cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionization and positronium formation in noble gases

Absolute measurements are presented for the positron-impact cross sections for direct ionization and positronium formation of noble gas atoms in the range of energies from threshold to 90 eV. The experiment uses a cold, trap-based positron beam and the technique of studying positron scattering in a strong magnetic field. The current data show generally good, quantitative agreement with previous measurements taken using a qualitatively different method. However, significant differences in the cross sections for both direct ionization and positronium formation are also observed. An analysis is presented that yields another, independent measurement of the direct ionization and positronium formation cross sections that is in agreement with the present, direct measurements to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$ for argon, krypton, and xenon. Comparison with available theoretical predictions yields good quantitative agreement for direct ionization cross sections, and qualitative agreement in the case of positronium formation.
Utilizing the high dielectric constant of water: efficient synthesis of amino acid-derivatized cyclobutenones

This work reports the use of water as a solvent to facilitate an efficient syntheses of amino acid-derivatized cyclobutenone. Kinetics studies in different solvents reveals that high dielectric constants of the solvents are the primary attribute for the high yielding and fast rate for this reaction. This class of substitution reactions in water also proceeds efficiently with a wide range of amino acids.
Interconnected Observers for Robust Decentralized Estimation With Performance Guarantees and Optimized Connectivity Graph

Motivated by the need for observers that are both robust to disturbances and guarantee fast convergence to zero of the estimation error, we propose an observer for linear time-invariant systems with a noisy output that consists of a combination of $N$ -coupled observers over a connectivity graph. At each node of the graph, the output of these interconnected observers is defined as the average of the estimates obtained using local information. The convergence rate and the robustness to measurement noise of the proposed observer's output are characterized in terms of $\mathcal{KL}$ bounds. Several optimization problems are formulated to design the proposed observer in order to satisfy a given rate of convergence specification while minimizing the $H_{\infty}$ gain from noise to estimates or the size of the connectivity graph. It is shown that the interconnected observers relax the well-known tradeoff between the rate of convergence and noise amplification, which is a property attributed to the proposed innovation term, that over the graph, couples the estimates between the individual observers. Sufficient conditions involving information of the plant only, ensuring that the estimate obtained at each node of the graph outperforms the one obtained with a single, standard Luenberger observer are given. The results are illustrated in several examples throughout this paper.
Real-time and embedded systems

Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical results of computation but also on the time at which the results are produced [Stankovic 1988]. They span a broad spectrum of complexity from very simple microcontrollers in embedded systems (a microprocessor controlling an automobile engine) to highly sophisticated, complex, and distributed systems (air traffic control for the continental United States). Other real-time systems include command and control systems, process control systems, and multimedia and high-speed communication systems. Some real-time systems are beginning to add expert systems and other AI technology, creating additional requirements and complexities. At least three major trends in the real-time and embedded systems field have had a major impact on its technology: the increased growth and sophistication of embedded systems, the development of more scientific and technological results for hard real-time systems, and the advent of distributed multimedia. Most embedded systems consist of a small microcontroller and limited software situated within some product such as a microwave oven or automobile. However, with the increasing sophistication of such systems, powerful microcontrollers and digital signal processing (DSP) chips are commonly used, as are off-the-shelf real-time operating systems and design and debugging tools. Many people working with embedded systems deal on a daily basis with sensors and data acquisition technology and systems; others construct architectures based on single-board computers (many are still 68000-based, but RISC processors are being used more and more) and buses such as the VME bus. Many people are involved with the programming and debugging of embedded systems, largely using the C programming language and cross development and debugging platforms. Embedded systems may or may not have real-time constraints. Hard real-time systems are those in which missing an important deadline can cause severe consequences, even death. In this area, many fundamental results have been developed. For example, in real-time scheduling, rate monotonic analysis has enabled careful evaluation of many practical systems; the concept and analysis of competitive algorithms has provided important scheduling bounds and limits; and on-line planning has added flexible and dynamic capabilities to real-time systems. Operating systems research has produced predictable primitives, time-constrained synchronization techniques, and reservation and admission-control paradigms. Many other results exist in real-time architecture, fault tolerance, communication protocols, specification and design tools, formal verification, databases and object-oriented systems. Emphasis on all these areas is expected to increase in the foreseeable future. Many hard real-time systems are embedded systems. Distributed multimedia have produced a new set of soft real-time requirements. Real-time principles lie at the heart of distributed multimedia, but without the concomitant high reliability
Molecular architecture of calixarenes and their self-assembled mono- and multi-layers for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Applications

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of supermolecular chromophore—calix[4]arene-based, chromophore forms densely packed, highly ordered monolayers on silica surfaces. Ultra-high second order nonlinearities were observed in these systems, and spectroscopic second harmonic generation was used to characterize the frequency dispersion of the second order susceptibilities.
A non-MRA C^r Frame Wavelet with Rapid Decay

A generalized filter construction is used to build an example of a non-MRA normalized tight frame wavelet for dilation by 2 in $$L^{2} {\left( \mathbb{R} \right)}$$ . This example has the same multiplicity function as the Journe wavelet, yet has a $$C^{\infty } $$ Fourier transform and can be made to be $$C^{r} $$ for any fixed postive integer $$r$$ .
Nystrom plus correction method for solving bound-state equations in momentum space.

