cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Karyology of a human colonic carcinoma (GW-39) serially xenografted in hamsters and in nude mice

Summary A karyological analysis of the G-banded chromosomes of the serially transplantable GW-39 human colonic carcinoma was undertaken. GW-39 cells harvested from hamsters, nude (athymic) mice and cell cultures from 1972 to 1976 revealed a hypodiploid stemline of 45 human chromosomes, with a consistent loss of a 21-chromosome. No apparent alterations of the near-diploid stemline resulted during long-term xenogeneic propagation of this human cancer line.
Are economists amoral? Contemporary economic thought and the distinction between values and prices

Underlying the “clash of cultures” between economists and the rest of the citizenry is a way of thinking about rationality, consumer choice and policy that periodically reveals a confusion between values and prices on the side of economists. Lawrence Summers' famous memo on the underpollution of the Third World was a case in point. Sadly, this was not an isolated incident. On the contrary, mainstream economists are conditioned, by the categories they employ, to regularly conflate value with price. This is particularly the case when it comes to theorizing about consumer choice and the meaning(s) to be ascribed to the set of market prices that emerge from the aggregate of these choices. This paper explores the dimensions of the problem and suggests other frameworks of choice that can enrich our understanding of consumer behavior and the significance of the set of prices that emerge in the market.
Delta sets of numerical monoids are eventually periodic

Let M be a numerical monoid (i.e., an additive submonoid of $${\mathbb{N}}_0$$ ) with minimal generating set $${\langle}n_1, . . . , n_t\rangle$$ . For $$m \in M$$ , if $$m = \sum_{i=1}^{t} x_{i}n_{i}$$ , then $$\sum_{i=1}^{t} x_{i}$$ is called a factorization length of m. We denote by $${\mathfrak{L}}(m) = \{m_1, . . . ,m_k\}$$ (where $$m_i < m_{i+1} {\rm for\, each}\, 1 \leq i < k$$ ) the set of all possible factorization lengths of m. The Delta set of m is defined by $$\Delta(m) =\{m_{i+1}-m_i|1 \leq i < k \}$$ and the Delta set of M by $$\Delta(M) = \cup_{0 \neq m \in M}\Delta(m)$$ . In this paper, we expand on the study of Δ(M) begun in [2] and [3] by showing that the delta sets of a numerical monoid are eventually periodic. More specifically, we show for all $$x \geq 2kn_{2}n^{2}_{k}$$ in M that $$\Delta(x) = \Delta(x + n_{1}n_k)$$ .
Nitric Oxide and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Tracheobronchial Lymph Vessels

Lymphatic smooth muscle tone and contractility are important determinants of lymph flow. Because we have shown previously that lymph vessels exhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation similar to that identified in blood vessels, we assessed the possible role of nitric oxide as an endothelium-dependent relaxant factor in lymph vessels using porcine tracheobronchial lymph vessel rings mounted in organ baths. Isometric active tension was measured and normalized as a percentage of response to 65 mM KCl-substituted perfusate. Histamine and NE elicited contraction in all vessel rings at a concentration of 10(-5) M, and we were unable to demonstrate relaxant responses to these substances even at low concentrations. In histamine- and NE-contracted vessel rings an increase in active tension was produced by NMMA (33.9 +/- 5.4 and 26.1 +/- 5%, respectively, P < 0.0001 for each), an effect that was reversed by addition of L-arginine but not by D-arginine. Endothelial disruption reversed the effects of NMMA in histamine-contracted (16.2 +/- 4.0% increase in active tension; P = N.S. vs initial histamine response) and in NE-contracted vessel rings (11.5 +/- 1.2% increase in active tension; P = N.S. vs initial NE response). The data provide evidence that nitric oxide is an endothelium-dependent relaxant factor that regulates tracheobronchial lymphatic smooth muscle tone and is released in response to administration of contractile agonists.
Rasch Validation of the Falls Prevention Strategies Survey

Abstract Finlayson ML, Peterson EW, Fujimoto KA, Plow MA. Rasch validation of the Falls Prevention Strategies Survey. Objective To validate the Falls Prevention Strategies Survey. Design Cross-sectional descriptive survey design. With the use of Rasch analysis, the following aspects of the Falls Prevention Strategies Survey were evaluated: rating scale structure, item quality, participant fit and participant ability, invariance structure, and the potential to change in response to intervention. Setting Community-based, national sample. Participants Adult registrants of the North America Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis volunteer patient registry (N=457). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The Falls Prevention Strategies Survey is a self-report instrument addressing protective behaviors related to fall risk among adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) (eg, monitoring MS symptoms, wearing proper footwear, modifying activities). Response options reflect the frequency with which the respondent engages in the behavior (ie, never, sometimes, regularly). Results Analysis indicated that the rating scale structure (ie, response options) was valid. Of the original 19 items, 8 of them misfit and needed to be dropped to obtain a valid instrument under the Rasch model. With the final 11 items, the instrument was able to distinguish participants of different ability levels across a range of 11.58 logits. Invariance structure analysis demonstrated that the instrument functioned equally for men and women, for mobility device users and nonusers, and for participants with diagnosed MS for less than or greater than 10 years. Findings indicated that approximately 50% of respondents would have room to improve on their Falls Prevention Strategies Survey scores over time. Conclusions Rasch analysis supports the use of the Falls Prevention Strategies Survey to examine the frequency of engaging in protective behaviors related to fall risk among adults with MS. The instrument shows potential to track outcomes of behaviorally oriented fall reduction interventions in this population.
Calixarenes Derivatized with Sulfur-Containing Functionalities as Selective Extractants for Heavy and Precious Metal Ions.

