cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of chiral iron complexes in asymmetric synthesis: The preparation of optically active trans-1-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropanes

The preparation, resolution and use in asymmetric synthesis of the diastereomeric (+)- and (−)-(h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(Ph3P)(h1-CH2OC10H19), the first example of a characterized optically active transition metal organometallic carbene transfer reagent is described. The (+)-isomer gave (−)-trans-(1R,2R)-1-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane in 26% e.e., while the (−)-isomer gave (+)-trans-(1S,2S)-1-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane in 38.5% e.e.
Stroboscopic Movement Based on Perceptual Intelligence

Stroboscopic movement perception can be viewed as the solution on the part of the perceptual system of the problem posed by the alternating appearance and disappearance of the stimulus objects. Under typical conditions there is no information provided which could account for such inexplicable stimulus change, so that movement is the most ‘plausible’ solution. If, however, such information is provided, other solutions may be preferred, and motion will not be perceived. In several experiments it is demonstrated that, when an object alternately covers and uncovers two dots, movement is not perceived, provided (a) the object is in the location in front of where a dot had just appeared rather than to the side of this location, and (b) the object appears to be solid or opaque rather than outline. Under such conditions the dots appear to be permanently present entities undergoing covering and uncovering. This effect does not require that a physical object with edges progressively occlude and disocclude the dots,...
Solute Transport in Clay Media: Effect of Humic Acid

The ability of humic materials to remove cations from the gallery region of clay stacks is monitored directly using clay-modified electrodes. It is found that humic materials reduce access to the inner layer region by clogging access pores and by binding cations.
In Vivo Collagen Accumulation in an Experimental Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis developed within 2 weeks in mice treated initially with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and immediately exposed to 70% oxygen for 6 days. The total lung hydroxy-proline content of these mice increased only moderately until the oxygen exposure ended. A rapid increase in total lung hydroxyproline followed, with maximum levels being achieved by day 15. The formation of acid-insoluble radiolabeled hydroxyproline following the in vivo administration of [3H]proline was measured during the development of fibrosis. Only a small increase in [3H] hydroxyproline accumulation was measured in BHT-treated mice during the six-day hyper-oxic exposure. Thereafter a rapid increase in the accumulation of [3H] hydroxyproline occurred, with maximum levels appearing 7 days after the administration of BHT. The percentage of total [3H] hydroxyproline formed from [3H]proline which was acid soluble, an indication of the degradation of newly synthesized collagen, was significantly decreased in mice treated with BH...
Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma primarily presenting in the fallopian tube

We report a 48-year-old woman presenting with gastric adenocarcinoma metastatic only to the left fallopian tube. In addition to invasive, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, there were areas simulating intraepithelial carcinoma, suggesting a primary fallopian tube lesion. The differential diagnosis included a metastatic process, based on unusual morphologic patterns with occasional signet-ring cells, single-cell linear pattern of infiltration, and abundant lymphvascular space invasion. Metastasis from an upper gastrointestinal primary was confirmed by immunostains (cytokeratin 7, CDX-2, and p53 positive in the tumor cells and cytokeratin 20, WT-1, estrogen, and progesterone receptors negative). Imaging studies and a posterior biopsy demonstrated primary gastric adenocarcinoma with similar histology and immunoprofile. We report an unusual case of primary gastric adenocarcinoma presenting only in the fallopian tube and discuss its mimics and differential diagnosis.
Polymerase chain reaction on blood for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND The premortem diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is difficult to make and often missed. Several retrospective studies have suggested that Aspergillus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on serum or whole blood is useful in diagnosing IPA. Two prospective studies confirmed this finding but included a small number of IPA cases. METHODS The current study was performed to determine the diagnostic role of Aspergillus PCR performed on whole blood specimens from 54 patients with cancer and pulmonary infiltrates for which bronchoscopy with fungal stains and cultures were performed. PCR through amplified Aspergillus mitochondrial DNA and alkaline protease genes was performed on whole blood samples. RESULTS The cohort in the current study was comprised of 4 patients with definite IPA, 7 patients with probable IPA, 7 patients with possible IPA, and 36 control patients with no evidence of IPA. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values all were 100% for definite IPA cases and 57%, 100%, 100%, and 92%, respectively, for each of the probable and possible IPA cases. CONCLUSIONS Aspergillus PCR on whole blood samples is highly sensitive for the detection of IPA and is predictive for IPA. The sensitivity appears to be correlated with the certainty of diagnosis as proven by tissue invasion. Cancer 2002;94:1032–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10349
Computers in the Classroom: How Information Technology Can Improve Conservation Education

Ultimately, the qualities of education that we care most about are not technological; they are matters of educational philosophy and practice.... [I]n thinking about education, we ought not to be preoccupied with computers at all, and if the transition is successful, we will not be.
Phenoxazinone synthase from Streptomyces antibioticus: Purification of the large and small enzyme forms