A method is presented for solving the momentum-space Schrodinger equation with a linear potential. The Lande-subtracted momentum-space integral equation can be transformed into a matrix equation by the Nystrom method. The method produces only approximate eigenvalues in the cases of singular potentials such as the linear potential. The eigenvalues generated by the Nystrom method can be improved by calculating the numerical errors and adding the appropriate corrections. The end results are more accurate eigenvalues than those generated by the basis function method. The method is also shown to work for a relativistic equation such as the Thompson equation.
Dial it in: Rotating RF sensors to enhance radio tomography

A radio tomographic imaging (RTI) system uses the received signal strength (RSS) measured by RF sensors in a static wireless network to localize people in the deployment area, without having them to carry or wear an electronic device. This paper addresses the fact that small-scale changes in the position and orientation of the antenna of each RF sensor can dramatically affect imaging and localization performance of an RTI system. However, the best placement for a sensor is unknown at the time of deployment. Improving performance in a deployed RTI system requires the deployer to iteratively "guess-and-retest", i.e., pick a sensor to move and then re-run a calibration experiment to determine if the localization performance had improved or degraded. We present an RTI system of servo-nodes, RF sensors equipped with servo motors which autonomously "dial it in", i.e., change position and orientation to optimize the RSS on links of the network. By doing so, the localization accuracy of the RTI system is quickly improved, without requiring any calibration experiment from the deployer. Experiments conducted in three indoor environments demonstrate that the servo-nodes system reduces localization error on average by 32% compared to a standard RTI system composed of static RF sensors.
Childhood lead poisoning.

Substantial changes in the toxicology and epidemiology of lead have resulted in revisions in the definition of toxicity, and have altered estimates of the numbers of children at risk. As observational studies have increased their sample size, improved the sensitivity of their measurements, and polis
DTN-FLOW: inter-landmark data flow for high-throughput routing in DTNs

In this paper, we focus on the efficient routing of data among different areas in delay tolerant networks (DTNs). In current algorithms, packets are forwarded gradually through nodes with higher probability of visiting the destination node or area. However, the number of such nodes usually is limited, leading to insufficient throughput performance. To solve this problem, we propose an inter-landmark data routing algorithm, namely DTN-FLOW. It selects popular places that nodes visit frequently as landmarks and divides the entire DTN area into subareas represented by landmarks. Nodes transiting between landmarks relay packets among landmarks, even though they rarely visit the destinations of these packets. Specifically, the number of node transits between two landmarks is measured to represent the forwarding capacity between them, based on which routing tables are built on each landmark to guide packet routing. Each node predicts its transits based on its previous landmark visiting records using the order- $k$ Markov predictor. When routing a packet, the landmark determines the next-hop landmark based on its routing table and forwards the packet to the node with the highest probability of transiting to the selected landmark. Thus, DTN-FLOW fully utilizes all node movements to route packets along landmark-based paths to their destinations. We analyzed two real DTN traces to support the design of DTN-FLOW. We deployed a small DTN-FLOW system on our campus for performance evaluation. We also proposed advanced extensions to improve its efficiency and stability. The real deployment and trace-driven simulation demonstrate the high efficiency of DTN-FLOW in comparison to state-of-the-art DTN routing algorithms.
Structural basis of binding of high-affinity ligands to protein kinase C: prediction of the binding modes through a new molecular dynamics method and evaluation by site-directed mutagenesis.

The structural basis of protein kinase C (PKC) binding to several classes of high-affinity ligands has been investigated through complementary computational and experimental methods. Employing a recently developed q-jumping molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method, which allows us to consider the flexibility of both the ligands and the receptor in docking studies, we predicted the binding models of phorbol-13-acetate, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), indolactam V (ILV), ingenol-3-benzoate, and thymeleatoxin to PKC. The “predicted” binding model for phorbol-13-acetate is virtually identical to the experimentally determined binding model for this ligand. The predicted binding model for PDBU is the same as that for phorbol-13-acetate in terms of the hydrogen-bonding network and hydrophobic contacts. The predicted binding model for ILV is the same as that obtained in a previous docking study using a Monte Carlo method and is consistent with the structure−activity relationships for this class of ligands. Toge...
Towards scalable algorithms with formal guarantees for Lyapunov analysis of control systems via algebraic optimization

