cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunneling of two interacting electrons in a quantum wire

A model calculation is reported for the tunneling probability of one as well as two interacting electrons from a quantum well within a narrow channel. We discuss the cases when the two electrons are spin polarized or unpolarized by transforming the system to a noninteracting one with the use of quantal density functional theory to obtain an effective single-particle confining potential. A semiclassical approach is used to obtain the tunneling probability from this effective potential. The calculation is motivated by recent measurements of the conductance of an electron gas in a narrow channel but is not meant to explain the anomalous behavior that has been reported since, for example, we deal with a simplified two-level system. Numerical results for the tunneling probability are presented.
Claudin-17 forms tight junction channels with distinct anion selectivity

Barrier properties of tight junctions are determined by the claudin protein family. Many claudins seal this barrier, but others form paracellular channels. Among these, no claudins with general and clear-cut anion selectivity have yet been described, while for claudin-10a and claudin-4, only circumstantial or small anion selectivities have been shown. A claudin with unknown function and tissue distribution is claudin-17. We characterized claudin-17 by overexpression and knock-down in two renal cell lines. Overexpression in MDCK C7 cell layers caused a threefold increase in paracellular anion permeability and switched these cells from cation- to anion-selective. Knockdown in LLC-PK1 cells indorsed the finding of claudin-17-based anion channels. Mutagenesis revealed that claudin-17 anion selectivity critically depends on a positive charge at position 65. Claudin-17 expression was found in two organs: marginal in brain but abundant in kidney, where expression was intense in proximal tubules and gradually decreased towards distal segments. As claudin-17 is predominantly expressed in proximal nephrons, which exhibit substantial, though molecularly not defined, paracellular chloride reabsorption, we suggest that claudin-17 has a unique physiological function in this process. In conclusion, claudin-17 forms channels within tight junctions with distinct anion preference.
Software to quantify and map vegetative cover in fallow fields for weed management decisions

Abstract Mapping weed cover during the fallow period of dryland crop rotations would be valuable for weed management in subsequent crops and could be done with low cost color digital cameras, however most managers lack the specialized software and expertise needed to create a map from the images. A system of software was developed to quantify weed cover in fallow fields in digital images and to simplify and automate the most challenging tasks that non-GIS professionals confront in creating and using maps derived from a large number of images. A GIS file of image locations is created with inexpensive consumer software. Images are classified, a GIS file is generated and the map is displayed in a simple GIS viewer with free software we developed. A map can be generated from 1000 images and 5000 GPS coordinates in 30 min, including image classification. The classified and original images for all locations can be viewed together easily from the map application. The accuracy of estimating weed cover was evaluated using images collected in 15 fields under natural light with a consumer grade camera mounted on an ATV driving 8–11 km h−1. Weed cover was estimated with 96% accuracy for images, regardless of the amount of crop residue, unless part of the image was shaded by the camera. In those images, accuracy was 90% or better. This system will work with many professional and consumer digital cameras and GPS units and the classification algorithm can be easily modified for other applications.
Log-linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series

Four skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through the concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model. Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true: the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwaise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regu-larites in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.
Factors in selecting the optimal bariatric procedure for a specific patient and parameters by which to measure appropriate response to surgery.

Bariatric operations are increasingly being used to induce weight loss and ameliorate or cure most of the morbidities that accompany obesity. These procedures not only produce substantial weight loss (>50% body weight), but they cure or ameliorate the comorbidities (diabetes type 2, hypertension, sleep apnea, hyperlipidemia) in the vast majority of patients. These procedures can usually be performed laparoscopically with a mortality of less than 0.5% and a hospital stay of 1 to 3 days. Presently they are the only effective treatment for weight loss in the extremely obese patient (body mass index ≥ 35).
Size, Morphology, and miRNA Abundance of Cell-Secreted Microvesicles

