cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating Model Checkers from Algebraic Specifications

There is a great deal of research aimed toward the development of temporal logics and model checking algorithms which can be used to verify properties of systems. In this paper, we present a methodology and supporting tools which allow researchers and practitioners to automatically generate model checking algorithms for temporal logics from algebraic specifications. These tools are extensions of algebraic compiler generation tools and are used to specify model checkers as mappings of the form {\cal M}{\cal C}: L_s\,{\to}\,L_t, where Ls is a temporal logic source language and Lt is a target language representing sets of states of a model M, such that {\cal M}{\cal C}(f\,{\in}\,L_s) = \{ s\,{\in}\,M \mid s \models f \}. The algebraic specifications for a model checker define the logic source language, the target language representing sets of states in a model, and the embedding of the source language into the target language. Since users can modify and extend existing specifications or write original specifications, new model checking algorithms for new temporal logics can be easily and quickly developeds this allows the user more time to experiment with the logic and its model checking algorithm instead of developing its implementation. Here we show how this algebraic framework can be used to specify model checking algorithms for CTL, a real-time CTL, CTLa, and a custom extension called CTLe that makes use of propositions labeling the edges as well as the nodes of a model. We also show how the target language can be changed to a language of binary decision diagrams to generate symbolic model checkers from algebraic specifications.
Carbon pools and fluxes along an environmental gradient in northern Arizona

Carbon pools and fluxes were quantified along an environmentalgradient in northern Arizona. Data are presented on vegetation, litter, andsoil C pools and soil CO2 fluxesfrom ecosystems ranging from shrub-steppe through woodlands to coniferousforest and the ecotones in between. Carbon pool sizes and fluxes in thesesemiarid ecosystems vary with temperature and precipitation and are stronglyinfluenced by canopy cover. Ecosystem respiration is approximately 50percent greater in the more mesic, forest environment than in the dryshrub-steppe environment. Soil respiration rates within a site varyseasonally with temperature but appear to be constrained by low soilmoisture during dry summer months, when approximately 75% of totalannual soil respiration occurs. Total annual amount of CO2 respired across all sites ispositively correlated with annual precipitation and negatively correlatedwith temperature. Results suggest that changes in the amount and periodicityof precipitation will have a greater effect on C pools and fluxes than willchanges in temperature in the semiarid Southwestern United States.
Chromatography of Trypsin and Its Derivatives CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW ACTIVE FORM OF BOVINE TRYPSIN

Equilibrium chromatography of trypsinogen and trypsin was carried out on sulfoethyl Sephadex in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane chloride buffer under conditions which limit autodigestion. At least five active forms of trypsin could be resolved. In addition to the single chain form, a second active form was shown to arise during the activation process and to be abundant in all samples. This new form was found to contain an intrachain split between lysine-131 and serine-132, and to differ in esterase and amidase behavior from the classical, single chain form of trypsin.
Conceptual Design of a Single-Crease Origami-Arc Inspired Movable Footbridge Structure

Origami, the craft of folding paper, has been a source of inspiration for developable foldable systems in various engineering disciplines. Origami-inspired segmented plate systems result in lightweight and stiff structures that change shape by folding. With curved-crease origami, a three-dimensional change in shape can arise from a single fold mechanism. In this paper, the curved-crease mechanism of a single-crease arc is investigated as the driver for the conceptual design of a movable footbridge. The folding mechanism is investigated using particle-spring models and small-scale physical models. The structural feasibility of a 40 m radius curved-crease origami-inspired movable footbridge is investigated using finite element analysis. Static analysis and sizing according to US footbridge design code are presented for the critical configurations of the footbridge. Results show that the footbridge can meet typical civil engineering design criteria and illustrate the potential of curved-crease folding mechan...
A new look at observation units: evidence-based approach

Background: Observation patient classification and billing are an important focus area for recovery audit contractors (RACs) and creation of a centralized observation unit (COU) could be a good strategy for Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) to improve care and fiscal management of a growing observation/patient volume. Objective: To define and investigate the feasibility of a dual purpose COU at an AMC. Methods: Retrospective data analysis and domain expertise were utilized to define potential observation patients. A pre/post study design was used to test the effects of three strategies. These strategies included: 1) all observation patients; 2) all observation patients except Emergency Department (ED) sourced patients; and 3) only post-procedural and post-surgical observation patients measured on unit efficiency metrics ( i.e. , bed placement wait time and occupancy rate), through simulation modeling. In addition, domain experts determined operational feasibility of each strategy based on multiple criteria. Results: Results of the simulation model demonstrated two feasible strategies that included COUs focusing on non-ED sourced observation patients on inpatient units (wait time 1 minute; occupancy rate = 8.26 ± 3.8 beds) and post-surgical and postprocedural observation patients only (wait time 1 minute; occupancy rate = 5.15 ± 3.04 beds). Conclusions: A multi-purpose COU with clear definitions and patient care protocols for observation patients allows efficient medical care to be delivered, facilitates correct documentation and billing to third-party payers, and frees capacity on inpatient care units. Additional hospital revenue and reimbursement with modest investment given clinical feasibility bolster financial viability of a COU.
Genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae: nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of recP.

