cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Cement Incorporating Surface-Treated and Untreated Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers

To study the effects of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the mechanical properties of cement composites, both untreated and treated CNFs and CNTs were added to cement paste in concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% by weight of cement. The surface-treated nanofilaments were functionalized in a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). The nano- filaments were dispersed by using an ultrasonic mixer and were then cast into molds. Each specimen was tested in a custom-made three-point flexural test fixture to record the mechanical properties (i.e., the Young's modulus, flexural strength, ductility, and modulus of toughness) at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. The microstructure was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope. Untreated CNTs and CNFs were found to enhance the mechanical properties of cementitious materials, whereas the acid-treated CNTs and CNFs degraded the mechanical properties. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000041. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Nanotechnology; Cement; Mechanical properties; Carbon. Author keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Carbon nanofibers; Cement; Surface treatment; Mechanical properties.
Joint density of states in interband transitions in semiconductors in a magnetic field

We consider impurity collision broadening of electron and hole Landau levels in a magnetic field, and the effect of electron-hole correlated impurity scattering to all orders on the joint density of states of interband transitions in a semiconductor. These renormalization mechanisms eliminate the divergences in the density of states associated with the unperturbed states for electrons and holes at Landau levels. This calculation has relevance in several physical situations involving interband transitions in the presence of a magnetic field; in particular, we discuss the calculation of gain for stimulated plasmon emission by electron-hole recombination in narrow-band-gap semiconductors.
Racial Habitus, Moral Conflict, and White Moral Hegemony Within Interracial Evangelical Organizations

Re-conceptualizing habitus as a complex of inculcated moral dispositions that—particularly within the racialized social system of the United States—are racially-constituted, this article proposes a framework through which racial conflict and structural/cultural domination within interracial religious organizations, and perhaps other volunteer organizations, may be analyzed. Drawing upon qualitative data from a study of fundraising experiences within interracial evangelical organizations, I demonstrate, first, that racial conflicts within these organizations are best framed as disputes over moral standards arising out of divergent, racially-constituted, moral dispositions, and second, that these conflicts are worked out via the institutionalization and instilment of white cultural norms, ultimately resulting in the hegemony of white moral standards within the organizations.
Planar concave grating with flattened spectral response for wavelength demultiplexing optical interconnection

A 4-channel planar concave grating device with a flattened spectral response based on SU-8 polymer is presented. The flattened spectral response is accomplished by using an optimized multi-mode interference coupler as the input aperture of the device for spectrally separated channels. The mode field distribution in the input plane is controlled by adjusting the width of input taper coupled to the multi-mode interference coupler. The effects of the input taper width on the flattened spectral response are demonstrated in detail through simulation results. The devices are realized by using an SU-8 polymer strip waveguide with a UV lithography technology. Experimental results show that the flattened spectral response can be easily controlled by adjusting the taper width.
Automatic Transcription of French Stenotypy

A.-M. Derouault, B. Marialdo, J.-L. Stehle: automatic transcription of French stenotypy:This is the description of an automatic transcription system. It takes in account, by using a Markov model, the probability for a given sequence of words to be produced.
Diversity and Habitats of a Prairie Assemblage of Odonata at Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota

Abstract An inventory of the dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) at the Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge (LNWR) was conducted during the summer of 2003. Adult censuses and larval sampling at 32 wetland sites produced 10 dragonfly and 14 damselfly species that were resident in the refuge. In 2006, two additional species were added. The odonate fauna of LWNR consisted primarily of widespread, common species that are adapted to fishless lentic communities and tolerant of alkaline and impermanent water regimes. Enallagma annexum (Hagen), Enallagma boreale Selys, Lestes disjunctus Selys, Lestes congener Hagen, Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen), and Sympetrum internum Montgomery were the most abundant odonates at the refuge. The odonate communities of semipermanent, oligosaline ponds were the most diverse and included species of Aeshna, Anax, Libellula, Leucorrhinia, Sympetrum, Lestes, Coenagrion, Enallagma, Ischnura, and Nehalennia. Large polysaline lakes were inhabited only by Ischnura damula Calvert a...
Submicrosecond Synchronization of Multiple Chopper Systems

