cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deadweight Loss of Gift-Giving

When giving a gift, someone other than the final consumer makes the consumption choice. Thus there is a possibility that the gift will not match the preferences of the receiver, i.e., the gift will represent a wise use of the money given the gift-giver's tastes but not necessarily a wise use of money given the recipient's tastes. In other words, gift-giving can result in a deadweight loss. This paper examines the issue of the deadweight loss of gift-giving. In particular it attempts to resolve and clarify the discrepancy between Waldfogel's (1993) finding of a deadweight loss from gift-giving and Solnick and Hemenway's (1996) finding of a deadweight gain from gift-giving. It also builds on some of the concerns raised by Ruffle and Tykocinski (2000). To accomplish this, the deadweight loss of gift-giving is estimated based on data collected from a survey of undergraduate students at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
A gradient of endogenous calcium forms in mucilage of graviresponding roots of Zea mays.

Agar blocks that contacted the upper sides of tips of horizontally-oriented roots of Zea mays contain significantly less calcium (Ca) than blocks that contacted the lower sides of such roots. This gravity-induced gradient of Ca forms prior to the onset of gravicurvature, and does not form across tips of vertically-oriented roots or roots of agravitropic mutants. These results indicate that (1) Ca can be collected from mucilage of graviresponding roots, (2) gravity induces a downward movement of endogenous Ca in mucilage overlying the root tip, (3) this gravity-induced gradient of Ca does not form across tips of agravitropic roots, and (4) formation of a Ca gradient is not a consequence of gravicurvature. These results are consistent with gravity-induced movement of Ca being a trigger for subsequent redistribution of growth effectors (e.g. auxin) that induce differential growth and gravicurvature.
Nucleophilic cationization reagents

Nucleophilic cationization reagents fitted with aminooxy groups are described. Practical syntheses of mono- and bis-aminooxy tetraalkylammonium iodides including N-hydroxyethyl-functionalized analogs are reported. An oximation example using one of the reagents is presented to illustrate their use in synthesis of cationic materials.
Sulfur dioxide insertion. VIII. Substituted sulfinatocarbonylmanganese(I) complexes

Abstract Substituted sulfinatotricarbonyl and -tetracarbonyl complexes of manganese(I) containing monodentate (L) and bidentate (LL) amine, triphenylphosphine (L′) and iodide ion (X− have been prepared utilizing one or more of the following methods: (a) reaction of Mn(CO)5(SO2R) with the ligand (L, LL, and X−), (b) methathesis involving Mn(CO)3(LL)Cl and RSO2Na, and (c) sulfur dioxide insertion into MnR bond of Mn(CO)4L′R. With the exception of [Mn(CO)3(C5H5N)(SO2CH2C6H5)]x, which is probably polymeric and contains MnOS(CH2C6H5)OMn bridges, all derivatives have been assigned S-sulfinato structures. The syntheses, physical properties, and infrared spectra of the new complexes are described.
Gunshot wounds to the spine in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE The incidence of spinal instability after penetrating gunshot wounds to the spine in adolescents is unknown. We describe our experience over a 15-year period. METHODS Hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. After injury and emergency care, patients were transferred to a rehabilitation facility. Examinations were completed using the American Spinal Injury Association and Frankel scales on admission, discharge, and 6 and 12 months after injury. Severity of injury was described by: 1) degree of neurological damage, 2) degree of preserved neurological function, and 3) presence of instability. RESULTS Sixty patients were identified with a mean age 15.6 years (+/- 2.7 yr). Twelve patients had cervical, 31 thoracic, and 17 lumbosacral injuries. No operative treatments were used in their care. Thirty-four patients had complete neurological deficits. Mean acute hospitalization was 21.1 days (+/- 22.8 d), and mean rehabilitation stay was 86.3 days (+/- 48.9 d), for a total hospitalization of 107.4 days (+/- 65.9 d). At 1 year, 19 patients were ambulatory and 53 were autonomous. Despite the presence of bony involvement in all, no evidence of spinal instability was noted on follow-up dynamic imaging. Even in two patients with apparent two-column disruption, no instability was noted. At 1-year follow-up, significant (nonfunctional) improvement was noted in the neurological examination (P < 0.0001). Improvements were most notable in those patients with cervical injuries, followed by thoracic and lumbar injuries. CONCLUSION After penetrating gunshot wounds to the spine, patients at 1-year follow-up examinations have evidence of significant, but nonfunctional, improvement. No evidence of spinal instability was noted in this study, and no surgical intervention was required.
Toward visual debugging: integrating algorithm animation capabilities within a source-level debugger

