cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluctuating fluid interfaces.

The equilibrium and non-equilibrium motion of an interface between two immiscible fluids and its coupling to spontaneous thermal fluctuations in the bulk is studied theoretically and by computer simulation. Simulations are performed with a two-dimensional momentum-conserving lattice-gas model. Results show that an initially flat interface roughens in a manner that satisfies the dynamical scaling law W(L, t) = L1/2 f(t/ L3/2), where W(L, t) is the rootmean-square width of an interface with an initial length L. The equilibrium state of the system is characterized by the autocorrelation of the interface height, which is derived theoretically from a fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Both the equilibrium behavior and the roughening of the simulated interface is found to to be in good agreement with theory over a remarkably large range of length and time scales. Pacs numbers: 05.40.+j, 47.11.+j, 68.10.-m Typeset using REVTEX
A collocation method for systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations

Abstract A collocation method based on piecewise polynomials is applied to boundary value problems for mth order systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Optimal a priori estimates are obtained for the error of approximation in the maximum norm and superconvergence is verified at particular points.
Kava extract, an herbal alternative for anxiety relief, potentiates acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatic cells

The widely used over-the-counter analgesic acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States and due to this high incidence, a recent FDA Advisory Board recommended lowering the maximum dose of APAP. Kava herbal dietary supplements have been implicated in several human liver failure cases leading to the ban of kava-containing products in several Western countries. In the US, the FDA has issued warnings about the potential adverse effects of kava, but kava dietary supplements are still available to consumers. In this study, we tested the potential of kava extract to potentiate APAP-induced hepatocyte cytotoxicity. In rat primary hepatocytes, co-treatment with kava and APAP caused 100% loss of cell viability, while the treatment of kava or APAP alone caused ∼50% and ∼30% loss of cell viability, respectively. APAP-induced glutathione (GSH) depletion was also potentiated by kava. Co-exposure to kava decreased cellular ATP concentrations, increased the formation of reactive oxygen species, and caused mitochondrial damage as indicated by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, similar findings were obtained from a cultured rat liver cell line, clone-9. These observations indicate that kava potentiates APAP-induced cytotoxicity by increasing the magnitude of GSH depletion, resulting in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately leading to cell death. These results highlight the potential for drug-dietary supplement interactions even with widely used over-the-counter drugs.
ICU Bed Supply, Utilization, and Health Care Spending: An Example of Demand Elasticity

Intensive care is a substantial financial burden on the US health care system, with spending on critical illness exceeding $80 billion per year, approximately 3% of all health care spending and nearly 1% of the gross domestic product. 1 In contrast, the United Kingdom spends only 0.1% of its gross domestic product on critical care services, with no evidence of worse patient outcomes and similar life expectancies as in the United States. 2 Although there are many differences between these 2 countries, one significant difference is intensive care unit (ICU) bed supply. The United States has 25 ICU beds per 100 000 people, as compared with 5 per 100 000 in the United Kingdom. 3 As a result, ICU case-mix differs substantially. In the United Kingdom, the majority of ICU patients are at high risk for death, whereas in the United States, many patients are admitted to the ICU for observation. 4 At the same time, compared with patients in the United Kingdom, substantially more patients in the United States die in the ICU, suggesting that increased bed availability appears to reduce the incentive to keep dying patients out of the ICU. 4 The apparent influence of ICU bed supply on ICU bed utilization brings forward the concern of demand elasticity in the ICU, the notion that ICU beds create their own demand. 5 In classical economics, demand elasticity measures how much the demand for a good or service changes in response to changes in another related factor. Demand elasticity is usually considered in terms of price; as price decreases, demand increases. However, it also is relevant to think of demand elasticity in terms of the supply of the good or service. Just as the cre
Second-order diffraction loads on arrays of semi-immersed circular cylinders

An approximate method is utilized to estimate the second-order hydrodynamic loads on the members of an array of stationary, semi-immersed, circular cylinders in water of arbitrary uniform depth. The method of solution for the velocity potential at the first-order involves a large spacing approximation between the array members. Under this assumption the cylindrical waves scattered by an array member may be replaced in the vicinity of another member by equivalent plane waves together with non-planar correction terms. At the second-order the full diffraction problem for the cylinder array is replaced by a set of equivalent isolated cylinder problems where in each case the formulation is modified to take into account hydrodynamic interference effects. Numerical results are presented for arrays of two to four cylinders which illustrate the influence of the various wave and structural parameters on the hydrodynamic loads to the second-order.
Single crystal elastic properties of protoenstatite: A comparison with orthoenstatite

