Further, there are inconsistent findings regarding the effect of family structure on boys and girls. This study examined the relationship between family structures and behavior problems among 515 predominantly ethnic minority children in an urban setting, while taking into account the role of children’s gender. Results indicated that children from two-parent families consistently scored lower on measures of externalizing behavior and hyperactivity when compared to children from parent-absent households, but not when compared to those from single-parent households. Moderation analyses revealed significant interactions between family structure and children’s gender. Girls in single-mother households scored higher in externalizing behavior and hyperactiv...
Diversity Training and Intergroup Contact: A Call to Action Research

Diversity training is a type of prejudice reduction and social inclusion intervention in need of "action research"-an integration of research and theory with practice (Lewin, 1946). Hundreds of workplaces and schools use some form of diversity training, but most interventions are not grounded in theory and there is little evidence of program impact. A recent study of a school diversity training program illustrates how action research can address theoretical issues using experimental methods and unobtrusive outcome measures. For future research, the literature on intergroup contact (Pettigrew, 1998) can provide theoretical guidance while testing and refining its principles in the application and investigation of diversity training. Action research will benefit diversity training and the broader theoretical and applied project of prejudice reduction and the promotion of social inclusion.
Essential Elements to Consider for MRI Cell Tracking Studies with Iron Oxide-based Labeling Agents.

Personalized diagnosis and treatment with allogenic or autologous cells have been intensively investigated over the past decade. Despite the promising findings in preclinical studies, the clinical results to date have been largely disappointing. Some critical issues remain to be solved, such as how to monitor the migration, homing, survival, and function of the transplanted cells in vivo. In the past years, imaging techniques have been introduced to solve these issues based on a concept that cells can be transformed to a cellular imaging agent following labeling of the cells with an imaging agent. For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is so far the first choice imaging modality and iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the most frequently applied labeling agents. However, most MRI cell tracking studies are currently still limited in in vivo visualization of the labeled cells, some critical elements for cell tracking studies are often incompletely characterized, which makes it difficult to validate and metaanalyze the data generated from different studies. Incomplete information on preclinical studies also slows the transition of the findings to clinical practice. A robust protocol of MRI cell tracking studies is apparently critical to deal with these issues. In this review, we first briefly discuss the limitations of MRI cell tracking based on iron oxide nanoparticles and then recommend a minimum set of essential elements that should be considered in MRI cell tracking studies at preclinical stage.
Die transversale Gliederung der Muskelfaser

Wie beim Skelettmuskel sind auch beim Herzmuskel die bekannten „Streifen“ der quergestreiften Muskelfaser durch die Querstreifung der Myofibrillen bedingt. Bei diesen mus man zwei Arten von Querstreifen unterscheiden: solche von mikroskopischer und solche von ultramikroskopischer Grosenordnung.
Optimal ordering of analog integrated circuit tests to minimize test time

This paper describes an algorithm that uses dynamic programming to order IC tests so that faulty circuits are detected early in the test sequence and the average test time is minimized. An accurate estimate of the probabilities of individual tests failing, and the joint probabilities of several tests failing is required. These probabilities can be estimated using statistical simulation techniques or from actual circuits. The ordering algorithm is O(mn2") where n is the number of tests to be ordered, and m is the number of data points.
Linear programming techniques for developing an optimal electrical system including high-voltage direct-current transmission and storage

The planning and design of an electric power system, including high-voltage direct-current transmission, is a complex optimization problem. The optimization must integrate and model the engineering requirements and limitations of the generation, while simultaneously balancing the system electric load at all times. The problem is made more difficult with the introduction of variable generators, such as wind and solar photovoltaics. In the present paper, we introduce two comprehensive linear programming techniques to solve these problems. Linear programming is intentionally chosen to keep the problems tractable in terms of time and computational resources. The first is an optimization that minimizes the deviation from the electric load requirements. The procedure includes variable generators, conventional generators, transmission, and storage, along with their most salient engineering requirements. In addition, the optimization includes some basic electric power system requirements. The second optimization is one that minimizes the overall system costs per annum while taking into consideration all the aspects of the first optimization. We discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the proposed approaches. We show that the cost optimization, although computationally more expensive, is superior in terms of optimizing a real-world electric power system. The present paper shows that linear programming techniques can represent an electrical power system from a high-level without undue complication brought on by moving to mixed integer or nonlinear programming. In addition, the optimizations can be implemented in the future in planning tools.
Hypercalcemic crisis induced by calcium carbonate.

