cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile phase effects in reversed-phase chromatography : III. Changes in conformation and retention of oligo- (ethylene glycol) derivatives with temperature and eluent composition

Abstract The rentention behavior of homologous oligo(ethylene glycols)s and their derivatives on octadecyl-silica with aqueous eluents was investigated under a wide range of conditions as far as the chemical nature and concentration of organic co-solvent as well as the temperature are concerned. The data revealed numerous irregularities concerning the dependence of retention factors temperature, eluent composition and the carbon number of eluite molecules. The observed behavior is explained by postulating that each eluite can have the extended zigzag o the compact meandering conformation, that the two conformers of an eluite have significantly different retention factors in the same chromatographic system and that the relative concentration of the conformers, i.e., the magnitude of the equilibrium constant for the transition, depends on the eluent composition, temperature and the number of ethylene oxide residues in the molecules. The two-state theory allows a separate treatment of the effect of temperature and retention on the equilibrium between the conformers and the predictions of the theory are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. Thus secondary equilibra which do not involve a complexing agent, but the solvent proper, can give rise to non-linear Van'T Hoff plots, to increase of retention with temperature, to retention decreasing with the carbon number of homologues and to non-linear depedence of the logarithm of retention factor on the volume percent of organic co-solvent in acqueous eluents commonly used in reversed-phase chromatography. Similar phenomena are likely to be encountered in high-performance liquid chromatography when complex molecules, which can exist in two or more significantly different conformations, are chromatographed. Thus, the results of the present work not only can be useful to solve various analytical problems involved in the separation and identification of compounds having a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, but also can serve as model for study of the chromatographic behavior of biological substances like peptides and oligonucleotides.
The Human Pharmacology of Nicotine

Nicotine has been consumed in various forms of tobacco and from other plants for many hundreds of years. In the past century, it has been one of the three most widely used drugs, rivaling caffeine and ethanol. More recently, nicotine itself in the form of nicotine-containing chewing gum has become available as a pharmaceutical agent for therapy of tobacco addiction. Nicotine is important in human biology for two reasons. It appears to be the primary reason why people consume tobacco products, and it may contribute to causation of some tobacco-related diseases.
8 – Capillary Penetration Dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the dynamics of the flow of a liquid into a capillary or into the region between closely spaced parallel disks, under the action of surface tension. In addition, an understanding of this relatively simple geometry examines more complex problems—such as the wetting and drying of porous media. “Wicking” is the term in dynamics that suggests the spontaneous penetration of a liquid into a capillary under the action of surface tension. Most capillary wicking flows involve capillaries of very small radius, and there is no issue of the possibility of turbulent flow. Extreme care is required in the experimental study of the dynamics of capillary penetration. The rate of penetration of organic liquids into a glass capillary depends upon whether the glass is out gassed in a vacuum to remove adsorbed contaminants. Under some circumstances of practical interest penetration is supported by a finite drop. Capillarity plays a significant role in the dynamics of printing. Printing is a process in which ink is transferred to a porous surface, such as paper, followed by the penetration of the ink into the porous substrate. Printing involves a sequence of complex phenomena that depend on the structure of the porous medium through which the liquid moves.
Abstract 352: DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 is a target for SETD8 mediated methylation

SETD8 methyltransferase activity is implicated in several fundamental cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation and heterochromatin formation as well as processes that ensures genomic stability including DNA replication and the DNA damage response. It has been proposed that SETD8 affects DNA replication as a positive regulator of origin licensing through H4K20 methylation and by supporting Okazaki fragment processing through PCNA methylation. However, there is no evidence whether other key element in the replication machinery is directly modified by SETD8. To address this question, we used a combination of SILAC-based BPPM (Bioorthogonal Profiling of Protein Methylation) to profile new substrates for SETD8. We genetically engineered SETD8 and identified mutants amenable to accommodate non-native SAM analogues containing a terminal alkyne moiety for click chemistry. The engineered SETD8 can transfer this unique chemical moiety into target proteins for subsequent identification of the modified substrates. Stable cell lines expressing catalytically active or catalytically dead SETD8 mutants were systematically cultured with distinct stable isotope labeled amino acids allowing quantitative proteomic analysis of the identified substrates. With this method we could validate previously known substrates of SETD8 and identify novel targets, including MCM5, a subunit of the hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) DNA helicase complex. MCM5 directly interacts with MCM2 and 3 to form the MCM2-7 hexamer which associates with the origins of DNA replication to form part of the pre-replicative complex (preRC), playing a major role during replication initiation and elongation. We found that SETD8 mediated methylation of MCM5 directly affects its binding affinity to MCM2 and 3. Amino acid substitutions at the methylated lysine further evidenced a stronger binding to its interacting partners contributing to the formation of the MCM hexamer. In addition, CRISPR based modifications on MCM5 methylated lysine affected the replication process resulting in defective cell cycle progression. Taken together our results indicate that MCM5 methylation contributes to the assembly of the MCM complex revealing a novel role for SETD8 in replication initiation. Our findings brings new perspectives on the biological importance of SETD8 during DNA replication. Citation Format: Fabio Pittella, Gil Blum, Yongxia Zhu, Chamara Senevirathne, Minkui Luo. DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 is a target for SETD8 mediated methylation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 352.
Partial Differential Equations with Random Input Data: A Perturbation Approach