Exciting recent developments at the interface of optimization and control have shown that several fundamental problems in dynamics and control, such as stability, collision avoidance, robust performance, and controller synthesis can be addressed by a synergy of classical tools from Lyapunov theory and modern computational techniques from algebraic optimization. In this paper, we give a brief overview of our recent research efforts (with various coauthors) to (i) enhance the scalability of the algorithms in this field, and (ii) understand their worst case performance guarantees as well as fundamental limitations. Our results are tersely surveyed and challenges/opportunities that lie ahead are stated.
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Effects of Corporate Social Marketing on Consumer Behavior

This theoretical paper develops a conceptual framework that explains how companies can influence consumer behavior in terms of both social and business benefits through their corporate social marketing (CSM) initiatives. Drawing from the source credibility literature, the article asserts that the effectiveness of CSM depends largely on the corporate credibility of a company in supporting a social cause (“CSM credibility”). Based on this assertion, the framework identifies ten different antecedents of CSM credibility, which are organized into (1) attributes of the company, (2) attributes of the CSM initiative, and (3) attributes of the cause. Furthermore, this framework shows that CSM credibility affects the two examined consequences, intended prosocial behavior and consumer loyalty. Several research and managerial implications are developed based on the propositions specified in the framework.
n-Atic Order and Continuous Shape Changes of Deformable Surfaces of Genus Zero

We consider in mean-field theory the continuous development below a second-order phase transition of n-atic tangent-plane order on a deformable surface of genus zero. The n-atic order parameter ψ = exp [inθ] describes, respectively, vector, nematic, and hexatic order for n = 1, 2, and 6. Tangent-plane order expels Gaussian curvature. In addition, the total vorticity of orientational order on a surface of genus zero is two. Thus, the ordered phase of an n-atic on such a surface will have 2n vortices of strength 1/n, 2n zeros in its order parameter, and a nonspherical equilibrium shape. Our calculations are based on a phenomenological model with a gaugelike coupling between ψ and curvature, and our analysis follows closely the Abrikosov treatment of a type-II superconductor just below Hc2.
Human Intent Prediction Using Markov Decision Processes

This paper describes a modeling method for predicting a human’s task-level intent through the use of Markov Decision Processes. Intent prediction can be used by a robot to improve decision-making when human and robot operate in a shared physical space. This work presumes human and robot goals are independent such that the robot seeks to avoid interfering with the human rather than directly assisting the human. The proposed human intent prediction system transforms goal sequences the human is expected to complete, a limited past action history, and a correlation of observed behaviors with actions into a prediction of the in-progress or next action the humans is most likely to take. An intra-vehicle activity space robotics application example is presented.
Algebraic Cycles and Additive Dilogarithm

For an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic 0, we give a cycle-theoretic description of the additive 4-term motivic exact sequence associated to the additive dilogarithm of J.-L. Cathelineau, that is the derivative of the Bloch-Wigner function, via the cubical additive higher Chow groups under one assumption. The 4-term functional equation of Cathelineau, an additive analogue of Abel's 5-term functional equation, is also discussed cycle-theoretically.
Synthesis of N4-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-l-asparagine analogues: Succinamide, l-2-hydroxysuccinamide, and l-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid hydrazide analogues

Abstract The syntheses of three analogues of N 4 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- l -asparagine are described. N -(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)succinamide was synthesized by the reaction of pentafluorophenyl succinamate with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosylamine. 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosylamine was synthesized, and the complete assignment of the 1 H NMR spectrum is given. Reaction of the protected β- d -glycosylamine with l -malic acid chloralid in the presence of a coupling agent (EEDQ) gave N 4 -(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- l -malamic acid chloralid that was deprotected two ways: (1) using ammonia, which gave N 4 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- l -2-hydroxysuccinamide, and (2) using hydrazine, which gave N 4 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- l -2-hydroxysuccinamic acid hydrazide.
Molecular Structure of the Aluminum Halides, Al2Cl6, AlCl3, Al2Br6, AlBr3, and AlI3, Obtained by Gas-Phase Electron-Diffraction and ab Initio Molecular Orbital Calculations

Gas-phase electron-diffraction (GED) data together with results from ab initio molecular orbital and normal coordinate calculations have been used to determine the structures of the aluminum trihalides AlX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and the chloride and bromide dimers Al2Cl6 and Al2Br6. No monomeric species were detected in the vapors of Al2Cl6 at the experimental temperature of 150 °C, nor in Al2Br6 at167 °C, but the vapors of AlCl3 at 400 °C and AlBr3 at 330 °C contained respectively 29 (3)% and 7 (4)% dimer and the AlI3 at 300 °C about 8% I2. The known equilibrium symmetry of the dimers is D2h, but the molecules have a very low-frequency, large-amplitude, ring-puckering mode that lowers the thermal average symmetry to C2v. The effect of this large-amplitude mode on the interatomic distances was handled by dynamic models of the structures which consisted of a set of pseudoconformers spaced at even intervals along the ring-puckering angle 2Φ. The ring-puckering potential was assumed to be V(Φ) = V40Φ4 + V20Φ2, and...
Rhenium-catalyzed aromatic propargylation.

