cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Time and Diffusion Lesion Size in Major Anterior Circulation Ischemic Strokes”

Dai et al suggest that our findings may be explained, in part, by the tendency of patients with less severe symptoms to present later and those with more severe symptoms to present earlier is attractive and plausible. If true, it would be expected that there would be an inverse relationship between patient National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and time of presentation at the hospital. To test this hypothesis, we performed a regression analysis between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and time that the patient was imaged after stroke onset in the 139 patients of the prospective cohort. No significant correlation was found between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and time ( P =0.88 and R 2=0.00). Although we cannot completely exclude this possibility, it is not supported by the data. We agree with …
Mechanism of ACTH action

Abstract ACTH regulates both the differentiated function (steroidogenesis) and the growth and replicative potential of the adrenal cortex. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) serves as the mediator of ACTH action within the cell. The binding of cAMP to its specific receptor activates a protein phosphokinase enzyme with resultant phosphorylation and altered function of several important substrates. The regulation of steroidogenesis requires protein synthesis and affects the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step under hormonal control. In normal adrenal cortical tissue, ACTH stimulates DNA synthesis and replication, and in a functional adrenal tumor in tissue culture, ACTH inhibits DNA synthesis and replication. ACTH and cAMP thus appear to direct the adrenal cell toward the differentiated, maximally functional state.
Role of central nervous system neurotransmitters in mediating the effects of morphine on growth hormone-and prolactin-secretion in the rat

Abstract Unanesthetized adult male rats with indwelling right atrial cannulae were used in the majority of experiments. Morphine (MOR, 3.0 mg/kg) caused a large but transient increase in both GH and PRL levels, which could be prevented with naloxone. Disruption of central noradrenergic function with diethyldithiocarbamate (400 mg/kg) or phenoxybenzamine (15 mg/kg) abolished the GH-releasing effect of MOR, without interfering with the PRL secretory response. Depletion of brain serotonin stores withp-chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or administration of serotonin receptor blocker, cyproheptadine (2.5 mg/kg), did not diminish the GH response to MOR but it inhibited, or in the case of 5,7-DHT treatment abolished the activation of PRL secretion. Additionally, metergoline (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), another serotonin receptor blocker, caused an inhibition of the GH-releasing action of MOR; however, this inhibition was reversed by pretreatment with spiroperidol (0.1 mg/kg). Metergoline also markedly diminished the MOR-induced elevation of PRL. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis withα-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MT, 250 mg/kg) blunted the effect of MOR on GH; however, dopamine receptor blockers, spiroperidol (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) or (+)butaclamol (0.3 and 1.3 mg/kg), were without any influence. α-MT or spiroperidol did not alter the effect of MOR on PRL secretion, but the higher dose of (+)butaclamol suppressed it. It is concluded that the GH-releasing action of MOR requires unimpaired functioning of the central noradrenergic system, while the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems appear to play no significant role in it. In contrast, serotonergic systems seem to be essential for the activation of PRL secretion, whereas the noradrenergic system is not involved. It remains uncertain whether morphine activates PRL secretion also through inhibition of dopaminergic activity. We favor the view that the dopaminergic component participates in the PRL activation by MOR, but that its contribution to the overall effect is rather small.
Observations and Simulations of Formation of Broad Plasma Depletions Through Merging Process

Broad plasma depletions in the equatorial ionosphere near dawn are region in which the plasma density is reduced by 1-3 orders of magnitude over thousands of kilometers in longitude. This phenomenon is observed repeatedly by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during deep solar minimum. The plasma flow inside the depletion region can be strongly upward. The possible causal mechanism for the formation of broad plasma depletions is that the broad depletions result from merging of multiple equatorial plasma bubbles. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of the merging mechanism with new observations and simulations. We present C/NOFS observations for two cases. A series of plasma bubbles is first detected by C/NOFS over a longitudinal range of 3300-3800 km around midnight. Each of the individual bubbles has a typical width of approx 100 km in longitude, and the upward ion drift velocity inside the bubbles is 200-400 m/s. The plasma bubbles rotate with the Earth to the dawn sector and become broad plasma depletions. The observations clearly show the evolution from multiple plasma bubbles to broad depletions. Large upward plasma flow occurs inside the depletion region over 3800 km in longitude and exists for approx 5 h. We also present the numerical simulations of bubble merging with the physics-based low-latitude ionospheric model. It is found that two separate plasma bubbles join together and form a single, wider bubble. The simulations show that the merging process of plasma bubbles can indeed occur in incompressible ionospheric plasma. The simulation results support the merging mechanism for the formation of broad plasma depletions.
Note on activities in atmospheric‐electric investigations

