cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K − -proton, K 2 0 -proton, K − -deuterium scattering and absorption processes, and 1405 MeV Y* 0 -resonance

In order to describe the low-energy K−-p, K 2 0 -p and K−-d interactions, six new sets of energy-dependents-wave $$\bar K$$ -nucleon interaction parameters solutions, called solutionsX1,X2,Y1,Y2,Z1 andZ2, are constructed as functions of the width of the 1405 MeV Y*0-resonance, by linear interpolations between Ross and Humphrey’s amplitudes at low values of K−-momentum, Watson’s amplitudes at 400 MeV/c and by requiring the Y*0-resonance as ans-wave bound state of $$\bar K$$ -nucleon system. It is found that the K−-p and K−-d scattering processes are rather insensitive to the width of Y*0, whereas the Σ-hyperons production cross-sections favor 50 MeV for Y*0 width (solutionZ2). Also, it is observed that the contribution of Y*0-resonance to the at rest K−-d capture rates is within the uncertainties of experimental measurements (< 20%).
Insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer

Several years of research have indicated that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of ligands, receptors and binding proteins are expressed in human breast cancer. The ligands are potent mitogens for breast cancer cell lines, and blockade of IGF signaling inhibits tumor growth. The IGFs can be regulated in normal and neoplastic tissue, indicating their important role in proliferation. For example, estrogen, a hormone important in the growth and progression of breast cancer is able to alter expression of IGF ligands, receptors and binding proteins. In addition, recent data now indicate that IGF ligands can also activate estrogen receptor (ER) in a ligand-independent manner. The apparent cross-talk between IGF and ER signaling is especially important to consider since anti-estrogens, such as tamoxifen, are a major modality for the treatment of breast cancer. Recent data suggest that IGFs may also be involved in tamoxifen resistance, through upregulation of the IGF-I receptor. Thus blockade of IGF signaling in combination with tamoxifen may prove to be a beneficial treatment for breast cancer patients.
Purification of tyrosine hydroxylase from pheochromocytoma tumors.

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase was purified from human pheochromocytoma tumors. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation obtained after sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed a single enzymatically active protein band. A specific antiserum to purified human pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase was produced in rabbits. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic analysis as well as by the specific inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. Enzyme inhibition studies revealed extensive cross-reactivity between the antiserum and tyrosine hydroxylases from bovine and rat adrenals and from rat striatum. The kinetic properties of the purified pheochromocytoma enzyme are similar to those of the bovine adrenal enzyme.
Biology and Immature Stages of Tetanura pallidiventris, a Parasitoid of Terrestrial Snails (Dipt. Sciomyzidae)

Tetanura pallidiventris (Fallen) (Dipt. Scionyzidae) lives in terrestrial habitats in northern and central Europe, where the larvae feed on snails of the genera Cochlicopa, Discus, and Retinella. Field and laboratory data on the ecology and behaviour of the species are presented. The egg, third-instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton, and puparium are described and figured. The species is distinguished from T. fallenii Hendel, and the systematic position of the genus Tetanura Fallen is discussed.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR COMPARISON OF PASSIVE HYDRAULIC ENGINE MOUNTS. PART 1: MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

This paper investigates the linear and nonlinear modeling aspects of two distinct types of passive hydraulic engine mounts. The two mounts considered here within differ by the means in which the decoupler is used to control the amplitude-dependent behavior of the hydraulic mount. Both of the mounts decoupler action introduces nonlinearities into the system; however, one mount illustrates parametric-type behavior. Because one mount exhibits parametric behavior the energy-rate method is used to determine the stability of the system. The linear and nonlinear models are directly compared with each other in a frequency domain for each respective mount, and then the nonlinear models are compared directly against each other to ascertain a comparison between mount designs, again in a frequency domain.
Expression Patterns of Adhesion Receptors in the Developing Mouse Lung: Functional Implications

A detailed, immunohistological study of mouse lung development from the first appearance of primary lung buds off the laryngo tracheal groove through the formation of the mature, adult lung has been carried out using monoclonal antibodies specific for endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, adhesion receptors and markers of mature endothelial cell function. These included mAbs specific for PECAM-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, alpha 4 and alpha 6 integrin subunits, thrombomodulin and factor VIII. The results document a dynamic pattern of receptor expression and indicate that the expansion of the pulmonary vascular system may take place by both angiogenic and vasculogenic processes. They further document differences in receptor expression by vascular and airway smooth muscle. ICAM-1 expression was primarily extravascular during development. The expression patterns of alpha 4 integrin and its counter receptor VCAM-1 lacked the complementarity that might be expected if they were functioning as a receptor/counter-receptor pair in lung development. Thrombomodulin expression patterns support a major role for the thrombin/ thrombomodulin system in lung development. The expression of thrombomodulin only at sites of airway branching suggests that the thrombin/thrombomodulin system could play a pivotal, regulatory role in branching morphogenesis.
The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Adolescent Boys.

