cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-Supervised Recursive Autoencoders for Predicting Sentiment Distributions

We introduce a novel machine learning framework based on recursive autoencoders for sentence-level prediction of sentiment label distributions. Our method learns vector space representations for multi-word phrases. In sentiment prediction tasks these representations outperform other state-of-the-art approaches on commonly used datasets, such as movie reviews, without using any pre-defined sentiment lexica or polarity shifting rules. We also evaluate the model's ability to predict sentiment distributions on a new dataset based on confessions from the experience project. The dataset consists of personal user stories annotated with multiple labels which, when aggregated, form a multinomial distribution that captures emotional reactions. Our algorithm can more accurately predict distributions over such labels compared to several competitive baselines.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Weight Loss: A Proposed Mechanism

TCDD caused a dose-related decrease in body weight, food intake, motor activity and total and resting oxygen consumption in rats. In animals treated with 15 μg/kg, the depression in food intake and oxygen consumption lasted 2 weeks. Thereafter, the rats consummed the appropriate amounts of food and oxygen for their reduced weights. However, in rats treated with 50 μg/kg, food intake was insufficient to maintain weight. The results suggest that TCDD causes weight loss by a decrease in energy intake (as opposed to an increase in energy expenditure). The decrease in intake of energy could be due to mal-absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and/or reduced food intake. Of these, reduction in food consumption is considered to be the main factor involved. This is because weight in pair-fed control rats stabilizes at a level only slightly higher than in TCDD- treated animals. To determine if TCDD is altering a regulatory system for body weight (as opposed to a system controlling food intake), rats had their body weights reduced by food restriction prior to TCDD (25 μg/kg). Immediately after TCDD they were given food ad lib and they exhibited hyperphagia and weight gain. Thus, the ability to feed is not directly inhibited by TCDD. We propose that TCDD lowers a regulated level or “set-point” for body weight and that the change in food intake reflects the rat’s effort to reach the new weight level.
Bryostatin stimulation of human neutrophil luminol and DBA (lucigenin) chemiluminescence.

Bryostatins are macrocyclic lactones derived from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina and are currently being investigated for their apparent anti-neoplastic activities.1,2 In addition, certain bryostatins have been shown to share certain properties with the tumor promoting compound 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). These properties include the activation of human neutrophils to generate superoxide anion and the release of specific granules3. In vitro, certain bryostatins also appear to bind and activate the TPA receptor protein kinase-C (PK-C), a process which results in the phosphorylation of nearly identical protein substrates phosphorylated by TPA3.
Monitoring of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

Patient acuity is increasing in the intensive care unit (ICU), requiring more sophisticated methods to monitor, support, and evaluate critically ill patients.1, 2, 3 Mechanical ventilation is a mainstay of modern ICU care. Monitoring of blood flow, acid-base status, oxygen transport, coagulation, pulmonary and other visceral organ function, and the development of nosocomial infection are a few of several aspects of patient surveillance.
Pathology of Chronic Obstructive Coronary Disease

This chapter focuses on pathology of coronary atherosclerosis as well as on the various types of lesions of the coronary ostia.
Infraestructuras para porosidades selectivas. El limboscape de Ceuta

espanolEn una de las fronteras mas complejas del mundo, el limite fisico se materializa en lo que parece ser una simple reja. Esto, sin embargo, no significa que el limite sea debil. Como indica este texto, la infraestructura fronteriza en Ceuta es un ensamblaje complejo de artefactos fisicos, constructos legales y calculadas excepciones a estas reglas que, a fin de cuentas, generan un limite con porosidad selectiva. EnglishIn one of the most complex borders of the world, the physical limit is materialized in what seems to be just a simple fence. Yet, that does not mean that the barrier is weak. As this text indicates, the border infrastructure in Ceuta is a complex assembly of physical artifacts, legal constructs and calculated exceptions to these rules that, in the end, generate a border with selective porosity.
The Chinese Confucian-Legalist State and the European Enterprise State

AbstractThis is a comment on Dingxin Zhao, The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History.
Beamforming Microwave-Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Screening Applications

