cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A concise synthesis of substituted 4-alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines

4-Alkylamino-1-methylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-3-carbonitriles have been synthesised in 54–81% yields by condensation of N-substituted amides with 5-amino-1-methylpyrazole-3,4-dicarbonitrile via a Dimroth rearrangement in what is formally an anhydrous medium; the procedure thus permits the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidines with substituents sensitive to hydration.
QUICK - An interactive software environment for engineering design

QUICK, an interactive software environment for engineering design, provides a programmable FORTRAN-like calculator interface to a wide range of data structures as well as both built-in and user created functions. QUICK also provides direct access to the operating systems of eight different machine architectures. The evolution of QUICK and a brief overview of the current version are presented.
Hippocampal cytosol binding capacity of corticosterone: no depletion with nuclear loading

The recurrence every 24 h of glucocorticoid elevation led us to investigate the temporal relationship between glucocorticoid receptor occupation in brain cell nuclei and the availability of cytosol sites. Adrenalectomized rats were injected i.v. with [3H]corticosterone in doses ranging from 15 to 106 nmol/kg. Peak nuclear binding occured 1–2 h after [3H]corticosterone injection and was preceded by a peak of cytosol receptor labeling at 15–30 min. Yet 1 h after 55 or 105 nmol/kg [3H]-corticosterone, no depletion in the total in vitro binding capacity of the cytosol could be detected even though estimated depletion should have been ≈30% had it occured. Injection of 80 nmol/kg of corticosterone per rat plus 40 nmol/kg dexamethasone also failed to reduce total cytosol binding capacity, even though estimated depletion should have been ≈40%. No change in binding affinity of cytosol sites was observed in the injected animals compared to uninjected controls. The in vivo nuclear binding capacity of hippocampus for [3H]corticosterone (fmol/hippocampus) is about 40% of the cytosol binding capacity measured in vitro. Moreover, no more than 40% of total cytosol sites are occupied in vivo as a result of [3H]corticosterone injections which occupy nuclear sites to 80% of estimated capacity. Yet, even with the larger in vitro cytosol binding capacity, a depletion approaching 40% of cytosol binding sites would have been seen, had it occurred as a result of nuclear translocation. The apparent lack of depletion of cytosol receptors is supported by experiments which showed that two injections of [3H]corticosterone 2 h apart fail to fatigue the nuclear uptake mechanism. The present results suggest (1) that in the hippocampus an excess of extranuclear glucocorticoid binding proteins exists, and (2) that the availability of functional cytosol receptors may be regulated to maintain a relatively constant cellular level.
Reticulo-Endothelial Immune Serum (REIS). VI. Production of Potent Serum by Anamnestic Reaction.

SummaryIn the preparation of antiorgan sera the administration of small amounts of antigen (spleen and bone marrow) was found more effective than the rapid immunization of rabbits with massive antigen dosage. A single injection of the antigen 30-40 days after the last dose gives rise to an anamnestic response of the host and to a serum of higher potency. This can be evaluated by complement fixation titres and by the outgrowth of tissue explants exposed to the action of the “anamnestic” serum.
Separation and determination of micromolar ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from a single small sample

Micromolar analyses of the nitrogen species NH3, NO2−, and NO3−in soil and other samples are usually accomplished by extracting several samples and testing each for a different species. This procedure is not viable when the quantity of the initial sample is limited. An improved method of separating and analysing for ammonia NH3(aq), nitrite NO2−(aq), and nitrate NO3−(aq) from a single small sample with concentrations of 0–50 μmol/l is reported. No interferences or carryovers among the three nitrogen containing species were found. Uncertainties were ±2–5 μmol/l and accuracies with respect to standards were ±3 μmol/l.
Occupational Physician Perceptions of Bioterrorism

The rationale for most preparedness training of healthcare professionals is based on the assumption that most persons infected following a biological incident will present first to emergency departments of acute care facilities or to ambulatory settings such as private physician offices, and such incidences would be recognized, appropriately treated, and reported to the local health departments. However, an alternative first point of contact is industry, a location where workers gather and disperse on a regular and documented basis, and require healthcare. In industry there are health professionals responsible for the health, safety and on-site well-being of the workforce and surrounding community; these professionals are in a position for early recognition, surveillance, and isolation. Targeted education must be provided to these health professionals. To address perceptions of risk and preferred educational delivery methods for bioterrorism and emerging infections-related materials, a survey of occupational physicians was performed during the spring of 2001. Within the 2 months following the September 11 terrorist attack and subsequent anthrax bioterrorism event, and before release of any results from the first survey, a follow-up mail survey was initiated in November 2001. Response rate to the pre- and post-September 11 survey were 58% (n = 56) and 33% (n = 33), respectively. No significant demographic differences were observed between the respondents of the pre- and post-surveys. Perceptions of likelihood of another bioterrorism event increased between surveys, as would be expected; however, a tendency to believe that it would not happen locally persisted. Even though over 90% of the physicians had received immediate training following September 11, additional training/education needs were demonstrated. Although training and education modules can be designed without information based on the population that can be on the receiving end, it rarely accomplishes its goal. Results from this survey can serve as a base for designing various levels of targeted training and educational material specific to the perceived need, method of obtaining information and the format considered to be most conducive for learning. Potential consequences from lack of bioterrorism preparedness due to low perception of need and threat awareness need to be addressed.
Control of the circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity: possible role of protein thiol: disulfide exchange

