cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Diabetes Mellitus

A number of infectious agents have been linked to chronic diseases, including the linkages of human immunodeficiency virus with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Epstein-Barr virus with Burkitt's lymphoma, human papillomavirus with cervical cancer, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatocellular carcinoma (1-4). Both biologic plausibility and strong epidemiologic evidence were used to demonstrate that these infectious agents caused the associated chronic disease. Epidemiologic associations can be made by detecting either an increased prevalence of the chronic disease among persons with the infection or an increased prevalence of the infection among persons with the chronic disease. The biologic link is strengthened by demonstration of the infectious agent in the diseased tissues, but it can also be made indirectly by observation of overlapping features in the pathophysiology of the infection and the chronic disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is mainly a disease of the liver. However, HCV has also been linked to a variety of chronic conditions involving several other organ and tissue systems, including the kidneys and skin. For some of these diseases, there is strong epidemiologic evidence and biologic plausibility, while for others there is only epidemiologic evidence. Diabetes mellitus is one such chronic condition that has recently been associated with HCV infection. In the past 5 years, at least 22 reports either supporting (n = 19) (19, 28-37, 40, 41, 45^7 , 52-54) or refuting (n = 3) (38, 49, 50) an association between these two conditions have been published. However, the literature on this subject and the potential biologic mechanisms involved have not been recently reviewed. This review considers the existing literature with respect to both the epidemiologic evidence and the biologic evidence for a causal relation between these two common conditions
Inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricuar fibrillation in conscious dogs with isolated right ventricular infarction: Relation to infarct structure

The susceptibility of infarcted right ventricular myocardium to inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias was serially evaluated in 18 conscious dogs during the first 2 weeks after permanent right coronary artery occlusion. Properly timed double premature stimuli applied to the right ventricular outflow tract induced sustained (longer than 1 minute) ventricular tachycardia at rates of 190 to 400 beats/min in nine dogs, and ventricular fibrillation in six dogs. No ventricular arrhythmias could be induced in the remaining three dogs. The zone of premllture coupling intervals within which ventricular tachyarrhythmias could be induced decreased in each dog as the infarct aged, and by day 12 after occlusion, no ventricular Ilrrhythmias couJd be induced in any of the dogs studied. Both the size and the degree of patchiness (graded from 0 for no patchiness to + 4 for patchiness throughout the infarct) of the infarct appear to be related to the nature of the induced rhythm. Infarcts with greater heterogeneity and those that were larger than 8% of the right ventricular volume were associated with a higher incidence of ventr.cular fibrillation, and infarcts with a lesser degree of patchiness were more suitable for sustained ventricular tachycardia (3.4 ± 1.2 versus 1.4 ± 0.4, p These findings indicate that 1) the infarcted right ventricular myocardium, independent of left ventricular involvement, can be associated with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 2) ventricular tachyarrhythmias can be induced only during a well defined postinfarction period; and 3) both the size and geometry of the right ventricular infarct determine the nature of the induced ventricular rhythm.
Early vasopressin improves short-term survival after pulmonary contusion.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a promising treatment for several types of irreversible shock, but its therapeutic potential has not been examined after severe chest trauma. Two series of experiments were performed to fill this gap Methods: Series 1: anesthetized, mechanically-ventilated pigs (n = 20, 29 ± 1 kg) received a blast to the chest, followed by a controlled arterial hemorrhage to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) 70 mm Hg. Series 2: Swine (n = 15) received the chest injury followed by partial left hepatectomy to produce uncontrolled hemorrhage. Resuscitation was the same as in series 1 Results: The blast created bilateral parenchymal contusions (R > L), hemo/ pneumothorax and progressive cardiopulmonary distress. In Series 1, there were 3/20 deaths before randomization, 0/8 deaths after resuscitation with AVP versus 4/9 deaths with NS (p = 0.029). In surviving animals, with AVP versus NS, fluid requirements and peak airway pressures were lower while P/F was higher (all p < 0.05). In Series 2, with uncontrolled hemorrhage, there were 5/15 deaths before randomization. Upon resuscitation with AVP versus NS, survival time and blood loss were both improved, but the differences did not reach statistical significance Conclusions: After severe chest trauma with controlled hemorrhage, early AVP decreased mortality, reduced fluid requirements and improved pulmonary function. With uncontrolled hemorrhage, early AVP did not increase the risk for bleeding.
Gamow-Teller transitions in some intermediate-mass nuclei

We present the results of an experimental study of allowed Gamow-Teller ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ and electron-capture decays of $^{14}\mathrm{O}$, $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{29}\mathrm{P}$, $^{30}\mathrm{P}$, $^{30}\mathrm{S}$, $^{31}\mathrm{S}$, $^{33}\mathrm{Cl}$, $^{34}\mathrm{Cl}$, $^{35}\mathrm{Ar}$, $^{38}\mathrm{Ca}$, and $^{41}\mathrm{Sc}$. Thirteen new branches have been found and the precision has been increased, or upper limits reduced, on the intensities of more than 50 others.RADIO ACTIVITY $^{14}\mathrm{O}$, $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{29}\mathrm{P}$, $^{30}\mathrm{P}$, $^{30}\mathrm{S}$, $^{31}\mathrm{S}$, $^{33}\mathrm{Cl}$, $^{34}\mathrm{Cl}^{m}$, $^{35}\mathrm{Ar}$, $^{38}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{41}\mathrm{Sc}$ measured ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$; $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{29}\mathrm{P}$, $^{30}\mathrm{S}$, $^{31}\mathrm{S}$, $^{34}\mathrm{Cl}^{m}$, $^{38}\mathrm{Ca}$ measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$.
On the Number of Parameters Justifiably Used to Fit Bounded, Inaccurate Data†

