cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The alphabet of imaging in acute stroke: does it spell improved selection and outcome?

If we are to improve stroke treatment, we first need to assess the current state of affairs. Consider the next 100 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States, screened with noncontrast computerized tomography and treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV tPA) within 3 to 4.5 hours, as recommended. On the average, only ≈5 of those individuals will actually get IV tPA1; of those treated, only ≈1 of 5 will benefit.2 So, from our cohort of 100 patients, in the end, only 1/100 will get benefit from the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved acute stroke therapy. This is despite more than a decade of intense effort by stroke-related societies, pharmaceutical partners, hospital programs, and the tireless individual efforts of countless physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and emergency responders to “Get With the Guidelines” and expeditiously treat as many stroke victims as possible. Even in highly effective stroke centers where 10% to 20% …
A parametric study of freezing injury in AT-1 rat prostate tumor cells.

The connection between thermal history and cell injury in single AT-1 cells is studied systematically through a two-level, four-parameter (2(4)) experiment. The four parameters considered are cooling rate (CR), end temperature (ET), hold time (HT), and thawing rate (TR). Cryosurgically relevant high and low values of each parameter are chosen (CR, 5 to 50 degrees C/min; ET, -20 to -80 degrees C; HT, 0 to 15 min; TR, 20 to 200 degrees C/min) to maximize applicability of the results to cryosurgery; it is important to note that any conclusions drawn from the results are valid only for the range of parameter values studied. AT-1 cell suspensions are frozen in a controlled way on a directional solidification stage, and viability is assessed postthaw with a live/dead assay using the fluorescent dyes calcein-AM and propidium iodide to indicate live and dead cells, respectively. The parameters which most significantly affect short-term survival outcome are determined through calculation of the individual parameter effect values (E) according to the factorial experimental design guidelines. In addition, any synergy between two parameters in determining short-term survival outcome is revealed by calculation of the interaction value for those parameters (I). The results suggest that survival is most significantly affected by variation in end temperature and hold time, and the only significant parameter interaction found is between these two parameters. The analysis further suggests that survival depends nonlinearly on the thermal parameters, based on calculation of the survival curvature (C) in the parameter ranges studied. These results are discussed within the context of previously proposed mechanisms of cellular injury during freezing. Although coupling between several mechanisms is possible, single mechanisms which may explain the survival results include slow-cooling injury mechanisms such as solute effects injury, dehydration-induced membrane instabilities, and volume-catalyzed nucleation of intracellular ice.
Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.
Effects of Intrathecal Ketamine in the Neonatal Rat: Evaluation of Apoptosis and Long-term Functional Outcome

Because acute pathology and long-term behavioral change occurred in the same dose range as antihyperalgesic effects, the therapeutic ratio of intrathecal ketamine is less than one in the neonatal rat. This measure facilitates comparison of the relative safety of spinally administered analgesic agents.
Reliability and Validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in a Sample of African-American Husbands and Wives:

An analysis of the internal consistency and criterion validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in a sample of 299 African-American wives and 589 African-American husbands provided support for the use of this global measure with African-American couples. Results of the same psychometric tests with comparison groups of Caucasian husbands (n = 1, 511) and wives (n = 1, 818) were strikingly similar.
Reim & ReImInfer: checking and inference of reference immutability and method purity

Reference immutability ensures that a reference is not used to modify the referenced object, and enables the safe sharing of object structures. A pure method does not cause side-effects on the objects that existed in the pre-state of the method execution. Checking and inference of reference immutability and method purity enables a variety of program analyses and optimizations. We present ReIm, a type system for reference immutability, and ReImInfer, a corresponding type inference analysis. The type system is concise and context-sensitive. The type inference analysis is precise and scalable, and requires no manual annotations. In addition, we present a novel application of the reference immutability type system: method purity inference.To support our theoretical results, we implemented the type system and the type inference analysis for Java. We include a type checker to verify the correctness of the inference result. Empirical results on Java applications and libraries of up to 348kLOC show that our approach achieves both scalability and precision.
Treatment setting, clinical trial enrollment, and subsequent outcomes among adolescents with cancer: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: There has been an overall improvement in survival rates for persons with cancer over the past 35 years. However, these gains are less prevalent among adolescents with cancer aged 15 to 19 years, which may be due to lower clinical trial enrollment among adolescents with cancer. METHODS: We conducted a literature review to assess current research regarding clinical trial enrollment and subsequent outcomes among adolescents with cancer. The search included English-language publications that reported original data from January 1985 to October 2011. RESULTS: The search identified 539 records. Of these 539 records, there were 30 relevant original research articles. Multiple studies reported that adolescents with cancer are enrolled in clinical trials at lower rates compared with younger children and older adults. Treatment setting, physician type, and institution type may all be factors in the low enrollment rate among adolescents. Few data focused solely on adolescents, with many studies combining adolescents with young adults. The number of available studies related to this topic was limited, with significant variability in study design, methods, and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This literature review suggests that adolescents with cancer are not treated at optimal settings and are enrolled in clinical trials at low rates. This may lead to inferior treatment and poor subsequent medical and psychosocial outcomes. The scarcity in data further validates the need for additional research focusing on this population.
The Biopolitics of Transnational Adoption in South Korea Preemption and the Governance of Single Birthmothers

