cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental state attributions and the side-effect effect

Abstract The side-effect effect, in which an agent who does not specifically intend an outcome is seen as having brought it about intentionally, is thought to show that moral factors inappropriately bias judgments of intentionality, and to challenge standard mental state models of intentionality judgments. This study used matched vignettes to dissociate a number of moral factors and mental states. Results support the view that mental states, and not moral factors, explain the side-effect effect. However, the critical mental states appear not to be desires as proposed in standard models, but rather ‘deeper’ evaluative states including values and core evaluative attitudes.
CG on the high seas

Hear about one grad student's animation adventure producing a short while living with scientists aboard a research vessel for eight weeks in the North Pacific.
The 6th Computational Structural Bioinformatics Workshop

The rapid accumulation of macromolecular structures presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities in the analysis, comparison, modeling, and prediction of macromolecular structures and interactions. The 6th Computational Structural Bioinformatics Workshop (CSBW) was held in Philadelphia on October 4, 2012. This issue includes eleven papers selected from the work presented at the CSBW of 2012. In "Four-body atomic potential for modeling protein-ligand binding affinity: application to enzyme-inhibitor binding energy prediction", a predictive model of free-energy was built to evaluate the binding between a protein and a ligand. In "Unbiased, scalable sampling of protein loop conformations from probabilistic priors", a new Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was proposed to generate unbiased conformations of closed protein loops from probabilistic priors. In "Enhancement of accuracy and efficiency for RNA secondary structure prediction by sequence segmentation and MapReduce", authors demonstrate an enhanced method by cutting a long RNA sequence into smaller chunks at strategically selected points, and distributing the tasks to multiple processors. In "A population-based evolutionary search approach to the multiple minima problem in de novo protein structure prediction", the authors present an evolutionary search algorithm to obtain a discrete representation of the protein energy surface in terms of an ensemble of conformations representing local energy minima. In "Estimating loop length from Cryo-EM images at medium resolutions", the authors developed a computational geometry method to simplify the points along the skeleton to measure loop length in 3D images. The paper "A conservation and rigidity based method for detecting critical protein residues" presents a method that combines the rigidity and the evolutionary conservation in detection of the critical residues. In "A conservation and biophysics guided stochastic approach to refining docked multimeric proteins", the authors introduce a refinement method that accepts complexes consisting of any number of monomeric units. In "Elucidating the ensemble of functionally-relevant transitions in protein systems with a robotics-inspired method," the authors present a robotics-inspired tree-based method to sample energetically-credible conformational pathways connecting diverse functional states in multimodal proteins. The paper "An aggregate analysis of many predicted structures to reduce errors in protein structure comparison caused by conformational flexibility" applies protein structure prediction algorithms to enhance the classification of homologous proteins according to their binding preferences. In "DINC: A new AutoDock-based protocol for docking large ligands", an enhanced method was demonstrated for docking large ligands. The paper "Modeling protein conformational transitions by a combination of coarse-grained normal mode analysis and robotics-inspired methods" presents an efficient approach involving robotics concepts.
Recognition of native DNA methylation by the PvuII restriction endonuclease

Recognizing the methylation status of specific DNA sequences is central to the function of many systems in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Restriction–modification systems have to distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ DNA and depend on the inability of restriction endonucleases to cleave their DNA substrates when the DNA is appropriately methylated. These endonucleases thus provide a model system for studying the recognition of DNA methylation by proteins. We have characterized the interaction of R·PvuII with DNA containing the physiologically relevant N4-methylcytosine modification. R·PvuII binds N4m C-modified DNA and cleaves it very slowly. Methylated strands in hemimethylated duplexes were cleaved at a higher rate than in fully methylated duplexes, in parallel with a higher binding affinity for hemimethylated DNA. The co-crystal structures of R·PvuII–DNA, together with a mutagenesis study, have implicated specific amino acids in recognition of the methylatable base; one of these is His84. We report that replacing His84 with Ala reduced the rate of cleavage of unmodified DNA but, in contrast, slightly increased the cleavage of N4m C-modified
Knowledge of Child Abuse and Reporting Practices Among Early Care and Education Providers

This study sought to assess child abuse knowledge and reporting practices of a diverse sample of early care and education (ECE) practitioners. One hundred and thirty-seven practitioners in the state of Florida completed the Early Childhood Educators Child Abuse Questionnaire. Results revealed that only a minority of participants have been involved in making child abuse reports. Although most reported receiving training in child maltreatment, many still were unsure of legal requirements of reporting. Responses to vignettes of potential abuse revealed a tendency to report to school administration more often than reporting directly to authorities. On a test of child abuse knowledge, the majority of the respondents demonstrated a fair level of knowledge. Recommendations for future research involving ECE administrators are suggested.
From molecular electronics to proteonics: Break junctions for biomarker detection

