cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interspecific Differences in Avian Feeding Behavior and the Evolution of Batesian Mimicry

This paper describes an experiment on interspecific differences in the response of bird predators to an artificial Batesian mimic/model complex. Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) were offered a series of 24 pairs of models and mimics after an initial presentation of the emetic model (a 1/2 mealworm adulterated with quinine sulphate and with a black dot painted on it). Chickadees attacked many mimics (unaltered 1/2 mealworms) and a few models. White-crowned sparrows attacked few mimics and almost no models. Differences between species in the manner of preparing mealworms for consumption may have contributed to the interspecific differences in the treatment of the series of model/mimic pairs. Perhaps more importantly, the chickadees, as opportunistic feeders dependent on a wide variety of prey, may possess special tolerance to noxious stimuli. The sparrows, conservative feeders with a more limited range of prey species, need not possess this tolerance in order to exploit their niche fully. Interspecific differences in feeding behavior could contribute to the origin and perfection of Batesian mimicry.
Analysis of surface contaminants by plasma chromatography-mass spectroscopy

Abstract Plasma chromatography-mass spectroscopy is a relatively new ultra-sensitive analytical technique which permits the characterization of trace contaminants of the order of parts per billion and less. The technique is capable of detecting both positive and negative ions which are formed at atmospheric pressure as a result of ion-molecule reactions. The capabilities of the plasma chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique and its application to the analysis of trace levels of organic contaminants such as ethyl cellosolve acetate and trihydroxybenzophenone on wafer surfaces are discussed.
Two-camera phase measurements using phase-stepped real-time holographic interferometry

ABSTRACT A multiple detector method was developed to extend the capabilities of phase stepped, rea1time holographic interferometry to measure two components of a displacement vector simultaneously. To testthe method, two experiments were performed which measured the cantilever bending of a piezoelectricceramic bimorph due to an applied voltage. For the first experiment, the optical axis of one of the cameraswas perpendicular to the surface of the bimorph while the optical axis of the second camera formed anangle of 48° 1 ° withrespect to the optical axis of the first camera. The bimorph was then rotated so thatthe angle between the optical axis of the first camera and the surface normal changed by 20° 1°. Boththe out.ofp1ane (normal to the surface) and one of the in-plane (tangential) displacement componentswere resolved for each experiment and the results were compared with the known values. 2. INTRODUCTION Previously, we have applied phase stepped, rea1time holographic interferometry in an attempt to measurethe converse piezoelectric effect in bone.1'2 The precision of this method, implemented using off the shelfcomponents and custom designed software, is at least 5 nm at every pixel over a large field of view.1Either spatial or temporal averaging can be used to improve the precision.3'4 In all of our previous work,
Responding to Hostility: Evidence-Based Guidance for Communication during Planned Organizational Change.

Hostile challenges to planned organization change are common and challenging to deal with effectively. Little research has explained successful responses to such stakeholder hostility. To address this gap, we use the concept of readiness to characterize the content of hostile challenges. We also use rhetorical strategies based on speech act theory to describe options for responding to those challenges. Because change agents must choose among multiple strategies, we continue a line of research investigating relative preferences among them. Ultimately, our aim is to offer six lessons for change agents who face hostile challenges based on evidence from research.
The nature of fluorine in amorphous silica

Abstract We have used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the short-range structure of fluorine-doped silica glass. The fluorine atoms in a glass containing 3 wt% fluorine are found in two different structural environments. The most abundant of these is a fluorine atom bonded to a tetrahedral silicon atom, where the fluorine has replaced one of the bridging oxygens and formed the usual Q3 species. The second, and less abundant of these fluorine types, originates from fluorine bonded to a silicon atom with four bridging oxygen atoms, ultimately giving rise to a fivefold coordinated silicon atom. Additional insight into these Si–F bonding configurations was obtained in the simulation results.
Stereological Observations of Platelet‐Reinforced Mullite‐ and Zirconia‐Matrix Composites

Recently, the effect of solid inclusions on the sintering of ceramic powders has been explained in terms of a back-stress that opposes densification. Several analyses have been proposed to describe this problem. However, little quantitative information exists concerning the effect of reinforcement on microstructural evolution. This study compares the microstructural development of zirconia and mullite matrices in the presence of alumina platelets. The effect of platelet loading on density is similar for both composites. Quantitative stereological examinations reveal that the average grain size and pore size are finer for the zirconia-matrix composite. The platelet loading does not have any noticeable effect on the average grain size of the matrix in either composite. However, the average pore size increases as the volume fraction of platelets increases for both materials. Contiguity measurements have detected some aggregation of platelets in the zirconia-matrix composite.
Secondary activation effects of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenases from yeast

