cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multifocal Branch-Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm

Patients with multifocal branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (BD-IPMN) present unique challenges for clinicians. These include determining the true risk of malignancy in patients with diffuse disease, the need for surgical resection, and the extent of resection if indicated. The literature does not demonstrate an intrinsically elevated risk of invasive disease in patients with multifocal relative to unifocal BD-IPMN. In absence of symptoms or recurrent pancreatitis, management is dictated by the lesion with the highest risk of malignancy, as determined by international consensus guidelines. Total pancreatectomy provides complete surgical clearance of BD-IPMN in patients with multifocal disease, and is increasingly associated with low morbidity and an acceptable quality of life. However, partial pancreatectomy may be safely performed even if gross disease is left in the remnant pancreas. Extended surveillance without resection is an acceptable strategy for patients with multifocal disease in which no cyst demonstrates high-risk stigmata or worrisome features. All strategies demonstrate low rates of development of invasive disease during follow-up.
He Should Go to the Théâtre François: Paris, the Theater, and Maria Edgeworth’s Ormond

The night he arrives in Paris, the protagonist of Maria Edgeworth’s Ormond (1817) attends a tragedy at the Theâtre Francois in order to develop his urban literacy. There is a slight historical problem with Ormond’s intention to attend the Theâtre Francais: during the time at which the novel is set, the Comedie Francaise was housed not in the Theâtre Francais but in the Theâtre des Tuileries. What this means for Ormond is that Edgeworth and Harry Ormond should have attended two very different theaters. This chapter argues that Edgeworth’s representation of the French theater and Parisian space more broadly enacts the urban and literary project of Denis Diderot’s and Nicolas Cochin’s idealized community, re-situating Edgeworth’s novel within a new continental intellectual and urban environment.
Broad-Host-Range Expression Reveals Native and Host Regulatory Elements That Influence Heterologous Antibiotic Production in Gram-Negative Bacteria.

Heterologous expression has become a powerful tool for studying microbial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Here, we extend the transformation-associated recombination cloning and heterologous expression platform for microbial BGCs to include Gram-negative proteobacterial expression hosts. Using a broad-host-range expression platform, we test the implicit assumption that biosynthetic pathways are more successfully expressed in more closely related heterologous hosts. Cloning and expression of the violacein BGC from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea 2ta16 revealed robust production in two proteobacterial hosts, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404, but very little production of the antibiotic in various laboratory strains of Escherichia coli, despite their closer phylogenetic relationship. We identified a nonclustered LuxR-type quorum-sensing receptor from P. luteoviolacea 2ta16, PviR, that increases pathway transcription and violacein production in E. coli by ∼60-fold independently of acyl-homoserine lactone autoinducers. Although E. coli harbors the most similar homolog of PviR identified from all of the hosts tested, overexpression of various E. coli transcription factors did not result in a statistically significant increase in violacein production, while overexpression of two A. tumefaciens PviR homologs significantly increased production. Thus, this work not only introduces a new genetic platform for the heterologous expression of microbial BGCs, it also challenges the assumption that host phylogeny is an accurate predictor of host compatibility.IMPORTANCE Although Gram-positive heterologous hosts such as Streptomyces have been developed and optimized to support diverse secondary metabolic reactions, there has been comparatively less work on Gram-negative hosts, some of which grow faster and are easier to work with. This work presents a new genetic platform for direct cloning and broad-host-range heterologous expression of BGCs in Gram-negative proteobacterial expression hosts, and we leverage this platform to uncover regulatory elements that influence violacein expression from Pseudoalteromonas Although it is often assumed that BGCs will be more successfully expressed in more closely related hosts, our work suggests that this may not be a general rule of thumb, as heterologous production of natural products can be influenced by specific host regulatory and/or biosynthetic elements, and the identity and effectiveness of those elements are difficult to predict. We argue for the use of a diverse set of heterologous hosts, which may also provide insights into the BGC biosynthetic mechanism and the biological function of BGCs.
Positive Solutions for the (n, p) Boundary Value Problem

We consider the (n, p) boundary value problem in this paper. Some new upper estimates to positive solutions for the problem are obtained. Existence and nonexistence results for positive solutions of the problem are obtained by using the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem. An example is included to illustrate the results.
Peter Warnek: Descent of socrates: Self-knowledge & cryptic nature in the platonic dialogues