We study the numerical approximation of partial differential equations with random input data. Such problems arise when the uncertainty of the underlying system is taken into account using a probability setting. The main goal of this paper is to review the perturbation approach used in [1] for the random space approximation. The idea of this technique is to expand the exact random solution in power series of a (small) parameter $$\varepsilon$$ that characterizes the amount of uncertainty of the problem. This method yields deterministic problems that are decoupled for the coefficients building the term of a fixed power of $$\varepsilon$$ . Each problem can then be solved approximately using standard methods, such as the finite element method for the physical space discretization and an Euler scheme for time integration, as considered here. We apply the proposed methodology to several different problems, starting with an elliptic model problem with a random coefficient to facilitate the presentation. For each problem, focus is made on the derivation of (residual-based) a posteriori error estimates that take the various sources of error into account.
Discrimination and the Law

This article focuses on the development of antidiscrimination law in the United States at the federal level. It is concerned primarily with employment law and discriminatory practices involving race and gender. Other areas of US law are also considered (e.g., school desegregation) before briefly surveying international developments. The role of social science in antidiscrimination legal practice is stressed.
Gun ownership and fear.

Abstract Americans can be divided into two groups: those who own guns and those who do not. Although people who own guns and people who do not own guns are often separated along social, cultural, and political lines, it is unclear whether these divisions might extend to population differences in emotional experience. In this paper, we use national cross-sectional data from the 2014 Chapman University Survey on American Fears (n = 1385) to test whether gun owners are more or less afraid than people who do not own guns. We build on previous work by testing two hypotheses with a broad range of fear-related outcomes, including specific phobias and fears associated with being victimized. The symptom perspective argues that gun ownership is a behavioral expression of fear, that gun owners need guns to protect themselves because they are irrational cowards. Although binary logistic regression models provided minimal support for this idea, there was some evidence to suggest that the odds of gun ownership are higher for people who report being afraid of being victimized by a random/mass shooting. The palliative perspective claims that gun ownership mitigates fear, that owning a powerful weapon is somehow soothing to individuals and their families. Ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression models suggest that people who own guns tend to report lower levels of phobias and victimization fears than people who do not own guns. This general pattern is observed across multiple indicators of fear (e.g., of animals, heights, zombies, and muggings), multiple outcome specifications (continuous and count), and with adjustments for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, the presence of children, religious identity, religiosity, religious attendance, political orientation, region of residence, and urban residence. Additional longitudinal research is needed to confirm our findings with a wider range of covariates and fear-related outcomes.
Sacrificial Entrepreneurship: The Political Economy of Queer and Trans of Color Community Arts under Neoliberalism

This ethnographic study considers the political economy of queer and trans of color community organizations in the context of urban neoliberal governance in Toronto, Canada. While state institution...
Self-reported social skills importance ratings, not social skills themselves, predict sociometric status among youth with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background As youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience social difficulties but report wanting to be more well-liked and have more friends, it is important to understand beliefs that youth with ASD hold that may influence their peer relations. This study examined youths’ beliefs regarding their own social skills in relation to their peers’ views of them among youth with ASD. Method Fifty-five youth with ASD (ages 8–17) participated in a 10-week program with other youth with ASD. Participants completed measures of their own social skills frequency and social skills importance, as well as sociometric ratings of other group members. Hierarchical multiple regression models were used to examine relations between self-reported social skills frequency and social skills importance ratings with sociometric outcomes rated by other peers with ASD. Results Self-reported social skills frequency did not predict sociometric outcomes. However, youth who rated social skills as more important were less disliked by peers and were less frequently the most disliked person in the group, and peers reported greater desire to play with them again. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of evaluating youths’ own beliefs about social skills (rather than social skills frequency itself) as important predictors of social outcomes among youth with ASD. The current study adds to the growing evidence that integrating self-reports of youth with ASD as well as considering social skills importance represent valuable tools in assessing social outcomes in youth with ASD, and provides a foundation for further research in this area.
Inadequacy of Li-Fi Disentangles by Laser, Polarizing Beam, Solar, and Formation

