cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tuning Molecular Relaxation for Vertical Orientation in Cylindrical Block Copolymer Films via Sharp Dynamic Zone Annealing

Fabricating vertically ordered and etchable high aspect ratio nanodomains of block copolymer (BCP) thin films on diverse substrates via continuous processing dynamic cold zone annealing (CZA) is particularly attractive for nanomanufacturing of next-generation electronics. Previously, we reported dynamic CZA studies with a shallow thermal gradient (maximum ∇T ∼ 14 °C/mm) that produced only BCP cylinders oriented parallel to substrate. Here, we report a CZA utilizing a dynamic sharp thermal gradient (∇T ∼ 45 °C/mm) (i.e., CZA-S). This method allows for production of etchable and vertically oriented cylindrical domains of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) in 100–1000 nm thick films on low thermal conductivity rigid (quartz) and flexible (PDMS, Kapton) substrates. Competing substrate wetting interactions dominate BCP orientation in films below 100 nm while broadening of the thermal gradient profile in films thicker than 1000 nm leads to loss of vertical orientation. An optimal dynamic sweep rate (∼5 μm/s) p...
Collateral Damage: How High-Stakes Testing Corrupts America's Schools

Authors Sharon Nichols and David Berliner have served up a provocative text full of ominous language similar to A Nation at Risk, which begins as early as the title, Collateral Damage: How High-Sta...
Fundamentals of Discounted Cash Flow

This note introduces the time value of money and the general discounted-cash-flow approach to valuation. It covers present value, future value, and effective interest rates, and includes specific examples.
Cigarette smoking and perceptions about smoking and health in Chad.

Cigarette consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades in Africa, and a steep rise in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is expected to follow. This paper presents findings from a study of men's smoking habits and perceptions about smoking and health conducted in an urban centre in southern Chad. Over 24% of men aged 15 and above smoke, and the prevalence of smoking among 25 to 44 year olds exceeds 40%. Members of the study sample began smoking at a mean age of 22, and over 78% smoke unfiltered cigarettes. Unemployed men have higher rates of smoking (50%) than men in other occupational categories, though we found no association between smoking status and level of education. Most smokers (52.4%) smoke fewer than five cigarettes daily ; recent migration to an urban area is associated with heavier smoking. Though there are some misconceptions about the effects of tobacco, the vast majority of smokers (97.6%) and non-smokers (94.8%) know that cigarettes are damaging to health. Nearly 90% of smokers are trying to quit or intend to quit in the near future. The study highlights the addictive nature of tobacco and the need to focus on smoking prevention, particularly among young men.
Herpes Simplex Virus Replication in Human Lymphocyte Cultures Stimulated with Phytomitogens and Anti-Lymphocyte Globulin

SummaryReplication of herpes simplex virus in lymphocyte cultures stimulated by PWM, Con A, and ALG is compared with the replication of this virus in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. The resulting virus titers are similar with all the mitogens tested and appear to be dependent on the amount of DNA synthesized by the cells rather than on blastogenesis.
Effects of Starvation on Rat Liver mRNA Translation Products

The synthesis of rat liver protein and RNA decreases with starvation. It is not yet known whether such decreases are regulated strictly at a transcriptional level, or if post-transcriptional controls are also involved. In this study we investigate the effects of 0, 2, or 4 days starvation on the levels of specific, abundant mRNAs in total and polysomal RNA populations. The mRNAs were analyzed by translation in vitro in mRNA-dependent, cell-free, protein synthesizing systems. The resulting polypeptide products were separated by gel electrophoresis and visualized with fluorography. The amount of albumin translated from both polysomal and total cellular mRNA decreased 20-40% with fasting. In contrast, a specific peptide having a molecular mass of approximately 30 kDa increased two- to three-fold in total cellular RNA with a smaller increase observed in polysomal RNA. These changes were maximal at 2 days of starvation. Since starvation is known to cause alterations in liver metabolism the 30-kDa polypeptide may be related to enzymes or other proteins involved in this homeostatic response.
Synchytrium Decipiens and Similar Species

SUMMARYSynchytrium aecidioides (Pk.) Pat. and Lagerh. on Psoralea mutisii from Ecuador is a long-cycled species and differs markedly from Peck's Uredo aecidioides or S. decipiens Farl. It is rename...
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AS AN OUTCOME IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH

This article discusses the conceptual and methodological issues that continue to plague health-related quality of life (HRQOL) research. The current conceptualizations of the construct are reviewed to make explicit the issues of diversity and lack of consensus in definitions, validity of the conceptual unity of multiple domains, and lack of attention to the integration of the HRQOL construct into a theoretical meaningful model. Inadequately addressed conceptual issues have resulted in the proliferation of scales to measure HRQOL the measurement issues to a need to focus on precision and sensitivity of measures. The author offers a new conceptualization of HRQOL, which encompasses both health-care provider and patient perspectives.
Predicting the Probability of Helper T Cell Immunodominant Sites through Discriminant Analysis