The problem of finding the linear combination of the fewest possible given basis functions which simultaneously fits between given continuous upper and lower bounding curves and is the best least squares fit to a given curve contained between them is solved numerically. Existence and uniqueness theorems are given, and an application to multi-channel recording of gamma radiation data is made. In der Arbeit wird das Problem numerisch gelost, diejenige Linearkombination aus einer moglichst geringen Anzahl gegebener Basisfunktionen zu bestimmen, welche eine vorgegebene Kurve zwischen einer unteren und einer oberen Grenzkurve im Sinne des kleinsten Fehlerquadrats optimal ausgleicht. Es werden Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitssatze und die Anwendung auf eine Vielkanal-Aufzeichnung von Gammastrahlen angegeben.
The Process-Relational Paradigm and Relational-Developmental-Systems Metamodel as Context

The articles in this issue, including the introduction, all contribute to elaborating various features of a scientific paradigm shift that has come to define developmental science. In this commentary the author describes the structure of scientific concepts that gives form to this paradigm shift. The author then discusses the contribution of each article in the context of this conceptual structure.
High cycle fatigue behavior of spinodal Cu-10wt.%Ni-6wt.%Sn

Abstract The high cycle fatigue properties of the spinodal alloy Cu-10wt.%Ni-6wt.%Sn were studied in the alloy after quenching and following aging for 15 min at 350 °C. It was shown by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy that the demodulation of the composition waves, which causes cyclic softening in low cycle fatigue, does not occur on cycling below the yield stress. However, the dislocations in decomposed CuNiSn are localized in extensive pile-ups on a few widely spaced slip planes. Like many precipitation-hardened alloys, composition-modulated CuNiSn has a relatively low fatigue ratio and fatigue lifetime.
Lincoln Staffens and the McNamara Case: A Progressive Response to Class Conflict

. Lincoln Stevens' involvement with the McNamara case was one of the major concerns of his life. His Autobiography is not fully dependable regarding this incident; churches were not uniformly hostile to the settlement that ended the case and the Los Angeles Times, ignoring commitments to meet labor grievances, maintained its antiunion position. Steffens’ experimentation with “Golden Rule”Christian love as an alternative to class conflict reflected his divergent allegiances to Progressives who sought reform and to radicals, basically opposed to corporate capitalism. It also reflected his own rejection of class partisanship. Although the pledges made in the settlement were broken, Steffens remained loyal to the McNamaras and continued to argue it is futile to punish individuals for acts rooted in social conflict.
Radioactive Isotopes of Mercury

The radioactive mercury isotopes produced by the bombardment of mercury with neutrons and by the bombardment of gold with deuterons have been studies. Two activities with half-lives of 23 hours and 64 hours, respectively, both decaying by $K$-electron capture, have been assigned to ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197}$, on the basis of critical absorption measurements made on the x-rays emitted. The same method was used to show that the 43-minute activity produced by fast neutrons in mercury belongs to an excited state of a mercury isotope and decays by an isomeric transition to the ground state. A 51.5-day beta-emitter was studied; it is probably to be assigned to ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{203}$.
Teaching Management Science with Spreadsheets: From Decision Models to Decision Support

The 1990s were a decade of enormous change for management science MS educators. While the outlook at the beginning of the decade was somewhat bleak, the renaissance in MS education brought about by the use of spreadsheets as the primary delivery vehicle for quantitative modeling techniques has resulted in a much brighter future. This paper takes inventory of the current state of MS education and suggests some promising new directions in the area of decision support systems for MS educators to consider for the future.
Stop-smoking program using nicotine reduction therapy and behavior modification for heavy smokers

One hundred eighteen volunteers were studied in a hospital-based smoking cessation program in which nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette) was used as an adjunct to behavioral modification (group support). The "success" rate of 40% to 47% at 1 year was chemically verified. The regimen for using the nicotine polacrilex was "within labeling" but decidedly different from the regimen used in most smoking cessation programs involving this product.
Almost block independence for the three dot ℤ2 dynamical system

We show that the measure preserving action of ℤ2 dual to the action defined by the commuting automorphisms ×x and ×y on the discrete group ℤ[x ±1,y ±1]/〈1+x+y〉ℤ[x ±1,y ±1] is measurably isomorphic to a ℤ2 Bernoulli shift. This was conjectured in recent work by Lind, Schmidt and the author, where it was shown that this action has completely positive entropy. An example is given of ℤ2 actions which are measurably isomorphic without being topologically conjugate.
Descending brain neurons in larval lamprey: spinal projection patterns and initiation of locomotion.

