cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal electric field distributions of a dielectric cylinder at resonance wavelengths.

Calculations of the electric field distribution within and around an infinite circular dielectric cylinder, having a relative index of refraction of 1.53 and illuminated with plane-wave radiation of wavelength λ, have been performed for size parameters ranging from 39 to 51. Results for size parameters that satisfy resonance conditions for various natural modes of oscillation of the cylinder (mode number n = 53; order numbers l = 1–5) clearly illustrate the physical significance of n and l and show that the internally reflected circumferential waves are localized near, but not confined to, the cylinder surface.
Adaptive constrained signal detector for hyperspectral images

An algorithm called the constrained signal detector (CSD) was recently introduced for the purpose of target detection in hyperspectral images. The CSD assumes that hyperspectral pixels can be modeled as linear mixtures of material signatures and stochastic noise. In theory, the CSD is superior to the popular orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) technique. The CSD requires knowledge of the spectra of the background materials in a hyperspectral image. But in practice the background material spectra are often unknown due to uncertainties in illumination, atmospheric conditions, and the composition of the scene being imaged. In this paper, estimation techniques are used to create an adaptive version of the CSD. This adaptive algorithm uses training data to develop a description of the image background and adaptively implement the CSD. The adaptive CSD only requires knowledge of the target spectrum. It is shown through simulations that the adaptive CSD performs nearly as well as the CSD operating with complete knowledge of the background material spectra. The adaptive CSD is also tested using real hyperspectral image data and its performance is compared to OSP.
The Electrolytic Capacitance of Platinum-Sulphuric Acid Cells

Capacitance of an electrolytic cell as determined from the time constant of a circuit on which a constant e.m.f. is impressed.---An electrolytic cell containing platinum electrodes in a solution of sulphuric acid has its electrolytic capacitance determined by a new d.c. method, which consists essentially in observing the current-time record when a small, constant potential is impressed on the circuit containing the cell. The method is described and is used to ascertain whether the capacitance of the cell is a function of the time constant of the circuit in which it is placed. The results show that the capacitance is not a function of the time constant.Variation of the capacitance of an electrolytic cell with the frequency of the impressed e.m.f.---Alternating and direct current measurements are made on the same cell. The a.c. observations are shown to group with those of others under the general relation $C{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{n}=A, C$ being capacitance, $\ensuremath{\omega}$ the angular frequency ($\ensuremath{\omega}=2\ensuremath{\pi}f$), and $A$ a constant. The value of $n$ is shown to vary with the frequency, thus necessitating a modification in the Warburg theory of electrolytic capacitance, which demands that $n$ be 0.5. An empirical relation of the form $(\ensuremath{\omega}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0})(C\ensuremath{-}{C}_{0})=D$ is found, connecting the capacitance of the cell with the frequency of the current flowing through it. The relation fits the combined set of a.c. and d.c. observations very closely.
Blood anesthesia for cardiopulmonary bypass.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes bleeding and thrombotic complications, fluid retention and temporary dysfunction of every organ system. This morbidity of CPB is primarily do to activation of blood proteins and cells by contact with nonendothelial cell surfaces of the wound and biomaterials of the extracorporeal perfusion circuit. CPB is not possible without heparin, yet heparin is not an ideal anticoagulant and does not prevent activation of at least five plasma protein systems and five blood cells. Stimulation of these blood elements produces over 25 vasoactive substances that alter vascular tone, capillary permeability, and cardiac myocyte contractility. In addition, CPB produces showers of microemboli that pass filters to obstruct arterioles and precapillaries to produce necrosis of widely dispersed, small groups of cells. Attempts to develop nonthrombogenic synthetic materials have failed; only the endothelial cell is nonthrombogenic and achieves this property by active metabolic processes. Although some biomaterials are less thrombogenic than others, all activate blood elements to initiate clotting and the body's defense reaction. The concept of “blood anesthesia” envisions the use of reversible inhibitors of key blood reactions to temporarily prevent activation of blood elements during CPB. If the initial reactions of blood with nonendothelial surfaces are blocked, production of many vasoactive substances and microemboli by CPB is suppressed. This conserves blood elements that are normally consumed during CPB and makes them available after the inhibitor is reversed. Effective, reversible inhibitors of platelets are entering clinical trials; reversible inhibitors of other key blood relations are being developed and tested at a rapid rate. Within the next decade “blood anesthesia” for CPB promises to substantially reduce the morbidity associated with open heat surgery.
RESILIENT ADOLESCENTS AND INTERPARENTAL CONFLICT

Two groups of young adolescents, both experiencing high interparental conflict but differing in terms of cognitive competence, were examined for individual and family factors that might distinguish a resilient group. Adolescent self-esteem and relationship with the mother differentiated the two groups. A stress buffering model is proposed.
Chirality and Drug Targeting: Pros and Cons

