cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape of The Cross Section in Freely Suspended Discotic Strands

Abstract A free energy expression including surface terms is given for a freely suspended discotic strand near a phase transition. By means of symmetry considerations and the theory used in discussing the equilibrium shapes of crystals (ECS), the changes of the shape of the cross section and the Wulff plot structure through the phase transition are investigated.
Group VIA Phospholipase A2 Mediates Enhanced Macrophage Migration in Diabetes Mellitus by Increasing Expression of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 4

Objective—We previously demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) mediates increased monocyte priming and chemotaxis under conditions of diabetic metabolic stress, and emerging data indicate that group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) also participates in regulating monocyte chemotaxis. Here, we examined relationships between iPLA2β expression and Nox4 action in mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to diabetic metabolic stress. Approach and Results—Increased iPLA2β expression and activity were observed in macrophages from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice that were fed a high-fat diet, and this was associated with time-dependent increases in atherosclerotic lesion size and macrophage content. Incubating macrophages with 30 mmol/L D-glucose, 100 μg/mL low-density lipoprotein, or both (D-glucose+low-density lipoprotein) induced a robust increase in iPLA2β expression and activity and in cell migration in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The incr...
Tree structures, the work of listening, and schizophrenic discourse: a reply to Beveridge and Brown.

Abstract A. W. Beveridge and K. Brown ( Brain and Language , 24, 174–181) have criticized a study reported by R. Hoffman, L. Kirstein, S. Stopek, and D. Cicchetti ( Brain and Language , 15, 207–233), which examined processing tasks imposed upon listeners by schizophrenic speech. The authors argue that our discourse analysis was not sufficiently objective since different discourse structures can at times be generated on the basis of a particular deviant speech segment. However, the analysis which we described does not purport to yield an “objective” structure of schizophrenic texts but rather attempts to reflect representations that individual listeners generate in processing speech; our model only requires that different interpretations of a particular segment generate different discourse structures. Deficiencies in hierarchical structure associated with schizophrenic speech increase processing requirements for listeners and may cause interpretive variability. Incoherence scores generated on the basis of our analysis were used to estimate the amount of extra “work of listening” that particular speech segments require. Because these incoherence scores were blindly and reliably determined, they can be used to make statistical inferences about the prevalence of structural deficiencies of schizophrenic speech compared to the speech of controls.
In situ combustion measurements of CO with diode-laser absorption near 2.3 microm.

In situ measurements of CO concentration were recorded with tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy techniques in both the exhaust and the immediate post-flame regions of an atmospheric-pressure flat-flame burner operating on ethylene air. Two room-temperature cw single-mode InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb diode lasers operating near 2.3 µm were tuned over individual transitions in the CO first overtone band (v′ = 2 ← v″ = 0) to record high-resolution absorption line shapes in the exhaust duct [79 cm above the burner, ∼470 K; R(15) transition at 4311.96 cm-1] and the immediate postflame zone [1.5 cm above the burner, 1820–1975 K; R(30) transition at 4343.81 cm-1]. The CO concentration was determined from the measured absorption and the gas temperature, which was monitored with type-S thermocouples. For measurements in the exhaust duct, the noise-equivalent absorbance was ∼3 × 10-5 (50-kHz detection bandwidth, 50-sweep average, 0.1-s total measurement time), which corresponds to a CO detection limit of 1.5 ppm m at 470 K. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy techniques were used to improve the detection limit in the exhaust to ∼0.1 ppm m (∼500-Hz detection bandwidth, 20-sweep average, 0.4-s total measurement time). For measurements in the immediate postflame zone, the measured CO concentrations in the fuel-rich flames were in good agreement with chemical equilibrium predictions. These experiments demonstrate the utility of diode-laser absorption sensors operating near 2.3 µm for in situ combustion emission monitoring and combustion diagnostics.
On Overrating Oneself. . . and Knowing it

When it comes to evaluating our own abilities and prospects, most (non-depressed) people are subject to a distorting bias. We think that we are better - friendlier, more well-liked, better leaders, and better drivers - than we really are. Once we learn about this bias, we should ratchet down our self-evaluations to correct for it. But we don't. That leaves us with an uncomfortable tension in our beliefs: we knowingly allow our beliefs to differ from the ones that we think are supported by our evidence. We can mitigate the tension by waffling between two belief states: a reflective state that has been recalibrated to take into account our tendency to overrate ourselves, and a non-reflective state that has not.
Multiphoton ionization of group VIB hexacarbonyl Van Der Waals clusters: trends in intracluster photochemistry

