cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) volume regulation in proximal and distal rabbit colon is different.

SCFAs increase the volume of many different cell types rarely exposed to significant concentrations of these weak electrolytes. SCFAs swell isolated cells from colonic carcinoma cell lines, but the-mechanism(s) of volume regulation in normal colonocytes, which are generally exposed to > 100 mM SCFAs, has not been well characterized. AIMS. To determine the effect of SCFAs on volume regulation in proximal and distal rabbit colonocytes. METHODS. Isolated colonocytes were plated on coverslips and placed in a perfusion apparatus that permitted fluid changes. Cells were continuously monitored by video-microscopy; volume was estimated by measured changes in the radius of individual cells. RESULTS. Distal colonocytes (DC) consistently had a slightly greater basal volume than proximal colonocytes (PC): [14.2 pl/fl:9.8 pl/fl] In HEPES-buffered solutions, an isotonic change to a 90 mM NaCl/50 mM Na propionate solution elicited a significant increase in cell volume within 10 min, but no noticeable regulatory volume decrease over 30 min: V/Vo in DC: 1.29 +/- .09; in PC: 1.25 +/- .05. In HCO3-buffered solutions, 50 mM PROP caused significantly greater cell swelling; in DC: 1.74 +/- .21; in PC: 1.52 +/- .08. In DC both amiloride and EIPA blocked the SCFA-induced increase in cell volume. A hypotonic challenge confirmed that these cells were capable of swelling. In contrast, amiloride did not significantly inhibit SCFA-induced swelling in PC: control, 1.25 +/- .05; amiloride, 1.36 +/- .10. Cell volume increased in PC perfused with an isosmotic 50 mM propionate, Na-free solution: 1.22 +/- .04. CONCLUSIONS. (i) SCFAs induce significant cell swelling, but no regulatory volume decrease, in isolated colonocytes; (ii) HCO3 augments SCFA-induced cell swelling; (iii) volume increase in DC is dependent on Na-H exchange, but in PC appears to be Na-independent. SIGNIFICANCE. There are fundamental differences in how proximal and distal colon respond to isosmotic volume challenge of SCFAs.
Ceramic/metal joining for structures and materials

The paper presents a discussion of the various types of ceramic joining within a conceptual framework based on the fundamentals of wetting, adhesion, and the thermodynamics of interfacial reactions. Examples are given of solid state diffusion bonding of Pt to alumina and brazing of AlN. Most ceramic-metal bonding is conducted at high temperatures, where chemical reaction is to be expected. The way in which bond strength is affected by chemical reaction at ceramic-metal interfaces is also discussed
Linkages in thermal copolymers of lysine.

The thermal copolymerization of lysine with other alpha-amino acids was studied. The identity of the second amino acid influences various properties of the polymer obtained, including the proportion of alpha and epsilon linkages of lysine. A review of linkages in proteinoids indicates alpha and beta linkages for aspartic acid, alpha and gamma linkages for glutamic acid, alpha and epsilon linkages for lysine, and alpha linkages for other amino acids. Thermal proteinoids are thus more complex in types of linkage than are proteins.
Animal sociality beyond the hetero/homo binary

In this essay for a special issue of Women & Performance, I hope to showcase the ways in which unique animal formations (swarms for example) can and do offer alternative modes of sociality to human animals who are too focused upon singularity and privacy. I also try to break with the framing of animal sex within assumptions about human sexuality and I ultimately show that a non-sentimentalized, non-mystified, anti-idealizing relation to animals that nonetheless remains open to knowledge forms that come from animals can offer humans a way in to animal ecologies.
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) Protein Regulates Long-chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase by Deacetylating Conserved Lysines Near the Active Site

Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) is a key mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzyme. We previously demonstrated increased LCAD lysine acetylation in SIRT3 knockout mice concomitant with reduced LCAD activity and reduced fatty acid oxidation. To study the effects of acetylation on LCAD and determine sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) target sites, we chemically acetylated recombinant LCAD. Acetylation impeded substrate binding and reduced catalytic efficiency. Deacetylation with recombinant SIRT3 partially restored activity. Residues Lys-318 and Lys-322 were identified as SIRT3-targeted lysines. Arginine substitutions at Lys-318 and Lys-322 prevented the acetylation-induced activity loss. Lys-318 and Lys-322 flank residues Arg-317 and Phe-320, which are conserved among all acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and coordinate the enzyme-bound FAD cofactor in the active site. We propose that acetylation at Lys-318/Lys-322 causes a conformational change which reduces hydride transfer from substrate to FAD. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9, two related enzymes with lysines at positions equivalent to Lys-318/Lys-322, were also efficiently deacetylated by SIRT3 following chemical acetylation. These results suggest that acetylation/deacetylation at Lys-318/Lys-322 is a mode of regulating fatty acid oxidation. The same mechanism may regulate other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.
Nanosilica-supported polyethoxyamines as low-cost, reversible carbon dioxide sorbents