Break junctions have emerged as an important tool to interrogate electrical transport properties of molecules. A number of approaches have been reported for the fabrication of break junctions, including optical/e-beam lithography, electromigration, and electrochemical deposition of conductive materials. All of these are either time consuming (due to slow e-beam writing) or give low yield. We report a novel method to fabricate a nanogap between two gold electrodes. A scratch made by focused ion beam (FIB) milling followed by electromigration provides rapid and high throughput break junctions. These nanogap break junctions are used to selectively capture and electrically detect cancer biomarker protein.
Intellectual Interest Mediates Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Adolescent Academic Achievement

Recent studies have demonstrated that genetic influences on cognitive ability and academic achievement are larger for children raised in higher socioeconomic status (SES) homes. However, little work has been done to document the psychosocial processes that underlie this Gene × Environment interaction. One process may involve the conversion of intellectual interest into academic achievement. Analyses of data from 777 pairs of 17-year-old twins indicated that Gene × SES effects on achievement scores can be accounted for by stronger influences of genes for intellectual interest on achievement at higher levels of SES. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that higher SES affords greater opportunity for children to seek out and benefit from learning experiences that are congruent with their genetically influenced intellectual interests.
Judicial Response or Litigant Strategy: Examining the Success of the U.S. Solicitor General

In political science the well-known “Attitudinal Model” of legal decision making dictates that judges’ sincere policy preferences drive legal outcomes. In contrast, the celebrated “Selection Hypothesis” from the law and economics literature suggests that litigants carefully consider factors affecting potential case success (including judicial ideology) and accordingly choose to settle cases in which legal outcomes can be readily predicted in the name of efficiency. Thus, judges end up adjudicating a non-random set of cases which, in the typical situation, should not lend themselves to ideological decision making. From this perspective, the influence of Supreme Court justices’ ideological preferences on outcomes should be obviated by the forward thinking decisions of mindful litigants. We are left with two dominant theories on jurisprudential outcomes that appear to be at odds with each other. We endeavor to address this situation by incorporating litigant selection effect considerations into a basic attitudinal account of Supreme Court justice decision making. Our primary thesis that the influence of judicial ideology on legal outcomes is conditioned on case sorting decisions that precede the justices’ case decisions on merits. We also extend our assessment of this thesis by evaluating our basic model on a subset of cases involving the Court’s most formidable litigator – the federal government.
Minerals of Arizona: A Field Guide for Collectors

Minerals of Arizona: A Field Guide for Collectors, Neil R. Bearce 1999, Geoscience Press, Tucson, 187p. (Softcover $19.95) ISBN: 0-945005-33-4. The author states, “This book is intended to be a field guide for active collectors, not a scientific mineralogy text.” Consequently the greatest contribution the author makes is the presentation of documented, well-illustrated collecting sites. It clearly is a book about “places you can go and rocks you can find.” The topographic maps and accompanying photographs at key road intersections are of high quality and will be of great assistance to those attempting …
Numerical Study of Flow Through Models of Aortic Valve Stenoses and Assessment of Gorlin Equation

Gorlin equation has been applied in clinical practice for evaluating the aortic valve area (AVA) of vascular and aortic valve stenosis for past sixty years [1]. It was derived using the Bernoulli equation across the stenosis with the assumption that the velocity of the fluid behind the stenosis is much greater than the velocity upstream of the stenosis. Because of this assumption, the calculated stenosed area may have large error if the flow rate across the valve is low or the stenosis is mild [2]. In a recent paper, Okpara and Agarwal [3] proposed a new equation (Agarwal – Okpara equation) which significantly decreases the evaluation error compared to the Gorlin Equation. The purpose of this paper is to modify the Agarwal – Okpara equation to generalize its applicability based on additional data calculated from the commercial CFD software FLUENT as well as the clinical data obtained from the literature. A total of ten cases are computed using CFD to assess the range of validity of the Gorlin equation and the Agarwal – Okpara equation. In addition, eighty clinical data points were obtained from the papers of Minners et al. [4] and Hakii et al. [5] covering a large range of severity of stenosis. The error in AVA computed from Gorlin equation and Agarwal – Okpara equation varied from 7.44 to 82.14% and 0.06 to 27.26% respectively compared to the CFD simulation data, and 41.47 to 83.60% and 8.88 to 33.98% respectively compared to the clinical data; however, AVA calculated using the Agarwal – Okpara – Bao equation presented in this paper gives results within 0.42 to 9.6% error compared to the exact AVA used in FLUENT simulations, and from 4.76 to 24.13% compared to the clinical data. The Agarwal – Okpara – Bao equation agrees with the clinical data for all relevant flow rates and full range of severity of stenosis. Thus, the use of Agarwal – Okpara – Bao equation to evaluate AVA in clinical practice is suggested.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Collision of Personal Injury and State Action: Are Private State Torts Actionable under the Federal Civil Rights Laws?

