cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Feed Efficiency on the Phosphorus Requirement for Growth and Bone Calcification in the Chick

Abstract EVER since the development and widespread use of high energy broiler and starter rations, the adequacy of many specific nutrients in those rations has been open to some questioning. On the basis of the greater gain per unit of feed consumed on the high energy rations over the standard type ration in use in 1944-45, a three pound bird consumes approximately three fourths the nutrients consumed by a three pound bird on older type rations. Singsen (1951) believed that today’s birds are growing on the margin of safety provided in earlier nutrient recommendations. One of the nutrient recommendations of the National Research Council believed by Singsen (1951) to be critical is for the mineral phosphorus which has been the subject of the present investigation. Two exploratory experiments were conducted to find a low P ration that would support maximum growth and that could be changed in its energy content without …
Measurements of elastic modulus using laser-induced surface waves

Measurements of the elastic modulus of fused silica, 6061-T6 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloys, GaAs, Ge, and Si samples are reported. A pulsed laser is used to generate surface acoustic waves in a sample and the wave velocity is measured using a knife-edge detection method. From the velocity of the surface waves the elastic modulus can be calculated.[1] Extension of this work to thin films is discusssed.
A priori and a posteriori evaluations of sub-grid scale models for the Burgers’ equation

Abstract In large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flows, large scale motions are resolved by the numerical simulation while the effect of the small scale motions is represented as sub-grid scale (SGS) stresses computed with SGS models. In the present study, we perform a priori and a posteriori evaluations of five SGS models for the one dimensional Burgers’ equation with the high-order flux reconstruction (FR) or correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) approach. It is shown that all models, except the scale similarity model (SSM) and the mixed model (MM), demonstrate very little correlation with the DNS results. The stability of the SSM is investigated. The effects of numerical dissipation and the models’ influence on LES are discussed. Based on the present study, we advocate the use of implicit LES (ILES) in LES in the context of discontinuous high-order methods, or any numerical methods with built-in numerical dissipation.
Anyang 2007—2009 Comparative Analysis of Disease Spectrum of Elderly Male and Female Inpatients

OBJECTIVE To study the characteristics of disease spectrum of elderly male and female inpatients,and to provide reference to prevention,treatment and control of senile diseases with clear objectives.METHODS calculate and sort the constituent ratios and prevalence of disease by analyzing the disease spectrum data of elderly male and female inpatients in Anyang from 2007 to 2009.RESULTS Descriptions of disease spectrum of elderly inpatients of different genders are followings:(1)General cispositions of disease spectrum of elderly male and female inpatients are highly consistent(X2=0.866 7,P0.05).(2)Constituent ratios of disease spectrum of elderly inpatients differed significantly(P0.05).CONCLUSION Circulatory disease,Respiratory diseases,tumor,poisoning and some results caused by external cause are common in elderly inpatients.Prevention,treatment and control of senile diseases should be carried out with clear objectives according to characteristics of disease spectrum of elderly of different genders and a good health care system should be built to improve their life quality and realize healthy aging.
Molecular Genetics of Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms

The molecular genetic study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma will be critical for our understanding of the biology of this tumor type. Currently, we know that at least one dominant oncogene (K- ras ) as well as two tumor-suppressor genes (p53 and MTSl) are involved in the development of pancreatic carcinoma. The involvement of additional genes is suggested by the high rate of chromosomal loss at specific sites, including 18q. The intraepithelial lesions of pancreatic ducts often contain K- ras mutations and may represent precursor lesions that are rather common in the general population. These studies suggest a distinctive molecular genetic profile for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which rarely is shared by other human neoplasms. One would hope that this knowledge eventually may find application in new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Intrauterine inseminations with washed human spermatozoa

The success of intrauterine inseminations with washed human spermatozoa was evaluated in four groups of patients. The first two groups were couples in whom either the man or the woman had detectable circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies. The third group included couples where the woman exhibited hostile or absent cervical mucus, whereas the fourth group represented couples with oligozoospermic males. The couples underwent 3.7 ± 2.1 insemination cycles, with a 30% overall pregnancy rate for all four groups. Intrauterine inseminations of women with hostile cervical mucus yielded a 68% conception rate. Couples with either male or female serum sperm-agglutinating antibodies showed 25% and 40% pregnancy rates, respectively. However, none of the couples with oligozoospermic males achieved pregnancy. Intrauterine inseminations with washed human spermatozoa thus represent a satisfactory method of achieving pregnancy in women with hostile cervical mucus and in couples with circulating sperm agglutinating antibodies. Couples in whom oliogozoospermia has been identified as the principal cause of infertility do not seem to benefit from this therapy.
Length scale effects in epoxy: The dependence of elastic moduli measurements on spherical indenter tip radius

