cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aquatic Ionic-Polymer-Metal-Composite Insectile Robot With Multi-DOF Legs

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is used in various bioinspired systems, such as fish- and tadpole-like robots swimming in water. The deflection of this smart material results from several external factors, such as water distribution and concentration. IPMC strips with a variety of water concentration on the surfaces and the surface conductivity show various deflection patterns. In this paper, IPMC strips in four initial wetness conditions (100%, 50%, 0% wet on the anode surfaces but 100% wet on the cathode surfaces, and the last one submerged in deionized water) were tested. Even without any external excitation, the strips can bend due to nonuniform water distribution. In order to understand the effects of surface conductivity in an aquatic environment, an IPMC strip with two wires connected to two distinct spots was used to demonstrate the power loss due to the surface resistance. Three types of input signals, sawtooth, sinusoidal, and square waves, were used to compare the difference between the input and output signals measured at the two spots. Thick (1 mm) IPMC strips were fabricated and employed in this study to sustain and drive the robot with sufficient forces. Finally, an aquatic walking robot (102 × 80 × 43 mm, 39 g) with six 2-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) legs has been designed, implemented, and walked in water at the speed of 0.5 mm/s. The average power consumption is 8 W per leg. Each leg has a thigh and a shank to generate 2-DOF motions. Each set of three legs walked together as a tripod to maintain the stability in operation.
The internal state of medium spiny neurons varies in response to different input signals

Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's chorea and drug addiction are manifestations of malfunctioning neurons within the striatum region at the base of the human forebrain. A key component of these neurons is the protein DARPP-32, which receives and processes various types of dopamine and glutamate inputs and translates them into specific biochemical, cellular, physiological, and behavioral responses. DARPP-32's unique capacity of faithfully converting distinct neurotransmitter signals into appropriate responses is achieved through a complex phosphorylation-dephosphorylation system that evades intuition and predictability. To gain deeper insights into the functioning of the DARPP-32 signal transduction system, we developed a dynamic model that is robust and consistent with available clinical, pharmacological, and biological observations. Upon validation, the model was first used to explore how different input signal scenarios are processed by DARPP-32 and translated into distinct static and dynamic responses. Secondly, a comprehensive perturbation analysis identified the specific role of each component on the system's signal transduction ability. Our study investigated the effects of various patterns of neurotransmission on signal integration and interpretation by DARPP-32 and showed that the DARPP-32 system has the capability of discerning surprisingly many neurotransmission scenarios. We also screened out potential mechanisms underlying this capability of the DARPP-32 system. This type of insight deepens our understanding of neuronal signal transduction in normal medium spiny neurons, sheds light on neurological disorders associated with the striatum, and might aid the search for intervention targets in neurological diseases and drug addiction.
Food resources of postlarval brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus ) in a Texas salt marsh

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to identify the sources of food in the natural diet of postlarval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus Ives). A series of enclosures placed in East Lagoon (29°20′N; 94°45′W) on Galveston Island, Texas, USA, in May 1985, were used to evaluate the individual and combined contribution of Spartina alterniflora detritus, epiphytes of S. alterniflora, plankton, and demersal fauna in terms of differences in shrimp growth and carbon assimilation (stable carbon-isotope analysis). Demersal fauna (harpacticoid copepods, amphipods, tanaids and polychaete annelids), and plankton (>0.095 mm) accounted for approximately 53 and 47% of the growth of the postlarvae (11 to 22 mm rostrum-telson length), respectively, while the autochthonous plant substrates, S. alterniflora detritus and epiphytes, contributed little. Laboratory experiments confirm that a mixed diet consisting of both animal protein and phytoplankton promotes maximum growth. Our results indicate that plankton may be an important allochthonous source of carbon contributing to the growth and development of shrimp in the salt marsh.
Prediction of petrochemical product properties

A neural network model has been designed to predict certain product properties which can be combined with a multivariate controller to improve the current operation of the crude fraction section of the refinery. The model used to predict the 95% naphtha cutoff point was trained using input vectors made up of 33 field inputs, which in turn were collected from actual refinery data. The model was successful in predicting the 95% cut off with a maximum error of 1.06 degree F in the training phase. In the operational phase the maximum error was 4.63 degree F. The paper also discusses issues related to the development of the specific neural network architecture and learning methodology used for this application.
Ideological paradox and intercultural possibility: Andean language-in-education policy and practice and its relevance for South Africa