This paper presents a beamforming microwave-induced thermoacoustic (TA) imaging system for screening applications. Near-field/quasi-near-field beamforming with multiple applicators focuses the radio-frequency (RF) energy to the target location in depth and enhances the TA signal generation, thereby lowering the peak-power requirements of the solid-state RF power amplifier (PA). More importantly, the proposed beamforming method reduces surface heating at the skin interface by distributing the excitation power over multiple sites and, hence, reducing the per-element peak at a similar acoustic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A 3-D printed setup in a conformal configuration is designed and used to demonstrate signal enhancement with RF focusing. By tuning the phase of each channel, the system can focus RF energy to specific locations and steer the focal point location across the region of interest. With a four-element array, measurements confirm a 15.8-dB acoustic intensity SNR improvement compared with a single power-limited excitation and 3.8-dB improvement compared to a PA with the same total peak power (i.e., $4\times P_{\text {out}}$ ). The results herein suggest the potential benefits of the proposed beamforming system and imply further enhancements once scaled to a larger array.
Reverse signaling via PD-L1 supports malignant cell growth and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies results in high overall response rates in refractory and relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients, indicating that PD-1/PD-1 ligand interactions are integral to progression of this disease. Given the genetically driven increased PD-L1/2 expression in HL, we hypothesized that reverse signaling through PD-1 ligands may be a potential mechanism contributing to the growth and survival of Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in cHL. Our data show that engagement of PD-L1 using an agonistic monoclonal antibody increases cell survival and proliferation and reduces apoptosis in HL cell lines. We show that HL patients have significantly higher serum levels of soluble PD-1 than healthy controls, and find that both membrane-bound and soluble forms of PD-1 are able to induce PD-L1 reverse signaling in HL cell lines. PD-L1 signaling, which is associated with activation of the MAPK pathway and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, is reversed by PD-1 blockade. In summary, our data identify inhibition of reverse signaling through PD-L1 as an additional mechanism that accounts for clinical responses to PD-1 blockade in cHL.
Neck Pain and Paralysis Following Trauma

A 25-year-old man was snowboarding down a slope and attempted to perform a trick off a ramp. He miscalculated the jump and landed directly on his head, without a helmet. He denied a loss of consciousness but immediately had difficulty moving his arms and legs. The ambulance crew placed him supine on a board with a hard cervical collar and blocks. In the emergency department, he is alert and oriented to person, place, and time, but he complains of severe neck pain. His heart rate is 80/min, blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, respiratory rate is 13/min, and temperature is 97.8 ° F. He has 2/5 strength in his upper and lower extremities. He reports decreased sensation to pinprick and cold packs in all extremities but has preserved sensation to deep touch and pressure throughout the body. He has nonsustained clonus and brisk reflexes in his biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, patellar tendons, and Achilles tendons. His big toe points upwards with all other toes fanning out when the sole of his foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. Rectal examination reveals preserved anal tone. His imaging is shown below (Fig. 24.1).
Objectives and outcomes of clinical ethics services: a Delphi study

Objectives To explore the objectives and outcomes most appropriate for evaluating clinical ethics support services (CESs) in the USA. Methods A three-round e-Delphi was sent to two professional medical ethics listservs (Medical College of Wisconsin-Bioethics and American Society for Bioethics and Humanities) as well as 19 individual experts. The survey originally contained 15 objectives and 9 outcomes. In round 1, participants were asked to validate the content of these lists. In round 2, we had 17 objectives and 10 outcomes, and participants were asked to rank them for appropriateness in a top 10 list of objectives and a top 5 list of outcomes. Results Participants came to a high(at least 70%) level of agreement on seven objectives: mediate, educate, develop policy, improve the moral quality of a decision or action, counsel, create a moral space and manage moral distress. Participants came to a moderate (at least 51%) level of agreement on three objectives: empower, awareness of ethics and preventative ethics. Participants also came to a moderate (at least 51%) level of agreement on five outcomes: ethical justification, transformation of institution, improvement of quality of life, principled consensus and satisfaction with the expertise of a CES. Conclusion This e-Delphi identified 10 objectives and 5 outcomes that are a good starting point for developing outcome measures to evaluate CESs in the USA, while reminding us of the diversity of perspectives still evident in the field.
Gender differences in the interaction effect of community resources and attitudes toward seeking professional help on posttraumatic stress, depression, and posttraumatic growth

The current study examined the gender differences in the interaction effect of community resources and attitudes toward seeking professional help in predicting posttraumatic stress, depression, and posttraumatic growth for female and male survivors of Hurricane Harvey. Participants were 413 adults who reported directly experiencing Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall on August 26, 2017. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants approximately 16 months after the hurricane via an online survey. Among men, significant interaction effects of community resources and attitudes toward seeking help on posttraumatic stress, depression, and posttraumatic growth were found even after statistically controlling for age, educational attainment, income, marital status, and racial minority status. Among women, no interaction effects were found. Women with open attitudes toward seeking psychological treatment experienced higher posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth, and higher resources were positively associated with growth. The current study raises important implications on gender differences on community resources and attitudes toward seeking professional help after a hurricane.
Complications Following Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Database Study Comparing Elective vs Hip Fracture Cases.