Abstract Significant increases in the measured elastic moduli with decreasing indentation depth have been previously found in various polymers by indentation tests with a Berkovich tip at micro-to nanometer length scales. These increases in the determined elastic moduli were related to second order displacement gradients which increase with decreasing depth when a conical tip is applied. When a spherical tip is applied, such depth dependence should not be present as the second order displacement gradients remain essentially unchanged with indentation depth. However, these gradients should be proportional to the radius of the spherical tip. To examine the notion of second order displacement gradient dependence in measurements of elastic moduli, indentation experiments are conducted on epoxy with spherical tips of different nominal radii. Accounting for tip imperfections, an increase in the determined elastic moduli is found with decreasing tip radius, which corroborates the notion of second order displacement gradient dependence.
Non-contact single shot elastography using line field low coherence holography

Optical elastic wave imaging is a powerful technique that can quantify local biomechanical properties of tissues. However, typically long acquisition times make this technique unfeasible for clinical use. Here, we demonstrate non-contact single shot elastographic holography using a line-field interferometer integrated with an air-pulse delivery system. The propagation of the air-pulse induced elastic wave was imaged in real time, and required a single excitation for a line-scan measurement. Results on tissue-mimicking phantoms and chicken breast muscle demonstrated the feasibility of this technique for accurate assessment of tissue biomechanical properties with an acquisition time of a few milliseconds using parallel acquisition.
Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Syndromes

Anterior segment dysgenesis comprises a spectrum of disorders affecting the anterior chamber structures including the cornea, iris, and anterior chamber angle. Importantly, approximately 50 % of patients with anterior segment dysgenesis will develop glaucoma. Conditions with anterior segment dysgenesis include most notably, Axenfeld–Rieger spectrum and Peters anomaly. This chapter will focus on the findings and management of patients with Axenfeld–Rieger spectrum disorders. Classic findings include an anteriorly displaced Schwalbe’s line (posterior embryotoxon), iridocorneal adhesions, and pupillary ectopia and corectopia. However, some patients may present with findings of infantile glaucoma. The condition may or may not be associated with systemic findings. Axenfeld–Rieger spectrum disorders are usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with disease-causing mutations in PITX2, FOXC1, and very rarely mutations in PAX6. Significant phenotypic heterogeneity is present, and severity and findings may vary significantly among family members with the same mutation. Ophthalmologic management should include maintaining a clear visual axis, monitoring closely for amblyopia, and glaucoma. Patients with anterior segment dysgenesis should be evaluated by a geneticist for evaluation of possible systemic associated abnormalities and appropriate genetic counseling.
The Meaning of “Communication Technology”: The Technology-Context Scheme

This chapter examines communication technology as a construct for theory building in communication. The simple identification of technology as the material artifact is rejected in favor of a two-dimensional framework centering on the relationship between technology and context. The implications of this framework are discussed for both current and future theory building. Special attention is given to implications for more recent constructionist theories, and an alternate definition of communication technology is presented.
Effect of perinatal glucocorticoids on vascular health and disease

The benefits of antenatal glucocorticoids are now firmly established in the perinatal management of threatened preterm birth. Postnatal glucocorticoid therapy, however, remains controversial in neonatal medicine, with the need to balance short-term physiological benefits against the potential for long-term adverse consequences. This review focuses on the vascular effects of prenatal and postnatal glucocorticoids, synthesizing data from both experimental animal models and human infants with the goal of better appreciation of the short and long-term effects of these commonly used drugs. Due to their widespread and varied use, improved understanding of the cellular and molecular impact of glucocorticoids is important in guiding current practice and future research.
A resettable in-line particle concentrator using AC electrokinetics for distributed monitoring of microalgae in source waters

Abstract Green algae have been studied as an important and effective biomarker to indicate water quality due to their sensitivity to toxic agents in freshwater sources. However, conventional methods to monitor algal physiology use a chlorophyll fluorometer whose use is hampered by high-cost, large footprint, and limited sensitivity for practical samples containing low algal concentration. To overcome these constraints, we developed a multi-level electrode platform for resettable trapping of algae via AC electro-osmosis (ACEO) and negative dielectrophoresis. Preliminary experiments were performed in freshwater with conductivity of 0.02 S/m. Algal trapping was demonstrated at a low voltage of 2 V. The concentration effect was experimentally verified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of algae and using hemocytometer counting chambers at the inlet and outlet of the multilevel microchannel lab-on-a-chip. An optimal frequency was found for trapping, which agrees with the frequency dependence of ACEO flow velocity. Through-flow rate and electrode dimensions were optimized as well. Trapping efficiencies within the range of 26%–65% have been obtained. A maximum trapping rate of 182 cells/s was obtained with a flow rate of 20 μl/min. This lab-on-a-chip shows high potential for improving the limit of detection in algal monitoring and enabling the development of a portable, integrated and automated system for monitoring the quality of source drinking waters.
Developing crop specific area frame stratifications based on geospatial crop frequency and cultivation data layers