Abstract Van der Waals clusters of M(CO)2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) generated in the free-jet expansion of a pulsed beam of seeded helium are subjected to multiphoton ionization (MPI) and the product ions analyzed by quadrupole mass spectrometry. We previously reported the observation of efficient production of MoO+ and MoO2+ following of MPI of Mo(CO)6 van der Waals clusters, and proposed that these ions arise through novel reactions between a neutral photoproduced metal atom and the ligands of an adjacent metal carbonyl “solvent” molecule within the cluster. In order to test some of the predictions of this model, we have now examined the MPI of van der Waals clusters of the other Group VIB hexacarbonyls. We find the same novel behavior (viz. efficient production of metal oxide ions) in the W(CO)6 system as that previously observed for Mo)CO)6. However, we find no evidence of such behavior in the Cr(CO)6 system. Based on these observations, we suggest that the reactivity of first-row transition metal atoms may be fundamentally different from that of second- or third-row metals. These differences are discussed in terms of the occupancy and relative size of the metal d orbitals.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 is a rapid turnover biomarker in mouse and human acute liver injury

Several serum markers are used to assess hepatocyte damage, but they have limitations related to etiology specificity and prognostication. Identification of novel hepatocyte-specific biomarkers could provide important prognostic information and better pathogenesis classification. We tested the hypothesis that hepatocyte-selective biomarkers are released after subjecting isolated mouse hepatocytes to Fas-ligand-mediated apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of hepatocyte culture medium identified the mitochondrial matrix protein carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 (CPS1) among the most readily detected proteins that are released by apoptotic hepatocytes. CPS1 was also detected in mouse serum upon acute challenge with Fas-ligand or acetaminophen and in hepatocytes upon hypoosmotic stress, independent of hepatocyte caspase activation. Furthermore, CPS1 was observed in sera of mice chronically fed the hepatotoxin 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. Mouse CPS1 detectability was similar in serum and plasma, and its half-life was 126 ± 9 min. Immune staining showed that CPS1 localized to mouse hepatocytes but not ductal cells. Analysis of a few serum samples from patients with acute liver failure (ALF) due to acetaminophen, Wilson disease, or ischemia showed readily detectable CPS1 that was not observed in several patients with chronic viral hepatitis or in control donors. Notably, CPS1 rapidly decreased to undetectable levels in sera of patients with acetaminophen-related ALF who ultimately recovered, while alanine aminotransferase levels remained elevated. Therefore, CPS1 becomes readily detectable upon hepatocyte apoptotic and necrotic death in culture or in vivo. Its abundance and short serum half-life, compared with alanine aminotransferase, suggest that it may be a useful prognostic biomarker in human and mouse liver injury.
Alternating direction implicit method with exponential upwinding

Abstract We consider a two-dimensional diffusive transport model with convection. This model is studied numerically using an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method with exponential upwinding. It is known that the exponential upwinding technique can perform really well on one-dimensional steady transport problems. So, we are interested to find out how good exponential upwinding will be on a two-dimensional problem when coupled to locally one-dimensional methods, i.e., ADI methods. Our numerical simulations show that an ADI method with exponential upwinding can be a very useful method even in two dimensions. Especially, when there are no systematic ways of choosing the upwinding parameters in the conventional upwinding methods, one can confidently employ an ADI method with exponential upwinding on a convection dominated diffusion problem and expect good answers.
Ultrafast nonradiative decay by hypoxanthine and several methylxanthines in aqueous and acetonitrile solution

Excited state lifetimes of hypoxanthine and four methylxanthine compounds (paraxanthine, theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine) were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in aqueous and acetonitrile solution. Transient absorption signals recorded at visible and UV probe wavelengths reveal that internal conversion from the photoexcited state to the electronic ground state takes place in water on the hundreds of femtoseconds time scale. Excited-state relaxation occurs approximately threefold more slowly in acetonitrile solution than in water. Structural considerations suggest that the deactivating conical intersection for the methylxanthines differs from that responsible for nonradiative decay by hypoxanthine, adenine, and guanine. All compounds studied have ultrashort excited state lifetimes similar to those of adenine and guanine, suggesting that these xanthine derivatives could have been photostable building blocks in prebiotic environments exposed to intense UV radiation.
Deep inelastic scattering as a probe of new hadronic mass scales

Abstract We present the general form for deep-inelastic cross sections obtained from all SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) invariant operators of dimension six or less. The operators of dimension six generate corrections to the predictions of the standard model, which serve as a probe of a possible new mass-scale Λ and other new physics.
Calculation and Optimization of Laser Acceleration in Vacuum

Extraordinarily high fields generated by focused lasers are envisioned to accelerate particles to high energies. In this paper, we develop a new method to calculate laser acceleration in vacuum based on the energy exchange arising from the interference of the laser field with the radiation field of the particle. We apply this method to a simple accelerating structure, a perfectly conducting screen with a round hole, and show how to optimize the energy gain with respect to the hole radius, laser angle, and spot size, as well as the transverse profile of the laser. Limitations and energy scaling of this acceleration method are also discussed.
Evidence for martensitic fcc-bcc transition of thin Fe films on Cu(100).

