cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of tear film proteinases in horses with ulcerative keratitis.

Ulcerative keratitis is a common and potentially blinding ocular disease of horses, capable of progressing to corneal perforation in as little as 24 h. This rapid stromal degeneration is mediated in part by exogenous and endogenous proteinases. We measured and compared the concentrations of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and a serine proteinase (neutrophil elastase) present in the precorneal tear film of normal horses and horses with rapidly progressing ulcerative keratitis. Precorneal tear film samples were collected from 23 ulcerated and 21 unaffected eyes of 23 horses with unilateral ulcerative keratitis, and from 33 normal eyes of 17 control horses. MMP-2, MMP-9, and neutrophil elastase were identified by casein and gelatin zymography and quantified by computerized image analysis. Median MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of young control horses vs. older control horses (P= 0.005). Median MMP-2, MMP-9, and neutrophil elastase levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of ulcerated eyes when compared to age-matched normal controls (P= 0.004, P= 0.001, and P= 0.012, respectively). Median MMP-2 levels were also significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of contralateral eyes of affected horses when compared to age-matched normal controls (P= 0.004). No significant differences in median proteinase levels were detected between ‘sterile’ ulcers and those from which bacteria or mixed infections (bacteria and fungi) were isolated. However, median MMP-2 and neutrophil elastase levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of eyes with ‘sterile’ ulcers when compared with ulcerated eyes from which fungi were isolated (P < 0.05). The results of this study support the use of topical antiproteinase therapy which targets both MMPs and serine proteinases in progressive equine ulcerative keratitis.
Influence of cationic substitutions on the first charge and reversible capacities of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes

The reversible capacity values of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes depend on the length (capacity) of the plateau region during the first charge. With an aim to understand the factors that control the length of the plateau region and thereby enhance the reversible capacity, the effects of various cationic substitutions in Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 have been investigated systematically. Specifically, substitutions of (i) M3+ = Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Co3+, and Ga3+ for equal amounts of Mn4+ and Ni2+ in Li1.2Mn0.6−0.5xNi0.2−0.5xMxO2 with x = 0.06, 0.13, and 0.2, (ii) Ti4+ for Mn4+ in Li1.2Mn0.6−xTixNi0.2O2 with x = 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1, and (iii) Mg2+ for Ni2+ in Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2−xMgxO2 with x = 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 have been investigated. The cationic substitutions affect the first charge capacity values both in the sloping region corresponding to the oxidation of the transition-metal ions to the 4+ state and in the plateau region corresponding to the oxidation of O2− ions to O2 and/or transition-metal ions beyond 4+, which control the reversible capacity values in subsequent cycles. While the changes in the sloping-region capacity could be readily understood by considering the redox activities of the transition-metal ions, the plateau-region capacity is found to depend sensitively on the metal–oxygen covalence, which is dictated by the relative positions of the metal:3d band with respect to the top of the O2−:2p band, and electron delocalization. For instance, an overlap of the Co3+/4+:t2g band with the top of the O2−:2p band along with a partially filled t2g band across the shared octahedral edges makes the oxygen loss from the lattice and/or oxidation beyond 4+ much more facile.
Comparative performance of ESPRIT and MUSIC for direction-of-arrival estimation

ESPRIT is a new algorithm for signal parameter estimation with applications to direction-of-arrival estimation in a multiple source environment. It has considerable computational advantages (e.g., faster and applies to sensor arrays with unknown and nearly arbitrary geometry requiring no array calibration and storage) over the well-known conventional MUSIC algorithm. Herein, results of computer simulations carried out to compare their resolution and error (bias and variance) performance are presented. A new multi-dimensional spectral measure for the MUSIC algorithm is also introduced and preliminary investigations of its performance are presented.
The Ability of Professional Programs in Occupational Therapy to Accommodate the Older Student

Research data suggest that 24% of the 25- to 34-year-old age group are college graduates who are prime candidates for returning to the university campus. As a professional field in which the enrollment of traditional-age students might decline, occupational therapy may need to find ways to attract older students. Thus, there is a need to examine whether occupational therapy curricula are designed to accommodate older students.
Numerical Simulation of Microwave-Sustained Supersonic Plasmas for Application to Space Propulsion ∗

The concept of adding energy to an expanding supersonic flow using a microwave-sustained plasma is explored numerically by solving the complete system of both the Maxwell equations and the Navier Stokes equations for the case of an argon flow in a realistic thruster geometry. Results show that when an additional amount of power, equal to 45 % of the power deposited in the plenum, is added to the supersonic flow a toroidal plasma forms, but only a 3 % increase in specific impulse is achieved. It is concluded that future work relating to this concept should concentrate on finding ways to confine the plasma to the centerline.
Energy-Efficient Thermal-Aware Autonomic Management of Virtualized HPC Cloud Infrastructure

