cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watershed analysis of forest fragmentation by clearcuts and roads in a Wyoming forest

Remotely sensed data and a Geographic Information System were used to compare the effects of clearcutting and road-building on the landscape pattern of the Bighorn National Forest, in north-central Wyoming. Landscape patterns were quantified for each of 12 watersheds on a series of four maps that differed only in the degree of clearcutting and road density. We analyzed several landscape pattern metrics for the landscape as a whole and for the lodgepole pine and spruce/fir cover classes across these maps, and determined the relative effects of clearcutting and road building on the pattern of each watershed. At both the landscape- and cover class-scales, clearcutting and road building resulted in increased fragmentation as represented by a distinct suite of landscape structural changes. Patch core area and mean patch size decreased, and edge density and patch density increased as a result of clearcuts and roads. Clearcuts and roads simplified patch shapes at the landscape scale, but increased the complexity of lodgepole pine patches. Roads appeared to be a more significant agent of change than clearcuts, and roads which were more evenly distributed across a watershed had a greater effect on landscape pattern than did those which were densely clustered. Examining individual watersheds allows for the comparison of fragmentation among watersheds, as well as across the landscape as a whole. Similar studies of landscape structure in other National Forests and on other public lands may help to identify and prevent further fragmentation of these areas.
Iterative transient model for railgun electromechanical performance optimization

A numerical model is described that is used as a tool for analyzing and optimizing the interaction between a rail launcher and the driving pulse power system (PPS). For given projectile and launcher characteristics, the model determines the capacitor-based PPS configuration for optimal piezometric efficiency. The model was designed to handle both breech fed and distributed energy fed railguns with several module-triggering options. The user defines the parameters for the energy-storage modules, the launcher, and the projectile, and the model iterates through a number of modules and module connection timing to achieve optimum piezometric efficiency for a target muzzle velocity. An Excel spreadsheet is used as the user interface and Visual BASIC macros run to perform the time domain transient calculations.
Photometabolic production of hydrogen from organic substrates by free and immobilized mixed cultures of rhodospirillum rubrum and klebsiella pneumoniae

A culture of R. rubrum cells apparently contaminated with K. pneumoniae were immobilized by entrapment in agar. This system was used as a model for hydrogen production by photometabolic means. Observed results indicated that the contaminant exerted a major influence on the observed results. This preparation, when immobilized and used in a specifically designed reactor with glucose substrate, showed operational half-lives of approximately 1000 hr. The feasibility of using this ''mixed'' culture for producing hydrogen from acid hydrolyzed cellulose and wood sawdust was also examined. 5 refs.
Eigenfunctions of the Koch snowflake domain

We obtain non-tangential boundary estimates for the Dirichlet eigenfunctions ϕn and their gradients {∇ϕn} for a class of planar domains Ω with fractal boundaries. This class includes the quasidiscs and, in particular, snowflake-type domains. When applied to the case when Ω is the Koch snowflake domain, one of our main results states that {∇ϕ1(ω)} tends to ∞ or 0 as ω approaches certain types of boundary points (where ϕ1 > 0 denotes the ground state eigenfunction of the Dirichlet Laplacian on Ω). More precisely, let Ob (resp., Ac) denote the set of boundary points which are vertices of obtuse (resp., acute) angles in an inner polygonal approximation of the snowflake curve ∂Ω. Then given νeOb (resp., νe Ac), we show that {∇ϕ1(ω)}→∞ (resp., 0) as ω tends to ν in Φ within a cone based at ν. Moreover, we show that blowup of {∇ϕ1} also occurs at all boundary points in a Cantor-type set. These results have physical relevance to the damping of waves by fractal coastlines, as pointed out by Sapovalet al. in their experiments on the “Koch drum”.
Flow selection: a time-based selection and operation technique for sketching tools

Flow selection is a time-based modeless selection and operation technique for freehand drawing and sketch tools. We offer flow selection as a modeless technique to address the observation that modal selection requires too much cognitive effort and causes breakdowns in creative flow. Flow selection provides input to a new class of operations by assigning increasing, fractional selection strengths to objects over time. We discuss the current prototype system and possible applications for this novel technique for interacting with sketches.
Evaluation of linalool, a natural antimicrobial and insecticidal essential oil from basil: Effects on poultry

