cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calorimetric method for determining the thermochemical energy storage capacities of redox metal oxides

Abstract Transition metal oxide compounds have been demonstrated to be promising candidates for thermochemical processes, particularly energy storage. A calorimetric method for measuring enthalpy of these materials is developed in this work. A combination of drop calorimetry and acid-solution calorimetry is used to measure the total enthalpy and standard enthalpy of formation of these materials for compounds that form at high temperatures (≥ 1000 °C) after undergoing thermal reduction. These measurements are used to compute the energy storage potential of these materials for a specified set of redox cycle operating temperatures. The construction and calibration of appropriate calorimeter devices are described. A novel approach to performing acid-solution calorimetry is introduced by including tin (II) chloride as a reducing agent for enhancing the dissolution rate of these compounds sufficiently so that acid-solution calorimetry can be implemented accurately. The general procedure is presented and applied to three variations of magnesium-manganese oxide materials for a redox cycle operating under an oxygen partial pressure of 0.2 atm between 1000 and 1500 °C. Using this method, the total energies stored by magnesium-manganese oxides of molar ratios Mn/Mg of 2/1, 1/1, and 2/3 were found to be 924 ± 56.7, 1029 ± 57.0, and 1070 ± 64.2 kJ kg−1, respectively.
Consolidated Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey: Audio of Presentation

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research program was developed to provide harmonized comparisons among countries related to the level of participation in entrepreneurial activities.
Solving Single Variable Equations

The problem of solving the equation f(x) = 0 is among the most storied in all of mathematics, and it is with this problem that we initiate our study of computational science. We assume functions have their natural domains in the real numbers. For instance, a function like \(\sqrt {x}\) exists over the collection of nonnegative reals. The right-hand side being zero is not generally restrictive since solving either f(x) = k or g(x) = h(x) can be re-expressed as f(x) − k = 0 or g(x) − h(x) = 0. Hence looking for roots provides a general method to solve equations.
Monolithic Three-Dimensional Imaging System: Carbon Nanotube Computing Circuitry Integrated Directly Over Silicon Imager

Here we show a hardware prototype of a monolithic three-dimensional (3D) imaging system that integrates computing layers directly in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) of a conventional silicon imager. Such systems can transform imager output from raw pixel data to highly processed information. To realize our imager, we fabricate 3 vertical circuit layers directly on top of each other: a bottom layer of silicon pixels followed by two layers of CMOS carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs) (comprising 2,784 CNFETs) that perform in-situ edge detection in real-time, before storing data in memory. This approach promises to enable image classification systems with improved nrocessing latencies.
How Participatory Action Research as Pedagogy Helped Transform the Identities of Students Enrolled in a Developmental Mathematics Classroom.

This study explores the use of participatory action research (PAR) as pedagogy with adults to create dialog about their educational experiences connected with learning mathematics. The dialog, larg...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates ileal goblet cell production in mice

Innervation of the intestinal mucosa has gained more attention with demonstrations of tuft and enteroendocrine cell innervation. However, the role(s) these fibers play in maintaining the epithelial and mucus barriers are still poorly understood. This study therefore examines the proximity of mouse ileal goblet cells to neuronal fibers, and the regulation of goblet cell production by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). An organotypic intestinal slice model that maintains the cellular diversity of the intestinal wall ex vivo was used. An ex vivo copper-free click-reaction to label glycosaminoglycans was used to identify goblet cells. Pharmacological treatment of slices was used to assess the influence of VIP receptor antagonism on goblet cell production and neuronal fiber proximity. Goblet cells were counted and shown to have at least one peripherin immunoreactive fiber within 3 µm of the cell, 51% of the time. Treatment with a VIP receptor type I and II antagonist (VPACa) resulted in an increase in the percentage of goblet cells with peripherin fibers. Pharmacological treatments altered goblet cell counts in intestinal crypts and villi, with tetrodotoxin and VPACa substantially decreasing goblet cell counts. When cultured with 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) as an indicator of cell proliferation, colocalization of labeled goblet cells and EdU in ileal crypts was decreased by 77% when treated with VPACa. This study demonstrates a close relationship of intestinal goblet cells to neuronal fibers. By using organotypic slices from mouse ileum, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor regulation of gut wall goblet cell production was revealed.
Initial Results of Quantification of Model Validation Results Using Modal Analysis

High quality generator dynamic models are critical to reliable and accurate power systems studies and planning. With the availability of PMU measurements, measurement-based approach for model validation has gained significant prominence. Currently, the model validation results are analyzed by visually comparing real-world PMU measurements with the model-based simulated data. This paper proposes metrics to quantify the generator dynamic model validation results based on the response of generators to each system mode, which includes both local and inter-area, using modal analysis approach. The metrics provide information on the inaccuracy associated with the model in terms of the characteristics of each mode. Initial results obtained using the real-world data validates the effectiveness of the proposed metrics. In this paper, modal analysis was carried out using Prony method.
The ADHD teen integrative data analysis longitudinal (TIDAL) dataset: background, methodology, and aims

