cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agent-Based Model Forecasts Aging of the Population of People Who Inject Drugs in Metropolitan Chicago and Changing Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infections.

People who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk for blood-borne pathogens transmitted during the sharing of contaminated injection equipment, particularly hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV prevalence is influenced by a complex interplay of drug-use behaviors, social networks, and geography, as well as the availability of interventions, such as needle exchange programs. To adequately address this complexity in HCV epidemic forecasting, we have developed a computational model, the Agent-based Pathogen Kinetics model (APK). APK simulates the PWID population in metropolitan Chicago, including the social interactions that result in HCV infection. We used multiple empirical data sources on Chicago PWID to build a spatial distribution of an in silico PWID population and modeled networks among the PWID by considering the geography of the city and its suburbs. APK was validated against 2012 empirical data (the latest available) and shown to agree with network and epidemiological surveys to within 1%. For the period 2010–2020, APK forecasts a decline in HCV prevalence of 0.8% per year from 44(±2)% to 36(±5)%, although some sub-populations would continue to have relatively high prevalence, including Non-Hispanic Blacks, 48(±5)%. The rate of decline will be lowest in Non-Hispanic Whites and we find, in a reversal of historical trends, that incidence among non-Hispanic Whites would exceed incidence among Non-Hispanic Blacks (0.66 per 100 per years vs 0.17 per 100 person years). APK also forecasts an increase in PWID mean age from 35(±1) to 40(±2) with a corresponding increase from 59(±2)% to 80(±6)% in the proportion of the population >30 years old. Our studies highlight the importance of analyzing subpopulations in disease predictions, the utility of computer simulation for analyzing demographic and health trends among PWID and serve as a tool for guiding intervention and prevention strategies in Chicago, and other major cities.
Gazetteer-independent toponym resolution using geographic word profiles

Toponym resolution, or grounding names of places to their actual locations, is an important problem in analysis of both historical corpora and present-day news and web content. Recent approaches have shifted from rule-based spatial minimization methods to machine learned classifiers that use features of the text surrounding a toponym. Such methods have been shown to be highly effective, but they crucially rely on gazetteers and are unable to handle unknown place names or locations. We address this limitation by modeling the geographic distributions of words over the earth's surface: we calculate the geographic profile of each word based on local spatial statistics over a set of geo-referenced language models. These geo-profiles can be further refined by combining in-domain data with background statistics from Wikipedia. Our resolver computes the overlap of all geo-profiles in a given text span; without using a gazetteer, it performs on par with existing classifiers. When combined with a gazetteer, it achieves state-of-the-art performance for two standard toponym resolution corpora (TR-CoNLL and Civil War). Furthermore, it dramatically improves recall when toponyms are identified by named entity recognizers, which often (correctly) find non-standard variants of toponyms.
The Amusement Park Theoretical (APT) Model of Creativity.

The question of whether creativity is general or domain-specific is a frequently debated and discussed issue. No theory or model in creativity has attempted to bridge the gap between these differing views of creativity; most theories either implicitly or explicitly take a generalist perspective. The APT model uses the metaphor of an amusement park to explore creativity. There are four stages: Initial requirements, general thematic areas, domains, and micro-domains. This model attempts to integrate both general and domain-specific views of creativity. The first level (initial requirements) is very general, and each subsequent level gets more and more domain-specific. By the final level (micro-domains), the theory is very domain-specific. We also will discuss errors and variations within the model.
Autoenucleation: a case report and literature review.

Objective To inform readers of the psychopathology underlying ocular autoenucleation. Design Case report and literature review. Setting Surgical and psychiatric units of tertiary care medical center. Participants One male adult patient with schizophrenia. Results Clinical results of this patient were resolution of psychotic symptoms with anti-psychotic medication and blindness in patient's left eye. Conclusion This case report is consistent with many cases in the medical and psychiatric literature which demonstrate a psychotic illness underlying acts of autoenucleation. A review of the literature emphasizes the need for aggressive multidisciplinary treatment of the medical emergency and underlying psychiatric condition.
Analysis of Human Motions: A Review

動作分析は理学療法の評価で重要である。しかし、評価法は段階化されておらず、その見方(考え方)を知る必要がある。動作分析を観察により評価するとき、その疾患の臨床的症状を知ることは動作分析をするための参考になるであろう。また、理学療法の評価を実施することで、結果を統合・解釈することで問題点を把握し、動作に影響する原因を考察できるであろう。P.M.Daviesのような先達が動作の見方をどのように治療に結びつけてきたか知ることは大切であリ、また、その他の文献も重要であると考える。研究ではkinematicsな動作分析の文献について記述したが、測定の尺度として統計学的により有用である比率尺度を用いたkineticsな文献についても紹介した。
Seedling leaf structure of New England maples (Acer) in relation to light environment.