The calix[4]arenes 5,11,17,23-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-(2-methylthioethoxy)calix[4]arene, 25,26,27,28-(2-methylthioethoxy)calix[4]arene, and 5,11,17,23-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-(2-(2-thiophenecarboxy)ethoxy)calix[4]arene have been prepared. The structure of 25,26,27,28-(2-methylthioethoxy)calix[4]arene has been verified by X-ray crystallography. The crystals with the empirical formula C40H48O4S4 are monoclinic C2/c with a = 20.428(2) A, b = 10.581(1) A, c = 20.445(2) A, β = 118.461(5)°, Z = 4. These calix[4]arenes are effective extractants for transferring heavy metal ions from aqueous solution into chloroform. The extraction of Sn(II), Hg(II), Ag(I), Pd(II), Au(III), MeHg(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) into chloroform with these calix[4]arenes is compared with that performed with 5,11,17,23-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-(2-N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamoylethoxy)calix[4]arene, 25,26,27,28-(2,N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamoylethoxy)calix[4]arene, and 5,11,17,23-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-(2-mercaptoethoxy)calix[4]arene.
Down-regulation of TGF- β 1 production restores immunogenicity in prostate cancer cells

The objective of this study is to determine if a non-immunogenic Dunning's rat prostate cancer cell line, MATLyLu, can become immunogenic by reducing the endogenous production of TGF-β1. An expression construct containing a DNA sequence in an antisense orientation to TGF-β1 (TGF-β1 antisense) was stably transfected into MATLyLu cells. Following transfection, cellular content of TGF-β1 reduced from 70 to10 pg per 2 × 104cells and the rate of in vitro3H-thymidine incorporation increased 3–5-fold. After subcutaneous injection of tumour cells into syngeneic male hosts (Copenhagen rats), the tumour incidence was 100% (15/15) for the wild type MATLyLu cells and cells transfected with the control construct, but only 43% (9/21, P≤ 0.05) for cells transfected with TGF-β1 antisense. However, when cells were injected into immunodeficient hosts (athymic nude rats), the incidence of tumour development was 100% (10/10) for both the wild type MATLyLu cells and cells transfected with the control construct and 90% (9/10) for cells transfected with TGF-β1 antisense. These observations support the concept that MATLyLu cells are immunogenic, when the endogenous production of TGF-β1 is down-regulated. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
One Love: Explicit Monogamy Agreements among Heterosexual Young Adult Couples at Increased Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections

HIV prevention strategies among couples include condom use, mutual monogamy, and HIV testing. Research suggests that condom use is more likely with new or casual partners, and tends to decline as r...
Soil-climate system across the prairies in midwestern U.S.A.

Abstract Among Mollisols across the prairie plains from eastern Iowa to western Kansas, coincident systems of loess stratigraphy and sedimentology, climate, and soils are separated at 96° to 97°W longitude. To the east Udolls are formed PeoPeoria loess that dates back 14,000 radiocarbon years and are currently in a subhumid climate. To the west Ustrols are cormed in Bignell loess that dates back to
Comparative immunofluorescence of murine leukemia virus-derived membrane-associated antigens

We recently reported that the distribution and location of Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived membrane-associated gp70 and p30 antigens on the surface of 3.7% formaldehyde-fixed, chronically infected mouse fibroblasts were completely distinct, as judged by immunofluorescent light microscopy (M. Satake, P. N. McMillan, and R. B. Luftig (1981), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 6266). gp70, one of the two env gene products, exhibited a multiple-dot fluorescent pattern on the external surface of infected cells, while p30, one of the gag gene products, exhibited a diffuse fluorescence pattern which was apparently derived from Pr65gag molecules associated with the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane. We have now examined the membrane fluorescence patterns of p15E, the other env gene product, as well as p15, p12, and p10, the other gag gene products. In these studies, both multivalent and monoclonal antibodies as well as fluorescein- and rhodamine-conjugated probes were used. We found that: (i) each of the env gene products, gp70 and p15E, exhibited characteristic and distinctive multiple-dot staining patterns. Further, each protein was labeled on intact cells with 125I-protein A plus homologous antiserum, confirming that both gp70 and p15E had externally exposed antigenic determinants. (ii) Among the gag gene products, p15 exhibited a different membrane fluorescence pattern than the diffuse pattern seen with p30, p12, and p10. The p15 pattern had an additional multiple-dot component. (iii) By double immunofluorescence we observed that the p15E and p15 multiple-dot patterns were superimposable at the same loci on infected cells. These three results suggest, first, that the cleavage of gp70 and p15E occurs prior to the arrival of the env polyprotein precursor at the cell surface and, second, there is an association between p15E and p15 antigenic determinants at the cell membrane. This latter association between an env and a gag gene product may be important for viral assembly.
Use of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as a biochemical electron donor for studies on terminal cytochrome oxidase activity inAzotobacter vinelandii