Abstract We present the complete nucleotide sequence of recP, a locus required for high-efficiency recombination of chromosomal DNA during genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The sequence was determined by using plasmid DNA templates and synthetic oligonucleotide primers. The locus contained a single large open reading frame, ORF1, of 1,968 base pairs (bp). ORF1 is included within the recP locus previously mapped genetically and accounts for 94% of its extent. The predicted molecular weight of the largest polypeptide encoded within ORF1, 71,662, coincided with that measured previously (72,000) for the product of in vitro transcription-translation of the cloned recP locus. A Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGAAAGGA; delta G = -17 kcal [ca. -71.1 kJ]) lay 6 bp upstream of ORF1. A sequence (TTGcat-17 bp-TATAAT) similar to the E. coli sigma-70 promoter consensus was located 52 bp upstream of ORF1. This putative promoter overlapped a structure consisting of two perfect inverted 10-bp repeats and a loop of 8 bp.
Membrane-bound neomycin phosphotransferase confers drug-resistance in mammalian cells: A marker for high-efficiency targeting of genes encoding secreted and cell-surface proteins

An efficient method for inactivating genes is the use of silent selectable markers that are expressed only after homologous recombination into the active target gene. However, use of this approach for genes encoding secreted or membrane-anchored proteins may produce hybrid proteins comprising the N-terminal signal sequence from the target gene linked to the protein conferring drug resistance. Such chimeric enzymes will be secreted, precluding selection for drug resistance. To overcome this problem, we tested the possibility of anchoring in the membrane the cytoplasmic neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT). We constructed a fusion gene with a transmembrane domain connecting the N-terminal signal sequence of a membrane-targeted protein and theneo gene. Expression of this gene yielded G418-resistant colonies of C2C12 cells which contained assayable NPT activity. Comparison of enzyme activity in cell extract fractions verified that the active fusion protein was insoluble, presumably through localization to a membrane compartment. Transmembraneneo cassettes should serve as integration-activated markers capable of targeting genes encoding secreted or cell surface proteins.
Analysis of multiple axisymmetric annular cracks in a piezoelectric medium

Abstract An axisymmetric annular electric dislocation is defined. The solution of axisymmetric electric and Volterra climb and glide dislocations in an infinite transversely isotropic piezoelectric domain is obtained by means of Hankel transforms. The distributed dislocation technique is used to construct integral equations for a system of co-axial annular cracks with so-called permeable and impermeable electric boundary conditions on the crack faces where the domain is under axisymmetric electromechanical loading. These equations are solved numerically to obtain dislocation densities on the crack surfaces. The dislocation densities are employed to determine field intensity factors for a system of interacting annular and/or penny-shaped cracks.
Asymmetric Hurricane Boundary Layer Structure from Dropsonde Composites in Relation to the Environmental Vertical Wind Shear

This study investigates the asymmetric structure of the hurricane boundary layer in relation to the environmentalverticalwind shearin theinner core region.Data from1878 GPS dropsondesdeployed by research aircraft in 19 hurricanes are analyzed in a composite framework. Kinematic structure analyses based on Doppler radar data from 75 flights are compared with the dropsonde composites. Shear-relative quadrantmeancomposite analysesshow that boththekinematicandthermodynamic boundarylayerheight scalestend to decrease with decreasing radius, consistent with previous axisymmetric analyses. There is still a clear separation between the kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer heights. Both the thermodynamic mixed layer and height of maximum tangential wind speed are within the inflow layer. The inflow layer depth is found to be deeper in quadrants downshear, with the downshear right (DR) quadrant being the deepest. The mixed layer depth and height of maximum tangential wind speed are alike at the eyewall, but are deeper outside in quadrants left of the shear. The results also suggest that air parcels acquire equivalent potential temperature ue from surface fluxes as they rotate through the upshear right (UR) quadrant from the upshear left (UL) quadrant. Convection is triggered in the DR quadrant in the presence of asymmetric mesoscale lifting coincident with a maximum in ue. Energy is then released by latent heating in the downshear left (DL) quadrant. Convective downdrafts bring down cool and dry air to the surface and lower ue again in the DL and UL quadrants. This cycling process may be directly tied to shear-induced asymmetry of convection in hurricanes.
Validation of the effects of small differences in dietary metabolizable energy and feed restriction in first-cycle laying hens