We report a rare case of drug-induced hypercalcemic crisis in an elderly male resulting from calcium-containing supplements facilitated by thiazide diuretic and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A 61-year-old male presented with hypercalcemic crisis along with renal insufficiency and metabolic alkalosis, mimicking the ‘calcium-alkali syndrome’. The patient responded to aggressive intravenous hydration along with emergent hemodialysis and salmon calcitonin. He did not have hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. History revealed an average daily intake of only 1200 mg of calcium carbonate along with vitamin D 1000 U/day over an extended period of time. The patient completely recovered in 3 days and had normal serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and phosphorous level at 3-month follow-up. The case highlights the life-threatening perils of indiscriminate and often excessive intake of calcium-containing supplements in an appropriate clinical setting. We also briefly discuss the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features along with the recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of calcium-alkali syndrome.
Validating the Draw-A-Science-Teacher-Test Checklist (DASTT -C): Exploring Mental Models and Teacher Beliefs

(2001). Validating the Draw-A-Science-Teacher-Test Checklist (DASTT-C): Exploring Mental Models and Teacher Beliefs. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 295-310.
Land Use–Land Cover Changes in the Lower Eastern Shore Watersheds and Coastal Bays of Maryland: 1986–2006

Abstract Changes in land use influence surface-water quality and thus present a potential threat to coastal ecosystem health. Land use–land cover changes (LULCC) in the lower Eastern Shore watersheds of Maryland have been rapid in the last decade, with increase in real estate development an obvious indicator. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of historical LULCC in the lower Eastern Shore watershed and coastal bays of Maryland from 1986 to 2006. Land use–land cover data were derived by supervised classification of Landsat TM 5 satellite imagery acquired in 1986, 1996, and 2006 using the Anderson level-1 classification system in Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI 4.5), while LULCCs were detected in an Arc-GIS 9.2 environment. The results showed that while urban and forest lands increased by 121.8% and 8.5%, respectively, in the lower Eastern Shore from 1986 to 2006, croplands and wetlands decreased by 19.6% and 21.3%, respectively. Area covered by surface water increased by 10%, ...
Programming constructs for database system implementation in EXODUS

The goal of the EXODUS extensible DBMS project is to enable the rapid development of a wide spectrum of high-performance, application-specific database systems EXODUS provides certain kernel facilities for use by all applications and a set of tools to aid the database implementor (DBI) in generating new database system software. Some of the DBI's work is supported by EXODUS tools which generate database components from a specification. However, components such as new abstract data types, access methods, and database operations must be explicitly coded by the DBI. This paper analyzes the major programming problems faced by the DBI, describing the collection of programming language constructs that EXODUS provides for simplifying the DBI's task. These constructs have been embedded in the E programming language, an extension of C++ designed specifically for implementing DBMS software.
No-reference image quality assessment based on BNB measurement

In this paper, we present a no-reference image quality assessment method, which we call BNB (an acronym for Blurriness, Noisiness, Blockiness). Our BNB method quantifies blurriness, noisiness and blockiness of a given image, which are considered three critical factors that affect users' quality of experience (QoE). The well designed BNB metrics are based on the observation that the difference between any two adjacent pixel values follows a Laplace distribution with mean zero, and the Laplace distribution will change differently under different artifacts, i.e., blurriness, noisiness and blockiness. Then we use supervised learning to map the three BNB metrics of an image to a human perception score. Experimental results show that the image quality score obtained by our BNB method has higher correlation with human perceptual score and our method needs much less computation, compared to existing no-reference image quality assessment methods.
Systemic antithrombotic effects of ADAMTS13.

