cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phantom Finger Phenomena and the Effects of Toe-to-Finger Transplantation

Phantom finger phenomena and the effects of toe-to-finger transplantation were studied in 76 patients who had had traumatic finger amputation. Phantom finger phenomena were observed in 48 (63%) patients with the presence of phantom finger only in 30, phantom finger with sensation in nine, and phantom finger with motion also in nine. After toe transplantation, phantom finger phenomena disappeared immediately in about half of the transplanted fingers that had phantom phenomena before toe transplantation, and also in about half of the amputated fingers without the surgery. Conversely, phantom toe phenomena occurred in 13 (17%) patients. Although some patients had mild-to-moderate unpleasant phantom sensations, none had severe or distressing phantom finger pain or phantom toe pain. It is concluded that phantom phenomena occurred in both finger and toe amputations, and that toe-to-finger transplantation appeared to facilitate the disappearance of phantom phenomena not only in the transplanted fingers but also in the amputated but untransplanted fingers. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.
Fertility awareness: jet-age rhythm method?

The optimal use of natural family planning (NFP) requires the daily measurement of basal body temperature combined with examination of cervical mucus to estimate the onset of ovulation. Popularity and efficacy of the method are low mainly because of the required lengthy abstinence from intravaginal coitus; reliance upon the sympto-thermal method of NFP requires an average of 17 days of such abstinence. The accurate measurement of certain biochemical changes however could reduce the required period of abstinence by more than 50% and boost the popularity and use of NFP. Home tests could be used to detect hormonal changes in a womans saliva and urine over the course of her menstrual cycle. Indeed it is now possible to accurately measure the increase in progesterone metabolites in a few drops of urine. The use of two dipsticks to measure estradiol and progesterone levels in saliva would however be ideal. Research and development efforts are needed to that end. This latter approach would require no toxicology US Food and Drug Administration scrutiny should be much shorter than with drugs legal exposure would be minimal and the undertaking is within the technical and financial resources of relatively small diagnostic companies. The level of market demand for such home tests remains undetermined. Women attempting to avoid unwanted pregnancies as well as female athletes flight attendants traversing multiple time zones on a regular basis and professional women postponing childbearing until their late thirties can all potentially benefit from tools capable of increasing their individual awareness of their fertile periods.
Solution structure of the third immunoglobulin domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM: can solution studies define the mechanism of homophilic binding?

Homophilic binding of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) mediates the calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion that is involved in neuronal development. Two hypotheses have been advanced for the mechanism of homophilic binding. Cell-based experiments have implicated each of the five extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains of N-CAM in the homophilic adhesion interaction, and have predicted that the third domain (Ig III) self-associates. The alternative hypothesis is based on solution observations, which implicate a specific antiparallel interaction between the first two Ig domains (Ig I and Ig II). In order to test these hypotheses, we have determined a high-resolution solution structure of recombinant Ig III (sequence derived from chicken N-CAM) and examined the aggregation behavior of isolated Ig domains in solution. The structure shows that Ig III adopts a canonical Ig fold, in which the beta strands ABED and A'GFCC' form two beta sheets that are linked by a disulfide bond. In contrast to the demonstrated aggregation of Ig III on solid supports, we were unable to demonstrate self-association of Ig III under any of a variety of solution conditions. The structure shows that the surface of Ig III is dominated by two large acidic patches, which may explain our failure to observe self-association in solution. To evaluate the involvement of the Ig I-Ig II interaction in cell-cell adhesion, we designed a point mutation in Ig I (F19S) that proved sufficient to abrogate the Ig I-Ig II interaction seen in solution. However, the introduction of this mutation into full-length N-CAM expressed in COS-7 cells failed to affect N-CAM-mediated cell-cell adhesion. The inability to observe Ig III self-association in solution, combined with the failure of the F19S mutation to affect N-CAM-mediated cell-cell adhesion, suggests that, although solution studies can give important insights into the structures of individual domains, the interactions observed in solution between the domains may not be representative of the interactions that occur on the cell surface.
Concentration of propoxyphene in human plasma following oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration.

Abstract Propoxyphene hydrochloride was administered po, im, and iv to normal human volunteers. Included in the cross-over study were oral doses of propoxyphene napsylate equimolar with the oral doses of the hydrochloride salt. Concentrations of propoxyphene in the plasma of these subjects were determined periodically after each medication. Differences in plasma concentrations following the 2 salts were small in comparison with those among subjects and among doses. It was, therefore, concluded that these differences had little, if any, therapeutic importance. The biologic half-life following im medication was longer than that following po therapy; the half-life measurement after iv administration was much shorter than for the other 2 routes. The mean biologic half-life for propoxyphene administered iv was 1.85 hr.
Urea as a Tableting Agent for Benzalkonium Chloride