This article previews the issues and arguments in Collins v. City of Harker Heights, on the Supreme Court’s 1991-92 appellate docket. City of Harker Heights presents two separate issues. First, the Court must decide whether in pleading an action under the civil rights statute sufficiently to withstand an early motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, an aggrieved party must allege state action, the deprivation of a constitutionally protected interest, and the additional element of an "abuse of governmental authority" in the state's actions toward the injured employee. Second, the Court must determine whether an injured state employee has a liberty or personal security interest directly protected under the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause, or a life or liberty interest under Texas law, also protected by the due process clause and hence by the civil rights statute.In the second case this term concerning the scope of civil rights actions (see Hafer v. Melo), the Court addresses the potentially wide-reaching question of whether the victim of a garden-variety tort should have a day in federal court. The basic federal civil rights statute provides that any person acting under color of state law who deprives another of "any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws" is liable to the injured party 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Supreme Court has recognized the concept of a so-called "constitutional tort," which typically permits victims of major-league constitutional violations of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to seek redress in federal court. See Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961).City of Harker Heights poses a great line-drawing dilemma for the Supreme Court. If a state worker is injured on the job, under what circumstances can the employee sue the state employer under the federal civil rights act? Are constitutional torts the only redressable injuries, or does the civil rights statute provide relief for other non-constitutional torts? At the extreme, the Court is confronted with a floodgates scenario ― that the decision in Harker Heights may open the possibility of constitutionalizing all private tort actions, giving litigants federal court access to resolve basically state-based tort disputes.City of Harker Heights presents the Court with two separate but equally important questions concerning the substantive scope of federal civil rights protection and the procedural pleading requirements for seeking redress for violations of those protections. Harker Heights is an extraordinarily important case because the Court's decision could make state governments and various municipal entities liable under Section 1983 for various employee injuries on the job. The Court's decision will be closely watched to see how it defines and limits state liability.
Assessment Measures: Pre-Tests for Successful Distance Teaching and Learning?

With the growing popularity and acceptance of Web-based or Internet-delivered education, maintaining pedagogical efficacy and integrity must remain primary goals and objectives. Developing online coursework is becoming a skill required by many in higher education and its predecessors in K-12 education. The technologies are continually streamlined and simplified, thereby opening the doors for any and all to teach and study in virtual environments. Yet, questions remain which speak directly to pedagogical efficacy and integrity. Can anyone study—and thrive—in an online classroom? What skills and qualities should or must one possess as a distance student? And, likewise, is teaching online a natural outgrowth of classroom teaching? Or, are there qualities inherent to instructors in the online arena contributing to "successful" teaching?
Health and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Its Components

Publisher Summary Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is the world's largest edible oil in terms of production and trade. Palm oil's balanced fatty acid composition makes it one of the most versatile oils for food industry applications. Moreover, crude palm oil is also one of the richest dietary sources of pro-vitamin A and vitamin E. This chapter discusses the nutritional properties of palm oil, both in terms of fatty acid composition as well as its constituents that are being increasingly exploited in nutrition research for their potential health benefits. Nutrition research related to palm oil has explored primarily its fatty acid composition and micronutrient content in relation to health and disease. The nutritional role of palm minor components has garnered much attention these days. Several studies provide strong and convincing evidence that red palm oil can be effectively used in regular food items to prevent vitamin A deficiency. The competitive price of palm oil and good bioavailability of the palm carotenoids give it at a greater advantage than synthetic vitamin A.
A Structural Estimation of the Cost of Suboptimal Matching in the CEO Labor Market