Bayesian discriminant analysis is used to predict whether or not a given protein segment will activate helper T cells. The predictor variables are drawn from the products of frequencies of amino acid residues. The model's predictive validity compares favourably with that of alternative modelling strategies, suggesting that this approach merits further investigation.
RECOMBINANT HUMAN CXC-CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR-4 IN MELANOPHORES ARE LINKED TO GI PROTEIN : SEVEN TRANSMEMBRANE CORECEPTORS FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ENTRY INTO CELLS

This article describes the transient expression of the CXC chemokine receptor-4 in Xenopus laevis melanophores and the resulting functional assay for the endogenous ligand for this receptor stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha. Specifically, it will be shown that SDF-1alpha produces increased light transmittance in transfected cells that is consistent with the activation of Gi protein. This stimulus pathway is further implicated by the abolition of this response after pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, a known method for the inactivation of Gi protein. The fact that SDF-1alpha does not produce responses in nontransfected cells and that treatment of the cells with 12G5, an antibody specific for the CXC chemokine receptor-4, eliminates this response indicates that this ligand produces responses by activation of this receptor in these cells. The possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells was explored by observing the effects of SDF-1alpha on HIV-mediated cell fusion. It was found that SDF-1alpha blocked cell-to-cell fusion (as has been previously reported) at concentrations 1200-fold greater than those required to produce Gi protein mediated responses. The implications of the functional assay to screening for new drugs to block HIV-mediated fusion is discussed.
90 GONADOTROPH ADENOMA WITH MARKEDLY ELEVATED TESTOSTERONE LEVELS.

Purpose of Study To present a case of a gonadotroph adenoma with markedly elevated testosterone levels. A review of relevant literature is also included. Methods A 61-year-old African American male was referred for evaluation of persistent headaches. Symptoms initially started 5 months earlier with bifrontal, pounding headaches and right temporal hemianopia. He admitted to decreased sexual activity and overall energy level, as well as increased facial hair growth. He denied any galactorrhea or enlargement of hands or feet. Examination was significant for mildly enlarged testes but no testicular masses. MRI revealed a pituitary macroadenoma measuring 2.7 × 2.2 cm, with extension into the right cavernous sinus and elevation of the optic chiasm. Results Laboratory workup to assess for secretory capacity was initiated. Prolactin was 24 ng/mL (2.1-17.7 ng/mL), LH 15.7 mIU/mL (1.5-9.3 mIU/mL), FSH 102.9 mIU/mL (1.4-18.1 mIU/mL), and total testosterone 2,270 ng/dL (241-827 ng/dl). He subsequently underwent successful transsphenoidal resection of the adenoma. Immunoperoxidase staining of the tissue was strongly positive for LH and weakly positive for FSH. Eighteen days postoperatively, laboratory results showed LH 1.6 mIU/mL, FSH 18.1 mIU/mL, and total testosterone 58 ng/dL. Conclusions Gonadotroph adenomas may produce supranormal concentrations of intact LH, which can rarely cause a supranormal testosterone concentration. The endocrinologist should be aware of this entity to facilitate diagnosis in the future.
Monitoring of disinfection in hospitals of all levels during 2006~2008 in Fenghua

Objective: Understood that the Fenghua all levels of Medical establishment′s disinfection condition,the analysis existence′s question,the improvement disinfection work,enhances the disinfection effect and the quality,prevents in the courtyard infection percentage increase.Methods:According to the medical department 《Disinfection Technology standard》,《Hospital Disinfection Sanitation standard》GB15982-1995,《Disinfection And Antiseptic Effect′s Assessment method And Standard》GB15981-1995,in 2006~2008 years to the whole city all levels of Medical establishment′s environment object surface,medical care personnel′s projects and so on hand,use disinfection fluid,air have carried on the sampling monitor.Results::2006~2008 year sample total qualified rate respectively is72.8%,80.2%,83.2%,the municipal Medical establishment total qualified rate is 90.4%,the Villages and towns Public health center is 76.7%,the individual clinic is 64.6%,the Private hospital is 76.9%.Conclusion:The Fenghua Medical establishment disinfection effect assumes year by year the trend of escalation,but must strengthen to the air,the hand,the table disinfection monitor work,specially the individual clinic′s disinfection quality should strengthen.
Recurrent ischemic strokes and headaches originating from Lambl’s excrescence (P2.273)