Synchronous-chopper neutron velocity selectors are often preferable to crystal monochromators. We have investigated the degree of synchronization which may be achieved with choppers using commercially available hysteresis-synchronous motors. With many commercial variable frequency generators, period instability limits synchronization to ± 15 microseconds. Using signal generators of high period stability (e. g. crystal oscillators, digital frequency dividers, very stable power amplifiers) synchronization to within 1 microsecond is readily achieved. At this level, small fluctuations in friction are readily observable. Magnetic instability can produce drifts over long periods unless careful attention is paid to motor requirements. Extensive experimental results will be presented.
Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed, food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.
Ratio of CO2 Uptake to O2 Evolution during Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Summary The net CO 2 /O 2 exchange ratio of photosynthesizing leaves of the C 3 species Encelia californica and the C 4 species Atriplex rosea was determined at 2% and 21 % O 2 and a range of CO 2 concentrations. In contrast to previously published results with higher plants, no marked deviation from a ratio of unity was found in the present study.
Stellar Positioning System (Part II): Overcoming Error During Implementation

This paper will discuss the implementation of a Stellar Positioning System (SPS) as well as techniques for error mitigation in experimentation and data post-processing. The hardware used during the development and testing of the SPS will be described. Starcentroiding, star-identification, attitude estimation, and the local gravity vector were used by the SPS to determine latitude and longitude. Image filtering and attitude filtering are presented as techniques to further improve the capabilities of the system. Three focal length estimation methods are investigated and compared. The resulting prototype was tested in three dierent locations and the results demonstrate accuracy of the SPS to be within 50 meters over short time intervals. For centuries, the stars have been used as a means of position determination for navigation purposes. With today’s precise clocks and high quality imaging capabilities, it is possible to accurately determine position using similar methods to those used by early navigators. Taking advantage of these capabilities and highly precise star catalogs, the Stellar Positioning System (SPS) was developed as a modern application of ancient celestial navigation techniques. The basic methods necessary for simple position determination will be described along with the hardware used for data collection. While the theory has been developed to determine local latitude and longitude position from interstellar angles, 1 there are additional obstacles to overcome when implementing these concepts in hardware. Since position determination requires a large number of measurements, error creeps into the algorithm from several sources such as the physical environment and the hardware itself. Fortunately, many of these errors can be mitigated using a range of techniques. Results indicate that while the SPS is not ready to surpass GPS as the means of navigation on Earth, it can provide accurate position coordinates on other planets or moons that are not GPS-equipped.
Argyll-Feet giants: A cognitive analysis of collective autonomy

In this paper, a formal theoretical analysis of the notion of collective autonomy is proposed. Collective agents are defined as multi-agent strategies for goals not necessarily shared by the agents that are interdependent in achieving them. Two previously defined notions of autonomy (plan- and goal-autonomy) are applied to the collective level. Internal collective autonomy is distinguished from external, and the effect of collective internal autonomy is analyzed in terms of influence exercised on the collective's members.
A personal account book of Joseph E. Bell: a record of survival in nineteenth century rural America:

While many recent accounting histories focus on large companies or institutions and describe the origins, antecedents, or developments of modern practice, few explore the working world of the common man and the activities needed to survive on farms and in rural areas. This paper describes the life of a nondescript early nineteenth century working man primarily through his personal account book. Joseph E. Bell lived in Lincolnton, North Carolina from 1820-1827 and was at various times a minister, a teacher, a seller of books, a renter, a hauler of cotton, a farmer, an extractor of teeth and perhaps a merchant as well. Bell's account book illuminates a life rarely examined by today's accounting historians. It reveals the range of skills and flexibility that were needed to survive in an era preceding the advent of the modern job or career. The account book clearly shows the nature of accounting in a rural economy that had relatively little hard currency and relied on multiparty barter transactions.
Sudden unexpected death in infants of narcotic-dependent mothers.

Abstract During the study years 1972–1974, 8 of 383 infants born to mothers with known narcotic dependency during pregnancy died unexpectedly within the first 4 mth of life; autopsies were compatible with the diagnosis of SIDS. This incidence of SIDS was 5.5 times that in our hospital populations (P
Model Predictive Control-Based Dynamic Control Allocation in a Hybrid Neuroprosthesis

To date, a functional electrical stimulation (FES)-based walking technology is incapable of enabling a paraplegic user to walk more than a few hundred meters. This is primarily due to the rapid onset of muscle fatigue, which causes limited torque generation capability of the lower-limb muscles. A hybrid walking neuroprosthesis that combines FES with an electric motor can overcome this challenge, since an electric motor can be used to compensate for any reduction in force generation due to the muscle fatigue. However, the hybrid actuation structure creates an actuator redundancy control problem; i.e., a closed-loop controller must optimally distribute torque between FES and an electric motor. Further, the control inputs to FES and an electric motor must adapt as a skeletal muscle fatigues. We consider these issues as open research control problems. In this paper, we propose that a model predictive control (MPC)-based control design can be used to optimally distribute joint torque, and can adapt as the muscle fatigue sets in. Particularly, a customized quadratic programming solver (generated using CVXGEN) was used to simulate MPC-based control of the hybrid neuroprosthesis that elicits knee extension via FES and an electric actuator.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On the predictive ability of narrative disclosures in annual reports

