cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1045 – A unique case of paraneoplastic extra-limbic encephalitis presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms subsequent to biopsy

Introduction Paraneoplastic disorders of the CNS are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders associated with systemic cancer which cannot be attributed to direct effects of the neoplasm. Although there is extensive literature focusing on the neurological manifestations of these disorders, the initial presentation is psychiatric in many instances and discussion in the psychiatric literature is relatively sparse. Objectives - To bolster recognition and enhanced characterization of paraneoplastic disorders from within the psychiatric community. - To explore temporal aspects of symptom presentation in relation to biopsy. - To identify how psychoneuroimmunological factors may contribute to the development of paraneoplastic disorders. Case description We report the case of a 48 year-old female with no past psychiatric history who presented with neuropsychiatric symptoms immediately subsequent to biopsy and inflammatory breast cancer diagnosis. Patient was initially admitted to the psychiatric unit for suspected acute stress reaction, yet eventually diagnosed with paraneoplastic extra-limbic encephalitis. Conclusions - As early oncologic treatment and immunotherapies improve outcomes, early diagnosis is paramount for both treating the paraneoplastic syndrome and identifying possible underlying malignancy. - Time course of symptom presentation raises the intriguing possibility that perturbation of tumor tissues during biopsy may accelerate the immune response to onconeuronal auto-antigens and inflammation-mediated neuronal injury. - Given the patient's acute stress state, the rapid time course of symptom onset, and known connection between psychological stress and autoimmunity, we propose that the immune system stress-response may additionally contribute to the paraneoplastic syndrome development. This connection warrants further investigation from within the psychoneuroimmunology community.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RICKETTSIA IN THE TISSUES OF INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS

In the absence of a satisfactory definition of Rickettsia the observations herein recorded were arbitrarily limited to bacterium-like organisms which are intracellular and Gram-negative. Rickettsia of this type were found in the following species: Amblyomma americana, Amblyomma hebraeum, Boophilus decoloratus, Atomus sp., Casinaria infesta, Chrysopa oculata, Ctenocephalus canis, Dermacentor variabilis, Lepisma saccharina, Lucoppia curviseta, Margaropus annulatus, Margaropus annulatus australis, Ornithodoros turicata, Pulex irritans, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, and Salticus scenicus. Since intracellular, Gram-negative Rickettsia have been recorded in the literature as existing in Cimex lectularius, Dermacentor venustus, Melophagus ovinus, and Pediculus humanus, the occasional occurrence of such bodies must be conceded in the following groups not closely related phylogenetically: Attidae, Trombidiidae, Argasidae, lxodidae, Cinura, Acanthiidae, Pediculidae, Hippoboscidae, Chrysopidae, Pulicidae, and Ichneumonidae. The species which harbor Rickettsia differ widely in diet and habitat. One such species is insectivorous throughout life, two are insectivorous in larval stages, becoming vegetarian in the adult condition, one is chiefly vegetarian but partakes of some animal products, and two are usually entirely vegetarian; while the remainder subsist wholly upon a diet of mammalian blood. Rickettsia are associated, in only a few cases, with diseases in mammals. The evidence at hand does not lead beyond the conclusion that the Rickettsia mentioned above are true Gram-negative microorganisms, easily distinguishable from mitochondria and all other cytoplasmic and nuclear granulations, rather completely adapted to an intracellular existence, exhibiting in some cases a remarkable degree of host specificity, and often inherited through the eggs.
Adaptive mutation and amplification in Escherichia coli: two pathways of genome adaptation under stress.

