cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase prevents zebrafish primary motoneurons from expressing an incorrect neurotransmitter

Expression of correct neurotransmitters is crucial for normal nervous system function. How neurotransmitter expression is regulated is not well-understood; however, previous studies provide evidence that both environmental signals and intrinsic differentiation programs are involved. One environmental signal known to regulate neurotransmitter expression in vertebrate motoneurons is Hepatocyte growth factor, which acts through the Met receptor tyrosine kinase and also affects other aspects of motoneuron differentiation, including axonal extension. Here we test the role of Met in development of motoneurons in embryonic zebrafish. We found that met is expressed in all early developing, individually identified primary motoneurons and in at least some later developing secondary motoneurons. We used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides to knock down Met function and found that Met has distinct roles in primary and secondary motoneurons. Most secondary motoneurons were absent from met morpholino-injected embryos, suggesting that Met is required for their formation. We used chemical inhibitors to test several downstream pathways activated by Met and found that secondary motoneuron development may depend on the p38 and/or Akt pathways. In contrast, primary motoneurons were present in met morpholino-injected embryos. However, a significant fraction of them had truncated axons. Surprisingly, some CaPs in met morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO)-injected embryos developed a hybrid morphology in which they had both a peripheral axon innervating muscle and an interneuron-like axon within the spinal cord. In addition, in met MO-injected embryos primary motoneurons co-expressed mRNA encoding Choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme for their normal neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and mRNA encoding Glutamate decarboxylase 1, the synthetic enzyme for GABA, a neurotransmitter never normally found in these motoneurons, but found in several types of interneurons. Our inhibitor studies suggest that Met function in primary motoneurons may be mediated through the MEK1/2 pathway. We provide evidence that Met is necessary for normal development of zebrafish primary and secondary motoneurons. Despite their many similarities, our results show that these two motoneuron subtypes have different requirements for Met function during development, and raise the possibility that Met may act through different intracellular signaling cascades in primary and secondary motoneurons. Surprisingly, although met is not expressed in primary motoneurons until many hours after they have extended axons to and innervated their muscle targets, Met knockdown causes some of these cells to develop a hybrid phenotype in which they co-expressed motoneuron and interneuron neurotransmitters and have both peripheral and central axons.
Prevalence and utility of DSM-IV eating disorder diagnostic criteria among youth†

Objective: To examine the prevalence and utility of DSM-IV eating disorder (ED) criteria and anorexia (AN), bulimia (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) among adolescents. Method: An ethnically diverse population-based sample of 4,746 public middle and high school students completed anthropometric measures and Project EAT survey items. Results: Many youth endorsed body shape perception disturbance (41.5% female; 24.9% male), undue influence of body shape/weight on self-esteem (36.4% female; 23.9% male), and compensatory behavior (9.4% female; 13.5% male). Prevalence among females and males, respectively, was: AN = 0.04%, 0%; BN = 0.3%, 0.2%; BED = 1.9%, 0.3%. Analyses of individual criteria showed high sensitivity and negative predictive values for each disorder and corresponding criteria, low specificity for several AN (27.8%) and BN (32.0%) criteria, and low positive predictive values (0.06–40.2%). Conclusion: Body disparagement and compensatory behaviors indicate eating disturbance, despite low prevalence of EDs. Diagnostic classification may be clinically useful, but is complicated for use in epidemiological populations. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007.
Multi-Scale MCMC Methods for Sampling from Products of Gaussian Mixtures

This paper addresses the important and ubiquitous problem of sampling from a product of Gaussian mixtures. An exact solution is often computationally infeasible, thus motivating the development of efficient sampling schemes. However, naive Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms perform poorly in cases where the product mixture is highly multi-modal. In this paper we follow the trend of recent work utilizing multi-scale sampling methods, and propose two new multi-scale Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms based on simulated and parallel tempering. Empirical results indicate that for the same computational budget, this class of methods can improve performance in cases with widely separated modes.
The influence of motivational language in the technologically mediated realm of telecommuters

The purpose of the current study was to extend organisational communication scholarship by examining the use of motivating language by supervisors of telecommuters and how motivating language influences telecommuters' perceptions of their supervisors' communication competence and their own communication satisfaction, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment. Participants included 177 full-time telecommuters from a number of organisations across the US. The current findings indicate that supervisors of telecommuters tended to use the motivating language of direction giving (task oriented) most frequently followed by empathetic and meaning-making language. Direction-giving language was also indicated as the greatest predictor of communication and organisational outcomes. A discussion of the current findings coupled with options for future research is also offered.
Probabilistic event logic for interval-based event recognition