The metalloprotease ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I repeats 13) cleaves highly adhesive large von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers after their release from the endothelium. ADAMTS13 deficiency is linked to a life-threatening disorder, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), characterized by platelet-rich thrombi in the microvasculature. Here, we show spontaneous thrombus formation in activated microvenules of Adamts13−/− mice by intravital microscopy. Strikingly, we found that ADAMTS13 down-regulates both platelet adhesion to exposed subendothelium and thrombus formation in injured arterioles. An inhibitory antibody to ADAMTS13 infused in wild-type mice prolonged adhesion of platelets to endothelium and induced thrombi formation with embolization in the activated microvenules. Absence of ADAMTS13 did not promote thrombi formation in αIIbβ3 integrin-inhibited blood. Recombinant ADAMTS13 reduced platelet adhesion and aggregation in histamine-activated venules and promoted thrombus dissolution in injured arterioles. Our findings reveal that ADAMTS13 has a powerful natural antithrombotic activity and recombinant ADAMTS13 could be used as an antithrombotic agent.
Cooperative Distributed MISO Wireless Relay Networks Under Jamming Environments with Power Constraints

This paper introduces a cooperative distributed wireless relay network under a jamming environment at three different locations. An amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input single-output (MISO) system is considered with N-relay nodes. For full relay cooperation, all relay nodes in wireless relay networks exchange their received signals from source nodes with no errors. An optimal non-diagonal amplifying relay matrix is derived using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion under power constraints at the relay nodes. The performance of the system by implementing the derived optimal non-diagonal amplifying relay matrix is evaluated using the bit error rate (BER). For performance comparison, no-jamming environment and the other three special cases corresponding to different locations of the broadband noise jamming (BNJ) are also considered.
fmcsR: mismatch tolerant maximum common substructure searching in R

Motivation: The ability to accurately measure structural similarities among small molecules is important for many analysis routines in drug discovery and chemical genomics. Algorithms used for this purpose include fragment-based fingerprint and graph-based maximum common substructure (MCS) methods. MCS approaches provide one of the most accurate similarity measures. However, their rigid matching policies limit them to the identification of perfect MCSs. To eliminate this restriction, we introduce a new mismatch tolerant search method for identifying flexible MCSs (FMCSs) containing a user-definable number of atom and/or bond mismatches. Results :T hefmcsR package provides an R interface, with the timeconsuming steps of the FMCS algorithm implemented in Cþþ .I t includes utilities for pairwise compound comparisons, structure similarity searching, clustering and visualization of MCSs. In comparison with an existing MCS tool, fmcsR shows better time performance over a wide range of compound sizes. When mismatching of atoms or bonds is turned on, the compute times increase as expected, and the resulting FMCSs are often substantially larger than their strict MCS counterparts. Based on extensive virtual screening (VS) tests, the flexible matching feature enhances the enrichment of active structures at the top of MCS-based similarity search results. With respect to overall and early enrichment performance, FMCS outperforms most of the seven other VS methods considered in these tests. Availability: fmcsR is freely available for all common operating systems from the Bioconductor site (http://www.bioconductor.org/
Preventive Services: Blood Pressure Checks at Well Child Visits

The objective of this study was to determine rates of blood pressure (BP) screening at well-child visits as recommended by the Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children. The 1985 and 1996 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys were analyzed for changes in proportion of well visits for children aged 3-18 years at which BP was checked. Patient and physician demographics are described. BP screening increased from 50% in 1985 to 61% in 1996. For pediatricians, the estimates were 50% (95% CI, 43-57) and 60% (95% CI, 53-68). For family/general medicine the estimates were 51% (95% CI, 34-69) and 58% (95% CI, 43-74). Age, geographic location, and length of a visit were significant in predicting BP screening. Gender, race, ethnicity, or urban location were not. A stepwise logistic regression confirmed these results. Rates of screening BP at well-child visits have increased but fall short of current recommendations. High-risk children are not screened at a rate different from their lower risk peers.
Primary Care Supports for Children with Chronic Health Conditions: Identifying and Predicting Unmet Family Needs