The theoretical basis of stereoselectivity in drug targeting in terms of eudismic ratio and quantitative structure-activity relationship has been presented. Specific examples of the advantages of using the correct stereoisomers (eutomers) rather than the distomers or racemic mixtures have been discussed. With the recent development of new methods of chiral synthesis and chiral analysis, it is not longer justifiable to continue to use racemic mixtures as therapeutic agents, unless it can be proven to be safe to do so. In the area of using peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides as therapeutic agents, mother nature has been very selective in choosing the optically active starting materials (Bradley, 1994), it is a necessity to design and test the proper optical isomer when a mimetic or antagonist compound is contemplated as a therapeutic agent.
1-Butene hydrogenation over nickel (o)-Zeolite catalysts

Abstract The vapor-phase hydrogenation of 1-butene, catalyzed by nickel supported on mordenite and Types X and A molecular sieve (0.19 – 9.8, 1.67 and 2.71 wt % Ni, respectively), was studied in the temperature range 40–135 °C. Catalytic activity exhibited discontinuous behavior with temperature variation, as evidenced by transitions from one reaction region to another; abrupt changes in apparent activity by a factor of 10 to 100, or more were evident over narrow temperature ranges. The transition temperature and extent of discontinuity were found related to the overall activity level and the degree of dispersion of the active nickel component. In the high temperature region, hydrogenation and isomerization were consistent with Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanisms; adsorption effects were associated only with the butenes. Below the transition temperature a typical Arrhenius relationship was observed. A brief comparative study was also made of butene hydrogenation over palladium supported on mordenite. No abrupt transition from one reaction region to another was observed.
Patterns of glucose utilization and protein synthesis in the development of Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Using autoradiography, we examined the distribution of glucose utilization with labelled deoxyglucose, and protein synthesis with labelled leucine. Glucose utilization showed an even distribution at the early stages of slug migration and then, after the appearance of distinct pre-stalk-prespore zones, it showed a uniformly high level in the posterior prepore cells and a uniformly low level in the anterior prestalk cells. Occasionally, an intermediate gradient, highest at the posterior end, was observed which indicated a possible intermediate stage of slug migration. In all stages of slug development, the protein synthesis showed a gradient which was highest at the posterior end. This suggests that the posterior spore-formation region involves more active metabolic activities than the anterior tip, which is responsible for the organization of the cell mass.
Molecular Mechanism for the Cross-Nucleation between Polymorphs

We use molecular simulations to study the early stages of crystallization in a supercooled liquid of Lennard-Jones particles. We observe the onset of concomitant polymorphism and demonstrate that this phenomenon results from the cross-nucleation of a metastable polymorph on the stable polymorph. We also show that cross-nucleation is selective as it only takes place between polymorphs of almost equivalent free energy. Our simulations provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanism underlying concomitant polymorphism and cross-nucleation between polymorphs.
Architecture of the nuclear pore complex coat

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) constitutes the sole gateway for bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport. Despite half a century of structural characterization, the architecture of the NPC remains unknown. Here, we present the crystal structure of a reconstituted ~400 kDa coat nucleoporin complex (CNC) from S. cerevisiae at a 7.4-A resolution. The crystal structure revealed a curved Y-shaped architecture and the molecular details of the coat nucleoporin interactions forming the central “triskelion” of the Y. A structural comparison of the yeast CNC with an electron microscopy reconstruction of its human counterpart suggested the evolutionary conservation of the elucidated architecture. Moreover, 32 copies of the CNC crystal structure docked readily into a cryoelectron tomographic reconstruction of the fully-assembled human NPC, thereby accounting for ~16 MDa of its mass.
Frequency Tuning Range Extension in LC-VCOs Using Negative-Capacitance Circuits

We present an experimentally validated capacitance cancellation structure to increase the tuning range (TR) of LC voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with minimal phase noise or power impact. The cancellation is based on an ultrawideband differential active negative-capacitance (NC) circuit. An NC scheme suitable for bottom-biased VCOs is analyzed and combined with a CMOS VCO to cancel the fixed capacitance in the LC tank. The NC structure is further modified to be tunable, enabling additional expansion of the VCO TR. By manipulating the quality factor (Q) of the NC tuning varactor pair, a prototype VCO achieves a maximum TR of 27% in a 130-nm technology, while dissipating 13 mA from a 0.9-V supply. The TR is the highest reported at Q-band, covering from 34.5 GHz to 45.4 GHz. Compared to the reference VCO without an NC circuit, the TR is increased by 38%. The measured worst case phase noise is -95 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset, and the FOMT is -184.9 dBc/Hz.
Clinical pharmacy should adopt a consistent process of direct patient care

