cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doves Among Hawks: Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War, 1964–1968

Most historians of the Vietnam conflict have extrapolated the Republican commitment to anticommunism generally and in Southeast Asia specifically into full-scale support for the war within the party. Yet the evidence demonstrates that a number of influential Republicans—including John Sherman Cooper and George Aiken—vocally opposed the Johnson administration's Vietnam policies and advocated negotiations and de-escalation as early as 1964. Unfortunately, their dissent has been almost totally neglected by the same historians who laud the antiwar efforts of prominent Democratic critics of the conflict. This article seeks to redress this oversight, examining Republican opposition to the war and contrasting the views of GOP doves with their hawkish counterparts.
The interplay of computer science and large scale scientific calculations

The history of computing has been characterized by the statement that what the manufacturer makes, the customer takes. To the extent that this is true, it is not only an interesting and perceptive comment on history but also a testimonial to the remarkable nature of the sequential, stored program, electronic computer. If that invention had not fit so well from the beginning to a wide variety of interesting problems, the development of hardware and software systems could not have proceeded as independently of scientific motivation as it did. Of course, scientific requirements have influenced systems design, but the prominent parameters such as speed or memory size could be understood without detailed knowledge of scientific problems or programs and the parameters which might depend upon the structure of programs could be ignored.
Frequency of cholinergic and caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits across the predemented cognitive spectrum of Parkinson disease and evidence of interaction effects.

Importance Little is known about the relative contributions of multisystem degenerative processes across the spectrum of predemented cognitive decline in Parkinson disease (PD). Objective To investigate the relative frequency of caudate nucleus dopaminergic and forebrain cholinergic deficits across a spectrum of cognitively impaired patients with PD to explore their relative, individual, and combined contributions to cognitive impairment in PD. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study at an academic movement disorders clinic that included a predominantly nondemented cohort of 143 patients with PD. The mean (SD) age of patients was 65.5 (7.4) years and the mean (SD) Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2.4 (0.6). Main Outcomes and Measures Binary classification of carbon 11–labeled [ 11 C]PMP acetylcholinesterase and caudate nucleus [ 11 C]DTBZ monoaminergic positron-emission tomography imaging based on normative data. The frequency of significant degenerative processes based on normative values was determined for consecutive intervals of cognitive impairment, ranging from no or minimal ( z > −0.5) to more severe ( z ≤ −2) cognitive impairment. Results Across the spectrum from minimal ( z > −0.5) to more severe ( z ≤ −2) global cognitive impairment scores, caudate nucleus dopaminergic denervation was relatively frequent in individuals with minimal or no cognitive changes (51.1%) and increased in patients with more severe cognitive impairments (χ 2 = 12.8; P = .01). Cortical cholinergic denervation frequency increased monotonically with increasing cognitive impairment from 24.7% ( z > −0.5) to 85.7% ( z ≤ −2); χ 2 = 23.2; P = .001). Eighty-seven percent of patients with neocortical cholinergic deficits had caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits. Multiple regression analysis ( F = 7.51; P F = 7.25; P = .008) and cortical cholinergic ( F = 7.50; P = .007) degenerations as well as interaction effects ( F = 5.40; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Cortical cholinergic denervation is a major neurodegeneration associated with progressive declines across the spectrum of cognitive impairment in PD and typically occurs in the context of significant caudate nucleus dopaminergic denervation. Our findings imply that dopaminergic and cholinergic degenerations exhibit both independent and interactive contributions to cognitive impairment in PD.
Developing Senses of Law and Legal Justice

A theory of legal development, derived from cognitive developmental theory, is explicated using U.S. kindergarten to college and cross-national preadolescent data. Paralleling evidence on universal moral levels, the development of individual orientations vis-a-vis legal or rule systems reveals consistent movement from a preconventional law-obeying, to a conventional law-maintaining, to a postconventional lawmaking perspective. In both the U.S. and cross-national samples, “law and order” conventional reasoning is modal reflecting that socialization experiences can accelerate, retard, or crystallize the growth of legal values and roles. Implications of the theory and findings are discussed for legal socialization.
Eimerians in harvest mice, Reithrodontomys spp., from Mexico, California and New Mexico, and phenotypic plasticity in oocysts of Eimeria arizonensis.