Using a structural model, I examine the distortionary effects of frictions in the CEO labor market. Firms experience productivity shocks over time and either outgrow or underutilize their incumbent CEO's talent, but keep their manager to avoid a switching cost. The decision to replace a manager depends on the magnitude of the cost and dispersion of CEO talent. I find CEO talent to be quite heterogeneous. Additionally, I estimate the switching cost to be 20% of the median firm's annual earnings. While reduced-form estimates of the switching cost serve as a lower bound on the reduction in firm value, they underestimate the overall effect which also includes the resulting inefficient firm-CEO matches. Using counterfactual analysis, the switching cost is estimated to decrease the median firm's value by 4.8%, four times larger than the reduced-form estimate. While firms experience an observable decrease in earnings when finally replacing CEOs, I find evidence of a considerable unobservable cost associated with the inability of firms and managers to be optimally matched in the cross-section.
Immunomodulation By Subchronic Low Dose 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Absence of Pertussis Toxin.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. To investigate the pathogenicity of various T cell types in MS, especially IFN-γ- or IL-17-producing CD4(+ )cells (TH1 or TH17 cells, respectively), the mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is commonly used. One method by which EAE is induced is immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide (MOG35-55) followed by subsequent injections of pertussis toxin (PTX) as an adjuvant. We have an interest in the mechanisms by which EAE occurs in the absence of PTX because it induces a milder disease state more consistent with autoimmune disease onset and PTX inactivates Gi/o protein-coupled receptors, many of which contribute to immune homeostasis. Another receptor that plays a role in immune homeostasis is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In fact, the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to attenuate EAE pathogenesis by affecting CD4(+ )T and regulatory T (Treg) cells in an AHR-dependent manner. However, many of these studies have been conducted with an acute high dose TCDD. Thus, the goal of this work was to investigate the modulation of MOG-specific immune responses with subchronic low dose TCDD (0.1-1.0 μg/kg/d for 12 days) in EAE without PTX. The results demonstrate that subchronic, low dose exposure of TCDD attenuates the immune responses in EAE development in the absence of PTX, which is due in part to suppression of MOG-specific IL-17A and IFN-γ responses.
Strain Relief and Defect Formation in High Dose Oxygen Implanted Silicon

Lattice strain and defect formation in oxygen implanted silicon (SIMOX) were investigated as a function of dose and annealing conditions by high resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray rocking curves revealed the presence of two distinct strained layers. Self-interstitial clusters and oxygen interstitials gave rise to a buried strain layer in unidirectional tension centered around the projected range at low doses (lx1016 and 3x1016 cm¯ 2. As the dose was increased to 1x1017 and 3x1017 cm¯ 2 a supersaturation of vacancies near the surface produced a second strain layer with a unidirectional lattice contraction at the wafer surface. Annealing at 900°C, 0.5 hr. reduced this surface strain as the defects coarsened into observable cavities. The development of cavities upon annealing was used in a sequential implantation and low temperature annealing process to produce low threading dislocation density SIMOX. Possible mechanisms for threading dislocation formation are discussed.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Magic-Sized CdSe Nanoclusters: Influence of Ligands on Nanocluster Growth and Photophysical Properties

We present a low-temperature (68–70 °C) synthesis of green light-emitting, trioctylphosphine oxide-capped magic-sized CdSe nanoclusters from the reaction of trioctylphosphine oxide–cadmium acetate precursors with trioctylphosphine selenide. We observed continuous growth of these magic-sized nanoclusters, which displayed a first absorption peak at 422 nm and broad luminescence covering the entire visible region. The diameter of the nanoclusters determined by transmission electron microscopic measurement was ∼1.8 nm. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed a sharp peak at low angle (2θ = 5.3°), confirming the formation of ultrasmall, magic-sized nanoclusters. The nanocluster formation was also studied using different purities of trioctylphosphine oxide. The synthetic protocol was extended to the preparation of oleylamine-, ethylphosphonic acid-, lauric acid-, and trioctylamine-stabilized magic-sized CdSe nanoclusters. Importantly, the investigation showed that the nature of the cadmium precursors plays a c...
The Story of the Corporate Reorganization Provisions: From 'Purely Paper' to Corporate Welfare