The neo-Darwinists suggested that evolution is constant and gradual, and thus that genetic changes that drive evolution should be too. However, more recent understanding of phenomena called adaptive mutation in microbes indicates that mutation rates can be elevated in response to stress, producing beneficial and other mutations. We review evidence that, in Escherichia coli, two separate mechanisms of stress-induced genetic change occur that revert a lac frameshift allele allowing growth on lactose medium. First, compensatory frameshift (“point”) mutations occur by a mechanism that includes DNA double-strand breaks and (we have suggested) their error-prone repair. Point mutation requires induction of the RpoS-dependent general stress response, and the SOS DNA damage response leading to upregulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase DinB (Pol IV), and occurs during a transient limitation of post-replicative mismatch repair activity. A second mechanism, adaptive amplification, entails amplification of the leaky lac allele to 20–50 tandem repeats. These provide sufficient β-galactosidase activity for growth, thereby apparently deflecting cells from the point mutation pathway. Unlike point mutation, amplification neither occurs in hypermutating cells nor requires SOS or DinB, but like point mutation, amplification requires the RpoS-dependent stress response. Similar processes are being found in other bacterial systems and yeast. Stress-induced genetic changes may underlie much of microbial evolution, pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance, and also cancer formation, progression and drug resistance.
Microbial sulfate reduction rates and sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations at oil and gas seeps in deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Sulfate reduction and anaerobic methane oxidation are the dominant microbial processes occurring in hydrate-bearing sediments at bathyal depths in the Gulf of Mexico where crude oil and methane are advecting through fault conduits to the seafloor. The oil and gas seeps are typically overlain by chemosynthetic communities consisting of thiotrophic bacterial mats (Beggiatoa spp .) and methanotrophic mussels (Bathymodiolus spp .), respectively. Cores were recovered with a manned submersible from fine-grained sediments containing dispersed gas hydrates at the threshold of stability. Estimated sulfate reduction rates are variable but generally are substantially higher in crude oil seeps (up to 50 times) and methane seeps (up to 600 times) relative to a non-seep reference sediment (0.0043 μmol SO 4 2− cm −3 day −1 ). Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation factors are highest in the reference sediment (α S = 1.027; α O = 1.015) but substantially lower in the seep sediments (α S = 1.018 to 1.009; α O = 1.006 to 1.002) and are controlled primarily by kinetic factors related to sulfate reduction rates. Kinetic effects also control the δ 34 S/δ 18 O ratios such that slow microbial rates yield low ratios whereas faster rates yield progressively higher ratios. The seep data contradict previous claims that δ 34 S/δ 18 O ratios are diagnostic of either microbial sulfate reduction at a fixed δ 34 S/δ 18 O ratio of 4/1 or lower ratios caused by SO 4 –H 2 O equilibration at ambient temperatures. The new results offer a better understanding of methane removal via anaerobic oxidation in the sulfate reduction zone of hydrate-bearing sediments and have significant implications regarding the origin and geochemical history of sedimentary sulfate reconstructed on the basis of δ 34 S and δ 18 O compositions.
Fetal Valproate Syndrome (FVS) through the USF Teratogen Information Service (TIS)

Between January 2, 1988 and December 31, 1997 through the TIS program and genetics clinics at USF there were 168 requests for information/evaluations about valproic acid exposure. Fifty-four of these were for valproic acid as monotherapy. Among them, 7 were for information only, 3 women were not pregnant, 3 have not delivered yet and 2 were for paternal exposure. Of the remaining 39 pregnancies, there is no outcome information on 19. Of the 20 referrals with reported outcome, there are 13 full term normal infants, 1 premature without abnormalities, 1 hydropic premature stillborn and 5 with anomalies: 1 case each of hypoplastic left heart, hypospadias, club feet, single umbilical artery and anisocoria. Among the 114 referrals for combination therapy there were 6 pregnancies with fetal anomalies; 2/6 had open neural tube defect (ONTD) with hydrocephaly and one of them had polysyndactyly as well. The latter had normal karyotype and the mother took 750 mg valproic acid/day and paroxetine 25 mg/day. The other mother was on valproic acid, haloperidol and chlorpromazine (dosage unknown) for chronic schizophrenia with seizures. The third abnormal outcome was a term boy with trigonocephaly, right hand preaxial polydactyly, right inguinal hernia and pyloric stenosis. The mother took valproic acid 2500 mg/day and Phenobarbital 120 mg/day for seizures since infancy. The remaining three infants had VSD, polydactyly and sacral teratoma respectively. These data support the valproate teratogenieity in humans by showing ONTD in 2/168, polysyndactyly in 3, congenital heart defects in 2, inguinal hernia in 1 and hypospadias in 1. Trigonocephaly, pyloric stenosis, hypoplastic left heart, anisocoria and sacral teratoma suggest an expanded FVS phenotype. In 1 of the 2 infants with ONTD the mother had seizures due to MVA so epilepsy was excluded as a possible teratogen. Also the combination therapy in both mothers did not consist of two anticonvulsants; valproic acid was combined with paroxetine in one and with haloperidol and chlorpromazine in the other. As to TIS as an adjunct in addressing/recording/managing birth defects, important outcome information can be lost without an active follow-up component. However, a TIS program is invaluable for obtaining data regarding prenatal exposures.
Mating success in brood-guarding male rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris : the effect of body size

The hypothesis that variation in a paternal trait associated with offspring survival will result in female mate choice based on that trait was tested in rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris, a temperate fresh water fish with uniparental male care. The number of eggs acquired by 108 nesting male rock bass, in Cranberry Lake (New York State, U.S.A.), was estimated in two different spawning episodes that differed in the size structure of the nesting male stock. Early breeders (between the 4–7 June 1989) were mainly medium and large males (101–300 g), as compared to late breeders (between the 19–21 June 1989) which were mostly small (50–100 g). Because survival of larvae in rock bass is significantly lower in nests guarded by small males as compared to nests guarded by medium and large males, it was hypothesized that female mate choice should have been (1) size-based, and (2) more intense late in the season when the nesting stock was comprised mostly of small males. The results were consistent with these hypotheses. Variation in egg numbers per nest was significantly higher during the late spawning episode. In addition, egg number per nest were normally distributed during the early spawning episode, but were positively skewed and leptokurtic during the later episode. The correlation between male size and egg number was significant for both spawning episodes. However, during the late episode male size explained 23% of the variation in egg numbers versus only 8% of the variation during the earlier episode.
A clinical approach to the vasculitis patient in the dermatologic office.