Although the application of a consistent process of care serves as a foundational principle for most health care professions, this is not true for the discipline of clinical pharmacy. Without an explicit, reproducible process of care, it is not possible to demonstrate to patients, caregivers, or health professionals the ways in which the clinical pharmacist can reliably contribute to improved medication-related outcomes. A consistent patient care process should describe the key steps that all clinical pharmacists will follow when they encounter a patient, regardless of the type of practice, the clinical setting, or the medical conditions or medications involved. Four essential elements serve as the cornerstones of the clinical pharmacist's patient care process: assess the patient and his or her medication therapy, develop a plan of care, implement the plan, and evaluate the outcomes of the plan. Despite the fact that several processes of care have been advocated for clinical pharmacists, none has been adopted by the clinical pharmacy discipline. In addition, numerous publications evaluate outcomes related to clinical pharmacy services, but it is difficult to determine what process of patient care was used in most of these studies. In our view, a consistent process of direct patient care that includes the four essential elements should be adopted by the clinical pharmacy discipline. This process should be clear, straightforward and intuitive, readily documentable, and applicable to all practice settings. Once adopted, the process should be implemented across practice settings, taught in professional degree programs, integrated into students' clinical rotations, refined during residency training, and used as a foundation for future large-scale studies to rigorously study the effects of the clinical pharmacist on patients' medication-related outcomes.
Comparison of regional serotonin levels and turnover in the brain of naturally high and low aggressive rats.

Abstract Rats, matched by weight and goal approach, were tested for aggressiveness using a food-competition paradigm. Those winning and those losing all of their matches were designated as high and low aggressive, respectively. A third group of randomly selected rats never fought and were used as a control for the fighting experience. Half of the rats were used to determine serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in discrete brain regions. The other half were used to estimate 5-HT turnover in the same brain regions. High and low aggressive rats did not differ with regard to 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels, but high aggressive rats showed faster 5-HT turnover than low aggressive rats. The turnover differences reached statistical significance in only two of the 3 brain regions examined: (a) all structures (minus olfactory bulbs) rostral to the level of the anterior commissure, and (b) the brain stem (hypothalamus-midbrain-medulla). The observed differences cannot be attributed to differing behavioral experiences since the high and low aggressive groups pooled did not differ from the no-fighting control. These findings are discussed with respect to the involvement of serotonin in rat intraspecies aggression.
The effect of atomic and extra-atomic relaxation on atomic binding energies☆

Abstract An equivalent-cores-relaxation model is given for calculating atomic binding energies from orbital energies using only ground-state atomic properties. The agreement with experiment is excellent for the noble gases. On the basis of present knowledge of atomic relaxation, the phenomenon of “extra-atomic relaxation”, in which electronic charge is attracted toward a hole-state atom, is shown to have an important effect in lowering atomic core-level binding energies in condensed phases. This will affect the interpretation of most core-level binding energies measured to date.
EXPRESSION OF SELECTED OSTEOGENIC MARKERS IN THE FIBROBLAST-LIKE CELLS OF RAT MARROW STROMA

The fibroblast-like cells in the marrow stromal system were separated from endothelial cells and macrophages by negative selection of magnetic beads. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that these fibroblast-like cells expressed fibronectin and collagen Type III, but not Factor VIII and epithelial membrane antigen (endothelial cell markers) or Mac I (macrophage marker). The fibroblast-like stromal cells (FSC) synthesized the insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II in amounts equivalent to that produced by unfractionated marrow stromal cells (UMSC); in both, the concentration of IGF-II was 10 times higher than that of IGF-I. Northern analysis revealed that FSC and UMSC expressed identical patterns of mRNAs for IGF-I and transforming growth factor (TGF) -beta 2, for osteopontin, and for procollagen Types I and III (Type I > Type III). Type II procollagen mRNA was not expressed in both cell populations. The TGF-beta 2 gene mRNA was expressed at a lower level by the FSC than UMSC. The pattern of gene expression in these cells is consistent with an osteoprogenitor phenotype. Both FSCs and UMSCs express parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen receptor genes (rtPCR technique). The study provides additional evidence that fibroblast-like marrow stromal cells have an osteoblast signature, and that they are largely responsible for the osteogenic performance of cells in unfractionated marrow.
Non-Protein Nitrogen Studies in Laying Hens

Abstract Four experiments were conducted with laying hens to examine the effectiveness of non-protein nitrogen supplementation. Significant increases in egg production were obtained with three experiments employing diammonium citrate, ammonium sulfate, and diammonium phosphate as non-protein nitrogen sources. Non-essential nitrogen consumptions of hens fed diets which responded to non-protein nitrogen supplementation were below 1.4 gm./day. The non-protein nitrogen additions increased the non-essential nitrogen intakes to 1.4–1.9 gm./day. The results of these experiments suggest that the conversion of essential amino nitrogen to non-essential nitrogen by hens fed the diets in these studies was relatively inefficient and that the non-protein nitrogen additions exerted a “sparing” effect on essential amino nitrogen. These data suggest that the minimum amount of essential amino nitrogen required for egg production levels of 70–75% was in the order of 1.1 gm./day with the amino acid balances employed. The non-essential nitrogen requirement appears to be 1.4–1.9 gm./day, of which 0.4 gm. could be furnished by non-protein nitrogen sources.
Fabrication of indium resistors by layer-by-layer nanoassembly and microlithography techniques

