cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyler Prize nominations sought

Nominations for the 2013 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement are being accepted until 21 September. The prize is considered the top international award that honors achievements and contributions in environmental science, protection, energy, and medicine. Among previous recipients are a number of AGU members, including 2012 awardee John Seinfeld, the Louis E. Nohl Professor and professor of chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology, who was recognized for his contributions to the understanding of the origin, chemistry, and evolution of aerosols in the atmosphere. For more information about the prize, prior honorees, and nomination requirements, see http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu
Optimizing monitoring of finite state properties through monitor compaction

Runtime monitoring has proven effective in detecting property violations, but it can incur high overhead when monitoring just a single property - particularly when the property relates multiple objects. In practice developers will likely monitor multiple properties in the same execution which will lead to even higher overhead. This paper presents the first study of overhead arising during the simultaneous monitoring of multiple properties. We present two techniques for mitigating overhead in such cases that exploit reductions in cost that arise from sharing of information between property monitors. This sharing permits a single monitor to function in place of many monitors. We evaluate these techniques on the DaCapo benchmarks and 8 temporal correctness properties and find that they offer significant overhead reductions, as high as 57%, as the number of monitored properties increases.
Augmentation of isoproterenol-induced drinking by acute treatment with certain dopaminergic agonists.

Abstract Bromocriptine (1 mg/kg, IP), a dopaminergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier, augmented the dipsogenic responsiveness of rats to acute administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (15 μg/kg, SC), when administered at the same time. When administered alone, it had no effect on either water intake or urine output. Dopamine (20 mg/kg IP), which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, also augmented the dipsogenic responsiveness to acute administration of isoproterenol. However, a major difference between the responses to bromocriptine and dopamine was that the latter augmented drinking only when administered 15 to 30 min prior to isoproterenol. During the 30 min between injection of dopamine and the injection of isoproterenol, output of urine and sodium increased approximately 6-fold above the level of controls such that the concentration of the urine excreted by the treated group was approximately isotonic. However, in spite of a 6-fold increase in output of urine by the treated, compared to the control group, dopamine-treated rats ingested water only to the same extent as untreated controls when access to water was allowed. This suggests that an isotonic contraction of extracellular fluid may not induce a dipsogenesis. It also suggests that the augmentation of isoproterenol-induced drinking by dopamine was not the result of a dehydration-induced drink superimposed on the isoproterenol-induced drink. The centrally and peripherally acting dopaminergic antagonist, spiroperidol (spiperone), inhibited the isoproterenol-induced drinking response in a dose-related fashion. However, the peripherally acting dopaminergic antagonist, domperidone, was without effect on isoproterenol-induced drinking. This suggests that domperidone did not affect the dopaminergic receptor subtype at which augmentation occurs peripherally. Additional study will be required to suggest a mechanism by which augmentation occurs.
Iron‐59 labelled sodium nitroprusside

Sodium nitroprusside, a potent vasodilator in man, is synthesized with the gamma-emitting isotope 59Fe in a single-step synthesis from potassium cyanide, sodium nitrite, and ferrous chloride. It is purified by anion exchange chromatography and assayed by ion-pair high pressure liquid chromatography. 14C-nitroprusside is prepared by the same methods.
Bezoar-Related Pancreatitis in Enterically Drained Pancreas Transplant

Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for type 1 diabetes mellitus with end-stage renal disease. As a result of improvements in surgical techniques and the efficacy of immunosuppression, patient and graft survival rates have improved dramatically over the last two decades. Despite this, it remains a challenging surgical procedure with many potential complications and occasional controversies. Causes of pancreatitis after pancreas transplantation with enteric drainage are not well documented in the literature. We report a case of allograft pancreatitis from pancreatic duct outflow obstruction due to formation of a bezoar in a diverticulized transplant duodeno-jejunal anastomosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of allograft pancreatitis reported in the literature occurring from bezoar formation.
The effect of verapamil on potassium fluxes in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres.

Abstract Electrophysiological studies of verapamil on isolated cardiac tissue show its effects to occur during Phase 2 and Phase 4 of the cardiac action potential and to be a result of blocking the slow inward Ca 2+ current. It is important to know if verapamil effects the transmembrane movement of ions other than Ca 2+ . By studying uptake and efflux of 42 K by canine cardiac Purkinje fibres in the presence and absence of verapamil (1.1 × 10 −6 M–4.4 × 10 −6 M). it was found that the drug inhibits both 42 K uptake (15%) and efflux (30%).
Restricted Photochemistry in the Molecular Solid State: Structural Changes on Photoexcitation of Cu(I) Phenanthroline Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) Complexes by Time-Resolved Diffraction

