cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher-order necessary conditions in optimization theory: A systematic approach

Necessary conditions for constrained optimization problems are stated under weak assumptions. The presence of a generalized critical direction in these conditions is the basis for deriving necessary conditions of arbitrary order for various concrete problems. Two applications are considered. The first concerns first-and second-order necessary conditions in an infinite-dimensional vector space where the cost, equality and inequality functions possess finite-dimensional one-sided differentials. The second application involves first-, second- and third-order necessary conditions for a nonlinear programming problem in a Banach space with Frechet differentiability hypotheses. In both applications normality conditions are not required.
Perceived object trajectories during occlusion constrain visual statistical learning

Visual statistical learning of shape sequences was examined in the context of occluded object trajectories. In a learning phase, participants viewed a sequence of moving shapes whose trajectories and speed profiles elicited either a bouncing or a streaming percept: The sequences consisted of a shape moving toward and then passing behind an occluder, after which two different shapes emerged from behind the occluder. At issue was whether statistical learning linked both object transitions equally, or whether the percept of either bouncing or streaming constrained the association between pre- and postocclusion objects. In familiarity judgments following the learning, participants reliably selected the shape pair that conformed to the bouncing or streaming bias that was present during the learning phase. A follow-up experiment demonstrated that differential eye movements could not account for this finding. These results suggest that sequential statistical learning is constrained by the spatiotemporal perceptual biases that bind two shapes moving through occlusion, and that this constraint thus reduces the computational complexity of visual statistical learning.
Effect of Heterocoagulation on the Rheology of Suspensions Containing Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide

Abstract Heterocoagulation in suspensions containing both aluminum hydroxycarbonate and magnesium hydroxide leads to the development of an aluminum hydroxycarbonate coating on the magnesium hydroxide particles. For this reason, mixed suspensions exhibit isoelectric points similar to those or aluminum hydroxycarbonate, but markedly different from magnesium hydroxide. The finding is significant in relation to physical properties of the systems as mixed suspensions demonstrated theological behavior which responded to changes in media pH in a manner analogous to aluminum hydroxycarbonate suspensions. Thus, a maximum yield value of the mixed suspension was observed at a pH corresponding to the isoelectric point of the aluminum hydroxycarbonate coating.
A critical study of the Shay rat.

Summary 1.A modified Shay procedure has been so standardized as to give reproducible results as measured by gastric juice volume and incidence of ulceration. 2.Three independent techniques demonstrated that blood flow is present in the distended and ulcerating tissue of the Shay preparation. 3.The rate of secretion of gastric juice is profoundly modified under the above conditions by the state of hydration or conversely dehydration of the animal as well as by the preoperative diet given. 4.The suggestion is made that the Shay rat is a valuable tool in studying the factors that influence the rate of gastric secretion and of only limited value in the study of the ulcerative process per se. 5.Ligation of the bile duct reduces gastric secretion and rumen ulceration.
Small Molecule Disruption of G Protein βγ Subunit Signaling Inhibits Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Inflammation

G protein βγ subunit-dependent signaling is important for chemoattractant-dependent leukocyte chemotaxis. Selective small molecule targeting of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) γ catalytic activity is a target of interest for anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical development. In this study, we examined whether small-molecule inhibition of Gβγ-dependent signaling, including Gβγ-dependent activation of PI3-kinase γ and Rac1, could inhibit chemoattractant-dependent neutrophil migration in vitro and inflammation in vivo. Small-molecule Gβγ inhibitors suppressed fMLP-stimulated Rac activation, superoxide production, and PI3-kinase activation in differentiated HL60 cells. These compounds also blocked fMLP-dependent chemotaxis in HL60 cells and primary human neutrophils. Systemic administration inhibited paw edema and neutrophil infiltration in a mouse carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Overall, the data demonstrate that targeting Gβγ-regulation may be an effective anti-inflammation strategy.
Path Planning for Coordinated Planar Robot Arms Moving in Unknown Environment

This paper investigates the problem of planning a collision-free path for two planar robot manipulators which coordinately carry a small object from a start position to a target position in a two dimensional (2-D) workspace which is filled with unknown stationary obstacles. The shapes of the obstacles are arbitrary. The positions of the obstacles are not known a priori. In order to obtain the obstacle information, sensors are used to provide the immediate surroundings of robot arms. It is assumed that any point on the robots is subject to collision. It is shown that the proposed non-heuristic algorithm guarantees the robots to reach the target position or to conclude that no path exists.
Older adults' perspectives on key domains of childhood social and economic experiences and opportunities: a first step to creating a multidimensional measure.