INTRODUCTION: Determining recurrent stroke etiologies and subsequent therapeutic approaches are challenging. Lambl’s excrescences (LE) are native cardiac valve strands variants associated with cerebral infarcts, transitory ischemic attacks and complicated migraine headaches. CASE REPORT: 60 year old female with history of hypertension, dyslipidemia and untreated obstructive sleep apnea was seen in neurologic consultation for recurrent strokes. Patient presented with acute onset blurry vision and abnormal left peri-ocular sensation lasting few hours, associated with minutes of slurred speech and a persistent frontal headache that started during casual conversation with her son. On arrival, visual and speech disturbances were resolved. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Brain MRI showed subacute infarct in the left middle frontal gyrus with petechial hemorrhage, old lacunar infarcts in bilateral centrum semiovale and chronic right occipital lobe infarct. Patient reported three admissions in different hospitals for strokes in the past year, with unrevealing work-up (normal transthoracic echocardiogram and hypercoagulation profile) and remained on daily Aspirin. Our further testing revealed normal CT head and neck angiogram and increased pulsatility index throughout the insonated vessels on the Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound. Transesophageal echocardiogram showed trileaflet aortic valve with a 10 mm long thin fibrin strand prolapsing into the left ventricle outflow tract in diastole, meeting LE’s echocardiographic criteria. Patient refused anticoagulation and surgical intervention. She opted for a combination of two antiplatelet agents and remained free from a cerebral ischemic event and headaches at 1 year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The association between recurrent strokes and late-age onset migraine with aura should raise clinical suspicion of a cardiogenic valvular etiology. Early TEE use is necessary to diagnose cardiac valvular strands like LE. LE associated with migraine headaches should prompt a treatment with anti-thrombotic agent. While anticoagulants and cardiothoracic surgery are indicated for recurrent strokes, a combined antiplatelet therapy was effective in our patient. Disclosure: Dr. Dumitrascu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tsimerinov has nothing to disclose.
Second-Generation Biofuel Production from Corn-Ethanol Industry Residues

Net ethanol production per unit mass of corn kernel can be significantly improved by utilizing fibrous co-products to produce cellulosic ethanol. Corn fiber is a good cellulosic feedstock to produce second-generation biofuel. A biorefinery concept is introduced to convert fibrous residue, corn fiber, into fermentable sugars at a lower temperature with minimal use of chemicals. Laboratory-scale consolidated fermentation system comprised of on-site fungal enzyme production system and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) yielded 7.1, 8.6 and 4.1 g ethanol per 100 g corn fiber when saccharified with the white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi, respectively. The highest corn-to-ethanol yield (8.6 g ethanol/100 g corn fiber) was equivalent to 42% of the theoretical ethanol yield from starch and cellulose in corn fiber. This is equivalent to 120 l of ethanol per metric ton of corn fiber. With process optimization, conversion of over 70% of corn fiber carbohydrate content into ethanol can generate as much as 13x109 l of ethanol per year, which is equivalent to 25% of the current annual ethanol production (52x109 l) in the US, additional $8.65 billion annual revenue and reduction in corn acreage by 3 mha. It is also possible to convert the carbohydrates to a fuel oil using a secondary oleaginous fungal process. The residual fiber enriched with fungal protein can still be utilized as animal feed without unbalancing the feed market/supply.
Marketing of Antique Product Labels: Anomalies and Challenges

The market for art, antiques and other one-of-a-kind objects is largely unlike any other. The overall unfamiliar nature of these non-conventional, historically significant items requires distinct attention. They are ordinarily scarce, and posses characteristics unlike other goods. Derived from each piece’s inherent uniqueness is its almost certain irreplaceability. This delicate obstacle, i.e., product irreplacability, constitutes one of the most prominent overall issues within the world of antique marketing. As we search deeper, however, we find pockets of antique merchandise that are not currently inflicted with this problem.
The Technology Acceptance Model and Other User Acceptance Theories

As global business markets become increasingly competitive, firms look to information technology to manage and improve their performance. Timely and accurate information is a key to gaining performance efficiency. Yet, firms may invest in technology only to find that their users are not willing to accept and use the new technology. This chapter explores the technology acceptance model and other theories of user acceptance.
Executive incentives as an instrument of leadership – Says who?:

There is currently wide consensus concerning the notion that corporations can and should call on executive incentives, particularly cash bonuses and stock options, to shape executive behaviors and enhance company performance. To be sure, much controversy surrounds the implementation of such incentives, but the lightning rod is typically the matter of how much, not the use of incentives themselves. Contemporary research, by and large, seeks to fine-tune an existing paradigm rather than probe its underlying assumptions. This article calls on the methodology of history to probe the underlying assumptions and construction of executive incentives in order to ask those fundamental questions. By exploring the work of General Motors president Alfred Sloan and McKinsey & Company consultant Arch Patton, both prime movers of the widespread use of such incentives, the article notes that their beliefs were an outgrowth of a particular historical context. The assumptions that emerged as a result of that context have si...
Role of Glutamate Transport in Alcohol Withdrawal

Abstract Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. However, excessive glutamate can lead to neurotoxicity. Evidence suggests that a hyperglutamatergic brain state is the core pathology behind alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). This hyperglutamatergic state results from upregulation of glutamate receptors, dysregulation of glutamate metabolism, and reduction of synaptic glutamate clearance. Numerous genetic factors along this pathway could modulate the vulnerability or severity of AWS. Benzodiazepines, which facilitate inhibitory neurotransmission, are standard therapeutic agents for acute AWS. While effective in reducing withdrawal severity, benzodiazepines carry risks of sedation, respiratory suppression, and dependence, and they do not correct the persistent hyperglutamatergic state associated with relapse. Data show that ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, upregulates excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and attenuates withdrawal manifestations in preclinical models. These findings underscore the importance of glutamatergic mechanisms in AWS and suggest that glutamate reuptake may represent a novel target for acute withdrawal and relapse prevention.
Two Design Experiments in Playful Architectural Adaptability

