cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hertzian contact based model to estimate thermal resistance of thermal interface material for high-performance microprocessors

Abstract Thermal interface material (TIM) is applied at the interface between the high-performance microprocessors and heat sink to create a robust heat transfer path. Thermally speaking, TIM is typically characterized by a TIM tester and results are reported in terms of thermal impedance with bond line thickness (BLT) and/or averaged contact pressure. However, the characterization data collected from a TIM tester often cannot represent TIM’s behavior under usage conditions for high-performance microprocessors. The primary reason being the discrepancy in the contact conditions between TIM tester and microprocessor application, mainly including warpage of the microprocessor package and heat sink. In this paper, a Hertzian contact model is proposed to bridge this gap by incorporating in-situ warpage of the microprocessor package and heat sink in usage into the consideration. By applying the model, the thermal resistance of TIM under usage conditions for high performance microprocessors can be estimated from laboratory characterization data. A validation experiment is also presented, and good correlation has been obtained between the prediction and measurement.
Supervised Injection Facilities as Harm Reduction: A Systematic Review.

Context Supervised injection facilities are harm reduction interventions that allow people who inject drugs to use previously obtained substances under the supervision of health professionals. Although currently considered illegal under U.S. federal law, several U.S. cities are considering implementing supervised injection facilities anyway as a response to the escalating overdose crisis. The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of supervised injection facilities, compared with that of control conditions, for harm reduction and community outcomes. Evidence Acquisition Studies were identified from 2 sources: a high-quality, broader review examining supervised injection facility–induced benefits and harms (from database inception to January 2014) and an updated search using the same search strategy (January 2014‒September 2019). Systematic review methods developed by the Guide to Community Preventive Services were used (screening and analysis, September 2019‒December 2020). Evidence Synthesis A total of 22 studies were included in this review: 16 focused on 1 supervised injection facility in Vancouver, Canada. Quantitative synthesis was not conducted given inconsistent outcome measurement across the studies. Supervised injection facilities in the included studies (n=number of studies per outcome category) were mostly associated with significant reductions in opioid overdose morbidity and mortality (n=5), significant improvements in injection behaviors and harm reduction (n=7), significant improvements in access to addiction treatment programs (n=7), and no increase or reductions in crime and public nuisance (n=7). Conclusions For people who inject drugs, supervised injection facilities may reduce the risk of overdose morbidity and mortality and improve access to care while not increasing crime or public nuisance to the surrounding community.
Optimal real-time dispatching of chillers and thermal storage tank in a university campus central plant

Abstract Recent studies have indicated a great potential for applying predictive methodologies to the operation of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Particularly for Centralized Chiller Plants with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) used for District Cooling, there is a substantial opportunity for cost savings when responding to variations in electricity price and ambient temperature. The present work addresses the problem of closed-loop scheduling of a large-scale chiller plant with TES tank under a Day-Ahead (DA) electricity price program. The main contributions include: (i) formulating the problem for a real large-scale complex system; (ii) comparing different dispatching policies with varying degrees of optimality, constraint satisfaction and operational complexity; and (iii) designing an optimization-based scheduling tool and describing its implementation and results. The proposed Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation extends existing models by explicitly accounting for the effect of chilled water return temperature on the energy balances, considering real plant features, and performing pre-calculation of bounds on equipment and storage capacity. The study is performed with real process data from the central chiller plant located on the campus of the University of California, Davis. The comparison between different dispatching policies highlights the benefits of adopting an optimization-based operational strategy, indicating a cost reduction of up to 32% compared to other suboptimal policies. The study also demonstrates how additional constraints that reduce operational complexity affect the closed-loop performance of the optimization-based method, serving as a guideline for designing the optimization tool.
Rottlerin inhibits La Crosse virus-induced encephalitis in mice and blocks release of replicating virus from the Golgi body in neurons.

La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus that causes approximately 60 to 80 hospitalized pediatric encephalitis cases in the United States yearly. The primary treatment for most viral encephalitis, including LACV, is palliative care, and specific antiviral therapeutics are needed. We screened the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences library of 3,833 FDA-approved and bioactive small molecules for the ability to inhibit LACV-induced death in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The top three hits from the initial screen were validated by examining their ability to inhibit virus-induced cell death in multiple neuronal cell lines. Rottlerin consistently reduced LACV-induced death by 50% in multiple human and mouse neuronal cell lines with an effective concentration of 0.16–0.69 µg ml−1 depending on cell line. Rottlerin was effective up to 12 hours post-infection in vitro and inhibited virus particle trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to trans-Golgi vesicles. In human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids, rottlerin reduced virus production by one log and cell death by 35% compared with dimethyl sulfoxide-treated controls. Administration of rottlerin in mice by intraperitoneal or intracranial routes starting at 3 days post-infection decreased disease development by 30–50%. Furthermore, rottlerin also inhibited virus replication of other pathogenic California serogroup orthobunyaviruses (Jamestown Canyon and Tahyna virus) in neuronal cell lines. Viral encephalitis caused in mice by La Crosse arbovirus can be treated with rottlerin, which prevents viral trafficking from the Golgi and reduces virus titres and neuronal cell death in the central nervous system.
The New Jerusalem: Herman Husband's Egalitarian Alternative to the United States Constitution