Peter Warnek’s Descent of Socrates: Self-Knowledge & Cryptic Nature in the Platonic Dialogues is, in its own terms, a tragic impossibility. Yet, there it is: 196 pages of written text (not including the many insightful pages of scholarly notes) divided into three parts—‘‘Writing Socrates,’’ ‘‘Dreams, Oracles, and Silenic Affirmations,’’ and ‘‘Kinship of Nature’’—and presented ‘‘not so much as an exercise in scholarship as an attempt at opening up the future for the experience of descent’’ (10). The impossibility of this scholarly book that is no mere exercise in scholarship is bound up with the descent with which it is concerned. Because the decent of Socrates is ‘‘an appearance that in its very appearing conceals itself’’ (5), the opening this book attempts to perform too must be said to involve a tragic impossibility insofar as it ‘‘finds itself already claimed and sustained by what must remain forever withheld from it’’ (91). It appears, then, that this book cannot have been written and that this, its tragic impossibility, is precisely what conditions its appearance. And yet, the appearance of this book is not quite so simple. Rather, the Platonic texts themselves articulate in writing the descent of Socrates that Warnek identifies with the cryptic appearance of nature. This appearance is cryptic in the Heraclitean sense that it ‘‘shows itself only as an excessive whole that also withdraws in its very appearance’’ (xvii). This formulation at once gives voice to the central concern of the book and evokes the Heideggerian understanding of alētheia as the opening of presence that conceals itself in its very appearing. According to Warnek, because the appearance of Socrates in the Platonic dialogues manifests this dynamic of
Development of Feminist Postcolonial Theory

In Chapter 2, the author lays the theoretical framework for the rest of the chapters. This chapter serves as an introduction to the complex theories of postcolonialism using accessible language and examples from global events. Important figures in the field of postcolonial theory such as Homi Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak, Edward Said, and Chandra Talpade Mohanty provide the organizing structure for this chapter. Some of these theorists work to deconstruct the knowledge and culture that created and maintained colonial power, while others begin to explore the complex psychological effects that colonialism left on the minds of the colonized. Spivak and Mohanty explore the history and legacy of colonialism and postcolonialism and their effect on the enforcement of gender constructions. By questioning both western feminism and patriarchal postcolonialism, these theorists begin to explore the complexity of how transnational feminisms can inform both theory and practice. The basic concepts of transnational feminism are introduced and intersected with the postcolonial. The relatively new field of postcolonial pedagogy is introduced here and expanded upon in later chapters.
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: Advances in Understanding of Pathogenesis and Treatment

Background Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis and has clinical associations with a wide range of inflammatory and infectious diseases. There is a substantial variation in clinical course and outcomes, with many patients not diagnosed until they present with sequelae, which may include gross hematuria, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and/or significant proteinuria. Treatment options are currently limited and directed mainly toward control of these sequelae and have limited ability to reduce the incidence of end-stage renal disease or treat the primary IgA defect. Summary Growing knowledge about the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and research into its genetic basis are helping to elucidate the course of this widely variable disease. IgA accumulation in the kidneys is thought to be the result of a number of different pathways in a "multi-hit" process that includes an initial traumatic trigger (often infection related) and subsequent memory responses that are amplified in those with a genetic predisposition to the disease and lead to an inflammatory response in susceptible individuals. Genome-wide association studies are providing new insights into the genetic variance of this autoimmune disease and are yielding information that may address both its causes and consequences. Key Messages: New treatment approaches are urgently required for the management of patients with IgA nephropathy. Novel interventions based around its inflammatory nature and "multi-hit" pathogenesis are being investigated to potentially limit disease progression.
“Tweet or Be Sacked”: Hybridity and Shifts in (Professional) Journalistic Practice

Based on a combination of digital ethnography and content analysis of journalists’ tweets about Twitter (i.e., journalistic meta-discourse) from 2011, the chapter analyzes journalistic practices and reflections in order to examine their significance for the profession. Findings suggest that each of the “elements of practice” (i.e., capital, habitus, and doxa) is undergoing notable change as the field adapts to the networked era. Through examples from professional journalists, the chapter constructs a typology of Twitter journalism practices and demonstrates Twitter’s role in the transformation of journalistic norms, values, and means of distinction. These changes contribute to new opportunities for capital exchange and to the emergence of a hybrid, networked habitus that integrates traditional values and practices with those from digital and nonprofessional origins.
An Introduction to Healthy Places

The environment consists of the external (or nongenetic) factors—physical, nutritional, social, behavioral, and others—that act on humans, and the built environment is made up of the many aspects of their surroundings created by humans, such as buildings, neighborhoods, and cities. Health can be defined as complete physical mental, and social well-being This definition extends beyond the absence of disease to include many dimensions of comfort and well-being. While clinicians care for individual patients public health professionals aim to improve health at the level of populations The design professions include urban planning architecture, landscape architecture, and transportation planning Each of these focuses on an aspect of the built environment. Both the public health profession and the design professions took modern form during the nineteenth century in response to rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization, and the resulting problems of the urban environment. Leading causes of morbidity and mortality include heart disease cancer, diabetes, stroke, injuries, and mental illness. Many of these are related to community design choices. Even though public health has evolved as a distinct field from planning and architecture, these domains have numerous opportunities to collaborate, and this collaboration can lead to improved health, well-being, and sustainability in many ways.
Immunotoxicology of Biological Response Modifiers