Much of the recent research in software visualization has been polarized toward two opposite domains. In one domain that we call data structure and program visualization, low-level canonical views of program structures are generated automatically. These types of views, which do not require programmer input or intervention, can be useful for testing and debugging software. Often, however, their generic, low-level views are not expressive enough to convey adequately how a program functions. In the second domain called algorithm animation, designers handcraft abstract, application-specific views that are useful for program understanding and teaching. Unfortunately, since algorithm animation development typically requires time-consuming design with a graphics package, it will not be used for debugging, where timeliness is a necessity. However, we speculate that the application-specific nature of algorithm animation views could be a valuable debugging aid for software developers as well, if only the views could be easy and rapid to create. We have developed a system called Lens that occupies a unique niche between the two domains discussed above and explores the capabilities that such a system may offer. Lens allows programmers to build rapidly (in minutes) algorithm animation-style program views without requiring any sophisticated graphics knowledge and without using textual coding. Lens also is integrated with a system debugger to promote iterative design and exploration.
Linkage agreements between mental health and law enforcement agencies: Managing suicidal persons

Linkage agreements have been developed between community mental health and law enforcement agencies to coordinate management of mental health emergencies. This paper analyzes one such linkage and the ramifications for assisting individuals experiencing suicidal episodes. The results indicate that police officers are in fact called upon to manage persons threatening suicide and need further training to do so. Further, police officers do contact mental health providers for assistance and linkage agreements are seen as an asset by police.
Accretion and canal impacts in a rapidly subsiding wetland. I.137Cs and210Pb techniques

The influence of canals on vertical marsh accretion, including mineral sediment and organic matter accumulation, was evaluated at three locations along the Louisiana coast representing different geographic regions. The isotopes210Pb and157Cs were used to determine vertical accretion along transects representing a canal and a control site. Rapid rates of vertical accretion were measured at all sites and ranged from 0.47 cm yr−1 to 0.90 cm yr−1. Results indicated that there was no measurable effect of canals on marsh accretionary processes. In general, greater variation in vertical accretion, including mineral sediment deposition and organic matter accumulation, was observed between geographical regions than between canal and control sites within a region. Statistical analysis of data suggest that any difference between canal and control site would be less than 0.20 cm yr−1. Such a change in marsh surface-water level relationships as a result of any canal influence on marsh accretionary processes would be less than reported eustatic sea-level rise for the Gulf of Mexico. Results suggest that any change in the marsh surface-water level relationship could be the influence of canals on local hydrology, resulting in increased water level rather than any appreciable reduction in accretionary processes. Such changes in hydrology under certain conditions could stress vegetation, resulting in marsh deterioration.
Determining sequence and ready times in a remanufacturing system

A fundamental scheduling problem is to determine a production start (ready) time for jobs based on customer-specified due dates. Typically, the objective is to delay the ready time in an attempt to minimize work-in-process inventory and maximize production system utilization. In many practical situations, notably remanufacturing operations, highly variable operation times and intricate process plans complicate this problem. In such a case, a specific ready time implies a confidence of on-time completion. Prior analytical results imply the optimal solution is a function of: (i) customer due dates; (ii) desired confidence levels; and (iii) stochastic makespan minimization. This paper proposes the use of a network flow model to represent a remanufacturing flowshop and then presents a structured heuristic approach that is able to develop sequences and ready times for remanufacturing systems by balancing the three factors. A broad experimental design is used to demonstrate that the proposed scheduling method o...
Mutagenesis and derivatization of human vesicle monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) cysteines identifies transporter domains involved in tetrabenazine binding and substrate transport.

The vesicle monoamine transporter (VMAT2) concentrates monoamine neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles. Photoaffinity labeling, chimera analysis, and mutagenesis have identified functionally important amino acids and provided some information regarding structure and ligand binding sites. To extend these studies, we engineered functional human VMAT2 constructs with reduced numbers of cysteines. Subsets of cysteines were discovered, which restore function to an inactive cysteine-less human VMAT2. Replacement of three transmembrane (TM) cysteines together (net removal/replacement of three atoms) significantly enhanced monoamine transport. Cysteine modification studies involving single and combination cysteine mutants with methanethiosulfonate ethylamine revealed that [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding is >90% inhibited by modification of two sets of cysteines. The primary target (responsible for ∼80% of inhibition) is Cys439 in TM 11. The secondary target (responsible for ∼20% of inhibition) is one or more of the four non-TM cysteines. [3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine protects against modification of Cys439 by a 10,000-fold molar excess of methanethiosulfonate ethylamine, demonstrating that Cys439is either at the tetrabenazine binding site, or conformationally linked to tetrabenazine binding. Supporting a direct effect, the position of tetrabenazine-protectable Cys 439 is consistent with previous mutagenesis, chimera, and photoaffinity labeling data, demonstrating involvement of TM 10–12 in a tetrabenazine binding domain.
Hypocholesteremic effect of benzmalacene.