Virtualized datacenters and clouds are being increasingly considered for traditional High-Performance Computing (HPC) workloads that have typically targeted Grids and conventional HPC platforms. However, maximizing energy efficiency and utilization of datacenter resources, and minimizing undesired thermal behavior while ensuring application performance and other Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for HPC applications requires careful consideration of important and extremely challenging tradeoffs. Virtual Machine (VM) migration is one of the most common techniques used to alleviate thermal anomalies (i.e., hotspots) in cloud datacenter servers as it reduces load and, hence, the server utilization. In this article, the benefits of using other techniques such as voltage scaling and pinning (traditionally used for reducing energy consumption) for thermal management over VM migrations are studied in detail. As no single technique is the most efficient to meet temperature/performance optimization goals in all situations, an autonomic approach that performs energy-efficient thermal management while ensuring the QoS delivered to the users is proposed. To address the problem of VM allocation that arises during VM migrations, an innovative application-centric energy-aware strategy for Virtual Machine (VM) allocation is proposed. The proposed strategy ensures high resource utilization and energy efficiency through VM consolidation while satisfying application QoS by exploiting knowledge obtained through application profiling along multiple dimensions (CPU, memory, and network bandwidth utilization). To support our arguments, we present the results obtained from an experimental evaluation on real hardware using HPC workloads under different scenarios.
Quantification of microvascular cerebral blood flux and late-stage tumor compartmentalization in 9L gliosarcoma using flow enhanced MRI.

Measurements of tumor microvasculature are important to obtain an understanding of tumor angiogenesis and for the evaluation of therapies. In this work, we characterize the evolution of the microvascular flux at different stages of tumor growth in the 9L rat brain tumor model. The absolute quantification of cerebral blood flux is achieved with MRI at 7 T using the flow enhanced signal intensity (FENSI) method. FENSI flux maps were obtained between 5 and 14 days after glioma cell inoculation. Based on cerebral blood flux maps, we highlighted two main stages of tumor growth, below and above 3 mm, presenting distinct flux patterns and vascular properties. No significant difference emerged from the group analysis performed on the data collected at an early developmental stage (tumor size 3 mm), we observed a significant decrease in the cerebral blood flux inside the gliosarcoma (−33%, p < 0.01) and compartmentalization of the tumor (p < 0.05). FENSI flux maps delineated a low-flux tumor core (58 ± 17 μL/min/cm2) and higher vascularized regions around the tumor periphery (85 ± 21 μL/min/cm2). Histology was performed on 11 animals to finely probe the intratumor heterogeneity and microvessel density, and the results were compared with the information derived from FENSI flux maps. The hyper- and hypoperfused tumor regions revealed with FENSI at the late tumor developmental stage correlated well with the ratios of high and low blood vessel density (R2 = 0.41) and fractional vascular surface (R2 = 0.67) observed with fluorescence microscopy [cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) staining]. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Newton on Place, Time, and God: An Unpublished Source

Manuscript Add. 3965, section 13, folios 541r–542r and 545r–546r is in the Portsmouth Collection of manuscripts and housed in the University Library, Cambridge. These drafts contain a careful account, in Newton's hand, of his views on place, time, and God. They are part of a large number of drafts relating to the three official editions of the Principia published in Newton's lifetime.
Cottage cheese (acid) whey effects on sodic soil aggregate stability

Whey applications reduce a sodic soil's exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and increase its infiltration rate. Whey's effects on aggregate stability (AS), however, have been less well documented. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine: (1) AS response to whey additions, (2) the profile depth to which surface‐applied whey affected AS, and (3) the relationship between AS and SAR for an illitic soil. Greenhouse lysimeters packed with a Freedom silt loam (Xerollic Calciorthid,) received either 0, 25, 50, or 100 mm of whey (equivalent to 0, 253, 505, and 1010 Mg ha‐1 of liquid whey). After drying, the surface 150 mm was removed, mixed, and replaced. Barley (Hordeum vulgae L. ‘Ludd') was then planted and grown to maturity by irrigating weekly. After harvest, AS was measured by wet sieving. A companion field study was conducted to determine the effects of whey applications and flood irrigations on AS. In Declo silt loam (Xerollic Calciorthid,), 2 X 2 m basins received 0...
Black-White Differences in Job Satisfaction, Group Cohesiveness, and Leadership Style

