cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive Thermal Management for Chip Multiprocessors Using Co-designed Virtual Machines

The sustained push for performance, transistor count, and instruction level parallelism has reached a point where chip level power density issues are at the forefront of design constraints. Many high performance computing platforms are integrating several homogeneous or heterogeneous processing cores on the same die to fit small form factors. Due to design limitations of using expensive cooling solutions, complex chip multiprocessors require an architectural solution to mitigate thermal problems. Many of the proposed systems deploy DVFS to address thermal emergencies, either within an operating system or hardware. These techniques have certain limitations in terms of response lag, scalability, cost or being reactive. In this paper, we present an alternative thermal management system to address these limitations, based on co-designed virtual machines concept. The proposed scheme delivers localized and preemptive response to thermal events, adapts well to multi-core and multi-threading environment, while delivering maximum performance under thermal stress.
Financial Ratios And Stock Prices: Consistency Or Discrepancy? Longitudinal Comparison Between UAE And USA

This paper aims at studying the association between stock prices and relevant financial ratios, and comparing the results for Dubai and USA based-stocks. It is noticed that the relationship between Dubai stock prices and respective ratios is not significant, whereas a better correlation is observed for US stocks. Several models and tests are applied and more than forty regressions are built in order to do individual companies’ assessment, sectors evaluation and countries comparison between USA and UAE.
Bone-targeted agents: preventing skeletal complications in prostate cancer

In men, prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer death. Skeletal complications occur at various points during the disease course, either due to bone metastases directly, or as an unintended consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Bone metastases are associated with pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and bone pain and can require narcotics or palliative radiation for pain relief. ADT results in bone loss and fragility fractures. This review describes the biology of bone metastases, skeletal morbidity, and recent advances in bone-targeted therapies to prevent skeletal complications of prostate cancer.
Defending the Content Approach to Aesthetic Experience

This article defends the content approach to aesthetic experience. It begins by sketching this approach to aesthetic experience. It then rehearses certain recent criticisms of the view by Alan Goldman and attempts to rebut them. One of those criticisms raises a long-standing concern about the author's account that has recently been called the “qua” problem. The article concludes by putting this issue to rest.
Quaternary diversification in a sexual Holarctic zooplankter, Daphnia galeata

The effects of Quaternary glacial range partitioning on the diversification of Holarctic biota remain unclear. Glacial refugial lineages may form vicariant species, hybrid products, or merge after secondary contact. Here, we assess the effects of Quaternary glaciation on a Holarctic sexual zooplankter, Daphnia galeata, with apparently marked dispersal capacity and a widespread hybrid lineage in the New World. We collected samples of this species from 148 Holarctic lakes, analysed the nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, and tested predictions for hypotheses that account for the origin and spread of the New World D. galeata. We detected five nuclear phylogroups and four mitochondrial phylogroups, most of which were restricted to either the New World or the Old World. The oldest mitochondrial phylogroup was restricted to Japan. One major mitochondrial clade was distributed throughout the Holarctic, but only four haplotypes were shared among continents, and analysis of molecular variance indicated significant structure at the continental level. Haplotype sharing among continents could largely be attributed to anthropogenic introductions. Mismatch distributions, haplotype networks, phylogenetic trees, longitudinal haplotype diversity erosion and coalescence analyses are consistent with colonization from an Old World and a New World refugium. Our nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence evidence supports the hypothesis that the New World D. galeata underwent introgression with Daphnia dentifera, with dispersal being enhanced by glaciation. We conclude that Quaternary glaciation had a pronounced effect on the diversification of a Holarctic sexual zooplankter.
Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening for lipid disorders in infants, children, adolescents, or young adults (up to age 20) (I recommendation). ### Importance There is good evidence that children with lipid disorders (dyslipidemia) are at risk for becoming adults with lipid disorders. ### Detection For children with familial dyslipidemia, the group most likely to benefit from screening, use of family history in screening may be inaccurate because of variability of definitions and unreliability of information. Serum lipid levels are accurate screening tests for childhood dyslipidemia, although many children with multifactorial types of dyslipidemia would have normal lipid levels in adulthood. Fifty percent of children and adolescents with dyslipidemia will have dyslipidemia as adults. ### Benefits of Detection and Early Treatment* Trials of statin drugs in children with monogenic dyslipidemia (defined below in “Clinical Considerations”) indicate improved total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) measures. For children with multifactorial types of dyslipidemia, there is no evidence that diet or exercise interventions in childhood lead to improved lipid profiles or better health outcomes in adulthood. ### Harms of Detection and Early Treatment Potential harms of screening may include labeling of children whose dyslipidemia would not persist into adulthood or cause health problems, although evidence is lacking. Adverse effects from lipid-lowering medications and low-fat diets, including potential long-term harms, have been inadequately evaluated in children. ### USPSTF Assessment The USPSTF was unable to determine the balance between potential benefits and harms for routinely screening children and adolescents for dyslipidemia. Address correspondence to Ned Calonge, MD, MPH, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Dr S, Denver, CO 80246. E-mail: ned.calonge{at}state.co.us
Continuum Aeroelastic Model for a Folding-Wing Configuration