Linalool is a natural plant-product used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavoring agents. Linalool has proven antimicrobial and insect-repellent properties, which indicate it might be useful for control of enteropathogens or insect pests in poultry production. However, there are no published reports that linalool may be safely administered to or tolerated by chickens. Linalool was added to the diets of day-of-hatch chicks, and they were fed linalool-supplemented diets for 3 wk. We studied the effects of linalool on serum chemistry, gross pathology, feed conversion, and relative liver weights. Linalool had a dramatic negative dose-dependent effect on feed conversion at concentrations in the feed exceeding 2% linalool, but not on gross pathology. Liver weights were significantly increased in the 5% linalool-treated birds. There was a statistical effect on blood glucose, but this parameter remained below the cut-offs for elevated serum glucose, and the result is likely of no biological significance. Linalool caused serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels to increase, but it did not increase serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. The linalool effect on AST was dose-dependent, but in linalool doses between 0.1 and 2% of the feed, AST was not elevated beyond normal parameters. Linalool at 2% or less may be safely added to chicken feed. We suggest future studies to evaluate the addition of linalool to the litter, where it may be used as an antimicrobial or an insect repellent or to produce a calming effect.
Scale Effect in Dry Friction During Multiple-Asperity Contact

Scale effect on dry friction during multiple-asperity contact is considered. The coefficient of friction is a sum of the adhesion component, two-body deformation component, three-body deformation (plowing) component, and a so-called ratchet component of friction. These components of the friction force depend on the relevant real area of contact (dependent on roughness and mechanical properties) and relevant shear strength during sliding. A model of rough surface topography based on an empirical power rule for scale dependence of roughness and contact parameters is proposed. The effect of load on contact parameters is also considered. Comparison of the model to experiment data on scale and load dependence of friction is presented.
EFFECT OF AN ABNORMAL KNOB-CARRYING CHROMOSOME 10 ON PARAMUTATION OF Rr IN MAIZE

THE R' factor in maize, conditioning anthocyanin formation in seed and plant, is highly sensitive to alteration in pigment-producing action in heterozygotes with the stippled (R") or the marbled (Rmb) allele, when present in a structurally normal chromosome 10 (BRINK 1956; BRINK and WEYERS 1957). The R'rV kernels resulting from testcrosses of standard R'R', RrrT, or R'rg plants on rgfl females (colorless aleurone, green plant) are darkly mottled, whereas the corresponding class of seeds from r+OO x RrRst8 and TOflO x R'Rmb 6 matings are weakly colored. The reduction in pigment-producing action that R' invariably undergoes in RTRst and R'Rmb plants is heritable and has been attributed to a kind of genetic change at, or near, the R' locus termed paramutation (BRINK 1958). Recent studies, the detailed results of which are unpublished, show that the sensitivity of R' to paramutation in heterozygotes with stippled is greatly altered by reciprocal translocations involving the long arm of chromosome 10, in which the R locus resides. The present report is concerned with a related investigation, namely, the effects on R' action following insertion of the factor into a chromosome 10 differing from the normal in possessing a unique terminal segment on the long arm that contains a large heterochromatic knob. Abnormal chromosome 10: The knob-bearing, abnormal chromosome 10 in question, designated K10, has been found in several races of maize from Latin America and the southwestern United States and in a teosinte strain from Chapingo, Mexico (LONGLEY 1937,1938; RHOADES 1952). RHOADES (1942) observed that the proximal portion and a small distal portion of the distinctive terminal segment on the long arm of K10 are euchromatic. A conspicuous heterochromatic knob, about equal in length at pachytene to the sum of these euchromatic parts, lies between the latter. RHOADES found also that the proximal euchromatic part of K10 which is associated at pachytene with the distal one sixth of the normal chromosome 10, in K10/10 heterozygotes, differed in chromomere pattern. EMMERLING (1959) has identified three prominent chromomeres in this region that are not present in normal 10 and has observed that another, less conspicuous, chromomere lies at the base of the knob. Pairing between K10 and normal 10, in K10/10 heterozygotes, ends in the region between
Response to Call for a Re-evaluation of the American Heart Association's Standpoint Concerning Device-Guided Slow Breathing Using the RESPeRATE Device

We thank Dr van Dijk et al for their interest in, and contributions to our understanding of, device-guided slow breathing as an alternative approach to lowering blood pressure.1 We regret that the meta-analysis reported in our overview1 was completed before the publication of their recent trial, which found no significant differences in office blood pressure responses among 45 diabetes mellitus patients.3 In our review as part of the American Heart Association scientific statement,2 we were indeed careful to point out many of the same methodological issues as raised in their letter, their recent trial,3 and in an independent meta-analysis.4 We expressed similar concerns about the possibility of inadequate statistical power, …
Medical care for prisoners: the evolution of a civil right.