The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Teen Integrative Data Analysis Longitudinal (TIDAL) dataset integrates data from four randomized trials. Participants with ADHD (N = 854; 72.5% male, 92.5% racial/ethnic minority, ages 10–17) were assessed three times across 12 months. Data includes parent, self, and teacher ratings, observations, and school records. The battery was harmonized using an Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) approach to form variables that assign unique values to all participants. The data will be used to investigate: (1) profiles that organize the heterogeneous population into clinically meaningful subgroups, (2) whether these profiles predict treatment response, (3) heterogeneity in treatment response and variables that predict this response, (4) how treatment characteristics and adjunctive supports predict treatment response, and (5) mediators of treatment and whether these mechanisms are moderated by treatment characteristics. The ADHD TIDAL Dataset will be openly shared with the field to maximize its utility.
Novel 21-aminosteroids Prevent Tumour Associated Neurological Dysfunction

The efficacy of the potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors U-74006F and U-78517F in the treatment of blood-tumour barrier permeability and tumour associated neurological dysfunction was evaluated. Rats with stereotactically implanted Walker 256 tumours were treated with methylprednisolone (MP), U-74006F, U-78517F, or vehicle. (0.05 N HC1) on days 6 through 10 following implantation. Neurologic function and vascular permeability was assessed on day 10. U-74006F and MP were equally effective at preventing neurologic dysfunction compared to control (p <0.01). U-78517F was slightly less effective than U-74006F and MP but was significantly better than vehicle in preventing neurological dysfunction. MP resulted in a significant decrease in tumour vascular permeability (p <0.006) while the lipid peroxidation inhibitors had no effect on permeability.
A Unified Theory of the Effect of Vote-by-Mail on Turnout

Vote-by-Mail (VBM) is a unique mode of voting that allows voters to receive an unsolicited ballot and choose to return their ballot either by mail or in person. Despite growing evidence that adopting VBM boosts voter turnout, previous research lacks a unified explanation for why. We introduce a novel theory that explains that adopting VBM increases turnout because it reduces the physical costs of voting for all voters and mitigates the information costs of voting conditional on the types of voters and salience of elections. Using over 9.5 million individual voting records from the 2012, 2014, and 2016 general elections in Colorado and New Mexico, we find consistent evidence for multiple hypotheses based on our theory. Our results show the benefits of taking treatment effect heterogeneity seriously in election studies, shed new light on campaigning and political participation, and imply potential advantages of nudge intervention in elections.
THE ANATOMY OF AGGRESSION

QUITE mundane pursuits as well as lofty at? tempts to achieve the extraordinary turn us against each other in tragic, insidious ways. These pursuits give rise to an "invisible hand" that, far from guiding people toward happiness, steers them instead toward confrontation and aggression. People end up literally making war in order to secure a good life. My aim here is to lay bare mechanisms by which our undertakings make aggressors of us. I begin with an analysis of competition, aggression, and related phenomena.
Strategic Opposition Research

We develop a model of strategic opposition research within a campaign. A candidate faces an opponent of unknown relative quality. After observing an unverifiable private signal (e.g., rumor of a scandal), the candidate chooses whether to undertake opposition research, attempting a costly search for verifiable bad news, and then whether to reveal what the research found to the voters. Increasing the ex-ante quality of an opponent deters opposition research, but also increases voter response to any given revelation in equilibrium because the voter knows the (unobserved) private signal was sufficient to launch research. This "Halo Effect" can explain both why voters seem to react more to relatively smaller scandals by high-quality officials compared to low-quality ones, and why even high-quality challengers may want to raise the cost of searching their backgrounds, despite their expected lack of scandal. This effect may be sufficiently strong that parties prefer lower expected quality candidates on average. These results also rationalize the mixed empirical literature showing that exogenously generated negative information about candidates (i.e., experiments) tend to show smaller effects on voter behavior than endogenously generated negative information over the course of campaigns (i.e., surveys).
Olefin metathesis of syn,syn-2,4,6-triallyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-tripropionyl-s-triazine and nitrolysis products

Abstract Ring closing olefin metathesis of syn,syn-2,4,6-triallyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-tripropionyl-s-triazine gave an intramolecular cyclized product and an intra/intermolecular dimerized product depending on the choice of organometallic ruthenium catalyst. The intramolecular cyclized product was further reduced and then reacted under nitrolysis conditions with trifluoroacetyl nitrate to give endo-8-(1-propyl)-7,9,10-trinitro-7,9,10-triazabicyclo[4.3.1]decane in 25% yield.
The nuclear receptor RORα preserves cardiomyocyte mitochondrial function by regulating caveolin-3-mediated mitophagy.