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are natural proteins that alter immune responses and that have been developed as either immunosuppressive or immunostimulating drugs. These may include natural products such as β-glucans, or biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies. Immunotoxicity testing of these immune modulators is not currently regulated by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and thus, many of the standard immunotoxicity tests are used for understanding the pharmacology of the molecule. Since many biotherapeutics are only cross-reactive in nonhuman primates (NHPs), the standard immunotoxicity tests may need to be adapted (since rodents are the standard species used for immunotoxicity testing of small-molecule therapeutics). Unanticipated effects on the immune system may or may not be related to the mechanism of action, but would then be considered as immunotoxicity. Immunogenicity must also be assessed, which is the immune response to the drug. All of these factors make immunotoxicity testing of BRMs a challenge to toxicologists working in this field.
Origin and Evolution of Gliding in Early Cenozoic Dermoptera (Mammalia, Primatomorpha)

Aside from the acquisition of powered flight in bats and the aquatic habits of whales, few mammalian life-styles have led to more drastic alterations of the postcranial skeleton than the evolution of gliding in the living Dermoptera (commonly known as colugos, flying lemurs, or taguans). For obvious reasons, fundamental macroevolutionary innovations such as those made by early bats, whales, and colugos are the subject of keen interest and debate among mammalian paleontologists and systematists (e.g., Jepsen, 1970; Gingerich et al., 1983, 1990; Novacek, 1985; Beard, 1990a). For bats and whales these innovations were probably causal prerequisites for the adaptive radiations of these taxa. In contrast, it is much less obvious that the evolution of gliding in dermopterans led to an adaptive radiation at all, given the low diversity characteristic of the order today. Regardless of these differences in extant diversity, bats, whales, and colugos are distinctive components of the Earth’s biota primarily because of the suites of diagnostic attributes they possess as a result of the key innovations that occurred earlier in their respective histories.
Nutritional and metabolic effects of alcohol

Alcohol is commonly used in almost all parts of the world, and its adverse effects on the liver, central nervous system, and other organs are widely recognized. Less well known are the deleterious actions of alcohol on nutrient metabolism. The purpose of this article is to call attention to the way in which alcohol intake influences the absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
Expression and clinical correlations of PRAME in sarcoma subtypes.

11067Background: PRAME (Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma), a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, has been shown to have increased expression in solid tumors, including sarcoma. ...
Designing a high-loading sulfur cathode with a mixed ionic-electronic conducting polymer for electrochemically stable lithium-sulfur batteries

Abstract As one of the most widely regarded candidates for energy storage, Li-S are attractive as due to their high theoretical energy density. To be considered for practical viability, a high active material loading must be considered. This is limited by the insulating nature of the active material, amplified polysulfide shuttling, and the cracking in the cathode due to the large volume change between charge and discharge products. A copolymer is prepared with poly(styrene 4-sulfonate) (PSS) and polypyrrole (PPy) to enable rational design of high sulfur loading Li-S batteries. The copolymer with a mixed ionic-electronic conductivity (MIEC) facilitates cooperative charge transport and stabilization during cycling, allowing a high sulfur loading of 6.0 mg cm−2. The resulting Li-S cell displays a high initial discharge capacity of 1108 mA h g−1 at a C/10 rate with a capacity retention of 64% after 200 cycles. The copolymer with MIEC offers a promising approach for realizing practical, long-life Li-S batteries.
Activities of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory During Fiscal Year 1975-76: A Summary Report

Brooks, Daniel R. 1975. Ecological and zoogeographical relationships of platyhelminths of Nebraska anurans. Journal of Parasitology 61(Sup.):69. -. 1976. Analysis of the interrelationships of plagiorchioid trematodes from the intestines of amphibians. Journalof the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2 l(Sup.): 72. ~. 1976. Analysis of the interrelationships of plagiorchioid trematodes from the intestines of amphibians. Southwestern Association of Parasitologists. Ninth Annual Meeting, p. 9. -. 1976. Evolutionary history of some plagiorchioid trematodes of anurans. American Zoologist 16(2):270. Cake, Edwin W., Jr. 1975. Larval and postlarval cestode parasites of shallow-water, benthic mollusks of the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys to the Mississippi Sound. Dissertation Abstracts International 36( 1): 4041B. Cake, Edwin W., Jr. 1976. Larval cestode parasites of edible mollusks of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 21(Sup.):71. Lawler, Adrian R., Harold D. Howse & David W. Cook. 1975. Lymphocystis infections in the silver perch, Bairdiella chvysura. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 19(1973-1974): 183. Mattis, T. E. 1976. Hook symmetry and measurement in armed tetraphyllidean cestodes. Southwestern Association of Parasitologists. Ninth Annual Meeting, p. 9. Ogle, John, Bill Wardlek Tom Bullington. 1976. Techniques for suspension culture of oysters utilizing offshore petroleum platforms. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2 l(Sup.):67. Otvos, Ervin J. 1976. Holocene barrier island development over preexisting Pleistocene high ground: Dauphin Island, Alabama. Geological Society of America, Southeast Section, Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting, pp. 239-240. ~. 1976. Geological evolution and Holocene development of the Mississippi-Alabama Gulf Coast. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2i(Sup.):76. Overstreet, Robin M. 1975. Ecological aspects of the acanthocephalan Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969 in an estuarine fish. Journal of Parasitology (Supplement) 61:lOl.
A general strategy for visible-light decaging based on the quinone cis-alkenyl lock