Abstract The activity of pineal serotonin N -acetyltransferase, which is under neural control, is 30- to 70-fold higher at night than during the day. Exposure to light at night causes a rapid (t12 = 3–4 min) decrease in activity. There is reason to suspect this decrease may result from a protein thiol: disulfide exchange.
Numerical Simulation of Infiltration of Carbon Fiber Preform in MMC Casting With Thermal Management

In the casting of metal matrix composite, different processing parameters need to be controlled in order to promote the formation of primary alpha phase around the reinforcement. It has been shown [1–3] that when the reinforcement is allowed to be extended out of the cast mold and cooled by a heat sink, the microstructure of the composite can be improved due to faster heat extraction through the reinforcement. Thermal management of the reinforcement can eliminate a large portion of the eutectic phase during solidification, leading to an altered microstructure at the interface between the matrix and the reinforcement with the possibility of improved material properties. A companion paper [4] shows a comparison of the numerical simulation result of the casting of MMC by squeeze infiltration technique to the experimental work. The authors assumed that the solidification process started after the liquid metal has completely infiltrated the reinforcement. The simulation result gives a reasonable prediction to the experimentally measured cooling temperature profile. In this work, the effects of other processing parameters are analyzed to study the impregnation depth during squeeze infiltration. These processing parameters include the thermal conductivity of fibers, the initial (or preheat) mold temperature, the volume fraction of fibers, and the heat sink temperature. The study is based on the finite volume method for enthalpy formulated heat equation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Decreases in rates of hospitalizations for manifestations of severe rheumatoid arthritis, 1983-2001.

Objective. To determine whether the rates of hospitalization for 4 manifestations of severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are used as indicators of long-term health outcomes, have changed from 1983 to 2001. Methods. Data on all patients with RA who were hospitalized with rheumatoid vasculitis or to undergo splenectomy for Felty’s syndrome, cervical spine fusion for myelopathy, or total knee arthroplasty at hospitals in California were abstracted from a state hospitalization database. Changes in rates of hospitalization from 1983 to 2001 were examined in this serial cross-sectional study. Results. Rates of hospitalization for rheumatoid vasculitis and splenectomy in Felty’s syndrome decreased progressively over time. The risk of hospitalization for rheumatoid vasculitis was one-third lower in 1998–2001 than in 1983–1987. The risk of hospitalization for splenectomy in Felty’s syndrome was 71% lower in 1998–2001 than in 1983–1987. There were no significant decreases in the rates of hospitalization for cervical spine surgery or total knee arthroplasty (primary and revision), although in 1998–2001 there was a reversal of the trend of increasing rates of total knee arthroplasty. The risk of hospitalization for primary total knee arthroplasty was significantly lower in 1998–2001 than in 1990–1993 (rate ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.86–0.95; P < 0.0001). Conclusion. Rates of hospitalization for rheumatoid vasculitis and splenectomy in Felty’s syndrome have decreased over the past 19 years, and there has been a recent decrease in the rates of primary total knee arthroplasty in patients with RA. Although several factors may account for these decreases, these findings suggest that since the early 1980s, the long-term health outcomes of patients with RA have improved.
The SNS superconducting linac system

The SNS has adopted superconducting RF technology for the high-energy end of its linac. The design uses cavities of /spl beta/=0.61 and 0.81 to span the energy region from 186 MeV up to a maximum of 1.3 GeV. Thirty-three of the lower /spl beta/ cavities are contained in 11 cryomodules, and there could be as many as 21 additional cryomodules, each containing four of the higher /spl beta/ cavities, to reach the maximum energy. The design uses a peak surface gradient of 35 MV/m. Each cavity will be driven by a 550 kW klystron. Cryomodules will be connected to the refrigerator by a pair of "tee" shape transfer lines. The refrigerator will produce 120 g/sec of refrigeration at 2.1 K, 15 g/sec of liquefaction at 4.5 K, and 8,300 W of 50 K shield refrigeration.
OBLITERATIVE VESICOURETHRAL STRICTURES FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: RECONSTRUCTIVE ARMAMENTARIUM