A new substance, Benzmalacene, was tested to determine whether it had hypocholesteremic effect in normotensive, hypertensive and hypercholesteremic patients. It proved effective. But after 4 months' treatment liver function began to deteriorate. It is strongly urged that drugs which interfere with cholesterol synthesis in the body be studied most carefully for long periods before widespread clinical trials to prevent atherosclerosis are attempted.
Obesity in a provincial population of Canadian preschool children: differences between 1984 and 1997 birth cohorts.

Objective. To determine whether trends of increasing overweight and obesity reported for older children and adults are evident in Canadian preschoolers. Methods. A sample of 3857 preschool-aged chi...
TDA2X, a SoC optimized for advanced driver assistance systems

TDA2X is an optimized scalable system on chip (SoC) solution from Texas Instruments that spans various application areas of ADAS such as front-camera, surround-view and the emerging area of sensor fusion. It accomplishes this through a focused set of heterogeneous processors, brought together in a scalable architecture with a rich set of integrated peripherals, providing an optimal mix of performance in a low power footprint for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) vision analytics. Computer vision algorithms across the various ADAS application systems have a rich variation and diversity in processing requirements along with the need to run them concurrently within challenging thermal budgets. A heterogeneous architecture with various programmable elements allows system developers to map various portions of the algorithms to the architectures that are best suited for the underlying task allowing maximizing system performance and reducing development time and effort in developing these complex systems. Scalability of the architecture by varying the number of cores and clock speeds of these heterogeneous architectures, allows for scalability in performance and power across low, mid and high end products with one software investment. A critical focus on functional safety across the cores and various memories is particularly essential given the mission critical nature of ADAS applications.
Input impedance matching of acoustic transducers operating at off-resonant frequencies

The input impedance matching technique of acoustic transducers at off-resonant frequencies is reported. It uses an inherent impedance property of transducers and thus does not need an external electric matching circuit or extra acoustic matching section. The input electrical equivalent circuit includes a radiation component and a dielectric capacitor. The radiation component consists of a radiation resistance and a radiation reactance. The total reactance is the sum of the radiation reactance and the dielectric capacitive reactance. This reactance becomes zero at two frequencies where the impedance is real. The transducer size can be properly chosen so that the impedance at one of the zero-crossing frequencies is close to 50 Ω, the output impedance of signal generators. At this off-resonant operating frequency, the reflection coefficient of the transducer is minimized without using any matching circuit. Other than the size, the impedance can also be fine tuned by adjusting the thickness of material that bonds the transducer plate to the substrates. The acoustic impedance of the substrate and that of the bonding material can also be used as design elements in the transducer structure to achieve better transducer matching. Lead titanate piezoelectric plates were bonded on Lucite, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and bismuth (Bi) substrates to produce various transducer structures. Their input impedance was simulated using a transducer model and compared with measured values to illustrate the matching principle.
Link weight based truth discovery in social sensing

This paper presents a link weight based maximum likelihood estimation framework to solve the truth discovery problem in social sensing applications. Social sensing has emerged as a new paradigm of data collection, where a group of individuals collect and share observations or measurements about the physical world at scale. A key challenge in social sensing applications lies in ascertaining the correctness of reported observations from unvetted data sources with unknown reliability. We refer to this problem as truth discovery. In this paper, we develop a new link weight based truth discovery scheme that solves the truth discovery problem by explicitly considering different degrees of confidence that sources may express on the reported data. The preliminary results show that our new scheme significantly outperforms the-state-of-the-art baselines and improves the accuracy of the truth estimation results in social sensing applications.
Performance enhancement of CO2 air conditioner with a controllable ejector

This study presents performance enhancement of a transcritical CO2 air conditioner with a controllable ejector at variable operating conditions and variable compressor frequencies. The effects of ejector geometries, operating conditions and compressor frequency on the performance of an ejector expansion transcritical CO2 air conditioner were investigated. Experimental results show that the COP of a CO2 air conditioning system can be enhanced by using an ejector expansion device to replace a conventional expansion valve. This enhancement became more significant as the outdoor air temperature increased (COP increased by up to 36%), the compressor frequency decreased (COP increased by up to 147% compared to conventional cycle with compressor frequency at 50 Hz), and the motive nozzle throat diameter decreased (COP increased by up to 60%). In addition, the COP reached a maximum when the distance between motive nozzle exit and mixing section entrance was three times the mixing section diameter.
Modeling and optimization of direct metal laser sintering process

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is a novel class of rapid manufacturing process that can fabricate functional parts of any complexity. However, the DMLS process takes almost 6–12 h to build parts of even small-moderate size. Reducing the build time of the parts is the key to success of the DMLS process at commercial level. A common solution to reduce the part build time is to sinter the parts with maximum allowable layer thickness. However, doing so will make staircase effect more prominent and lead to the poor surface accuracy of the part. In this paper, a bi-criteria-based optimization approach is presented to address this issue. The sub-processes, namely, part orientation, layer thickness identification, and laser scanning directions, are optimized with an aim to build the parts with: (a) minimum amount of time and (b) minimum surface inaccuracy. In addition, the material shrinkage is also incorporated in the proposed model. Parts with varying complexities are analyzed to elucidate the applicability of proposed approach. Comparisons with traditional slicing approaches are also made.
A Decline in the Predictive Validity of the Sat and High School Achievement

