cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional regulation in southern corn rootworm larvae challenged by soyacystatin N

When fed on a diet containing a soybean cysteine protease inhibitor soyacystatin N (scN), southern corn rootworm larvae exhibited increased mortality and reduced growth rate. scN impacted mortality in a dose-dependent manner, and its effect on insect growth was more severe at early developmental stages. Insects that survived from continuous exposure to the inhibitor at doses ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% had less reduction in body weight during later developmental stages. This insensitivity as insects developed was not observed in the insect group fed on diet containing 0.05% scN, the lowest dose tested. Thus, individuals that survived the higher dose treatments may have had higher fitness under dietary inhibitory challenge. Subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray analyses identified 29 transcript species responsive to scN. Southern corn rootworm larvae over-expressed cysteine and aspartic proteases to compensate for inhibition of digestion. Induction of a peritrophin gene suggested that strengthening the peritrophic membrane plays a role in coping with protease inhibitors. scN down-regulated genes encoding proteins involved in insect metabolism and development, reflecting the insect's ability to reallocate resources to prioritize its defense response. Further, protease and the peritrophin genes were also developmentally regulated, which may explain the lower toxicity in older larvae than in neonates when first encountering dietary scN. Multiple regulatory mechanisms of counter defense-related genes may allow insects to evade the effect of plant defense proteins, and impose an obstacle to biotechnology-based insect control.
Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Hepatitis C Virus Protease Quasispecies Diversity in HIV Co-Infected Patients

Many hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients are also infected with HIV, and undergo antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Due to changes in HIV burden and immunologic status, HIV ARV treatment may have indirect effects on the HCV population, which could impact the effectiveness of subsequent HCV protease inhibitor (PI) treatment. The genetic variability of the protease-encoding HCV NS3 gene was evaluated in 10 co-infected patients initiating ARVs (both before and after ARV initiation), and compared to the genetic variability in 10 patients on stable ARV therapy. After RT-PCR of plasma-derived HCV RNA, a mean of 20 clones per patient time-point were sequenced and analyzed for changes in the HCV quasispecies population. No significant differences in sequence diversity or complexity at the nucleic acid or amino acid levels were seen at baseline between groups or between the two time points in either group. HCV protease diversity in the pre- and post-ARV treatment samples was not significantly different than samples from patients on stable ARV therapy. There was no significant development of amino acid substitutions known to confer HCV PI resistance in either group. Initiation of ARV for HIV infection does not significantly alter the genetic diversity or complexity of the HCV NS3 gene or result in increased number of HCV PI-associated amino acid changes. These results suggest ARV treatment for HIV would not affect the efficacy of HCV PI treatment. J. Med. Virol. 82: 791–798, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The formation and stability of carbonic acid on outer Solar System bodies

The radiation chemistry, thermal stability, and vapor pressure of solid-phase carbonic acid (H2CO3) have been studied with mid-infrared spectroscopy. A new procedure for measuring this molecule's radiation stability has been used to obtain intrinsic IR band strengths and half-lives for radiolytic destruction. Results are compared to literature values. We report, for the first time, measurements of carbonic acid's vapor pressure and its heat of sublimation. We also report the first observation of a chemical reaction involving solid-phase carbonic acid. Possible applications of these findings are discussed, with an emphasis on the outer Solar System.
When Inmates Misbehave: The Costs of Discipline

Reduction of infraction rates may serve as one measure of the efficacy of in-house treatment programs for psychologically disturbed inmates. To address the related issue of cost-effectiveness, the ...
Positional Games and the Second Moment Method

We study the fair Maker–Breaker graph Ramsey game MB(n;q). The board is , the players alternately occupy one edge a move, and Maker wants a clique of his own. We show that Maker has a winning strategy in MB(n;q) if , which is exactly the clique number of the random graph on n vertices with edge-probability 1/2. Due to an old theorem of Erdős and Selfridge this is best possible apart from an additive constant.
Superior sensitivity of computed tomographic scanning to magnetic resonance imaging in metastatic neoplasia: two case reports

A case of carcinoma of the breast and a case of melanoma metastatic to the brain were evaluated by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and enhanced computed tomography (CT). In these two cases, enhanced CT was more sensitive and more clearly delineated the extent of disease. Does diagnostic imaging of central nervous system metastatic disease require both MRI and enhanced CT?
Coloniality at large: Knowledge at the late stage of the modern/colonial world system

Abstract The end of the twentieth century has brought a new series of problems not only in the socio-historical and economic order of things but in the domain of knowledge as well. To say that we do not have models or concepts to understand new social configurations and forces, or to anticipate and project the future is not enough. The question seems to be deeper or wider than that and it touches upon the very presupposition of the disciplines or culture of scholarship that have been producing concepts and models. In the last twenty years, cultures of scholarship have been running through new models and concepts as we have been running to buy the last version of Nikes or a new car model. The problem is not to find new models within the current disciplinary configurations, or interdisciplinary if you wish, but that it is the very structure of knowledge production and cultures of scholarship that need to be reviewed. It is hardly a novelty today to say that the coming into being of the social sciences is pa...
General anesthesia in the difficult pedodontic patient.