This study reports the development of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), and the differential correlates of these two forms of aggression. Antisocial, psychosocial and personality measures were obtained at ages 7 and 16 years in schoolboys, while the RPQ was administered to 334 of the boys at age 16 years. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a significant fit for a two-factor proactive–reactive model that replicated from one independent subsample to another. Proactive aggression was uniquely characterized at age 7 by initiation of fights, strong-arm tactics, delinquency, poor school motivation, poor peer relationships, single-parent status, psychosocial adversity, substance-abusing parents, and hyperactivity, and at age 16 by a psychopathic personality, blunted affect, delinquency, and serious violent offending. Reactive aggression was uniquely characterized at age 16 by impulsivity, hostility, social anxiety, lack of close friends, unusual perceptual experiences, and ideas of reference. Findings confirm and extend the differential correlates of proactive–reactive aggression, and demonstrate that this brief but reliable and valid self-report instrument can be used to assess proactive and reactive aggression in child and adolescent samples.
Bronchopleural Cutaneous Fistula from Infected Pacemaker Electrodes

A patient who developed a bronchopleural cutaneous fistula from long-standing infection of epicardial pacemaker electrodes is presented. Although the patient refused treatment, management of this problem is suggested, since a previously reported bronchopleural cutaneous fistula has not been reported in the English literature.
The production relations of contract farming in Honduras

Contract farmers in central Honduras have been producers of Asian vegetables for American markets since 1989. Contract farming holds the potential to provide benefits to small farmers who would otherwise be unable to access export markets but production relations between firms and farmers are often asymmetric and can be exploitative. Poor communication and legacies of mistrust between commodity agriculture and small farmers lead to ambiguities in the contracting system that are misinterpreted by both firms and farmers, creating social tensions between contracting parties. This article will consider how farmers’ navigation of the contracting system and competition between export firms has led to changes in the system. Through competition for a limited pool of outgrowers, firms adjust their policies in favor of farmers without explicit attempts of labor organization on the part of the farmers.
Bayesian Predictive Probability Functions for Count Data that are Subject to Misclassification

We develop three Bayesian predictive probability functions based on data in the form of a double sample. One Bayesian predictive probability function is for predicting the true unobservable count of interest in a future sample for a Poisson model with data subject to misclassification and two Bayesian predictive probability functions for predicting the number of misclassified counts in a current observable fallible count for an event of interest. We formulate a Gibbs sampler to calculate prediction intervals for these three unobservable random variables and apply our new predictive models to calculate prediction intervals for a real-data example. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction of a Peptide from the Receptor-Binding Domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pili Strain PAK with a Cross-Reactive Antibody: Changes in Backbone Dynamics Induced by Binding†

The C-terminal receptor-binding region of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin protein strain PAK (residues 128−144) has been the target for the design of a vaccine effective against P. aeruginosa infections. We have recently cloned and expressed a 15N-labeled PAK pilin peptide spanning residues 128−144 of the PAK pilin protein. The peptide exists as a major (trans) and minor (cis) species in solution, arising from isomerization around a central Ile138−Pro139 peptide bond. The trans isomer adopts two well-defined turns in solution, a type I β-turn spanning Asp134-Glu-Gln-Phe137 and a type II β-turn spanning Pro139-Lys-Gly-Cys142. The cis isomer adopts only one well-defined type II β-turn spanning Pro139-Lys-Gly-Cys142 but displays evidence of a less ordered turn spanning Asp132-Gln-Asp-Glu135. These turns have been implicated in cross-reactive antibody recognition. 15N NMR relaxation experiments of the 15N-labeled recombinant PAK pilin peptide in complex with an Fab fragment of a cross-reactive monoclonal antibod...
Joint sparsity for target detection

In this paper, we propose a joint sparsity model for target detection in hyperspectral imagery. The key innovative idea here is that hyperspectral pixels within a small neighborhood in the test image can be simultaneously represented by a linear combination of a few common training samples, but weighted with a different set of coefficients for each pixel. The joint sparsity model automatically incorporates the inter-pixel correlation within the hyperspectral imagery by assuming that neighboring spectral pixels usually consists of similar materials. The sparse representations of the neighboring pixels are obtained by simultaneously decomposing the pixels over a given dictionary consisting of training samples of both the target and background classes. The recovered sparse coefficient vectors are then directly used for determining the label of the test pixels. Simulation results on several real hyperspectral images show that the proposed algorithm based on the joint sparsity model outperforms the classical hyperspectral target detection algorithms, such as the popular spectral matched filters, matched subspace detectors, adaptive subspace detectors, as well as binary classifiers such as support vector machines.
Social Structure and Prejudice

tem of the Contemporary United States," American Anthropologist, 45 (JanuaryMarch, 1943), 22-38. 7. Parsons, Talcott and Robert F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1955). 8. Rossi, Peter H., Why Families Move (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, i955). 9. Sharp, Harry and Morris Axelrod, "Mutual Aid Among Relatives in an Urban Population," in Ronald Freedman, et al., eds., Principles of Sociology (New York: Holt, 1956), 433-439. o0. Sussman, Marvin B., "Family Continuity: Selective Factors which Affect Relationship Between Families at Generation Levels," Marriage and Family Living, 16 (May, 1954), II2-I20. I1. , "The Help Pattern in the M ddle Class Family," American Sociological Review, 18 (February, 1953), 22-28.
Stem cells near the century mark.