Preserving optimal mitochondrial function is critical in the heart, which is the most ATP-avid organ in the body. Recently, we showed that global deficiency of the nuclear receptor RORα in the "staggerer" mouse exacerbates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and compromises cardiomyocyte mitochondrial function. However, the mechanisms underlying these observations have not been defined previously. Here, we used pharmacological and genetic gain- and loss-of-function tools to demonstrate that RORα regulates cardiomyocyte mitophagy to preserve mitochondrial abundance and function. We found that cardiomyocyte mitochondria in staggerer mice with lack of functional RORα were less numerous and exhibited fewer mitophagy events than those in WT controls. The hearts of our novel cardiomyocyte-specific RORα KO mouse line demonstrated impaired contractile function, enhanced oxidative stress, increased apoptosis, and reduced autophagic flux relative to Cre(-) littermates. We found that cardiomyocyte mitochondria in "staggerer" mice with lack of functional RORα were upregulated by hypoxia, a classical inducer of mitophagy. The loss of RORα blunted mitophagy and broadly compromised mitochondrial function in normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vivo and in vitro. We also show that RORα is a direct transcriptional regulator of the mitophagy mediator caveolin-3 in cardiomyocytes and that enhanced expression of RORα increases caveolin-3 abundance and enhances mitophagy. Finally, knockdown of RORα impairs cardiomyocyte mitophagy, compromises mitochondrial function, and induces apoptosis, but these defects could be rescued by caveolin-3 overexpression. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role for RORα in regulating mitophagy through caveolin-3 and expand our currently limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying RORα-mediated cardioprotection.
The Mark of Cain : Psychoanalytic Insight and the Psychopath

I. Development and Psychodynamics -Introduction -"Primary Affect Hunger" (1937) - David Ley -"Notes on the Psychopathology of the Affectionless Character" (1944) - John Bowlby -"Conscience in the Psychopath" (1945) - Phyllis Greenacre -"Psychopathic Behavior Disorders in Children" (1947) - Lauretta Bender -"Latent Delinquency and Ego Development" (1949) - Kate Friedlander -"Sanctions for Superego Lacunae of Adolescents" (1949) - Adelaide Johnson -"The Imposter: Contribution to Ego Psychology of a Type of Psychopath" (1955) - Helene Deutch -"The Antisocial Tendency" (1956) - Donald Winnicott -"Time and the Character Disorder" (1964) - Milton Miller -"Psychopathy, Freedom, and Criminal Behavior" (1966) - Seymour Halleck -"The Psychology of Wickedness: Psychopathy and Sadism" (1997) - J. Reid Meloy II: Treatment, Risk Management, and Psychodiagnosis -Introduction -"The Phallic-Narcissistic Character" (1933) - Wilhelm Reich -"The Narcissistic Transference of the 'Juvenile Imposter'" (1935) - August Aichhorn -"Some Characteristics of the Psychopathic Personality" (1960) - Betty Joseph -"Some Narcissistic Personality Types" (1973) - Ben Bursten -"Outpatient Treatment of Psychopaths" (1978) - John Lion -"The Response Aroused by the Psychopath" (1980) - Neville Symington -"The Treatment of Antisocial Syndromes: The Therapist's Feelings" (1986) - Larry Strasburger -"The Narcissistic Personality Disorder and the Differential Diagnosis of Antisocial Behavior" (1989) - Otto Kernberg
A highly-simplified nucleic-acid microfluidic test device based on capillary wicking action for point-of-care diagnostics

On-chip devices for point-of-care diagnostics are excellent options for rapid and low-cost testing. However, there are not many fully integrated on-chip nucleic-acid tests reported in literature. Here, we propose a palm-sized ‘chip’ in which solid-phase extraction, isothermal enzymatic amplification (LAMP) and real-time fluorescence detection are integrated. The device operates with one moving part; fluid actuation and control is effected by capillary wicking action of absorbent materials, requiring no external pumping or power.
Rum Histories: Decolonizing the Narratives of Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea and Sylvia Townsend Warner's The Flint Anchor

