cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity upon acquisition of operant discrimination in albino rats.

The effect of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs upon two discrete-trial fixed-interval reinforcement schedules that generate either high or low rates of unreinforced (SΔ) responding was investigated. Amphetamine and scopolamine decreased high SΔ rates while having no effect on low SΔ rates. Withdrawal of amphetamine after acquisition under the drug led to a dramatic increase in SΔ rates under both reinforcement schedules. Alpha methyl-p-tyrosine reduced high SΔ rates, while pilocarpine had no effect on behavior. These results suggest that the similarities between the behavioral effects of amphetamine and scopolamine on appetitive schedules may primarily reflect their motivational properties. Furthermore, these data indicate that withdrawal from chronic amphetamine administration can produce dramatic alterations in response rate even in cases where the acquisition of behavior is unaltered by chronic drug treatment.
An approximate transfer function for the analysis and design of pulsed servos

MUCH has been written concerning the use of frequency response techniques in the design and analysis of linear control systems with continuous error detection and control. Application of these techniques to the problems of discontinuous control system design, however, has not been treated extensively. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to the analysis and synthesis of a particular kind of discontinuous control system, the pulsed servo, based on modified frequency response methods.
Analysis of peripheral thermal damage during the rapid ablation of dentin and bone using a λ= 9.3-μm TEA CO 2 Laser

TEA CO 2 lasers tuned to the strong mineral absorption of hydroxyapatite at λ =9-μm are ideally suited for the efficient ablation of dental hard tissues if the laser-pulse duration is stretched to greater than 10-μs to avoid plasma formation. CO 2 lasers are capable of operating at high repetition rates for the rapid removal of dentin and bone. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that stretched λ =9.3-μm TEA CO 2 laser pulses can produce lateral incisions in dentin and bone for dental restorations and implants at repetition rates as high as 400-Hz without peripheral thermal damage. A high repetition rate, 0-500-Hz, λ =9.3-μm TEA CO 2 laser with pulse durations of 10-20-μs was used to make incisions in human dentin and porcine alveolar bone with a computer controlled scanning stage and water spray at varying irradiation intensities. The single pulse ablation rates were determined for incident fluence ranging from 1-150-J/cm 2 . Lateral incisions 2-3-mm in length were produced in the 2-mm thick sections. Following irradiation, transverse cross-sections were examined using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Fourier transform infrared spectro-microscopy (SR-FTIR) at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The single-pulse ablation rates approached 40-μm per pulse for the stretched TEA laser pulses in dentin and bone. All incisions with and without water spray yielded thermal damage zones of less than 22-μm. Thermal damage zones with water spray were less than 14-μm, even at repetition rates of 400-Hz and SR-FTIR showed no spectral changes around the periphery of the incisions. CO 2 laser pulses at λ =9.3-μm of 10-20-μs duration are well suited for the precise removal of dentin and bone for dental restorations and implants at high repetition rates without peripheral thermal damage.
Doping and processing epitaxial Ge x Si 1-x films on Si(100) by ion implantation for Si-based heterojunction devices applications

The question of whether one can effectively dope or process epitaxial Si(100)/GeSi heterostructures by ion implantation for the fabrication of Si-based heterojunction devices is experimentally investigated. Results that cover several differention species (B, C, Si, P, Ge, As, BF2, and Sb), doses (1013 to 1016/cm2), implantation temperatures (room temperature to 150°C), as well as annealing techniques (steady-state and rapid thermal annealing) are included in this minireview, and the data are compared with those available in the literature whenever possible. Implantation-induced damage and strain and their annealing behavior for both strained and relaxed GeSi are measured and contrasted with those in Si and Ge. The damage and strain generated in pseudomorphic GeSi by room-temperature implantation are considerably higher than the values interpolated from those of Si and Ge. Implantation at slightly elevated substrate temperatures (e.g., 100°C) can very effectively suppress the implantation-induced damage and strain in GeSi. The fractions of electrically active dopants in both Si and GeSi are measured and compared for several doses and under various annealing conditions. Solid-phase epitaxial regrowth of GeSi amorphized by implantation has also been studied and compared with regrowth in Si and Ge. For the case of metastable epi-GeSi amorphized by implantation, the pseudomorphic strain in the regrown GeSi is always lost and the layer contains a high density of defects, which is very different from the clean regrowth of Si(100). Solid-phase epitaxy, however, facilitates the activation of dopants in both GeSi and Si, irrespective of the annealing techniques used. For metastable GeSi films that are not amorphized by implantation, rapid thermal annealing is shown to outperform steady-state annealing for the preservation of pseudomorphic strain and the activation of dopants. In general, defects generated by ion implantation can enhance the strain relaxation process of strained GeSi during post-implantation annealing. The processing window that is optimized for ion-implanted Si, therefore, has to be modified considerably for ion-implanted GeSi. However, with these modifications, the mature ion implantation technology can be used to effectively dope and process Si/GeSi heterostructures for device applications. Possible impacts of implantation-induced damage on the reliability of Si/GeSi heterojunction devices are briefly discussed.
Resampling as a cluster validation technique in fMRI.