We report on the martensitic fcc-bcc phase transformation for Fe films grown at room temperature on Cu(100) in a thickness range from 10 to 20 monolayers. bcc(110) grains are highly elongated along 〈011${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathrm{fcc}}$\ensuremath{\parallel}[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1${]}_{\mathrm{bcc}}$ and exhibit characteristic island growth with steps along [001${]}_{\mathrm{bcc}}$. The martensitic (i.e., sudden, collective, nondiffusive) transformation in the bulk of the film is demonstrated by STM topography, including the behavior of steps at grain boundaries and the presence of tilted surfaces arising from fcc-bcc interfaces.
HLA-B7 beta-pleated sheet-derived synthetic peptides are immunodominant T-cell epitopes regulating alloresponses.

Chronic rejection of transplanted allografts is the major cause of graft loss after clinical solid organ transplantation. Recent data link the indirect presentation of allopeptides to chronic graft loss; thus, identification of immunodominant epitopes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens could significantly contribute to establishing novel ways for monitoring and managing chronic rejection. Here, we show that synthetic allo-MHC–derived peptides covering the polymorphic region 56 to120 of HLA-B7 modulate alloresponses. In particular, the 2 β-pleated sheet-derived peptides covering residues 91 to 105 and 96 to 120, respectively, but not sequences from the α1 helix, were presented by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes to induce T-cell proliferation. In addition, the 2 β-pleated sheet-derived peptides and the α1-derived peptide residues 60 to 75 abrogated lysis of HLA-B7 target cells by anti–HLA-B7 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although most residues between 91 and 120 are normally not directly accessible to T cells, our results indicate that peptides derived from the lower surface of the peptide-binding groove of HLA-B7 are immunodominant in HLA-B7 alloresponses. To characterize the binding and stability of allopeptides to T cells, the 62-70 peptide—derived from the 60-75 allopeptide that blocked cytotoxicity of anti–HLA-B7 CTL—was synthesized and coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The peptide specifically labeled anti-B7 CTL, but not anti–HLA-A2 CTL as measured by flow cytometry. Peptide binding to CTL was specific at 4°C and remained stable for 12 hours, whereas it remained stable for less than 2 hours at 37°C. These studies allow the identification of HLA-B7 T-cell epitopes and reveal for the first time a novel, previously unrecognized application of synthetic HLA-derived allopeptides to visualize alloreactive T cells.
Frank Baldwin Jewett — John Fritz medalist

The qualifications of the 1939 recipient of the highest American engineering honor are those of a leader, a statesman, and a nobleman of science.
The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact

Food waste contributes to excess consumption of freshwater and fossil fuels which, along with methane and CO(2) emissions from decomposing food, impacts global climate change. Here, we calculate the energy content of nationwide food waste from the difference between the US food supply and the food consumed by the population. The latter was estimated using a validated mathematical model of metabolism relating body weight to the amount of food eaten. We found that US per capita food waste has progressively increased by approximately 50% since 1974 reaching more than 1400 kcal per person per day or 150 trillion kcal per year. Food waste now accounts for more than one quarter of the total freshwater consumption and approximately 300 million barrels of oil per year.
Creating a virtual materials and resources index for health education using the World Wide Web.

: The Internet represents the principal system for distributing information worldwide, offering health educators a powerful communications medium. This article describes an assignment that teaches students how to use the World Wide Web (WWW). The first part provides an overview of the Internet, its principal services, browser software, and Netscape Navigator. The second part describes the assignment, complete with instructional objectives, computer facilities used to implement the strategy, and a summary of classroom and laboratory activities. The third part describes procedures for teaching students how to use the WWW. Students learn how to explore the WWW and to develop a customized virtual directory of health materials and resources using Netscape Navigator Bookmark tools. Recommendations on how the approach can be modified are offered.
The combination of zinc compounds and acidic pH limits aerobic growth of a Salmonella typhimurium poultry marker strain in rich and minimal media

The objective of the present study was to examine the combined effects of zinc compounds with different acidic pH levels on the aerobic growth of a S. typhimurium poultry isolate in either rich or minimal media. When overall main effects of pH levels of medium or concentrations of Zn compounds were compared, growth rates of the S. typhimurium poultry isolate were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by stepwise increase of pH levels of medium (pH 4, 5, 6, and 7) or concentrations (0.67, 3.35, and 6.03%) of Zn compounds (Zn acetate and Zn sulfate). In general growth rates of S. typhimurium poultry isolate appeared to be more reduced by Zn acetate than by Zn sulfate and more reduced in minimal media compared to rich media.
Melphalan exposure induces an interleukin-6 deficit in bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and osteoblasts are critical components of the microenvironment that support hematopoietic recovery following bone marrow transplantation. Aggressive chemotherapy not only affects tumor cells, but also influences additional structural and functional components of the microenvironment. Successful reconstitution of hematopoiesis following stem cell or bone marrow transplantation after aggressive chemotherapy is dependent upon components of the microenvironment maintaining their supportive function. This includes secretion of soluble factors and expression of cellular adhesion molecules that impact on development of hematopoietic cells. In the current study, we investigated the effects of chemotherapy treatment on BMSC and human osteoblast (HOB) expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as one regulatory factor. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine which has diverse effects on hematopoietic cell development. In the current study we demonstrate that exposure of BMSC or HOB to melphalan leads to decreases in IL-6 protein expression. Decreased IL-6 protein is the most pronounced following melphalan exposure compared to several other chemotherapeutic agents tested. We also observed that melphalan decreased IL-6 mRNA in both BMSC and HOB. Finally, using a model of BMSC or HOB co-cultured with myeloma cells exposed to melphalan, we observed that IL-6 protein was also decreased, consistent with treatment of adherent cells alone. Collectively, these observations are of dual significance. First, suggesting that chemotherapy induced IL-6 deficits in the bone marrow occur which may result in defective hematopoietic support of early progenitor cells. In contrast, the decrease in IL-6 protein may be a beneficial mechanism by which melphalan acts as a valuable therapeutic agent for treatment of multiple myeloma, where IL-6 present in the bone marrow acts as a proliferative factor and contributes to disease progression. Taken together, these data emphasize the responsiveness of the microenvironment to diverse stress that is important to consider in therapeutic settings.
PCBs and PAHs in Southern Lake Michigan in 1994 and 1995: Urban Atmospheric Influences and Long-Term Declines