The only matters needing report in connection with my activities in atmospheric electricity are briefly noted in the following paragraphs. (1) I have developed a theory which is explained in its title as follows: A Modification of the Electromagnetic Equations consistent with restricted relativity and providing a possible explanation of the origin of the Earth's, electric charge, of the Earth's magnetic field, and of gravitation. This paper was published in abstract form towards the end of my paper on “The Earth's Electric and Magnetic Phenomena,” in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for February, 1926. It is now in process of publication in extended form in the Philosophical Magazine. It will also appear in the publication of the papers presented at the International Mathematical Congress in Toronto a couple of years ago.
The Topological Nature of Boundary Value Problems for Force-Free Magnetic Fields

The difficulties of constructing a three-dimensional, continuous force-free magnetic field in the solar corona are investigated through a boundary value problem posed for the unbounded domain external to a unit sphere. The normal field component Bn and the boundary value αb of the twist function α on the unit sphere, combined with the demand for a vanishing field at infinity, do constitute sufficient conditions for determining a solution if it exists, but Bn and αb cannot be prescribed independently. An exhaustive classification of the admissible (Bn,αb)-pairs is developed, using the topological properties of the α flux surfaces implied by their footprints described by the constant-αb curves on the unit sphere. The incompatibilities arising from boundary conditions contradicting the field equations are distinguished from the interesting one of (Bn,αb) being, in principle, admissible but requiring a weak solution describing a force-free field containing inevitable magnetic tangential discontinuities. This particular incompatibility relates the boundary value problem to the Parker theory of spontaneous current sheets in magnetic fields embedded in electrically perfectly conducting fluids. Our investigation strategically skirts around some important but formidable mathematical problems to arrive at physically definite conclusions and insights on the construction of force-free fields, both in the practical task of modeling coronal magnetic fields with magnetopolarimetric data and in the basic understanding of the Parker theory. Two specific demonstrations of (Bn,αb) are given to illustrate circumstances under which a continuous solution to the boundary value may or may not exist.
The effect of dichloroacetate on the phosphorylation of mitochondria proteins

Succinyl-CoA synthetase and the alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase are phosphorylated after incubation of mitochondria from brain, heart, and liver with [gamma-32P]ATP. Dichloroacetate, a known specific inhibitor for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, inhibits not only the phosphate incorporation into the alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase but also the autophosphorylation of succinyl-CoA synthetase. AMP also inhibits the phosphorylation of both proteins. Phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria is significantly lower than in mitochondria from other tissues.
Enzymatic assay technique for the determination of aspartame

Abstract An enzymatic assay technique was developed for the determination of the artificial sweetener aspartame. The peptide bond of aspartame was first cleaved by peptidase to release aspartic acid. In the presence of α-ketoglutarate, aspartic acid was then transaminated by aspartate aminotransferase to glutamate. The reaction was monitored by following the oxygen consumption during the enzymatic oxidation of glutamate by glutamate oxidase. A linear relationship between oxygen consumption and aspartame concentration up to 200 μM was obtained. The assay technique was applicable to the determination of aspartame in a variety of dietary food products. The results obtained agreed well with those determined by liquid chromatography and those reported by the product manufacturers.
Inferring Selection in Partially Sequenced Regions

A common approach for identifying loci influenced by positive selection involves scanning large portions of the genome for regions that are inconsistent with the neutral equilibrium model or represent outliers relative to the empirical distribution of some aspect of the data. Once identified, partial sequence is generated spanning this more localized region in order to quantify the site-frequency spectrum and evaluate the data with tests of neutrality and selection. This method is widely used as partial sequencing is less expensive with regard to both time and money. Here, we demonstrate that this approach can lead to biased maximum likelihood estimates of selection parameters and reduced rejection rates, with some parameter combinations resulting in clearly misleading results. Most significantly, for a commonly used sample size in Drosophila population genetics (i.e., n = 12), the estimate of the target of selection has a large mean square error and the strength of selection is severely under estimated when the true selected site has not been sampled. We propose sequencing approaches that are much more likely to accurately localize the target and estimate the strength of selection. Additionally, we examine the performance of a commonly used test of selection under a variety of recurrent and single sweep models.
Immunomodulatory therapy for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: changing patterns of use, 1990–2000

