cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiparallel-aligned neutral-ground-state and zwitterionic chromophores as a nonlinear optical material.

Efficient noncentrosymmetric arrangement of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores with high first-order hyperpolarizability (β) for increased electro-optical (EO) efficiency has proven challenging as strong dipolar interactions between the chromophores encourage antiparallel alignment, attenuating the macroscopic EO effect. This work explores a novel approach to simultaneously achieve large β values while providing an adjustable dipole moment by linking a strong neutral-ground-state (NGS) NLO chromophore with positive β to a zwitterionic (ZWI) chromophore with negative β in an antiparallel fashion. It is proposed that the overall β of such a structure will be the sum of the absolute values of the two types of chromophores while the dipole moment will be the difference. Molecules 1−3 were synthesized to test the feasibility of this approach. Molecular dynamics calculations and NMR data supported that the NGS chromophore component and the ZWI chromophore component self-assemble to an antiparallel conformatio...
Subcellular distribution and incorporation of palmitate-U-14C into myocardial lipids: role of endogenous and exogenous catecholamines.

Abstract In order to assess the role played by exogenous catecholamine stores on the ability of cardiac muscle to incorporate palmitate-U- 14 C into tissue lipids, hearts from normal rabbits and from rabbits acutely reserpinized to deplete cardiac catecholamines were perfused by the Langendorff technique. The effect of exogenous norepinephrine was also evaluated. The incorporation of palmitate-U- 14 C into tissue lipids in the catecholamine-depleted hearts was found to be 67% of the control value and was 71% above control in norepinephrine-treated group. In catecholamine-depleted hearts, the microsomal tissue fraction was the major site of reduced incorporation of the label. Fractionation of the myocardial lipids by t.l.c. demonstrated that both 14 C-phospholipids and 14 C-neutral lipids were significantly reduced in the catecholamine-depleted hearts. Reduced levels of 14 C-FFA in the catecholamine-depleted hearts and increased levels in norepinephrine-treated hearts suggested that norepinephrine facilitated, and catecholamine-depletion inhibited the transport of FFA across the cell membrane.
A graph-based approach to developing adaptive representations of complex reaction mechanisms

An effective adaptive mechanism reduction approach based on flux graph clustering is proposed in this paper. The instantaneous element flux is quantified and considered as a proxy for describing the reactive propensities of the system. Our underlying hypothesis is that even though particular conditions may be characterized by a multitude of combinations of species mass fraction, T, and P, the essential chemistry, and hence the reaction propensity of the mixture that is active under this family of conditions, is the same. Therefore, we opt to use the instantaneous fluxes through the active reactions as an intrinsic property of the system. Flux graphs are first constructed for the chemical reaction system under numerous conditions aiming at capturing the attainable region. Similarity between flux graphs is quantified through the distances between corresponding vectors, using the cosine coefficient and a novel graph-distance metric taking into account the magnitude of each flux and the activity distribution of different fluxes. A hierarchical clustering algorithm is implemented to group similar instantaneous flux graphs into clusters, and consequently a reduced mechanism is generated for each cluster. A search algorithm is defined afterward to assign a new query point to a particular flux graph cluster, and subsequently the reduced mechanism associated with this cluster is used to describe the system at this time point. Finally, the methodology is demonstrated using n-pentane combustion in an adiabatic plug flow reactor model and a pairwise mixing stirred reactor model.
Cyclopenta[c]thiophene-4,6-dione-Based Copolymers as Organic Photovoltaic Donor Materials

A class of “push-pull” conjugated copolymers based on cyclopenta[c]thiophene-4,6-dione (CTD) and benzodithiophene (BDT) is synthesized for application as an electron donor in organic photovoltaics (OPV). Given the diverse electronic and structural tunability of the CTD unit, specific CTD-containing copolymers are chosen with the aid of theoretical calculations from a broad array of potential candidate materials. Evaluation of the chosen materials as OPV absorbers includes characterization of the optical, electronic, and structural properties of the polymer films using UV-vis absorbance, photoluminescence, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray diffraction techniques. In addition, the contactless time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique is used to measure the photoconductance of polymer/fullerene blends. Excellent correlation between measured photoconductance and OPV device efficiency is demonstrated with these materials and TRMC is discussed as a tool for screening potential active layer materials for OPV devices.
Nanosecond photoreduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by a Ru-diimine electron tunneling wire bound distant from the active site

A Ru-diimine wire, [(4,4′,5,5′-tetramethylbipyridine)_2Ru(F_9bp)]^(2+) (tmRu-F_9bp, where F_9bp is 4-methyl-4′-methylperfluorobiphenylbipyridine), binds tightly to the oxidase domain of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOSoxy). The binding of tmRu-F_9bp is independent of tetrahydrobiopterin, arginine, and imidazole, indicating that the wire resides on the surface of the enzyme, distant from the active-site heme. Photoreduction of an imidazole-bound active-site heme iron in the enzyme-wire conjugate (k_(ET) = 2(1) × 10^7 s^(−1)) is fully seven orders of magnitude faster than the in vivo process.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, drug resistance mechanisms, and therapy of infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria.

