cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Genetic Basis of Rapidly Evolving Male Genital Morphology in Drosophila

The external genitalia are some of the most rapidly evolving morphological structures in insects. The posterior lobe of the male genital arch shows striking differences in both size and shape among closely related species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Here, we dissect the genetic basis of posterior lobe morphology between D. mauritiana and D. sechellia, two island endemic species that last shared a common ancestor ∼300,000 years ago. We test a large collection of genome-wide homozygous D. mauritiana genetic introgressions, which collectively cover ∼50% of the genome, for their morphological effects when placed in a D. sechellia genetic background. We find several introgressions that have large effects on posterior lobe morphology and that posterior lobe size and posterior lobe shape can be separated genetically for some of the loci that specify morphology. Using next generation sequencing technology, we perform whole transcriptome gene expression analyses of the larval genital imaginal disc of D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, and two D. mauritiana–D. sechellia hybrid introgression genotypes that each have large effects on either posterior lobe size or posterior lobe shape. Many of the genes we identify as differentially expressed are expressed at levels similar to D. mauritiana in one introgression hybrid, but are expressed at levels similar to D. sechellia in the other introgression hybrid. However, we also find that both introgression hybrids express some of the same genes at levels similar to D. mauritiana, and notably, that both introgression hybrids possess genes in the insulin receptor signaling pathway, which are expressed at D. mauritiana expression levels. These results suggest the possibility that the insulin signaling pathway might integrate size and shape genetic inputs to establish differences in overall posterior lobe morphology between D. mauritiana and D. sechellia.
Block‐iterative algorithms

The recently presented sequential unconstrained minimization algorithm, SUMMA, is extended to provide a framework for the derivation of block-iterative, or partial-gradient, optimization methods. This block-iterative SUMMA (BI-SUMMA) includes, and is motivated by, block-iterative versions of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and its multiplicative variant, the MART. The BI-SUMMA approach is designed to provide computationally tractable and quickly convergent algorithms. The rescaled block-iterative expectation maximization maximum likelihood method (RBI-EMML) is closely related to the RBI-MART, but is not a particular case of BI-SUMMA.
Local starbursts seen when the Universe was 2-4 Gyr old

We explore the multiwavelength properties of three nearby starburst galaxies: NGC 3079, NGC 7673, and Mrk 08. We established that each of these galaxies has similar rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) morphologies as Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 1.5 and 4, when the age of the Universe was ~ 4.3 and ~ 1.6 Gyr, respectively. LBGs are at an important stage in galaxy evolution when the Universe had a peak in the star-formation-rate density. Many LBGs are primarily composed of star-forming clumps, i.e., stellar clusters, with a significant lack of older stellar populations. Here, we present the comparison of the spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) of three nearby starburst galaxies with those of typical LBGs. From our nearby sample, each object has been artificially redshifted to observe what the galaxies would look like at z ~ 1 to 4 in the rest-frame FUV. NGC 3079 is an edge-on Seyfert 2 galaxy. It has a bright bulge and is interacting with two other galaxies, with extended H i only along NGC 3079. The redshifting process changes its appearance, so that at high z it looks like a chain galaxy with multiple knots of star formation and no bulge. NGC 7673 has extended H i and the star formation is mostly within the inner optical region in the multiple star-forming clumps defining the galaxy morphology. In the FUV, the galaxy looks highly compact with little detail resolved. As it is artificially redshifted, the galaxy continues to look more spherical. Mrk 8 is a merging pair, with the two galaxies observable in the visible spectrum. It is classified as a Wolf–Rayet galaxy, which suggests a very young burst, and is composed of several large star-forming regions. The FUV image does not resolve the separate galaxies, and the appearance remains similar for each redshift. We use the Gini coefficient, M 20 , and the Sersic index to quantify the morphologies. The SEDs of the objects have similarities with LBG stellar population models. Because these local galaxies can be studied in more detail, they act as a bridge between nearby observations of starburst galaxies and high- z starburst galaxies such as LBGs.
Boosting data throughput for sequence database similarity searches on FPGAs using an adaptive buffering scheme

Searching on DNA and protein databases using sequence comparison algorithms has become one of the most powerful techniques to better understand the functionality of particular biological sequences. However, the requirements to process the biological data exceed the ability of general-purpose processors. FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) connected to server processors have been used to accelerate similarity searches. However, reconfigurable computing platforms have utilized an external I/O bus as the communications channel, limiting the communication speed between the host processor and the FPGA. This communication bottleneck often offsets the application speedup enabled by FPGAs. In this paper we present an adaptive data prefetching scheme to avoid reconfigurable processing coprocessor stalls due to data unavailability through profiling methodologies and quantitative analysis. Experimental results on various query sequences show that the proposed scheme can effectively eliminate a major portion of the data access penalty, increase throughput of the FPGA implementation by up to 42%, and achieve a speedup of 110 for affine gap penalties over a standard PC implementation.
The Bosniak Renal Cyst Classification: 25 Years Later