Rum is an intoxicant, but not just any intoxicant: its historical and cul- tural affiliations trope colonialism as a force that perpetuates itself through economic institutions and internalized beliefs. In Sylvia Townsend Warner's The Flint Anchor and Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea, scenes of intoxication image the subjection of characters to gender ideologies that support colonial- ism. A brief example from an early novel by Rhys, Voyage in the Dark (1934), illustrates rum's potential to infuse distant events with the operations of colo- nization. In this scene, the protagonist Anna Morgan, a young white Creole 1 woman who is attempting to support herself independently as a chorus girl in England, establishes the parameters of her relationship with Walter, the man who will be her first lover and source of income: "You're a rum little devil, aren't you?" Walter said. "Oh, I always was rum," I said. "When I was a kid I wanted to be black, and they used to say, 'Your poor grandfather would turn in his grave if he heard you talking like that.'" I finished the whisky. The paralysed feeling went and I was all right again. "Oh well," I thought, "I don't care. What's it matter?" "I'm the fifth generation born out there, on my mother's side." 2 Walter uses the adjective "rum," meaning "odd; strange" and perhaps "presenting danger or difficulty" to characterize Anna's apparently casual approach to ladylike behavior. 3 But the potential metonymic presence of rum, the noun, suggests the shaping force of colonialism in this relationship. In this exchange Walter is responding to Anna's admission that "All my family drink too much" (p. 31), and his use of the word rum may reflect an assumption about what her family is likely to drink. Anna's response implies that she has heard a different accusation about her ancestry. "I wanted to be black," she claims, and "I'm the fifth generation born out there." The first remark suggests, simultaneously, Anna's defiant identification with Afro- Caribbean influences in her culture and her belief that Walter has suggested that all white West Indians are "tainted" by miscegenation. Her second com- ment, also a claim and a denial, asserts her national identity and uses time to distance herself from a slave-owning past. 4 Given the variety of signals here, Anna's subsequent sexual exploitation can be seen as poetic justice for the
Feedback coherent anisotropic diffusion for high resolution image enhancement

Anisotropic diffusion has proved efficiency in filtering wide range of images. However, its application to improve SNR in MR images was limited due to the minute details existing in many medical image modalities e.g., MR and CT images. Therefore, these types of images require sophisticated sensitive filtering methods. In this paper we propose a modified variational model based on the coherent diffusion for enhancing SNR. The difference between the filtered and the degraded image may contain some residual coherent information. This coherent information means that the applied diffusion parameters in these areas were overestimated. In this paper, the coherence in the difference image is used as a feedback to re-estimate diffusivities in places where coherent leakage was detected. Results show that information associated with resolved-object structure, even minute structures, were substantially preserved.
Non-destructive displaying defects for luminescence image of photovoltaic panel arrays

The non-destructive displaying defects of luminescence imaging is presented for inspecting silicon solar cell characterization of photovoltaic panel. The displaying system with photoluminescence can be applied to cleaning robotic device for tracing panel defects after cleaning photovoltaic panel arrays. A comparison method of the photoluminescence images with various illuminations has high sensitivity to reveal micro crack defect by image filter and threshold processes. It is simple to display the micro crack of commercial photovoltaic panel by non-contact inspection of photoluminescence.
Cementless total hip arthroplasty using a porous-coated prosthesis for bone ingrowth fixation: 3 1/2-year follow-up

Abstract The clinical and radiologic results of a consecutive series of 59 patients (69 hips) who had primary total hip arthroplasty using cementless prostheses was studied. Harris-Galante acetabular and femoral protheses, which have a porous fiber-metal mesh coating intended to encourage bone ingrowth fixation, were used in all cases. Two femoral components were revised during the follow-up period, one for aseptic loosening and the other for late septic loosening. In the remaining 67 hips, the average Harris hip score rose from a preoperative 52 to 94 at the last follow-up examination (average follow-up period, 44 months). Eighty-eight percent of these hips had an excellent result (Harris hip score of 90 or more). Radiologic analysis demonstrated that all the acetabular components were stable. Eighty-three percent of the femoral components appeared to have stable bone ingrowth fixation, five components (7%) had stable fibrous ingrowth, and seven (10%) were unstable. Parallel radiodense lines were seen around the smooth portion of the stem in 93% of hips, but this finding appeared to have no clinical importance. Significant stress shielding of the proximal femur was seen in 16% of hips. Endosteal lysis of the distal femur occurred in 22 % of hips, including large lesions in two patients who will require future revision surgery because of femoral diaphysis weakening. Femoral lysis was not associated with hip or thigh pain and was most common in young, male patients who had high activity levels. Because of the high incidence of femoral erosion in this series, close radiologic observation is warranted for patients who have had cementless hip arthroplasty using the Harris-Galante implant.
Yield enhancement through photoresist characterization at the implant photo operations

This paper will demonstrate the ability to positively impact yield of an IC device through means of photoresist characterization at the implant photo processes. Film characterization and DOE methodology will be used to optimize the photo pattern. Device yield will be measured by means of defects associated with the Vgs Parameter of the device, a parameter that monitors voltage at the gate and source as a function of drain current. Optimizing the photoresist process at the photo implant layers creates a more robust process which provides stability for the Vgs parameter of the device. The end results are an increasing process yield for the product.
Measurement of the correlation spectrum of electrostatic potential fluctuations in an ECRH Helimak plasma