AbstractPurpose: We report the reconstructive techniques used to correct obliterative vesicourethral strictures related to prostate cancer surgery.Materials and Methods: Four men with anastomotic obliteration after radical prostatectomy underwent primary excision with end-to-end anastomosis, penile fasciocutaneous flap, free-graft urethroplasty with rectus muscle flap or anterior bladder tube with omental flap procedure.Results: At mean followup of 33.8 months all patients had urethral patency but none was continent.Conclusions: Single stage reconstruction of the obliterated vesicourethral anastomosis after prostatectomy successfully restored urethral patency. No technique was applicable in all cases. Sphincteric function is likely to be compromised after the primary procedure, resulting in incontinence after successful urethral reconstruction. Subsequent artificial sphincter placement appears to be safe and helpful in restoring continence.
No mantle formation in rodent islets -- the prototype of islet revisited

Emerging reports on human islets emphasize distinct differences from the widely accepted prototype of rodent islets, raising questions over their suitability for human studies. Here we aim at elucidating architectural differences and similarities of human versus rodent islets. The cellular composition and architecture of human and rodent islets were compared through three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Physiological and pathological changes were examined using islets from various mouse models such as non-obese diabetic (NOD), ob/ob, db/db mice and during pregnancy. A subpopulation of human islets is composed of clusters of alpha-cells within the central beta-cell cores, while the overall proportion of alpha-cells varies among islets. In mouse islets under normal conditions, alpha-cells are localized in the islet periphery, but they do not envelop the entire beta-cell core, so that beta-cells are exposed on the outer layer of the islet, as in most human islets. Also, an increased proportion of alpha-cells within the central core is observed in the pancreas of mouse models exhibiting increased demand for insulin. In summary, human and mouse islets share common architectural features as endocrine micro-organs. Since these may hold a key to better understanding islet plasticity, our concept of the prototypic islet should be revised.
The roles of independent component analysis in the knowledge intensive systems

The independent component analysis (ICA) has been a well studied subject in recent years. Its implementation may employ neural networks or other techniques with the objective of deriving component signals or images that are as independent as possible. ICA has been used in remote sensing, medical signal analysis, speech and seismic signal processing, wireless communications, nondestructive testing, and other areas. All of such applications involve knowledge intensive systems that employ a large amount of data. ICA may be considered as a mechanism for knowledge decomposition and integration, as well as multiresolution representation and generalization.
VIP and PACAP effects on mouse major pelvic ganglia neurons

Major pelvic ganglia (MPG) neurons innervate urogenital organs and components of the lower bowel. Immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has previously been observed in the MPG, and VIP knockout animals have impaired micturition reflexes suggesting a role for this neuropeptide in urogenital function. Here, we investigate the presence and action of VIP and a related neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), in the pelvic ganglia of male mice. An abundance of VIP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and nerve fibers were observed in the ganglion, whereas PACAP immunoreactivity was not seen. Extracts from acutely isolated MPG contained transcripts for the VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors. Local application of VIP, PACAP, or maxadilan to isolated pelvic ganglion neurons shortened the duration of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) of action potentials elicited by brief intracellular depolarization. All three peptides also increased neuronal excitability within a subpopulation of the sampled neurons. Bath application of apamin, a peptide antagonist of SK channels, shortened the duration of the AHP indicating that AHP duration in pelvic neurons is determined principally by SK-channel activity. The results suggest that VIP has a role in the neural control of pelvic organ function and activation of VPAC and/or PAC1 receptors can modulate the activity of the autonomic neurons innervating pelvic organs.
Advances in 1.5-μm InGaAsP/InP slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers (SCOWAs)

We use lensed-fiber pigtailing to attain 90% coupling efficiency in a packaged InGaAsP/InP quantum-well slab- coupled optical waveguide amplifier (SCOWA) exhibiting 0.8-W saturation output power and 13.8-dB gain. Improvements resulting from use of a diamond heat-spreader are reported.
Exact exchange-correlation potentials in spin-density functional theory and their discontinuities at unit electron number

The exact exchange-correlation potential of Kohn–Sham density functional theory is known to jump discontinuously by a spatial constant as the average electron number, N, crosses an integer in an op...
QoE Doctor: Diagnosing Mobile App QoE with Automated UI Control and Cross-layer Analysis