Between May 1979 and August 1991, 48.7% (57/117) of the harvest mice (Reithrodontomys spp.) examined from 10 localities in Mexico, California and New Mexico had coccidian oocysts in their feces. A total of 46.7% (49/105) of the Reithrodontomys megalotis examined were positive for coccidian oocysts; this included samples from five states in Mexico (47.1%, 8/17), three counties in California (66.7%, 4/6) and two counties in New Mexico (45.1%, 37/82); 66.7% (8/12) of the Reithrodontomys montanus from one county in New Mexico also were infected. Only two coccidian species, Eimeria arizonensis and Eimeria langebarteli, were found in these hosts. Oocysts of E. langebarteli were found only in R. megalotis: in all three infected mice from Madera County, California, in the only mouse from San Bernardino County, California, and in 63% (5/8) of the infected mice from four states in Mexico. Oocysts of E. arizonensis were found in R. megalotis in Mexico, California, and New Mexico and in R. montanus from New Mexico. Sporulated oocysts of E. langebarteli differed slightly from those in previously published reports by having wider oocysts and larger sporocysts. Sporulated oocysts of E. arizonensis were variable in size, with those recovered from R. montanus significantly larger in length and width and sporocyst width than those from R. megalotis. The structure of the oocyst residuum was polymorphic, both within and between host species, and within the same mouse; it could appear as one large globule, two globules, several to many smaller globules, or as a compact mass of many small granules. Oocysts with a variable residuum were larger than those with one globule in all oocyst/sporocyst dimensions. Only 9% (5/57) of the infected mice were discharging oocysts of both eimerians when examined.
Pion form factor in the chiral limit of a hard-wall AdS/QCD model

We describe a formalism to calculate form factor and charge density distribution of the pion in the chiral limit using the holographic dual model of QCD with hard-wall cutoff. We introduce two conjugate pion wave functions and present analytic expressions for these functions and for the pion form factor. They allow us to relate such observables as the pion decay constant and the pion charge electric radius to the values of chiral condensate and hard-wall cutoff scale. The evolution of the pion form factor to large values of the momentum transfer is discussed, and results are compared to existing experimental data.
Entrepreneurial management's need for a more “chaotic” theory

Abstract I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabric of their lives.
Education Inspectorate Systems in New Zealand and the Netherlands.

Abstract The United States is an outlier with respect to its heavy emphasis on student test scores for the purposes of school accountability. Many other countries instead use school inspection systems that pay more attention to a school's internal processes and practices. This policy note focuses on the school inspection systems of New Zealand and the Netherlands, with the goal of drawing lessons for the United States. It addresses three main policy issues: For what should individual schools be held accountable? Should inspectors be more like coaches or more like judges? And how independent should they be of policy-making bodies?
Loop Gating of Connexin Hemichannels Involves Movement of Pore-lining Residues in the First Extracellular Loop Domain

Abstract Unapposed connexin hemichannels exhibit robust closure in response to membrane hyperpolarization and extracellular calcium. This form of gating, termed “loop gating,” is largely responsible for regulating hemichannel opening, thereby preventing cell damage through excessive flux of ions and metabolites. The molecular components and structural rearrangements underlying loop gating remain unknown. Here, using cysteine mutagenesis in Cx50, we demonstrate that residues at the TM1/E1 border undergo movement during loop gating. Replacement of Phe43 in Cx50 with a cysteine resulted in small or no appreciable membrane currents. Bath application of dithiothreitol or TPEN (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine), reagents that exhibit strong transition metal chelating activity, led to robust currents indicating that the F43C substitution impaired hemichannel function, producing “lock-up” in a closed or poorly functional state due to formation of metal bridges. In support, Cd2+ at submicromolar concentrations (50–100 nm) enhanced lock-up of F43C hemichannels. Moreover, lock-up occurred under conditions that favored closure, indicating that the sulfhydryl groups come close enough to each other or to other residues to coordinate metal ions with high affinity. In addition to F43C, metal binding was also found for G46C, and to a lesser extent, D51C substitutions, positions found to be pore-lining in the open state using the substituted-cysteine accessibility method, but not for A40C and A41C substitutions, which were not found to reside in the open pore. These results indicate that metal ions access the cysteine side chains through the open pore and that closure of the loop gate involves movement of the TM1/E1 region that results in local narrowing of the large aqueous connexin pore.
Phosphorylation of β-arrestin2 regulates its function in internalization of β2-adrenergic receptors

Beta-arrestins mediate agonist-dependent desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. Previously, we have shown that phosphorylation of beta-arrestin1 by ERKs at Ser-412 regulates its association with clathrin and its function in promoting clathrin-mediated internalization of the receptor. In this paper we report that beta-arrestin2 is also phosphorylated, predominantly at residues Thr-383 and Ser-361. Isoproterenol stimulation of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor promotes dephosphorylation of beta-arrestin2. Mutation of beta-arrestin2 phosphorylation sites to aspartic acid decreases the association of beta-arrestin2 with clathrin, thereby reducing its ability to promote internalization of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. Its ability to bind and desensitize the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor is, however, unaltered. These results suggest that, analogous to beta-arrestin1, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of beta-arrestin2 regulates clathrin-mediated internalization of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. In contrast to beta-arrestin1, which is phosphorylated by ERK1 and ERK2, phosphorylation of beta-arrestin2 at Thr-383 is shown to be mediated by casein kinase II. Recently, it has been reported that phosphorylation of visual arrestin at Ser-366 prevents its binding to clathrin. Thus it appears that the function of all arrestin family members in mediating internalization of G protein-coupled receptors is regulated by distinct phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanisms.
Jelly Belly trans-synaptic signaling to anaplastic lymphoma kinase regulates neurotransmission strength and synapse architecture.