The kinetic properties of NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase of yeast mitochondria have been examined by a polarographic technique which permits measurement of the enzyme in situ. The results not only show a cooperative interaction of the bound enzyme with isocitrate which is responsible for a substrate activation of relatively low concentrations, but also another activation which occurs at relatively high concentrations. The first substrate activation can be displaced to very low concentrations of isocitrate by the presence of AMP and was previously shown to be a property of the isolated dehydrogenase. In contrast, the second activation is not affected by AMP and has not been noted for soluble preparations. Such activation is characterized by a downward deflection of the double-reciprocal plot as the curve approaches high substrate concentrations. This non-linearity is observed only with the dehydrogenase in intact mitochondria, and it decreases or disappears when the mitochondria are heated or treated with deoxycholate. The nature of this activation has been examined further, and the data suggest that it is not the result of a direct effect on the bound dehydrogenase, but that it arises secondarily as a result of processes which increase the availability of substrate to the enzyme within the mitochondrion.
Monitoring of indium x-ray peak to optimize InxGa1-xN layer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Indium droplet formation during the epitaxial growth of InxGa1−xN films is a serious problem for achieving high quality films with high indium mole fraction. In this paper, we studied the formation of indium droplets on the InxGa1−xN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using single crystal x-ray diffraction. It is found that the indium (101) peak in the x-ray diffraction spectra can be utilized as a quantitative measure to determine the amounts of indium droplets on the film. It is shown by monitoring the indium diffraction peak that the density of indium droplets increases at lower growth temperature. To suppress these indium droplets, a modulation growth technique is used. Indium droplet formation in the modulation growth is investigated and it is revealed in our study that the indium droplets problem has been partially relieved by the modulation growth technique.
Seasonal Hypoxia and the Genetic Diversity of Prokaryote Populations in the Central Basin Hypolimnion of Lake Erie: Evidence for Abundant Cyanobacteria and Photosynthesis

ABSTRACT The reoccurring region of seasonal hypoxia in the central basin of Lake Erie (“the dead zone”) has been of significant interest to researchers over the past several years. Surprisingly however, no efforts to characterize the endemic microbial community, responsible for the consumption of oxygen in this system, have been published. To understand how the microbial community may be interacting with this event, we have begun to characterize microbial members by using molecular tools. Phycoerythrin-rich cyanobacteria appear abundant and active in a narrow region (∼ 1.5 m) below the thermocline during hypoxic conditions, reaching abundances of greater than 105mL−1and being the primary agent releasing 1.5 mg O2 L−1above the daytime demands in this region. Sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons, generated with universal eubacterial primer sets, from the Lake Erie's hypolimnion during seasonal oxygen depletion demonstrated that cyanobacteria, most closely related to phycoerythrin-rich Synechococcus spp., domina...
Systemic delivery by intravenous injection of gamma-1-34.5-deleted HSV-1 for oncolytic viral therapy

INTRODUCTION: Previously we showed that in human tumors MEK activity predicts the tumor’s ability to support gamma-1-34.5deleted HSV-1 replication and susceptibility to oncolysis, and that systemic viral delivery by intraperitoneal injection can effectively target and treat distant tumors. We sought to determine the optimal route of systemic therapy, comparing intravenous to intraperitoneal delivery in terms of distribution, bioavailability, and oncolytic effect.
Two-dimensional noncontact vital sign detection using Doppler radar array approach

A Doppler radar array is developed for two-dimensional noncontact vital sign detection. The radar array includes four detectors, an 8-channel data acquisition module, and a computer for spectrum analysis. Each of the detectors consists of a radio frequency transceiver, a baseband analog circuit, and a power management circuit. Using the radar array, cancellation of the noise from planar random walk of human body is achieved. The radar array also strengthens the detecting sensitivity on the respiration and heartbeat and its principle is discussed. A DC offset compensation algorithm is introduced to free the body movement cancellation from disturbance of unwanted DC offset. Experiments were performed with a human subject in lab environment. Results were analyzed to verify the improved detection performance at the presence of two-dimensional human body movement.
Quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI of Parkinson's disease

