cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bourgeois dignity arrives in early Georgian drama

The startling shift in ethical attitudes towards the bourgeoisie in England in the early 18th century shows plainly in the theatre of the time and the beginnings of the modern novel, compared with Shakespeare's time.
Educating bicycle safety and fostering empathy for cyclists with an affordable and game-based VR app

In recent years, there has been a rise in the use of virtual reality (VR) both in specialized fields and commercial settings. Modern applications of VR include games, films, education, arts, and healthcare, etc. Today, VR applications exist beyond expensive research labs; they are being employed to solve real world problems. To explore a new practical application of VR, we designed and prototyped a work-in-progress VR mobile app of common biking incidents in the form of a choose-your-own-adventure game. Our goal is to teach people about bicycle safety in cities, and to foster empathy within the driving community towards cyclists.
Liabilities Associated with the Formation of "Hard" Electrophiles in Reactive Metabolite Trapping Screens.

Soft electrophiles (e.g., epoxides, quinones, quinone-imines, quinone-methides, etc.) generated via the oxidative bioactivation of phenyl, phenolic, amino-, and alkylphenolic substituents can be trapped with nucleophiles of comparable softness (e.g., glutathione or cysteine) in reactive metabolite screens. In contrast, hard nucleophiles such as cyanide and amines are frequently utilized to trap hard electrophiles (e.g., iminiums and aldehydes) that result from the oxidative bioactivation of cyclic (or acylic) amines and primary alcohols. In some instances, soft sulfydryl nucleophiles have also been utilized to trap aldehydes to yield cyclized thiazolidine adducts. Case studies where hard electrophiles are thought to be responsible for cytochrome P450 inactivation, genotoxicity, and/or target organ toxicity in animals have been presented. The association of hard electrophiles with immune-mediated idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions is less clear given the paucity of available examples and the fact that se...
Synthesis of random poly(hexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) copolymers via oxidative direct arylation polymerization (oxi-DArP)

Oxidative direct arylation polymerization has recently emerged as a simple, mild, and atom economical homopolymerization method; however, the application of this promising method to unsymmetrical or binary monomer systems, where different C–H reactivities are present, is limited. Two random copolymer families of poly(hexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate), herein referred to as poly(3-hexylesterthiophene) (P3HET), featuring either thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) or 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bithiazole (BTz) comonomers are synthesized by oxidative direct arylation polymerization (oxi-DArP) conditions that enable high regioregularities despite the lack of preactivation of the monomers. Through refinement of the reaction parameters and minimization of auxiliary reagent loadings, polymers with good molecular weights are achieved and the feed ratio is closely correlated to the polymer composition. These random copolymers are evaluated by 1H NMR, SEC, UV-Vis, GIXRD, and SCLC hole mobility analyses to determine the compatibility of this emerging synthetic method with increasingly popular random copolymer architectures.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER QUALITY

ABSTRACT The use of expert systems in optimizing treatment plant operations is increasing dramatically. For expert systems to be an efficacious tool in the operation of treatment facilities, accurate time series forecasts must be available as input to the deterministic model. This paper details the application of univariate auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) and multivariate ARMA processes to model wastewater influent variables. It was found that both univariate and multivariate processes work equally well for forecasting future values of the influent parameters. However, when combining simulations of influent variables in a mathematical model, the inclusion of interaction among the variables in the multivariate process was found to significantly change the calculated plant performance.
What a Feminist Curiosity Contributes to the Study of Development

This essay explores the various ways that women and gender have been included in international development thinking and practice by tracing the origins of the field of gender and development alongside its central debates, concepts, and accomplishments. This overview demonstrates that feminists have expanded the scope of development research and practice to include issues previously ignored but now recognized as central to development, and have provided more nuanced accounts of development by probing the underlying assumptions of development policy. In so doing, it argues, feminists have exposed the gendered nature of transnational flows and transformations, and have tracked their effects down to the level of diverse women and men’s daily lives. Drawing on the contributions in this special issue, this essay then highlights the multiple advantages of applying what Cynthia Enloe labeled a “feminist curiosity” to the study of development. By refusing to take the current state of affairs as natural or given, and refusing to accept as trivial women’s diverse lives and experiences, the papers in this special issue go beyond highlighting how international development efforts differentially affect women and men to demonstrating how women, men, and gender ideologies in particular places—whether development agencies, academic institutions, or local communities—critically shape international development itself.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Cross-Modal Phonetic Encoding.