This paper is about detecting and segmenting interrelated events which occur in challenging videos with motion blur, occlusions, dynamic backgrounds, and missing observations. We argue that holistic reasoning about time intervals of events, and their temporal constraints is critical in such domains to overcome the noise inherent to low-level video representations. For this purpose, our first contribution is the formulation of probabilistic event logic (PEL) for representing temporal constraints among events. A PEL knowledge base consists of confidence-weighted formulas from a temporal event logic, and specifies a joint distribution over the occurrence time intervals of all events. Our second contribution is a MAP inference algorithm for PEL that addresses the scalability issue of reasoning about an enormous number of time intervals and their constraints in a typical video. Specifically, our algorithm leverages the spanning-interval data structure for compactly representing and manipulating entire sets of time intervals without enumerating them. Our experiments on interpreting basketball videos show that PEL inference is able to jointly detect events and identify their time intervals, based on noisy input from primitive-event detectors.
Impact of electronic documentation on Pap screening rates in an urban health center.

Providers and non-physician staff in primary care settings have reported barriers to full electronic health record (EHR) utilization. This study evaluates the effectiveness of EHR use for accurately documenting cervical cancer screening in a community healthcare setting, and proposes strategies to improve documentation. An electronic query generated data on average-risk patients aged 21–64 who had a medical visit at Fenway Health in 2012 and were overdue for a Papanicolaou (Pap) test according to the 2012 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology guidelines. We then conducted a manual review of these records to determine the accuracy of EHR documentation. Of a total 5,279 patients, the electronic query classified 2,982 (56.5 %) as up-to-date (UTD) for a Pap and 2,297 patients (43.5 %) as overdue. Upon manual review, 65 (2.2 %) patients thought to be UTD were actually overdue. Of those 2,297 patients classified by the query as overdue, 816 (35.5 %) were reclassified as UTD due to evidence of a recent Pap in their chart that was not extractable by electronic query and 208 (9.1 %) were ineligible for a Pap; only 1,272 patients (55.4 %) of the 2,297 classified by the query were truly overdue. The cervical cancer screening rate indicated by electronic query was 56.5 %; after manual review, the adjusted rate was 73.6 %. Overall, 1,090 patients (20.6 %) were misclassified by the query. Inefficient EHR use can have serious implications for clinical practice and performance measures. Primary care practices need to develop mechanisms to capture outside medical records and create a team-based approach to facilitate accurate EHR documentation.
Getting the Most from Classroom Simulations: Strategies for Maximizing Learning Outcomes

Classroom simulations can make a significant contribution to learning out comes in political science courses, provided that they are firmly linked to course content and learning objectives. This article offers a step-by-step decision framework for instruc tors seeking to use simulations as a core component of their courses, including selection of an exercise, pre-simulation preparation, instructor role during a simulation, and tech niques for debriefing after the exercise. Options such as online and face-to-face, synchro nous and asynchronous, distributed and single classroom, and individual and team formats are compared, with a focus on their associated learning outcomes.
Deployment of a load simulator in simulating residential household appliances

Real-time electricity monitoring in residences is a growing market, with a number of systems being commercialized that provide feedback to occupants on electrical power and energy consumption. These systems are also useful for research purposes, by better quantifying occupant energy usage for input into whole building energy models. Different monitoring systems, however, may perform better in certain circumstances than in others, so this work discusses efforts to create residential electrical energy emulators that can be used to evaluate energy monitoring systems. Our research focuses on the efficacy of tools available to mimic individual electrical loads in residential buildings. In our study, appliances are simulated using typical load profiles, with programmable power and power factor. The advantage of the load simulator is that it provides a variety of fully controllable loads for experimentation. By applying this method, building energy analysis research will have more flexibility to mimic real household appliances and electrical loads than is currently available.
Pulsed ring-down source array

A pulsed ring-down source array (PRDS), also called a Resonant Antenna-Source System, is a robust high-power transient RF transmitter that provides substantial power in the far field region. In a typical PRDS, a high potential is stored in the device structure and discharged through a switch, generating a damped ringing radiated waveform. Using an array of PRDS antennas, the radiated far field power density can be increased far beyond that possible with a single source. The array's performance is dependent on the individual antenna elements, along with the main switch triggering jitter and the jitter of the trigger source. The array being tested is composed of four antennas spaced a quarter wavelength apart from one another in a straight line. The PRDS element is a half coaxial monopole antenna tuned for ∼100MHz. The switch used is a custom made trigatron spark gap pressurized up to 100 PSI of N 2 . The results presented from a working example of a PRDS array will enable future development of the system.
Efficient ordering schemes for sphere decoder

