cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluoride Affects Enamel Protein Content via TGF-β1-mediated KLK4 Inhibition

Dental fluorosis is caused by chronic high-level fluoride (F(-)) exposure during enamel development, and fluorosed enamel has a higher than normal protein content. Matrix metalloproteinase 20 cleaves enamel matrix proteins during the secretory stage, and KLK4 further cleaves these proteins during the maturation stage so that the proteins can be reabsorbed from the hardening enamel. We show that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) can induce Klk4 expression, and we examine the effect of F(-) on TGF-β1 and KLK4 expression. We found that in vivo F(-) inhibits Klk4 but not Mmp20 transcript levels. LacZ-C57BL/6-Klk4 (+/LacZ) mice have LacZ inserted in frame at the Klk4 translation initiation site so that the endogenous Klk4 promoter drives LacZ expression in the same temporal/spatial way as it does for Klk4. KLK4 protein levels in rat enamel and β-galactosidase staining in LacZ-C57BL/6-Klk4 (+/LacZ) mouse enamel were both significantly reduced by F(-) treatment. Since TGF-β1 induces KLK4 expression, we tested and found that F(-) significantly reduced Tgf-β1 transcript levels in rat enamel organ. These data suggest that F(-)-mediated downregulation of TGF-β1 expression contributes to reduced KLK4 protein levels in fluorosed enamel and provides an explanation for why fluorosed enamel has a higher than normal protein content.
Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey

Data from 27,616 current and former drinkers interviewed in the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey were used to examine the relationship between age at first use of alcohol and the prevalence of lifetime alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, among all U.S. adults 18 years of age and over and within subgroups defined by sex and race. The rates of lifetime dependence declined from more than 40% among individuals who started drinking at ages 14 or younger to roughly 10% among those who started drinking at ages 20 and older. The rates of lifetime abuse declined from just over 11% among those who initiated use of alcohol at ages 16 or younger to approximately 4% among those whose onset of use was at ages 20 or older. After using multivariate logistic regression models to adjust for potential confounders, the odds of dependence decreased by 14% with each increasing year of age at onset of use, and the odds of abuse decreased by 8%. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for prevention policies and the need to integrate epidemiological and intervention research.
Correcting human error in alphanumeric terminal input

Abstract An automatic method for correcting spelling and typing errors from teletypewriter keyboard input is proposed. The computerized correcting process is presented as a heuristic tree search. The correct spellings are stored character-by-character in a psuedo-binary tree. The search examines a small subset of the database (selected branches of the tree) while checking for insertion, substitution, deletion and transposition errors. The correction procedure utilizes the inherent redundancy of natural language. Multiple errors can be handled if at least two correct characters appear between errors. Test results indicate that this approach has the highest error correction accuracy to date.
Producer willingness and ability to supply biomass: Evidence from the U.S. Midwest

Producer willingness and ability to supply biomass could be a key barrier to bioenergy and bioprocessing industries. In this paper we investigate and compare the willingness to supply biomass in two areas in the U.S. Midwest: mid Missouri and southern Illinois. In addition we take into consideration their ability and capabilities to provide biomass to bioenergy processors by comparing their existing assets and their willingness to provide critical services such as transport and storage. Results indicate that mid Missouri producers had higher willingness to supply at moderate price levels. However, under ideal circumstances such as higher prices, southern Illinois producers would supply more than Missouri producers. Willingness to supply results varied across crops and price levels. However, comparable categories were fairly consistent. For instance, Illinois and Missouri producers would potentially supply about 40 percent and 32 percent of their corn stover to biomass processors, under ideal conditions. These types of estimates provide important information for feasibility and economic impact studies.
Preschool ontology: The role of beliefs about category boundaries in early categorization.

These studies examined the role of ontological beliefs about category boundaries in early categorization. Study 1 found that preschool-age children (N = 48, aged 3–4 years old) have domain-specific beliefs about the meaning of category boundaries; children judged the boundaries of natural kind categories (animal species, human gender) as discrete and strict, but they judged the boundaries of other categories (artifact categories, human race) as more flexible. Study 2 demonstrated that these domain-specific ontological intuitions guide children's learning of new categories; children (N = 28, 3-year-olds) assumed that the boundaries of novel animal categories would be narrower and more strictly defined than novel artifact categories. These data demonstrate that abstract beliefs about the meaning of category boundaries shape early conceptual development.
Noninvasive detection of water and blood content in soft tissue from the optical reflectance spectrum

The diffusive reflectance intensity of skin in the near-infrared range is shown to be greatly influenced by its water content, similar to the way in which hemoglobin content affects the skin color in the visible range. The different behavior of water and hemoglobin at selected wavelengths might allow us to distinguish changes in fluid balance. The simplicity and high sensitivity of an optical method show a promising way of identifying a slight change in water content in soft tissue. The understanding of how the skin reflectance spectrum responds to the change in blood and water content will be the basis of a simplified multi-wavelength monitoring instrument.
MULTIPLE-SOLITON SOLUTIONS FOR THE KP EQUATION BY HIROTA’S BILINEAR METHOD AND BY THE TANH–COTH METHOD

Abstract In this work we use the Hirota’s direct method combined with the simplified version of this method to determine the N-soliton solutions, N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. The one-soliton solutions will be handled by the tanh–coth method. The work emphasizes the power of the two methods that will be used.
Competing mechanistic channels in the oxidation of aldehydes by ozone.

