cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead and antimony speciation associated with the weathering of bullets in a historic shooting range in Alaska

Abstract Lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) associated with bullets pose a long term contamination risk in shooting ranges because bullet fragments weather over years to decades. In this study we analyzed bullet and soil samples from a historic military shooting range in interior Alaska. Bulk speciation analysis coupled with micro-scale analytical methods demonstrate the presence of Sb(V) in octahedral coordination with 5.3(1) O and a second shell of 3(1) Fe atoms is the primary species present in the weathered bullet crust. However, trivalent Sb bound to 3.1(2) O atoms is likely the initial oxidation species as detected at the soil/alloy interface of a weathered bullet from this study. Similar analysis shows that cerussite (PbCO3), hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2), and litharge (PbO) comprise the majority of the Pb species in the weathering crust but Pb(II) adsorbed to Fe(III) oxides are also present in the soil distal to the source material. These results show differences in speciation between the weathering crust and soil fraction in shooting range samples and highlight the natural association of Pb and Sb with Fe. Understanding metal speciation is a critical first step in developing and implementing remediation strategies in small arms shooting ranges.
Safety of natural anthraquinone emodin: an assessment in mice.

Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, has shown potential as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases including cancer. However, its clinical development is hindered by uncertainties surrounding its potential toxicity. The primary purpose of this study was to uncover any potential toxic properties of emodin in mice at doses that have been shown to have efficacy in our cancer studies. In addition, we sought to assess the time course of emodin clearance when administered both intraperitoneally (I.P.) and orally (P.O.) in order to begin to establish effective dosing intervals. We performed a subchronic (12 week) toxicity study using 3 different doses of emodin (~ 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) infused into the AIN-76A diet of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 5/group/sex). Body weight and composition were assessed following the 12-week feeding regime. Tissues were harvested and assessed for gross pathological changes and blood was collected for a complete blood count and evaluation of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine. For the pharmacokinetic study, emodin was delivered intraperitoneally I.P. or P.O. at 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg doses to male and female mice (n = 4/group/sex/time-point) and circulating levels of emodin were determined at 1, 4 and 12 h following administration via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. We found that 12 weeks of low (20 mg/kg), medium (40 mg/kg), or high (80 mg/kg) emodin feeding did not cause pathophysiological perturbations in major organs. We also found that glucuronidated emodin peaks at 1 h for both I.P. and P.O. administered emodin and is eliminated by 12 h. Interestingly, female mice appear to metabolize emodin at a faster rate than male mice as evidenced by greater levels of glucuronidated emodin at the 1 h time-point (40 mg/kg for both I.P. and P.O. and 20 mg/kg I.P.) and the 4-h time-point (20 mg/kg I.P.). In summary, our studies establish that 1) emodin is safe for use in both male and female mice when given at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg doses for 12 weeks and 2) sex differences should be considered when establishing dosing intervals for emodin treatment.
Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children.

Background There are limited pediatric data regarding severe COVID-19 disease. Our study aims to describe the epidemiology and identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease in children. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study among children with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR from March to July 2020 at Children's Hospital Colorado. Risk factors for severe disease were analyzed as defined by hospital admission, respiratory support, or critical care. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted. Results Among 454 patients identified with SARS-CoV-2, 191 (42.1%) were females, median age 11 years. Fifty-five percent of all patients identified as Hispanic compared with 29% among all hospital visits in 2019 (P 20 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 7.85; P 20 years, asthma, gastrointestinal condition, and similar symptoms at presentation were also predictors for respiratory support. Elevated C-reactive protein was associated with the need for critical care with median of 17.7 mg/dL (IQR, 5.3-22.9) versus 1.95 mg/dL (IQR, 0.7-5.5) among patients requiring critical versus no critical care (OR, 1.2; P = 0.02). Conclusions Extremes of age, comorbid conditions, and elevated CRP are predictors of severe disease in children. Findings from this study can inform pediatric providers and public health officials to tailor clinical management, pandemic planning, and resource allocation.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems: An Opportunity for Industry

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an extremely important gaseous dielectric used by the electric power industry in circuit breakers, gas-insulated substations, and switchgear. SF6 is also a very potent and persistent greenhouse gas that contributes to global climate change. Due to this second characteristic, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is launching a voluntary SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems. the partnership will work with the electric power industry to pursue technologically and economically feasible actions aimed at minimizing SF6 emissions, thereby reducing the threat of global climate change. EPA plans to have the partnership operating by the Fall of 1998.
DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE CONTROL BY MONOLITH TRAP AND FUEL ADDITIVE REGENERATION