Abstract Surface water samples were collected in southern Lake Michigan off Chicago, IL to determine if elevated levels of urban atmospheric pollutants influence concentrations of organic contaminants in nearshore surface waters. Water was sampled every 12 hours for 2 to 12 days during May 1994, July 1994, and January 1995 sampling intensives. Total (dissolved + particulate; sum of 85 congeners) polychlorinated biphenyl (∑-PCB) concentrations ranged from 80 pg/L (26 July 1994) to 350 pg/L (18 January 1995), while total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (∑ 24 -PAH) concentrations during the same period ranged from 7 ng/L (18 May 1994) to 19 ng/L (17 January 1995). PCB concentrations in surface waters were higher when winds were from the S/SW, suggesting that the rate of direct atmospheric deposition of urban PCBs to the surface water may be fast relative to aquatic horizontal mixing and removal mechanisms. Additionally, PCB concentrations were higher during the winter than in the spring or summer, but PAH concentrations were not significantly different throughout the year. Lipid normalized PCB concentrations in zooplankton ( > 202 μm) appear to be higher during the winter (780 vs . 14,200 ng ∑-PCBs/glipid; July vs. January), but PAH levels in zooplankton were invariant with season (21,000 vs. 21,200 ng ∑-PAH/g lipid; July vs . January). The seasonal trend in surface water concentrations suggests relatively constant, elevated deposition of urban PAHs throughout the year, but net PCB exchange that varies seasonally. In spite of these elevated atmospheric deposition fluxes, the concentration of ∑-PCB in Lake Michigan surface waters has declined ten fold over the past 14 years. The resulting pseudo-first order loss rate constant for Lake Michigan is 0.17 ± 0.3/yr (t 1/2 = 4.0 years), which closely matches those found for the atmosphere and biota of Lake Michigan.
Dual second-messenger pathways in olfactory transduction

Increasing evidence indicates that inositol phosphate as well as cyclic nucleotide signalling pathways mediate olfactory transduction. Both pathways can target multiple ion channel effectors, suggesting that olfactory receptor cells serve as more than simple selectivity filters and that they possibly represent the first stage of olfactory integration.
Optimizing Care for Persons with HIV Infection

Treatment advances and outcomes data have raised new concerns about how to optimize care for patients with HIV infection. This paper reviews evidence on 1) the relation between experience and type of training and patient outcomes, 2) the relation between the components of primary care and patient outcomes, and 3) primary care physicians' basic HIV knowledge and skills in screening and prevention. Several studies indicate that greater experience in HIV care leads to improved patient outcomes. The relation between outcomes and type of training (subspecialist or generalist) is less clear, and studies have not distinguished between type of training and experience. Less experienced physicians may be able to provide high-quality care if appropriate consultation from expert physicians is available. Components of primary care, including accessibility, continuity, coordination, and comprehensiveness, are associated with better patient outcomes. Optimal care of HIV infection requires a combination of disease-specific expertise and primary care skills and organization. Criteria for expertise in HIV management should focus on actual patient care experience and HIV expertise rather than on subspecialty training per se. The management of HIV has become sufficiently complex that primary care physicians cannot be routinely expected to have extensive specialized knowledge in this area. However, many primary care physicians have weaknesses in the basic HIV-related skills that are needed in most settings, such as HIV test counseling and recognition of important HIV-related symptom complexes. Primary care physicians need to strengthen these basic HIV-related medical skills.
Incoherent imaging of crystals using thermally scattered electrons

Thermal diffuse scattering of electrons through large angles by a simple low-index crystal projection is examined in the context of a phonon model, based on the Warren approximation of X-ray diffraction. The scattering from an individual atomic column is visualized in terms of an assembly of independent `packets' of atoms. Within a packet, the scattering is partially coherent, causing the columnar intensity to deviate from that calculated with an Einstein independent oscillator model. For typical atomic spacings, this deviation is limited to within 20%.
The modulation of astrocytic differentiation in cells derived from a medulloblastoma surgical specimen.