Audiovisual (AV) integration is essential for speech comprehension, especially in adverse listening situations. Divergent, but not mutually exclusive, theories have been proposed to explain the neural mechanisms underlying AV integration. One theory advocates that this process occurs via interactions between the auditory and visual cortices, as opposed to fusion of AV percepts in a multisensory integrator. Building upon this idea, we proposed that AV integration in spoken language reflects visually induced weighting of phonetic representations at the auditory cortex. EEG was recorded while male and female human subjects watched and listened to videos of a speaker uttering consonant vowel (CV) syllables /ba/ and /fa/, presented in Auditory-only, AV congruent or incongruent contexts. Subjects reported whether they heard /ba/ or /fa/. We hypothesized that vision alters phonetic encoding by dynamically weighting which phonetic representation in the auditory cortex is strengthened or weakened. That is, when subjects are presented with visual /fa/ and acoustic /ba/ and hear /fa/ (illusion-fa), the visual input strengthens the weighting of the phone /f/ representation. When subjects are presented with visual /ba/ and acoustic /fa/ and hear /ba/ (illusion-ba), the visual input weakens the weighting of the phone /f/ representation. Indeed, we found an enlarged N1 auditory evoked potential when subjects perceived illusion-ba, and a reduced N1 when they perceived illusion-fa, mirroring the N1 behavior for /ba/ and /fa/ in Auditory-only settings. These effects were especially pronounced in individuals with more robust illusory perception. These findings provide evidence that visual speech modifies phonetic encoding at the auditory cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current study presents evidence that audiovisual integration in spoken language occurs when one modality (vision) acts on representations of a second modality (audition). Using the McGurk illusion, we show that visual context primes phonetic representations at the auditory cortex, altering the auditory percept, evidenced by changes in the N1 auditory evoked potential. This finding reinforces the theory that audiovisual integration occurs via visual networks influencing phonetic representations in the auditory cortex. We believe that this will lead to the generation of new hypotheses regarding cross-modal mapping, particularly whether it occurs via direct or indirect routes (e.g., via a multisensory mediator).
An Integral Equation Formulation for Elastic and Inelastic Shell Analysis

ABSTRACT An integral equation formulation for analysing elastic and inelastic shells of arbitrary shape subjected to arbitrary loading is presented here. Numerical implementation and numerical results are given for axisymmetric elastic shells subjected to axisymmetric loading. Some of these results are compared against exact elasticity solutions.
The Quest for Better Recovery from Peripheral Nerve Injury: Current Status of Nerve Regeneration Research*

Abstract The author reviews relevant nerve regeneration research in the past half-century to give the reader familiarity with the background of current research efforts. Recent research has been aided by newer knowledge of the biology of nerve regeneration. Early efforts to improve nerve regeneration centered on improvements in technical or surgical repairs, with only modest gains. Although current technical improvements with lasers or fibrin glue to repair nerves may show promise, the approach of deMedinaceli et al. combines several new ideas with some improvement experimentally. With the discovery of nerve growth factors and a host of newer nerve growth promoting factors, the biochemical arena has exploded. Special tubes to repair nerves enable easy manipulation of the environment to study the effects of various factors on nerve regeneration. Silastic and bioresorbable tubes show the most promise to enhance nerve regeneration by tubulization. Because of the explosion of knowledge and high levels of activity of research, it is apparent that further improvements of nerve regeneration are on the horizon.
Abstract LB-304: Customizable, in vitro protein glycosylation for antibacterial and anti-cancer vaccines

Changes in protein glycosylation are important hallmarks of cancer biology, serving as biomarkers for cancer progression and predictors of cancer prognosis. Moreover, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) provide potential targets for therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. However, development of anti-cancer immunotherapies and vaccines directed against TACAs has been limited due to the significant challenges associated with synthesizing proteins bearing defined glycan structures in vivo. These challenges arise due to the complex, non-templated nature of the glycosylation process and the inability to control glycosylation components at precise ratios in living cells. To address these challenges, we describe a novel cell-free glycoprotein synthesis (CFGpS) technology that seamlessly integrates protein biosynthesis with asparagine-linked (N-linked) protein glycosylation. The platform is flexible and modular, allowing the decoration of proteins with structurally diverse, yet homogeneous glycans, including the eukaryotic trimannosyl N-glycan (mannose3-N-acetylglucosamine2, Man3GlcNAc2), which forms the core of all tumor-associated N-glycans. We demonstrate the utility of this platform through the production of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines directed against the highly infectious pathogenic bacterium Franciscella tularensis. Importantly, we are able to synthesize and glycosylate a variant of E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP) that has been shown to elicit humoral and cell-based immunity to polysaccharide antigens in mice. Our work demonstrates a novel approach for the customizable glycosylation of immunogenic proteins with TACAs in a cell-free system. The ability of the CFGpS platform to synthesize defined glycan structures uniquely enables the production of novel antibacterial and anti-cancer vaccines. Citation Format: Jessica C. Stark, Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai, Rachel S. Dubner, Karen J. Hsu, Cameron Glasscock, Matthew P. DeLisa, Michael C. Jewett. Customizable, in vitro protein glycosylation for antibacterial and anti-cancer vaccines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-304.
Examining the Utility of Coronary Artery Lack of Tapering and Perivascular Brightness in Incomplete Kawasaki Disease.