The concept of a stem cell, now nearing its hundredth year as one of the organizing principles of developmental biology, shows no sign of losing its youthful luster. At a time when the transfer of biological concepts to clinical practice drives much of science, the properties of stem cells in various tissues are attracting increasing levels of interest. This attention is not restricted to the germ line and blood, the traditional domain of stem cells as defined by early 20th-century studies on animal development, but has been extended to tissues not typically thought to turn over. As novel sites, properties, and functions have been identified for these cells, the definition of a stem cell has shifted repeatedly. Like some stem cells, this concept has expanded greatly and has displayed a remarkable degree of plasticity.
The mechanism of discrimination between oxidized and reduced coenzyme in the aldehyde dehydrogenase domain of Aldh1l1

Aldh1l1, also known as 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), contains the carboxy-terminal domain (Ct-FDH), which is a structural and functional homolog of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). This domain is capable of catalyzing the NADP+-dependent oxidation of short chain aldehydes to their corresponding acids, and similar to most ALDHs it has two conserved catalytic residues, Cys707 and Glu673. Previously, we demonstrated that in the Ct-FDH mechanism these residues define the conformation of the bound coenzyme and the affinity of its interaction with the protein. Specifically, the replacement of Cys707 with an alanine resulted in the enzyme lacking the ability to differentiate between the oxidized and reduced coenzyme. We suggested that this was due to the loss of a covalent bond between the cysteine and the C4N atom of nicotinamide ring of NADP+ formed during Ct-FDH catalysis. To obtain further insight into the functional significance of the covalent bond between Cys707 and the coenzyme, and the overall role of the two catalytic residues in the coenzyme binding and positioning, we have now solved crystal structures of Ct-FDH in the complex with thio-NADP+ and the complexes of the C707S mutant with NADP+ and NADPH. This study has allowed us to trap the coenzyme in the contracted conformation, which provided a snapshot of the conformational processing of the coenzyme during the transition from oxidized to reduced form. Overall, the results of this study further support the previously proposed mechanism by which Cys707 helps to differentiate between the oxidized and reduced coenzyme during ALDH catalysis.
Knowledge Management Research Imperatives Governing Multinational Corporation Expansion

This paper examines the depth, erudition, and rigor of contemporary research on knowledge management as a causal factor that influences the ultimate outcome of multinational corporation (MNC) expansion, bounded by the confines of information and communication technology (ICT) competences identified as behavioral, business, and technological. Through discussion highlighting the dominant knowledge management (KM) research themes within the milieu of the global firm, readers will gain definitive and practical insight into relevant topics that may be used to stimulate development of growth strategies for the firm.
Three-dimensional ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal head and spine anomalies.