Abstract We investigate whether narrative disclosures in 10-K and 10K-405 filings contain value-relevant information for predicting market performance. We apply text classification techniques from computer science to machine code text disclosures in a sample of 4280 filings by 1236 firms over five years. Our methodology develops a model using documents and actual performance for a training sample. This model, when applied to documents from a test set, leads to performance prediction. We find that a portfolio based on model predictions earns significantly positive size-adjusted returns, indicating that narrative disclosures contain value-relevant information. Supplementary analyses show that the text classification model captures information not contained in document-level features of clarity, tone and risk sentiment considered in prior research. However, we find that the narrative score is not providing information incremental to traditional predictors such as size, market-to-book and momentum, but rather affects investors’ use of price momentum as a factor that predicts excess returns.
The 8+ levels of86Zr revisited

The 33 MeV86Sr(3He, 3nγ) reaction has been used to re-measure the level structure of theN=46 nucleus86Zr. The lowest 8+ level is found at 3,297.5 keV, consistent with some but not all earlier studies. On the basis of spectroscopic measurements and data-to-data comparisons with otherN=46 nuclei, the 3,531.8 keV level is also suggested as an 8+.
Eruptive processes and caldera formation in a nested downsagcollapse caldera: Cerro Panizos, central Andes Mountains

Abstract The Cerro Panizos ignimbrite center, in the central Andes Mountains, produced two ignimbrite sheets and many lava flows. The ignimbrite of Quebrada Cienago was erupted at 7.9 Ma, and effusive eruptions continued until the two cooling units of the crystal-rich dacitic Cerro Panizos Ignimbrite were emplaced at 6.7 Ma. The lower unit has no laterally continuous flow breaks and was erupted from a single vent or small cluster of vents with limited fluctuation in discharge. Lithic fragments reach significant concentrations (>5%) only in the uppermost two meters of this cooling unit, where they document vent-wall collapse or the opening of a new vent. The upper cooling unit contains many flow units with variations in welding, thicknesses, and lithic fragment concentrations, implying an unsteady eruption column, the opening of many vents, and probable caldera collapse. Triangulation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility flow-direction measurements locate a single vent for the lower cooling unit, whereas the upper cooling unit had many vents within the present dome cluster. A 15-km diameter topographic depression, marked by inward dips of 4–8 at the cooling unit contact, is centered on the vent area of the lower cooling unit. The depression is interpreted as a downsag caldera formed during emplacement of the lower cooling unit. Collapse began late in the eruption of the lower cooling unit and continued through the emplacement of the upper cooling unit. Resurgent magmatism occurred as lava flows that mundated the caldera area. A ring of dacite domes, erupted until at least 6.1 Ma, in the northern half of the downsag caldera traces the margin of a collapse caldera associated with the upper cooling unit. Maximum caldera subsidence (353 km 3 ) is not enough to account for the erupted volume (652 km 3 DRE minimum). The ash-poor, crystal-rich nature (up to 50% crystals in the pumice. 75% in the matrix) of the Cerro Panizos pyroclastic flows resulted in poor retention of gases, and there is little evidence of fluidization. The high crystal content, however, favored modified grain-flow processes, in which several particle support mechanisms combine with grain-dispersive forces. It is postulated that the flows were initially partially fluidized, but rapidly lost their gases and grain-flow processes grew in relative importance. Grain-flow processes destroyed evidence of fluidization before deposition.
Two-decked nature of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas

The Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma are made up of two structural decks. The lower deck of tight to isoclinal folds in pre-Middle Mississippian strata records multiple folding and low-grade metamorphism. The upper deck of open folds in Carboniferous rocks shows no evidence of the multiple folding and metamorphism. Dips of fold limbs in the lower deck are typically more than 60°; dips of fold limbs in the upper deck are generally less than 45°; fold wavelengths in the lower deck are in the range of 0.5 to 3.5 km; fold wavelengths in the upper deck are generally in the range of 12 to 15 km. Estimates of shortening of the folds in the lower deck are five times greater than those of shortening of the upper deck. The change from tight folding to broad folding takes place in the middle part of the Mississippian Stanley Group. The difference in fold style has been attributed to disharmonic folding of a stiff upper deck and a ductile lower deck. However, the boundary between harmonic and disharmonic folds shows no apparent relation to the fold wavelength or the stratigraphic spacing of stiff beds. We hypothesize that the difference in structural style reflects the unconformable deposition of younger folded and faulted foreland-basin strata (the upper deck) over the older lower deck strata, which were stacked in an accretionary wedge.
The Gardner Neurovascular Decompression Operation for Trigeminal Neuralgia