Only one proposal for a more democratic alternative to the U.S. Constitution was made in the 1780s and 1790s, by a Pennsylvania farmer and preacher named Herman Husband. His New Jerusalem proposal would have filled the Mississippi Valley with a multilayered government based upon ten-mile-square townships, whose citizens would elect all the important officials. This piece tells Husband's story, from his Maryland gentry farmer days, through a sojourn in central North Carolina whence he was driven because of his radical ideas, to his demise after being acquitted of sedition against the new United States government in 1795.
BRAF mutation detection in indeterminate thyroid cytology specimens: underlying cytologic, molecular, and pathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: BRAF mutations are highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and many cytology specimens with BRAF mutations are expected to demonstrate cytologic features typical of PTC. However, indeterminate thyroid cytology cases are inevitable and understanding the significance of the BRAF mutation within the context of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology would be valuable. METHODS: Thyroid cytology cases submitted for conventional cytomorphologic evaluation and BRAF mutational analyses were selected from the authors' cytopathology files from April 2007 to October 2011. From this group, the diagnostic usefulness of BRAF mutations in indeterminate and malignant cases was assessed and analyses of cytologic and histopathologic features associated with the mutations in this gene were performed. RESULTS: A total of 131 cases with a BRAF mutation were identified. Of these, 119 underwent surgical pathology resection follow-up and demonstrated PTC. Approximately 75% of the cases were cytologically diagnosed as being positive for malignancy and these cases were associated with both the classic and tall cell variants of PTC at the time of resection, a greater likelihood of extrathyroidal extension, and the V600E type of BRAF mutation. In contrast, BRAF-mutated cases with diagnoses of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) and follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm were found to be more strongly associated with the follicular variant of PTC, a K601E BRAF mutation, and a lower likelihood of extrathyroidal extension. However, a subset of AUS/FLUS cases with the V600E BRAF mutation appeared to represent sampling variability of the classic or tall cell variants of PTC. CONCLUSIONS: Bethesda thyroid diagnoses in the setting of a BRAF mutation reflect differences in PTC subtypes, the nature of cytology specimens, and molecular characteristics. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:197–205. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Autotropic Bacteria and the Formation of Acid in Bituminous Coal Mines

Thiobacillus thiooxidans increases the acid formation from certain types of the pyritic concretions in coal known as sulfur balls, as well as from marcasite. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans increases the acid formed from museum grade pyrite of fine particle size as well as from sulfur balls. A general mechanism for acid formation in coal mines is proposed.
How do students grade their learning

For the past two decades, Purdue University has been using student self-reports to provide information that has proved to be invaluable in educational planning and development. These critical student inputs are used to help place students in beginning courses, to identify high-risk and honors students, to evaluate the quality of courses, services and resources, to initiate and evaluate existing and new programs, and to help students make career decisions. The paper discusses the use of self-reports of beginning students using the Mathematics Science Inventory (MSI). The MSI has 100 mathematics items organized into six mathematics sub-scales and 50 chemistry items organized into five chemistry sub-scales. All of the MSI scales have very high reliability and differential validity. Use of student self-reports in placement and in evaluating achievement and their relationships to high school and college grades and test scores are also examined. The MSI was completed by over 1500 first year Purdue Engineering students at the beginning of their first academic year MSI data was part of the statistical procedures used to place beginning students in mathematics and chemistry courses. A representative sample of 250 students were re-administered the MSI at the end of the first semester Significant achievement gains were observed in all of the MSI scales. The differential validity of the MSI scales were also documented. Students in the remedial courses had post-test scores similar to the pre-test scores of students in the regular courses. Students in the regular courses had post-test scores similar to students in the advanced courses. Students in the advanced courses also showed significant pre/post test mean score gains.
High Level Simulation & Modeling for Medical Applications - Ultrasound Case