Data from three organizations (n = 460) were used to compare the job satisfaction, group cohesiveness, and perception of leadership style of black and white, blue-collar and white-collar, male andfemale workers in a stratified matched sample. The results of this study suggest some differences in work attitudes between black and white workers. The most dissatisfied group of workers were the black white-collar females when compared with their white counterparts. However, for some occupational classes differences in work attitudes seem minimal.
Growth And Characterization Of CdTe On GaAs/Si Substrates

Epitaxial CdTe has been grown on both (100) GaAs/Si and (111) GaAs/Si substrates. A combination of molecular beam epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition have been employed to achieve this growth. The GaAs layers are grown in Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy, followed by the growth of CdTe on GaAs/Si substra by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterize the CdTe films.
Unmatched projector/backprojector pairs in an iterative reconstruction algorithm

Computational burden is a major concern when an iterative algorithm is used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3-D) image with attenuation, detector response, and scatter corrections. Most of the computation time is spent executing the projector and backprojector of an iterative algorithm. Usually, the projector and the backprojector are transposed operators of each other. The projector should model the imaging geometry and physics as accurately as possible. Some researchers have used backprojectors that are computationally less expensive than the projectors to reduce computation time. This paper points out that valid backprojectors should satisfy a condition that the projector/backprojector matrix must not contain negative eigenvalues. This paper also investigates the effects when unmatched projector/backprojector pairs are used.
Consistent identification of Hammerstein systems using an ersatz nonlinearity

We develop a method for identifying SISO Hammerstein systems with an unknown static nonlinearity, linear dynamics, white input noise and colored output noise. We use least squares with a μ-Markov model to estimate the Markov parameters of the linear time-invariant dynamical system. Since the input to the linear system is not available, we use a substitute (ersatz) nonlinearity to transform the input for use in the regressor matrix. We prove that the Markov parameters of the system can be estimated consistently up to a constant scalar as the amount of data increases. This method is demonstrated with several numerical examples.
Early aspects of mothering: What makes it so hard to be there to be left

(1994). Early aspects of mothering: What makes it so hard to be there to be left. Journal of Child Psychotherapy: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 149-164.
The Increasing Burden of Pediatric Hypertension

See related article, pp 296–302 In this issue of Hypertension , Tran et al1 report on the increasing economic and medical burden of hypertension in hospitalized pediatric patients. Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database of pediatric hospital discharges, the authors have provided the first glimpse of the growing economic impact that hypertension is playing in children. This important study helps dispel some of the remaining myths about pediatric high blood pressure, many of which are rapidly giving way to evidence such as these new data (Table). The biggest myth, of course, is that hypertension is an adult disease with no real relevance to children. View this table: Table. The Myths About Pediatric Hypertension Why be concerned about pediatric hypertension? For one, it is now clear that hypertensive children do grow into hypertensive adults. A 2008 meta-analysis found >50 studies demonstrating the tracking of blood pressure from adolescence into adulthood.2 The diseases are not, however, synonymous. Children differ greatly from adults in the diagnosis of hypertension. As children grow into adult size across the pediatric age range, their blood pressure normally exhibits a gradual rise. Rather than a “one-size-fits-all” definition as in the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, children's blood pressure is, therefore, categorized from thresholds based on age, height, and sex. The fourth report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents defines children whose blood pressure is in the top 5% on repeated measurements as hypertensive.3 This statistical definition lacks the outcomes-based findings found in adult guidelines and similarly guarantees that a set proportion of children will have hypertension. …
Replicate and die for your own good: Endoreduplication and cell death in the cereal endosperm

Abstract Development of the cereal endosperm involves different stages that include cell proliferation, endoreduplication, the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage compounds, and programmed cell death (PCD). During endoreduplication, repeated genome duplications without mitosis or cytokinesis result in large polyploidy nuclei. Endoreduplication is affected by genetic, epigenetic, hormonal and environmental factors, as well as by several cell cycle-controlling genes. Although endoreduplication is strongly correlated with an increase in cell size, the accumulation of storage reserves, and high metabolic rates, its exact role(s) in endosperm development has not been demonstrated. Two distinct PCD types take place in the endosperm. In the starchy endosperm, cells undergo PCD during the maturation phase of seed development, but their corpses are largely retained until germination. Aleurone cells, instead, remain alive throughout endosperm development, but they die and disassemble as a result of the activation of a specific autolytic program during germination. Hydrolases released by dying aleurone cells help digest and remobilize the storage compounds in the starchy endosperm to support seedling development. Although cell death programs in the starchy endosperm and aleurone are characterized by different mechanisms and regulation, the balance between cell death-promoting and -repressing hormones plays a key role in both systems.
Low cost ATE pin electronics for multigigabit-per-second at-speed test