Abstract Background The changing evaluation of provider metrics and payments in total hip arthroplasty (THA) necessitates current information for leaders in advocacy and policy. This study aims to use a contemporary nationwide cohort to compare and quantify the differences between the preoperative profile and clinical outcomes of THA performed for elective indications and for femoral neck fractures. Methods Patient records from 2007 to 2017 were queried from an administrative claims database of privately insured patients comparing THA performed for femoral neck fractures vs elective indications. Ninety-day readmission rates as well as in-hospital and 90-day postdischarge rates of local and systemic complications were collected and compared with multivariate logistic regression. Results Of 83,319 primary THAs, 6895 (8.3%) were fracture cases and 76,424 (91.7%) were elective. A greater proportion of fracture patients were older, female, not obese, and had a higher burden of comorbidities (all P Conclusion Fracture patients are inherently more difficult cases to manage as surgeons. The results of these data may have significance in improving care coordination and provide evidence for further risk adjustment in payment models. Leaders in advocacy and policy should consider patient-level risk adjustments within alternative payment models to account for the increased association of complications, length of stay, readmission rate, and comorbidities in fracture patients receiving THA compared to elective patients.
An Electric Roadway System Leveraging Dynamic Capacitive Wireless Charging: Furthering the Continuous Charging of Electric Vehicles

With the blooming growth of electric vehicles, the transportation system is in a critical stage of evolution and reformation. Due to their excellent flexibility and controllability, electric vehicles are becoming the solution for connected and automated vehicle technology. However, current transportation infrastructures are primarily designed for combustion engine vehicles and need improvements for electric vehicles. In highway scenarios especially, because the driving range of an electric vehicle is significantly limited by its battery capacity and charging rate, recent electric vehicles are not suitable for long-distance travel. Therefore, it is important to investigate their dynamic charging technology and improve the current roadway infrastructure to support more electric vehicles.
Differential sensitivity of human neurons carrying μ opioid receptor (MOR) N40D variants in response to ethanol

The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the brain and behavior are linked to alterations in inhibitory synaptic transmission. Alcohol's most consistent effect at the synaptic level is probably a facilitation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, as seen from several rodent studies. The impact of alcohol on GABAergic neurotransmission in human neurons is unknown due to a lack of a suitable experimental model. Human neurons can also be used to model effects of genetic variants linked with alcohol use disorders (AUD). The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) of the OPRM1 gene encoding the N40D (D40 minor allele) mu-opioid receptor (MOR) variant has been linked with individuals who have an AUD, however, while N40D is clearly associated with other drugs of abuse, involvement with AUD is controversial. In this study we employed Ascl1-and Dlx2-induced inhibitory neuronal cells (AD-iNs) generated from human iPS cell lines carrying N40D variants and investigated the impact of ethanol acutely and chronically on GABAergic synaptic transmission. We found that N40 AD-iNs display a stronger facilitation (versus D40) of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory post synaptic current frequency in response to acute ethanol application. Quantitative immunocytochemistry of Synapsin 1+ synaptic puncta revealed a similar synapse number between N40 and D40 iNs, suggesting an ethanol modulation of presynaptic GABA release without affecting synapse density. Interestingly, D40 iNs exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol application caused a significant increase in mIPSC frequency, with only a modest enhancement observed in N40 iNs. These data suggest that the MOR genotype may confer differential sensitivity to synaptic output which depends on ethanol exposure time and concentration for AD-iNs and may help explain alcohol dependence in individuals who carry the MOR D40 SNPs. Furthermore, this study supports the use of human neuronal cells carrying risk associated genetic variants linked to disease, as in vitro models to assay the synaptic actions of alcohol on human neuronal cells.
Intervention in deontic reasoning

The ‘if p , ought p ’ problem, famously known as Zvolenszky’s puzzle (Zvolenszky 2002), questions whether possible world semantics can assign proper truth conditions to sentences of the form ‘if p , ought p ’. This paper suggests that it is not a problem of possible worlds semantics of modality, but rather, the ‘if p , ought p ’ problem reveals the counterfactual nature of deontic modals which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. I propose that a counterfactual-based formulation of deontic necessity that implements intervention, jointly with the assumption that indicative conditionals facilitate backtracking, offers a principled solution to the ‘if p , ought p ’ problem. I also present empirical evidence in favor of an interventionist approach to counterfactuals as opposed to similarity-based theories, at least in the domain of deontic reasoning. EARLY ACCESS
Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2.