This paper presents two design experiments in playful architectural adaptability. The first is a tangible computational interface for the design of artifacts such as chairs. Framed within user-driven customization precedents and literature, it suggests ways in which computation can enable new ways of interacting with design knowledge. The second is an architectural installation that uses biometric data from human bodies to dynamically transform an occupant’s experience of an enclosed space. Documenting the development of a series of prototypes, this experiment outlines an area of design inquiry we term “biometrically-responsive architecture”, linking architectural spaces and the human body in new ways. Combining methods from architecture and computation, and emphasizing open-ended bodily interactions over symbolic transactions and goal-driven optimization, these two experiments outline ways in which architectural artifacts and spaces can interact with human designers and occupants in playful ways.
Treatment Strategies in Octogenarians with Early-Stage, High-Risk Breast Cancer

Octogenarians with early-stage breast cancer often have low-risk tumor biology. However, optimal treatment strategies for those with high-risk biology remain unclear. We reviewed the records of women ages 80–89 years with biopsy-proven, Stage I–II invasive breast cancer who were referred for surgical evaluation from January 2001 through December 2010. High-risk was defined as human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (HER2+), triple-negative (TN), or histologic grade 3 disease. Among 178 patients, 40 (22%) were high-risk: 12 were grade 1–2 (10 HER2 + , 2 TN); 28 were grade 3 (7 HER2+, 6 TN, 15 estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/HER2−). The high-risk group had larger tumors and more often had ductal histology and lymphovascular invasion than the low-risk group and was more likely to undergo mastectomy (18 vs. 5%, p = 0.02), radiotherapy (55 vs. 36%, p = 0.03), and chemotherapy (10 vs. 0%, p = 0.002). Endocrine therapy use was similar among ER+ patients in both groups. The four patients in the high-risk group given chemotherapy were HER2+ and received trastuzumab-based regimens, without any reported toxicities. At median follow-up of 67 months, 10% of the high-risk group had a recurrence (3 distant-only, 1 simultaneous locoregional and distant in a patient treated with mastectomy without radiotherapy). Tailored locoregional and systemic therapy resulted in low incidence of failure in these octogenarians with high-risk cancers with low morbidity. Modern adjuvant therapies should be considered for elderly women with high-risk cancers in the absence of significant comorbidities.
Bayesian Sparse Signal Detection Exploiting Laplace Prior

In this paper, we consider the problem of sparse signal detection with compressed measurements in a Bayesian framework. Multiple nodes in the network are assumed to observe sparse signals. Observations at each node are compressed via random projections and sent to a centralized fusion center. Motivated by the fact that reliable detection of the sparse signals does not require complete signal reconstruction, we propose two computationally efficient methods for constructing decision statistics for detection. First, using the Laplace prior directly to impose sparsity as widely considered in Bayesian Compressive Sensing (BCS), we develop an average likelihood ratio based detection method where the average is taken over the Laplace probability density function. Second, we exploit a three-stage hierarchical prior on the signal and construct decision statistics based on the noisy reconstruction (partial estimates) of the signals. Experimental results show that both average likelihood-based detection method and noisy-reconstruction based methods outperform most of the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Is HIV unique or merely different

The HIV epidemic is similar to previous human epidemics, and our early responses to the HIV epidemic have likewise been similar. Furthermore, HIV is similar to other single-stranded RNA viruses in its evolution. Like other RNA viruses, HIV has a high mutation rate and thus evolves rapidly. This rapid evolution may make it difficult to develop a successful vaccine against HIV, and perhaps may also limit the usefulness of drugs because of the appearance of resistant mutants. However, most of the variation in HIV nucleotide sequences is neutral, not adaptive. Other viruses in the same retrovirus subfamily as HIV (lentiviruses) are also successful pathogens in animals and are difficult to control without the added problem of the social factors that exist for HIV. These social factors involved in HIV transmission make HIV hard to control by usual public health measures. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis B in the United States shows that neither a successful drug treatment nor an effective vaccine is sufficient to stop some infectious diseases when social factors are involved. For these reasons, I conclude that the HIV/AIDs epidemic is different, but not unique.
Consistency and Categoricalness of the Hyperbolic Axioms; The Classical Models

We take as primary model of the hyperbolic plane an abstract surface S in the sense of Section 5.3, whose geometry is determined by the methods of differential geometry in such a way that all the axioms of the hyperbolic plane are satisfied. We consider several different coordinate systems, each of which covers the entire surface S, some of which are more useful than others for certain purposes. Each coordinate system leads to one of the classical models of the hyperbolic plane based on Euclidean geometry. Differential geometry is based on analysis, which is based on the real number system ℝ. It follows that the hyperbolic axioms are consistent, if the axioms of ℝ are consistent. It is proved that the axiom system is categorical, in the that any model of the hyperbolic plane is isomorphic to any other model. Lastly, as an amusement, we describe a hyperbolic model of the Euclidean plane.
Euclid’s Algorithm