Corporate reorganizations occupy a special place in American business tax law. As defined by the Internal Revenue Code, specific corporate reorganizations are granted the benefit of non-recognition treatment. That is, neither corporations nor shareholders recognize the gain or loss on the exchange of securities related to a reorganization, even though such an exchange constitutes a tax realization event. This chapter charts the historical beginnings and early development of this tax benefit for corporate reorganizations.By chronicling the changing political, economic and social contexts from which this tax law arose, this chapter explores how and why the justifications for this corporate tax preference have changed over time. In contrast to past scholarship on this topic, which has generally tended to dwell on singular explanations for the origins of this provision, this chapter contends that the corporate reorganization provisions were created and broadened for historically specific reasons. The explanations and rationales for tax-favored treatment varied over time just as the social, political and economic conditions that supported them changed.To be sure, institutional and bureaucratic inertia played a pivotal part in the persistence of these tax laws. But, ultimately, it was the tractable and protean nature of these justifications and rationales that explain the longevity of these tax rules. The multi-valence of the reorganization provisions across time, in turn, helped to create entrenched political interests that facilitated institutional inertia and frustrated systematic reform. By focusing in greater detail on the historical processes at work during the formative development of this tax law, this chapter seeks to illustrate the contingent evolution of this tax rule; it seeks to show how current policy is the result of past political choices - choices often made among several alternatives.This paper will be published as a chapter in a book entitled Business Tax Stories, to be published by Foundation Press later this year (2005).
DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING A SMART EDUCATIONAL BUILDING: CASE STUDY

In this paper we describe the design of an educational smart building and the innovative technologies that were implemented. In January of 2011, Florida Atlantic University opened its new LEED Platinum-Certified “Engineering East” building. The building was designed as both a model of how new technologies can drastically decrease the energy requirements of a large university building and for providing a “living laboratory” so that students and faculty may actually see how these systems work and interrelate. Engineering faculty was involved in providing inputs to the builder in creating state-of-the-art engineering laboratories.
Incorporating Civic Engagement in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Course

Incorporating civic engagement in science courses often presents a challenge of seamless integration of real-life issues and course content. This chapter offers an overview and a model for contextualizing human anatomy and physiology concepts, making them relevant to students’ lives and therefore encouraging a student-centered and student-driven inquiry into causes, consequences, and potential solutions to health-related issues faced by society. A series of assignments ranging from rather simple investigations into students’ perceptions of the usefulness and meaningfulness of civic engagement in a biology course to group presentations on food-related social issues and the pathophysiological basis of disease are illustrated and supplemented with examples of student work. Not only were these assignments designed to engage and motivate students to study the subject matter of the course, but also, perhaps more importantly, to empower students to become educated and literate consumers of the health-care industry, thoughtful and compassionate health-care providers, and engaged citizens aware of social issues as well as capable of advocacy.
Meta analysis on risk factors of asthma in children and attributable risk percent

Objective: To analyze the related risk factors of onset of asthma in children,provide a basis for early clinical intervention. Methods: The literatures related to risk factors of onset of asthma in children published from January 1995 to November 2012 in China were collected,and then a Meta analysis was conducted,population attributable risk percent was calculated,the risk factors of onset of asthma in children were analyzed. Results: The risk factors of onset of asthma in children included allergic history,atopic constitution,family history of asthma,allergic history of the first and second-degree relatives,common cold,respiratory tract infections,environmental factors( smell,smoking,and inhalation); breastfeeding was one of protective factors. The weights of risk factors of childhood asthma were estimated as follows: allergic history( 11. 15%),atopic constitution( 14. 29%),family history of asthma( 19. 17%),allergic history of the first and second-degree relatives( 21. 44%),common cold and respiratory tract infections( 26. 22%),environmental factors( 7. 73%). Conclusion: For the children with atopic constitution,breastfeeding is advocated and respiratory tract infections should be avoided to the greatest extent,avoiding inhalation of common allergens may prevent the occurrence of asthma in children.
De tanden van de doden van Pompeï

De skeletten van de slachtoffers van de uitbarsting van de vulkaan Vesuvius in het jaar 79 zitten al ruim een eeuw in poppen van gips geconserveerd. Maar dankzij CT-scans zijn hun gebitselementen nu zichtbaar geworden.
The long-run behavior of continuous time Bayesian networks

The continuous time Bayesian network (CTBN) is a temporal model consisting of interdependent continuous time Markov chains (Markov processes). One common analysis performed on Markov processes is determining their long-run behavior, such as their stationary distributions. While the CTBN can be transformed into a single Markov process of all nodes' state combinations, the size is exponential in the number of nodes, making traditional long-run analysis intractable. To address this, we show how to perform "long-run" node marginalization that removes a node's conditional dependence while preserving its long-run behavior. This allows long-run analysis of CTBNs to be performed in a top-down process without dealing with the entire network all at once.
Identifying Description Indicators for Research Data from Scientific Journal Publications

