cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Public Trust in Wildlife: Closing the Implementation Gap in Thirteen Western States

Under the banner of state sovereignty, state wildlife agencies commonly claim they are entitled to manage wildlife as a public trust resource under the public trust doctrine (PTD). This assertion is frequently made in judicial proceedings, with state requests that their managerial authority over wildlife be given due force throughout state, private, federal, and even tribal lands. Based on these broad state assertions, one might be forgiven for concluding that a rich body of PTD practices and policies exists for wildlife. In reality, the PTD in state wildlife management proves to be little more than a legal ephemera, leaving few concrete traces on the landscape. This article empirically investigates implementation of the PTD as applied to wildlife by thirteen state fish and wildlife agencies in the American West over nearly two decades. For these states, we reviewed state agency management and/or decision making documents referencing the public trust (and related principles) using an evaluative rubric. In only two out of eighty-six documents is there a discernible application of the PTD or public trust principles that goes beyond merely mentioning those legal concepts. This research exposes a significant gap between the legal assertions western states make about the PTD and the actual decisions of state agencies. Agencies in any decision-making context must making findings under applicable law and support their choices with evidence. This administrative expectation should be all the more exacting when a public trust resource is implicated. To truly fulfill the legal mandate of the PTD, and to avoid the specter of arbitrary and capricious decision-making, state wildlife agencies must do more. By drawing comparisons to the application of PTD in state water resources decisions—an area with more developed public trust application—the article suggests how states can begin to close this implementation gap for wildlife.
Power engineering applications in senior design projects

This paper summarizes the power-related senior design activities conducted by Iowa State University's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The paper describes the overall senior design process followed by a summary of many of the specific power-related projects conducted during the last few years.
Conferencing Skills: Working with Parents.

O ne teacher has in her class a student who rarely completes her homework. Another teacher tells of a student who is so sensitive that she bursts into tears several times during the school day. A third notes that many of his students are doing outstanding work. Such information is important and should be communicated to parents. Yet many teachers become anxious about approaching parents or about how parents might react to messages from their child's teacher. This article offers five tips that teachers can use to improve their skills in communicating with parents. Each tip is discussed, and a scripted example emphasizing how each tip could be used in a parent-teacher conference is provided. Throughout the examples there are paragraphs marked Teacher's Thinking. These are provided to help teachers project themselves into the minds of parents, while simultaneously trying to understand why they relate to parents the way they do.
The challenge of preconception counseling: Using reproductive life planning in primary care

Purpose A case study is used to explore barriers and challenges in the delivery of preconception care, and to highlight the future role of reproductive life planning in primary practice settings. Data sources Peer-reviewed journal articles and clinical practice guidelines pertaining to preconception care. Conclusions Because of the high rate of unintended pregnancy, preconception care should be incorporated into routine primary care for women of reproductive age. Reproductive life plans are tools that help formalize contraceptive and preconception care for women across the life span. They may prove particularly useful for women with chronic diseases and for young, low-income, and minority women. Implications for practice With their emphasis on holistic care and patient education, nurse practitioners are well suited to incorporate elements of preconception care into the routine care they provide patients. Clinicians can modify reproductive life plans to fit the unique needs of an individual, patient population, or clinical practice.
Reaction chemistry of [Pd2(μ-OH)2L4]2+ with aryl amines.: Structures of [Pd2(μ-OH){μ-NH(p-tol)}(PPh3)4](BF4)2, [Pd(η3-CH2C(NH(p-tol)CH2)(PPh3)2](BF4), and [Pd(PMe2Ph)2(μ-PF2O2)]2(PF6)2

Abstract The reaction of [Pd2(μ-OH)2(PPh3)4](BF4)2 (1) with aromatic amines (aniline and p-toluidine) in dichloromethane yields the dinuclear complexes [Pd2(μ-OH)(μ-NHAr)(PPh3)4](BF4)2 (2) (Ar=Ph, p-tol). The same reaction in acetone gives the palladium(II) allyl complex, [Pd(η3-CH2C(NHp-tol)CH2)(PPh3)2](BF4) (3). An attempt to prepare the PMe2Ph analog of 1 as the PF6 − salt yielded instead [Pd(PMe2Ph)2(μ-PF2O2)]2(PF6)2 (7).The structures of 2 (Ar=p-tol), 3, and 7 have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
Laser Bandwidth and Intensity Effects in Multiphoton Ionization of Sodium

Recently there has been interest in the development of theoretical methods for incorporating the effects of finite laser bandwidth in the treatment of the ac Stark effect in the two-level atom approximation, and in the extension of this model to approximate descriptions of “weak probe” double resonance experiments [1]. In this paper we briefly describe some experimental observations which have played a role in motivating recent developments in the mathematical framework for treating finite laser bandwidth effects in phase diffusion models [2] and, more recently, in chaotic field models which include the effects of amplitude fluctuations [3].
Hydrogen bonding: Part 14. Hydrogen bonding in the tetrahedral O4H4−4 cluster in hydrogrossular