Mixing benzalkonium chloride with urea provides an excellent means of obtaining a dry physical form of benzalkonium chloride suitable for tableting. Tablets containing benzalkonium chloride-urea admixtures, with and without antirust ingredients (sodium nitrite and sodium carbonate), were readily prepared using direct compression techniques. The tableting characteristics of the admixtures appear to be due to the formation of an adduct and not just the simple adsorption of benzalkonium chloride by urea. The tablets were evaluated under various stability conditions relative to changes in hardness, friability, dissolution rate, germicide content and activity, and anticorrosive action. Results indicated that the best tablets were those prepared using admixtures consisting of 1.5 to 2 parts urea to 1 part benzalkonium chloride.
Conditional lethal mutants of the kilB determinant of broad host range plasmid RK2

Abstract We have examined the relationship of kilB to the other known determinants which map in the 14′–22′ region of RK2. These are trfA , which encodes a diffusible replication function, and tra 3, which specifies a function required for plasmid transmissibility. We found that, in addition to kilB , both tra 3 and trfA functions are expressed by the cloned 14′–22′ region of RK2. Four temperature-sensitive mutants of kilB were isolated by in vitro mutagenesis of the cloned segment. At 42 °C these mutant plasmids can be maintained in Escherichia coli cells which lack a korB + helper plasmid. At 30 °C the helper plasmid is required. Our analysis of these mutants revealed that kilB function is distinct from those of trfA and tra 3. One mutant plasmid was temperature-sensitive for maintenance of an RK2 ori plasmid, but this phenotype was shown to be independent of the KilB(ts) phenotype. Thus, kilB appears to be a separate new locus in this portion of the RK2 genome. In addition, these mutants allowed us to test for the existence of an essential replication determinant ( trfB ) in the 50.4′–56.4′ region of RK2. Our results demonstrate that this region is non-essential for replication from the RK2 ori in E. coli . We propose an alternative hypothesis to explain the role of the RK2 trfB region for plasmid maintenance in E. coli .
Inferring dust composition from wavelength‐dependent absorption in Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data

[1] Atmospheric mineral dust is an important component of the Earth system, affecting climate and biogeochemical cycling. We present an inverse method of inferring dust composition from wavelength dependence of light absorption and the complex refractive indices of aerosol components. Specifically, we separate absorption by black carbon from absorption by hematite and organic carbon. We apply this method to coarse-mode-dominated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations in the “dust belt” region of the globe, and we identify differences between dust optical properties and composition in different locations. We solve for dust composition using two opposite, bracketing hypotheses of the state of mineralogical mixing: purely internal mixing and purely external mixing. We find that calculated absolute hematite concentrations are highly sensitive to mixing assumptions, while relative geographic and seasonal patterns are less sensitive to mixing assumptions. Internal mixing calculations appear to underestimate absolute hematite concentrations, while external mixing overestimates hematite concentrations. Inversions calculated assuming external mixing are better able to explain the wavelength dependence of dust absorption by only varying hematite concentration than inversions using internal mixing, which require substantial covariation between black carbon and hematite to match observations. Saharan and East Asian dust show higher hematite content than dust from Arabia. Saharan dust also shows seasonal variation in hematite content which may reflect seasonal shifts in dust source areas.
Enthalpy-entropy contribution to carcinogen-induced DNA conformational heterogeneity.

DNA damage by adduct formation is a critical step for the initiation of carcinogenesis. Aromatic amines are strong inducers of environmental carcinogenesis. Their DNA adducts are known to exist in an equilibrium between the major groove (B) and base-displaced stacked (S) conformations. However, the factors governing such heterogeneity remain unclear. Here we conducted extensive calorimetry/NMR/CD studies on the model DNA lesions caused by fluorinated 2-aminfluorene (FAF) and 4-aminobiphenyl (FABP) in order to gain thermodynamic and kinetic insights into the S/B conformational equilibrium. We demonstrate that there are large differences in enthalpy−entropy compensations for FABP and FAF. The small and flexible FABP exclusively adopts the less perturbed B conformer with small enthalpy (ΔΔH-2.7 kcal/mol)/entropy (ΔΔS-0.7 eu) change. In contrast, FAF stacks better and exists as a mixture of B and S conformers with large enthalpy (ΔΔH-13.4 kcal/mol)/entropy (ΔΔS-34.2 eu) compensation. van’t Hoff analysis of dy...
Residual stress-induced spontaneous microcracking in ?-SiC platelet Al2O3 composites

