cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mask Bans As Expressions of Memory Politics in the United States

Mask laws have a lengthy history in the United States, one primarily, but not exclusively tied up with the Ku Klux Klan. They also are an instance of memory politics. In particular, mask bans complicate Nikolay Koposov’s distinction between narrow, self-centered memory politics (society casting itself as a victim), and broad, universalistic memory politics (society recognizing its past crimes). Sometimes, as in the Reconstruction Era, mask bans sent inculpatory or universal messages, albeit weak ones. By the 1920s, the mask bans protected Southern elites and by the 1950s, they partially exculpated the regime of segregation by focusing attention on the Klan as uncouth, cowardly, and unworthy defenders of a “progressive” South still deeply invested in segregation and White supremacy. As such, mask bans show that memory laws are sometimes used as tools of moral distancing, something also on display in recent attempts to anoint Antifa as the new Klan by “unmasking” it.
Corporate Governance: The Jack Wright Series (1) Jack Wright, Director (Spanish)

This is a Spanish translation of the May 10, 2011, version of UVA-OM-1083. This is the first case study of 12 in the Jack Wright series of cases on corporate governance. This first case describes the process by which Wright came to be asked to join the board of Mega Corporation. The case requires students to consider the pros and cons of board membership and decide whether they would recommend Wright join the board. Excerpt UVA-OM-1621 Rev. May 10, 2011 Gobierno CorporativoCaso N.° 1 de la Serie Jack WrightJack Wright, Director Introduccion Jack Wright, 55, CEO de Dryden Corporation, empresa ubicada en la region Centro-Oeste de los Estados Unidos, habia conducido a la compania a altos niveles de crecimiento y rentabilidad durante los diez anos anteriores. Lidero un grupo que habia adquirido la participacion mayoritaria de Dryden, cuando la empresa se tambaleaba debido a errores de gerenciamiento, la obsolescencia de sus productos y la competencia extranjera. Dryden tenia una facturacion anual de USD 250 millones, cuando el grupo de Wright la compro. Wright y su equipo gerencial habian revitalizado la compania, que ahora presentaba un balance solido y habia crecido rapidamente a traves de una docena de adquisiciones hasta alcanzar una facturacion anual de mas de USD 2.000 millones. El exito logrado le habia traido riqueza y reconocimiento a Jack, ademas de impulsarlo a ocupar posiciones de liderazgo en su comunidad y en la industria en la que Dryden competia. Si bien Wright estaba orgulloso de sus logros, se sintio complacido cuando John Rock, 63, CEO de Mega Corporation (una compania muy conocida y mas grande que la suya) le ofrecio, en febrero de 2002, formar parte del directorio de Mega Corporation. Su amigo le explico que, si se mostraba interesado en convertirse en director de esa compania, pronto recibiria una invitacion formal de parte del Presidente del Directorio de Mega, Sam Bigger. Mega debia recibir su respuesta antes de fines de febrero, a fin de incluir el nombre de Jack para la nominacion en el acta informativa. Wright conocia bastante bien a Rock, porque habian integrado juntos el directorio de su universidad; le simpatizaba y lo respetaba por ser un pensador solido. John creia que Jack tenia la personalidad y la experiencia necesarias para contribuir a la situacion de Mega. Le transmitio su parecer a Jack cuando lo invito a integrar el directorio en un intento por convencerlo de aceptar. La conversacion llevo a Wright a recordar que habia asistido a varios eventos sociales –algunas cenas y una partida de golf- en los que habia conocido a varios miembros del Directorio de Mega Corporation. Esos encuentros sociales se habian organizado de manera tan natural que Wright no se habia dado cuenta de que los directores lo consideraban como candidato para el directorio. Entre los directores que habia conocido, se encontraban dos CEO de companias grandes, un conocido abogado litigante y un academico y autor de renombre nacional, ademas de su amigo, John. . . .
Are Return Policies Viewed the Same Way? U.S. and Chinese Consumer Perceptions of Return Policy and Perceived Risk

This study examines how subjective norm and perceived risk influence consumer perceptions of return policies in China and the U.S. Online surveys collected data in two major universities in the U.S. and China. An interesting finding is U.S. consumers who perceived a high level of support from friends and family(subjective norm) for the 15-day return policy also considered the return policy to be of lower risk. In addition, U.S. consumers had a significant but weakest relationship between subjective norm and attitude for the policy that required consumers to pay for return shipping. This study offers evidence that consumers in two top consumer markets (China and the U.S).may differ in their perceptions of return policies based on common retailer practices. This study furthers understanding of cross cultural differences in consumer perceptions of return policies of apparel retailers.<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face{font-family:Calibri;panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}@font-face{font-family:"Malgun Gothic";panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 4;mso-font-alt:"맑은 고딕";mso-font-charset:129;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-1879048145 701988091 18 0 524289 0;}@font-face{font-family:"\@Malgun Gothic";mso-font-charset:129;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-1879048145 701988091 18 0 524289 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin:0in;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Malgun Gothic";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Malgun Gothic";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}size:8.5in 11.0in;margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;mso-header-margin:.5in;mso-footer-margin:.5in;mso-paper-source:0;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}
Electrohydrodynamic drying: Effects on food quality

