cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Class of service in the high performance storage system

Quality of service capabilities are commonly deployed in archival mass storage systems as one or more client-specified parameters to influence physical location of data in multi-level device hierarchies for performance or cost reasons. The capabilities of new high-performance storage architectures and the needs of data-intensive applications require better quality of service models for modern storage systems. HPSS, a new distributed, high-performance, scalable, storage system, uses a Class of Service (COS) structure to influence system behavior. The authors summarize the design objectives and functionality of HPSS and describes how COS defines a set of performance, media, and residency attributes assigned to storage objects managed by HPSS servers. COS definitions are used to provide appropriate behavior and service levels as requested (or demanded) by storage system clients. They compare the HPSS COS approach with other quality of service concepts and discuss alignment possibilities.
Local geometric Langlands correspondence and affine Kac-Moody algebras

Let \( \mathfrak{g} \) be a simple Lie algebra over ℂ and G a connected algebraic group with Lie algebra \( \mathfrak{g} \). The affine Kac-Moody algebra \( \hat {\mathfrak{g}} \) is the universal central extension of the formal loop agebra \( \mathfrak{g} \)((t)). Representations of \( \hat {\mathfrak{g}} \) have a parameter, an invariant bilinear form on \( \mathfrak{g} \), which is called the level. Representations corresponding to the bilinear form which is equal to minus one half of the Killing form are called representations of critical level. Such representations can be realized in spaces of global sections of twisted D-modules on the quotient of the loop group G((t)) by its “open compact” subgroup K, such as G[[t]] or the Iwahori subgroup I.
Mechanism of action of ATP on intestinal epithelial cells. Cyclic AMP-mediated stimulation of active ion transport.

ATP, ADP and AMP but not adenosine increased cyclic AMP in dispersed enterocytes prepared from guinea pig small intestine. This action of ATP was augmented by IBMX and was reproduced by App(NH)p or App(CH2)p. ATP also increased the formation of cyclic [14C]AMP in enterocytes that had been preincubated with [14C]adenine. Gpp(NH)p and NaF each caused persistent activation of adenylate cyclase in plasma membranes from enterocytes and ATP caused significant augmentation of this persistent activation. In addition to increasing cellular cyclic AMP and agumenting Gpp(NH)p and NaF-stimulated persistent activation of adenylate cyclase, ATP increased the Isc across mounted strips of small intestine and inhibited net absorption of fluid and electrolytes in segments of everted small intestine. These results indicate that intestinal epithelial cells possess a receptor that interacts with ATP and other adenine nucleotides and that receptor occupation by ATP causes activation of adenylate cyclase, increased cyclic AMP and changes in active ion transport across intestinal mucosa.
Characterization of a forebrain gaze field in the archistriatum of the barn owl: microstimulation and anatomical connections

We present evidence that the archistriatum in the forebrain of the barn owl participates in gaze control, that it can mediate gaze changes independently of the optic tectum (OT), and that it projects in parallel to both the OT and to saccade-generating circuitry in the brainstem tegmentum. These properties are similar to those of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in the prefrontal cortex of primates. The forebrain was surveyed for sites where electrical microstimulation would induce head saccades. Head (and eye) saccades were elicited from the anterior 70% of the archistriatum, a region that we refer to as the archistriatal gaze fields (AGF). At single stimulation sites in the AGF, saccade amplitude tended to vary as a function of stimulation parameters (current strength, pulse frequency, and train duration) and starting head position. In contrast, saccade direction was largely independent of these parameters. Saccade direction did vary over a wide range of primarily contraversive directions with the site of stimulation in the AGF. Using anatomical pathway tracing techniques, we found that the archistriatum projects strongly and in parallel to the deep layers of the OT and to nuclei in the midline brainstem tegmentum. Previous work has shown that electrical microstimulation of either of these brainstem regions evokes saccadic movements of the head and/or eyes (du Lac and Knudsen, 1990; Masino and Knudsen, 1992b). Inactivation of the OT with lidocaine reduced the size but did not eliminate (or change the direction of) the saccades evoked by AGF stimulation. The direct anatomical pathway from the archistriatum to the midline tegmental nuclei can account for saccades that persist following OT inactivation. The similarities between the AGF in barn owls and the FEF in primates suggest that the same general plan of anatomical and functional organization supports the contribution of the forebrain to gaze control in a wide variety of species.
Comparison of 2D and 3D models of the human head surrounded by a dielectric sheet in MRI scans

A sheet of high dielectric constant surrounding the head has been used in MRI scans to improve signal-to-noise ratio and lower the power transmitted by the array of coils. In a study presented at the URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Beijing, China, August 2014, we have presented a two-dimensional model in which the human head is simulated by a cylinder with appropriate uniform dielectric constant and conductivity, surrounded by a dielectric sheet of high permittivity and illuminated by an array of line sources. We proved that under appropriate excitation of the array elements, the electric field is zero and the magnetic field is locally maximum and circularly polarized on the axis of the structure.
FIG4, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and hypopigmentation: a role for phosphoinositides in melanosome biogenesis?