Abstract Area Sampling Frames (ASFs) are the basis of many statistical programs around the world. To improve the accuracy, objectivity and efficiency of crop survey estimates, an automated stratification method based on geospatial crop planting frequency and cultivation data is proposed. This paper investigates using 2008–2013 geospatial corn, soybean and wheat planting frequency data layers to create three corresponding single crop specific and one multi-crop specific South Dakota (SD) U.S. ASF stratifications. Corn, soybeans and wheat are three major crops in South Dakota. The crop specific ASF stratifications are developed based on crop frequency statistics derived at the primary sampling unit (PSU) level based on the Crop Frequency Data Layers. The SD corn, soybean and wheat mean planting frequency strata of the single crop stratifications are substratified by percent cultivation based on the 2013 Cultivation Layer. The three newly derived ASF stratifications provide more crop specific information when compared to the current National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) ASF based on percent cultivation alone. Further, a multi-crop stratification is developed based on the individual corn, soybean and wheat planting frequency data layers. It is observed that all four crop frequency based ASF stratifications consistently predict corn, soybean and wheat planting patterns well as verified by the 2014 Farm Service Agency (FSA) Common Land Unit (CLU) and 578 administrative data. This demonstrates that the new stratifications based on crop planting frequency and cultivation are crop type independent and applicable to all major crops. Further, these results indicate that the new crop specific ASF stratifications have great potential to improve ASF accuracy, efficiency and crop estimates.
Designing a Solid Electrolyte I. Quality Criteria and Applications

The design of a solid electrolyte or of a reversible battery electrode provides an excellent illustration of the interdisciplinary process labeled “materials engineering.” The several aspects of this process are diagrammed in Fig. 1.
William James, Niels Bohr, and Complementarity: IV — The Significance of Time

There are efforts by theoretical physicists to explain indeterminism, using time significantly in the process. They hope to restore time to science, as in everyday life, as substantive. According to this standpoint Western civilization has been time centered, as in the humanities, in contrast with science which has been time indifferent. Experimental psychology has given much attention to a substantial time; James Ward in 1881 put forward the concept of“specious present,” embracing past, now, and future. The new physicist’s propositions leave quantum theory intact. In Q-methodology, time, like consciousness, is a non-ens. Ward’s“specious present” remains as the viable hub of creative thought, so-called, taking place at time t = 0, that is always now, whatever time may or may not be substantively. But Ward’s“specious present” can extend for much clock-time.
Multiscale damage evolution in polymer bonded sugar under dynamic loading

Abstract Ultra-high-speed and high spatial resolution digital image correlation based experiments are performed to understand the sub grain level local failure mechanisms in polymer bonded explosives under dynamic loading. Polymer bonded sugar that mimics the mechanical properties of polymer bonded explosives is used in this study. The experiments are conducted in a split Hopkinson pressure bar setup at an intermediate strain rate. From the digital image correlation analyses, high strain localization was observed predominantly in the regions filled by the polymer binder surrounding the sugar crystals. The damage evolution was quantified by calculating the Poisson's ratio and volumetric strain as a function of loading. It was observed that the damage incubation is started at a very small global strain and causes mechanical softening in the material that leads to shear band formation. Also, the possible hotspot mechanism in the material was seen to be frictional heating of crystals and de-bonding of the polymer binder.
Comparative analytical and toxicological assessment of methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) mixtures associated with the Elk River chemical spill

Abstract On January 9, 2014, a chemical mixture containing crude methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) contaminated the water supply of Charleston, West Virginia. Although the mixture was later identified as a mix of crude MCHM and stripped propylene glycol phenyl ethers, initial risk assessment focused on 4-MCHM, the predominant component of crude MCHM. The mixture's exact composition and the toxicity differences between 4-MCHM, crude MCHM, and the tank mixture were unknown. We analyzed the chemical composition of crude MCHM and the tank mixture via GC/MS and, based on identified spectra, found that crude MCHM and the tank mixture differed in chemical composition. To evaluate acute developmental toxicity, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 parts per million (ppm; mg/L) of 4-MCHM, crude MCHM, or the tank mixture. The percent mortality and percent hatch, larval morphology alterations, and larval visual motor response test were used to establish toxicity profiles for each of the chemicals or mixtures. The acute toxicity differed between 4-MCHM, crude MCHM and the tank mixture with significant differences in survival, hatching, morphology, and locomotion at levels as low as the short-term screening level of 1 ppm, suggesting a need for further research into human health risks. This study is the first to evaluate the developmental toxicity of the tank mixture and highlights that studies evaluating risk should not assume the effects of 4-MCHM or crude MCHM are representative of the Tank 396 mixture.
Neuroendocrine tumor therapy: 177Lu-DOTATATE