On five occasions spanning a thirteen year period, data were gathered to examine the predictive validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and high school achievement (HSA), when predicting college freshman grades. Results replicated an earlier study by Michael and Jones in two respects: (a) with regard to academic achievement, females were more predictable than males; (b) the ability to predict college grades from SAT and HSA seems to be decreasing.
Isolation and characterization of runxa and runxb, zebrafish members of the runt family of transcriptional regulators.

Abstract Objective The AML/RUNX family of transcription factors plays important roles in hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, bone development, and segmentation in vertebrate embryos. The aim of this study was to isolate runt -related genes in a genetically and embryologically exploitable system, the zebrafish, and characterize their function during hematopoietic development. Materials and Methods Two runt -related genes were isolated by degenerate PCR and standard library screening, and a radiation hybrid panel, T51 RH, was used to resolve their chromosomal localization. In situ hybridization demonstrated their expression whereas their transcriptional activity was assessed using an AML1-responsive reporter gene in the MLA 144 T-cell line. Results We isolated the zebrafish runxa and runxb cDNAs, which encode proteins highly homologous to the human and murine Runx1 (AML1) and Runx3 (AML2) proteins. In contrast to a recent report, we detected runxa expression in both hematopoietic and neural tissues of the developing zebrafish. runxa transcripts first appear during segmentation in bilateral mesodermal cells that coexpress one of the earliest blood and endothelial cell markers, scl/tal-1 . By 24 hours postfertilization (hpf), runxa transcripts are seen in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta. Hematopoietic runxa expression is lost in cloche mutants, which are defective in blood and endothelial cell formation. runxb transcripts are seen in nonhematopoietic domains. Both Runxa and Runxb transactivate an AML1-responsive human promoter in hematopoietic cells. Genomic localization studies demonstrate that runxa is located on linkage group 1 (LG1), and the runxb gene is located on LG13. Conclusions Our gene expression analysis strongly suggests that both the functional and spatial aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region has been conserved throughout evolution. Our runxa spatiotemporal expression data shed light on the role of vertebrate Runx1/AML1 in primitive vs definitive hematopoietic development.
Binary Optic Reflection Grating for an Imaging Spectrometer

A single optical element capable of both wavelength dispersion and imaging would be useful for implementing compact imaging spectrometers. We have fabricated a hybrid refractive/diffractive element that accomplishes these goals. The element is a plano-convex glass lens with a reflective diffractive surface fabricated on the planar side. The diffractive surface combines a blazed grating and several forms of aberration correction. The surface relief profile was fabricated in poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) by direct-write electron beam (E-beam) lithography followed by a single development step. The 8.2 mm X 8.2 mm exposure pattern was corrected for both the nonlinear dose response of the PMMA and the E-beam proximity effect. Surface characterization by atomic force microscopy revealed that the grating blaze profile was linear, although the grating was overetched. Optical characterization included diffraction efficiency measurements, knife-edge spot size measurements, and CCD spot irradiance profiles at multiple wavelengths and field positions. The measured spot and field sizes translate to a resolution of 65 wavelength channels in the 400 to 700 nm band of interest and 128 spots along the imaging direction for a 10 mm entrance slit.
Effects of carbon monoxide-modified atmosphere packaging and irradiation on E. coli K12 survival and raw beef quality

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of irradiation and carbon monoxide in modified atmosphere packaging (CO-MAP) on total plate counts, Escherichia coli K12, color, and odor of fresh beef during refrigerated storage. Beef was packaged aerobically or in CO-MAP, and irradiated at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 kGy then held at 4 °C for 28 days. Raw beef odor decreased and acid/sour, rancid and grassy odors increased starting on day 14. Initially, no difference existed for visual green color scores due to gas atmosphere. After 14 days of storage, aerobically packaged beef was greener and less red than CO-MAP packaged beef. The a∗ value of CO-MAP packaged beef was higher than that of aerobically packaged beef. Red color of CO-MAP packaged samples decreased slightly in some irradiated samples after 14 days of storage. On day 0 and thereafter, no coliforms were detect after irradiation at 1.5 or 2.0 kGy regardless of packaging format. These findings suggest that CO-MAP could be used to preserve beef color irradiated at doses sufficient to reduce microbial loads to safe levels during 28 days of storage.
New approach to double-helix point spread function design for 3D super-resolution microscopy