At the present time, the wireless Internet is making a vital role in data communications. Due to the high demand for the requirements in data transmission, people start to use various wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Li-Fi. It was introduced by Prof. Harald Haas in July 2001 at TED Global talk. Li-Fi is an efficient wireless technology. This paper focuses on existing Li-Fi to compose the enhanced formation to access efficient, secured and better bandwidth. Analyzing the existing Li-Fi technology performance to find the inadequacy which helps to sort out and enhance the technology for further development in Li-Fi. Enhancing technology improves the data transfer speed and improves the efficiency and availability with highly secured and easy formation. The key components of laser, polarizing beam, and solar were used to sort out the inadequacy. This paper discusses a significant contribution to the improvements of Li-Fi data transfer speed, cost-cutting, and uncomplicated formation.
What are the Barriers to Young Millennials’ Consumption of Sustainable Apparel? A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Perceived Risks of Sustainable Apparel

This study aims to investigate young millennials’ perceived risks of sustainable apparel in the US and China.
Precession coupled spin current in spin torque driven magnetic tunnel junctions

A spin-torque switchable magnetic tunnel junction contains two ferromagnetic electrodes across a barrier that supports spin-polarized tunnel current. The spin-torque induced magnetic switching of its more agile, or “free” layer provides the “write” mechanism. Often the dynamics of the non-switching “reference” layer is also important. Here, we illustrate such dynamics involving both the free and the reference layers by using an exchange-coupled two-macrospin-moment numerical model, described by a set of Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equations, together with a stochastic Langevin-field for finite temperature. Damping-like spin-transfer torque is included for both moments. In steady-state, the coupled precession is shown to reduce effective spin-current delivered to the free layer due to a precessional resonant spin-current back flow. This back-flow of spin current preferentially affects the parallel state dynamics. It is not directly related to the reference layer’s thermal stability, nor its spin-torque switching threshold, as determined by the total anisotropy energy and magnetic volume. Rather, the spin-current reduction relates primarily to the matching of precession frequency between the free- and the reference-layer. Therefore, a desirable materials choice is to avoid anisotropy fields giving the free and the reference layer similar dynamic frequencies, so as to prevent such resonance-related spin-current loss.
Contribution of Copy Number Variation in Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Introduction: While the role of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in causal genes for Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is known, the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) to IHH has not been systematically studied. Here, we examined the prevalence of CNVs in a large IHH cohort and their associated phenotypic spectrum. Methods: Exome sequencing (ES) from 1,441 IHH probands was analyzed using the GATK-gCNV pipeline to identify CNVs that spanned known IHH genes with a site frequency of <1%. ES data was also analyzed for rare SNVs in all IHH genes. IHH subjects were evaluated for reproductive and non-reproductive phenotypes (kidney, eye, cardiovascular, midline/ facial, bone and neurological abnormalities). Results: (i) CNV prevalence in IHH: Three percent of the IHH probands (46/1441 probands, 38 males and 8 females) harbored CNVs in 19/36 high confidence IHH genes (26 deletions 20 duplications). The vast majority of CNVs disrupted either the ANOS1 (26%) or FGFR1 (17%) genes. Intriguingly, CHD7 (a gene that carries SNVs in ~12% of our IHH subjects) did not harbor any CNVs. (ii) Phenotypic analysis: We found that CNVs were more common in IHH subjects with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome, N=33) compared to normosmic IHH (N=13). More than half of the subjects with CNVs affecting IHH genes carried at least 1 non-reproductive feature (26/46 IHH subjects, 56%). A syndromic presentation with multiple non-reproductive phenotypes was more common in IHH subjects harboring multigenic CNVs (IHH gene & additional genes) compared to IHH subjects with single IHH gene CNV or SNV in a single IHH gene (61% vs. 12% or 18%, respectively; p 0.0006). Conclusions: CNVs in known IHH genes contribute to 3% of the IHH genetic architecture in our cohort. IHH subjects with larger multigenic CNVs displayed phenotypes consistent with contiguous gene syndromes. The absence of genic CNVs in genes frequently found to carry SNVs, such as CHD7, requires additional analysis to establish the biologic or mechanistic reasons for their rarity.
Decision-theoretic meta-reasoning in partially observable and decentralized settings

This thesis examines decentralized meta-reasoning. For a single agent or multiple agents, it may not be enough for agents to compute correct decisions if they do not do so in a timely or resource efficient fashion. The utility of agent decisions typically increases with decision quality, but decreases with computation time. The reasoning about one's computation process is referred to as meta-reasoning. Aspects of meta-reasoning considered in this thesis include the reasoning about how to allocate computational resources, including when to stop one type of computation and begin another, and when to stop all computation and report an answer. Given a computational model, this translates into computing how to schedule the basic computations that solve a problem. This thesis constructs meta-reasoning strategies for the purposes of monitoring and control in multi-agent settings, specifically settings that can be modeled by the Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP). It uses decision theory to optimize computation for efficiency in time and space in communicative and non-communicative decentralized settings. Whereas base-level reasoning describes the optimization of actual agent behaviors, the meta-reasoning strategies produced by this thesis dynamically optimize the computational resources which lead to the selection of base-level behaviors.
Societies for Business Ethics