Summary 1.The psychic trauma to a child undergoing dental repair has been overlookedby many of us; studies are presented in the use of basal narcosis and general anesthesia for extensive pedodontia in forty-two patients. 2.Favor is given to the preoperative sedation of seconal in combination with demerol and atropine, followed by endotracheal insufflation of ether.
Characterization of microporous carbons by using TGA curves measured under controlled conditions

Microporous active carbons of differing structural and surface properties were studied by thermogravimetry (TGA) under controlled conditions. Weight loss curves were measured for various carbon samples wetted and saturated with water, n-butanol, benzene and n-heptane using a high-resolution thermogravimetric analyzer. This analyzer is capable of maintaining controlled conditions. Analysis of the TGA curves showed that molecules desorb from the surface via a multi-step process. For the samples wetted with liquids the initial step reflects evaporation of the excess liquid. The subsequent steps, observed for both types of samples (wetted in liquids and saturated in their vapors), reflect evaporation of adsorbate from pores and its thermodesorption from fine pores and from the carbon surface. These latter features of the TGA curves were used to obtain information about porosity and surface heterogeneity of the active carbons studied.
Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS Part I: Trial design and clinical results

Objective: To determine whether linomide (roquinimex) is better than placebo in slowing the time to confirmed clinical worsening in patients with relapsing–remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. Methods: In this 27-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, phase III trial, 715 patients with active RRMS (n = 90) or SPMS (n = 625) were randomized to receive either linomide (1.0, 2.5, or 7.5 mg orally daily) or placebo. Patients were evaluated at 3-month intervals clinically and with MRI. The planned primary outcome was the time to the development of “confirmed” clinical worsening (increase of ≥ 1.0 Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score for an enrollment EDSS score ≤ 5.0, or ≥ 0.5 point for an enrollment EDSS score of ≥ 5.5) not associated with an acute relapse. Results: The trial was terminated 1 month after it became fully enrolled due to unanticipated serious cardiopulmonary toxicities (pericarditis, pleural effusion, myocardial infarction, and possible pulmonary embolism), pancreatitis, and death. Notable arthralgia, myalgia, bursitis, and facial and peripheral edema were common adverse events. The high dose of linomide (7.5 mg) was not well tolerated. The trial was too brief to determine unequivocal clinical benefits. Trends suggested an unconfirmed early effect on change in EDSS score at 6 months for the medium dose (2.5 mg daily). Conclusion: MS patients may be more prone to develop important linomide treatment-related adverse events than other previously studied patients. However, linomide may be a potentially more toxic drug than was suspected from observations made in smaller studies for other indications. Phase III trials may identify infrequent and important toxicities that may not be anticipated by phase I and II trials.
Dynamic Modeling of Rolling Element Bearings With Surface Contact Defects Using Bond Graphs

Multibody dynamics of healthy and faulty rolling element bearings were modeled using vector bond graphs. A 33 degree of freedom (DOF) model was constructed for a bearing with nine balls and two rings (11 elements). The developed model can be extended to a rolling element bearing with n elements and (3 × n) DOF in planar and (6 X n) DOF in three dimensional motions. The model incorporates the gyroscopic and centrifugal effects, contact elastic deflections and forces, contact slip, contact separations, and localized faults. Dents and pits on inner race and outer race and balls were modeled through surface profile changes. Bearing load zones under various radial loads and clearances were simulated. The effects of type, size, and shape of faults on the vibration response in rolling element bearings and dynamics of contacts in the presence of localized faults were studied. Experiments with healthy and faulty bearings were conducted to validate the model. The proposed model clearly mimics healthy and faulty rolling element bearings.
2D correlation deep UV resonance raman spectroscopy of early events of lysozyme fibrillation: kinetic mechanism and potential interpretation pitfalls.

The early stages of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) fibrillation were quantitatively characterized by two-dimensional correlation deep UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (2D-DUVRR) in terms of the sequential order of events and their characteristic times. The evolution of individual secondary structural elements was established through the correlation between Amide I, Amide III, and Cα−H bending Raman bands. The temporal order of tertiary and individual secondary structural changes was probed through the cross-correlation of phenylalanine and Amide Raman bands. Both the sequential order and the characteristic times of tertiary and secondary structural changes allowed for reconstructing the molecular mechanism of lysozyme structural changes at the early stages of fibrillation. The 2D-DUVRR analysis of our data indicated that melting of the α-helix happened after the formation of the disordered structure, which was termed as apparent inverse order of secondary structural changes. We demonstrated that this appare...
Actions of nicotine on the acquisition of an autoshaped lever-touch response in rats.