The micromechanical stresses associated with hexagonal (6H) α-SiC platelets within a fine-grained alumina matrix were calculated using an Eshelby approach. The stresses within and around the interface of SiC platelets were determined. Both stresses were found to be strongly dependent on the morphology and the volume fraction of the SiC particles. The morphology effect, however, tended to be limited at aspect ratios ⩾ 10. Owing to anisotropy in the thermal and elastic properties of α-SiC, the residual stresses just outside the inclusion also depended on the position along the SiC/Al2O3 interfaces. The maximum tensile stress was found at the edges of SiC platelets. There were two principal tangential tensile stresses which differed greatly at the edges of disc-shaped inclusions. The results of the stress analysis were consistent with observed differences in microcrack morphology and the resultant reduction of the Young's modulus of the composites.
Regional Vascular Responses to Chronic Anemia in Pregnant Sheep

The increased circulatory and metabolic demands of pregnancy lead to a variety of adaptive responses in many regional vascular beds. The concomitant development of anemia could modify these adaptive processes. The purpose of our studies was to quantify the regional vascular responses to chronic anemia in pregnant sheep and to compare those responses to those occurring with acute anemia. We measured regional blood flows and O2 deliveries and calculated vascular resistances in 10 near-term pregnant sheep, five of which were made anemic (hematocrit = 14%) for 6 days by isovolemic hemodilution with fresh plasma. The remaining five sheep served as controls (hematocrit = 28%). As a result of 6 days of anemia, almost all regional beds (except for the small intestines, colon, and spleen) had increases in blood flow, which helped maintain tissue O2 deliveries at or near normal levels. Tissues with increased flow accounted for 88% of cardiac output, in contrast to what has been reported for acute anemia of comparab...
Effects of domains on giant magnetoresistance.

We discuss effects of in-plane magnetic domains on the magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers. We find that the role of domains is similar to spin-flip processes. If one does not know the domain structure, nor the amount of spin-flip scattering, both mechanisms are equally plausible for producing spin diffusion which suppresses the magnetoresistance for the current perpendicular to the plane of the layers.
Providence virus: a new member of the Tetraviridae that infects cultured insect cells.

We identified a new member of the Tetraviridae, Providence virus (PrV), persistently infecting a midgut cell line derived from the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea). Virus purified from these cells also productively infected a H. zea fat body cell line, and a cell line from whole embryos of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. PrV is thus the first tetravirus shown to replicate in cell culture. PrV virions are isometric particles composed of two structural proteins (60 and 7.4 kDa) that encapsidate both the genomic (6.4 kb) and the subgenomic (2.5 kb) RNAs. The monopartite organization of the PrV genome resembles that of Nudaurelia beta virus and Thosea asigna virus, members of the genus Betatetravirus. The predicted sequence of the PrV structural proteins demonstrates homology to tetraviruses in both genera. The infectivity of PrV for cultured cells uniquely permitted examination of tetravirus RNA and protein synthesis during synchronous infection. The discovery of PrV greatly facilitates studies of tetravirus molecular biology. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Sensory Responses to Fat are Not Affected by Varying Dietary Energy Intake From Fat and Saturated Fat Over Ranges Common in the American Diet

Abstract Objective To examine the effects of manipulating dietary fat in foods on sensitivity and hedonic response to fat in selected foods. Design Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of three 8-week experimental diets (average American diet, step 1 diet, low-saturated-fat diet) that varied in energy from fat (37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively) and saturated fat (17%, 10%, and 6%, respectively). Subjects participated in sensory tests designed to assess their sensitivity to and liking for fat in several foods, before the study (baseline), after consumption of each diet, and after the study (washout). Subjects/setting Subjects were participants in the Dietary Effects on Lipoprotein and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA) study. Results No significant differences were found among diets for difference thresholds (ie, just noticeable differences) for fat in milk and pudding, ad libitum mixing of low- and high-fat samples of milk and soup, and hedonic scaling of fat concentrations in milk and muffins and of cheese, mayonnaise, hot dog, and pastry samples. Applications/conclusions Within the dietary fat ranges and for the fat stimuli tested in this study, dietary fat as percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat was not a significant determinant of sensitivity to and/or liking for fat. Sensory factors should not be a barrier to the implementation of low-fat diets such as the step 1 and low-saturated-fat diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:690–696 .
ROLES OF AGE AND FAMILIARITY IN LEARNING HEALTH INFORMATION

The authors investigated the hypothesis that prior knowledge of a medical topic can reduce age differences in learning of new medical information. Younger and older adults received new information on either a familiar disease or an unfamiliar disease. Participants then answered questions assessing their memory for the information. A control group received no new information, but answered the same questions, in order to assess prior knowledge. Older adults learned less information than younger adults, regardless of the familiarity of the information or the type of memory test (i.e., recall vs. recognition). Both age groups learned l ess new information about a familiar disease than an unfamiliar disease. Health professionals should be aware that both young and old patients may have ''resistance'' to learning about familiar diseases.
Photo-activation Of Atpase Activity Of Caged-kinesin