Objectives: Although research has found that childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with physical and mental health in mid- and later life, most of these studies used conventional, single dimension SES measures for the childhood period such as household income or educational attainment of parents. Life course and health disparities research would benefit from identification and measurement of a variety of childhood social and economic experiences and opportunities that might affect health in later life. Design: This study utilized qualitative research methods to identify key dimensions of childhood experiences related to SES. We conducted in-depth interviews with 25 adults age 55 to 80 years from diverse economic and ethnic backgrounds. Topics included home, neighborhood, school, and work experiences during early childhood and adolescence. Interviews were audio-taped and transcripts were coded to identify thematic domains. Results: We identified eight thematic domains, many of which had clear subdomains: home and family circumstances, neighborhood, work and money, potential for advancement through schooling, school quality and content, discrimination, influence and support of adults, and leisure activities. These domains highlight individual characteristics and experiences and also economic and educational opportunities. Conclusion: These domains of childhood social and economic circumstances add breadth and depth to conventional conceptualization of childhood SES. When the domains are translated into a measurement tool, it will allow for the possibility of classifying people along multiple dimensions, such as from a low economic circumstance with high levels of adult support.
Methodology and Statistics in Single-Subject Experiments

Single-subject design and analysis are an experimental ideal because perception, thought, and action all have their locus within the individual organism. Single-subject design thus avoids confoundings with individual differences that trouble many group experiments. Furthermore, single-subject design yields reliable data. But many single-subject experiments face the serious problem that responses may not be independent. There may be position effects, carryover effects from one trial to another, or successive responses may be correlated. Lack of independence means that each new response carries only partial information. To obtain independence, two main methods have been used. One is with treatment randomization, in which treatment conditions are randomly assigned to trials. The other is by allowing ample time between trials or by interpolating a baseline treatment to bring the subject to a common state before the next trial. With independent responses, standard statistical techniques become applicable, especially valid confidence intervals. To illustrate the broad potential of single-subject design and analysis and to emphasize the fundamental importance of extrastatistical research judgment, this chapter includes 10 illustrative experiments from perception, operant psychology, judgment-decision, developmental, and person cognition. Keywords: behavior modification; extrastatistical generalization; functional measurement theory; matching law; serial correlation; single-subject design; visual inspection
Aplastic anemia complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: response to androgens in two patients.

We describe two female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed severe aplastic anemia. Although each patient had received multiple medications including diphenylhydantoin, the relationship of these drugs to the development of marrow aplasia was unclear. After administration of an oral androgen (oxymethalone) and corticosteroids, there was complete hematologic recovery. Both patients relapsed when oxymethalone was withdrawn, and both recovered when androgen therapy was reinstituted, with or without high-dose prednisone. In both patients, there was complete reversal of pancytopenia despite the presence of initially severe marrow aplasia (less than 10% cellularity). However, in both cases, prolonged androgen therapy (2 months) was required before hematologic improvement occurred. Androgens are known to stimulate hematopoiesis in man, and they appear to influence immune function in a mouse model of SLE. Thus androgens may be particularly useful in the treatment of SLE-associated aplastic anemia.
Basal and β-adrenergic regulation of the cardiac calcium channel CaV1.2 requires phosphorylation of serine 1700

L-type calcium (Ca2+) currents conducted by voltage-gated Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 initiate excitation–contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. Upon activation of β-adrenergic receptors, phosphorylation of CaV1.2 channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) increases channel activity, thereby allowing more Ca2+ entry into the cell, which leads to more forceful contraction. In vitro reconstitution studies and in vivo proteomics analysis have revealed that Ser-1700 is a key site of phosphorylation mediating this effect, but the functional role of this amino acid residue in regulation in vivo has remained uncertain. Here we have studied the regulation of calcium current and cell contraction of cardiomyocytes in vitro and cardiac function and homeostasis in vivo in a mouse line expressing the mutation Ser-1700–Ala in the CaV1.2 channel. We found that preventing phosphorylation at this site decreased the basal L-type CaV1.2 current in both neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes. In addition, the incremental increase elicited by isoproterenol was abolished in neonatal cardiomyocytes and was substantially reduced in young adult myocytes. In contrast, cellular contractility was only moderately reduced compared with wild type, suggesting a greater reserve of contractile function and/or recruitment of compensatory mechanisms. Mutant mice develop cardiac hypertrophy by the age of 3–4 mo, and maximal stress-induced exercise tolerance is reduced, indicating impaired physiological regulation in the fight-or-flight response. Our results demonstrate that phosphorylation at Ser-1700 alone is essential to maintain basal Ca2+ current and regulation by β-adrenergic activation. As a consequence, blocking PKA phosphorylation at this site impairs cardiovascular physiology in vivo, leading to reduced exercise capacity in the fight-or-flight response and development of cardiac hypertrophy.
Developmental Programming in Response to Intrauterine Growth Restriction Impairs Myoblast Function and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