OBJECTIVE: To identify changes over the past decade in physicians’ attitudes regarding the use of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we surveyed the membership of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and compared the responses to those from an identical survey performed in 1990. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to 718 physicians in January, 2000. All surveys returned by mid-February were analyzed, and results compared to those obtained in the 1990 survey. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent (278/718) of surveys were returned, compared to 27% (105/385) in 1990. Overall, 93% of the current survey’s respondents agreed with the statement “immunomodulatory agents are effective in the treatment of children and adolescents with IBD.” Compared to 1990, significant increases (p < 0.0001) were noted in the percentage of respondents who prescribe immunomodulatory agents to children with all forms of IBD. Indications for immunomodulation that showed significant increases (p < 0.001) since 1990 included treatment of perianal and nonperianal fistulae; growth failure; use as initial, primary therapy; and use as prophylaxis against postoperative recurrence. 6-Mercaptopurine and azathioprine continue to be the agents prescribed by the greatest percentage of respondents. More physicians are willing to use immunomodulatory agents in children younger than 5 yr, and duration of use is longer than in 1990. Currently, physicians seem to favor the use of immunomodulatory agents over colectomy for children with either intractable ulcerative or Crohn’s colitis. Most respondents remain concerned about potential bone marrow and immune suppression, but concerns regarding malignancy, teratogenicity, and infertility have lessened. CONCLUSION: These survey findings document that pediatric gastroenterologists have widely accepted the use of immunomodulators in the treatment of children and adolescents with IBD.
Characterizing the mechanical contribution of fiber angular distribution in connective tissue: comparison of two modeling approaches

Modeling of connective tissues often includes collagen fibers explicitly as one of the components. These fibers can be oriented in many directions; therefore, several studies have considered statistical distributions to describe the fiber arrangement. One approach to formulate a constitutive framework for distributed fibers is to express the mechanical parameters, such as strain energy and stresses, in terms of angular integrals. These integrals represent the addition of the contribution of infinitesimal fractions of fibers oriented in a given direction. This approach leads to accurate results; however, it requires lengthy calculations. Recently, the use of generalized structure tensors has been proposed to represent the angular distribution in the constitutive equations of the fibers. Although this formulation is much simpler and fewer calculations are required, such structure tensors can only be used when all the fibers are in tension and the angular distribution is small. However, the amount of error introduced in these cases of non-tensile fiber loading and large angular distributions have not been quantified. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the range of values of angular distribution for which acceptable differences (less than 10%) between these two formulations are obtained. It was found, analytically and numerically, that both formulations are equivalent for planar distributions under equal-biaxial stretch. The comparison also showed, for other loading conditions, that the differences decrease when the fiber distribution is very small. Differences of less than 10% were usually obtained when the fiber distribution was very low (κ ≈ 0.03; κ ranges between 0 and 1/3, for aligned and isotropic distributed fibers, respectively). This range of angular distribution greatly limits the types of tissue that can be accurately analyzed using generalized structure tensors. It is expected that the results from this study guide the selection of a proper approach to analyze a particular tissue under a particular loading condition.
Detecting multiple levels of effect during survey sampling using a Bayesian approach: Point prevalence estimates of a hantavirus in hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

Abstract Interpreting the results of survey samples of animals for zoonotic agents can be confounded by factors acting at various levels of scale. It is difficult to control for the numbers or characteristics of individuals surveyed even with standardized sampling. The survey results at any site may reflect the impact of individual level (e.g. age, gender) factors, local environmental conditions, and landscape structure. Incorporating these different scales to characterize more accurately prevalence estimates from survey results is problematic. We propose an empirical Bayesian format to deal with these factors and demonstrate the approach by modeling estimates of Black Creek Canal Virus infection prevalence (as determined by prevalence of antibodies) among local populations of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) trapped in Dade County, Florida. Trapping was conducted at 110 sites for three nights using a standard protocol. A total of 1042 hispid cotton rats were captured (range 0–51 per site). A succession of Bayesian models was fit to identify variables that improved estimates of site-specific prevalences. At the individual level, both weight and sex were significant predictors of infection. Features of the local landscape, inferred from a LANDSAT image of the region, such as vegetation type and thermal indices, were also associated with increased likelihood of infection. Isolation of a trap site from suitable hispid cotton rat habitat was correlated with decreased prevalence. Finally, a spatially distributed intercept term showed regions of higher or lower than normal risk not explained by other variables. This suggests the rat populations near those sites may have been geographically connected to each other and/or disconnected from other sites.
The sun always rises: Scientists also need semantics

Penn et al. do not demonstrate Darwin made a mistake, because they largely ignore the semantics underlying the meanings of “degree” and “kind.” An analysis based on the work of Mortimer Adler shows such terminology conflates at least three different meanings of “kind,” only one of which challenges Darwin – and one which the authors almost certainly would reject. We must also admit that there is a much wider interval in mental power between one of the lowest fishes, as a lamprey or lancelet, and one of the higher apes, than between an ape and man; yet this immense interval is filled with numberless gradations. ;> — Charles Darwin (1871, p. 35) The distance between man and ape is greater than the distance between ape and ameba. ;> — William Gaylin (1990, p. 8)
Evidence for a substrate-mediated change in conformation of rabbit muscle aldolase☆