In larval lamprey, partial lesions were made in the rostral spinal cord to determine which spinal tracts are important for descending activation of locomotion and to identify descending brain neurons that project in these tracts. In whole animals and in vitro brain/spinal cord preparations, brain-initiated spinal locomotor activity was present when the lateral or intermediate spinal tracts were spared but usually was abolished when the medial tracts were spared. We previously showed that descending brain neurons are located in eleven cell groups, including reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the mesenecephalic reticular nucleus (MRN) as well as the anterior (ARRN), middle (MRRN), and posterior (PRRN) rhombencephalic reticular nuclei. Other descending brain neurons are located in the diencephalic (Di) as well as the anterolateral (ALV), dorsolateral (DLV), and posterolateral (PLV) vagal groups. In the present study, the Mauthner and auxillary Mauthner cells, most neurons in the Di, ALV, DLV, and PLV cell groups, and some neurons in the ARRN and PRRN had crossed descending axons. The majority of neurons projecting in medial spinal tracts included large identified Muller cells and neurons in the Di, MRN, ALV, and DLV. Axons of individual descending brain neurons usually did not switch spinal tracts, have branches in multiple tracts, or cross the midline within the rostral cord. Most neurons that projected in the lateral/intermediate spinal tracts were in the ARRN, MRRN, and PRRN. Thus, output neurons of the locomotor command system are distributed in several reticular nuclei, whose neurons project in relatively wide areas of the cord.
All that glitters need not be gold

Recent years have seen dramatic growth in the field of nanoscale optics. The advantages of nanophotonics—wide bandwidth, no cross-talk, high speed, and compactness—are key factors enabling optical technologies that have an impact on many areas of society, including information and communications, imaging and sensing, health care, energy, manufacturing, and national security. Gold nanostructures have long been seen as building blocks for subwavelength optical and hybrid electronic-photonic systems providing functional solutions for the above-mentioned applications ( 1 ). By making use of the resonant properties of metal nanostructures, particularly the subwavelength coupled oscillations known as surface plasmons, the fields of plasmonics and optical metamaterials have brought forth numerous nanoscale device concepts ( 1 , 2 ).
Long-Term Reduction in 137Cs Concentration in Food Crops on Coral Atolls Resulting from Potassium Treatment

Bikini Island was contaminated on March 1, 1954 by the Bravo detonation (U.S. nuclear test series, Castle) at Bikini Atoll. About 90% of the estimated dose from nuclear fallout to potential island residents is from cesium-137 ((137)Cs) transferred from soil to plants that are consumed by residents. Thus, radioecology research efforts have been focused on removing (137)Cs from soil and/or reducing its uptake into vegetation. Most effective was addition of potassium (K) to soil that reduces (137)Cs concentration in fruits to 3-5% of pretreatment concentrations. Initial observations indicated this low concentration continued for some time after K was last applied. Long-term studies were designed to evaluate this persistence in more detail because it is very important to provide assurance to returning populations that (137)Cs concentrations in food (and, therefore, radiation dose) will remain low for extended periods, even if K is not applied annually or biennially. Potassium applied at 300, 660, 1260, and 2070 kg ha(-1) lead to a (137)Cs concentration in drinking-coconut meat that is 34, 22, 10, and about 4% of original concentration, respectively. Concentration of (137)Cs remains low 8-10 y after K is last applied. An explanation for this unexpected result is discussed.
A mass-conserving volume-of-fluid method: Volume tracking and droplet surface-tension in incompressible isotropic turbulence

Abstract We have developed a volume of fluid (VoF)/projection method for simulating droplet-laden incompressible turbulent flows with uniform density and viscosity. The method is mass-conserving, wisp-free, and consistent (i.e., the VoF function, C, satisfies the condition 0 ⩽ C ⩽ 1). First, we present the results of the VoF method for tracking volumes of initially spherical shape and with zero surface tension in analytical velocity fields (linear translation, solid-body rotation, single-vortex flow, and Taylor–Green vortex) and in incompressible isotropic turbulence at Reλ0 = 75 and 190. These numerical tests show that (i) our VoF method is mass-conserving, consistent, and wisp-free; (ii) for a CFL number of 0.1, the VoF geometrical error has almost a second-order convergence rate for a mesh resolution with more than 10 grid points per diameter; (iii) in the isotropic turbulence case, a resolution of about 32 grid points per diameter of the sphere is required in order to limit the VoF geometrical error below 1%. Then, in order to simulate droplet-laden flows, we have adopted the continuum surface force (CSF) model to compute the surface tension force. We have modified the sequence of the VoF advection sweeps, and show that, in the case of droplet in a translating reference frame, the r.m.s. of the spurious currents is about 1% of the translating velocity. Finally, we present DNS results of fully-resolved droplet-laden incompressible isotropic turbulence at Re λ 0 = 75 using a computational mesh of 1024 3 grid points and 7000 droplets of Weber number We rms = 0.5 , and initial droplet diameter equal to the Taylor length-scale of turbulence.
Characterization of minimax linear estimators in linear regression

Two characterization theorems of the minimax linear estimator (Mile) are proven for the case, where the regression parameter varies only in an arbitrary ellipsoid. Furthermore, the existence, uniqueness and admissibility of Mile are shown. The explicit determination of Mile is carried out for a special case.
The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor is palmitoylated at intracellular cysteine residues.