An aeroelastic model and analytical solution methodology are developed to find the flutter solutions for the continuous representation of a two-segment uniform folding wing. The model is developed such that different parameters can be easily modified to examine changes in the flutter solutions. Of these parameters, the fold angle between the inboard and outboard wing segments is of particular interest for understanding the fundamental aeroelastic behavior of folding wings. The results are presented as the evolution of the aeroelastic frequencies and damping with respect to the freestream velocity. This enables the determination of flutter speeds and modes. Three aerodynamic models of increasing sophistication are considered, which underscore the sensitivity of the flutter solution to unsteady effects. The capabilities of the aeroelastic analysis are demonstrated for a test case in which the flutter speed is plotted versus fold angle for three aerodynamic models.
A proposed basis for radiation regulations

Controversy exists as to whether the A-bomb or low-level radiation data should be used as the basis for radiation regulations. This paper provides a characteristics analysis for use of either A-bomb data or the normal low-level radiation data as a basis for radiation regulations. This analysis revealed that both types of data are of equal merit and should be used during preparation of radiation regulations. The characteristics analysis first consisted of determining the appropriate parameters for comparing the characteristics of the A-bomb and low-level radiation exposures and selecting examples of correlations between each type of radiation and the frequency of cancer. Next, a table was prepared to compare the characteristics of each example of radiation exposure for each parameter. The information in the comparison table was then used to determine the type of radiation exposure with the best characteristics for the preparation of radiation regulations.
Conduction melting of polymer pellets

A study of melting a polymer pellet immersed in a hot silicone oil bath was conducted. The temperature rise at the center of the pellet was recorded. This experiment simulates the conduction melting mechanism of polymer solid pieces mixed in the hot melt inside an extruder screw channel. The pellets immersed in the silicone oil melted quite slowly, taking around one minute to melt a spherical pellet of about 4.5 mm diameter. The heating time could be greatly decreased by stirring the silicone oil to increase the heat transfer from the silicone oil to the pellet. Analysis of the conduction melting mechanism showed that the size reduction of the solid would be most effective in decreasing the heating time.
The Effect of the Heartbeat on Vocal Fundamental Frequency Perturbation

Signal-averaging and autocorrelation analysis revealed that the cardiovascular system exerts a modest but consistent influence on vocal fundamental frequency (F0), accounting for approximately 0.5%...
Galerkin's method for ordinary differential equations subject to generalized nonlinear boundary conditions

where xk belongs to TC~, a finite dimensional subspace of (Cc-l, 11, R”, il.II,), and (I-QJ is a projection mapping (CC-l, 11, R”, I( .I[ ,) x R” onto a subspace of (C[ 1, 11, R”, 11. II ,) having the same dimension as rck. There is a vast collection of literature concerning the application of Galerkin’s method to differential equations [ 1, 3-12, 16231. We make a special reference to the papers of Cesari [4,5] and Urabe [22,23]. Our results provide an extension and a unification of previous results of Urabe that were conderned with the determination of periodic solutions to systems of ordinary differential equations [22] and with the solvability of 112 0022-0396192 $3.00
Nonpolicy issues and the spatial theory of voting

The traditional spatial model of elections places voters and candidates in an ideological space. Empirical analysis of spatial theory uses voter ratings of candidate and ideal positions on policy issue scales. The spatial model can be enhanced by the incorporation of nonpolicy components as well. These nonpolicy issues can be descriptive (age, ethnicity) or affective (honesty, competence). Using responses for a survey conducted during the 1965 Canadian federal election, an empirical evaluation of these nonpolicy issues is made. Voters are not unanimous in perceptions of parties (or candidates) on nonpolicy dimensions. The traditional spatial model can be extended to include individual voter ideal points and perceptions. This enhanced model proves quite successful at predicting vote choice.
Continuous stimulation by normal luminal bacteria is essential for the development and perpetuation of colitis in Tgϵ26 mice