Azotobacter vinelandii cells readily oxidize the dye 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), which has been previously used as an electron donor for studies on the mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase reaction. The DAB oxidase activity inA. vinelandii cells was 10-fold lower than that noted for theN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) oxidase reaction, which is commonly used to measure terminal oxidase activity both in bacteria and mitochondria. Analyses of cell-free extracts show that DAB oxidase activity is concentrated almost exclusively in theA. vinelandii membrane fractions, most notably in the “R3” electron transport particle (ETP). Oxidation studies, which employed both whole cells and the ETP fraction, show DAB oxidase activity to be markedly sensitive to KCN, NaN3, and NH2OH. A manometric assay system was developed which readily measured DAB oxidase activity in bacteria. Preliminary studies indicate that ascorbate-DAB oxidation inAzotobacter vinelandii measures terminal cytochrome oxidase activity in a manner similar to the TMPD oxidase reaction.
A Schema Polarity Model for Case Conceptualization, Intervention, and Research

The schema construct is reviewed in terms of current conceptualizations and intriguing conceptual issues. From this review, we posit a polarity model of schemaas that includes both negative inflexible and positive inflexible schemas at either end of a continuum with an integrated flexible schema positioned between the two extremes. This model is compatible with at least two empirically validated tripartite typologies, but expands on them by incorporating critical concepts involving oscillative processes, nonlinearity, and continua. Furthermore, the model provides a useful heuristic for understanding the relationship between so-called personality disorders and normal functioning. Finally, the model offers an important direction for research and clinical intervention, especially with respect to relapse issues and the development of goals for therapy.
Particle filtering for signal enhancement in a noisy shallow ocean environment

The development of model-based processing techniques in ocean acoustics is well-known evolving from the pure statistical approach of maximum likelihood parameter estimation, matched-field processing and sequential model-based processing for Gaussian uncertainties. More recent model-based techniques such as unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) and sequential Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods using particle filters (PF) have been developed to improve both unimodal distribution estimates (UKF) as well as multimodal estimates (PF). In this paper we apply both techniques to provide enhanced signal estimates for acoustic hydrophone measurements on a vertical array and compare their performance. We use a normal-mode propagation solution to provide synthetic data in order to make the comparison and demonstrate the approach which will open the area to direct extensions such as localization, broadband processing, inversion, etc. We show how the normal-mode model can be incorporated directly into the processors along with the measurement array enabling the resulting enhancement capabilities.
Antagonism of orexin receptors in the posterior hypothalamus reduces hypoglossal and cardiorespiratory excitation from the perifornical hypothalamus

The perifornical (PF) region of the posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness and facilitates motor activity. In anesthetized rats, local disinhibition of PF neurons by GABAA receptor antagonists...
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects HepG2 cells against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity

Chronic ethanol consumption causes oxidative damage in the liver, and induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is one pathway involved in oxidative stress produced by ethanol. The hepatic accumulation of iron and polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly contributes to ethanol hepatotoxicity in the intragastric infusion model of ethanol treatment. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the green tea flavanol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been shown to prevent alcohol-induced liver damage, on CYP2E1-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells). Treatment of E47 cells with arachidonic acid plus iron (AA + Fe) was previously reported to produce synergistic toxicity in E47 cells by a mechanism dependent on CYP2E1 activity and involving oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. EGCG protected E47 cells against toxicity and loss of viability induced by AA+Fe; EGCG had no effect on CYP2E1 activity. Prevention of this toxicity was associated with a reduction in oxidative damage as reflected by decreased generation of reactive oxygen species, a decrease in lipid peroxidation, and maintenance of intracellular glutathione in cells challenged by AA+Fe in the presence of EGCG. AA+Fe treatment caused a decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential, which was also blocked by EGCG. In conclusion, EGCG exerts a protective action on CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and toxicity that may contribute to preventing alcohol-induced liver injury, and may be useful in preventing toxicity by various hepatotoxins activated by CYP2E1 to reactive intermediates.
Statistical management of periodontal data

the disease process is a necess- ary requirement for effective analysis and interpreta- tion of periodontal data. There remains a diversity of opinion regarding disease progression among peri- odontal researchers today. For many years most re- searchers assumed, sometimes implicity, a model of gradual loss for disease progression. However, the burst theory was recently proposed as an alternative (41). According to this theory, the disease progresses in bursts, which occur in relatively short periods of time. Variants of this idea, including the multiple- burst theory, were also proposed
POOLING ESTIMATES WITH DIFFERENT RATES OF CONVERGENCE: A MINIMUM χ 2 APPROACH WITH EMPHASIS ON A SOCIAL INTERACTIONS MODEL