Societies for business ethics are organizations created for and sustained by individuals interested in the subject of business ethics. Such societies are typically based in academia and are composed primarily of academic members, but are also open to practitioner members. The seven societies presented here form a solid core for further exploration into this topic. Keywords: business ethics; ethics; societies; SBE; IABS; SBEE; SIM
My Student, My Teacher: A Polytechnic Approach to Information Assurance

A polytechnic education involves the practical application of knowledge, including hands-on learning, senior projects, class projects, club activities, professional association activities, and internships. In 1824, the first polytechnic institution in the United States was the Rensselaer School in Troy, New York and today there are approximately 100 polytechnic universities. Several polytechnic institutions are leaders in teaching information assurance. Information assurance educators develop and depend on students to provide leadership in information assurance through active, engaged learning. The goal of this paper is to describe how a polytechnic approach supports information assurance education.
Echinacea-Based Dietary Supplement Does Not Increase Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Endurance-Trained Men and Women.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To determine if an echinacea-based dietary supplement (EBS) provided at two different doses (a regular dose (RD), 8,000 mg/day, vs. a double dose (DD), 16,000 mg/day) would increase erythropoietin (EPO) and other blood markers involved in improving aerobic capacity and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in endurance-trained men. Secondly, to determine if any sex differences exist between male and female endurance-trained athletes. Methods: Forty-five endurance athletes completed three visits during a 35-day intervention. Participants were randomized into placebo (PLA; n = 8 men, n = 7 women), RD of EBS (n = 7 men, n = 8 women), or DD of EBS (n = 15 men) for the 35-day intervention period. At baseline, weight, body composition, and VO2max were measured. Blood was drawn to measure EPO, ferritin, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. At the mid-intervention visit, blood was collected. At the post-intervention visit, all measurements from the baseline visit were obt...
Pathways for protection from noise induced hearing loss

There is increasing evidence that at least one function of both the medial and the lateral olivocochlear efferent systems is to provide adjustment of the set point of activity in their postsynaptic target, the outer hair cells and afferent processes, respectively. New results, summarized in this review, suggest that both efferent systems can provide protection from noise through this mechanism. There are also intracellular pathways that can provide protection from noise-induced cellular damage in the cochlea. This review also summarizes new results on the pathways that regulate and react to levels of reactive oxygen species in the cochlea as well as the role of stress pathways for the heat shock proteins and for neurotrophic factors in protection, recovery and repair.
The design of asymmetrical TIR optics with micro-structure for museum exhibition lighting

An analysis of asymmetrical lenses with microstructures for museum exhibition lighting is proposed. According to simulation results, using an asymmetrical light shape will increase the illumination uniformity more than 13.1% relative to the standard lambertian light shape.
Plagues, Priests, and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New

Plagues, Priests, and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New. Daniel T. Reff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 290 pp.
The role of puroindoline A and B individually and in combination on grain hardness and starch association

Endosperm texture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important criterion affecting end-product quality. Grain hardness is controlled by the Hardness (Ha) locus which contains the puroindoline a (Pina) and puroindoline b (Pinb) genes. Hard wheats possess mutations in Pina or Pinb while soft wheats possess the Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a alleles. Here, we determined the role of PINA and PINB individually and in combination on grain hardness and association to starch. Pina-D1a or Pinb-D1a overexpressing transgenic lines were crossed to PINA or PINB null hard wheats. The crosses segregated for the transgene and the Ha locus. Random lines from each genotypic class were evaluated in replicated trials over 2 yr. Classes containing only native levels of PINA or PINB were hard textured. Homozygous classes with transgenic addition of PINA to the PINA + /PINB null Ha locus or addition of PINB to the PINA + /PINB null Ha locus were intermediate in texture with grain hardness values of 43.5 and 45.5, respectively. Soft endosperm texture was only obtained when both PINA and PINB were present with the softest grain observed with addition of PINB to the PINA + /PINB null Ha locus. Association of high amounts of either puroindoline to starch required both PINA and PINB. The results indicate that PINA or PINB can act alone leading to intermediate-textured grain or can function together to give a soft grain texture.
Experimental evaluation of achromatic phase shifters for mid-infrared starlight suppression

