cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tolerance and Percutaneous Absorption of Topically Applied Arildone

Arildone, an investigational antiviral agent, was compared to both its vanishing cream and 90% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution vehicles to determine cutaneous and systemic tolerance as well as percutaneous absorption. In separate studies, immunosuppressed patients randomly received either arildone in vanishing cream (study 1), arildone in DMSO solution (study 2), or the vehicles without arildone. Test formulations were applied to the same area of one forearm four times daily for seven days. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected on days 1, 4, and 7, and patients were observed daily. Arildone was sporadically detected in biologic specimens suggesting limited percutaneous absorption. Unexpectedly, DMSO did not appear to enhance absorption of the drug. No clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic intolerance was observed for any preparation. While cutaneous tolerance was excellent for the vanishing cream preparations, the DMSO preparations were associated with a high (90%) incidence of erythematous reactions.
A case of ALL with 4q trisomy

A case of a 7-yr-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with an unusual translocation in the leukemic cells is described. The cytogenetic anomaly consisted of extra material in the long arm of one chromosome #1, with the material probably originating from the long arm of a chromosome #4. The poor response to therapy suggested the possibility that translocations in ALL may carry a poor prognosis. While more will have to be learned about the significance of the material originating from chromosome #4 in ALL, it appears that translocations involving material from the long arm of #4 are not infrequently associated with a poor prognosis.
Invasion of an annual grassland in Northern California by Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea

We studied the invasion of a California annual grassland by the shrub, Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea (DC) C.B. Wolf. A series of aerial photographs indicated that the shrub had been present at the study site for 35–45 years but spread very little until the early 1970's. A period of slow expansion was followed by rapid outward spread of the shrub population and large increases in shrub density. Detailed demographic studies showed a period of rapid population increase from 1978 to 1983, with the highest stablishment rates in 1982–83. Establishment was strongly correlated with annual and spring rainfall amounts. An iniiall period of slow outward spread is thought to have profided foci for rapid spread during years of high rainfall.
Stream combination: adaptive IO scheduling for streaming servers

Cycle-based IO schedulers use statically configured time-cycle durations. As a result, they are unable to avoid the formation of virtual bottlenecks. We term a bottleneck as virtual when it occurs within a single resource subsystem, and it is possible to use a secondary under-utilized resource to thwart the bottleneck. The primary reason for virtual bottlenecks in streaming servers is static allocation of memory and disk-bandwidth resources using fixed time-cycle durations. As a result, shifting request workload can cause a virtual bottleneck either in the memory or disk subsystem. We present stream combination, an adaptive IO scheduling technique that addresses this problem in a comprehensive fashion. Stream combination predicts the formation of virtual bottlenecks and proactively alters the IO schedule to avoid them. A simulation study suggests significant performance gains compared to the current state-of-the-art fixed time-cycle IO scheduler.
Relationship of maternal vitamin D level with maternal and infant respiratory disease

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the association of maternal vitamin D and maternal asthma and infant respiratory infection severity. Study Design The study included cross-sectional analyses of 340 mother-infant dyads enrolled from September to May 2004-2008 during an infant viral respiratory infection. Maternal vitamin D levels were determined from enrollment blood specimens. At enrollment, we determined self-reported maternal asthma and infant respiratory infection severity using a bronchiolitis score. We assessed the association of maternal vitamin D levels and maternal asthma and infant bronchiolitis score in race-stratified multivariable regression models. Results The cohort was 70% white, 19% African American, and 21% had asthma. Overall, the median maternal vitamin D level was 20 ng/mL (interquartile range, 14–28). Among white women, a 14 ng/mL increase in vitamin D was associated with a decreased odds of asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.86). Maternal vitamin D was not associated with infant bronchiolitis score. Conclusion Higher maternal vitamin D levels were associated with decreased odds of asthma.
Robert Gagne's Educational Theory and Bibliographic Instruction

ABSTRACT Many libraries offer for-credit courses that intend to foster information literacy. These courses will be strengthened if the librarian as instructor has a familiarity with learning theory. This article suggests that Robert Gagne's “Nine Events of Instruction,” based on information processing theory, can provide support to bibliographic instruction. Also included is a syllabus for a single-credit course that incorporates the Association of College and Research Libraries' Information Literacy Competency Standards.
From Relational Quality to Communicative Actions of Publics and Stakeholders: Understanding Causality Loops between Behaviors of Organizations and Behaviors of Publics in Strategic Communication

In this special issue, we look at the question of how threats and opportunities rise and fall for organizations by focusing on communicative actions of publics and stakeholders in and around organi...
Profiling the Hospital-Based Psychiatric Registered Nurse Workforce