Abstract Infrared spectra of hydrogrossular, Ca3Al2(O4H4)3, and hydrogrossular-d12 show that hydrogen bonding occurs in the O4H4−4 cluster found in this garnetoid mineral. Revaluation of published crystallographic data shows that bond lengths in the cluster are consonant with the presence of bifurcated hydrogen bonds. This cluster, which is very similar to the face-protonated, tetrahedral H4O2F2−2 and H4O2Cl2−2 clusters proposed for tetra- alkylammonium halide monohydrates, is distorted to S4 in hydrogrossular through interaction with the lattice cations.
Applications of Identity Coefficients

The current chapter discusses some applications of kinship and condensed identity coefficients. We commence with the simplest problem of genetic risk prediction involving just two relatives. This setting is artificial because practical genetic counseling usually takes into account information on a whole pedigree rather than information on just a single relative. We will revisit the question of genetic counseling when we explore algorithms for computing pedigree likelihoods.
Dielectric Breakdown Process for Biomass Gasification

When exposed to a sufficiently strong electric field, all materials suffer from a form of breakdown. Although wood is sometimes utilized as an electrical insulator, it is also subject to breakdown when exposed to high electric fields. In general, dielectric breakdown is considered a negative effect for electrically insulating materials since it implies the loss of insulating properties of the material. However, the high temperatures generated inside the material (∼2000 K) can be used as an efficient way to induce the thermo-chemical decomposition of biomass with the purpose of sustainable energy generation. A low power (∼100 W) experimental setup using this novel approach was built to perform experiments under air or nitrogen environments at different flow rates to determine the gasification rate and the specific energy required for thermal-decomposition. Thermal decomposition rates that require specific energies of the order of 17 kJ/g were measured, suggesting that dielectric breakdown can be efficiently used for waste-to-energy conversion.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Cell-surface expression of PrPC and the presence of scrapie prions in the blood of goats.

Although host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) expression in ovine PBMCs and prion infectivity in scrapie-infected sheep blood have been demonstrated, such studies have not been reported in goats. Therefore, this study characterized cell-surface expression of PrPC on PBMC subsets derived from normal goats and sheep, by flow cytometry, and determined prion infectivity in blood from a scrapie-infected goat using a transfusion bioassay in goat kids. Cell-surface PrPC expression was detected on all subsets of goat PBMCs. The highest PrPC cell-surface expression was found in CD2+ T lymphocytes in goats. Transmission of infection was detected in all three recipients who received whole blood from a goat with classical scrapie. It was concluded that caprine PBMCs express PrPC similarly to sheep but with relative differences among PBMCs subsets, and that blood-borne infectious prions can be detected in scrapie-infected goats. Thus, similar to sheep, goat blood may be a suitable diagnostic target for the detection of scrapie infection.
On-line solid-phase extraction of soil auxins produced from exogenously-applied tryptophan with ion-suppression reverse-phase HPLC analysis

The isolation and purification of plant hormones such as auxins from biological matrices has long been complicated by the need to use liquid-liquid solvent partitioning to isolate and concentrate the neutral, basic and acidic auxin compounds from matrix interferences. To eliminate this solvent partitioning step, a column switching method was devised for use with on-line solid phase extraction and separation by ion-suppression reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (IS-HPLC) with ultra-violet (UV) detection (280 nm). The on-line purification of auxins with isocratic HPLC separation is applicable to neutral, basic and acidic auxins and auxin conjugates in a single 40-minute analysis. The method allows direct injection of aliquots from 5 to 100 μl with the same precision as loop injection. The method also allows for the analysis of tryptophan and its transformed intermediates into secondary auxin products in a single chromatographic run. Bacterial fermentation broths and soil extracts were analyzed by this method to monitor the conversion of exogenously-applied tryptophan into auxin derivatives.
The critical constants of long-chain normal paraffins

Because of the recent availability of the critical constants of normal alkanes up to octadecane, some modifications in the estimation procedures for the critical constants have become necessary. It has been shown that the equation of Ambrose for the critical temperature of normal alkanes leads to the result that as n → ∞, the limiting value for the critical temperature is equal to the limiting value for the normal boiling point and the limiting value for the critical pressure is 1 atm. Currently, the CH2 increment for the critical volume is considered constant. The recent data of Teja have shown that the CH2 increment increases indefinitely in a homologous series until the critical volume reaches its limiting value. This has made the current procedure for estimating the critical volume obsolete. Taking into account the new measurements of Teja, we have now developed new equations for estimating the critical constants. The limiting values for an infinitely long alkyl chain for Tb, Tc, Pc, and Vc have been found to be 1021 K, 1021 K, 1.01325 bar, and 18618 cm3 · mol−1, respectively. These new concepts have been applied to the estimation of various properties other than the critical constants.
Determinants of Collaborative Leadership: Civic Engagement, Gender or Organizational Norms?