This paper summarizes development of a diesel exhaust-particulate control system using a ceramic wall flow monolith trap and an organometallic additive in the engine fuel. Regenerative features of the additive and limitations of the trap are identified. Included is a description of a supplemental ignition system. Limited trap-durability data are given and additive-deposit effects on the trap, engine and vehicle fuel system are described. Exhaust emissions of regulated constituents and additive effluent are also presented. A detailed study of additive-concentration and particulate-loading effects on trap regeneration and durability is described. It is concluded that although trap durability has been improved with fuel-additive-assisted regeneration, much basic development remains to be accomplished for this system to be considered a candidate for production application.
Electron Diffraction and Crystallography

Reciprocal lattices of materials are spanned by three reciprocal-lattice vectors, so the diffraction patterns of materials are inherently three-dimensional. To obtain all available diffraction information, the diffraction intensity should be measured for all magnitudes and orientations of the three-dimensional diffraction vector, Δ k, with coordinates Δk ,θ, and ϕ. A practical approach to this fairly complicated problem is to separate the control over the magnitude of Δk from its orientation with respect to the sample. The θ — θ or θ — 2θ goniometers described in Sect. 1.3.2 provide the required control over the magnitude Δk, while maintaining a constant direction Δk on the sample. For isotropic polycrystalline samples, a single powder-diffraction pattern provides representative diffraction data because all crystal orientations are sampled. For specimens that are single crystals, however, it is also necessary to provide for the orientational degrees of freedom of the specimen (latitude and longitude angles, for example). A diffraction pattern (varying Δk) should then be obtained for each orientation within the selected solid angle (sin(θ)dθdϕ) of reciprocal space. Diffraction experiments with single crystals require additional equipment for specimen orientation, and software to relate these data to the reciprocal space structure of the three-dimensional crystal. For publication and display of these data, however, it is typical to present the diffraction intensities as planar sections through the three-dimensional data.
Menu System Suited to Novice and Experienced Users of an Automobile Navigation System

Computer-based products require designers to make trade-offs between the product's initial and long term ease of use. The trade-off decisions are particularly important in the design of a computer-based automobile navigation system (ANS). An ANS designed for the mass market must serve the needs of both first time users, such as rental car drivers, and those who may purchase cars equipped with the device and use it on a daily basis. In our efforts to design the user interface to an ANS, we sought a means to protect new users from advanced functions that would frustrate the early learning experience. At the same time, we sought a smooth method for everyday users to access advanced functions. In this paper, we briefly explain automobile navigation systems, and then discuss our design solution.
Edge states and interferometers in the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states of the ν = 5 2 quantum Hall system

We compute the tunneling current in a double point contact geometry of a quantum Hall system at filling fraction nu=(5/2), as a function of voltage and temperature, in the weak tunneling regime. We quantitatively compare two possible candidates for the state at nu=(5/2): the Moore-Read Pfaffian state, and its particle-hole conjugate, the anti-Pfaffian. We find that both possibilities exhibit the same qualitative behavior, and both have an even-odd effect that reflects their non-Abelian nature, but differ quantitatively in their voltage and temperature dependence.
Seven Student-centered Principles for Smart Teaching in Physical Education

This article discusses ways in which physical educators can enhance learning in their classrooms based on the book How Learning Works: Seven Researched-based Principles for Smart Teaching (2010). Although the research-based principles were proposed for classroom teaching, they are equally applicable to a physical education setting. The article highlights the similarities between effective teaching in the classroom and in the gymnasium. The learning principles include: (1) prior knowledge; (2) organization of knowledge; (3) motivation; (4) development of mastery skills; (5) goal-directed practice; (6) students as social, emotional and intellectual learners; and (7) students as self-directed learners. The authors define each principle and suggest applications in physical education.
Serum and Seminal Fluid Immunoglobulins in Relation to Testicular Morphology

The presence of different titers and types of sperm-agglutinating antibodies In serum and seminal fluid as well as the immunoglobulin content of the fluid were evaluated in 93 men with azoospermia or, occasionally, cryptozoospermia to detect whether, at any stage of deranged spermatogenesis observed In a testicular biopsy, a leakage of antibodies or Immunoglobulins to the seminal fluid could be demonstrated. Tail-to-tail sperm-agglutinating antibodies were noted In serum from 48% of the men with complete spermatogenesis with only low titers in seminal fluid. No such antibodies were seen In sera from men with different degrees of disturbed spermatogenesis. One man with a Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and one man with a developmental arrest at the spermatid stage had low titers of head-to-head sperm-agglutinating antibodies in serum, but no such antibodies were seen In the seminal fluid. In none of the men with either normal or deranged spermatogenesis could an increased antibody or Immunoglobulin concentration be demonstrated in the seminal fluid.
Micromechanics based random material property fields for particulate reinforced composites