This study compares titers of binding and neutralizing antibodies after a single mRNA coronavirus vaccine dose in health care workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Mechanisms of tissue injury in lupus nephritis

Abstract Lupus nephritis is a frequent and often severe manifestation of disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematous. Variability in disease presentation, progression, and clinical outcomes is shaped by complex interactions between a dysregulated immune system, the environment, and genetic variants. A greater understanding of mechanisms leading to kidney inflammation, damage, and maladaptive tissue responses and repair may highlight significant factors that influence disease acuity, maintenance of disease, and development of chronic kidney disease. Addressing both acute and chronic stages of the disease are paramount in limiting progression and development of irreversible tissue damage. In this chapter, we review pathogenic mechanisms contributing to tissue injury and tissue responses in lupus nephritis.
Foster v. Chatman and the Failings of Batson

When the Supreme Court delivered its ruling in Foster v Chatman, the court described the actions of the prosecutors as being “motivated in substantial part by race” when they struck two potential jurors from hearing the capital murder case against Timothy Foster. This phenomenon of open and explicit racial intolerance is unfortunately still in existence thirty years after Foster first went to trial. What the Court failed to acknowledge was how new attitudes of exclusion are less intentional today and more nuanced, implicit, and rationalized. Black defendant’s in 2016 face prosecutors who are less engaged in open discrimination but more likely impacted by their own implicit beliefs and comforted by false rationalizations of racial tolerance. The Foster ruling disregarded the new face of exclusion while it engaged in the relatively simple task (aided by a cache of records) of combating a detectable case of intentional racism in jury selection. A new standard to replace Batson is suggested in this essay.
Drosophila Models in Therapeutic Drug Discovery Related to Aging

Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used in drug discovery efforts. Although there are several other genetic model organisms including C. elegans that can and are being used to study aging, the fly has certain advantages. These include a complex brain capable of sophisticated behaviors, and several organ systems with certain degrees of structural and functional conservation with humans like a heart, that can be investigated with the powerful genetics afforded by the fly. With respect to aging and drug discovery, there are several opportunities to utilize the fly ranging from therapeutic discovery for age related diseases like Alzheimer’s disease to drugs that extend life span to drugs that improve cognition.
MOTOR VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC Certificates of Title, Security Interests, and Liens: Amend Provision Relating to Perfection of Security Interests in Motor Vehicles Generally; Provide for Perfection of Delivery of Notice

The Act provides that a person or business may perfect a security interest in a motor vehicle by presenting the required fee and (1) the existing title and an application for title containing the name and address of the holder of a security interest or (2) a notice of security interest on forms prescribed by the county tax commissioner. Further, the Act provides that the security interest is perfected at the time of its creation if the delivery of the application or notice to the commissioner or local tag agent is completed within twenty days thereafter. The Act provides that the security interest is perfected regardless of any subsequent rejection of the application or notice of errors.
Granulocyte Capillary Plugging in Myocardial Ischemia

In spite of the relatively small numbers in the circulation, leukocytes have in recent years been recognized as playing a significant role in microvascular perfusion. As a result of their large volume and stiffness, leukocytes have to deform on their passage through the microcirculation. This could lead to a situation where they not only impose a relatively large vascular resistance, but also may obstruct the capillary lumen. In contrast, erythrocytes deform easily at the entrance to capillaries and do not cause obstruction. In addition, granulocytes regularly become attached to the vascular endothelium and, if activated, may release a spectrum of toxic substances to the surrounding tissue, which may lead to membrane damage, cell dysfunction, changes in vascular smooth muscle tone, increased permeability, and other defects. The traditional view that granulocytes participate in the inflammatory reaction and antimicrobal defense may represent only a limited aspect of leukocyte activity. These cells may in fact be the key elements in cell injury, organ dysfunction, necrosis, and death.
Phylogeography of Iris missouriensis (Iridaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast markers

We investigated the phylogeography of Iris missouriensis (Iridaceae), which is widely distributed in western North America. We utilized transposon display and DNA sequencing to quantify nuclear and chloroplast genetic structure. Our objectives were (i) to characterize the geographic structure of genetic variation throughout the species range, (ii) to test whether both margins of the range show reduced genetic diversity as predicted by north-south expansion and contraction associated with climate change, and (iii) to determine whether the subspecies Iris missouriensis ssp. longipetala is genetically distinct. We found that genetic diversity was significantly lower in the northern part of the range but was not significantly different between the central and southern regions, indicating greater stability of the southern margin vs. the northern. Among-population differentiation was high (PhiPT=0.52). The largest divisions in each marker set were concordant and separated the southern Rocky Mountains and Basin and Range provinces from the remainder of the range. The boundaries of this phylogeographic break do not coincide with gaps in present-day distributions or phylogeographic breaks identified in other species, and may indicate a measure of reproductive isolation. Consistent with current treatments, we did not find support for the taxonomic placement of I. missourienis ssp. longipetala as a distinct species. Although transposon display has been used to investigate relationships among crop accessions and their wild relatives, to our knowledge, this is the first use of these markers for population-level phylogeography of a nonmodel species and further demonstrates their utility in species recalcitrant to amplified fragment length polymorphism protocols.
Smaller Is Cooler

Thermoelectric materials have long been investigated for use in refrigeration. However, they currently occupy only niche markets because of their low efficiency. In his Perspective, Sales highlights recent advances toward more efficient thermoelectric materials that may find wider application in refrigeration and power generation if production costs can be reduced.
Quality Improvement of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Management and Predictors of Relapse-free Survival