Abstract Phenoxazinone synthase has been purified approximately 80-fold from 48-h-old cells of Streptomyces antibioticus. The purification procedure involves streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitations, affinity and Bio-Gel chromatography, and glycerol gradient centrifugation. Two forms of the enzyme are purified by these techniques, a large form (L) with a molecular weight of around 900,000 and a small form (S) with an Mr of about 200,000. Electrophoresis of the large and small forms on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels reveals the presence of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of around 100,000. Both L and S appear to be distinct molecular forms of the enzyme since rechromatography on Bio-Gel or recentrifugation on glycerol gradients results in retention of the mobility of the form in question. These procedures do not convert L to S or S to L. The purification procedure described has been used for the preparation of phenoxazinone synthase from 12-, 18-, and 48-h cultures of S. antibioticus. These experiments have shown that the relative amounts of L and S which can be isolated depend on the age of the cells used as starting material. As the cultures age, the relative amount of L which is present increases. This result also suggests that L and S are distinct molecular entities. Antibody to a combined L plus S preparation and to L has been raised in rabbits. Anti-L antibody reacts with both L and S and is capable of completely inhibiting phenoxazinone synthase activity in crude extracts of S. antibioticus cells. Thus, the 100,000 Mr subunits of L and S must have some antigenic determinants in common, although they may not be identical in structure. Oxygen consumption during the formation of cinnabarinic acid from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid was measured with the Clark oxygen electrode. These experiments showed that both L and S catalyze a reaction involving the consumption of 1.5 mol of oxygen per mole of phenoxazinone formed.
The chain length effect in pyrolysis: bridging the gap between glucose and cellulose

Despite the potential for biomass pyrolysis to produce renewable fuels, the governing chemical reactions are largely unknown due to the complexity of biopolymers, such as cellulose. In this work, we use isothermal pyrolysis experiments to reveal the chain length (or end-group) effect that controls the distribution of pyrolysis products from linear β-1,4-glucan polymers (e.g., cellulose). Finally, we show that a simplified end-group/interior monomer model is largely incapable of predicting product yields from cellodextrin pyrolysis.
Reaction mechanisms of tertiarybutylarsine on GaAs (001) surfaces and its relevance to atomic layer epitaxy and chemical beam epitaxy

We explore the use of tertiarybutylarsine (TBAs) as an alternative arsine source in atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) are used to characterize the surface reactions of TBAs on GaAs (001) Ga-rich surfaces. At a substrate temperature of 320° C and an exposure level of 90 L of TBAs, AsHx (x = 1 or 2) is thought to be the adsorbed arsenic species. As the substrate temperature increases, As-rich surfaces are readily obtained with improved RHEED 2 x 4 patterns. No carbon related species are observed throughout the TBAs exposure experiments between 320° C and 540° C. It is suggested that AsHx is the adsorbed species after TBAs decomposes on surface Ga atom. Interactions between AsHx pairs form arsenic atoms by H2 release. RDS allows anin-situ real time study of TBAs on GaAs (001) Ga-rich surfaces. It is found that the RDS results are consistent with those obtained from XPS and RHEED investigations and can provide information on the rates of reactions and the extent of surface reconstruction simultaneously. Implications for the growth of GaAs by atomic layer epitaxy and chemical beam epitaxy using TBAs are discussed.
Do Apagamento à Revolução: o direito da criança à cidadania/direito à cidade

Criancas e adolescentes estao cada vez mais sendo colocados em posicoes insustentaveis com relacao ao seu direito de representacao civil e seu acesso aos espacos publicos da cidade. Para solucionar tal impasse, eles geralmente tentam resolver os problemas por conta propria. Neste artigo, destaco o movimento dos Izbrisanina Eslovenia e a Revolucion de los Pinguinos no Chile, por meio de ideias desenvolvidas por filosofos geopoliticos e teoricos que estudam o espaco, em combinacao com meu proprio trabalho acerca da formacao politica de jovens, para sugerir formas de re-imaginar a crianca, o espaco urbano e a politica
The effect of lead on mouse brain development.

Abstract Nursing C57 black or Swiss-Webster albino mother mice were given doses ranging from 0.08 to 2% of lead in food (PbCO 3 ) or 0.5% in drinking water (PbAc 2 ) and the pups were maintained on the lead diet through 60 days of age. Daily measurements of food intake, body weight, and neurological status were performed. Pups were killed at 30, 42, and 60 days of age, and the dams were killed 2 weeks after weaning. The highly inbred C57 mice only rarely raised their litters if given 0.8% lead but the less inbred albino mice accepted up to 2% lead. The dams remained well on diets of 1% and less. A dose-related retardation as high as 50% of controls in body growth, brain development, and sexual and behavioral maturation was found. Although dams fed 0.4% or more of lead ate less than control mice, retardation at the various lead doses was better correlated with lead concentration in the diet than with food consumption. Undernutrition is probably not the major cause of the retardation since varying the litter size did not greatly affect the detrimental effect of the diet. The lead mice were weaned approximately 2 weeks later than the controls. Small brain size, marked retardation of brain maturation, and retardation of bone growth characterized the lead-fed animals.
RELATIVISTIC MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS OF ENERGIES OFn= 3 STATES FOR THE BORON ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE,Z= 6–30