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate energy utilization of laying hens fed diets containing 2 ME concentrations, using response criteria including performance, BW, abdominal fat pad, and energy digestibility. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 feeding regimens (ad libitum and restriction fed), and 2 dietary ME levels [2,880 kcal/kg of ME (CON); and 2,790 kcal/kg of ME (LME)]. A total of 60 Hy-Line W36 first-cycle laying hens were fed experimental diets, resulting in 15 individually caged hens for each of the 4 treatments. Hens in the restriction-fed group were fed 90 g of feed per day. The CON diet was formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (1994) recommendations with 2,880 kcal/kg, whereas the LME diet was similar with the exception of a 90 kcal/kg reduction in ME. Hens were fed experimental diets for 12 wk from hen 28 to 39 wk of age. Hen day egg production, weekly feed intake, and every 2 wk, egg weights and egg mass were recorded, whereas hen BW was measured every 4 wk. Excreta samples were collected over the last 5 d of experiment to determine AMEn. Abdominal fat pads were measured individually for all hens at the end of experiment. There were no interactions between feeding regimens and dietary ME levels throughout the experiment. Feed restriction resulted in reductions (P ≤ 0.01) in hen day egg production, BW, and abdominal fat pad, indicating reduced nutrient availability to partition toward production, maintenance, and storage functions. The reduction in energy intake between CON and LME fed birds (90 kcal/kg) did not change the energy partitioned toward production or maintenance, but reduced (P = 0.03) the energy stored (reduced fat pad) of LME-fed hens. These results suggest that energy is used following the pattern of production and maintenance before storage requirements and that fat pad (energy storage) may be the most sensitive indicator of dietary energy status over short-term in Hy-Line W36 laying hens.
Hyperbranched polyphenylene and hyperbranched polyesters: new soluble, three-dimensional, reactive polymers

Abstract Hyperbranched polymers prepared by step-growth polymerization of AB x monomers carry a very large number of reactive groups at their numerous chain-ends as well as throughout the macromolecule. These hyperbranched polymers are characterized by very high solubilities and unusually low solution viscosities when compared to linear analogs. This is a result of their globular shape and lack of crystallinity. The preparation and selected properties of two types of hyperbranched polymers, polyphenylene and polyesters, is discussed.
Design charts for low frequency acoustic transmission through the walls of rectangular ducts

“Design charts” are presented here, from which the low frequency acoustic transmission loss of the walls of rectangular ducts may be found. The upper frequency limit on the applicability of this method is at cut-on for the first cross mode in the equivalent rigid walled duct, and it is shown how a quasi-static theory can easily be used to extend the results, as obtained from the charts, to lower frequencies. The data are given in terms of non-dimensional parameters, in order to keep the number of charts to reasonable proportions. Two “design examples” are described here, and it is felt that the accuracy in the use of the charts ought to be sufficient for most practical purposes.
Opioid blockade and social comfort in chicks.

Abstract When young animals are separated from their normal social environment in groups they distress vocalize (DV) less than when isolated alone. Opioid blockade with naloxone (1 mg/kg peripherally, and 1 μg centrally) increased crying more in group tested chicks than individually tested ones. The serotonin receptor blocking agent methysergide and the cholinergic blocking agent atropine sulfate produced similar effects. The testing of birds in mirrored environments also produced a reduction of DV's, and all three receptor blocking agents augmented DV's more in mirrored environments than in mirrorless ones. However, in studies evaluating changes in this comfort response by facilitation of opiate, serotonin (5 HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) activity (with morphine, quipazine and pilocarpine, respectively), only morphine was found to magnify the comforting effect of mirrors. The effects of naloxone on contact comfort, and the acquisition and expression of imprinting were further evaluated, and opioid blockade reduced all these measures of social comfort. It is concluded, that endogenous opioid activity (and to a lesser extent, 5 HT and ACh) contribute to the comfort which animals derive from their social environment.
Universal influenza virus vaccines: need for clinical trials

To overcome the limitations of seasonal influenza virus vaccines and enhance our pandemic preparedness, influenza virus vaccines that provide universal and long-lasting protection are needed.
Workload and Stress of Configural Displays in Vigilance Tasks

The workload and stress associated with corrfigural displays in two vigilance tasks were investigated. Two kinds of configural displays were employed: A bar graph display and an object display. A non-configural bar graph display served as a control group. Relative to the non-configural display, both configural displays improved performance in a task requiring integration of information, but were not significantly different from the control group in a task requiring focused attention to display elements. The object display reduced workload in both tasks, but the bar graph configural display did not. Results showed a complex pattern of association/dissociation of workload with performance. Self reports of stress revealed that the tasks were stressful but that configural displays did not reduce the stress of either task.
Metabolism and Measurement of Chloroprocaine, an Ester-Type Local Anesthetic