Phase shifters are a key component of nulling interferometry, one of the potential routes to enabling the measurement of faint exoplanet spectra. Here, three different achromatic phase shifters are evaluated experimentally in the mid-infrared, where such nulling interferometers may someday operate. The methods evaluated include the use of dispersive glasses, a through-focus field inversion, and field reversals on reflection from antisymmetric flat-mirror periscopes. All three approaches yielded deep, broadband, mid-infrared nulls, but the deepest broadband nulls were obtained with the periscope architecture. In the periscope system, average null depths of 4×10−5 were obtained with a 25% bandwidth, and 2×10−5 with a 20% bandwidth, at a central wavelength of 9.5 μm. The best short term nulls at 20% bandwidth were approximately 9×10−6, in line with error budget predictions and the limits of the current generation of hardware.
Inhibition by parasites of melanotic tumour formation in Drosophila melanogaster

THE cellular defence mechanisms of insects are mediated by blood cells, or haemocytes, which eliminate invading foreign organisms by phagocytosis and encapsulation. The latter involves aggregation, adhesion and flattening of haemocytes around surfaces too large to be engulfed. This process is characteristically accompanied by the intra- and extracellular deposition of melanin1–5. In larvae of Drosophila the reaction against internal metazoan parasites6–8 is similar to the reaction which forms melanotic tumours in the body cavity of some mutant strains9–14. In both cases haemocytes proliferate and differentiate prematurely. In some tumorous larvae the formation of these benign, inheritable masses represents an autoimmune response in which haemocytes encapsulate abnormal cells and tissues and form compact melanised masses11.
On the mechanism of ‘escape’ from desensitization of the cyclic AMP response to TSH in cultured human thyroid cells

Abstract Studies were conducted to examine the mechanism by which ‘escape’ from TSH desensitization of the cyclic AMP response to TSH (Endocrinology 109,1156,1981) occurs in confluent cultured thyroid cells. At confluence, cell replication and DNA synthesis are suppressed. An attempt was therefore made to reproduce escape in sparse thyroid cell monolayers using inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The concurrent presence of TSH and mitomycin C (5 μg/ml) did not influence the induction of desensitization to TSH after 6 h of stimulation, but cAMP levels then rebounded by 24 h; that is, mitomycin C reproduced escape in sparse cells. Hydroxyurea (10 mM) did not reproduce escape in sparse cells. Adenylate cyclase activity was unaltered in plasma membranes prepared from sparse thyroid cells treated with mitomycin C for 24 h. These data suggest that ‘escape’ from TSH desensitization is related to events occurring during the cell cycle associated with DNA synthesis, and is caused by an alteration in adenylate cyclase substrate or co-factor availability rather than in enzyme activity itself.
Particle growth and precipitation in hydrolyzed gallium(III) perchlorate solutions

Abstract Particle growth and precipitation in hydrolyzed gallium(III) perchlorate solutions, in a constant ionic medium of 1·000M perchlorate ion at 50°C, has been followed by turbidimetric and pH measurements and by visual observations of the rate and extent of precipitation. Both processes have been shown to be influenced by a variety of factors, of which the most notable is the nature of the surface of the vessels in which the solutions are stored. This behaviour has been explained in terms of the heterogeneous nature of nucleation in this system and of particle deposition from the precipitating solution. It has been confirmed that the conditions at equilibrium in the system, when the turbidity and pH attain constant values, may be defined in terms of the solubility constant (Ks) of GaOOH, a mean value of log Ks = 4·29±0·03 at 50°C being obtained in this study.
The Evaluation of a Low-Gossypol Glandless Cottonseed Meal In Broiler Diets

Abstract UNTIL recent years the usage of cottonseed meal in poultry diets has been limited due to problems associated with cottonseed pigments, commonly referred to as gossypol and gossypol-like pigments, and fatty acids. Phelps (1966) has reviewed the extensive number of reports regarding the effects of this compound on broiler performance. A great number of studies have demonstrated the value of supplementing cottonseed meal with various amino acids. Increased growth and/or feed efficiency following supplementation of cottonseed meal—containing diets have been reported by Grau (1946), Heywang and Bird (1950), Blaylock and Richardson (1950), Milligan et al. (1951), Machlin et al. (1952), Patrick (1953), Lyman et al. (1953), Combs and Nicholson (1962), Stephenson and Greene (1962), Johnston and Watts (1964), Couch et al. (1955), Day (1958), Deyoe et al. (1960), Anderson and Warnick (1966) and Anderson (1965). The reports of Stephenson and Greene (1962) and Anderson and Warnick (1966) stated that . . .
High-magnesian andesite from Mount Shasta: A product of magma mixing and contamination, not a primitive mantle melt