This article examines several key aspects of maternity homes for ‘unwed mothers’ in order to understand the overwhelming phenomenon of single mothers giving up their babies for adoption in South Ko...
Instantaneous planar measurement of the complete three-dimensional scalar gradient in a turbulent jet

A new technique is described that permits calculation of all three instantaneous components of the concentration gradient vector within a cross section of a turbulent gas jet. This is made possible by the simultaneous measurement of gas concentrations from two closely spaced parallel cross sections using laser Rayleigh scattering from two illumination sheets of different wavelength. The use of a second sheet gives access to an extra dimension of information, which is valuable in testing models of turbulent mixing.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Sport: Relationships with Leadership, Team Cohesion, and Athlete Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to introduce the construct of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB; Organ, 1988) into the sport psychology literature and examine its utility in sport. Based upon OCB research in the organizational literature, the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML; Chelladurai, 1978), the conceptual framework of team cohesion (CFC; Carron & Hausenblas, 1998), and a model of athlete satisfaction (MAS; Chelladurai & Riemer, 1997) were selected as theoretically sound antecedents to be associated with OCB in sport. A total of 193 student-athletes from a large Division I university and a smaller Division III university representing a variety of sports participated in the study. Results of the study provide preliminary evidence for OCB as a unique and meaningful construct in sport and support many of the predictions hypothesized in the MML, CFC, and MAS. Results are discussed in the context of previous literature as well as theoretical, research, and practical implications.
Information needs of informal caregivers of older adults with chronic health conditions.

Abstract Objective To systematically examine current evidence pertaining to information needs of informal caregivers of older adults with chronic health conditions. Methods Structured search of MEDLINE, MEDLINE IN-PROCESS, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases to identify studies of caregiver information needs, followed by data extraction and syntheses. Results The 62 articles that met the stated inclusion criteria highlighted extensive needs among informal caregivers for practical, accessible, timely information. Conclusion The identified information needs of informal caregivers can inform organizations and agencies that seek to provide disease and illness-related information. Practice implications Existing evidence supports the implementation of a health information delivery system designed to meet the needs of informal caregivers of older adults with chronic health conditions.
Effects of morphine and aging on brain calmodulin levels in mice.

Calmodulin levels were determined in brain areas (cerebellum, cortex, diencephalon, medulla + pons and striatum) of immature, mature and old mice one hour after they were injected with morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and 3 days after morphine pellet (75 mg) implantation (during tolerance). Acutely, morphine caused significant (two-fold) increases in calmodulin in striatal regions from immature and old mice, and increased calmodulin after morphine administration to mature mice occurred only in the cerebellum. After tolerance to morphine had developed, calmodulin levels in all brain regions were the same as those from placebo-implanted mice.
C19-Steroids as androgen receptor modulators: Design, discovery, and structure-activity relationship of new steroidal androgen receptor antagonists

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the most abundant steroid in human circulating blood, is metabolized to sex hormones and other C19-steroids. Our previous collaborative study demonstrated that androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol (Adiol) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (Adione), metabolites of DHEA, can activate androgen receptor (AR) target genes. Adiol is maintained at a high concentration in prostate cancer tissue; even after androgen deprivation therapy and its androgen activity is not inhibited by the antiandrogens currently used to treat prostate cancer patients. We have synthesized possible metabolites of DHEA and several synthetic analogues and evaluated their role in androgen receptor transactivation to identify AR modulators. Steroids with low androgenic potential in PC-3 cell lines were evaluated for anti-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and anti-Adiol activity. We discovered three potent antiandrogens: 3beta-acetoxyandrosta-1,5-diene-17-one 17-ethylene ketal (ADEK), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione 17-ethylene ketal (OAK), and 3beta-hydroxyandrosta-5,16-diene (HAD) that antagonized the effects of DHT as well as of Adiol on the growth of LNCaP cells and on the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In vivo tests of these compounds will reveal their potential as potent antiandrogens for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Parallel unsteady turbo-pump simulations for liquid rocket engines