In this paper we will present the results of mapping and simulating the B-Mode (echo), and Doppler (flow) algorithms in ultrasound processing onto 1D and 2D based architectures. A scaleable parallel architecture using commercial off the shelf DSP processors was simulated/evaluated for performance and cost feasibility to replace an existing dedicated hardware solution. The results showed that such an architecture was both feasible and cost effective.
Aurintricarboxylic Acid, a Preferential Inhibitor of Initiation of Protein Synthesis

The effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) was tested on various aspects of protein synthesis directed by the natural messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from R17 RNA bacteriophage. The effects of various levels of ATA (up to 1,000 mum) were tested on overall protein synthesis as well as on binding of messenger RNA and fmet-transfer RNA to ribosomes and on the addition of the 50S ribosome to the 30S ribosome initiation complex. All of the reactions tested could be inhibited by ATA, and none of the tested steps was found to be uniquely sensitive to it. However, the total initiation steps were more sensitive to this chemical than the elongation steps; thus, under appropriate conditions this chemical can preferentially inhibit initiation while elongation of the polypeptide chain is not appreciably affected.
Land tenure reform and politics in post-conflict Côte d'Ivoire: a precarious peace in the western cocoa regions

Although Cote d'Ivoire recently emerged from a long period of protracted conflict, peace is indeed precarious. This is particularly the case in the country's western cocoa regions, where tensions between indigenous and migrant populations continue to pose a threat to Cote d'Ivoire's economic and political recovery. These tensions revolve around longstanding land disputes that culminated in violent attacks in the late 1990s, early 2000s and in the recent 2010–2011 post-election crisis. Using insights from field work in 2012 conducted in the cocoa regions, this article explores the issue of land tenure reform and politics in post-conflict Cote d'Ivoire. In so doing, it considers the legal and political dimensions of land tenure in the cocoa regions and the highly controversial 1998 land law. This provides the crucial context for analysing the historical and enduring nature of these disputes, the critical importance of land reform in contemporary Cote d'Ivoire and the relationship between the “land question”...
Potent Synergy between Spirocyclic Pyrrolidinoindolinones and Fluconazole against Candida albicans

A spiroindolinone, (1S,3R,3aR,6aS)-1-benzyl-6'-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-7'-methylspiro[1,2,3a,6a-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-3,3'-1H-indole]-2',4,6-trione, was previously reported to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against Candida albicans. A diastereomer of this compound was synthesized, along with various analogues. Many of the compounds were shown to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against C. albicans, some with exquisite potency. One spirocyclic piperazine derivative, which we have named synazo-1, was found to enhance the effect of fluconazole with an EC50 value of 300 pM against a susceptible strain of C. albicans and going as low as 2 nM against some resistant strains. Synazo-1 exhibits true synergy with fluconazole, with an FIC index below 0.5 in the strains tested. Synazo-1 exhibited low toxicity in mammalian cells relative to the concentrations required for antifungal synergy.
Some Persistent Myths About Military Electronics Maintenance

This paper considers several propositions that are widely held among people concerned with the maintainability of complex equipments in a military environment. It appears that these propositions are often dubious and represent unrealistic views of hardware and human performance conditions. Finally, it is proposed that these propositions, or “myths,” can be countered, not through “selling maintainability” but via a strategy of education and involvement.
Reclaimed solvent = reclaimed cash

Summary Solvent reclamation by using on-site distillation is a viable strategy. Determining the feasibility is not difficult in most instances. One can generally find technical assistance when you need it. This article should assist most interested parties with the basic concepts and issues for consideration. To summarize the main benefits: · Reclaim solvent for re-use · Reduce overall purchased quantities · Reduce reportable quantities · Reduce volume of waste streams · Possible recycling of still bottoms ~ BTU rich wastes ~ further reclamation of solvents off-site For any additional information or technical assistance, please contact the author at Parts Cleaning Technologies, 307 Emmett Avenue, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101; (phone) 1-888-893-7606, (fax) 270-746-0049, www.partscleaningbgky.com , (e-mail) jmcchesney@partscleaningbgky.com. Joe McChesney, Business Manager for Parts Cleaning Technologies (formerly division of Detrex Corp) has 30 years experience regarding solvent cleaning systems from conceptual design through field operation.
Partial motor restoration upon administration of sildenafil: a case study