Among the mathematical problems we will investigate are computing greatest common divisors, factoring into prime factors and finding rational approximations. These computations may be performed on a variety of different mathematical quantities: polynomials, rational integers, power series, differential operators, etc. The most familiar of these algebraic structures are the natural numbers: ℕ={1,2,3,...}. If we include zero and the negative integers we have ℤ, the rational integers, which are commonly called the integers.
SOX2 as a target for immunotherapy of pediatric gliomas.

e22012Background: New treatments are needed to improve outcomes for pediatric gliomas. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective therapies in tumors with a high mutation burden that express multip...
PLS: Proactive Load Shifting for Distributed SDN Controllers

Balancing the workload among distributed SDN controllers plays a critical role for both the network performance and the control plane scalability. Therefore, various load balancing techniques were proposed for SDN to efficiently utilize the control plane’s resources. However, such techniques suffer increased latency and packet loss resulting from load migration and intensive communication among the SDN controllers. The existing solutions adopt load migration based on CPU utilization, which are susceptible to inconsistent load spikes. In this paper, we formally define the problem and present an alternate approach called PLS that constitutes the cornerstone for addressing this problem. We then show through experimental results that our approach provides accurate responses to load migration event triggers.
Filling the gap: Objective data to guide pediatric surgery applicants who do not match on the first attempt.

Abstract Purpose Acquiring a pediatric surgery fellowship is an arduous process, with less than half of applicants matching each year. For those who fail to match initially but remain steadfast in their goal to become a pediatric surgeon, choosing a valuable postresidency path can be challenging. Furthermore, objective data to evaluate the utility of pediatric surgical subspecialty fellowships (PSSF) are lacking. Methods PSSF training programs were identified on the APSA website. Names and contact information of PSSF graduates between 2014 and 2018 were obtained from individual training programs. Each graduated fellow was then contacted to participate in a voluntary 14-question survey. Results Names of 47 graduated fellows were obtained from programs listed on the APSA website. Among them, 30 (64%) ultimately matriculated into a pediatric surgery fellowship, 11 (37%) of whom matched at the same institution they completed their PSSF. The type of PSSF was not predictive of matriculation into a pediatric surgical fellowship (p = 0.43). Thirty-two (68%) of the 47 study participants completed a satisfaction survey. While all but two graduates found their fellowships to be at least satisfactory, those who matched were more likely to recommend their PSSF compared to those who did not (100% vs 67%, respectively, p = 0.02). Within the cohort of fellows who did not ultimately match into pediatric surgery (n = 17) and completed a survey (n = 9), all who completed a critical care fellowship (4/4) currently use/or plan to use the skills obtained during their PSSF while only two of five (40%) completing other PSSFs use them. Conclusion The matriculation rate from a PSSF into a pediatric surgery fellowship was 64% with no significant difference among subspecialties. Of fellows who did not match, those completing a critical care PSSF were more likely to use their fellowship training than those completing a different PSSF. Type of study Clinical research paper. Level of evidence III
Convolutional Neural Networks Utilizing Multifunctional Spin-Hall MTJ Neurons

We propose a new network architecture for standard spin-Hall magnetic tunnel junction-based spintronic neurons that allows them to compute multiple critical convolutional neural network functionalities simultaneously and in parallel, saving space and time. An approximation to the Rectified Linear Unit transfer function and the local pooling function are computed simultaneously with the convolution operation itself. A proof-of-concept simulation is performed on the MNIST dataset, achieving up to 98% accuracy at a cost of less than 1 nJ for all convolution, activation and pooling operations combined. The simulations are remarkably robust to thermal noise, performing well even with very small magnetic layers.
Effect of the coordinate frame on high-order expansion of serial-chain displacement:

An algorithmic differentiation technique gives a simpler, faster power series expansion of the finite displacement of a closed-loop linkage. It accomplishes this by using a higher order than what h...
Red or Blue, What’s the Difference? CEO Political Orientation and Acquisition Actions and Outcomes

Prior research has shown that a CEO political orientation influences the social-value oriented decision making of the firm. We extend this inquiry by showing that political orientation influences t...
Hybrid laser platform for printing 3D multiscale multi-material hydrogel structures (Conference Presentation)

Current manufacturing techniques are limited in their ability to fabricate 3D multiscale multi-material structures. Few research groups have utilized the ability of ultrafast lasers to shape hydrogel materials into complex 3D structures. However, current laser based methods are limited by scalability, types of materials, and incompatible laser and materials processing requirements, thereby preventing its widespread use. In this work, we report the design and development of a Hybrid Laser Printing (HLP) technology, that combines the key advantages of additive stereolithography (quick on-demand continuous fabrication) and multiphoton polymerization/ablation processes (high-resolution and superior design flexibility). Using a series of proof-of-principle experiments, we show that HLP is capable of printing 3D multiscale multi-material structures using model biocompatible hydrogel materials that are highly difficult and/or extremely time consuming to fabricate using curruent technologies.
Abstract IA21: Colorectal cancer and the microbiota

Increasing scientific and clinical data support a role for the microbiota (the microorganisms associated with the human body) in influencing systemic and tumor microenvironment immunity, promoting tumor growth and spread, and altering the responsiveness and toxicity towards therapeutics. Herein, we discuss both human data from meta’omics analyses and data from mechanistic studies in cell culture and animal models that support that the microbiota influences colonic tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Wendy Garrett. Colorectal cancer and the microbiota [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
Informal Milk Sharing for the Hospitalized at-Risk Infant in the Ultra-Orthodox-Haredi Jewish Community in the United States.