In 2017, the AHA published revised guidelines for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD). In the absence of compelling data supporting or refuting the utility of lack of tapering (LT) and perivascular brightness (PB), expert panel consensus removed LT and PB from consideration. We hypothesize that LT and PB are unreliable, subjective findings, non-specific to KD, which can be seen in systemic febrile illnesses without KD and in normal controls. We performed a single-center retrospective study from 1/2008 to 12/2016. De-identified coronary artery (CA) echocardiographic clips from patients 0–10 years old were interpreted blindly by six pediatric cardiologists. Subjects were grouped as follows: (1) healthy: afebrile with benign murmur, (2) KD: IVIG treatment, 4–5 clinical criteria at presentation, (3) incomplete KD (iKD): IVIG, 1–3 clinical criteria, (4) Febrile: ≥3 days of fever, no IVIG, KD not suspected. The presence or absence of LT and PB was recorded. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficient, Fleiss’ Kappa and Cohen’s Kappa coefficients. We interpreted 117 echocardiograms from healthy (27), KD (30), iKD (32), and febrile (28) subjects. Analysis showed moderate agreement in CA z score measurements. LT and PB were observed by most readers in control groups. LT exhibited fair inter-reader agreement (reliability coefficient 0.36) and PB slight inter-reader agreement (reliability coefficient 0.13). Intra-rater reliability was inconsistent for both parameters. LT and PB are subjective, poorly reproducible features that can be seen in febrile patients without KD and in healthy children.
An Interactive Session to Help Faculty Manage Difficult Learner Behaviors in the Didactic Setting.

Introduction The transition to more active learning during residency didactics has made the skill of managing difficult learner behaviors essential: Just one learner exhibiting difficult behavior c...
Effect of Phenolic Matrix Microcracking on the Structural Response of a 3-D Woven Thermal Protection System

The effect of microcracking in the phenolic matrix of a three-dimensional woven thermal protection system (TPS) and the resulting material stiffness reduction was studied via a comparison of finite element analysis results from a linear analysis and an iterative linear analysis. A TPS is necessary to protect space vehicles from the aerodynamic heating of planetary entry. The Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) project has developed a TPS for use in high heat-flux and pressure missions. The material is a dual-layer continuous dry weave, which is then infiltrated with a low-density phenolic resin matrix to form a rigid ablator. The phenolic resin matrix does not have structural load transfer requirements, and testing has shown that the phenolic resin can fully satisfy thermal requirements when the matrix contains microcracks. Due to high stresses in the through-the-thickness direction of the material, phenolic microcracks may form in the matrix material, which would result in a reduction of stiffness. An exploratory study was conducted to determine if reduction in material stiffness would change the load paths and/or decrease the structural margins. A comparison was performed between a linear finite element analysis that did not take into account phenolic microcracking and an iterative linear finite element analysis that accounted for propagation of phenolic microcracking. Four subcases using varying assumptions were analyzed and the results indicate that the assumed strength at which the phenolic microcracking propagates was the critical parameter for determining the extent of microcracking in the phenolic matrix. Phenolic microcracking does not have an adverse effect on the structural response of the test article and is not a critical failure.
REAL-WORLD UTILIZATION AND DISCONTINUATION PATTERNS OF PCSK9 INHIBITOR USE AT A LARGE, COMMUNITY-BASED LIPID CLINIC

PCSK9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) use continues to rise; however, access is limited. Herein, we describe our experience at a cardiology-based community lipid clinic with a focus on payer origin and intolerance rates. Queries for the clinic population on PCSK9i use were performed using the “Slicer-Dicer
Feasibility of a Modified Strategy for 2-Rescuer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Abstract Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) requires effective chest compressions and ventilations to circulate and oxygenate blood. It has been established that a 2-handed mask seal is superior when providing bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilations. However a 1-handed technique remains the standard with which health care providers are trained to perform 2-rescuer CPR. Objectives We sought to determine if a modified 2-rescuer CPR technique that incorporates a 2-handed mask seal during ventilations can be accomplished without compromising chest compression quality during a simulated cardiac arrest. Methods Medical student volunteers were divided into an “intervention” arm, with 1 rescuer creating a 2-handed mask seal and the second rescuer performing chest compressions followed by that second rescuer squeezing the BVM bag to deliver ventilations during compression pauses, and a “control” arm, in which standard 2-rescuer CPR was performed. Both arms received a brief CPR refresher following a standard script. The 2 rescuer teams then performed 2 rounds of CPR on a manikin while being video recorded. Data were collected from real-time evaluation and post hoc video analysis. Results Forty-seven pairs of students enrolled in the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control arms for median (interquartile range [IQR]) compression fraction (72% [69.5–75.7%] vs. 73.2% [69.1–76.1%]; p = 1.0), median time to complete 2 rounds of CPR (207.8 s [198.5–222.9 s] vs. 214.7 s [201.3–219.5 s]; p = 0.625), median hands-off time (49.8 s [46.2–63.0 s] vs. 55.4 s [50.4–65.2 s]; p = 0.278), or median time for 30 compressions (15.2 s [14.3–15.9 s] vs. 15.4 s [14.6–16.3 s]; p = 0.452). Conclusion Two-rescuer CPR incorporating a 2-handed face mask seal can be performed effectively without impacting chest compression quality during simulated cardiac arrest.
Concurrent Use of Calcium Chloride and Arginine Vasopressin Infusions in Pediatric Patients with Acute Cardiocirculatory Failure.