Exploratory, data-driven analysis approaches such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, independent component analysis, or neural network-based techniques are complementary to hypothesis-led methods. They may be considered as hypothesis generating methods. The representative time courses they produce may be viewed as alternative hypotheses to the null hypothesis, ie, “no activation.” We present here a resampling technique to validate the results of exploratory fuzzy clustering analysis. In this case an alternative hypothesis is represented by a cluster centroid. For both simulated and in vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that by permutation-based resampling, statistical significance may be computed for each voxel belonging to a cluster of interest without parametric distributional assumptions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;11:228–231. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effet des protéines de la myéline sur la régénération axonale et le bourgeonnement

> L’une des principales consequences d’une lesion de la moelle epiniere (LME) chez l’adulte est la deterioration, voire la rupture des axones, empechant la transmission de l’information nerveuse du corps cellulaire jusqu’aux cibles et se traduisant par des deficits sensoriels et/ou moteurs. Ces axones n’ont pas la capacite de se regenerer dans le systeme nerveux central (SNC). Cette absence de regeneration est attribuee a plusieurs facteurs : le manque de capacites intrinseques des neurones a repousser [1], la presence d’une cicatrice gliale au niveau de la lesion [2], l’insuffisance de facteurs neurotrophiques necessaires a la repousse des axones [3] et enfin la nature inhibitrice des composants de la myeline [4]. Il existe trois proteines majeures de la myeline : Nogo (reticulon 4), MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) et OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin associated protein) (Figure 1). Ces proteines ont ete tres etudiees in vitro et sont, individuellement, capables d’inhiber la repousse axonale [4]. Malgre leur manque d’homologie, ces inhibiteurs partagent les memes recepteurs neuronaux NgR1 (Nogo receptor 1) et PirB (paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B) et corecepteurs (TROY, LINGO-1 et p75NTR ou recepteur des neurotrophines), ainsi que des voies de signalisation similaires (par exemple la voie Rho). MAG se lie egalement au recepteur NgR2. Bien que ces mecanismes aient ete largement etudies in vitro, la contribution relative de ces proteines in vivo n’est toujours que partiellement definie. L’implication de ces proteines dans la regeneration axonale apres une lesion de la moelle epiniere a ete etudiee a l’aide de differentes souris knock out (KO) pour les genes codant pour l’une ou l’autre de ces proteines. Les resultats de ces etudes, bien que variables [5-9], et le fait que ces proteines partagent des mecanismes moleculaires communs, ont conduit a l’hypothese selon laquelle Nogo, MAG et OMgp jouent dans la myeline un role redondant sur l’inhibition de la repousse axonale [10]. Nous avons donc evalue, in vitro et in vivo, l’effet de l’absence simultanee de ces trois proteines sur la regeneration axonale et la croissance compensatoire d’axones non leses (bourgeonnement) [11] en utilisant une souris triple KO dans laquelle ni Nogo, ni MAG, ni OMgp ne sont exprimees. Ces souris triple transgeniques (TKO) ont ete creees a partir d’animaux simples transgeniques caracterises precedemment, Nogo-A, B, C KO [12], OMgp KO [13], MAG KO [14]. Ces animaux TKO sont viables, fertiles et ne presentent pas d’anomalies morphologiques.
Clinical Evaluation of Multimodality Registration in Frameless Stereotaxy

Computer-assisted frameless neurosurgery bases its accuracy and reliability on registration. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the clinical accuracy of different registration techniques used for computer-assisted frameless neurosurgeryNinety-eight registrations in 44 patients were used to compare the clinical accuracy of self-adhesive marker (MR) and facial landmark (FR) registrations used alone or in conjunction with surface-fit registration (MR/SR and FR/SR, respectively) for cranial neurosurgery. The computer estimated error (CEE) of each registration was compared to the real error (RE). This was obtained by holding the frameless pointer at the center of three different markers and measuring the distance from the real-time representation on the computer three-planar images to the center of the marker on the screenThe most accurate registration was obtained using MR; the RE of MR was 1.6 ± 0.1 mm compared to 3.4 ± 0.4 mm for FR. Although the smallest CEE error was obtained using MR/SR, th...
Building Watershed Narratives: An Approach for Broadening the Scope of Success in Urban Stream Restoration