Pigmentation defects in mice and humans result from mutations in any of over 120 genes, many of which also influence additional physiological functions (Bennett and Lamoreux, 2003). Identification of genes mutated in diseases such as Hermansky-Pudlak and Chediak-Higashi syndromes and their corresponding mouse models have unveiled components of the intracellular trafficking machinery required for the formation of melanosomes and other tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles (Raposo et al., 2007). In a recent report, Chow and colleagues (Chow et al., 2007) identify another likely component of this machinery by mapping the gene that is defective in both the “pale tremor” mouse and a form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease in humans. The gene, Fig4 (in the mouse; FIG4 in humans), encodes an inositol phospholipid phosphatase that likely regulates the biogenesis of melanosomes and neurosecretory granules. Its identification provides a new twist that will likely enhance our emerging understanding of melanosome protein trafficking.
Determinants of Measles Virus (Hamster Neurotropic Strain) Replication in Mouse Brain

In newborn mice the hamster neurotropic strain of measles virus produces a severe meningoencephalitis with readily recoverable virus, while in weanling mice a fatal encephalopathy is produced with scant histopathology and no viral infectivity in brain homogenates. In this study various host factors that may change with maturation and determine the restriction of viral expression were investigated, including immune response, interferon production, host temperature, and the possible role of proteases. None of these factors appeared to be responsible for host restriction of viral expression. Recovery of virus from brains of weanling mice was not significantly enhanced by cocultivation with Vero cells, complementation with temperature-sensitive mutants, or phenotypic mixing with the Edmonston strain of measles virus. These data, combined with our previous observations of production of viral proteins including nucleocapsid proteins without development of recognizable nucleocapsids in neurons of weanling mice, suggest that with maturation the neural cells fail to replicate sufficient amounts of encapsidated viral ribonucleic acid.
Long-term open-label study of tanezumab for moderate to severe osteoarthritic knee pain.

Summary Objective This study was designed to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of repeated doses of the humanized anti-nerve growth factor antibody, tanezumab, during open-label treatment of patients with OA knee pain. Design The current study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00399490) was a multicenter, phase II, open-label, multiple-dose extension of an earlier randomized clinical trial. All patients ( N =281) received infusions of tanezumab 50μg/kg on Days 1 and 56 with subsequent doses administered at 8-week intervals (up to a total of eight infusions). The primary endpoint of this study was safety. Effectiveness evaluations included overall knee pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index subscales, and subject global assessment (SGA) of response to therapy on 0–100 point visual analog scales. Results Repeated administration of tanezumab resulted in a low incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs; 7.5%). The rate of serious AEs was also low (2.8%) with none considered treatment-related. Few AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were reported; hypoesthesia was reported by nine patients (3.2%), paresthesia by seven patients (2.5%), and hyperesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, and sensory disturbance were each reported by one patient (0.4% for each). Most AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were rated as mild (95%) and the majority (65%) resolved before study completion. At Week 8, overall knee pain and SGA improved from baseline by a mean (±standard error) of −12.8 (±1.78) and 8.0 (±1.66), respectively. Similar improvements occurred for WOMAC subscales. Conclusions Repeated injections of tanezumab in patients with moderate to severe knee OA provide continued pain relief and improved function with a low incidence of side effects. Additional studies to define the efficacy and duration of pain reduction and to provide a more complete assessment of long-term safety are warranted.
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Ca2+ Stores in Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organization of calcium (Ca2+) stores in the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is poorly understood. The dynamics of the storage and release of calcium in the S-ER of intact, cultured astrocytes and arterial myocytes were studied with high-resolution imaging methods. The S-ER appeared to be a continuous tubular network; nevertheless, calcium stores in the S-ER were organized into small, spatially distinct compartments that functioned as discrete units. Cyclopiazonic acid (an inhibitor of the calcium pump in the S-ER membrane) and caffeine or ryanodine unloaded different, spatially separate compartments. Heterogeneity of calcium stores was also revealed in cells activated by physiological agonists. These results suggest that cells can generate spatially and temporally distinct calcium signals to control individual calcium-dependent processes.
Free Cyclic Actions on Manifolds