Acute heart failure (AHF) can cause low cardiac output and poor end-organ perfusion. Inotropic agents along with vasodilators can improve organ perfusion. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and calcium chloride (CaCl) infusions are increasingly being used in low cardiac output states in pediatric AHF. We retrospectively reviewed 77 patients (0–18 years) with AHF admitted between January 2014 and May 2017 who received concurrent AVP and CaCl infusions. Surrogates of cardiac output and organ perfusion included hemodynamic vital signs, laboratory parameters, and urine output (UO). Organ dysfunction and vasopressor inotropic scores were also calculated. Median (IQR) age was 0.88 years (0, 3.75), and median weight was 6.62 kg (3.5, 13.7). Congenital heart disease was present in 70% (46/77) patients. Univentricular physiology was present in 25% (25/77) patients. None of the patients were in the immediate postoperative period. Median durations of AVP and CaCl were 2 days (1, 3) and 3 days (2, 6), respectively. Using Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Bonferroni correction, post hoc comparison showed that at 8 h post infusion, all systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) results, and UO were greater than those 1 h prior to infusion. Median SBP increased from 79 mm Hg (71, 92) 1 h prior to 97 mm Hg (84, 107) 8 h post. Median DBP increased from 44 mm Hg (35, 52) 1 h prior to 54 mm Hg (44, 62) 8 h post. Heart rate showed a decrease between measurements 1 h prior to infusion and 8 h post, with median scores 146 (127, 162) and 136 (114, 150) beats per minute, respectively. Within first 8 h, median UO continuously increased from 6 mL/h. (0, 25) at 1 h post infusion to 20 mL/h. (2, 62) at 8 h post infusion. Median pediatric logarithmic organ dysfunction scores on days 4 through 7 post infusion were lower compared to day 1; median vasopressor inotropic scores on day 2 through 7 post infusion were lower compared to day 1. Serum lactate level, arterial pH, and base excess all showed favorable trend. Concurrent use of AVP and CaCl infusions may improve surrogates of cardiac output, and intensive care outcomes, and prevent organ dysfunction in children with AHF.
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against p30 protein of African swine fever virus

Abstract Among the structural proteins that compose the virion of African swine fever virus (ASFV), p30 is one of the most immunogenic proteins and is produced during early stage of ASFV infection. These two characteristics make p30 a good target for diagnostic assays to detect ASFV infection. In this study, we describe a panel of newly generated p30-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The reactivity of these mAbs was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis in Vero cells infected with alphavirus replicon particles that express p30 (RP-p30). Furthermore, this panel of mAbs recognized ASFV strains BA71 V (Genotype I) and Georgia/2007 (Genotype II) in immunofluorescence assays on virus-infected Vero cells and swine macrophages, respectively. These mAbs also detected p30 expression by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from ASFV-infected pigs. Epitope mapping revealed that a selected mAb from the panel recognized a linear epitope within the 32-amino acid region, 61–93. In contrast, two of the mAbs recognize the C-terminal region of the protein, which is highly hydrophilic, enriched in glutamic acid residues, and predicted to contain an intrinsically disordered protein region (IDPR). This panel of mAbs and mAb-based diagnostic assays potentially represent valuable tools for ASFV detection, surveillance and disease control.
Assembly and regulation of the yeast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase.

The yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is an excellent model for V-ATPases in all eukaryotic cells. Activity of the yeast V-ATPase is reversibly down-regulated by disassembly of the peripheral (V1) sector, which contains the ATP-binding sites, from the membrane (V0) sector, which contains the proton pore. A similar regulatory mechanism has been found in Manduca sexta and is believed to operate in other eukaryotes. We are interested in the mechanism of reversible disassembly and its implications for V-ATPase structure. In this review, we focus on (1) characterization of the yeast V-ATPase stalk subunits, which form the interface between V1 and V0, (2) potential mechanisms of silencing ATP hydrolytic activity in disassembled V1 sectors, and (3) the structure and function of RAVE, a recently discovered complex that regulates V-ATPase assembly.
Outcomes with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia after Cardiac Surgery

Background Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated reaction to heparin that provokes a prothrombotic state and causes a decline in platelet count. Data describing outcomes of HIT after cardiac surgery are limited. This study sought to determine the impact of HIT on short-term outcomes after cardiac surgery. Methods This was an observational study of cardiac surgeries from 2010 to 2018. Patients with HIT were matched against patients without HIT using 2:1 nearest-neighbor propensity matching. Matching was performed to assess the impact of HIT on operative mortality (The Society of Thoracic Surgeons definition) and thromboembolic events (including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and/or acute limb ischemia), which were the primary outcomes of interest. Results Of 11,820 patients undergoing a Society of Thoracic Surgeons indexed cardiac surgery, 131 (1.1%) developed HIT after their index operation. After matching operative mortality was 21.8% in HIT patients compared with 5.3% in non-HIT patients. Thromboembolic events occurred in 29.1% of HIT patients compared with 2.9% in non-HIT patients. On subanalysis operative mortality was significantly higher for the HIT group without thromboembolic events (16.7%) and the HIT group with thromboembolic events (34.4%) compared with the non-HIT group (5.3%). However operative mortality was not significantly higher in the HIT group with thromboembolic events compared with the HIT group without thromboembolic events, after Bonferroni correction. Conclusions Although uncommon, HIT is a highly morbid and potentially lethal complication, which should reinforce the importance of timely recognition and treatment of this adverse outcome.
The Matroid Cup Game

Abstract In this paper we introduce the Matroid Cup Game. This cup game generalizes the One- and p-Cup Games. We show that a natural greedy strategy maintains max fill O ( log ⁡ n ) in the Matroid Cup Game with mild resource augmentation. Further, we introduce a new objective for cup game: the total water, which is the amount of water across all cups. We develop a novel Emptier strategy that maintain O ( r n ) total water without resource augmentation. We also reveal a novel relationship between max fill and total water, which leads to an intuitive analysis of the max fill bounds in the One- and p-Cup Games.
Selfgravity and QSO disks

It is well known that the outer parts of QSO accretion disks are prone to selfgravity if heated solely by orbital dissipation. Such disks might be expected to form stars rather than accrete onto the black hole. The arguments leading to this conclusion are reviewed. Conversion of a part of the gas into high-mass stars or stellar-mass black holes, and the release of energy in these objects by fusion or accretion, may help to stabilize the remaining gas. If the disk extends beyond a parsec, however, more energy is probably required for stability than is available by turning half the gas into high-mass stars. Small black holes are perhaps marginally viable energy sources, with important implications (not pursued here) for the QSO spectral energy distribution, the metallicity of the gas, microlensing of QSO disks, and perhaps gravitational-wave searches. Other possible palliatives for selfgravity include accretion driven by nonviscous torques that allow near-sonic accretion speeds and hence lower surface densities for a given mass accretion rate. All such modes of accretion face major theoretical difficulties, and in any case merely postpone selfgravity. Alternatively, thin disks may not exist beyond a thousand Schwarzshild radii or so (0.01 parsec), in which case QSOs must be fueled by gas with small specific angular momentum.
Arrival Time Monitor for Sub-10 fs Soft X-ray and 800 nm Optical Pulses

We develop an Arrival Time Monitor (ATM) achieving high sensitivity for soft X-ray pulses in low-fluence conditions. The ATM cross-correlates ultrashort X-ray with 800nm laser pulses using a new multi-layer target designed and grown in-house to achieve optimal sensitivity.
Novel Microcomposite Scintillator Films for Thermal-Neutron Detection

Neutron scintillator films composed of a Eu2+-doped CaF2-AlF3−6LiF (Eu:CALF) polycrystalline ceramic powder and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer matrix have been fabricated for neutron position-sensitive detectors (n-PSDs). Scintillation light yield and neutron detection efficiency have been measured as a function of film thickness (L) in the range of L=0.08-1.0 mm. The light yields of the films are 17,000-19,000 photons per thermal neutron. Based on a photon diffusion model in disordered media, the mean-free path of scintillation photons is 1.25±0.35 mm. Light emission cone size, the Full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of spatial distribution of emitted light, is expected to increase with the film thickness. There is a large difference in the longest lifetime component (~800 ns) between neutron and gamma events at $L$ ≦0.39 mm, but this difference diminishes for films thicker than 0.39 mm, making neutron-gamma-discrimination (NGD) harder for these thicker films. The NGD ratio, or neutron-gamma-efficiency ratio, has been estimated using primitive digital-signal processing and machine-learning algorithms for a 1.0-mm-thick film. It reaches (2–3) x 105 using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and 2-feature based pulse-shape discrimination methods, but they give a low thermal-neutron detection efficiency (~10%). A conventional Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and a Graph-regularized NMF (GNMF) algorithms generate NGD ratios of 1 x 107 and 8 x108, and thermal-neutron detection efficiencies of 15 and 37%, respectively. Potential applications of our microcomposite scintillation films include neutron scattering for materials research, and neutron imaging and spectroscopy for nondestructive testing and security.
“Cash” as currency: Coins and tokens from Yreka Chinatown