Objective : To test the application of three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound for the antenatal diagnosis of fetal head and spinal anomalies. Methods : Twenty-five fetuses with head or spinal anomalies and ranging in gestational age from 16 to 33 weeks were studied prospectively: 11 with a central nervous system anomaly (neural tube defect [ n = 4], encephalocele [ n = 2], hydrocephalus [ n = 4], and anencephaly [ n = 1]), 13 fetuses with a family history or suspicion of cleft lip or palate, and one with a cloverleaf skull malformation. A volume scan was performed after the two-dimensional examination was complete. The mechanical transducer scans up to 40° in less than 4 seconds, acquiring the data for a pyramid-shaped tissue volume. Three matched and dynamically linked images representing the X, Y , and Z planes are displayed simultaneously. When one image is manipulated, the remaining images are updated automatically to maintain a 90° difference. After the ideal three orthogonal planes are identified, a 3-D image can be reconstructed. A variable number of scan images are possible, depending on the volume size and the data acquisition time. Processing time for the reconstruction depends on volume size, the number of scan images included, and the degrees of rotation of the final image. Results : The three orthogonal planes proved most helpful delineating the exact nature and anatomic level of the defect. No examination was delayed or required repetition because of suboptimal fetal positioning. The enhanced confidence achieved by our being able to delineate the precise anatomic level and extent of the defect improved patient counseling. The 3-D reconstructions clarified and documented the true magnitude of the defects and on occasion allowed a diagnosis not possible by either two-dimensional or nonreconstructed 3-D imaging. Conclusion : Our experience with 3-D ultrasound suggests that it is an advance in high-quality ultrasound. Its greatest advantage is that it allows the user to view simultaneously the three orthogonal planes.
New options for the therapy of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma: endoscopic mucosal resection and ablation versus vagal-sparing esophagectomy.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has the fastest rising incidence of any cancer in the United States and develops as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease [1]. Barrett’s esophagus is the precursor lesion from which adenocarcinoma develops, and surveillance programs have led to the detection of highgrade dysplasia and early-stage adenocarcinoma in an increasing number of patients. High-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma, although potentially lethal, are both curable lesions in most patients [2‐4]; however, cure is dependent on complete removal of the neoplastic tissue. Until recently, this was reliably accomplished only with esophagectomy, but new technologies have been developed that allow endoscopic mucosal resection and ablation with preservation of the esophagus. The aim of this article is to explore current options for the management of Barrett’s high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma. The first fundamental issue in the treatment of highgrade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma is to cure the patient of the disease. Patients with only highgrade dysplasia are uniformly cured with esophagectomy because invasive cancer has not developed and will not develop after removal of all of the Barrett’s mucosa. However, a number of surgical series have demonstrated that despite extensive pre-resection biopsies, in 30% to 50% of patients thought only to have high-grade dysplasia, the resected specimen will in fact have an invasive cancer [5, 6]. In the absence of a visible ulcer or nodule on endoscopy, these occult adenocarcinomas have always been limited to the mucosa in our experience [5]. In contrast, if a lesion of any sort is seen endoscopically within the columnar-lined portion of the esophagus, that lesion is at high risk to be a cancer. Further, any visible lesion that on biopsy shows adenocarcinoma cannot be assumed to be limited to the mucosa, regardless of the size or appearance of the lesion. Even very small lesions may penetrate into the submucosa, thus the endoscopic appearance of the lesion cannot be used to determine the T stage. It was hoped that endoscopic ultrasound imaging would allow accurate determination of intramucosal vs submucosal tumor invasion, but even high-frequency 20-MHz probes have not provided acceptable differentiation of these lesions [7]. The only method currently able to accurately determine the depth of invasion of a small visible lesion is endoscopic mucosal resection. This technique enables endoscopic excision of lesions sized up to 1.5 cm along with the adjacent mucosa and submucosa down to the muscularis propria and thereby allows the precise depth of invasion of the tumor to be pathologically determined. We have previously shown the accuracy of endoscopic resection as a staging procedure for early esophageal cancer, and we use it routinely for patients with a visible lesion within the Barrett’s mucosa [8].
Automating Radiologist Workflow Part 1: The Digital Consultation

With the widespread adoption of picture archiving and communication systems and filmless imaging, ubiquitous and instantaneous access to imaging data has resulted in decreased radiologist-clinician consultations. It is therefore imperative that the radiology community develop new communication strategies to improve both the timeliness and the perceived value of the radiology report. One strategy to accomplish this goal is the creation of electronic consultation tools, which can effectively recreate radiologist workflow and the identification of key pathologic findings in an easy-to-use, well-organized, and timely fashion. This would be accomplished by recording radiologist-computer interactions using an electronic auditing tool, storing these interactions in an extensible markup language schema, which can subsequently be played back at a later point in time to recreate the radiologist consultation. This approach has the added benefits of allowing the radiologist to selectively edit content to the needs of different clinician users, index the comprehensive consultation into pathology-specific components, and perform asynchronous bidirectional consultations. This electronic consultation tool would result in the creation of context and user-specific consultation files, which can in turn be integrated with clinical data from electronic medical records.
A knowledge-based system to improve the quality and efficiency of titanium melting

Abstract This paper outlines the application of a knowledge-based expert system to assist the furnace production staff in diagnosing and correcting Electron Beam (EB) guns, which are used to melt titanium. The characteristics of a titanium melting facility, its business objectives, and the responsibilities of its furnace operators are reviewed. Alternative solutions to the problem of accurately troubleshooting EB gun failures are discussed. The chosen solution (i.e. the knowledge-based system) was in alignment with the company's on-going Continuous Improvement efforts designed to improve operational efficiencies and thus was met with support. Next, we discuss the costs and benefits associated with the system. The project has a payback of less than two years and produces a modest positive cash flow over a three year period. Other potential savings in the form of additional product revenues, however, could be in excess of $1.6 million dollars. A description of the system architecture is provided along with a review of the knowledge acquisition process. Development, testing and implementation of the system is reviewed. Finally, the impacts of the system on the company are discussed. The impacts include improved task performance by providing a more structured problem solving environment, improved training and significant reductions in employee learning curves (50–100%), improved equipment diagnostics, and support for continuous improvement initiatives.
Racial Profiling by Store Clerks and Security Personnel in Retail Establishments: An Exploration of “Shopping While Black”