Abstract Energies of the 2s2(1S)3l, 2s2p(1P)3l, 2s2p(3P)3l, 2p2(3P)3l, 2p2(1D)3l, and 2p2(1S)3l states, withl = s,p, andd, for B-like ions with nuclear chargesZin the range 6–30 are determined to second order in relativistic many-body perturbation theory starting from a frozen-core Dirac–Fock basis. These perturbation theory calculations include the first- and second-order diagram contributions from the Coulomb and Breit operators for diagonal and nondiagonal matrix elements. Corrections for the frequency dependence of the Breit interaction are taken into account in lowest order. The Lamb-shift correction to the energies is also included in lowest order. Contributions of the three-electron interaction are compared with contributions of the one- and two-electron interactions. Comparisons are made with other theoretical calculations and with experimental data. We obtain excellent agreement for term splitting, even for low-Zions.
DOMINANT NEGATIVE MUTANTS OF HUMAN GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GR) DECREASE ACTIVITIES IN TRANSFECTED CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY (CHO) CELLS. ▴ 400

DOMINANT NEGATIVE MUTANTS OF HUMAN GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GR) DECREASE ACTIVITIES IN TRANSFECTED CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY (CHO) CELLS. ▴ 400
Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Alloy 22 in High-Nitrate, High-Temperature Dust Deliquescence Environments

Abstract Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) has been selected as the corrosion-resistant barrier for the nuclear waste containers in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain. Alloy 22 may be susceptible to crevice corrosion in the presence of hot chloride-containing solutions. The nitrate ion (NO3−) is an inhibitor for crevice corrosion of Alloy 22 in chloride (Cl−)-containing aqueous solutions. The higher the ratio, R = [NO3−]/[Cl−], is in the solution, the stronger the inhibition of crevice corrosion by nitrate. Atmospheric desert dust contains both chloride and nitrate salts, generally based on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Some of these salts may deliquesce at relatively low humidity at temperatures on the order of 150°C. The resulting deliquesced brines are highly concentrated and especially rich in nitrate (Ratios R ≫ 1). Electrochemical tests have been performed to explore the anodic behavior of Alloy 22 in high-chloride and high-nitrate electrolytes at temperatures as high as 150°C at ambient pressure. Tes...
Orbital forcing of global change throughout the Phanerozoic: A possible stratigraphic solution to the eccentricity phase problem

Astronomers have little confidence in orbital forcing calculations on time scales beyond ten million years. They are confident that the fundamental frequencies of the planetary orbits remain nearly constant on time scales of hundreds of millions of years. Small variations in these frequencies and chaotic behavior of certain resonance relationships, however, can introduce large uncertainty regarding the exact orientation of planetary orbits on time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years. We introduce a simple trigonometric series expression for eccentricity in order to evaluate effects that arise from imposing specified displacements in orientation of planetary orbits. The resulting changes in the character of the calculated eccentricity time series should be a guide to stratigraphers seeking to relate orbital forcing to stratigraphic time series throughout the Phanerozoic. This geologic calibration of eccentricity time series in relatively old stratigraphic sequences may provide astronomers with clues to further refinement of their calculations.
Light scattering characterization of polystyrene latex with and without adsorbed polymer

Dynamic light scattering (LS) is sometimes used to determine the thickness of adsorbed layers of polymers by comparing the hydrodynamic radii determined with and without the adsorbed layer. Here we point out a number of pitfalls with this method for one particular polystyrene latex. For example, even without an adsorbed layer, the hydrodynamic diameter determined by dynamic LS is 152 nm while that determined by TEM is 140 nm. Moreover, static LS also yields a larger diameter (150 nm) after subtracting a 3 nm correction for the difference between Mie and Rayleigh scattering. Both the angular dependence of dynamic LS and a cumulants analysis of the autocorrelation function at each angle suggest some polydispersity in size which explains the larger diameter from LS: TEM yields the number-average diameter whereas LS yields a z-average (heavily weighted toward larger particles). The greater polydispersity deduced from LS than reported with TEM might arise from doublet formation. The small difference between diameters determined by dynamic and static LS might be due to electroviscous effects or finite particle concentration. Non-sphericity of particles is not important. The polydispersity with adsorbed polymer (F108 Pluronic) was found to be larger than without. The layer thickness inferred from the difference in average hydrodynamic radius (11 nm) is overestimated owing to the increase in polydispersity with polymer adsorption.
Visualization of the lipid barrier and measurement of lipid pathlength in human stratum corneum.