“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” Amendment VIII of the Constitution of the United States
Absorbance, absorption coefficient, and apparent quantum yield: A comment on common ambiguity in the use of these optical concepts

Several important optical terms, such as “absorbance” and “absorption coefficient,” are frequently used ambiguously in the current peer-reviewed literature. Because these terms are important when deriving other quantities, such as the apparent quantum yield of photoproduction, ambiguity in the application of these concepts leads to results that are difficult or impossible to interpret correctly. Such ambiguity also hinders comparison of results between studies and ultimately harms proper parameterization of numerical models of oceanic processes, as well as the refinement of remote sensing algorithms. We review these concepts and the implications of such ambiguities. A few simple recommendations that follow conventions developed by optical oceanographers are provided to authors dealing with these concepts. In particular, the symbol a is recommended for the absorption coefficient (in Napierian form, m−1), which is also preferred over absorbance (dimensionless) when data are presented; the symbol a is not recommended for absorbance; A should be used with caution because, although it has been used widely for absorbance in photochemistry and photobiology, it has also been used for absorptance in physics and optical oceanography; the term “absorptivity” is not recommended because of conflicting definitions in the current literature; the pathlength should always be given whenever absorbance data are presented; and normalization of photoproduction rates to absorbance or absorption coefficient should be performed only on optically thin samples, unless the inner filter effects are accounted for and corrected.
Total Internal Reflection-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

The combination of total internal reflection illumination with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) is an emerging technique. This method allows measurement of at least three key properties of fluorophores very close to surface/solution interfaces, including the local fluorophore concentration, the local fluorophore translational mobility, and the kinetic rate constants which describe the reversible association of fluorophores with the interface. This review describes the conceptual basis of TIR-FCS, aspects important to the experimental realization of this technique, and methods for theoretically modeling and analyzing data. Previous experimental applications of TIR-FCS are also summarized, including studies of protein dynamics very close to substrate-supported planar membranes, measurement of the kinetic dissociation rate for fluorescent ligands specifically and reversibly associating with receptors in substrate-supported planar membranes, the interaction of small dye molecules with chromatographic surfaces, investigations of fluorophore behavior in sol-gel films, and the monitoring of intracellular vesicular motion near the inner leaflet of plasma membranes in intact, live cells. A number of potential future directions for TIR-FCS are indicated, for example, the use of very high refractive index substrates or small, metallic substrate-deposited structures, the use of photon counting histograms, the use of a single fluorescent reporter molecule to provide kinetic rate constants for nonfluorescent molecules which compete for the same surface sites, and more sophisticated methods of data analysis including two-color cross-correlation and high-order autocorrelation.
Ab initio phonon coupling and optical response of hot electrons in plasmonic metals

Ultrafast laser measurements probe the nonequilibrium dynamics of excited electrons in metals with increasing temporal resolution. Electronic structure calculations can provide a detailed microscopic understanding of hot electron dynamics, but a parameter-free description of pump-probe measurements has not yet been possible, despite intensive research, because of the phenomenological treatment of electron-phonon interactions. We present ab initio predictions of the electron-temperature dependent heat capacities and electron-phonon coupling coefficients of plasmonic metals. We find substantial differences from free-electron and semiempirical estimates, especially in noble metals above transient electron temperatures of 2000 K, because of the previously neglected strong dependence of electron-phonon matrix elements on electron energy. We also present first-principles calculations of the electron-temperature dependent dielectric response of hot electrons in plasmonic metals, including direct interband and phonon-assisted intraband transitions, facilitating complete theoretical predictions of the time-resolved optical probe signatures in ultrafast laser experiments.
Behavioral and physiologic aspects of nicotine dependence: the role of nicotine dose.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the behavioral and physiologic aspects of nicotine dependence. The dose of nicotine is a fundamental determinant of nicotine related behavioral and physiologic responses, including those which comprise nicotine dependence or addiction. Analogous data have been obtained in studies of dependence to opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and other drugs. Besides enhancing the understanding of drug dependencies, studies of various dose-response relations may also be useful in helping to understand earlier seemingly paradoxical conclusions regarding the pharmacology of nicotine, e.g. whether nicotine exposure led to physical dependence or whether nicotine was categorized as a stimulant with some paradoxical relaxant actions or a relaxant with some paradoxical stimulant actions. The chapter concludes that, rather than a paradoxical drug, the pharmacology of nicotine is complex but orderly, with many effects being determined by factors such as the dose administered. Understanding the determinants of drug categorization, such as dose level and response measure may help avoid misunderstanding of theoretical formulations designed to integrate and unify nicotine's manifold effects on physiology, mood, and behavior.
Effects of slip severity on muscle activation of the trailing leg during an unexpected slip