This paper describes the design and performance of low-cost electronics modules which can be used for testing multigigabit-per-second digital components and subsystems within an automated test environment. Pattern stimuli are generated at rates up to 2.67 Gbps with timing errors less than 50 ps. Pattern sensitivity is less than 40 ps and RMS jitter is typically about 8 ps. A high-speed differential buffer provides emitter-coupled logic (ECL) transitions in about 200 ps. A data-capture circuit is shown to sample repetitive waveforms with 2.67 Gbps data rates. It is estimated that the component cost per channel for a large ATE would be under $1000. Cost savings is achieved by eliminating unnecessary features, emphasizing simple yet precise design techniques, and use of commercially-available (low-cost) components.
Characterization of the electromechanical properties of EAP materials

Electroactive polymers (EAP) are an emerging class of actuation materials. Their large electrically induced strains (longitudinal or bending), low density, mechanical flexibility, and ease of processing offer advantages over traditional electroactive materials. However, before the benefits of these materials can be exploited, their electrical and mechanical behavior must be properly quantified. Two general types of EAP can be identified. The first class is ionic EAP, which requires relatively low voltages ( 100MV/m) to achieve longitudinal deformations at the range from 4 - 360%. Some of the difficulties in characterizing EAP include: nonlinear properties, large compliance (large mismatch with metal electrodes), non-homogeneity (resulting from processing) and hysteresis. To support the need for reliable data, the authors are developing characterization techniques to quantify the electroactive responses and material properties of EAP materials. The emphasis of the current study is on addressing electromechanical issues related to the ion-exchange type EAP also known as IPMC. The analysis, experiments and test results are discussed in this paper.
Optically controlled microwave oscillators fabricated using GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) emitter contacts

ABSTRACT An optical GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (IIBT) technology has been developed usingtransparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) emitter contacts for unobstructed through-the-top optical access. Opticaltuning and injection locking has been observed in 6 GHz microwave oscillators made with this device. Optical tuning ranges up to 25 MHz and locking ranges up to 2.5 MHz have been demonstrated with the optical injectionof 1W power at 30 dB below the oscillator power level. 1 INTRODUCTION The use of optical signals to control high speed electronic circuits has several advantages due to the widebandwidth of the optical control signals and their inherent isolation from RF signals. In particular, the optical control of microwave oscillators has received much attention due to promising applications in phased array radar and mobile communications. Direct optical injection locking of GaAs FET oscillators' and InGaAs/InAlAsMODFET oscillators2 have been reported previously. While FET devices have an advantage of easier lightcoupling through the gate-source and gate-drain openings, HBT devices are more attractive due to their largeinternal photocurrent gain. In addition, their superior 1/f noise behavior is especially attractive for low phase
Identification of Swallowing Events from sEMG Signals Obtained from Healthy Adults

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is being used with increasing frequency to identify the occurrence of swallowing, to describe swallow physiology, and to treat impaired swallowing function in dysphagic patients. Despite this increased utilization, limited information is available regarding the validity and reliability of investigators and clinicians to interpret sEMG data in reference to swallowing. This study examines the validity and interjudge reliability of swallow identification using sEMG records obtained from healthy adults. Validity and reliability estimates were compared between experienced and naive judges in the identification of swallows from graphic sEMG records. Multiple validity estimates were high, indicating a strong degree of accuracy in identification of swallows versus nonswallow movements from sEMG traces. Experienced judges were more accurate than naive judges (classification accuracy: experienced = 90% vs. naive = 81%; p = 0.006, kappa: experienced = 0.89 vs. naive 0.62; p = 0.008). Judges in both groups were more likely to classify swallows as nonswallow movements (false negatives) than to classify nonswallow movements as swallows (false positives). Interjudge reliability estimates indicated a high degree of agreement among judges in the identification of swallows versus nonswallow movements from the sEMG signal, with higher agreement among experienced judges (average kappa coefficient: experienced = 0.75 vs. naive = 0.51). These results suggest that the sEMG graphic record is a valid and reliable tool for identifying normal swallows and that experience with this technique results in better identification and interjudge agreement.
Gangam: a transformation modeling framework