This paper considers the extension of the classical minimum distance approach for the pooling of estimates with various rates of convergence. Under a setting where relatively high rates of convergence can be attained, the minimum distance estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. The constrained estimates can be efficient relative to the unconstrained ones. The minimized distance function is shown to be asymptotically χ 2 -distributed, and can be used as a goodness-of-fit test for the constraints. As the extension is motivated by some social interactions models, which are of interest in their own right, we discuss this approach for the estimation and testing of a social interactions model.
Controlled continuous flow (CCF) Resectoscope: Report of 200 cases

Controlled continuous flow (CCF) is a new balanced pumping system which has been designed for the resectoscope. The system is controlled by an intravesical pressure sensor. Upper limits of pressure are set, and the input flow is shut off electronically if it is attained. Flow rates of up to 1,000 ml/minute can be achieved for maximum clarity of vision. Two hundred cases have been performed with the CCF resectoscope. Various parameters were measured and are presented. The results indicate that TURP can be performed safely and more efficiently with the CCF resectoscope.
Central crack in plane orthotropic rectangular sheet

The plane problem of a central crack in a rectangular sheet of orthotropic material is considered. The solution is found by an extension of the modified mapping-collocation technique, originally formulated for plane isotropic analysis. Application of the technique outlined in this paper for plane orthotropic problems to a wider class of geometries and loading is evident. The numerical results indicate a dependence of the orthotropic stress intensity factors on both geometric and elastic constants over a certain parameter range.
Influences of absorption and scattering on vertical changes in the average cosine of the underwater light field

The average cosine of the underwater light field (i) is a simple quantity that describes the angular distribution of radiance at a given point. A model of the rate of vertical change of ji in the ocean was developed in order to examine the influences of light absorption and scattering. We made calculations of radiative transfer based on invariant imbedding theory assuming an optically homogeneous ocean with a typical scattering phase function and the simple boundary conditions of the sun overhead in a black sky and a flat ocean surface. Under such conditions, the decrease of ji throughout the water column is well approximated by a single exponential function. The dependence of the parameter P7, which describes the rate of change of ji with optical depth, on the single-scattering albedo wo, is well approximated by a quadratic function. By applying a linearization technique to the P, vs. w. relationship, we identified the contributions of absorption and scattering to P,. Our results indicate that scattering is the more important process, contributing >50% to P, for typical situations when w. > 0.1. Absorption dominates P, when w. 6 50 nm). Our analysis of the effect of scattering phase function shows that the scattering into the middle angles, approximately between 20” and 45”, largely determines the magnitude of P,. Using spectral bio-optical models with several Chl concentrations, we also examined the rate of change in ji with geometric depth P, for various water types with realistic values of the absorption and scattering coefficients. This analysis shows large variations in both the magnitude and the spectral behavior of P, with varying Chl concentration. The average cosine of the light field (fi) is a simple and convenient quantity that describes the angular distribution of the underwater radiance at a given point. This quantity is defined as
Microcantilever hotplates: Design, fabrication, and characterization

Abstract This paper describes design, fabrication, and characterization of microhotplates based on microcantilevers. Six different hotplate cantilever designs are proposed to investigate heating response time and temperature uniformity. Devices were fabricated and their electrical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics were measured. The cantilevers have electrical resistance in the 1 kΩ range, consume 1–100 mW power, have a heating and cooling time constant 1000 °C. The temperature uniformity was characterized and is excellent for all of the devices. These cantilevers are targeted for use where both microhotplates and microcantilevers would be useful sensing platforms.
Growth and research and development

Abstract Governments have long worried about their role in promoting technological innovation. Historically, both the generation of general purpose knowledge and project- or industry-specific research have been supported. The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal government policy regarding general and specific R&D and its relationship to economic growth. We develop an endogenous growth model where we distinguish between these two types of R&D activities. General R&D is an activity completely separated from the production process. Specific R&D on the other hand is closely linked to production activities. We find that a uniform subsidy to both types of R&D will not always be appropriate and that the correct subsidy mix will increase the growth rate.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII ISOLATES IN FREE-RANGE CHICKENS FROM AMAZON, BRAZIL