Smartphones have become increasingly prevalent and important in our daily lives. To meet users' expectations about the Quality of Experience (QoE) of mobile applications (apps), it is essential to obtain a comprehensive understanding of app QoE and identify the critical factors that affect it. However, effectively and systematically studying the QoE of popular mobile apps such as Facebook and YouTube still remains a challenging task, largely due to a lack of a controlled and reproducible measurement methodology, and limited insight into the complex multi-layer dynamics of the system and network stacks. In this paper, we propose QoE Doctor, a tool that supports accurate, systematic, and repeatable measurements and analysis of mobile app QoE. QoE Doctor uses UI automation techniques to replay QoE-related user behavior, and measures the user-perceived latency directly from UI changes. To better understand and analyze QoE problems involving complex multi-layer interactions, QoE Doctor supports analysis across the application, transport, network, and cellular radio link layers to help identify the root causes. We implement QoE Doctor on Android, and systematically quantify various factors that impact app QoE, including the cellular radio link layer technology, carrier rate-limiting mechanisms, app design choices and user-side configuration options.
Work in progress - scholarly teaching techniques in a web 2.0 workshop for educators

The educational technology landscape is changing with web-based tools emerging for collaborative learning. This paper describes a technology workshop session conducted for public school teachers. The session presented web 2.0 tools and focused on blogs to enhance classroom learning. The workshop was developed using a course blueprint and Bloom's revised taxonomy to align content, instruction, and assessments by identifying desired cognitive processes and knowledge dimensions. The workshop demonstrated how to transfer in-class instruction into web 2.0 contexts for enhanced student engagement. The key goals of the workshop were to teach about blogs, demonstrate pedagogy potential, and engage teachers in a lesson that they could use in their classrooms.
Mapping the Land Cover of Mexico Using AVHRR Time‐Series Data Sets

Abstract An important methodological and analytical requirement for analyzing spatial relationships between regional habitats and species distributions in Mexico is the development of standard methods for mapping the country's land cover/land use formations. This necessarily involves the use of global data such as that produced by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). We created a nine‐band time‐series composite image from AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) bi‐weekly data. Each band represented the maximum NDVI for a particular month of either 1992 or 1993. We carried out a supervised classification approach, using the latest comprehensive land cover/vegetation map created by the Mexican National Institute of Geography (INEGI) as reference data. Training areas for 26 land cover/vegetation types were selected and digitized on the computer's screen by overlaying the INEGI vector coverage on the NDVI image. To obtain specific spectral responses for each vegetation type, as de...
Towards the Increased use of Action Research in Accounting Information Systems

The purpose of this essay is to argue that action research ought to be more widely used in accounting information systems research. The term “action research” encompasses a variety of qualitative and interpretive approaches which have as their twin goals, the pursuit of useful knowledge and the creation of active plans for organizational or social change. Case studies, ethnologies and action research studies have appeared in recent years in mainstream management information systems journals, but rarely in mainstream accounting journals. Mainstream accounting journals have emphasized positivistic methods in the name of rigor and the pursuit of scientific knowledge, but such research often has little impact on real world organizations. Action research seeks not only the attainment of use-ful knowledge, but effective change in organizations and society.
DECISION THEORY APPLIED TO A LINEAR PANEL DATA MODEL

This paper applies some general concepts in decision theory to a linear panel data model. A simple version of the model is an autoregression with a separate intercept for each unit in the cross section, with errors that are independent and identically distributed with a normal distribution. There is a parameter of interest γ and a nuisance parameter τ ,a N × K matrix, where N is the cross-section sample size. The focus is on dealing with the incidental parameters problem created by a potentially high-dimension nuisance parameter. We adopt a “fixed-effects” approach that seeks to protect against any sequence of incidental parameters. We transform τ to (δ� ρ� ω) ,w hereδ is a J × K matrix of coefficients from the least-squares projection of τ on a N × J matrix x of strictly exogenous variables, ρ is a K × K symmetric, positive semidefinite matrix obtained from the residual sums of squares and cross-products in the projection of τ on x, and ω is a (N −J)× K matrix whose columns are orthogonal and have unit length. The model is invariant under the actions of a group on the sample space and the parameter space, and we find a maximal invariant statistic. The distribution of the maximal invariant statistic does not depend upon ω. There is a unique invariant distribution for ω .W e use this invariant distribution as a prior distribution to obtain an integrated likelihood function. It depends upon the observation only through the maximal invariant statistic. We use the maximal invariant statistic to construct a marginal likelihood function, so we can eliminate ω by integration with respect to the invariant prior distribution or by working with the marginal likelihood function. The two approaches coincide. Decision rules based on the invariant distribution for ω have a minimax property. Given a loss function that does not depend upon ω and given a prior distribution for (γ� δ� ρ) , we show how to minimize the average—with respect to the prior distribution for (γ� δ� ρ) —of the maximum risk, where the maximum is with respect to ω. There is a family of prior distributions for (δ� ρ) that leads to a simple closed form for the integrated likelihood function. This integrated likelihood function coincides with the likelihood function for a normal, correlated random-effects model. Under random sampling, the corresponding quasi maximum likelihood estimator is consistent for γ as N →∞ , with a standard limiting distribution. The limit results do not require normality or homoskedasticity (conditional on x) assumptions.
The Case for Attributivism