Paralleling recent developments in South Africa, initiatives in language policy and education reform in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia over the last three decades have opened up new possibilities for indigenous languages and their speakers through bilingual intercultural education. Examining the use and meanings of the term interculturalidad (interculturality) in policy documents and short practitioner narratives from the Andean context, this article explores the ideological paradox inherent in transforming a standardising education into a diversifying one and constructing a national identity which is also multilingual and multicultural. Specifically, I look at the use of the term interculturality in policy and practitioner discourses and what it means to the different groups using it, in terms of what cultural groups are represented and how they are constructed as interacting. I also consider why the term interculturality is invoked in policy discourse, and how it is accomplished in practitioner discourse. My...
The Relationship between Bankruptcy Model Predictions and Stock Market Perceptions of Bankruptcy

This study uses a cumulative sum technique to determine the point at which the stock market first perceives that a firm may file for bankruptcy. The study then attempts to identify information, whether from financial statements or from other sources, that may have influenced the market in its reassessment of the firm's prospects. The results indicate that the switching point of the mean and variance of stock returns appears to be related both to financial statement information (as measured by changes in bankruptcy model probability assessments) and the release of unfavorable news in the Wall Street Journal.
The resolution of shocks and the effects of compressible sediments in transient settling

The consolidation or concentration of suspended particulate solids under the influence of gravitational forces is a problem of widespread practical and theoretical interest. The literature, which is scattered over several fields, contains most of the elements necessary for a complete understanding of gravity settling, but considerable controversy and confusion persists about their synthesis. Here we propose to construct a quantitative theory covering the full range of processes from transient settling of large, stable particles to the slow consolidation of flocculated suspensions of submicron particles. Conditions for the existence of shocks are identified and the basic equations describing the phenomena are solved numerically for several Peclet numbers.
X-ray double-crystal diffractometry characterization of semi-insulating GaAs

The X-ray double crystal diffractometry method was employed to measure variations in dislocation densities, and normal residual strains in undoped, and indium-doped semi-insulating GaAS wafers grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique. Low thermal gradient growth conditions, and indium doping decreased dislocation densities significantly. The distribution of dislocation densities was similar to the variation in EL2 concentrations. Normal residual strains were high in the undoped sample grown under the high thermal gradient growth conditions. The strain values were considerably lower in the undoped sample grown under the low thermal gradient growth conditions. Indium doping increased the strain slightly.
1483 HUMAN MILK LIPASE ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST MILK JAUNDICE: SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY

Human milk samples that inhibit bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity in vitro are associated with the syndrome of breast milk jaundice. We have reported that the inhibitor appears to be non-esterified fatty acid and the milk samples associated with the clinical syndrome exhibit significantly higher unstimulated lipase activity (P<0.01) and specific activity (P<0.001) than controls using a pH-stat assay with tributyrin as substrate. (Pediatr. Res. 14:1328, 1981). The present study was done to test whether that lipolytic activity was due to a specific lipase or to a non-specific esterase. Two water soluble substrates were tested: p-nitrophenyl (p-NP) acetate (for non-specific esterase) and p-NP butyrate (a fatty acyl ester). Assays with these substrates were performed simultaneously along with the above tributrin assay using 23 human milk samples as sources of enzyme. Enzyme units are defined as 1 μM of substrate released by 1 ml of milk per minute. Lipase activity (tributrin assay) ranged from 3.1 to 11.1 units. Activity vs. p-NP butyrate (fatty acyl ester) ranged from 1.1 to 23.7 units and activity vs. p-NP acetate (non-specific ester) ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 units. Tributyrin assay activity correlated positively with p-NP butyrate activity (r=0.66, P<0.001) but did not correlate with p-NP acetate activity (r=0.07, N.S.). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the unstimulated enzyme activity we described associatedwith breast milk jaundice is produced by a lipase and not a non-specific esterase.
Sustaining Local Radio Journalism: A Case Study of the WLRN/Miami Herald Strategic Alliance

Facing severe cutbacks in funding from the government and private benefactors, non-profit broadcasters are challenged to sustain meaningful local radio journalism. One survival strategy is to form a strategic alliance with another respected local news organization. This case study examines one such partnership between Miami NPR affiliate WLRN-FM and The Miami Herald newspaper. The study asserts that in addition to offering an innovative business model, this alliance relies heavily on the intangible asset of the brand equity exhibited by both parties. The study concludes with a summary and reflections on the practical realities of replicating this type of alliance in other broadcast markets.
Ultrafast electron crystallography of monolayer adsorbates on clean surfaces: Structural dynamics