In Drosophila, the secreted signaling molecule Jelly Belly (Jeb) activates anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk), a receptor tyrosine kinase, in multiple developmental and adult contexts. We have shown previously that Jeb and Alk are highly enriched at Drosophila synapses within the CNS neuropil and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and postulated a conserved intercellular signaling function. At the embryonic and larval NMJ, Jeb is localized in the motor neuron presynaptic terminal whereas Alk is concentrated in the muscle postsynaptic domain surrounding boutons, consistent with anterograde trans-synaptic signaling. Here, we show that neurotransmission is regulated by Jeb secretion by functional inhibition of Jeb–Alk signaling. Jeb is a novel negative regulator of neuromuscular transmission. Reduction or inhibition of Alk function results in enhanced synaptic transmission. Activation of Alk conversely inhibits synaptic transmission. Restoration of wild-type postsynaptic Alk expression in Alk partial loss-of-function mutants rescues NMJ transmission phenotypes and confirms that postsynaptic Alk regulates NMJ transmission. The effects of impaired Alk signaling on neurotransmission are observed in the absence of associated changes in NMJ structure. Complete removal of Jeb in motor neurons, however, disrupts both presynaptic bouton architecture and postsynaptic differentiation. Nonphysiologic activation of Alk signaling also negatively regulates NMJ growth. Activation of Jeb–Alk signaling triggers the Ras-MAP kinase cascade in both pre- and postsynaptic compartments. These novel roles for Jeb–Alk signaling in the modulation of synaptic function and structure have potential implications for recently reported Alk functions in human addiction, retention of spatial memory, cognitive dysfunction in neurofibromatosis, and pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
Targeting GPR30 with G-1: a new therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an advanced-stage prostate cancer (PC) associated with high mortality. We reported that G-1, a selective agonist of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), inhibited PC cell growth by inducing G2 cell cycle arrest and arrested PC-3 xenograft growth. However, the therapeutic actions of G-1 and their relationships with androgen in vivo are unclear. Using the LNCaP xenograft to model PC growth during the androgen-sensitive (AS) versus the castration-resistant (CR) phase, we found that G-1 inhibited growth of CR but not AS tumors with no observable toxicity to the host. Substantial necrosis (approximately 65%) accompanied by marked intratumoral infiltration of neutrophils was observed only in CR tumors. Global transcriptome profiling of human genes identified 99 differentially expressed genes with 'interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses' as the top pathway. Quantitative PCR confirmed upregulation of neutrophil-related chemokines and inflammation-mediated cytokines only in the G-1-treated CR tumors. Expression of murine neutrophil-related cytokines also was elevated in these tumors. GPR30 (GPER1) expression was significantly higher in CR tumors than in AS tumors. In cell-based experiments, androgen repressed GPR30 expression, a response reversible by anti-androgen or siRNA-induced androgen receptor silencing. Finally, in clinical specimens, 80% of CRPC metastases (n=123) expressed a high level of GPR30, whereas only 54% of the primary PCs (n=232) showed high GPR30 expression. Together, these results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that GPR30 is an androgen-repressed target and G-1 mediates the anti-tumor effect via neutrophil-infiltration-associated necrosis in CRPC. Additional studies are warranted to firmly establish GPR30 as a therapeutic target in CRPC.
A physical map of the Myxococcus xanthus chromosome

A physical map of the 9.2-Mbp Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 chromosome at a resolution of 25 kbp was constructed by using a strategy that is applicable to virtually all microorganisms. Segments of the chromosome were used as hybridization probes to subdivide a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library into groups of linked clones. The clones were aligned by comparing their EcoRI restriction patterns. The groups of YAC clones ("contigs") were oriented and aligned with the genomic restriction map by means of common genetic and physical markers such as rare restriction sites and transposon insertions. Over 95% of the genome is represented by cloned DNA. Sixty genetic loci including > 100 genes, many of which play a role in fruiting body development, have been mapped in this way. Additional genes can now be located on the chromosome map by hybridization of their sequences to the ordered set of YAC chromosomes. The mapped genetic loci account for approximately 2% of the genome.
Transbilayer Effects of Raft-Like Lipid Domains in Asymmetric Planar Bilayers Measured by Single Molecule Tracking