In this paper, we propose an efficient ordering scheme that can be embedded in the QR decomposition to reduce the average and worst-case computational complexity of the sphere decoding (SD) algorithm. Our proposed ordering scheme takes into account both the channel matrix and the received signal (noise), and is designed based on a study of the data collected from worst-case scenarios. Simulation results show that our proposed ordering scheme leads to lower average and worst-case computational complexity for the SD algorithm than the optimal vertical Bell Labs layered space-time (V-BLAST) ordering scheme. We also propose a simplified ordering scheme when the unconstrained zero-forcing (ZF) estimate is unavailable.
Protective Factors as Barriers to Depression in Gifted and Nongifted Adolescents

Despite continued efforts by researchers, a gap still exists in our understanding of the psychological, social, and emotional adjustment of gifted students. Historically, research and education of the gifted has focused on cognitive variables, with less attention given to the social and emotional needs of these students. The current study used data from the full Add Health data set to examine how protective factors moderated depression differently for gifted and nongifted adolescents. Results of the study indicate that gifted students are significantly less depressed than nongifted students, and all of the protective factors moderated depression for both groups. Future research should examine additional indicators of psychosocial well-being provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding the social and emotional development of gifted and nongifted adolescents.Putting the Research to Use: Empirical research examining the unique social and emotional needs of gifted adolescents is at a critical junc...
On Sufficient Conditions in Nonsmooth Optimization

Second-order conditions are given which are sufficient for a point to be a local minimizer for certain nonlinear programming problems defined on Banach spaces. The functions involved in the problems are not required to be smooth or convex; indeed, they are required only to satisfy certain conditions which are weak enough to be satisfied by all locally Lipschitzian functions. The sufficiency conditions are expressed in terms of Clarke generalized gradients as extended by Rockafellar. An account is given of the connections between these results and some earlier sufficiency theorems.
Latent attractor selection in the presence of irrelevant stimuli

Latent attractor networks are recurrent neural networks with weak attractors that bias the network's response to external stimuli but never fully manifest themselves. Such networks have been used to model context-dependent place representations in the hippocampus, and to encode context-dependent stimuli in neural networks. In the original latent attractor model, each attractor was triggered by a unique context pattern representing a stimulus that uniquely identified the context of the subsequent episode. This model was later extended to the case where contexts were triggered progressively by the sequential presentation of several stimulus patterns without regard to order. In this paper, we describe a network model that can select contexts even if the triggering stimulus patterns are interspersed among patterns irrelevant to context selection. This is closer to the way such a process would occur cognitively, where contexts are typically recognized based on a subset of sequentially perceived identifiers or cues among a larger set of perceived items.
Sliding mode/H ∞ control of a hydro-power plant

This paper presents a new approach to Load Frequency Control (LFC) for a hydro-power plant. The control algorithm combines sliding mode control with H ∞ technique. The dynamic model of an entire hydro-power plant has been developed. The sliding hyperplane is constructed by H ∞ full state feedback control method. The ideal lossless turbine-penstock model is used in this paper to conduct the simulation. Results are compared with those from traditional PI and LQR designs. It is demonstrated that the proposed sliding mode control blended with H ∞ method improves the system performance under a load disturbance and parametric uncertainties.
FREQUENCY OF UROLITHIASIS IN A PREPAID MEDICAL CARE PROGRAM

The rate of occurrence of stones of the urinary tract was assessed in a large population served by the Northern California Kaiser Foundation Health Plan. The study involved three separate groups. First, data were obtained by questionnaire from approximately 175,000 adults who took a multiphasic health checkup in the period 1964-1972; of these generally well adult members, 26.2/1000 persons (32.0/1000 men and 21.0/1000 women) reported having ever been told by a physician that they had a urinary tract stone. Second, data were obtained from 139,000 persons served by the San Francisco outpatient facility in 1970-1972; 1.22/1000 per year (1.81/1000 men and 0.59/1000 women) had an initial diagnosis of a "new or recurrent" stone of the upper urinary tract. The third set of data was procured from the entire Northern California region in 1971-1975; 0.36/1000 (0.52/1000 men and 0.19/1000 women) were discharged from a hospital each year with a diagnosis of upper urinary tract stone. All rates were age-adjusted to the 1960 US Census population. Of these three rates, the rate derived from the outpatient visit record most closely estimates incidence, since nearly all persons who are hospitalized are first seen as outpatients. Rates of kidney stone diagnosis were three times more common in men and, although rare before 20 years of age, the frequency increased rapidly and peaked in the age group 40 to 59 years. Rates were approximately twice as high in whites as in blacks and Orientals; the frequency of stones was inversely related to socioeconomic status as measured by level of education. Over 90% of stones occurred in the upper urinary tract, and the majority contained calcium oxalate. Population-based rates of occurrence of kidney stones are not generally available in the United States. Comparisons with the few available studies indicate that rates in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan population may be high.
Teaching ethics in the software engineering curriculum