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Methods A quasi-experimental pre- and postintervention study design was used to compare process and clinical endpoints before and after a quality-improvement initiative. All inpatients >18 years of age with a positive blood culture for S. aureus during the specified pre- and postintervention period with clinical information available in the electronic medical record were included. An institutional protocol for the care of patients with S. aureus bacteremia was developed, formalized, and distributed to providers using a pocket card, an electronic order set, and targeted lectures over a 9-month period. Results There were 167 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia (160 patients) identified in the preintervention period, and 127 episodes (123 patients) in the postintervention period. Guideline adherence improved in the postintervention period for usage of transesophageal echocardiogram (43.9% vs 20.2%, P P = .05). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, the variables associated with increased relapse-free survival were postintervention period (hazard ratio [HR] 0.48; confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.95; P .035) and appropriate source control (HR 0.53; CI, 0.24-0.92; P .027). Regardless of intervention, presence of cancer was associated with an increased risk of relapse or mortality at 90 days (HR 2.88; P Conclusion A bundled educational intervention to promote adherence to published guidelines for the treatment of S. aureus bacteremia resulted in a significant improvement in provider adherence to guidelines as well as increased 90-day relapse-free survival.
LA PSICOLOGÍA INFANTIL AL INICIO DEL SIGLO XXI. IMPACTO DE FACTORES IDEOLÓGICO/ CULTURALES EN NORTEAMÉRICA. REPERCUSIONES PARA EL PERÚ

espanolEn este articulo se analiza el impacto de tres factores ideologico/ culturales en el avance y desarrollo de la Psicologia Infantil en Norteamerica durante las ultimas cuatro decadas. El Movimiento de Derechos Civiles, el feminismo y la lucha contra la pobreza han tenido una influencia decisiva en la concepcion, crianza y educacion del nino, asi como en la medicion de la inteligencia, el emplazamiento en clases especiales y el impetu por la educacion preescolar y la propagacion del bilinguismo como medio de ensenanza. Se plantea y recomienda la necesidad de aplicar el mismo analisis al estudio de la psicologia infantil latinoamericana y en especifico a la del Peru EnglishThe purpose of this paper is to analize the impact the Civil Rights Movement, feminism and the War Against Poverty have had on the evolution and reshaping of child psychology in the United States, during the last four decades. These three ideological/cultural factors have played a major role in child/ rearing, education and conceptualization of the child's moral and sex role development as well as in intelligence measurement/assessment, placement in special classes and the dissemination of bilingualism as a tool for teaching. How to apply a similar analysis to the study of child psychology in Latin America and more specifically in Peru, is proposed and recommended
Electron‐ and photon‐induced conductivity in chalcogenide glasses

A comprehensive study of the effects of electron and photon beams on the electrical properties of rf‐sputtered chalcogenide‐glass films of composition Te40As35Si15Ge7P3 has been carried out. Optical results indicate that the material has a gap near 1.1 eV. Four major conclusions follow from a detailed investigation of the field and polarity dependence of the photocurrent: (1) the exponential increase of dark conductivity with electric field intensity is a carrier concentration rather than a mobility effect; (2) internal fields exist at molybdenum‐chalcogenide junctions; (3) hole conduction dominates electron conduction at room temperature; (4) the chalcogenide bands bend up at the interface with molybdenum electrodes. Electron‐beam‐induced conductivity (EBIC) resulting from bombardment by 5–20‐keV electrons has also been studied as a function of applied voltage on these films. A threshold energy of about 7 keV is necessary to obtain an EBIC signal, resulting from a schubweg of the order of 1000 A and a fi...
Systems inquiry in education

The aim of this paper is to highlight the current inadequacies of contemporary education and then to outline a methodological approach by which we can redesign and implement an educational system that is more appropriate to the postindustrial/information age in which we now live. A brief discussion of an application is given in order to exemplify the proposed systemic approach.
Impact of photoresist taper and implant tilt angle on the interwell isolation of subquarter-micron CMOS technologies

The impact of photoresist taper and implant tilt angle on the interwell isolation of a sub-0.25 micrometer CMOS technology is investigated. It is shown that as the trench depth is decreased and the n-well dose and energy is increased, interwell isolation below 1 micron N + /P + spacing is degraded. The reduction of photoresist taper is shown to be a key factor in improving interwell isolation and decreasing MOSFET device parasitics. By optimizing the photoresist process to minimize taper, acceptable N + /P + isolation is achieved down to 0.7 micrometers. Also, by utilizing a two dimensional interwell isolation test structure, it is found for the first time that as the interwell isolation is scaled into the sub-micron regime, lateral n-well dopant displacement caused by the implant tilt angle can result in reduced overlay margin.
Depth image focusing in traveltime map‐based wide‐angle migration