BACKGROUND:Registered nursing is a core profession staffing psychiatric hospitals. However, strategic planning to address a critical national workforce shortage of registered nurses has not include...
Multi-excitation Raman spectroscopy technique for fluorescence rejection

Multi-excitation Raman spectroscopy filters out Raman signals from a fluorescent background by sequentially using multiple excitation frequencies. The filtering method exploits the shift of the Raman spectra with excitation frequency and the static response of the fluorescent background. This technique builds upon previous work which used two slightly shifted excitations, Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy (SERDS), in order to filter the Raman signal. An Expectation-Maximization algorithm is used to estimate the Raman and fluorescence signals from multiple spectra acquired with slightly shifted excitation frequencies. In both simulation and experiment, the efficacy of the algorithm increases with the number of excitation frequencies even when holding the total excitation energy constant, such that the signal to noise ratio is inversely proportional to the number of excitation frequencies. In situations where the intense fluorescence causes significant shot noise compared to the weak Raman signals, the multi-excitation approach is more effective than non-iterative techniques such as polynomial background subtraction.
Inheritance of apospory in buffelgrass

Previous studies on inheritance of monopolar (Panicum type) apospory in the Panicoideae resulted in three widely different genetic models and mutually incompatible data sets. We report additional data for tetraploid buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link = Cenchrus ciliaris L.] and attempt to reconcile earlier studies. Sexual buffelgrass plant B-2s and five sexual progeny from open pollination of B-2s were self pollinated and intercrossed. Three obligately aposporous half-siblings from open pollination of B-2s and two other aposporous plants were used as male parents in hybridizations with the sexual plants. Selfing and crossing among sexual plants gave only sexual progeny. Crosses of sexual × aposporous plants gave progeny segregating for sexual (Polygonum type) and aposporous (Panicum type) embryo sacs at ratios near 15:13 or 3:8 depending upon the aposporous parent [...]
Neutron scattering investigations of α -uranium in the charge-density-wave state

Below 43 K, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-uranium (the orthorhombic phase stable below 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) develops an incommensurate charge-density wave (CDW) that has a profound effect on almost all physical properties of this element. Previous work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Institut Laue-Langevin has characterized the phonon dispersion curves and various properties of the periodic distortions of the atomic structure. In this paper we review some of these results and present new information giving further details of the CDW state, in particular the temperature and pressure dependence of both the elastic and inelastic (precursor phonon) scattering. Suggestions for new experiments, including those using other techniques, are presented.
Some personality and attitudinal correlates of dogmatism.

61 undergraduate psychology students were administered the Troldahl-Powell 20-item form of the Dogmatism scale along with the MMPI, the Politico-economic Conservatism scale (Form 60), and an adaptation of the Bogardus Social Distance scale. Dogmatism was positively related to conservatism and rejection of minorities and groups associated with unconventionality and social change. The Troldahl-Powell 20-item scale, like Rokeach's Form E, appears to be a better measure of rightist than leftist authoritarianism. Rokeach's suggestion that a neurotic factor may underlie leftist dogmatism, as opposed to a psychopathic one in the case of rightist dogmatism, was not supported, as the more dogmatic Ss, also the more conservative, showed significant tendencies in the direction of neurosis and psychosis but none toward psychopathy. Also, the less dogmatic Ss were inclined to deny possession of unfavorable personality characteristics. Thus, low scores on the Dogmatism scale may indicate a defensive factor as well as g...
Influence of natural organic matter on the morphology of corroding lead surfaces and behavior of lead-containing particles

Influence of natural organic matter (NOM) on the morphology of lead surfaces exposed to drinking water and on the properties of lead-containing colloidal particles was explored based on the data of scanning electron microscopy, sequential filtrations, measurements of particle size distributions and electrophoretic potential. It was demonstrated that NOM prevented the formation of cerussite and hindered the growth of hydrocerussite crystals. Measurements of zeta-potential showed that the surface activity was highest for unaltered NOM, while ozonation and chlorination decreased it. The concentrations of soluble lead and tin increased several fold in the presence of NOM, while large colloidal particles of lead and solder corrosion products tended to break down to form smaller fragments. It is suggested that these phenomena are important for understanding of lead release mechanisms in drinking water.
A novel radiation tolerant SRAM design based on synergetic functional component separation for nanoscale CMOS