This article examines Shopping While Black (SWB), which is the practice of racial profiling in retail settings. The study couches this form of racial profiling under the following three criminological perspectives: labeling theory, conflict theory, and the colonial model. Based on a review of the literature and an analysis of appellate cases at the state and federal levels, the author concludes that, like racial profiling in automobiles, the concept of Shopping While Black requires serious scholarly attention. Given the nature of the problem, the following represent viable strategies to reduce such profiling: require clerks and security personnel to receive education on the perils of racial profiling, encourage victims of profiling to sue retailers who engage in these practices, and work with civil rights groups to organize boycotts. The article concludes by urging federal officials to increase current levels of funding to study and remedy these discriminatory practices.
Rural Roads Vulnerability Reduction Assessment, Mitigation Measures, and Training

Considerable experience has been gained in the assessment of storm damage to rural roads, subsequent repairs, and implementing measures to reduce the vulnerability of the road system to future events both in the western United States and in Latin America. Closure or damage to rural roads presents a major hardship to local populations, hinders disaster relief efforts, and results in costly damage repairs. Storm-damage assessment, for both repairs and assessing vulnerability, involves a subjective process of working with local communities to identify their highest priorities and support combined with objective inventory of the transportation system and identification of hazards and repair options. Needed work has been specified on simple work lists with site-specific repair or reconstruction recommendations. Many cost-effective planning, location, design, and maintenance measures can be implemented to greatly reduce the risk and vulnerability of roads, particularly on low-volume roads. Most measures involve avoiding problematic areas, incorporating adequate design detail, and controlling drainage. Training has been conducted and manuals have been written to improve rural road design, to implement effective storm damage repairs, reduce future risks, and to minimize environmental damage.
Use of a Quadrat Rotenone Technique and Bioenergetics Modeling to Evaluate Prey Availability to Stocked Piscivores

Abstract Young-of-year gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, the primary prey for piscivores in Ohio impoundments, are difficult to sample by conventional techniques. We developed a technique for sampling littoral zone quadrats with rotenone and compared this method to other gear. To sample, we isolated 0.15-hectare shoreline areas (N = 28 quadrats) with a plastic barrier, which confined the rotenone and even small fish, and applied rotenone at concentrations of 2–3 mg/L. To quantify densities of dead fish that sank, about 18% of the bottom within quadrats was covered with netting. These nets eliminated the need for species-specific recovery rates, which typically are highly variable, Tucker trawls and seines provided lower density and size estimates of gizzard shad than did our quadrat method. Despite difficulties associated with the quadrat rotenone technique such as site selection, variability, and personnel requirements, this method provided the best estimate of size structure and density of gizzard shad ...
The effects of corn milling coproducts on growth performance and diet digestibility by beef cattle.

Simmental x Angus weanling heifers (n = 96; 239 +/- 2.3 kg) were used in four replications to evaluate three dietary treatments in Trial 1. Treatments were cracked corn-hay diets supplemented with one of three corn milling industry coproducts: dry corn gluten feed (DCGF), dried distillers grains (DDG), and a new modified corn fiber (MCF). In Trial 2, ruminally cannulated mature crossbred beef steers (n = 4; 606 +/-60 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 11-d periods to determine digestibility and ruminal metabolism of limit-fed cracked corn-alfalfa haylage diets supplemented with cornstarch (CON), DCGF, DDG, or MCF. During Periods 3 and 4, an in situ study was conducted to compare the rate and extent of CP degradation of DCGF, DDG, and MCF. In Trial 1, there were no differences (P > .10) in initial weights or DM intake. Average daily gain and feed efficiency (G/F) were improved (P . 10) in digestibilities of any nutrients or in ruminal VFA concentrations were observed for steers fed coproducts. The CON supplementation decreased (P < .05) total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibility, improved (P < .10) digestibilities of DM and OM, increased (P < .05) total VFA concentrations and concentrations of propionate and valerate, and decreased (P < .05) concentrations of butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate when compared with the coproducts. Dry corn gluten feed increased (P < .05) and DDG tended (P < .10) to increase percentages of the immediately soluble fraction of CP, and both had increased (P < .05) rates (Kd) and greater (P < .05) extent of ruminal CP degradation than MCF. These data suggest that DCGF and DDG may be utilized in limit-fed high-energy diets without sacrificing performance. Feeding of MCF resulted in poorer performance of heifers, suggesting a limited feeding value that results from high ADIN content and slow in situ protein digestion.
Electrocardiographic ST segment elevation: Left ventricular aneurysm

Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA), also described as dyskinetic left ventricular segment, is defined as a localized area of infarcted myocardium that bulges outward during both systole and diastole. LVAs most often are noted after large anterior wall events but may also be encountered status after inferior and posterior wall injuries. In most cases, LVA is manifested electrocardiographically by varying degrees of ST segment elevation (STE), which may be difficult to distinguish from ST segment changes caused by acute myocardial infarction. The STE is generally associated with well-developed, completed Q waves in the anterior precordial leads, and there will not be reciprocal ST depression in the contralateral leads. This article focuses on the electrocardiographic findings useful in making the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysm as well as distinguishing LVA from other STE syndromes.
Science and institution building in urban climate-change policymaking

As cities develop climate-change policies, they are likely to engage with and produce new science and information. What influences the choices cities make about this engagement? Our aim is to understand the differences in the ways city governments structure their relationship to climate-change science and expertise, and the extent to which these choices reflect broader governance orientations towards climate change as a policy area. The climate-change policy processes of Delhi and Mexico City are used as case studies. The two cities have made different choices about the structure and formality of the science–policy interface, and demonstrate that policymakers’ choices about engaging scientific expertise are embedded in broader administrative and political systems. Examining the science–policy dynamics in urban climate-change policy suggests ways forward for future research, as there are likely to be political and policy consequences and trade-offs with different approaches to structuring the science–polic...
Recurrent Endoleak Detection and Measurement of Aneurysm Size with CTA After Coil Embolization of Endoleaks

PURPOSE The optimal modality for following aneurysm size and detecting endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) remains controversial. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has been widely employed but can be limited by metal artifact from stents, which is exacerbated by embolization coils placed during the treatment of type 2 endoleaks. The authors assessed interobserver agreement of CTA for measuring aneurysm size and presence of recurrent endoleak in patients with prior coil embolization of type 2 endoleaks. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 65 CTAs were retrospectively reviewed in a cohort of 27 patients (25 men; two women; mean age, 77.4 years) who had prior endoleak embolization after EVAR. Endoleak embolizations included transarterial ( n = 8) and translumbar ( n = 19) approaches. In each patient, maximal aneurysm diameter and presence/absence of recurrent endoleak was measured independently by two observers. Cohen's Kappa statistic was used to assess interobserver agreement, as well as paired two-tailed Student t tests for aneurysm diameter. RESULTS Recurrent type 2 endoleaks were detected with CTA in eight of 27 patients (30%) and on 13 of 65 CTAs (20%). A high degree of correlation (98.5%) was also seen between the two observers for presence of endoleak (Kappa 0.95). Mean aneurysm diameter for the entire cohort correlated closely between both observers: 54.8 mm ± 1.1 for observer A and 54.9 mm ± 1.1 for observer B ( P = .66). There was a disagreement between the readers of greater than 2 mm regarding aneurysm size in 13.8% of the CTAs (nine of 65 CTAs). CONCLUSION Despite the presence of streak artifact on CTA following coil embolization of type 2 endoleaks, CTA remains a useful study for following patients. The presence of embolization coils does not prevent CTA measurement of aneurysm diameter and detection of recurrent endoleak with a high degree of interobserver agreement.
Elevation of serum cholesterol at high altitude and its relationship to hematocrit.