Combining the fast thermal cyclization of o-coumaric acid derivatives with the intramolecular photoreduction of quinones gives new visible-light photoremovable protecting groups absorbing well above 450 nm.
Preoperative anemia displays a dose-dependent effect on complications in head and neck oncologic surgery.

INTRODUCTION Anemia's effect on head and neck surgical complications is unknown. METHODS Head and neck cancer operations were acquired from the 2006 to 2013 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program databases. Anemia was defined as 27% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09) vs <27% (OR = 4.22). Complication odds were further increased with hematocrit between 24% and 27% (OR = 8.94). There were increased rates of wound dehiscence (6.6% vs 2.7%, P < .001), pneumonia (8.5% vs 4.7%, P = .006), and myocardial infarction (1.7% vs 0.3%, P = .01) in anemic vs non-anemic patients. CONCLUSION Anemia was associated with increased morbidity at hematocrit <27%. An inverse dose-dependent effect of decreasing hematocrit was observed for overall morbidity.
Follow the Money? A Proposed Approach for Disclosure of Litigation Finance Agreements

Litigation finance is the new and fast-growing practice by which a non-party funds a plaintiff’s litigation either for-profit or for some other motivation. Some estimates placed the size of the litigation finance market at 50–100 billion dollars. Both proponents and opponents of this newly -emergent phenomenon are in agreement that the it is the most important development in civil justice of this era. Litigation finance is already transforming civil litigation at the level of the single case as well as, incrementally, at the level of the civil justice system as a whole. It is also beginning to transform the way law firms are doing business and it will increasingly shape the careers of civil litigators at firms small and large. Consequently, Congress, state legislatures, state and federal courts, bar associations, international arbitration institutions, as well as legislatures and courts in other nations are all proceeding along dozens of parallel tracks grappling with how to regulate litigation finance and especially with the question of what, if any, disclosure requirements to impost on such financing. This Essay aims to turn the debate inside out by proposing to abandon the quest for a bright line rule and to instead adopt a flexible, discretionary standard; a balancing test. The Essay then culminates in a specific proposal for the contours – the interests and factors – which judges and arbitrators should be empowered and required to weigh when deciding whether and what form of disclosure to require. More specifically, the Essay details and rationalizes the specific interests – public and private – and factors to consider including the profile of the plaintiffs and their motive for seeking funding; the funder’s profile and motivation; the case type and the forum; the subject matter of the litigation; the potential effect on the development of the law; the structure of the financing; the purpose of the contemplated disclosure; and the procedural posture of the case.
Spatiotemporal clustering of suicides in the US from 1999 to 2016: a spatial epidemiological approach

This study aims to describe and characterize the spatial and temporal clustering patterns of suicide in the ten states with the greatest suicide burden in the United States from 1999 to 2016. All suicide deaths from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2016 in the United States were identified using data from the Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) dataset. The ten states with the highest age-adjusted suicide rates were Montana, Alaska, Wyoming, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Arizona, and Oklahoma. A spatiotemporal scan statistic using a discrete Poisson model was employed to retrospectively detect spatiotemporal suicide clusters. From 1999 to 2016, a total of 649,843 suicides were recorded in the United States. Nineteen statistically significant spatiotemporal suicide mortality clusters were identified in the states with the greatest suicide rates, and 13.53% of the suicide cases within these states clustered spatiotemporally. The risk ratio of the clusters ranged from 1.45 to 3.64 (p < 0.001). All states had at least one cluster, with three clusters spanning multiple states, and four clusters were found in Arizona. While there was no clear secular trend in the average size of suicide clusters, the number of clusters increased from 1999 to 2016. Hot spots for suicidal behavior in the United States warrant public health intervention and continued surveillance. As suicide rates in the US continue to increase annually, public health efforts could be maximized by focusing on regions with substantial clustering.
Ultrasonically sculpted virtual relay lens for in situ microimaging