Summary: Within the past 10 years, treatment and diagnostic guidelines for nontuberculous mycobacteria have been recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Moreover, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) has published and recently (in 2011) updated recommendations including suggested antimicrobial and susceptibility breakpoints. The CLSI has also recommended the broth microdilution method as the gold standard for laboratories performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria. This article reviews the laboratory, diagnostic, and treatment guidelines together with established and probable drug resistance mechanisms of the nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Myth: Neonatology is evidence-based

Summary The practice of evidence-based medicine involves the judicious use of current best evidence in the care of individual patients. Decisions about diagnosis, prognosis and treating patients require knowledge of the probability and value of outcomes. Decision analysis illustrates how probabilities and values help define one another, and each are important. Whereas initial probability estimates can be obtained by ‘searching for the best evidence’, values belong to individuals. Obtaining values from patients or parents is sometimes difficult and requires a respectful, thoughtful, systematic approach, but only after doing this is neonatal care evidence-based.
The connection of observed hostile family conflict to adolescents' developing autonomy and relatedness with parents

This study examined the link between hostile conflict in families with adolescents and adolescents' efforts to establish autonomy and relatedness in interactions with parents in both normal and psychiatrically impaired groups. Longitudinal, observational data were obtained by coding family interaction tasks involving 53 adolescents and their two parents at age 14 and age 16 years. Measures were obtained for hostile adolescent-parent conflict, hostile marital conflict, and indices of adolescents' success or difficultly in establishing autonomy and relatedness in interactions with parents. Relative increases in adolescent-parent hostile conflict from age 14 to 16 years were predicted by adolescents' behaviors actively undermining autonomy in disagreements with parents at age 14 years. Hostile marital conflict observed by the adolescent at age 14 years predicted adolescent withdrawal from the hostile parent over time, a prediction that was not mediated by observed parenting behaviors. Difficulties in establishing autonomy and relatedness were linked to prior history of psychiatric difficulty. A developmental view of conflict as both reflecting and predicting difficulties in adolescents' establishing autonomy and relatedness in interactions with parents is proposed.
Facial expression and pain assessment in the pediatric patient: the primal face of pain.

PURPOSE. This paper aims to explore the role of facial expression in pediatric pain assessment. A comparison of tools employing facial expression methodology is presented. The concept of the primal face of pain (PFP) is introduced. CONCLUSION. The PFP offers an explanation to the utility and deficiency of facial pain scales and facial expression in pain assessment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The complexities of pain measurement should preclude the clinical application of untested instruments. For reported tools, a careful evaluation of the psychometric properties and the clinical context must precede application. The concept of the PFP warns against the application of facial pain scales as proxy measures in their intended population. Reliance on facial expression to assess pain in the school-age child is imprecise.
Effectiveness of Monovalent 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 and 2010–2011 Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Wisconsin During the 2010–2011 Influenza Season

Background. The 2009 influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) did not exhibit antigenic drift during the 2010–2011 influenza season, providing an opportunity to investigate the duration of protection after vaccination. We estimated the independent effects of 2010–2011 seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine for preventing medically attended influenza A virus infection during the 2010–2011 season. Methods. Individuals were tested for influenza A virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) after a clinical encounter for acute respiratory illness. Case-control analyses compared participants with rRT-PCR–confirmed influenza A virus infection and test-negative controls. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated separately for monovalent pandemic vaccine and TIV and was calculated as 100 × [1 – adjusted odds ratio], where the odds ratio was adjusted for potential confounders. Results. The effectiveness of TIV against influenza A virus infection was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%–78%). The effectiveness of TIV against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection was 77% (95% CI, 44%–90%). Monovalent vaccine administered between October 2009 and April 2010 was not protective during the 2010–2011 season, with an effectiveness of −1% (95% CI, −146% to 59%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Conclusions. Monovalent vaccine provided no sustained protection against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection during the 2010–2011 season. This waning effectiveness supports the need for annual revaccination, even in the absence of antigenic drift in A(H1N1)pdm09.
A Spatial Dissimilarity-based Index of the Jobs—Housing Balance: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Tests:

Current measures of the jobs—housing balance such as jobs—housing ratios and theoretical minimum commutes are conceptually limiting. They fail to capture either multi-dimensional opportunities for possible spatial interaction or differential accessibilities to employment within a realistic commuting framework. A more comprehensive view of spatiality in the jobs—housing balance may be achieved by considering measures of spatial separation, such as those used to study segregation patterns. The purpose of this research is to show how segregation measures may be used to analyse residential—workplace separation. A new index is designed that incorporates spatial interaction concepts from location-based accessibility models. Mathematical properties of the new index are demonstrated along with an analysis that measures the jobs—housing balance. Development of this conceptual and analytical framework bridges previously unblended literatures in segregation indices and the jobs—housing balance.
Occupational lung disease: a radiologic review.

metal), and iron oxide (in arc welders). Additionally, an increasing number of organic and low-molecular weight compounds have been identified as causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We will discuss the diseases caused by these substances, with special emphasis on imaging.
Peano curve modular optics

Clearly, efficient use of space is desirable for optical systems. We suggest that a space filling curve such as the Peano curve offers useful clues to realizing compact modular optics.
Protection against oxygen toxicity by lipid A: role of Mn superoxide dismutase:

Previous studies have shown that diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL), but not monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), protects rats against lethal hyperoxia. However, the mechanism of DPL-induced 02 resistance is not clear. In this study, we demonstrated that tracheal insufflation of 5 μg endotoxin (LPS) or DPL, but not MPL, markedly prolonged the survival of rats exposed to 100% O2. LPS was more protective than DPL, while DPL induced more alveolar inflammatory response and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release. Both LPS and DPL caused a selective enhancement of pulmonary Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA without affecting levels of CuZnSOD and catalase mRNAs. In contrast, MPL caused some release of TNF into the alveolar space, but did not produce an inflammatory response and had no effect on pulmonary MnSOD mRNA. These results support a potential role for pulmonary MnSOD in LPS- and DPL-induced 02 tolerance.
Update on selecting and adjusting antiplatelet therapy for prevention of noncardiogenic, recurrent ischemic stroke

Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of secondary prevention in patients with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. Recent clinical trials and subanalyses of previous trials have influenced the selection of antiplatelet agents. Clinical decisions regarding the use of antiplatelet therapies have also been affected by recent advancements in our understanding of drug action, metabolism and drug–drug interactions. Aspirin has an established role in secondary prevention of stroke, although some patients are unable to tolerate it and others are resistant to its antiplatelet effects. Platelet function tests are available, but their routine use is not yet established. Clopidogrel and the combination of aspirin with extended-release dipyridamole both have established roles in secondary stroke prevention, but the optimal choice of agent is not always clear. Clinical trials of head-to-head comparisons will be discussed, as well as trials of combination therapies. In addition, several issues have surfaced recen...
Chronic alcohol ingestion alters the calcium permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle.

Heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was prepared from skeletal muscle of control and chroni alcoholic rats, and the effect of in vitro addition of ethanol on the passive Ca2+ permeability was studied. The SR was loaded with Ca2+ in the absence of ATP. Then efflux was initiated by adding an EGTA solution to decrease the extravesicular Ca2+ concentration. The decrease of Ca2+ content of the SR was measured by an optical method using an encapsulated metallochromic indicator (calcein). The Ca2+ permeability of alcoholic rat SR was higher than that of control rats, especially at low external Ca2+ concentrations (below 1 μM). An in vitro (acute) exposure of SR to ethanol increased the Ca2+ permeability of the SR. However, the degree of increase in alcoholic rat SR was smaller than that in control rat SR.
Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis-induced Experimental Otitis Media in the Chinchilla

Otitis media was introduced in chinchillas by direct transbullar inoculation with either viable or formalin-inactivated Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Both groups of animals developed middle ear fluids (MEF) and severe inflammatory changes in the tubotympanum. Pure cultures of M. catarrhalis were recovered for up to 5 days after inoculation from those animals inoculated with viable bacteria. Significantly elevated anti-M. catarrhalis antibody titers were detected in post-inoculation sera and in MEF or bullar lavages, and an increased number of IgG-bearing cells was also observed in the tubotympanum of these animals. Control chinchillas inoculated with pyrogen-free sterile saline failed to show any signs of otitis media. Our data indicate that viable M. catarrhalis induce acute otitis media in the chinchilla but that the bacteria are rapidly eliminated from the middle ear, precluding its usefulness as a model to study acute otitis media. Moreover, the same concentration of nonviable organisms also induces severe inflammatory changes in the middle ear. These data indicate that the chinchilla may be a useful model for studying the role of nonviable M. catarrhalis or its cell wall components on the induction and persistence of inflammation in the middle ear.
Feinberg's anti-paternalism and the balancing strategy