Falls and injuries due to falls are a major health concern, and accidental slips are a leading cause of falls during gait. Understanding how the body reacts to an unexpected slip can aid in developing intervention techniques to reduce the number of injuries due to falls. In this study, muscle activation patterns, specifically those of the trailing (non-slipping) limb, were studied in unexpected slips of 24 young and 24 middle-aged adults. The typical reaction of the trailing limb is swing phase interruption in an attempt to arrest the slip. Variables examined were the reactive muscle activation onset, peak electromyography (EMG) magnitude, and time-to-peak of the vastus lateralis and medial hamstring of the trailing limb. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the effects of slip severity, quantified by peak slip velocity, and age on outcome variables. As slip severity increased, the reactive activation onset of the medial hamstring was significantly faster and there was a trend approaching significance for the onset of the vastus lateralis. Additionally, the peak magnitude and time-to-peak of the vastus lateralis increased with slip severity. No significant effects of age were found on any of the output variables. These findings may aid in development of perturbation-based paradigms, as it may be possible to "tune" the postural control system to generate an appropriate response to unexpected slips.
Phase Stability of Beta-gallia Rutile Intergrowths: (Ga,In)4(Sn,Ti)n-4O2n-2

Beta-gallia-rutile (BGR) intergrowths possess one-dimensional tunnels that are suitable hosts for small-to-medium cations, thereby making them potential candidates for ion conductors, ion separators, battery electrodes, and chemical sensors. The BGR intergrowths are a series of homologous compounds expressed generically as Ga4Mn-4O2n-2, where n is an integer; and M is a tetravalent cation that forms a rutile-type oxide. In an attempt to identify materials with high tunnel densities and higher contents of a reducible M4+ cation, we are mapping the compositional stability regions of intergrowths expressed as Ga4–4xIn4xSn(n-4)(1-y)Ti(n-4)yO2n-2 where n = 6, 7 and 9 and 0.15 < x < 0.30 and 0 < y < 1.0. Polycrystalline samples were prepared by solid-state reaction at 1250 – 1400 °C and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Factors that affect phase stability are discussed.
A GENERAL APPROACH TO MODAL ANALYSIS FOR TIME-VARYING SYSTEMS

Methods to generalize modal response analysis for the case of linear time-varying mechanical systems are developed and compared with regard to accuracy, reliability, and ease of impiementation. Previous attempts to use modal methods for these systems have failed to include various terms due to time-variation in the eigenvectors; these terms are in fact negligible only under the very restrictive assumption that the system configuration varies quasistatically. The methods developed here preserve all time-varying characteristics of the modal transformation, and therefore represent completely general approaches to the analysis of linear time-varying mechanical systems.
340 OVERCOMING THE CEILING AND HALO EFFECTS IN FACULTY CLINICAL EVALUATIONS.

Background Standard evaluations of faculty teaching are limited by a lack of specificity and the ceiling and halo effects. Objective To illustrate the richness of specific feedback generated by trainees using a novel research tool, the Nominal-Group Technique (NGT). Methods Medical students and residents rotating on the inpatient medicine service participated in end of rotation NGTs to elicit evaluative feedback on their attending physicians. NGT is a structured process utilized in a group setting to elicit responses to a specific question. The question placed to the team members was What are the specific teaching behaviors of attending physicians that foster learning by adding to the knowledge, attitudes, or skills that define competency as a physician? Using a "round-robin " nomination strategy to elicit responses from individual participants, a comprehensive list of behaviors was generated. Next, team members independently selected responses from the list that reflected from their perspective their attending9s most effective teaching behaviors and those with room for improvement. The data were returned to attendings as feedback. To illustrate the richness of the feedback generated via NGT, we present a qualitative analysis of the team results of a single physician on two consecutive ward months. Results A total of 119 students and residents performed 42 NGT evaluations of 23 attending physicians. For our sample attending at baseline, team members identified the most effective teaching behaviors as asking questions concerning clinical decision making, teaching from past experience, and evaluating team members mid-month. Areas in which improvement was felt possible included being more decisive, giving short talks on pertinent patient topics, and teaching how one educates patients. Two months after receiving feedback, the attending9s new team indicated that two of the behaviors previously identified as having room for improvement were now considered to be among his three most effective teaching behaviors: having confidence in decision making, setting aside time for group talks, and being approachable and willing to answer questions. Conclusions In overcoming the ceiling and halo effects, NGT provides faculty with personalized behavioral feedback often missed with current evaluation tools.
Interstitial fluid pressure of ileum measured from chronically implanted polyethylene capsules