We demonstrate in situ non-invasive relay imaging through a medium without inserting physical optical components. We show that a virtual optical graded-index (GRIN) lens can be sculpted in the medium using in situ reconfigurable ultrasonic interference patterns to relay images through the medium. Ultrasonic wave patterns change the local density of the medium to sculpt a graded refractive index pattern normal to the direction of light propagation, which modulates the phase front of light, causing it to focus within the medium and effectively creating a virtual relay lens. We demonstrate the in situ relay imaging and resolving of small features (22 µm) through a turbid medium (optical thickness = 5.7 times the scattering mean free path), which is normally opaque. The focal distance and the numerical aperture of the sculpted optical GRIN lens can be tuned by changing the ultrasonic wave parameters. As an example, we experimentally demonstrate that the axial focal distance can be continuously scanned over a depth of 5.4 mm in the modulated medium and that the numerical aperture can be tuned up to 21.5%. The interaction of ultrasonic waves and light can be mediated through different physical media, including turbid media, such as biological tissue, in which the ultrasonically sculpted GRIN lens can be used for relaying images of the underlying structures through the turbid medium, thus providing a potential alternative to implanting invasive endoscopes. Ultrasound waves can be used to shape a tunable pressure column within a medium that guides light like a lens, providing an alternative to invasive, implanted imaging techniques. Matteo Giuseppe Scopelliti and Maysamreza Chamanzar of Carnegie Mellon University, USA, demonstrated that details of a micro-sized object can be clearly focused through a turbid medium using an ultrasonic transducer. The object could not be seen with an external microscope when ultrasound was turned off. It could be clearly imaged, however, when an ultrasound transducer was used to form a tunable pressure column within the turbid medium. The sound waves propagating through the medium change its density and refractive index and create a column that focuses the light. The technique shows potential for non-invasive imaging and therapeutic light delivery in biological tissues.
Self-reported Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Cannabis Use Among Women Before and During Pregnancy.

Importance As the overall prevalence of prenatal cannabis use rises, it is vital to also monitor trends in the frequency of cannabis use in the period leading up to and during pregnancy because more frequent use may confer greater health risks for mothers and their children. Objective To examine trends in the frequency of self-reported cannabis use among pregnant women in the year before and during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study using data from 367 403 pregnancies among 276 991 women 11 years or older who completed a self-administered questionnaire on cannabis use during standard prenatal care in Kaiser Permanente Northern California from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017. The annual prevalence of self-reported daily, weekly, and monthly cannabis use among women before and during pregnancy was estimated using Poisson regression with a log link function, adjusting for sociodemographics. Data analyses were conducted from February to May 2019. Exposures Calendar year. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported frequency of cannabis use in the year before pregnancy and during pregnancy assessed as part of standard prenatal care (at approximately 8 weeks’ gestation). Results Among the overall sample of 367 403 pregnancies among 276 991 women, 35.9% of the women self-reported white race/ethnicity; 28.0%, Hispanic; 16.6%, Asian; 6.0%, African American; and 13.5%, other. In the sample, 1.2% of the women were aged 11 to 17 years; 15.3%, 18 to 24 years; 61.4%, 25 to 34 years; and 22.0%, older than 34 years. Median (interquartile range) neighborhood household income was $70 472 ($51 583-$92 643). From 2009 to 2017, the adjusted prevalence of cannabis use in the year before pregnancy increased from 6.80% (95% CI, 6.42%-7.18%) to 12.50% (95% CI, 12.01%-12.99%), and the adjusted prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy increased from 1.95% (95% CI, 1.78%-2.13%) to 3.38% (95% CI, 3.15%-3.60%). Annual relative rates of change in self-reported daily cannabis use (1.115; 95% CI, 1.103-1.128), weekly cannabis use (1.083; 95% CI, 1.071-1.095), and monthly or less cannabis use (1.050; 95% CI, 1.043-1.057) in the year before pregnancy increased significantly, with daily use increasing most rapidly (from 1.17% to 3.05%). Similarly, annual relative rates of change in self-reported daily cannabis use (1.110; 95% CI, 1.089-1.132), weekly cannabis use (1.075; 95% CI, 1.059-1.092) and monthly or less cannabis use (1.044; 95% CI, 1.032-1.057) during pregnancy increased significantly from 2009 to 2017, with daily use increasing most rapidly (from 0.28% to 0.69%). Conclusions and Relevance Results of this study demonstrate that frequency of cannabis use in the year before pregnancy and during pregnancy has increased in recent years among pregnant women in Northern California, potentially associated with increasing acceptance of cannabis use and decreasing perceptions of cannabis-associated harms.
The Administrative Presidency, Waivers, and the Affordable Care Act

Within the American system of shared power among institutions, the executive branch has played an increasingly prominent policy role relative to Congress. The vast administrative discretion wielded by the executive branch has elevated the power of the president. Republican and Democratic presidents alike have employed an arsenal of administrative tools to pursue their policy goals: high-level appointments, administrative rule making, executive orders, proclamations, memoranda, guidance documents, directives, dear colleague letters, signing statements, reorganizations, funding decisions, and more. Presidents Obama and Trump employed most of these tools in an effort to shape the implementation and outcomes of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) during its first decade. This article focuses on the Obama and Trump administrations' use of comprehensive waivers to shape ACA implementation. The Obama administration had mixed success using waivers to convince Republican states to expand Medicaid. Compared to Obama, the Trump administration has found it harder to accomplish its policy goals through waivers, but if the courts support the Trump administration's work requirement and 1332 waiver initiatives, it would enable the president to use waivers to achieve an ever broader set of goals, including program retrenchment.
Nucleic acid extraction: Fundamentals of sample preparation methodologies, current advancements, and future endeavors