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying is a novel nonthermal technique using cold plasma in high electric field for dewatering of heat-sensitive foods. It is highly acclaimed for energy efficiency, envir...
The emotional complexities of the COVID-19 pandemic and organizational life

Applied to COVID-19, individuals could recognize that negative emotions (e.g., frustration) indicate that their current state (e.g., working from home with kids) is discrepant from their ideal state (e.g., being able to hold a call or Zoom meeting without interruption), signaling that added effort is needed to resolve this issue. Fredrickson (2003) also offers sentiments in her broaden-and-build theory, suggesting that positive emotions can help employees foster the resilience they need to make progress during a crisis (Fredrickson etal., 2003). [...]people may feel calm and happy that they are able to work from home and maintain employment, spurring productivity. [...]healthcare workers who face challenging job demands and conditions (e.g., lack of personal protective equipment or working in hospitals where crisis care has been evoked) are likely to feel heightened fear as they expose themselves to the people with the virus, yetalso feel gratitude for their coworkers who are with them and community members who are celebrating them. [...]capturing how emotions are jointly experienced is a crucial means to understanding how working during COVID-19 affects employee health, motivation, and performance.
Insights Regarding the Professional Development of Teachers of Young Learners of Mathematical Modeling

This section has addressed the preparation of others to teach mathematical modeling to young learners. Each of the four chapters examines how adults, either pre-service teachers or parents, learn to teach mathematical modeling to young children. There does not yet exist a robust tradition of elementary grade students engaged in the process of mathematical modeling in the USA, where the studies in these chapters are situated. Then how do elementary teachers learn to teach modeling? The chapter authors describe their research about and experiences in teaching modeling to those who are new to formal modeling. These chapters anticipate and examine answers to the questions: What challenges and opportunities can teacher educators face as they engage teachers or parents in learning about mathematical modeling? How can teacher educators support teaching practices that give teachers and parents the best chance at engaging young in mathematical modeling?
Understanding High Inductance Power Flow for Pulse Shaped Targets on the Z Machine

Dynamic materials characterization experiments utilizing pulsed power drivers are key to our understanding of astrophysical phenomenon, high pressure materials science, and high energy density physics. Many of the experimental platforms utilized possess higher dynamic inductances than most present and future pulsed power generators are likely to be designed to accommodate. Developing a quantitative understanding of loss mechanisms for these high dynamic inductance targets is key to high pressure materials characterization experiments on present and future pulsed power drivers. Here we will discuss geometries on the Z Machine with dynamic inductances that start at 3+ nH and grow to 9+ nH over 500-1200 ns, mated to a double post-hole convolute via a single transmission line possessing static inductances between 4 and 9 nH. Experimental data will be presented from streaked visible spectroscopy, x-ray diodes, photon Doppler velocimetry, and Faraday cups placed at various locations inside the anode-cathode gap prior to the target for the purpose of characterizing the vacuum transmission line plasma conditions. Experimental data has informed computational methods including analytical loss models and first principles particle-in-cell simulations, which have proven capable of accurately predicting current loss for a variety of target inductance histories and driving current pulse shapes. This work has significantly improved our understanding of the robustness of pulsed power to high inductance geometries and has advanced our understanding of plasma physics in vacuum power flow.
Morphometric and stable isotopic differentiation of Orbulina universa morphotypes from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