This paper presents a novel SRAM design for nanoscale CMOS. The new design addresses the problem of low radiation tolerance and high instability for SRAM memories at feature size of 32 nm. The novelty of our approach originates from the synergetic functional component separation, where each component serves its unique operational function and has minimal effect on performance of others. The design consists of three different components: the first component is used to store the data, the second one is designed to protect the data at the most vulnerable state and last component serves to extract the data from the SRAM cell. We performed comparative analysis of our design against conventional radiation-tolerant designs in terms of power consumption, level of radiation tolerance, performance, area and stability. The benefits of our new design (high radiation tolerance, high stability, fast performance) were confirmed by extensive simulations in different 32 nm technology environments (low power, high performance, bulk).
Results of Arthroscopic Iliopsoas Tendon Release in Competitive and Recreational Athletes

BackgroundAn arthroscopic iliopsoas tendon release will alleviate painful snapping of the tendon. One question that remains is whether athletes can return to sports after this procedure. This study presents the results of 5 competitive and 10 recreational athletes who had an arthroscopic release of their iliopsoas tendon.HypothesisAthletes can return to full participation in their sport after an arthroscopic iliopsoas tendon release.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsFifteen athletes (2 college, 3 high school, 10 recreational) with painful snapping hips and no pain relief after anesthetic magnetic resonance arthrography had an ultrasound evaluation of their iliopsoas tendon and an anesthetic injection into the Psoas bursa. In all 15 patients, the injection relieved their hip pain, and in 10 patients, real-time imaging demonstrated snapping of the tendon. All hips were assessed with Byrd's 100-point hip scoring system before the release and at 1.5,3,6, and 12 months after surgery.ResultsP...
Microbial community structure in gastrointestinal tracts of domestic animals: comparative analyses using rRNA‐targeted oligonucleotide probes

The microbial community structure of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of various domestic animals (bovine, ovine, caprine, and swine) was evaluated using oligonucleotide probes targeting the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of major microbial groups. Bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal rRNAs were estimated to account for approximately 60–90%, 3–30% and 0.5–3%, respectively, of the total rRNA present in the GI tracts of most of the animals examined in this study. The abundance of phylogenetically defined groups of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was also evaluated. Methanobacteriales were the predominant methanogens in the rumen of bovine and caprine, while Methanomicrobiales predominated in the ovine rumen. A dominant archaeal group could not be identified in other sampling locations of the GI tract of these ruminants and in the GI tract of pigs, using the available collection of group-specific probes. Desulfovibrio species were the most abundant Gram-negative SRB targeted by available probes in the GI tract of nearly all animals.
On the identity of photo- and oxidative phosphorylation coupling factors in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata☆

Abstract The nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for growth either by anaerobic photophosphorylation or dark oxidative (aerobic) phosphorylation. Earlier evidence for the in vitro interchangeability of phosphorylation coupling factor preparations from dark (aerobically) grown and photosynthetically grown cells in both kinds of energy conversion has been extended, through closer study of the factor obtained from aerobic cells cultivated under conditions which permit only very slight development of the photosynthetic apparatus. It is concluded that the same protein factor couples phosphorylation to both respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport.
Friendship Chemistry: An Examination of Underlying Factors

Interpersonal chemistry refers to a connection between two individuals that exists upon first meeting. The goal of the current study is to identify beliefs about the underlying components of friendship chemistry. Individuals respond to an online Friendship Chemistry Questionnaire containing items that are derived from interdependence theory and the friendship formation literature. Participants are randomly divided into two subsamples. A principal axis factor analysis with promax rotation is performed on subsample 1 and produces 5 factors: Reciprocal candor, mutual interest, personableness, similarity, and physical attraction. A confirmatory factor analysis is conducted using subsample 2 and provides support for the 5-factor model. Participants with agreeable, open, and conscientious personalities more commonly report experiencing friendship chemistry, as do those who are female, young, and European/white. Responses from participants who have never experienced chemistry are qualitatively analyzed. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Target structures in the cochlea for infrared neural stimulation (INS)

Spatial selective infrared neural stimulation has potential to improve neural prostheses, including cochlear implants. The heating of a confined target volume depolarizes the cell membrane and results in an action potential. Tissue heating may also result in the generation of a stress relaxation wave causing mechanical stimulation of hair cells in the cochlea, creating an optoacoustic response. Data are presented that quantify the effect of an acoustical stimulus (noise masker) on the response obtained with INS in normal hearing, and chronic deaf animals. While in normal hearing animals an acoustic masker can reduce the response to INS, in chronic deaf animals this effect has not been detected. The responses to INS remain stable following the different degrees of cochlear damage.
The economic effects of changes in water use in the Tucson basin, Arizona.