Vasculitis refers to an inflammatory reaction that leads to destruction of blood vessels.1 The process may lead to disruption of small vessels with extravasation of erythrocytes, serum, and other constituents of blood. In addition, vessel occlusion is possible and can lead to tissue ischemia. Ischemic changes occur with larger vessel involvement. Cutaneous disease is frequent in most vasculitides with the exception of giant-cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and Takayasu’s disease. In this chapter, I shall attempt to answer several practical questions that relate to patients who present with cutaneous disease that represents vasculitis. The approach in this chapter is based on my 22 years of caring for these patients as well as my interpretation of the literature.
CLIMATOLOGY OF DAMAGING LIGHTNING IN ILLINOIS

Abstract Statistics on thc incidence of damaging lighting in Illinois during the 1914–47 period were gleaned largely from published and unpublished records of the U.S. Weather Bureau to perform a climatological investigation. On the average, damaging lightning was most frequent during July and August. Normally, 14 days per year had damaging lightning, and during the 1926–47 period lightning was responsible for more deaths than any other form of severe weather. Other forms of severe weather occurred on less than 50 percent of the days of damaging lightning. On an areal basis, damaging lightning occurred most frequently in west-southwestern Illinois which is the same area that has been found to have a high incidence of thunderstorms, tornadoes, hailstorms, and excessive rainstorms. Lightning caused deaths and injuries to a greater percentage of the rural population than of the urban population of the State. In rural areas the structures most frequently damaged by lighnting were farm barns, whereas in urban ...
Investigating genome similarity through cross mapping percentage

A necessary step in many metagenomic studies is to determine organisms present in a sample. Knowledge of the similarity among genomes of present organisms allows for more accurate mapping of high throughput sequencing reads to the correct genome for expression quantification. This study investigates current metrics of genome similarity as they relate to cross mapping percentage, defined as the percentage of sequence reads from one organism mapping to another organism's genome. This study aims to establish a new metric for genome similarity, incorporating cross mapping percentage. Paired-end reads were generated using Artificial FASTQ Generator (AFG), for 10 organisms fitting into two categories -- host and pathogen. The reads were mapped to reference genomes and the cross mapping percentage was calculated using Bowtie2. Bowtie2 produced higher values for organisms with a lower calculated genomic distance, which led to the conclusion that hosts and pathogens could easily be distinguished, while pathogens and other microbial genomes themselves were harder to separate. The genomes were aligned using MUMmer and an overall percent similarity between the sequences was determined. A metric for genome similarity was established by modifying formulas calculated within DSMZ's Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) to incorporate cross mapping percentages. Formula manipulation did not change the trend present in genomic distance values which supports that cross mapping percentage, distance calculated with the original formulas and distance calculated with the new formulas are interchangeable. This work helps establish at what resolution organisms in a sample can be distinguished using whole genome sequence information. That is, how similar organisms can be and still be distinguished in a metagenomic study for the purposes of computing expression values. These findings allow for organisms in metagenomic studies to be better identified and an accurate quantification of expression computed in metatranscriptomic studies.
Rat Decidual Prolactin IDENTIFICATION, MOLECULAR CLONING, AND CHARACTERIZATION

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy require the activity of a highly specialized maternal tissue, the decidua. It is well established that the human decidua synthesizes and releases prolactin. However, in the rat, no study has been able to demonstrate the production of prolactin by the decidua. In this report, we established for the first time using Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, that a defined cell population located in the rat antimesometrial decidua expresses prolactin mRNA, as well as synthesizes and secretes this hormone. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we cloned a full-length cDNA for rat decidua prolactin, whose sequence was identical to that of pituitary prolactin. Our results also showed that pituitary prolactin appeared to down-regulate decidual prolactin levels. Under these circumstances, inhibition of pituitary prolactin secretion led to a rise in both decidual prolactin mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, addition of exogenous prolactin to primary decidual cells in culture also caused a marked decrease in decidual prolactin mRNA expression. Finally, treatment of primary decidual cells with steroid hormones or 8-bromo-cAMP revealed a differential regulation of decidual prolactin expression from that of pituitary suggesting a tissue-specific regulation of prolactin gene expression, possibly through the use of an alternative promoter in rat decidua.
Problems in Provinciality: ABSTRACT

Paleogeographic provinciality is a subject that has attracted attention for more than 150 years. Most of the early models of distribution of paleogeographic provinces conformed to the concept that the major cratonic areas of the world had remained geographically stable through geologic time and that the rate of dispersal of biota through barriers between these stable areas varied during geologic history. Such models were challenged critically by the concept of "drifting" continents. The recent model of plate tectonics appears to present a mechanism for moving and variously connecting and disconnecting cratonic masses. This idea has resulted in renewed interest in many different fields of geology and suggests reevaluation of all types of pertinent data that bear on the sub ect of paleogeographic provinces. The intent of the 1972 SEPM Research Symposium is to examine many of the different aspects that contribute to the development, changes, and stability of provinciality and the paleogeographic patterns of different types of provinciality. A broad spectrum of interpretations on this diverse subject is drawn from sedimentology, oceanography, zoology, paleontology, paleobotany, clay mineralogy, tectonics, climatology, and paleomagnetism. These interpretations outline the magnitude, extent, and direction of many changes in physical and paleobiological geography during the geologic past. End_of_Article - Last_Page 650------------
Adrenoceptor mobilization of calcium in rat submandibular cells