The reaction of ozone with aldehydes has been studied intermittently for over 100 years, but its mechanism remains uncertain. Experimental results support two reaction channels: radical abstraction of the acyl hydrogen and addition to form a five-membered ring tetroxolane. We have studied the aldehyde−ozone reaction by DFT and CCSD(T) calculations. CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p)//M05-2X)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations predict two competitive pathways for the oxidation of formaldehyde by ozone. Abstraction of the acyl hydrogen by ozone has a barrier of 16.2 kcal/mol, leading to a radical pair, which can combine to form a hydrotrioxide; this species may subsequently decompose to a carboxylic acid and singlet oxygen. In the second reaction channel, addition of ozone to the carbonyl is stepwise, with barriers of 19.1 and 23.0 kcal/mol, leading to a five-membered ring tetroxolane intermediate. This process may be reversible, consistent with earlier observations of isotopic exchange. The two channels connect by an intramolecu...
Intraperitoneal 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and (S)-leucovorin for disease predominantly confined to the peritoneal cavity: a pharmacokinetic and toxicity study

Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of fluorinated pyrimidines has been evaluated for ovarian and gastrointestinal malignancies in phase I, II, and III trials. The tolerance and pharmacokinetic profile of IP 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) alone and with (R,S)-leucovorin ((R,S)-LV) have each been evaluated in previous phase I studies. FUDR doses of 3 g per day with and without (R,S)-LV doses up to 640 mg per day given IP are well tolerated. The current phase I study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles and clinical tolerance of escalating doses of the pure biologically activeS-isomer of leucovorin ((S)-LV) given IP with the same dosing schedule of FUDR. A group of 16 patients with disease confined to the abdominal cavity were treated in this study. Pharmacokinetic studies of blood and peritoneal fluid, toxicity profiles, and clinical response for the first three cycles are reported here. The toxicity profile did not significantly differ from the prior two studies. All nonhematologic toxicities, such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort were less than grade 4, and most were less than grade 3. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were uncommon and observed only in patients with compromised bone marrow reserve. The pharmacokinetic profiles were also congruent with the previous studies and indicate a three-log advantage for FUDR. The (S)-LV profiles in the peritoneal cavity paralleled those of FUDR. Antitumor effects or absence of progression until after cessation of therapy were documented in 11 patients. At a median follow-up of 18 months 44% of patients were alive. IP administration of 3-g of FUDR and up to 640 mg (S)-LV daily for three days was well tolerated. The tolerance and antitumor effects observed during IP FUDR and LV in these studies encourage further exploration of this regimen against ovarian and gastrointestinal malignancies. The actual role and optimal dose of LV as an enhancer of the antitumor actions of FUDR administered by this route remain unknown.
A new method of dynamic analysis for linear and nonlinear systems

Abstract A new method of dynamic analysis is proposed which involves the superposition of vectors which are not exact eigenvectors. The efficiency and accuracy of the approach has been demonstrated for linear systems. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the method and to indicate that the technique can be extended to multilevel substructures and to structural systems with a limited number of nonlinear members.
Trauma penetrante cardíaco en la unidad de emergencia del Hospital Carlos Van Buren

Resumen es: El trauma penetrante cardiaco representa una de las mayores causas de muerte por motivo de violencia urbana y se clasifica en penetrante o contuso. La ca...
The planets exposed

The Cambridge Photographic Atlas of the Planets. By Geoffrey Briggs and Frederick W. Taylor. Pp.255. ISBN 0-521-23976-1. (Cambridge Unversity Press: 1982.) £12.50, $24.95.
Effect of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 on growth and invasive potentials of newly established rat bladder carcinoma cell lines