Objective To examine unmet needs among families of children with chronic health conditions treated in primary care settings and to identify predictors of these needs. Method Primary care physicians referred 83 caregivers of children with chronic health conditions. Mothers completed the Family Needs Survey, as well as other measures of child and family functioning. Results Mothers reported a high prevalence and broad range of unmet family needs. The most frequent area of need was for information about services and ways to promote child health and development. Predictors of total number of family needs included demographic characteristics, ratings of social support, and appraisals of family burden. Predictors of specific types of family needs varied according to category of need. Conclusions Innovative psychosocial intervention programs are needed in primary care settings to reduce family needs and promote child health. More intensive family supports may be indicated for those with minority-group or low socioeconomic status, limited social support, or high perceived burden.
Sequence planning for robotic assembly of tetrahedral truss structures

An artificial intelligence approach to planning the robotic assembly of large tetrahedral truss structures is presented. Based on the computational formalism known as production system, the approach exploits the simplicity and uniformity of the shapes of the parts and the regularity of their interconnection to drastically reduce the required geometric reasoning computation. The global database consists of a hexagonal grid representation of the truss structure. This representation captures the multiple hierarchies in tetrahedral truss structures and allows a substantial reduction of the search space without sacrificing completeness. It allows the choice of a hierarchy to be made only when needed, thus allowing a more informed decision. Testing the preconditions of the production rules is computationally inexpensive because the patterned way in which the struts are interconnected is incorporated into the topology of the hexagonal grid representation. A directed graph representation of assembly sequences allows the use of both graph search and backtracking control strategies. The extension of the approach to planning repair sequences is outlined. A prototype planner, named TASP, has been implemented and successfully generated assembly sequences for a structure made of 102 struts. >
Barriers to physical activity and healthy eating in young breast cancer survivors: modifiable risk factors and associations with body mass index

Physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) are important behaviors to encourage in breast cancer survivors (BCS). We examined associations between various factors and barriers to PA (BPA) and barriers to HE (BHE), as well as relationships between barriers and body mass index (BMI) in younger BCS. Self-reported data from 162 BCS (mean age 48 years) were used. BPA were assessed with a 21-item scale and BHE with a 19-item scale. Participants were classified as high or low on each scale. Sociodemographic, medical, and psychosocial characteristics were compared by high/low barriers. Correlates of continuous BPA and BHE were assessed as were associations among BHE, BPA, and BMI. 61 % of participants were characterized as having low BHE and low BPA; 12 % were high for both. High BHE/high BPA participants had the least favorable scores for depression, perceived stress, social support, fatigue, bladder control, and weight problems. Factors associated with BHE were lower education, higher perceived stress, and more severe weight problems. Factors associated with BPA were more severe bladder control problems and lower physical well-being. Higher BHE and BPA were significantly and uniquely associated with higher BMI, controlling for covariates. Several biopsychosocial factors (e.g., depression, stress, and fatigue) characterize young BCS who experience barriers to both HE and PA. The correlates of BHE and BPA are distinct. Both BHE and BPA are associated with BMI. These results should be considered in designing interventions for younger women with breast cancer.
The Toledo Exercise and Diet Study: Results at 26 Weeks

• This study was designed to test whether an exercise program is additive to diet counseling in lowering elevated blood cholesterol levels. From a screened population of 1024 subjects, we randomized 66 predominantly female subjects to two intervention groups: diet counseling and diet counseling with exercise. Subjects were selected who had elevated levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, an average or low fitness level, and a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. After 26 weeks of intervention, 51 subjects exhibited significant decreases in serum levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The addition of exercise to diet counseling resulted in improved aerobic capacity, losses of body fat and weight, and further nonsignificant decreases in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Since these results differ from data acquired in individuals with normal to borderline serum cholesterol levels, further studies appear indicated in hypercholesterolemic subjects, especially in women. (Arch Intern Med.1990;150:1016-1020)
Life Histories in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice

This article defines and compares several narrative methods used to describe and interpret patients' lives. The biographical methods presented are case histories, life-charts, life histories, life stories, assisted autobiography, hermeneutic case reconstruction, therapeutic employment, volitional narratives, and occupational storytelling and story making. Emphasis is placed the clinician as a collaborator and interpreter of the patient's life through ongoing interactions and dialogue.
Intervention to reduce inappropriate ionized calcium ordering practices: a quality-improvement project.