The excited-state structure of [CuI[(1,10-phenanthroline-N,N′) bis(triphenylphosphine)] cations in their crystalline [BF4] salt has been determined at both 180 and 90 K by single-pulse time-resolved synchrotron experiments with the modified polychromatic Laue method. The two independent molecules in the crystal show distortions on MLCT excitation that differ in magnitude and direction, a difference attributed to a pronounced difference in the molecular environment of the two complexes. As the excited states differ, the decay of the emission is biexponential with two strongly different lifetimes, the longer lifetime, assigned to the more restricted molecule, becoming more prevalent as the temperature increases. Standard deviations in the current Laue study are very much lower than those achieved in a previous monochromatic study of a Cu(I) 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline substituted complex (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6566), but the magnitudes of the shifts on excitation are similar, indicating that lattice r...
Methods of Detection of First Recurrence in Patients with Stage I/II Primary Cutaneous Melanoma After Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Background An understanding of the methods of detection of recurrent melanoma after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is essential for the coordination of a rational plan of follow-up.
The role of NTS2 in the development of tolerance to NT69L in mouse models for hypothermia and thermal analgesia

NT69L is a neurotensin (NT)(8-13) analog that binds the two major NT receptors, NTS1 and NTS2, and elicits similar behavioral effects as endogenous NT. Tolerance develops rapidly to some, but not to all of NT69L's effects, and to date, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this tolerance. The development of tolerance appears to be more prevalent in behavioral effects mediated by NTS1 than by those mediated by NTS2, including hypothermia and thermal analgesia. However, we hypothesize that both NTS1 and NTS2 have important roles in mediating the effects of NT69L. Here, we investigate the role of NTS2 on NT69L-mediated hypothermia and thermal analgesia with the use of NTS2 knock-out mice. We show that tolerance develops to NT69L-mediated hypothermia and thermal analgesia following sub-chronic treatment in wild-type (WT) mice, and that NTS2 is necessary for the development of that tolerance. Additionally, we suggest potential means by which NTS2 influences these NT69L-mediated behaviors.
A prototype multi-agent ERP system: an integrated architecture and a conceptual framework

Abstract This paper proposes a prototype multi-agent enterprise resource planning (MAERP) system that utilizes the characteristics and capabilities of software agents to achieve enterprise wide integration. A software agent is a self-contained, autonomous software module that performs assigned tasks from the human user and interacts/communicates with other applications and other software agents in different platforms to complete the tasks. Four types of intelligent software agents (coordinating agents, task agents, data collecting agents, and user interface agents) are examined and discussed in the proposed MAERPS architecture. We demonstrate how the proposed prototype MAERP system takes advantage of existing information systems among various functional areas to achieve the system integration of commercially available enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, while avoiding numerous problems encountered during a typical ERP implementation.
COTTON OVULE CULTURE: A TOOL FOR BASIC BIOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND COTTON IMPROVEMENT

Nearly 30 years ago the conditions for culturing immature cotton ovules were established to serve as a working research tool for investigating the physiology and biochemistry of fiber development. Not only has this tissue culture method been employed to characterize the biochemistry of plant cell expansion and secondary cell wall synthesis, but ovule cultures have contributed to numerous other aspects of plant cell physiology and development as well. In addition to basic studies on fiber development, cotton ovule cultures have been used to examine plant-fungal interactions, to model low temperature stress responses, to elucidate the pathways responsible for pigment formation in naturally pigmented fiber and to probe how cytoskeletal elements regulate cell wall organization. Success in rescuing Gossypium interspecific hybrids was dependent on ovule culture media formulations that could support early embryo development in ovulo. As tissues produced in culture are analyzed by increasingly more sophisticated techniques, there appear to be some differences between ovule growth in planta and ovule growth in vitro. Discerning how ovule culture fiber development is different from fiber development in field-grown plants can contribute valuable information for crop improvement. Cotton ovule cultures are an especially attractive model system for studying the effects of gravity on cell elongation, cellulose biosynthesis and embryo development and are excellent targets for examining transient expression of introduced gene constructs. With only minor modification, the procedure originally described by C. A. Beasley and I. P. Ting for growing cotton ovules in vitro will continue to be useful research tool for the foreseeable future.
Maternal psychological distress: Adult sons' and daughters' mental health and educational attainment

ABSTRACT Background Offspring of depressed women have high rates of depressive symptoms and other psychopathology. The authors examined the relationship of mothers' symptoms of depression and anxiety reported during their offspring's childhood and adolescence on depressive disorder and educational achievement of their adult children. Method The data come from a longitudinal cohort study of first graders from Woodlawn, a neighborhood in Chicago, followed from age 6 to 32 years (N = 879). Adult children's depression and educational attainment are regressed on earlier self-reports of mothers' psychological distress. Using multiple logistic regression, the authors controlled for the relationships of poverty, mothers' education, mobility, family structure, mothers' illness, and children's first grade classroom behavior and psychological symptoms. Results Daughters of mothers with persistent maternal psychological distress had two and a half times the risk of lifetime depressive disorder, but no increased risk of high school dropout. For sons, mothers' psychological distress was not related to depression but was related to poorer educational attainment. Conclusions Mothers' depressed feelings during the childrearing years relate to their children's depression and educational attainment as measured in adulthood. The patterns differ for sons and daughters.
Radiative lifetimes for 80 levels of singly ionized erbium