Abstract Background & Aims: Normal resident bacteria are required for development of colitis in several rodent models. We determined whether bacterial stimulation is necessary for both induction and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation and T-cell activation in Tgϵ26 mice, in which transplantation of wild-type bone marrow (BM⇒Tgϵ26) causes colitis under specific pathogen–free (SPF) conditions. Methods: BM from (C57BL/6 × CBA/J) F1 mice was transplanted into germfree (GF) or SPF Tgϵ26 mice. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from these mice were then transferred into SPF or GF recipients. Colitis and activation of MLN cells were measured by histologic scores, membrane marker analysis, and intracellular cytokine staining. Cytokine secretion by MLN cells stimulated by anti-CD3 or by luminal or epithelial antigens was measured by ELISA. Results: Colitis did not develop when BM was transferred into GF recipient mice (BM⇒GF Tgϵ26). T lymphocytes that secreted interferon γ upon activation were present in the MLN of BM⇒GF Tgϵ26 mice, albeit in lower frequency than in control BM⇒SPF Tgϵ26 mice. Furthermore, transfer of MLN cells from BM⇒SPF Tgϵ26 mice into SPF Tgϵ26 recipients induced active colitis, but not if the same cells were transferred into GF Tgϵ26 recipients. Although CD4 T cells were detected in the colonic mucosa of GF recipients, no inflammation was observed for at least 31 weeks. In a reciprocal experiment, MLN cells from BM⇒GF Tgϵ26 mice without colitis transferred disease to SPF Tgϵ26 recipients within 2–4 weeks. Conclusions: Activated T cells are present in the mucosa of BM⇒GF Tgϵ26 mice but are incapable of inducing disease unless colonic bacteria are present. Moreover, pathogenic T cells require the continuous presence of colonic bacteria to sustain colitis. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;120:900-913
Equal Rights and Individual Freedom: Enlightenment Intellectuals and the Lascasian Apology for Black African Slavery

Juan Antonio Llorente's edition of Bartolome de Las Casas's writings, Coleccion de las obras del venerable Obispo de Chiapa, Don Bartolome de las Casas, defensor de la libertad de los Americanos, illustrates how Las Casas was perceived and condemned in the early decades of the nineteenth century. In this article, I seek to explain why and in what ways Bartolome de Las Casas's early propositions on African slavery played a fundamental role in Juan Antonio Llorente's edition of Coleccion, an ambitious editorial work that involved much more than selection, editing, and publication. By approaching the Coleccion's production and reception from the perspective of book history, I explore how Llorente's Coleccion reflects the role that colonial affairs and race had in the challenges faced by European rule and white hegemony.
Beyond identifying elites: Feasting as a means to understand early Middle Formative society on the Pacific Coast of Mexico

Abstract Feasts provide a public forum where social statuses can be affirmed or challenged among pre-state societies. Documenting feasting behavior thus provides insight into the construction of prehistoric political power. This paper presents expected material patterns of feasting by focusing on intra-site variability in food preparation, presentation, and consumption. Expectations are evaluated by comparing ceramic, ground stone, obsidian, and faunal data recovered from Conchas phase (900–800 BCE) elite and village midden deposits at Cuauhtemoc in the Soconusco region of southern Mexico. I argue that elite feasting at Cuauhtemoc created political cohesion between elite and non-elite segments of society during the Conchas phase as a new polity emerged that was more socially stratified and politically hierarchical than anything previously known in the region.
Effects of Long-Term Video-electroencephalographic Monitoring on Mood in Epilepsy Patients

This study examines changes in mood of 79 epilepsy patients who completed the Profile of Mood States during long-term video-electroencephalographic monitoring (LTM). Statistical linear models included the effects of age, gender, increased seizure frequency, sleep deprivation, and taper of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on mood. Sleep deprivation increased fatigue and decreased vigor from baseline to Day 3, but not from baseline to Day 8 or the final day of the protocol. Taper of AEDs did not adversely affect mood, with removal of phenytoin improving mood. Subjects who had seizures during LTM also improved in mood, becoming less depressed and less fatigued than those who did not have seizures. Overall, our data indicate that LTM does not adversely affect mood. However, in the first few days of LTM, sleep deprivation may produce fatigue and lack of vigor, and should be used only as needed to provoke seizures.
Optical and electrochemical diffusion-based detection of analytes in complex samples using microfabricated flow structures (T-Sensors)

T-Sensors have been demonstrated to allow both absorption- and fluorescence-based detection of analytes directly in complex samples such as whole blood and contaminated environmental samples, without prior separation of blood cells or other soluble and insoluble components. In this paper, we present the implementation of electrochemical detection methods in T- Sensors, as well as their optical validation. Microelectrodes integrated with etched microfluidic flow channels allow traditional electroanalytical techniques to be performed on microliter and smaller volumes and also enable new detection techniques which are based upon the interaction between the microelectrodes and the diffusional mixing that occurs between flow lamina at low Reynolds numbers. Conductivity versus mixing measurements, anodic stripping voltammetry, and isolation of microelectrodes by sheath flow are demonstrated for an experimental device. In a T-Sensor, a sample solution, a receptor solution, and, optionally, a reference solution (a known analyte standard) are introduced in a common channel (T- SensorTM), and laminarly flow next to each other until the exit the structure. Smaller particles such as ions or small proteins diffuse rapidly across the fluid boundaries, whereas larger molecules diffuse more slowly. Large particles show no significant diffusion within the time the two flow streams are in contact. Two interface zones are formed between the fluid layers. The ratio of a property (e.g., fluorescence intensity, stripping voltammetry signal) of the two interface zones is a function of the concentration of the analyte, and is largely free of cross-sensitivities to other sample components and instrument parameters.
SERUM PRECIPITABLE IODINE IN PATIENTS WITH TUMORS OF OR NEAR THE PITUITARY