Double-helix point spread functions (DH-PSFs) have been used to extend localization and super-resolution microscopy to three dimensions. Current DH-PSF design provides a long depth-of-field for 3D imaging. However, it is not optimal for imaging under high background conditions. We present a method to design unconventional DH-PSFs with control on characteristics such as efficiency, transverse spread, and Fisher information. This allows tailoring the PSFs for specific applications. In particular, we introduce a design suitable for 3D localization-based super-resolution imaging under typical background conditions and demonstrate imaging with resolution one order of magnitude beyond the diffraction limit over a depth-of-field of 1.2 μm.
HYDROXYL RADICAL MODIFICATION OF FISH MUSCLE PROTEINS

A xanthine oxidase-based system was used to generate hydroxyl free radicals in washed, minced cod muscle. Oxidation of protein was measured by increase in protein carbonyl content; the system used produced approximately 0.1 mol of carbonyl groups per 105 g of protein. This degree of oxidation had only minor effects on the SDS-PAGE patterns of the muscle proteins. The solubility of the proteins was not affected by this amount of oxidation unless they were also subjected to a freeze/thaw cycle. With a freeze/thaw cycle, a highly significant decrease in protein solubility occurred compared to that which took place in a sample not exposed to the free radical system. Lowering the pH from 6.8 or 6.5 to 6.0 or 5.5 had a strong negative impact on protein solubility. Protein oxidation appeared in two phases in washed cod mince, an initial rapid increase followed by a second phase that may have been linked to oxidation of the small amount of lipid in the sample. Comparison of protein carbonyl formation in stored mackerel fillets or mince indicated that the range of oxidation studied in the cod model system was similar to what occurs in stored mackerel muscle postmortem.
Coaching Approach Behavior and Leading by Modeling: Rationale, Principles, and a Session-by-Session Description of the CALM Program for Early Childhood Anxiety ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Whereas the cognitive-behavioral treatment of childhood anxiety has been well-researched and empirically supported over the last 20 years, interventions for anxiety in young children (ages 7 and below) have garnered little attention. Because young children generally lack the required developmental skills to effectively engage in cognitive-behavioral treatment, a simple downward extension of treatments used for older children is inappropriate. The CALM program (Coaching Approach behavior and Leading by Modeling) was developed as a developmentally compatible intervention to treat anxiety disorders in young children ages 3 to 7. The CALM program is an adaptation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and an extension of Pincus, Eyberg, and Choate's (2000) adaptation of PCIT for young children with separation anxiety disorder. It is a parent-focused treatment that teaches parents skills to effectively reinforce their children's brave behavior and coaches the use of these skills during in-session parent-child interactions. The treatment emphasizes live, bug-in-the-ear coaching of parents during in vivo exposure sessions. This article describes the CALM program in detail.
A new Species of Encyrtidae parasitic in Coccus hesperidum , L

The species described as new is placed in the genus Adelencyrtus , Ashmead, provisionally. The description is published at this time to provide a name, so that biological information concerning the species can be made a matter of record. The new species is most closely allied to Adelencyrtus . It differs from typical species of this genus with regard to the mandibles. In typical Adelencyrtus the mandibles are quadridentate, and the ventral margin is provided with a stout, cone-shaped seta. In the new species only the ventral tooth is distinct; the dorsal margin of the cutting edge appears as a wide truncation, which can scarcely be described as subdivided, and the ventral margin of the mandible lacks the stout conical seta. The most useful character for the identification of this species, and the one which reveals its relationship to Adelencyrtus most surely, is the distinctive male antennae. In this sex the antennal club is enormously cylindrically elongated, and the funicle is composed of two vestigial segments that are contained in a recess at the base of the club. Antennae of a similar kind have been described in the males of Habrolepis , Forster and Anabrolepis , Timberlake, two genera which are closely allied to Adelencyrtus . The males of Adelencyrtus have not been described.
Variation of the ab -plane normal-state resistance and the superconducting transition temperature of a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ single crystal to pressures of 13 GPa

The temperature-dependent dc electrical resistance of the ab plane of a twinned ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ single crystal with an ambient pressure ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(50%)\ensuremath{\sim}90 K [\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(10--90 %)\ensuremath{\sim}350 mK] has been studied to 13.2 GPa. The initial rate of increase in the critical temperature to pressures of approximately 6 GPa is 0.64 K/GPa. To the highest pressures, the linear slope of ${\mathit{dR}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$/dT within the ab plane decreases wi th increasing pressure, as does the residual resistance even as the critical temperature passes through a maximum at 95.2 K and 11.3 GPa. Comparison with the pressure data of Klotz, Reith, and Schilling [Physica C 172, 423 (1991)] for an apparently equivalent crystal requires that the singular importance of the carrier concentration in the planes as that factor which solely determines ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ be readdressed.
Superluminal Twin Beams, Superluminal Images and the Arrival Time of Spatial Information in Optical Pulses with Negative Group Velocity