Steady-state fluid pressure measurements were obtained from polyethylene capsules chronically implanted in the walls of cat ileum. Measurements were performed while ileal venous outflow pressure was maintained at 0, 10, 20, or 30 mmHg. The resulting mean steady-state capsule pressure ranged from -0.56 to 7.3 mmHg over the range of imposed venous outflow pressures. The data provide evidence that at an ileal venous outflow pressure in the range of 10 mmHg, comparable to a normal portal pressure, interstitial fluid pressure is positive, increasing as tissue hydration increases, and is a significant contributing force opposing increases in the transcapillary filtration force. Additionally, the qualitative response of implanted capsules to close intra-arterial infusion of normal saline (transcapillary filtration), Dextran 40 (transcapillary absorption), and histamine (transcapillary filtration-permeability changes), and during and after an arterial occlusion of 60-s duration (transcapillary absorption-filtration) were obtained. The results demonstrate that the implanted capsules appropriately track changes in interstitial fluid pressure when the state of tissue hydration is altered by an induced net transcapillary fluid filtration or absorption. Finally, total protein concentration of capsule fluid was not significantly different from lymph fluid derived from a lymphatic vessel draining the ileal segment.
Workarounds and Test Results Follow-up in Electronic Health Record-Based Primary Care

Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) have potential to facilitate reliable communication and follow-up of test results. However, limitations in EHR functionality remain, leading practitioners to use workarounds while managing test results. Workarounds can lead to patient safety concerns and signify indications as to how to build better EHR systems that meet provider needs. Objective: To understand why primary care practitioners (PCPs) use workarounds to manage test results by analyzing data from a previously conducted national cross-sectional survey on test result management. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from a national survey of PCPs practicing in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and explored the use of workarounds in test results management. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the association between key sociotechnical factors that could affect test results follow-up (e.g., both technology-related and those unrelated to technology, such as organizational support for patient notification) and workaround use. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of free text survey data to examine reasons for use of workarounds. Results: Of 2554 survey respondents, 1104 (43%) reported using workarounds related to test results management. Of these 1028 (93%) described the type of workaround they were using; 719 (70%) reported paper-based methods, while 230 (22%) used a combination of paper- and computer-based workarounds. Primary care practitioners who self-reported limited administrative support to help them notify patients of test results or described an instance where they personally (or a colleague) missed results, were more likely to use workarounds (p=0.02 and p=0.001, respectively). Qualitative analysis identified three main reasons for workaround use: 1) as a memory aid, 2) for improved efficiency and 3) for facilitating internal and external care coordination. Conclusion: Workarounds to manage EHR-based test results are common, and their use results from unmet provider information management needs. Future EHRs and the respective work systems around them need to evolve to meet these needs.
DEFINING RELATIONAL PATHOLOGY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: THE DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD DC:0–5 APPROACH

Infant mental health is explicitly relational in its focus, and therefore a diagnostic classification system for early childhood disorders should include attention not only to within-the-child psychopathology but also between child and caregiver psychopathology. In this article, we begin by providing a review of previous efforts to introduce this approach that date back more than 30 years. Next, we introduce changes proposed in the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood DC:0-5 (ZERO TO THREE, in press). In a major change from previous attempts, the DC:0-5 includes an Axis I "Relationship Specific Disorder of Early Childhood." This disorder intends to capture disordered behavior that is limited to one caregiver relationship rather than cross contextually. An axial characterization is continued from the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood DC:0-3R (ZERO TO THREE, 2005), but two major changes are introduced. First, the DC:0-5 proposes to simplify ratings of relationship adaptation/maladaptation, and to expand what is rated so that in addition to characterizing the child's relationship with his or her primary caregiver, there also is a characterization of the network of family relationships in which the child develops. This includes coparenting relationships and the entire network of close relationships that impinge on the young child's development and adaptation.
Social Network Signal Processing for Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract This chapter demonstrates the utility of exploiting signal processing techniques common to physical sensing modalities in order to reconstruct conditions of the physical world from social network feeds. We show that, as a sensing modality, social sensing is not unlike acoustic, vibration, or magnetic sensing. A mathematical analogy is presented between social networks and physical media that allows adaptation of signal processing algorithms derived for the latter to solve novel challenges observed in the former. The chapter describes examples of event identification and tracking using Twitter and Instagram data, and presents the underlying analytical foundations.
Many-Body Two-Quantum Coherencesin 2D Fourier-Transform Spectra of Semiconductors

Two-quantum coherences in two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectra are attributed to many-body interactions. 2DFT spectroscopy allows two-quantum coherences in semiconductors to be isolated. As a result, many-body coherences can be separated from bound biexciton coherences.
Considering the role of food insecurity in low self-control and early delinquency