Abstract Biometric characteristics of Orbulina universa (d'Orbigny) were used to differentiate two morphotypes present in sediment trap samples collected from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Specifically, wall thickness and weight–area relationships were used to separate shells into thin (Mthin) and thick (Mthick) morphotypes. Mthick (mean thickness = 19–41 μm) comprises 75% of the total O. universa in these samples and has morphometric characteristics similar to that of the previously described Type I Caribbean genotype, whereas Mthin (mean thickness = 6–22 μm) is comparable to the Type III Mediterranean genotype. The flux of Mthick increases during periods of upwelling, whereas Mthin flux shows no systematic relationship with changing hydrographic regimes in the basin. The δ18O and δ13C of Mthick are on average 0.34‰ higher and 0.38‰ lower, respectively, than those of Mthin, suggesting that they calcify their final spherical chamber at different depths in the water column and/or differ in their vital effects on shell geochemistry. Additionally, the absolute offset in the stable isotopic compositions of the two morphotypes varies as a function of surface ocean stratification. During periods of upwelling, the δ18O and δ13C absolute offsets between Mthin and Mthick are on average − 0.15 and 0.25‰, whereas average δ18O and δ13C absolute offsets between these two morphotypes increase to − 0.54 and 0.41‰ during non-upwelling periods. We attribute the higher δ18O and δ13C offsets during non-upwelling periods to a difference in final chamber calcification depth and the combined effects of temperature (δ18O), δ13CDIC (δ13C), irradiance (δ13C) and [CO32 −] (δ18O and δ13C). These data provide field evidence that thin and thick morphotypes of O. universa likely experience different environmental conditions during the formation of their final chamber and, therefore, should not be combined in geochemical analyses for reconstructing past surface ocean conditions. Finally, we introduce a new proxy for reconstructing past surface ocean stratification changes via the use of Mthin and Mthick δ18O and δ13C offsets.
The Fear of Taking off the Mask

The fear of taking off the mask Paralyzes the burned boy, fitted in tights With openings for eyes, ears, mouth And charred fingertips. After taunting him His classmates try to coax him: Go on. It's OK. We won't laugh. And if he peels it off, No, they don't laugh, they are terrified. Another child, unmarked, could feel Just as afraid of being seen, Of opening to a crowd, his face As changeable as mercury. It burns and shames him
Effect of flag design on thermal performance of PBGA packages

In order to meet performance requirements, the package design of the 272 27/spl times/27 mm PBGA package must incorporate the best possible thermal path from the die to the printed circuit board to which the package is attached. Unfortunately, the reliability requirements for passing moisture resistance are more easily passed with a minimum amount of copper under the die. This paper reports finite element thermal simulations predicting the effect of the design options on thermal performance. Switching from a solid flag with a solid spreader pad on the bottom of the substrate to a minimal copper design would cause about 3 to 6/spl deg/C/watt increase in junction temperature.
Searching large indexes on tiny devices: optimizing binary search with character pinning

The small physical size of mobile devices imposes dramatic restrictions on the user interface (UI). With the ever increasing capacity of these devices as well as access to large online stores it becomes increasingly important to help the user select a particular item efficiently. Thus, we propose binary search with character pinning, where users can constrain their search to match selected prefix characters while making simple binary decisions about the position of their intended item in the lexicographic order. The underlying index for our method is based on a ternary search tree that is optimal under certain user-oriented constraints. To better scale to larger indexes, we analyze several heuristics that rapidly construct good trees. A user study demonstrates that our method helps users conduct rapid searches, using less keystrokes, compared to other methods.
CHARACTERIZATION OF RAT LIVER SUBCELLULAR MEMBRANES: Demonstration of Membrane-Specific Autoantigens

The induction of acute hepatocellular necrosis in rats resulted in the production of complement fixing, IgM autoantibodies directed toward inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, microsomal membrane, lysosomal membrane, nuclear membrane, cytosol, but not to plasma membrane. Utilizing selective absorption procedures it was demonstrated that each subcellular membrane fraction possessed unique autoantigenic activity with little or no cross-reactivity between the various membrane fractions. It is proposed that the development of membrane-specific autoantibodies may provide an immunological marker useful in the differential characterization of various subcellular membranes.
Performance Tuning of Adaptive Wormhole Routing through Selection Function Choice

Many adaptive routing algorithms have been proposed for wormhole-routed interconnection networks. Comparatively little work, however, has been done on determining how the selection function (routing policy) affects the performance of an adaptive routing algorithm. In this paper, we present a detailed simulation study of various selection functions for fully adaptive wormhole routing on two-dimensional meshes. The simulation results show that the choice of selection function has a significant effect on the average message latency. In addition, it is possible to find a single selection function that exhibits excellent performance across a wide range of traffic patterns, network sizes, and number of virtual channels. Thus, a well-chosen selection function for an adaptive routing algorithm can lead to consistently better performance than an arbitrary selection function. One of the selection functions considered is a theoretically optimal selection function (IEEE Trans. Comput.38(10) (October 1989), 1362?1371). We show that although theoretically optimal, the actual performance of the optimal selection function is not always best. An explanation and interpretation of the results is provided.
Detection of carbon-14 eluting from a capillary gas chromatograph using chemical reaction interface-mass spectrometry.