This analysis attempts to unravel competing explanations of collaborative leadership styles of state legislative committee chairs. Specifically, the paper considers the influence of community or vo...
Studies on high affinity binding of mineralo-and glucocorticoids in rabbit aorta cytosol

High affinity, specific binding-sites to mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, with characteristics of steroid receptors, have been found in rabbit aorta cytosol. Binding parameters (dissociation constants and number of binding sites per mg of cytosol protein) were determined from Scatchard plots, after statistical treatment of the data with the aid of a computer program, for the following tritiated steroids: 11-desoxycorticosterone (DOC), aldosterone (Aldo), progesterone (Prog), corticosterone (BK), cortisol (FK) and dexamethasone (Dex). The specificity of binding was then examined by means of steroid competition studies. The results of these experiments indicate that three different types of high-affinity binding sites to adrenal steroids are present in aorta cytosol: Type A, with the highest affinity for DOC; Type B, with the highest affinity for FK; Type C, with the highest affinity for Dex. In accordance with the relative competitive potencies of various steroids for these binding sites, Type A is designated as the "arterial mineralocorticoid binder", clearly differing in its binding characteristics from the cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid binders in known target tissues to these steroids (e.g. the renal receptor), while Type C is designated as the "arterial glucocorticoid binder", closely resembling the classical glucocorticoid receptor in known target tissues to glucocorticoids. Type B exhibited some of the binding characteristics of transcortin and may represent a modified, intracellular transcortin. While Types B and C are present also in the cytosol of inferior vena cava. Type A was only in the aorta. The role of these binders is not known at present. Arguments are presented in favor of a hypothesis that the Type A (mineralocorticoid) binder represents an arterial wall; and that, under certain conditions, this action leads to an increased contractility of arterial and arteriolar smooth muscles, increased peripheral resistance and hypertension.
On-chip magnetophoretic isolation of CD4 + T cells from blood

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a magnetophoretic bioseparation chip for the rapid isolation and concentration of CD4 + T cells from the peripheral blood. In a departure from conventional magnetic separation techniques, this microfluidic-based bioseperation device has several unique features, including locally engineered magnetic field gradients and a continuous flow with a buffer switching scheme to improve the performance of the separation process. Additionally, the chip is capable of processing significantly smaller sample volumes than conventional methods and sample losses are eliminated due to decreased handling. Furthermore, the possibility of sample-to-sample contamination is reduced with the disposable format. The overall dimensions of the device were 22 mm by 60 mm by 1 mm, approximately the size of a standard microscope slide. The results indicate a cell purity of greater than 95% at a sample flow rate of 50 ml/h and a cell recovery of 81% at a sample flow rate of 10 ml/h. The cell purity was found to increase with increasing the sample flow rate. However, the cell recovery decreases with an increase in the flow rate. A parametric study was also performed to investigate the effects of channel height, substrate thickness, magnetic bead size, and number of beads per cell on the cell separation performance.
Historical influence of soil and water management on sediment and carbon budgets in the United States

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Applied Geochemistry 26 (2011): S259, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.118.
Pragmatic Circuits: Signals and Filters

Pragmatic Circuits: Signals and Filters is built around the processing of signals. Topics include spectra, a short introduction to the Fourier series, design of filters, and the properties of the Fourier transform. The focus is on signals rather than power. But the treatment is still pragmatic. For example, the author accepts the work of Butterworth and uses his results to design filters in a fairly methodical fashion. This third of three volumes finishes with a look at spectra by showing how to get a spectrum even if a signal is not periodic. The Fourier transform provides a way of dealing with such non-periodic signals. The two other volumes in the Pragmatic Circuits series include titles on DC and Time Domain and Frequency Domain. These short lecture books will be of use to students at any level of electrical engineering and for practicing engineers, or scientists, in any field looking for a practical and applied introduction to circuits and signals. The author's “pragmatic” and applied style gives a unique and helpful “non-idealistic, practical, opinionated” introduction to circuits
Language Analysis and Theology: Present and Future