It has been proposed that high-Mg andesites (HMAs) from the Mount Shasta area may represent near-primary mantle melts, carrying signatures of slab melt interaction with the Cascadia mantle wedge. We present strong evidence that their formation involved mixing of dacitic and basaltic magmas and entrainment of ultramafic crystal material, and thus they cannot represent primitive magmas. The rocks contain (1) low-Mg# (65–72) clinopyroxene (cpx) and orthopyroxene (opx) phenocryst cores containing dacitic melt inclusions, and (2) high-Mg# opx and olivine xenocrysts, all of which are rimmed by euhedral overgrowths of cpx or opx similar in Mg# (87) to skeletal olivine phenocrysts. Textural relations indicate that ultramafic xenocrysts reacted with dacitic liquid, after which the contaminated magma mixed with basaltic liquid to produce a hybrid HMA bulk composition. High Mg, Cr, and Ni derive from the latter inputs, whereas high Sr/Y and overall adakite affinity is inherited from the dacite end member, which is arguably crustal in origin. We suggest that open system processes may be more important in the petrogenesis of HMAs than generally recognized, and that their magnesian compositions do not necessarily imply that they are primitive mantle melts.
Host cell-mediated variation in H3N2 influenza viruses.

Abstract The influence of the host cell on the selection of antigenic variants of influenza A H3N2 viruses and the relevance of host cell selection to the induction of immunity by these viruses have been investigated. Influenza viruses were isolated from human clinical samples during a single epidemic, were passaged in mammalian Madin-Derby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells or in embryonated hens eggs, and were tested for antigenic variability in the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. In many cases, the HA of virus cultivated in eggs was antigenically distinct from the HA of virus from the same individual grown in mammalian cells. Viruses recovered from different individuals were antigenically similar to each other when grown in mammalian cell lines yet were antigenically heterogeneous when cultivated in eggs. The HA genes of viruses isolated from different individuals during the epidemic were shown, by sequence analysis, to differ from each other by five or six amino acid residues. Sequence analyses of the HA genes of MDCK cell-grown and egg-grown virus obtained from the same individual demonstrated that the molecular changes between antigenically distinct HAs of MDCK cell- and egg-grown A/Mem/12/85 virus involved a single amino acid substitution at residue 156 in HA1, which lies at the tip of the HA molecule and immediately adjacent to the receptor-binding site. However, the amino acid sequences of HAs from MDCK-grown and egg-grown viruses (A/Mem/2/85) isolated from a second individual were identical although these viruses exhibited antigenic differences when examined with anti-HA monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, single amino acid changes in the HA molecule may not be the sole cause of antigenic changes in the HA observed between pairs of MDCK cell-grown and egg-grown viruses and genes other than that encoding the HA may contribute to the host cell-mediated antigenic variation of these viruses. Nevertheless, antigenic differences between viruses grown in eggs and MDCK cells did not influence their ability to protect, since ferrets infected with either live egg-grown or MDCK-grown virus were protected equally well from challenge with virus grown in either host cell type.
Simultaneous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy with subarachnoid spinal anesthesia

We report our experience performing simultaneous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SBPN) in four patients with large stone burdens in both kidneys. We modified the previously described approach by combining SBPN with subarachnoid Duramorph (preservative-free morphine sulfate) in an effort to decrease postoperative discomfort and shorten the duration of hospitalization. These patients (study group) were then compared with a contemporary group of four patients with similar bilateral stone burdens who underwent staged bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomies (PCNs) (control group). The comparison showed a marked advantage in hospital stay (4.8 days for the study group v 11 days for the control group) and postoperative narcotic requirement (27.5 mg of meperidine for the study group v 533 mg for the control group). All four patients were rendered stone free. This method of treatment for large bilateral renal calculi with the addition of subarachnoid Duramorph resulted in less postoperative discomfort, less morbidity, and a more rapid recovery than staged PCN or sandwich PCN/SWL/PCN.
Self-assembled hexameric water clusters stabilized by a cyano-bridged trimetallic complex

An icelike hexameric water cluster, stabilized by a cyano-bridged trimetallic complex, was characterized by X-ray diffraction studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.
On the estimation of restricted mean

Abstract In sampling from a continuous distribution with unknown mean μ and variance σ 2 the problem of estimation of μ, when it is known that μ∈(a, ∞) (or μ∈(-∞, b )), is considered. The estimators proposed here lie in the interval (a, ∞) (or (-∞, b )) almost surely. The performance of these estimators is compared to that of some known estimators in the case of sampling from a normal, exponential and a weighted difference of two independent chi-square distributions.
Investigating the performance of parallel eigensolvers for large processor counts

Eigensolving (diagonalizing) small dense matrices threatens to become a bottleneck in the application of massively parallel computers to electronic structure methods. Because the computational cost of electronic structure methods typically scales asO(N3) or worse, even teraflop computer systems with thousands of processors will often confront problems withN 10,000. At present, diagonalizing anN×N matrix onP processors is not efficient whenP is large compared toN. The loss of efficiency can make diagonalization a bottleneck on a massively parallel computer, even though it is typically a minor operation on conventional serial machines. This situation motivates a search for both improved methods and identification of the computer characteristics that would be most productive to improve.
Measurement of Hydroxyl Concentrations in Air Using a Tunable uv Laser Beam