Medulloblastomas are cerebellar tumors which are primarily composed of sheets of uniform, small malignant cells and may have astrocytic, neuronal or no features typical of these cell types. The assessment of astrocytic differentiation in medulloblastoma rests largely on the detection in malignant cells of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker present in the later stages of normal astrocyte differentiation. It is still not known whether cells that do not contain GFAP in medulloblastomas with astrocytic differentiation correspond to highly proliferative astrocyte progenitors in maturation arrest at earlier stages of differentiation. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether cells in short term culture derived from a medulloblastoma tumor specimen with astrocytic differentiation were of the astrocytic lineage and if so, whether they represented proliferative astrocyte progenitors which would morphologically and antigenically mature in response to differentiating agents. A portion of tumor specimen from a 10-month-old child with recurrent posterior fossa medulloblastoma (RB2) that contained GFAP focally in tumor cells was grown in monolayer culture. We examined cellular structure and appearance of western immunoblotting and immunohistochemical studies for GFAP and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in RB2 cells before and after treatment with retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP). RB2 in culture consisted of small polygonal cells (93%), large flat cells (3%), and polygonal cells with cytoplasmic processes (4%). In untreated RB2, 30% of cells expressed GFAP and staining for NSE was negative. RA treatment produced flattened cells and decreased GFAP. DBcAMP reversibly induced fine cytoplasmic processes containing GFAP in 85% of cells within 96h. Neither agent induced NSE. The results suggest that cultured cells which are derived from a medulloblastoma with astrocytic differentiation do not spontaneously differentiate but that treatment with dBcAMP suppresses proliferation, enhances cytoplasmic process formation and increases cytoplasmic GFAP. Cells in culture and in medulloblastoma tumor specimens which do not contain GFAP may represent astrocyte progenitors in maturation arrest.
Evidence of a preferred molecular pathway in patients with synchronous colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND A small proportion of patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) have synchronous tumors at the time of diagnosis. A subset of sporadic CRCs display microsatellite instability (MSI) that is associated with MLH1 silencing due to promoter methylation. In the current study, the authors investigated the proportion of tumors with MSI in patients with synchronous colorectal carcinoma (SCRC) and the concordance in MSI status among tumors in a given individual. In addition, the authors examined MLH1 and MSH2 expression and MLH1 promoter methylation in SCRCs. METHODS The current study included 77 patients, with a combined total of 170 invasive SCRCs, who were identified from a database of 2884 patients with CRC. Instability was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using a set of five markers. Tumors that were unstable at two or more markers were considered unstable (MSI); otherwise, they were considered microsatellite stable (MSS). Expression of MLH1 and MSH2 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Methylation of the MLH1 gene promoter was determined by a methylation-specific PCR assay. Statistical comparisons were made using the chi-square test or the Student t test. RESULTS Of the 77 patients in the study, 21 (27%) had a family history of hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma–related malignancy, but none fulfilled the Amsterdam II criteria. Fifty-four of 170 tumors (32%) were found to be MSI. Patients with MSI tumors were older and more frequently female. All but 1 MSI tumor lacked expression of MLH1 (n = 44) or MSH2 (n = 8), or both (n = 1). All MLH1-negative tumors, compared with only 3 MLH1-positive tumors, were methylated at the MLH1 promoter. Most patients (n = 67; 87%) had either all MSS tumors (n = 48; 62%) or all MSI tumors (n = 19; 25%); 10 patients (13%) had both MSS and MSI tumors. The observed MSI/MSS distribution was significantly different from the distribution expected based on an assumption of independence (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS There is a strong concordance in MSI/MSS status among tumors in the same individual. This finding suggests that the tumors in patients with SCRC develop along a preferred molecular pathway. Cancer 2003;98:48–54. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11445
Political Leadership and the Problem of the Charismatic Power

THE TERM charisma and its derivatives, introduced into sociology many years ago by a German sociologist, has lately been spreading into political science here and abroad. The intellectuals' desire to sound profound by the use of unfamiliar words may have a share in this fad, but it would seem that the term also responds to a very real need. One recent writer goes so far as to define charisma as "the right to rule by virtue of what they (the leaders) have been and are." Needless to say, such vagueness is a far cry from the original usage.1 In order to be able to assess the utility of the concept of charismatic leadership, charismatic authority (and legitimacy) and charismatic power and rule, it will be necessary to clarify the phenomena of power, rule and leadership which are supposed to be qualified by this quality of being charismatic. Power is a central concern of political science. It is a phenomenon which is universally recognized, but difficult to understand. Like all data of the real world, it defies rigorous definition. Most famous among the attempts at definition is that of Hobbes. He states that "power is the present means to secure some future apparent good." (Leviathan Chap. 10) Such a definition (while historically important as a challenge to the traditional notion that what is "good" can be authoritatively known)2 is both too broad and too narrow. Too broad, because it makes it impossible to distinguish power from wealth; for what is wealth but a present
Spatiotemporal gradients of intra‐axonal [Na+] after transection and resealing in lizard peripheral myelinated axons.