Detailed models of solute transport through the stratum corneum (SC) require an interpretation of apparent bulk diffusion coefficients in terms of microscopic transport properties. Modern microscopy techniques provide a tool for evaluating one key property—lipid pathway tortuosity—in more detail than previously possible. Microscopic lipid pathway measurements on alkali expanded human SC stained with the lipid-soluble dyes methylene blue, Nile red, and oil red O are described. Brightfield, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, and laser scanning confocal optics were employed to obtain 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-dimensional (3-D) images. The 2-D techniques clearly outlined the corneocytes. Confocal microscopy using Nile red yielded a well-delineated 3-D structure of expanded SC. Quantitative assessment of the 2-D images from a small number of expanded SC samples led to an average value of 3.7 for the ratio of the shortest lipid-continuous pathway to the width of the membrane. This was corrected for the effect of alkaline expansion to arrive at an average value of 12.7 for the same ratio prior to swelling.
Physical investigation of the mesoplasma

The study of the mesoplasma as the fundamental model for second breakdown has been pursued by a variety of physical techniques. The conviction that a melt forms at or near the junction was strengthened by the microscopic, observation of molten globules of silicon on silicon diode surfaces under certain experimental conditions. Lapping and staining techniques were used to search the junction region for evidence of various kinds of damage and for information on the size and shape of regions affected by heat. The time dependence of light emission from the mesoplasma region in relation to electrical changes was studied. The light emission lags behind the onset of second breakdown and lingers on after the current through the device is shut off. Some work was done on the temperature dependence of the electrical characteristics of second breakdown. As far as possible, an attempt has been made to compare the physical results with the quantitative predictions of a computed model, with rather satisfactory correlations.
VARIATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFICITY IN TWO MAIZE DISEASES

Ten inbred lines from the open-pollinated maize variety Jarvis were selected from 51 randomly collected lines to represent a wide range of susceptibility to one isolate each of Bipolaris maydis or Colletotrichum graminicola. Ten isolates of each pathogen were selected for a range of virulence on a maize line with average resistance. Resistance and virulence ratings were based on lengths of lesions that developed on leaves of greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with 5 μl droplets of suspensions of known spore concentrations. For each disease the ten maize lines were inoculated in all possible combinations with the ten pathogen isolates. The experiment was run six times with each pathogen. Analysis of variance for individual trials indicated a significant interaction between maize lines and B. maydis isolates in all six trials and between maize lines and C. graminicola isolates in four of six trials. For both diseases. the combined analysis over all six trials revealed no significant interaction. Apparently the expression of specificity in these host-pathogen interactions is variable.
Effect of leaf maleic hydrazide concentration on yield and dry matter partitioning in burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Abstract Maleic hydrazide (MH) is commonly used to prevent axillary bud (sucker) development in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) after inflorescences have been removed by topping. Although MH provides an inexpensive and effective method to control sucker development, high concentrations (> 80 μg g−1) of MH ratidue in cured leaves are undesirable. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a wide range of MH rates on leaf MH residue, yield, and dry matter partitioning among plant parts of burley tobacco. The feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy as a method to rapidly screen tobacco samples for MH residue also was tested. MH was applied at rates of 0 (suckers manually removed), 1.68, 3.36, 5.04, 6.72, 10.08, and 13.44 kg ha−1, where 3.36 kg ha−1 corresponds to the usual commercial rate. Adequate sucker control was provided for up to 3 weeks by 1.68 kg ha−1 MH. Concentrations in the leaves (midribs removed) increased progressively with increasing rate of MH. Concentration of MH decreased over time but plants treated with rates above 3.36 kg ha−1 had MH concentrations at or above 80 μg g−1 in air-cured leaves of the upper third of the canopy. Leaf MH concentration decreased from the top to the bottom of the plant, and at MH rate above 6.72 kg ha−1, the MH concetration was above 80 μg g−1 in leaves at the bottom of the canopy. Air-cured leaf yield was slightly increased for the 1.68 kg ha−1 MH rate compared with hand-suckered controls, but higher MH rates did not further affect yield. A large portion of the yield increased cured-leaf moisture content of MH-treated plants. Additionally, MH-treatment decreased partitioning of dry matter in stalks. On a whole-plant basis, dry matter accumulation was similar for all treatments. The results indicated that MH rates above 3.36 kg ha−1 did not alter plant development, yield, or sucker control, but did lead to excessive undersirable leaf MH concentrations. For cured-leaf and especially midrib tissue, there was a significant relationship between MH concentrations determined by the chemical method and estimated by NIR spectroscopy. These results indicated that the potential exists to use NIR spectroscopy to rapidly estimate MH residue levels of tobacco leaf tissue.
Effects of walking speeds and carrying techniques on intra-abdominal pressure in women