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to increase understanding of the concepts of theranostics and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) as they apply to neuroendocrine tumors (NETs);...
The use of mosaics and experimental chimeras to study the pathogenesis of neoplasia

Electrophoretic variants of X-linked enzymes have been exploited to study the cellular origins of tumors (Fialkow 1976; Gartler 1974). Gartler and Linder first demonstrated that three lipomas, arising in females heterozygous for electrophoretic variants of Gd, the gene coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were composed of cells that produced mainly one variant when both were expected (Gartler and Linder 1964).
Blast-induced cochlear synaptopathy in chinchillas

When exposed to continuous high-level noise, cochlear neurons are more susceptible to damage than hair cells (HCs): exposures causing temporary threshold shifts (TTS) without permanent HC damage can destroy ribbon synapses, permanently silencing the cochlear neurons they formerly activated. While this “hidden hearing loss” has little effect on thresholds in quiet, the neural degeneration degrades hearing in noise and may be an important elicitor of tinnitus. Similar sensory pathologies are seen after blast injury, even if permanent threshold shift (PTS) is minimal. We hypothesized that, as for continuous-noise, blasts causing only TTS can also produce cochlear synaptopathy with minimal HC loss. To test this, we customized a shock tube design to generate explosive-like impulses, exposed anesthetized chinchillas to blasts with peak pressures from 160–175 dB SPL, and examined the resultant cochlear dysfunction and histopathology. We found exposures that cause large >40 dB TTS with minimal PTS or HC loss often cause synapse loss of 20–45%. While synaptopathic continuous-noise exposures can affect large areas of the cochlea, blast-induced synaptopathy was more focal, with localized damage foci in midcochlear and basal regions. These results clarify the pathology underlying blast-induced sensory dysfunction, and suggest possible links between blast injury, hidden hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Sensory Pathways in the Dorsolateral Fasciculus

The two major sensory pathways that are located in the dorsolateral fasciculus are the spinocervicothalamic and the spinomedullothalamic pathways. There is also a second-order projection to the dorsal column nuclei (see Chapter 6).
Novel Approaches for Pouchitis and Colitis With or Without Diversion

Abstract Management of pouchitis as well as colitis can be challenging. For those who are not candidates for reestablishment of fecal continuity, the management of diversion pouchitis and diversion colitis can be even more difficult. Antimicrobial agents, probiotics, and prebiotics have been extensively used for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders of the gut. Fibers are commonly used as dietary supplements for the healthy and diseased. Current theory holds that the therapeutic effects of probiotics and fibers are mainly associated with modulation of gut microbiota and their interaction with gut immune system. Based on a series of experiments, we found that a combination of probiotics and dietary fiber supplement provides synergistic effects, through production of above-physiological quantity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Among wide applications of SCFAs in the treatment of human diseases are pouchitis and colitis, diversion pouchitis, and diversion colitis. The combination approach will set a perfect example for future medical therapy using synergistic effects of various agents, which can be applied to other disease conditions of gastrointestinal or extraintestinal organs. Pouchitis and diversion pouchitis with sequential events of surgery can serve as a longitudinal model for the investigation of interactions between endogenous and exogenous microbiota and fibers and their products in pouchitis, inflammatory bowel diseases and other gastrointestinal disorders.
Research on An Innovative Communication Power System Integrated with Hybrid Battery Management

With the development of communication technology and battery technology, the application of hybrid battery is more and more, but the traditional independent HBTS solution has some problems. This paper proposes a new power system, which integrates the hybrid battery management function. While solving the problems of the traditional hybrid battery solution, it has many advantages such as system simplification, unified control, less space occupation, increased reliability and maintainability. These would bring tangible value to users such as CAPEX and OPEX reduction.
Research on a New Control Strategy for Reducing Hard-switching Work Range of the Three-phase Interleaved LLC Resonant Converter

Based on the detailed analysis of the star-connected three-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter topology, this paper proposes a new control strategy of three-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter PFM mode combined with single-phase full-bridge LLC resonant converter PFM mode and phase-shift mode, which can greatly reduce the hard-switching work range of the three-phase interleaved LLC resonant in low output voltage and light output load case and is suitable for the high power conversion applications of wide range output. A three-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter based on the new control strategy is proposed for detailed analysis to verify the new control strategy’s correctness and feasibility.
Gender disparities among hospitalised patients with acute myocardial infarction, acute decompensated heart failure or pneumonia: retrospective cohort study