A mild aromatic propargylation reaction, employing an air- and moisture-tolerant rhenium−oxo complex ((dppm)ReOCl3) as a catalyst and a propargyl alcohol as the electrophile, is described. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups and regioselectively affords propargylic arenas without formation of the isomeric allenyl adducts. The potential of this rhenium(V)-catalyzed reaction is exemplified by application of the propargylation to the synthesis of O-methyldetrol, mimosifoliol, and β-apopicropodophyllin.
Francis W. Reichelderfer 1895–1983

Francis W. Reichelderfer, who died January 26, 1983, introduced modern forecasting techniques to U.S. military and civilian weather prediction and spearheaded their dissemination throughout the world. When Reichelderfer retired as Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau in 1963, Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges declared that, “You are leaving a legacy of the world's largest and most sophisticated weather system … During your tour of duty, your leadership and inspiration guided meteorologists throughout the world to work toward the common goal of a truly global weather system.” President Kennedy and former Presidents Truman and Eisenhower sent letters of appreciation. In addition, Reichelderfer received gifts and messages from more than 50 other nations in recognition of his many contributions to the development of modern meteorology. Reichelderfer himself said that he had been fortunate “always to have been in the right place at the right time.”
A Utility Proportional Fairness Resource Allocation in Spectrally Radar-Coexistent Cellular Networks

Spectrum sharing is an elegant solution to addressing the scarcity of the bandwidth for wireless communications systems. This research studies the feasibility of sharing the spectrum between sectorized cellular systems and stationary radars interfering with certain sectors of the communications infrastructure. It also explores allocating optimal resources to mobile devices in order to provide with the quality of service for all running applications whilst growing the communications network spectrally coexistent with the radar systems. The rate allocation problem is formulated as two convex optimizations, where the radar-interfering sector assignments are extracted from the portion of the spectrum non-overlapping with the radar operating frequency. Such a double-stage resource allocation procedure inherits the fairness into the rate allocation scheme by first assigning the spectrally radar-overlapping resources.
Cr absorber mask for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

A Cr film is one of the attractive materials that have been evaluated as an absorber in the advanced mask development for the extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The EUV absorber material needs to meet the requirement in EUV absorbance, mask process, inspection, repair and others. Two EUV masks were fabricated in a research laboratory and tested on a lOx reduction EUV exposure system. The processes of fabricating these two masks started with an 8-inch silicon wafer blank that had the Mo/Si multilayer (ML). A Cr film was selected as an absorber for both masks. A Si02 film, served as a buffer layer, was applied to one of the masks. The mask patterning was carried on a conventional I-line exposure tool following plasma dry etch for pattern transfer. The functionality of the two masks was tested in a resist image printing. This paper reports the EUV mask fabrication process and discusses the two different approaches to fabricate an EUV mask. 80 nm resist image features were resolved on a lOx reduction EUV exposure system by using these two masks.
Synthesis and characterization of the largest isolated clusters of tin, [Sn12](12-), in (AE)Na10Sn12 (AE = Ca or Sr).

Reported are two isostructural Zintl compounds, CaNa10Sn12 and SrNa10Sn12, with mixed alkali and alkaline-earth cations and isolated clusters of Sn1212- with the shape of giant truncated tetrahedra. The compounds were synthesized by heating the corresponding mixtures of elements at 950 °C. The structures were solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in the cubic space group I43m (No. 217), where Z = 2 with a = 11.1847(6) and 11.2176(4) A for CaNa10Sn12 and SrNa10Sn12, respectively. Both compounds are diamagnetic and therefore electronically balanced.
The Effects of Snowlines on C/O in Planetary Atmospheres

The C/O ratio is predicted to regulate the atmospheric chemistry in hot Jupiters. Recent observations suggest that some exoplanets, e.g., Wasp 12-b, have atmospheric C/O ratios substantially different from the solar value of 0.54. In this Letter, we present a mechanism that can produce such atmospheric deviations from the stellar C/O ratio. In protoplanetary disks, different snowlines of oxygen- and carbon-rich ices, especially water and carbon monoxide, will result in systematic variations in the C/O ratio both in the gas and in the condensed phases. In particular, between the H2O and CO snowlines most oxygen is present in icy grains—the building blocks of planetary cores in the core accretion model—while most carbon remains in the gas phase. This region is coincidental with the giant-planet-forming zone for a range of observed protoplanetary disks. Based on standard core accretion models of planet formation, gas giants that sweep up most of their atmospheres from disk gas outside of the water snowline will have a C/O ~ 1, while atmospheres significantly contaminated by evaporating planetesimals will have a stellar or substellar C/O when formed at the same disk radius. The overall metallicity will also depend on the atmosphere formation mechanism, and exoplanetary atmospheric compositions may therefore provide constraints on where and how a specific planet formed.
Granular Flow and Heat-Transfer Study in a Near-Blackbody Enclosed Particle Receiver