Abstract Purpose The present study examines whether experiences of household food insecurity during childhood are predictive of low self-control and early involvement in delinquency. Methods In order to examine these associations, we employ data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) – a national study that follows a large group of children born in the U.S. between 1998 and 2000. Results Children raised in food insecure households exhibit significantly lower levels of self-control during early childhood and higher levels of delinquency during late childhood than children raised in food secure households, net of covariates. Both transient and persistent food insecurity are significantly and positively associated with low self-control and early delinquency, although persistent food insecurity is associated with larger increases in the risk of low self-control and early delinquency. Ancillary analyses reveal that low self-control partly explains the association between food insecurity and early delinquency. Conclusions The general theory of crime may need to be expanded to account for the role of early life stressors linked to a tenuous supply of healthy household foods in the development of self-control. Future research should seek to further elucidate the process by which household food insecurity influences childhood self-control and early delinquency.
Effect of loading chemically and mechanically pre-treated fumed silica as filler on an etch & rinse model dental adhesive

AbstractFumed silica is one of the most commonly used fillers for dental resin adhesives. However, fumed silica produced by flame hydrolysis of chlorosilanes are typically agglomerated aggregates instead of isolated primary particles. The fumed silica aggregates may affect the dispersion of fillers in the resin matrix, thus affect the bonding performance of the dental adhesives. In this study, fumed silica fillers chemically treated with methacrylsilane were loaded into an etch & rinse model dental adhesive. Filler 1 was only chemically pre-treated, while Filler 2 was combined chemically and mechanically pre-treated to break the agglomerated aggregates. The experiment result indicated that Filler 1 has faster rheology control effect than Filler 2 on the handling property of the filled resin adhesive showing as the rapid increased viscosity, which may due to the fast inorganic phase growing in the Filler 1 filled resin matrix. As for the mechanical properties, neither Filler 1 nor Filler 2 has an positive ...
KdV equation beyond standard assumptions on initial data

Abstract We show that the Cauchy problem for the KdV equation can be solved by the inverse scattering transform (IST) for any initial data bounded from below, decaying sufficiently rapidly at + ∞ , but unrestricted otherwise. Thus our approach does not require any boundary condition at − ∞ .
Phosphorus limitation of aboveground production in northern hardwood forests.

Forest productivity on glacially derived soils with weatherable phosphorus (P) is expected to be limited by nitrogen (N), according to theories of long-term ecosystem development. However, recent studies and model simulations based on resource optimization theory indicate that productivity can be co-limited by N and P. We conducted a full factorial N × P fertilization experiment in 13 northern hardwood forest stands of three age classes in central New Hampshire, USA, to test the hypothesis that forest productivity is co-limited by N and P. We also asked whether the response of productivity to N and P addition differs among species and whether differential species responses contribute to community-level co-limitation. Plots in each stand were fertilized with 30 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 , 10 kg P·ha-1 ·yr-1 , N + P, or neither nutrient (control) for four growing seasons. The productivity response to treatments was assessed using per-tree annual relative basal area increment (RBAI) as an index of growth. RBAI responded significantly to P (P = 0.02) but not to N (P = 0.73). However, evidence for P limitation was not uniform among stands. RBAI responded to P fertilization in mid-age (P = 0.02) and mature (P = 0.07) stands, each taken as a group, but was greatest in N-fertilized plots of two stands in these age classes, and there was no significant effect of P in the young stands. Both white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) responded significantly to P; no species responded significantly to N. We did not find evidence for N and P co-limitation of tree growth. The response to N + P did not differ from that to P alone, and there was no significant N × P interaction (P = 0.68). Our P limitation results support neither the N limitation prediction of ecosystem theory nor the N and P co-limitation prediction of resource optimization theory, but could be a consequence of long-term anthropogenic N deposition in these forests. Inconsistencies in response to P suggest that successional status and variation in site conditions influence patterns of nutrient limitation and recycling across the northern hardwood forest landscape.
The prospects for general sales taxation in american state and local government finance: challenges for a fiscal workhorse unready for the new millennium

The retail sales tax has provided a strong foundation for American state government finance since its beginnings in the Great Depression. However, its position as a productive, reliable, and administrable revenue source is now under challenge from three forces. First, it continues as a tax primarily on purchases of tangible personal property, despite the shift in consumption toward services. Second, the physical presence rule for taxation of sales by remote vendors creates an intolerable imbalance between local and remote sellers. And third, legislatures keep gnawing away at the base with politically attractive but fiscally unjustifiable exemptions. In total, the position of the sales tax as a viable and defensible revenue alternative is at risk.
A Comparison of Gang- and Non-gang-Related Violent Incidents from the Incarcerated Youth Perspective