The single-crystal elastic properties of Li-Sc bearing protoenstatite [(Mg1.6, Li0.2, Sc0.2)Si2O6], a high temperature polymorph of orthoenstatite, have been obtained at 22° C and 1 atm from Brillouin scattering measurements. The elastic moduli are (in Mbar): $$\begin{gathered} C_{{\text{11}}} = {\text{2}}{\text{.13(2), }}C_{{\text{22}}} = {\text{1}}{\text{.52(1), }}C_{{\text{33}}} = {\text{2}}{\text{.46(2),}} \hfill \\ C_{{\text{44}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.81(1), }}C_{{\text{55}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.44(1), }}C_{{\text{66}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.67(1),}} \hfill \\ C_{{\text{12}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.76(3), }}C_{{\text{13}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.59(4), }}C_{{\text{23}}} = {\text{0}}{\text{.70(3)}}{\text{.}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ These data have been corrected for changes in phonon direction and scattering geometry due to refraction of the laser light at the crystal surface. A description of the method used to make these corrections is outlined in detail. Comparison with the orthoenstatite moduli leads us to conclude that kinking of the tetrahedral chains in the pyroxene structure is directly related to stiffness along the c direction (C 33): a high degree of kinking reduces this modulus; extended chains increase it. The stacking sequence of octahedral layers in the a direction, which alters distant rather than near neighbor environments, has a marked effect on C 55 (rigidity in the a–c plane), and C 66 (rigidity in the a–b plane). Shear rigidity in the b–c plane (C 44) is, however, unaffected.
Remarks on entropy production in the one-dimensional approximation to unsteady flow in combustion chambers

The treatment of unsteady flows in a combustion chamber is discussed. As an example a rocket motor is considered, where material enters through a lateral boundary with its stagnation enthalpy different from the average speed. The equations of motion for unsteady flow within a one-dimensional approximation are analyzed, and the production of entropy is deduced. In the equations, the term representing the dissipative processes are identified by constructing a representation for the production of entropy.
Electron cyclotron resonance radio-frequency hybrid plasma-deposited diamond-like carbon as an optical material

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) is deposited by electron cyclotron resonance radio-frequency (ECR-RF) hybrid plasma method. The films are hard with optical bandgap ranges between 1. 1 and 1. 8 eV depending on the deposition parameters. Waveguide structures have been fabricated in DLC using liftoff technique. The films are also characterized by Electron energy loss spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. 2.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Staging Esophageal Cancer

Abstract Background . Conventional noninvasive staging of esophageal cancer is inaccurate. This study investigated the role of positron emission tomography (PET) in staging esophageal cancer. Methods . Patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer were included. A whole-body PET scan was acquired after injection of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose and was evaluated for areas of increased focal uptake. Accuracy was determined by comparing PET with surgical staging. Results . Potentially resectable esophageal cancer was identified in 35 patients. Positron emission tomography detected nine sites of distant metastases missed by conventional scanning, but one false-negative PET scan occurred in a patient with a 2-mm liver lesion. There were 11 false-negative PET scans for small, intracapsular local-regional nodal metastases (mean diameter 5.2 mm; range 2 to 10 mm). For distant metastases, the sensitivity was 88%, the specificity was 93%, and the accuracy was 91%. For local-regional nodal metastases, the sensitivity was 45%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 48%. Conclusions . Positron emission tomography improved our ability to detect distant metastases missed by conventional noninvasive staging of esophageal cancer. Small local-regional nodal metastases are not identified by current PET technology. Early use of PET in the staging of patients with esophageal cancer could facilitate treatment planning and identifying unsuspected distant metastases in up to 20% of patients with a negative metastatic survey by conventional staging.
A Precondition for the Edge Theorem

The stability version of the Edge Theorem states that a polytope of polynomials is D-stable if and only if its edge polynomials are all D-stable. Unfortunately, this statement is only true for restricted classes of polytopes and restricted classes of stability regions. If either of these restrictions is removed, the theorem will not be valid. In order to remove these constraints, this paper will present a simple precondition for the Edge Theorem. If this condition is not satisfied then the polytope is not D-stable. If this condition is satisfied then the stability version of the Edge Theorem is valid for all stability regions D and all polytopes of polynomials. The Generalized Edge Theorem of Soh and Berger is stated in a similar form. They consider stability regions D whose complements are simply connected in the complex plane. A special case of this theorem states that a polytope of polynomials is D-stable if and only if the edge polynomials are D-stable. It will be shown by counter example that this statement is not true. The precondition presented in this paper suggests ways of correcting this theorem.
Pullularia as a cause of deterioration of paint and plastic surfaces in South Florida.