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is an effective means of converting solar energy into electricity with an energy-storage capability for continuous, dispatchable, renewable power generation. However, challenges with current CSP systems include high initial capital cost and electricity price. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) SunShot program aims to reduce cost and improve performance of CSP technology. To this end, NREL is developing a solid-particle based CSP system projected to have significant cost and performance advantages over current nitrate-based molten salt systems. The design uses gas/solid, two-phase flow as the heat transfer fluid and separated solid particles as the storage medium. A critical component in the system is a novel near-blackbody (NBB) enclosed particle receiver with high-temperature capability developed with the goal of meeting DOE’s SunShot targets for receiver cost and performance. Development of the NBB enclosed particle receiver necessitates detailed study of the dimensions of the receiver, particle flow conditions, and heat transfer coefficients. The receiver utilizes an array of absorber tubes with a granular medium flowing downward through channels between tubes. The current study focuses on simulation and analysis of granular flow patterns and the resulting convective and conductive heat transfer to the particulate phase. This paper introduces modeling methods for the granular flow through the receiver module and compares the results with an in-situ particle flow test.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Stretching resources: sensitivity of optimal bus frequency allocation to stop-level demand elasticities

Bus transit route frequencies in practice are often set reactively, without consideration of ridership elasticity to the service frequency provided. Where elasticities are used in frequency allocation, a single across the board value or two respective values for peak and off-peak are used for the entire set of routes and stops throughout the day. With growing availability of ridership data, estimation of spatially and temporally disaggregated elasticities is possible. But do these make a difference in the resulting solution to the frequency allocation problem? This study is intended to examine this question by comparing the quality of solutions obtained using an optimal frequency allocation model with different sets of elasticities corresponding to varying levels of disaggregation. Three main methodologies for estimating ridership elasticity with respect to headway are compared in the context of a transit network frequency setting framework: (1) temporal elasticities based on time of day, (2) spatial elasticities via grouping stops into demand, supply and land use classes and (3) spatio-temporal elasticities using a linear regression model. Elasticities based only on temporal aggregation result in an underestimation of the potential improvements as compared to elasticities which account for some spatial characteristics, such as land use and the opportunity to transfer. It is also important to capture longer-term effects—over a year or more—because seasonal activity patterns may bias elasticity estimates over shorter time horizons.
Pygmies, giants, and skins as laboratory constraints on the equation of state of neutron-rich matter

Laboratory experiments sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy may place stringent constraints on the equation of state of neutron-rich matter and, thus, on the structure, dynamics, and composition of neutron stars. Understanding the equation of state of neutron-rich matter is a central goal of nuclear physics that cuts across a variety of disciplines. In this contribution I focus on how laboratory experiments on neutron skins and on both Pygmy and Giant resonances can help us elucidate the structure of neutron stars.
New lower bounds for Hopcroft's problem

We establish new lower bounds on the complexity of the following basic geometric problem, attributed to John Hopcroft: Given a set ofn points andm hyperplanes in $$\mathbb{R}^d $$ , is any point contained in any hyperplane? We define a general class ofpartitioning algorithms, and show that in the worst case, for allm andn, any such algorithm requires time Ω(n logm + n2/3m2/3 + m logn) in two dimensions, or Ω(n logm + n5/6m1/2 + n1/2m5/6 + m logn) in three or more dimensions. We obtain slightly higher bounds for the counting version of Hopcroft's problem in four or more dimensions. Our planar lower bound is within a factor of 2O(log*(n+m)) of the best known upper bound, due to Matousek. Previously, the best known lower bound, in any dimension, was Ω(n logm + m logn). We develop our lower bounds in two stages. First we define a combinatorial representation of the relative order type of a set of points and hyperplanes, called amonochromatic cover, and derive lower bounds on its size in the worst case. We then show that the running time of any partitioning algorithm is bounded below by the size of some monochromatic cover. As a related result, using a straightforward adversary argument, we derive aquadratic lower bound on the complexity of Hopcroft's problem in a surprisingly powerful decision tree model of computation.
Optimal Interest Rate‐Discount Points Combination: Strategy for Mortgage Contract Terms

This paper is distinguished from previous papers by its focus on income-producing properties, rather than owner-occupied single-family residential properties. The real estate investor's strategy, in terms of choosing an interest rate-discount points combination, is analyzed by using a discounted cash flow approach. Under this framework, the investor with a lower marginal tax rate, lower required rate of return and longer investment horizon tends to negotiate for a mortgage contract with a higher number of discount points and lower interest rate. In addition, an intermediate rate-points combination is preferred by an investor only when the lender's required interest rate is a decreasing convex function of the number of discount points.
Organometallic alkane CH activation

The title topic is reviewed with emphasis on catalysis and on recent advances. Alkane σ complexes, Shilov chemistry and oxidative addition routes are covered. Attention is also given to σ bond metathesis, surface-bound organometallics and CH activation involving carbene complexes. Closely related reactions of non-alkane substrates such as the Murai reaction are also discussed.
Organic Chemical Reactions in Supercritical Water.