Integration of multiple heterogeneous data sources continues to be a critical problem for many application domains and a challenge for researchers world-wide. One aspect of integration is the translation of schema and data across data model boundaries. Researchers in the past have looked at both customized algorithmic approaches as well as generic meta-modeling approaches as viable solutions. We now take the meta-modeling approach the next step-forward. In this paper we propose a flexible, extensible and re-usable transformation modeling framework which allows users to (1) model their transformations; (2) to choose from a set of possible execution strategies to translate the underlying schema and data; and (3) to access and re-use a library of transformation generators. In this paper we present the core of our modeling framework - a set of cross algebra operators that covers the class of linear transformations, and two different techniques of composing these operators into larger transformation expressions. We also present an evaluation strategy to execute the modeled transformation, and thereby transform the input schema and data into the target schema and data assuming that data model wrappers are provided for each data model. The proposed framework has been implemented, and we give an overview of this prototype system.
Divergent effects of elevated CO2, N fertilization, and plant diversity on soil C and N dynamics in a grassland field experiment

While increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, increased N deposition, and changes in plant diversity have all been shown to significantly alter soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics, the effects of these factors have never been studied simultaneously and in combination. We studied the response of soil C and N dynamics to changes in atmospheric CO2 (ambient, 560 ppm), N fertilization (0, 4 g N m−2 yr−1), plant species number (1, 4 species), and plant functional group number (1, 4 groups; all with 4 species) in a grassland field experiment in Minnesota, USA. During the fourth season of treatments, we used laboratory incubations to assess soil C pool sizes and dynamics and net N mineralization, and determined microbial C and N and total soil C and N. Elevated CO2 increased labile C and microbial biomass, but had no effect on net N mineralization, respiration of more recalcitrant C, or total soil C and N. Nitrogen fertilization increased net N mineralization, because of faster decomposition or less immobilization by litter with higher N concentrations. In the four species plots, N fertilization also increased total soil C and N, likely because greater litter production more than offset any increases in decomposition. Increasing the species number from one to four increased C respiration that could largely be attributed to greater soil C inputs from increased biomass accumulation, but reduced net N mineralization, likely because of greater immobilization in the more productive four-species plots. An increase in functional group number did not affect any of the soil parameters measured. While elevated CO2, N fertilization, and increased species number all increased plant biomass accumulation, they had divergent effects on soil C and N dynamics.
Lead concentrations in wing bones of the mottled duck

Wing samples from mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) were collected from federal, state, and private hunting areas in Texas, Louisiana, and Florida during the 1987–1988 waterfowl season. The upper wing bone (humerus) was analyzed for lead content to determine long-term exposure of each bird to lead. Comparisons were made between mean lead concentrations found in males and females, in adults and immatures, and between mottled ducks from different areas. In general, males and adult ducks were found to contain greater lead concentrations than females and immature ducks, respectively. Of the six areas considered, Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Texas, was observed to have the greatest (88.9 ppm dry weight basis) and private areas in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, found to have the lowest (27.9 ppm) concentrations of lead. The results from this study were found to be comparable to those obtained from a similar study performed during the 1972–1973 waterfowl season.
EUS: state of the art in the USA.

The American perspective on the state of the art of EUS is humbly an international one. From the development of the science to the advancement of cutting edge applications, the advent of EUS has been one of international collaboration. Even this meeting, in its most successful 16th offering, combines the talents of clinicians, scientists, engineers, and researchers from every corner of the world. I first participated in this meeting in Bologna, Italy, in 1993 (the Ninth International Symposium on Endoscopic Ultrasonography). At that moment, EUS was considered a novelty by some researchers; however, those with a clear vision saw the possibilities that have become the current state of the art, and, with the advent of a maturing technology, unprecedented access, and an impressive array of therapeutic possibilities, today’s visionaries see an even brighter future. The state-of-the-art practice in EUS continues to include such important clinical applications as GI-tumor staging, tumor diagnosis via tissue acquisition, and the delineation of subepithelial lesions detected in the still expanding use of GI endoscopy. Among the most recent and most interesting developments in interventional EUS are a variety of tumor therapies facilitated by EUS and novel approaches to biliary-tract disease.
Parameterized object sensitivity for points-to analysis for Java