Among Joel Feinberg's almost innumerable achievements are his development and defense of the sovereign-right conception of autonomy and its corresponding rejection of hard legal paternalism. According to Feinberg, a competent individual's voluntary, self-regarding conduct falls within the protected realm of sovereign self-rule and is therefore immune from coercive, paternalistic interference by the state. It does not matter whether the self-harm the state wants to prevent is big or the coercion needed to prevent it is small. The coercive interference would be illegitimate because “sovereignty is an all or nothing concept; one is entitled to absolute control of whatever is within one's domain however trivial it may be.”
Repetitive Blood Pressure Measurements: Clinical Issues, Techniques, and Data Analysis

The major impetus for an interest in blood pressure readings, obtained either conventionally or by automated equipment, has been a need to better understand and to more accurately diagnose clinical high blood pressure states. Hypertension is a common chronic condition that may affect up to 25% of the adult population. The major importance of this condition is that it is a risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease, especially strokes and heart attacks (1). It has been demonstrated that treatment of high blood pressure by pharmacologic methods decreases the incidence of these major complications and probably prolongs life (2). Thus, there has been a strong incentive to identify individuals with high blood pressure and to provide them with appropriate therapy.
The better blend? Flipping the principles of microeconomics classroom

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of an experiment that attempts to cut costs and improve learning outcomes through a “flipped-blended” class. We discern effects of this pedagogy on learning outcomes in principles of microeconomics courses. We control for key background variables and use differences-in-differences with a matching estimator to test whether students in the flipped-blended classes learn economic concepts and tools better than students in classes with interactive lectures and online homework, but no online lectures. Findings suggest that average student improvement is significantly higher in flipped classes than in non-flipped classes, though the difference in improvement is modest.
A new chiastoclonellid sponge from the Devonian of Michigan

A silicified specimen of the lithistid sponge, Rutkowskiella tumula, n. gen. and n. sp., was collected from the Alpena Limestone in the Huron Portland Cement Quarry, near Alpena, Michigan, and is the first described Devonian representative of the Chiastoclonellidae. Other genera of the family have been described from Silurian and Permian rocks. A canal system of small and intermediate-sized openings feeds subhorizontally into larger, more nearly vertically oriented excurrent canals and is distinctive of the form, particularly when combined with a felted, irregular skeletal net composed principally of somewhat rough-appearing chiastoclone spicules.
Preparation, Polymerization, and Performance Evaluation of Halogen-Free Radiation Curable Flame Retardant Monomers for Cotton Substrates

Three halogen-free, phosphorus-based flame retardant monomers were synthesized with good yields and characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. Two of the monomers were novel phosphoramides and the third was derived from cyclotriphosphazene. Each monomer was coated onto cotton substrates with the aid of a UV flood curing system. The impacts of monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration, UV exposure time and proximity of the specimen to the UV lamp on coating yield were evaluated by experiments designed with JMP Pro 10. Of the three monomers, the cyclotriphosphazene derivative was polymerized into a coating that was durable to Soxhlet extraction with acetone. Vertical burn testing showed that all three monomers are valuable flame retardants. These results agreed with thermogravimetric analysis findings that demonstrated quantitatively the effectiveness of each monomer at promoting char formation. For the cyclotriphosphazene derivative, the coating was easily visualized covering significant por...
Performance of Ceramic Wick Evaporators for Loop Heat Pipes and Capillary Pumped Loops

*† Traditional materials used in the construction of Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) and Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) wicks have been polyethylene and sintered metals. Metal wicks have the advantage fine pore sizes and can develop high capillary pumping pressure, but have high thermal conductivity which limits their application in CPLs. The current study investigates the performance of several evaporators containing fine-pore wicks made of iron oxide and silicon oxide though experiments in both LHP and CPL configurations. The novel material use allows pore radii on the order of 1µm in wicks with much lower conductivities than the previously available metals.
Cabbage Caterpillars: Efficacy of Chlordimeform and Bacillus thuringiensis in Spray Mixtures and Comparative Efficacy of Several Chemical and B. thuringiensis formulations123