Most members of the family of G protein-coupled receptors have one or more conserved cysteine residues in their carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tails which are believed to be consensus sites for palmitoylation. Indeed, a growing number of G protein-coupled receptors (rhodopsin, beta 2-, and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors) have now been shown to have palmitic acid covalently attached to this position. In the case of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor, it was also reported that mutation of the palmitoylated cysteine to glycine greatly diminished the ability of this receptor to interact with and activate Gs. Mutation of this conserved cysteine appears to have little or no effect on the ability of other members of this receptor family (rhodopsin, alpha 2-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic) to activate their cognate G proteins, however. The studies presented here were designed to determine whether another Gs-coupled receptor, the LH/CG receptor, is palmitoylated, and whether this modification is important for receptor functi...
Stress history and sampling disturbance effects on monotonic and cyclic responses of overconsolidated Bootlegger Cove clays

This paper examines the influence of reproducing the stress history of a natural soil deposit during laboratory reconsolidation on the subsequent response and behavior of heavily overconsolidated B...
Towards a natural walking monitor for pulmonary patients using simple smart phones

Mobile devices present the opportunity to continuously collect health data including movement and walking speed. Fitness trackers have become popular which record steps taken, distance walked and caloric expenditure. While useful for fitness purposes, medical monitoring requires precise accuracy and testing on real patients with a medically valid measure. Walking speed is closely linked to morbidity in patients and is also useful to determine distance walked during six-minute walk tests, a standard assessment for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure. Current generation smartphone hardware contains similar sensor chips as medical devices and popular fitness devices. We develop a middleware, MoveSense, to provide comparable readings to medical accelerometers using only smartphones. We evaluate six methods developed for constrained treadmill walking to obtain gait speed during natural walking with older chronic pulmonary patients and train new models to predict speed and distance. Natural walking is walking without artificial speed constraints introduced during treadmill and nurse assisted walking. We also compare our model's accuracy to popular fitness devices. Our models produce accurate 6MWT distance and higher accuracy distance estimation than dedicated fitness devices during unconstrained walking on patients using a universally trained support vector machine model.
Exploring the Influence of ENSO on African Vegetation Variability Using Multidimensional Map Algebra

This research explores ENSO-related spatial and temporal regional African vegetation variability over different land covers using monthly 1982-1999 AVHRR NDVI imagery. Multidimensional map algebra ...
Levi Ben Gerson: On Astronomy and Physical Experiments

Levi ben Gerson (1288–1344), sometimes called Gersonides or Leo de Balneolis, is well known as a philosopher, biblical exegete, mathematician, and astronomer. He lived in Orange and occasionally visited Avignon where his brother was physician to the Pope. The family name was de Balneolis, but there is no evidence that he himself was born or ever lived in Bagnols (cf. Shatzmiller, 1972, 1974). Levi does not cite any contemporaries and little is known of his life. He is mentioned by a few Hebrew writers of the fourteenth century: the astronomer Immanuel ben Jacob Bonfils of Tarascon (fl. ca. 1360), who may have been his pupil; the philosopher Judah Cohen (fl. ca. 1320–1350) who called Levi ‘the lion of the group’ (ha-ari shebahavura: Renan, 1893, p. 654); and the physician and historian Isaac de Lattes (fl. ca. 1372: Renan, 1893, pp. 682, 689–90; cf. Touati, 1973, pp. 541–59).
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Thermal Therapy for Localized and Recurrent Prostate Cancer

The advent of focal therapies theoretically offers new treatment options for patients with localized prostate cancer. The goal of prostate cancer treatment is effective long-term cure with minimal impact on health-related quality of life. Multiparametric MR imaging of the prostate is being increasingly used for diagnosis, image-guided targeted biopsy, guidance for targeted focal and regional therapy, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments for prostate cancer of all stages. In this article, the use of prostate MRI in the burgeoning domain of thermal ablative therapy for localized and recurrent prostate cancer is reviewed.
Time-monitoring observations of Brγ emission from young stars

We present multiple epochs of near-IR spectroscopy for a sample of 25 young stars, including T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be, and FU Ori objects. Using the FSPEC instrument on the Bok 90-inch telescope, we obtained K-band spectra of the BrGamma transition of hydrogen, with a resolution of ~3500. Epochs were taken over a span of >1 year, sampling time-spacings of roughly one day, one month, and one year. The majority of our targets show BrGamma emission, and in some cases these are the first published detections. Time-variability is seen in approximately half of the targets showing BrGamma emission. We compare the observed variability with expectations for rotationally-modulated accretion onto the central stars and time-variable continuum emission or extinction from matter in the inner disk. Our observations are not entirely consistent with models of rotationally-modulated magnetospheric accretion. Further monitoring, over a larger number of epochs, will facilitate more quantitative constraints on variability timescales and amplitudes, and a more conclusive comparison with theoretical models.
Lead in marine planktonic organisms and pelagic food webs