IN AN earlier paper (1) it was pointed out that, in a number of patients with tumors of or in the vicinity of the pituitary gland, the concentrations of precipitable iodine in the serum (SPI) were as low as they usually are in myxedema, although clinical evidences of hypothyroidism were lacking. Since that time a larger number of such patients has been studied and the investigation has been extended to include an assessment of other endocrine functions. MATERIAL AND METHOD Altogether 20 patients have been studied. With one exception they were at some time or another on the Neurosurgical Service; many were at times on the Metabolism Service of the Department of Internal Medicine. All but the last, Case 20, were examined and assessed by both services. The diagnoses were made from history, physical findings, laboratory data and x-ray examinations. In 7 cases they were verified by operation, and in 1 by postmortem examination as well.
The Utility of Volume Sonography for the Detection of Fetal Spine Abnormalities

Sonographic evaluation of the fetal vertebral column is essential for fetal central nervous system evaluation and valuable for ruling out genetic conditions. This article provides an overview for obtaining and manipulating fetal vertebrae three-dimensional data as to obtain the necessary diagnostic views. Additional technical information is provided elsewhere in this issue. This discussion is limited to include only the most common fetal vertebral abnormalities. The same technical principals, however, enable detection of many additional abnormalities.
A reference system for ionized calcium

Reference systems in clinical chemistry, whether loosely structured or highly organized like the National Reference System for Clinical Chemistry (NRSCC) in the USA are built upon an assemblage of interrelated materials, methods, and agreements. For example, the NRSCC Council has accepted the following items for the measurement of total calcium in human serum: 1) the Reporting Unit (the SI non-coherent molar concentration unit-mmol/1), 2) a Certified Reference Material (NBS/SRM 915 CaCO3),3) a Definitive Method (IDMS) and 4) a Reference Method (FAAS). Recently, the IDMS measured calcium value has become available on a freeze-dried human serum (NBS/SRM 909) and allows the direct accessment of the accuracy of routine methods, instrument systems, calibrators and control materials.Utilizing the NRSCC reference method and materials for total calcium measurements and the Radiometer System (ICA1) for ionized Ca2+ measurements, we have begun to ask the question, “What are the essential items in a reference system...
Dynamic selectivity filters in ion channels.

This work was supported by a Wellcome Trust (UK) International Prize Travelling Fellowship and the NIH (NS-11756).
Evaluation and selection of SST regression algorithms for S-NPP VIIRS

Currently, two global Level 2 SST products are generated at NOAA from S-NPP VIIRS Sensor Data Records with two independent systems, JPSS Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) and Advanced Clear Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO) using different retrieval algorithms. The two products differently correlate with in situ SST and L4 analyses, and the performance of IDPS SST is suboptimal. In this context, evaluation of existing operational SST algorithms was undertaken to select the optimal algorithm for VIIRS. This paper describes methodology and results of the evaluation. For all tested algorithms, SST accuracy and precision are estimated from matchups of VIIRS brightness temperatures with in situ SST, and sensitivity of retrieved SST to true SST is calculated using the Community Radiative Transfer Model. These three retrieval characteristics are dependent on observational conditions and show significant spatial variability. Therefore, we evaluate the SST algorithms by quantifying favorability of spatial distributions of retrieval characteristics for global SST product. We define for this purpose Quality Retrieval Domain (QRD) as a part of the World Ocean, within which SST accuracy, precision and sensitivity meet predefined specifications on retrieval characteristics. We show that, given a set of specifications, the QRD significantly varies between the algorithms. This makes QRD an informative measure of the algorithms’ performance. Based on QRD estimates for a variety of specifications, we recommend for VIIRS the algorithms developed at the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility as ones providing the maximum QRD under reasonable specifications on retrieval characteristics.
Intrasequence GFP in class I MHC molecules, a rigid probe for fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the membrane environment.