Chinese one “cash” coins are widely found in western North American historical sites and are generally thought to have been used primarily as ornaments, gaming pieces, talismans, and gifts to children. The possibility that they were also used as money in the Chinese communities has been suggested by scholars analyzing coins found in various Chinatown sites in the western United States and Canada. The 141 Chinese, Annamese, Hong Kong, and United States coins and tokens recovered from the excavations at Yreka (California) Chinatown appear to validate the hypothesis that Chinese “cash” coins were indeed used as money items by overseas Chinese in the United States.
Open-source learning management systems: a predictive model for higher education

The present study investigated the role of pedagogical, technical, and institutional profile factors in an institution of higher education's decision to select an open-source learning management system (LMS). Drawing on the results of previous research that measured patterns of deployment of open-source software (OSS) in US higher education and the relative importance of specific selection criteria when considering an OSS LMS, a Web survey was conducted among 285 Chief Information Officers and Chief Academic Officers from a variety of US institutions to determine patterns of OSS LMS deployment, as well as the influence of specific selection criteria. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed Carnegie Classification, institutional governance, previous experience with OSS, focus on student learning, and the commitment to organizational self-reliance to be key influencers in the OSS LMS selection decision. The implications of these findings for future research and for institutional decision-making are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making sense of the market

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret post‐socialist consumer experiences in relation to clothing consumption practices when consumers shop, acquire, and wear clothing and other fashion‐related products.Design/methodology/approach – The in‐depth interview was the primary data collection tool. Data collection was conducted during summer 2004 in St Petersburg, Russia. College students formed the sample for the study. In total, 17 students (four males and 13 females) were interviewed. The hermeneutic approach was used to interpret the meanings of the participant lived experiences.Findings – In comparison to consumers in an established market‐based economy, consumers in this post‐socialist market have unique perceptions of clothing attributes (quality, brand name, country of origin, retail channel) critical for buying decisions. Overall, appearance and clothing play a special role in the emerging Russian market as they help construct and communicate new identities more than any other...
Analytical solutions of the potential vorticity invertibility principle

[1] We define the f-plane, y-independent, potential vorticity (PV) invertibility principle as a coupled pair of first-order partial differential equations relating the balanced wind and mass fields to the known PV. Analytical solutions of this invertibility principle are derived for cases in which an isolated PV anomaly is confined within a region of the vertical plane. The solutions aid in understanding the dynamics of low-latitude PV intrusions whose associated cloud patterns are often referred to as cloud surges, or moisture bursts, and whose flow patterns are often referred to as tropical upper tropospheric troughs. The existence of such tongues of high PV air intruding into the upper troposphere is documented using reanalysis data from the “Year” of Tropical Convection data set. The solutions illustrate the phenomenon of isentropic upglide below an upper tropospheric positive anomaly in PV. They also quantify how the partitioning of PV between absolute vorticity and static stability depends on the shape and strength of the PV anomaly. With slight modifications, the solutions apply to the problem of determining the balanced flow induced by a surface temperature anomaly, which is equivalent to a very thin layer of infinite PV at the surface. Through numerical solutions of the fully nonlinear invertibility principle we provide justification for the anelastic-type approximation used in the analytical theory.
THE CATALYTIC CYCLE OF THE VACUOLAR H+-ATPASE : COMPARISON OF PROTON TRANSPORT IN KIDNEY- AND OSTEOCLAST-DERIVED VESICLES

Abstract To characterize the catalytic cycle involved in the initial rate of proton transport by the vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPase), we have analyzed and compared the catalytic parameters of V-ATPase-dependent proton transport in vesicles from chicken kidney or purified osteoclasts. The relationship of acidification to ATP obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a single Km for ATP of 62 microM in the kidney and 191 microM in the osteoclast. The activity was dependent on the presence of Mg2+, with a single Km of 258 microM MgCl2 in the kidney and 504 microM MgCl2 in the osteoclast. In both preparations, ADP competed with ATP and inhibited the proton transport (Ki = 37 microM in kidney and 17 microM in osteoclast). Phosphate was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of ATP, with a calculated Ki of about 10.5 and 5.5 mM, respectively. In both preparations, the catalytic mechanism determining the V-ATPase-mediated proton transport, fits the model of a "uni-bi-ordered release" mechanism. According to this model, ATP is the single substrate, and P(i) and ADP are the two products where phosphate, being noncompetitive, is released first and ADP, being competitive, second. The findings of an elevated Km for ATP and Mg2+ and a decrease in the Ki of ADP and phosphate in the osteoclast relative to the kidney preparation suggests that the V-ATPases present in these two tissues may differ.
Ecologizing Our Cities: A Particular, Process-Function View of Southern California, from within Complexity