We generate superluminal pulses via four-wave-mixing in 85Rb vapor, both for the injected and the generated beam, and imprint images on the pulses and time-resolve the arrival of information in the spatial domain.
A thermoplastic mouthstick appliance

Rehabilitation of quadriplegic patients is a significant challenge to health care resources in this country. Many of these patients need to use mouthstick appliances to control their environments. To be sure that the mouthstick appliance is available to any patient in need of it, the technology and affordability must be improved. A method is described for construction of an inexpensive and physiologically sound appliance.
Labeling, Deterrence, and Recidivism: A Study of Police Dispositions of Juvenile Offenders

Police departments with high rates of juvenile diversion did not yield different recidivism rates than those with low diversion rates unless comparisons were made between first offenders and multiple offenders. Then, the two sets of departments differed substantially: high diversion departments had lower subsequent recidivism rates for first offenders than for multiple offenders, while low diversion departments did not exhibit such differences. The emergence of differences in multiple but not in simple recidivism and among high diversion but not among low diversion departments tentatively supports both labeling theory and a deterrence approach in interaction with departmental and offender variables. There is also a suggestion that the effects of delinquent stigmatization are cumulative with each arrest, supporting Lemert's secondary deviance conception, at least among first offenders in high diversion departments.
The effect of interactions involving ionizable residues flanking membrane-inserted hydrophobic helices upon helix-helix interaction.

We examined the effect of ionizable residues at positions flanking the hydrophobic core of helix-forming polyLeu peptides upon helix-helix interactions within model membrane vesicles composed of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. The peptides studied were flanked on both the N and C termini either by two Lys (K 2 -flanked peptide), one Lys plus one Asp (DK-flanked peptide), or one Lys plus three Asp (KD 3 -flanked peptide). The fluorescence of a Trp residue positioned at the center of the hydrophobic sequence was used to evaluate peptide behavior. As judged by the concentration dependence of the maximum wavelength of Trp emission, there was significant oligomerization of the KD 3 - and DK-flanked peptides, but not the K 2 -flanked peptide, at neutral pH. At neutral pH mixtures of K 2 - and KD 3 -flanked peptides associated with each other, but mixtures of the K 2 - and DK-flanked peptides did not. Oligomerization by the DK- and KD 3 -flanked peptides decreased under low pH conditions in which the Asp residues were protonated. Additional experiments showed that at neutral pH the KD 3 -flanked peptide showed an increased tendency to oligomerize when as little as 10-15 mol % of an anionic lipid, phosphatidylglycerol, was present. The behavior of the other peptides was not strongly influenced by phosphatidylglycerol. These results can largely be explained by modulation of helix-helix interactions via electrostatic interactions involving the helix-flanking ionizable residues. Such interactions may influence membrane protein folding. The self-association of anionic KD 3 -flanked peptides suggests that additional interactions involving charged residues also can modulate helix-helix association.
Identification of a motif in BMRP required for interaction with Bcl‐2 by site‐directed mutagenesis studies

Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits apoptosis elicited by multiple stimuli in a large variety of cell types. BMRP (also known as MRPL41) was identified as a Bcl-2 binding protein and shown to promote apoptosis. Previous studies indicated that the amino-terminal two-thirds of BMRP contain the domain(s) required for its interaction with Bcl-2, and that this region of the protein is responsible for the majority of the apoptosis-inducing activity of BMRP. We have performed site-directed mutagenesis analyses to further characterize the BMRP/Bcl-2 interaction and the pro-apoptotic activity of BMRP. The results obtained indicate that the 13-17 amino acid region of BMRP is necessary for its binding to Bcl-2. Further mutagenesis of this motif shows that amino acid residue aspartic acid (D) 16 of BMRP is essential for the BMRP/Bcl-2 interaction. Functional analyses conducted in mammalian cells with BMRP site-directed mutants BMRP(13Ala17) and BMRP(D16A) indicate that these mutants induce apoptosis through a caspase-mediated pathway, and that they kill cells slightly more potently than wild-type BMRP. Bcl-2 is still able to counteract BMRP(D16A)-induced cell death significantly, but not as completely as when tested against wild-type BMRP. These results suggest that the apoptosis-inducing ability of wild-type BMRP is blocked by Bcl-2 through several mechanisms.
Metabolism of soybean leaves. VI. Exploratory studies in protein metabolism.