Potential economic side-effects of water shortages in Tucson, Ariz., are discussed. Groundwater in the Tucson area is being drawn at a rapid rate/ as a result, the water table in the Tucson basin is being lowered. Several lawsuits have arisen from the water crisis. Water problems in the Tucson area will have little impact on that area's economic well-being. 1 map, 12 references.
A Minicomputer-Based Emission Spectrographic Analysis System Dependent on Scanning Microphotometry

A minicomputer-based, semiquantitative, emission spectrographic system was designed to perform survey analyses (64 elements per sample), on a wide variety of geologic materials rapidly (9 s per determination). The system can analyze as many as 40 000 samples per year, while maintaining long-term consistency of results, and can provide archival storage capability (photoplate, microfiche, data bank). The minicomputer's partitioned memory allows simultaneous execution of programs to acquire 92 000 sequential, digitized, transmittance-readings per spectrum from a precision scanning microphotometer in 70 s, and to reduce these data to the peak and background transmittances, the location, and a profile code of as many as 500 analytical lines. The plate emulsion is calibrated in 10 equal segments between 2300 and 4700 A. Intensities and preliminary concentrations based on prestored analytical curve coefficients are calculated for each line. Corrections for spectral interferences are made, and final results are selected according to a predetermined priority scheme. A report form for every 10 samples is printed within 5 min after a plate is recorded. All the preliminary data are stored on magnetic tape for production of microfiche within 24 h. Spectra on a second plate can be scanned while analysis of the first plate is being performed.
Testing a workplace experience explanation of displaced dissent

When employees express displaced dissent their organizations do not hear and as a result forfeit important critical feedback. The purpose of this study was to assess the conditions in which employees tend to favor expressing displaced dissent. To that end full‐time employees who worked in a variety of organizations completed self‐report survey instruments. Results indicated that age and total years work experience related significantly and negatively to the expression of displaced dissent and that nonmanagement employees expressed significantly more displaced dissent than management employees. Collectively these findings provide support for a workplace experience explanation of displaced dissent.
Minimizing the sum of earliness/tardiness in multi-machine scheduling: a mixed integer programming approach

Abstract We developed a mixed integer programming formulation for minimizing job earliness and tardiness (ET) in a multi-machine scheduling problem. Our formulation allows setup times to depend on the job-to-job sequence, processing times to depend on the job–machine combination, due dates and cost penalties to vary for each job, and machine characteristics to be non-uniform. The model can easily provide the optimal solution to problems involving about nine jobs and three machines. Thus, the formulation shown here can provide the optimal solutions necessary for the development and validation of industrial-scale, multi-machine ET heuristics, which to date, have only been tested against other heuristics.
Comment on ‘Testing earthquake prediction methods: “The West Pacific short-term forecast of earthquakes with magnitude MwHRV ≥ 5.8”’ by V.G. Kossobokov

In his paper Kossobokov investigates the efficiency of our short-term forecast for two western Pacific regions. Although we agree with the basic results of his evaluation that the forecast statistics is much better than a random guess, we have reservations about his definition of earthquake prediction, some of his tests, and his interpretation of the test results. We distinguish between deterministic earthquake predictions and statistical forecasts. We argue that some techniques used by Kossobokov may not be appropriate for testing our forecasts and discuss other testing methods, based on the likelihood function. We demonstrate that Kossobokov's null hypothesis may be biased, and this bias can influence some of his conclusions. We show that contrary to Kossobokov's statement, our algorithm predicts mainshocks when they are preceded by foreshocks.
Analysis of functional neuronal connectivity in the Drosophila brain

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model system for the neural basis of complex behavior, but an inability to routinely interrogate physiologic connections within central neural networks of the fly brain remains a fundamental barrier to progress in the field. To address this problem, we have introduced a simple method of measuring functional connectivity based on the independent expression of the mammalian P2X2 purinoreceptor and genetically encoded Ca2+ and cAMP sensors within separate genetically defined subsets of neurons in the adult brain. We show that such independent expression is capable of specifically rendering defined sets of neurons excitable by pulses of bath-applied ATP in a manner compatible with high-resolution Ca2+ and cAMP imaging in putative follower neurons. Furthermore, we establish that this approach is sufficiently sensitive for the detection of excitatory and modulatory connections deep within larval and adult brains. This technically facile approach can now be used in wild-type and mutant genetic backgrounds to address functional connectivity within neuronal networks governing a wide range of complex behaviors in the fly. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this approach in the fly brain suggests that similar methods using appropriate heterologous receptors might be adopted for other widely used model systems.
Priming of Estrous Responsiveness by Implants of 17β- Estradiol in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus of Female Rats*