Seedling leaves of the genus Acerfrom southern New England were compared in relation to light. The species investigated were red maple (A. rubrum L.), a species tolerant of xeric and hydric sites; silver maple (A. saccharinum L.), a species restricted to riparian sites that are periodically flooded; and sugar maple (A. saccharum Marsh.), a mesic species of lower slopes and valleys. Germinating seedlings of all species were collected and grown within four shade treatments that had contrasting light quantity and quality: (1) approximately 100% of full sunlight, red:far-red ratio = 1.27; (2) 40% of full sunlight, ratio = 0.97; (3) 15% of full sunlight, ratio = 0.85; and (4) 4% of full sunlight, ratio = 0.46. Leaves, cuticles, and epidermal and palisade mesophyll cell layers were all thicker, and stomatal densities were higher for all three species in the full sun treatment. Dimensions of leaf structure (leaf thickness, palisade mesophyll thickness, lower epidermal thickness) were between 25 and 35% smaller for silver maple as compared to the other maples. Silver maple also allocated less biomass to roots (about 15% less) and more to stems. Its thin upper surface cuticle, thin leaves, and large leaf area predispose this species to desiccation. Phenotypic plasticity of leaf anatomical measures was greatest for red maple, suggesting it to be more of a generalist than its congeners. Red maple allocated greater biomass to roots in shade (17% and 27% more than sugar and silver maple respectively), with thicker leaves and cuticle, making it least prone to desiccation. Sugar maple had greater dry mass and total leaf area in the deepest shade than the other maples. Measures of leaf structure can provide useful insights into known ecological affinities of site and shade-tolerance among maples. FoR. Sc. 45(4):512-519.
Chronotropic and inotropic effects of prostaglandins E1, A1, and F2alpha on isolated mammalian cardiac tissue.

SummaryThis study indicates that the chronotropic and inotropic effects of PG on isolated cardiac muscle are species dependent. While a direct chronotropic effect was observed on the atrial tissue of the cat, the PG appear to be devoid of direct chronotropic effects on canine cardiac tissue and of direct inotropic effects in both feline and canine cardiac tissue.
Functionally Graded CVD Mullite Coatings

Functionally graded mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) coatings were deposited on SiC substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) using the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system. It was found that due to preferential adsorption, coatings on SiC started off being Si-rich, while coatings on alumina substrates started out being Al-rich. In either case, if the coating composition was not close to stoichiometric mullite, the microstructure consisted ofg-Al2O3 nanocrystallites imbedded in a vitreous SiO2-rich matrix (nanocrystalline microstructure). On grading the composition, mullite grains nucleated when the composition of the growing nanocrystalline coatings reached a narrow surface composition range of Al/Si molar ratio of 2.9-3.4. Once nucleated, columnar mullite grains could be graded to highly nonstoichiometric Al-rich compositions. However, if the nucleated mullite grains were graded to be Si-rich, the mullite structure could not be sustained, and the coating reverted back to the nanocrystalline microstructure. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of the linkage of coordination polyhedra in the atomic structure of mullite.
Julie A. Ross: In Memoriam (1961–2015)

![Figure][1] With the death of Dr. Julie A. Ross, pediatric cancer epidemiology lost one of its leaders. Julie died of cancer on June 19th at the age of 54. A career-long member of the University of Minnesota faculty, Julie was Professor of Pediatrics and the Suzanne Holmes Hodder Chair in
Development Planning with Cultural Integrity Self-Determination, Multifunctionality, and the Hybrid Economy in Indian Country

The experience of American Indian communities is an interesting lens through which to explore the ongoing conversation regarding the purpose and processes of development planning. This article draws on the development literature to identify and explore factors particularly relevant to the development issues faced by Indian communities. It then examines two cases in the U.S. West, the Tlingit community of Kake in Southeast Alaska and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation in Northeast Oregon. Finally, it draws on the results of the cases to offer some reflections on development theory and practice.
A pessimistic view of serologic markers for diagnosis and management of osteoarthritis. Biochemical, immunologic and clinicopathologic barriers.

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is usually based on clinical and radiologic findings and is usually made only after the patient presents with joint pain. There is today much interest in development of an immunologic "marker" of OA, to detect subclinical disease and/or monitor therapy. The approach employs measurement of serum or synovial fluid levels of articular cartilage macromolecules, such as proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycans, or fragments of these. The data, however, raise questions about interpretation and utility of such tests. What causes egress of such macromolecules from OA cartilage? Overproduction? Hypercatabolism? Leakage from an excessively permeable matrix? Does the marker reflect the rate of cartilage breakdown? Or of repair? How reliable are the quantitative immunologic methods in tests of sera from patients with OA? Data show, for example, that serum keratan sulfate levels may be influenced by the mode of presentation of the antigen, i.e., single vs multiple chains, and by the degree of sulfation, etc. To what extent might serum levels of a marker reflect release from degenerating but asymptomatic joints, rather than from painful joints? Also, since all putative marker molecules studied to date are widely distributed throughout the connective tissue of the body, they could be released from an asymptomatic degenerating intervertebral disc rather than, e.g., a painful osteoarthritic hip or knee. In the present climate of "marker mania," it should be emphasized that no marker exists today which can confidently be used for diagnosis of subclinical OA or for monitoring therapeutic response.
“Saving” Coney Island: The construction of heritage value