Abstract Layer-by-layer self-assembled thin films made of indium nanoparticles have been investigated as conductive materials to fabricate resistors. The functional resistors degrade as the current passes through the devices. However, it tends to be stable at some acceptable values. The rapid thermal annealing has a significant effect on the electrical characteristics of this thin film. The resistivity before annealing was 2.4 × 10 5 Ω cm, and it was reduced dramatically after annealing to about 0.9 Ω cm.
Identification of sequences in the long terminal repeat of avian sarcoma virus required for efficient transcription.

Abstract Two different vectors, LTR-NEO-LTR and LTR-CAT-LTR, were constructed and deletions were introduced in the upstream LTR at −299 and at −140. These deletion mutants were introduced into QT6 cells under transient expression conditions, and the levels of transcription were monitored by dot blot hybridization or by CAT assays. The results indicate that the nucleotides between −208 and −201 and between −141 and −119 in the U3 region of RSV LTR are required for efficient transcription.
Field verification of moving load model for pavement response

A validation study undertaken to verify the predictive capability of a recently developed moving load model to predict pavement response is described. The full-scale field-measured responses of longitudinal strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer were used in the verification. The field testing program, in which the strain responses induced by a semitrailer truck were measured as a function of vehicle speed, was carried out at the Pennsylvania State University test track. The material behavior of the AC layer, which was assumed to be viscoelastic, was deduced from the laboratory behavior of the AC and from the backcal culated AC modulus from falling-weight deflectometer data. The unbound material layer properties were assumed to be elastic. The moving load model reproduced many important general observations made from the field tests, such as the existence of a complex interaction in the case of a tandem axle configuration and the strong influence of vehicle speed on the strain response. G...
A robust content-based digital image watermarking scheme

This paper presents a content-based digital image-watermarking scheme, which is robust against a variety of common image-processing attacks and geometric distortions. The image content is represented by important feature points obtained by our image-texture-based adaptive Harris corner detector. These important feature points are geometrically significant and therefore are capable of determining the possible geometric attacks with the aid of the Delaunay-tessellation-based triangle matching method. The watermark is encoded by both the error correcting codes and the spread spectrum technique to improve the detection accuracy and ensure a large measure of security against unintentional or intentional attacks. An image-content-based adaptive embedding scheme is applied in discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain of each perceptually high textured subimage to ensure better visual quality and more robustness. The watermark detection decision is based on the number of matched bits between the recovered and embedded watermarks in embedding subimages. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method against any combination of the geometric distortions and various common image-processing operations such as JPEG compression, filtering, enhancement, and quantization. Our proposed system also yields a better performance as compared with some peer systems in the literature.
Effect of aluminum concentration on dental caries formation in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: Topically applied aluminum (AI) reduced fissure caries in rats with indigenous microflora, but neither therapeutic activity nor concentration effects have been studied in animals infected with caries-inducing bacteria. This study investigated the effects of solutions containing various Al concentrations on formation of smooth surface and sulcal caries in cariogenically challenged rats infected with Streptococcus sobrinus. METHODS: Weanling rats, inoculated with S. sobrinus, were randomly assigned to six groups which were topically treated twice daily with water (treatment control), a NaF solution of 100 parts/106 F (positive control), or AIK(SO4)2 solutions containing 100, 1000, 2000, or 4000 parts/106 Al. Rats were fed a high-sucrose diet and distilied water ad libitum for 10 weeks, then the molars were scored for enamel and dentin caries. RESULTS: Relative to the water control, NaF and all Al solutions significantly reduced prevalence of both smooth-surface and fissure caries. Protection by Al solutions was greater on smooth surfaces than sulcal areas. Al treatments reduced smooth surface scores by 49–7I% and sulcal scores by 27–53%. For all comparisons the protective effect of the 100 parts/106 Al solution was less than solutions containing 1000 parts/106 Al or more. NaF and all Al solutions also significantly reduced the extent of lesion penetration into dentin. CONCLUSIONS: Topically applied AI reduced the formation and progression of both smooth surface and Sul. cal caries and showed evidence of a dose response in a rat model infected with S. sobrinus.
Dark current analysis of InSb photodiodes

Abstract We report on low dark current InSb photodiodes with mesa structures in which bulk g-r plus shunt resistance are the dominant current mechanisms up to approx. 700 mV reverse bias. Tunneling current dominates for large reverse bias, and bulk diffusion current dominates for forward bias > 15 mV. The dark current data over a voltage range of −820 to 80 mV and a temperature range of 75–90 K has been fitted to a theory which includes bulk and surface diffusion, bulk and surface g-r, shunt resistance and tunneling.
The language of possibility and probability: effects of negation on meaning.