Objective To assess gender disparity in outcomes among hospitalised patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) or pneumonia. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting A tertiary referral centre in Midwest, USA. Participants We evaluated 12 265 adult patients hospitalised with ADHF, 15 777 with AMI and 12 929 with pneumonia, from 1 January 1995 through 31 August 2015. Patients were selected using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Primary and secondary outcome measures Prevalence of comorbidities, 30-day mortality and 30-day readmission. Comorbidities were chosen from the 20 chronic conditions, specified by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health. Logistic regression analysis was conducted adjusting for multiple confounders. Results Prevalence of comorbidities was significantly different between men and women in all three conditions. After adjusting for age, length of stay, multicomorbidities and residence, there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between men and women in AMI or ADHF, but men with pneumonia had slightly higher 30-day mortality with an OR of 1.19 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.34). There was no significant difference in 30-day readmission between men and women with AMI or pneumonia, but women with ADHF were slightly more likely to be readmitted within 30 days with OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.99). Conclusion Gender differences in the distribution of comorbidities exist in patients hospitalised with AMI, ADHF and pneumonia. However, there is minimal clinically meaningful impact of these differences on outcomes. Efforts to address gender difference may need to be diverted towards targeting overall population health, reducing race/ethnicity disparity and improving access to care.
Performance of Administrative Algorithms to Identify Interstitial Lung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine the performance of administrative-based algorithms for classifying interstitial lung disease (ILD) complicating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Participants in a large, multicenter RA registry were screened for ILD using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and the ICD-10. Medical record review confirmed ILD among participants screening positive and a random sample of those screening negative. ICD and procedure codes, provider specialty, and dates were extracted from Veterans Affairs administrative data to construct ILD algorithms. Performance of these algorithms against medical record review was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and kappa using inverse probability weighting to account for sampling methods. RESULTS Medical records of 536 RA patients were reviewed, confirming 182 (stringent definition) and 203 (relaxed definition) cases of ILD. Initially, we identified ≥2 ICD codes from inpatient or outpatient encounters as optimal discriminating factors (specificity 96.0%, PPV 65.5%; κ = 0.70). Subsequently, we constructed a set of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes that improved algorithm specificity (specificity 96.8%, PPV 69.5%; κ = 0.72). Algorithms that included a pulmonologist diagnosis or chest computed tomography plus pulmonary function testing or lung biopsy had improved performance (specificity 98.0%, PPV 77.4%; κ = 0.75). PPV increased with exclusion of other ILD causes (78.5%) in comparison with the relaxed ILD definition (82.4%) and in sensitivity analyses (83.4-86.3%). Gains in specificity and PPV with greater algorithm requirements were accompanied by declines in sensitivity. CONCLUSION Administrative algorithms with optimal combinations of ICD codes, provider specialty, diagnostic testing, and exclusion of other ILD causes accurately classify ILD in RA.
Personal Freedom: The Culture Model

This chapter develops an account of personal freedom different from the action model. According to the culture model defended here, a person is free if she is not prevented from doing any of the things the social norms that configure her interpersonal relationships (IPR conventions) permit her to do. This has an obviously conservative ring to it, but it also allows us to distinguish between depravations of freedom (being prevented from doing what one is free to do) from claims of freedom deserved (being prevented from doing what one is not conventionally free to do that produces a challenge to the legitimacy of the conventions involved). For political reasons, this distinction is of considerable importance, for these different freedom complaints produce distinctively different political conflicts.
Does Writing Down Goodwill Imperil a CEO's Job?

We find that accounting charges for goodwill impairment, which imply a deterioration in the capabilities of acquired assets to generate expected cash flows, provide useful indicators of CEO underperformance. We examine 5,990 firms that completed acquisitions and investigate the relation between CEO turnover and goodwill impairment during 2002–2016. The results show that the size of a goodwill impairment charge is positively associated with forced, but not voluntary, CEO turnovers. This implies that goodwill impairment provides information before CEO changes occur. We also find that unexpected goodwill impairment is more informative than expected good-will impairment and is associated with forced CEO turnover. The association between goodwill impairment and forced CEO turnover varies with audit quality, suggesting the perceived reliability of accounting information influences CEO retention decisions. Given that the FASB may eliminate annual goodwill impairment testing (FASB, 2019a), research addressing the informativeness of goodwill impairment charges is timely.
Frontal eye field and caudate neurons make different contributions to reward-biased perceptual decisions