We have applied a chemical reaction interface—mass spectrometric (CRIMS) technique to the detection of 14C-labeled phenytoin and its metabolites in urine following separation by capillary gas chromatography. The presence of 14C was followed by monitoring 14CH4 which is produced by the chemical reaction interface from carbon when hydrogen is used as the reactant gas. Chromatograms showing 14C are obtained by measuring 14CH4 at m/z 18.034 with a resolution of 1800. The chemical reaction interface permits symmetrical, narrow chromatographic peaks to be obtained. Detection limits of 6.3 Bq/ml (1.26 Bq on-column which is equivalent to detection of 187 pg) of a diethylated 14C-labeled metabolite was detected at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The analysis was determined to be linear and similar detection limits were obtained following analysis of phenytoin-spiked urine or a phenytoin solution. Radiocarbon detection is not completely selective because nitrogen-containing compounds present at greater than 250 ng on-column are detected as NH+4. However, such interferences are infrequently of analytical importance because the capacity limits of CRIMS are 500–1000 ng. Furthermore, these interferences are readily discovered in a NH3 chromatogram which is the precursor of NH+4. After a 3.3-MBq dose, the major metabolites of phenytoin were detected by CRIMS.
Thymolysis induced by EN3638 and other drugs and its relation to immunosuppression

Abstract The effect on the thymus of EN3638, an oxime derivative of salicylic acid, was investigated because the drug has immunosuppressive properties. It caused a moderate reduction in thymic weight of normal adult and weanling rats and it retarded the regeneration of the thymus that follows acute corticosteroid-induced involution. These effects of EN3638 were not mediated by the adrenal nor due to the salicylate part of the molecule. At high dose levels, the drug also reduced slightly the weight of spleen and lymph nodes and the rate of body growth. Thymolytic doses of EN3638 were also immunosuppressive for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). At doses that caused equivalent degrees of thymolysis, EN3638 was somewhat more potent for suppression of EAE than cyclophophosphamide or hydrocortisone.
Chronic effects of 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl on reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration ofDaphnia pulicaria

Previous studies have shown toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on aquatic life only in the Μg/L range, well above normal ambient concentrations.Daphnia pulicaria was isolated from Lake Erie and exposed to 50 ng/L to 10 Μg/L of 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) in lifetable and physiological studies. Reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration were measured for periods up to the entire lifespan of the animal with and without the use of an organic surfactant. One experiment was conducted for three generations of the daphnid continuously exposed to DCB.
Complexes of the tripod ligand, tris(diphenylphosphino)methane

Abstract Tris(diphenylphosphino)methane (TPM) is shown to exhibit a variety of coordination modes. In [Fe(CO) 4 (TPM)], [Mo(CO) 5 (TPM)] it is monodentate while in [Fe(CO) 3 (TPM)] and cis -[Mo(CO) 4 (TPM)], two of the three phosphorus atoms chelate to the metal. The uncoordinated arms of TPM in the mono- and bidentate complexes can coordinate other metals to give the homo- and heterobimetallic complexes [(OC) 4 Fe(μ-TPM)Fe(CO) 3 ], ((OC) 4 Fe(μ-TPM)Mo(CO) 4 and trans -[RhCl(CO)( cis -Mo(CO) 4 (TPM)) 2 ]. In the last, an unusual virtually-coupled 31 P NMR spectrum is seen. With [RCCo 3 (CO) 9 ] (R = H, Cl) under mild conditions is formed [RCCo 3 (CO) 7 (TPM)] in which the ligand functions in a bidentate, bridging fashion while under more strenuous conditions the ligand-capped clusters [RCCo 3 (CO) 6 (TPM)] form.
Consumer Response to Versioning: How Brands' Production Methods Affect Perceptions of Unfairness

Marketers often extend product lines by offering limited-capability models that are created by removing or degrading features in existing models. This production method, called versioning, has been lauded because of its ability to increase both consumer and firm welfare. According to rational utility models, consumers weigh benefits relative to their costs in evaluating a product. So the production method should not be relevant. Anecdotal evidence suggests otherwise. Six studies show how the production method of versioning may be perceived as unfair and unethical and lead to decreased purchase intentions for the brand. Building on prior work in fairness, the studies show that this effect is driven by violations of norms and the perceived similarity between the inferior, degraded version of a product and the full-featured model offered by the brand.
Optimization of laser-to-fiber coupling to maximize manufacturing yield

The coupling efficiency of an optical transceiver module is calculated over a wide range of tolerances for the key design parameters. The yield of the manufacturing process depends upon the minimum acceptable coupling efficiency for the module. The sensitivity of yield in the presence of various tolerances is illustrated. Tradeoffs between two key lensed-fiber parameters are developed in order to maximize the yield.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cost of capital to the hospital sector.