This paper examines a historic preservation controversy that surrounded redevelopment efforts in Coney Island during the late 2000s. This longstanding amusement district in Brooklyn, New York inspired widespread agreement about its importance as a heritage destination. The apparent agreement, however, belied profound differences over the aspects of the neighborhood that contributed to its iconic stature and about how they should relate to plans for the area's redevelopment. Because heritage value is not an inherent attribute of the built environment, these divergent cultural claims raise questions about how this value comes about. The literature on heritage finds answers to these questions in processes of community formation. This explanation, however, offers limited insight into the classification of Coney Island features as objects of heritage. I make sense of the valorization of these features in terms of experiential qualities that cast an anachronistic glow over Coney Island and that inspired in pres...
Dependence of Photoelectrochemical Properties on Geometry Factors of Interconnected "Caterpillar-like" ZnO Networks

Abstract To elevate the spatial occupancy of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures and overcome the limitations of multistep seeding methods currently widely used, a rational, facile and high-yielding procedure has been reported by our group previously for the fabrication of the interconnected three-dimensional “caterpillar-like” ZnO nanostructured networks (CZNs) for photoelectrochemical applications. In this work, by manipulating their growth process, we investigated the dependence of their photoelectrochemical properties on geometry factors of these unique CZNs consisting of branched ZnO nanowires onto ZnO nanofibers with tunable surface-to-volume ratio and roughness factor. They offer mechanically and electrically robust interconnected networks with open micrometer-scale structures and short hole diffusion length. We further studied the preferential light-material interaction and charge separation to maximize the photo-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency. When used as photoanode, our CZNs not only favor sunlight harvesting with multireflection ability, but also suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge. Compared to the literature results, our CZN photoanodes with ZnO nanobranches of ∼2.2 μm in length and ∼25 nm in diameter exhibited the highest photocurrent density of 0.72 mA ∙ cm−2 at +1.2 V (versus Ag/AgCl) and conversion efficiency of 0.209% at +0.91 V (versus RHE) without being decorated with noble metal cocatalysts or nonmetallic/metallic dopants due to their favorable structural features. Overall, our procedure to obtain the desirable CZN yields opportunities for facile and efficient fabrication of model photoelectrochemical anodes and would be applied to other materials for sustainable chemistry and engineering applications.
Extraneural Metastasis of High-Grade Gliomas: Systematic Review of Literature and a Discussion of the Roles of Circulating Tumor Cells and Immune System in Gliomagenesis (P6.300)

Extraneural metastasis (ENM) of high-grade gliomas is a rare event occurring in Disclosure: Dr. Daher has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lukas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gatson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nicholas has nothing to disclose. Dr. De Groot has received personal compensation for activities with Foundation Medicine, Genentech, Novartis, Celldex, Roche, MundiPharma EDO, VBL Therapeutics, and Deciphera Pharmaceuticals. Dr. De Groot has received research support from Sanofi-Aventis,
Time correlation between mononucleosis and initial symptoms of MS.

Objective To determine the average age of MS onset vs the age at which Epstein-Barr infection has previously occurred and stratify this analysis by sex and the blood level of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) antibody. Methods Using infectious mononucleosis (IM) as a temporal marker in data from the Swedish epidemiologic investigation of MS, 259 adult IM/MS cases were identified and then augmented to account for "missing" childhood data so that the average age of MS onset could be determined for cases binned by age of IM (as stratified by sex and EBNA1 titer level). Results Mean age of IM vs mean age of MS reveals a positive time correlation for all IM ages (from ∼5 to ∼30 years), with IM-to-MS delay decreasing with increased age. When bifurcated by sex or EBNA1 blood titer levels, males and high-titer subpopulations show even stronger positive time correlation, while females and low-titer populations show negative time correlation in early childhood (long IM/MS delay). The correlation becomes positive in females beyond puberty. Conclusions IM/MS time correlation implies causality if IM is time random. Alternative confounding models seem implausible, in light of constraints imposed by time-invariant delay observed here. Childhood infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in females and/or those genetically prone to low EBNA1 blood titers will develop MS slowly. Males and/or high EBNA1-prone develop MS more rapidly following IM infection at all ages. For all, postpubescent EBV infection is critical for the initiation and rapid development of MS.
Quantifying the Role of Orbital Contraction in Chemical Bonding