Abstract Blood levels of intact chloroprocaine were determined using a GLC procedure capable of detecting as little as 10 ng of chloroprocaine/ml of blood. It was necessary to deactivate plasma cholinesterases in collected samples by adding echothiophate iodide to blood sampling tubes. An extraction procedure, followed by a TLC separation and spectrodensitometric assay, was developed for measurement of the metabolite 2-chIoro-4-aminobenzoic acid in plasma and urine. With these procedures, data were obtained showing that chloroprocaine is hydrolyzed rapidly by plasma cholinesterases. No unchanged drug could be detected in any blood samples obtained from volunteers who received chloroprocaine by intravenous infusion or from obstetric patients who had epidural anesthesia during labor and delivery. Blood levels of 2-chloro-4-amino-benzoic acid rose promptly with the administration of chloroprocaine and declined rapidly after drug administration. Most of the metabolite was recovered in urine.
Incorporating Systematic Reviews into Nursing Education

(1) Systematic reviews of research are important to the quality of nursing care. A number of sources of systematic reviews of nursing research are available. Nursing education programs should introduce students to these as crucial resources for utilizing research in practice. This article describes sources of systematic reviews and proposes teaching strategies for incorporating the use of systematic reviews into undergraduate and graduate programs. Nurse educators are invited to contribute to this ongoing column their accounts of successful teaching strategies.
Effect of progesterone supplementation in early pregnancy on the pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization

A retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate IVF clinical pregnancy rates and livebirth rates between patients receiving progesterone supplementation through the first trimester of pregnancy (first trimester protocol) at 12 weeks vs. discontinuation after a positive beta-hCG test 2 weeks after retrieval (luteal protocol) at 4 weeks of pregnancy. A similar rate of clinical pregnancies occurred at 7 weeks (81.8% luteal protocol vs. 85.8% first trimester protocol; P=.49) and for livebirth rates (76.8% luteal protocol vs. 75.0% first trimester protocol; P=.80), but a trend toward a higher rate of pregnancy loss after 7 weeks in the first trimester protocol group occurred (15.5% vs. 4.4%; P=.06), indicating that first trimester progesterone supplementation may support early pregnancy through 7 weeks by delaying miscarriage but does not improve livebirth rates.
The history of psychology: A neglected area.

IN the United States psychology is provincial, both geographically and temporally. While almost any European psychologist whom we meet surprises us by his knowledge of our work, we fall far short of equivalent familiarity with psychological activities in his country. Our relative ignorance of current psychological activities outside the United States is so well known and seemingly so complacently accepted as hardly to need exposition. It is not my intent to discuss our geographical provincialism except to point out that it seems to be similar to our historical provincialism, suggesting the possibility of common causal factors. Instead, I propose to document the extent of the current neglect of the history of our field, to suggest some of the factors which help to bring about this neglect, to answer certain possible criticisms of devoting one's time to advancing knowledge of our history, and to try to show some positive values to be found by research in our history. I shall close with a few comments about the preparation for work in the history of psychology.
EFFECT OF TRYPSIN ON RESTING POTENTIAL OF FROG MUSCLE.

PAST work on the exposure of cells to protease has indicated either that the proteins on the outer surface of the cell do not contribute to the physiological properties of the membrane or that they are not available to enzymatic action. The external application of proteases to squid, lobster, or frog axons does not seem to alter the resting potential or the excitability of these cells1–4. Erythrocytes exposed to trypsin for up to 24 h show no change in permeability compared with normal cells5. However, external application of protease has been shown to produce injury potentials in muscle2.
Novel cymbal filter for dc‐block and bandpass applications

A new dc-blocking parallel-cascaded bandpass filter is presented. The filter is much easier to use and fabricate, more compact, and simpler to design than the conventional end-coupled or parallel-coupled line filters. The filter has a wide passband with a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of around 10% and an insertion loss of about 1 dB at X-band. Simulated results agree very well with experiment results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 28: 33–34, 2001.
Evaluating Permeability and Infiltration Requirements for Pervious Concrete

This paper presents a unique combination of permeability, infiltration, and clogging testing results to provide background information for the specification and design of clog-resistant pervious concrete pavements. Pervious concrete cylindrical samples of various sizes and porosities were tested using a falling-head permeameter in the laboratory. The cylindrical wall effect on porosity and permeability was determined using image analysis along with testing variability. Infiltration was tested on a series of fixed void slab samples that were then clogged with compost, soil, and a compost–soil mixture. Cleaning effectiveness was measured and related to sample properties. The results show that cylinder permeability was highly variable, with 100-mm specimens producing the least variability of the two sizes tested (75 mm and 100 mm). Slab specimens with consistent cross-sectional infiltration were the most clog resistant and had the best infiltration remediation after cleaning. Samples with initial infiltration capacities greater than 750 cm/h were the most clog resistant. The best pavement performance resulted from uniform vertical permeability distribution and high initial infiltration capacity.
Maintenance of delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effects of delayed reward visibility, experimenter presence, and extended delay intervals.