The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens is a good indicator of the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. The prevalence of T. gondii in 50 free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Amazon, Brazil, was determined. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and found in 33 (66%) chickens with titers of 1:5 in 3, 1:10 in 2, 1:20 in 1, 1:40 in 1, 1:80 in 2, 1:160 in 5, 1:200 in 9, 1:400 in 5, 1:800 in 2, 1:1,600 in 2, and 1:3,200 or higher in 1. Hearts and brains of 33 seropositive chickens were bioassayed individually in mice. Tissues from 17 seronegative chickens were pooled and fed to 2 T. gondii-free cats. Feces of cats were examined for oocysts, but none was found. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 24 chickens with MAT titers of 1:5 or higher. Genotyping of these 24 T. gondii isolates by polymorphisms at the SAG2 locus indicated that 14 were type I, and 10 were type III; the absence of type II strains from Brazil was confirmed. Fifty percent of the infected mice died of toxoplasmosis, irrespective of the genotype.
Issues Related to Using a Short-Form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale

The study examined the reliability and validity, including the factor structure, of a 10-item abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-Depression) scale when administered as part of a mail questionnaire. It also examined patterns of nonresponse to items and the effects of imputation of data for missing items on the factor structure of the inventory. A problem of missing data has been reported even with interview administration of the CES-Depression. Researchers have varied considerably in the amount of imputation used to replace missing datapoints. In this study, factor structures varied when items were imputed. In addition, those subjects with complete data were compared with those with up to two imputed datapoints. Those subjects with imputed data were more likely to be female, have lower functional status scores, lower self-reported health status, more advanced age, and a greater number of depressive symptoms than those with no missing data. While the estimate of coefficient alpha of .78 indicated the inventory was reliable, the effects of missing data on construct validity were problematic.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Zn(Aβ) and Zn(Aβ)2

The aggregation of Aβ-peptide (Aβ) is widely considered to be the critical step in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Small, soluble Aβ oligomers have been shown to be more neurotoxic than large, insoluble aggregates and fibrils. Recent studies suggest that biometal ions, including Zn(II), may play an important role in the aggregation process. Experimentally determining the details of the binding process is complicated by the kinetic lability of zinc. To study the dynamic nature of the zinc-bound Aβ complexes and the potential mechanisms by which Zn(II) affects Aβ oligomerization we have performed atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Zn(Aβ) and Zn(Aβ)2. The models were based on NMR data and predicted coordination environments from previous density functional theory calculations. When modeled as 4-coordinate covalently bound Zn(Aβ)n complexes (where n = 1 or 2), zinc imposes conformational changes in the surrounding Aβ residues. Moreover, zinc reduces the helix content and increases the random coil content of the full peptide. Although zinc binds at the N-terminus of Aβ, β-sheet formation is observed exclusively at the C-terminus in the Zn(Aβ) and most of the Zn(Aβ)2 complexes. Furthermore, initial binding to zinc promotes the formation of intra-chain salt-bridges, while subsequent dissociation promotes the formation of inter-chain salt-bridges. These results suggest that Zn-binding to Aβ accelerates the aggregation of Aβ by unfolding the helical structure in Aβ peptide and stabilizing the formation of vital salt-bridges within and between Aβ peptides.
Supercritical Fluid Formulation: Process Choice and Scale-up

Very important R&D efforts are presently dedicated to applications of supercritical fluids (SCFs) in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for formulation and particle design, but few companies have acquired some know-how in process scale-up, in compliance with the constraints imposed in this industry traceability, Good Manufacture Practises (GMP), and sterility. In this paper based on our experience gathered when developing several formulation processes and building tens of SCF plants during the past decade, we will present the different processes now available for drug formulation, the guidelines to operate the optimal choice, and the general scale-up rules with the specific constraints related to pharmaceutical plants, illustrated by experimental results.
Effect of different dextrose equivalent of maltodextrin on the interactions with anionic surfactant in an isothermal titration calorimetry study.

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to study interactions between an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and maltodextrins with different dextrose equivalents (DE) in a buffer solution (pH 7.0, 10 mM NaCl, 20 mM Trizma, 30.0 °C). The interaction between SDS and maltodextrin was exothermic, which was attributed to incorporation of the hydrocarbon tail of the surfactant into a helical coil formed by the maltodextrin molecules. ITC measurements indicated that the number of SDS molecules bound per gram of maltodextrin increased with decreasing maltodextrin DE, i.e., increasing molecular weight. It was proposed that SDS only binds to maltodextrin molecules that have a DE greater than 10 glucose units. Keywords: Isothermal titration calorimetry; maltodextrin; surfactant; binding
Development and evaluation of a screening instrument for cooperating teachers