Modal adjectives (e.g., “possible” and “probable”) have been the subject of much discussion by linguists and logicians. For ordinary speakers, it was found that an important aspect of the meaning of modal adjectives is that they can all be used to qualify the truth of a statement: Subjects sorted modal adjectives according to similarity of meaning and then ordered the same adjectives solely according to their degree of qualification. The sorting data yielded a one-dimensional scaling solution of low stress that correlated highly with the results from the ordering task. Using the same techniques, negation was found to translate a modal adjective down the scale of qualification (e.g., “improbable” is more qualifying than “probable”) so that the order of affirmative adjectives with respect to each other is preserved for the corresponding negated adjectives. Negation in this domain is more analogous to a subtractive, rather than multiplicative, process. Also, affixal negation, as in “improbable” was consistently found to be more qualifying than lexical negation, as in “not probable.
The Health Effects of Women Empowerment: Recent Evidence from Northern Ghana

Women empowerment could be the key to unlocking women’s productivity potential in Africa. Women’s contribution to the agricultural sector is greatly influenced by their health status. This paper examines the impact of women’s empowerment in agriculture on women’s health and the implications for the African food and agricultural sector. It utilizes a unique dataset from a 2012 survey of 2,405 women in northern Ghana and the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes modeling approach. Findings provide insight on how gender-sensitive policies and private-public initiatives can translate into better health outcomes for women and improved capacity to meet future needs of food and agriculture in Africa. Initiatives focusing on increasing women’s membership in social and economic groups, easing women’s access to credit, and increasing women’s incomes are some key empowerment strategies for improving women’s health status and production capabilities.
Shift Work, Sleepiness and Long Distance Driving

A structured interview was used to collect data from 1579 passenger vehicle drivers over a 10-week period. Approximately 11% of these drivers were shift workers (SW) who had completed night shift and the balance were non-shift workers (NSW). The mean one-way driving distance was 211 km (SD = 84) and 213 km (SD = 162) for SW and NSW respectively. The majority of SW (76%) did not plan to take a driving break and some intended driving up to 600 km. SW reported taking approximately 6.5 h of sleep the day before the drive compared to NSW who had a full nights sleep. Mean sleepiness ratings based on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) suggested SW were significantly more sleepy (M = 4.64) than NSW (M = 2.98). Approximately 19% of SW were classified with severe sleepiness (KSS [greater-or-equal, slanted] 7) compared to 1% of NSW and this suggested SW had a greater incidence of safety relevant sleepiness. Severe sleepiness has been linked to driving impairments and is therefore, of concern for the safety of the individual and the wider community.
Structure and relaxation in cellulose hydrogels

Cellulose-based hydrogels show great potential for a wide range of applications. However, the structure of these hydrated gels is not fully understood. The impact of moisture on the structure and stability of cellulose based hydrogels is reported in this article. Analytical data based on GPC, NMR, and rheology are discussed. It was found that moisture-induced gelation greatly reduces the crystallinity of the hydrogels, and the release of water from the hydrogels leads to permanent structural changes in the network structure due to the reformation of hydrogen bonding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42071.
Z→bb̄bb̄ in the light gluino and light sbottom scenario

The light gluino (12\char21{}16 GeV) and light sbottom (2\char21{}6 GeV) scenario has been used to explain the apparent overproduction of b quarks at the Fermilab Tevatron. This scenario also predicts the decay $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Z}b\overline{b}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}$ where the gluinos subsequently decay into b quarks and sbottoms. We show that this can contribute to ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4b}=\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Z}b\overline{b}b\overline{b})$ since most of the sbottoms and b quarks arising from gluino decay have a small angular separation. We find that while no excess in ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4b}$ is observable due to large uncertainties in experimental measurements, the ratio $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Z}b\overline{b}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g})/\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Z}b\overline{b}b\overline{b})$ can be large due to sensitivity to b-quark mass, the sbottom mixing angle and the gluino mass. We calculate it to be in the range 0.05\char21{}0.41 inclusive of the entire parameter space.
Chromosome aberrations resulting from double-strand DNA breaks at a naturally occurring yeast fragile site composed of inverted ty elements are independent of Mre11p and Sae2p