This work reports an approach to variationally quantify orbital contraction in chemical bonds by an extension of an energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The orbital contraction energy is defined as the energy lowering due to optimization of the isolated fragments (that combine to form the bond) with a specially constructed virtual set of contraction/expansion functions. This set contains one function per occupied orbital, obtained as the linear response to scaling the nuclear charges. EDA results for a variety of single bonds show substantial changes in the importance of orbital contraction; it plays a critical role for bonds to H but only a very minor role in the bonds between heavier elements. Additionally, energetic stabilization due to rehybridization is separated from inductive polarization by the fact that no mixing with virtual orbitals is involved and is shown to be significant in fragments such as NH2, OH, and F.
Design automation for quantum architectures

We survey recent strides made towards building a software framework that is capable of compiling quantum algorithms from a high-level description down to physical gates that can be implemented on a fault-tolerant quantum computer. We discuss why compilation and design automation tools such as the ones in our framework are key for tackling the grand challenge of building a scalable quantum computer. We then describe specialized libraries that have been developed using the LIQUi|〉 programming language. This includes reversible circuits for arithmetic as well as new, truly quantum approaches that rely on quantum computer architectures that allow the probabilistic execution of gates, a model that can reduce time and space overheads in some cases. We highlight why these libraries are useful for the implementation of many quantum algorithms. Finally, we survey the tool Revs that facilitate resource efficient compilation of higher-level irreversible programs into lower-level reversible circuits while trying to optimize the memory footprint of the resulting reversible networks. This is motivated by the limited availability of qubits for the foreseeable future.
In vitro studies on a breathalyzer.

The Breathalyzer is an instrument designed and developed by Borkenstein for use by law enforcement agencies for rapid, accurate, convenient, and positive recognition of alcoholic intoxication as defined by law. Because the use of the Breathalyzer as a means for determining the alcohol (ethanol) concentration of the blood has recently increased, the judge of a Justice Court in Spokane, Washington desired to know more about the reliability of the instrument. A Breathalyzer used by the Washington State Patrol in the Spokane area was provided for a detailed investigation. This instrument (Model 100) was examined and operated after delivery under a variety of experimental conditions to determine any errors or inconsistencies in its performance. The investigation involved only the Breathalyzer and its accessories and did not include tests of human subjects or physiological tests.
Rates of convergence for secant methods on nonlinear problems in hilbert space

The numerical performance of iterative methods applied to discretized operator equations may depend strongly on their theoretical rate of convergence on the underlying problem g(x)=0 in Hilbert space. It is found that the usual invertibility and smoothness assumptions on the Frechet derivative g'(x) are sufficient for local and linear but not necessarily superlinear convergence of secant methods. For both Broyden's Method and Variable Metric Methods it is shown that the asymptotic rate of convergence depends on the essential norm of the discrepancy D0 between the Frechet derivative g' at the solution x* and its initial approximation B0. In particular one obtains local and Q-superlinear convergence if D0 is compact which can be ensured in the case of mildly nonlinear problems where g'(x*) is known up to a compact perturbation.
Diagnosis and treatment of implant-associated infections

Millions of orthopedic implant procedures are performed worldwide each year. The safety and biocompatibility of these devices are good and only 10% of patients experience complications, of which infections are one of the most serious. Their management usually requires a combined approach of surgical intervention and prolonged courses of intravenous or oral antimicrobial therapy. Despite a significant amount of basic and clinical research, many questions pertaining to the definition, diagnosis, prevention and management of these infections remain unanswered. The aim of this chapter is to provide some basic insight into the clinical diagnosis and management of implant-associated infections.
In Vitro Phagocytosis by Molluscan Hemocytes: A Survey and Critique of Methods

Endocytosis is a widespread cellular function in which vesicles and vacuoles formed by the plasma membrane regulate the uptake of molecules in a cell’s environment. Most eucaryotic cells have this function; however, among mammalian cells, in which it has been mostly thoroughly studied, it is most prominent in leucocytes, ma-crophages, capillary endothelial cells, thyroid epithelial cells, yolk sac cells, and oocytes (Silverstein et al., 1977). Endocytic activity is usually divided into two categories. Phagocytosis, or “eating”, is used to describe the uptake of large particles. This uptake occurs by close apposition of a segment of the plasma membrane to the particle’s surface, while excluding most, if not all, of the surrounding fluid (Silverstein et al., 1977). Particle size has been described as having the range of 0.01 μm to 10 μm and may include microorganisms (from viruses to bacteria and fungi), as well as inert particles (Cohn, 1972). The term pinocytosis, or “drinking”, is used to describe vesicular uptake of everything else. This may include small particles (such as lipoproteins, ferritin, colloids, and immune complexes), soluble macromolecules (e.g., enzymes, hormones, antibodies, yolk proteins, and toxins), and low molecular weight solutes. It is assumed that uptake of extracellular fluid is always included in pinocytosis (Silverstein et al., 1977). Since little information exists on in vitro pinocytosis in molluscan hemocytes, aside from the work of Feng (1965), this discussion will focus on that part of the endocytic process termed phagocytosis for which more information is available.
Game Proofs & Separations