Radiative lifetimes, accurate to ±5%, have been measured for 8 even-parity and 72 odd-parity levels of singly ionized erbium using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) on Er ions in a beam. This new set of measurements is more extensive than earlier LIF sets, and is in good agreement with those sets where they overlap. These lifetimes provide an absolute scale for a large, accurate set of Er atomic transition probabilities. Basic spectroscopic data on rare earth transition probabilities are needed for astrophysical research and for research on lighting products.
Effects of Fiber Finish on the Performance of Asphalt Binders and Mastics

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of finishes applied to polyester fibers on the properties of asphalt binders and mastics. Asphalt binders were mixed with finishes that were extracted from the fibers, and mastics were also made with binder and fibers (with and without finish) to isolate the effects of the finish. The results indicated that crude source plays a significant role in how the fiber finish affects the binders and mastics. Additionally different finishes had different effects on binder properties. The major finding of this study is that different polyester fibers, even from the same manufacturer, may not necessarily perform the same in an asphalt mixture. It is important to use fibers that are compatible with the particular asphalt binder that is being used because of the significance of the binder source on the interaction between the finish and the binder.
Morphological changes in the mammalian vas deferens during aging. I. The occurrence of binuclear cells in the mouse.

The number of nuclei per principal cell was determined in the vas deferens of sexually immature, young sexually mature and old male mice. The incidence of binucleation increased with age. In 21-day-old mice approximately 99% of the cells were mononucleated whereas in 7½-12 month old animals 80%-90% of the principal cells were mononucleated and 9%-20% of the principal cells were binucleated. In the oldest animals, the ampulla and testis end of the vas usually had more binuclear cells than the middle segment. The biological significance and the mechanism of this phenomenon are not known; however, binucleation may prove to be a useful indicator of aging in the vas of this species. In addition, the mouse vas may provide a useful model for studies of binucleation and mitosis.
Rapid-freeze-quench magnetic circular dichroism of intermediate X in ribonucleotide reductase: New structural insight

To elucidate the electronic structure of intermediate X in the oxygen activation reaction of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, a protocol has been developed to perform magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) on a rapid-freeze-quench, strain free optical sample. RFQ-MCD data have been collected on intermediate X in the double mutant of R2, Y122/Y356F. While X has been reported to exhibit a broad absorption band at 365 nm, there are at least 10 electronic transitions observed at low-temperature MCD. From C0/D0 ratios, the transitions of X can be divided into three regions: 16 000-22 000 cm-1 region involving spin-allowed ligand field transitions of the Fe(IV), 23 000-24 000 cm-1 region of spin-forbidden, spin-flip transitions on the Fe(IV), and the charge transfer (CT) region from 26 000 to 32 000 cm-1. The C0/D0 ratios from d --> d and CT transitions strongly support significant Fe(IV) character coupled into the paramagnetic center. Ligand field (spin-allowed d --> d region) analysis allows the bis-mu-oxo and mu-oxo plus other monoanionic bridge possibilities for the structure of intermediate X to be distinguished, providing new insight into the molecular mechanism of the cluster formation in R2.
Effect of Randomness on Quantum Data Buses of Heisenberg Spin Chains

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA(Dated: December 2, 2010)Strongly coupled spin chains can be used for quantum data buses. We study odd-size spin 1/2Heisenberg chains with Gaussian random exchange couplings and Gaussian external magnetic ﬁelds.It is found that the Gaussian random exchange couplings have no eﬀect on the Zeeman energy gapbetween the ground doublet states of the spin chain, but make the local magnetic moments ﬂuctuate.On the other hand, it is shown that that even though all of external local magnetic ﬁelds are appliedin the same direction, their ﬂuctuation in strength could make the ground state of the chain ﬂipped.Also the random external magnetic ﬁelds induce avoided crossings, so the ground doublet states havea non-vanishing Zeeman splitting on average even when the average of random external magneticﬁelds is zero.
Possible charge inhomogeneities in the CuO 2 planes of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x (x=0.25,0.45,0.65,0.94) from pulsed neutron diffraction

The atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) of four powder samples of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$ $(x=0.25, 0.45, 0.65, 0.94)$ at 15 K have been measured by means of pulsed neutron diffraction. The PDF is modeled using a full-profile fitting approach to yield structural parameters. In contrast to earlier x-ray absorption fine structure work we find no evidence of a split apical oxygen site. However, a slightly improved fit over the average crystallographic model results when the planar Cu(2) site is split along the c direction. This is interpreted in terms of charge inhomogeneities in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes.
Acid‐bacterial and ferric sulfate leaching of pyrite single crystals