Wide‐aperture, prestack depth migration requires application of challenging and time‐consuming velocity analysis and depth focusing, collectively referred to here as depth focusing. We present an approach to depth focusing using (1) a detailed starting velocity model obtained by a 1‐D transformation of the first‐arrival times, followed iteratively by (2) interactive analysis of the common‐image gathers, (3) computation of coherency attributes of the wavefield in the depth domain, and (4) 2‐D traveltime tomography to update the background velocity model. We employ two interactive method of migration velocities refinement. In the first method (similar to the common‐midpoint velocity spectrum approach), residual velocity updates are picked directly from the common‐image gathers. In another method (analogous to the common velocity stacks), we pick the velocity updates from the areas of maximum coherency in depth sections that are migrated using rescaled traveltime maps. Both types of migration velocity picks,...
Amoxicillin-clavulante as the gold standard empirical therapy of acute bacteria rhinosinusitis.

Acute rhinosinusitis is a common illness that represents a substantial economic burden. Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract is the most common presentation of acute rhinosinusitis and th...
Is ball lightning a nuclear phenomenon

BALL lightning is characterized by the presence of a luminous mobile globe of high energy density produced in regions of considerable electrical activity. The properties of ball lightning have been outlined in recent surveys1–4. We are interested here in the few but significant cases of high energy ball lightning.
Correlation of C-myc and HER-2 neu amplification and expression with histopathologic variables in uterine corpus cancer

Objective: Initial studies of protooncogenes in uterine corpus cancer have focused on a single aspect of the gene in question (deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein) or have studied a small number of patients. Therefore we evaluated c-myc and HER-2/neu gene amplification and ribonucleic acid overexpression in such malignancies and correlated these molecular changes with known pathologic risk factors. Study Design: Quantitative Southern blot analysis for oncogene deoxyribonucleic acid was used to examine 37 tumors from patients with primary untreated uterine corpus cancer referred to the City of Hope National Medical Center. Six normal endometrial specimens were controls. Seventeen tumors were also examined by Northern blotting to assess increased ribonucleic expression. Results: Histologic types included adenocarcinoma (n = 30), papillary serous adenocarcinoma (n = 2), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 2), mixed mullerian sarcoma (n = 2), and leiomyosarcoma (n = 1). Carcinomas were stage I (n = 10), II (n = 18), or III (n = 6). Twenty-three had myometrial invasion of less than one third, six one third to two thirds, and eight deeper invasion (greater than two thirds). According to the criteria of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage was as follows: I (n = 22), II (n = 3), III (n = 7), and IV (n = 5). Ten (27%) and four (11%) tumors showed gene amplification of c-myc and HER-2/neu, respectively. Six demonstrated overexpression of either the c-myc or HER-2/neu gene. HER-2/neu gene amplification was associated more closely with overexpression. Stepwise logistic analysis demonstrated c-myc amplification to be associated with higher grade (P = 0.01). Conclusion: In this referral population, c-myc activation is more common than HER-2/neu activation in uterine corpus cancer and is associated with tumors of higher grade.
A short guide to the nomenclature of seven-transmembrane spanning receptors for lipid mediators

The International Union of Pharmacology (IUPHAR) has established a Nomenclature Committee comprised of sub-committees of experts to evaluate types and subtypes of receptors and ion channels in an effort to establish universally accepted nomenclature [Vanhoutte, P.M., Barnard, E.A., Cosmides, G.J., Humphrey, P.P., Spedding, M., Godfraind, T., 1994. International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification. Pharmacological Reviews 46, 111-116]. This overview cites the reports of the IUPHAR subcommittees and other prominent review articles in an effort to compile receptors for lipid mediators that bind to and evoke their pharmacological responses via seven-transmembrane spanning, G-protein-coupled receptors.
Influence of Earthworm Activity on Soil Microbes and Soilborne Diseases of Vegetables

Earthworm densities have been regarded as reliable indicators of soil health, but their role in suppression of plant disease has not received much attention. Several greenhouse studies were done to determine if soils infested with soilborne pathogens and augmented with earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) could reduce disease of susceptible cultivars of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Soils planted with asparagus were infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum, eggplant with Verticillium dahliae, and tomato with F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1. In each host-disease system, earthworm activity was associated with an increase in plant growth and a decrease in disease. In general, plant weights were increased 60 to 80% and estimates of disease (area under the disease progress curve, percent vascular discoloration, and percent root lesions) were reduced 50 to 70% when soils were augmented with earthworms. Soil dilutions on selective media revealed that densities of fluorescent pseudomonads and filamentous actinomycetes were consistently higher for rhizosphere soils augmented with earthworms. In the studies with Verticillium wilt of eggplant, compared to the controls, the densities of total bacteria and Mn-transforming microbes were reduced in the presence of earthworms while population densities of bacilli and Trichoderma spp. were not affected. Disease suppression may have been mediated through microbiological activity. These studies suggest that strategies to increase earthworm densities in soil should suppress soilborne diseases.
Powered vector method of factor analysis