This paper reports the progress being made towards complete turbo-pump simulation capability for liquid rocket engines. The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbo-pump impeller is used as a test case for the performance evaluation of the MPI, hybrid MPI/Open-MP, and MLP versions of the INS3D code. Then, a computational model of a turbo-pump has been developed for the shuttle upgrade program. Relative motion of the grid system for rotor-stator interaction was obtained by employing overset grid techniques. Unsteady computations for SSME turbo-pump, which contains 101 zones with 31 million grid points, are carried on Origin 2000 systems at NASA Ames Research Center. The approach taken for these simulations, and the performance of the parallel versions of the code are presented.
Repetitive genome elements in a European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, bacterial artificial chromosome library were indicated by bacterial artificial chromosome end sequencing and development of sequence tag site markers: implications for lepidopteran genomic research.

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, is a serious pest of food, fiber, and biofuel crops in Europe, North America, and Asia and a model system for insect olfaction and speciation. A bacteri...
China and India in the Age of Globalization Sectoral Variation in Postliberalization Reregulation

In recent years, China and India have extensively liberalized their economies. They have departed from the East Asian developmental states, which have restricted foreign direct investment (FDI) to protect domestic industry, and the liberal FDI strategy of Latin America during a similar stage of development as they have eschewed dependent development. Instead, they have taken a “liberalization two-step,” which follows liberalization with reregulation that varies across industrial sectors. Country and sectoral case studies demonstrate the perceived strategic value of a sector, sectoral characteristics, and the organization of state institutions shape the ways in which reregulation varies. Insulated from political pressures, the Chinese state shifts from universal controls on the aggregate level to selective controls at the sectoral level and adopts a bifurcated strategy in its reregulation. In India, the government liberalizes FDI according to state goals but reregulates as a function of sectoral interests ...
Nanogram scale absolute configurational assignment of ceramides by circular dichroism

Abstract Ceramides play a central role in cell regulation and a variety of signal transduction pathways. A simple sensitive microscale circular dichroic (CD) method utilizing zinc porphyrins has been developed for assigning the absolute configurations of ceramides at the nanogram scale. The assignment is based on the CD spectra of the bis (zinc porphyrin) derivatives of ceramides with and without the presence of 1,3-diaminopropane. This method can also be applied to various sphingolipids after enzymatic cleavage to ceramides.
Interconnect design and limitations in nanoscale technologies

In this paper, the limitations posed by metallic interconnect in nano-scale technologies are discussed as well as design methodologies to deal with non-ideal interconnect. It is shown that there is a limit on how ideal an on-chip interconnect can be made independent of the how wide the wire is made. This limit is a function of the height of the interconnect, its length, and some other physical and material constants. It is also shown that it is possible to design a repeater system that results in close to speed of light propagation on narrow nanoscale wires. In addition, wider wires can be used to effectively eliminate the need for repeaters in current technologies.
Robot-assisted real-time magnetic resonance image–guided transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Abstract Background Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI)-guided transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) offers improved visualization, real-time imaging, and pinpoint accuracy with device delivery. Unfortunately, performing a TAVR in a MRI scanner can be a difficult task owing to limited space and an awkward working environment. Our solution was to design a MRI-compatible robot-assisted device to insert and deploy a self-expanding valve from a remote computer console. We present our preliminary results in a swine model. Methods We used an MRI-compatible robotic arm and developed a valve delivery module. A 12-mm trocar was inserted in the apex of the heart via a subxiphoid incision. The delivery device and nitinol stented prosthesis were mounted on the robot. Two continuous real-time imaging planes provided a virtual real-time 3-dimensional reconstruction. The valve was deployed remotely by the surgeon via a graphic user interface. Results In this acute nonsurvival study, 8 swine underwent robot-assisted rtMRI TAVR for evaluation of feasibility. Device deployment took a mean of 61 ± 5 seconds. Postdeployment necropsy was performed to confirm correlations between imaging and actual valve positions. Conclusions These results demonstrate the feasibility of robotic-assisted TAVR using rtMRI guidance. This approach may eliminate some of the challenges of performing a procedure while working inside of an MRI scanner, and may improve the success of TAVR. It provides superior visualization during the insertion process, pinpoint accuracy of deployment, and, potentially, communication between the imaging device and the robotic module to prevent incorrect or misaligned deployment.
Arm Posturing in a Patient Following Stroke: Dystonia, Levitation, Synkinesis, or Spasticity?

