cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentiation of phototherapy cytotoxicity with light scattering media.

Abstract Lung cancer cells are susceptible to photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 630 nm light and dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE). A light scattering media, intralipid (IL), was compared to balanced salt solution (PBS) for PDT of A549 human lung cancer cells. Differences in cellular DHE content after IL or PBS exposure were determined. Cells were incubated in 25 μg/ml DHE for 2 hr and then incubated in various concentrations of IL or PBS at room temperature for 2.5 to 10.0 min. Significant amounts of DHE were lost from IL-incubated cells compared to cells incubated in PBS. After 5 min in 1% IL, cellular DHE content was 0.32 ± 0.04 μg DHE/106 cells compared to 0.56 ± 0.11 μg DHE/106 cells in PBS-incubated cells (P
MEN1 and FANCD2 mediate distinct mechanisms of DNA crosslink repair

Cells mutant for multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) or any of the Fanconi anemia (FA) genes are hypersensitive to the killing effects of crosslinking agents, but the precise roles of these genes in the response to interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are unknown. To determine if MEN1 and the FA genes function cooperatively in the same repair process or in distinct repair processes, we exploited Drosophila genetics to compare the mutation frequency and spectra of MEN1 and FANCD2 mutants and to perform genetic interaction studies. We created a novel in vivo reporter system in Drosophila based on the supF gene and showed that MEN1 mutant flies were extremely prone to single base deletions within a homopolymeric tract. FANCD2 mutants, on the other hand, had a mutation frequency and spectrum similar to wild type using this assay. In contrast to the supF results, both MEN1 and FANCD2 mutants were hypermutable using a different assay based on the lats tumor suppressor gene. The lats assay showed that FANCD2 mutants had a high frequency of large deletions, which the supF assay was not able to detect, while large deletions were rare in MEN1 mutants. Genetic interaction studies showed that neither overexpression nor loss of MEN1 modified the ICL sensitivity of FANCD2 mutants. The strikingly different mutation spectra of MEN1 and FANCD2 mutants together with lack of evidence for genetic interaction between these genes indicate MEN1 plays an essential role in ICL repair distinct from the Fanconi anemia genes.
Sevier Orogenic Belt in Nevada and Utah

In Nevada and Utah, sedimentation in the Cordilleran miogeosyncline began before the appearance of Cambrian fossils and continued without orogenic interruption through the Triassic. During the Jurassic, deformation and regional metamorphism occurred in the western part of the miogeosyncline, and the area of sediment accumulation shifted onto the Colorado Plateau. A major source of clastic material appeared along the eastern margin of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline in Early Cretaceous time; this source supplied the sediments that filled the Cretaceous to Paleocene Rocky Mountain geosyncline. Clasts in the Cretaceous conglomerates show an inverted stratigraphy, reflecting successive exposure of older and older rocks in an evolving orogenic belt along the eastern side of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline. This source area was the Sevier orogenic belt, which had a history of deformation through most of the Cretaceous (Sevier orogeny). Decollement thrusts with displacements of tens of miles are the characteristic structures of the belt, but several large folds are also known. The largest thrusts are overlain unconformably by uppermost Cretaceous conglomerates. Thrusting in the Sevier orogenic belt had virtually ceased by the time the Laramide orogeny began east of the Sevier belt in latest Cretaceous time. Laramide mountains were the result of uplift of great blocks of crystalline basement along nearly vertical, reverse, and steep thrust faults. The Uinta arch, which intersects the Sevier orogenic belt almost at a right angle, is the only one of these basement uplifts closely involved with the deformation of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline. North-south-trending regional normal faulting of post-Oligocene age has broken up the orogenic belt so that it is not immediately recognizable on geologic maps. Arch ranges, intrusive domes, and gravity slides are additional complications of the Tertiary geology, but widespread Tertiary deposits, particularly Oligocene ignimbrites, make a paleogeologic reconstruction possible; thus, the Sevier orogenic belt can be viewed as it existed before the normal faulting.
Antagonism of purinergic signalling improves recovery from traumatic brain injury

The recent public awareness of the incidence and possible long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury only heightens the need to develop effective approaches for treating this neurological disease. In this report, we identify a new therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury by studying the role of astrocytes, rather than neurons, after neurotrauma. We use in vivo multiphoton imaging and show that mechanical forces during trauma trigger intercellular calcium waves throughout the astrocytes, and these waves are mediated by purinergic signalling. Subsequent in vitro screening shows that astrocyte signalling through the ‘mechanical penumbra’ affects the activity of neural circuits distant from the injury epicentre, and a reduction in the intercellular calcium waves within astrocytes restores neural activity after injury. In turn, the targeting of different purinergic receptor populations leads to a reduction in hippocampal cell death in mechanically injured organotypic slice cultures. Finally, the most promising therapeutic candidate from our in vitro screen (MRS 2179, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist) also improves histological and cognitive outcomes in a preclinical model of traumatic brain injury. This work shows the potential of studying astrocyte signalling after trauma to yield new and effective therapeutic targets for treating traumatic brain injury.
Mathematical modeling of the blow‐molding process