Research reveals that violence in correctional settings occurs due to both gang and non-gang issues. But there has been limited scholarship that directly compares violent incidents from the incarce...
Monophone-Based Background Modeling for Two-Stage On-Device Wake Word Detection

Accurate on-device wake word detection is crucial to products with far-field voice control such as the Amazon Echo. It is quite challenging to build a wake word system with both low False Reject Rate (FRR) and low False Alarm Rate (FAR) in real scenarios where there are various types of background speech, music or noise, especially when computational resources on the device is limited. In this paper, we introduce a two-stage wake word system based on Deep Neural Network (DNN) acoustic modeling, propose a new way to model the non-keyword background events using monophone-based units and present how richer information can be extracted from those monophone units for final wake word detection. Under the new system, we could get around 16% relative reduction in FRR when fixing the false alarm level, and about 37% relative reduction in FAR on the other hand if we maintain the miss rate. For the 2nd stage classifier itself, it is able to reduce the false alarm rate relatively by about 67% on top of 1st stage hypothesis with very few computational resources.
Delivery of survivorship care from rural primary care and oncology practices.

85Background: While evidence-based guidelines for survivorship care exist, implementation in oncology and primary care practices has fallen short. There is little evidence of the barriers preventin...
REGIONAL REGULATION OF CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS AND METABOLISM

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the regional regulation of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. It discusses a study in which the local cerebral blood volume (LCBV) response to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension in a series of ten normal male volunteers was examined. An emission tomographic technique using 99mTc labeled red blood cells was used to measure LCBV in multiple regions of the brain with three-dimensional resolution. With this method, a resolution of 1.7 cm in the plane of section was obtained. End tidal carbon dioxide concentration was monitored with an infrared CO2 analyzer and arterial blood samples were obtained and analyzed for PCO2, PO2, and pH. In five subjects, two scans were obtained with the subject breathing room air following which the subjects inhaled 3% carbon dioxide for 10 min, and a third scan obtained. The inspired gas was then changed to 5% carbon dioxide that the subject breathed for an additional 10 min, following which the fourth scan was obtained. In all subjects, the inhalation of carbon dioxide caused an increase in cerebral blood volume and a decrease in hyperventilation.
Onyx: a protoype phase change memory storage array

We describe a prototype high-performance solid-state drive based on first-generation phase-change memory (PCM) devices called Onyx. Onyx has a capacity of 10 GB and connects to the host system via PCIe. We describe the internal architecture of Onyx including the PCM memory modules we constructed and the FPGA-based controller that manages them. Onyx can perform a 4 KB random read in 38 µs and sustain 191K 4 KB read IO operations per second. A 4 KB write requires 179 µs. We describe our experience tuning the Onyx system to reduce the cost of wear-leveling and increase performance. We find that Onyx out-performs a state-of-the-art flash-based SSD for small writes (< 2 KB) by between 72 and 120% and for reads of all sizes. In addition, Onyx incurs 20-51% less CPU overhead per IOP for small requests. Combined, our results demonstrate that even first-generation PCM SSDs can outperform flash-based arrays for the irregular (and frequently read-dominated) access patterns that define many of today's "killer" storage applications. Next generation PCM devices will widen the performance gap further and set the stage for PCM becoming a serious flash competitor in many applications.
Prolongation of QTc and Risk of Stroke: The REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between prolongation of QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) with incident stroke.Background: Unlike cardiovascular morbid...
Synchronous dynamics over numerosity-constrained stochastic networks

Collective behavior in animal groups is a recognizable phenomenon executed by interacting individuals that exhibit coordinated motions [67]. Social species, such as fish, use collective behavior to capitalize on inherent benefits of social life, such as advantages in energy expenditure, foraging capabilities, and predator evasion [49]. Beyond spatial constraints such as distance which limit interactions between individuals, communication underlying collective behavior is mediated by the perceptual capabilities of the species. Perceptual capabilities include vision, vibration sensing, electrical, and chemical signals, and psychological factors such as numerosity, which quantifies a critical limit to the species perception of natural numbers.
Glucose-Mediated Glucose Disposal at Baseline Insulin Is Impaired in IFG