Objective: Extensive research in the past decade has confirmed that the adult brain maintains some plasticity, including neural cell birth, migration and integration. Pre-clinical data strongly suggest that phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors promote cerebral neovascularization and neurogenesis. Animal studies of cerebral stroke suggest potential regenerative benefits following treatment with sildenafil citrate, a PDE5 inhibitor. This study reports a case in which compassionate use of sildenafil was investigated as a treatment to improve physical functioning, more than 4 decades after development of spastic quadriplegia during the 1st–2nd year of life.Methods: Sildenafil 100 mg was administered every 24 hours for 7 months.Results: Sildenafil treatment was associated with clinical (functional) improvement.Conclusions: The activity of sildenafil on cerebral neovascularization and neurogenesis may be the mechanism for the observed functional benefits.
Redistribution of atomic Rydberg states by tunable narrow band picosecond far-infrared pulses

We study the redistribution of Cesium atomic Rydberg states by intense, shaped, narrow-band pulses of millimeter radiation. The radiation source is a large-area photoconductive switch illuminated by a temporally shaped optical pulse. We will present our latest efforts to study atomic redistribution in the strong-field limit using these table-top THz sources.
A new test for the quantitative determination of chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin-like enzymes and their inhibitors☆

Abstract The Bratton-Marshall test for naphthylamine has been modified and adapted to determine the naphthylamine released on hydrolysis of the specific chymotrypsin substrate glutaryl- l -phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide. This substrate shows advantages over others used in similar procedures because it combines satisfactorily solubility, specificity, and sensitivity with the release of naphthylamine upon hydrolysis. The procedure has been applied to the determination of chymotrypsin itself and to other enzymes with similar specificities such as the chymotrypsinlike cathepsin C of liver, kidney, tumors, and other tissues. It has been used also to assay chymotrypsin inhibitors, particularly those found in tissues.
When I Was in My Home I Suffered a Lot: Mexican Women's Descriptions of Abuse in Family of Origin

In this descriptive study we employ episodic narrative interviews and narrative analysis to explore experiences of abuse and violence within the families of origin of Mexican women entering adulthood. Twenty-four Mexican women, 18 years of age and about to graduate from a residential school in central Mexico, were interviewed about life in their families of origin. Participants were from several Mexican states and of low socioeconomic status. Nineteen of the participants described either witnessing or experiencing violence or abuse within their families. We present an analysis of the interviews in which violence or abuse was disclosed. Women who witnessed violence against their mothers did not see this as prescriptive of their own future relationships and articulated strategies for avoiding entering an abusive relationship. Women who experienced nonsexual physical violence described physical violence as punishment. Women who experienced sexual abuse did not provide explanations for the abuse and described...
Remapping Global Politics: History's Revenge and Future Shock

Remapping Global Politics: History's Revenge and Future Shock. By Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 380p. $75.00 cloth, $29.99 paper. This latest book in Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach's decades-long research collaboration is exceptionally ambitious. Starting from the controversial claim that current globalizing processes are decreasing states' capacity, legitimacy, and authority while increasing those of many of the other collectivities that populate global politics (p. 312), the authors argue that it is time to redraw “our mental maps of global politics” (p. xi). They set out to do so, proposing to “explain the forces shaping change” along the way (p. xi). Of course to either remap global politics or explain the forces that shape change is a formidable task. It is thus impressive that they have managed to argue their case as successfully as they have, especially in such a lively and often delightfully irreverent way.
The variation of dislocation density as a function of the stacking fault energy in shock-deformed FCC materials

Abstract The variation of dislocation density with stacking fault energy (SFE) was measured in shock-deformed Cu and Cu–Al alloys. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to measure the stored energy, from which the dislocation density was estimated. The energy released during recrystallization in the DSC experiments was attributed primarily to the annihilation of dislocations with the energy contribution from recovery, deformation twins and point-defects estimated to be relatively small. The dislocation density in the 10 GPa shock-deformed materials first increased and then decreased with increasing Al content (decreasing SFE) while the dislocation density in the 35 GPa shock-deformed materials initially decreased and then remained constant with increasing Al content. This variation in dislocation density in the shock-deformed materials is attributed to the nature of shock-deformation, the influence of stacking fault energy on the dislocation storage mechanisms, and the propensity for deformation twinning.
REGULATORY FUNCTION OF A PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATE KIDNEY.