A mathematical simulation of the blow-molding cycle has been developed by combining general conservation principles along with appropriate constitutive relations for the material. A model of the parison formation stage has been devised by considering the competing effects due to swell and drawdown. A more rigorous numerical analysis of parison formation is also discussed. A theoretical treatment of parison inflation is described for both inelastic and viscoelastic materials by assuming uniform radial growth, Comparisons are made with experimental data for all phases of the molding cycle. The mathematical model is in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental results and is capable of elucidating the influence of material properties and process conditions on the dynamics and performance of the blow-molding process.
The effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on murine spinal cord neurons subjected to dendrite transection injury.

Abstract Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been found to increase neuronal survival during development and after axotomy. The present study tested the effects of CNTF on lesioned and uninjured mouse spinal cord (SC) neurons grown in tissue culture. An initial toxicity study found that a 24–72 h exposure of SC cultures to concentrations of CNTF above 1000 ng/ml caused stress and death of unlesioned neurons and glia. Pre-selected SC neurons were then subjected to transection of a primary dendrite 100 μm from the edge of the perikaryon (≈50% average survival at 24 h). Application of CNTF at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1000 ng/ml immediately after lesioning had no statistically significant effects on SC neuron survival 24 h after dendrotomy. Separation of control (no CNTF) and CNTF-treated cells into groups of putative α-motor (multipolar with somal diameters ≥25 μm) and non-α-motor neurons (
Greater sage‐grouse winter habitat use on the eastern edge of their range

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at the western edge of the Dakotas occur in the transition zone between sagebrush and grassland communities. These mixed sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) and grasslands differ from those habitats that comprise the central portions of the sage-grouse range; yet, no information is available on winter habitat selection within this region of their distribution. We evaluated factors influencing greater sage-grouse winter habitat use in North Dakota during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 and in South Dakota during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. We captured and radio-marked 97 breeding-age females and 54 breeding-age males from 2005 to 2007 and quantified habitat selection for 98 of these birds that were alive during winter. We collected habitat measurements at 340 (177 ND, 163 SD) sage- grouse use sites and 680 random (340 each at 250 m and 500 m from locations) dependent sites. Use sites differed from random sites with greater percent sagebrush cover (14.75% use vs. 7.29% random; P < 0.001), percent total vegetation cover (36.76% use vs. 32.96% random; P � 0.001), and sagebrush density (2.12 plants/m 2 use vs. 0.94 plants/m 2 random; P � 0.001), but lesser percent grass cover (11.76% use vs. 16.01% random; P � 0.001) and litter cover (4.34% use vs. 5.55% random; P ¼ 0.001) and lower sagebrush height (20.02 cm use vs. 21.35 cm random; P ¼ 0.13) and grass height (21.47 cm use vs. 23.21 cm random; P ¼ 0.15). We used conditional logistic regression to estimate winter habitat selection by sage-grouse on continuous scales. The model sagebrush cover þ sagebrush height þ sagebrush cover � sagebrush height (wi ¼ 0.60) was the most supported of the 13 models we considered, indicating that percent sagebrush cover strongly influenced selection. Logistic odds ratios indicated that the probability of selection by sage-grouse increased by 1.867 for every 1% increase in sagebrush cover (95% CI ¼ 1.627- 2.141) and by 1.041 for every 1 cm increase in sagebrush height (95% CI ¼ 1.002-1.082). The interaction between percent sagebrush canopy cover and sagebrush height (b ¼� 0.01, SE � 0.01; odds ratio ¼ 0.987 (95% CI ¼ 0.983-0.992)) also was significant. Management could focus on avoiding additional loss of sagebrush habitat, identifying areas of critical winter habitat, and implementing management actions based on causal mechanisms (e.g., soil moisture, precipitation) that affect sagebrush community structure in this region. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A new method for the direct measurement of spectral line strengths and widths

The most important sources of error incurred in the measurements of spectral-line parameters arise from uncertainty in the determination of the 100 per cent transmittance and in the distortion of the line profile by the spectrometer. These errors have been investigated numerically by passing an idealized spectrometer slit function over several assumed line profiles. In this way, families of correction curves have been constructed, from which spectral-line strengths, widths, and peak absorption coefficients may be determined from apparent values measured directly from the chart recorder. The effect of the form of the slit function has been investigated by using triangular, Gauss, Cauchy and combination Gauss-Cauchy slit functions. The effect of uncertainties in the line shape has been investigated by using Doppler, Lorentz, and Voigt line shapes. The correction procedure has been applied to the self- and nitrogen-broadened R(0) and P(l) lines in the first overtone band of hydrogen fluoride. The measurements were performed on collision-broadened lines near the linear region of growth ; within experimental error, the line parameters were found to obey the Lorentz relation kP = S/yn. The measured self-broadened line widths indicate a non-Lorentz behavior because they do not vary linearly with pressure. When broadened by nitrogen, the line widths follow the expected linear dependence on pressure, well within experimental error.
Extended pelvic lymph node dissection in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: surgical technique and initial experience.