The goal of points-to analysis for Java is to determine the set of objects pointed to by a reference variable or a reference object field. We present object sensitivity, a new form of context sensitivity for flow-insensitive points-to analysis for Java. The key idea of our approach is to analyze a method separately for each of the object names that represent run-time objects on which this method may be invoked. To ensure flexibility and practicality, we propose a parameterization framework that allows analysis designers to control the tradeoffs between cost and precision in the object-sensitive analysis.Side-effect analysis determines the memory locations that may be modified by the execution of a program statement. Def-use analysis identifies pairs of statements that set the value of a memory location and subsequently use that value. The information computed by such analyses has a wide variety of uses in compilers and software tools. This work proposes new versions of these analyses that are based on object-sensitive points-to analysis.We have implemented two instantiations of our parameterized object-sensitive points-to analysis. On a set of 23 Java programs, our experiments show that these analyses have comparable cost to a context-insensitive points-to analysis for Java which is based on Andersen's analysis for C. Our results also show that object sensitivity significantly improves the precision of side-effect analysis and call graph construction, compared to (1) context-insensitive analysis, and (2) context-sensitive points-to analysis that models context using the invoking call site. These experiments demonstrate that object-sensitive analyses can achieve substantial precision improvement, while at the same time remaining efficient and practical.
Superluminal travel requires negative energies

I investigate the relationship between faster-than-light travel and weak-energy-condition violation, i.e., negative energy densities. In a general spacetime it is difficult to define faster-than-light travel, and I give an example of a metric which appears to allow superluminal travel, but in fact is just flat space. To avoid such difficulties, I propose a definition of superluminal travel which requires that the path to be traveled reach a destination surface at an earlier time than any neighboring path. With this definition (and assuming the generic condition) I prove that superluminal travel requires weak-energy-condition violation.
Uses of signal derivatives in analysis voltage sags

The paper investigates the use of first and second derivatives of voltage waveforms as estimators of the times of initiation and recovery of voltage sags. Discrete-time approximations of the derivatives of continuous-time voltages are investigated. It is shown that the simple backward difference derivative approximation yields acceptable results when the voltage waveforms are pure sinusoids, although its effectiveness is lessened when the voltage waveforms are distorted and noisy. An improved derivative approximation which incorporates averaging is shown to be superior to the backward difference for the purpose of sag initiation and recovery time estimation. The proposed derivative approximation contains prominent impulses which can be used to identify voltage sag initiation and recovery.
The Johnstown Flood of July 1977: A Long-Lived Convective System

Abstract The heavy rains responsible for the disastrous flash floods new Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on the night of 19–20 July 1977 are shown to be part of a large quasi-circular mesoscale convective complex. This complex can be traced back to an origin in South Dakota nearly 96 h earlier. The complex tends to become more compact and intense during the night, with a radius of ∼150 km, and to expand in response to new and peripheral convection during the day. On the small synoptic scale, the system is characterized by a pool of cool air at the surface and throughout the lower troposphere, just north of the centroid of the rainstorm, by a cyclonic circulation of substantial intensity in the lower and middle troposphere, and by anticyclonic circulation in the upper troposphere. Airflow relative to the moving storm is southeasterly at the surface, veering rapidly to southwesterly in the boundary layer and then to westerly in the upper troposphere. Substantial convective instability is present throughout the env...
Current Understanding and Recurrence Risks of Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes

The goal of this report is to present a brief summary of the Workshop and our current understanding regarding the laboratory diagnosis (primarily molecular) of microdeletions associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Angelman Syndrome (AS). Since much of this Information is anecdotal, it is intended more as a report of the general level of progress that has been made in the analyses of 15q microdeletion syndromes rather than of a complete chronicle of those who have contributed to this prodigious topic.
Integrative NMR for biomolecular research

NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for determining structural and functional features of biomolecules in physiological solution as well as for observing their intermolecular interactions in real-time. However, complex steps associated with its practice have made the approach daunting for non-specialists. We introduce an NMR platform that makes biomolecular NMR spectroscopy much more accessible by integrating tools, databases, web services, and video tutorials that can be launched by simple installation of NMRFAM software packages or using a cross-platform virtual machine that can be run on any standard laptop or desktop computer. The software package can be downloaded freely from the NMRFAM software download page (http://pine.nmrfam.wisc.edu/download_packages.html), and detailed instructions are available from the Integrative NMR Video Tutorial page (http://pine.nmrfam.wisc.edu/integrative.html).
Longitudinal test of a developmental model of the transition to early drinking.