Abstract 1. 1. Determinations were mae of the major low molecular weight constituents of serum and urine of Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) and of the sea water in which they were kept. 2. 2. The concentrations of sodium and chloride, and probably the osmotic pressure, of serum and urine were the same. 3. 3. Concentrations of potassium, magnesium, sulfate and phosphate were greater in urine than serum, indicating that these ions are secreted into the glomerular filtrate by the mesonephric duct cells. 4. 4. Concentrations of calcium and glucose were lower in urine than in serum. This is interpreted as a reabsorption of glucose by the mesonephric duct cells. Some of the plasma calcium is bound to proteins and is not filtered through the glomeruli, accounting for the low level of urine calcium. 5. 5. It is suggested that hydrogen-ion activity of the plasma is regulated in the kidney. 6. 6. Experiments with C14-labeled inulin showed that water is not reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. This indicates that there is no renal mechanism for the active reabsorption of sodium ions, a lack that is unique among vertebrates. 7. 7. The lack of renal sodium reabsorption, which was requisite for the invasion of fresh water by vertebrates, is regarded as a primitive omission rather than a secondary loss. This strongly suggests that myxinoid ancestors have always been marine and, therefore, that vertebrates must have originated in the sea. 8. 8. The cationic concentrations in hagfish slime are compared with the concentrations in serum and cells. Slime may function in the extra-renal secretion of calcium, magnesium and potassium.
A critical consideration of the alignment between the discourse of self-regulated learning and neoliberalism

Self-regulated learning (SLR) is a socially embedded process in which individuals use strategies to influence thoughts, behaviours and environments in ways that enable them to achieve their academic goals. As a form of engagement that is almost exclusively associated with academic success, empowerment and agency, researchers are committed to improving conceptualisations of, measurements for and pedagogical interventions related to SLR. However, there is little attention to critical issues that underpin this discourse. Against this trend, I explore an alignment between SLR and neoliberalism, which is a contentious ideology that is implicated in reproducing inequality, promoting radical individualism and eroding democratic responsibility. From this alignment, taking up the aim to teach students to regulate their learning is implicated in: (1) creating manageable workers; (2) endorsing a view of self and personhood that is class-based; and (3) contributing to efficiently and effectively reproducing a class h...
A study of some solvents as media for the high frequency titration of weak acids

Abstract Six solvents, with different basicities and dielectric constants, were studied to determine their suitability as media for high frequency (HF) titrations of weak acids. There is no definite correlation between the slopes of the HP response and conductance curves and the two properties, dielectric constant or basicity, of the solvent. The apparent strength of the acid or base in these solvents is not due to any single solvent property but it is a combination of the properties of the solute and the solvent. In general, from this and other papars, solvents with relatively high dielectric constants and very weakly basic properties are most likely to be successful solvents for non-aqueous HF and conductance titrations.
Aggregate stability and glomalin in alternative crop rotations for the central Great Plains

Land productivity, along with improvement or maintenance of soil health, must be evaluated together to achieve sustainable agricultural practices. Winter wheat-fallow (W-F) has been the prevalent cropping system in the central Great Plains for 60 years where moisture is a limitation to crop production. Alternative cropping systems show that producers can crop more frequently if residue management and minimum tillage are used. The impact of different crops, crop rotations and tillage management practices on soil quality was assessed by measuring aggregate stability and glomalin production by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil from cropping trials established in 1990. Crops were wheat (W), corn (C), proso millet (M), and sunflower (S). Rotations sampled were W-F, W-C-M, W-C-M-F, W-C-F, and W-S-F. In the same area as the cropping trials, soils were taken from a perennial grass (crested wheatgrass) and from a buffer area that had been planted to Triticale for the past 2 years but prior to that had been extensively plowed for weed control. We found that aggregate stability and glomalin were linearly correlated (r=0.73, n=54, P<0.001) across all treatments sampled. Highest and lowest aggregate stability and glomalin values were seen in perennial grass and Triticale soils, respectively. Aggregate stability in W-S-F was significantly lower than in the other crop rotations (P≤0.03), while W-C-M had significantly higher glomalin than the other rotations (P<0.05). Differences between crop rotations and the perennial grass indicate that selected comparisons should be studied in greater detail to determine ways to manage AM fungi to increase glomalin and aggregate stability in these soils.
HIGH PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY CILIARY DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

Heterotaxy patients have randomized left-right patterning and exhibit a high incidence of airway ciliary dysfunction similar to that of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a reflection of the common requirement for motile cilia in left-right patterning and airway clearance. Transposition of the great
Role of photoperiod and the pineal gland in T cell-dependent humoral immune reactivity in the Siberian hamster.