Abstract The extraction of nucleic acids (NA) is an essential component of NA analysis. Without sufficient extraction and purification, contaminants co-existing with NAs often inhibit enzymatic amplification causing poor reproducibility and sensitivity. Numerous advancements in NA sampling in recent years have led to improvements in extraction yields from complex matrices and the reduction of analysis times. Perhaps most notable is the push towards miniaturization and automation to facilitate point-of-care testing. This article reviews the advancements and current trends in NA sample preparation including cell lysis and NA extraction.
Punk Legends: Cultural Representation and Ostension

This chapter analyzes two legendary images of punk that circulate prominently in popular media. Although the two images are mutually exclusive and only describe partial aspects of punk as a whole, their broad circulation and investment of audiences in either story have real-life consequences. The chapter therefore holds that researching the images of subcultures should be a central concern for subculture studies.
Consumer acceptance of plant-forward recipes in a natural consumption setting

Abstract There is a push for Western diets to be more plant-based due to the negative environmental, food system, and health implications associated with the conventional meat-centric diet. One plant-forward strategy to maintain consumer acceptability is to modify dishes and desserts to have proportionately more plant-based ingredients and fewer animal-based ingredients. We tested four versions of a main course (bowl) in a natural consumption dining setting (n = 144) with a between-groups design (conventional spicy, conventional mild, plant-forward spicy and plant-forward mild), with two versions of a dessert afterwards. Here we show that plant-forward main course dishes and desserts are just as acceptable, satiating, and satisfying as conventional bowls. This demonstrates that these recipe modifications are a successful strategy in the plant-based diet movement. Of the two dessert options, more consumers selected the conventional dessert after consuming the plant-forward bowls, and more consumers selected the plant-forward dessert (increased fruit/reduced cake) after consuming the conventional bowls. This finding warrants further investigation.
Immunotherapy in Organ Transplantation

Surgical techniques for organ transplantation were developed as early as the first half of the century by surgeons such as Carrel, Jaboulay, Voronoy, and several other pioneers in the field (Cannon, 1956; Groth, 1972; Edwards, 1979). However, all of these early attempts at homografting and heterografting failed, and transplantation as a practical endeavor had to await developments during the second half of the century, mainly in the areas of immunosuppression and organ preservation.
Schooling Corporate Citizens: How Accountability Reform has Damaged Civic Education and Undermined Democracy

Introduction. 1. Origins of Accountability Reform. 2. A Nation at Risk? 3. Struggle for the Social Studies Curriculum. 4. Business Takes Charge. 5. The Battle Over Standards. 6. No Child Left. 7. Race to Nowhere? 8. Social Studies Left Behind.
The Initiative Process and Policy Innovation in the American States

We utilize a new policy adoption database with over 500 policies to test whether the initiative process influences the timing of policy adoption. Prior studies have produced both supportive and null findings of the effect of the initiative, but typically examine policies one policy or a single composite score at a time. Theoretical accounts suggest that the initiative process should have heterogeneous effects on policy outcomes depending on the configuration of public and government preferences. By pooling hundreds of policies we are able to estimate the average effect of the initiative process on state policy adoption more systematically while also evaluating variation in its effect. We find via a pooled event history analysis that the initiative tends to increase innovativeness, but that this effect can be cancelled out by signature and distribution requirements. We find that this effect varies substantially across policies and is more consistently positive on average in states more liberal populations. We also find evidence that the initiative process moderates the effect of ideology on policy adoption, while making the adoption of non-ideological policies more likely on average.
The Iraq Wars and America's Military Revolution

Many saw the United States' decisive victory in Desert Storm (1991) as not only vindication of American defense policy since Vietnam but also confirmation of a revolution in military affairs (RMA). Just as information-age technologies were revolutionizing civilian life, the Gulf War appeared to reflect similarly profound changes in warfare. A debate has raged ever since about a contemporary RMA and its implications for American defense policy. Addressing these issues, The Iraq Wars and America's Military Revolution is a comprehensive study of the Iraq Wars in the context of the RMA debate. Focusing on the creation of a reconnaissance-strike complex and conceptions of parallel or nonlinear warfare, Keith L. Shimko finds a persuasive case for a contemporary RMA while recognizing its limitations as well as promise.
Comparison between optical flow and cross-correlation methods for extraction of velocity fields from particle images