Context: The importance of an abnormal ionized calcium (iCa) measurement in noncritically ill patients is unclear. Furthermore, iCa monitoring is more expensive than measurement of total calcium and consumes more laboratory resources. We hypothesize that most iCa tests are ordered for routine monitoring in asymptomatic patients, and results do not influence clinical management. Objective: To characterize and to intervene on iCa testordering practices among our institution’s hospital-based internal medicine clinicians. Design: A quality-improvement project, with retrospective review of clinical records. We retrospectively identified the first 100 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital internal medicine (HIM) services during January 2012 with an iCa test ordered during their hospitalization. We reviewed clinical records to determine the appropriateness of iCa test ordering and of the ordering department. An educational intervention regarding the appropriateness of iCa testing was undertaken targeting HIM clinicians. Main Outcome Measures: The effect of the intervention was assessed by identifying a sample of the first 100 consecutive patients admitted to HIM services during November 2012 and by comparing the proportion of iCa tests ordered by HIM clinicians before and after the intervention. Results: HIM services were responsible for 38% of iCa measurements before the educational intervention, with the remainder originating primarily from the Emergency Department (29%) and intensive care units (28%). After the intervention, the internal medicine services were responsible for 13% of iCa measurements, which represented a 66% reduction (p = 0.0007). Conclusion: A simple intervention based on clinician education can reduce the frequency of routine iCa monitoring in stable hospitalized patients.
Triumph Forsaken: Peaceful Coexistence: 1956–1959

“ there are only two ways ,” said nikita khrushchev to the delegates, “either peaceful coexistence or the most destructive war in history. There is no third way.” Speaking to the Twentieth Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in February 1956, Khrushchev was announcing the new foreign policy line that the Soviet Union would pursue, by and large, until Khrushchev's exit in 1964. The policy of peaceful coexistence, part of a sweeping repudiation of Stalinism, rejected the old notion that defeating capitalism required international confrontation and war. Because nuclear weapons had convinced both sides that a war of the superpowers would mean suicide, Khrushchev, like Eisenhower, had come to the conclusion that the struggle between socialism and capitalism would be resolved by peaceful competition in the economic sphere. “Our certainty of the victory of communism is based on the fact that the socialist mode of production possesses decisive advantages over the capitalist mode of production,” Khrushchev explained in his speech. Khrushchev's desire for peace among the major powers did not, however, translate into a desire for peace within countries. Although the working class in some capitalist countries could take power peacefully, through the electoral process, Khrushchev believed that the working class in other countries would have to rise up and destroy the capitalist government by force. In accordance with the new policy of peaceful coexistence, the Soviets told the North Vietnamese that they should not take up arms against South Vietnam.
Carbinolamines, Imines, and Oxazolidines from Fluorinated Propranolol Analogs. 19F NMR and Mass Spectral Characterization and Evidence for Formation as Intermediates in Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed N-Dealkylation

Formation of carbinolamine, imine, and oxazolidines from the reactions of desisopropylpropranolol (5), its O -methyl ether (10), and 3-(1-naphthoxy)propylamine (11) with trifluoroacetone and trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal was investigated by 19 F NMR and tandem mass spectrometry. Products from the metabolism of the related secondary amine substrates trifluoropropranolol (7), its O -methyl ether (23), and its N -trifluoroethyl- O -methyl ether analog (24) in the presence of rat liver microsomes and CYP1A2 were examined to determine whether these species were formed. The 19 F NMR experiments showed the presence of carbinolamine and imine species from these primary amines and fluorinated carbonyl compounds in solution. Mass spectral experiments under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization-ion trap conditions showed formation of imine metabolites (and/or oxazolidine from 7) as well as products of N -dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation when the secondary amine substrates were incubated with rat liver microsomes or CYP1A2. In spite of mass spectral evidence for these imines as metabolites, we were unable to detect the carbinolamines under the conditions used in these studies. Their presence is inferred from the results of the 19 F NMR experiments.
WLS-ENO