: The present study tested the hypothesis that antibody production in response to xenoantigen is modulated by daylength and dependent upon the pineal gland. After injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were 5-fold lower in hamsters in short versus long days. Pinealectomy (Pinx) abolished the nocturnal melatonin rhythm, blocked short-day-mediated testis regression, and eliminated the short-day reduction in Ig production after SRBC treatment. Antibody titers in response to SRBC were equivalently augmented in short-day Pinx and long-day sham hamsters. The results indicate that photoperiodic effects on T cell-dependent humoral immunity are dependent upon the pineal gland. These findings raise the possibility that day length-associated changes in some immune system functions are mediated by the pineal melatonin rhythm.
Horizontal Slug Flow: A Comparison of Existing Theories

Most writers accept that the transition is due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the waves, but if this is studied on the basis of wave motion equations, the transition is found to be dependent on wavelength which contradicts experimental data. Various approaches are taken by the authors to determine the wave height
A regional survey of surgical site infection surveillance rates

Surgical site infection surveillance became mandatory for orthopaedic surgery in 1997 and is reported to the Health Protection Agency. The requirement is for all NHS Trusts to carry out a minimum of 3-month surveillance annually for at least one of either primary total hip replacements, total knee replacements, hip hemiarthroplasties, or open reduction and internal fixation of long bone fractures. We audited all the acute NHS Trusts within our region to discover what form of surveillance they practised. We gathered data on whether the hospitals therein were monitoring infection rates, for which procedures, how often, and for how long. The results revealed that 94% of hospitals were monitoring and 50% were monitoring all year round; but only 35% were monitoring trauma cases and only 18% were monitoring after discharge from hospital. We recommend that monitoring should take place all year round, for one elective and one trauma procedure, and should continue for approximately 6 weeks post-operatively.
Improved ALE mesh velocities for moving bodies

A Laplacian smoothing of the mesh velocities with variable diffusivity based on the distance from moving bodies is introduced. This variable diffusivity enforces a more uniform mesh velocity in the region close to the moving bodies. Given that in most applications these are regions where small elements are located, the new procedure decreases element distortion considerably, reducing the need for local or global remeshing, and in some cases avoiding it altogether.
Isolation and partial characterization of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaque core in Alzheimer's disease: immunohistological studies.

Fractions enriched in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid fibrils were isolated from the cerebral cortex of three cases of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Distilled water suspensions of these fractions were excluded from all pore size gels and resisted digestion with various proteolytic enzymes. Formic acid/chloroform treatment of each fraction resulted in the appearance of 4,000–6,000, 15,000–17,000 and 24,000 molecular weight proteins, with concomitant diminution in the amount of excluded material at the top of each gel. The 4,000–6,000 dalton band was best seen in fractions containing randomly arranged amyloid fibrils, and its amino acid composition resembled that of the recently reported “beta” protein. A polyclonal antiserum to purified NFT reacted with tangles in neurons and in dystrophic neurites around plaques by immunoperoxidase staining. No reaction was obtained with cerebrovascul ar or plaque core amyloid immunohistologically, or with the 4–6 kD prote in on immunoblots. Cross-reactivity with the neurofibrillary lesions occurring in Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, postencephalitic Parkinsonism and dementia pugilistica was also seen. Specific binding of this antiserum to the double filamentous structure was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Although the presence of “beta” protein in both NFT and amyloid-containing fractions suggests that it may be an important constituent of both, cross-contamination cannot be excluded.
Automatic stimulus attenuator for rapid discrimination training.

An animal must often be taught to perform a complex discrimination accurately with a minimum amount of training. Achieving a reliable discrimination may take considerably longer if the complex problem is given immediately after initial shaping than if the final problem is approached through a number of easier stages (Pavlov, 1927, pp. 121-122). Terrace (1963) found that a pigeon trained by slowly increasing the difficulty of the task after each correct response showed far fewer errors in subsequent performance than one trained for the same amount of time on the final problem. Moore and Goldiamond (1964) successfully used a similar procedure with children, and Scheckel (1965) has applied similar techniques in training monkeys on delayed match-to-sample problems. The present note describes a simple, reliable, and inexpensive device for modifying a stimulus as a consequence of the animal's response in such a way as to increase the difficulty of a problem given a correct response, and to decrease it given an incorrect response. The device consists of a bi-directional motor, geared down to % rpm, rotating a set of ganged rheostats. The motor can be driven in either direction by an appropriate relay control circuit connected to the motor windings. The rheostats can be placed in series with a light source for changing the intensity of a negative cue, in an RC circuit for changing the length of a time delay, or in any other circuit devised to change systematically an experimental variable contingent on the animal's performance. The amount of change in each step is a function of the amount of time the relay control circuit is activated.
File organization: the consecutive retrieval property

The consecutive retrieval property is an important relation between a query set and record set. Its existence enables the design of an information retrieval system with a minimal search time and no redundant storage. Some important theorems on the consecutive retrieval property are proved in this paper. Conditions under which the consecutive retrieval property exists and remain invariant have been established. An outline for designing an information retrieval system based on the consecutive retrieval property is also discussed.
Neuroelectric aspects of information-processing by the brain