Cell membranes have complex lipid compositions, including an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids between the opposing leaflets of the bilayer. Although it has been demonstrated that the lipid composition of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is sufficient for the formation of raft-like liquid-ordered (lo) phase domains, the influence that such domains may have on the lipids and proteins of the inner leaflet remains unknown. We used tethered polymer supports and a combined Langmuir-Blodgett/vesicle fusion (LB/VF) technique to build asymmetric planar bilayers that mimic plasma membrane asymmetry in many ways. We show that directly supported LB monolayers containing cholesterol-rich lo phases are inherently unstable when exposed to water or vesicle suspensions. However, tethering the LB monolayer to the solid support with the lipid-anchored polymer 1,2-dimyristoyl phophatidylethanolamine-N-[poly(ethylene glycol)-triethoxysilane] significantly improves stability and allows for the formation of complex planar-supported bilayers that retain >90% asymmetry for 1–2 h. We developed a single molecule tracking (SPT) system for the study of lipid diffusion in asymmetric bilayers with coexisting liquid phases. SPT allowed us to study in detail the diffusion of individual lipids inside, outside, or directly opposed to lo phase domains. We show here that lo phase domains in one monolayer of an asymmetric bilayer do not induce the formation of domains in the opposite leaflet when this leaflet is composed of palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol but do induce domains when this leaflet is composed of porcine brain phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and cholesterol. The diffusion of lipids is similar in lo and liquid-disordered phase domains and is not affected by transbilayer coupling, indicating that lateral and transverse lipid interactions that give rise to the domain structure are weak in the biological lipid mixtures that were employed in this work.
Evaluations of the Personality and isocial Psychology Bulletin by its Readers and Authors

Evaluation studies of PSPB, to assess the reactions of readers and authors and to inform deci sion making regarding publication policy, were man dated when the Bulletin was designed. Data were col lected in surveys of readers and authors, and gathered from the Editor's files. Most readers (83%) recom mended continued publication, and almost all authors of accepted manuscripts (98%) viewed the Bulletin as a useful publication outlet. A majority of authors of rejected manuscripts (65%) intended to submit additional manuscripts. Most features of PSPB re ceived strong endorsement from survey respondents and the results of the evaluation studies imply continued publication.
SU-FF-T-454: Impact of CT Number and Electron Density in Proton Dose Distribution

Purpose: The dosimetric impact of different CT number to electron density calibrations used in proton beam treatment planning with emphasis on the dose coverage to targets and organs at risk (OAR) is evaluated. Method: A body CT phantom containing multiple plugs of varying density was scanned to measureCT numbers under different imaging protocols using various tube voltages: 80, 100, 120 and 140kVp on a GECT simulator. The CT number versus electron density tables were generated for each image at various kVp used clinically. The calibration tables were imported into a CMS protontreatment planning system and used to investigate their impact on real patient dose calculations. Dose volume histograms (DVHs) were calculated using different CT number to electron density calibration tables for various patients (prostate, H&N, lung).Results: The CT number is shown to be a factor of kilovoltage, field of view and reconstruction algorithm. However, its effect on PTV and OAR dose distribution is very small for most clinical situations. The CT values with 80kVp led to the largest deviation with small volume structures like cochlea and optic nerve. The low kVp has higher CT number for most cases compared to higher kVp. The dosimetric differences between the most commonly used cases (140 kVp and 120 kVp) were negligible (less than 1%). Conclusion: Even though CT number differs with tube voltage appreciably, its impact on dosimetry is relatively small (< 2%). The differences are minimal in low density tissue (lung) and largest for high density material like a prosthesis where the accuracy of CT number and dose calculation is uncertain. It is concluded that small changes in CT number due to scanning technique have little dosimetric impact in proton beam planning.
Mechanistic approach to understanding the toxicity of the azole fungicide triadimefon to a nontarget aquatic insect and implications for exposure assessment.

Mechanistic and stereoselective based in vitro metabolism assays were utlilized to gain insight into the toxic mode of action of the 1,2,4-triazole fungicide, triadimefon, with black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae. Based on results from enzyme inhibitor studies, the metabolism of triadimefon in black fly larvae microsomes was found to occur predominantly via an oxidative P450-mediated pathway; triadimenol was formed via the stereoselective reduction of the prochiral carbonyl group of triadimefon. The relatively minor contribution of carbonyl reduction suggests that triadimefon may inhibit ecdysone 20-monooxygenase and disrupt insect molting hormone biosynthesis. 48-h LC50 tests for triadimefon and triadimenol with black fly larvae yielded median values (with 95% confidence intervals) of 6.1 (5.8−6.4) and 22.3 (20.3−24.1) mg/L, respectively. The exposure of black fly larvae to sublethal concentrations of triadimefon resulted in increased microsomal P450 activity and affected the microsomal rates of both ...
A bipolar model of the passivity of stainless steels—III. The mechanism of MoO42− formation and incorporation