Walking speed and carrying technique affect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in women. In this study, we tested the feasibility of monitoring IAP outside the laboratory environment and compared IAP while study participants were (1) carrying 13.6 kg (similar to a 3-month old in car seat) in six different ways while walking 100 m; and (2) while walking 400 m at self-selected slow, normal, and fast paces. Forty-six healthy women between 19 and 54 years completed the walking and lifting activities; the order for each was randomized. IAP was monitored with an intravaginal pressure transducer that wirelessly transmitted pressure data to a portable base station. We analyzed maximal peak IAP and area under the curve (AUC) IAP. Monitoring IAP outside of the laboratory was feasible. Mean maximal IAP during walking increased as pace increased: 42.5 [standard deviation (SD) 10.2], 50.5 (10.9), and 62.0 (12.1) cmH2O for slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively: p < 0.0001 by mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA). The corresponding AUC of IAP for walking decreased as pace increased. The awkward carry, side carry, and front carry activities each resulted in higher mean maximal IAP [65.8 (10.6), 67.7 (12.8), and 77.3 (13.1) cmH2O, respectively] than the carry-in-backpack activity [55.5 (11.4) cmH2O; p < 0.0001]. Subtle variations in walking speed or method of carrying a toddler-size load can produce significant changes in IAP. Whether these changes increase the risk of pelvic floor disorders is not yet clear. However, these data suggest that further inquiry into optimal methods and appliances to assist women in carrying may create a lower IAP profile.
A Theoretical Study of the Flow of Air and Fallout of Solid Precipitation Over Mountainous Terrain: Part II. Microphysics

Abstract Expressions are derived for the horizontal and vertical components of the wind, the temperature, and the mass of water vapor condensed when air flows over a long mountainous ridge. The growth of solid precipitation particles in the orographic clouds by deposition from the vapor phase, riming and aggregation are considered. The trajectories of these precipitation particles are then computed from their fallspeeds and the airflow model. The model is used to investigate the effects of the microstructure of clouds on the growth and fallout of solid precipitation over the Cascade Mountains. It is shown that, under suitable conditions, increases in the concentration of ice particles in the clouds from about 1 to 100 liter−1 can cause the solid precipitation to be carried farther downwind and over the Cascade crest, so that snowfall is deposited on the eastern rather than the western slopes of the mountains.
Application of the Capacity-Based Economic Approach to an Industrial-Scale Process

In a previous paper (Elliott, T. R.; Luyben, W. L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1995, 34 (11), 3907−3915) we outlined a generic methodology called the capacity-based economic approach that can be used to c...
Industrial Violence and the Legal Origins of Child Labor

Industrial Violence and the Legal Origins of Child Labor challenges existing understandings of child labor by tracing how law altered the meanings of work for young people in the United States between the Revolution and the Great Depression. Rather than locating these shifts in statutory reform or economic development, it finds the origin in litigations that occurred in the wake of industrial accidents incurred by young workers. Drawing on archival case records from the Appalachian South between the 1880s and the 1920s, the book argues that young workers and their families envisioned an industrial childhood that rested on negotiating safe workplaces, a vision at odds with child labor reform. Local court battles over industrial violence confronted working people with a legal language of childhood incapacity and slowly moved them to accept the lexicon of child labor. In this way, the law fashioned the broad social relations of modern industrial childhood.
Geometric angles in cyclic evolutions of a classical system

A perturbative method, using Lie transforms, is given for calculating the Hannay angle for slow, cyclic evolutions of a classical system, taking into account the finite rate of change of the Hamiltonian. The method is applied to the generalized harmonic oscillator. The classical Aharonov-Anandan angle is also calculated. The interpretational ambiguity in the definitions of geometrical angles is discussed.
All-optical regeneration of differential phase-shift keyed signals

All-optical regeneration of differential phase-shift keyed signals is demonstrated experimentally. Phase-preserving amplitude regeneration can be achieved by exploiting gain saturation in a fiber optical parametric amplifier, either with or without wavelength conversion. Phase regeneration requires use of phase-sensitive amplifiers, based on either four-wave mixing or nonlinear interferometers, both of which offer the possibility of combining phase and amplitude regeneration in a single device. Both implementations are investigated experimentally.
The use of prior information in linear regression analysis

For the usual linear model , where the e's are NID(0,1), we have considered the use of prior information for β of the form where the e0i are independent of the a's and are NID (mi,σ2). However, the experimenter assumes the e0i are NID (0, σ2 i0). The variances of the usual least squares estimators of the β's are compared to the mean square errors of the corresponding estimators using both fixed (σ2=0) and random priors (σ2=1,4,10) for r = 1,2,3 and selected values of mi, σ2 i0and the correlation betveen the X′s.
Hypertension in the elderly.