This paper describes a pilot study conducted to explore the teaching of ethics in software engineering programs. The author reviewed existing literature and then constructed a tentative survey, which was sent to 127 educators. Questions involved ethical topics encountered, methods of delivery, and the use of codes of ethics. Results provide only an informal snapshot of trends but responses are being used to create a revised survey, which will be sent to a larger population.
Ubiquitous B-Tree

B-trees have become, de facto, a standard for file organization. File indexes of users, dedicated database systems, and general-purpose access methods have all been proposed and nnplemented using B-trees This paper reviews B-trees and shows why they have been so successful It discusses the major variations of the B-tree, especially the B+-tree, contrasting the relatwe merits and costs of each implementatmn. It illustrates a general purpose access method whmh uses a B-tree.
Isie-81 interpersonal skills assessment technique

A microcomputer has been used at the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) to execute an interaction analysis system that describes physician/patient interactions. Observation of a videotaped (or audiotaped) interview results in a two-page printout that presents a detailed analysis of that interview. Further analysis of individual interviews in comparison with similar group data is possible by use of a mainframe program that provides selected statistics for an entire group of interviews.
Odontogenic keratocysts: a clinical and histologic comparison of the parakeratin and orthokeratin variants

Four hundred forty-nine cases of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) were separated into three histologic categories: parakeratinized, orthokeratinized, or a combination of the two types. Demographic and clinical data, such as anatomic location and recurrence, were obtained from the biopsy forms. Results showed that 86.2% of the 449 cases were parakeratinized, 12.2% were orthokeratinized, and 1.6% had features of both orthokeratin and parakeratin. There were no statistically significant differences between orthokeratinized and parakeratinized OKCs when age, race, sex, presenting symptoms, and the clinical impression were compared. The orthokeratinized OKC was more often associated with an impacted tooth (75.7%), as compared with 47.8% for the parakeratinized OKC (P = .001). Parakeratinized OKCs recurred in at least 42.6% of the cases, compared with only 2.2% for orthokeratinized OKCs. This study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between the parakeratin and orthokeratin variants of OKC. In addition, data are presented that show the need for longer follow-up than previously documented.
Suppurative otitis and ascending meningoencephalitis associated with Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) with toxoplasmosis

A 6-year-old female Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) at a zoo in California developed acute ataxia and left-sided circling. Despite intensive care, clinical signs progressed to incoordination and prostration, and the animal was euthanized. At necropsy, the left tympanic cavity was filled with homogeneous suppurative exudate that extended into the cranium expanding the meninges and neuroparenchyma in the lateral and ventral aspect of the caudal ipsilateral brainstem and medulla oblongata. Microscopically, the brainstem showed regional severe suppurative meningoencephalitis with large numbers of neutrophils, fewer macrophages, and lymphocytes admixed with fibrin, necrotic cellular debris, hemorrhage, and mineralization, with numerous intralesional Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteroides spp. and Porphyromonas spp. were isolated on anaerobic culture from the meninges, and the bacteria were further characterized by partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing as Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae. Bacterial aerobic culture from the meninges yielded very low numbers of mixed flora and Proteus spp., which were considered contaminants. Culture of Mycoplasma spp. from middle ear and meninges was negative. Additionally, Toxoplasma gondii cysts were detected by immunohistochemistry in the heart and brain, and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in serum. The genera Bacteroides and Porphyromonas have been associated with oral disease in marsupials; but not with otitis and meningoencephalitis. The results of the present work highlight the importance of performing anaerobic cultures in the diagnostic investigation of cases of suppurative otitis and meningoencephalitis in macropods.
Topical delivery of aqueous micellar resolvin E1 analog (RX-10045)