The powered vector method of factor analysis yields directly and without rotation factors satisfying objectives of parsimony, orthogonality, and meaningfulness. The method is objective, computationally efficient, and easily programmed for digital computers. The computational procedure is described. Illustrative analyses are presented. Results of applications of the powered vector method are compared with results obtained using the principal axes solution followed by orthogonal rotation.
Some integral equations occuring in the classical theory of fluids

Abstract The problem of calculating the pair distribution function in classical statistical mechanics is approached through an expression of this function in a new topological parameter. The expansion is shown to lead to an infinite set of integral equations, one for each order of the parameter. The first of these equations is examined in detail and is used to derive a new exact integral equation for the pair distribution function which incorporates the series rearrangements of Meeron and Rodemich. A brief discussion of numerical calculations is given.
Hepatitis C Virus Not Found in Fulminant Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis

Non-A, non-B hepatitis is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with acute hepatitis but without serologic evidence of hepatitis A or hepatitis B viral infection. The recently identified hepatitis C...
Quality-based distance measures and applications to clustering

When analyzing biological data sets, a common approach is to partition the data into clusters. Examples of this include finding a subset of genes with co-regulated expression among experiments, grouping similar disease phenotypes, or implicating regions of genetic variation in disease. The ability to separate the data into subsets depends upon the structure of the distribution of points and the choice of clustering algorithm. Furthermore, the biological relevance of the clustering results is biased by the variation among the data points themselves. We introduce a mathematical quality-based distance metric which will allow all data, regardless of its error, to be included in analysis without the need to introduce a cutoff. This removes the need to exclude points or to change the dimensionality. The advantage of this approach is shown by clustering simulated data with added noise.
Perceived quality of care and lifestyle counseling among patients with heart disease.

Results: Among the 182 cardiac patients who completed the survey, those who reported poor to fair quality of care were more likely to report that they had received no advice regarding diet as compared with those who perceived their quality of care as good or very good to excellent (61%, 59%, and 26%, respectively, P < 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed for exercise (71%, 74%, and 36%, respectively, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with low perceived quality of care were less likely to have discussed diet and exercise habits with healthcare providers. Improving receipt of lifestyle counseling is warranted given the central role that diet and exercise play in secondary prevention.
Tracer pulse chromatography: A review and prospectus

Abstract A review of the tracer pulse form of chromatography is presented along with discussion of the basic procedures and distinguishing features of this unique method for studying phase distribution equilibria. Typical sorbate and sorbent systems are discussed and several practical applications are presented. The basic theory of the method is reviewed; a comparison of this method with other static and chromatographic methods is given; and the review concludes with a discussion of the potential applications of the tracer pulse technique.
Effect of long-term He?Ne laser light exposure and subsequent annealing on hydrogenated amorphous silicon pin photodiodes

Changes in the current?voltage (IV) characteristics were monitored on as prepared a-Si:H pin photodiodes during 60 min He?Ne laser illumination (every 15 min in situ measurements). After illumination was over, the pin diodes were subjected to 1 h annealing at 200 ?C and IVs were taken again. Results showed that the short circuit current (Isc) decreased with the He?Ne exposure time which is known as a Stabler?Wronski effect of degradation and increased after the annealing. In order to describe the origin of this phenomenon, a 1 ?m thick a-Si:H film was deposited on Mo-coated glass sheets by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) using the same procedure as that of the i-type layer in the pin diodes. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were taken on the sample before and after the 1 h He?Ne laser exposure as well as after annealing for 1 h at 200 ?C in air. Hydrogen (H) concentration in the film was estimated from the typical Si?H vibration absorbance peak at 2000?cm?1. The results showed that the H-concentration decreases from the initial value of about 10%, to about 7% after the 1 h He?Ne laser exposure. After the thermal annealing, the hydrogen concentration increased to about 9%. The above hydrogen concentration change was directly related to the change in the IV characteristics of the pin a-Si:H diode.
Is chronic pain a variant of depressive disease? The case of primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Abstract The responses of 45 primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) patients, 29 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 31 healthy non-pain controls (NC) on the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale were compared. No difference between the PFS and RA groups was found, although the former has no known organic pathology, unlike the latter. Therefore, the hypothesis that the presentation of chronic pain in the absence of a known organic pathology is a variant of ‘depressive disease’ was not supported in the case of PFS. However, a subgroup of PFS (28.6%) and RA (31.0%) patients appeared to be experiencing significant depressive symptomatology.
Micro-optical systems for laser-induced fluorescence in capillary separations