We established 5 rat bladder cell lines (MYU3L, MYU4, MYU6s, MYKU1L and MYP3). EGF stimulated DNA synthesis of all the cells in monolayer culture, regardless of the number of EGF receptors. In soft agar, only MYU3L formed colonies, and EGF enhanced their growth. However, EGF did not induce the other cells to grow in soft agar. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 inhibited the growth of the cells, but a tumorigenic cell and the cells which were established from large in vivo tumors were more resistant than the others to TGF-beta 1. We tested the effect of growth factors on the invasive potential of MYP3 cells (non-tumorigenic), MYU3L cells (tumorigenic/highly invasive but not metastatic) from newly established cell lines, and another metastatic cell line, LMC19. MYP3 expressed only a trace amount of 92-kDa gelatinase (MMP-9), whereas MYU3L expressed interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and MMP-9, and LMC19 expressed 72-kDa gelatinase (MMP-2) and MMP-9. The release of MMP-2 in LMC19 was stimulated by TGF-beta 1, but EGF had no effect on the release of any MMPs in either type of cells. These observations suggest that EGF acted as a mitogen on all the cells tested, but did not enhance the malignant phenotype. Further, the loss of responsiveness to the suppressive effect of TGF-beta 1 may be an important step toward a malignant phenotype. Some of malignant tumors may utilize TGF-beta 1 for enhancing their invasive and metastatic potential.
Jalbire, Nepal: November 1999

Abstract [Thistle TB. Jalbire, Nepal: November 1999. Ann Emerg Med. October 2001;38:456-457.]
Influence of boundary information on the perception of color

The integration of color and form to produce a unified percept is a central problem in vision research. We know that the spatial arrangement of colored stimuli influences their detectability. In the gap effect, for example, a small gap between two colored fields enhances their discriminability [Opt. Acta 24, 159 (1977)]. Chromatic thresholds are also reduced when test fields are spatially demarcated. To explore the mechanisms underlying these types of effect, the influence of spatial structure on chromatic sensitivity for gratings was measured. For sine-wave and square-wave gratings modulated in different directions in color space, contrast sensitivity was measured by using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure with a QUEST staircase. Thin lines, of the same orientation as that of the grating, were superimposed on it at half-cycle intervals. The phase of the superimposed lines was varied. For S-cone modulated gratings, dark lines placed at the midpoints between peaks and troughs (90 degrees) increased sensitivity. As the phase of the lines moved toward the peaks (0 degree), their effect on sensitivity declined to zero. A similar but smaller effect was seen for isoluminant L- and M-cone modulated gratings. The superimposed lines always impaired contrast sensitivity for achromatic gratings, especially at a phase of 0 degree. Spatial structure superimposed on gratings can both facilitate and impair contrast sensitivity. In the presence of sharp boundaries, chromatic sensitivity is increased. This effect may depend more on the salience of boundaries, since isoluminant lines superimposed on S-cone modulated gratings and gray lines of similar cone contrast can facilitate detection if they are of sufficient contrast. Achromatic contrast sensitivity is reduced when the boundaries are present. The additional luminance information at the boundaries masks the grating. A simple model in which spatial integration is arrested at the positions of the superimposed lines fits only the isoluminant conditions. For both luminance and chromatic contrast the change in sensitivity depends on phase.
An analytical method of determining pole locations of certain types of feedback amplifiers

The pole locations of feedback amplifiers of an arbitrarily large number of stages, but with only one or two characteristic time constants, can be solved analytically. The resulting expression is then general for all of one class of amplifiers. A solution of the case of n stages of one time constant and m stages of another with n/m ? 1 is presented. The case with m = 1 and with ideal matched transmission lines in the loop is also solved. Other cases presented are for m = 0 and m = n. The analysis is shown to be good for high- or low-frequency investigations where the system bandwidth is broad enough to prevent high- and low-frequency response interference.
Robust nonparametric regression in time series

Abstract Consider a stationary time series ( X t , Y t ), t = 0, ±1, … with X t being R d -valued and Y t real-valued. Let ψ(·) denote a monotone function and let θ(·) denote the robust conditional location functional so that E [ψ( Y 0 − θ( X 0 ))| X 0 ] = 0. Given a finite realization ( X 1 , Y 1 ), …, ( X n , Y n ), the problem of estimating θ(·) is considered. Under appropriate regularity conditions, it is shown that a sequence of the robust conditional location functional estimators can be chosen to achieve the optimal rate of convergence n −1 (2 + d) both pointwise and in L q (1 ≤ q (n −1 log (n)) 1 (2 + d) in L ∞ norm restricted to a compact.
Effect of the six-mer synthetic peptide (AT1002) fragment of zonula occludens toxin on the intestinal absorption of cyclosporin A

Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) and its biologically active fragment, delta G, have been shown to reversibly open tight junctions (TJ) in endothelial and epithelial cells. Recently, a six-mer synthetic peptide H-FCIGRL-OH (AT1002) was identified and synthesized that retains the Zot permeating effect on intercellular TJ. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of AT1002 on enhancing the oral administration of cyclosporin A (CsA). The intestinal permeability enhancing effect of AT1002 on the transport of CsA across Caco-2 cell monolayers was examined after the following treatments, i.e., CsA, CsA/protease inhibitors (PI), CsA/PI/benzalkonium chloride (BC), CsA/AT1002, CsA/PI/AT1002, and CsA/PI/BC/AT1002 (CsA 0.5 microCi/ml, PI (bestatin 15 mM and E-64 5mM), BC 0.005 w/v%, and AT1002 5mM, respectively). Apparent permeability coefficients (P app) were calculated for each treatment. In addition, four treatments, i.e., CsA, CsA/PI/BC, CsA/AT1002, and CsA/PI/BC/AT1002 (CsA 120 microCi/kg, PI (bestatin 30 mg/kg and E-64 10mg/kg), BC 0.1 w/v%, and AT1002 doses of 5, 10 or 40 mg/kg, respectively) were prepared and administered intraduodenally to male Sprague-Dawley rats (230-280 g, n=4-5). Blood samples were collected at 0, 20, 60, and 120 min post-dosing and CsA plasma concentrations were determined subsequently using a Beckman Liquid Scintillation Counter. No significant increases in CsA transport were observed in the Caco-2 cell culture experiments following pre-treatment with AT1002 (5mM). Even though, AT1002 appeared to increase the P app of CsA in each treatment (CsA/AT1002, 1.54+/-0.13 x 10(-6)cm/s and CsA/PI/AT1002, 1.76+/-0.05 x 10(-6)cm/s) compared to each control (CsA and CsA/PI), respectively. The plasma concentration of CsA was significantly increased over a range of 1.55-2.50 at 10 and 40 mg/kg dose of AT1002. Also, AUC 0-120 min of CsA over a range of 1.64-2.14 and the Cmax of CsA over a range of 1.77-2.56 was statistically and significantly increased at 10 and 40 mg/kg of AT1002 after the intraduodenal administration of CsA/PI/BC/AT1002 to Sprague-Dawley rats. AT1002 significantly increased the in vivo oral absorption of CsA in the presence of PI. This study suggests that AT1002-mediated tight junction modulation, combined with metabolic protection and stabilization, may be used to enhance the low oral bioavailability of certain drugs when administered concurrently.
The Association Between Family and Friend Integration and Physical Activity: Results from the NHIS

Social integration predicts morbidity and mortality, but its relationships with specific health behaviors that could explain this relationship, such as physical activity, have not been established. Additionally, studies associating social integration with health have not distinguished between sources of social contact (family vs. friends), which could be differentially related to health. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between social integration and physical activity and to explore differences in family and friend social integration. Data came from the 2001 wave of the National Health Interview Survey. Adult participants (N = 33,326) indicated levels of social integration by reporting whether they had seen and/or called friends and/or family in the past 2 weeks and also reported their weekly minutes of physical activity. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines (≥150 min/week) and odds of inactivity (0 min/week) based on levels of social integration. Greater integration predicted higher odds of meeting PA guidelines and lower odds of inactivity after controlling for sociodemographic variables. This association was stronger and dose-dependent for integration with friends, whereas moderate family contact predicted greater activity than high levels of family contact. Those who are more socially integrated, particularly with friends rather than family, are also more physically active, which could partially explain the link between social integration and morbidity and mortality. Future studies examining this association should distinguish between sources of integration and explore why and how contact with friends vs. family is differentially associated with health behaviors.
Television and the Self: Knowledge, Identity, and Media Representation Kathleen M. Ryan and Deborah A. Macey, Editors. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.

Television and the Self: Knowledge, Identity, and Media Representation Kathleen M. Ryan and Deborah A. Macey, Editors. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.In 2013, when television can be accessed anywhere, any time, on demand and on a device that is often times not a television, it may seem bizarre to think of TV as a hearth-the center of the home, a place around which families gather, a place beside which we grow up. Yet editors Kathleen Ryan and Deborah Macey and the authors of the fourteen essays that comprise their book, Television and the Self: Knowledge, Identity, and Media Representation don't find such a comparison odd at all; in fact, their research points to the ways in which television continues to serve as a central site of engagement in our increasingly mediated world.Less sweeping in scope than some edited collections (The Television Studies Book, 1997; Television Studies After TV: Understanding Television in the Post-Broadcast Era, 2009), Television and the Self nevertheless brings a critical eye to a variety of topics that have been discussed in similar volumes, such as the impact of TV on children (The Children's Television Community, 2006), the role of gendered identity in audience experience (Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader, 1997), and the ongoing influence of reality television (Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, 2004), combining these areas of inquiry in a way that draws unexpected connections. Each of the book's five sections examines one aspect of the relationship between television and audience's experience of everyday life, ranging from family relations, to gender roles, to race and aging. But while these sections are a helpful guide, the essays here resist their boundaries; the authors' words speak across and through this book in diverse and multiple ways.To begin, Leah Rosenberg's essay on ritual and memory explores the role that television plays in audiences' individual histories and collective memories. Here, we see how television can be a way of dispelling the demands of the everyday, a ritualistic engagement, a nostalgic window into our pasts. We are also introduced to a theme that resounds throughout the book-the idea that television both reflects and informs our ideas about the world. Many of the author's findings echo this, from Johnson Jr.'s analysis of the invisibility of aging gay men of color, to Macey and Redmon Wright's deconstructions of televised femininity, to Kahlenberg and Miller/Van Riper's essays on the impact that television has on children's identity formation. …
Current distribution in multilayer power-law cryoconductors