Hypertension in the older population has a serious prognosis and this is true even for isolated systolic hypertension. There is a markedly increased risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease and central nervous system in such patients.The hemodynamics in hypertension of the elderly differs in a number of parameters from hypertension in the younger patient. In addition, drug metabolism is markedly altered by the aging process. This combination of factors requires a selective choice of agents for the management of hypertension in the elderly. The role of various drug modalities and their efficacy is reviewed in this presentation.
Simulation-Based Fitting of Protein-Protein Interaction Potentials to SAXS Experiments

We present a new method for computing interaction potentials of solvated proteins directly from small-angle x-ray scattering data. An ensemble of proteins is modeled by Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulation. The global x-ray scattering of the whole model ensemble is then computed at each snapshot of the simulation, and averaged to obtain the x-ray scattering intensity. Finally, the interaction potential parameters are adjusted by an optimization algorithm, and the procedure is iterated until the best agreement between simulation and experiment is obtained. This new approach obviates the need for approximations that must be made in simplified analytical models. We apply the method to lambda repressor fragment 6-85 and fyn-SH3. With the increased availability of fast computer clusters, Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics analysis using residue-level or even atomistic potentials may soon become feasible.
Lassen Volcanic Fumaroles and Hot Springs: Analog for Mars

We are conducting a pilot study on the hydrothermal alteration of lavas at Lassen Volcanic National Park as an analog for potential hydrothermal deposits on Mars. Lassen has hot springs and fumaroles that have altered its lavas into silica, sulfates, and phyllosilicates, all mineral types also identified on Mars. Hydrothermal environments were likely common on Mars (due to evidence of early aqueous and a long record of volcanic activity), and such environments could have remained habitable long after the surface cooled and desiccated. However, some hydrothermal environments are more habitable than others, and being able to distinguish between the deposits of hostile acid-sulfate fumarole and more accommodating near-neutral hot spring environments can provide clues to habitability. Lassen hydrothermal environments produce silica by both acid-sulfate leaching and precipitation from neutral hydrothermal waters, both of which have been suggested as potential origins for deposits in Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater on Mars.
Response of Juvenile Coho and Chinook Salmon to Strobe and Mercury Vapor Lights

Abstract Species-specific responses to flashing (strobe) and nonflashing (mercury vapor) lights were monitored in hatchery-reared juveniles of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Fish behaviors were characterized as attraction and avoidance responses, and as active, passive, and hiding behaviors. We investigated how basic fish behavior and activity changed when fish held under a variety of ambient light conditions were exposed to strobe and mercury light. Implications of how these behaviors may influence migrating smolts at a fish bypass system were discussed. Both chinook and coho salmon avoided strobe and full-intensity mercury light, but chinook salmon exhibited an attraction to dim mercury light. Coho and chinook salmon showed different behavior patterns under most conditions when exposed to strobe and mercury light: coho salmon hid 47% of the time, whereas chinook salmon swam actively 74% of the time. The greatest change produced by either of the stimulus lights was at...
Molecular pathogenesis of a disease: structural consequences of aspartylglucosaminuria mutations

A deficiency of functional aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) causes a lysosomal storage disease, aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU). The recessively inherited disease is enriched in the Finnish population, where 98% of AGU alleles contain one founder mutation, AGU Fin . Elsewhere in the world, we and others have described 18 different sporadic AGU mutations. Many of these are predicted to interfere with the complex intracellular maturation and processing of the AGA polypeptide. Proper initial folding of AGA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is dependent on intramolecular disulfide bridge formation and dimerization of two precursor polypeptides. The subsequent activation of AGA occurs autocatalytically in the ER and the protein is transported via the Golgi to the lysosomal compartment using the mannose-6-phosphate receptor pathway. Here we use the three-dimensional structure of AGA to predict structural consequences of AGU mutations, including six novel mutations, and make an effort to characterize every known disease mutation by dissecting the effect of mutations on intracellular stability, maturation, transport and the activity of AGA. Most mutations are substitutions replacing the original amino acid with a bulkier residue. Mutations of the dimer interface prevent dimerization in the ER, whereas active site mutations not only destroy the activity but also affect maturation of the precursor. Depending on their effects on the AGA polypeptide the mutations can be categorized as mild, moderate or severe. These data contribute to the expanding body of knowledge pertaining to molecular pathogenesis of AGU.
The breastfeeding mother and the pediatrician.

An estimated 70% of mothers in the United States initiate breastfeeding annually. Mothers often discuss breastfeeding problems with their infant’s pediatrician. Pediatricians may feel unsure about their role when assisting the nonpatient, breastfeeding mother. By having practical solutions and support systems in place to anticipate and tend to breastfeeding mothers’ needs, pediatricians can be instrumental in preventing early weaning. The purpose of this article is to provide practical suggestions to outpatient-based pediatric health care providers when assisting the breastfeeding dyad.
Thermodynamic binding analysis of Notch transcription complexes from Drosophila melanogaster