Photo-responsive caged compounds have high potency in the application concerning functional biological molecules as photo-switching device. Kinesin is a motor protein that moves along microtubule by the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. The structure of conventional kinesin has been well studied and the key regions related to the function were clarfied. In the present study, the photo-regulation of the catalytic activity of mouse brain and C. elegans kinesins were investigated by treating with a caging reagent, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl bromide (DMNBB). The mouse brain kinesin mutants that have a single reactive cysteine at 96C were prepared and modified by DMNBB in the presence and absence of ATP. For the kinesin modified in the absence of ADP, the ATPase activity was increased by 300% within 10 minutes. In the presence of ADP, the change of the ATPase activity was slower than that in the absence of ATP. Upon UV irradiation, the ATPase activity of the kinesin modified by DMNBB recovered to the level before modification. Wild type of C. elegans unc-116 kinesin motor domain derived from C. elegans, which has a single reactive cysteine residue. Modification with DMNBB and photo-irradiation on the wild type of C.elegans kinesin unc-116 showed also significant reduction and restoration of activity. We have identified the amino acid residue of kinesin unc-116, which affects activity by the modification with DMNBB as Cys16.
Functionalized nanoporous gold leaf electrode films for the immobilization of photosystem I.

Plants and some types of bacteria demonstrate an elegant means to capitalize on the superabundance of solar energy that reaches our planet with their energy conversion process called photosynthesis. Seeking to harness Nature’s optimization of this process, we have devised a biomimetic photonic energy conversion system that makes use of the photoactive protein complex Photosystem I, immobilized on the surface of nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) electrodes, to drive a photoinduced electric current through an electrochemical cell. The intent of this study is to further the understanding of how the useful functionality of these naturally mass-produced, biological light-harvesting complexes can be integrated with nonbiological materials. Here, we show that the protein complexes retain their photonic energy conversion functionality after attachment to the nanoporous electrode surface and, further, that the additional PSI/electrode interfacial area provided by the NPGL allows for an increase in PSI-mediated electron ...
Epitaxy, overlayer growth, and surface segregation for Co/GaAs(110) and Co/GaAs(100)-c(82).

We present high-resolution synchrotron-radiation core-level photoemission results which show that the room-temperature deposition of Co onto GaAs(110) induces limited substrate disruption, leading to Ga and As intermixing with the metal overlayer. High-energy Auger electron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction measurements indicate that Co orders weakly to form a metastable, epitaxial bcc matrix with principal crystallographic axes parallel to those of the substrate. Angle-dependent x-ray photoemission results show that the distribution of Ga and As in the Co overlayer varies with, and is dependent on, the Co thickness. Together, these results show that the amount of dissociated Ga and As in the overlayer decays exponentially away from the Co/GaAs interface (1/e length 3 A\r{}); that As surface segregates and its concentration profile is exponential away from the vacuum into the Co overlayer (surface concentration 5.8 at. % at 150-A\r{} Co thickness, 1/e decay length 5 A\r{}); and that the As solubility in the Co film far from either boundary is 0.26 at. %. This paper demonstrates that substrate disruption and epitaxial growth are not mutually exclusive provided that the disruption is not too severe and that conditions necessary for epitaxy exist.
PHYLOGENIES FROM RESTRICTION SITES: A MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD APPROACH.

Restriction sites data can be analyzed by maximum likelihood to obtain estimates of phylogenies. The likelihood methods of Smouse and Li, who were able to compute likelihoods for up to four species under a simplified model of base change, can be extended numerically to deal with any number of species. The computational methods for doing so are outlined. The resulting algorithms are slow but take multiple gains and losses of restriction sites fully into account, unlike parsimony methods. They allow for the failure to observe potential sites that are absent from all species. Analysis of the five-species hominoid data of Ferris and coworkers confirms the pattern found by Smouse and Li with four species-that a chimpanzee-gorilla clade is favored, but not statistically significantly over other tree topologies. A large data set produced by computer simu- lation has also been analyzed to confirm that the method works properly. The methods used here do not allow for different rates of transitions and transversions. They can be extended to do so, but only at a cost of considerably slower computations. The present method is available in a computer program.
Experimental Investigation of a Holographic System that Records Front Surface Detail from a Scene Moving at High Velocities.

Any motion of the scene during the exposure of a hologram results in a spatial modulation of the recorded fringe contrast. On reconstruction, this produces a spatial amplitude modulation of the reconstructed wavefront, which results in blurring of the image not unlike that of a conventional photograph. The concept of motion holography has been aptly described theoretically by D. B. Neumann. This paper presents and discusses the experimental investigation of a new holographic technique that allows resolution of front surface detail for scene velocities on the order of 9 × 105 cm/sec.
Describing visual interactions to the database: closing the loop between user and data

This paper describes an `interaction interface' for visual database exploration. Visualization has been traditionally thought of as an output technology: this research places visualization into a broader context and aims to develop an input model for the visual exploration of databases. We first describe the data infrastructure of an integrated database-visualization system. We then extend the definition of visualization to include the data interactions allowed over the visualized image. We finally present the portion of this system that describes how interactions over data visualizations are mapped to the targets of the visual interaction: the various data objects in the system, or the database itself. In this way, the user is brought closer to the data because interaction is over a visualization, which is perceived by the user, and the correct effect of the interaction is automatically mapped to the appropriate underlying data object. We build on a fundamental taxonomy of empirically-developed data interaction, and use these interaction specifications in our object-oriented design.
Most comfortable loudness for pure tones and speech in the presence of masking noise.