Objectives To describe, and show in the accompanying video segments, a technique for extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and report our clinicopathologic and perioperative outcomes. The extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy during radical prostatectomy has not been standardized. However, evidence demonstrates that an ePLND yields a greater number of positive nodes. Methods A total of 32 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent RARP with ePLND by a single surgeon (J.C.) between January and August 2008. The template for the ePLND included the obturator, hypogastric, external iliac, and common iliac lymph nodes up to the bifurcation of the aorta. Systematic review and grading of adverse events were performed. Results The median number of lymph nodes retrieved was 18 (interquartile range [IQR] 12-28). Four patients (12.5%) had lymph node metastases. Of the 4 patients with lymph node metastases, 1 patient (25%) had the involved lymph node exclusively in the common iliac region. Median operative time for the ePLND was 72 minutes (IQR 66-86). Median hospital length of stay was 2.0 days (IQR 2.0-2.8). Graded complications included 13 grade 1 events and 1 grade 2 event, with 1 grade 1 event being considered related to ePLND. No clinically presenting lymphoceles or thrombotic events were encountered. Conclusions An ePLND during RARP is technically feasible and appears to have minimal morbidity. It produces a high lymph node yield and may result in improved pathologic staging.
Set-Membership Constrained Particle Filter: Distributed Adaptation for Sensor Networks

Target tracking is investigated using particle filtering of data collected by distributed sensors. In lieu of a fusion center, local measurements must be disseminated across the network for each sensor to implement a centralized particle filter (PF). However, disseminating raw measurements incurs formidable communication overhead as large volumes of data are collected by the sensors. To reduce this overhead and thus enable distributed PF implementation, the present paper develops a set-membership constrained (SMC) PF approach that i) exhibits performance comparable to the centralized PF; ii) requires only communication of particle weights among neighboring sensors; and iii) can afford both consensus-based and incremental averaging implementations. These attractive attributes are effected through a novel adaptation scheme, which is amenable to simple distributed implementation using min- and max-consensus iterations. The resultant SMC-PF exhibits high gain over the bootstrap PF when the likelihood is peaky, but not in the tail of the prior. Simulations corroborate that for a fixed number of particles, and subject to peaky likelihood conditions, SMC-PF outperforms the bootstrap PF, as well as recently developed distributed PF algorithms, by a wide margin.
Inter-community variability in total particle number concentrations in the eastern Los Angeles air basin

Abstract. Ultrafine Particles (UFP) can display sharp gradients in their number concentrations in urban environment due to their transient nature and rapid atmospheric processing. The ability of using air pollution data generated at a central monitoring station to assess exposure relies on our understanding of the spatial variability of a specific pollutant associated with a region. High spatial variation in the concentrations of air pollutants has been reported at scales of 10s of km for areas affected by primary emissions. Spatial variability in particle number concentrations (PNC) and size distributions needs to be investigated, as the representativeness of a monitoring station in a region is premised on the assumption of homogeneity in both of these metrics. This study was conducted at six sites, one in downtown Los Angeles and five located about 40–115 km downwind in the receptor areas of Los Angeles air basin. PNC and size distribution were measured using Condensation Particle Counters (CPC) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The seasonal and diurnal variations of PNC implied that PNC might vary significantly with meteorological conditions, even though the general patterns at the sites may remain generally similar across the year due to consistency of sources around them. Regionally transported particulate matter (PM) from upwind urban areas of Los Angeles lowered spatial variation by acting as a "homogenizing" factor during favorable meteorological conditions. Spatial variability also increased during hours of the day during which the effects of local sources predominate. The spatial variability associated with PNC (quantified using Coefficients of Divergence, CODs), averaged about 0.3, which was generally lower than that based on specific size ranges. Results showed an inverse relationship of COD with particles size, with fairly uniform values in the particle range which is associated with regional transport. Our results suggest that spatial variability, even in the receptor regions of Los Angeles Basin, should be assessed for both PNC and size distributions, and should be interpreted in context of seasonal and diurnal influences, and suitably factored if values for exposure are ascertained using a central monitoring station.
Characterizations of Banach Spaces of Continuous Functions