The process of human milk donation and sharing for the promotion of infant health is a phenomenon of interest as it directly affects children's health and well-being. Although its prevalence is cur...
Packet Header Obfuscation Using MIMO

Eavesdroppers can exploit exposed packet headers towards attacks that profile clients and their data flows. In this paper, we propose FOG, a framework for effective full and partial header blinding using MIMO, to thwart eavesdroppers. FOG effectively tracks header bits as they traverse physical (PHY) layer sub-systems that perform functions like scrambling and interleaving. It combines multiple blinding signals for more effective and less predictable obfuscation, as compared to using a fixed blinding signal. We implement FOG on the WARP platform and demonstrate via extensive experiments that it yields better obfuscation than prior schemes that deploy full packet blinding. It causes a bit error rate (BER) of > 40 % at an eavesdropper if two blinding streams are sent during header transmissions. Furthermore, even with full header blinding, FOG incurs a very small throughput hit of $\approx ~5$ % with one blinding stream (and 9 % with two streams). Full packet blinding incurs much higher throughput hits (25 % with one stream and 50 % with two streams).
Using Deep Learning To Assign Rheumatoid Arthritis Scores

In this work, we report the performance of the deep learning model in automatically assigning joint scores and overall patients scores for Rheumatoid Arthritis patients’ X-ray images. The dataset is from RA2 DREAM Challenge https://www.synapse.org/#!Synapse:syn20545111/wiki/594083. Overall, we achieve good predictive performance with an average accuracy of 0.908.
Media Review: The Nocturnal Brain-Nightmares, Neuroscience, and the Secret World of Sleep by Guy Leschziner.

Citation: LaBarbera V, Marsella J. Media review: The Nocturnal Brain—Nightmares, Neuroscience, and the Secret World of Sleep by Guy Leschziner. J Clin Sleep Med . 2021;17(1):113–114.
When Rational Sellers Face Nonrational Buyers: Evidence from Herding on eBay

People often observe others' decisions before deciding themselves. Using eBay data for DVD auctions we explore the consequences of neglecting nonsalient information when making such inferences. We show that bidders herd into auctions with more existing bids, even if these are a signal of no-longer-available lower starting prices rather than of higher quality. Bidders bidding a given dollar amount are less likely to win low starting price auctions, and pay more for them when they do win. Experienced bidders are less likely to bid on low starting price auctions. Remarkably, the seller side of the market is in equilibrium, because expected revenues are nearly identical for high and low starting prices.
Laser Light Scattering Observations of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in a Polymer-Induced Liquid-Precursor (PILP) Mineralization Process

A Polymer-Induced Liquid-Precursor (PILP) process for mineralization of calcium carbonate has been studied in-situ by laser light scattering. Static and dynamic light scattering data were obtained from CaCl2 solutions containing poly(aspartic acid). Under these conditions calcium carbonate mineralizes through a liquid droplet precursor phase when the solution is exposed to the decomposition products of ammonium carbonate. Our measurements probe the integrated scatterer mass and the apparent hydrodynamic radius Rh,app of the droplets as they nucleate and coalesce. The data reveal three stages in the formation of the PILP phase: an early stage of droplet growth to Rh,app ≈ 250 nm; a mid-time stage of fluctuations and polydispersity in particle size; and a final growth period where Rh,app increases from 350 nm to the micron scale. Aggregation of precursor droplets, rather than atom-by-atom growth, is the dominant mechanism of mineral formation under these conditions. With respect to biomineralization, this first observation of 100-nm-scale droplets is significant, implying a possibility to mineralize from the liquid phase within the nanoscale compartments in which many biominerals form.
Criminal Constitutional Avoidance