Abstract This paper deals with the alternating current distribution in annular multilayer cables composed of power-law cryoconductive tapes, i.e. tapes for which the resistivity ρ is proportional to a power n of the current density ( ρ = kJ n ). An analytic expression is given for the penetration distance of the current density into the cable from the outer surface. In typical examples, unless the tapes are fully transposed, the current flows in the outer few layers.
Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in monkey neocortex: an immunohistochemical analysis.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in the patho-physiology of certain human neuropsychiatric disorders that affect neocortical function. However, the anatomical organization of CRF-containing structures in the expanded and highly differentiated primate neocortex has not been previously described. In this study, the distribution of CRF-immunoreactive neurons and processes was characterized in the neocortex of New World squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Substantial regional differences were present in the density, laminar distribution, and morphological appearance of CRF-immunoreactive neurons. The greatest density of labeled neurons was present in anterior cingulate cortex. A wide range of intermediate densities of CRF-immunoreactive neurons was evident in the association regions of the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. The lowest numbers of CRF-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the primary visual and primary motor cortices. For example, the density of labeled neurons was nearly five times greater in the anterior cingulate cortex than in the precentral cortex. CRF-immunoreactive neurons were also distributed in at least four different laminar patterns. For example, in the agranular anterior cingulate cortex, labeled cell bodies were distributed throughout layers II, III, and V. In other regions, such as the posterior cingulate cortex, labeled neurons were present in layers II, III, and IV. In contrast, labeled neurons were predominantly present in layers II and superficial III of the visual cortex, whereas in the inferior temporal cortex, they were present predominantly in layer IV. Regional and laminar differences were also present in the relative distributions of the two major morphological types (as defined by cell body shape) of CRF-immunoreactive neurons. Vertically oriented oval neurons, which frequently had a single dendritic process arising from each somal pole, were most frequently found in layer III. In contrast, the labeled neurons in layers II and IV tended to have a round- or triangular-shaped soma. In layer IV of some association cortices, these multipolar neurons were associated with a high density of rod-like structures composed of large immunoreactive varicosities clustered together in vertical arrays. These structures were frequently found to be located immediately below the soma of pyramidal neurons. Comparison of these findings with Golgi impregnation studies strongly suggests that CRF is present in the soma and axonal cartridges of a subset of chandelier neurons. The heterogeneous distribution and morphological diversity of CRF-containing neurons suggest that CRF may mediate distinct functions in different regions and layers of monkey neocortex.
Fiber optic sensor system for remote, long-term monitoring of soil and groundwater contamination

We have developed a fiber-optic chemical sensor technology for the remote monitoring of various volatile solvents. The accuracy, linearity, and sensitivity of the sensor (<5 ppb by weight in water, determined by comparison with standard gas chromatographic measurements) are sufficient for environmental monitoring of at least trichloroethlyene (TCE) and chloroform.
Endocrine Sequelae of Antineoplastic Therapy in Childhood Head and Neck Malignancies

Twelve children, 6-9 yr of age, with primary tumors of the head and neck region, underwent endocrine testing 4 months to 9 yr after completion of antineoplastic therapy. They had received radiation therapy to the primary tumor site, followed by a 2-yr course of chemotherapy. All received incidental hypothalamic-pituitary irradiation (estimated dose, 2520- 7200 rads over 41-109 days) and five patients received thyroid irradiatio(1300-5000 rads over 5-56 days). All patients were free of disease at the time of study Seven patients were below the fifth percentile in height, and all 12 were below the tenth. Eleven of the 12 patients showed subnormal GH responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (≤7 ng⁄ml). Five of 6 patients also had deficient GH responses to Ldop (≤6 ng⁄ml). One patient had a subnormal cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (peak,<20 jug⁄dl). Three patients had primary thyroidal dysfunction, and 1 had evidence of hypothalamic hypothyroidism. One patient had elevated basal PRL levels...
Comparison of Four ERS-1 Scatterometer Wind Retrieval Algorithms with Buoy Measurements

Abstract Wind velocity retrievals from the ERS-1 scatterometer are compared with extensive high-quality hourly buoy winds using four different algorithms in two oceanic regions during 1994. The retrieved winds exhibit significantly different wind velocity biases. The retrieved direction exhibits a clockwise offset of about 10° for three of the four algorithms in the equatorial Pacific, whereas less offset was observed at midlatitudes. All the retrievals exhibit 180° ambiguities in direction about as often as the true directions. The retrieved wind speed consistently overestimates the lightest winds and underestimates the highest winds. Two of the algorithms (ESA and OSU/JPL) significantly underestimate the highest buoy winds with the largest bias of about 20% in the equatorial region. The underlying geophysical models employed in these two algorithms were primarily tuned using surface wind (weather) analysis fields. The remaining two algorithms (IFREMER and CU) were tuned using buoy measurements resulting...
Line shape in the wing beyond the band head of the 4·3 μ band of CO2