Measurements of the length and time scales of turbulent potential fluctuations were carried out on the MIT Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF). Plasmas were produced by ECRF heating in a novel toroidal configuration which we have termed the Helimak. The configuration consists of a toroidal fieldB φ of approximately 800 gauss and a vertical fieldB z of typically 10 gauss, produced by a Helmholtz coil.T e is approximately 10 eV. The density exhibited a peaked profile havingn max ≈ 2×1010 cm−3 and a density gradient scale length of ∼10 cm. The fluctuation experiments were conducted using a mobile vertical array of eight Langmuir probes. At major radii outside the density peak, the vertical correlation lengths λc⊥ of fluctuations were found to be on the order of 5–10 cm for fluctuation frequencies below 3–8 kHz, and on the order of 1–2 cm at higher frequencies. At major radii on the inner slope of the density peak, a new feature appears in the spatial coherence function consisting of a second peak at a probe separation which scales linearly with vertical field. This observation indicates that these fluctuations have a correlation length on the order of 2πR 0∼600 cm in the direction parallel to the helical magnetic field lines.
REGULATED PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF TAU PROTEIN : EFFECTS ON MICROTUBULE INTERACTION, INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING AND NEURODEGENERATION

This review attempts to summarize what is known about tau phosphorylation in the context of both normal cellular function and dysfunction. However, conceptions of tau function continue to evolve, and it is likely that the regulation of tau distribution and metabolism is complex. The roles of microtubule-associated kinases and phosphatases have yet to be fully described, but may afford insight into how tau phosphorylation at the distal end of the axon regulates cytoskeletal-membrane interactions. Finally, lipid and glycosaminoglycan modification of tau structure affords yet more complexity for regulation and aggregation. Continued work will help to determine what is causal and what is coincidental in Alzheimer's disease, and may lead to identification of therapeutic targets for halting the progression of paired helical filament formation.
Calcitonin Messenger RNA Encodes Multiple Polypeptides in a Single Precursor

Recombinant DNA techniques were used to analyze the structure of the messenger RNA encoding a precursor of calcitonin, a small calcium-regulating hormone of 32 amino acids. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of cloned complementary DNA's comprising the entire coding sequence of the messenger RNA revealed that calcitonin is flanked at both its amino and carboxyl termini by peptide extensions linked to the hormone by short sequences of basic amino acids. The location of glycine next to the carboxyl terminal prolinamide of calcitonin is consistent with indications that glycine is required for the enzymatic amidation of proline to the prolinamide. During cellular biosynthesis, calcitonin arises from a large precursor protein by cleavages at both amino and carboxyl terminal residues of the hormone. These findings raise questions concerning the regulation of these cleavages and the potential biological functions of the precursor extensions derived from these cleavages.
Blood, breath, and fears: A hyperventilation theory of panic attacks and agoraphobia.

Abstract This paper offers a theoretical explanation of panic attacks and agoraphobia. The theory is based in part on the observation that dyspnea and heart palpitations, the chief somatic complaints reported by agoraphobes with a history of panic attacks, are the cause of the panic fear suffered by the agoraphobes, not the effect. The primary assumption of the theory is that the unexpected somatic events (dyspnea and palpitations) are the consequence of a rise in blood alkalosu produced by hyperventilation (ventilation in excess of metabolic needs). The implications of the theory for treatment are discussed briefly.
Postsynaptic factors controlling the shape of potentials at the squid giant synapse

Abstract The roles of rectification and cable properties of the squid giant axon in determining the shape of synaptic potentials generated at the giant synapse were investigated. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in response to selective stimulation of the main presynaptic axon at various temperatures. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials elicited at low temperatures ( These results indicate that the duration of synaptic potentials at the squid giant synapse is reduced by rectification due to a delayed rise in potassium conductance. Computer simulations of these synaptic potentials suggested that the effects of rectification will be more prominent in spherical (isopotential) cells than in cells with more complicated geometries.
Sedimentation rates in Fayetteville Green Lake, New York, U.S.A.

In Fayetteville Green Lake, past sedimentation rates can be accurately and precisely estimated by separating annual couplets or varves in dried sediment samples. Two measures were used, which serve as upper and lower limits on estimated sedimentation rate. They agree within 5 % with average annual sedimentation rate in couplets for recent years. Between 3 and 5 replicate samples are needed to reduce the half-width of 95 % confidence intervals on individual couplet sedimentation rates to 30 g m−2 yr−1 about 5 % of average recent rates. In the late 1800s sedimentation rate averaged 392 g m−2 yr−1 and ranged between 324 and 466 g m−2 yr−1, while in the 1970s the rate averaged 581 g m−2 yr−1 by the same measure, and ranged between 384 and 646 g m−2 yr−1. Sedimentation rate averaged for 13 years does not vary over short distances in the profundal zone, but lateral variation in sedimentation rate can be detected for individual years over the same distance. Not all this variation was associated with the non-uniform distribution of dark sublaminae and thin turbidites which cannot be separated from the annual layers. This indicates that although precise estimates of sedimentation rates can be made at different points in the lake, estimates will have to be made at numerous points before annual sedimentation rates for the lake as a whole can be accurately assessed.
Characterization of ten microsatellite loci in midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor)