Abstract Variable angle XPS was used to examine the surface species formed on pure Mo following anodic polarization in 0.1 M HCl solution at −180 mV(SCE) for 1 h under the influence of Fe or Ni cations. The source of the metal cations was an anodically polarized electrode of pure Fe or Ni brought into close proximity to a high purity Mo electrode. Normally, the passive film formed on Mo in 0.1 M HCl at −180 mV(SCE) is comprised of only MoO 2 and its hydrated form, MoO(OH) 2 . In the presence of Fe and Ni cations, Mo was observed by XPS to produce a similar passive film, but in addition, MoO 4 2− was detected on the exterior surface of the film with Fe. No Ni could be detected. However, when Cr was polarized in the vicinity of Mo, no MoO 4 2− was observed to form on the film of Mo. This was expected due to the low Cr cation flux generated by the passive Cr. However, the surface of the Cr passive film was observed by XPS to contain MoO 4 2− and MoO(OH) 2 species. It was experimentally determined that soluble molybdenum chlorides were not responsible for the transference of Mo to Cr.
Retrofit of sour water networks in oil refineries: A case study

Abstract A case study is presented of the retrofit of a sour water network in a petroleum refinery that generates 581,000 m 3 /yr of sour water. Flowrates and contaminant levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were traced for all major water streams in the sour water network. By grouping some process units, a reuse scheme was found that only generates 280,000 m 3 /yr of sour water, saving 83% of freshwater and 52% in energy and CO 2 emissions associated with pumping and the heat requirement to scrub out the sour components. Additionally, it was found that the remaining water, after treatment in the sour water stripper, could be reused elsewhere in the plant, if cyanide ions were eliminated. This case study has provided the foundation for further plant studies to validate the water profile of the proposed scheme.
TRANSPLANTATION OF CELLS IN MATRICES FOR TISSUE REGENERATION

Tissue engineering is a field that has truly emerged in the last decade. It has brought together diverse technologies, e.g. cell culture, polymer chemistry and transplantation. The creation of matrices to guide tissue regeneration allows manipulation at several levels, i.e. the cells employed, the choice of polymer and the design of construct assembly methods. We present experience using such constructs to guide regeneration of diverse tissues, e.g. liver, intestine, urologic tissue, skin, cartilage, bone and cardiovascular structures. Emerging concepts in using cell/polymer constructs include the need for appropriate modeling of the micromechanical environments of different tissues, as well as the necessity of finding new strategies to achieve vascularization of tissues for transplant. Finally, the concept of applying tissue-engineered structures to non-native sites is discussed.
Application of the screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method

In the familiar Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) or Green function method, wave propagation between scattering sites is described by the so-called structure constants of the lattice (KKR structure constants), where these quantities are treated as having infinite spatial extent. In a recent development, it has been shown that the KKR method can be formulated in terms of screened structure constants that are of finite range (the screened KKR method). Here, we present an alternative formulation of the screened KKR method that is derived from simple manipulations of the multiple-scattering equations. We carry out density-of-states and total-energy calculations for spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized materials using the method. We point out possible unphysical features of the method.
Inhibition in vitro of platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism by flavone

The effects of flavone on platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism were tested in vitro. When incubated at a concentration of 50 microM, flavone completely suppressed platelet aggregation induced by 150 microM AA in thirty-six out of forty-three subjects tested. A lower concentration (10 microM) was effective in about 50% of the donors. Flavone also inhibited the second wave of aggregation induced by epinephrine and ADP. Platelet thromboxane formation, estimated both by radioimmunoassay measurements and by studies of 14C-labeled AA metabolism, was depressed by flavone. Flavone-treated platelets preferentially utilized [14C]AA for the lipoxygenase pathway while cyclo-oxygenase activity was depressed. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) was measured in flavone-treated and control platelets. While their baseline levels were similar, flavone-treated platelets showed a lower stimulation of cAMP induced by prostacyclin (PGI2) than did controls. Phosphodiesterase activity was not affected by flavone as judged from the decay rates of PGI2-stimulated cAMP levels. From these findings we conclude that the antiaggregating activity of flavone is not a consequence of changes in platelet cAMP but is due to inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.
Argonaute High-Throughput Sequencing of RNAs Isolated by Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation Reveals a Snapshot of miRNA Gene Regulation in the Mammalian Retina

Mounting evidence points to roles for miRNA gene regulation in promoting development, function, and cell survival in the mammalian retina. However, little is known regarding which retinal genes are targets of miRNAs. Here, we employed a systematic, nonbiased, biochemical approach to identify targets of miRNA gene regulation in the bovine retina, a common model species for vision research. Using Argonaute high-throughput sequencing of RNAs isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation analysis, we identified 348 high-confidence miRNA target sites within 261 genes. This list was enriched in rod and cone photoreceptor genes and included 28 retinal disease genes, providing further evidence of a role of miRNAs in the pathology of blinding diseases.
Interaction of age and coronary disease after valve replacement: implications for valve selection.