Abstract Quantitative absorpance measurements have been made in pure CO 2 and mixtures of CO 2 with N 2 and O 2 in a 10 m White Perkin-Elmer cell. With absorbing paths up to 50 m-atm, results have been obtained from the band head at 2397 cm -1 to 2575 cm -1 . The continuous absorption, which is due to the extreme tails of the strong lines in the v 3 band centered at 2349 cm -1 , is much less than calculated with the Lorentz line shape. A good fit with the data is obtained with an empirical line-shape which retains the Lorentz pressure dependence but requires a nearly exponential modification of the frequency dependence.
PORTR: Pre-Operative and Post-Recurrence Brain Tumor Registration

We propose a new method for deformable registration of pre-operative and post-recurrence brain MR scans of glioma patients. Performing this type of intra-subject registration is challenging as tumor, resection, recurrence, and edema cause large deformations, missing correspondences, and inconsistent intensity profiles between the scans. To address this challenging task, our method, called PORTR, explicitly accounts for pathological information. It segments tumor, resection cavity, and recurrence based on models specific to each scan. PORTR then uses the resulting maps to exclude pathological regions from the image-based correspondence term while simultaneously measuring the overlap between the aligned tumor and resection cavity. Embedded into a symmetric registration framework, we determine the optimal solution by taking advantage of both discrete and continuous search methods. We apply our method to scans of 24 glioma patients. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results clearly show that our method is superior to other state-of-the-art approaches.
An integration of short run neokeynesian analysis and growth theory

The paper provides a synthesis of short run Neo-Keynesian theory and long run growth models. The general approach is illustrated with the analysis of the short run and long run effect of changes in government spending when government budget deficits and surpluses are bond-financed. Such pure fiscal policy actions are shown to have long run effects on real variables even in a full employment model. The stability properties of the model turn out to depend crucially on the speed of adjustment of inflationary expectations.
Neo-Orthodoxy and Biblical Research

Writing in 1937, D. W. Riddle was able to assert that dialectical theology had exerted little or no influence on biblical studies in America in spite of its importance in Europe. This statement would not be as true today as it was then. Yet it remains sufficiently valid to underline an interesting situation. While Neo-orthodoxy has become increasingly prominent in many areas of American thought, it has made very little progress among biblical critics. Is this an indication of an intellectual vested interest automatically resistant to change, or is it, instead, the reflection of the impact of certain phases of Neo-orthodoxy upon historical study as such? It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to analyze this problem.
Pattern of carcinoembryonic antigen drop after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is being increasingly used for local control of hepatic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). After surgical resection of colorectal liver metastasis, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values fall within 2 weeks, making this a useful parameter to follow shortly after surgery. Little is known, however, about the expected pattern of the CEA drop after RFA. METHODS From September 1998 to October 2002, RFA to CRC liver metastasis was performed on 144 patients. A subset of 17 patients were studied who had no evidence of extrahepatic disease preoperatively, had all detectable tumor ablated intraoperatively, and who on long-term follow-up (up to 15 months) had no evidence of recurrent disease. Serum CEA was determined preoperatively, on the first postoperative day, at 1 week, and every 3 months afterwards. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis was obtained every 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS Ten (58.8%) patients showed an increase in CEA on postoperative Day 1, averaging 38.3% compared with the preoperative value. CEA then fell to 50% of the preoperative value, on average, on Day 7 postoperatively and only reached its nadir at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Unlike resection patients, those undergoing ablation show an initial rise in CEA, probably due to release from the ablated tissue. Although heating of RFA would be expected to destroy CEA, the initial rise and slow drop postoperatively argue for a release of immunoreactive CEA from the ablated zone. This slow decline in CEA indicates that several months should pass before assessing the extent of potential residual disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Sources of information and influence on new drug prescribing among physicians in an HMO

Abstract Twenty-nine full-time pediatric and adult medicine practitioners in a health maintenance organization (HMO) were interviewed and prescribing patterns monitored to assess the sources of drug information used, and the patterns of communication and influence affecting decisions to prescribe two new drugs. Findings indicated that physicians used primarily literature-based sources for general drug information. The source of first news concerning the drug was found to differ according to the drug involved. However, the source most influential in encouraging first prescribing of the new drug in each case was reported to be colleagues. The role of colleagues in the prescribing process was further investigated by examining the sociometric location of physician in professional consultantship and social friendship interaction networks. The networks were found to be similar; physicians most often consulted on matters of drug therapy also tended to be most frequently named as social friends. The most highly integrated physicians also tended to be the most highly involved in medical activities outside of practice. None of these attributes, however, were associated with time of adoption of either target drug. These findings fail to confirm those of earlier investigators, and suggest that the function of colleagues as influentials in the decision to initially prescribe new drugs is not consistent among time periods or practice settings, and cannot consistently be predicted.
Secretary Bennett's Teaching: An Argument for Responsive Teaching.