Fetal adaptations to placental insufficiency alter postnatal metabolic homeostasis in skeletal muscle by reducing glucose oxidation rates, impairing insulin action, and lowering the proportion of oxidative fibers. In animal models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), skeletal muscle fibers have less myonuclei at birth. This means that myoblasts, the sole source for myonuclei accumulation in fibers, are compromised. Fetal hypoglycemia and hypoxemia are complications that result from placental insufficiency. Hypoxemia elevates circulating catecholamines, and chronic hypercatecholaminemia has been shown to reduce fetal muscle development and growth. We have found evidence for adaptations in adrenergic receptor expression profiles in myoblasts and skeletal muscle of IUGR sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency. The relationship of β-adrenergic receptors shifts in IUGR fetuses because Adrβ2 expression levels decline and Adrβ1 expression levels are unaffected in myofibers and increased in myoblasts. This adaptive response would suppress insulin signaling, myoblast incorporation, fiber hypertrophy, and glucose oxidation. Furthermore, this β-adrenergic receptor expression profile persists for at least the first month in IUGR lambs and lowers their fatty acid mobilization. Developmental programming of skeletal muscle adrenergic receptors partially explains metabolic and endocrine differences in IUGR offspring, and the impact on metabolism may result in differential nutrient utilization.
Spectroscopic characterization of some chlorinated tricyclic hydrocarbons of the C10 series: Chlordanes, chlordenes and nonachlors

Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra of ten chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are components of technical chlordane and one chlordane metabolite, were examined. For chlordene, dichlorochlordene, cis- and trans-nonachlor, and cis- and trans-chlordane, whose chemical structures are well-established, the relationships between the n.m.r. parameters and these structures were investigated. The results allow confirmation of proposed structures for α-, β-, and γ-chlordene. A structure, corresponding to 2,4,5,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydro-1,4-methano-1-H-indene, is proposed for another chlordane component, previously known only as Compound K.
Loss of Possession: Concussions, Informed Consent, and Autonomy

The recent explosion of publicity about the dangers of concussion in contact sports - particularly in football - represents the unraveling of a disinformation campaign by the NFL amid growing public and professional concern about the game's long-term risks of harm. The persistence of controversy and denial reflects a cultural view of football players as serving the needs of the team, a resulting evidentiary skepticism, and resistance to rule changes as excessive or unenforceable. This article considers the cultural context of informed decision making by parents of youth football players and suggests that policy changes designed to lower (although they cannot eliminate) risks of brain injury have the potential to change both the culture of football and the way the benefits and harms of the game are regarded for its players, without loss of its essential excitement and appeal.
Optical nonlinearities in fibers: review, recent examples, and systems applications

Optical nonlinearities give rise to many ubiquitous effects in optical fibers. These effects are interesting in themselves and can be detrimental in optical communications, but they also have many useful applications, especially for the implementation of all-optical functionalities in optical networks. In the present paper, we briefly review the different kinds of optical nonlinearities encountered in fibers, pointing out the essential material and fiber parameters that determine them. We describe the effects produced by each kind of nonlinearity, emphasizing their variations for different values of essential parameters. Throughout the paper, we refer to recent systems applications in which these effects have been dealt with or exploited.
Device scaling limits of Si MOSFETs and their application dependencies

This paper presents the current state of understanding of the factors that limit the continued scaling of Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and provides an analysis of the ways in which application-related considerations enter into the determination of these limits. The physical origins of these limits are primarily in the tunneling currents, which leak through the various barriers in a MOS field-effect transistor (MOSFET) when it becomes very small, and in the thermally generated subthreshold currents. The dependence of these leakages on MOSFET geometry and structure is discussed along with design criteria for minimizing short-channel effects and other issues related to scaling. Scaling limits due to these leakage currents arise from application constraints related to power consumption and circuit functionality. We describe how these constraints work out for some of the most important application classes: dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), low-power portable devices, and moderate and high-performance CMOS logic. As a summary, we provide a table of our estimates of the scaling limits for various applications and device types. The end result is that there is no single end point for scaling, but that instead there are many end points, each optimally adapted to its particular applications.
A Longitudinal Study of Chest Radiographic Changes of Workers in the Refractory Ceramic Fiber Industry

Study objective This industry-wide longitudinal study examines chest radiographic changes of workers manufacturing refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). Design Chest radiographs were obtained every 3 years and were interpreted using the 1980 International Labour Organization classification for pneumoconiosis. Three exposure metrics were calculated: duration and latency in a production job, and cumulative exposure (fiber-months per cubic centimeter). Participants The radiographic survey included 625 current workers at five manufacturing sites and 383 former workers at two of the five sites. Measurements and results Pleural changes were seen in 27 workers (2.7%). Of workers with > 20 years of latency from initial production job or 20 years of duration in a production job, 16 workers (8.0%) and 5 workers (8.1%) demonstrated pleural changes, respectively. Results from the cumulative exposure analysis (> 135 fiber-months per cubic centimeter) demonstrated a significant elevated odds ratio (OR) of 6.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 31.0). The incidence of irregular opacities at profusion categories ≥ 1/0 was similar to other nonspecified dust-exposed worker populations at 1.0%, and showed a nonsignificant elevated OR in regard to cumulative fiber exposure of 4.7 (95% CI, 0.97 to 23.5). Conclusions RCF are significantly associated with pleural changes that were predominantly pleural plaques, but have not resulted in a statistically significant increase in interstitial changes.
A new bronchoscopic method to measure airway size