This paper presents direct comparisons between the physics-based optical flow and well-established cross-correlation methods for extraction of velocity fields from particle images. The accuracy and limitations of the optical flow method applied to particle image velocimetry are critically evaluated. After a brief review of the optical flow method, we discuss in detail the error estimates, relevant parameters to the accuracy of optical flow computation, and mathematical connection between the optical flow and the particle velocity. Quantitative evaluations of both the optical flow and correlation methods are made through simulations and physical flow measurements.
'dynamic protocol plug-in': a Middleware Provision for Enhancing Network Service Performance

The paper describes a protocol-level adaptation mechanism to enhance the performance of network service provisioning to clientele. In our model, a service provider (SP) maintains multiple protocol modules to exercise the infrastructure resources. Here, each protocol exhibits a certain degree of cost optimality (in terms of resource usage) in distinct operating regions of the network infrastructure. An example is the cost tradeoff between the 'goback-N' and 'selective repeat' based retransmission schemes for 'reliable data transfer' between end-points under various packet loss rates in the network. During run-time, the SP selects one of the protocol modules that can meet the client-requested service obligation under the prevailing resource-level operating conditions. Our model allows a 'dynamic switching' from one protocol module to another at run-time based on the changing network conditions. The overall goal is to offer a sustained access to the service with a resource-optimal and QoS-compliant service offering. The paper describes 'protocol switching' as an architectural foundation for building cost-effective network services.
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Production and Growth Regulation in Human Lymphocytes

Abstract Much evidence indicates that ribosomal RNA in animal cells is first synthesized as a 45 S precursor which is cleaved to form a 32 S molecule and a molecule of 18 S rRNA. The 32 S molecule is subsequently converted to 28 S rRNA. From this model it follows that the two classes of rRNA should be produced in equimolar amounts. When newly synthesized RNA in growing human lymphocytes was labeled with Urd-3H, the ratio of radioactive 18 S:32-28 S rRNA was consistent with equimolar production of the two rRNA classes, as expected. However, nongrowing lymphocytes showed an apparent deficiency of new 18 S rRNA relative to the amount of 32-28 S rRNA produced. The deficiency was found to be the result of temporary retention in the nucleus of newly synthesized 32 S and 28 S rRNA which had no counterpart 18 S molecules. The extent of the 18 S deficiency was estimated from methylation studies, and was found to be about 50%. Thus, in resting lymphocytes, about half of the 18 S rRNA molecules originally synthesized are lost, presumably through degradation, if the model for rRNA production outlined above is correct. The apparent wastage of 18 S rRNA was reduced or eliminated after the lymphocytes were stimulated to grow. It is proposed that the wastage of rRNA in resting lymphocytes is part of a control mechanism which regulates lymphocyte growth by limiting the accumulation of ribosomes.
Theory and test of bathymetric side scan sonar

Bathymetric, or interferometric, side-scan-sonars offer great improvement over conventional hydrographic and bathymetric techniques, because their broad swath makes it possible to survey an area more efficiently, their high spatial resolution makes it less likely to miss an obstruction of feature, and their image output gives valuable information about the bottom composition. A theoretical model of the phase measurement errors that limit accuracy is presented. Tests of a shallow-water bathymetric side-scan sonar, the Bathyscan 300, were conducted in August, 1987, in the Chesapeake Bay. The results of those tests, as well as the performance demonstrated by other bathymetric side-scan sonars, are compared to the predictions of the model. >
Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication I. Effect of Cycloheximide on the Replication of SV40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Monkey Kidney Cells and in Heterokaryons of SV40-transformed and Susceptible Cells

Infectious deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from green monkey kidney (CV-1) cultures at various times after the cultures were infected with simian virus 40 (SV40) at input multiplicities of 0.01 and 0.1 plaque-forming unit (PFU) per cell. A pronounced decrease in infectious DNA was observed from 3 to 16 hr after virus infection, suggesting that structurally altered intracellular forms may have been generated early in infection. Evidence is also presented that SV40 DNA synthesis requires concurrent protein synthesis. DNA replication was studied in the presence and absence of cycloheximide in: (i) SV40-infected and uninfected cultures of CV-1 cells; (ii) cultures synchronized with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) for 24 to 30 hr prior to the addition of cycloheximide; and (iii) in heterokaryons of SV40-transformed hamster and susceptible monkey kidney cells. DNA synthesis was determined by pulse-labeling the cultures with (3)H-thymidine at various times from 24 to 46 hr after infection. In addition, the total infectious SV40 DNA was measured. Addition of cycloheximide, even after early proteins had been induced, grossly inhibited both SV40 and cellular DNA syntheses. The activities of thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, and thymidylate kinase were measured; these enzyme activities remained high for at least 9 hr in the presence of cycloheximide. SV40 DNA prelabeled with (3)H-thymidine before the addition of cycloheximide was also relatively stable during the time required for cycloheximide to inhibit further DNA replication.
EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION PRODUCED BY WATER DEPRIVATION, DIARRHEA AND VOMITING ON RENAL FUNCTION IN INFANTS