Abstract Novel hybrid quasi-solid-state sorbents pairing inexpensive CO2-reactive polyethoxyamine (Jeffamine®) fluids with an abundantly available silica support have been investigated for carbon capture. The highest performance sorbent was capable of reversibly capturing close to 70 mg of CO2 per gram of sorbent at 45 °C, could be almost fully (∼90%) regenerated by simple vacuum swing, and was stable over many sequential capture–release cycles. The new supports can be handled as solventless, free-flowing powders even post-CO2 capture, obviating the mass flow problems arising from viscous liquid (or solid, gel, or wax) formation frequently attending carbamate formation. Our results have important ramifications for reducing the high costs of thermal regeneration in conventional carbon capture schemes, particularly in comparison with the aqueous monoethanolamine-based system currently favoured industrially. The strategy of uniformly dispersing a functional fluid onto a solid nanosupport in a manner that allows intimate contact with and diffusion of external gaseous species is additionally projected to find value in a range of gas separation and sensing endeavours.
Do Moving Ministers Move Congregations? Rational Choice Theory and Methodist Ministerial Itinerancy

Abstract Ministerial itinerancy is characteristic of, although not exclusive to, the British Methodist Church. Rational choice theorists Finke and Starke have claimed that, historically, itinerancy has served to promote and reinforce instrumental commitment to the local church. This article develops and assesses a rational choice analysis of the effects of ministerial itinerancy on the organisational commitment of Methodist congregations and their ministers. It concludes that rational choice theory can only offer a partial analysis and fails to take into account less instrumental forms of organisational commitment. The article surveys the current debate within the Methodist Church about the future of ministerial itinerancy and suggests that the Church may be in the process of recognising that ‘moving ministers’ is not necessarily good at ‘moving congregations’ to embrace the national Church's priorities. The article predicts that itinerancy will remain an important feature, but not a defining characterist...
Theoretical Light-Scattering Coefficients for Relative Refractive Indexes Less than Unity and for Totally Reflecting Spheres

Theoretical light-scattering coefficients, Kt(m,α), for spherical particles have been computed for values of m of 0.8, 0.9, and 0.93, where m is the ratio of the index of refraction of the particle with respect to the surrounding medium. Values of α (circumference of the particle divided by the wavelength of the incident beam) range from 1 to 200.The coefficients, Kt(m,α), may be reduced to a single curve, Kt(L′), by means of the Lorenz-Lorentz relation which facilitates interpolation for values of m between 0.8 and 0.93. The Kt(L′) curve has a shape similar to the corresponding curve for ratios of refractive indexes greater than unity, but the primary peak is significantly lower.For totally reflecting spheres (m=∞) the value of Kt in the range of α between 1 and 90 oscillates about a value of Kt=2.10 (±5 per cent).The coefficients were calculated and checked by high-speed computers.
Rapid modulation of lipogenesis by clofibrate in rat and monkey hepatocytes

Abstract Previous studies have proposed various possible mechanisms for the hypolipidemic actions of clofibrate. In the present study, isolated liver cells freshly prepared from rats and squirrel monkeys were used to investigate the acute effects of sodium clofibrate (sodium chlorophenoxyisobutyrate) on hepatic lipogenesis. Incubation of liver cells with levels of the drug (1 mM) known to lower plasma lipid levels in vivo produced a rapid inhibition of [ 14 C] acetate incorporation into cellular lipids. The degree of inhibition caused by the drug was not diminished by preincubation with an excess of unlabeled acetate. Conversion of [ 14 C] acetate to 14 CO 2 was not significantly altered by sodium clofibrate at 1—3 mM levels, but was decreased at 5—10 mM levels. Incorporation of [ 14 C] acetate into all lipid classes was suppressed by this agent, but inhibition of sterol synthesis was more pronounced than that of fatty acids. Sodium clofibrate (1 mM) reduced the synthesis of sterols from either labeled acetate or labeled mevalonate to a similar degree, but the decline was augmented in each case by a 30-min preincubation of the cells with sodium clofibrate. Addition of fatty acids to cell incubations stimulated sterol generation from [ 14 C] acetate or from [ 3 H] mevalonate, but did not reverse the inhibitory effects of the drug. These results suggest (a) that sodium clofibrate rapidly interferes with hepatic fatty acid and sterol synthesis by direct or indirect actions at diverse loci; (b) that these effects probably occur after acetyl-CoA formation and do not stem from precursor pool dilution; (c) that sodium clofibrate diminishes sterol production at post-mevalonic and perhaps also at pre-mevalonic sites; (d) that a similar pattern of inhibition occurs with sodium clofibrate in the presence of added fatty acids; and (e) that rat and primate livers demonstrate similar metabolic responses to the drug.
Timing of MRI in pregnancy, repeat exams, access, and physician qualifications