Pure-tone and speech most-comfortable-loudness (MCL) levels were determined in noise and quiet. A Bekesy-type tracking task was used to determine the MCLs under all conditions. The subjects (N = 12...
The analysis of fields and torques in spherical induction motors

The advent of robotics and automated manufacturing processes has brought about an urgent need for novel electromechanical transducers with unusual design and performance characteristics. Operating flexibility, ruggedness, size, force-to-weight ratio, and robust control capabilities are design attributes which place a heavy burden on conventional machines used for manipulation purposes. The spherical induction motor is an electromechanical drive which holds considerable promise in these application areas. A general analysis of both the fields and resultant forces generic to the spherical induction motor is presented. The analysis properly accounts for the diffusion of the magnetic field with changing frequency and motor speed. To aid in the prediction and conceptualization of the torque and commensurate motor losses, normalized plots of these parameters are given for various limiting values of skin depth ratio to conductor thickness. Results indicate that the device is capable of continuous speed control and efficient torque production.
Phosphate uptake in chick kidney cells: effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3.

Abstract Phosphate homeostasis is controlled in part by absorption from the intestine, and reabsorption in the kidney. While the effect of Vitamin D metabolites on enterocytes is well documented, in the current study we assess selected responses in primary cultures of kidney cells. Time course studies revealed a rapid stimulation of phosphate uptake in cells treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, relative to controls. Dose–response studies indicated a biphasic curve with optimal stimulation at 300 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 and inhibition at 600 pM seco-steroid. Antibody 099 – against the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor – abolished stimulation by the steroid hormone. Moreover, phosphate uptake was mediated by the protein kinase C pathway. The metabolite 24,25(OH)2D3, which was found to inhibit the rapid stimulation of phosphate uptake in intestinal cells, had a parallel effect in cultured kidney cells. Finally, the 24,25(OH)2D3 binding protein, catalase, was assessed for longer term down regulation. In both intestinal epithelial cells and kidney cells incubated with 24,25(OH)2D3 for 5–24 h, both the specific activity of the enzyme and protein levels were decreased relative to controls, while 1,25(OH)2D3 increased both parameters over the same time periods. We conclude that the Vitamin D metabolites have similar effects in both kidney and intestine, and that 24,25(OH)2D3 may have effects at the level of gene expression.
AUTOIMMUNE SYMPATHECTOMY IN FETAL RABBITS

We previously reported that 27 day (d) rabbit fetuses born to does immunized against nerve growth factor (NGF) demonstrate extensive depletion of tissue catecholamines (CAT). Here we report results of studies with this model at 31 d gestation (term) and the effects of autoimmune sympathectomy on beta adrenergic receptor development. Virgin 12 wk old female rabbits were immunized with 100 μg 2.5S NGF and boosted monthly for 12 wks. Serum anti-NGF titers were determined by radioimmunoassay. Animals were then date bred and sacrificed at 31 d. Tissue CAT were determined by a sensitive, specific radioenzymatic assay. BAR were determined in pooled lungs from control or immunized litters by radioligand binding assay using dihydroalprenolol (DHA). Lung, heart, adrenal, paraaortic gland and brown adipose tissue CAT all were extensively decreased in animals with high anti-NGF titers (p<.001). Lower titers, which cause denervation at 27 d were not effective at 31 d. Lung BAR increased from 108 to 140 fmole bound DHA/mg protein following successful denervation (p<.05). Organ weight, carcass weight, survival and duration of gestation were unaffected by the immunization. Conclusions: 1) Organ sympathetic innervation in the fetal rabbit is dependent on NGF; 2) the extent of denervation in the autoimmune sympathectomy model is dependent upon NGF antibody titer; 3) fetal rabbit lung BAR are increased following denervation. Speculation: With advancing developmental age, the role of NGF in sympathetic innervation becomes less critical.
Hume and the Limits of Reason