The case for attributivism is far from trivial, and it is easy to appreciate why it might dominate the current scholarship on Aristotle’s psychology and his natural philosophy. Moreover, in large part the attributivist interpretation is correct about the nature of the soul, since there is an attributivist dimension to Aristotle’s thinking. The two main pillars of the attributivist interpretation, no matter what its nature, whether functionalist or non-functionalist, consist in Aristotle’s hylomorphic interpretation of body and soul and, more important, in his interpretation of soul as the ‘first actuality’ of a natural body in possession of organs. It is generally believed that Aristotle’s hylomorphism takes an attributivist form, and, since he interprets his psychology in terms of his doctrine of hylomorphism,1 it too takes an attributivist form. Hylomorphism demands that all physical objects, whether animate or inanimate, natural or artificial, be analyzed in terms of their matter and form. The matter of an object is the stuff that constitutes it or the things that compose its parts: bronze in the case of a bronze sphere; bricks, stones, and the like in the case of a house. The form of the bronze sphere is its spherical shape; the form of the house is the complex arrangement of its material parts. These standard sorts of examples we find in Aristotle’s works provide examples of forms that are first-order properties of the material that goes into the make-up of objects: the simple monadic property of sphericity; the complex many-placed relational property that counts as the complex arrangement of househood.
Integrated vectorcardiogram (iVCG) rotation modeling and compensation

We are designing an integrated wireless Vectorcardiogram (iVCG) that is portable and worn on the chest of the patient and is capable of continuously recording and transmitting the heart vector, which is a comprehensive measure of the electrical activity of the heart. The VCG contains the same information as the classic electrocardiogram (ECG). Although a physician or trained technician will initially install the iVCG device in the appropriate position, it is prone to subsequent rotation errors introduced by the patient placement of the device. In this paper we characterize the rotation errors and present a software solution to correct the effect of the rotation error on the iVCG signals.
Physiological Studies of Rhenium Compounds

Discussion and SummaryAlthough about 20 of the rare elements have received some attention in pharmacology and some of these (thallium, gallium) have distinctive properties, rhenium surprises observers by its relatively low toxicity and general inertness in the body. The lethal dose for rats is of the order 900-1000 mg per kg of body weight. In rats it lacks the hemopoietic stimulus of Cobalt or Germanium, develops visible symptoms only in large doses, and produces only small transitory changes in blood pressure. Symptoms resembling the convulsions produced by strychnine suggest that the spinal cord has a high selectivity for the salts of Re.We are indebted to L. C. Hurd for preparing and for supplying the NaReO4 used in this report.
Effect of a Diet Consisting Exclusively of Carrots on Serum Protein Concentration of the Rat.

It was pointed out1 that no significant fall of serum protein concentration occurred in rats kept for a period of 5 months on a diet extremely low in protein, provided the diet was otherwise adequa...
EVALUATION OF SELECTED FOLIAR APPLIED INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF SOYBEAN APHID IN VIRGINIA SOYBEAN, 2005

Two on-farm efficacy trials were conducted to evaluate selected insecticides for control of SBA in soybean. 'DKB44-51' and 'DKB46-51' soybean were planted on 20 and 29 Jun at the Bob Baylor Farm in Essex Co., VA, and the George W. Sanford, Jr. Farm in Westmoreland Co., VA, respectively. Treatments were applied on 2 Sep with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer as a broadcast at 14.3 gpa and 18 psi through 8002VS nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Each trial used a RCB design with four replicates; plots were 6 × 40 ft. Samples consisted of pulling two plants per plot and counting all SBA on each plant. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD (P = 0.01).
Pathway-based Genome-wide Association Studies Reveal the Association Between Growth Factor Activity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background The inflammatory bowel diseases known as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are related autoimmune conditions with a complex etiology composed of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have revealed 200 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel diseases, but these only account for a small fraction of the genetic heritability of the disease. We employed pathway-based approaches to identify genes that cooperatively make contributions to the genetic etiology of CD. Methods We exploited the largest CD dataset (20,000 cases + 28,000 controls) and UC dataset (17,000 cases + 33,500 controls) to date. We conducted a meta-analysis of 5 CD cohorts of European ancestry using 3 pathway-based approaches and further performed replication studies in an independent cohort genotyped on the Immunochip and in another pediatric cohort of European ancestry. Similar meta-analysis was performed for UC cohorts. Results In addition to the multiple immune-related pathways that have been implicated in the genetic etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases before, we found significant associations involving genes in growth factor signaling for CD. This result was replicated in 2 independent cohorts of European ancestry. This association with growth factor activity is not unique to CD. We found a similar significant association with UC cohorts. Conclusions Our findings suggest that genes involved in pathways of growth factor signaling may make joint contributions to the etiology of CD and UC, providing novel insight into the genetic mechanisms of these diseases.
The Speciation of Metals in Natural Waters