Abstract Purpose The primary objective of this study were to optimize aqueous micellar solution of isopropyl ester prodrug of resolvin (RX-10045), study in vivo ocular compatibility and tissue distribution following topical administration. Methods An optimized ratio of hydrogenated castor-oil and octoxynol-40 (1.0:0.05 wt%) was prepared to entrap RX-10045 in the hydrophobic core of micelles. RX-10045 aqueous micelles were subjected to characterization. In vitro stability studies were performed at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C. In vivo studies were conducted in New Zealand albino rabbits following topical drop administration. Results Aqueous RX-10045 micellar solutions were successfully prepared. Micelles had a mean diameter of ∼12 nm with low negative surface charge. RX-10045 demonstrated high stability in citrate buffer (0.01 M) at 40 °C. Hackett–McDonald ocular irritation scores were extremely low comparable to negative control. No significant difference in intraocular pressure was noted. Electroretinography studies did not reveal any retinal damage after multiple dosing of RX-10045 micellar solution. Ocular tissue distribution studies demonstrated appreciable drug concentrations in anterior ocular tissues. Moreover, RX-10008 (active metabolite of RX-10045) was detected in retina/choroid upon topical drop instillation. Conclusions A clear, stable, aqueous 0.1% RX-10045 micellar formulation was successfully prepared. Micellar solution was well-tolerated and did not have any measurable tissue damage in rabbit ocular tissues. Micelles appear to follow conjunctival/scleral pathway to reach back-of-the-eye tissue (retina). Topical aqueous formulations may be employed to treat posterior ocular diseases. Such micellar topical formulations may be more patient acceptable over invasive routes of administrations such as intravitreal injection/implants.
Process to Recovery: In Support of Long-Term Groups for Sexual Abuse Survivors

This article presents a model for a long-term process group for treating adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. The reasons for the preference of an ongoing group are presented in light of their relevance to the early traumas of survivors. The rationale and philosophy guiding these groups with their emphasis on strengths rather than pathology, on individuation, and on educational and therapeutic components are highlighted. The developmental life of the group and corresponding behavior of members at each stage are viewed within the overarching concept of closeness, a key issue for survivors to experience and work through during their recovery.
Prolonged Release of Bioactive Model Proteins from Anionic Microgels Fabricated with a New Microemulsion Approach

Therapeutic proteins have become an integral part of health care. However, their controlled delivery remains a challenge. Protein function depends on a delicate three dimensional structure, which can be damaged during the fabrication of controlled release systems. This study presents a microgel-based controlled release system capable of high loading efficiencies, prolonged release and retention of protein function. A new DMSO/Pluronic microemulsion served as a reaction template for the crosslinking of poly(acrylic acid) and oligo (ethylene glycol) to form microgels. Poly(acylic acid) molecular weights and microgel crosslinking densities were altered to make a series of microgels. Microgel capacity to capture and retain proteins of different sizes and isoelectric points, to control their release rate (over ~30 days) and to maintain the biofunctionality of the released proteins were evaluated. Microgels of different sizes and morphologies were synthesized. Loading efficiencies of 100% were achieved with lysozyme in all formulations. The loading efficiency of all other proteins was formulation dependent. Release of lysozyme was achieved for up to 30 days and the released lysozyme retained over 90% of its activity. High loading efficiencies and prolonged release of different proteins was achieved. Furthermore, lysozyme’s functionality remained uncompromised after encapsulation and release. This work begins to lay the foundation for a broad platform for the delivery of therapeutic proteins.
LSD: Teratogenic Action in Chick Blastoderms

SummaryChick blastoderms at H & H stage 8-8+ were cultured in vitro on 1 ml aliquots of medium containing either 50 or 100 μg of lysergic acid diethylamide. Following 20 hr incubation, drug-treated embryos failed to demonstrate any increase in mortality or growth-depressing effects. At both dose levels, however, disturbances were observed in fusion of the neural folds. A significant reduction in the mean number of somites per embryo was observed in embryos exposed to 50 μg of LSD.
Low cost embedded hardware based multi-frequency Eddy Current Testing System

A low cost embedded hardware based multi frequency Eddy Current System has been designed and developed to detect cracks in metallic structures. It includes a constant peak alternating current source capable of operating at multiple frequencies for detecting surface and near sub-surface cracks in metals. Eddy Current Testing probes for different frequency ranges are also designed using the Numerical Approach. The output signal from the probe is demodulated in terms of amplitude and phase. It is then sent to the embedded hardware via a specially designed Data Acquisition (DAQ) card. The test results are plotted in real time and using a Graphical User Interface (GUI), impedance signal is also generated. Multi-frequency data comparison feature is also incorporated.
Structures of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase from pathogenic fungi reveal the mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis.