Dehydration when of sufficient severity depresses the glomerular filtration rate significantly. The high inulin and creatinine U/P ratios during dehydration indicate water conservation by the tubules. Depressed glomerular filtration rates may enhance this mechanism. The tendency to the lower than expected rise in U/P ratio with low urine flows during dehydration in diarrheal disease suggests disturbed tubular mechanism for water reabsorption. Glomerular filtration rate is rapidly restored with the intravenous administration of fluid. Restoration to normal values may proceed at a slower pace in the sick infant.
Psychosocial development and compliance in vocational rehabilitation: A pilot study

Objective: Vocational rehabilitation (VR) is an evidence based treatment modality. Participation in VR improves a range of outcomes for persons with mental illness. There is a need to improve client compliance in these programs, and specifically to measure psychosocial development, which is a primary goal of psychosocial rehabilitation. Design: This study used measures of stage of change, which predict client compliance with other forms of behavioral health treatment, and piloted a measure of psychosocial development for association with compliance in vocational rehabilitation. Clients' goals and expectations in the program were also explored. Results: Several of the stage of change measures were correlated with compliance in this program. The measure of psychosocial development used, the Connection-Disconnection Scale, was correlated with several of the stage of change measures. Clients' goals in the program were explicitly psychosocial. Discussion: Findings regarding stage of change and compliance suggest that VR programs should consider incorporating the processes, goals and techniques associated with stage of change. In addition, the findings regarding psychosocial develop- ment suggest that encouraging mutual empathy and peer support may also help to improve compliance, as well as meet client goals.
Basolateral Amygdala Noradrenergic Influences on Memory Storage Are Mediated by an Interaction between β- and α1-Adrenoceptors

Extensive evidence indicates that norepinephrine modulates memory storage through an activation of β-adrenoceptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Recent findings suggest that the effects of β-adrenergic activation on memory storage are influenced by α1-adrenoceptor stimulation. Pharmacological findings indicate that activation of postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptors potentiates β-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of cAMP formation. The present study examined whether inactivation of α1-adrenoceptors in the BLA would alter the dose–response effects on memory storage of intra-BLA infusions of a β-adrenoceptor agonist, as well as that of a synthetic cAMP analog. Male Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral microinfusions into the BLA of either the β-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol (3–3000 pmol in 0.2 μl) or 8-bromoadenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP) (0.2–7 nmol in 0.2 μl) alone or together with the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.2 nmol) immediately after training in an inhibitory avoidance task. Retention was tested 48 hr later. Clenbuterol induced a dose-dependent enhancement of retention, and prazosin attenuated the dose–response effects of clenbuterol. Posttraining intra-BLA infusions of 8-bromo-cAMP also induced a dose-dependent enhancement of retention latencies. However, concurrent infusion of prazosin did not alter the dose–response effects of 8-bromo-cAMP. These findings are consistent with the view that α1-adrenoceptors affect memory storage by modulating β-adrenoceptor activation in the BLA. Moreover, these findings are consistent with those of pharmacological studies indicating that β-adrenoceptors modulate memory storage by a direct coupling to adenylate cyclase, whereas α1-receptors act indirectly by influencing the β-adrenoceptor-mediated influence on cAMP formation.
Acoustic Systems for Global Observatory Studies

The potential role of acoustics in a conceptual network of observatories designed to study processes occurring at the global scale is outlined. Power and data transmission aspects of observatories may transform the use of acoustical data in many oceanographic disciplines. Three acoustic measurement techniques suitable for ocean observatories are discussed: long-range positioning, tomography/thermometry, and passive listening. The data returned from these three applications, which can share much infrastructure, can be used for climate, biological, geological, and biogeochemical studies. Acoustics can be used as an engineering tool, such as for platform navigation or for measuring heat content. In addition to that use, sound generation, propagation, and scattering are important components of the natural undersea world, with many biological and geophysical phenomena contributing to the sonic environment in exploitable ways.
Validity of the WKB approximation in calculating the asymptotic quasinormal modes of black holes

In this paper, we categorize nonrotating black hole spacetimes based on their pole structure, and in each of these categories we determine whether the WKB approximation is a valid approximation for calculating the asymptotic quasinormal modes. We show that Schwarzschild black holes with the Gauss-Bonnet (G-B) correction belong to the category in which the WKB approximation is invalid for calculating these modes. In this context, we further discuss and clarify some of the ambiguity in the literature surrounding a validity condition provided for the WKB approximation.
Long-term dicumarol therapy to prevent recurrent coronary artery thrombosis.

Seventy-eight patients were given long-term dicumarol therapy after one or more attacks of myocardial infarction to see whether recurrent attacks could be warded off. Encouraging results ensued over periods up to five years. Protocols of 12 fatal cases are given, only 4 of whom had recurrent acute coronary thrombosis. Hemorrhagic complications met with are analyzed. Ambulatory treatment is shown to be feasible if patients are painstakingly followed.