The equilibria and rates of reactions of trace metals in natural waters are affected by their speciation or the form of the metal in the solution phase. Many workers have shown, for example, that biological uptake (Anderson and Morel in Limnol Oceanogr 27:789–813, 1982), the toxicity (Sunda and Ferguson in Trace metals in seawater, Plenum Press, New York, 1983) as well as the solubility (Millero et al. in Mar Chem 50:21–39, 1995; Liu and Millero in Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:3487–3497, 1999) are affected by the speciation. For example, Fe(II) and Mn(II) are biologically available for marine organisms, while Fe(III) and Mn(IV) are normally not available. The speciation of metals also affects the rates of oxidation (Millero in Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:547–553, 1985, Res Trends Curr Top Sol Chem 1:141–169, 1994; Sharma and Millero in Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:2269–2276, 1989; Vazquez et al. in Geophys Res Lett 16:1363–1366, 1989) and reduction (Res Trends Curr Top Sol Chem 1:141–169, 1994; Millero et al. in Mar Chem 36:71–83, 1991) of metals in natural waters. The ionic interactions of metals are controlled by interactions with inorganic (Cl−, OH−, CO3 2−, etc.) and organic ligands (e.g., Fulvic and Humic acids). The speciation of metals is also affected by the oxidation potential (Eh) and the pH in the solution. In this paper we have developed a Pitzer Model (Pitzer in J Phys Chem 77:268–277, 1973, Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions, 2nd edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991) that can be used to determine the speciation of trace metals in seawater and other natural waters. It is based upon the Miami Pitzer Model (Millero and Pierrot in Aquatic Geochem 4:153–199, 1998) that has been shown to predict reliable activity coefficients for the major components of seawater. The computer code (Pierrot in Ph.D. Thesis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 2002) for these calculations is described in detail, in this paper. It has been used in an earlier paper (Millero and Pierrot in Chemistry of marine water and sediments, Springer, Berlin, 2002) and more recently used to examine the effect of pH on the speciation of metals in seawater (Millero et al. in Oceanography 22(4):72–85, 2009).
Amorphous ZnO-Based Compounds as Thermoelectrics

A computational estimate of thermoelectric behavior of amorphous ZnO is reported in this paper. Thermal conductivity of a material is usually lower in an amorphous structure than in a crystalline structure. Most thermoelectrics are based on crystalline semiconductors with the electronic structure optimized to produce a high power factor. Calculations based on density functional theory and semiclassical methods, together with previous experimental results, suggest that the power factor of amorphous ZnO-based compounds could be as high as that of crystalline ZnO. Thermal conductivity of amorphous ZnO is estimated to be only ∼1/25 of that of crystalline ZnO, according to the molecular dynamics calculations presented here. The computed power factor and the lattice thermal conductivity together indicate a figure of merit zT over 0.2 at 600 K for amorphous ZnO. These numbers also suggest that amorphous ZnSnO3 could be a prime candidate to study amorphous thermoelectrics, as its estimated thermoelectric paramete...
Visualization of sample introduction in liquid chromatography columns. The effect of the frit diameter.

Abstract A previously developed on-column detection technique using 35 mm SLR cameras [ J. Chromatogr. A 826 (1998) 1] was employed to visualize colored sample bands as they elute through frits of differing diameter. Head fittings containing a 4.0 mm frit and a 15.9 mm frit were mounted in a 17 mm I.D. glass column packed with C 18 silica with an average particle size of 21 μm. A carbon tetrachloride mobile phase of matching refractive index to that of the silica provides clarity along the column diameter during band migration. The photographs of the migrating sample zones were scanned and analyzed with appropriate imaging software. The smallest diameter frit induced severely parabolic sample distributions at the column inlet compared to the larger frit. Local axial dispersion coefficient values, expressed as local reduced plate height, were calculated as well as local zone velocities at the column inlet. The results demonstrate clearly the need to match the diameter of the inlet frit to the I.D. of the column so as to avoid the initial onset of zone broadening due to the frit.
Circumventing rain-related errors in scatterometer wind observations