(1950). Pullularia as a Cause of Deterioration of Paint and Plastic Surfaces in South Florida. Mycologia: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 432-448.
Functional Anatomy of the Hearts of Lungfishes and Amphibians

Lungfishes and amphibians have bimodal gas exchange, but various species employ airbreathing with lungs to different degrees. An increased use of pulmonary breathing is correlated with progressive structural and functional separation of the pulmonary and systemic vascular circuits. Representatives from all genera of lungfishes and several anurans and urodeles utilizing pulmonary breathing, show a preferential distribution of blood tending to minimize recirculation to the systemic and pulmonary circuits. The degree of shunting between the two circuits is variable and may express normal shifts in regional blood flow. The most important structural and functional features influencing the preferential circulation through dipnoan and amphibian hearts include: (a) Dynamics of inflow in the pulmonary and systemic veins; (b) The extent and localization of atrial septation; (c) The partial ventricular septum in lungfishes and the massive ventricular trabeculation in both amphibians and lungfishes; (d) A laminar ventricular outflow pattern; (e) Structural guidance of flow in the partially separated bulbus segment of the heart; (f) Vasomotor reactions in the various outflow vessels from the heart.
Stability of Chlorophyll a at the Gas−Water Interface in Pure and Mixed Monolayers. An Evaluation of Interfacial pH

The stability of chlorophyll a, Chl a, in neat and mixed lipid monolayers at the nitrogen−water interface has been measured using Langmuir trough and HPLC techniques. In neat monolayers, at subphase pH less than 8, Chl a degrades rapidly to produce pheophytin a, Phe a. Above this pH, Chl a appears to hydrolyze, giving a new product, Chl a hyd, spectroscopically similar to the parent compound. This latter process appears to involve alteration at the pentanone ring peripheral to the porphyrin structure. For mixed monolayer studies, four oleoyl-bearing lipids with headgroups differing in charge have been used to explore the influence of such headgroups on these two pH dependent processes. Consistent with a mechanism by which a negatively charged headgroup may enhance H3O+ concentration in the monolayer region, it has been shown that l-α-dioleoylphosphatidyl-dl-glycerol markedly increases pheophytinization while eliminating the formation of Chl a hyd. By contrast, positively charged dioleoyl-N-(3-trimethylamm...
Performance and stability of proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells based on yttrium-doped barium cerate-zirconate thin-film electrolyte

Abstract The high performance anode supported single cells, comprising of BSCF (Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 − δ )-BCZY (Ba 0.98 Ce 0.6 Zr 0.2 Y 0.2 O 3 − δ )//BCZY//NiO–BCZY have been fabricated by wet powder spraying and co-firing for depositing 10–15 μm thin film electrolytes on pre-sintered NiO–BCZY anode discs. The open circuit voltages of single cells were around 1.12–1.13 V at 600 °C indicating negligible gas leakage or mixed conduction through the electrolyte. The maximum power density of 493 mW cm −2 was obtained at 600 °C and 0.7 V under humid air as the oxidant gas and humid 75% H 2 in N 2 (2.76% H 2 O) as the fuel gas at a gas flow rate of 100 ml min −1 . The area specific resistance of an anode supported button cell of BSCF–BCZY//BCZY//NiO–BCZY in fuel cell mode was about 0.46 Ω cm 2 and in the electrolysis mode was 0.26 Ω cm 2 at 600 °C, indicating high efficiency, reversible SOFCs. The single cell performance was stable for over 600 h at 600 °C. The stability of BCZY electrolyte in water-containing atmospheres was investigated by exposing sintered BCZY pellets to humid air (2.76% H 2 O) at 200 °C for 24 h or soaking them in boiling water for 3 h.
Relaxation-time representation and Dingle-Robinson temperature inversion

We extend our previous Fourier-series-representation schemes to include the representation of the relaxation time over the Fermi surface and to perform the inversion of the Dingle-Robinson temperature data. The scheme is applied to recent results of Miller, Poulsen, and Springford on Au: Cu alloys.
Consideration on equivalent chemicals in total phenolic assay of chlorogenic acid-rich plums.

Abstract The spectrophotometric characteristics of chemicals used as equivalents in Folin–Ciocalteu method were evaluated. Gallic acid and (+)-catechin showed the highest response at the range of 20–100 mg/L, followed by tannic acid, and then chlorogenic acid which exhibited relatively very low absorbance. Chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid showed the lower absorbance than gallic acid by 0.6 times, and it might result in underestimation of the real total phenolic content of chlorogenic acid-rich samples. Chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid exhibited nearly the same spectra in a broad absorbance range, and chlorogenic acid could be appropriate for an equivalent chemical instead of neochlorogenic acid, which has been proved as a major phenolic compound in plums. The average total phenolics in 13 plum cultivars expressed by chlorogenic acid equivalent was 678.2 mg/100 g, whereas it was 368.7 mg/100 g as gallic acid equivalent. Overall, chlorogenic acid as an equivalent chemical is recommended to determine the total phenolic content of chlorogenic acid-rich plums to predict more accurate total phenolic content.
An analysis of interagent residual-influence effects upon members of small, decision-making groups.