Many decisions require trade-offs between sensory evidence and internal preferences. Potential neural substrates include the frontal eye field (FEF) and caudate nucleus, but their distinct roles are not understood. Previously we showed that monkeys' decisions on a direction-discrimination task with asymmetric rewards reflected a biased accumulate-to-bound decision process (Fan et al., 2018) that was affected by caudate microstimulation (Doi et al., 2020). Here we compared single-neuron activity in FEF and caudate to each other and to accumulate-to-bound model predictions derived from behavior. Task-dependent neural modulations were similar in both regions. However, choice-selective neurons in FEF, but not caudate, encoded behaviorally derived biases in the accumulation process. Baseline activity in both regions was sensitive to reward context, but this sensitivity was not reliably associated with behavioral biases. These results imply distinct contributions of FEF and caudate neurons to reward-biased decision-making and put experimental constraints on the neural implementation of accumulation-to-bound-like computations.
Peering into the Gift Horse: The Ethics of Gift-Giving and Receiving in the Physician-Patient Relationship

This chapter explores the ethical and professional issues of gift-giving in the physician-patient relationship. Although most gifts from patients to healthcare providers stem from appreciation and gratitude, some gifts are motivated by secondary gain. A desire to “level the playing field” in the physician-patient relationship or turn it into a more social one, or to improve access to care can lead to ethically problematic consequences such as boundary violations, breaching of fiduciary duty to patients, and unjust allocation of healthcare resources. Physicians and institutions commonly solicit donations from patients, a practice that can erode the trust that is the foundation of the doctor-patient relationship. Guidelines for ethical fundraising in the clinical setting are provided. Gifts from physicians to patients may sometimes lead to boundary crossings or violations. Routine waivers of copayments or discounts provided to certain classes of patients unrelated to financial hardship can violate U.S. anti-kickback statutes.
David Oliver: The IEA has used covid-19 as another opportunity to brief against the NHS

On 9 February, with many patients still in hospital with covid-19 and hundreds of people dying daily, the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), a free market think tank, posted a report by its head of political economy, Kristian Niemietz.1 He argued that public respect and gratitude for the NHS’s pandemic response was irrational and unjustified and that its performance both during and before the pandemic had been “nothing special.” Niemietz criticised three common narratives: firstly, that austerity policies have left public services such as health and social care unable to cope; secondly, that the NHS has been the star performer in the pandemic and that we should be more grateful than ever for having it; and, thirdly, the idea that globalisation is partly to blame and that we need a greater return to community parochialism. …
Validation of the FRESH Austin food frequency questionnaire using multiple 24-h dietary recalls.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to examine the validity of an FFQ utilised in the Food Retail: Evaluating Strategies for a Healthy Austin (FRESH Austin) study, designed to evaluate changes in the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) in diverse low-income communities in Austin, TX. DESIGN The FRESH Austin FFQ was validated against three 24-h dietary recalls (24hDR). All dietary assessments were administered (in-person or by telephone) by trained investigators. SETTING Recruitment was conducted at sites within the geographic areas targeted in the FRESH Austin recruitment. People at a community health clinic, a local health centre and a YMCA within the intervention area were approached by trained and certified data collectors, and invited to participate. PARTICIPANTS Among fifty-six participants, 83 % were female, 46 % were non-White, 24 % had income < $25 K/year and 30 % spoke only/mostly Spanish at home. RESULTS The FFQ and average of three 24hDR produce similar estimates of average total servings/d across FV (6·68 and 6·40 servings/d, respectively). Correlations produced measures from 0·01 for 'Potatoes' and 0·59 for 'Other Vegetables'. Mean absolute percentage errors values were small for all FV, suggesting the variance of the error estimates was also small. Bland-Altman plots indicate acceptable levels of agreement between the two methods. CONCLUSION These outcomes indicate that the FRESH FFQ is a valid instrument for assessing FV consumption. The validation of the FRESH Austin FFQ provides important insights for evaluating community-based efforts to increase FV consumption in diverse populations.
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Alters Protein and Lipid Metabolism in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Livers

Objectives Dietary nitrate supplementation shows protective effects against cardio-metabolic disease, decreases pulmonary oxygen uptake, and improves exercise performance in animal models and humans. However, the biological effect of nitrate on energy metabolism in the liver is not well understood. The objective of this study was to elucidate changes in liver metabolism associated with nitrate treatment and exercise.
How Would J M Keynes Have Responded to Shackle’s 1949 ‘Probability and Uncertainty’ Paper?: Keynes Would Have Required That the Paper Must Be Revised Before Publication