Cell-secreted microvesicles consist of two populations, exosomes and shedding vesicles, that are released from all cell types in response to specific stimuli, but by entirely different mechanisms. Exosomes and shedding vesicles both contain miRNAs, although at different compositions. A feature that is thought to distinguish exosomes from shedding vesicles is their rich repertoire of miRNA. However, individual contributions from these two populations of microvesicles in transmitting differentiation-regulating signals to target cells have not been established. Asymmetric flow field fractionation-multi angle light scattering is used to fractionate the two microvesicle populations into exosomes and larger microvesicles, characterize their size distributions, and estimate absolute particle numbers in each population. The different fractions are further characterized based on their morphologies using cryo-transmission electron microscopy. In addition, qRT-PCR is used to quantify the copy numbers for selected miRNAs in the two fractions. Microvesicles secreted from different cancer cell lines in response to serum deprivation contain different populations of exosomes and larger microvesicles with the exosomes typically an order of magnitude greater in particle numbers than the larger microvesicles. The particle numbers in both populations depend on the response time. Using miR-21 as a reporter for miRNAs, we find miR-21 in both microvesicle populations, but at significantly different concentrations. Moreover, the number of secreted microvesicles is significantly greater than the total copy numbers of miRNA for all cell lines. We conclude that significant numbers of exosomes and larger microvesicles are released from cancer cell lines in response to serum deprivation, but only small numbers of these secreted microvesicles contain miRNA, suggesting the mechanism for microvesicle-mediated miRNA transfer to target cells is stochastic in nature.
New chemical structural features of coal. A comparison of several coals

Abstract Structural features of several coals of different ranks are compared using an adaptation of the transalkylation reaction. In the present application of this method, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid is used as catalyst and toluene is used in excess as acceptor and solvent. The process can be visualized as a disproportionation reaction in which intermolecular alkyl transfers occur. Under the influence of the acid catalyst, aryl-alkyl bonds in coal are cleaved and alkyl-aryl bonds are formed with the excess toluene solvent. Thus, a large number of substituted toluene derivatives are formed by transfer of groups from coal. Concentrations of ≈ 20 substituent groups and connecting groups are estimated and compared for a range of coals and numerous other compounds are present in small amounts. These compounds are tabulated for two coals and the possible significance and origin of some of them are discussed. The mechanism of the transalkylation reaction as it applies to coal and the reactions of a limited number of relevant model systems are also discussed.
Approximate Green's functions in boundary integral analysis

It is well known that employing a Green's function which satisfies the prescribed conditions on a part of the boundary is advantageous for boundary integral calculations. In this paper, it is shown that an approximate Green's function, one in which the known data is nearly reproduced, can also be highly beneficial in implementations of the boundary-element method. This approximate Green's function approach is developed herein for solving the Laplace equation, and applied to the modeling of void dynamics under electromigration conditions in metallic thin-film interconnects used in integrated circuits.
Prognostic significance of HER2/neu, p53, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in early stage conventional adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung.

Prognostic significance of HER2/neu, p53, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in early stage conventional adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung
A Systematic Framework Enabling Automatic Conflict Detection and Explanation in Cloud Service Selection for Enterprises

The fast growth of cloud service offerings has attracted more enterprises to migrate their IT applications into cloud. Nonetheless, complex enterprise user requirements, especially interdependent relations across them, raise new challenges of cloud service selection. In addition, a major concern for these enterprises is ensuring compliance with their policies on the use of cloud services. In this paper, we present a systematic framework, based on formal verification and constraint solving techniques, to help enterprises tackle problems when adopting cloud computing. Our framework enables automatic detection of conflicts covering violation of enterprise policies and inconsistency of user requirements, and explanation generation which identifies problematic user requirements. The framework next select automatically cloud services which satisfy all enterprise policies and user requirements (with interdependent relations). We have prototyped and successfully applied our approach to projects which manage heterogeneous cloud infrastructure services for large enterprises.
American Peace Writers, Editors, and Periodicals: A Dictionary

Preface Introductory Essay Master List of American Peace Writers and Editors Included Dictionary of American Peace Writers and Editors Selected American Peace Advocacy Periodicals Appendix A: Selective Chronology of U.S. Peace Movements Appendix B: Affiliations Selected Bibliography Index
Decoding the (73, 37, 13) quadratic residue code

Algebraic approaches to the decoding of the quadratic residue (QR) codes were studied recently. In Reed et. al. (1992), a decoding algorithm was given for the (41, 21, 9) binary QR code. Here, some new more general properties are found for the syndromes of the subclass of binary QR codes of length n = 8m +1. Using these properties, the new theorems needed to decode this subclass of the QR codes are obtained and proved. As an example of the application of these theorems, a new algebraic decoding algorithm for the (73, 37, 13) binary QR code is presented.
Diet, food preference, and algal availability for fishes and crabs on intertidal reef communities in southern California