Trehalose is a disaccharide essential for the survival and virulence of pathogenic fungi. The biosynthesis of trehalose requires trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1, and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, Tps2. Here, we report the structures of the N-terminal domain of Tps2 (Tps2NTD) from Candida albicans, a transition-state complex of the Tps2 C-terminal trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase domain (Tps2PD) bound to BeF3 and trehalose, and catalytically dead Tps2PD(D24N) from Cryptococcus neoformans bound to trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P). The Tps2NTD closely resembles the structure of Tps1 but lacks any catalytic activity. The Tps2PD–BeF3–trehalose and Tps2PD(D24N)–T6P complex structures reveal a “closed” conformation that is effected by extensive interactions between each trehalose hydroxyl group and residues of the cap and core domains of the protein, thereby providing exquisite substrate specificity. Disruption of any of the direct substrate–protein residue interactions leads to significant or complete loss of phosphatase activity. Notably, the Tps2PD–BeF3–trehalose complex structure captures an aspartyl-BeF3 covalent adduct, which closely mimics the proposed aspartyl-phosphate intermediate of the phosphatase catalytic cycle. Structures of substrate-free Tps2PD reveal an “open” conformation whereby the cap and core domains separate and visualize the striking conformational changes effected by substrate binding and product release and the role of two hinge regions centered at approximately residues 102–103 and 184–188. Significantly, tps2Δ, tps2NTDΔ, and tps2D705N strains are unable to grow at elevated temperatures. Combined, these studies provide a deeper understanding of the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of Tps2 and provide a structural basis for the future design of novel antifungal compounds against a target found in three major fungal pathogens.
Massive rotator cuff tears : diagnosis and management

Pathophysiology of Rotator Cuff Tears.- History and Physical Exam.- Imaging of the Rotator Cuff.- Non-Operative Management: Natural History, Medications and Injections.- Arthroscopic Treatment.- Biologics and Patches.- Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer.- Pectoralis Major Tendon Transfer.- Hemiarthroplasty.- Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.- Treatment Algorithm for Patients with Massive Rotator Cuff Tears.
The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Host–Microbial Interactions

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) evade digestion and remain largely intact while transiting the infant gastrointestinal tract. Thus, HMOs are available to interact with endogenous microbiota that are capable of colonizing the nursing neonate following birth. This chapter reviews the scientific evidence for HMOs enriching specific microbial populations such as bifidobacteria that are proficient at metabolizing milk oligosaccharides. In addition, HMOs simultaneously restrict potential pathogens by providing decoy lectin-binding sites that mimic similar structures decorating host epithelia. In aggregate, HMOs guide the composition of the infant microbiome by both positively and negatively modulating microbial populations. This suggests an adaptation innovated in humans and perhaps other mammals to promote microbial community function to benefit of infant health.
Upper Airway Stimulation Therapy

Traditional upper airway surgery directly modifies skeletal and soft tissue structures surrounding the airway to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Upper airway stimulation (UAS) attempts to treat upper airway obstruction and OSA by stimulating the hypoglossal nerve. The Inspire II implant has been approved for clinical UAS. Basic science data support that UAS prevents obstruction and improves airflow. Clinical results demonstrate that UAS improves respiratory sleep metrics and improves both objective and subjective self-reported sleep and quality-of-life outcomes. In a substantial number of individuals who meet inclusion criteria, UAS appears to be a viable, long-term, low-morbidity treatment of moderate-to-severe OSA.
The Pelona–Orocopia–Rand and related schists of southern California: a review of the best-known archive of shallow subduction on the planet

ABSTRACTThe Pelona–Orocopia–Rand and related schists of southern California are an archetypal example of an exhumed shallow subduction complex. ‘The schist’ comprises mainly trench materials underthust beneath continental arc rocks during Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic collision of one or more oceanic plateaux with southern California. The arc-on-trench relationship, without intervening mantle or lowermost crust, implies that significant subduction erosion accompanied shallow subduction. Upsection increases in metamorphic grade (~150 ± 100°C/km) and spatial variations in age and peak temperature provide an ~50 million year long record of tectonic underplating within a cooling system. Evidence for palaeoseismic events in earliest formed and hottest (locally transitional granulite grade) schists provides a possible field-based record of episodic tremor and slow slip events such as detected in several modern shallow subduction zones. Structural ascent of the schist was achieved in distinct Late Cretaceous–ea...
Comparison of nucleophilic- and radical-based routes to the formation of manganese-main group element single bonds

Using the stable metalloradical Mn(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2, we report the formation of manganese-main group complexes via the single-electron functionalization of main group halides. The reactions occur in a simple 1 : 1 stoichiometry, and demonstrate the utility of using stable open-shelled organometallics as precursors for metal-main group compounds. This has enabled the preparation of manganese complexes bearing terminal –EXn substituents, as shown through the isolation of Mn(SnCl)(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2 and Mn(BiCl2)(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2 from SnCl2 and BiCl3, respectively. Through this approach, we have also isolated Mn(SbF2)(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2 from SbF3, which serves as a unique example of a terminal –SbF2 complex. Although the metalloradical functionalization of binary main group halides provides the desired main group adduct in yields comparable to nucleophilic activation using the manganate Na[Mn(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2], the former approach is shown to be far more atom-economical with respect to Mn. Additionally, we have found that Mn(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2 also serves as a convenient precursor to MnF(CO)3(CNArDipp2). The latter is an analogue to the elusive monofluoride FMn(CO)5.
Spatiotemporal Impacts of Climate and Demand on Water Supply in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Basin