Abstract The interaction of patient age and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its influence on survival were examined in 3,644 patients undergoing either aortic (AVR) or mitral (MVR) valve replacement with or without coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between 1974 and 1991. Emergency procedures were performed much more frequently in those undergoing MVR and CABG than in those undergoing AVR and CABG (18.8% and 6.7%, respectively). The adverse effect of CAD on median survival for patients of all ages undergoing either AVR or MVR was statistically significant (AVR without CAD 11.8 versus 8.7 years with CAD; MVR without CAD 12.7 versus 7.3 years with CAD; p 14 years; MVR, 15.4 years; 60 to 69 years: AVR, 10.4 years; MVR, 11.4 years). The most profound effect of CAD on patient survival after valve replacement was observed in patients 60 to 69 years of age who underwent MVR, in whom the median survival without CABG was 11.4 years versus 5.5 years with CABG ( p
Primary cryoablation nadir prostate specific antigen and biochemical failure.

Purpose: We correlated nadir post-cryoablation prostate specific antigen with long-term biochemical disease-free survival in a risk stratified cohort of patients with prostate cancer treated with cryoablation.Materials and Methods: The records of 2,427 patients treated with cryoablation from the Cryo On-Line Data Registry were studied for biochemical disease-free survival based on nadir + 2 criteria using prostate specific antigen determinations out to 60 months after cryoablation.Results: For nadir prostate specific antigen less than 0.1 ng/ml, the 36, 48 and 60-month biochemical disease-free survival was 93%, 91.8% and 91.8%, respectively, for low risk disease; 88%, 81% and 76%, respectively, for intermediate risk; and 82%, 76% and 71%, respectively, for high risk disease. For prostate specific antigen 0.1 to 0.5 ng/ml the 36, 48 and 60-month biochemical disease-free survival rates were 92%, 91.5% and 86%, respectively, for low risk; 78%, 72% and 67%, respectively, for intermediate risk; and 64%, 61% an...
High speed optical object recognition processor with massive holographic memory

Real-time object recognition using a compact grayscale optical correlator will be introduced. A holographic memory module for storing a large bank of optimum correlation filters, to accommodate the large data throughput rate needed for many real-world applications, has also been developed. System architecture of the optical processor and the holographic memory will be presented. Application examples of this object recognition technology will also be demonstrated.
Correlation of the physicochemical properties of metal ions with their activation and inhibition of human erythrocytic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in vitro ☆

Abstract Using normal adult human whole blood hemolysates this study determined, in a dose-response fashion, the in vitro effects of Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ga3+, In3+, Sn2+, Sn4+, and Pb2+ on normal erythrocytic ALAD. The effects of these 14 metal ions on erythrocytic ALAD 50% inhibited by Pb2+ were also determined as was the ability of a maximum stimulatory concentration of Zn2+ to prevent or reverse the effects of these metal ions on erythrocytic ALAD. The effects of these metal ions were then classified in terms of their oxidation state, characteristic coordination number, coordination geometry, and hard and soft Lewis acid characteristics in order to determine the physical and chemical properties associated with the ability of a metal ion to activate or inhibit erythrocytic ALAD and whether these properties are unique to a single metal ion. Preincubation studies established Zn2+ to be the only metal ion to both activate erythrocytic ALAD and to prevent or reverse the Pb2+-induced inhibition of erythrocytic ALAD in vitro even after prolonged contact with the enzyme. Therefore future investigations of the use of nontoxic salts of Zn2+ as a prophylactic agent or therapeutic adjunct in the prevention or treatment of lead poisoning with its possibly toxic accumulation of ALA are proposed.
The MADD queen: Charisma and the founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Abstract By examining the development of Mother's Against Drunk Driving (MADD) under the leadership of its founder. Candy Lightner, we see the unfolding of a problem identified by Max Weber: charismatic leadership and rational forms of organization have incompatible elements. An undaunted, emotionally expressive leader driven by a moral mission was an important factor in, first, establishing the legitimacy and salience of the drunk-driving issue in the eyes of the American public, and second, in the formation of a well-funded national organization: MADD. Once organized, the institutional pressures on a non-profit organization to conform to rational administrative practices for its continued legitimacy drew people into MADD who were specialists and functionaries, not followers. The resulting conflict led to the eventual replacement of MADD's founding president.
Photodynamic Therapy in the Prophylactic Management of Bladder Cancer.

ABSTRACT We have treated nine patients with red light whole bladder photodynamic therapy (WBPDT): five hadmucosal involvement (Ta) and four submucosal invasion (Ti). Patients received slow intravenous injectionwith 2mg/kg body weight of photofrin 48-72 hours before undergoing global light treatment via a 22-Frenchcystoscope with a 400-micron quartz fiber bulb (isotropic) tip fiber.Three months after PDT, eight of the patients had normal cystoscopy, and negative biopsy and urinecytology. Two patients who had recurrences at six and twelve months were retreated with a higher dose (20J/cm2). They had no increased morbidity and no evidence of recurrent disease six months later.WBPDT should be considered as an important alternative treatment for patients who have recurrentor refractory superficial bladder cancer.2. INTRODUCTIONPhotodynamic therapy (PDT), a new and experimental treatment modality for human cancers, hasproven to be an effective treatment for superficial bladder cancer.4 PDT is particularly attractive in themanagement of superficial bladder cancer, because the photoactive dye, Photofrin (QLT Inc.,Vancouver,BC), sensitizes occult and premalignant lesions which are destroyed by in-situ photoactivation with visible
Acyl-coenzyme A binding protein expression alters liver fatty acyl-coenzyme A metabolism.