The bioaccumulation of lead in biological ecosystems traditionally has been interpreted in terms of the atomic ratio of Pb to Ca. In marine planktonic ecosystems, however, most of the particulate Ca is skeletal and its amount variable among taxa. The Pb in plankton can be partitioned between skeletal and nonskeletal components. In planktonic samples collected in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, ~0.5% of the Pb was associated with CaCO, (primarily foraminiferan, coccolithophorid, and pteropod skeletons), while up to 54k of the Pb in these samples may have been associated with the SrSO, skeletons and protoplasm of Acantharia. Atomic ratios of Pb to Ca were highly variable, principally because of the varying amounts of CaCO, in the samples. Therefore, normalizing Pb concentrations to biomass rather than Ca is preferable for interpreting the bioactivity of Pb in planktonic food webs. We develop a simple model based on the ratio of surface area to volume of organisms to make predictions about the relative importance of organism size and foodweb interactions in the transfer of Pb between trophic levels. For small organisms (<270-pm spherical radius or the equivalent surface: volume ratio), Pb concentration is determined almost entirely by surface area. For larger organisms, total body Pb will be a function of both the size of the prey and the distribution of Pb within tissues. The role of food-web interactions (e.g. grazing) in determining the amount of Pb in plankton of different sizes will only be important for large plankton and nekton, where very little of it is adsorbed on the animal surface.
Lens-Specific Gene Recruitment of ζ-Crystallin through Pax6, Nrl-Maf, and Brain Suppressor Sites

Zeta-Crystallin is a taxon-specific crystallin, an enzyme which has undergone direct gene recruitment as a structural component of the guinea pig lens through a Pax6-dependent mechanism. Tissue specificity arises through a combination of effects involving three sites in the lens promoter. The Pax6 site (ZPE) itself shows specificity for an isoform of Pax6 preferentially expressed in lens cells. High-level expression of the promoter requires a second site, identical to an alphaCE2 site or half Maf response element (MARE), adjacent to the Pax6 site. A promoter fragment containing Pax6 and MARE sites gives lens-preferred induction of a heterologous promoter. Complexes binding the MARE in lens nuclear extracts are antigenically related to Nrl, and cotransfection with Nrl elevates zeta-crystallin promoter activity in lens cells. A truncated zeta promoter containing Nrl-MARE and Pax6 sites has a high level of expression in lens cells in transgenic mice but is also active in the brain. Suppression of the promoter in the brain requires sequences between -498 and -385, and a site in this region forms specific complexes in brain extract. A three-level model for lens-specific Pax6-dependent expression and gene recruitment is suggested: (i) binding of a specific isoform of Pax6; (ii) augmentation of expression through binding of Nrl or a related factor; and (iii) suppression of promoter activity in the central nervous system by an upstream negative element in the brain but not in the lens.
Arthroplasty Of The Elbow: An End-result Study

A survey of arthroplasty of the elbow has been made, forty-five patients having been evaluated clinically and roentgenographically an average of fourteen years following operation. The cases were not selected, and none was excluded from the series. Among these patients, 56 per cent. secured good results, 22 per cent. fair results, and 22 per cent. obtained unsatisfactory results. The roentgenographic findings in most instances fail to give a true picture of clinical function. The functional and roentgenographic results, with few exceptions, show little change after the first year following operation. It is to be concluded that fascial arthroplasty of the elbow, properly performed in selected cases, offers a reasonable expectation of 70 to 120 degrees of motion in a useful range, with good strength and stability, and with little if any pain except after strenuous use.
Quantitative Immunglobulinbestimmung (IgA, IgG, IgM) bei Lymphogranulomatose

Cellulare Immundefekte bei Lymphogranulomatose sind seit langerer Zeit bekannt und gut dokumentiert. Hierher gehort der negative intracutane Tuberkulintest und die Verminderung der Lymphocytentransformationsrate. Seit 1969 untersuchten wir in einer Longitudinalstudie bei Patienten mit gesicherter Lymphogranulomatose die Immunglobuline IgA, IgG, IgM, um zu ermitteln, ob auch eine Schadigung der humoralen Immunreaktion vorliegt. Die Immunglobuline wurden mittels der von Mancini angegebenen, einfachen radialen Immundiffusion (RID) quantifiziert. Insgesamt konnten bis jetzt 68 Patienten in die Studie einbezogen werden; zwei dieser Patienten musten wegen einer monoklonalen Gammopathie vom IgG-Typ in der vorliegenden Arbeit unberucksichtigt bleiben. Als Kontrollen dienten uns 79 stoffwechselgesunde Probanden.
Interactions of Neuropeptides and Cytokines