Abstract This sociolinguistic analysis of Secretary Bennett's teaching makes use of five discourse analysis routines or tools: setting, question sequencing, topic, response, and evaluation analysis. It finds that Bennett's style is rather good recitation teaching but that this class was better suited for responsive teaching, in which the teacher assists students to the upper end of what Vygotsky calls the zone of proximal development. Question sequencing reveals that male students dominated in responding to “why” questions, that only male students were challenged in their responses, and that only females were given neutral evaluations. In a class in which the students evidence ability to provide accurate facts, to see causal relationships, and infer appropriately, a responsive teaching style would have been more effective than the recitation model used here.
The Embeddedness of Adolescent Friendship Nominations: The Formation of Social Capital in Emergent Network Structures.

Although research on social embeddedness and social capital confirms the value of friendship networks, little has been written about how social relations form and are structured by social institutions. Using data from the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement study and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the authors show that the odds of a new friendship nomination were 1.77 times greater within clusters of high school students taking courses together than between them. The estimated effect cannot be attributed to exposure to peers in similar grade levels, indirect friendship links, or pair-level course overlap, and the finding is robust to alternative model specifications. The authors also show how tendencies associated with status hierarchy inhering in triadic friendship nominations are neutralized within the clusters. These results have implications for the production and distribution of social capital within social systems such as schools, giving the clusters social salience as ...
Classroom environment influences on aggression, peer relations, and academic focus

Abstract Peers serve as reinforcers and models of behavior, and consequently classrooms containing high numbers of students with poor academic skills or behavior problems are likely to promote these behaviors in individual students. This study examined how variations in social and academic classroom composition as well as the larger school context affected behavior in a normative sample of children over a 2-year period. Teachers provided ratings of individual students, which were then aggregated to form teacher-based measures of classroom environment. Concurrent and longitudinal effects of classroom and school environments on individual behaviors were examined for students in 65 classrooms in 17 schools. Poorer classroom environments were associated with poorer levels of student aggression, peer relations, and academic focus. Changes in student behavior over time could be explained by the current classroom environment.
The Stream-of-Consciousness Technique in the Novel: Simulating a Stream of Concurrencies

The stream of consciousness gives the effect of flowing in three dimensions of space through time, of containing not only language, but also a variety of images and orientations, and of functioning at several levels of abstraction. The stream-of-consciousness novelist, however, has available only language, which is additive and linear. Recent developments in computer science suggest that one may soon be better able to simulate the psychological stream of consciousness in the computer than on the printed page.
Disruption of the Interaction of α-Synuclein with Microtubules Enhances Cell Surface Recruitment of the Dopamine Transporter†

Mutations in alpha-synuclein have been implicated in the genesis of Parkinson's disease. A probable normative function of alpha-synuclein is the maintenance of dopamine homeostasis, partly through a negative modulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) activity, by reducing its level at the cell surface. To study the possible involvement of the microtubular network in the alpha-synuclein-dependent trafficking of DAT, we treated cotransfected cells and primary mesencephalic neurons with either colchicine, vinblastine, or nocodazole, each of which disrupts microtubules or affects microtubule dynamics. Treatment of both types of cells with vinblastine, colchicine, or nocodazole reversed alpha-synuclein-mediated inhibition of DAT activity, resulting in an increased rate of dopamine uptake and and increased level of extracellular dopamine-induced oxidative stress, with accelerated cell death. Treatment with these agents also reversed the alpha-synuclein-induced decrease in levels of cell surface-associated DAT. This effect of colchicine, vinblastine, or nocodazole was not linked to a disruption of formation of the alpha-synuclein-DAT complex but paradoxically caused an increased level of interaction between these proteins. Both alpha-synuclein and DAT co-immunoprecipitated with both alpha- and beta-tubulins, in both transfected cells and rat primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, suggesting heteromeric complex formation between these various proteins. Treatment with the microtubule depolymerizing agents disrupted the heteromeric protein complex between either alpha-synuclein or the DAT, and alpha- or beta-tubulins. These results indicate a previously unappreciated role of microtubules in the modulation of DAT trafficking, and provide insight into a novel mechanism by which alpha-synuclein regulates DAT activity, by tethering the transporter to the microtubular network.
Critical behavior of a microemulsion studied by small-angle neutron scattering

The critical behavior of a three-component water-in-oil microemulsion was studied by small-angle neutron scattering. Intensity spectra were analyzed by the treatment of critical scattering as arising from concentration fluctuations of polydisperse spheres. We propose a model capable of fitting the data over five decades of intensity variation. The critical exponents were determined to be $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$. The average droplet size and width of the size distribution exhibited little temperature dependence.
Possible persistent ionization caused by giant blue jets