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex were performed on 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 13 age-matched, healthy control subjects. Compared to controls, PD patients had approximately 24% lower creatine in the region of the substantia nigra and smaller volumes of the putamen (11%), globus pallidus (16%), and prefrontal cortex (6%; all P < 0.05). No other significant between-group differences were found in nine regions examined. Thus, quantitative MRI may show regional neurodegenerative changes outside the substantia nigra in PD but PD-linked extranigral metabolic abnormalities, if they exist, may be difficult to detect with current (1)H MRS methods. In additional, exploratory tests, volumes of the caudate (r = -0.56), putamen (r = -0.66), and globus pallidus (r = -0.60; all P < 0.05) were negatively correlated with the volume of the substantia nigra pars compacta in controls. In PD these correlations did not hold. Instead, pallidal volume in PD was positively correlated with compacta volume (r = 0.64; P < 0.05). This relationship suggests that basal ganglia volumes may be influenced by dopaminergic innervation from the substantia nigra in normal and PD subjects.
BRIEF REPORT OF COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP OF LOCAL COALITIONS: COMMUNITY MEMBERS' PERSPECTIVES

Although community ownership has been described as critical to the long-term effectiveness of local coalitions, a lack of consensus exists regarding what community ownership is and what exactly is being owned. This exploratory study examined community ownership of coalitions that address domestic violence from the perspective of community members who initiated and operated these coalitions. Qualitative data collection methods included interviews, observations, and archival review of coalition records. Findings expand current conceptualizations of what community ownership is and how it develops. Results may inform future research regarding how community ownership affects the effectiveness of a coalition's programs and how researchers and government agencies partner with coalitions to address health problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weil Differentials and the Canonical Class

In the last chapter we gave some definitions and then the statement of the Riemann-Roch theorem for a function field K/F. In this chapter we will provide a proof. In the statement of the theorem an integer, g,enters which is called the genus of K. Also, a divisor class, ℂ, makes an appearance, the canonical class of K. We will provide another interpretation of these concepts in terms of differentials. Thus, differentials give us the tools we need for the proof and, as well, lead to a deeper understanding of the theorem. In addition, the use of differentials will enable us to prove two important results: the strong approximation theorem and the Riemann-Hurwitz formula. The first of these will be proven in this chapter, the second in Chapter 7, where we will also prove the ABC conjecture in function fields and give some of its applications.
WINTER HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF FOUR GRASSLAND SPARROWS IN FLORIDA DRY PRAIRIE

Abstract North American grassland birds show long-term population declines that generally exceed the declines of other bird groups. Efforts to conserve grassland birds require knowledge of ecological and habitat requirements during both the breeding and nonbreeding periods of annual life cycles. Nonbreeding habitat associations may affect survival and the acquisition of resources needed for migration and breeding. We focused on the winter habitat associations of a suite of co-occurring grassland sparrows in the dry prairie of south-central Florida, an understudied region within the wintering range of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum pratensis) and Henslow's Sparrows (A. henslowii). During the nonbreeding winter months, these two migratory sparrows commingle with resident Bachman's Sparrows (Peucaea aestivalis) and federally endangered Florida Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus). We investigated sparrow habitat associations within two defined plant communities of the dry prai...
An Exploration of the Factors Influencing Parental Self-Efficacy for Parents Recovering From Substance Use Disorders Using the Social Ecological Framework

Background: The evidence strongly links parental self-efficacy (PSE) to parenting behaviors and child health outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to apply the social ecological model to the exploration of contextual factors that influence PSE for parents recovering from substance use disorders (SUDs). Methods: An integrative review of the literature was conducted on PSE, parenting behaviors, and parents recovering from alcohol and other SUDs through the application of the social ecological model. Results: The results indicated that there are many individual, interpersonal, and environmental variables that influence PSE for parents with or without addiction. Conclusions: Because PSE is a strong predictor of parenting behaviors and child health outcomes, interventions designed to improve PSE may improve the overall health outcomes of families affected by SUD. These interventions would need to address intrapersonal factors of guilt and shame associated with addiction, parenting knowledge (individual), social support (interpersonal), social networking of church, and other community support programs. The integral role of community support, multiagency collaboration (organizational), and national policies (policy) impacting funding for SUD should also be considered. Intervening on multiple ecological systems simultaneously can mitigate negative factors predictive of PSE, improve access to healthcare and service delivery, and transform and sustain positive behavioral changes for parents recovering from SUD.
Estimating piscine prey size from partial remains: Testing for shifts in foraging mode by juvenile bluefish