So begins Treatise I iv 1, "Of Scepticism with Regard to Reason." The rules of reason may be perfect, but we are not. From this truism Hume cultivates a notoriously obscure argument to the effect that we should never trust our reasoning. In characteristic fashion, Hume considers the argument sound but unpersuasive. He believes that no one who reflects on it will lose faith in their reason and sets out to explain why. In this essay, I am concerned to make two main points. First, the argument is more successful than often thought; and second, reflecting on Hume's explanation for its lack of force illuminates the depth of his naturalism and contains an important insight into the limits of human reason.2 Hume actually presents two distinct arguments in "Of Scepticism with Regard to Reason."3 The arguments are distinct insofar as they are aimed at different conclusions; they are related in that they share a premise concerning our natural fallibility as reasoning agents. The first argument (T 181) is meant to show that any belief formed in the "demonstrative sciences"Â—any a priori belief about (say) mathematicsÂ—cannot be held with certainty. At best, such beliefs can be taken as probably true. This argument can be sketched as follows.4 In performing any set of calculations, no matter how simple, we are
Continued global warming after CO 2 emissions stoppage

Stopping anthropogenic carbon emissions will not result in a sudden decrease in temperature. Earth system models are used to show that there may be an increase in warming after an initial decrease. This is a result of feedbacks from decreased ocean heat uptake, which exceed the cooling from decreased atmospheric CO2.
Wood-inhabiting and marine fungi from a saline lake in Wyoming

This preliminary report describes some of the microfungi found in a MgSO4.Na2SO4 lake in southeastern Wyoming. For the first time forms known as marine fungi (Monodktys pelagica (Johnson) Jones and Nais inornata Kohlm) are reported from a saline but non-marine environment. The habitat is characterized and some of the implications of the findings are discussed.
Hyperfractionated Radiation Therapy plus Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: Results of Two Phase I Dose- Escalation Gynecologic Oncology Group Trials

Abstract Objective. The aims of this study were to assess the early and late toxicities of multiple-daily-fraction whole pelvic radiation plus concurrent chemotherapy with either hydroxyurea or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin and to determine the maximum tolerated external radiation dose in conjunction with brachytherapy, when given with either of these drug regimens, as treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Methods. The first study (GOG 8801) of 38 patients utilized hydroxyurea as a single oral dose of 80 mg/kg to a maximum of 6 g at least 2 h prior to a radiation treatment twice every week. In the second study (GOG 8901) of 30 patients, cisplatin and 5-FU were used concomitantly with radiotherapy. Fifty milligrams per square meter of cisplatin was administered on days 1 and 17 of external radiation. 5-FU was given by continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 1000 mg/m 2 /day for 4 consecutive days on days 2, 3, 4, 5, and 18, 19, 20, and 21 of external radiation therapy. Both studies utilized external radiation given by an accelerated hyperfractionated regimen of 1.2 Gy per fraction, two fractions per day. All patients were treated 5 days per week with a minimum of 4 h between fractions. Results. Acute toxicity was manageable on both protocols but nausea, vomiting, and myelosuppression were more severe with hydroxyurea. Chronic toxicity was primarily enteric and appeared to be dose-related. There was no obvious correlation seen between pelvic failure rates and the radiation dose or between the chemotherapy regimens used. Conclusions. The defined maximal tolerated dose of whole pelvic radiation was 57.6 Gy in 48 fractions which could be delivered in a hyperfractionated setting with concomitant chemotherapy, followed by brachytherapy. Follow-up is now sufficient that further adverse events should be rare.
Ultrasonographic features of pelvic lipomatosis.

The authors describe the diagnostic ultrasound findings of pelvic lipomatosis in a patient presenting with lower extremity thrombophlebitis. In this condition, ultrasound shows the full urinary bladder to assume a tubular or “cigar” shape and to “float” in the pelvic fat with failure to distend normally to the pelvic side walls. Confirmatory computed tomography discloses normal muscular and osseous anatomy but an increase in radiolucent fat surrounding the pelvic viscera. Clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed, and a differential diagnosis is presented.
Evaluation of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Now factor structures: Application of a cue reactivity paradigm

Abstract The current study compared the psychometric properties and clinical/research utility of four distinct factor/subscale models of alcohol craving (three factor-derived models, and one rationally derived model) as measured by the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Now in social (n = 52) and alcohol dependent (n = 71) drinkers. All participants completed a self-report measure of alcohol abuse in addition to engaging in a structured interview and cue reactivity protocol. Participants provided self-reported craving, as well as desire to approach or avoid drinking, during a cue exposure task using separate analog scales. Factor/subscale models were compared in terms of internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and ability to predict cue-elicited approach and craving in addition to diagnostic status. All models demonstrated high levels of internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and the ability to predict both cue-elicited craving and alcohol dependence status. Specific strengths and weaknesses of each model are examined and the theoretical, clinical, and research utility of the current findings are discussed.
Thermal And Structural Analyses Of A Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Monochromator With Liquid Gallium And Water Cooling