Abstract The stimulation of adrenoreceptors by epinephrine leads to an alteration in the Ca 2+ homeostasis of rat submandibular cells. The relative contributions of α- and β-adrenoreceptors were assessed with specific adrenergic agents. Stimulation of α 1 -adrenoreceptors resulted in enhanced unidirectional 45 Ca 2+ fluxes, while such effects following β-adrenoreceptor stimulation, though suggestive, were equivocal. When the cytosolic Ca 2+ level was followed in cells pre-loaded with the Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent indicator Quin 2, clear results were observed. Both α 1 - and β-adrenoreceptor stimulation were capable of mobilizing intracellular and extracellular Ca 2+ pools, as assessed by differential responses of cells incubated in media (±)-ethylene-glycol-bis-( β -aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid. However, Ca 2+ mobilization following α 1 -adrenoreceptor stimulation was more rapid (initial rate ∼ 4–5 ×) and to a greater extent (∼ 2 ×) than seen with β-adrenoreceptor stimulatio.
Studies of the Mechanisms of Adduction of 2‘-Deoxyadenosine with Styrene Oxide and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Dihydrodiol Epoxides

The mechanism of adduction of 2‘-deoxyadenosine by styrene oxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dihydrodiol epoxides has been explored using 15N6-labeled adenine nucleosides. The extent of rea...
Why Critique? 1

Abstract This paper examines the stakes in disentangling critique from its Western operation in order to locate a position of political freedom for the critical study of the Islamic tradition. It considers how the question of the critical study of Islam is a question about the political significance of the concept of critique, and the challenge that the study of the Islamic tradition poses to the discriminating operation of Western criticism. It argues that critique espouses the very philosophical ethos of the Enlightenment itself that challenges us to adopt the “a limit-attitude” of analyzing and reflecting on the limits of the Enlightenment and the political and governmental apparatus that accompanied it.
Predictors and implications of severe hypersplenism in patients with cirrhosis.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Hypersplenism is frequently seen in patients with cirrhosis. However, it is unclear why some patients with cirrhosis develop marked hypersplenism and others do not. Additionally, the implications of severe hypersplenism are unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate the predictors and implications of severe hypersplenism in patients with cirrhosis. Subjects and Methods All subjects with cirrhosis who were referred to Indiana University over a 53-month period for liver transplantation were studied. Severe hypersplenism was defined as platelet count 3 and/or white blood cell count 3 in the presence of splenomegaly. The outcomes of interest were development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), variceal bleeding, and death. Patients were observed until death, transplantation, or study closure. Results The study group comprised 329 subjects with cirrhosis and their median follow-up time was 450 days (0.25–42 months). The prevalence of severe hypersplenism was 33%. Decompensated liver disease [odds ratio (OR), 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–3.7] and a history of alcohol consumption (OR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4–3.8) were independent predictors of severe hypersplenism. The presence of severe hypersplenism independently predicted the development of variceal bleeding [hazard ratio (HR) 4.1; 95% CI, 1.7–10], SBP (HR 8.0; 95% CI, 3.1–20.5), and death (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2–3.4). Conclusions This study suggests that severe hypersplenism is an independent risk factor for developing variceal bleeding, SBP, and death in patients with cirrhosis. If these observations are confirmed, severe hypersplenism can be considered as an indication for prophylactic measures against variceal bleeding and SBP.
‘Treatment mills’ under the Federal Trade Commission Act

This paper is based on a presentation made by the author at the meeting of the American Urological Association's Society for the Study of Impotence on April 12, 1997. The author addresses the general applicability of the Federal Trade Commission Act to advertising by so-called impotence 'treatment mills,' focusing in particular on the Federal Trade Commission's case in the matter of Genetus Alexandria, Inc. et al.
Economic sanctions and human rights: Part of the problem or part of the solution?