Bronchoscopic evaluation of stenosis is limited due to radial distortion of bronchoscopic images and the unknown distance between the endoscope and the stenotic area. The purpose of this study was the development and validation of a method for measuring cross-sectional areas in large airways. Distance measurements were performed using a laser probe inserted into the working channel of a bronchoscope. The laser probe was positioned to the locus of interest in the airway, a ring of light (helium/neon) projected on to the luminal wall and the images acquired using an electronic bronchoscope. The images taken were distortion-corrected by means of a computer program. The method was validated by simulating airways using tubes of known diameter. Additionally, distortion-corrected bronchoscopic images were compared with distortion-free videoscopic image analysis of tracheal slices taken from pigs. In the case of the plastic tubes, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were slightly higher (r=0.99, p<0.01, ICC=0.97) than the correlation of cross-sectional areas between bronchoscopic and videoscopic images of tracheal slices (r=0.88, p<0.01, ICC=0.87). This concept allows accurate and reproducible determination of cross-sectional areas in large airways.
Health care professional workstations: where are we now? … where should we be tomorrow?

This article looks back over four years during which major changes have occurred in healthcare informatics, both technically and from a policy perspective. A remarkable portion of what medical-informatics professionals were proposing in 1989 has subsequently come to pass. Thus, one lesson from reflections on the recent past is that now is the time for us to devise realistic expectations of what we will see happen in the next four years. Possible scenarios for the future are outlined, as are suggestions for how the informatics community might best prepare for what lies ahead.
The PTC scheme for designing loosely coupled recoverable processes: issues in realizing bounded recovery time

The technology for designing loosely coupled distributed computer systems (DCSs) required to tolerate propagated errors caused by software and/or hardware has remained in an immature state. This paper focuses on the type of DCS applications where a system is structured as a set of loosely coupled interacting processes distributed among multiple physical sites and each process is designed in the 'partitioned design' mode, i.e. designed with its interface specification only, rather than with full knowledge of interfaces between other processes (or sites). The thesis is that fault tolerance capabilities must be designed into loosely coupled processes without violating the design policy. The programmer-transparent coordination (PTC) scheme is one such approach that has been evolving since 1978. While the basic PTC scheme called the PTC/OR (PTC with obedient receiver) scheme is a scheme for facilitating various forms of cooperative backward recovery in systems of loosely coupled processes, it has one drawback: the difficulty of bounding worst-case recovery time. After discussing various possible solution approaches and their limitations, a promising approach called the PTC/SL (PTC with session leaders) scheme which superimposes additional rules on structuring process interactions onto those of the PTC/OR scheme, is presented. Under the PTC/SL scheme various flexible forms of process interactions are still allowed while the task of ensuring bounded recovery time is made a simple one. Several research issues related to the PTC/SL scheme, e.g., efficient implementation techniques, remain as subjects for future research. >
Fabrication and Properties of Technetium-bearing Pyrochlores and Perovskites as Potential Waste Forms

Technetium-99 (t1/2= 2.13x10 5 years) is important from a nuclear waste perspective and is one of the most abundant, long-lived radioisotopes in used nuclear fuel (UNF). As such, it is targeted in UNF separation strategies such as UREX+, for isolation and encapsulation in solid waste forms for storage in a nuclear repository. We report here results regarding the incorporation of Tc-99 into ternary oxides of different structure types: pyrochlore (Nd2Tc2O7), perovskite (SrTcO3), and layered perovskite (Sr2TcO4). The goal was to determine synthesis conditions of these potential waste forms to immobilize Tc-99 as tetravalent technetium and to harvest crystallographic, thermophysical and hydrodynamic data. The objective of this research is to provide fundamental crystallographic and thermophysical data on advanced ceramic Tc-99 waste forms such as pyrochlore, perovskite, and layered perovskite in support of our current efforts on the corrosion of technetium-bearing waste forms. The ceramic Tc-99-bearing waste forms exhibit good crystallinity. The lattice parameters and crystal structures of the technetium host phases could be refined with high accuracies of ±3, ±4, and ±7 fm (10 -15 m), for Nd2Tc2O7, SrTcO3, and Sr2TcO4, respectively. The associated refinement residuals (RWp) for the patterns are 4.1 %, 4.7 % and 6.7 %, and the refinement residuals for the individual phases (RBragg) are 2.0 %, 2.4 % and 3.9 %, respectively. Thermophysical properties of the oxides SrTcO3, Sr2TcO4, and Nd2Tc2O7 were analyzed using AC magnetic susceptibility measurements to further harvest information on the critical temperature (Tc) for superconductivity. In our experiments the strontium technetates, SrTcO3 and Sr2TcO4, show superconductivity at rather high critical temperatures of Tc = 7.8 K and 7 K, respectively. On the other hand Nd2Tc2O7 did not show any changes in magnetic properties above 3 K.
Crosslinking of starch by alkaline roasting