The primary purpose of this chapter is to compare the proof principles of hybrid games versus those of hybrid systems. Having established reasoning principles for hybrid games in the previous chapter, our attention shifts to contrasting and identifying what the actual difference really is. Despite being rooted in a different semantics, hybrid game axioms are surprisingly close to those for hybrid systems. But there are also some major soundness-critical discrepancies to notice. These findings are important for correctly reasoning about hybrid games, but also shine a complementary light on reasoning principles for hybrid systems by highlighting which ones crucially depend on the absence of adversarial dynamics.
Diamond film growth by HFCVD on Q-carbon seeded substrate

Abstract While hot-filament assisted chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) is a well-established technique to synthesize diamond thin films using microdiamond seeds, the quality of grown diamond thin films is often compromised due to the presence of contaminants, i.e. graphitic entities and the eroded tungsten filament remnants, at the film-substrate interface. Here, we present a novel approach to form high-quality, contamination-free diamond thin films with HFCVD using Q-carbon precursor. The Q-carbon is a metastable phase which is formed by nanosecond laser melting of amorphous carbon and rapid quenching from the superundercooled state and consists of ∼75% sp3 and rest sp2 hybridized carbon. Using Q-carbon seeds in HFCVD, we demonstrate the growth of polycrystalline diamond film with a clean interface without any tungsten filament impurities. With large-area vibrational Raman mode analysis, we also observe a significant reduction in the presence of overall graphitic entities in the diamond film. With the realization of such a high-quality interface, we present a pathway to fabricate significantly improved diamond coatings and solid-state devices.
Characteristics Associated With High-Impact Pain in People With Temporomandibular Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract High-impact (disabling) pain diminishes the quality of life and increases health care costs. The purpose of this study was to identify the variables that distinguish between high- and low-impact pain among individuals with painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Community-dwelling adults (N = 846) with chronic TMD completed standardized questionnaires that assessed the following: 1) sociodemographic characteristics, 2) psychological distress, 3) clinical pain, and 4) experimental pain. We used high-impact pain, classified using the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, as the dependent variable in logistic regression modeling to evaluate the contribution of variables from each domain. Cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) quantified model discrimination. One-third of the participants had high-impact pain. Sociodemographic variables discriminated weakly between low- and high-impact pain (AUC = .61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57, 0.65), with the exception of race. An 18-variable model encompassing all 4 domains had good discrimination (AUC = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.75, 0.82), as did a simplified model (sociodemographic variables plus catastrophizing, jaw limitation, and number of painful body sites) (AUC = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.76, 0.82). Duration of pain, sex, and experimental pain testing results were not associated. The characteristics that discriminated most effectively between people with low- and high-impact TMD pain included clinical pain features and the ability to cope with pain. Perspective This article presents the results of a multivariable model designed to discriminate between people with high- and low-impact pain in a community-based sample of people with painful chronic TMD. The findings emphasize the importance of catastrophizing, jaw limitation, and painful body sites associated with pain-related impact.
Benzobis(imidazolium) salts as templates for the self-assembly of starburst [24]pseudorotaxanes and their corresponding carbene-based classic [22]pseudorotaxanes

Benzobis(imidazolium) salts ([BBI-H2-R4]2+, R = alkyl, aryl) interact with crown ethers through a combination of hydrogen bonds, ion–dipole, and π–π stacking interactions to form starburst [24]pseudo-rotaxanes. This new recognition motif allows the extension of four side-arms directly from the cavity of the crown ether, thus positioning the wheel component in a straddled orientation onto the axle, while their carbene-based derivatives show the classical shape of regular [22]pseudorotaxanes.
Circulating cell-free DNA (ctDNA) assessments before, during, and after neoadjuvant therapy (NAC) in nonmetastatic inflammatory breast cancer (IBC).

e12113Background: : IBC is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer. A significant number of IBC patients who achieve pathologic complete response (no residual tumor in breast and axillary no...
How do I perform cell salvage in obstetrics

Maternal mortality in the United States is increasing. The leading cause of death is hemorrhage. Maternal hemorrhage can be profound, with entire blood volumes being lost. In most major blood loss surgery, autotranfusion (also known as cell salvage, cell saving, and intraoperative blood collection and readministration) is a technique that has been used to minimize allogeneic transfusion. Historically, autotransfusion has been considered contraindicated in the face of maternal hemorrhage because of a fear of incorporating amniotic fluid in the salvaged blood. Recent data suggests that this fear is unfounded, with several medical societies now recommending that autotransfusion be used during maternal hemorrhage. In this review, autotransfusion during maternal hemorrhage is discussed, and suggestions are made for how to make it most successful.
Challenging Moral Attitudes With Moral Messages