Pyrite single-crystal cubes were cut, polished. and x-rayed to produce orientations of (100), (110), (111), and (112). These crystallographically developed surfaces then were prepared to expose an area of 1 cm2, and the remainder of the crystal was coated with an acid-resistant silicone cement. Crystals with representative orientations then were leached in ferric sulfate solutions adjusted to a pH of 2.3 with H2SO4 containing up to 6 × 103 ppm of Fe3+ at 30 and 55°C. Leaching was also conducted in acid-bacterial lixiviants containing Thiobacillus ferrooxidans at 30°C and a thermophilic microorganism at 55°C. Surface corrosion and pitting associated with pyrite leaching were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Pyrite leaching in ferric sulfate solutions was observed to be different when compared to acid-bacterial leaching. Ferric sulfate leaching required nearly 2 × 103 ppm of Fe3+ at 30°C while acid-bacterial leaching at 30°C occurred without additions of Fe3+, and values of Fe3+ never exceeded 102 ppm. Because of precipitate formation, an accurate assessment of the role of crystallographic orientation on the leaching of pyrite is difficult.
A numerical study of steady viscous flow past a circular cylinder

Numerical solutions have been obtained for steady viscous flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers up to 300. A new technique is proposed for the boundary condition at large distances and an iteration scheme has been developed, based on Newton's method, which circumvents the numerical difficulties previously encountered around and beyond a Reynolds number of 100. Some new trends are observed in the solution shortly before a Reynolds number of 300. As vorticity starts to recirculate back from the end of the wake region, this region becomes wider and shorter. Other flow quantities like position of separation point, drag, pressure and vorticity distributions on the body surface appear to be quite unaffected by this reversal of trends.
Location of manufactured housing and its accessibility to community services: a GIS-assisted spatial analysis

Abstract This paper investigates the location and accessibility disadvantages of manufactured housing using Geographical Information Systems. It is found that, on an aggregated basis, manufactured housing has been placed further away from positive public-community facilities and, hence, services than other types of housing. It has also been placed further away from major employment centers. Moreover, a higher percent of such housing has been placed in flood zones. On the other hand, manufactured housing has not been placed closer to large negative facilities, such as landfill sites, heavy industrial or manufacturing plants, or airports. These findings reinforce the claim that manufactured housing faces selected zoning barriers or restrictions.
Reply to "Comment on 1 f noise and its temperature dependence" in silver and copper

We present arguments in support of a bulk origin of $\frac{1}{f}$ noise in continuous metal films.
II : The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 on immunological recovery in the malnourished alcoholic rat

Background/aims Alcoholics with severe liver disease (ALD) typically demonstrate the findings of protein calorie malnutrition. Such an occurrence might be anticipated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) deficiency. Furthermore, serum levels of IGF-1 are frequently very low in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The present study was undertaken to evaluate in an in vivo rat model of alcoholism and malnutrition, the possibility of a therapeutic application for IGF-1. Methods Controlled injury was induced by 14 days of calorie restriction and alcohol feeding (phase 1), which induced a 9% loss of body mass. Changes were compared with pair-fed, calorie-restricted controls that lost 7.8% of body mass and to unrestricted control rats that gained 28% above their pretreatment body mass during the same period. Recovery was evaluated after 28 days of treatment using various combinations of: (1) high calorie intake, (2) cessation from alcohol feeding, and (3) IGF-1. Results Liver injury was minimal, but protein calorie malnutrition was moderately severe after phase 1 treatments. During recovery (phase 2), continuous consumption of alcohol--even in the presence of high calories and IGF-1 treatment--produced an incomplete nutritional recovery and, compared with normal rats, was associated with lower serum IGF-1 levels. The group treated with all three modalities (high calories, IGF-1, and abstinence from ethanol) had the most rapid and complete restoration of body weight. Conclusions Recovery of nutritional status in the malnourished rat correlates significantly with serum IGF-1 levels. In the absence of ethanol and with sufficient caloric intake, IGF-1 treatment increased serum IGF-1 concentrations and accelerated nutritional recovery. Even with adequate calories, ethanol negated this recovery and was associated with lower serum IGF-1 concentrations. Further studies, both basic and clinical, are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved and to establish whether in patients with severe liver disease IGF-1 treatment would produce an accelerated improvement in nutritional status and improve both morbity and mortality. These animal studies suggest that this is the case.
Methods for the complete analysis of 5-fluorouracil metabolites in cell extracts.