ANY attempt to report on the present state and future prospects of linguistic analysis in philosophy and its bearing on theology runs the danger of Stephen Leacock's man who jumped on his horse and rode off in all directions at once. Indeed, the situation itself seems to have developed in this fashion, with the result that those who seek to follow and understand it have no choice but to act in the same way. Like the big tent of a traveling circus, the contemporary concern with language and symbolism embraces a great many simultaneous activities, many of which bear no close or obvious relation to each other, and no one of which can make exclusive claim upon the observer's attention. Behavioral scientists of several kinds, artists and art critics in various arts, philosophers and theologians these are only a few of the many types of minds currently concerned with these issues. Among philosophers and theologians the range is scarcely less wide, embracing philosophy all the way from positivism to existentialism, and theology from the personalism of Hordern' or the fideism of Zuurdeeg2 to the reductive humanism of Van Buren.3 In many instances, individual philosophers or theologians have staked out for intensive cultivation small parts of this vast region, with the result that the landscape taken as a whole has the appearance of a series of small gardens located here and there in the midst of a vast and still largely uncultivated wilderness. In this article our attention will be limited to a rough and programmatic sketch of some contemporary developments in what may be labelled the central tradition of British semantic analysis, with special reference to its implications for theological study. Concerning any state of affairs, philosophical, theological, or other, a writer may attempt a more or less neutral report, or he may abandon the observer's role for that of the participant. He may try to chronicle the history
Astrometry using the hubble space telescope fine guidance sensors

Plans for the use of the three fine guidance sensors (FGSs) of the NASA Hubble Space Telescope for direct astrometric observations are reviewed. Topics addressed include the optical elements and detectors of the FGSs, the basic and astrometric operating modes of the FGSs, spacecraft pointing control during astrometric observations, and the astrometric data-reduction software provided to HST users. Particular attention is given to the calibration procedures for optical-field angle distortion, the plate scale, filter-wedge errors, lateral color effects, secular changes, velocity aberration, and transfer function. Also discussed are the steps being taken to verify the HST orbit. It is pointed out that the performance of the interferometric FGSs should not be affected by the focusing problems of the main HST instrument.
Above-ground biomass and carbon and nitrogen content of woody species in a subtropical thornscrub parkland

Abstract Regression equations were developed to predict above-ground biomass, carbon and nitrogen content from stem and canopy dimensions for 10 shrub species common to subtropical thorn parklands of southern Texas. Projected canopy area yielded slightly more precise estimates of biomass and nutrient concentrations than the sum of stem basal diameters at the soil surface. All such equations were significant (p
Identifying algorithmic vulnerabilities through simulated annealing

Real-time software systems with tight performance requirements are abundant. These systems frequently use many different algorithms and if any one of these algorithms was to experience behavior that is atypical because of the input, the entire system may not be able to meet its performance requirements. Unfortunately, it is algorithmically intractable, if not unsolvable, to find the inputs which would cause worst-case behavior. If inputs can be identified that make the system take, say, ten times longer compared to the time it usually takes, that information is valuable for some systems. In this paper, we present a method for finding inputs that perform much worse than the average input to different algorithms. We use the simulated annealing heuristic search method and show that this method is successful in finding worst-case inputs to several sorting algorithms, using several measures of an algorithm’s runtime.
Partial purification of polyphenol oxidase from plums (Prunus domestica L., cv. Stanley).

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted and purified from Stanley plums (Prunus domestica L.). Crude PPO showed pH optima of 5.8 to 6.4 with different substrates. Heating for 5 min at 75C completely inactivated this enzyme. Plum PPO was stable at -20C for 16 weeks. K m of this enzyme ranged from 17.5 mM with 4-methylcatechol to 31.2 mM with chlorogenic acid. The enzyme was purified 36-fold through (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. PAGE of crude and purified plum PPO showed 7 and 3 bands, respectively, when stained for activity with catechol. The molecular weight of 3 subunits of purified PPO was estimated in the range of 45-66 kD.
Generation of field‐aligned currents in the near‐Earth magnetotail

Sudden brightening of aurora occurs at an early phase of substorm onset. Such auroral enhancements are strongly associated with parallel currents or shear Alfven waves. With MHD wave equations, we investigate the generation of field-aligned currents near the equatorial region of the inner magnetotail, at the boundary between cold and hot plasmas. Our results show that strong localized shear Alfven waves are excited near this boundary via mode conversion when compressional input is assumed. We suggest that this boundary region is strongly associated with the auroral location.
Parameterized Model of Gramineous Crop Growth: I. Leaf Area and Dry Mass Simulation

Parameterization is a technique used by modelers to approximate the response of a physical system using an empirical function. This technique has the advantages that it reduces the complexity of models and often simplifies their input requirements, making the models more easily usable (or operational purposes. In this study, a relatively simple model of leaf area and dry mass growth for the gramineous crops was developed to demonstrate the use of parameterization. Results of model simulations for grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], corn (Zea mays L.), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were in reasonable agreement with field observations. The effects of plant population, fertilization level, and water stress on crop growth were implicitly accounted for in the simulations through the appropriate assignment of parameter values in empirical functions controlling leaf area appearance and senescence [...]
Percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization of two coronary fistulas originating from the left main ostium and left anterior descending artery.