We report the first measurement of hydroxyl (OH) concentrations in air by detecting the resonance fluorescence excited by tunable radiation near 2825.8 \AA{}. On a particular day, the OH concentrations deduced from these measurements ranged from a high of 1.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ OH/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ in the early afternoon to a level below 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ OH/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at night.
Ontogeny of bladder compliance

Recent advances in technology have allowed for the diagnosis of many urologic abnormalities through the use of antenatal ultrasonography. There is great debate in the pediatric literature as to whether the hydronephrosis which is diagnosed via antenatal ultrasound is always secondary to obstruction, or in certain cases represents a benign dilatation. Benign dilatations are postulated to be secondary to the increased fetal diuresis and a more compliant fetal urinary tract. In this study we present evidence for a gradual decline in bladder compliance with maturation. A summary of our results demonstrates that bladders obtained from 1 day old rabbits are 2 and 3 times more compliant than bladders of 4–8 week old rabbits. Active tension reaches a peak when the muscle is stretched to 150% of its initial resting length. However, 1 day old bladder tissue exhibits a higher active tension in response to field stimulation when compared to the response of bladder tissue obtained from 4 and 8 week old rabbits. In summary, compliance and active tension decrease with maturation.
Small molecule, oligonucleotide-based telomerase template inhibition in combination with cytolytic therapy in an in vitro androgen-independent prostate cancer model

Abstract Purpose Determine the efficacy and timing of small molecule oligonucleotide-based inhibitors to the enzyme telomerase in an in vitro model of androgen-independent, osseous prostate cancer. Materials and Methods Telomerase was inhibited in prostate cancer cell lines C4-2/C4–2B and in controls by using small molecule antisense oligonucleotide-based inhibitors alone or in various combinations of small-dose Taxotere® (sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ) and/or conditionally replication competent adenovirus (AD-BSP-E1a). After transfection and proliferation, telomerase telomeric repeat amplification protocol and telomere restriction fragment assays were performed, with specific times for evaluating telomere length. Specimens were stained for analysis with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Results C4-2/C4–2B cell lines had the shortest initial mean telomere length (approximately 2.5 kilobase [kb]) compared to PC-3 (approximately 5.5 kb). Dose-dependent inhibition of telomerase activity was seen using match oligonucleotide-based inhibitors to telomerase (50% inhibitory concentration 3–5 nm), whereas mismatch compound showed no telomerase inhibition. Significant growth delay and apoptosis in cell lines occurred after >50 days of treatment. Cells treated with combination “triple therapy” (i.e., telomerase inhibitors, adenovirus, and Taxotere®) had the highest amount of apoptosis. Compared to controls, all combination treatment groups had statistically significant reductions in prostate-specific antigen in the conditioned media. Conclusions Combining cytotoxic regimens with small molecule inhibitors to telomerase with oligonucleotide-based agents could be beneficial in controlling osseous hormone refractory prostate cancer, as evidenced by these in vitro, preclinical investigations. Telomerase inhibition needs to move into in vivo models and human studies.
Structures of transition metal hydrides determined by neutron diffraction

Abstract Neutron diffraction structure determinations of transition metal hydrides have been reviewed. Molecular complexes as well as solid state compounds are surveyed; both structures determined by single-crystal and powder neutron diffraction are included. Tables of average MH distances have been compiled.
Amyand Hernia Diagnosed With Sonography A Case Study

Individually, inguinal hernias and acute appendicitis are common, but the combination of the two, acute appendicitis within an inguinal hernia or Amyand hernia (AH), is rare. The overwhelming majority of AH cases are in males and discovered during surgery. To date, only three case reports in the literature of this pathology have been diagnosed with sonography. This is a report of an AH diagnosed in a woman with sonography.
Rebalancing the Global Economy: China Must Allow Currency to Rise, US Must Boost Savings

Thanks to the draining effects of the Iraq war and the financial meltdown emanating from Wall Street, a powershift away from American dominance is taking place. Caught between a rising China and an America in relative decline, the new leadership in Japan is recalibrating its post-World War II relationships. The G-20 has usurped the role once played by the G-8 as the governing committee of globalization. And the symbiotic coupling of “Chimerica”, born out of the credit bubble built up over the past two decades, is being put to the test. In this section, the new prime minister of Japan, the president of the European Union, the president of Brazil and a leading economic historian assess these shifts.
A general sequential fixed-accuracy confidence interval estimation methodology for a positive parameter: illustrations using health and safety data