Herbivory by wide-ranging fishes is common over tropical reefs, but rare in temperate latitudes where the effects of herbivorous fishes are thought to be minimal. Along the west coast of North America, herbivory by fishes on nearshore reefs is largely restricted to a few members of the Kyphosidae, distributed south of Pt. Conception. This paper presents information on natural diets and results from feeding choice experiments for two abundant kyphosids from intertidal habitats in San Diego, California —Girella nigricans andHermosilla azurea, and similar data for the lined shore crab,Pachygrapsus crassipes, which also forages over intertidal reefs. These results are compared with the availability of algae in intertidal habitats measured during summer and winter, on both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. The diets of juveniles ofG. nigricans andH. azurea collected from nearshore habitats were dominated by animal prey (mainly amphipods), but adults of these fishes, andP. crassipes, consumed algae nearly exclusively, with 26, 10, and 14 taxa of algae identified fromG. nigricans, H. azurea, andP. crassipes, respectively. Algae with sheet-like morphologies (e.g.Ulva sp.,Enteromorpha sp., members of the Delesseriaceae) were the principal algae in the diets of the fishes, and calcareous algae (e.g.Corallina sp.,Lithothrix aspergillum) and sheet-like algae (Enteromorpha sp.) comprised the greatest identifiable portion of the shore crab's diet. Feeding choice experiments indicated that the fishes preferred filamentous algae (e.g.Centroceras clavulatum, Polysiphonia sp.,Chondria californica) and sheet-like algae (e.g.Enteromorpha sp.,Ulva sp.,Cryptopleura crispa) over other algal morphologies, whereas the shore crab chose jointed calcareous algae (e.g.Lithothrix aspergillum, Corallina vancouveriensis, Jania sp.) most frequently. The diets and preferences for algae by the fishes were generally most similar to the assemblage of algae available in early successional (disturbed) habitats during summer when sheet-like and filamentous algae are abundant. The shore crab exhibited the opposite trend with a diet more similar to late successional (undisturbed) habitats.
Pion-induced soft upsets in 16 mbit DRAM chips

Measurements of the soft upset cross section due to energetic charged pions were made in various 16 Mbit memory chips, as a function of incident pion energy and for chips with different cell technologies. Significant differences are seen to exist between cell technologies, up to a factor of 1000 in cross section. Upset cross sections are reported that exhibit proportionality to the reaction cross section for pions on silicon, including the well-known enhancement over proton and neutron cross sections near the delta resonance. Implications of this enhancement for pion-induced upsets due to cosmic ray fluxes are discussed.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange in parallel with acid/base induced protein conformational change in electrospray droplets

The exposure of electrospray droplets to vapors of deuterating reagents during droplet desolvation in the interface of a mass spectrometer results in hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) on the sub-millisecond time scale. Deuterated water is used to label ubiquitin and cytochrome c with minimal effect on the observed charge state distribution (CSD), suggesting that the protein conformation is not being altered. However, the introduction of deuterated versions of various acids (e.g., CD3COOD and DCl) and bases (ND3) induces unfolding or refolding of the protein while also labeling these newly formed conformations. The extent of HDX within a protein CSD associated with a particular conformation is essentially constant, whereas the extent of HDX can differ significantly for CSDs associated with different conformations from the same protein. In some cases, multiple HDX distributions can be observed within a given charge state (as is demonstrated with cytochrome c) suggesting that the extent of HDX and CSDs share a degree of complementarity in their sensitivities for protein conformation. The CSD is established late in the evolution of ions in electrospray whereas the HDX process presumably takes place in the bulk of the droplet throughout the electrospray process. Back exchange is also performed in which proteins are prepared in deuterated solvents prior to ionization and exposed to undeuterated vapors to exchange deuteriums for hydrogens. The degree of deuterium uptake is easily controlled by varying the identity and partial pressure of the reagent introduced into the interface. Since the exchange occurs on the sub-millisecond time scale, the use of deuterated acids or bases allows for transient species to be generated and labeled for subsequent mass analysis.
Re‐thinking positions in academic libraries

Purpose – Librarians in the twenty‐first century require different skills from their predecessors. The purpose of this paper is to examine what those skills are and how they correlate with new position descriptions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at ways to analyze vacant positions so that libraries can hire the faculty and staff with the necessary skills.Findings – The paper finds that creative ways of thinking about vacant positions are necessary in the current environment and that different skills are needed in the twenty‐first century from those that might have been sought previously.Originality/value – The paper provides a way to evaluate and assess vacant positions.
Strain measurement in heteroepitaxial layers - Silicon on sapphire