Genetic instability at palindromes and spaced inverted repeats (IRs) leads to chromosome rearrangements. Perfect palindromes and IRs with short spacers can extrude as cruciforms or fold into hairpins on the lagging strand during replication. Cruciform resolution produces double-strand breaks (DSBs) with hairpin-capped ends, and Mre11p and Sae2p are required to cleave the hairpin tips to facilitate homologous recombination. Fragile site 2 (FS2) is a naturally occurring IR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae composed of a pair of Ty1 elements separated by ∼280 bp. Our results suggest that FS2 forms a hairpin, rather than a cruciform, during replication in cells with low levels of DNA polymerase. Cleavage of this hairpin results in a recombinogenic DSB. We show that DSB formation at FS2 does not require Mre11p, Sae2p, Rad1p, Slx4p, Pso2p, Exo1p, Mus81p, Yen1p, or Rad27p. Also, repair of DSBs by homologous recombination is efficient in mre11 and sae2 mutants. Homologous recombination is impaired at FS2 in rad52 mutants and most aberrations reflect either joining of two broken chromosomes in a “half crossover” or telomere capping of the break. In support of hairpin formation precipitating DSBs at FS2, two telomere-capped deletions had a breakpoint near the center of the IR. In summary, Mre11p and Sae2p are not required for DSB formation at FS2 or the subsequent repair of these DSBs.
Predicting Burnout and Career Choice Satisfaction in Counseling Psychology Graduate Students

Counseling psychology doctoral students (N = 284) from 53 training programs throughout the United States anonymously completed online measures of burnout, career choice satisfaction, global stress, role conflict, social support (from family/friends, advisors, other students) and psychological sense of community (SOC) in the doctoral program. Two hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to test hypotheses that social support would buffer the effects of stress on burnout and career choice satisfaction. For burnout, neither social support nor SOC significantly moderated the effects of stress on burnout; however, global stress, advisor support, and SOC were significant predictors. For career choice satisfaction, SOC was a significant single predictor and moderated the effects of global stress. Under low stress, career choice satisfaction increased as SOC increased. Under high stress, these moderating effects seemed to disappear.
INTEGRATION PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTIVE OXIDE MEMORY TRANSISTOR

ABSTRACT The retention problem is a technical challenge for one-transistor (1T) ferroelectric memory devices. Three possible mechanisms are responsible for the poor retention of one-transistor ferroelectric memories: namely, leakage current deals with charges trapping within the gate oxide and ferroelectric film, floating gate effect, and the depolarization field. In order to overcome these problems, a novel ferroelectric transistor design using a semiconductive oxide film in place of the gate dielectric has been fabricated. There is no insulator and floating gate, and only the ferroelectric thin film deposited on a semiconductive oxide in the gate stack; therefore, there is a very low depolarization field. The highly oriented ferroelectric thin films have been selectively deposited on the device trench structure, which resulted in lower leakage current. The bottom gate of the ferroelectric capacitor is electrically connected to the silicon substrate through the semiconductive metal oxide resulting in the...
The symmetry of garnets on the pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12)-majorite (MgSiO3) join

Garnets with compositions between majorite and pyrope, Mj38, Mj48, Mj75 and Mj79 were synthesized at high pressures and temperatures in a 2000-ton uniaxial split-sphere apparatus (USSA-2000) and investigated using high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results from both techniques are consistent with the tetragonal field for these garnets extending to a majorite composition just below Mj75. The cubic-tetragonal structural phase transition in garnet along the majorite-pyrope join is sensitive to both composition and temperature and is expected to result in anomalous behavior in elastic shear moduli. This phase transition may occur in the transition zone of the earth's mantle and will have important effects on the elastic and rheological properties of this region where these garnets are stable phases.
Liver stem cell-derived β-cell surrogates for treatment of type 1 diabetes ☆

Consistent with the common embryonic origin of liver and pancreas as well the similar glucose-sensing systems in hepatocytes and pancreatic β-cells, it should not be surprising that liver stem cells/hepatocytes can transdifferentiate into insulin-producing cells under high-glucose culture conditions or by genetic reprogramming. Persistent expression of the pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) transcription factor or its super-active form Pdx1-VP16 fusion protein in hepatic cells reprograms these cells into pancreatic β-cell precursors. In vitro culture at elevated glucose concentrations or in vivo exposure to a hyperglycemia are required for further differentiation and maturation of liver-derived pancreatic β-cell precursor into functional insulin-producing pancreatic β-like cells. Under appropriate conditions, multiple pancreatic transcription factors can work in concert to reprogram liver stem/adult liver cells into functional insulin-producing cells. If such autologous liver-derived insulin-producing cells can be made to escape the type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity, they may serve as a valuable cell source for future cell replacement therapy without the need for life-long immunosuppression.
Vector analysis of atrial activity from surface ECGs recorded during atrial fibrillation

The traditional perception of atrial fibrillation (AF) as having random and disorganized electrical activity has begun to fade over recent years. Studies involving intra cardiac mapping have shown evidence of an underlying spatial and temporal organization in the atria during AF. In this study, we used a modified QRS-T cancellation method for multi-lead ECGs and examined vectorcardiograms synthesized from twenty 12-lead ECGs recorded during AF. As a preliminary study we also analyzed ECG recordings taken during an ablation procedure of a typical atrial flutter patient where mechanisms and activation sequences were well known. Of the twenty synthesized vectorcardiograms of AF, five showed a consistent cyclical vector sequence. The other recordings often showed segments of repeated sequences lasting two or three f-wave cycles.
Use of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasm without a definitive mass on CT