Abstract With increasing time between excision of soybean leaves and exposure to C 14 O 2 , there was a decreasing ability to convert amino acids to proteins. Excised leaves incorporated glutamate preferentially into protein. Degradtation of phenylalanine from leaves, excised 12 hr. prior to 1-hr. photosynthesis in C 14 O 2 , showed uniform distribution. Consequently, the excised leaf can synthesize the aromatic ring. Excised leaves exposed to C 14 O 2 in the dark for 20 hr. were able to incorporate activity into protein but to a lesser extent than in the light. Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids were not formed in the dark. The major amino acid formed in the dark was free arginine, none being found in protein. Seventy-five per cent of the arginine activity was in the guanido carbon; consequently, an ornithine cycle probably operates in leaves. Young excised leaves produced the branched-chain and aromatic acids more rapidly than mature leaves. The leucine thus formed was degraded and showed an essentially uniform distribution of C 14 .
Cardiovascular Disease in the Diabetic Patient

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by a high blood sugar level. Over 17 million Americans are affected by the disease. About 10% of the US population over the age of 60 years has diabetes, with a disproportionately high number of black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native Americans affected. Furthermore, it is estimated that fully half of the population with diabetes remains undiagnosed. Diabetes may be caused by decreased insulin secretion, decreased insulin action, or both. Insulin, a hormone made in the pancreatic B-cell, assists in the transportation into cells and the use of sugar by cells throughout the body. Whether the body cannot make sufficient insulin or the insulin that is made does not function well in the body, the blood sugar level becomes elevated. Over time, increased blood sugars can damage both small and large blood vessels. In patients with type 1 diabetes, for unknown reasons, there is an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic B-cells, and insulin injections must be taken to survive. This type of diabetes represents less than 10% of all diabetes cases. In contrast, type 2 diabetes occurs in more than 90% of all patients with diabetes and is characterized by both insulin resistance and a relative reduction in insulin production. In type 2 diabetes, the treatment goal is to match the amount of insulin that the body can make to the amount that the body needs. There are many possible treatment options that the physician may initially prescribe; however, all regimens are based on healthy food choices and daily activity. If these lifestyle changes do not work, …
A Stochastic Approach to Multi-disciplinary Aircraft Analysis and Design

Presented at the 36th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 12-15, 1998.
Networked Parallel 3-D Depth Migration

Powerful RISC-based workstations, capable of sustaining 10 MFLOPS or more on seismic algorithms, offer a new way of performing 3-D seismic computations. The algorithms are executed on a loosely-coupled set of workstations connected by a network to a large-capacity computer that manages the seismic data volume and participates in the computation. Such configurations already exist in many organizations. The main inhibitor to harnessing this power is lack of an adequate analysis of the issues involved in modifying seismic software to execute robustly and efficiently across a network. Such an analysis is the purpose of this paper. One-pass 3-D finite-difference depth migration has been chosen as a test case for network parallel computing because it involves handling of very large (several Gbytel datasets with challenging communication patterns. A standard version of this algorithm has been developed, analyzed, and tested under several parallel execution environments, Linda* and Express’ . including Network A special notation has been developed to make the analysis more transparent. The analysis technique is applicable to other coarse-grained MIMD computations.
Effective Ga incorporation for 2SSS CIGS manufacturing

Although CIGS technology has not yet demonstrated large volume commercial success, ongoing investment in manufacturing facilities is being made because of its outstanding potential. It is clearly not straightforward to transfer a high performance laboratory process to a manufacturing line. Manufacturing issues such as throughput, yield and materials utilization are not typical metrics in developing lab scale processes, and new ways of meeting these demands of the manufacturing line while keeping the lab scale performance must be found. We are developing a large area roll-to-roll piloting facility whose primary objective is to meet these demands. In support of this objective we are conducting lab-scale experiments which are guided by commercialization driven parameters. The deposition process which we favor is a 2-step process using solid Se which we designate as 2SSS. Our approach is to make side-by-side comparisons of films and devices made with this process and the ideal co-evaporation process and to demonstrate equivalent properties with a more manufacturable process. In this paper we report results on effective incorporation of Ga. We demonstrate that film properties are equivalent to those produced by co-deposition, and in particular that the processing time and use of raw materials is the same. A key finding is that selective precursor films can be configured to reduce the formation of volatile Ga x Se y species responsible for the loss of Ga and excessive use of Se.
Synthesis of threo-4,5-dihydroxy diastereomers of sphinganine;.

Abstract The threo-4,5-dihydroxy diastereomers of sphinganine were prepared by the following sequence of reactions: (a) benzoylation of sphingenine to the tribenzoyl derivative; (b) osmylation followed by resolution of the mixture of threo-4,5-dihydroxy tribenzoyl (DHTBS) diastereomers; and (c) alkaline hydrolysis to yield the threo-4,5-dihydroxysphinganines (DHS). Carbon atoms 4 and 5 of the high and low melting threo-4,5-DHTBS diastereomers and the compounds derived from them were tentatively assigned 4R, 5S and 4S, 5R configurations, respectively.
Pulmonary elastic tissue in generalized elastolysis (cutis laxa) and Marfan's syndrome: a light and electron microscopic study.