Knowledge of prey sizes consumed by a predator aids in the estimation of predation impact. Young-of-the-year bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, attack their prey tail-first and often bite their prey in half; this poses a unique problem in determining prey sizes from stomach content analysis. We developed a series of linear regressions to estimate original prey lengths from measurements of eye diameter and caudal peduncle depth for striped bass, Morone saxatilis, bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, American shad, Alosa sapidissima, blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis, Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, and white perch, Morone americana. We then used these regressions to estimate original prey sizes from pieces of prey found in stomachs of bluefish collected in the Hudson River estuary from 1990–1993. Lengths of prey that were swallowed whole were compared to estimated lengths of prey that were consumed in pieces. Lengths of prey that were consumed in pieces were larger than prey that were consumed whole. We determined the prey length/predator length ratio at which bluefish began shifting from swallowing their prey whole to partial consumption. Shifting occurred at a ratio of approximately 0.35 irrespective of prey species, suggesting that prey length plays an important role in predator foraging decisions and may contribute to gape limitations. Shifts in foraging mode effectively reduce gape limitation and allow bluefish to consume larger prey sizes which may increase their effect on prey populations.
The impact of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on long-term outcomes after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Background Low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level is a potent risk factor for developing atherosclerosis, yet it is uncertain if HDL-C level at the time of non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) has downstream prognostic importance. Methods We evaluated 24,805 patients with NSTEMI aged ≥65 years enrolled at 434 Can Rapid Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) participating hospitals between February 15, 2003, and December 30, 2006, who had clinical data linked to Medicare files through December 31, 2008. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to determine the association between HDL-C level at initial hospitalization and all-cause mortality, as well as a combined outcome of all-cause mortality or recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). Results Overall, 50% of patients had low HDL-C (≤40 mg/dL) and 18% had very low HDL-C (≤30 mg/dL). The rate of all-cause mortality was 39.5% during a median follow-up of 2.9 years; death or recurrent MI occurred in 43% in this older population with NSTEMI. Compared with patients who had normal HDL-C, those with very low HDL-C had a modest but significantly higher long-term mortality risk (adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06-1.19, P = .0001). The adjusted HR for mortality or recurrent MI was the same. When modeled as a continuous variable, every 5-mg/dL decrement in HDL-C below 40 mg/dL was associated with a 5% increased risk of long-term mortality, as well as the combined end point. Conclusions Older patients with NSTEMI with low levels of HDL-C are at increased risk for downstream mortality or recurrent MI. Future studies are needed to evaluate strategies to reduce this residual risk.
The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science-On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such

Management folklore sometimes leads to unprofitable decision making. Thus, studies of the value of such folklore should be of interest to managers, especially when they identify unprofitable procedures. I reviewed empirical research on scientific publishing and concluded that studies supporting. management folklore are likely to be favorably reviewed for publication and to be cited. However, researchers who obtain findings that refute folklore are likely to encounter resistance in publication and are less likely to be cited. My experience with papers on portfolio planning methods and escalation bias illustrates the problem. To encourage the publication of papers that challenge management folklore, editors should use results-blind reviews and, in some cases, constrain, reduce, or eliminate peer review.
Master oscillator power amplifier performance of Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/

An improved Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ amplifier model is reported. Amplifier performance under various pump and probe fluence conditions is also reported. It is claimed to be in good agreement with the numerical model predictions. >
The Role of Transcarinal Needle Aspiration in the Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Metastatic spread to subcarinal lymph nodes in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma generally indicates unresectability. Transcarinal needle aspiration of the main carina (TCNA) has been used to obviate the need for more invasive procedures, particularly thoracic surgery. Of 510 transbronchial needle aspirations performed at our institution from 1983 to 1991, 88 (17 percent) were from the main carina in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. We reviewed these 88 TCNA procedures to assess our experience with TCNA in the staging of lung cancer. The TCNA results were positive in 32 of 88 (36 percent) patients (20 non-small-cell cancers, 12 small-cell lung cancers). Following bronchoscopy, TCNA was the only evidence of unresectability in all 20 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and was the only mode of diagnosis in 5 of 12 (42 percent) patients with small-cell lung cancer. Thirteen patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and positive TCNA also had positive bronchial secretion cytologic studies. Five of these patients had further subcarinal sampling and in all cases metastatic involvement was confirmed. TCNA was positive in 29 of 67 (43 percent) patients with radiographic evidence of mediastinal adenopathy. Of the remaining 38 patients with radiographic evidence of mediastinal adenopathy and negative TCNA results, 23 patients had further mediastinal sampling with mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy and in all cases mediastinal spread of cancer was established. Nineteen of 58 (33 percent) patients with an endoscopically normal-appearing main carina had a positive TCNA, while 13 of 30 (43 percent) patients with broadening or widening of the main carina had positive TCNA results. There were no complications. We conclude that TCNA is often a safe and useful staging modality in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion

The Cambrian explosion is named for the geologically sudden appearance of numerous metazoan body plans (many of living phyla) between about 530 and 520 million years ago, only 1.7% of the duration of the fossil record of animals. Earlier indications of metazoans are found in the Neoproterozic; minute trails suggesting bilaterian activity date from about 600 million years ago. Larger and more elaborate fossil burrows appear near 543 million years ago, the beginning of the Cambrian Period. Evidence of metazoan activity in both trace and body fossils then increased during the 13 million years leading to the explosion. All living phyla may have originated by the end of the explosion. Molecular divergences among lineages leading to phyla record speciation events that have been earlier than the origins of the new body plans, which can arise many tens of millions of years after an initial branching. Various attempts to date those branchings by using molecular clocks have disagreed widely. While the timing of the evolution of the developmental systems of living metazoan body plans is still uncertain, the distribution of Hox and other developmental control genes among metazoans indicates that an extensive patterning system was in place prior to the Cambrian. However, it is likely that much genomic repatterning occurred during the Early Cambrian, involving both key control genes and regulators within their downstream cascades, as novel body plans evolved.
Promotion of liver regeneration/repair by farnesoid X receptor in both liver and intestine in mice.

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is the primary bile acid receptor. We previously showed that FXR was required for the promotion of liver regeneration/repair after physical resection or liver injury. However, the mechanism by which FXR promotes liver regeneration/repair is still unclear. Here we show that both hepatic-FXR and intestine-FXR contributed to promote liver regeneration/repair after either 70% partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Hepatic FXR, but not intestine FXR, is required for the induction of Foxm1b gene expression in liver during liver regeneration/repair. In contrast, intestine FXR is activated to induce FGF15 expression in intestine after liver damage. Ectopic expression of FGF15 was able to rescue the defective liver regeneration/repair in intestine-specific FXR null mice. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that, in addition to the cell-autonomous effect of hepatic FXR, the endocrine FGF15 pathway activated by FXR in intestine also participates in the promotion of liver regeneration/repair. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2336–2343)
Influence of Environmental Factors on the Epigenome

In this chapter we will consider the role of environmental factors on the epigenome. The importance of rapidly emerging research into the types of exposures that may alter epigenetic marks is increasingly being recognized. A large portion of epigenetic research to date has focused on epigenetic alterations in cancer and therefore, exposures such as tobacco, alcohol, radiation, arsenic, and air pollution will be covered. Additionally, we review research on other exposures that may affect epigenetic states such as folate and diet, aging, and endocrine disruptors. We will briefly cover environmental exposures and imprinting and development, as well as discuss potential mechanisms for exposures to modify epigenetic states. Appropriate epidemiologic studies will be crucial to understanding the true effect of environmental exposures on the human epigenome and this work is urgently needed in order to better understand the biology of epigenetic alterations. With a more comprehensive understanding of the affects of exposures on the epigenome (including consideration of genetic background), not only will the prediction of the toxic potential of new compounds be more readily achieved, but more personalized disease prevention and treatment strategies may be developed.
Vertebrate interleukins originated in invertebrates

Previous studies have demonstrated that invertebrate immune and neural tissues contain mammalian-like cytokines, which activate specific cellular functions. Therefore, it was of interest to attempt to identify these molecules via Applied Biosystems Human Genome Survey Arrays. The array was used to analyze the transcriptional profiles of Mytilus edulis RNA samples. The Applied Biosystems Human Genome Survey Array contains 31,700 60-mer oligonucleotides probes representing a set of 27, 868 individual human genes and more than 1,000 control probes. We show interleukin-like and tumor necrosis factor-like genes among other cytokine-like genes significantly expressed in this invertebrate tissue with a signal to noise value greater than 2. In morphine treated tissue additional cytokine genes were expressed. These cytokine-like genes are directly related to previously discovered molecules in invertebrates, suggesting that they first appeared earlier in evolution.
Assessing Risks and Benefits of Invasive Cardiac Procedures in Patients with Advanced Multimorbidity

Age-related cardiovascular disease in older adults is more likely to occur in combination with other age-related diseases, with mounting interactive complexity as multiple morbidities accumulate. Although invasive cardiac procedures are frequently recommended for cardiovascular disease, their value is less certain in the context of age-related intricacies of care. Tools for risk assessment before invasive procedures are insensitive to risks corresponding to the unique challenges of older adults. Recognizing multimorbidity and other age-related risks provides opportunities to intervene and moderate dangers. By refocusing risk assessment in terms of patient-centered goals, the fundamental utility of invasive cardiac procedures may be reconsidered and alternative therapies prioritized.
The Great Imitator Strikes Again: Syphilis Presenting as “Tongue Changing Colors”