Experimentally naive male, Sprague-Dawley rats maintained at 85% of their original body weight were trained to touch a retractable lever that was presented on a random interval 48-s schedule. The lever retracted when touched or after 15 s had elapsed, and one 45 mg food pellet was delivered simultaneously with lever retraction or after an 8-s delay. Rats received ten daily sessions each consisting of ten lever presentations. Nicotine (0.25–0.8 mg/kg SC) administration, either 15 min prior to (pre-session) or immediately after (post-session) the daily autoshaping sessions, caused a significant dose-related impairment of acquisition with the post-session injections having the greater effect. Low doses of nicotine (0.025–0.1 mg/kg SC) had little effect on acquisition when injected pre-session or post-session. Injections of 0.45 mg/kg nicotine either immediately (t=0) or at +5 min after the daily sessions impaired acquisition of the lever-touch response. Nicotine injected at +15, +30, +60, or +120 min had no effect on acquisition. A single intraventricular injection of the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine (5 μg) 2 weeks prior to autoshaping blocked the impairment produced by 0.45 mg/kg nicotine. Post-session injections of nicotine did not alter the lever-touch behavior of well-trained animals, but suppressed responding in animals that were partially trained. Thus, nicotine-induced impairment of the autoshaped lever-touch response is dose dependent, centrally mediated, occurs within 5 min of a SC injection, and may interfere with post-training consolidation processes.
N-methyl-d-aspartate andl-aspartate activate distinct receptors in piriform cortex

1. The effects of ionophoretically appliedN-methyl-dl-aspartate (NMDA) and aspartate on identified pyramidal neurons in rat piriform cortex were examined in isolated, submerged, and perfused brain slices. 2. NMDA was more potent than aspartate in eliciting neuronal discharge. Perfusion of the acidic amino acid antagonists,dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), 10−6 or 10−5M,dl-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (APH), 10−5M, andγ-d-glutamylglycine (γDGG), 10−5M, selectively blocked the response to NMDA without effect on the response to aspartate. 3. At higher concentrations which blocked responses to both NMDA and aspartate,γDGG blocked kainate responses and depressed glutamate and quisqualate responses. 4. These results suggest that in piriform neurons NMDA and aspartate act at distinct receptor sites, not a common receptor site, and that both of these sites are distinct from those that mediate responses to glutamate, quisqualate, and kainate.
Use of out-of-hospital variables to predict severity of injury in pediatric patients involved in motor vehicle crashes.

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to create a clinical decision rule, on the basis of variables available to out-of-hospital personnel, that could be used to accurately predict severe injury in pediatric patients involved in motor vehicle crashes as occupants. Methods: We analyzed the National Automotive Sampling System database, a national probability sample, using pediatric patients up to 15 years old (occupants only) involved in motor vehicle crashes from January 1993 to December 1999. The National Automotive Sampling System database includes patients from regions throughout the country, weighted to represent a nationwide sample. Twelve out-of-hospital variables were used in classification and regression tree analysis to create a decision rule separating children with severe injuries (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥16) from those with minor injuries (ISS Results: Using a sample size of 8,392 children, we constructed a decision rule using 3 out-of-hospital variables (Glasgow Coma Scale score, passenger space intrusion ≥6 in [≥15 cm], and restraint use) to predict those patients with an ISS of 16 or more. Internal cross-validation was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity, yielding values of 92% and 73%, respectively, for the prediction of patients with an ISS of 16 or more. Conclusion: Out-of-hospital variables available to field personnel could be used to effectively triage pediatric motor vehicle crash patients using the decision rule developed here. Prospective trials would be needed to test this decision rule in actual use. [Newgard CD, Lewis RJ, Jolly BT. Use of out-of-hospital variables to predict severity of injury in pediatric patients involved in motor vehicle crashes. Ann Emerg Med . May 2002;39:481-491.]
Laser Diagnostic Imaging of Energetically Enhanced Flames Using Direct Microwave Plasma Coupling

Quantitative images of temperature and hydroxyl (OH) concentrations are presented in plasma-enhanced flames, where a nonthermal microwave plasma discharge is coupled directly with the reaction zone of the flame. The plasma jet is generated through a novel microwave (2.45 GHz) waveguide based a coaxial reactor system. Planar laser-induced fluorescence is used to generate the OH fields, and planar Rayleigh scattering thermometry is used for the temperature. Plasma-enhanced flames present new possibilities for ignition and flame holding under harsh operating conditions, including stabilization of combustion in hypersonic flame conditions.
Aortic Remodeling After Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice Is Attenuated With AT1 Receptor Blockade