An x-ray diffraction technique is presented for the determination of the strain tensor in an epitaxial layer grown on a crystallographically distinct substrate. The technique utilizes different diffracting planes in the layer and in a reference crystal fixed to the layer, and is illustrated by application to an ∼4000 A (001) silicon layer grown on a (0112) sapphire wafer. The principal strains were measured, and the measured strain normal to the layer was found to agree with the normal strain calculated from the measured in-plane strains within the experimental uncertainty of strain measurement. The principal stresses in the plane of the silicon film, calculated from the measured strains were −0.92 ± 0.16 GPa in the [100] direction and −0.98 ± 0.17 GPa in the [010] direction.
Bacterial Resistance Studies Involving Several DrugsUseful in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease

Sulfacetamide, methenamine, and mandelic acid were studied in an effort to determine which drug or combination of drugs is the most useful in the treatment of urinary tract disease. Utilizing a described method of analysis, results are reported of attempts made to produce resistant strains of organisms to the three drugs and four combinations of them. Finding the combination of all three drugs to be most useful, an excretion study was made using human subjects.
An equation of state: Its development from argon data and its application to other substances

Using PVT measurements available in the literature for argon, the following equation of state involving the excess properties π and τ was developed: where α, β, and ψ are density-dependent functions. The results of this relationship for argon have been compared with those obtained using the BWR and the Stewart et al. (1981) equations of state. The present expression was applied in a generalized manner to nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. In addition, comparisons have been made using these four substances with three generalized relationships: a truncated virial, a modified Redlich-Kwong, and the Hirschfelder-Buehler-McGee-Sutton equations of state.
Alignment dependence of relative intensity noise in laser diode fiber pigtailing

In this work, the relative intensity noise (RIN) with relation to alignment parameters of a non-isolator packaging process is reported for the first time. We present the first detailed report on the dependence of the RIN of a fiber pigtailed laser diode on the process of pigtailing to a cleaved single mode fiber. The packaged device might have different RIN value due to the different alignment position where the reflection from the package is different. It is demonstrated that there is an optimal fiber-laser alignment position at which the value of RIN is at a minimum. It is thus important to consider the RIN optimization during fiber-laser alignment, in addition to seeking the maximum optical power coupled into the fiber. This work demonstrates that the RIN measurement is imperative when we prototype any non-isolator laser diode packaging.
Enabling plant synthetic biology through genome engineering.

Synthetic biology seeks to create new biological systems, including user-designed plants and plant cells. These systems can be employed for a variety of purposes, ranging from producing compounds of industrial or therapeutic value, to reducing crop losses by altering cellular responses to pathogens or climate change. To realize the full potential of plant synthetic biology, techniques are required that provide control over the genetic code – enabling targeted modifications to DNA sequences within living plant cells. Such control is now within reach owing to recent advances in the use of sequence-specific nucleases to precisely engineer genomes. We discuss here the enormous potential provided by genome engineering for plant synthetic biology.
Translational coupling of the two proximal genes in the S10 ribosomal protein operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract We have examined the translational coupling between the first two genes in the S10 ribosomal protein operon. We isolated mutations blocking the translation of the first gene of the operon, coding for S10, and monitored their effects on translation of the downstream gene, coding for L3. All of the mutations inhibiting S10 synthesis also affected the synthesis of L3. However, these experiments were complicated by decreased mRNA synthesis resulting from transcription polarity, which we could only partially eliminate by using a rho-100 strain. To completely eliminate the problem of transcription polarity and obtain a more accurate measurement of the coupling, we replaced the natural S10 promoter with a promoter used by the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. As expected, the T7 RNA polymerase was not subject to transcription polarity. Using this system, we were able to show that a complete abolishment of S10 translation resulted in an 80% inhibition of L3 synthesis. Other experiments show that the synthesis of L3 goes up as a function of increasing S10 synthesis, but the translational coupling does not assure strictly proportional output from the two genes.
A Model Curriculum for Education in Fraud and Forensic Accounting

ABSTRACT: The following paper describes the promise and reality of creating fraud and forensic accounting courses and curriculum. The project was supported by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Model Curriculum guidelines were developed in three main phases: (1) constituting a planning panel to guide the project and selecting the members of a technical working group of subject matter experts, (2) developing the curriculum guidelines, and (3) field‐testing those guidelines. This paper provides background and motivation for the project, an overview of the project processes, and the educational guidelines (outcomes) that were developed by experts in the field.
DNA AND THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SYNAPTIC CHROMOSOMES IN THE DOMESTIC ROOSTER (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