When crafting a message, communicators may turn to moral rhetoric as a means of influencing an audience's opinion. In the present research, we tested whether the persuasiveness of explicitly moral counterattitudinal messages depends on how much people have already based their attitudes on moral considerations. A survey of the literature suggests several competing hypotheses that we tested across two studies. The results support a persuasive-matching pattern: A moral appeal was more persuasive than a nonmoral appeal to the extent that initial attitudes were based on moral concerns (i.e., attitudes were moralized), but the opposite was true when initial attitudes had less of a moral basis. Exploratory analyses also showed that these effects were mediated by valenced thoughts about the message and moderated by political orientation. These findings add new insight to literatures on both the effects of moral arguments and moralized attitudes.
Why Machines Don’t (yet) Reason Like People

AI has never come to grips with how human beings reason in daily life. Many automated theorem-proving technologies exist, but they cannot serve as a foundation for automated reasoning systems. In this paper, we trace their limitations back to two historical developments in AI: the motivation to establish automated theorem-provers for systems of mathematical logic, and the formulation of nonmonotonic systems of reasoning. We then describe why human reasoning cannot be simulated by current machine reasoning or deep learning methodologies. People can generate inferences on their own instead of just evaluating them. They use strategies and fallible shortcuts when they reason. The discovery of an inconsistency does not result in an explosion of inferences—instead, it often prompts reasoners to abandon a premise. And the connectives they use in natural language have different meanings than those in classical logic. Only recently have cognitive scientists begun to implement automated reasoning systems that reflect these human patterns of reasoning. A key constraint of these recent implementations is that they compute, not proofs or truth values, but possibilities.
Effects of Adopting Ultra-Fast Charging Stations in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) is a rising technology that can shorten the time of charging an Electric Vehicle (EV) from hours to minutes. However, the power consumption characteristics of UFC bring new challenges to the existing power system, and its pros and cons are yet to be studied. This project aims to set up a framework for studying the different aspects of substituting the normal non-residential EV chargers within the San Francisco Bay Area with Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) stations. Three objectives were defined for three stakeholders involved in this simulation, namely: the EV user, the station owner, and the grid operator. The results show that, UFCs will significantly contribute to increase of peak load and power consumption during the peak demand period, which is an undesirable outcome from grid operation perspective. Total electricity and operations and maintenance costs for station owner would increase subsequently, while this can be justified by analyzing the value of time (VOT) from an EV-user perspective. Additionally, peak-shaving using battery storage facilities is studied for complementing the applied technology change and mitigating the impacts of higher power consumption on the grid.
The Value of Simulation in Interventional Radiology

Medicine has increasingly incorporated simulation training amidst improving simulation technologies and evolving educational perspectives. This article examines the broad concept of simulation in medicine to focus, in particular, on its multifaceted value for providers and patients within the field of interventional radiology. Simulation technology ranges in degrees of fidelity, with new advancements notably in high-fidelity endovascular simulation, as well as in augmented and virtual reality. Current evidence on the validity of simulation within interventional radiology is promising, spanning training, credentialing, preprocedural planning, and team-building applications.
Holistic System Design Evaluation Through Expanded MATE

According to Buede and Miller, not applying a holistic simulation and modeling approach to early design evaluation practices and trade studies results in greater developmental costs, time to market, and unforeseeable system-level design consequences. Completed research is presented for an innovative methodology that enhances the capacity of conventional design evaluations by integrating new types of simulations consistently into the existing Multi-attribute Tradespace Exploration (MATE) design evaluation architecture. This enhancement is particularly important for any envisioned software-intensive system that introduces greater system complexity. According to Ross et al., MATE was originally developed to guide engineering design and initial product selection by exploring candidate designs to deliver utility-based solutions. Unfortunately, the MATE methodology does not support software design evaluation and integration into complex systems. The results presented validate MATE improvements that are scalable and extensible to any software-based system of varying complexity and application. The subject research provides proof of this concept by focusing on sensor systems as an initial practical demonstration due to their rapidly expanding commercial use and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Project engineers and especially software developers in any product field will benefit from this design method by leveraging its holistic evaluation of software and hardware system design performance for more efficient product design identification and implementation.
H&#x221E -based selective inversion of nonminimum-phase systems for feedback controls

Stably inverting a dynamic system model is fundamental to subsequent servo designs. Current inversion techniques have provided effective model matching for feedforward controls. However, when the inverse models are to be implemented in feedback systems, additional considerations are demanded for assuring causality, robustness, and stability under closed-loop constraints. To bridge the gap between accurate model approximations and robust feedback performances, this paper provides a new treatment of unstable zeros in inverse design. We provide first an intuitive pole-zero-map-based inverse tuning to verify the basic principle of the unstable-zero treatment. From there, for general nonminimum-phase and unstable systems, we propose an optimal inversion algorithm that can attain model accuracy at the frequency regions of interest while constraining noise amplification elsewhere to guarantee system robustness. Along the way, we also provide a modern review of model inversion techniques. The proposed algorithm is validated on motion control systems and complex high-order systems.
Clifford 3-qubit states