Particle reinforced metal matrix composites offer a number of advantages over continuously reinforced composites. They generally can be made using conventional metal-working processes and often fabricated to near net shape. Like continuously reinforced composites though, the potential exists to tailor these materials for higher specific stiffnesses, greater strength and improved fracture properties over their homogeneous counterparts. Their effective use requires an accurate characterization, which is made difficult by a three-dimensional (3D) random microstructure. A micromechanics based moving window technique, used to develop material property fields associated with the random 3D microstructure of a particulate reinforced composite, is described in this paper. The resulting sample material property fields are computationally tractable and have a direct link to the composite microstructure. The method can be used to generate material property fields for elastic or inelastic properties. Statistical and probabilistic descriptions of these property fields can subsequently be used to simulate the material and characterize the variability of the material response. The method is illustrated in this paper by generating fields for selected elastic moduli developed from a numerically simulated microstructure.
Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a Carotid Endarterectomy Specimen

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by both seroepidemiologic studies and direct detection of the organism in atherosclerotic plaque by electron microscopy (EM), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Despite the frequent detection of the organism in atheromatous cardiovascular specimens by these methods, only 1 cardiovascular isolate of C. pneumoniae, obtained from a coronary artery, has been previously reported. This study reports the isolation of C. pneumoniae from a prospectively obtained carotid endarterectomy specimen. The organism appears to be identical to other C. pneumoniae isolates by EM morphology, reactivity to species-specific monoclonal antibodies, and Southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal digests using C. pneumoniae-specific DNA probes. C. pneumoniae was detected by PCR or ICC (or both) in 11 (69%) of 16 other endarterectomy specimens tested by both of these methods. These results provide further evidence for an association of C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis by confirming the presence of viable bacteria within atherosclerotic plaque.
Angular momentum in a statistical formalism for complex particle emission.

Angular momentum features are introduced into a formalism, previously proposed, for calculating the statistical emission of complex nuclear fragments. The formalism follows the evolution of an excited system as it deexcites by emitting particles which carry away mass, charge, energy, and angular momentum from the residue. Instantaneous differential emission rates are developed using detailed balance and including the effects of the angular momentum of the residue and the emitted fragment. The rates are used to calculate features of the deexcitation process. Illustrative examples of calculated results are provided for the instantaneous values of various properties of the residue which obtain during the evolution of the system. Results of calculations for final multiplicities, spectra, and angular distributions are also provided. The examples emphasize the influence of angular momentum.
Real-time model-based tracking combining spatial and temporal features

This paper describes a method for tracking moving image features by combining spatial and temporal edge information with model-based feature information. The algorithm updates the two-dimensional position of object features by correlating predicted model features with current image data. The results of the correlation process are used to compute an updated model. The algorithm makes use of a high temporal sampling rate with respect to spatial changes of the image features and operates in a real-time multi-processing environment. Preliminary results demonstrate successful tracking for image feature velocities between 1.1 and 4.5 pixels every image frame.
Teaching about Globalization and Food in Ecuador

AbstractThis article describes a course we taught while on exchange at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito during the spring semester of 2006. Food studies provided a window through which to explore issues of race and class and the effects of globalization in this Andean country. The timing was also perfect in that Ecuador was being pressured by the United States into quickly signing a bilateral free-trade agreement. Popular pressure derailed the talks soon after our class was over. Protests by indigenous farmers, in fact, were happening at the same time as the class reached its apogee in the form of a field trip to the indigenous market of Zumbagua to restudy the work done there twenty years earlier by Mary Weismantel, recorded in her important book, Food, Gender and Poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes.
INVESTIGATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN CYCADEOIDS: TRUNKS FROM WYOMING

DELEVORYAS, THEODORE. (University of Illinois, Urbana.) Investigations of North American cycadeoids: trunks from Wyoming. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(9): 778-786. Illus. 1960.-A study was undertaken of the cycadeoid trunks from Wyoming to more fully understand the morphology and evolutionary significance of these trunks and to determine the validity of the genus Cycadella. The stem named Cycadeoidea (or Cycadella) utopiensis is not the same morphologically as those from Carbon County, Wyoming, and because of its unknown source, it is not a reliable specimen for the study of cycadeoids from the Morrison formation. The Morrison, Carbon County specimens included in Ward's genus Cycadella were shown to have trunk structure, leaf bases, and cones like those in Cycadeoidea. The cone vascular bundle is derived from a fusion of 4 leaf traces. From the fused bundle complex, 4 leaf traces are separated farther out in the cortex, and 1 of these supplies the subtending leaf. In spite of the relatively complex pattern of cone trace formation, there does not seem to be any significant means of distinguishing specimens called Cycadella from the more common Cycadeoidea. Furthermore, it is evident that the genus Cycadeoidea represents a fairly homogeneous group with a wide geographic and geologic range. Pattern of formation of cone traces is interpreted as possible further evidence for regarding cycadeoid cones as portions
Age-associated decline in theta antigen on spleen thymus-derived lymphocytes of B6CF1 mice.