Background: Post-stroke movement disorders occur in up to 4% of stroke patients. The movements can be complex and difficult to classify, which presents challenges when attempting to understand the clinical phenomenology and provide appropriate treatment. Case Report: We present a 64-year-old male with an unusual movement in the arm contralateral to his ischemic stroke. The primary feature of the movement was an involuntary elevation of the arm, occurring only when he was walking. Discussion: The differential diagnosis includes dystonia, spontaneous arm levitation, synkinesis, and spasticity. We discuss each of these diagnostic possibilities in detail.
Neurowissenschaft und Verhalten

Ein Lehrer aus Virginia begann im Jahr 2000, Sexmagazine zu sammeln und Internetseiten mit kinderpornografischen Inhalten zu besuchen. Zudem unternahm er nach und nach An naherungsversuche gegenuber seiner Stieftochter. Nachdem seine Frau die Polizei verstandigt hatte, wurde er festgenommen und einige Zeit spater vom Gericht wegen Kindesbelastigung zu einer Gefangnisstrafe verurteilt.
Assessing and Managing the Risks of Potential Pandemic Pathogen Research

The ongoing controversy surrounding highly pathogenic avian influenza virus research has generated considerable discussion among virologists, public health researchers, and biosafety/biosecurity experts (1–3). The most recent pause in research instituted by the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy calls for an independently performed risk-benefit analysis (RBA) to be completed within a year. The RBA, administered by the NIH Office of Science Policy, is supposed to be “comprehensive, sound, and credible” (4). A brief review of some of the risk assessments performed so far suggests that the typical RBA approach is unlikely to build consensus or resolve this controversy. While the NIH requests both qualitative and quantitative risk-benefit assessments if possible, the general expectation among scientists involved in the avian influenza research debate is that a quantitative assessment should be performed (5) under the assumption that numbers carry more credibility and may suggest solutions. Klotz and Sylvester (6) performed a simple probabilistic risk assessment to argue that gain-of-function (GOF) research with potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) should be restricted. Starting with the assumption that the probability of release from a laboratory each year is 0.003 and that at least 42 labs worldwide are working with PPPs (in this case, viruses causing highly pathogenic avian influenza, Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS], or severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]), there is an 80% likelihood of a release every 13 years. An updated calculation (7) estimated a 5% to 27% probability of a pandemic over a 10-year period due to laboratories working with PPPs. Using biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) lab infection data (8), Lipsitch and Inglesby (5) estimated a probability of between 0.01% and 0.1% per laboratory-year of creating a pandemic which would cause between 2 million …
Multislice CT in imaging the liver.

The objective of this paper is to address the dramatic impact of multislice CT (MSCT) in imaging the liver. Standard helical (spiral) CT has finally allowed for scanning the majority of the liver during the critical portal venous phase (PVP). This is often referred to as the ‘optimal temporal window’. In general, it occurs following a 70 s scan delay and is coincidental with the maximal delivery of contrast via the portal vein that provides 80% of the hepatic blood supply. This yields maximal conspicuity between low-attenuation lesions and the dramatically enhanced normal liver parenchyma at routine injection rates of 2–3 ml/s. Most importantly, these scanners, when compared to single-slice scanners, avoid impinging on the ‘equilibrium’ phase where tumors can become isodense/invisible. The introduction of MSCT with four, eight and 16-detector systems has significantly increased imaging speed. Volumetric CT will continue to increase speed in the future. This provides a number of important gains that will be described.
Nephrotic syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management

Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia. In adults, diabetes mellitus is the most common secondary cause, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy are the most common primary causes. Venous thromboembolism is a possible complication; acute renal failure and serious bacterial infection are also possible, but much less common. There are no established guidelines on the diagnostic workup or management of nephrotic syndrome. Imaging studies are generally not needed, and blood tests should be used selectively to diagnose specific disorders rather than for a broad or unguided workup. Renal biopsy may be useful in some cases to confirm an underlying disease or to identify idiopathic disease that is more likely to respond to corticosteroids. Treatment of most patients should include fluid and sodium restriction, oral or intravenous diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Some adults with nephrotic syndrome may benefit from corticosteroid treatment, although research data are limited. Intravenous albumin, prophylactic antibiotics, and prophylactic anticoagulation are not currently recommended.
Metabolism of Radioactive Cholografin in Normal Controls and in Patients with Known Liver Disease

Conclusions1. Hepatic uptake, clearance of radioactivity from blood, and excretion of radioactivity into urine and feces of patients with liver disease differ signficantly from similar determinations in controls.
L-dihydroxyphenylalanine: effect on levels of free amino acids in rat liver.