Abstract Several ligands, including fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and substrate analogues, such as hexitol diphosphate, are effective in protecting muscle aldolase against digestion by carboxypeptidase. Several lines of evidence suggest that the conformational change affecting the carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residues is mediated by interaction of the ligands with the 6-phosphate binding site of the enzyme. (1) The dissociation constants for phosphate esters, based on protection against the action of carboxypeptidase, were found to be comparable to the values in the literature for the dissociation constant for phosphate at the 6-phosphate binding site of the enzyme. (2) β-Glycerophosphate aldolase is as sensitive to carboxypeptidase as is the native enzyme, and both are protected to the same extent by hexitol diphosphate or inorganic phosphate against digestion by carboxypeptidase. (3) The modified enzyme formed when aldolase is allowed to react with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the absence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is markedly resistant to digestion by carboxypeptidase. Support is provided for a reaction mechanism in which the 3-phosphate group of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (or 6-phosphate of fructose 1,6-diphosphate) enhances the nucleophilic character of a group at the active center. The presence of the carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residue is essential for the integrity of this structure. The present results may serve to explain the anomaly which has existed between the number of subunits, the number of active sites, and carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residues in rabbit muscle aldolase.
Statistical theory aids inference in scientometrics

Laboratory size may affect the number of scientific publications per capita. However, no analysis I have seen of my data or of other data has demonstrated the existence of such an effect convincingly.
Efficient computational methods for accurately predicting reduction potentials of organic molecules.

A simple computational approach for predicting ground-state reduction potentials based upon gas phase geometry optimizations at a moderate level of density functional theory followed by single-point energy calculations at higher levels of theory in the gas phase or with polarizable continuum solvent models is described. Energies of the gas phase optimized geometries of the S0 and one-electron-reduced D0 states of 35 planar aromatic organic molecules spanning three distinct families of organic photooxidants are computed in the gas phase as well as well in implicit solvent with IPCM and CPCM solvent models. Correlation of the D0 − S0 energy difference (essentially an electron affinity) with experimental reduction potentials from the literature (in acetonitrile vs SCE) within a single family, or across families when solvent models are used, yield correlations with r2 values in excess of 0.97 and residuals of about 100 mV or less, without resorting to computationally expensive vibrational calculations or ther...
Determination of quark mass ratios from Kl3 decay

Abstract Rigorous bounds on K l 3 spectral functions with up to two substractions are used in order to test the hypothesis m u = 0 Results strongly support an earlier proof, based on a no-subtraction assumption, which shows that the non-renormalization theorem is badly violated if m u = 0. Also, a relation between the K l 3 ± scalar form factor and the quark mass ratio m u / m s is obtained in the soft pion limit. Predictions from this relation are then discussed and compared with other estimates based on the baryon and meson spectra and the η →3 π decay.
On Avoiding the Fate of the League of Semi-Superheroes: Consumer Psychology and Heroic Research

Consumer psychologists should strive for superhero status. This entails not simply “doing good work,” but doing good work that matters and disseminating the results of that work to those who need it most. Throughout the evidence-gathering and dissemination process, the members of our league face the peril of becoming semi-superheroes. Heroic avoidance of this peril is recommended.
The Effects of Nozzle Configuration and Coolant Flow Rate on Spray Evaporative Cooling in a Multi-Chip Module Using FC-72

With the power levels of computers constantly rising, the cooling of the die is becoming more challenging. One method of heat removal that can handle high heat fluxes and is still compact in size is Spray Evaporative Cooling (SEC). SEC, in this instance, uses arrays of nozzles to deliver a fluorinert cooling fluid, FC-72, to the die surface, and in the right conditions, a thin liquid film will form. This thin film allows for very high heat removal. Saturating the FC-72 with nitrogen enhances the effect. The characteristics of the spray greatly affect the behavior of the film. The critical heat flux (CHF), heat transfer coefficient of the system, and the variation in temperature on the die surface are important characteristics of an SEC system that must be considered. This study presents results of experiments performed to determine the effect of the number of spray nozzles on these quantities.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Using action research to challenge stereotypes: A case study of boys’ education work in Australia

Action research has a long history of focus on social justice. This article examines such a project, a grant-funded action research project in Australia designed for a group of 14 teachers to study boys’ writing and their attitudes about writing. I argue that action research was a crucial methodology to help the participating teachers frame boys’ education issues as nuanced and complex from the beginning, and they were thus able to look past overgeneralizations and stereotypes that circulate in the media and popular books about boys. I list some of these stereotypes and then compare them to the teachers’ action research findings. Finally, I explore implications for action research educators and project directors.
Prognostic signs and the management of the mycosis fungoides.