Let us denote by &#x1d49e;n the Clifford group (the circuit or operations generated by Hadamard, π∕4 phase and the controlled-NOT gates) and by &#x1d4ac;&#x1d49e;n the set of qubit states that can be prepared by circuits ...
Lateralized alpha activity and slow potentials shifts over visual cortex track the time course of both endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention

Abstract Spatial attention can be oriented endogenously, based on current task goals, or exogenously, triggered by salient events in the environment. Based upon literature demonstrating differences in the time course and neural substrates of each type of orienting, these two attention systems are often treated as fundamentally distinct. However, recent studies suggest that rhythmic neural activity in the alpha band (8-13Hz) and slow waves in the event-related potential (ERP) may emerge over parietal-occipital cortex following both endogenous and exogenous attention cues. To assess whether these neural changes index common processes of spatial attention, we conducted two within-subject experiments varying the two main dimensions over which endogenous and exogenous attention tasks typically differ: cue informativity (spatially predictive vs. non-predictive) and cue format (centrally vs. peripherally presented). This task design allowed us to tease apart neural changes related to top-down goals and those driven by the reflexive orienting of spatial attention, as well as examine their interactions in a novel hybrid cross-modal attention task. Our data demonstrate that both central and peripheral cues elicit lateralized ERPs over parietal-occipital cortex, though at different points in time, consistent with these ERPs reflecting the orienting of spatial attention. Lateralized alpha activity was also present across all tasks, emerging rapidly for peripheral cues and sustaining only for spatially informative cues. Overall, these data indicate that distinct slow-wave ERPs index the spatial orienting of endogenous and exogenous attention, while lateralized alpha activity represents a common signature of visual enhancement in anticipation of potential targets across both types of attention.
Reducing impulsive choice VII: effects of duration of delay-exposure training

Impulsive choice is related to substance use disorders, obesity, and other behaviors that negatively impact human health. Reducing impulsive choice may prove beneficial in ameliorating these maladaptive behaviors. Preclinical research in rats indicates that one reliable method for producing large and lasting reductions in impulsive choice is delay-exposure (DE) training. In all six of the prior DE-training experiments, rats were given extensive experience (~ 120 training sessions) with a delayed reinforcement contingency. The present experiment evaluated if similar large and lasting reductions in impulsive choice could be achieved with less training. The duration of DE training between groups of male Wistar rats was 0 sessions (training ended after a lever-pressing acquisition criterion was met), 30, 60, or 120 sessions. Comparison groups were given the same durations of training with immediate reinforcement. A post-training assessment of impulsive choice was completed using an increasing-delay procedure. For rats assigned to the 60-session condition, impulsive choice was reassessed at a 120-day follow-up. DE training reduced impulsive choice but, contrary to expectation, reductions in impulsive choice did not increase with DE-training duration (no significant training-duration by group interaction). Importantly, 60 sessions of DE training produced reductions in impulsive choice that were comparable to prior published findings and this effect remained significant at the 120-day follow-up. Procedural elements that may be responsible for the DE-training effect, and how they could be improved in future experiments, are discussed.
Evaluation and Management of Difficult Symptoms in Older Adults in Primary Care

This article reviews the evaluation of 4 vexing symptoms for elderly patients in primary care: leg cramps, dizziness, insomnia, and weight loss. For each, ideal evaluations are proposed.
Reflection in motion: an embodied approach to reflection on practice

Body Phenomenology is introduced as a framework for deepening critical reflection on practice by attending to the active engagement between the practitioner and their world. Fook’s Critical Reflect...
Safety and Outcome of Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA) in the Nursing Home Residents Following an Acute Ischemic Stroke:

Background and Purpose:Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) is an effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The safety and efficacy of IV rt-PA were extensively studi...
Lack of genotype-by-environment interaction suggests limited potential for evolutionary changes in plasticity in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.

Eastern oysters in the northern Gulf of Mexico are facing rapid environmental changes and can respond to this change via plasticity or evolution. Plasticity can act as an immediate buffer against environmental change, but this buffering could impact the organism's ability to evolve in subsequent generations. While plasticity and evolution are not mutually exclusive, the relative contribution and interaction between them remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the roles of plastic and evolved responses to environmental variation and Perkinsus marinus infection in Crassostrea virginica by using a common garden experiment with 80 oysters from six families outplanted at two field sites naturally differing in salinity. We use growth data, P. marinus infection intensities, 3' RNA sequencing (TagSeq) and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to identify the effect of genotype, environment and genotype-by-environment interaction on the oyster's response to site. As one of first studies to characterize the joint effects of genotype and environment on transcriptomic and morphological profiles in a natural setting, we demonstrate that C. virginica has a highly plastic response to environment and that this response is parallel among genotypes. We also find that genes responding to genotype have distinct and opposing profiles compared to genes responding to environment with regard to expression levels, Ka/Ks ratios and nucleotide diversity. Our findings suggest that C. virginica may be able to buffer the immediate impacts of future environmental changes by altering gene expression and physiology, but the lack of genetic variation in plasticity suggests limited capacity for evolved responses.
A Backpack Recording Platform for Neural Measurements in Ambulatory Insects