Abstract Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated that chimpanzees can delay gratification by inhibiting consumption of available food items for as long as 3 min as an experimenter transfers additional food items from a transparent container to a bowl placed in front of the subject. In this study, we examined the influence of the visibility of the food source, as well as the presence of the experimenter, on four chimpanzees’ self-control in this paradigm. In Experiment 1 an experimenter transferred 15 preferred food items between a distant opaque container and a bowl placed in front of the subject. In Experiment 2 we tested the chimpanzees with an automated system that (in the absence of the experimenter) transferred up to 36 highly preferred food items from a universal food dispenser to a container located either inside or outside of the subject's enclosure. There were no differences in self-directed behaviors or attentiveness to the food items between the self-imposed and externally imposed delay conditions. A final experiment with the automated paradigm indicated that individuals could delay gratification for up to 11 min in order to obtain all 36 food items.
Numerical computation of dynamic stress intensity factors by a Lagrangian finite-difference method (the HEMP code)

Abstract Numerical computation of the dynamic stress intensity factor for a centrally cracked rectangular bar, subjected to uniaxial tensions in plane strain geometry with Heaviside-function time dependence, is carried out using the time-dependent Lagrangian finite-difference code, HEMP. Excellent agreement is found with results obtained from other methods. This demonstrates the capability and the reliability of the HEMP code as an extremely useful numerical method for solving dynamic problems in fracture mechanics. Also discussed is the dynamic behavior of the stress intensity factor and crack opening.
Fractionation and partial characterization of toxic components of Agkistrodon P. piscivorus (eastern cottonmouth moccasin) venom.

Abstract The venom of the eastern cottonmouth moccasin snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus , has been separated into four fractions by carboxymethyl cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. These fractions were labelled C1–C4 in order of their elution. All four fractions were lethal to mice when injected i.p. The order of potency was C1≈C2 > C4 > C3. Only C1 and C2 produced hemorrhages. Substantial arginine esterase activity was present in fractions C1 and C2. Two types of phospholipase activity were observed. That observed in C3 had a specific activity of 271 units per mg of protein, as determined titrimetrically, and is the phospholipase previously reported by others. The other phospholipase activity was in C1. Fractions C3 and C4 each contained only a single major component, as revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis. Fraction C1 was further separated by DEAE cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Each of the fractions obtained in this separation had one or more enzymatic activities associated with it. Fraction C2 was further separated by chromatography on a Bio Gel A-0.5 m molecular sieve column. Two regions (A2 and A3) of lethal and hemorrhage-producing activity were observed. This elution profile was analyzed for the location of four different enzyme activities. No separation of l -amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities was observed, while hide powder and arginine esterase hydrolyzing activities were partially resolved.
Specific Receptors for α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Are Widely Distributed in Tissues of Rodents

alpha MSH is known to act on several nonmelanocyte cell types, which has led to recent interest in its regulatory roles in fever, inflammation, immunity, and behavior. To determine its possible sites of action, we examined the distribution of alpha MSH receptors in a variety of tissues in mice and rats. The superpotent and enzymatically resistant alpha MSH analog, Nle4,D-Phe7-alpha MSH (NDP-MSH), was radioiodinated using lactoperoxidase (Enzymobeads) and purified by reverse phase chromatography for use as a tracer. [125I]NDP-MSH exhibited consistent and specific binding to cultured B16 and Cloudman S91 murine melanoma cells, which are highly responsive to alpha MSH. The tracer had full biological activity, as determined by its potency in stimulating melanogenesis in B16 cells. To study receptor distribution in vivo, [125I]NDP-MSH was administered iv to C3H/HeJ (pigmented) mice and Sprague-Dawley (albino) rats. To determine the specificity of tracer uptake by tissues, some animals received a large molar excess of alpha MSH together with [125I]NDP-MSH. Data were expressed as tissue to plasma radioactivity concentration ratios. In mice, specific (i.e. alpha MSH-inhibitable) binding of [125I]NDP-MSH was found in a number of glandular organs, including lacrimal, Harderian, preputial, submandibular, and adrenal glands and pancreas, as well as in brown and white adipose tissues, bladder, duodenum, skin, spleen, and hypothalamus. In rats, results were generally similar; specific tracer uptake was observed in lacrimal, Harderian, preputial, and thyroid glands; pancreas, duodenum, spleen, hypothalamus; and white adipose tissue. These results show that specific receptors for alpha MSH are widely distributed, suggesting that alpha MSH may affect the functions of a number of organs.
Factors that Influence Trajectories of Delinquency Throughout Adolescence