Abstract The proportion of theta-bearing cells in spleen cell suspensions of normal B6CF 1 mice of both sexes, from 1 to 900 days of age, was determined using indirect immunofluorescence. By 25 days of age theta positive cells constituted ~32% of the population, and this proportion remained constant to 183 days of age. Between 183 and 650 days of age the proportion of theta positive cells declined linearly. The amount of theta antigen per cell also decreased with age. Theta was visualized as a continuous ring on cells from young mice and changed to a patchy distribution to faintly visible incomplete rings by 600 days of age. The age-associated decline in theta antigen suggests that the amount of theta on the cell surface is an indicator of, and perhaps a contributor to, the functional capability of the thymus-derived cell.
On stability characterization of discrete-time piecewise linear systems

A complete stability characterization is given for a special class of discrete-time piecewise linear systems. The characterization is based on solving and then combining two separate subproblems: one is to obtain stabilizing switching sequences, and the other is to generate switching structure- preserving state-space partitions. Checking the stability of a finite number of periodic switching sequences is sufficient for this characterization.
Dopaminergic and glutamatergic mechanisms mediate the induction of FOS-like protein by cocaethylene.

Cocaethylene is a psychoactive metabolite formed during the combined consumption of cocaine and ethanol. As this metabolite has many properties in common with cocaine, it is conceivable that cocaethylene administration may induce the activity of nuclear transcription factors that regulate the expression of late-response genes. Therefore, the temporal induction of FOS-like protein in rat brain was examined following IP administration of 60 micromol/kg cocaethylene. Immunoreactivity for the protein was detectable at 1 h in striatal neurons and had virtually disappeared 6 h after drug treatment. Administration of specific dopaminergic (SCH-23390; 0.5 mg/kg) and glutamatergic (MK-801; 1 mg/kg) receptor antagonists prior to cocaethylene indicated a significant role for dopamine (D1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes in mediating the nuclear induction of the aforementioned transcription factor protein. In contrast, no significant effects on FOS-like protein in discrete neurons of the caudate putamen were found when spiradoline (U-62066), a kappa opioid-receptor agonist, was administered either IP (10 mg/kg) or directly (50 nmol) into the brain parenchyma. In addition, we uncovered a differential sensitivity of Long-Evans rats to the behavioral effects of cocaethylene, with the psychoactive metabolite producing significantly less behavioral activity (e.g., locomotion, rearing, and continuous sniffing) than that produced by cocaine (molar equivalent of 60 micromol/kg cocaethylene). These findings indicate both common and disparate effects of cocaethylene and its parent compound, cocaine, on receptor pathways that regulate target alterations in gene expression and drug-induced motor behavior.
Clinical and molecular studies of brachydactyly type D.

We report on the clinical manifestations in six affected individuals from a four-generation family that segregates brachydactyly type D (BDD). All affected individuals have either bilateral and symmetric or unilateral first distal phalangeal hypoplasia. Metacarpal-phalangeal profiles show that some affected individuals also have a more generalized involvement of the apical skeleton. However, other than first distal phalangeal hypoplasia, there is no consistent pattern of associated skeletal involvement. Linkage analyses were preformed between the BDD phenotype in this family and six loci known to contain genes involved in apical skeletal patterning. No statistically significant linkage was detected.
The isolated receptor potential of the frog isolated retina: action spectra before and after extensive bleaching.

We have used sodium aspartate Ringer's to enable us to record gross potentials from the receptors of the frog's isolated retina. After bleaching 92 per cent of the rhodopsin, at least two receptors recover their sensitivity, although no rhodopsin is regenerated. Selective chromatic adaptation was used to demonstrate that the receptors involved have λmax around 500 and 580 nm. One receptor must be the 580 cone. The other receptor has an action spectrum fitted by a 502 nomogram pigment and must be the red rod or accessory cone. The implications of these recoveries in sensitivity are discussed.
Some physiologic characteristics of the electrodermal reflex in the cat.

Abstract BERNTHAL, P. J. AND M. C. KOSS. Some physiologic characteristics of the electrodermal reflex in the cat . BRAIN RES. BULL. 3 (5)437–441, 1978.—The amplitudes of electrodermal reflexes evoked in intact cats were compared under a variety of anesthetic conditions. Electrodermal reflexes were elicited in both decerebrate and spinal preparations with and without anesthesia. Reflex amplitude was significantly depressed in the anesthetized preparation after decerebration or spinal transection. In contrast, spinal transection performed after decerebration in unanesthetized preparations significantly increased the amplitude of the reflex. The evidence presented in this study supports the concept of a primarily inhibitory lower brainstem system with regard to this reflex. The relative stability of the reflex amplitude in the anesthetized cat suggests that this reflex system could be useful in the analysis of the effects of drugs acting on the central nervous system.
Data Fusion And Image Segmentation Using Hierarchical Simulated Annealing On The Connection Machine(Tm)

We present a family of algorithms for low level data fusion and image segmentation using hierarchical layers of processor grids. Previously, image pyramids and simulated annealing have separately been used for these problems. We investigate combining these methods into pyramidal annealing algorithms.
Vibrationally inelastic low-energy CO/+/ - Ar collisions.