Estimation of positive parameters is important in areas including ecology, biology, medicine, nuclear power, and study of cell membranes. We develop a general structure for a fixed-accuracy sequential confidence interval estimation methodology in the spirit of Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee (Sequ Anal, 33:251–285, 2014a) for a positive parameter of an arbitrary distribution which may be discrete or continuous. The confidence interval is constructed using a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the unknown parameter. The methodology enjoys attractive properties such as asymptotic consistency and asymptotic first-order efficiency (Theorem 1). Three specific illustrations are included. Comprehensive data analyses from large-scale simulations have been incorporated which substantiate encouraging performances of the proposed estimation methodology. These are followed by real data analyses corresponding to the Bernoulli distribution (odds ratio of poisonous mushrooms), Poisson distribution (radioactive decay of isotopes), and a Normal distribution with the same mean and variance (real-time 911 calls dispatch).
Special Essay-Review

The Basic Training Course for Residential Child Care Workers. By Richard H. Uhlig, Erwin H. Plumer, Julie R. Galosy, Gwen Bullard, and H. Carl Henley, Jr. Chapel Hill: Group Child Care Consultant Services, University of North Carolina School of Social Work, 1977. Complete course (2300 pp.), $65.00. Workshops for potential users are being sponsored in 1978 by the Children's Bureau--contact Development Associates, Inc., 2924 Columbia Pike, Arlington, Virginia 22204.
Comparison of Bessel and Gaussian beams

A comparison of beam divergence and power-transport efficiency is made between Gaussian and Bessel beams when both beams have the same initial total power and the same initial full width at half-maximum.
Flouroscopically–guided transhepatic puncture for difficult TIPS re-do procedures utilizing the En Snare retrieval device: A new approach to occluded TIPS in patients with recurrent ascites

Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding are complications due to cirrhosis. Transjugular Intraphepatic Portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is a well-established treatment for recurrent ascites and variceal bleeding related to portal hypertension. After a TIPS has been placed, the potential of TIPS occlusion or stenosis is high. A TIPS re-do procedure has been used in treatment of progressive clinical symptoms. The standard approach is via the jugular route to recannulate the TIPS shunt. Rarely, it cannot be performed from the jugular approach. Therefore, a fluoroscopically -guided transhepatic approach has been devised for these difficult situations. This case describes the use of the transhepatic route through an indwelling Viatorr covered stent utilizing an En-Snare device to help complete the TIPS re-do procedure. With this newer approach to TIPS re-do procedures, endovascular specialists can achieve TIPS patency despite difficult venous anatomical challenges and the various types of available TIPS stents presently on the market.
Evidence of high ice supersaturation in cirrus clouds using ARM Raman lidar measurements

[1] Water vapor amounts in the upper troposphere are crucial to understanding the radiative feedback of cirrus clouds on the Earth's climate. We use a unique, year-long dataset of water vapor mixing ratio inferred from ground-based Raman lidar measurements to study the role of ice supersaturation in ice nucleation processes. We find that ice supersaturation occurs 31% of the time in over 300,000 data points. We also examine the distribution of ice supersaturation with height and find that in the uppermost portion of a cloud layer, the air is ice supersaturated 43% of the time. These measurements show that large ice supersaturation is common in cirrus clouds, which supports the theory of ice forming homogeneously. Given the continuous nature of these Raman lidar measurements, our results have important implications for studying ice nucleation processes using cloud microphysical models.
Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana

Concerns about nanotechnology have prompted studies on how the release of these engineered nanoparticles impact our environment. Herein, the impact of 20 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the life history traits of Arabidopsis thaliana was studied in both above- and below-ground parts, at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Both gross phenotypes (in contrast to microscopic phenotypes) and routes of transport and accumulation were investigated from roots to shoots. Wild type Arabidopsis growing in soil, regularly irrigated with 75 μg/L of AgNPs, did not show any obvious morphological change. However, their vegetative development was prolonged by two to three days and their reproductive growth shortened by three to four days. In addition, the germination rates of offspring decreased drastically over three generations. These findings confirmed that AgNPs induce abiotic stress and cause reproductive toxicity in Arabidopsis. To trace transport of AgNPs, this study also included an Arabidopsis reporter line genetically transformed with a green fluorescent protein and grown in an optical transparent medium with 75 μg/L AgNPs. AgNPs followed three routes: (1) At seven days after planting (DAP) at S1.0 (stages defined by Boyes et al. 2001 [41]), AgNPs attached to the surface of primary roots and then entered their root tips; (2) At 14 DAP at S1.04, as primary roots grew longer, AgNPs gradually moved into roots and entered new lateral root primordia and root hairs; (3) At 17 DAP at S1.06 when the Arabidopsis root system had developed multiple lateral roots, AgNPs were present in vascular tissue and throughout the whole plant from root to shoot. In some cases, if cotyledons of the Arabidopsis seedlings were immersed in melted transparent medium, then AgNPs were taken up by and accumulated in stomatal guard cells. These findings in Arabidopsis are the first to document specific routes and rates of AgNP uptake in vivo and in situ.