AbstractThe transboundary Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) Basin in the southeastern United States has a long history of competition for water resources and litigation surrounding these confl...
The Role of Allotriploidy in the Evolution of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae): A Preliminary Study of Ancient Polyploid and Hybrid Speciation

Also known as the Himalayan Poppy, Meconopsis is a genus of herbaceous plants growing only in the high elevation habits of the Himalaya and its adjacent plateau and mountain areas. The genus exhibits high morphological and ecological diversity, but the major causes of divergence in Meconopsis have not previously been studied. Our recent revised taxonomic classification, based on a molecular phylogeny, divided the genus into four monophyletic sections. Because chromosome number varies among these sections and our previous phylogenetic analyses revealed extensive incongruence between the recovered nrITS and cpDNA trees, possibly due to ancient hybridization, this study focused on evaluating the potential role of ancient polyploidization and hybridization in Meconopsis' evolutionary history. Our investigation based on the results of reconstructed ancestral chromosome numbers using a Maximum Likelihood method implemented in chromEvol showed that two extant Meconopsis sections (sect. Grandes and sect. Primulinae) shared a triploid ancestor. We further examined the pattern of hybridization in Meconopsis by reconstructing a nuclear marker GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene) network. The result, along with morphological, phylogenetic, and cytological evidence, all point to a hybrid nature of the triploid ancestor. Based on the resultant GAPDH network, an ancient reticulate evolution scenario in Meconopsis is proposed. Overall, this preliminary study shows how an ancient triploid event promoted polyploid evolution in Meconopsis and also exemplifies how allotriploidization and successive polyploidization played an important role in diversification of the genus.
Interaction of Biogenic Amines with Ethanol

Ethanol ingestion produces physiological responses which suggest increased sympathetic activity. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure usually rise while sweating and flushing often occur. The euphoria and garrulousness also suggest central sympathetic activation. Experiments in volunteers treated with a depletor of norepinephrine, α- methyltyrosine, and then ethanol, show a lessening of these commonly observed effects of the drug.
Anticoagulation Therapy in Pregnant Patients

Pregnancy is an acquired hypercoagulable state. During pregnancy, there are increases in clotting factors and fibrinogen, coupled with decreases in fibrinolytic activity and endogenous anticoagulants such as protein S. The intricate balance that normally exists between endogenous anticoagulant and procoagulant factors may become disrupted, potentially leading to venous thromboembolism (VTE) affecting the mother or gestational complications involving the fetus. VTE has remained an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the pregnant patient, with pulmonary embolism (PE) as the leading cause of mortality. Moreover, in susceptible mothers with certain hypercoagulable conditions, the fetus may be subject to gestational complications that include preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal loss.
IDENTIFICATION OF DEGENERATE DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS

Abstract An abstract approximation theory for the identification of linear degenerate distributed parameter systems is developed. Central to the approach is an abstract approximation result for regular and degenerate implicit distributed systems in the spirit of the Trotter-Kato Theorem for the approximation of linear semigroups. This result is used to develop abstract approximation frameworks for inverse problems involving rather broad classes of linear degenerate systems. The general approach is outlined for parabolic systems and the results of a numerical study involving the identification of one dimensional degenerate heat or diffusion equation are included.
Stem cells repurpose proliferation to contain a breach in their niche barrier

Most, if not all, tissues of an adult animal contain stem cells. These stem cells regenerate and repair damaged tissues and organs for the entire lifetime of an animal, contributing to a healthy life. They divide to make daughter cells that become either new stem cells or specialized cells of that organ. Adult stem cells exist in specific areas within tissues known as niches, where they interact with surrounding cells and molecules that inform their behavior. For example, cells and molecules within these niches can signal stem cells to remain in a ‘dormant’ state, but upon injury, they can mobilize stem cells to form new tissue and repair the wound. So far, it has been unclear how stem cells sense damage and stress and direct their efforts away from their normal duties towards repair. Here, Lay et al. studied the stem cells in the mouse skin that are responsible to regenerate hair. Every hair follicle contains a niche (the ‘bulge’), where these stem cells live and share their environment with cells that anchor the hair. The niche tethers to the stem cells through specific adhesion molecules that also help the niche to form a tight seal to prevent bacteria from entering. Lay et al. removed one of the adhesion molecules called E-cadherin, which caused a breach in the niche’s barrier. The stem cells sensed their damaged niche, prepared to multiply, and sent out stress signals to the immune system. The immune cells then arrived at the niche and sent signals back to the stem cells, prodding them to multiply and patch the barrier, while at the same time, keeping the inflammation in check. This remarkable ability of the stem cells to recruit immune cells and initiate a dialogue with them enabled the stem cells to divert their attention from regenerating hair and instead directing it towards the site of the tissue damage. Other stem cells, such as those in the lung or gut, may have similar mechanisms to detect and respond to physical damage. It will be interesting to investigate the underlying mechanism of how immune cells are involved in balancing stem cell regenerative capacity and response to physical damage. A better knowledge of these processes could help to regenerate tissues or even entire organs.
Real-World Lessons on Achievable Space Governance from the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, the Iran Nuclear Agreement, and the Paris Climate Agreement