Notch is an intercellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved in metazoans and is essential for proper cellular specification during development and in the adult organism. Misregulated Notch signaling underlies or contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases, most notably cancer. Signaling through the Notch pathway ultimately results in changes in gene expression, which is regulated by the transcription factor CSL. Upon pathway activation, CSL forms a ternary complex with the intracellular domain of the Notch receptor (NICD) and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind (MAM) that activates transcription from Notch target genes. While detailed in vitro studies have been conducted with mammalian and worm orthologous proteins, less is known regarding the molecular details of the Notch ternary complex in Drosophila. Here we thermodynamically characterize the assembly of the fly ternary complex using isothermal titration calorimetry. Our data reveal striking differences in the way the RAM (RBP-J associated molecule) and ANK (ankyrin) domains of NICD interact with CSL that is specific to the fly. Additional analysis using cross-species experiments suggest that these differences are primarily due to fly CSL, while experiments using point mutants show that the interface between fly CSL and ANK is likely similar to the mammalian and worm interface. Finally, we show that the binding of the fly RAM domain to CSL does not affect interactions of the corepressor Hairless with CSL. Taken together, our data suggest species-specific differences in ternary complex assembly that may be significant in understanding how CSL regulates transcription in different organisms.
Rational and Empirical Play in the Simple Hot Potato Game

We define a "hot potato" to be a good that may be traded a finite number of times, but which becomes a bad if and when it can no longer be exchanged. We describe a game involving such goods, and show that non-acceptance is a unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for rational egoists. Contrastingly, experiments with human subjects show willingness to accept such goods under a variety of conditions. Acceptance of the hot potato is positively related to payoff size and to the length of the remaining chain, but negatively related to the number of potential exchange partners. We find that subjects' behaviors are consistent with collectively oriented behavior, in contrast with their personal accounts. Implications for rational choice theory and economic sociology are discussed.
Measurement of 15N relaxation in the detergent-solubilized tetrameric KcsA potassium channel.

A set of TROSY-HNCO (tHNCO)-based 3D experiments is presented for measuring 15N relaxation parameters in large, membrane-associated proteins, characterized by slow tumbling times and significant spectral overlap. Measurement of backbone 15N R 1, R 1ρ, 15N–{1H} NOE, and 15N CSA/dipolar cross correlation is demonstrated and applied to study the dynamic behavior of the homotetrameric KcsA potassium channel in SDS micelles under conditions where this channel is in the closed state. The micelle-encapsulated transmembrane domain, KcsATM, exhibits a high degree of order, tumbling as an oblate ellipsoid with a global rotational correlation time, τc = 38 ± 2.5 ns, at 50 °C and a diffusion anisotropy, $${D}_{\parallel}/{D}_{\bot}=0.79\pm 0.05$$ , corresponding to an aspect ratio a/b ≥ 1.4. The N- and C-terminal intracellular segments of KcsA exhibit considerable internal dynamics (S 2 values in the 0.2–0.45 range), but are distinctly more ordered than what has been observed for unstructured random coils. Relaxation behavior in these domains confirms the position of the C-terminal helix, and indicates that in SDS micelles, this amphiphilic helix does not associate into a stable homotetrameric helical bundle. The relaxation data indicate the absence of elevated backbone dynamics on the ps–ns time scale for the 5-residue selectivity filter, which selects K+ ions to enter the channel.
Micro-Pocket Fission Detector (MPFD) performance characteristics

Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors (MPFDs) show improved performance over typical fission chambers due to their miniature size. With chambers of only 0.5 mm thick, an applied bias of 200 volts will allow pulse mode counting rates in excess of 56,000 counts per second with a dead time of only 1%. The ability to discriminate background induced events from neutron induced events also improves with the miniature chamber width. In-core tests have demonstrated linear pulse mode operation through seven orders of neutron flux magnitude. Specialized neutron reactive coatings have been formulated to maintain less than 1% signal deviation in a neutron flux of 1013 n cm?2 s?1 for over 58 years.
Automatic Outlier Detection: A Bayesian Approach

In order to achieve reliable autonomous control in advanced robotic systems like entertainment robots, assistive robots, humanoid robots and autonomous vehicles, sensory data needs to be absolutely reliable, or some measure of reliability must be available. Bayesian statistics can offer favorable ways of accomplishing such robust sensory data pre-processing. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian way of dealing with outlier-infested sensory data and develop a "black box" approach to removing outliers in real-time and expressing confidence in the estimated data. We develop our approach in the framework of Bayesian linear regression with heteroscedastic noise. Essentially, every measured data point is assumed to have its individual variance, and the final estimate is achieved by a weighted regression over observed data. An expectation-maximization algorithm allows us to estimate the variance of each data point in an incremental algorithm. With the exception of a time horizon (window size) over which the estimation process is averaged, no open parameters need to be tuned, and no special assumption about the generative structure of the data is required. The algorithm works efficiently in realtime. We evaluate our method on synthetic data and on a pose estimation problem of a quadruped robot, demonstrating its ease of usability, competitive nature with well-tuned alternative algorithms and advantages in terms of robust outlier removal
Comparison of two short forms of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Two short forms of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were evaluated. The WCST-64 consists of one deck of 64 cards; derived measures are number of categories obtained and number of perseverative responses. The WCST-3 includes measures of the number of cards required to complete three categories and the number of perseverative responses. WCST protocols from 37 schizophrenics, 20 temporal lobe epileptics, 11 patients with probable SDAT, and 54 normal controls, were scored using the three methods. Pearson correlations between WCST and WCST-64 scores ranged from.70 to.91. while correlations between WCST and WCST-3 were somewhat lower (.36 to.82). The WCST-64 was superior to the WCST-3 in agreement with the full WCST. The WCST-3 tended to underestimate the number of perseverative responses on the full WCST. Although the use of a short form reduces reliability, the WCST-64 appears to be an acceptable alternative when administration of the full WCST is not possible.
Sleeping with the enemy: treatment of fatigue in individuals with cancer.