W. James Gardner developed a unique operation to treat selected cases of trigeminal neuralgia. In 1959 Gardner7 described the vascular decompression operation of the trigeminal nerve, an operation which has been further refined and popularized by Jannetta8, 9 and has often been misnamed as the Jannetta operation. Gardner should be given credit for conceiving and developing this neurovascular decompression operation. The value of this operation is illustrated by two cases.
Deficiency of Intestinal Immunity with Graft-vs.-Host Disease in Humans

A possible deficiency of secretory immunity was investigated in 55 bone marrow recipients and nine control patients by evaluation of lamina propria plasma cells, Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph node cellularity, and mucosal injury. All short-term survivors had marked depletion of Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph node cellularity; long-term survivors demonstrated repopulation. In autologous or syngeneic marrow recipients and patients without engraftment, the intestines contained numerous IgA-bearing, IgM-bearing, and total plasma cells, compared with a marked decrease in these cells in patients with allogeneic engraftment. Patients with graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) had even fewer IgA-bearing plasma cells and much greater mucosal injury. These results suggest that with allogeneic engraftment and GVHD, host intestinal plasma cells are depleted before repopulation and maturation of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes with donor cells. These patients, therefore, are at increased risk for infection by intestinal organisms.
ATM traffic control in hybrid fiber-coax networks - problems and solutions

The IEEE 802.14 working group is currently standardizing a new media access control (MAC) protocol for the emerging Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) networks. Crucial for the success of 802.14 will be its ability to support higher layer traffic services, namely, ATM Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR) and Available Bit Rate (ABR) traffic classes. In this study, we investigate the inter-operation of the MAC protocol, defined by 802.14, with ABR transmissions. An important finding of our study is that the bandwidth contention on the upstream channel in the HFC network may interfere with the feedback congestion control mechanisms of ABR traffic control. This interference can result in unfairness between ABR sources and decreased utilization of the upstream HFC channel. As a solution to the problem we propose a scheme whereby the headend station of the HFC network returns congestion information contained in resource management (RM) cells to the ABR sources. The proposed mechanism can be incorporated into the ABR rate control scheme without modifying the current traffic management specifications. Numerous simulation scenarios are presented to illustrate our findings. Parts of the results have been presented to the IEEE 802.14 standardization committee.
Jacobian free global event analysis

Abstract Conventional global event analysis using the sphericity tensor is shown to be biased against shapes with degenerate radii and vanishing flow angles for multiplicities M O ( 1 M ) distortions. Finally, an azimuthally corrected sphericity matrix is shown to be useful in searching for collective flow phenomena in nuclear collisions.
Some Finite Varieties of Lie Algebras

in the class whenever all n-generated subalgebras of L are in the class. Thus the classes JV of nilpotent Lie algebras and d of abelian Lie algebras are 2-recognizable. The problems are to find if a given class is n-recognizable and to find the smallest n. We consider the classes &‘JV of Lie algebras which have an abelian ideal with nilpotent quotient, JV&, of Lie algebras which have a nilpotent ideal with abelian quotient, % of supersolvable Lie algebras, and Y of solvable Lie algebras. The same notation is used for the corresponding classes of finite groups. Most notation is standard except where indicated.
Trends in Ln(III) Sorption to Quartz Assessed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Laser Induced Flourescence Studies

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine trends in trivalent lanthanide [Ln(III)] sorption to ≡SiOH0 and ≡SiO– sites on the 001 surface of α-quartz across the 4f period. Complementary laser-induced fluorescence studies examined Eu(III) sorption to α-quartz at a series of ionic strengths from 1 × 10–4 M to 0.5 M such that properties of the surface-sorbed species could be extrapolated to zero ionic strength, the conditions under which the simulations are performed. Such extrapolation allows for a more direct comparison of the data and enables a molecular understanding of the surface-sorbed species and the role of the ion surface charge density upon the interfacial reactivity. Potential of mean force molecular dynamics as well as simulations of presorbed Ln(III) species agrees with the spectroscopic study of Eu(III) sorption, indicating that strongly bound inner-sphere complexes are formed upon sorption to an ≡SiO– site. The coordination shell of the ion contains 6–7 waters of hydration, and ...
Leuprolide and estrogen versus oral contraceptive pills for the treatment of hirsutism: A prospective randomized study