Background Diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm is challenging in patients with inconclusive findings on pancreatic multidetector row CT (MDCT). Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy and to identify predictors of pancreatic neoplasm by EUS with FNA in this setting. Design Retrospective chart review during the study period of January 2002 to December 2010. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Of the 1046 patients who underwent pancreatic EUS, 116 patients were selected because their clinical presentation was suspicious for pancreatic malignancy, but their MDCT findings were inconclusive. Intervention EUS with FNA. Main Outcome Measurements Diagnostic yield of malignancy and significance of clinical variables. Results When surgical pathology or subsequent clinical course was used as the criterion standard, EUS with FNA had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of 87.3%, 98.3%, 98.5%, and 92.1%, respectively, in diagnosing a pancreatic neoplasm that was indeterminate on MDCT. Factors significantly associated with EUS detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were total bilirubin level greater than 2 mg/dL ( P P P P = .004). Among them, pancreatic duct dilation on CT (odds ratio 4.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-11.05), and tumor size 1.5 cm or larger detected by EUS (odds ratio 8.46; 95% confidence interval, 2.02-35.45) were independent risk factors. Limitations Retrospective design and patient referral bias. Conclusions When MDCT is indeterminate, EUS is a highly sensitive and accurate modality for the detection of pancreatic neoplasm, especially when the tumor is smaller than 2.0 cm.
Connected sensor cover: self-organization of sensor networks for efficient query execution

Spatial query execution is an essential functionality of a sensor network, where a query gathers sensor data within a specific geographic region. Redundancy within a sensor network can be exploited to reduce the communication cost incurred in execution of such queries. Any reduction in communication cost would result in an efficient use of the battery energy, which is very limited in sensors. One approach to reduce the communication cost of a query is to self-organize the network, in response to a query, into a topology that involves only a small subset of the sensors sufficient to process the query. The query is then executed using only the sensors in the constructed topology. The self-organization technique is beneficial for queries that run sufficiently long to amortize the communication cost incurred in self-organization. In this paper, we design and analyze algorithms for suchself-organization of a sensor network to reduce energy consumption. In particular, we develop the notion of a connected sensor cover and design a centralized approximation algorithm that constructs a topology involving a near-optimal connected sensor cover. We prove that the size of the constructed topology is within an O(logn) factor of the optimal size, where n is the network size. We develop a distributed self-organization version of the approximation algorithm, and propose several optimizations to reduce the communication overhead of the algorithm. We also design another distributed algorithm based on node priorities that has a further lower communication overhead, but does not provide any guarantee on the size of the connected sensor cover constructed. Finally, we evaluate the distributed algorithms using simulations and show that our approaches results in significant communication cost reductions.
A curious pellet from a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

One of the traditional methods of determining the dietary preferences of owls relies upon the identification of bony remains of prey contained in regur- gitated pellets. Discovery of a pellet containing a large, complete primary feather from an adult, male Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) prompted us to examine in detail a small sample of pellets from a Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). Our analyses of feather and hair remains in these pellets docu- mented the presence of three species of birds and two species of mammals, whereas bones in the pellets represented only mammals. This finding indicates an important bias that challenges the reliability of owl pellet studies making use of only osteological remains. Six egested pellets from a Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788), were collected on 13 April 2003 along the northeast side of Blue Marsh Lake, ca. 11 mi north of Reading, Penn Township, Berks County, PA. The pellets were scattered beneath a large black walnut tree (Juglans nigra Linne, 1753) along the edge of a windbreak of trees bordering a grassy, overgrown field just north of Old Church Road and west of Route 183. They are all believed to be from a single individual because of their proximity and their similar size and shape. One of these pellets (catalogue USNM 601957) is unusual because it contains a large (> 190 mm long when extended), complete primary (P-9) feather (Fig. 1) from the right wing of an adult, male Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus Linne, 1758). The pellet also contains large fragments of other feathers, although none with shaft diam- eters as great as the complete P-9. Other than these feathers, the pellet consists primarily of compacted hairs. No bones are apparent on the surface, nor were any revealed by digital x-ray. Our review of the literature on raptor pellets and our discussions with colleagues revealed no previous instances of an item as large as the primary feather being discovered incorporated into the body of a regurgitated pellet. The visual impact of USNM 601957, and the fact that no bones of pheasant were present, encouraged us to examine all of the pellets more closely, paying particular attention to the correspondence among incorpo- rated feathers, hairs, and osteological remains. We identified feathers by direct comparison with museum specimens and by use of microscopic 1
Risk and clinical course of retinopathy of prematurity in 78 infants of gestational age 22-25 weeks