Objective— Although hypertension is the most common risk factor for thoracic aortic diseases, it is not understood how increased pressures on the ascending aorta lead to aortic aneurysms. We investigated the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation in ascending aortic remodeling in response to increased biomechanical forces using a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model. Approach and Results— Two weeks after TAC, the increased biomechanical pressures led to ascending aortic dilatation and thickening of the medial and adventitial layers of the aorta. There was significant adventitial hyperplasia and inflammatory responses in TAC ascending aortas were accompanied by increased adventitial collagen, elevated inflammatory and proliferative markers, and increased cell density attributable to accumulation of myofibroblasts and macrophages. Treatment with losartan significantly blocked TAC-induced vascular inflammation and macrophage accumulation. However, losartan only partially prevented TAC-induced adventitial hyperplasia, collagen accumulation, and ascending aortic dilatation. Increased Tgfb2 expression and phosphorylated-Smad2 staining in the medial layer of TAC ascending aortas were effectively blocked with losartan. In contrast, the increased Tgfb1 expression and adventitial phospho-Smad2 staining were only partially attenuated by losartan. In addition, losartan significantly blocked extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation and reactive oxygen species production in the TAC ascending aorta. Conclusions— Inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor using losartan significantly attenuated the vascular remodeling associated with TAC but did not completely block the increased transforming growth factor-β1 expression, adventitial Smad2 signaling, and collagen accumulation. These results help to delineate the aortic transforming growth factor-β signaling that is dependent and independent of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor after TAC. # Significance {#article-title-26}
Sex Workers, Fem Queens, and Cross-Dressers: Differential Marginalizations and HIV Vulnerabilities Among Three Ethnocultural Male-to-Female Transgender Communities in New York City

This article describes 3 distinct ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City: the low-income African American/Black1 and Latina(o) House Ball community; low-income, often undocumented immigrant Asian sex workers; and middle-class White cross-dressers. These communities are highly socially isolated from each other and are more connected to their ethnocultural contexts than to an abstract and shared transgender identity. Whereas previous research either has viewed male-to-female transgender people as one monolithic group or has separated them into abstract racial categories unconnected to their communities and lifestyles, this article positions them within specific social networks, cultures, neighborhoods, and lifestyles. With regard to HIV vulnerabilities, violence, and rape, House Ball community members seemed to engage in the riskiest form of survival sex work, whereas Asian sex workers seemed to engage in moderate-risk survival sex work. White cross-dressers seemed to engage in very low-risk recreational sex work.2
Ejecta distribution patterns at Meteor Crater, Arizona: On the applicability of lithologic end‐member deconvolution for spaceborne thermal infrared data of Earth and Mars

[1] A spectral deconvolution using a constrained least squares approach was applied to airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) data of Meteor Crater, Arizona. The three principal sedimentary units sampled by the impact were chosen as end-members, and their spectra were derived from the emissivity images. To validate previous estimates of the erosion of the near-rim ejecta, the model was used to identify the areal extent of the reworked material. The outputs of the algorithm reveal subtle mixing patterns in the ejecta, identified larger ejecta blocks, and were used to further constrain the volume of Coconino Sandstone present in the vicinity of the crater. The availability of the multialtitude data set also provided a means to examine the effects of resolution degradation and quantify the subsequent errors on the model. These data served as a test case for the use of image-derived lithologic end-members at various scales, which is critical for examining thermal infrared data of planetary surfaces. The model results indicate that the Coconino Ss. reworked ejecta is detectable over 3 km from the crater. This was confirmed by field sampling within the primary ejecta field and wind streak. The areal distribution patterns of this unit imply past erosion and subsequent sediment transport that was low to moderate compared with early studies and therefore places further constraints on the ejecta degradation of Meteor Crater. It also provides an important example of the analysis that can be performed on thermal infrared data currently being returned from Earth orbit and expected from Mars in 2002.
The asymptotic distribution of the order of elements in symmetric semigroups

Abstract P. Erdos and P. Turan [8] (Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar., 18 (1967) , 309–320) have shown that, if K(n, x) is the number of elements P in Sn, the symmetric group on n letters, whose order O(P) satisfies log O(P) ⩽ 1 2 log 2 n + ( 1 3 ) x log 3 2 n then lim n→∞ K(n,x) n! = ( 2π ) −1 ∫ x −∞ e −t 2 2 dt. In this paper the analogous result for the symmetric semigroup is obtained. Let α ϵ Tn, the symmetric semigroup on n letters (the set of all mappings of {1, 2,…, n} into {1, 2,…, n}) and let O(α) be the order of α. If L(n, x) is the number of α ϵ Tn with log O(α)⩽ 1 8 log 2 n +(− 1 24 ) x log 3 2 n, then lim n→∞ L(n,x) n n = ( 2π ) −1 ∫ x ∞ e −t 2 2 dt.
Adhesion strength measurement of polymer dielectric interfaces using laser spallation technique