By combining the surface sensitivity and ultrafast temporal resolution of ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC) with in situ surface preparation, adsorbate deposition and surface characterization, we extend the capability of UEC to monitor structural dynamics of monolayer adsorbates. Here, we report investigation of the Ni(1 0 0)–c(2×2)–S, Ni(1 0 0)–p(2×2)–O, and Ni(1 0 0)–c(2×2)–CO systems. Their structural dynamics are quantified by comparing the temporal change of the experimental electron diffraction patterns to the theoretically-obtained multi-scattering simulations. This Letter paves the way to future exploration of monolayer reactivity under controlled conditions of ultrahigh vacuum and with spatiotemporal resolutions at the atomic scale.
The CPEB Protein Orb2 Has Multiple Functions during Spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding (CPEB) proteins are translational regulators that can either activate or repress translation depending on the target mRNA and the specific biological context. There are two CPEB subfamilies and most animals have one or more genes from each. Drosophila has a single CPEB gene, orb and orb2, from each subfamily. orb expression is only detected at high levels in the germline and has critical functions in oogenesis but not spermatogenesis. By contrast, orb2 is broadly expressed in the soma; and previous studies have revealed important functions in asymmetric cell division, viability, motor function, learning, and memory. Here we show that orb2 is also expressed in the adult male germline and that it has essential functions in programming the progression of spermatogenesis from meiosis through differentiation. Like the translational regulators boule (bol) and off-schedule (ofs), orb2 is required for meiosis and orb2 mutant spermatocytes undergo a prolonged arrest during the meiotic G2-M transition. However, orb2 differs from boule and off-schedule in that this arrest occurs at a later step in meiotic progression after the synthesis of the meiotic regulator twine. orb2 is also required for the orderly differentiation of the spermatids after meiosis is complete. The differentiation defects in orb2 mutants include abnormal elongation of the spermatid flagellar axonemes, a failure in individualization and improper post-meiotic gene expression. Amongst the orb2 differentiation targets are orb and two other mRNAs, which are transcribed post-meiotically and localized to the tip of the flagellar axonemes. Additionally, analysis of a partial loss of function orb2 mutant suggests that the orb2 differentiation phenotypes are independent of the earlier arrest in meiosis.
Penalized likelihood estimators for truncated data

We investigate the performance of linearly penalized likelihood estimators for estimating distributional parameters in the presence of data truncation. Truncation distorts the likelihood surface to create instabilities and high variance in the estimation of these parameters, and the penalty terms help in many cases to decrease estimation error and increase robustness. Approximate methods are provided for choosing a priori good penalty estimators, which are shown to perform well in a series of simulation experiments. The robustness of the methods is explored heuristically using both simulated and real data drawn from an operational risk context.
Design-oriented DSP courseware-hardware, software, and simulation

Strategies and tactics for teaching DSP at CalTech are discussed, and the role of design-oriented courses in undergraduate engineering education is briefly considered. Courseware for an applications-oriented course and design laboratory for advanced undergraduate student is described. Several projects carried out by students and the products developed and created by them are presented to illustrate students' performance. >
On the thermodynamics of mixtures with several temperatures

Abstract This work concerns the formulation of a thermomechanical theory of a mixture where each constituent has its own temperature field. The theory also contains the effects of nonlinear elasticity, nonlinear heat conduction, nonlinear viscosity and diffusion. A linearized version of the general theory is also presented.
The Regional Snowfall Index

This paper describes a new snowfall index that quantifies the impact of snowstorms within six climate regions in the United States. The regional snowfall index (RSI) is based on the spatial extent of snowfall accumulation, the amount of snowfall, and the juxtaposition of these elements with population. Including population information provides a measure of the societal susceptibility for each region. The RSI is an evolution of the Northeast snowfall impact scale (NESIS), which NOAA's National Climatic Data Center began producing operationally in 2006. While NESIS was developed for storms that had a major impact in the Northeast, it includes all snowfall during the lifetime of a storm across the United States and as such can be thought of as a quasi-national index that is calibrated to Northeast snowstorms. By contrast, the RSI is a regional index calibrated to specific regions using only the snow that falls within that region. This paper describes the methodology used to compute the RSI, which requires re...
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for upper tract urothelial cancer: is there a role?

Since the first reported case of using adjuvant topical immunotherapy utilizing bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was published by Herr and associates, several institutions have utilized numerous agents for topical infusion therapies (BCG, Mitomycin, Epirubicin, Thiotepa or combination therapy of BCG/INF) as adjuncts in the treatment of upper tract papillary transitional cell carcinoma. A comprehensive review of the current data in the treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (Ta/T1 disease) with adjuvant BCG therapy was completed. Currently, the efficacy of adjuvant BCG therapy was not demonstrated.
On minimal embedding of two graphs as center and periphery

For any graphs Gi and G2, and an integer d (2 ≤ d ≤ r(G2)), define β(G1,G2) (or β(G1, G2; d)) to be the minimum number of vertices of the graph H which contains G1 as its center and G2 as its periphery (and dia(H) = d, respectively). In this paper, the values of β(G1,G2) and the upper bounds for β(G1, G2; d) are obtained when G2 is not 3-self-centered.
Reply to “Inhibition of platelet thromboxane receptor function by a thrombin receptor–targeted pepducin”