This paper presents a geometric description and partial classification of smooth or PL oriented closed ( n 1 ) connected 2n manifolds M, n>~3, which support free actions of the cyclic group Zp= Z/pZ (where p ~> 3 is prime) with preferred generator TM and orbit manifold M/Zp. If L (n) is an n-dimensional lens space (or the n-skeleton of the usual CW decomposition of L(n +1) if n = 2k) with nl(L(n))= Zp, universal cover E (n), and fixed generator T r of the induced Zp action on E (n), we define a standard model to be a 2n dimensional smooth or PL thickening N/Zp of L(n) with generator Tn of the Zp action on N corresponding to Tr. Given an equivariant isomorphismf : (dN, TN)~ (dN, TN) (i.e.fTN=TNf, so there is an induced isomorphism f/Zp of ~N/Zp) and a closed ( n 1) connected 2n manifold K, the universal cover of (N/Zp [.Jl/zp)#K (written (NUIN)#zpK) is such a manifold M. The underlying idea of this work is that most of the manifolds M can be obtained in this way. A standard model N/Z~ is untwisted if the homology intersection form on Hn(N) is identically zero, and it is simple if in addition N~-S~x D ~ (not necessarily equivariantly) when n = 2 k + l . The homomorphism (Tu). makes H~(M) a A=ZZp module, and Wall ([35], w defines a A valued intersection form 2 on Hn(M). We say that M has hyperbolic rank >~d if the 2 form orthogonaUy splits off d hyperbolic planes (see 2.9).
Status of Meson Photoproduction Experiments with CLAS

A large part of the experimental program in Hall B of the Jefferson Lab is dedicated to baryon spectroscopy. Meson photoproduction experiments are essential part of this program. CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and availability of circularly and linearly polarized tagged photon beams in combination with longitudinally and transversely polarized frozen spin targets provide unique conditions for this type of experiments. For the first time, a complete or nearly complete measurement became possible and will allow model independent extraction of the reaction amplitude. The measurements were complete with both proton and deuteron targets. An overview of the collected experimental data will be presented.
`Nomothetic' and `Idiographic': Contrasting Windelband's Understanding with Contemporary Usage

Modem understandings of the terms `idiographic' and `nomothetic' have diverged considerably from the meanings originally assigned to those terms by their inventor, the German philosopher Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915). Much of this is attributable to the ascendance and eventual hegemony of aggregate statistical thinking within scientific psychology generally and personality psychology in particular. Based on an examination of the relevant portions of Windelband's original 1894 text, the present article seeks to clarify the misunderstandings which have resulted from this development. One objective of this contribution is to provide a more accurate historical perspective on the long-running nomothetic vs idiographic controversy. A second objective is to provide a much needed critical perspective on certain knowledge claims currently issuing from some quarters of mainstream trait psychology.
Bifunctional Imidazolylphosphine Ligands as Hydrogen Bond Donors Promote N−H and O−H Activation on Platinum

The NH moieties of two imidazolylphosphine ligands on Pt(II) facilitate formation of trans-(hydrido)(R1O)bis(phosphine)Pt(II) species from R1OH (R1 = CF3CO, CH3CO, Ph, CH3, H). Evidence points to formation of a reliable binding pocket for coordinated R1O by hydrogen bond donation from the two NH groups.
Early Versus Late Surgical Management of Fetal Reflux Nephropathy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Considering that infants with reflux nephropathy may be susceptible to urinary tract infection or longer postnatal vesicoureteral reflux, an early antireflux procedure rather than chemoprophylaxis may be indicated after birth.Materials and Methods: In 15 male and 7 female neonates bilateral and unilateral primary high grade vesicoureteral reflux was detected prenatally in 15 and 7, respectively, on the basis of dilatation of the urinary tract. There was grade III or IV reflux in the 37 refluxing renal units and all patients received chemoprophylaxis after birth. In 11 neonates congenital reflux nephropathy was diagnosed during month 1 of life, including 5 (9 refluxing renal units) who underwent early antireflux surgery without evidence of urinary tract infection and 6 (11 refluxing renal units) who underwent late surgery with a history of urinary tract infection. All patients treated nonsurgically and surgically were monitored up to 2 years and for 2 years and for 2 years postoperatively,...
The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences

C'est au debut des annees 1940 que l'on decouvrit, grâce a une equipe medicale nazie, les effets nefastes du tabac pour la sante et la relation entre le tabac et le cancer du poumon
Unenforced E-commerce transactions

Electronic commerce currently relies on traditional third party enforcement mechanisms that don't necessarily translate well to cyberspace. Chunking algorithms offer one possibility for unenforced transactions between self motivated agents. This method enables transactions in settings where the parties cannot identify each other, or where litigation is not viable. It also allows computational agents to be more autonomous by not requiring them to be strictly tied to the real world parties they represent. In cases where this type of unenforced exchange is possible, it is preferable to the strictly enforced mode of exchange because it saves enforcement costs (for example, litigation costs or operations costs of trusted third party intermediaries) and it is insensitive to enforcement uncertainties. The method is based on managing the exchange between two agents-a supplier and a demander-so that the gains from completing the exchange (cooperating according to a contract) at any point are larger for both agents than the gains from terminating it (defecting the exchange prematurely by vanishing).
The lac operon galactoside acetyltransferase

Of the proteins encoded by the three structural genes of the lac operon, the galactoside acetyltransferase (thiogalactoside transacetylase, LacA, GAT) encoded by lacA is the only protein whose biological role remains in doubt. Here, we briefly note the classical literature that led to the identification and initial characterization of GAT, and focus on more recent results which have revealed its chemical mechanism of action and its membership in a large superfamily of structurally similar acyltransferases. The structural and sequence similarities of several members of this superfamily confirm the original claim for GAT as a CoA-dependent acetyltransferase specific for the 6-hydroxyl group of certain pyranosides, but do not yet point to the identity of the natural substrate(s) of the enzyme. To cite this article: S.L. Roderick, C. R. Biologies 328 (2005).
Dysraphic problems in the lumbar spine: dilemmas in management--a review of 49 cases.