Purpose To characterize the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and survival of infants born at gestational age (GA) of 22-25 weeks. Methods This study was a comparative case series for the total set of 78 infants ≤25 GA screened for ROP at a level IV NICU during a 21-month period. Data are presented on infants screened for ROP from 6 weeks after birth for 22 and 23 weeks' GA infants and from 5 weeks after birth for 24 and 25 weeks' GA. Accounting for the competing risk of mortality, we implemented Cox CR regression models to assess birth weight, GA, and admission diagnosis as potential risk factors for the following time to event outcomes: type 1 disease, aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP), plus disease, first presentation of ROP, and worst ROP observed. Results Risk of laser treatment (subhazard ratio [SHR] = 0.56, P = 0.007) and of plus disease (SHR = 0.49, P = 0.001) was increased among those born at lower GA. Twenty infants required laser for type 1 disease at median postmenstrual age (PMA) of 35.8 weeks (range, 33.0-42.7); infants with AP-ROP had laser at PMA of 34.5 weeks (range, 33.0-36.9), 2 weeks earlier than infants without AP-ROP at PMA 36.5 weeks (range, 33.9-42.7). The cumulative probability of receiving laser therapy approached 46% (22 or 23 weeks' GA), 30% (24 weeks' GA), and 18% (25 weeks' GA). Conclusions The 2013 screening guidelines appear to be appropriate for infants of 22 and 23 weeks' GA when ROP screening begins at PMA 31 weeks.
The development of a complete computer design laboratory

Describes a computer design laboratory which was created to provides a very sophisticated and realistic environment. Students use the extensive facilities in this laboratory to undertake the design and integration of a CPU-based system that may be stand-alone or a part of another system. The design effort is as complete as possible, starting with a development proposal, including the hardware design and construction and the development of all necessary software in the C language, and concluding with extensive documentation. Students use a considerable amount of knowledge acquired in previous courses including computer architecture and interfacing, algorithms, languages and operating systems. They become members of groups that design components with complexity approaching levels found in commercial products. Thus, students that successfully complete the courses associated with the laboratory are very well prepared to become computer engineers and enter the increasingly demanding world of computer design. This paper describes the academic environment in which the laboratory operates, the purpose and function of the laboratory, the available equipment and the accomplishments of the student projects during the two academic years from September 1992 to May 1994.
Non-canonical activity of retinoic acid in epigenetic control of embryonic stem cell

Non-canonical cytoplasmic activities and signal transduction of retinoic acid (RA) expand RA’s pleiotropic effects in coordinating the epigenome in embryonic stem cell (ESC). Examples include RA-bound cellular retinoic acid binding protein I, which activates ERK2. By engaging both cytosolic and nuclear mediators, RA can efficiently augment ESC’s epigenome.
Sociotechnical Systems Evolution and International Stability: 1885-2001

A number of evolutionary sociotechnical patterns associated with the intensification of warfare and movement of the international system into a domain far from equilibrium are discussed. Evolution is extended from the past 100 years to the end of the 20th century with the identification of several likely crises precipitatory to World War III. Systems theoretic interpretation of a number of evolutionary developments is made. The use of systems concepts and systems experts in the management of international stability is discussed further.
Canine Surface Active Material and Pulmonary Lymphocyte Function Studies with Mixed-Lymphocyte Culture

Canine bronchoalveolar cells, obtained by lavage, were enriched for lymphocytes by adsorption to plastic or by filtration over nylon wool and tested for their ability to function in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. Pulmonary lymphocytes were markedly hyporesponsive to stimulation with allogeneic cells in vitro; their responses rarely exceeded 10% of those of blood lymphocytes obtained simultaneously from the same donor. However, pulmonary lymphocytes did function as stimulating cells, inducing allogeneic blood lymphocytes to proliferate in MLC. The failure of pulmonary lymphocytes to respond in MLC, coupled with their ability to stimulate clearly, distinguishes these cells from circulating blood lymphocytes. The effect of canine surface active material (SAM), a lipoprotein unique to the lung, on the function of blood lymphocytes in MLC was studied. A transient exposure to SAM in vitro profoundly suppressed blood lymphocyte responses to allogeneic stimulation, but had only a minor effect on the...
Research themes in the case-based reasoning in health sciences core literature

Research in case-based reasoning (CBR) in the health sciences started more than 20 years ago and has been steadily expanding during these years. This paper describes the state of the research through an analysis of its mainstream, or core, literature. The methodology followed involves first the definition of a classification and indexing scheme for this research area using a tiered approach to paper categorization based on application domain, purpose of the research, memory organization, reasoning characteristics, and system design. A research theme can be tied to any of the previous classification elements. The paper further analyzes the evolution of the literature, its characteristics in terms of highest impact, or most cited, papers, and draws conclusions from this analysis. Finally, a comparison with the themes automatically learned through clustering co-citations matrices with the Ensemble Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm in the CBR conference literature is proposed. This comparison helps better understand the main characteristics of the field and propose future directions.