ENO (Essentially Non-Oscillatory) and WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) schemes are widely used high-order schemes for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), especially hyperbolic conservation laws with piecewise smooth solutions. For structured meshes, these techniques can achieve high order accuracy for smooth functions while being non-oscillatory near discontinuities. For unstructured meshes, which are needed for complex geometries, similar schemes are required but they are much more challenging. We propose a new family of non-oscillatory schemes, called WLS-ENO, in the context of solving hyperbolic conservation laws using finite-volume methods over unstructured meshes. WLS-ENO is derived based on Taylor series expansion and solved using a weighted least squares formulation. Unlike other non-oscillatory schemes, the WLS-ENO does not require constructing sub-stencils, and hence it provides a more flexible framework and is less sensitive to mesh quality. We present rigorous analysis of the accuracy and stability of WLS-ENO, and present numerical results in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D for a number of benchmark problems, and also report some comparisons against WENO.
Can China Establish a Political Democracy? A Critique of Current Analyses of Chinese Political Capabilities

IS THE immaturity of Western social and political sciences one of the factors responsible for China's fortunes during the past generation and a half? Is this condition thus responsible in part for the unrealized dreams of various "modern intellectuals" for immediate representative government in China? Or, to reverse the approach so as to look toward the future, do China's misfortunes and do the thwarted schemes of various Chinese intellectuals, imply the need of certain developments in social and political science? Might such developments in turn permit the social and political sciences to be of greater use in China's further ventures and experiments in the direction of political democracy?-These questions, both practical and theoretical, both retrospective and predictive, call for consideration together.
A POSITIVE POLITICAL THEORY OF RULES AND STANDARDS

How judges choose between rules and standards fundamentally shapes case outcomes and the development of broader doctrine. While the literature has much to say about the relative merits of rules versus standards, it has largely failed to produce a comprehensive explanation of how judges make that choice. This Article takes a novel approach, using Positive Political Theory to examine the incentives of higher court judges and the information available to them about how lower court judges will be likely to use those doctrinal tools. By taking seriously both how substantive and ideological judicial preferences shape the choice over doctrinal form as well as the value that judges place on legal obedience, we bridge the divide between the overt cynicism of legal realism and the credulity of much of the rules-standards debate. Our Article identifies the dominant factors in judicial decision-making, at both the higher and lower court level – legal obedience and political ideology. Within that framework, we show how six factors determine higher court choice over rules versus standards: political alignment within the hierarchical judicial system; the distribution of case facts; the inherent control characteristics of rules versus standards; the effect of overlapping doctrines; the extent that lower court discretion is unavoidable; and the effect of political heterogeneity on a multi-member higher court. * Herbert D. Kelleher Centennial Professor of Business Law, McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin; Professor of Law, University of Texas Law School; Professor of Government, University of Texas at Austin. Email: crossf@mail.utexas.edu. ** Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law. E-mail: t-jacobi@law.northwestern.edu. *** J. Landis Marting Professor of Law and Business, Northwestern University School of Law. E-mail: tiller@law.northwestern.edu. ______________________________________________________________________ A Positive Political Theory of Rules and Standards 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
n-3 and n-6 PUFA-mediated modulation of HER-2/neu membrane localization and signaling in breast cancer