A total of 132 patients with biopsy-proven mycosis fungoides were treated by total skin irradiation with 2.5 MeV electrons. In 58% a complete remission of cutaneous manifestations was observed. The rate of complete remission was dose-dependent and was inversely dependent on the extent of disease. Fourteen patients had disease-free survivals of 3–14 years following a single course of treatment, and may be considered as cured. Fifty-six patients died, 52% of whom succumbed to extracutaneous involvement with disease. Extracutaneous involvement correlated with the extent of skin involvement, and with the presence of initial lymphadenopathy, and was associated with poor prognosis. A new staging classification is proposed which provides a rational basis for the introduction of new treatment modalities for the management of mycosis fungoides patients.
FOXO1 Transrepresses Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Transactivation, Coordinating an Insulin-induced Feed-forward Response in Adipocytes

The transcriptional factor FoxO1 plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis. Herein we identify a novel transrepressional function that converts FoxO1 from an activator of transcription to a promoter-specific repressor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) target genes that regulate adipocyte biology. FoxO1 transrepresses PPARγ via direct protein-protein interactions; it is recruited to PPAR response elements (PPRE) on PPARγ target genes by PPARγ bound to PPRE and interferes with promoter DNA occupancy of the receptor. The FoxO1 transrepressional function, which is independent and dissectible from the transactivational effects, does not require a functional FoxO1 DNA binding domain, but dose require an evolutionally conserved 31 amino acids LXXLL-containing domain. Insulin induces FoxO1 phosphorylation and nuclear exportation, which prevents FoxO1-PPARγ interactions and rescues transrepression. Adipocytes from insulin resistant mice show reduced phosphorylation and increased nuclear accumulation of FoxO1, which is coupled to lowered expression of endogenous PPARγ target genes. Thus the innate FoxO1 transrepression function enables insulin to augment PPARγ activity, which in turn leads to insulin sensitization, and this feed-forward cycle represents positive reinforcing connections between insulin and PPARγ signaling.
Campaign finances and political platforms: The economics of political controversy*

One implication of the widely used median voter model is that candidates have little to gain by disagreement. Apart from some epsilon of controversy necessary to demonstrate which candidate is closer to the median voter position in the policy dimension in question, votes are maximized by taking essentially identical position. This is true at the Nash-median voter equilibrium and is true away from equilibrium. As a consequence, two candidate competition within one dimensional policy domain is expected to generate considerable agreement about appropriate policy. We do, in fact, observe that in many elections candidate positions converge to very similar positions on matters of broad concern. It is largely this convergence that gives the median voter model its considerable credence in spite of the fragility of the underlying theory. On the other hand, the convergence is rarely as complete as might have been expected, and there are elections where candidates take substantively different positions. This paper explores the extent to which the campaign contributions of politically active groups may draw candidates away from the median voter position as candidate seek funds to run effective election campaigns. Candidates gener
A brief review of lyophilization damage and repair in bacterial preparations.

Abstract The principal concern of those responsible for the maintenance of culture collections has been to preserve viability, but nonlethal damage should not be ignored. Whether disruption of any element of a cell is nonlethal depends on the ability of the cell to repair the damage. Subsequent repair of DNA damage can lead to mutation. The protective effect of additives, as measured by survival after lyophilized cultures are reconstituted, sometimes depends upon the interval between making the addition and freezing. A rhythmic variation in the extent of viability has been observed, but increases in number of viable cells cannot be attributed to a repair mechanism. Instead, the changes in survival appear to be associated with a physiological condition of the cell at the instant of freezing. Virulence is generally maintained by lyophilized bacteria, but when stored cultures of Y. pestis were assayed immediately after reconstitution, virulence for mice was significantly reduced (as many as 4000 cells per 50% lethal dose). The virulence could be fully restored by holding reconstituted cultures for 24 hr at room temperature, or by subculture in fresh media. Obviously, the injury induced by lyophilization and storage is not to the DNA.
Surface Heating Greenhouses: A Parametric Analysis

Surface heating is the application of warm water to the outside surface of a greenhouse to reduce conventional heating requirements. A computer model was used to predict the energy cost savings resulting from surface heating. The effects of water flow rate, water temperature, greenhouse temperature, pumping head, unit cost of pumping energy and unit cost of heating energy were studied for four U.S. locations. The results will help designers decide whether surface heating is a viable option for their design conditions, and help them select the optimum water flow. Higher heating energy costs, lower pumping energy costs, higher water temperatures, and colder locations all produce higher energy cost savings for surface heating.
Accessible chiral linker to enhance potency and selectivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