The Oncologist 2002;7:96-99 www.TheOncologist.com INTRODUCTION For people with cancer, like me, cancer is the C word. What I have discovered is that cancer does not travel alone, but is accompanied by its insidious colleague, namely fatigue, which, for me, is the F word. This profane side effect adds additional disabling restrictions to my struggle against cancer. An important warning for many, but a life-limiting condition for others and me with cancer, how can fatigue both defend our well-being and disable our desires? What parts of our body control our sense of fatigue? Can we achieve control over its working parts? How many times have I heard that a particular therapeutic agent or combination of agents will have side effects, perhaps nausea, bowel irritation, anemia causing tiredness, and of course, fatigue? I have been generally informed that some degree of fatigue is inevitable and needs to be endured. I was told by my oncologist and radiation therapists that my energy resources will be limited, I will neither feel like nor be able to work, will not seek social interactions and activities with my family and friends as I had before my diagnosis, and that treating any underlying purely physiological source of the problem, epoetin alfa (Epogen®; Amgen; Thousand Oaks, CA) for anemia, for example, while important, will not fully restore my energy resources to precancer levels. Further, I was told I needed to accept fatigue’s presence for the duration of my battle against cancer. I was admonished to passively accept its intrusive and disabling affects, as though passive acceptance of any part of having cancer could be acceptable. While I often learned to adapt to certain physical and other restrictions resulting from my diagnosis, I needed to not permit cancer to curtail all vestiges of my potential resilience. There may not be medical weapons that will sufficiently defend the integrity of my bodily organs, but perhaps there are untried resources to better mobilize my emotional energies so I can again vigorously pursue my life’s goals.
The role of Soil classification in Geographic information system modeling of habitat pattern : Threatened calcareous ecosystems

Maps of potential habitat distribution are needed for regional population models of rare species, but reliable information from ground surveys is not always available. Existing data sources from disciplines other than ecological research often are underused. In this article, we discuss the development of a geographic information system (GIS) model that predicts potential habitats from ecosystem information contained in the US soil classification and soil survey. Soil classification and survey were used in the GIS model in an earlier study on the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, to predict threatened calcareous habitats. The model predicts potential habitats from the combination of (a) soil taxon as an indication of long-term ecosystem processes; (b) geologic parent material; and (c) slope class. Satellite imagery was added to indicate current successional state. In this study, we tested the model's predictive ability by using data from the Cedar Creek Slope Glades Preserve at the 44,000-ha US Department of Defense Fort Knox Military Reservation, Kentucky. We then used the model to predict occurrences of potential suitable habitat on the remainder of the Fort Knox reservation, including heavily impacted ordnance and tank training areas that are unsafe for public access. The soil component of the model also was applied to a 1.2 × 106–km2 region of the US, by using the US Department of Agriculture–National Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) combined with official soil series descriptions. Soil taxa from the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy were demonstrated to be associated with threatened calcareous habitats of rare plant species. These soil taxa were lithic mollisols (rendolls and udolls; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) rendzinas and chernozems) and alfisols (udalfs; FAO luvisols). The combined soil/geology/slope GIS approach has potential for prediction of rare ecosystems with narrow edaphic constraints. The approach would be useful in long-term planning for conservation management and restoration, especially where intensive ground surveys are expensive and/or impractical and where disturbance history obscures patterns of historical distribution.
An Opportunity to Bridge the Gap Between Clinical Research and Clinical Practice: Implications for Clinical Training

Clinical researchers and clinical practitioners share a goal of increasing the integration of research and clinical practice, which is reflected in an evidence-based practice (EBP) approach to psychology. The EBP framework involves the integration of research findings with clinical expertise and client characteristics, values, and preferences, and consequently provides an important foundation for conducting clinically relevant research, as well as empirically based and clinically sensitive practice. Given the critical role that early training can play in the integration of science and practice and in promoting the future of the field, the present article addresses predoctoral training programs as a context for adopting an EBP approach to clinical work. We address training in the three components of EBP and provide suggestions for curriculum development and practicum training that we hope will contribute to bridging the gap between research and practice.