B69 Given the poor prognosis of HER-2/neu overexpression positive and/or hormone resistant breast cancer and reliance on toxic systemic therapies, new treatments to prevent the onset and/or recurrence of this aggressive molecular subtype are needed. We previously demonstrated that fish oil-based diets suppressed breast tumor incidence (p=0.0001), multiplicity (p=0.001), and mammary gland atypia (p=0,001) in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. These findings led us to hypothesize that HER-2/neu-mediated mammary carcinogenesis may be uniquely susceptible to dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To determine the effects of n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs on early pre-invasive stages of HER-2/neu-mediated mammary carcinogenesis, we fed HER-2/neu mice diets enriched with corn or fish oil (25% of energy) from 7 weeks to 25, 30 and 35 weeks of age. Although histopathologic assessment of mammary glands did not reveal significant differences in the grade of mammary gland atypia between the ages, the grade differed significantly between the diets (p = 0.0035), controlling for age. On average, the estimated grade for mice fed the corn oil diets was 1.43 times higher than mice fed the fish oil enriched diets (95% CI: 0.47, 2.39). In order to elucidate the potential mechanism of these effects on early HER-2/neu-induced carcinogenesis, we investigated the modulation of HER-2/neu receptor interactions in the cell membrane and subsequent modulation of downstream signal transduction. Treatment of HER-2/neu+ breast cancer cells with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs demonstrated displacement of HER-2/neu protein from the lipid raft compartment of the cell membrane, which correlated with downregulation of signaling through ras and Akt. Membrane localization of HER-3, a heterodimer partner for HER-2/neu, also decreased in the raft fractions. HER-2/neu expression also decreased with n-3 versus n-6 PUFA treatment, indicating that the inhibitory effects of n-3 fatty acids on HER-2/neu-mediated signaling may result from both downregulation of the receptor and disruption of membrane signaling complexes. Dietary n-3 PUFAs may thus target specific molecular subtypes of breast cancer such as HER-2/neu-mediated disease that rely on protein-membrane interactions.
The Contributions of the Developmental and Priming Environments to the Expression of the T Cell Receptor Repertoire

We have been examining the influence of Ia molecules on the fine specificity of T cell antigen recognition. Both the B10.A and the B10.S(9R) strains of mice respond to pigeon cytochrome c in the context of homologous Ia molecules formed by the post-translational pairing of I-E-encoded alpha chains and I-A-encoded beta chains. The response in both strains is directed against the same determinant on the pigeon cytochrome c molecule, and the response is inhibited in both strains by a single anti-Ia monoclonal antibody specific for a combinatorial determinant on I-A/Eβk,s-Eαk Ia molecules. About 10% of the pigeon cytochrome c-responsive T cell clones from B10.A mice recognize the antigen in the context of both B10.A and allogeneic B10.S(9R) antigen presenting cells (APC), and a larger proportion of such antigen-specific clones from the B10.S(9R) respond in the presence of APC from both haplotypes (Matis, et al., submitted manuscript).
Role of the salivary glands in protecting the stomach against ethanol

The submandibular gland complex was removed from young adult Wistar rats. Sham operations were performed on control animals. Three weeks later, the animals were starved for 24 hr and after pyloric ligation the stomachs were instilled with 30% ethanol. Two hours later, the animals were killed and the surface areas of the ulcerated mucosae were measured and the values used as ulcer index scores. In male, but not female, rats prior sialoadenectomy significantly exacerbated ethanol-induced gastric ulceration of the glandular stomach mucosa. This increase in ulceration was accompanied by an increase In the backflux of acid Into the injured tissue. Sialoadenectomy had no statistically significant effect on histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion when these were measured 3 weeks later. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was administered subcutaneously to intact animals in which the stomachs had been filled with 30% ethanol. When administered at a dose of 10 μg/kg per hr EGF significantly reduced the ethanol-induced ulceration High molecular weight nerve growth factor (7s NGF) was administered intragastrically prior to instilling ethanol in the stomachs of intact rats. The NGF had no effect on the seventy of ethanol-induced ulcers. These data suggest that saliva protects the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced ulceration and that salivary EGF is a possible candidate for this protection.
Analysis of exploitable vulnerability sequences in industrial networked systems: a proof of concepts