Occult spinal dysraphism can present in many ways. In this review the clinical features, pathology, and management of 49 adult and pediatric cases are discussed. Most recent papers agrec that surgery should be performed for clinical deterioration, and many now advise prophylactic surgery for stable or asymptomatic patients. This paper questions the role of prophylactic surgery in such patients. The natural history of occult dysraphism is not known, particularly in the case of adult or asymptomatic patients A conservative management policy, with operation reserced for subsequent clinical or electrophysiological deterioration, is still acceptable in stable or asymptomatic patients. The prospective study of cohorts of patients, with the various forms of occult spinal dysraphism, from units with differing management policies, will help to clarify the natural history of this condition and whether this may be influenced by prophylactic surgery.
Social Determinism and Rationality as Bases of Party Identification

In The Responsible Electorate, V. O. Key urged upon us “the perverse and unorthodox argument … that voters are not fools.” He challenged the notion that the voting act is the deterministic resultant of psychological and sociological vectors. He believed that the evidence supported the view of the voter as a reasonably rational fellow. The present article offers a corollary to Key's “unorthodox argument.” It suggests that certain sociological determinants, secifically group norms regarding party identification, may, upon examination, prove to be rational guides to action. For the voter who is a reasonably rational fellow, it will be argued, these group norms may seem rather sensible.Before proceeding to the analysis of data, some discussion of the notion of rationality seems in order. The usage subscribed to in the present analysis derives from contemporary game theory. Put most simply, being rational in a decision situation consists in examining the alternatives with which one is confronted, estimating and evaluating the likely consequences of each, and selecting that alternative which yields the most attractive set of expectations. Formally, this process entails making calculations of the following type as a basis for the decision:where:E(Vai) = expected value of alternative i.P(oj∣ai) = probability of outcome j given that V(oi) = value of outcome j to the decision maker.
Characterization of phase-change layer thermal properties using a micro-thermal stage

Recent progress using a micro-thermal stage (MTS) allowed the control the temperature of microstructures with sub-μs time scales. This approach was applied to phase-change memory (PCM) cells to measure thermal material and device properties. In this work, we use the change in MTS thermal resistance to predict changes in the thermal conductivity or thickness of the nearby phase-change layer (PCL). More generally, we show that the MTS can be placed in-situ of a complicated system to measure the thermal properties of a single changing layer. Electrical measurements of the MTS are performed on several different structures with different PCL thicknesses including 35, 70, and 100 nm thick Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) films, a different phase-change material, and no PCL. Simulations establish the expected relationship between the MTS temperature for different input PCL thermal properties. The simulation approach is then scaled to match the experimental data and predicts the temperature in the PCL for different PCL thermal properties. Additionally, an analytical thermal circuit model is developed to describe the thermal profile of the system. The calibrated simulation and analytical models are thus able to determine thermal properties of the buried PCL by making purely electrical measurements of the MTS.
Reproductive endocrinology: Menstrual cycle lengths - What can they tell us?

Short and long menstrual cycles have been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases. Menstrual cycle length seems to be determined by the underlying hormonal profile—but could cycle length be a reliable indicator of hormone perturbations and disease risk in healthy regularly menstruating women?
Base Flow Environment Analysis of a Single Engine Booster

METHOD of predicting the base pressure and the base gas temperature of an axially symmetric cylindrical vehicle with a single central jet has been developed with the application of Korst's two-stream interaction model. Reasonably good agreement of the analytical results with available wind tunnel and flight data has been obtained. Typical effects of geometry and of flow variables on base pressure and base gas temperature are also shown. Contents Some of the problem areas of major concern which exist during the powered phase of a launch vehicle are energy transfer from the engine exhaust gas to the base, possible recombustion of the fuel-rich turbine exhaust gas, and premature flow separation ahead of the base. The analysis of these problems requires a knowledge of base gas temperature, of ambient air entrainment into the base region, and of base pressure. The base flow of a booster depends on such variables as vehicle trajectory, hardware geometry, and engine operating conditions. Thus, a rather simple and practical method of predicting the base flow variables is desirable. The usefulness of Korst's two-stream interaction model to the base flow analysis of an axially symmetric vehicle with a central jet (a typical vehicle shown in Fig. 1) has been demonstrated by several authors who obtained a good agreement of the predicted base pressure with data. In this paper the basic approach of Korst is extended to a more usable method which gives reasonably good prediction of not only the base pressure but also of the base gas temperature. The method is limited to a case where the mixing layer is fully turbulent and where both the external freestream and the central jet stream are supersonic. The initial boundary layer at the separation corner is neglected. A mixing layer velocity profile of an error function shape with an expression for the jet spread factor based on some recent axisymmetric base flow data was used. Total enthalpy within the mixing layer was related to the velocity profile by Crocco's energy relation. The assumption that the recompression pressure rise equal to the pressure rise of the inviscid flow boundary across an oblique shock, together with Goethert's modified escape criterion, has been retained. It has been observed from recent data that the flow reversal begins well ahead of the rear stagnation point. The constant pressure mixing analysis is, therefore, applicable in the relatively constant pressure region between this beginning of flow reversal and the base.
Error estimation and adaptive meshing in strongly nonlinear dynamic problems