In this chapter we give various characterizations of C(T, ℝ) and C(T, ℂ). In section 9 we present the Banach lattice and Banach algebra characterizations of these spaces and include a discussion of abstract M spaces and the Banach spaces of continuous functions which vanish at infinity on a locally compact Hausdorff space. Section 10 takes up the study of C(T, ℝ) as a Banach space. This means that geometric conditions are given on a Banach space X and its dual X* in order to characterize when X is linearly isometric to C(T, ℝ) for some compact Hausdorff space T. In section 11 we characterize those Banach spaces which have the property that they are complemented with respect to a contractive projection in each Banach space which contains them.
Walk along My Mind: Space, Mobility, and the Significance of Place

In America mobility is seen as a measure of success, especially for persons born in rural areas, who are assumed to want to “move on up” as soon as possible. This pressure toward both social and spatial mobility is especially strong when the birthplace is an oppressed region such as Appalachia. Ironically, while the rest of the world has disowned Appalachia, the residents of the mountains have repeatedly proclaimed the significance of cultural investment in land. This article approaches the concept of place, illuminating several variations on the theme, while particularly illustrating the strength of place claimed by Appalachia.
Lamb production and forage quality under a forage system consisting of AU Triumph tall fescue and Tifton 44 bermudagrass.

Abstract The lamb production potential and forage quality of a forage system consisting of AU Triumph fescue and Tifton 44 bermudagrass was studied over a period of two consecutive years. Each spring, 60 yearling Suffolk ewes and 40 wethers were divided into two groups and allowed to graze two replicated 1 ha AU Triumph paddocks continuously. At the end of the spring grazing season, both groups were transferred to two replicated 1 ha Tifton 44 paddocks for summer grazing. Body weight was recorded fortnightly and composite forage samples analyzed for chemical composition, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) at the end of the study. Mean crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, lignin, IVDMD and IVOMD contents of AU Triumph fescue were 13.26, 1.86, 7.38, 69.4, 36.37, 29.2, 6.81, 64.44 and 62.88%, respectively. The corresponding values for Tifton 44 bermudagrass were 7.5, 1.01, 5.2, 78.3, 41.0, 28.3, 8.8, 56.97 and 55.61%. Average daily gain (ADG) and lamb gain per hectare on AU Triumph fescue were 142.1 g and 412.59 kg/ha, respectively. However, lamb ADG started to decline and remained low when they were transferred from AU Triumph to Tifton 44 bermudagrass resulting in a low ADG and lamb gain per hectare of only 18.2 g and 84.09 kg/ha, respectively. In contrast, Tifton 44 yielded higher post grazing residual DM, suggesting that the decline in performance of the lambs grazing Tifton 44 to be related to poor forage quality rather than availability. The results indicate that low nutritive value of Tiftton 44 bermudagrass is a limiting factor to lamb production in the forage system studied. To prevent the observed decline in lamb performance, it might be necessary to fertilize Tifton 44 at a higher rate or replace it with a better quality warm season forage.
Measuring Need and Demands in Evaluation Research: Results of a National Survey of College and University Administrators About Desired Evaluation Services

This article focuses on the distinction between needs assessment and demand assessment and presents a methodology for operationalizing and measuring demands. We report the results of a survey of a national sample of 32 university and college administrators to assess their need and demand for an adult student opinion package. The study was noteworthy for its differentiation of need for a service (i.e., interest in the service) and demand for a service (i.e., willingness to pay), and its attempt to determine the cost at which demand decreased significantly in relation to need for various evaluation services. The results indicated that levels of need and demand are positively related but not identical. The article concludes with a discussion of the demand concept, a critique of our operationalization of the concept, and a discussion of the use of the results of the study.
Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Stimulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production by Luteinized Granulosa Cells: Comparison between Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and Non-PCOS Women

Context: Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a potent cytokine that promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. After controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for in vitro fertilization (IVF), excessive VEGF-A production can occur, particularly in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS); however, it is unclear whether the regulation of VEGF-A production is different between PCOS and non-PCOS women. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the dose- and time-dependent effects of insulin and IGFs on VEGF-A production by luteinized granulosa cells (LGCs) from women with and without PCOS. Design and Setting: A prospective comparative experimental study was conducted at an institutional practice. Patients: Patients included six PCOS and six non-PCOS women undergoing COS and IVF. Interventions: Interventions included COS for IVF. Main Outcome Measures: VEGF-A levels in culture media were collected daily for 3 d from LGCs after incubation with variab...
β-BLOCKER THERAPY IN HEART FAILURE