This paper provides estimates of the cost of equity and debt capital to for-profit and non-profit hospitals in the U.S. for the years 1972-83. The cost of equity is estimated using, alternatively, the Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory. We find that the cost of equity capital, using either model, substantially exceeded anticipated inflation. The cost of debt capital was much lower. Accounting for the corporate tax shield on debt and capital paybacks by cost-based insurers lowered the net cost of capital to hospitals.
Risk assessment and laser safety

Abstract The basic tenets of risk assessment have always been applied in laser safety during the development of safety standards. For example, statistical methods were used in the probit analysis of the threshold of ocular injury; concepts of risk analysis were employed in the development of hazard classes, where the increased risk of exposure and potential for injury from increasing laser output power led to assignment of an increasing hazard class. In recent years, however, there has been a number of attempts to apply statistical probability analysis in the risk assessment of actual use conditions. However, once the hazard classification has been assigned, how should one further apply the techniques of risk assessment in the determination of hazard control measures, or does this lead to a potential controversy of what is the risk? Risk analysis is the evaluation of potentially hazardous exposure conditions coupled with a realistic assessment of actual human exposure. The maximum permissible exposure values for laser radiation coupled with the laser hazards classification scheme, already permit realistic health hazard evaluations. However, in determining effective hazard control measures, one must perform a risk analysis. A risk analysis must consider aspects of human behaviour and how behaviour affects exposure. This is frequently the area of greatest controversy in the derivation of safety standards; however, it is this aspect where standards are most needed.
Can the Polish book trade survive democracy

Abstract The Polish book industry, which has a great and rich tradition, is evolving to a free-market system. This paper attempts to explain the complexity of the current situation and the implications of Poland's transition to democracy. The privatization of the country's book industry is discussed.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Rev−RRE Interaction by Diphenylfuran Derivatives†

The interactions between RNA structures, such as RRE in the HIV-1 genome, and proteins, such as Rev of HIV-1, are essential for efficient viral replication. Compounds that bind specifically to such RNAs and disrupt their protein complexes offer a novel mechanism for inhibition of replication of the virus. As a step in this approach, we have designed and characterized a series of synthetic diphenylfuran cations that selectively inhibit Rev binding to RRE. Fluorescence titrations and gel band-shift results indicate that the diphenylfurans bind to RRE and inhibit Rev complex formation in a structure-dependent manner. The derivative with the greatest affinity for RRE has an association constant of greater than 107 M-1 and inhibits formation of the Rev−RRE complex at concentrations below 1 μM. It binds to RRE considerably more strongly than it binds to simple RNA duplexes. Spectral changes and energy transfer results on complex formation suggest that the compound has a nonclassical intercalation binding mode. ...
Copper interconnection schemes: elimination of the need of diffusion barrier/adhesion promoter by the use of corrosion-resistant low-resistivity-doped copper

Copper is known to diffuse in dielectrics subjected to high electrical bias at temperatures as low as 100 degree(s)C. Also, it does not adhere to the interlayer dielectrics like SiO2 and polymers. In addition, copper corrodes readily in the corrosive environments. These properties of copper have inhibited the early acceptance of copper as the interconnection metal in the high performance integrated electronic circuit/devices. We have investigated the use of possible diffusion barrier (DB) and adhesion promoter (AP) materials in the conventional layered structures which lead to an increase in the total interconnection resistance negating the advantages of copper. Also, since the subquarter micron circuits necessitates the need of < 10 nm thick DBAP material, such layered structures are generally not stable under the interconnection processing, chip packaging, and/or actual use conditions. In this paper, we present results of our study of the electrically stable and corrosion resistant doped copper as the interconnection material. Al, Mg, and Ta, all of which have considerably higher free energy of formation for their oxides compared to that for Cu or Si oxides, have been added as the dopant in concentration range of 0.5 - 10 atomic percent in copper. Resistivity, adhesion to dielectric surfaces, effect of annealing to temperatures as high as 800 degree(s)C on such properties, corrosion resistance in air, and I-V/C-V characteristics of the metal/SiO2/Si capacitors have been investigated. It is found that addition of such dopants provides the necessary passivation. Doped films are very smooth even after anneals to temperatures as high as 800 degree(s)C. They did not lose adherence to SiO2 substrates after such anneals as demonstrated by the adhesive tape-peel tests. Preliminary indications are that doping has reduced the overall stress in the film. There is a small increase in the resistivity of copper, caused by the addition of these dopants. For example, for Cu with Mg (less than 2 atomic percent) the resistivity remains at or below 2 (mu) (Omega) cm. These results are compared with layered Al/Cu, Mg/Cu, Ti/Cu and TiN/Cu and show that doped films of copper satisfy all the reliability requirements at a small sacrifice of the resistivity in a manner similar to Al containing small amounts of copper.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
And Yet It Moves: The Observability of the Rotation of the Earth

A central point of controversy in the time of the Copernican Revolution was the motion, or not, of the earth. We now take it for granted that Copernicus and Galileo were right; the earth really does move. But to what extent is this conclusion based on observation? This paper explores the meaning and observability of the rotation of the earth and shows that the phenomenon was not observable at the time of Galileo, and it is not observable now.
The Synthesis of Aminoalcohols from Epoxides and Ammonia