Abstract Methodology that permits complete analysis of the intracellular metabolites of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) has been developed. A high-pressure liquid chromatography system that is capable of separating all metabolites of FUra found in acid-soluble cell extracts is described. In addition to the expected FUra metabolites, FUDP-hexoses were found to be present in large amounts in L121O cells treated with FUra. Improved procedures that permit quantitation of the FdUMP which is covalently bound to dTMP synthetase, as well as the total intracellular FdUMP levels are described; the latter is accomplished by dissociation of the FdUMP-dTMP synthetase complex in sonicated cell extracts followed by phosphatase treatment and subsequent high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of FdUrd. An example of the integrated methodology in which all metabolites of FUra metabolism are analyzed over a 6-h exposure period of L1210 cells to [6-3H]FUra is provided.
PROCESSES GOVERNING HYDROCHORY ALONG RIVERS: HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY, AND DISPERSAL PHENOLOGY

Rivers are important corridors for movement, migration, and dispersal of aquatic organisms as well as for dispersal of the seeds and vegetative propagules of riparian plants. In this investigation, the relationships between flow regime, channel morphology, dispersal phenology, and seed deposition patterns were evaluated using experimentation in a flume. A channel with geomorphic features common to a wide range of stream morphologies was constructed in a 1.8 × 20 m experimental flume through which three hydrologic regimes (one natural and two typical of dam releases) were routed in replicated trials. Relationships between dispersal phenology and hydrologic regime were examined using color-coded Betula fontinalis seeds released over each 10-min trial. Spatial patterns of seed deposition along stream margins were then compared to determine the individual and combined effects of flow regime, fluvial feature, and timing of seed release. Reynolds number, Froude number, Weber number, flow velocity, and a dimensi...
Clinical and pathologic analysis of 16 cases of relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia after stem cell transplantation.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease that originates in an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell and is characteristically associated with the Philadelphia chromosome and/or the bcr/abl fusion gene. Despite the exciting success of the bcr/abl tyrosine kinase–specific inhibitor imatinib for CML treatment, hematopoietic stem cell (bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell) transplantation (HCT) remains the only “curative” approach for the majority of patients. Although HCT outcomes for patients with CML have improved considerably during the past 2 decades, relapse after HCT may occur. We analyzed the clinical and pathologic features of 16 cases of hematologically relapsed CML after HCT during a 5-year period at City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA. The results of our analysis showed that relapsed CML after HCT frequently manifested with advanced disease with a more aggressive clinical course and was often refractory to therapy. The frequency of acute leukemic transformation at time of relapse was largely associated with pre-HCT disease status and acquired secondary cytogenetic abnormalities. Disease mortality in patients with relapsed CML after HCT was closely associated with advanced disease and HCT-related complications.
Gibberellins: synthesis, compartmentation and physiological process

This paper has two objectives: (1) to examine the nature of regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and metabolism with respect to GA biological activity, and (2) to identify cellular compartments which play a role in biosynthesis, metabolism and release of GAs. The importance of ent-kaurene synthetase and its regulation for the production of GAs is emphasized. Similarly, factors regulating the enzymes mediating oxidation steps to GA $\_{12}$ -aldehyde and hydroxylation steps to GAs are identified. Specificity of hydroxylation for high and low biological activity as well as conjugation reactions resulting in deactivation of GAs are related to the problem of regulation of GA concentration in cells. Compartmentation of GA synthesis and sequestration and release of GAs from organelles are discussed. The need for careful separation of organelles and membrane systems to assess properly their roles in GA synthesis and compartmentation is stressed. The role of plastids in biosynthesis and release of GAs is analysed. Red light is known to enhance GA levels in intact tissues and plastid preparations; whether the increase is due to red light promoted conversion from 'bound' to 'free' GAs or to altered permeability characteristics of the chloroplast membranes is not known. Metabolism of [ $^3$ H] GA $\_1$ in protoplasts and vacuoles is described in a progress report. Protoplasts are capable of metabolizing GA $\_1$ to GA $\_8$ , GA $\_8$ -glucoside and other metabolites, whereas isolated vacuoles appear to metabolize GA $\_1$ only to GA $_8$ .
Gift Card Incentives and Non-Response Bias in a Survey of Vaccine Providers: The Role of Geographic and Demographic Factors