Syphilis is known as the great imitator, making its diagnosis in the emergency department difficult. A 29-year-old male presented with the chief complaint of "my tongue is changing colors." A syphilis rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test resulted as positive. In primary syphilis, the chancre is the characteristic lesion. While chancres are frequently found on the external genitalia or anus, extragenital chancres arise in 2% of patients. With oral involvement, the chancre is commonly found on the lip or tongue. The patient was treated for secondary syphilis with 2.4 million units of long acting penicillin intramuscularly. On follow-up a month later, the patient's symptoms had resolved.
g-HOL: A Graphical User Interface for the HOL Proof Assistant

Given the high expressiveness of higher-order logic, their proof assistants are being widely advocated for formally verifying cyber-physical systems these days. However, the usage of higher-order-logic proof assistants is mostly restricted to academia. One of the main reasons for the hesitancy of their usage in industrial setting is the associated long learning curve. We believe that one of the foremost factors behind this slow learning process is the user-unfriendly text-based interfaces of the proof assistants. To facilitate the first experience of users with a proof assistant, this paper presents a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) g-HOL for the higher-order-logic (HOL) proof assistant. g-HOL is developed in Java swing and is supported by the Windows, Linux and MAC operating systems. It tends to minimize syntax errors and the need to memorize and type commands and facilitates the searching process, which is frequently required in interactive formal reasoning. The paper describes the architecture and main features of g-HOL using an illustrative example.
Hotel terrorist attacks and their worldwide/USA performance implications

In recent years terrorists shifted their focus towards 'soft targets', such as hotels, and mass transnational casualties which are analysed in this paper from 1996 through 2014. The trends explored, include: attack cyclicality, factors affecting their frequency, and the financial fallout among luxury, mid-price and economy hotels. The results suggest an 8-year attack cycle on hotels and a 3-year on casualties, with the attack frequency increasing by 75% after 11 September 2001 and new hot spots recently generated. Additionally, countries which are predominantly Muslim, with radical elements, experience a 52% increase in the frequency of attacks on hotels. However, only the luxury hotel Average Daily Rate (ADR) and Revenue-per-Available Room (RevPAR) decreased by 6.9% worldwide and 1.7% in the USA when hotel terrorist attacks occurred. Other socio-economic variables (e.g. GDP/capita, oil prices, recessions) applied had either a non-effect or a diverse effect on attack frequency and hotel revenue.
DFT Channel Estimation Based on Improved Threshold in OFDM System

Conventional DFT-based channel estimations algorithm cannot suppress noise inside the CP.To solve the problem,a new DFT channel estimation algorithm,which took the median of the energy of all the time domain noise samples point as threshold,was proposed by analyzing shortcomings and deficiencies of these algorithms with many different thresholds to suppress noise.Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithms could effectively solve the problem that the significant channel samples were filtered under big impulse noise.What's more,the noise inside the CP was suppressed effectively,and the bit error rate and mean square error were further decreased,resulting in the improvement of the channel estimation accuracy.
Complete and Closed Genome Sequences of 10 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Anatum Isolates from Human and Bovine Sources

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is an important pathogen transmitted by numerous vectors. Genomic comparisons of Salmonella strains from disparate hosts have the potential to further our understanding of mechanisms underlying host specificities and virulence. Here, we present the closed genome and plasmid sequences of 10 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Anatum isolates from bovine and human sources.
Adopting a New Energy Economy in the United States

Abstract This paper analyses recent trends transforming the energy sector in the United States (US) and examines the long-term implications, while providing a critical overview of the path forward. The role of megaregions is examined as spatial and economic structures that offer great potential as entities that can accelerate the pace and support the more aggressive track the U.S. has embarked on, the path to a new energy economy.
Effects of various sedatives on air cystometry in dogs

The effects of various sedatives on air cystometry in dogs were investigated. Oxymorphone plus acepromazine, xylazine alone, atropine plus xylazine, and diazepam plus ketamine were compared for interference with the detrusor reflex, adequacy of patient restraint, and development of adverse side effects. Atropine plus xylazine was the best of the 4 drug combinations tested, because it had the least interference with the detrusor reflex, bradycardia did not develop, and excellent restraint was obtained. Pain and hematuria were common whenever intravesicular pressure exceeded 40 cm of H2O, yet pressures that high were rarely necessary to stimulate the detrusor reflex.
Fabrication and Qualification of Small Scale Irradiation Experiments in Support of the Accident Tolerant Fuels Program