Cities, as the quintessential socio-technological artifacts of human civilization, are seen to set us apart from nature. But an ecosystem view from nested scale-hierarchical process-function ecology shows us that cities are best seen as the emergent and nodal end points of interactive flows of matter, energy and information. From within such a view, a clear need emerges to ecologize our cities by better integrating them back with nature. Arguing from such an ecosystem approach to depicting reality, this paper proposes that tracing the processes and functions which constitute the morphology of the city leads us to articulate an urban ecology that incorporates heat island mitigations, urban forestry, and ecological landscape management (taken both as the introduction of native vegetation and the insertion of increased proportions of pervious paving), all considered within the framework of an integrative ecosystem approach to land use planning. More importantly, such an approach to urban ecology is useful because, as a mode of intervention, it rests on—indeed, requires—an acknowledgement in ecological planning of the often amorphous and usually only indirectly sensible atmospheric, biogeochemical and hydrological processes and functions.
Predictive animal models of mania: hits, misses and future directions

Mania has long been recognized as aberrant behaviour indicative of mental illness. Manic states include a variety of complex and multifaceted symptoms that challenge clear clinical distinctions. Symptoms include over-activity, hypersexuality, irritability and reduced need for sleep, with cognitive deficits recently linked to functional outcome. Current treatments have arisen through serendipity or from other disorders. Hence, treatments are not efficacious for all patients, and there is an urgent need to develop targeted therapeutics. Part of the drug discovery process is the assessment of therapeutics in animal models. Here we review pharmacological, environmental and genetic manipulations developed to test the efficacy of therapeutics in animal models of mania. The merits of these models are discussed in terms of the manipulation used and the facet of mania measured. Moreover, the predictive validity of these models is discussed in the context of differentiating drugs that succeed or fail to meet criteria as approved mania treatments. The multifaceted symptomatology of mania has not been reflected in the majority of animal models, where locomotor activity remains the primary measure. This approach has resulted in numerous false positives for putative treatments. Recent work highlights the need to utilize multivariate strategies to enable comprehensive assessment of affective and cognitive dysfunction. Advances in therapeutic treatment may depend on novel models developed with an integrated approach that includes: (i) a comprehensive battery of tests for different aspects of mania, (ii) utilization of genetic information to establish aetiological validity and (iii) objective quantification of patient behaviour with translational cross-species paradigms. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue-4
Reconstitution of potato virus X in vitro: II. Characterization of the reconstituted product

Abstract Rapid reconstitution in vitro of infectious potato virus X (PVX) was achieved in mixtures of coat protein subunits and RNA prepared by freezing and thawing purified virus in 2 M LiCl. No reconstitution was obtained with protein subunits prepared with CaCl 2 , pyridine, or sodium dodecyl sulphate. The reconstitution reaction occurred at 20°C but not at 4°C, and at low (10 m M ) but not at moderate (100 m M ) salt concentrations; the optimal pH was between 6.0 and 6.2 The structure of reconstituted PVX was shown by optical diffraction analysis of electron micrograph images to be the same as that of native virus. Both reconstituted and native PVX had a basic helical pitch of 3.65 nm that repeated every eight turns along the particle axis, interparticle spacings of 12.6 nm, and no evidence of an axial hole. Reconstitution of PVX in vitro was accompanied by reappearance of the antigenic specificity of intact virus particles. Reconstituted virus particles were heterogeneous in size, and the ribonuclease resistant infectivity was generally less than 10% that of native virus. This may result from trace amounts of ribonuclease contamination in the protein subunit preparations hydrolyzing the RNA before reconstitution of full-length particles occurred.
Generating SIMD vectorized permutations

This paper introduces a method to generate efficient vectorized implementations of small stride permutations using only vector load and vector shuffle instructions. These permutations are crucial for highperformance numerical kernels including the fast Fourier transform. Our generator takes as input only the specification of the target platform's SIMD vector ISA and the desired permutation. The basic idea underlying our generator is to model vector instructions as matrices and sequences of vector instructions as matrix formulas using the Kronecker product formalism. We design a rewriting system and a search mechanism that applies matrix identities to generate those matrix formulas that have vector structure and minimize a cost measure that we define. The formula is then translated into the actual vector program for the specified permutation. For three important classes of permutations, we show that our method yields a solution with the minimal number of vector shuffles. Inserting into a fast Fourier transform yields a significant speedup.
Segmentation of occluded sidewalks in satellite images