Just two terms ago in United States v. Skilling, the Supreme Court used the avoidance canon in response to a void-for-vagueness challenge to the federal criminal fraud statute. As explained below, the Court severely restricted the statute’s meaning, limiting its proscription against “deprivation of honest services” to bribery and kickbacks.This article argues that, contrary to the Court’s decision in Skilling, the canon of constitutional avoidance is inappropriate in void-for-vagueness cases. This is because such cases do not present a statutory ambiguity that requires choosing between competing meanings or interpretations. Instead, void-for-vagueness challenges concern statutes that either have a constitutionally clear meaning (and are not void-for-vagueness) or do not have a constitutionally clear meaning (and are void for vagueness). In other words, this article claims that the absence of statutory ambiguity — one interpretation that complies with the Constitution and one interpretation that indicates constitutional infirmities — in void-for-vagueness cases makes the use of the avoidance canon improper in such cases. Simply put, vague criminal statutes are not inherently ambiguous. Instead of offering a choice between two meanings, they are indefinite, uncertain, and unclear. And, it is not the potential meanings of the vague statute that create constitutional problems; there is only a constitutional problem if there is no ascertainable meaning. Part I of this article explores the justifications for the canon of constitutional avoidance. In Part II, this article describes the Court’s void-for-vagueness doctrine and its use of the avoidance canon to circumvent the vagueness question in Skilling. Part III argues that the use of the avoidance canon in Skilling was improper, and explains why it is not an appropriate vehicle to respond to void-for-vagueness constitutional challenges to federal criminal statutes. Part IV explores the negative theoretical and practical consequences of applying the avoidance canon to potentially vague statutes. Finally, Part V concludes the article by outlining a model for applying the avoidance canon to other constitutional questions involving criminal statutes,
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy and Subsequent Maternal Hypertension.

Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate whether values and the shape of the glucose curve during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnancy identify women at risk of developing hypertension (HTN) later in life. Methods This category includes the secondary analysis of a follow-up from a mild gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) study that included a treatment trial for mild GDM (n = 458) and an observational cohort of participants with abnormal 1-hour glucose loading test only (normal OGTT, n = 430). Participants were assessed at a median of 7 (IQR 6–8) years after their index pregnancy, and trained staff measured their blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP]; diastolic blood pressure [DBP]). The association between values and the shape of the glucose curve during OGTT in the index pregnancy and the primary outcome defined as elevated BP (SBP ≥120, DBP ≥80 mm Hg, or receiving anti-HTN medications), and secondary outcome defined as stage 1 or higher (SBP ≥130, DBP ≥80 mm Hg, or receiving anti-HTN medications) at follow-up were evaluated using multivariable regression, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, and pregnancy-associated hypertension during the index pregnancy. Results There was no association between fasting, 1-hour OGTT, and the outcomes. However, the 2-hour OGTT value was positively associated (adjusted odds ratio [aRR] per 10-unit increase 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.08), and the 3-hour was inversely associated (aRR per 10-unit increase 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99) with the primary outcome. When the shape of the OGTT curve was evaluated, a monophasic OGTT response (peak at 1 hour followed by a decline in glucose) was associated with increased risk of elevated BP (41.3vs. 23.5%, aRR 1.66, 95% CI 1.17–2.35) and stage 1 HTN or higher (28.5 vs. 14.7%, aRR 1.83, 95% CI 1.15–2.92), compared with a biphasic OGTT response. Conclusion Among persons with mild GDM or lesser degrees of glucose intolerance, the shape of the OGTT curve during pregnancy may help identify women who are at risk of HTN later in life, with biphasic shape to be associated with lower risk. Key Points
Emotions in Teaching Environmental Education

This op-ed article examines the emotional impact of teaching environmental science and considers how certain emotions can broaden viewpoints and other emotions narrow them. Specifically, it investigates how the topic of climate change became an emotional debate in a science classroom because of religious beliefs. Through reflective practice and examination of positionality, the author explored how certain teaching practices of pre-service science teachers created a productive space and other practices closed down the
Paired-spike interactions and synaptic efficacy of retinal inputs to the thalamus

In many neural systems studied in vitro, the timing of afferent impulses affects the strength of postsynaptic potentials1,2. The influence of afferent timing on postsynaptic firing in vivo has received less attention. Here we study the importance of afferent spike timing in vivo by recording simultaneously from ganglion cells in the retina and their targets in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. When two spikes from a single ganglion-cell axon arrive within 30 milliseconds of each other, the second spike is much more likely than the first to produce a geniculate spike, an effect we call paired-spike enhancement. Furthermore, simultaneous recordings from a ganglion cell and two thalamic targets indicate that paired-spike enhancement increases the frequency of synchronous thalamic activity. We propose that information encoded in the high firing rate of an individual retinal ganglion cell becomes distributed among several geniculate neurons that fire synchronously. Because synchronous geniculate action potentials are highly effective in driving cortical neurons3, it is likely that information encoded by this strategy is transmitted to the next level of processing.
Tradescantia cytogenetic tests (root-tip mitosis, pollen mitosis, pollen mother-cell meiosis): A report of the U.S. environmental protection agency gene-tox program