In the past 25 years, there have been continuous advances in the diagnosis of disease throughout the body owing to the introduction of new technology and the experience gained with its use. However, the imaging and evaluation of complicated cystic lesions of the kidneys frequently remains a difficult problem. The classification of renal cystic lesions suggested 25 years ago, now referred to as the Bosniak renal cyst classification, remains pertinent to the diagnosis and management of these difficult-to-diagnose complicated cystic masses.
Clinician Ratings of Client Progress in a Therapeutic Community Treatment Setting: Do Ratings Predict Outcomes?

Many discretionary decisions made by criminal justice practitioners are partly influenced by progress reports submitted by treatment providers, however little research has examined how clinician ratings of treatment progress relate to subsequent success in the community. This study examined whether ratings completed by clinicians on a large sample of probationers (N ¼419) enrolled in a therapeutic community were predictive of reincarceration post-treatment. The measurement characteristics and the factor structure of the assessment tool were also of interest. Results showed a clear four-factor solution with no significant relationship between the derived factors and reincarceration. Implications for policy and practice are incorporated.
Context-based graphical modeling for wavelet domain signal processing

Wavelet-domain hidden Markov tree (HMT) modeling provides a powerful approach to capture the underlying statistics of the wavelet coefficients. We develop a mutual information-based information-theoretic approach to quantify the interactions between the wavelet coefficients within a wavelet tree. This graphical method enables the design of a context-specific hidden Markov tree (HMT) by adding or deleting links from the traditional tree structure. The performance of the model is demonstrated on segmenting two-dimensional synthetic textures having intricate substructures, although the method can be used for signals of arbitrary dimensions.
Regulation of positive and negative emotion: Effects of sociocultural context

Previous research has demonstrated that the use of emotion regulation strategies can vary by sociocultural context. In a previous study, we reported changes in the use of two different emotion regulation strategies at an annual alternative cultural event, Burning Man (McRae, Heller, John, & Gross, 2011). In this sociocultural context, as compared to home, participants reported less use of expressive suppression (a strategy generally associated with maladaptive outcomes), and greater use of cognitive reappraisal (a strategy associated with adaptive outcomes). What remained unclear was whether these changes in self-reported emotion regulation strategy use were characterized by changes in the regulation of positive emotion, negative emotion, or both. We addressed this issue in the current study by asking Burning Man participants separate questions about positive and negative emotion. Using multiple datasets, we not only replicated our previous findings, but also found that the decreased use of suppression is primarily driven by reports of decreased suppression of positive emotion at Burning Man. By contrast, the reported increased use of reappraisal is not characterized by differential reappraisal of positive and negative emotion at Burning Man. Moreover, we observed novel individual differences in the magnitude of these effects. The contextual changes in self-reported suppression that we report are strongest for men and younger participants. For those who had previously attended Burning Man, we observed lower levels of self-reported suppression in both sociocultural contexts: Burning Man and home. These findings have implications for understanding the ways in which certain sociocultural contexts may decrease suppression, and possibly minimize its associated maladaptive effects.
Clustering time: applying Bayesian mixture models to estimate temporally heterogeneous eects in longitudinal analysis

The presence of temporally heterogeneous effects is prevalent in longitudinal (panel) analysis in the social sciences. The effects of predictors on outcomes of interest may vary across time, often following complex patterns. Though unit heterogeneity is more commonly addressed in quantitative studies using longitudinal data, a growing body of literature has begun to directly model the presence of time-varying effects using methods such as time fixed-effects, time interactions, unstructured time models, structural break models, and dynamic linear models. This study considers an alternative approach that allows researchers to answer questions regarding (1) temporally heterogeneous effects and (2) how these effects are clustered over time. Using the debate surrounding the presence of a resource curse (Ross 2012) as an example, we apply a Bayesian mixture modeling (BMM) framework to address time-varying effects of oil wealth on democratic governance. Results indicate that the BMM approach provides evidence for the presence of a resource curse for the periods 1960-1987 and 1995-2003, with null effects in the 1987-1990 period and positive effects in the 1991-1994 era. The advantage to the BMM framework, we argue, is the lack of \textit{ad hoc} temporal modeling which can often lead to high model dependence; instead by using a data-based approach to temporal clustering, we flexibly allow for hypotheses of theoretical interest to be tested against the data rather than be assumed by the model.
Seasonal effects of zebra mussels on littoral nitrogen transformation rates in Gull Lake, Michigan, U.S.A.