The three important mammalian isozymes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Inhibitors of nNOS show promise as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Eight easily-synthesized compounds containing either one (20a,b) or two (9a-d; 15a,b) 2-amino-4-methylpyridine groups with a chiral pyrrolidine linker were designed as selective nNOS inhibitors. Inhibitor 9c is the best of these compounds, having a potency of 9.7 nM and dual selectivity of 693 and 295 against eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures of nNOS complexed with either 9a or 9c show a double-headed binding mode, where each 2-aminopyridine head group interacts with either a nNOS active site Glu residue or a heme propionate. In addition, the pyrrolidine nitrogen of 9c contributes additional hydrogen bonds to the heme propionate, resulting in a unique binding orientation. In contrast, the lack of hydrogen bonds from the pyrrolidine of 9a to the heme propionate allows the inhibitor to adopt two different binding orientations. Both 9a and 9c bind to eNOS in a single-headed mode, which is the structural basis for the isozyme selectivity.
Mendelian inheritance and variation of four microsatellite DNA markers in the yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares

Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, National Research, Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-8633, Metocean Environment Inc., Shida, Shizuoka 421-0212, Overseas Fishery Cooperation foundation, Minato, Tokyo 107-0052, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan, Achotines Laboratory, Inter-American, Tropical Tuna Commission, Las Tabas, Provincia los Santos, Republic of Panama and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jola, CA 92037, USA
Host-Guest Interactions of Inorganic Phosphates with the Copper(II) Complexes of the Hexaaza Macrocyclic Ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23-Hexaazatricyclo[23.3.1.1(11,15)]triaconta-1(29),11(30),12,14,25,27-hexaene.

The host-guest interactions between ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate anions and the mono and dinuclear copper(II) complexes of the hexaaza macrocyclic ligand BMXD (3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaazatricyclo[23.3.1.1(11,15)]triaconta-1(29),11(30),12,14,25,27-hexaene) were investigated by potentiometric equilibrium methods. Ternary complexes are formed in aqueous solution as a result of coordinate bonding, hydrogen bond formation, and Coulombic attraction between the host and guest. Formation constants for all the species found are reported. The dinuclear copper(II) complexes of BMXD show strong selectivity for pyrophosphate ions in the presence of orthophosphate ions over the whole p[H] range; the pyrophosphate/tripolyphosphate selectivity is p[H] dependent. The dinuclear copper(II) complex of BMXD, (Cu(2)-BMXD)(SO(4))(2), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn, with a = 15.73(2) A, b = 20.27(1) A, c = 9.045(5) A, and Z = 4. The sulfate counterions are found to bridge the copper(II) ions in adjacent molecules leading to an extended polymeric structure.
Human disturbance and patterns of fish species diversity in the San Francisco Bay drainage, California

Abstract One hundred and seventy-five streams within the basin of San Francisco Bay were sampled in summer 1981 to determine patterns of fish distribution and abundance. The species pool contains a small number of native species (11), many endemic, complemented by a larger number of exotic fishes (20), introduced primarily from the large riverine systems of the middle and eastern United States. Based on a scaled rating of 0–5, habitats of intermediate human disturbance (ratings 2 and 3) were found to have the most diverse fish fauna (eH'). Undisturbed streams contained no exotic species, while an abundance of a few exotic fishes was found in the most severely disturbed stream sections. These observed patterns of fish diversity conform to recent non-equilibrium models of species diversity.
On the Location of the Frets on the Guitar.

In [1] J. M. Barbour presented an ingenious discussion of an approximate construction of the location of the frets on a guitar for the so-called equpl temperament due to the Swedish musicologist D. P. Strahle (1743). The present author was the referee of Barbour's paper [1] and contributed two short footnotes on page 7 of [1]. The purpose of the present note is to present Barbour's analysis in the light of these footnotes.
3D Medical Images Registration Based on GPU Parallel Computing

Real time 3D medical image registration method is key technology of medical image processing, especially in surgical operation navigation. However, current 3D medical image registration methods are time-consuming, which can’t meet the real time requirement of clinical application. To solve this problem, this paper presented a high performance computational method based on CUDA ( Compute Unified Device Architecture), which took full advantage of GPU parallel computing under CUDA architecture combined with image multiple scale and maximum mutual information to make fast registration of three dimensional medical image. Experiments showed that this algorithm can greatly accelerate the computational speed of registration of three dimensional medical image, and meet the real time requirement of clinical application.
Synthesis of tetrahydroxybiphenyls and tetrahydroxyterphenyls and their evaluation as amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors.