This study investigates the effects of non-response bias in a 2010 postal survey assessing experiences with H1N1 influenza vaccine administration among a diverse sample of providers (N = 765) in Washington state. Though we garnered a high response rate (80.9%) by using evidence-based survey design elements, including intensive follow-up and a gift card incentive from Target, non-response bias could exist if there were differences between respondents and non-respondents. We investigated differences between the two groups for seven variables: road distance to the nearest Target store, practice type, previous administration of vaccines, region, urbanicity, size of practice, and Vaccines for Children (VFC) program enrollment. We also examined the effect of non-response bias on survey estimates. Statistically significant differences between respondents and non-respondents were found for four variables: miles to the nearest Target store, type of medical practice, whether the practice routinely administered additional vaccines besides H1N1, and urbanicity. Practices were more likely to respond if they were from a small town or rural area (OR = 7.68, 95% CI = 1.44−40.88), were a non-traditional vaccine provider type (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.06−4.08) or a pediatric provider type (OR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.36−11.96), or administered additional vaccines besides H1N1 (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.03−3.15). Of particular interest, for each ten mile increase in road distance from the nearest Target store, the likelihood of provider response decreased (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.60−0.89). Of those variables associated with response, only small town or rural practice location was associated with a survey estimate of interest, suggesting that non-response bias had a minimal effect on survey estimates. These findings show that gift card incentives alongside survey design elements and follow-up can achieve high response rates. However, there is evidence that practices farther from the nearest place to redeem gift cards may be less likely to respond to the survey.
Enhanced Autologous Re-endothelialization of Decellularized and Extracellular Matrix Conditioned Allografts Implanted Into the Right Ventricular Outflow Tracts of Juvenile Sheep

Decellularized allografts are promising options for pediatric valve replacement due to reduced immunogenicity and the potential for in vivo autologous recellularization, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and re-endothelialization, which may be enhanced with post-decellularization processing steps. This study investigated the performance and morphology of decellularized and ECM conditioned pulmonary valves implanted in the right ventricular outflow tracts (RVOT) of juvenile sheep. RVOT reconstructions in juvenile sheep using cryopreserved pulmonary allografts (Cryo; n = 2), porcine aortic root bioprostheses (Biopros; n = 2) or decellularized/ECM conditioned pulmonary allografts (Conditioned; n = 4) were performed. Valve performance and morphology were evaluated at 20 weeks after implant. Uniaxial tensile testing was performed on a subset of unimplanted valves from each group. At explant, Biopros had significantly higher peak/mean gradients vs. Conditioned and Cryo, which were similar. No cusp calcification occurred in any valve; arterial wall calcification was present only in Cryo (mild/moderate) and Biopros (severe). No autologous recellularization or inflammation occurred in Biopros; cellularity was decreased in Cryo. Autologous recellularization was present in Conditioned arterial walls and variably extending into the cusps, with consistent cusp re-endothelialization. Conditioned valves had reduced cusp extensibility, increased stiffness and similar tensile strength vs. Cryo. Although Conditioned valves were slightly stiffer and less extensible than Cryo valves, their hemodynamic performance was comparable, indicating they behave as functional heart valves immediately following implant. Because both autologous recellularization and re-endothelialization were seen, ECM conditioning shows promise for encouraging renewal of the cellularity of decellularized allograft valves without the need for pre-implant endothelial cell seeding.
Extend focal depth of a tracking lens by phase apodizers

In a conventional particle tracking system, the depth of field is usually very small because of the use of high power imaging lens. The tracking accuracy may also be affected by the smearing of spot image, caused by focal shift. Increasing the focal depth and keeping uniform spot size in the focal region is highly desirable for a high accurate tracking system. In this report, we study the design of phase apdodizer that could be used to increase the focal depth of a tracking lens. The design is based on the requirements by highly accurate tracking that the point-spread function (PSF) of the lens keep an even and concentrated energy distribution when the lens is defocused. To achieve this purpose, a pure phase-shifting apodizer is introduced on the pupil plane of the lens. The function of the apodizer is to control the energy distribution of the 3D diffraction pattern near the focal region and make the effective spot size uniform or minimum variation along optical axis. The pattern of the 3D PSF of the lens with the apodizer shapes closed to a cylinder. New method used to search and optimize the design of the phase apodizer that meet the requirements of a particle tracking system will be studied. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are given in support of the method.
Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia

Abstract Operation of a tide gate installed in the Savannah River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to reduce dredging activities increased salinities upstream in important spawning habitat for striped bass Morone saxatilis. To assess the effects of salinity on survival and growth of striped bass at early life stages, newly fertilized eggs and 48-h-posthatch larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of seawater, with salinities ranging from 0 to 33‰ (g/L) in increments of 3‰; in addition, older larvae (5-d posthatch) were exposed to salinities of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24‰. Eggs were exposed until 24 h posthatch, 48-h-posthatch larvae were exposed for 10 d, and 5-d-posthatch larvae were exposed for 6 d. Eggs died within 24 h in salinities greater than 18‰. Both survival and total length of larvae hatched from eggs exposed to salinities of 15‰ or higher were reduced. Percent mortality and mean total lengths of newly hatched larvae followed the same pattern for each of three sets of salinity regimes (i.e., chang...
China's coastal development strategy and Pacific Rim economic integration∗

(1990). China's coastal development strategy and Pacific Rim economic integration. Journal of East and West Studies: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 1-61.
Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus: A New Strawberry Virus Found in Fragaria chiloensis Plants from Chile.