SummaryThe concentrations of liver free amino acids in l-Dopa-treated and control rats were assayed by a Jeol amino acid analyzer. Subcutaneous injections of 500 mg/kg l-Dopa daily for 8 days incre...
Effect of Acute Liver Damage on Ac-Globulin Activity of Plasma

SummaryAcute hepatic damage in the dog, caused by chloroform intoxication, is followed by a pronounced and rapid decrease in plasma Ac-globulin concentration. This decrease is accompanied by a parallel decrease in plasma prothrombin concentration. Ac-globulin returns to normal values more quickly than does prothrombin.
280 THE PHLAME STUDY: SHORT-TERM ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HEALTH PROMOTION

Purpose As expenditures on health in the U.S. now exceed $1 trillion for the first time, public and private health care decision makers have called for more rigorous use of economic evaluations to guide resource allocation and spending. Having previously established the benefits of a worksite health promotion intervention on nutrition and exercise behaviors (PHLAME study), the purpose of this study was to compare injury rates and health care costs of two health behavior change strategies among firefighters. Methods Six hundred eighty seven firefighters participating in the PHLAME program were randomized to a team-centered, group-based educational intervention, a one-on-one, individualized counseling intervention, or a control group. We assessed firefighter9s knowledge and behaviors using a questionnaire with established indices. For self-reported injury data, we asked what was the total number of days off work due to injuries in the past year. The economic analysis included frequency distributions of injury and disability claims. We analyzed total healthcare costs associated with individual injuries, missed days of work, and disability claims prior to, during, and after the intervention from 1998 - 2003. Results There was a 35% reduction in self-reported days off due to injuries among the two intervention groups (team-based approach or individualized counseling) as compared to the control group. Likewise, there was a 57% reduction in number of “reportable injuries” two years after the PHLAME intervention. Total health care costs for injury and disability claims were reduced by over 50% as compared to the pre-intervention costs. The cost of implementation of the health promotion intervention was substantially less in the team-based, group model versus the one-on-one counseling strategy model. Conclusion The PHLAME intervention reduced injury rates and healthcare costs among fire bureaus. Our findings suggest that a team-based/group intervention has lower costs of administration and implementation than an individualized counseling intervention with similar results among firefighters. Similar team-based formats and health education curriculums could be adapted for other worksite settings and may provide a feasible and cost-effective means for health promotion.
Zum Vorhandensein einer auf nervösem Wege hervorgerufenen Gefäßdilatation nach Adrenalin und Noradrenalin

Am gekreuzten Kreislauf von Hunden (Durchblutung der Hinterextremitatenmuskulatur von einem Spenderhund) wurde der Beweis erbracht, das auch das Noradrenalin (wie vorher schon beim Adrenalin bewiesen) bei intravenoser Injektion in den Versuchshund eine auf nervalem Wege ausgeloste Gefasdilatation bewirkt. Die Depressor- und Carotissinusnerven sind beim Zustandekommen dieser atropinunempfindlichen Dilatation nicht beteiligt. Eine daruber hinaus beim Adrenalin sicher vorhandene und beim Noradrenalin in wenigen Fallen in Erwagung zu ziehende primare Gefasdilatation nach lokaler intraarterieller Injektion in dasselbe Gefasgebiet spricht weder gegen eine auf nervosem Wege hervorgerufene Gefasdilatation, noch schliest sie eine solche aus.
Narrow linewidth tunable semiconductor laser

A full-C band tunable laser equipped with an air-gap suspended waveguide structure for efficient thermal heater tuning is described. It is shown that the monolithic tunable laser can simultaneously meet the requirements for the output power, side-mode suppression ratio, and spectral linewidth for 16-QAM coherent communication system. Together with an optimized design for the Bragg grating and a reduced optical loss for thermally-tuned un-doped waveguide, a high SMSR of 54.5 dB, an output power of 19 dBm, and 80 kHz linewidth over 103 channels across the C-band were achieved. A possibility for further reduction of the heater tuning power is also discussed.
PET Bitemporal Hypometabolism in Infantile Spasms

A group of 18 infants (age range, 10 mo to 5 yr) with infantile spasms and a common metabolic pattern on positron emission tomography (PET) is reported from the Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
Creep Relaxation of Plexiglas IIA for Simple Stresses

Theories for predicting creep relaxation relations for tension, compression and bending based on constant stress tension and compression creep relations; tests show that for material tested, there is good agreement between theoretical predictions and actual behavior.
A new device for intravascular blood-flow measurement: The helical diffraction-grating transducer