Although studies in vitro and in yeast suggest that acyl-CoA binding protein ACBP may modulate long-chain fatty acyl-CoA (LCFA-CoA) distribution, its physiological function in mammals is unresolved. To address this issue, the effect of ACBP on liver LCFA-CoA pool size, acyl chain composition, distribution, and transacylation into more complex lipids was examined in transgenic mice expressing a higher level of ACBP. While ACBP transgenic mice did not exhibit altered body or liver weight, liver LCFA-CoA pool size increased by 69%, preferentially in saturated and polyunsaturated, but not monounsaturated, LCFA-CoAs. Intracellular LCFA-CoA distribution was also altered such that the ratio of LCFA-CoA content in (membranes, organelles)/cytosol increased 2.7-fold, especially in microsomes but not mitochondria. The increased distribution of specific LCFA-CoAs to the membrane/organelle and microsomal fractions followed the same order as the relative LCFA-CoA binding affinity exhibited by murine recombinant ACBP: ...
Fourier transform infrared analysis of the stereoregularity of atactic polystyrene

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides a sensitive method allowing one to detect easily changes in the syndiotactic sequence content in polystyrene. The method is based on analysis of the 540-cm−1 absorption band, which is conformationally sensitive. Results in the solid state and solution are presented. A shift of 2.5 cm−1 of the 540-cm−1 band towards the high-frequency side is observed between the solid state and solution.
How well can one resolve the state space of a chaotic map

All physical systems are affected by some noise that limits the resolution that can be attained in partitioning their state space. For chaotic, locally hyperbolic flows, this resolution depends on the interplay of the local stretching or contraction and the smearing due to noise. We propose to determine the "finest attainable" partition for a given hyperbolic dynamical system and a given weak additive white noise, by computing the local eigenfunctions of the adjoint Fokker-Planck operator along each periodic point, and using overlaps of their widths as the criterion for an optimal partition. The Fokker-Planck evolution is then represented by a finite transition graph, whose spectral determinant yields time averages of dynamical observables. Numerical tests of such "optimal partition" of a one-dimensional repeller support our hypothesis.
W.E.B. DU BOIS, THE BLACK CHURCH, AND THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF RELIGION

During his early sociological period (1896–1914), Du Bois published several empirically-based studies on the Black Church. Many topics were addressed that are relevant to the contemporary study of the Black Church and the sociology of religion. Du Bois utilized methodological triangulation to empirically ground his studies of the Black Church. Census, survey, and ethnographic data were integrated to provide a comprehensive picture of the role of the Black Church in the African American community. He addressed the social construction of African American religious identity and provided an early functional analysis of the Black Church. The association between religion and social class was recognized, and Du Bois was a pioneer in the area of congregational studies addressing such issues as church expenditures and membership patterns and generating surveys of children's religious beliefs and ministerial effectiveness. Extensive data were collected on Black Church membership in large cities and small communitie...
Mathematicians in the history of meteorology: The pressure-height problem from Pascal to laplace

Abstract This paper describes the work of mathematicians during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the pressure-height problem of determining the relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude. Omitting minor contributions by many other mathematicians, the paper describes the work of Pascal (atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude), E. Mariotte (height increases in geometric progression as pressure decreases in arithmetic progression), E. Halley (the use of logarithms), John Wallace, G.W. Leibniz, Jacques Cassini, Daniel Bernoulli, Pierre Bouguer, J.H. Lambert, G. Fontana, J.A. DeLuc, S. Horsley, J. Playfair, and P.S. Laplace whose formula summarized previous results.
Some Monte Carlo Estimates of the Yule Distribution

Abstract : This paper presents some Monte Carlo simulations of the Yule process, viewed as a stochastic process for generating the frequency distributions of words in text. In the first part, data are presented for the case, which cannot be solved analytically in closed form, where the rate at which new words enter the text is variable. In the second part, Monte Carlo simulations are compared with two sets of data where both the empirical frequency distributions and the actual rate at which words enter the text are known. (Author)
Laminar flow in the entrance region of a porous-wall channel

The effect of fluid injection at the walls of a two-dimensional channel on the development of flow in the entrance region of the channel has been investigated. The integral forms of the boundary layer equations for flow in the channel were set up for an injection velocity uniformly distributed along the channel walls.
Multi-Granular Optical Switching: A Classified Overview for the Past and Future