Molecular characterization of Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FClLV) (3) was based on shotgun cloning of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) obtained from a Chilean Fragaria chiloensis plant. While the majority of the clones acquired belonged to FClLV, several had similarities with the RNA polymerases of viruses of the family Partitiviridae. A region of more than 1 kb of the putative virus (GenBank Accession No. DQ093961) was acquired by a combination of shotgun cloning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (3) and was compared against sequences found in GenBank. The Alphacryptovirus Beet cryptic virus 3 (Genbank Accession No. S63913) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded using dsRNA isolated from Pyrus pyrifolia (Genbank Accession No. BAA34783) produced the most significant alignments with approximately 40% amino acid sequence identity and 60% amino acid similarity with the coding region of the sequenced portion of the virus. Detection primers F (5′AAGTCCGTGAGCACTGCCAT3′) and R (5...
Hypoprolactinemia decreases tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons acutely by protein dephosphorylation and chronically by changes in gene expression.

This study evaluated the roles of protein dephosphorylation or suppressed gene expression in reducing tyrosine hydroxylase activity in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons after acute or chronic bromocriptine (BROMO) administration. Diestrous or ovariectomized rats were injected with BROMO (3 mg/kg, s.c.) at 1000 h and were sacrificed 4 h later or were injected with BROMO at 12 h intervals for 3 days.In vitro tyrosine hydroxylase activity was assessed by incubating hypothalamic explants with brocresine, an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, and measuring 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation in the stalk-median eminence (SME). The incubation medium also contained either 2 μM okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor, or its vehicle (0.25% dimethylsulfoxide). Acute (4 h) and chronic (3 days) BROMO treatment suppressed circulating PRL levels from 10–12 ng/ml to<1 ng/ml and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the SME by 60% or 40% in diestrous or ovariectomized rats, respectively. Okadaic acid increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the SME 2-fold in control diestrous or ovariectomized rats. The reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the SME after acute BROMO treatment was increased by okadaic acid 5-or 3-fold in diestrous or ovariectomized rats respectively, to a value similar to the controls. In sharp contrast, after chronic BROMO treatment, the response to okadaic acid was blunted. As assessed byin situ hybridization, tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA signal levels in the arcuate nucleus of diestrous rats were not altered after acute BROMO treatment, but were reduced by 70% after chronic BROMO treatment. The acute BROMO-induced decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity was reversed by co-administration of oPRL or rPRL, indicating that the action of BROMO is via a reduction in PRL. The data suggest that protein dephosphorylation may be a primary mechanism for the rapid BROMO-dependent suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, whereas suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression may contribute to the lower tyrosine hydroxylase activity after chronic BROMO treatment.
A screening model for effects of land-disposed wastes on groundwater quality

Abstract This paper describes a screening model for evaluating the migration of organic and inorganic contaminants leached from land-disposed wastes. The model is composed of a waste-zone release submodel, an unsaturated-zone transport submodel and a saturated-zone transport submodel. The waste-zone submodel assumes steady one-dimensional vertical flow through a uniform waste zone treated as a “stirred tank reactor”. Soluble inorganic contaminants are assumed to exhibit a constant concentration in the leachate until mass depletion occurs, while organic contaminants are assumed to exhibit leachate concentrations that are proportional to the mass fraction in the oily waste phase. Vertical, one-dimensional, unit-gradient flow is assumed in the unsaturated zone at a constant water content controlled by the net infiltration rate and the unsaturated soil permeability function. Transport occurs by convection and scale-dependent dispersion with linear adsorption and decay. In the saturated zone, flow is assumed to be planar, with three-dimensional convective-dispersive transport, adsorption and decay, with a rectangular horizontal source at the water table. The waste-zone submodel defines the boundary conditions for the unsaturated-zone submodel, which, in turn, defines the boundary conditions for the saturated-zone submodel. Because of the semi-analytical nature of the model, it can be executed very quickly, thus enabling rapid screening analyses and implementation in Monte Carlo analyses, which require a large number of model executions.
Preparation and rapid resolution of Xenopus phosvitins and phosvettes by high-performance liquid chromatography

The presence of acidic phosivitins phosvettes in Xenopus laevis yolk platelets and their purification by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation of associated lipovitellin were documented by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by staining with Stains-all. Procedures were further developed to resolve the various entities present in the crude phosvitin/phosvette fraction by size-exclusion, anion-exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, using a Pharmacia FPLC system, and their resolution was documented by both electrophoresis and two-dimensional chromatography. Four major entities (phosvitins 1 and 2; phosvettes 1 and 2) were observed, but microheterogeneity was also apparent, particularly by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The new separation procedures require min/h rather than h days.
Running on Empty: Transport, Social Exclusion and Environmental Justice