Given that one of the most powerful predictors of adult crime is the presence of behavior problems in childhood and adolescence, there is a need to further understand factors that determine behavior patterns during this developmental stage. This study focuses on stressful life experiences such as exposure to delinquent peers, racial discrimination, as well as family characteristics such as parenting style and family transitions. Data come from four waves of the Family and Community Health Survey, an African-American sample. The present study investigates 354 males from this dataset. We utilize a group-based trajectory model to estimate the number and type of trajectories of delinquency. We then estimate multinomial regression models to predict trajectory group membership. The results indicated that there were four distinct groups of offenders (negligible delinquents; early starter/declining; late starter; and early starter/chronic offenders). We predicted group membership using both early predictors and measures of change in these predictors across the study period. The results indicated that individuals who experience greater racial discrimination (both early in childhood and throughout adolescence) are more likely to be in trajectory groups that begin offending early and persist through adolescence. Additionally, those respondents who reported having friends with greater delinquent behavior were more likely to be in groups that began their offending early in life and persisted when compared to groups who started later or desisted as they entered adulthood. The results contribute to developmental research and provide information that may be helpful in preventing adolescents from persisting in antisocial behavior as they enter adulthood.
Self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution with direction information provided by archived inferior solutions

We propose a new self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm for multi-objective optimization problems. To address the challenges in multi-objective optimization, we introduce an archive to store recently explored inferior solutions whose difference with the current population is utilized as direction information about the optimum, and also consider a fairness measure in calculating crowding distances to prefer the solutions whose distances to nearest neighbors are large and close to be uniform. As a result, the obtained solutions can spread well over the computed non-dominated front and the front can be moved fast toward the Pareto-optimal front. In addition, the control parameters of the algorithm are adjusted in a self-adaptive manner, avoiding parameter tuning for problems of different characteristics. The proposed algorithm, named JADE2, achieves better or at least competitive results compared to NSGA-II and GDE3 for a set of twenty-two benchmark problems.
Contrasting Entrepreneurial Economic Development in Emerging Latin American Economies: Applications and Extensions of Resource‐Based Theory

Emerging economies face daunting economic development challenges. Economists and management consultants have generally suggested global solutions that typically focus solely on foreign direct inves...
Spatial Analysis of China Provincial-Level CO2 Emission Intensity

This study offers a unique contribution to the literature by investigating the influential factors of energyrelated, carbon dioxide emission intensity among a panel of 30 provinces in China covering the period 1991–2010. We use novel spatial panel data models to analyze the drivers of energy-related emission intensity, which we posit are characterized by spatial dependence. Our results suggest (1) emission intensities are negatively affected by per-capita, province-level GDP and population density; (2) emission intensities are positively affected by the structure of energy consumption and the transportation sector; and, (3) energy prices have no effect on emission intensities.
The Electrostatic Origin of Abraham's Solute Polarity Parameter

A computational method was developed which relates the empirical linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) solute polarity parameter, S (formerly denoted ), to two more fundamental quantities: a polarizability term and a computed solvent-accessible-surface electrostatic term. Electrostatics computations were conducted explicitly or with dielectric field polarizable continuum models (PCM, SCIPCM, IPCM), employing a density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311G(2df,2p)) or efficient Hartree−Fock (HF/MIDI!) method for 90 polar and nonpolar organic solutes. Electrostatic parameters calculated at electron isodensity solute surfaces were found to produce significantly better correlations with empirical S values than the same electrostatic parameters deduced from a fixed Bondi atomic radii based surface. The best-fit expression was found employing SCIPCM/IPCM at the 0.0004 e-/bohr3 solvent-accessible-surface: S fit = 0.46E − 0.091ΣV s 2, with squared correlation coefficient = 0.96 and standard deviation = 0.10, wh...
Low-temperature resistivity and thermoelectric ratio of copper and gold

The resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and thermoelectric ratio $G$ have been measured between 0.04 and \ensuremath{\sim}7 K for "pure" polycrystalline samples of copper and gold, in a dilution refrigerator with a superconducting quantum-interference device null detector system. The measurements confirm that these metals, like silver, show a $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{4}$ temperature dependence over a substantial temperature range. For the best copper sample a $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2.03}$ temperature dependence below 2 K is strong evidence for electron-electron scattering.
Fermi liquid theory of the dynamic spin susceptibility of metals

Abstract The dynamic spin susceptibility of a metal with an arbitrary Fermi surface is derived for the situation in which the Fermi liquid interaction function ψ( p , p ') can be approximated by a constant.
Effect of two abrasive systems on resin bonding to laboratory-processed indirect resin composite restorations.