The positive relationship between hematocrit and serum cholesterol may be due to dilution. Accordingly, high hematocrits would yield reduced serum pools for dilution of cholesterol, thus producing higher levels. To test this effect, the relationships between hematocrit and cholesterol were evaluated at low-altitude and high-altitude clinics. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted at Madison, WI (264 m) and Leadville, CO (3105 m) to identify family practice patients who underwent hematocrit and serum cholesterol determinations on the same day. We excluded patients with medical conditions or on medications that affect cholesterol, patients with high glucose and triglyceride levels, and patients with extreme cholesterol levels. Remaining patients (153 in each altitude group) were matched by age and sex. The mean hematocrits and cholesterol levels were compared using analysis of variance. The linear relationships between hematocrit and cholesterol were compared using analysis of covariance. The mean hematocrit was significantly higher at high altitude (47.5% versus 41.3%; p p p p
Treatment of arthritis by macrophage depletion and immunomodulation: testing an apoptosis-mediated therapy in a humanized death receptor mouse model.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial hyperplasia and inflammation, with increased numbers of macrophages, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes in the synovium (1–3). Although the earliest attempts to delete CD4+ T cells in the treatment of RA were disappointing (4), specific therapies to deplete B cells by anti-CD20 in RA are promising (5, 6). However, not all patients respond, and disease relapses can occur after B cell repopulation (7). Macrophages are of central importance in the pathogenesis of RA (8, 9), and disease severity correlates with the number of activated macrophages in the inflamed tissues and in circulation (10). The "professional" antigen-presenting role of macrophages has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA (9). Interactions between macrophages and fibroblasts, B, and T cells regulate synovial inflammation (11–13) and suggest that the macrophage is an attractive target for RA therapy. However, there has been no clinically proven efficacious and safe therapy for specific elimination of inflammatory macrophages in RA. Human death receptor 5 (DR5) is a pro-apoptotic molecule and mediates apoptosis upon binding with its ligand, TRAIL, or an anti-DR5 agonistic antibody (14). While DR5 is found on most examined cell types, its expression is upregulated in cancer cells and it is a promising target for cancer therapy (15–17). Moreover, increased DR5 expression and susceptibility to anti-human DR5-mediated apoptosis are characteristics of the proliferating synovial fibroblasts in RA (18), though the regulation of expression and apoptotic function of DR5 in macrophages of human RA is unknown. Investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-DR5 in mouse disease models has been limited by two major obstacles. Firstly, although an antibody (MD5-1) has been developed against MK (the mouse homologue of human DR5), this antibody exhibits low cell-killing activity without a cross-linker and has not been extensively analyzed (19). Secondly, engineering a Tg mouse expressing human DR5 for testing of anti-human DR5 therapy has not been developed. We have utilized a Tg mouse expressing a hu/mo-chimeric DR5 receptor consisting of the extracellular domain of human DR5 and the transmembrane and intracellular regions of mouse MK. This enables the binding of the anti-human DR5 antibody to the extracellular domain and the induction of apoptosis in mouse cells. Treatment with an anti-human DR5 antibody, TRA-8, successfully prevented the development of, or ameliorated the severity of, CIA when administered before or after the onset of arthritis, respectively. The major target of TRA-8 in this disease model was shown to be macrophages in which DR5 expression is upregulated. Our data provide pre-clinical evidence that the anti-human DR5 antibody, TRA-8, is a potential anti-arthritic biologic agent that preferentially eliminates macrophages and exhibits subsequent immunomodulatory effects.
Adjustment, turnover, and performance: the deployment of minority expatriates

While in the domestic work environment, minorities are more likely to have turnover intentions and receive lower performance evaluations; the findings in this study indicate that minorities, when deployed overseas, receive higher performance evaluations than Caucasian expatriates. For Caucasian expatriates, cultural adaptability improved interaction adjustment and reduced turnover intentions, but not to the extent to which minority status improved these outcomes. These findings suggest that studying minority expatriates is a critical but overlooked factor in understanding expatriate success.
Sustaining Indigenous Identity Through Language Development: Comparing Indigenous Language Instruction in Two Contexts

Indigenous language instruction in elementary and secondary schools has a significant impact on indigenous culture and identity. The history of indigenous language instruction policy is always unique and its impact on the community depends on a range of internal and external factors. Using a theoretical framework of ethnic identity formation and cultural revitalization, we compare indigenous language policy and use in the Northern Cheyenne Nation and Timor-Leste. We identify commonalities and differences in indigenous language instruction when the indigenous language is in a stage of revitalization (Northern Cheyenne Nation) vs. preservation or prevention of language loss (Timor-Leste). In both cases we find that decentralized formal educational decision-making, and increased support of self-determination for indigenous groups play a key role in the successful pursuit of indigenous language instruction leading to increased salience of indigenous group identities and indigenous language use in schools, other institutions, and daily life. While each case has a unique history of oppression, colonization, duration of assimilationist policies, and available resources for the advocacy of indigenous language instruction, there are important similarities in the general experiences of indigenous language groups independent of whether the indigenous language in question is in a stage of revitalization or preservation.
Numerical Computation of the Reradiation from Power Lines at MF Frequencies

The encroachment of "civilization" on the site of a medium wave broadcasting array can give rise to distortions of its radiation pattern resulting in inadequate coverage of the service area, or even in the violation of licensing provisions. The radiation pattern distorts because RF currents are induced by the broadcasting antenna's field on any large metallic structures such as a highrise building or a high-tension power line. If the structure is resonant, these currents can be large and the reradiated field can be strong. This paper uses modern digital computer techniques to calculate the field reradiated from a power line near an AM broadcasting tower. The current distribution on the towers and "skywires" for a uniform power line is shown to exhibit distinct "off-resonance" and "resonant" behavior. The frequency dependence of the reradiated field is found to be simple loop resonance for a uniformly spaced power line, and so is a super-position of the resonant behavior of loops of many sizes for a complex site. The computer model is applied to analyze the azimuth pattern for a complex site near Hornby, Ontario where two power lines come close to an omnidirectional antenna. The computations are compared with scale model measurements. Since a perfectly conducting ground was used in the computations, the method may help to estimate the upper bound on the distortions of the azimuth pattern which could arise from the construction of a proposed power line near an existing broadcasting antenna.
Biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor.