The residual effect of group influence upon members of small, decision-making groups was investigated. It was hypothesized that the group agent, rather than individual member agents, contributes the dominant residual-influence effect upon the group member. One hundred and sixty-two graduate and undergraduate students participated in three-man, unstructured, decision-making groups for a simple management computerized simulation model. Group membership was determined according to student academic level and business/nonbusiness major. Members of control groups were responsible only for group decision making; members of experimental groups were responsible for both group and private (after-group) decision making. Decision values submitted by two or more agents (group or individual) were converted into simple sequences which were generated by a time ordering of set-intersect values defined by means of basic set theory. The sequence technique allowed, first, for an intercomparison of the components assumed to comprise an experimental group member's private decisions: a “learning” effect, and “independence” effect, and the “group agent's residual-influence” effect. In this intercomparison, the latter effect was found to significantly dominate both the learning and independence effects in terms of average sequence values and general longitudinal sequence patterns. The sequence technique also allowed for an intercomparison of group agent and intermember residual-influence effects upon the experimental group member, and in support of the hypothesis the group agent effect was found to significantly dominate the intermember effect in terms of average sequence values. Implications of group residual-influence effects are discussed relative to member participation in committee work and group learning techniques.
Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for increasing participation in parent management training

Evidence-based treatments exist for a range of child and adolescent behavior problems; however, effects are often limited by poor treatment attendance and adherence. The authors developed and evaluated the efficacy of a brief (5 to 45 min) intervention designed to increase treatment attendance and adherence in a sample of 76 parents referred for treatment of their child's oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. The results of this randomized controlled trial showed that parents who received this brief intervention had greater treatment motivation, attended significantly more treatment sessions, and had greater adherence to treatment according to both parent and therapist report. This study provides researchers and clinicians with a brief and efficacious method of increasing motivation, attendance, and adherence for treatment.
Therapeutic Discourse Among Nurses and Physicians in Controlled Clinical Trials

An ethnographic field study about the informed consent process in investigational drug trials for seriously ill persons with hepatitis C suggests that nurses and physicians referred to these trials as giving treatment, even though they involved placebos. Interview data and informed consent documents contained frequent references to the term ;treatment trial' or ;treatment'. Although these findings were unexpected and not the original focus of our study, we consider them in the light of an extensive literature on the ;therapeutic misconception' that has been described among physicians and patients with AIDS and other serious illnesses. We also suggest that certain organizational and professional characteristics of nursing and medicine reinforce this tendency to refer to the trials as treatment. Implications for further research are provided.
Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive antennas

Over the years, adaptive antenna arrays have received significant research efforts because of their ability to automatically null interference signals while maintaining a high signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) in the direction of the signal of interest (SOI). The research efforts have not only focused on developing new weighting algorithms, but also on understanding how the individual sensors (antennas in our case) and their distributions can affect the performance of adaptive antennas. The increasing demands for smaller and more efficient systems make it even more important to understand how the underlying electromagnetic characteristics of individual elements and antenna arrays affect the performance of adaptive antennas. As the antenna arrays become physically small, the mutual coupling between the antenna elements increases. The general view is that the increase in the mutual coupling inhibits the nulling capability of adaptive antennas, and one should try to minimize the coupling between antenna elements. In this work, we investigate the effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive antennas operating in harsh interference environments. The physical size of the antenna is decreased while keeping the number of antenna elements fixed.
Anti-windup linear parameter varying control of structural systems with magneto-rheological dampers

Magneto-rheological (MR) dampers are a family of semi-active devices widely used for vibration attenuation in space and civil engineering structures. In this paper, we study the use of MR dampers for seismic protection of a model two-story structure in the presence of actuation saturation. A modified Bingham model is considered for linear parameter varying (LPV) modeling and control of the system. The main contribution of the paper is the design and experimental validation of a LPV anti-windup compensator to tackle the effect of actuator saturation on the control design performance. The designed LPV anti-windup control scheme is advantageous from the implementation standpoint because it can be considered as an addition to the existing control system. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the design method to attenuate the effects of seismic excitation by controlling the MR damper and simultaneously avoid the adverse effects of actuator saturation by taking advantage of the designed anti-windup c...
Building Global Citizenship: Engaging Global Issues, Practicing Civic Skills.

How can international politics courses be used to generate global civic engagement? The article describes how experiential learning can be used to stimulate student interest in issues of contemporary, global significance and to build students' repertoire of globally and locally relevant civic skills. It describes how students can become active participants in global movements, such as the antihuman-trafficking movement. I present data measuring the students' level of knowledge about and interest in this issue before and after their participation in experiential-learning projects and document the number and range of civic skills they practiced in conjunction with the projects. The projects spawned a host of cocurricular events and student organizations and fostered ongoing links to others active in these issue areas in the local community.
Financial Futures: A Useful Tool for Transferring Interest Rate Risk Away From Farm Borrowers or Lenders?