Purpose This study compared two methods of surface roughening or preparation, with or without the use of proprietary surface wetting agents, to evaluate their effect on resin cement adhesion to the following laboratory-processed, indirect restorations: Artglass (AG), belleGlass HP (BG), Concept (C), and Targis (T). Methods of surface roughening or preparation included microetching with aluminum oxide (AO): 50 microns at 34 psi and silanized silica coating, CoJet-Sand (CJ): 30 microns at 34 psi. Artglass and Concept were tested with and without the use of their respective surface wetting agents: Artglass Liquid (AGL) and Special Bond II (SB). Materials and methods One hundred twenty specimens, each consisting of a pair of cylinders (7.0 x 3 mm and 4.3 x 3 mm) were fabricated. The larger cylinder or base was embedded in self-curing resin in a phenolic ring, and bonding surfaces were finished with 320-grit silicon carbide paper. Specimen pairs for each restorative material were randomly assigned to treatment groups (n = 10) and received the following surface treatments prior to cementation: group 1 (AG/AO/+AGL), group 2 (AG/AO/-AGL), group 3 (AG/CJ/+AGL), group 4 (AG/CJ/-AGL), group 5 (BG/AO), group 6 (BG/CJ), group 7 (C/AO/+SB), group 8 (C/AO/-SB), group 9 (C/CJ/+SB), group 10 (C/CJ/-SB), group 11 (T/AO), and group 12 (T/CJ). Specimen pairs were cemented with a dual-cure resin cement (Dual) and a standardized force of 1 MPa. Specimens were light-cured 40 seconds per side (80 s total), then thermocycled 300 times at between 5 degrees and 55 degrees C. Shear bond strengths (MPa) were determined using a Zwick Materials Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm per minute. Results One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test (alpha = 0.05) by restoration type indicated no significant differences in shear bond strength between BG group 5 (29.8 +/- 5.8), BG group 6 (28.3 +/- 4.3), T group 11 (29.3 +/- 4.9), and T group 12 (29.0 +/- 4.4). Shear bond strength in AG group 3 (35.9 +/- 3.4) was significantly higher than in AG group 4 (32.4 +/- 4.0) and equal to that in AG group 2 (31.9 +/- 3.9) and AG group 1 (30.0 +/- 3.6). Shear bond strength in C group 10 (24.8 +/- 5.7) was equal to that in C group 9 (21.5 +/- 2.9), but was higher than in C groups 7 (19.4 +/- 3.1) and 8 (19.3 +/- 3.4). Clinical significance Under the conditions of this study, the combination of CoJet-Sand and Artglass Liquid resulted in the highest bond strength for Artglass restorations. Microetching with CoJet-Sand or aluminum oxide followed by wetting with an unfilled adhesive was an effective surface pretreatment for dual-cure resin cementation of the four proprietary indirect resin-ceromer restorations tested.
MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract Fifty-three patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and 43 healthy nonpatient controls completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). All subjects varied in their degree of seropositivity to active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as measured by their anti-early antigen titers. EBV titers were higher among CFS patients and were associated with being more symptomatic. Differences in patient status were associated with statistically significant elevations on 8 of 9 clinical scales, 4 of which also showed clinically significant elevations ( T scores ≥ 70): scales 1, 2, 3, and 8. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for intervention strategies associated with MMPI-based CFS subtypes.
Towards greening the U.S. residential building stock: A system dynamics approach

Abstract Energy consumption in residential buildings is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the U.S. Most of the efforts to minimize these emissions contemplate on construction of new high performance green buildings rather than retrofitting the existing residential building stock, which has the greatest emission reduction potential. In this paper, rapidly increasing GHG emissions trend associated with the U.S. residential building stock is addressed. The objective is to reduce or stabilize the increasing GHG emissions trend as a result of sprawling residential building stock across the country. System Dynamics (SD) is utilized to study the mid and long term impacts of green building related policies on the GHG emissions stock. SD model is built based on stock and flow diagram, which is derived from causal loop diagram that consists of 12 endogenous and 2 exogenous variables and causal relationships. Three important action areas are considered for policy making, namely: high performance green building construction, building retrofitting, and net zero building construction. From the three policy fields, a total of 19 policy strategies (7 single and 12 hybrid) is developed and the impacts of the policies on GHG emissions trend are experimented until 2050. Among the proposed policies, retrofitting-focused policies are found to be more effective on stabilizing the GHG emissions trend compared to the policies related to the construction of new net zero and high performance green buildings. On the other hand, hybrid implementation of policies from the three policy fields provided the greatest reduction in the GHG emissions trend. One of the most important outcomes of this study is that focusing on increasing the construction rate of net zero or high performance green buildings alone does not help with stabilizing/reducing the GHG emissions trend unless the retrofitting of existing residential building stock is seriously considered as a strict policy along with green building policies. Analysis results also revealed that the residential green building movement itself is found to be far from being the driver policy in stabilizing the rapidly increasing GHG emissions trend in the long run.
Casting out Hagar and her children: Richard Price, Platonism and the origins of American independence*