In order to support the sharing and reuse of scientific research data, rich description about the data must be made available. Scientific journal publications are a potential resource in contributing contextual details about the collection, generation, use, and analysis of data critical for facilitating meaningful interpretation. This poster presents an exploratory study on what information related to data can be identified from published literature on soil science research. The preliminary findings reveal the range of information detailed about data within journal publication including discussion of data sources, referenced techniques and processes applied to data, and description on how data variables were collected and derived. With the growth of digital data, these findings will contribute to the development of a systematic approach for enhancing description in data curation systems and services and fostering data reuse.
Environment/natural resources

This chapter deals with the environment/natural resources as they relate to industrial plant location. Natural resources are community assets that can be used to seek and attract industry. Since in many instances, natural resources are limited and are subject to exhaustion, governments have evolved conservation policies for many of these dwindling assets. In a number of countries, forest products, cropland, minerals, water, and petroleum resources are monitored to ensure a continuing source of supply. Increasingly, conservation movements are endorsing legislation worldwide to reduce industry access to many natural resources. Not only are the conservationists impacting access to natural resources but their activity, through regulations on air and other matters, impacts the day-to-day operations for most of industry. As a result, companies should make an environmental audit covering each new area under consideration for plant location. This audit should cover those rules and regulations, which may affect their industry's operations and costs. This chapter discusses in detail the importance of mineral resources, agricultural and forest products as well as water and climate for industrial development.
Students: relentless revolutionaries

Social theorists have often maintained that social revolutions generally do not begin with revolutionary intentions and that the causes and the processes of revolutions cannot be understood in ideological terms (Skocpol 1979:17). Analysts of large-scale social conflicts have argued that the collective actions of ordinary people and working classes are, by and large, conservative in nature and involve attempts to defend and preserve established rights (Calhoun 1983; Goldstone 1991b: 419-420; Hobsbawm 1973:12; Migdal 1974:248; Moore 1978:351-352; Scott 1979:129). These analyses, which originated largely from the European historical experience, cannot be applied to students in contemporary revolutions in developing countries. Students in developing countries have been at the forefront of revolutionary struggles and have revealed a very intense interest in fundamentally transforming the social structures. They have enjoyed immense prestige and have often played a very significant role in the revolutionary process. But even scholars of revolutions in contemporary developing countries have failed to examine the significant role of students in revolutions. As relentless revolutionaries, students have leapt to the forefront of the insurgencies in both timing and frequency of collective action in contemporary social revolutions in developing countries. Highly concentrated in colleges and universities, students possess extensive communication networks, which facilitate their collective action. Students in higher education often benefit from universities' relative autonomy – where it exists – and academic freedom, which provide them, at least theoretically, with immunity and insulation from state repression.
Health-related quality of life among adults 65 years and older in the United States, 2011-2012: a multilevel small area estimation approach.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop county-level estimates of poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among aged 65 years and older U.S. adults and to identify spatial clusters of poor HRQOL using a multilevel, poststratification approach. Methods Multilevel, random-intercept models were fit to HRQOL data (two domains: physical health and mental health) from the 2011–2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Using a poststratification, small area estimation approach, we generated county-level probabilities of having poor HRQOL for each domain in U.S. adults aged 65 and older, and validated our model-based estimates against state and county direct estimates. Results County-level estimates of poor HRQOL in the United States ranged from 18.07% to 44.81% for physical health and 14.77% to 37.86% for mental health. Correlations between model-based and direct estimates were higher for physical than mental HRQOL. Counties located in the Arkansas, Kentucky, and Mississippi exhibited the worst physical HRQOL scores, but this pattern did not hold for mental HRQOL, which had the highest probability of mentally unhealthy days in Illinois, Indiana, and Vermont. Conclusions Substantial geographic variation in physical and mental HRQOL scores exists among older U.S. adults. State and local policy makers should consider these local conditions in targeting interventions and policies to counties with high levels of poor HRQOL scores.
In Vitro Expansion of Autologous Follicular Lymphoma-Specific T Cells for Adoptive Transfer.