Within the context of the dilemma on how to proceed towards expanded outer space governance, this paper endeavours to delve deeper into what is achievable, with a focus on the role of the most pivotal actor, the United States. This is achieved by examining three recent efforts to develop instruments of international cooperation both inside and outside the realm of outer space: The Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities (ICOC), the Iran Nuclear Agreement, and the Paris Climate Agreement. The latter two case studies are included because the challenges in developing instruments of international cooperation in matters other than outer space have parallels to outer space that can easily go unnoticed. These case studies reveal a dysfunction in the US constitutional system that belies facile attempts to characterise the US as a unitary actor on the world stage. Efforts by the executive branch to marginalise Congress, and by Congress to overcome marginalisation, serve as a precautionary lesson about the future of space governance. If new instruments in space governance are to be achieved, the role of the US Congress should be considered at the outset, not as an afterthought.
Administrative Records and the Courts

The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) enables individuals dissatisfied with agency action to challenge such action in federal court under standards that, depending on the type of action, range from “arbitrary and capricious” to “unreasonabl[e]”. The evidence that courts consider when rendering APA judgments is “the whole record” from the agency. Under the APA’s text, structure, stare decisis, history, and as a matter of practicality, “the whole record” means all materials considered or relied upon by the agency, as reflected in the record presented by the agency to the court. If an APA petitioner can make a strong showing that the agency’s record is missing documents that properly belong in the record, then she overcomes a strong presumption of agency regularity and may include those documents in the administrative record. “[T]he whole record” engenders significant confusion and inter-decisional inconsistency among litigants and courts. The APA does not define the term. Although scholars have for years described the legal landscape of record “completion” and “supplementation”, and in the absence of Supreme Court precedent, this article is the first to critically analyze the nuances of the APA record rule and why some litigants and courts are misapplying the law.
Carbon Films for Corrosion Resistant Photoelectrochemical Cells

Hydrogen represents an ideal source of clean energy, and a suitable power storage alternative. While there are many production methods available to produce hydrogen, they either use fossil fuels or suffer from low efficiency, detracting from any benefits this renewable energy source could provide. The purpose of this work is to fabricate a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell that can use the energy of sunlight to power electrolysis to efficiently generate and capture hydrogen from water for use as fuel for applications such as mobile or stationary fuel cells. Most electrodes in modern PEC cells corrode fast, in less than a week, preventing the large-scale implementation of the technology. The research focuses on solving this issue by synthesizing Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) through Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) for use as an anti-corrosion layer and co-doping the film with Boron and Phosphorous atoms. The anticipated outcome of this work is to optimize the synthesis of DLC through PECVD and therefore to increase the lifespan of PEC cells to a range that is acceptable for industrial applications, without impeding the flow of electric current of the cell. We have shown that DLC can be synthesized at low temperature (~100°C) and the annealing enables the formation of diamond on the substrate. Moreover, the film experiences an increase in conductivity post phosphorous and boron implantation and annealing, demonstrating the effectiveness of the ion implantation method for the control of the conductivity of DLC films. The film characteristics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger Electron spectroscopy (AES), Raman spectroscopy and current-voltage (IV) measurements.
Understory plants as indicators of grand fir mortality due to the fir engraver

Mortality of grand fir trees, caused by the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis, was monitored during 3 years on ten 0.1-acre (0.04 ha) circular plots in each of nine stands in northern Idaho. Understory vegetation was sampled on each plot on the basis of circular subplots of 0.03 acre (0.012 ha). Analyses showed four species to be strongly correlated with high and two with low tree mortality. The interaction between these groups of plant species provided a variable that increased as the proportion of high- to low-hazard plants increased. Various linear and nonlinear expressions were tested between the two plant groups and their interaction regressed against killed trees per acre. The plant group interaction term accounted for the most variation (r2=0.914) and produced the lowest standard error of the estimate (1.55). The equation for this variable took the form Y = 2.291 + 0.111ex. where X=plant group interaction. This equation provides an indication of the susceptibility of grand fir stands to mortality caused by the fir engraver.