Accurate segmentation of sidewalks from satellite images can be required in various applications, for example giving walking directions to pedestrians and robot navigation. We propose a framework to construct sidewalk and crosswalk maps from satellite images. This is a challenging task, since typically sidewalks in satellite images are highly occluded by trees and their shadows and also there can be several objects on maps that have similar appearance with sidewalks. In our framework, we initially segment visible sidewalks by their appearance and then complete the tree-occluded areas by posing the problem as an image-inpainting task with multiple priors, which fuses the knowledge about roads, occluders and sidewalk structures. We present successful sidewalk segmentation results from satellite images, where sidewalks are highly occluded by trees.
Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescent Probes, Vol. 2, Edited by Jan Slavík 1998. Plenum Press, New York and London. 292 pages. (hardback, $95.00)

In June of 1995, the first conference on Fluorescent Microscopy and Fluorescent Probes was held in the beautiful city of Prague in the Czech Republic and the proceedings of that meeting were published by Plenum Press in 1996 (Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescent Probes, Vol. 1, edited by Jan Slavik). Based on the success of the first conference, a second conference was held two years later again in Prague, and this book is the proceedings of that meeting.
Costing Adaptation: Revealing Tensions in the Normative Basis of Adaptation Policy in Adaptation Cost Estimates

Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is a rapidly emerging, new area of knowledge and policy that is coevolving with political negotiations in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (...
Effects of exercise during the holiday season on changes in body weight, body composition and blood pressure

Effects of exercise during the holiday season on changes in body weight, body composition and blood pressure
The Patient Health Questionnaire 8: Current Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. Older Adults, 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Objectives To examine the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of current depressive symptoms among adults aged 65 years and older. Design and Setting Participants were obtained from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based list-assisted random-digit-dialed telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. Participants A total of 45,534 participants aged 65 years and older were interviewed. Measurements Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire 8. Those with a Patient Health Questionnaire 8 score ≥10 were considered to have current depressive symptoms. Results Our findings indicated that 95.1% of people ≥65 years old did not report current depressive symptoms and 4.9% reported current depressive symptoms. Younger adults (65–74 years), those with a high school education or less, those with an income of less than $50,000, those with good to fair self-rated health, and those with a disability were more likely to have current depressive symptoms. When stratified by age (65–74, ≥75), there was no difference in the prevalence of current depressive symptoms between the age groups. However, when the authors stratified by age group both adults 65–74 years olds and those ≥75 years old, only people with worse self-rated health and those who reported a disability were more likely to have indicated current depressive symptoms. Conclusion The continued collection of data on current depressive symptoms from a population-based sample of older adults can be used by policymakers and public health officials to identify local health needs and burdens that can assist in planning, directing, implementing, and monitoring the effectiveness of strategies.
Inpatient behavioral assessment with a problem-oriented psychiatric logbook

Abstract Program evaluation and quality control concerns in psychiatry have promptedexamination of record systems. Traditional records have been criticized for ambiguity, unreliability, and lack of organization, consequently increasing interest in the more systematic problem-oriented record (POR). However, there are few data-based evaluations demonstrating the superiority of a problem-oriented approach to psychiatric records. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of a psychiatric POR logbook contrasted with traditional recording procedures and routines on eight inpatient wards. Significantly more relevant problem behaviors were recorded with the POR format. These findings are related to implications for patient management and program evaluation.
Electronic Structure of Mercury

A theoretical study of the electronic structure of crystalline mercury has been made. The energy bands were calculated using the relativistic augmented-plane-wave method. They were found to be free-electron-like with splittings due to the crystal potential and the spin-orbit interaction. The Fermi surface is quite similar to the model proposed by Brandt and Rayne and is in agreement with de Haas-van Alphen, magneto-resistance, and cyclotron-resonance data. The filled $d$ band was found to be higher in energy than might at first be expected. This is explained as an indirect relativistic effect due to the fact that a relativistically self-consistent atomic potential was used in the construction of the muffin-tin potential for the crystal. Experimental evidence which supports the location of the $d$ bands relative to the conduction band can be found in the optical reflectivity measurements made on the liquid state.
The effects of vacuum polarization on thermonuclear reaction rates

Added to the pure Coulomb potential, the contribution from vacuum polarization increases the barrier, reducing the wave function (u) for reacting nuclei within the range of nuclear forces. The cross section and reaction rate are then reduced accordingly by a factor proportional to u squared. The effect is treated by evaluating the vacuum polarization potential as a small correction to the Coulomb term, then computing u in a WKB formulation. The calculation is done analytically employing the small r power-series expansion for the Uehling potential to express the final result in terms of convenient parameters. At a temperature of 1.4 x 10 to the 7th K the (negative) correction is 1.3 percent for the fundamental fusion process p + p yields d + e(+) + nu.