Dry mixtures of starch with various bases were roasted in air. The effects of roasting were determined by a viscosity method. The results suggest that roasting at alkaline pH's produces covalent crosslinks. The author speculates that the crosslinks result from a combination of autoxidation and aldolization.
The Molecular Basis of Glyphosate Resistance by an Optimized Microbial Acetyltransferase

GAT is an N-acetyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis that was optimized by gene shuffling for acetylation of the broad spectrum herbicide, glyphosate, forming the basis of a novel mechanism of glyphosate tolerance in transgenic plants (Castle, L. A., Siehl, D. L., Gorton, R., Patten, P. A., Chen, Y. H., Bertain, S., Cho, H. J., Duck, N., Wong, J., Liu, D., and Lassner, M. W. (2004) Science 304, 1151-1154). The 1.6-A resolution crystal structure of an optimized GAT variant in ternary complex with acetyl coenzyme A and a competitive inhibitor, 3-phosphoglyerate, defines GAT as a member of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases. Four active site residues (Arg-21, Arg-73, Arg-111, and His-138) contribute to a positively charged substrate-binding site that is conserved throughout the GAT subfamily. Structural and kinetic data suggest that His-138 functions as a catalytic base via substrate-assisted deprotonation of the glyphosate secondary amine, whereas another active site residue, Tyr-118, functions as a general acid. Although the physiological substrate is unknown, native GAT acetylates D-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid with a kcat/Km of 1500 min-1 mM-1. Kinetic data show preferential binding of short analogs to native GAT and progressively better binding of longer analogs to optimized variants. Despite a 200-fold increase in kcat and a 5.4-fold decrease in Km for glyphosate, only 4 of the 21 substitutions present in R7 GAT lie in the active site. Single-site revertants constructed at these positions suggest that glyphosate binding is optimized through substitutions that increase the size of the substrate-binding site. The large improvement in kcat is likely because of the cooperative effects of additional substitutions located distal to the active site.
Using parallelization to improve the efficiency of an automated taxi route generation algorithm

As part of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concept, surface support tools that generate taxi routes and monitor pilot conformance against those routes have been designed and implemented by Mosaic ATM and tested in simulations conducted by The Mitre Corporation’s Center for Advanced Aviation System Development(CAASD). The purpose of these tools is to increase the overall safety of the airport’s surface by detecting aircraft movement that is not in conformance with the taxi route assigned to that aircraft. Additionally, the tools aim to increase the overall efficiency of airport operations by ensuring that aircraft taxi in compliance with their assigned routes. One of the keys to providing a reliable conformance monitoring system is to produce reliable taxi routes against which to monitor compliance. The tools provided by Mosaic ATM generate these taxi routes via a set of predefined routes commonly used at an airport. In the simulations conducted by CAASD, it was found that the routes provided were found to be reliable and trustworthy. In addition to the predefined routes, Mosaic ATM provided an ad hoc route capability. This capability uses an algorithm that finds a route based on the taxiways assigned by a user through the ad hoc route tool. However, in the simulations conducted by CAASD, this tool was not used extensively by the users. In this paper, we describe our efforts to verify the correctness of the ad hoc taxi route generation algorithm as well as our efforts to increase the speed of the algorithm by implementing a lock-free parallelized version.
Of clouds and zombies: How and when analogical learning improves evaluations of really new products

Abstract Really new products (RNPs) defy classification within existing categories while challenging consumers' prior knowledge and thus are often difficult to fully appreciate. Using analogies to help consumers learn about novel features and benefits is one approach proposed in the new product literature. We examine the impact of revealing more stages of an analogy (access, mapping/transfer, and inference) and the proximity of the base domain of the analogy on evaluations of an RNP. When the base domain is similar to the new product, adding mapping/transfer information leads to more favorable evaluations, while adding the desired inference reduces evaluations. However, when the base domain is distant from the new product, revealing more information on the analogy leads to higher evaluations of RNPs. The enjoyment that arises from solving the analogy mediates the relationship between analogy completeness and product evaluations.
Regulation of RIPK3- and RHIM-dependent Necroptosis by the Proteasome