Abstract 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxybiphenyl and three isomeric 3,3″,4,4″-tetrahydroxyterphenyls with varying geometries around the central phenyl ring have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activity against aggregation of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Results from Congo red spectral-shift assays reveal that all four compounds successfully inhibit association of Aβ monomers. For the tetrahydroxyterphenyls, efficacy varies with linker geometry: the ortho-arrangement affords the most successful inhibition and the para-geometry the least, perhaps due to differing abilities of these compounds to bind Aβ. Of the four small molecules studied, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybiphenyl is the most effective inhibitor, reducing Aβ aggregation by 50% when present in stoichiometric concentrations.
Feeding Activity and Mortality of Permethrin-Resistant and Susceptible Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Soybean Foliage Treated with Insecticide

Third and fifth instar soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), from three field strains resistant to permethrin and a susceptible laboratory strain were exposed individually to untreated soybean leaflets or leaflets treated with field rates of permethrin, thiodicarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (var. kurstaki ). Leaf area was measured before a larva was placed on a leaflet. Leaf area and mortality were measured 24, 48, and 72 h after a larva was exposed to treated and untreated foliage. Mortality of permethrin-resistant larvae on foliage treated with permethrin was significantly lower than that observed for susceptible larvae. Thiodicarb and B. thuringiensis were equally effective against permethrin-resistant and susceptible larvae after 72 h, but mortality was delayed with resistant larvae. All insecticide treatments significantly reduced leaf area consumption by both permethrin-resistant and susceptible larvae regardless of instar, compared with consumption when they fed on untreated foliage. However, permethrin-resistant third and fifth instars consumed significantly more foliage treated with permethrin compared with any other larvae on treated foliage in most experiments. Reductions in consumption by resistant larvae on foliage treated with permethrin ranged from 42 to 68% and 55 to 76% for third and fifth instars, respectively, compared with consumption on untreated foliage.
Characterization of arachidonic acid metabolism in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic (WHHL) and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit aortas

WHHL rabbits develop progressive atherosclerosis. There are no visible signs of the disease at 1 month, however, by 12 months, the formation of aortic plaques is extensive. This study characterized arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in 1 and 12 month old WHHL and NZW rabbit aortas. Vessels incubated with 14C-AA and A23187 metabolized AA to a number of oxygenated products as identified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The major AA metabolites produced by WHHL and NZW aortas were 6-keto PGF1 alpha, PGE2, 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). The structures of the HETEs were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Indomethacin blocked the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) but not HETEs whereas ETYA, NDGA or removal of the endothelium attenuated the production of both PGs and HETEs. Measurement of 6-keto PGF1 alpha, 12- and 15-HETE by specific radioimmunoassays indicated that as the rabbits aged and as atherosclerosis progressed, aortas lost the ability to synthesize 6-keto PGF1 alpha and 15-HETE. Prior to the development of atherosclerosis, 1 month old WHHL aortas produced 70% less 15-HETE than did NZW aortas. Atherosclerotic aortas from 12 month old WHHLs synthesized 60% less 6-keto PGF1 alpha during stimulation with AA or A23187 than did 12 month old NZW aortas. We conclude that the development and expression of atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits impairs the ability of aortas to metabolize AA to both PGs and HETEs.
Retaining Open Space with Purchasable Development Rights Programs

This paper examines the preservation of farmland through purchasable development rights. In a comparison of the estimated costs and benefits associated with the development of open space from 1982 to 1992, we show that these programs may provide a net benefit to society. An econometric model is employed to address the question of what factors explain both the creation of these programs and the magnitude of farmland preservation. Elasticity measures derived from the model indicate that a wide range of ecological and sociological variables are important in explaining the activity in purchasable development rights programs.
Biochemistry of the developing rat brain. I. Soluble enzymes in isolated neonatal brain nuclei.

Abstract A procedure is described for the isolation of neonatal rat-brain nuclei free of debris using a Triton X-100-sucrose medium for homogenization to facilitate removal of erythrocytes and cytoplasmic organelles. The isolated nuclei swell in water without rupture indicating that the nuclear membranes were intact. To rupture these nuclei it was necessary to use 1 M Tris buffer. Assays of the nuclear extracts established the presence of the glycolytic enzymes. Thus, generation of ATP from ADP occurs by the action of triose phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase. Adenylate kinase and ATPase were also present in these extracts, which suggests that they act as a means for maintaining the required levels of adenosine mono- and polyphosphates in the nuclei. NADP-isocitric dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase were also found in the nuclear extracts, however, their role in nuclear metabolism is unknown.
The CLOTHO project: predicting application utility

When using the computer, each user has some notion that "these applications are important" at a given point in time. We term this subset of applications that the user values as high-utility applications. Identifying high-utility applications is a critical first step for Task Analysis, Time Management/Workflow analysis, and Interruption research. However, existing techniques fail to identify at least 57% of these applications. Our work directly associates measurable computer interaction (CPU consumption, window area, etc.) with the user's perceived application utility without identifying task. In this paper, we present an objective utility function that accurately predicts the user's subjective impressions of application importance, improving existing techniques by 53%. This model of computer usage is based upon 321 hours of real-world data from 22 users (both professional and academic). Unlike existing approaches, our model is not limited by a pre-existing set of applications or known tasks. We conclude with a discussion of the direct implications for improving accuracy in the fields of interruptions, task analysis, and time management systems.
Conceptualizing Racism and Its Subtle Forms