Plato’s political philosophy is often thought to be antidemocratic and intolerant. This essay argues, however, that the eighteenth century campaigner for American independence, Richard Price, adopted an account of moral and political liberty that was grounded in a Platonic conception of the self and freedom. Influenced particularly by Plato and the Cambridge Platonists, Price’s idea of a self-governing state, and the protection of civil liberties, is built upon an idea of moral liberty that seeks deiformity as the final good for human beings. Although his political philosophy is therefore perfectionist, it is committed to a belief in the centrality of freedom and self-determination. The importance of Platonism for Price’s thought means that he should, in some important respects, be considered an heir of Cambridge Platonism and the Platonic tradition.
Switching between cyclosporin formulations. What are the risks

The introduction of cyclosporin, refinement in surgical techniques and improvement in allograft preservation have all led to an improvement in graft and ultimately patient survival. Cyclosporin is a lipophilic cyclic polypeptide produced by Trichoderma, a fungus isolated from Norwegian soil. Cyclosporin is a potent, selective and powerful immunosuppressive agent possessing a narrow therapeutic window. Substitution among different formulations of cyclosporin for economic reasons, without close monitoring of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, can induce undesirable toxic effects. A number of recent reports, largely anecdotal, of adverse drug reactions and acute cellular rejection after conversion from the standard formulation to the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporin have created uncertainty over the therapeutic equivalency of these agents. This leading article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and adverse drug reactions of cyclosporin as well as the potential risks associated with switching between cyclosporin formulations in stable renal transplant recipients. Caution should be employed when switching between cyclosporin formulations. Since data are limited, long-term prospective studies are necessary to delineate the role of high peak concentrations obtained from the microemulsion formulation in relation to cyclosporin-induced chronic nephropathy. The significance of the reduction in pharmacokinetic variability with use of the microemulsion formulation in terms of graft and patient survival remains unclear.
A mathematical model for irrigated epicardial radiofrequency ablation.

A mathematical model for epicardial radiofrequency ablation using an electrode irrigated by saline is proposed. Saline flow profiles are derived using thin film theory, and heat convection due to blood flow is also included in the model. Results from a computer implementation of the model using a finite element method suggest that transmural ablation lesions can be made in 4-mm-thick tissue. Effects of parameters such as tissue and saline layer thickness, irrigation rate, blood flow rate, and applied power are investigated. Saline is found to irrigate as well as ablate. Rise in saline temperature and consequent ablation by saline is more pronounced as saline layer becomes thicker. Electrode tip temperatures as much as 40 °C lower than maximum tissue temperature were found in simulations. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
What goes around comes around: Return of the hypothetico‐deductive strategy

(1994). What goes around comes around: Return of the hypothetico‐deductive strategy. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 121-123.
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and adjuvant-induced inflammation on desensitization to and metabolism of substance P in the mouse spinal cord.

We have previously shown that the caudally directed biting and scratching response to repeated intrathecal (i.t.) injections of substance P (SP) is decreased by the third injection of SP and that this apparent desensitization to SP is less pronounced in mice pretreated with Freund's adjuvant. This study was designed to study the mechanism of this desensitization to SP and to examine the effect of lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD) on desensitization. Our results indicate that while 25 micrograms of LSD/kg body weight i.p. in naive mice had no effect on the response to a single injection of SP, LSD decreased the development of desensitization to SP-induced behaviors. In contrast, identical injections of LSD in adjuvant-pretreated mice not only failed to prevent desensitization but enhanced the degree of apparent desensitization to SP. Tolerance developed to the effects of LSD on desensitization to SP-induced behaviors in both adjuvant- and saline-pretreated mice. When injected i.t. with SP, LSD failed to alter the degree of desensitization to SP-induced behaviors, suggesting that the effect of LSD is not produced at the spinal cord level. Separation and quantification of SP and its metabolites in the spinal cord using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques indicated that either a single injection of LSD or pretreatment with Freund's adjuvant produced similar patterns of changes in the concentrations of SP-related peptides in mouse spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gravure printed flexible surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate for detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor

Abstract An efficient surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate was successfully fabricated by gravure printing a thin film of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) ink, with average particle size of 150 nm, on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet. The feasibility of the printed SERS substrate for detecting explosive organic compounds such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), in vapor phase, was investigated. The SERS based response of the printed substrate demonstrated an enhancement factor of four in the intensity of the Raman signal of DNT vapor when compared to target molecules adsorbed on bare PET. An 85% decrease in the intensity of the Raman spectrum was also observed as the temperature increased from 25 °C to 65 °C. The results obtained show the efficiency of the gravure printed SERS substrate to be used in applications for the detection of explosive organic compounds.