An abundance of data has accumulated which strongly suggests that a linkage exists between the immune and neuroendocrine systems in vertebrates (Fischer and Falke 1984; Blalock 1985, 1989; Blalock and Smith 1985; Weigent and Blalock 1987; Dunn 1989; Smith 1991; Weigent and Blalock, Jankovic and Maric, both in this volume) and in invertebrates (Stefano 1989; Stefano et al. 1991). Many of the reports demonstrate that the two systems, in communicating with each other, produce and respond to similar signal molecules, i.e., cytokines and neuropeptides. The data also suggest that there is an interplay between these substances in the autoregulatory process of the immune system. More specifically, neuropeptides have been shown to effect immune responses through their influence on cytokine production and action. Conversely, cytokines are known to induce or influence the production of peptidergic messenger substances. The importance of these interactions is underscored by our recent demonstration that immune and nervous system interactions are conserved in organisms that are evolutionarily diverse from humans. For example, we have shown that opioids and monokines induce similar activities in immunocytes from a mollusc that is 500 million years divergent from humans (Fig. 1; Hughes et al. 1990; Stefano et al. 1991).
Earmold modification effect measured by coupler, threshold and probe techniques.

The validity of probe tube microphone measurements in providing data indicative of the magnitude of the change in subjects' thresholds resulting from changes in earmold configuration was investigated. The relationship between these measures in the real ear canal and the changes observed in 2-cm3 and Zwislocki couplers under similar circumstances of earmold modification was also measured. Standard, vented and ‘open’ earmold conditions were utilized. Threshold and probe-tube measurements were made. Statistical evaluation revealed that these two techniques did not produce significantly different results except at 125–165 Hz, where noise masking may have been a factor influencing the threshold data. Neither coupler as used gave an accurate quantitative estimate of the in-use effects of vented earmolds or the open earmold configuration, but the Zwislocki coupler gave a better approximation than the 2-cm3 coupler.ResumeNous avons etudie la validite de mesures faites a l'aide d'un microphone a sonde pour mesurer...
Performance of a Mach-Scale Coaxial Counter-Rotating Rotor in Hover

A Mach-scale rotor system, 2.03 m in diameter, was built and hover tested in three configurations: two-bladed single rotor, four-bladed single rotor, and two-bladed coaxial counter-rotating rotor. The blades were untwisted with a VR-12 airfoil profile and a constant chord of 76.2 mm with a 3.8 mm trailing-edge tab. The hubs were rigid and had a vertical spacing of 13.8% rotor radius. Individual rotor steady and vibratory hub loads as well as lower-rotor push-rod loads were measured for several blade loadings up to 0.095. Mean loads were used to analyze rotor performance with an analytical momentum theory model as well as to validate an in-house, free-vortex wake model. Statistical analysis of the measured data revealed clear trends with a known confidence level. Because of mutual interference, the upper and lower rotors of the coaxial configuration consumed 18 and 49% more induced power than that of an isolated two-bladed rotor. The coaxial counter-rotating configuration was found to consume 6% less induc...
The Calculus of Representation: a Congressional Perspective:

INCE the time of Edmund Burke, the mandate vs. independence coil troversy has been a staple of representation theory.' It has been givet new life in recent years by the success of Hanna Pitkin's seminal studv (1967). Yet attempts to operationalize this construct in empirical research have yielded rather tentative results. In their comparative study of four state legislatures, John Wahlke an(d associates (1962: chs. 12-13) attempted to distinguish between two dimensions of representation. The first, "areal focus," concerned the individual legislator's propensity to further the interests of constituents in the district. as opposed to the populace of the state as a whole. The second, termed th'"style" of representation, involved a distinction between deference to th' expressed wishes of constituents (the "delegate" role) and following the dictates of conscience (the "trustee" role). Wahlke et al. failed to establisli clearly how or why legislators come to adopt a specific role. Moreover, thev found that about one-fourth of the legislators could not be assigned to either of the "style" categories, and that one-third fell between the two polar "focus" categories. Roger Davidson (1969: ch. 4) subsequently applied this typology to congressmen (altering the "focus" dimension, of course, to the district vs. the nation). With regard to focus, he found a local orientation predominant, but 31 percent of the members could not be classified as primarily representing either the nation or the district. Similarly, on the "style" dimension, while delegates and trustees each accounted for about one-fourth of the sample. fully 46 percent were classified as "politicos" exhibiting a mixture of the two role orientations. As Davidson himself notes, "Many congressmen observe that their problem is one of balancing the one role against the other' (p. 119). In their pioneering study of constituency influence on congressional rollcall voting, Miller and Stokes (1966) concluded that "variations in the representative relation are most likely to occur as we move from one policy domain to another" (p. 371). In particular, they found congressmen in 1958 were most responsive to constituency opinion on civil rights, with a moderate degree of influence prevailing on social welfare issues and virtually none apparent on foreign policy. Donald Gross (1978) later reanalyzed the Miller-Stokes data after classifying the sample of congressmen with regard to representational style. Like Davidson, Gross found a plurality of politicos in the House. The difference in constituency responsiveness between delegates and trustees was readily apparent on the highly salient issue of civil rights, while the impact of style on the support of constituency opinions on social welfare or foreign policy was shown to be insignificant. In January 1977, the Commission on Administrative Review interviewed 154 non-freshman members of the House of Representatives to obtain their views on a variety of topics relevant to the functioning of the House.2 After about 30 minutes of largely open-ended questioning of the
Evolution of the charge density wave state in Cu x TiSe 2