In an attempt to obtain a more precise localization of the neural target site(s) of estrogen-priming action in the activation of estrous behavior, 30-gauge cannulae containing a preparation of 17β-estradiol diluted 1:250 with cholesterol were implanted bilaterally into the brains of ovariectomized rats. Subjects were tested for sexual behavior with intact males at 4-day intervals for 3 weeks beginning 2-3 days after stereotaxic surgery. Animals received a systemic injection of 0.5 mg progesterone 4-6 h before all but 1 test. After this treatment, estrous behavior was observed in 19 of the 20 animals judged to have both cannulae resting in or within 0.25 mm of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). Virtually no estrous behavior was observed without the administration of progesterone. Behavioral scores decreased as a function of the distance of the cannulae tips from the VMN. Cholesterol implants in the same region (n = 8) were without effect. Implants in other regions of the brain (e.g. preopt...
Driver Behavior at Intersections: An Analysis of Accident Related Variables

An intersection driving simulation was created by providing research participants with a video display of approaching intersections in a 120 degree visual field. Six groups were formed according to age and sex. All participants viewed 14 different intersections containing varied traffic control devices.Individual workload was assessed in three response modes: performance, subjective, and physiological. A MANOVA was performed on six dependent variables in the 3 (age) X 2 (sex) design. Results indicate significant main effects for both age and sex.
High Resolution Transmission Grating Spectrometer for Edge Toroidal Rotation Measurements of Tokamak Plasmas

We present a high throughput (f/3) visible (3500–7000 A) Doppler spectrometer for toroidal rotation velocity measurements of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasma. The spectrometer has a temporal response of 1 ms and a rotation velocity sensitivity of ∼105 cm/s. This diagnostic will have a tangential view and map out the plasma rotation at several locations along the outer half of the minor radius (r/a>0.5). The plasma rotation will be determined from the Doppler shifted wavelengths of Dα and magnetic and electric dipole transitions of highly ionized impurities in the plasma. The fast time resolution and high spectral resolving power are possible due to a 6 in. diam circular transmission grating that is capable of λ/Δλ∼15 500 at 5769 A in conjunction with a 50 μm slit.
MFRSR-based climatologies of atmospheric aerosols, trace gases, and water vapor

Measurements from ground-based sun photometer networks can be used both to provide a ground-truth validation of satellite aerosol retrieval sand to produce a land-based aerosol climatology which is complementary to satellite retrievals that currently are being performed mostly over ocean. The MFRSR has become a popular network instrument in recent years, several existing networks operate about a hundred instruments providing good geographical coverage of the US. We describe and validate a retrieval algorithm for processing MFRSR data from clear and partially cloudy days. This method uses consistency between direct normal and diffuse horizontal measurements together with a special regression technique for retrieval of daily time series of column mean aerosol particle size, aerosol optical depth, NO2, ozone and water vapor column amounts together with the instrument's calibration constants. This method has bene successfully used to analyze MFRSR measurements from a number of instruments both from large networks and those operated by individual users. The analysis of long-term MFRSR measurements provides a description of seasonal and inter-annual changes in aerosol parameters and in column amounts of ozone, NO2 and water vapor as a function of geographical location. Application of this analysis method to the measurements from growing numbers of MFRSR opens the possibility to build large-scale climatologies basing on MFRSR network data.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Improved External Fixator Design for Femoral Fracture Reduction

The use of external fixator for femoral shaft fixators in children has been a device of choice. The use though satisfactory, the occurrences of wire/ pin tract infections has been widely reported. Moreover, the use of Ilizarov external fixator in adults has been limited due to its bulk. Hence there is a need for improvement on the current external fixators for femoral fractures. The objective of the study is to design an external fixator for femoral fracture reduction with improved angulation and adjustability, reduced bulk, and comparative stiffness.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Relapse in persons treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis in a population with high coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus in New York City.

The optimal duration of tuberculosis treatment for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been debated. A cohort of 4571 culture-positive drug-susceptible patients who received 24 weeks of standard 4-drug tuberculosis treatment were assessed to determine the incidence of tuberculosis relapse. Tuberculosis “recurrence” was defined as having a positive culture !30 days after the last treatment date and “relapse” as having a positive culture 30 days after the last treatment. Patients infected with HIV were more likely than those who were uninfected to have recurrence or relapse (2.0 vs. 0.4 per 100 person-years, P ! ). Patients infected with HIV who received 36 weeks of treatment were more likely than those who .001 received 136 weeks to have a recurrence (7.9% vs. 1.4%, ). Clinicians should be aware of the possibility P ! .001 of recurrence of tuberculosis 6‐9 months after the start of treatment. Sputum evaluation to ensure cure or assessment 3 months after completion of treatment should be performed among persons infected with HIV who receive the shorter regimen.
HAMS: A Memory-Efficient Representation of Power Grids Using Hierarchical and Multi-Scenario Graphs