Summary 1 Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are successful colonisers of lake littoral habitats and they interact strongly with littoral benthos. Previous research suggests that localised areas colonised by zebra mussels may be hotspots of nitrogen (N) cycling. 2 The effects of zebra mussels on nitrification and denitrification rates were examined approximately every other month for 1 year in Gull Lake, Michigan, U.S.A. Littoral sediment was collected from an area free of zebra mussels and distributed into shallow trays; rocks colonised with zebra mussels were placed in half of the trays, while uncolonised rocks were placed in the remaining trays. After an incubation period of 6–8 weeks in the lake, sediment and zebra mussels were collected from the trays, replaced with new sediment and zebra mussels, and placed in the lake for the next interval. In the laboratory, sediment nitrification and denitrification rates were measured for each tray. 3 Sediment nitrification rates did not increase in the presence of zebra mussels; instead nitrification rates were sensitive to changes in water temperature and increased with increasing exchangeable sediment ammonium. In contrast, denitrification rates increased in sediment trays with zebra mussels in the winter when nitrate (NO3−) availability was high and when Chara did not grow in the trays. 4 Sediment denitrification was NO3−-limited in all seasons, regardless of zebra mussel treatment. However, sediment in the presence of zebra mussels responded less to NO3− addition, suggesting that NO3− limitation of denitrification can be reduced by zebra mussel activity. Zebra mussels have a seasonally variable impact on sediment denitrification rates, and this may translate into altered seasonal patterns of N cycling in localised areas of lakes where they are particularly abundant.
Molecular Mechanisms of Proline-Mediated Tolerance to Toxic Heavy Metals in Transgenic Microalgae

Pro has been shown to play an important role in ameliorating environmental stress in plants and microorganisms, including heavy metal stress. Here, we describe the effects of the expression of a mothbean delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that transgenic algae expressing the mothbean P5CS gene have 80% higher free-Pro levels than wild-type cells, grow more rapidly in toxic Cd concentrations (100 microM), and bind fourfold more Cd than wild-type cells. In addition, Cd-K edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies indicated that Cd does not bind to free Pro in transgenic algae with increased Pro levels but is coordinated tetrahedrally by sulfur of phytochelatin. In contrast to P5CS-expressing cells, Cd is coordinated tetrahedrally by two oxygen and two sulfur atoms in wild-type cells. Measurements of reduced/oxidized GSH ratios and analyses of levels of malondialdehyde, a product of the free radical damage of lipids, indicate that free Pro levels are correlated with the GSH redox state and malondialdehyde levels in heavy metal-treated algae. These results suggest that the free Pro likely acts as an antioxidant in Cd-stressed cells. The resulting increased GSH levels facilitate increased phytochelatin synthesis and sequestration of Cd, because GSH-heavy metal adducts are the substrates for phytochelatin synthase.
An Autonomous Mobile Robotic System for Surveillance of Indoor Environments

The development of intelligent surveillance systems is an active research area. In this context, mobile and multi-functional robots are generally adopted as means to reduce the environment structuring and the number of devices needed to cover a given area. Nevertheless, the number of different sensors mounted on the robot, and the number of complex tasks related to exploration, monitoring, and surveillance make the design of the overall system extremely challenging. In this paper, we present our autonomous mobile robot for surveillance of indoor environments. We propose a system able to handle autonomously general-purpose tasks and complex surveillance issues simultaneously. It is shown that the proposed robotic surveillance scheme successfully addresses a number of basic problems related to environment mapping, localization and autonomous navigation, as well as surveillance tasks, like scene processing to detect abandoned or removed objects and people detection and following. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated through experimental tests using a multisensor platform equipped with a monocular camera, a laser scanner, and an RFID device. Real world applications of the proposed system include surveillance of wide areas (e.g. airports and museums) and buildings, and monitoring of
Expression of Galpha14 in Sweet-Transducing Taste Cells of the Posterior Tongue

Background "Type II"/Receptor cells express G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for sweet, umami (T1Rs and mGluRs) or bitter (T2Rs), as well as the proteins for downstream signalling cascades. Transduction downstream of T1Rs and T2Rs relies on G-protein and PLCβ2-mediated release of stored Ca2+. Whereas Gαgus (gustducin) couples to the T2R (bitter) receptors, which Gα-subunit couples to the sweet (T1R2 + T1R3) receptor is presently not known. We utilized RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and single-cell gene expression profiling to examine the expression of the Gαq family (q, 11, 14) in mouse taste buds.
Did the Media Matter? Agenda-Setting, Persuasion, and Mobilization Effects in the British General Election Campaign