Congestive heart failure remains a complex pathophysiologic syndrome associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although advances in therapy, particularly with vasodilators, have improved prognosis, progression of heart failure occurs in most patients, and the role of neurohormonal stimulation has taken on increasing importance. The renin-angiotensin system is activated in heart failure and has been the target of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, the most proven drugs in heart failure. 14,44 Increasingly the crucial role of the sympathetic nervous system has been recognized: Catecholamines are markers for advanced heart failure but also exert toxic effects. 37 More recently, there has been increasing attention to the pathologic remodeling 23 in heart failure that contributes to the progression of the syndrome. β-Blocker drugs are neurohormonal antagonists and also appear to remodel the failing ventricle. 24 Early reports suggested clinical efficacy, 7 and subsequent data have shown evidence that the progression of heart failure might be prevented or even reversed. 8 The effect of β-blockade on these processes has added to growing interest in these agents for the therapy of heart failure.
The Next Generation of Cognitive Modeling Tools: Opportunities, Challenges and Basic Needs

In the past twenty or so years the scientific community has made impressive advancements in the modeling and simulation of general human cognition. This progress has led to the beginnings of wide-spread applications and use. In fact, we are now at a point where the community can begin to make fairly accurate predictions as to how this technology will be used in the next twenty–plus years. Accordingly, the purpose of this panel is to engage the community at large regarding the future needs and requirements associated with building cognitive models for various scientific and engineering endeavors. Specifically, this panel will discuss and make recommendations with regard to the future functionality of cognitive modeling that could be encompassed in nextgeneration capabilities. To do this, we will concentrate on four different domain areas. These are: academic use of cognitive modeling, cognitive model development, neuroscience-related issues, and practical applications of cognitive modeling.
Soil microbial community response to nitrogen enrichment in two scrub oak forests

Microbial communities play a pivotal role in soil nutrient cycling, which is affected by nitrogen loading on soil fungi and particularly mycorrhizal fungi. In this experiment, we evaluated the effects of allochthonous nitrogen addition on soil bacteria and fungi in two geographically distinct but structurally similar scrub oak forests, one in Florida (FL) and one in New Jersey (NJ). We applied allochthonous nitrogen as aqueous NH4NO3 in three concentrations (0 kg ha 1 yr 1 (deionized water control), 35 kg ha 1 yr 1 and 70 kg ha 1 yr 1 ) via monthly treatments over the course of 1 yr. We applied treatments to replicated 1 m 2 plots, each at the base of a reference scrub oak tree (Quercus myrtifolia in FL and Q. ilicifolia in NJ). We measured microbial community response by monitoring: bacterial and fungal biomass using substrate induced respiration, and several indicators of community composition, including colony and ectomycorrhizal morphotyping and molecular profiling using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Bacterial colony type richness responded differently to nitrogen treatment in the different sites, but ectomycorrhizal morphotype richness was not affected by nitrogen or location. Both experimental sites were dominated by fungi, and FL consistently supported more bacterial and fungal biomass than NJ. Bacterial biomass responded to nitrogen addition, but only in FL. Fungal biomass did not respond significantly to nitrogen addition at either experimental site. The composition of the bacterial community differed between nitrogen treatments and experimental sites, while the composition of the fungal community did not. Our results imply that bacterial communities may be more sensitive than fungi to intense pulses of nitrogen in sandy soils.
Stability of Proofs for Holstein Bulls Sampled Under Limited and Multiherd Conditions

Abstract United States Department of Agriculture Herdmate Comparison sire summaries were studied over time for bulls originally sampled under limited and multiherd conditions. An independent summary free of daughter information included in the initial evaluation served as the standard for comparison. Initial summaries on limited-herd bulls were not as reliable as summaries on multiherd bulls in predicting herdmate deviation in the independent summary. The correlation between summaries for multiherd bulls was .66 compared to .53 for limited-herd bulls. When the initial summary was corrected for pedigree information, correlations increased for both groups to .70 for multiherd and .60 for limited-herd bulls. The change in Predicted Difference per year for the two groups indicated that limited-herd bulls were overevaluated by 119kg on their initial summaries compared to multiherd bulls. Correcting for pedigree information reduced the over-estimation to 69kg. The Herdmate Comparison produced estimates of sire merit for fat of nearly equal accuracy for both groups. Results support evidence of benefits from careful pedigree selection for production traits in bulls used under limited and multiherd conditions.
Sickle cell anemia and β-gene cluster haplotypes in Cuba