Abstract In connection with another problem we had need for some simple aminoalcohols which were not commercially available. While textbooks make the reaction of ammonia and amines with epoxides appear inviting for the preparation of aminoalcohols, an examination of the literature yielded surprisingly few clearly written examples of the reactions of ammonia with epoxides and many of the good examples had undesirable features. For instance, one of the aminoalcohols desired was threo-3-amino-2-butanol. Lucas et al2. reported an improved synthesis of this compound in 76% yield by reacting the meso-epoxide with an excess of concentrated aqueous ammonia. The drawbacks to their synthesis were the long recommended reaction time (10 days) and the large volume of water to be removed by distillation (about 2 liters per mole of product obtained). While the yield is reasonably good, all other examples of the reaction that we have found report lower yields (18–70%). Malinovski3 has reviewed the general reaction and tr...
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone and Transforming Growth Factor β Activate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellularly Regulated Kinase and Differentially Regulate Fibronectin, Type I Collagen, and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Leiomyoma and Myometrial Smooth Muscle Cells

GnRH analog (GnRHa) and TGF-beta act directly on leiomyoma/myometrial smooth muscle cells (LSMCs and MSMCs) regulating diverse activities resulting in leiomyoma growth and regression. Because GnRH and TGF-beta receptor signaling is in part mediated through the MAPK pathway, we determined whether the contribution of MAPK/ERK and transcriptional activation of c-fos and c-jun, result in differential regulation of type I collagen, fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene expression, whose products are known to influence extracellular matrix turnover, which is critical in leiomyoma growth and GnRHa-induced regression. We found that GnRHa and TGF-beta in a dose- and time-dependent manner increased the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) in LSMCs and MSMCs. GnRHa and TGF-beta increased ERK1/2 nuclear accumulation resulting in differential regulation of c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression via downstream signaling from MAPK kinase (MEK)1/2, because pretreatment with U0126, a synthetic inhibitor of MEK1/2, abolished basal and GnRHa- and TGF-beta-induced pERK1/2 and the expression of c-fos and c-jun. LSMCs and MSMCs also express fibronectin, type I collagen, and PAI-1 mRNA, and GnRHa and TGF-beta altered their expression in a cell-specific manner through MEK1/2. We concluded that GnRHa and TGF-beta acting through a MAPK/ERK pathway and transcriptional activation of c-fos/c-jun results in differential regulation of specific genes whose products may in part influence the outcome of leiomyoma growth and regression.
Purdue Control Modules: A flexible set of software modules for an undergraduate process dynamics and control laboratory

Purdue Control Modules PCM are introduced as a set of programs written in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, which are meant to be used in the instruction of an undergraduate course on process dynamics and control. The modules are based on fundamental process models of industrial unit operations distillation column and heated-tube furnace, and incorporate a realistic graphical user interface to emulate an industrial control environment. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pituitary Concentration of Luteinizing Hormone in Three Types of “Constant Estrous” Rats

compare the mechanisms involved in the production of persistent vaginal cornification, pituitary concentrations of LH were measured in rats made “persistent estrus” with hypothalamic lesions, testosterone injection at 5 days of age, or exposure to constant light. Pituitary LH was measured in pooled saline extracts, using the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method, in all groups following 35–40 days of vaginal cornification and also after 10–13 days of cornification in constant light-and testosterone-treated rats. Pituitaries collected from normal animals during each of the days of the estrous cycle were used for reference; since testosterone-treated rats were younger than the other experimental groups at autopsy, glands from normal estrous litter mates were used for comparison. In normals, LH concentration was 2.45 μg/rag at proestrus and 1.19 μg/mg at estrus. Progressive increases in LH were found during the 3 days of diestrus. While glands from rats with constant light- and testosterone-induced “persist...
Sensorineural loss in chronic otitis media. Is it clinically significant

• Charts of 161 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media were reviewed for evidence of sensorineural hearing loss, defined as the difference in preoperative bone conduction thresholds between diseased and normal contralateral ears. Mean bone conduction differences were small but statistically significant, ranging from 5.6 to 12.8 dB across the frequencies. Approximately 45% of the subjects had differences greater than 10 dB for high frequencies, but less than 12% had a difference greater than 20 dB for the pure-tone average. Significant relationships were found between sensorineural hearing loss and the presence of acquired cholesteatoma in the middle ear, diseased mucosa of the promontory and hypotympanum, and diseased ossicles. These findings suggest that more severe middle ear disease may result in sensorineural hearing loss. However, for the majority of subjects, the amount of sensorineural hearing loss was judged not to be clinically significant. ( Arch Otolarygol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:814-816)
Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Acyclic and Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs with a Thiadiazole Ring