Examination of relative differential cross sections for inelastic scattering of CO(+) by Ar with a high-resolution ion-beam apparatus in which a CO(+) beam interacts with a neutral-Ar beam, and the energy, mass, and angular distribution of scattered ions are measured. Maxima in the inelastic energy-loss spectra occur at energies corresponding to CO(+) spectroscopic vibrational spacings. Weakly inelastic processes are observed below the threshold for vibrational energy loss, corresponding to rotational excitation with the relative importance of rotational transitions increasing with decreasing energy and scattering angle.
The Feasibility of Winter Wheat Following Soybean in Northern Minnesota

Lack of a suitable previous crop and the risk of winter-kill are two main reasons why winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a minor crop in Minnesota. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an excellent previous crop to hard red spring wheat in the Northern Great Plains. The objectives of this research were to determine whether (i) seeding winter wheat immediately following soybean harvest allowed for the winter wheat to get established and (ii) no-till seeding into standing soybean stubble reduced the amount of winter-kill. Winter wheat was successfully established and grown following soybean when more winter-hardy varieties were selected. No-till seeding tended to reduce winter-kill and improved spring vigor for more winter-hardy varieties, and no-till seeding improved grain yield and reduced grain protein content compared to conventional seeding.
UNCERTAINTY IN EXTRAPOLATIONS OF PREDICTIVE LAND CHANGE MODELS

This paper gives a technique to extrapolate the anticipated accuracy of a prediction of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) to any point in the future. The method calibrates a LUCC model with information from the past in order to simulate a map of the present, so that it can compute an objective measure of validation with empirical data. Then it uses that observed measurement of predictive accuracy to anticipate how accurately the model will predict a future landscape. The technique assumes that the accuracy of the model will decay to randomness as the model predicts farther into the future and estimates how fast the decay in accuracy will occur based on prior model performance. Results are presented graphically in terms of percentage of pixels classified correctly so that nonexperts can interpret the accuracy visually. The percentage correct is budgeted by three components: agreement due to chance, agreement due to the predicted quantity of each land category, and agreement due to the predicted location of each land category. The percentage error is budgeted by two components: disagreement due to the predicted location of each land category and disagreement due to the predicted quantity of each land category. Therefore, model users can see the sources of the accuracy and error of the model. The entire analysis is computable for multiple resolutions, so users can see how the results are sensitive to changes in scale. We illustrate the method with an application of the land-use change model Geomod to Central Massachusetts, where the predictive accuracy of the model decays to 90% over fourteen years and to near complete randomness over 200 years.
Investigating the relation between kindergarten preparation and child socio-behavioral school outcomes

Research suggests that many typically developing children in the United States experience problems during the transition from preschool to kindergarten. Despite the fact that early school experiences impact educational trajectories, few empirical studies investigate the effect of kindergarten preparation variables on child outcomes. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between kindergarten preparation variables, including early education experiences and family involvement in preparation activities, and children’s socio-behavioral outcomes in kindergarten. Participants included 86 general education students, their parents, and teachers. Data collection involved parent reports of child and family demographic information and behavioral involvement in kindergarten preparation activities as well as assessment of teacher-reported child outcomes, including student-teacher relationships, social skills, and problem behavior. Kindergarten preparation variables, particularly early education experience, significantly predicted kindergarten student-teacher relationship quality and school problem behavior, after accounting for the effects of district locale, family socio-economic status, and parent-reported problem behavior. The importance of preparation activities for supporting child socio-behavioral adjustment in kindergarten is discussed.
Searching for muon to electron conversion below the 10−16 level

The Muon-to-Electron COnversion, or MECO experiment [1] at Brookhaven National Laboratory seeks to detect coherent, neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of a nucleus with a rate sensitivity four orders of magnitude lower than existing limits. I will review the current limits of charged lepton flavor violation search experiments, which presently range from 10 to slightly below 10 [2]. Recent observations of neutrino oscillation at Super-Kamiokande [3] imply that neutrinos both have mass and mix, but neutrino mixing alone yields an inaccessibly low rate of μN → eN , hence observation of a signal requires fundamentally new physics. I will highlight a few of the numerous extensions of the Standard Model that predict an observable signal at the 10 level. I will present a detailed description of the MECO experiment, which utilizes several new techniques to reach this level. These include the use of a high Z target and an axially graded solenoidal field in the production region, transport in a combination of solenoids and toroidal sections to filter the muon beam, and situating the muon stopping target within a second axially graded field to increase the acceptance of conversion electrons. If Γ(μN → eN)/Γ(μN → νμN ) = 10 MECO should observe 5 events with a background of 0.45 events. I will conclude with a summary of the present status of the experiment.
Validation of defining characteristics: retrospective design.