Abstract Auditory, visual, and tactile evoked responses were recorded in a series of experiments in which selective attention and information-processing demands were varied. The technique of “shadowing” was employed, requiring subjects to reproduce, with minimized phase-lag, either auditory or tactile messages. The accuracy and the lag-time of the subject's “shadowing” responses serve as measures both of attentiveness and of the processing demands of the task. This paradigm allows direct assessments of single-channel vs multiple-channel hypotheses of human information-processing. It further permits experimental control of the subject's attention to an extent generally lacking in studies of the relationship between brain responses and attention. The present findings indicate that those current models of human information-processing which impose rigid constraints on the system must be qualified; that both single-channel and multiple-channel features can be disclosed in brain-response data; that systematic relationships obtain between, on the one hand, the information-processing demands of a task and, on the other, the amplitude and variance of cortical responses to otherwise extraneous stimuli presented as the subject performs the task. Theoretical implications of the findings are explored.
Caesium in high oxidation states and as a p -block element

The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry, rooted in the atomic shell structure. Within compounds, Group I elements, for example, invariably assume the +1 oxidation state, and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements. These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions. Here, first-principles calculations show that, under pressure, caesium atoms can share their 5p electrons to become formally oxidized beyond the +1 state. In the presence of fluorine and under pressure, the formation of CsFn (n > 1) compounds containing neutral or ionic molecules is predicted. Their geometry and bonding resemble that of isoelectronic XeFn molecules, showing a caesium atom that behaves chemically like a p-block element under these conditions. The calculated stability of the CsFn compounds shows that the inner-shell electrons can become the main components of chemical bonds. Caesium has so far not been found in oxidation states higher than +1, but quantum chemical calculations have now shown that, under high pressures, 5p inner shell electrons of caesium can participate in — and become the main components of — bonds. Caesium is predicted to form stable CsFn molecules that resemble isoelectronic XeFn.
Anomalous right coronary artery in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome

We report a case of an anomalous right coronary artery arising from the morphological left sinus of Valsalva in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome. Literature review has revealed only a small number of cases of anomalous coronary arteries in patients with dextrocardia and none previously reported in Kartagener's syndrome.
Group Mentality, Expressivism, and Genocide

This article explores the abiding question of how to construe the state of mind set forth in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; that is "the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such." The question promises to challenge the International Criminal Court just as it has judges of the ad hoc tribunals established in the 1990s, the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the former Yugoslavia. First the article traces the development of the group mentality element from its early and broad outline to the narrow formula in the Convention. It then looks at how the ad hoc tribunals have endeavored to construe the 1948 definition in light of much more recent events. In particular, the article contrasts the seriatim approach employed in most opinions with the ensemble approach adopted by the ICTY in Prosecutor v. Krstic. Analysis of this divide begins by posing a question sometimes overlooked in debates about the definition of genocide: What does it matter? Conduct that satisfies the actus reus component of genocide - murder, sexual assault, starvation - is without doubt reprehensible. Does naming an act "genocide" bring added significance? This article answers that question in the affirmative. Law operates as a means for articulation and nourishment of societal values. This expressive function has special force in international criminal law, only now entering an era in which ongoing international criminal tribunals reinforce pronouncements of norm, such as the proscription against genocide in the 1948 Convention. This offense - commission of a heinous act with the desire to eliminate a human group - is deemed the most serious of crimes, in legal writings no less than in popular media. That social meaning of genocide, this article argues, imposes constraints. Tribunals must act in a manner that recognizes and nurtures the status of the norm against genocide. Extending protection to too many groups could upset the singular status of the proscription against genocide; denying it to deserving groups could undermine the tribunal's authority. This article recommends answering the protected group question according to a synthesis of seriatim and ensemble construction. Key to the inquiry is the particular context in which an atrocity occurred. Resort to appropriate components of each method of construction will permit a tribunal to identify a group within its own social context, and thus to determine whether the particular group falls within the aegis of the Convention definition. This reasoned inquiry into individual culpability both strengthens the authority of the tribunal and assures that only those perpetrators whom society consider the very worst will receive the indelible brand of genocidaire.
Outer membrane vesicles from pathogenic bacteria initiate an inflammatory response in human endothelial cells.