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a serine/threonine kinase with essential function in necroptosis. The activity of RIPK3 is controlled by phosphorylation. Once activated, RIPK3 phosphorylates and activates the downstream effector mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) to induce necroptosis. In certain situations, RIPK3 has also been shown to promote apoptosis or cytokine expression in a necroptosis and kinase-independent manner. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway for selective degradation of cellular proteins and thus has a critical role in many cellular processes such as cell survival and cell death. Clinically, proteasome inhibition has shown promise as an anti-cancer agent. Here we show that the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and bortezomib activate the RIPK3-MLKL necroptotic pathway in mouse fibroblasts as well as human leukemia cells. Unlike necroptosis induced by classical TNF-like cytokines, necroptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors does not require caspase inhibition. However, an intact RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is essential. Surprisingly, when recruitment of MLKL to RIPK3 is restricted, proteasome inhibitors induced RIPK3-dependent apoptosis. Proteasome inhibition led to accumulation of K48-linked ubiquitinated RIPK3, which was partially reduced when Lys-264 was mutated. Taken together, these results reveal the ubiquitin-proteasome system as a novel regulatory mechanism for RIPK3-dependent necroptosis.
Radical Sociologies: (Re)reading the Political in the Work of Professor Lucie Cheng, 1939-2010

To speak of a scholar's life is to acknowledge not just what appears in academic published form, but to uncover the experiences and motivations behind the words. It is to discover the structural underpinnings broadly defined by American anthropologist Steven Gregory as the political: "politics refers to a diverse range of social practices through which people negotiate power relations. The practice of politics involves both the production and exercise of social relationships and the cultural construction of social meanings that support or undermine those relationships." This view supports what Asian American scholars have argued must be a wider theoretical structure for defining what constitutes the everyday political in Asian American communities, a wider conceptualization of "potential intersections," relationships, and experiences.
CoeViz: a web-based tool for coevolution analysis of protein residues.

Proteins generally perform their function in a folded state. Residues forming an active site, whether it is a catalytic center or interaction interface, are frequently distant in a protein sequence. Hence, traditional sequence-based prediction methods focusing on a single residue (or a short window of residues) at a time may have difficulties in identifying and clustering the residues constituting a functional site, especially when a protein has multiple functions. Evolutionary information encoded in multiple sequence alignments is known to greatly improve sequence-based predictions. Identification of coevolving residues further advances the protein structure and function annotation by revealing cooperative pairs and higher order groupings of residues. We present a new web-based tool (CoeViz) that provides a versatile analysis and visualization of pairwise coevolution of amino acid residues. The tool computes three covariance metrics: mutual information, chi-square statistic, Pearson correlation, and one conservation metric: joint Shannon entropy. Implemented adjustments of covariance scores include phylogeny correction, corrections for sequence dissimilarity and alignment gaps, and the average product correction. Visualization of residue relationships is enhanced by hierarchical cluster trees, heat maps, circular diagrams, and the residue highlighting in protein sequence and 3D structure. Unlike other existing tools, CoeViz is not limited to analyzing conserved domains or protein families and can process long, unstructured and multi-domain proteins thousands of residues long. Two examples are provided to illustrate the use of the tool for identification of residues (1) involved in enzymatic function, (2) forming short linear functional motifs, and (3) constituting a structural domain. CoeViz represents a practical resource for a quick sequence-based protein annotation for molecular biologists, e.g., for identifying putative functional clusters of residues and structural domains. CoeViz also can serve computational biologists as a resource of coevolution matrices, e.g., for developing machine learning-based prediction models. The presented tool is integrated in the POLYVIEW-2D server ( http://polyview.cchmc.org/ ) and available from resulting pages of POLYVIEW-2D.
A Sequential Analysis for Volatile Organics in Water by Purge-and-Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series

Systeme pour analyser 58 composes organiques halogenes et aromatiques dans de l'eau potable
TWO DIMENSIONAL CONTACT OF DISSIMILAR/ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS

The two dimensional contact of dissimilar isotropic materials is analyzed and a method of solution is presented to solve the coupled singular integral equations involved to obtain the contact tractions. The numerical (SIE) method is adapted to analyze the fretting contact of dissimilar isotropic materials. The results of the SIE analysis are compared to those obtained from the FEM analysis. In particular, the SIE method provides rapid calculation of the large edge of contact pressure and shear stress present in engine blade/disk type contact. The SIE method is significantly faster (« 20 times) than FEM while retaining the essential mechanics of fretting contacts. The governing SIEs when one or both of the contacting bodies is/are anisotropic are derived using Stroh formalism and work aimed at extending the numerical method of solution to the anisotropic case is presented.
Consumer Egg Preferences and Their Relationship to U. S. Standards