Abstract In order to recruit, retain, and train quality cooperating teachers, a 35‐item instrument was devised to screen for attitudes toward systematic supervisory behavior, perceptions of factors that impact supervision, and beliefs about preferences for and styles of supervision. After pilot testing, the instrument was completed by 76 physical education cooperating teachers who supervised various field‐practicum students for a large southwestern university. Employing MANOVA followed by ANOVA, differences between groups of cooperating teachers were noted for one subscale: cooperating teachers who coached, taught at the high school level, or did not possess a postgraduate degree had less favorable attitudes toward systematic supervisory behavior. Gender and experience supervising did not differentiate subscale responses. Explanations for noted differences are presented as functions of teacher/coach role conflict, exposure to supervisory training, and the status of secondary physical education. Suggestion...
Dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis using a penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a 3D imaging modality with limited angle projection data. The ability of tomosynthesis systems to accurately detect smaller microcalcifications is debatable. This is because of the higher noise in the projection data (lower average dose per projection), which is then propagated through the reconstructed image . Reconstruction methods that minimize the propagation of quantum noise have potential to improve microcalcification detectability using DBT. In this paper we show that penalized maximum likelihood (PML) reconstruction in DBT yields images with an improved resolution/noise tradeoff as compared to conventional filtered backprojection (FBP). Signal to noise ratio (SNR) using PML was observed to be higher than that obtained using the standard FBP algorithm. Our results indicate that for microcalcifications, using the PML algorithm, reconstructions obtained with a mean glandular dose (MGD) of 1.5 mGy yielded better SNR than that those obtained with FBP using a 4mGy total dose. Thus perhaps total dose could be reduced to one-third or lower with same microcalcification detectability, if PML reconstruction is used instead of FBP. Visibility of low contrast masses with various contrast levels were studied using a contrast-detail phantom in a breast shape structure with an average breast density. Images generated using various dose levels indicate that visibility of low contrast masses generated using PML reconstructions are significantly better than those generated using FBP. SNR measurements in the low-contrast study did not appear to correlate with the visual subjective analysis of the reconstruction indicating that SNR is not a good figure of merit to be used.
E.T. As rhetorical transcendence

This essay explicates a cosmological evolutionary perspective termed “the perennial philosophy” in order to interpret how various scholarly and popular discourses constitute a collective exigence of fragmentation and a rhetoric of transcendent wholeness. The framework is then used to analyze the mythic rhetoric of E.T., which is based on collaboration rather than combat, transcendence rather than dialectic. E.T. is seen as an oxymoronic child who embodies the past, present, and future and who may represent a proto‐type of an emerging cosmic hero.
How Much Does the Distance in Distance Education Matter? Our Students Speak

Distance learning programs in social work education have been growing exponentially throughout the United States. This study interviewed Master of Social Work (MSW) students enrolled in two synchronous distance-learning courses that employed a blended pedagogy, and evaluates their insights about the learning experience. For these two courses, material was presented via video conferencing and supplemented with online media at two campuses at a large school of social work. In order to give students a voice about their experiences, data were collected using semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Common themes included: autonomy, emotional connectedness, technological challenges, and knowledge acquisition. Both the strengths and challenges related to distance learning are discussed.
Escaping Devil's Island: Confronting Racism, Learning History.

This article argues that African Americans, especially males living in urban areas, are physically and mentally trapped on a Devil’s Island. The penal colony on the coast of French Guiana is a metaphor for the boundaries and constraints that close off opportunities and constrain African American historical knowledge. The article argues that although African Americans have struggled to learn their history (e.g. economic, political and social), the goal of critically using that history to decipher their social world eludes them. While social movements of the twentieth century produced some racial progress, none of them generated enough progress to eliminate the racism that keeps Blacks on Devil’s Island – racism that includes widely accepted mantras such as ‘the United States is a Nation of Immigrants,’ a historical ‘sin of omission’ that markets racism as merely prejudice within the context of pluralism and makes it more difficult for Whites to address the privilege their skin color provides and to acknowl...
Missense mutation T485S alters NBCe1-A electrogenicity causing proximal renal tubular acidosis.

Mutations in SLC4A4, the gene encoding the electrogenic Na+-HCO3− cotransporter NBCe1, cause severe proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA), growth retardation, decreased IQ, and eye and teeth abnor...
Yellow Fever: the Present Situation (October, 1938} with Special Reference to South America.

Abstract The Rockefeller Foundation embarked, in 1915, on a programme of eradicating yellow fever from the Americas, by collaborating in the organization of anti-Aedes aegypti measures in the few remaining seed-beds of infection. This programme, apparently gave expected results for many years in various countries, but failed to eradicate yellow fever from Brazil, where two previously unrecognized epidemiological types, rural yellow fever transmitted by Aedes aegypti and jungle yellow fever occurring in the absence of this mosquito, were found to be responsible for maintaining non-urban endemicity. The problem of rural aegypti-transmitted yellow fever has been solved by extension of anti-aegypti measures to the rural areas of north-east Brazil, the only region in South America where this type has been found. Jungle yellow fever is not limited to Brazil, but also occurs in Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia and almost surely in Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, British Guiana and Dutch Guiana. Jungle yellow fever has been observed in South Brazil as a wavelike phenomenon involving many of Brazil's richest districts in the years 1934 to 1938. The control of yellow fever in Brazil is based on viscerotomy, anti-aegypti measures and vaccination. As a result of viscerotomy over 140,000 liver tissues have been examined for lesions of yellow fever since 1930. Costs of anti-aegypti measures have been greatly reduced in recent years. Over 800,000 persons have been vaccinated during the first nine months of 1938 with satisfactory results and without serious complications of any kind. The threat of extension of yellow fever from present endemic regions of Africa to the ports of East Africa and to the Orient is sufficiently important to call for a consideration of viscerotomy, anti-aegypti measures and vaccination to meet it.
Relevance of the Number of Positive Bottles in Determining Clinical Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Blood Cultures