(1997). Economic sanctions and human rights: Part of the problem or part of the solution? The International Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-25.
Differential localization of N-acetylated indolealkylamines in CNS and the Harderian gland using immunohistology

Using two different antisera, one binding only melatonin (M) and the other binding both M and N-acetylserotonin (NAS), brain tissue and the Harderian gland were investigated using fluorescence and peroxidase labeled double antibody immunohistology. M has been identified in the outer nuclear layer of the retina, in the optic nerves, chiasma and the tracts, suprachiasmatic nucleus and the Harderian gland. NAS, but not M, was found in the granule layer of the cerebellum, spinal tract of the trigeminal roots and the pontal and spinal reticular formation. The possible relationship of cerebellar and brain stem NAS to brain excitability as well as localization of M in the visual pathway, suprachiasmatic nucleus and the Harderian gland in the relation to the regulation of light dependent circadian periodicity is discussed.
Factors Regulating Florida Largemouth Bass Stocking Success and Hybridization with Northern Largemouth Bass in Aquilla Lake, Texas

Abstract We electrophoretically assayed four enzyme-encoding loci in, and determined the ages of, 1,534 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides colleted from a new Texas reservoir (Aquilla Lake) over a 41-month period. We used these data to evaluate stocking success and subsequent hybridization of the Florida subspecies M. s. floridanus (1.5–6.5 cm total length and age 0 when stocked between 1983 and 1985) with the indigenous northern subspecies M. s. salmoides. After these stockings, genomic inflow into the population from Florida largemouth bass was rapid. In the 1986 year class, age-0 Florida largemouth bass, first-generation (F1) hybrids between the two subspecies, and second- or higher-generation (F x ) hybrids were numerically dominant (72%). For these individuals, the frequencies of Florida alleles at two diagnostic loci (fixed allelic differences between subspecies) were 0.51 and 0.52, respectively. Although the subspecies hybridized extensively in 1986, the population at age 0 did not conform to ex...
A Critical Role for a Tyrosine Residue in the Cannabinoid Receptors for Ligand Recognition

Abstract Previous mutation and modeling studies have identified an aromatic cluster in the transmembrane helix (TMH) 3-4-5 region as important for ligand binding at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Through novel mixed mode Monte Carlo/Stochastic Dynamics (MC/SD) calculations, we tested the importance of aromaticity at position 5.39(275) in CB1. MC/SD calculations were performed on wild-type (WT) CB1 and two mutants, Y5.39(275)F and Y5.39(275)I. Results indicated that while the CB1 Y5.39(275)F mutant is very similar to WT, the Y5.39(275)I mutant shows pronounced topology changes in the TMH 3-4-5 region. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of tyrosine 5.39 to phenylalanine (Y→F) or isoleucine (Y→I) in both CB1 and CB2 were performed to determine the functional role of this amino acid in each receptor subtype. HEK 293 cells transfected with mutant receptor cDNAs were evaluated in radioligand binding and cyclic AMP assays. The CB1 mutant and WT receptors were also co-expressed with G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying channels (GIRK1 and GIRK4) in Xenopus oocytes to assess functional coupling. The Y→F mutation resulted in cannnabinoid receptors with subtle differences in WT binding and signal transduction. In contrast, the Y→I mutations produced receptors that could not produce signal transduction or bind to multiple cannabinoid compounds. However, immunofluorescence data indicate that the Y→I mutation was compartmentalized and expressed at a level similar to that of the WT cannabinoid receptor. These results underscore the importance of aromaticity at position CB1 5.39(275) and CB2 5.39(191) for ligand recognition in the cannabinoid receptors.
Using quadratic simplicial elements for hierarchical approximation and visualization

Best quadratic simplicial spline approximations can be computed, using quadratic Bernstein-Bezier basis functions, by identifying and bisecting simplicial elements with largest errors. Our method begins with an initial triangulation of the domain; a best quadratic spline approximation is computed; errors are computed for all simplices; and simplices of maximal error are subdivided. This process is repeated until a user-specified global error tolerance is met. The initial approximations for the unit square and cube are given by two quadratic triangles and five quadratic tetrahedra, respectively. Our more complex triangulation and approximation method that respects field discontinuities and geometrical features allows us to better approximate data. Data is visualized by using the hierarchy of increasingly better quadratic approximations generated by this process. Many visualization problems arise for quadratic elements. First tessellating quadratic elements with smaller linear ones and then rendering the smaller linear elements is one way to visualize quadratic elements. Our results show a significant reduction in the number of simplices required to approximate data sets when using quadratic elements as compared to using linear elements.
Electrodeposition of plutonium and uranium from molten salt solutions of di-chlorides

Abstract The usefulness of molten salt solutions of Cs 2 PuCl 6 and Cs 2 UCl 6 for plutonium and uranium electrolyses has been investigated. Plutonium and uranium metal have been recovered from solutions without the use of soluble anodes. Up to 66 per cent of the Pu dissolved in salt solutions has been recovered with Ta cathodes. No net Pu was recovered from solution when Pu cathodes were used because of the reoxidation of the deposit by dissolved chlorine. Uranium metal was deposited on molten lead and solid molybdenum cathodes with high yields. The decomposition potentials for Pu(III)Pu(O) and U(III)U(O) were found to be in agreement with previous results for solutions of PuCl 3 and UCl 3 .
Temporal Pattern of Secretion of Renin in the Hemorrhaged Dog