This review addresses specific questions regarding performance and utility of fetal MR. The specific issues addressed are (1) physician qualifications; (2) MR safety; (3) access to fetal MR; (4) timing of MRI in pregnancy; (5) repeat exams; and (6) when MRI is most effective for prenatal diagnosis. Fetal MRI is a problem-solving tool used for specific indications that are driven by ultrasound or at times by family history. Fetal MR should always be performed with knowledge of the sonographic findings from prior targeted scan. The best evidence for utility of MR is in assessment of CNS anomalies and assessment of the fetus with airway obstruction requiring decisions regarding mode of therapy. The type of information provided by MR can profoundly impact patient counseling and management. We recommend a team approach including specialists in obstetric imaging, fetal MRI, and postnatal care in interpreting MR so that the best information can be given to the pregnant patient.
New fabrication method for high-Q on-chip spiral inductor

Current silicon on-chip inductor have the problems of low quality factors (Q), low self-resonant frequencies, poor electromagnetic isolation and lack of a good radio-frequency (RF) ground plane. To address these issues, we present a new method to fabricate an on-chip copper spiral inductor. The basic structure of the inductor consists of a spiral polysilicon coil suspended over a cavity etched into the silicon substrate. Copper (Cu) is electrolessly deposited onto the polysilicon spiral in order to obtain high conductivity. The formation of the suspended coil is realized by first creating a silicon oxide block embedded in the silicon substrate, then fabricating on the oxide the coil by polysilicon surface micromachining, and in the end removing the embedded oxide by hydrofluoric acid (HF). The benefit of using a suspended spiral structure is two-folded: first, the electrical and magnetic coupling between the inductor and the substrate is reduced dramatically, thus decreasing the substrate loss, and second, by reducing the parasitic capacitance between the inductor and the substrate, the self- resonance of the inductor at an undesirably low frequency can be avoided. The metallized bottom and side-walls of the cavity under the inductor serve both as an electromagnetic shield for isolation and as an RF ground plane. Initial experimental results show that the maximum Q-factor can be as high as 26 for a 2.14 nH inductor. The self-resonant frequency is measured to be 10.3 GHz.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Delayed Cell Cycle Progression in Selenoprotein W-depleted Cells Is Regulated by a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4-p38/c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase-p53 Pathway

Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved thioredoxin-like protein whose depletion causes a transient p53- and p21Cip1-dependent G1-phase cell cycle arrest in breast and prostate epithelial cells. SEPW1 depletion increases phosphorylation of Ser-33 in p53, which is associated with decreased p53 ubiquitination and stabilization of p53. We report here that delayed cell cycle progression, Ser-33 phosphorylation, and p53 nuclear accumulation from SEPW1 depletion require mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). Silencing MKK4 rescued G1 arrest, Ser-33 phosphorylation, and nuclear accumulation of p53 induced by SEPW1 depletion, but silencing MKK3, MKK6, or MKK7 did not. SEPW1 silencing did not change the phosphorylation state of MKK4 but increased total MKK4 protein. Silencing p38γ, p38δ, or JNK2 partially rescued G1 arrest from SEPW1 silencing, suggesting they signal downstream from MKK4. These results imply that SEPW1 silencing increases MKK4, which activates p38γ, p38δ, and JNK2 to phosphorylate p53 on Ser-33 and cause a transient G1 arrest.
The sensitivity comparison of bar electrode and disposable ring electrode for recording of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Objectives: To compare the sensitivity of bar electrode and disposable ring electrode for recording of lateral femoral cutaneous (LFCN) Materials and Methods: A total of 23 subjects (13 females, 10 males, mean age: 49.6 ± 9.6 (range: 29-63) were recruited in the study. A total of 36 recordings were obtained with each electrode (with bar and disposable ring electrodes) from the subjects. The comparison of data was performed with percentages and student T-table test. Results: The response rate was 98% (35 out of 36 recordings) with bar electrode and 88% (32 out of 36 recordings) with disposable ring electrode. Although the sensitivity rate of bar electrode is slightly higher than of disposable ring electrode, there were no statistically significant differences in detecting the onset latency, peak latency, and amplitude of LFCN. Conclusion: The recording sensitivity of LFCN is higher with bar electrode than disposable ring electrode. However, disposable ring electrode can be used alternatively.
Effect of high speed centrifugation on distribution of serum cholesterol.

SummaryAs a general rule a fairly large percentage of total serum cholesterol rose to the surface when sera containing markedly elevated amounts of “readily extractable cholesterol” were centrifuged at 20.000 g for 2 hours. Sera having a normal “readily extractable cholesterol” concentration showed very little of the cholesterol rising to the surface under the same conditions. A few subjects, including most nephrotic patients studied, differed markedly from this pattern. In these cases, only a small amount of cholesterol rose to the surface during centrifugation in spite of the fact that the sera had markedly elevated “readily extractable cholesterol” concentrations. It is suggested that the cholesterol which rose to the surface is cholesterol which is associated with chylomicrons, while that which did not rise but which is a part of the “readily extractable cholesterol” is cholesterol present in lipomicrons.
Molecular genetic studies of the model dematiaceous pathogen Wangiella dermatitidis.