We present work aimed at developing a general framework for mesh adaption in strongly nonlinear, possibly dynamic, problems. We begin by showing that the solutions of the incremental boundary value problem for a wide class of materials, including nonlinear elastic materials, compressible Newtonian fluids and viscoplastic solids, obey a minimum principle, provided that the constitutive updates are formulated appropriately. This minimum principle can be taken as a basis for asymptotic error estimation. In particular, we chose to monitor the error of a lower-order projection of the finite element solution. The optimal mesh size distribution then follows from a posteriori error indicators which are purely local, i.e. can be computed element-by-element. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of the computational framework with the aid of convergence studies and selected examples of application.
Fractionally Charged Heavy Leptons: Cosmological Implications of Their Existence, and a Prediction of Their Abundance

Charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{3}$ heavy leptons can annihilate in heavy stars down to an abundance of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$, without generating an isotropic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray background. Observation of such leptons with this abundance, and the observed flux of cosmic neutrinos imply that (1) there is no primordial hydrogen on earth, (a) the first stars were heavy ($M\ensuremath{\gtrsim}15{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$), and (3) their formation took place at a red shift $1+z\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20$.
The Intrinsic Incompressibility of Osteoblast-like Cells.

This paper presents a new methodology, apparatus design, and the experimental results of ongoing research into the measurement of the mechanical properties of musculoskeletal tissue at the cellular...
DITEC (DoD-Centric and Independent Technology Evaluation Capability): A Process for Testing Security

Information Assurance (IA) is one of the Department of Defense's (DoD) top priorities today. IA technologies are constantly evolving to protect critical information from the growing number of cyber threats. Furthermore, DoD spends millions of dollars each year procuring, maintaining, and discontinuing various IA and Cyber technologies. Today, there is no process and/or standardized method for making informed decisions about which IA technologies are better/best. Due to this, efforts for selecting technologies go through very disparate evaluations that are often times non-repeatable and very subjective. DITEC (DoD-centric and Independent Technology Evaluation Capability) is a new capability that streamlines IA technology evaluation. DITEC defines a Process for evaluating whether or not a product meets DoD needs, Security Metrics for measuring how well needs are met, and a Framework for comparing various products that address the same IA technology area. DITEC seeks to reduce the time and cost of creating a test plan and expedite the test and evaluation effort for considering new IA technologies, consequently streamlining the deployment of IA products across DoD and increasing the potential to meet its needs.
Thyroxin-stimulated ultrastructural changes in ependymoglia of thyroprivic amphibian larvae

Abstract Ependymal cells represent a major portion of the neuroglial population of the brain in lower vertebrates. Earlier investigations have suggested that thyroxin-dependent neuronal growth and maturation in the brain of metamorphosing amphibians are accompanied by proliferation and metabolic activation of the neuroglia. Electron microscopic studies of brains of Rana pipiens larvae reveal that, in the absence of the thyroid gland, ependymal cells lining ventricles of the developing amphibian brain display sparsely distributed ribosomes, few polyribosomes, and relatively simple profiles of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. When thyroxin is administered to such animals, free ribosomes and polyribosomes become numerous and stacks of lamellar ribosome-studded endoplasmic reticulum predominate. The observed changes are interpreted as reflecting an increased neuroglial capacity to synthesize export protein.
Competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) can be a sensitive method for the specific detection of small quantities of allergen in a complex mixture