The Accident Tolerant Fuels (ATF) program aims to develop next generation Light Water Reactor (LWR) fuels with improved performance, reliability, and safety. The program has developed a roadmap to support the insertion of demonstration lead fuel rods (LFRs) or lead fuel assemblies (LFAs) into a commercial LWR by the end of FY 2022. In order to achieve this goal, novel fuel compositions and cladding materials are being assembled for drop-in irradiation experiments that afford prioritization of candidate concepts within the ATF Program. Development of fabrication methodology and qualification techniques for small-scale irradiation test samples is reported.
Storm Hazard Mitigation Structures

Hard structures have long been the method of shore protection from coastal storms. In this chapter, we first introduce the design criteria, design philosophy, and design constraints. Both armored shorelines (seawalls, dikes, revetments, etc.) and stabilized shorelines (headland breakwaters, near-shore breakwaters, groins, etc.), are possible alternatives. However, stabilized shorelines coupled with beach nourishment (Chap. 29) have become the preferred choice for many reasons at many locations. Rubble-mound (rock) structures and monolithic (concrete) structures are the most common types. Their functional design (wave run-up, overtopping, plan form layout, etc.) and structural stability (armor layer, sliding, overturning, etc.) are the focus of this chapter summarizing the latest and most trusted probabilistic design methods employed in the United States, Europe, and Japan. There exists a very large literature on these topics. Design practice details are quite extensive; we include website links to major reference sites, and a responsible engineer must consult these references for all the details.
Static-field–enhanced second-harmonic generation from epitaxial gallium nitride

Second-harmonic (SH) generation has been used to probe the effects of a static electric (dc) field on the optical nonlinearities in epitaxial GaN, a wide-band-gap III-V semiconductor. Investigations were performed at SH photon energies near the absorption edge (Egap = 3.4 eV) with a dc-field amplitude in the GaN sample of the order of 104 to 105 V/cm. Under these conditions, the reflected SH intensity exhibited a significant increase relative to the nonlinear response at the zero-static-field condition at SH photon energies above the band gap. These nonlinear results, coupled with complementary linear electroreflectance data, suggest a χ(3) contribution to the nonlinear polarization at 2ω as the primary enhancement mechanism.
Selenoprotein M: Structure, Expression and Functional Relevance

Selenoprotein M (SELM) is an ER-resident thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that is highly expressed in the brain and bestows neuroprotective properties. Its active site consists of a selenocysteine-containing thioredoxin-like domain that is postulated to mediate thiol-disulfide exchange. Studies performed in cell culture indicate that SELM promotes intracellular calcium homeostasis and protects against oxidative stress. Additionally, Selm knockout mice display increased body weight, elevated white adipose tissue levels, and reduced hypothalamic leptin sensitivity relative to wild type counterparts, suggesting that SELM supports normal energy homeostasis. Finally, in the context of human disease, altered levels of SELM expression have been linked to both familial early onset of Alzheimer’s disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes our current understanding of SELM with respect to structure, expression, and functional relevance.
Thawing seasonal ground ice: an important water source for boreal forest plants in Interior Alaska

Little is known about the ecological impacts of permafrost degradation on water fluxes in boreal ecosystems, such as those in Interior Alaska. Low plant water stress suggests a reliance on a diversity of water sources. In addition to rainfall, we hypothesize that deep soil water derived from thawing seasonal ground ice (TSGI) supports plants during dry periods. We analyzed water stable isotopes from soils, plants, ice, and rain collected from stable and unstable permafrost sites. We found that TSGI provides a background water source for plants during wet years (at least 10–20%) and a stable source during dry years (at least 30–50%) and early in the growing season (60–80% in wet and dry years). Plant water uptake patterns “track” the soil thawing front, using deep and shallow layers in wet years and deep layers during dry years. This plasticity allows boreal plants to cope with seasonal drought and exploit available water sources. The availability of TGSI depends on the amount of rainfall the prior year and on permafrost stability. Thawing permafrost may reduce the buffering capacity of TGSI due to less seasonal ice from greater drainage and/or a deeper active layer. This study demonstrates the importance of two buffering mechanisms for plants to cope with rainfall variability within boreal forest underlain by permafrost—availability of TSGI and plasticity in water uptake patterns. We suggest that plant utilization of stored water may be why evapotranspiration in northern latitudes can exceed growing season precipitation.
Electro-hydraulic steering systems for light commercial vehicles