AbstractThe success of urban stream restoration is often measured through biophysical attributes, or the progress towards restoration of a notionally intact section of landscape. What remains understudied is how success can be defined across social, economic, as well as ecological parameters. This research offers a narrative approach for urban restoration research that serves as a chronotope for untangling the biophysical and sociocultural complexities of the contemporary urban environment. The framework of this approach is presented through a case study of a recent stream restoration project in Seattle, Washington. The findings highlight the need for urban stream restoration processes to be grounded within a sociocultural context that is interdependent with biophysical conditions, and recommends measures of project success to include community, educational and participatory goals.
The lethal moiety of the surface slime glycolipoprotein ofPseudomonas aeruginosa

Phenol treatment of the glycolipoprotein fromPseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, produced a glycolipid fragment free of protein. A second, lipid-rich fragment was obtained as a precipitate of dilute acetic-acid hydrolysis of the glycolipoprotein. After solubilization, the lipid-rich fragment was processed on Sephadex G-200. Both lipid-containing fragments were immunologically homogeneous in Ouchterlony plates against rabbit antiserum to crude glycolipoprotein. The precipitin bands indicated that polysaccharide residues conferred the antigenic specificity. General chemical analyses were made on each fragment. All lipid-containing fragments were lethal, to varying degrees, on injection in mice. Proteinase K digestion of the glycolipoprotein did not reduce its lethality. All lipid-containg fragments stimulated varying levels of antibody capable of passively protecting mice against lethal challenge with viablePseudomonas aeruginosa. The contribution of the carbohydrate moiety to the expression of lethality is discussed.
Cefamandole in the Treatment of Infections Due to Enterobacter and Indole-Positive Proteus

Clinical and bacteriologic results are reported for 80 patients treated with 1.5--12 g of cefamandole daily for a variety of infections caused by Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, organisms that have been resistant to most available cephalosporins. Of 45 patients with infections due to Enterobacter, 41 (91%) had satisfactory clinical responses; 36 were bacteriologic successes, and six cases of complicated urinary tract infections relapsed. Of 37 patients with infections due to indole-positive Proteus, 28 (88%) were clinical successes and 30 (81%) were bacteriologic successes. Fourteen cases of complicated urinary tract infection relapsed. Of 104 patients in whom the drug was evaluated for safety, use of cefamandole was discontinued in five; nine adverse reactions were considered drug-related. A summary of published in vitro data shows that the majority of strains of these organisms were susceptible to cefamandole at concentrations achievable in the serum. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are variable, and there is a significant inoculum effect, the clinical significance of which has not been determined.
Ultraviolet Shadowing of RNA Can Cause Significant Chemical Damage in Seconds

Chemical purity of RNA samples is important for high-precision studies of RNA folding and catalytic behavior, but photodamage accrued during ultraviolet (UV) shadowing steps of sample preparation can reduce this purity. Here, we report the quantitation of UV-induced damage by using reverse transcription and single-nucleotide-resolution capillary electrophoresis. We found photolesions in a dozen natural and artificial RNAs; across multiple sequence contexts, dominantly at but not limited to pyrimidine doublets; and from multiple lamps recommended for UV shadowing. Irradiation time-courses revealed detectable damage within a few seconds of exposure for 254 nm lamps held at a distance of 5 to 10 cm from 0.5-mm thickness gels. Under these conditions, 200-nucleotide RNAs subjected to 20 seconds of UV shadowing incurred damage to 16-27% of molecules; and, due to a ‘skin effect’, the molecule-by-molecule distribution of lesions gave 4-fold higher variance than a Poisson distribution. Thicker gels, longer wavelength lamps, and shorter exposure times reduced but did not eliminate damage. These results suggest that RNA biophysical studies should report precautions taken to avoid artifactual heterogeneity from UV shadowing.
Joel Sumner Smith, 1830–1903: American Pioneer of Slavic Librarianship

The article describes the contributions of Joel Sumner Smith to the development of the Slavic collections at Yale University Library; his translation of Nikolai Nekrasov's poetry; his correspondence with W. R. S. Ralston, British promoter and translator of Russian literature; and his compilation of a catalog of the Lowell Mason Library of Music. An earlier version of this paper was presented November 5, 2005, at the AAASS Annual Convention in Salt Lake City, at the panel “Noteworthy Collectors: Some Founders of Slavic Collections in American Libraries.” Another earlier version was published in Russian: T. Lorkovich, “Osnovnopolozhnik slavianskikh bibliotechnykh kollektsii v SShA” [The founder of Slavic library collections in the United States], Bibliografiia 3 (2006):150–155.
Parametric Studies of Power Plant Performance Monitoring