1. Post-transection changes in intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) were measured in lizard peripheral axons ionophoretically injected with the Na(+)-sensitive ratiometric dye, sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI). 2. Following axonal transection in physiological saline [Na+]i increased to more than 100 mM in a region that quickly extended hundreds of micrometers from the transection site. This post-transection increase in [Na+]i was similar when the bath contained 5 microM tetrodotoxin, but was absent in Na(+)-free solution. Depolarization of uncut axons in 50 mM K+ produced little or no elevation of [Na+]i until veratridine was added. These results suggest that the post-transection increase in [Na+]i was due mainly to Na+ entry via the cut end, rather than via depolarization-activated Na+ channels. 3. The spatiotemporal profile of the post-transection increase in [Na+]i could be accounted for by movement of Na+ from the cut end with an apparent diffusion coefficient of 1.3 x 10(-5) cm2 s-1. 4. [Na+]i began to decline toward resting levels by 20 +/- 15 min (mean +/- S.D.) post-transection, except in regions of the axon within 160 +/- 85 microns of the transection site, where [Na+]i remained high. The boundary between axonal regions in which [Na+]i did or did not recover probably defines a locus of resealing of the axonal membrane. 5. [Na+]i returned to resting values within about 1 h after resealing, even in axonal regions where the normal transmembrane [Na+] gradient had completely dissipated. The recovery of [Na+]i was faster and reached lower levels than expected by diffusional redistribution of Na+ along the axon. Partial recovery occurred even in an isolated internode, indicating that the internodal axolemma can actively extrude Na+.
The rigid body dynamics of Shoot-the-moon game and model-based controller design

A wooden game board named Shoot-the-Moon has interesting dynamics properties despite its simple structure of one steel ball rolling on two cylindrical rods. In this paper, we derive the equations of motion for Shoot-the-moon using an Eular-Lagrangian approach and explore its underactuated, nonlinear, nonholonomic dynamics. Two positon controllers are designed, one for a local linearization and another with nonlinear feedforward. Simulations of both controllers are performed, showing that the ball converges to the setpoint from its vicinity for the linearized controller, and that a continuous signal can be tracked with the feedforward controller. Simulation also demonstrates the effect of the nonholonomic constraint relating the ball's linear and angular position.
Stem observation of crystallization in thin films of amorphous Fe40Ni40P14B6

The results reported show that crystallization in thin films of Metglas 2826 can occur even at room temperature. Microanalysis and microdiffraction data have established the structure and composition of the phases. 7 refs.
Ecosystem Structure and Function Still Altered Two Decades After Short-Term Fertilization of a Seagrass Meadow

An oligotrophic phosphorus (P) limited seagrass ecosystem in Florida Bay was experimentally fertilized in a unique way. Perches were installed to encourage seabirds to roost and deliver an external source of nutrients via defecation. Two treatments were examined: (1) a chronic 23-year fertilization and (2) an earlier 28-month fertilization that was discontinued when the chronic treatment was initiated. Because of the low mobility of P in carbonate sediments, we hypothesized long-term changes to ecosystem structure and function in both treatments. Structural changes in the chronic treatment included a shift in the dominant seagrass species from Thalassia testudinum to Halodule wrightii, large increases in epiphytic biomass and sediment chlorophyll-a, and a decline in species richness. Functional changes included increased benthic metabolism and quantum efficiency. Initial changes in the 28-month fertilization were similar, but after 23 years of nutrient depuration T. testudinum has reestablished itself as the dominant species. However, P remains elevated in the sediment and H. wrightii has maintained a presence. Functionally the discontinued treatment remains altered. Biomass exceeds that in the chronic treatment and indices of productivity, elevated relative to control, are not different from the chronic fertilization. Cessation of nutrient loading has resulted in a superficial return to the pre-disturbance character of the community, but due to the nature of P cycles functional changes persist.
Effects of alcohol detoxification on dopamine D2 receptors in alcoholics: a preliminary study

Imaging studies in patients with Type II alcohol dependence have revealed significant reductions in dopamine (DA) D2 receptor availability. Here we assessed the effects of alcohol detoxification in DA D2 receptors in alcoholic subjects. We evaluated 14 patients with Type II alcohol dependence tested within 6 weeks of detoxification and then re-tested 1-4 months later while alcohol free. The comparison group comprised 11 healthy controls. PET was used with [11C]raclopride to measure DA D2 receptors. Eight alcoholics and all control subjects were tested with a CTI 931 PET scanner and six alcoholics with a Siemens HR+ PET scanner. Data were analyzed separately for the studies done in the different scanners. Comparisons between early and late alcohol detoxification showed no significant changes in DA D2 receptor availability (B(max)/K(d)) for the studies done with the CTI and the HR+ scanners. Comparison with controls showed lower DA D2 receptor levels in caudate and putamen in alcoholics tested during early detoxification and in caudate during late detoxification. These studies replicate previous findings of lower striatal DA D2 receptors in alcoholics than in controls and absence of significant recovery during alcohol detoxification. These findings suggest that low DA D2 receptor availability in alcoholics is not due to alcohol withdrawal and may reflect a predisposing factor.
Application of a new rotation matrix in dynamic solid state ESR and NMR lineshape simulation