At least 1/16 lb/acre each of chlordimeform hydrochloride and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in a spray were needed for effective protection to cabbage against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Emulsifiable concentrate formulations of chlordimeform gave better plant protection and tended to give a greater reduction of the cabbage looper population than did a soluble powder formulation of chlordimeform hydrochloride. The addition of foam to the B. thuringiensis spray did not increase plant protection and injured the foliage. A liquid formulation of B. thuringiensis gave more effective plant protection than a wettable powder formulation even though looper populations were generally higher on plots treated with the liquid formulation. Neither formulation was as effective as Dipel® ( Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti Berliner) in reducing plant damage. Acephate and Monitor® ( O S dimethyl phosphoramidothioate) provided more effective plant protection than did the other compounds.
Protecting Against Nonrandomly Missing Data in Longitudinal Studies

SUMMARY Nonrandomly missing data can pose serious problems in longitudinal studies. We generally have little knowledge about how missingness is related to the data values, and longitudinal studies are often far from complete. Two approaches that have been used to handle missing data-use of maximum likelihood with an ignorable mechanism and direct modeling of the missing data mechanism- have the disadvantage of not giving consistent estimates under important classes of nonrandom mechanisms. We introduce two protective estimators, that is, estimators that retain their consistency over a wide range of nonrandom mechanisms. We compare these protective estimators using longitudinal data from a mental health panel study. We also investigate their robustness to certain departures from normality.
Bayesian Community Detection in the Space of Group-Level Functional Differences

We propose a unified Bayesian framework to detect both hyper- and hypo-active communities within whole-brain fMRI data. Specifically, our model identifies dense subgraphs that exhibit population-level differences in functional synchrony between a control and clinical group. We derive a variational EM algorithm to solve for the latent posterior distributions and parameter estimates, which subsequently inform us about the afflicted network topology. We demonstrate that our method provides valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying social dysfunction in autism, as verified by the Neurosynth meta-analytic database. In contrast, both univariate testing and community detection via recursive edge elimination fail to identify stable functional communities associated with the disorder.
Improving Scientific Voice in the Science Communication Center at UT Knoxville

Many science students believe that scientific writing is most impressive (and most professionally acceptable) when impersonal, dense, complex, and packed with jargon. In particular, they have the i...
Analysis on epidemiological and etiological features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Jinan in 2011-2013

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)in Jinan,and to provide scientific evidence for disease control. MethodsReal-time PCR was used to amplify nucleic acid of bunyavirus in samples collected from patients or suspected cases with SFTS as well as from ticks in Jinan from 2011 to 2013.The sequences of PCR products were aligned and analyzed using DNASTAR and MEGA software.A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze data. Results From 2011 to 2013,95 confirmed SFTS cases were reported in Jinan and half were from Zhangqiu.The Sgene sequence analysis revealed that the virus strains isolated in 2012 were phylogenetically close to strains from Anhui,Jiangsu and Henan,while those isolated in 2013 were close to strains from other areas in Shandong. Conclusions Bunyavirus is found to be the major pathogen of SFTS in Jinan,which is still very much active in local area,especially in summer and fall.Majority of virus strains are genetically related.
Social-psychologic perspective in motivating changes in eating behavior.

Research in the field of social psychology offers the dietitian tools which can be effective in aiding clients to change and/or improve eating habits
Effects of incorporating a blood center tour in the immunohematology course.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of incorporating a blood center tour in the immunohematology course on the confidence and knowledge of students DESIGN In-class lecture on the major blood center activities and tour of the Red Cross. Pre- and post- tests administered. To compare levels of understanding, confidence and overall tour impact, paired T- test and Chi-Square analyses were performed and frequencies calculated. SETTING Medical Technology program at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville TN and the American Red Cross in Nashville TN PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen students who registered for the immunohematology course. INTERVENTION Two phases: First, a brief introduction, description and observation of the donation activities. Secondly, explanations and observation of blood components preparations, labeling, storage, distribution, and quarantine. Both phases included question and answer sessions. OUTCOME MEASURES Comprehension of blood center activities; self confidence; increase knowledge of job alternative. RESULTS Students showed an increase in course content knowledge; 62% on the pre-test and 69% on post-test (P= 0.004 ). Although the post-test score was better than the pre-test, 69% is not a great score. Students probably did not take the exam seriously since there was no grade involved. More students felt good (40%) about their confidence in facing the blood bank clinical rotations and ultimately the national certification exam. The tour perfectly complemented lectures. Interaction with other medical technologists was very informative (53%). Levels of understanding of major blood center activities increased (P< 0.05) except for the phlebotomy stage (P=0.07). CONCLUSION A blood center tour incorporated into the immunohematology course is a valuable addition to the learning experience of students. Students have the opportunity to interact with employees in their workplace, with potential employers, and they build self confidence in the subject area.
An Overview of Clustering Applied to Molecular Biology