Did campaign communications contribute towards changes in voter preferences in the 2005 UK general election through priming, persuasion and mobilization effects? And, if so, which communication channel proved most influential? To examine this topic, Part I summarizes the literature on the impact of campaign communications and develops the theoretical framework. Part II discusses the data and indicators, drawing upon the 2005 pre–post campaign British Election Study (NatCen) to compare the impact of exposure to mass media channels (newspapers and party political broadcasts on television), people-intensive channels (the effects of local party contact activity) and new technology channels (campaign information available on the Internet). Part III analyses the results, focusing upon pre–post campaign changes in issue salience, perceptions of government competence, and voter participation among those using these different communication channels. In Part IV the conclusion summarizes the main findings and considers their implications.
GO-Module

Summary:GO-Module is a web-accessible synthesis and visualization tool developed for end-user biologists to greatly simplify the interpretation of prioritized Gene Ontology (GO) terms. GO-Module radically reduces the complexity of raw GO results into compact biomodules in two distinct ways, by (i) constructing biomodules from significant GO terms based on hierarchical knowledge, and (ii) refining the GO terms in each biomodule to contain only true positive results. Altogether, the features (biomodules) of GO-Module outputs are better organized and on average four times smaller than the input GO terms list (P = 0.0005, n = 16). Availability: http://lussierlab.org/GO-Module Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVI. Current Progress in the Mammalian TRP Ion Channel Family

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of ion channel proteins, surpassed in number in mammals only by voltage-gated potassium channels. TRP channels are activated and regulated through strikingly diverse mechanisms, making them suitable candidates for cellular sensors. They respond to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, osmolarity, pheromones, taste, and plant compounds, and intracellular stimuli such as Ca2+ and phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathways. However, it is still largely unknown how TRP channels are activated in vivo. Despite the uncertainties, emerging evidence using TRP channel knockout mice indicates that these channels have broad function in physiology. Here we review the recent progress on the physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiological function of mammalian TRP channels.
How to play the Majority game with a liar

The Majority game is played by a questioner (Q) and an answerer (A). A holds n elements, each of which can be labeled as 0 or 1. Q is trying to identify some element A holds as having the Majority label or, in the case of a tie, claim there is none. To do this Q asks questions comparing whether two elements have the same or different label. Q's goal is to ask as few questions as possible while A's goal is to delay Q as much as possible. Let q^* denote the minimal number of questions needed for Q to identify a Majority element regardless of A's answers. In this paper we investigate upper and lower bounds for q^* in a variation of the Majority game, where A is allowed to lie up to t times. We consider two versions of the game, the adaptive (where questions are asked sequentially) and the oblivious (where questions are asked in one batch).
Zing'Em: a Web-based Likert-scale Student-Team Peer Evaluation Tool

We describe the design and implementation of a peer evaluation system named Zing'Em, in use for 3 years and over 60 course sections. Zing'Em supports Likert-scale items, is easy for professors to set up, simple for students to use and provides analyses of teams for the professor to use in grading and possible interventions. This paper documents the design goals, implementation tradeoffs and experience of users. We critique the system and suggest improvements for future work.
Quantifying environmental factors: a measure of physical, attitudinal, service, productivity, and policy barriers.

Abstract Objective To develop and test a new instrument to assess environmental barriers encountered by people with and without disabilities by using a questionnaire format. Design New instrument development. Setting A rehabilitation hospital and community. Participants Two convenience samples: (1) 97 subjects, 50 with disabilities and 47 without disability, and (2) 409 subjects with disabilities from spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, amputation, or auditory or visual impairments. In addition, a population-based sample in Colorado of 2269 people (mean age, 44y; 57% men) with and without disabilities. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Item development; factor structure; test-retest, subject-proxy and internal consistency reliability; content, construct, and discriminant validity; and subscale and abbreviated version development. Results Panels of experts on disability developed items for the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF). The instrument measured the frequency and magnitude of environmental barriers reported by individuals. Five subscales were derived from factor analysis measuring (1) attitudes and support, (2) services and assistance, (3) physical and structural, (4) policy, and (5) work and school environmental barriers. The CHIEF total score had high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=.93) and high internal consistency (Cronbach α=.93), but lower participant-proxy agreement (ICC=.62). Significant differences were found in CHIEF scores among groups of people with known differences in disability levels and disability categories. Conclusions The CHIEF has good test-retest and internal consistency reliability with evidence of content, construct, and discriminant validity resulting from its development strategy and psychometric assessments in samples of the general population and among people with a variety of disabilities.
Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels

The aqueous polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde proceeds through a sol-gel transition and results in the formation of highly crosslinked, transparent gels. If the solvent is simply evaporated from the pores of these gels, large capillary forces are exerted and a collapsed structure known as a xerogel is formed. In order to preserve the gel skeleton and minimize shrinkage, the aforementioned solvent or its substitute must be removed under supercritical conditions. The microporous material that results from this operation is known as an aerogel. p]Because resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels and xerogels consist of a highly crosslinked aromatic polymer, they can be pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere to form vitreous carbon monoliths. The resultant porous materials are black in color and no longer transparent, yet they retain the ultrafine cell size (< 50 nm), high surface area (600-800 m2 /g), and the interconnected particle morphology of their organic precursors. The thermal, acoustic, mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon aerogels/xerogels primarily depend upon polymerization conditions and pyrolysis temperature. In this paper, the chemistry-structure-property relationships of these unique materials will be discussed in detail.
Dynamic pricing and inventory control with learning

Optimal operating policies and corresponding managerial insight are developed for the decision problem of coordinating supply and demand when (i) both supply and demand can be influenced by the decision maker and (ii) learning is pursued. In particular, we determine optimal stocking and pricing policies over time when a given market parameter of the demand process, though fixed, initially is unknown. Because of the initially unknown market parameter, the decision maker begins the problem horizon with a subjective probability distribution associated with demand. Learning occurs as the firm monitors the market's response to its decisions and then updates its characterization of the demand function. Of primary interest is the effect of censored data since a firm's observations often are restricted to sales. We find that the first-period optimal selling price increases with the length of the problem horizon. However, for a given problem horizon, prices can rise or fall over time, depending on how the scale parameter influences demand. Further results include the characterization of the optimal stocking quantity decision and a computationally viable algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 303–325, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10013
Hierarchical Sequential Learning for Extracting Opinions and Their Attributes

Automatic opinion recognition involves a number of related tasks, such as identifying the boundaries of opinion expression, determining their polarity, and determining their intensity. Although much progress has been made in this area, existing research typically treats each of the above tasks in isolation. In this paper, we apply a hierarchical parameter sharing technique using Conditional Random Fields for fine-grained opinion analysis, jointly detecting the boundaries of opinion expressions as well as determining two of their key attributes --- polarity and intensity. Our experimental results show that our proposed approach improves the performance over a baseline that does not exploit hierarchical structure among the classes. In addition, we find that the joint approach outperforms a baseline that is based on cascading two separate components.
Administration of antiretroviral medication via enteral tubes

Purpose Case reports and other published or manufacturer-provided data on the administration of antiretroviral agents through enteral feeding tubes are reviewed. Summary There is very limited published evidence to guide clinicians in the delivery of therapies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by feeding tubes, especially crushed tablets and capsule contents. A search of the primary literature (through February 2012) identified a total of nine articles describing the delivery of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) agents via gastrostomy (G), jejunostomy, and other feeding tubes; correspondence with pharmaceutical manufacturers yielded additional information. Most of the published evidence (from two prospective studies, one retrospective study, and six case reports) pertains to the treatment of HIV-infected children (33 of 40 cases). Although not a primary endpoint of any of the reviewed studies, viral suppression was documented in 29 of the 40 patients referenced in the reviewed articles. Manufacturer-provided information indicates that crushed darunavir tablets in suspension, as well as oral solutions of ritonavir and lopinavir–ritonavir, can be administered through G-tubes without significant loss of therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion Data regarding enteral feeding tube administration are available for 63% of commercially available oral HAART agents and are primarily limited to case reports specific to the pediatric population.
Neurophysiological Pathways to Obesity: Below Awareness and Beyond Individual Control

A global obesity epidemic is occurring simultaneously with ongoing increases in the availability and salience of food in the environment. Obesity is increasing across all socioeconomic groups and educational levels and occurs even among individuals with the highest levels of education and expertise in nutrition and related fields. Given these circumstances, it is plausible that excessive food consumption occurs in ways that defy personal insight or are below individual awareness. The current food environment stimulates automatic reflexive responses that enhance the desire to eat and increase caloric intake, making it exceedingly difficult for individuals to resist, especially because they may not be aware of these influences. This article identifies 10 neurophysiological pathways that can lead people to make food choices subconsciously or, in some cases, automatically. These pathways include reflexive and uncontrollable neurohormonal responses to food images, cues, and smells; mirror neurons that cause people to imitate the eating behavior of others without awareness; and limited cognitive capacity to make informed decisions about food. Given that people have limited ability to shape the food environment individually and no ability to control automatic responses to food-related cues that are unconsciously perceived, it is incumbent upon society as a whole to regulate the food environment, including the number and types of food-related cues, portion sizes, food availability, and food advertising.
Case 23: Airway Leak in a Prone Patient