The rapidly improving molecular genetic tractability of Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis significantly enhances its usefulness as a model for the more than 100 other dematiaceous (melanized) agents of human disease. Previously this model was based almost exclusively on its vegetative polymorphism, which at the simplest level is expressed as three well-characterized modes of growth (e.g., blastic, apical and isotropic) that produce myriad yeast, hyphal and sclerotic phenotypes. This cellular plasticity is important for a dematiaceous model pathogen because some are hyphal in nature but exist almost exclusively as sclerotic bodies in infected tissue, whereas others are hyphal both in nature and in tissue, and still others exist in nature predominantly as yeast, but as mixtures of yeast, hyphae and sclerotic bodies in tissue. By exploiting the polymorphism of W. dermatitidis, any phenotype of another dematiaceous pathogen can be produced for study of the regulation of its development and its contribution to pathogenicity and virulence. The coupling of this asset with the recent finding that its haploid, uninucleate yeast cell is easily transformed molecularly, and the even more recent development of systems for both random and targeted gene disruptions and for site-specific, integrative gene overexpression studies suggest that it will continue as the preferred model for the dematiaceous fungi and irrespective of the mycosis involved. The results reviewed here aim to confirm this contention, stimulate others to study this fungus, and demonstrate that W. dermatitidis is exceptionally useful for discovering by molecular genetic techniques cell wall-associated virulence factors in fungi, and in particular in the dematiaceous fungi.
Isolation of an evolutionarily conserved epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA from human A431 carcinoma cells

Abstract Complementary DNA corresponding to total poly(A)+-RNA from the human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cell line was cloned in the phage expression vector λgt11. An epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor cDNA clone was obtained by screening of the expression library with a rabbit polyclonal antibody (IgG), raised to the purified A431 EGF receptor, in combination with [125I]protein A of S. aureus . The cloned cDNA was able to select, by hybridization, messenger RNA which was translated in Xenopus oocytes and yielded an immunoprecipitable EGF receptor protein of Mr=160,000. The insert of this cDNA (phEGFR-1), is approximately 880 base pairs in length and encodes the carboxyterminal portion of the EGF receptor protein. Its sequence is evolutionarily conserved among vertebrates as shown by hybridization to unique chromosomal DNA sequences from human, baboon, dog, rat, mouse and frog.
High-Resolution Infrared Spectrum of the ν1and ν3Bands of Dichlorine Monoxide, Cl2O

Abstract The ν1(symmetric stretch) and ν3(asymmetric stretch) fundamental bands of the semistable molecule ClOCl have been recorded and analyzed. This is the first high-resolution infrared study of dichlorine monoxide. The spectrum, which occurs in the 600 to 700 cm−1region, is very dense, and its assignment was greatly aided by the results of previous microwave studies of the ground and excited vibrational states. About 5400 transitions belonging to the two most abundant isotopic forms,35Cl16O35Cl and35Cl16O37Cl, were assigned and fitted. For each isotope, the ν1and ν3bands were analyzed simultaneously in order to account for the Coriolis interaction which couples these vibrations. The band origins for the35Cl16O35Cl isotope were determined to be ν1= 641.9694(1) cm−1and ν3= 686.5936(1) cm−1. The Coriolis interaction parameter was determined to beGc= 0.21087(2) cm−1, which corresponds to[formula]= 0.928.
Adrenogenital syndrome with associated episodes of hypoglycemia.

THE adrenogenital syndrome is a type of hyperadrenocorticism characterized by excess production of adrenal androgens. When it occurs congenitally it is due to hyperplasia of the adrenal glands, and is manifested as pseudohermaphrodism in females and macrogenitosomia praecox in males. Wilkins (1) has recently described the syndrome and collected 99 such cases from the literature and his own observations. A postnatal variety of adrenogenital syndrome also occurs, and is caused usually by adrenal tumors. Forty-one cases are mentioned by Wilkins (1). Wilkins, Fleischmann, and Howard (2) and Butler, Ross and Talbot (3) in 1939 first described cases of adrenogenital syndrome in which Addisonian symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency occurred. Zuelzer and Blum (4) recently collected 17 such cases from the literature and added 4 of their own. Since their review, 2 cases have been reported by DeJong and Schaberg (5), 1 case by Chenoweth (6), and 1 case by the New York Hospital group (7). At least 3 and possibly m...
Improved Reservoir Management Through Ranking Stochastic Reservoir Models