We present scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy measurements of the charge-density wave state in $1T$-TiSe${}_{2}$, Cu${}_{0.05}$TiSe${}_{2}$, and Cu${}_{0.06}$TiSe${}_{2}$ single crystals. Topography images at $4.2$ K reveal that the charge density waves are present in all samples studied, although the amplitude of the charge modulation decreases with the Cu doping. Moreover, the chiral phase of the charge density wave is preserved also in Cu-doped samples. Tunneling spectroscopy shows that there is only a partial gap in the pure compound, with bands crossing the Fermi surface. In the Cu-doped samples, the system becomes more metallic due to the increase of the chemical potential.
Assessing Trends in Palliative Surgery for Extrahepatic Biliary Malignancies: A 15-Year Multicenter Study.

Extrahepatic biliary malignancies are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. We compared patients with unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) who underwent a palliative procedure versus an aborted laparotomy. Seven hundred seventy-seven patients who underwent surgery for PHCC or GBC between 2000 and 2014 were identified. Uni- and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with outcome. Utilization of preoperative imaging increased over time (CT use, 80.1 % pre-2009 vs. 90 % post-2009) (p < 0.001). The proportion of the patients undergoing curative-intent resection also increased (2000–2004, 67.0 % vs. 2005–2009, 74.5 % vs. 2010–2014, 78.8 %; p = 0.001). The planned surgery was aborted in 106 (13.7 %) patients and 94 (12.1 %) had a palliative procedure. A higher incidence of postoperative complications (19.2 vs. 3.8 %, p = 0.001) including deep surgical site infections (8.3 vs. 1.1 %), bleeding (4.8 vs. 0 %), bile leak (6.0 vs. 0 %) and longer length of stay (7 vs. 4.5 days) were observed among the patients who underwent a palliative surgical procedure versus an aborted non-therapeutic, non-palliative laparotomy (all p < 0.05). OS was comparable among the patients who underwent a palliative procedure (8.7 months) versus an aborted laparotomy (7.8 months) (p = 0.23). Increased use of advanced imaging modalities was accompanied by increased curative-intent surgery. Compared with patients in whom surgery was aborted, patients who underwent surgical palliation demonstrated an increased incidence of postoperative morbidity with comparable survival.
Albumen Transport to Bruch's Membrane and RPE by Choriocapillaris Caveolae.

Purpose The choriocapillaris (CC), the capillary network of the choroid, is positioned adjacent to Bruch's membrane (BM) and the RPE. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) for transport of serum albumen from CC lumen to RPE. Methods Alexa647 conjugated to BSA (BSA-A647) or PBS was administrated via the femoral vein to young and aged wild-type (WT; C57BL/6J) mice and Caveolin-1 knockout mice (Cav1(-/-)). Mice were perfused with PBS and killed at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours after injection. Eyecups were cryopreserved, and cryosections were analyzed on a Zeiss 710 confocal microscope. Bovine serum albumin conjugated to gold nanoparticles (BSA-GNP) was administrated through the left common carotid artery. Mice were perfused with PBS and killed at 30 minutes after injection. Eyecups were embedded after fixation, and 70-nm-thick sections were analyzed on a Hitachi H7600 transmission electron microscope. Results In eyes of WT young mice, BSA-A647 was transported to the RPE at 30 minutes and diffused to the photoreceptor layer by 1 hour. In contrast, most BSA-A647 was found in the CC in Cav1(-/-) eyes. The majority of BSA-GNP found in the CC of young WT mice was on the luminal side in caveolae at 30 minutes after injection. In aged WT mice, BSA-GNPs were found in defective tight junctions between endothelial cells and appeared trapped at the diaphragm of fenestrations. Conclusions Normally, CC carefully regulates transport system of BSA from lumen to BM by caveolae-mediated transcytosis; however, endothelium cells of aged control WT mice have leaky tight junctions and lacked regulated BSA transport.
The Diagnosis of Crop Pests and Diseases Based on the Heuristic Search

The diagnosis of crop diseases and insect pests depends on the position, pest apparent, and the impact of physiological biochemical and ecological factors, etc., so it is difficult to meet the requirements for the credibility of solving goal by applying a conventional logic-reasoning model. On the basis of the analysis on pests and diseases with hierarchical structure, the fuzzy membership matrix for the characteristic elements of plant diseases and insect pests is established to execute means clustering for the disease description, and propose the diagnosis of crop diseases and insect pests based on heuristic and/or graph search, which will respond to the user's initial state-space by using diagnostic search tree and access to the tree structure of multiple symptoms that trigger the plant diseases and insect pests. Estimated function analysis shows that the model can carry out the inverse space search on the diagnosis of crop diseases and insect pests, provide different search paths for pest and disease symptoms of all the different costs (weights), and show strong diagnosis credibility.
EDTA ammonium salt cleaning of new built 1000 MW ultra super critical once-through boiler