Reply to “Inhibition of platelet thromboxane receptor function by a thrombin receptor–targeted pepducin”
Some thoughts on the future of photovoltaics

Anyone's predictions for the future are intimately related with that person's perception of the world and his or her overall response to that perception. Personally, I am commit ted to the investigation, development and ultimate success of photovoltaics for a number of reasons: (1) it is a responsible way to react to energy needs for the future with the development of alternative renewable energy sources; (2) it promises many benefits for societies all over the world, perhaps as much for the developing nations as for the developed nations; (3) its use for destructive or inhumane purposes is not readily conceivable; (4) its development involves a host of fundamental and fascinating problems in materials science, solid state physics and device engineering, which form a challenging area for the application of understanding and for the education of a new generation of scientists and engineers. I believe also that the general adoption of photovoltaic technology could be a richly financially rewarding enterprise (thus also satisfying another of society's prime criteria) provided that political and social barriers can be overcome. The necessity of deriving appreciable quantities of energy from renewable energy resources, of which solar energy is the prime contributor, is a more certain characteristic of the future than is the survival of human civilization. It has been only 100 years since the chief source of energy in the world was the burning of wood. Developments of that century have led to an energy exploitation explosion so great that it seems certain to swallow up the energy reserves of oil and gas formed over the past ages in the next century, and the reserves of coal and uranium 235 over the next few centuries at the most conservative estimate. On the time scale of human history the curve of rate of use of fossil fuels is bell shaped with a halfwidth of a few hundred years, so small that it appears narrow indeed. On the scale of Earth's history such a curve would appear as no more than a ~ function separating the pre-fossil fuel era from the post-fossil fuel era. It is the partition between mankind's life-style with the renewable resources of the past, and mankind's life-style with adaptations and development of these same renewable resources in the future. The issue is serious. Given the present world political situation, it is not only the extreme pessimist who wonders whether mankind will prove adequate to the task of not destroying human civilization either in the midst of, or quite independent of, an energy crisis.
Aluminum Alkyl Derivatives—Ignition and Combustion Enhancers for Supersonic Combustors

The work in this article was based on adapting an apparatus and procedure developed for rating the ignition quality of fuels for diesel engines. Aluminum alky Is and various Lewis-base adducts of these materials, both neat and mixed 50/50 with pure JP-10 hydrocarbon, were injected into the combustion bomb using a highpressure injection system. The bomb was precharged with air that was set at various initial temperatures and pressures for constant oxygen density. The ignition delay times were determined for the test materials at these different initial conditions. The data are presented in absolute terms as well as comparisons with the parent alky Is. The relative heats of reaction of the various test materials were estimated based on a computation of the heat release, using the pressure data recorded during combustion in the bomb. In addition, the global reaction rates for each material were compared at a selected temperature and pressure.
Therapy may unmask hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome that mimics aplastic anemia

BACKGROUND. Rarely, patients who present with pancytopenia and are diagnosed initially with aplastic anemia (AA) subsequently develop a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). There has been controversy regarding whether the initial diagnosis of AA is correct or whether these patients have hypocellular MDS at the onset of pancytopenia. METHODS. The authors studied bone marrow (BM) specimens from patients who were diagnosed initially with AA and subsequently with MDS from a cohort of 128 consecutive patients who had AA during the period from 1993 to 2004. Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed to assess for monosomy 7 retrospectively in a subset of patients. RESULTS. Twelve patients were identified (age range, 26–79 years). At the time they were diagnosed with AA, there was no evidence of dysplasia, the median BM cellularity was 5% (range, from <1% to 15%), and all patients had a normal karyotype. Therapy for 11 patients included immunomodulating agents, which were accompanied by growth factors in 4 patients and 1 patient underwent BM transplantation. One patient received growth factors only. The median interval to the diagnosis of MDS was 9 months (range, 2–43 months). The median BM cellularity was 30% (range, 5–90%), and dysplastic changes were observed in all patients. Nine patients had an abnormal karyotype, and monosomy 7 was the most common abnormality (n = 5 patients). FISH detected monosomy 7 in 6 samples at the time MDS was diagnosed and in 2 samples at the time AA was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS. The detection of monosomy 7 in specimens that were considered AA and the short time interval to a subsequent diagnosis of MDS suggests that these patients had hypoplastic MDS at the onset of pancytopenia. Therapy may allow the detection of MDS by enhancing cell growth. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Evaluating and redesigning subsidy policies for home rehabilitation