Calcium (Ca(2+)) has long been recognized as a physiologically indispensable ion owing to its numerous intra- and extracellular roles. More recently, it has become apparent that extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(o)) also serves as an extracellular first messenger following the cloning of a Ca(2+)(o)-sensing receptor (CaR) that belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The CaR probably functions as a dimer in performing its central role of "sensing" minute alterations in Ca(2+)(o) and adjusting the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) so as to normalize Ca(2+)(o) through the actions of PTH on the effector elements of the mineral ion homeostatic system (e.g., kidney, bone and intestine). Several inherited human conditions are caused by inactivating or activating mutations of this receptor, and mice have been generated with targeted disruption of the CaR gene. Characteristic changes in the functions of parathyroid and kidney in patients with these conditions and in CaR-deficient mice have proven the physiological importance of the CaR in mineral ion homeostasis. An accumulating body of evidence, however, suggests that the CaR also plays numerous roles outside the realm of systemic mineral ion homeostasis. The receptor regulates processes such as cellular proliferation and differentiation, secretion, membrane polarization and apoptosis in a variety of tissues/cells. Finally, the availability of specific "calcimimetic", allosteric CaR activators - which are currently in clinical trials - will probably have therapeutic implications for diseases caused by malfunction of the CaR in tissues not only within, but also outside, the mineral ion homeostatic system.
Propagation of elastic waves in layered media by finite difference methods

A finite difference equation formulation for the equations of elasticity is presented and applied to the problem of a layered half-space with a buried point source emitting a compressional pulse. Complete theoretical seismograms for the horizontal and vertical components of displacement are obtained. The results for a specific case are compared with those found by a completely different method in order to check the validity of the finite difference methods. The agreement is excellent. The effect of different mesh sizes on the theoretical seismograms is studied next and a suitable grid system selected for the applications that follow. The development of Rayleigh waves on the surface of a half-space and the change of the Rayleigh wave with depth and pulse width are examined. The problem of a layered half-space with a high velocity bottom is considered and the refraction arrivals on the surface and on the interface are studied. The problem of interface waves on the surface separating two semiinfinite media is also examined. Interface waves are found when the physical parameters lie both inside and outside the region determined by the Stoneley equation. Finally, a series of theoretical seismograms for a layered half-space showing the variation of the surface waves as a function of depth and of the density in the lower medium is presented.
New quaternion attitude estimation method

(5) The assumed orthogonality of A and properties of the trace give \\A -B\\ 2 = tr[(A -B)(A -B)T] = 3-2 tr(ABT) + \\B\\ (6)
Regional Brain Iron, Ferritin and Transferrin Concentrations during Iron Deficiency and Iron Repletion in Developing Rats

Iron deficiency in young rats leads to a decrease in brain iron and ferritin concentrations, an increase in transferrin (Tf) concentration, and an increased rate of uptake of iron from the plasma pool. We conducted two experiments to determine whether brain iron, Tf and ferritin respond quickly to iron repletion and to determine whether brain regions respond heterogeneously. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an iron-deficient diet (<5 mg/kg Fe) for 2 wk followed by an iron-adequate diet (REPL group, 35 mg/kg Fe in Experiment 1 and 15 mg/kg Fe in Experiment 2) for 2 or 4 wks, respectively. Age-matched iron-deficient (ID) and control rats composed the other two groups. Fourteen days of repletion with 35 mg/kg Fe dietary treatment were adequate to normalize hematology, brain microsomal and cytosolic Fe and brain ferritin (Experiment 1). Brain transferrin concentrations in REPL rats, however, were significantly above the levels of controls. Regional brain iron decreased heterogeneously due to dietary iron deficiency (Experiment 2), with some regions having a propensity to keep iron (e.g., substantia nigra, pons, and thalamus) and others losing significant amounts of iron (cortex and hippocampus). Ferritin and Tf concentrations also varied significantly across brain regions in ID and control rats. The hippocampus had the most dramatic Tf response to iron deficiency with elevations of approximately 100%, whereas other regions, except striatum, were unaffected. The brain of developing rats thus distributes iron and iron regulatory proteins differently from the brain of adult rats and is quite avid in its reacquisition of iron during iron therapy.
An improved search algorithm using incremental knowledge for continuous speech recognition

A search algorithm that incrementally makes effective use of detailed sources of knowledge is proposed. The algorithm incrementally applies all available acoustic and linguistic information in three search phases. Phase one is a left-to-right Viterbi beam search that produces word end times and scores using right context between-word models with a bigram language model. Phase two, guided by results from phase one, is a right-to-left Viterbi beam search that produces word begin times and scores based on left context between-word models. Phase three is an A* search that combines the results of phases one and two with a long-distance language model. The objective is to maximize the recognition accuracy with a minimal increase in computational cost. With the decomposed, incremental, search algorithm, it is shown that early use of detailed acoustic models can significantly reduce the recognition error rate with a negligible increase in computational cost. It is demonstrated that the early use of detailed knowledge can improve the word error bound by at least 22% for large-vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition. >