Interest rate risk is more important to agriculture in the 1980s than in earlier decades. Previously, farmers and others were keenly sensitive to fluctuations in production and commodity prices, a sensitivity that led to the development of a variety of methods to alleviate these inherent risks. But agriculture was much less sensitive to movements in interest rates. Rural financial markets that were essentially isolated from national financial markets shielded farm borrowers and lenders from interest rate risk. All that has changed. Deregulation of financial markets along with technological innovations brought financial institutions serving rural areas into direct competition with those in urban areas. This greater competition for funds means that agriculture must now pay market rates as it competes for funds in money markets. Also, the decision of the Federal Reserve since 1979 to target monetary aggregates has made rates more variable. Highly stimulative fiscal policy has contributed further to fluctuations in rates through its effect on inflationary expectations. Therefore, just as deregulation more fully exposed agriculture to financial market conditions, a new macroeconomic policy mix was making interest rates more volatile. A high degree of capital intensity and a surge in debt financing during the past decade make capital formation and financial performance in the agricultural sector particularly susceptible to interest rate swings. To illustrate, in recent years, with farm sector debt exceeding $200 billion while net farm income ranged between $20 and $30 billion, a one percentage point change in interest rates would have reduced or increased net income as much as 10%. Stated another way, agriculture's debt-to-income ratio today is about ten, while it was about one in 1950. Agriculture's challenge now is to manage this interest rate risk. Financial futures can be a highly effective tool for this purpose. This paper examines how financial futures can be used by both farm borrowers and farm lenders as well as the impediments to their use; then the paper summarizes some issues that will determine whether financial futures realize
Effect of Secretin and Acetazolamide on the Volume and Electrolyte Composition of Hepatic Bile in Man

Rate of flow and electrolyte concentrations of human hepatic bile were determined in cholecystectomized subjects with T tubes in the common duct in the basal state and following secretin stimulation. Basal electrolyte composition of human hepatic bile resembled plasma values. Secretin augmented the rate of flow and stimulated the secretion of a bicarbonate rich fluid. The effect of secretin was partially inhibited by prior infusions of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide. The inhibitory effect was greater on output of bicarbonate than on output of fluid. It is concluded that secretin augments the flow of common duct bile in man with the addition of bicarbonate-containing fluid by a process which is catalyzed in part by carbonic anhydrase.
Induction of Ovulation in Rats by Highly Purified Pig LH-Releasing Factor (LRF)

Adult female rats in proestrus were given pentobarbital (Nembutal) in order to block spontaneous ovulation. Highly purified LH-releasing factor (LRF) was injected into their carotid arteries at different rates. Ten μg of this LRF, when injected over 30 min, induced full ovulation in all rats tested. One or 2 μg occasionally caused ovulation. One mg of an extract of pig cerebral cortex or 50 μg of FSH-releasing factor (FSH-RF) never did. Similar ovulatory responses were obtained when the LRF was injected quickly or over a 90-min period. On the other hand, LH induced ovulation more effectively when given by quick injection than when given slowly. LH induced ovulation in hypophysectomized animals, whereas our LRF did not. These results offer validation of a physiological effect induced by purified LRF preparation. (Endocrinology 80: 515, 1967)
Copy Number and SNP Arrays in Clinical Diagnostics

The ability of chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) to detect submicroscopic genetic abnormalities has revolutionized the clinical diagnostic approach to individuals with intellectual disability, neurobehavioral phenotypes, and congenital malformations. The recognition of the underlying copy number variant (CNV) in respective individuals may allow not only for better counseling and anticipatory guidance but also for more specific therapeutic interventions in some cases. The use of CMA technology in prenatal diagnosis is emerging and promises higher sensitivity for several highly penetrant, clinically severe microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. Genetic counseling complements the diagnostic testing with CMA, given the presence of CNVs of uncertain clinical significance, incomplete penetrance, and variable expressivity in some cases. While oligonucleotide arrays with high-density exonic coverage remain the gold standard for the detection of CNVs, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays allow for...
A Structural Account of Global and Local Processing

The order of processing, whether global forms are processed prior to local forms or vice versa, has been of considerable interest. Many current theories hold that the more perceptually conspicuous form is identified first. An alternative view is presented here in which the stuctural relations among elements are an important factor in explaining the relative speeds of global and local processing. We equated the conspicuity of the global and local forms in three experiments and still found advantages in the processing of global forms. Subjects were able to process the relations among the elements quickly, even before the elements themselves were identified. According to our alternative view, subjects created equivalence classes of similar and proximate local elements before identifying the constituent elements. The experiments required subjects to decide whether two displays were the same or different, and consequently, the results are relevant to work in higher-level cognition that stresses the importance of comparison processes (e.g., analogy and conceptual combination). We conclude by evaluating related work in higher-level cognition in light of our findings.
Improving Understanding of the Quitting Process: Psychological Predictors of Quit Attempts Versus Smoking Cessation Maintenance among College Students