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and experimental results of a novel transducer for measuring intravascular blood flow. The transducer consists of a diffraction-grating transducer, to provide vector Doppler capability, wrapped around a cylinder for mounting on a catheter. The new device appears to be useful for quantitative flow measurements to guide and assess intravascular procedures.∗
A robotic human body model with joint limits for simulation of upper limb prosthesis users

The human upper body has many degrees of freedom (DoFs) making it highly redundant and allowing for great flexibility during daily tasks. Because of this redundancy, each joint rarely uses its full range of motion (ROM) during activities of daily living (ADL). However, when DoFs are lost due to an amputation, a greater ROM of the intact joints is used. This decreases the number of achievable postures. This paper describes, a kinematic robotic human body model (RHBM) that is used to simulate optimum upper body movements of able-bodied and transradial prosthesis users. The motions of a total of 22 subjects from these two groups were evaluated during five ADLs. The RHBM uses a weighted-least-norm (WLN) solution to bias each joint resulting in a human-like posture. The weights were dynamically updated to prevent the joints from moving beyond the individual's task specific joint limits. These limits were determined by the recorded data of each participant. Applying the individualized joint limits, resulted in postures that were always physically possible for each person and more accurate than the static WLN solution. In the case of prosthesis users, the static WLN solution tended to predict joint angles that were outside of the physical joint limits. The inclusion of joint limit avoidance helped predict more human-like postures.
Understanding community colleges in the Indian context

In an attempt to reform the elite higher education system, policymakers and practitioners promote community colleges as an ideal solution to address issues of access and equity plaguing India's postsecondary education. Since 1995, community colleges have spread to every state in the country. Yet, leaders are struggling to establish a sustainable development model because of the effort required to challenge the status quo of an elite, theory-based higher education system. This chapter describes the multifaceted history and future trajectory of community colleges in India and considers implications for policy and practice.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVINES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TWO STAY TWO STRAY AND JIGSAW TYPE WITH SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON LEARNING MATHEMATICS LEARNING TO GRADE XI MIA AT MAN PANGKEP

The type of this study is experimental research, wich aims at (1) describing the effectiveness of cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach on Mathematics learnindesg to grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep, (2) describing the effectiveness of cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type with scientific approach on Mathematics learning to grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep, (3) examining whether the cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type is more effective than the Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach on Mathematics learning to grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep. The population of the study is the entire grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep of academic year 2015/2016. The samples are selected by employing cluster random sampling technique and obtained two classes, namely grade XI MIA 1 taught using the cooperative learning of Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach and grade XI MIA 2 taught using the cooperative learning of Jigsaw type with scientific approach. The data collection consists of students’ learning results in Mathematics data, students’ activities data, and students’ response data on the tools and the learning. The results of the study reveal that the students’ learning results in Mathematics of grade XI MIA 1 is in high category with the mean score 76,83 and the standard of deviation is 9.32; the degree of completeness classically is 83.34 %; the mean of normalized gain in fair category, and students’ activities in learning in good category minimally and students’ responses on the tools and the learning are in positive category. The conclusion of the study is, in general, the cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach is effective to be applied in grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep with effective category. The students’ learning results in Mathematics of grade XI MIA 2 is in high category with the mean score 82.65 the standard of deviation is 8.035; the degree of completeness classically is 84.62 %; the mean of normalized gain in fair category, and students’ activities in learning in very good category minimally and the students’ responses on the tools and the learning are in positive category. The conclusion of the study is, in general, the cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach is effective to be applied in grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep with effective category. The result of hypothesis test is at the significant level with the t-test indicates that the cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type with scientific approach is more effective than the cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with scientific approach in grade XI MIA at MAN Pangkep
Goby: A Wearable Swimming Aid for Blind Athletes

We introduce Goby, a swimming aid that provides audio feedback for blind and visually impaired athletes. Goby's activity tracker is worn on the thigh and uses a downward-facing camera to track the swimmer's position in the pool. Goby detects when the user is swimming outside the lane or approaching a wall, and warns the user via an audio notification. In this paper, we introduce the Goby prototype and share formative feedback about the prototype from blind and sighted swimmers.
DEC2 modulates orexin expression and regulates sleep