The indium trichloride method of Watson and Aldridge (38) for staining nucleic acids for electron microscopy was employed to study the relationship of DNA to the structure of the synaptinemal complex in meiotic prophase chromosomes of the domestic rooster. The selectivity of the method was demonstrated in untreated and DNase-digested testis material by comparing the distribution of indium staining in the electron microscope to Feulgen staining and ultraviolet absorption in thicker sections seen with the light microscope. Following staining by indium, DNA was found mainly in the microfibril component of the synaptinemal complex. When DNA was known to have been removed from aldehyde-fixed material by digestion with DNase, indium stainability was also lost. However, staining of the digested material with non-selective heavy metal techniques demonstrated the presence of material other than DNA in the microfibrils and showed that little alteration in appearance of the chromosome resulted from DNA removal. The two dense lateral axial elements of the synaptinemal complex, but not the central one to any extent, also contained DNA, together with non-DNA material.
Mechanisms of thrombosis in hyperhomocysteinemia.

Abstract Hyperhomocysteinemia is now recognized as a common risk factor for thrombotic vascular events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thrombosis. Studies of cultured cells in vitro indicate that homocysteine has prothrombotic effects on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. An association between moderate hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular dysfunction was confirmed in recent studies in animals and humans. Current models propose that dysregulation of homocysteine metabolism may impair vascular function through mechanisms involving oxidant stress or altered cellular methylation. Although moderate hyperhomocysteinemia can be treated effectively by administration of folic acid and other B vitamins, the clinical benefit of this therapeutic approach has not been proven in patients with thrombosis.
Latinos' Use, Desire, and Type of Non-Parental Child Care Arrangements

Using the Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2001 National Household Education Surveys Program, this study analyzes the use, desire, and type of non-parental care among Latinos in the United States. These nationally representative data indicate that when controlled for child and household characteristics, Latinos and non-Latino Whites do not differ in the use of care. However, among those parents who have exclusive care of their child, Latinos are significantly more likely to desire non-parental care if it is affordable and/or accessible. Latinos with non-parental care arrangements are significantly more likely to choose relative care compared to center-based care.
Gifted Today but Not Tomorrow? Longitudinal Changes in Ability and Achievement during Elementary School

The term gifted implies a permanent superiority. However, the majority of children who score in the top few percentiles on ability and achievement tests in 1 grade do not retain their status for more than a year or 2. The tendency of those with high scores on one occasion to obtain somewhat lower scores on a later occasion is one example of regression to the mean. We first summarize some of the basic facts about regression to the mean. We then discuss major causes of regression: errors of measurement, individual differences in growth, changes in the content of the developmental score scale, and changes in the norming population across age or grade cohorts. We then show that year-to-year regression is substantial, even for highly reliable test scores. Different ways of combining achievement and ability test scores to reduce regression effects are illustrated. Implications for selection policies and research on giftedness are also discussed.
Elevated FGF-23 in a patient with rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury

Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by hyperphosphataemia and hypocalcaemia. Despite appropriate secondary elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcaemia, rhabdomyolysis and AKI are associated with acute deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), and yet, the mechanism responsible for such a deficiency remains unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), a potent phosphaturic hormone that inhibits 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase, could explain the deficiency of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in this setting. Here, we document, for the first time, elevated levels of FGF-23 in a patient with rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.
Nitric oxide-releasing S-nitrosated derivatives of chitin and chitosan for biomedical applications

Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing derivatives of chitin and chitosan were prepared through incorporation of the symmetrical dithiols 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,3-propanedithiol, and 1,6-hexanedithiol, followed by S-nitrosation with tert-butyl nitrite. The NO loading of the materials and their real-time NO release profiles under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline, 37 °C) were recorded over 24 hours, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) to assess the suitability of the materials for biomedical applications. Of the six thiolated parent materials, five exhibited cell viability higher than 70% (MTS assay), an outcome that was corroborated by LIVE/DEAD assay. In all cases, HDF morphology was unaffected by the presence of extracts obtained from the thiolated materials.
Smoke/Burn Injury-Induced Respiratory Failure Elicits Apoptosis in Ovine Lungs and Cultured Lung Cells, Ameliorated With Arteriovenous CO2 Removal