The rate of renin secretion (product of renal plasma flow and the arteriovenous difference for plasma renin concentration) was measured by continuous collection of 2-min samples of arterial and left renal venous blood with continuous electromagnetic monitoring of left renal blood flow in 5 anesthetized male mongrel dogs. Measurements were made for 1 h before and at least 53 min after withdrawal of 16 ml blood/kg BW in 2 min. During the 1-h control period, there were no significant changes in measured variables. The hemorrhage was followed by a sustained reduction in average mean arterial blood pressure to 78.5 ± 2.24% (SD) of average control values and by a sustained reduction in average renal blood flow to 87.3 ± 4.47% (SD) of average control values. An increase in rate of secretion of renin began during the hemorrage in every animal. The increase was transient, reaching a peak at 3–5 min and a nadir at 5–11 min after initiation of hemorrhage. At the peak, the mean value was 1996.9 ± 977.6% (SE) of mean ...
The Army Dietitian in Military and Humanitarian Operations During the United Nations Missions in Haiti (UNMIH)

Abstract Registered dietitians served with US Army hospitals in Port-au-Prince, Haiti as part of multi-national operations during the UNMIH. As the sole military nutrition expert in Haiti, the Army dietitians served in a multitude of advisory functions. They served as hospital food service director, clinical dietitian, and the expert on nutrition issues and humanitarian food relief efforts. Army dietitians ensured adequate nutrition for patients and staff. The patient population included US and UN soldiers as well as UN civilians and Haitians. Outpatients from ten different countries were counseled for diagnoses such as diabetes and hyperlipidemias. Interpreters were often used during nutrition counseling. Patient meals were 65% regular diets with the majority of modified diets as clear liquids or no pork. Army dietitians influenced menu selections for the 2000 US soldiers in Haiti. Additionally, two Malaysian rations were evaluated for nutritional content and acceptability for UN soldiers. Each ration contained 1500kcals, 50g protein with 17% kcals from non-nutrient dense sources such as creamer and sugar. Three rations supplemented with fruit or fruit drink were recommended per day based on the US Military Recommended Dietary Allowances. Dietitians participated in humanitarian assistance by coordinating the donation of nutrition supplements, rice sugar, cereal, tea, and other staples to qualified Haitian organizations. Site visits were made to the Outreach Mission and St. Catherine Laboure Hospital, both located in Cite Soleil, one of the poorest slums in the Western Hemisphere. Other site visits included University Hospital, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, and a children's hospital in Petionville. UN and US officials relied upon the Army dietitian's expertise in feeding a multi-national force during military and humanitarian operations.
Two Simulation Methods for Constructing Confidence Bands Under the Additive Risk Model

With right-censored failure time data, we propose procedures to construct simultaneous confidence bands for the survival curve of a given subject under the additive risk model. The distribution of the subject-specific cumulative hazard function can be approximated with a zero-mean Gaussian process, which can be generated through simulation methods. We propose two different simulation schemes to obtain the distribution of the supremum of the cumulative hazard process over the entire time range. The two simulation approaches are asymptotically equivalent, whereas the numerical forms are different. We construct two types of confidence bands, namely the equal precision band and the Hall-Wellner type band, through choosing suitable weight functions. Monte Carlo simulation studies show that both of the proposed confidence bands are appropriate for finite sample sizes. We illustrate the new proposal with a real example.
Effects of interactive global changes on methane uptake in an annual grassland

[1] The future size of the terrestrial methane (CH4) sink of upland soils remains uncertain, along with potential feedbacks to global warming. Much of the uncertainty lies in our lack of knowledge about potential interactive effects of multiple simultaneous global environmental changes. Field CH4 fluxes and laboratory soil CH4 consumption were measured five times during 3 consecutive years in a California annual grassland exposed to 8 years of the full factorial combination of ambient and elevated levels of precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and N deposition. Across all sampling dates and treatments, increased precipitation caused a 61% reduction in field CH4 uptake. However, this reduction depended quantitatively on other global change factors. Higher precipitation reduced CH4 uptake when temperature or N deposition (but not both) increased, and under elevated CO2 but only late in the growing season. Warming alone also decreased CH4 uptake early in the growing season, which was partly explained by a decrease in laboratory soil CH4 consumption. Atmospheric CH4 models likely need to incorporate nonadditive interactions, seasonal interactions, and interactions between methanotrophy and methanogenesis. Despite the complexity of interactions we observed in this multifactor experiment, the outcome agrees with results from single-factor experiments: an increased terrestrial CH4 sink appears less likely than a reduced one.
Nature and Culture in the Andes

Nature and Culture in the Andes. David Gade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. ix + 287 pp., figures, tables, notes, references, index.
Coefficient of friction of ptfe-impregnated porous bronze versus temperature

Abstract The coefficient of friction in vacuum of DU (a composite material consisting of sintered bronze, impregnated primarily with polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), mounted on a steel backing) on hard anodized aluminum coated with DU was shown to double as the temperature was lowered from 60 to −20°C. The expression μ = 1.33 exp (−0.01092 T ) was derived to describe this behavior. The derivation was made with the expression μ = s / p as a basis, where s is the shear strength of PTFE and p the hardness of bronze. The resulting equation for μ fits the data excellently, thereby demonstrating the validity of the adhesion theory of friction for this material.
The mental health impact of 9/11 on inner-city high school students 20 miles north of Ground Zero