The administration of long-acting GnRH analogs (GnRH-a) results in gonadotropin and androgen suppression in hyperandrogenic women. Nonetheless, no randomized studies are available comparing GnRH-a with currently used treatments for hirsutism. We have hypothesized that the greater degrees of androgen suppression achieved with GnRH-a therapy could result in a more rapid improvement in hirsutism compared to oral contraceptive (OCP) administration. To test this hypothesis, we studied 17 hirsute women before and during 6 months of randomized treatment with 1) leuprolide depot (3.75 mg/month) plus conjugated estrogen (0.625 mg/day) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (10 mg; days 1-12; n = 9; leuprolide+ERT), or 2) an OCP containing ethynodiol diacetate (1 mg) and ethinyl estradiol (35 micrograms; n = 8). LH, FSH, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione (A4), sex steroid-binding globulin, and total and free testosterone (T) were measured at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 28. At 0 and 28 weeks of treatment, hirsutism was evaluated subjectively by patient self-evaluation and by the Ferriman-Gallwey score, and objectively by determination of facial hair density, outer hair shaft diameter, and growth rate, determined both photographically and in plucked hairs. In the leuprolide+ERT, but not OCP, groups, there was a significant decrease in the circulating LH and FSH levels. In both groups, T and A4 decreased with treatment, although the decrease in A4 levels did not reach significance in OCP-treated women. The circulating sex steroid-binding globulin level increased in both treatment groups, but the changes in the OCP-treated women was greater. Consequently, although the calculated percent free T decreased significantly in both treatment groups, the decrease was greater in the OCP-treated women. The dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level did not change with either therapy. A significant percent decrease in the Ferriman-Gallwey score was noted in the leuprolide+ERT, but not OCP, patients, and by self-evaluation, seven (78%) and five (55%) of leuprolide+ERT patients, compared to two (25%) and two (25%) OCP-treated women, noted an improvement in hair growth and texture, respectively. No significant difference in mean facial hair density or outer hair diameter was noted with either therapy. Patients treated with leuprolide+ERT demonstrated a decrease in the actual hair growth rate, using the photographic method, or percent decrease in growth rate, using plucked hair. In conclusion, treatment with leuprolide plus cyclic estrogen/progestin appears to provide a more rapid, and possibly greater, improvement in hirsutism, compared to a standard OCP regimen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β–Mediated Tumor-Stroma Interactions in Prostate Cancer Progression: An Integrative Approach

We have implemented a hybrid cellular automata (HCA) model based upon the structure of human prostate that recapitulates key interactions in nascent tumor foci between tumor cells and adjacent stroma. Model simulations demonstrate how stochastic interactions between tumor cells and stroma may lead to; a structural suppression of tumor growth, modest proliferation, or, unopposed tumor growth. The model incorporates key aspects of prostate tumor progression including TGF-β and matrix degrading enzyme (MDE) activity, and stromal activation. It also examines the importance of TGF-β during tumor progression and the role of stromal cell density in regulating tumour growth. The validity of one of the model’s key predictions concerning the effect of epithelial TGF-β production on glandular stability was tested in vivo. These experimental results confirmed the ability of the model to generate testable biological predictions in addition to providing new avenues of experimental interest. This work underscores the need for more pathologically representative models to cooperatively drive computational and biological modelling, which together could eventually lead to more accurate diagnoses and treatments of prostate cancer.
Authoritarianism, Cognitive Rigidity, and the Processing of Ambiguous Visual Information

Intolerance of ambiguity and cognitive rigidity are unifying aspects of authoritarianism as defined by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford (1982/1950), who hypothesized that authoritarians view the world in absolute terms (e.g., good or evil). Past studies have documented the relationship between authoritarianism and intolerance of ambiguity and rigidity. Frenkel-Brunswik (1949) hypothesized that this desire for absolutism was rooted in perceptual processes. We present a study with three samples that directly tests the relationship between right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and the processing of ideologically neutral but ambiguous visual stimuli. As hypothesized, in all three samples we found that RWA was related to the slower processing of visual information that required participants to recategorize objects. In a fourth sample, RWA was unrelated to speed of processing visual information that did not require recategorization. Overall, results suggest a relationship between RWA and rigidity in categorization.
Sensitivity of patients with painful temporomandibular disorders to experimentally evoked pain: evidence for altered temporal summation of pain