A 16-year-old boy (200 lb) is scheduled to donate his bone marrow under general anesthesia. The history of the donor is unremarkable except for his obesity. The patient has had no previous anesthesia/surgery, and his family history is negative for anesthesia-related complications. The patient is taking no medication and has no drug allergies. He is classified as an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II (ASA 2) with a class 2 airway. A 20-gauge intravenous (IV) line is placed in his left hand, and midazolam (2 mg) is given by IV in the preoperative holding area with good effect. In the operating room, after standard monitoring is placed (pulse oximetry, Dinamap, and a five-lead electrocardiogram [ECG]), he is anesthetized in a routine manner using fentanyl, thiopental, and vecuronium. Mask ventilation is found to be more difficult than was anticipated. However, when one person applies jaw thrust and another ventilates the lungs with the collapsible bag, the chest is seen to rise and the capnograph shows end-tidal CO2. Seven minutes after the vecuronium is administered, on the third attempt, the endotracheal intubation is successful. After the airway is secured, the patient is turned prone for the surgery. Mechanical ventilation is instituted but an air hissing sound is heard stemming from the mouth. You check the pilot tubing, which seems in order. You put more air into the pilot tubing balloon, but the air leak does not go away. On auscultation, there is bilateral equal air entry. The patient’s vital signs remain stable with the oxygen saturation at 100 %. The peak airway pressure is 36 cm H2O. The air leak can still be heard 5 min after the patient is turned prone and does not seem to diminish. The leak is heard only on inspiration and not on expiration.
Beyond "Cain v. Horne": Comment on Tim Keller's "The National Implications of 'Cain v. Horne'".

This commentary is in response to Tim Keller's article “The National Implications of Cain v. Horne.” In his analysis, Keller asserts that the Arizona Supreme Court wrongfully struck down a voucher program for students with special needs by characterizing the voucher as aid to schools rather than aid to students. In this response to Keller, I discuss why his assessment is incorrect. I also address the broader issue of a child's rights according to the Individuals with Disabilities Act and how those rights are essentially lost when parents choose a private school for their children, a result states should not facilitate with public money in the form of a voucher.
Clark’s Nutcracker Breeding Season Space Use and Foraging Behavior

Considering the entire life history of a species is fundamental to developing effective conservation strategies. Decreasing populations of five-needle white pines may be leading to the decline of Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). These birds are important seed dispersers for at least ten conifer species in the western U.S., including whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an obligate mutualist of Clark’s nutcrackers. For effective conservation of both Clark’s nutcrackers and whitebark pine, it is essential to ensure stability of Clark’s nutcracker populations. My objectives were to examine Clark’s nutcracker breeding season home range size, territoriality, habitat selection, and foraging behavior in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, a region where whitebark pine is declining. I radio-tracked Clark’s nutcrackers in 2011, a population-wide nonbreeding year following a low whitebark pine cone crop, and 2012, a breeding year following a high cone crop. Results suggest Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) communities are important habitat for Clark’s nutcrackers because they selected it for home ranges. In contrast, they did not select whitebark pine habitat. However, Clark’s nutcrackers did adjust their use of whitebark pine habitat between years, suggesting that, in some springs, whitebark pine habitat may be used more than previously expected. Newly extracted Douglas-fir seeds were an important food source both years. On the other hand, cached seeds made up a relatively lower proportion of the diet in 2011, suggesting cached seeds are not a reliable spring food source. Land managers focus on restoring whitebark pine habitat with the assumption that Clark’s nutcrackers will be available to continue seed dispersal. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Clark’s nutcracker populations may be more likely to be retained year-round when whitebark pine restoration efforts are located adjacent to Douglas-fir habitat. By extrapolation, whitebark pine restoration efforts in other regions may consider prioritizing restoration of whitebark pine stands near alternative seed sources.
Modeling the Diffusion to Kinetically Controlled Burning Transition of Micron-Sized Aluminum Particles