The finite element method is used in the thermal and structural analyses of a 3-channel silicon-crystal monochromator in a wiggler x-ray beam. Liquid gallium and water are used as coolants. Liquid gallium is fed into the monochromator by an induction pump designed and built for this purpose at Argonne National Laboratory. The choice of gallium as a coolant is based on its high thermal conductivity, very low vapor pressure (appropriate in high vacuum environments), nontoxicity, and stability. For contrast, a parallel analysis for the monochromator cooled with water is also presented. The results of this analysis are compared with the experimental data taken at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) using a 6-pole wiggler as the radiation source.
Ambient airborne solids concentrations including volcanic ash at Hanford, Washington sampling sites subsequent to the Mount St. Helens eruption

Airborne solids concentrations were measured on a near daily basis at two Hanford, Washington sites after the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980. These sites are about 211 km east of Mount St. Helens. Collected airborne solids included resuspended volcanic ash plus normal ambient solids. Average airborne solids concentrations were greater at the Hanford meteorological station sampling site which is 24 km northwest of the Horn Rapids dam sampling site. These increased concentrations reflect the sampling site proximity to greater ash fallout depths. Both sites are in low ash fallout areas although the Hanford meteorological station site is closer to the greater ash fallout areas. Airborne solids concentrations were decreased by rain, but airborne solids concentrations rapidly increased as surfaces dried. Airborne concentrations tended to become nearly the same at both sampling sites only for July 12 and 13.
Influence of Trifloxystrobin on Primary Inoculum and Progression of Scab Epidemics on Stone Fruit

The ability of the QoI fungicide trifloxystrobin to reduce production of conidia by Fusicladium carpophilum on twig lesions was quantitatively assessed over a 3-year period from 2005 through 2007. Four annual treatment programs, consisting of two consecutive trifloxystrobin applications at pink + bloom, bloom + petal fall, and petal fall + shuck-split, plus a single application timing at petal fall, were examined in a 'Redgold' nectarine orchard harboring high levels of overwintering scab lesions. Sporulation potential, the ability of twig lesions to produce conidia under optimum environmental conditions, was subsequently assessed five to six times during each spring and early summer. In each year of the study, all four treatments significantly reduced the area under the sporulation curve or peak sporulation. The petal fall + shuck-split program provided the greatest antisporulant activity, reducing conidia production at peak sporulation by 82 to 92%. Furthermore, examination of results over the 3-year period showed that the programs significantly slowed the annual rate of increase in peak sporulation; however, none of the programs completely halted or caused a decline in the annual rate. Although no fungicide was applied after the treatment programs, results from fruit disease assessments showed that these programs, applied as much as 3 months earlier, significantly reduced disease incidence and, in particular, disease severity. A comparison of four QoI fungicides in 2008 indicated that trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin provided the most control of fruit scab, while pyraclostrobin + boscalid and fluoxastrobin yielded minimal or no benefit. Results of this study demonstrate that certain QoI fungicides, in particular trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin, can probably improve the efficacy of current protectant programs used for peach scab control by providing season-long control of F. carpophilum sporulation on twig lesions. Such program enhancement may be critical when orchards have high inoculum levels and/or environmental conditions are very favorable to disease development.
Asset Management Model and Systems Integration Approach

Transportation asset management is an integrated set of best practices and systems that achieve optimal and cost-effective investment and use of transportation assets throughout their service life cycle. Most infrastructure management programs and systems contain certain elements of asset management functions. However, they lack a strong capacity to accomplish the overall asset management goal. Presented is an asset management model together with an approach for systems integration. The asset management model illustrates basic asset management goals, strategies, principles, and analysis methods. An example of an integrated maintenance program incorporates the features of the model. Supporting the asset management model is a systems integration approach that demonstrates how component asset management systems can be integrated at different stages of their development life cycles. The integration process is needed to ensure that system interoperability truly supports an effective asset management program. The approach can be defined in five phases: (a) business integration, (b) system requirements integration, (c) logical design integration, (d) physical design and development integration, and (e) implementation integration. Each phase carries a particular integration objective and develops unique integration products. An operational scenario tool is introduced as an implementation strategy for asset management.
Pattern search in the presence of degenerate linear constraints

This paper deals with generalized pattern search (GPS) algorithms for linearly constrained optimization. At each iteration, the GPS algorithm generates a set of directions that conforms to the geometry of any nearby linear constraints. This set is then used to construct trial points to be evaluated during the iteration. In a previous work, Lewis and Torczon developed a scheme for computing the conforming directions, however, the issue of degeneracy merits further investigation. The contribution of this paper is to provide a detailed algorithm for constructing the set of directions whether or not the constraints are degenerate. One difficulty in the degenerate case is the classification of constraints as redundant or nonredundant. We give a short survey of the main definitions and methods for treating redundancy and propose an approach to identify nonredundant e-active constraints. We also introduce a new approach for handling nonredundant linearly dependent constraints, which maintains GPS convergence properties without significantly increasing computational cost. Some simple numerical tests illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
On perturbations of irregular Gabor frames

We give a new sufficient condition under which an irregular Gabor system {eπipλxψ(x-qλ)} forms a Bessel sequence for L2(R). The Bessel bound just requires a mild decay on ψ. This condition then can be used to prove stability of an irregular Gabor frame under a perturbation of its generating function. We go on to outline how the perturbation result can be used to extend a sufficient condition of Heller for irregular Gabor frames with compactly supported generator to the case of a noncompactly supported generator.
Further studies on cystathionine synthetase-serine deaminase of rat liver.