Rationale The competition ELISA assay is used to determine the potency of US standardized allergen extracts. We have been concerned that the competition ELISA is not sensitive to changes in individual allergen levels. This study was designed to determine the sensitivity of the competition ELISA to detect the specific loss of Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 in cockroach extracts. Methods German cockroach extract E3Cg was made from defatted German cockroaches. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with rBla g 1 or rBla g 2. Optimal dilutions of anti-Bla g 1 and anti-Bla g 2 sera were established by ELISA. E3Cg was selectively depleted of Bla g 1 or Bla g 2 by immunoabsorption with anti-Bla g 1 or anti-Bla g 2 attached to Protein G agarose beads. Competition ELISA using pooled human sera, or mixed anti-Bla g 1 and anti-Bla g 2 serum, was performed on the depleted extracts, and on depleted extracts reconstituted with rBla g 1 or rBla g 2. Results Unlike pooled human-allergic IgE sera, anti-Bla g 1 and anti-Bla g 2 IgG -- in dilutions as low as 10(-6), could be used in the competition ELISA to measure the loss of allergen in depleted E3Cg. As little as 0.001 microg/mL of added rBla g 1 and 0.1 microg/mL of added rBla g 2, could be detected. Conclusion The competition ELISA can be highly sensitive to compositional differences in complex allergen mixtures, even when the specific detecting antibody is present in relatively small amounts.
Fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy of the uranyl ion in nitric acid for process monitoring applications

Near real time process monitoring of the uranium content in an aqueous fuel recycling plant is a desired component of an advanced safeguards suite; Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy and Time Resolved Laser induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy can contribute to this technology gap. This work presents the observation of the spectroscopic parameters (molar absorptivities, fluorescent response) of the uranyl ion across the range of conditions expected in reprocessing chemistry. From this data, a monitor using the ratio of the absorbance of the uranyl ion at 403 and 426 nm has been developed. This technique can determine the nitrate solution concentration and can be coupled with a condition appropriate molar absorptivity to determine the uranyl concentration. This method provides a reliable technique for online, real time process monitoring of the uranyl and nitrate concentration under a wide range of solution compositions.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer in Forced Convection in a Helical Pipe Filled With a Porous Medium

This paper investigates numerically heat transfer in a helical pipe filled with a fluid saturated porous medium. The analysis is based on the full momentum equation for porous media that accounts for the Brinkman and Forchheimer extensions of the Darcy law as well as for the flow inertia. Numerical computations are performed in an orthogonal helical coordinate system. The effects of the Darcy number, the Forchheimer coefficient as well as the Dean and Germano numbers on the axial flow velocity, secondary flow, temperature distribution, and the Nusselt number are analyzed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Comparison of Two Navier -Stokes Methods with Benchmark Active Control Technology Experiments

Two commonly used three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes codes are applied to select test cases from an experimental data set on a model known as the Benchmark Active Control Technology (BACT) wing. The BACT test provides data for the validation of aerodynamic, aeroelastic, and active aeroelastic control simulation codes. An overview will be presented of the two Navier-Stokes aeroelastic codes currently being used in an analysis of that data. A collection of results obtained by the two methods will be compared with the BACT experimental data for a wing with a statically deflected spoiler and statically and dynamically deflected aileron. Both methods employ structured computational fluid dynamics flow solvers and continuous surface modeling for the computation of complex moving control surface geometry. Motivation for this work is the development of an integrated computational aeroelasticity and active control simulation capability for the transonic flight regime and validation of that capability using the BACT wing data.
1-Epizeylenol from Uvaria zeylanica roots

Abstract 1-Epizeylenol was isolated from Uvaria zeylanica roots and characterized, largely by 1 H and 13 CNMR spectral comparisons with zeylenol.
The Beliefs about Language Learning of Beginning University Foreign Language Students

liefs about how languages are learned.1 Definite viewpoints on the best techniques for learning a language, the "right" age to begin language study, and the nature of the language learning process are the subject of airline magazine articles, Sunday supplement advertisements, and cocktail party small-talk. Many people apparently believe, for example, that second language fluency can be obtained with relatively little effort. In the course of a review of the time
Slow-to-fast light using absorption to gain switching in quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifier

Room temperature quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifier with large input power is utilized in both the absorption and gain regime as an optical group delay and advance (slow and fast light), respectively. Material resonance created by coherent population oscillation and four wave mixing is tuned by electrical injection current, which in turn controls the speed of light. The four-wave mixing and population oscillation model explains the slow-to-fast light switching. Experimentally, the scheme achieves 200 degrees phase shift at 1 GHz, which corresponds to 0.56 delay-bandwidth product. The device presents a feasible building block of a multi-bit optical buffer system.
Evidence-based practice, response to intervention, and the prevention of reading difficulties.

Purpose This article provides an evidence-based perspective on what school communities can do to lower the prevalence of reading difficulties among their pupils through preventive interventions. It also delineates the roles that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) might play in these interventions. Method This article is organized to first provide a broad overview of current directions in research, practice, and policy in educational interventions, with an emphasis on how the three are increasingly integrated to respond to evidence showing that American school children are underperforming in reading. Next, the concept of response to intervention (RTI) is described. RTI is an educational policy and practice that is grounded in the accumulated literature that focuses on how schools might better organize themselves to deliver multitiered reading interventions to reduce children’s risk for reading disability. Last, this article provides three organizational principles that school-based professionals, includin...
Thermodynamics and kinetics of mouse prolactin-hepatic receptor interaction

Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters associated with the binding of secreted mouse prolactin (smPRL) to mouse hepatic receptors were investigated. When the reaction temperature was increased from 8 degrees C to 37 degrees C, the association rate constant k+1, increased approximately 5-fold, from 2.3 X 10(4) M-1 . S-1 to 12.6 X 10(4) M-1 . S-1. An Arrhenius plot indicated that there was a linear relationship between ln (k+1) and 1/T. When the reaction temperature was increased from 8 degrees C to 37 degrees C, the equilibrium binding constant, Ka, decreased approximately 1.5-fold, from 2.8 X 10(8) M-1 to 1.9 X 10(8) M-1. When the pH of the binding reaction was lowered from 9.0 to 6.2, Ka decreased approximately 3-fold, from 2.6 X 10(8) M-1 to 0.9 X 10(8) M-1. Transition state thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the smPRL-receptor complex, represented by delta G+', delta H+' and delta S+', were +45.7 kJ/mol, +41.2 kJ/mol and -15.1 J/(mol . K), respectively. Parameters for the equilibrium reaction, described by delta G0', delta H0' and delta S0', were -47.6 kJ/mol, -10.6 kJ/mol and +124 J/(mol . K), respectively. Over the temperature range studied, a Van't Hoff plot of the binding constants demonstrated a linear relationship between ln (ka) and 1/T, indicating that changes in enthalpy for the binding reaction were temperature independent. The binding reaction was largely entropically driven (delta S0' greater than 0), suggesting that hydrophobic interactions are involved in forming the smPRL-receptor complex.
Effects of lesions of putative LHRH-containing pathways and midbrain nuclei on lordotic behavior and luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Lordotic behavior and LH release were measured in ovariectomized rats after radiofrequency lesions of the midbrain central gray (MCG), interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), nummillary bodies (MMM), stria medullaris (SM), or fasciculus retroflexus (FR), areas which are reported to contain immunoactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), a hypothalamic decapeptide which has been implicated in the neuroendocrine control of lordosis. SM and FR lesions increased lordotic behavior after estrone-priming. IPN lesions reversed an increase in lordotic behavior seen in IPN sham-lesioned animals treated with estrone. MCG lesions decreased lordotic behavior after estrone-priming, while MMM lesions had no effect. None of the lesions significantly altered lordotic responsiveness when animals were repeatedly mated or were treated with estrone + progesterone. There was a slight decrease in serum LH levels in SM animals. Results are interpreted in terms of the role of LHRH in control of lordosis, and of midbrain mechanisms for influencing lordotic behavior.
A word count of spoken English

A table of word frequencies derived from 250,000 words of recorded interviews with university students and hospital patients is presented. Data for subsamples of 100,000 words each from the student patient populations are also given to permit evaluation of their differences. A total of 9699 different words, of which 4097 occurred only once in the complete sample, are listed.
Liquid crystalline block copolymers containing rigid units and flexible ethylene terephthalate segments

Liquid crystalline block copolymers containing different compositions of terephthaloyl bis(4-oxybenzoyl) (triad) mesogen and flexible ethylene terephthalate (ET) units, were synthesized in tetrachloroethane/pyridine (TCE/Py) at 150°C and in 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN) at elevated temperatures. Inherent viscosities of the PET block copolymers were always lower than 0.25 dL/g. By replacing the ET blocks with butylene terephthalate (BT) blocks, a copolymer of higher inherent viscosity (> 0.8 dL/g) was synthesized in 1-CN at 220°C. Formation of low molecular weight PET copolymers was attributed to: (1) insolubility of the block copolymer in TCE/Py and (2) formation of side products which alter the stoichiometry of the reactants when the reaction was carried out in 1-CN. The block copolymers were characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Copolymer compositions were calculated from 1H and 13C-NMR data. Thermal behavior of these copolymers was analyzed by DSC and polarizing optical microscopy. All copolymers exhibited a nematic liquid crystalline texture. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Catalysis by arginine deiminase: Evidence for a covalent intermediate

Abstract Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to ammonia and citrulline. This reaction is postulated to occur in three steps: (1) formation of the Michaelis complex, (2) the formation of an amidino-enzyme intermediate and liberation of ammonia, and (3) the rate-determining step, hydrolysis of the amidino-enzyme. The enzymic reaction is accelerated 5-fold by 0.2 M imidazole. This striking effect is expected for the amidino-enzyme mechanism but otherwise is difficult to explain. The putative amidino-enzyme intermediate can be demonstrated by quenching the [14C]arginine-arginine deiminase reaction at low pH. Under these conditions, 0.5 equivalents of 14C label per mol enzyme dimer were covalently bound.
Variable-Base Budgeting for R&D