Significant uncertainty exists in the detailed 3-D distribution of lithofacies, porosity, and permeability in every reservoir. Understanding and modeling the heterogeneous 3-D distribution of these rock properties is critical for improved oil recovery and reservoir management. Geostatistical techniques are being increasingly used to generate alternative heterogeneous 3-D reservoir models that are consistent with the available data. Although a large number of stochastic reservoir models or realizations may be available, a small number of realizations are considered in practice. Due to computer limitations, it is only possible to visualize and perform fine-scale full-field flow simulation on a limited number of realizations. Techniques are reviewed in this paper for ranking a suite of geostatistical realizations so that low-side, expected, and high-side realizations may be reliably chosen. Detailed analysis/flow simulation may then be performed on these realizations that somehow bound the uncertainty in the reservoir. Reservoir management is improved when expected and bounding cases are considered rather than using a limited number of random realizations. This paper reviews a number of methods for ranking geostatistical reservoir models. These methods may be classified into three categories. The first category includes statistical methods such as simple statistics, 3-D measures of connectivity, and connectivity to specific well locations. Methods in the second class are based on approximations to flow simulation, e.g., random walk-type results. The third category is for flow-simulation based methods for a simpler process than that being considered for improved oil recovery, e.g., tracer simulation and flow simulation with coarsened models. The applicability of a number of ranking methods is illustrated with a small example. There is no unique ranking index when there are multiple flow response variables and no ranking measure is perfect. Nevertheless, the value of ranking realizations will be quantified by examining the expected loss knowing an economic loss function and the true distribution of uncertainty.
Autoimmune Gastritis Mediated by CD4+ T Cells Promotes the Development of Gastric Cancer

Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for cancer, including gastric cancers and other gastrointestinal cancers. For example, chronic inflammation caused by autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is associated with an increased risk of gastric polyps, gastric carcinoid tumors, and possibly adenocarcinomas. In this study, we characterized the progression of gastric cancer in a novel mouse model of AIG. In this model, disease was caused by CD4(+) T cells expressing a transgenic T-cell receptor specific for a peptide from the H(+)/K(+) ATPase proton pump, a protein expressed by parietal cells in the stomach. AIG caused epithelial cell aberrations that mimicked most of those seen in progression of human gastric cancers, including chronic gastritis followed by oxyntic atrophy, mucous neck cell hyperplasia, spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia, dysplasia, and ultimately gastric intraepithelial neoplasias. Our work provides the first direct evidence that AIG supports the development of gastric neoplasia and provides a useful model to study how inflammation drives gastric cancer.
Freezing and thawing tests of liquid deicing chemicals on selected pavement materials

Abstract The extent of deterioration of portland cement concrete and several types of asphaltic concrete subjected to organic deicing chemicals was determined over 60 freezing-thawing cycles. Proprietary solutions containing urea, ethylene glycol, and formamide affected the surface of old air-entrained concrete only slightly (rating of 1 on a scale of 0 to 5 of increasing degradation). Asphaltic concrete specimens were not significantly affected. Abrasion tests were made on air-entrained concrete specimens exposed to ethylene glycol solution during freezing and thawing; material loss was very low, nearly the same as with a distilled water control.
Supercontinuum generation in an on-chip silica waveguide

Supercontinuum generation is demonstrated in an on-chip silica spiral waveguide by launching 180 fs pulses from an optical parametric oscillator at the center wavelength of 1330 nm. With a coupled pulse energy of 2.17 nJ, the broadest spectrum in the fundamental TM mode extends from 936 to 1888 nm (162 THz) at −50 dB from peak. There is a good agreement between the measured spectrum and a simulation using a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
Effect of Music on Pain for Home-Dwelling Persons with Dementia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of music on pain for home-dwelling persons with dementia. A quasiexperimental design was used. Fifteen subjects listened to their preferred music for 30 minutes before peak agitation time, for 2 days per week, followed by no music for 2 weeks. The process was repeated once. The finding of this study showed that mean pain levels after listening to music were significantly lower than before listening to the music (t=2.21, df=28; p < .05). The findings of this pilot study suggest the importance of music intervention to control pain for home-dwelling persons with dementia.
High temperature propellant development

It is reported that the neccessary technology has been developed and demonstrated for the manufacture of heat-sterilizable solid propellants which meet specific ballistic goals. It is shown that: (1) phosphate doping of ammonium perchlorate significantly enhances the thermal stability of the substance; (2) grinding the ammonium perchlorate to reduce particle size further increases thermal stability; and (3) unsaturated polymers such as the polybutadienes can be successfully used in a heat-sterilizable propellant system. Among the topics considered by the study are oxidizers, dopants, binders, and the thermal cycling of 70 lb and 600 lb propellant grains.
Assessing Informal Social Control Against the Highly Stigmatized

Both formal and informal social controls are powerful guides and restrictions on behaviors. This study assesses the types of informal social control—observations and interventions, and proposes a division of intervention strategies into two subforms—expressions of disapproval and direct sanctions. Using data from two states (Kansas and Oklahoma) analyses show that registered sex offenders are subject to a wide variety of informal community social control efforts. These offenders feel moderate to high levels of stress, with observation and direct sanctions, but not with expressions of disapproval. Examinations of differences between sex offenders with adult and child victims show no differences in receipt of informal social control efforts or resulting stress.
The Production of Collimated Beams of Monochromatic Neutrons in the Temperature Range 300°-10°K