Fluorescence anisotropy measurements can elucidate the microenvironment of a membrane protein in terms of its rotational diffusion, interactions, and proximity to other proteins. However, use of this approach requires a fluorescent probe that is rigidly attached to the protein of interest. Here we describe the use of one such probe, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed and rigidly held within the amino acid sequence of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, H2Ld. We contrast the anisotropy of this GFP-tagged MHC molecule, H2LdGFPout, with that of an H2Ld that was GFP-tagged at its C-terminus, H2LdGFPin. Both molecules fold properly, reach the cell surface, and are recognized by specific antibodies and T-cell receptors. We found that polarized fluorescence images of H2LdGFPout in plasma membrane blebs show intensity variations that depend on the relative orientation of the polarizers and the membrane normal, thus demonstrating that the GFP is oriented with respect to the membrane. These variations were not seen for H2LdGFPin. Before transport to the membrane surface, MHC class I associates with the transporter associated with antigen processing complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. The intensity-dependent steady-state anisotropy in the ER of H2LdGFPout was consistent with FRET homotransfer, which indicates that a significant fraction of these molecules were clustered. After MCMV-peptide loading, which supplies antigenic peptide to the MHC class I releasing it from the antigen processing complex, the anisotropy of H2LdGFPout was independent of intensity, suggesting that the MHC proteins were no longer clustered. These results demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of a GFP moiety rigidly attached to the protein of interest as a probe for molecular motion and proximity in cell membranes.
Spatio-temporal localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and neutral endopeptidase in allergic murine lungs.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with cytokine properties that is abundant in the lung. VIP null mice exhibit spontaneous airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness emphasizing VIP's “anti-asthma” potential. Although VIP's impending protective role in the lung has been demonstrated, its localization in the naive and allergic murine lungs has not. To this aim, we analyzed the availability of VIP and its protease, neutral peptidase (NEP), in naive and Aspergillus-sensitized and challenged murine lungs after 3, 7, and 14 days. Both VIP and NEP were predominantly localized to the columnar epithelia of the airways in naive lungs. A marked decrease in VIP occurred in these cells 3 days after allergen challenge. NEP localization in the columnar epithelia decreased after allergen challenge. At day 14, VIP localization in the columnar epithelia and arteriolar smooth muscle increased while NEP localization at these sites remained low. This study provides new insights into the local regulation of VIP in the columnar epithelia of the allergic lung. Its altered availability in the context of allergy provides fresh evidence for the modulation of pulmonary inflammation by VIP.
Fine particle magnetic properties and microstructures of nanocrystalline Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B alloy at elevated temperatures

Abstract Magnetic behavior in nanocrystalline Fe 72 Cu 1 Nb 4.5 Si 13.5 B 9 alloy is investigated by measurements of low and high field magnetization and coercivity over the temperature range from 300 K to 800 K. When the measuring temperatures approach the Curie temperature of intergranular amorphous phase T c(amorphous) , the nanocrystalline materials consist of ferromagnetic Fe-rich nanocrystals embedded in a weakly magnetic or non-magnetic matrix. Samples with different volume fractions of crystalline phase are prepared to investigate the nature and strength of inter-particle interactions between the nanocrystallites. It is shown that at temperatures above T c(amorphous) , the specimens with low fraction of nanocrystalline particles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. In the case of specimens with increasing volume fraction of crystalline phase, the magnetic interaction between particles suppresses superparamagnetic fluctuations and superferromagnetic ordering of the particle magnetic moments above T c(amorphous) is observed.
Food Allergy: Facts and Fiction

Hypersensitivity reactions to dietary products are especially common in the pediatric population, yet food allergy as a distinct clinical entity remains poorly defined. The clinicopathologic features of this syndrome can vary considerably from patient to patient; no reliable diagnostic laboratory tests are available, and some of the treatment regimens are controversial. The pathogenesis of this condition is not well understood. An important factor is the role of the intestinal mucosal barrier in the regulation of uptake of dietary antigen from the intestinal tract. Recently, significant differences have been observed between the features of the immature newborn and the mature adult intestinal mucosal barriers. These findings may be of fundamental importance to the pathogenesis of food allergy and are currently an area of intense research.
1,6-Di-3-nitropropanoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside from Astragalus cibarius

Abstract Extraction of dried, above-ground plant parts of Astragalus cibarius Sheld. with acetone and purification by silica gel chromatography of the residue from the acetone extract yielded a colorless, crystalline compound, m.p. 122°. This compound has been shown to be 1,6-di-3-nitropropanoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside.
A climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data

Received 16 October 2009; revised 20 January 2010; accepted 25 January 2010; published 5 August 2010. [1] We present the first detailed analysis of a 9 year (2000–2008) seasonal climatology of size‐ and shape‐segregated aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent (AE) over the Indian subcontinent derived from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR). Our analysis is evaluated against in situ observations to better understand the error characteristics of and to corroborate much of the space‐time variability found within the MISRaerosol properties. Thespace‐time variability isdiscussed interms ofaerosol sources, meteorology, and topography. We introduce indices based on aerosol size‐ and shape‐ segregated optical depth and their effect on AE that describe the relative seasonal change in anthropogenic and natural aerosols from the preceding season. Examples of major new findings include the following: (1) winter to premonsoon changes in aerosol properties are not just dominated by an increase in dust, as previously thought, but also by an increase in anthropogenic components, particularly in regions where biomass combustion is prevalent; (2) ∼15% of the AOD over the high wintertime pollution in the eastern Indo‐ Gangetic basin is due to large dust particles, resulting in the lowest AE (<0.8) over India in this season and likely caused by rural activities (e.g., agriculture, etc.) from the densely populated rural area; (3) while AOD decreases from the Indo‐Gangetic basin up to the Tibetan Plateau, a large peak in AE and the fraction of AOD due to particle radii <0.7 mm exists in the foothills of the Himalayas, particularly in the premonsoon season; and (4) the AOD due to nonspherical particles exhibits a strong ocean‐to‐land gradient over all seasons because of topographical and meteorological controls.
Earthquake response of structures with partial uplift on winkler foundation