Real-time performance monitoring of coal-fired power plants is becoming very important due to the impending deregulation of the electric power industry. Performance testing is made to be real-time by changing the traditional output loss method to include an estimation of coal composition based on the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data. This paper illustrates the robustness of the calculations by introducing a variance into each of the calculation inputs to access its effect on the final outputs of heatrate, boiler efficiency and coal flow. Though the original study was over five power plants this paper presents results for the two most diverse coals.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Changes in the complexity of nuclear RNA during development of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract Saturation hybridization with a radioactive single-copy genomic DNA probe has been used to measure the complexity of the total whole cell polyadenylated RNA populations during development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The complexity of the polyadenylated nuclear RNA has been deduced by comparison of these numbers with our previous estimates of the complexity of the polyadenylated RNA in the cytoplasm and on polysomes. Assuming asymmetric transcription, 53 to 54% of the single-copy portion of the genome is expressed in polyadenylated RNA in growing and early aggregating cells. Of this only about one-third or 19% is expressed on polysomes as mRNA. By contrast, during late aggregation and culmination, after the time when tips have formed on the aggregates a substantially greater portion of the single-copy genome, 80%, is expressed in the total population of polyadenylated RNA. Again, however, only about one-third or 30% of the single-copy genome is expressed as mRNA. Thus throughout growth and development the complexity of the polyadenylated nuclear RNA is about one and one-half times the complexity of the corresponding mRNA populations. The RNA population from the late developing cells is composed of all those RNA species expressed during growth and early development plus additional RNA species whose expression is specific to late development. Sequences which comprise the majority of the mass of the new polyadenylated RNA transcripts which appear in the cytoplasm and on the polysomes late in aggregation are not detectable in nuclear RNA from growing cells. This suggests that their developmental expression is largely regulated at the level of transcription rather than by controls at the level of processing or transport from the nucleus.
Interdisciplinary Breast Care: Essential Information for the Treatment Team

In an effort to provide women with efficient detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, increasing numbers of institutions are adopting a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to breast care. This trend, along with technological advances in breast imaging, has resulted in an ever-expanding role for radiologists as clinicians and consultants with direct patient interaction. Therefore, clinical breast radiologists have emerged as pivotal in the leadership of and support for interdisciplinary breast care centers; understanding the importance of these centers is optimal to patient outcome and medical cost containment. This article delineates the essential elements to be included in a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and, in the report of that evaluation, elements that further aid treating physicians in management of patients with breast cancer. In addition, 3 years of breast cancer screening performance data from a comprehensive breast care center are presented and compared with national benchmarks.
Inhibitory KIR–HLA receptor–ligand mismatch in autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for solid tumour and lymphoma

Genes that encode killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA class I ligands segregate independently; thus, some individuals may express an inhibitory KIR gene but not its cognate ligand. We hypothesised that these patients with KIR–HLA receptor–ligand mismatch have a low risk of relapse after an autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Sixteen consecutive patients with lymphoma or solid tumour were enrolled onto a prospective study. They received high-dose busulphan and melphalan followed by autologous CD133+ HCT. We found that 8 of the 16 patients experienced disease progression after autologous HCT, including 5 of the 6 patients (83%) with no inhibitory KIR–HLA mismatch and 3 of the 6 patients (50%) with 1 mismatched pair; none of the 4 (0%) patients with 2 mismatched pairs experienced disease progression. Survival analyses showed that inhibitory KIR–HLA mismatch was the only significant prognostic factor (P=0.01). The potential applicability of the receptor–ligand mismatch model to autologous HCTs and to patients with lymphoma or solid tumour is clinically significant because of the prevalence of the HCT procedure.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN RADIATION AND FLUCTUATION SPECTRUM OF A TURBULENT PLASMA.

The experimentally observed radiation from unstable plasma waves generated by the interaction of an electron beam with a plasma is compared with the longitudinal fluctuation spectrum, determined by incoherent microwave scattering. The results are in agreement with a theory by Ichimaru and Starr for the electromagnetic radiation from anisotropic turbulent plasmas.
Rates of convergence for an estimator of a density function based on jacobi polynomials

The Empirical Bayes (EB) approach of Walter and Hamedani (1987) in estimating the prior g in a binomial mixture employs Legendre polynomials on (0,1). However, their estimator for the prior g can be negative, usually for values of the binomial probability close to 0 or 1. This motivates the study of the more general problem of obtaining a nonnegative estimator for a given density function f based on orthogonal polynomials. Certain summability methods lead to positive delta sequences which give rise to nonnegative polynomial estimators for f. These methods are used to construct a nonnegative estimator for f based on orthogonal polynomials which incorporate certain positive delta sequences. Several results on the convergence of the resulting estimator are given along with corresponding rates of convergence.
Silence and Sound in Kurosawa's Throne of Blood