The wavelength routed network (WRN) accommodates traffic demands by establishing lightpaths along the corresponding routing paths. The wavelength of each lightpath is switched individually by traditional wavelength optical cross-connects (T-OXCs) to transit the traffic. Due to the traffic explosion and the resulted growth in wavelength number, WRNs face a challenge of the increase in node-size (i.e., the port number of a T-OXC) as well as the associated cost and control complexity. As an alternative solution, waveband switching (WBS) is introduced to group multiple wavelengths together as a band or fiber. Whenever possible, the group of wavelengths requires just a single port at a multi-granular optical cross-connect (MG-OXC). One fundamental problem in WBS networks is the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA). With the major goal of minimizing the port numbers in WBS networks, the optimal RWA problem was shown to be NP-Hard. In the literature, various Integer Linear Programming models are proposed to optimally solve a small-size RWA problem, and many heuristic algorithms are proposed to provide a practical solution for the large-scale RWA problem in WBS networks. In this work, we comprehensively review literature studies on waveband switching networks. The topics covered include architecture, RWA problem solving strategies, and future challenges of wavelength conversion, protection, and lightpath rerouting in WBS networks. We aim at presenting a classified view of WBS networks, based on various aspects including the traffic pattern, node and network architecture, grouping policy, and the band configurations. We investigate factors that affect the goal of port reduction and blocking minimization in WBS networks. In addition, we explore several unique features of waveband switching in protection, wavelength conversion and rerouting, along which we point out multiple open challenges in WBS networks that deserve further studies.
Software Implementation of Biological Repository for Human Genetic Material

To provide biological specimens for scientific studies, the Medical Automation Research Center (MARC) designed and constructed a large-scale device that emphasizes the use of robotics and automatio...
Knowing adoption and adopting knowledge

Orphans of Islam: Family, Abandonment, and Secret Adoption in Morocco. Jamila Bargach. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. xvii. 304 pp., bibliography, index. Sealed and Secret Kinship: The Culture of Policies and Practices in American Adoption. Judith Modell New York: Berghahn Books, 2002. vi. 220 pp., bibliography,index. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Ann Laura Stoler. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ix. 335 pp., photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Resources for Success: Social Movements, Strategic Resource Allocation, and Union Organizing Outcomes

Social movements’ capacity to mount effective challenges often hinges on the availability of scare resources. Yet despite considerable scholarly interest in the ways that resources are mobilized, we know surprisingly little about the conclusion of this process, how movement actors strategically disburse resources to achieve specific goals. Recent attempts to revitalize the American labor movement, particularly efforts to reverse fifty years of membership decline, provide a substantive backdrop for examining resources and success. Data from a sample of local unions and their organizing activities from 1990 through 2001 indicate that tactical resource disbursements do increase the union’s ability to recruit new members, but their effect is contingent upon other dimensions of organizing, such as firm and state hostility. The findings extend our understanding of movement agency and offer insight into the growth of social movement unionism today. Keywords: social movements, resource mobilization, labor unions, union organizing, resistance to unions. With the introduction of the resource mobilization perspective in the 1970s (McCarthy and Zald 1977), scholars began to recognize that the strength of social movement actors is closely linked to the availability of external resources. Although initially spurred by the growth of professional social movement organizations (SMOs) in Western democracies (McCarthy and Zald 1973; Walker 1983), the centrality of resources in contentious politics has since been established across diverse movements and social settings (Cress and Snow 1996; Khawaja 1994). While analyses have begun to attend to the mechanisms groups employ to amass scarce resources (McCarthy and Wolfson 1996), this is only the first step in a process that culminates in the dispersal of resources for specific goals. Surprisingly, however, there has been little effort to deconstruct the relationship between purposeful resource allocation and success, a topic that has become particularly salient given the burgeoning interest in movement outcomes (Giugni 1998). Current attempts to revitalize the American labor movement present a unique opportunity to examine how SMOs deploy resources to win new benefits for constituents. In an effort to reverse fifty years of membership decline driven by an increasingly hostile political and economic climate, a number of scholars and activists alike have advocated a return to “social movement unionism” (Clawson 2003; Fantasia and Voss 2004). This has led to the use of contentious tactics like civil disobedience when organizing, the formation of coalitions with community groups to confront corporate power, and, notably, an increase in resources devoted to organizing. As a direct consequence of these changes, there has been substantial growth in the
A computational system for simulating and analyzing arrays of biological and artificial chemical sensors.

We have designed an approach for modeling olfactory pathways by which one can explore how the properties of individual receptors affect the information coding capacity of an entire system. The effect of receptor tuning breadth on system performance was explored explicitly. We presented model sensory arrays with sets of stimuli randomly and uniformly distributed in an ‘olfactory space’. Arrays of uniformly sized model receptors responding to 25–35% of the stimuli gave the best performance as measured by the ability to capture the most information about the stimulus set. Arrays of variably sized model receptors that were both more broadly and more narrowly tuned than this optimum could, however, perform better than uniform arrays. This method and the results obtained using it suggest a framework for considering the growing body of evidence on the functional properties of individual olfactory receptor and relay neurons from a systems coding perspective.