An electrical velocity selector is described, which allows the production and use of highly collimated beams of pure thermal neutrons. The mean temperature of the neutrons may be varied from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to an undetermined lower limit, probably less than 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, without the use of refrigerants. The temperature width of the neutron "line" is also adjustable. Fast neutron effects are completely eliminated. Qualitative verification of the $\frac{1}{v}$ law for Boron has been extended to 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The intensity of neutrons available from the cyclotron allows counting rates of 1000 per minute to be obtained at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with a source-detector distance of 4 meters, and an angular spread of 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
A credential store for multi-tenant science gateways

Science Gateways bridge multiple computational grids and clouds, acting as overlay cyberinfrastructure. Gateways have three logical tiers: a user interfacing tier, a resource tier and a bridging middleware tier. Different groups may operate these tiers. This introduces three security challenges. First, the gateway middleware must manage multiple types of credentials associated with different resource providers. Second, the separation of the user interface and middleware layers means that security credentials must be securely delegated from the user interface to the middleware. Third, the same middleware may serve multiple gateways, so the middleware must correctly isolate user credentials associated with different gateways. We examine each of these three scenarios, concentrating on the requirements and implementation of the middleware layer. We propose and investigate the use of a Credential Store to solve the three security challenges.
Observations of the moon using the Air Force Maui Space Surveillance Complex

However, the experiments conducted by Galileo, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector have left significant gaps that can befilled by ground-based thermal JR observations of the Moon during lunar eclipse. We have initiated a program to observe theMoon during eclipse a several observatories globally. The first observations in this program were made from the AEOS and1 .6-rn telescopes at the Maui Space Surveillance Site on Haleakala mountain on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The eclipseobserved was partial, that is, the shadow of the Earth did not cover the entire lunar disk, but about 40% of the lunar surfacedid experience total eclipse. Obtaining thermal properties from areas not in total eclipse is difficult at best, and the night ofthe observations the conditions were not photometric, limiting some kinds of modeling. However, a variety of results wereobtained from areas of the Moon where local eclipse conditions were total.
Diversification of Crawfish Management Schedule

Six 0.02 ha ponds were used to evaluate crawfish production and standing crop biomass of rice forage in ponds managed on a standard (control) and delayed (experimental) schedule over a two year production cycle. Delayed schedule followed the same sequence of events except the management activities were delayed approximately one month. Control and experimental ponds had statistically similar amounts of forage. No statistical difference was detected in crawfish production between the management schedules or between production years; however, analysis revealed a significant treatment × year interaction. Overall average crawfish production was 986 kg/ha. Variation in crawfish production is explained within the context of annual temperature variations and differences in population density.
Vitamin A-induced Nonspecific Resistance to Infection

The effect of vitamin A on resistance to infection was evaluated. Mice treated with four consecutive daily injections of 3,000 international units of vitamin A palmitate and then challenged with either a gram-negative bacterium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), a gram-positive bacterium (Listeria monocytogenes), or a fungus (Candida albicans), showed a significant decrease in total mortality or mortality rate compared with control animals. Five hours after challenge with P. aeruginosa, the mice treated with vitamin A had sterile blood, whereas the control animals showed persistent bacteremia until death. However, the clearance of colloidal carbon or aggregated human serum albumin by the reticuloendothelial system was unaltered by treatment with vitamin A. In addition, vitamin A did not affect in vitro growth of the three challenge organisms. These studies demonstrate that vitamin A induces nonspecific resistance to infection in mice.
Power Allocation Strategies for Target Localization in Distributed Multiple-Radar Architectures

Widely distributed multiple radar architectures offer parameter estimation improvement for target localization. For a large number of radars, the achievable localization minimum estimation mean-square error (MSE), with full resource allocation, may extend beyond the predetermined system performance goals. In this paper, performance driven resource allocation schemes for multiple radar systems are proposed. All available antennas are used in the localization process. For a predefined estimation MSE threshold, the total transmitted energy is minimized such that the performance objective is met, while keeping the transmitted power at each station within an acceptable range. For a given total power budget, the attainable localization MSE is minimized by optimizing power allocation among the transmit radars. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is used as an optimization metric for the estimation MSE. The resulting nonconvex optimization problems are solved through relaxation and domain decomposition methods, supporting both central processing at the fusion center and distributed processing. It is shown that uniform or equal power allocation is not necessarily optimal and that the proposed power allocation algorithms result in local optima that provide either better localization MSE for the same power budget, or require less power to establish the same performance in terms of estimation MSE. A physical interpretation of these conclusions is offered.
Test of the role of nicotine dependence in the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and panic spectrum problems.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with panic spectrum problems. Relatively little empirical work has tested possible mechanisms accounting for this association. Nicotine dependence often ensues subsequent to PTSD onset and research suggests smoking high numbers of cigarettes daily may lead to panic problems. The current study tested the hypotheses that nicotine dependence partially mediates the relations between PTSD and both panic attacks and panic disorder within a nationally representative sample of 5,692 (3,020 women; M Age = 45, SD = 18) adults from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Results were consistent with hypotheses. These findings support the theory suggesting smoking among people with PTSD may be involved in the development of panic problems.
Partial eventration of the right diaphragm.