Software vulnerabilities can affect the security of any computer and industrial networked systems are no exception. Information about known vulnerabilities and possible countermeasures is being collected and published since several years, however the methodical introduction of changes and/or software patches in many industrial networks is not always possible, so that some known flaws can be left untreated as they are not considered harmful in principle. Unfortunately, a suitable combination (sequence) of vulnerabilities which are not dangerous when considered as insulated, can provide undesired attack paths to malicious users. This paper deals with the automated discovery of such sequences of known vulnerabilities in industrial scenarios by leveraging an analysis framework already developed for the verification of access control policies in real-world systems.
Knowing Your Boundaries: A Review of the Definitions and Imaging Features of Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Carcinoma

Introduction Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and has the lowest survival rate of any solid malignancy. Additionally, it is one of the few cancers with an increasing incidence over the past decade. Owing to the tumor 's insidious onset and aggressive biology, tumors often present at an advanced stage. Marginnegative tumor resection is the only curative technique, but only 15%-20%of patients have potentially resectable disease at the time of presentation. Although surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic options have become more advanced, the mortality rate has actually slightly increased between 1996 and 2011. Imaging is the primary means for staging pancreatic cancer and therefore carries substantial implications for appropriate patient management. Most commonly, the staging of pancreatic carcinoma follows American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines. In the absence of metastatic disease, tumors are classified into resectable, borderline resectable, and unresectable locally advanced disease for the purposes of clinical management. Unfortunately, multiple classification definitions have been proposed, making standardization difficult. In this article, we will discuss different imaging strategies used to assess pancreatic adenocarcinoma and review the current, most common definitions of borderline resectable pancreatic carcinoma, including recent updates. We will review and demonstrate the imaging features of borderline resectable tumors. Examples will illustrate how using different definitions can cause the same tumor to be classified differently, as either resectable, borderline resectable, or locally advanced.
Further evidence for a role of the renin-angiotensin system in regulation of aldosterone secretion.

SummaryInjections of hog renin extracts with a purity of 24 units/mg protein and semipurified extracts of human kidney increased aldosterone secretion in hypophysectomized-nephrectomized dogs. Two erythropoietin preparations were inactive. Infusions of large doses of the angiotensin analogue (5-valine, 8-phenylalanine diamide) produced a minimal pressor response and only a slight increase in aldosterone secretion. Infusions of 1-methyl-6 methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, tetrahydro-2-carboline into simple hypophysectomized or hypophysectomized-nephrectomized dogs did not stimulate aldosterone secretion.
Crystal structure of [(C2H5)2NH2]2[Cd3Br8(CdBr2)] · H2O: An augmented ribbon structure

Abstract The crystal structure of [(C2H5)2NH2]2[Cd3Br8(CdBr2)] · H2O contains decorated [ Cd 3 Br 8 ] n 2 n - ribbons. The ribbons can be visualized as triple chains of edge-shared CdBr6 octahedra excised from the parent hexagonal CdBr2 lattice by the action of the diethylammonium ‘molecular scissors’. Each ribbon is augmented by CdBr2 groups that bind to pairs of terminal Br− ions on the edges of the ribbons to create a fringe of distorted tetrahedral CdBr4 species. N–H⋯Br and O–H⋯Br hydrogen bonds stabilize the resultant networks.
Bipolar electrocautery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

ABSTRACT Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in 100 patients using bipolar electrocautery for hemostasis. Cholecystectomy was completed laparoscopically in 94 patients. No deaths or common bile duct injuries occurred. In this single surgeon's experience, bipolar electrocautery is a safe, effective, and economical modality in laparoscpic cholecystectomy.
ZERO SET OF SOBOLEV FUNCTIONS WITH NEGATIVE POWER OF INTEGRABILITY

Here the authors are interested in the zero set of Sobolev functions and functions of bounded variation with negative power of integrability. The main result is a general Hausdorff dimension estimate on the size of zero set. The research is motivated by the model on van der waal force driven thin film, which is a singular elliptic equation. After obtaining some basic regularity result, the authors get an estimate on the size of singular set; such set corresponds to the thin film rupture set in the thin film model.