Adequate sleep is essential for physical and mental health. We previously identified a missense mutation in the human DEC2 gene (BHLHE41) leading to the familial natural short sleep behavioral trait. DEC2 is a transcription factor regulating the circadian clock in mammals, although its role in sleep regulation has been unclear. Here we report that prepro-orexin, also known as hypocretin (Hcrt), gene expression is increased in the mouse model expressing the mutant hDEC2 transgene (hDEC2-P384R). Prepro-orexin encodes a precursor protein of a neuropeptide producing orexin A and B (hcrt1 and hcrt2), which is enriched in the hypothalamus and regulates maintenance of arousal. In cell culture, DEC2 suppressed prepro-orexin promoter-luc (ore-luc) expression through cis-acting E-box elements. The mutant DEC2 has less repressor activity than WT-DEC2, resulting in increased orexin expression. DEC2-binding affinity for the prepro-orexin gene promoter is decreased by the P384R mutation, likely due to weakened interaction with other transcription factors. In vivo, the decreased immobility time of the mutant transgenic mice is attenuated by an orexin receptor antagonist. Our results suggested that DEC2 regulates sleep/wake duration, at least in part, by modulating the neuropeptide hormone orexin.
AN EXAMINATION OF NEW GENERATION COOPERATIVES IN THE UPPER MIDWEST: SUCCESSES, FAILURES, AND LIMITATIONS

A new organizational form, the new generation cooperative (NGC), emerged in the United States during the 1990s as farm producers came together to collectively add value to raw farm commodities. As compared to the traditional cooperative, the NGC facilitates a strong market orientation by defining membership and requiring high supply and equity capital commitments. Approximately 100 such value‐added ventures formed during a period called ‘cooperative fever’, but public and producer interest dissipated in the 2000s. With secondary data collected from print media publications, we conclude that many of the original NGCs exited by means of bankruptcy or liquidation because of challenges common to most business organizations. However, other failures and conversions of large, successful NGCs also indicate an inherent equity and liquidity constraint, suggesting a limited ability of the organizational form to drive complex and capital‐intensive value‐added ventures. We conclude by raising possible conditions for the future viability of producer‐owned business organizations in the value‐added agri‐food industry.
Tie-Over Bolster Dressings vs Basting Sutures for the Closure of Full-Thickness Skin Grafts: A Review of the Literature.

Background:Full-thickness skin grafting is a well-established technique in the reconstruction of various tissue defects and wounds. However, lack of uniformity in the procedure of closing and secur...
Integrated Indium Phosphide Transmitter for Free Space Optical Link

An integrated indium phosphide transmitter with 44-nm wavelength tuning range was demonstrated and inserted in a free space optical link. Error-free operation was achieved at 1 Gbps for an equivalent link length of 120 m.
American Indians and Alaska Natives--overview of the population.

THE ESTIMATED TWO MILLION American Indians and Alaska Natives, while sharing certain genetic traits, belong to groups with distinct social, cultural, political, and biomedical attributes. They share with certain other ethnic minorities high poverty rates, low educational attainment, increased susceptibility to certain diseases, and elevated mortality rates. Hypertension has been reported less frequently among American Indians compared to other U.S. groups, but is increasing in frequency, is strongly associated with obesity and diabetes, and is synergistically associated with diabetes in the etiology of end-stage renal disease. The first priority for dealing with hypertension among American Indians is to maximize efforts toward control. The Indian Health Service (IHS) provides such an opportunity, which is not as readily available to other minorities. In addition to controlling hypertension, areas of fruitful investigation include studies relating hypertension to acculturation, physiology of peripheral adrenergic vasoreceptors, salt and water metabolism, and prevention or amelioration of end-stage renal disease. Understanding some of these basic processes will prove valuable for American Indians and Alaska Natives as well as the entire population.
Incidental findings in the interpretation of myocardial SPECT imaging

1022 Learning Objectives 1. To gain an understanding of how incidental findings are part of the appropriate study interpretation. 2. To recognize the impact of non-cardiac incidental findings on patient management and appropriate follow up. Myocardial SPECT imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease providing a non-invasive tool to monitor ischemia and infarction. The findings can have a profound impact on the management of these patients. However, non-cardiac incidental findings on myocardial SPECT images can also have a profound impact on the management of these patients. The various types of incidental findings will be discussed as well as basic principles of interpretation. Some examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, liver dysfunction, post-surgical changes, hiatal hernia, parathyroid adenoma and musculoskeletal abnormalities. This review of incidental findings that need to be considered in myocardial SPECT imaging interpretation and their possible impact on clinical management will be of value for technologists and physicians alike
Some Recent Progress in Multiscale Modeling

Some existing multiscale techniques for the modeling of solids and fluids are reviewed. The framework of the heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) is illustrated with two examples. Finally, time scale issues are discussed.
The Making of the Contemporary Nigerian Elite Child