Karen Lucas, Running on Empty: Transport, Social Exclusion and Environmental Justice (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2004).Running on Empty, by Karen Lucas, is an admirable effort to assemble, synthesi...
Plans for long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments

Several new experiments have been proposed to address the suggestion of neutrino oscillations from the atmospheric neutrino problem. In order to be sensitive to oscillations arising from Δm2 in the region of 10−3eV2 to 10−1eV2 oscillation pathlengths on the order of 10–1000 times longer than those previously used are required; hence the name “long-baseline” experiments. General features of such experiments are discussed and then some details of the specific proposals are presented.
Managing Colorado Potato Beetle Insecticide Resistance: New Tools and Strategies for the Next Decade of Pest Control in Potato

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been the most common management tool for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), infestations in cultivated potato for nearly 20 yr. The relative ease of applying neonicotinoids at planting coupled with inexpensive, generic neonicotinoid formulations has reduced the incentive for potato growers to transition from these products to other mode of action (MoA) groups for early-season L. decemlineata control. Continuous use of neonicotinoids has resulted in resistant L. decemlineata populations in some production areas of the eastern United States. Continued reliance on neonicotinoids will accelerate L. decemlineata resistance development and result in additional insecticide inputs to manage these populations. Resistance management recommendations for L. decemlineata have focused on rotation of insecticides within the growing season. Growers using at-plant neonicotinoids for early-season L. decemlineata control are encouraged to rotate MoAs for later generations to delay resistance development. Although this short-term insecticide rotation has likely prolonged the utility of neonicotinoid insecticides, reducing reliance on a single MoA soil application at planting will improve the longevity of newer, more reduced-risk alternatives. The objectives of this article are twofold: 1) to provide a review of the current status of L. decemlineata neonicotinoid resistance, and 2) to propose long-term resistance management strategies that arrange reduced-risk MoA groups into several, multiyear sequences that will maximize L. decemlineata control and reduce the probability for resistance development. This recommendation maintains practical and economical approaches for L. decemlineata control, but limits reliance on any single MoA group to minimize selection pressure for resistance development.
Discovering and developing primary biodiversity data from social networking sites: A novel approach

Abstract Detailed, authoritative Digital Accessible Knowledge (DAK) about biodiversity is crucial to any biodiversity informatics or conservation project. In most developing nations, significant DAK gaps exist both geographically and taxonomically. This paper explores a novel source of photo-vouchered biodiversity occurrence data, in the form of records associated with photos posted on social networking sites (SNSs). SNSs like Flickr, Facebook, and Picasaweb allow naturalists to share images and associated metadata with other users. I explore the idea of discovering and organizing massive numbers of biodiversity occurrence records now available on SNSs. I present a proof-of-concept with Flickr as the SNS and the Snowy Owl ( Bubo scandiacus ) and the Monarch Butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) as target species, but methods presented here can easily be used for any other SNS, region, or species group, particularly for developing, mega-diverse countries where the need for biodiversity DAK is particularly acute. These approaches are broadly applicable to animal and plant groups that are photographed and that can be identified from photographs with some degree of confidence (e.g., birds, butterflies, cetaceans, orchids, dragonflies, amphibians, plants), and thus offer a rich new source of biodiversity data.
Neon K X-ray spectra excited by O4+ and Cl4+ bombardment

Neon K X-ray spectra resulting from O4+ and Cl4+ bombardment are observed to have dissimilar K alpha satellite intensities. These results are in contrast to similar measurements made using C6+, N6+ and O6+ bombardment.
LIGA-like process for high-aspect-ratio PZT microstructures

Processing technique for fabrication of high-aspect ratio structures in PZT is developed in this work using deep X-ray exposures at the CAMD synchrotron storage ring. Arrays of posts were successfully fabricated in PMMA mold as thick as 2700 micrometers and with aspect ratio as high as 15. This LIGA- like technique allows fabrication of structures of shapes and sizes not possible with standard techniques using bulk PZT material or by the existing thin film techniques for PZT deposition. The process shows promise for various applications including high resolution medical imaging and optical projection.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Geometry-controlled nonlinear optical response of quantum confined systems

We introduce a new class of quantum confined systems, made of networks of wires, that serve as lower dimensional objects embedded in higher dimensions, as a geometrical approach for enhancing the nonlinear optical response.
Understanding gender and confidence in CS course culture

Women in the first systems course in Stanford's CS core find themselves in a divided culture in which they are a minority. For these women, establishing an identity of competence becomes critical to defining a place in the CS culture and establishing legitimacy. Social factors such as gendered self-presentation and communication, rather than objective measures of ability, plays a large role in developing confidence. Only by understanding the role of such social factors can we develop strategies for creating a more inclusive CS culture in which women may thrive. Findings are drawn from surveys, interviews, and five years of enrollment data.