We have studied 91 patients with SS genotype, 44 children and 47 adults. Excluding the Cameroon and atypical haplotypes, the distribution in the children's sample exhibited 43% Benin, 38% Bantu, and 3% Senegal. In adults, the sample exhibited 46% Benin, 30% Bantu, and 9% Senegal (x2: 13.511, 2 df, P = 0.001). When the whole sample of 198 chromosomes (SS, SC, and S/βthal) is considered, we find that the βs chromosome is linked 51% to the Benin haplotype, 41% with the Bantu, and 8% with the Senegal. After adjusting for the different frequencies of βs in Africa, these numbers would predict the port of origin to be 16% from Atlantic West Africa, 37.3% from Central West Africa, and 46% from Bantu-speaking Africa. This is in direct contradiction with the historical record that establishes a higher percentage from Bantu-speaking Africa (55%) and a much lower percentage from Senegal (3.4%). The overall conclusions from these findings is that there is a loss of Bantu haplotypes in sickle cell syndromes in Cuba, particularly among adults, and that there is an excess of Senegal haplotype, also among adults. These differences might reflect the differential survival and severity of the sickle cell disease linked to these haplotypes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
System-Level Display Power Reduction Technologies for Portable Computing and Communications Devices

This paper narrates a set of technologies that are integrated in Intel's graphics controller chipsets, offering platform-level power consumption reduction for the display subsystem of the portable computing and communications devices, thereby significantly enhancing their battery life.
Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the South American Ovenbird Genus Cinclodes

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cinclodes, a group of South American furnariids, were studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes COII and ND3. The 13 species of Cinclodes formed a monophyletic group consisting of three major lineages: (1) the southeastern Brazilian isolate C. pabsti, which was sister to the rest of the genus; (2) a clade of five primarily Patagonian or central Argentine highlands species; and (3) a clade of seven primarily north-central Andean or Pacific species. Biogeographic structure in the Patagonian-Andean taxa was consistent with the deep Patagonian and north-central Andean division previously noted in the similarly distributed genus Muscisaxicola. Evolutionary relationships among Cinclodes species were partially consistent with expectations based on plumage, behavior, and ecology. The phenotypically distinctive C. antarcticus was found to be sister to the widespread C. fuscus in the primarily Patagonian-Argentine clade, and the distinctive C. p...
Correct vs. ‘merely true’ act‐descriptions

This paper is a critical analysis of David Rayfield's attempt to distinguish true from correct descriptions of human actions (Inquiry, Vol. 13 [1970], Nos. 1–2). It is argued that the analysis fails to do the job required of it for two reasons. First, the analysis of true descriptions is circular insofar as it turns on the notion of an ‘unbound action’. Secondly, and independent of the charge of circularity, it is shown that the basis upon which Rayfield draws the true‐correct distinction leads to certain unacceptable consequences for action theory.
Ethics in Science

Science is not a vehicle for taking us to heaven but it should include precautions against going to hell. Without self-conscious awareness of moral goals and self-conscious integration of moral and empirical knowledge, we can only solve practical tasks but cannot guide science to goals that we can define as just and humane. Separation of ethics from empirical science has been promoted as a policy aimed at increasing the freedom of science, when it actually diminishes it. A science which professes moral principles but which is really morally unemployed has the worst of both worlds.
Business Cycles and Social Spending in Developing Countries: Implications for South Korea's Foreign Aid Strategy

The present paper contributes to the literature by providing arguments and evidence on volatility of government expenditure, especially social spending and the role of foreign aid. Empirical findings from government spending data for 27 countries between 1990 and 2008 suggest that social spending is procyclical and more volatile in developing countries, while it is countercyclical and less volatile in advanced economies. Because countries with volatile social spending rely more on foreign aids, donor countries need to concentrate more on social sector aid so that recipient countries can reduce their social spending volatility, and possibly respond to crises in countercyclical manners. South Korea has allocated about half of its foreign aids to social sector, but only with significant fluctuation across time – the coefficient of variation is the highest among donor countries. A steady flow of social sector aid would support the living condition of the poor in developing countries, providing protection when they need it. JEL code: E62, F35, H50
EVIDENCE OF RECENT RECRUITMENT IN THE OCEAN QUAHOG ARCTICA ISLANDICA IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT

Abstract We report results of a survey explicitly focused on ocean quahog recruitment in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The recruitment survey resampled all NMFS survey sites south of Hudson Canyon and a selection of sites north and east of Hudson Canyon off the Long Island coast over the entire depth range of this species with the exception of the most inshore reaches off Long Island. More ocean quahogs were encountered, on a per tow basis, in the vicinity of and north of Hudson Canyon. The proportion of recruits in the size-frequency distribution was higher in the south and the most recent recruitment events were concentrated there. Analysis of the 104 size-frequency distributions delineated regions of recent recruitment, areas that have not seen significant recruitment for many decades and areas that received heavy recruitment some decades previously but not recently. Overall, the survey suggests that three regionally distinctive processes determine the size-frequency distributions of ocean quahog assemblages...
Cytochrome c oxidase: evolution of control via nuclear subunit addition.