Abstract Introduction Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during growth that contain various membrane components involved in eliciting an inflammatory response, including lipopolysaccharide and virulence factors. However, little is known about the role of OMVs in sepsis. The objective of this study was to determine how OMVs, derived from Escherichia ( E. ) coli , elicit the cellular responses involved in activating the inflammatory cascade, and to determine whether additional virulence factors in pathogenic OMVs augment the inflammatory response. Methods Human umbilical endothelial cells were inoculated with OMVs from non-pathogenic E. coli (npOMV) or pathogenic E. coli (pOMV) and analyzed for adhesion protein synthesis, cytokine production, and necrosis factor (NF)-κB translocation. Results Flow cytometry demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to npOMV or pOMV significantly increased expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule, with a large population of cells demonstrating increased expression of both proteins. Interleukin-6 levels were significantly elevated by 4 h after exposure to npOMV and pOMVs. NF-κB translocation to the nucleus was shown to be induced by npOMV and pOMVs. However, the role of additional virulence factors associated with pOMVs remains undefined. Conclusions Both npOMVs and pOMVs are capable of initiating the inflammatory cascade in endothelial cells. OMVs trigger NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, resulting in up-regulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines, presumably for the recruitment of leukocytes. By eliciting an inflammatory response, OMVs could facilitate the transition from a localized infection to a systemic response, and ultimately sepsis.
Chemotherapy and the Immune Response in Protozoal Infections1

Available evidence indicates that many of the antiprotozoal drugs currently in use significantly modify the immune response of the host. The effect depends on both the drug and the host. Some drugs enhance the immune response, some are immuno-suppressants, and others enhance some types of immune mechanisms while suppressing others. Future efforts in the development of antiprotozoal drugs should consider their effects on both the parasite and the immune response of the host. Also in the chemotherapy of protozoal infections consideration should be given to the combined usage of immunoenhancing agents and antiprotozoal drugs.
Reward-based influences on attentional orienting in patients with visuo-spatial neglect

• Neglect is a neurological disorder, characterized by a deficit of attention to the left side, most often accompanied by damage to the right parietal lobe. • Current treatments are neither effective nor long-lasting. • Patients are sensitive to implicit target contingencies in search.6 • What we don’t know is whether neglect precludes sensitivity to reward based attentional guidance. Visuo-spatial Neglect
Three-component LDA measurements in an axial-flow compressor

A three-color, three-component laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to simultaneously measure the three components of velocity in a low speed (2900 rpm), axial-flow-compressor, rotor-blade passage. It is demonstrated that accurate measurements in the mean motion are possible over much of the blade passage and that the secondary motions can be captured. Confirmation of the observed mean-flow results is obtained through a comparison of the three-dimensional flow with limited stationary pressure probe measurements and simple irrotational flow assumptions. The presentation of the measurements is followed by a discussion of the difficulties encountered in making simultaneous three-component velocity measurements in blade passages with LDA, and suggestions are made for improving the present system for this task.
Intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling in development, health, and disease

The AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and Wnt (wingless-related MMTV integration site) signaling pathways have been conserved throughout evolution. Appropriately regulated signaling through each pathway is necessary for normal development and health, while dysregulation can lead to developmental defects and disease. Though both pathways have been vigorously studied, there is relatively little research exploring the possibility of crosstalk between these pathways. In this review, we provide a brief background on (1) the roles of both AHR and Wnt signaling in development and disease, and (2) the molecular mechanisms that characterize activation of each pathway. We also discuss the need for careful and complete experimental evaluation of each pathway and describe existing research that explores the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling. Lastly, to illustrate in detail the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling, we summarize our recent findings which show that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced disruption of Wnt signaling impairs fetal prostate development.
Photoelectrochemical Performance of Anatase TiO2 Thin Films Deposited by Self-Limiting Growth Techniques

Anatase TiO 2 photoanodes were deposited by self-limiting growth techniques at low temperature. The optical bandgap and flatband voltage of the as-deposited films agree with the values obtained from single crystal anatase. The donor density could be increased by both UV illumination and cathodic polarization in acidic solutions. Improvements in photocurrent scaled closely with changes in carrier concentration, with over 20-fold enhancements observed over the as-deposited films. The threshold potential for hydrogen intercalation was -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. At this level the carrier concentration could be manipulated with no change in optical transmission. At lower potentials irreversible changes are observed which are attributed to the reduction of the underlying indium tin oxide contact. In contrast, no changes were observed when fluorinated tin oxide was used as the contact layer.
Spectra of periodic operator polynomials with finitely many diagonals

Spectra of polynomials whose coefficients are periodic operators with finitely many nonzero diagonals are studied. Such polynomials appear in the study of infinite chains of damped harmonic oscillators. It is proved that, assuming the spectrum is bounded, it consists of finitely many analytic arcs. Criteria for existence of point spectrum are given. Several important particular cases are indicated.