Study objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two supportive therapies, conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and arteriovenous CO 2 removal (AVCO 2 R), during treatment of severe smoke/burn injury-induced ARDS. Design Sheep were exposed to a smoke/burn injury (lethal dose causing death in 40% of animals); lung tissue and blood was collected prior to injury (control), when an ARDS criterion was met (Pa o 2 /fraction of inspired oxygen ratio 2 R (group 2). Lung tissue was studied by standard histopathologic techniques; cultured lung cells were studied in media supplemented with serum from all four groups. Measurements and results: In vivo assays demonstrate less apoptotic cell death, and in vitro assays show significantly greater (p 2 R) than in group 1 (CMV) or baseline. Differential gene expression demonstrates significantly higher messenger RNA levels of proapoptotic and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in cells incubated in baseline media. After exposure of cultured lung cells to conditioned media, protein expression assay of the culture medium revealed no TNF-α, TNF receptor (TNFR)-1, or TNFR-2, however, cultured cell lysate reveals elevated levels of TNF-α, TNFR-1 and caspase-3 in all groups; most occurred in cells incubated in baseline media (p hoechst stain, DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 cleavage show that AVCO 2 R ameliorates apoptosis in this model. Conclusions This in vitro work specifically examines cell death in lung cells as a result of smoke/burn injury and effects of therapeutic interventions. Our in vivo studies temporally correlate the clinical pathology to that studied in these lung cells and show that both in vivo and in vitro cell death is predominantly apoptotic and is significantly reduced by AVCO 2 R.
A hybrid approach to mutual exclusion for distributed systems

A hybrid approach to mutual exclusion is proposed to minimize both message traffic and time delay at the same time. A hybrid mutual exclusion algorithm using the release local sites first mode, the requesting group semantics, and the requesting sequence 1324 (i.e., local competition followed by global competition) is found to be an efficient way to control the interaction. This hybrid algorithm uses M. Singhal's (1989) algorithm as the local algorithm and M. Maekawa's (1985) algorithm as the global algorithm. Compared to Maekawa's algorithm, which needs 3 square root N. . .5 square root N messages but two time units delay between successive executions of the critical section (where N is the number of sites in the system), the proposed hybrid algorithm can reduce message traffic by 55% and time delay by 32% at the same time. Furthermore, when a distributed system exhibits locality of requests, the proposed hybrid algorithm can achieve even better performance. >
Analysis of Injection-Induced Micro-Earthquakes in a Geothermal Steam Reservoir, The Geysers Geothermal Field, California

In this study we analyze relative contributions to the cause and mechanism of injection-induced micro-earthquakes (MEQs) at The Geysers geothermal field, California. We estimated the potential for inducing seismicity by coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical analysis of the geothermal steam production and cold water injection to calculate changes in stress (in time and space) and investigated if those changes could induce a rock mechanical failure and associated MEQs. An important aspect of the analysis is the concept of a rock mass that is critically stressed for shear failure. This means that shear stress in the region is near the rock-mass frictional strength, and therefore very small perturbations of the stress field can trigger an MEQ. Our analysis shows that the most important cause for injection-induced MEQs at The Geysers is cooling and associated thermal-elastic shrinkage of the rock around the injected fluid that changes the stress state in such a way that mechanical failure and seismicity can be induced. Specifically, the cooling shrinkage results in unloading and associated loss of shear strength in critically shear-stressed fractures, which are then reactivated. Thus, our analysis shows that cooling-induced shear slip along fractures is the dominant mechanism of injection-induced MEQs at The Geysers.
A Pure Capital Market Complementarity between Immigrants and Natives

This work presents a model aiming to evaluate the impact of rural-urban migration on the aggregate stock of loanable funds and investment by the urban population. Much higher investment costs for immigrants in cities prevent their acquisition of either human or physical capital. That is the reason why immigrants self-select as net lenders and affect urban labor earnings by means of the availability of new loanable funds for investment. This reduces the local interest rates and facilitates urban aggregate investment, especially by the new generations of natives. As a result of that, the aggregate labor income of natives increases unambiguously with the size of new immigration waves.
Diagnosis of Neuroleptospirosis

Investigators at University of California, San Francisco, and other centers, report a case of leptospirosis in a 14-year-old boy with severe combined immunodeficiency.
Movie Review of Take Shelter

Student Perspective: Take Shelter takes place in a small town in Ohio, where Curtis LaForche (Michael Shannon) lives with his beautiful wife Samantha and daughter Hannah, who is deaf. He has a great job as a construction crew chief but money is still tight. As the movie progresses, he begins to have visions and nightmares of horrific storms, tornadoes, and of being attacked. Due to these visions Curtis becomes consumed with building an adequate storm shelter for him and his family. His delusions and hallucinations stem from paranoid schizophrenia, a diagnosis he shares with his mother, and one that ultimately places strain on his personal relationships. In the Chicago Tribune, movie critic Michael Philips gave the film 3.5 stars and Ann Hornaday of the Washington Post rated the film with 4 stars and described it as “taut, unsettling, haunting and powerful.” We couldn’t agree more with these sentiments.
Spatially resolved shock layer emission measurements and analysis in an arc-jet facility