Primers for 10 microsatellite loci were developed for midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor), a small bodied subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake, which is found in the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. In a screen of 23 individuals from the most northern portion of the subspecies range in southwestern Wyoming, the 10 loci were found to have levels of variability ranging from 4 to 11 alleles. No loci were found to be linked, although one locus revealed significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These microsatellite loci will be applicable for population genetic analyses, which will ultimately aid in management efforts for this rare subspecies of rattlesnake.
What's taking so long? S-phase entry from quiescence versus proliferation

There is a short window in the mammalian cell cycle during which cells can respond to extracellular cues by withdrawing temporarily from the cell cycle. When these cells re-enter the cell cycle, they require several extra hours in the G1 phase before they replicate their DNA compared with their cycling counterparts. More than 20 years after this initial observation, we still do not understand what is taking so long.
Gender differences in neurotransmitter expression in the rat superior cervical ganglion.

Abstract Sexual dimorphism of neuron number has been observed in several areas in the central and peripheral nervous system. In many of these areas enhanced neuron survival exists in males during the period of naturally occurring cell death. This has been attributed to high levels of circulating testosterone in the perinatal period. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat exhibits this sexual dimorphism. The difference in neuron numbers is established by two weeks postnatally and precedes the differences in body weight and sympathetic target mass between the sexes. At this two week time point, fewer SCG neurons in the female rat must supply neurotransmitter to the same mass of sympathetic target as in the male. The present study examined some of the mechanisms used by neurons in the SCGs of male and female rats to compensate in supplying neurotransmitter to their targets. At birth, the SCGs of male and female rats contain equal numbers of neurons. There is also no sex difference at this time in the content of norepinephrine (NE) in these neurons or in the enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). However, a sex difference does exist in the expression of TH-mRNA, with SCG neurons in female expressing more TH-mRNA than males. At this time, there is no sex difference in either the total body weight of males and females or in the mass of sympathetic target organs. During the first two postnatal weeks, natural neuron death in the SCG results in the loss of significantly more neurons in females than in males. At the end of the period of cell death, neurons in females continue to express more TH-mRNA, and at this time both TH enzyme activity and NE content per neuron are also higher in females. Since the adult sex difference in body weight and sympathetic target mass has not yet been established, the same amount of target mass is innervated by fewer neurons in females. In the adult, the sex difference in SCG neuron number is maintained. However, both overall body weight and sympathetic target mass are significantly greater in males. At this time expression of TH-mRNA is greater in SCG neurons of males, while both TH enzyme activity and NE content per neuron are equal in males and females. One of the challenges presented to the developing nervous system is to match a population of neurons with its targets. These results demonstrate that there are changes in both cell number and neurotransmitter gene expression in the developing SCG of both males and females before there is any sex difference in the amount of target to be innervated. We conclude that there is some mechanism, mediated by gonadal steroids, which anticipates the demand of the target and regulates the establishment of cell number and the development of neurotransmitter metabolism.
Bismuth Germanate's Role in the New Revolution in Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

This paper begins by reviewing the history of gamma-ray spectroscopy and then discusses some of the recent results based on data taken with coincidence arrays of germanium detectors and Compton-suppression spectrometers. It then addresses the first impacts which the use of bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors are having on the understanding of the properties of nuclei excited into states of high energy and very high angular momentum. BGO uses in this area are presently in their infancy; it is clear, however, that the utilization of such detectors, with their considerable gamma-ray stopping power, will play a major role in unraveling many of the mysteries of the nucleus in these extreme conditions. This paper covers some of the considerations involved in how to effectively incorporate BGO into complex detection systems, discusses some of the systems presently in operation or under construction, and stresses the new physics to be learned by utilizing these detector arrays.
Finding all isolated solutions to polynomial systems using HOMPACK

Although the theory of polynomial continuation has been established for over a decade (following the work of Garcia, Zangwill, and Drexler), it is difficult to solve polynomial systems using continuation in practice. Divergent paths (solutions at infinity), singular solutions, and extreme scaling of coefficients can create catastrophic numerical problems. Further, the large number of paths that typically arise can be discouraging. In this paper we summarize polynomial-solving homotopy continuation and report on the performance of three standard path-tracking algorithms (as implemented in HOMPACK) in solving three physical problems of varying degrees of difficulty. Our purpose is to provide useful information on solving polynomial systems, including specific guidelines for homotopy construction and parameter settings. The m-homogeneous strategy for constructing polynomial homotopies is outlined, along with more traditional approaches. Computational comparisons are included to illustrate and contrast the major HOMPACK options. The conclusions summarize our numerical experience and discuss areas for future research.
DOMINANT PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS OF MAJOR WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES

Rotifers were the most numerous metazoans found in preserved plankton samples taken routinely at 128 sampling stations on the major rivers and Great Lakes of the United States. While rotifers of more than one genus often dominated a sample, the dominant form tended to be one species. Generally, stations with high population densities had low species diversity. Turbulence, silt, and some other cdaphic factors appeared to be more important than industrial or domestic wastes, during winter and early spring, in reducing the number of species of rotifers in the biota. During the summer and fall, differences in the abundances of dominant species appeared to be the best criterion for indicating differences in water quality or pollution.
Isoperimetric functions of finitely generated nilpotent groups

Abstract We show that the isoperimetric function of a finitely generated nilpotent group of class c is bounded above by a polynomial of degree 2 c .
Zero locus of a beam with varying sensor and actuator locations

The nonrational transfer function of an important component of a flexible structure, the beam, is analyzed. The true pattern of zeros of that transfer function is investigated as a function of sensor and actuator separation. Translational displacement sensors are used for two cases in which a force input and a moment input are separately applied at one end of the beam. Contrary to general opinion, zeros do not simply approach the origin along the real axis of the s plane as the sensor is moved away from the point of force/moment application. When the displacement sensor is located at a certain point, the first pair of zeros on the real axis of the s plane arrive at the origin and cancel the rigid-body mode. The location of the translational displacement sensor on the beam at which the rigid-body mode of the beam is unobservable is analyzed as the center of percussion and is uniquely located for each case. If the sensor is moved beyond such a point, a pair of zeros appear on the imaginary axis and move away from the origin along the imaginary axis of the s plane. Finally, the zero migration associated with an angular displacement sensor is briefly considered and compared with the zero migration associated with the translational displacement sensor.
Globalization, Universities and Sustainable Human Development

Robert Forrant and Jean L. Pyle look at the fast changing global economy and discuss what can be the role for the university, as an institution, to promote sustainable human development. They contend that the university is an important civil society institution, whose power could be considerable in promoting sustainability. The authors explore ways the university can play a role in fostering a development approach that countervails the preponderant power of institutions advocating a ‘market-driven’ development strategy. Cohesive links at the local and regional level between higher education and industry and community-based organizations create the possibility that difficult societal problems will be tackled and resolved.
Tofacitinab in Renal Transplantation

Tofacitinib (tositinib, CP-690,550) is a small molecule inhibitor of Janus associated kinases, primarily JAK3 and JAK2, which inhibits cytokine signaling through the IL-2Rγ chain. In this article, we review the mechanism of action of tofacitinib, and pre-clinical and clinical data regarding its use in solid organ transplantation thus far. It is hoped that tofacitinib may form the basis for calcineurin-free immunosuppression, improving renal function while eliminating calcineurin inhibitor renal toxicity. Current studies suggest that tofacitinib is an effective immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation, but it's use in current protocols carries an increased risk of CMV, BK, and EBV viral infection, anemia and leukopenia, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
Crisis intervention: Involvement and training needs of school psychology personnel

Abstract The results are reported of a national survey of practicing school psychological personnel regarding crisis intervention. The data are based upon the responses of 193 NASP members. The issues addressed were (a) previous training and interest in learning more about crisis intervention; (b) numbers and types of potential crisis situations being encountered; and (c) perceived adequacy of training in crisis intervention. The results suggest that practitioners are being asked to intervene in a variety of situations with crisis potential. Many respondents reported inadequate training for this role. However, most considered it an important area and are interested in learning more.
Intensity of radiation of charged particles passing through crystals

Abstract We have calculated the intensity of radiation of a relativistic charged particle moving in a crystalline medium, taking into account the interaction of the charge with the crystal as well as with the radiation. Various modifications to the usual Cerenkov radiation are discussed and under certain conditions enhancement occurs.
Familial Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve: Secondary Calcific Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Aneurysm

A patient with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta and calcific stenosis of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, whose brother also had a stenotic congenital bicuspid aortic valve, is described. Predominant aortic stenosis at cardiac catheterization and the presence of an aneurysm distal to and not including the aortic valvular ring made the initial diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome unlikely. Cystic medial necrosis present in the aneurysmal wall probably arose as a consequence of poststenotic dilatation. Adequate noninvasive evaluation of the ascending aorta requires echocardiographic studies, as well as a chest x-ray film.
Effect of solid-state curing on the viscoelastic properties of poly(phenylene sulfide)

PPS is a thermosetting/thermoplastic resin. The resin, upon exiting the polymerization process, is generally a low viscosity, low molecular weight material. The thermosetting character is therefore exploited in a solid state cure process in the presence of air at elevated temperatures. This produces a resin with a more desirable property profile. Melt state dynamic mechanical measurements have been made on a series of cured PPS resins to elucidate structural changes that occur on the molecular level during the cure process. Increases in viscosity, non-Newtonian behavior, and relative elastic response were observed with increasing cure time and have been attributed to an increasing molecular weight and broadening molecular weight distribution achieved through branching/crosslinking. The effects of various environments on curing have also been investigated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endocrine evaluation of infertile men.