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most commonly isolated contaminants from blood cultures, yet they frequently cause true infections. Determining the clinical significance of CNS is difficult, and clinicians often consider the number of positive bottles within a set of blood culture bottles in their assessment. Therefore, in three separate studies, we counted the number of positive bottles within blood culture sets comprising two, three, or four bottles in order to predict whether or not CNS were clinically significant isolates (CSI) in adult patients with suspected sepsis. Each culture was evaluated by independent, published clinical criteria to determine its clinical importance. Of 486 positive sets that included two adequately filled bottles, 127 (26%) CNS were CSI, 329 (67%) were contaminants, and 30 (6%) were indeterminate as a cause of sepsis. Among CSI, 39 and 61% were isolated from one and two bottles, respectively. The positive predictive value for sepsis was 18% when one bottle was positive and 37% when both bottles were positive. Of 235 positive sets that included three adequately filled bottles, 81 (34%) were CSI, 109 (46%) were contaminants, and 45 (19%) were indeterminate as a cause of sepsis. Of CSI, 43, 38, and 19% were found in one, two, and three bottles, respectively. The positive predictive value for sepsis was 28, 52, and 30% when one, two and three bottles were positive. Of 303 positive blood culture sets that included four adequately filled bottles, 64 (21%) were considered CSI, 197 (65%) were contaminants, and 42 (14%) were indeterminate as a cause of sepsis. Of CSI, 27, 28, 19, and 27% were found in one, two, three, and four bottles, respectively. The positive predictive value for sepsis was 11, 30, 34, and 37% when one, two, three, and four bottles were positive. We conclude that the number of culture bottles positive in a given culture set cannot reliably predict the clinical significance of the CNS isolated and, therefore, should not be used as a criterion for determining whether or not an isolate represents true infection or contamination.
Horizon: a retargetable compiler for horizontal microarchitectures

The vertical migration of complex application code into horizontal microcode makes traditional methods of handwritten and hand-optimized microcode with primitive assembly languages impractical. Higher-level languages that permit abstraction from low-level timing and concurrency details are considered a major step toward alleviating the problem. This approach is feasible only if compilers for these languages exist that can produce high-quality microcode and that can be targeted to new machines with modest effort and high reliability. An overview is provided of the Horizon retargetable microcode compiler, which facilitates the production of highly optimized microcode and the targeting of the compiler to specific machines. >
The hormonal control of sexual development

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of hormones in controlling the development of the sexual phenotypes of eutherian mammals, the American opossum, and the chicken. The importance of steroid metabolites formed in extraglandular tissues to overall sexual development is also emphasized. Chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, and gonadal sex determines phenotypic sex. A minimum of 19 genes are implicated in sexual differentiation in man. Some of these are located on sex chromosomes and some on autosomes. Thus, the relatively simple mechanism that imposes male development on the indifferent embryo requires the participation of many genes common to both the male and female embryo. Determinants on the Y chromosome cause the indifferent gonad to develop into a testis. Two hormonal secretions from the fetal testis, mullerian-inhibiting substance and testosterone, then transform the indifferent urogenital tract into one characteristic of the male. Mullerian-inhibiting substance secreted by the Sertoli cells causes regression of the female duct system.
Select Sector SPDRs and the S&P 500: Is the Sum of the Parts Greater than the Whole?

In December 1998, Select-Sector ETFs, which subdivide the S&P 500 SPDR (SPY) into nine distinct industry/sector groupings, were introduced into the market. In the study presented in this article, the author compares the returns from actively managing a portfolio of the nine Select-Sector funds using various techniques from the academic literature to the benchmark SPY. To test the funds’ performance, the author forms portfolios based on an equal weighting of the nine funds, the Markowitz mean-variance selection process, and momentum and overreaction price behaviors. His findings indicate that an equal-weighted portfolio of the sector funds reliably outperforms the SPY over all measures of performance and are robust across time.
Boundary Detection in Medical Radiographs

The boundaries of objects in biomedical images, such as radiographs of the chest and photomicrographs of blood cells, contain a great deal of diagnostic information. It is, therefore, natural that the development of computer-aided techniques for analyzing these images is heavily concerned with boundary-finding algorithms. This paper summarizes a few boundary detection algorithms for medical radiographs. The algorithms described here were devised and constructed over the past four years at the Pattern Recognition Project of the University of California at Irvine.
Evaluation of Driver Comprehension of Word versus Symbol Highway Signs