Advanced analytical applications that will enable the smart grid need to analyze the connectivity of the power grid under multiple different operating scenarios, taking into account time-varying topology of the grid. This paper proposes a highly memory-efficient representation of the power grid that enables efficient construction of multiple topological and operational states in memory for high-performance graph analysis. The proposed representation exploits repeating patterns in the grid and uses a hierarchical graph as the core model. Time-varying topology and operational conditions are modeled as mapping functions on this hierarchical graph, so as to avoid construction of multiple graphs to represent multiple topologies. The efficiency and performance of the proposed representation is demonstrated on a large real-world distribution electrical grid.
Restrictive diffusion in aluminas

The effect of the ratio of solute molecular diameter to the substrate pore diameter on the diffusion of polyaromatic compounds in four different pore sizes of amorphous gamma-aluminas was studied at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Diffusion rates of the polyaromatic compounds in the aluminas decreased as the ratio of solute molecular diameter to pore diameter increased. Empirical correlations between the apparent reduction in solute effective diffusivity and the ratio of molecular diameter to pore diameter were obtained.
A model of consultation in occupational psychiatry.

The model of consultation in occupational psychiatry presented in this paper may contribute significantly to an improved dialogue between psychiatry and the world of work. Such a dialogue will ultimately benefit both employees and employers through earlier recognition and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
New strategies for active immunotherapy with genetically engineered tumor cells

While previous tumor vaccine strategies have shown intriguing results, clearcut efficacy has been difficult to establish in human trials. Recently, newer approaches have been developed in animal systems that modify tumor cells genetically so that they express new antigens or secrete certain cytokines. Engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines in a paracrine fashion can induce powerful local cytokine effects without producing significant systemic toxicity. In addition to local inflammation, this approach can alter the presentation of tumor antigen or activation of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes, resulting in systemic antitumor immunity.
Use of a Cyanine Dye as a Reporter Probe in Reagentless Maltose Sensors Based on E. coli Maltose Binding Protein

ABSTRACT Reagentless bio‐sensing proteins represent a promising technology being developed for sensitive chemical detection and analysis. The majority of these sensor proteins incorporate environmentally sensitive UV‐excited fluorescent dyes as reporter probes. In this report, we describe conjugation of the commercially available visible wavelength‐excitable polymethine cyanine dye Cy3 (λmax abs = 556 nm; λmax em = 567 nm) to several single‐cysteine variants of maltose binding protein (MBP), followed by evaluation of each of these labeled proteins as potential reagentless sensors for maltose. Four of six MBP variants labeled with the Cy3 probe functioned successfully in a homogenous reagentless sensing mode, and yielded maltose dissociation constants ranging from 74 µM to 3.8 mM. Cy3 and other cyanine dye derivatives may be useful as long‐wavelength excitable reporter groups in other reagentless sensor designs.
Transparency in government communication

Basic to a successful democracy is the existence of a public informed about government actions. This requires government information to be open and accessible to the public. This study sought to understand how communicators in government value and practice transparency. Constant comparative thematic analysis of 18 semi-structured interviews of government communicators revealed a transparency model for government communication. This paper outlines that model and identifies practices and structures that promote transparent communication practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel on-line solid-phase extraction approach integrated with a monolithic column and tandem mass spectrometry for direct plasma analysis of multiple drugs and metabolites.

An on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE LC/MS/ MS) assay using a newly developed SPE column and a monolithic column was developed and validated for direct analysis of plasma samples containing multiple analytes. This assay was developed in an effort to increase bioanalysis throughput and reduce the complexity of on-line SPE LC/MS/ MS systems. A simple column-switching configuration that requires only one six-port valve and one HPLC pumping system was employed for on-line plasma sample preparation and subsequent gradient chromatographic separation. The resulting analytical method couples the desired sensitivity with ease of use. The method was found to perform satisfactorily for direct plasma analysis with respect to assay linearity, specificity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, carryover, and short-term stability of an eight-analyte mixture in plasma. A gradient LC condition was applied to separate the eight analytes that cannot be distinctly differentiated by MS/MS. With a run time for every injection of 2.8 min, a minimum of 300 direct plasma injections were made on one on-line SPE column without noticeable changes in system performance. Due to the ruggedness and simplicity of this system, generic methods can be easily developed and applied to analyze a wide variety of compounds in a high-throughput manner without laborious off-line sample preparation.
Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in monocyte recruitment under flow conditions.