This study examined motivation, positive and negative outcome expectations of quitting, and self-efficacy as predictors of quit attempts and cessation maintenance in a smoking cessation intervention for college students (N = 303). Psychological measures assessed at baseline were used to predict smoking behavior outcomes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression analysis revealed that motivation and self-efficacy were strong, differential predictors of quit attempts and cessation maintenance, respectively. This study extends the previous findings regarding psychological predictors of quitting processes to college students, and suggests the need for interventions tailored according to phases of quitting processes.
Duration of Response to Second-Line, Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer: Implications for Patient Management and Clinical Trial Design

Purpose Limited information is available regarding the influence of the duration of a prior response on the length of a subsequent response to platinum chemotherapy in recurrent ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of women with ovarian cancer treated at the Cleveland Clinic from 1993 through April 2003 who received two or more platinum-based regimens for recurrence of the malignancy. Patients were considered to have responded to second-line therapy if they satisfied specific criteria, including favorable effects on both measurable or assessable disease. Results A total of 211 platinum-based regimens were administered to 176 women with recurrent ovarian cancer during this time period, with a response being observed in 125 treatment episodes (59%). Only four (3%) of 121 currently assessable secondary responses were of longer duration than the prior response in a specific individual. In three of these four cases, the platinum-based regimen used in the second-l...
Theoretical limitations on the transmission of data from analog sources

Fundamental limitations on the performance of any type of communication system transmitting data from an analog source may be obtained by application of a theorem in Shannon's original paper on information theory. In order to transmit the output of an analog source to a sink with mean-squared error e or less, it is necessary to transmit information from source to sink at rates greater than some minimal rate R(\epsilon) bits per second. If a channel of capacity C bits per second is used, then in order for any communication system to be able to achieve \epsilon mean-squared error or less with this channel it is necessary that R(\epsilon) \leq C . This inequality can be used to determine the minimum mean-squared error obtainable for a given source-channel pair without discussing any particular communication system. As an example, the minimum mean-squared error is calculated for cases in which the analog source and additive channel noise are stationary, Gaussian processes. The performance of amplitude and angle modulation systems is compared to the theoretically ideal performance obtainable in some of these cases.
Four Cases of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in AIDS patients

The incidence of opportunistic infection has decreased since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, so lymphoma is now far and away the most lethal complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We have experienced four cases of NHL in AIDS patients. The first patient was a 37 year old male who presented with left sided hemiplegia due to CNS lymphoma. The second patient was a 40 year old male who was admitted because of jaundice; he was diagnosed as having lymphoma that exclusively involved the liver. The third patient was a 38-year-old male who presented with palpable mass in the left cervical region, which was diagnosed as lymphoma. Above three cases were confirmed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The fourth patient presented with a protruding swollen chest wall mass on the right side of his chest, this was determined pathologically to be the Burkitt's type. The latter case is the first report of NHL involving the chest wall musculature in a Korean AIDS patient.
PROBING r-PROCESS PRODUCTION OF NUCLEI BEYOND 209Bi WITH GAMMA RAYS

We estimate gamma-ray fluxes due to the decay of nuclei beyond ^(209)Bi from a supernova or a supernova remnant assuming that the r-process occurs in supernovae. We find that a detector with a sensitivity of ~10^(-7) γ cm^(-2) s^(-1) at energies from ~40 keV to ~3 MeV may detect fluxes due to the decay of ^(226)Ra, ^(229)Th, ^(241)Am, ^(243)Am, ^(249)Cf, and ^(251)Cf in the newly discovered supernova remnant near Vela. In addition, such a detector may detect fluxes due to the decay of ^(227)Ac and ^(228)Ra produced in a future supernova at a distance of ~1 kpc. Because nuclei with mass numbers A > 209 are produced solely by the r-process, such detections are the best proof for a supernova r-process site. Further, they provide the most direct information on yields of progenitor nuclei with A > 209 at r-process freeze-out. Finally, detection of fluxes due to the decay of r-process nuclei over a range of masses from a supernova or a supernova remnant provides the opportunity to compare yields in a single supernova event with the solar r-process abundance pattern.
Role of the Antiapoptotic Proteins BCL2 and MCL1 in the Neonatal Mouse Ovary