A laser-induced spallation technique is employed to obtain the critical interface strength of the poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) polymer and silicon nitride (SixNy) interface in a silicon (Si)/SixNy/PBO multilayered wafer. Stress wave propagation in this multilayered material is analyzed both analytically and numerically. The influence of processing conditions, substrate surface morphology and PBO formulations on the interface adhesion strength is investigated. The interface strength values correlate strongly with the PBO formulation and surface roughness of the substrate. Effect of autoclaving on the interface adhesion strength is also investigated. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Using Mechanical Turk to Obtain and Analyze English Acceptability Judgments

The prevalent method in theoretical syntax and semantics research involves obtaining a judgment of the acceptability of a sentence ⁄ meaning pair, typically by just the author of the paper, sometimes with feedback from colleagues. The weakness of the traditional non-quantitative single-sentence ⁄ single-participant methodology, along with the existence of cognitive and social biases, has the unwanted effect that claims in the syntax and semantics literature cannot be trusted. Even if most of the judgments in an arbitrary syntax ⁄ semantics paper can be substantiated with rigorous quantitative experiments, the existence of a small set of judgments that do not conform to the authors’ intuitions can have a large effect on the potential theories. Whereas it is clearly desirable to quantitatively evaluate all syntactic and semantic hypotheses, it has been time-consuming in the past to find a large pool of nao¨ve experimental participants for behavioral experiments. The advent of Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk now makes this process very simple. Mechanical Turk is a marketplace interface that can be used for collecting behavioral data over the internet quickly and inexpensively. The cost of using an interface like Mechanical Turk is minimal, and the time that it takes for the results to be returned is very short. Many linguistic surveys can be completed within a day, at a cost of less than $50. In this paper, we provide detailed instructions for how to use our freely available software in order to (a) post-linguistic acceptability surveys to Mechanical Turk; and (b) extract and analyze the resulting data.
Moon illusion: a new perspective

An illusion reported from classical times is that the horizon moon or sun is much larger than the zenith view of the same object. Explanation has been sought for this illusory magnification of the horizon object by examining the object color, position, and movements of the head or eyes, neural-muscular responses of the observer, sky and ground cues, etc. For the situation reported here, the sun or moon is viewed from an airplane at an altitude of 7 km or more with the head and eyes depressed and is seen as a very small, very red object on an unobstructed horizon. This horizon moon viewed from the air, and the zenith moon viewed from the ground, have in common the absence of a continuously textured field extending from the observer to the horizon, just those cues which prevent empty field myopia. We infer this absence of cues needed to reduce accommodation causes underestimation of the size of distant objects. The analysis, together with a review of the literature, indicates that the classical moon illusion is one of reduction in apparent size of the zenith object rather than overestimation of the size of the horizon object. Indeed, relatively proper judgments about the size of horizon objects are made by observers on the ground who have an unobstructed view to the horizon. The sun and moon really are large, but they appear that way only when viewed in a continuous environment. The moon illusion is considered here to be a part of a more general visual distortion, the toy illusion, in which large, distant objects are judged to be small when they are seen in conditions tending to produce empty field myopia. Thus, the size constancy normally recorded when ground objects are viewed from the ground is lost when these objects are viewed from an airplane at some altitude that separates the viewer from the environment. These ordinary objects are then perceived to be toys rather than full-sized familiar objects.
CNTRICS Imaging Biomarkers Selection: Working Memory

The sixth meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) consortium was focused on selecting promising imaging biomarker measures for each of the cognitive constructs selected in the first CNTRICS meeting. In the domain of working memory (WM), the 2 constructs of interest were “goal maintenance” and “interference control.” CNTRICS received 7 task nominations for goal maintenance and 3 task nominations for interference control. For goal maintenance, the breakout group for WM recommended the AX Continuous Performance Test/Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) and the Switching Stroop task for translation and further development for use in clinical trial contexts in schizophrenia research. Notably, these same 2 paradigms were recommended for “rule generation and selection” in executive control, a highly related construct. For interference control, the breakout group recommended the Suppress Task and the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm for translation for use in clinical trials. This manuscript describes the ways in which each of these tasks met the criteria used by the breakout group to recommend tasks for further development. In addition, the group revisited the construct of WM capacity. Since the initial CNTRICS meeting, a growing body of work has emerged on the neurobiological substrates of WM capacity, making measure of this construct ready for translation. The group suggested a promising imaging biomarker measure for capacity, a version of the change detection task that measures delay activity over posterior parietal and occipital cortex.
Extension of IMC tuning correlations for non-self regulating (integrating) processes