The effects of transient foundation uplift on the earthquake response of flexible structures are investigated. The structural idealization chosen in this study is relatively simple but it incorporates the most important features of foundation uplift. In its fixed base condition the structure itself is idealized as a single-degree-of-freedom system attached to a rigid foundation mat which is flexibly supported. The flexibility and damping of the supporting soil are represented by a Winkler foundation with spring-damper elements distributed over the entire width of the foundation. Based on the response spectra presented for several sets of system parameters, the effects of foundation-mat uplift on the maximum response of structures are identified. The influence of earthquake intensity, structural slenderness ratio, ratio of foundation mass to structural mass, foundation flexibility and p-δ effects on the response of uplifting structures is also investigated.
Chronic hypoxemia increases ventricular brain natriuretic peptide precursors in neonatal swine.

Background Circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease and associated with the severity of ventricular dysfunction. We evaluated the effect of chronic hypoxemia on left ventricle pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-BNP, the cytoplasmic precursors of the plasma hormones. Methods Forty newborn piglets were randomized to placement of a pulmonary artery to left atrium shunt to create hypoxemia or sham thoracotomy. Animals were studied at 1 or 2 weeks after the procedure (four groups, n=10 per group). Arterial oxygen tension and hematocrit were obtained. Left ventricular shortening fraction was measured by echocardiography. Left ventricular tissue was harvested and cytoplasm was extracted. Pro-BNP levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Significant differences among treatment groups were observed for arterial oxygen tension ( p p p = 0.638). Left ventricular pro-atrial natriuretic peptide decreased in hypoxemic piglets ( p = 0.029), whereas left ventricular pro-BNP increased in hypoxemic piglets at 2 weeks ( p = 0.002). Conclusions Chronic hypoxemia alone, even in the absence of cardiac dysfunction, is sufficient to increase ventricular levels of pro-BNP. This finding may have implications for the interpretation of BNP levels in the clinical management of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease.
An Analysis of Cloud Drop Growth by Collection: Part I. Double Distributions

Abstract A new, highly accurate, yet fast method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation is described. Basic size distribution parameters are defined that lay a basis for a parameterized description of stochastic collection. Application is made to double initial distributions. A newly defined mode, here designated “large hydrometeor self-collection”, is found to occupy an important position along with auto-conversion, accretion and breakup in the generalized description of drop growth by collection.
Superior oblique myokymia. Quantitative characteristics of the eye movements in three patients.

• Using the magnetic search coil technique, we measured horizontal, vertical, and torsional rotations of both eyes of two patients with idiopathic superior oblique myokymia, and of the affected eye in a third patient. Superior oblique myokymia was strictly monocular and consisted of an initial intorsion and depression of the affected eye and subsequent oscillations with torsional and vertical components. The peak-to-peak torsional and vertical amplitudes of the oscillations were less than 1°, but peak velocities frequently exceeded 4°/sec in both planes. Fourier analysis indicated two features: (1) a broad range of frequencies up to about 50 Hz, indicating irregular oscillations; and (2) a superimposed larger-amplitude oscillation in the range from 1.5 to 6 Hz. Taken with electromyographic data from other studies, these results indicate that superior oblique myokymia reflects spontaneous discharge of trochlear motor neurons that have undergone regenerative changes.
Aqua, Alcohol, and Acetonitrile Adducts of Tris(perfluorophenyl)borane: Evaluation of Brønsted Acidity and Ligand Lability with Experimental and Computational Methods

Equilibrium studies have been performed to determine the Bronsted acidity of [(C6F5)3B(OH2)]·H2O, the aqua species that exists in acetonitrile solutions of B(C6F5)3 in the presence of water. NMR spectroscopic analysis of the deprotonation of [(C6F5)3B(OH2)]·H2O with 2,6-But2C5H3N in acetonitrile allows a pK value of 8.6 to be determined for the equilibrium [(C6F5)3B(OH2)]·H2O ⇄ [(C6F5)3B(OH)]- + [H3O]+. On the basis of a calculated value for the hydrogen bond interaction in [(C6F5)3B(OH2)]·H2O, the pKa for (C6F5)3B(OH2) is estimated to be 8.4 in acetonitrile. Such a value indicates that (C6F5)3B(OH2) must be regarded as a strong acid, with a strength comparable to that of HCl in acetonitrile. Dynamic NMR spectroscopic studies indicate that the aqua and acetonitrile ligands in (C6F5)3B(OH2) and (C6F5)3B(NCMe) are labile, with dissociation of H2O being substantially more facile than that of MeCN, by a factor of ca. 200 in rate constant at 300 K. Ab initio calculations were performed in the gas phase and wit...
Self-contained automated construction deposition system