The synthesis of six thiadiazole nucleoside analogs is reported: 5-diacetylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one (1), 5-amino-2- (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one (2), 5-amino-3-[(2′-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one (3), 5-amino-3-(4′-hydroxy-2′-hydroxymethyl-butyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (4), (R)-5-amino-3-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (5), and (S)-5-amino-3-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (6). The synthesis, characterization, and properties of these new synthesized thiadiazole derivatives are discussed. A dimerization of 5-amino-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (14) by sodium nitrite resulting in di-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) disulfide (19) is also reported. The preliminary in vitro evaluation of these newly synthesized compounds is discussed.
CLINICAL FEATURES OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an intriguing and often debilitating syndrome characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are persistent, intrusive, and distressing images, thoughts, or impulses; compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that these patients feel driven to perform to prevent or reduce distress or to prevent some feared event or situation. The clinical description of OCD has remained remarkably consistent in the 150 years since Esquirol first categorized the syndrome, but knowledge of the clinical features of OCD has expanded significantly in the past 10 years. Improvements in methodology, including the use of comparison groups, blind clinical assessments, structured interviews, standard diagnostic criteria, and better database-management systems, have contributed to an expanded understanding of OCD. New areas of research that have received attention over the past decade include topics such as range of insight, comorbidity with other disorders, and the developmental psychopathology of OCD. Also, prospective observational studies of the longitudinal course of OCD have led to additional insights concerning its clinical characteristics and prognosis. Finally, significant progress has been made in identifying ever more homogeneous subgroups of OCD patients that will assist in determining the causes of OCD and ultimately in the development of more specific and effective treatment strategies. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of the clinical presentation of OCD. It focuses on the phenomenologic heterogeneity of OCD and its comorbidity with other Axis I and Axis II syndromes and their relationship to the possible subtypes of the disorder.
Protein S-nitrosylation: potential targets and roles in signal transduction.

Posttranslational modification of proteins potentially alters physical and chemical properties of the protein and, as a result, the function. Rapidly reversible modifications, such as phosphorylation, acylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and S -nitrosylation, can play an important role in the
Evaluation of a present-day climate simulation with a new coupled atmosphere-ocean model GENMOM

Abstract. We present a new, non-flux corrected AOGCM, GENMOM, that combines the GENESIS version 3 atmospheric GCM (Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems) and MOM2 (Modular Ocean Model version 2) nominally at T31 resolution. We evaluate GENMOM by comparison with reanalysis products (e.g., NCEP2) and three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semi-permanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures reasonably well the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM simulations include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-than-observed overturning circulation.
Magnetic contributions to the thermodynamic functions of pure Ni, Co, and Fe

An empirical mathematical equation is proposed for the magnetic contribution to the specific heat of pure metals. The corresponding functions for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy are of simple form. Two parameters used for each element are the critical temperature,Tc, and the total magnetic entropy. The parameters have been determined from a careful separation of magnetic and nonmagnetic contributions to the specific heat. Debye temperatures for Ni, Co, and Fe have been determined considering data to much higher temperatures than other studies. The magnetic specific heats extracted from experimental data agree very well with the proposed equation over the entire temperature range and for all three elements. Comparisons with different mathematical functions found in the literature give agreement only for the case of iron. The total magnetic entropy given by a classical relation is found to be high, and a quantitative correction is given. Various magnetic standard states are discussed. The lattice stabilities of bcc- and fcc-iron are calculated assuming that the difference of the nonmagnetic specific heats is linear from 500 K to 1810 K. A simple equation is obtained in which the anomalous temperature dependence is explained by the independently determined magnetic contribution. The calculated values agree very well with Orr and Chipman’s assessment. The stability of bcc iron at low temperatures is quantitatively rationalized.
Correlates of young children's interactions with classmates with disabilities

Abstract Although including children with developmental disabilities in preschool classes has become increasingly common, little is known about how experiences in an inclusive classroom affect young children's development. In Study 1, 36 typically developing children (mean age = 55.2 months) attending an inclusive, university-based early childhood program were interviewed about their knowledge of and attitudes toward children with disabilities. Parents answered questions about: (a) expectations for their children's prosocial behaviors and (b) their own beliefs about interacting with children with disabilities. Parents' beliefs and children's attitudes toward children with disabilities were positively related to the frequency of children's actual contacts with classmates with disabilities during free play time. In Study 2, the beliefs and behaviors of 20 children from an inclusive university-based early childhood program and 18 children from an inclusive community-based program were compared. There was no difference between the two programs in the amount of contact typically developing children had with classmates with disabilities.
Isotopically selective atom counting using photon burst detection