Many people are talking about being in a post-racial era, which implies that we have overcome race and racism. Their argument is based on the fact that manyof the virulent manifestations of racism are not prevalent today. I argue that racism is not seen as prevalent today because the commonplace views of racism fail to capture the more subtle and insidious new forms of racism. I critically examine some of these views and indicate that racism, its forms and manifestations have changed over time. As such, racism may not be manifested in the standard obvious negative behaviors that people know and expect, but instead, it is manifested in even positive behaviors that the commonplace views may not identify as racism. I offer a view of racism that captures the new subtle forms of racism today, which are not as harmful and invidious as the older forms. Simply because the new forms of racism are not as obvious or harmful, this does not mean that racism no longer exists.
Plerixafor, a CXCR4 Antagonist, Mitigates Skin Radiation-Induced Injury in Mice

Even with modern 3D conformal treatments skin radiation injury can be an inadvertent complication associated with clinical radiotherapy particularly at tissue folds. It is also of concern in the context of a radiological terrorism incident or accident, since skin irradiation lowers the lethal dose of whole body radiation. We hypothesize that radiation-induced skin injury originates from a loss of stem and progenitor cells, accompanied by excessive ROS production and proinflammatory cytokines. Plerixafor, a CXCR-4 antagonist, is one of the most efficient bone marrow stem cell mobilizers and these studies were designed to experimentally assess the potential of Plerixafor to reduce skin radiation injury. The right hind legs of groups of C57BL/6 mice were exposed to radiation alone or in combination with Plerixafor. Plerixafor was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg given in two doses separated by two days and started either on day 0, 4, 7, 15 or 24 after irradiation. The primary end point was...
Alfonso Reyes y José Moreno Villa en España y México

El hombre de letras y diplomatico Alfonso Reyes en su fructifera decada de residencia madrilena (1914-1924) formo una serie de estrechas amistades l iterarias con varios espanoles que se exiliarian en Mexico a raiz de la Guerra Civil Espanola. Una de las amistades mas interesantes es la que tuvo Reyes con Jose Moreno Villa, poeta y critico literario, pintor y dibujante, historiador del arte. En 1 937 llega Moreno Villa a Mexico, donde se radica definitivamente hasta su muerte en 1955. habiendose casado con la viuda de otro amigo de Reyes (Genaro Estrada), dejando un hijo mexicano. En el intervalo los dos se mantienen en contacto epistolar, y al volver Reyes de Sud america en 1 939 reanudan su amistad activa en una obra de feliz intercambio hispanomexicano. Seguimos el progreso de esta amistad a traves del epistolario conservado en el archivo de Alfonso Reyes.
Response to Vilfan: Constructing structure-based free energy surfaces is the key to understand myosin V unidirectionality

Analyzing the unidirectionality of myosin motors can be futile without the ability to understand, generate, and use the relevant free energy landscapes. An example is the failure of ref. 1 to understand the landscape in ref. 2, which resulted in unjustified arguments. The directionality in ref. 2 should be estimated by comparing the forward (II–III) barrier in figure 5 A of ref. 2 to the backward (IV′–V′) barrier in figure 5 B . Of course, the II–III and other barriers in figure 5 A correspond to milliseconds processes, when one uses the correct frequency factor of ~1012 (forgotten in ref. 1), with a reasonable friction coefficient. More careful analysis can be obtained by running Langevin dynamics … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: warshel{at}usc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Compiler optimization of embedded applications for an adaptive SoC architecture

Adaptive Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (AEPIC) is a stylized form of a reconfigurable system-on-a-chip that is designed to enable compiler control of reconfigurable resources. In this paper, and for the first time, we validate the viability of automating two key optimizations proposed in the AEPIC compilation framework: configuration allocation and configuration scheduling.The AEPIC architecture is comprised of an Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) core coupled with an adaptive fabric and architectural features to support dynamic management of the fabric. We show that this approach to compiler-centric hardware customization, originally proposed by Palem, Talla, Devaney and Wong ([26],[27]), yields speedups with factors from 150% to over 600% for embedded applications, when compared with general purpose and digital signal processor solutions. We also provide a normalized cost analysis for our performance gains, where the normalization is based on the area of silicon required. In addition, we provide an analysis of the AEPIC architectural space, where we identify the "sweet-spot" of performance on the AEPIC architecture by examining the performance across benchmarks and computational resource configurations. Finally, we have a preliminary result for how our compiler-based approach impacts productivity metrics in the development of hardware/software partitioned custom solutions. Our implementation and validation platform is based on the well-known TRIMARAN optimizing compiler infrastructure [13].