1. 1. The purity of rat liver cystathionine synthetase-serine deaminase was more than doubled over that previously reported through the use of zone electrophoresis. The ratio of the two enzymic activities of the more purified preparation remained unchanged. 2. 2. Enzymic activity was slightly inhibited by certain pyridoxine derivatives and strongly inhibited by carbonyl reagents, sulfhydryl reagents, various metal chelating agents, and by a number of heavy metal ions. Mg++ and Mn++ slightly stimulated the serine deaminase activity. 3. 3. Study of the substrates specificity of the enzyme showed that only L-serine and L-threonine were deaminated and only homocysteine was utilized for synthesis of a sulfur-containing diamino acid with L-serine. L-cysteine strongly inhibited cystathionine synthesis.
Readability of patient education materials from the AAHS

To the Editor: Although the Internet is a free, ubiquitous, and publicly available source for patient education materials, the quality and ease of comprehending such online materials is often questionable [1, 3, 5]. One way of assessing patient education materials is by way of readability, which is defined as the reading level measured by grade level in school that an individual must possess to understand a particular written text [2]. Orthopedic patient education materials available in the Internet [2, 4, 6–10] have previously been reported to be written beyond the level of the average American adult (eighth grade level) and the level recommended by prominent health organizations (sixth grade level) [2]. While a previous study has evaluated the readability of hand surgery-related patient education materials from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) [9], the online patient education materials provided by the American Association for Hand Surgery (AAHS) have never been evaluated for readability. Therefore, we sought to assess the readability of patient education materials available online by the AAHS. Over a 1-day period in January 2013, we compiled all patient education materials from the library on the AAHS website (http://handsurgery.org/public/); each article was copied and pasted into Microsoft Word as plaintext files and underwent follow-up editing as previously described [2]. Then, each article was subsequently evaluated for readability using the Microsoft Word software. A total of 12 articles was evaluated with an average readability level of 8.98; of these, three were at or below the eighth grade level (25 %) (“Flexion Contracture,” “Mallet Finger,” and “Trigger Finger”). These readability levels are lower than those previously reported for hand surgery-related patient education materials from the AAOS and ASSH [9], which had a mean of 9.6 (83 articles assessed) and 14 at or below the eighth grade level (16.8 %). Our findings are encouraging because they show that the AAHS appears to have written patient education materials that are perhaps easier to read than previously reported for hand surgery-related materials. However, all three major sources of hand surgery-related patient education materials (AAOS, ASSH, and AAHS) appear to be written higher, on average, than the average patient can comprehend. As the Internet promises to become ever more popular for obtaining health-care information, ensuring easily read patient education materials is an important task so that we can best serve not only our patients’ hands, but their heads as well.
Nonreciprocal surface waves

Some surface waves have the property that a simple reversal of the direction of propagation leads to a surface wave with a different frequency. In this paper we explore the properties of such nonreciprocal waves for a variety of excitations and structures. For a semi-infinite geometry the nonreciprocity can be quite dramatic. For example in some magnetic systems, a surface wave exists for propagation in one direction, but no surface wave exists for propagation in the reverse direction. In thin films, it is generally the localization of the surface wave which is nonreciprocal. Thus a surface wave travelling along the + x axis may be localized at the upper surface of the film, while a surface wave travelling along the - x axis is localized at the lower surface of the film. We will discuss nonreciprocal surface excitations which occur in a variety of systems. The elementary properties of nonreciprocal surface plasmons, polaritons, phonons and magnons are derived. We briefly review some of the applications of nonreciprocal surface waves to practical signal processing devices. Finally we discuss the microscopic origin of nonreciprocity.
Empty marine container logistics: facts, issues and management strategies

With the global container population exceeding 25 million TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) and the annual production of new boxes exceeding 3 million TEU it is estimated that around 1.5 million TEU of empty containers are sitting in yards and depots around the world waiting for use. Although utilization rates have improved since 2004, container utilization depends on the very dynamic nature of container transportation, and the container building and leasing industries. Owing primarily to the chronic trend of increasing trade imbalances across the oceans, and despite recent trends along some trade routes, the empty container management problem has become a major issue for the container shipping industry during the last decade. This paper examines and analyzes empty container logistics at a global, interregional, regional and local level. Special consideration is given to key factors affecting the empty container logistics management and strategies implemented by ocean carriers and other stakeholders to better manage empty containers.