[1] We consider the possible production of persistent ionization at low altitudes (h ≤ 70 km) by giant blue jets (GBJ), using a new five constituent model of stratospheric/lower-ionospheric chemistry. Results indicate substantial ionization at h 10 minutes) determined by the time scale of mutual neutralization of negative and positive ions. Such recovery signatures may be observable in subionospheric VLF data in the form of Early/fast events with long lasting recoveries. Analysis also indicates that electrons may sometimes be quickly (≲1 ms) removed by the dissociative attachment mechanism in the presence of a high electric field, while the negative and positive ions remain and persist for extended periods of time. In such cases, the initial rapid recovery may not be observable in VLF data due to its typical time resolution of ∼10 to 20 ms. In stratosphere (h ≲ 50 km) the ionization recovery is found to not be accurately described by a four-constituent model proposed by Glukhov et al., (1992), hereinafter referred to as GPI, necessitating a fifth constituent, namely the heavy negative ions with high electron affinity (Nx−).
From survival to socialization: A longitudinal study of body image in survivors of severe burn injury

Abstract Objective Little is known about the course of body image dissatisfaction following disfiguring injury or illness. The objective of this study was to test a proposed framework for understanding the trajectory of body image dissatisfaction among burn survivors and to longitudinally investigate the role of body image in overall psychosocial functioning. Methods A sample of 79 survivors of severe burn injuries completed the Satisfaction with Appearance Scale (SWAP), the Importance of Appearance subscale of the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire, and the SF-36 in the hospital and at 6 and 12 months postdischarge (SWAP and SF-36). A repeated-measures analysis of covariance model was used to assess the course of body image dissatisfaction over time, and a path analysis model tested the role of body image dissatisfaction in mediating the relationship between preburn and postburn psychosocial functioning. Results Female sex (P Conclusion Findings from this study suggest the importance of routine psychological screening for body image distress during hospitalization and after discharge.
Structure and the failure of the linear theory of continuous ordering.

We present the results of numerical investigations of Ising models undergoing continuous ordering which indicate, for systems with large but finite interaction range [ital R], that the time interval during which the linear theory of Cahn, Hilliard, and Cook fits the simulation data depends strongly on the length scale of observation. We associate the initial linear theory deviation at small length scales with the appearance of isolated structures or domains which form after a quench into the unstable region of thermodynamic space. These domains cannot be described by a linear theory; this implies, in contrast to earlier results, that the linear theory breakdown'' cannot be obtained by investigation of the linear itself for inconsistencies.
The similarity-attraction effect in human-robot interaction

Constructing valid robotic models of social development requires that we accurately characterize the social learning and interaction that can take place between a robotic agent and a human adult. To that end, this study examined the effect of perceived attitudinal similarity on human-robot interaction. 28 participants rated toys by order of preference and then interacted with a small, socially-expressive robot to determine the robot's preferences for the same toys. The robot displayed either the same preferences as the participant or exactly the opposite preferences. Participants in the Similar-Preferences condition rated the robot as significantly friendlier than did participants in the Dissimilar-Preferences condition. However, there was no difference between conditions in how participants rated their enjoyment of the interaction. These findings have interesting implications for human-robot interaction studies in general, and for work in robotic models of developmental social cognition specifically.
Aspidomolgus Stoichactinus N. Gen., N. Sp. (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) Associated With an Actiniarian in the West Indies

[Description des adultes et des copepodites III, IV, et V d'un copepode cyclopoide, Aspidomolgus stoichactinus n. gen., n. sp. (Lichomolgidae), associe a une actinie, Stoichactis helianthus, aux Isles Bahamas, a la Barbade, a Puerto Rico, et a la Jamaique., Description des adultes et des copepodites III, IV, et V d'un copepode cyclopoide, Aspidomolgus stoichactinus n. gen., n. sp. (Lichomolgidae), associe a une actinie, Stoichactis helianthus, aux Isles Bahamas, a la Barbade, a Puerto Rico, et a la Jamaique.]
Chronic Kidney Disease as a Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent

Tailoring therapeutic targets to patients’ risk is a fundamental principle of many coronary heart disease (CHD) treatment guidelines. Although the National Cholesterol Education Program’s guidelines do not include chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a CHD risk equivalent, the National Kidney Foundation and American Heart Association have recommended its inclusion in the highest-risk grouping for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. In three population-based studies, the risk of cardiovascular disease was higher among participants with established CHD when compared to their counterparts with CKD. Although there are other reasons for including CKD as a CHD risk equivalent in treatment guidelines (eg, higher case fatality rates from CHD and stroke), the inclusion of CKD as a CHD risk equivalent has treatment implications for a large number of US adults. Randomized trials assessing the benefits and drawbacks of aggressive CHD risk reduction among patients with CKD are needed.