Lei Jin argues in her paper, "Silence and Sound in Kurosawa's Throne of Blood," that silence and sound are employed as vehicles to explore the major themes of Kurosawa's Throne of Blood, fate, ambition, and destruction. By examining closely a few dramatic moments of the film, Lei demonstrates that silence and the interaction between silence, natural sound, and Noh music enhance the effect of Kurosawa's visual images, enforce their symbolic messages, and intensify the characters' psychological conflicts. Although Asaji's introspective speech and most of the dialogue between Washizu and Asaji are eliminated, silence bespeaks Asaji's unfathomable evil. In turn, Washizu's silence conveys his inner struggle between ambition, moral consciousness, and the social code of the samurai. The harmonious and disharmonious relationship between the performance, music, and silence of the film is traced back to the Japanese tradition of Noh theater. Lei Jin, "Silence and Sound in Kurosawa's Throne of Blood" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.1 (2004):
Electronic structure of metallic glasses: CuZr2

Abstract The electronic densities of states (DOS) are calculated for the crystalline and amorphous phases of CuZr 2 . The calculated DOS for the amorphous phase is in good agreement with the photoemission data for amorphous CuZr 2 . The calculated DOS at the Fermi level for the amorphous phase is 1.8 times that for the crystalline phase. Recent experimental studies of the superconducting transition temperature in the amorphous phase and the electronic specific heat in both phases support this result.
HIV prevention among injection drug users: the need for integrated models.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) were first recognized among injection drug users (IDUs) in New York City in 1981. By the mid-1980s, OIs had become associated with HIV infection, and attention began to focus on efforts to prevent HIV transmission among IDUs. Since then, a range of prevention strategies has been implemented and evaluated in an attempt to reduce the spread of HIV infection among drug users. These prevention strategies include (1) HIV testing and counseling and educational and behavioural interventions delivered through community outreach; (2) condom, bleach, and needle distribution and syringe access and exchange programs: (3) substance abuse treatment; and, more recently, (4) prevention interventions targeting HIV-positive IDUs. Data from evaluations of these strategies over the past 20 years have provided substantial evidence of effectiveness and have helped to inform network-based and structural interventions. Despite the cumulative empirical evidence, however, research findings have yet to be widely, disseminated, adopted, and implemented in a sustained and integrated fashion. The reasons for this are unclear, but point to a need for improved communications with program developers and community planners to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of integrated intervention strategies, and for collaborative research to help understand policy, legal, economic, and local barriers to implementation.
Absorption spectroscopy of condensed gases at low temperatures

Abstract Earlier work on low-temperature absorption spectra of atoms and molecules in solid phases is reviewed and recent experimental results are summarized. The following substances have been investigated in pure solid phases to date: Benzene, N 2 O, NO, O 2 , H 2 O, NH 3 , CH 4 , Xe, Kr, A, N 2 , CO. Of these, the rare gases and N 2 and CO show discrete absorption features which lead to specific information on the electronic and vibrational energy states in the crystal. In N 2 and CO a splitting caused by intermolecular coupling is found. Spectra of NH 3 . O 2 , CO, Xe, Hg have been obtained in inert solid matrices and large perturbations of the electronic and vibrational energy levels are found in some cases.
Recent developments in the systematics of the Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) based on rbcL sequence analysis and morphological evidence

The phylogenetic systematics of the Gigartinaceae is discussed for seven genera and three undescribed generic lineages and 65 taxa representing 62 species based on an analysis of rbcL sequences and morphological evidence. An examination of rbcL trees resulting from analyses of these taxa identifies seven lineages: (i) ‘Gigartina’ alveata; (ii) Rhodoglossum/Gigartina; (iii) Chondracanthus; (iv) Ostiophyllum; (v) Sarcothalia; (vi) ‘Gigartina’ skottsbergii; and (vii) a large clade containing Iridaea/‘Sarcothalia’, Mazzaella and Chondrus. These lineages and Chondrus are strongly supported; however, two groups, Iridaea/‘Sarcothalia’ and Mazzaella, receive no bootstrap support. The morphology of the female reproductive system is investigated with the aid of computer-generated, color-coded tracings of photographs of cystocarps seen in cross section at different developmental stages. Seven basic cystocarp types were found which corresponded to species groups seen in rbcL trees. These were: (i) a ‘Gigartina’ alveata group in which the carposporangia-bearing filaments develop apomictically from gametophytic cells; (ii) a Rhodoglossum/Gigartina group in which gonimoblast filaments penetrate the surrounding envelope fusing progessively with envelope cells; (iii) a Chondracanthus group in which gonimoblast filaments penetrate the envelope but fuse with envelope cells only at late developmental stages; (iv) a Sarcothalia group in which the gonimoblast filaments displace an envelope composed mainly of secondary gametophytic filaments and link to envelope cells by terminal tubular gonimoblast cells; (v) an Iridaea group similar to the Sarcothalia group, but with an envelope composed of a mixture of medullary cells and secondary gametophytic filaments; (vi) a Mazzaella group that lacks a true envelope and in which gonimoblast filaments connect to modified gametophytic cells by means of terminal tubular cells; (vii) a Chondrus group in which gonimoblast filaments penetrate the medulla and link to modified medullary cells by means of conjunctor cells forming secondary pit connections. The further separation of these groups into genera is based largely on tetrasporangial characters.
Development of the pattern recognition and the spatial integration filtering methods for analyzing satellite altimeter data