The filter term of a PID with Filter controller reduces the impact of measurement noise on the derivative action of the controller. This impact is quantified by the controller output travel defined as the total movement of the controller output per unit time. Decreasing controller output travel is important to reduce wear in the final control element. Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning correlations are widely published for PI, PID, and PID with Filter controllers for self regulating processes. For non-self regulating (or integrating) processes, IMC tuning correlations are published for PI and PID controllers but not for PID with Filter controllers. The important contribution of this work is that it completes the set of IMC tuning correlations with an extension to the PID with Filter controller for non-self regulating processes. Other published correlations (not based upon the IMC framework) for PID with Filter controllers fix the filter time constant at one-tenth the derivative time regardless of the model of the process. In contrast, the novel IMC correlations presented in this paper calculate a filter time constant based upon the model of the process and the user's choice for the closed-loop time constant. The set point tracking and disturbance rejection performance of the proposed IMC tunings is demonstrated using simulation studies and a bench-scale experimental system. The proposed IMC tunings are shown to perform as well as various PID correlations (with and without a filter term) while requiring considerably less controller action.
Convex programming and systems of elementary monotonic relations

A subset r of the real plane R x R is said to be totally ordered if, for each (x, x*) E r and each (a, z*) E r, either one has x f and x* > R*. It is called a complete increasing curve, if it is totally ordered and is not contained in any properly larger totally ordered subset. Such a subset can be described geometrically as an infinite continuous curve which crosses each of the lines with slope 1 exactly once. A complete increasing curve r thus resembles the graph of an increasing (i.e., nondecreasing) function on a real interval, except that it may have vertical as well as horizontal segments, some perhaps infinite in length. One is naturally led to treat r as a multivalued function by defining
Structure and bonding in homoleptic transition metal hydride anions

Abstract This paper surveys aspects of the structure and bonding in homoleptic transition metal hydride anions. Most such hydrometalate anions are found in solid state ternary and quaternary transition metal hydrides also containing one or two electropositive metals although soluble MH92− (M=Tc, Re) and FeH64− derivatives are known. The principles of structure and bonding in such hydrometalates are seen to be similar to those in related transition metal complexes of other ligands. Thus the favored 18-electron configuration of the next rare gas dominates for the hydrometalates of manganese (in MnH65−) through copper (in CuH43−) although square planar and trigonal 16-electron complexes (e.g. PdH33−, PdH42−, and PtH42−) and linear 14-electron complexes (PdH22−) are also known. The stability of a half filled d shell for the d5 Mn(II) is illustrated by the occurrence of the high-spin tetrahedral MnH42− ion in K3MnH5. The metal atoms in the RuH44− units of Mg2RuH4 and the RuH36− units of Mg3RuH3 can attain the 18-electron rare gas configuration through metal-metal bonding to form the polymer [RuH44−]∞ and the dimer [RuH36−]2, respectively. The RhH2− anion in MgRhH forms a cyclic tetramer related but not identical to the cyclic tetramers formed by certain isoelectronic Cu(I) alkyls.
Photoacoustic chemical sensing: ultracompact sources and standoff detection

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a useful monitoring technique that is well suited for trace detection of gaseous and condensed media. We have previously demonstrated favorable PAS gas detection characteristics when the system dimensions are scaled to a micro-system design. This design includes quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-scale photoacoustic sensors that provide detection limits at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels for chemical targets. Current gas sensing research utilizes an ultra compact QCL, SpriteIR, in combination with a MEMS-scale photoacoustic cell for trace gas detection. At approximately one tenth the size of a standard commercially available QCL, SpriteIR is an essential element in the development of an integrated sensor package. We will discuss these results as well as the envisioned sensor prototype. Finally, expanding on our previously reported photoacoustic detection of condensed phase samples, we are investigating standoff photoacoustic chemical detection of these materials and will discuss preliminary results.
The clinical effective dose of alfentanil for suppressing cough during emergence from desflurane anesthesia

Background: The administration of short-acting opioids before emergence is useful for preventing emergence cough induced by an endotracheal tube. This study examined the clinically effective dose of alfentanil for suppressing cough during emergence from desflurane anesthesia. Methods: Twenty-nine adult patients undergoing elective oral surgery were enrolled in this study. During emergence from anesthesia, the patients received alfentanil diluted in 10 ml normal saline when the end-tidal vol% of desflurane decreased to 3%. The initial alfentanil dose was 16 μg/kg. The alfentanil dose for consecutive patients, determined by Dixon’s up-and-down method, increased or decreased by 2 μg/kg according to a previous patient’s result. Results: The 50% effective dose (ED50) of alfentanil for suppressing cough during emergence from desflurane anaesthesia was 9.3 ± 1.5 μg/kg according to Dixon’s up-and-down method. Isotonic regression revealed an ED50 and ED95 (95% confidence interval) of alfentanil 10.0 μg/kg (6.8-13.2 μg/kg) and 14.0 μg/kg (7.7-19.4 μg/kg), respectively. Conclusions: The ED 95 of alfentanil for suppressing emergence cough was 14.0 μg/kg. A single bolus administration of alfentanil during emergence from anesthesia was useful for suppressing emergence cough. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 61: 292-296)
Encoding color and shape from different parts of an object in visual short-term memory