Satellite scatterometer observations of surface winds over the global oceans are critical for climate research and applications like weather forecasting. However, rain-related errors remain an important limitation, largely precluding satellite study of winds in rainy areas. Here we utilize a novel technique to compute divergence and curl from satellite observations of surface winds and surface wind stress in rainy areas. This technique circumvents rain-related errors by computing line integrals around rainy patches, using valid wind vector observations that border the rainy patches. The area-averaged divergence and wind stress curl inside each rainy patch are recovered via the divergence and curl theorems. We process the 10-year QuikSCAT dataset and show that the line-integral method brings the QuikSCAT winds into better agreement with an atmospheric reanalysis, largely removing both the “divergence bias” and “anticyclonic curl bias” in rainy areas noted in previous studies. The corrected QuikSCAT wind stress curl reduces the North Pacific midlatitude Sverdrup transport by 20–30%. We test several methods of computing divergence and curl on winds from an atmospheric model simulation and show that the line-integral method has the smallest errors. We anticipate that scatterometer winds processed with the line-integral method will improve ocean model simulations and help illuminate the coupling between atmospheric convection and circulation.
Oncolytic viruses: emerging options for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths, following lung cancer. Severe toxicity associated with a long-term use of BC chemo- and radiotherapy makes it essential to look for newer therapeutics. Additionally, molecular heterogeneity at both intratumoral and intertumoral levels among BC subtypes is known to result in a differential response to standard therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as one of the most promising treatment options for BC. Many preclinical and clinical studies have shown that OVs are effective in treating BC, both as a single therapeutic agent and as a part of combination therapies. Combination therapies involving multimodal therapeutics including OVs are becoming popular as they allow to achieve the synergistic therapeutic effects, while minimizing the associated toxicities. Here, we review the OVs for BC therapy in preclinical studies and in clinical trials, both as a monotherapy and as part of a combination therapy. We also briefly discuss the potential therapeutic targets for BC, as these are likely to be critical for the development of new OVs.
Out with the old, in with the new: Migrating to libguides A-Z database list

With the growth of the Internet, librarians struggle to find ways to organize the vast amount of information and resources available to users. Effectively managing so many resources, while also pro...
Restitution in F. Scott Fitzgerald's BABYLON REVISITED

F. Scott Fitzgerald never addressed the causes underlying his alcoholism through Buchmanism, the Oxford Group, or Alcoholics Anonymous. Fitzgerald believed he could stop drinking through self-will,...
Heightened activity in social reward networks is associated with adolescents’ risky sexual behaviors

Adolescent sexual risk behavior can lead to serious health consequences, yet few investigations have addressed its neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Social neurocircuitry is postulated to underlie the development of risky sexual behavior, and response to social reward may be especially relevant. Typically developing adolescents (N=47; 18M, 29F; 16.3±1.4years; 42.5% sexual intercourse experience) completed a social reward fMRI task and reported their sexual risk behaviors (e.g., lifetime sexual partners) on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Neural response and functional connectivity to social reward were compared for adolescents with higher- and lower-risk sexual behavior. Adolescents with higher-risk sexual behaviors demonstrated increased activation in the right precuneus and the right temporoparietal junction during receipt of social reward. Adolescents with higher-risk sexual behaviors also demonstrated greater functional connectivity between the precuneus and the temporoparietal junction bilaterally, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, and left anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The greater activation and functional connectivity in self-referential, social reward, and affective processing regions among higher sexual risk adolescents underscores the importance of social influence underlying sexual risk behaviors. Furthermore, results suggest an orientation towards and sensitivity to social rewards among youth engaging in higher-risk sexual behavior, perhaps as a consequence of or vulnerability to such behavior.
Creating a Credible and Ethical Curriculum Vitae.