Abstract The American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN) has accepted the concept of nursing diagnosis as one component of a general nursing framework which is designed to direct and evaluate the care of individuals with neuroscience dysfunction. Continuing development of nursing diagnosis as a conceptual basis for neuroscience practice is dependent upon several factors, one of which is research-based identification and validation of defining characteristics associated with nursing diagnoses commonly used in the care of patients with neurologic dysfunction. Defining characteristics are observable signs and symptoms present in the person with the problem. Identification and validation of defining characteristics are essential to the continued development and use of nursing diagnosis in nursing practice. Without clear, specific defining characteristics, neuroscience nurses are unable to effectively assess patients for the signs and symptoms necessary to formulate nursing diagnoses, monitor patient status or evaluate nursing interventions. One way to validate defining characteristics is the use of retrospective design.
Some of the Early History of Exactly Soluble Models

Some of the seminal developments in ‘exactly soluble models’ occurred at Northeastern University in the 1960’s, and it was therefore a most fitting location for a workshop on the subject. Since I was involved with some of these developments, the organizers kindly invited me to talk about the early history, especially for those who were not present when it unfolded. I called my talk ‘In the beginning...’, because my intention was to try to convey some of the atmosphere of statistical mechanics from about 1930 up to about 1970, very roughly speaking. No pretense at historical completeness is made here; this is only a collection of snapshots from the photo album of one who had the pleasure of contributing to the subject in its earliest days. There are bound to be omissions and I ask for the indulgence of many colleagues who should be cited here and are not.
CADDAC: Multi-Client Collaborative Shape Design System with Server-based Geometry Kernel

New and efficient paradigms for web-based collaborative product design in a global economy will be driven by increased outsourcing, increased competition, and pressures to reduce product development time. We have developed a three-tier (client-serverdatabase) architecture based collaborative shape design system, Computer Aided Distributed Design and Collaboration (CADDAC). CADDAC has a centralized geometry kernel and constraint solver. The server-side provides support for solid modeling, constraint solving operations, data management, and synchronization of clients. The client-side performs real-time creation, modification, and deletion of geometry over the network. In order to keep the clients thin, many computationally intensive operations are performed at the server. Only the graphics rendering pipeline operations are performed at the client-side. A key contribution of this work is a flexible architecture that decouples Application Data (Model), Controllers, Viewers, and Collaboration. This decoupling allows new feature development to be modular and easy to develop and manage. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1582882#
Mechanical properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond prepared in a nitrogen-rich plasma: A theoretical study

We examine the mechanical properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, with a focus on thin films created with high levels of nitrogen in the plasma. A model with several of the attributes of the corresponding experimental UNCD is developed and its properties explored. Simulations are performed using semiempirical quantum mechanics and density functional theory. Our results predict a Young's modulus of $0.69\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TPa}$, failure strain of 0.13, and a tensile fracture stress of $61\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ which are 66%, 100%, and 61%, respectively, of those predicted for UNCD produced in the absence of nitrogen. As in the case of UNCD produced without nitrogen in the plasma deposition, the fracture stress $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{f}}=61\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$ is very large compared to that observed experimentally; these indicate that the experimental specimens contain large defects and some estimates are made of the size of these defects using the Griffith formula with the surface energy computed here. The effect of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of atom-wide UNCD grain boundaries is also investigated. Throughout, the accuracy of the various simulation methods is compared and evaluated.
Does plastic surgical consultation improve the outcome of patients undergoing radical vulvectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva

Abstract Objectives To analyze margin status and prognostic factors for complications in patients undergoing vulvectomy for invasive squamous cell cancer (iSCC) with and without plastic-assisted closure. Methods Demographic and clinical data were collected on 94 patients with iSCC who underwent vulvectomy between 2004 and 2013. All pathology slides were re-reviewed by two gynecologic pathologists. Data were analyzed using XLSTAT-Pro v2014.2.02. Results Of 88 eligible patients, 15 (17%) had plastic-assisted vulvar closure and 73 (83%) did not. There were significantly more patients in the plastics group with recurrent disease (53% v 10%) and history radiation therapy prior to surgery (40% versus 5%). Plastic-assisted closure was associated with larger tumors (3.73cm versus 2.03cm, p Conclusions Plastic-assisted vulvectomy closure was more often utilized in cases involving past radiation therapy and larger tumors. Plastic-assisted closure significantly increased the frequency of adequate margins in tumors ≥3cm and did not impact complications.
Presynaptic muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsal hippocampus regulate behavioral inhibition of preweanling rats