We present a low-weight, miniaturized system for wireless recording of neural activity in ambulatory and behaving insects. Changes in the total energy of the local field potentials from the insects’ antenna lobe were recorded using a pair of micro-wire electrodes. The measured energy was digitized and transmitted wirelessly to a remote processor for detecting signals or signatures of interest. Measurement data from insects’ antenna lobe are presented and compared against a bench-top approach. Using a locust (Schistocerca americana) as an insect model, we show that our neural backpack is able to achieve a transmission distance greater than 75 m while ensuring the insects’ mobility and its ability to detect target odors.
Macroscopic variation in Arabidopsis mutants despite stomatal uniformity across soil nutrient environments.

Stomata are essential pores flanked by guard cells that control gas exchange in plants. We can utilize stomatal size and density measurements as a proxy for a plant’s capacity for gas exchange. While stomatal responses to stressful environments are well studied; data are lacking in the responses across mutant genotypes of the same species in these trait and treatment interactions or genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity. We evaluated the effects of soil nutrient variation on macroscopic and stomatal traits of Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutants for which prior performance in a single benign growing condition were available. Nutrient-induced stress significantly impacted traits including plant biomass, height, fruit number, and leaf number which we denote as macroscopic traits. We found evidence that genotype by environment effects exist for macroscopic traits, yet total stomatal area variation, or “microscopic variation” across environments was modest. Divergence from the wildtype line varied by mutant background and these responses were variable among traits. These findings suggest that Arabidopsis employs a strategy of physiological compensation, sacrificing morphological traits to maintain stomatal production.
What is the Role of Theory in Research on Social Work Practice

The social work profession suffers from a dearth of empirically based studies of practice outcomes. One reason for this is the message conveyed in research texts, doctoral program standards, and disciplinary guidelines that research should build and test theory, rather than solve applied problems. Since many legitimate forms of empirical, scientific research do not involve theory testing, social work should consider itself less an academic discipline that advances social and behavioral science knowledge and more an applied profession that finds solutions to psychosocial problems. Research inquiries along these lines may or may not involve direct theory testing or development.
Reliable in vivo lactate and lipid estimation in glioma patients

Lactate is a sensitive indicator of anaerobic glycolysis and reduced cellular oxygenation in living tissues. Mobile lipid resonances have been correlated with necrosis and cell breakdown. Reliable estimates of levels of lactate and lipid are of interest for evaluating prognosis and hence guiding the clinical management of patients with brain tumors. The goal of this study was to develop a robust and reliable estimation scheme to evaluate the in vivo lactate and lipid levels in glioma patients. The acquisition method combined J-difference modulation and reduced k-space sampling to obtain two set of 3D 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSl) data, from which lactate editing was implemented. An iterative nonlinear least-squares algorithm for fitting Voigt line shape models in the frequency domain was developed for quantification for choline, creatine, NAA, lactate and lipid after non-parametric phase, frequency and baseline correction. Simulated data showed that the presented algorithm was robust and reliable. The quantification scheme was also applied to sixteen glioma patients prior to therapy.
Complete activation of protein kinase C by an antipeptide antibody directed against the pseudosubstrate prototope.

Abstract It has been proposed that the regulatory domain of protein kinase C contains a pseudosubstrate site between amino acid residues 19 and 36 (House, C., and Kemp, B. E. (1987) Science 238, 1726-1728). Antiserum raised against this peptide sequence has now been shown to completely activate protein kinase C in the absence of calcium and phospholipids. Pre-clearing the antiserum with resin-immobilized pseudosubstrate peptide eliminates the ability of the serum to activate protein kinase C. Activation is not the result of degradation of the enzyme to a calcium- and phospholipid-independent fragment; the activated protein kinase remains intact. Although there are minor sequence differences in the pseudosubstrate region, the three principal protein kinase C isoforms (alpha, beta, and gamma) are recognized and apparently activated by the same pseudosubstrate antiserum. These results provide strong evidence that the pseudosubstrate region, presumably by interacting with the substrate binding site, is responsible for maintaining the catalytic domain in an inactive state. We propose that incubation of protein kinase C with the pseudosubstrate antiserum renders the catalytic domain accessible to protein substrates in a manner analogous to the conformational changes induced by physiological activators such as phospholipids.