Abstract A new rotation matrix was applied to the computer simulation of dynamic ESR and NMR lineshapes. A cubic jump model was chosen to illustrate the use of this rotation matrix.
Absent cord sign in acute spinal trauma

Review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 100 patients suffering acute spinal trauma from 1985 to 1987 revealed four patients who had suffered thoracic spine fractures and acute subarachnoid hematomas. The spinal cord was not demonstrated on the T1-weighted sagittal MRI due to the similarities in signal intensity between the spinal cord and acute hemorrhage. Nonvisualization of the thoracic cord should not be presumed to be artifactual until subarachnoid hematoma is excluded.
Radioimmunodetection of human melanoma tumor xenografts with human monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract We established a human IgM monoclonal antibody that defines a tumor-associated membrane antigen expressed on human melanoma cells. The antigen has been identified as the ganglioside GD2. In this paper, we describe the potential usefulness of the human monoclonal antibody for radioimaging. Nude mice bearing tumors derived from a human melanoma cell line were used as a model. Antibody activity was degradated significantly after labeling with 131I by the use of a modified chloramine-T method. After testing various concentrations, labeled antibody of a specific activity of 2.8 μCi/ μg produced the best results. Balb/c nude mice bearing a GD2-positive M14 melanoma cell line were injected with 10–30 μg of labeled antibody, and its radiolocalization in different organs and in the whole body were evaluated. The best tumor image was obtained on Day 6. The labeled antibody uptake ratio between tumor and muscle was 9.2:1; the ratio between tumor and liver was 1.4:1. These studies represent the first report of experimental tumor imaging with human monoclonal antibody. Human monoclonals will probably prove to be superior reagents for tumor imaging in melanoma patients if the problem of antibody radiolysis is resolved.
Distinct Rap1 Activity States Control the Extent of Epithelial Invagination via α-Catenin

Localized cell shape change initiates epithelial folding, while neighboring cell invagination determines the final depth of an epithelial fold. The mechanism that controls the extent of invagination remains unknown. During Drosophila gastrulation, a higher number of cells undergo invagination to form the deep posterior dorsal fold, whereas far fewer cells become incorporated into the initially very similar anterior dorsal fold. We find that a decrease in α-catenin activity causes the anterior fold to invaginate as extensively as the posterior fold. In contrast, constitutive activation of the small GTPase Rap1 restricts invagination of both dorsal folds in an α-catenin-dependent manner. Rap1 activity appears spatially modulated by Rapgap1, whose expression levels are high in the cells that flank the posterior fold but low in the anterior fold. We propose a model whereby distinct activity states of Rap1 modulate α-catenin-dependent coupling between junctions and actin to control the extent of epithelial invagination.
The Role of Adolescent IQ and Gender in the Use of Cognitive Support for Remembering in Aging

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adolescent IQ (AIQ) and gender in older adults' ability to use cognitive support to enhance memory. Subjects were 269 mid-1940s graduates of the same high school. Adolescent IQ scores were gathered from archives, and subjects' memory for words was tested with tasks that provided increasing cognitive support. Overall, subjects benefited from support; women recalled more words than men; and persons with a high AIQ remembered more words than persons with a lower AIQ. However, while all subjects showed gains from cognitive support, men with a lower AIQ performed worse than men with a high AIQ. Women's performance was not dependent on their AIQ. Analysis of qualitative memory indicators suggested that women and persons with a high AIQ had better encoding and retrieval operations. Men with a lower AIQ appear to be particularly vulnerable to memory deficits in aging. This may be due to low “cognitive reserve” or generally poorer episodic memory function.
The message in the navel: (ir)realis and negation in Swahili

Abstract It is argued that the encoding of conceptual categories such as ‘realis’ should be investigated by analyzing the meanings of linguistic signs rather than by focusing on a priori message-categories that may not be expressed by specific linguistic forms. Applying this method to the expression of ‘realis’ in Swahili reveals a complex relationship between tense-aspect-modality, negation, and realis status in which some forms signal information related to irrealis, but no forms explicitly signal the meaning ‘realis’; the two negation markers span the realis/irrealis divide. Sign-based analysis makes it possible to identify subtle differences between apparently synonymous messages that are conveyed by forms differing in realis status.
Effective electron mobility in Si inversion layers in metal–oxide–semiconductor systems with a high-κ insulator: The role of remote phonon scattering