This article reports on a longitudinal test of a developmental model of early drinking that specifies transactions among personality, learning, and behavior in the risk process. The model was tested on 1,906 children making the transition from elementary school to middle school across 3 time points: the spring of 5th grade, the fall of 6th grade, and the spring of 6th grade. In a transaction that has been referred to as acquired preparedness, individual differences in the trait positive urgency at the end of 5th grade were associated with increases in expectancies for social facilitation from alcohol at the start of 6th grade, which then predicted drinker status at the end of 6th grade. In addition, the alcohol expectancy and drinker status predicted each other reciprocally across time. Multiple factors appear to transact to predict early drinking behavior.
Defining diets: Definitions of diet composition used in human research

BackgroundThe importance of dietary research as it pertains to health outcomes has become increasingly important in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. However, dietary compositions used in studies on human health appear to vary widely in their definition. PurposeThe objective of this study was to examine author’s description of diet composition in published manuscripts. MethodsWe searched the Web of Science database for six diet types: high/low versions for carbohydrate, fat, and protein respectively and obesity related outcomes. Inclusion Criteria: Randomized controlled trials in humans with obesity outcomes and articles in the English language. ResultsThe search for high fat diet and obesity related outcomes yielded 560 articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 12, three articles gave no definition for a high fat diet, 5 articles gave a partial definition, and 4 articles gave a full definition for a high fat diet. Of the 9 studies that provided any definition for the high fat diet, ...
Guilt and Helping

Introduction A wealth of research in social psychology over the past twenty years has examined the role that guilt plays in our mental lives. In this paper, I examine just one aspect of this vast literature, namely the relationship between guilt and prosocial behavior. 1 Researchers have typically found a robust positive correlation between feelings of guilt and helping, and have advanced psychological models to explain why guilt seems to have this effect. Here I present some of their results as well as draw out certain important implications that seem to follow for moral psychology and ethical theory. This paper is part of a much larger project aimed at studying various psychological variables responsible for influencing helping behavior. In a number of recent papers, I have examined the effect of good and bad moods, empathy, audience inhibition, and embarrassment on prosocial behavior (Miller 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d), and so towards the end of this paper I briefly attempt to integrate work on guilt into a larger picture of the psychology of helping behavior. Hence the paper will be structured as follows. Section one is devoted to characterizing the emotion of guilt and distinguishing it from shame. Section two then provides an overview of empirical work on guilt and prosocial behavior, followed by section three which attempts to
Exploring the Role of Phosphate Structural Distortions on the Sodium Jump Dynamics in NASICON Phases.

High temperature solid state sodium (23Na) magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spin lattice relaxation times (T1) were evaluated for a series of NASICON (Na3Zr2PSi2O12) materials to directly determine Na jump rates. Simulations of the T1 temperature variations that incorporated distributions in Na jump activation energies, or distribution of jump rates, improved the agreement with experiment. The 23Na NMR T1 relaxation results revealed that distributions in the Na dynamics were present for all of the NASICON materials investigated here. The 23Na relaxation experiments also showed that small differences in material composition and/or changes in the processing conditions impacted the distributions in the Na dynamics. The extent of the distribution was related to the presence of a disordered or glassy phosphate phase present in these different sol-gel processed materials. The 23Na NMR T1 relaxation experiments are a powerful tool to directly probing Na jump dynamics and provide additional molecular level details that could impact transport phenomena.
Expectation and expectoration: Information manipulation alters spitting volume, a common proxy for salivary flow

Abstract Saliva is becoming an increasingly useful research material across multiple fields of inquiry, including biomedical, dental, psychological, nutritional, and food choice research. However, both the flow rate and protein composition of stimulated saliva differ as a function of the collection method. We hypothesized that the context in which a stimulus is presented to participants may alter salivation via top down cognitive effects and/or behavioral changes (i.e., spitting efficiency). We presented participants with one stimulus (commercially available green tea) in two distinct contexts, once where the tea was described as a food item (“tea”) and once where it was described as a disgusting non-food item (“rabbit hair extract”). Saliva and the expectorated stimulus were collected following 15 s of oral exposure in a crossover design with the identical stimulus presented in both contexts; saliva was also collected for 5 min after stimulation while chewing a piece of wax. Participants also completed validated personality instruments to measure food involvement, sensation seeking, sensitivity to reward, and sensitivity to punishment. Our data suggest participants spat out more sample when told they received the ‘non-food’ stimulus compared to the ‘food’ stimulus, particularly when they were given the non-food stimulus first. Further, individuals who were higher in sensation seeking spat out more sample during the ‘food’ condition compared to individuals with lower sensation seeking scores, but this difference was absent in the ‘non-food’ condition. While consistent with a top down cognitive effect on salivary flow, we believe a greater motivation to spit out the ‘non-food’ stimulus is a more likely explanation. In either case, it is clear the context in which a stimulus is presented alters how much sample/saliva is expectorated, suggesting context needs to be carefully considered in future work on salivary flow.
Parent Perspectives on Their Mobile Technology Use: The Excitement and Exhaustion of Parenting While Connected.