This article presents a novel autonomous system concept for automated construction of houses and other buildings via deposition of concrete and similar materials. The overall system consists of a novel cable-suspended mobility subsystem (a self-contained extension of the RoboCrane), a deposition nozzle subsystem, a metrology subsystem, and a material supply subsystem. This article focuses mainly on the kinematics and statics analysis for control of the self-contained cable-suspended mobility subsystem. We also present alternate design concepts for the mobility system. The purpose of the Cartesian metrology system is to provide an outer-loop controller to provide the required Cartesian pose motions despite uncertainties and unmodeled effects such as cable stretch, wear, and flexibility, plus wind loads.
Use of text stimuli normalizes reality monitoring in schizophrenics

Reality monitoring performance was assessed in normal, manic, and schizophrenic subjects, with self-generated text as the stimuli. The subjects were asked to mentally plan or orally generate stories and then to identify the origin of the information that they had planned or generated. The subjects were also exposed to irrelevant, distracting story material while performing the task. The performance of all subjects was appreciably better than performance in other studies in which word-list reality monitoring was used, and distraction had no deleterious effect on performance. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for intentional versus unintentional encoding processes in schizophrenics.
A clash of theoretical orientations: Demand characteristics and the attraction paradigm

One hundred and seventy-five female students viewed a videotaped presentation of a female stranger who expressed opinions about topical areas that were correlated with but not the same as the topics of items to which the subjects had responded on an attitude questionnaire. The results showed that both judged aware and judged unaware subjects responded more positively to the stranger and inferred more similar interests if she was attitudinally similar to them. Since verbalized awareness of attitudinal similarity is not a necessary condition in a reinforcement point of view of interpersonal attraction, the overall results of the study support such a viewpoint.
Principles and practice of functional MRI of the human brain

Conventional MRI is used extensively for radiological diagnosis and produces spatial maps of the properties of mobile hydrogen nuclei (single protons) that are contained mainly in water molecules. Conventional magnetic resonance images portray anatomic details with exquisite resolution (on the order of 1 mm or better), in three dimensions, and differentiate soft tissues very well. The contrast within images results from variations mainly in the density of water within tissues and in the manner in which water interacts with macromolecules. Functional MRI (fMRI) is now also well established in many centers and uses similar imaging techniques and the same equipment as conventional MRI. fMRI relies on detecting small changes in the signals used to produce magnetic resonance images that are associated with neuronal activity in the brain, and it is producing unique and valuable information for applications in both basic and clinical neuroscience. fMRI is safe, noninvasive, and repeatable in adults and children and thus has widespread potential uses. This short overview will attempt to illustrate the physical basis of fMRI, how it is performed in practice, some of the limitations of the technique, and some of the types of application that have been exploited to date. fMRI detects the blood oxygen level‐dependent
Chemical Effects in the Boundary Lubrication of Aluminium

CHEMICAL effects in boundary lubrication have been the subject of a considerable amount of investigation. In the case of aluminium, Shaw1 attempted to relate the reactivity observed on immersion of aluminium disks in boiling organic liquids to the lubricating ability of these liquids when they were used as cutting fluids. Tingle2 measured the coefficient of friction of surfaces which had been shaved under various chemicals, and, on the basis of the coefficient, ascribed an order of reactivity. Neither method succeeded in unambiguously relating the surface chemistry to lubrication chemistry.
The activity of Rubisco’s molecular chaperone, Rubisco activase, in leaf extracts

Rubisco frequently undergoes unproductive interactions with its sugar-phosphate substrate that stabilize active sites in an inactive conformation. Restoring catalytic competence to these sites requires the “molecular chiropractic” activity of Rubisco activase (activase). To make the study of activase more routine and physiologically relevant, an assay was devised for measuring activase activity in leaf extracts based on the ATP-dependent activation of inactive Rubisco. Control experiments with an Arabidopsis activase-deficient mutant confirmed that the rate of Rubisco activation was dependent on the concentration of activase in the extracts. Activase catalyzed Rubisco activation at rates equivalent to 9–14% catalytic sites per min in desalted extracts of Arabidopsis, camelina, tobacco, cotton, and wheat. Faster rates were observed in a transgenic line of Arabidopsis that expresses only the β-isoform of activase, whereas no activity was detected in a line that expresses only the α-isoform. Activase activity was also low or undetectable in rice, maize, and Chlamydomonas, revealing differences in the stability of the enzyme in different species. These differences are discussed in terms of the ability of activase subunits to remain associated or to reassociate into active oligomers when the stromal milieu is diluted by extraction. Finally, the temperature response of activase activity in leaf extracts differed for Arabidopsis, camelina, tobacco, and cotton, corresponding to the respective temperature responses of photosynthesis for each species. These results confirmed the exceptional thermal lability of activase at physiological ratios of activase to Rubisco.
TU‐E‐220‐04: Quantitative Ultrasound Computed Tomography for Volumetric Breast Imaging