Water near or above its critical point (374 C, 218 atm) is attracting increased attention as a medium for organic chemistry. Most of this new attention is driven by the search for more green or environmentally benign chemical processes. Using near-critical or supercritical water (SCW) instead of organic solvents in chemical processes offers environmental advantages and may lead to pollution prevention. Interest in doing chemistry in SCW is not entirely new, however. There has been much previous research in this area with applications in synthetic fuels production, biomass processing, waste treatment, materials synthesis, and geochemistry. Water near its critical point possesses properties very different from those of ambient liquid water. The dielectric constant is much lower, and the number and persistence of hydrogen bonds are both diminished. As a result, high-temperature water behaves like many organic solvents in that organic compounds enjoy high solubilities in near-critical water and complete miscibility with SCW. Moreover, gases are also miscible in SCW so employing a SCW reaction environment provides an opportunity to conduct chemistry in a single fluid phase that would otherwise occur in a multiphase system under more conventional conditions. The paper discusses the use of supercritical water in the following reactions:more » hydrogenation/dehydrogenation; C-C bond formation; rearrangements; hydration/dehydration; elimination; hydrolysis; partial oxidation; H-D exchange; decomposition; and oxidation.« less
The Redshift of the Lensed Object in the Einstein Ring B0218+357

We present a secure redshift of z = 0.944 ± 0.002 for the lensed object in the Einstein ring gravitational lens B0218+357 based on five broad emission lines, in good agreement with our preliminary value announced several years ago based solely on the detection of a single emission line.
Diagnosis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Cytopenic Patients

Sustained clinical cytopenia is a frequent laboratory finding in ambulatory and hospitalized patients. For pathologists and hematopathologists who examine the bone marrow (BM), a diagnosis of cytopenia secondary to an infiltrative BM process or acute leukemia can be readily established based on morphologic evaluation and flow cytometry immunophenotyping. However, it can be more challenging to establish a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this article, the practical approaches for establishing or excluding a diagnosis of MDS (especially low-grade MDS) in patients with clinical cytopenia are discussed along with the current diagnostic recommendations provided by the World Health Organization and the International Working Group for MDS.
Averting Behavior and Policy Evaluation

Information revealed by averting behavior is compared to information required for policy evaluation. Protective actions substitute for missing contingent claims markets by supporting transfers of income or health across states of nature. If the set of protective opportunities spans the state-outcome space, welfare effects are independent of preferences at the margin and otherwise are bounded by the savings in defensive expenditure, holding all contingent outcomes of pollution exposure constant. Tests for a spanning set, valuation in its absence, and implementation problems are discussed. Policy evaluations like benefits transfer are shown to require structural estimates of the protective technology.
Kinetic effects of energetic particles on resistive MHD stability.

We show that the kinetic effects of energetic particles can play a crucial role in the stability of the $m/n=2/1$ tearing mode in tokamaks (e.g., JET, JT-60U, and DIII-D), where the fraction of energetic particle ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{frac}}$ is high. Using model equilibria based on DIII-D experimental reconstructions, the nonideal MHD linear stability of cases unstable to the $2/1$ mode is investigated including a $\ensuremath{\delta}f$ particle-in-cell model for the energetic particles coupled to the nonlinear 3D resistive MHD code NIMROD [C. C. Kim et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 072507 (2008)]. It is observed that energetic particles have significant damping and stabilizing effects at experimentally relevant $\ensuremath{\beta}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{frac}}$, and $S$, and excite a real frequency of the $2/1$ mode. Extrapolation of the results is discussed for implications to JET and ITER, where the effects are projected to be significant.
Raman, infrared and NMR spectra and structure of dimethylvinylborane

Abstract The Raman spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid dimethylvinylborane have been recorded from 30 to 4000 cm−1. The infrared spectra of gaseous and solid dimethylvinylborane have been recorded over the frequency range of 80–3500 cm−1. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed. From the observation of depolarized Raman lines, it is concluded that the molecule has a plane of symmetry. Since both the in-phase and out-of-phase symmetric CH3 stretches are polarized, it appears that the molecule exists as the conformer in which the molecular plane contains all of the heavy atoms rather than as the conformer with the vinyl group perpendicular to the CBC plane. The vinyl internal torsional mode was observed at 100 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum of the gas and a two-fold periodic barrier of 4.2 kcal mol−1 was calculated. Both 1H and 13C low temperature NMR studies were carried out and the results were consistent with the relatively low barrier to internal rotation of the vinyl group. The 13C chemical shift of Cβ of the vinyl group is more shielded than that of any other vinylborane studied thus far, which implies that the delocalization is small. The structural conclusions are discussed relative to some recent theoretical predictions for this molecule.
Structural Properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans Neuronal Network