OBJECTIVE: Parent use of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets) while around their young children may be associated with fewer or more negative parent-child interactions, but parent perspectives regarding this issue have not been explored. We aimed to understand parent views regarding their mobile device use to identify actionable targets of potential intervention. METHOD: We conducted 35 in-depth semi-structured group and individual interviews with English-speaking caregivers of children 0 to 8 years old, purposively sampled from diverse ethnic backgrounds, educational levels, and employment statuses. Following thematic saturation, results were validated through expert triangulation and member checking. RESULTS: Participants included 22 mothers, 9 fathers, and 4 grandmothers; 31% were single parents, 43% nonwhite race/ethnicity, and 40% completed high school or less. Participants consistently expressed a high degree of internal tension regarding their own mobile technology use, which centered around 3 themes relevant to intervention planning: (1) Cognitive tensions (multitasking between work and children, leading to information/role overload), (2) emotional tensions (stress-inducing and reducing effects), and (3) tensions around the parent-child dyad (disrupting family routines vs serving as a tool to keep the peace). CONCLUSION: Caregivers of young children describe many internal conflicts regarding their use of mobile technology, which may be windows for intervention. Helping caregivers understand such emotional and cognitive responses may help them balance family time with technology-based demands. Language: en
A combined estimator for Interferometric SAR ionosphere correction

In recent years, large number of Interferometric SAR applications in earthquake, cryosphere and tectonic geodesy show the great needs for ionospheric effect correction [1–4]. Several approaches, which mainly include the split spectrum InSAR technique, the Faraday rotation based method and the azimuth shift based method (the Multiple Aperture Interferometric and conventional azimuth shift) have been proposed to meet this end [5–11]. These techniques exploit different aspects — phase delay, polarimetric property and geometric distortion of the ionospheric effect on SAR data to retrieve the differential ionosphere in InSAR. These techniques work well in certain conditions, however, their performance might be limited in cases due to noise effect and the weakness of each technique itself. In this study, we are proposing a combined estimator by joining the Faraday rotation based method and the split spectrum technique of InSAR ionospheric effect correction, which is supposed to achieve a more robust and higher accuracy performance comparing to individual technique itself.
Conservative but Not Republican : The Paradox of Party Identification and Ideology among African Americans

Conservative but Not Republican provides a clear and comprehensive framework for understanding the formation and structure of ideological self-identification and its relationship to party identification in the United States. Exploring why the increase in Black conservatives has not met with a corresponding rise in the number of Black Republicans, the book bridges the literature from a number of different research areas to paint a detailed portrait of African-American ideological self-identification. It also provides insight into a contemporary electoral puzzle facing party strategists, while addressing gaps in the current literature on public opinion and voting behavior. Further, it offers original research from previously untapped data. The book is primarily designed for political science, but is also relevant to African-American studies, communication studies, and psychology. Including easy-to-read tables and figures, it is accessible not only to academic audiences but also to journalists and practitioners.
Acetylating Polymyxin Antibiotics: Clues Toward Substrate Specificity of PA3944 Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase of Unknown Function

Although Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs) have been studied for several decades in the context of aminoglycoside resistance and histone acetylation, the majority of their functions across ...
Overcoming Etch Challenges on a 6″ Hg1−x Cd x Te MBE on Si Wafer

The effect of increasing photoresist (PR) thickness on the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etched characteristics of a 6″ (c.15 cm) molecular beam epitaxy Hg1−x Cd x Te/Si wafer is investigated. It is determined that the Hg1−x Cd x Te etch rate (ER) does not vary significantly with a change in the PR thickness. Also, the vertical ER of the PR is seen to be independent of the PR thickness, but the lateral ER is seen to reduce significantly with increased PR thickness. Indeed, very little reduction in the pixel mesa area post-dry etch is seen for the thicker PR. Consequently, the trench sidewall angle is also seen to vary as a function of the PR thickness. Since ICP is the more attractive choice for dry etching Hg1−x Cd x Te, this simple, cost-effective way to extend the capabilities of dry etching (larger mesa top area post-dry etch, ability to create tailor-made trench sidewall angles for optimal conformal passivation deposition, and potential for reduced dry etch damage) described here would allow for the fabrication of next generation infrared detectors with increased yield and reduced cost. Although similar results have been presented using the electron cyclotron resonance system to dry etch Hg1−x Cd x Te, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such results have been presented using an ICP system.