We report a successful case of percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization of a coronary fistula originating from the ostium of the left main, simultaneously with a second fistula arising from the left anterior descending artery, in a patient with exercise-related angina and evidence of myocardial ischemia.
Simultaneity and sequence in the perception of apparent motion

Motion perception usually is accompanied by the phenomenological impression of sequence as objects move through successions of locations. Nonetheless, there is accumulating evidence that sequential information is neither necessary nor sufficient for perceiving motion. It is shown here that apparent motion is specified by counterchange rather than sequence—that is, by co-occurring toward- and away-from-background changes at two spatial locations, regardless of whether the changes are simultaneous or sequential. Motion is perceived from the location of the toward to the location of the away change, even when the changes occur in reverse temporal order. It is not perceived for sequences of away or toward changes, as would be expected if motion were specified by onset or offset asynchronicity. Results previously attributed to onset and offset asynchrony are instead attributable to onsets and offsets occurring in close temporal proximity at the same location. This was consistent with units for detecting away and toward changes that are temporally biphasic; that is, they are excited by changes in one direction and inhibited by immediately preceding or immediately following changes in the opposite direction. These results are accounted for by a model for counterchange-specified motion entailing the biphasic detection of toward and away changes.
Chemical Vapor Deposited Amorphous Silicon For Use In Photothermal Conversion

Efficient photothermal conversion requires surfaces of high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance. This can be accomplished by the tandem action of a good infrared reflector overlaid by a film of sufficient solar absorptance that is transparent in the infrared. Crystalline silicon is a suitable candidate for the absorber layer. Its indirect band gap, however, results in a shallow absorption edge that extends too far into the visible. In contrast, the absorption edge of amorphous silicon is steeper and located farther into the infrared, resulting in a larger solar absorptance. We report on the fabrication of amorphous silicon absorbers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Their optical and structural properties are determined as a function of the deposition temperature. We describe the effects of a progressive crystallization during anneal above 650 C and report the performance of converter stacks that are identical "twins" except for the use of a polycrystalline silicon absorber in one and an amorphous absorber in the other.
Mesenteric fibromatosis complicating familial adenomatous polyposis: predisposing factors and results of treatment.

Between January 1975 and December 1983, 24 of 183 patients (13%) with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) seen at the Mayo Clinic had mesenteric fibromatosis (MF). MF was found most often in FAP patients with associated extracolonic “Gardner” signs (19 patients) and those who had had previous abdominal surgery (20 patients). In 4 patients, MF appeared spontaneously. The male-to-female ratio was 0.4, with a median age of 31 years in women and 37 years in men. Ten of 24 patients (42%) had been asymptomatic prior to diagnosis at time of surgery for FAP. Complications of the disease included intestinal or urinary tract obstruction. Minimal surgical manipulation seemed to be associated with fewer postoperative complications and a lesser risk of regrowth of the tumor. Nonsurgical treatment, including tamoxifen and sulindac in combination, may be beneficial. Surgery should be reserved for relief of obstruction, and bypass is preferred to resection.
Development and characterization of a microheater array device for real-time DNA mutation detection

DNA analysis, specifically single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, is becoming increasingly important in rapid diagnostics and disease detection. Temperature is often controlled to help speed reaction rates and perform melting of hybridized oligonucleotides. The difference in melting temperatures, Tm, between wild-type and SNP sequences, respectively, to a given probe oligonucleotide, is indicative of the specificity of the reaction. We have characterized Tm's in solution and on a solid substrate of three sequences from known mutations associated with Cystic Fibrosis. Taking advantage of Tm differences, a microheater array device was designed to enable individual temperature control of up to 18 specific hybridization events. The device was fabricated at Sandia National Laboratories using surface micromachining techniques. The microheaters have been characterized using an IR camera at Sandia and show individual temperature control with minimal thermal cross talk. Development of the device as a real-time DNA detection platform, including surface chemistry and associated microfluidics, is described.
Powder deposition in three parallel-oriented dies of cylindrical and E shapes