Summary A case of partial eventration of the right diaphragm in a child has been presented. The dangers of blind diagnostic aspiration have been reviewed. It is suggested that exploratory thoracotomy be done in preference to aspiration, pneumothorax, or pneumoperitoneum.
Parallel training of simple recurrent neural networks

A concurrent implementation of the method of conjugate gradients for training Elman networks is discussed. The parallelism is obtained in the computation of the error gradient and the method is therefore applicable to any gradient descent training technique for this form of network. The experimental results were obtained on a Sun Sparc Center 2000 multicomputer. The Spare 2000 is a shared memory machine well suited to coarse-grained distributed computations, but the concurrency could be extended to other architectures as well. >
Rethinking the role of top-down attention in vision: effects attributable to a lossy representation in peripheral vision.

Common wisdom in the field of human vision suggests that top-down selective attention is required in order to bind features into objects. Without selective attention, presumably we are unable even to distinguish such simple stimuli as a rotated T vs. a rotated L. Selective attention, in turn, is often described as volitional and involving intentionality, suggesting – implicitly or explicitly – that it requires awareness. The resulting implication that we might need so expensive (and possibly human) a resource as consciousness in order to perform so basic a function as perception is improbable and counter-intuitive. In fact, we can carry out complex sensorimotor tasks, seemingly in the near absence of awareness or volitional shifts of attention (“zombie behaviors”). More generally, the tight association between attention and awareness, and the presumed role of attention on perception, is problematic. We propose that under normal viewing conditions, top-down selective attention does have an effect, but is not the critical determinant of feature binding and perception. Recent work on the nature of the representation in early vision instead attributes significant information loss to limitations of peripheral vision. We argue that this lossy representation leads to perceptual ambiguities often interpreted as a lack of feature binding, but is sufficiently rich to explain performance in such complex tasks as recognizing the gist of a scene, noticing popout targets, and navigating. These results are consistent with the notion that (largely non-volitional) shifts of the point of gaze may bear the primary responsibility for determining the information available to the visual system. The available information, in turn, provides a key determinant of the visual system’s capabilities and deficiencies. This scheme dissociates basic perceptual operations, such as feature binding, from both top-down attention and conscious awareness.
Beyond computer science

Computer science is necessary but not sufficient to understand and overcome the problems we face in software engineering. We need to understand not only the properties of the software itself, but also the limitations and competences humans bring to the engineering task. Rather than rely on commonsense notions, we need a deep and nuanced view of human capabilities in order to determine how to enhance them. The author discusses what he regards as promising examples of cognitive and organizational theories and proposes research directions to develop new ways of representing run-time behavior and ways of thinking about project coordination. He concludes with observations on creating an interdisciplinary culture.
Design and verification of controllers for airships

Robotic airships have several beneficial properties such as low operation cost, low noise, and low speed flight capability. We present in this paper the design and verification of a feedback control algorithm for waypoint to waypoint navigation of an outdoor blimp. A rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is used for the validation of the blimp system control law. We describe an implementation of an algorithm that systematically searches the set of all disturbances to validate viability of the control law in the presence of winds. Experimental results with a simulator show that the RRT method can be effective in verifying controller design under unpredictable but bounded disturbances.
Approval Summary: Pemetrexed in the Initial Treatment of Advanced/Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OnSeptember26,2008,theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration approved pemetrexed injection (Alimta Injection; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) for use in combination with cisplatin for the initial treatment of patients with stage IIIB/IV nonsquamous nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A randomized, phase III, open-label study was conducted in 1,725 patients. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 21-day cycles of pemetrexed plus cisplatin (AC) or gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC). The primary objective was overall survival. Themediansurvivaltimewas10.3monthsinboththe AC arm and the GC arm (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84–1.05). The median progression-free survival times were 4.8 and 5.1 months for the AC and GC arms, respectively (adjusted HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94–1.15). The overall response rates were 27.1% and 24.7% for the AC and GC arms, respectively. A prespecified analysis of the impact of NSCLC histology on overall survival was conducted. In the nonsquamous NSCLC subgroup, the median survival times were 11.0 and 10.1 months in the AC and GC groups, respectively (unadjusted HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74–0.96). However, in the squamous cell histology subgroup, the median survival times were 9.4 versus 10.8 months in the AC and GC groups, respectively (unadjusted HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.99–1.50). This unfavorable effect of squamous histology on overall survival was also noted in a retrospective analysis of a trial that compared pemetrexed with docetaxel in NSCLC patients who received prior chemotherapy. No new pemetrexed safety signals were observed. The Oncologist 2009;14:930–935
A CMOS code-modulated path-sharing multi-antenna receiver front-end for spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity and beamforming