A method is developed for empirically estimating the direct leveraging, indirect leveraging, and externality benefits accruing from home rehabilitation subsidy policies. The method is applied to two single-family home rehabilitation subsidy programs administered by Minneapolis from 1976 to 1980. Multivariate statistical analysis of sampled homeowners reveals that for each dollar of grant and loan received, all else equal, participants spent $1.62 and $0.345 more, respectively, of their own funds on home upkeep, all expressed as annual averages for the period. A tentative finding of indirect effects on proximate homeowners' confidence in the neighborhood and concomitant rehabilitation expenditures is also observed. These home improvements, in turn, created an additional aesthetic externality benefit.
Spatial and temporal scaling of thermal infrared remote sensing data

Although remote sensing has a central role to play in the acquisition of synoptic data obtained at multiple spatial and temporal scales to facilitate our understanding of local and regional processes as they influence the global climate, the use of thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data in this capacity has received only minimal attention. This results from some fundamental challenges that are associated with employing TIR data collected at different space and time scales, either with the same or different sensing systems, and also from other problems that arise in applying a multiple scaled approach to the measurement of surface temperatures. In this paper, we describe some of the more important problems associated with using TIR remote sensing data obtained at different spatial and temporal scales, examine why these problems appear as impediments to using multiple scaled TIR data, and provide some suggestions for future research activities that may address these problems. We elucidate the fundamental concept of scale as it relates to remote sensing and explore how space and time relationships affect TIR data from a problem-dependency perspective. We also describe how linearity and non-linearity observation versus parameter relationships affect the quantitative analysis of TIR data. Some insight is given on how the atmosphere between target and sensor influences the accurate measurement of surface temperatures and how these effects will be compounded in analyzing multiple scaled TIR data. Last, we describe some of the challenges in modeling TIR data obtained at different space and time scales and discuss how multiple scaled TIR data can be used to provide new and important information for measuring and modeling land-atmosphere energy balance processes.
The hypotonic infant

Summary (Table I) I. The factors concerned in maintainingnormal muscle tone have been described in detail as a background to the understanding of the possible sites of pathology which can lead to hypotonia. II. The causes of hypotonia in childrenunder 24 months of age have been discussed from the point of view of the presumed site of pathology. The classification which has evolved from this approach is as follows: A. Hypotonia due to diseases of thecentral nervous system: 1. Atonic diplegia 2. Congenital chorea and athetosis 3. Congenital cerebellar ataxia 4. Kernicterus 5. Mongolism 6. Tay-Sach's diseas B. Hypotonia due to diseases of thespinal cord: 1. Werdnig-Hoffman's disease (infantileprogressive muscular atrophy) 2. Myelopathic arthrogryposis multiplexcongenita 3. Congenital anterior poliomyelitis C. Hypotonia due to diseases of thespinal roots or peripheral nerves: 1. Acute and chronic polyneuropathy D. Hypotonia due to abnormalities of the myoneural junction: 1. Congenital myasthenia gravis 2. Neonatal (transient) myasthenia gravis E. Hypotonia due to diseases of themuscle: 1. Benign congenital hypotonia 2. Universal muscular hypoplasia 3. Congenital infantile muscular dystrophy with or without arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4. Dystrophica myotonica 5. Central core disease 6. Rod body myopathy 7. Polymyositis 8. Glycogen storage disease III. The value of ancillary aids in thediagnosis of the etiology of hypotonia in infants has been discussed. These have included muscle biopsy, electromyography, measurement of the nerve conduction time, determination of serum enzyme concentrations, urinary creatine and creatinine excretion coefficients, and the assessment of the developmental level of the infant.
Achievement Examinations for Elementary and Intermediate Swimming Classes

(1940). Achievement Examinations for Elementary and Intermediate Swimming Classes. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 100-111.
Ferric iron reduction-linked growth yields of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1

The anaerobic reduction of ferric citrate by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 cells was inhibited markedly by p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate, moderately by potassium cyanide, and to a small extent by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinolone-N-oxide. Iron reduction was accompanied by increases in total cellular protein, with values of 0.33-7.54 g cell protein produced per mol Fe(III) reduced. The growth yields were dependent upon the growth conditions of the inoculum and the initial concentration of Fe(III) citrate in the medium. Specifically, maximum growth yields were obtained when the inoculum was pregrown anaerobically and when the initial Fe(III) citrate concentrations were 5-10 mmol l-1. Lower growth yields were obtained with initial Fe(III) citrate concentrations of 20-30 mmol l-1, suggesting that cell growth was partially inhibited by higher concentrations of Fe(III) or Fe(II). Maximal growth yields were also observed early (6-24 h), after which continued increases in cell protein were minimal.
Child maltreatment, out-of-home placement and academic vulnerability: A fifteen-year review of evidence and future directions

Abstract Increasing attention is being paid to the poor educational progress of maltreated and foster youth. This paper reviews research on educationally-related issues and outcomes for maltreated and foster children and youth conducted since 1990. Existent research is plagued with methodological limitations including inattention to selection effects and reliance on mostly cross-sectional designs. Given inter-correlations between educational risk factors, maltreatment and placement characteristics, surprisingly little research moves beyond main effects of either maltreatment or basic foster care characteristics. This paper presents conceptual and methodological considerations for future research, with particular emphasis on enhancing the policy relevance of the literature.
The ultrastructural appearance of cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea.