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a group of chronic painful conditions involving the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joint. Several studies have reported that TMD is associated with enhanced sensitivity to experimental pain. Twenty-three TMD subjects and 24 pain-free matched control subjects participated in a set of studies which were designed to evaluate whether the temporal integrative aspects of thermal pain perception are altered in TMD patients compared with control subjects. Specifically, we have examined in both TMD patients and in age- and gender-matched control subjects: (1) the time-course and magnitude of perceived pain evoked by the application of sustained 7-s noxious thermal stimuli (45-48 degrees C) to the face and forearm, (2) the central summation of C-fiber-mediated pain produced by applying brief trains of noxious heat pulses to the skin overlying the ventral aspect of the right palm and (3) the ability to discriminate small increments in noxious heat applied to facial and volar forearm skin. Data collected from these studies indicate that TMD patients show enhanced temporal integration of thermal pain compared with control subjects. TMD patients show greater thermal C-fiber-mediated temporal summation than pain-free subjects and they report a greater magnitude of sustained noxious heat pulses applied to either the face or the forearm than control subjects. In contrast to these findings, TMD and pain-free subjects are equally able to discriminate and detect small increments of heat applied to noxious adapting temperatures. These findings suggest that the augmented temporal integration of noxious stimuli may result from alterations in central nervous system processes which contribute to the enhanced pain sensitivity observed in TMD patients.
A specific and sensitive enzymatic-isotopic microassay of coenzyme A in pineal gland.

Abstract The relationship between the concentration of CoASH and the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) was studied in rat pineal glands in culture. A technique for microdetermination of CoASH was developed by utilizing acetyl CoA synthetase and partially purified rat liver NAT. Initially CoASH was acetylated with [1–3H] acetate using acetyl CoA synthetase. Subsequently, the labelled acetyl group was transferred from [1–3H] acetyl CoA to tryptamine forming [1–3H acetyl-tryptamine which was then extracted into chloroform and measured by scintillation spectrometry. A direct relationship appeared to exist between the concentrations of CoASH and [1–3H] acetyltryptamine. This method is sensitive and specific since it can detect as low as 10–15 pmoles of CoASH but not structurally related substances such as acetyl CoA, ADP, cysteamine, or D-pantothenic acid. After treating the rat pineal glands in culture with 10 μM norepinephrine for six hours, the concentration of CoASH was found to decrease significantly from 31.96 ± 0.68 to 24.44 ± 0.37 pmoles/gland, while the activity of NAT increased 68 fold. This inverse relationship indicates that CoASH does not play a direct role in NAT induction although it does protect darktime NAT activity in pineal homogenates against thermal inactivation. The sensitivity and the adaptability of this method can be utilized to measure CoASH in discrete regions of rat brain and in experimental conditions where the micromeasurement of CoASH may be required.
Virus-Based Fabrication of Micro- and Nanofibers Using Electrospinning

Long rod-shaped M13 viruses were used to fabricate one-dimensional (1D) micro- and nanosized diameter fibers by mimicking the spinning process of the silk spider. Liquid crystalline virus suspensions were extruded through the micrometer diameter capillary tubes in a cross-linking solution of glutaraldehyde. Resulting fibers were 10−20 μm in diameter. AFM imaging verified that the molecular long axis of the virus fibers was parallel to the fiber long axis. M13 viruses were suspended in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and were then electrospun into fibers. After blending with a highly water soluble polymer, polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP), M13 viruses were spun into continuous uniform virus-blended PVP (virus-PVP) nanofibers. Resulting virus-PVP electrospun fibers maintained their ability to infect bacterial hosts after resuspending in buffer solution.
A history and state-of-the-art of accommodation coefficients

This paper reviews theory and measurements of transport processes between small particles and the surrounding gas. Evaporation and condensation coefficients and gas uptake coefficients are of particular interest. There has long been a great difference in coefficients reported by different experimentalists, and much of this disagreement is considered in this overview. A brief review of the kinetic theory of gases is provided to describe molecular transport to or from a surface when the mean free path of molecules, l, is large compared with the particle dimensions, that is, when the Knudsen number is large. For a sphere of radius a the Knudsen number, Kn=l/a. The condition Kn>>1 is called the free molecule regime, and for Kn« 1 continuum theory applies. It is shown that accommodation coefficients cannot be determined by experiments operating in the continuum regime. At intermediate Knudsen numbers (the Knudsen regime) transport theory is more difficult, but results based on solution of the Boltzmann equation describing the evolution of the molecular velocity distribution are reviewed. With the advent of high-speed computers transport theory has been supplemented by molecular dynamics calculations, and these calculations are often at odds with experimental measurements of accommodation coefficients. Examples are provided. Experimental methods surveyed include Knudsen cell methods, jet tensimetry, electrodynamic levitation experiments, expansion cloud chamber measurements, and vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) techniques. VOAG measurements are particularly useful for studying processes over small times, and theory and results related to VOAG experiments are presented. More recent experimental measurements of condensation coefficients involving the use of molecular beams are reported. There is a growing body of evidence that accommodation coefficients are of order unity in many cases, but coefficients smaller than 0.01 are still reported, particularly for uptake coefficients.
Biharmonic Conformal Immersions into Three-Dimensional Manifolds