Abstract A pattern recognition method and a spatial integration filtering method have been developed to analyze satellite altimeter sea surface elevation anomaly (SSEA) data for the tropical Pacific Ocean. The pattern recognition method treats SSEA as an independent variable of the ocean, and SSEA map, its two-dimensional distribution image, as similar to a normal satellite image. The results of the pattern recognition processing of the SSEA maps quantitatively reveal the information of the movement of SSEA patterns. The spatial integration filtering method is used as low-pass filtering to detect the equatorial Kelvin waves from Geosat SSEA time series data. The wave patterns and the frequency spectra are derived from SSEA data. This article describes these two methods, including an overview of the algorithms used and the results derived. Further applications of the methods are then suggested.
In Good Company: Why Social Capital Matters for Women during Disaster Recovery

Although social capital has made inroads into the public administration literature, little is known about the gender dimensions of social capital in the context of a disaster. This article examines what kind of benefits, if any, social capital offers for women who are affected by disasters. Studying this question is important because it would help public administrators overcome the unique vulnerabilities of women and strengthen their capabilities in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. This case study of the city of Golcuk, Turkey, suggests that social capital offers benefits for women affected by disasters because it is therapeutic in nature and helps women gain empowerment and avoid the stigma of public assistance. The article offers lessons on how public administrators could build social capital in disaster-stricken communities by enabling face-to-face interaction, initiating leadership programs, and putting in place institutions and policies that are conducive to collective action.
Triadimenol stimulates aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in vitro

Effects of the sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide triadimenol on two isolates of Aspergillus flavus were studied in vitro. Concentrations from 1–100 p.p.m. triadimenol stimulated aflatoxin production. Maximum stimulation was about 25-fold in one isolate and 700-fold in the other. Triadimenol concentrations above 2·5 p.p.m. inhibited radial growth in both isolates, and inhibited Sclerotium formation in the isolate that made sclerotia. Final pH of cultures increased with fungicide concentration. Changes in Sclerotium and aflatoxin formation were correlated with, but not caused by, changes in pH. In vitro responses to triadimenol are evidence of a close relationship between Sclerotium and aflatoxin production. Implications for use of triadimenol to control contamination of crops by A. flavus are discussed.
On Saint-Venant's principle in the two-dimensional linear theory of elasticity

This paper presents results which provide a formulation and proof of a version of Saint-Venant's principle appropriate to the plane strain and generalized plane stress solutions of the equations of the linear theory of elastic equilibrium.
Current status of adjuvant chemotherapy after radical cystectomy for deeply invasive bladder cancer.

Abstract Between March, 1976, and December, 1982, 70 of 157 patients (45%) undergoing single-stage radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion with the intent to cure invasive bladder cancer were found to have pathologic Stage P3B, P4 and/or N+ disease. Thirty-four of the 70 patients received adjuvant prophylactic chemotherapy after cystectomy and 36 patients were followed expectantly. From 1976 through 1977 adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide 1 Gm/M2 each month for six months; from 1978 through June, 1980, adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of cis-platinum 100 mg/M2 each month for four months with the exception of 1 patient treated more aggressively with combination chemotherapy (CISCA). Since July, 1980, a prospective study has been utilized in which patients were randomized into two groups, Group A receiving combination chemotherapy and Group B followed up expectantly; adjuvant chemotherapy appears to result in a slight delay in time to relapse but no influence in overall survival was observed.
Acquisitions and affirmative action

Abstract Because of increasing equal opportunity and affirmative action legislation, libraries have been under pressure to satisfy internal staff needs as well as external user needs in these areas with little guidance in the acquisition of suitable subject material. This article attempts to provide a selected list of appropriate affirmative action materials and to suggest, through individual examples, alternative methods of acquiring these materials.
Strain differences in picrotoxin seizure threshold.