Photon burst detection is used to count Mg{sup +} ions in a 500-eV beam with high optical isotopic selectivity. Background rates of less than 1 count in 2 h have been achieved corresponding to an optical abundance sensitivity of 2{times}10{sup {minus}8}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
TRANSVENOUS DEFIBRILLATION LEAD SYSTEMS

Transvenous Defibrillation. The use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator has grown dramatically over the past 10 years. One of the major advances in defibrillation technology is the development of transvenous lead systems. Compared with traditional epicardial lead systems, transvenous defibrillation leads reduce perioperative mortality, hospitalization, and costs. Transvenous lead systems provide reliable sensing of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, although redetection of ventricular fibrillation can be prolonged, especially with integrated lead systems. Both ramp and burst adaptive pacing are equally effective for the termination of ventricular tachycardia and are successful in up to 90% of spontaneous events. Defibrillation thresholds are higher with transvenous leads than with epicardial patches. These thresholds are reduced with the use of multiple transvenous leads, subcutaneous patches, or with reversing shock polarity. However, the development of biphasic waveforms has made the largest impact on the efficacy of these lead systems, allowing dual coil transvenous systems to be effective in about 90% of patients. Defibrillation efficacy is further enhanced and implantation simplified by the incorporation of an active pulse generator located in the left pectoral region. Active pectoral pulse generators with biphasic waveforms will be the primary lead system for new implants.
The spinal loop dialysis catheter: characterization of use in the unanesthetized rat.

To permit long-term measurement of time-dependent changes in levels of dialyzable drugs and transmitters in the spinal intrathecal (i.t.) space of the unanesthetized rat, we developed a dialysis catheter for chronic placement. This was accomplished by constructing a loop probe 9 cm in length from 0.3-mm-diameter dialysis tubing that was made impermeable except for the distal loop. This loop catheter was readily inserted though an incision in the cisternal membrane and passed to the lumbar enlargement. The ends of the catheter were then externalized on the top of the head. To permit i.t. injections, an additional i.t. catheter could also be inserted simultaneously by the same route. For dialysis, an external end of the loop catheter was connected to a syringe pump and perfused with artificial CSF (10 microliters/min) and the out flow collected. A series of studies were performed to demonstrate the characteristics and utility of this technique. (1) Stability of resting release: glutamate and glucose concentrations in spinal dialysate showed no significant changes from 3 to 10 days after implantation. (2) Spinal cord ischemia: ischemia induced by aortic occlusion or cardiac arrest evoked a time dependent increase in retrieved glutamate. (3) Spinal cord compression caused a time-dependent glutamate, aspartate and PGE2 increase. (4) Noxious afferent stimulation induced by the injection of formalin into the hindpaw resulted in a rapid and transient increase in dialysate glutamate concentration. (5) Direct activation of spinal excitatory amino acids receptors by i.t. injection of kainic acid (1 microgram) evoked a significant increase in aspartate and taurine. (6) Continuous delivery of spinal opiate (alfentanil) via dialysis resulted in a maintained, concentration dependent elevation in the thermal escape latencies in the unanesthetized rat. The loop dialysis catheter provides a robust experimental tool for studying time dependent changes in the concentration of diffusible substances in spinal CSF over an extended post-implantation interval and allows comparison of these changes with concurrently assessed behavioral indices.
Public support for smoke-free laws in rural communities.

Background There has been an upward trend in smoke-free laws in countries, states, and municipalities in recent years. However, these laws are more likely to be enacted in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to examine public opinion of smoke-free laws and to determine if there was a difference in support for these laws between urban and rural dwellers. Methods A series of random-digit-dialed phone surveys was conducted in 2005–2006 with 3672 adult Kentucky residents living in rural and urban communities without smoke-free laws. In addition to demographics, respondents were asked whether they would support a local law prohibiting smoking in public places. Responses were weighted to adjust for an over-representation of women in the sample relative to the population. Logistic regression was used to test for a rural/urban difference in support; data analysis was conducted in 2007. Results Respondents were primarily women, Caucasian, with at most a high school education, and nonsmokers; the average age was 49.3 years. About half lived in rural communities. More than half (59.6%) supported a local smoke-free law. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education, and smoking status, there was a significant difference in the level of support for a smoke-free law between rural and urban respondents. Compared to urban dwellers, rural residents were more likely to support these laws (OR=1.21; 95% CI=1.03, 1.42). Conclusions When controlling for demographic differences between groups, rural residents were more likely than those in urban settings to support a law for local smoke-free public places.
The prediction of transmembrane protein sequences and their conformation: an evaluation

The prediction of transmembrane protein sequences can be performed with reasonable accuracy. However, the prediction of their conformation leaves room for significant improvement.