Every clinical nurse specialist (CNS) should have an up-to-date curriculum vita (CV). A CV is a record of accomplishments reflecting talent, creativity, and professional strengths. It facilitates reflection on past accomplishments and sets direction for future goals.1 A CV details accomplishments th
Neuro-Inspired Computing With Emerging Nonvolatile Memorys

This comprehensive review summarizes state of the art, challenges, and prospects of the neuro-inspired computing with emerging nonvolatile memory devices. First, we discuss the demand for developing neuro-inspired architecture beyond today’s von-Neumann architecture. Second, we summarize the various approaches to designing the neuromorphic hardware (digital versus analog, spiking versus nonspiking, online training versus offline training) and discuss why emerging nonvolatile memory is attractive for implementing the synapses in the neural network. Then, we discuss the desired device characteristics of the synaptic devices (e.g., multilevel states, weight update nonlinearity/asymmetry, variation/noise), and survey a few representative material systems and device prototypes reported in the literature that show the analog conductance tuning. These candidates include phase change memory, resistive memory, ferroelectric memory, floating-gate transistors, etc. Next, we introduce the crossbar array architecture to accelerate the weighted sum and weight update operations that are commonly used in the neuro-inspired machine learning algorithms, and review the recent progresses of array-level experimental demonstrations for pattern recognition tasks. In addition, we discuss the peripheral neuron circuit design issues and present a device-circuit-algorithm codesign methodology to evaluate the impact of nonideal device effects on the system-level performance (e.g., learning accuracy). Finally, we give an outlook on the customization of the learning algorithms for efficient hardware implementation.
The potential for machine learning algorithms to improve and reduce the cost of 3-dimensional printing for surgical planning.

Introduction: 3D-printed anatomical models play an important role in medical and research settings. The recent successes of 3D anatomical models in healthcare have led many institutions to adopt th...
Hybrid power transfer and wireless antenna system design for biomedical implanted devices

In this paper, we present a hybrid system consisting of a high frequency (HF) coil (13.56 MHz), and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna (905 MHz), integrated on an FR-4 substrate that provides a compact solution for simultaneous wireless power transfer and wireless communication for implanted medical devices. The challenge of minimizing the coupling effect between the coil and the antenna is addressed by optimizing their dimensions. The hybrid system was numerically modeled and the performance was tested at different depths inside a layered body tissue model. It is shown that the antennas' resonance frequencies of the external and implanted antennas, frex and frim, respectively, are stable and do not change by the depth of implanted antenna inside the tissue. Furthermore, transmission efficiency (η) at different distances is calculated. The system provides a good solution for the combination of power transfer and signal communication in a compact design.
A Benchmarking Method for Business-Process Reengineering and Improvement

Benchmarking assists businesses in identifying potential targets for improvement. It is the initial step a firm must undertake before planning and implementing reengineering methods to achieve higher productivity. Although several benchmarking methods have been proposed in the literature, research in this area lacks rigorous analytical tools for effective benchmarking. A benchmarking method must simultaneously analyze and integrate several key performance measures of business processes in identifying best practices. This is easier said than done because it is by no means a trivial task to blend multidimensional information in a useful and effective manner. This article proposes a benchmarking method that simultaneously considers multiple measures and aids in business process reengineering efforts of organizations. The proposed technique is based on a combination of multifactor productivity analysis, game theory, and clustering methods. These models are tested on a previously reported data set of manufacturing processes. Our results provide some very interesting insights into benchmarking practices, which when followed by firms will help in successful business process reengineering efforts.
Dynamics of Photoexcited Carriers in GaAs

We present calculations of electron and hole dynamics after photoexcitation in GaAs. Electron, heavy, light, and split-off hole dynamics are determined by solving a set of coupled Boltzmann equations using an ensemble Monte Carlo method. A 30 ×3 0 k • p Hamiltonian is diagonalized to determine the hole band structure, optical matrix elements, density of states, and Bloch overlap factors. By comparing our results with 2-eV pump-continuum probe femtosecond nonlinear absorption experiments, we show that holes are an essential ingredient in the calculations.
Worlds in Collision

It is not uncommon to find that even among the students of recognized giants, some choose not to accept the viewpoint of their teachers; and it is not infrequently the case that some of the very brightest students are found among the rebels. Thus Aristotle was the rebellious pupil of Plato. Helmholtz, DuBois-Reymond, Ernst Brucke, and Matthias Schleiden were the rebellious students of Johannes Muller. While some of Muller’s students, such as Bischoff, Schwann, and Virchow, accepted the main lines of his approach to physiology and attempted to improve and expand upon it, these men rejected Muller’s view of the subject and set themselves up in conscious opposition to their great master.
Materials Characterization by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of organic and inorganic materials because it can directly probe the symmetry and structure at nuclear sites, the connectivity/bonding of atoms and precisely measure interatomic distances. However, NMR spectroscopy is hampered by intrinsically poor sensitivity; consequently, the application of NMR spectroscopy to many solid materials is often infeasible. High-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has emerged as a technique to routinely enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments by 1–3 orders of magnitude. This Perspective gives a general overview of how DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be applied to a variety of inorganic and organic materials. DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR experiments provide unique insights into the molecular structure, which makes it possible to form structure–activity relationships that ultimately assist in the rational design and improvement of materials.