Cowpea mosaic virions (CPMV) were present in large numbers in cowpea tissue, both in dispersed and crystalline aggregates. Virion aggregates were found after buffered glutaraldehyde or chromate fixation at pH 7.2. Five to 10 min in 5% glutaraldehyde was sufficient for good fixation and yielded sections of greater electron-density than prolonged glutaraldehyde fixation. Virions were seen in all types of cells of leaf tissue in the cytoplasm and in the central and cytoplasmic vacuoles, but not in cell organelles. Purified, fixed, and embedded virions and those in crystalline aggregates measured 19 nm. Negatively stained, purified virions were 28.5 nm and, after glutaraldehyde fixation, 26 nm. Viroplasms in CPMV-infected cells consisted of a dense, fine matrix in close contact with a membranous, endoplasmic-reticulum-derived body. The membranous system was also seen within the nucleus. In one instance, the fine dense matrix of the viroplasm had a regular gridlike appearance, with CPMV aligned along the grid pattern in a semicrystalline form.
Health insurance coverage in U.S. urban and rural areas.

Abstract: This study examines the health insurance coverage of the nonelderly population in U.S. urban and rural areas in 1989, using data from the March 1990 Current Population Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Access to coverage was assessed by classifying all persons by family employment status and income. Rural residents had less access to coverage than urban residents but were only slightly less likely to be insured. In comparison to urban residents, fewer rural residents obtained coverage through employment, and more purchased private coverage outside the work place. The differences in coverage by family employment status and income were generally much greater than the differences by place of residence.
Surgical correction of goldenhar's syndrome†

Goldenhar's syndrome is a variant of hemifacial microsomia - one of the more common congenital syndromes of the first and second arch. The Goldenhar's type is characterized by varying degrees of underdevelopment of craniofacial structures. The major deformities involve the mandible and the ear; but they also include the orbit and vertebral column, specific defects pathognomonic of this condition. Medical management requires reconstructive surgery of which treatment must take into consideration the timing of surgery and the effects of surgery upon the growth and development of the poorly formed structures. This paper presents a discussion of the pathogenesis and the favorable and unfavorable factors affecting the selection and timing of surgery. The literature is reviewed and two additional cases are added with an evaluation of the effects of early reconstruction. A single-stage procedure, utilizing rib autograft, is described for correction of the defective hemimandible, glenoid fossa, and zygoma. The results are evaluated by means of photographs and radiographs with a follow-up period of at least one and one-half years. The data suggest a remodeling of the grafts to resemble normal structures, and a downward growth of the maxilla to fill a space created by the reconstruction of the mandible and expansion of the lower portion of the face. Multiple stages of surgery as well as unnecessary delays in performing surgical procedures are challenged by the report.
Insecticidal reduction of Potato leafroll virus transmission by Myzus persicae

Summary Esfenvalerate, imidacloprid, methamidophos, oxamyl, pymetrozine and thiamethoxam were tested for their potential to reduce the transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by Myzus persicae. In acquisition experiments exposing virus-free aphids to insecticide residues on virus source plants during a 2-day acquisition access period, subsequent transmission of PLRV to untreated indicator plants declined significantly with increasing dosage for all insecticides. At the highest dosages, PLRV transmission was reduced by 28%, 100%, 31%, 10%, 87%, and 99.8% for the six insecticides, respectively. In inoculation experiments exposing viruliferous aphids to insecticide residues on treated indicator plants during a 5-day inoculation access period, PLRV transmission again declined with increasing dosage. At the highest dosages, transmission was reduced by 71%, 56%, 16%, 40%, 94%, and 38%, respectively. Methamidophos and oxamyl were very good aphicides, but were relatively ineffective in reducing virus transmission. Reduction of PLRV transmission by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam appeared to be largely related to their toxic effects, but it is likely that antifeedant properties also played a role, especially in the inoculation experiments. Pymetrozine reduced PLRV transmission in both types of experiments, but especially so in the inoculation experiment, possibly reflecting its antifeedant properties.
An empirical study of programming language trends

Predicting software engineering trends is a strategically important asset for both developers and managers, but it's also difficult, due to the wide range of factors involved and the complexity of their interactions. This paper reveals some interesting trends and a method for studying other important software engineering trends. This article trades breadth for depth by focusing on a small, compact set of trends involving 17 high-level programming languages. We quantified many of their relevant factors, and then collected data on their evolution over 10 years. By applying statistical methods to this data, we aim to gain insight into what does and does not make a language successful.
Depletion in vitro of mitochondrial glutathione in rat hepatocytes and enhancement of lipid peroxidation by adriamycin and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)