The aim of this research was to determine whether early maturation of the dorsal hippocampal cholinergic system mediates behavior exhibited by preweanling rats in the presence or absence of an unfamiliar adult male rat, a threatening stimulus. The behavioral responses that were examined included behavioral inhibition or freezing which emerges at 2 weeks of age and ultrasonic vocalizations. Prior to behavioral testing, oxotremorine, an M2 muscarinic receptor agonist that reduces cholinergic release from presynaptic terminals, was infused into the dorsal hippocampal dentate gyrus. Results demonstrated that 14-day-old rats with bilateral hippocampal infusions of a 1 μg dose of oxotremorine exhibited significant deficits in freezing when exposed to the adult male rat. Importantly, oxotremorine had no significant effects on ultrasound emission and ambulatory activity when rat pups were tested in social isolation. Thus, effects of oxotremorine in the hippocampal dentate gyrus do not produce global changes in behavior. Results suggest that cholinergic release into the dorsal hippocampus facilitates the display of behavioral inhibition at the end of the second postnatal week. Behavioral deficits in freezing may reflect an oxotremorine-induced disruption of hippocampal cholinergic function underlying the processing of biologically relevant olfactory stimuli as well as mechanisms associated with attention.
A thermodynamically consistent, nonlinear viscoelastic approach for modeling glassy polymers

Abstract A thermodynamically consistent nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive theory is derived to capture the wide range of behavior observed in glassy polymers, including such phenomena as yield, stress/volume/enthalpy relaxation, nonlinear stress–strain behavior in complex loading histories, and physical aging. The Helmholtz free energy for an isotropic, thermorheologically simple, viscoelastic material is constructed, and quantities such as the stress and entropy are determined from the Helmholtz potential using Rational Mechanics. The constitutive theory employs a generalized strain measure and a material clock, where the rate of relaxation is controlled by the internal energy that is likewise determined consistently from the viscoelastic Helmholtz potential. This is perhaps the simplest model consistent with the basic requirements of continuum physics, where the rate of relaxation depends upon the thermodynamic state of the polymer. The predictions of the model are compared with extensive experimental data in the following companion paper.
Purification and characterization of a mutant ATP phosphoribosyltransferase hypersensitive to histidine feedback inhibition

Abstract A mutant form of ATP phosphoribosyltranferase (EC 2.4.2.17), hisG 1708 c , which results in abnormally slow growth of Salmonella typhimurium at 20 °C was purified to homogeneity and kinetic and chemical behavior were characterized. Initial velocity steady-state substrate kinetics of wild-type and mutant enzymes at 37 °C were consistent with sequential kinetics and demonstrated that standard assay concentrations of substrates were sufficient to substantially saturate both enzymes. Nearly time-independent inhibition by histidine at 37 °C could be obtained only after incubation in the presence of product and histidine. Studies at 37 °C showed that the mutant enzyme is 24 times more sensitive to histidine than the wild type in a negatively cooperative manner instead of the positively cooperative manner seen for wild type. Pure mutant enzyme exhibits two major electrophoretic species of native enzyme. Although one less cysteine is titratable in native mutant enzyme, the amino acid compositions of mutant and wild-type enzymes are similar. Histidine produces an ultraviolet difference spectrum in mutant enzyme closely resembling that produced in wild type. Binding of histidyl-tRNA to mutant enzyme is substantially inhibited by histidine. It is concluded that the hisG 1708 c mutation alters some conformational processes coupled to the histidine binding site while not affecting others.
Leadership and Innovative Behavior: Intervening Effects in an Entrepreneurial Context

We examine the relationship and intervening mechanisms between transformational leadership and innovative behavior in an entrepreneurial context. Based on data from 39 participating CEOs and 105 ma...
Interview With Edward Frohlich, MD

Dr. Edward Frohlich has been involved in research and treatment activities in hypertension for many years. His career has included working with some of the most important researchers in the field of hypertension--Ed Freis, Harriet Dustan, Irving Page, and Raymond Gifford among many others. He served as Editor in Chief of the journal Hypertension and continues as an active, productive researcher. He is most worthy of the designation Hypertension Icon.
“Sexting” and Sex Offender Registration: Do Age, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Matter?