Can we find an object-based encoding benefit in visual short-term memory (VSTM) when the features to be remembered are from different parts of an object? Using object parts defined by either figure-ground separation or negative minima of curvature, results from five experiments in which the visual change detection paradigm was used showed that the object-based encoding benefit in VSTM is modulated by how features are assigned to parts of an object: Features are best retained when the color and shape features to be remembered belong to the same part of an object.Although less well retained in comparison, features from different parts of an object are still better remembered than features from spatially separated objects.An object-based feature binding therefore exists even when the color and shape features to be remembered are from different parts of an object.
Relationships between frontal-plane angular momentum and clinical balance measures during post-stroke hemiparetic walking

Stroke has significant impact on dynamic balance during locomotion, with a 73% incidence rate for falls post-stroke. Current clinical assessments often rely on tasks and/or questionnaires that relate to the statistical probability of falls and provide little insight into the mechanisms that impair dynamic balance. Current quantitative measures that assess medial-lateral balance performance do not consider the angular motion of the body, which can be particularly impaired after stroke. Current control methods in bipedal robotics rely on the regulation of angular momentum (H) to maintain dynamic balance during locomotion. This study tests whether frontal-plane H is significantly correlated to clinical balance tests that could be used to provide a detailed assessment of medial-lateral balance impairments in hemiparetic gait. H was measured in post-stroke (n=48) and control (n=20) subjects. Post-stroke there were significant negative relationships between the change in frontal-plane H during paretic single-leg stance and two clinical tests: the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) (r=-0.57, p<0.001) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (r=-0.54, p<0.001). Control subjects showed timely regulation of frontal-plane H during the first half of single-leg stance, with the level of regulation depending on the initial magnitude. In contrast, the post-stroke subjects who made poorer adjustments to frontal-plane H during initial paretic leg single stance exhibited lower DGI and BBS scores (r=0.45, p=0.003). We conclude that H is a promising balance indicator during steady-state hemiparetic walking and that paretic single-leg stance is a period with higher instability for stroke patients.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multisystemic Therapy and Other Evidence-Based Practices for Treating Juvenile Offenders

Evidence-based treatments of criminal behavior in adolescents have demonstrated clear and consistent advantages. In comparison with a variety of traditional services, the evidence-based models have reduced criminal behavior, improved youth and family functioning, and done so at considerable cost savings. On the other hand, implementation of the evidence-based treatments of adolescent criminal behavior requires considerable change in prevailing clinical and administrative practices and may not be fully Medicaid reimbursable in many locales.
Hsp70 promotes TNF-mediated apoptosis by binding IKKγ and impairing NF-κB survival signaling

The major heat shock protein, Hsp70, can protect against cell death by directly interfering with mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. However, Hsp70 also sensitizes cells to certain apoptotic stimuli like TNF. Little is known about how Hsp70 enhances apoptosis. We demonstrate here that Hsp70 promotes TNF killing by specifically binding the coiled-coil domain of IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) to inhibit IKK activity and consequently inhibit NF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic gene induction. An IKKγ mutant, which interacts with Hsp70, competitively inhibits the Hsp70–IKKγ interaction and relieves heat-mediated NF-κB suppression. Depletion of Hsp70 expression with RNA interference rescues TNF-mediated cell death. Although TNF may or may not be sufficient to trigger apoptosis on its own, TNF-triggered apoptosis was initiated or made worse when Hsp70 expression increased to high levels to disrupt NF-κB signaling. These results provide significant novel insights into the molecular mechanism for the pro-apoptotic behavior of Hsp70 in death-receptor-mediated cell death.
Effects of High-Energy Electron Irradiation on ZnO/Si MSM Photodetectors

ZnO/Si metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) were subjected to high-energy electron irradiation (HEEI) to total fluence of 2 × 1013 cm−2. ZnO/Si MSM-PDs demonstrated at least 43% greater radiation resistance than similar Si devices. Room-temperature annealing of radiation damage was observed as 63% recovery of photocurrent over 47 days. The current transport mechanism for ZnO/Si MSM-PDs was dominated by space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) with minimal effect on conduction regime due to HEEI. Analysis of photoluminescence (PL) data indicates that the radiation-induced defects are likely oxygen and zinc vacancies, i.e., (V 0 + ) and $$ (\hbox{V}_{\rm{Zn}}^{ - } - \hbox{H}^{ + } )^{0} $$ , respectively.
Lymph node density and number of adjuvant chemotherapy cycles for node-positive resected bladder cancer: University of Iowa experience

e16126 Background: Although its survival benefit is unclear, adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) is commonly utilized for node-positive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy (RC) and lymph node (LN) disse...
HOW CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AFFECT PROFITABILITY