The mammalian ovarian lifespan is determined at the time of birth through a delicate balance of oocyte survival and apoptosis as primordial follicles form, and the mechanism by which germ cells die is not understood. We hypothesized that two BCL2 family proteins, BCL2 and MCL1, may be responsible for regulating neonatal oocyte survival. Previous work has shown that BCL2 is important for germ cell survival in adult mouse ovaries, but no work has been done to examine its role at the time of birth. To elucidate the effects of BCL2 in the neonatal ovary, we examined ovaries of both Bcl2-overexpressing and knockout transgenic mice. When compared to wild-type mice, neither Bcl2 overexpression nor abrogation significantly altered ovarian histology. Another BCL2 family protein, MCL1, is expressed in human oocytes during ovarian development, suggesting a role for MCL1 in oocyte survival. To test this, we first examined the expression of MCL1 in the newborn mouse ovary. MCL1 was localized to both oocytes and somatic cells during primordial follicle formation. Subsequently, we used an in vitro organ culture system to identify a role for MCL1 in oocyte survival. We found that inhibition of MCL1 with an antibody to MCL1 in culture resulted in a reduced number of germ cells and an increase in cyst breakdown. Our data demonstrate that while BCL2 is not likely involved in perinatal oocyte survival, MCL1 may be an important regulator of the ovarian primordial follicle reserve.
Model for the Temperature-dependent Emergence of Overwintering Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and its Parasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Days to adult emergence of overwintering apple blotch leafminers, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), and one of its primary parasitoids, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, are presented for a series of six constant temperatures between 4 and 30°C. Models for the distributed development based upon the means of individual development rates and their associated variances were constructed and validated with field data from Massachusetts. The difference in emergence between apple blotch leafminer adults and female parasitoid adults is depicted by computer mapping of a “biological window.”
Adaptation to a minified image

When subjects are exposed to an optically minified image, objects at first appear diminutive. It was shown that with continued exposure a process of adaptation takes place in the direction of veridical size perception. Purely visual information is a sufficient condition and movement is not a necessary condition for such adaptation.
Genetic and Biochemical Characterizations of Enzymes Involved in Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 2 Capsule Synthesis Demonstrate that Cps2T (WchF) Catalyzes the Committed Step by Addition of β1-4 Rhamnose, the Second Sugar Residue in the Repeat Unit

Five genes (cps2E, cps2T, cps2F, cps2G, and cps2I) are predicted to encode the glycosyltransferases responsible for synthesis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2 capsule repeat unit, which is polymerized to yield a branched surface structure containing glucose-glucuronic acid linked to a glucose-rhamnose-rhamnose-rhamnose backbone. Cps2E is the initiating glycosyltransferase, but experimental evidence supporting the functions of the remaining glycosyltransferases is lacking. To biochemically characterize the glycosyltransferases, the donor substrate dTDP-rhamnose was first synthesized using recombinant S. pneumoniae enzymes Cps2L, Cps2M, Cps2N, and Cps2O. In in vitro assays with each of the glycosyltransferases, only reaction mixtures containing recombinant Cps2T, dTDP-rhamnose, and the Cps2E product (undecaprenyl pyrophosphate glucose) generated a new product, which was consistent with lipid-linked glucose-rhamnose. cps2T, cps2F, and cps2I deletion mutants produced no detectable capsule, but trace amounts of capsule were detectable in Δcps2G mutants, suggesting that Cps2G adds a nonbackbone sugar. All Δcps2F, Δcps2G, and Δcps2I mutants contained different secondary suppressor mutations in cps2E, indicating that the initial mutations were lethal in the absence of reduced repeat unit synthesis. Δcps2T mutants did not contain secondary mutations affecting capsule synthesis. The requirement for secondary mutations in mutants lacking Cps2F, Cps2G, and Cps2I indicates that these activities occur downstream of the committed step in capsule synthesis and reveal that Cps2T catalyzes this step. Therefore, Cps2T is the β1-4 rhamnosyltransferase that adds the second sugar to the repeat unit and, as the committed step in type 2 repeat unit synthesis, is predicted to be an important point of capsule regulation.
The Exit Place of Brownian Motion in the Complement of a Horn

Consider the domain lying outside a horn. We determine asymptotics of the logarithm of the chance that Brownian motion in the domain has a large exit place. For a certain class of horns, the behavior is given explicitly in terms of the geometry of the domain. We show that for some horns the behavior depends on the dimension, whereas for other horns, it does not. Analytically, the result is equivalent to estimating the harmonic measure of the part of the domain lying outside a cylinder with large diameter.
Experimental verification and algorithm of a multi-robot cooperative control method