J M Keynes, in a letter to Joan Robinson on November 9th,1936, responded to the utter mess that Joan Robinson had made of his liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest in the General Theory by stating: “Dear Joan, I beg you not to publish. For your argument, as it stands is most certainly nonsense.” Robinson eventually cut out all of the material, that Keynes had described as nonsense, that dealt with Keynes’s liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest before it was published in book form in 1937. In 1949, Shackle published a paper that is in the same category as Joan Robinson’s paper that was very severely criticized by Keynes in his letter to her of November 9th, 1936. Shackle’s “Probability and Uncertainty”, which he republished uncorrected in 1955 in his book Uncertainty in Economics, demonstrates that Shackle simply did not understand that his entire understanding of probability and decision making was based on the antinomian fallacy. The antinomian fallacy asserts that all moments of time are unique. Therefore, there can be no similarities or dissimilarities, or analogies, or pattern recognition between past event, present events, or future events. The antinomian fallacy, which stands at the center of Shackle’s entire theory of possibility (Shackle had no theory of probability) means that no concept of probability is even possible. Thus, only deduction is possible. Keynes’s conceptualization of an inductive logic, based on his logical theory of probability in the A Treatise on Probability (1921) and its application in the General Theory (1936), had to be completely rejected by Shackle. Shackle’s system directly contradicts and is inconsistent with Keynes logical theory of probability. Keynes himself confirmed Townshend’s 1938 statement in correspondence that the theory of liquidity preference rests on “my theory of probability”, which consisted of (a) the logical relation of probability, P(a/h)=α, where α is a rational degree of belief,(b) non-numerical probability and (c)weight of the evidence. Given this confirmation by Keynes to Townshend, Keynes would have had no choice but to have informed Shackle that his argument in 1949(1955) is “certainly nonsense” which must be revised immediately. Naturally, Shackle never published any paper putting forth his antinomian based theory of possibility while Keynes was still alive. Shackle knew that the result would be a swift and complete critique of his system by Keynes that he could not answer intellectually.
Anesthetic Concerns in Open Versus Closed Repair of TEF (Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula) in Neonates

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with and without esophageal atresia (EA) is one of the most challenging and relatively common congenital anomalies (Knottenbelt et al., Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 24:387–401, 2010). It is heterogenous in nature, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Given the large proportion of TEF neonates with other major congenital anomalies, most notably VACTERL association, identification of these defects should be a primary focus. Ideal surgical management of TEF includes division of the fistula and primary esophageal repair in one operation (Healey et al., Arch Surg 133:552–556, 1998). Thoracoscopic repair has been performed with increasing frequency and success over the last two decades. Anesthetic management poses many intraoperative challenges, the most common of which is interference with ventilation. For a successful outcome, the postoperative care should continue with the surgical team working closely with neonatal intensivists, nurses, and parents regarding plans for airway support, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, and pain management.
Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Importance Preeclampsia is one of the most serious health problems that affect pregnant persons. It is a complication in approximately 4% of pregnancies in the US and contributes to both maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia also accounts for 6% of preterm births and 19% of medically indicated preterm births in the US. There are racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of and mortality from preeclampsia. Non-Hispanic Black women are at greater risk for developing preeclampsia than other women and experience higher rates of maternal and infant morbidity and perinatal mortality. Objective To update its 2014 recommendation, the USPSTF commissioned a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia. Population Pregnant persons at high risk for preeclampsia who have no prior adverse effects with or contraindications to low-dose aspirin. Evidence assessment The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that there is a substantial net benefit of daily low-dose aspirin use to reduce the risk for preeclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age/intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal mortality in pregnant persons at high risk for preeclampsia. Recommendation The USPSTF recommends the use of low-dose aspirin (81 mg/d) as preventive medication for preeclampsia after 12 weeks of gestation in persons who are at high risk for preeclampsia. (B recommendation).
Trust Matters: Measuring and Identifying a Role for Epistemic and Interpersonal Trust in Preschoolers’ Learning from Teachers

Research Findings: Although work across developmental and educational psychology reveals that trust impacts children’s acceptance of claims and that teacher-student relationships impact learning ou...
Experimental Aspects of Surface Roughening

The roughening of surfaces has been an active area of research in recent years. Although the theoretical groundwork for the roughening transition was formulated by Burton et al. in 1951 [14.1], direct experimental evidence for such a transition has been available only since 1980. In this review, the experimental aspects of research in this area will be discussed. Reference will be made to theoretical work, but only where it is needed to place experimental studies in a proper framework. However, theoretical aspects of surface roughening and equilibrium crystal shapes are discussed in Chap. 13 as well as elsewhere [14.2,3].
Develop A GIS Based Risk Model to Evaluate the Economic Resilience of Houston Neighborhoods for the Next Oil Bust

Houston has been the energy capital of the world for many years. A large portion of its economy depends on energy sector. However, it has experienced several oil busts in the past decades. There are questions about the economic resilience of Houston: Is Houston ready for the next bust? Should Houston further diversify its economy? This paper will analyze the economic data and examine the economic resilience in Houston. Spatial data are analyzed and a GIS-based risk model is developed to evaluate the resilience of Houston’s neighborhoods. The risk model takes into account multiple factors such as the house ownership in the neighborhood, the availability of public transportation, and the average education level of its residents, etc. The purpose of this GIS-based risk model is to help us understand the resilience of a neighborhood in case of another oil bust in Houston.
Market share and efficiency: A reprise

Abstract A recent major study claims to have demonstrated the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. This conclusion is unwarranted. Further empirical work suggests that market share is an element of industrial structure and may itself be a reflection of market power.
A Partial Agenda for Modern European Educational History.