Motivated by the beautiful theory and the rich applications of harmonic conformal immersions and conformal immersions of constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces, we study biharmonic conformal immersions of surfaces into a generic 3-manifold. We first derive an invariant equation for such immersions, we then try to answer the question, “what surfaces can be biharmonically conformally immersed into Euclidean 3-space $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$ ?” We prove that a circular cylinder is the only CMC surface that can be biharmonically conformally immersed into $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$ ; we obtain a classification of biharmonic conformal immersions of complete CMC surfaces into $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$ and hyperbolic 3-spaces. We also study rotational surfaces that can be biharmonically conformally immersed into $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$ , and prove that a circular cone can never be biharmonically conformally immersed into $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$ .
Rotational Energy Harvesting Systems for Unpowered Freight Rail Cars

Commonly, freight cars have no available source of electric power, thus preventing the use of any electronic devices that could improve convenience, performance, and efficiency of railroad operations. The devices introduced in this paper are motion-based electromagnetic energy harvesting systems. Similar in size and shape to a conventional damper or shock absorber, the systems are to be placed in the coil spring of the suspension to convert part of the energy usually wasted as heat into useful electric energy. This paper will present the design, development and testing of such devices. Tests of prototype devices on a shock dynamometer show that more than 20 Watts RMS of power can be produced with motions that can be encountered in train suspensions. The devices presented, although primarily developed for railroad applications, are not limited to use in freight cars and could be similarly applied in various vehicles with suspension like tractor-trailers, buses or automobiles.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Stochastic resonance: A chaotic dynamics approach

For a class of multistable systems it follows from qualitative results of Melnikov theory that deterministic and stochastic excitations play equivalent roles in the promotion of chaos. We use such results to suggest: (1) a method for assessing the role of the noise spectrum in enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the most effective spectral shape being that for which the power is distributed closest to the frequency of the Melnikov scale factor's peak; (2) a method for more effective SNR enhancement than can be achieved by increasing the noise, wherein the noise is left unchanged and a harmonic excitation with frequency based on the system's Melnikov scale factor is added to the system. The effectiveness of our Melnikov-based methods is confirmed by numerical simulations. The principle of a practical and effective nonlinear transduction device for enhancing SNR is proposed and demonstrated numerically. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Place of Anthropology in Universities

T HE prevailing placement of anthropology in contemporary American universities is in the social sciences. This position was achieved only gradually, and after considerable wavering. For instance, both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academy of Sciences originally coupled anthropology and psychology: presumably because of their being construed as marginal to biology. Columbia until a few years ago grouped anthropology in its Graduate School of "Philosophy," that is, Humanities. Harvard made anthropology into a division by itself. As a matter of fact, even beyond its frankly biological constituent, anthropology is in part natural science, in part humanity, only secondarily social science. And so far as it has a social science ingredient, it prevalently treats the data of this historically, which the core social sciences do to only a minor degree. This situation may be depicted as follows:
The Relative Importance of Anticipated Test Format and Anticipated Test Difficulty on Performance

In this investigation, the relative importance of the effects of anticipated test format and anticipated test difficulty on performance was examined by simultaneously manipulating both. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that test performance was affected more by anticipated test format than by anticipated test difficulty. This suggests that the superior performance of subjects who had anticipated a recall test versus those who had anticipated a recognition test, reported here and in previous studies, is more likely to be due to anticipating a recall format than to anticipating a more difficult test. Experiment 2 showed that subjects who had anticipated a recall test studied longer than subjects who had anticipated a recognition test, even when recall tests were less difficult than recognition tests. One explanation for this finding is that subjects inaccurately monitor the relative difficulty of tests across test formats. Subjects rated recall items as more difficult than recognition items, even when recall item...
Low lying states of a system of interacting bosons