The paper describes the EDTA ammonium salt chemical cleaning technics of Datang Chaozhou Power Plant No.3 1000MW ultra super critical once-through boiler and mentions several issues which need to be taken attention to in implementary process of the cleaning technics.
Macromolecular transport in the arterial intima: Comparison of chronic and acute injuries

Hypertension is a known risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of low-density lipoprotein and other plasma-borne macromolecules. The goal of this study was to measure accumulation of a plasma-borne macromolecular marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44 kDa), in the aortic intima and media of chronically hypertensive rats. HRP transport in 2-yr-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was compared with that in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) under conditions in which blood pressures were not significantly different during the 15-min HRP circulation. Intimal accumulation and medial HRP concentration profiles were obtained from methacrylate-embedded sections after reaction with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2. Data were analyzed using a mathematical model of macromolecular transport to quantify the permeabilities of endothelium and internal elastic lamina (IEL). Chronic hypertension increased endothelial permeability without a change in IEL permeability. An apparent convective flux of HRP into the intima of SHR raised intimal HRP to a concentration higher than that of HRP in the plasma. Our results suggest that the intimal accumulation of plasma-borne macromolecules from pressure-driven convection is normally minimized by an intact endothelium. Similar changes resulted from acute injury by lipopolysaccharide, suggesting endothelial injury could account for transport changes associated with hypertension. After either chronic or acute endothelial damage, transport of macromolecules into the intima increases, but the IEL continues to retard transport of macromolecules beyond the intima, resulting in increased intimal accumulation.
Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma.

AbstractCell-mediated immunocompetence of patients seen for followup of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is evaluated using dinitrochlorobenzene as a contact sensitizing agent. The immune status is correlated with the presence or absence of metastatic disease. A highly significant correlation is found between the lack of immune response and the presence of metastatic carcinoma, suggesting that immunotherapy will be useful in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
Mandatory second opinion surgical pathology at a large referral hospital.

BACKGROUND When patients are referred to one's own institution for therapy based on a histopathologic diagnosis rendered at another institution, many hospitals require a second opinion of the surgical pathology material. This quality assurance practice has been threatened in the era of managed care and cost containment. METHODS The authors reviewed the impact of mandatory second opinion surgical pathology at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Cases were collected prospectively over a 21-month period from April 1995 to December 1996. For the purposes of this study, a changed diagnosis was defined as a discordant diagnosis resulting in a major modification in therapy or prognosis. The majority of cases involved a change between benign and malignant or a major change in tumor classification. Changes involving a modification of tumor grade or stage were not included. RESULTS Of 6171 cases reviewed, second opinion surgical pathology resulted in 86 changed diagnoses (1.4%). Compared with the entire group, 2 organ systems were significantly more likely to undergo a change in diagnosis: serosal surfaces (9.5%) (P < 0.0001) and the female reproductive tract (5.1%) (P < 0.0001). Organ systems that were not more likely to undergo a change in diagnosis than the group as a whole included the skin (2.9%); central nervous system (2.8%); breast (1.4%); genitourinary system (1.2%); gastrointestinal tract (1.2%); hematologic system (1.1%); ear, nose, and throat (1.0%); bone/soft tissue (0.9%); lung (0.6%); endocrine (0%); mediastinum (0%); and cardiovascular system (0%). CONCLUSIONS Second opinion surgical pathology can result in major therapeutic and prognostic modifications for patients sent to large referral hospitals. Although the overall percentage of affected cases is not large, the consistent rate of discrepant diagnosis uncovered by second opinion surgical pathology may have an enormous human and financial impact. Accordingly, the authors recommend that review of the original histologic material should be undertaken prior to the institution of a major therapeutic endeavor. [See editorial on pages 2198-220, this issue.] Cancer 1999;86:2426–35. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Marvin Marcus – The Man and His Legacy

Pioneering multilinear algebraist Marvin Marcus died 20 February 2016.Marvin Marcus with 1.5-year-old son Jeffrey in 1956. Source: Photo courtesy of Marvin’s daughter, Karen Melissa MarcusAfter obt...
Election Speech and Collateral Censorship at the Slightest Whiff of Legal Trouble

Collateral censorship occurs when an intermediary refuses to carry a speaker’s message for fear of legal liability. Election speech intermediaries are prone to engage in collateral censorship because their interests do not align with the interests of election speakers, yet the common law places liability on intermediaries and speakers alike. But collateral censorship is not a problem unique to election speech. It would threaten the vibrancy of Internet speech had it not been for the Communications Decency Act immunizing Internet intermediaries from civil liability (except intellectual property law). The rationales and successes of the CDA justify immunizing election speech intermediaries because they, like Internet intermediaries, do not share the same characteristics as traditional publishers, have misaligned interests that are seldom addressed by the market, and are incentivized to censor valuable speech when uncertain about liability. This Comment proposes model legislation to immunize election speech intermediaries, but only from claims for defamation and violation of state false election speech laws. Such legislation would largely remove election speech intermediaries’ incentive to censor election speech that may seem unlawful (or legally troublesome), but in fact be lawful and highly valuable to our democracy.