According to theory, present eukaryotic cells originated from a beneficial association between two free-living cells. Due to this endosymbiotic event the pre-eukaryotic cell gained access to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which produces more than 15 times as much ATP as glycolysis. Because cellular ATP needs fluctuate and OXPHOS both requires and produces entities that can be toxic for eukaryotic cells such as ROS or NADH, we propose that the success of endosymbiosis has largely depended on the regulation of endosymbiont OXPHOS. Several studies have presented cytochrome c oxidase as a key regulator of OXPHOS; for example, COX is the only complex of mammalian OXPHOS with known tissue-specific isoforms of nuclear encoded subunits. We here discuss current knowledge about the origin of nuclear encoded subunits and the appearance of different isozymes promoted by tissue and cellular environments such as hypoxia. We also review evidence for recent selective pressure acting on COX among vertebrates, particularly in primate lineages, and discuss the unique pattern of co-evolution between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Finally, even though the addition of nuclear encoded subunits was a major event in eukaryotic COX evolution, this does not lead to emergence of a more efficient COX, as might be expected from an anthropocentric point of view, for the “higher” organism possessing large brains and muscles. The main function of these subunits appears to be “only” to control the activity of the mitochondrial subunits. We propose that this control function is an as yet underappreciated key point of evolution. Moreover, the importance of regulating energy supply may have caused the addition of subunits encoded by the nucleus in a process comparable to a “domestication scenario” such that the host tends to control more and more tightly the ancestral activity of COX performed by the mtDNA encoded subunits. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory Oxidases.
Salinization and Yield Potential of a Salt-Laden Californian Soil: an In Situ Geophysical Analysis

Salinization is a global problem, including in California, USA, where over two million hectares of irrigated lands have deteriorated due to salt loading. Because of freshwater shortage, some farmlands are also irrigated with agricultural drainage water, which further exacerbates the salinization process. With the objectives of rapidly quantifying spatial and temporal progression of salinization and identifying yield potential for a high-value crop, we conducted 2-year salinity surveys in a salt-affected farm in California by utilizing a dual dipole electromagnetic induction technology (EM38). The EM-predicted conductivity (ECe) was consistent with the ground-truth soil data ECs and increased with depth. About 50 and 25 % of the ECe data in moderately (A) and severely (B) affected salinity zones surpassed 500 and 1000 mS m−1 levels, respectively. In the northern part of B, up to 70 % samples remained within 500–1000 mS m−1 range. There was eastbound salt loading in the northern and southern parts of A. Rhizosphere salinity showed spatial dependence up to 500 m lateral distance. The shifts in salinity could be due to dispersion and leaching of solutes. High crop yield reduction was estimated in the southwestern and northeastern parts of the field that had typically elevated ECe. Around 43 % surveyed area was conducive to attaining 80 % of full yield potential, and the central part of the field was determined to be most suitable for crop growth. Coupling of EM results with production values indicated that under elevated saline condition, it would be feasible to grow a high-value tomato crop.
Racial Disparities in Functional Limitations Among Hispanic Women in the United States

This article assesses whether there are race differences in functional health among Hispanic women in the United States; ascertains whether the race differences in functional health vary by age; and examines the extent to which race differences in functional health are attributable to key dimensions of demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic heterogeneity. The analysis is based on 15 years of aggregated data from the National Health Interview Survey. Both U.S.- and foreign-born Black and other race Hispanic women display a higher level of functional limitations than their White Hispanic counterparts. There is little evidence that such health differences widen with age. U.S.-born Black Hispanic women, however, suffer from a high burden of functional limitations across the adult age range. This research speaks to the need for greater attention to racial differences in health among Hispanics and particularly so within the U.S.-born segment of this rapidly aging population.
Chimaeric rabbits from embryonic cell transplantation.

SummaryEmbryonic single cells were successfully transplanted into preimplantation intact rabbit blastocysts. Phenotypic expression of the recipient blastocyst-donor cells genetic differences in the eye, skin, and coat color evidenced successful participation of transplanted cells in recipients organogenesis. An additional measure was the significant disproportionate sex ratio favoring the male in experimental neonates. It is, therefore, clearly established that the rabbit is a suitable model for micrurgical cell transplantation and further studies of cell interactions.
IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL CYP2C19 GENETIC VARIANTS IN PATIENTS WITH DEFINITE STENT THROMBOSIS: AN IN-DEPTH SEQUENCING STUDY

Loss-of-function alleles in CYP2C19 are associated with coronary stent thrombosis (ST) in patients taking clopidogrel. However, prior studies have focused on genotyping common variants that are present in < 50% of these ST cases. The prevalence of novel genetic variants including insertions-
One Night Or Many? Effects Of Amenity Charge Transparency On Consumer Reaction

This research examines how different levels of amenity charge transparency in hotel services affect consumers’ prepurchase and postpurchase evaluations in low- and high-priced hotels. Results show that consumer responses to different levels of transparency of amenity pricing information on hotel websites vary from prepurchase to postpurchase across high- and low-priced hotels. Results support using a high amenity charge transparency strategy, especially for low-priced hotels. Managers should think beyond consumers’ immediate purchase decisions and consider consumer postpurchase reviews and future repeat purchases.
Therapeutic abortion. A social work view.