In molecular biology, we are often interested in determining the group structure in, e.g., a population of cells or microarray gene expression data. Clustering methods identify groups of similar observations, but the results can depend on the chosen method's assumptions and starting parameter values. In this chapter, we give a broad overview of both attribute- and similarity-based clustering, describing both the methods and their performance. The parametric and nonparametric approaches presented vary in whether or not they require knowing the number of clusters in advance as well as the shapes of the estimated clusters. Additionally, we include a biclustering algorithm that incorporates variable selection into the clustering procedure. We finish with a discussion of some common methods for comparing two clustering solutions (possibly from different methods). The user is advised to devote time and attention to determining the appropriate clustering approach (and any corresponding parameter values) for the specific application prior to analysis.
Silence, Violence, Safety and Respect: The Challenges of Teaching About Gender and Violence

Feminist pedagogies frequently emphasize the importance of recognizing diversity in the classroom in terms of learning and teaching strategies, as well as the diversity of lived experiences within a complex structure of social inequalities. Feminist educators also stress the importance of linking class material to our everyday lives in an attempt to make content more relevant. But when teaching about gender, sexualities and systems of inequalities, the topic of violence is simultaneously inescapable and extremely sensitive. The rate of gender based violence is at epidemic proportions; and it is a public health issue in the United States and around the world. The vast majority of sexual assaults and rapes occur before age 30, and the rate increases during the college-aged years. Statistically speaking, there exist many survivors of violence in our very classrooms. Consequently, addressing the topic of violence can make educators uncomfortable, and as a result, this important topic is sometimes further marginalized and silenced. This paper will address the following questions: What is the importance of discussing gender and violence in our classrooms? What are some strategies for creating a safe space to discuss violence and its complexities? How can we assist students to understand gender based violence as both interpersonal and structural? Might such an educational experience be empowering?
Wealth, Structure and Functioning of Modern Economies

In the previous two chapters, we learned that the economic wealth of a nation comprises three distinct assets: manufactured, or reproducible, capital, such as roads, buildings, machinery and factories; human capital, such as the skills, education and health embodied in the workforce; and natural capital, including land, forests, fossil fuels and minerals and ecosystems that provide valuable goods and services. However, the total or national wealth of an economy also includes the accumulation of sizable financial assets, such as monetary metals and currency, bank accounts, government bonds, corporate bonds and stocks, mutual funds, insurance policies, pension funds, trade credit, and foreign-owned assets (see Figure 1.1).
MBE growth of THz quantum cascade lasers

Aspects of molecular beam epitaxy of particular importance to the growth THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are presented. These include a detailed discussion of temporal flux stability, lateral growth uniformity and substrate rotation-induced effects. A separate section is devoted to the discussion of unique to MBE capability of varying only one structural parameter across the wafer while retaining excellent uniformity of all the other parameters – the approach which is very useful for device optimisation and development of viable models. The included discussions and examples are primarily focussed on the currently predominant GaAs/Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 As-based THz QCLs. A condensed overview of THz QCL device operating principles and designs is given in the introductory sections while the future outlook, including potential advantages of alternative material systems, is discussed in the last section.
Adaptable Agendas: Private Creditors and the Politics of Debt in Emerging Markets

Financial crises in the 1990s and early 2000s exposed the vulnerabilities of emerging economies in an age of financial liberalization. From Mexico to Russia to Argentina, contagion effects were directly felt or, as in the case of the latter, the series of external shocks that marked the 1990s decade ended up amounting to monetary and fiscal pressures that kept feeding one another in an unsustainable pattern. Indeed, the Argentine crisis that escalated in 2001 led to the largest default on sovereign debt to date. Four years later, the debt restructuring process entailed a larger reduction in repayment than any other process of its kind since the 1980s.
Sex and Gender in Acute Care Medicine. By Alyson J. McGregor Esther K. Choo and Bruce M. Becker. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016; 235 pp + index; $99.99 (softcover).

Sex and Gender in Acute Care Medicine is an evidence-based textbook that draws the reader's attention to the underappreciated sex and gender based differences in acute medical care and the gender bias that historically exists in medical research. In a tour through the major disciplines of acute care medicine the authors provide a sex and gender focused perspective on the presentation, management and pathophysiology of key medical conditions in an evidence-based format. The reader may find some of the many disparities discussed surprising and others well known from clinical practice. The editors are leaders in this new field, and this textbook is the first to provide a comprehensive review of sex and gender focused acute medical care. This soft cover is a valuable stimulus for the researcher and a quick-read resource for the practicing physician that has the potential to positively impact patient care in the emergency department. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Getting away from them all: Managing exhaustion from social interaction with telework