THE purpose of this work was to compare the seizure thresholds of two genetically different strains of rats. Rosenzweig, Krech and Bennett1 have shown that the descendants of Tryon's2 maze brights (S1's) are superior in learning ability to the descendants of Tryon's maze dulls (S3's) and that the S1's have higher levels of cerebral cortical acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity. These workers believe that the S1's nervous transmission is more efficient and propose this as part of the reason for the superior learning ability of the S1's.
Competition Controls the Growth of an Identified Axonal Arborization

The shape of the axonal arborization was studied in an identified insect sensory neuron. The distribution of presynaptic varicosities within an axonal arbor was shown to be modulated by the density of neighboring terminals. Removal of neighbors near one portion of the axon terminal increased the growth rate in the denervated region and caused a compensatory retraction in other regions. The results support the hypothesis that the size of an axonal arbor is determined intrinsically, whereas the distribution of varicosities within the terminal is determined extrinsically by neighboring terminals. These findings provide a direct demonstration of the effects of competition on an identified nerve cell, as well as one of the first examples of competitive interactions in an invertebrate central nervous system.
On the Use of the Edison Phonograph in the Preservation of the Languages of the American Indians

THE present state of perfection of the Edison phonograph led me to attempt some experiments with it on our New England Indians, as a means of preserving languages which are rapidly becoming extinct. I accordingly made a visit to Calais, Maine, and was able, through the kindness of Mrs. W. Wallace Brown, to take upon the phonograph a collection of records illustrating the language, folk-lore, songs, and counting-out rhymes of the Passamaquoddy Indians. My experiments met with complete success, and I was able not only to take the records, but also to take them so well that the Indians themselves recognized the voices of other members of the tribe who had spoken the day before.
Achieving scalability in highly contentious database systems

Abstract The issue of scalability of a database system is becoming ever more important in today's information age. As the demand for information increases, it is clear that transaction processing was not designed to scale up in a wide open environment. A database faces three dimensions of rapid growth affecting transaction processing: the number of users and transactions (vertical), the geographic span (horizontal), and the volume of data (vertical and horizontal), with this paper focusing on the vertical growth. In particular, we follow a backward-engineering approach to studying the scalability of database systems under very high contention (thousands of transactions per second). We offer a systematic paradigm and its tool for others to use to do the same, based on their prospective application, economics, and environment. As part of this paper, we give details of ScaleTool, a GUI-based simulation tool. This tool is unique in its programmability and usability. It is very usable because of its GUI interface, batch/interactive mode, and help facility. It is very programmable as we have wired in many methods, hardware parameters, database system model, and transaction model parameters and benchmarks. Using our tool, system designers can tailor the database environment closer to their application environment. They can do the same for the prospective query information by tailoring the transaction benchmark. Alternatively, they can opt to use industry standard benchmark, or even synthetic benchmarks. To demonstrate ScaleTool and expand the issue of scale, we describe the results of one scalability study performed. We provide details of the experimental setup, the methods we include in the study, and present the results in succinct way in the form of a performance scalability matrix.
Borat as Tragicomedy of Anti US-Americanism

Alexei Lalo discusses in his article "Borat as Tragicomedy of Anti US-Americanism" the 2006 mockumentary in the context of stereotypes and cliches that exist about the United States and elsewhere, particularly in Europe. Anti US-Americanism is arguably at the core of this project, but Borat's creators seem to mock not only US-Americans, but also those who invent and practice cliches about the U.S. Lalo draws parallels between Sacha Baron Cohen's work and the legacies of Lenny Bruce and Charlie Chaplin (most notably his late film A King in New York). Of the numerous socio-cultural problems of the United States Borat explores, special attention is paid to the film's take on the relationships between the races and also to the ideology of "political correctness," as it is explicitly and implicitly attacked in the film. Differences between the creators of Borat's approach to comedy and more mainstream conception of comedy in the U.S. are also explored in the article. Lalo suggests that films like Borat are far from being just eccentric comedies or thoughtless entertainment; in fact, they succeed in helping their audiences think about their own culture self-critically and self-ironically. Alexei Lalo, "Borat as Tragicomedy of Anti US-Americanism" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.2 (2009):
Thermomechanical behavior of a polynorbornadiene

A high-temperature linear amorphous hydrocarbon polymer synthesized cationically from 2,5-norbornadiene was studied thermomechanically with respect to physical transitions and stability in nitrogen. The glass transition temperature was determined to be 320 C (at less than 1 cps), which is probably the highest known for a linear hydrocarbon addition polymer. The thermomechanical technique of torsional braid analysis, together with thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, infrared analysis, and solubility studies, was used to investigate the sequential events of the glass transition and degradation. The polymer is of particular interest since it is a high-temperature plastic which in the bulk form would probably need to be processed at high speeds in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature in an inert atmosphere. The presence of tertiary hydrogen atoms should render it amenable to degradation by the earth's environment.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: pattern of disease at spiral CT.