This paper presents the design of a novel 5 GHz multi-antenna RF front-end, which is capable of performing spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity, and beamforming. The use of a unique code-modulation scheme at the RF stages of the signal paths enables linear combination of all mutually orthogonal code-modulated received signals. The combined signal is then fed to a single RF/baseband/ADC chain, resulting in a significant reduction of power consumption and area, as well as mitigating the issue of LO routing/distribution. In the digital domain, all antenna signals are fully recovered. Fabricated in 0.18 mum CMOS, the 76 mW 2.3 mm2 two-antenna receiver front-end achieves a 10-2 SER at -64, -77, and -78 dBm of input power for SM, SD, and BF, respectively, while providing 85 dB gain, 6.2 dB NF, and -10.6 dBm IIP3.
Where are all the victims? Understanding the determinants of official identification of human trafficking incidents

Research Summary The passage of new laws that criminalize the trafficking of persons for labor and sexual services has raised public awareness about the problem of human trafficking. In response, police must understand the problem, identify human trafficking victims, and make arrests. The numbers of victims identified to date, however, has paled in comparison with official estimates, which leads some to question the existence of a human trafficking problem. Missing from this debate is information about how frequently police encounter human trafficking and how well prepared officers are to handle these cases. Analyzing survey responses from a national sample of police agencies in the United States, we found that less than 10% of police agencies identified human trafficking cases from 2000 to 2006. Larger agencies were more likely to identify cases of human trafficking but the agency leader perception about the problem in their local communities as well as taking steps to prepare officers to identify and respond were the most important factors to increasing human trafficking identification by police. Policy Implications This study provides much needed information about why U.S. officials have identified so few human trafficking victims. By understanding how often and under what conditions police find, investigate, and prosecute cases of human trafficking we will be in a better position to identify and overcome barriers to police responses to trafficking and understand the limitations of official statistics about human trafficking. Data from a national survey also provide a baseline measure of police identification of human trafficking against which we can gauge the progress of future anti-trafficking efforts.
The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics

Economists have lately been called upon not only to analyze markets, but to design them. Market design involves a responsibility for detail, a need to deal with all of a market's complications, not just its principle features. Designers therefore cannot work only with the simple conceptual models used for theoretical insights into the general working of markets. Instead, market design calls for an engineering approach. Drawing primarily on the design of the entry level labor market for American doctors (the National Resident Matching Program), and of the auctions of radio spectrum conducted by the Federal Communications Commission, this paper makes the case that experimental and computational economics are natural complements to game theory in the work of design. The paper also argues that some of the challenges facing both markets involve dealing with related kinds of complementarities, and that this suggests an agenda for future theoretical research.
The Chronic Illness Problem Inventory: Problem-Oriented Psychosocial Assessment of Patients with Chronic Illness:

Two studies are presented which describe the development of a problem-oriented psychosocial screening instrument for use in health care settings. Reliability and validity data are presented on the Chronic Illness Problem Inventory (CIPI) which demonstrate its ability to document accurately patient's specific problems in areas of physical limitations, psychosocial functioning, health care behaviors and marital adjustment. A study is also presented which compares the problems of patients with three distinct chronic illnesses: pain, obesity, and respiratory ailments. Results indicate a significantly greater severity of problems for pain patients and especially patients with multiple pain complaints. Problem areas common to all three illness groups are discussed in the context of providing better comprehensive treatment for chronically ill patients.
Arachidonic acid transformation and tumor production.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the transformation of Arachidonic acid that is the unsaturated fatty acid found in the highest concentration in cellular phospholipids. The endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) are the immediate products of the cyclooxygenase and can undergo enzymatic and non-enzymatic transformations to form thromboxanes (TxA2 and TxB2), prostacyclins (PG12), and prostaglandins (PGE2, PGFza, and PGD2). These endoperoxide metabolites can exist in classes depending on the degree of unsaturation in their precursor fatty acids. Arachidonic acid is substrate for lipoxygenases, which also produce potent pharmacologically active compounds. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes are not stored to any considerable extent in mammalian tissues. Deacylation of phospholipids probably occurs by more than one enzymatic pathway. Carcinogenesis may be a multistep process. Increased prostaglandin production suppresses the host's immune response to tumor. Inhibition of prostaglandin production by anti-inflammatory drug permits the host's immune system to more effectively reject the tumor. Most cells also have the enzymatic capacity to transform the free arachidonic acid.
Antilipemic Drugs and the Position of the FDA

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is charged with the responsibility of assuring safety and efficacy of marketed drugs and safe conditions for clinical investigation of drugs.