This article investigates public attitudes regarding sanctions for youth and young adult sexting behaviors. Recently, youths have been charged under child pornography laws for sending or receiving a nude photo via their cell phones. This study investigates the impact that age, gender, and sexual orientation of the relationship has on the public's agreement with sex offender registration as a sanction for sexting.
CO-loss and geometric isomerization in the frozen matrix photochemistry of cis-Fe(CO)4X2, where X = Br and I, cis-[Et4N][Mn(CO)4Br2], cis-Mn(CO)4(PBu3)Br, and Mn(CO)3(PBu3)2Br

Abstract Photolysis of cis -Fe(CO) 4 X 2 , where X = Br and I, results in low energy, facile rearrangement to the trans isomer with no evidence of CO-loss. In contrast, the isoelectronic cis -Mn(CO) 4 Br 2 anion exhibits CO-loss upon photolysis with only weak evidence for the trans isomer. The photolysis of Mn(CO) 5 Br, Mn(CO) 4 Br(PBu 3 ) and Mn(CO) 3 Br(PBu 3 ) 2 have also been examined in frozen matrices.
Osmotic propulsion: the osmotic motor.

A model for self-propulsion of a colloidal particle—the osmotic motor—immersed in a dispersion of “bath” particles is presented. The nonequilibrium concentration of bath particles induced by a surface chemical reaction creates an osmotic pressure imbalance on the motor causing it to move. The ratio of the speed of reaction to that of diffusion governs the bath particle distribution which is employed to calculate the driving force on the motor, and from which the self-induced osmotic velocity is determined. For slow reactions, the self-propulsion is proportional to the reaction velocity. When surface reaction dominates over diffusion the osmotic velocity cannot exceed the diffusive speed of the bath particles. Implications of these features for different bath particle volume fractions and motor sizes are discussed. Theoretical predictions are compared with Brownian dynamics simulations.
Determination of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and thiazole-4-carboxamide-adenine dinucleotide in human leukocytes by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for cellular nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and thiazole-4-carboxamide-adenine dinucleotide is presented that is appropriate for analysis of these dinucleotides in extracts of Ficoll-purified human leukemic cells. The separation, which is effected by reversed-phase chromatogrpahy, is highly reproducible and the limit of quantitation is as low as 10–15 pmol. The stability of these compounds in neutralized perchloric acid extracts is addressed and the applicability of the procedure to clinical specimens is demonstrated.
A Dialectic Technological Science Perspective: Reply to Bell

Bell's (1995) critique of our discussion of a technological science perspective for sociology is a helpful effort to maintain a balance between our emphasis on agency and creativity and on the constraining side of society. We emphasize agency as part of a dialectic between human effort and societal resistance for three reasons. First, it forces reconceptualization of the nature of the science of sociology by shifting from a positivist mode to one that is pragmatic. The meaning of scientific findings changes. Second, agency has been ignored historically while constraint has been over-emphasized. We seek to establish a balance by reentering the notion of agency into sociological discourse. Third, agency is a mechanism for modifying constraints and solving the problems associated with social technologies. In the closing paragraphs of the reply, we suggest that the view under discussion be seen as an ethical pragmatism. Agency forces us to ethical questions and a pragmatic understanding of science.
Results of Digital Neurorrhaphy in Adults

Forty-two digital neurorrhaphies utilizing contemporary techniques and suture material are reviewed. 17% regained near normal function. Another 30% regained imperfect, but very pleasing function. Half of the patients were left with moderate to marked hypoaesthesis, but protective sensation. Protective sensation did not return to those nerves left unrepaired. Immediate repair did not allow better recovery than repair within six days. Delay up to eleven months did not obviate pleasing return of sensibility. Similarly, simultaneous tenorrhaphy did not seem to affect the quality of the result. Crushing, or avulsive injuries always resulted in “poor” return of sensibility. Testing two-point discrimination with the technique of Dellon will reveal recovery of epicritic sensation earlier than any other technique. After six months, few patients regained, or lost sensibility. The severed digital nerve must still carry a guarded prognosis in the adult.
Application of cohort analysis to the study of time trends in neoplastic disease.

Abstract The principles of cohort analysis have been previously applied predominantly to the problem of the clarification of the pattern of change in disease incidence or mortality rates with age. However, many chronic diseases, including neoplastic diseases, show no peak in their age incidence curves, such as that exhibited by tuberculosis rates, which can be utilized to enable a decision as to whether mortality rates are characteristic of a cohort or of current time. It is shown that in such situations, where there has been a change in the direction of the mortality trend over time, the pattern of changes in age-specific rates may assist in this decision. For a number of sites of cancer examined in this way changes in mortality rates in England and Wales during the period 1911–1955 appear to be characteristic of successive cohorts rather than of particular periods of calendar time. This finding is relevant to the interpretation of the pattern of such changes, to the interpretation of age-risk curves in these conditions, and to hypotheses concerning the nature of the influences responsible for the changes over time.
Use of hydrogen peroxide to accelerate staining of ultrathin Spurr sections

Pretreatment of ultrathin Spurr sections of glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed tissue with hydrogen peroxide significantly reduces the time required to stain with ethanolic uranyl acetate and lead citrate for electron microscopy. Micrographs compare contrast obtained by this method with that obtained using conventional staining times. Reasons for the facilitating action of hydrogen peroxide are suggested.