Abstract A number of studies are available concerning consumer preferences for eggs. Some studies have dealt with characteristics that consumers identify in eggs (for example, Liston, 1937; Cron et al., 1939; Erdman et al., 1941; Waite and Carroll, 1948; and Tupper and Harris, 1959). Other studies have ordered these characteristics with regard to preferences (for example, Baker and Goldman, 1951; Jasper and Cray, 1953; Kohls and Oppenheimer, 1953; Slocum and Swanson, 1954; Taylor et al., 1954, 1955; Bender et al., 1959; and Baker and Thacker, 1959). Still other studies have been concerned with the pricing of eggs under given market circumstances (for example, Lindsey and Yount, 1932; Gans, 1934; Darrah et al., 1953; and Waananen et al., 1958). In most of these studies the characteristics of eggs as identified in the U. S. Standards have been used as a standard in evaluating the results. These studies indicate that consumers distinguish certain …
Optical Imaging of Vibrationally-Tagged Small Molecules for Biomedicine

We report a novel imaging platform, by coupling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with small vibrational tags (including isotopes and alkynes), to probe dynamics of small biomolecules in living organisms with superb sensitivity, specificity and biocompatibility.
Influence of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone on Lipid Metabolism and Adiponectin Levels in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency

Objective To study the influence of recombinant growth hormone(rhGH) on lipid metabolism and adiponectin(APN) levels of children with growth hormone deficiency(GHD).Methods Serum tryliceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),and APN levels were measured in 53 children with GHD[37 boys,16 girls,aged(9.8±2.4) years old]range 5-15 years old,and 23 GHD children after rhGH replacement therapy,33 healthy children matched by age and sex were recruited for compari-sons,serum lipid profile and APN levels in children with GHD compared to controls and children over 1 year of replacement therapy with rhGH.Results Twenty-two of 53 children with GHD had hyperlipidemia(41.5%),there was significant differences of serum TG le-vels [(1.6±1.6) vs(1.1±0.4) mmol/L,P0.05]and serum TC levels[(4.5±0.8) vs(4.1±0.6) mmol/L,P0.05] in children with GHD before treatment and that in normal children;after rhGH replacement therapy,serum TG and TC levels decreased significantly(P0.01,0.05),serum IGF-1 increased significantly(P0.01) compared to pretreatment.APN levels showed a trend to increase after rhGH replacement therapy,but there was no significant difference(P=0.234).With regression analysis,IGF-1 positively significantly correlated with age,not with other factors.APN levels was negatively correlated with TG.Conclusions rhGH replacement the-rapy significantly improves the lipid profile in GHD children,thus GH may directly take part in lipid profile controlling of GHD children.APN may partly take part in metabolism of TG.
High Altitude Corona Loss Measurement System Based on Small Corona Cage

In order to investigate corona inception voltage characteristic of transmission lines at different altitudes,a fiber-digital high altitude corona loss measurement system was developed on the basis of virtual instrument technology,optical fiber transmission technology,and small corona cage.Experiment was conducted by gradually increasing voltage to induce corona inception on transmission lines,and measuring the corona loss with this system.Experimental result shows that this corona loss measurement system is accurate and feasible.Experiments ought to be conducted at different altitudes to achieve the relation between corona inception voltage and altitude.The measurement system can be used to further study the influences of air pressure,temperature,humidity on corona loss.
Analysis of antigen expression and specific cellular immune response in esophageal cancer

Objective To analysis the relationship between the CTL response of NY-ESO-1 in esophageal cancer and survival rate in China and provide some data for developing a vaccine against the NY-ESO-1 positive cancer.Methods Seventy esophageal cancer specimens were analyzed for the expression of NY-ESO-1 mRNA by RT-PCR.Pentamer staining were performed to analysis the frequence of NY-ESO-1157-165 specific CTL in NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2 positive patients.Results About 38.3% of the esophageal cancer were NY-ESO-1 positive.There were 12 patients with NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2 double positive among them.Frequence of pentamer staining analysis and survival rate of these NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2 double positive patients indicated that high survival rate correlate with strong cellular immune response.Conclusion NY-ESO-1 expression were found in many of the esophageal cancer,and NY-ESO-1157-165 peptide can be chosen as candidate for vaccination due to their expression and CTL response.
Effect of Vasopressin on Uric Acid Excretion: Evidence for Distal Nephron Reabsorption of Urate in Man

1. When changes in urine flow rate were induced by vasopressin administration in eight subjects, urate excretion decreased by a mean of 14% and was positively correlated with urine flow rate (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01). The effect of vasopressin on urate excretion was not influenced by prior changes in extracellular fluid volume. 2. Mannitol administration in a dose sufficient to prevent vasopressin-induced alterations in urine flow rate blocked the effect of vasopressin on urate excretion. 3. Alterations in urate excretion produced by changes in extracellular fluid volume could be distinguished from the urate-retaining effect of vasopressin-mediated decrease in urine flow. Urate retention after vasopressin was entirely attributed to a decrease in pyrazinamide-suppressible urate excretion, consistent with either decreased secretion or enhanced post-secretory reabsorption of urate. 4. Since diminished urine flow rate in the distal part of the nephron is more likely to lead to enhanced reabsorption of urate, these results provide additional evidence for urate reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron.
A clinician’s guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