Abstract The ground state wave function and energy of a system of interacting bosons is studied by extending an elementary method due to Bijl and to Bogolyubov and Zubarev. Attention is focused on the real function S(x1…xN) defined by ψ = eS. S is written as a sum of intrinsic two-particle, three-particle, etc. functions. The functions are fully determined by matching intrinsic n-particle terms in the equation obeyed by S. The theory describes both close collisions and the interaction of sets of particles with the surrounding medium. Analysis of the procedure in terms of distribution functions reveals that a linearization of the generalized superposition approximation is the key feature. Excited states of the phonon roton type are found in the form ψ = FeS, with F a fully determined sum of terms of different particle numbers. The wave functions are similar to those used by Feynman and Cohen for actual liquid helium, but give a more detailed description of the excitations for the restricted situations where the theory applies.
Detection of Atherosclerosis via Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of atherosclerotic lipids using a stimulated-echo diffusion- weighted (STED) sequence is demonstrated. The STED sequence exploits the large difference in diffusion between lipid (primarily cholesteryl ester) and water. The optimization of the STED sequence is discussed. The results of lipid imaging are corroborated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This technique is non-invasive, and therefore, it is potentially useful in following the progression of the disease in animal models and in humans.
Experimental Methodology and Theory-Building in Mathematical Psychology.

Summary.-An inquiry is made into the directions that theory-building in psychology might be taking with respect to the new trend in experimental methodology generated by mathematical models, concept-learning smdies, and smdies in individual differences. The implications of nomological theories, informal theories, and modeling activities with respect to this trend are analyzed in general, and an integrzcive description is developed. Particular attention is given to the problems presented by the use of isomorphism as the implicit justificarion for this methodology. This paper attempts to outline some basic issues in theory-building which seem in need of clarification. Mathematical psychology, concept-learning research, and the study of individual differences aided by computer technology and programming sophistication have combined to give a new look to experimental methodology in psychology. If, even for the greater part of a year, one were to study the products of a number of the studies which this methodology has generated, and if one had before him the goal of finding an explicit, or at least an implicit, systematic development in the studies, he would be hard pressed to describe his activity as successful. There are certain historical markers that workers in these areas may identify. One is Ebbinghaus' study of retention which is considered to be a very early use of a mathematical model to describe a purely psychological process (Miller, 1964; Allison, 1960). Another is Thurstone's early factor analytic models (Dunham, Guilford, & Haepfner, 1968). And recently, there is Cronbach's 1957 Presidential Address to the APA (Vale & Vale, 1969). Besides these markers there are a large number of specific earlier studies seminal to particular recent studies within each area. Here, then, is the first difficulty encountered in one's attempt to observe and to trace the systematic progress of this research. One can assert, indeed it is a popular assertion, that these groups are doing the same sort of things with similar methodologies. Perhaps it would be enough to say that this general methodological approach to research is a significant contribution to the whole of psychology and its development, but the workers in these areas allude to theories of learning, learning related to information processing theory, and theories of concept attainment, acquisition, or learning (Hunt, 1962, 1966), as well as to general psychological laws. Some concern themselves with functional, parametric, mathematical models of learning theory based on derived learning curves. [Examples of such models are those of Restle (1955), Bourne and Restle ( 1959), and Trabasso and Bower ( 1968) .]
Involvement of juvenile hormone in the induction of antifreeze protein production by the fat body of larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis

Larvae of the Pyrochroid beetle Dendroides canadensis produce hemolymph antifreeze proteins (AFPs) as an adaptation to subzero overwintering temperatures. The AFPs are produced in early autumn in response to various environmental cues (short photoperiod, low temperature, short thermoperiod). The study presented here reinforces and extends the initial finding (Horwath and Duman, '83b) that juvenile hormone is involved in stimulating production of AFPs. Dose response curves showed seasonal variation in the sensitivity of the larvae to topical application of Juvenile Hormone (JH), with late summer larvae being more sensitive than early summer ones. The time response curve for induction of AFP activity in late summer larvae demonstrated that ∼14 days are required after JH treatment for the appearance of a significant increase in AFP activity. The timing of this response to JH induction is similar to that seen previously when larvae were acclimated to a short photoperiod. Studies with cultured fat bodies showed that the fat body is a probable site of production of the AFP, and further emphasized a role for JH in AFP induction. However, stimulation of AFP production by fat body only occurred when the fat bodies were removed from larvae that had been pretreated with JH. The presence of JH in the culture medium did not stimulate fat bodies taken from larvae that had not been pre-treated. This suggests that an additional hormone(s), or other factor, may be required to induce fat body production of AFPs.