Research in competitive environmental strategy has not explored the effects of changes in environmental performance on profitability. I argue that changes in environmental performance affect profitability through differential costs of investment in and maintenance of levels of environmental performance. I use a difference-in-differences model to estimate the time path of effects on profitability subsequent to increases and decreases in environmental performance, conditional on prior level of performance, in a matched sample of U.S. firms between 1992 and 2008. Both decreases and increases in environmental performance result in surges in financial returns; investments in better environmental performance are more costly for high environmental performers; high maintenance costs make abandoning higher environmental performance levels a viable, if temporary, way of improving profitability.
Internal Determinants of Export Marketing Behavior: An Empirical Investigation:

Although interest in export marketing has been growing rapidly, only a few empirical studies have been conducted on the internal determinants of the export marketing behavior of firms. The authors ...
Some New Facts on the Bionomics of the California Rodent Fleas

The thorough investigations which the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service are at present undertaking in suppressing bubonic plague in California presented the writer with an opportunity to study the parasites associated with the transmission of the disease among rodents.
Alterations of intracranial tension by salt solutions in the alimentary canal

In two interesting and suggestive papers1 Weed and McKibben demonstrated the significant physiological fact that it is possible to reduce the cerebrospinal fluid pressure and diminish the bulk of the brain by injecting a hypertonic solution into the blood stream. Conversely they found that hypotonic solutions had the opposite effect: a rise of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and an increase of brain bulk. In the course of our studies their work has been repeated and their general conclusions confirmed.The clinical bearing of these facts is obvious. Particularly they concern the states commonly referred to as “pressure symptoms.” By similar methods it has been found possible to secure these same results in patients with increased degrees of intracranial tension. It was felt that the undesirable effects on pulse, respiration and blood pressure of such intravenous injections might contraindicate their use. For this reason the effects of gastrointestinal doses of hypertonic solutions were studied.In a large seri...
Tailoring Care to Vulnerable Populations by Incorporating Social Determinants of Health: the Veterans Health Administration’s “Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team” Program

Introduction Although the clinical consequences of homelessness are well described, less is known about the role for health care systems in improving clinical and social outcomes for the homeless. We described the national implementation of a “homeless medical home” initiative in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and correlated patient health outcomes with characteristics of high-performing sites.
Behavioral Responses of Female Papaya Fruit Flies, Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae), to Male-produced Sex Pheromone

Courtship interactions of the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, were observed and described in the development of an arena sex pheromone bioassay. Females responded to male-produced volatile chemicals presented on filter paper in arena bioassays by walking, running, flying, bobbing the abdomen, and turning in circles. Significant responses were obtained at concentrations as low as 0.0004 male-h equivalents. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, females flew upwind to calling caged males, landed on the cages and bobbed their abdomens. Females responded to male odors piped into the upwind end of the tunnel from a glass chamber that contained calling males by flying upwind in the tunnel with a zigzagging flight pattern and hovering in the plume near the pipe vent.
A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of the Sunflower Student Movement in the English-language Taiwanese press

The Sunflower Student Movement was a protest movement in Taiwan against a trade agreement with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) by students and civic groups, in which the national legislature was occupied by protesters between 18 March and 10 April 2014. This study examines the discursive constructions of this movement in the two major English-language newspapers in Taiwan, The China Post and the Taipei Times, in corpora of articles published in the six-month period after the protests began. The data were collected from the online editions of the newspapers and analysed utilising a corpus-driven approach. First, frequency lists of the corpora were studied and an in-depth analysis of collocates and concordances of certain frequent words was undertaken. This was followed by a study of keywords when each corpus was compared against the other. The findings demonstrate that one newspaper depicted the protests as a struggle for democracy, associating the protests with democracy movements from the past and e...
A Study of Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy Electroplating Process

A Fe-Ni-Cr alloy coating was electroplated on 45# steel substrate in chloride-sulfate system.The effects of current density,temperature and pH on the composition of the deposit were investigated.The surface morphology,components and phase composition of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated by electrochemical and salt spray tests.The results show that the Ni-Fe-Cr alloy coating is uniform,compact and smooth.The mass fractions of Cr and Ni in the coating are 15.63 % and 9.96 % respectively.The mass fraction of Cr in the coating can be increased when current density,bath pH and bath temperature are raised within a certain range,which can improve the corrosion resistance of the coating correspondingly.
Quality Test and Problem Analysis of Electronic Transformer

In accordance with the lack of reliability and stability and a high failure rate of electronic transformers,we tested 41different kinds of electronic transformers in order to promote key technology of electronic transformers and to improve their reliability,stability,accuracy,and related technical standard.The test content includes parts of routine tests,type tests and special tests mentioned in national standard,and higher demands of reliability,stability and anti-electromagnetic interference than the present national standard are introduced.The conclusions can be drawn from the test results:the fault types of tests are basically identical with actual operational failures;the performance of some products should be further improved;aproduct's quantity is basically identical with the research ability and quality control ability of its provider.