Radiation emanating from the free stream and shock layer flow over a 15.24 cm diameter bluntbody test article was measured in the NASA Ames 20 MW Aerodynamic Heating Facility (AHF) Arc-jet. The emission spectra were taken simultaneously over a 2000-9500 A wavelength range using a CCD camera (1024 x 256 array) attached to a spectrograph. Measurements were carried out along the radial direction covering the entire free stream and shock layer flow. The optical system was calibrated using tungsten and deuterium radiation sources and the calibrated emission spectra from the free stream and shock layer were Abel inverted. Nitric oxide spectra from the free stream were analyzed to determine rotational temperature and uniformity of the NO distribution in the flow. Using previously developed analytical tools, spectra from the shock layer were analyzed to determine the local thermodynamic properties from the calibrated spectra: rotational, vibrational, and electronic temperatures.
All-Soluble All-Iron Aqueous Redox-Flow Battery

The rapid growth of intermittent renewable energy (e.g., wind and solar) demands low-cost and large-scale energy storage systems for smooth and reliable power output, where redox-flow batteries (RFBs) could find their niche. In this work, we introduce the first all-soluble all-iron RFB based on iron as the same redox-active element but with different coordination chemistries in alkaline aqueous system. The adoption of the same redox-active element largely alleviates the challenging problem of cross-contamination of metal ions in RFBs that use two redox-active elements. An all-soluble all-iron RFB is constructed by combining an iron–triethanolamine redox pair (i.e., [Fe(TEOA)OH]−/[Fe(TEOA)(OH)]2–) and an iron–cyanide redox pair (i.e., Fe(CN)63–/Fe(CN)64–), creating 1.34 V of formal cell voltage. Good performance and stability have been demonstrated, after addressing some challenges, including the crossover of the ligand agent. As exemplified by the all-soluble all-iron flow battery, combining redox pairs o...
A critical analysis of unplanned ICU transfer within 48 hours from ED admission as a quality measure

Abstract Hypothesis Unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) transfer (UIT) within 48 hours of emergency department (ED) admission increases morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that a majority of UITs do not have critical interventions (CrIs) and that CrI is associated with worse outcomes. Objective The objective of the study is to characterize all UITs (including patients who died before ICU transfer), the proportion with CrI, and the effect of having CrI on mortality. Design This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of UITs within 48 hours from 2008 to 2013 at an urban academic medical center and included patients 18 years or older without advanced directives (ADs). Critical intervention was defined by modified Delphi process. Data included demographics, comorbidities, reasons for UIT, length of stay, CrIs, and mortality. We calculated descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 837 (0.76%) of 108 732 floor admissions from the ED had a UIT within 48 hours; 86 admitted patients died before ICU. We excluded 23 ADs, 117 postoperative transfers, 177 planned ICU transfers, and 4 with missing data. Of the 516 remaining, 65% (95% CI, 61%-69%) received a CrI. Unplanned ICU transfer reasons are as follows: 33 medical errors, 90 disease processes not present on arrival, and 393 clinical deteriorations. Mortality was 10.5% (95% CI, 8%-14%), and mean length of stay was 258 hours (95% CI, 233-283) for those with CrI, whereas the mortality was 2.8% (95% CI, 1%-6%) and mean length of stay was 177 hours (95% CI, 157-197) for those without CrI. Conclusions Unplanned ICU transfer is rare, and only 65% had a CrI. Those with CrI had increased morbidity and mortality.
Equality as a Basis for Religious Toleration: A Response to Leiter

In this short essay, I respond to Brian Leiter’s Why Tolerate Religion. I focus on two criticisms. First, I argue that Leiter’s own theory depends on an unacknowledged ideal of equality, and that equality is central to the utilitarian and Rawlsian bases for religious toleration that he draws upon in his book. Second, I argue against Leiter’s allowing, in certain circumstances, the state to establish religion and to promote religious conceptions of the good.
Coding theory for robust computing: Models, tools, and applications

Computing under uncertainty has become increasingly important in modern information processing systems. In this work, we first review exciting recent results on the multi-faceted role coding approaches can play in this important discipline, including fundamental performance limits of noisy iterative algorithms and decoders, implications on system design, and coding-theoretic methods for approximate computing. We also explore connections between coding theory and other disciplines in modern computing, and we present several new and promising research directions in coding for modern computing and noisy iterative information processing.
Finite element thermal modelling of the human body under hyperthermia treatment for cancer