In 2007 the average CO2 emission of light commercial vehicles was approximately 203 grams per kilometer. As part of its overall European strategy, the EU environment commission is planning to drastically reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from delivery vans, mini busses and trucks. Targets of 175 g in 2014 - decreasing to 135 g in 2020 could also mean additional costs of several thousand Euros per vehicle. TRW’s high performance electro-hydraulic steering systems are able to make a cost effective value contribution to achieve the overall target of reduced CO2 emissions.
Generalized Bounded Rationality and Robust Multicommodity Network Design

Often, network users are not perfectly rational, especially when they are satisficing—rather than optimizing—decision makers and each individual’s perception of the decision environment reflects personal preferences or perception errors due to lack of information. While the assumption of satisficing drivers has been used in modeling route choice behavior, this research uses a link-based perception error model to describe driver’s uncertain behavior, without assuming stochasticity. In congestion-free networks, we show that the perception error model is more general than the existing bounded rationality models with satisficing drivers with special cases when the two approaches yield the same results; that is, satisficing under accurate perception is equivalent to optimizing under inaccurate perception. This motivates us to define generalized bounded rationality in route choice behavior modeling. The proposed modeling framework is general enough to capture link-specific cost-perception of drivers. We use a M...
Revisiting The Widget Effect: Teacher Evaluation Reforms and the Distribution of Teacher Effectiveness:

In 2009, the New Teacher Project’s The Widget Effect documented the failure of U.S. public school districts to recognize and act on differences in teacher effectiveness. We revisit these findings b...
Cooperative state estimation of multi-agent systems subject to bounded external disturbances

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of cooperative state estimation of general linear multi-agent systems subject to heterogeneous bounded external disturbances. This problem specifies the ob...
A Critique of Aviation Management Programs

Periodic critique is a characteristic of successful organizations. This article uses the concepts of critical management research to describe and critique all University Aviation (UAA) Association aviation management bachelor degree programs. Narrative and tabular description is provided of the location, title, department administrative location in the university, mission and courses offered by UAA member schools. A brief history of the introduction and purpose of aviation management is offered. Critique is made regarding the lack of a clear definition of “aviation management,” and that the technological attraction of aviation flight education may overshadow the role of aviation management education. Specific recommendations are made to improve the current state of aviation management programs.
Autonomy enhances running efficiency

Performer autonomy has been shown to contribute to effective motor performance and learning. Autonomy support is therefore a key factor in the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf, G., & Lewthwai...
Sex Difference in Celiac Disease in Undiagnosed Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background & Aims A higher proportion of female vs male patients receive a diagnosis of celiac disease. Little is known about sex-based differences in the prevalence of celiac disease in undiagnosed populations. We aimed to address this knowledge gap with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases through 2017 for studies of screen-detected or undiagnosed celiac disease. Our final analysis included studies that included screening and confirmatory tests (either second serologic analysis or a small intestine biopsy) and provided information on the sex of participants. Studies were excluded if they were performed with specific, high-risk, or referral populations. The primary outcome was the percentage of undetected celiac disease among female and male patients. Results We identified 4070 articles and analyzed data from 87. Our meta-analysis comprised data from 291,969 study participants. The pooled prevalence of undetected celiac disease in female participants was 0.589% (95% CI, 0.549%–0.629%) and in male participants was 0.415% (95% CI, 0.343%–0.487%). The risk of undetected celiac disease was higher among female than male participants (relative risk [RR], 1.42; 95% CI, 1.27–1.57; P Conclusions In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we found a higher risk for celiac disease in women than men in an undiagnosed populations (identified through general population screening). The increased risk for celiac disease among girls and women should be considered for screening, diagnosis, and management strategies.
Superficial versus deep lymph node dissection in early stage vulvar carcinoma

Our primary objective was to evaluate the difference in overall survival, recurrence rate, and post-operative morbidity related to superficial versus deep inguinal lymphadenectomy in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
Comparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD

Abstract Response to psychological stress can vary based on the extent to which the context is perceived as stressful, especially under different social conditions. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare physiological stress (cortisol) and regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) of 10–12 year old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 31) or typical development (TD, n = 25) when exposed to two social stress protocols. The extent to which perceived emotion (affect recognition) and anxiety (state and trait) mediate the stress response was also explored. Results revealed different patterns of stress responses dependent on the type of stressor. During a friendly social interaction, both groups generally showed an adaptive, synergistic response between cortisol and RSA. In response to social evaluation, however, the ASD group did not show correlating responses between physiological systems, which was likely due to a blunted stress response to the social evaluative stressor. The ability to recognize neutral faces mediated the relationship between diagnostic group and physiological response to social evaluation, indicating that perception of threat is essential to triggering a stress response. The current study emphasizes the need to consider the important role of social context, social perception, and perceived anxiety when examining social interaction and stress.