Treatment of isolated rat hepatocytes with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and adriamycin (ADR) produced a complete depletion of cellular glutathione accompanied by a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Separation of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic pools of glutathione by digitonin disruption showed that, although BCNU, a specific inhibitor of glutathione, completely depleted the cytoplasmic pool of glutathione, the mitochondrial supply was not entirely expended and LDH leakage was only moderately stimulated. Only after depletion of the mitochondrial supply of glutathione by ADR and BCNU did LDH leakage increase markedly. Measurement of lipid peroxidation, by monitoring malondialdehyde through the thiobarbituric acid procedure, showed that malondialdehyde accumulated more extensively and at a rate mirroring release of LDH from ADR/BCNU treated cells. The time of increase in LDH leakage and malondialdehyde production corresponded to the time of depletion of mitochondrial glutathione to less than 10% of the initial pool size. No such increase in LDH leakage was observed with BCNU or ADU treatment alone or when aminopyrine, an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, was included. Aminopyrine was found to prevent, in a dose-dependent manner, both LDH leakage and malondialdehyde production stimulated by ADR/BCNU treatment. The protective effect peaked at 5 mM aminopyrine, and higher concentrations produced significant LDH leakage exhibiting LDH release kinetics different than those observed with ADR/BCNU. Although aminopyrine had no effect on the rate or extent of cytoplasmic glutathione depletion by ADR/BCNU treatment, the mitochondrial pool was conserved significantly in those cells protected by aminopyrine. These data suggest that enhanced hepatocyte damage observed after treatment with a combination of ADR and BCNU versus BCNU or ADR alone is due to the extensive depletion of mitochondrial glutathione supported by ADR after glutathione reductase inhibition. Further, enhancement of lipid peroxidation is strongly implicated in the mechanism of adriamycin toxicity.
Aerobic exercise training and depressive symptomatology in adults with physical disabilities

Abstract Objective: To test the effects of aerobic exercise on fitness and psychological health of adults with physical disabilities. Design: Nonrandomized control trial with before-after testing. Setting: Predata and postdata were collected at a clinical research center. Exercise occurred at home or at a community center. Participants: A volunteer sample of 47 adults with a physical disability were pretested; 19 completed posttesting. Intervention: Participants volunteered for either the exercise (n = 7) or control groups (n = 12). Exercisers participated in 12 weeks of aerobic exercise at an mean intensity of 73% HRmax. Main Outcome Measures: Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), depressive symptomalogy, mastery, and self-esteem. Results: Exercisers increased VO2peak by 23%, whereas controls decreased by 19% (p
Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system

Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr data from primary and secondary minerals, soil waters, and stream waters in a tropical granitoid catchment quantitatively reflect mineral alteration reactions that occur at different levels within the bedrock–saprolite–soil zone. Near the bedrock–saprolite interface, plagioclase to kaolinite reaction yields low Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr. Higher in the regolith column, biotite weathering and kaolinite dissolution drive Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr to high values. Data from streams at base flow sample the bedrock–saprolite interface zone, while at high discharge solutes are derived from upper saprolite–soil zone. Coupled Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr can be effective tools for quantifying the importance of specific weathering reactions, and for geochemical hydrograph separation.
Mitochondrial control region and 12S rRNA variation in Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii)

Variation in the control region and the 12S rRNA gene of all surviving mitochondrial lineages of Przewalski's horse was investigated. Variation is low despite the present day population being descended from 13 individuals probably representing animals from three different regions of its range. Phylogenetic comparison of these sequences, with sequences for the domestic horse, does not resolve the ancestral status of either horse.
Is physical activity a gateway behavior for diet? Findings from a physical activity trial.

Abstract Objective While cross-sectional research indicates physical inactivity and poor diet tend to co-occur, there are limited longitudinal data on how interventions targeting one behavior affect other behaviors. The current investigation examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between health behaviors within the context of a physical activity (PA) intervention. Methods Sedentary women ( n = 280; mean age = 47.1; 94.6% Caucasian) were enrolled in a randomized controlled PA trial comparing the effects of print-based, individually-tailored and gender-targeted PA interventions to a wellness/control condition. Women completed baseline, month 3, and month 12 assessments that included measures of PA and dietary behaviors. Results Participants in more advanced PA stages of change reported significantly greater fruits/vegetables consumption than participants in less advanced stages, although the relationships between diet and minutes of weekly activity were less pronounced. The tailored and targeted print-based PA interventions had no effect on fruit/vegetable intake, although significant reductions in fat intake were observed from baseline ( M = 31.24%) to month 3 ( M = 30.41%), p M = 30.36%), p Conclusions Although fat intake decreased in the context of this PA intervention, fruit/vegetable intake remained unchanged. Also, PA did not serve as a gateway behavior for dietary improvements. In fact, improvements in activity were associated with increases rather than decreases in fat intake.
Genetic variation and resistance to a bacterial infection in the endangered Gila topminnow