Abstract Chemokines such as the monocyte chemol attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) convert monocyte rolling to firm arrest under physiological flow conditions via integrin activation and simultaneously activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Here we used adenoviral gene transfer and biochemical inhibitors to manipulate PI3K-dependent pathways in human monocytes. In in vitro lipid kinase assays from purified human monocytes, we showed that MCP-1 activates the “classical” PI3Kα pathway and not PI3Kγ, a PI3K isoform thought to be activated only by the βγ complex of heterotrimeric G proteins. The activity of PI3Kα in purified human monocytes was evident within 30 s. MCP-1-induced monocyte arrest was significantly inhibited both by wortmannin (n = 4; p < 0.01) and LY294002 (n = 4; p < 0.01) with restoration of the rolling phenotype (p < 0.05 for both inhibitors, compared with rolling of control monocytes after MCP-1 treatment). To test the hypothesis that activation of PI3K is sufficient to induce monocyte adhesion, we transduced the monocytic THP-1 cell line with a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) carrying a constitutively active mutant of PI3K (Ad.BD110). We examined the ability of these cells to adhere to human vascular endothelium (HUVEC) transduced with adenoviruses carrying E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and VCAM-1. Under flow conditions, ICAM-1- and VCAM-1-dependent firm adhesion of Ad.BD110-transduced THP-1 cells was enhanced compared with THP-1 cells infected with control Ad (n = 4; p < 0.01 for both). Adhesion augmented by constitutive PI3K activation was entirely abrogated by pretreatment with wortmannin (n= 3; p < 0.01). In contrast, a constitutively active Akt construct had no effect on THP-1 adhesion (n = 3;p = NS). We conclude that PI3K activation is necessary and sufficient to enhance monocytic adhesion under physiological flow conditions. BD110-expressing THP-1 cells should provide a useful tool for identifying the signaling pathways downstream of PI3K that are necessary for monocyte recruitment relevant to a variety of human vascular pathologies.
Quantitative character dynamics: Gametic model

Abstract A gametic model of quantitative character dynamics is introduced that fills the gap between the two existing models: genic and zygotic/phenotypic. In this model, a gamete is treated as the elementary unit of evolution, all biological processes at the levels below gametic remain unspecified, and a gamete is characterized by its effect on the quantitative character rather than by the genotype. The hereditary and developmental processes are accounted for in a generalized form by gametogenetic and developmental functions defined for a pair of gametic effects representing an individual. A parameterization of these functions is suggested that imposes constraints on the heredity of quantitative characters similar to the constraints imposed by traditional genic models. It is shown that this parameterization can be derived for some polygenic additive models. General expressions for the dynamics of the mean and variance of additive quantitative characters are obtained, and the dynamics under random mating for sex-independent, sex-controlled, and sex-linked characters are considered. Comparisons with the dynamics predicted by genic models are made.
A novel framework for physically based sculpting and animation of free-form solids

This paper presents a new, physically based model for performing finite element simulation of deformable objects in which all quantities – strain, stress, displacement, etc. – are computed entirely in local frames of reference. In our framework, subdivision solids with non-homogeneous material properties, such as mass and deformation distributions, can be defined throughout continuous, volumetric domains. This capability enables an animator or virtual sculptor to exert fine-level control over deforming objects and to define a wide variety of physical behaviors. Furthermore, since all quantities pertinent to physical simulation are computed locally, our model facilitates both large-scale and small-scale deformations, as well as rigid or near-rigid transformations. We demonstrate applications of our framework in animation and interactive sculpting and show that interactive simulation of non-trivial, volumetric shapes is possible with our methodologies.
A Strategy to Discover Inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis Surfactin-type Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase

Surfactin-type phosphopantetheinyl transferases (Sfp-PPTases) are responsible for modifying type I polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthases of prokaryotes and have been implicated in the activation of a variety of pathogen-associated virulence factors. As such, inhibitors of this enzyme class represent enticing leads for antibiotic development and can serve as tools in studies of bacterial metabolism. Currently, no small molecule inhibitors of Sfp-PPTase are known, highlighting the need for efficient methods for PPTaseinhibitor identification and development. Herein, we present the design and implementation of a robust and miniaturized high-throughput kinetic assay for inhibitors of Sfp-PPTase using the substrate combination of rhodamine-labeled coenzyme A and Black Hole Quencher-2 labeled consensus acceptor peptide YbbR. Upon PPTase-catalyzed transfer of the rhodamine-labeled phosphopantetheinyl arm onto the acceptor peptide, the fluorescent donor and quencher are covalently joined and the fluorescence signal is reduced. This assay was miniaturized to a low 4 μL volume in 1536-well format and was used to screen the library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC1280). Top inhibitors identified by the screen were further characterized in secondary assays, including protein phosphopantetheinylation detected by gel electrophoresis. The present assay enables the screening of large compound libraries against Sfp-PPTase in a robust and automated fashion and is applicable to designing assays for related transferase enzymes.
Primary particle emissions from residential coal burning: Optical properties and size distributions