(2001). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Pattern of Disease at Spiral CT. Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging: Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 307-356.
Three Road-Crushing Demonstration Projects

At the Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume Roads Yves Provencher, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, presented a paper on the F.A.H.R. rock crusher mounted to a front-end loader. At the same time the Coronado National Forest in Arizona was renting a F.A.H.R. rock crusher for an in-place road-crushing project. In 1997 San Dimas Technology and Development Center, in partnership with the Coronado National Forest, sponsored two demonstration projects to further test the crusher at unique locations to gain additional information from actual field trials. These projects were located on the Rio Grande National Forest in Colorado and the Plumas National Forest in California. The three projects are described here, with results and conclusions gained from the demonstration projects. The concentration is on the characteristics of the processed material. Samples taken from windrows during the crushing operation were tested to determine hardness and gradations before and after crushing. Cost var...
Light effects upon dry lettuce seeds

Germination of certain dry “seeds” (achenes) of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids was increased to ca. 75% after irradiation with 665 nm red light (R; 1x103 J m-2); this response was eliminated by far-red light (FR) following the R. The response of dry seeds required an order of magnitude more light than that of wetted seeds, and was not maximal until 48 h after irradiation. Other seeds, which could not be stimulated by R in dry state, showed a partial response after 10 min hydration. Irradiation of dry seeds (or seeds wetted 1 h) with FR (1x103 J m-2) reduced dark germination from 26% to 2%. Seeds dehydrated in an oven (60°C, 90 min) showed a decrease in germination if irradiated with R (1x105 J m-2) before wetting. The results show that phytochrome is present in dry lettuce seeds (and functional in some seed lots) prior to wetting; and that in other seed lots the molecule becomes functional within minutes after wetting the seeds. Transformation of the FR absorbing from of phytochrome (PFR) to the inactive from (PR) occurs at lower seed moisture content than the reverse reaction. It appears that dormancy in seeds ripened in sunlight might be assured during seed drying and maturation by the more effective transformation of PFR to PR than vice versa as phytochrome is dehydrated.
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, RACE AND HUMAN CAPITAL: INFLUENCE ON EARNINGS DISTRIBUTIONS ACROSS STATES

In this paper we analyze the level of income inequality across states in 1970 and 1980 for several demographic groups. Furthermore, we examine the impact of labor force participation (LFP), education and other variables on inequality. We find that for tshe whole population, states with high LFP by females are states with low income inequality. The same holds true for states with high LFP for men. When we disaggregate by race, the results are quite consistent for whites, but not for blacks. States with relatively high education levels are associated with high inequality levels for the white cohort and the whole population, but there appears to be no similar association between education and inequality across states for blacks.
Alzheimer’s-related endosome dysfunction in Down syndrome is Aβ-independent but requires APP and is reversed by BACE-1 inhibition

An additional copy of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene causes early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in trisomy 21 (DS). Endosome dysfunction develops very early in DS and AD and has been implicated in the mechanism of neurodegeneration. Here, we show that morphological and functional endocytic abnormalities in fibroblasts from individuals with DS are reversed by lowering the expression of APP or β-APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) using short hairpin RNA constructs. By contrast, endosomal pathology can be induced in normal disomic (2N) fibroblasts by overexpressing APP or the C-terminal APP fragment generated by BACE-1 (βCTF), all of which elevate the levels of βCTFs. Expression of a mutant form of APP that cannot undergo β-cleavage had no effect on endosomes. Pharmacological inhibition of APP γ-secretase, which markedly reduced Aβ production but raised βCTF levels, also induced AD-like endosome dysfunction in 2N fibroblasts and worsened this pathology in DS fibroblasts. These findings strongly implicate APP and the βCTF of APP, and exclude Aβ and the αCTF, as the cause of endocytic pathway dysfunction in DS and AD, underscoring the potential multifaceted value of BACE-1 inhibition in AD therapeutics.
Note---“OM Forum: Evaluating Operations Management--Related Journals via the Author Affiliation Index”---Do Professors at Top U.S. Business Schools Do What They Say?

In Gorman and Kanet (2005) we introduced the Author Affiliation Index (AAI) and how it could be used to rate the quality of operations management-related journals. Since then, Olson (2005) surveyed operations management professors from top U.S. universities and reported their assessment of the quality of various operations management-related journals. This paper compares the results of these two studies and concludes that patterns of research publications match the surveyed opinions from top U.S. universities, or that researchers publish in journals they rate as top. We confirm our earlier finding that the AAI is comparable to surveys for assessing journal quality.
The Challenge of Multiple Roles in the Qualitative Clinician Researcher-Participant Client Relationship:

Fundamental to obtaining data for qualitatie, fleld-based studies is the relationship between researcher and participant. Although sociological, anthropological, and feminist perspectives have identified some of the concerns that arise when relationships develop in the context of research, the health sciences literature provides limited information for clinicians as researchers, particularly in home settings. This article discusses the multidimensional relationships that developed between researcher and participants during an exploratory study of enrichment processes in family caregiving to frail elders. The data collection processes of intensive interviews and observations revealed the following unintended relationships: stranger-stranger, friend-friend, nurse-client, and guest-host. Suggested are topics for additional discussion regarding the experience of researcher-participant relationships in the home setting.