A two–dimensional finite element model of the prostrate region of the human body has been generated using the automatic mesh generation capabilities of the software package ANSYS. The tissue types included are skin, fat, muscle, bone, intestine, nerve, prostate and tumour tissue. The thermal response of the model undergoing hyperthermia treatment for cancer is obtained by solving the bioheat transfer equation using the method of finite elements. Variation of blood flow rates due to increasing temperatures during hyperthermia are included. Transient temperature profiles as well as constant temperature contours are displayed using the extensive post processing and graphics capabilities of ANSYS. The results show how selective heating can be obtained in the tumour region and the effects of varying blood flow rates. The limitations of using a commercial software package for modelling the thermal behaviour of the human body are discussed.
The Temporal Phases of Leisure Experience: Expectation, Experience and Reflection of Leisure Participation

ABSTRACTWhile there have been studies whereby the methodology relied on evaluations of pre-, during, and postparticipation experiences, it is far more common that research on leisure does not consider the temporal phases of a leisure experience. Further, many of the studies that have attempted to encompass the multiple temporal phases of experiential leisure involvement have not focused on participants who had established significant leisure careers or long histories of recreation participation in a singular activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the temporal phases of a leisure experience in the context of individuals' in situ attendance at a niche music performance. These phases consisted of participants' expectations before the event, the actual experience during the event, and the memory of that experience after its completion. Because participants wanted to feel in control of their lives, personal reassessments and the prioritization of positive events sought to emphasize the value of the...
Efficient Cu+ to Ho3+ Energy Transfer in Highly CuO/SnO Co-doped Phosphate Glass

Glasses activated with Cu+ ions and rare-earths are attractive materials for luminescent down-shifting (LDS) in solar cells. This calls for investigating on fundamental interactions between dopants aiming to understand the factors underpinning resulting optical properties. Accordingly, this Communication reports for the first time on the determination of Cu+ → Ho3+ energy transfer efficiencies in melt-quenched phosphate glass containing holmium(III) together with a high concentration of Cu+ ions obtained through CuO/SnO co-doping. Material characterization was carried out by UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy including a Cu+ emission decay assessment. The data revealed suppressed Cu+ visible emission and reduced lifetimes in the presence of Ho3+ ions consistent with an efficient Cu+ → Ho3+ energy transfer, most significant for Cu+ emission in resonance with Ho3+ absorption. The findings point to Cu+ ions being efficient energy donors to Ho3+ which may have implications for the development of glasses for LDS and laser materials as well.
Raising the Ante

Leon Sullivan’s rationale in creating the Principles was to have the United States companies play an important role in dismantling apartheid in South Africa. He recognized that, though perhaps unable and unwilling to exert direct political pressure on the South African government, the companies could nonetheless exert substantial albeit indirect pressure through the economic power they wielded.
Bioactivity, Benefits and Safety of Traditional and Ethnic Foods

Publisher Summary This chapter supports the idea that some traditional/ethnic foods are good sources of bioactive compounds. Bioactive food compounds are defined as naturally occurring non-essential constituents in or derived from plant, animal, or marine sources, which have the ability to modulate biochemical, physiological, and metabolic processes in the human body while exerting beneficial effects beyond basic nutritional functions. Bioactive compounds in plants are usually found in the leaves, stems, roots, tubers, buds, fruits, seeds, and flowers; they influence the color, flavor, structure, function, and defense system of plants. The bioactive compounds reported for java plum include sterols, triterpenes, coumarins, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, reducing compounds, anthocyanin pigments, and saponins.
Driving useful morphological changes in magnetic nanoparticle structures through the application of acoustic waves and magnetic fields

The growing interest in acoustic manipulation of particles in micro to nanofluidics using surface acoustic waves, together with the many applications of magnetic nanoparticles—whether individual or in arrays—underpins our discovery of how these forces can be used to rapidly, easily, and irreversibly form 1D chains and 2D films. These films and chains are difficult to produce by other methods yet offer many advantages over suspensions of individual nanoparticles by making use of the scale of the structures formed, 10−9 to 10−5 m, and by taking a balance of the relevant external and interparticle forces, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the phenomena become apparent. For loosely connected 1D chains, the magnetic field alone is sufficient, though applying an acoustic field drives a topology change to interconnected loops of ∼10–100 particles. Increasing the acoustic field intensity drives a transition from these looped structures to dense 2D arrays via interparticle Bjerknes forces. Inter-particle drainage of the surrounding fluid leaves these structures intact after removal of the externally applied forces. The self-evident morphology transitions depend solely upon the relative amplitudes of the Brownian, Bjerknes, and magnetic forces.