Abstract The second generation pressure deposition tester (PDT-II) was used to evaluate the die filling process in multiple dies. Three parallel-oriented dies of cylinder and E-shape were filled with an alumina powder at different feed shoe speeds. The results indicated that for cylindrical dies at lower feed shoe speed, the center area had the highest pressures; at higher speed, pressure distribution was irregular, complicated, and varied more. One reason for this was relatively low bulk density and small particle size of the powder, which led to relatively poor flowability. For E-shaped dies, due to wider opening of the middle leg, its pressures were higher than those of the other legs. Compared to another powder (BPM) with denser, bigger, and less spherical particles, the alumina powder had the highest final pressures closer to the middle leg, instead of being closer to the back as for the BPM. This was basically due to its physical properties (such as particle size and shape). This research demonstrated that powder physical properties, such as particle size and shape, had pronounced effect on powder deposition. Also, die shape complexity could affect the pattern of powder flow and deposition.
A paradigm's worth of difference? Understanding the impasse over modern human origins

The modern human origins debate within paleoanthropology has become polarized between two dominant models, Recent African Origin (RAO) and Multiregional Evolution (MRE). The debate has persisted and shows no sign of resolution despite the incorporation of new data and dates during the past decade. We examine the reasons for this stalemate, focusing on the presentation of these models by their principal advocates, Christopher Stringer and Milford Wolpoff. In particular, we consider whether the RAO-MRE dispute is a paradigm crisis. The modern human origins debate can be placed in the broader context of unresolved controversies within evolutionary biology (e.g., punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism, use of cladistics, and species definitions). While the two sides hold conflicting views, we argue that such differences do not constitute a paradigm clash. Since both share a commitment to Darwinian evolutionary theory, the debate cannot be characterized as a paradigm clash at the level of, e.g., Ptolemaic vs. Copernican astronomy. Furthermore, we submit that a debate having historical roots reaching back into the previous century should not be portrayed as a conflict between competing paradigms in the Kuhnian sense. Preferences toward discontinuity or continuity wax and wane, persisting in a variety of scientific disciplines. We do not predict the quick demise of either MRE or RAO but are optimistic that careful evaluation of the characters and data on which claims about modern human origins are based will lead us toward a resolution of the current impasse. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:113–138, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of different gold standards on the accuracy of optical coherence tomography

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) can acquire cross-sectional images of scattering media. Reconstruction of FD-OCT images requires taking the Fourier Transform of the raw data; the accuracy of which depends on the processing algorithms used, among other things. To use the Fast Fourier Transform, data must be evenly sampled in wavenumber, which they generally are not. Thus, researchers must apply hardware- or softwarebased methods to resample the data accordingly. To the best of our knowledge there has been no study that compares different choices for gold standard datasets (i.e., different choices for assigning the sampled wavelengths); furthermore there has been no investigation of the effects of these processing steps on phase data. We first compare different options for gold standard datasets and then examine the effects of various resampling techniques on reconstructed OCT data. We find that an alternative wavenumber sampling range may yield more accurate results for OCT phase data and better intensity of reflector peaks.
Activation‐induced deaminase–deficient MRL/lpr mice secrete high levels of protective antibodies against lupus nephritis

Objective We previously generated MRL/lpr mice deficient in activation-induced deaminase (AID) that lack isotype switching and immunoglobulin hypermutation. These mice have high levels of unmutated (germline) autoreactive IgM, yet they experienced an increase in survival and an improvement in lupus nephritis that exceeded that of MRL/lpr mice lacking IgG. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that high levels of germline autoreactive IgM in these mice confer protection against lupus nephritis. Methods Autoreactive IgM antibodies of various specificities, including antibodies against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice were given to asymptomatic MRL/lpr mice, and the levels of cytokines, proteinuria, immune complex deposition in the kidneys, and glomerulonephritis were examined. Novel AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that lack any antibodies were generated for comparison to AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that secrete only IgM. Results Treatment with IgM anti-dsDNA resulted in a dramatic improvement in lupus nephritis. Other autoreactive IgM antibodies, such as antiphospholipid and anti-Sm, did not alter the pathologic changes. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and the levels of inflammatory cells and apoptotic debris in the kidneys were lower in mice receiving IgM anti-dsDNA. Protective IgM derived from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice displayed a distinct B cell repertoire, with a bias toward members of the VH7183 family. Conclusion IgM anti-dsDNA protected MRL/lpr mice from lupus nephritis, likely by stopping the inflammatory cascade leading to kidney damage. A distinct repertoire of VH usage in IgM anti-dsDNA hybridomas from AID-deficient mice suggests that there is enrichment of a dedicated B cell population that secretes unmutated protective IgM in these mice.
Coronary vascularization during development in the rat and its relationship to basic fibroblast growth factor