We tested the association between host genetic diversity and resistance to a novel pathogen using controlled experiments to compare bacterially induced mortality among four populations of the endangered Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) with different levels of genetic diversity, and between nine lines of inbred topminnows and their respective (non-inbred) source populations. We exposed fish in treatment groups to salinity shock and high concentrations of the bacterium Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum, a causative agent of vibriosis in fish. Mortality associated with vibriosis (mortality) 1 to 6 days post-exposure differed among the populations, and between inbred and non-inbred samples. However, mortality was not associated with expected heterozygosity based on microsatellite loci diversity, nor was it associated with expected or observed heterozygosity at a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus. Neither was mortality related to the presence or absence of specific MHC alleles. Additionally, the effect of severe inbreeding was to reduce mortality in the inbred fish relative to the non-inbred controls in every population. Taken in the context of other studies, we conclude that effects of genetic diversity may be context- and locus-specific, environmental stress may be an important determinant of host immunity, and genetic diversity should be used cautiously to predict the potential response of a population to a specific environmental challenge.
Umbilical Design and Installation for Mustique and Shasta Tie-backs

The design and installation of control umbilicals for the Mustique and Shasta subsea satellite well tiebacks are reviewed with respect to how cost-effective umbilical termination assembly (UTA) designs can be achieved while also providing full control system sparing and good installation flexibility. The sparing philosophy of the electrohydraulic control system as a whole from the platform to the tree control pods is discussed. This approach led to the selection of a bottom connection method for the umbilicals by atmospheric diving system (ADS) and thus made possible the use of a lay vessel which could be scheduled independently of the well completion and tree installation operations. The benefits and risks of requiring spliceless umbilicals are discussed as well as their impact on manufacturing deliveries and installation schedules. The Mustique/Shasta umbilicals were an industry first with a single contractor responsible for the system planning, design, manufacture, installation, subsea connection and on-production performance guarantees. A key ingredient of this concept is the design of umbilical termination assemblies (UTAs) and ROV maintainable interconnections. This contracting approach offers significant benefits to the customer. The benefit of the sparing approach taken is illustrated by describing how two subsea failures were remedied without incurring operational downtime.
The anticonvulsant zonisamide reduces ethanol self-administration by risky drinkers.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of zonisamide on ethanol self-administration and subjective effects in risky drinkers using a human laboratory paradigm. Method: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of zonisamide 100 mg on ethanol self-administration and urge to drink in risky drinkers (N = 10) (). Result: During the second hour of a 2-hour self-administration session ethanol consumption was 50% lower in the zonisamide group as compared to the placebo group. Urge to drink was also significantly lower under the zonisamide condition. Conclusion: These results indicate that a single dose of zonisamide reduces urge to drink and the quantity of ethanol self-administered by risky drinkers during their second hour of access to alcohol. Scientific Significance: Zonisamide may help individuals drinking at risky levels reduce their intake of alcohol.
Constrained realizations and minimum variance reconstruction of non-Gaussian random fields

With appropriate modifications, the Hoffman--Ribak algorithm that constructs constrained realizations of Gaussian random fields having the correct ensemble properties can also be used to construct constrained realizations of those non-Gaussian random fields that are obtained by transformations of an underlying Gaussian field. For example, constrained realizations of lognormal, generalized Rayleigh, and chi-squared fields having $n$ degrees of freedom constructed this way will have the correct ensemble properties. The lognormal field is considered in detail. For reconstructing Gaussian random fields, constrained realization techniques are similar to reconstructions obtained using minimum variance techniques. A comparison of this constrained realization approach with minimum variance, Wiener filter reconstruction techniques, in the context of lognormal random fields, is also included. The resulting prescriptions for constructing constrained realizations as well as minimum variance reconstructions of lognormal random fields are useful for reconstructing masked regions in galaxy catalogues on smaller scales than previously possible, for assessing the statistical significance of small-scale features in the microwave background radiation, and for generating certain non-Gaussian initial conditions for $N$-body simulations.
Photoperiodic alteration of postpartum reproductive function in suckled cows.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted using a total of 41 cows to determine if photoperiod modulates the establishment of postpartum estrous cycles and conception. Cows calving in the autumn and winter were exposed to either 18 hr light/day (18L:6D) or natural photoperiods. In Exp. 1, cows receiving 18L:6D had shorter (P