Advanced stage follicular lymphoma remains an incurable disease with a median survival of 8 to 10 years that has not significantly changed over the last four decades. Therefore, novel treatment options are necessary to improve the clinical outcome in these patients. The observation of spontaneous regressions in a small percentage of patients suggested that augmenting the host immune response could potentially control this malignancy. Strategies using active specific immunotherapy with idiotype vaccines led to induction of clinical and molecular responses in a few patients but have met with only limited success possibly due to the low frequency of antigen-specific T cells induced in the patients. In contrast to active immunization, T cells of a given specificity and function may be selected and expanded in vitro to the desired number for adoptive cell transfer. Towards this goal, we stimulated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from five follicular lymphoma patients with CD40 ligand-activated autologous tumor cells at approximately ten-day intervals in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15. After four rounds of stimulations, T cell lines generated from 3/5 patients recognized autologous unmodified tumor cells by producing significant amounts of TNF-α, GM-CSF and/or IFN-γ. By phenotypic analysis, the T cell lines were predominantly CD4+ T cells (> 70%), and intracellular cytokine assay showed that up to 40% of the CD4+ T cells were tumor-reactive. The inhibition of cytokine production by anti-HLA class II but not class I blocking antibodies confirmed that the CD4+ T cells were tumor-reactive. Further characterization revealed that the T cells from one patient recognized autologous tumor but not autologous normal B cells suggesting that they were tumor-specific. While in a second patient CD4+ T cell clones generated from the T cell line by limiting dilution recognized autologous tumor and autologous normal B cells but not autologous monocytes suggesting that they were B cell lineage-specific. We conclude that follicular lymphoma-specific T cells exist and can be efficiently expanded in vitro from both TILs and PBMCs using CD40 ligand-activated autologous tumor cells for adoptive T cell therapy. Additionally, identification of antigens recognized by these T cells could lead to development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for lymphomas.
Tamper indicating gold nanocup plasmonic films

The spectral signatures of nanoplasmonic films are both robust and tailorable with optical responses ranging from the visible to the near-infrared. We present the development of flexible, elastomeric nanoplasmonic films consisting of periodic arrays of gold nanocups as tamper indicating films. Gold nanocups have polarization-sensitive optical properties that may be manufactured into films that offer unique advantages for tamper indication. These flexible films can be made quickly and at low-cost using the commercially available monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres through self-assembly followed by plasma etching, metal deposition, and lift-off from a sacrificial substrate. The polarization- and angle-dependent optical spectroscopic measurements were performed to characterize the fabricated films. Using polarization-sensitive hyperspectral imaging, we demonstrate how these films can be applied to tamper indication and counterfeit resistance applications.
Eosinophilic Lung Disease

Eosinophils are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases. Recent advances in eosinophil biology have now produced clinically applicable therapies that seek to counter eosinophilia in blood and lungs. This article reviews the basic biology of eosinophils and their role in mediating T-helper 2 cell responses. The current status of anticytokine therapy for eosinophilic lung disease is discussed. A clinical approach to eosinophilic lung disease based on symptoms and radiography is generated. The clinical significance of persistent eosinophilia in lung transplant patients and patients with asthma will receive special emphasis.
Fast computation of full density matrix of multispin systems for spatially localized in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Purpose Numerical simulations of three-dimensionally localized MRS spectra have been very time-consuming for multi-spin systems because the current state-of-the-art requires computation of a large ensemble of spins pixel-by-pixel in three dimensional space. This paper describes a highly accelerated technique for computing spatially localized MRS spectra using the full solution to the Liouville–von Neumann equation. Methods The time evolution of spatially localized multispin density matrix as the full solution to the Liouville–von Neumann equation was analyzed. A new technique based on one dimensional spatial projection of the full density matrix was proposed. This method was implemented using a computer program written in Java language. Results MRS spectra calculated using the new method were found to be identical to conventional three-dimensional simulation for the same digitization of the voxel while the new method reduced computation time by orders of magnitude and led to improved not only speed but also accuracy. Applications of the new method to phantom studies of multispin systems and quantification of in vivo MRS spectra of brain were demonstrated. Conclusion The dramatically enhanced computational efficiency makes accurate simulation of localized MRS spectra highly accessible for calculating basis sets for spectral quantification and for optimizing pulse sequences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Reasoning by Cases While Exploring Fractions as Numbers

In this chapter, we explore various forms of reasoning employed by students as they work on another “non-existence” task given the available rods. The task, which was presented to the students towards the end of the second session and which does not have a correct solution using the rods that are included in the set, prompted the students to use multiple forms of reasoning to justify their claims. The arguments posed by the students were structured as both direct and indirect arguments.
Marketing in a Multicultural Neighborhood: An Archaeology of Corner Stores in the Urban Midwest

Corner stores were the most common consumer outlet in the urban Midwest from the mid-19th century until World War II. In the early-20th century in Indianapolis, Indiana, the near westside was dotted with more than 100 modest stores managed by African Americans, European immigrants, and white Hoosiers. Archaeological excavation of a ca. 1889–1969 store illuminates the widespread entrepreneurial ambition of urban newcomers, the increasing ethnic insularity of corner stores between 1900 and 1920, and the eventual decline of corner stores in the face of urban renewal and the arrival of chain stores in the 1930s.
Automated segmentation of the choroid in EDI-OCT images with retinal pathology using convolution neural networks.