Objective Our overall aims were to elucidate the temporal and spatial sequence of coronary vascularization during development in the rat, and to determine whether basic fibroblast growth factor expression corresponds to any phase of the vascularization process. Methods Immunohistochemical, histochemical, morphometric and in situ hybridization analyses were performed on prenatal and postnatal hearts of various ages. Results Coronary vascularization, which begins at embryonic day 13 (E13) with blood island-like structures in the epicardium, progresses from this layer toward the endocardium as indicated by a transmural gradient of vascular volume throughout the ventricles. Vascular smooth muscle first appears in E17 hearts at the time a capillary-like plexus coalesces and penetrates the aorta to form the main coronary arteries. These vessels maintain an anastomatic morphology and must undergo subsequent remodeling in order to assume adult branching characteristics. The early postnatal period is characterized by development of the arterial tree and the enzymatic differentiation of the arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary bed. Although bFGF is expressed both prenatally and postnatally, the highest mRNA expression was noted during the early period of vascularization (E14 and E15), and the early neonatal period (1–6 days) which corresponds to a period of substantial microvascular growth. Conclusions Coronary vascularization follows a temporal sequence which includes transmural expansion of the capillary bed, arteriolar formation subsequent to vascular penetration of the aorta, and postnatal growth, differentiation, and remodeling. Since high levels of bFGF expression are correlated with key time points in coronary vascular growth, bFGF may play an important role in this process.
How to jam without getting caught: Analysis and empirical study of stealthy periodic jamming

Despite the widespread commercial use of spread spectrum technology, advanced algorithms and modern hardware capabilities still allows efficient denial-of-service attacks against wireless communication systems using jamming. Much of the recent work on jamming mitigation has focused on how to adjust the transmitter-receiver system once a jamming attack has been detected. However, characterizing the detectability of certain classes of jamming attacks remains a largely unstudied problem. We aim to narrow this gap by analyzing the effect of a class of periodic jamming attacks on the attack detection metrics of packet delivery ratio (PDR) and received signal strength (RSS). We show that a well-designed jamming signal can effectively defeat RSS-based detection while causing a significant and often devastating reduction in PDR, demonstrating that RSS-based detection is insufficient. We further evaluate our claims through implementation of a periodic jammer using a wide range of signal parameters against a transmitter-receiver pair communicating using IEEE 802.15.4, demonstrating the validity of our analytical claims.
The kinetics of hydrogen attack of steels

The hydrogen attack of steel involves the formation of methane bubbles along the grain boundaries and their subsequent link-up to form fissures. This paper presents a detailed model for the kinetics of growth of such methane bubbles. The model considers two parallel processes which can control the growth—one involving the bubble growth by direct power-law creep and the other involving combinations of surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and matrix accommodation processes. The proposed model is more general and complete than the earlier ones and considers for the first time the possibility of bubble growth being controlled by surface diffusion and accommodation processes. The predictions of the model are shown to compare well with the experimental results obtained in our lab and with the literature data. The model also indicates the relative importance of lower carbon activity and increased creep stength of steel to its hydrogen attack resistance.
N2 ON Ni(100): Angular dependence of the N1s XPS peaks

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectrum of molecular N2 adsorbed in a c(2 × 2) structure on Ni(100) shows two n1s peaks in the fully-screened N1s region around 400 eV binding energy and a shake-up structure around 405 eV. The assignment of the two fully-screened peaks to the two inequivalent N atoms is established on the basis of the angular variation in the peak intensities. This assignment provides important support for a Born-Haber cycle analysis of these peaks.
AN EVALUATION OF INTERACTIVE QUERY EXPANSION IN AN ONLINE LIBRARY CATALOGUE WITH A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

An online library catalogue served as a testbed to evaluate an interactive query expansion facility based on relevance feedback for the Okapi probabilistic term weighting retrieval system. The facility was implemented in a graphical user interface (gui) environment using a game‐board metaphor for the search process, and allowed searchers to select candidate terms extracted from relevant retrieved items to reformulate queries. The take‐up of the interactive query expansion option was found to be lower, and its retrieval performance less effective, compared to previous tests featuring automatic query expansion. Contributory factors including the number, presentation and source of terms are discussed.
Principles for designing pragmatic knowledge management systems

Knowledge management continues to evolve as a discipline, yet even basic features that define a discipline have to be established. Developing a shared understanding of core concepts, such as the meaning of “knowledge”, has been elusive in this field. In the absence of reaching a universal definition, surrogates for knowledge are adopted because of their expediency or apparent face validity. To date, most knowledge management approaches err on the extremes of being seemingly practical or, on the other hand, being theoretically appealing, but few of these approaches are genuinely pragmatic. At one end, there are mechanistic, information‐based approaches that are actionable, but are often based on flawed philosophical grounds in that they fail to connect beliefs with action through knowledge. At the other extreme are approaches that are philosophically meritorious, but which are viewed by practitioners as being impractical because they are too fuzzy and their methods too unstructured. This paper proposes an approach to knowledge management that is based on firm philosophical grounding, but is also anchored to action via the tenets of pragmatism. This new framework for practicing knowledge management is based on the foundational premises of philosophical pragmatism established by America's greatest philosopher, Charles Sanders Peirce, over a century ago. Pragmatic knowledge aligns beliefs about the potential for effective action with the lessons of past experience. This paper will outline the conceptual underpinnings of such a pragmatic approach to managing knowledge.
An elastic strip moving across a rigid step