The basic imaging paradigm of medicalUS has remained unchanged, namely image formation results from transmission‐reception of 180 degree backscatter assuming straight‐line propagation. Our group has developed Quantitative UltrasoundCT (USCT) that creates images of the breast from the full 3D scatter field including both transmitted and reflected signals. While modern US provides a two‐dimensional map of relative tissue “echogenicity,” USCT computes quantitative 3D maps of tissue acoustic properties including sound speed,attenuation,scatter density, etc., as approximations of components of the wave equation. The method corrects for refraction, absorption, multiple scattering and more. High resolution reflection tomography is performed in which the sound speed and attenuation maps are utilized for aberration correction to significantly improve image quality. Clinical measurements suggest that in breast tissue, benign lesions and cancerous lesions may be identified by these inherent acoustic. The scanner uses a multi‐frequency non‐linear 3D inverse‐ scattering algorithm and despite the historical computational complexity of the problem, our method is fast and practical. Conventional breast sonography is a notoriously difficult exam to perform; the quality is dependent on the skill of the operator as well as technical features of the scanner. In order to obtain the needed high resolution, the field of view in sonography is very small, which greatly complicates interpretation and localization of masses. USCT promises an automated whole‐breast scan providing a global view of the entire breast in 3D, facilitating comparison to prior exams in a reproducible geometry. Results of our trial with over 150 subjects with confirmed breast masses will be presented with detailed comparison to conventional sonography and MRI. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the principles of inverse‐scatter tomography. 2. Understand the unique data acquisition and processing applied in ultrasoundcomputed tomography. 3. Understand the potential clinical advantages of quantitative whole breast ultrasound imaging.
Conjugate locally convex spaces. II

D(V) of V. In the rest of the paper let E[r] and E' stand for an l.c. space and its dual. In Dixmier's characterization of conjugate Banach spaces, an essential role was played by subspaces of characteristic one in the dual. In the generalization to l.c. spaces mentioned above, the analogous role was taken by what we called duxial subspaces, defined as follows. A linear subspace V of E' is said to be duxial if every convex 7-r(E)-compact subset of E' is contained in the 7-r(E)-closure of a bounded subset of V[-rbi(E, E')], that is, V with the topology induced by E'[rb(E)]. It is easy to see that a duxial subspace in the dual of a Banach space is nothing but a subspace of characteristic greater than zero.
Evaluating human variability in chemical risk assessment: hazard identification and dose-response assessment for noncancer oral toxicity of trichloroethylene

Human variability can be addressed during each stage in the risk assessment of chemicals causing noncancer toxicities. Noncancer toxicities arising from oral exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) are used in this paper as a case study for exploring strategies for identifying and incorporating information about human variability in the chemical specific hazard identification and dose-response assessment steps. Toxicity testing in laboratory rodents is the most commonly used method for hazard identification. By using animal models for sensitive populations, such as developing fetuses, testing can identify some potentially sensitive populations. A large variety of reproductive and developmental studies with TCE were reviewed. The results were mostly negative and the limited positive findings generally occurred at doses similar to those causing liver and kidney toxicity. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using Monte Carlo simulation is one method for evaluating human variability in the dose-response assessment. Three strategies for obtaining data describing this variability for TCE are discussed: (1) using in vivo human pharmacokinetic data for TCE and its metabolites, (2) studying metabolism in vitro, and (3) identifying the responsible enzymes and their variability. A review of important steps in the metabolic pathways for TCE describes known metabolic variabilities including genetic polymorphisms, enzyme induction, and disease states. A significant problem for incorporating data on pharmacokinetic variability is a lack of information on how it relates to alterations in toxicity. Response modeling is still largely limited to empirical methods due to the lack of knowledge about toxicodynamic processes. Empirical methods, such as reduction of the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level or a Benchmark Dose by uncertainty factors, incorporate human variability only qualitatively by use of an uncertainty factor. As improved data and methods for biologically based dose-response assessment become available, use of quantitative information about variability will increase in the risk assessment of chemicals.
Alleviating contingency violations through visual analytics and suggested actions

Contingency analysis (CA) is essential in maintaining a stable and secure power grid. Operating standards require that contingency violations are alleviated within 30 minutes. In today's practice, operators normally make decisions based on the information they have with limited support. This paper presents a new feature of suggested actions integrated in the graphical contingency analysis (GCA) tool, developed by the authors to help the operator's decision making process. This paper provides a few examples on showing how the decision support element of the GCA tool is further enhanced by this new feature to alleviate contingency violations for better grid reliability.