In this paper, we consider a multi-robot cooperative control problem via a robust consensus tracking algorithm. The main objective of this paper is to develop and implement a multi-robot formation control testbed and use it to verify the effectiveness of a cooperative control algorithm developed in our recent work. In the robust consensus tracking algorithm, an observer is developed to identify the disturbances and uncertainties in the information dynamics, and a consensus law is developed based on this observer to enable the robots reach a consensus on their understanding of the reference trajectory. A low-level motion controller is then used to control the robots to track their desired trajectories computed from the consensus value. In the experimental development, a group of wheeled mobile robots achieve a global behavior (e.g., track a time-varying desired trajectory) while maintaining a formation. The desired reference trajectory is only provided to a small group of leading robots.
The Desire‐Frustration Theory of Suspense

at creating suspense. According to Hitchcock, the key to the most effective method of arousing suspense is to give the audience some crucial information that the characters lack. This certainly is not the only technique for creating suspense, but it is an extremely effective one. We find it in most of Hitchcock's films and in almost every movie in the suspense genre. For instance, in Rear Window (1954) Lisa (Grace Kelly) breaks into the apartment across the way in search of evidence to incriminate a suspected murderer. Hitchcock allows the audience to see the killer enter his apartment, unbeknown to Lisa, who is hunting through the bedroom. The scene is one of the most sus-
A short synthesis of koniamborine, a naturally occurring pyrano[3,2-b]indole

An expedient synthesis of the alkaloid koniamborine, the only to date isolated naturally occurring pyrano[3,2-b]indole is presented. The key pyrano[3,2-b]indole forming step is a palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heteroannulation of 2-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-(4H)-pyrane-4-one.
Deficient Natural Killer Dendritic Cell Responses Underlay the Induction of Theiler’s Virus-Induced Autoimmunity

ABSTRACT The initiating events in autoimmune disease remain to be completely understood, but it is thought that genetic predisposition synergizes with “environmental” factors, including viral infection, leading to disease. One elegant animal model used to study the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis that perfectly blends genetics and environmental components in the context of virus-induced autoimmunity is Theiler9s murine encephalitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). TMEV-infected disease-susceptible SJL/J mice develop a persistent central nervous system (CNS) infection and later develop autoimmune demyelination, while disease-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice rapidly clear the infection and develop no autoimmune pathology. Mice of the (B6 × SJL/J)F 1 cross between these two mouse strains are classified as intermediately susceptible. We employed this model to investigate if rapid virus clearance in B6 versus SJL/J mice was perhaps related to differences in the innate immune response in the CNS of the two strains in the first few days following intracerebral virus inoculation. Here we show that SJL/J mice lack, in addition to NK cells, a novel innate immune subset known as natural killer dendritic cells (NKDCs), which express phenotypic markers (CD11c int NK1.1 + ) and functional activity of both NK cells and DCs. These NKDCs are activated in the periphery and migrate into the infected CNS in a very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)-dependent fashion. Most significantly, NKDCs are critical for CNS clearance of TMEV, as transfer of NKDCs purified from B6 mice into TMEV-IDD-susceptible (B6 × SJL/J)F 1 mice promotes viral clearance. Together the findings of this work show for the first time a link between NKDCs, viral infection, and CNS autoimmunity. IMPORTANCE Viral infection is an important cofactor, along with genetic susceptibility, in the initiation of a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Thus, in-depth understanding of how virus infections trigger autoimmunity may lead to novel ways to prevent or treat these diseases. Theiler9s murine encephalitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) serves as an important model for the human T cell-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Induction of TMEV-IDD is genetically controlled as SJL/J mice develop persistent central nervous system (CNS) infection leading to chronic autoimmune demyelination, while C57BL/6 mice rapidly clear virus and are disease resistant. We determined that, as opposed to resistant B6 mice, disease-susceptible SJL/J mice lacked a unique innate immune population, the natural killer dendritic cell (NKDC), which was shown to play a critical role in early CNS virus clearance via its ability to both present virus antigen to T cells and to lyse target cells.
Deep Brain Stimulation Frequency Modulation in Parkinson's Disease - One Size May Not Fit All

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapeutic modality for patients with Parkinson’s Disease who have developed complications from longstanding levodopa such as dyskinesias and motor fluctuations. It produces robust responses to segmental symptoms (ie, bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity) while attenuating involuntary dyskinetic movements and smoothing out ‘on’ and ‘off’ period cycling. The subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus interna are widely accepted surgical targets for stimulation therapy, with STN more commonly used, though superiority has not been established [1-4]. Long-term outcome studies reveal sustained stable responses to rigidity, tremor, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias among patients with bilateral DBS, mostly STN based [3,5-7]. Bradykinesia improvement also persisted but trended upwards as time went on, though remaining below preoperative baseline. Axial symptoms such as gait, postural stability, freezing of gait, and speech oftentimes transiently responded to stimulation and continued to deteriorate over time. Despite many of the DBS outcome studies having been conducted in patients with short disease duration, Merola and colleagues [8] described the development of progressive axial symptoms in patients treated with STN-DBS with more than 20 years disease duration. These symptoms globally lose any levodopa responsiveness and the synergism of stimulation ON/medication ON condition wanes as well, underscoring the likely contribution of nondopaminergic systems in their phenotype.