Abstract An infinite elastic strip moves at constant speed across a frictionless rigid foundation possessing a step discontinuity. Transform methods are used to reduce the mixed boundary value problem to a system of singular integral equations. For a range of step height and strip speed, the noncontact regions, lower boundary displacements, and foundation contact pressures are determined. The results show that different types of solutions exist for given combinations of speed and height. The solution for the corresponding problem of a stationary strip are also given.
Ability Grouping Across Kindergarten Using an Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT Regardless of individual differences at kindergarten entry, schools have a mission to promote reading achievement for all students. Within-class ability grouping is an instructional strategy that has received attention for its potential benefits to students. The authors assessed the effects of within-class ability grouping on kindergarten reading growth by using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort. Results revealed that the frequency with which teachers used ability groups was positively associated with mean school gain in reading, suggesting that early literacy and reading improvement in kindergarten may be facilitated by the use of ability groups in reading.
How Wealthy Nations Can Stay Wealthy: Innovation and Adaptability in a Digital Era

The challenge for the advanced countries is to stay wealthy in a rapidly evolving and ever more competitive global economy. As a new digital era emerges and the mechanisms of value creation – that ...
A consistent estimator for the distribution of quality adjusted survival time

SUMMARY Quality adjusted survival analysis is a new approach to therapy evaluation in clinical trials. It has received much attention recently because of its ability to take patients' quality of life into consideration. In this paper, we present a method that enables us to calculate the survival distribution of quality adjusted lifetime. Using martingale theory for counting processes, we can show that our estimator is asymptotically consistent, normally distributed, and its asymptotic variance estimate can be obtained analytically. Simulation experiments are conducted to compare our estimator with the true underlying distribution for two cases that are of practical importance.
Notch Transcriptional Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Regulatory Gene Expression and Function

Notch receptors and ligands mediate heterotypic cell signaling that is required for normal vascular development. Dysregulation of select Notch receptors in mouse vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and in genetic human syndromes causes functional impairment in some regional circulations, the mechanistic basis of which is undefined. In this study, we used a dominant-negative Mastermind-like (DNMAML1) to block signaling through all Notch receptors specifically in VSM to more broadly test a functional role for this pathway in vivo. Mutant DNMAML1-expressing mice exhibited blunted blood pressure responses to vasoconstrictors, and their aortic, femoral, and mesenteric arteries had reduced contractile responses to agonists and depolarization in vitro. The mutant arteries had significant and specific reduction in the expression and activity of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a primary regulator of VSM force production. Conversely, activated Notch signaling in VSM cells induced endogenous MLCK transcript levels. We identified MLCK as a direct target of activated Notch receptor as demonstrated by an evolutionarily conserved Notch-responsive element within the MLCK promoter that binds the Notch receptor complex and is required for transcriptional activity. We conclude that Notch signaling through the transcriptional control of key regulatory proteins is required for contractile responses of mature VSM. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of Notch signaling is a potential strategy for modulating arterial function in human disease.
β-Globin sleeping beauty transposon reduces red blood cell sickling in a patient-derived CD34(+)-based in vitro model.

The ultimate goal of gene therapy for sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an improved phenotype for the patient. In this study, we utilized bone marrow from a sickle cell patient as a model of disease in an in vitro setting for the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon gene therapy system. We demonstrated that mature sickle red blood cells containing hemoglobin-S and sickling in response to metabisulfite can be generated in vitro from SCA bone marrow. These cells showed the characteristic morphology and kinetics of hemoglobin-S polymerization, which we quantified using video microscopy and imaging cytometry. Using video assessment, we showed that delivery of an IHK-βT87Q antisickling globin gene by Sleeping Beauty via nucleofection improves metrics of sickling, decreasing percent sickled from 53.2 ± 2.2% to 43.9 ± 2.0%, increasing the median time to sickling from 8.5 to 9.6 min and decreasing the maximum rate of sickling from 2.3 x 10-3 sickling cells/total cells/sec in controls to 1.26 x 10-3 sickling cells/total cells/sec in the IHK-βT87Q-globin group (p < 0.001). Using imaging cytometry, the percentage of elongated sickled cells decreased from 34.8 ± 4.5% to 29.5 ± 3.0% in control versus treated (p < 0.05). These results support the potential use of Sleeping Beauty as a clinical gene therapy vector and provide a useful tool for studying sickle red blood cells in vitro.