Summary Drawing on the conservation of resources and recovery literatures, we examine how social job characteristics—interpersonal interaction, job interdependence, and external interaction—relate to work exhaustion. We then explore the efficacy of a part-time telework (PTT) practice in alleviating work exhaustion associated with social interaction. Study 1 is a within-subject assessment of work exhaustion before and after a PTT practice; participants are 51 information technology professionals in a financial services firm. Study 2 is a between-subject assessment of work exhaustion among part-time teleworkers and non-teleworkers; participants are 258 U.S. workers spanning a variety of industries. Study 2 replicated the model tested in Study 1, and we extended the conceptualization of interpersonal interaction to examine both quantity and quality of interaction. In both studies, PTT provided a recovery opportunity, attenuating the relationship between interpersonal interaction and work exhaustion; however, after PTT but not before, work exhaustion increased as external interaction increased. In Study 2, work exhaustion decreased as interaction quality increased; in contrast, work exhaustion increased as interaction quantity increased and PTT attenuated this relationship. Our recommendations aim to help balance telework practices in light of social job characteristics and their opposing effects on work exhaustion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract WP178: Acute Stroke Ischemic Symptom Onset-to-Arrival Time in Michigan Hospitals

Objectives: Stroke is the fifth-leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the United States. One of the primary goals of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association is to increase the number of acute stroke patients arriving at emergency departments (EDs) within 1-hour of symptom onset. Earlier treatment with thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke translates into improved patient outcomes. The objective of this abstract is to examine the association between the use of emergency medical services (EMS) and symptom onset-to-arrival time in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: A retrospective review of ischemic stroke patients (n = 8873) from 25 Michigan hospitals from January 2012-December 2014 using Get With the Guidelines databases was conducted. Symptom onset-to-ED arrival time and arrival mode were examined. Results: It was found that 17.4% of ischemic stroke patients arrived at the hospitals within 1-hour of symptom onset. EMS transported 69.1% of patients who arrived within 1-hour of symptom onset. During this 1-hour period African American patients (22%) were less likely to use EMS transportation as compared to White patients (72%). The majority of patients, 41.8%, arrived after 6-hours of symptom onset. EMS transported only 40% of patients who arrived after 6-hours of symptom onset. As before, during this 6-hour period African American patients (20%) were also less likely to use EMS transportation as compared to White patients (75%). Symptom onset-to-ED arrival time was shorter for those patients who used EMS. The median pre-hospital delay time was 2.6 hours for those who used EMS versus 6.2 hours for those who did not use EMS. Conclusions: The use of EMS is associated with a decreased pre-hospital delay, early treatment with thrombolysis and improved patient outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. Community interventions should focus on creating awareness especially in minority populations about stroke as a neurological emergency and encourage EMS use amongst stroke patients.
Dilemma During Ultrasound-Guided Internal Jugular Venous Catheterization

Key Clinical Message The presence of Internal Jugular Valves can pose a diagnostic and procedural challenge during ultrasound-guided cannulation. After ruling out dissection, thrombus, or ultrasound artifacts, it can still be accessed and successfully cannulated with appropriate precautions including use of Live ultrasound, positioning, use of soft-tipped catheters, and minimizing duration of catheter placement.
Numerical irreducible decomposition over a number field

Let &#x1d4a2; = {g1,…,gn} be a set of elements in the polynomial ring R = ℂ[z1,…,zN], let I ⊂ R denote the ideal generated by the elements of &#x1d4a2;, and let I denote the radical of I. There is a unique decomposition I = P1 ∩⋯ ∩ Pk with each Pi a prime ideal corresponding to a minimal associated prime of I over R. Let V (&#x1d4a2;) = V (I) denote the reduced algebraic set corresponding to the common zeroes of the elements of &#x1d4a2;. Techniques from numerical algebraic geometry can be used to determine the numerical irreducible decomposition of V (&#x1d4a2;) over ℂ. This corresponds to producing a witness set for V (Pi) for each i = 1,…,k together with the degree and dimension of V (Pi) (a point in a witness set for V (Pi) can be considered as a numerical approximation for a general point on V (Pi)). The purpose of this paper is to show how to extend these results taking into account the field of definition for the polynomial system. In particular, let F be a number field (i.e. a finite field extension of ℚ) and let &#x1d4a2; = {g1,…,gn} be a set ...
A Markov Process Using Curvature for Filtering Curve Images