Aluminum particle burn rates are known to be a strong function of particle size as the mode of burning transitions from diffusion to kinetically controlled. To better understand the rate dependent diffusion and kinetic processes, a fully compressible, one-dimensional, spherically symmetric particle burn model is developed. Several cases are studied to explore the burning of aluminum particles in air, carbon-dioxide and steam environments. Predictions of burn rates versus particle size reveal significant deviations from a diffusion controlled burning limit highlighting the importance of accounting for finite-rate chemistry in modeling the burning of sub-micron aluminum particles. While overall agreement to data is satisfactory, the detailed model cannot be directly used in system level tools due to computational cost. A reduced modeling strategies are therefore explored to account for finite-rate chemistry effects in simpler models for use in system level CFD analysis. An augmented D − law where the finite-rate chemistry is treated as a perturbation to flame sheet approximation via augmented burn rate “constants”. Predictions using this approach of deflagration speeds in dusty aluminum-air gases agree well with experiments and show evidence of a maximum flame speed for a given mass loading.
Nanoturf Surfaces for Reduction of Liquid Flow Drag in Microchannels

We report nano-engineered surfaces (NanoTurf), designed to make various micro- and nano-fluidic devices and systems less frictional for liquid flows, and describe microchannels made with such a surface. While our group has reported a dramatic (> 95%) drag reduction of discrete droplets flowing in a space between two parallel-plates covered with “random” nano-posts created by the “black silicon method” [1], this paper describes various nanofabrication techniques, including those capable of “designing” nanostructures with not only a good control of pattern sizes and periods but also practical manufacturability to be embedded in various micro- and nano-fluidic devices and systems. Microchannels are developed using the designed nanostructure surfaces and used for continuous flow tests.© 2004 ASME
Molecular weight of rubber contained in guayule Bark, wood, and whole stem

Abstract Guayule bark not only produces most of the plant's rubber, its rubber Mw and Mn are also significantly higher than those of the wood. Further studies are expected to throw light on the mechanisms that control the production of different-sized polymers in different guayule tissues. This investigation shows that every guayule genotype may yield rubbers with three different molecular weights. Based on needs of the industry, whole guayule shrub, its bark, or its wood may be processed for rubber extraction. Since, depending on genotypes, 70 to 85% of the rubber is in the bark, and since bark rubber has the highest molecular weight, the possibility of processing only bark needs serious considerations as new cultivars with increased rubber yield become available. Based on the observed variation of molecular weight relative to the tissues used, the genotype, and the age of the plant, it is critical to develop standardized procedures for molecular-weight determination so that molecular-weight values, obta...
A Clinically Derived Test for Measuring Psychological Security-Insecurity

(1945). A Clinically Derived Test for Measuring Psychological Security-Insecurity. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 21-41.
Anesthesia for diagnostic procedures.

Anesthetists and other providers are seeing an increased demand for sedation or anesthesia for challenging patients undergoing diagnostic procedures. Regardless of the specialty of the provider, proper attention must be paid to patient evaluation, monitoring, and drug dosage. The present review summ
Intestinal transport of insulin-like growth factor-I (igf-I) in the suckling rat.

ABSTRACTObjectivesInsulin-Like Growth Factor-1 is a potent growth-promoting peptide that is present in mammalian milk. Previous studies have suggested that milk-borne IGF-1 may be absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract of the suckling but the mechanism responsible for such transport is not
Zinc metabolism and metallothionein expression in bone marrow during erythropoiesis

Zinc metabolism and metallothionein induction in rat bone marrow were investigated during induced erythropoiesis. Redistribution of body zinc was measured with 65Zn after acute blood loss in rats fed zinc-restricted or zinc-adequate diets. Uptake of 65Zn by bone marrow was related to time after blood loss, metallothionein induction, and dietary zinc status. Increased 65Zn uptake by marrow of zinc-restricted rats suggests a minimal amount of zinc is necessary to support expansion of the erythrocytic compartment. Zinc induction of marrow metallothionein also occurred in rats in which anemia was produced using phenylhydrazine. Anemic rats which were administered zinc had higher concentrations of marrow metallothionein compared with control rats. Induction of marrow metallothionein by zinc in nonanemic rats required prior treatment with erythropoietin. Percoll fractionation showed marrow metallothionein was most abundant in erythroblasts. These experiments suggest metallothionein synthesis occurs in erythropoietin-sensitive precursor cells in the marrow in response to increased zinc accessibility.
Effects of Drought Stress Simulated by Polyethlene Glycol on Photosynthetic Characteristics in Low Potassium Tolerant Rice Seedlings

Photosynthetic characteristics were measured and correlation analysis among these characteristics were made in the early indica rice variety,Guibao 8,and its mutant tolerant to low potassium under 20% PEG6000-simulated drought stress.Compared with Guibao 8,the mutant showed higher biomass,potassium content and potassium use efficiency,water potential,photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration.The correlation analysis showed that potassium content,potassium use efficiency were significantly and positively correlated with biomass,water potential,photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration in rice seedlings.
Commentary: Bile Duct Injuries and the Law