This experiment investigated the effects of word and symbol signs on reaction time and accuracy of response. In addition, a proposed symbol sign, "SCHOOL BUS STOP AHEAD," was evaluated using the same criteria. A tachistoscope was used to present the visual stimuli for a viewing time of 200 milli-seconds. Two sets of conditions were used in the experiment. The first part consisted of a group of subjects that possessed no prior knowledge of/or special education in symbol highway signs. The second part involved a control group who received special training concerning the meaning of symbol highway signs. The stimuli were presented to 20 subjects (both male and female) aged 19 to 45, whose driving experience ranged from 3 to 29 years. The average miles driven per year varied from 1,000 to 20,000 miles. A three factor analysis of variance fixed effect model was used to analyze the data. The main factors of the model consisted of two levels of stimuli (word versus symbol signs), two levels of test conditions (prior knowledge versus no knowledge), and ten levels of different signs (traffic signs). Based upon the analysis of variance results, it was found that symbol signs do convey more accurate identification of road information than do word signs. However, it was not possible to conclude that symbol signs require less time to react to than word signs. The results of this investigation confirmed that neither the word or symbol "SCHOOL BUS STOP AHEAD" sign effectively convey the proper message. /HSRI/
Simple and Effective Scheduling in Wireless Networks under the Physical Interference Model

In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing the number of concurrent requests and the problem of minimizing the number of time-slots needed to schedule all requests in wireless networks under the physical interference model. It has been proved that both problems are NP-complete. Thus either approximation algorithms with guaranteed approximation factors or effective heuristics with practically good performances are desirable. We focus on the latter and present simple and effective heuristic algorithms for these two problems. Extensive experiments show that our algorithm for the first problem outperforms the best approximation algorithm by 62%-72% on average, and our two algorithms for the second problem give the best results among existing algorithms.
CONTROLLABILITY AND INVARIANCE PROPERTIES OF TIME-PERIODIC SYSTEMS

In this paper, control sets, i.e. maximal subsets of approximate controllability, are introduced for time-periodic parameter dependent systems with open loop control. It is shown that the time-periodicity causes some special topological properties of control sets that influence their merging and bifurcation process. These properties allow an enhancement of the available set-oriented numerical methods for the approximation of control sets. For the application of these methods, the so-called inner-pair condition must be satisfied. It is shown that this condition holds for a wide class of time-periodic control-affine systems that includes, for instance, coupled excited oscillators if the number of controls equals the degrees of freedom. The application of the methods to the controlled escape equation with periodic driving term where the parameter acts on the control range gives insight into the changing dynamics and different types of mergers of control sets.
Many-body theories of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS): Experimental evidence of the inadequacy of the transfer hamiltonian formalism of IETS, interpretation and discussion of alternative theories

Recent experiments, by Kirtley and Hansma, in inelastic tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) of the vibrational excitation of molecular impurities trapped in the barrier of a metal-insulator-metal diode exhibited a marked asymmetry with respect to reversal of bias. It is shown that the standard, linear response formulation of the transfer Hamiltonian theory of inelastic tunneling cannot accommodate such an asymmetry. The alternatives to the ad-hoc “golden-rule” type theory proposed by Kirtley, Scalapino, and Hansma of inelastic tunneling are critically reviewed. A new theory based on Feuchtwang's general many-body tunneling theory is developed. It is shown that this theory exhibits all the qualitative features of the golden-rule type analysis. The theory suggests that the differential tunneling conductivity exhibits a more complex structure than predicted by the golden rule. This contrasts with the analysis of Caroli et al., which formally agrees with the results of the golden-rule type theory. It is suggested that the golden-rule type theory of inelastic tunneling may possibly fail to provide a satisfactory phenomenological description of IETS.
Work in Progress and Outrageous Opinions

Summary form only given, as follows. This session provides the opportunity for conference participants to make either of two types of short five-minute presentations: Work in progress. These report on formative new ideas that have not yet found their way into the literature or work that is otherwise not to the point of publication. Outrageous opinions. Deliberately provocative statements of opinion concerning some aspect of fault-tolerant computing; must be topical, technically oriented and in good taste, but otherwise, anything is fair game. Titles and short abstracts of the presentations were submitted to the organizer by electronic mail or hardcopy, with a deadline close to the session time to encourage genuinely new ideas. Submissions have been selected based on perceived audience appeal, ability to stimulate discussion, and to maintain balance among the topics associated with FTCS. Some preference has been given to young researchers as a way to encourage new people to participateactively in the conference.
A local clocking approach for self-timed datapath designs

This paper presents the design and analysis of a local clock control circuit for the use of synchronous datapaths in an asynchronous environment. The design and the detailed simulation results of the circuit are given. A locally-clocked multiplier is designed and compared with several asynchronous implementations. The circuit provides an efficient method of asynchronous system implementation using synchronous datapaths.