The high dielectric constant of insulators currently investigated as alternatives to SiO2 in metal–oxide–semiconductor structures is due to their large ionic polarizability. This is usually accompanied by the presence of soft optical phonons. We show that the long-range dipole field associated with the interface excitations resulting from these modes and from their coupling with surface plasmons, while small in the case of SiO2, for most high-κ materials causes a reduction of the effective electron mobility in the inversion layer of the Si substrate. We study the dispersion of the interfacial coupled phonon-plasmon modes, their electron-scattering strength, and their effect on the electron mobility for Si-gate structures employing films of SiO2, Al2O3, AlN, ZrO2, HfO2, and ZrSiO4 for “SiO2-equivalent” thicknesses ranging from 5 to 0.5 nm.
Properties of Model Comae around Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects

The cometary activity of Chiron inspires us to investigate observable lifetimes of hypothetical dust particles around large, distant Centaur and Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs). Our model computes dust particle trajectories assuming comet nucleus gravity, solar gravity, and solar radiation pressure. We find that particle lifetimes are extremely sensitive to the magnitude of the initial velocity. Long-lived orbits require an exact combination of nucleus size, heliocentric distance, particle size, and initial velocity. Estimating ejection velocities due to CO sublimation, we find that particles escape >50,000 km from Centaurs in ≲6 days and from KBOs in ≲10 days. Assuming optimal ejection velocities <vescape, upper limits to bound coma lifetimes are 50–75 days for Centaurs with Chiron-like activity. Thus Chiron's long-lived coma cannot be a result of an outburst. To observe a KBO coma requires a massive ∼5 × 109-kg dust coma, and its lifetime varies from <2 months to ∼1 year depending on object size and heliocentric distance.
Judicial System Reform in Italy: A Key to Growth

The inefficiency of the Italian judicial system has contributed to reduced investments, slow growth and a difficult business environment. The enforcement of civil and commercial claims suffers from excessive delays in court proceedings, resulting in a very large number of pending cases. The Italian authorities have over the years taken steps to remove bottlenecks and speed up judicial proceedings. While these measures are generally steps in the right direction, more can be done. Consideration could be given, inter alia, to reviewing court fees, improving the new mandatory mediation scheme, strengthening court management, and reforming the appeal system.
Spatial Analysis of Cranberry Yield at Three Scales

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is an intensively managed perennial crop. Patches of disease, local variation in soil properties, and regional changes in soil type and hydrology cause its yield to vary spatially at several scales. We evaluated the spatial variability of cranberry yield with two support sizes and covering three scales: (i) 500 contiguous 0.09-m 2 samples covering a 6 by 7.5 m area (small scale, SS), (ii) an average number of 100 variably spaced 0.09-m 2 samples from each of 21 fields (medium scale, MS), and (iii) 534 fields (16 830 m 2 average area) each characterized with a single value of total yield (large scale, LS). Differences in yield calculated from points separated by incremental distances h were raised to power values q (from 0 to 4 in steps of 0.1). The q = 2 data were fitted to either spherical (SS and LS) or exponential (MS) semivariogram models. The logarithm of average differences plotted vs. log h were characterized by their slope, ζ(q). Structure functions [ζ(q) vs. q] were fitted with the universal multifractal model containing three parameters (C, a, and H). Small scale and LS data had nonlinear structure functions typical of multiscale phenomena. Spatial properties of cranberry yield at MS were: (i) better defined in cranberry fields with more than 12 yr in production (small range and nugget variance), and (ii) influenced by multiscale factors (nonlinear structure functions). Younger fields had greater range and nugget variance and a linear structure function. Precision agriculture in perennial crops should consider temporal changes in the spatial structure of crop yield.
Optimal short horizon distribution operations in reusable container systems

Manufacturers in many countries are facing increasing market pressures to use returnable containers. Few studies address the day-to-day operational problems of controlling production and distribution that are inherent in closed systems that reuse containers. In this paper we present a formulation of an optimal configuration of this type of system. In particular, we model the reusable bottle production and distribution activities of a large soft drink manufacturer located in Mexico City, Mexico. Two types of operational research models are combined to form the overall optimization system. A pair of linear programs (one aggregated, the other disaggregated) determines a master plan that is subsequently fined-tuned on a shift-by-shift basis using a difference equation simulation model. The simulation model mimics the heuristic 'rules of thumb' used by production planners for product distribution and container reuse planning. The results of our study indicate that this formulation provides a timely response in the field to key operational problems addressed by no previous approach. Included are better organizational control (through providing one-week production and distribution plans), feedback allowing modification of heuristic rules previously used in controlling the distribution of product and container reuse, and improvement in inventory behaviour such as avoiding shortages. These improvements have resulted in considerable market share gains since the models were implemented.
Effects of inadmissible Evidence on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors: A Moral Dilemma

In a 2 × 3 design, simulated jurors received either weak or strong evidence against a defendant in a murder case. Within each evidence condition, subjects were given either additional evidence ruled admissible, additional evidence ruled inadmissible, or no additional evidence. Results indicated that (a) jurors were biased by inadmissible evidcnce in the weak-evidence but not in the strong-evidence condition, (b) strong evidence resulted in more guilty verdicts than did weak evidence, (c) confidence in verdict was influenced by strength of evidence, and (d) confidence of guilt was positively correlated with severity of punishment. Implications of the results are discussed within the context of the judicial process.