Attempting to establish an agenda for one's own research is often challenging; trying to do so for a broad swath of one's field is even more so. I accepted the invitation to propose one in the hope that graduate students and younger colleagues—especially those willing to put in the work to obtain at least reading fluency in foreign languages—might benefit from the suggestions of potentially fruitful research topics from someone who has been reading widely in modern European educational history for almost forty years. Such an agenda is partial in both meanings of the word: it does not come close to exhausting all possible topics, and it necessarily reflects my own areas of expertise and interest. That means a focus primarily on the nineteenth century, with more attention both to secondary than to either elementary or university education, and to girls’ schooling than to boys’. As a caveat, I may not be cognizant of all that has been published or is in the works even for the themes suggested.
Multiple tracking and the reactivity of self-monitoring: I. Negative behaviors

The reactivity of self-monitoring appears to be influenced by a wide variety of variables. The present study examined a new variable, the number of behaviors self-monitored or multiple tracking , and several other variables thought to influence self-monitoring reactivity, including the valence of target behaviors, motivation to change the target behavior, the type of target behavior, and accuracy of self-monitoring. Seven groups of six subjects each were videotaped while interacting in three successive 15-min phases: baseline, self-monitoring, and recovery. Three target behaviors, face touching, nonfluencies, and value judgments, were combined in all possible ways (seven combinations), and one combination was assigned to each group to monitor in the self-monitoring phase. Results indicated that recording more than one behavior reduced the reactive effect of self-monitoring. Of the three behaviors, face touching and nonfluencies were most reactive. Value judgments were not reactive. Limited support was provided for a relationship between valence of target behavior and reactivity. Motivation and accuracy bore no clear relationship to reactivity.
Hardware Implementation for Single Carrier Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Advantages and Challenges of SC Systems System Design with Non‐Coherent Detection System Design with Differentially Coherent Detection Test and Evaluation Advanced SC System with Per‐Packet Coherent Detection Conclusion References
Effect of nitrogenous compounds on nitrogenase gene expression in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis.

Abstract The effects of several organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds on nitrogenase mRNA and enzyme activity levels were examined in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis 29413. Even low concentrations of exogenous ammonia (20 microM) prevented nitrogenase gene expression. Nitrate, in contrast, had little effect, even at very high concentrations. Neither compound had a significant direct effect on existing enzyme activity. The amino acids glutamine and glutamate did not repress nif gene expression. Methionine sulfoximine, but not 7-azatryptophan, was shown to eliminate the repressive effect of ammonia, and this action occurred at the mRNA level. Low concentrations of carbamyl phosphate caused a rapid decrease in nitrogenase mRNA levels. These results are consistent with the ideas that nif gene regulation in Anabaena spp. occurs primarily at the mRNA level and that ammonia, and possibly also glutamine and glutamate, is not the immediate effector of regulation.
The Social Psychology of False Confessions

Inspired by DNA exoneration cases and other wrongful convictions of innocent people who had confessed to crimes they did not commit, and drawing from basic principles of social perception and social influence, a vast body of research has focused on the social psychology of confessions. In particular, this article describes laboratory and field studies on the “Milgramesque” processes of police interviewing an interrogation, the methods by which innocent people are judged deceptiveandinducedintoconfession,andtheripplingeffectsoftheseconfessions onjudges,juries,layandexpertwitnesses,andthetruth-seekingprocessitself.This article concludes with a discussion of social and policy implications—including a call for the mandatory video recording of entire interrogations, blind testing in forensic science labs, and the admissibility of confession experts in court. The 2012 film, The Central Park Five, tells a horrific tale about a profound, disturbing, and all-too-common manifestation of social influence. In 1989, a female jogger was raped, beaten, and left for dead in New York City’s Central Park. She managed to survive but could not remember anything about the attack—then or now. Within 72 hours, five African- and Hispanic-American boys, 14–16 years old, confessed to the assault. Solely on the basis of their oral confessions, four of which were videotaped, and all of which were vividly detailed, though often erroneous, the boys were convicted and sentenced to prison. Almost nobody questioned their guilt—even though there was no other evidence; even though DNA tests on sperm that was recovered from the victim and her clothing had excluded them all. Thirteen years later, Matias Reyes, in prison for two rapes and a murder committed subsequent to the jogger attack, stepped forward to admit that he was the Central Park jogger rapist and that he acted alone. Reinvestigating the case, the ManhattanDistrictAttorneyquestionedReyesanddiscoveredthathehadaccurate