The choroid plays a critical role in maintaining the portions of the eye responsible for vision. Specific alterations in the choroid have been associated with several disease states, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), central serous chorioretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and diabetes. In addition, choroid thickness measures have been shown as a predictive biomarker for treatment response and visual function. Where several approaches currently exist for segmenting the choroid in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of healthy retina, very few are capable of addressing images with retinal pathology. The difficulty is due to existing methods relying on first detecting the retinal boundaries before performing the choroidal segmentation. Performance suffers when these boundaries are disrupted or suffer large morphological changes due to disease, and cannot be found accurately. In this work, we show that a learning based approach using convolutional neural networks can allow for the detection and segmentation of the choroid without the prerequisite delineation of the retinal layers. This avoids the need to model and delineate unpredictable pathological changes in the retina due to disease. Experimental validation was performed using 62 manually delineated choroid segmentations of retinal enhanced depth OCT images from patients with AMD. Our results show segmentation accuracy that surpasses those reported by state of the art approaches on healthy retinal images, and overall high values in images with pathology, which are difficult to address by existing methods without pathology specific heuristics.
Explaining the effects of a decision intervention on mammography intentions: The roles of worry, fear and perceived susceptibility to breast cancer.

Objective: This study examines the effects of a mammography decision intervention on perceived susceptibility to breast cancer (PSBC) and emotion and investigates how these outcomes predict mammography intentions.Design: Randomised between-subjects online experiment. Participants were stratified into two levels of risk. Within each stratum, conditions included a basic information condition and six decision intervention conditions that included personalised risk estimates and varied according to a 2 (amount of information: brief vs. extended) × 3 (format: expository vs. untailored exemplar vs. tailored exemplar) design. Participants included 2465 US women ages 35–49.Main Outcome Measures: PSBC as a percentage, PSBC as a frequency, worry, fear and mammography intentions.Results: The intervention resulted in significant reductions in PSBC as a percentage for women in both strata and significant increases in worry and fear for women in the upper risk stratum. Of the possible mediators examined, only PSBC as a...
073_16823-L2 Compared the Efficacy of Cryoablation and Rradiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the atrioventricular nodal slow pathway is the accepted treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), with success rates greater than 90%. The major risk is atrioventricular nodal block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. Cryoablation is
Under the armor: X-ray computed tomographic reconstruction of the internal skeleton of Coahomasuchus chathamensis (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA, and a phylogenetic analysis of Aetosauria

Aetosauria is a clade of heavily armored, quadrupedal omnivorous to herbivorous archosaurs known from the Late Triassic across what was the supercontinent of Pangea. Their abundance in many deposits relative to the paucity of other Triassic herbivores indicates that they were key components of Late Triassic ecosystems. However, their evolutionary relationships remain contentious due, in large part, to their extensive dermal armor, which often obstructs observation of internal skeletal anatomy and limits access to potentially informative characters. In an attempt to address this problem we reanalyzed the holotype of a recently described species of Coahomasuchus, C. chathamensis, from the Sanford sub-basin of North Carolina using computed tomography (CT). CT scans of the holotype specimen clarify preservation of the skeleton, revealing several articulated vertebrae and ribs, an isolated vertebra, left ulna, left scapula, and the right humerus, though none of the material resulted in updated phylogenetic scorings. Reexamination of aetosaur materials from the holotype locality also indicates that several isolated osteoderms and elements of the appendicular skeleton are newly referable. Based on these results, we update the Coahomasuchus chathamensis hypodigm and conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis with improved character scorings for Coahomasuchus and several other aetosaurs. Our study recovers Coahomasuchus in a polytomy with Aetosaurus and the Typothoracinae, in contrast with a recent analysis that recovered Coahomasuchus as a wild-card taxon.
On the Fast RLS Adaptive IIR Ghost Canceller

This paper presents a fast recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive ghost canceller equipped with infinite impulse response (IIR) structure. This canceller is capable of equalizing ghost channel with great parsimony in the use of coefficients and has very good convergence properties as well. Due to the characteristics of ghost cancelling application, we do not really have to worry about numerical instability problems suffered by most fast RLS algorithms. Furthermore, it can be shown that this canceller is guaranteed to be stable even though an IIR structure is employed. The good convergence rate, not so extensive computational complexity, guaranteed stability, and the modelling efficiency should make the proposed canceller a very attractive choice in HDTV broadcasting system. Preliminary simulation results that validate the usefulness of our ghost canceller are also included.