We have studied elastic tissue changes in the lungs from patients with Marfan's syndrome, generalized elastolysis, patients with emphysema of other cause, and those dying from unrelated causes. Degenerative changes were seen in the elastic tissue fibers in patients with Marfan's syndrome; they varied from mild to severe. Elastic fibers in the lungs of patients with cutis laxa showed by light and electron microscopy the same morphologic changes previously reported in the skin and vessels. While the alterations in individual elastic fibers in the alveolar septa appeared similar, in cutis laxa there was severe involvement of almost all fibers, whereas in Marfan's syndrome the involvement was not so severe, nor did it affect all fibers. On examination of lung sections from patients with cutis laxa or Marfan's syndrome, both were readily separable from normal and abnormal controls.
Quantitative analysis of loading and extender acyltransferases of modular polyketide synthases.

The acyltransferase (AT) domains of modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are the primary determinants of building block specificity in polyketide biosynthesis and are therefore attractive targets for protein engineering. Thus far, investigations into the fundamental biochemical properties of AT domains have been hampered by the inability to produce these enzymes as self-standing polypeptides. Here we describe an alternative, generally applicable strategy for overexpression and analysis of AT domains from modular PKSs as truncated didomain proteins (∼60 kDa). Recently, we reported the expression and reconstitution of the loading didomain of 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (Lau, J., Cane, D. E., and Khosla, C. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 10514−20). By replacing the AT domain of this protein with a methylmalonyl-CoA specific AT domain from module 6 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase, or alternatively a malonyl-CoA specific AT domain from module 2 of the rapamycin synthase, each of these extender unit AT domai...
The discipline of science: law or profession?

(1990). The discipline of science: Law or profession? Accountability in Research: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 137-145.
Stenting the nasal airway for maximizing inspiratory airflow: internal Max-Air Nose Cones versus external Breathe Right strip.

BackgroundSeveral nasal dilator devices designed to stent the anterior nasal airway to increase peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) currently exist; however, comparisons of such devices are limited....
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy of an adrenal adenoma with myelolipoma relieves severe hypertension in a 16-year-old patient.

Adrenal adenoma with myelolipoma is extremely rare in pediatrics. Although the tumor is usually asymptomatic, sometimes it may result in serious manifestations. A 16-year-old patient was diagnosed with severe hypertension associated with a right adrenal mass. The laboratory work-up was inconclusive of the nature of the tumor. Plasma and urinary hormonal studies were not diagnostic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scanning were normal. MRI of the abdomen showed a heterogeneous adrenal mass 4.2×3.3 cm. Laparoscopic resection of the mass was done, and the pathology revealed an adrenal adenoma with myelolipoma. After tumor resection the hypertension resolved, and within 1 month the patient was off medications. At 2-year follow-up the patient’s blood pressure remained normal at 120/73 mmHg. This is a case in which an adrenal adenoma with myelolipoma, a benign and usually asymptomatic tumor, presented as severe hypertension resolving with surgical resection of the tumor.
Relationship of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor and Cholecystokinin Immunoreactivity in Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Exposure to cannabis impairs cognitive functions reliant on the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and increases the risk of schizophrenia. The actions of cannabis are mediated via the brain cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R), which in rodents is heavily localized to the axon terminals of cortical GABA basket neurons that contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Differences in the laminar distribution of CB1R-immunoreactive (IR) axons have been reported between rodent and monkey neocortex, suggesting that the cell type(s) containing CB1Rs, and the synaptic targets of CB1R-IR axon terminals, may differ across species; however, neither the relationship of CB1Rs to CCK-containing interneurons, nor the postsynaptic targets of CB1R and CCK axon terminals, have been examined in primate DLPFC. Consequently, we compared the distribution patterns of CB1R- and CCK-IR structures, determined the proportions of CB1R and CCK neurons that were dual-labeled, and identified the synaptic types and postsynaptic targets of CB1R- and CCK-IR axon terminals in macaque monkey DLPFC. By light microscopy, CB1R- and CCK-IR axons exhibited a similar laminar distribution, with their greatest densities in layer 4. Dual-label fluorescence experiments demonstrated that 91% of CB1R-IR neurons were immunopositive for CCK, whereas only 51% of CCK-IR neurons were immunopositive for CB1R. By electron microscopy, all synapses formed by CB1R-IR axon terminals were symmetric, whereas CCK-IR axon terminals formed both symmetric (88%) and asymmetric (12%) synapses. The primary postsynaptic target of both CB1R- and CCK-IR axon terminals forming symmetric synapses was dendritic shafts (81–88%), with the remainder targeting cell bodies or dendritic spines. Thus, despite species differences in laminar distribution, CB1Rs are principally localized to CCK basket neuron axons in both rodent neocortex and monkey DLPFC. These axons target the perisomatic region of pyramidal neurons, providing a potential anatomical substrate for the impaired function of the DLPFC associated with cannabis use and schizophrenia.
Determination of mercury by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry

A flameless atomic-absorption system has been developed for the determination of low concentrations of mercury in gaseous, solid and liquid samples of organic and inorganic materials.