Abstract Objectives To determine the incidence and type of endocrinologic abnormalities in men undergoing infertility evaluations and the most appropriate testing to detect them. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients attending two infertility centers was performed. Results of endocrine testing were compared to medical history and physical and laboratory findings to determine whether endocrinologic screening could be limited to a specific subpopulation. Results Only 99 of the 1035 patients (9.6%) had abnormal endocrine studies upon repetitive testing. The majority of these patients had an isolated elevation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Only 1.7% had a clinically significant endocrinopathy that would have had an effect upon disease management. Screening with serum testosterone and FSH levels alone was just as effective as a complete hormonal panel of testosterone, FSH, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin for the detection of clinically significant endocrinopathy. Only 1 patient with a clinically significant endocrinopathy would not have been identified if hormonal screening was limited to only those patients with a sperm density of less than 10 × 10 6 /mL. Conclusions Endocrinopathies are a rare cause of male infertility. Endocrine screening of men with sperm counts of less than 10 million/mL with serum testosterone and FSH levels alone will detect the vast majority of clinically significant endocrinopathies.
Where Freedom Matters Internet Adoption among the Former Socialist Countries

The goal of this study was to explore inter-country differences in Internet connectivity among the formerly socialist countries of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. Of particular interest was investigating if, in a region where per capita income and infrastructure differences are not extreme, other factors would become the dominant determinants. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the openness of society and cultural factors, using religion as a proxy, play critical roles. Countries with higher levels of civil liberties and those with Christian majority populations tend to have higher Internet connectivity.
System response time and method of pay: Stress effects in computer‐based tasks

The effects of computer system response time (slowvs. rapid) and method of pay (incentive vs. nonincentive) on mood disturbances and somatic discomfort were evaluated in a computer‐based data entry task among 45 professional typists. Self‐ratings of mood disturbances and somatic discomfort were taken at regular intervals over four consecutive workdays. Regardless of method of pay, slow response time generated higher ratings of frustration and impatience than did rapid response time. In addition, ratings of rush and tension were higher with incentive pay than without incentive pay, regardless of system response time. Mood disturbances and somatic discomfort increased linearly with the amount of time spent performing the data entry task over the course of the workday. This effect was independent of system response time or method of pay. However, scheduled rest and lunch breaks moderated these cumulative increases in mood disturbances and somatic discomfort. The results indicate that computer systems which i...
“The Gold‐Bug” and “The Pirate's Treasure”: A Correction and Addition

This column is devoted to brief notes, comments, queries. We wish to provide here an outlet for such items as source notes which do not require the extended argument and proof that customarily attends them, and for items of very special or peculiar interest which otherwise might not appear. Contributions to this column should generally be one paragraph in form and less than a page and a half of typescript, though notes of three or four pages are acceptable.
MITONUCLEAR DISCORDANCE IS CAUSED BY RAMPANT MITOCHONDRIAL INTROGRESSION IN NEODIPRION (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) SAWFLIES

We investigate the pervasiveness of hybridization and mitochondrial introgression in Neodiprion Rohwer (Hymenoptera; Diprionidae), a Holarctic genus of conifer-feeding sawflies. A phylogenetic analysis of the lecontei species group revealed extensive discordance between a contiguous mitochondrial region spanning three genes (COI, tRNA-leucine, and COII) and three nuclear loci (EF1α, CAD, and an anonymous nuclear locus). Bayesian tests of monophyly and Shimodaira–Hasegawa (SH) tests of topological congruence were consistent with mitochondrial introgression; however, these patterns could also be explained by lineage sorting (i.e., deep coalescence). Therefore, to explicitly test the mitochondrial introgression hypothesis, we used a novel application of coalescent-based isolation with migration (IM) models to measure interspecific gene flow at each locus. In support of our hypothesis, mitochondrial gene flow was consistently higher than nuclear gene flow across 120 pairwise species comparisons (P < 1 × 10−12). We combine phylogenetic and coalescent evidence to identify likely cases of recent and ancient introgression in Neodiprion, and based on these observations, we hypothesize that shared hosts and/or pheromones facilitate hybridization, whereas disparate abundances between hybridizing species promote mitochondrial introgression. Our results carry implications for phylogenetic analysis, and we advocate the separation of high and low gene flow regions to inform analyses of hybridization and speciational history, respectively.
Effective masses and optical matrix elements in semiconductor superlattices

Abstract A novel analytic approach for calculating superlattice effective masses both perpendicular and parallel to the layer planes is summarized. The approach is based on the crystalline oscillator strength (“f−”) sum rule and the envelope function approximation. Applications to GaAs Ga 1−x Al x As and HgTe CdTe yield excellent agreement with experiment for a conduction : valence band offset ratio of 70:30 and a valence band offset near zero, respectively.