An issue of theoretical and practical importance to R&D managers is the proper allocation of an organization's resources between the periodic selection and budgeting of R&D projects and the implementation of these projects. One possibility is to consider previous allocations as an established base and to restrict the attention of R&D managers to an examination of any subsequent deviations from the base. The advantage of this strategy, often called incremental budgeting, is that it focuses managerial and analytical efforts on a few current decisions. A second possibility, called zero-base budgeting, is to ignore previous allocations and to reexamine all feasible alternatives at the start of each budget cycle. This paper presents three models, a static model and two dynamic models, in which incremental and zero-base allocation procedures are viewed as extremes between which there may be a point of diminishing returns. The models are risk/return models in which a total budget is allocated between the budgeting effort, which reduces risk, and the budgeted activities, which increase expected return. The budget for each activity during each time stage is partitioned into two components-a base and an increment. The expected return for each activity is a concave increasing function of its budget, and the risk depends quadratically on the base and in a geometrically decreasing fashion, on the bases in previous stages. The cost of evaluation is proportional to the increment, and the total cost of all activities, when added to the budgets for the activities, cannot exceed a fixed total budget. Zero-base budgeting means setting the base to zero so that the budget equals the increment plus the cost of evaluation. It is shown that a policy of zero-base budgeting during all time stages is nonoptimal, but an instance of zero-base budgeting during a single stage may be optimal.
Evaluation of integrals over the Brillouin zone by Houston's method

Abstract The weight factors for the Houston's method of integration are presented up to 16 terms. The results of Betts and Betts, Bhatia and Wyman contain a subtle error which is here pointed out and resolved.
Induction of human tumor-loaded dendritic cells.

A preferred anti-cancer vaccine would be tumor-specific, simple to rapidly construct and safe to administer. It would permit immunization against a spectrum of the tumor's distinctive antigens, without requiring their prior identification. Toward these goals, we describe a modification of standard extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) which initiates, within a single day, both monocyte-to-dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and malignant cell apoptosis. The transition of monocytes to immature DCs was identified by the expression of cytoplasmic CD83 and membrane CD36 in the absence of membrane CD14 staining, as well as induction of membrane CD83 expression. Differentiating DCs were avidly phagocytic and engulfed apoptotic malignant T cells. Differentiating DCs were capable of stimulating significant proliferation of normal alloreactive lymphocyte responders, indicting increased expression of membrane MHC class II molecules. This approach provides a clinically practical means of developing tumor-loaded cells that have initiated the transition to DCs without the requirement of exogenous cytokines, excessive cellular manipulation or isolation. Construction of DC vaccines using this methodology can be generalized to other diseases and may offer a novel approach for improved cancer immunotherapy.
Multiple sclerosis in 2011: Advances in therapy, imaging and risk factors in MS.

Multiple sclerosis research in 2011 produced a combination of new therapeutic developments and innovative findings. Teriflunomide showed beneficial effects in a phase III trial, quantification methods for MRI lesions that should improve monitoring of disease progression were devised, and a link between high cholesterol and low vitamin D emerged.
Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia: neurochemical, neuropathological, and in vivo imaging abnormalities

While abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe structures have typically been associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, recent findings implicate thalamic dysfunction in this illness as well. The thalamus plays a critical role in processing and integrating sensory information relevant to emotional and cognitive functions. Neuropathological and in vivo imaging studies in schizophrenia have identified several structural and metabolic abnormalities in the thalamus, which may contribute to a deficit in sensory processing and be related to psychotic symptomatology. In addition to these postmortem and in vivo imaging studies indicating structural and metabolic changes in the thalamus in schizophrenia, more recent studies have examined the neurochemical substrates that accompany these changes. Much of this work to date has focused on glutamatergic abnormalities in the thalamus, in part because it is a predominant neurotransmitter used in the thalamus, and because glutamatergic dysfunction has been hypothesized to be involved in schizophrenia. Several studies, however, have also examined markers of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the thalamus in schizophrenia. We review these neurochemical findings, as well as the growing body of postmortem and in vivo imaging evidence that supports the hypothesis of thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Long-term survival of Vicia guard cell protoplasts in cell culture

Abstract Guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. survived for 40 days in culture under aseptic conditions in a minimal medium containing 0.45 M mannitol and 1 mM CaCl 2 . Forty days after plating, protoplasts kept in 8 h of 100 μmol m −2 s −1 red light/16 h darkness per day had a 50% survival rate, in contrast with a 5% survival rate of cells kept in darkness. In 12-day long experiments, 80% of the guard cell protoplasts survived both under red light (8 h of 50 μmol m −2 s −1 ) and in darkness. In contrast, 45% of mesophyll protoplasts survived in the light and 25% in darkness. Cultured guard cell protoplasts exhibited normal, blue light-stimulated swelling for at least 1 week. Addition of salts and sugars did not increase protoplast survival. Some morphogenetic responses, including wall formation, budding and incipient cytokinesis, but not cell division, were observed under different culture conditions. Cell culture of Vicia guard cell protoplasts can provide a long-term source of cells for physiological experiments and an experimental system for the study of cell differentiation.