PURPOSE: To determine the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after 9/11 in a sample of New York City high school students and associations among personal exposure, loss of psychosocial resources, prior mental health treatment, and PTSD. METHODS: A total of 1214 students (grades 9 through 12) attending a large community high school in Bronx County, 20 miles north of "Ground Zero," completed a 45-item questionnaire during gym class on one day eight months after 9/11. Students were primarily Hispanic (62%) and African American (29%) and lived in the surrounding neighborhood. The questionnaire included the PCL-T, a 17-item PTSD checklist supplied by the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PCL-T was scored following the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD requiring endorsement of at least one repeating symptom, two hyperarousal symptoms, and three avoidance symptoms. Bivariate analysis comparing PTSD with personal exposure, loss of psychosocial resources, and mental health variables was done and multiple logistic regression was used to identify significant associations. RESULTS: There were 7.4 % of students with the PTSD symptom cluster. Bivariate analysis showed a trend for females to have higher rates of PTSD (males [6%] vs. females [9%], p = .06] with no overall ethnic differences. Five of the six personal exposure variables, and both of the loss of psychosocial resources and mental health variables were significantly associated with PTSD symptom cluster. Multiple logistic regression analysis found one personal exposure variable (having financial difficulties after 9/11, odds ratio [OR] = 5.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-9.7); both the loss of psychosocial resources variables (currently feeling less safe, OR = 3.58; 95% CI 1.9-6.8) and currently feeling less protected by the government, (OR = 4.04; 95% CI 2.1-7.7); and one mental health variable (use of psychotropic medication before 9/11, OR = 3.95; 95% CI 1.2-13.0) were significantly associated with PTSD symptom cluster. CONCLUSIONS: We found a rate of PTSD in Bronx students after 9/11 that was much higher than other large studies of PTSD in adolescents done before 9/11. Adolescents living in inner cities with high poverty and violence rates may be at high risk for PTSD after a terrorist attack. Students who still felt vulnerable and less safe eight months later and those with prior mental health treatment were four times more likely to have PTSD than those without such characteristics, highlighting the influence of personality and mental health on development of PTSD after a traumatic event. Language: en
Trends in the prevalence of cerebral palsy in a population-based study

Objective. To determine trends in the prevalence of congenital cerebral palsy (CP) over a 16-year period for 1-year survivors using a large, population-based surveillance program. Methods. We determined birth weight-specific trends in the prevalence of CP in live birth and 1-year survivor cohorts of children in a 5-county metropolitan Atlanta area for the periods from 1975–1977, 1981–1985, and 1986–1991. We ascertained children with CP in metropolitan Atlanta by record review as part of an ongoing developmental disability surveillance program conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Georgia Department of Human Resources. A total of 110, 262, and 443 cases of congenital CP were identified for the birth years 1975–1977, 1981–1985, and 1986–1991, respectively. Data were analyzed by birth weight, race, subtypes of CP, and whether the CP existed as an isolated disability or was accompanied by another disability. Results. There was a modest increase in the overall prevalence of congenital CP from 1.7 to 2.0 per 1000 1-year survivors during the period from 1975–1991. This trend was primarily attributable to a slight increase in CP in infants of normal birth weight—CP rates in moderately low and very low birth weight infants did not show consistent trends. There was an increase in the proportion of children who had CP and no other disabilities that was most apparent in infants of normal birth weight from 17% in 1975–1977 to 39% in 1986–1991. For children weighing Conclusions. In the only ongoing population-based study of CP in the United States, there has been a modest increase in the prevalence of CP in 1-year survivors born from 1975–1991. This increase however was seen only in infant survivors of normal birth weight. No change was seen in the trends in CP prevalence in low birth weight and very low birth weight infant based on infant survivors.
Detection of repackaged Android Malware

Android applications are widely used by millions of users to perform many activities. Unfortunately, legitimate and popular applications are targeted by malware authors and they repackage the existing applications by injecting additional code intended to perform malicious activities without the knowledge of end users. Thus, it is important to validate applications for possible repackaging before their installation to safeguard end users. This paper presents the detection of repackaged malware application based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) metric. Our approach builds the population distribution of a legitimate and suspected repackaged malware application based on a set of Small opcode. A high KLD value indicates that an application is dissimilar compared to an original application, hence likely a repackaged application. The approach has been validated based on real-world malware samples and repackaging them to a legitimate application. The results indicate that KLD values remain high for all the malware when repackaged within a legitimate application, and hence can be used as a suitable metric for detection of new malware.
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression

The role of specific brain regions in the pathophysiology of clinical depression is poorly understood. However, one brain area, the prefrontal cortex, is emerging as likely being directly involved in clinical depression. The authors review accepted clinical diagnostic criteria for depression and show how these relate to the behavioral changes seen after prefrontal cortex damage in man and other animals. Information from structural (MRI, CT) and functional imaging (SPECT, PET) is then examined for direct evidence of prefrontal cortex abnormalities in clinically depressed subjects. Functional imaging studies, with few exceptions, demonstrate prefrontal lobe hypometabolism in primary and secondary depression, with severity of depression often correlating with the degree of frontal inactivity. These studies imply that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, particularly with respect to its role in modulating limbic activity, could conceivably produce many of the symptoms seen in clinical depression. Viewing clinical depression as a disease involving dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex and connected brain regions may prove helpful in both the clinical management of depression and in clarifying future avenues for research. Depression 2:59–72 (1994). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fatty acid composition of selected organs of gerbils maintained on a fat-deficient or fat-supplemented diet

The fatty acid composition of liver, heart, and testes was determined in gerbils maintained on a fat-deficient or fatsupplemented diet since the age of twenty-eight days and in gerbil pups, the mothers of which were placed on the respective diets on the day of delivery. Pups born to these mothers were killed at 11 to 19 days at which time increased concentrations of 16∶1, 18∶1, and 20∶3ω9 and decreased concentrations of 18∶2 and 20∶4 (and 22∶5ω6 in testes) were apparent in organs of fat-deficient compared to fat-supplemented gerbils. Similar but more marked changes occurred in organs of gerbils placed on the fat-deficient diet at twenty-eight days of age and examined at intervals of time up to two months later. In these animals, minimal changes were seen also in fatty acids of the brain. The concentration of 22∶6ω3 was resistant to change with the fat-deficient diet. Deficient gerbils had hair loss, decreased quantities of spermatids and spermatozoa in the testis, and most but not all had decreased body weight compared to the fat-supplemented controls. Extremely high concentrations of oleic acid were present in carcass fatty acids of deficient compared to supplemented gerbils, indicating an extremely dynamic fatty acid metabolism in these animals.
Postauricular fascial flap and suture otoplasty: a prospective outcome study of 227 patients.

Summary The anterior scoring technique is criticised for a higher risk of haematoma related complications while the suture techniques for suture-extrusion and recurrence. Horlock et. al. described a suture otoplasty with addition of a postauricular fascial flap to reduce suture extrusion and noted recurrence rates of 8%. We report the senior author’s experience with this technique in 227 consecutive cases. All cases were done by or under supervision of the senior author and the data collected prospectively. Complications, recurrence, revision rate and results as recorded were analysed. A total of 10 (7 early 3 late) complications were recorded (4.4%). Suture extrusion ( n = 6, 2.64%), Keloids ( n = 3, 1.32%), Infection, anterior skin necrosis ( n = 1 each, 0.44%). A total of 6 unilateral and 5 bilateral cases had a recurrence (3.67% total ears) and 97% of recorded outcomes were reported as good or excellent results. The low complication rate seems to support the hypothesis that the fascial flap prevents suture extrusion and reduces risk of recurrence. Lack of Anterior dissection avoids risks of bleeding and haematoma.
Sex Stereotypes and Implicit Personality Theory. II. A Trait-Inference Approach to the Assessment of Sex Stereotypes

Two experiments were conducted to assess sex stereotypes using the trait-inference method originated by Asch (1946). In both, subjects were asked to make inferences about the personality of a male or a female stimulus target who was introduced by a brief list of traits. In Experiment 1 this trait list described the target as either good or bad in intellectual activities and as either warm or cold while in Experiment 2 the introductory list comprised traits which are relatively neutral in terms of evaluation. Subjects rated the stimulus persons on adjective scales selected to reflect dimensions of personality perception reported in previous research. In both studies, male targets were rated significantly higher than females in terms of the Intellectual Desirability dimension. In addition, female targets tended to be rated higher on Communion in Experiment 1 (p<.06), and lower than males on Potency in Experiment 2 (p<.07). No differences as a function of stimulus sex were obtained for Social Desirability, Activity, and Agency. The results suggest that the dimension of implicit personality theory most closely associated with perceived sex differences is a combination of Intellectual Desirability and Potency. The male end of this dimension is relatively well defined by traits which convey a hard-headed, rational approach to problem solving. The female end is much less elaborated and consists of traits reflecting soft-heartedness.
WATER QUALITY MODELLING WITHIN THE RAISON EXPERT SYSTEM

The RAISON (Regional Analysis by Intelligent Systems ON a microcomputer) system is a multimedia environmental data analysis tool-kit that contains a fully integrated database management system, spreadsheet, G.I.S., graphics, statistics, modelling and expert system modules as well as a programming language that allows the user to create specialized applications. This paper presents case studies of modelling applications which illustrate the utility of the system in assisting the users of water quality models to make the models more user friendly. This is accomplished through the use of added visualization of inputs and auxiliary information as well as on-line knowledge added. This system also enables the user to represent model results in numerous graphical forms as well as animated results presented on maps. In addition, it has the ability to interface models with expert systems to aid in the selection and use of models and in the interpretation of results.