Objective To quantify glucose-mediated glucose disposal with and without basal insulin replacement and insulin-mediated glucose disposal in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Research Design and Methods We used the hyperglycemic/pancreatic clamp and stepped euglycemic clamp techniques to quantify glucose disposal and suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 14) and those with IFG (n = 14). Results Total body glucose-mediated glucose uptake, measured with the hyperglycemic/pancreatic clamp, was not significantly affected by the basal plasma insulin levels in subjects with IFG and those with NGT. Compared with subjects with NGT, those with IFG had significantly lower glucose-mediated glucose uptake (by 15%) during the hyperglycemic clamp performed with and without basal insulin replacement. In contrast, insulin-mediated glucose disposal was comparable in both groups. The suppression of EGP by hyperglycemia was similar in both groups. However, the suppression of EGP by insulin was attenuated in those with IFG compared with those with NGT. Conclusions The results of the present study have demonstrated that (i) glucose-mediated glucose disposal is impaired in those with IFG; (ii) insulin-mediated glucose uptake in IFG is normal; and (iii) insulin action to suppress EGP is impaired.
A critical examination of urban resilience in an era of authoritarian environmental governance

This paper examines urban resilience theory and practice under authoritarian urban governance. Urban resilience is framed as a unifying translocal concept for governing cities worldwide. However, urban resilience research expresses largely democratic ideals. This tendency is expressed through the assumption of data-driven decision-making and popular participation in practice and the validity and integrity of data sets, access to formal government proceedings, and elite interviews in scholarship. However, authoritarianism is presently on the rise worldwide. Therefore, it would be wise to evaluate closely the ways in which authoritarianism influences urban resilience. In this paper, I aim to open a discussion about the relationship between urban resilience and urban authoritarian governance. I characterize the ways in which regime types are relevant to theories, planning, and implementation of urban resilience through a discussion of Singapore and Tianjin, China as models of authoritarian urban environmental governance. I evaluate the controversial claim that authoritarianism is more capable of responding to the complex, multi-scale, socio-ecological problems associated with environmental degradation and climate change. In other words, greater concentration of political economic power and corresponding restriction on individual liberties may be needed to transition toward resilient futures. Then I discuss the practical and methodological challenges that rising authoritarianism raises for the planning and implementation of resilient cities. I conclude by posing a series of questions and challenges for urban resilience scholarship in an increasingly authoritarian era.
600.52 What Is the Impact of Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair on Inotrope Use in Cardiogenic Shock

Percutaneous mitral valve (MV) repair with the MitraClip device is effective in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Patients with NYHA IV heart failure requiring inotropes or mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have been excluded from prior MitraClip studies. It is not known whether
A discriminant for on-orbit wavelength measurement

We studied and demonstrated a wavelength discriminant structure that consists of one circulator, one or more Fiber Bragg Gratings and two photodiodes. The discriminants are built in NASA’s LCRD (Laser Communication Relay Demonstration) flight modems to measure the transmitter and pilot laser wavelengths on orbit. The performance of the discriminants is evaluated in ambient and thermal vacuum chamber environment. The paper reports on results of a few discriminants working at different wavelengths and power levels. The trending of the discriminant performance under ambient and TVAC cycles is discussed. The discriminant can achieve sub-picometer wavelength accuracies if calibrated properly.
Operative Treatment of Neuroblastoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma

Several widely-held concepts concerning the management of neuroblastoma have been changed radically, or at least slightly altered, since Evans, D’Angio and Randolph1 proposed the staging scheme in 1971. The staging system we use at the Children’s Hospital, Philadelphia, is outlined later in this paper.
Physical activity and postural balance in rural community dwelling older adults.

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) identify the types of physical activity being done among rural community dwelling older adults; and 2) determine the relationship between amount of physical activity and postural balance in that population. Background Balance impairment coupled with other fall risk factors pose a formidable challenge for aging adults. This study identified types of physical activity rural-community dwelling older adults do and explored the relationship between amount (in minutes) of physical activity and balance. Methods A cross sectional, correlational design was used to recruit rural community-dwelling older adults. Data were collected using the Jackson Heart Study Physical Activity Survey, Berg Balance Scale, and Timed Up and Go Test; ActiGraph accelerometers were worn to objectively measure physical activity. Results One hundred and one participants enrolled. Most were female (78%), White (74%), and between 65 and 91 years old. Berg Balance Scale scores positively correlated with average minutes of light (r = 0.262) and moderate (r = 0.276) physical activity; and the Jackson Heart Study Physical Activity Survey active living index (r = 0.320) and home and garden index (r = 0.324). In regression models, age and sex were the strongest predictors of Berg Balance Scale (adjusted r2 = 0.313, F(6, 89) = 8.203, P ≤ 0.001). Physical activity was not associated. Conclusions Minutes of light or moderate physical activity were not associated with balance. However, investigating factors such as physical activity that influence health functional status and balance deserve continuous attention.