3 kinds of cytogenetic tests for screening of environmental mutagens were established for Tradescantia, namely, root-tip mitosis, pollen mitosis, and pollen mother-cell meiosis [commonly referred to as the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) test]. All these tests are technically simple, inexpensive, and can yield reliable results in a relatively short time (36-72 h). The root-tip mitosis test is suitable only for liquid agents, while pollen mitosis is suitable for both liquid and gaseous agents. Pollen tube mitotic chromosomes are extremely sensitive to mutagens; therefore, they are good materials for detecting very low concentrations of mutagens. Both root-tip mitosis and pollen mitosis tests use chromosome and/or chromatid aberrations as end points for scoring. The Trad-MCN test is suitable for both liquid and gaseous agents. In addition, it is especially suitable for in situ monitoring of water and air pollutants. Of the 12 chemicals tested, 5-fluorouracil and 1,2-dibromoethane indicate that they are very potent mutagens based on the effective dosage used to produce a positive response. Sulfur dioxide, ethyl methanesulfonate, sodium azide, Phosdrin, and Bladex rank next in potency.
Computational modeling of MRP4 and BSEP substrates and inhibitors (896.10)

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of drug toxicity. Inhibition of MRP4, in addition to BSEP, might be a risk factor that is responsible for the development of cholestatic DILI. Recently, we demonstrated that MRP4 inhibition was associated with an increased cholestatic potential of drugs that are BSEP non-inhibitors, while MRP4 inhibition among BSEP inhibitors did not provide additional benefit to predict cholestasis. The current study aimed to develop in silico models to delineate molecular features underlying MRP4 and BSEP inhibition. Models were developed using 257 BSEP and 88 MRP4 inhibitors and non-inhibitors in the training set based on various molecular descriptors as well as fingerprints (ECFP and FCFP). Models were validated using an external test set; subsequently, these models were used to predict the affinity towards BSEP and MRP4 of a database (CDD) containing over 2,200 FDA-approved drugs. Compounds with a score above the median fingerprint threshold were considered to ha...
PCC4azal teratocarcinoma stem cell differentiation in culture: I. Biochemical studies

Abstract PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma cells were observed to spontaneously differentiate under defined culture conditions to endoderm-like cells and subsequently to giant cells. This differentiation was examined by determining the specific activities of several enzymes in the stem and endoderm-like cell populations. With differentiation, the level of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities remained unchanged, plasminogen activator specific activity increased fivefold, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) specific activity decreased to 40% of its original level. Isozyme analysis revealed a shift of the LDH isozymes toward LDH1 with the appearance of LDH2 for the first time in the endoderm-like cells. The surface antigen SSEA-1 was detected by indirect immunofluorescence on virtually all of the stem cells. However, the SSEA-1 antigen was not present on many of the endoderm-like cells, and it was completely undetectable on giant cells as assayed by immunofluorescence. The expression of H-2 antigen was examined in a similar manner using anti-H-2b antiserum; this antigen was not detected on the stem, endoderm-like, or giant cells. Thus, there are defined biochemical changes that accompany the differentiation of PCC4azal stem cells in culture.
Data visualization: Concurrent computation and data visualization for spherical-virus structure determination

The authors present concurrent algorithms and programs for structure determination using structural information obtained through X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. They introduce two interactive software systems, Emma and Tonitza, that support processing large data sets produced in structural biology experiments.
Genome-wide identification of FoxO-dependent gene networks in skeletal muscle during C26 cancer cachexia

Evidence from cachectic cancer patients and animal models of cancer cachexia supports the involvement of Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors in driving cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. However, the genome-wide gene networks and associated biological processes regulated by FoxO during cancer cachexia are unknown. We hypothesize that FoxO is a central upstream regulator of diverse gene networks in skeletal muscle during cancer that may act coordinately to promote the wasting phenotype. To inhibit endogenous FoxO DNA-binding, we transduced limb and diaphragm muscles of mice with AAV9 containing the cDNA for a dominant negative (d.n.) FoxO protein (or GFP control). The d.n.FoxO construct consists of only the FoxO3a DNA-binding domain that is highly homologous to that of FoxO1 and FoxO4, and which outcompetes and blocks endogenous FoxO DNA binding. Mice were subsequently inoculated with Colon-26 (C26) cells and muscles harvested 26 days later. Blocking FoxO prevented C26-induced muscle fiber atrophy of both locomotor muscles and the diaphragm and significantly spared force deficits. This sparing of muscle size and function was associated with the differential regulation of 543 transcripts (out of 2,093) which changed in response to C26. Bioinformatics analysis of upregulated gene transcripts that required FoxO revealed enrichment of the proteasome, AP-1 and IL-6 pathways, and included several atrophy-related transcription factors, including Stat3, Fos, and Cebpb. FoxO was also necessary for the cancer-induced downregulation of several gene transcripts that were enriched for extracellular matrix and sarcomere protein-encoding genes. We validated these findings in limb muscles and the diaphragm through qRT-PCR, and further demonstrate that FoxO1 and/or FoxO3a are sufficient to increase Stat3, Fos, Cebpb, and the C/EBPβ target gene, Ubr2. Analysis of the Cebpb proximal promoter revealed two bona fide FoxO binding elements, which we further establish are necessary for Cebpb promoter activation in response to IL-6, a predominant cytokine in the C26 cancer model. These findings provide new evidence that FoxO-dependent transcription is a central node controlling diverse gene networks in skeletal muscle during cancer cachexia, and identifies novel candidate genes and networks for further investigation as causative factors in cancer-induced wasting.