Despite recent interest in reconstructing neuronal networks, complete wiring diagrams on the level of individual synapses remain scarce and the insights into function they can provide remain unclear. Even for Caenorhabditis elegans, whose neuronal network is relatively small and stereotypical from animal to animal, published wiring diagrams are neither accurate nor complete and self-consistent. Using materials from White et al. and new electron micrographs we assemble whole, self-consistent gap junction and chemical synapse networks of hermaphrodite C. elegans. We propose a method to visualize the wiring diagram, which reflects network signal flow. We calculate statistical and topological properties of the network, such as degree distributions, synaptic multiplicities, and small-world properties, that help in understanding network signal propagation. We identify neurons that may play central roles in information processing, and network motifs that could serve as functional modules of the network. We explore propagation of neuronal activity in response to sensory or artificial stimulation using linear systems theory and find several activity patterns that could serve as substrates of previously described behaviors. Finally, we analyze the interaction between the gap junction and the chemical synapse networks. Since several statistical properties of the C. elegans network, such as multiplicity and motif distributions are similar to those found in mammalian neocortex, they likely point to general principles of neuronal networks. The wiring diagram reported here can help in understanding the mechanistic basis of behavior by generating predictions about future experiments involving genetic perturbations, laser ablations, or monitoring propagation of neuronal activity in response to stimulation.
HANBURY-BROWN–TWISS INTERFEROMETRY WITH IDENTICAL BOSONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS: COMPARISONS WITH HADRONIC SCATTERING MODELS

Identical boson Hanbury-Brown–Twiss interferometry as applied to relativistic heavy-ion collisions is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the use of hadronic scattering models to interpret the physical significance of experimental results. Interferometric studies with center-of-mass energies from <1 GeV/nucleon up to 5500 GeV/nucleon are considered.
Boundary states of D-branes and dy-strings

Abstract Polchinski's recent construction of Dirichlet branes of R-R charges, together with Witten's mechanism for forming bound states of both NS-NS charges and R-R charges, provides a rigorous method to treat these dy-branes. We construct the massless sector of boundary states of D-branes, as well as of dy-strings of charge ( p , 1). As a consequence, the string tension formula predicted by duality in the type IIB theory is obtained.
Adsorption States of Amphipatic Solutes at the Surface of Naturally Hydrophobic Minerals: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

An initial molecular dynamics simulation study regarding interfacial phenomena at selected naturally hydrophobic surfaces is reported. Simulation results show that, due to the natural hydrophobicity of graphite and talc basal planes, the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide preferentially adsorbs at these surfaces through hydrophobic interactions. When a model dextrin molecule is considered, the simulation results suggest that the hydrophobic interaction between the naturally hydrophobic surfaces of graphite, talc basal plane, and sulfur and the hydrophobic moieties (C-H and methylene groups) in the dextrin molecule plays a significant role in dextrin adsorption at these surfaces. The hydroxyl group in the dextrin molecule also contributes to its adsorption at the talc basal plane surface. In contrast, dextrin was not found to adsorb at talc edge surfaces.
A Social Cognitive View of Self-Regulated Learning About Health

Researchers interested in health-related learning have recently begun to study processes people use to self-regulate their health and their ability to prevent or control chronic disease. This paper represents a social cognitive view of self-regulation that involves three classes of influence on self-regulating behavior: personal, behavioral, and environmental. This triadic model assumes that people self-regulate their health through the use of self-care strategies, setting reasonable health goals, and monitoring feedback concerning the effectiveness of strategies in meeting their goals. People’s perceptions of self-efficacy are also assumed to play a major role in motivating them to self-regulate their health functioning. According to social cognitive theory, processes entailed in regulating one’s health can be taught through social modeling, supports, and feedback; gradually these external supports are withdrawn as one is able to self-regulate. This paper will analyze self-regulation processes related to...
Mass changes in NSTX surface layers with Li conditioning as measured by quartz microbalances

Abstract Dynamic retention of deuterium, lithium deposition, and the stability of thick deposited layers were measured by three quartz crystal microbalances (QMB) deployed in plasma shadowed areas at the upper and lower divertor and outboard midplane in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) that was equipped with a lithium evaporator. Deposition of 185 μg/cm2 over 3 months in 2007 was measured by a QMB at the lower divertor while a QMB on the upper divertor, that was shadowed from the evaporator, received an order of magnitude less deposition. During helium glow discharge conditioning both neutral gas collisions and the ionization of lithium and subsequent drift of the ion interrupted the lithium deposition on the lower divertor. We present calculations of the relevant mean free paths. Occasionally strong variations in the QMB frequency of thick lithium films were observed suggesting relaxation of mechanical stress and/or flaking or peeling of the deposited layers.
Frequency discrimination of complex periodic tones