A Markov process model for contour curvature is introduced via a stochastic differential equation. We analyze the distribution of such curves, and show that its mode is the Euler spiral, a curve minimizing changes in curvature. To probabilistically enhance noisy and low contrast curve images (e.g., edge and line operator responses), we combine this curvature process with the curve indicator random field, which is a prior for ideal curve images. In particular, we provide an expression for a nonlinear, minimum mean square error filter that requires the solution of two elliptic partial differential equations. Initial computations are reported, highlighting how the filter is curvature-selective, even when curvature is absent in the input.
Distributions of the Number of Solutions to the Network Power Flow Equations

Operation and planning of electric grids involve the analysis of certain power flow equations, which exhibit multiple solutions. One solution generally corresponds to a preferred operating condition, while other less desirable solutions are often useful for assessing dynamic angular stability and static voltage stability margins. The number and nature of solutions to these network equations has been studied for decades, yet without revealing a complete understanding. In light of observations that the number of solutions encountered in practice is smaller than the number predicted by the usual mathematical bounds, the most recent theoretical papers on this topic have sought to produce more accurate bounds on the number of solutions, accounting for network structure. In this paper we further refine the analysis to describe distributions of solutions. We present algebraic results for a certain small system and empirical results for others.
An Automatic Ockham’s Razor for Bayesians?

It is sometimes claimed that the Bayesian framework automatically implements Ockham’s razor—that conditionalizing on data consistent with both a simple theory and a complex theory more or less inevitably favours the simpler theory. It is shown here that the automatic razor doesn’t in fact cut it for certain mundane curve-fitting problems.
Committee-Based Active Learning for Dependency Parsing

Annotations on structured corpora provide a foundational instrument for emerging linguistic research. To generate annotations automatically, data-driven dependency parsers need a large annotated corpus to learn from. But these annotations are expensive to collect and require a labor intensive task. In order to reduce the costs of annotation, we provide a novel framework in which a committee of dependency parsers collaborate to improve their efficiency using active learning.
Elements of a successful short-stay inpatient psychiatric service

In 1989 Johns Hopkins Hospital modified the Meyer 3 short-stay psychiatric service, which has allowed the hospital to comply with state requirements to control inpatient costs and has increased revenues. Strategies and organizational changes that were implemented to reduce length of stay include use of a screening tool by the admitting physician to ensure appropriate referrals to the service, modification of morning and afternoon rounds and strengthening of linkages with the psychiatric emergency department and outpatient services to enhance communication, replacement of inexperienced first-year residents in the emergency department with senior residents on 24-hour call who are closely supervised by short-stay service staff, and enhanced training for service nurses. Patients who are functionally disabled and who need assistance in activities of daily living have longer stays. Patients with substance use disorders are now referred to an ultra-short-stay unit.
Chapter V – Diseases of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract correlated to the Oral Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract correlated to the oral tissues. Oral sepsis may be an important factor in the etiology of diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract. Oral sepsis may produce secondary infection in the gastro-intestinal tract by way of the bloodstream or the microorganisms may pass out of the infected oral tissue and be carried to the stomach and intestines. Certain microorganisms may have an affinity for regions of the gastro-intestinal tract by adaptation to the new environment. The occurrence of infection in the gastro-intestinal tract from oral sepsis is dependent upon the bactericidal power of the gastro-intestinal tract, the virulence of the microorganism, and the resistance of the mucosal cells of the gastro-intestinal tract. Diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract because of nutritional failure all produce similar oral manifestations. The latter oral manifestations include cheilitis, glossitis, stomatitis, and gingivitis. Atrophic glossitis results from a deficiency in one or more of the oxidative enzyme systems. The esophageal mucosa is smooth and atrophic. Approximately 70–90% of females with oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal carcinoma have a history of Plummer–Vinson syndrome. Benign neoplasms of the esophagus are rare. The leiomyoma may occur in the esophagus. Malignant neoplasms occur in the oesophagus and 5 to 7% of all carcinomas occur in the oesophagus. Carcinoma is the most common cause of dysphagia in older people, particularly in males. In individuals over 50 years of age, carcinoma primarily arises at the point of natural anatomic constriction of the esophagus. Grossly, an esophageal carcinoma and carcinoma of the entire gastro-intestinal tract are of three principal types, that is, the Ulcerative Carcinoma, the Fungating Carcinoma (exophytic), and the Infiltrating Carcinoma (endophytic).
Topical Deferoxamine Alleviates Skin Injury and Normalizes Atomic Force Microscopy Patterns Following Radiation in a Murine Breast Reconstruction Model.

BackgroundBreast cancer is most commonly managed with a combination of tumor ablation, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. Despite the oncologic benefit of these treatments, the detrimental effect of radiation on surrounding tissue challenges the attainment of ideal breast reconstruction outcomes. The p