This commentary first provides an overview of the chapter by Dr. Stephen Raper related to the “generic” medicolegal aspects associated with a bile duct injury. The rest of the commentary provides the author’s views on how to “avoid” a malpractice claim while providing the “best” of care for the patient who sustains an injury. The commentary also addresses common issues arising during a malpractice trial including providing an understanding of “damages” related to the injury.
GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE CLEMENTINE UVVIS CAMERA USING IMAGES ACQUIRED BY THE LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER

Abstract. The Clementine UVVIS camera returned over half a million images while in orbit around the Moon in 1994. Since the Clementine mission, our knowledge of lunar topography, gravity, and the location of features on the surface has vastly improved with the success of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission and ongoing Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. In particular, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) has returned over a million images of the Moon since entering orbit in 2009. With the aid of improved ephemeris and on-orbit calibration, the LROC team created a series of precise and accurate global maps. With the updated reference frame, older lunar maps, such as those generated from Clementine UVVIS images, are misaligned making cross-mission analysis difficult. In this study, we use feature-based matching routines to refine and recalibrate the interior and exterior orientation parameters of the Clementine UVVIS camera. After applying these updates and rigorous orthorectification, we are able generate precise and accurate maps from UVVIS images to help support lunar science and future cross-mission investigations.
Phosphorylation of the Brome Mosaic Virus Capsid Regulates the Timing of Viral Infection

ABSTRACT The four brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNAs (RNA1 to RNA4) are encapsidated in three distinct virions that have different disassembly rates in infection. The mechanism for the differential release of BMV RNAs from virions is unknown, since 180 copies of the same coat protein (CP) encapsidate each of the BMV genomic RNAs. Using mass spectrometry, we found that the BMV CP contains a complex pattern of posttranslational modifications. Treatment with phosphatase was found to not significantly affect the stability of the virions containing RNA1 but significantly impacted the stability of the virions that encapsidated BMV RNA2 and RNA3/4. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction revealed dramatic structural changes in the capsid and the encapsidated RNA. A phosphomimetic mutation in the flexible N-terminal arm of the CP increased BMV RNA replication and virion production. The degree of phosphorylation modulated the interaction of CP with the encapsidated RNA and the release of three of the BMV RNAs. UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation methods coupled to high-throughput sequencing experiments showed that phosphorylation of the BMV CP can impact binding to RNAs in the virions, including sequences that contain regulatory motifs for BMV RNA gene expression and replication. Phosphatase-treated virions affected the timing of CP expression and viral RNA replication in plants. The degree of phosphorylation decreased when the plant hosts were grown at an elevated temperature. These results show that phosphorylation of the capsid modulates BMV infection. IMPORTANCE How icosahedral viruses regulate the release of viral RNA into the host is not well understood. The selective release of viral RNA can regulate the timing of replication and gene expression. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is an RNA virus, and its three genomic RNAs are encapsidated in separate virions. Through proteomic, structural, and biochemical analyses, this work shows that posttranslational modifications, specifically, phosphorylation, on the capsid protein regulate the capsid-RNA interaction and the stability of the virions and affect viral gene expression. Mutational analysis confirmed that changes in modification affected virion stability and the timing of viral infection. The mechanism for modification of the virion has striking parallels to the mechanism of regulation of chromatin packaging by nucleosomes.
Justification of Political Disobedience

It is of the nature of political activity that men should seek to justify both to themselves and to others what they are doing. In the case of political disobedience the need to justify one’s actions is the more deeply felt since the act of defiance is rarely undertaken lightly. Save in the most exceptional and usually temporary conditions, obedience to authority is the normal response of the great majority; no matter whether it be from fear, habit, apathy, self-interest or positive identification with official goals. Political disobedience is a challenge to the norm of conforming behaviour and its practitioners will find it necessary to take issue with the grounds on which that conformity rests. In a society where men are all agreed on the basic values and beliefs which sustain it, the justification of political disobedience will normally be conducted in terms of such values. The debate is a meaningful one for all involved, narrowed as it is to the interpretation of established doctrine and the assessment of the consequences of its application to the point at issue. In modem societies, however, what we are faced with is widespread disagreement on even the most fundamental principles of political and social behaviour.
Convective and Shear Flow Turbulence with Rotation

As an introduction to this section we present an extension of the discussion of Mory [1] to include a case of more general geophysical significance, where the source of the initial turbulent motion is a natural one rather than the rather artificial case of turbulence generated by an oscillating grid. Firstly we give a somewhat different argument to show the effect of rotation on turbulent fluctuations. Referring to figure 1, consider a typical turbulent eddy of scale, l, (the integral scale) and characteristic velocty, u′, (the rms velocity fluctuation).