Pairs of complementary two‐tone complex periodic signals produce distinct pitch differences if the constituent tones differ in amplitude. Previous work indicates that the discriminability of such signal pairs may be based upon a weighted average of the instantaneous frequency functions of these signals. Psychometric functions for two‐tone discriminations are not monotonic. Listener performance falls toward chance beyond a critical frequency separation between the constituent tones. Using this critical separation, we have defined the resolution bandwidth of the auditory system for center frequencies from 250 to 4000 Hz.
A comparative study of stability methods for flexible satellites.

This paper compares three approaches to the stability of hybrid dynamical systems, all three methods being based on the Liapunov direct method. The first method uses testing density functions, whereas the second involves defining certain integral coordinates. Both the method using testing density functions and the method of integral coordinates lead to closed-form stability criteria in terms of the system parameters. Criteria obtained using the method of integral coordinates are in general less restrictive than those derived by the method using testing density functions. On the other hand, the latter method is easier to apply and requires less work than the former. The third method is the standard modal analysis. The modal analysis generally yields more involved criteria, depending on the number of modes used to represent the elastic displacements. As an application, the attitude stability of an earth-pointing satellite with multi-elastic domains is investigated.
A Randomized Trial Comparing Cyclosporine Induction With Sequential Therapy in Renal Transplant Recipients

Abstract Calcium antagonists may reduce the nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine (CsA), allowing CsA to be introduced immediately after renal transplantation and thereby obviating the need for sequential induction therapy with a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody. To test this hypothesis, in a pilot feasibility trial 100 cadaveric or one-haplotype-mismatched living-related renal transplant recipients were randomized to either (1) sequential therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (ATGAM; Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) 20 mg/kg/d for 7 to 14 days until renal function was established and CsA (Sandimmune; Sandoz, East Hanover, NJ) was started, or (2) CsA 8 mg/kg/d begun immediately before surgery with diltiazem (Cardizem; Marion Merrell Dow, Kansas City, MO) 60 mg sustained release twice daily. Acute rejection episodes during the first 90 days were not different with ATG versus CsA induction (42% v 28%; P = 0.142 by chi-square analysis). Graft failures (10% v 16%; P = 0.372) and the incidence of delayed graft function (28% v 34%; P = 0.516) were also similar with ATG compared with CsA. ATG caused lower platelet counts (138 ± 59 × 103v 197 ± 75 × 103 at 7 days; P
Stereoselective synthesis of substituted 1,3-oxazolidines via Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions of O-vinyl-1,2-amino alcohols

The stereoselective synthesis of 2,4- and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-oxazolidines is accomplished via Pd-catalyzed carboamination of O-vinyl-1,2-amino alcohol derivatives. The transformations generate cis-disubstituted products with good to excellent diastereoselectivity, and enantiomerically enriched substrates are converted without loss of optical purity. In addition to yielding synthetically useful products that are difficult to generate with existing methods, these transformations illustrate that electron-rich enol ethers are viable substrates for alkene carboamination processes.
Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Drill Bit Vibrations

Drill bit vibrations are modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The model includes the most important properties of drill bits and of the drilling operation. These are: the drill bit cross sectional geometry, the drill helix angle, rotational speed of the drill bit, the thrust force, torque, and cutting forces generated during drilling. Equations of motion are derived in an inertial frame and then transformed to a rotating fluted frame for convenience in the solution. The transformed equa­ tions are discretized using finite element techniques. The finite element code developed is capable of solving the eigenvalue problem for various boundary condi­ tions and drill cross sectional geometries. Finite element solutions are compared to known analytical, numerical, and experimental results from the literature and good agreement is obtained.
A class of three-dimensional, optimum hypersonic wings.

A limiting case of hypersonic flow is considered in which Mm —> °o • the flow deflections are small so that hypersonic small-disturbance theory applies. Within this framework there are various, known, exact solutions for flow past axisymmetric bodies. These flows are those for which the shock shape follows a power law rs '~ x*. The idea used in this paper is to construct the compression side of a lifting wing from the known streamlines in the flow behind the power-law shock wave. By considering families of such wings an optimum problem is considered, namely, to find the wing with given lift which produces a minimum wave resistance. The optimum problem is solved by variatioiial methods. Numerical results are are obtained for a range of n from ^ to 10, with y = 1.4.
Auditor Resignations and the Market for Audit Services

This paper examines the market for audit services when the incumbent auditor of an SEC registrant has resigned from the engagement. While many previous studies of auditor changes have examined audi...