Abstract The consciously unwanted pregnancy is a complex medical-psychological-social condition. Benefits from early and continuing social work involvement have been demonstrated by an examination of social work performance at Beth Isreal Hospital, Boston. During a nine-month period, a systematic classification of all women with problem pregnancies known to the Social Service Department showed an increasing number of such pregnancies as well as a significantly increasing percentage of requests for abortion. The latter exceeded the treatment potential of our hospital, resulting in an overflow group of women whose needs could not be met by existing medical and community resources. Our observations lead us to recommend that social work be regarded as an integral approach to all obstetric-gynecologic care in facilities where therapeutic abortions are evaluated or performed and that private obstetrician-gynecologists consider utilizing social work more extensively in treating therapeutic abortion-applicant patient.
ATAC-seq on biobanked specimens defines a unique chromatin accessibility structure in naïve SLE B cells

Biobanking is a widespread practice for storing biological samples for future studies ranging from genotyping to RNA analysis. However, methods that probe the status of the epigenome are lacking. Here, the framework for applying the Assay for Transposase Accessible Sequencing (ATAC-seq) to biobanked specimens is described and was used to examine the accessibility landscape of naive B cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients undergoing disease flares. An SLE specific chromatin accessibility signature was identified. Changes in accessibility occurred at loci surrounding genes involved in B cell activation and contained motifs for transcription factors that regulate B cell activation and differentiation. These data provide evidence for an altered epigenetic programming in SLE B cells and identify loci and transcription factor networks that potentially impact disease. The ability to determine the chromatin accessibility landscape and identify cis-regulatory elements has broad application to studies using biorepositories and offers significant advantages to improve the molecular information obtained from biobanked samples.
Abstract 2814: Comparative DNA damage and transcriptomic effects of engineered nanoparticles in human lung cells in vitro

A series of six titanium dioxide and two cerium oxide engineered nanomaterials were assessed for their ability to induce cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), various types of DNA damage, and transcriptional changes in human respiratory BEAS-2B cells exposed in vitro at several concentrations for 72 hours. Only limited cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations up to 300 μg/ml for all of the nanomaterials. Small increases in 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine were induced by some of the nanomaterials, but did not achieve statistical significance. No increases in ethenoadenosine or ethenocytidine were detected by ELISA assays for any of the tested nanomaterials. Several of the nanomaterials exhibited concentration related increases in levels of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, endogenous DNA adducts measured by 32 P-postlabeling, lipid peroxidation, and ROS. Consistent with these findings, several of the nanomaterials also affected expression of genes involved in p53, ATM, and mismatch repair pathways. Integrin signaling pathways were also altered by a majority of the nanomaterials tested. There was general agreement between activity in DNA damage assays and extent of pathway transcriptional alteration. One out of the cerium oxide nanomaterials tested did not induce a high enough incidence of differentially expressed genes relative to controls to allow analysis at the pathway level, and also elicited the lowest response in multiple DNA damage assays. Taken together, these data are consistent with the contribution of DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species as mediators of potentially adverse biological effects following exposure to engineered titanium and cerium oxide nanomaterials, and suggests the utility of short term in vitro tests to predict relative potencies of these particles. This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy. Citation Format: Garret B. Nelson, Sheau-Fung Y. Thai, Carlton P. Jones, Audrey Barbee, Micaela Killius, Jeffrey A. Ross. Comparative DNA damage and transcriptomic effects of engineered nanoparticles in human lung cells in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2814.
The effect of reaction mechanisms on the formation of soot precursors in flames

Nanoparticles formed in gas-phase combustion environments are ubiquitous in modern society as hazardous pollutants. Due to the deleterious health effects of carbonaceous nanoparticles it is important to gain a better understanding of the fundamental processes that lead to their formation and growth. We have utilised our Stochastic NAnoParticle Simulator software to model the growth of soot precursor species in a laminar premixed benzene–air flame. We implemented a new set of pathways containing oxygenation reactions and assessed the effects on the growth mechanisms. The inclusion of oxygenation growth pathways with the previously established hydrocarbon growth pathways creates a much larger set of potential configurations for the particle to explore and thus the rate of growth is faster. Hydrogen abstractions and acetylene additions are still the most common events the particle experiences during its evolution trajectory; however, a significant amount of ethers and oxygen-containing rings are formed. Thou...
A spotlight on reproductive coercion

Reproductive coercion is a term used to refer to behaviors that interfere with the autonomous reproductive health decisions of a woman. Reproductive coercion includes coercing or forcing a woman to...