A miniaturized, highly integrated free space optical system has been developed to detect laser-induced fluorescence as part of a liquid phase chemical analysis system for portable field use.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Magnetic Field Induced Orientation of Nanotube-Polymer Composite

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study the reorientation of single wall carbon nanotubes in a polyethylene matrix under the influence of a 25 T magnetic field. The simulations are based on a variant of velocity Verlet algorithm, which relaxes the Larmor time-step restriction while preserving second-order accuracy. Simulations reveal that the unfolding and reorganization of the polyethylene (PE) chain facilitates the reorientation of the single wall carbon nanotubes closer to the direction of the applied magnetic field. Also, they bring out the difference between the behavior of the carbon nanotubes of zigzag chirality and that of armchair chirality.
An examination of the psychometric properties of measures of negative affect in the PANAS-X scales.

This research challenges the claim made by D. Watson and L. A. Clark (1991, 1992) that the negative affects - fear, sadness, hostility, and guilt - are organized in a hierarchical structure and at the same time achieve discriminant validity. These reanalyses of the data in Watson and Clark (1991, 1992) provide strong support for both the hierarchical representation of the negative affects under a single valence factor and convergent validity. However, although weak support exists for discriminant validity of self-report measures of the negative affects, discriminant validity is rejected when the negative affects are measured either with self- and peer reports or self-reports over time treated as 2 methods
The professionalization and institutionalization of ‘development’ in Colombia in the early post-world war II period

Abstract This paper examines the introduction of empirical social sciences in Latin America in the early post-World War II period. During this period, a discourse about the ‘underdevelopment’ of much of Asia, Africa and Latin America emerged and became consolidated. Two mechanisms were central to the deployment of this discourse: the professionalization of development through new modes of inquiry and scientific sub-disciplines and its institutionalization through the manifold practices of a vast array of novel institutions. A new regime for the production of knowledge and truth about what then became known as the ‘Third World’ was thus set in place. This paper analyses the major aspects associated with this process, as well as its main implications, focusing on the introduction of development economics and development planning in Colombia.
Exercise Is Associated with a Reduced Incidence of Sleep-disordered Breathing

Background The effect of exercise on sleep-disordered breathing is unknown. While diet and weight loss have been shown to reduce the severity of sleep-disordered breathing, it is unclear whether exercise has an independent effect.
Bifurcated three-dimensional forced convection in plane symmetric sudden expansion

Abstract Simulations of bifurcated three-dimensional laminar forced convection in horizontal duct with plane symmetric sudden expansion are presented to illustrate the effects of flow bifurcations on temperature and heat transfer distributions. The stable bifurcated flow that develops in this symmetric geometry leads to non-symmetric temperature and heat transfer distributions in the transverse direction, but symmetric distributions with respect to the center width of the duct in the spanwise directions for the Reynolds number of 400–800. A strong downwash develops at the corner of the step and a smaller reverse flow region develops adjacent to the lower stepped wall than the one that develops adjacent to the upper stepped wall. The downwash and the “jet-like” flow that develop near the sidewall create a strong swirling spanwise flow in the primary recirculating flow regions downstream from the sudden expansion. The magnitude of maximum Nusselt number that develops on the lower stepped walls is higher than the one that develops on the upper stepped wall. The locations of these maximum Nusselt numbers on the stepped walls are near the sidewalls and are upstream of the “jet-like” flow impingement regions. Results reveal that the locations where the streamwise component of wall shear stress is zero on the stepped walls do not coincide with the outer edge of the recirculation flow region near the sidewalls. Velocity, temperature, Nusselt number, and friction coefficient distributions are presented.
ORCADIAN OSCILLATORS AND PHOTORECEPTORS IN THE GASTROPOD, APLYSIA*

Abstract The sea slug, Aplysia, is a useful model system for research on the neurophysiology of circadian integration. The animal contains several circadian oscillators and several photoreceptors. Each eye contains a circadian oscillator as well as photoreceptors. The ocular oscillators can be entrained by extraocular photoreceptors as well as their own ocular photoreceptors. The abdominal ganglion probably contains another oscillator but it has been much more difficult to manipulate in the laboratory than have the oscillators in the eyes. There is also a circadian rhythm in overt behavioral activity. This rhythm is controlled in part by extraocular oscillators and extraocular photoreceptors and in part by the eyes. In exerting their influence on the behavioral rhythm, the eyes appear to act in the capacity of oscillators and not merely as photoreceptors. Although neurons in the retina have neurosecretory morphology, the entire influence of the eyes on the behavioral rhythm appears to be mediated by nerve signals which travel in the optic nerve. As yet there is no evidence to suggest that any two oscillators in Aplysia are internally coupled. There is also no evidence yet for hormonal coupling between photoreceptors and oscillators or between oscillators and rhythmic outputs.