[1] Particles generated by combustion of fossil fuels contribute to climate forcing by absorbing and scattering visible light. Residential combustion takes place in homes for heating or cooking purposes and is thought to contribute a large fraction of the global burden of anthropogenic primary particles. We present optical properties and size distributions of particulate matter emitted from three types of coal burned in residential combustors: bituminous coal, hard coal briquettes, and lignite. Emissions from these coals differ significantly and can be partially explained by differences in coal composition. For bituminous coal, particulate matter emission factors are somewhat greater than those used in current emission inventories. We observe particles for which the light absorption is weak and has a strong spectral dependence. For hard coal briquettes and lignite, emitted light absorption is low, and based on our measurements, current inventories of light-absorbing aerosols significantly overestimate the contribution from these sources. Hard coal briquettes produce very few particles in the optically active size range. For all coals tested the size distributions required to represent the average of the emitted particles are broader than atmospheric size distributions, with geometric standard deviations between 2.2 and 3.0.
Evaluation of virus and prion reduction in a new intravenous immunoglobulin manufacturing process

Background and Objectives Minimizing the transmission risk of infectious diseases is of primary importance in the manufacture of products derived from human plasma. A novel chromatography-based intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) manufacturing process was developed and the reduction of virus and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) during the manufacturing process was assessed. Mechanistically distinct steps that could affect virus reduction were identified, and the robustness of virus reduction over the range of process conditions was determined. Materials and Methods Virus and TSE reduction by processing steps were assessed using a scaled-down version of the IGIV manufacturing process. Results Virus and TSE reduction at manufacturing process set points were well within safety standards. Robustness studies verified that the reproducibility of virus reduction was maintained at or beyond operating parameter extremes. Virus reduction across two combined manufacturing steps was lower than the sum of virus-reduction values across the individual steps, indicating mechanistic similarity of the two steps with respect to virus reduction. Only reduction from mechanistically distinct steps was claimed. Conclusions This comprehensive approach to pathogen safety provides the new immunoglobulin manufacturing process with a detailed, yet realistic, assessment of the risk of transmission of infectious pathogens.
Where are the sources of stock market mispricing and excess volatility

Using a simple dividend model, we illustrate and synthesize the sources of stock market mispricing and excess volatility based upon two hypotheses—inflation illusion and heterogeneous beliefs. Our theoretical framework posits that equity mispricing arises when investors have subjective expectations about discount rates or dividend growth rates. We then analyze the sources of equity mispricing and market excess volatility under a VAR framework. Empirically, we find that both inflation illusion and heterogeneous beliefs explain equity mispricing. However, heterogeneous beliefs play a more important role in explaining stock mispricing in the long run. We also find that heterogeneous beliefs cause excess volatility, but inflation illusion does not. Therefore, dispersion in investors’ beliefs is a better explanation of stock market mispricing than the investors’ inability to properly discount future cash flows.
Very-high-frequency DC-to-DC conversion and regulation in the low-megahertz range

Anticipated new mission requirements have motivated research on very-high-frequency (VHF) regulated dc-to-dc converters to operate at conversion frequencies in the low-meghertz range. State-of-the-art electronic components for VHF operation are discussed. Two different converter configurations, one using proportional control and having a conversion frequency of 1.0 MHz and the other using bistable control and having a conversion frequency of 3.8 MHz, are presented to indicate converter performance in this VHF region. Converter losses, which are of prime importance at these frequencies, are discussed and possible means of reducing these losses are suggested.
Letterman or Leno: a groupthink analysis of successive decisions made by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)

Utilizes the groupthink framework to analyse successive decisions made by the same group of senior executives of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). These decisions related to NBC’s flagship late‐night television show, The Tonight Show. Based on this analysis, presents an enhanced groupthink framework that attempts to highlight why defective decision making occurred in one decision‐making situation but not in another consecutive decision. Concludes that the answer lies in the presence of group isolation from qualifed experts and the specific leaders’ behaviours of stating a preferred decision choice and not encouraging member opinions.
A note about paramedics' strategies for dealing with death and dying

Paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians encounter death and dying routinely in the course of their jobs. Many times the death is not a clean and sterile occurrence but is witnessed and/or participated in under the most trying physical and emotional conditions. Using a participant observation approach, this research reveals that these workers are assisted in their response to death and dying by six principal coping aids: educational desensitization, humour, language alternation, scientific fragmentation, escape into work, and rationalization.