Existing studies on the role of schooling in the formation and (re)production of elite identities have focused almost entirely on the reproduction strategies of Western elites. Consequently, the distinction strategies employed by non-Western elite parents to preserve and/or transform their children into national as well as transnational elites have remained largely unexamined. Employing Bourdieu’s concept of distinction strategy, this chapter critically examines the three key distinction strategies, namely, ‘White school’, ‘prolonged stay in a white elite school’ and ‘refined British accent’ utilised by a group of elite Nigerian parents in their attempts to reproduce their social status as the ‘genuine’ elites—via their children. As well as assisting in the transformation of their children into ‘respectable’ and ‘high status’ young people, the chapter explains how these distinction strategies could also enable the children of Nigerian elites to accrue highly valuable cultural, social and symbolic capital that can gain them access into transnational elite group in the future.
Is marijuana use associated with lower inflammation? Results from waves III and IV of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health.

Abstract Background Some research suggests that marijuana use facilitates an anti-inflammatory response, yet the relationship between marijuana use and inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), remains poorly understood. The present study examined the association between recency of marijuana use and serum C-reactive protein levels in a nationally representative sample of adults. Methods Data from Waves III and IV (N = 13,166) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health was utilized. Past 30 day marijuana use was assessed in Waves III and IV, and past year marijuana use was also assessed at Wave IV. CRP was dichotomized with a cutpoint of 3 mg/L. Logistic regression analyses examined the association between marijuana use and CRP levels at Wave IV. Results Past 30 day marijuana use was reported by 23.5% and 17.7% of participants at Wave III and Wave IV respectively, and 23.6% of participants reported past year marijuana use during Wave IV. Marijuana use was associated with lower CRP levels in bivariate analyses. However, these associations attenuated after adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates. Conclusions Though marijuana and lower CRP levels were initially associated, the effect of marijuana use on CRP was later explained by gender, BMI, and anti-inflammatory medication use. This suggests that marijuana use does not confer an anti-inflammatory effect and recency of use is not relevant. Given expanding marijuana use legislation and discourse surrounding the consequences of marijuana for health, continued research is needed to elucidate the effect of marijuana on inflammation and subsequent risk of chronic disease.
Care coordination to target patient complexity and reduce disparities in primary care.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe our Activation and Coordination Team (ACT) model for interprofessional care coordination in primary care and examine feasibility of using ACT medical and social complexity criteria to categorize patients into Quadrants that determine resource utilization. Research questions were: (a) Are there significant differences in demographic, medical, and social characteristics by Quadrant; (b) Do patients with combined high medical and social complexity differ from those with either high medical or social complexity; and (c) Is there an association between initial screening risk level and ACT Complexity Quadrant placement? Design Cross-sectional, descriptive. Sample Patients (N = 167) aged 18-65 enrolled in an urban Medicaid managed care network. Measurements Screening and comprehensive health risk assessment questionnaires and clinical data collection from electronic health records. Results Patient characteristics differed significantly by Quadrant. Combined medical and social complexity produced greater impact than additive effects. Patients who initially screened low risk nevertheless met ACT criteria for medical and/or social complexity. Conclusions Greater effects for individuals with medical and social issues are due to interactions among factors. Traditional screening may miss patients with complex needs who need care coordination. Care coordination skills should be incorporated into population health curricula.
Sexual orientation, partnership status, and work patterns among US young adults

Abstract Past research has shown that sexual minority women have a higher rate of labor force participation and work more hours than heterosexual women, and that men show the opposite sexual orientation differences. Little is known, however, about sexual orientation differences in work history. Further, many past studies, especially US studies, defined sexual orientation by the gender of residing partners and therefore excluded people who do not have a partner from analysis. This study sought to overcome these limitations by analyzing US data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Wave 4 (n = 14,707). The analysis showed that compared to women in different-sex marriage, those in same-sex partnerships had a higher rate of labor force participation, worked more hours, and had a greater number of jobs in their work histories, although these women showed very small differences from those in different-sex cohabitation. In contrast, single women did not show any sexual orientation differences in these outcomes. Although partnered men and single men also showed very little sexual orientation differences, single men with same-sex experience had more jobs in their work histories than those with different-sex experience, partly due to their greater chance of experiencing involuntary job loss.
Pharmacy Services in Behavioral Health

This chapter provides an overview of community pharmacists, who are the most accessible healthcare professionals and can provide evaluation of medication adherence, patient counseling, insurance assessments, and mental health screenings with referral to mental health providers. Education in schools and colleges of pharmacy has focused on decreasing pharmacist stigma and negative images of people with mental disorders and increasing the comfort level of the pharmacist for interacting with patients through the use of motivational interviewing and shared decision-making. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to fill the gap in available mental health providers, both in the community pharmacy and clinical practice setting.