This review summarizes the empirical and clinical literature on sleep paralysis most relevant to practitioners. During episodes of sleep paralysis, the sufferer awakens to rapid eye movement sleep-based atonia combined with conscious awareness. This is usually a frightening event often accompanied by vivid, waking dreams (ie, hallucinations). When sleep paralysis occurs independently of narcolepsy and other medical conditions, it is termed "isolated" sleep paralysis. Although the more specific diagnostic syndrome of "recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" is a recognized sleep-wake disorder, it is not widely known to nonsleep specialists. This is likely due to the unusual nature of the condition, patient reluctance to disclose episodes for fear of embarrassment, and a lack of training during medical residencies and graduate education. In fact, a growing literature base has accrued on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical impact of this condition, and a number of assessment instruments are currently available in both self-report and interview formats. After discussing these and providing suggestions for accurate diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and patient selection, the available treatment options are discussed. These consist of both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions which, although promising, require more empirical support and larger, well-controlled trials.
Classical Linearized Elasticity

The linearized theory of elasticity has been the subject of several treatises. For a detailed treatment we refer to the book by Sokolnikoff [1.5]. The basic equations are, however, briefly summarized in Sections 2.1–2.3 for the purpose of reference. As a preliminary to the definition of the effective modulus theory some exact solutions for homogeneous elastic bodies of arbitrary shape are given in Section 2.4.
On the causes of behavior

To speak of the “causes” of behavior is to speak of the contribution of factors in the environment and factors intrinsic to the organism to behavioral events. Among the environmental factors are eliciting operations and contingencies. Despite a pragmatic emphasis on such environmental factors, behaviorism does not ignore a contribution from the organism itself. Organisms have presumably been selected over the lifetime of the species, such that their physiological structure accommodates the requisite responsiveness to environmental stimulation. Knowledge of how that physiology stands at the moment of behavior facilitates prediction and control of behavior. A potential problem is that the technical vocabulary of behaviorism does not always use parallel terms to describe the causal relations inherent in operant and respondent behavior.
Game on: The gamification of the pharmacy classroom.

Abstract Background: Gamification is the use of game mechanics to promote engagement and enjoyment of problem-solving in non-game situations. Gamification has been used widely in recent years in industry and academia as a tool for training and education. Objective: The aims of this paper are to provide an overview of gamification and digital game-based learning (DGBL), review the use of digital games in health professional education, and provide suggestions for future use in pharmacy curricula. Discussion: Many examples of game-based learning in pharmacy and other health professional curricula have been published, however the body of literature on DGBL is less developed. Overall, evaluations of these techniques show that students find them engaging and enjoyable. A recent meta-analysis of studies comparing DGBL to non-game based learning in primary, secondary, post-secondary education found that DGBL significantly enhances learning. Challenges to implementing game-based learning are financial, cultural, and technological. Conclusion: Many areas of the pharmacy curriculum could be appropriate for digital gamification. With more students entering pharmacy school familiar with video games and game-based living the time has come for pharmacy educators to explore how these instructional technologies could benefit a new generation of pharmacy students. As serious games are developed and researched in pharmacy curricula, test scores, student confidence in knowledge and skills, and retention of knowledge and skills are all outcomes that, if published, will help advance the adoption of DGBL into the pharmacy school classroom.
Complex Ion Dynamics in Carbonate Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

Li-ion battery performance is strongly influenced by ionic conductivity, which depends on the mobility of the Li ions in solution, and is related to their solvation structure. In this work, we have performed first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations of a LiPF6 salt solvated in different Li-ion battery organic electrolytes. We employ an analytical method using relative angles from successive time intervals to characterize complex ionic motion in multiple dimensions from our FPMD simulations. We find different characteristics of ionic motion on different time scales. We find that the Li ion exhibits a strong caging effect due to its strong solvation structure, while the counterion, PF6– undergoes more Brownian-like motion. Our results show that ionic motion can be far from purely diffusive and provide a quantitative characterization of the microscopic motion of ions over different time scales.
Wave propagation and radio network planning software WinProp added to the electromagnetic solver package FEKO

The WinProp software has been added to the Electromagnetic Solver FEKO. WinProp includes sophisticated ray-optical and empirical wave propagation models for computing the radio coverage as well as for the radio channel analysis. The supported scenarios range from large rural or suburban areas to dense urban city centers, and even complex indoor scenarios can be predicted. For the detailed network planning modules for almost all air interfaces (incl. LTE, WLAN) are available, which compute the overall signal and interference situation by superposing the contributions from multiple transmitting sites.